gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Commentary—The Role of Performance Metrics for Parallel Mathematical Programming Algorithms (1993)

Parallel computing adds an extra dimension of complexity to the design of mathematical programming algorithms. This complexity complicates the comparison of algorithms and introduces an additional set of performance metrics. The paper by Barr and Hickman (BH) is well written as they have knitted together expert opinion and their own experience into a reasonable set of guidelines for avoiding the pitfalls that arise in the use of these metrics. BH motivate the guidelines with an insightful summary of fundamental parallel computer issues and how they relate to measuring algorithm effectiveness. Below we expand on those comments of BH which we have found especially relevant. INFORMS Journal on Computing, ISSN 1091-9856, was published as ORSA Journal on Computing from 1989 to 1995 under ISSN 0899-1499.
TRANSLOCATION OF ULTRAFINE INSOLUBLE IRIDIUM PARTICLES FROM LUNG EPITHELIUM TO EXTRAPULMONARY ORGANS IS SIZE DEPENDENT BUT VERY LOW (2002)

Recently it was speculated that ultrafine particles may translocate from deposition sites in the lungs to systemic circulation. This could lead to accumulation and potentially adverse reactions in critical organs such as liver, heart, and even brain, consistent with the hypothesis that ultrafine insoluble particles may play a role in the onset of cardiovascular diseases, as growing evidence from epidemiological studies suggests. Ultrafine (192)Ir radio-labeled iridium particles (15 and 80 nm count median diameter) generated by spark discharging were inhaled by young adult, healthy, male WKY rats ventilated for 1 h via an endotracheal tube. After exposure, excreta were collected quantitatively. At time points ranging from 6 h to 7 d, rats were sacrificed, and a complete balance of (192)Ir activity retained in the body and cleared by excretion was determined gamma spectroscopically. Thoracic deposition fractions of inhaled 15- and 80-nm (192)Ir particles were 0.49 and 0.28, respectively. Both batches of ultrafine iridium particles proved to be insoluble (<1% in 7 d). During wk 1 after inhalation particles were predominantly cleared via airways into the gastrointestinal tract and feces. This cleared fraction includes particles deposited in the alveolar region. Additionally, minute particle translocation of <1% of the deposited particles into secondary organs such as liver, spleen, heart, and brain was measured after systemic uptake from the lungs. The translocated fraction of the 80-nm particles was about an order of magnitude less than that of 15-nm particles. In additional studies, the biokinetics of ultrafine particles and soluble (192)Ir was studied after administration by either gavage or intratracheal instillation or intravenous injection. They confirmed the low solubility of the particles and proved that (1) particles were neither dissolved nor absorbed from the gut, (2) systemically circulating particles were rapidly and quantitatively accumulated in the liver and spleen and retained there, and (3) soluble (192)Ir instilled in the lungs was rapidly excreted via urine with little retention in the lungs and other organs. This study indicates that only a rather small fraction of ultrafine#10; iridium particles has access from peripheral lungs to systemic circulation and extrapulmonary organs. Therefore, the hypothesis that systemic access of ultrafine insoluble particles may generally induce adverse reactions in the cardiovascular system and liver leading to the onset of cardiovascular diseases needs additional detailed and differentiated consideration.
Protein synthesis in muscles from normal and dystrophic hamsters (1979)

Homogenates of hindleg muscle were obtained from control and dystrophic male hamsters, 30 and 190 days of age, and were used to prepare the postmicrosomal pH5-supernatant fraction. The activity of this fraction in the incorporation of [14C]phenylalanyl-tRNA into peptides was increased in the dystrophic-muscle preparations. No such increase was found in brain or liver preparations from dystrophic hamsters. The increased capacity for aminoacyl-tRNA binding that was observed in preparations from dystrophic animals is discussed.
Prospective evaluation of fluorine-18-FDG PET in presurgical staging of the axilla in breast cancer. (1998)

