gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Method for estimating the relative contribution of phase and power spectra to the total information in natural-scene patches (2011)

A wide variety of recent studies have argued that the human visual system provides an efficient means of processing the information in the natural environment. However, the amount of information (entropy) in the signal can be estimated in a number of ways, and it is has been unclear how much of the information is carried by the different sources of redundancy. The primary difficulty is that there has been no rational way to estimate the entropy of such complex scenes. In this paper, we provide a technique that uses a recent approach to estimating the entropy and dimensionality of natural scenes [D. M. Chandler and D. J. Field, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 922-941 (2007)] to estimate the amount of information attributable to the power and phase spectra in natural-scene patches. By comparing the entropies of patches that have swapped phase spectra and fixed phase spectra, we demonstrate how to estimate both the amount of information in each type of spectrum and the amount of information that is shared by these spectra (mutual information). We applied this technique to small patches (4×4 and 8×8). From our estimates, we show that the power spectrum of 8×8 patches carries approximately 54% of the total information, the phase spectrum carries 56%, and 10% is mutual information (54%+56%-10%=100%). This technique is currently limited to relatively small image patches, due to the number of patches currently in our collection (on the order of 10⁶). However, the technique can, in theory, be extended to larger images. Even with these relatively small patches, we discuss how these results can provide important insights into both compression techniques and efficient coding techniques that work with relatively small image patches (e.g., JPEG, sparse coding, independent components analysis).
Multiple Reference Motion Compensation: A Tutorial Introduction and Survey. (2009)

Motion compensation exploits temporal correlation in a video sequence to yield high compression efficiency. Multiple reference frame motion compensation is an extension of motion compensation that exploits temporal correlation over a longer time scale. Devised mainly for increasing compression efficiency, it exhibits useful properties such as enhanced error resilience and error concealment. In this survey, we explore different aspects of multiple reference frame motion compensation, including multihypothesis prediction, global motion prediction, improved error resilience and concealment for multiple references, and algorithms for fast motion estimation in the context of multiple reference frame video encoders.
Annealed Importance Sampling (1998)

Simulated annealing - moving from a tractable distribution to a distribution of interest via a sequence of intermediate distributions - has traditionally been used as an inexact method of handling isolated modes in Markov chain samplers. Here, it is shown how one can use the Markov chain transitions for such an annealing sequence to define an importance sampler. The Markov chain aspect allows this method to perform acceptably even for high-dimensional problems, where finding good importance sampling distributions would otherwise be very difficult, while the use of importance weights ensures that the estimates found converge to the correct values as the number of annealing runs increases. This annealed importance sampling procedure resembles the second half of the previously-studied tempered transitions, and can be seen as a generalization of a recently-proposed variant of sequential importance sampling. It is also related to thermodynamic integration methods for estimating ratios of normalizing constants. Annealed importance sampling is most attractive when isolated modes are present, or when estimates of normalizing constants are required, but it may also be more generally useful, since its independent sampling allows one to bypass some of the problems of assessing convergence and autocorrelation in Markov chain samplers.
A PVF<sub>2</sub>piezoelectric bimorph device for sensing presence and position of other objects (1979)

A novel "soft-touch" contact sensor and analog position-indicating device is described. It uses a double-layer PVF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> piezoelectric bimorph-type cantilever structure. An ac voltage applied across one layer causes mechanical vibration. The piezoelectric output signal from the other layer provides information on the presence and position of an external object.
In vivo measurement of erythrocyte velocity and retinal blood flow using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (2008)

In vivo measurement of retinal blood flow is obtained by measuring the blood velocity of erythrocytes and lumen diameters of the blood vessels using an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Erythrocyte velocity is measured by tracking erythrocytes moving across a horizontal scanning line. This approach provides high temporal bandwidth measurements, allowing the fluctuation of blood flow during cardiac cycles to be measured. The technique is most applicable to medium-sized blood vessels.
Adaptive Mesh Texture for Multi-View Appearance Modeling (2019)

