gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPE ELECTRO-HYDROSTATIC ACTUATOR FOR LANDING GEAR EXTENSION AND RETRACTION SYSTEM (2008)

More Electric Aircraft (MEA) or All Electric Aircraft (AEA) is intensively researched and developed all over the world to reduce total Aircraft power consumption, and thus total operation cost. In MEA or AEA development, Aerospace Research and Technologies activity are focusing the area of Electrical Power system, Flight control, Engine system, Environmental Control System and Landing Gear System.[1] We are focusing the Landing Gear Actuation System and as our 1st step we have developed prototype ELECTRO-HYDROSTATIC ACTUATOR (EHA) for Landing Gear Extension and Retraction System (LGERS) application. The prototype EHA was designed and tested to evaluate the performance, weight and reliability to apply the future Aircraft application. From our prototype model development, we have clarified the technical issues to be improved or considered in the future MEA or AEA application.
Preconditioning of isolated rabbit cardiomyocytes: effects of glycolytic blockade, phorbol esters, and ischaemia (1994)

(1) Preconditioning of isolated myocytes is not dependent on glycolysis or glucose transport. (2) Preconditioning appears dependent on activation of the epsilon-PKC isoform. (3) Ischaemia is capable of preconditioning isolated myocytes in vitro, and initiation of this effect is modified by simultaneous additional of adenosine but not by direct protein kinase C activation with PMA. Induction of protection by PMA and ingenol shows that protection requires protein kinase C activation, but direct potassium channel activation by regulatory G proteins is not critical.
The Use of Recombinant Factor VIII Products in Previously Treated Patients with Hemophilia A: Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, Safety, and Inhibitor Development (2002)

Studies in previously treated patients (PTPs) have been conducted for the three recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) concentrates currently licensed. Kogenate, has shown a recovery of 2.7% per IU/kg and a half-life of 15.8 hours. A prospective 5-year study in 58 patients showed that 82% of bleeds resolved with one treatment; the average dose was 25 IU/kg. For Recombinate, the recovery was 2.4% per IU/kg and the half-life was 14.7 hours. In 69 patients, the average dose used to treat a bleed was 27.5 IU/kg, and 91% of responses were categorized as good or excellent. B-domain depleted rFVIII, Refacto, has shown a recovery of 2.7% per IU/kg and a half-life of 14 hours. In 113 PTPs, the average dose used was 29.5 IU/kg, and 71% of bleeds responded to one treatment. All three recombinant products have been shown to be safe and effective in very similar dosing regimens. In view of the good recoveries, it is probable that smaller doses, such as 20 IU/kg, could be recommended to treat a bleed effectively with one dose, given that dosing regimens were previously established using intermediate products. Clearly, this would have considerable financial advantages.
AD dementia risk in late MCI, in early MCI, and in subjective memory impairment (2013)

SMI and EMCI with self-reported concerns were associated with the same risk of AD dementia, suggesting that pre-LMCI risk conditions should be extended to SMI with concerns.
A coupled-segment quadrifilar helical antenna (2002)

A novel coupled-segment quadrifilar helical antenna is presented, for which a shorter axial length than a conventional quadrifilar helix is obtained. The coupled segment technique allows for modification of the radiation patterns to a shape which is more desirable for satellite communications systems, such as Globalstar.
Cloning and expression of ecto 5′‐nucleotidase from the cattle tick <i>Boophilus microplus</i> (1999)

Although 5'-nucleotidases are ubiquitous in higher vertebrates, the arthropod enzymes have been little studied. The cDNA sequence of the mature 5'-nucleotidase from the tick Boophilus microplus was therefore determined (GENBANK accession number: U80634). The enzyme has 39-41% sequence identity with the vertebrate 5'-nucleotidases and contains binuclear metal ion binding sites. There are no significant introns within the coding region of the genomic sequence. Southern blot analysis indicates the presence of multiple related genes encoding 5'-nucleotidases. Recombinant tick 5'-nucleotidase was expressed in both Escherichia coli and in baculovirus-infected insect cells. The E. coli recombinant protein was truncated, inactive and produced in abundance. The enzyme was expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells as a secreted, soluble, glycosylated and enzymatically active protein. This represents the first successful expression and characterization of enzymatically active recombinant 5'-nucleotidase from any organism. Supplementation of the culture medium with 25 microM zinc resulted in a twofold increase in the activity of the expressed protein. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity. It exists under non-denaturing conditions as a homodimer, with an apparent molecular mass of 135 kDa. The Km for the hydrolysis of AMP was 0.37 microM and the k(cat) = 11.5/s, in agreement with data for the native enzyme.
From Desegregation To Integration (1985)

