gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Petuum: A New Platform for Distributed Machine Learning on Big Data (2015)

What is a systematic way to efficiently apply a wide spectrum of advanced ML programs to industrial scale problems, using Big Models (up to 100 s of billions of parameters) on Big Data (up to terabytes or petabytes)? Modern parallelization strategies employ fine-grained operations and scheduling beyond the classic bulk-synchronous processing paradigm popularized by MapReduce, or even specialized graph-based execution that relies on graph representations of ML programs. The variety of approaches tends to pull systems and algorithms design in different directions, and it remains difficult to find a universal platform applicable to a wide range of ML programs at scale. We propose a general-purpose framework, Petuum, that systematically addresses data- and model-parallel challenges in large-scale ML, by observing that many ML programs are fundamentally optimization-centric and admit error-tolerant, iterative-convergent algorithmic solutions. This presents unique opportunities for an integrative system design, such as bounded-error network synchronization and dynamic scheduling based on ML program structure. We demonstrate the efficacy of these system designs versus well-known implementations of modern ML algorithms, showing that Petuum allows ML programs to run in much less time and at considerably larger model sizes, even on modestly-sized compute clusters.
USB Complete: The Developer's Guide (2009)

Now in its fifth edition, bridges the gap between the technical specifications and the real world of designing and programming devices that connect over the Universal Serial Bus (USB). Readers will learn how to select the appropriate USB speed, device class, and hardware for a device; communicate with devices using Visual C# and Visual Basic; use standard host drivers to access devices, including devices that perform vendor-defined tasks; save power with USB's built-in power-conserving protocols; and create robust designs using testing and debugging tools. This fully revised edition also inclu
Effect of Bright Light in the Hospital Nursery on the Incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity (1985)

The preterm infant is subjected to prolonged exposure to ambient nursery illumination at levels that have been found to produce retinal damage in animals. We prospectively investigated the effect of exposure to light in two intensive care nurseries by comparing the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity among 74 infants from the standard bright nursery environment (median light level, 60 foot-candles [ftc]) with the incidence among 154 infants of similar birth weight for whom the light levels were reduced (median, 25 ftc). There was a higher incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in the group of infants who had been exposed to the brighter nursery lights, particularly in those with birth weights below 1000 g (86 percent vs. 54 per cent, P less than 0.01 by chi-square test). We conclude that the high level of ambient illumination commonly found in the hospital nursery may be one factor contributing to retinopathy of prematurity and that safety standards with regard to current lighting practices should be reassessed.
Detection of foreign bodies in chocolate with pulsed terahertz spectroscopy (2008)

We demonstrate the detection of metallic and nonmetallic foreign bodies in chocolate using pulsed terahertz imaging. Investigating the shape of the temporal waveform allows for the discrimination between wanted ingredients like nuts on one hand and foreign bodies like stone, glass, or plastic particles on the other hand. Yet, the intensity image alone does not provide enough information to evaluate the quality of the chocolate bar. To achieve a low false-alarm rate it is important to measure the height profile of the sample and to include the measured results in the image-processing step. Our results show that terahertz imaging can be used for the detection of contaminations in chocolate bars. Furthermore, other kinds of dry food can be investigated with our technique.
Structure Development upon Melt Drawing of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene:  Effect of Prior Thermal History (2000)

The effect of thermal history on the melt drawing of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) reactor powder was studied. The samples for drawing were prepared by compression-molding of reactor powder at various temperatures above the melting point (Tm). The drawing temperature (Td) was 150 °C. It was found that the maximum achievable draw ratio at the optimum Td decreased from 60 to 23 when the prior-melt temperature increased from 160 to 230 °C. The highly drawn films exhibited tensile moduli ≤58 GPa and strength ≤0.95 GPa at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the drawn films, etched by fuming nitric acid, revealed a characteristic "shish kebab" structure, as reported. Consistent with such morphology, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed double melting endotherms at 134 and 143 °C, corresponding to the "kebob" and "shish" components, respectively. The crystallinity evaluated by the total heat of fusion from the double peaks increased steadily with the draw ratio, and the increase was more rapid for the samples that were prior-melted at a higher temperature and/or for a longer time. The formation of "shish" and "kebob" components and their crystal sizes were also significantly influenced by the prior-melting temperature and the elongation ratio. The efficiency of the draw, evaluated from the fraction of the "shish" component and the tensile properties vs draw ratio, was also interpreted from the differences of the prior-melt preparation conditions. The results suggest that the different level of entanglement formation, which was associated with the scale of segmental diffusion, affected significantly the resultant structure and properties.
Does the lens diameter increase or decrease during accommodation? Human accommodation studies: a new technique using infrared retro-illumination video photography and pixel unit measurements. (1997)

