gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoreflectance Study of GaAs/GaAsP Strained-Barrier Quantum Well Structures (1993)

GaAs/GaAs 1- x P x strained-barrier quantum well structures grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) have been investigated using photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy. On the basis of the square-potential model, we have determined the band offsets at the heterojunction and their dependence on the phosphorus composition. It was found that in the GaAs/GaAs 1- x P x strained-barrier quantum well, the band offsets are almost linearly dependent on the phosphorus composition in the range of x ≤0.23. In addition, it was derived that the conduction band offset ratio Q c =0.57±0.05. This result is consistent with our previous study concerning GaAs/GaAsP “strained-well” quantum well structures.
Potentiation of the Effect of Erlotinib by Genistein in Pancreatic Cancer: The Role of Akt and Nuclear Factor-κB (2006)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a target of new therapies in most nonhematologic cancers. EGFR blockade alone may not be sufficient for the control of growth and invasion of human pancreas cancer because of the independent activation of Akt and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). The expression of EGFR, Akt, and NF-kappaB was determined in six human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Selected cells for specific expression were treated with erlotinib, genistein, gemcitabine, or the combination. Growth inhibition was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and apoptosis was assayed by ELISA. EGFR, phosphorylated EGFR, phosphorylated Akt, and survivin expressions were determined by immunoblotting. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to evaluate the DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB. Genistein significantly increased (P < 0.05) erlotinib-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in BxPC-3, CAPAN-2, and AsPC-1 cells. In the BxPC-3 cell line, significant down-regulation of EGFR, phosphorylated Akt, NF-kappaB activation, and survivin was observed in the cells treated with the combination compared with the erlotinib-treated cells. In the HPAC and MIAPaCa cell line, no potentiation of the effects of erlotinib by genistein on cell growth or inhibition of the EGFR/Akt/NF-kappaB was observed. Genistein potentiated growth inhibition and apoptosis of the gemcitabine and erlotinib combination in COLO-357 cell line. Genistein potentiates the growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by erlotinib and gemcitabine in certain pancreatic cancer cells. Akt and NF-kappaB inhibition represents one of the mechanisms for the potentiation of erlotinib- and gemcitabine-induced cell death by genistein.
Using string matching to compress Chinese characters (1982)

x Abstract-- A new method for font compression is introduced and compared to existing methods. A very compact representation is achieved by using a variant of McCreight&apos;s string matching algorithm to compress the bounding contour. Results from an actual implementation are given showing the improvement over other methods and how this varies with resolution and character complexity. Compression &apos;ratios of up to 150 are achieved for Chinese characters. OD&apos;
Similarity Judgment-Based Double-Threshold Method for Time-of-Flight Determination in an Ultrasonic Gas Flowmeter (2017)

Double-threshold method is a typical and simple time-of-flight (TOF) measurement method for time-difference-based ultrasonic flowmeter. Some improvements have been proposed to suppress the cycle-skip phenomenon in double-threshold method. However, there are still some application limitations when the waveform is distorted caused by the environment change, especially the temperature change. This paper proposes a similarity judgment-based double-threshold method to deal with the cycle-skip problem. In this method, time values of three consecutive positive zero-crossing points after the feature point are acquired and five consecutive cycles after the first obtained time are saved. The TOF is automatically selected from three acquired time values according to an adaptive determination function which bases on the similarity between signals from two adjacent measurements. These operations guarantee that the obtained TOF locates on the same positive zero-crossing point in each measurement. The proposed method was validated by both numerical and experimental tests. Comparison between the proposed method and other double-threshold methods shows that the proposed method successfully eliminates cycle-skip phenomenon under different working conditions.
Hydroxide Ion Initiated Reactions Under Phase Transfer Catalysis Conditions: Mechanism and Implications. New Synthetic Methods (62) (1986)

