gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation and Characterization of Crystalline Molecular Arrays of Gas Molecules in a 1-Dimensional Ultramicropore of a Porous Copper Coordination Polymer (2005)

Molecules and atoms confined in a nanospace may have properties distinctly different from those of the bulk fluid, owing to the formation of a specific molecular array characteristic of nanospace. In situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction measurements have been used to observe confined guest molecules such as N2, O2, Ar, and CH4 in the well-regulated ultramicropore of a copper coordination polymer, 1 ([Cu2(pzdc)2pyz]: pzdc = 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylate and pyz = pyrazine). The obtained crystal structures indicate that guest molecules are confined in a linear fashion to form crystalline-like regular ordered arrays, in contrast to the situation in the gas and liquid state, even at temperatures above the boiling point, and the ordered arrays are characteristic of the kind of gas molecule and the geometrical and potential properties of the ultramicropore of 1.
Properties and use of fly ash in Portland cement concrete (1982)

This paper summarizes the physical and chemical properties of fly ash; and their effect on freshly mixed and hardened concrete; evaluates engineering parameters of concrete containing fly ash and also discusses special applications such as pumped concrete.
Solarmodule mit integriertem Wechselrichter (2004)

Anlagen mit zentralem Wechselrichter (A) markieren den Ursprung dieser Technologie. Hier werden zunachst die photovoltaischen Module zu Strangen in Reihe geschaltet. Der erzeugte Strom ergibt sich aus einer Parallelschaltung der Strange. Die Leistung des PV-Generators wird von einem Wechselrichter ins Netz eingespeist. Diese Technologie kommt bei grosen Anlagen, die uber einen PV-Generator mit sehr homogener Bestrahlung verfugen, zum Einsatz. Das Stringkonzept (B) verwendet einen Wechselrichter pro Strang und ermoglicht bereits eine flexiblere Anlagenplanung. Unterschiedlich ausgerichtete Generatoren konnen ohne Fehlanpassung betrieben werden. Eine konsequente Fortsetzung der modularen Struktur des PV-Generators in der Energieaufbereitung stellt der modulintegrierte Stromrichter dar (C). Die Ausrustung jedes einzelnen Moduls mit einem Kleinwechselrichter bietet einige Vorteile bei Planung und Betrieb der Anlage:
A method of pre-sentence text based on Map/Reduce storage and indexing classification (2014)

Today, as more and more businesses and individuals into the study of cloud computing, data storage in the cloud platform is also growing. So how cloud environment quickly and effectively store, manage and use these data has become a very important and challenging issues. This paper mainly discusses the storage model based on Map/Reduce text categorization, at the same time combining forecasting data classification strategy, classifying the data in the cloud storage system, the hot data stored in the hot disk area, the cold disk data stored in the cold area, and neural network to predict seasonal data, to predict the temperature data in the next period of time, the data in the hot or cold area can be seasonal migration in the region. Indexing based on this model, which can improve the efficiency of huge amounts of data indexing. To a certain extent, reduce query latency and improve search efficiency.
Hybrid distributed Raman/EDFA amplifier with hybrid automatic gain control for reconfigurable WDM optical networks (2013)

Nowadays, optical amplifiers designs are induced by new requirements generated by optical networks. The introduction of WDM reconfigurable networks with increasing rate from 10-40 Gb/s to 100 Gb/s and beyond, demand new optical amplifiers development with improved gain spectral flatness and noise figure for all operational range of input powers and set-point gains. In this paper, it was developed a hybrid distributed Raman/EDFA amplifier with a novel hybrid gain control (HGC) scheme based on joint actuation. The HGC was firstly developed by numerical simulation and after experimentally, in a WDM system with 100 km SSMF fiber span and full C-band load. The Results shows an improved equivalent noise figure with flattened gain spectrum for all amplifier operation range in dynamic optical networks.
Utility of ADC measurement on diffusion-weighted MRI in differentiation of prostate cancer, normal prostate and prostatitis. (2013)

