gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Lecithin and Hydrogenated Lecithin (2001)

Lecithin is a naturally occurring mixture of the diglycerides of stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids, linked to the choline ester of phosphoric acid, commonly called phosphatidylcholine. Hydrogenated Lecithin is the product of controlled hydrogenation of Lecithin. Bilayers of these phospholipids in water may form liposomes, a spherical structure in which the acyl chains are inside and not exposed to the aqueous phase. Lecithin and Hydrogenated Lecithin are used in a large number of cosmetic formulations as skin conditioning agents-miscellaneous and as surfactant-emulsifying agents. Hydrogenated Lecithin is also used as a suspending agent-nonsurfactant. Historical data on concentration of use of Lecithin reveals that 0.1% to 1.0% is the concentration range most frequently seen, with concentrations up to 50% reported for two moisturizing products. A solution of 65% Lecithin is currently reported to be used at concentrations up to 3% in cosmetics. Nonocclusive application of Lecithin-containing liposomes to murine skin resulted in 30% penetration to the subdermis. In piglet skin, the same application resulted in 99% accumulating in the stratum corneum. In general, liposomes are considered effective in capturing other compounds inside their spherical structure and delivering any such captured compound through the skin barrier. As a result, caution should be exhibited in formulating cosmetic products that contain these ingredients in combination with other ingredients whose safety is based on their lack of absorption or where dermal absorption is a concern. Lecithin is virtually nontoxic in acute oral studies, short-term oral studies, and subchronic dermal studies in animals. Lecithin is not a reproductive toxicant, nor is it mutagenic in several assays. In an oral carcinogenicity study, brain neoplasms were found in mice exposed to Lecithin. In a subcutaneous carcinogenicity study, no neoplasms were found in mice and rats exposed to Lecithin. Adverse reactions to Lecithin in a metered-dose inhaler have been reported. Lecithin and Hydrogenated Lecithin were generally nonirritating and nonsensitizing in animal and human skin. Based on the available data, Lecithin and Hydrogenated Lecithin are safe as used in rinse-off cosmetic products; they may be safely used in leave-on products at concentrations up to 15%, the highest concentration tested in clinical irritation and sensitization studies; but the safety of use could not be substantiated in cosmetic products likely to be inhaled. Because of the possibility of formation of nitrosamines, these ingredients should not be used in cosmetic products in which N-nitroso compounds may be formed.
X-shooter physical model (2008)

We have developed a physical model of the VLT 2nd generation instrument X-shooter for use in wavelength calibration. We describe here the model concept, its use during the development of the data reduction software and the initial alignment of the spectrograph in the laboratory and the optimisation of the model to fit early laboratory data.
A small molecule inhibitor of the perinucleolar compartment, ML246, attenuates growth and spread of ovarian cancer (2018)

PNC's are present in ovarian cancer cells and treatment with ML246 decreases invasion in vitro and tumor growth and spread in vivo. Additional studies are warranted to determine the efficacy of ML246 as an inhibitor of metastatic disease in ovarian cancer and to determine its precise mechanism of action.
N-chlorotaurine and N-bromotaurine Combination Regimen for the Cure of Valacyclovir-unresponsive Herpes Zoster Comorbidity in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient (2016)

Aims: Skin herpes zoster frequently affects immunocompromised patients including multiple sclerosis patients that belong to a distinct category of autoimmunity. Although considered a manageable condition, non-immunocompetent patients are suboptimally targeted by the gold standard valacyclovir treatment. In the case presented here, a new endogenous antiseptic Case Study Kyriakopoulos et al.; IJMPCR, 7(2): 1-6, 2016; Article no.IJMPCR.25476 2 treatment was applied. Presentation of Case: We describe a recurrent multiple sclerosis patient with herpes zoster skin infection, who was unresponsive to cotreatment with valacyclovir. Topical application of 0.8% Nchlorotaurine twice daily for four days resulted in immediate symptom resolution including loss of pain. Alternating application of 0.8% N-chlorotaurine and 1.0% N-bromotaurine in the next three days led to rapid healing. Discussion and Conclusion: This is the first case where natural taurine haloamines (Nchlorotaurine and N-bromotaurine), which are involved in innate immunity, were applied in reactivated, painful herpes zoster. The rapid clinical healing observed suggests specific investigations of the therapeutic effect of these compounds in this indication.
Digital storage scopes advance (1992)

The use of color display and data storage techniques that make for more meaningful signal views and complex statistical measurements, using the digital storage oscilloscope (DSO), are discussed. These techniques make good the loss of information about waveform stability, made evident by the varying intensity of traces on an analog scope display, that occurs when switching to a digital scope. Variable persistence techniques used by DSOs are described. Infinite persistence is an extension of variable-persistence techniques. In general, it accumulates waveforms on the DSO display indefinitely, displaying every acquired pixel with the same intensity. It reveals gross signal characteristics, such as long-term drift or worst-case jitter, and captures rare events such as a metastable state. Color grading is like infinite persistence with a colored version of intensity grading thrown in. The process allows waveform points to accumulate indefinitely on the display, with the user deciding when the screen should be cleared. Detailed quantitative analyses of the signal within the instrument itself are also examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Estimating customer preference through store check-in histories and its use in visitor promotion (2017)

This paper proposes a method to estimate the preference of customers based on store check-in histories. The proposed method can distinguish the preferences of customers who have no purchase histories. We adopt a machine learning algorithm for model acquisition. The estimation results can improve the efficiency of visitor promotion campaigns and advertising campaigns. An actual visitor promotion trial indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
MicroStructure Element Method (MSEM): viscous flow model for the virtual draw of microstructured optical fibers (2015)

We propose a new method to accurately model the structural evolution of a microstructured fiber (MOF) during its drawing process, given its initial preform structure and draw conditions. The method, applicable to a broad range of MOFs with high air-filling fraction and thin glass membranes, is an extension of the Discrete Element Method; it determines forces on the nodes in the microstructure to progressively update their position along the neck-down region, until the fiber reaches a final frozen state. The model is validated through simulation of 6 Hollow Core Photonic Band Gap Fibers (HC-PBGFs) and is shown to predict accurately the final fiber dimensions and cross-sectional distortions. The model is vastly more capable than other state of the art models and allows fast exploration of wide drawing parameter spaces, eliminating the need for expensive and time-consuming empirical parameter scans.
Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Water Influx to a Horizontal Well Using Advanced Completion Equipped with Permanent Sensors (2002)

Abstract We have tested new technologies for real-time monitoring and control of water influx to horizontal wells with sand control completions. We drilled a horizontal well in a thin oil column in Indiana, which was completed openhole with sand screens and a gravel pack. External casing packers subdivide the annulus into three zones. An electrical valve, which also records the annular and tubing pressure, controls inflow to each zone. Twenty-one centralizers act as electrodes to form a resistivity array that spans the 694-ft-long completion. The well is also equipped with a fiber-optic-distributed temperature sensing system. The well has been produced since November 2001 and provides real-time data that are shared across a geographically distributed network and used to optimize the production of oil from the well. The data from the pressure sensors and the resistivity array have been jointly interpreted to dynamically update the static reservoir model, which was initially based on observations in offset vertical wells. The pressures recorded from the three electrical valves provide high-frequency data to characterize the near-well heterogeneity of the formation. This is critical to computing an optimum production strategy. Zonal well tests, combined with interference testing between zones and wells, allow for estimation of communication between zones and the productivity index of each zone. The resistivity data enable detection of water saturation changes both in the formation and in the wellbore. The completion technology tested in this well offers the potential to intelligently operate long horizontal sand control completions by combining real-time monitoring with downhole inflow control.
A process-scalable low-power charge-domain 13-bit pipeline ADC (2008)

