gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of Pbl 2 and Hgl 2 as direct detector materials for high-resolution x-ray image sensors (2001)

X-ray imaging properties are reported for HgI<SUB>2</SUB> and PbI<SUB>2</SUB>, as candidate materials for future direct detection x- ray image sensors, including the first results from screen- printed HgI<SUB>2</SUB> arrays. The leakage current of PbI<SUB>2</SUB> is reduced by using new deposition conditions, but is still larger than HgI<SUB>2</SUB>. Both HgI<SUB>2</SUB> and PbI<SUB>2</SUB> have high spatial resolution but new data shows that the residual image spreading of PbI<SUB>2</SUB> is not due to k-edge fluorescence and its possible origin is discussed. HgI<SUB>2</SUB> has substantially higher sensitivity than PbI<SUB>2</SUB> at comparable bias voltages, and we discuss the various loss mechanisms. Unlike PbI<SUB>2</SUB>, HgI<SUB>2</SUB> shows a substantial spatially non-uniform response that is believed to originate from the large grain size, which is comparable to the pixel size. We obtain zero spatial frequency DQE values of 0.7 - 0.8 with PbI(subscript 24/ under low energy exposure conditions. A model for signal generation in terms of the semiconducting properties of the materials is presented.
Enantioselective Synthesis of α,β-Disubstituted-β-amino Acids (2003)

Highly diastereoselective and enantioselective addition of N-benzylhydroxylamine to imides 17 and 20-30 produces alpha,beta-trans-disubstituted N-benzylisoxazolidinones 19 and 31-41. These reactions proceed in 60-96% ee with 93-99% de's using 5 mol % of Mg(NTf2)2 and ligand 18. The product isoxazolidinones can be hydrogenolyzed directly to provide alpha,beta-disubstituted-beta-amino acids.
Explosion suppression in industry (1979)

With the right sensors and well designed equipment, potentially catastrophic explosions can be reduced to merely inconvenient plant shut-downs with minor damage
The North American Lightning Detection Network (NALDN)—First Results: 1998–2000 (2002)

Cloud-to-ground lightning data have been analyzed for the years 1998–2000 for North America (Canada plus the contiguous United States) for all ground flashes, positive flashes, the percentage of positive lightning, peak currents for negative and positive lightning, and for negative and positive multiplicity. The authors examined a total of 88.7 million flashes divided among the three years: 31.1 million (1998), 29.5 million (1999), and 28.2 million (2000). Annual flash densities are derived from 245–424 km2 regions and are uncorrected for flash detection efficiency. The highest flash densities in Canada are along the U.S.–Canadian border (1–3 flashes km−2), and in the United States along the Gulf of Mexico coast and Florida (exceeding 9 flashes km−2). Maximum annual positive flash densities in Canada generally range primarily from 0.1 to 0.3 flashes km−2, and in the United States to over 0.7 flashes km−2 (areas in the Midwest, the Gulf Coast, and Florida). Areas of greater than 20% positive lightning occur throughout British Columbia and the midwest United States extending into Manitoba and Ontario. High percent positive also occurs in Quebec and much of eastern Canada. The median negative peak current is 16.5 kA. The median positive peak current, with the peak currents less than 10 kA removed from the calculation, is 19.8 kA. Median positive peak currents exceed 35 kA in the Midwest from west Texas to Nebraska to the Canadian border. The area of maximum mean negative multiplicity, exceeding 2.6 strokes, occurs in western Canada from just east of the British Columbia–Alberta border to and including Saskatchewan. Mean negative multiplicity also peaks in the southeastern United States. Mean positive multiplicity is observed to have maximum values in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and in a region centered on Tennessee. The authors examined the time of maximum flash rate in North America and find it is over land in the daytime hours with the exception of a region of maximum nighttime lightning in midcontinent that extends from the midwestern United States into Canada. Over the waters surrounding the North American continent, the maximum lightning is principally at night, including the coastal Pacific, the Gulf of California, the Gulf of Mexico, and the coastal waters of the North Atlantic.
Structure and filtration properties of melt blown polypropylene webs (1990)

