gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quasi-primitive block-wise concatenated BCH codes for NAND flash memories (2014)

In this work, we consider high-rate error-control systems based on block-wise concatenated Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BC-BCH) codes with iterative hard-decision decoding (IHDD) for storage devices using multi-level per cell (MLC) NAND flash memories. In particular, we propose a novel design rule of BC-BCH codes which consists of quasi-primitive BCH codes and block-wise concatenation of the constituent codes. Comprehensive performance comparisons are carried out among error-control systems with various coding schemes such as BC-BCH codes and LDPC codes.
Deep Censored Learning of the Winning Price in the Real Time Bidding (2018)

We generalize the winning price model to incorporate the deep learning models with different distributions and propose an algorithm to learn from the historical bidding information, where the winning price are either observed or partially observed. We study if the successful deep learning models of the click-through rate can enhance the prediction of the winning price or not. We also study how different distributions of winning price can affect the learning results. Experiment results show that the deep learning models indeed boost the prediction quality when they are learned on the historical observed data. In addition, the deep learning models on the unobserved data are improved after learning from the censored data. The main advantage of the proposed generalized deep learning model is to provide more flexibility to model the winning price and improve the performance in consideration of the possibly various winning price distributions and various model structures in practice.
<i>Littorina neritoides</i>in Scandinavia (1962)

Abstract The hydrographic conditions off N.W. Europe permit a variety of “southern” littoral organisms to extend around the west and north coasts of the British Isles and across to Norway, although they may be scarce or absent from the eastern half of the English Channel and the southern North Sea. Recent notable additions to this group of species are Ammonia sulcata recorded by Dons (1945) for localities near Bergen and Alesund, and known since 193G, and Patella aspera recorded by KOLSTAD (1959) for localities between Stavanger and Bergen.
<title>Virtual endoscope</title> (1994)

This paper reports on the initial developmental stages of an endoscope that can be used for medical and other applications requiring 3-D images. The conceptual basis for the design is derived from our prior efforts in the development of 3-D scopes for laparoscopy and from telepresence research with head-mounted displays for use in virtual reality. We include the initial results of the development of the viewing system and the design for the scope. Specific future research efforts and developmental phase also are described.
A Novel Route to Methyl 3-(3,4-Disubstituted 5-alkylthio/amino-2-thienyl) propenoates (1988)

The 3-oxodithioesters 1 and 3-oxothioamides 6 are shown to undergo base catalyzed S-alkylation with methyl 4-bromocrotonate followed by intramolecular condensation to give the corresponding methyl 3-(3,4-disubstituted 5-alkylthio/amino-2-thienyl) propenoates 5 and 7 in good yields.
The Specificity of Penicillopepsin (1971)

The specificity of penicillopepsin was investigated with a number of different substrates. In agreement with earlier work (1), no action was observed on di- and tripeptide and ester substrates. However, the pepsin substrate carbobenzoxyglycylglycylphenylalanylphenylalanine 3-(4-pyridyl)propyl-1 ester was hydrolyzed between the two phenylalanine residues. No cleavage of homopolymers of glycine, alanine, and glutamic acid and the random copolymer of glutamic acid and tyrosine was observed. Polymers of lysine, lysine and tyrosine (2:1), and lysine, glutamic acid, and tyrosine (13:20:1) were, however, hydrolyzed giving mainly tripeptides to pentapeptides. Polylysine hydrolysis showed a pH dependence centering about a group of pK between 3 and 4. In glucagon and the S-sulfo B-chain of insulin, penicillopepsin hydrolyzed the same peptide bonds as the other acidic proteases, including pepsin and rennin, with very few exceptions. There are, however, distinct differences between the action of penicillopepsin and that of other proteases of low specificity. Peptide bonds which have a hydrophobic amino acid in the P 1 ′ position (as defined by Berger and Schechter, Ref. 2) are preferentially cleaved by penicillopepsin. A kinetic study of the hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin showed very high rate constants for the initial cleavages. The present study shows the requirement for an extended binding site in penicillopepsin.
Orthogonality in CSAMT and MT measurements (1993)

