gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gossip Based Streaming with Incentives for Peer Collaboration (2006)

Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems are becoming a popular means of streaming audio and video content but they are prone to bandwidth starvation if selfish peers do not contribute bandwidth to other peers. We prove that an incentive mechanism can be created for a live streaming P2P protocol while preserving the asymptotic properties of randomized gossip based streaming without any incentives. In order to show the utility of our result, we adopt a distributed incentive scheme from P2P file storage literature to the live streaming scenario. We provide simulation results that confirm the ability to achieve a constant download rate (in time, per peer) that is needed for streaming applications on peers. The incentive scheme fairly differentiates peers' download rates according to how much useful bandwidth they contribute back to the P2P system, thus creating a powerful quality of service incentive for peers to contribute bandwidth to other peers. In addition we provide preliminary data from a real implementation of a gossip based streaming application
RPGR and RP2: targets for the treatment of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa? (2009)

Retinitis pigmentosa is the most important hereditary eye disease and there is currently no cure available. Although mutations were found in more than 40 genes in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, only two genes have thus far been found to be responsible for one of the most severe forms of the disease, X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge about the two gene products RPGR and RP2 and try to link genetic data from patients with functional data on the corresponding proteins. Based on the fact that recent gene therapeutic approaches for eye diseases are at a very promising stage, we discuss the potential of RPGR and RP2 as drug targets to treat retinitis pigmentosa.
Toward sub-wavelength lithography with atomic coherence (2013)

The inverse of magnetic resonance imaging is used to develop a simple approach to super-resolution lithography that can write arbitrary patterns with high contrast. In this approach a thin layer of material that exhibits optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) is used to transfer 2D spatial information that has been encoded in spin sublevel populations of the ODMR material into an optical emission pattern that can expose photoresist. To create the pattern in spin sublevels, coherent excitation is performed using either microwave or radiofrequency fields in the presence of a controllable magnetic field gradient. To better illustrate the technique, a simulation is presented based on nitrogenvacancy (NV) color centers in diamond which is a popular room temperature ODMR material. In this simulation it is shown how a simple 2D pattern can be written using predefined optical and microwave pulses. The advantage to using this comparatively simple approach to super-resolution lithography is that more emphasis can be on solving the practical implementation issues rather than just striving to demonstrate the basic physics.
Using Nature’s “Tricks” To Rationally Tune the Binding Properties of Biomolecular Receptors (2016)

The biosensor community has long focused on achieving the lowest possible detection limits, with specificity (the ability to differentiate between closely similar target molecules) and sensitivity (the ability to differentiate between closely similar target concentrations) largely being relegated to secondary considerations and solved by the inclusion of cumbersome washing and dilution steps or via careful control experimental conditions. Nature, in contrast, cannot afford the luxury of washing and dilution steps, nor can she arbitrarily change the conditions (temperature, pH, ionic strength) under which binding occurs in the homeostatically maintained environment within the cell. This forces evolution to focus at least as much effort on achieving optimal sensitivity and specificity as on achieving low detection limits, leading to the "invention" of a number of mechanisms, such as allostery and cooperativity, by which the useful dynamic range of receptors can be tuned, extended, narrowed, or otherwise optimized by design, rather than by sample manipulation. As the use of biomolecular receptors in artificial technologies matures (i.e., moves away from multistep, laboratory-bound processes and toward, for example, systems supporting continuous in vivo measurement) and these technologies begin to mimic the reagentless single-step convenience of naturally occurring chemoperception systems, the ability to artificially design receptors of enhanced sensitivity and specificity will likely also grow in importance. Thus motivated, we have begun to explore the adaptation of nature's solutions to these problems to the biomolecular receptors often employed in artificial biotechnologies. Using the population-shift mechanism, for example, we have generated nested sets of receptors and allosteric inhibitors that greatly expanded the normally limited (less than 100-fold) useful dynamic range of unmodified molecular and aptamer beacons, enabling the single-step (e.g., dilution-free) measurement of target concentrations across up to 6 orders of magnitude. Using this same approach to rationally introduce sequestration or cooperativity into these receptors, we have likewise narrowed their dynamic range to as little as 1.5-fold, vastly improving the sensitivity with which they respond to small changes in the concentration of their target ligands. Given the ease with which we have been able to introduce these mechanisms into a wide range of DNA-based receptors and the rapidity with which the field of biomolecular design is maturing, we are optimistic that the use of these and similar naturally occurring regulatory mechanisms will provide viable solutions to a range of increasingly important analytical problems.
Leveraging Root Cause Deconvolution Analysis for Logic Yield Ramping (2013)

