gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brachytherapy in cancer of the prostate: An historical perspective (1997)

Carcinoma of the prostate in the United States has increased dramatically in the last few years due to improved detection methods including prostatic specific antigen testing and transrectal ultrasound. More than half of all prostate cancers are discovered while still localized. Radical prostatectomy and definitive radiation are reserved for patients in good health, who have localized disease. Brachytherapy, with its inherent ability to deliver a high dose to an organ-confined tumor, while minimally irradiating the surrounding tissues, has successfully competed with external beam for the treatment of early prostatic tumors. Their respective role is constantly under scrutiny and re-evaluation to improve the accuracy of delivery of radiation. The present review focuses on the role of brachytherapy for treatment of early cancer of the prostate over the span of this century and its future in the next millennium. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 13:399-405, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sorption characteristics of water, oil and diesel in cellulose nanofiber reinforced corn starch resin/ramie fabric composites (2008)

Nowadays, utilisation of biodegradable materials has become necessary in order to maintain global environmental and ecological balance. Fully biodegradable nano 'Green' textile composites have been prepared from cellulose nanofibers reinforced corn starch resin and ramie fabric. Nanofibers having dimensions of approximately 1 μm long and 20–30 nm in diameter are used in the study. The nanofibers were incorporated in corn starch resin via ball mill mixing using ceramic balls. Textile composites were fabricated by pasting the reinforced resin onto the ramie fabric and by hot compression molding technique. Interactions at the fiber–matrix interface and the compatibility between cellulose and corn starch resin molecules will affect the properties of the system. The well dispersed cellulose nanofibers contribute higher interfacial area and good fiber networking within the matrix resin. This will lead to better barrier properties. Sorption characteristics of water, oil and diesel in the textile composites were analysed and the influence of nano fibers and macro fibers on the transport phenomena was investigated. The kinetics of sorption-diffusion process was investigated. Kinetic parameters such as n, k, diffusion coefficient, permeability, solubility parameter, % swelling index, etc., were analysed. The presence of cellulose nanofibers influences the sorption mechanism. The water sorption mechanism in the nanocomposites was found to exhibit slight deviation from Fickian mode. Structure–property relationships of the nanocomposites were evaluated.
Heat Dissipation of Resonant Absorption in Metal Nanoparticle-Polymer Films Described at Particle Separation Near Resonant Wavelength (2017)

Polymer films containing plasmonic nanostructures are of increasing interest for development of responsive energy, sensing, and therapeutic systems. The present work evaluates heat dissipated from power absorbed by resonant gold (Au) nanoparticles (NP) with negligible Rayleigh scattering cross sections randomly dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films. Finite element analysis (FEA) of heat transport was coordinated with characterization of resonant absorption by Mie theory and coupled dipole approximation (CDA). At AuNP particle separation greater than resonant wavelength, correspondence was observed between measured and CDA-predicted optical absorption and FEA-derived power dissipation. At AuNP particle separation less than resonant wavelength, measured extinction increased relative to predicted values, while FEA-derived power dissipation remained comparable to CDA-predicted power absorption before lagging observed extinguished power at higher AuNP content and resulting particle separation. Effects of isolated particles, for example, scattering, and particle-particle interactions, for example, multiple scattering, aggregation on observed optothermal activity were evaluated. These complementary approaches to distinguish contributions to resonant heat dissipation from isolated particle absorption and interparticle interactions support design and adaptive control of thermoplasmonic materials for a variety of implementations.
Antibody- and Complement-Dependent Damage to Liposomes Prepared with Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides (1971)

A procedure is described for the preparation of liposomes with either lecithin or sphingomyelin in the presence of various Salmonella minnesota S and R form lipopolysaccharides (antigens). These liposomes release trapped glucose marker when incubated with an appropriate rabbit antiserum (as source of antibodies) and native, i.e. unheated, guinea pig serum (as source of complement). The extent of marker loss is dependent on the amount of antigen added; treatment of R or S form lipopolysaccharide with alkali markedly reduces the amount necessary for half-maximal sensitization, i.e. half-maximal glucose release. The alkali-treated lipopolysaccharides are also effective in “passive” sensitization of liposomes. In this procedure (in contrast to the above which has been designated “active” sensitization), the liposomes are first generated in the absence of any antigen and subsequently incubated with lipopolysaccharide. Both actively and passively sensitized liposomes lose a greater percentage of their trapped glucose when prepared with lecithin than with sphingomyelin. The properties of the lipopolysaccharide liposomes are compared with those containing various ceramide antigens as described previously.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Purification of Small Molecule Libraries by Ion Exchange Chromatography. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Stereospecific polymerization of 2‐substituted 1,3‐butadienes. II. Stereospecific polymers of 2‐<i>n</i>‐propyl‐1,3‐butadiene (1965)

