gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF ENZYME-AIDED PEELING ON THE QUALITY OF LOCAL MANDARIN (CITRUS RETICULATA B.) SEGMENTS (2005)

Pectinases are observed to selectively alter the albedo structure of citrus fruits and, hence, aid the removal of the peel and adhering albedo layer. This study was carried out to determine the optimum conditions needed to peel local mandarins using pectinases (Peelzym II, Novo Nordisk, Denmark). The experiment variables were enzyme concentration, vacuum pressure and vacuum infusion time. The mandarins were first scored from the stem end to the blossom end, followed by immersion in 1000 mL of enzyme solution at a set vacuum pressure and ambient temperature (27 ± 1C). Only one parameter was varied in any one experiment. Peelzym II at 0.4% v/w, 650 mm Hg vacuum and 16 min of vacuum time were optimal. The enzyme-peeled fruit segments were judged by the panelists using three different sensory tests to ascertain their appeal to consumers. A significant (P < 0.05) difference between enzyme-peeled and hand-peeled segments was found, with the panelists preferring the enzyme-peeled segments.
Summary grids: building accurate multidimensional histograms (2003)

Data summarization is very important for many data analysis tasks. In this paper we propose a simple but efficient data summarization algorithm, which outputs a histogram for multidimensional data, and make a comparative study of its usage with different distributions and with existing algorithms. The idea is to iteratively grow and modify regions of homogeneous data. This is a different strategy from the commonly used strategy of iteratively fracturing subspaces using straight lines. This work compares both strategies and concludes that the new technique is better and helds good results. We also concluded that discriminate handling of outliers is important to provide good approximates.
Release of HMGB1 in Response to Proapoptotic Glioma Killing Strategies: Efficacy and Neurotoxicity (2009)

Our results indicate that Ad-TK+GCV+Ad-Flt3L exhibit the highest efficacy and safety profile among the several proapoptotic approaches tested. The results reported further support the implementation of this combined approach in a phase I clinical trial for GBM.
Hypermodification of tRNA in Thermophilic Archaea (2000)

tRNA is structurally unique among nucleic acids in harboring an astonishing diversity of modified nucleosides. Two structural variants of the hypermodified nucleoside 7-deazaguanosine have been identified in tRNA: queuosine, which is found at the wobble position of the anticodon in bacterial and eukaryotic tRNA, and archaeosine, which is found at position 15 of the D-loop in archaeal tRNA. From homology searching of the Methanococcus jannaschii genome, a gene coding for an enzyme in the biosynthesis of archaeosine (tgt) was identified and cloned. The tgt gene was overexpressed in an Escherichia coli expression system, and the recombinant tRNA-guanine transglycosylase enzyme was purified and characterized. The enzyme catalyzes a transglycosylation reaction in which guanine is eliminated from position 15 of the tRNA and an archaeosine precursor (preQ(0)) is inserted. The enzyme is able to utilize both guanine and the 7-deazaguanine base preQ(0) as substrates, but not other 7-deazaguanine bases, and is able to modify tRNA from all three phylogenetic domains. The enzyme shows optimal activity at high temperature and acidic pH, consistent with the optimal growth conditions of M. jannaschii. The nature of the temperature dependence is consistent with a requirement for some degree of tRNA tertiary structure in order for recognition by the enzyme to occur.
Reinforcement Learning through Interaction among Multiple Agents (2006)

In ordinary reinforcement learning algorithms, a single agent learns to achieve a goal through many episodes. If a learning problem is complicated, it may take a much computation time to obtain the optimal policy. Meanwhile, for optimization problems, multi-agent search methods such as particle swarm optimization have been recognized that they are able to find rapidly a global optimal solution for multi-modal functions with wide solution space. This paper proposes a reinforcement learning algorithm by using multiple agents. In this algorithm, the multiple agents learn through not only their respective experiences but also interaction among them. For the interaction methods this paper proposes three strategies: the best action-value strategy, the average action-value strategy and the particle swarm strategy
Novel Polygonized Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Bundles (2001)

