gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In Situ</i> X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy of ZnO Nanowire Growth During Chemical Bath Deposition (2010)

Chemical bath deposition (CBD) offers a simple and inexpensive route to deposit semiconductor nanostructures, but lack of fundamental understanding and control of the underlying chemistry has limited its versatility. Here we report the first use of in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy during CBD, enabling detailed investigation of both reaction mechanisms and kinetics of ZnO nanowire growth from zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) precursors. Time-resolved X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra were used to quantify Zn(II) speciation in both solution and solid phases. ZnO crystallizes directly from [Zn(H2O)6]2+ without long-lived intermediates. Using ZnO nanowire deposition as an example, this study establishes in situ XANES spectroscopy as an excellent quantitative tool to understand CBD of nanomaterials.
AlGaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs double pulse doped pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor structures on InGaAs substrates (1997)

Double pulse doped AlGaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) structures have been grown on InxGa1−xAs (x=0.025–0.07) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. A strain compensated, AlGaInAs/GaAs superlattice was used for improved resistivity and breakdown. Excellent electrical and optical properties were obtained for 110-Å-thick InGaAs channel layers with indium concentrations up to 31%. A room temperature mobility of 6860 cm2/V s with 77 K sheet density of 4.0×1012 cm−2 was achieved. The InGaAs channel photoluminescence intensity was equivalent to an analogous structure on a GaAs substrate. To reduce strain PHEMT structures with a composite InGaP/AlGaAs Schottky layer were also grown. The structures also exhibited excellent electrical and optical properties. Transmission electron micrographs showed planar channel interfaces for highly strained In0.30Ga0.70As channel layers.
Glandular Function in Sjögren Syndrome: Assessment with Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging and Tracer Kinetic Modeling—Initial Experience (2008)

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging has the potential to be used in clinical settings to quantify microvascular function in SS and to differentiate between patients with and those without SS.
Chemical contaminants entering the marine environment from sea-based sources: A review with a focus on European seas (2016)

Anthropogenic contaminants reach the marine environment mostly directly from land-based sources, but there are cases in which they are emitted or re-mobilized in the marine environment itself. This paper reviews the literature, with a predominant focus on the European environment, to compile a list of contaminants potentially released into the sea from sea-based sources and provide an overview of their consideration under existing EU regulatory frameworks. The resulting list contains 276 substances and for some of them (22 antifouling biocides, 32 aquaculture medicinal products and 34 warfare agents) concentrations and toxicity data are additionally provided. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive Descriptor 8, together with the Water Framework Directive and the Regional Sea Conventions, provides the provisions against pollution of marine waters by chemical substances. This literature review should inform about the current state of knowledge regarding marine contaminant sources and provide support for setting-up of monitoring approaches, including hotspots screening.
Artificial Fluorite (1949)

This paper presents a condensed history of the research on artificial optical fluorite growth which was begun in the middle 1920’s and reduced to practice under N.D.R.C. Contract OEMsr-45 with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during 1940-45.Fluorite castings were produced eventually by freezing purified molten CaF2, contained in chemically clean graphite crucibles, in a vacuum-type contrivance patterned after the atmospheric furnace which had been developed earlier for growing lithium fluoride crystals.The melt was prepared by heating selected fragments of colorless fluorspar mixed with about 2 percent PbF2 which acted as a scavenger to eliminate certain more or less unavoidable impurities, notably products of hydrolysis, and which escaped before the crystallization. In a few instances it was made from a specially synthesized material although this procedure was not wholly desirable.The crucibles were made by boring, reaming and turning graphite rods which possessed exceptional strength, homogeneity, and chemical purity. Their wall thickness was approximately 0.03 inch when feasible.Crystallization occurred preferably in a thermal field characterized by a high, nonlinear temperature gradient which remained nearly constant with time.Specimens chosen from about 1500 crystals, ranging up to 6 inches in diameter, were comparable with good natural fluorite in all essential properties and equal or superior to the best in soundness and dimensions.
Ouabain Induces Apoptosis on PHA-Activated Lymphocytes (1998)

Apoptotic cell death plays a critical role in immune system homeostasis, and c-myc protooncogene deregulated expression is a component of this programmed genomic response. Pharmacological intervention and modulation of peripheral lymphocytes apoptosis would have important implications. The present results indicate that ouabain, a specific inhibitor of Na+K(+)-ATPase, promotes an increased expression of c-myc mRNA, and induces apoptosis in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Furthermore, this ouabain-induced apoptosis cannot be counteracted by the addition of exogenous IL-2.
A Companding Technique for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Systems (2006)

A companding technique using the hyperbolic tangent transform is proposed for reducing the peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. This technique is practical and can be implemented easily in analog integrated circuit design. The PAPR value of an OFDM system and the optimal companding coefficient to attain the minimum quantization error are derived. Error probability performance of the system after the companding is evaluated, which then is compared to the systems with the mu-law and A-law companding techniques.
Limitations of skipping echoes for exponential T<sub>2</sub> fitting (2018)

2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1432-1440.
Inhibition by fluoxetine of cytochrome P450 2D6 activity (1993)

Potent inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) in human liver microsomes by fluoxetine and its major metabolite norfluoxetine was confirmed (apparent inhibition constant values, 0.2 mumol/L). Several other serotonergic agents were also found to be competitive inhibitors of this genetically polymorphic enzyme. The O-demethylation ratio of dextromethorphan that expressed CYP2D6 activity in 19 patients receiving fluoxetine fell in the region of the antimode separating the O-demethylation ratio values observed in 208 extensive metabolizers from 15 poor metabolizers of a control group of healthy subjects. Inhibition of CYP2D6 activity in patients undergoing treatment with fluoxetine or other serotonin uptake inhibitors could contribute to toxicity or attenuated response from concurrent medications that are substrates of this enzyme. Other in vitro studies indicated that CYP2D6 catalyzes the O-demethylation of oxycodone to form oxymorphone. This reaction was inhibited by fluoxetine and its normetabolite in liver microsomes from both extensive and poor metabolizer individuals, indicating that these compounds are not selective inhibitors of CYP2D6 activity.
Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Extremely Acidic Environment (1998)

The potential for biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons was evaluated in soil samples recovered along gradients of both contaminant levels and pH values existing downstream of a long-term coal pile storage basin. pH values for areas greatly impacted by runoff from the storage basin were 2.0. Even at such a reduced pH, the indigenous microbial community was metabolically active, showing the ability to oxidize more than 40% of the parent hydrocarbons, naphthalene and toluene, to carbon dioxide and water. Treatment of the soil samples with cycloheximide inhibited mineralization of the aromatic substrates. DNA hybridization analysis indicated that whole-community nucleic acids recovered from these samples did not hybridize with genes, such as nahA, nahG, nahH, todC1C2, and tomA, that encode common enzymes from neutrophilic bacteria. Since these data suggested that the degradation of aromatic compounds may involve a microbial consortium instead of individual acidophilic bacteria, experiments using microorganisms isolated from these samples were initiated. While no defined mixed cultures were able to evolve 14CO2 from labeled substrates in these mineralization experiments, an undefined mixed culture including a fungus, a yeast, and several bacteria successfully metabolized approximately 27% of supplied naphthalene after 1 week. This study shows that biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons can occur in environments with extremely low pH values.
Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Chloride and Bismuth Subsalicylate Against Clinical Isolates of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (2013)

We determined the in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori to ZnCl, compared its sensitivity to bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and clarithromycin (CLR) that are used for the treatment of H. pylori infection and its activity at different gastric pH. One hundred sixteen clinical isolates of H. pylori strains were chosen. Agar gel dilution method was used to determine the susceptibility of H. pylori isolates to ZnCl 40 μg/ml, BSS 20 μg/ml, and CLR 2 μg/ml. Suspension of 10(9) bacteria/μl was streaked on the blood agar plate. The control consisted of H. pylori incubated without ZnCl, BSS, and CLR. One hundred ten H. pylori strains (95%) were susceptible to ZnCl 40 μg/ml compared to 114 (98%) to BSS 20 μg/ml (p=0.002) and 92 (79%) to CLR 2 μg/ml (p=0.602). H. pylori isolates from patients with nonulcer dyspepsia and from peptic ulcer were equally susceptible to ZnCl 40 μg/ml (90/96 vs. 26/26, p=0.208). H. pylori associated with chronic gastritis and chronic active gastritis were equally susceptible to ZnCl. H. pylori demonstrated susceptibility to ZnCl in vitro. H. pylori susceptibility to ZnCl 40 μg/ml was greater than BSS and comparable to CLR. ZnCl may be used in the treatment of H. pylori infection.
Re-entrainment Correlations for Demisting Cyclones Acting at Elevated Pressures on a Range of Fluids (2007)

In this paper, separation efficiency results for three different demisters acting on three different fluid systems, Exxsol D60/nitrogen, a synthetic natural gas, and a real natural gas at a range of pressures up to 114 bara, are brought together using two dimensionless parameters: (1) a re-entrainment parameter and (2) the Weber number. The fact that this can be achieved shows that demisting cyclones limited by re-entrainment can be modeled by adapting re-entrainment concepts derived for liquid films in a gravity film.
Assessment of the Robust Satellite Technique (RST) for volcanic ash plume identification and tracking (2008)

Volcanic clouds pose a serious threat for both aircrafts and passengers because of ash, which may cause serious damages to the flight control systems and to jet engines. Starting from 2007, an automatic satellite monitoring system has been implemented at IMAA (Institute of Methodologies of Environmental Analysis) to identify and track volcanic ash plumes using NOAA-AVHRR data. This system is capable of providing reliable information about possible volcanic ash plumes over a region of interest (ROI) within a few minute after the sensing time, thanks to the implementation of a robust multi-temporal approach of satellite data analysis named RST (Robust Satellite Technique). This approach has already shown a high potential in successfully identifying and tracking volcanic ash clouds compared to traditional techniques, both in its standard (i.e. two-channel) and advanced (i.e. three-channel) configuration. In this paper, RST performances for ash plume detection and monitoring will be further assessed, showing some recent results obtained during December 2006 and analyzing a time series of satellite observations carried out over Mount Etna area for different months in different observational conditions. In order to validate and assess RST performances, a long-term time domain analysis is in progress, also investigating periods mainly characterised by quiescent phases (i.e. with no ash emission episodes). Preliminary results of such a statistical analysis will be presented and the possible contribution of this satellite monitoring system in supporting management of strong eruptive crisis will also be discussed.
Molecular biology of the Bunyaviridae (1990)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
Colestipol, clofibrate, and phytosterols in combined therapy of hyperlipidemia. (1977)

Studies were carried out to determine effects of combined chemotherapy in patients with hyperlipidemia. In one study, 14 patients were treated first with colestipol and then with the combination of colestipol and clofibrate. In a second study, six patients were given clofibrate followed by addition of phytosterols. The following measurements were made in most patients: (1) plasma lipid concentrations, (2) fecal excretions of neutral steroids and bile acids, and (3) lipid composition of gallbladder bile. In six patients of the first study, hepatic secretion rates of biliary lipids and pool sizes of bile acids were also estimated. In the first study, colestipol alone caused a marked increase in fecal bile acids that resulted in a sizable decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations (average 21 percent). In several patients, however, triglycerides were increased somewhat by colestipol. Despite interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, the bile acid pool was not reduced, since a compensatory increase took place in bile acid synthesis. Also, except in one patient who developed gallstones following institution of colestipol, saturation of gallbladder bile with cholesterol was not markedly increased by this drug alone. Addition of clofibrate frequently produced a further decrement in plasma cholesterol, and the mild hypertriglyceridemia induced by colestipol was reversed. However, colestipol plus clofibrate usually caused a striking increase in saturation of gallbladder bile. Previous studies have shown that clofibrate causes a flux of cholesterol from tissue pools by simultaneously decreasing cholesterol synthesis and increasing its excretion. To further increase cholesterol excretion, phytosterols, which block cholesterol absorption, were added to clofibrate in the second study. Although phytosterols did not cause a further reduction in plasma cholesterol in these particular patients, they nevertheless greatly enhanced cholesterol excretion.
Electrical Resistivity, Thermoelectric Power, and X-Ray Interference Function of Amorphous Ni-Pt-P Alloys (1970)

