gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Substrate Mounting Materials and Diesel Substrate and Shell Surface Temperatures: On-Engine Experimental Testing and Thermal Modeling (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper summarizes the investigative work done to evaluate the effects of diesel substrate mounting materials on substrate surface temperatures and external shell surface temperatures. For the work completed, a test set-up and protocol was established, test results were obtained for different materials, a representative thermal model was developed, and the experimental test results were compared to the thermal model results.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A stationary diesel engine incorporating secondary fuel injection for active regeneration was employed. The base test exhaust emission control systems consisted of a DOC + uncatalyzed DPF configuration. An appropriate data acquisition and thermocouple map was developed to monitor the exhaust system temperature conditions. The test cycle employed consisted of a soot loading segment, a standard filter regeneration segment, and a transient regeneration segment. A 3D thermal model was developed to enable more detailed evaluation of heat transfer within the exhaust system.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This work and fundamental understanding is important toward understanding the relationship that the substrate mounting material has internally on the diesel emission control system thermal uniformity and externally on the shell surface temperatures. This relationship may be important to key system performance parameters such as catalyst conversion efficiency, filter regeneration effectiveness, fuel economy, and filter durability. Additionally, the test and modeling capability are important tools toward establishing good thermal management and time efficient design protocols.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The work to-date was successful in developing the appropriate test methodology and capability in a laboratory environment. The test results indicate that differences in mounting material properties have relatively minor in-use effects on substrate surface and external shell surface temperatures. A representative thermal model was developed to understand the experimental test results.</div>
Antiinflammatory and Immunosuppressive Activity of Sialostatin L, a Salivary Cystatin from the Tick Ixodes scapularis (2006)

Here we report the ability of the tick Ixodes scapularis, the main vector of Lyme disease in the United States, to actively and specifically affect the host proteolytic activity in the sites of infestation through the release of a cystatin constituent of its saliva. The cystatin presence in the saliva was verified both biochemically and immunologically. We named the protein sialostatin L because of its inhibitory action against cathepsin L. We also show that the proteases it targets, although limited in number, have a prominent role in the proteolytic cascades that take place in the extracellular and intracellular environment. As a result, sialostatin L displays an antiinflammatory role and inhibits proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Beyond unraveling another component accounting for the properties of tick saliva, contributing to feeding success and pathogen transmission, we describe a novel tool for studying the role of papain-like proteases in diverse biologic phenomena and a protein with numerous potential pharmaceutical applications.
Quantum-mechanical modeling of accumulation layers in MOS structure (1992)

An original method is used for the quantum-mechanical modeling of n-type silicon accumulation layers. Unlike previous methods, which were only valid near 4.2 K, the approach is valid up to room temperature and beyond. The self-consistent results obtained are compared with those of the standard classical model for the accumulation layer, and the differences between them are found to be relevant for the modeling of important device applications. The dependences of the accumulation voltage drop and effective F-N (Fowler-Nordheim) barrier height on oxide electric field and substrate dopine are reported. Experimental F-N current-voltage characteristics of production-quality MOS capacitors are used to validate the quantum results and to show that the standard classical model is not adequate even if the barrier height is considered as a fitting parameter. Approximate analytical expressions giving the semiconductor voltage drop and the effective F-N barrier height as a function of oxide field and substrate doping are derived for <100> and <111> n-type silicon at 77 and 300 K.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Acute Immune Polyneuropathies: Correlations of Serum Antibodies to<i>Campylobacter jejuni</i>and<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>with Anti‐GM<sub>1</sub>Antibodies and Clinical Patterns of Disease (1997)