Abstract The development of Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC) represents a major step forward in the employment of many organic reactions and renders them very convenient and useful processes. These reactions involve the application of nucleophiles in general, anions and bases in particular, in reactions carried out in a water‐organic solvent system. They can be performed both in the laboratory and on an industrial scale. The ease of application of PTC processes is the main reason for their increasing utilization in industry. An outstanding achievement of this technique is the employment of aqueous bases in reactions which traditionally would otherwise require a strong base in a nonaqueous medium. The classical procedures that require severe anhydrous conditions, expensive solvents and dangerous bases such as metal hydrides and organometallic reagents are now replaced by aqueous solutions of, e.g., sodium or potassium hydroxides (PTC/OH processes). In contrast to the extensive synthetic applications of PTC/OH systems, the detailed mechanisms of these processes have been the subject of a great deal of controversy and various mechanisms have been suggested. However, it would seem that our knowledge concerning the mechanistic aspects of such reactions has now reached the stage where it can be used to advantage in synthesis planning. A better understanding of the various factors which influence the reaction would undoubtedly help to optimize PTC/OH processes such as to enable higher yields in shorter reaction times at lower temperatures. The importance of, inter alia, the catalyst will be pointed out and it is highly recommended that such catalysts be always available in the laboratory, for the range of organic reactions that they can efficiently, conveniently and safely catalyze is vast indeed.
Visualization across the pond (2005)

We present an initial report on using our distributed, collaborative grid enabled visualization environment to link SuperComputing 2004 (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) with the Cardiff School of Computer Science (Cardiff, Wales, UK). A PDA was used to visualize large, shared datasets (in the range of 0.5--4.5 million polygons) stored in Cardiff, interacting with a laptop (rendering the data locally). The system used was the Resource-Aware Visualization Environment (RAVE), deployed as Web Services running in the background on remote machines. This enables us to use a wide range of heterogeneous machines without being concerned with the underlying implementation of RAVE, or the architecture of the machine.
InGaAs-GaAs quantum-well lasers with monolithically integrated intracavity electroabsorption modulators by selective-area MOCVD (1996)

The design and operation of strained-layer InGaAs-GaAs lasers with monolithically integrated intracavity electroabsorption modulators fabricated by selective-area epitaxy are presented. Devices with modulator lengths of 290, 620, and 1020 μm have cw threshold currents of 9, 7.5, and 7.5 mA, respectively, at a modulator bias of 0 V. These devices also exhibit extinction ratios of 16.5, 19.5, and 20.5 dB, respectively, at a modulator bias of 2 V.
PspA Family Fusion Proteins Delivered by Attenuated<i>Salmonella enterica</i>Serovar Typhimurium Extend and Enhance Protection against<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2009)

Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is highly immunogenic and can induce a protective immune response against pneumococcal infection. PspA is divided into two major families based on serological variability: family 1 and family 2. To provide broad protection, PspA proteins from pneumococcal strains Rx1 (family 1) and EF5668 (family 2) were combined to form two PspA fusion proteins, PspA/Rx1-EF5668 and PspA/EF5668-Rx1. Each protein was fused to a type II secretion signal and delivered by a recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV). Both PspA/Rx1-EF5668 and PspA/EF5668-Rx1 were synthesized in the RASV and secreted into the periplasm and supernatant. The fusion proteins reacted strongly with both anti-PspA/Rx1 and anti-PspA/EF5668 antisera. Oral immunization of BALB/c mice with RASV synthesizing either PspA fusion protein elicited serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA responses against both families of PspA. Analysis of IgG isotypes (IgG2a and IgG1) indicated a strong Th1 bias to the immune responses to both proteins. Sera from mice immunized with RASV synthesizing PspA/Rx1-EF5668 bound to the surface and directed C3 complement deposition on representative strains from all five PspA clades. Immunization with RASV synthesizing either protein protected mice against intraperitoneal challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae WU2 strain (family 1), intravenous challenge with S. pneumoniae 3JYP2670 strain (family 2), and intranasal challenge with S. pneumoniae A66.1 (family 1). The PspA/Rx1-EF5668 protein elicited significantly greater protection than PspA/EF5668-Rx1, PspA/Rx1, or PspA/EF5668. These results indicate an RASV synthesizing a PspA fusion protein representing both PspA families constitutes an effective antipneumococcal vaccine, extending and enhancing protection against multiple strains of S. pneumoniae.
Design and Fabrication Challenges for Millimeter-Scale Three-Dimensional Phononic Crystals (2017)

