gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of a New Metal Borophosphate: Pb<sup>II</sup><sub>4</sub>{Co<sub>2</sub>[B(OH)<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>](PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}Cl  (2010)

Abstract A new metal borophosphate Pb II 4 {Co 2 [B(OH) 2 P 2 O 8 ](PO 4 ) 2 }Cl ( 1 ), containing both Pb 2+ cations and Cl – anions, was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, ICP, TG/DTA, and FTIR spectroscopic analyses. The crystal structure determination from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that compound 1 crystallizes in the trigonal space group R $\bar{3}$ c (No. 167), a = 9.7513(7) Å, c = 91.060(13) Å, V = 7498.7(13) Å 3 and Z = 18. Its structure features a new cobalt borophosphate layer {Co 2 [B(OH) 2 P 2 O 8 ](PO 4 ) 2 } 7– built up from CoO 5 square pyramids, [B(OH) 2 P 2 O 8 ] 5– borophosphate trimers and PO 4 tetrahedra. Extra‐framework Pb 2+ and Cl – ions are located at the vacancy of layers to achieve the charge neutrality of the framework. Magnetic measurements indicate that antiferromagnetic interactions exist between Co 2+ ions with a negative Weiss constant of –20.3 K.
Histological analysis of limb regeneration in postmetamorphic adult <i>Ambystoma</i> (1985)

Previous investigation into the regenerative ability of postmetamorphic adult land phase Ambystoma has revealed that these species have the capacity to completely regenerate a limb, given optimal environmental conditions, and the gross morphological characteristics of limb regeneration in these species compared favorably with the external regeneration morphology of aquatic phase forms. The present study concerns a histological and histochemical examination of the regenerating limb tissues and their respective extracellular and intracellular tissue matrices. Postmetamorphic adult Ambystoma were amputated through the forearm, placed within optimal environmental conditions, and allowed to regenerate. The tissues were harvested at designated intervals after amputation and prepared for light microscopic examination. The limb tissues were assayed histologically for similarities to and differences from previously established regeneration morphologies. It was noted that specific correlations (i.e., apical epidermal cap formation, but outgrowth and elongation, palette formation, and digit formation) existed between regeneration histologies in these species and those previously reported for the aquatic urodeles, newt, axolotl, and larval salamander. By utilizing the histological and histochemical characteristics of the tissue, the regenerate limb was divided into five tissue units: epidermal, blastemal, soft, hard, and neuro/vascular. Based on the unique morphology of their extracellular matrices and respective histochemical staining patterns, four distinct blastemal regions were delineated within the blastemal units: subregenerate epidermal blastema, soft-tissue blastema, hard-tissue blastema, and core blastema. Histochemically, changing patterns of highly sulfated, weakly sulfated, and carboxylated polysaccharides and glycosylated compounds were located within both the extra- and intracellular stump and regenerate tissue matrices during regeneration. In addition, these patterns of intra- and extracellular macromolecular material correlated to previous reports of similar-type compounds assayed during regeneration in aquatic urodeles. With this in mind, the adult land phase Ambystoma can be considered an appropriate model system for studies concerning normal limb regeneration.
Are the pharmacology and physiology of α<sub>2</sub>adrenoceptors determined by α<sub>2</sub>‐heteroreceptors and autoreceptors respectively? (2011)

