gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solar Thermochemical CO<sub>2</sub> Splitting Utilizing a Reticulated Porous Ceria Redox System (2012)

A solar cavity-receiver containing a reticulated porous ceramic (RPC) foam made of pure CeO2 has been experimentally investigated for CO2 splitting via thermochemical redox reactions. The RPC was directly exposed to concentrated thermal radiation at mean solar flux concentration ratios of up to 3015 suns. During the endothermic reduction step, solar radiative power inputs in the range 2.8–3.8 kW and nominal reactor temperatures from 1400 to 1600 °C yielded CeO2−δ with oxygen deficiency δ ranging between 0.016 and 0.042. In the subsequent exothermic oxidation step at below about 1000 °C, CeO2−δ was stoichiometrically reoxidized with CO2 to generate CO. The solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency, defined as the ratio of the calorific value of CO (fuel) produced to the solar radiative energy input through the reactor’s aperture and the energy penalty for using inert gas, was 1.73% average and 3.53% peak. This is roughly four times greater than the next highest reported values to date for a solar-driven device. The fuel yield per cycle was increased by nearly 17 times compared to that obtained with optically thick ceria felt because of the deeper penetration and volumetric absorption of high-flux solar irradiation.
Small percent bandwidth design of a 423-MHz notch-coupled micromechanical mixler (2006)

Notching and low-velocity coupling design strategies are described and demonstrated that yield the first UHF vibrating micromechanical hollow-disk ring mixer-filters with IF bandwidths down to 0.05%, while still retaining reasonable passband shapes. Specifically, a 423-MHz mixer-filter, comprised of two mechanically coupled resonators exhibiting Q's in excess of 10,000, has been successfully demonstrated with a flat passband bandwidth of only 202 kHz. Like a previous 34-MHz mixer-filter based on clamped-clamped beam resonators, the much higher frequency device of this work is capable of performing both mixing (via capacitive transducer nonlinearity) from an RF frequency down to its IF passband centered at 423 MHz, then very small percent bandwidth filtering, e.g., to remove unwanted interferers in the receive path of a communication handset. The percent bandwidths demonstrated here are small enough to make possible channel-selection much earlier in a receive path chain, which could then greatly enhance the robustness and battery lifetime of future wireless transceivers.
Recent progress of optical coatings for high power lasers. (1988)

Recent improvements of optical coatings for high power lasers are presented. A highly damage resistant coatings were developed by using the surface prepared and super-polished substrates. Furthermore, new antireflection coatings, which are chemically processed, are described. Shown are measured damage threshold data of those coatings for 1μm, 0.53μm and 0.355μm lasers.
Advanced laser micro-structuring of super-large-area optical films (2005)

A novel laser micro-machining technique to produce high density micro-structures called Synchronized Image Scanning (SIS) was introduced a couple of years ago. Over this period of time, the technique was refined in a major effort to meet the needs of various industries. There is an increasing demand for micro-structuring of large and super large area optical films, e.g. for Rear Projection TV, anti counterfeit packaging material and 3D displays. Especially in the display industry, where the screens are ever increasing in size, established micro-structuring methods like e-beam milling, diamond turning or the reflow technique struggle to keep up with the development. This paper explains how it is possible to direct laser etch hundreds of millions of lenses into a 2 m x 1.5 m substrate. It looks at the advances made in SIS in recent years regarding seam reduction, overall accuracy and precision when structuring super large area optical films, and it presents the tools and subsystems needed to generate the features in those films. Furthermore, the potential of this exciting laser micro-machining technique for rapid prototyping for all sorts of optical and non-optical structures is mapped out.
Trust-based identity sharing for token grants (2019)

Authentication and authorization are two key elements of a software application. In modern day, OAuth 2.0 framework and OpenID Connect protocol are widely adopted standards fulfilling these requirements. These protocols are implemented into authorization servers. It is common to call these authorization servers as identity servers or identity providers since they hold user identity information. Applications registered to an identity provider can use OpenID Connect to retrieve ID token for authentication. Access token obtained along with ID token allows the application to consume OAuth 2.0 protected resources. In this approach, the client application is bound to a single identity provider. If the client needs to consume a protected resource from a different domain, which only accepts tokens of a defined identity provider, then the client must again follow OpenID Connect protocol to obtain new tokens. This requires user identity details to be stored in the second identity provider as well. This paper proposes an extension to OpenID Connect protocol to overcome this issue. It proposes a client-centric mechanism to exchange identity information as token grants against a trusted identity provider. Once a grant is accepted, resulting token response contains an access token, which is good enough to access protected resources from token issuing identity provider's domain.
Anesthesia Alarms in Context: An Observational Study (2001)

This paper surveys current work on the design of alarms for anesthesia environments and notes some of the problems arising from the need to interpret alarms in context. Anesthetists' responses to audible alarms in the operating room were observed across four types of surgical procedure (laparoscopic, arthroscopic, cardiac, and intracranial) and across three phases of a procedure (induction, maintenance, and emergence). Alarms were classified as (a) requiring a corrective response, (b) being the intended result of a decision, (c) being ignored as a nuisance alarm, or (d) functioning as a reminder. Results revealed strong effects of the type of procedure and phase of procedure on the number and rate of audible alarms. Some alarms were relatively confined to specific phases; others were seen across phases, and responses differed according to phase. These results were interpreted in light of their significance for the development of effective alarm systems. Actual or potential applications of this research include the design of alarm systems that are more informative and more sensitive to operative context than are current systems.
[Inhibitiory action of asiaiticoside on collagen-induced arthritis in mice]. (2007)

The study is to investigate the effect of asiaticoside on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The model of CIA mice was prepared and the change of secondary paw swelling and the arthritis scores were observed. In vitro proliferation of spleen cells was examined using MTT assay. The cell-free protein extracts from the arthritic joints and nonarthritic joints were used for the analysis of protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). And the level of PGE2 in joints was assayed using PGE2 express EIA kit. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the serum were measured by ELISA. Histopathological examination was performed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stain method. Asiaticoside (10, 20 and 40 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), 22 d, ig) significantly reduced paw swelling, and decreased the arthritis scores. There was a significant reduction in proliferation of spleen cells of CIA mice treated with asiaticoside as compared with that of untreated CIA mice. COX-2, PGE2, TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in CIA mice were inhibited by asiaticoside. Meanwhile, the pathological examination showed that articular cartilage degeneration with synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory cells infiltration in CIA mice was suppressed by asiaticoside. Its active mechanism may be related to inhibiting proliferation of lymphocyte and reduction of expression of COX-2 and inflammatory cytokines.
Large-Scale Identification of Genes Required for Full Virulence of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2004)

Gene products required for in vivo growth and survival of microbial pathogens comprise a unique functional class and may represent new targets for antimicrobial chemotherapy, vaccine construction, or diagnostics. Although some factors governing Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity have been identified and studied, a comprehensive genomic analysis of virulence functions will be a prerequisite for developing a global understanding of interactions between this pathogen and its human host. In this study, we describe a genetic screening strategy and demonstrate its use in screening a collection of 6,300 S. aureus insertion mutants for virulence attenuation in a murine model of systemic infection. Ninety-five attenuated mutants were identified, reassembled into new pools, and rescreened using the same murine model. This effort identified 24 highly attenuated mutants, each of which was further characterized for virulence attenuation in vivo and for growth phenotypes in vitro. Mutants were recovered in numbers up to 1,200-fold less than wild type in the spleens of systemically infected animals and up to 4,000-fold less than wild type in localized abscess infections. Genetic analysis of the mutants identified insertions in 23 unique genes. The largest gene classes represented by these mutants encoded enzymes involved in small-molecule biosynthesis and cell surface transmembrane proteins involved in small-molecule binding and transport. Additionally, three insertions defined two histidine kinase sensor-response regulator gene pairs important for S. aureus in vivo survival. Our findings extend the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms employed by S. aureus to ensure its successful growth and survival in vivo. Many of the gene products we have identified represent attractive new targets for antibacterial chemotherapy.
A 33 $\mu$W 64$\,\times\,$64 Pixel Vision Sensor Embedding Robust Dynamic Background Subtraction for Event Detection and Scene Interpretation (2013)

A 64 × 64-pixel ultra-low power vision sensor is presented, performing pixel-level dynamic background subtraction as the low-level processing layer of an algorithm for scene interpretation. The pixel embeds two digitally-programmable Switched-Capacitors Low-Pass Filters (SC-LPF) and two clocked comparators, aimed at detecting any anomalous behavior of the current photo-generated signal with respect to its past history. The 45 T, 26 μm square pixel has a fill-factor of 12%. The vision sensor has been fabricated in a 0.35 μm 2P3M CMOS process, powered with 3.3 V, and consumes 33 μ W at 13 fps, which corresponds to 620 pW/frame.pixel.
Looking at mapping, indexing & querying of MPEG-7 descriptors in RDBMS with SM3 (2004)

MPEG-7 documents, which are primarily for multimedia information exchange, are also data-centric XML documents. Due to its advantages, the relational DBMS is the best choice for storing such XML documents. Storing XML data in relational DBMS can be classified into two classes of storage model: structure-mapping and model-mapping. However, the structure-mapping model cannot support complex Xpath-based query efficiently and model mapping approach lacks the flexible capability in representing all kinds of datatypes. In this paper, we present a new storage approach, called SM3. As an XML document, MPEG-7 document can be viewed as XML tree. Such a tree graph, where the internal nodes are element type with element contents, represents the structure of document and can be viewed as nodes which are meaningful only for document traversal. The leaf node, which is a single-valued attribute or element type with text content, has little usage for XML tree routing as it is the end-point of Xpath. So it can be viewed as the special node which only holds value. In this paper, SM3 was designed to use model-mapping approach to store all internal nodes and structure-mapping model to store all leaf nodes. SM3 integrate the advantages of those two models and avoid the main drawbacks from each method. Performance studies are conducted by comparing SM3 with XParent (a pure model-mapping method) and SM3 with XML-DBMS (a pure structure-mapping method). The experimental results are presented in the paper and initial results are encouraging.
Organic Transistors in Optical Displays and Microelectronic Applications (2010)

Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) offer unprecedented opportunities for implementation in a broad range of technological applications spanning from large-volume microelectronics and optical displays to chemical and biological sensors. In this Progress Report, we review the application of organic transistors in the fields of flexible optical displays and microelectronics. The advantages associated with the use of OTFT technology are discussed with primary emphasis on the latest developments in the area of active-matrix electrophoretic and organic light-emitting diode displays based on OTFT backplanes and on the application of organic transistors in microelectronics including digital and analog circuits.
Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition (1979)

Introduction and Utilization of Nutrients by Dairy Cattle. Energy Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Protein Requirements of Dairy Cattle. The Use of Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN) for Dairy Cattle. Mineral and Trace Element Nutrition of Dairy Cattle. Vitamin Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Fat (Lipids) and Water Requirements and Utilization by Dairy Cattle. Fiber Utilization and Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Forages for Dairy Cattle. Concentrates, By-Products, and Other Supplements for Dairy Cattle. Nonnutritive Additives and Constituents. Evaluation of Feeds for Dairy Cattle. Feeding the Milking Herd. Feeding and Raising the Young Dairy Calf. Feeding and Management of Heifers, Dry Cows, and Bulls. Feeding and Nutrition of Veal Calves. Raising and Feeding Dairy Beef for Meat Production. Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders of Dairy Cattle. Integrating the Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Cattle into Practical Feeding Programs for Individual Farms. Appendix. Each chapter includes references. Index.
<sup>13</sup>C‐NMR study of crosslinking and long‐chain branching in linear polyethylene induced by <sup>60</sup>Co gamma ray irradiation at different temperatures (1990)

Abstract H‐type crosslinking and Y‐type long‐chain branching have been examined for linear polyethylene samples irradiate at different temperatures with 60 Co gamma rays in vacuum by solution‐state 13 C‐NMR spectroscopy. In this study, relatively low molecular weight samples were irradiated with doses less than a gel dose in both solid and molten states. Resonance lines associated with H‐links and Y‐branches have clearly been observed for each irradiated sample and their radiation yields significantly depend on the irradiation temperature and the morphology of the samples. In particular, the G ‐value for the production of Y‐branches is higher than that for H‐links at lower temperatures, while the latter is superior to the former at higher temperatures. This may be due to the decrease in the concentration of the primary radicals, which are formed by main‐chain scissions and associated with the production of Y‐branches, by the recombination with small fragments at higher temperatures. The radiation yields of methyl branches and double bonds are also briefly discussed.
The treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth with enteric-coated peppermint oil: a case report. (2002)

Recent investigations have shown that bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine is associated with a number of functional somatic disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome. A number of controlled studies have shown that enteric-coated peppermint oil (ECPO) is of benefit in the treatment of IBS. However, despite evidence of strong antimicrobial activity, ECPO has not been specifically investigated for an effect on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). A case report of a patient with SIBO who showed marked subjective improvement in IBS-like symptoms and significant reductions in hydrogen production after treatment with ECPO is presented. While further investigation is necessary, the results in this case suggest one of the mechanisms by which ECPO improves IBS symptoms is antimicrobial activity in the small intestine.
Shear wave interferometry, an application of sonoelastography (2005)

