gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
1998 Hoffmann La Roche Award Lecture Understanding and exploiting glycosidases (1999)

Glycosidases fall into two major mechanistic classes; those that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond with retention of anomeric configuration and those that do so with inversion. Retaining glycosidases employ a mechanism involving a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate formed and hydrolysed with acid-base catalytic assistance via oxocarbenium ion-like transition states. This intermediate has been trapped in two distinct ways, either by modification of the substrate through fluorination, or of the enzyme through mutation of key residues. This allows the amino acid residue to which this sugar is attached to be identified through LC/MS-MS analysis of peptic digests. Three-dimensional structures of several of these glycosyl-enzyme complexes, along with those of Michaelis complexes, have been determined through X-ray crystallographic analysis, revealing the identities of important amino acid residues involved in catalysis, particularly the involvement of the catalytic nucleophile in strong hydrogen bonding to the sugar 2-hydroxyl. They have also revealed evidence of substantial substrate distortion upon binding. Insight into the function of the acid-base catalyst Glu172 in Bacillus circulans xylanase has been obtained through NMR titration of side chain 13C-labelled glutamic acid enzyme both free and in the 2-fluoroxylobiosyl-enzyme complex. The pKa of Glu172 is relatively high in the free enzyme, consistent with its role as an acid catalyst, but drops 2.5 units upon formation of the intermediate, consistent with its new role as a base catalyst. This "cycling" of the pKa is shown to be a direct consequence of the change in charge of the nucleophile, Glu78. Finally, an efficient catalyst for synthesis, but not hydrolysis, of glycosidic bonds has been generated by mutation of the glutamic acid catalytic nucleophile of a β-glucosidase to an alanine. When used with alpha-glucosyl fluoride as a glycosyl donor, along with a suitable acceptor, oligosaccharides up to five sugars in length have been made with yields of up to 90% on individual steps. These new enzymes have been named glycosynthases.Key words: enzymatic mechanism, glycoside hydrolysis, inhibitors
Differential delay/Doppler ML estimation with unknown signals (1993)

Previously published analyses on the maximum-likelihood estimation of joint frequency and time offsets between two noisy versions of a common signal have assumed a Gaussian random signal with a known power spectrum. In many applications, the common signal is not Gaussian and there may be no prior knowledge of its detailed structure. Instead, estimation of a hypothesized common signal can be construed as another element in the estimation process. The analysis is straightforward and shows that the complex ambiguity function (CAF) still represents the ML approach when the noise is Gaussian and spectrally flat. Additional interpretation shows that use of interference-rejection filtering followed by a CAF is an attractive suboptimum approach in an environment of narrowband interferers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Towards an Indigenous African Bioethics (2013)

In response to a perceived moral crisis in South Africa and Africa, I argue that there is a need to seek ways to restore the dignity of the people of Africa, whose values, beliefs and cultures were denigrated in the past. One way is for African bioethicists to begin to apply indigenous African philosophy, thought and values to ethical issues. This project is important (i) to restore dignity; (ii) because a bioethics grounded in indigenous ideas is more likely to be accepted by Africans; and (iii) because such ideas can enrich bioethical discourse. Highlighting the central importance of relationality, community and harmonious relationships in African thought, I conclude that we should adopt a revised version of principlism that incorporates these salient African moral conceptions.
Fine pole-pitch magnetizing method for Nd–Fe–B isotropic magnet with high coercivity (2007)

Fine pole-pitch magnetization of Nd–Fe–B magnets is an important technology that contributes to miniaturization of electromagnetic devices and smaller fractional movement. However, as Nd–Fe–B magnets have a high coercivity, large amounts of energy are required for magnetization. Miniaturization of devices is associated with insufficient magnetization characteristics due to the limitations of current density. We developed a magnetization method using heating system. This method involves cooling in the magnetizing field by permanent magnets after rapid heating to temperatures above the Curie point of the Nd–Fe–B magnet. This method, which we named “ultra high magnetizing (UHM) process,” achieved greater magnetization characteristics than conventional technology. Therefore, the UHM process is a useful technology to achieve further miniaturization of electromagnetic devices.
Switching behaviour of S<sub>c</sub><sup>*</sup>liquid crystals (1991)

