gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Chain Length, Disorder, and Resistivity in Polypyrrole Films (2005)

The effects of the polymerization temperature and of voltammetric cycling on the chain length and the resistivity of polypyrrole films are investigated. The studies provide further proof for the existence of at least two different types of polypyrrole, the so-called PPy I and PPy II. As the electropolymerization of conjugated systems in contrast to normal polymerization reactions is a fully activated process, the generation of these different types of PPy depends on experimental parameters such as temperature or formation potentials. UV-vis measurements demonstrate that PPy II comprises significantly shorter chains than PPy I (8-12 vs 32-64 units); moreover, film conductivity is found to increase with the fraction of PPy II. This fraction is changed via the polymerization temperature as well as by cyclic voltammetry, both of which can induce a metal-insulator transition. The counter-intuitive relationship between resistivity and chain length is interpreted in terms of disorder-dominated transport, in which the shorter chains of PPy II support the formation of delocalized electronic states, thereby increasing the localization length. Thus, our results are in agreement with recent broadband reflectivity measurements.
SVD Based Image Processing Applications: State of The Art, Contributions and Research Challenges (2012)

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) has recently emerged as a new paradigm for processing different types of images. SVD is an attractive algebraic transform for image processing applications. The paper proposes an experimental survey for the SVD as an efficient transform in image processing applications. Despite the well known fact that SVD offers attractive properties in imaging, the exploring of using its properties in various image applications is currently at its infancy. Since the SVD has many attractive properties have not been utilized, this paper contributes in using these generous properties in newly image applications and gives a highly recommendation for more research challenges. In this paper, the SVD properties for images are experimentally presented to be utilized in developing new SVD-based image processing applications. The paper offers survey on the developed SVD based image applications. The paper also proposes some new contributions that were originated from SVD properties analysis in different image processing. The aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the SVD in image processing and identify important various applications and open research directions in this increasingly important area; SVD based image processing in the future research.
Histamine H<sub>4</sub> Receptor: A Novel Drug Target in Immunoregulation and Inflammation (2013)

H 4 R is the newest member of the histamine receptor family, which was discovered about twelve years ago. It is considered a very promising drug target. The effort to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the currently available H 4 R ligands is reflected in a steadily growing number of scientific publications and patent applications. Preclinical data strongly confirms the need for novel potent H 4 R ligands to explore their therapeutic value in allergy, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and possibly, cancer. Readers will be provided with extensive knowledge on histamine metabolism, as well as cellular histamine transport, storage and release, effects of histamine and histamine receptor ligands, with particular attention to the H 4 R, on inflammatory cells including mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. The present knowledge on the regulatory role of histamine and the therapeutic exploitation of histamine receptor ligands in atopic diseases, with emphasis on human and animal models of asthma, allergic dermatitis and pruritus are discussed.
Effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and feeding on gastric volumes in diabetes mellitus with cardio‐vagal dysfunction (2003)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases gastric volume in humans possibly through the vagus nerve. Gastric volume response to feeding is preserved after vagal denervation in animals. We evaluated gastric volume responses to GLP-1 and placebo in seven diabetic patients with vagal neuropathy in a crossover study. We also compared gastric volume response to feeding in diabetes with that in healthy controls. We measured gastric volume using SPECT imaging. Data are median (interquartile range). In diabetic patients, GLP-1 did not increase gastric volume during fasting [5 mL (-3; 30)] relative to placebo [4 mL (-14; 50) P = 0.5], or postprandially [Delta postprandial minus fasting volume 469 mL (383; 563) with GLP-1 and 452 mL (400; 493) with placebo P = 0.3]. Change in gastric volume over fasting in diabetic patients on placebo was comparable to that of healthy controls [452 mL (400; 493)], P = 0.5. In contrast to effects in health, GLP-1 did not increase gastric volume in diabetics with vagal neuropathy, suggesting GLP-1's effects on stomach volume are vagally mediated. Normal gastric volume response to feeding in diabetics with vagal neuropathy suggests that other mechanisms compensate for vagal denervation.
Environmentally assisted fatigue crack growth in high strength eutectoid cold drawn steel (1988)

