gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of atropine on bladder capacity and instability in rats with bladder hypertrophy (1987)

Abstract Cystometries were performed in conscious normal rats and in rats with infravesical outflow obstruction in the absence and presence of atropine. The effects were evaluated with regard to bladder capacity, bladder compliance, threshold pressure, micturition volume, residual volume, micturition pressure, and spontaneous contractile activity. In control rats following the administration of atropine, bladder capacity increased in six of seven experiments, but this effect was not statistically significant. No other cystometrical variable was changed in control rats by muscarinic receptor blockade. Bladder capacity in obstructed rats was clearly larger than in control rats (mean 4.4 ± 1.1 and 0.20 ± 0.02 ml, respectively). In obstructed rats atropine significantly increased bladder capacity from 4.4 ± 1.1 to 7.9 ± 1.2 ml. Further, the obstructed rats were characterized by an increase in threshold pressure and residual volume, and a decrease in micturition volume after atropine administration. Micturition pressure in obstructed rats was higher than in control rats (131 ± 29 and 33 ± 6 cm H 2 O, respectively). In obstructed rats, administration of atropine decreased micturition pressure, indicating a cholinergic component participating in bladder contraction. A clear‐cut bladder instability was observed in all obstructed rats, and part of the contractions remained after atropine, suggesting a myogenic or a noncholinergic nervous origin.
Bacterial reduction of hexavalent chromium (1995)

Cr(VI)-reducing bacteria are widespread and Cr(VI) reduction occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, both NADH and endogenous cell reserves may serve as the electron donor for Cr(VI) reduction. Under anaerobic conditions, electron transport systems containing cytochromes appear to be involved in Cr(VI) reduction. High cell densities are necessary to obtain a significant rate of Cr(VI) reduction. Cr(VI) reduction by bacteria may be inhibited by Cr(VI), oxygen, heavy metals, and phenolic compounds. The optimum pH and temperature observed for Cr(VI) reduction generally coincide with the optimal growth conditions of cells. The optimum redox potential for Cr(VI) reduction has not yet been established.
Heterocyclic Rearrangements. Rearrangements of 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles, Isoxazoles, and 1,2,5-Oxadiazoles Involving a Carbethoxythiourea NCS Sequence (1986)

The reaction of 3-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazoles 6a,b.3-aminoisoxazole 9 and 3-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazoles 12a.b with ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate has been investigated.In the case of 6a,b, the reaction directly gave the 1.2.4-thiadiazoles 8a,b, because of a spontaneous rearrangement of the initially formed thioureas 7a.b.In the case of 9 and 12a,b, the reaction allowed to isolate the
Approximate compressed sensing (2014)

Technology scaling enables the design of low cost biosignal processing chips suited for emerging wireless body-area sensing applications. Energy consumption severely limits such applications and memories are becoming the energy bottleneck to achieve ultra-low-power operation. When aggressive voltage scaling is used, memory operation becomes unreliable due to the lack of sufficient Static Noise Margin. This paper introduces an approximate biosignal Compressed Sensing approach. We propose a digital architecture featuring a hybrid memory (6T-SRAM/SCMEM cells) designed to control perturbations on specific data structures. Combined with a statistically robust reconstruction algorithm, the system tolerates memory errors and achieves significant energy savings with low area overhead.
How Do Gastroenterologists Assess Overall Activity of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adult Patients? (2015)

Gastroenterologists rate EoE activity mainly on the basis of endoscopic findings and symptoms and, to a lesser extent, on histologic findings.
Mass Flow Characterization of Selective Deposition of Polymer Powders with Vibrating Nozzles for Laser Beam Melting of Multi-material Components (2016)

