gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoacoustics of individual live cells and particles (2006)

The photoacoustic (PA) technique has been employed to a number of new biomedical applications based of highly sensitive detection of laser-induced acoustic waves from individual live cells and single absorbing micro-particles or clusters of nanoparticles. These applications involve both linear and non-linear thermoacoustic phenomena initiated by focused nanosecond single laser pulse and detected with a fast PZT-ceramic acoustic transducer. Particularly, we present the following experimental results: 1) monitoring of linear and non-linear PA responses from red blood cells in suspensions <i>in vitro</i>; 2) detection of PA responses from breast cancer cell targeted with gold nanoparticles; 3) PA study of linear and non-linear interaction of laser with colored polystyrene micro-particles as model single absorbers; 4) monitoring of PA responses from moving absorbers in flow <i>in vitro</i> (PA flow cytometry <i>in vitro</i>); 5) recording of PA responses from blood flow <i>in vivo</i> on rat mesentery as animal model (PA flow cytometery <i>in vivo</i>); and 6) monitoring of sedimentation kinetics of particles and cells. The obtained results demonstrate the high sensitivity, low background, simple detection principle, easy data acquisition, and straightforward interpretation of the PA data.
Free insulin‐like growth factors (IGF‐I and IGF‐II) in human serum (1994)

Using ultrafiltration by centrifugation we have isolated the free, unbound fractions of insulin-like growth factor I and II (free IGF-I and IGF-II) in human serum. In this way near in vivo conditions could be maintained before and during isolation. The recovery was 80 to 100% in the ultrafiltrates, which contained no detectable amounts of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) as measured by Western ligand blotting and IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 immunoassays. The concentration of free peptides was measured in two ultrasensitive non-competitive IGF-I and IGF-II time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays. We found that (i) equilibrium between free and protein-complexed IGF was strongly dependent on re-establishment of in vivo conditions (temperature, pH, ionic milieu and dilution); (ii) metabolic events (glucose load and fasting) caused significant changes in free IGF-I and IGF-II levels without concomitant changes in total circulating levels of IGFs; (iii) in 49 healthy adult subjects (20 to above 60 years) free IGF-I was inversely related to age and ranged from 950 +/- 150 ng/l (mean +/- S.E.M.) (20-30 years) to 410 +/- 70 ng/l (> 60 years). The relative percentage was, however, unchanged, being 0.38 +/- 0.02% of total IGF-I. In contrast, free IGF-II was independent of age, being 1,480 +/- 80 ng/l (approximately 0.20 +/- 0.01% of total IGF-II).
A POROMETER FOR USE IN THE FIELD (1966)

S ummary A falling mercury plug draws air through a leaf cup in series with a standard capillary resistance bridged by a mercury manometer. Readings on the manometer correspond to leaf conductances. Thus no timing is necessary. The cup is a short length of latex rubber tubing (mternal diameter 2·5 mm) held in position by a light clip. The apparatus can be held and operated in one hand leaving the other free to manipulate the porometer chp. No levelling is necessary. The poro‐meter is contained in a case 24 × 6 × 3 cm and is easily portable. Using the apparatus itself, capillaries are readily standardized in units of conductance expressed in terms of rate of flow of air through the capillary per unit pressure difference (mm 3 /min/rnm Hg). Using a 2·5 mm cup the highest stomatal conductances measured were around 200 units. Three standard capillaries are incorporated in the porometer allowing approximately a 500‐fold change in leaf conductances to be covered. The performance of the instrument on Sambucus nigra, Vaccinium vitis‐idaea and Poa annua is demonstrated and some of its advantages and weaknesses discussed.
The use of nebulized glutathione in the treatment of emphysema: a case report. (2000)

We present the case of a 95-year-old man with an acute respiratory crisis secondary to emphysema and apparent bronchial infection. Treatment with nebulized glutathione led to a rapid resolution of the crisis, as well as a marked improvement in the chronic course of the disease. This treatment has been used since for a number of patients with emphysema. The safety and bioavailability of this method of delivery have been established in human studies. Preliminary results suggest efficacy for nebulized administration of glutathione in this patient population. We suggest this treatment can be considered an option for acute respiratory crises due to COPD.
Synthesis of the Novel Amino Acid 4-Amino-3-(aminomethyl)benzoic Acid (AmAbz) and Its Protected Derivatives as Building Blocks for Pseudopeptide Synthesis (2000)

