gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Channel estimation for land mobile radio systems (1987)

The paper describes a number of novel and promising techniques for use in the estimation of a flat fading channel with a rapid fading rate, such as occurs in many land mobile radio systems. The algorithms of the various techniques are first presented, followed by the results of a series of computer simulation tests, carried out on these algorithms when operating with an idealised model of the channel. The quantities measured in the tests include the mean-square error in the channel estimate, with the correct detection of the data symbols, and the error rate in the detected data symbols, with perfect channel estimation and also when operating with a channel estimator. The channel estimate considered here is the one- or two-step prediction of the channel that is fed to the detector. A further aim of this investigation is to study the feasibility of the simultaneous transmission of two bandlimited 4-level QAM (quaternary PSK) signals simultaneously over two independent Rayleigh fading channels to a single receiver, where both signals occupy the same frequency band and no coding or diversity techniques are employed to improve the performance, other than differential coding needed to avoid prolonged error bursts. The results obtained suggest that it should be possible to achieve the satisfactory coherent detection of a single Rayleigh-fading 4-level QAM signal, under conditions of even quite severe and rapid fading, but for the simultaneous transmission of two independently Rayleigh-fading signals over the same frequency band, the appropriate diversity techniques will be required to reduce the resultant depth of the fades. The techniques proposed here should make it possible to achieve a significantly more efficient use of bandwidth in cellular mobile radio systems than is possible by conventional methods.
Variations in criteria regulating treatment with reimbursed biologic DMARDs across European countries. Are differences related to country's wealth? (2013)

Clinical criteria regulating prescription of bDMARDs in RA differ significantly across Europe. Countries with lower socioeconomic welfare tend to have stricter eligibility criteria, pointing to inequities in access to treatment.
2-Carbomethoxy-3-aryl-8-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes:  Potent Non-Nitrogen Inhibitors of Monoamine Transporters (2000)

Cocaine is a potent central nervous system stimulant with severe addiction liability. Its reinforcing and stimulant properties derive from inhibition of monoamine transport systems, in particular the dopamine transporter (DAT). This inhibition results in an increase in synaptic dopamine with subsequent stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. A wide variety of ligands manifest potent inhibition of the DAT, and these ligands include 3-aryltropane as well as 8-oxa-3-aryltropane analogues of cocaine. There has been considerable effort to determine structure−activity relationships of cocaine and congeners, and it is becoming clear that these inhibitors do not all interact with the DAT in the same manner. The functional role of the 8-heteroatom is the focus of this study. We describe the preparation and biology of a series of 2-carbomethoxy-3-arylbicyclo[3.2.1]octane analogues. Results show that methylene substitution of the amine or ether function of the 8-hetero-2-carbomethoxy-3-arylbicyclo[3.2.1]octanes yields potent inhibitors of monoamine transport. Therefore neither nitrogen nor oxygen are prerequisites for binding of tropane-like ligands to monoamine transporters.
Anti-Contamination Electron Biprism for Electron Holography (1988)

A simple anti-contamination for an electron biprism was devised. The anti-contamination biprism consists of Pt-filament instead of metal coated quartz-filament, which has widely been used, and two electrodes for flash-heating. This has enabled the filament to be flashed for cleaning before the measurement and/or to be heated for preventing it from being contaminated during the measurement. A preliminary result obtained with a commercial-type electron micro-scope, JEM-200CX, is presented.
System support for knowledge-based trading in open service markets (1996)

An open distributed service environment can be perceived as a service market where services are freely offered and requested. Any infrastructure which seeks to provide appropriate mechanisms for such an environment has to include some mediator functionality to bring together matching service requests and service offers. The matching algorithm that the mediator must perform commonly builds upon an IDL-based type definition for service specification. We propose a type specification notation based upon conceptual graphs that supports the openness of the service environment, since it is more flexible than IDL-based definitions, and since it is closer to the cognitive domain of application users. In our framework, the trader implements a matching algorithm as well as a learning algorithm which are tailored to service trading in open environments.
Computational Models for Turbulent Reacting Flows (2003)