Right and left lens measurements were essentially identical. All measurements were reliable, repeatable and extremely accurate. The lens diameter consistently reduced during accommodation and enlarged during non-accommodation. The theories, similar to Tscherning's, which imply that the lens diameter increases in accommodation, are clearly disproven.
Crystallization and Properties of Sr-Ba Aluminosilicate Glass-Ceramic Matrices (2008)

Powders of roller quenched (Sr,Ba)O·Al2O3·2SiO2 glasses of various compositions were uniaxially pressed into bars and hot isostatically pressed at 1350°C for 4 h or cold isostatically pressed and sintered at different temperatures between 800° to 1500°C for 10 or 20 h. Densities, flexural strengths, and linear thermal expansion were measured for three compositions. The glass transition and crystallization temperatures were determined by DSC. The liquidus and crystallization temperature from the melt were measured using high-temperature DTA. Crystalline phases formed on heat treatment of the glasses were identified by powder X-ray diffraction. In Sr-containing glasses, the monoclinic celsian phase always crystallized at temperatures above ≈1000°C. At lower temperatures, the hexagonal analogue formed. The temperature for orthorhombic-to-hexagonal structural transformation increased monotonically with SrO content, from 327°C for BaO·Al2O3·2SiO2 to 758°C for SrO·Al2O3·2SiO2. These glass powders can be sintered to almost full densities and monoclinic celsian phase at a relatively low temperature of 1100°C.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetra‐Substituted 5‐Trifluoromethylpyrazoles via Sequential Halogenation/Palladium‐Catalyzed C—C and C—N Cross‐Coupling. (2016)

Abstract The new synthetically useful methodology to construct tetrasubstituted trifluoromethylpyrazoles involves halogenation of starting trifluoromethylpyrazoles, and subsequent palladium‐catalyzed Negishi coupling or Buchwald‐Hartwig amination with (hetero)arylzinc chlorides and primary alkylamines.
Contrasting actions of staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, on human neutrophils and primary mouse epidermal cells. (1988)

Staurosporine, a recently described microbial alkaloid, is uniquely potent as an inhibitor of protein kinase C in vitro, being active at nM concentrations rather than the microM concentrations typical of other inhibitor classes. Like these other inhibitors, however, staurosporine exhibits only limited selectivity among different protein kinases. We report here that, in intact human neutrophils, nM concentrations of staurosporine blocked the action of the phorbol ester tumor promoters. In mouse primary epidermal cells, on the other hand, staurosporine failed to block the effects of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate on epidermal growth factor binding and on induction of ornithine decarboxylase and epidermal transglutaminase. Unexpectedly, staurosporine induced morphological changes in keratinocytes to a dendritic shape resembling that induced by the phorbol esters. It also induced epidermal transglutaminase and cornified envelope production, markers of the differentiative pathway in the epidermal cells. We conclude that the effectiveness of staurosporine as a protein kinase C inhibitor in intact cells may depend markedly on the cell system. Other actions of staurosporine may predominate, and, in keratinocytes, its activity is suggestive of a tumor promoter rather than of an inhibitor of tumor promotion.
Effect of surface electrostatics on adsorption behavior and biospecific interactions of DNA oligonucleotides (1999)

A total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) flow system was used to detect DNA adsorption and hybridization of a single stranded target DNA with a surface immobilized DNA probe. A transparent SnO<SUB>2</SUB> or indium tin oxide (ITO) film served as a spectroscopic surface in the TIRF flow system and simultaneously as a working electrode for electrochemical (EC) control. The SnO<SUB>2</SUB> and ITO electrodes were chemically modified to provide hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces with different functional groups. Charge of the sensor surface was modulated by external electrochemical polarization. Results indicate that DNA oligonucleotides exhibit higher adsorption affinity to positively charged aminated sensor surfaces, while negative polarization stimulates desorption of DNA molecules. To investigate DNA hybridization at the TIRF EC sensor surface, a thiolated probe oligonucleotide, with the complementary sequence to that of the target DNA, was covalently attached to the aminated sensor surface using a heterobifunctional crosslinker. A solution phase 27-base target DNA labeled by fluorescein was exposed to the sensor surface. The kinetics of heterogeneous hybridization between target DNA and surface immobilized probe was studied at different electrode potentials. The results show that cathodic polarization can accelerate hybridization and, at the same time, suppress nonspecific DNA adsorption.
Quintuplet and sextuplet births in the United States (1954)

