gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Synthesis of 4-Nitro-, 5-Nitro-, 6-Nitro- and 7-Nitroindole<sup>1</sup> (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of 4-Nitro-, 5-Nitro-, 6-Nitro- and 7-Nitroindole1Stanley M. Parmerter, A. Gilbert Cook, and William B. DixonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 17, 4621–4622Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01550a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01550a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views897Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Oral vaccination of 1-day-old turkeys with<i>in vitro</i>attenuated<i>Histomonas meleagridis</i>protects against histomonosis and has no negative effect on performance (2010)

One-day-old turkey poults were vaccinated against histomonosis (syn. histomoniasis) via the oral route by application of in vitro attenuated Histomonas meleagridis. Subsequently, two different groups composed of 14 birds each were challenged cloacally with highly virulent histomonads after 2 or 4 weeks. Two additional groups of non-vaccinated birds were infected with the challenge inoculum at the same time points. In addition, a group of 19 birds, of which 14 were vaccinated but not challenged, were kept for clinical and serological examinations. Non-vaccinated and non-challenged birds (n=10) represented the negative control group. All non-vaccinated but infected birds and 10 out of 14 vaccinated turkeys challenged 2 weeks post vaccination (w.p.v.) contracted severe histomonosis. Turkeys challenged 4 w.p.v. and all remaining birds used in this experiment did not show any pathognomonic clinical signs. In addition, no adverse effect regarding the weight gain could be observed in birds that were vaccinated but not challenged. The excretion of attenuated and virulent live histomonads was observed very infrequently by re-isolation, but transmission to in-contact birds was very efficient. Presence of antibodies was first noticed 3 w.p.v. and antibody levels remained above the cut-off value until termination of the experiment at 16 w.p.v. The present experiment demonstrates for the first time the potential efficacy of in vitro attenuated histomonads used as an orally applied vaccine to 1-day-old turkeys for protection against fatal histomonosis without affecting performance.
Prenatal Diagnosis of α-Thalassemia (1976)

The technic of DNA-DNA hybridization was used for prenatal diagnosis of a pregnancy at risk for homozygous alpha-thalassemia. Fibroblasts were cultured from amniotic fluid, and the number of alpha-globin genes in the DNA was quantified by hybridization with radioactive DNA complementary to alpha-globin mRNA sequences. As compared to control studies of DNA from patients with alpha-thalassemia syndromes and from unaffected subjects, the results indicated that the fetus had alpha-thalassemia-1. The diagnosis was confirmed by umbilical-cord blood studies.
An Approach to Reduce Greenhouse Gases in the Semiconductor Industry Using F2 Dissociated in Plasma for CVD Chamber Cleaning (2018)

The gases used in industrial cleaning processes are considered greenhouse gases with a high global warming potential (GWP). It is important to provide a viable alternative chemical vapor deposition (CVD) cleaning gas that is capable of removing efficiently deposited layers on the CVD chamber inner wall and other parts of the apparatus. The cleaning gas has to be environmental friendly in order to avoid accentuation of the global warming phenomena. Besides that, the alternative cleaning gas should be compatible with the existing gas delivery system and the CVD equipment that is already used by industrial companies. Only by fulfilling the three requirements mentioned above is it possible to replace the well-established cleaning gases. In this project, an F2–gas mixture for the in-situ cleaning of CVD chambers has been studied and compared with conventional cleaning methods. The conventional cleaning process is defined as a cleaning procedure using either C2F6 in RF plasma discharge or NF3 in remote plasma discharge.
Light-Emitting Channelrhodopsins for Combined Optogenetic and Chemical-Genetic Control of Neurons (2013)

