gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of an inverse Mack model for negative tone development simulation (2011)

A negative tone development (NTD) process benefits from the superior imaging performance obtained with light field (LF) masks to print metal and contact layers, resulting in improved process window. In this paper, we introduce an inverse Mack development model to simulate the NTD process and validate its process advantage. Based on this model, a NTD resist model calibration has been carried out and the model results are presented. Various NTD application cases have been studied and the prediction capabilities of simulations are demonstrated: 1) LF+NTD process helps to achieve a broader pitch range and smaller feature size compared to the traditional dark field (DF) with positive tone development (PTD) process. NTD brings a significant improvement in exposure latitude (EL) and MEEF for both line-and-space (L/S) and contact hole (CH) patterns through pitch. 2) The NTD process has been explored for double exposure lithography with extreme off-axis illumination using L/S patterns with horizontal and vertical orientation, respectively, which creates dense contact hole arrays down to a 80 nm pitch. 3) Simulation can also be used to explore new NTD process variances. We have demonstrated the simulations of the NTD model in applications such as printing specific CH or Metal patterns, a dual-tone development process and a combination of source mask optimization (SMO) and NTD to print SRAM patterns at smaller sizes.
Mutational analysis of the highly conserved arginine within the Glu/Asp-Arg-Tyr motif of the alpha(1b)-adrenergic receptor: effects on receptor isomerization and activation. (2000)

We have suggested previously that both the negatively and positively charged residues of the highly conserved Glu/Asp-Arg-Tyr (E/DRY) motif play an important role in the activation process of the alpha(1b)-adreneric receptor (AR). In this study, R143 of the E/DRY sequence in the alpha(1b)-AR was mutated into several amino acids (Lys, His, Glu, Asp, Ala, Asn, and Ile). The charge-conserving mutation of R143 into lysine not only preserved the maximal agonist-induced response of the alpha(1b)-AR, but it also conferred high degree of constitutive activity to the receptor. Both basal and agonist-induced phosphorylation levels were significantly increased for the R143K mutant compared with those of the wild-type receptor. Other substitutions of R143 resulted in receptor mutants with either a small increase in constitutive activity (R143H and R143D), impairment (R143H, R143D), or complete loss of receptor-mediated response (R143E, R143A, R143N, R143I). The R413E mutant displayed a small, but significant increase in basal phosphorylation despite being severely impaired in receptor-mediated response. Interestingly, all the arginine mutants displayed increased affinity for agonist binding compared with the wild-type alpha(1b)-AR. A correlation was found between the extent of the affinity shift and the intrinsic activity of the agonists. The analysis of the receptor mutants using the allosteric ternary complex model in conjunction with the results of molecular dynamics simulations on the receptor models support the hypothesis that mutations of R143 can drive the isomerization of the alpha(1b)-AR into different states, highlighting the crucial role of this residue in the activation process of the receptor.
4-Substituted 2-Hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3(2<i>H</i>,4<i>H</i>)-diones as a Novel Class of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors (2013)

A series of 2-hydroxy-1,3-dioxoisoquinoline-4-carboxamides featuring an N-hydroxyimide chelating functionality was evaluated for their inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase (HIV-1 IN). Several derivatives displayed low nanomolar IC50 values comparable to that of the clinically used raltegravir. A marked effect of one compound on both primary IN-catalyzed reactions, strand transfer (ST), and 3' processing (3'-P), emphasizes a novel IN inhibition mechanism establishing it as a potential new generation IN inhibitor. Substitution of the 2-hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3-dione scaffold at position 4 by carboxamido chains was beneficial for antiviral activity since reproducible low micromolar anti-HIV activities were obtained for the first time within this scaffold.
Unexpected Influence of Stereochemistry on the Cytotoxicity of Highly Efficient Ti<sup>IV</sup> Salan Complexes: New Mechanistic Insights (2011)

The effect of stereochemistry on the cytotoxicity of highly active and hydrolytically stable N-methylated Ti(IV) salan complexes is reported. Four bis(isopropoxo) complexes incorporating N-methylated salan ligands with different aromatic substitution patterns have been prepared in racemic and optically active forms for the first time by ligand-to-metal chiral induction from trans-diaminocyclohexyl-based chiral ligands. The configuration of the metal center that derives from that of the ligand has an enormous influence on cytotoxicity, with the racemic mixture mostly being more active than the single enantiomers that are of either similar or different activity. This implies that the active species is a salan-bound heterochiral polynuclear compound, interacting with a chiral target. Four additional complexes of achiral salan and chiral labile sec-butoxo ligands, analyzed as racemic and as homochiral, revealed no influence of stereochemistry, supporting early dissociation of the labile ligands to give the polynuclear products.
Flat Panel Displays (2007)

Liquid crystals and electroluminescent organic materials have a wide commercial application in flat panel displays, in products such as clocks, navigational aids and laptop computers. Traditionally there has been a divide between the two fields of organic materials research and industrial activity. This book aims to bridge that gap and provide a standard reference work for all those involved. Starting with the first prototype and moving chapter by chapter through developments to the present day, Flat Panel Displays: Advanced Organic Materials describes the display type device specifications and material development. With clear descriptions and diagrams, the reader is presented with the fundamental properties of liquid crystals and electroluminescent organic compounds, along with the mode of operation of the displays using them. Written in a non-mathematical way, this book will be welcomed by chemists, physicists and materials scientists in both industry and research.
Shear Stress-Mediated Cytoskeletal Remodeling and Cortactin Translocation in Pulmonary Endothelial Cells (2002)

Hemodynamic forces in the form of shear stress (SS) and mechanical strain imposed by circulating blood are recognized factors involved in the control of systemic endothelial cell (EC) cytoskeletal structure and function. However, the effects of acute SS on pulmonary endothelium have not been precisely characterized, nor the mechanism of rapid SS-induced EC cytoskeletal rearrangement understood. We exposed bovine and human pulmonary EC monolayers to laminar SS (10 dynes/cm2) in a parallel plate flow chamber and observed increased actin stress fiber formation 15 min after application of flow. Acute SS-induced pronounced cortical cytoskeletal rearrangement characterized by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)- and Rho-associated kinase (RhoK)-dependent accumulation of diphosphorylated regulatory myosin light chains (MLC) in the cortical actin ring, junctional protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and transient peripheral translocation of cortactin, an actin-binding protein involved in the regulation of actin polymerization. SS-induced cortactin translocation was independent of Erk-1,2 MAP kinase, p60(Src), MLCK, or RhoK activities, and unaffected by overexpression of a cortactin mutant lacking four major p60(Src) phosphorylation sites. However, both SS-induced transient cortactin translocation and cytoskeletal reorientation in response to sustained (24 h) SS was abolished in cells overexpressing either dominant negative Rac 1 or a dominant negative construct of its downstream target, p21-activated kinase (PAK)-1. Our results suggest a potential role for cortactin in the SS-induced EC cortical cytoskeletal remodeling and demonstrate a novel mechanism of Rac GTPase-dependent regulation of the pulmonary endothelial cytoskeleton by SS.
Secure group communication using robust contributory key agreement (2004)

Contributory group key agreement protocols generate group keys based on contributions of all group members. Particularly appropriate for relatively small collaborative peer groups, these protocols are resilient to many types of attacks. Unlike most group key distribution protocols, contributory group key agreement protocols offer strong security properties such as key independence and perfect forward secrecy. We present the first robust contributory key agreement protocol resilient to any sequence of group changes. The protocol, based on the Group Diffie-Hellman contributory key agreement, uses the services of a group communication system supporting virtual synchrony semantics. We prove that it provides both virtual synchrony and the security properties of Group Diffie-Hellman, in the presence of any sequence of (potentially cascading) node failures, recoveries, network partitions, and heals. We implemented a secure group communication service, Secure Spread, based on our robust key agreement protocol and Spread group communication system. To illustrate its practicality, we compare the costs of establishing a secure group with the proposed protocol and a protocol based on centralized group key management, adapted to offer equivalent security properties.
Performance evaluation of soft handover in a realistic UMTS network (2004)

With the operation of multiple radio links simultaneously in so-called soft handover situation, the link quality can significantly be improved. On the other hand, additional radio resources are necessary and distributed transmitters cause severe changes in a network's interference situation. This paper focuses on the effects of soft handover applied to a realistically planned UMTS network. As a result, the trade-off between interference mitigation and capacity loss is evaluated by means of dynamic simulation.
Lack of effect of Lactobacillus on gastrointestinal bacterial colonization in premature infants (1986)

Studies were carried out on premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit to determine the effect of feeding of lactobacilli on colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative enteric organisms. Thirty premature infants were matched by birth weight and gestational age, randomized and fed double blind either lactobacilli-containing formula or non-lactobacilli-containing formula within 72 hours of delivery. The two study groups were screened weekly by culture for stool lactobacilli, for gram-negative bacteria and for antibiotic resistance of these bacteria. Lactobacilli were cultured from the stools of 13 of 15 patients receiving lactobacilli and from 3 of 15 patients not receiving lactobacilli (P less than 0.001). Gram-negative enteric organisms were isolated during 40 of the 86 weeks (47%) of hospitalization for patients receiving lactobacilli and during 28 of 57 weeks (49%) for patients not receiving lactobacilli. There was no significant difference between the study groups in the number of resistant organisms or in the proportion of resistant organisms per gram-negative enteric isolates (4 of 40 vs. 0 of 28). These results suggest that facultative gram-negative enteric bacterial colonization, with either total or aminoglycoside-resistant strains, is not decreased by oral feedings of Lactobacillus acidophilus in premature infants.
Potential Use of Bacteriophages as Indicators of Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Processes (2014)

Viruses and phages in water and the solid compartments undergo inactivation by both natural and human-introduced physical, chemical, and biological stressors. In primary sedimentation, flocculation-aided sedimentation, activated sludge digestion, activated sludge digestion plus precipitation, and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket processes, the die-off of the microorganisms seems to play a minor role in the reduction in counts. Viruses and bacteriophages persist longer than conventional bacterial indicators in water environments, and their persistence resembles that of viruses, as shown by model experiments and by the decreases in ratios between the numbers of conventional bacterial indicators and of viruses and phages in water environments with aged pollutants, either surface water. Bacteriophages infecting enteric bacteria have been reported in drinking water that fulfill the quality criteria based on bacterial indicators. Most likely, the application of advanced mathematical models such as artificial neural networks or support vector machines will reduce the uncertainty and give much better information about relationships between indicator bacteriophages and human viruses. In conclusion, it can be stated that, though not perfect, bacteriophages infecting enteric bacteria are useful additional indicators for water quality control because of their numbers in fecally contaminated water and their outcome in water environments and water treatment plants.
Oxidation of <i>p</i>-Aminophenols and Formal Radical Cyclization onto Benzene Rings:  Formation of Benzo-Fused Nitrogen Heterocycles (2004)

p-Iodophenol and its O-MOM-protected ether can be converted into iodoamines 2. These give cross-conjugated ketones 3 on oxidation with hypervalent iodides in the presence of methanol, and the ketones undergo radical cyclization. Exposure of the products to acid or sequential treatment with a Grignard reagent and acid effects rearomatization to produce benzo-fused nitrogen heterocycles 4.
Toxicity of some charged lipids used in liposome preparations. (1983)

The inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of L1210 cells in culture by liposomes was used as an index of liposome toxicity. Inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation appeared to be dose dependent for some lipid compositions tested. The commonly used neutral lipids, phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol did not appear to inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation. Phosphatidic acid, an adjunct for preparing anionic liposomes, appeared to be non-toxic compared to phosphatidylserine and dicetylphosphate (alternative adjuncts for preparing anionic liposomes). Stearylamine, a synthetic lipid which continued to dominate the preparation of cationic liposome was the most toxic of the lipids tested.
<i>The Armed Forces of Canada, 1867-1967: A Century of Achievement</i> (1968)

Find information about UTP Journals. University of Toronto Press is Canada’s leading academic publisher and one of the largest university presses in North America, with particular strengths in the social sciences, humanities, and business. The Book Publishing Division is widely recognized in Canada for its strength in history, political science, sociology, Indigenous studies, and cultural studies. Internationally, UTP is a leading publisher of medieval, Renaissance, Italian, Iberian, Slavic, and urban studies, as well as studies in book and print culture.
Inhibitory effect of Chinese tea on N-nitrosation in vitro and in vivo. (1991)

The inhibitory effect of 145 samples of Chinese tea on the formation of N-nitrosomorpholine was studied in vitro. The rates of inhibition by green tea, crush, tear, curl (CTC) black tea, brick tea, jasmine tea, Oolong tea, sun-dried tea and black tea were positively correlated with their polyphenol contents. An inhibitory effect of green and black tea on endogenous N-nitrosation was also confirmed in humans. Drinking tea after a meal had a greater effect than drinking it before a meal.
Breed effects and retained heterosis for growth, carcass, and meat traits in advanced generations of composite populations of beef cattle (1994)

Retained heterosis for growth, carcass, and meat traits was estimated in F3 generation castrate male progeny in three composite populations finished on two levels of dietary energy density (2.82 Mcal of ME and 3.07 Mcal of ME and 11.50% CP) and serially slaughtered at four end points at intervals of 20 to 22 d. Breed effects were evaluated in nine parental breeds (Red Poll [R], Hereford [H], Angus [A], Limousin [L], Braunvieh [B], Pinzgauer [P], Gelbvieh [G], Simmental [S], and Charolais [C] that contributed to the three composite populations (MARC I = 1/4 B, 1/4 C, 1/4 L, 1/8 H, 1/8 A; MARC II = 1/4 G, 1/4 S, 1/4 H, 1/4 A; and MARC III = 1/4 R, 1/4 P, 1/4 H, and 1/4 A). Breed effects were important (P < .01) for carcass weight, dressing percentage, fat thickness, and marbling score; for retail product, fat trim and bone percentages and weights at two levels of fat trim (8 and 0 mm); and for carcass lean, fat, and bone percentages and weights. Mean slaughter weight was 54.7 kg greater for the Simmental, Gelbvieh, and Charolais breeds than for the Limousin but did not differ (P > .05) from Limousin in retail product weight or carcass lean weight because of higher dressing percentage, lower fat trim percentage, and lower bone percentage of Limousin. The effects of dietary energy density were important (P < .01) for most traits. The interaction of breed group x dietary energy density generally was not important. Retained heterosis generally was significant for each composite population for weight of retail product, fat trim, bone, and carcass lean, fat, and bone. For percentage of retail product, fat trim, carcass lean, carcass fat, and chemical fat in the 9-10-11th rib cut, generally, heterosis was significant for composites MARC II and MARC III but not for composite MARC I (i.e., composites MARC II and MARC III had a lower percentage of retail product and carcass lean and a higher percentage of fat trim, carcass fat, and chemical fat in the 9-10-11th rib cut than the mean of contributing purebreds).
The relationship between lattice parameter and chemical constitution of spinel oxide phases formed during the oxidation of austenitic steels (1966)

Abstract A detailed classification of spinels in the Fe/Cr/Ni/O system is described. These phases are important constituents of the surface oxide formed during the high‐temperature oxidation of austenitic steels. The effect of minor alloying elements in the steel on the spinel structure is also included. It is shown that spinels produced on stainless steels cannot in general be unambiguously interpreted by lattice parameters alone; some additional form of chemical analysis is required before the identity of any spinel phase can be specified with certainty.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Substituted Azetidine Type α- and β-Amino Acids (2005)

A versatile asymmetric synthesis of 3-substituted azetidine-2-carboxylic acids and 2-substituted azetidine-3-carboxylic acids via 1,3-amino alcohols with excellent stereoselectivities (de ÷ 96%, ee ÷ 96%) is reported. The high asymmetric inductions were achieved employing the SAMP/RAMP-hydrazone methodology. A phenyl moiety was used as a synthetic equivalent of the carboxylic acid function. In addition, the amino acids prepared were tested as organocatalysts in an asymmetric aldol reaction.
Native genomic blotting: high-resolution mapping of DNase I-hypersensitive sites and protein-DNA interactions. (1988)

