gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data-dependent truncation scheme for parallel multipliers (2002)

The variable correction truncated multiplier is introduced. This is a method for minimizing the error of a truncated multiplier. The error is reduced by using information from the partial product bits of the column adjacent to the truncated LSB. This results in a complexity savings while introducing minimum distortion to the result.
Distributed optimization of deeply nested systems (2012)

In science and engineering, intelligent processing of complex signals such as images, sound or language is often performed by a parameterized hierarchy of nonlinear processing layers, sometimes biologically inspired. Hierarchical systems (or, more generally, nested systems) offer a way to generate complex mappings using simple stages. Each layer performs a different operation and achieves an ever more sophisticated representation of the input, as, for example, in an deep artificial neural network, an object recognition cascade in computer vision or a speech front-end processing. Joint estimation of the parameters of all the layers and selection of an optimal architecture is widely considered to be a difficult numerical nonconvex optimization problem, difficult to parallelize for execution in a distributed computation environment, and requiring significant human expert effort, which leads to suboptimal systems in practice. We describe a general mathematical strategy to learn the parameters and, to some extent, the architecture of nested systems, called the method of auxiliary coordinates (MAC). This replaces the original problem involving a deeply nested function with a constrained problem involving a different function in an augmented space without nesting. The constrained problem may be solved with penalty-based methods using alternating optimization over the parameters and the auxiliary coordinates. MAC has provable convergence, is easy to implement reusing existing algorithms for single layers, can be parallelized trivially and massively, applies even when parameter derivatives are not available or not desirable, and is competitive with state-of-the-art nonlinear optimizers even in the serial computation setting, often providing reasonable models within a few iterations.
Deletion of the BH3-only protein <i>puma</i> protects motoneurons from ER stress-induced apoptosis and delays motoneuron loss in ALS mice (2007)

BH3-only proteins couple diverse stress signals to the evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Previously, we reported that the activation of the BH3-only protein p53-up-regulated mediator of apoptosis (Puma) was necessary and sufficient for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress- and proteasome inhibition-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma and other cancer cells. Defects in protein quality control have also been suggested to be a key event in ALS, a fatal neurodegenerative condition characterized by motoneuron degeneration. Using the SOD1(G93A) mouse model as well as human post mortem samples from ALS patients, we show evidence for increased ER stress and defects in protein degradation in motoneurons during disease progression. Before symptom onset, we detected a significant up-regulation of Puma in motoneurons of SOD1(G93A) mice. Genetic deletion of puma significantly improved motoneuron survival and delayed disease onset and motor dysfunction in SOD1(G93A) mice. However, it had no significant effect on lifespan, suggesting that other ER stress-related cell-death proteins or other factors, such as excitotoxicity, necrosis, or inflammatory injury, may contribute at later disease stages. Indeed, further experiments using cultured motoneurons revealed that genetic deletion of puma protected motoneurons against ER stress-induced apoptosis but showed no effect against excitotoxic injury. These findings demonstrate that a single BH3-only protein, the ER stress-associated protein Puma, plays an important role during the early stages of chronic neurodegeneration in vivo.
A Guide to Methodology Procedures for Measuring Subjective Impressions in Lighting (1979)

A major objective of IERI Project 92 has been the development of a research methodology for studying psychological and related subjective effects of illumination. In this sense, the study has made note of two aspects of human behavior that might be influenced, to some extent, by spatial illumination: (1) the effect of light on subject impression and attitude; and (2) the effect of light on performance and overt behavior. The former effects (subjective impressions) appear to involve a recognition of cues or patterns—and these can be studied by scaling procedures. The latter effects (overt behavior, such as seat or path selection, posture, social behavior, participation in activities, etc.) sometimes involve actions taken in response to the cues and patterns—and these can be studied by mapping procedures. This report will focus specifically on scaling procedures for studying subjective impressions. The intention is to propose a somewhat standardized series of test procedures—so that work by various researchers can be compared, and otherwise contribute to a common base of knowledge and information on the subject.
Thermophilic Digestion of Sewage Solids (1931)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermophilic Digestion of Sewage SolidsWillem Rudlfs and H. HeukelekianCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1931, 23, 1, 67–69Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1931Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1931https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50253a026RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views24Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (389 KB) Get e-Alerts
586. Photochemical cyclisation of diels–alder adducts (1964)

R. C. Cookson, E. Crundwell, R. R. Hill and J. Hudec, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 3062 DOI: 10.1039/JR9640003062
Postcoloniality (2018)

