gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Genomic Instability in Cells Infected with the High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses (2009)

In HPV-related cancers, the "high-risk" human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are frequently found integrated into the cellular genome. The integrated subgenomic HPV fragments express viral oncoproteins and carry an origin of DNA replication that is capable of initiating bidirectional DNA re-replication in the presence of HPV replication proteins E1 and E2, which ultimately leads to rearrangements within the locus of the integrated viral DNA. The current study indicates that the E1- and E2-dependent DNA replication from the integrated HPV origin follows the "onion skin"-type replication mode and generates a heterogeneous population of replication intermediates. These include linear, branched, open circular, and supercoiled plasmids, as identified by two-dimensional neutral-neutral gel-electrophoresis. We used immunofluorescence analysis to show that the DNA repair/recombination centers are assembled at the sites of the integrated HPV replication. These centers recruit viral and cellular replication proteins, the MRE complex, Ku70/80, ATM, Chk2, and, to some extent, ATRIP and Chk1 (S317). In addition, the synthesis of histone gammaH2AX, which is a hallmark of DNA double strand breaks, is induced, and Chk2 is activated by phosphorylation in the HPV-replicating cells. These changes suggest that the integrated HPV replication intermediates are processed by the activated cellular DNA repair/recombination machinery, which results in cross-chromosomal translocations as detected by metaphase FISH. We also confirmed that the replicating HPV episomes that expressed the physiological levels of viral replication proteins could induce genomic instability in the cells with integrated HPV. We conclude that the HPV replication origin within the host chromosome is one of the key factors that triggers the development of HPV-associated cancers. It could be used as a starting point for the "onion skin"-type of DNA replication whenever the HPV plasmid exists in the same cell, which endangers the host genomic integrity during the initial integration and after the de novo infection.
[Effect of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide on function of macrophages in the peritoneal cavities of mice with liver lesions]. (1991)

The cells in peritoneal cavities of mice were taken out and cultured in vitro. The amount to release H2O2 of the macrophages was assayed by fluorimetry. Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide (PUP) could not only increase the number of macrophages and the amount of H2O2 release in the peritoneal cavities of normal mice, but also raise the lowered number of macrophages and the ability to release H2O2 in the peritoneal cavities of the mice with liver lesions caused by CCl4 significantly. So PUP could improve the cellular immunity of normal mice and the mice with liver lesions.
Computational models of scientific discovery (1991)

Abstract Computational modelling of scientific discovery is emerging as an important research field in artificial intelligence. Various computational systems modelling different aspects of scientific research and discovery have been developed. This paper looks at some of these models in order to examine how knowledge is organized in such systems, what forms of representation they have, how their methods of learning and representation are integrated, and the effects of representation on learning. The paper also describes the achievements and shortcomings of these systems, and discusses the obstacles in developing more comprehensive models.
Polarization diversity in CDMA (2002)

Since down-town areas are rapidly becoming littered with antennas, it is of great interest for operators to keep their contribution of antennas to a minimum. Dual polarized antennas may be a solution to reduce the number of antennas, and still obtain a satisfactory antenna diversity gain. However, in order for them to be competitive with space diversity configurations, the diversity gain obtained using dual polarized antennas must be comparable to the that obtained from space diversity. The purpose of this study is to analyse the diversity performance of a DS-CDMA system employing /spl plusmn/45 /spl deg/ dual polarized antennas, for different environments. A system model is presented and analysed.
CHARACTERIZATION OF DIATOM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) NITRATE REDUCTASE GENES AND THEIR DETECTION IN MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES<sup>1</sup> (2005)

