gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
One‐Step Reforming of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> into High‐Value Liquid Chemicals and Fuels at Room Temperature by Plasma‐Driven Catalysis (2017)

The conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> with CH<sub>4</sub> into liquid fuels and chemicals in a single-step catalytic process that bypasses the production of syngas remains a challenge. In this study, liquid fuels and chemicals (e.g., acetic acid, methanol, ethanol, and formaldehyde) were synthesized in a one-step process from CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> at room temperature (30 °C) and atmospheric pressure for the first time by using a novel plasma reactor with a water electrode. The total selectivity to oxygenates was approximately 50-60 %, with acetic acid being the major component at 40.2 % selectivity, the highest value reported for acetic acid thus far. Interestingly, the direct plasma synthesis of acetic acid from CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> is an ideal reaction with 100 % atom economy, but it is almost impossible by thermal catalysis owing to the significant thermodynamic barrier. The combination of plasma and catalyst in this process shows great potential for manipulating the distribution of liquid chemical products in a given process.
Synthesis and Erosion Properties of PEG‐Containing Polyanhydrides (2007)

To tailor the erosion rate of polyanhydrides while retaining their surface erosion characteristics, new three-component polyanhydrides of sebacic acid, 1,3-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane and poly(ethylene glycol) were synthesized. The hydrophilicity of the polymer increased and its mechanical strength decreased with increasing PEG content. Correspondingly, the erosion rate increases with increasing PEG content, whereas it decreases with increasing specimen thickness. This indicates that the incorporation of poly(ethylene glycol) into traditional two-component polyanhydrides retains their surface erosion properties while making the erosion rate tunable. The new polyanhydrides hold potential for drug delivery applications.
Design and Implementation of Mobile Web Map Service (2005)

Recently, many WMS(Web Map Services) and POI(Point of Interest) services come to be in service on the Internet using Web GIS(Geographic Information System) as Information Technology and computer H/W are evolved faster in its speed, network bandwidth and features. The Web GIS is, however, limited and constrained on the specification of its system configuration, the service class provided and the presentation methodology of a map. As the mobile Internet becomes popular in mobile service, Web GIS service on mobile environment is strongly required and to be provided by location based WMS(Web Map Service) on a mobile client such as PDA with location information of the user. In this paper, we made an effort to design and implement a GIS computing environment by thin client for mobile web map service. For implementing the thin client GIS computing environment. we were using NGII's(National Geographic Information Institute's) DXF map, representing the map by SVG(Scalable Vector Graphics) recommended by OGC(OpenGis Consortium), and adapting standard XML web service to provide the thin client GIS service on PDA by applying the location information of the user in realtime with GPS on mobile environment.
Double-flame VAD process for high-rate optical preform fabrication (1985)

High-rate deposition techniques for the VAD process have been developed by increasing the size of synthesised fine glass particles by means of a new ‘double-flame burner’. VAD core preforms have been increased to 2500 g in size, from which a 580 km-length fibre with 50 μm core diameter can be drawn. A deposition rate of 4.5 g/min from one burner has been attained. Fibres from high-rate deposited preforms exhibit transmission losses of 0.62 dB/km at 1.3 μm and 0.44 dB/km at 1.55 μm.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and sympathetic control of blood flow in oral mucosa and dental pulp in the cat (1985)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity (-IR) was found to be present in perivascular nerves in the cat dental pulp and oral mucosa. Many ganglion cells in the superior cervical ganglion also contained NPY-IR. Ligation of the inferior alveolar or lingual nerves produced an accumulation of NPY-IR in axons proximal to the site of ligation, suggesting an anterograde axonal transport of the peptide. After unilateral sympathectomy the NPY-IR disappeared in the dental pulp and oral mucosa on the ipsilateral side. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography showed that the main peak of NPY-like immunoreactivity found in the superior cervical ganglion co-chromatographed with synthetic porcine NPY. Changes in blood flow in dental pulp or oral mucosa were measured indirectly by recording local clearance of 125I during electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerve or during close intra-arterial infusion of noradrenaline or NPY. All three procedures resulted in a pronounced decrease in local blood flow of a similar magnitude in both tissues. After alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine, the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline was abolished. However, the effect of sympathetic stimulation after phentolamine was only partially reduced (23-54%) and the response to NPY was almost unaffected by the alpha-receptor blockade. The remaining effect of sympathetic stimulation after phentolamine was abolished by guanethidine. However, the response to NPY was not changed by the latter drug. In conclusion, the vasoconstrictor response in the dental pulp and oral mucosa caused by activation of sympathetic nerves is more resistant to phentolamine than the response induced by infusion of exogenous noradrenaline. Since NPY is probably co-localized with noradrenaline in the sympathetic perivascular nerves and NPY reduces local blood flow, it is proposed that this peptide is involved in sympathetic vascular control in oral tissues.
Your Career in Chemistry (Carlisle, Norman V.) (1944)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook and Media Revie...Book and Media ReviewNEXTYour Career in Chemistry (Carlisle, Norman V.)Warren C. Johnson Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1944, 21, 7, 363Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1944Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 July 1944Published inissue 1 July 1944https://doi.org/10.1021/ed021p363.2RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views80Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Analytical Derivation of Maximum Tolerable In-Band Interference Levels for Aviation Applications of GNSS* (1997)