PET showed good overall diagnostic accuracy in the detection of axillary metastases (86%). The very high accuracy (95%) in N1a patients is of particular importance. False-negative PET findings, however, can be encountered. SUVs of breast carcinoma cannot predict the spread of the disease to the axilla, even if higher values are often associated with axillary metastases. Any decision on the use of PET in the presurgical staging of breast cancer should be incorporated into a more general debate on axillary management. In selected patients with a very low probability of axillary metastases (T1a), in whom axillary surgery can already be avoided according to data from follow-up studies, 18F-FDG PET could be proposed as a noninvasive imaging modality to improve the diagnosis of axillary relapses.
Bend Loss in All-Solid Bandgap Fibers Revisited (2010)

The rate of decay of the fundamental guided mode into the surrounding cladding in all-solid photonic bandgap fibers is investigated. Both a simple 1-D model and numerical calculations of realistic fibers show that the decay rate varies asymmetrically across the bandgaps, with larger values near the upper edge of the bandgap. The implications for modeling bend loss in these fibers are discussed.
Interleukin-6 Stimulates Circulating Blood-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cell Angiogenesis <i>in vitro</i> (2007)

Circulating blood endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to postnatal vasculogenesis, providing a novel therapeutic target for vascular diseases. However, the molecular mechanism of EPC-induced vasculogenesis is unknown. Interleukin-6 plays multiple functions in angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. Our previous study demonstrated that the polymorphism (174G>C) in IL-6 gene promoter was associated with brain vascular disease. In this study, we investigated if IL-6 receptor is expressed in human EPCs derived from circulating mononuclear cells, and if interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulates EPC angiogenesis in vitro. First, we isolated and cultured mononuclear cells from adult human circulating blood. We obtained EPC clones that were further cultured and expended for the angiogenesis study. We found that the EPCs possessed human mature endothelial cell phenotypes; however, they proliferated much faster than mature endothelial cells (P<0.05). We then found that IL-6 receptor (gp-80) was expressed in the EPCs, and that administration of IL-6 could activate receptor gp80/gp130 signaling pathways including downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and STAT3 phosphorylation in EPCs. Furthermore, IL-6 stimulated EPC proliferation, migration, and matrigel tube formation in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05); anti-IL-6 antibodies or IL-6 receptor could abolish these effects (P<0.05). These results suggest that IL-6 plays a crucial role in the biologic behavior of blood-derived EPCs, which may help clarify the mechanism of IL-6 inflammatory-related diseases.
Broad range of herbicide tolerance of glutinous upland rice variety 'Yumenohatamochi' carrying human cytochrome P450 genes (2006)

We generated three types of herbicide-tolerant Yumenohatamochi rice plants (Oryza sativa L cv. ‘Yumenohatamochi’) transformed with pIES1A1, pIJ2B6, or pIKBACH that express human cytochrome P450 gene CYP1A1 or CYP2B6 or co-express CYP1A1, CYP2B6, and CYP2C19, respectively. The transformed plants were screened by a combination of hygromycin resistance, PCR, and herbicide tolerance. We compared the tolerance towards various herbicides with different modes of action. The herbicides tested include photosynthesis inhibitors (chlorotoluron, diuron), very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis inhibitors (acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor, and mefenacet), a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor (norflurazon), and microtubule assembly inhibitors (pendimethalin, trifluralin, and amiprophos-methyl). The pIES1A1- or pIJ2B6-transformed Yumenohatamochi showed tolerance towards five and four different chemical classes of herbicides, respectively. The spectrum of herbicide tolerance of pIKBACH-transformed Yumenohatamochi was broader compared to transformants expressing the single human P450 gene. Transformed rice plants expressing P450s involved in xenobiotic metabolism may become useful tools for the breeding of herbicide-tolerant crops.
Monitoring and Debugging the Quality of Results in Approximate Programs (2015)

