gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The gradual nature of threshold switching (2014)

The recent commercialization of electronic memories based on phase change materials proved the usability of this peculiar family of materials for application purposes. More advanced data storage and computing concepts, however, demand a deeper understanding especially of the electrical properties of the amorphous phase and the switching behaviour. In this work, we investigate the temporal evolution of the current through the amorphous state of the prototypical phase change material, Ge _2 Sb _2 Te _5 , under constant voltage. A custom-made electrical tester allows the measurement of delay times over five orders of magnitude, as well as the transient states of electrical excitation prior to the actual threshold switching. We recognize a continuous current increase over time prior to the actual threshold-switching event to be a good measure for the electrical excitation. A clear correlation between a significant rise in pre-switching-current and the later occurrence of threshold switching can be observed. This way, we found experimental evidence for the existence of an absolute minimum for the threshold voltage (or electric field respectively) holding also for time scales far beyond the measurement range.
Calculation of magnetic anisotropy energy in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SmCo</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2003)

${\mathrm{SmCo}}_{5}$ is an important hard magnetic material, due to its large magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE). We have studied the magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{SmCo}}_{5}$ using density functional theory (DFT) calculations where the Sm f bands, which are difficult to include in DFT calculations, have been treated beyond the local density approximation (LDA), within the LDA $+U$ formalism. The large MAE comes mostly from the Sm f-shell anisotropy, stemming from an interplay between the crystal field and the spin-orbit coupling. We found that both are of similar strengths, unlike some other Sm compounds, leading to a partial quenching of the orbital moment $(f$ states cannot be described as either pure lattice harmonics or pure complex harmonics), an optimal situation for enhanced MAE. A smaller portion of the MAE can be associated with the $\mathrm{Co}\ensuremath{-}d$ band anisotropy, related to the peak in the density of states at the Fermi energy. Our result for the MAE of ${\mathrm{SmCo}}_{5},$ 21.6 meV/f.u., agrees reasonably with the experimental value of 13-16 meV/f.u., and the calculated magnetic moment (including the orbital component) of $9.9{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ agrees with the experimental value of $8.9{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}.$
Rao-Blackwellised Particle Filter for Tracking with Application in Visual Surveillance (2006)

Particle filters have become popular tools for visual tracking since they do not require the modeling system to be Gaussian and linear. However, when applied to a high dimensional state-space, particle filters can be inefficient because a prohibitively large number of samples may be required in order to approximate the underlying density functions with desired accuracy. In this paper, by proposing a tracking algorithm based on Rao-Blackwellised particle filter (RBPF), we show how to exploit the analytical relationship between state variables to improve the efficiency and accuracy of a regular particle filter. Essentially, we estimate some of the state variables as in a regular particle filter, and the distributions of the remaining variables are updated analytically using an exact filter (Kalman filter in this paper). We discuss how the proposed method can be applied to facilitate the visual tracking task in typical surveillance applications. Experiments using both simulated data and real video sequences show that the proposed method results in more accurate and more efficient tracking than a regular particle filter.
Evidence for multiple conformational changes in the active center of thrombin induced by complex formation with thrombomodulin: an analysis employing nitroxide spin-labels (1988)

Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial cell surface protein that binds thrombin to form a reversible complex with altered enzyme specificity. The complex rapidly converts protein C to the anticoagulant enzyme activated protein C and has decreased fibrinogen clotting activity. To investigate whether formation of this complex elicits conformational changes in the active center of thrombin, we employed the following fluorosulfonyl spin-label inhibitors: N-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-oxy-3-pyrrolidinyl)-m-(fluorosulfonyl)benzamide (m-V); O-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxy-4-piperidinyl) N-[m-(fluorosulfonyl)phenyl]carbamate (m-VI); N-[4-(fluorosulfonyl)phenyl]-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-oxy-3-pyrroline -3-carboxamide (p-I); N-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-oxy-3-pyrrolidinyl)-p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzamide (p-V). To compare the spectra of the free thrombin with those of the complex, the viscosity of the solution was adjusted with sucrose to give similar tumbling rates (isokylindric spectra) or the macromolecular rotational contribution to the spectra was essentially eliminated with saturated sucrose. Both a buffer-soluble proteolytic derivative of TM and the intact molecule elicited changes in the electron spin resonance signals of many of the labeled thrombins employed. Two of the labels, p-I and p-V, had previously been shown to exhibit decreased mobility when indole derivatives were bound to thrombin. When TM complexes with thrombin, the mobility of the p-I label increases while the mobility of the p-V label decreases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist Imiquimod in Combination with Influenza Vaccine Expedites and Augments Humoral Immune Responses against Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infection in BALB/c Mice (2014)