Abstract Polypropylene melt blown webs have been studied in terms of the relationships among the processing conditions, structure, and filtration efficiency. The effects of the processing conditions on filtration efficiency to aerosolized latex particles, pore size, fiber diameter, and air permeability have been investigated. The melt blowing process conditions investigated in this study were die and air temperatures, die‐to‐collector distance, and attenuation air flow rate at the die. The filtration efficiency has been found to increase linearly as mean pore size decreased. The degree of fiber‐entanglement increased, therefore, the pore size and air permeability decreased with increasing processing temperature, increasing air flow rate at the die, or decreasing die‐to‐collector distance. Average fiber diameter appeared to change little with die‐to‐collector distance, but decreased with increasing die temperature or with increasing air flow rate.
Near-room-temperature mid-infrared interband cascade laser (1998)

A 25-stage interband cascade laser with a W active region and a third hole quantum well for the suppression of leakage current has exhibited lasing in pulsed mode up to 286 K. A peak output power of 160 mW/facet and a slope efficiency of 197 mW/A per facet (1.1 photons per injected electron) were measured at 196 K. Above 200 K, the characteristic temperature was higher (T0=53 K) and the threshold current densities lower than for a previously reported W interband cascade laser without the third hole quantum well.
Effects of Bay k 8644, a dihydropyridine analog, on [3H]nitrendipine binding to canine cardiac sarcolemma and the relationship to a positive inotropic effect. (1984)

Equilibrium dissociation constants of Bay k 8644, a calcium agonist, and nitrendipine, a calcium antagonist, were determined in canine cardiac sarcolemma. The equilibrium dissociation constant for Bay k 8644 was compared to the concentration that produced a fifty percent increase, and the equilibrium dissociation constant for nitrendipine was compared to the concentration that produced a fifty percent decrease, in contractile force in canine heart trabecular muscle. Both saturation and inhibition binding data suggest that Bay k 8644 and nitrendipine bind to and compete for a high affinity dihydropyridine-binding site present in isolated cardiac sarcolemma preparations. The equilibrium dissociation constant (7-10 nM) and concentration that produced a fifty percent increase in contractile force in the canine trabecular muscle (30 +/- 8 nM) of Bay k 8644 were in a similar concentration range, but the equilibrium dissociation constant (0.29 +/- 0.025 nM) of nitrendipine binding was more than a thousand-fold lower than the concentration that produced a fifty percent decrease in contractile force in canine trabecular muscle (613 +/- 109 nM). These data suggest that binding of Bay k 8644 to high affinity binding sites is pharmacologically relevant, and is related to a positive inotropic effect.
Conversion gain and noise of niobium superconducting hot-electron-mixers (1995)

A study has been done of microwave mixing at 20 GHz using the nonlinear (power dependent) resistance of thin niobium strips in the resistive state. Our experiments give evidence that electron-heating is the main cause of the nonlinear phenomenon. Also a detailed phenomenological theory for the determination of conversion properties is presented. This theory is capable of predicting the frequency-conversion loss rather accurately for arbitrary bias by examining the I-V characteristic, Knowing the electron temperature relaxation time, and using parameters derived from the I-V-characteristic also allows us to predict the -3-dB IF bandwidth. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. The requirements on the mode of operation and on the film parameters for minimizing the conversion loss (and even achieving conversion gain) are discussed in some detail. Our measurements demonstrate an intrinsic conversion loss as low as 1 dB. The maximum IF frequency defined for 3-dB drop in conversion gain, is about 80 MHz. Noise measurements indicate a device output noise temperature of about 50 K and SSB mixer noise temperature below 250 K. This type of mixer is considered very promising for use in low-noise heterodyne receivers at THz frequencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects of the nature of the nitrogen donor atom (sp<sup>2</sup>versus sp<sup>3</sup>) upon the properties and chemistry of palladated complexes with σ(Pd–C<sub>sp2</sub>, ferrocene) bonds (1994)

