gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The “Down Syndrome Critical Region” Is Sufficient in the Mouse Model to Confer Behavioral, Neurophysiological, and Synaptic Phenotypes Characteristic of Down Syndrome (2009)

Down syndrome (DS) can be modeled in mice segmentally trisomic for mouse chromosome 16. Ts65Dn and Ts1Cje mouse models have been used to study DS neurobiological phenotypes including changes in cognitive ability, induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the fascia dentata (FD), the density and size of dendritic spines, and the structure of synapses. To explore the genetic basis for these phenotypes, we examined Ts1Rhr mice that are trisomic for a small subset of the genes triplicated in Ts65Dn and Ts1Cje mice. The 33 trisomic genes in Ts1Rhr represent a "DS critical region" that was once predicted to be sufficient to produce most DS phenotypes. We discovered significant alterations in an open field test, a novel object recognition test and in a T-maze task. As in Ts65Dn and Ts1Cje mice, LTP in FD of Ts1Rhr could be induced only after blocking GABA(A)-dependent inhibitory neurotransmission. In addition, widespread enlargement of dendritic spines and decreased density of spines in FD were preserved in Ts1Rhr. Twenty of 48 phenotypes showed significant differences between Ts1Rhr and 2N controls. We conclude that important neurobiological phenotypes characteristic of DS are conserved in Ts1Rhr mice. The data support the view that biologically significant trisomic phenotypes occur because of dosage effects of genes in the Ts1Rhr trisomic segment and that increased dosage is sufficient to produce these changes. The stage is now set for studies to decipher the gene(s) that play a conspicuous role in creating these phenotypes.
Inversion of multicomponent, multiazimuth, walkaway VSP data for the stiffness tensor (2003)

Abstract Vertical seismic profiling (VSP), an established technique, can be used for estimating in-situ anisotropy that might provide valuable information for characterization of reservoir lithology, fractures, and fluids. The P-wave slowness components, conventionally measured in multiazimuth, walkaway VSP surveys, allow one to reconstruct some portion of the corresponding slowness surface. A major limitation of this technique is that the P-wave slowness surface alone does not constrain a number of stiffness coefficients that may be crucial for inferring certain rock properties. Those stiffnesses can be obtained only by combining the measurements of P-waves with those of S (or PS) modes. Here, we extend the idea of Horne and Leaney, who proved the feasibility of joint inversion of the slowness and polarization vectors of P- and SV-waves for parameters of transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI symmetry). We show that there is no need to assume a priori VTI symmetry or any other specific type of anisotropy. Given a sufficient polar and azimuthal coverage of the data, the polarizations and slownesses of P and two split shear (S1 and S2) waves are sufficient for estimating all 21 elastic stiffness coefficients cij that characterize the most general triclinic anisotropy. The inverted stiffnesses themselves indicate whether or not the data can be described by a higher-symmetry model. We discuss three different scenarios of inverting noise-contaminated data. First, we assume that the layers are horizontal and laterally homogeneous so that the horizontal slownesses measured at the surface are preserved at the receiver locations. This leads to a linear inversion scheme for the elastic stiffness tensor c. Second, if the S-wave horizontal slowness at the receiver location is unknown, the elastic tensor c can be estimated in a nonlinear fashion simultaneously with obtaining the horizontal slowness components of S-waves. The third scenario includes the nonlinear inversion for c using only the vertical slowness components and the polarization vectors of P- and S-waves. We find the inversion to be stable and robust for the first and second scenarios. In contrast, errors in the estimated stiffnesses increase substantially when the horizontal slowness components of both P- and S-waves are unknown. We apply our methodology to a multiazimuth, multicomponent VSP data set acquired in Vacuum field, New Mexico, and show that the medium at the receiver level can be approximated by an azimuthally rotated orthorhombic model.
Self-organized growth of quantum-dot structures (1996)

