gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Llama Single-Chain Antibody That Blocks Lipopolysaccharide Binding and Signaling: Prospects for Therapeutic Applications (2006)

Sepsis is a considerable health problem and a burden on the health care system. Endotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, is responsible for more than 50% of the sepsis cases and is, therefore, a legitimate target for therapeutic approaches against sepsis. In this study, we selected and characterized a llama single-chain antibody fragment (VHH) directed to Neisseria meningitidis LPS. The VHH, designated VHH 5G, showed affinity to purified LPS as well as to LPS on the surfaces of the bacteria. Epitope mapping using a panel of N. meningitidis mutants revealed that VHH 5G recognizes an epitope in the inner core of LPS, and as expected, the VHH proved to have broad specificity for LPS from different bacteria. Furthermore, this VHH blocked binding of LPS to target cells of the immune system, resulting in the inhibition of LPS signaling in whole blood. Moreover, it was found to remove LPS efficiently from aqueous solutions, including serum. The selected anti-LPS VHH is a leading candidate for therapies against LPS-mediated sepsis.
Visible light and risk of age-related macular degeneration. (1990)

Sunlight exposure has been suggested as a cause of AMD. To examine this, we collected detailed histories of ocular sun exposure in 838 watermen who work on the Chesapeake Bay. The presence and severity of AMD was assessed in stereo macular photographs. Macular changes were classified into four grades of increasing severity ranging from the presence of 5 or more drusen (AMD-1) to extensive geographic atrophy or disciform scars (AMD-4). Previously, we found no association between AMD and ocular exposure to either UV-B (290 to 320 nm) or two bands of UV-A (320 to 340 nm and 340 to 400 nm). We have undertaken further analysis to determine whether ocular exposure to violet light (400 to 450 nm), blue light (400 to 500 nm), or all visible light (400 to 700 nm) was associated with AMD. Ocular exposure was estimated using model computations of ambient irradiance and estimates of the ratio of ocular to ambient exposure. Compared to age-matched controls, established cases (AMD-4), but not milder cases, had significantly higher exposure to both blue and visible light over the preceding 20 years (Wilcoxon sign rank test, P = 0.027). There was no difference in exposure at younger ages. These data suggest that high levels of exposure to blue and visible light late in life may be important in causing AMD.
Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential <i>thirdhand smoke</i> hazards (2010)

This study shows that residual nicotine from tobacco smoke sorbed to indoor surfaces reacts with ambient nitrous acid (HONO) to form carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Substantial levels of TSNAs were measured on surfaces inside a smoker's vehicle. Laboratory experiments using cellulose as a model indoor material yielded a > 10-fold increase of surface-bound TSNAs when sorbed secondhand smoke was exposed to 60 ppbv HONO for 3 hours. In both cases we identified 1-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-4-butanal, a TSNA absent in freshly emitted tobacco smoke, as the major product. The potent carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone and N-nitroso nornicotine were also detected. Time-course measurements revealed fast TSNA formation, with up to 0.4% conversion of nicotine. Given the rapid sorption and persistence of high levels of nicotine on indoor surfaces-including clothing and human skin-this recently identified process represents an unappreciated health hazard through dermal exposure, dust inhalation, and ingestion. These findings raise concerns about exposures to the tobacco smoke residue that has been recently dubbed "thirdhand smoke." Our work highlights the importance of reactions at indoor interfaces, particularly those involving amines and NO(x)/HONO cycling, with potential health impacts.
Estabilidad de los reactivos de Forrest y F.P.N. (1997)