Abstract The root cause deconvolution (RCD) provides an easy-to-understand defect Pareto, together with targeted physical failure analysis candidates. Unfortunately, even the RCD analysis also has some assumptions and limitations, and its result cannot always be interpreted literally. This calls for a variety of conventional yield analysis techniques to be adopted in parallel to improve the confidence in the RCD results. This paper briefly introduces the RCD analysis and explains how it distinguishes itself from other conventional volume diagnosis analysis techniques. Its typical inputs and outputs are discussed as well. Next, the paper focuses on two case studies where the authors leverage RCD for logic yield improvement together with other conventional analysis techniques. It then proposes a comprehensive analysis system that is backed up by accumulating RCD results over time and across different design IPs.
Recurrent Inference Machines for Solving Inverse Problems (2017)

Much of the recent research on solving iterative inference problems focuses on moving away from hand-chosen inference algorithms and towards learned inference. In the latter, the inference process is unrolled in time and interpreted as a recurrent neural network (RNN) which allows for joint learning of model and inference parameters with back-propagation through time. In this framework, the RNN architecture is directly derived from a hand-chosen inference algorithm, effectively limiting its capabilities. We propose a learning framework, called Recurrent Inference Machines (RIM), in which we turn algorithm construction the other way round: Given data and a task, train an RNN to learn an inference algorithm. Because RNNs are Turing complete [1, 2] they are capable to implement any inference algorithm. The framework allows for an abstraction which removes the need for domain knowledge. We demonstrate in several image restoration experiments that this abstraction is effective, allowing us to achieve state-of-the-art performance on image denoising and super-resolution tasks and superior across-task generalization.
Using genetic algorithms for album page layouts (2003)

We describe a system that uses a genetic algorithm to interactively generate personalized album pages for visual content collections on the Internet. The system has three modules: preprocessing, page creation, and page layout. We focus on the details of the genetic algorithm used in the page-layout task.
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF ESLICARBAZEPINE ACETATE (ZEBINIX) IN EVERYDAY CLINICAL PRACTICE USING A RETROSPECTIVE MULTICENTRE AUDIT (2014)

<h3>Purpose</h3> We report on the safety and efficacy of eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) in routine clinical practice. <h3>Method</h3> Retrospective multicentre audit of outcomes following ESL treatment for localisation-related epilepsy across 7 UK sites (2009–2013). <h3>Results</h3> 201 patients with median values for age 43.0 (18–83) years; duration of epilepsy 17.0 (0–65) years; 2 (0–4) concomitant AEDs, 12 months (2 days-53 months) duration of ESL treatment and 0–12 (87.1% ≥2) previous AED exposures. ESL dosage ranged from 400–1600 mg/day. Baseline seizure types comprised secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures (78.1%), complex partial seizures (74.1%) and simple partial seizures (23.4%). Psychiatric comorbidity was reported in 29.9% of patients, most commonly mood disorders. 101 patients (50.2%) experienced ≥50% seizure frequency reduction. 39 subjects (19.4%) became seizure free, of whom 11 (28.2%) had 0–1 previous AED exposures. ESL was discontinued in 70 patients (34.8%) for reasons related to tolerability (n=43), efficacy (n=7), both (n=4) or other (n=16). Adverse events (AEs) were fatigue (18.9%), dizziness (10.0%) and disturbance in attention/concentration (9.0%); most were observed with AED polytherapy. Psychiatric and behavioural AEs (n=6, 3.0%) included suicidal ideation (n=1) and led to ESL withdrawal in 2 patients (1.0%). Hyponatraemia was reported (n=14, 7.0%) and led to discontinuation in 4 patients (2.0%). <h3>Conclusion</h3> ESL has comparable efficacy to other AEDs for partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation. Discontinuation due to tolerability was mainly related to AED polytherapy. Reported AEs were consistent with ESL9s known safety profile. The benign neuropsychiatric profile with once-daily dosing may convey some advantage in AED selection.
General Projective Splitting Methods for Sums of Maximal Monotone Operators (2009)

