gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of the effective surface area of obliquely deposited thin films (2001)

We have developed a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulator for thin film growth and applied it to understand the morphologies of thin films prepared by dynamic oblique deposition with a special emphasis on an effective surface area. Columnar shapes zigzag, helix, and cylinder are successfully reproduced, and the packing density of simulated thin films agrees quantitatively with that obtained experimentally. The effective surface area is enhanced by oblique deposition owing to columnar formation and becomes maximum at a deposition angle of 70 °. On the contrary, no significant dependence of the effective surface area on the columnar shapes has been observed. Consequently, morphology-related quantities of obliquely deposited thin films such as the packing density and the effective surface area are understood in terms of the deposition angle and are insensitive to the motion of the azimuthal deposition direction.
Fine-grained traffic classification with netflow data (2010)

Nowadays Cisco Netflow is the de facto standard tool used by network operators and administrators for monitoring large edge and core networks. Implemented by all major vendors and recently a IETF standard, Netflow reports aggregated information about traffic traversing the routers in the form of flow-records. While this kind of data is already effectively used for accounting, monitoring and anomaly detection, the limited amount of information it conveys has until now hindered its employment for traffic classification purposes. In this paper, we present a behavioral algorithm which successfully exploits Netflow records for traffic classification. Since our classifier identifies an application by means of the simple counts of received packets and bytes, Netflow records contain all information required. We test our classification engine, based on a machine learning algorithm, over an extended set of traces containing a heterogeneous mix of applications ranging from P2P file-sharing and P2P live-streaming to traditional client-server services. Results show that our methodology correctly identifies the byte-wise traffic volume with an accuracy of 90% in the worst case, thus representing a first step towards the use of Netflow data for fine-grained classification of network traffic.
Packaging of glass waveguide silicon devices (1992)

We demonstrate a technique that makes possible the robust packaging and interconnection of fiber pigtails to glass waveguide silicon devices. An integrated 19 x 19 star coupler, formed on a silicon substrate, is covered with a silica slab attached by means of a low-index epoxy. The slab both isolates the waveguides, which are just a few micrometers below the surface, from their surroundings and provides a means for attaching fiber connectors. Measurements of the performance of the star coupler before and after covering even show a slight (<0.5 dB) improvement for many of the waveguides due to the silica cover.
Granulocyte colony‐stimulating‐factor‐induced psoriasiform dermatitis resembles psoriasis with regard to abnormal cytokine expression and epidermal activation (2004)

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by accumulation of Th1-type T cells and neutrophils, regenerative keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, and enhanced epidermal production of antimicrobial peptides. The underlying cause is unknown, but there are some similarities with the immunologic defense program against bacteria. Development of psoriasiform skin lesions has been reported after administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a cytokine induced in monocytes by bacterial antigens. To further investigate the relation between this type of cytokine-induced dermatitis and psoriasis, we analyzed the cutaneous cytokine profile [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-12p35 and p40, and IL-8] and expression of markers of epidermal activation [Ki-67, cytokeratin-16, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)] in a patient who developed G-CSF-induced psoriasiform dermatitis by using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistology. The histologic picture resembled psoriasis with regard to epidermal hyperparakeratosis and the accumulation of lymphocytes in the upper corium. CD8(+) T cells were found to infiltrate the epidermis which was associated with an aberrant expression of Ki-67, cytokeratin-16, MHC class II, and ICAM-1 on adjacent keratinocytes. As compared to normal skin (n = 7), there was an increased expression of TNF-alpha, IL-12p40, and IL-8, a decreased expression of TGF-beta1, and a lack of IL-10, similar to the findings in active psoriasis (n = 8). Therefore, G-CSF may cause a lymphocytic dermatitis that, similar to psoriasis, is characterized by a pro-inflammatory Th1-type cytokine milieu and an epidermal phenotype indicative of aberrant maturation and acquisition of non-professional immune functions.
Altering the Progression of Human Alveolar Bone Loss With the Non‐Steroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drug Flurbiprofen (1989)

