gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>What Kind of Optical Fiber for Long-Distance Transmission?</title> (1970)

A comparison is made between clad fibers and lens-like guides with parabolic index profiles, from several points of view: delay distortion, beam capacity per unit cross section, ability to negotiate bends, and deterioration of transmission due to imperfections. Parabolic index profile guides and single mode fibers with any profile (approximately rectangular, parabolic, etc.) are equally promising and attractive for long-distance optical trans-mission from several points of view, namely, capacity per unit cross section, delay distortion, and ability to negotiate bends. Nevertheless, their tolerance of imperfections is markedly different. Though insensitive to diameter changes, the multimode parabolic index profile guide is quite sensitive to systematic or random departure of refractive index profile from ideal. On the other hand, single mode guides are sensitive to random changes of both the index profile and the guide width. Both of them produce scattering loss.
Symbiont-mediated RNA interference in insects (2016)

RNA interference (RNAi) methods for insects are often limited by problems with double-stranded (ds) RNA delivery, which restricts reverse genetics studies and the development of RNAi-based biocides. We therefore delegated to insect symbiotic bacteria the task of: (i) constitutive dsRNA synthesis and (ii) trauma-free delivery. RNaseIII-deficient, dsRNA-expressing bacterial strains were created from the symbionts of two very diverse pest species: a long-lived blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus, and a short-lived globally invasive polyphagous agricultural pest, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). When ingested, the manipulated bacteria colonized the insects, successfully competed with the wild-type microflora, and sustainably mediated systemic knockdown phenotypes that were horizontally transmissible. This represents a significant advance in the ability to deliver RNAi, potentially to a large range of non-model insects.
GENIE: A Leaderboard for Human-in-the-Loop Evaluation of Text Generation. (2021)

Leaderboards have eased model development for many NLP datasets by standardizing their evaluation and delegating it to an independent external repository. Their adoption, however, is so far limited to tasks that can be reliably evaluated in an automatic manner. This work introduces GENIE, an extensible human evaluation leaderboard, which brings the ease of leaderboards to text generation tasks. GENIE automatically posts leaderboard submissions to crowdsourcing platforms asking human annotators to evaluate them on various axes (e.g., correctness, conciseness, fluency) and compares their answers to various automatic metrics. We introduce several datasets in English to GENIE, representing four core challenges in text generation: machine translation, summarization, commonsense reasoning, and machine comprehension. We provide formal granular evaluation metrics and identify areas for future research. We make GENIE publicly available and hope that it will spur progress in language generation models as well as their automatic and manual evaluation.
IVF: the new era. (2001)

In-vitro fertilization (IVF) has made great strides in the past 25 years including the development of micromanipulation techniques. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for treatment of severe male factor infertility paved the way for the use of the micromanipulator. Micromanipulation techniques are now an integral part of an IVF program and are now also employed to biopsy embryos from patients harboring genetic abnormalities. Micromanipulation has also been used in the development of nuclear transfer techniques--a potential solution for creating "younger" oocytes for women of advanced maternal age and spermatozoa for azoospermic men. Other recent developments include the sequential media enabling the embryo to survive to blastocyst stage and also successful oocyte vitrification to preserve future fertility. This paper describes the latest technologies in in-vitro fertilization and relates them to the total problem of infertility, age-related and otherwise.
Generating lineage‐specific markers to study <i>Drosophila</i> development (1991)

To generate cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns of the reporter gene lacZ in Drosophila, we have generated and characterized 1,426 independent insertion strains using four different P-element constructs. These four transposons carry a lacZ gene driven either by the weak promoter of the P-element transposase gene or by partial promoters from the even-skipped, fushi-tarazu, or engrailed genes. The tissue-specific patterns of beta-galactosidase expression that we are able to generate depend on the promoter utilized. We describe in detail 13 strains that can be used to follow specific cell lineages and demonstrate their utility in analyzing the phenotypes of developmental mutants. Insertion strains generated with P-elements that carry various sequences upstream of the lacZ gene exhibit an increased variety of expression patterns that can be used to study Drosophila development.
PS-algol (1982)

