gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Osteoporosis: New-Generation Drugs (2010)

A new understanding in the pathophysiology of bone led to the development of a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against RANK ligand (RANKL). Denosumab inhibits the interaction of RANKL with its receptor RANK, thereby suppressing osteoclast differentiation, function and survival. In this respect, denosumab mimics osteoprotegerin, the endogenous antagonist of RANKL. Recently, denosumab has been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) and treatment-induced bone loss in breast and prostate cancer patients undergoing hormone ablation. Oncologic indications affecting bone are promising, but still under clinical evaluation. In clinical trials for PMO, denosumab has shown significant increases in bone mineral density (BMD) at various skeletal sites, decreases in bone turnover markers, and reductions in fracture risk. In head-tohead studies, denosumab proved to be superior to alendronate with regard to the increase in BMD. Considering clinical trial data, the risk-benefit profile of denosumab seems to be favorable since the rates of adverse events, serious adverse events, infections, malignancies and deaths were not higher compared to the control arms. In PMO, denosumab is applied subcutaneously as a 60-mg dose twice yearly. This administration scheme and route might have a high acceptance by patients and physicians.
Accurate estimation of defect-related yield loss in reconfigurable VLSI circuits (1993)

A general methodology for accurate estimation of defect-related yield loss in reconfigurable VLSI circuits is presented. Yield for replicated cells in the reconfigurable circuitry is estimated based upon a calculation of layout sensitivity to manufacturing defects of varying sizes. The important concept addressed is the need for separate estimation of reconfigurable and nonreconfigurable components of a replicated cell's critical area (CA) for accurate yield estimation. Two examples-a 256 kb SRAM and reconfigurable 32*32 port 32 b crossbar switch-are presented to illustrate the essential characteristics of the proposed yield estimation method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lymphatic dysfunction attenuates tumor immunity through impaired antigen presentation (2015)

Tumor growth and metastasis of cancer involve autonomous tumor cell growth and host-tumor interactions. While tumor-specific immunity has been intensively studied in vitro, dynamic roles of lymphatic transport on tumor immunity in vivo have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined tumor growth and anti-tumor immune responses using kCYC mice, which demonstrate severe lymphatic dysfunction. Primary tumor growth was augmented in kCYC mice (compared to wild-type mice) when B16 melanoma or EL-4 lymphoma cells were subcutaneously injected. Expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 as well as IL-10 expression in draining lymph nodes (LNs) was significantly reduced in kCYC mice after tumor inoculation. Moreover, decreased levels of tumor-associated antigens were detected in draining LNs in kCYC mice, together with impaired antigen presentation. CD8+ T cells in draining LNs derived from kCYC mice bearing B16 melanoma also showed significantly decreased cytotoxic activity in vitro. Finally, tumor suppression activity of CD8+ T cells derived from kCYC mice bearing B16 melanoma was reduced when adoptively transferred to naive wild-type mice. In summary, these findings suggest that lymphatic transport is essential in generating optimal tumor-specific immune responses mediated by CD8+ T cells.
Microfabricated three-dimensional environments for single cell studies (2006)

First Page
Soft x-ray emission spectroscopy using monochromatized synchrotron radiation (invited) (1989)

