gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emergence From Chaos to Order (1998)

Abstract This new book, by acclaimed scientist- John Holland, introduces the reader to the exciting new theory of 'emergence', which many people now consider to be the single most characteristic feature of complex, adaptive systems. By 'emergence' it is meant that such systems tend to involve large numbers of intelligent, adaptive agents, interacting on the basis of local information possessed by each agent. These interactions produce global behaviour that cannot be understood simply by knowledge of the individual agents; it is 'emergent behaviour'. Examples of phenomena of this kind are price movements on speculative markets (where agents are individual traders) or road-traffic patterns (where the agents are individual drivers). The book explores the theory of 'emergence', demonstrating how a small number of rules or laws can generate systems of surprising complexity. Board games provide an ancient and direct example: Chess is defined by fewer than two dozen rules, but the myriad patterns that result lead to perpetual novelty and emergence. The discovery of similar patterns in other facets of our world opens the way to a deeper understanding of the complexity of life, answering such questions as: How does a fertilised egg program the development of a trillion-cell organism? How can we build human organisations that respond rapidly to change through innovation? Throughout the book, Holland compares the different systems and models that exhibit emergence in the quest for common rule or laws. These range from the tiny seed "that encloses specifications that produce structures as complicated and distinctive as the giant redwood and the common daisy", to the checkers-playing computer that learned to beat its creator consistently, to the ant colonies that build bridges over chasms and navigate leaf-boats on streams, to the emotive creations of the past. All are explored in a book that will have important ramifications for every aspect of human intellectual endeavour. Reviews "John Holland is an exceptionally imaginative person. Often surprising, and always engaging, he takes the reader on a journey from simplicity to complexity, showing how a few 'rules of engagement' can lead to systems as bewilderingly rich as the neural networks in our brains, our immune defenses against pathogens, and even the ecosystems that maintain the biosphere so that life can flourish" Sir Robert May, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Government, and one of the founders of Chaos Theory" "Holland at his best - a crisp, insightful framework for analysing and modelling emergent phenomena" John Seely Brown, Chief Scientist, Xerox Corporation "I think it's safe to say that this book will certainly be a significant contribution to the field of complex system theory. And I can't think of a person more well-qualified to write such an account." Professor John Casti, Santa Fe Institute, and author or Would-be worlds.
Brain Cholesterol Metabolism, Oxysterols, and Dementia (2013)

Cholesterol metabolism is implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyloid production in the brain. While brain cholesterol cannot be measured directly in vivo, the oxysterol, 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC), is the predominant metabolite of brain cholesterol and can be measured in the blood. The aim of this review is to evaluate plasma 24-OHC as a potential biomarker of AD risk and discuss factors related to its levels in the brain and blood. This systematic review examines studies published between 1950 and June 2012 that examined the relationship between plasma 24-OHC, cognition, brain structure, and dementia using the following key words ("24S-hydroxycholesterol" or "24-hydroxycholesterol") and ("Brain" or "Cognitive"). We found a total of 28 studies of plasma 24-OHC and neurodegenerative disease, including a subset of 12 that used dementia as a clinical endpoint. These studies vary in the direction of the observed associations. Results suggest plasma 24-OHC may be higher in the early stages of cognitive impairment and lower in more advanced stages of AD when compared to cognitively normal controls. Measures of 24-OHC in the blood may be an important potential marker for cholesterol metabolism in the brain and risk of AD. Further studies of plasma 24-OHC and dementia must account for the stage of disease, establish the temporal trends in oxysterol concentrations, and employ neuroimaging modalities to assess the structural and metabolic changes occurring in the brain prior to the onset of cognitive impairment.
Removal of Dominant Reverberations from Ultrasonic Time-Records of Layered Material by Digital Predictive Deconvolution (1987)