PS-algol is a dialect of algol for the programming of problems that would normally require a database management system. It supports a persistent heap, and an associative store; it has embedded within the language features to support tasks normally carried out by filing systems or database management systems.
Plasminogen activator gene expression is induced by the src oncogene product and tumor promoters. (1990)

Secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) by chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) is increased approximately 50-fold following transformation by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Using a cloned and fully sequenced chicken uPA cDNA probe, we have established that this increase in plasminogen activator production can be largely accounted for by an increase in cellular uPA mRNA. CEF contained on average less than 1 molecule of uPA mRNA/cell, whereas RSV-CEF contained 25-60 molecules/cell. The increase in cellular uPA mRNA levels was dependent on the activity of the RSV-encoded transforming protein, protein-tyrosine kinase pp60v-src. Cells infected with an RSV mutant encoding a temperature-sensitive form of the src protein (ts-NY68) contained low uPA mRNA levels when cultured at the nonpermissive temperature and high uPA mRNA levels when maintained at the permissive temperature. Temperature shift studies with tsNY68-CEF demonstrated that changes in pp60v-src activity rapidly altered uPA mRNA levels; the uPA mRNA content of total RNA extracts increased and decreased with half-time kinetics of 3-5 h. Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases also appear to modulate uPA mRNA levels in CEF cultures. Exposure of CEF and RSV-CEF for 24 h to the protein kinase C activating agent phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) increased cellular uPA mRNA levels to 20 and 260 molecules/cell, respectively. These data are consistent with the previously observed synergism between RSV and PMA in increasing plasminogen activator secretion. Nuclear run-on transcription analyses established that both RSV and PMA increase cellular uPA mRNA levels by way of increased uPA gene expression.
An Offline Signature Verification System Using Neural Network Based on Angle Feature and Energy Density (2011)

Hand written signature used every day at various places for the authentication of a person, but a signature of a person may not be same at different time or it may be generated by some fraud way. So, a system is required for verification of the signature. The signature verification can be done either online or offline, here we are using offline signature verification network. In the proposed system the signatures is taking as an image and apply image processing technique to make the system effective. Here we propose an intelligent network that works on the features like angle feature and energy density of the signature for the verification and also a comparative statement is made between them in order to see which method provides better results.
COX-2–Derived Prostacyclin Modulates Vascular Remodeling (2005)

Suppression of prostacyclin (PGI2) biosynthesis may explain the increased incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke which has been observed in placebo controlled trials of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors. Herein, we examine if COX-2-derived PGI2 might condition the response of the vasculature to sustained physiologic stress in experimental models that retain endothelial integrity. Deletion of the PGI2 receptor (IP) or suppression of PGI2 with the selective COX-2 inhibitor, nimesulide, both augment intimal hyperplasia while preserving luminal geometry in mouse models of transplant arteriosclerosis or flow-induced vascular remodeling. Moreover, nimesulide or IP deletion augments the reduction in blood flow caused by common carotid artery ligation in wild-type mice. Generation of both thromboxane (Tx)A2 and the isoprostane, 8, 12 -iso iPF(2alpha)-VI, are increased in the setting of flow reduction and the latter increases further on administration of nimesulide. Deletion of the TxA2 receptor (TP) reduces the hyperplastic response to nimesulide and carotid ligation, despite further augmentation of TP ligand production. Suppression of COX-2-derived PGI2 or deletion of IP profoundly influences the architectural response of the vasculature to hemodynamic stress. Mechanism based vascular remodeling may interact with a predisposition to hypertension and atherosclerosis in contributing to the gradual transformation of cardiovascular risk during extended periods of treatment with selective inhibitors of COX-2.
Elemental mapping of biological samples by the combined use of LIBS and LA-ICP-MS (2015)