Manipulation of neuronal activity through genetically targeted actuator molecules is a powerful approach for studying information flow in the brain. In these approaches the genetically targeted component, a receptor or a channel, is activated either by a small molecule (chemical genetics) or by light from a physical source (optogenetics). We developed a hybrid technology that allows control of the same neurons by both optogenetic and chemical genetic means. The approach is based on engineered chimeric fusions of a light-generating protein (luciferase) to a light-activated ion channel (channelrhodopsin). Ionic currents then can be activated by bioluminescence upon activation of luciferase by its substrate, coelenterazine (CTZ), as well as by external light. In cell lines, expression of the fusion of Gaussia luciferase to Channelrhodopsin-2 yielded photocurrents in response to CTZ. Larger photocurrents were produced by fusing the luciferase to Volvox Channelrhodopsin-1. This version allowed chemical modulation of neuronal activity when expressed in cultured neurons: CTZ treatment shifted neuronal responses to injected currents and sensitized neurons to fire action potentials in response to subthreshold synaptic inputs. These luminescent channelrhodopsins--or luminopsins--preserve the advantages of light-activated ion channels, while extending their capabilities. Our proof-of-principle results suggest that this novel class of tools can be improved and extended in numerous ways.
Comment on “Reduction of ‘Calculational’ Uncertainties Due to Approximate Fission-Source Matrices” (1984)

"Comment on “Reduction of ‘Calculational’ Uncertainties Due to Approximate Fission-Source Matrices”." Nuclear Science and Engineering, 86(1), p. 116
Who deserves publicly funded nursing care? (2000)

The current nurse staffing crisis is highlighting the contribution of nurses as part of healthcare manpower, and nursing care to the wellbeing of patients. While those with long-term disabilities and chronic illness living in the community have become accustomed to a lack of skilled nursing in their care, it is now apparent that acute healthcare services are also feeling the pinch. In the current climate it will be easy for those with ongoing needs to be forgotten as politicians seek rapid solutions to lengthening waiting lists and media reports of cancelled life-saving surgery.
A Combined Morphological and Electrophysiological Study of the Atrioventricular Node of the Rabbit Heart (1974)

Thirteen rabbit atrioventricular nodes were studied both morphologically and electrophysiologically. Two of these nodes were subsequently reconstructed in three-dimensional fashion. From the morphological standpoint, it was shown that the atrioventricular node was divided into a smaller enclosed portion and a larger open portion by a fibrous collar derived from the central fibrous body. Three distinct nodal cell types were identified within these nodal segments. The open node was mostly occupied by transitional cells which merged proximally with the atrial myocardium. As they entered the enclosed node, some of these transitional cells merged into a knot of midnodal cells. Others passed circumferentially round this knot and together with the midnodal cells, joined with a tract of lower nodal cells. The latter cells were continuous with the His bundle anteriorly, but they also extended into the open node posteriorly. It was possible to correlate the activation sequence of the node accurately with the disposition of these cells. Using both reconstructions and techniques to mark cells from which action potentials had been recorded, it was shown that the transitional cells correlated with the AN zone of the node. Cells with N potentials were located in the environs of the midnodal cell knot. The anterior portion of the lower nodal cells correlated with the NH nodal zone. The posterior extension of the lower nodal cells and the overlay fibers of the anterior transitional cells both functioned as dead-end pathways. Histologically distinct tracts were not identified within the internodal atrial myocardium.
Structure-activity relationships defining the cytotoxicity of catechol analogues against human malignant melanoma. (1988)

