gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Cray BlackWidow (2007)

This paper describes the system architecture of the Cray BlackWidow scalable vector multiprocessor. The BlackWidow system is a distributed shared memory (DSM) architecture that is scalable to 32K processors, each with a 4-way dispatch scalar execution unit and an 8-pipe vector unit capable of 20.8 Gflops for 64-bit operations and 41.6 Gflops for 32-bit operations at the prototype operating frequency of 1.3 GHz. Global memory is directly accessible with processor loads and stores and is globally coherent. The system supports thousands of outstanding references to hide remote memory latencies, and provides a rich suite of built-in synchronization primitives. Each BlackWidow node is implemented as a 4-way SMP with up to 128 Gbytes of DDR2 main memory capacity. The system supports common programming models such as MPI and OpenMP, as well as global address space languages such as UPC and CAF. We describe the system architecture and microarchitecture of the processor, memory controller, and router chips. We give preliminary performance results and discuss design tradeoffs.
Vascular complications of the intra-aortic balloon pump: an analysis of 436 patients. (1993)

Although the intra-aortic balloon pump can be a lifesaving device, vascular complications are often associated with its use. Four hundred thirty-six patients underwent insertion of a balloon pump over a 14-year period. Indications for the balloon pump were intraoperative pump failure (42%), unstable angina (24%), preoperative prophylaxis (22%), preoperative shock (9%), and postoperative support (3%). Placement of the intra-aortic balloon pump was by percutaneous insertion in 66 per cent of patients, the remainder were placed by direct exposure of the vessel. Vascular complications occurred in 46 (10.6%) patients. Limb ischemia was seen in 40 of 46 of these patients. Other complications included bleeding in three patients, dissection in two patients, and infection in one patient. The effects on morbidity of sex, diabetes, site of cardiac catheterization, duration of counterpulsation, and the presence or absence of pulses on admission were determined. Only the absence of pedal pulses on admission correlated with an increased incidence of vascular complications (P = 0.04). Twenty four per cent of those with complications were diabetics, compared with 16 per cent of patients who received balloon pumps but had no complications. Surgical interventions in the ischemic limbs consisted of thrombectomy alone (28 of 40) or thrombectomy and vascular bypass (5 of 40). Four femorofemoral crossover grafts and one saphenous vein interposition graft were used. Five limbs were lost to amputation, or 1 per cent of the entire group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Realising stratified psychiatry using multidimensional signatures and trajectories (2017)

We describe quantitative methods for the development of a multi-dimensional model of clinical state, disorders and trajectories which practically realises stratified psychiatry. We highlight the potential for recovering existing trial data, the implications for stratified psychiatry in trial design and clinical treatment and finally, describe different kinds of probabilistic reasoning tools necessary to implement stratification.
Minimum Quality Standards, Fixed Costs, and Competition (1991)

I investigate the consequences of imposing a minimum quality standard on an industry in which firms face quality-dependent fixed costs and compete in quality and price.Even though the high-quality sellers would satisfy the standard in the absence of regulation, imposing a standard leads these sellers to raise qualities.They do so in an effort to alleviate the price competition, which intensifies as a result of the low-quality sellers' having raised their qualities to meet the imposed standard.However, by its very nature, a mininmm quality standard limits the range in which producers can differentiate qualities.Hence, in the end, price competition intensifies and , prices -"corrected for quality change" " -fall.Due to the better qualities and lower hedonic prices, and compared to the unregulated equilibrium, all consumers are better off, more consumers participate in the market, and all participating consumers -including those who would consume qualities in e.xcess of the standard in the absence of regulation -select higher qualities.When the consumption of high-quality products generates positive externalities -as in the case of safety products -these results favor minimum quality standards.I also show that even in the absence of externalities an appropriately chosen standard improves social welfare.'For a description of existing regulation and a recently proposed regulation see The Wall Street Journal, April 4, 1990, page .•Mo.column 4. ^For example, the miles-per-gallon performance of new models is estimated by the EP.-\ and disclosed on the sale sticker.
Characterization of static 3D graphics workloads (1997)

Article Free Access Share on Characterization of static 3D graphics workloads Authors: Tzi-cker Chiueh Computer Science Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY Computer Science Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NYView Profile , Wei-jen Lin Computer Science Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY Computer Science Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NYView Profile Authors Info & Claims HWWS '97: Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardwareAugust 1997 Pages 17–24https://doi.org/10.1145/258694.258703Published:03 August 1997Publication History 9citation510DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations9Total Downloads510Last 12 Months14Last 6 weeks4 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
RAFT Polymerization and Some of its Applications (2013)

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) is one of the most robust and versatile methods for controlling radical polymerization. With appropriate selection of the RAFT agent for the monomers and reaction conditions, it is applicable to the majority of monomers subject to radical polymerization. The process can be used in the synthesis of well-defined homo-, gradient, diblock, triblock, and star polymers and more complex architectures, which include microgels and polymer brushes. In this Focus Review we describe how the development of RAFT and RAFT application has been facilitated by the adoption of continuous flow techniques using tubular reactors and through the use of high-throughput methodology. Applications described include the use of RAFT in the preparation of polymers for optoelectronics, block copolymer therapeutics, and star polymer rheology control agents.
A Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study of the Structure of Gels Formed by Poly(oxyethylene)−Poly(oxypropylene) Diblock Copolymers in Water (2002)

The structures of gels formed by a number of poly(oxyethylene)−poly(oxypropylene) diblock copolymers in aqueous solution have been investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering. Body-centered and face-centered cubic micellar phases were identified depending on the copolymer composition. The micellar radius in the gel is compared to that in dilute solution (obtained from static light scattering) and to predictions from scaling theory. The gel structures are compared to those reported previously for poly(oxyethylene)−poly(oxybutylene) diblocks in water (Hamley et al. Langmuir 2000, 16, 2508).
Synergies between in-loop and out-of-loop mapping for HDR-PQ content (2022)

This paper presents experimental results related to adaptive video content mapping used as a compression tool for HDR-PQ content. The purpose of adaptive video content mapping is to adapt the video signal dynamically depending on its statistical properties in order to better exploit the signal codewords range. Adaptive video content mapping has been investigated during the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard development with two main implementation designs: in-loop mapping, and out-of-loop mapping. In VVC, the in-loop implementation was finally adopted with a tool named “Luma Mapping with Chroma Scaling” (LMCS). Thanks to its in-loop implementation, LMCS offers high flexibility (high temporal adaptivity, content type adaptivity) and implementation benefits (no need to manage multiple conformance points, one after the decoder, and one after a post-decoder inverse mapping). Nevertheless, it was also observed that for HDR-PQ content, out-of-loop mapping can bring additional coding gains. The paper investigates potential synergies between the in-loop LMCS and out-of-loop mapping. Out-of-loop mapping is implemented as a pre-encoding process, with inverse mapping applied as post-decoding inverse process. A Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message is used to convey the out-of-loop mapping data aside from the video bitstream. Performance results are reported for HDR-PQ content, with out-of-loop mapping only, and with out-of-loop mapping combined with LMCS.
Discovery of M5049: A Novel Selective Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 Inhibitor for Treatment of Autoimmunity (2020)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR8 are transmembrane receptors that recognize single-stranded RNA. Activation of these receptors results in immune cell stimulation and inflammatory cytokine production, which is normally a protective host response. However, aberrant activation of TLR7/8 is potentially pathogenic and linked to progression of certain autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Thus, we hypothesize that an inhibitor that blocks TLR7/8 would be an effective therapeutic treatment. Prior efforts to develop inhibitors of TLR7/8 have been largely unsuccessful as a result of the challenge of producing a small-molecule inhibitor for these difficult targets. Here, we report the characterization of M5049 and compound 2, molecules which were discovered in a medicinal chemistry campaign to produce dual TLR7/8 inhibitors with drug-like properties. Both compounds showed potent and selective activity in a range of cellular assays for inhibition of TLR7/8 and block synthetic ligands and natural endogenous RNA ligands such as microRNA and Alu RNA. M5049 was found to be potent in vivo as TLR7/8 inhibition efficaciously treated disease in several murine lupus models and, interestingly, was efficacious in a disease context in which TLR7/8 activity has not previously been considered a primary disease driver. Furthermore, M5049 had greater potency in disease models than expected based on its in vitro potency and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. Because of its preferential accumulation in tissues, and ability to block multiple TLR7/8 RNA ligands, M5049 may be efficacious in treating autoimmunity and has the potential to provide benefit to a variety of patients with varying disease pathogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study reports discovery of a novel toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR8 inhibitor (M5049); characterizes its binding mode, potency/selectivity, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties; and demonstrates its potential for treating autoimmune diseases in two mouse lupus models. TLR7/8 inhibition is unique in that it may block both innate and adaptive autoimmunity; thus, this study suggests that M5049 has the potential to benefit patients with autoimmune diseases.
Select types of supporting cell in the inner ear express aquaporin‐4 water channel protein (1998)

Aquaporins (AQPs) confer a high water permeability on cell membranes and play important parts in secretory and absorptive epithelia in kidney and other organs. Here we investigate whether AQPs are expressed in the sensory epithelia of the inner ear, where a precise volume regulation is crucial. By use of specific antibodies it was found that the inner ear contains AQP1 and 4 while being devoid of detectable levels of AQP2, 3 or 5. Immunofluorescence and postembedding immunogold labelling revealed a strictly non-epithelial distribution of AQP1, confirming previous data. In contrast, AQP4 protein and mRNA (visualized by in situ hybridization) were concentrated in select types of supporting cell, including Hensen's cells and inner sulcus cells. Immunogold particles signalling AQP4 were confined to the basolateral plasma membrane of Hensen's cells and to the basal plasma membrane of Claudius cells and inner sulcus cells. AQP4 was also found in supporting cells of the vestibular end organs, but was absent from transitional epithelial cells and dark cells. Strong labelling for AQP4 and AQP4-mRNA was associated with the central part of the cochlear and vestibular nerves. Hair cells were consistently unlabelled. Our findings indicate that AQP4 may facilitate osmotically driven water fluxes in the sensory epithelia of the inner ear and thus contribute to the volume and ion homeostasis at these sites.
Active form of 12-vanadomolybdophosphoric acids in n-butane selective oxidation (1990)

The catalytic behaviour of H5PV2Mo10O40 heteropoly acid in the oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride is analysed in relation to that of its partially salified Cs salt and their FTIR spectra, UV–VIS diffuse reflectance spectra, thermogravimetry and reducibility tests as well as solid state 51V NMR and EPR characterizations are also compared. At temperatures around 573 K the acid sample dehydrates with partial reduction and the formation of lacunar oxo-anions but with preservation of the Keggin unit structure. The creation of inter-Keggin V—O—V bonds during dehydration is suggested. The presence of the alkali metal in the secondary structure inhibits these effects. The superior catalytic performance of the acid sample in butane transformation is discussed in terms of the role of the presence of V5+ sites associated with an inter-Keggin interaction.
<i>In vivo</i> Expansion, Persistence, and Function of Peptide Vaccine–Induced CD8 T Cells Occur Independently of CD4 T Cells (2008)

Significant efforts are being devoted toward the development of effective therapeutic vaccines against cancer. Specifically, well-characterized subunit vaccines, which are designed to generate antitumor cytotoxic CD8 T-cell responses. Because CD4 T cells participate at various stages of CD8 T-cell responses, it is important to study the role of CD4 T cells in the induction and persistence of antitumor CD8 T-cell responses by these vaccines. Recent evidence points to the requirement of CD4 T cells for the long-term persistence of memory CD8 T cells, which in the case of cancer immunotherapy would be critical for the prevention of tumor recurrences. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether CD4 T cells are necessary for the generation and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8 T cells induced by subunit (peptide or DNA) vaccines. We have used a vaccination strategy that combines synthetic peptides representing CD8 T-cell epitopes, a costimulatory anti-CD40 antibody and a Toll-like receptor agonist (TriVax) to generate large numbers of antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses. Our results show that the rate of decline (clonal contraction) of the antigen-specific CD8 T cells and their functional state is not affected by the presence or absence of CD4 T cells throughout the immune response generated by TriVax. We believe that these results bear importance for the design of effective vaccination strategies against cancer.
The CRL4<sup>Cdt2</sup> ubiquitin ligase targets the degradation of p21<sup>Cip1</sup> to control replication licensing (2008)

The faithful replication of genomic DNA is crucial for maintaining genome stability. In eukaryotes, DNA rereplication is prevented by the temporal regulation of replication licensing. Replication-licensing factors are required to form prereplicative complexes during G1 phase, but are inactivated in S phase to prevent rereplication. A vertebrate CUL4 CRL ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) complex containing Cdt2 as the substrate recognition subunit promotes proper DNA replication, in part, by degrading the replication-licensing factor Cdt1 during S phase. We show that the Caenorhabditis elegans CRL4(Cdt2) complex has a conserved role in degrading Cdt1. Furthermore, we show that CRL4(Cdt2) restrains replication licensing in both C. elegans and humans by targeting the degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors CKI-1 and p21(Cip1), respectively. Human CRL4(Cdt2) targets the degradation of p21 in S phase, with the in vivo ubiquitylation of p21 by CRL4(Cdt2) dependent on p21 binding to PCNA. Inactivation of Cdt2 induces rereplication, which requires the presence of the CDK inhibitor p21. Strikingly, coinactivation of CRL4(Cdt2) and SCF(Skp2) (which redundantly targets p21 degradation) prevents the nuclear export of the replication-licensing factor Cdc6 during S phase, and the block on nuclear export is dependent on p21. Our work defines the degradation of p21 as a critical aspect of replication licensing in human cells.
Hydralazine target: From blood vessels to the epigenome (2006)

Hydralazine was one of the first orally active antihypertensive drugs developed. Currently, it is used principally to treat pregnancy-associated hypertension. Hydralazine causes two types of side effects. The first type is an extension of the pharmacologic effect of the drug and includes headache, nausea, flushing, hypotension, palpitation, tachycardia, dizziness, and salt retention. The second type of side effects is caused by immunologic reactions, of which the drug-induced lupus-like syndrome is the most common, and provides clues to underscoring hydralazine's DNA demethylating property in connection with studies demonstrating the participation of DNA methylation disorders in immune diseases. Abnormalities in DNA methylation have long been associated with cancer. Despite the fact that malignant tumors show global DNA hypomethylation, regional hypermethylation as a means to silence tumor suppressor gene expression has attracted the greatest attention. Reversibility of methylation-induced gene silencing by pharmacologic means, which in turns leads to antitumor effects in experimental and clinical scenarios, has directed efforts toward developing clinically useful demethylating agents. Among these, the most widely used comprise the nucleosides 5-azacytidine and 2'deoxy-5-azacytidine; however, these agents, like current cytotoxic chemotherapy, causes myelosuppression among other side effects that could limit exploitation of their demethylating properties. Among non-nucleoside DNA demethylating drugs currently under development, the oral drug hydralazine possess the ability to reactivate tumor suppressor gene expression, which is silenced by promoter hypermethylation in vitro and in vivo. Decades of extensive hydralazine use for hypertensive disorders that demonstrated hydralazine's clinical safety and tolerability supported its testing in a phase I trial in patients with cancer, confirming its DNA demethylating activity. Hydralazine is currently being evaluated, along with histone deacetylase inhibitors either alone or as adjuncts to chemotherapy and radiation, for hematologic and solid tumors in phase II studies.
Selection of tetracycline inducible self-cleaving ribozymes as synthetic devices for gene regulation in yeast (2011)

Synthetic regulatory devices are key components for the development of complex biological systems and the reprogramming of cellular functions and networks. Here we describe the selection of tetracycline inducible hammerhead ribozymes. A tetracycline aptamer was fused to the full-length hammerhead ribozyme via a variable linker region. 11 rounds of in vitro selection were applied to isolate linker sequences that mediate tetracycline dependent hammerhead cleavage. We identified allosteric ribozymes that cleave in the presence of 1 μM tetracycline as fast as the full-length ribozyme whereas cleavage is inhibited up to 333-fold in the absence of tetracycline. Reporter gene assays indicate that the allosteric ribozymes can be employed to control gene expression in yeast.
Localization and cytophotometric analysis of cathepsin B activity in unfixed and undecalcified cryostat sections of whole rat knee joints. (1989)

Cathepsin B activity is demonstrated histochemically with a post-coupling method using Z-Arg-Arg-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide as substrate and Fast Blue BB as coupling reagent in unfixed and undecalcified cryostat sections of whole rat knee joints. Sections were attached to transparent tape to keep the integrity of the tissue intact, such attachment being essential for precise precipitation of the final reaction product at sites of enzyme activity. Also essential was inclusion of polyvinyl alcohol in the enzyme incubation medium. High cathepsin B activity was found in osteoclasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, synovial cells, and bone marrow cells in knee joints after induction of arthritis. The final reaction product was precipitated as fine cytoplasmic granules probably corresponding to lysosomes. The reaction was specific because addition to the incubation medium of selective inhibitors of cathepsin B-like activity completely blocked the activity. The amount of final reaction product in synovium and in bone marrow cells was analyzed cytophotometrically. Specific formation of final reaction product was linear with incubation time up to 60 min at 37 degrees C and with section thickness up to 12 microns. Variation of the substrate concentration in the incubation medium revealed a KM value of 1.86 +/- 0.36 mM in synovial cells and 2.48 +/- 0.51 mM in bone marrow cells and Vmax values (expressed as mean integrated absorbance) of 1.18 +/- 0.10 in synovial cells and 1.02 +/- 0.11 in bone marrow cells. Both KM and Vmax values were significantly different in synovial cells and bone marrow cells (p less than 0.01) which could be owing to the presence of different isoenzymes in these tissues. We conclude that the described post-coupling method is sufficient to yield precise localization and that the method is valid for quantitative purposes.