gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generating ensembles of heterogeneous classifiers using Stacked Generalization (2015)

Over the last two decades, the machine learning and related communities have conducted numerous studies to improve the performance of a single classifier by combining several classifiers generated from one or more learning algorithms. Bagging and Boosting are the most representative examples of algorithms for generating homogeneous ensembles of classifiers. However, Stacking has become a commonly used technique for generating ensembles of heterogeneous classifiers since Wolpert presented his study entitled Stacked Generalization in 1992. Studies that have addressed the Stacking issue demonstrated that when selecting base learning algorithms for generating classifiers that are members of the ensemble, their learning parameters and the learning algorithm for generating the meta‐classifier were critical issues. Most studies on this topic manually select the appropriate combination of base learning algorithms and their learning parameters. However, some other methods use automatic methods to determine good Stacking configurations instead of starting from these strong initial assumptions. In this paper, we describe Stacking and its variants and present several examples of application domains. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2015, 5:21–34. doi: 10.1002/widm.1143 This article is categorized under: Technologies > Classification
The amphipathicity of interleukin-2 (1991)

[Interleukin 2 plays a pivotal role in the generation of an immune response. Activation of T cells via the antigen receptor results in a cascade of events leading to the secretion of interleukin 2 and cellular differentiation and proliferation. Using a number of specific antibodies, we have described the presence of interleukin 2 epitopes on the surface of cells that have the potential to secrete interleukin 2. The expression of membrane-associated interleukin 2 epitopes cannot be accounted for by interleukin 2 binding to its receptor. These epitopes are temporally distinct from secreted interleukin 2 and are not inhibited by cyclosporin A. Furthermore, expression is constitutive in quiescent cells and it is lost upon activation. Hopp-Woods analysis of the primary amino acid sequence of interleukin 2 reveals several hydrophobic regions. Consideration of this analysis along with the known three-dimensional structure determined by X-ray crystallography indicate that hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the interleukin 2 molecule cluster into easily distinguishable domains. Thus, we have postulated that interleukin 2 possesses an intrinsic amphipathic nature. Phase separation analysis in the partitioning detergent Triton X-114 has been previously used to distinguish amphipathic from aqueous molecules. Consequently, we studied partitioning of interleukin 2 in this detergent and found that recombinant interleukin 2 muteins partitioned into the detergent phase demonstrating its intrinsic amphipathic nature. Although we demonstrated the amphipathic nature of interleukin 2 and the ability of interleukin 2 to associate with lipid bilayers during the production of planar membranes, interleukin 2 did not intercalate into the surface membrane of cells. Further studies involving the interaction of interleukin 2 with cells demonstrated a novel type of interleukin 2 binding via a novel technique for assessing binding. Using specific antibodies to interleukin 2 and flow cytometry, we have detected specific binding of high dose interleukin 2 to T cells. This binding is specific for cells that express the p55 molecule of the interleukin 2 receptor although p55 alone cannot account for the binding. The expression of this binding potential is regulated on a T cell clone and on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, we have demonstrated functional consequences of this binding for both T cell proliferation and activation of MHC-nonrestricted cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These novel characteristics of recombinant interleukin 2 may be relevant to the therapeutic use of the lymphokine in treating certain types of neoplastic disease.]
Mammalian Vestigial-like 2, a Cofactor of TEF-1 and MEF2 Transcription Factors That Promotes Skeletal Muscle Differentiation (2002)

