gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Li[Li[sub 1∕9]Ni[sub 1∕3]Mn[sub 5∕9]]O[sub 2], Li[Li[sub 1∕5]Ni[sub 1∕5]Mn[sub 3∕5]]O[sub 2], LiNi[sub 0.5]Mn[sub 1.5]O[sub 4], and LiNi[sub 2∕3]Mn[sub 1∕3]O[sub 2] as High Voltage Positive Electrode Materials (2010)

, , , and were prepared from appropriate coprecipitated hydroxides. The hydroxides were heated with lithium hydroxide in air to make the lithium transition metal oxides. "Head to head" comparisons among these materials were made by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical tests, and accelerating rate calorimetry, which suggest that all of them have one or more remaining problem to overcome before they can be used widely. We encourage the needed research.
Chromogranin A in Human Neuroendocrine Tumors (2001)

Antibodies to six specific regions of the chromogranin A (CgA) molecule were used to study their immunoreactivity in human neuroendocrine (NE) tumors. Tissue specimens from endocrine pancreatic tumors (n = 14), duodenal carcinoids (n = 2), bronchial carcinoids (n = 5), ileal carcinoids (n = 5) appendix carcinoids (n = 2), medullary thyroid carcinomas (n = 6), parathyroid adenomas (n = 2), and pheochromocytomas (n = 8) were analyzed. The results showed that the NE tumor types expressed varying numbers of CgA fragments. A variation in frequency of the expression of immunoreactive cells was sometimes seen also within the same tumor type. The midportion fragment CgA 176-195 (chromacin) was the only fragment expressed in all tumors. Benign and malignant tumors expressed different patterns, being especially true of insulinomas and pheochromocytomas. These findings suggest that region-specific antibodies to CgA fragments can be used as a diagnostic tool for the characterization of NE tumors.
Decision-Directed-Free Blind Phase Noise Estimation for CO-OFDM (2015)

We demonstrate an effective decision-directed-free blind phase noise compensation method for CO-OFDM transmission. By applying this technique, the common phase error can be accurately estimated using as few as three test phases.
Could personalisation reduce re-offending? (2012)

Abstract Rates of reoffending are high, both for people leaving prison and people on community sentences: the reconviction rate for all custodial sentences is 46.8 per cent, rising to 56.8 per cent for custodial sentences less than one year in duration. The reconviction rate for Community Orders is 36.8 per cent (Ministry of Justice, 2011). Reoffending is expensive. Prison costs £45,000 per prisoner per year, plus £170,000 to build and maintain each new place (Prison Reform Trust, 2010). Cheaper community sentences can still cost £4,200 per offender per year. Many people in the criminal justice system have multiple and complex needs. For example, 72 per cent of male and 70 per cent of female sentenced prisoners suffer from two or more mental health disorders (ibid). Additional informationNotes on contributorsAlex Fox Alex Fox is Chief Executive Officer, Shared Lives Plus Chris Fox Chris Fox is Professor of Evaluation, Manchester Metropolitan University Caroline Marsh Caroline Marsh is Independent Consultant, Justice and Social Care
Effect of melittin on ion transport across cell membranes. (1997)

Extensive work with melittin has shown that the venom has multiple effects, probably, as a result of its interaction with negatively changed phospholipids. It inhibits well known transport pumps such as the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase. Melittin increases the permeability of cell membranes to ions, particularly Na+ and indirectly Ca2+, because of the Na(+)-Ca(2+)-exchange. This effect results in marked morphological and functional changes, particularly in excitable tissues such as cardiac myocytes. In some other tissues, e.g., cornea, not only Na+ but Cl- permeability is also increased by melittin. Similar effects to melittin on H(+)-K(+)-ATPase have been found with the synthetic amphipathic polypeptide Trp-3.
Acetic Acid (2014)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 4. Production 4.1. Carbonylation of Methanol 4.2. Direct Oxidation of Saturated Hydrocarbons 4.3. Acetaldehyde Process 4.4. Other Processes 4.5. Concentration and Purification 4.6. Construction Materials 5. Wastewater Problems 6. Quality Specifications 7. Analysis 8. Storage, Transportation, and Customs Regulations 9. Uses 10. Derivatives 10.1. Salts 10.1.1. Aluminum Acetate 10.1.2. Ammonium Acetate 10.1.3. Alkali Metal Salts 10.2. Esters 10.2.1. Methyl Acetate 10.2.2. Ethyl Acetate 10.2.3. Butyl Acetate 10.2.4. 2‐Ethylhexyl Acetate 10.2.5. Other Esters 10.3. Acetyl Chloride 10.4. Amides 10.4.1. Acetamide 10.4.2. N , N ‐Dimethylacetamide 10.5. Phenylacetic Acid 11. Economic Aspects 12. Toxicology and Occupational Health
SOI wafer selection for CCD/SOI-CMOS technology (2002)

