gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liver-Specific Disruption of the Murine Glucagon Receptor Produces α-Cell Hyperplasia (2012)

Glucagon is a critical regulator of glucose homeostasis; however, mechanisms regulating glucagon action and α-cell function and number are incompletely understood. To elucidate the role of the hepatic glucagon receptor (Gcgr) in glucagon action, we generated mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of the glucagon receptor. Gcgr(Hep)(-/-) mice exhibited reductions in fasting blood glucose and improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance compared with wild-type controls, similar in magnitude to changes observed in Gcgr(-/-) mice. Despite preservation of islet Gcgr signaling, Gcgr(Hep)(-/-) mice developed hyperglucagonemia and α-cell hyperplasia. To investigate mechanisms by which signaling through the Gcgr regulates α-cell mass, wild-type islets were transplanted into Gcgr(-/-) or Gcgr(Hep)(-/-) mice. Wild-type islets beneath the renal capsule of Gcgr(-/-) or Gcgr(Hep)(-/-) mice exhibited an increased rate of α-cell proliferation and expansion of α-cell area, consistent with changes exhibited by endogenous α-cells in Gcgr(-/-) and Gcgr(Hep)(-/-) pancreata. These results suggest that a circulating factor generated after disruption of hepatic Gcgr signaling can increase α-cell proliferation independent of direct pancreatic input. Identification of novel factors regulating α-cell proliferation and mass may facilitate the generation and expansion of α-cells for transdifferentiation into β-cells and the treatment of diabetes.
Thermogravimetric analysis of chitosan (2007)

Abstract The thermal degradation of chitosan at different heating rates B in nitrogen was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicate that the thermal degradation of chitosan in nitrogen is a one‐step reaction. The degradation temperatures increase with B . Experimentally, the initial degradation temperature ( T 0 ) is (1.049 B + 326.8)°C; the temperature at the maximum degradation rate, that is, the peak temperature on a differential thermogravimetry curve ( T p ), is (1.291 B + 355.2)°C; and the final degradation temperature ( T f ) is (1.505 B + 369.7)°C. The degradation rates at T p and T f are not affected by B , and their average values are 50.17% and 72.16%, respectively, the maximum thermal degradation reaction rate, that is, the peak height on a differential thermogravimetry curve ( R p ), increases with B . The relationship between B and R p is R p = (1.20 B + 2.44)% min −1 . The thermal degradation kinetic parameters are calculated with the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method. The reaction activation energy ( E ) and frequency factor ( A ) change with an increasing degree of decomposition, and the variable trends of the two kinetic parameters are similar. The values of E and A increase remarkably during the initial stage of the reaction, then keep relatively steady, and finally reach a peak during the last stage. The velocity constants of the thermal degradation vary with the degree of decomposition and increase with the reaction temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Potential antidiabetics. I. 1-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-4-arylazopyrazoles (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPotential antidiabetics. I. 1-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-4-arylazopyrazolesH. G. Garg and Prem Pal SinghCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1968, 11, 5, 1103–1104Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00311a057https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00311a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effects of synthetic gestagens on fish reproduction (2009)

Although it is well known that estrogenic steroidal hormones are able to affect the sexual development and reproduction of fish at low concentrations, no data on environmental effects of the class of progestogenic hormones are available yet. Synthetic gestagens (progestins) are a component in oral contraceptives. Upon their use, a fraction of the progestins will be excreted via urine into the aquatic environment. On the basis of their pharmacological action in mammals, it is supposed that fish reproduction is the most sensitive endpoint for the progestin treatment. In order to test this assumption, the effects of two progestins currently marketed in contraceptive formulations, levonorgestrel (LNG) and drospirenone (DRSP), were investigated in adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) following an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 21-d fish reproduction screening assay draft protocol with additional end points. Levonorgestrel was tested at measured concentrations of 0.8, 3.3, and 29.6 ng/L, and DRSP at concentrations of 0.66, 6.5, and 70 microg/L. Both tested progestins caused an inhibition of reproduction. For LNG, this occurred at concentrations of >or=0.8 ng/L, no no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) could be defined. Higher concentrations resulted in masculinization of females with de novo synthesis of nuptial tubercles. Drospirenone treatment, however, affected the reproductive success of fathead minnow at concentrations of 6.5 microg/L and higher with a clear dose-response relationship and a NOEC of 0.66 microg/L, which is above environmentally relevant concentrations.
Quality assurance guidelines for clinical practice in speech/language pathology. (1991)