In this paper we report on the representation of appearance information in the context of 3D multi-view shape modeling. Most applications in image based 3D modeling resort to texture maps, a 2D mapping of shape color information into image files. Despite their unquestionable merits, in particular the ability to apply standard image tools, including compression, image textures still suffer from limitations that result from the 2D mapping of information that originally belongs to a 3D structure. This is especially true with 2D texture atlases, a generic 2D mapping for 3D mesh models that introduces discontinuities in the texture space and plagues many 3D appearance algorithms. Moreover, the per-triangle texel density of 2D image textures cannot be individually adjusted to the corresponding pixel observation density without a global change in the atlas mapping function. To address these issues, we propose a new appearance representation for image-based 3D shape modeling, which stores appearance information directly on 3D meshes, rather than a texture atlas. We show this representation to allow for input-adaptive sampling and compression support. Our experiments demonstrate that it outperforms traditional image textures, in multi-view reconstruction contexts, with better visual quality and memory footprint, which makes it a suitable tool when dealing with large amounts of data as with dynamic scene 3D models.
Killing of Staphylococcus aureus in murine macrophages by chloroquine used alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin or azithromycin (2015)

This study aimed to determine any alteration in the killing of Staphylococcus aureus in murine peritoneal macrophages when chloroquine (CQ) is used alone compared with when it is used in combination with ciprofloxacin (CIP) or azithromycin (AZM). The study also aimed to find out the implication of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytokine release in the intracellular killing of S. aureus in macrophages. We present here data obtained with a model of S. aureus-infected mouse peritoneal macrophages in which the intracellular growth of the bacteria and the influence of antibiotics was monitored for 30, 60, and 90 minutes in the presence or absence of CQ along with the production of ROS and alteration in levels of antioxidant enzymes and cytokines. It was observed that S. aureus-triggered cytokine response was regulated when macrophages were co-cultured with CQ and AZM as compared with CQ stimulation only. It can be suggested that action of AZM in mediating bacterial killing is enhanced by the presence of CQ, indicating enhanced uptake of AZM during early infection that may be essential for bacteria killing by AZM. Reduction of oxidative stress burden on the S. aureus-infected macrophages may pave the way for better killing of internalized S. aureus by CQ plus ciprofloxacin (CIP) or CQ plus AZM. Based on these observations, one may speculate that in an inflammatory milieu, CQ loaded with AZM elicits a stronger proinflammatory response by increasing the intracellular uptake of AZM or CIP, thus enabling the immune system to mount a more robust and prolonged response against intracellular pathogens.
Cellular Export of Drugs and Signaling Molecules by the ATP-binding Cassette Transporters MRP4 (ABCC4) and MRP5 (ABCC5) (2005)

Like other members of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP)/ABCC subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters, MRP4 (ABCC4) and MRP5 (ABCC5) are organic anion transporters. They have, however, the outstanding ability to transport nucleotides and nucleotide analogs. In vitro experiments using drug-selected or -transfected cells indicated that these transport proteins, when overexpressed, can lower the intracellular concentration of nucleoside/nucleotide analogs, such as the antiviral compounds PMEA (9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine) or ganciclovir, and of anticancer nucleobase analogs, such as 6-mercaptopurine, after their conversion into the respective nucleotides. This may lead to an impaired ability of these compounds to inhibit virus replication or cell proliferation. It remains to be tested whether antiviral or anticancer chemotherapy based on nucleobase, nucleoside, or nucleotide precursors can be modulated by inhibition of MRP4 and MRP5. MRP4 also seems to be able to mediate the transport of conjugated steroids, prostaglandins, and glutathione. Furthermore, cyclic nucleotides (cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanine monophosphate) are exported from cells by MRP4 and MRP5. This may modulate the intracellular concentration of these important mediators, besides the action of phosphodiesterases, as well as provide extracellular nucleotides for a possible paracrine action. In this line, tissue distribution and subcellular localization of MRP4 and MRP5 specifically in smooth muscle cells (MRP5), platelet-dense granules (MRP4), and nervous cells (MRP4 and MRP5), besides the capillary endothelium, point not only to a possible function of these transporters as exporters in cellular defense, but also to a physiological function in signaling processes.
Measurement of hydroxyl radical density generated from the atmospheric pressure bioplasma jet (2012)

