gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Uncovering the mystery of opposite circadian rhythms between mouse and human leukocytes in humanized mice (2017)

Many immune parameters show circadian rhythms during the 24-hour day in mammals. The most striking circadian oscillation is the number of circulating immune cells that display an opposite rhythm between humans and mice. The physiological roles and mechanisms of circadian variations in mouse leukocytes are well studied, whereas for humans they remain unclear because of the lack of a proper model. In this study, we found that consistent with their natural host species, mouse and human circulating leukocytes exhibited opposite circadian oscillations in humanized mice. This cyclic pattern of trafficking correlated well with the diurnal expression levels of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4, which were controlled by the intracellular hypoxia-inducible factor 1α/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like heterodimer. Furthermore, we also discovered that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases/mitogen-activated 2 had opposite effects between mice and humans in generating intracellular reactive oxygen species, which subsequently regulated HIF-1α expression. In conclusion, we propose humanized mice as a robust model for human circadian studies and reveal insights on a novel molecular clock network in the human circadian rhythm.
MYELINATION IN RAT BRAIN: CHANGES IN MYELIN COMPOSITION DURING BRAIN MATURATION<sup>1</sup> (1973)

Abstract— Myelin was isolated from rat brains during development by a procedure giving fractions of constant purity at all ages. The lipid composition of these fractions and of whole brains of littermates was determined. The amount of myelin recovered per brain was a nearly linear function of the logarithm of age from the youngest (15 days) to the oldest (425 days) animals studied. With the exception of the earliest age point, the isolated myelin accounted for approximately 40 per cent of total brain galactolipid, evidence that a constant fraction (calculated to be 60 per cent) of myelin was recovered at all ages. Although the lipid‐protein ratio of the myelin was constant with age, marked changes were seen in the amounts of cerebroside, sulphatide, phosphatidylcholine and desmosterol. The total galactolipid increased from 21 per cent of the total lipid at age 15 days to about 31 per cent at maturity. Phosphatidylcholine decreased from 17 to 11 per cent during the same period. Desmosterol decreased from 2.5 per cent of the total sterol to 0.2‐0.3 per cent. All of these changes were complete between 2 and 5 months of age; no other ‘lower phase’ lipids showed significant changes with age. Although qualitatively similar to those reported by others, the changes differed in magnitude, with more stability in the levels of cholesterol and phosphatidalethanolamine with development. A sensitive indicator of the maturation of myelin was the mole ratio galactolipid/phosphatidylcholine, which varied from 1.2 at age 15 days to 2.8 at maturity. The maximum rate of myelination occurred at 20 days of postnatal age when myelin was deposited at the rate of 3.5 mg day −1 brain −1 . However, at this age the rat brain had only 15 per cent of its eventual complement of myelin. The rate of accumulation of cerebroside in the whole brain paralleled that of myelin, and was the only lipid to show this relationship. Myelin deposition appeared to be almost solely responsible for the continued increase in brain weight after about 100 days of age.
Development and Testing of a Compact Liquid-Gas Auger Partial Separator for Downhole or Surface Applications (1997)

Summary In some applications, complete separation of liquid and gas is not required and removing only a portion of the gas is sufficient. One application that was developed fully is separation of gas from one well for raw gas lift of other wells. This can be done either on the surface or downhole. The auger separator is a new, patented device that was initially developed to fit inside production tubing and, thus, is an ultra-compact separator design. It differs from other separators in that it requires no complex controls or power to operate and, for most applications, has a diameter of only a few inches. The multiphase fluid enters an auger section where the pitch of the stationary auger blade causes the flow to rotate. Centrifugal forces created by this rotation cause the liquid to flow along the outer wall with the gas flowing in the center. A portion of the gas is ported through a crossover to the annulus in downhole applications or to a gas line in surface applications. The downhole separator can be placed by wireline in the tubing. The surface version is placed as a spool piece in the production line. Equations were developed to predict performance and were incorporated into a spreadsheet for ease of design. Laboratory tests were performed to validate the predictions and to explore various design details. Following successful lab testing, the prototype separator, which was 3½ in. in diameter, was placed downhole inside 4½-in. tubing. The separated gas was ported to the annulus through a gas-lift mandrel. This test showed that the equipment could be placed in the well with wireline, that downhole separation was feasible, and that the theoretical pressure-drop calculations were accurate. Following this test, an 8-in.-diameter auger separator was designed for separation of gas on the surface as a full-scale pilot test. This was placed in the production line from a well, and the separated gas was used to provide raw lift gas for other wells on the drillsite. These two field tests showed that partial separation was feasible with this device, and that the equations used for design were reasonable. The surface auger separator was left in place after the test and continues to provide lift gas. This paper presents the concept, design equations, laboratory test results, and field-test results of both a downhole and a surface application. Although raw gas lift is an application that has been fully developed, other potential uses also are discussed.
AlSiC, and AlSiC Hybrid Composites for Flip Chips, Optoelectronics, Power, and High Brightness LED Thermal Management Solutions (2006)