The generation of multi-material components by laser beam melting (LBM) is a challenge which requires the invention of new coating devices for preparation of arbitrary powder patterns. One solution is the usage of vibration-controlled nozzles for selective deposition of polymer powders. Powder flow can be initiated by vibration enabling a start-stop function without using any mechanical shutter. In this report, the delivery of polymer powder by vibrating nozzles is investigated with respect to their application in LBM machines. Therefore, a steel nozzle attached to a piezo actor and a weighing cell is used in order to measure the stability and time-dependence of the powder mass flow upon vibration excitation with the usage of different kind of powder formulations. The results show that precompression of the powder inside the nozzle by vibration excitation is essential to realize a reliable start-stop function with reproducible discharge cyles and to prevent a initial flush of powder flow. Moreover, the use of different powder materials showed that mass flow is even possible with powders which are not optimized regarding flowability, but is readily enhanced with a factor of 2 to 3 by admixing Aerosil® fumed silica.
Nanosecond pre-breakdown and breakdown phenomena in water: influence of pressure, conductivity, and ionic sheath formation (2002)

The influence of hydrostatic pressure (/spl les/400 atm), liquid conductivity, and ionic sheath formation on the dielectric breakdown of water (distilled and ultrasonically treated, or non-distilled) and sodium chloride solutions (0.001-1.0 molar) subjected to sub-microsecond electric fields has been investigated. The prebreakdown current-voltage relationship is found to be nearly linear for the fields considered and therefore described by a resistance, R. For constant concentration, R does not extrapolate to zero as the gap width, d, goes to zero, suggesting the presence of a high resistivity sheath near the electrodes. Estimates for the sheath parameters (electric field, E/sub s/, width, d/sub l/, formation time, t/sub l/, and ion density, n/sub s/) are obtained. The time lag to breakdown, /spl tau//sub bd/, increases with increasing pressure and is independent of liquid conductivity. For the parameters investigated, the input power is primarily due to electron field emission currents whose magnitude is a function of the field in the ionic sheath. These findings have relevance to the ongoing discussion concerning 'thermal' vs. 'electronic' mechanisms for dielectric breakdown in liquids.
MEMS inertial rate and acceleration sensor (1998)

Development of the μSCIRAS/sup TM/ (pronounced micro-Cyrus) multisensor for a period of over six years has produced a practical MEMS Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Using only three silicon sensors, a full-up IMU suitable for tactical grade navigation and guidance applications has been achieved. Iterative improvements in silicon sensor design and bulk micromachining processes have matured to the point where an IMU with an attractive price/performance ratio is now producible. This paper summarizes the design features and test results for an IMU with <100 deg/hr performance. Test results are shown for rate bias and acceleration bias over temperature. Production of this initial member of the μSCIRAS product family begins this year to support applications including guided artillery shells, technology insertion to decrease missile costs, navigation of remotely-piloted vehicles, dismounted soldier location devices and other navigation aids. The small size of this silicon multisensor and its ability to measure both angular rotation rate and linear acceleration provides a useful advantage in product packaging, cost, size, and system testing. The μSCIRAS Inertial Sensor Assembly (ISA) is housed in a 2 cubic inch package weighing less than 5 ounces (140 grams) requires less than 0.8 Watts of power. Continuing development will lead to greatly improved performance on the order of 1 deg/hr at low prices in high-volume production.
Fast Watermarking Based on QR Decomposition in Wavelet Domain (2010)

A novel blind watermarking technique based on QR decomposition in still images is proposed. The method is implemented in wavelet domain and its robustness has been evaluated against some image processing attacks and the results have been compared with two traditional methods i.e., SVD and DCT. It is shown that while the proposed scheme has low computational complexity, it has better robustness against some image processing attacks in comparison with SVD and DCT methods.
Inhibition of human acid-sensing ion channel 1b by zinc. (2012)

Acid-sensing ion channel 1b (ASIC1b) is expressed in peripheral sensory neurons and has been implicated in nociception. Understanding the modulation of ASIC1b will provide important insight into how ASIC1b contributes to pain sensation. In our previous study, we showed that zinc, an important modulator of pain sensation, reduces rat ASIC1b current. However, rat ASIC1b shows several important differences from its recently identified human homolog. Most noticeably, human ASIC1b (hASIC1b) has a sustained component, which may play a role in persistent pain. Therefore, we tested here the hypothesis that zinc modulates the current properties of hASIC1b. Bath application of zinc suppressed the peak amplitude of hASIC1b currents, with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration of 37 μM. However, zinc did not affect the sustained component of hASIC1b currents. The effect of zinc was independent of pH-dependent activation, steady-state desensitization, and extracellular Ca(2+), suggesting noncompetitive mechanisms. Further, we found that extracellular site(s) of the hASIC1b subunit is important for the effect of zinc. Mutating cysteine 196, but not cysteine 309, in the extracellular domain of the hASIC1b abolished the zinc inhibition. These results suggest that, through modulating cysteine196, zinc may have a modulatory role in acute pain.
ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN RISIKO BIAYA KONTRAK LUMPSUM DAN KONTRAK UNIT PRICE DENGAN METODE AHP (2012)