The NMR and Mössbauer spectra and electrochemistry of the N-donor ferrocenyl ligands [Fe(η5-C5H5){(η5-C5H4CHNCH2Ph)}] and [Fe(η5-C5H5)(η5-C5H4CH2NMe2)] as well as their mononuclear derivatives with σ(Pd–Csp2, ferrocene) bonds [[graphic omitted]CH2Ph)}Cl(L)], [[graphic omitted]Me2)}Cl(L)][L = 1 -methylimidazole (mim) or PPh3], and [Pd{(η5-C5H5)Fe(η5-C5H3CH2NMe2)}Cl(PPh3)2] have been studied. Comparison of the data allows an understanding of the influence of the nature of the N-donor atom of the ferrocenyl moiety (sp2versus sp3) upon the properties of these compounds. In particular, the differences observed in the quadrupole splitting parameters obtained from Mössbauer spectroscopy reveal not only that the palladium(II) acts as an electron-withdrawing group in all these cyclometallated derivatives, but also that most of the electron density is withdrawn from the imine CHN moiety in the derivatives containing ferrocenyl Schiff bases as ligands. The crystal structures of [[graphic omitted]CH2Ph)}Cl(PPh3)] and [[graphic omitted]Me2)}Cl(mim)] have been determined.
Homologous Carcinomas of the Breasts, Skin, and Salivary Glands:<i>A Histologic and Immunohistochemical Comparison of Ductal Mammary Carcinoma, Ductal Sweat Gland Carcinoma, and Salivary Duct Carcinoma</i> (1998)

Morphologic mimicry among human malignant neoplasms is a well-known phenomenon in surgical pathology; both undifferentiated and "committed" neoplasms may exhibit this trait. One particularly common group of histologic simulants includes ductal carcinomas of the breasts, the cutaneous appendages, and the salivary glands. One hundred three tumors in this structural cluster were analyzed microscopically and immunohistologically to codify points of potential pathologic similarity and difference. All the lesions were typified by irregularly permeative clusters and cords of atypical polygonal cells with variable luminal differentiation. A proportion of primary neoplasms in each site demonstrated in situ ductal components; in the absence of the latter elements, however, it was not possible to make topography-related morphologic distinctions among them. Immunostains for gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), carcinoembryonic antigen, S100 protein, c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, estrogen receptor protein, and progesterone receptor protein also showed largely overlapping phenotypes in each of the three tumor categories, with selected exceptions. These differences were elucidated through paired chi 2 analysis and included a statistically significant infrequency of GCDFP-15 in eccrine sweat gland carcinomas, a paucity of carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancers, and an absence of estrogen receptor protein in salivary duct carcinomas. Such findings may be useful in predefined differential diagnostic settings involving the distinction between primary and metastatic ductal cancers of the breasts, skin, and salivary glands. Nevertheless, because of the striking homologies between such tumors at structural and protein-synthetic levels of comparison, it is mandatory that all available clinicopathologic information be used in this context.
Using benefit-cost analysis to assess child abuse prevention and intervention programs. (1999)

Benefits and costs are discussed when child abuse prevention and intervention programs are proposed and evaluated, but systemic benefit-cost analysis as developed by economists has not been applied to such programs. This article presents the case for using benefit-cost analysis to structure evaluations of child abuse prevention and intervention programs. It presents the basic concept of benefit-cost analysis, its application in the context of assessing these types of child welfare programs, and limitations on its application to social service programs.
Conclusion (2012)

So, the current standard views of software objects are noticeably foggy—somewhat misleading, overly complex, and fundamentally incomplete—and, therefore, significantly counterproductive.KeywordsDesign PatternClear ViewDesign Optimization ProcessSoftware ObjectInterval OrientationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Constitutive Stat3, Tyr705, and Ser727 phosphorylation in acute myeloid leukemia cells caused by the autocrine secretion of interleukin-6 (2000)

