gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metabolic-Activity-Based Assessment of Antimicrobial Effects by D<sub>2</sub>O-Labeled Single-Cell Raman Microspectroscopy (2017)

To combat the spread of antibiotic resistance, methods that quantitatively assess the metabolism-inhibiting effects of drugs in a rapid and culture-independent manner are urgently needed. Here using four oral bacteria as models, we show that heavy water (D<sub>2</sub>O)-based single-cell Raman microspectroscopy (D<sub>2</sub>O-Raman) can probe bacterial response to different drugs using the Raman shift at the C-D (carbon-deuterium vibration) band in 2040 to 2300 cm<sup>-1</sup> as a universal biomarker for metabolic activity at single-bacterial-cell resolution. The "minimum inhibitory concentration based on metabolic activity" (MIC-MA), defined as the minimal dose under which the median ΔC-D-ratio at 8 h of drug exposure is ≤0 and the standard deviation (SD) of the ΔC-D ratio among individual cells is ≤0.005, was proposed to evaluate the metabolism-inhibiting efficacy of drugs. In addition, heterogeneity index of MIC-MA (MIC-MA-HI), defined as SD of C-D ratio among individual cells, quantitatively assesses the among-cell heterogeneity of metabolic activity after drug regimens. When exposed to 1× MIC of sodium fluoride (NaF), 1× MIC of chlorhexidine (CHX), or 60× MIC of ampicillin, the cariogenic oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans UA159 ceased propagation yet remained metabolically highly active. This underscores the advantage of MIC-MA over the growth-based MIC in being able to detect the "nongrowing but metabolically active" (NGMA) cells that underlie many latent or recurring infections. Moreover, antibiotic susceptible and resistant S. mutans strains can be readily discriminated at as early as 0.5 h. Thus, D<sub>2</sub>O-Raman can serve as a universal method for rapid and quantitative assessment of antimicrobial effects based on general metabolic activity at single-cell resolution.
A Locked Nucleic Acid Antisense Oligonucleotide (LNA) Silences PCSK9 and Enhances LDLR Expression In Vitro and In Vivo (2010)

LNA-mediated PCSK9 mRNA inhibition displayed potent reduction of PCSK9 in cell lines and mouse liver. Our data clearly revealed the efficacy and safety of LNA ASO in reducing PCSK9 levels, an approach that is now ready for testing in primates. The major significance and take home message of this work is the development of a novel and promising approach for human therapeutic intervention of the PCSK9 pathway and hence for reducing some of the cardiovascular risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Trade policy reform and industry (1996)

Both theory and empirical evidence show that high rates of protection significantly depress economic development. It is an unfortunate fact that industrial countries maintain barriers to imports, while admonishing developing countries to reduce theirs. It has been costly for both. Most considerations suggest that trade policy reform in developing countries will pay off and should not be delayed by fear of external constraints beyond their control.
Are Regulatory T Cells Defective in Type 1 Diabetes and Can We Fix Them? (2016)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical regulators of peripheral immune tolerance. Treg insufficiency can lead to autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Increasing evidence in mouse models of T1D, as well as other autoimmune disorders, suggests that there are defects in Treg-mediated suppression. Indeed, whereas Treg frequency in the peripheral blood of T1D patients is unaltered, their suppressive abilities are diminished compared with Tregs in healthy controls. Although expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 is a prerequisite for Treg development and function, there are many additional factors that can alter their stability, survival, and function. Much has been learned in other model systems, such as tumors, about the mechanism and pathways that control Treg stability and function. This review poses the question of whether we can use these findings to develop new therapeutic approaches that might boost Treg stability, survival, and/or function in T1D and possibly other autoimmune disorders.
Caged Amino Acids for Visible‐Light Photodelivery (2008)