The complete assimilatory nitrate reductase (NR) gene from the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum triconutum Bohlin was sequenced from cDNA and compared with NR sequences from fungi, green algae, vascular plants, and the recently sequenced genome of the centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle and Heimdal CCMP1335. In all the major eukaryotic nitrate reductase (Euk‐NR) functional domains, diatom NR gene sequences are generally 50%–60% identical to plant and alga sequences at the amino acid level. In the less conserved N‐terminal, hinge 1, and hinge 2 regions, homology to other NR sequences is weak, generally<30%. Two PCR primer sets capable of amplifying Euk‐NR from plants, algae, and diatoms were designed. One primer set was used to amplify a 750‐base pair (bp) NR fragment from the cDNA of five additional diatom strains. The PCR amplicon spans part of the well‐conserved dimer interface region, the more variable hinge 1 region, and part of the conserved cytochrome b heme binding region. The second primer set, targeted to the dimer region, was used to amplify an approximately 400‐bp fragment of the NR gene from DNA samples collected in Monterey Bay, California and in central New Jersey inner continental shelf (LEO‐15 site) waters. Only diatom‐like NR sequences were recovered from Monterey Bay samples, whereas LEO‐15 samples yielded NR sequences from a range of photosynthetic eukaryotes. The prospect of using DNA‐ and RNA‐based methods to target the NR genes of diatoms specifically is a promising approach for future physiological and ecological experiments.
Some amino acids in the developing visual system (1969)

Abstract Glutamic acid, glutamine, GABA, aspartic acid, and alanine have been determined throughout the ontogenetic development of the rabbit visual system, i.e., occipital cortex, superior colliculi, lateral geniculate bodies, and retina. At 11 days of age, when the rabbits' eyes were opening, many of the amino acids had decreased significantly in the individual parts, and then later increased to more mature levels. The amino acid level appeared to be fully developed by 30 days of life with glutamic acid having the highest concentration in the cortical area and GABA in the subcortical ones.
Surface Electrical Leakage on Insulators and Coatings in the Presence of Moisture Condensation (1976)

The electrical leakage of insulation exposed to moisture, particularly when salt deposits from a marine environment are also present, can degrade the performance of electrical and electronic equipment or render it inoperative until cleaned and dried. The effects of prolonged bulk moisture condensation on the surface electrical resistivities of some typical insulating materials and coatings have been studied. As in the case of exposure to relative humidities below saturation, the materials of low surface energy maintained higher resistivities. These were related to the water droplet contact angles, particularly the receding angles resulting from coalescence. Nonporous coatings with low surface energies maintained high resistivities even when applied to the poorer substrates, but porous coatings showed continual declines.
Expression of wild-type and truncated myocilins in trabecular meshwork cells: their subcellular localizations and cytotoxicities. (2002)

TM cells participating in the turnover of trabecular extracellular matrix (ECM) components are important in regulating aqueous outflow. The truncated myocilin, colocalized and coaggregated with wild-type myocilin, is believed to cause a dysfunction of the cells, resulting in alterations in structural compartmentalization of trabecular ECM and obstruction of aqueous outflow.
Flower seeds, 1931 / (1931)

The Horticultural Trade Journal of London, Eng¬ land, quotes the following on Giants of California: ''Rodger's California Strain of Asters is ideal for grow¬ ers of cut flowers; the flowers measure up to 6 inches across packed with broad petals and may be grown with stems 30 inch¬ es long.It is truly an aristocrat amongst Asters, vying with well known chrysanthemums in size of flower and length of stem.Mixture includes peach blossom, light blue, purple, deep rose and white.
Optical metrology for LEDs and solid state lighting (2006)

The performance of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), including efficiency, flux level, lifetime, and the variation of color, is advancing at a remarkable pace. LEDs are increasingly used for many applications including automotive, aviation, display, transportation and special lighting applications. White LEDs are expected for general lighting applications (solid state lighting) in the near future. Thus, accurate measurements of LEDs and appropriate standards are increasingly important. This paper reviews photometric, radiometric, and colorimetric quantities used for LEDs, and discusses the current state of optical measurements of LEDs and standardization efforts in International Commission on Illumination (CIE). The paper also touches on the issue of color quality (e.g., Color Rendering Index) of light expected from solid state lighting, and the need for a new metric. The calibration facilities and services for LEDs established at NIST are also discussed.
Inter-American Academy of Comparative and International Law (1947)

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Deutscher Schmerzkongress vom 23.–26.10.2013 in Hamburg (2014)