This article first identifies types of second generation discrimination practices (e.g., ability grouping, tracking, racially biased disciplinary actions) and discusses how these practices may impede desegregation success and produce educational inequities. Second, based on data from 82 large urban school districts, the incidence of second generation school discrimination is measured and the variation among districts is explained. Of the variables included in the regression model to explain second generation discrimination (district socioeconomic status, black resources, federal pressure, black school board representation, and black teachers), two variables were found to be significantly related to lower levels of discrimination-high black median income and a high proportion of black teachers in the school district.
Erythromycin-Inducible Resistance in <i>Staphylococcus aureus:</i> Requirements for Induction (1971)

At least two functionally different types of ribosomes are found in strains of Staphylococcus aureus which display "dissociated" resistance to erythromycin. One type of ribosome is found under conditions of growth in ordinary nutrient broth, and the second is formed during growth in the presence of erythromycin. In these strains, erythromycin acts as an inducer of resistance to three different classes of inhibitors of the 50S ribosomal subunit-the macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B-type antibiotics. The optimal inducing concentration of erythromycin is between 10(-8) and 10(-7)m. Concentrations as low as 10(-9)m can produce a 10-fold increase in resistant cells over the uninduced, background level, whereas concentrations greater than 10(-7)m block induction owing to inhibition of protein synthesis. Resistant cells begin to appear within 5 to 10 min after addition of erythromycin (to 10(-7)m), and within 40 min (i.e., about one generation) more than 90% of the entire culture is resistant to erythromycin as well as to lincomycin and vernamycin B(alpha). A resistant culture becomes sensitive if grown for 90 min in the absence of erythromycin. The process of induction is inhibited by chloramphenicol and streptovaricin, which inhibit protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis, respectively, but not by novobiocin, which inhibits deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Resistant cells produced in this manner fail to concentrate (14)C-erythromycin and (14)C-lincomycin, but not (14)C-chloramphenicol. Constitutively erythromycin-resistant strains which do not require the presence of erythromycin for expression of resistance can be selected on media containing antibiotics which belong to any one of the three classes. Two patterns of constitutive resistance have been found. These are (i) generalized constitutive resistance-which involves resistance in the absence of erythromycin to all members of each of the three cited classes of 50S subunit inhibitors which were tested, and (ii) partial constitutive resistance-which involves different degrees of resistance, in the absence of erythromycin, to various members of the three classes. Several different patterns of variable constitutivity are possible. 50S ribosomal subunits isolated from induced or constitutively resistant cells show decreased ability to bind erythromycin and lincomycin, and possible enzymatic inactivation of these antibiotics has been rigorously excluded. The induced change, therefore involves modification of ribosome structure rather than modification of the antibiotic.
Quantitative reconstruction from truncated projections (2003)

We prove that some kinds of truncation are entirely admissible for region-of-interest (ROI) reconstructions, contrary to the long-standing folklore that 2D tomography is "all or nothing." The proof is based on a link between the Hilbert transforms of parallel beam and fan beam projections which was recently used by Noo et al to achieve ROI image reconstruction on less than a short scan, provided no fanbeam truncation occurs. We extend the use of this link to achieve quantitative ROI reconstruction in the presence of truncated projections. Our results are illustrated with a specific example of a parallel-hole detector of length 24 cm and an elliptical object of axes 15 cm and 30 cm. The detector rotates 180 degrees about a point on the long axis at 11.25 cm from the (say, right) boundary. The right half of the ellipse, the ROI in this case, is not truncated although the left side is truncated in many views. The ROI can be accurately reconstructed, as is verified by our simulation. This result brings new understanding to the fundamental mechanisms of tomography. Practical applications of this result appear in SPECT when using multi-segment slant-hole collimators where the effective detector length is determined by the segment dimensions. There may be applications for ROI reconstruction in PET since we now know that not all LORs must be used. Iterative reconstruction algorithms might benefit from the reduced data requirement for ROI reconstruction.
Palladium catalyzed cyclizations to alkaloid skeletons. Facile synthesis of desethylibogamine (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPalladium catalyzed cyclizations to alkaloid skeletons. Facile synthesis of desethylibogamineBarry M. Trost and Jean P. GenetCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 26, 8516–8517Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1976https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00442a034RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views554Altmetric-Citations76LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (288 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Rapidly Penetrates the Cervicovaginal Mucosa after Intravaginal Inoculation and Infects Intraepithelial Dendritic Cells (2000)