The cytotoxic activities of three new synthetic catechol analogues, beta-[(p-hydroxyphenyl)amino]alanine (Compound 1), N delta-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ornithine (Compound 2), and N delta-(m-hydroxyphenyl)ornithine (Compound 3), were determined against 10 human melanoma and 5 nonmelanoma cell lines. Activities of L-DOPA and 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine were also measured. Dose-response curves were obtained and concentrations in micrograms/ml required to give 90% inhibition of colony formation (IC90) were calculated. Using a cutoff IC90 of less than 2.5 as a definition of activity. Compound 2 was active in 6 of 10 melanoma and 0 of 5 nonmelanoma cell lines while both Compound 1 and L-DOPA methyl ester were active in 1 of 10 melanomas and 0 of 5 nonmelanomas. Compound 3 was inactive in all cell lines and all IC90 values exceeded 100. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine was active in 3 of 8 melanomas and 1 of 5 nonmelanomas. Regression analysis of IC90 values for Compound 2 and tyrosinase levels in the 15 cell lines yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.93 (P less than 0.001). By contrast, a similar analysis for 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine gave a correlation coefficient of 0.17 (P greater than 0.05). Spectrophotometric data indicated that Compounds 1 and 2 were oxidized by tyrosinase to quinones. Cytotoxic activity was blocked by the tyrosinase inhibitor phenylthiocarbamide. Since the rates of activation of Compounds 1 and 2 were identical, the higher activity of Compound 2 was probably due to its higher lipophilicity and greater intracellular accumulation. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited greater potency and selectivity against malignant melanoma than did the natural product L-DOPA methyl ester.
Postmenopausal Estrogen Use, Cigarette Smoking, and Cardiovascular Morbidity in Women over 50 (1985)

We studied the effect of estrogen use on morbidity from cardiovascular disease in 1234 postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 83 years, participating in the Framingham Heart Study's 12th biennial examination (index examination). The medication history recorded at biennial examinations 8 through 12 was used to classify the degree of estrogen exposure before eight years of observation for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite a favorable cardiovascular risk profile and control for the major known risk factors for heart disease, women reporting postmenopausal estrogen use at one or more examinations had over a 50 per cent elevated risk of cardiovascular morbidity (P less than 0.01) and more than a twofold risk for cerebrovascular disease (P less than 0.01) after the index examination. Increased rates for myocardial infarction (P less than 0.05) were observed particularly among the estrogen users who smoked cigarettes. Conversely, among nonsmokers estrogen use was associated only with an increased incidence of stroke (P less than 0.05). No benefits from estrogen use were observed in the study group; in particular, mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular disease did not differ for estrogen users and nonusers.
Broadband dispersion-compensating chirped fibreBragg gratings in a 10 Gbit/s NRZ 110 km non-dispersion-shifted fibre link operatingat 1.55 µm (1997)

Dispersion compensation of a 110 km non-dispersion shifted fibre link over a 4 nm bandwidth is demonstrated using two continuous glitch-free 36 cm long chirped fibre gratings. A 10 Gbit/s system trial shows that compensation of lasers with large wavelength tolerance is possible.
Synthesis and Structure of Alkaline Earth Silicon Nitrides:  BaSiN<sub>2</sub>, SrSiN<sub>2</sub>, and CaSiN<sub>2</sub> (2004)

The alkaline earth silicon nitrides AESiN(2) (AE = Ca, Sr, Ba) are reported, synthesized as clear, colorless, single crystals from molten sodium at 900-1100 degrees C or, in the cases of BaSiN(2) and SrSiN(2), as white powders by reacting powdered intermetallics AESi with flowing anhydrous ammonia at 550-1000 degrees C. Structures were determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements at 150 K: BaSiN(2) crystallizes in space group Cmca (No. 64) with a = 5.6046(1) A, b = 11.3605(3) A, c = 7.5851(2) A, and Z = 8. The structure consists of pairs of SiN(4) tetrahedra edge-linked to form bow-tie-shaped Si(2)N(6) dimers which share vertexes to form layers and has no analogue in oxide chemistry. SrSiN(2) has a distorted form of this structure (SrSiN(2): space group P2(1)/c (No. 14), a = 5.9750(5) A, b = 7.2826(7) A, c = 5.4969(4) A, beta = 113.496(4) degrees, Z = 4). The structure of CaSiN(2) contains only vertex-sharing SiN(4) tetrahedra, linked to form a three-dimensional stuffed-cristobalite type framework isostructural with KGaO(2) (CaSiN(2): space group Pbca (No. 61), a = 5.1229(3) A, b = 10.2074(6) A, c = 14.8233(9) A, Z = 16).
Surface hydrolysis of filaments based on poly(trimethylene terephthalate) spun at high spinning speeds (2004)