Antecedent Campylobacter jejuni infection, detected by serologic tests, has been implicated in some acute immune polyneuropathies (AIP). Antibodies to Helicobacter pylori, C. jejuni, and GM1 ganglioside were measured in sera from 35 Chinese patients with AIP. Anti-GM1 antibodies were found in 54% of C. jejuni-seropositive, H. pylori-seronegative patients. In contrast, anti-GM1 antibodies were rare in sera that were either seropositive for both C. jejuni and H. pylori (P = .04) or seronegative for C. jejuni (P = .01). Motor axonal AIP was more common in the C. jejuni-seropositive, H. pylori-seronegative patients (82%) than in the bacterial antibody-negative group (38%). It was concluded that in AIP patients, C. jejuni-positive sera may be polyreactive, in that it may also react with H. pylori. In this situation, the specificity for either infection requires further validation. In contrast, sera with specific C. jejuni seropositivity are associated with both motor axonal AIP and selective serum IgG anti-GM1 antibodies.
Chemistry of Soil Profiles Indicates Recurring Patterns and Modes of Moisture Migration (1965)

Abstract The hypothesis that patterns and modes of soil moisture migration can be interpreted from relationships between soluble sodium percentage (SSP) and total soluble cations (TSC) with depth in soil profiles is developed. Capillary migration of moisture during the soil drying process is more apt to leave a chemical imprint on soil profiles than the initial wetting process since it occurs last, and cations move in closer proximity to exchange surfaces. Soil profiles must be sampled in contiguous increments small enough to differentiate important variables. Each soil sample must be wetted exactly to saturation prior to extraction of soluble Ca, Mg, and Na for analysis. Both cation exchange and salt precipitation cause progressive losses of multivalent cations from solution as moisture moves through soil. Resulting increases in SSP indicate directions of moisture migration. Decreases in TSC accompanied by increases in SSP apparently result from movement in thin films in response to capillary tensions > 1 bar (salt sieving). Moisture migration in extremely thin films in response to high tensions at forward extremities of capillary migrations apparently produces increases in TSC values accompanied by increases in SSP values (salt precipitation).
Power quality impact of a sea located hybrid wind park (2001)

The power quality impact of a 2.5 MW wind park has been measured and analyzed. The turbines in the park operate at variable speed at low wind speeds and at fixed speed at higher wind speeds. The harmonic current injection is low and the calculated flicker contribution is seldom above 0.25. The wind park also has the potential to maintain the voltage on the supplying grid below a certain limit, in this case 11 kV.
External Knowledge Sources for Question Answering. (2005)

MIT CSAIL&apos;s entries for the TREC Question Answering track (Voorhees, 2005) focused on incorporating external general-knowledge sources into the question answering process. We also explored the e#ect of document retrieval on factoid question answering, in cooperation with a community focus on document retrieval. For the new relationship task, we present a new passage-retrieval based algorithm emphasizing synonymy, which performed best among automatic systems this year. Our most prominent new external knowledge source is the Wikipedia, and its most useful component is the synonymy implicit in its subtitles and redirect link structure. Wikipedia is also a large new source of hypernym information. The main task included factoid questions, for which we modified the freely available Web-based Aranea question answering engine; list questions, for which we used hypernym hierarchies to constrain candidate answers; and definitional `other&apos; questions, for which we combined can
An Integrated System for Border Surveillance (2009)

Borders are extremely vulnerable and prone to terrorist attacks, smuggling and illegal immigration. To achieve enhanced situation awareness it is necessary to fuse sensor and information data. By automated fusion of referenced and associated data an aggregation of raw sensor data is achieved. Within the project SOBCAH (Surveillance of Borders, Coastlines and Harbors), an architecture was developed and tested that supports the sharing of information from heterogeneous sources. Additionally techniques of data fusion within video data were used to enhance information and provide operators with relevant details of an event.
Effect of oocyte maturation medium on in vitro development of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos (1992)