Expression of many skeletal muscle-specific genes depends on TEF-1 (transcription enhancer factor-1) and MEF2 transcription factors. In Drosophila, the TEF-1 homolog Scalloped interacts with the cofactor Vestigial to drive differentiation of the wing and indirect flight muscles. Here, we identify three mammalian vestigial-like genes, Vgl-1, Vgl-2, and Vgl-3, that share homology in a TEF-1 interaction domain. Vgl-1 and Vgl-3 transcripts are enriched in the placenta, whereas Vgl-2 is expressed in the differentiating somites and branchial arches during embryogenesis and is skeletal muscle-specific in the adult. During muscle differentiation, Vgl-2 mRNA levels increase and Vgl-2 protein translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In situ hybridization revealed co-expression of Vgl-2 with myogenin in the differentiating muscle of embryonic myotomes but not in newly formed somites prior to muscle differentiation. Like Vgl-1, Vgl-2 interacts with TEF-1. In addition, we show that Vgl-2 interacts with MEF2 in a mammalian two-hybrid assay and that Vgl-2 selectively binds to MEF2 in vitro. Co-expression of Vgl-2 with MEF2 markedly co-activates an MEF2-dependent promoter through its MEF2 element. Overexpression of Vgl-2 in MyoD-transfected 10T(1/2) cells markedly increased myosin heavy chain expression, a marker of terminal muscle differentiation. These results identify Vgl-2 as an important new component of the myogenic program.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THYMUS (1967)

Experiments utilizing chromosome marker and histological techniques in combination with parabiosis and transplanatation procedures have demonstrated an inflow of blood-home stem cells into the chick embryo thymic rudiment. There is close similarity between the histological picture in the chick and in the mouse thymic rudiment, and it is proposed that a similar developmental process takes place in both. It may be concluded that the epithelial component of the thymic rudiment, rather than producing lymphoid cells itself, furnishes an inductive environment for the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells derived extrinsically.
Photomechanical effects in liquid crystal polymer networks prepared with<i>m</i>-fluoroazobenzene (2013)

The photomechanical response and photochemistry of a conventional, unsubstituted azobenzene-functionalized liquid crystalline polymer network (azo-LCN) is contrasted to that of an analogous material prepared with meta-fluorinated azobenzene chromophores. The polydomain azo-LCN materials exhibit nearly identical thermomechanical and optical properties. Photomechanical characterization indicates that the fluorination of the azobenzene chromophore reduces the deflection of cantilevers composed of the materials by 50%, which spectroscopic analysis reveals is due to a reduction in the ability of this material to isomerize and potentially reorient. This work is further confirmation that the underlying photochemistry of azobenzene is a primary contributor to the generation of photomechanical work in these materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 876–882
General Reaction Conditions for the Palladium-Catalyzed Vinylation of Aryl Chlorides with Potassium Alkenyltrifluoroborates (2009)

Activated and deactivated aryl and heteroaryl chlorides are efficiently cross-coupled with potassium vinyl- and alkenyltrifluoroborates using 4-hydroxyacetophenone oxime derived palladacycle as precatalyst in 1 to 3 mol % Pd loading, Binap as ligand, and Cs(2)CO(3) as base in DMF at 120 degrees C. The reactions can also be performed using Pd(OAc)(2) as Pd(0) source, although with lower efficiency. Bidentate ligands such as Binap and dppp can be used, the former being the best choice. Only in the case of deactivated aryl chlorides should the reaction temperature be increased to 160 degrees C to achieve good yields. The corresponding cross-coupled compounds, such as styrenes, stilbenes, and alkenylarenes, are obtained in good yields and with high regio- and diastereoselectivity.
Factors Related to Competency Test Performance for High School Learning Disabled Students (1985)

The purpose of this study is to explore some of the factors associated with 55 learning disabled students who passed the North Carolina Minimum Competency Test on the second administration. The factors examined are the following: reading score on the first competency test; IQ; locus of control; mother’s education; teacher support; student/teacher ratio; and home support. Results indicate that only reading performance on the first competency test is significantly correlated with overall performance on the second competency test. Parental support for learning disabled students was also correlated with a passing score on the second test, but the correlation was not statistically significant.
Position-Based Visual Servoing in Industrial Multirobot Cells Using a Hybrid Camera Configuration (2007)