We have developed a process that monolithically integrates fully depleted SOI CMOS (FDSOI) with high-performance CCD image sensors (Suntharalingam et al, 2000). This integrated technology enables charge-coupled devices (CCDs) to be in close proximity to, yet isolated from, FDSOI circuits. This approach exploits both the advantages of FDSOI (fast, low-power CMOS with potentially enhanced radiation performance) and those of CCDs (high quantum efficiency, low noise, and architectural flexibility). This 3.3 V, 0.3 /spl mu/m CCD/FDSOI-CMOS technology thus enables fabrication of low-power, compact imaging systems. Material requirements for CCD imagers are perhaps the most stringent of any device and require special attention to the quality of the bulk or handle wafer (Gregory et al, 1996). We report here characterization of various SOI handle wafers for use in fabrication of bulk imaging devices.
Ultrahigh Suppression Broadband Polarization Splitter Based on an Asymmetrical Directional Coupler (2017)

Polarization-beam-splitters with both broadband operation window and high extinction ratio are highly desirable in optical communication systems. In this paper, a compact noncascaded-directional-couplers PBS with an ultrahigh extinction ratio and low excess loss is proposed. The PBS utilizes an asymmetrical directional coupling structure consisted of a TE-pass-polarizer waveguide and a TE- and TM-pass waveguide. The simulation results show that the extinction ratio is up to 35.41 dB and the excess loss is only 0.11 dB around the central wavelength 1550 nm for both polarizations (TE and TM). Meanwhile, when the extinction ratio is 30, 25, and 20 dB, the corresponding bandwidth is 72, 145, and 188 nm, respectively. Also, the EL is 1 and 0.5 dB in a bandwidth of ∼73 and ∼48 nm, respectively. A fabrication tolerance of ±10 nm for the waveguide width is also achieved.
Curvature and fracturing based on global positioning system data collected at Sheep Mountain anticline, Wyoming (2007)

We investigate the curvature-fracture relationship at Sheep Mountain anticline, Wyoming, by coupling fracture mapping with structural mapping using high-precision global positioning system data. Carrier-phase post-processing techniques of spatial data collected across patches of bedding surfaces result in a high-resolution data set. Differential geometry tools form the basis for curvature analysis, allowing for a quantitative understanding of the shapes of these surfaces. Comparison of principal curvature magnitudes with fracture measurements indicates that greater curvature correlates with greater spherical variance of fracture set orientations. Fracture intensities, however, correlate only loosely with curvature, because fracturing mechanisms other than curvature of bedding must be taken into account.
KRAS Mutations Predict Response and Outcome in Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients Receiving First-Line Bevacizumab and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy (2019)