While phononic crystals can be theoretically modeled with a variety of analytical and numerical methods, the practical realization and comprehensive characterization of complex designs is often challenging. This is especially important for the nearly limitless possibilities of periodic, three-dimensional structures. In this contribution, we take a look at these design and fabrication challenges of different 3D phononic elements based on recent research using additive manufacturing. Different fabrication technologies introduce specific limitations in terms of, e.g., material choices, minimum feature size, aspect ratios, or support requirements that have to be taken into account during design and theoretical modeling. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of additive technologies suitable for millimeter and sub-millimeter feature sizes. Furthermore, we present comprehensive experimental characterization of finite, simple cubic lattices in terms of wave polarization and propagation direction to demonstrate the substantial differences between complete phononic band gap and application oriented directional band gaps of selected propagation modes.
Phosphorylation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. (1992)

Regulation of epithelial chloride flux, which is defective in patients with cystic fibrosis, may be mediated by phosphorylation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) or protein kinase C (PKC). Part of the R-domain of CFTR (termed CF-2) was expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli. CF-2 was phosphorylated on seryl residues by PKA, PKC, cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (CaM kinase I). Direct amino acid sequencing and peptide mapping of CF-2 revealed that serines 660, 700, 737, and 813 as well as serine 768, serine 795, or both were phosphorylated by PKA and PKG, and serines 686 and 790 were phosphorylated by PKC. CFTR was phosphorylated in vitro by PKA, PKC, or PKG on the same sites that were phosphorylated in CF-2. Kinetic analysis of phosphorylation of CF-2 and of synthetic peptides confirmed that these sites were excellent substrates for PKA, PKC, or PKG. CFTR was immunoprecipitated from T84 cells labeled with 32Pi. Its phosphorylation was stimulated in response to agents that activated either PKA or PKC. Peptide mapping confirmed that CFTR was phosphorylated at several sites identified in vitro. Thus, regulation of CFTR is likely to occur through direct phosphorylation of the R-domain by protein kinases stimulated by different second messenger pathways.
Scanning Force Microscopy Investigation of Surface Forces at the Tungsten Oxide/Lithium Borate Interface (1998)

Ultrahigh‐vacuum scanning force microscopy (UHV SFM) was used to measure force‐distance (FD) interactions between electrochemically etched clean and oxidized tungsten tips and an in situ deposited lithium borate film. For the case of the oxidized tip, application of a potential difference between the tip and sample allowed lithium to be cycled into and back out of the oxide layer in the tungsten tip. Reproducible changes in the shape and magnitude of the force‐distance interaction were observed.
Real-time ambient occlusion for dynamic character skins (2007)

We present a single-pass hardware accelerated method to reconstruct compressed ambient occlusion values in real-time on dynamic character skins. This method is designed to work with meshes that are deforming based on a low-dimensional set of parameters, as in character animation. The inputs to our method are rendered ambient occlusion values at the vertices of a mesh deformed into various poses, along with the corresponding degrees of freedom of those poses. The algorithm uses k-means clustering to group the degrees of freedom into a small number of pose clusters. Because the pose variation in a cluster is small, our method can define a low-dimensional pose representation using principal component analysis. Within each cluster, we approximate ambient occlusion as a linear function in the reduced-dimensional representation. When drawing the character, our method uses moving least squares to blend the reconstructed ambient occlusion values from a small number of pose clusters. This technique offers significant memory savings over storing uncompressed values, and can generate plausible ambient occlusion values for poses not seen in training. Because we are using linear functions our output is smooth, fast to evaluate, and easy to implement in a vertex or fragment shader.
Which comes first: atypical antipsychotic treatment or cardiometabolic risk? (2009)