ABSTRACT Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system are known targets for enhancing vaccine efficacy. We investigated whether imiquimod, a synthetic TLR7 agonist, can expedite the immune response against influenza virus infection when combined with influenza vaccine. BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with monovalent A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine combined with imiquimod (VCI) prior to intranasal inoculation with a lethal dose of mouse-adapted A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. For mice immunized 3 days before infection, the survival rates were significantly higher in the VCI group (60%, mean survival time[MST], 11 days) than in the vaccine-alone (30%; MST, 8.8 days), imiquimod-alone (5%; MST, 8.4 days), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (0%; MST, 6.2 days) groups ( P < 0.01). In the VCI group, 45 and 35% of the mice survived even when they were infected 2 days or 1 day after immunization. Virus-specific serum IgM, IgG, and neutralizing antibodies appeared earlier with higher geometric mean titers in the VCI group than in the control groups. The pulmonary viral load was significantly lower at all time points postinfection in the VCI, vaccine-alone, and imiquimod-alone groups than in the PBS control group ( P < 0.05). The protection induced by VCI was specific for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus but not for A(H5N1) virus. Since imiquimod combined with RNase-treated vaccine is as protective as imiquimod combined with untreated vaccine, mechanisms other than TLR7 may operate in expediting and augmenting immune protection. Moreover, increased gamma interferon mRNA expression and IgG isotype switching, which are markers of the Th1 response induced by imiquimod, were not apparent in our mouse model. The mechanisms of imiquimod-induced immune protection deserve further study.
Effect of ozone on oral cells compared with established antimicrobials (2006)

Ozone has been proposed as an alternative antiseptic agent in dentistry based on reports of its antimicrobial effects in both gaseous and aqueous forms. This study investigated whether gaseous ozone (4 x 10(6) microg m(-3)) and aqueous ozone (1.25-20 microg ml(-1)) exert any cytotoxic effects on human oral epithelial (BHY) cells and gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) cells compared with established antiseptics [chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) 2%, 0.2%; sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25%, 2.25%; hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) 3%], over a time of 1 min, and compared with the antibiotic, metronidazole, over 24 h. Cell counts, metabolic activity, Sp-1 binding, actin levels, and apoptosis were evaluated. Ozone gas was found to have toxic effects on both cell types. Essentially no cytotoxic signs were observed for aqueous ozone. CHX (2%, 0.2%) was highly toxic to BHY cells, and slightly (2%) and non-toxic (0.2%) to HGF-1 cells. NaOCl and H(2)O(2) resulted in markedly reduced cell viability (BHY, HGF-1), whereas metronidazole displayed mild toxicity only to BHY cells. Taken together, aqueous ozone revealed the highest level of biocompatibility of the tested antiseptics.
A Derivative of an Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) Cell Line with Normal Radiosensitivity but A-T-like Inhibition of DNA Synthesis (1985)

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) cells are hypersensitive to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation and fail to inhibit DNA synthesis following radiation exposure. A cell line derived from an A-T line following DNA-mediated gene transfer has normal radiation sensitivity, but the kinetics of DNA synthesis after gamma-irradiation are similar to those of A-T cells.
Ensuring continuity during dynamic security policy reconfiguration in DTE (2002)

Operating system kernels capable of simultaneously enforcing multiple security policies provide economic benefits over those that cannot: they allow a single kernel to concurrently provide its costly or unique resources to a number of projects, each with its own individual security requirements. The additional ability to dynamically reconfigure its policy during run time allows a kernel to take on new projects and their policies and to remove old ones without disturbing those that remain. Unfortunately, the policy added to govern a new project may conflict with the kernel's existing policy components, invalidating their security properties and negating the protection they pro vide. This danger is an obstacle to the practical operation of these kernels. The paper describes how the Domain and Type Enforcement (DTE) prototype kernel implements automatic safeguards to reject policy extensions which would invalidate BLP, Ring, Strict Integrity, Clark-Wilson, and Assured Pipeline security properties of its existing policy.
Dual-Function Coaxial Supercapacitor Cable (2014)

A dual-function coaxial supercapacitor cable, which has the capability to be used as an electrical cable and an energy storage device, is shown. The outer cover facilitates energy storage, while the core within is used for the passing of electricity. Not only is this new architecture pliable, but it also shows high flexibility and gives high energy and power densities. These properties, along with the astounding results of its usage, show that it has successfully married the functions of storing and sending electricity into one device.
Chemical Conversion of Nitrate and Nitrite to Nitrous Oxide for Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Analysis in Freshwater and Seawater (2005)