This paper reviews the current developments in the exciting field of self-assembled semiconductor quantum-dot structures during epitaxial growth of lattice mismatched systems. The formation of quantum-sized islands in the coherent Stranski - Krastanow growth mode, with focus on the possibilities of vertical and lateral ordering, and their electronic properties are described in detail. A overview is given of the self-organizing formation and optical properties of buried (InGa)As quantum discs found in a new growth mode in the metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy of strained layers on high-index semiconductor surfaces.
Postnatal development of the ob gene system: elevated leptin levels in suckling fa/fa rats (1997)

The postnatal development of the ob gene system has been examined in Zucker fa/fa and +/fa plus +/+ (referred to as +/?) rats. White adipose tissue was taken from animals aged 1 to 28 days. Before weaning, white fat was predominantly subcutaneous, the amount increasing rapidly after birth. ob mRNA was detected by Northern blotting in samples of inguinal fat at 1 day of age and thereafter. Circulating leptin, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was also detectable from 1 day of age, the level rising to a peak by 10 days of age and then declining. The fa/fa genotype was determined from the size of the product after Msp I digestion of the Ob-receptor gene obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA. No statistically significant difference in ob mRNA level between fa/fa and +/? animals was obtained before 25 days of age. However, leptin levels were significantly higher in the fa/fa mutant by 10 days of age, despite the absence of any significant elevation in the weight of the major fat depots or in ob mRNA level. It is concluded that the ob gene is expressed and leptin produced early in postnatal life in rats; the elevation of circulating leptin in suckling fa/fa animals indicates that dysregulation of the leptin system occurs before the overt development of the obese phenotype.
Plasmaless dry etching of silicon with fluorine-containing compounds (1984)

Silicon is rapidly etched by the gas-phase halogen fluorides ClF3, BrF3, BrF5, and IF5, in analogy to XeF2 etching silicon. Nearly complete selectivity over SiO2 is achieved in all cases. By contrast, ClF and Groups III and V fluorides such as NF3, BF3, PF3, and PF5 do not spontaneously etch either Si or SiO2 under the same experimental conditions. These relatively inexpensive interhalogens can be applied to pattern silicon and more generally to remove silicon or polysilicon layers without a plasma. Low-temperature plasmaless gasification of substrates by these fluorine-containing interhalogens is an economically attractive alternative to fluorine-based plasma etching.
Hydroxyacetals, phthalans, and isobenzofurans therefrom (1983)

A general method for the generation of isobenzofuran intermediates is described. Lithiated aromatic acetals are converted to hydroxyacetals (A) which may be cyclized to isobenzofurans by mild acid treatment through the 1-hydroxyphthalans (B). The isobenzofurans generated insitu are trapped by a variety of dienophiles to provide the expected oxo-bicyclo adducts (C). The mass and 1 Hmr spectra of B and C are discussed.
Identification of 152Ce and unexpected variations in moments of inertia with neutron number and spin in 142-148Ba, 144-152Ce and 146-156Nd (1995)

Levels in 152Ce are identified for the first time along with new high spin states in 142-148Ba, 144-150Ce and 150-156Nd from X-X, gamma -X and gamma - gamma - gamma -ray coincidence measurement in spontaneous fission of 252Cf and 242Pu. The N=88, 90 Ba nuclei have very nearly identical J1 for the yrast bands (2+ to 10+) and for the octupole bands (3- to 15-). The N=92, 94 Nd nuclei have essentially identical yrast J1 (0+ to 16+).
Why U.S. Corporations Should Get out of South Africa (1980)

In evaluating the consequences of the $1.7 billion currently invested by U.S. corporations in South Africa, the issue is distinctly not whether or not the U.S. firms involved have adopted the Sullivan Principles. Those principles, purportedly designed to ensure upgrading and equal pay for blacks, are in reality little more than a smokescreen. Behind their rhetoric, U.S. transnational corporations continue to help South Africa build up its military-industry machinery to perpetuate oppression of the majority of black workers.
Mixing Schemes in Ionic Liquid−H<sub>2</sub>O Systems:  A Thermodynamic Study (2004)