α(2)-Adrenoceptors are important mediators of physiological responses to the endogenous catecholamines noradrenaline and adrenaline. In addition, α(2)-adrenoceptors are pharmacological targets for the treatment of hypertension, sympathetic overactivity and glaucoma. α(2)-Adrenoceptors are also targeted to induce sedation and analgesia in anaesthesia and intensive care. α(2)-Adrenoceptors were first described as presynaptic receptors inhibiting the release of various transmitters from neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In addition to these presynaptic neuronal receptors, α(2)-adrenoceptors were also identified in many non-neuronal cell types of the body. Gene-targeting in mice provided a comprehensive assignment of the physiological and pharmacological functions of these receptors to specific α(2A)-, α(2B) - and α(2C)-adrenoceptor subtypes. However, the specific cell types and signalling pathways involved in these subtype-specific α(2)-adrenoceptor functions were largely unexplored until recently. This review summarizes recent findings from transgenic mouse models, which were generated to define the role of α(2)-adrenoceptors in adrenergic neurons, that is, α(2)-autoreceptors, versus α(2)-adrenoceptors in non-adrenergic neurons, termed α(2)-heteroreceptors. α(2)-Autoreceptors are primarily required to limit release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves and adrenaline from adrenal chromaffin cells at rest. These receptors are desensitized upon chronic activation as it may for instance occur due to enhanced sympathetic activity during chronic heart failure. In contrast, pharmacological effects of acutely administered α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist drugs essentially require α(2)-heteroreceptors in non-adrenergic neurons, including analgesia, sedation, hypothermia and anaesthetic-sparing as well as bradycardia and hypotension. Thus a clear picture has emerged of the significance of auto- versus heteroreceptors in mediating the physiological functions of α(2)-adrenoceptors and the pharmacological functions of α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist drugs respectively.
Ultrasonic intensification of chemical processing and related operations : A review (1996)

Chemical activation and process intensification is provided through ultrasonically-induced cavitation in a liquid medium, a process often described as sonochemistry. Examples are chosen from a number of fields which illustrate the wide ranging applicability of this technology in the chemical and processing industries. Some practical industrial applications which use high-power ultrasound are reviewed.
CHORD: a modular semiconductor device simulation development tool incorporating external network models (1989)

A description is given of CHORD, a semiconductor device simulation development tool created at the University of Waterloo. CHORD is written as several small independent programs which use a centralized database facility and is specifically designed to allow the simple creation, development, and testing of new simulation models and algorithms. Communication between programs is implemented by using a byte-stream process. This allows transfer of information between individual programs running on different machines. CHORD is a general environment in that its models can incorporate any set of user-defined variables of equations. This is illustrated by the development of contact boundary conditions incorporating external circuit elements and circuit-level device models using the modified nodal formulation. Several examples of both steady-state and transient simulations are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 is required for hypoxia-induced resistance to doxorubicin in breast carcinoma cells (2006)

1711 Background: The Hedgehog (HH) pathway signals via Patched (PTCH) and Smoothened (SMO) at the cell surface to GLI in the nucleus. It is known to be required for cell differentiation and organ formation during embryogenesis. Deregulation of HH signaling due to mutations in PTCH or SMO is seen in medulloblastomas and basal cell carcinomas. In a previous microarray-based comparison of expression profiles of 46 synovial sarcoma (SS) samples and 137 samples of 4 other translocation-associated sarcomas (Ewing sarcoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, alveolar soft part sarcoma), we observed features of HH pathway activation in SS, specifically GLI and SMO were significantly overexpressed, as were some downstream targets of GLI such as WIF1 and PDGFRA. We therefore performed a mutational and functional analysis of the HH signaling pathway in SS. Design: Mutational analysis was performed on all coding exons of PTCH and SMO in 40 SS samples and 3 SS cell lines (FUJI, HS-SY-II, SYO-1) by direct sequencing. We also examined the changes in cell growth and in expression of HH target genes and of SUFU, a member of intracellular GLI complex, upon blockade of HH signaling by cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of SMO, in the 3 SS cell lines. . Result: The mutational analysis revealed no somatic mutations in PTCH and SMO in the 40 SS samples and the 3 SS cell lines. By RT-PCR, all three cell lines expressed GLI, GLI2, GLI3, SUFU, SMO and PTCH. There was a wide range of sensitivity to cyclopamine among 3 cell lines: FUJI cells were most sensitive, with an IC50 (50% reduction in cell counts relative to untreated cells) between 1 uM and 5 uM whereas SYO-1 cells were less sensitive (IC50: 10 uM), and HS-SY-II cells were resistant (IC50>10 uM). We also examined the effect of cyclopamine on genes reported to be transcriptionally up-regulated by HH signaling in other cell types (GLI, PTCH, BCL2, PDGFRA, BMP4, BMP7, CRLF1, SOX9, WIF1, WNT5A). Quantitative RT-PCR assays showed decreases of 80%, 60%, and 30% in the expression levels of GLI, PTCH and BMP4, respectively, relative to untreated cells in the FUJI cell line (p
Development of the trabecular structure within the ulnar medial coronoid process of young dogs (2004)