Soft x-ray emission spectroscopy is a common tool for the study of the electronic structure of molecules and solids. However, the interpretation of spectra is sometimes made difficult by overlaying lines due to satellite transitions or close-lying core holes. Also, irrelevant inner core transitions may accidentally fall in the wavelength region under study. These problems, which often arise for spectra excited with electrons or broadband photon sources can be removed by using monochromatized synchrotron radiation. In addition, one achieves other advantages as well, such as the ability to study resonant behavior. Another important aspect is the softness of this excitation agent, which allows chemically fragile compounds to be investigated. In this work we demonstrate the feasibility of using monochromatized synchrotron radiation to excite soft x-ray spectra. We also show new results which have been accomplished as a result of the selectivity of the excitation. The work has been carried out using the Flipper I wiggler beamline at HASYLAB in Hamburg using a new grazing incidence instrument designed specifically for this experiment. The photon flux at the Flipper I station (typically 5×1012 photons per second on the sample with a 1% bandpass) is enough to allow soft x-ray fluorescence spectra to be recorded at relatively high resolution and within reasonable accumulation times (typically, the spectra presented in this work were recorded in 30 min). The spectrometer is based on a new concept which allows the instrument to be quite small, still covering a large wavelength range (10–250 Å). The basic idea involves the use of several fixed mounted gratings and a large two-dimensional detector. The grating arrangement provides simple mounting within a limited space and, in particular, large spectral range. The detector can be moved in a three-axis coordinate system in order to cover the different Rowland curves defined by the different gratings. The arrangement permits the use of gratings with different radii, which further facilitate the achievement of optimum performance over a large range. Two-dimensional detection is used to allow a large solid angle, without suffering from loss of resolution due to imaging errors. The detector is based on five 2-in. MCPs with resistive anode read out. The sensitivity of the detector, which is normally very low for soft x rays, especially at grazing angles, is enhanced by CsI coating and by using an entrance electrode.
Phosphorus Removal from Natural Waters Using Controlled Algal Production (1993)

Abstract A series of experiments designed to demonstrate the potential of using managed, attached algal production to permanently remove excess phosphorus from agricultural run‐off is described. The experiments were carried out on a secondary canal in the New Hope South region of the Florida Everglades Agricultural Area from October, 1991, to May, 1992. Natural algal populations of periphyton, including species of the genera Cladophora, Spirogyra, Enteromorpha, Stigeoclonium , and a variety of filamentous diatoms such as Eunotia and Melosira , were grown on plastic screens in raceways, under a wave surge regime. Considerable biomass production of algae occurred, and the resulting algal canopy also trapped plankton and organic particulates from the water column. A seven‐ to eight‐day harvest interval was determined to be optimal, and both hand harvesting and vacuum harvesting were employed. The vacuum device is applicable to large scale‐up. In source water having total phosphorus concentrations of 0.012–0.148 ppm, mean macro‐recovery dry biomass production levels of 15–27 g/m 2 /day were achieved. The lower rates occurred in the winter, the higher rates in the late spring. Two techniques were employed to reduce losses of fine material at harvest during the March to May period. Gravity sieving increased mean dry production levels to 33–39 g/m 2 /day. The mean phosphorus content of harvested biomass ranged from 0.34% to 0.43%. Total phosphorus removal rates during the spring period of average solar intensity and low nutrient supply, by methods demonstrated in this study, ranged from 104 to 139 mgTP/m 2 /day (380–507 kgP/ha/year). Over the incoming nutrient range studied, phosphorus removal was independent of concentration and was 16.3% of total phosphorus for 15 m of raceway. Up‐stream‐downstream studies of overflowing water chemistry (total P, total dissolved ‐P, orthophosphate ‐P) showed highly ‐significant reductions of all phosphorus species. Total phosphorus reduction closely correlated with phosphorus yield from biomass removal. Yearly, minimum phosphorus removal rates are predicted that are 100–250 times that achieved both experimentally and in long‐term, large‐area wetland systems. Engineering scale‐up to systems of hundreds of acres is being studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic 1‐Methoxybenzo(d)naphtho(1,2‐b)pyran‐6‐one C‐Glycosides. (1988)

Abstract Coupling the stannylnaphthopyranone (II) with the furanoid glycal (I) in the presence of palladium(II) acetate yields the C‐glycosides (III).
Packet–Optical Integration Nodes for Next Generation Transport Networks (2012)