The results are presented of an extensive research programme on corrosion fatigue crack propagation in eutectoid cold drawn. steels (prestressing steels) in sea water. Tests have been performed, both at the free corrosion potential and by coupling the specimen to zinc, using different waveforms, frequencies, and stress ratio (R = &σmin/σmax) values. A parametric model is proposed which can explain the influence of these factors on the corrosion fatigue behaviour of prestressing steels in sea water.
Hindered diffusion of coal and petroleum asphaltenes in a supported hydrotreating catalyst (1996)

In this work, hindered diffusion of one coal and two petroleum asphaltenes was studied by adsorptive uptake in TBF from a bath surrounding a commercial NiMo/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst. A mathematical model for the adsorption-diffusion of asphaltenes was developed. The model parameters were obtained by simulating the experimental data with the model solution. Several asphaltene fractions were defined via SEC (size exclusion chromatography), with the molecular weight of each fraction being determined by its elution characteristics using polystyrene standards. It was found that both the coal and petroleum asphaltenes have very broad molecular weight distributions; however, the molecular weights of the coal asphaltenes (50-1000) were much smaller than those of the two petroleum asphaltenes (300-10000 and 300-20000 respectively). The uptake rates for asphaltene fractions with different molecular weights were different, depending on their diffusion rates and adsorption capacities. Simulation results showed that even though the properties of coal and petroleum asphaltenes were quite different, the values of model parameters for the fractions of the three asphaltenes had the same trend; with increasing molecular weight of the fraction, the adsorption constant monotonically increases, and the effective diffusivity decreases. The experimental diffusion data of the three asphaltenes were well represented by similarmore » mathematical models.« less
Interactive information visualization of a million items (2003)

Existing information visualization techniques are usually limited to the display of a few thousand items. This article describes new interactive techniques capable of handling a million items (effectively visible and manageable on screen). We evaluate the use of hardware-based techniques available with newer graphics cards, as well as new animation techniques and non-standard graphical features such as stereovision and overlap count. These techniques have been applied to two popular information visualizations: treemaps and scatter plot diagrams; but are generic enough to be applied to other 2D representations as well.
Automated quantitation of cell density distribution and hyperdense cell fraction in RBC disorders (1989)

An altered state of cell hydration is a hallmark of a number of RBC disorders. The two parameters most often used to characterize the state of cell hydration are (a) the complete cell density distribution profile, and (b) the fraction of cells with densities greater than a defined value. Buoyant density cell fractionation with a variety of polymers has long been the preferred method for obtaining data on cell density distribution. Although this method provides accurate and quantitative information on the state of RBC hydration, its applicability has been limited due to the time-consuming experimental procedure involved in generating the data. A recently developed light- scattering method has been used in the present study to quantitate RBC density distribution. This new method accurately quantitates both the cell density distribution profile and the fraction of dense, dehydrated cells in various RBC disorders. The ability of the automated method to generate this information rapidly makes possible objective testing of different hypotheses concerning the contributions of cell hydration and dehydration to the pathophysiology of various RBC disorders.
Robust bit extraction from images (2003)

We describe an algorithm for robust extraction of bits from image blocks and a method for synthesizing a Gaussian pseudo-random sequence from those bits. The bits are extracted by thresholding projections onto random smooth patterns generated from a user-specified key. The extracted bits are further utilized to synthesize a Gaussian pseudo-random sequence that changes continuously with the image block yet depends sensitively on the secret key. The proposed technique is quite general and can be combined with the majority of oblivious watermarking schemes that generate watermarks from pseudo-random sequences. We anticipate that this algorithm will find applications in many oblivious watermarking schemes including secure data embedding into videos and watermarking images for tamper detection.
Reconstitution of T Cell Receptor ζ-Mediated Calcium Mobilization in Nonlymphoid Cells (1993)