To determine the utility of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in differentiation of prostate cancer from normal prostate parenchyma and prostatitis we obtained ADC values of 50 patients at b 100, 600 and 1,000 s/mm(2) diffusion gradients. The ADC values of prostate cancer group were significantly lower than normal prostate and prostatitis group at b 600 and 1,000 s/mm(2) gradients. The ADC values at high diffusion gradients may be used in differentiation prostate cancer from normal prostate and prostatitis.
Sign of the times (1994)

The NHS reforms have brought about many sweeping changes affecting nursing. Sian Thomas focuses on employment issues and warns nurses to get their message across on pay and conditions
Fault detection with sensor fusion using intelligent immune system (2016)

In modern complex systems comprising multiple sensors and other components, fault detection and isolation appears to be a challenging task. An unknown fault in the system can lead to catastrophes. Performance accuracy can be achieved while eliminating the uncertainties and limitations of single sensors through a process of multi-sensor fusion. Inspired by the danger theory of artificial immune systems, an efficient and robust fault detection and isolation scheme is proposed in this paper. The danger theory overcomes such issues as scaling problems, high false positive rates and complexity issues. Furthermore, the characteristics of dendritic cells; i.e., threat detection and information fusion, is utilized for the purpose of fault detection, isolation and sensor fusion. The developed methodology is tested on two cases: the redundant case comprising two infrared sensors and an ultrasonic sensor, and the heterogeneous case comprising two current sensors and a vibration sensor.
Transient expression of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus immediate-early gene, IE-N, is regulated by three viral elements (1991)

Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that expresses several immediate-early genes under the control of different promoters. The expression of one of these transcription units, IE-N, is shown here, by a transient expression assay, to be regulated by both cis- and trans-acting viral elements. The steady-state levels of IE-N mRNA were very abundant soon after infection but were nearly undetectable during the late phase of the viral life cycle. Analysis of the transient expression of a reporter construct driven by the IE-N promoter (IE-NCAT) was conducted to define viral elements which regulate IE-N gene expression. Viral enhancer hr1 and two immediate-early genes, IE-1 and IE-N, were shown to affect relative levels of reporter enzyme activity produced by IE-NCAT. The hr1 enhancer stimulated the expression of IE-NCAT, independent of orientation and position relative to the promoter and in the absence of any trans-acting viral factors. Regulation of IE-NCAT expression by the IE-1 and IE-N genes required less than 290 bp of promoter sequences upstream of the site of transcription initiation and was not dependent upon the hr1 enhancer. Coexpression of the IE-N gene had an autostimulatory effect upon IE-NCAT activity, whereas coexpression of the IE-1 gene reduced levels of reporter activity. The levels of reporter activity measured upon coexpression of either immediate-early gene with IE-NCAT linked to the hr1 enhancer appear to be the combined result of both cis- and trans-regulatory elements influencing expression from IE-NCAT. These results suggest that IE-N gene expression in baculovirus infection may be influenced by the concerted activity of three AcMNPV regulatory elements.
Simultaneous Occurrence of Mongolism and Leukemia (1957)

The reports of the simultaneous occurrence of leukemia and Mongolism by Schunk (two cases), 1 Bernhard (three cases), 2 Krivit and Good (five cases), 3 and Merrit and Harris (four cases) 4 and the personal communications of Dr. Sydney Farber (eight cases) and Dr. James Wolff (four cases) prompted a nationwide survey to determine the incidence of this entity. The observation of a surprisingly large number of patients with concomitant leukemia and Mongolism was indeed intriguing and provoked an effort to determine whether or not the joint occurrence of these two diseases was fortuitous or biologically significant. It was reasoned that if this surprising combination of unusual diseases were found to occur more frequently than could be explained by chance, a common denominator for the two disorders might be sought. For example, among the etiologic possibilities one might consider teratogenic forces (i. e., virus infection, nutritional factors, toxicity, or stress)
Changing J774A.1 Cells to New Medium Perturbs Multiple Signaling Pathways, Including the Modulation of Protein Kinase C by Endogenous Sphingoid Bases (1997)