Bevacizumab, combined with platinum-based chemotherapy, has been widely used in the treatment of advanced-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). Although KRAS (V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) mutation is the most common genetic alteration in human LADC and its role in promoting angiogenesis has been well established, its prognostic and predictive role in the above setting remains unclear. The association between KRAS exon 2 mutational status and clinicopathological variables including progression-free survival and overall survival (PFS and OS, respectively) was retrospectively analyzed in 501 Caucasian stage IIIB-IV LADC patients receiving first-line platinum-based chemotherapy (CHT) with or without bevacizumab (BEV). EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)-mutant cases were excluded. Of 247 BEV/CHT and 254 CHT patients, 95 (38.5%) and 75 (29.5%) had mutations in KRAS, respectively. KRAS mutation was associated with smoking (<i>p</i> = 0.008) and female gender (<i>p</i> = 0.002) in the BEV/CHT group. We found no difference in OS between patients with KRAS-mutant versus KRAS wild-type tumors in the CHT-alone group (<i>p</i> = 0.6771). Notably, patients with KRAS-mutant tumors demonstrated significantly shorter PFS (<i>p</i> = 0.0255) and OS (<i>p</i> = 0.0186) in response to BEV/CHT compared to KRAS wild-type patients. KRAS mutation was an independent predictor of shorter PFS (hazard ratio, 0.597; <i>p</i> = 0.011) and OS (hazard ratio, 0.645; <i>p</i> = 0.012) in the BEV/CHT group. G12D KRAS-mutant patients receiving BEV/CHT showed significantly shorter PFS (3.7 months versus 8.27 months in the G12/13x group; <i>p</i> = 0.0032) and OS (7.2 months versus 16.1 months in the G12/13x group; <i>p</i> = 0.0144). In this single-center, retrospective study, KRAS-mutant LADC patients receiving BEV/CHT treatment exhibited inferior PFS and OS compared to those with KRAS wild-type advanced LADC. G12D mutations may define a subset of KRAS-mutant LADC patients unsuitable for antiangiogenic therapy with BEV.
Hydrophosphination of Unactivated Alkenes, Dienes and Alkynes: A Versatile and Valuable Approach for the Synthesis of Phosphines (2005)

The last years have seen many advances in the field of organometallic catalysis. Motivating much of the work has been the potential for discovering new catalytic reactions, which can be used for the synthesis of bulky chemicals and fine chemical intermediates. Since the efficiency and the selectivity of the catalyst mainly rely on the structure of the ligand, there is a great interest in the design and the synthesis of new ligands (amines, aminoalcohols, thioether, phosphines etc). From all of them, phosphine derivatives are the most widely used with transition metal catalysts. Different approaches have allowed to prepare phosphine derivatives: nucleophilic substitution of a P-chloro derivative, nucleophilic substitution using metal phosphide, C-P cross coupling etc. A greener way to phosphines is the addition of a P-H bond to a multiple bond since no atom loss is observed (atom economy concept). These reactions are mainly carried out in the presence of radical initiators or under basic conditions. Acidic and neutral media were also proposed. A few recent examples reported the use of a metal activation. This review is designed to remember some of the early aspects of hydrophosphination reactions using phosphines, protected or not, and unactivated or slightly activated alkenes, dienes and alkynes and to focus on the more promising results obtained in this field for the last 15 years. The reactions involving pentavalent phosphorus derivatives (phosphine-oxide, thiophosphines, phosphonate and phosphate derivatives etc.) are not concerned by this chapter. Keywords: AIBN activation, radical catalysis, functionalised dendrimers, Vinylpyridines, polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (POSS), Cyclotrimerisation
New Benzophenone-Derived Bisphosphonium Salts as Leishmanicidal Leads Targeting Mitochondria through Inhibition of Respiratory Complex II (2010)

A set of benzophenone-derived bisphosphonium salts was synthesized and assayed for lethal activity on the human protozoan parasite Leishmania. A subset of them, mostly characterized by phosphonium substituents with an intermediate hydrophobicity, inhibited parasite proliferation at low micromolar range of concentrations. The best of this subset, 4,4'-bis((tri-n-pentylphosphonium)methyl)benzophenone dibromide, showed a very scarce toxicity on mammalian cells. This compound targets complex II of the respiratory chain of the parasite, based on (i) a dramatically swollen mitochondrion in treated parasites, (ii) fast decrease of cytoplasmic ATP, (iii) a decrease of the electrochemical mitochondrial potential, and (iv) inhibition of the oxygen consumption rate using succinate as substrate. Thus, this type of compounds represents a new lead in the development of leishmanicidal drugs.
Visual, analog representations for natural languages understanding (1979)

In order for a natural language system to truly know what it is talking about, it must have a connection to the real-world correlates of language. For language describing physical objects and their relations in a scene, a visual analog representation of the scene can provide a useful target structure to be shared by a language understanding system and a computer vision system.