This paper presents an analytic derivation of the maximum levels of radio frequency interference (RFI) that can be tolerated for aviation applications of GNSS. The derivation, which is included in the document of RTCA Special Committee-159 Working Group 6 on RFI to GNSS, includes consideration of many factors not addressed comprehensively in previous analyses. Such factors include quantization loss, intermediate frequency (IF) filtering losses, modulation imperfections in the navigation satellites (GPS, GLONASS, and Wide-Area Augmentation System [WAAS]), Doppler loop stress, processing gain losses due to realizable spreading codes, and oscillator phase noise. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that the interference levels provided in RTCA's Minimum Operational Performance Standards are indeed close to the maximum levels that can be tolerated for aviation applications by moderate-cost modern digital receiver designs.
Use of Cheese Whey for Vitamin B <sub>12</sub> Production (1966)

Within the limits of this study, it was found that 5 ppm of cobalt was adequate to give good levels of vitamin B(12). The vitamin B(12) precursor 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole was found to be adequate at 10 ppm in the absence of aeration. In the presence of aeration, a zero level of precursor was found to be most desirable. The analysis of variance showed aeration to be highly significant, and the aeration and precursor interaction to be significant. No other significant effects were observed.
Effect of low-intensity laser radiation during oxidation of the GaAs(110) surface (1982)

Considerable interest in the use of laser irradiation as a means of processing (annealing, cleaning, alloying, etc.) semiconductor materials, as well as the importance of the oxygen surface chemistry on III-V semiconductors, has led us to study the effect of low-intensity (?3 W/cm2) laser radiation on the oxidation behavior of (110) surfaces of GaAs cleaved in UHV (&lt;10−10 Torr). The oxygen sticking probability in the submonolayer coverage range has been increased by a factor of 103 (from a probability of ∠10−9 to ∠10−6) by uniform irradiation of the GaAs surface with a continuous wave Ar+ laser (λ = 5145 Å) during the oxygen exposure. We find the data cannot be explained in terms of either heating of the surface or excitation of the oxygen by the laser radiation; it appears that the most likely explanation of the phenomena is an increase in the density of electrons and/or holes at the surface. A limiting step in the oxygen uptake process is the breakup of the oxygen molecule; this dissociation would be increased by increasing the number of electrons at or near the surface. In chemical terms, the reconstructed GaAs surface has no orbitals suitable for binding oxygen—such orbitals can be provided by changing the charge state of a surface atom via optical excitation.
Laser acceleration of monoenergetic protons via a double layer emerging from an ultra-thin foil (2009)

We present theoretical and numerical studies of the acceleration of monoenergetic protons in a double layer formed by the laser irradiation of an ultra-thin film. The ponderomotive force of the laser light pushes the electrons forward, and the induced space charge electric field pulls the ions and makes the thin foil accelerate as a whole. The ions trapped by the combined electric field and inertial force in the accelerated frame, together with the electrons trapped in the well of the ponderomotive and ion electric field, form a stable double layer. The trapped ions are accelerated to monoenergetic energies up to 100 MeV and beyond, making them suitable for cancer treatment. We present an analytic theory for the laser-accelerated ion energy and for the amount of trapped ions as functions of the laser intensity, foil thickness and the plasma number density. We also discuss the underlying physics of the trapped and untrapped ions in a double layer. The analytical results are compared with those obtained from direct Vlasov simulations of the fully nonlinear electron and ion dynamics that is controlled by the laser light.
The air–water interface determines the outcome of seeding during amyloidogenesis (2013)