Despite recent insights into mucosal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, the route used by primate lentiviruses to traverse the stratified squamous epithelium of mucosal surfaces remains undefined. To determine if dendritic cells (DC) are used by primate lentiviruses to traverse the epithelial barrier of the genital tract, rhesus macaques were intravaginally exposed to cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251. We examined formalin-fixed tissues and HLA-DR(+)-enriched cell suspensions to identify the cells containing SIV RNA in the genital tract and draining lymph nodes within the first 24 h of infection. Using SIV-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization combined with immunofluorescent antibody labeling of lineage-specific cell markers, numerous SIV RNA(+) DC were documented in cell suspensions from the vaginal epithelium 18 h after vaginal inoculation. In addition, we determined the minimum time that the SIV inoculum must remain in contact with the genital mucosa for the virus to move from the vaginal lumen into the mucosa. We now show that SIV enters the vaginal mucosa within 60 min of intravaginal exposure, infecting primarily intraepithelial DC and that SIV-infected cells are located in draining lymph nodes within 18 h of intravaginal SIV exposure. The speed with which primate lentiviruses penetrate mucosal surfaces, infect DC, and disseminate to draining lymph nodes poses a serious challenge to HIV vaccine development.
Discovery of 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-(3<i>R</i>)-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-(3<i>S</i>)- hydroxypropyl]-(4<i>S</i>)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone (SCH 58235):  A Designed, Potent, Orally Active Inhibitor of Cholesterol Absorption (1998)

(3R)-(3-Phenylpropyl)-1,(4S)-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone (2, SCH 48461), a novel inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption, has recently been described by Burnett et al. and has been demonstrated to lower total plasma cholesterol in man. The potential sites of metabolism of 2 were considered, and the most probable metabolites were prepared. The oral cholesterol-lowering efficacy of the putative metabolites was evaluated in a 7-day cholesterol-fed hamster model for the reduction of serum total cholesterol and liver cholesteryl esters versus control. On the basis of our analysis of the putative metabolite structure-activity relationship (SAR), SCH 58235 (1, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-(3R)-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-(3S)-hydroxypropyl]-(4S)- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone) was designed to exploit activity enhancing oxidation and to block sites of potential detrimental metabolic oxidation. Additionally, a series of congeners of 2 were prepared incorporating strategically placed hydroxyl groups and fluorine atoms to further probe the SAR of 2-azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitors. Through the SAR analysis of a series of putative metabolites of 2, compound 1 was targeted and found to exhibit remarkable efficacy with an ED50 of 0.04 mg/kg/day for the reduction of liver cholesteryl esters in a 7-day cholesterol-fed hamster model.
Applying reinforcement learning towards automating resource allocation and application scalability in the cloud (2012)

SUMMARY Public Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds such as Amazon, GoGrid and Rackspace deliver computational resources by means of virtualisation technologies. These technologies allow multiple independent virtual machines to reside in apparent isolation on the same physical host. Dynamically scaling applications running on IaaS clouds can lead to varied and unpredictable results because of the performance interference effects associated with co‐located virtual machines. Determining appropriate scaling policies in a dynamic non‐stationary environment is non‐trivial. One principle advantage exhibited by IaaS clouds over their traditional hosting counterparts is the ability to scale resources on‐demand. However, a problem arises concerning resource allocation as to which resources should be added and removed when the underlying performance of the resource is in a constant state of flux. Decision theoretic frameworks such as Markov Decision Processes are particularly suited to decision making under uncertainty. By applying a temporal difference, reinforcement learning algorithm known as Q‐learning, optimal scaling policies can be determined. Additionally, reinforcement learning techniques typically suffer from curse of dimensionality problems, where the state space grows exponentially with each additional state variable. To address this challenge, we also present a novel parallel Q‐learning approach aimed at reducing the time taken to determine optimal policies whilst learning online. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tradeoffs in fine-grained heap memory protection (2006)

Different uses of memory protection schemes have different needs in terms of granularity. For example, heap security can benefit from chunk separation (by using protected "padding" boundaries) and meta-data protection. However, such protection can be done at different granularity (eg. per-word, per-block, or per-page), with different performance, cost and memory overhead tradeoffs for different applications. In this paper, we explore these tradeoffs for the purpose of heap security in order to discover whether the "right" granularity exists and how the granularity of protection affects design decisions.We evaluate such tradeoffs based on the current heap-security approaches in a single address spare operating system. The access control granularities we use are word, 8-byte, 16-byte, 32-byte, and page. We find that none of these schemes is optimal across all applications. In some applications, excessive padding degrades caching performance for coarse-granularity schemes, while in others, large-block permission changes introduce large overheads for finer granularities. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new two-granularity scheme, which uses word- and page-granularity protection to eliminate padding but allow fast page-size permission changes for large memory blocks. On all applications, this new scheme performs as well or better than the best single-granularity scheme. It also performs on par with the more complex Mondrian Memory Protection, which uses a complex trie structure and multiple permissions caching mechanisms to support a hierarchy of protection granularities.
Solution-Processed, Ultrathin Solar Cells from CdCl<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-Capped CdTe Nanocrystals: The Multiple Roles of CdCl<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> Ligands (2016)