This paper discusses the generation of visual analog representations from input English sentences. It also describes the operation of a LISP program which generates such a representation from simple English sentences describing a scene. A sequence of sentences can result in a fairly elaborate model. The program can then answer questions about relationships between the objects, even though the relationships in question may not have been explicit in the original scene description. Results suggest that the direct testing of visual analog representations may be an important way to bypass long chains of reasoning and to thus avoid (he combinational problems inherent in such reasoning methods.
Technological performance of formaldehyde-free adhesive alternatives for particleboard industry (2019)

Due to their high reactivity, chemical versatility and economic competitiveness, formaldehyde-based poly-condensation adhesives are used in huge amounts - in 2010 in the order of 20 million metric tons - around the globe, primarily in the wood-processing industry. Since the 1970s formaldehyde emissions from products made thereof came under pressure and were reduced continuously. The discussion intensified again initiated by the latest European CLP (classification, labelling and packaging) regulation, which came into force in 2016, classifying formaldehyde as a Carcinogen Category 1B compound. In view of potential and even stronger future restrictions of formaldehyde use, appropriate alternatives to substitute formaldehyde-based adhesive systems such as urea formaldehyde would have to be developed and implemented in the wood processing industry. The present review represents a critical appraisal of formaldehyde-free adhesive systems for particulate wood composites production proposed in literature so far. Adhesive systems analyzed here include both synthetic and renewable-based adhesives. The core of the review is an assessment of the individual adhesive systems based on selected technological (product and process) parameters relevant for wood-particleboard production. Based on this data we evaluated their potential to identify suitable alternative adhesives having a certain probability to meet the requirements of a large-scale processing industry sector. As an overall conclusion, there are still many challenges to overcome to replace formaldehyde. Except for pMDI-based systems, most of the alternative adhesives are considerably less reactive, which would result in dramatically higher production costs. Furthermore, the availability of most components proposed to produce alternative adhesives are currently not available in the necessary quantities. Moreover, toxicological investigations on alternative systems are still missing. As several components replacing formaldehyde are also toxic or hazardous to different extents, it cannot be guaranteed that the individual proposed alternative adhesives are safer during processing and service life compared to conventional systems. Due to the nature of the organic material wood, particleboards will always release a certain amount of formaldehyde, even when produced with formaldehyde-free adhesives.
Lentiviral-mediated Genetic Correction of Hematopoietic and Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells From Fanconi Anemia Patients (2009)

Previous clinical trials based on the genetic correction of purified CD34(+) cells with gamma-retroviral vectors have demonstrated clinical efficacy in different monogenic diseases, including X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immunodeficiency and chronic granulomatous disease. Similar protocols, however, failed to engraft Fanconi anemia (FA) patients with genetically corrected cells. In this study, we first aimed to correlate the hematological status of 27 FA patients with CD34(+) cell values determined in their bone marrow (BM). Strikingly, no correlation between these parameters was observed, although good correlations were obtained when numbers of colony-forming cells (CFCs) were considered. Based on these results, and because purified FA CD34(+) cells might have suboptimal repopulating properties, we investigated the possibility of genetically correcting unselected BM samples from FA patients. Our data show that the lentiviral transduction of unselected FA BM cells mediates an efficient phenotypic correction of hematopoietic progenitor cells and also of CD34(-) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), with a reported role in hematopoietic engraftment. Our results suggest that gene therapy protocols appropriate for the treatment of different monogenic diseases may not be adequate for stem cell diseases like FA. We propose a new approach for the gene therapy of FA based on the rapid transduction of unselected hematopoietic grafts with lentiviral vectors (LVs).
State of the art in excavators (2014)

Survey of literature has revealed research on excavators in trajectory analysis, modeling, control, soil-tool interaction, energy efficiency, and simulators. Kinematics of excavators has largely remained unchanged over time. Dynamic models of 3 degree of freedom (DOF) manipulator have been applied in literature. Soil-tool interaction models are becoming computationally less demanding and more accurate, for predicting interaction forces of end effector or bucket. Control of excavators through adaptive/robust control and high level behavioral control may fully automate such systems. Simulators provide platforms for testing and operator training and require dynamically accurate models. Even though much research has occurred in different areas of excavators, still fully automated excavators are rare. This paper investigates the state of art in excavators and reports the recent progress. The aim of this paper is to identify gaps in existing technology and the demands on excavators with the idea of suggesting future trends in research and as a reference for new research.
Universal dopant and defect equilibration kinetics in<i>n</i>-type<i>a</i>-Si:H (1989)