Der Deutsche Schmerzkongress wird jährlich von der Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft e.V. gemeinsam mit der Deutschen Migräne- und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft e.V. (DMKG) durchgeführt. Das diesjährige Motto in Hamburg lautete: „Moderne Schmerzmedizin – ist alles gut, was geht?“ (▶ [Abb. 1]). Die Kongresspräsidenten Prof. Dr. Azad und Prof. Dr. May wählten das Motto bewusst, um eine interprofessionelle Diskussion und kritische Reflexion darüber anzustoßen, was medizinisch/therapeutisch zwar möglich, aber auch gut und ethisch vertretbar ist. Dazu fand zum 1. Mal ein interaktives Symposium mit dem Titel „Nightmares in Pain Management“ statt, bei dem 4 kritische Situationen aus dem schmerzmedizinischen Alltag aufgegriffen und in einem Plenum besprochen wurden.
A new decoding algorithm for geometrically uniform trellis codes (1996)

A new decoding algorithm for geometrically uniform trellis codes is presented. The group structure of the codes is exploited in order to improve the decoding process. Analytical bounds to the algorithm performance and to its computational complexity are derived. The algorithm complexity does not depend on the number of states of the trellis describing the code. Extensive simulations yield results on the algorithm performance and complexity, and permit a comparison with the Viterbi algorithm and the sequential Fano algorithm.
High repetition long pulse XeCl laser with a coaxial ceramic pulse-forming line (1986)

A coaxial pulse-forming line using ceramic as a dielectric material has been developed for excitation of a long pulse XeCl laser. The dielectric constant of 1700 enabled a compact low-impedance pulse-forming line (PFL) with an electric transit time of 260 ns/m. A 200-ns optical pulse has been produced with an output energy of 240 mJ from a 2×2×28-cm3 active region. The use of a magnetic switch rather than a nontriggered rail gap improved dramatically the high repetition rate capability, jitter, and reproducibility of the optical pulse shape, which are essential for practical use. The jitter was within 2 ns and the fluctuation in the output energy was ±3%.
Observations on A, Low Molecular Weight Natriuretic and Na-K-ATPase Inhibitory Material in Urine (1985)

Natriuretic and Na-K-ATPase inhibitory material prepared from urine by gel filtration on G25 Sephadex was previously found to be of low molecular weight, polar and non-peptide. Although activity appeared to depend on an amino group, tests and radioenzymatic assays for catecholamines suggested that these were not implicated in the natriuretic activity. Further purification of the material included solvent extraction, cation exchange and high performance liquid chromatography. At each stage, fractions were assayed for natriuretic activity, stimulation of G6PD and inhibition of Na-K-ATPase in cytochemical assays, and for digoxin-like activities i.e. inhibition of dog kidney Na-K-ATPase (Sigma), displacement of 3H ouabain bound to cell membranes and cross reaction with antidigoxin antibody. The crude material possessed all activities, but with successive purifications the activities separated from each other and were thus due to different substances. Analyses for catecholamines with HPLC and electrochemical detection revealed that the natriuretic activity was due to dopamine.
Field Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Surfactant Modified Zeolite and Iron‐Oxide‐Coated Sand for Removing Viruses and Bacteria from Ground Water (2003)

Abstract Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of iron‐oxide‐coated sand (ICS) and surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ) to remove viruses and bacteria from ground water. The reactive media were employed as filter packs of a pumping well that withdrew sewage effluent from a constructed wetland at a rate of 0.72 L/min. The contact time of the pumped water with the filter pack (10 cm thick) was about two minutes. Upgradient of the pumping well, the sewage effluent was spiked with MS‐2 bacteriophage and E. coli. While the employed ICS filter pack failed to remove viruses and bacteria to a significant degree, the SMZ filter pack removed more than 99% of the viruses and 100% of E. coli from the ground water while fresh. In an additional field experiment using the same configuration but leaving the filter pack in place for more than five months, the SMZ filter pack was still removing 100% of E. coli , but failed to reduce virus numbers to a significant degree.
Monolithically integrated power MOSFET and Schottky diode with improved reverse recovery characteristics (1990)