Amorphous alloys having the composition ${({\mathrm{Ni}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x})}_{0.75}{\mathrm{P}}_{0.25}$, where $0.20\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.60$, were obtained by rapid quenching from the liquid state. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate a high degree of structural disorder in these alloys and an atomic configuration closely similar to that in liquid metals. At room temperature, the electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ of these alloys lies between 160-185 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm, and the absolute thermoelectric power $S$ between 1.9-2.5 \ensuremath{\mu}V/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. On increasing the temperature from 4.2 to 420 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, up to which the amorphous alloys are stable, the resistivity of the alloy with $x=0.20$ decreases by about 2%; the value of $\frac{d\ensuremath{\rho}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ progressively increases with increasing Ni content, becoming positive at $0.50<x<0.60$. In the range 80-300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the $\frac{\mathrm{dS}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ of all alloys lies between 5-8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ \ensuremath{\mu}V${\mathrm{deg}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The electrical behavior of these alloys may be treated in terms of electron scattering in disordered structures assuming the nearly free-electron model, in a manner analogous to Ziman's theory of electronic transport in liquid metals. The $\frac{d\ensuremath{\rho}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ of these alloys is then qualitatively explained in terms of the temperature and composition dependence of the x-ray interference function $a(K)$, assuming an average number of \ensuremath{\sim}1.3 conduction electrons per atom in these alloys. For the alloy with $x=0.20$, this implies a Fermi energy of 6.9 eV which corresponds to the position of the first peak in $a(K)$. The thermoelectric-power results lead to the conclusion that the "average" form factor for scattering of electrons decreases with increasing Ni/Pt ratio.
Preparation of a human DOPA decarboxylase cDNA probe by PCR and its assignment to chromosome 7. (1990)

The reverse transcription of mRNA of a human pheochromocytoma using an oligonucleotide complementary to rat DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) sequence as a primer, gave rise to a single strand cDNA. This resultant cDNA permitted by PCR amplification the preparation and cloning in PUC 19 of a human DDC probe of 747 base pairs. The choice of primer was dictated by the presence of tryptophan codons in the DOPA decarboxylase sequence which were conserved in different species throughout evolution. The presence of mismatches on the primers was not an obstacle to a specific amplification and the probe sequence was found identical to the human DDC cDNA sequence. This probe, labelled by nick translation detected on Southern blot of human-rodent hybrids, bands on human DNA after EcoRI, BamHI or HindIII digestion. The results with EcoRI were explicit and drove to the conclusion that DDC is located on chromosome 7. Five bands were obtained on human DNA digested with EcoRI, indicating that either numerous introns could interrupt the coding sequence of DDC gene or duplicated sequences could be present in chromosome 7.
Study on cycle-by-cycle variations of ion current integral and pressure in spark ignition engine (2011)

The investigation of correlations of ion current integral, cylinder peak pressure and indicated mean effective pressure at different operating conditions were carried out on a spark ignition (SI) engine fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG) with 20%(in volume) Nitrogen enrichment. Then influencing factors of cycle-to-cycle combustion variations (CCV) in SI engine, such as throttle opening and engine speed were discussed. The results show that, at the same operating condition, the CCV of cylinder peak pressure and indicated mean effective pressure are smaller than the variations of ion current integral; the correlations of ion current integral, cylinder peak pressure and indicated mean effective pressure increase with the decrease of CCV; the CCV of ion current integral, cylinder peak pressure and indicated mean effective pressure decrease with the throttle opening increases or engine speed decreases.
<i>S</i> -Nitroso Human Serum Albumin Treatment Reduces Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Skeletal Muscle via Nitric Oxide Release (2002)