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different culture media used for maturation of bovine oocytes on in vitro embryo development following in vitro fertilization. Oocytes were aspirated from 2-5 mm follicles of ovaries collected at a local abattoir. The oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs) were cultured for 23-25 h in one of seven commercially available media supplemented with 6 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.25 mM pyruvate, 10 micrograms/ml luteinizing hormone (LH), 0.5 microgram/ml follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and 1 microgram/ml estradiol. After maturation for 23-25 h, all eggs were subjected to the same in vitro fertilization protocol using modified TALP medium and subsequently cultured in the same serum-free embryo culture medium (HECM-1/BSA) for 8 days, after which embryo development was assessed. Five media (SFRE, MEM alpha, TCM199, MEM alpha/+, RPMI:MEM alpha) better supported normal oocyte maturation as determined by embryo development to the two-cell (76-82%), morula/blastocyst (25-32%), and blastocyst (12-19%) stages. Oocytes that were matured in Waymouth's medium MB 752/l or Ham's F-12 had a significantly reduced incidence of cleavage to the two-cell stage (52% and 37%, respectively), which was not attributed to failure of fertilization. Of the eggs that did cleave to the two-cell stage in these two media, 27% and 9% developed to morulae/blastocysts but only 6% and 3%, respectively, developed into blastocysts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Novel testing of human gastric motor and sensory functions: rationale, methods, and potential applications in clinical practice (2000)

Sensitive and reproducible tests are essential to investigate the mechanisms of gastric motility and sensation in healthy humans and patients with unexplained upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Electrogastrography, manometry, scintigraphic emptying, and barostat studies with an intragastric balloon were initially used to understand physiology and pathophysiology of gastric motility. However, manometry and barostat studies are time-consuming, costly, and invasive, thus reducing their widespread clinical application. To overcome these shortcomings, several novel approaches have been proposed: water/nutrient drink test, paracetamol absorption test, 13C-octanoic acid or spirulina breath tests, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and tensostat. The water/nutrient (satiety) test is a noninvasive test proposed as an alternative to sensory studies performed with an intragastric balloon. The satiety test cannot measure gastric accommodation; interpretation of sensory tests usually has required independent assessment of accommodation or compliance. The tensostat can be used as a gastric sensation test because it measures gastric wall tension, which is related to the perception of gastric distention. To measure gastric emptying, the paracetamol absorption test, 13C breath tests, ultrasound, or MRI can be used. The paracetamol absorption test can measure the gastric emptying of liquids. 13C breath test can measure the gastric emptying of solids or liquids and can achieve accuracy comparable with gastric scintigraphy. Ultrasonography requires special skills, and MRI requires costly equipment. To measure gastric accommodation to a meal, ultrasound, MRI, and SPECT have been proposed. The recently introduced SPECT requires an intravenous injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate, which the gastric mucosa specifically takes up, and specialized imaging and analysis, which have potential to be automated. Thus, novel, noninvasive approaches assess different dimensions of gastric motility and sensation testing. With further development of these techniques, refinement of their conduct and analysis, and validation of clinical usefulness, they are likely to be applicable in clinical practice to enhance cost-effective, evidence-based management of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Such applications may provide an alternative to sequential empirical trials for symptoms.
EXPERIMENTAL INTRADERMAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS (1928)

1. The intradermal inoculation of rabbits with Type I pneumococci gives rise to a local lesion and a definite sequence of other events that offer many analogies to pneumococcus lobar pneumonia, and for this reason the condition is being employed for a resurvey of the subject of pneumococcic infection. 2. This symptom-complex has been described in detail particularly as to the development of the local lesion, the temperature reaction, the bacteriemia, the white count, the persistence of organisms in the lesion, and the development of protective substances. 3. A certain number of animals recover from this condition after a definite course and by a process spoken of as crisis. The events correlated with this crisis have been described. 4. If sufficient antipneumococcic serum is given intravenously at 24 hours, prompt recovery can be brought about. The essential points of this recovery have been established. 5. Within 5 days after a single vaccination with dead pneumococci the normal rabbit develops an immunity to infection. If the rabbit is vaccinated and then infected within the period necessary for the development of this immunity the course of the consequent disease is shortened in proportion to the interval between vaccination and infection.
Smart industrial substations (2005)