To explore the activation patterns of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we examined whether the phosphorylation of tyrosine705 (Tyr705) and serine727 (Ser727) residues was abnormally regulated in cells from patients with AML. In 5 of 20 (25%) patients with AML, Stat3 was constitutively phosphorylated on Tyr705 and Ser727, which were not further up-regulated by treatment with IL-6. Furthermore, Stat3 was constitutively bound to the IRE response element in these cells as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and stimulation with IL-6 did not result in increased DNA binding. Interestingly, AML cells with constitutive Stat3 activation also secreted high levels of IL-6 protein. Treating these AML cells with anti-IL-6 resulted in restored IL-6-inducible Stat3 phosphorylation on both Tyr705 and Ser727 with low or undetectable basal phosphorylation levels in unstimulated cells. In contrast, treatment with anti-IL-1 did not result in altered Stat3 phosphorylation patterns. The constitutive IL-6 expression was associated with elevated levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 mRNA expression, which were not down-regulated by anti-IL-6. These data indicate that the constitutive Stat3 activation in the investigated AML blasts is caused by high IL-6 secretion levels, thus stimulating the Jak/Stat pathway in an autocrine manner, a paracrine manner, or both. (Blood. 2000;95:3765-3770)
Local and Global Spontaneous Calcium Events Regulate Neurite Outgrowth and Onset of GABAergic Phenotype during Neural Precursor Differentiation (2003)

Neural stem cells can generate in vitro progenitors of the three main cell lineages found in the CNS. The signaling pathways underlying the acquisition of differentiated phenotypes in these cells are poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that Ca(2+) signaling controls differentiation of neural precursors. We found low-frequency global and local Ca(2+) transients occurring predominantly during early stages of differentiation. Spontaneous Ca(2+) signals in individual precursors were not synchronized with Ca(2+) transients in surrounding cells. Experimentally induced changes in the frequency of local Ca(2+) signals and global Ca(2+) rises correlated positively with neurite outgrowth and the onset of GABAergic neurotransmitter phenotype, respectively. NMDA receptor activity was critical for alterations in neuronal morphology but not for the timing of the acquisition of the neurotransmitter phenotype. Thus, spontaneous Ca(2+) signals are an intrinsic property of differentiating neurosphere-derived precursors. Their frequency may specify neuronal morphology and acquisition of neurotransmitter phenotype.
Forecast on Price of Agricultural Futures in China Based on ARIMA Model (2016)

The forecast on price of agricultural futures is studied in this paper. We use the ARIMA model to estimate the price trends of agricultural futures, which can help the investors to optimize their investing plans. The soybean future contracts are taken as an example to simulate the forecast based on the auto-regression coefficient (p), differential times (d) and moving average coefficient (q). The results show that ARIMA model is better to simulate and forecast the trend of closing prices of soybean futures contract, and it is applicable to forecasting the price of agricultural futures.
Dipole dispersion crossover and sonic logs in a limestone reservoir (2000)

Abstract Analyses of sonic logs in a horizontal well provide new information about mechanical properties of rocks, made possible by recent developments in our understanding of acoustic wave propagation in prestressed formations. Most sections of this horizontal well exhibit azimuthal shear isotropy, indicating isotropic stresses in the plane perpendicular to the well trajectory, leading to stable wellbore conditions. However, two sections show dipole dispersion crossovers that confirm the presence of stress-induced shear anisotropy caused by a difference between the maximum and minimum stresses in the plane perpendicular to the well trajectory. The two dipole dispersions are obtained by processing the recorded waveforms by a modified matrix pencil algorithm. The fast-shear direction is estimated from Alford rotation of the cross-dipole waveforms. One section of the well exhibits the fast-shear direction parallel to the overburden stress as the maximum stress direction, whereas the other section has the fast-shear direction parallel to the horizontal stress that is larger than the overburden stress. The cause of this change in the fast-shear direction is believed to be the well's penetration into a 3-ft-thick bed with lower porosity and permeability and significantly higher elastic stiffnesses than those in the other part of the homogeneous, high-permeability reservoir. A stiff bed is likely to have greater stresses in its plane than perpendicular to it, which would make the horizontal stresses greater than the vertical.
Two-element interferometer for accurate position determinations at 960 Mc (1961)

A 960-Mc two-element interferometer using the twin 90-foot steerable paraboloids of the California Institute of Technology Radio Observatory is described. The response of the associated receiving equipment as it applies to interferometric position measurements is analyzed in some detail, and an advantage of not rejecting the image response of the receiver is mentioned. Finally, a brief account is given of the various ways the interferometer may be used to measure right ascensions and declinations with both an east-west and a north-south baseline.
The design of Khmer word-based predictive non-QWERTY soft keyboard for stylus-based devices (2008)