Feasibility of the simultaneous use of LIBS and LA-ICP-MS (tandem LA/LIBS) for bio-imaging of bulk and trace elements is demonstrated.
Bioactive Lipids, LPC and LPA, Are Novel Prometastatic Factors and Their Tissue Levels Increase in Response to Radio/Chemotherapy (2014)

LPC and LPA play a previously underappreciated role in dissemination of RMS and suggest that antimetastatic treatment with specific molecules blocking LPC/LPA activity should be part of standard radio/chemotherapy arsenal.
Mapping of electrical double-layer force between tip and sample surfaces in water with pulsed-force-mode atomic force microscopy (1997)

Pulsed-force-mode atomic force microscopy (PFM-AFM) using a cantilever with a Si3N4 tip was applied to map charge distribution on a sample surface in water. In order to confirm the applicability of the present PFM, we prepared a patterned sample by vapor deposition of Al on a quartz plate covered with silica beads, followed by oxidation of Al with O2 and removal of the beads with ultrasonication. The two different areas of Al2O3 and SiO2 had different isoelectric points and bore positive and negative charge, respectively, at pH 8.6. The lateral resolution of the present method was found to be ca. 30 nm.
Observation of Fowler–Nordheim hole tunneling across an electron tunnel junction due to total symmetry filtering (2006)

Using a ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}(001)$ barrier and ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}(001)$ electrodes, we study the case of coherent spin-polarized tunneling of electrons that exhibit a symmetry mismatch with respect to the lower electron barrier height. Due to this mismatch, electrons with energy above this barrier height continue to tunnel thanks to total symmetry filtering. This allows us to observe symmetry-matched hole tunneling across this electron tunnel junction, and in particular spin-polarized oscillations in the Fowler-Nordheim hole regime above the hole barrier height, thereby enriching the present theoretical picture of coherent spin-polarized tunneling at finite bias.
Temporal Neuropathologic and Behavioral Phenotype of 6<i><sup>neo</sup></i>/6<i><sup>neo</sup></i>Pompe Disease Mice (2008)

Pompe disease (glycogen storage disease II) is caused by mutations in the acid alpha-glucosidase gene. The most common form is rapidly progressive with glycogen storage, particularly in muscle, which leads to profound weakness, cardiac failure, and death by the age of 2 years. Although usually considered a muscle disease, glycogen storage also occurs in the CNS. We evaluated the progression of neuropathologic and behavioral abnormalities in a Pompe disease mouse model (6neo/6neo) that displays many features of the human disease. Homozygous mutant mice store excess glycogen within large neurons of hindbrain, spinal cord, and sensory ganglia by the age of 1 month; accumulations then spread progressively within many CNS cell types. "Silver degeneration" and Fluoro-Jade C stains revealed severe degeneration in axon terminals of primary sensory neurons at 3 to 9 months. These abnormalities were accompanied by progressive behavioral impairment on rotorod, wire hanging, and foot fault tests. The extensive neuropathologic alterations in this model suggest that therapy of skeletal and cardiac muscle disorders by systemic enzyme replacement therapy may not be sufficient to reverse functional deficits due to CNS glycogen storage, particularly early-onset, rapidly progressive disease. A better understanding of the basis for clinical manifestations is needed to correlate CNS pathology with Pompe disease manifestations.
In vitro Infection of Fractionated Chicken Lymphocytes by Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (1981)

Lymphocytes from bursa of Fabricius and thymus of chickens were purified and separated into the three cell subsets--T, B, and null cells--by the techniques of nylon fiber columns and cytotoxicity tests. The in vitro susceptibility of the fractionated lymphocytes to a virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was studied by using immunofluorescence as the infection criterion. B cells were highly susceptible. By contrast, T cells and null cells were insusceptible to infection by IBDV. The relationship between the target cells for virus infection and those B cells that possessed surface immunoglobulin (SIg) was tested. B cells were further divided into SIg(M)- and SIg(G)-bearing cells by immunoadsorbent columns employing anti-immunoglobulin M(IgM) (mu-specific) or anti-IgG (gamma-specific) sera coated with Sephadex. The SIg(M)-bearing cells were highly susceptible. These results suggest strongly that SIg(M)-bearing B cells were the target cells for infection by IBDV.
Using recursive Bayesian estimation for matching GPS measurements to imperfect road network data (2010)