This study describes the timing of development of the trabecular structure of the ulnar medial coronoid process (MCP) in the dog. The right MCPs of nine healthy golden retrievers, aged 4 to 24 weeks, without signs of secondary joint disease were dissected and scanned with microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) at a voxel size of 34 microm to determine histomorphometric parameters. Bone volume fraction and mean trabecular separation show a reciprocal pattern in time, reflecting an initial high bone density (and low trabecular separation), and then a sharp drop in density at 8-10 weeks, followed by a gradual increase to high values at 24 weeks. With a similar bone volume fraction as in young bone, the older bone shows thicker trabeculae and a more plate-like structure. This is reflected in the much smaller number of trabeculae and the lower surface/volume ratio at higher age. An anisotropic structure of the trabeculae with an orientation in the direction of the proximodistal axis of the ulna is already present at 6 weeks after birth. This primary alignment was perpendicular to the humeroulnar articular surface, matching the direction of the compressive forces applied to the MCP by the humeral trochlea. The secondary alignment appeared at 13 weeks after birth and was directed along the craniocaudal axis of the MCP, toward the attachment of the anular ligament. In comparison with data from long bones and vertebrae, the findings of a high bone volume fraction and a well-defined trabecular alignment at a very early age are remarkable. The high bone volume fraction is possibly a remnant of the fetal trabecular structure, as dogs are relatively immature at birth compared to other animals. Soon after the start of steady locomotion, the trabecular structure changes into a more mature-like structure. The early trabecular alignment is possibly a reflection of the early load-bearing function of the MCP in the elbow joint.
Die Ionendurchlässigkeit von Anstrichfilmen (1958)

Abstract Auf Grund der Auffassung des Anstrichfilmes als ionenselektive Membran wurde versucht, durch Zusatz von Kationen‐ oder Anionenaustauschern und einer Mischung von beiden, die Ionendurchlässigkeit eines Alkydharzfilmes zu steuern. Es wurde gefunden, daß der Zusatz von diesen Stoffen den Durchtritt von Ionen (mikroskopisch gemessen) stark beeinflußt. Dabei wurde eine bremsende Einwirkung der Grenze zwischen den einzelnen Filmschichten auf die Diffusion beobachtet. Durch Zusatz einer Mischung von Kationen‐ und Anionenaustauschern zu Grundanstrichen, kann die Unterrostung von gestrichenen, angerosteten Eisenmetallen unterbunden werden. Dies wird durch die Bindung der korrosionsfördernden Stoffe im Rost (lösliche Salze) durch die Ionenaustauscher erklärt.
Post-silicon tuning capabilities of 45nm low-power CMOS digital circuits (2009)

Adaptive circuit techniques enable modification of power-performance efficient circuit operation. Yet it is unclear if such techniques remain effective in modern deep-submicron CMOS. In this paper we examine the technological boundaries of supply voltage scaling and body biasing in 45nm low-power CMOS. We demonstrate that there exists an effective tuning range for power-performance and performance variability control. Our analysis is supported by ring oscillator test-chip measurements.
10.4 A 5.8Gb/s adaptive integrating duobinary-based DFE receiver for multi-drop memory interface (2015)

