gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Stereoselective Synthesis of <i>dl-threo-</i>Methylphenidate:  Preparation and Biological Evaluation of Novel Analogues (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA Stereoselective Synthesis of dl-threo-Methylphenidate: Preparation and Biological Evaluation of Novel Analogues†Jeffrey M. Axten, Lori Krim, Hank F. Kung, and Jeffrey D. WinklerView Author Information Departments of Chemistry and Radiology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 26, 9628–9629Publication Date (Web):December 25, 1998Publication History Received5 November 1998Published online25 December 1998Published inissue 1 December 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo982214thttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo982214trapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4194Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amines,Inhibition,Organic compounds,Pharmaceuticals,Piperidines Get e-Alerts
Genome‐wide Approaches to Investigate and Improve Maize Response to Drought (2007)

ABSTRACT Genome‐wide approaches offer new, unprecedented opportunities to identify, clone, and manipulate the plethora of genes affecting drought tolerance in model species and crops. Compared to conventional breeding approaches, the dissection of the genetic basis of quantitative traits into their single components (i.e., quantitative trait loci [QTLs]) provides a more direct access to valuable genetic diversity of the morpho‐physiological processes regulating the adaptive response to drought. This, in turn, enables us to utilize marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for enhancing crops' performance. However, despite the impressive progress in molecular techniques and the large number of QTLs shown to influence yield in drought‐stressed crops, the overall impact of MAS on the release of drought‐tolerant cultivars has so far been marginal. It is foreseeable that QTL cloning will be facilitated by sequence information and the profiling of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, all of which will improve the identification of plausible candidate genes. The cloning of major QTLs will offer additional opportunities for a more effective exploitation of the allelic richness present in germplasm collections. Allele mining in germplasm and mutant collections through forward‐ and reverse‐genetics approaches, coupled with marker‐assisted backcrossing and/or genetic engineering, will further expand the possibilities to introgress novel genetic variation in elite materials. New QTL‐based modeling approaches, while improving our capacity to understand the genetic and molecular bases of genotype × environment interaction at varying water regimes, will contribute to singling out the most promising “molecular” ideotypes. This notwithstanding, a sizeable impact of MAS and other genomics approaches on the release of cultivars more resilient to drought will only be possible through (i) a deeper integration with conventional breeding methodologies, (ii) the capacity to accurately phenotype on a large scale, and (iii) a sound multidisciplinary knowledge of the biochemical and physiological processes determining crops' yield and its stability under a broad range of water regimes.
Plasmid DNA-Entrapped Nanoparticles Engineered from Microemulsion Precursors:  In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation (2002)

Nonviral gene therapy has been a rapidly growing field. However, delivery systems that can provide protection for pDNA and potential targeting are still desired. A novel pDNA−nanoparticle delivery system was developed by entrapping hydrophobized pDNA inside nanoparticles engineered from oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion precursors. Plasmid DNA was hydrophobized by complexing with cationic surfactants DOTAP and DDAB. Warm O/W microemulsions were prepared at 50−55 °C with emulsifying wax, Brij 78, Tween 20, and Tween 80. Nanoparticles were engineered by simply cooling the O/W microemulsions containing the hydrophobized pDNA in the oil phase to room temperature while stirring. The nanoparticles were characterized by particle sizing, zeta-potential, and TEM. Nanoparticles were challenged with serum nucleases to assess pDNA stability. In addition, the nanoparticles were coincubated with simulated biological media to assess their stability. In vitro hepatocyte transfection studies were completed with uncoated nanoparticles or nanoparticles coated with pullulan, a hepatocyte targeting ligand. In vivo biodistribution of the nanoparticles containing I-125 labeled pDNA was monitored 30 min after tail-vein injection to Balb/C mice. Depending on the hydrophobizing lipid agent employed, uniform pDNA-entrapped nanoparticles (100−160 nm in diameter) were engineered within minutes from warm O/W microemulsion precursors. The nanoparticles were negatively charged (−6 to −15 mV) and spherical. An anionic exchange column was used to separate unentrapped pDNA from nanoparticles. Gel permeation chromatography of pDNA-entrapped and serum-digested nanoparticles showed that the incorporation efficiency was ∼30%. Free ‘naked' pDNA was completely digested by serum nucleases while the entrapped pDNA remained intact. Moreover, in vitro transfection studies in Hep G2 cells showed that pullulan-coated nanoparticles resulted in enhanced luciferase expression, compared to both pDNA alone and uncoated nanoparticles. Preincubation of the cells with free pullulan inhibited the transfection. Finally, 30 min after tail vein injection to mice, only 16% of the ‘naked' pDNA remained in the circulating blood compared to over 40% of the entrapped pDNA. Due to the apparent stability of these pDNA-entrapped nanoparticles in the blood, they may have potential for systemic gene therapy applications requiring cell and/or tissue-specific delivery.
The human oxygen sensing machinery and its manipulation (2008)