We present a novel method for nitrogen and oxygen natural isotopic abundance analysis of nitrate and nitrite of seawater and freshwater at environmental concentrations. The method involves the reduction of nitrate to nitrite using spongy cadmium with further reduction to nitrous oxide using sodium azide in an acetic acid buffer. For separate nitrite analysis, the cadmium reduction step is simply bypassed. Nitrous oxide is purged from the water sample and trapped cryogenically using an automated system with subsequent release into a gas chromatography column. The isolated nitrous oxide is then analyzed on a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer via an open split. This paper describes the basic protocol and reaction conditions required to obtain reproducible natural abundance level nitrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios from nitrate, nitrite, or both, and the results obtained to support these conclusions. A standard deviation less than 0.2 per thousand for nitrogen and 0.5 per thousand for oxygen was found for nitrate samples ranging in concentration from 40 to 0.5 microM (better for nitrite), with a blank of 2 nmol for 50-mL samples. Nitrogen and oxygen isotopic fractionation and oxygen atom exchange were consistent within each batch of analysis. There was no interference from any seawater matrixes. Only one other method published to date can measure the nitrate oxygen isotopic abundance in seawater and none that do so for nitrite alone in the presence of nitrate. This method may prove to be simpler, faster, and obtain isotopic information for lower concentrations of nitrate and nitrite than other methods.
Hydrogen Peroxide Inhibits Human Keratinocyte Migration (1996)

Hydrogen peroxide, in very low concentrations (1000-fold less than the "everyday use" dilution) inhibits keratinocyte migration and proliferation.
Effect of a megadose of ascorbic acid, a meal and orange juice on the absorption of selenium as sodium selenite. (1985)

Urinary and faecal excretions of selenium were measured for five days following a dose of 1 mg Se as sodium selenite in ten young women after an overnight fast. The selenite was taken two hours before a meal or mixed with 1 g ascorbic acid; or with a continental type breakfast providing 4.5-5.6 micrograms Se and 0.6-0.8 mg Cu, with or without 200 ml orange juice (60 mg ascorbic acid). The light meal appeared to have little effect on selenite-Se absorption, and orange juice appeared even to assist it. But the availability of Se was reduced almost to zero when selenite and 1 g ascorbic acid were taken together well before the meal.
Four Phases Driver for Stepper Motor Control (2011)

The paper presents two pulse distributors are remarkable for simplicity, highreliability, multifunctional facilities and a unipolar bilevel R/L- driver circuit for four phases stepper motor.
Relationship between interindividual differences in nicotine metabolism and CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism in humans (2001)

The relationship between interindividual differences in nicotine metabolism and CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism in humans was proved.
Converting Carbon Dioxide into Carbamato Derivatives (2003)

This review article covers compounds containing\n\nthe monoanionic N,N-dialkylcarbamato ligand, of\n\nformula O2CNR2\n\n(-), R being H, an alkyl-, or an aryl\n\ngroup. Due to their relatively recent appearance in\n\nthe literature, the metal-containing compounds of\n\nthis class are believed to be covered exhaustively by\n\nthis review.
Characteristics and the nature of the low-frequency dielectric response in moderately concentrated KTaO<sub>3</sub>:Li (2001)

The temperature-frequency behaviour of the complex dielectric permittivity of K0.957Li0.043TaO3 (KLT) was studied in detail. Below 250 K a pronounced relaxation-type dielectric dispersion occurs with two wide temperature maxima shifted to lower temperatures increasing in magnitude as the alternating-current monitoring frequency decreases. The results obtained are analysed by using a theory proposed considering the coupling of the TO1 soft mode (TO standing for transverse optical) to two Li relaxation modes known in moderately concentrated KLT as π- and (π/2)-relaxations.
Landscape visualization with Emaps (1993)

Emaps, a comprehensive environment for displaying geographic data, written in object-oriented Common Lisp and running on a Macintosh computer, is described. In Emaps, a hierarchy of objects-windows, maps, cells-takes advantage of the class-instance inheritance and generic methods of Common Lisp to allow prototyping and exploring of variations. The combination of a class library of objects, a protocol for accessing them, ready access to the full display capabilities of the computer, and the interpreted nature of Lisp make for an interactive environment for visualizing landscapes and exploring geographic information.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Origin of Microglia: Current Concepts and Past Controversies (2015)

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), which sit in close proximity to neural structures and are intimately involved in brain homeostasis. The microglial population also plays fundamental roles during neuronal expansion and differentiation, as well as in the perinatal establishment of synaptic circuits. Any change in the normal brain environment results in microglial activation, which can be detrimental if not appropriately regulated. Aberrant microglial function has been linked to the development of several neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, microglia also possess potent immunoregulatory and regenerative capacities, making them attractive targets for therapeutic manipulation. Such rationale manipulations will, however, require in-depth knowledge of their origins and the molecular mechanisms underlying their homeostasis. Here, we discuss the latest advances in our understanding of the origin, differentiation, and homeostasis of microglial cells and their myelomonocytic relatives in the CNS.
Indoxyl-β-<scp>D</scp>-glucuronide, a novel chromogenic reagent for the specific detection and enumeration of <i>Escherichia coli</i> in environmental samples (1988)