4-Amino-3-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid (1) (AmAbz) is a novel unnatural amino acid with promise in applications as a building block for the synthesis of peptidomimetics and as a scaffold for combinatorial chemistry. It was efficiently synthesized in three steps (63% overall yield) from 4-aminobenzoic acid, by means of regioselective amidomethylation with hydroxymethylphthalimide. AmAbz (1) contains three distinct functionalities which could be discriminated from one another. Firstly, Boc2O or Fmoc−OSu reacted selectively with the benzylamino group to give the monoprotected derivatives AmAbz(Boc) (8a) or AmAbz(Fmoc) (8b), respectively. The absence of acylation at the arylamino group was also noticed in coupling experiments using the BOP reagent and building block 8b. This made protection of the arylamino group unnecessary either for peptide bond formation at the carboxyl group, or for subsequent elongation of a peptide chain at the benzylamino group. Finally, the arylamino group could be acylated under base-free, carbodiimide-mediated coupling conditions. These properties are illustrated by the solid-phase synthesis of the AmAbz-containing branched pseudopeptide Fmoc−Ala−Phe−AmAbz(H−Lys−Leu)−Val−Gly−NH2 (15). The synthesis of Fmoc−AmAbz(Boc) (10) is also described.
Software engineering applications of logic file system (2006)

Logic information systems use formal concept analysis in a novel way to manage information. A file system implementation has been designed under the name of Logic file system. It offers a flexible management of non-hierarchical data. We present several applications of Logic file system to software engineering: multi-criteria indexation of software components, multi-concern browsing of source files, and bug finding in test traces.We detail multi-criteria indexing of software components. Three independent indexing frameworks are developed and merged in a single multi-criteria framework. The three indexing frameworks capture formal criteria like type isomorphisms and inheritance relations, semi-formal criteria like naming conventions, and informal criteria like keywords of comments. We show how the logical orientation of Logic file system helps in capturing all these criteria in a single framework.
An 8-GHz f/sub t/ carbon nanotube field-effect transistor for gigahertz range applications (2006)

In this letter, the authors report on the high-frequency (HF) performance of self-assembled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. HF device structures including a large number of single-wall carbon nanotubes have been designed and optimized in order to establish a new state of the art. The device exhibits a current gain (|H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> | <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) cutoff frequency (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> ) of 8 GHz and a maximum stable gain value of 10 dB at 1 GHz, after de-embedding the access pads. Considering such results, nanotube-based circuits with gigahertz performance are now conceivable
All terrain ground collision avoidance and maneuvering terrain following for automated low level night attack (2003)

The development of an all-terrain ground collision avoidance system (GCAS) in conjunction with a maneuvering terrain following (TF) system is discussed. Both systems use a digital terrain database. The unprecedented pilot interaction available with the automatic systems provides a means to significantly improve combat survivability. The pilot is able to execute high rate turns, evasive maneuvers, and inverted ridge crossings while following the terrain contour. Safety is maintained in day, night, and weather by the ground collision avoidance system. The combination of these systems with an automated attack system, an automatic target handoff system, a night vision system, and a route planner to provide a lethal night attack capability is discussed. Piloted simulation and preliminary flight test results are presented. It is concluded that the GCAS is sufficiently mature to make the transition to operational use. The TF algorithm works well, but flight testing is incomplete.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A One‐Component Iron Catalyst for Cyclic Propylene Carbonate Synthesis (2010)

Abstract The development of a new tetraamine–iron complex as a catalyst for the cyclization of propylene oxide with carbon dioxide to form propylene carbonate is reported. The structure of the complex was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The molecule exhibited an exceptionally long iron–chlorine bond and a high catalytic activity even without the addition of an activator. However, kinetic studies showed a second‐order dependence on catalyst concentration. By using iron, we provide an ecologically as well as economically favourable alternative to the preferentially used toxic metals cobalt and chromium. On the basis of the kinetics and other experimental data, the catalytic cycle deduced as well as an understanding of the high activities.
Conventional and ultrasound mediated synthesis of some thiadiazoles, triazoles and oxadiazoles (2006)