The development of a new generation of photonic integrated circuits and the constant progress in integrated electronics (following Moore’s law) made the realization of a new type of optical transport node possible, by basing it on the concept of a digital photonic switching layer working in coordination with the packet switching layer under the control of a multi-layer control plane. In this paper such a new type of optical transport node is presented, analyzed and implemented in order to better investigate its potential advantages and weaknesses if compared with the conventional all-optical transport nodes and their level of applicability. The new node concept is based on a “vertical” view of packet–opto networks able to face the challenge of growing network capacity while cutting costs and to allow an efficient combination of digital optical networks and packet–opto integration’s benefits. Thanks to the use of optical–electrical–optical conversion technology, the wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) layer is provided with the traffic management flexibility and the engineering simplicity of digital transport systems (significant operational expenditures reduction) and with the network cost savings of large-scale photonic integration (capital expenditures reduction). It combines packet and WDM switching technologies where appropriate, with the ability to offload pass-through traffic from the packet layer to the lowest possible layer, so as to reduce costs and power consumption by eliminating unnecessary packet processing (total cost of ownership reduction). The main building blocks are a new digital optical transport based on an integrated packet–opto node that is scalable, flexible and low cost, and multi-layer control and management based on standard generalized multi-protocol label switching and innovative path computation element (PCE) solutions. Thanks to the flexibility of the digital reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer, the PCE is able to handle both layers in a very efficient way by selecting the right granularity for traffic grooming and routing. The feasibility has been assessed by a network prototype composed of four nodes produced by Ericsson Research Lab in Pisa and by a simulation analysis.
The protective antigen of malarial sporozoites (<i>Plasmodium berghei</i>) is a differentiation antigen. (1981)

Pb44, the protective antigen of rodent malaria sporozoite (Plasmodium berghei) covers the entire surface of mature, salivary gland sporozoites. This antigen is undetectable in approximately 50% of the immature, i.e., oocyst sporozoites. On the surface of the remaining oocyst sporozoites, Pb44 is found in patches. Pb44 is present in early exoerythrocytic liver stages of P. berghei but is present in early exoerythrocytic liver stages of P. berghei but becomes undetectable after 30 hr of intrahepatocytic development. It seems likely that Pb44 is a differentiation antigen associated with an unique function of the sporozoites, perhaps penetration in the target host cells.
Protein Microarray-Based Screening of Antibody Specificity (2005)

The increased use of antibodies as therapeutics, as well as the growing demand for large numbers of antibodies for high-throughput protein analyses, has been accompanied by a need for more specific antibodies. An array containing every protein for the relevant organism represents the ideal format for an assay to test antibody specificity since it allows the simultaneous screening of thousands of proteins in relatively normalized quantities. Indeed, the use of a yeast proleome array to profile the specificity of several antibodies directed against yeast proteins has recently been described. In this chapter, we present a detailed description of the methods used to probe protein arrays with antibodies as well as the technical issues to consider when carrying out such experiments.
Quantum phase slip phenomenon in ultra-narrow superconducting nanorings (2012)

The smaller the system, typically - the higher is the impact of fluctuations. In narrow superconducting wires sufficiently close to the critical temperature T(c) thermal fluctuations are responsible for the experimentally observable finite resistance. Quite recently it became possible to fabricate sub-10 nm superconducting structures, where the finite resistivity was reported within the whole range of experimentally obtainable temperatures. The observation has been associated with quantum fluctuations capable to quench zero resistivity in superconducting nanowires even at temperatures T→0. Here we demonstrate that in tiny superconducting nanorings the same phenomenon is responsible for suppression of another basic attribute of superconductivity - persistent currents - dramatically affecting their magnitude, the period and the shape of the current-phase relation. The effect is of fundamental importance demonstrating the impact of quantum fluctuations on the ground state of a macroscopically coherent system, and should be taken into consideration in various nanoelectronic applications.
Novel transition complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) derived from 3-[p-(5-substituted salicylidinehydrazinocarbonyI)]phenylsydnone (2008)