espanolLos reactivos de Forrest y F.P.N. son utilizados respectivamenteen la deteccion urinaria de fenotiacinas y an tidepresivos triciclicos tipo imipramina. Su preparacion re quiere un cierto tiempo que podria intentar eliminarse si su estabilidad a largoplazolo permitiera. En el presente trabajo, se comparan los resultados obtenidos con ambos reactivos in mediatamente tras su preparacion y al mes, tres y seis meses de la misma, resultados que no varian apreciablemente ex cepto para dos sustancias, nortriptilina y levomepromacina, con el reactivo F.P.N. Puede concluirse que: 1) el reactivo de Forrest es estable al menos seis meses tras su preparacion para la deteccion de las sustancias ensayadas; 2) el reactivo F.P.N. puede proporcinar falsos resultados a las 3-6 meses, al menoscon algunas de las sustancias probadas, por lo que su preparacion debera ser extemporanea. EnglishForrest and F.P.N. reagents are involved in the detection of both tricyclic antidepressants imipramine-like and phenotiazines in urine. Preparation of these reagents requires some time that would like to obviate if its long-term stability make it possible. In this work, we compared results obtained with both reagents inmediately after its preparation and one, three and six months later; these results remained unchanged except for two substances, nortriptyline and levomepromazine, with F.P.N. reagent. We concluded that: 1) Forrest reagent is stable at least 6 months after preparation for toxicological detection of assayed substances; 2) F.P.N. reagent can give spurious results at 3-6 months after preparation, at least with some substances tested here, and preparation may be carried out extemporaneously.
Coordinate expression and proliferative role of HOXB genes in activated adult T lymphocytes. (1994)

We investigated the expression of HOXB cluster genes in purified phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated T lymphocytes from normal adult peripheral blood by reverse transcription PCR and RNase protection. These genes are not expressed in quiescent T cells, except for barely detectable B1 RNA. After the PHA stimulus, HOXB gene activation initiates coordinately as a rapid induction wave in the 3'-->5' cluster direction (i.e., from HOXB1 through B9 genes). Thus, (i) expression of the foremost 3'-located B1 and B2 genes peaks 10 min after PHA addition and then rapidly declines, (ii) activation of B3, B4, and B5 begins 10 min after PHA addition and peaks at later times (i.e., at 120 min for B5), (iii) B6, B7, and B9 are expressed at a low level starting at later times (45 to 60 min), and (iv) B8 remains silent. Treatment of PHA-activated T lymphocytes with antisense oligonucleotides to B2 or B4 mRNA causes a drastic inhibition of T-cell proliferation and a decreased expression of T-cell activation markers (i.e., interleukin 2 and transferrin receptors). Similarly, treatment of CEM-CCRF, Peer, and SEZ627 T acute lymphocytic leukemia cell lines with anti-B4 oligomer markedly inhibits cell proliferation. Finally, T cells stimulated by a low dosage of PHA in the presence of 1 microM retinoic acid show a marked increase of both HOXB expression, particularly B2, and cell proliferation. These studies provide novel evidence on the role of HOX genes in adult cell proliferation. (i) Coordinate, early activation of HOXB genes from the 3'-->5' cluster side apparently underlies T-cell activation. (ii) The expression pattern in adult PHA-activated T cells is strikingly similar to that observed in retinoic acid-induced teratocarcinoma cells (A. Simeone, D. Acampora, L. Arcioni, P. W. Andres, E. Boncinelli, and F. Mavilio, Nature (London) 346:763-766, 1990), thus suggesting that molecular mechanisms underlying HOX gene expression in the earliest stages of development may also operate in activated adult T lymphocytes.
Physical Dosimetry and Biological Indicators of Carcinogenic Risk in a Cohort of Persons Exposed to Unhealthy Ecological Factors Following the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident (1998)

The April 1986 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident caused ecological changes in the Ovruch State forests in the Zhytomir oblast in the Ukraine. The highest radioactivity existed in moss, followed by the pine-forest substrate and soil. During 1984-1985, the pine needles were primarily surface contaminated, whereas during 1986-1988, they were contaminated secondarily. Radioactivity in air was highest (1.07+/-0.185 Bq/l) during dry and sunny weather and when trees were felled; the lowest levels (0.196+/-0.044 Bq/l) occurred during periods of stable snow coverage. Between 1987 and 1989 (i.e., after the Chernobyl accident), the caesium levels in forestry employees exceeded by 13.9-fold the average levels found in the Ukrainian Polessje population. Ovruch forest guards and woodcutters had the highest effective equivalent doses of radiation, and they therefore exhibited the highest carcinogenic risk.
Degradation of Marine Algae-Derived Carbohydrates by Bacteroidetes Isolated from Human Gut Microbiota (2017)