The interest in non-destructive evaluation of the space shuttle Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) calls for inspection of the integrity of the structure, mostly from the external side only. Difficulties however are encountered as the acoustic impedances combination of the various layers are such that the external steel layer generates strong multiple reflections that virtually mask everything that happens below. A method is presented to separate the steel reflection component from the deeper layers. Based on the fact that the reverberations are a predicted event, directly correlated to the first reflection, while variations deep in the material are pseudo-random, the predictive deconvolution estimates the next signal value based on previous signal values, over the prediction distance. The optimized operator is used to remove the predicted reverberations so that the residue that represents events such as defects in the deeper layers can be extracted and investigated.
A minimum step fabrication process for the all-silicon channeling mask (1987)

In this paper the all-silicon channeling mask is described and its advantages for masked ion beam lithography (MIBL) applications are discussed. A minimum step process for fabricating the all-silicon mask is presented in detail. The main process steps include epitaxial growth of silicon, membrane etching, and high resolution magnetron ion etching. Experimental parameters and fabrication results are presented.
Overexpression of p65/RelA potentiates curcumin-induced apoptosis in HCT116 human colon cancer cells (2006)

Curcumin, the yellow pigment in the spice turmeric, has potent chemopreventive activities that involve diverse molecular pathways. It is widely believed that curcumin pro-apoptotic properties are mediated by downregulation of NF kappa B (NFkappaB). The p65/RelA subunit of NFkappaB may influence cell death, in part by activation of NFkappaB anti-apoptotic target genes including X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), A20, bcl-xL and inhibition of sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We have shown previously that curcumin inhibits NFkappaB, activates JNK and promotes apoptosis in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Here, we show that forced overexpression of p65 does not affect curcumin-induced JNK activation. Indeed, overexpression of p65 enhanced curcumin-mediated apoptosis as assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. This potentiating effect of p65 upon curcumin-mediated apoptosis was reversed by transfection of cells with an IkappaB super-repressor (DeltaNIkappaB). Curcumin treatment inhibited expression of NFkappaB anti-apoptotic target genes in mock-transfected and in p65-overexpressing HCT116 cells, although expression levels remained higher in the latter. Taken together, these results show that curcumin-mediated activation of JNK or induction of apoptosis does not require inhibition of p65. Furthermore, curcumin/p65 synergy in promotion of apoptosis cannot be attributed to active repression of NFkappaB anti-apoptotic genes.
CryptoPIM: In-memory Acceleration for Lattice-based Cryptographic Hardware (2020)

Quantum computers promise to solve hard mathematical problems such as integer factorization and discrete logarithms in polynomial time, making standardized public-key cryptosystems insecure. Lattice-Based Cryptography (LBC) is a promising post-quantum public key cryptographic protocol that could replace standardized public key cryptography, thanks to the inherent post-quantum resistant properties, efficiency, and versatility. A key mathematical tool in LBC is the Number Theoretic Transform (NTT), a common method to compute polynomial multiplication. It is the most compute-intensive routine and requires acceleration for practical deployment of LBC protocols. In this paper, we propose CryptoPIM, a high-throughput Processing In-Memory (PIM) accelerator for NTT-based polynomial multiplier with the support of polynomials with degrees up to 32k. Compared to the fastest FPGA implementation of an NTT-based multiplier, CryptoPIM achieves on average 31x throughput improvement with the same energy and only 28% performance reduction, thereby showing promise for practical deployment of LBC.
Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression during renal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (2001)

We conclude that pre-treatment with MMF inhibits the production of NO and the induction of iNOS gene expression in the kidney during IRI. These results suggest that MMF might have the potential to ameliorate renal IRI.
Characterization of “Mini-Nucleotides” as P2X Receptor Agonists in Rat Cardiomyocyte Cultures. An Integrated Synthetic, Biochemical, and Theoretical Study (1999)

