gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Next Generation 64b SPARC Core in a T4 SoC Processor (2012)

The SPARC T4 processor introduces the next generation multi-threaded 64b core to deliver up to 5x integer and 7x floating-point single-thread performance improvement over its predecessor. The chip integrates eight cores, an 8-Bank 4 MB L3 Cache, a 768 GB/sec crossbar, a memory controller, PCI Gen2.0, 10 Gb Ethernet and cache coherency with 2.4 Tb/s bandwidth high-speed I/Os. The dual-issue, out-of-order execution core (S3) features a new 16-stage integer pipeline, extensive branch predictions, dynamic threading and an enhanced cryptographic processing unit. The 406 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> die contains 855 million transistors and 2.6 million flip-flops in TSMC's 40nm process utilizing 11 Cu metals and four transistor types. Enhanced physical design methodologies and extensive power management features enable 3.0 GHz operation in the same power envelope of its predecessor. Logically complex SRAMs deploy techniques to support out-of-order execution core while addressing area, timing and power challenges. The power supply calibration circuit improves yield by reducing 70% of conventional voltage guard-band for the speed and power constrained design.
Carbon-Halogen Bond Scission and Rearrangement of .beta.-Halohydrins on the Rh(111) Surface (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon-Halogen Bond Scission and Rearrangement of .beta.-Halohydrins on the Rh(111) SurfaceNicole F. Brown and Mark A. BarteauCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 48, 12737–12745Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100099a043https://doi.org/10.1021/j100099a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views233Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
GSM-R: A Hybrid Scheduling Approach to Dynamic Load Balancing in Hierarchical Cluster of Servers (2007)

Assume a hierarchical cluster of servers is composed of logical groups, and each logical group is further made up of physical servers. Based on certain assumptions and the generalized supermarket model (GSM) scheduling, we present a hybrid scheduling based approach to dynamic load balancing in a hierarchical cluster of servers, GSM-R. From the viewpoint of probability, this model is analyzed in detail and a dramatic result is achieved: for the large scale of hierarchical cluster of servers, at the steady state of the system, the average time consumed for tasks converges to the theoretical limit by use of the GSM-R strategy of dynamic load balancing; this means that the total time consumed for a task is almost completely spent on its necessary service fraction without extra waiting time.
A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States (2006)

Teenagers will freely give up personal information to join social networks on the Internet. Afterwards, they are surprised when their parents read their journals. Communities are outraged by the personal information posted by young people online and colleges keep track of student activities on and off campus. The posting of personal information by teens and students has consequences. This article will discuss the uproar over privacy issues in social networks by describing a privacy paradox; private versus public space; and, social networking privacy issues. It will finally discuss proposed privacy solutions and steps that can be taken to help resolve the privacy paradox.
Spectrophotometry of human hemoglobin in the midinfrared region (1997)

Absorbance spectra for the hemoglobin species, including oxy-, deoxy-, carboxy-, and methemoglobin in the midinfrared region, are presented. The absorbance spectra of all species in aqueous solution are similar with absorption bands centered at approximately 3280, 3080, 2964, 1653, 1541, 1456, 1396, 1302, 1248, and 1105 cm−1. The relationship of the midinfrared absorption bands to the near-infrared absorption bands of the same four hemoglobin species is discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospect 3: 225–232, 1997
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEX HALIDES OF THE TRANSITION METALS. 24. REACTIONS OF DIMERIC MOLYBDENUM(II) HALIDE COMPLEXES CONTAINING STRONG METAL‐METAL BONDS WITH BIDENTATE TERTIARY PHOSPHINES AND ARSINES. EVIDENCE FOR THE STAGGERED CONFIGURATION IN DIMERS OF MOLYBDENUM(II) (1978)

Abstract Die Reaktionen des Salzes (I) bzw. der Komplexe (III) mit den zweizähnigen Phosphin‐ und Arsinliganden führen zu den Metall‐Metall‐gebundenen Komplexen (II), (IV)‐(VI).
The Effective Thickness in Internal Reflection Spectroscopy (1980)