The time dependences of the reversible decay of the dc conductivity of single-layer doped a-Si:H films following thermal quenching and the reversible increase of the threshold voltage in metal--insulator--a-Si:H structures during voltage biasing were measured to determine the kinetics of dopant and defect equilibration, respectively, in n-type a-Si:H. The equilibration time constants were measured as a function of temperature for different dopant-gas ratios (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}7}$ to 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$), different dopant atoms (Li, P, As, and Sb), and different voltage biases (3.5 to 20 V) in the absence of dopants. In all cases, the time constants were thermally activated with activation energies between 0.7 and 1.0 eV, and were inversely proportional to the two-thirds power of the electron concentration. This universal behavior suggests that the rate-limiting step of the two distinct chemical reactions describing dopant deactivation and defect creation in a-Si:H are the same. We propose that this step is the dispersive diffusion of hydrogen from bond-terminating to weak-bond-trapping sites.
Current status of adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer. (2004)

Adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy in addition to surgery improves outcome for patients with high-risk carcinomas of the colon or rectum. For colon cancer, fluorouracil (5-FU) combined with leucovorin is a current standard of care that improves long-term survival. A recent European trial (MOSAIC) has documented significant improvement in 3-year disease-free survival when oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) was added to infusional 5-FU and leucovorin in the FOLFOX regimen. Two US cooperative group trials will evaluate the addition of antiangiogenesis therapy with bevacizumab (Avastin) to chemotherapy. A third trial will evaluate FOLFOX, irinotecan (Camptosar) combined with infusional 5-FU and leucovorin (FOLFIRI), and the sequential use of FOLFOX followed by FOLFIRI. In rectal cancer, postoperative 5-FU-based chemotherapy combined with irradiation can improve both local tumor control and survival. The German Rectal Cancer Group has recently reported that preoperative combined-modality therapy is less toxic and more effective in preventing local tumor relapse compared to similar treatment given postoperatively. A coordinated pair of cooperative group clinical trials will evaluate oral capecitabine (Xeloda) as a radiation enhancer in the preoperative setting, and the FOLFOX and FOLFIRI regimens compared to 5-FU and leucovorin following surgery. Predictive and prognostic molecular markers will be studied in these new adjuvant therapy clinical trials for both colon and rectal cancer with the goal of developing future regimens tailored to individual patients. There has been a recent and dramatic increase in the pace of drug development for colorectal cancer which holds promise to further improve curative therapy as part of a multidisciplinary approach in the surgical adjuvant setting.
Progress towards the field deployment of coherent optical fiber systems (1990)

A description is given of the first demonstration of a coherent optical transmission system deployed in an operational network. The miniaturized external cavity laser and the automated endless polarization control scheme which made it possible to mount this demonstration are described in detail, together with specific system results. A discussion is presented of the possible field deployment of other coherent system options, based on FSK modulation of DFB and DBR lasers, and polarisation diversity reception. The considerable potential afforded by coherent techniques for meeting future network requirements is highlighted. The demonstrated advantages of greater power budget and wavelength selectivity, combined with the use of optical amplifier multiwavelength repeaters, make coherent techniques particularly relevant to the growing demand for greater transmission capacity, transparency, and network flexibility. An increasingly urgent need for robust coherent optical technology can thus be anticipated, for wideband transmission and passive routing, for both telecommunications and computer networks of the near future.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Computation of the Effects of Impulsive and Short-Term Perturbing Forces on an Orbiting Body (1966)

This paper provides a simple yet accurate method for computing the long-term effects of impulsive and short-term perturbing forces on a body in elliptical orbit. The solutions are cast in a form which requires integration over a maximum of one orbit period, and thus avoids the high cost and low accuracy normally associated with deriving perturbations over many orbit periods. The basic equations solved are the nondimensionalized Tschauner-Hempel Equations, and their correspondence to Inertial Guidance Position and Velocity Error Equations for systems in orbit is pointed out.