This book presents the current state of the art in computational models for turbulent reacting flows, and analyzes carefully the strengths and weaknesses of the various techniques described. The focus is on formulation of practical models as opposed to numerical issues arising from their solution. A theoretical framework based on the one-point, one-time joint probability density function (PDF) is developed. It is shown that all commonly employed models for turbulent reacting flows can be formulated in terms of the joint PDF of the chemical species and enthalpy. Models based on direct closures for the chemical source term as well as transported PDF methods are covered in detail. An introduction to the theory of turbulent and turbulent scalar transport is provided for completeness. The book is aimed at chemical, mechanical, and aerospace engineers in academia and industry, as well as developers of computational fluid dynamics codes for reacting flows.
Major stable peptides of Yersinia pestis synthesized during the low-calcium response (1993)

It is established that the medically significant yersiniae require the presence of physiological levels of Ca2+ (ca. 2.5 mM) for sustained growth at 37 degrees C and that this nutritional requirement is mediated by a shared ca. 70-kb Lcr plasmid. The latter also encodes virulence factors (Yersinia outer membrane proteins [Yops] and V antigen) known to be selectively synthesized in vitro at 37 degrees C in Ca(2+)-deficient medium. In this study, cells of Yersinia pestis KIM were first starved for Ca2+ at 37 degrees C to prevent synthesis of bulk vegetative protein and then, after cell division had ceased, pulsed with [35S]methionine. After sufficient chase to ensure plasminogen activator-mediated degradation of Yops, the remaining major radioactive peptides were separated by conventional chromatographic methods and identified as Lcr plasmid-encoded V antigen and LcrH (and possibly LcrG), ca. 10-kb Pst plasmid-encoded pesticin and plasminogen activator, ca. 100-kb Tox plasmid-encoded fraction 1 (capsular) antigen and murine exotoxin, and chromosomally encoded antigen 4 (pH 6 antigen) and antigen 5 (a novel hemin-rich peptide possessing modest catalase activity but not superoxide dismutase activity). Also produced at high concentration was a chromosome-encoded GroEL-like chaperone protein. Accordingly, the transcriptional block preventing synthesis of bulk vegetative protein at 37 degrees C in Ca(2+)-deficient medium may not apply to genes encoding virulence factors or to highly conserved GroEL (known in other species to utilize a secondary stress-induced sigma factor).
Amplitude and phase coupling measures for feature extraction in an EEG-based brain–computer interface (2007)

Most of the feature extraction methods in existing brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are based on the dynamic behavior of separate signals, without using the coupling information between different brain regions. In this paper, amplitude and phase coupling measures, quantified by a nonlinear regressive coefficient and phase locking value respectively, were used for feature extraction. The two measures were based on three different coupling methods determined by neurophysiological a priori knowledge, and applied to a small number of electrodes of interest, leading to six feature vectors for classification. Five subjects participated in an online BCI experiment during which they were asked to imagine a movement of either the left or right hand. The electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings from all subjects were analyzed offline. The averaged classification accuracies of the five subjects ranged from 87.4% to 92.9% for the six feature vectors and the best classification accuracies of the six feature vectors ranged between 84.4% and 99.6% for the five subjects. The performance of coupling features was compared with that of the autoregressive (AR) feature. Results indicated that coupling measures are appropriate methods for feature extraction in BCIs. Furthermore, the combination of coupling and AR feature can effectively improve the classification accuracy due to their complementarities.
(InAs)<sub>1</sub>(GaAs)<sub>1</sub> Layered Crystal Grown by MOCVD (1984)

(InAs) 1 (GaAs) 1 layered crystals (LC) were successfully grown on (100) InP substrate for the first time. The growth method was metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Monolayer growth was achieved by low growth rate and rapid change of gas composition. Layered crystals were confirmed by X-ray diffraction peaks at the (100) and (300) positions. The electrical and optical properties of (InAs) 1 (GaAs) 1 LC were also studied.
The French View (1983)

Professor Donald Watt has observed that the British 'growth industry' in discussing events of 1939 has not been paralleled by a similar development in France. There appear to be three reasons for this.
Debiasing Decisions (2015)

From failures of intelligence analysis to misguided beliefs about vaccinations, biased judgment and decision making contributes to problems in policy, business, medicine, law, education, and private life. Early attempts to reduce decision biases with training met with little success, leading scientists and policy makers to focus on debiasing by using incentives and changes in the presentation and elicitation of decisions. We report the results of two longitudinal experiments that found medium to large effects of one-shot debiasing training interventions. Participants received a single training intervention, played a computer game or watched an instructional video, which addressed biases critical to intelligence analysis (in Experiment 1: bias blind spot, confirmation bias, and fundamental attribution error; in Experiment 2: anchoring, representativeness, and social projection). Both kinds of interventions produced medium to large debiasing effects immediately (games ≥ −31.94% and videos ≥ −18.60%) that persisted at least 2 months later (games ≥ −23.57% and videos ≥ −19.20%). Games that provided personalized feedback and practice produced larger effects than did videos. Debiasing effects were domain general: bias reduction occurred across problems in different contexts, and problem formats that were taught and not taught in the interventions. The results suggest that a single training intervention can improve decision making. We suggest its use alongside improved incentives, information presentation, and nudges to reduce costly errors associated with biased judgments and decisions.
Combinatorial overlay control for double patterning (2009)

The extension of optical lithography to 32 nm and beyond is dependent on double-patterning at critical levels. Double patterning adds degrees of freedom for overlay variation while reducing the allowed overlay tolerance. Overlay control requires the assessment and minimization of error among various mask/layer combinations. The possible overlay control combinations scale as Cn=(2n−1)2 with the number of reference layers n containing (x,y) alignment and overlay targets. Finding the optimum overlay control pathway requires that we employ the on-product means to examine multiple options compatible with the product overlay tolerances. The Blossom overlay target enables simultaneous determination of all combinations of patterns represented within the measurement tool field of view. We examine Blossom enabled use cases in double patterning overlay control as demonstrated at contact-to-gate registration on a 32 nm product.
Efeito do dietilestilbestrol sobre o comportamento de novilhos da raça zebu, alimentados em pastagens (1967)

The results of ten comparisons of stilbestrol-treated steers and untreated steers are reported. All steers were on pasture during the trial period, and some steers received various kinds and amounte of supplemental feeds. In each experiment, a part of the steers in each pasture or treatment were implanted with stilbestrol, with the remainder left as untreated controls. A total of 1086 steers of Zebu breeds were included in the ten experiments, and the trials were from 224 to 364 days in length. Various kinds of supplements including ground ear corn, molasses, molasses-urea, and low-protein concentrates, and feed additives had no effect upon the response to stilbestrol (P>0.25) The implantation of stilbestrol increased the average daily gain by 111 g, which represented a 22% increase over the control steers. The increase in average daily gain for the winter-dry season was 100 g and for the summer-wet season 121 g, indicating that the response to stilbestrol with respect to increasing growth rate was not greatly different for the two seasons of the year. Even though the average daily gains of the steers during the severe winter-dry season of 1961 were very low, the increase for stilbestrol averaged 96 g per steer per day (Experiments 2, 4, 5, 0, 7, 8, 10). The production of liveweight gain per ha as influenced by stilbestrol was found to increase as the productivity and carrying capacity of the pasture increased. On a Colonial Guinea grass  pasture with a carrying capacity of 1.2 steers per ha, the increase in live weight gain per hectare was 33 kg for the stilbestrol-treated steers. On a similar pasture fertilized with 200 kg of nitrogen per ha with a carrying capacity of 3.0 steers, the increase for the stilbestrol-treated steers was 117 kg of liveweight increase per hectare. In Brazil, the widespread use of stilbestrol on steers could increase the production of beef by 20%, reduce the amount of feed required to produce a kilogram of beef, shorten the period required to produce a slaughter animal and reduce the cost of production. At present prices, less than the price of 2 kg of live weight of beef is required to pay for the stilbestrol which will give an additional 40 kg of liveweight increase.
Scalable Hierarchical Aggregation and Reduction Protocol (SHARP)TM Streaming-Aggregation Hardware Design and Evaluation (2020)

Abstract This paper describes the new hardware-based streaming-aggregation capability added to Mellanox’s Scalable Hierarchical Aggregation and Reduction Protocol in its HDR InfiniBand switches. For large messages, this capability is designed to achieve reduction bandwidths similar to those of point-to-point messages of the same size, and complements the latency-optimized low-latency aggregation reduction capabilities, aimed at small data reductions. MPI_Allreduce() bandwidth measured on an HDR InfiniBand based system achieves about 95% of network bandwidth. For medium and large data reduction this also improves the reduction bandwidth by a factor of 2–5 relative to host-based (e.g., software-based) reduction algorithms. Using this capability also increased DL-Poly and PyTorch application performance by as much as 4% and 18%, respectively. This paper describes SHARP Streaming-Aggregation hardware architecture and a set of synthetic and application benchmarks used to study this new reduction capability, and the range of data sizes for which Streaming-Aggregation performs better than the low-latency aggregation algorithm.
Thermal energy storage in phase change materials for heating applications (1995)

This paper describes the results of an investigation of thermal energy storage in phase change materials (PCMs) for water heating and space heating applications. Several PCMs were selected from the literature that have transition temperatures in the range of 60 to 100 C. These PCMs included salt hydrates, organic materials, and eutectics. Based on the information on energy density, toxicity and cost, the list of PCMs was narrowed down to three for experimental investigation. These PCMs were trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate, ammonium alum, and eutectic of ammonium alum and ammonium nitrate. Supercooling of PCMs was prevented by using nucleating agents and phase segregation was prevented by using extra water and thickening agents. Enthalpy was measured in a drop calorimeter over a large number of heating and cooling cycles. Encapsulation of PCMs in laminated aluminum foil pouches and in hollow high density polyethylene (HDPE) balls was investigated. Different types of laminated aluminum foils were tested, with varying degree of success. A scale model of storage unit was tested for space heating using eutectic of ammonium alum and ammonium nitrate encapsulated in hollow HDPE balls.
Multidentate aryloxide and oxo-aryloxide complexes of antimony: synthesis and structural characterization of [η4-N(o-C6H4O)3]Sb(OSMe2), {{[η3-N(o-C6H4OH)(o-C6H4O)2]Sb}2(µ2-O)}2 and {[η3-PhN(o-C6H4O)2]Sb}4(µ3-O)2 (2005)

Antimony compounds that feature multidentate aryloxide ligands, namely [eta4-N(o-C6H4O)3]Sb(OSMe2), {{[eta3-N(o-C6H4OH)(o-C6H4O)2]Sb}2(mu2-O)}2, and {[eta3-PhN(o-C6H4O)2]Sb}4(mu3-O)2 have been synthesized from N(o-C6H4OH)3 and PhN(o-C6H4OH)2 and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. While [eta4-N(o-C6H4O)3]Sb(OSMe2) exists as a discrete mononuclear species, the oxo complexes {{[eta3-N(o-C6H4OH)(o-C6H4O)2]Sb}2(mu2-O)}2 and {[eta3-PhN(o-C6H4O)2]Sb}4(micro3-O)2 are multinuclear. Specifically, the dinuclear fragment {[eta3-N(o-C6H4OH)(o-C6H4O)2]Sb}2(mu2-O)} exists in a dimeric form due to the bridging oxo ligand participating in an intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction, while the dinuclear fragment {[eta3-PhN(o-C6H4O)2]Sb}2(mu-O) exists in a dimeric form due to the bridging oxo ligand serving as a donor to the antimony of a second fragment. The structures of {{[eta3-N(o-C6H4OH)(o-C6H4O)2]Sb}2(mu2-O)}2 and {[eta3-PhN(o-C6H4O)2]Sb}4(mu3-O)(2), therefore, indicate that an oxo ligand bridging two Sb(III) centers is sufficiently electron rich to serve as both an effective hydrogen bond acceptor and as a ligand for an additional Sb(III) center.
Copper-Responsive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents (2009)

The design, synthesis, and evaluation of the Copper-Gad (CG) family, a new class of copper-activated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, are presented. These indicators comprise a Gd(3+)-DO3A core coupled to various thioether-rich receptors for copper-induced relaxivity switching. In the absence of copper ions, inner-sphere water binding to the Gd(3+) chelate is restricted, resulting in low longitudinal relaxivity values (r(1) = 1.2-2.2 mM(-1) s(-1) measured at 60 MHz). Addition of Cu(+) to CG2, CG3, CG4, and CG5 and either Cu(+) or Cu(2+) to CG6 triggers marked enhancements in relaxivity (r(1) = 2.3-6.9 mM(-1) s(-1)). CG2 and CG3 exhibit the greatest turn-on responses, going from r(1) = 1.5 mM(-1) s(-1) in the absence of Cu(+) to r(1) = 6.9 mM(-1) s(-1) upon Cu(+) binding (a 360% increase). The CG sensors are highly selective for Cu(+) and/or Cu(2+) over competing metal ions at cellular concentrations, including Zn(2+) at 10-fold higher concentrations. (17)O NMR dysprosium-induced shift and nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion measurements support a mechanism in which copper-induced changes in the coordination environment of the Gd(3+) core result in increases in q and r(1). T(1)-weighted phantom images establish that the CG sensors are capable of visualizing changes in copper levels by MRI at clinical field strengths.
[Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 in bacterial and viral meningitis in children]. (1998)

PCT is a sensitive and specific marker for early diagnosis of viral meningitis versus bacterial meningitis in children.
Automatic cell identification and enrichment in lung cancer. III. Light scatter and two fluorescence parameters. (1979)

Two fluorescence parameters and size are used in a flow through system to enrich sputum specimens for cancer cells. Human cells in sputum which are stained with acridine orange show a characteristic distribution of red and green fluorescence from which cancer cells can be localized. The peak enrichment is obtained by selectively sorting cells with the largest values of red and green fluorescence. Cancer cells located in other distribution regions having smaller fluorescence intensities show progressively diminished nuclear and cytoplasmic tinctorial features by Papanicolaou stain, consistent with the decreased intensity of red and green fluorescence.
[Study of antihistone and anti-bicatenary RNA antibodies in connective tissue diseases using immunoenzyme technic]. (1982)

Use of an immunoenzyme technique to seek two types of antibody (AB): antihistones and bicatenary anti-RNA, led to study of their distribution in different connective tissue and autoimmune diseases. Total antihistone AB and the H1 and H2b antifractions were seen almost exclusively in lupus (52.5 per cent of cases), principally during active phases of the disease since 87 per cent of active forms had antihistone AB as against 15 per cent of inactive forms. Antihistone AB would thus appear to be a valuable laboratory investigation in the diagnosis and surveillance of lupus. Bicatenary anti-RNA AB were more widely distributed, being found in DLE, RA, scleroderma and in various disorders with antinuclear antibodies. However they were slightly more common in active forms of lupus and their titres appeared to fall more quickly than those of antinuclear AB and anti-DNA AB at the time of clinical improvements. In RA, bicatenary anti-RNA AB were more commonly associated with inflammatory and progressive forms but further studies involving larger populations would be necessary to confirm these findings.
Setup of a scanning near field infrared microscope (SNIM): Imaging of sub-surface nano-structures in gallium-doped silicon (2005)

We have realized a scanning near-field infrared microscope in the 3-4 microm wavelength range. As a light source, a tunable high power continuous wave infrared optical parametric oscillator with an output power of up to 2.9 W in the 3-4 microm range has been set up. Using scanning near field infrared microscopy (SNIM) imaging we have been able to obtain a lateral resolution of < or =30 nm at a wavelength of 3.2 microm, which is far below the far-field resolution limit of lambda/2. Using this "chemical nanoscope" we could image a sub-surface structure of implanted gallium ions in a topographically flat silicon wafer giving evidence for a near-field contrast. The observed contrast is explained in terms of the effective infrared reflection as a function of the sub-surface gallium doping concentration. The future use of the setup for nm imaging in the chemically important OH, N-H and C-H stretching vibration is discussed.