We have synthesized novel crystalline ropes of "polygonized" single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The tubes exhibit rounded-hexagonal cross sections in contrast to the earlier observations of nearly circular tubes. To investigate the structural characteristics of the lattice of SWCNTs we have performed extensive molecular-dynamics simulations. We find several metastable structures of the lattice characterized by different tube cross sections, hexagonal, rounded-hexagonal, and circular, and increasing cell volume. The competition between different tube shapes as a function of tube diameter is analyzed and compared to experiments.
Introduction (1996)

The concept of the Asiatic Mode of Production (AMP) is one of the most controversial issues in Marxology. It has been described as ‘the Loch Ness Monster of historical materialism, rarely sighted and much disbelieved’ (O’Leary, 1989: 331). Not surprisingly, the literature on this topic, as one of the highly-praised experts puts it, ‘has grown from a rock to a cape to a peninsula’ (Krader, 1975: xi). Much has been written not only by historians and economists, but also by political scientists and specialists in many other academic fields.
Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution (2002)

Many industrial formulations such as detergents, paints, foodstuff and cosmetics contain both surfactants and polymers and their interaction govern many of the properties. This book is unique in that it discusses the solution chemistry of both surfactants and polymers and also the interactions between the two. The book, which is based on successful courses given by the authors since 1992, is a revised and extended version of the first edition that became a market success with six reprints since 1998. Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution is broad in scope, providing both theoretical insights and practical help for those active in the area. This book contains a thorough discussion of surfactant types and gives information of main routes of preparation. A chapter on novel surfactants has been included in the new edition. Physicochemical phenomena such as self-assembly in solution, adsorption, gel formation and foaming are discussed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the solution behaviour of surfactants and polymers containing polyoxyethylene chains. Surface active polymers are presented and their interaction with surfactants is a core topic of the book. Protein-surfactant interaction is also important and a new chapter deals with this issue. Microemulsions are treated in depth and several important application such as detergency and their use as media for chemical reactions are presented. Emulsions and the choice of emulsifier is discussed in some detail. The new edition also contains chapters on rheology and wetting. Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution is aimed at those dealing with surface chemistry research at universities and with surfactant formulation in industry.
Localized Plasma Etching for Device Optimization (1992)

We have developed an unconventional approach to down‐stream plasma etching: only a small area of the substrate is exposed to the low pressure, reactive gaseous environment. The remainder of the substrate is outside the miniature plasma chamber, providing physical access for probing apparatus. Etch rates of 6 μm/h were obtained. The process can be especially useful when in situ monitoring of the effects of etching is required. Using this process, we improved the responsivity of a semiconductor optical detector deposited on top of an optical waveguide. This was accomplished by monitoring the transmitted intensity of light in an integrated optical waveguide while etching a thin semiconductor film covering a small region of the waveguide.
Multiple Load-Source Integration in a Multilevel Modular Capacitor Clamped DC-DC Converter Featuring Fault Tolerant Capability (2007)

A multilevel modular capacitor clamped dc-dc converter (MMCCC) will be presented in this paper with some of its advantageous features. By virtue of the modular nature of the converter, it is possible to integrate multiple loads and sources to the converter at the same time. The modular construction of the MMCCC topology provides transformer like taps in the circuit, and depending on the conversion ratio of the converter, it becomes possible to connect several dc sources and loads at these taps. The modularity of the new converter is not limited to this transformer like operation, but also provides redundancy and fault bypass capability in the circuit. Using the modularity feature, some redundant modules can be operated in bypass state, and during any fault, these redundant modules can be used to replace a faulty module to maintain an uninterrupted operation. Thus, this MMCCC topology could be a solution to establish a power management system among multiple sources and loads having different operating voltages.
Optimal Allocation of ESS in Distribution Systems With a High Penetration of Wind Energy (2010)