We describe a general projective framework for finding a zero of the sum of n maximal monotone operators over a real Hilbert space. Unlike prior methods for this problem, we neither assume $n=2$ nor first reduce the problem to the case $n=2$. Our analysis defines a closed convex extended solution set for which we can construct a separating hyperplane by individually evaluating the resolvent of each operator. At the cost of a single, computationally simple projection step, this framework gives rise to a family of splitting methods of unprecedented flexibility: numerous parameters, including the proximal stepsize, may vary by iteration and by operator. The order of operator evaluation may vary by iteration and may be either serial or parallel. The analysis essentially generalizes our prior results for the case $n=2$. We also include a relative error criterion for approximately evaluating resolvents, which was not present in our earlier work.
Long-term effect of cilostazol on cerebral blood flow in chronic cerebral infarction. (1985)

The effect of the oral administration of a new vasodilator, cilostazol (6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone, OPC-13013) on cerebral circulation in chronic cerebral infarction was studied by the 133Xenon inhalation method. Mean regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was increased in 6 out of 14 cases after 2 weeks of treatment. Hemispheric rCBF was significantly increased in both the affected and non-affected sides (10.8 and 13.4%, respectively) (p less than 0.05) without causing a change in blood pressure.
Automated Storage Reclamation Using Temporal Importance Annotations (2007)

This work focuses on scenarios that require the storage of large amounts of data. Such systems require the ability to either continuously increase the storage space or reclaim space by deleting contents. Traditionally, storage systems relegated object reclamation to applications. In this work, content creators explicitly annotate the object using a temporal importance function. The storage system uses this information to evict less important objects. The challenge is to design importance functions that are simple and expressive. We describe a two step temporal importance function. We introduce the notion of storage importance density to quantify the importance levels for which the storage is full. Using extensive simulations and observations of a university wide lecture video capture and storage application, we show that our abstraction allows the users to express the amount of persistence for each individual object.
Foreward: The Federal Circuit in Perspective (2005)

The Federal Circuit Court of Appeals is a court of commerce, industry, and governmental obligation, flowing from its many and varied areas of jurisdiction.The court's concerns are with the nation's business and trade, for both government and the private sector, and with the nation's human obligations: to federal employees, to vaccine-injured children, to veterans, to Native Americans.This Annual Review is an ideal occasion to take stock of our jurisprudence, to trace the evolution of these areas of law through judicial decision, and to review the legal reasoning by which judges decide each case.It is a foundation of the rule of law that judges are required to explain themselves-thereby providing fresh material for these scholarly reviews.Twenty-three years ago the United States embarked on a juridical experiment, the only major change in federal court structure in a hundred years.This new structure, the formation of a circuit court of national jurisdiction in assigned areas of law, was not directed at changing the law; it was focused and targeted, and the target was the nation's economic future.The purpose was to reinvigorate the nation's industrial strength and technologic leadership, with the assistance of a revived and effective patent system.It was recognized then, as now, that our economic strength as a nation depends on technologic leadership, the balance of trade, and a culture that favors creativity, entrepreneurship, and industrial activity.These aspects can be fostered or deterred by governmental policy.The provision of an optimum policy of innovation incentive in a system of private enterprise is a complex question of industrial economics and scientific advance, a question whose answer varies among industries, markets, subject matter, * Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
High-efficiency linear amplification by dynamic load modulation (2003)