This paper deals with the problem of position-based visual servoing in a multiarm robotic cell equipped with a hybrid eye-in-hand/eye-to-hand multicamera system. The proposed approach is based on the real-time estimation of the pose of a target object by using the extended Kalman filter. The data provided by all the cameras are selected by a suitable algorithm on the basis of the prediction of the object self-occlusions, as well as of the mutual occlusions caused by the robot links and tools. Only an optimal subset of image features is considered for feature extraction, thus ensuring high estimation accuracy with a computational cost independent of the number of cameras. A salient feature of the paper is the implementation of the proposed approach to the case of a robotic cell composed of two industrial robot manipulators. Two different case studies are presented to test the effectiveness of the hybrid camera configuration and the robustness of the visual servoing algorithm with respect to the occurrence of occlusions
Effect of saponin from Quillaja saponaria (molina) on antibody, tumour necrosis factor and interferon-gamma production. (1995)

Saponin has been described to contain adjuvant activity in vaccination protocols, in protection against disease, and on humoral immune response. In this paper we describe the effect of a pure saponin from Quillaja saponaria (molina) on the immune response elicited in mice by two antigens, BSA and Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake) venom. Antibody production as measured by ELISA shows that saponin was able to increase antibody synthesis to both antigens. Moreover, mice immunized with verom plus saponin were completely protected against the lethal effects of the venom. The effect of saponin was also evaluated for cytokine production. Tumour necrosis factor activity about 2.9 times higher than in control mice was detectable in sera from animals immunized with saponin. Interferon-gamma was produced only when BSA and saponin were injected together into the mice.
A micro-occlusion technique for measurement of the microvascular pressure in tumor and subcutis. (1983)

A new technique for indirect measurement of microvascular pressure in normal and tumor tissue was developed, by using a microneedle which occludes the microvessels without disturbing the microcirculation system. Thus, the microvascular pressure either in normal subcutis or in tumor tissue can be measured precisely at the single vessel level. There was a considerable drop of the pressure in the smaller arterioles (less than 40 microns in diameter) in proportion to their diameters, while the pressure profile in venules was almost flat irrespective of their diameters. The mean pressure of venules 10-50 microns in diameter was 12.0 +/- 5.2 cm H2O, and some preliminary data obtained in pressure measurement of tumor vessels are also presented.
Film deposition by thermal laser evaporation (2019)

We study the thermal evaporation of materials by irradiation with laser light to deposit layers with atomically precise thickness. Under ultrahigh to moderate vacuum pressures, a focused laser beam is directed to the front surface of a source target to heat it to temperatures suitable for thermal evaporation. The local heating, combined with efficient radiative heat dissipation at high temperatures, allows the evaporation of solid elements from self-supported targets, eliminating the need for crucibles. The temperature is controlled by a sensor on the back of the target with feedback to the laser power. Evaporating representative metals, we achieve ultrahigh evaporation temperatures exceeding 2000 °C as well as temperature stabilities of better than ±0.1 °C. Combined with laser substrate heating, this enables a thermal laser epitaxy process that is capable in principle of accurately co-depositing any combination of chemical elements at any substrate temperature under a vacuum pressure only to provide a mean free path exceeding the target–sample distance.
Vacuum-ultraviolet photoreduction of graphene oxide: Electrical conductivity of entirely reduced single sheets and reduced micro line patterns (2015)

We here report a scanning probe method to locally and directly research the electrical properties of vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) reduced graphene oxide. The measured electrical conductivity of individual VUV-reduced GO (VUV-rGO) sheets by using conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) reached 0.20 S·m−1 after 64 min irradiation, which was clearly enhanced compared with the pristine GO. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results, the recovered conductivity of VUV-rGO could be ascribed to the partial elimination of oxygen-containing functional groups and the rapid reconstruction of the C=C bonds. Heterogeneously distributed low- and high-conductivity domains (with a diameter of tens of nanometer to ca. 500 nm) were found from current mapping of the VUV-rGO sheet. By applying photomask lithography, rGO regions were drawn into single GO sheet and were researched by CAFM. The in-plane lateral conductivity of rGO regions increased obviously compared with pristine GO regions.
Ultraviolet Lasing Phenomenon of Zinc Oxide Hexagonal Microtubes (2004)