Environmental concerns and fuel cost uncertainties associated with the use of conventional energy sources have resulted in rapid growth in the amount of wind energy connected to distribution grids. However, based on Ontario's standard offer program (SOP), the utility has the right to curtail (spill) wind energy in order to avoid any violation of the system constraints. This means that any increase in wind energy production over a specific limit might be met with an increase in the wind energy curtailed. In spite of their cost, energy storage systems (ESSs) are considered to be a viable solution to this problem. This paper proposes a methodology for allocating an ESS in a distribution system with a high penetration of wind energy. The ultimate goal is to maximize the benefits for both the DG owner and the utility by sizing the ESS to accommodate all amounts of spilled wind energy and by then allocating it within the system in order to minimize the annual cost of the electricity. In addition, a cost/benefit analysis has been conducted in order to verify the feasibility of installing an ESS from the perspective of both the utility and the DG owner.
Experimental Study of a Ceramic Microsparging Aeration System in a Pilot-Scale Animal Cell Culture (2004)

The oxygen supply of cell cultures with the aid of free gas bubbles is an efficient process strategy in pharmaceutical production. If the cell-damaging impact of gas bubbles is reduced, direct aeration becomes a practical solution with scale-up potential and comparatively high oxygen transfer rates. In this paper a microsparging aeration system made of porous ceramic was compared with bubble-free membrane aeration. The sparging system was used for the long-term cultivation of mammalian cells in 2- to 100-L scale bioreactors and produced bubble sizes of 100-500 microm in diameter. Using a scale of 2.5 and 30 L, a cell density of 2.6 x 10(6) cells/mL was attained. When a 100-L scale was used, a density of 1.1 x 10(6) cells/mL was achieved, whereas a comparable membrane-aerated system showed a cell density of 2.2 x 10(6) cells/mL. At relatively low agitation rates of less than 70 rpm in the sparged bioreactors, a homogeneous and constant oxygen concentration was kept in the medium. As a result of the different foam-forming tendency caused by the lower gas flow of the ceramic sparger compared to that of the standard aeration systems, we were able to develop an appropriate process control strategy. Furthermore, oxygen transfer measurements for the common stainless steel sparger and the ceramic sparger showed a 3-fold higher oxygen transfer coefficient for the ceramic sparger.
Chronic spinal cord stimulation in medically intractable orthostatic tremor (2006)

The results of this pilot study indicate that SCS may be an option in patients with otherwise intractable orthostatic tremor.
A natural musaceas plant extract inhibits proteasome activity and induces apoptosis selectively in human tumor and transformed, but not normal and non-transformed, cells (2003)

Animal studies have demonstrated that a dietary polyphenol known as tannic acid (TA) exhibits anticarcinogenic activity in chemically induced cancers. Most recently, we have reported that TA and ester-bond containing green tea polyphenols are potent proteasome inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesize that CellQuest, a patented formula which contains high level of TA obtained from a musaceas (plantain) plant extract, will inhibit the tumor cell proteasome activity. Here, we report that a partially purified CellQuest fraction, S3, potently inhibits the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity of Jurkat T cell extracts in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of the proteasome by S3 in leukemia Jurkat T, simian virus 40-transformed and prostate cancer LNCaP cells results in accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and the natural proteasome substrate p27Kip1, followed by induction of apoptosis. In contrast, non-transformed, immortalized human natural killer cells and normal human fibroblasts are resistant to S3-mediated proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction. Our present study suggests that CellQuest targets and inhibits the proteasome selectively in tumor cells, which may contribute to the claimed anticancer activity.
An analytical path-loss model for on-body radio propagation (2010)

An analytical model for across the body surface communication systems is presented. The paper is focused on the calculation of the approximate path gain, both along and around planar and cylindrical geometries, representative of the human body for antennas polarized normal to the body surface. The model is validated at 2.45 GHz using finite-difference time-domain numerical analysis and in-situ measurements on an adult-male test subject.
The Eukaryotic nucleus : Molecular biochemistry and macromolecular assemblies (1990)