The treatment of human periodontal diseases relies on mechanical and antimicrobial suppression of the etiologic bacteria. The ability to alter the progression of periodontitis by additionally blocking host pathways involved in the destructive process is an area of current research. Prostaglandins and other metabolites of arachidonic acid are believed to be important host mediators of the bone resorption of diseases such as periodontitis. We have previously examined the effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin production, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), on inhibiting alveolar bone loss in beagles. The present study was designed to examine the effect of the NSAID, flurbiprofen, on slowing the radiographic loss of alveolar bone in the human. Fifty-six individuals with radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss were recruited for study. Forty-four patients remained in the study for the data analysis of loss of alveolar bone. Following a 6 month baseline pretreatment period to measure the radiographic progression of bone loss, half of the patients were administered flurbiprofen, 50 mg. b.i.d., while half were administered a placebo. All patients received a subgingival scaling and pumice by a hygienist every 6 months. The rate of alveolar bone loss in a 2 year treatment period was compared to the baseline 6 month pretreatment period within and between patient groups. Throughout the study, teeth exhibiting obvious loss of bone were exited from study and treated with conventional mechanical therapy. At the end of the pretreatment period both patient groups had a similar mean rate of alveolar bone loss.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reconfigurations of Caribbean History (2007)

Abstract “Reconfigurations of Caribbean History: Michelle Cliff's Rebel Women” examines Cliff's re-visioning of Caribbean history in an effort to elucidate Caribbean women's active role in building Caribbean nations. In Abeng, Cliff reinvents what Honor Ford Smith calls a “rebel consciousness” through representations of female rebels who refuse to “know duh place.” Cliff's rebel women combat and resist traditional representations of womanhood, patriarchy, colonial culture, and homophobia. The genealogy of the “fighting spirit” of Caribbean women is registered in Abeng to ensure the longevity of their acts of resistance but more importantly to serve as an instructional guide for younger generations of Caribbean women.
Scene-adaptive nonuniformity correction using TARID-composite image prediction (2002)

Imagery gathered by a Focal Plane Array (FPA) based sensor often suffers from the intrinsic non-uniform response of the individual detectors of the FPA. A digital Non-Uniformity Correction (NUC) can compensate for this distortion by implementing a functional transformation to the numerical output of each digitized FPA pixel. Such a NUC is often measured by exposing the sensor to one or more sources of uniform flux, and computed so that the post-NUC image of such uniform scenery has minimal spatial variation. Alternative NUC implementations adopt a scene-adaptive approach , using only the data in the gathered video sequence for which one wants to NUC. Several implementations, such as temporal high-pass filtering, neural-network, steepest-descent, or adaptive LMS, fundamentally depend on scene-predicted image necessary compute the appropriate functional correction. Such predicted images are invariably a spatial transformation of a single frame of video; it is because of the limited accuracy of such a single-image prediction that mandates algorithm compromises between slow convergence and pathological collapses, such as image scene burn-in or image washout. Previously reported research in image resolution enhancement mandates the construction of a Temporal Accumulation of Registered Image Data (TARID) composite image as a pre-processing step. Such TARID composite images have significantly improved accuracy and robustness over any single-frame predicted image applied to scene adaptive NUC algorithms, resulting in markedly improved performance in both convergence and stability.
Structure‐Reactivity Relationships of Methylated Tetrahydrofurans with Lithium (1980)

Tetrahydrofurans methylated in the α‐position manifest remarkable chemical and electrochemical stability toward Li. While tetrahydrofuran (THF) distilled off benzophenone ketyl and stored with Li at 71°C reacts in two days, 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (2‐Me‐THF) treated similarly was stable for over 10 months. Electrolytes comprising either 2‐Me‐THF or 2,5‐dimethyltetrahydrofuran (2,5‐di‐Me‐THF) were subjected to cycling studies in half‐cell configurations. Average Li on Li cycling efficiencies exceeded 96% for . Unlike the α‐methylated ethers, 3‐methyltetrahydrofuran (3‐Me‐THF) was as reactive towards Li as THF. Thus, the position of the methyl substituent with respect to the cyclic ether's oxygen atom is critically important, and several mechanisms are considered.
A Robotic “Jack Spring”™ for Ankle Gait Assistance (2005)

A Robotic ‘Jack Spring’™ is a new type of mechanical actuator, which is based upon the concept of structure control. A Jack Spring™ mechanism is used to create an adjustable Robotic Tendon, which is a spring based linear actuator in which the properties of a spring are crucial to its successful use in gait assistance. Like its human analog, the adjustable Robotic Tendon uses its inherent elastic nature to reduce both peak power and energy requirements for its motor. In the ideal example, peak power required of the motor for ankle gait is reduced from 250W to just 81 W. In addition, ideal energy requirements are reduced from nearly 36 Joules to just 25 Joules per step. Using this approach, an initial prototype is expected to provide 100% of the power and energy neccessary for ankle gait in a compact 0.84kg package. This weight is 8 times less than that predicted for an equivalent direct drive approach.
Cancer detection using nanoparticle-based sensors (2011)