A 13-bit ADC is implemented using a novel charge-domain architecture. Enhanced bucket-brigade circuitry and a tapered charge pipeline provide precision charge-domain operation in a standard CMOS process, while eliminating the need for signal-path op-amps. The prototype ADC, implemented in 0.18 mum CMOS, provides 10.65 ENOB at 250 MS/s while consuming only 140 mW, yielding an exceptionally low FoM of 0.28 pJ/conversion-step. Simulations indicate that the architecture and circuitry are well suited to scaling below 90 nm.
Elastic systems (2010)

Elastic systems provide tolerance to the variations in computation and communication delays. The incorporation of elasticity opens new opportunities for optimization using new correct-by-construction transformations that cannot be applied to rigid non-elastic systems. The basics of synchronous and asynchronous elastic systems will be reviewed. A set of behavior-preserving transformations will be presented: retiming, recycling, early evaluation, variable-latency units and speculative execution. The application of these transformations for performance and power optimization will be discussed. Finally, a novel framework for microarchitectural exploration will be introduced, showing that the optimal pipelining of a circuit can be automatically obtained by using the previous transformations.
pH-Responsive Biodegradable Micelles Based on Acid-Labile Polycarbonate Hydrophobe: Synthesis and Triggered Drug Release (2009)

pH-responsive biodegradable micelles were prepared from block copolymers comprising of a novel acid-labile polycarbonate hydrophobe and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Two new cyclic aliphatic carbonate monomers, mono-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzylidene-pentaerythritol carbonate (TMBPEC, 2a) and mono-4-methoxybenzylidene-pentaerythritol carbonate (MBPEC, 2b) were designed and successfully synthesized via a two-step procedure. The ring-opening polymerization of 2a or 2b in the presence of methoxy PEG in dichloromethane at 50 °C using zinc bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] as a catalyst yielded the corresponding block copolymers PEG-PTMBPEC (3a) or PEG-PMBPEC (3b) with low polydispersities (PDI 1.03-1.04). The copolymerization of D,L-lactide (DLLA) and 2a under otherwise the same conditions could also proceed smoothly to afford PEG-P(TMBPEC-co-DLLA) (3c) block copolymer. These block copolymers readily formed micelles in water with sizes of about 120 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The hydrolysis of the acetals of the polycarbonate was investigated using UV/vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the acetals of micelles 3a, while stable at pH 7.4 are prone to rapid hydrolysis at mildly acidic pH of 4.0 and 5.0, with a half-life of 1 and 6.5 h, respectively. The acetal hydrolysis resulted in significant swelling of micelles, as a result of change of hydrophobic polycarbonate to hydrophilic polycarbonate. In comparison, the acetals of PMBPEC of micelles 3b displayed obviously slower hydrolysis at the same pH. Both paclitaxel and doxorubicin could be efficiently encapsulated into micelles 3a achieving high drug loading content (13.0 and 11.7 wt %, respectively). The in vitro release studies showed clearly a pH dependent release behavior, that is, significantly faster drug release at mildly acidic pH of 4.0 and 5.0 compared to physiological pH. These pH-responsive biodegradable micelles are promising as smart nanovehicles for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs.
Allosteric Activation of <i>Arabidopsis</i> Threonine Synthase by <i>S</i>-Adenosylmethionine (1998)

Plant threonine synthase, in contrast to its bacterial counterpart, is strongly stimulated by S-adenosylmethionine via a noncovalent interaction [Giovanelli et al. (1984) Plant. Physiol. 76, 285-292]. The mechanism of activation remained, however, largely unknown. To further characterize this unusual role for S-adenosylmethionine, the Arabidopsis thaliana threonine synthase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and then used for kinetic and enzyme-bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate fluorescence equilibrium-binding experiments. We observed that the activating effect of S-adenosylmethionine results from an 8-fold increase in the rate of catalysis and from a 25-fold decrease in the Km value for the O-phosphohomoserine substrate. The data can be well fitted by a kinetic model assuming binding of two S-adenosylmethionine molecules on the native enzyme. We suggest that the dramatic modifications of the enzyme kinetic properties originate most presumably from an allosteric and cooperative transition induced by S-adenosylmethionine. This transition occurs at a much faster rate in the presence of the substrate than in its absence.
Borehole electrokinetic responses in fracture dominated hydraulically conductive zones (2000)