Load modulation is a new technique in which amplitude-modulated signals are produced with high efficiency by dynamic variation of the load impedance of the power amplifier. The prototype MOSFET PA operates in class E and produces a peak output of 19 W at 30 MHz with an efficiency of 66 percent. Load modulation is accomplished by a T network with a pair of high-voltage MOSFETs that act as a voltage-variable capacitor. The envelopes of a variety of different signals are successfully generated. For a Rayleigh (multi-carrier) envelope with a 10-dB peak-to-average ratio, the average efficiency is twice that achieved in linear operation of the same PA.
Anisotropy of Thermal Conductivity of Free-Standing Reduced Graphene Oxide Films Annealed at High Temperature (2015)

We investigated thermal conductivity of free-standing reduced graphene oxide films subjected to a high-temperature treatment of up to 1000 C. It was found that the high-temperature annealing dramatically increased the in-plane thermal conductivity, K, of the films from 3 W/mK to 61 W/mK at room temperature. The cross-plane thermal conductivity, Kc, revealed an interesting opposite trend of decreasing to a very small value of 0.09 W/mK in the reduced graphene oxide films annealed at 1000 C. The obtained films demonstrated an exceptionally strong anisotropy of the thermal conductivity, K/Kc ~ 675, which is substantially larger even than in the high-quality graphite. The electrical resistivity of the annealed films reduced to 1 - 19 Ohms/sq. The observed modifications of the in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivity components resulting in an unusual K/Kc anisotropy were explained theoretically. The theoretical analysis suggests that K can reach as high as ~500 W/mK with the increase in the sp2 domain size and further reduction of the oxygen content. The strongly anisotropic heat conduction properties of these films can be useful for applications in thermal management.
Optimization of Flexible Multibody Dynamic Systems Using the Equivalent Static Load Method (2005)

Recently, an algorithm for dynamic response optimization transforming dynamic loads into equivalent static loads has been proposed. In later research, it was proved that the solution obtained by the algorithm satisfies the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions. In the present research, the proposed algorithm is applied to the optimization of flexible multibody dynamic systems. The equivalent static load is derived from the equations of motion for a flexible multibody dynamic system. The equivalent load is utilized in sequential static response optimization of the flexible mutibody dynamic system. In the end, the converged solution of the sequential static response optimization is the solution of the original dynamic response optimization. Some standard examples are solved to show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method. The control arm of an automobile suspension system is optimized as a practical problem. The results are discussed regarding the application of the proposed algorithm to flexible multibody dynamic systems.
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Age‐dependent differences in sensitivity and sensitization to cannabinoids and ‘club drugs’ in male adolescent and adult rats (2007)

Lifelong substance abuse is often initiated during adolescence; yet, most pre-clinical research in this area has been conducted in adult animals. Substantial evidence exists that the brain development that continues throughout adolescence may result in pharmacological responses that differ in a crucial manner from those of adults. The goal of this study was to evaluate age differences in motor activity following acute and repeated administration of drugs that are commonly abused by adolescents, including cocaine, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), and the club drugs, ketamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Adolescent and adult male rats were injected once daily with saline or with a dose of one of the test drugs for two 5-day dosing periods, separated by a 2-day drug holiday during which they remained in their home cages. Following each injection, rats were placed in a locomotor chamber for a 20-minute session. The potencies of cocaine, ketamine and MDMA for producing motor stimulation were less in male adolescents than in male adults. Furthermore, sensitization to the club drug, ketamine, developed after repeated dosing in adults, but not adolescents. In contrast, adolescents were initially more sensitive to the stimulatory effects of low doses of Delta(9)-THC than were adults, although rapid tolerance occurred. These results suggest that adolescents are less sensitive to the acute and repeated stimulant effects of some, but not all, of the drugs that are preferentially abused by this age group. This differential sensitivity may contribute to the different patterns of use that have been noted in adolescent versus adult drug abusers.
Hemangiomas: An Overview (2007)