In internal reflection spectroscopy the intensity loss per reflection can be described conveniently in terms of a parameter de, the effective thickness of the absorbing sample. There is a temptation to seek correlation between this parameter and the extra path length L that arises when the Goos-Hanchen shift is included in the rat picture for total internal reflection (Fig. 1). This shift occurs because, under conditions of total internal reflection, the effective reflecting plane does not coincide with the physical interface. As a result the specularly reflected ray is displaced parallel to itself by the distance D and there is a corresponding shift L = D/cos θ along the interface. Hirschfeld has compared the functional forms for de and L, as given in the literature, and has observed that the two quantities agree only at the critical angle. In this note we examine the power flows associated with both the Goos-Hanchen shift and the power dissipated in the absorbing sample. This approach allows us to determine the ratio de/L without having to carry out an explicit calculation for the separate quantities, and provides a physical basis for understanding why this ratio differs from unity at all angles but the critical.
Health care system under AIDS siege. (1986)

Although the exact impact of AIDS on the health care delivery system is unknown, the evidence to date supports some grim predictions. Hundreds of thousands of victims can be expected, with costs of care reaching the multi-billions. Providers need to prepare now for what is apt to be a serious financial, organizational, and emotional problem.
Induction of B cell activities by interleukin 4 is inhibited by a receptor‐specific monoclonal antibody <i>in vitro</i> (1990)

The effects of interleukin (IL) 4 on B cell growth and differentiation are mediated through binding of IL 4 to a specific cell surface receptor. The murine T cell IL 4 receptor (IL 4R) has recently been cloned and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) which bind specifically to the IL 4R have been developed. The ability of two of these anti-IL 4R mAb (M1 and M2) to inhibit IL 4-induced B cell functions in vitro was examined. The M1 mAb inhibited the ability of IL 4 to induce B cell proliferation in a dose-related fashion. The inhibition was specific for proliferation induced by IL 4 in that the antibody did not affect induction of proliferation by IL 1. Similarly, M1 inhibited IL 4-dependent B cell differentiation as measured by induction of IgG1 and IgE secretion, decreased IgG3 secretion, increased Ia expression, and increased Fc epsilon R (CD23) expression. In contrast, the anti-IL 4R-specific mAb M2 had no effect upon any of these activities. The ability of M1 but not M2 to inhibit IL 4-induced B cell growth and differentiation correlated with the inhibition of binding of radiolabeled IL 4 by M1. These reagents should be valuable tools with which to analyze the involvement of IL 4 in immune responses.
Photothermal Radiometry (1979)

We introduce a new analytical technique, by which contact-free spectroscopic studies of condensed matter can be performed. Photothermal radiometry (PTR) is based on pulse-wise illumination of a specimen by monochromatic radiation, and subsequent detection of attendant changes in the emission of thermal radiation from the sample. Infrared PTR absorption spectra recorded from powdered K2SO4 at temperatures 295-942 K are presented, to emphasize that PTR allows opaque and/or strongly scattering specimens to be studied directly.
Considerations about phenol electrohydrogenation on electrodes made with reticulated vitreous carbon cathode (2003)

The electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of phenol was carried out in aqueous media with catalytic powders. The catalytic powders were composed of palladium nanoaggregates deposited on various substrates such as Al 2 O 3 , BaSO 4 , and BaCO 3 . Composite powders are trapped (upon stirring) into a reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) matrix, allowing a rapid in situ build-up of the electrode and alleviating the use of a binder, since the latter may have a detrimental effect on the ECH. For a given amount of noble metal (5% palladium by weight), it is observed that the ECH of phenol to cyclohexanol increases in the following order: Pd/BaCO 3 < Pd/BaSO 4 < Pd/Al 2 O 3 . It is deduced that the ECH rate is largely dependent on the adsorption of organic molecules on the nonmetallic substrate, and a model is considered to explain such a behavior. The ECH of phenol is also feasible at a reasonable rate with composite Pd/Al 2 O 3 (0.25% Pd by weight) powders fabricated by physical vapor deposition because the peripheral distribution of Pd nanoaggregates is favorable towards the ECH.Key words: electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of phenol, reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC), alumina-based catalyst, agglomeration process, adlineation point, adsorption.
Enforcing Behavioral Profiles through Software-Defined Networks in the Industrial Internet of Things (2019)

The fourth industrial revolution is being mainly driven by the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to support the development lifecycle of systems and products. Despite the well-known advantages for the industry, an increasingly pervasive industrial ecosystem could make such devices an attractive target for potential attackers. Recently, the Manufacturer Usage Description (MUD) standard enables manufacturers to specify the intended use of their devices, thereby restricting the attack surface of a certain system. In this direction, we propose a mechanism to manage securely the obtaining and enforcement of MUD policies through the use of a Software-Defined Network (SDN) architecture. We analyze the applicability and advantages of the use of MUD in industrial environments based on our proposed solution, and provide an exhaustive performance evaluation of the required processes.
Modified transmission line pulse system and transistor test structures for the study of ESD (2002)