Abstract We present a photocleavable protecting group based on ruthenium bipyridyl complexes and suitable for amino acid photodelivery. We discuss the photochemical properties of the caged glutamate, which is a major neurotransmitter in the CNS. The molar absorptivity for the caged glutamate at 450 nm is ϵ = 4200 M –1 cm –1 and its quantum yield of photorelease at 450 nm is Φ PD = 0.035, which is about 17 times higher than that of the most active organic caged compound at this wavelength. Similar figures are obtained for other α‐amino acids. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Crystal structures of the cellulase Cel48F in complex with inhibitors and substrates give insights into its processive action (2000)

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On true crystallite thickness and interlayer spacing in graphitic carbons (1968)

A simple method of analysis is described to determine the true crystallite thickness and the range of fluctuation of the layer spacing in graphitic carbon from results of x-ray diffraction line breadth measurement. This is not a new technique, but its remarkable usefulness in the field of carbon research has not been known widely. By plotting the reciprocal of the crystallite thickness Lc (00l) against the order of diffraction, one can obtain the true crystallite thickness by extrapolation of the curve and the lattice strain from its slope. For pyrolytic graphite it is shown that the true crystallite thickness is very large, being more than several thousand angstroms, even in as-deposited state, though the apparent Lc (002) is much smaller. Graphitization eliminates the strain, thus increasing the apparent crystallite thickness. A tentative equation correlating Lc (002) and the observed layer spacing in graphitic carbons is proposed.
Lattice Fittness of Neighbouring Pyrite Grains in Pyrite Porphyroblastic Domains in Certain Ores (1975)

Considerable attention has been given to pyrite porphyroblastic domains formed in certain ores.These domains are never more than a few centiinetres m diameter, and consist of several hundred sinall pyrite grains shQwing strongly developed preferred orientation, It is concluded that the coordinating relationships observed among the grains of one domain are produced as a result oT recrystallization and replacement of ores under hydrothermal metasomatic conditions.The following three types of preferred orientation have been observed: (l) parallel orientation of cube faces of grains, (2) parallel orientatioR of pyritohedral faces of grains, and (3) parallel orientation of the ct}be face of one grain and the pyritohedral face of another.Approximately 9e% of all examined pairs show one of these types of parallel orientation.This very marked orientation of pyrite grains in a domain can hardly be interpreted as the result of coalescence of numerous grains which were crystallizing under conditions of stress.It is suggest that "fittness of lattice structure", a control mechanism proposed by }Iunahashi and H[oe (1973), might have been a major factor at the embryonic stage of grain-growth under static field conditions and operated irrespective of whether or not the unclei were in direct contact.
Altitude and Health (1920)

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In-line (pigtalled) polarization-independent optical isolator (1989)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text W. L. EMKEY, C. CHARTERS, D. G. COULT, C. A. JACK, J. C. MASLAND, G. M. CHAOUI, and J. LIPSON, "In-line (pigtalled) polarization-independent optical isolator," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Vol. 5 of 1989 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 1989), paper THF2. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor α/γ Dual Agonist Tesaglitazar Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy in <i>db/db</i> Mice (2007)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear transcription factors and play a central role in insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Both PPARalpha and -gamma are expressed in the kidney, and their agonists exhibit renoprotective effects in type 2 diabetes. In the present studies, we investigated the effect of the PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist tesaglitazar on diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Treatment of db/db mice with tesaglitazar for 3 months significantly lowered fasting plasma glucose and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels but had little effect on body weight, adiposity, or cardiac function. Treatment with tesaglitazar was associated with reduced plasma insulin and total triglyceride levels and increased plasma adiponectin levels. Notably, tesaglitazar markedly attenuated albuminuria and significantly lowered glomerulofibrosis, collagen deposition, and transforming growth factor-beta1 expression in renal tissues of db/db mice. In cultured mesangial cells and proximal tubule cells, where both PPARalpha and -gamma were expressed, tesaglitazar treatment abolished high glucose-induced total collagen protein production and type I and IV collagen gene expression. Collectively, tesaglitazar treatment not only improved insulin resistance, glycemic control, and lipid profile but also markedly attenuated albuminuria and renal glomerular fibrosis in db/db mice. These findings support the utility of dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists in treating type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.
A Calculus Approach to Energy-Efficient Data Transmission With Quality-of-Service Constraints (2009)