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activation involves interactions between receptor subunits and nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Early steps in signaling through the zeta chain of the TCR were examined in transfected COS-1 cells. Coexpression of the PTK p59fynT, but not p56lck, with zeta or with a homodimeric TCR beta-zeta fusion protein produced tyrosine phosphorylation of both zeta and phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma 1, as well as calcium ion mobilization in response to receptor cross-linking. CD45 coexpression enhanced these effects. No requirement for the PTKZAP-70 was observed. Thus, p59fynT may link zeta directly to the PLC-gamma 1 activation pathway.
Copolymerization of Propylene with Poly(ethylene-<i>co</i>-propylene) Macromonomer and Branch Chain-Length Dependence of Rheological Properties (2002)

A series of isotactic polypropylene (PP) samples with poly(ethylene-co-propylene) long chain branching were produced by a semibatch copolymerization of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) macromonomer (EPR), prepared in a high-temperature continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), and propylene using rac-dimethylsilylenebis(2-methylbenz[e]indenyl) zirconium dicholoride/modified methylaluminoxane. The branch frequency and branch length of the copolymers were controlled by varying the stoichiometry and molecular weight of the EPR macromonomer, respectively. Long chain branch frequencies of up to 2.8 branches per chain were achieved, while the branch length was varied from 2500 to 17 000 g/mol. The effects of macromonomer concentration, macromonomer molecular weight, and reaction temperature on the copolymer chain properties were investigated. The rheological responses of the EPR-branched PP were determined. Branches below 7000 g/mol had little influence on the rheological behavior of the polymers. The zero shear viscosity, shear thinning property, and loss and storage moduli were found to be dependent on the branch length and branch frequency when the branch Mn was above 7000 g/mol. Elevated flow activation energies were observed with measured values of up to 51 kJ/mol. The physical and chemical properties of the copolymers were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), FTIR, parallel-plate rheometry, and 13C NMR.
Detection of Tripeptidyl Peptidase I Activity in Living Cells by Fluorogenic Substrates (2006)

Tripeptidyl peptidase I (TPP-I) is a lysosomal peptidase with unclear physiological function. TPP-I deficiency is associated with late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a fatal neurodegenerative disease of childhood that is characterized by loss of neurons and photoreceptor cells. We have developed two novel fluorogenic substrates, [Ala-Ala-Phe]2-rhodamine 110 and [Arg-Nle-Nle]2-rhodamine 110, that are cleaved by TPP-I in living cells. Fluorescence of liberated rhodamine 110 was detected by flow cytometry and was dependent on the level of TPP-I expression. Rhodamine-related fluorescence could be suppressed by preincubation with a specific inhibitor of TPP-I. When investigated by fluorescent confocal microscopy, rhodamine signals colocalized with lysosomal markers. Thus, cleavage of these rhodamide-derived substrates is a marker for mature enzymatically active TPP-I. In addition, TPP-I-induced cleavage of [Ala-Ala-Phe]2-rhodamine 110 could be visualized in primary neurons. We conclude that [Ala-Ala-Phe]2-rhodamine 110 and [Arg-Nle-Nle]2-rhodamine 110 are specific substrates for determining TPP-I activity and intracellular localization in living cells. Further, these substrates could be a valuable tool for studying the neuronal pathology underlying classical late-infantile NCL. This article contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Preliminary experience with intra-arterial nicardipine as a treatment for cerebral vasospasm. (2004)

As shown by TCD imaging, IA nicardipine has an immediate and sustained effect on vasospasm. It does not appear to have sustained effect on ICP or cardiovascular status. This treatment warrants further study to determine its safety and efficacy.
Balancing search and target response in cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) teams (2006)

This paper considers a heterogeneous team of cooperating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) drawn from several distinct classes and engaged in a search and action mission over a spatially extended battlefield with targets of several types. During the mission, the UAVs seek to confirm and verifiably destroy suspected targets and discover, confirm, and verifiably destroy unknown targets. The locations of some (or all) targets are unknown a priori, requiring them to be located using cooperative search. In addition, the tasks to be performed at each target location by the team of cooperative UAVs need to be coordinated. The tasks must, therefore, be allocated to UAVs in real time as they arise, while ensuring that appropriate vehicles are assigned to each task. Each class of UAVs has its own sensing and attack capabilities, so the need for appropriate assignment is paramount. In this paper, an extensive dynamic model that captures the stochastic nature of the cooperative search and task assignment problems is developed, and algorithms for achieving a high level of performance are designed. The paper focuses on investigating the value of predictive task assignment as a function of the number of unknown targets and number of UAVs. In particular, it is shown that there is a tradeoff between search and task response in the context of prediction. Based on the results, a hybrid algorithm for switching the use of prediction is proposed, which balances the search and task response. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated through Monte Carlo simulations.
The Increasing Interest of ANAMMOX Research in China: Bacteria, Process Development, and Application (2013)

Nitrogen pollution created severe environmental problems and increasingly has become an important issue in China. Since the first discovery of ANAMMOX in the early 1990s, this related technology has become a promising as well as sustainable bioprocess for treating strong nitrogenous wastewater. Many Chinese research groups have concentrated their efforts on the ANAMMOX research including bacteria, process development, and application during the past 20 years. A series of new and outstanding outcomes including the discovery of new ANAMMOX bacterial species (Brocadia sinica), sulfate-dependent ANAMMOX bacteria (Anammoxoglobus sulfate and Bacillus benzoevorans), and the highest nitrogen removal performance (74.3-76.7 kg-N/m(3)/d) in lab scale granule-based UASB reactors around the world were achieved. The characteristics, structure, packing pattern and floatation mechanism of the high-rate ANAMMOX granules in ANAMMOX reactors were also carefully illustrated by native researchers. Nowadays, some pilot and full-scale ANAMMOX reactors were constructed to treat different types of ammonium-rich wastewater including monosodium glutamate wastewater, pharmaceutical wastewater, and leachate. The prime objective of the present review is to elucidate the ongoing ANAMMOX research in China from lab scale to full scale applications, comparative analysis, and evaluation of significant findings and to set a design to usher ANAMMOX research in culmination.
Measuring the Inflammasome (2011)

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes whose activity has been implicated in physiological and pathological inflammation. The hallmarks of inflammasome activation are the secretion of the mature forms of Caspase-1 and IL-1β from cells of the innate immune system. This protocol covers the methods required to study inflammasome activation using mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) as a model system. The protocol includes the generation and handling of BMDCs, the stimulation of BMDCs with established Nlrp3 inflammasome activators, and the measurement of activation by both ELISA and western blot. These methods can be useful for the study of potential inflammasome activators, and of the signaling pathways involved in inflammasome activation. General considerations are provided that may help in the design and optimization of modified methods for the study of other types of inflammasomes and in other cell types.
Density-functional studies of hydrogen peroxide adsorption and dissociation on MoO<sub>3</sub>(100) and H<sub>0.33</sub>MoO<sub>3</sub>(100) surfaces (2015)

Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) adsorption and dissociation mechanisms on MoO<sub>3</sub>(100) and H<sub>0.33</sub>MoO<sub>3</sub>(100) surfaces were studied by means of density-functional computations.
Paramétrisation 3D de l'espace en géologie sédimentaire : le modèle GeoChron (2005)

Reservoir modelling requires building a volumic mesh usually adapted to faults and horizons of the domain, on which petrophysical property models are computed. The common practice consists in using stratigraphic curvilinear grids formed of hexahedral cells whose indexes (i, j, k) constitute a sampling of a " 3D parametric function (u, v,t) where (u, v) correspond to the "paleo-geographic" coordinates tangent to the horizons and (t), viewed as an analog to the geological age of the terrains, is approximately orthogonal to the horizons. These grids are suited to the property-modelling geostatistical algorithms but their topological regularity induces errors or approximations in complex fault networks or folded environments. The GeoChron model corrects these drawbacks by clearly segragating the geometry of the domain of study (modelled by an unstructured tetrahedralised mesh), the link between this geometry and the geometry of the layers at the time or deposition (thanks to a 3D parametric function (u,v,t)) and the property model (computed in a regular fine-scaled grid). After exposing the mathematical framework of this model which emphasises the similarity with time stratigraphic (or Wheeler) diagrams used in sedimentology, we show two practical ways of building such a parameterisation and their implementation in the GOCAD geomodelling software. Then we show how the (t) component of the parametric function can be used to automatically compute a geometric estimate of the throw vector in any point of a fault surface. Finally, we present Borne applications concerning petrophysical property modelling, deformation estimation or seismic data integration.
A new Wiener filtering based detection scheme for time domain perceptual audio watermarking (2004)

The paper presents a new detection method for a spread spectrum and perceptual watermarking system, viewed as a hidden data transmission system, where the generic detection operation is achieved by a Wiener deconvolution filter. We point out the insufficiencies of the generic reception scheme concerning truncation errors and an ill-conditioned deconvolution operation, and we propose a cascade realization of the reception filter, which significantly improves the detection performances (to a multiplicative factor of 20) at higher bit rates, even in the presence of MPEG compression.
A high-speed real-time binary BCH decoder (1993)

A high-speed real-time decoder for t-error-correcting binary BCH codes based on a modified step-by-step decoding algorithm is presented. The average operation cycle, for decoding each received word is just equal to the block length of the codeword. The decoder is constructed of three modules: the syndrome module, the comparison module, and the error corrector. Since all of the modules can be implemented by systolic circuits, the data rate of this decoder can theoretically be up to the rate of the inverse of two logic-gate delays operating from approximately several hundreds of megabits per second to the order of gigabits per second. Thus, the decoder can be applied in broadband service and video processing. By avoiding inverse operations in the step-by-step decoding method, the circuit complexity of the decoder can be made much less than that of the standard algebraic method. The detailed circuit diagrams of the comparison module and error corrector for double- and triple-error-correcting binary BCH codes are given for illustration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Sulfur Containing Derivatives of Chalcone. IV. A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Thioaurones (1975)

Chalcone (I) or 4-nitrochalcone (II) reacted with phenylsulfenyl chloride in acetic acid to give 1-chloro-1-phenyl-2-phenylthio-3-phenyl-3-propanone (III) or 1-p-nitro-phenyl-1-chloro-2-phenylthio-3-phenyl-3-propanone (IV) as an adduct. However, the reaction of 5'-methyl-2'-methylthiochalcones (VII to XIII) or 5'-chloro-2'-methylthio-chalcones (XIV to XVIII) with arylsulfenyl chloride did not afford such an adduct. In this reaction, 5-methyl- or 5-chloro-thioaurones (XIX to XXX) were formed from these chalcones (VII to XVIII) by a five-membered ring closure with demethylation of their methylthio groups. This reaction is available as an one step method for synthesis of thioaurones from 2'-methylthiochalcones.
A maximum likelihood approach to blind separation of narrowband digital communication signals (2002)

We present a maximum likelihood (ML) approach for deconvolving a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) non-dispersive system and recovering its inputs, from observation of its outputs. We apply this approach to the specific problem of separating several narrowband digital communication signals that share the same frequency band. A computationally efficient adaptive algorithm for solving this problem is presented, and is shown to be insensitive to lack of precise knowledge of the signals carrier frequencies and phases. Thus, the proposed algorithm can be applied at the front-end of a multi-channel digital communication receiver, whose outputs are then fed into conventional single-channel receivers. Some examples are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach.