gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gallstone Ileus – A single center case series (2019)

Introduction: Gallstone ileus is a rare complication of cholelithiasis that accounts for 1−3% of mechanic ileus of the small bowel. It is characterized by bowel obstruction secondary to gallstone impaction that results from a migration due to the existence of a bilioenteric fistula. Gallstone Ileus is more common in the elderly with more comorbidities which leads to a high morbidity rate. Consequently, a debate exists regarding the appropriate surgical strategy for emergency treatment of gallstone ileus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate different surgical approaches based on the authors’ recent experience and to analyze the clinical outcome.
Case Series: Six patients were included, all females, with a mean age of 82 years. All patients had comorbidities, specially, cardiovascular diseases. Three of them had previous history of biliary pathology. Diagnosis was confirmed through computed tomography (CT) scan in five cases. The stone was in the ileum in three, jejunum in two, and duodenum in one patient; the mean stone size was 2.5 cm. Four patients were submitted proximal to enterotomy with the removal of the gallstone, one to gastrotomy and one to cholecystectomy and a cholecystoduodenal fistula closure. During the postoperative period, complications were recorded in three subjects, one patient died due to cerebrovascular accident.
Conclusion: The main key in guiding patients with gallstone ileus is the timely diagnosis which is currently facilitated with the support of the use of CT scan. Taking into consideration the age and comorbidities of these patients, the surgical management should be as conservative as possible.
Genetics and Political Conservatism (1959)

HE PRESENT-DAY INTEREST in political conservatism has led to considerable speculation concerning the social meanings of that political philosophy. A relatively neglected phase of this problem is the question of the relative importance to society of the innate hereditary characteristics of the individual in contrast to external environmental influences. In this paper, the principal purpose will be to show the relationship between the conservative philosophy and the inheritance theory of human development. In addition, the political and social attitudes which are associated with a genetically oriented conservatism will be discussed. But before proceeding to the heart of the question, it is important to clarify the meanings attached to the basic terms which will henceforth be employed. To be precise, inherited characteristics are those which are transmitted biologically from parents to offspring. These would include not only characteristics by which offspring resemble their parents but also characteristics wherein they may differ from their parents, provided, of course, that these, too, are products of biological inheritance. This would cover recessive characteristics as well as those which result from the interaction of multiple Mendelian factors. Perhaps the most meaningful way in which to conceive of inherited characteristics is in terms of traits that are inborn or native to the individual. In contrast, we find the environmental influences-all those which result from the impact of external causes, conditions and influences. It is this contrast between the impact of external factors and the innate characteristics of the individual that is basic to the heredity-environment dichotomy. For students of political and social phenomena, the problem of the relative importance of nature in contradistinction to nurture in influencing human social and psychological characteristics is pregnant with considerable significance. On the solution of this problem is dependent not only the general question of the effectiveness of social reform but also the related problem of the general direction which future reforms should take. Many writers have sought to settle this question by classifying human mental traits as the products of the mutual interaction of heredity with environment-an interaction so inextricable as to defy all attempts at separation of the factors involved. Apart from the problem of the validity of this position, the fact still remains that on the individual's relative emphasis as between these two categories will depend his attitude toward a wide variety of social and political questions.'
Flat lensless phase imager (2016)

Lensless imaging refers to an imaging technique which requires no imaging element between the light transmitted by the sample and the camera. This configuration enables designing compact devices. In the visible range, it is mainly investigated for microscopy, because of the high resolution (sub-micrometer) and large field of view (camera chip size) that it provides. Current implementations use illumination sources positioned above the sample several centimeters away making the lensless imager bulky in height. Here we demonstrate an implementation with the illumination sources side illuminating a Dove prism onto which analog holograms are laminated. Diffraction from the analog holograms provides the multiple angle illumination. This results in a flat phase lensless imager.
A 0.8 dB NF ESD-protected 9 mW CMOS LNA (2002)

The GPS L2 band, centered at 1.2276 GHz, is planned to enhance the capabilities of civil GPS to backup the conventional GPS L1 link. As the L2 receiver is required to detect a low power signal, an LNA with extremely low noise figure is required. In addition, the LNA must exhibit a large gain to suppress noise from the subsequent stages. This ESD-protected CMOS LNA meets these requirements.
Copper(II)‐Catalyzed CC Bond‐Forming Reactions of α‐Electron‐Withdrawing Group‐Substituted Ketene <i>S</i>,<i>S</i>‐Acetals with Carbonyl Compounds and a Facile Synthesis of Coumarins (2008)

Abstract A new catalytic CC bond‐forming reaction has been developed. Catalyzed by cheap and commercially available copper(II) bromide (CuBr 2 ; 10 mol%), the reactions of α‐electron‐withdrawing group (EWG)‐substituted ketene S,S ‐acetals with aldehydes or ketones in acetonitrile at room temperature gave a variety of densely functionalized coupling products in excellent yields (80–98%). Based on this catalytic process, coumarin derivatives were efficiently synthesized when salicylaldehydes were selected as the carbonyl components.
From dicopper acetylide to carbyne (1999)

Freshly prepared dicopper acetylide, air-aged and Cu 2+ oxidized samples have been studied by FTIR and electronic spectroscopy. There is some evidence about the polymeric and semiconductive nature of dicopper acetylide, and it is proposed to represent this compound by the general formula (Cu2 C2 · nH2O)x in which n=0.5–1 and x is unknown but large. It has been found that upon oxidation, the acetylide ion C22+ in copper acetylide undergoes a coupling reaction with formation of a diacetylene derivative and/or its higher homologues. No definitive evidence about the presence of cumulenic isomers has been found. After hydrolysis of dicopper acetylide in HCl, acetylene (the main product) together with a mixture of polyynes having the general formula H(CC)nH with n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 has been identified by electronic spectroscopy. The carbonaceous insoluble matter, obtained from aged/oxidized dicopper acetylide, hydrolyzed in HCl is carbyne as indicated by the FTIR band at 2200 cm−1. It has been shown that carbyne is also formed by oxidizing dicopper acetylide with H2O2 in aqueous ammonia suspension (FTIR bands at 2203 and 2139 cm−1), and is recovered as insoluble carbonaceous matter. Carbyne is also formed by thermal decomposition of dicopper acetylide in vacuo. Under these conditions, carbyne is a fluffy, very fine carbon powder having a high tint strength, whose FTIR spectrum shows bands at 2220 and 2200 cm−1 due to triple bond stretching vibrations. Volatile compounds are sublimable from carbyne and have been studied by electronic spectroscopy. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
A Real Time Method to Estimate Electrolytic Capacitor Condition in PWM Adjustable Speed Drives and Uninterruptible Power Supplies (2006)

Electrolytic capacitors are widely used in various power electronic systems, such as adjustable speed drives (ASD) or uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). Their high energy density (J/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) features make them an attractive candidate for smoothing voltage ripple and pulse discharge circuitry. However, electrolytic capacitors have the shortest life span of components in power electronic circuits, usually due to their wear-out failure. The main wear-out mechanisms in electrolytic capacitors are the loss of the electrolyte by vapor diffusion trough the seals and the deterioration of the electrolyte. Both mechanisms can result in a fluctuation of the capacitor's internal equivalent series resistance (ESR). In this paper, a real time diagnostic method of the ESR of the electrolytic capacitors in ASDs and UPSs is presented. This method is employed satisfactorily to estimate their deterioration condition. An on board implementation of this method is proposed, which can be very helpful for preventing down time and alerting plant operators to needed maintenance and/or replacement. The approach does not involve removing the capacitor bank from its device and relies on the fact that in steady state, the power in the capacitor is only due to the power losses in the ESR. An analog-DSP based diagnostic system has been implemented and experimental results from a 3-phase 6 kVA/230 V ASD are presented
Optimal random perturbation at multiple privacy levels (2009)