Map-matching refers to the process of projecting positioning measurements to a location on a digital road network map. It is an important element of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) focusing on driver assistance applications, on emergency and incident management, arterial and freeway management, and other applications. This paper addresses the problem of map-matching in the applications characterized by imperfect map quality and restricted computational resources - e.g. in the context of community-based ITS applications. Whereas a number of map-matching methods are available, often these methods rely on topological analysis, thereby making them sensitive to the map inaccuracies. In the paper, a new map-matching method based on the probabilistic approach is introduced. In the method, the probabilities of alternative road links are estimated with recursive Bayesian estimation, and the road link is identified using maximum a posteriori probability principle. The topological analysis is not used; instead, the distance between projections on road links is used to assign road link switching probability. The accuracy of the method is empirically evaluated, and the link identification accuracy is found to be similar to that of alternative approaches relying on topological analysis.
Linear rotary optical delay lines (2014)

I present several classes of analytical and semi-analytical solutions for the design of high-speed rotary optical delay lines that use a combination of stationary and rotating curvilinear reflectors. Detailed analysis of four distinct classes of optical delay lines is presented. Particularly, I consider delay lines based on a single rotating reflector, a single rotating reflector and a single stationary reflector, two rotating reflectors, and two rotating reflectors and a single stationary reflector. I demonstrate that in each of these cases it is possible to design an infinite variety of the optical delay lines featuring linear dependence of the optical delay on the rotation angle. This is achieved via shape optimization of the rotating and stationary reflector surfaces. Moreover, in the case of two rotating reflectors a convenient spatial separation of the incoming and outgoing beams is possible. For the sake of example, all the blades presented in this paper are chosen to fit into a circle of 10 cm diameter and these delay lines feature in excess of 600 ps of optical delay. Finally, two prototypes of rotary delay lines were fabricated using CNC machining, and their optical properties are characterized.
Capsule Production and Growth Phase Influence Binding of Complement to<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2001)

Complement-mediated opsonization of bacteria by C3 binding is an important component of the host innate immune system. Little information is available concerning the interaction between complement proteins and capsule type 5 and 8 Staphylococcus aureus strains, even though these isolates are responsible for approximately 70% of human staphylococcal infections. To investigate the importance of an intact complement pathway in an experimental staphylococcal infection, control and C3-depleted mice were challenged intravenously with 10(7) CFU of a serotype 5 S. aureus isolate. Whereas only 8% of the control mice succumbed to the infection, 64% of the complemented-depleted animals died. In vitro parameters of C3 binding to two heavily encapsulated (CP++) strains, three encapsulated (CP+) strains, and an isogenic capsule-negative (CP-) mutant were examined. The alternative pathway contributed 90% of C3 binding in 20% serum at 30 min, whereas it accounted for only 13% of C3 binding in 2% serum. Stationary-phase organisms bound only 10% as much C3 as mid-log-phase organisms; this was only in part due to capsule. When the S. aureus strains were cultivated on solid medium, the CP++ isolates bound 50% less C3 than CP+ strains; a CP+ strain bound 42% less C3 than the CP- mutant. Both C3b and iC3b fragments of C3 bound to S. aureus cells, and about one-third of the bound C3 was shed from the staphylococcal surface as iC3b, regardless of the CP phenotype of the strain. Thus, the phase of growth and presence of capsule are critical to opsonization.
Polyacrylates (2018)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Properties 2.1. Polymer Solutions and Dispersions 2.1.1. Polymer Solutions 2.1.2. Polymer Dispersions 2.2. Properties of the Polymers 3. Raw Materials 4. Production 4.1. Emulsion Polymerization 4.1.1. Starting Materials 4.1.2. Production Processes 4.2. Solution Polymerization 4.3. Elimination of Residual Monomers 5. Uses 5.1. Paints and Coatings 5.2. Paper Industry 5.3. Adhesives and Sealing Compounds 5.4. Textile Industry 5.5. Leather Industry 5.6. Miscellaneous Uses 6. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
High reflectivity photorefractive Bragg gratings in germania-free optical fibers (1994)