Aluminum silicon carbide (AlSiC) metal matrix composites (MMC) are providing thermal management solutions for numerous electronics applications today for improved reliability including flip chip lids, optoelectronics packaging, power devices and high brightness LED applications. AlSiC has a high thermal conductivity (200 W/mK) and thermal expansion coefficient (TCE) values that are compatible with materials that are used in electronic assemblies. AlSiC also has high strength and high stiffness that is similar to steel at a third the weight. Integration of materials and functional components to AlSiC can be accomplished during the net-shape casting fabrication for low-cost assembly and integration. AlSiC and can be integrated with high heat dissipation materials such as thermal pyrolytic graphite (TPG), or CVD diamond to from hybrid composite structures for application that require very high heat dissipation. AlSiC composite package fabrication process provides the most cost effective means to integrate these high heat dissipation materials into an electronic packaging assembly as discussed. This paper explores the thermal management solutions provided by AlSiC and AlSiC hybrid composite products. Performance and reliability were discussed for various applications. Thermal dissipation performance was illustrated using thermal modeling of currently produced product
Tissue multifractality and Born approximation in analysis of light scattering: a novel approach for precancers detection (2014)

Multifractal, a special class of complex self-affine processes, are under recent intensive investigations because of their fundamental nature and potential applications in diverse physical systems. Here, we report on a novel light scattering-based inverse method for extraction/quantification of multifractality in the spatial distribution of refractive index of biological tissues. The method is based on Fourier domain pre-processing via the Born approximation, followed by the Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. The approach is experimentally validated in synthetic multifractal scattering phantoms, and tested on biopsy tissue slices. The derived multifractal properties appear sensitive in detecting cervical precancerous alterations through an increase of multifractality with pathology progression, demonstrating the potential of the developed methodology for novel precancer biomarker identification and tissue diagnostic tool. The novel ability to delineate the multifractal optical properties from light scattering signals may also prove useful for characterizing a wide variety of complex scattering media of non-biological origin.
Human aquaporin adipose (AQPap) gene. Genomic structure, promoter analysis and functional mutation (2002)

Aquaporin adipose (AQPap), which we identified from human adipose tissue, is a glycerol channel in adipocyte [Kishida et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem.275, 20896–20902]. In the current study, we determined the genomic structure of the human AQPap gene, and identified three AQPap-like genes that resembled (≈ 95%) AQPap, with little expression in human tissues. The AQPap promoter contained a putative peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) at −46 to −62, and a putative insulin response element (IRE) at −542/−536. Deletion of the PPRE abolished the pioglitazone-mediated induction of AQPap promoter activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Deletion and single base pair substitution analysis of the IRE abolished the insulin-mediated suppression of the human AQPap gene. Analysis of AQPap sequence in human subjects revealed three missense mutations (R12C, V59L and G264V), and two silent mutations (A103A and G250G). The cRNA injection of the missense mutants into Xenopus oocytes revealed the absence of the activity to transport glycerol and water in the AQPap-G264V protein. In the subject homozygous for AQPap-G264V, exercise-induced increase in plasma glycerol was not observed in spite of the increased plasma noradrenaline. We suggest that AQPap is responsible for the increase of plasma glycerol during exercise in humans.
Mechanism of amorphous Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub>removal during chemical mechanical planarization in acidic H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>slurry (2013)

In this paper, chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) of amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 (a-GST) in acidic H2O2 slurry is investigated. It was found that the removal rate of a-GST is strongly dependent on H2O2 concentration and gradually increases with the increase in H2O2 concentration, but the static etch rate first increases and then slowly decreases with the increase in H2O2 concentration. To understand the chemical reaction behavior of H2O2 on the a-GST surface, the potentiodynamic polarization curve, surface morphology and cross-section of a-GST immersed in acidic slurry are measured and the results reveal that a-GST exhibits a from active to passive behavior for from low to high concentration of H2O2. Finally, a possible removal mechanism of a-GST in different concentrations of H2O2 in the acidic slurry is described.
Pre-silicon Formal Verification of JTAG Instruction Opcodes for Security (2018)