Emerging applications like cloud computing require high-speed low-latency access to high-volume data. In these applications, use of memory modules having multi-drop channels may be needed for time-efficient access to high-density memory data. A key design issue here is how to let interface transceivers not be affected by ISI and reflection noise generated by multi-drop channels having imperfect termination. The current-integrating decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) [1], which can cancel both high-frequency noise and post-cursor ISI simultaneously, has a limitation due to high gain-boosting and/or tap weight over-emphasis in equalizers to avoid eye closure caused by ISI-referred input pattern dependency. Duobinary signaling [2], which requires less boosting for equalizers by taking advantage of channel roll-off characteristic, is not effective in a multi-drop channel application because even a small timing or waveform variation due to high-frequency noise may cause degradation of the quality of duobinary signals. This work presents an integrating duobinary-based DFE receiver to avoid drawbacks described above and to increase the effective-data rate of multi-drop channels. A synergistic combination between the integrating equalizer and the duobinary signaling can provide advantages such as 1) lower gain-boosting for equalizers, 2) no need for precursor equalization, 3) ideally no input-pattern dependency during integration, 4) being more robust to high-frequency noise, 5) alleviated DFE critical timing, and 6) embedding DFE taps into duobinary circuits.
Studies of Cement Wiper Plugs Suggest New Deepwater Standards (2015)

Abstract Well cementing is a crucial component of deepwater well construction, and a key to cementing success is the performance of the cementing plug. Plug performance is primarily based on the mechanical wiping efficiency and wear resistance of the plug. However, limited understanding of the performance has hindered the establishment of standards. While API RP10F provides recommended testing practices to evaluate the performance of cementing float equipment, it does not include cementing plugs. This paper is the first published review of efforts to better understand cement plug performance and to establish industry standards. Through laboratory studies, it examines material loss in actual deepwater applications and evaluates the effect on wiping performance of cementing plugs. These studies provide the basis of a selection process for wear-resistant materials. The paper also examines methods of measuring wiping efficiency and overall plug performance. Based on these methods, a proposal is presented for establishing industry performance standards for setting cementing plugs. Cementing wiper plugs provide a physical barrier to cement contamination by separating displacement fluid and wiping residual mud film and other materials from the inside surface of the pipe. Separation and wiping efficiency are directly related to plug wear resistance and to the process of balancing design to achieve optimal stiffness and pressure containment. This design balance is achieved through rigorous material testing and design refinement. Analysis of wiper cuttings samples has provided a clear understanding of the plug's ability to provide a physical barrier to separate fluids and how that affects the function of downhole tools. This cuttings evaluation has provided information on material loss and positive fin interference. Results of the evaluation are corroborated by field performance achieved in cementing lengths of casing greater than 16,000 ft. Plug wear is of particular concern in long, high-volume, deepwater casing strings where it can lead to displacement errors and reliability problems for downhole pressure-actuated tools. These displacement errors are examined in field applications that precisely locate the plug at multiple points during the cementing process.
Herpes zoster and pain. (1991)

Pain is frequently the most distressing symptom of herpes zoster. Pain occurs in most patients during the acute phase and sometimes continues as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) for months or years after the rash has healed. Both the acute pain and the incidence and duration of postherpetic pain are influenced by the age of the patient and the distribution of the rash. The acute pain is probably related to neuronal inflammation induced by the replicating varicella-zoster virus and can be helped by antiviral agents and by steroids. As yet, the pathophysiology of PHN is poorly understood and may well be multifactorial, perhaps accounting for the two clearly different types of PHN described. Prevention of PHN is not possible but there are some data suggesting the use of antiviral agents during the acute phase may be helpful. Once PHN has become established conventional analgesics are ineffective and tricyclic antidepressants seem to be the optimal therapy.
The analysis of double doping polysilicon gate Lightly-doped-drain (LDD) MOSFET (2010)

A new type of field effect transistor (FET), the double doping polysilicon gate (DDPG) Lightly-doped-drain (LDD) MOSFET, is proposed and demonstrated. The gate of the DDPG LDD MOSFET adopts gate engineering. This novel gate structure takes advantage of material work function. The arrangement is such that the gate near the source is comprised of P-type polysilicon and the gate near the drain is N-type polysilicon. The model is simulated with a 2-D device simulator MEDICI over wide range of device parameters and bias conditions and we get curves such as electric field, surface potential, threshold voltage and driving current. The simulation result shows that an appropriate threshold voltage can be gotten by changing the doping concentration of polysilicon. Meanwhile, the driving capacity is greatly improved compared with the conventional MOSFET. The process of the structure is not complicated which can be easily achieved today.
<i>In Vivo</i>Activation of a Mutant μ-Opioid Receptor by Naltrexone Produces a Potent Analgesic Effect But No Tolerance: Role of μ-Receptor Activation and δ-Receptor Blockade in Morphine Tolerance (2005)