This tutorial review surveys the latest achievements in the use of nanoparticles to detect cancer biomarkers and cancer cells with a focus on optical and electrochemical techniques. Nanoparticle based cancer diagnostics are becoming an increasingly relevant alternative to traditional techniques. Although some drawbacks exist in relation to the obtained sensitivity the use of nanoparticle-based sensors in biomarker detection or cancer cell detection offers some advantages in comparison to conventional methods. The developed techniques can be interesting and relevant for their use in point-of-care of cancer diagnostics. The methods can be of low cost and in addition easy to be incorporated into user-friendly sensing platforms.
Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in the optic nerves of rat eyes with chronic moderately elevated intraocular pressure. (1999)

The cellular distributions of constitutive NOS isoforms in the rat optic nerve suggest physiological roles for NO in this tissue. NOS-1 in astrocytes may produce NO as a mediator between neighboring cells. NO, produced by NOS-1 in pericytes and nitrergic nerve terminals and by NOS-3 in vascular endothelia, is probably a physiological vasodilator in this tissue. In eyes with chronic moderately elevated IOP, NOS-2 is apparently induced in astrocytes. The excessive NO production that is associated with this isoform may contribute to the neurotoxicity of the retinal ganglion cells in eyes with chronic moderately elevated IOP.
Porphyrin studies in chronic renal failure patients on maintenance hemodialysis. (1987)

Porphyrin studies were performed on 85 chronic renal failure patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Free erythrocyte porphyrins were elevated in 70% of patients, and a significant positive correlation between erythrocyte porphyrin and serum aluminium was found. Although plasma porphyrins were elevated in 58% of our patients, the elevated heptacarboxylic fraction invariably seen in porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) was not present in the hemodialyzed patients. Total urine and fecal porphyrins were low, due to a marked decrease in the coproporphyrin and dicarboxylic fractions, respectively. An unequivocal diagnosis of PCT was made in 1 hemodialysis patient whose biochemical findings included an extremely high total plasma porphyrin with a large heptacarboxyl-porphyrin fraction. We found no biochemical evidence for any trend towards PCT in the remaining hemodialysis patients. The porphyrin results on a subgroup of hemodialysis patients with blisters or a history of blisters on sun-exposed skin were similar to those of the hemodialysis patients without blisters.
An Investigation of Risk Management Issues in the Context of Emergency Response Systems (2005)

Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, efforts to enhance risk management have taken on increased importance both at the national and state levels. Most current incident response systems do not consider risk as part of the decision making scenario. To effectively mitigate multi-incident coordinated terrorist threats, it is important to consider risk in incident management systems. Based on the review of previous literature, this study proposes a theory-based risk framework for an emergency response system. Proof of concept is provided by applying the framework to two separate existing incident management systems - the urban search-and-rescue system and the biological detection systems.
γ‐Aminobutyric Acid<sub>A</sub> Receptor Pharmacology in Rat Cerebral Cortical Synaptoneurosomes (1992)

Equilibrium binding interactions at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and benzodiazepine recognition sites on the GABAA receptor-Cl- ionophore complex were studied using a vesicular synaptoneurosome (microsacs) preparation of rat brain in a physiological HEPES buffer similar to that applied successfully in recent GABAergic 36Cl- flux measurements. NO 328, a GABA reuptake inhibitor, was included in the binding assays to prevent the uptake of [3H]muscimol. Under these conditions, the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) values for [3H]muscimol and [3H]diazepam bindings are 1.9 microM and 40 nM, respectively. Binding affinities for these and other GABA and benzodiazepine agonists and antagonists correlate well with the known physiological doses required to elicit functional activity. This new in vitro binding protocol coupled with 36Cl- flux studies should prove to be of value in reassessing the pharmacology of the GABAA receptor complex in a more physiological environment.
Prospective judicial pronouncements and limits to judicial law-making (2016)

Public 'Prosecutor v Hue An Li' [2014] 4 SLR 661 held that the appellate courts have the discretion, in exceptional circumstances, to make prospective pronouncements of law. This article is split into two parts. It first examines several objections that have been made to prospective pronouncements and argues that prospective pronouncements are as arbitrary as ordinary retrospective rulings and do not violate the separation of powers. Prospective pronouncements are also entirely within the ambit of judicial law-making: prospective pronouncements are as prone to error and as undemocratic as retrospective rulings and can be wielded as a tool to reduce the propensity for polycentric effects; and because the Legislature is not necessarily better equipped or better positioned to deal with unfairness flowing from changes in the law. The second part examines how prospective lawmaking will potentially be applied in the future, with particular emphasis on the differences between civil and criminal cases, the power to precisely tailor civil remedies and criminal punishment, and the interaction between prospectivity and statute.
Spontaneous switching of the sucrose-promoted colony phenotype in Streptococcus sanguis (1989)

