gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dielectric composite material with good performance and process ability for embedding of active and passive components into PCBs (2013)

The advantages of the technology of embedding actives and passives led to numerous R&D activities in recent years. Improved reliability [1], better heat management [6], the potential for further miniaturization, and the improved electrical performance by direct contacting the chips through micro vias [2] are some of the main drivers for a rapidly increasing interest in this still emerging technology. A DC-DC converter as described in [3] is a recent example of a successful commercialization. Besides the optimization of the different processes for high yield and low cost of the dielectric materials used for the component encapsulation are subjects of concern. This paper first discusses different types of dielectric materials suitable for chip embedding and their related technical challenges. A dielectric composite build-up material consisting of a copper foil with a highly b-staged reinforced layer and a resin only layer on top of it was described in previous papers already [13], [14]. This type of composite material shows some distinct technical advantages which will be discussed in the following. Its two layer resin structure can help to overcome practical problems of embedding technology due to its applicability for a wide range of component designs and its good thickness distribution and leveling characteristics. The described approach also allows the use of dielectric resins with different individual property profiles for each of the two layers opening up a multitude of possibilities to tune the characteristics of the PCB according to its particular design and layout. In order to efficiently identify the required material properties for an optimized process yield and for good reliability, a simulation study was deployed.
Ring‐Opening Protonolysis of Sila[1]ferrocenophanes as a Route to Stabilized Silylium Ions (2005)

The ring-opening reactions of a series of sila[1]ferrocenophanes with protic acids of anions with various degrees of noncoordinating character have been explored. Ferrocenyl-substituted silyl triflates FcSiMe2OTf (5 a) and Fc(3)SiOTf (5 b) (Fc=(eta5-C5H4)Fe(eta5-C5H5)) were synthesized by means of HOTf-induced ring-opening protonolysis of strained sila[1]ferrocenophanes fcSiMe2 (3 a) and fcSiFc2 (3 b) (fc=(eta5-C5H4)2Fe). Reaction of 3 a and 3 b with HBF4 yielded fluorosubstituted ferrocenylsilanes FcSiMe2F (6 a) and Fc3SiF (6 b) and suggested the intermediacy of a highly reactive silylium ion capable of abstracting F- from the [BF4]- ion. Generation of the solvated silylium ions [FcSiMe2THF]+ (7a+), [Fc3SiTHF]+ (7b+) and [FcSiiPr2OEt2]+ (7c+) at low temperatures, by reaction of the corresponding sila[1]ferrocenophanes (3 a, 3 b, and fcSiiPr2 (3 c), respectively) with H(OEt2)(S)TFPB (S=Et2O or THF; TFPB=tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate) was monitored by using low-temperature 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. In situ reaction of 7a+, 7b+, and 7c+ with excess pyridine generated [FcSiMe2py]+ (8a+), [Fc3Sipy]+ (8b+), and [FcSiiPr2py]+ (8c+), respectively, as observed by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. A preparative-scale reaction of 3 b with H(OEt2)(THF)TFPB at -60 degrees C and subsequent addition of excess pyridine gave isolable red crystals of 8b-[TFPB]CHCl3, which were characterized by 1H and 29Si NMR spectroscopy as well as by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Human PACAP Response Gene 1 (p22/PRG1) (1999)

p22/PACAP response gene-1 (PRG1) is a novel rat early response gene expressed during induction of proliferation and stress response. In humans, a homolog of p22/PRG1, designated IEX-1/DIF-2, exists, yet the exact function of this gene remains elusive. To characterize the expression of p22/PRG1 in human cancers, we analyzed the expression of p22/PRG1 in the human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines 818-4, PT45, and PancTu1. Serum or growth factors, like epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), rapidly and transiently induced transcription of p22/PRG1 in these cells, correlating with the mitogenic response. Treatment with TNF-alpha was followed by a rapid increase of p22/PRG1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in PT45 and Panc-Tul cells, which proliferate in the presence of TNF-alpha, but not in 818-4 cells, which are growth-inhibited when treated with TNF-alpha. Our findings suggest that human p22/PRG1 is expressed in various pancreatic carcinoma cells as a growth-associated early response gene.
Group Mobility Management for Large-Scale Machine-to-Machine Mobile Networking (2013)

