gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
National Conference on Dose Reduction in CT, with an Emphasis on Pediatric Patients (2003)

321 he clinical value of CT is unquestioned, and the uses of newer helical and multidetector units are growing. The dose received by some patients, particularly children, is higher than desired and must and can be reduced without any significant loss of diagnostic information. These were the conclusions of a 2-day symposium on the subject of CT dose conducted November 6–7, 2002, by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. CT dose reduction will require a combination of approaches, a series of speakers agreed. These include user education for physicians and radiologic technologists, development of technique charts by medical physicists, development of automatic exposure control devices by manufacturers, and possible retrofits of these devices for older machines. It also will require creation of a climate of opinion in which radiologists will demand attention to dose reduction in their purchase of new CT scanners, one industry participant commented. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements conference was more a work in progress than a starting call to action, said the conference chairman, Fred A. Mettler, Jr., of the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque. He observed that articles about excessive CT dose have multiplied in the radiologic literature and presentations on the subject have appeared on national society programs during the past year. The American College of Radiology (ACR) has announced a new CT facility accreditation program. “Our task is to define where we are on CT dose and to make recommendations on where we go from here.”
Two Loci Control Phytoglycogen Production in the Monocellular Green Alga <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>  (2001)

The STA8 locus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was identified in a genetic screen as a factor that controls starch biosynthesis. Mutations of STA8 cause a significant reduction in the amount of granular starch produced during nutrient limitation and accumulate phytoglycogen. The granules remaining in sta8 mutants are misshapen, and the abundance of amylose and long chains in amylopectin is altered. Mutations of the STA7 locus, which completely lack isoamylase activity, also cause accumulation of phytoglycogen, although sta8 and sta7 mutants differ in that there is a complete loss of granular starch in the latter. This is the first instance in which mutations of two different genetic elements in one plant species have been shown to cause phytoglycogen accumulation. An analytical procedure that allows assay of isoamylase in total extracts was developed and used to show that sta8 mutations cause a 65% reduction in the level of this activity. All other enzymes known to be involved in starch biosynthesis were shown to be unaffected in sta8 mutants. The same amount of total isoamylase activity (approximately) as that present in sta8 mutants was observed in heterozygous triploids containing two sta7 mutant alleles and one wild-type allele. This strain, however, accumulates normal levels of starch granules and lacks phytoglycogen. The total level of isoamylase activity, therefore, is not the major determinant of whether granule production is reduced and phytoglycogen accumulates. Instead, a qualitative property of the isoamylase that is affected by the sta8 mutation is likely to be the critical factor in phytoglycogen production.
Monolithically Fabricated Microgripper With Integrated Force Sensor for Manipulating Microobjects and Biological Cells Aligned in an Ultrasonic Field (2007)

This paper reports an electrostatic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gripper with an integrated capacitive force sensor. The sensitivity is more than three orders of magnitude higher than other monolithically fabricated MEMS grippers with force feedback. This force sensing resolution provides feedback in the range of the forces that dominate the micromanipulation process. A MEMS ultrasonic device is described for aligning microobjects suspended in water using ultrasonic fields. The alignment of the particles is of a sufficient accuracy that the microgripper must only return to a fixed position in order to pick up particles less than 100 mum in diameter. The concept is also demonstrated with HeLa cells, thus providing a useful tool in biological research and cell assays
High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) Test Challenges and Solutions (2016)

TSV-based 3-D stacking enables large-capacity, power-efficient DRAMs with high bandwidth, such as specified by JEDEC's HBM standard. This article is a written version of Jun's very interesting presentation at 3D-TEST 2015 on how such DRAM stacks are tested at SK hynix.
Mitochondrial signaling contributes to disuse muscle atrophy (2012)

It is well established that long durations of bed rest, limb immobilization, or reduced activity in respiratory muscles during mechanical ventilation results in skeletal muscle atrophy in humans and other animals. The idea that mitochondrial damage/dysfunction contributes to disuse muscle atrophy originated over 40 years ago. These early studies were largely descriptive and did not provide unequivocal evidence that mitochondria play a primary role in disuse muscle atrophy. However, recent experiments have provided direct evidence connecting mitochondrial dysfunction to muscle atrophy. Numerous studies have described changes in mitochondria shape, number, and function in skeletal muscles exposed to prolonged periods of inactivity. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that increased mitochondrial ROS production plays a key signaling role in both immobilization-induced limb muscle atrophy and diaphragmatic atrophy occurring during prolonged mechanical ventilation. Moreover, new evidence reveals that, during denervation-induced muscle atrophy, increased mitochondrial fragmentation due to fission is a required signaling event that activates the AMPK-FoxO3 signaling axis, which induces the expression of atrophy genes, protein breakdown, and ultimately muscle atrophy. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of future research to better understand the mitochondrial signaling mechanisms that contribute to disuse muscle atrophy and to develop novel therapeutic interventions for prevention of inactivity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy.
Investigating On-Screen Gamepad Designs for Smartphone-Controlled Video Games (2015)