In the course of study and publication of various aspects of natality and birth statistics, the writer has had occasion to unearth and compile the reports and records of quintuplet and sextuplet births which have occurred in the United States. Seventeen cases of such quintuplet births have been found, mostly well attested; and five of sextuplets, two well attested and three not completely verified. The source, character, and reliability of the information on which the records of quintuple and other high multiple births are based are matters for careful consideration and evaluation. Of the 17 quintuplet cases here reported 12 may be accepted as well verified: either on the authority of the attending physicians by their reports published in medical journals, by formal certification of the births to public registries of vital statistics, and statements obtained by personal correspondence. Most of the cases were reported in the newspapers; but such accounts, especially of local and contemporary cases, publicised by responsible newspapers and news-gathering agencies, may usually with due discrimination be accepted as quite reliable, especially when substantiated by photographs or verifiable from other sources. The information concerning one case is derived from a newspaper account which there is no reason to question; two of the cases (1826) were reported in a high-class newspaper nearly a year later from the physician's old records; one news story is quite hearsay in character; and one case is based on family statements lacking in specific details.
Metropolis 2001 (2001)

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Josephson junctions of small area formed on the edges of niobium films (1980)

Niobium-oxide-lead Josephson tunnel junctions formed on the edge of the Nb base electrode are found to have excellent tunnel characteristics up to Josephson current densities of at least 20 kA/cm2. They are made by growing an anodic oxide several hundred angstroms in thickness on the Nb followed by plasma etching of the sandwich using CF4+O2. Only the exposed edges of the Nb films are subsequently oxidized to form the tunnel barrier. Preliminary results show uniform and reproducible Josephson currents, with no evidence of leakage through the surface oxide. The structures combine small capacitance, a well-defined area, and the ability to pattern large arrays of junctions and interferometers, properties which make them attractive for cyrogenic computers and other high-frequency applications.
Estimation of the Effect of Landscape Improvement Projects of Shirakawa Castle with Castle Tower Restoration Focusing on Sight Distance (2003)

本研究は、史実に基づき天守閣を復元した白河市白河城(別名小峰城、以後白河城を用いる)を対象に、城郭と都市の関係性を示す指標である城郭景観の視距離に着目し、ヘドニック・アプローチを用いて天守閣復元を伴う城郭の景観整備効果を推定し、城郭の景観整備が地価に与える影響を明らかにした。その結果、天守閣から500mの範囲にある近距離景領域における城郭の価値が平均3,321(円/m2)と計測された。また、500m_から_1,600mの範囲にある中距離景観領域における城郭の価値が平均値1,583(円/m2)と計測された。
Evaluation of intraspecies genetic variation within the 16S rRNA gene of Mycoplasma hominis and detection by polymerase chain reaction (1993)

Mycoplasma hominis is a heterogeneous species with DNA-DNA hybridization values ranging from 51 to 100%. We report here the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of a strain (183) that greatly differs from the type strain (PG21) of this species. Comparison of 16S rDNA sequences from these two strains showed limited differences, indicating that the two strains belong to the same rRNA species complex. Using these nucleotide sequence data, we established a rapid method for the detection of M. hominis by using polymerase chain reaction. This method was shown to be sensitive and specific when tested with reference strains and clinical isolates.
Theory of Subtractive Color PhotographyIII Four-Color Processes and the Black Printer* (1940)

Two main types of black printer are described—(a) those in which the black printer is only used to increase maximum density; (b) those in which the total gray component of the reproduction is supplied by the black. For practical purposes, the black printer density should be a function of the lowest of the equivalent densities of the three image components when the latter are color-corrected to give an accurate three-color reproduction. Several theoretically possible but somewhat complicated methods of selecting the lowest of three densities are described. The use of infra-red radiation, which is the only previously known method of making a good black printer, is limited in its application, since it depends on accidental or artificially introduced relationships between visual and infra-red brightness. For accurate brightness rendering, the color-corrected three-color separations require further correction by means of a black printer mask.
The launching of surface waves on an axial-cylindrical reactive surface (1965)

The excitation of the dominant TM surface wave on an axial-cylindrical reactive surface is discussed. The surface wave launcher consists of a perfectly conducting, infinitely thin cylindrical surface of radius <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</tex> coxial with a cylindrical reactive surface of a radius <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</tex> where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b > a</tex> . The reactive surface extends from <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-\infty <z<\infty</tex> , and the perfectly conducting surface extends from <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-\infty<z\leq0</tex> . The incident field is the dominant TM mode in the coaxial portion of the structure propagating in the positive <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</tex> -direction. Numerical results are obtained for the reflected field, the surface wave field, and the radiation field. These results are then compared with the results that use two approximate aperture distributions. This method of excitation was very efficient over a large range of frequencies and over wide variations in the surface reactance.
Novel CdSe-based PV structure for high efficiency CdSe/CIGS tandem solar cells (2009)