Widely implemented standards such as IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG) and 1687 (iJTAG) are essential in providing improved chip and board testability, but it has been demonstrated that undocumented or poorly obfuscated scan and debug instructions can be exploited by hackers to undermine system security. Prior work proposes adding authentication or encryption to JTAG to improve security, but these methods can only protect functionality known to the design and test team. Out-of-spec JTAG functionality can be inserted accidentally or with malicious intent (e.g., hardware Trojans). Our proposed technique can detect anomalous JTAG instructions not present in the specification using commercial formal equivalence checking tools. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique by characterizing the entire JTAG instruction set space for the OpenSPARC T2 benchmark in a completely automated manner. In the original design our technique formally proves all undefined opcodes map to the benign bypass instruction and provides the size and location within the design hierarchy of all data registers. In a modified version of the design our technique correctly detects several undefined opcodes that are used to access the L2 cache, as well as extra out-of-spec elements in a data register selected by an existing instruction.
X-band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) active antenna self-oscillating mixer (SOM) (2012)

This paper presents the design of an X-band active antenna self-oscillating down-converter mixer in substrate integrated waveguide technology (SIW). Electromagnetic analysis is used to design a SIW cavity backed patch antenna with resonance at 9.9 GHz used as the receiving antenna, and subsequently harmonic balance analysis combined with optimization techniques are used to synthesize a self-oscillating mixer with oscillating frequency of 6.525 GHz. The conversion gain is optimized for the mixing product involving the second harmonic of the oscillator and the RF input signal, generating an IF frequency of 3.15 GHz to have conversion gain in at least 600 MHz bandwidth around the IF frequency. The active antenna circuit finds application in compact receiver front-end modules as well as active self-oscillating mixer arrays.
Oxidation reactions of hydridotetrakis(diethoxyphenylphosphine)cobalt(II) hexafluorophosphate: preparation of cationic hydridocobalt(III) complexes. (1975)

The cobalt(II) hydride [CoH{PPh(OEt)2}4][PF6] is oxidised by [Fe(η-C5H5)2]+ in the presence of potential ligands L[MeCN, PhCN, ClCH2CN, or PPh(OEt)2] giving a series of cobalt(III) hydrides [CoH{PPh(OEt)2}4L]-[PF6]2, the first known cobalt complexes containing hydride or phosphorus ligands to carry a 2+ charge. Replacement of an aqua-ligand in an imperfectly characterised complex, possibly [CoH(OH2){PPh(OEt)2}4][PF6]2, by halide ions gives another series of CoIII complexes, [CoH{PPh(OEt)2}4X][PF6](X = Cl, Br, or I).
Comparison of Antibody Titers Determined by Hemagglutination Inhibition and Enzyme Immunoassay for JC Virus and BK Virus (2000)

A comparison of antibody titers to JC virus (JCV) or BK virus (BKV) was made by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with 114 human plasma samples. Antibody titers to JCV or BKV determined by HI were lower than those determined by EIA. Nevertheless, as HI titers increased so did EIA titers. When antibody data were compared by the Spearman rank correlation test, highly significant correlations were found between HI and EIA titers. Results obtained by plotting EIA antibody titers for JCV against those for BKV generally showed a reciprocal relationship, i.e., samples with high antibody titers to JCV had lower antibody titers to BKV and vice versa. Some samples, however, had antibody titers to both viruses. Of the samples tested, 25.4% (25 of 114) had HI and EIA antibody titers to JCV and BKV which were identical or closely related. This is not the scenario one would expect for cross-reactive epitopes shared by the two viruses, but one suggesting that these samples were from individuals who had experienced infections by both viruses. Adsorption with concentrated JCV or BKV antigen of sera with high antibody titers to both JCV and BKV and testing by JCV and BKV EIA gave results which support this conclusion. Although 52.6% (51 of 97) of the samples from the Japanese population tested had very high antibody titers (>/=40,960) to either JCV or BKV, none of the samples were found by a dot blot immunoassay to have antibodies which cross-reacted with simian virus 40. The results from this study, in agreement with those of others, suggest that humans infected by JCV or BKV produce antibodies to species-specific epitopes on their VP1 capsid protein, which is associated with hemagglutination and cellular binding.
<title>ROI-based multiresolution compression of heart MR images</title> (1998)