Animals respond to the challenge of limited oxygen availability by a coordinated response that works to increase oxygen supply and minimize tissue damage. The chronic hypoxic response is mediated by the alpha,beta-hypoxia inducible transcription factor (HIF) that enables the expression of a gene array. Because this array includes genes encoding for proteins that regulate processes including red blood cell and blood vessel formation, manipulation of the HIF system has potential for the treatment of ischemic diseases, anaemia and tumours. Hydroxylase enzymes act as oxygen sensors by regulating both the lifetime of HIF-alpha and its transcriptional activity. This tutorial review aims to provide a non-expert introduction to the HIF field by providing a background to current work, summarising molecular knowledge on the HIF system, and outlining opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Enzymic processing of vegetable protein foods. (1969)

Defatted sesame and peanut meals,\nand four kinds of beans—chickpea,\ngreen gram, black gram and field bean—\nwere tested as raw materials for extracting\nprotein after enzymic hydrolysis.\nConditions required for enzymatic\ndigestion have been standardized. A\n10% suspension is most suitable for\ncooking the material, which has been\nfound to be a prerequisite for enzyme\nattack. Sesame meal requires 15 min\nsteaming, while chickpea has to be\ncooked for 20 min. Acid and salt\nsolutions were tested as dispersion\nmedia to obtain optimum pH, and it\nwas found that adjusting the pH to\n3.0 by dilute acid, after cooking, was\nthe most suitable treatment.\nSesame meal requires enzyme at\n0.25% concentration while 0.15% is\nenough for chickpea. Hydrolysis is\ncompleted within 5 hr at 45°C. Of\nthe commercial proteases tested the\none obtained from Trametes sanguina\nwas the best for hydrolyzing sesame\nmeal and chickpea. The products obtained\nby enzyme digestion are comparable\nto predigested foods prepared\nfrom soybeans, in their chemical composition.\nEnzymic hydrolysis increases the\nsoluble protein content of sesame meal\nfrom 7.21 to 64.14% and that of\nchickpea from 16.68 to 86.12%. Lyophilized\nhydrolysates of sesame, chickpea\nand blend of these two contain\nmore than 60, 28 and 42% protein respectively.\nBy suitable blending of\nthese materials, a protein rich food\nwith reasonably well-balanced amino\nacid composition can be prepared.
Differential Roles for STIM1 and STIM2 in Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Rat Neurons (2011)

The interaction between Ca(2+) sensors STIM1 and STIM2 and Ca(2+) channel-forming protein ORAI1 is a crucial element of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in non-excitable cells. However, the molecular mechanism of SOCE in neurons remains unclear. We addressed this issue by establishing the presence and function of STIM proteins. Real-time polymerase chain reaction from cortical neurons showed that these cells contain significant amounts of Stim1 and Stim2 mRNA. Thapsigargin (TG) treatment increased the amount of both endogenous STIM proteins in neuronal membrane fractions. The number of YFP-STIM1/ORAI1 and YFP-STIM2/ORAI1 complexes was also enhanced by such treatment. The differences observed in the number of STIM1 and STIM2 complexes under SOCE conditions and the differential sensitivity to SOCE inhibitors suggest their distinct roles. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) store depletion by TG enhanced intracellular Ca(2+) levels in loaded with Fura-2 neurons transfected with YFP-STIM1 and ORAI1, but not with YFP-STIM2 and ORAI1, which correlated well with the number of complexes formed. Moreover, the SOCE inhibitors ML-9 and 2-APB reduced Ca(2+) influx in neurons expressing YFP-STIM1/ORAI1 but produced no effect in cells transfected with YFP-STIM2/ORAI1. Moreover, in neurons transfected with YFP-STIM2/ORAI1, the increase in constitutive calcium entry was greater than with YFP-STIM1/ORAI1. Our data indicate that both STIM proteins are involved in calcium homeostasis in neurons. STIM1 mainly activates SOCE, whereas STIM2 regulates resting Ca(2+) levels in the ER and Ca(2+) leakage with the additional involvement of STIM1.
Using spent catalyst from refinery FCC units to produce 4A-zeolite: synthesis, procedure, and kinetics (1999)

A study was carried out on the possibility of using the spent catalyst from refinery fluidised catalyst cracking (FCC) units to produce 4A-zeolite. The resulting 4A-zeolite exhibited a crystallinity exceeding 90%, had an ion exchange capacity resembling that of commercial products, and a whiteness index and particle size distribution within recommended limits for use as a water softening additive by Ca2+ ion absorption.
The chemistry of 3-(.alpha.-cyanobenzylidene)-1-phenyltriazenes and their conversion to diarylmaleimides and phenanthrene-9,10-dicarboximides (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe chemistry of 3-(.alpha.-cyanobenzylidene)-1-phenyltriazenes and their conversion to diarylmaleimides and phenanthrene-9,10-dicarboximidesPeter A. S. Smith, James Jeffrey Friar, Wolfgang Resemann, and Andrew C. WatsonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 10, 3351–3362Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00297a066https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00297a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1042Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Power Optimization Techniques In Fpga Devices: A Combination Of System- And Low-Levels (2007)

This paper presents preliminary results regarding system-level power awareness for FPGA implementations in wireless sensor networks. Re-configurability of field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) allows for significant flexibility in its applications to embedded systems. However, high power consumption in FPGA becomes a significant factor in design considerations. We present several ideas and their experimental verifications on how to optimize power consumption at high level of designing process while maintaining the same energy per operation (low-level methods can be used additionally). This paper demonstrates that it is possible to estimate feasible power consumption savings even at the high level of designing process. It is envisaged that our results can be also applied to other embedded systems applications, not limited to FPGA-based.
Partial Frequency Allocation in Downlink OFDMA Based on Evolutionary Algorithms (2010)

This paper describes the optimization of the frequency allocation in the downlink of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) cellular network by means of centralized adaptive frequency management. The adaptive frequency allocation is performed off-line based on a Genetic Algorithm (GA) which computes for each cell an optimal number of radio resource blocks as guided by the geometry and the interference induced from adjacent cells. The objective of the optimization algorithm is to reduce interference and improve cell edge user throughput while preserving overall system throughput performance. For certain scenarios simulation results demonstrate gains up to 20% for the cell-edge user throughput as compared to a partial frequency 3-reuse scheme.
Hierarchical Pattern Matching in VLSI (2009)

Subcircuit recognition (SR) is important for IC verification: ERC (electrical rule check), static timing analysis, etc. Many different algorithms were devised to support this segment of chip verification. The theoretical basis for these algorithms is pattern matching in graphs, i.e. subgraph isomorphism. Algorithms developed so far work only with inefficient flat input netlists. We provide a novel solution for the SR problem in hierarchical netlists. Virtually Flattened View (VFV), a sophisticated concept that prepares the hierarchical data for the user algorithms and allows them to see that data as if they were flat, is proposed. We apply the defined concept to incremental flat pattern matching. In this way we obtain the methodology to solve the problem of pattern matching in hierarchical netlists. For several reference scenarios, quantitative and qualitative improvements of our approach are demonstrated.
Molecular weight of electropolymerized polyaniline (1987)

A. Watanabe, K. Mori, Y. Iwasaki and Y. Nakamura, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 3 DOI: 10.1039/C39870000003
Site-specific range uncertainties caused by dose calculation algorithms for proton therapy (2014)

The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility of introducing site-specific range margins to replace current generic margins in proton therapy. Further, the goal was to study the potential of reducing margins with current analytical dose calculations methods. For this purpose we investigate the impact of complex patient geometries on the capability of analytical dose calculation algorithms to accurately predict the range of proton fields. Dose distributions predicted by an analytical pencil-beam algorithm were compared with those obtained using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations (TOPAS). A total of 508 passively scattered treatment fields were analyzed for seven disease sites (liver, prostate, breast, medulloblastoma-spine, medulloblastoma-whole brain, lung and head and neck). Voxel-by-voxel comparisons were performed on two-dimensional distal dose surfaces calculated by pencil-beam and MC algorithms to obtain the average range differences and root mean square deviation for each field for the distal position of the 90% dose level (R90) and the 50% dose level (R50). The average dose degradation of the distal falloff region, defined as the distance between the distal position of the 80% and 20% dose levels (R80-R20), was also analyzed. All ranges were calculated in water-equivalent distances. Considering total range uncertainties and uncertainties from dose calculation alone, we were able to deduce site-specific estimations. For liver, prostate and whole brain fields our results demonstrate that a reduction of currently used uncertainty margins is feasible even without introducing MC dose calculations. We recommend range margins of 2.8% + 1.2 mm for liver and prostate treatments and 3.1% + 1.2 mm for whole brain treatments, respectively. On the other hand, current margins seem to be insufficient for some breast, lung and head and neck patients, at least if used generically. If no case specific adjustments are applied, a generic margin of 6.3% + 1.2 mm would be needed for breast, lung and head and neck treatments. We conclude that the currently used generic range uncertainty margins in proton therapy should be redefined site specific and that complex geometries may require a field specific adjustment. Routine verifications of treatment plans using MC simulations are recommended for patients with heterogeneous geometries.
Examination of the Biological Role of the α(2→6)-Linked Sialic Acid in Gangliosides Binding to the Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) (2009)