DNase I-hypersensitive sites are observed in the promoter regions of actively expressed genes, potentially active genes, and genes that were once active. We have developed an approach that greatly increases the resolution for mapping these sites by electrophoresing genomic DNA on native polyacrylamide gels prior to electroblotting and hybridization. This improved method has been used to scan the promoter and coding region of a cell-cycle-dependent human histone H4 gene with an accuracy of +/-5-10 base pairs. Protein-DNA interactions can be seen in the autoradiograph as light areas and DNase I-hypersensitive sites as dark bands. Therefore, this method provides a rapid and relatively simple means to accurately localize protein-DNA interactions as well as DNase I-hypersensitive sites, thus directly displaying DNase I hypersensitivity and protein-DNA complexes on one autoradiograph. It also potentially allows the analysis of small changes in DNase I-hypersensitive sites under various biological conditions. With this technique rather large regions of DNA can be screened to determine areas that should be analyzed by more sophisticated methods, such as genomic sequencing or gel retardation assays.
Mobility and routing management for heterogeneous multi-hop wireless networks (2005)

This paper proposes a new heterogeneous multi-hop cellular IP (MCIP) network that integrates multi-hop communication with cellular IP. MCIP increases the coverage of the wireless network and improves the network robustness against adverse propagation phenomena by supporting communication in dead zones and areas with poor radio coverage. MCIP includes three components: location management, connection management and route reconfiguration. Location management is responsible for maintaining the location information for mobile stations (MSs) in a local domain. Connection management establishes an initial path for data transmission and a route reconfiguration mechanism is proposed to take advantage of various multi-hop connection alternatives available based on terminal interfaces, network accessibility and topology. Our simulation results show that MCIP performs well in networks of various sizes.
Energy Performance of Residential Buildings: A Practical Guide for Energy Rating and Efficiency (2004)

Introduction to the Energy Rating of Buildings Energy Rating of Buildings: Theoretical Methodologies Experimental Methods for the Energy Characterization of Buildings Energy Normalization Techniques The Euroclass Method: Description of the Software Case Studies Appendix, Bibliography, Index
Foxp3<sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells, immune stimulation and host defence against infection (2011)

The immune system is intricately regulated allowing potent effectors to expand and become rapidly mobilized after infection, while simultaneously silencing potentially detrimental responses that averts immune-mediated damage to host tissues. This relies in large part on the delicate interplay between immune suppressive regulatory CD4(+) T (Treg) cells and immune effectors that without active suppression by Treg cells cause systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. Although these beneficial roles have been classically described as counterbalanced by impaired host defence against infection, newfound protective roles for Treg cells against specific viral pathogens (e.g. herpes simplex virus 2, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, West Nile virus) have been uncovered using transgenic mice that allow in vivo Treg-cell ablation based on Foxp3 expression. In turn, Foxp3(+) Treg cells also provide protection against some parasitic (Plasmodium sp., Toxoplasma gondii) and fungal (Candida albicans) pathogens. By contrast, for bacterial and mycobacterial infections (e.g. Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Mycobacterium tuberculosis), experimental manipulation of Foxp3(+) cells continues to indicate detrimental roles for Treg cells in host defence. This variance is probably related to functional plasticity in Treg cell suppression that shifts discordantly following infection with different types of pathogens. Furthermore, the efficiency whereby Treg cells silence immune activation coupled with the plasticity in Foxp3(+) cell activity suggest that overriding Treg-mediated suppression represents a prerequisite 'signal zero' that together with other stimulation signals [T-cell receptor (signal 1), co-stimulation (signal 2), inflammatory cytokines (signal 3)] are essential for T-cell activation in vivo. Herein, the importance of Foxp3(+) Treg cells in host defence against infection, and the significance of infection-induced shifts in Treg-cell suppression are summarized.