Dalam setiap usaha, akan selalu muncul dua hal yang saling bertentangan, yaitu peluang memperoleh keuntungan dan risiko menderita kerugian termasuk dalam dunia usaha jasa konstruksi. Risiko menderita kerugian ini dapat diantisipasi dengan menganalisis jenis kontrak jasa konstruksi yang digunakan, yaitu dengan membandingkan risiko biaya konstruksi kontrak Lumpsum dengan kontrak Unit Price dari pendapat kontraktor selaku penyedia jasa. Persentase keuntungan dan kerugian masing-masing kontrak pun bisa teridentifikasi tergantung jenis proyek mana yang akan dikerjakan dengan menyebarkan kuisioner dan wawancara langsung. Untuk menganalisa risiko biaya digunakan Metode Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Proses analisis dimulai dengan mendefinisikan masalah, dan membuat struktur hierarki. Hirarki ini terdiri dari 3 (tiga) level yaitu tujuan (level I), kriteria (level II), dan alternatif (level III). Berdasarkan hirarki tersebut kemudian disusun kuesioner. Penyebaran kuesioner dilakukan pada 20 responden yang terdaftar dalam anggota GAPENSI Propinsi Maluku Utara 2011. Data yang diperoleh kemudian ditabulasikan, dilanjutkan dengan membuat matrik berpasangan masing-masing level, melakukan perbandingan berpasangan, menghitung nilai rata-ratanya, mengukur bobot prioritas untuk level II dan level III, serta memeriksa konsistensinya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis risiko pembengkakan biaya maka diperoleh bobot prioritas untuk kontrak lumpsum sebesar 65,547% dan kontrak unit price 34,453%. Artinya proyek dengan kontrak lumpsum lebih tinggi risikonya menderita kerugian dibandingkan dengan kontrak unit price dan peristiwa yang paling dominan yang menyebabkan risiko pembengkakan biaya pada kontrak lumpsum terjadi pada peristiwa perbedaan kondisi site lapangan dengan yang tercantum dalam kontrak yang memiliki bobot prioritas terbesar yaitu 88,30% sedangkan pada kontrak unit price hal ini terjadi pada peristiwa kenaikan harga-harga di pasar yang memiliki bobot prioritas terbesar yaitu 86,4%.
Antiviral Effects of Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus) Seed and Its Gallic Acid against Influenza Virus Infection (2016)

Influenza is a serious public health concern worldwide, as it causes significant morbidity and mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant viral strains requires new approaches for the treatment of influenza. In this study, Rubus coreanus seed (RCS) that is left over from the production of wine or juice was found to show antiviral activities against influenza type A and B viruses. Using the time-of-addition plaque assay, viral replication was almost completely abolished by simultaneous treatment with the RCS fraction of less than a 1-kDa molecular weight (RCSF1). One of the polyphenols derived from RCSF1, gallic acid (GA), identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, showed inhibitory effects against both influenza type A and B viruses, albeit at relatively high concentrations. RCSF1 was bound to hemagglutinin protein, inhibited hemagglutination significantly and disrupted viral particles, whereas GA was found to only disrupt the viral particles by using transmission electron microscopy. In BALB/c mice infected with influenza virus, oral administration of RCSF1 significantly improved the survival rate and reduced the viral titers in the lungs. Our results demonstrate that RCSF1 and GA show potent and broad antiviral activity against influenza A and B type viruses and are promising sources of agents that target virus particles.
Imaging technology in libraries: Photo CD offers new possibilities (1993)

Photo CD is a family of formats for storage and retrieval of photographic images in electronic form. Photo CD discs can be viewed with dedicated players or CD I players, or a CD ROM drive
Reduction of periprosthetic infection with silver‐coated megaprostheses in patients with bone sarcoma (2010)

