gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CVABS: moving object segmentation with common vector approach for videos (2019)

Background modelling is a fundamental step for several real‐time computer vision applications that requires security systems and monitoring. An accurate background model helps to detect the activity of moving objects in the video. In this work, the authors have developed a new subspace‐based background‐modelling algorithm using the concept of common vector approach (CVA) with Gram–Schmidt orthogonalisation. Once the background model that involves the common characteristic of different views corresponding to the same scene is acquired, a smart foreground detection and background updating procedure is applied based on dynamic control parameters. A variety of experiments is conducted on different problem types related to dynamic backgrounds. Several types of metrics are utilised as objective measures and the obtained visual results are judged subjectively. It was observed that the proposed method stands successfully for all problem types reported on CDNet2014 dataset by updating the background frames with a self‐learning feedback mechanism.
On the Motion of Viscous Fluids in the Presence of Diffusion (1988)

We consider the motion of a viscous incompressible fluid consisting of two components with a diffusion effect obeying Fick’s law. We prove: (i) the existence for two-dimensional flows of a (unique) global solution if the diffusion coefficient $\lambda $ is small; (ii) the convergence (as $\lambda \to 0$) for two- and three-dimensional motions towards the corresponding solutions of the Navier–Stokes system for nonhomogeneous fluids.
Treatment with oxaliplatin for the prevention of port-site metastases in laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer (2008)

Objective To evaluate the effect of topical application of oxaliplatin on the development of port-site metastases after lap-aroscopic surgery for colorectal cancer in an experimental murine model. Methods Forty Wistar rats were used for the experiment. They were divided randomly into two groups. Pneumoperitoneum was created with carbon dioxide. Rat colon carcinoma viable cells were injected into their peritoneal cavities. Oxaliplatin was then applied topically to Trocar site in experimental group. Control group received no treatment. One week later killed the rats and observed the rate of tumor implantation in two groups. Results The rate of tumor implantation in experimental group was 36.8% (14/38) compared with 65% (26/40) in control group. The difference was significant in statistics (P<0.05). Conclusion Intramuscular topical application of oxaliplatin can obviously decrease the incidence of port-site metastasis in a syngeneic animal model of colon cancer.

Key words: 
Laparoscopy ;  Oxaliplatin;  Port-site metastases;  Colorectal cancer
Epitaxial growth of GaN on {1012} oriented sapphire in GaCl/NH<sub>3</sub>/He and GaCl/NH<sub>3</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> systems (1980)

Abstract GaN epitaxial layers were grown on {10 1 2} sapphire substrates in the systems GaCl/NH 3 /He and GaCl/NH 3 H 2 , respectively. The films obtained were investigated by light microscopy, RHEED method and electron‐microscopical replica technique. The epitaxial relationship was found to be {10 1 2} // {11 2 0} GaN ; 〈11 2 0〉 // 〈10 1 0〉 GaN With respect to layer perfection the temperature range of 800 … 1060°C and growth rates ≧ 1 μm/min are the best growth conditions.
Cerebral edema and its treatment (2007)