Transmission rate adaptation in wireless devices provides a unique opportunity to trade off data service rate with energy consumption. In this paper, we study optimal rate control to minimize transmission energy expenditure subject to strict deadline or other quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. Specifically, the system consists of a wireless transmitter with controllable transmission rate and with strict QoS constraints on data transmission. The goal is to obtain a rate-control policy that minimizes the total transmission energy expenditure while ensuring that the QoS constraints are met. Using a novel formulation based on cumulative curves methodology, we obtain the optimal transmission policy and show that it has a simple and appealing graphical visualization. Utilizing the optimal ldquoofflinerdquo results, we then develop an online transmission policy for an arbitrary stream of packet arrivals and deadline constraints, and show, via simulations, that it is significantly more energy-efficient than a simple head-of-line drain policy. Finally, we generalize the optimal policy results to the case of time-varying power-rate functions.
Physical and Biological Properties of a Novel Hydrogel Composite Based on Oxidized Alginate, Gelatin and Tricalcium Phosphate for Bone Tissue Engineering (2007)

A novel hydrogel composite is reported in this study, which was derived from oxidized alginate, gelatin and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). The physical and biological properties of these hydrogel composites prepared with oxidized sodium alginate with different oxidation degrees were investigated. The drug delivery potential of this hydrogel composite as a carrier was evaluated by using Vitamin B2 as a model drug as well. An in vitro investigation with encapsulation of osteoblast revealed that these composites were biocompatible. This hydrogel composite presented here may be utilized for the fabrication of potential injectable systems for tissue engineering, drug delivery and other medical applications.
[The application of the gene-recombinated cell in the detection of PCBs compounds in environmental samples]. (2004)

To develop novel and rapid bioassay systems for detection of PCBs in environmental and biological samples, two lines of gene-recombinated cells containing reporter gene, green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase (Luc), were be chosen to detect the PCBs in the water, sediment and biological samples from environment. The result showed that the correlation between RFU of GFP and Luc activity and PCBs standard sample concentration was fine, r was 0.99188 and 0.98239 respectively. Compared with the instrument analysis with GC-ECD, the correlation between RFU of GFP and Luc activity and PCBs concentration in environmental and biological extracts was also fine. The method offered a new way of screening and semi-quantitative bioassay for PCBs compounds in environmental and biological samples.
<scp>RNA</scp>i‐based targeted gene knockdown in the model oleaginous microalgae <i>Nannochloropsis oceanica</i> (2016)

Microalgae are promising feedstock for renewable fuels such as biodiesel, yet development of industrial oleaginous strains has been hindered by the paucity and inefficiency of reverse genetics tools. Here we established an efficient RNAi-based targeted gene-knockdown method for Nannochloropsis spp., which are emerging model organisms for industrial microalgal oil production. The method achieved a 40-80% success rate in Nannochloropsis oceanica strain IMET1. When transcript level of one carbonic anhydrase (CA) was inhibited by 62-83% via RNAi, mutant cells exhibited photosynthetic oxygen evolution (POE) rates that were 68-100% higher than wild-type (WT) at pH 6.0, equivalent to WT at pH 8.2, yet 39-45% lower than WT at pH 9.0. Moreover, the mutant POE rates were negatively correlated with the increase of culture pH, an exact opposite of WT. Thus, a dynamic carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) that is highly sensitive to pH homeostasis was revealed, where the CA inhibition likely partially abrogated the mechanism that normally deactivates CCM under a high level of dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> . Extension of the method to another sequenced N. oceanica strain of CCMP 1779 demonstrated comparable performance. Finally, McrBC-PCR followed by bisulfite sequencing revealed that the gene knockdown is mediated by the CG, CHG and CHH types of DNA methylation at the coding region of the targeted gene. The efficiency, robustness and general applicability of this reverse genetics approach suggested the possibility of large-scale RNAi-based gene function screening in industrial microalgae.
Towards a Smart Experimental Arena for Long-Term Electrophysiology Experiments (2012)