Energy efficiency is a key concern in the design of modern computer systems. One promising approach to energy-efficient computation, approximate computing, trades off output accuracy for significant gains in energy efficiency. However, debugging the actual cause of output quality problems in approximate programs is challenging. This paper presents dynamic techniques to debug and monitor the quality of approximate computations. We propose both offline debugging tools that instrument code to determine the key sources of output degradation and online approaches that monitor the quality of deployed applications.
Vertical GMR recording heads for 100 Gb/in/sup 2/ (2003)

Vertical giant magnetoresistive (GMR) recording head designs have been proposed to achieve the optimum bias point and magnetic stability. Using a micromagnetic model, several design options were simulated and a test feature was built to validate the model prediction. The vertical GMR head uses a front lead to connect the GMR element to shield at the air-bearing surface (ABS) and the sense current passes vertically from ABS to the back lead through the active elements. Canted stabilization fields are needed for proper bias for vertical GMR (VGMR) heads. A design proposal for 100 Gb/in/sup 2/ is presented.
GAP-43 persists in adulthood and coexists with SP and CGRP in human trigeminal sensory neurones (1994)

Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the occurrence and colocalization of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 with substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the human trigeminal ganglion and sensory nucleus at perinatal and adult life stages. The results obtained show that: GAP-43-like immunoreactive (LI) material persists in trigeminal primary sensory neurones of the normal adult; the GAP-43-LI ganglionic population partially overlaps with those immunoreactive to SP and CGRP; the distribution pattern of the protein in the spinal nucleus varies with age; in the adult subnucleus caudalis GAP-43 is co-distributed with SP and CGRP. It is suggested that the trigeminal GAP-43-LI neuronal system may retain the capacity for structural and functional plasticity in adult life.
Global Methylation Profiling for Risk Prediction of Prostate Cancer (2012)

Our study provides a global assessment of DNA methylation in prostate cancer and identifies the significance of genes as diagnostic and progression biomarkers of prostate cancer.
Genome engineering - Matching supply with demand (2016)

KEYWORDS : Cas9Cell CycleCRISPRgenome editinghomologous recombinationpost-translational regulationproteolysissynthetic biologyubiquitin
[Benign prostate hyperplasia: success and limitations of pharmacological therapy]. (2007)

A profound knowledge of pathogenesis and natural history enables a differentiated therapy for elderly men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The role of phytotherapy is still controversially discussed and, therefore, not clearly recommended by any BPH-guideline. alpha(1)-blockers are the therapy of choice for symptomatic patients at a low risk of disease progression (prostate volume <30-40 ml). 5alpha-reductase inhibitors (5ARI) reduce the prostate volume by 20-25% and the risk for acute urinary retention/surgery by more than 50% compared to placebo. Combination therapy (alpha(1)-blocker plus 5ARI) is superior to either monotherapy, though this advantage is only demonstrable after a prolonged treatment period (>12 months).
How screen transitions influence touch and pointer interaction across angled display arrangements (2012)

Digital office environments often integrate multiple displays in a variety of arrangements. We investigated the combination of a horizontal and a directly connected vertical display, which together form a digital workspace. In particular, we were interested in the effect of the physical transition (bezel, edge or curve) on dragging. In a study participants performed dragging tasks across both display planes with direct touch as well as a pointing device. Contrary to our expectations, we found no significant effect on task completion time. Only regarding accuracy the curved transition performed better than edge and bezel. Interestingly, the subjective judgment did generally not match the objective results. These findings suggest that we need to rethink our understanding of display continuities in terms of usability as well as user satisfaction.
Nanostructuring of nanoporous iron carbide spheres via thermal degradation of triple-shelled Prussian blue hollow spheres for oxygen reduction reaction (2016)

A controlled thermal treatment of the triple-shelled Prussian blue hollow spheres yielded well-retained nanoporous iron carbide for efficient electrocatalytic ORR.
Novel linearizer using balanced circulators and its application to multilevel digital radio systems (1989)