Abstract The stereospecific polymerization of 2‐ n ‐propyl‐1,3‐butadiene with aluminum alkyls or aluminum hydride and different transition metal salts was investigated. The behavior of this monomer with respect to the various catalysts employed is similar to that of isoprene. With the AlEt 3 –TiCl 4 and AlHCl 2 ·(C 2 H 5 ) 2 O–TiCl 4 systems, rubbery polymers are obtained whose infrared spectra are consistent with the 1,4‐ cis structure. With the AlEt 3 –Ti( i ‐C 3 H 7 O) 4 catalyst, a low molecular weight polymer with a prevailing 3,4 structure is obtained. The AlEt 3 –VCl 3 system gives a crystalline product melting at 42°C. The identity period has been determined, and two possible chain conformations are proposed.
To DNA, all information is equal (2012)

Information storage capabilities are key in most aspects of society and the requirement for storage capacity is rapidly expanding. In principle, DNA could be a high-density medium for information storage. Church and coworkers recently demonstrated how binary data can be encoded, stored in, and retrieved from a library of oligonucleotides, increasing by several orders of magnitude the amount and density of manmade information stored in DNA to date. The technology remains in its infancy and important hurdles have yet to be overcome in order to realize its potential. However, DNA may be particularly useful as a storage-medium over long time-scales (centuries), because data-access is compatible with any large-scale DNA-sequencing and -synthesis technology.
Highly dispersed rhodium on alumina catalysts: influence of the atmosphere on the state and dispersion of rhodium (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHighly dispersed rhodium on alumina catalysts: influence of the atmosphere on the state and dispersion of rhodiumM. I. Zaki, G. Kunzmann, B. C. Gates, and H. KnoezingerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 6, 1486–1493Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100290a041https://doi.org/10.1021/j100290a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views434Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Energy-aware data-centric routing in microsensor networks (2003)

Large-scale wireless sensors are expected to play an increasingly important role in future civilian and military settings where collaborative microsensors could be very effective in monitoring their operations. However, low power and in-network data processing make data-centric routing in wireless sensor networks a challenging problem.In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient energy-aware distributed heuristic, which we refer to as EAD, to build a special rooted broadcast tree with many leaves that is used to facilitate data-centric routing in wireless microsensor networks. Our EAD algorithm makes no assumption on local network topology, and is based on residual power. It makes use of a neighboring broadcast scheduling and distributed competition among neighboring nodess. We discuss the implementation of our scheme, and present an extensive simulation experiments to study the its performance. Our experimental results indicate clearly that our EAD scheme outperforms previous schemes.
Chiral Separations by Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis (1996)

This paper reports successful chiral separations of pharmaceutical racemic amines by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) using beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins (CDs) and various derivatives of beta-CDs. The results in three organic solvents, formamide (FA), N-methylformamide (NMF), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were compared to those in pure water and in 6 M urea in water systems. The binding constants of trimipramine, mianserin, and thioridazine with beta-CD were determined in the following five solvent systems: water, 6 M urea in water, FA, NMF, and DMF. The binding constants decreased systematically from approximately 10(4) in water to approximately 10 in FA and approximately 10(-2) in DMF. As a result, the optimum CD concentration in the aqueous media is in the high micromolar range, while that in the FA is around 100 mM. In the aqueous media, the occurrence of the optimum at very low concentrations and the rapid changes in enantioselectivity with CD concentration would make it difficult to develop methods based on trial and error. Nevertheless, it is shown that, even under nonoptimum concentrations of the chiral selector, other experimental parameters such as ionic strength, addition of tetraalkylammonium (TAA+), and temperature can be adjusted to achieve acceptable resolutions. This, however, is often achieved at the expense of longer analysis times. In addition, the effects of apparent pH (pH*) and type of cyclodextrin on chiral separations in NACE are studied. The application of negatively charged beta-CD in FA is also reported. Chiral separation of trimipramine was achieved at lower concentration of anionic CD due to the additional Coulombic interactions.
Experience with Non-sterile, Intermittent Self-Catheterization (1976)