The design and synthesis of "mini-nucleotides", based on a xanthine-alkyl phosphate scaffold, are described. The physiological effects of the new compounds were evaluated in rat cardiac cell culture regarding Ca(2+) elevation and contractility. The results indicate biochemical and physiological profiles similar to those of ATP, although at higher concentrations. The biological target molecules of these "mini-nucleotides" were identified by using selective P2-R and A(1)-R antagonists and P2-R subtype selective agonists. On the basis of these results and of experiments in Ca(2+) free medium, in which [Ca(2+)](i) elevation was not observed, we concluded that interaction of the analogues is likely with P2X receptor subtypes, which causes Ca(2+) influx. Theoretical calculations analyzing electronic effects within the series of xanthine-alkyl phosphates were performed on reduced models at quantum mechanical levels. Calculated dipole moment vectors, electrostatic potential maps, and volume parameters suggest an explanation for the activity or inactivity of the synthesized derivatives and predict a putative binding site environment for the active agonists. Xanthine-alkyl phosphate analogues proved to be selective agents for activation of P2X-R subtypes, whereas ATP activated all P2-R subtypes in cardiac cells. Therefore, these analogues may serve as prototypes of selective drugs aiming at cardiac disorders mediated through P2X receptors.
Obliterative Bronchiolitis After Heart-Lung Transplantation: Apparent Arrest by Augmented Immunosuppression (1987)

Obliterative bronchiolitis has been the major complication in long-term survivors of human heart-lung transplantation at our institution. We have assessed the effect of the introduction of a third immunosuppressive agent, azathioprine, on the rate of decline in airflow variables in eight heart-lung transplant recipients with obliterative bronchiolitis, and have compared this rate with that in five patients who did not receive augmented immunosuppressive therapy. Specifically, the rate of decline in forced expiratory flow rate between 25% and 75% of vital capacity improved considerably after institution of this therapy (-5.25 +/- 2.85 compared with -0.27 +/- 0.66 [mean +/- SD]; p less than 0.005), whereas the effect on the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity was more modest (-3.61 +/- 1.52 compared with -0.54 +/- 0.93; p less than 0.005). The rate of decline in airflow variables was similar in both groups before the institution of therapy with azathioprine. These results show that augmented immunosuppressive therapy is capable of slowing the rate of progression of obliterative bronchiolitis in this population; they also suggest that the obliterative bronchiolitis may represent a form of chronic pulmonary allograft rejection.
Progress on small mercury ion clock for space applications (2009)

We have recently completed a breadboard ion-clock physics package based on Hg ions shuttled between a quadrupole and a 16-pole rf trap. With this architecture we have demonstrated short-term stability ~1-2times10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-13</sup> at 1 second, averaging to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-15</sup> at 1 day. This development shows that Hmaser quality stabilities can be produced in a small clock package, comparable in size to an ultra-stable quartz oscillator required for holding 1-2times10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-13</sup> at 1 second. This performance was obtained in a sealed vacuum configuration where only a getter pump was used to maintain vacuum. The vacuum tube containing the traps has now been under sealed vacuum conditions for over three years with no measurable degradation of ion trapping lifetimes or clock short-term performance. We have fabricated the vacuum tube, ion trap and UV windows from materials that will allow a ~ 400degC bake-out to prepare for tube seal-off. This approach to the vacuum follows the methods used in flight vacuum tube electronics, such as flight TWTA's where tube operation lifetime and shelf life of up to 15 years is achieved.
377. The preparation of zirconium alkoxides (1952)

D. C. Bradley, F. M. A. Halim, E. A. Sadek and W. Wardlaw, J. Chem. Soc., 1952, 2032 DOI: 10.1039/JR9520002032
On the exact solutions of pseudorange equations (1994)