Amyloid formation is a hallmark of protein misfolding diseases (e.g. Type II diabetes mellitus). The energetically unfavourable nucleation step of amyloidogenesis can be accelerated by seeding, during which pre-formed aggregates act as templates for monomer recruitment. Hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces [e.g. AWI (air-water interface)] can also catalyse amyloidogenesis due to the surfactant properties of amyloidogenic polypeptides. Using thioflavin T fluorescence and electron microscopy, we demonstrate that the outcome of seeding on human islet amyloid polypeptide amyloidogenesis is dependent upon whether the AWI is present or absent and is dictated by seed type. Seeding significantly inhibits (with AWI) or promotes (without AWI) plateau height compared with seedless controls; with short fibrils being more efficient seeds than their longer counterparts. Moreover, promotion of nucleation by increasing monomer concentrations can only be observed in the absence of an AWI. Using biophysical modelling, we suggest that a possible explanation for our results may reside in lateral interactions between seeds and monomers determining the fibril mass formed in seeded reactions at steady-state. Our results suggest that in vivo hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces (e.g. the presence of membranes and their turnover rate) may dictate the outcome of seeding during amyloidogenesis and that factors affecting the size of the pre-aggregate may be important.
Measurement of telegraph transmission (1927)

Various factors contribute to impair the quality of telegraph signals. For instance, there may be interfering currents either induced in the circuit or brought in by conduction, the proportioning of the circuit elements may be imperfect or batteries and relays may be out of adjustment. The result in any case is to distort the telegraph signals so that the received signals are not a true copy of those transmitted. The paper describes methods for measuring this distortion and for analyzing the results so as to indicate the nature and extent of the impairment and its probable cause.
Insights Into the Pathophysiology and Management of Dermatologic Toxicities to EGFR-Targeted Therapies in Colorectal Cancer (2007)

Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) play an important role in the development of the skin and up-regulation of these receptors is associated with many cancer-related processes, such as inhibition of apoptosis and uncontrolled cell proliferation. Accordingly, treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer with EGFR inhibitors may lead to adverse cutaneous effects that can decrease the patient's quality of life and could possibly lead to reduced, interrupted, or discontinued therapy. Effective management of these adverse effects may lessen the chance of suboptimal therapy and requires an understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, as well as knowledge of useful strategies for alleviating these effects.
Neural Network Control for a Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension with a Magnetorheological Damper (2004)

Semi-active vehicle suspension with magnetorheological dampers is a promising technology for improving the ride comfort of a ground vehicle. However, the magnetorheological damper always exhibits nonlinear hysteresis between its output force and relative velocity, and additional nonlinear stiffness owing to the state transition from liquid to semi-solid or solid, so that the semi-active suspension with magnetorheological dampers features nonlinearity by nature. To control such nonlinear dynamic systems subject to random road roughness, in this paper we present a neural network control, which includes an error back propagation algorithm with quadratic momentum of the multilayer forward neural networks. Both the low frequency of road-induced vibration of the vehicle body and the fast response of the magnetorheological damper enable the neural network control to work effectively on-line. The numerical simulations and an experiment for a quarter-car model indicate that the semi-active suspension with a magnetorheological damper and neural network control is superior to the passive suspensions in a range of low frequency.
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Microvesicles for Treatment of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice (2013)

We previously found that human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) or its conditioned medium restored lung protein permeability and reduced alveolar inflammation following Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in an ex vivo perfused human lung in part through the secretion of soluble factors such as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). Recently, MSC were found to release microvesicles (MVs) that were biologically active because of the presence of mRNA or miRNA with reparative properties. MVs are circular fragments of membrane released from the endosomal compartment as exosomes or shed from the surface membranes. These studies were designed to determine if MVs released by human bone marrow derived MSCs would be effective in restoring lung protein permeability and reducing inflammation in E. coli endotoxin-induced ALI in C57BL/6 mice. The intratracheal instillation of MVs improved several indices of ALI at 48 hours. Compared to endotoxin-injured mice, MVs reduced extravascular lung water by 43% and reduced total protein levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid by 35%, demonstrating a reduction in pulmonary edema and lung protein permeability. MVs also reduced the influx of neutrophils and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 levels in the BAL fluid by 73% and 49%, respectively, demonstrating a reduction in inflammation. KGF siRNA-pretreatment of MSC partially eliminated the therapeutic effects of MVs released by MSCs, suggesting that KGF protein expression was important for the underlying mechanism. In summary, human MSC-derived MVs were therapeutically effective following E. coli endotoxin-induced ALI in mice in part through the expression of KGF mRNA in the injured alveolus.
Candida auris: a Review of the Literature (2017)

The emerging pathogen <i>Candida auris</i> has been associated with nosocomial outbreaks on five continents. Genetic analysis indicates the simultaneous emergence of separate clades of this organism in different geographical locations. Invasive infection and colonization have been detected predominantly in patients in high-dependency settings and have garnered attention due to variable antifungal resistance profiles and transmission within units instituting a range of infection prevention and control measures. Issues with the identification of <i>C. auris</i> using both phenotypic and molecular techniques have raised concerns about detecting the true scale of the problem. This review considers the literature available on <i>C. auris</i> and highlights the key unknowns, which will provide direction for further work in this field.
Recovering and tracking pose of curved 3D objects from 2D images (2002)