The quality assurance guidelines for clinical practice in speech/language pathology are effective for assuring the provision of quality clinical services to patients, as well as increasing revenues for hospitals and home care agencies by decreasing or eliminating denials for speech/language pathology claims. The guidelines can be used to evaluate the service and performance of speech therapists employed either directly or by independent contract.
The Reaction of Ketones with Iodine and Thiourea<sup>1</sup> (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of Ketones with Iodine and Thiourea1L. Carroll King and Robert J. HlavacekCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 8, 3722–3725Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01164a110https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01164a110research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views908Altmetric-Citations83LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Vascular Growth Factor and Gene Therapy to Induce New Vessels in the Ischemic Myocardium. Therapeutic Angiogenesis (2001)

(2001). Vascular Growth Factor and Gene Therapy to Induce New Vessels in the Ischemic Myocardium. Therapeutic Angiogenesis. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal: Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 291-296.
Cerebral Blood Flow Effects of Yoga Training: Preliminary Evaluation of 4 Cases (2009)

These initial findings suggest the brain experiences a "training effect" after 12 weeks of IY training.
Multidiscipline Integrated Platform Based on Probabilistic Analysis for Manufacturing Engineering Processes (2018)

Researchers from different disciplines, such as materials science, computer science, safety science, mechanical engineering and controlling engineering, have aimed to improve the quality of manufacturing engineering processes. Considering the requirements of research and development of advanced materials, reliable manufacturing and collaborative innovation, a multidiscipline integrated platform framework based on probabilistic analysis for manufacturing engineering processes is proposed. The proposed platform consists of three logical layers: The requirement layer, the database layer and the application layer. The platform is intended to be a scalable system to gradually supplement related data, models and approaches. The main key technologies of the platform, encapsulation methods, information fusion approaches and the collaborative mechanism are also discussed. The proposed platform will also be gradually improved in the future. In order to exchange information for manufacturing engineering processes, scientists and engineers of different institutes of materials science and manufacturing engineering should strengthen their cooperation.
Wireworm Control on Potatoes, 1978 (1979)

Abstract ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted May 22-3 at the University of Minnesota Rose-mount Agricultural Experiment Station. The field had been in alfalfa the previous 2 years. The soil type is a Waukegan silt loam. Plots were 2 rows, 45-ft long, spaced 40-inches apart, and randomized in complete blocks with 5 replications. The insecticides were applied by hand in 8-inch-wide bands on the center of the rows and incorporated prior to planting. No insecticidal sprays were applied all season. Potatoes were harvested Sep 30, washed, counted, and scored for wireworm damage.
Cost Comparison of Methyl Bromide and Sulfuryl Fluoride (ProFume®) for Fumigating Food Processing Facilities, Warehouses, and Cocoa Beans (2010)

Costs of fumigating a food processing/warehouse facility using methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride (ProFume®) were compared using an economic-engineering approach. The two fumigants were also compared for fumigating cocoa beans. Sulfuryl fluoride is economically feasible for cocoa beans. It is economically feasible for some, but not all, applications in food processing facilities and warehouses. Keywords : Economics, Cost, Benefit, Fumigation methyl bromide, Sulfuryl fluoride, ProFume®
The 26S proteasome: A cell cycle regulator regulated by cell cycle (2016)

Since the discovery of the 26S proteasome nearly three decades ago, its role in executing protein degradation and regulating almost every cellular function, especially cell cycle, has been well est...
Chronic neuroendocrinological sequelae of radiation therapy (1995)

A variety of neuroendocrine disturbances are observed following treatment with external radiation therapy when the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) is included in the treatment field. Radiation-induced abnormalities are generally dose dependent and may develop many years after irradiation. Growth hormone deficiency and premature sexual development can occur following doses as low as 18 Gy fractionated radiation and are the most common neuroendocrine problems noted in children. Deficiency of gonadotropins, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropin are seen primarily in individuals treated with > 40 Gy HPA irradiation. Hyperprolactinemia can be seen following high-dose radiotherapy (> 40 Gy), especially among young women. Most neuroendocrine disturbances that develop as a result of HPA irradiation are treatable; patients at risk require long-term endocrine follow-up.
Peripheral Vision Can Influence Eye Growth and Refractive Development in Infant Monkeys (2005)

On the one hand, the peripheral retina can contribute to emmetropizing responses and to ametropias produced by an abnormal visual experience. On the other hand, unrestricted central vision is not sufficient to ensure normal refractive development, and the fovea is not essential for emmetropizing responses.
Some Experiences With Sodium Silicate As a Corrosion Inhibitor in Industrial Cooling Waters (1957)