In this paper, we present an image compression scheme based on the automatic segmentation of regions of interest (RoI) and a lossy wavelet compression algorithm adapted to this segmentation. Quasi-lossless compression is applied to the RoI while lossy compression is allowed outside the RoI, preserving at best the visual quality of the decoded image within a defined RoI. In fact, for diagnostic accuracy purposes, quasi- lossless compression is often mandatory, while high compression ratio can only be achieved by lossy compression methods. The proposed technique is applied to heart MR images where the RoI is the entire heart. First, an unsupervised segmentation of the heart is performed in the original MR images, and the RoI is modeled by an ellipse fitted by means of a genetic algorithm. This model is defined by only 5 parameters, providing an efficient representation of the surrounding shape of the RoI. Compression is then applied using a wavelet-based multiresolution scheme. The quantization factor applied to the wavelet coefficients is adapted to the region and the subband, leading to the quasi-lossless compression in the RoI and lossy compression outside this RoI. The quantization difference between inside and outside RoI is also optimized for the desired compression ratio. Finally, the compressed bitstream is transmitted to the decoder together with the parameters of the RoI, allowing the reconstruction of the RoI surrounding shape in the decoder. Results of this RoI- based compression scheme are presented and further compared with the JPEG standard.
Ketoconazole: An Orally Effective Antifungal Agent Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy and Adverse Effects (1984)

Ketoconazole is a new, orally effective, antifungal agent. It is an imidazole compound and like other antifungals of this group, has a wide spectrum of use. Effectiveness has been shown in a variety of deep fungal infections as well as in superficial infections such as candidiasis, dermatophytosis and tinea versicolor. Although it first appeared to be a remarkably safe agent associated with only minor side effects, with more use it has become apparent that symptomatic drug-induced hepatitis occurs in approximately 1 in 12,000 patients. This idiosyncratic side effect and potential effects on testosterone and cortisol synthesis may limit the use of ketoconazole to deep fungal infections and severe recalcitrant superficial infections of the skin.
The Biquad: Part II--A multipurpose active filtering system (1971)

While the electrical performance of the Biquad insures that active filter designs using this structure will be useful over a wide range of conditions, the Biquad topology offers unique flexibility compared to other active realizations. We now present the concept of the multipurpose active filter. For example, switchable and adaptive filters are easily realized and different functions (e.g., bandpass and band-reject) are obtainable simultaneously from the same structure.
Room-temperature broadband emission of an InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots laser (2006)

We report the first demonstration to our knowledge of an ultrabroad emission laser using InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots by cycled monolayer deposition. The device exhibits a lasing wavelength coverage of approximately 40 nm at an approximately 1160 nm center wavelength at room temperature. The broadband signature results from the superposition of quantized lasing states from highly inhomogeneous dots.
FIELD EMISSION PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES AND THEIR APPLICATIONTO DISPLAY DEVICES (2002)

Field emission microscopy (FEM) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) revealed that the adsorption and desorption of gas molecules on the tip were responsible for stepwise increases and decreases in the emission current, respectively. Long-term emission experiments under various ambient gases (such as H 2 , He, N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O, CH 4 , CO 2 , Ar) have shown that the degradation of emission current occurred most sensitively in O 2 , H 2 O and CH 4 atmosphere. Electron emission from CNT films prepared by spray-deposition of preformed CNTs was also measured as a function of the distance (d) between the nanotube cathode and an anode plate, and the macroscopic field strength E av (voltage divided by distance between the cathode and the anode) that sustain a certain constant current was found to rise steeply with the decrease of d, for a small gap region (d<ca. 40 w m) while the E av slowly decreases with increasing d for a large gap. Finally, we report our recent fabrication of nanotube-based ultra-high luminance light sources that provide intense light of 10 6 cd/m 2 for green at 30 kV dc-driving voltage.
Superconductivity in SnO: A Nonmagnetic Analog to Fe-Based Superconductors? (2010)

We discovered that under pressure SnO with α-PbO structure, the same structure as in many Fe-based superconductors, e.g., β-FeSe, undergoes a transition to a superconducting state for p≳6 GPa with a maximum Tc of 1.4 K at p=9.3 GPa. The pressure dependence of Tc reveals a domelike shape and superconductivity disappears for p≳16 GPa. It is further shown from band structure calculations that SnO under pressure exhibits a Fermi surface topology similar to that reported for some Fe-based superconductors and that the nesting between the hole and electron pockets correlates with the change of Tc as a function of pressure.
Reactions of Vanillin and its Derived Compounds. V.<sup>1</sup> Some Esters of Vanillic Acid<sup>2</sup> (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of Vanillin and its Derived Compounds. V.1 Some Esters of Vanillic Acid2Irwin A. Pearl and John F. McCoyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 12, 3071–3072Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01204a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01204a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views448Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
pH-dependent reversible polymers formed from cyclic sugar- and aromatic boronic acid-based bolaamphiphiles (2000)

Glucuronamide-based bolaamphiphiles are found to form a reversible, linear polymolecular array, via a boronate ester linkage attached to the 1,2-positions of the pyranose or furanose ring, upon complexation with an aromatic boronic acid-based homologue in aqueous solutions.