Abstract The electric and magnetic fields from a single plane-wave source on a one dimensional (1-D) earth, or a plane-wave source polarized parallel or perpendicular to strike on a two-dimensional (2-D) earth, are orthogonal. On a layered earth and in the far-field of a controlled source, the electric and magnetic fields are also orthogonal. Therefore, orthogonality of E and H data is a necessary condition to justify the application of 1-D or 2-D modeling algorithms having a plane wave source. A strict criterion to prove orthogonality, and thus provide a rationale for the choice of interpretation methods, can be defined directly in terms of field data. However, field data acquired in the intermediate and near-field of any electromagnetic (EM) source are generally not orthogonal, even on a plane-layered earth. Representing these nonorthogonal data in an orthogonal coordinate system can be misleading, particularly for the minor axis components of the polarization ellipses. Nonorthogonality also arises because of 3-D scattering, with one common example being the electric field response of near surface structure. An example of field data illustrates the nonorthogonality in CSAMT measurements caused by the response of surficial geology. In these EM data, the angle between E and H is a sensitive indicator of geological contacts and faults. Quantitative analysis of these data can be performed with the assumptions of a 'bulk' 1-D earth (i.e., orthogonal E and H in the far-field) and purely galvanic scattering of the EM fields.
Combating Chronic Bacterial Infections by Manipulating Cyclic Nucleotide-Regulated Biofilm Formation (2016)

Many pathogenic bacteria can form biofilms in clinical settings with major consequences for the progression of infections. Bacterial biofilm communities are typically much more resistant to both antibiotic treatment and clearance by the immune system in comparison to free-living cells. Therefore, drugs that specifically target the formation or maintenance of biofilms would be very valuable additions to current clinical options. Cyclic nucleotide second messengers, in particular cyclic-diguanosine-GMP (c-di-GMP), are now known to play a major role in biofilm formation, and maintenance, in many bacterial species. In this special report, we will review recent progress toward the development of drugs that interfere with c-di-GMP signaling as a route to control biofilm infections. We will focus on the chronic infections associated with the notorious opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although the principles outlined here are also relevant to most bacterial pathogens.
Inter- and Intra-subtype genotypic differences that differentiate Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains (2012)

This is the largest panel of S-type strains investigated to date. The S-type strains could be further divided into two subtypes, I and III by some of the typing techniques (IS900-RFLP, PFGE and SNP analysis of the gyr genes). MIRU-VNTR did not divide the strains into the subtypes I and III but did detect genetic differences between isolates within each of the subtypes. Pigmentation is not exclusively associated with type I strains.
Comte, Auguste (1798–1857) (2009)

Auguste Comte's place in the history of revolution and protest derives from his extensive contributions to social theory. He has been credited with being the first western sociologist and with coining the term “sociology” in 1838 to refer to the scientific study of society. He formulated and promulgated the philosophical doctrine known as positivism, and initiated the concept of altruism.
<title>Microlaminography for high-resolution BGA and flip-chip inspection</title> (2001)

X-ray laminography is a method that allows getting local depth information from big flat objects like PCBs and electronic assemblies. The few X-ray laminography systems recently introduced on the market cannot reach the spatial resolution that is necessary for inspection of modern electronic assemblies. According to the needs in high-resolution inspections for electronic industry a digital X-ray microlaminography system has been developed on the base of multilayer tomosynthesis approach. This instrument is based on the new x-ray geometry with minimum moving parts. It can reach a spatial resolution of several microns in plane and in depth and visualize layer-by-layer area of 5 X 5 mm at any place in an object up to several hundreds mm in size. Typical scanning time is 20 seconds for 20 layers and 90 seconds for 100 layers. The software package includes the system control and multilayer tomosynthesys (layer-by-layer separation) during acquisition, as well as a three-dimensional rendering program for realistic visualization of the object's microstructure. The main application areas are BGA inspection, Flip-Chips, multilayer PCBs, micromechanics (watch, etc.).
New Development of Monohedral Magnet for MRI Using the Combination of Genetic Algorithm and FEM-NESM (2008)

A novel monohedral permanent magnet (PM) configuration is suggested and geometrically optimized to have higher magnetic efficiency as well as higher degree of access to imaging region of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. The configuration has a pair of main PMs magnetized in the opposite directions, respectively. The geometry of the main PMs is optimized by using genetic algorithm combined with a novel flexible magnetic field analysis method which combines finite-element method and new-type equivalent source method. Through an optimal design, the suggested PM configuration is proven to provide a sufficiently homogeneous and strong magnetic field for MRI application.
Segmentation, matching and estimation of structure and motion of textured piecewise planar surfaces (2002)

The authors present an algorithm which segments and matches the regions and then estimates non-iteratively 3D motion and structure of a moving piecewise planar textured surface from two perspective views. The algorithm has two major steps. The first step is coarse. Here, the local planar nature of the surface is used to obtain polynomial expressions for image plane displacements of features. Using regions as moving features, the image is segmented using Hough transform such that the regions in each segment have the same polynomial coefficients. The values of these coefficients and region properties (e.g., area) are then used to identify region correspondences. In the second step, for each planar surface, the region correspondences are used to compute the corresponding motion parameters and surface orientation in closed form. The second step uses a finer model of motion than the first step. Experimental results are presented for three image pairs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antimicrobial Activity of the Alkaloidal Constituents of the Root Bark of Eupomatia laurina (2003)