Abstract The surface alkaline hydrolysis of fibers made from poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) was studied after extruding the polymer at high spinning speeds from 2000 to 6000 m/min and heat setting in the range of temperatures from 100 to 180°C. Fiber weight loss increased with an increasing heat‐setting temperature but it was also dependent on the spinning speed. Some of the partially hydrolyzed fibers had a well‐developed, hydrophilic surface, and pore size in the range of 0.69 to 1.20 μm. The optimum reaction and morphological conditions for increasing porosity in PTT fibers depends on spinning speed and heat‐setting temperature. A temperature of 180°C is the upper limit for heat‐setting PTT filaments but seems to be the most effective for making porous fibers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1724–1730, 2004
Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells Is Shifted into a Proinflammatory Phenotype by Hyperglycemia (2009)

Bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) contribute to vascular maintenance by participating in angiogenesis, re-endothelialization, and remodeling. Myeloid progenitor cells in the BM are functionally and quantitatively an important precursor pool for cells that contribute to these processes. However, these precursor pools in the BM also give rise to important effector cells of the innate immune system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. We hypothesized that the disturbed repair responses that are being observed in diabetes mellitus are also related to an effect on functional and differentiation characteristics at the level of this bone marrow precursor pool. Indeed, we observed that bone marrow differentiation cultures for EPC, macrophages (Mph), or dendritic cells (DC) from hyperglycemic BM yielded 40% fewer EPC and 50% more Mph compared with control BM. These changes were directly related to the hemoglobin A(1C) levels of the donor mice. BM-derived DC numbers were not affected by hyperglycemia. The composition of the BM was not altered; in particular, the numbers of CD31+/Ly6C+ cells, which serve as common progenitors for EPC, Mph, and DC, were unaffected. In addition, BM-derived EPC from hyperglycemic mice were less angiogenic and more proinflammatory in regards to endocytosis, T-cell activation, and interleukin 12 production. HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase inhibition by statin supplementation of the culture medium counteracted these hyperglycemia-induced changes. Our study results show that hyperglycemia alters the differentiation fate of BM precursor cells, reducing the potential to generate vascular regenerative cells and favoring the development of proinflammatory cells.
Fluid Dependence of Anisotropy Parameters (2013)

The generally accepted theory governing the effect of fluid content on seismic velocities is due to Biot and Gassmann, with further refinements proposed more recently. Most applications of the theory use its isotropic special case, and without these refinements (resulting in a well-known theoretical prediction for the fluid dependence of the longitudinal elastic stiffness). The present work concerns the extension of this theory to the case of anisotropy, and including these recent refinements. For thinly bedded (inhomogeneous) sequences, the theory as formulated for homogeneous formations requires special handling, in general. For the case of weak polar anisotropy, closed expressions are derived for the well-known anisotropy parameters delta, eta, and gamma. The most remarkable new result is that the anisotropy parameter eta is approximately independent of fluid content, and this applies to thinly bedded sequences without special handling.
Purification and Characterization of an α-Haloketone-resistant Formate Dehydrogenase from<i>Thiobacillus</i>sp. Strain KNK65MA, and Cloning of the Gene (2003)

Thiobacillus sp. strain KNK65MA, which produced an NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase (FDH) highly resistant to alpha-haloketones, was newly isolated, i.e., the enzyme showed no loss of activity after a 5-h incubation with alpha-haloketones, such as ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate. The enzyme was also resistant to SH reagents. The enzyme, purified to homogeneity, was a dimer composed of identical subunits. The specific activity was 7.6 u/mg, and the apparent Km values for formate and NAD+ were 1.6 and 0.048 mM, respectively. The cloned gene of FDH contained one open reading frame (ORF) of 1206 base pairs, predicted to encode a polypeptide of 401 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 44,021; this gene was highly expressed in E. coli cells. The deduced amino acid sequence of this FDH had high identity to other bacterial FDHs.
Pyrite and Marcasite Surface Area as Influenced by Morphology and Particle Diameter (1981)