Schiff bases derived from 5-substituted salicylidine 3-[p-(5-substituted salicylidinehydrazinocarbonyl)]phenylsydnones and their transition metal complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibilities, electronic, infrared, Proton Magnetic Resonance (PMR) ( 1 H NMR), Fast Atomic Bombardment-(FAB)-mass spectra, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), and thermal studies. From the above spectral studies, it is concluded that the ligands viz., 3-[p-(salicylidinehydrazinocarbonyl)]phenylsydnone (L 1 ); p-(vanillidine hydrazinocarbonyl)]phenylsydnone (L 2 ); and 3-[p-(5′chlorosalicylicdinehydrazinecarbonyl)]phenylsydnones (L 3 ) act as bidentate molecules coordinating through azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen. The ligands and their metal complexes have been screened in vitro for antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities. The results indicate that the biological activity has increased on complexation. The Cu(II) complexes of the above-said ligands have proven to be antitumor agents toward the P388/s tumor cells at lower concentrations.
A new single-pole head structure for high writability (2002)

A new single-pole-type head with a novel structure has been developed. The head has a set of coil windings located on both sides of the main pole and two return path yokes surrounding the main pole and the coil. This head structure provides high stray field immunity due to a shielding effect of the return yokes. Head, field calculation was performed to design the head in terms of high writability. It was found that the head generates preferable field distribution and the field strength and gradient can be improved by reducing throat height of the main pole and narrowing separation of the main pole and the return yoke, respectively. This was experimentally confirmed with fabricated heads. The 0.2 /spl mu/m-wide head showed a high writing performance.
New Concept of Telemetry X-Band Circularly Polarized Antenna Payload for CubeSat (2017)

This letter presents a new concept of compact circularly polarized X-band [8-8.4 GHz] antenna for the 3U-CubeSat platforms. Despite the integration constraints on the top face of the CubeSat, the design aims at an isoflux radiation pattern. This antenna associates a driving patch antenna and 12 parasitic crossed dipoles, both to minimize the axial ratio in the opening angle θ = ±65° and to shape the radiation pattern. The patch excitation is carried out by a compact sequential-phase feed microstrip circuit. This antenna is manufactured and measured.
The Presence of a Single Tyrosine Residue at the Carboxyl Domain of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/FLK-1 Regulates Its Autophosphorylation and Activation of Signaling Molecules (2002)

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 plays a critical role in vasculogenesis during embryonic development and pathological angiogenesis, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing its functions. Here we investigated the role of tyrosine 1212 on mouse VEGFR-2 autophosphorylation and its signal transduction relay in endothelial cells. Mutation of tyrosine 1212 on VEGFR-2 to phenylalanine severely impaired the ligand-dependent autophosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and its ability to associate with and activate Src. This mutation also reduced the VEGFR-2 ability to phosphorylate phospholipase Cgamma1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Unlike mutation of tyrosine 1212 to phenylalanine, replacement of tyrosine 1212 with glutamic acid preserved the ligand-dependent activation of VEGFR-2 and activation of VEGFR-2-associated signaling proteins including Src, phospholipase Cgamma1, and MAPK. Further analysis showed that Src activation is not required for activation of VEGFR-2, since cells co-expressing wild type receptor with kinase dead Src or wild type Src displayed no apparent effect in the ligand-dependent autophosphorylation of VEGFR-2. Similarly, expression of wild type VEGFR-2 in fibroblast (SYF) cells obtained from the triple knockout Src family kinases showed normal ligand-dependent autophosphorylation. Collectively, these results suggest that phosphorylation of tyrosine 1212 of VEGFR-2 plays a crucial role in the activation of VEGFR-2 and subsequently VEGFR-2-mediated angiogenesis.
Recursive database structures (2005)

Recursion has always been an interesting topic in computer science, and one of the most difficult data structures to implement in modern relational database systems is recursive relationships. In a recursive relationship one type of entity is related in some way to other entity instances of the same type. Since a relationship exists, referential integrity constraints must be enforced and processing must be developed to follow the bi-directional relationship in both mapping directions. For non-recursive relationships, referential integrity constraint enforcement and bi-directional information flows have been automated to a great extent in modern database products; but this automation is not available for the recursive case. This paper discusses this problem, presents proposed solutions, and illustrates a practical application of such a solution.
Learning Robust Rewards with Adversarial Inverse Reinforcement Learning (2017)

