gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Singularity-driven second- and third-harmonic generation at<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>ε</mml:mi></mml:math>-near-zero crossing points (2011)

We show an alternative path to efficient second- and third-harmonic generation in proximity of the zero crossing points of the dielectric permittivity in conjunction with low absorption. Under these circumstances, any material, either natural or artificial, will show similar degrees of field enhancement followed by strong harmonic generation, without resorting to any resonant mechanism. The results presented in this paper provide a general demonstration of the potential that the zero-crossing-point condition holds for nonlinear optical phenomena. We investigate a generic Lorentz medium and demonstrate that a singularity-driven enhancement of the electric field may be achieved even in extremely thin layers of material. We also discuss the role of nonlinear surface sources in a realistic scenario where a 20-nm layer of CaF${}_{2}$ is excited at 21 \ensuremath{\mu}m, where \ensuremath{\epsilon} \ensuremath{\sim} 0. Finally, we show similar behavior in an artificial composite material that includes absorbing dyes in the visible range, provide a general tool for the improvement of harmonic generation using the \ensuremath{\epsilon} \ensuremath{\sim} 0 condition, and illustrate that this singularity-driven enhancement of the field lowers the thresholds for a plethora of nonlinear optical phenomena.
GABA Depolarizes Neuronal Progenitors of the Postnatal Subventricular Zone Via GABA<sub>A</sub> Receptor Activation (2003)

Previous studies have reported the presence of migrating and dividing neuronal progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and rostral migratory stream (RMS) of the postnatal mammalian brain. Although the behaviour of these progenitors is thought to be influenced by local signals, the nature and mode of action of the local signals are largely unknown. One of the signalling molecules known to affect the behaviour of embryonic neurons is the neurotransmitter GABA. In order to determine whether GABA affects neuronal progenitors via the activation of specific receptors, we performed cell-attached, whole-cell and gramicidin perforated patch-clamp recordings of progenitors in postnatal mouse brain slices containing either the SVZ or the RMS. Recorded cells displayed a morphology typical of migrating neuronal progenitors had depolarized zero-current resting potentials, and lacked action potentials. A subset of progenitors contained GABA and stained positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD-67) as shown by immunohistochemistry. In addition, every neuronal progenitor responded to GABA via picrotoxin-sensitive GABAA receptor (GABAAR) activation. GABAARs displayed an ATP-dependent rundown and a low sensitivity to Zn2+. GABA responses were sensitive to benzodiazepine agonists, an inverse agonist, as well as a barbiturate agonist. While GABA was hyperpolarizing at the zero-current resting potentials, it was depolarizing at the cell resting potentials estimated from the reversal potential of K+ currents through a cell-attached patch. Thus, our study demonstrates that neuronal progenitors of the SVZ/RMS contain GABA and are depolarized by GABA, which may constitute the basis for a paracrine signal among neuronal progenitors to dynamically regulate their proliferation and/or migration.
Rabies virus-induced membrane fusion (1999)

Rabies virus is a member of the rhabdovirus family. It enters cells by a process of receptor mediated endocytosis. Following this step, the viral envelope fuses with the endosomal membrane to allow release of the viral nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm. Fusion is induced by the low pH of the endosomal compartment and is mediated by the single viral glycoprotein G, a homotrimeric integral membrane protein. Rabies virus fusion properties are related to different conformational states of G. By different biochemical and biophysical approaches, it has been demonstrated that G can assume at least three different states: the native (N) state detected at the viral surface above pH 7, the activated (A) hydrophobic state which interacts with the target membrane as a first step of the fusion process, and the fusion inactive (I) conformation. Differently from other fusogenic viruses for which low pH-induced conformational changes are irreversible, there is a pH dependent equilibrium between these states, the equilibrium being shifted toward the I-state at low pH. The objective of this review is to detail recent findings on rhabdovirus-induced membrane fusion and to underline the differences that exist between this viral family and influenza virus which is the best known fusogenic virus. These differences have to be taken into consideration if one wants to have a global understanding of virus-induced membrane fusion.
Simulation Methods in the Foot Orthosis Development Process (2014)