A modified Transmission Line Pulsing System for characterizing transistors under high currents for ESD performance prediction and understanding is presented which can both stress devices and measure damage. Guidelines for transistor test structure design for use with the system are presented and demonstrated for PMOS transistors.
Local Drug Delivery for Restenosis and Thrombosis Ñ Progress? (1998)

Platelet activation, inflammation, recoil, tissue hyperplasia and remodeling are pivotal pathophysiologic factors in acute myocardial ischemia and restenosis development after angioplasty. Even after the rising use of stents, the tremendous amount of resulting tissue hyperplasia remains a therapeutic problem. It has been suggested that short duration of effective drug levels and poor efficiency of systemic drug administration account for the failure of therapy in clinical trials. A rational effective therapy for angina and restenosis should therefore be locally administered at the site of vascular obliteration. Special local drug delivery devices could be used to administer sufficient drug amounts at the site that needs to be treated. Local drug delivery systems using modified balloon systems, stent systems or newly designed catheters have been developed. In experimental studies, different effects can be demonstrated by using endoluminal and adventitial substance delivery. Endoluminal application usually resulted in < 1% effective drug delivery in the arterial wall and short lasting deposition. Adventitial deposition led to higher mural concentrations; the drug was detectable for up to 21 days. In media, the maximum is still comparable to the maximum obtained after systemic application. Experimental studies indicate positive therapeutic effects in restenosis models. Feasibility has been proven in clinical studies of unstable angina with anticoagulants or antithrombotics. Further preclinical and preliminary clinical studies are needed to clarify regional drug distribution, regional wash-out, adverse effects and evaluation of long-term therapeutic effects. Recent developments in catheter techniques might enable effective local drug application in angina and restenosis prophylaxis with a reduction in systemic adverse effects. (Supported by DFG Go 739/1-1).
Gradual structuring: Evolving the spreadsheet paradigm for expressiveness and learnability (2016)

Spreadsheets are arguably the most used form of programming and are frequently used in higher education to teach fundamental concepts about computation. Their success has shown that they are simple enough for a huge number of end users to learn and use. This is in contrast to traditional programming languages and the high dropout rate from introductory programming and computer science. However in comparison to traditional programming languages and structured modelling, spreadsheets are not expressive, placing a limit on the levels of computational thinking that can be taught using the spreadsheet paradigm. This limitation is imposed by the lack of programming language features and abstractions in the paradigm. Furthermore, more advanced spreadsheet features (e.g. array formulae, lookup formulae, R1C1 syntax) can be difficult to learn and use. This paper discusses the idea of adding language features to spreadsheets, enabling the gradual structuring of free-form spreadsheets to more structured models. We propose that this concept is termed Gradual Structuring, and is analogous to the programming language concept of gradual typing. In this analogy, spreadsheets take the place of dynamic programming and structured modelling of static programming. In programming languages, gradual typing allows dynamic programming to be mixed with static programming. It is our contention that dynamic programming is more learnable while static programming is more expressive and abstract. Gradual typing could be used to mitigate the issues in the teaching of traditional programming. Likewise Gradual Structuring can mitigate the conceptual limits that can be taught using current spreadsheets. The key language feature required to enable Gradual Structuring is the ability to logically group cells together so that a single formula can be applied to the grouped cells. This concept, termed cell grouping diminishes and can even eliminate the need for the ubiquitous and error-prone use of copy-pasted in spreadsheets. Moreover, it makes the structure present in spreadsheet models explicit. Cell grouping requires a cascade of other new languages features. Namely a more expressive referencing style, which in turned requires enabling labels to be moved to the row and column headers, and the hierarchical structuring of these headers. Respectively these language features are termed enhanced referencing and semantic axes. The ongoing research focusses on the usability and learnability of these language features. Spreadsheet applications exist that contain aspects of the features mentioned. However these applications do not enable Gradual Structuring and have taken a mainly technical, not human behavioural, approach to evolving the spreadsheet.
Photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers as a pumping light source for second harmonic generation (2014)