Prismatic zinc oxide (ZnO) hexagonal microtubes have been fabricated on silicon substrate using vapor transport. Two morphologies, bell-mouthed and uniform hexagonal microtubes, are obtained from the fabrication process. The ZnO hexagonal microtubes have demonstrated ultraviolet (∼393 nm) lasing emission under 355 nm optical excitation. It is found that the threshold pump intensity and cavity mode spacing of the microtube lasers are ∼500 kW/cm 2 and ∼0.7 nm, respectively. The lasing characteristics of the microtube lasers are also investigated. It is shown that high threshold pump intensity of the microtube lasers is due to the high radiation loss arising from the hollow hexagonal structure near the prismatic facets.
Mutual information-based approach to the analysis of dynamic electrocardiograms (2008)

Dynamic electrocardiogram (ECG) plays an important role in the analysis of heart movement and cardio-diseases. In an attempt to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of patterns and differences found in dynamic ECGs, techniques based on different theories such as chaos and fractal theory have been used to extract nonlinear information encoding in dynamics ECG signals. In this paper, we propose an information theory approach to supporting the analysis of dynamic ECG recorded during different time of a day. Mutual information of R-R intervals extracted from four subject groups were calculated and analysed. Results indicate that heart movement is similar to chaotic movement in many ways. Moreover, the mutual information of R-R intervals exhibits different patterns over different periods of a day and different subject groups, suggesting that it would be a useful tool to support classification analysis of heart movement and cardio related diseases.
Sr diffusion in undoped and La-doped SrTiO<sub>3</sub>single crystals under oxidizing conditions (2005)

Strontium titanate SrTiO3(100), (110), and (111) single crystals, undoped or donor doped with up to 1 at% La, were isothermally equilibrated at temperatures between 1523 and 1773 K in synthetic air followed by two different methods of Sr tracer deposition: ion implantation of 87Sr and chemical solution deposition of a thin 86SrTiO3 layer. Subsequently, the samples were diffusion annealed under the same conditions as before. The initial and final depth profiles were measured by SIMS. For strong La-doping both tracer deposition methods yield similar Sr diffusion coefficients, whereas for weak doping the tracer seems to be immobile in the case of ion implantation. The Sr diffusivity does not depend on the crystal orientation, but shows strong dependency on the dopant concentration supporting the defect chemical model that under oxidizing conditions the donor is compensated by Sr vacancies. A comparison with literature data on Sr vacancy, Ti, and La diffusion in this system confirms the concept that all cations move via Sr vacancies. Cation diffusion is several orders of magnitude slower than oxygen diffusion.
Topical nicotinamide modulates cellular energy metabolism and provides broad-spectrum protection against ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression in humans (2009)

Longwave UVA, which is poorly filtered by most sunscreens, was highly immune suppressive even at doses equivalent to 20 min of sun exposure. Nicotinamide, which protected against both UVB and UVA, is a promising agent for skin cancer prevention.
Spatio-Temporal Action Detection with Cascade Proposal and Location Anticipation (2017)

In this work, we address the problem of spatio-temporal action detection in temporally untrimmed videos. It is an important and challenging task as finding accurate human actions in both temporal and spatial space is important for analyzing large-scale video data. To tackle this problem, we propose a cascade proposal and location anticipation (CPLA) model for frame-level action detection. There are several salient points of our model: (1) a cascade region proposal network (casRPN) is adopted for action proposal generation and shows better localization accuracy compared with single region proposal network (RPN); (2) action spatio-temporal consistencies are exploited via a location anticipation network (LAN) and thus frame-level action detection is not conducted independently. Frame-level detections are then linked by solving an linking score maximization problem, and temporally trimmed into spatio-temporal action tubes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model on the challenging UCF101 and LIRIS-HARL datasets, both achieving state-of-the-art performance.
Cholecystokinin-33 potentiates and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide inhibits gastric inhibitory polypeptide – induced insulin secretion in the perfused rat pancreas (1988)