About 97% of Escherichia coli strains produce beta-glucuronidase, but almost all other Enterobacteriaceae lack this enzyme. A D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (glucuronide) possessing a readily detectable beta-linked aglycone should, therefore, constitute a specific reagent for the detection of this organism. For this purpose, the title compound has been synthesized for the first time. The synthesis proceeds in eight steps from readily available D-glucuronolactone, anthranilic acid, and chloroacetic acid and can be carried out on a large scale. The compound has the predicted properties: when included in the standard membrane filter test for the analysis of water, indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide allows specific detection of E. coli through the formation of blue colonies that are the result of rapid conversion of the liberated aglycone to indigo. The recovery of E. coli is easily measured and almost quantitative.
Layer-by-layer self assembly deposition and characterization of TiO<sub>2</sub>nanoparticles by using a short chain polycation (2009)

Using low molecular weight polyethylenimine (PEI), transparent thin films of TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by layer-by-layer self assembly method. UV-visible spectrophotometry was employed in a quantitative manner to monitor the adsorbed mass of TiO2 and PEI after each dip cycle. The adsorption of both TiO2 and PEI showed a saturation dip time of 10 min. The effect of dip time on the growth mode and surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and non-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that growth proceeds in the form of laterally broad islands in case of short dip times, and taller but laterally smaller islands in case of longer dip times. A model was proposed which describes the role of dip time on the lateral growth of TiO2 islands. Low molecular weight PEI resulted in around 25% less adsorption of PEI and TiO2 in comparison with high molecular weight PEI, but because of lower remaining ash, could be promising for dye-sensitized solar cell photoelectrode applications, in which removal of polyelectrolyte after the formation of thin film enhances the electrical properties and therefore the efficiency of solar cell.
Eine Weitere Synthese des Scopolins; Darstellung Einiger Seiner Derivate (1957)

Abstract Die früher mitgeteilte Überführung von Meteloidin in Scopolin wurde zu einer rationellen Synthese des Scopolins ausgestaltet. Die Solvolysereaktionen des dabei als Zwischenprodukt auftretenden Scopolin‐tosylesters wurden näher untersucht. Eine Reihe von neu dargestellten Estern und substituierten Phenyl‐urethanen des Scopolins wurde pharmakologisch geprüft.
Media and Radio Signal Processing for Mobile Communications (2018)

Get to grips with the principles and practice of signal processing used in mobile communications systems. Focusing particularly on speech, video, and modem signal processing, pioneering experts employ a detailed, top-down analytical approach to outline the network architectures and protocol structures of multiple generations of mobile communications systems, identify the logical ranges where media and radio signal processing occur, and analyze the procedures for capturing, compressing, transmitting, and presenting media. Chapters are uniquely structured to show the evolution of network architectures and technical elements between generations up to and including 5G, with an emphasis on maximizing service quality and network capacity through re-using existing infrastructure and technologies. Implementation examples and data taken from commercial networks provide an in-depth insight into the operation of real mobile communications systems, including GSM, cdma2000, W-CDMA, LTE, and LTE-A, making this a practical, hands-on guide for both practicing engineers and graduate students in wireless communications
Approaches to the synthesis of masked p-quinone methides. Applications to the total synthesis of (.+-.)-cherylline (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTApproaches to the synthesis of masked p-quinone methides. Applications to the total synthesis of (.+-.)-cheryllineDavid J. Hart, Paul A. Cain, and David A. EvansCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 5, 1548–1557Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00473a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00473a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views841Altmetric-Citations89LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dimensional Stabilization of Wood with Furfuryl Alcohol Resin (1977)

Douglas fir, Engelman spruce, and loblolly pine cross sections and yellow poplar sticks were treated with furfuryl alcohol resin using zinc chloride, citric acid, and formic acid catalysts giving the wood a distinctive black color. Antishrink efficiencies of 69 to 75% were obtained with 1% zinc chloride and with 1% citric acid catalysts when cured at 120°C for 18 hours, with a treatment efficiency of 90% or better. Formic acid (5% concentration) gave similar antishrink efficiencies with significantly lower polymerization efficiency but a significantly higher modulus of rupture and toughness and a slightly higher abrasion resistance. Curing time can be reduced to 6 hours using 1% zinc chloride without a significant loss in properties.