Abstract The ‘anomalous’ switching behaviour of Sc * liquid crystals has been reported both theoretically and experimentally. These FLCs show a minimum in switching time (τ) at sufficiently high fields. Although in many cases the simple uniform switching model successfully predicts the electric field for which τ attains a minimum, for other materials the switching time is found to decrease monotonically with increasing applied voltage. We discuss the inadequacies of the uniform switching model and then proceed to describe our early attempts to develop a non-uniform model. We consider the E-field variation through the cell and also the effect of introducing asymmetry into the system. At all times we use the bookshelf geometry.
Balance Ninja (2016)

Vertigo -- the momentary disruption of the stability of perception -- is an intriguing game element that underlies many unique play experiences, such as spinning in circles as children to rock climbing as adults, yet vertigo is relatively unexplored when it comes to digital play. In this paper we explore the potential of Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) as a game design tool for digital vertigo games. We detail the design and evaluation of a novel two player GVS game, Balance Ninja. From study observations and analysis of Balance Ninja (N=20), we present three design themes and six design strategies that can be used to aid game designers of future digital vertigo games. With this work we aim to highlight that vertigo can be a valuable digital game element that helps to expand the range of games we play.
Research Involving Human Subjects (1978)

This article reports a study of the activities and performance of institutional review boards to protect human research subjects. Researchers and institutional review board members were generally supportive of the review system, although substantial criticisms were also heard. Institutional review boards had some direct impact on half of the proposals reviewed by requiring either modification of or additional information about proposed research. The data, however, raise questions about the effectiveness of some review board actions, for example, with regard to informed consent. Some policy implications of the study are presented.
A new write-invalidate snooping cache coherence protocol for split transaction bus-based multiprocessor systems (2002)

We present a new write-invalidate snooping cache coherence protocol called MMESSII cache protocol which addresses several significant drawbacks of existing write-invalidate snooping protocols under the split transaction bus based multiprocessor environment. In this protocol, each cache block maintains the ID information to identify the processor module that invalidated the block most recently. It also maintains seven cache states which consist of two updated states, one exclusive state, two shared states and two invalidated states. By using these states and the ID information, our protocol can reduce the contention for both memory modules and system bus significantly. We also present the simulation results which. Show better performance of our protocol than that of existing write-invalidate protocols.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Numerical analysis of negative refraction of transverse waves in an elastic material (2008)

A numerical analysis of negative refraction process is reported using a phononic crystal with an elastic solid matrix. The phononic crystal considered in this study is made of a periodic arrangement of holes in aluminum. Dispersion curves are discussed and conditions for which negative refraction can appear are identified. These conditions are obtained for the transverse waves, whereas the longitudinal waves are evanescent. A calculation is performed with a prism shaped phononic crystal, and it clearly exhibits a negative refraction angle. Several analyses are provided with a view to characterize the wave going out of the phononic crystal. Finally, improvements, with respect to the impedance matching and index tuning, are discussed.
Identification for long-range predictive control (1991)

The current generation of adaptive predictive controllers uses a standard single-step-ahead estimator with multi-step-ahead predictors. In order to obtain satisfactory results in applications, data are bandpass filtered before being used in the estimator. This paper demonstrates that the use of a standard RLS estimator with no data filtering frequently results in unstable closed loops if the parameters are used in a multi-step-ahead control scheme. A multi-step-ahead cost is introduced for parameter estimation as a dual of the control law. It is shown that the method is superior to the standard scheme. The frequency response properties of this estimator indicate that prefiltering of the data prevalent among the reported successful applications of the predictive controller is a natural outcome of this choice of the cost for the estimator scheme. The paper provides some useful guidelines for the choice of order and time constants of these filters.
Optimization of high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue therapy in the L1210 leukemia and sarcoma 180 murine tumor models. (1978)

An analysis of dose and schedule dependence of calcium leucovorin rescue during high-dose methotrexate therapy of ascitic forms of l1210 leukemia and Sarcoma 180 is reported. Schedules with very delayed "low-dose" leucovorin rescue following lethal doses of methotrexate were highly effective in preventing toxicity and achieved a pronounced antitumor effect in both ascites tumor models. Best results were obtained on a schedule of methotrexate (400 mg/kg s.c.) followed 16 to 20 hr later by calcium leucovorin (12 mg/kg s.c.) given once every 2 hr for a total of 5 doses. Progressive increases in the calcium leucovorin dosage on any schedule reduced both toxicity and the antitumor effect of methotrexate in each model. Following a single course of therapy, essentially no toxicity was observed, and the antitumor effects were 2-fold (L1210 leukemia) and 4-fold (Sarcoma 180) greater than a single, maximally tolerated dose (24/kg s.c.) methotrexate alone. An increase in the methotrexate dosage to 800 mg/kg s.c. with or without an increase in calcium leucovorin dosages on the same schedule did not appreciably increase the antitumor effect observed. Two courses of high-dose methotrexate (400 mg/kg s.c.) with leucovorin rescue (24 mg/kg s.c. 16, 20, and 24 hr after drug) given with an 8-day interval between courses doubled the total antitumor effect in each model with no substantial increase in toxicity and gave long-term survivors with Sarcoma 180. The results, overall, are in close agreement with prior prediction for schedule and dose dependence made on the basis of related pharmacokinetic and biochemical studies in murine tumor models reported from this laboratory.
Dual‐photon bone densitometry in normal Australian women: a cross‐sectional study (1987)