On-screen gamepads are increasingly used as controllers for video games on distant screens, yet lack the typical tactile feedback known from hardware controllers. We conducted a comparative lab study to investigate four smartphone gamepads inspired by traditional game controllers and mobile game controls (directional buttons, directional pad, floating joystick, tilt control). The study consisted of both completing a formal control test as well as controlling two popular video games of different genres ( Pac-Man and Super Mario Bros. ). The results indicate that the directional buttons require the most attention of the user, however, work precisely for direction-restricted navigational tasks. Directional pad and joystick showed a similar performance, yet they encourage drifting and unintended operations when the user is focused on the remote screen. While currently unfamiliar to many users, the floating joystick can reduce the glances at the device. Tilt turned out to be not sufficiently precise and quick for the investigated tasks. The article concludes with derived design guidelines with easily realizable measures for typical contexts such as casual gaming at home or spontaneous gaming on public displays.
INTEGRATION OF RADAR AND GPS/GIS FOR INTERSECTION THREAT DETECTION AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE (1999)

As part of its Intersection Collision Avoidance (ICA) program for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Vehicle Safety Research, Veridian Engineering is developing an on-vehicle threat detection system. This system utilizes three off-the-shelf headway radars, modified for the ICA task, and integrated with a Global Positioning System (GPS), a Geographical Information System (GIS), and a Head-Up Display (HUD) into a multi-target collision avoidance system. Warning functions have been developed which provide an audible and visual warning to the driver when the vehicle and any target are predicted to occupy an intersection simultaneously. Results from in-traffic experiments with the integrated multi-radar GPS/GIS ICA system, coordinated with videos of traffic as it is observed by the radars, are presented for the first time in this paper. (A*) For the covering abstract see ITRD E110327.
Analytical modeling of a single channel nonlinear fiber optic system based on QPSK (2012)

A first order perturbation theory is used to develop analytical expressions for the power spectral density (PSD) of the nonlinear distortions due to intra-channel four-wave mixing (IFWM). For non-Gaussian pulses, the PSD can not be calculated analytically. However, using the stationary phase approximations, we found that convolutions become simple multiplications and a simple analytical expression for the PSD of the nonlinear distortion is found. The PSD of the nonlinear distortion is combined with the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) PSD to obtain the total variance and bit error ratio (BER). The analytically estimated BER is found to be in good agreement with numerical simulations.
A new 4-phase charge pump without body effects for low supply voltages (2003)

A new four-phase charge pumping circuit for low supply voltages using 0.6 /spl mu/m triple-well CMOS technology to generate high negative boosted voltages is presented. With the new substrate connected technique, the influence of threshold voltage (-0.94 V) is minimized and the body effect is almost eliminated. A five-stage charge pump can efficiently pump lower than -7 V at supply voltage of 1.8 V with 100 /spl mu/A loading current.
Possible influence of the mutant CCR5 allele on vertical transmission of HIV‐1 (1998)

A possible correlation between the rate of vertical transmission of HIV-1 and the presence of the defective HIV co-receptor gene Δ32ccr5 in the chromosomes of infants born to HIV-positive mothers was assessed. The prevalence and genotypic distribution of the Δ32ccr5 gene were studied in 451 uninfected and 225 HIV-1-infected adults and 79 children born to HIV-1-positive mothers in Austria (45 uninfected and 34 infected by vertical transmission). As expected in a Caucasian population, the Δ32ccr5 allele was found in uninfected Austrians at a frequency of 10% (17.3% heterozygotes and 1.3% Δ32ccr5/Δ32ccr5 homozygotes, consistent with the expected Hardy-Weinberg distribution). The mutant allele frequency was 11.1% in uninfected children (17.8% heterozygotes, 2.2% homozygotes) and 9.6% in HIV-positive adults (19.1% heterozygotes but no Δ32ccr5/Δ32ccr5 homozygotes). Among the group of 34 vertically infected children, however, there were only two heterozygotes and no Δ32ccr5/Δ32ccr5 homozygotes, corresponding to a significantly reduced mutant allele frequency of 2.9% (P = 0.05 compared to HIV-negative children). These results suggest that CCR5/Δ32ccr5 heterozygous children are less susceptible to vertical transmission of HIV-1. The data also support the hypothesis that Δ32ccr5 homozygous individuals are resistant to HIV-1 infection. J. Med. Virol. 55:51–55, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Proceedings of the Flat-plate Solar Array Project Research Forum on the High-speed Growth and Characterization of Crystals for Solar Cells (1984)