VOLUME II: Ultrastructural Analysis of the Ribonucleoprotein Substrate for Pre-mRNA Processing (Ann L. Beyer and Yvonne N. Osheim). Large Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Particles of Specific RNA Polymerase II Transcripts (Ruth Sperling and Joseph Sperling). Tetramers of the Core Proteins of 40s Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Particles Assemble to Package Nascent Transcripts into a Repeating Array of Regular Particles (Wallace M. LeStourgeon, Stanley F. Barnett, and Stephanie J. Northington). The Composition, Structure, and Organization of Proteins in Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Complexes (Gideon Dreyfuss, Maurice S. Swanson, and Serafin Pinol-Roma). The Role of Proteins in Nucleolar Structure and Function (Mark O. J. Olson). The Protein A1 of Mammalian hnRNP Complex: A New Insight Into Protein Complexity and Gene Family Structure (Fabio Cobianchi, Giuseppe Biamonti, Maria Teresa Bassi, Massimo Buvoli and Silvano Riva). Structure/Function Relationships in hnRNP Proteins (Barbara M. Merrill and Kenneth R. Williams). The Enzymology of Eukaryotic DNA Topoisomerase II (Neil Osheroff). DNA Topoisomerases in the Eukaryotic Nucleus (Peter D'Arpa and Leroy F. Liu). Topoisomerase II in Mitotic Chromosome Structure (William C. Earnshaw and Margarete M. S. Heck). Dynamic Hierarchies of Chromatin Organization and Small Soluble DNA-An Overview (Phyllis R. Strauss). Chromatin Replication and Nucleosome Assembly (Anthony T. Annunziato). Chromatin Structure of Active Genes (Esther Siegfried and Sarah C. R. Elgin). Effects of Thermal Stress on the Karyoskeleton-Insights into the Possible Role of Karyoskeletal Elements in DNA Replication and Transcription (Paul A. Fisher). The Nuclear Matrix (Jeffrey A. Nickerson, DaCheng He, Edward G. Fey and Sheldon Penman). Molecular, Biochemical, and Sequence Requirements for DNA Replication in Xenopus Laevis Embryos (Howard B. Kaiserman, Nicholas J. Marini, Everdina H. A. Poll, and Robert M. Benbow). DNA Methylation and Chromosome Organization in Eukaryotes (Craig A. Cooney and E. Morton Bradbury). The Function of Cetromeres in Chromosome Segregation (Arlene M. Gaudet and Molly Fitzerald-Hayes). c. 450 pp., hardcover, 1990, ISBN 0-936923-33-4.
The yield and nutritive value of maize hybrids grown for silage (2005)

Abstract The effect of hybrid and plant population on yield, metabolisable energy content and nitrogen percentage of forage maize were investigated in a trial which included seven maize (Z. mays L.) hybrids established at 75 000, 100 000, and 140 000 plants/ha. Biomass yield and its distribution among morphological components were measured in all plots, while metabolisable energy content and nitrogen percentage of each component were measured in the 100 000 plants/ha plots only. There were significant hybrid differences in yield and yield distribution among components. Yields ranged from 15 800 to 20 700 kg DM/ha, the greatest contribution coming from grain, followed by stem, cob, and leaf. Plant population had no effect on dry matter partitioning, but forage yields declined significantly at the lowest population. Crop metabolisable energy content ranged from 10.3 to 11.3 MJ/kg DM with significant differences among hybrids, but was not correlated with forage yield or the relative contribution to yield of any component.
Recent advances in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (2010)

There have been advances in HCC treatment options over the last couple of years and there are now potential therapies for most patients with any stage of disease. Treatment decisions must be individualized after accounting for factors such as degree of liver dysfunction and patient performance status.
How learners use awareness cues about their peer's knowledge?: insights from synchronized eye-tracking data (2008)