The smart industrial substations enhances plant electrical personnel safety by physically removing the operator from the arc flash zone. The smart industrial substations shifts electrical technician functions from time-consuming tasks in front of substations equipments to time-saving tasks away from the substations. The smart industrial substation is a "best fit" integration of traditional and modern substation devices with local/remote human-machine interfaces (HMIs), pagers, and cell phones.
Diagnosis of typhoid fever by detection of Salmonella typhi antigen in urine (1992)

A monoclonal antibody specific for group D Salmonella antigen 9 was used in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting the antigen in urine specimens collected from patients with clinical typhoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia. The ELISA had a sensitivity of 95% in identifying patients in whom Salmonella typhi was isolated from hemocultures, 73% in patients in whom S. typhi was isolated from stool specimens, and 40% in patients in whom the organism was isolated from bone marrow cultures. Among patients in whom S. typhi was isolated from blood cultures, the ELISA had a sensitivity of 65% when a single urine specimen was examined and 95% when serially collected urine specimens were examined. A dot blot immunoassay performed on a nitrocellulose filter in parallel had a sensitivity of 85%, versus 83% for the plate ELISA in which S. typhi was isolated from blood, bone marrow, and/or stool specimens. Since S. typhi antigen is intermittently excreted in the urine of patients with typhoid fever, serially collected urine from patients with typhoid should be tested for antigen 9.
Probing Variable Amine/Amide Ligation in Ni<sup>II</sup>N<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub> Complexes Using Sulfur K-Edge and Nickel L-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopies: Implications for the Active Site of Nickel Superoxide Dismutase (2008)

Nickel superoxide dismutase (NiSOD) is a recently discovered metalloenzyme that catalyzes the disproportionation of O2(*-) into O2 and H2O2. In its reduced state, the mononuclear Ni(II) ion is ligated by two cis-cysteinate sulfurs, an amine nitrogen (from the protein N-terminus), and an amide nitrogen (from the peptide backbone). Unlike many small molecule and metallopeptide-based NiN2S2 complexes, S-based oxygenation is not observed in NiSOD. Herein we explore the spectroscopic properties of a series of three Ni(II)N2S2 complexes (bisamine-ligated (bmmp-dmed)Ni(II), amine/amide-ligated (Ni(II)(BEAAM))(-), and bisamide-ligated (Ni(II)(emi))(2-)) with varying amine/amide ligation to determine the origin of the dioxygen stability of NiSOD. Ni L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) demonstrates that there is a progression in ligand-field strength with (bmmp-dmed)Ni(II) having the weakest ligand field and (Ni(II)(emi))(2-)) having the strongest ligand field. Furthermore, these Ni L-edge XAS studies also show that all three complexes are highly covalent with (Ni(II)(BEEAM))(-) having the highest degree of metal-ligand covalency of the three compounds studied. S K-edge XAS also shows a high degree of Ni-S covalency in all three complexes. The electronic structures of the three complexes were probed using both hybrid-DFT and multiconfigurational SORCI calculations. These calculations demonstrate that the nucleophilic Ni(3d)/S(pi)* HOMO of these NiN2S2 complexes progressively decreases in energy as the amide-nitrogens are replaced with amine nitrogens. This decrease in energy of the HOMO deactivates the Ni-center toward O2 reactivity. Thus, the Ni-S bond is protected from S-based oxygenation explaining the enhanced stability of the NiSOD active-site toward oxygenation by dioxygen.
Topsoil characterization—recommendations for revision and expansion of the FAO‐Draft (1998) with emphasis on humus forms and biological features (2006)