The use of sodium silicate as a corrosion control agent for open-recirculating cooling water systems is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the results of tests made with low-carbon steel coupons in eight operating plants. The normal development of silica films, effect of prior corrosion and the influence of pH, water temperature and magnesium hardness are discussed. Long-term test data indicated that crystalloidal silica is highly effective in stopping corrosion of mild steel by a wide variety of industrial cooling waters. Thirty to forty ppm of total crystalloidal silica provided adequate protection in waters containing upwards of 500 ppm of chlorides and sulfates. Magnesium hardness in concentrations above 250 ppm as CaCO3 was found to greatly reduce the inhibitive action. 5.8.2
Exon/intron organization of the chicken type II procollagen gene: intron size distribution suggests a minimal intron size. (1986)

Overlapping genomic clones have been isolated that contain the alpha chain and COOH-terminal propeptide coding regions of the chicken type II procollagen gene. All type II procollagen exon sequences present in these clones have been identified and mapped by DNA sequencing. These include 43 exons coding for the alpha-chain triple helix, 1 exon coding for the junction between the COOH-terminal propeptide and the alpha-chain region, and 3 exons coding for the COOH-terminal propeptide and 3' noncoding sequences. With the exception of one additional intron between 2 exons coding for amino acids 568-585 and 586-603, exon-intron boundaries have been conserved when compared with genes for all other characterized genes for fibrillar collagens. The chicken type II procollagen gene differs from most other collagen genes in having introns of considerably smaller average size. The size distribution of the introns suggests that approximately equal to 80 base pairs may be a minimal functional size for introns in this gene. This size of intron may be necessary in a gene with a very large number of small exons to prevent aberrant splicing from removing exon sequence together with intron sequence.
Filovirus‐Like Particles Produced in Insect Cells: Immunogenicity and Protection in Rodents (2007)

Together, these data suggest that filovirus-like particles produced by baculovirus expression systems, which are amenable to large-scale production, are highly immunogenic and are suitable as safe and effective vaccines for the prevention of filoviral infection.
Practical applications of IDEAL exposure method (1999)

IDEAL (Innovative Double Exposure by Advanced Lithography) has been introduced as a new double exposure technique to realize k<SUB>1</SUB> equals 0.3 optical lithography. IDEAL uses a rough pattern mask with patterns close to the actual device design and a simple fine pattern PSM to resolve very high contrast images on a wafer. IDEAL can be applied to complicated two dimensional patterns for actual device such as double, rectangular or T-shaped gate patterns. Results of IDEAL on different pattern types are shown. IDEAL significantly reduces MEF (Mask Error enhancement Factor). At various rough and fine dose ratios, IDEAL demonstrates the advantage especially at fine linewidths below 150 nm where the MEF of single conventional exposures increase sharply. Our extensive calculation of MEF with various patterns and experiments on complicated two dimensional patterns further confirm that IDEAL is a practical method in advanced device manufacturing.
T-bet and Eomes Are Differentially Linked to the Exhausted Phenotype of CD8+ T Cells in HIV Infection (2014)

CD8(+) T cell exhaustion represents a major hallmark of chronic HIV infection. Two key transcription factors governing CD8(+) T cell differentiation, T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes), have previously been shown in mice to differentially regulate T cell exhaustion in part through direct modulation of PD-1. Here, we examined the relationship between these transcription factors and the expression of several inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CD160, and 2B4), functional characteristics and memory differentiation of CD8(+) T cells in chronic and treated HIV infection. The expression of PD-1, CD160, and 2B4 on total CD8(+) T cells was elevated in chronically infected individuals and highly associated with a T-bet(dim)Eomes(hi) expressional profile. Interestingly, both resting and activated HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in chronic infection were almost exclusively T-bet(dim)Eomes(hi) cells, while CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells displayed a balanced expression pattern of T-bet and Eomes. The T-bet(dim)Eomes(hi) virus-specific CD8(+) T cells did not show features of terminal differentiation, but rather a transitional memory phenotype with poor polyfunctional (effector) characteristics. The transitional and exhausted phenotype of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells was longitudinally related to persistent Eomes expression after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Strikingly, these characteristics remained stable up to 10 years after ART initiation. This study supports the concept that poor human viral-specific CD8(+) T cell functionality is due to an inverse expression balance between T-bet and Eomes, which is not reversed despite long-term viral control through ART. These results aid to explain the inability of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells to control the viral replication post-ART cessation.
Active Mineral Fillers Arrest Migrations of Alkane Acids to the Interface of Bitumen and Siliceous Surfaces (2019)