The term “postcolonialism” emerged in the late twentieth century, signifying an impulse among scholars to periodize history and to identify colonialism as central to an understanding of international/global configurations of power. Postcolonial theory has involved a series of engagements with concepts such as colonialism, the state, nationalism, colonial and native subjectivity, development, and subalternity. It has been marked by a tension between Marxist analyses of the political economy of colonialism and resistance and poststructuralist elaborations of subjectivity and representation. Postcolonial anthropology has interrogated the discipline's origins within the colonial knowledge project, examined the legacies of these origins in postcolonial formations, fostered deeper reflection on the power dynamics between scholars and the communities they study, and explored the complex agency of postcolonial citizens.
A Solution‐Processable Star‐Shaped Molecule for High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells (2011)

A new 3D, star-shaped, donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) small molecule with triphenylamine as the core and donor unit, benzothiadiazole as the bridge and acceptor unit, and hexylterthiophene as the arm and donor unit is synthesized. Photovoltaic devices based on the blend of this compound and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PC71BM) exhibited power conversion efficiencies as high as 4.3%, which is among the highest reported for solution-processed organic solar cells based on small molecules.
Gear Shape Measurement Potential of Laser Triangulation and Confocal-Chromatic Distance Sensors (2021)

The demand for extensive gear shape measurements with single-digit µm uncertainty is growing. Tactile standard gear tests are precise but limited in speed. Recently, faster optical gear shape measurement systems have been examined. Optical gear shape measurements are challenging due to potential deviation sources such as the tilt angles between the surface normal and the sensor axis, the varying surface curvature, and the surface properties. Currently, the full potential of optical gear shape measurement systems is not known. Therefore, laser triangulation and confocal-chromatic gear shape measurements using a lateral scanning position measurement approach are studied. As a result of tooth flank standard measurements, random effects due to surface properties are identified to primarily dominate the achievable gear shape measurement uncertainty. The standard measurement uncertainty with the studied triangulation sensor amounts to >10 µm, which does not meet the requirements. The standard measurement uncertainty with the confocal-chromatic sensor is <6.5 µm. Furthermore, measurements on a spur gear show that multiple reflections do not influence the measurement uncertainty when measuring with the lateral scanning position measurement approach. Although commercial optical sensors are not designed for optical gear shape measurements, standard uncertainties of <10 µm are achievable for example with the applied confocal-chromatic sensor, which indicates the further potential for optical gear shape measurements.
Cellular Senescence Biomarker p16INK4a+ Cell Burden in Thigh Adipose is Associated With Poor Physical Function in Older Women (2017)

These results provide proof-of-concept that p16INK4a+ cells in thigh adipose are associated with physical function, and may be sensitive to change with RT ± CR in overweight/obese older women.
Synthesis of a New Water-Soluble Melatonin Derivative with Low Toxicity and a Strong Effect on Sleep Aid (2020)

A new melatonin sulfonate derivative sodium 4-(3-(2-acetamidoethyl)-5-methoxy-1<i>H</i>-indol-1-yl) butane-1-sulfonate (MLTBS) with higher water solubility (695 times) and lower cytotoxicity than natural melatonin (MLT) was synthesized, yet with the same sleep aid function. The poor solubility of MLT in water has been improved with a simple chemical reaction, which solves the poor solubility of melatonin in water, overcoming the safety problem caused by adding organic reagents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol to increase the solubility. Moreover, the modified MLT still has the same sleep aid effect as the natural MLT and higher biological safety. As a novel potential drug for sleep aid, the new MLT derivative could also flourish the application and research of this molecule in medicine and biology.
Capsule endoscopy assisted by traditional upper endoscopy (2008)

Endoscopic placement of capsule endoscope in the duodenum is rarely needed. However it may be safely performed by different techniques avoiding some limitations of CE. The best methods for endoscopic delivery of the capsule in the duodenum seem to be retrieval net with a translucent cap when the patient is unable to swallow the device or a retrieval net only to capture the capsule in the stomach when the patients swallows it easily.
CTL and serologically defined antigens of <i>B2m,H-3</i> region. (1985)

The antigens of the B2m,H-3 region of 13 chromosome 2 congenic strains and seven inbred strains have been studied by using CML and serologic techniques. Nine patterns of cross-reactivity have been defined by CML assays. These results are in agreement with an extend previously described cross-reactivity studies. The reactivities of three monoclonal antibodies previously thought to be reacting with B2M-B are shown to differ: Ly-m11 and J-5 react with cells of strain B10-pa,at and clone 23 does not. Two H-3 region loci are hypothesized on the basis of CML and serologic activity: B2m and H-3. The CTL responses to the B2M antigens are H-2K restricted; the CTL responses to H-3 antigens are H-2D restricted. The restriction of the response to the H-3 antigen requires effector-target identity of the H-2D molecule but not the B2M molecule of the class I antigen. These loci have been separated by recombination from H-42 in the production of the congenic strain B10.FS-a. A gene order of B2m, H-3, H-42 is suggested.
Enzymatic cleavage and formation of cyanohydrins: a reaction of biological and synthetic relevance (1997)

Hydroxynitrile lyases (Hnls) catalyse enantioselectively both the cleavage and formation of cyanohydrins. Besides the well known (R)-selective enzyme from almonds, (S)-Hnls have recently become available in larger quantities by cloning and over-expression. The first three-dimensional structure of a Hnl has been established for the enzyme from Hevea brasiliensis. These results are the basis for a still broader application of Hnls for biocatalytic asymmetric syntheses on a preparative scale.
Using automatic keyword extraction to detect off-topic posts in online discussion boards (2009)

Online discussions boards represent a rich repository of knowledge organized in a collection of user generated content. These conversational cyberspaces allow users to express opinions, ideas and pose questions and answers without imposing strict limitations about the content. This freedom, in turn, creates an environment in which discussions are not bounded and often stray from the initial topic being discussed. In this paper we focus on approaches to assess the relevance of posts to a thread and detecting when discussions have been steered off-topic. A set of metrics estimating the level of novelty in online discussion posts are presented. These metrics are based on topical estimation and contextual similarity between posts within a given thread. The metrics are aggregated to rank posts based on the degree of relevance they maintain. The aggregation scheme is data-dependent and is normalized relative to the post length. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.3.1 [Information storage and retrieval]: Content Analysis and Indexing – abstracting methods, indexing methods
Photostability of Drugs and Drug Formulations (2004)

Introduction: Photostability Testing of Drugs and Drug Formulations - Why and How? H. Hjorth Tonnesen Photophysical and Photochemical Aspects of Drug Stability, D.E. Moore Standardization of Kinetic Studies of Photodegradation Reactions, D.E. Moore Rationalizing the Photochemistry of Drugs, A. Albini and E. Fasani Technical Requirements and Equipment for Photostability Testing, J. Boxhammer and A. Schonlein Photostability Testing: Design and Interpretation of Tests on New Drug Substances and Dosage Forms, N.H. Anderson and S.J. Byard The Questions Most Frequently Asked, H. Hjorth Tonnesen and S.W. Baertschi Inconsistencies and Deficiencies Which Exist in the Current Official Regulations Concerning the Photolytic Degradation of Drugs, J.C. Hung Benefits and Adverse Effects from the Combination of Drugs and Light, J. Moan and P. Juzenas In Vitro Screening of the Photoreactivity of Antimalarials. A Test Case, H.Hjorth Tonnesen and S. Kristensen Screening of Dyes, Drugs and Dietary Supplements for Ocular Phototoxicity, J.E. Roberts Photochemical and Photophysical Methods Used in the Study of Drug Photoreactivity, S. Navaratnam Addressing the Problem of Light Instability During Formulation Development, D.R. Merrifield, P.L. Carter, D. Clapham, and F.D. Sanderson Photostability of Parenteral Products, S. Kristensen Photoactivated Drugs and Drug Formulations, J. Karlsen and H . Hjorth Tonnesen Formulation Approaches for Improving Solubility and its Impact on Drug Photostability, H.Hjorth Tonnesen Appendix 1: Useful Terms and Expressions in the Photoreactivity Testing of Drugs Appendix 2: Relevant Literature on the Photostability of Specific Drug Substances and Drug Formulations
Mechanism of Protective Effect of Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony‐Stimulating Factor (rG‐CSF) on <i>Pseudomonas</i> Infection (1991)

Decrease in resistance to systemic Pseudomonas infection in cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced neutropenic mice was prevented by injections of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF). In order to explore mechanism of the prevention of CPA-induced decrease in the anti-infectious resistance by rG-CSF, CPA-treated and then rG-CSF-injected mice were inoculated i.p. with P. aeruginosa, and growth of the infecting bacteria and infiltration of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity were determined. In the mice who had received 4 daily s.c. injections of rG-CSF from the day after CPA-injection, a large number of neutrophils were mobilized into the peritoneal cavity in response to the bacterial inoculation and growth of the infecting Pseudomonas in the cavity was markedly inhibited, whereas in CPA-induced neutropenic mice few neutrophils were mobilized and the infecting bacteria proliferated vigorously in the peritoneal cavity. These results suggest that administration of rG-CSF prevents CPA-induced neutropenia and neutrophils circulating at normal level in the number are normally mobilized into the peritoneal cavity in response to Pseudomonas inoculation, and that the mobilized neutrophils inhibit proliferation of the infecting Pseudomonas.
Update on retinoid therapy of psoriasis in: an update on the use of retinoids in dermatology (2006)

Both in the topical and systemic treatment of psoriasis, retinoids are mainstays. In this chapter the history and modes of actions of retinoids are presented. Tazarotene and acitretin are the only retinoids that are available in both topical and systemic formulations. A more extensive description of their pharmacology, modes of action, indications and contraindications, clinical results, and treatment strategies will be presented. Finally, retinoid X receptor ligands and retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents will be introduced as potential future retinoid mimetics in psoriasis.
From Colour to Tissue Histology: Physics Based Interpretation of Images of Pigmented Skin Lesions (2002)

Through an understanding of the image formation process, diagnostically important facts about the internal structure and composition of the skin lesions can be derived from their colour images. A physics-based model of tissue colouration provides a cross-reference between image colours and the underlying histological parameters. This approach was successfully applied to the analysis of images of pigmented skin lesions. Histological parametric maps showing the concentration of dermal and epidermal melanin, blood and collagen thickness across the imaged skin have been used to aid early detection of melanoma. A clinical study on a set of 348 pigmented lesions showed 80.1% sensitivity and 82.7% specificity.
Cell-free miRNAs may indicate diagnosis and docetaxel sensitivity of tumor cells in malignant effusions (2010)

Collectively, our study demonstrated that cell-free miRNAs in the supernatant of effusions may aid in the diagnosis of malignancy and predict chemosensitivity to docetaxel.
Event‐Related Brain Potentials in Selective Listening to Frequent and Rare Stimuli (1990)

Our previous event-related brain potential (ERP) results suggest that during selective listening, relevant stimuli are selected for further processing by comparing each stimulus to an "attentional trace," a neuronal representation of the physical features of the relevant stimuli that distinguish them from the irrelevant stimuli. This comparison process is reflected by the early component of the processing negativity (PN), which is largest and longest to the relevant stimuli (perfectly matching with the trace). In the present study, the subjects selectively listened to designated tone stimuli which randomly appeared among irrelevant tones of a different pitch. The probability of relevant stimuli in a block was varied. The processing negativity elicited by relevant stimuli was smaller the less frequent they were. The results support the attentional-trace theory of selective attention, which proposes that, in addition to active maintenance, the trace also depends on the rate of sensory reinforcement provided by the relevant stimuli.
Zoneout: Regularizing RNNs by Randomly Preserving Hidden Activations (2016)

We propose zoneout, a novel method for regularizing RNNs. At each timestep, zoneout stochastically forces some hidden units to maintain their previous values. Like dropout, zoneout uses random noise to train a pseudo-ensemble, improving generalization. But by preserving instead of dropping hidden units, gradient information and state information are more readily propagated through time, as in feedforward stochastic depth networks. We perform an empirical investigation of various RNN regularizers, and find that zoneout gives significant performance improvements across tasks. We achieve competitive results with relatively simple models in character- and word-level language modelling on the Penn Treebank and Text8 datasets, and combining with recurrent batch normalization yields state-of-the-art results on permuted sequential MNIST.
Developing an Entrepreneurial Culture in Marine Students (2002)

The subject is concerned with developing an entrepreneurial culture in marine students so that they can contribute to wealth creation and participate in challenging careers. The paper begins by explaining the importance of the subject before defining what is meant by the term 'Entrepreneurial Culture'. A critical review is made of existing teaching methods and their suitability in the present context. Criteria for success are then outlined before the Responsibility Sharing Management (RSM) approach is proposed and its application is illustrated with an example. The main conclusion is that an entrepreneurial culture, properly developed, can assist in wealth creation and thus be used to enhance all educational activities.
Nanomaterials based on metal-containing nanoparticles in polyethylene and other carbon-chain polymers (2005)

This paper provides a convenient and simple method for fabricating of large amounts (kilogram-scale) of nanomaterials containing nanoparticles in a polymeric matrix. The encapsulation was done by thermal decomposition of metal containing compounds (MRn; M=Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pt, Re, Ti, Pb, Sr, Sm, W, Zn; R=CO, HCOO, CH3COO; C2O4, C6H5CH2 and so on) in high temperature solutions of polymer (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide). By using physical methods (Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray RED, X-ray emission, SAXS, EXAFS, STM, AFM), the composition and structure of nanoparticles, and their interaction with the polymer matrix are determined is some cases. Particle size measurement (2-30 nm) and magnetic properties showed that the material really contained nanoparticles, which retained their unique properties.
Use of hypervalent iodine oxidation for the <i>C</i>(3)‐hydroxylation of chromone, flavone and α‐naphthoflavone (1985)

Abstract C (3)‐Hydroxylation of chromone (1a) , flavone (1b) and α‐naphthoflavone (4) via acid‐catalysed hydrolysis of the corresponding β‐methoxy‐α‐hydroxydimethylacetals (2a, 2b , and 5) formed by iodobenzene diacetate‐potassium hydroxide methanol oxidation is described.