The tetrasaccharide 1, a substructure of ganglioside GQ1b alpha, shows a remarkable affinity for the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and was therefore selected as starting point for a lead optimization program. In our search for structurally simplified and pharmacokinetically improved mimics of 1, modifications of the core disaccharide, the alpha(2-->3)- and the alpha(2-->6)-linked sialic acid were synthesized. Biphenylmethyl and (S)-lactate were identified as suitable replacements for the alpha(2-->6)-linked sialic acid. Combined with a core modification and the earlier found aryl amide substituent in the 9-position of the alpha(2-->3)-linked sialic acid, high affinity MAG antagonists were identified. All mimics were tested in a competitive target-based binding assay, providing relative inhibitory potencies (rIP). Compared to the reference tetrasaccharide 1, the rIPs of the most potent antagonists 59 and 60 are enhanced nearly 400-fold. Their K(D)s determined in surface plasmon resonance experiments are in the low micromolar range. These results are in semiquantitative agreement with molecular modeling studies. This new class of glycomimetics will allow to validate the role of MAG in the axon regeneration process.
How to develop knowledge culture in organizations? A multiple case study of large distributed organizations (2006)

Purpose This paper seeks to identify various factors affecting knowledge culture in some of the large organizations and suggest realistic strategies for developing knowledge culture. Design/methodology/approach In‐depth case studies were conducted at six large distributed organizations to investigate and assess knowledge management (KM) practices and associated organizational culture. The core data collection is based on semi‐structured interviews with senior managers who play a significant role in KM programs at their respective organizations. A range of internal documents of these organizations has also provided some important inputs for the empirical analysis. Findings The study identified ten major factors affecting knowledge culture in organizations. These include leadership, organizational structure, and evangelization, communities of practice, reward systems, time allocation, business processes, recruitment, infrastructure and physical attributes. Research limitations/implications Perhaps, the major limitation of this research study is associated with the sample selection. All of the companies participated in this research project, were large‐scale distributed organizations. Therefore, the findings may not be applicable for small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Furthermore, the derived conclusions would be more assertive if they were tested as hypothetical propositions through a consecutive research survey. Practical implications This study provides illustrations and rationale for a diverse range of factors influencing the knowledge culture. Some of the findings deviated from established notions in contemporary KM literature, especially in the issues such as organizational structure, leadership and reward systems. The organizational dimensions explored in this study provide some original thoughts for building sustainable knowledge cultures. Originality/value The factors described in this paper are based on the existing KM practices at organizations with well‐established KM programs. These can serve as pragmatic guidelines for KM practitioners in developing knowledge culture.
The Classification of Tongue Colors with Standardized Acquisition and ICC Profile Correction in Traditional Chinese Medicine (2016)

<i>Background and Goal</i>. The application of digital image processing techniques and machine learning methods in tongue image classification in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been widely studied nowadays. However, it is difficult for the outcomes to generalize because of lack of color reproducibility and image standardization. Our study aims at the exploration of tongue colors classification with a standardized tongue image acquisition process and color correction. <i>Methods</i>. Three traditional Chinese medical experts are chosen to identify the selected tongue pictures taken by the TDA-1 tongue imaging device in TIFF format through ICC profile correction. Then we compare the mean value of <i>L</i><sup>*</sup><i>a</i><sup>*</sup><i>b</i><sup>*</sup> of different tongue colors and evaluate the effect of the tongue color classification by machine learning methods. <i>Results</i>. The <i>L</i><sup>*</sup><i>a</i><sup>*</sup><i>b</i><sup>*</sup> values of the five tongue colors are statistically different. Random forest method has a better performance than SVM in classification. SMOTE algorithm can increase classification accuracy by solving the imbalance of the varied color samples. <i>Conclusions</i>. At the premise of standardized tongue acquisition and color reproduction, preliminary objectification of tongue color classification in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is feasible.
Automation of the glycerolization of red blood cells with the high‐separation bowl in the Haemonetics ACP 215 instrument (2005)

Processing time and need for technical expertise were significantly reduced with the completely automated functionally closed glycerolization procedure with the high-separation bowl in the Haemonetics ACP 215 instrument.