Carrageenan, agarose, and alginate are algae-derived undigested polysaccharides that have been used as food additives for hundreds of years. Fermentation of dietary carbohydrates of our food in the lower gut of humans is a critical process for the function and integrity of both the bacterial community and host cells. However, little is known about the fermentation of these three kinds of seaweed carbohydrates by human gut microbiota. Here, the degradation characteristics of carrageenan, agarose, alginate, and their oligosaccharides, by <i>Bacteroides xylanisolvens</i>, <i>Bacteroides ovatus</i>, and <i>Bacteroides uniforms</i>, isolated from human gut microbiota, are studied.
Reward-learning and the novelty-seeking personality: a between- and within-subjects study of the effects of dopamine agonists on young Parkinson's patients (2009)

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic pathways projecting to the striatum. These pathways are implicated in reward prediction. In this study, we investigated reward and punishment processing in young, never-medicated Parkinson's disease patients, recently medicated patients receiving the dopamine receptor agonists pramipexole and ropinirole and healthy controls. The never-medicated patients were also re-evaluated after 12 weeks of treatment with dopamine agonists. Reward and punishment processing was assessed by a feedback-based probabilistic classification task. Personality characteristics were measured by the temperament and character inventory. Results revealed that never-medicated patients with Parkinson's disease showed selective deficits on reward processing and novelty seeking, which were remediated by dopamine agonists. These medications disrupted punishment processing. In addition, dopamine agonists increased the correlation between reward processing and novelty seeking, whereas these drugs decreased the correlation between punishment processing and harm avoidance. Our finding that dopamine agonist administration in young patients with Parkinson's disease resulted in increased novelty seeking, enhanced reward processing, and decreased punishment processing may shed light on the cognitive and personality bases of the impulse control disorders, which arise as side-effects of dopamine agonist therapy in some Parkinson's disease patients.
Laser Capture Microdissection for Analysis of Single Cells (2007)

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) can be used to obtain single cells or a homogeneous population of cells for molecular analysis. This approach becomes even more powerful when it is combined with immunocytochemical staining using specific antibodies to label the cells of interest before LCM (referred to as immuno-LCM). These techniques have been applied in our laboratory to the analysis of pituitary cells from dissociated tissues and from cultured populations of heterogeneous pituitary, thyroid, and carcinoid tumor cells, as well as for the analysis of single cells in various sarcomas. When combined with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blot analysis, the sensitivity of this method is increased, allowing the reproducible analysis of gene expression from 1 to 10 cells. These methods show the utility of immuno-LCM as well as LCM combined with RT-PCR for cellular and molecular studies of gene expression.
Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification using Corpus-level Constraints (2017)

Language is increasingly being used to define rich visual recognition problems with supporting image collections sourced from the web. Structured prediction models are used in these tasks to take advantage of correlations between co-occurring labels and visual input but risk inadvertently encoding social biases found in web corpora. In this work, we study data and models associated with multilabel object classification and visual semantic role labeling. We find that (a) datasets for these tasks contain significant gender bias and (b) models trained on these datasets further amplify existing bias. For example, the activity cooking is over 33% more likely to involve females than males in a training set, and a trained model further amplifies the disparity to 68% at test time. We propose to inject corpus-level constraints for calibrating existing structured prediction models and design an algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation for collective inference. Our method results in almost no performance loss for the underlying recognition task but decreases the magnitude of bias amplification by 47.5% and 40.5% for multilabel classification and visual semantic role labeling, respectively.
Involvement of spinally-infiltrated immune cells in peripheral nerve injury^|^ndash;induced neuropathic pain: roles of TRPM2 (2013)

末梢神経の損傷等により発生する難治性の神経障害性疼痛には，損傷した末梢神経周辺へ浸潤した免疫系細胞による侵害受容性の一次感覚神経の過敏化（末梢神経感作）に加え，脊髄内グリア細胞の活性化により誘導される脊髄後角神経の過敏化（中枢神経感作）が関与することが知られている．これまで，末梢および脊髄内での神経炎症応答は個別に議論されてきたが，最近，末梢神経損傷により，血液－脊髄関門が破綻し，マクロファージやTリンパ球などの免疫系細胞が脊髄内に浸潤することが報告された．我々もこの点に注目し，緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）を発現するトランスジェニックマウスによる骨髄キメラマウスを用い，末梢神経損傷時のGFP陽性骨髄由来細胞の浸潤を観察した．その結果，末梢神経の損傷部位周辺に多量のGFP陽性免疫系細胞が浸潤するとともに，脊髄内においても，脊髄ミクログリアの活性化のピーク（約3日後）からやや遅れて，末梢神経損傷7〜14日後にかけてGFP陽性免疫系細胞，特にマクロファージが数多く浸潤する様子が観察された．また，免疫系細胞が脊髄内浸潤した領域は，脊髄ミクログリアの活性化領域とほぼ一致することも確認している．一方，我々はこれまでに，過酸化水素などの活性酸素種に対するセンサーとして機能し，免疫系細胞やグリア細胞にも発現するtransient receptor potential melastatin 2（TRPM2）が神経障害性疼痛に重要な役割を果たしていることを明らかにしてきた．本研究において我々は，TRPM2遺伝子欠損マウスとGFPトランスジェニックマウスを組み合わせた骨髄キメラマウスを作製し，末梢神経損傷時の免疫系細胞の脊髄内浸潤にTRPM2が関与することを明らかにした．本稿では，神経障害性疼痛における末梢由来免疫系細胞の脊髄内浸潤について，我々の最近の知見を中心に概説する．
Recent progress in solution processable organic light emitting devices (2007)

Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) have been the subject of intense research because of their potential for flat panel display and solid state lighting applications. While small molecule OLEDs with very high efficiencies have been demonstrated, solution processable devices are more desirable for large size flat panel display and solid state applications because they are compatible with low cost, large area roll-to-roll manufacturing process. In this review paper, we will present the recent progress made in solution processable OLEDs. The paper will be divided into three parts. In the first part of the paper, we will focus on the recent development of fluorescent polymer OLEDs based on conjugated polyfluorene copolymers. Specifically, we will present results of carrier transport and injection measurements, and discuss how the charge transport and injection properties affect the device performance. In the second part of the paper, we will focus on the recent progress on phosphorescent dye-dispersed nonconjugated polymer OLEDs. Specifically, we will present our recent results on high efficiency green and blue emitting devices based on the dye-dispersed polymer approach. Similar to fluorescent conjugated polymer OLEDs, charge transport and injection properties in dye-dispersed polymer OLEDs also play an important role in the device performance. In the third part of this paper, we will present our results on white emitting phosphorescent OLEDs. Two approaches have been used to demonstrate white emitting OLEDs. First, white emitting OLEDs were made using blue emitting OLEDs with downconversion phosphors. Second, white emitting OLEDs were made by dispersing red, green, and blue phosphorescent dyes into the light emitting layer. High efficiency devices have been demonstrated with both approaches.
Design and implementation of a parallel identification system for adaptive control of an AC induction motor (2003)

The authors present the design and implementation of a real-time identification system for the adaptive control of an AC induction servo motor using the parallel processing technique. A parallelization scheme of the recursive least-squares algorithm has been proposed for the online identification of the approximated linear model of a decoupled induction servo drive. A dual-transputer-based real-time identification and control system has been constructed. The parameter identification and vector control of an AC induction servo motor can be accomplished within 1 ms. Experimental results are presented and verified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The evaluation of morphological characteristics of human spermatozoa according to stricter criteria (1990)

The evaluation of the morphology of human spermatozoa varies widely between and sometimes even within laboratories. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the method that has been developed in our laboratory and which resulted in the use of stricter criteria for the evaluation of sperm morphology is a practical, reliable and repeatable method and to establish the within and between observer variations. The criteria used for a 'normal' spermatozoon are based on the appearance of spermatozoa found in the mucus of the upper endocervical canal. The results of the morphological evaluations of 26 samples by four observers were statistically analysed by various methods. The method of Barnett showed a high degree of relative accuracy between observers with error variances of between 2.89 and 19.67 as well as high Spearman rank correlation coefficients of between 0.8675 and 0.6537 (P less than 0.0003). The Spearman correlation coefficient for 15 duplicate evaluations by one observer was 0.9650 (P less than 0.0001) while the coefficients of variation for repeated evaluations of single samples were also within acceptable limits. Based on these results, the method described in this article allows comparable and reliable results between and within observers to be obtained. From this and other studies it can be concluded that the method also has a good prognostic value for the prediction of expected IVF fertilization, the hamster test and hemizona assay.
Technical accuracy of optical and the electromagnetic tracking systems (2013)

Thousands of operations are annually guided with computer assisted surgery (CAS) technologies. As the use of these devices is rapidly increasing, the reliability of the devices becomes ever more critical. The problem of accuracy assessment of the devices has thus become relevant. During the past five years, over 200 hazardous situations have been documented in the MAUDE database during operations using these devices in the field of neurosurgery alone. Had the accuracy of these devices been periodically assessed pre-operatively, many of them might have been prevented. The technical accuracy of a commercial navigator enabling the use of both optical (OTS) and electromagnetic (EMTS) tracking systems was assessed in the hospital setting using accuracy assessment tools and methods developed by the authors of this paper. The technical accuracy was obtained by comparing the positions of the navigated tool tip with the phantom accuracy assessment points. Each assessment contained a total of 51 points and a region of surgical interest (ROSI) volume of 120x120x100 mm roughly mimicking the size of the human head. The error analysis provided a comprehensive understanding of the trend of accuracy of the surgical navigator modalities. This study showed that the technical accuracies of OTS and EMTS over the pre-determined ROSI were nearly equal. However, the placement of the particular modality hardware needs to be optimized for the surgical procedure. New applications of EMTS, which does not require rigid immobilization of the surgical area, are suggested.
Nucleoside conjugates as potential antitumor agents. 2. Synthesis and biological activity of 1-.beta.-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of prednisolone and prednisone (1979)

Two of the new anticancer drugs recently synthesized in our laboratory from conjugation of ara-C2 and several corticosteroids linked through a phosphodiester bond include prednisolone- (I) and prednisone-p-ara-C (II). They were demonstrated to be enzymatically hydrolyzed to the corresponding steroid and ara-CMP and the latter was further shown to be hydrolyzed to ara-C by phosphodiesterase I, snake venom, 5'-nucleotidase, and acid phosphatase. However, the conjugates were shown to be resistant to hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase. The activity of conjugates I and II against L1210 lymphoid leukemia in female mice (C3D2F1/J) was significantly greater than that of ara-C alone or in combination with the steroid. In fact, when the optimum dosage of 75 (mumol/kg)/day x 5 was used, the administration of ara-C alone was followed by an increased life span (ILS) of 45%. This result is similar to that previously reported. With the same equimolar doses of mixtures of ara-C and either prednisolone or prednisone, the ILS values were 40 and 44%, respectively. However, when the conjugates were used, the ILS values were 89 and 100% respectively. These findings seem promising and have provided the bases for continued study of these new compounds.
Differentially Private Real-Time Data Release over Infinite Trajectory Streams (2015)

Recent emerging mobile and wearable technologies make it easy to collect personal spatiotemporal data such as activity trajectories in daily life. Releasing real-time statistics over trajectory streams produced by crowds of people is expected to be valuable for both academia and business, answering questions such as "How many people are in Central Station now?" However, analyzing these raw data will entail risks of compromising individual privacy. ϵ-Differential Privacy has emerged as a de facto standard for private statistics publishing because of its guarantee of being rigorous and mathematically provable. Since user trajectories will be generated infinitely, it is difficult to protect every trajectory under ϵ-differential privacy. To this end, we propose a flexible privacy model of ℓ-trajectory privacy to ensure every length of ℓ trajectories under protection of ϵ-differential privacy. Then we hierarchically design algorithms to satisfy ℓ-trajectory privacy. Experiments using four real-life datasets show that our proposed algorithms are effective and efficient.