Three formulations of exact solution algorithms to the system of determined pseudorange equations are derived. It is demonstrated that pseudorange equations are hyperbolic in nature and may have two solutions, even when the emitter configuration is nonsingular. Conditions for uniqueness and for the existence of multiple solutions are derived in terms of the Lorentz inner product. The bifurcation parameter for systems of pseudorange equations is also expressed in term of the Lorentz functional. The solution is expressed as a product of the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) matrix, representing the linear part of the solution, and a vector of nonlinear term. Using this formulation stability of solutions is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
THE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY FOR THE INTERPHOTOCONVERSION OF THE BLUE and PINK FORMS OF PURPLE MEMBRANE (1987)

Abstract When the cations bound to purple membrane are removed it turns blue, and when this blue membrane is irradiated its color changes to pink. Irradiation of pink membrane leads to the reformation of blue membrane. We have determined that the quantum efficiency for the formation of pink membrane from deionized blue membrane is 1.6 ± 0.6 ± 10 4 at 0 o C, pH 5.0. We also found that the quantum efficiency for the back photoconversion, i.e. the formation of blue membrane from pink membrane, is 8.8 ± 1.6 ± 10 ‐3 at 0 o C, 55 times greater than that of the forward photoconversion reaction. The extinction coefficients of the pink membrane and blue membrane were determined to be 44 500 ± 670 cm ‐1 M ‐1 at 491 nm and 54 760 ± 830 cm ‐1 M ‐1 at 603 nm, respectively, assuming light‐adapted purple membrane is 63 000 cm ‐1 M ‐1 at 568 nm. The quantum efficiency for forming pink membrane from blue membrane is much lower than that for forming the photointermediate of the blue membrane's photocycle. Their relationship is similar to that of light‐adaptation and photocycle of the dark‐adapted purple membrane.
Thermal lensing from near-infrared laser radiation in an artificial eye (2009)

A confocal imaging system mounted to a micrometer stage was used to image the thermal lens induced into a water filled Cain-cell artificial eye. A dual-beam pump-probe geometry was used to quantify the 633-nm visible wavelength probe beam's transient response when exposed to the near-infrared pump-beam source. The infrared laser radiation wavelengths tested were 1110, 1130, 1150 and 1318 nm for 1-s exposures to 450-mW of power. Analysis of video data revealed the amount of refractive shift, induced by the thermal lens, as a function of time. Data demonstrate how the formation and dissipation of the thermal lens follow a logarithmic excitation and exponential decay in time respectively. Confocal imaging showed that thermal lensing was strongest for the 1150-nm wavelength followed by 1130, 1318 and 1110-nm.
A dynamic memory management model on Xen virtual machine (2013)

Xen visualization has been widely used in cloud computing, data center and cyber physical systems. Because memory can not be used by time-sharing as other devices, how to efficiently allocate memory has become the bottleneck of performance improvement on Xen. In this paper, we propose a dynamic memory management model on Xen virtual machine with the goal of availability growth, which includes a fast memory adjustment strategy with memory recycling, memory increasing, and memory adjustment. Experimental results show that, in order to satisfy the memory requirements virtual machines need, this memory management model can recycle a large amount of free memory in virtual machines rapidly; in the aspect of increasing memory, using exponential growth mode can also satisfy high memory requirements in a short time, which has improved availability of the virtual machine requiring memory urgently; and in the case of shortage of memory resources, the model can also give priority to meet the demand of virtual machine requiring memory urgently, which has avoided availability falling due to shortage of memory resources.
Severe Anemia and Neutropenia Associated With Hyperzincemia and Hypercalprotectinemia (2005)