A power DMOSFET structure with a monolithically integrated Schottky diode located under the source contact pad is described. In this structure the source contact metallization step is also used to fabricate an epitaxial drift region Schottky diode in parallel with the parasitic body p-n junction diode of the power MOSFET. Such a structure results in significantly improved internal diode switching characteristics with no degradation in the on-state resistance and drain-source breakdown voltage. The integral power MOSFET technology was used to fabricate 30- and 45-V vertical power DMOSFETs with a reduction in peak reverse current and stored charge of more than 25% as compared to a conventional power DMOSFET. The Schottky diode consumed less than 15% of the active transistor area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Efficient view maintenance at data warehouses (1997)

We present incremental view maintenance algorithms for a data warehouse derived from multiple distributed autonomous data sources. We begin with a detailed framework for analyzing view maintenance algorithms for multiple data sources with concurrent updates. Earlier approaches for view maintenance in the presence of concurrent updates typically require two types of messages: one to compute the view change due to the initial update and the other to compensate the view change due to interfering concurrent updates. The algorithms developed in this paper instead perform the compensation locally by using the information that is already available at the data warehouse. The first algorithm, termed SWEEP, ensures complete consistency of the view at the data warehouse in the presence of concurrent updates. Previous algorithms for incremental view maintenance either required a quiescent state at the data warehouse or required an exponential number of messages in terms of the data sources. In contrast, this algorithm does not require that the data warehouse be in a quiescent state for incorporating the new views and also the message complexity is linear in the number of data sources. The second algorithm, termed Nested SWEEP, attempts to compute a composite view change for multiple updates that occur concurrently while maintaining strong consistency.
Atomic Force Microscope Tip Nanoprinting of Gold Nanoclusters (2002)

We present a new tool for the deposition of small islands of gold nanoclusters at a predefined position on a surface. The process involves two AFM tips, one for the printing and one for imaging, and a nanopositioning table supporting the sample. Using different types of clusters, we studied how the length of the stabilizing chains, the nature of the solvent, and the chemistry of the surface influence the transfer of the clusters from the printer tip apex to the surface. This technique is applied to the deposition of a nanoclusters in the gap of a planar metal−insulator−metal nanojunction.
Improvement of normality and orthogonality in HEVC transform bases (2012)

The present paper provides transform bases with improved normality and orthogonality properties based on the integer DCT of high-efficiency video coding (HEVC). The proposed transform bases improve the normality and orthogonality properties compared to the HEVC transform bases. Coding and re-encoding experiments were conducted using HEVC test model (HM) version 6.0 and the proposed method. The experiments were conducted under various bitrate ranges. Under the high-bit-rate condition, the proposed method exhibited coding gains compared to HM 6.0 without increasing the encoding/decoding time.
Cardiomyocyte Apoptotic Cell Death in Arterial Hypertension (2001)

Hypertensive heart disease is a progressive condition in which the compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy that maintains cardiac output leads to myocardial remodeling, characterized by fibrosis, insufficient vascularization, and alterations in cardiomyocytes, including contractile disturbances, changes in gene expression, and decrease in the number of cells. Structural abnormalities in the myocardial wall accelerate the development of diastolic and systolic dysfunction, resulting in heart failure. Many observations point to the apoptotic cell death of cardiomyocytes as a relevant factor in the transition from compensatory hypertrophy to pump failure in experimental and human hypertension. Potential inducers of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in overloaded hearts include extrinsic factors, such as mechanical forces, neurohormonal activation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and cytokines. Some lines of evidence indicate that angiotensin II and the overstretching of cardiomyocytes are originally involved in the triggering of apoptosis in hypertension, whereas other factors are being investigated. Furthermore, intracellular changes, such as downregulation of survival proteins or activation of death proteins, seem to play an important role. The assumption that the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes worsens hypertensive heart disease prognosis brings forth new approaches to avoid or slow the transition to pump failure. In this respect, experimental data indicate that currently used antihypertensive drugs interfere with cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Moreover, the knowledge of intracellular apoptotic processes in cardiomyocytes provides novel therapeutic strategies to be added to the multimodal approach in the prevention of heart failure.
A novel semi-empirical tyre model for combined slips (2005)