Moisture damage is one of the most intractable and costly pavement damage problems. Acid compounds in bitumen are implicated in the increased risk of moisture damage at the bitumen–aggregate interface, especially in cases where siliceous aggregates are used in pavement structure. This paper examines the efficacy of using active mineral powders as dopants in bitumen to control the migration of alkane acids to the interface of bitumen and siliceous stone aggregates. Results from combined atomic force microscopy and infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) confirm that alkane acids accumulate at the bitumen–silica interface which in turn negatively affect adhesion specially under wet conditions. Mineral powders including silica or alumina effectively reduced the accumulation and crystallization of alkane acids at the silica interface, but dry calcium carbonate powder was ineffective. Due to their polar surface and high surface area, the oxide particles create internal competition to draw alkane acids away from the interface. The study results help explain the essential role of active mineral fillers in controlling the migration of detrimental alkane acids to the interface of bitumen and siliceous aggregates which are known to be susceptible to moisture damage.
Spatial and Temporal Induction of Cell Death, Defense Genes, and Accumulation of Salicylic Acid in Tobacco Leaves Reacting Hypersensitively to a Fungal Glycoprotein Elicitor (1997)

We have analyzed the spatial and temporal expression of defense responses induced in attached tobacco leaves treated with a Phytophthora megasperma glycoprotein that was previously shown to be an efficient elicitor of the hypersensitive reaction. The infiltrated tissue (zone 1), the surrounding tissue (zone 2), which is 5 mm in width, and tissue at a distance >2 cm from zone 2 (zone 3) were analyzed separately. Cell death occurred only in zone 1 and was completed by 14 h. Defense gene expression was induced in zones 1 and 2 with striking differential patterns, but not in zone 3. There was a rapid (1 to 4 h) induction of genes of the phenylpropanoid, salicylic acid, and ses-quiterpenoid pathways in zones 1 and 2. However, it was strong and transient in the former and of lesser extent but sustained in the latter. High amounts of scopoletin, a phenylpropanoid metabolite, were found synthesized in zone 2. Pathogenesis-related (PR) transcripts and the corresponding PR proteins accumulated in high amounts in zone 2 rather late after the treatment (24 h). Salicylic acid was synthesized in both zone 1 and zone 2. Using a radioactively labeled elicitor, we demonstrated that the elicitor remained strictly localized to zone 1. The results provide strong evidence that an endogenous cell-to-cell signaling mechanism was triggered and occurred between the elici-tor-treated cells (zone 1) and the surrounding cells (zone 2), where it induces strong defense responses without cell death.
Effect of stator and rotor saturation on sensorless rotor position detection (2011)

This paper shows how the saturation either of the stator or the rotor of a permanent magnet (PM) machine affects the machine performance, in terms of sensorless rotor position detection capability. An interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor with three rotor flux barriers is considered. The motor geometry is modified so as to achieve a higher iron saturation in the stator and in the rotor. Finite element (FE) simulations are carried out to highlight the effect of such saturation.
Temperature Coefficients for Pco2 and pH in Whole Blood (1965)

THE ACID-BASE situation under hypothermic conditions is poorly understood because exact values for partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco<sub>2</sub>) and hydrogen ion content (pH) of whole blood under those conditions are difficult to determine. The values of Pco<sub>2</sub>and pH in whole blood are important because the newer, electrometric analytical equipment can make these determinations accurately and rapidly on a sample of whole blood. In practice, the use of whole blood is time saving; it is always available and it does not require centrifugation. By nature of the fluid, temperature coefficients for Pco<sub>2</sub>and pH in whole blood cannot be derived theoretically; too many highly variable parameters would have to be dealt with.<sup>1</sup>Therefore, empirically derived temperature coefficients for converting a Pco<sub>2</sub>and pH determination at 37 C to a Pco<sub>2</sub>and pH determination at a sample's original temperature are necessary. Another reason temperature
Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses (2010)

We propose and demonstrate the use of subharmonically synchronized laser pulses for low-noise lock-in detection in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. In the experiment, Yb-fiber laser pulses at a repetition rate of 38 MHz are successfully synchronized to Ti:sapphire laser pulses at a repetition rate of 76 MHz with a jitter of <8 fs by a two-photon detector and an intra-cavity electro-optic modulator. By using these pulses, high-frequency lock-in detection of SRS signal is accomplished without high-speed optical modulation. The noise level of the lock-in signal is found to be higher than the shot noise limit only by 1.6 dB. We also demonstrate high-contrast, 3D imaging of unlabeled living cells.