Acid hydrazide 1 when treated with aryl isothiocyanates gives the compounds 2. These compounds 2 on ultrasound irradiation in acidic medium give compounds 3 i.e. thiadiazoles and in basic medium gives compounds 4 i.e. triazoles. These compounds 2 on treatment with I 2 /KI and NaOH resulted in compounds 5 i.e. oxadiazoles. These compounds are synthesized by conventional method as well as ultra sound irradiation method.
CO2 Corrosion Resistance of Steel Cord Reinforced Thermoplastic Materials for Flexible Pipe Systems (2011)

Abstract Steel cord reinforced thermoplastic (SC-RTP) tape is a composite material consisting of parallel steel cords embedded in a thermoplastic matrix. SC-RTP tape was developed for reinforcing high-pressure flexible thermoplastic. SC-RTP composite material offers easy processing, high tensile strength of steel cords, and corrosion resistance of zinc coatings combined with polymers. High pressure pipes can be obtained by wrapping them with layers of SC-RTP tape. The liner of the pipe and the thermoplastic matrix material protect the steel cord from direct contact with corrosive fluids. Corrosion of the steel cord can occur when molecules permeate through the polymer. Steel cords inside the polymer tape are protected from corrosion by a passivating zinc coating. This study focuses on corrosion processes caused by CO2 and water. SC-RTP tape samples were exposed to a humid CO2 environment for up to 3 years. The corrosion rate was determined by measuring the decrease of metallic (non-oxidized) zinc in the coating. The observed corrosion rate of the zinc coating is low. This can be attributed to limited space between steel cord filaments and the polymer resulting in the formation of a passive zinc carbonate layer. This passivation layer was characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Interleukin-6 production in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. (1993)

IL-6, a multifunctional cytokine produced by monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, promotes the growth of EBV-immortalized B cells in vitro and renders these cells tumorigenic in athymic mice. In the present study, serum/plasma IL-6 bioactivity was found to be abnormally elevated, albeit transiently, in 17 of 18 solid organ transplant recipients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), with a mean maximal level of 196.7 U/ml. This represents a 16.4 increase above the normal mean (11.3 U/ml). In contrast, only 3 of 10 solid organ transplant recipients with uncomplicated courses posttransplant had abnormally elevated serum/plasma IL-6 bioactivity (mean maximal level 41.4 U/ml, P = 0.0007). When transferred to single cell culture, the 11 PTLD tissues produced 640 to 1.25 x 10(6) IL-6 U/ml in the culture supernatant, with a mean maximal level of 35,025 IL-6 U/ml. Cell separation experiments demonstrated that the adherent cells, identified as non-B cells, were the principal source of IL-6 production in vitro by PTLD tissue. Control cultures of inflammatory lymphoid tissue negative for lymphoproliferative disease as well as of PBL from patients with acute EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis consistently produced < 10 IL-6 U/ml. Thus, IL-6 is produced at high levels by PTLD tissues and may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PTLD.
The FcR-mediated endocytosis of model immune complexes by cells from the P338D1 mouse macrophage line. I. Internalization of small, nonaggregating oligomers of IgG. (1983)