Sphingosine, sphinganine, and other long-chain (sphingoid) bases are highly bioactive intermediates of sphingolipid metabolism that have diverse effects when added to cells, including the inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) as evaluated by both enzymatic activity and [3H]phorbol dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu) binding. Nonetheless, changes in endogenous sphingoid bases have not been proven to affect PKC or other signal transduction pathways. We have discovered recently that changing J774A.1 cells to new medium results in up to 10-fold increases in sphingoid bases (Smith, E. R., and Merrill, A. H., Jr. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18749-18758); therefore, this system was used to elevate sphingosine and sphinganine and determine if PKC was affected. Incubation of J774A.1 cells in new medium for 30 min increased the levels of these endogenous sphingoid bases to approximately 0.5 nmol/mg of protein and decreased [3H]PDBu binding by 40-60%. Addition of NH4Cl, which suppresses the change in sphingosine, restored [3H]PDBu binding. Elevation of endogenous sphinganine by a second method (addition of fumonisin B1, an inhibitor of ceramide synthase) also reduced [3H]PDBu binding; therefore, elevations in sphingosine and sphinganine can both affect PKC. The elevation in sphingoid bases was also associated with an increase in the amount of PKC-delta (the major PKC isozyme in J774A. 1 cells) in the cytosol, as determined by activity assays and immunoblot analyses. Changing the culture medium affected other PKC isozymes, increased cellular levels of diacylglycerol, dihydroceramide, and ceramide, and altered the expression of two genes (the expression of JE was increased, and the induction of MnSOD by TNF-alpha was potentiated). Thus, changing the culture medium has numerous effects on J774A.1 cells, including the modulation of PKC by endogenous sphingoid bases.
A controls laboratory program with an accent on system identification (1997)

A sequence of laboratories is presented which have been designed to maximize student involvement in the design as well as execution of the laboratory exercises. The student works quite independently, starting with the simplest plant and control model, and a relatively structured identification experiment, controller design and performance assessment. The student moves to self-designed system identification and controller design. The cap stone of the course is a competitive controls application which challenges the students command of the theoretical tools as well as thoroughness and accuracy of experimental technique.
Ambipolar Diphenylamino End-Capped Oligofluorenylthiophenes as Excellent Electron-Transporting Emitters (2007)

In addition to hole transport, diphenylamino-end-capped oligofluorenylthiophenes can exhibit efficient electron transport, in which the oligothiophene central core acts as an excellent electron-transporting moiety. The highly efficient undoped multilayer OLEDs using OF(2)TTP-NPh and OF(2)QTP-NPh as an electron-transporting emitter exhibited a maximum luminance of 19,800 and 11,800 cd m(-2) with a luminance efficiency up to 5.3 and 1.0 cd A(-1), respectively.
Comparison of the topologies of high efficiency neutral point clamping photovoltaic inverters (2011)

Photovoltaic (PV) inverter is one of the key elements in photovoltaic generation system. In order to enhance the utilization efficiency of solar energy and lower the cost of PV generation, high efficiency PV inverters have obtained much more attention during recent years. Neutral point clamping (NPC) three-level topologies have some attractive advantages, such as low switching loss, low EMI, no PV array leakage current and smaller filter inductors. Hence, NPC topologies are suitable for single-phase PV generation. In this paper, three typical NPC topologies (Diode NPC, Active NPC and Conergy NPC) are compared in detail, including modulation strategy, power loss distribution, device cost and operation characteristics. In addition, the conversion efficiencies of these three topologies are tested through experiments. The results show that: (1)Conergy NPC has the highest efficiency and lowest device number among the three topologies; (2)Active NPC has adjustable power loss distribution and is easy for heat sink design in high power applications, but it has complex control and the highest device cost among the three topologies; (3)The power loss distribution of diode NPC can not be adjustable and has negative influence on the heat sink design in high power applications.
Constitutive IDO1 Expression in Human Tumors Is Driven by Cyclooxygenase-2 and Mediates Intrinsic Immune Resistance (2017)