Calprotectin, also known as the S100A8/A9 or MRP8/14 complex, is a major calcium-binding protein in the cytosol of neutrophils, monocytes, and keratinocytes. It differs from other S100 proteins in its zinc-binding capacity. The authors describe a 4-year-old girl with severe anemia, neutropenia, inflammation, and severe growth failure. Bone marrow examination showed moderate dyserythropoiesis. No hemolysis, iron deficiency, hemoglobinopathies, immunologic diseases, or autoantibodies were detected. Serum levels of copper and ceruloplasmin were within the normal range, although the serum zinc concentration was markedly increased (310 microg/dL). Urinary zinc excretion and erythrocyte zinc concentrations were within the normal range. Family studies showed normal zinc and copper plasma levels. The patient's plasma calprotectin concentration showed a 6,000-fold increase (2,900 mg/L) compared with normal values. The calprotectin concentration is known to be elevated in many inflammatory conditions but is generally below 10 mg/L and thus far below the levels reported in this patient. The authors describe this case as an inborn error of zinc metabolism caused by dysregulation of calprotectin metabolism, which mainly presented with the features of microcytic anemia and inflammation.
A study of narrative creation by means of crowds and niches (2018)

Online video constitutes the largest, continuously growing portion of the Web content. Web users drive this growth by massively sharing their personal stories on social media platforms as compilations of their daily visual memories, or with animated GIFs and memes based on existing video material. Therefore, it is crucial to gain understanding of the semantics of video stories, i.e., what do they capture and how. The remix of visual content is also a powerful way of understanding the implicit aspects of storytelling, as well as the essential parts of audio-visual (AV) material. In this paper we take a digital hermeneutics approach to understand what are the visual attributes and semantics that drive the creation of narratives. We present insights from a nichesourcing study in which humanities scholars remix keyframes and video fragments into micro-narratives i.e., (sequences of) GIFs. To support the narrative creation for humanities scholars a specific video annotation is needed, e.g., (1) annotations that consider literal and abstract connotations of video material, and (2) annotations that are coarse-grained, i.e., focusing on keyframes and video fragments as opposed to full length videos. The main findings of the study are used to facilitate the automatic creation of narratives in the digital humanities exploratory search tool DIVE+
Antigenemia detected in human coccidioidomycosis (1983)

To advance the serological diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis, a radioimmunoassay was developed to detect an antigen of Coccidioides immitis and evaluated with serum samples from patients and controls. The assay antigen was fractionated from a culture filtrate of C. immitis cells by Sephacryl S300 gel chromatography. The assay used preliminary acid-heat extraction to dissociate serum-bound antigen and staphylococcal protein A as an absorbent. Antigenemia was detected in five (56%) of nine patients with coccidioidomycosis. Three of four negative tests occurred with sera from patients who had already received antifungal chemotherapy. Antigenemia was not detected in 106 control patients and normal donors. One false-positive reaction was observed in a patient with histoplasmosis. In all nine patients with active coccidioidomycosis, anti-C. immitis antibodies were detected during the initial evaluation or in the follow-up. In summary, an immunoassay for C. immitis antigenemia was developed; antigenemia was detected in five (56%) of nine patients with active coccidioidomycosis and a positive test indicated active or persistent disease.
Efficient Java™Monitors (2001)

In most real world systems, objects vastly out- numbers threads. This paper shows how this characteristic can be used to implement eficient JavaTMmonitors in a way that reduces the num- ber of needed monitors to be equal to the number of threads, while fulfilling the Java™synchronized semantics. Some additional benefits related to prior- ity inheritance and hierarchical resource locking will also be briefly explored.
Neural Networks for Visual Field Analysis (1999)

The receiver operating characteristics of a feed-forward neural network designed to detect visual field defects were explored. At a very high specificity (90-95%) a neural network performed better than the global indices. However, at a lower specificity (78%-88%), the neural network performed worse than cluster and cross-meridional algorithms.
Interface-based design (1997)

A new system design methodology is proposed that separates communicationfrom behavior. To demonstrate the methodology weapplied it to a simple ATM design. Since verification is clearly amajor stumbling block for large system design, we focussed on theverification aspects of our methodology.In particular, a simulator was developed that is based on the communicationparadigm typical of our methodology. The simulatorgives substantial performance improvements without sacrificinguser access to detail.Finally, the potential for this methodology to improve verification,modeling and synthesis is explored.