We studied the hydration characteristics of room-temperature ionic liquids (IL). We experimentally determined the excess chemical potentials, , the excess partial molar enthalpies, , and the excess partial molar entropies in IL−H2O systems at 25 °C. The ionic liquids studied were 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) and the iodide ([bmim]I). From these data, the excess (integral) molar enthalpy and entropy, and , and the IL−IL enthalpic interaction, , were calculated. Using these thermodynamic data, we deduced the mixing schemes, or the “solution structures”, of IL−H2O systems. At infinite dilution IL dissociates in H2O, but the subsequent hydration is much weaker than for NaCl. As the concentration of IL increases, [bmim]+ ions and the counteranions begin to attract each other up to a threshold mole fraction, xIL = 0.015 for [bmim]BF4 and 0.013 for [bmim]I. At still higher mole fractions, IL ions start to organize themselves, directly or in an H2O-mediated manner. Eventually for xIL > 0.5−0.6, IL molecules form clusters of their own kind, as in their pure states. We show that , a third derivative of G, provided finer details than and , second derivatives, which in turn gave more detailed information than and , first derivative quantities.
Particulate and dissolved lipid classes in cultures of Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown in cage culture turbidostats with a range of nitrogen supply rates (1987)

Production of intracellular and extracellular algal hpid classes was examlned over a range of rates of supply of Inorganic nitrogen The marine dlatom Phaeodactylum tncornutum was studied using 2 new techniques Cage culture turb~dostdts wt rl used for growing the phytoplankton These are continuous cultunng systems which provldc-a h ~g h l y controlled algal environment The Chromarod-Iatroscan TLC/FID system was used for llpid class separat~on and quantification This permitted the resoluhon and detechon of as many as 10 algdl lipid classes plus an lnternal standard for accurate quanhflcauon Up to 3 cultunng units were supplled wlth medium of known nutrient content simultaneously, and particulate intracellular hplds together wlth d~ssolved hplds in the effluent media were monitored Intracellular synthesis of a storage class, triglycende, was clearly triggered by nltrogen stress, whlle synthesis of membrane-assoc~ated polar lipid cIasses was reduced under these conditions Partlculate tnglycerlde yield was higher at lower levels of nitrogen supply despite lower growth rates Different amounts and different types of dissolved extracellular lipid classes were produced under nitrogen-stressed and nitrogen-replete condltlons
ChemInform Abstract: Macrocyclic Trinucleating Ligands for the Cocomplexation of Two “Soft” (Cu2+, Ni2+, or Zn2+) Metal Centers and One “Hard” (Ba2+ or Cs+) Metal Center. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Isolation of recombinant plasmids bearing cDNA to hen ovomucoid and lysozyme mRNAs. (1979)

A large library of hen oviduct cDNA-pCR1 recombinant plasmids has been established in Escherichia coli X1776. From this library, ovomucoid cDNA and lysozyme cDNA-bearing plasmids have been identified. One of these plasmids, pMu7, yielded the sequence of the 3'-untranslated region of ovomucoid mRNA.
A coupled autoencoder approach for multi-modal analysis of cell types (2019)

Recent developments in high throughput profiling of individual neurons have spurred data driven exploration of the idea that there exist natural groupings of neurons referred to as cell types. The promise of this idea is that the immense complexity of brain circuits can be reduced, and effectively studied by means of interactions between cell types. While clustering of neuron populations based on a particular data modality can be used to define cell types, such definitions are often inconsistent across different characterization modalities. We pose this issue of cross-modal alignment as an optimization problem and develop an approach based on coupled training of autoencoders as a framework for such analyses. We apply this framework to a Patch-seq dataset consisting of transcriptomic and electrophysiological profiles for the same set of neurons to study consistency of representations across modalities, and evaluate cross-modal data prediction ability. We explore the problem where only a subset of neurons is characterized with more than one modality, and demonstrate that representations learned by coupled autoencoders can be used to identify types sampled only by a single modality.
Aryl‐Phosphonate Lanthanide Complexes and Their Fluorinated Derivatives: Investigation of Their Unusual Relaxometric Behavior and Potential Application as Dual Frequency <sup>1</sup>H/<sup>19</sup>F MRI Probes (2013)