Abstract The morphology of massive and framboidal pyrites and marcasite extracted from lignitic cores was examined with light and scanning electron microscopes. The primary objective was to determine the surface area for these sulfide minerals. Framboidal pyrite spheres consisted of micron‐sized crystals and suggested a high surface area compared to other iron (Fe) sulfides. Specific surface space was determined using the linear form of the B.E.T. equation and N 2 gas as the adsorbate. Framboidal pyrite was composed of individual microcrystals that ranged from 1 to 5 µm in diameter. Surface area of framboidal pyrite remained near 2.0 m 2 /g for mean diameters ranging from 150 to 60 µm but increased to as high as 4.0 m 2 /g for diameters between 5 and 2 µm. Marcasite spheres were 4 to 5 times larger in diameter than single framboids. Surface area of all fractions of marcasite and massive pyrite ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 m 2 /g. Specific surface decreased as particle size increased.
Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Some Rare-Earth Salts at Helium Temperatures; Observation of the Phonon Bottleneck (1962)

By observing the transient recovery of microwave paramagnetic resonance signals at $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\approx}9.3$ kMc/sec and $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\approx}34$ kMc/sec, we measure the spin-lattice relaxation rate ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the rare earth ions Nd, Pr, and Sm in the double nitrate [${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{3}$${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{12}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}24${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O] and for Ce and Nd in the ethyl sulfate [La${({\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{3}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}9${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O] in the temperature range $1.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}<T<5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. We observe the direct process, ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}T$; the Orbach process, ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\mathrm{kT}})$; and the Raman process, ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{7}$ and ${T}^{9}$. The measured relaxation rates are in good agreement with simple theoretical estimates based on Orbach's phenomenological approach. For example, for 1% Nd in the ethyl sulfate with $z\ensuremath{\perp}H$ at $\ensuremath{\nu}=9.3$ kMc/sec we measure ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=1.7T+3.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{T}^{9}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, as compared to the theoretical estimate, ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=1.4T+1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{T}^{9}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The data, together with similar measurements by others, lead to the over-all conclusion that spin-lattice relaxation at low temperatures in rare earth salts is reasonably well understood.At the lowest temperatures, where the direct process dominates, we observe in the double nitrate several instances of a spin-bath relaxation rate ${{T}_{b}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ which is not the direct spin-lattice (i.e., spin-phonon) process, but rather a slower phonon-limited "bottle-neck" process, with a temperature dependence ${{T}_{b}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$. This dependence along with that on crystal size and paramagnetic ion concentration is in good agreement with simple theoretical expectations. The data indicate that the hot phonon-bath relaxation time is the time taken by sound waves to traverse the crystal half-thickness. For 1% Pr in the double nitrate at 1.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the bottleneck is severe, the observed rate ${{T}_{b}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ being \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{3}$ times smaller than the true direct rate ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
A Study on the Recycling of Waste in the Limestone Mine (1996)

The wastes ot l~mestone mines have been cause the extrar.ngance of the valuablz m e r a l s and destruction of the environment. Therefore, \\-c tied ta separation of calcite illid clay from the limestone mine wastes by rotntmg screen type separator made by ourselves in order to recyding such us a raw matcriala for cement maimfacture. CaO amtents in the separated coarse products increased from 37.36 wt% to 42+2 wt% at the condition ihat water content in wastes was lzss than 6wt%, the passing time of specimen in &amber was 15 semnds and the rotation speed was 6OLl qm. A process in order lo separate wastes effectively to having wide range aI part~dcs ize was cstablishcd and CaO contents of coarsc products through this process increased to 46.85 wt%. Tbis rcsult is insuEiicient to directly rcusing as a raw malerials for cement. However, it is supposed that coarse products would be able to be reuscd as a raw materials uf cement, if only it rs sclected dolomite in wastes, and really it may be possible in fields Othenvise, undcrsize products(less than 20 mm) would be able to recycling as a raw of cement bccause chcmicrl campasitions of thosc is kept almost constant v&cs on the overall process.