Reinforcement learning provides a powerful and general framework for decision making and control, but its application in practice is often hindered by the need for extensive feature and reward engineering. Deep reinforcement learning methods can remove the need for explicit engineering of policy or value features, but still require a manually specified reward function. Inverse reinforcement learning holds the promise of automatic reward acquisition, but has proven exceptionally difficult to apply to large, high-dimensional problems with unknown dynamics. In this work, we propose adverserial inverse reinforcement learning (AIRL), a practical and scalable inverse reinforcement learning algorithm based on an adversarial reward learning formulation. We demonstrate that AIRL is able to recover reward functions that are robust to changes in dynamics, enabling us to learn policies even under significant variation in the environment seen during training. Our experiments show that AIRL greatly outperforms prior methods in these transfer settings.
Design, modeling and characterization of embedded capacitor networks for mid-frequency decoupling in semiconductor systems (2006)

Embedded passives are gaining in importance due to the reduction in size of consumer electronic products. Among the passives, capacitors pose the biggest challenge due to the large capacitance required for decoupling high performance circuits. This paper focuses on the characterization and modeling of embedded capacitors. Design and modeling of embedded capacitor networks for decoupling semiconductor systems in the mid-frequency band (100 MHz to 2 GHz) will be highlighted in this paper
Concepts for A Reliable Multicast Data Link Protocol for HF Radio Communications (2006)

Recent years have seen dramatic increases in HF network communications capacity, realized through the innovative communications protocols and techniques contained in the NATO standard STANAG 4538: automatic radio control system (ARCS). As a result of these improvements, use of HF for delivery of IP network traffic is becoming useful and practical. A major unmet challenge is that of providing an effective capability for delivering multicast data traffic (from one sender to multiple recipients) over HF channels. Lack of such capabilities is frequently an obstacle to using HF as a bearer medium for common tactical C3I applications such as FBCB2 ("blue force tracker"). This paper describes and analyzes techniques that can be used to provide an efficient HF multicast delivery capability suited to these kinds of applications
An Increase of More Than 30% in the Electrooptic Coefficients of Fe-Doped and Ce-Doped Stoichiometric LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Crystals (2000)

The composition dependences of the electrooptic coefficients in LiNbO 3 crystals and the influence of doping with Ce-ions and Fe-ions were measured precisely and investigated in detail for the first time. The electrooptic coefficient r 33 increases with an increase in the Li/Nb ratio. The r 33 in stoichiometric LiNbO 3 crystal was 1.14 times as large as that in conventional congruent LiNbO 3 crystal whose electrooptic coefficient is 32.6 pm/V. The electrooptic coefficient r 33 is also increased by doping with some ions. An increase of more than 30% in electrooptic coefficients (from those in nondoped congruent LiNbO 3 ) can be obtained by doping with Ce- or Fe-ions. The lattice constants are also measured. The lattice constant along the c -axis decreases with an increase in the Li/Nb ratio, or by doping with Ce- or Fe-ions, and in this way the crystal structure changes into a less symmetric structure. This may be the reason why the electrooptic coefficient increases with an increase in the Li/Nb ratio or by doping with Ce- or Fe-ions.
Investigation of different wavelets for pulse shape discrimination of LSO and LuYAP scintillators in positron emission tomography (2009)

A way to get the depth of interaction (DOI) information in a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner is the use of phoswich detectors. The layer of interaction is identified from the pulse shape of the corresponding scintillator material. In this work, wavelets based pulse shape discrimination (PSD) were investigated in order to find a best practical wavelets family of distinguishing two different pulses types recorded from LSO and LuYAP crystals. The wavelets based PSD gain high performance ranges from 99.75 to 99.26. On the other hand, the best compromise between performance and Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) decomposition level and execution time turned out that Dubechies 6 (db6) gives 99.63% successful discrimination rate at level 1 and consuming 12.828 sec over 10 000 pulses.