We present the first report of Bragg gratings with reflectivities exceeding 99% written in germania-fibre optical fibres by UV exposure. This result has important implications for the production of ultrashort single-frequency fibre lasers
Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of One-Dimensional CdS@TiO2 Core-Shell Heterostructures (2011)

Abstract One-dimensional CdS@TiO 2 core-shell heterostructures were fabricated via the hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) on preformed CdS nanowires. The as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy techniques. Results demonstrated that the hydrolysis of TBT had a great influence on the morphology of the coated TiO 2 shell, resulting in the formation of TiO 2 nanoparticles and nanolayer-modified CdS@TiO 2 heterostructures. Degradation of methylene blue using CdS@TiO 2 core-shell heterostructures as photocatalysts under visible light irradiation was investigated. Comparative photocatalytic tests showed that the TiO 2 nanoparticles-modified heterostructure exhibited a superior activity due to the passivity of photogenerated charge carriers.
Lipids and lipoprotein subfractions in women with PCOS: relationship to metabolic and endocrine parameters (2001)

We conclude that women with polycystic ovary syndrome have increased hepatic lipase activity and mass and percentage of small, dense low density lipoprotein relative to body mass index-matched controls with normal menstrual rhythm and normal ovaries. Further, these metabolic perturbances appear related more closely to adiposity/insulin metabolism than to circulating androgen levels.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Programs: Clinical Outcomes and Developments (2020)

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is a relatively recent revolutionary treatment that has now become a standard procedure for treating severe aortic stenosis. In this article, the authors review the clinical history of transcatheter aortic valve replacement, summarize the major clinical trials, and describe the evolution of the technique over time. In doing so, the authors hope to provide a clear and concise review of the history and clinical evidence behind transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
Localized Ridge Augmentation/Preservation. A Systematic Review (2003)

1. A total of 18 studies were included: 13 reporting on guided bone regeneration (GBR, 1,741 patients) and 5 on distraction osteogenesis (DO, 92 patients). 2. There is a high level of predictable implant survival in sites treated by GBR or DO. 3. These survival rates are similar to those of implants placed in native bone. REVIEWERS' INTERPRETATIONS: Survival rates were similar for both GBR and DO implants. These survival rates were similar to implants placed in native bone.
CEA, CA 15-3 and CYFRA 21-1 in serum and pleural fluid of patients with pleural effusions (1996)

The role of tumour marker assays in differentiating malignant from benign pleural effusions is not yet clear. This study was designed to prospectively assess the individual and combined diagnostic utility of three tumour markers in patients with pleural effusion. Pleural and serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1) were determined in 115 patients with pleural effusions (42 malignant and 73 benign). The diagnostic utility of each tumour marker was assessed using accuracy to determine the optimal cut-off point, whilst a logistic regression model was used to obtain the optimal combined test. In serum, every marker showed an individual high specificity (over 97%) for malignancy. The sensitivity of CEA, CA 15-3 and CYFRA 21-1 was 36, 48 and 31%, respectively. In patients without renal failure, the sensitivity of CYFRA 21-1 rose to 53%, while those of CEA and CA 15-3 remained almost unchanged. In pleural fluid, CYFRA 21-1 showed low sensitivity (32%) and specificity (82%), while CEA showed the highest sensitivity (57%). Excluding patients with renal failure, the combined determination in serum of CEA, CA 15-3 and CYFRA 21-1 has a high accuracy (88%), similar to that for CEA plus CA 15-3 in pleural fluid (87%). We conclude that CYFRA 21-1 is useless in pleural fluid and should not be used in serum for patients with renal failure. The combined determination of CEA, CA 15-3 and CYFRA 21-1 in serum may obviate its determination in pleural fluid.