Random perturbation is a popular method of computing anonymized data for privacy preserving data mining. It is simple to apply, ensures strong privacy protection, and permits effective mining of a large variety of data patterns. However, all the existing studies with good privacy guarantees focus on perturbation at a single privacy level . Namely, a fixed degree of privacy protection is imposed on all anonymized data released by the data holder. This drawback seriously limits the applicability of random perturbation in scenarios where the holder has numerous recipients to which different privacy levels apply. Motivated by this, we study the problem of multi-level perturbation , whose objective is to release multiple versions of a dataset anonymized at different privacy levels. The challenge is that various recipients may collude by sharing their data to infer privacy beyond their permitted levels. Our solution overcomes this obstacle, and achieves two crucial properties. First, collusion is useless, meaning that the colluding recipients cannot learn anything more than what the most trustable recipient (among the colluding recipients) already knows alone . Second, the data each recipient receives can be regarded (and hence, analyzed in the same way) as the output of conventional uniform perturbation. Besides its solid theoretical foundation, the proposed technique is both space economical and computationally efficient. It requires O (n+m) expected space, and produces a new anonymized version in O ( n + log m ) expected time, where n is the cardinality of the original dataset, and m the number of versions released previously. Both bounds are optimal under the realistic assumption that n » m .
Synthesis and Analysis of RNA Containing 6-Trifluoromethylpurine Ribonucleoside (2001)

We report the synthesis of a 5'-DMT-2'-TBDMS-protected phosphoramidite of 6-trifluoromethylpurine ribonucleoside ((TFM)P) and its use in the site-specific incorporation of 6-trifluoromethylpurine into RNA. Properties of (TFM)P-substituted RNA suggest it will be valuable in the study of RNA structure and the binding of RNA-modifying enzymes, particularly the RNA-editing adenosine deaminases. Reaction: see text.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(ether amide) Dendrimers Containing Different Core Molecules (2000)

The synthesis of novel poly(ether amide) dendrimers containing different symmetrical benzenetriamides as core molecules is presented. The synthesis was carried out in a stepwise convergent manner to build up poly(ether amide) dendrons where 5-(2-aminoethoxy)isophthalic acid is the branching repeating unit. Three defined dendrons were subsequently attached to a central core. For this key reaction step O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU) was preferably used as activating agent to form the desired amide groups. 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF-MS, SEC, and DSC were used to characterize the obtained dendrimers. The incorporated central units had a remarkable influence on the glass transition temperatures (Tg) within the series of dendrimers.
Resonant level formed by tin in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Bi</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Te</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>and the enhancement of room-temperature thermoelectric power (2009)

Tin is a known resonant impurity in the valence band of ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{Te}}_{3}$ that was previously reported to enhance the thermoelectric power $S$ of the host material at cryogenic temperatures through resonant scattering. We show here that Sn provides an excess density of states (DOS) about 15 meV below the valence band edge and that it is the increases in DOS itself that enhances $S$ of this technologically important semiconductor even at room temperature. The experimental proof for the existence of this resonant level comes from Shubnikov-de Haas measurements combined with galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic properties measurements.
Reactive Optical Information Processing I: Theory of Information Recovery and Resonator Mode Structure (1967)

A method of processing optical information is described in which the use of absorptive spatial filters is replaced by suitable mirrors with spatially varying reflectances. When these mirrors are made the terminal planes of a laser resonator, the light which is lost in conventional spatial filtering systems, is stored in the laser cavity. It is shown that shallowly modulated phase objects may be imaged outside the resonator without any appreciable effect on the modes of the resonator.
A Distance Constraint Model for the Prediction of Protein Tertiary Structure (1986)

Given only the primary structure of a globular protein, the tertiary structure is predicted using current nonlinear programming techniques. The model is constructed in the geometrical space of distances between points. The residues are positioned by the minimization of a simple function of their hydrophobicity classes, given constraints on their near-neighbour distances and bounds on their far-neighbour distances. Disulfide bond information or chemically derived substructures may also be utilized, where appropriate. Tertiary structures for pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and lysozyme are calculated, and are found to have global structures similar to those from X-ray diffraction studies. The model is compared with other distance constraint models, and properties of this class of model are explored.
Efficient image and video re-coloring for colorblindness (2009)

There are about 8% of men and 0.8% of women suffering from colorblindness. These viewers have difficulty in discriminating several colors, and thus many colorful images and videos that have high qualities for normal viewers may not be readily perceptible for them. In this paper, we propose an efficient re-coloring approach which can modify the colors of images and videos to enhance their perceptibility for colorblind users. Given an image, the re-coloring is accomplished by two color rotation steps in CIELAB color space. We first perform a local color rotation such that information of b <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">*</sup> axis can be enhanced, and then adopt a global color rotation to refine the results. We will show that this method is simple yet effective, and it is able to outperform the traditional re-coloring algorithms in both performance and computational efficiency. We apply the method to process video frames and adopt several strategies to further reduce computational cost to realize real-time video re-coloring. We also explore the structure information of video data to avoid the color inconsistency problem. Specifically, we enforce the color mapping function to be identical in each shot and vary smoothly in adjacent shots. We conduct experiments on real-world images and videos with diverse content, and empirical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Soft error and energy consumption interactions (2004)

Energy-efficiency and reliability are two major design constraints influencing next generation system designs. In this work, we focus on the interaction between power consumption and reliability considering the on-chip data caches. First, we investigate the impact of two commonly used architectural-level leakage reduction approaches on the data reliability. Our results indicate that the leakage optimization techniques can have very different reliability behavior as compared to an original cache with no leakage optimizations. Next, we investigate on providing data reliability in an energy efficient fashion in the presence of soft-errors. In contrast to current commercial caches that treat and protect all data using the same error detection/correction mechanism, we present an adaptive error coding scheme that treats dirty and clean data cache blocks differently. Furthermore, we present an early-write-back scheme that enhances the ability to use a less powerful error protection scheme for a longer time without sacrificing reliability. Experimental results show that proposed schemes, when used in conjunction, can reduce dynamic energy of error protection components in L1 data cache by 11% on average without impacting the performance or reliability.
Einfluß der Aufkohlung auf das Kriechverhalten einer FeNiCr‐Hochtemperaturlegierung (1984)

Abstract Im CH 4 ‐H 2 ‐Gemisch wurden die beiden Legierungen Incoloy 800 und Incoloy 800 + 1% Nb bis zu 0,83% C (Massengehalt) aufgekohlt. Die nicht mit Nb dotierte Legierung zeigt danach relativ grobe M 23 C 6 Ausscheidungen an den Korngrenzen, die Legierung mit 1% Nb überwiegend feine Carbide MC im Korn. In inerter Atmosphäre wurden Kriechversuche bei 1000 °C mit den aufgekohlten und nichtaufgekohlten Legierungen durchgeführt, wobei Kriechgeschwindigkeiten im sekundären Bereich zwischen 10 −9 bis 10 −7 s −1 eingestellt wurden. Die Abhängigkeit der Kriechgeschwindigkeit von der Spannung zeigt, daß zwei Kriechmechanismen auftreten, Diffusionskriechen bei niedriger Spannung und Versetzungskriechen bei hoher Spannung. Das Diffusionskriechen wird für beide Legierungen durch die Aufkohlung beschleunigt, das Versetzungskriechen der nicht mit Nb dotierten Legierung wird durch die Aufkohlung gehemmt. Bei etwa gleicher Kriechgeschwindigkeit ε = 10 −7 s −1 zeigen die aufgekohlten Zeitstandproben eine längere Lebensdauer. Der Bruch ist spröde für das aufgekohlte und nichtaufgekohlte Incoloy 800 und wird eingeleitet durch Poren‐ und Rißbildung bei geringer Duktilität (Querschnittsabnahme). Der Bruch der aufgekohlten Legierung mit 1% Nb ist dagegen sehr duktil bei geringer Hohlraumbildung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Aufkohlung die Kriecheigenschaften einer FeNiCr‐Legierung nicht wesentlich verschlechtert, solange der erreichte Kohlenstoffgehalt nicht zu hoch wird. Ein Zusatz von Nb ist sehr vorteilhaft für das Kriechverhalten nach Aufkohlung.
Crowdsourcing Collective Emotional Intelligence (2012)

One of the hallmarks of emotional intelligence is the ability to regulate emotions. Research suggests that cognitive reappraisal - a technique that involves reinterpreting the meaning of a thought or situation - can down-regulate negative emotions, without incurring significant psychological or physiological costs. Habitual use of this strategy is also linked to many key indices of physical and emotional health. Unfortunately, this technique is not always easy to apply. Thinking flexibly about stressful thoughts and situations requires creativity and poise, faculties that often elude us when we need them the most. In this paper, we propose an assistive technology that coordinates collective intelligence on demand, to help individuals reappraise stressful thoughts and situations. In two experiments, we assess key features of our design and we demonstrate the feasibility of crowdsourcing empathetic reappraisals with on demand workforces, such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk.
A Major Role for Mitotic cdc2 Kinase Inactivation in the Establishment of the Mitotic DNA Damage Checkpoint (2004)

Cdc2 kinase is inactivated when DNA damage occurs during the spindle assembly checkpoint. Here, we show that the level of mitotic Bloom syndrome protein phosphorylation reflects the level of cdc2 activity. A complete inactivation of cdc2 by either introduction of DNA double-strand breaks or roscovitine treatment prevents exit from mitosis. Thus, mitotic cdc2 inactivation plays a major role in the establishment of the mitotic DNA damage checkpoint. In response to mitotic cdc2 inactivation, the M/G(1) transition is delayed after releasing the drug block in nonmalignant cells, whereas tumor cells exit mitosis without dividing and rereplicate their DNA, which results in mitotic catastrophe. This opens the way for new chemotherapeutic strategies.
Parametric Blind Deconvolution for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (2007)

In this paper, we propose a method for the iterative restoration of fluorescence Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic (CLSM) images and parametric estimation of the acquisition system's Point Spread Function (PSF). The CLSM is an optical fluorescence microscope that scans a specimen in 3D and uses a pinhole to reject most of the out-of-focus light. However, the quality of the images suffers from two basic physical limitations. The diffraction-limited nature of the optical system, and the reduced amount of light detected by the photomultiplier cause blur and photon counting noise respectively. These images can hence benefit from post-processing restoration methods based on deconvolution. An efficient method for parametric blind image deconvolution involves the simultaneous estimation of the specimen 3D distribution of fluorescent sources and the microscope PSF. By using a model for the microscope image acquisition physical process, we reduce the number of free parameters describing the PSF and introduce constraints. The parameters of the PSF may vary during the course of experimentation, and so they have to be estimated directly from the observed data. A priori model of the specimen is further applied to stabilize the alternate minimization algorithm and to converge to the solutions.
Three-dimensional line-field Fourier domain optical coherence tomography for in vivo dermatological investigation (2006)

We demonstrate 3-D optical coherence tomography using only 1-D mechanical scanning. This system uses the principle of Fourier domain optical coherence tomography for depth resolution, 1-D imaging for lateral vertical resolution, and mechanical scanning by a galvanometer for lateral horizontal resolution. An in vivo human fingerpad is investigated in three dimensions with an image size of 480 points (vertical) x 300 points (horizontal) x 1024 points (depth), which corresponds to 2.1 x 1.4 x 1.3 mm. The acquisition time for a single cross section is 1 ms and that for a single volume is 10 s. The system sensitivity is 75.6 dB at a probe beam power of 1.1 mW.