Streptococcus sanguis on media containing 3% sucrose gives rise to characteristic hard cohesive colonies (designated Spp+). Populations of Spp+ bacteria (strain Challis) on sucrose media switch to a soft noncohesive phenotype (designated Spp-) at a frequency of 10(-4) to 10(-3). Spp- bacteria switch back to Spp+ bacteria at a similar frequency. Successive rounds of Spp variation were observed. The Spp phenotypic switch was associated with changes in extracellular glucosyltransferase activity.
Comparing Insect-Inspired Chemical Plume Tracking Algorithms Using a Mobile Robot (2008)

Four chemical plume-tracking algorithms have been compared using a mobile robot. These algorithms are based upon hypotheses proposed to explain the plume-tracking behavior of flying insects. They all use information from a wind sensor and a single chemical sensor to determine how the agent should move to locate the source of the chemical plume. The performance of the robot using each of the algorithms was tested in a wind tunnel under a range of wind speeds (0.55, 0.95, and 1.4 m/s) using a model chemical (ionized air). The robot was capable of tracking the ion plume to its source effectively with each algorithm, having an overall success rate of over 85%. The simplest implemented algorithm, surge anemotaxis, was found to be the fastest. However, the shape of the tracking paths observed indicated that this simple algorithm may not explain the plume-tracking behavior of certain insects as well as the other algorithms tested. Further tests are required to see if the surge anemotaxis algorithm remains the most efficient under more realistic wind conditions.
Engagement detection in online learning: a review (2019)

Online learners participate in various educational activities including reading, writing, watching video tutorials, online exams, and online meetings. During the participation in these educational activities, they show various engagement levels, such as boredom, frustration, delight, neutral, confusion, and learning gain. To provide personalized pedagogical support through interventions to online learners, it is important for online educators to detect their online learners’ engagement status precisely and efficiently. This paper presents a review of the state of the art in engagement detection in the context of online learning. We classify the existing methods into three main categories—automatic, semi-automatic and manual—considering the methods’ dependencies on learners’ participation. Methods in each category are then divided into subcategories based on the data types (e.g., audio, video, texts for learner log data etc.) they process for the engagement detection. In particular, the computer vision based methods in the automatic category that use facial expressions are examined in more details because they are found to be promising in the online learning environment. These methods are nonintrusive in nature, and the hardware and the software that these methods use to capture and analyze video data are cost-effective and easily achievable. Different techniques in the field of computer vision and machine learning are applied in these methods for the engagement detection. We then identify their challenges of engagement detection and explore available datasets and performance metrics for engagement detection, and provide recommendations for the future to advance the technology of engagement detection for online education.
On oxide&#8212;nitride interface traps by thermal oxidation of thin nitride in metal-oxide-nitride-oxide-semiconductor memory structures (1986)

Charging properties of metal-oxide(top-oxide)-nitride-oxide (tunnel-oxide)-semiconductor (MONOS) memory structures characterized by very low program voltage have been investigated and analyzed. By comparing the experimental observations with theoretical calculations, the capture cross section of the electron traps generated at the top oxide-nitride interface by thermal oxidation of the thin nitride primarily effecting the memory action of the MONOS devices is estimated to be about 6 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-14</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Ontogenesis of sympathetic responsiveness in spontaneously hypertensive rats. II. Renal G proteins in male and female rats. (1994)

Previously we have reported an increased renal alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic receptor expression in male spontaneously hypertensive rats that occurred ontogenetically in parallel with blood pressure elevation. However, increased receptor numbers were not accompanied by enhanced stimulation of inositol phosphate and cyclic AMP formation, respectively, indicating relative desensitization. We have now quantified alpha-subunits of the G proteins Gs (Gs short and Gs long), G(i), and Gq by immunoblotting and pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation in renal membranes from 3-, 6-, 8-, and 28-week-old normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive male Wistar-Kyoto rats; additionally, 28-week-old female normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats were studied. During ontogenesis of male normotensive rats, Gs short increased, Gs long remained unchanged, and G(i) alpha and Gq alpha decreased. In adult normotensive rats no sex differences were detected for Gs short, Gs long, and G(i) alpha. When male rats from the normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive strains were compared, all G protein alpha-subunits were similar in the prehypertensive phase (3 weeks). In established hypertension (28 weeks), Gs long and Gq alpha were reduced, whereas Gs short and G(i) alpha remained unchanged. Gs long was also reduced during the development of hypertension (6 and 8 weeks), whereas Gs short and G(i) alpha were not consistently altered in this phase. The reduction in Gs long seen in male adult hypertensive rats was not detectable in female hypertensive rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)