A series of low molecular weight lanthanide complexes were developed that have high (1)H longitudinal relaxivities (r1) and the potential to be used as dual frequency (1)H and (19)F MR probes. Their behavior was investigated in more detail through relaxometry, pH-potentiometry, luminescence, and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Fitting of the (1)H NMRD and (17)O NMR profiles demonstrated a very short water residence lifetime (<10 ns) and an appreciable second sphere effect. At lower field strengths (20 MHz), two of the complexes displayed a peak in r1 (21.7 and 16.3 mM(-1) s(-1)) caused by an agglomeration, that can be disrupted through the addition of phosphate anions. NMR spectroscopy revealed that at least two species are present in solution interconverting through an intramolecular binding process. Two complexes provided a suitable signal in (19)F NMR spectroscopy and through the selection of optimized imaging parameters, phantom images were obtained in a MRI scanner at concentrations as low as 1 mM. The developed probes could be visualized through both (1)H and (19)F MRI, showing their capability to function as dual frequency MRI contrast agents.
A 1.6 V 1.4 Gbp/s/pin Consumer DRAM With Self-Dynamic Voltage Scaling Technique in 44 nm CMOS Technology (2011)

A 512 Mbit consumer DDR2 SDRAM that uses self-dynamic voltage scaling (SDVS) and adaptive design techniques is introduced in this paper. With the increase in the significance of process variation, higher performance requirements reduce the allowable design margin in DRAM circuits. However, self-dynamic voltage scaling gives a greater timing margin in the circuitry by changing the internal supply voltage in response to the operating frequency and process skew. By changing the internal supply voltage, the life time of the chip increases by more than 23 times when the supply voltage is lowered by 300 mV. The proposed adaptive design techniques include an adaptive bandwidth delay-locked loop and an adaptive clock gating. The former improves the performance by obtaining a wider valid data window and the latter saves on dynamic power consumption in the clock distribution network. The SDVS method reduces the IDD3P by 9.3% and the adaptive clock gating saves 8.8% of the IDD3N when measured at 200 MHz, 25°C The studied consumer DDR2 SDRAM was fabricated using 44 nm standard DRAM process technology. It occupies a 17.7 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> die area and operates using a 1.8 V power supply.
Natural Language Questions for the Web of Data (2012)

The Linked Data initiative comprises struc-tured databases in the Semantic-Web data model RDF. Exploring this heterogeneous data by structured query languages is tedious and error-prone even for skilled users. To ease the task, this paper presents a methodology for translating natural language questions into structured SPARQL queries over linked-data sources. Our method is based on an integer linear pro-gram to solve several disambiguation tasks jointly: the segmentation of questions into phrases; the mapping of phrases to semantic entities, classes, and relations; and the con-struction of SPARQL triple patterns. Our so-lution harnesses the rich type system provided by knowledge bases in the web of linked data, to constrain our semantic-coherence objective function. We present experiments on both the question translation and the resulting query answering.
Native whey induces higher and faster leucinemia than other whey protein supplements and milk: a randomized controlled trial (2017)

Resistance exercise and protein intake are both strong stimuli for muscle protein synthesis. The potential for a protein to acutely increase muscle protein synthesis seems partly dependent on absorption kinetics and the amino acid composition. The aim of this double-blinded randomized cross-over study was to compare time dependent changes in blood amino acid concentrations after ingesting 20 g of five distinct high quality dairy protein supplements (native whey, whey protein concentrate 80, hydrolysed whey, microparticulated whey, and milk proteins). Furthermore, we investigated whether differences in time dependent changes in blood amino acid concentrations affected acute blood glucose and urea responses, and recovery of muscle function after a bout of strength training. Ten young healthy, recreationally active men ingested different milk protein supplements after a whole-body strength training session on five occasions in a randomized manner. Blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and urea was measured before and 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min, and 22 and 30 h post-exercise. Maximal voluntary isometric knee extension and counter movement jump were assessed before, immediately after, 6, 22 and 30 h after exercise. Intake of native whey induced a faster and higher leucinemia than the other protein supplements (p < 0.001). All whey protein supplements showed faster time dependent changes in blood amino acid concentrations for total essential and branched chain amino acids compared to milk. There were no major differences between trials in blood concentrations of glucose or urea, or recovery of muscle function after exercise. Native whey induced the strongest leucinemia and appears to have a greater potential for stimulating muscle protein synthesis than other whey supplements and milk. There were no meaningful differences in blood glucose, urea or recovery of muscle function after the supplements. Future studies should investigate whether the increased leucinemia with native whey translates into greater muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass accretion over time. (NCT02882386, August 16, 2016).
Numerical Calculation of Flow and Isotope Separation for SF<sub>6</sub> Gas Centrifuge (2000)