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications have emerged as a new communication paradigm to support Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Millions to trillions of machines will connect to mobile communication networks (MCNs) to provide IoT applications. This group-based behavior is considered one of the features of M2M communications. That is, machines are likely with correlated mobility and may perform mobility management at the same time. As a result of this scenario, signaling exchanges for machines are more likely to occur at the same time, and the random access channel (RACH) for the signaling is more likely to be congested. In this paper, we propose a group mobility management (GMM) mechanism where machines are grouped based on the similarity of their mobility patterns at the location database (LDB), and only the leader machine performs mobility management on behalf of the other machines in the same group. The GMM mechanism attempts to mitigate the signaling congestion problem. Through our performance study, we show how the GMM mechanism can reduce registration signaling from machines.
Interactions of Zn(ii) and Cu(ii) ions with Alzheimer's amyloid-beta peptide. Metal ion binding, contribution to fibrillization and toxicity (2011)

Amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) are key molecules in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology as they form amyloid plaques that are primary hallmarks of AD. There is increasing evidence demonstrating that the biometals zinc(ii) and copper(ii) interact with Aβ peptides and have an influence on their fibrillization and toxicity. Zinc and copper ions are abundantly present in the synaptic areas of the brain, and it is likely that the age-related dyshomeostasis of these biometals is associated with AD pathology. In this review we summarize the knowledge of the interactions of zinc and copper ions with Aβ peptides, their role in Aβ fibrillization and toxicity and provide a critical analysis of the conflicting results in the field. Copper ions entrapped in Aβ fibrils are electrochemically active and can generate ROS in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and reducing agents. This might provide a key for understanding the putative role of copper in Aβ toxicity and AD pathology.
Comments on the Synthesis of Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (1989)

Two simple methods for the synthesis of aminomethylphosphonic acid from phosphorus(III) chloride and 1,3,5-triacylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine or N-(hydroxymethyl)benzamide are described.
Defects in a Noncentrosymmetric Lamellar Block Copolymer Blend (2005)

U4123-U4124
Design of Novel Orthogonal Space-Time-Frequency Block Codes for OFDM systems Over Fading Channel Environments (2007)

In this paper, we propose a novel orthogonal space- time-frequency block codes using Alamouti scheme for OFDM systems (STFBC-OFDM) employing two transmit antennas. Space-time block coded OFDM (STBC-OFDM) systems and space-frequency block coded OFDM (SFBC-OFDM) systems face problems in time-selective fading (i.e., time-varying channel) and frequency-selective fading environments, respectively. In the proposed STFBC-OFDM, the Alamouti code is applied over two successive OFDM symbols and neighboring subcarriers simultaneously with scaling factor to reduce the performance degradation from channel selectivities. Although the repetition of coding decreases the code rate, a SNR gain obtained by scaling can nearly compensate for the loss of code rate. The simulation results show that the proposed STFBC-OFDM outperforms STBC-OFDM in time-selective fading channels and SFBC-OFDM in frequency-selective fading channels.
Switching curve controller for FES-assisted standing up and sitting down (1998)

A low-level, closed-loop controller for FES-assisted standing up and sitting down is described. If, for able-bodied individuals, when standing up and sitting down, the knee angular velocity is plotted against knee angle, consistent phase-plane trajectories are produced. The bang-bang controller uses a model of this trajectory as a switching curve. The design rationale for the controller was the desire to avoid injuries that might occur if knee-locking on standing up and seat-contact on sitting down are not adequately controlled. This switching curve controller (SCC) was incorporated within a hierarchical, finite state control scheme, with electrical stimulation applied bilaterally to the knee extensors. The SCC was tested in a pilot study on a female volunteer with paraplegia (T5/6 ASIA A) and evaluated against an unramped, open-loop controller (OLC). The vertical hand forces and knee angles were measured. The subject was able to achieve standing up and sitting down safely using both controllers. For standing up, the SCC was not found to offer any quantifiable advantages over the OLC and was found to increase the hand force by 8.4%. In contrast, for sitting down the SCC was found to reduce the knee angular velocities as the subject approached the seat by 27%, demonstrating a safer, softer landing.
Monolithic GaAs Lange coupler at X-band (1981)

Monolithic 3-dB Lange couplers have been fabricated on semi-insulating GaAs. Loss at the center frequency of 9.5 GHz is 0.7 dB.
Hidden Credentials (2003)

Hidden Credentials are useful in situations where requests for service, credentials, access policies and resources are extremely sensitive. We show how transactions which depend on fulfillment of policies described by monotonic boolean formulae can take place in a single round of messages. We further show how credentials that are never revealed can be used to retrieve sensitive resources.
Synthesis and characterization of new functionalized polymer-Fe3O4 nanocomposite particles (2016)

In this study, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) were functionalized with copolymer or terpolymer bearing glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) moieties making them suitable for potential applications as drug delivery systems (DDS). For this purpose, the surface of magnetic nanoparticles was first coated with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (MPS) by a silanization reaction to introduce reactive methacrylate groups onto the surface. Subsequently, monomers were grafted onto the surface of modified-MPS particles via two polymerization methods: seed emulsion (GMA, divinylbenzene, DVB, and styrene, S) and distillation -precipitation (GMA and DVB). The obtained nanocomposite particles were characterized by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), DR UV-Vis (diffuse reflectance ultraviolet -visible spectroscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) combined with EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) analysis and DLS (dynamic light scattering). FTIR spectroscopy showed that indeed a polymer -Fe 3 O 4 @MPS composite was obtained. TEM and EDS analysis showed that the seed emulsion method resulted in nanosized, 100 nm Fe 3 O 4 @MPS core/polymer shell NPs, forming long chains. On the contrary, the distillation -precipitation method caused the formation of an inverted structure, i.e. polymer core coated by a Fe 3 O 4 @MPS shell, which exhibited a very coarse size distribution varying from several hundreds to over 2 m.
Improved Isolation and Differentiation of Enterococci in Cheese (1974)

Further documentation of an enterococcus selective differential (ESD) medium was obtained in isolations from eight different cheeses. An improved differentiation of tetrazolium salt (2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium hydrochloride [TTC])-reducing strains of Streptococcus faecalis from TTC-nonreducing or TTC-faintly-reducing Streptococcus faecium was attained. The sensitivity of the medium was evaluated in comparison with that of KF streptococcal, Pfizer selective enterococcus (PSE), the medium of Reinbold, Swern, and Hussong (RSH), and the medium of Saraswat, Clark, and Reinbold (SCR). Selective counts, rate of colony formation, and ease of isolation and differentiation of colonies were examined. The specificity of the medium was also investigated. ESD supported the fastest rate of growth and the maximum size of colonies; counts in this medium were in most cases possible with 17 h of incubation, whereas the other media required 24 to 48 h. A presumptive identification of 1,077 isolates by four biochemical tests disclosed that SCR, RSH, and ESD selected high, comparable percentages of strains that approximated most closely the typical description of enterococci (66, 60.1, and 58%, respectively). Low percentages (21.1 and 30.7%) were yielded by KF and PSE. The utility of ESD for a rapid, presumptive identification of enterococci was confirmed by serological and biochemical testing of color TTC-differentiated colonies isolated from 18 cheeses.
Role of Long-Term Nucleoside-Analogue Therapy in Lipodystrophy and Metabolic Disorders in Human Immunodeficiency Virus--Infected Patients (2002)