nderstanding the behavior of hemangiomasand vascular malformations is of paramountimportance to the plastic surgeon. The fre-quency of these lesions would almost dictate that everyplastic surgeon would be involved in the treatmentof a patient with some sort of vascular birthmark. Hemangiomas are vascular lesions that demon-strate a characteristic pattern of rapid postnatalgrowth followed by slow involution. Vascular mal-formations are simply collections of excess vascularchannels that grow proportionately with the child.Because of the predilection of these vascular birth-marks for the head and neck and the variablegrowth of these lesions, which may result in grotesquedeformity, it is extremely important that plasticsurgeons comprehend the biologic behavior ofthese lesions. It is also important to know when tointervene and treat the patients who have vascularbirthmarks.Vascular birthmarks have been described through-out the history of mankind and many famous figuresthrough history have been known to have vascularbirthmarks.
A Recombinant Blood‐Stage Malaria Vaccine Reduces <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Density and Exerts Selective Pressure on Parasite Populations in a Phase 1–2b Trial in Papua New Guinea (2002)

The malaria vaccine Combination B comprises recombinant Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen and 2 merozoite surface proteins (MSP1 and MSP2) formulated in oil-based adjuvant. A phase 1-2b double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 120 children (5-9 years old) in Papua New Guinea demonstrated a 62% (95% confidence limits: 13%, 84%) reduction in parasite density in children not pretreated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Vaccinees had a lower prevalence of parasites carrying the MSP2-3D7 allelic form (corresponding to that in the vaccine) and a higher incidence of morbid episodes associated with FC27-type parasites. These results demonstrate functional activity of Combination B against P. falciparum in individuals with previous malaria exposure. The specific effects on parasites with particular msp2 genotypes suggest that the MSP2 component, at least in part, accounted for the activity. The vaccine-induced selection pressure exerted on the parasites and its consequences for morbidity strongly argue for developing vaccines comprising conserved antigens and/or multiple components covering all important allelic types.
Effects of insulin on erythrocyte deformability in diabetics—relationship between erythrocyte deformability and platelet aggregation (1981)

Erythrocyte deformability was studied by the filtration technique of Reid & Dormandy using whole blood and washed erythrocytes from insulin-dependent diabetics (IDD) under insulin delivery by an artificial pancreas (AP). The same technique was employed to study deformability in vitro using normal erythrocytes incubated in the presence of insulin. Results of this study show that in IDD the initially poor erythrocyte deformability is improved within hours of insulin administration. Improved deformability was accompanied by increased levels of intra-erythrocyte ATP but without changes in levels of HbG and 23 DPG. Incubation of erythrocytes in medium containing glucose showed that deformability was significantly improved in the presence of insulin. These results indicate that insulin favourably affects erythrocyte deformability in IDD. Before and after 24 hours treatment by AP, platelet aggregation was studied in IDD by the technique of Born using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and by a modified Breddin technique using PRP, whole blood or whole blood treated by chlorpromazine and mixtures of erythrocytes from IDD with normal PRP. Platelet hyperaggregation was only found in the presence of erythrocytes from untreated diabetics. Chlorpromazine, at a dose (10 mumole) which inhibits haemolysis without inducing platelet hyperaggregation, eliminated the above anomaly. In conclusion, it is conceivable that the insulin-induced correction of poor erythrocyte deformability eliminates excessive fragility of erythrocytes and their haemolysis wit release of ADP, thus avoiding platelet hyperaggregation.