Photonic crystal surface emitting lasers (PCSELs) have recently been achieved with both a single spectrum and narrow spot beam pattern under several hundred mW of output power. Even though the high coherence properties of PCSELs are expected to be used for various applications, we have focused on a pumping light source for a wavelength conversion system in this work. We fabricated a 1.06 μm PCSEL with a square lattice 2D photonic crystal in which the lattice period corresponded to the lasing wavelength to obtain green light. The fabricated device had a narrow spot beam pattern of less than 0.5 degrees and a single spectrum at 1068 nm under CW output power of more than 200 mW despite the broad emitting area of 200 × 200 μm2. The wavelength conversion system used single pass second-harmonic generation (SHG) that consisted of only the PCSEL and 50 mm long bulk MgO doped periodically with poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) as a nonlinear medium, i.e., it was a lens-free system. It was important to maintain the high brightness of the pumping light in this system with a single spectrum through the MgO:PPLN. As a result, SHG light was obtained at 534 nm with a narrow spot beam pattern, which followed the beam quality of the PCSEL under CW operation.
Prediction of identity by descent probabilities from marker-haplotypes (2001)

The prediction of identity by descent (IBD) probabilities is essential for all methods that map quantitative trait loci (QTL). The IBD probabilities may be predicted from marker genotypes and/or pedigree information. Here, a method is presented that predicts IBD probabilities at a given chromosomal location given data on a haplotype of markers spanning that position. The method is based on a simplification of the coalescence process, and assumes that the number of generations since the base population and effective population size is known, although effective size may be estimated from the data. The probability that two gametes are IBD at a particular locus increases as the number of markers surrounding the locus with identical alleles increases. This effect is more pronounced when effective population size is high. Hence as effective population size increases, the IBD probabilities become more sensitive to the marker data which should favour finer scale mapping of the QTL. The IBD probability prediction method was developed for the situation where the pedigree of the animals was unknown (i.e. all information came from the marker genotypes), and the situation where, say T, generations of unknown pedigree are followed by some generations where pedigree and marker genotypes are known.
Kritik über TEUCHERT, Hermann, Reinhold Olesch & Ludwig Erich Schmitt (1972) <i>Die Sprachreste der niederländischen Siedlungen des 12. Jahrhunderts</i> (1979)

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Development of Safe Drugs: The hERG Challenge (2017)

Drug-induced blockade of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) remains a major impediment in delivering safe drugs to the market. Several drugs have been withdrawn from the market due to their severe cardiotoxic side effects triggered by their off-target interactions with hERG. Thus, identifying the potential hERG blockers at early stages of lead discovery is fast evolving as a standard in drug design and development. A number of in silico structure-based models of hERG have been developed as a low-cost solution to evaluate drugs for hERG liability, and it is now agreed that the hERG blockers bind at the large central cavity of the channel. Nevertheless, there is no clear convergence on the appropriate drug binding modes against the channel. The proposed binding modes differ in their orientations and interpretations on the role of key residues in the channel. Such ambiguities in the modes of binding remain to be a significant challenge in achieving efficient computational predictive models and in saving many important already Food and Drug Administration approved drugs. In this review, we discuss the spectrum of reported binding modes for hERG blockers, the various in silico models developed for predicting a drug's affinity to hERG, and the known successful optimization strategies to avoid off-target interactions with hERG.
Establishment and characterization of 13 human colorectal carcinoma cell lines: mutations of genes and expressions of drug-sensitivity genes and cancer stem cell markers (2010)

Thirteen human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines were established from 10 primary tumors and 3 metastatic tumors obtained from 13 Korean patients. Characteristics of the cell lines including morphology in vivo and in vitro ; mutations of the K-ras , p53 , APC and MMR genes and microsatellite instability (MSI) status in vitro were determined. Expression of drug-sensitivity genes including MDR1 , MXR , MRP1 and COX2 was also analyzed. The cell lines were unique as judged by DNA fingerprinting using 16 short tandem repeats. Eleven of the cell lines grew as adherent populations and the remaining two as floating aggregates. None of the cell lines were contaminated with Mycoplasma or bacteria. All cell lines showed high viability with relatively long doubling times. Six cell lines contained mutations at K-ras . Seven cell lines displayed p53 gene missense, nonsense and frameshift mutations. MSI was found in three cell lines and two cell lines with an MSI-high phenotype-possessed hMLH1 mutations. Nine cell lines had an APC mutation. MRP1 was highly expressed in all cell lines, and high expression of MDR1 , MXR and COX2 evident in eight, six and six cell lines, respectively. Embryonal stem cell markers ( MELK , SOX4 and OCT4 ) were expressed in most of cell lines. The cancer stem cell biomarkers CD133 , CD44 and Lgr5 were expressed in 12, 13 and 13 cell lines, respectively. The presently well-characterized CRC cell lines should be useful in investigations of the biological characteristics of CRC, particularly for investigations related to gene alterations associated with CRC and biology of cancer stem cells.