Atmospheric pressure bioplasmas are being used in a variety of bio-medical and material processing applications, surface modifications of polymers. This plasma can generate the various kinds of radicals when it contacs with the water. Especially, hydroxyl radical species have very important role in the biological and chemical decontamination of media in this situation. It is very important to investigate the hydroxyl radical density in needle-typed plasma jet since it plays a crucial role in interaction between the living body and plasma. We have generated the needle-typed plasma jet bombarding the water surface by using an Ar gas flow and investigated the emission lines by OES (optical emission spectroscopy). It is noted that the electron temperature and plasma density are measured to be about 1.7 eV and 3.4 × 1012 cm−3, respectively, under Ar gas flow ranged from 80 to 300 sccm (standard cubic centimeter per minute) in this experiment. The hydroxyl radical density has also been investigated and measured to be maximum value of 2.6 × 1015 cm−3 for the gas flow rate of 150 sccm in the needle-typed plasma jet by the ultraviolet optical absorption spectroscopy.
Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture, a Pattern Language for Distributed Computing (2007)

Providing a guide to the best practices in key areas of distributed computing, this book describes a single pattern language that links many patterns relevant to distributed computing.
Decreased Cardiolipin Synthesis Corresponds with Cytochromec Release in Palmitate-induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis (2001)

Apoptosis has been identified recently as a component of many cardiac pathologies. However, the potential triggers of programmed cell death in the heart and the involvement of specific metabolic pathway(s) are less well characterized. Detachment of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial inner membrane is a necessary first step for cytochrome c release into the cytosol and initiation of apoptosis. The saturated long chain fatty acid, palmitate, induces apoptosis in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and diminishes content of the mitochondrial anionic phospholipid, cardiolipin. These changes are accompanied by 1) acyl chain saturation of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylglycerol, 2) large increases in the levels of these two phospholipids, and 3) a decline in cardiolipin synthesis. Although cardiolipin synthase activity is unchanged, saturated phosphatidylglycerol is a poor substrate for this enzyme. Under these conditions, decreased cardiolipin synthesis and release of cytochrome c are directly and significantly correlated. The results suggest that phosphatidylglycerol saturation and subsequent decreases in cardiolipin affect the association of cytochrome c with the inner mitochondrial membrane, directly influencing the pathway to cytochrome c release and subsequent apoptosis.
Boundary respecting maps of 3-mainfolds (1972)

This paper is about maps of compact 3-manifolds which map the boundary of the domain (possibly nonhomeomorphically) into the boundary of the range. F. Waldhausen has shown that such a map between compact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifolds with nonempty, incompressible boundary is homotopic to a homeomorphism if and only if the map induces an isomorphism at the fundamental group level. The main theorem of this paper states that the above theorem remains valid if the assumption of incompressible boundary is dropped.
Increased Malonyl Coenzyme A Biosynthesis by Tuning the <i>Escherichia coli</i> Metabolic Network and Its Application to Flavanone Production (2009)

Identification of genetic targets able to bring about changes to the metabolite profiles of microorganisms continues to be a challenging task. We have independently developed a cipher of evolutionary design (CiED) to identify genetic perturbations, such as gene deletions and other network modifications, that result in optimal phenotypes for the production of end products, such as recombinant natural products. Coupled to an evolutionary search, our method demonstrates the utility of a purely stoichiometric network to predict improved Escherichia coli genotypes that more effectively channel carbon flux toward malonyl coenzyme A (CoA) and other cofactors in an effort to generate recombinant strains with enhanced flavonoid production capacity. The engineered E. coli strains were constructed first by the targeted deletion of native genes predicted by CiED and then second by incorporating selected overexpressions, including those of genes required for the coexpression of the plant-derived flavanones, acetate assimilation, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and the biosynthesis of coenzyme A. As a result, the specific flavanone production from our optimally engineered strains was increased by over 660% for naringenin (15 to 100 mg/liter/optical density unit [OD]) and by over 420% for eriodictyol (13 to 55 mg/liter/OD).
Long-latency growth-promoting activity of EGF when administered to mice at the neonatal stage (1987)

The effect of biosynthetic human epidermal growth factor (Bh-EGF) as well as mouse EGF on postnatal development of mice of ICR strain was examined. Daily administration of Bh-EGF (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 microgram X g body wt-1 X day-1) for 30 consecutive days postpartum caused a clearly dose-dependent increase in their body weight. Furthermore, in addition to the well-known premature eyelid opening and early tooth eruption, we have also observed precocious opening of the vagina among treated females. As far as the accelerated growth rate as reflected in their body weight gain was concerned, daily administration for only five consecutive days postpartum was just as effective as the above noted 30 consecutive daily injections. As to the precocious vaginal opening, however, the susceptible 5-day-period was found to be 14-18 days after the parturition. Some of those treated females also entered the estrous cycle precociously, a few days after the precocious opening of their vagina. The microscopic examination of various organs from treated males and females revealed no apparent pathological changes. As far as the above noted effects of EGF were concerned, Bh-EGF, which is xenogenic to mice, was as potent as mouse EGF.
Pharmakokinetik von intraartikulär applizierten Glukokortikoiden (1990)

The pharmacokinetic properties of six different glucocorticoids after intra-articular administration are compared. Some of the investigated drugs such as betamethasone acetate, methylprednisolone acetate, mythylprednisolone acetate, triamcinolone diacetate and triamcinolone hexacetonide represent prodrugs, which are converted in the body to their active glucocorticoid alcohols. No conversion is necessary in the case of triamcinolone actonide and rimexolone. In all cases, the dissolution rate in synovia is the tarelimiting step for the systemic absorption and determines the terminal half-life (,,flip-flop-case"). The investigated compounds showed market differences in the rates of release in the joint. The most appropriate parameter for a comparison is the mean residence time (MRT). The longest MRT were observed for rimexolone (25 days) and triamcinolone hexacetonide (6 days), the shortest for triamcinolone diacetate. These residence times are of clinical relevance, since a correlation between MRT and duration of clinical effect could be shown.
COMPUTED HIGH-TEMPERATURE RATE CONSTANTS FOR POLYATOMIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS. (1966)

High-temperature rate constants have been computed for reactions undergone by major polyatomic combustion products in the nozzles of rocket engines. For about 55% of the reactions considered, the activation energies and rate constants were computed by a method based on a modification of the Johnston-Parr transition-state treatment. For the remaining 45% of the reactions considered, this method showed that the computed activation energies were insignificant above 1000 K. The rate constants and frequency factors of this 45% of the reactions were then calculated on the basis of an improved collision kinetics treatment. Computed high-temperature results are presented for more than 140 nozzle reactions including reactions of CH4, CH3, CH2, NH3, NH2, H2CO, HCO, HCN, HNO, H2O, HBO, AlOH, BeOH, and NaOH with combustion intermediates such as H, O, F, Cl, BO, BeO, AlO, OH, NaO, CN, NH, BH, CH, and NO. (Author)
Characterization of flagella purified from enterohemorrhagic, vero-cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 (1988)

Escherichia coli of the serotype O157:H7 has recently been isolated in human fecal specimens in association with sporadic cases and outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis and with the hemolytic uremic syndrome. The aim of this study was to characterize the flagellin protein subunit constituents of flagellar filaments from E. coli O157:H7 strain CL-56. Flagellin isolated from a reference Salmonella enteritidis strain was used for comparison. Flagella were dissociated by incubation of bacteria under acidic conditions, centrifugation, and differential ammonium sulfate precipitation. Reconstituted flagellar filaments were demonstrated by three complementary methods: transmission electron microscopy, antigenic reactivity with H7 antiserum by a dot blot immunoassay, and immunogold localization of antiserum raised to the purified antigen to intact flagella on whole E. coli O157:H7. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels flagellin proteins from E. coli O157:H7 demonstrated an apparent Mr of 66,000. The isoelectric point of E. coli O157:H7 flagellin was 5.42. By immunoblotting, H7 flagellin proteins were shown to be immunogenic. They induced a systemic immune response both in rabbits challenged with whole bacteria and in a human previously infected with E. coli O157:H7.
How advanced low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) laminates and prepregs can improve the reliability of printed circuit boards (PCBs) (2002)

This paper details the impact of "Coefficient of Thermal Expansion" (CTE) imbalances caused by the different materials used in a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). It will also provide guidance as to how the PCB manufacturing process can be modified to accommodate the new requirements from PCB fabricators, assemblers and OEMs for high dimensional consistency of the laminate and prepreg to improve manufacturing yields in bare PCB fabrication, in assembly and during the life‐cycle of the electronic device in the field.The paper also explains the risks associated with metal migration and cathodic/anodic filaments (CAF) in PCBs, the impact of a lower CTE and a lower dielectric constant (Dk), as well as the need to minimise the differences of CTE between the PCB laminate and the package/chip in order to better manage the higher stress incurred by the use of lead‐free soldering materials. New materials are discussed which are processable in standard PCB fabrication lines, and which can accommodate the needs engendered by halogen‐free resin systems.
Oscillation ring based interconnect test scheme for SOC (2005)

We propose a novel oscillation ring (OR) test architecture for testing interconnects in SoC. In addition to stuck-at and open faults, this scheme can detect delay faults and crosstalk glitches. IEEE P1500 wrapper cells are modified. An efficient ring-generation algorithm is proposed to construct ORs based on a graph model. Experimental results on MCNC benchmark circuits show the feasibility of the scheme and the effectiveness of the algorithm. Our method achieves 100% fault coverage with a small number of tests.
Synthesis and Polymerization of N,N'-[Bis(4,4'-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate Phenylester) Pyromellitimide] Thermoset Polymer by Microwave Irradiation (2016)

A new difunctional monomer N,N'-[bis(4,4'-hydroxypropyl methacrylate phenyl ester) pyromellitimide] (BHPMEPM), was synthesized by the reaction of the bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-N,N'-pyromelli- timide acid (diacid-diimide), and two molar equivalents of glycidylmethacrylate (GMA). The reaction was carried out by microwave radiation. The presence of difunctional groups, double bond groups, makes the monomer a potential material for obtaining thermosetting product. The curing and thermal stability of the crosslinked products were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The difunctional monomer and its thermoset polymer were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-FT-NMR and CHN elemental analysis.
Real-time photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging of human vasculature (2009)

A real-time photoacoustic imaging system was designed and built. This system is based on a commercially available ultrasound imaging system. It can achieve a frame rate of 8 frames/sec. This system has been characterized in phantom experiments. In addition, vasculature in the hand of a human volunteer was imaged.
HARP: a system for intelligent composer's assistance (1991)

HARP (Hybrid Action Representation and Planning), a prototype high-level system for computer-aided composition, is introduced. HARP represents and manipulates music knowledge using a twofold formalism. An object-oriented concurrent environment, the analogical subsystem, provides procedures to manage the sound itself (samples, codes, and algorithms) and particular analysis processes. The symbolic subsystem, a declarative symbolic environment, stores higher level scores, composition rules, definitions in general, and descriptions of pieces of music. The symbolic subsystem is based on a multiple-inheritance semantic network formalism derived from KL-One. The HARP knowledge base, system interface, and reasoning mechanisms are discussed. An important set of analogical descriptions in HARP, based on the metaphor of force fields, is examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>