Although lifestyle and genetics may contribute independent risks of cardiometabolic dysfunction in schizophrenia and other serious mental illness, antipsychotic treatment also represents an important contributor to risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction, particularly for certain drugs and for vulnerable patients. Mental health professionals must learn to recognize the clinical signposts indicating antipsychotic-related cardiometabolic problems to forestall progression to type II diabetes, cardiovascular events and premature death.
The Gyrolab™ Immunoassay System: A Platform for Automated Bioanalysis and Rapid Sample Turnaround (2013)

The Gyrolab immunoassay system proved to be a viable alternative to traditional immunoassays and was used to support a regulated preclinical TK study. The speed of analysis that the Gyrolab provides was beneficial in meeting timelines to complete this project as multiple assays and repeat sample analysis could be completed in the same day.
Design and Simulation of Canal’s Moving System Based on Fuzzy/PID Control (2008)

Based on the unit of traditional control methods and fuzzy control theories,a Fuzzy/PID controller was designed using MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Toolbox.It was used to control the canal’s moving system.By using SIMULINK,a simulation model of canal’s moving process was built,and simulation of the system was realized.The result shows that the Fuzzy/PID control method gathers the advantages of PID control and fuzzy control,which makes the system acquire good dynamic functions and gets at the same time keeping good steady functions.
Efficacy and Safety of MR Imaging with Liver-specific Contrast Agent: U.S. Multicenter Phase III Study (2005)

Compared with precontrast MR imaging, postcontrast MR imaging with Gd-EOB-DTPA demonstrated improved sensitivity for lesion detection in the majority of blinded readers, with no substantial adverse events.
Selective visual detection of trace trinitrotoluene residues based on dual-color fluorescence of graphene oxide–nanocrystals hybrid probe (2014)

Herein, for the detection of highly explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) instantly and on-site, a fluorescence ratiometric probe using a dual-emission nanohybrid has been developed. The nanohybrid comprises blue-colored fluorescent graphene oxide (FGO) being conjugated with red-emitting manganese-doped ZnS nanocrystals (ZnS:Mn NCs), the latter being functionalized with hexamethylenediamine. The blue fluorescence of FGO is insensitive to TNT and is used as an internal reference, whereas the red fluorescence of ZnS:Mn NCs can be selectively quenched by TNT through electron transfer, resulting in a unique red-purple-blue color response as the amount of TNT is increased. Thus, the probe could be used for the quantitative measurement of TNT based on the fluorescence ratiometric method. We demonstrated that the nanohybrid probe exhibited high visual detection sensitivity and reliability in comparison with single-color fluorescence quenching probes. A fluorescence test paper was prepared using the nanohybrid probe and was demonstrated to detect TNT residues directly on various surfaces including rubber, a person's fingers and manila envelopes with a visual detection limit as low as 5.68 ng mm(-2), showing its promising application for security screening.
Geotechnical Engineering: Soil Mechanics (1994)

Geotechnical Engineering: Soil mechanics , Geotechnical Engineering: Soil mechanics , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Transcript analysis reveals an extended regulon and the importance of protein–protein co-operativity for the <i>Escherichia coli</i> methionine repressor (2006)

We have used DNA arrays to investigate the effects of knocking out the methionine repressor gene, metJ, on the Escherichia coli transcriptome. We assayed the effects in the knockout strain of supplying wild-type or mutant MetJ repressors from an expression plasmid, thus establishing a rapid assay for in vivo effects of mutations characterized previously in vitro. Repression is largely restricted to known genes involved in the biosynthesis and uptake of methionine. However, we identified a number of additional genes that are significantly up-regulated in the absence of repressor. Sequence analysis of the 5' promoter regions of these genes identified plausible matches to met-box sequences for three of these, and subsequent electrophoretic mobility-shift assay analysis showed that for two such loci their repressor affinity is higher than or comparable with the known metB operator, suggesting that they are directly regulated. This can be rationalized for one of the loci, folE, by the metabolic role of its encoded enzyme; however, the links to the other regulated loci are unclear, suggesting both an extension to the known met regulon and additional complexity to the role of the repressor. The plasmid gene replacement system has been used to examine the importance of protein-protein co-operativity in operator saturation using the structurally characterized mutant repressor, Q44K. In vivo, there are detectable reductions in the levels of regulation observed, demonstrating the importance of balancing protein-protein and protein-DNA affinity.
Interleukin-1β-induced interleukin-6 production in A549 cells is mediated by both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (2011)