Long-lasting release of NO by S-NO-HSA provides significant protection of skeletal muscle from I/R injury.
Lamina Propria and Olfactory Bulb Ensheathing Cells Exhibit Differential Integration and Migration and Promote Differential Axon Sprouting in the Lesioned Spinal Cord (2005)

Olfactory bulb-derived (central) ensheathing cell (OB OEC) transplants have shown significant promise in rat models of spinal cord injury, prompting the use of lamina propria-derived (peripheral) olfactory ensheathing cells (LP OECs) in both experimental and clinical trials. Although derived from a common embryonic precursor, both sources of OECs reside in different nervous system compartments postnatally, and their ability to promote regeneration and efficacy after transplantation may differ depending on both their source and mode of transplantation. Here, we have purified green fluorescent protein-expressing LP and OB OECs, assayed their biological differences in vitro , and transplanted them acutely either directly into or rostral and caudal to a dorsolateral funiculus crush. LP and OB OECs exhibit multiple morphological and antigenic similarities in vitro , and, after transplantation, they both attenuate lesion and cavity formation and promote angiogenesis, endogenous Schwann cell infiltration, and axonal sprouting. However, an increased mitotic rate and migratory ability of LP OECs in vitro was reflected in vivo by their superior ability to migrate within the spinal cord, reduce cavity formation and lesion size, and differentially stimulate outgrowth of axonal subpopulations compared with OB OECs. An undesired behavior (autotomy) was also significantly enhanced by LP OEC, over OB OEC, transplantation. These results suggest that LP and OB OECs exhibit intrinsic biological differences that, after transplantation into the lesioned CNS, result in differences in postlesion spinal cord neuropathology and anatomical and behavioral regeneration outcomes that also vary depending on direct versus rostrocaudal transplantation.
High-resolution giant magnetoresistance on-chip arrays for magnetic imaging (2003)

Arrays of micrometer-sized giant magnetoresistance (GMR) magnetic sensors with corresponding micrometer-sized spacing on a single chip are being used to detect very small magnetic fields with high spatial resolution. These very small magnetic fields, or changes in magnetic fields, are associated with magnetic biosensors, nondestructive evaluation, precision position sensing, document validation including currency and magnetic tape, and other magnetic imaging. By using a silicon substrate, the signal conditioning and logic capability of integrated circuits can be incorporated to optimize system performance. This integrated technique reduces the effect of noise and simplifies the sensor/signal-processing interface. GMR sensor arrays with sensor spacing as small as 5 micrometers as well as single-chip arrays with 128 sensors covering a 4 mm width have been constructed. The GMR sensors are made of multilayer material consisting of FeCo/Cu layers with 8% to 20% GMR and maximum sensitivities of 1.0 mV/V/G (100 nV/nT @10 V). The sensor elements are photolithographically patterned with 1.5 to 2 μm wide stripes for high resistance and directional sensitivity. These on-chip magnetic arrays are being applied to various forms of magnetic media as well as work with biosensors and nondestructive test.
Reduction of 3rd order intermodulation distortion through the use of a high pass transmission line implementation of “derivative superposition”, and through the use of channel doped HEMTs (1996)

This paper describes the implementation of an amplifier with low 3rd order intermodulation distortion by using a combination of Derivative Superposition and high pass lumped element transmission lines. Measured results of a surface mount component version of the circuit are given, showing suppression of 3rd order intermodulation distortion in the order of -20 dBm compared to that of a similar single HEMT circuit, together with improved gain compression performance at high input signal powers. We also examine the potential benefit of the use of Doped Channel HEMTs and estimate a potential reduction in 3rd order intermodulation distortion of 10 dB.