Tumors use various mechanisms to avoid immune destruction. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression may be a driver of immune suppression in melanoma, but the mechanisms involved remain elusive. Here, we show that COX-2 expression drives constitutive expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in human tumor cells. IDO1 is an immunosuppressive enzyme that degrades tryptophan. In a series of seven human tumor lines, constitutive IDO1 expression depends on COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE<sub>2</sub>), which, upon autocrine signaling through the EP receptor, activates IDO1 via the PKC and PI3K pathways. COX-2 expression itself depends on the MAPK pathway, which therefore indirectly controls IDO1 expression. Most of these tumors carry PI3K or MAPK oncogenic mutations, which may favor constitutive IDO1 expression. Celecoxib treatment promoted immune rejection of IDO1-expressing human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human allogeneic lymphocytes. This effect was associated with a reduced expression of IDO1 in those ovarian SKOV3 tumors and an increased infiltration of CD3<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> cells. Our results highlight the role of COX-2 in constitutive IDO1 expression by human tumors and substantiate the use of COX-2 inhibitors to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, by reducing constitutive IDO1 expression, which contributes to the lack of T-cell infiltration in "cold" tumors, which fail to respond to immunotherapy. <i>Cancer Immunol Res; 5(8); 695-709. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Analysis of local and wide-field movements in the superior temporal visual areas of the macaque monkey (1986)

The middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas of the macaque cortex have many cells that respond to straight movements in the frontoparallel plane with directional selectivity (D cells). We examined their responses to movements of a bar, of a wide dot pattern, and to combined movements of the two in anesthetized and immobilized animals. D cells in MT showed a wide variety in the strength of the inhibitory field surrounding the excitatory center field. Responses of SI+-type cells to a bar moving across the excitatory field were suppressed when a wide dot pattern moved over the surround field in the same direction and at the same speed as the bar. Inhibition was selective to the direction and speed of the surround movement, and the effective area for inhibition occupied a wide area, which expanded in all radial directions. Responses of SI- -type cells to a center bar movement were changed little by a conjoint movement over the surround field. Consequently, SI- -type cells responded to wide-field movement as well as to stimuli confined within the excitatory field. Although D cells in MST commonly had large excitatory fields, a proportion of them (Figure type) responded to bar movement much more strongly than to wide-field movement. Their responses to a bar movement were suppressed direction-selectively by a conjoint movement of a wide dot-pattern background. The effective area for inhibition coexisted with the excitatory field in these cells. MST cells of the Nonselective type responded comparably well to the two stimuli, and those of the Field type responded much more strongly to wide-field movement than to bar movement. It is thus suggested that MT cells of the SI+ type and MST cells of the Figure type can detect a difference between movements of an object and its wide background, whereas MST cells of the Field type can detect a conjoint movement of a wide field, neglecting the movements of a single object.
Human chromosomal localization of genes encoding the gamma 1 and gamma 2 subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor indicates that members of this gene family are often clustered in the genome. (1992)

The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain and the site of action of a number of important pharmacological agents including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and ethanol. The gamma 1 and gamma 2 subunits have been shown to be important in mediating responses to benzodiazepines, and a splicing variant of the gamma 2 subunit, gamma 2L, has been shown to be necessary for ethanol actions on the receptor, raising the possibility that the gamma 2 gene may be involved in human genetic predisposition to the development of alcoholism. We have assigned the human genes encoding the gamma 1 and gamma 2 subunits of the GABAA receptor to chromosomes 4 and 5, respectively, by PCR amplification of human-specific products from human-hamster somatic cell hybrid DNAs. Using panels of chromosome-specific natural deletion hybrids, we have further localized the gamma 1 gene (GABRG1) to 4p14-q21.1 and the gamma 2 gene (GABRG2) to 5q31.1-q33.2. These data indicate that the gamma 1 gene may be clustered together with the previously mapped alpha 2 and beta 1 genes on chromosome 4 and that the gamma 2 gene may be close to the previously localized alpha 1 gene on chromosome 5. To further examine the latter possibility the alpha 1 gene was mapped using the chromosome 5 deletion hybrids and shown to be within the same region as the gamma 2 gene, 5q31.1-q33.2. A PCR-based screening strategy was used to isolate a 450-kilobase human genomic yeast artificial chromosome clone containing both the alpha 1 and gamma 2 genes. Pulsed-field gel restriction mapping of the yeast artificial chromosome indicates that the two genes are within 200 kilobases of each other. The data presented here provide further evidence for the nonrandom organization of the human genome by demonstrating that members of the GABAA receptor gene family often occur in small gene clusters widely distributed in the genome.
Lipid-coated polymeric nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery (2015)

Polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes have been the platform of choice for nanoparticle-based cancer drug delivery applications over the past decade, but extensive research has revealed their limitations as drug delivery carriers. A hybrid class of nanoparticles, aimed at combining the advantages of both polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes, has received attention in recent years. These core/shell type nanoparticles, frequently referred to as lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs), possess several characteristics that make them highly suitable for drug delivery. This review introduces the formulation methods used to synthesize LPNs and discusses the strategies used to treat cancer, such as by targeting the tumor microenvironment or vasculature. Finally, it discusses the challenges that must be overcome to realize the full potential of LPNs in the clinic.
Interference-Free Proteome Quantification with MS/MS-based Isobaric Isotopologue Detection (2014)

Chemical labeling of peptides prior to shotgun proteomics allows relative quantification of proteins in biological samples independent of sample origin. Current strategies utilize isobaric labels that fragment into reporter ions. However, quantification of reporter ions results in distorted ratio measurements due to contaminating peptides that are co-selected in the same precursor isolation window. Here, we show that quantitation of isobaric peptide fragment isotopologues in tandem mass spectra reduces precursor interference. The method is based on the relative quantitation of isobaric isotopologues of dimethylated peptide fragments in tandem mass spectra following higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD). The approach enables precise quantification of a proteome down to single spectra per protein and quantifies >90% of proteins in a MudPIT experiment and accurately measures proteins in a model cell line for cystic fibrosis.
A local circuit topology for inductive parasitics (2002)

A novel circuit topology for inductive coupling between interconnecting wires is presented. The model is local, i.e., only coupling between neighboring wires is explicitly modeled. However, the topology accounts for long-range coupling by propagating the vector potential from one wire to the next. Examples of model calibration, both directly from layout and as model-order reduction of a given inductance matrix, are presented for simple wiring structures.
Studies on substituted lactams (I) (1971)

Abstract Syntheses and reactions of 4‐carboxy‐2‐pyrrolidone, 6,6‐dimethyl‐4‐carboxy‐2‐piperidone, and 5,5‐dimethyl‐4‐carboxy‐2‐pyrrolidone are described. Whereas 4‐carboxy‐2‐pyrrolidone polymerizes upon heating to form a polyimide, the two lactams containing geminal dimethyl groups undergo isomerization. The 6,6‐dimethyl‐4‐carboxy‐2‐piperidone isomerizes to 5,5‐dimethyl‐3‐carboxymethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, and 5,5‐dimethyl‐4‐carboxy‐2‐pyrrolidone affords isopropylidene succinimide. Possible mechanisms for these reactions are discussed.
A Simple Method for Multiple Modification of the<i>Escherichia coli</i>K-12 Chromosome (2007)

We developed a simple method of generating markerless deletions in the Escherichia coli chromosome. The method consists of two recombination events stimulated by lambda Red recombinase. The first recombination replaced a target region with a marker cassette and the second then eliminated the marker cassette. The marker cassette included an antibiotic resistant gene and a negative selection marker (Bacillus subtilis sacB). Since sacB makes E. coli sensitive to sucrose, a markerless deletion strain was successfully selected using its sucrose-resistant phenotype. To stimulate these recombination events, 1-kbp homologous sequences adjacent to the target region were connected to both ends of the marker cassette or connected to each other by PCR. The average efficiency of the recombinations was 24% and 93% respectively. Eliminating the marker cassette with a fragment including an additional sequence, insertion was also possible. This markerless deletion method should be useful in creating a highly modified E. coli chromosome.