From the root bark of Eupomatia laurina were isolated four anti-microbial alkaloids; sampangine (I), eupomatine-1 (II), liriodenine and lanuginosine. The isolated alkaloids, the fraction from which I + II were isolated (EI), the dichloromethane fraction of the root bark (RD) and the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark (SE) were screened against 13 Gram + and 12 Gram - bacteria, a protozoan and nine fungi. All extracts were found to be active against all the bacteria and protozoan. Antifungal activity was demonstrated by EI, RD and SE fractions only. Compound II and fraction EI were found to be far superior to the standard used, both in broadness and level of activity. MIC was performed on EI and was found to be in most cases 0.5µg while in some case it was 0.1µg. Broad-spectrum antifungal activity was exhibited by fraction EI (10µg disc), RD (4 mg disc) and SE (4 mg disc). MIC was done on EI and was 10µg. The activity of EI, RD and SE was found to be far superior to the standard ketoconozole (20 mg disc) and griseofulvin (25 mg disc).
Modelling lexical redundancy for machine translation (2006)

Certain distinctions made in the lexicon of one language may be redundant when translating into another language. We quantify redundancy among source types by the similarity of their distributions over target types. We propose a language-independent framework for minimising lexical redundancy that can be optimised directly from parallel text. Optimisation of the source lexicon for a given target language is viewed as model selection over a set of cluster-based translation models.Redundant distinctions between types may exhibit monolingual regularities, for example, inflexion patterns. We define a prior over model structure using a Markov random field and learn features over sets of monolingual types that are predictive of bilingual redundancy. The prior makes model selection more robust without the need for language-specific assumptions regarding redundancy. Using these models in a phrase-based SMT system, we show significant improvements in translation quality for certain language pairs.
Copper/graphene composites: a review (2019)

Recent research upon the incorporation of graphene into copper matrix composites is reviewed in detail. An extensive account is given of the large number of processing methods that can be employed to prepare copper/graphene composites along with a description of the microstructures that may be produced. Processing routes that have been employed are described including powder methods, electrochemical processing, chemical vapour deposition, layer-by-layer processing, liquid metal infiltration among a number of others. The mechanical properties of the composites are described in detail along with an account of the structural factors that control mechanical behaviour. The mechanics and mechanisms of deformation are discussed, and the effect of factors such as the graphene content and the type of graphene used, along with processing conditions for the fabrication of the composites, is described. The functional properties of copper/graphene composites are also reviewed including their electrical and thermal properties, and tribological and corrosion behaviour. In each case, the effect of the graphene type and content, and processing conditions are also described. Finally, possible future applications of copper/graphene composites are discussed.
A Universal Relationship Between Magnetization and the Local Structure in La1xCaxMnO3 a Probe of the Magnetization Process (2005)

We report X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) measurements of the colossal magneto-resistance (CMR) samples La0.79Ca0.21MnO3 and La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 at high magnetic fields. For T near Tc, the width parameter of the pair distribution function, σ, decreases significantly as the applied magnetic field is increased. For a given magnetization, M, the decrease in σ2 from the disordered polaron state is the same, irrespective of whether M was achieved through a change in temperature or the application of an external magnetic field. This universal behavior can be modeled as a quadratic function of magnetization, and suggests a new model for the magnetization process.
A Comparative Study of Authentication Methods for Wi-Fi Networks (2011)

IEEE 802.11X, which is a key part of IEEE 802.11i, employs extensible authentication protocol (EAP) to support a variety of upper layer authentication methods each with different benefits and drawbacks. Any one of these authentication methods can be the ideal choice for a specific networking environment and security requirements. While offering more flexibility by leaving the selection of a suitable authentication method to choice is a distinct advantage, it does however, create a drawback in selecting a suitable authentication method for an organization's security requirements. In this paper, an overview of EAP authentication framework is provided. Most commonly used upper layer authentication methods are explained. Finally, a table that compares authentication methods properties and security attributes is provided.
Retrieval techniques for airborne imaging of methane concentrations using high spatial and moderate spectral resolution: application to AVIRIS (2013)