Electrokinetic borehole logging experiments conducted in fracture dominated Devonian metasediments and Carboniferous limestone boreholes containing dissolution discontinuities, indicate a strong relative amplitude correlation between a downhole electrokinetic response and previously obtained hydrogeological data for the respective boreholes. Voltages in the range 0.2–1.5 volt were recorded per MPa of gauge pressure induced in the borehole fluid. A relationship between fracture aperture and the frequency content of the electrical data has also been observed.
"Learning-Compression" Algorithms for Neural Net Pruning (2018)

Pruning a neural net consists of removing weights without degrading its performance. This is an old problem of renewed interest because of the need to compress ever larger nets so they can run in mobile devices. Pruning has been traditionally done by ranking or penalizing weights according to some criterion (such as magnitude), removing low-ranked weights and retraining the remaining ones. We formulate pruning as an optimization problem of finding the weights that minimize the loss while satisfying a pruning cost condition. We give a generic algorithm to solve this which alternates "learning" steps that optimize a regularized, data-dependent loss and "compression" steps that mark weights for pruning in a data-independent way. Magnitude thresholding arises naturally in the compression step, but unlike existing magnitude pruning approaches, our algorithm explores subsets of weights rather than committing irrevocably to a specific subset from the beginning. It is also able to learn automatically the best number of weights to prune in each layer of the net without incurring an exponentially costly model selection. Using a single pruning-level user parameter, we achieve state-of-the-art pruning in LeNet and ResNets of various sizes.
Isoflavonoids in Root and Hypocotyl of Soybean Seedlings (Glycine max, Fabaceae) (1995)

Isoflavonoids, some of which are highly fluorescent, are produced by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and serve as chemical signals for certain aspects of nitrogen fixation and microbial resistance. This study was conducted to determine whether soybean mutants with nonfluorescent roots contained abnormal concentrations of isoflavonoids. Isoflavonoids were extracted from the root and hypocotyl of 4-d-old wild-type soybean seedlings (cv. Hark) having fluorescent roots and from four nonallelic mutant, near isogenic lines of Hark having nonfluorescent roots. In addition, isoflavonoids were extracted from the root and hypocotyl of 4-d-old seedlings of near isogenic lines of Hark harboring two pairs of the mutant alleles for nonfluorescent roots. Malonyl daidzin, daidzin, malonyl genistin, and genistein were the most abundant isoflavonoids extracted from either the root or hypocotyl of seedlings with either fluorescent or nonfluorescent roots. Extracted malonyl daidzin, malonyl genistin, and malonyl glycitin decomposed readily, yielding daidzin, genistin, and glycitin, respectively. The concentrations of malonyl genistin and genistein, two highly fluorescent compounds, were similar in both fluorescent and nonfluorescent roots. Thus, root fluorescence was not correlated with abundance per se of fluorescent isoflavonoids in roots. In addition, the abundance of isoflavonoids extractable from the hypocotyl did not correlate with root fluorescence.
Nitrided thermal SiO2 for use as top and bottom gate insulators in self-aligned double gate silicon-on-insulator metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor (2001)

Nitrided thermal oxide was used to reduce the degradation of top and bottom gate insulators of self-aligned double gate metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors that use a form of selective epitaxial growth of silicon (SEG) called tunnel epitaxy. The degradation of thermal oxide was due to the exposure of gate insulator to the epi-growth ambient gases during the epitaxial growth. Both thermal oxide and thermally nitrided oxide samples were exposed to the epi-reactor gases and then the electrical characteristics were measured. Nitrided oxide showed significantly higher breakdown field, lower leakage current, and lower interface states than the thermal oxide after exposure to the selective epi-growth environment. For a 30 min stress in epi-reactor ambient, thermal oxide showed average breakdown fields of less than 1 MV/cm due to the formation of pinholes, while nitrided oxide samples showed average breakdown fields of 15.6 MV/cm for same stress condition. Interface state density (Dit) of nitrided oxide improved after exposure to epitaxial growth ambient. The average Dit reduced from ∼3.5×1010/cm2 eV to ∼1.5×1010/cm2 eV for a 30 min SEG/epitaxial lateral overgrowth stress for nitrided oxides.
Cell-associated metalloproteinases (1999)