A study is presented for the separative performance of a centrifuge for SF6 isotope separation. Full solutions are obtained with use of the existing computer code for the equations governing compressible fluid flow in strong rotation and corresponding to diffusion phenomenon. A standard case is fixed with some considerations, and the calculation result gives 37% separation efficiency. Parameter surveys are performed with changing feed flow rate, temperature difference between top and bottom end plates, static pressure at product scoop inlet, thickness of scoop and radius of inner opening of waste baffle plate. These results and some considerations are shown, where the obtained maximum value of the separation efficiency is 42%.
ETS-related Gene (ERG) Controls Endothelial Cell Permeability via Transcriptional Regulation of the Claudin 5 (CLDN5) Gene (2012)

ETS-related gene (ERG) is a member of the ETS transcription factor family. Our previous studies have shown that ERG expression is highly enriched in endothelial cells (EC) both in vitro and in vivo. ERG expression is markedly repressed in response to inflammatory stimuli. It has been shown that ERG is a positive regulator of several EC-restricted genes including VE-cadherin, endoglin, and von Willebrand factor, and a negative regulator of other genes such as interleukin (IL)-8 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. In this study we have identified a novel role for ERG in the regulation of EC barrier function. ERG knockdown results in marked increases in EC permeability. This is associated with a significant increase of stress fiber and gap formation in EC. Furthermore, we identify CLDN5 as a downstream target of ERG in EC. Thus, our results suggest that ERG plays a pivotal role in regulating EC barrier function and that this effect is mediated in part through its regulation of CLDN5 gene expression.
Innovations in Transdermal Drug Delivery: Formulations and Techniques (2007)

The transdermal route of drug delivery has attracted researchers due to many biomedical advantages associated with it. However, excellent impervious nature of skin is the greatest challenge that has to be overcome for successfully delivering drug molecules to the systemic circulation by this route. Various formulation approaches used to systemically deliver drug molecules include use of prodrugs/lipophilic analogs, permeation enhancers, sub saturated systems and entrapment into vesicular systems. Further, the adhesive mixture, physical system of the delivery system and release liner influence drug release and its permeation across the skin. In addition, great strides in designing delivery systems for maximizing percutaneous drug permeation without comprising with ease of therapy cannot be neglected in improving functionality of transdermal drug delivery systems. This article deals with the innovations pertaining to formulation and techniques as described in recent patents.
Influenza A H1N1 induces declines in alveolar gas exchange in mice consistent with rapid post-infection progression from acute lung injury to ARDS (2012)

Influenza infection of mice results in impairment of alveolar gas exchange consistent with rapid development of acute lung injury and progression to ARDS. P(a)O(2):F(i)O(2) ratios may be of utility as clinically relevant and predictive outcome measures in influenza pathogenesis and treatment studies that use mouse models.
Digital filtering in PCM telephone systems (1970)

The advent of cheap and fast digital integrated circuits permits, at least in principle, the application of digital processing directly to PCM coded telephone signals. At present, the following applications look most promising: channel filters; digital conference circuits; receivers for MFC or touch-tone signals; and sampling rate conversion. Following a review of these fields, an account is given of the problems which exist specifically in a PCM telephone system.