A miniaturized RF predistortion linearizer for a GaAs field-effect transistor power amplifier applicable to 256 quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) digital microwave systems is presented. This linearizer, which is based upon the cuber linearizer technique, utilizes circulators and a pair of diodes in the distortion generator to obtain high signal component isolation, and in the variable phase shifter to compensate for temperature variations. This allows miniaturization and easy adjustment of the circuit. Results show that a distortion reduction of more than 10 dB is obtained over a 300 MHz bandwidth. It was verified that distortion reduction can be achieved over a temperature range from 0 to 50 degrees C. The fundamental characteristics of the linearizer and its effect on the 256-QAM signal are shown. The results show an improvement of more than 6 dB in the output back-off of the amplifier.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fluorescent Imaging of pH with Optical Sensors Using Time Domain Dual Lifetime Referencing (2001)

We present a referenced scheme for fluorescence intensity measurements that is useful for imaging applications. It is based on the conversion of the fluorescence intensity information into a time-dependent parameter. A phosphorescent dye is added in the form of approximately 10-microm particles to the sample containing the pH-sensitive fluorescent indicator. Both the reference dye and the pH probe are excited simultaneously by a blue LED, and an overall luminescence is measured. In the time-resolved imaging method presented here, two images taken at different time gates were recorded using a CCD camera. The first image is recorded during excitation and reflects the luminescence signal of both the fluorophore (pH) and the phosphor (reference). The second image, which is measured after a certain delay (after switching off the light source), is solely caused by the long-lived phosphorescent dye. Because the intensity of the fluorophore contains the information on pH, whereas phosphorescence is pH-independent, the ratio of the images displays a referenced intensity distribution that reflects the pH at each picture element (pixel). The scheme is useful for LED light sources and CCD cameras that can be gated with square pulses in the microsecond range. The fundamentals and potential of this new method, to which we refer as time domain dual lifetime referencing (t-DLR), are demonstrated.
Standardization of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Nucleic Acid Amplification Technique-Based Assays: an Initial Study To Evaluate a Panel of HEV Strains and Investigate Laboratory Performance (2011)

The performance of hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA nucleic acid amplification (NAT)-based assays has been investigated using a panel of HEV-containing plasma samples. The panel comprised 22 HEV-positive plasma samples representing 10-fold serial dilutions of HEV genotypes 3a, 3b, 3f, and 4c obtained from blood donors. Two negative-control plasma samples were included. All samples were blinded. The plasma samples were prepared as liquid/frozen materials and distributed to participants on dry ice. Laboratories were requested to test the panel using their routine HEV assays and to score samples as either positive or negative and could optionally return data in copies/ml for HEV RNA. Twenty laboratories from 10 different countries participated in the study. Data were returned by all participating laboratories; 10 laboratories returned quantitative data. All assays except one were developed in-house using conventional or real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) methodologies. There was a 100- to 1,000-fold difference in sensitivity between the majority of assays, independent of the virus strain. Although the quantitative data were limited, for the samples in the range of ∼6 to 4 log(10) copies/ml, the standard deviations of the geometric means of the samples ranged between 0.38 and 1.09. Except for one equivocal result, HEV RNA was not detected in the negative samples. The variability of assay sensitivity highlights the need for the standardization of HEV RNA NAT assays.
Cancer Mortality Surveillance--United States, 1990-2000 (2004)

More effective tobacco-cessation programs are necessary to reduce lung and bronchus cancer mortality among women and sustain the decrease in lung and bronchus cancer mortality among men. Additional programs that deter smoking initiation among adolescents are essential to ensure future decreases in lung and bronchus cancer mortality. Continued research in primary prevention, screening methods, and therapeutics is needed to further reduce disparities and improve quality of life and survival among all populations.
Isolation of cepafungins I, II and III from Pseudomonas species. (1990)