Abstract The internalization by P388D1 cells of radiolabeled oligomers of rabbit IgG anti-DNP antibodies cross-linked with the bivalent affinity label bis(DNP-pimelic ester) (BDPE) was studied as a function of oligomer size and concentration. Endocytosis occurs by two processes: FcR-mediated uptake, which is blocked by high concentrations of unlabeled, cross-linked IgG, and FcR-inde-pendent uptake, which is not blocked. The non-blockable uptake, which is independent of oligomer size and increases linearly with the concentration of oligomer in the medium, results from fluid-phase pinocytosis. FcR-mediated internalization follows first order kinetics, its cessation with time being due, in part, to factors released into the medium. The half-times for internalization are 2 to 5 min, independent of oligomer size and concentration. By contrast the amounts of oligomer internalized by the time endocytosis has ceased are strongly dependent upon both parameters. The final extent of FcR-mediated endocytosis increases hyperbolically with fluid-phase oligomer concentration for BDPE dimers and trimers, reflecting saturation of FcR. FcR-mediated uptake increases progressively with oligomer size, and no minimal size requirement for internalization can be demonstrated; for HOPC-1, a myeloma protein of the lgG2a subclass, even the monomeric protein is endocytosed by an FcR-mediated process. When equal numbers of dimers and trimers are bcund per cell, the trimers are internalized to a greater extent than the dimers. Thus FcR-mediated endocytosis increases with oligomer size for two reasons: 1) the avidity of binding increases with size; and 2) the efficiency of clearance of bound oligomer from the cell surface increases with size. We suggest the size-dependent increase in the endocytosis of bound oligomer from cell surfaces is related to a parallel increase with size in the mean period of time that oligomers reside on cell surfaces between binding and dissociation.
Long-wavelength propagation in composite elastic media I. Spherical inclusions (1980)

A self-consistent method of estimating effective macroscopic elastic constants for inhomogeneous materials with spherical inclusions is formulated based on elastic-wave scattering theory. The method for general ellipsoidal inclusions will be presented in the second part of this series. The case of spherical inclusions is particularly simple and therefore provides an elementary introduction to the general method. The self-consistent effective medium is determined by requiring the scattered, long-wavelength displacement field to vanish on the average. The resulting formulas are simpler to apply than previous self-consistent scattering theories due to the reduction from tensor to vector equations. In the limit of long wavelengths, our results for spherical inclusions agree with statically derived self-consistent moduli of Hill and Budiansky. Our self-consistent formulas are also compared both to the estimates of Kuster and Toksöz and to the rigorous Hashin–Shtrikman bounds. (For spherical inclusions and long wavelengths, the Kuster–Toksöz effective moduli are known to be identical to the Haskin–Shtrikman bounds.) A result of Hill for two-phase composites is generalized by proving that the self-consistent effective moduli always lie between the Haskin–Shtrikman bounds for n-phase composites. Numerical examples for a two-phase medium with viscous fluid and solid constituents show that the real part of our self-consistent moduli always lie between the rigorous bounds, in agreement with the analytical results. Some of the practical details in the numerical solution of the coupled, nonlinear self-consistency equations are discussed. Examples of velocities and attenuation coefficients estimated when the solid constituent possesses intrinsic absorption are also presented.
Digital Front-End in Wireless Communications and Broadcasting (2011)

Covering everything from signal processing algorithms to integrated circuit design, this complete guide to digital front-end is invaluable for professional engineers and researchers in the fields of signal processing, wireless communication and circuit design. Showing how theory is translated into practical technology, it covers all the relevant standards and gives readers the ideal design methodology to manage a rapidly increasing range of applications. Step-by-step information for designing practical systems is provided, with a systematic presentation of theory, principles, algorithms, standards and implementation. Design trade-offs are also included, as are practical implementation examples from real-world systems. A broad range of topics is covered, including digital pre-distortion (DPD), digital up-conversion (DUC), digital down-conversion (DDC) and DC-offset calibration. Other important areas discussed are peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction, crest factor reduction (CFR), pulse-shaping, image rejection, digital mixing, delay/gain/imbalance compensation, error correction, noise-shaping, numerical controlled oscillator (NCO) and various diversity methods.
Controlled-release periodontal chemotherapy: the evolution of antimicrobial delivery systems. (1995)

Bacterial plaque contributes to the development and progression of periodontal diseases. Therefore, therapeutics designed to stop or slow periodontal destruction must limit or eliminate the deleterious effects of plaque. Despite the recognized beneficial effects of in-office surgical and nonsurgical periodontal therapies and home mechanical plaque control, antimicrobials have been used locally, systematically, or in combination to limit plaque activity. This article discusses a new, localized antimicrobial delivery method. The technique discussed employs an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, containing tetracycline hydrochloride. Description of this polymeric fiber, indications for its use, placement technique, patient education, the role of auxiliaries, and practice management aspects are reviewed. The future potential of sustained-release local pharmaceutical devices is addressed.
Polyurea Microcapsules from Oil-in-Oil Emulsions via Interfacial Polymerization (2006)