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) stimulate insulin secretion. In this study we investigated whether CCK-33 and VIP could influence the insulinogenic effect of simultaneously administered GIP and 6.7 mmol/l glucose in the perfused rat pancreas. We found that at 0.1 nmol/l, GIP markedly potentiated glucose-induced insulin release whereas CCK-33 and VIP had a weak stimulatory effect and only during the late phase. At this low dose level, CCK-33 potentiated but VIP inhibited the late phase of insulin release stimulated by glucose and GIP. At 1.0 nmol/l, GIP, CCK-33, and VIP markedly potentiated both phases of glucose-induced insulin secretion. At this dose level CCK-33 and GIP exerted additive stimulatory effects on the late phase of insulin release triggered by glucose. In contrast, 1.0 nmol/l VIP inhibited insulin secretion augmented by glucose and GIP. In summary 1) GIP, CCK-33 and VIP all potentiate glucose-induced insulin secretion from the perfused rat pancreas, and 2) CCK-33 potentiates and VIP inhibits GIP-induced insulin secretion. We suggest that interactions of this kind are of importance for the precise regulation of insulin secretion.
The Influence of Tungsten Alloying Additions on the Passivity of Aluminum (1991)

Transition metals such as Mo, W, Ta, Cr, and W can be used to significantly enhance the localized corrosion resistance of Al. Since these elements exhibit very low solubilities in aluminum, a nonequilibrium alloying method, such as sputter deposition, must be used to produce single‐phase alloys. The addition of approximately 9 atom percent W to Al can shift its pitting potential in the positive direction as much as 2600 mV. Heat‐treatment of these nonequilibrium alloys results in the precipitation of a second phase that is detrimental, but not catastrophic, to corrosion performance. Surface analysis of the Al‐W passive film formed as a function of applied anodic potential reveals that it remains thin throughout the polarization sequence and contains very little oxidized solute, regardless of the applied potential. The oxidized W present in the film is in the form of and (or ). Previously, it was proposed that the enhanced passivity for sputter‐deposited Al‐Mo, Al‐Cr, and Al‐Ta alloys was a result of the oxidized solute in the film (, , or ), making the film less susceptible to chloride attack by electrostatic‐repulsion, oxide‐structure modification, or oxidized‐solute barrier‐layer formation mechanisms. The results of this investigation reveal that the electrostatic‐repulsion or oxidized‐solute barrier‐layer mechanisms are not responsible for the dramatic enhancement in the passivity of Al with the addition of W. Instead, the small amount of oxidized W in the passive film may interact synergistically with the hydrated aluminum oxide structure to form a more protective film.
Influence of substrate temperature on the stability of glasses prepared by vapor deposition (2007)

Physical vapor deposition of indomethacin (IMC) was used to prepare glasses with unusual thermodynamic and kinetic stability. By varying the substrate temperature during the deposition from 190 K to the glass transition temperature (Tg=315 K), it was determined that depositions near 0.85Tg (265 K) resulted in the most stable IMC glasses regardless of substrate. Differential scanning calorimetry of samples deposited at 265 K indicated that the enthalpy was 8 J/g less than the ordinary glass prepared by cooling the liquid, corresponding to a 20 K reduction in the fictive temperature. Deposition at 265 K also resulted in the greatest kinetic stability, as indicated by the highest onset temperature. The most stable vapor-deposited IMC glasses had thermodynamic stabilities equivalent to ordinary glasses aged at 295 K for 7 months. We attribute the creation of stable IMC glasses via vapor deposition to enhanced surface mobility. At substrate temperatures near 0.6Tg, this mobility is diminished or absent, resulting in low stability, vapor-deposited glasses.