Abstract The characterization of topsoils has recently received enhanced attention, particularly for environmental monitoring. Traditional national and international soil taxonomies hardly consider the topsoil in spite of its importance for soil quality. Consequently, the FAO “Topsoil Characterization for Sustainable Land Management” was developed to be used additionally for describing topsoils and to combine it with the “World Reference Base for Soil Resources” (WRB). In this paper, recommendations for a first step of a revision and expansion of the FAO “Topsoil Characterization” are made. On the one hand, common rules for soil description as used in the FAO “Guidelines for Profile Description” were incorporated in the FAO “Topsoil Characterization”. On the other hand, new characteristics for the description of the organic matter and of biological features of the topsoils were introduced. At first, the proposed German systematics of humus forms is presented and correlated with different national systematics, for validation in the international context. Secondly, a correlation of the new German systematics of humus forms with the FAO “Topsoil Characterization for Sustainable Land Management” and other topsoil systematics is made. Thirdly, additional qualifiers are described focussing on the organic layers and the biological features. A coincidence between the characterization of humus forms and topsoils was found which appears to be an appropriate basis for the incorporation of humus forms in the FAO “Topsoil Characterization”. Investigations have shown that the topsoils in forests can be described comprehensively by additional qualifiers for the organic layers. Grassland or arable land which usually lack organic layers can be characterized in detail by qualifiers concerning soil biological activity in the A horizon. The methodology was already applied successfully in temperate regions. But there is still a need for further discussion of the revision and for tests in tropical and subtropical zones and poorly drained areas.
A Survey on Content Placement Algorithms for Cloud-Based Content Delivery Networks (2017)

This paper provides a comprehensive survey of content placement (CP) algorithms for cloud-based content delivery networks (CCDNs). CP algorithms are essential for content delivery for their major role in selecting content to be stored in the geographically distributed surrogate servers in the cloud to meet end-user demands with quality of service (QoS). Evidently, the key objectives of CP, i.e., cost and QoS, are competing. Cost is determined by the underlying cost model of the CCDN infrastructure while the delivered QoS is determined by where the content is placed in the CCDN. Therefore, we provide an overview of the content and the CCDN infrastructure. The overview of the content includes content characteristics and the influence of Online Social Networking on CP. The overview of the CCDN infrastructure includes elasticity and cost model, which affect CP. Our goal is to provide a holistic perspective of the aspects that impact CP algorithms and their efficiency. From the influential factors, we derive a set of design criteria for CP algorithms in CCDNs. We discuss the state-of-the-art CP algorithms for CCDNs and evaluate them against the well-motivated design criteria. We also delineate practical implications and uncover future research challenges.
A composite electrode of TiO2 nanotubes and nanoparticles synthesised by hydrothermal treatment for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (2013)

In dye-sensitized solar cells, highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays provide superior electron transport. However, their low surface area limits the amount of dye loading and thus the photocurrent. In the present work, a hydrothermal treatment of the TiO2 nanotubes was carried out to form TiO2 nanoparticles on the tube walls, thereby increasing the surface area for a higher amount of dye loading. The nanotube arrays were prepared by electrochemical anodization and subsequently hydrothermally treated in water at 90 °C. Using the same nanotube length (i.e., 6.5 μm), but different treatment durations, it was found that nanotubes under hydrothermal treatment for 45 min yielded the best photovoltaic performance, due to the combined merits of a high surface area and vectorial electron transport. Under the same treatment duration (i.e., 45 min), but using different nanotube lengths, nanoparticle formation was found to be accelerated in the longer tubes. The parts of the tubes near the bottom were constantly filled with nanoparticles, which limited cell efficiency to about 2.2% when the length was over 16.5 μm. Accordingly, a further efficiency enhancement of up to 3.5% was achieved with tubes of 16.5 μm by adjusting the duration of the hydrothermal treatment.
A systematic approach to modeling current-mode controlled converters (2002)

All previously reported derivations of averaged models for current-mode controlled switching power converters require geometrical calculations based on a sketch of the inductor current. The formalism of variable structure control theory provides a systematic procedure for deriving an averaged model, without this requirement. The new and conventional models are compared.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>