We introduce a first ever soft keyboard for stylus-based devices such as Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) for Khmer, official language of Cambodia. The contribution of this study is twofold — a key layout arrangement and a word-based predictive text entry method. First, we design a non-QWERTY key layout in which consonants and vowels are grouped phonetically and orthographically, respectively. As a result, the number of soft keys is much less than that of Khmer character sets. Second, we present a word-based predictive text entry method based on the careful analysis of the structure of Khmer word composition. In spite of the word-based predictive mechanism, this soft keyboard provides as well the ability to input unknown words without swapping to other modes. A prototype has been developed and preliminary experiment shows that the proposed soft keyboard is user-friendly easy to use with little training. In addition to the application to stylus-based devices, it can also be extended to be a soft keyboard for conventional desktop.
Use of Bioscreen C for growth of Mucor hiemalis in different carbon and nitrogen sources (2007)

The automated Bioscreen C system was used for growth of four Mucor hiemalis strains isolated from the soil in the Juréia-Itatins Ecology Station (JIES), São Paulo state, in liquid culture media containing different carbon (2%) and nitrogen (1%) sources, pH 5.0, at 25ºC, and agitated at 150 rpm for 5 days. The medium containing only one nitrogen source had been added with 2% glucose. The readings were taken at lambda = 540 nm, at 2-hour intervals, up to five days. The results were compared using the Friedman Test (alpha = 5%). The best growth was obtained for strains M1, M2 and M3, reaching the log phase in 60 hours. The best carbon sources varied according to the strain, and yeast extract proved to be the best nitrogen source. Sodium acetate inhibited the growth of the four strains, being the M3 strain the most affected. The use of the automated system was very convenient for cultures in liquid media, as it is rapid and automated, providing a good technique for determination of the optimal environmental factors for growth of the filamentous fungi.
Room Temperature cw Operated Superluminescent Diodes for Optical Pumping of Nd: YAG Laser (1976)

Room temperature cw operation of planar stripe geometry superluminescent diodes (SLDs) has been obtained. The SLDs have been made from double-heterostructure (DH) AlxGa1-xAs–AlyGa1-yAs material. The stripe contacts were 20 µm wide and about 1.4 mm in length. In order to pump Nd: YAG laser, the peak wavelength of SLD emission was carefully adjusted to close to 8080 Å. The half-power spectral width was 50–60 Å, the half-power radiation beam angle in the junction plane was about 5°. In 1 ms pulse operation, the best SLD radiated 50 mW power at a current density of 4.4 kA/cm2 (1.24 A current) and 29 mW at 3 kA/cm2. The differential quantum efficiency was 4.5 percent. A Nd: YAG laser was end-pumped by a similar SLD. 4.5 mW laser power was obtained in 1 ms pulse operation and 1.5 mW in continuous operation.
SHP2 inhibition reduces leukemogenesis in models of combined genetic and epigenetic mutations (2019)

In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 10% to 30% with the normal karyotype express mutations in regulators of DNA methylation, such as TET2 or DNMT3A, in conjunction with activating mutation in the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3. These patients have a poor prognosis because they do not respond well to established therapies. Here, utilizing mouse models of AML that recapitulate cardinal features of the human disease and bear a combination of loss-of-function mutations in either Tet2 or Dnmt3a along with expression of Flt3ITD, we show that inhibition of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, which is essential for cytokine receptor signaling (including FLT3), by the small molecule allosteric inhibitor SHP099 impairs growth and induces differentiation of leukemic cells without impacting normal hematopoietic cells. We also show that SHP099 normalizes the gene expression program associated with increased cell proliferation and self-renewal in leukemic cells by downregulating the Myc signature. Our results provide a new and more effective target for treating a subset of patients with AML who bear a combination of genetic and epigenetic mutations.
In Vitro Optimization of Dexamethasone Phosphate Delivery by Iontophoresis (2008)

Dex-Phos must be delivered from the cathode and formulated rationally, excluding mobile co-anions, to achieve optimal iontophoretic delivery.