A method of locating and tracking rigid moving objects with arbitrary curved surfaces is presented. Motion of the moving objects in a sequence of images is used to perform image segmentation and boundary extraction. The silhouette of the object model is derived by the curvature method of Basri and Ullman. The derived silhouette is then fitted to the observed silhouette to determine the object pose. Correspondence is guided by template matching, where the similarity measure is based on the minimization of the overall Euclidean distance between the derived silhouette and the observed silhouette. Bench tests and simulations confirm the viability of the approach, even when the observed silhouette is imperfect due to partial occlusion of the object or imperfect boundary extraction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Recombinational Telomere Elongation Promoted by DNA Circles (2002)

Yeast mutants lacking telomerase are capable of maintaining telomeres by an alternate mechanism that depends on homologous recombination. We show here, by using Kluyveromyces lactis cells containing two types of telomeric repeats, that recombinational telomere elongation generates a repeating pattern common in most or all telomeres in survivors that retain both repeat types. We propose that these patterns arise from small circles of telomeric DNA being used as templates for rolling-circle gene conversion and that the sequence from the lengthened telomere is spread to other telomeres by additional, more typical gene conversion events. Consistent with this, artificially constructed circles of DNA containing telomeric repeats form long tandem arrays at telomeres when transformed into K. lactis cells. Mixing experiments done with two species of telomeric circles indicated that all of the integrated copies of the transforming sequence arise from a single original circular molecule.
Human neutrophils contain and bind high molecular weight kininogen. (1989)

Because plasma kallikrein activates human neutrophils, and in plasma prekallikrein (PK) circulates complexed with high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK), we determined whether HMWK could mediate kallikrein's association with neutrophils. HMWK antigen (237 +/- 61 ng HMWK/10(8) neutrophils) was present in lysates of washed human neutrophils. Little if any plasma HMWK was tightly bound and nonexchangeable with the neutrophil surface. Human neutrophils were found to possess surface membrane-binding sites for HMWK but no internalization was detected at 37 degrees C. 125I-HMWK binding to neutrophils was dependent upon Zn2+. Binding of 125I-HMWK to neutrophils was specific and 90% reversible. 125I-HMWK binding to neutrophils was saturable with an apparent Kd of 9-18 nM and 40,000-70,000 sites per cell. Upon binding to neutrophils, 125I-HMWK was proteolyzed by human neutrophil elastase (HNE) into lower relative molecular mass derivatives. Furthermore, HMWK found in neutrophils also served as a cofactor for HNE secretion because neutrophils deficient in HMWK have reduced HNE secretion when stimulated in plasma deficient in HMWK or with purified kallikrein. These studies indicate that human neutrophils contain a binding site for HMWK that could serve to localize plasma or neutrophil HMWK on their surface to possibly serve as a receptor for kallikrein and to participate in HNE secretion by this enzyme.
Digitally controlled ring oscillator using fraction-based series optimization for inductorless reconfigurable all-digital PLL (2011)

Design and implementation of a CMOS multiphase 10b digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) in ring topology that employs fraction-based series to optimize the transistors size, are presented. One of the advantages of using fraction-based series is that it can reduce the power consumption compared to the binary series without any cost of tuning range and phase noise. The proposed DCO, which was implemented on 0.18 μm CMOS technology, features the tuning frequency 600 MHz to 4.27 GHz with power consumption from 10 mW-40 mW. The measured phase noise is -114.7 dBc/Hz (@4 MHz offset) of the carrier frequency 2.75 GHz.
Multiple-V/sub dd/ multiple-V/sub th/ CMOS (MVCMOS) for low power applications (2003)

In this paper, multiple-V/sub dd/ and multiple-V/sub th/ design techniques are combined to simultaneously achieve high performance and low power. The transistors in critical path(s) are assigned a higher supply voltage and a lower threshold voltage for high performance, while the transistors in non-critical paths may have a lower supply voltage and/or a higher threshold voltage to suppress dynamic power and leakage power. Accurate delay and power estimates using table look-up methods based on HSPICE simulations are used for supply voltage and threshold voltage optimization. Several algorithms for V/sub dd/ and V/sub th/ assignments under performance constraints are proposed and a genetic algorithm based vector control technique is presented for standby leakage reduction. For the ISCAS benchmark circuits, multiple-V/sub dd/, multiple-V/sub th/ CMOS (MVCMOS) design technique can reduce dynamic and leakage power dissipations by around 20% and 70%, respectively.
Prognostic Factors for Overall Survival in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Targeted Agents: Results From a Large, Multicenter Study (2009)

This model validates components of the MSKCC model with the addition of platelet and neutrophil counts and can be incorporated into patient care and into clinical trials that use VEGF-targeted agents.