Sonoelastography is an ultrasound imaging technique where low-amplitude, low-frequency (LF) vibration is detected and displayed via real-time Doppler techniques. When multiple coherent shear wave sources exist, shear wave interference patterns appear. Two shear wave sources at the same frequency create hyperbolic shaped interference patterns in homogeneous, isotropic elastic media. Shear wave speed can be estimated from the fringe separation and the source frequency. If the two sources are driven at slightly different sinusoidal frequencies, the interference patterns no longer remain stationary. It is proven that the apparent velocity of the fringes is approximately proportional to the local shear wave velocity. With this approach, local shear wave speed in elastic media can be estimated. In addition, with a single shear wave source at frequency f and the ultrasound probe externally vibrated at frequency f−Δf, a novel type of moving interference between the shear waves and the frame of reference motion is created. The moving interference fringes represent the shape of shear wave wavefronts while traveling at a much slower speed. This approach provides a real-time visualization of shear wave propagation and local wave speed estimation from which local stiffness is inferred. [Work supported by NIH.]
Energy in Canada (2010)

Energy is at the core of the way Canadians live. Yet recent research indicates that North America's supply of oil-our most consumed source of primary energy-may only last until 2025. So what happens when this valuable resource runs dry? In this highly readable introduction, Peter Sinclair examines the history of energy production and consumption leading to the impending energy crisis. What policy decisions have been made along the way and in whose interest? From the Alberta oil sands to offshore drilling in Newfoundland and Labrador, Sinclair delves into the hot button issues that affect Canadians today. Looking ahead, he points to which alternative and renewable energies we may rely on and the environmental, social, and political pressures that are increasingly pushing Canadians toward a critical change.
Tolerating hardware device failures in software (2009)

Hardware devices can fail, but many drivers assume they do not. When confronted with real devices that misbehave, these assumptions can lead to driver or system failures. While major operating system and device vendors recommend that drivers detect and recover from hardware failures, we find that there are many drivers that will crash or hang when a device fails. Such bugs cannot easily be detected by regular stress testing because the failures are induced by the device and not the software load. This paper describes Carburizer, a code-manipulation tool and associated runtime that improves system reliability in the presence of faulty devices. Carburizer analyzes driver source code to find locations where the driver incorrectly trusts the hardware to behave. Carburizer identified almost 1000 such bugs in Linux drivers with a false positive rate of less than 8 percent. With the aid of shadow drivers for recovery, Carburizer can automatically repair 840 of these bugs with no programmer involvement. To facilitate proactive management of device failures, Carburizer can also locate existing driver code that detects device failures and inserts missing failure-reporting code. Finally, the Carburizer runtime can detect and tolerate interrupt-related bugs, such as stuck or missing interrupts.
Energy Consumption and Conservation in WiFi Based Phones: A Measurement-Based Study (2007)

WiFi based phones are becoming increasingly popular due to the ubiquitous presence of wireless LANs and the use of unlicensed spectrum. These phones use VoIP techniques over wireless LANs. In addition to the spectral efficiency and security issues, energy consumption is a vital issue in making the usage of these phones widespread. Efforts are underway in improving energy conservation in these phones and thus increasing the duration between recharging the battery. This paper provides a detailed anatomy of the energy consumption by various components of WiFi-based phones. Through a measurement-based study of WiFi-based phones, we have analyzed the energy consumption for various workloads at various components. The impact of scan operations and related issues in the energy consumption on WiFi phones are quantified through actual measurements. Several inferences and derived guidelines are provided for improving the power conservation approaches in WiFi- based phones from the first of its kind experimental study.
La adaptabilidad a los cambios imprevistos del entorno y la creación de capacidades para el autocontrol en la empresa (2013)

La contradiccion entre la falta de estandares de direccion estrategica ante nuevas senales que transmite el entorno turbulento y la ausencia de las capacidades para el autocontrol entre los trabajadores, delimita el problema de la investigacion: el papel de la adaptabilidad estrategica ante la turbulencia del entorno en la empresa con vistas a la creacion de capacidades para el autocontrol entre sus trabajadores. El objetivo es determinar los parametros para una adecuada adaptabilidad de la empresa a los cambios imprevistos del entorno. Para lograr el objetivo se parte de la hipotesis que si se determinan los parametros para una adecuada adaptabilidad a los cambios imprevistos del entorno en la empresa, entonces se pueden disenar acciones para la creacion de capacidades para el autocontrol entre sus trabajadores. Se emplearon tecnicas como cuestionarios (encuestas y entrevistas), revision documental y las propias del analisis estadistico. Todo ello permitio definir para su analisis las dimensiones Conceptual, Humana, Adecuacion a los cambios imprevistos del entorno y de Conocimiento y los indicadores necesarios para medir el nivel de adaptabilidad de la empresa. Los resultados obtenidos confirmaron que el grado de adaptabilidad de la empresa a los cambios imprevistos del entorno es bajo. A partir de conocer esto, fueron disenadas las acciones necesarias con vista a la elaboracion de un programa que permita su ejecucion y control, lo cual debera ser implantado por la empresa estudiada.