Wireless power and data transmission have created promising prospects in biomedical research by enabling perpetual data acquisition and stimulation systems. We present a work in progress towards such a system, called the EnerCage, equipped with scalable arrays of overlapping planar spiral coils (PSC) and 3-axis magnetic sensors for focused wireless power transmission to randomly moving targets, such as small freely behaving animal subjects. The EnerCage system includes a stationary unit for 3D non-line-of-sight localization and inductive power transmission through a geometrically optimized PSC array. The localization algorithm compares the magnetic sensor outputs with a threshold to activate a PSC. All PSCs are optimized based on the worst-case misalignment, considering parasitics from the overlapping and adjacent PSCs. EnerCage also has a mobile unit attached to or implanted in the subject's body, which includes a permanent magnetic tracer for localization and back telemetry circuit for efficient closed-loop inductive power regulation. The EnerCage system is designed to enable long-term electrophysiology experiments on freely behaving small animal subjects in large experimental arenas without requiring them to carry bulky batteries. A prototype of the EnerCage system with five PSCs and five magnetic sensors achieved power transfer efficiency (PTE) of 19.6% at the worst-case horizontal misalignment of 49.1 mm (√1/3 of the PSC radius) and coupling distance of 78 mm with a mobile unit coil, 20 mm in radius. The closed-loop power management mechanism maintains the mobile unit received power at 20 mW despite misalignments, tilting, and distance variations up to a maximum operating height of 120 mm (PTE = 5%).
Holographic disk for data storage (1987)

Prospects of development of a holographic system for recording and reproduction of digital signals are considered and basic principles of the design of these systems are discussed. Devices for recording and reproduction are described and some results of experimental investigations of these devices are reported. Possible applications are identified on the basis of the parameters already achieved.
T cell receptor engagement by peptide–MHC ligands induces a conformational change in the CD3 complex of thymocytes (2005)

The T cell receptor (TCR) can recognize a variety of cognate peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands and translate their affinity into distinct cellular responses. To achieve this, the nonsignaling alphabeta heterodimer communicates ligand recognition to the CD3 signaling subunits by an unknown mechanism. In thymocytes, we found that both positive- and negative-selecting pMHC ligands expose a cryptic epitope in the CD3 complex upon TCR engagement. This conformational change is induced in vivo and requires the expression of cognate MHC. We conclude that TCR engagement with a cognate pMHC ligand induces a conformational change in the CD3 complex of thymocytes and propose that this marks an initial event during thymic selection that signals the recognition of self-antigen.
Genetic variants of<i>Tgfb1</i>act as context-dependent modifiers of mouse skin tumor susceptibility (2006)

The human TGFB1 gene is polymorphic, and genetic variants are associated with altered cancer risk. However, human genetic association studies have had variable outcomes because TGFbeta1 action is context-dependent. We used the murine skin model of chemical carcinogenesis in genetic linkage analysis of three independent Mus musculus NIH/Ola x (Mus spretus x M. musculus NIH/Ola)F1 backcrosses, to identify a skin tumor susceptibility locus, Skts14, on proximal chromosome 7. Tgfb1 maps at the peak of linkage. The mouse Tgfb1 gene is polymorphic, resulting in cis-regulated differential allelic mRNA expression between M. spretus and M. musculus in F1 mouse skin. This phenomenon is reflected in differential phospho-SMAD2 levels, downstream of TGFbeta signaling, between these two mouse species. In normal F1 mouse skin, the Tgfb1SPR allele is expressed at higher levels than the Tgfb1NIH allele, and this differential is accentuated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment. In benign F1 papillomas, this imbalance is reversed, possibly by selection against expression of a hyperactive Tgfb1SPR allele in TGFbeta growth-responsive tumors. We demonstrate that skin tumor susceptibility is altered by Tgfb1 gene dosage, but that manifestation of Tgfb1-linked skin tumor susceptibility in M. musculus NIH/Ola x (M. spretus x M. musculus NIH/Ola)F1 backcross mice depends on interactions with another unlinked tumor modifying locus, Skts15, that overlaps Tgfbm3 on chromosome 12. These findings illustrate the power of complex genetic interactions in determining disease outcome and have major implications to the assessment of disease risk in individuals harboring variant TGFB1 alleles.
DI(2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHYL) PHOSPHONATE, A NEW PHOSPHORYLATING AGENT, ITS APPLICATION IN THE SYNTHESIS OF OLIGODEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES BY THE PHOSPHOTRIESTER APPROACH (1984)

Abstract A new phosphorylating agent, di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphonate (1) was found to be a useful agent for the phosphorylation of 3′-hydroxyl group of deoxyribonucleosides. When 5′-O-protected deoxyribonucleosides are treated with 1 in the absence of coupling agents and the products subjected to oxidation, the corresponding 3′-phosphodiesters are obtained in good yields. They are key intermediates for the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by the phosphotriester approach.
Nasal effects of bradykinin and capsaicin: influence on plasma protein leakage and role of sensory neurons (1992)

Nasal insufflation with bradykinin induces nasal discomfort, rhinorrhea, and nasal blockage, all features of rhinitis. We recently showed these effects to be mediated by the B2-receptor subtype, which has been identified at neural and vascular sites. To investigate the relative contribution of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neural stimulation to the action(s) of bradykinin, two randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies have been undertaken comparing the nasal effects of single-dose administrations of bradykinin (1.88 x 10(-3) M) and capsaicin (3.28 x 10(-5) M). In comparison with placebo, both bradykinin and capsaicin induced nasal pain/discomfort (P less than 0.01) and rhinorrhea (P less than 0.02). Bradykinin significantly increased nasal airways resistance (P less than 0.005) and plasma protein exudation (P less than 0.02). No such changes were identified after nasal challenge with capsaicin. These findings suggest that bradykinin-induced nasal discomfort and rhinorrhea are neurally mediated, whereas the effects on nasal airways resistance and plasma protein exudation are due to a direct vascular action. In addition, these findings question the role of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons in nasal vasculature responses, because no vascular effects of capsaicin could be identified in the human nasal mucosa.
Contribution of individual to collective brands (2010)

Traditionally, literature estimates the equity of a brand or its extension but it pays little attention to collective brand equity even though collective branding is increasingly used to differentiate the homogenous products of different firms or organizations. We propose an approach that estimates the incremental effect of individual brands (or the contribution of individual brands) on collective brand equity through the various stages of a consumer hierarchical buying choice process in which decisions are nested: “whether to buy”, “what collective brand to buy” and “what individual brand to buy”. This proposal follows the approach of the Random Utility Theory, and it is theoretically argued through the Associative Networks Theory and the cybernetic model of decision making. The empirical analysis carried out in the area of collective brands in Spanish tourism finds a three-stage hierarchical sequence, and estimates the contribution of individual brands to the equity of the collective brands of “Sun, Sea and Sand” and of “World Heritage Cities”.
Quake 3 packet and traffic characteristics (2024)

This preliminary investigation of Quake 3 in-game network traffic aims to report upon the inter-packet arrival times, packet size distributions, packet per second rates and server/client data rates. Traffic characteristics of network games such as Quake 3 are particularly useful to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) who are interested in identifying such applications utilising their resources. The results of this investigation will form the basis for further research into player sensitivity to jitter and latency. A game sequence is generally conducted as follows: 1. Player joins, 2. Game is quiet for a few seconds, 3. Map loads, 4. Interactive-phase (in-game), 5. Game ends, 6. Short pause, 7. Repeat from step 3. until player leaves. Although the joining, leaving and idle phases of networking gaming are important to any game play, the most interesting and crucial part of the game cycle is the traffic during the interactive phase. In the results of this investigation we have attempted to eliminate histograms containing traffic of idle clients.