Theoretical and experimental phenomena, applications, and characterization including stress/strain and other problem areas that limit the rate of growth of crystals suitable for processing into efficient, cost-effective solar cells are discussed. Melt spinning, ribbon growth, rapid solidification, laser recrystallization, and ignot growth of silicon and metals are also discussed.
The SIMON and SPECK Block Ciphers on AVR 8-bit Microcontrollers. (2014)

Abstract. The last several years have witnessed a surge of activity in lightweight cryptographic design. Many lightweight block ciphers have been proposed, targeted mostly at hardware applications. Typically soft-ware performance has not been a priority, and consequently software performance for many of these algorithms is unexceptional. Simon and Speck are lightweight block cipher families developed by the U.S. Na-tional Security Agency for high performance in constrained hardware and software environments. In this paper, we discuss software performance and demonstrate how to achieve high performance implementations of Simon and Speck on the AVR family of 8-bit microcontrollers. Both ci-phers compare favorably to other lightweight block ciphers on this plat-form. Indeed, Speck seems to have better overall performance than any existing block cipher — lightweight or not.
Toward a Reconceptualization of Person-Environment Interactions: (1987)

While a number of discrete person and environment factors have been studied in the context of alcohol use, more recently attention has been focused on the study of these variables in tandem. In this paper, we describe historically how an appreciation of the person-environment interaction has evolved. We also delineate the host of person and environment from which to study this interplay, based on ecological-Gibsonian psychology, is offered, and practical applications and lines of research are suggested. It is hoped that notions such as those proposed herein may contribute to a more inclusive awareness and comprehension of the variables influencing alcohol use.
Uncertainty and variability in models of the cardiac action potential: Can we build trustworthy models? (2015)

Cardiac electrophysiology models have been developed for over 50years, and now include detailed descriptions of individual ion currents and sub-cellular calcium handling. It is commonly accepted that there are many uncertainties in these systems, with quantities such as ion channel kinetics or expression levels being difficult to measure or variable between samples. Until recently, the original approach of describing model parameters using single values has been retained, and consequently the majority of mathematical models in use today provide point predictions, with no associated uncertainty. In recent years, statistical techniques have been developed and applied in many scientific areas to capture uncertainties in the quantities that determine model behaviour, and to provide a distribution of predictions which accounts for this uncertainty. In this paper we discuss this concept, which is termed uncertainty quantification, and consider how it might be applied to cardiac electrophysiology models. We present two case studies in which probability distributions, instead of individual numbers, are inferred from data to describe quantities such as maximal current densities. Then we show how these probabilistic representations of model parameters enable probabilities to be placed on predicted behaviours. We demonstrate how changes in these probability distributions across data sets offer insight into which currents cause beat-to-beat variability in canine APs. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges that this approach entails, and how it provides opportunities to improve our understanding of electrophysiology.
Expression of the Death Gene Bik/Nbk Promotes Sensitivity to Drug-Induced Apoptosis in Corticosteroid-Resistant T-Cell Lymphoma and Prevents Tumor Growth in Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice (1999)

Members of the Bcl-2 gene family have been implicated in the regulation of cell death induced by cytostatic drugs. In some malignancies such as B-cell lymphoma, there is evidence that high expression of Bcl-2 is an independent negative prognostic marker and the overexpression of Bcl-2 has been shown to confer resistance to cytotoxic drugs by preventing drug-induced apoptosis. This function of Bcl-2 can be antagonized by apoptosis-promoting members of the Bcl-2 family. We previously showed that overexpression of Bax restores the chemosensitivity of Bax-deficient breast cancer cell lines. Therefore, we investigated whether the death-promoting Bcl-2 homologue Bik/Nbk can enhance cytostatic drug-induced apoptosis. As a model, we used the T-cell leukemia H9 (CD3(+) and CD4(+)CD8(-)), which is resistant to corticosteroid-induced cell death and does not express endogenous Bik/Nbk. Sensitivity for drug-induced apoptosis was increased 10- to 39-fold in cells transfected with the full-length coding sequence of Bik/Nbk. In addition, apoptosis induced via CD95/Fas or heat shock was increased to a similar extent. These data show that Bik/Nbk, which, unlike Bax, carries only a BH3 but no BH1 or BH2 domain may be a target to enhance chemosensitivity. The complete suppression of tumor growth in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse xenotransplant model suggests that, in analogy to Bax, Bik/Nbk may function as a tumor suppressor gene.
An Alkali-burn Injury Model of Corneal Neovascularization in the Mouse (2014)

Under normal conditions, the cornea is avascular, and this transparency is essential for maintaining good visual acuity. Neovascularization (NV) of the cornea, which can be caused by trauma, keratoplasty or infectious disease, breaks down the so called 'angiogenic privilege' of the cornea and forms the basis of multiple visual pathologies that may even lead to blindness. Although there are several treatment options available, the fundamental medical need presented by corneal neovascular pathologies remains unmet. In order to develop safe, effective, and targeted therapies, a reliable model of corneal NV and pharmacological intervention is required. Here, we describe an alkali-burn injury corneal neovascularization model in the mouse. This protocol provides a method for the application of a controlled alkali-burn injury to the cornea, administration of a pharmacological compound of interest, and visualization of the result. This method could prove instrumental for studying the mechanisms and opportunities for intervention in corneal NV and other neovascular disorders.
Machine Learning for Wideband Localization (2015)

Wireless localization has a great importance in a variety of areas including commercial, service, and military positioning and tracking systems. In harsh indoor environments, it is hard to localize an agent with high accuracy due to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) radio blockage or insufficient information from anchors. Therefore, NLOS identification and mitigation are highlighted as an effective way to improve the localization accuracy. In this paper, we develop a robust and efficient algorithm to enhance the accuracy for (ultrawide bandwidth) time-of-arrival localization through identifying and mitigating NLOS signals with relevance vector machine (RVM) techniques. We also propose a new localization algorithm, called the two-step iterative (TSI) algorithm, which converges fast with a finite number of iterations. To enhance the localization accuracy as well as expand the coverage of a localizable area, we continue to exploit the benefits of RVM in both classification and regression for cooperative localization by extending the TSI algorithm to a centralized cooperation case. For self-localization setting, we then develop a distributed cooperative algorithm based on variational Bayesian inference to simplify message representations on factor graphs and reduce communication overheads between agents. In particular, we build a refined version of Gaussian variational message passing to reduce the computational complexity while maintaining the localization accuracy. Finally, we introduce the notion of a stochastic localization network to verify proposed cooperative localization algorithms.
Scleral Search Coils Influence Saccade Dynamics (2002)

The scleral search coil technique is commonly used for recording eye movements. The goal of this paper is to investigate to what extent the placement of scleral search coils onto the eyes influences the kinematics of saccades. To that end saccadic eye movements of human subjects were recorded with an infrared video system, while they wore coils and we compared the main sequence properties with recordings in which no coils were mounted on the eyes. It was found that saccades last longer (by about 8%) and become slower (by about 5%) when both eyes wear coils. This is truly due to the fact that the coils are on the eyes and not due to other factors that are part of this method, such as the scleral anesthesia. The influence of coils in both eyes was also observed when one coil was mounted on one eye only. Therefore the effect that the coils have on the eye movements cannot be attributed to purely mechanical factors, such as inertial load on the eyeball or increased friction. Rather the coils appear to change the oculomotor command signals that drive the saccadic eye movements.
Synthesis, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles linked to naphtho[2,1- b ]furan (2006)

Condensation of naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxyhydrazide 1 with different aromatic aldehydes affords the corresponding N 1 -[(1E)-arylmethylene]-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxyhydrazides 2a-h. These compounds undergo cyclization with acetic anhydride and mercuric oxide to yield 3-acetyl-5-naphtho[2,l-b]furan-2-yl-2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles 3a-h and 2-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles 4a-h respectively. The compound 1 on refluxing with carbon disulphide and ethanolic potassium hydroxide followed by acidification with hydrochloric acid furnishes 5-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione 5. It is converted into Mannich bases 3-(anilinomethyl)-5-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-y]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones 6a-h on treatment with formaldehyde and appropriate aromatic amines. All the newly synthesized compounds are characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The selected compounds have been screened for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.
Wide-band packet radio for multipath environments (1988)

A direct-sequence spread-spectrum packet radio is described that has versatile signal-processing and local-control capabilities designed to support the functions required of a robust mobile communications network. Noteworthy capabilities include eleven selectable data rates with accurate range measurements in a fading multipath channel. The radio uses a hybrid analog/digital signal processor and nonrepeating spreading codes for suppression of intersymbol interference and jamming. It incorporates two sets of monolithic surface-acoustic-wave convolvers as programmable matched filters with time-bandwidth products of 64 and 2000. The analog matched filters are coupled with binary postprocessing for the functions of detection, RAKE demodulations and ranging measurements over a wide multipath spread. The data rate can be varied in response to channel conditions from 1.45 Mb/s down to 44 b/s with an almost ideal tradeoff in signal-processing gain from 18 dB up to 61 dB prior to multipath combining.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>