A new tyre-force model for simultaneous braking and cornering is presented, which is based on combining existing empirical models for pure braking and cornering with brush-model tyre mechanics. The aim is to offer an easy-to-use, accurate model for vehicle-handling simulations. On a working tyre the contact patch between the tyre and the road is, in general, divided into an adhesion region where the rubber is gripping the road and a sliding region where the rubber slides on the road surface. The total force generated by the tyre is then composed of components from these two regions. The brush model describes this in a mechanical framework. The proposed model is based on a new method to extract adhesion and sliding forces from empirical pure-slip tyre models. These forces are then scaled to account for the combined-slip condition. The combined-slip self-aligning torque is also described. A particular feature of the model is the inclusion of velocity dependence, even if this is not explicitly present in the empirical pure-slip model. The approach is quite different from most previous combined-slip models, in that it is based on a rather detailed mechanical model in combination with empirical pure-slip models. The model is computationally sound and efficient and does not rely on any additional parameters that depend on combined-slip data for calibration. It can be used in combination with virtually any empirical pure-slip model and in this work the Magic Formula is used in examples. Results show good correspondence with experimental data.
Dural arteriovenous fistulas at the craniocervical junction fed by multiple arteries: a case report (2014)

【目的】くも膜下出血で発症し，複数の流入動脈を認めた頭蓋頚椎移行部硬膜動静脈瘻の1 例を報告する．【症例】45歳，男性．くも膜下出血で発症し，出血源の検索で左頭蓋頚椎移行部の硬膜動静脈瘻を認めた．左椎骨動脈の硬膜枝および左上行咽頭動脈，後頭動脈，深頚動脈が流入動脈として関与していた．2 回の流入動脈塞栓術後に開頭による導出静脈の離断術を行いシャントは消失した．【結論】複数の流入動脈を認めた頭蓋頚椎移行部の硬膜動静脈瘻において，3D-DSA のMPR 画像が診断に有用であった．流入動脈の塞栓後に開頭術を行う治療は考慮されてよいと思われた．
New positive-acting chemically amplified resist system for electron-beam lithography (1992)

This paper is related to a three component chemically amplified positive-acting resist system for electron-beam lithography. The present resist system consists of an acid generator, novolak matrix, and dissolution inhibitor. The novelty of the resist system lies in the dissolution inhibitor; namely, tert.-butoxycarbonyl blocked o-cresolphthalein. The dissolution inhibitor converts into an effectual dissolution promoter by processing after irradiation, while it possesses a high dissolution inhibition capability. This attribute of the dissolution inhibitor resulted in a much improved pattern profile.
Genomic Polymorphism Identifies a Subtilisin-Like Protease near the Locus in Soybean (2004)

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm PI 437654 exhibits broad resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, SCN). Probes derived from PI 437654 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone 15G19 at the Rhg4 locus detected a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) between resistant and susceptible germplasms. Detailed RFLP analysis using restriction fragments from BAC clone 15G19 associated the polymorphism with an 8-kb BamHI fragment containing the promoter region and partial coding sequence of a novel soybean subtilisin-like protease, GmSUB1 Complete sequence of GmSUB1 was determined (GenBank AY277949). Regulatory elements for root gene expression, pathogen response, coordinated multiple-gene expression, and a novel 90-bp direct repeat were identified. GmSUB1 shows 74% similarity to Arabidopsis thaliana AIR3. Hybridization analyses indicate that PI 437654 contains only full-length copies of GmSUB1, whereas susceptible germplasm ‘Williams 82’ contains both full-length and truncated copies of the gene. A 4-fold increase in GmSUB1 copy number, and a corresponding 2- to 3-fold increase in steady state GmSUB1 mRNA levels, was observed in PI 437654 compared with Williams 82. Localization and polymorphism of GmSUB1 within the Rhg4 resistance region, and increases in GmSUB1 gene copy number and expression in PI 437654 compared with Williams 82 infers a functional role in the pathogen response. GmSUB1 is believed to be secreted into the extracellular matrix, and may function in reorganization of cell wall components during plant development and in the defense response.