One of the key challenges for CIGS-based PV technologies is to achieve efficiencies in the -20% range and higher, in order to compete with c-Si efficiencies and to reduce $/Watt manufacturing costs. A tandem device structure is one path to achieving these high efficiencies. CIGS has an ideal bandgap (-1.1 eV) for the bottom cell of a tandem structure and CdSe is an ideal material for the top cell, given its favorable optical properties and -1.75 eV bandgap. While theoretical efficiencies for a CdSe/CIGS-based tandem PV structure exceed 36%, prior attempts at CdSe-based PV devices have failed to achieve high efficiencies. We propose an innovative device structure to solve previously encountered issues by inserting an engineered graded blocking layer in the top CdSe-based cell. We present the proposed device structure and simulations showing robust device performance over for a broad range of defect densities, including comparisons to a conventional structure lacking the graded blocking layer.
11.3: Wavelets for Displaying Gray Shades in LCDs (2005)

Abstract A technique that relies on integer wavelets to deliver energy to pixels and display gray shades in rms responding matrix displays is proposed. A large number of gray shades can be displayed without flicker using simple addressing waveforms with a few voltage levels.
Long‐term bio‐degradation of cross‐linked and non‐cross‐linked collagen barriers in human guided bone regeneration (2008)

CLMs were more resistant to tissue degradation than NCLMs, and maintained integrity during the study. Neither membrane was resistant to degradation when exposed to the oral environment. CLMs were associated with a higher incidence of tissue perforations. In non-perforated sites, CLM ossification at or within the membrane was occasionally observed.
Active millimeter-wave standoff and portal imaging techniques for personnel screening (2009)

Active millimeter-wave imaging systems can be configured as personnel screening portals or standoff systems that can operate at ranges of up to 20 meters or more. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed a variety of active millimeter-wave imaging systems and technologies including the cylindrical imaging technique that has been successfully commercialized with L3-Communications/Safeview, and has continued to advance the cylindrical imaging technology using higher frequency ranges up to 100 GHz, and polarimetric imaging techniques. In addition, a standoff, three-dimensional imaging technique and prototype that operates near 350 GHz has been developed. This prototype system uses focusing optics coupled to a high-speed mirror scanning system and can obtain an image in 10 seconds, which is sufficiently fast to conduct extensive imaging tests on cooperative subjects. In this paper, these advanced imaging techniques are described in detail and numerous experimental imaging results are shown.
Statistical Analysis of Membrane Proteome Expression Changes in <i>Saccharomyces </i><i>c</i><i>erevisiae</i> (2006)

We have devised an approach for analyzing shotgun proteomics datasets based on the normalized spectral abundance factor that can be used for quantitative proteomics analysis. Three biological replicates of samples enriched for plasma membranes were isolated from S. cerevisiae grown in 14N-rich media and 15N-minimal media and analyzed via quantitative multidimensional protein identification technology. The natural log transformation of NSAF values from S. cerevisiae cells grown in 14N YPD media and 15N-minimal media had a normal distribution. The t-test analysis demonstrated 221 of 1316 proteins were significantly overexpressed in one or the other growth conditions with a p value <0.05. Notably, amino acid transporters were among the 14 membrane proteins that were significantly upregulated in cells grown in minimal media, and we functionally validated these increases in protein expression with radioisotope uptake assays for selected proteins.
Demystifying Six Sigma: A Company-Wide Approach to Continuous Improvement (2003)

One: The Basics of Six Sigma 1. The Grassroots of Six Sigma 2. Creating the Cultural Structure 3. Preliminary Tasks Section Two: A Six Sigma Continuous Improvement Teaming Model 4. Step 1: Create the Operational Statement and Metric 5. Step 2: Define the Improvement Teams 6. Step 3: Identify Potential Causes 7. Step 4: Investigation and Root Cause Identification 8. Step 5: Make Improvement Permanent 9. Step 6: Demonstrate Improvement and Celebrate Section Three: Getting Started 10. Start Your Journey 11. Managing Change
Polyamine deprivation stimulates natural killer cell activity in cancerous mice. (1993)

It has recently been established that the total blockade of all endogenous and exogenous sources of polyamines by a drug containing polyamine deficient chow (DC-PDC+) could inhibit tumor growth in vivo and increase the antitumoral efficacy of chemotherapy drugs. We show here that polyamine deprivation obtained with DC-PDC+ not only influences tumor development via reduction of polyamine concentrations in the tumor itself but, in addition, stimulates cells of the non-specific immune system specialized in tumor cell killing. We report that mice grafted with the 3LL carcinoma present a dramatic decrease in the cytotoxic activity of their natural killer (NK) cells. When these animals are treated with DC-PDC+, their NK cell activity is completely restored to normal values. Normalization of leucocyte number and differential count was observed as well. With respect to the different components of the DC-PDC+, it was observed that the endogenous and exogenous sources of polyamines have a different degree of impact on tumor development. For example, when only polyamines from digestive sources are deprived, a weak but significant improvement in NK activity and antitumoral effects were observed, without affecting intra-tumoral polyamine concentrations. We conclude that polyamines, secreted by the tumor itself as well as absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, could now be considered not only as autocrine growth factors but also as natural immunosuppressive factors.