Abstract. Two quantitative retrieval techniques were evaluated to estimate methane (CH4) enhancement in concentrated plumes using high spatial and moderate spectral resolution data from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). An Iterative Maximum a Posteriori Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (IMAP-DOAS) algorithm performed well for an ocean scene containing natural CH4 emissions from the Coal Oil Point (COP) seep field near Santa Barbara, California. IMAP-DOAS retrieval precision errors are expected to equal between 0.31 to 0.61 ppm CH4 over the lowest atmospheric layer (height up to 1.04 km), corresponding to about a 30 to 60 ppm error for a 10 m thick plume. However, IMAP-DOAS results for a terrestrial scene were adveresly influenced by the underlying landcover. A hybrid approach using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) was particularly effective for terrestrial surfaces because it could better account for spectral variability in surface reflectance. Using this approach, a CH4 plume was observed immediately downwind of two hydrocarbon storage tanks at the Inglewood Oil Field in Los Angeles, California, with a maximum near surface enhancement of 8.45 ppm above background. At COP, the distinct plume had a maximum enhancement of 2.85 ppm CH4 above background and was consistent with known seep locations and local wind direction. A sensitivity analysis also indicates CH4 sensitivity should be more than doubled for the next generation AVIRIS sensor (AVIRISng) due to improved spectral resolution and sampling. AVIRIS-like sensors offer the potential to better constrain emissions on local and regional scales, including sources of increasing concern like industrial point source emissions and fugitive CH4 from the oil and gas industry.
P. van Inwagen, The Problem of Evil. The Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of St Andrews in 2003. Oxford 2006: Oxford University Press. 183 pages. ISBN 0199245606. (2007)

"P. van Inwagen, The Problem of Evil. The Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of St Andrews in 2003. Oxford 2006: Oxford University Press. 183 pages. ISBN 0199245606." published on 29 Nov 2007 by Brill.
Enhancing targeted radiotherapy by copper(II)diacetyl- bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) using 2-deoxy-D-glucose. (2003)

Most cancer deaths are a consequence of resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This may be attributable to unique phenotypic characteristics of solid tumors. We have exploited two well-described characteristics of solid tumors commonly associated with treatment failure, high glucose use and hypoxia, to design a unique therapy based on the selective accumulation of two cytotoxic compounds, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and copper(II)diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((64)Cu-ATSM). (64)Cu-ATSM localizes to hypoxic regions of tumors and has been used for administering a high local dose of radiation therapy after uptake by cells. 2-DG, a glucose analog, selectively accumulates in cancer cells and interferes with energy metabolism, resulting in cancer cell death. 2-DG has been shown to potentiate the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation and certain chemotherapeutic agents. We have tested the effect of 2-DG on tumor response when combined with (64)Cu-ATSM in a mouse breast tumor model using the highly aggressive mouse mammary carcinoma cell line EMT-6. 2-DG administered up to 2 mg/g of body weight daily resulted in no weight loss or systemic symptoms. EMT-6 mammary tumors had similar uptake of [(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose before and after 2 weeks of 2-DG treatment as determined by microPET imaging, indicating that resistance to 2-DG uptake does not develop. Pretreatment of tumor-bearing mice with 2-DG resulted in increased uptake of (64)Cu-ATSM by tumors compared with nontreated mice. This effect was not observed with the nonhypoxia-specific agent copper(II)pyruvaldehyde-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone. When 2-DG was combined with a single dose of (64)Cu-ATSM (2 mCi), tumor growth was inhibited approximately 60% compared with untreated mice, and animals survived approximately 50% longer than untreated mice or animals treated with each agent alone (32 versus 20 days). The maximum effect on tumor growth and survival was observed when 2-DG was administered daily for the lifetime of the mouse. Our results indicate that 2-DG potentiates the effect of (64)Cu-ATSM on tumoricidal activity and animal survival. We hypothesize that 2-DG alters the metabolic state of the cell, leading to increased uptake of (64)Cu-ATSM by the tumor. This would result in a higher local dose of radiotherapy. The continued presence of 2-DG would then prevent the repair of damaged cells, leading to inhibition of tumor growth. Our data indicate that the strategy of combining tumor-specific cytotoxic agents that function by differing mechanisms can result in an effective, selective, tumor-specific cell death with minimal effect on the host.
Synthesis of .alpha.,.beta.-cycloeudesmol (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of .alpha.,.beta.-cycloeudesmolRobert A. Moss and Edward Y. ChenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 7, 1466–1469Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00320a044https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00320a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views557Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Historical vignette #8. General Ulysses S. Grant's hip fracture. (1987)

Many biographers have discussed the throat cancer that plagued General Ulysses S. Grant toward the end of his life. However, little attention has been focused on his orthopaedic problems. On Christmas Eve in 1883, Grant slipped on an icy walk and fell. Following this accident he was bedridden for weeks and orthopaedically disabled for the remainder of his life. Although biographers have documented this incident, the outcome of the accident has been variously attributed to a sprain, muscle rupture, or simply a lack of exercise. The history of the injury and the nature of the symptoms and disability, which suggest that the General may have sustained a hip fracture, are reviewed with a discussion of the state of hip fracture diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis taken from the textbooks of the period.