Opioid analgesics are the standard therapeutic agents for the treatment of pain, but their prolonged use is limited because of the development of tolerance and dependence. Recently, we reported the development of a mu-opioid receptor knock-in (KI) mouse in which the mu-opioid receptor was replaced by a mutant receptor (S196A) using a homologous recombination gene-targeting strategy. In these animals, the opioid antagonist naltrexone elicited antinociceptive effects similar to those of partial agonists acting in wild-type (WT) mice; however, development of tolerance and physical dependence were greatly reduced. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the failure of naltrexone to produce tolerance in these KI mice is attributable to its simultaneous inhibition of delta-opioid receptors and activation of mu-opioid receptors. Simultaneous implantation of a morphine pellet and continuous infusion of the delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole prevented tolerance development to morphine in both WT and KI animals. Moreover, administration of SNC-80 [(+)-4-[(alphaR)-alpha-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide], a delta agonist, in the naltrexone-pelleted KI animals resulted in a dose-dependent induction in tolerance development to both morphine- and naltrexone-induced analgesia. We conclude that although simultaneous activation of both mu- and delta-opioid receptors results in tolerance development, mu-opioid receptor activation in conjunction with delta-opioid receptor blockade significantly attenuates the development of tolerance.
Diabetes impairs adipose tissue–derived stem cell function and efficiency in promoting wound healing (2013)

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are gaining increasing consideration in tissue repair therapeutic application. Recent evidence indicates that ASCs enhance skin repair in animal models of impaired wound healing. To assess the therapeutic activity of autologous vs. allogeneic ASCs in the treatment of diabetic ulcers, we functionally characterized diabetic ASCs and investigated their potential to promote wound healing with respect to nondiabetic ones. Adipose tissue-derived cells from streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice were analyzed either freshly isolated as stromal vascular fraction (SVF), or following a single passage of culture (ASCs). Diabetic ASCs showed decreased proliferative potential and migration. Expression of surface markers was altered in diabetic SVF and cultured ASCs, with a reduction in stem cell marker-positive cells. ASCs from diabetic mice released lower amounts of hepatocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and insulin-like growth factor-1, growth factors playing important roles in skin repair. Accordingly, the supernatant of diabetic ASCs manifested reduced capability to promote keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation and migration. Therapeutic potential of diabetic SVF administered to wounds of diabetic mice was blunted as compared with cells isolated from nondiabetic mice. Our data indicate that diabetes alters ASC intrinsic properties and impairs their function, thus affecting therapeutic potential in the autologous treatment for diabetic ulcers.
In vivo Tendon Forces in the Forelimb of Ponies at the Walk, Validated by Ground Reaction Force Measurements (1993)

The load distribution over tendinous structures in the equine forelimb was studied by computing forces from in vivo signals of implanted liquid-metal strain gauges in 5 ponies. For validation, these tendon forces were converted to joint moments, which were summed and compared to the calculated joint moments caused by the ground reaction force. Mean peak forces per kilogram body weight (n = 5) amounted to 5.2 N/kg for the superficial digital flexor tendon, 3.8 N/kg for the deep digital flexor tendon, 7.3 N/kg for the distal accessory (check) ligament and 8.4 N/kg for the third interosseous muscle (suspensory ligament). The maximal moment exerted by the tendons about the fetlock joint differed 11 +/- 7% (average +/- SD, n = 5) from the maximal ground reaction force moment, which difference amounted to 17 +/- 15% for the coffin joint moments. These differences appeared to result to a substantial extent from errors in the moment arms. Therefore, the computed tendon forces were considered to be sufficiently reliable.