Osteoporosis is a major health problem in Australia, as it is in most Western societies. Bone mineral density in the spine and femoral neck are accurate indicators of osteopenia and thus useful indicators of the risk of a fracture. Dual-photon absorptiometry is a non-invasive technique that allows the accurate quantitation of bone mineral density in the lumbar vertebrae and proximal femur with a low radiation exposure. The increasing availability of this technique dictates the requirement for "normal" ranges and quality control. We report here lumbar vertebral and proximal femur bone mineral density as measured by dual-photon absorptiometry in 179 normal Australian women. Forearm bone mineral content in these subjects, as measured by single-photon absorptiometry, is also presented. There was a relative stability of lumbar bone mineral density and forearm bone mineral content before the menopause, after which there was an age-related decline. On the other hand, bone mineral density at all three sites in the proximal femur showed an age-related decline throughout adult life. Intraoperator variability in calculated bone mineral density did not exceed 2.3%. The requirement for correct positioning of the patient is illustrated. The data allow statistical analysis and the development of normal ranges. They provide an Australian base against which individual patient values can now be compared.
Wrist actigraphic scoring for sleep laboratory patients: algorithm development (2010)

Wrist actigraphy is employed increasingly in sleep research and clinical sleep medicine. Critical evaluation of the performance of new actigraphs and software is needed. Actigraphic sleep-wake estimation was compared with polysomnographic (PSG) scoring as the standard in a clinical sleep laboratory. A convenience sample of 116 patients undergoing clinical sleep recordings volunteered to participate. Actiwatch-L recordings were obtained from 98 participants, along with 18 recordings using the newer Spectrum model (Philips Electronics), but some of the actigraphic recordings could not be adequately aligned with the simultaneous PSGs. Of satisfactory alignments, 40 Actiwatch recordings were used as a training set to empirically develop a new Scripps Clinic algorithm for sleep-wake scoring. The Scripps Clinic algorithm was then prospectively evaluated in 39 Actiwatch recordings and 16 Spectrum recordings, producing epoch-by-epoch sleep-wake agreements of 85-87% and kappa statistics averaging 0.52 (indicating moderate agreement). Wake was underestimated by the scoring algorithm. The correlations of PSG versus actigraphic wake percentage estimates were r = 0.6690 for the Actiwatch and r = 0.2197 for the Spectrum. In general, using a different weighting of activity counts from previous and subsequent epochs, the Scripps Clinic algorithm discriminated sleep-wake more successfully than the manufacturer's Actiware algorithms. Neither algorithm had fully satisfactory agreement with PSG. Further evaluations of algorithms for these actigraphs are needed, along with controlled comparisons of different actigraphic designs and software.
rRNA-like sequences in human mRNAs. (2002)

Many eukaryotic transcripts have been reported to contain sequences similar or complementary to ribosomal RNAs. Past computational and experimental analyses have suggested a possible functional role of such rRNA-like sequences in the regulation of translation. Here, we analysed the occurrence and abundance of rRNA-like sequences in human transcripts. Using the wealth of data from genome and EST sequences, our study indicates that mRNA sequences with long highly similar rRNA-like sequences are most likely artifacts. In contrast, analysis of the occurrence of 9-nt sequences covering the entire direct and complementary 18S human rRNA sequence, revealed that many of them are significantly over- or underrepresented, suggesting their possible involvement in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
IL‐33 synergizes with TCR and IL‐12 signaling to promote the effector function of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells (2011)

The effector functions of CD8(+) T cells are influenced by tissue inflammatory microenvironments. IL-33, a member of the IL-1 family, acts as a danger signal after its release during cell necrosis. The IL-33/ST2 axis has been implicated in various Th2 responses. Its role in CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immune response is, however, not known. Here we find that type 1 cytotoxic T (Tc1) cells cultured in vitro unexpectedly express high levels of the IL-33 receptor ST2. Interestingly, the expression of ST2 in Tc1 cells is dependent on T-bet, a master Th1/Tc1 transcription factor. In addition, IL-33 enhances TCR-triggered IFN-γ production. IL-33 together with IL-12 can stimulate IFN-γ production in Tc1 cells. Moreover, IL-33 synergizes with IL-12 to promote CD8(+) T-cell effector function. The synergistic effect of IL-33 and IL-12 is partly mediated by Gadd45b. Together, these in vitro data establish a novel role of IL-33 in promoting effector type 1 adaptive immune responses.
High-performance long-wavelength HgCdTe infrared detectors grownon silicon substrates (2004)

Long-wavelength HgCdTe heterostructures on silicon (100) substrates have been grown using metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. Test diodes have been fabricated from this material using mesa technology and flip-chip bonding. We have demonstrated excellent resistance-area product characteristics for diodes with a 10.2μm cutoff wavelength. R0A values approaching 103Ωcm2 at 80K have been measured and the resistance-area product maintained above 102Ωcm2 at 1V reverse bias. Variable temperature R0A values correspond to expected generation-recombination loss mechanisms between 60 and 120K. Current-voltage characteristics of two diodes at opposite sides of an array indicate that a very uniform imaging long-wavelength infrared array could be fabricated from this material.
Assessment of Potential Inhalant Use by Students (1999)

Inhalant use is a significant health risk for today's youth, so school nurses need to be aware of its prevalence and life-threatening consequences. Numerous, readily available, inexpensive substances are being inhaled by a growing number of students. The effects of inhaling such substances can be devastating.
埃迪·雷德梅尼：一直在路上 (2015)

埃迪·雷德梅尼激动得无法自己。这位身形瘦削、一脸稚气又异常迷人的演员准备往他所入住的曼哈顿豪华酒店套房的长毛绒沙发坐下去，但他似乎无法安坐。无论说什么，他都会不断地腾起身子来进一步展示，就是在坐着的时候，他那深沉嘶哑的声音也冲口而出，快言快语得嘴上直打磕巴。
Sustainable liquid biofuels from biomass: the writing's on the walls (2008)

Domination of the global biosphere by human beings is unprecedented in the history of the planet, and our impact is such that substantive changes in ecosystems, and the global environment as a whole, are now becoming apparent. Our activity drives the steady increase in global temperature observed in recent decades. The realization of the adverse effects of greenhouse gas emissions on the environment, together with declining petroleum reserves, has ensured that the quest for sustainable and environmentally benign sources of energy for our industrial economies and consumer societies has become urgent in recent years. Consequently, there is renewed interest in the production and use of fuels from plants. The 'first-generation' biofuels made from starch and sugar appear unsustainable because of the potential stress that their production places on food commodities. Second-generation biofuels, produced from cheap and abundant plant biomass, are seen as the most attractive solution to this problem, but a number of technical hurdles must be overcome before their potential is realized. This review will focus on the underpinning research necessary to enable the cost-effective production of liquid fuels from plant biomass, with a particular focus on aspects related to plant cell walls and their bioconversion.
Alkene oxidation catalyzed by a ruthenium-substituted heteropolyanion, SiRu(L)W11O39: the mechanism of the periodate-mediated oxidative cleavage (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlkene oxidation catalyzed by a ruthenium-substituted heteropolyanion, SiRu(L)W11O39: the mechanism of the periodate-mediated oxidative cleavageRonny Neumann and Chalil Abu-GnimCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 16, 6025–6031Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00172a018RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1468Altmetric-Citations148LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (824 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Effects of Trace Elements on Corrosion in Total Immersion and Under Wet/Dry Conditions (1986)

The effects of 13 trace elements in a base line solution that is considered to represent flue gas desulfurization environments have been studied by electrochemical measurements for five alloys that were totally immersed or immersed for 1 h/day. Polarization resistance and corrosion potential measurements were performed continuously for 10 electrodes per test solution over a 6-day period, resulting in approximately 600 measurements per test. A computerized system was used to store test data and analyze results. Very large differences in corrosion behavior were observed for the five alloys in a solution containing a given combination of trace elements and for a given alloy in solutions containing different combinations of trace elements. A statistical analysis has been performed to determine the trace elements that have significant effects on corrosion behavior.