Polyurea microcapsules were obtained via interfacial polymerization at the interface of methanol-in-cyclohexane, formamide-in-cyclohexane, and N,N-dimethylformamide-in-cyclohexane emulsions. Coumarin-1 was used as a model encapsulant; both dye leaching and encapsulation efficiency were examined. For the methanol-in-cyclohexane system, design of experiments was used to assess the influence of five different variables on capsule size. A model was obtained that accurately predicts the size of capsules resulting from a given formulation.
Non-linear optical filters for high contrast displays. (1966)

Hybrid nonlinear optical filter exhibiting different transmission properties in opposite paths applied to CRT display
Exploring Intertrimer Cu···Cu Interactions and Further Phosphorescent Properties of Aryl Trimer Copper(I) Pyrazolates via Substituent Changing and External Pressure (2010)

To explore the effect of intertrimer Cu...Cu interactions on the phosphorescent properties of trimeric copper(I) pyrazolates, three new complexes with identical core cluster structures and different substituents, {[3,5-(Me)(2)-4-(Ph)Pz]Cu}(3) (MPC-P), {[3,5-(Me)(2)-4-(1-Naph)Pz]Cu}(3) (MPC-N), and {[3,5-(Me)(2)-4-(9-Anthr)Pz]Cu}(3) (MPC-A), were synthesized. The intertrimer Cu...Cu distances of the three complexes were obtained from X-ray crystallographic data or molecular dynamics simulations. The phosphorescent properties of the three complexes were investigated at various pressures. At ambient pressure, the emissions of the three complexes were dramatically different from each other. For MPC-P, the main emission band was identified as phosphorescence and MPC-N gave a predominant emission of fluorescence and a weak emission of phosphorescence. When the substitutent was replaced by an anthryl group in MPC-A, no phosphorescence was observed, except for a strong fluorescence band. The phosphorescence of the trimer copper(I) pyrazolates was assigned to the excited-state dimer/polymer *[Cu(3)](n) with LMCT characteristics. Under higher external pressures, only phosphorescent intensities of MPC-P showed considerable enhancement at pressures up to 2 GPa. External pressure reduced the intertrimer Cu...Cu distances of MPC-P and enhanced the phosphorescence intensities, providing a direct evidence to support the assignment of phosphorescence.
Deriving Explicit Data Links in WS-BPEL Processes (2008)

WS-BPEL is a standard language to model business processes. Control flow is modeled explicitly using links. Data is passed via shared variables and there is no notion of explicit data links. However, explicit data links are an important means to reason about business process models. We present an algorithm to derive explicit data links in WS-BPEL processes. By considering dead path elimination as defined in WS-BPEL, we reduce the number of derived data links when compared to existing approaches that ignore dead path elimination.
Photoactivatable Fluorophores (2012)

Photoactivatable fluorophores switch from a nonemissive to an emissive state upon illumination at an activating wavelength and then emit after irradiation at an exciting wavelength. The interplay of such activation and excitation events can be exploited to switch fluorescence on in a defined region of space at a given interval of time. In turn, the spatiotemporal control of fluorescence translates into the opportunity to implement imaging and spectroscopic schemes that are not possible with conventional fluorophores. Specifically, photoactivatable fluorophores permit the monitoring of dynamic processes in real time as well as the reconstruction of images with subdiffraction resolution. These promising applications can have a significant impact on the characterization of the structures and functions of biomolecular systems. As a result, strategies to implement mechanisms for fluorescence photoactivation with synthetic fluorophores are particularly valuable. In fact, a number of versatile operating principles have already been identified to activate the fluorescence of numerous members of the main families of synthetic dyes. These methods are based on either the irreversible cleavage of covalent bonds or the reversible opening and closing of rings. This paper overviews the fundamental mechanisms that govern the behavior of these photoresponsive systems, illustrates structural designs for fluorescence photoactivation, and provides representative examples of photoactivatable fluorophores in actions.