In an empirical study, eye-gaze patterns of pairs of students were recorded and analyzed in a remote situation where they had to build a concept map collaboratively. They were provided (or not), with a knowledge awareness tool that provided learner A with learner B's level of knowledge measured through a pre-test. Previous results showed that the awareness tool positively affected learning gain by enhancing the production of elaborative talk and knowledge negotiation. In the present paper, we describe the actual use of a knowledge awareness tool during the course of interaction by analyzing the gaze paths recorded during the experiment and how they relate to learning performance and verbal interactions. The results showed that learners refer to the knowledge awareness tool episodically during the course of collaboration, mainly to assess the epistemic value of the information provided by the peer, especially when the peer seems uncertain about his understanding. The potential of the synchronized eye-tracking method for research in computer supported collaborative learning is discussed.
Localized incorporation of lanthanum carbide crystals in carbon nanotubes (1994)

Carbon nanotubes containing lanthanum carbide suggest that lanthanum may show catalytic activity for the formation of nanotubes. Images of the graphitic structures growing on the surface of silver‐colored deposits such as the SEM image of a straight carbon nanotube shown in the Figure, are presented. magnified image
Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Turbot (<i>Scophthalmus maximus</i>) (2002)

In the present work, the effects of several lactic acid bacteria on the immune response of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) macrophages have been studied both in vitro and in vivo. Out of six lactic acid bacterial strains tested, only heat-killed Lactococcus lactis significantly increased the turbot head kidney macrophage chemiluminescent (CL) response after 24 h of incubation. Nitric oxide (NO) was also significantly enhanced by this bacterium after 72 h of incubation with either viable (10(3) and 10(6) cells/ml) or heat-killed (10(6) cells/ml) bacteria. Viable Leuconostoc mesenteroides (10(6) cells/ml) was also capable of significantly increasing NO production. Since L. lactis proved to be the strain with more effects on the host immune function, further in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted with this bacterium. The in vitro capacity of L. lactis to adhere to turbot intestinal mucus was positively confirmed. When orally administered, L. lactis significantly increased the macrophage CL response and the serum NO concentration after 7 days of daily administration. The antibacterial effect of the extracellular products from the six LAB strains against the fish-pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum was also demonstrated in vitro.
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether: an emerging solvent in topical dermatology products (2011)

Background The solvent diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) is currently used in over 500 cosmetic products and has enabled the formulation of a topical 5% dapsone gel for the treatment of acne. It is anticipated that this common cosmetic ingredient will be a component in numerous future prescription topical products approved for the US market. Dermatologists are already treating patients that apply products containing 5–40% of this solvent multiple times each day. Aims To provide dermatologists a review of this solvent’s safety and tolerance in addition to describing how it interacts with the stratum corneum, sebum, and resident microflora. Methods To critically review technical and patent literature that provides insight into this novel solvent. Results Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether when used in a 99.9+% pure pharmaceutical grade is safe and well tolerated. Up to half of the applied solvent crosses the skin’s barrier and becomes systemic. For certain drug actives, this solvent provides for an intracutaneous depot. This solvent has not demonstrated any inherent antimicrobial properties but was found to be mildly inhibitory toward Propionibacterium acnes. Conclusions This safe, well-tolerated solvent is already used in many cosmetics and will become an ingredient in an increasing number of prescription products. Its ability to modify the skin delivery of actives it is formulated with (or formulation components that are applied just shortly before or after) make it important for dermatologists to have an understanding of this emerging solvent.
Effects of Geodetic Uncertainties on a Damped Inertial Navigation System (1973)

Gravity uncertainties are an inexorable source of error in all inertial navigation systems and are particularly important in high-quality inertial navigation systems. In this paper the steady-state rms errors that are excited in a damped inertial navigation system are analytically determined for four gravity uncertainty models and two vehicle maneuver models. The statistical approach used in this paper is compared with an alternate scheme ("direct simulation") that does not require statistical models for gravity uncertainties.
Timing jitter reduction of gain-switched DFB laserby external injection-seeding (1996)

The authors report the reduction of pulse-to-pulse timing jitter of a gain-switched DFB laser by external injection-seeding with a continuous wave (CW) laser. As the seeding power increases from –30 to –16 dBm, the timing jitter decreases almost linearly from 1.6 to 0.9 ps without a noticeable increase in the pulse width.