Although a patient subjected to intermittent self-catheterization must carry a catheter and catheterize himself under a non-sterile technique at regular intervals this method is considered the best one available for patients who lead an active social life. When family cooperation is available intermittent catheterization is a cleaner procedure, causes less complications and is easier to manage for a patient confined to bed than the indwelling catheter, cystostomy or other urinary diversion procedures. The technique is also useful for patients with spinal cord injuries, promoting the early return of bladder activity and a life free of the catheter. It is an ideal method for children with meningomyelocele, after the upper tract has been maintained carefully by an indwelling catheter or cystostomy until the child is able to catheterize himself. In these cases a small capacity bladder may be enlarged using the colon and urinary incontinence may be corrected by other operative procedures. We have treated 26 patients with this technique, including 1 with a 17-year followup. The upper urinary tract has not deteriorated in any case and the urine has remained sterile in 39 per cent of the cases.
A model of in vivo cell proliferation of adult T-cell leukemia (1993)

We have made a model of in vivo cell proliferation of leukemic cells from adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patients using severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or lymph node cells (LNC) depleted of B cells and monocytes were intraperitoneally injected into SCID mice treated with antimurine interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2+) beta chain monoclonal antibody (MoAb)(TM- beta 1), followed by daily injection of human recombinant IL-2 until 60 days after cell injection. SCID mice injected with ATL cells from 6 of 8 ATL patients were found to have the tumor or leukemia 5 to 7 weeks after the inoculation of cells. Serum levels of soluble form of human IL-2R alpha chain (Tac) were markedly elevated in such mice. The cells recovered from the mice injected with leukemic cells from four different ATL patients had the same cell surface phenotype as that of original leukemic cells which were CD4+Tac+. Furthermore, we detected the same integration site of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV- I) provirus and the same rearrangement pattern of human T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chain gene as those of ATL cells by Southern blot hybridization, indicating that the cells proliferating in SCID mice were derived from the original ATL cell clone. Histologic examination showed that the pattern of the infiltration of ATL cells into various organs in SCID mice was similar to that of an ATL patient. Such a model of in vivo cell proliferation of ATL cells will be useful for the study of the mechanism of neoplastic cell proliferation and for the development of a new and effective treatment of ATL.
On the variability of threshold voltage window in gate-injection versatile memories with Sub-60mV/dec subthreshold swing and 10<sup>12</sup>-cycling endurance (2016)

Incorporating a charge-trapped ZrSiO with ferroelectric HfZrO dielectrics, we demonstrated a gate-injection versatile memory with sub-60mV/dec subthreshold swing (SS) and large threshold voltage window (Δ Vt) of >2V under a fast 20-ns speed. Moreover, it is revealed that the local defects at ZrSiO/HfZrO interface affect the ferroelectric negative capacitance tuning and thus increases the variability of Vt and SS during 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cycling endurance.
Very high resolution 3D marine seismic data processing for geotechnical applications (1998)

The processing of a small‐scale, very high resolution (VHR) shallow marine 3D data volume is described. The data were acquired over a small clay diapir, on the river Schelde, in 1990. Using an array of 12 dual‐channel microstreamers towed from a catamaran, a network of 1 m × 1 m bins could be produced over an area of 50 m × 180 m (< 100 m penetration). Positioning was performed with an auto‐tracking laser ranging system, assuring an absolute accuracy of a few decimetres. Preliminary processing steps included tidal correction and multiple removal. An important step concerned the application of 3D prestack Kirchhoff depth migration. Indeed this processing allows easy handling of the exact positions of both source and receivers as the latter were not set out on a conventional regular grid due to navigation difficulties. Because of the restricted data volume and the more‐or‐less stratified medium, a 1D velocity model could be used. This allowed a considerable simplification of the migration algorithm, based on summation. Traveltimes were calculated only once, using a 2D time grid with 0.1 m intervals. This migration method proved very efficient, greatly improving the seismic image, and involved only limited CPU time on a small computer (Sparc 10 workstation). It clearly demonstrates that advanced seismic processing can form a valuable and economically feasible tool for VHR shallow subsurface 3D seismics, as long as the velocity field is not too complex. This method should therefore no longer be restricted to large computers and hydrocarbon exploration, but should also become a routine for VHR 3D shallow seismic work.
A Systematic Review of Vaccinations to Reduce the Shedding of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157 in the Faeces of Domestic Ruminants (2011)

The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature to evaluate the efficacy of vaccines in reducing faecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in ruminants. A systematic search of eight databases and land-grant university research reports using an algorithm adapted from a previous systematic review of pre-harvest interventions against E. coli O157 was conducted to locate all reports of in vivo trials of E. coli O157 vaccines in ruminants published between 1990 and 2010. All located references were screened by two independent reviewers, and data were extracted from all relevant papers, with treatment effect measured in odds ratios. For trials with a faecal prevalence outcome that did not involve mixing of treated and untreated cattle in the same pen, efficacy was explored using random-effects meta-analysis. Funnel plots were used to evaluate publication bias, and random-effects meta-regression was performed to explore heterogeneity. The search located 20 relevant manuscripts which detailed 24 trials and 46 treatment comparisons; all but one trial involved cattle. There were 9 deliberate challenge trials (19 comparisons), and 15 natural exposure trials (27 comparisons). For Type III protein vaccines, there were 9 natural exposure trials detailing 17 comparisons, and meta-analysis of 8 comparisons revealed that vaccine treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in E. coli O157 faecal prevalence [odds ratio (OR)=0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.29, 0.51]. Siderophore receptor and porin protein (SRP) vaccines (three trials/four comparisons) also reduced faecal prevalence (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20, 0.61); however, none of the bacterin vaccine trials (n=3, six comparisons) resulted in a statistically significant reduction in prevalence. The results suggest that Type III protein and SRP vaccines significantly reduce faecal shedding in cattle; however, caution should be taken in interpreting the results because of the heterogeneity in the results.
Einleitung und Problemstellung (2004)

Die öffentliche Debatte zum Thema Kinder und Medien flammt jeweils auf, wenn neue Medienangebote für Kinder auf dem Markt erscheinen oder wenn dramatische Ereignisse, wie z.B. Jugendgewalt, dazu führen, dass man die Medien als Verantwortliche ausmachen will. Der erste Grund verweist auf die Heranwachsenden als Zielgruppe eines weltweiten Marktes und der zweite Grund auf die sozialen Konflikte, die gerne mit dem Einfluss der Medien erklärt werden. In den letzten Jahren war es zum Beispiel die Medienfigur „Pingu“, welche von Vorschulkindern geliebt wird und in Kurzgeschichten pädagogisch wertvolle Erfahrungen macht, zugleich aber in einen riesigen Verbund von Merchandising-Produkten eingebunden ist, der die Eltern skeptisch machte in Bezug auf die Kommerzialisierung der Medien-Freunde der Kinder. Noch ausgeprägter wurden Bedenken laut wegen der multimedialen „Pokémon“-Angebote, die von Sammelbildern über Gameboy-Spiele, Fernsehserien und Kino-Filme bis zu allen möglichen Plüschfiguren und anderen Produkten reichen. In der Türkei wurden die Pokémon zudem verboten, weil einzelne Kinder sich so stark mit ihren virtuellen Spielfiguren identifizierten, dass sie meinten, sie könnten wie diese fliegen und aus dem Fenster sprangen. Die Phantasiewesen hatten also zu Illusionsbildungen (Doelker 1979: 164) geführt und die Kinder so zu irrationalem Verhalten verführt. Der enorme Erfolg der „Hang Potter“-Romane löste eine neue Diskussion über den Stellenwert des Lesens bei den Kindern aus und überraschte manche besorgte Pädagogen, die meinten, Kinder würden nur noch vor Bildschirmen sitzen und Bücher hätten keine Chance mehr bei den Fernseh- und Computer-Kids. Auch hier aber folgten die multimedialen Umsetzungen des Stoffes auf dem Fuß und wieder stellte sich die Frage nach der kommerziellen Ausbeutung der Interessen der Kinder. Fundamentalistisch religiöse Kreise zeigten sich zudem besorgt über die Welt der Hexen, bösen und guten Zauberer und Geister, welche die Phantasie der Harry Potter-Fans zu bevölkern begann.
On optimal piggyback merging policies for video-on-demand systems (1996)

A critical issue in the performance of a video-on-demand system is the I/O bandwidth required in order to satisfy client requests. A number of techniques have been proposed in order to reduce these bandwidth requirements. In this paper we concentrate on one such technique, known as adaptive piggybacking. We develop and analyze piggyback merging policies which are optimal over large classes of reasonable methods.
Facile synthesis of 4-acetoxy-2-methyl-2-butenal, a vitamin A precursor, from isoprene chlorohydrin (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFacile synthesis of 4-acetoxy-2-methyl-2-butenal, a vitamin A precursor, from isoprene chlorohydrinJames H. Babler, Michael J. Coghlan, Marguerite Feng, and Peter FriesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 10, 1716–1717Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01324a030https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01324a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views342Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts