gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ALGORITHM OF DECISION-MAKING ON SOCIAL AND MEDICAL PROTECTION IN EMERGENCY SITUATION (2019)

The aim of the study. The development of decision-making algorithm for decisions on the social and medical protection of people in emergency situations based on risk analysis. Material and methods. The problems and conceptual provisions of risk assessment and decision-making, based on its results, are described concerning the social and medical protection of personnel of hazardous industries and the population in the event of an emergency situation (ES) in which the level of exposure to hazardous factors may exceed the established safety standards. The object of risk assessment and analysis are stochastic (probabilistic) effects of exposure to ES hazard factors. Their main features, which create complex problems in risk assessment and making decisions on protective measures, is the non-specific effects of the hazardous factors’ impact on human health and their possible latency. Results. The first step before decisions on the protective measures should be to identify a high-risk group among people affected by ES, based on the risk assessment. Three variants of decision-making for the high-risk group are considered: 1) financial compensation for risk, 2) medical measures for protecting health and 3) compensation for the realized damage to health. The requirements of the risk assessment methodology are formulated. Discussion. It is shown that the first option can not provide optimal and justified protection of the health and well-being of people in ES. Decisions on this protection are proposed to be based on a combination of options 2) and 3). The choice of the optimal combination depends on the specific situation and development of emergencies, on the success of implementing engineering and organizational protective measures aimed at preventing "doses" of exposure to people of hazardous factors of the emergency above the established safety limits and on the effectiveness and timeliness of medical protection. Conclusion. The choice of the option of making an effective decision on social and medical protection should be based on the detailed risk assessment from the exposure to hazardous factors, including risk assessment in economic indicators.
Abscisic acid regulation of heterophylly in Marsilea quadrifolia L.: effects of R-(−) and S-(+) isomers (2005)

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces a developmental switch in the aquatic fern Marsilea quadrifolia, causing the formation of aerial type characteristics, including the elongation of petioles and roots, a change in leaf morphology, the expansion of leaf surface area, and the shortening of the internodes. A number of ABA-responsive heterophylly (ABRH) genes are induced early during the transition. Using optically pure isomers of ABA, it was found that both the natural S-(+)-ABA and the unnatural R-(-)-ABA are capable of inducing a heterophyllous switch and regulating ABRH gene expression. When dose responses are compared, the unnatural ABA gives stronger morphogenic effects than the natural ABA at the same concentration, it is effective at lower concentrations, and its optimal concentration is also lower compared with the natural ABA. Deuterium-labelled ABA enantiomers were used to trace the fate of applied ABA and to distinguish the applied compound and its metabolites from the endogenous counterparts. In tissues, the supplied (+)-ABA was metabolized principally to dihydrophaseic acid, while the supplied (-)-ABA was converted at a slower rate to 7'-hydroxy abscisic acid. Treatment with either enantiomer resulted in increased biosynthesis of ABA, as reflected in the accumulation of endogenous dihydrophaseic acid. Taken together, these results suggest two distinct mechanisms of action for (-)-ABA: either (-)-ABA is intrinsically active, or its activity is due to the stimulation of ABA biosynthesis.
Threshold voltage tuning and suppression of edge effects in narrow channel MOSFETs using surrounding buried side-gate (2005)

Scalable narrow channel silicon nMOSFETs, the threshold voltage of which can be tuned, are demonstrated. The devices use a buried polysilicon side-gate utilising silicon nitride (Si3N4) shallow trench isolation (STI). The side-gate of this device allows the tuning of the threshold voltage (Vt) in a range of approximately 1.5 V with a sensitivity of 0.75 V/V (δVt/δVside). The biased side-gate also suppresses the leakage currents along the silicon–STI interface below 50 fA. This may allow alternative STI materials for increased process and integration flexibility. Surrounding the buried side-gate structure allows very low-power CMOS with threshold tuning in a bulk structure.
Vehicle-to-vehicle channel modeling and measurements: recent advances and future challenges (2009)

Vehicle-to-vehicle communications have recently received much attention due to some new applications, such as wireless mobile ad hoc networks, relay-based cellular networks, and intelligent transportation systems for dedicated short range communications. The underlying V2V channels, as a foundation for the understanding and design of V2V communication systems, have not yet been sufficiently investigated. This article aims to review the state-of-the-art in V2V channel measurements and modeling. Some important V2V channel measurement campaigns and models are briefly described and classified. Finally, some challenges of V2V channel measurements and modeling are addressed for future studies.
Numerical determination of the lip impedance and vocal tract area functions (1975)

Two new methods based on a nonuniform acoustic tube model of the vocal tract are developed: a method for estimating the lip impedance zeros and poles directly from the speech wave and a method for computing the area function noniteratively from given lip impedance singularities.
Adventitious Effect of Air in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization:  Air-Induced (Reverse) Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methacrylates in the Absence of an Added Initiator (2000)

The effect of air on atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of phenethyl methacrylate (PEMA) was investigated. The results indicated that air alone induced polymerization in the absence of an added initiator with the ATRP catalyst complexes NiBr2(Pn-Bu3)2 and Cu(n)Xn/ligand (n = 1, 2; X = Cl, Br; ligand = dipyridyl (dpy) or pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)) at high temperatures. Molecular weights of the polymers were not predictable, but the polydispersities were low. Polymers with very low polydispersities (1.08) and high molecular weights (704 000) were obtained with CuCl2/PMDETA catalyst complex. The results indicate that a reverse ATRP mechanism is probably involved in the air-induced polymerization. The extension of the air-induced polymerization to n-butyl methacrylate shows that the air-induced polymerization should be generic for methacrylates.
Swather Edge Guide Steering Control System (1976)

ABSTRACT A N automatic steering control A system has been developed for a self-propelled swather. A non-contact sensor placed at the front of the swather produces a signal which is used to control the position of the swather steering wheel. Field tests on various crops have indicated that the system can steer the swather with equal or better accuracy than a human operator.
All-optical switching in a distributed-feedback GaInAsP waveguide (1999)

The characteristics of all-optical switching in a waveguide device with a distributed-feedback structure were experimentally investigated. The device was composed of a strip-loaded GaInAsP/InP waveguide and a distributed-feedback structure, which was fabricated by a combination of reactive-ion etching and electron-beam exposure. In the experiments, several optical switching operations were demonstrated. In particular, the all-optical set-reset operation and threshold operation were obtained.
Hollow Fiber Flight Prototype Spacesuit Water Membrane Evaporator Design and Testing (2011)

The spacesuit water membrane evaporator (SWME) is being developed to perform thermal control for advanced spacesuits and to take advantage of recent advances in micropore membrane technology. This results in a robust heat-rejection device that is potentially less sensitive to contamination than is the sublimator. The Membrana Celgard X50-215 microporous hollow-fiber (HoFi) membrane was selected after recent extensive testing as the most suitable candidate among commercial alternatives for continued SWME prototype development. The current design was based on a previous design that grouped the fiber layers into stacks, which were separated by small spaces and packaged into a cylindrical shape. This was developed into a full-scale prototype consisting of 14,300 tube bundled into 30 stacks, each of which is formed into a chevron shape and separated by spacers and organized into three sectors of 10 nested stacks. The new design replaced metal components with plastic ones, and has a custom built flight like backpressure valve mounted on the side of the SWME housing to reduce backpressure when fully open. The spacers that provided separation of the chevron fiber stacks were eliminated. Vacuum chamber testing showed improved heat rejection as a function of inlet water temperature and water vapor backpressure compared with the previous design. Other tests pushed the limits of tolerance to freezing and showed suitability to reject heat in a Mars pressure environment with and without a sweep gas. Tolerance to contamination by constituents expected to be found in potable water produced by distillation processes was tested in a conventional way by allowing constituents to accumulate in the coolant as evaporation occurs. For this purpose, the SWME cartridge has endured an equivalent of 30 EVAs exposure and demonstrated minimal performance decline.
An Inducible Mouse Model for Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (2001)

The Dowling-Meara variant of epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS-DM) is a severe blistering disease inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion. Here we report the generation of a mouse model that allows focal activation of a mutant keratin 14 allele in epidermal stem cells upon topical administration of an inducer, resulting in EBS phenotypes in treated areas. Using laser capture microdissection, we show that induced blisters healed by migration of surrounding nonphenotypic stem cells into the wound bed. This observation provides an explanation for the lack of mosaic forms of EBS-DM. In addition, we show that decreased mutant keratin 14 expression resulted in normal morphology and functions of the skin. Our results have important implications for gene therapy of EBS and other dominantly inherited diseases.
Effect of Metal Cations on the Swelling and Gelatinization Behaviour of Large Wheat Starch Granules (1973)

Abstract The effect of metal cations on the swelling and gelatinization behaviour of large wheat starch granules has been studied by observing their behaviour in the presence of 24 different chlorides in aqueous solutions. With most salts, increasing concentration results in gelatinization temperatures being first raised, then depressed, and then raised again. Increasing salt concentration may also cause the initial loss of anisotropy to occur at the granule surface instead of at the hilum, and result in an apparent solution of starch rather than swollen granules. The gelatinization phenomena have been classified into three major types, and these are described in detail. It is suggested that both water and partially hydrated salts can act as gelling agents for starch granules, and that the interplay of these two agencies can explain the observed complex relation between gelatinization temperature and salt concentration.
Photodynamic laser cyclodestruction with chloroaluminum sulfonated Phthalocyanine (CASPc) or photofrin®(PII) Vs. Nd:YAG laser cyclodestruction in a pigmented rabbit model (1995)

PDT may offer a more selective approach to ciliary body destruction. A small but significant thermal effect was seen during PDT from melanin photon uptake with damage to iris and ciliary body. Thermal damage and potential interaction with ocular visual pigments may limit use of these photochemicals and wavelengths for PDT of the ciliary body.
Adaptive One-Factor-at-a-Time Experimentation and Expected Value of Improvement (2006)

This article concerns adaptive experimentation as a means for making improvements in design of engineering systems. A simple method for experimentation, called “adaptive one-factor-at-a-time,” is described. A mathematical model is proposed and theorems are proven concerning the expected value of the improvement provided and the probability that factor effects will be exploited. It is shown that adaptive one-factor-at-a-time provides a large fraction of the potential improvements if experimental error is not large compared with the main effects and that this degree of improvement is more than that provided by resolution III fractional factorial designs if interactions are not small compared with main effects. The theorems also establish that the method exploits two-factor interactions when they are large and exploits main effects if interactions are small. A case study on design of electric-powered aircraft supports these results.
Adaptive reference filtering for bidirectional disparity compensation with focus mismatches (2008)

In this paper, we consider compensation of focus mismatches for frames that are encoded with inter-view bi-prediction (B-frames) in multiview coding (MVC). We start with an analysis of a multiview system with focus mismatches, to demonstrate that a B-frame may suffer from different types of mismatches with respect to the frames from different views used as references. As compared to our previous work for inter-view P-frames, filter estimation for B-frames has to consider not only the depth-dependency of focus mismatches, but also i) the possibility that the two predictors, from different directions, exhibit different types of prediction mismatches, and ii) the effect of bi-predictive search on the generation of filtered references. We show that, designing filters only for the averaged bi- predictors could lead to a suboptimal solution when combined with conventional bi-predictive search schemes. Instead, we propose a filter design approach that estimates two sets of depth-related filters, each set compensating for the focus mismatches exhibit in one of the two references used for bi-directional prediction. Simulation results shows that for views coded with inter-view bi-prediction, the proposed method provides up to 0.8 dB gain over current H.264/AVC in the sequences we tested.
Trichothecenes: Structure-Toxic Activity Relationships (2013)

Trichothecenes comprise a large family of structurally related toxins mainly produced by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium. Among trichothecenes, type A and type B are of the most concern due to their broad and highly toxic nature. In order to address structure-activity relationships (SAR) of trichothecenes, relationships between structural features and biological effects of trichothecene mycotoxins in mammalian systems are summarized in this paper. The double bond between C-9-C-10 and the 12,13-epoxide ring are essential structural features for trichothecene toxicity. Removal of these groups results in a complete loss of toxicity. A hydroxyl group at C-3 enhances trichothecene toxicity, while this activity decreases gradually when C-3 is substituted with either hydrogen or an acetoxy group. The presence of a hydroxyl group at C-4 promotes slightly lower toxicity than an acetoxy group at the same position. The toxicity for type B trichothecenes decreases if the substituent at C-4 is changed from acetoxy to hydroxyl or hydrogen at C-4 position. The presence of hydroxyl and hydrogen groups on C-15 decreases the trichothecene toxicity in comparison with an acetoxy group attached to this carbon. Trichothecenes toxicity increases when a macrocyclic ring exists between the C-4 and C-15. At C-8 position, an oxygenated substitution at C-8 is essential for trichothecene toxicity, indicating a decrease in the toxicity if substituent change from isovaleryloxy through hydrogen to the hydroxyl group. The presence of a second epoxy ring at C-7-C-8 reduces the toxicity, whereas epoxidation at C-9-C-10 of some macrocyclic trichothecenes increases the activity. Conjugated trichothecenes could release their toxic precursors after hydrolysis in animals, and present an additional potential risk. The SAR study of trichothecenes should provide some crucial information for a better understanding of trichothecene chemical and biological properties in food contamination.
Full-length genome characterization and quasispecies distribution of hepatitis A virus isolates in China (2015)

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis and has significant implications to public health worldwide. To characterize HAV strains circulating in China, five samples collected in different provinces from 2006–2009 were entirely sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on distinct segments showed that all five sequences belonged to subgenotype IA, but with slight differences in some fragments. No amino acid mutations were found at the known neutralizing epitope sites, and one unique substitution was identified near the immunodominant site. While no intertypic recombination was detected, intratypic recombination signals were found in the study. Molecular evolution analyses showed that the estimated mean substitution rate of genotype I worldwide was 3.27 × 10− 4 substitutions/site/year, and the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was about 267 years ago. The quasispecies distribution across the complete genome was also evaluated, and the high mutation frequency regions were mainly at the nonstructural protein coding sequences. This study contributed information on the genotype distribution, selection pressure, neutralizing epitope site mutations, recombination events and quasispecies distribution of HAV strains in China. The evolutionary status of genotype I worldwide was also analyzed, which will provide a reference for future HAV molecular epidemiology studies.
Generating contextualized sentiment lexica based on latent topics and user ratings (2013)

Sentiment lexica are useful for analyzing opinions in Web collections, for domain-dependent sentiment classification, and as sub-components of recommender systems. In this paper, we present a strategy for automatically generating topic-dependent lexica from large corpora of review articles by exploiting accompanying user ratings. Our approach combines text segmentation, discriminative feature analysis techniques, and latent topic extraction to infer the polarity of n-grams in a topical context. Our experiments on rating prediction demonstrate a substantial performance improvement in comparison with existing state-of-the-art sentiment lexica.
Instruction fetch mechanisms for VLIW architectures with compressed encodings (1996)

VLIW architectures use very wide instruction words in conjunction with high bandwidth to the instruction cache to achieve multiple instruction issue. This report uses the TINKER experimental testbed to examine instruction fetch and instruction cache mechanisms for VLIWs. A compressed instruction encoding for VLIWs is defined and a classification scheme for i-fetch hardware for such an encoding is introduced. Several interesting cache and i-fetch organizations are described and evaluated through trace-driven simulations. A new i-fetch mechanism using a silo cache is found to have the best performance.
Liposome-delivered ATP effectively protects the retina against ischemia-reperfusion injury. (2010)

ATP-liposome treatment of IR-challenged neural tissues suppressed necrosis and correlated with a significantly reduced level of inflammation and retinal damage.
Waste Heat Recovery System for Fuel Cell System (2010)

Fuel cell systems have high electrical efficiency and low environmental impact.But they release about half of total energy of fuel as heat to the cooling system and exhaust gas.Recovering the waste heat in the fuel cell systems might increase the system efficiency.In this paper, three different methods are outlined and discussed for the heat recovery in the fuel cell systems.The first method is to use waste heat from the fuel cell systems for fuel reforming processes.No or less additional heat is required to reform methanol or other hydrocarbons to get hydrogen for the fuel cell systems.The second method is to combine gas turbine with high temperature fuel cell stack, e.g., solid oxide fuel cells, whose working temperature is about 600 to 1000 .Due to high temperature waste gases, the gas turbine can be employed to produce extra electricity.Thus the net electrical efficiency in the fuel cell systems can increase greatly.The third option is to combine heat and power generation in the fuel cell systems for residential use.The introduced waste heat recovery systems are offering a starting point for future research in the topic.The balances between efficiency and cost, complexity, and feasibility, have to be carefully estimated.
Hypertemporal Imaging of NYC Grid Dynamics (2016)

Hypertemporal visible imaging of an urban lightscape can reveal the phase of the electrical grid granular to individual housing units. In contrast to in-situ monitoring or metering, this method offers broad, persistent, real-time, and non-permissive coverage through a single camera sited at an urban vantage point. Rapid changes in the phase of individual housing units signal changes in load (e.g., appliances turning on and off), while slower building- or neighborhood-level changes can indicate the health of distribution transformers. We demonstrate the concept by observing the 120 Hz flicker of lights across a NYC skyline. A liquid crystal shutter driven at 119.75 Hz down-converts the flicker to 0.25 Hz, which is imaged at a 4 Hz cadence by an inexpensive CCD camera; the grid phase of each source is determined by analysis of its sinusoidal light curve over an imaging "burst" of some 25 seconds. Analysis of bursts taken at ~ 15 minute cadence over several hours demonstrates both the stability and variation of phases of halogen, incandescent, and some fluorescent lights. Correlation of such results with ground-truth data will validate a method that could be applied to better monitor electricity consumption and distribution in both developed and developing cities.
IL-12Rβ2 Promotes the Development of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells (2008)

We have previously shown that mice lacking the IL-12-specific receptor subunit beta2 (IL-12Rbeta2) develop more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis than wild-type (WT) mice. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not known; nor is it known whether deficiency of IL-12Rbeta2 impacts other autoimmune disorders similarly. In the present study we demonstrate that IL-12Rbeta2(-/-) mice develop earlier onset and more severe disease in the streptozotocin-induced model of diabetes, indicating predisposition of IL-12Rbeta2-deficient mice to autoimmune diseases. T cells from IL-12Rbeta2(-/-) mice exhibited significantly higher proliferative responses upon TCR stimulation. The numbers of naturally occurring CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the thymus and spleen of IL-12Rbeta2(-/-) mice were comparable to those of WT mice. However, IL-12Rbeta2(-/-) mice exhibited a significantly reduced capacity to develop Tregs upon stimulation with TGF-beta, as shown by significantly lower numbers of CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells that expressed Foxp3. Functionally, CD25(+)CD4(+) Tregs derived from IL-12Rbeta2(-/-) mice were less efficient than those from WT mice in suppressing effector T cells. The role of IL-12Rbeta2 in the induction of Tregs was confirmed using small interfering RNA. These findings suggest that signaling via IL-12Rbeta2 regulates both the number and functional maturity of Treg cells, which indicates a novel mechanism underlying the regulation of autoimmune diseases by the IL-12 pathway.