The use of silver-coated prostheses reduced the infection rate in the medium term. In addition, less aggressive treatment of infection was possible in the group with silver-coated prostheses. Further studies with longer term follow-up periods and larger numbers of patients are warranted in order to confirm these encouraging results.
Elevated myocardial calcium and its role in sudden cardiac death (1991)

The contribution of intracellular calcium to ventricular fibrillation (VF) was investigated using chronically instrumented dogs with healed myocardial infarctions. A 2-minute coronary occlusion was initiated during the last minute of exercise. Fourteen animals developed ventricular fibrillation (susceptible) whereas the remaining 12 did not (resistant) during this exercise plus ischemia test. The test was then repeated for the susceptible animals after pretreatment with the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM (1.0 mg/kg). BAPTA-AM significantly reduced left ventricular dp/dt max and prevented VF in 8 of 12 susceptible animals. Conversely, myocardial cytosolic calcium levels were increased in resistant animals using the calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644 (30 micrograms/kg) or phenylephrine (10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 3-5 min before occlusion). Bay K 8644 induced VF in all 5 resistant animals tested whereas phenylephrine induced VF in 8 of 12 resistant animals. BAPTA-AM pretreatment attenuated the hemodynamic effects of Bay K 8644 or phenylephrine and prevented VF in five of five Bay K 8644- and four of seven phenylephrine-treated animals. Finally, the endogenous level of calcium/calmodulin (Ca-CaM)-dependent phosphorylation of 170- and 55-kDa substrate proteins was measured (as an index of intracellular free calcium concentration). In the susceptible dog heart, the endogenous level of Ca-CaM-dependent phosphorylation was estimated to be two- to threefold higher than that observed in resistant dog heart. Treatment of resistant dog tissue with the calcium ionophore A23187 increased the level of Ca-CaM-dependent phosphorylation of these two proteins to the level observed in susceptible dog heart. These data suggest that elevated cytosolic calcium facilitates development of malignant arrhythmias and that elevated cytosolic calcium levels may be present in animals particularly susceptible to ventricular fibrillation.
Fluorescent proteins function as a prey attractant: experimental evidence from the hydromedusa <i>Olindias formosus</i> and other marine organisms (2015)

Although proteins in the green fluorescent protein family (GFPs) have been discovered in a wide array of taxa, their ecological functions in these organisms remain unclear. Many hypothesized roles are related to modifying bioluminescence spectra or modulating the light regime for algal symbionts, but these do not explain the presence of GFPs in animals that are non-luminous and non-symbiotic. Other hypothesized functions are unrelated to the visual signals themselves, including stress responses and antioxidant roles, but these cannot explain the localization of fluorescence in particular structures on the animals. Here we tested the hypothesis that fluorescence might serve to attract prey. In laboratory experiments, the predator was the hydromedusa Olindias formosus (previously known as O. formosa), which has fluorescent and pigmented patches on the tips of its tentacles. The prey, juvenile rockfishes in the genus Sebastes, were significantly more attracted (P<1×10(-5)) to the medusa's tentacles under lighting conditions where fluorescence was excited and tentacle tips were visible above the background. The fish did not respond significantly when treatments did not include fluorescent structures or took place under yellow or white lights, which did not generate fluorescence visible above the ambient light. Furthermore, underwater observations of the behavior of fishes when presented with a brightly illuminated point showed a strong attraction to this visual stimulus. In situ observations also provided evidence for fluorescent lures as supernormal stimuli in several other marine animals, including the siphonophore Rhizophysa eysenhardti. Our results support the idea that fluorescent structures can serve as prey attractants, thus providing a potential function for GFPs and other fluorescent proteins in a diverse range of organisms.
Recognition of Bisecting N-Acetylglucosamine (2013)