The aim of this study is to investigate whether PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase) is involved in IL-1β (interleukin-1β)-induced IL-6 production in A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell) and human RASF (rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast). PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 significantly reduced IL-1β-induced IL-6 production in A549 cells but not in RASF, indicating that IL-1β-induced IL-6 production was partially mediated by PI3Kin A549 cells but not in RASF. siRNA (small interfering RNA) of IRAK4 (IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4) treatment decreased IRAK4 mRNA level by up to 90% in A549 cells. In this condition, IL-1β-induced increase of IL-6 mRNA and protein level was decreased by up to 93% and 70%, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of IRAK4 siRNA and LY294002 treatment decreased protein induction level of IL-6 in A549 cells compared with that of IRAK4 siRNA or LY294002 alone. These results indicate that IL-1β-induced IL-6 production in A549 cells is mediated by both PI3K and IRAK4 and suggest that involvement of PI3K in the IL-1-induced IL-6 production is cell type specific.
The mechanism of action of prostaglandins on uveoscleral outflow (2000)

It is generally accepted that prostaglandins (PGs) lower intraocular pressure by increasing uveoscleral outflow. The growing use of PGs to lower intraocular pressure has led to increased interest in the uveoscleral outflow. Uveoscleral outflow passes through extracellular spaces within the ciliary muscle and then through the suprachoroidal space to the posterior pole of the eye. Recent studies indicate that this reflects a direct effect of PGs on specific ciliary muscle prostanoid receptors. Activation of these receptors stimulates several linked responses, including cAMP formation and induction of c-Fos and c-Jun expression. These signals lead to increased biosynthesis of matrix metalloproteinases, a family of neutral proteinases that can cleave extracellular matrix molecules. These matrix metalloproteinases may initiate the alteration of collagens in the ciliary muscle to increase spaces among ciliary muscle fibers, thereby reducing hydraulic resistance in the uveoscleral outflow pathway.
The effect of non-linearity on the performance of the multi-carrier CDMA system (2002)

A number of multi-carrier DS-CDMA systems have been introduced as alternatives to the conventional single carrier CDMA system. Multi-carrier modulation offers many advantages over single carrier modulation in fading channels, impulsive noise and for high data rate applications. With the availability of fast DSP technology multi-carrier modulation is feasible. A major problem in multi-carrier systems is the intermodulation distortion due to the non-linearity of the power amplifier stage. Since the multi-carrier signal has a large amplitude variation it is subject to AM/AM and AM/PM distortion due to the power amplifiers. This distortion adds to the co-channel interference and causes a significant degradation to the system performance. This papers studies the performance of the multi-carrier CDMA system in an AWGN channel without fading but with amplifier non-linearity.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Citrate Complexes (2008)

Formation of silver citrate/citric acid complexed solutions was investigated. Although, silver citrate is minimally soluble in water, it can successfully be dissolved in citric acid solutions. The maximum concentration of Ag(I) in solution is estimated at 23 to 25 g/L if the concentration of citric acid is at least 4 mol/L or higher. The dissolution of silver citrate in citric acid solutions was attributed to the formation of silver citrate complexes of a general formula [Ag(3)(C(6)H(5)O(7))(n+1)](3n-). The silver citrate/citric acid solutions, containing more than about 13 g/L Ag(+) ion, have exhibited a decrease in Ag(I) concentration in solution over time, due to crystallization. The crystallization product was attributed to the formation of [Ag(3)C(6)H(5)O(7)](x).nH(2)O. Importantly, the diluted silver citrate/citric acid complexed solutions have exhibited very strong bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities.