gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Manganese(II) Complexes as Potential Contrast Agents for MRI (2012)

Abstract Mn 2+ has five unpaired d electrons, a long electronic relaxation time, and labile water exchange, which make it an attractive alternative to Gd 3+ in the design of contrast agents for medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In order to ensure in vivo safety and high contrast agent efficiency, the Mn 2+ ion has to be chelated by a ligand that provides high thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of the complex and has to have at least one free coordination site for a water molecule. Unfortunately, these two requirements are contradictory, as lower denticity of the ligands, which leads to more inner‐sphere water molecules often implies a decreased stability of the complex, and, therefore, it is necessary to find a balance between both requirements. In the last decade, a large amount of experimental data has been collected to characterize the physico‐chemical properties of Mn 2+ chelates with variable ligand structures. They now allow for establishing trends of how the ligand structure, the rigidity of the ligand scaffold, and its donor–acceptor properties influence the thermodynamic, kinetic, and redox stability of the Mn 2+ complex. This microreview surveys the current literature in this field.
Defect Engineering in Cubic Cerium Oxide Nanostructures for Catalytic Oxidation (2011)

Traditional nanostructured design of cerium oxide catalysts typically focuses on their shape, size, and elemental composition. We report a different approach to enhance the catalytic activity of cerium oxide nanostructures through engineering high density of oxygen vacancy defects in these catalysts without dopants. The defect engineering was accomplished by a low pressure thermal activation process that exploits the nanosize effect of decreased oxygen storage capacity in nanostructured cerium oxides.
Cannabinoids and the Immune System (2001)

The effect of cannabimimetic agents on the function of immune cells such as T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages has been extensively studied over the past several decades using human and animal paradigms involving whole animal models as well as tissue culture systems. From this work, it can be concluded that these drugs have subtle yet complex effects on immune cell function and that some of the drug activity is mediated by cannabinoid receptors expressed on the various immune cell subtypes. However, the overall role of the cannabinoid system of receptors and ligands in human health and disease is still unclear and requires extensive elucidation. Further studies will define the precise structure and function of the putative immunocannabinoid system, the potential therapeutic usefulness of these drugs in chronic diseases such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome and multiple sclerosis, the effects of these agents on tumour growth and induction of apoptosis, and the potential anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory properties of cannabimimetic compounds. It is likely that the cannabinoid system, along with other neuroimmune systems, has a subtle but significant role in the regulation of immunity and that this role can eventually be exploited in the management of human disease.
A proposed application of an industrial DOS computer for distribution substation monitoring and control (1994)

This paper presents the design and implementation of an intelligent controller intended for use in distribution substations to perform monitoring and control duties within the framework of distribution automation needs. The hardware of the developed controller is a DOS based industrial computer running on ECB-BUS. The application software handles all input/output tasks, data collection, manipulation and control design decisions with its flexible structure. This embedded controller measures bus voltage, transformer and feeder currents and calculates the real and reactive power, power factor, frequency, and total harmonic distortion of voltage and current. In addition to its local remote data acquisition and monitoring functions by means of console and SCADA outputs, the system, through its relay outputs, is capable of performing automation tasks such as integrated Volt/VAr control, overload and underfrequency detection and load shedding at the substation level. This reliable, high capacity and low cost system is completely programmable so that it can handle new requirements with new configurations easily.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Epithelial toll-like receptor 9 signaling in colorectal inflammation and cancer: Clinico-pathogenic aspects (2013)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific motifs which are frequently present in bacteria, fungi, prokaryotes and viruses. Amongst TLRs, TLR9 can be activated by such bacterial or viral DNA fragments, immunoglobulin-DNA complexes or synthetic oligonucleotides, which all contain unmethylated cytosine-guanine nucleotide sequences (CpGs). Emerging data indicate that TLR9 signaling has a role in, and may influence, colorectal carcinogenesis and colonic inflammation. CpGs are classified into three groups according to their influence on both the antigen-specific humoral- and cellular immunity, and the production of type 1 interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. TLR9 activation via CpGs may serve as a new therapeutic target for several cancerous and various inflammatory conditions. Due to its probable anti-cancer effects, the application possibilities of TLR9-signaling modulation may be extremely diverse even in colorectal tumors. In this review we aimed to summarize the current knowledge about TLR-signaling in the pathogenesis and therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. Due to the species-specific differences in TLR9 expression, however, one must be careful in translating the animal model data into the human system, because of the differences between CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide-responsive cells. TLR9 agonist DNA-based immunomodulatory sequences could also represent a promising therapeutic alternative in systemic inflammatory conditions and chronic colonic inflammations as their side effects are not significant.
Powered Hip Exoskeletons Can Reduce the User's Hip and Ankle Muscle Activations During Walking (2013)

In this paper, we study the human locomotor adaptation to the action of a powered exoskeleton providing assistive torque at the user's hip during walking. To this end, we propose a controller that provides the user's hip with a fraction of the nominal torque profile, adapted to the specific gait features of the user from Winter's reference data . The assistive controller has been implemented on the ALEX II exoskeleton and tested on ten healthy subjects. Experimental results show that when assisted by the exoskeleton, users can reduce the muscle effort compared to free walking. Despite providing assistance only to the hip joint, both hip and ankle muscles significantly reduced their activation, indicating a clear tradeoff between hip and ankle strategy to propel walking.
The Mesh Economy: How Blockchain and Alternative Networks can Bridge the Digital Divide and Facilitate Economic Inclusion (2019)

Mesh networking and blockchain technologies are reshaping the telecommunications industry and bringing the promise of economic empowerment to areas currently not served or underserved by traditional service providers. By combining both, it is possible to provide easy and affordable access to the Internet. Several non-blockchain Alternative Community Networks (ACNs) are now successfully deployed around the world. One such case, Guifi.net, has contributed to building the largest community network, with an annual turnover of millions of euros and the creation of dozens of direct jobs. Nevertheless, there continues to be an ongoing debate on how to make them economically sustainable and scalable. The implementation of a blockchain-enabled mesh network and other tools producing extensive data sets will allow characterization of key parameters in the deployment and operation of these infrastructures. This could economically empower those who do not have Internet connectivity, access to non-traditional financial services, and capital.
Smart meter data analysis (2012)

This paper presents a thorough analysis of 15-minute residential meter data sets to identify possible value propositions of smart meter measurements. Meter measurements of 50 houses were used to derive a few key data signatures for several target applications such as identifying demand response potentials, detecting abnormal load behaviors, and fault diagnosis. Results showed that for different applications, the communication needs from meters to control centers, data storage capabilities, and the complexity of data processing intelligence varies significantly. Therefore, it is important to build a dynamic data signature database and optimize the distribution of data processing capability between local devices and control centers to avoid communication congestion and to identify problems early. This paper also demonstrates that highresolution smart meter data can make distribution power grids more economical, reliable, and resilient.
Image splitting techniques for a dual layer high dynamic range LCD display (2008)

Liquid crystal displays (LCD) are replacing analog film in radiology and permit to reduce diagnosis times. Their typical dynamic range, however, can be too low for some applications, and their poor ability to reproduce low luminance areas represents a critical drawback. The black level of an LCD can be drastically improved by stacking two liquid crystal panels in series. In this way the global transmittance is the pointwise product of the transmittances of the two panels and the theoretical dynamic range is squared. Such a high dynamic range (HDR) display also permits the reproduction of a larger number of gray levels, increasing the bit depth of the device. The two panels, however, are placed at a small distance one from each other due to mechanical constraints, and this introduces a parallax error when the display is observed off-axis. A complex, spatially-adaptive algorithm is therefore necessary to generate the images used to drive the two panels. In this paper, we describe the characteristics of a prototype dual-layer HDR display and discuss the issues involved in the image splitting algorithms. We propose some solutions and analyze their performance, giving a measure of the capabilities and limitations of the device.
Counting people using video cameras (2007)

The paper is devoted to the problem of estimating the number of people visible in a camera. It uses as features the ratio of foreground pixels in each cell of a rectangular grid. Using the above features and data mining techniques allowed reaching accuracy up to 85% for exact match and up to 95% for plus–minus one estimates for an indoor surveillance environment. Applying median filters to the sequence of estimation results increased the accuracy up to 91% for exact match. The architecture of a real-time people counting estimator is suggested. The results of analysis of experimental data are provided and discussed.
Robot‐assisted transnasal laryngoplasty in cadaveric models: Quantifying forces and identifying challenges (2015)

NA Laryngoscope, 125:1166-1168, 2015.
Lipid rafts: structure, function and role in HIV, Alzheimer's and prion diseases (2002)

The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane has evolved considerably since its original formulation 30 years ago. Membrane lipids do not form a homogeneous phase consisting of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) and cholesterol, but a mosaic of domains with unique biochemical compositions. Among these domains, those containing sphingolipids and cholesterol, referred to as membrane or lipid rafts, have received much attention in the past few years. Lipid rafts have unique physicochemical properties that direct their organisation into liquid-ordered phases floating in a liquid-crystalline ocean of GPLs. These domains are resistant to detergent solubilisation at 4 degrees C and are destabilised by cholesterol- and sphingolipid-depleting agents. Lipid rafts have been morphologically characterised as small membrane patches that are tens of nanometres in diameter. Cellular and/or exogenous proteins that interact with lipid rafts can use them as transport shuttles on the cell surface. Thus, rafts act as molecular sorting machines capable of co-ordinating the spatiotemporal organisation of signal transduction pathways within selected areas ('signalosomes') of the plasma membrane. In addition, rafts serve as a portal of entry for various pathogens and toxins, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). In the case of HIV-1, raft microdomains mediate the lateral assemblies and the conformational changes required for fusion of HIV-1 with the host cell. Lipid rafts are also preferential sites of formation for pathological forms of the prion protein (PrPSc) and of the [beta]-amyloid peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease. The possibility of modulating raft homeostasis, using statins and synthetic sphingolipid analogues, offers new approaches for therapeutic interventions in raft-associated diseases.
Reactive oxygen species in health and disease. (2001)

With the advent of the use of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, came the curse in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the evolving organism had developed elaborate defence machinery to escape from these reactive byproducts of its own metabolism, and also developed a mechanism for the utilization of these species in physiological processes to gain a survival advantage. ROS have been increasingly implicated in the ageing process and in different diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, reperfusion injury, etc. They are also important in cellular phenomenon such as signal transduction pathways. We review the mechanisms of production of ROS in the cell, their interaction with cellular macromolecules, pathways of ROS-induced cell death, the mechanisms for protection from ROS-induced damage as well as the key biological and disease processes where ROS play an important role.
Practical implementation of time-efficient trajectory planning for two cooperative industrial robot arms (2002)

A practical approach to time-efficient trajectory planning for two cooperative industrial robots with free final configurations is presented. A time-efficient trajectory planning problem is then formulated which uses time-efficient acceleration profiles and is subject to limits on joint positions, velocities, accelerations and jerks. The formula is further simplified by suitably choosing the time intervals of the profile. The optimization problem is solved using a nonlinear optimization method, sequential quadratic programming (SQP). The computation problem arising thereby is successfully dealt with. The proposed method is applied to an environment containing two RTX SCARA type robot arms where their final configurations are relatively given with respect to each other, e.g. in a tool/workpiece operation, and are free with respect to the world frame. The problem is solved in almost real-time. For each robot arm, at least one of the resulting joint trajectories reaches its limit velocity. These joint trajectories are used as reference inputs to a robot control system for the two RTX arms realised on a transputer network. Experiments demonstrating feasibility of this method are conducted.
Methylglyoxal, an endogenous aldehyde, crosslinks DNA polymerase and the substrate DNA (2001)

Methylglyoxal, a known endogenous and environmental mutagen, is a reactive alpha-ketoaldehyde that can modify both DNA and proteins. To investigate the possibility that methylglyoxal induces a crosslink between DNA and DNA polymerase, we treated a 'primed template' DNA and the exonuclease-deficient Klenow fragment (KF(exo-)) of DNA polymerase I with methylglyoxal in vitro. When the reaction mixtures were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, we found that methylglyoxal induced a DNA-KF(exo-) crosslink. The specific binding complex of KF(exo-) and 'primed template' DNA was necessary for formation of the DNA-KF(exo-) crosslink. Methylglyoxal reacted with guanine residues in the single-stranded portion of the template DNA. When 2'-deoxyguanosine was incubated with Nalpha-acetyllysine or N-acetylcysteine in the presence of methylglyoxal, a crosslinked product was formed. No other amino acid derivatives tested could generate a crosslinked product. These results suggest that methylglyoxal crosslinks a guanine residue of the substrate DNA and lysine and cysteine residues near the binding site of the DNA polymerase during DNA synthesis and that DNA replication is severely inhibited by the methylglyoxal-induced DNA-DNA polymerase crosslink.
Control and Estimation of Wave Energy Converters (2015)

Den økende vannmangelen truer utviklingen til både mennesker og miljøet. Avsalting av saltvann ved bruk av bølgekraft er en metode for ferskvannsproduksjon som har vært under utvikling siden 1970. Et av prosjektene er Ocean Oasis som ble studert i DNV GL sommer prosjektet 2014, og dette prosjektet er også temaet for denne avhandlingen.\n\nHovedfokuset i denne avhandlingen har vært på sann tid kontroll og estimerings strategier med målsetning om å øke den utvinnende kraften, og derfor mengden av ferskvann produsert. For sann tid annvending av marine strukturer må systemets dynamikk være modellert i tids domene. Dette kan forårsake utfordringer på grunn av konvulsjonsintegraler som er en del av modellen beskrevet av Cummings ligning. Videre, for flesteparten av kontroll strategier som er utviklet for bølgekraftkonvertere må målekvantitetene predikeres sekunder i fortid. Dette gjør korttids predikering til en viktig utfordring i fagområdet bølgekraft.\n\nTidlige arbeider på området inkluderer et konsept rundt effekten av fasholdingskontroll av bølgekraftkoverteren i regulære bølger. I denne avhandlingen ble fastholdingskontroll algoritmen utvidet til bruk på irregulære bølger og i sann tid. En systemmodell ble utviklet hvor en lineær parametrisk tidsvariant modell av fluid memory effekten ble funnet. En modell for kalkulasjon av de ikke kausale eksitasjonskreftene ble også undersøkt. For å predikere de ukjente kontroll parameterne ble et Kalman filter valgt.\n\nStruktur dynamikken, i tillegg til kontroll og estimeringsstrategier, ble testet med simulering i MATLAB & Simulink. Den ukontrollerte modellen ble validert til å fungere som forventet. I tillegg ga kontroll algoritmen korrekt adferd. Imidlertid førte dette ikke til en økning eller en reduksjon i i effektivitet. Derfor ble det konkludert med at fastholdings kontroll ikke er en brukbar kontrollalgoritme for Ocean Oasis prosjektet. Estimeringsalgoritmen ga tilfredsstillende ytelse for bølger med lav og medium støynivå (støynivå på 0.01-01m), med en varians i måleområdet 0.01-0.03 m for en sjø status som er definert av signifikant bølgehøyde på 2.5 m og periode på 9.1s. Hvis den forventede målestøyen er høyere må filteret bli revurdert eller videre utviklet.
THE FRÖHLICH SYNDROME (1939)

The term "Fröhlich syndrome" is so frequently used as a diagnosis for obesity in childhood and adolescence that it has almost entirely lost the specific, well defined significance which it originally possessed. One reason for the vague and indiscriminate application of this diagnosis seems to be that many physicians are not familiar with the clinical picture which Fröhlich reported in 1901.<sup>1</sup>Since his paper is not readily accessible, the present report is written with the intention of reconstructing the clinical picture of this case. The original publication was given in the form of a lecture; most of the data were recorded in incomplete sentences. This style is not well suited to a verbatim translation. The present report follows the original description as closely as possible. The quotations from the older literature, which Fröhlich discussed in detail in his paper, have been omitted. The order in which the material was
Controlling the nanostructure of bismuth telluride by selective chemical vapour deposition from a single source precursor (2014)

High quality, nanostructured Bi2Te3, with an unprecedented degree of positional and orientational control of the material form on the nanoscale, is readily obtained by low pressure chemical vapour deposition using a new molecular precursor. This system offers a convenient method that delivers key structural requirements necessary to improve the thermoelectric efficiency of Bi2Te3 and to develop the nascent field of topological insulators.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa II Lectin Stops Human Ciliary Beating: Therapeutic Implications of Fucose (1997)

Respiratory tract infection by Pseudomomas aeruginosa may be life-threatening for intensive care patients and patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The colonization of airways can be facilitated by bacterial lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) that attach bacteria to the glycoconjugates of the mucosa. We show in this paper that the fucose-specific lectin P. aeruginosa agglutinin II (PAII) produced by these bacteria can, in addition to facilitating bacterial adhesion, arrest ciliary beating in human airways in vitro. This inhibitory effect of the lectin can be abolished by preincubating PAII with its specific sugar, fucose. Furthermore, ciliary beating is completely restored by addition of fucose 2 h after administration of PAII to cell cultures. Therefore, adding a simple monosaccharide to nebulizers may improve the management of P. aeruginosa infection by abrogating the effect of PAII on ciliary beating, thus restoring part of the nonspecific pulmonary defense mechanisms of the airways.
Improved data acquisition system for digital flow cytometry (2003)

Digital flow cytometry offers the flexibility to explore novel feature extraction and classification schemes for efficient sorting of biological cells. A prototype of a second-generation digital data acquisition system (DDAPS-2) - a mixed-signal design operating at 40 MHz - was built to interface to a commercial flow cytometer. The DDAPS-2 intercepts the analog signal from the photomultiplier tube and preamp, performs analog-to-digital conversion, extracts various features and then feeds these extracted features into one of the several pattern classification algorithms. This paper describes the design and operation of the various sub-systems that constitute the DDAPS-2. The novelty of the DDAPS-2 is the use of dual-buffering FIFO memories to acquire digital samples of the pulse voltage signal. Experimental results demonstrate the improvement in the pulse capture performance of DDAPS-2 over DDAPS-1, which used a single-buffering FIFO memory.
N‐Type Surface Doping of MAPbI<sub>3</sub> via Charge Transfer from Small Molecules (2018)

Abstract Organic hole and electron transport materials are regularly employed as electron‐ and hole‐blocking layers in perovskite thin‐film solar cells. In order to optimize charge extraction in the device, these organic layers can be doped using organic small molecules. However, to date there is little work carried out on direct doping of perovskite surfaces. In this report, the change in electrical properties of thin films of MAPbI 3 by surface doping the film with an organic dopant molecule: cobaltocene (Co(C 5 H 5 ) 2 ) is studied. By varying the quantity of cobaltocene deposited, the conductivity of MAPbI 3 thin films is observed to be tunable over several orders of magnitude. A tunable shift in the Fermi level illustrating that charge transfer doping enables control over the interfacial energy levels, is observed. An increase in photoconductivity is seen at intermediate doping levels, indicating passivation of surface traps confirmed by increased photoluminescence. This model system provides a means to understand more complex heterointerfaces of doped organic blends at perovskite surfaces.