Dendritic cell inhibitory receptor 2 (DCIR2) is a C-type lectin expressed on classical dendritic cells. We recently identified the unique ligand specificity of mouse DCIR2 (mDCIR2) toward biantennary complex-type glycans containing bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Here, we report the crystal structures of the mDCIR2 carbohydrate recognition domain in unliganded form as well as in complex with an agalactosylated complex-type N-glycan unit carrying a bisecting GlcNAc residue. Bisecting GlcNAc and the α1-3 branch of the biantennary oligosaccharide asymmetrically interact with canonical and non-canonical mDCIR2 residues. Ligand-protein interactions occur directly through mDCIR2-characteristic amino acid residues as well as via a calcium ion and water molecule. Our structural and biochemical data elucidate for the first time the unique binding mode of mDCIR2 for bisecting GlcNAc-containing glycans, a mode that contrasts sharply with that of other immune C-type lectin receptors such as DC-SIGN.
Note (1935)

R. Roger, J. Chem. Soc., 1935, 1544 DOI: 10.1039/JR9350001544
Scaling Hadoop clusters with virtualized volunteer computing environment (2014)

MapReduce framework has commonly been used to perform large-scale data processing, such as social network analysis, data mining as well as machine learning, on cluster computers. However, building a large dedicated cluster for MapReduce is not cost effective if the system is underutilized. To speedup the MapReduce computation with low cost, the computing resources donated from idle desktop/notebook computers in an organization become true potential. The MapReduce framework is then implemented into Volunteer Computing environment to allow such data processing tasks to be carried out on the unused computers. Virtualization technology is deployed to resolve the security and heterogeneity problem in Volunteer Computing so that the MapReduce jobs can always run under a unified runtime and isolated environment. This paper presents a Hadoop cluster that can be scaled into virtualized Volunteer Computing environment. The system consists of a small fixed set of dedicate nodes plus a variable number of volatile volunteer nodes which give additional computing power to the cluster. To this end, we consolidate Apache Hadoop, the most popular MapReduce implementation, with the virtualized BOINC platform. We evaluate the proposed system on our testbed with MapReduce benchmark that represents different workload patterns. The performance of the Hadoop cluster is measured when its computing capability is expanded with volunteer nodes. The results show that the system can be scaled preferably for CPU-intensive jobs, as opposed to data-intensive jobs which their scalability is more restricted.
Logic-Equations Method for Active Voltage-Control of a Flying-Capacitor Multilevel Converter Topology (2018)

This paper proposes an innovative active voltage control technique for flying-capacitor (FC) multilevel converters. The proposed active control method on the basis of the logic-equations exploits converter's measured variables including the capacitor voltages and output current to generate a switching state that regulates the FC voltages at reference values and also produces the commanded PWM voltage-level. Simulation results and experimental measurements are provided to confirm the introduced method and derived equations.
Ultra broadband MMIC impedance transformer (2011)

The impedance transformer is an important, but little used, tool for MMIC designers. The Ruthroff style MMIC compatible broadside-coupled impedance transformer has excellent broadband performance, but has an inherent bandwidth limitation due to a half-wavelength resonance in the ground path. A novel but simple method is presented to mitigate the resonance and significantly extend the usable bandwidth of the transformer. A series of transformers are designed, fabricated and characterised to demonstrated the improved performance.
Surface micromachined freestanding ZnO microbridge and cantilever structures on Si(111) substrates (2007)

In this study, the authors report on the fabrication processes to realize the freestanding ZnO micromechanical structures on Si(111) substrates. Arrays of freestanding cantilevers and microbridges have been fabricated using a combination of dry etching techniques. The mechanical properties of the released ZnO structures are characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The residual stress in these freestanding micromechanical structures is determined from the E2(2) phonon peak shift. Such a method to realize the freestanding structures on Si platform would be useful for the fabrication of ZnO-based microelectromechanical systems and sensors.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Coordination Compounds of Tridentate Bis(benzimidazole)pyridine Ligands. Crystal and Molecular Structures of Bis(2,6‐bis(1′‐methylbenzimidazol‐2′‐yl)pyridine)copper(II) Diperchlorate Monohydrate and (Acetonitrile)(2,6‐bis(benzimidazol‐2′‐yl)pyridine)(perchlorato)copper(II) Perchlorate. (1988)

Abstract The complexes (I)‐(V) are synthesized by 1:1 and 1:2 molar reaction of the corresponding Cu(II) salts with the ligand L1 or L2 in ethanol/methanol with 60‐75% yields.