New acylpeptide antibiotics named cepafungins I, II and III were isolated from the culture broth of a strain identified as Pseudomonas sp. These antibiotics are neutral substances, soluble in aqueous alcohols and dimethyl sulfoxide, and show UV maxima at 260.5 nm. The IR spectra indicated these to be peptides. Molecular formulas C28H46N4O6, C27H44N4O6 and C26H42N4O6 for cepafungins I, II and III were indicated by elemental analysis and SI-MS. Cepafungins exhibited inhibitory activity against yeast and fungi, and antitumor activity against P388 leukemia in mice.
Weak epitaxy growth of organic semiconductor thin films (2009)

The fabrication of organic semiconductor thin films is extremely important in organic electronic devices. This tutorial review--which should particularly appeal to chemists and physicists interested in organic thin-film growth, organic electronic devices and organic semiconductor materials--summarizes the method of weak epitaxy growth (WEG) and its application in the fabrication of high quality organic semiconductor thin films. WEG achieves the thin-film fabrication of disk-like organic semiconductor molecules with highly structural order, molecular level smoothness and large size domains on amorphous substrate. The organic field-effect transistor devices based on these thin films exhibit a high charge mobility that is comparable with their corresponding single-crystal devices. Moreover, it provides a way to produce organic superlattices.
Natural <sup>15</sup>N abundance in fruit bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi from boreal forests (1997)

The <sup>15</sup> N natural abundance and N concentrations of fruit bodies from 70 species (23 genera) of ectomycorrhizal fungi found in boreal forests are presented. Large intraspecific and intrageneric differences were found, e.g. 8.3‰<sup>15</sup> N in the species Dermocybe crocea and 12.6‰ in the genus Cortinarius. In addition, significant differences in both δ<sup>15</sup> N and %N were found between different parts of fruit bodies, with cap material giving consistently higher values. Proteins and amino acids were enriched by 9.7±0.4‰ (mean ± 1 SE) relative to chitin, irrespective of the part of the fruit body examined. Chitin had δ<sup>15</sup> N values similar to that of plant hosts. The higher δ<sup>15</sup> N and %N values of the caps than of the stipes probably reflect a higher portion of proteins and amino acids in the caps. The δ<sup>15</sup> N of mycorrhizal fungi can be a function of the N species used (organic N, NH<sub>4</sub> <sup>+</sup> , NO<sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup> ), the depth of soil at which the mycelium occurs, and metabolic fractionations. The metabolic fractionations, e.g. potential transaminations during the flux of N from the soil through the fungus to the plant, make it difficult, at present, to make inferences about sources of N based on δ<sup>15</sup> N values alone. No effect of sample drying temperature on δ<sup>15</sup> values of fungal material was detected.
The effect of parabens on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1983)

The effect of methyl, propyl and butyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid on DNA and RNA synthesis has been tested in toluenized cells of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Both RNA and DNA synthesis of these bacteria were inhibited. The inhibitory concentrations were higher than those previously reported for growth inhibition. Protein synthesis in cell-free extracts (S-30 fraction) of B. subtilis was even more sensitive to parabens than DNA and RNA synthesis, while protein synthesis in Esch. coli was largely unaffected.
Compressive binary search (2012)

In this paper we consider the problem of locating a nonzero entry in a high-dimensional vector from possibly adaptive linear measurements. We consider a recursive bisection method which we dub the compressive binary search and show that it improves on what any nonadaptive method can achieve. We also establish a non-asymptotic lower bound that applies to all methods, regardless of their computational complexity. Combined, these results show that the compressive binary search is within a double logarithmic factor of the optimal performance.
Synthesis of Hollow Nanoparticles &lt;i&gt;γ&lt;/i&gt;-Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (2013)

The formation of hollow nanoparticles of alumina was detected when nanostructured carbon–aluminum material, synthesized by composite electrode sputtering in an electric arc, was annealed in oxygen. The synthesized material was characterized by the methods of transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and roentgen-phase analysis. It is shown that the alumina is the γ-phase; the typical size of particles is 6 - 12 nm and they have a wall thickness of 2 - 3 nm. The mechanism of formation of the hollow nanoparticles of alumina is suggested.