The role of nucleoside analogues (NAs) in lipodystrophy (LD) syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients remains controversial. We studied the prevalence of LD in previously untreated patients randomized to receive different NA combinations (in the ALBI-ANRS 070 trial) for 6 months. At month 30 of follow-up, 37 (31%) of 120 patients had >/=1 morphologic change, and 21 (57%) of 37 had isolated peripheral lipoatrophy; corresponding values for the patients who received only NAs throughout follow-up were 20 (30%) of 66 and 14 (67%) of 21, respectively. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with presence of LD at month 30 were initial assignment to the group receiving stavudine and didanosine (odds ratio [OR], 6.7; P=.02), age (OR for being 10 years older, 3.6; P=.002), and HIV RNA level at month 30 (OR, 0.4; P=.007). No difference was observed in cholesterol and glucose levels as a function of any pattern of antiretroviral exposure. Exposure to stavudine and didanosine was associated with LD syndrome (predominantly lipoatrophy).
Hepatitis C virus entry: potential receptors and their biological functions (2006)

Several cellular molecules have been identified as putative receptors for Hepatitis C virus (HCV): CD81 tetraspanin, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), mannose-binding lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN, low-density lipoprotein receptor, heparan sulphate proteoglycans and the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Due to difficulties in propagating HCV in cell culture, most of these molecules have been identified by analysing their interaction with a soluble, truncated form of HCV glycoprotein E2. A recent major step in investigating HCV entry was the development of pseudoparticles (HCVpp), consisting of unmodified HCV envelope glycoproteins assembled onto retroviral core particles. This system has allowed the investigation of the role of candidate receptors in the early steps of the HCV life cycle and the data obtained can now be confirmed with the help of a newly developed cell-culture system that allows efficient amplification of HCV (HCVcc). Interestingly, CD81 and SR-BI have been shown to play direct roles in HCVpp and/or HCVcc entry. However, co-expression of CD81 and SR-BI in non-hepatic cell lines does not lead to HCVpp entry, indicating that other molecule(s), expressed only in hepatic cells, are necessary for HCV entry. In this review, the molecules that have been proposed as potential HCV receptors are described and the experimental data indicating that CD81 and SR-BI are potentially involved in HCV entry are presented.
Bacteria‐Specific T‐Cell Clones are Selective in their Reactivity Towards Different Enterobacteria or <i>H. pylori</i> and Increased in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (1996)

In the present study the authors investigated the T-cell response to different enterobacteria or Helicobacter pylori and tested the hypothesis that the frequency of bacteria-specific T cells is increased in the intestine of patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), i.e. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The analysis of a large panel of T-cell clones (Tc) (n = 888) from peripheral blood, non-inflamed and inflamed intestine from IBD patients and control individuals shows that both peripheral blood and intestinal T-cell clones were selectively stimulated by either Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica 03, Escherichia coli or Helicobacter pylori sonicates, that only < 3% of all bacteria-reactive Tc were crossreactive and that proliferation to bacterial sonicates was inhibited by anti-MHC class II antibody. In addition, bacteria-specific Tc from IBD patients were more frequently isolated from inflamed intestine than from peripheral blood (P = 0.0039) or non-inflamed intestine. These data, from a large number of T-cell clones, are the first systematic analysis describing the response of individual T cells towards different bacterial species (ssp.). They show that T cells with specificity for distinct antigens or superantigens that are characteristic for a defined bacteria ssp. are present in normal, and increased in inflamed, IBD-intestine. These bacteria-specific Tc may play a role in IBD pathogenesis.
Cu - Zn - Al 형상기억합금의 첨가원소에 따른 감쇠능의 변화 (1989)

The effect of misch metal, Ti, Ni and Mn on damping capacity of Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys and the optimum heat treatment condition for high damping of the alloy have been studied. Specific damping capacity(SDC) of both Cu-Zn-Al alloys and the elements added Cu-Zn-Al alloys show amplitude dependence and increase with increasing maximum strain amplitude. Maximum SDC of the Cu-Zn-Al alloys are not dependent of composition, but nearly constant about 42% in the range of transformation temperature. Maximum SDC of the elements added alloys is, however, decreased a little but the step quenching and low temperature aging process is suitable heat treatment condition to increase in SDC of the elements added alloys.
Terrain classification and identification of tree stems using ground‐based LiDAR (2012)

Abstract To operate autonomously in forested terrain, unmanned ground vehicles must be able to identify the load‐bearing surface of the terrain (i.e., the ground) and obstacles in the environment. To travel long distances, they must be able to track their position even when the forest canopy obstructs GPS signals, e.g., by tracking progress relative to tree stems. This paper presents a novel, robust approach for modeling the ground plane and tree stems in forests from a single viewpoint using a lightweight LiDAR scanner. Ground plane identification is implemented using a two‐stage approach. The first stage, a local height‐based filter, discards most nonground points. The second stage, based on a support vector machine classifier, identifies which of the remaining points belong to the ground. Main tree stems are modeled as cylinders or cones to estimate the diameter 130 cm above the ground plane. To fit these models, candidate main stem data are selected by finding points approximately 130 cm above the ground. These points are clustered into separate point clouds for each stem. Cylinders and cones are fit to each point cloud, and heuristic filters identify which fits correspond to tree stems. Experimental results from five forested environments demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. For ground plane estimation, the overall classification accuracy was 86.28% with a mean error for the ground height of approximately 4.7 cm. For stem estimation, up to 50% of the main stems were accurately modeled using cones, with a root mean square diameter error of 13.2 cm.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Essential Role of Stem Cell Factor Signaling in Primary Sensory Neuron Development (2009)

Here we show that stem cell factor (SCF) signaling through its receptor, c-kit, is essential for the development of c-kit-expressing small- and medium-diameter primary sensory neurons. We used the W mouse, which is c-kit deficient and has a perinatal lethal phenotype due to a naturally occurring point mutation in the c-kit gene. In c-kit-null newborn mice, 52.5% of substance P immunoreactive and 31.4% of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive small- and medium-diameter sensory neurons were absent, whereas large-diameter sensory neurons were unaffected. Equivalent deficits occurred during embryogenesis. There was neither a developmental delay nor degeneration of differentiated neurons. We thus conclude that, in the absence of SCF signaling, neural crest-derived progenitors do not differentiate into c-kit-expressing visceral and somatic afferent neurons.
Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (1998)

In this paper we introduce an adaptive, 'self-contained' genetic algorithm (GA) with steady-state selection. This variant of GA utilizes empirically based methods for calculating its control parameters. The adaptive algorithm estimates the percentage of the population to be replaced with new individuals (generation gap). It chooses the solutions for crossover and varies the number of mutations, ail regarding the current population state. The state of the population is evaluated by observing some of its characteristic values, such as the best and worst individual's cost function (fitness) values, the population average etc. Furthermore, a non-uniform mutation operator is introduced, which increases the algorithm's efficiency. Adaptive method does not, however, restrict the applicability in any way. The described GA is applied to optimization of several multimodal functions with various degrees of complexity, employed earlier for comparative studies. Some deceptive problems were also taken into consideration, and a comparison between the adaptive and standard genetic algorithm has been made.
Head Circumference Measurements in Children With Autism (1996)

To assess head circumference in children with autism, 148 charts were retrospectively reviewed. All of the children met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III or DSM-III-R) criteria for autism and had no known underlying condition that might affect head circumference. In addition, data were collected regarding height, weight, brain imaging, cognitive development, adaptive behavior, and language. The children were divided into two groups: those with head circumference at or above the 98th percentile (Group 1) and those with head circumference below the 98th percentile (Group 2). Group 1 consisted of 27 (18.2%) of the children. Height measurements were significantly higher in Group 1 as compared with Group 2 (P = .0006) as were weight measurements (P = .0003). Group 1 had a significantly lower percentage of females (P = .04) and lower adaptive behavior scores (P = .0067) than Group 2. Routine brain imaging studies could not explain the macrocephaly in Group 1. The etiology of large head circumference and increased growth indices in children with autism is unclear.