Solution-processed CdTe solar cells using CdTe nanocrystal (NC) ink may offer an economically viable route for large-scale manufacturing. Here we design a new CdCl3(-)-capped CdTe NC ink by taking advantage of novel surface chemistry. In this ink, CdCl3(-) ligands act as surface ligands, sintering promoters, and dopants. Our solution chemistry allows obtaining very thin continuous layers of high-quality CdTe which is challenging for traditional vapor transport methods. Using benign solvents, in air, and without additional CdCl2 treatment, we obtain a well-sintered CdTe absorber layer from the new ink and demonstrate thin-film solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 10%, a record efficiency for sub-400 nm thick CdTe absorber layer.
Application layer covert channel analysis and detection. (2006)

The specification of Internet protocol stack was developed to be as universal as possible, providing various optional features to the network programmers. Consequently the existent implementations of this specification use different methods to implement the same functionality. This created situation where optional fields and variables are often transmitted only to be ignored or discarded at the receiving end. It is considered that transmission of these fields significantly reduces the bandwidth available to data transfers, however the redesign of the network protocols from various reasons is considered impossible at the present time, and this downfall of Internet protocol stack is silently accepted. Since the optional fields discussed are of no real value anymore, they are often left unmonitored. This in turn allows for implementation of covert channels.\n\nTechniques of information hiding in covert channels have been known some time now. By definition it involves hiding information in the medium, which is not usually used for any form of information transfer. For an instance the purpose of the envelope in the standard mail communication is to enclose the message and provide space for addressing. However, even if the messages were under strict surveillance, information hidden under the stamp on the envelope could go unnoticed to the examiner. This is how covert channels operate. They use resources often perceived as safe, and unable to carry data, to hide covert payload.\n\nThis dissertation investigated Internet protocol stack and identified Application Layer as the level most vulnerable to covert channel operations. Out of the commonly used protocols, SMTP, DNS and HTTP have been recognized as those, which may carry hidden payload in and out secure perimeters. Thus, HTTP, the protocol which is often wrongly perceived as text based information transfer protocol, due to its innocently sounding name was further investigated. Since there is no tool available on the market for HTTP monitoring, a set of test tools have been developed in this project using C# programming language, which is starting to become a new networking industry standard for application deployment. The analysis of the current trends in covert channel detection and the statistic collected on the current implementations of the protocol lead to design and implementation of suitable HTTP covert channel detection system. The system is capable of detecting most of the covert channel implementations, which do not mimic the operation of HTTP browser driven by a user. However, the experiments also proved that for a successful system to operate it must fully understand HTTP protocol, recognise signatures of different HTTP implementations and be capable of anomaly analysis.
Particle Detection for Patterned Wafers Using Hybrid Optical-Digital Image Processing (1989)

A particle detection method for patterned wafers has been developed. This method achieves much better sensitivity by using hybrid optical-digital image processing. Optical image processing employs newly developed 45° diagonal illumination combined with spatial frequency filtering, to reveal the presence of particles with minimal loss of light energy. Digital image processing is characterized by a two-chip comparison procedure insensitive to positional mismatching between the two chips, and eliminates residual pattern information which could not be completely eliminated by optical image processing alone. This method is performed so as to detect 0.5 µm particles on patterned wafers.
Studies on pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine derivatives. XIII. Aryl migration of 4-aroyl-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidines to 4-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acids. (1983)

When a mixture of 4-aroyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidines (3) and sodium hydroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was stirred for 1h at room temperature, migration of the aryl group to the 4-position occurred, i. e., the benzilic acid rearrangement, resulting in the formation of 4-aryl-4, 5-dihydro-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acids (4). Potassium ferricyanide oxidized the carboxylic acids (4) to the corresponding 4-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidines (5) with elimination of carbon dioxide. Reaction of 5 with sodium hydroxide in DMSO caused ring fission of the pyrazole portion, to give the corresponding 6-anilino-4-aryl-5-pyrimidinecarbonitriles (11).
Right coronary artery flow velocity and volume assessment with spiral <i>K</i>‐space sampled breathhold velocity‐encoded MRI at 3 tesla: Accuracy and reproducibility (2010)

3T breathhold VE MRI with spiral k-space sampling enables accurate and reproducible assessment of RCA flow velocity.