In the past few years, information about primary and tertiary structures of proteins has revealed the enormous diversity and abundance of metalloproteases, and has led to a new understanding of the number and variety of distinct families that make up the general class of metalloproteases [1–4]. It has become clear that most, if not all, of the metalloproteases contain zinc at their active sites, and employ this metal in catalysis. The majority of the characterized metalloen-dopeptidases contain the zinc-binding consensus sequence HEXXH in a region of α-helical secondary structure; the two conserved histidines are ligands to the zinc ion via their imidazole side chains. The amino acids designated as X are uncharged and usually hydrophobic. An additional Zn ligand is supplied by a distant Glu side chain in a subgroup of metalloendopeptidas-es called gluzincins [4]. Examples of gluzincins are thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.27) and neprilysin (EC 3.4.24.11). For the metzincins, another subgroup of metalloendopeptidases, the third Zn ligand is contributed by the last histidine residue in the extended consensus sequence HEXXHXXGFXH. Examples of metzincins are astacin (EC 3 4.24.21) and interstitial collagenase (EC 3.4.24.7). A water molecule involved in catalysis is the fourth zinc ligand in these enzymes. Inverzincins, such as insulysin (EC 3.4.24.56) possess the inverted zinc binding sequence HXXEH, with a downstream Glu residue implicated as a third zinc ligand. Catalysis by zinc metallopeptidases does not involve intermediates covalently bound to protein groups, as in the serine or cysteine proteinases, but rather a zinc-bound water molecule attacks the substrate carbonyl carbon, with hydrolysis assisted by a general base. The general base in the protein, however, has not yet been unambiguously identified for many zinc metallopeptidases. It has been proposed that the conserved Glu residue of the HEXXH consensus sequence performs this function in thermolysin and other related metalloendopeptidases, but recent studies have provided evidence that the catalytic base in thermolysin may actually be a histidine residue, and a tyrosine side chain has been implicated as the general base for serralysins and astacins. A reevaluation of the catalytic mechanisms of the various classes of metalloendopeptidases may be necessary to resolve the controversy and advance our understanding of how they function.
Mathematical Morphology and its Applications to Image and Signal Processing (1998)

Preface. Introduction. Theory. Topology and Geometry. Shape Analysis and Partial Differential Equations. Connected Operators. Segmentation. Random Models and Statistical Techniques. Algorithms. Applications. Author Index. Subject Index.
Catalytic epoxidation of styrene–butadiene triblock copolymer with hydrogen peroxide (1991)

Abstract Styrene‐butadiene‐styrene linear block copolymer (SBS) can be epoxidized with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of methyltrioctylammonium tetrakis (diperoxotungsto) phosphate(3‐) as the catalyst in a biphasic system. The effects of reaction time, temperature, solvent, the ratio of the organic phase to the aqueous phase, the concentration of the catalyst, hydrogen peroxide and polymer, respectively, are studied on the conversion of double bonds to oxirane groups. 1 H‐NMR analysis confirms the absence of ring opening side reaction in this epoxidation reaction system up to at least 70% conversion of the double bonds. When the conversion of double bonds is over about 70% the resultant polymer is insoluble in chloroform even at reflux but soluble in polar solvents such as DMSO when heated. Toluene is a better solvent for the reaction than dichloroethane. The reaction rate constants are measured at four temperatures and the activation energy for the reaction with toluene as solvent is determined as 49.9 kJ/mol.