Cerebral edema is a life-threatening condition that develops as a result of an inflammatory reaction. Most frequently, this is the consequence of cerebral trauma, massive cerebral infarction, hemorrhages, abscess, tumor, allergy, sepsis, hypoxia, and other toxic or metabolic factors. At present, the following types of cerebral edema are differentiated: the vasogenic cerebral edema resulting from an increased permeability of the endothelium of cerebral capillaries to albumin and other plasma proteins; the cytotoxic cerebral edema resulting from the exhaustion of the energy potential of cell membranes without damage to the barrier; the hydrostatic cerebral edema resulting from disturbance of the autoregulation of cerebral blood circulation; the osmotic cerebral edema resulting from dilution of blood; and the interstitial cerebral edema resulting from acute hydrocephaly. Some authors also differentiate ischemic cerebral edema. At present, when various traumas and traumatic cerebral injuries are frequent causes of death in young people, treatment strategy for cerebral edema is of utmost importance. Monitoring of the patient's condition in the intensive care unit is a necessity. It is important to ensure proper positioning of the patient--the head should be tilted at 30 degrees in order to optimize the cerebral perfusion pressure and control of the increase in intracranial pressure. Hyperventilation should be applied. Controlled hypothermia decreases the rate of metabolism in the brain. Slightly positive fluid balance should be maintained using crystalloid or colloid (hypertonic-hyperoncotic) solutions, at the same time maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure exceeding 70 mmHg. The treatment includes administration of antihypertensive medications, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and barbiturates. Steroids decrease the permeability of capillaries and the hemato-encephalic barrier, promoting the movement of Na(+)/K(+) ions and water through the main endothelial membrane, and therefore they are used in the treatment of vasogenic cerebral edema as well as edema caused by a cerebral tumor. Glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists improve cerebral microcirculation and metabolism. Trometamol corrects cerebral acidosis. Extended cerebral edema is treated surgically via a bilateral decompressive craniotomy, sometimes including craniotomy of lateral and posterior fossae. The treatment of cerebral edema is complex, and positive results may be expected only if the diagnosis and the provision of assistance are timely.
Acute Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat: Comparison of Three Experimental Techniques (1983)

Three techniques to produce experimental spinal cord injuries in the rat are compared; 1) the weight dropping method, 2) the aneurysm clip compression method and 3) the extradural balloon compression method. In principle, different forces were used in technique one, while a constant force for different durations is maintained in techniques two and three. The relationship between these different types of injuries and subsequent clinical recovery was assessed quantitatively by the inclined plane method of Rivlin and Tator. The weight dropping technique was found unreliable for experimental spinal cord injury in the rat while the aneurysm clip compression technique resulted in consistent cord injuries with respect to subsequent clinical recovery. The extradural balloon compression method invariably resulted in complete recovery after three and five minutes but no recovery after seven minutes of 0.1 cc air inflated balloon compression of the cord indicating a steep dose--response curve. However, using a 0.2 cc air inflated balloon, no recovery was noted after one minute compression. The major factor in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury produced by the weight dropping technique is believed to be mechanical, while both mechanical and vascular factors seem to operate in the clip and balloon compression techniques.
Two Iron Catalysts are Better than One: A General and Convenient Reduction of Aromatic and Aliphatic Primary Amides (2012)

It takes two: For the reduction of amides to amines iron catalysts were developed. A combination of two different iron catalysts made possible the challenging reduction of primary amides (see picture).
Historical Contingency in Community Assembly: Integrating Niches, Species Pools, and Priority Effects (2015)

The order and timing of species immigration during community assembly can affect species abundances at multiple spatial scales. Known as priority effects, these effects cause historical contingency in the structure and function of communities, resulting in alternative stable states, alternative transient states, or compositional cycles. The mechanisms of priority effects fall into two categories, niche preemption and niche modification, and the conditions for historical contingency by priority effects can be organized into two groups, those regarding regional species pool properties and those regarding local population dynamics. Specifically, two requirements must be satisfied for historical contingency to occur: The regional pool contains species that can together cause priority effects, and local dynamics are rapid enough for early-arriving species to preempt or modify niches before other species arrive. Organizing current knowledge this way reveals an outstanding key question: How are regional species pools that yield priority effects generated and maintained?
Broadband Cavity Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CE-DOAS) – applicability and corrections (2009)

Abstract. Atmospheric trace gas measurements by cavity assisted long-path absorption spectroscopy are an emerging technology. An interesting approach is the combination of CEAS with broadband light sources, the broadband CEAS (BB-CEAS). BB-CEAS lends itself to the application of the DOAS technique to analyse the derived absorption spectra. While the DOAS approach has enormous advantages in terms of sensitivity and specificity of the measurement, an important implication is the reduction of the light path by the trace gas absorption, since cavity losses due to absorption by gases reduce the quality (Q) of the cavity. In fact, at wavelength, where the quality of the BB-CEAS cavity is dominated by the trace gas absorption (especially at very high mirror reflectivity), the average light path will vary nearly inversely with the trace gas concentration and the strength of the band will become only weakly dependent on the trace gas concentration c in the cavity, (the differential optical density being proportional to the logarithm of the trace gas concentration). Only in the limiting case where the mirror reflectivity determines Q at all wavelength, the strength of the band as seen by the CE-DOAS instrument becomes directly proportional to the concentration c. We investigate these relationships in detail and present methods to correct for the cases between the two above extremes, which are of course the important ones in practice.
Design evaluation of a double ring RCM mechanism for robotic needle guidance in MRI-guided liver interventions (2013)

MRI-guided percutaneous liver interventions have been investigated by researchers as an alternative to CT-guided procedures as it is non-invasive and provides greater soft tissue details. In practice, however, repeated needle insertion is still required to reach desired positions on trial-and-error basis. To minimize the needle attempt and procedural time, we designed a robotic needle guidance device that provides needle insertion angle guidance at skin entry using two rotational joints structured for remote-center-of-motion manipulation. To evaluate the mechanism and clinical feasibility, we fabricated a proof-of-concept prototype that can be manually operated. As preliminary design evaluation, we conducted a retrospective clinical study of 13 MRI-guided abdominal biopsies to determine if the proposed mechanism and device can provide necessary needle insertion angles in MRI-guided liver biopsy procedures. The number of needle insertion attempts per biopsy was also measured. To confirm the kinematic design of the double ring remote-center-of-motion mechanism and to identify any procedural difficulties, we conducted a phantom targeting experiment. The retrospective clinical study showed that the 80 degree insertion angle coverage of the device is sufficient for clinical cases, and an average of five needle insertion attempts per biopsy in conventional MRI-guided biopsy can be reduced by the proposed device. A phantom targeting experiment confirmed that the unique kinematic design was successfully implementation in the targeting.
Defect in Microvascular Adaptation to Chronic Changes in Blood Flow in Mice Lacking the Gene Encoding for Dystrophin (2002)

Dystrophin has a key role in striated muscle mechanotransduction. In mice lacking the gene encoding for dystrophin (mdx mice), the absence of dystrophin and several other proteins of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex induces a defect in flow (shear stress)-mediated NO-dependent dilation (FMD). Because the endothelium is essential for the adaptation of arteries to chronic changes in blood flow, the long-term consequences of this vascular deficiency might affect flow-induced vascular remodeling. Thus, we submitted mouse mesenteric resistance arteries to chronic changes in flow by alternatively ligating arteries. Arteries were thus submitted to high flow (HF), low flow (LF), or normal flow. After 2 weeks, arteries were studied in vitro in an arteriograph. Increases in diameter (from 174+/-10 to 210+/-15 microm, pressure 75 mm Hg) found in HF arteries were not significant in mdx mice. Arterial diameters in LF arteries decreased similarly in control and mdx mice. FMD increased in HF arteries and decreased in LF arteries. FMD was not increased in HF arteries in mdx mice. NO-dependent FMD and NO synthase expression increased in the HF arteries of control mice but not in those of mdx mice. Dilatory and contractile tone, depending on the smooth muscle, was unaffected in HF arteries but decreased in LF arteries of both strains. We conclude that resistance arteries of mdx mice do not adapt properly to chronic changes in flow, inasmuch as the increases in diameter, endothelial NO synthase expression, and FMD did not occur in mdx mice submitted to HF for 2 weeks. This study suggests that blood flow regulation might be disturbed in dystrophin-related myopathies, possibly increasing organ damage.
Stem cell biotechnology (2009)

Within the mammalian body there is a ranking system of cells from the undifferentiated to the highly specialised cell types and tissues, e.g. liver, brain, lung, blood, skin, etc., which have arisen by the process of cellular differentiation. Cellular differentiation occurs by a variety of biological processes that involve the switching on and off of specific genes, of cell signalling and, especially, where the cell is situated in the body. When a cell achieves terminal differentiation it cannot reproduce itself. Yet, it has long been recognised that systems and tissues of the adult body must have some ability to replace cells such as cells of the blood system (haematopoietic cells) and skin cells (epidermal tissue). The body does, however, retain certain undifferentiated cells within tissues and such cells are termed tissue or adult stem cells (TS).
Inflammatory Cytokines and HIV-1-Associated Neurodegeneration: Oncostatin-M Produced by Mononuclear Cells from HIV-1-Infected Individuals Induces Apoptosis of Primary Neurons (1999)

Neurologic abnormalities are common in HIV-1-infected patients and often represent the dominant clinical manifestation of pediatric AIDS. The neurological dysfunction has been directly related to CNS invasion by HIV-1 that is principally, if not exclusively, supported by blood-derived monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes. By using primary long term cultures of human fetal sensory neurons as well as sympathetic precursors-like neuronal cells, we determined that blood-derived mononuclear cells from HIV-1-infected individuals spontaneously release soluble mediators that can potently inhibit the growth and survival of developing neurons as well as the viability of postmitotic neuronal cells by inducing apoptotic cell death. Analysis of the cytokines produced by lymphomonocytic cells, HIV-1 infected or activated, indicated that oncostatin M (oncM) is a major mediator of these effects. Since low TGF-beta1 concentrations were capable of enhancing oncM-mediated neuronal alterations, our data indicate that by acting in concert with other cytokines, oncM may induce neuronal demise in both the developing and the mature brain. Thus, this cytokine may contribute to the setting of the neuronal cell damage observed in HIV-1-infected individuals.
Estrogen receptor assay in human mammary carcinoma with the synthetic estrogen 11beta-methoxy-17alpha-ethinyl-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol (R 2858). (1978)

Abstract The interaction of the tritiated synthetic estrogen R 2858 (11β-methoxy-17α-ethinyl-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17β-diol) with the cytosol estrogen receptor in human mammary carcinoma and with sex hormone-binding globulin in human serum was compared with the binding of [ 3 H]estradiol. Unlike estradiol, R 2858 does not bind to sex hormonebinding globulin, which prevents interference of this serum protein in estrogen receptor assays. The affinity of R 2858 for the estrogen receptor was about 10 times less than was the affinity of estradiol for the same receptor. The amount of unspecific binding was less with [ 3 H]R 2858 than with [ 3 H]estradiol. Quantitation of the estrogen receptor with [ 3 H]estradiol as ligand in Scatchard analysis, glycerol gradient centrifugation, or isoelectric focusing was affected by an excessive contamination of the tissue samples with serum. This interference was not observed when [ 3 H]R 2858 was used as ligand in the assays. [ 3 H]R 2858 offers two main advantages, when compared to [ 3 H]estradiol, in assays of the estrogen receptor in human mammary carcinoma tissue grossly contaminated with blood. ( a ) It is specifically bound to the estrogen receptor but not to sex hormone-binding globulin. ( b ) It has less tendency to bind unspecifically to components in human serum and breast cancer cytosol when compared to [ 3 H]estradiol. The advantages of [ 3 H]R 2858 as a ligand in estrogen receptor assays are very apparent when the tumor tissue is collected by fine-needle aspiration biopsy; the specimens obtained by this technique are often grossly contaminated with blood.
Atomic Layer Deposition of ZrO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films Using Dichlorobis[bis‐(trimethylsilyl)amido]zirconium and Water (2004)

Abstract A new zirconium precursor, (ZrCl 2 [N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 ), and H 2 O oxidant were used to deposit ZrO 2 films on a Si substrate, for alternative gate dielectrics, via atomic layer deposition (ALD) in the temperature range 150–350 °C. The film growth showed the self‐limiting characteristic of ALD, with a maximum growth rate of 1.6 Å per cycle at 175 °C. The compositions of as‐deposited films were analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and it was found that the amount of silicon in ZrO 2 films was uniformly distributed throughout the film in the range of 1.1 at.‐% to 5.4 at.‐% as the deposition temperature was increased. After rapid thermal annealing in an Ar atmosphere at 700–900 °C, the amorphous as‐deposited film was crystallized mainly in the cubic phase, and no significant change in surface morphology was observed.
Type 2 Diabetes and obesity: A review (2010)

The article reviews the relationship between type 2 diabetes and obesity. This also includes types of obesity and its genetic predisposition. The modern generalization of sedentary life and caloric abundance has created new physiological conditions capable of changing the level of expression of a number of genes involved in fuel metabolism and body weight regulation. It is likely that the genetic variants or alleles of these genes have in the past participated in the adaptation of human physiology to its evolutionary constraints. In this article, we underscore the importance of obesity in relation to disorders of diverse etiologies characterized by disturbances of free fatty acids, visceral adiposity and insulin resistance. Further, we have investigated the role of selecting the traits to be subjected to quantitative genetic analysis in the occurrence of obesity
[Clinicopathological features of multiple mucosal neuroma without multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIB]. (2011)

Non-MEN-IIB MMN is a very rare disease and the possibility of MEN-IIB should be excluded before making diagnosis. The lesions located in the mucosal tissue with polyp-like or papular appearance, so they should be differentiated from other neoplasms or non-neoplastic lesions.
Experimental Investigation to the Properties of Eutectic Salts by NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 for Application as High Temperature Heat Transfer Fluids (2014)

A group of eutectic ternary halide salts were surveyed and studied for the objective of developing a high temperature heat transfer fluid with a freezing point below 250°C and a low vapor pressure, below 1.0 atm, at temperatures up to 800°C. The studied salts include: 1) NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 with a mole fractions of 18.6%-21.9%-59.5% and a melting point of tm=213°C; 2) NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 with a mole fraction of 13.4%-33.7%-52.9% and a melting point of tm=204°C; and 3) NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 with mole fraction of 13.8%-41.9%-44.3% and a melting point of tm=229 °C. Vapor pressures of these salts at different temperatures were experimentally obtained using an in-house developed test facility. The results show that vapor pressures of all the three eutectic molten salts are below 1.0 atm at a temperature of 800 °C. The salt of ZnCl2-KCl-NaCl in mole faction of 44.3%-41.9%-13.8% has lowest vapor pressure which is only about 1.0 atm even at a temperature of 900 °C. Viscosities of these salts were measured in the temperature range from after melting to 850°C. At low temperatures near their melting points of the salts, the viscosities are about 16 × 10−3Pa s, while at high temperatures above 700°C the viscosities are around 4 × 10−3Pa s, which is satisfactorily low to serve as heat transfer fluid for circulation in a CSP system. Both the vapor pressure and the viscosities of the studied three eutectic salts demonstrated satisfaction to serve as high temperature heat transfer fluids. Other thermal and transport properties of these salts are expected to be reported in the future for screening out a satisfactory high temperature heat transfer fluid.
Highly permeable CHA membranes prepared by fluoride synthesis for efficient CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> separation (2018)

Highly permeable CHA membranes were prepared in a fluoride synthesis gel by using all-silica CHA nanocrystals as seeds (20–200 nm) that were prepared using an improved method developed in the present work.
Matrices for dual representation of four-terminal non-uniform transmission lines (1973)

The matrix characterization of general fourterminal non-uniform transmission lines is derived by current and voltage gradient considerations and appropriate application of boundary conditions. The parameters allow ready simplification to any particular component cascade for any class of non-uniformities with solutions expressible in separable variables. By invoking the Principle of Duality, the corresponding immittance and transmission matrices of the dual structures can be simply written by inspection. Previous solutions are treated as special cases arid, in particular, a useful property of three-terminal autonomic lines is deduced.
A Distribution-Free Test for Tumor-Growth Curve Analyses with Application to an Animal Tumor Immunotherapy Experiment (1981)

James A. Koziol, Donna A. Maxwell, Matsuro Fukushima, M. E. M. Colmerauer, Yosef H. Pilch, A Distribution-Free Test for Tumor-Growth Curve Analyses with Application to an Animal Tumor Immunotherapy Experiment, Biometrics, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Jun., 1981), pp. 383-390