Traditional methods for developing foot orthoses require extensive skilled manual labor.More modern methods have sought to address this with the introduction of computer enabled technologies such as digital scanning, computer aided design, and automated manufacturing.The current work further advances the process with the introduction of an additional computer enabled technology, simulation models, into two additional steps.First, a simulation model is used to achieve the postural adjustments to the foot normally done by a practitioner.This has the benefit of further automating the process, improving repeatability, and preventing the deformation of the plantar soft tissues that normally occurs with physical postural adjustment.Second, the simulation model is used in a routine to optimize plantar pressure distribution.When compared to a conventional method, the proposed approach yielded a 61% reduction in peak plantar pressure.Future work includes automating the optimization routines for a variety of metrics.Other applications for the current work include the development processes of orthoses and prostheses for other parts of the body.
Improvement of Spatial Resolution of Monochromatic X-ray CT Using Synchrotron Radiation (1988)

X-ray computed tomography using synchrotron radiation (SR) as X-ray source potentially provides CT images of improved quality, since SR produces tunable, monochromatized and collimated X-ray beams of high flux density. We can obtain CT images of small samples rapidly with better spatial resolution and contrast; we can also obtain the spatial distribution of a specific element using the absorption edge. In this paper, a method for improving the spatial resolution of such a system is presented, involving the magnification of projection images using asymmetric diffraction. First, the modulation transfer function (MTF) of projection images of an X-ray test chart is measured in order to evaluate the spatial resolution. Next, using this method, we show CT images of several industrial materials with spatial resolution of 15∼30 µm and demonstrate the usefulness of SR-CT with a high spatial resolution.
Urocortin 1 improves renal function in rats with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes by inhibiting overproduction of TGF‐β1 and VEGF (2009)

Our results strongly suggest that urocortin 1 improved renal function in rats with DN by inhibiting the overproduction of TGF-beta1 and VEGF.
CDIP-2, a synthetic peptide derived from chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 (CCL13), ameliorates allergic airway inflammation (2008)

Airway inflammation is characterized by selective recruitment of mononuclear and granulocytic cells. This recruitment is mediated by the action of chemotactic cytokines, such as chemokines. A number of chemokines and their receptors have been identified and proposed as potential therapeutic agents in allergic airway inflammation. One of these chemokines is chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 (CCL13), a CC chemokine that has been associated with allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. To investigate alternative therapeutic agents to alleviate allergic inflammatory diseases, a number of chemokine-derived synthetic peptides were designed and tested for their ability to modulate in vitro and in vivo chemokine-mediated functions. Our results show that one of these peptides, CDIP-2, displayed antagonist functions in in vitro chemotaxis assays using monocytic cell lines. In addition, we found that CDIP-2 significantly reduced peribronchial, perivascular infiltrate and mucus overproduction in an ovalbumin-induced allergic lung inflammation murine model. Thus, CDIP-2 may be considered as part of a novel group of anti-inflammatory agents based on chemokine-derived synthetic peptides.
The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons modification of the Wittig reaction using triethylamine and lithium or magnesium salts (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons modification of the Wittig reaction using triethylamine and lithium or magnesium saltsMichael W. Rathke and Michael NowakCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 15, 2624–2626Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00215a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00215a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5783Altmetric-Citations184LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Generic Method for Modular Surface Modification of Cellulosic Materials in Aqueous Medium by Sequential “Click” Reaction and Adsorption (2012)

A generic approach for heterogeneous surface modification of cellulosic materials in aqueous medium, applicable for a wide range of functionalizations, is presented. In the first step, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) modified with azide or alkyne functionality, was adsorbed on a cellulosic substrate, thus, providing reactive sites for azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reactions. In the second step, functional units with complementary click units were reacted on the cellulose surface, coated by the click-modified CMC. Selected model functionalizations on diverse cellulosic substrates are shown to demonstrate the generality of the approach. The concept by sequentially combining the robust physical adsorption ("physical click") and robust chemical reaction ("chemical click") allows versatile, simple, and environmentally friendly modification of a cellulosic substrate with virtually any azide- or alkyne-modified molecule and even functionalization with several types of units.
Influence of the Nozzle Geometry on Spray‐Dried Particle Formation Expanding Superheated Suspensions (2003)

Expanding a superheated solution or suspension to ambient atmosphere leads to a flash evaporation as a part of the pure liquid evaporates. If a superheated solution or suspension is atomized into a spray dryer working under atmospheric conditions, the particles formed are smaller than the particles resulting from nonsuperheated suspensions. The amount of air needed to dry the particles is reduced and the filters or cyclones installed for exhaust gas cleaning can be operated at lower pressure drop. Because of the decreased amount of drying air, the energy losses are also reduced.
Optical studies of 2D and 3D metallo-dielectric photonic crystals (2005)

We have fabricated and studied two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) metallo-dielectric photonic crystals (MDPC) in the visible/near ir spectral range using a variety of optical techniques. The 2D MDPC showed anomalous transmission due to surface plasmon polaritons in resonance with the photoluminescence band of a π-conjugated polymer based on a poly-phenylene-vinylene derivative. Consequently we fabricated an organic light emitting diode (OLED) using the 2D MDPC as a cathode with improved performance over an OLED with unperforated cathode. The 3D MDPCs are based on metal infiltrated opal photonic crystals. We studied the reflectivity spectrum of various metal infiltrated MDPCs and found that the reflectivity is low in the visible spectral range but dramatically increases towards the infrared revealing the elusive metallic gap. Our findings are in good agreement with recent theoretical and numerical calculations based on a commercial program.
Laser‐Induced Heating of Dextran‐Coated Mesocapsules Containing Indocyanine Green (2007)

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a photosensitive reagent with clinically relevant diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Recently, ICG has been investigated for its utility as an exogenous chromophore during laser-induced heating. However, ICG's effectiveness remains hindered by its molecular instability, rapid circulation kinetics, and nonspecific systemic distribution. To overcome these limitations, we have encapsulated ICG within dextran-coated mesocapsules (MCs). Our objective in this study was to explore the ability of MCs to induce thermal damage in response to laser irradiation. To simulate tumorous tissue targeted with MCs, cylindrical phantoms were prepared consisting of gelatin, intralipid emulsion, and various concentrations of MCs. The phantoms were embedded within fresh chicken breast tissue representing surrounding normal tissue. The tissue models were irradiated at lambda = 808 nm for 10 min at constant power (P = 4.2 W). Five hypodermic thermocouples were used to record the temperature at various depths below the tissue surface and transverse distances from the laser beam central axis during irradiation. Temperature profiles were processed to remove the baseline temperature and influence of light absorption by the thermocouple and subsequently used to calculate a damage index based on the Arrhenius damage integral. Tissue models containing MCs experienced a maximum temperature change of 18.5 degrees C. Damage index calculations showed that the heat generation from MCs at these parameters is sufficient to induce thermal damage, while no damage was predicted in the absence of MCs. ICG maintains its heat-generating capabilities in response to NIR laser irradiation when encapsulated within MCs. Such encapsulation provides a potentially useful methodology for laser-induced therapeutic strategies.
Aqueous-Solution Behavior of Hydrophobically Modified Poly(acrylic Acid) (1991)

Hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid) was obtained by reaction of a small amount of an alkylamine on the carboxyl groups of the polyacid. Alkylamines with 8, 14 or 18 carbon atoms were used and the molar content of substitution ranged from 0 to 10%. Above a critical polymer concentration the viscosity in pure water of the modified samples (in the sodium salt form) drastically increases and can be several orders of magnitude higher than the one of the corresponding precursor polymer. Further enhancement of viscosity is achieved by increasing the ionic strength of the solution or by addition of a surfactant, Solutions exibiting high viscosities also present a marked solubilization of pyrene. These results were interpreted in terms of conformational changes and interchain aggregation due to hydrophobic interactions.
Crucial Role of TNF Receptors 1 and 2 in the Control of Polymicrobial Sepsis (2009)

Sepsis is still a major cause of mortality in the intensive critical care unit and results from an overwhelming immune response to the infection. TNF signaling pathway plays a central role in the activation of innate immunity in response to pathogens. Using a model of polymicrobial sepsis by i.p. injection of cecal microflora, we demonstrate a critical role of TNFR1 and R2 activation in the deregulated immune responses and death associated with sepsis. A large and persistent production of TNF was found in wild-type (B6) mice. TNFR1/R2-deficient mice, compared with B6 mice, survive lethal polymicrobial infection with enhanced neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in the peritoneal cavity. Absence of TNFR signaling leads to a decreased local and systemic inflammatory response with diminished organ injury. Furthermore, using TNFR1/R2-deficient mice, TNF was found to be responsible for a decrease in CXCR2 expression, explaining reduced neutrophil extravasation and migration to the infectious site, and in neutrophil apoptosis. In line with the clinical experience, administration of Enbrel, a TNF-neutralizing protein, induced however only a partial protection in B6 mice, with no improvement of clinical settings, suggesting that future TNF immunomodulatory strategies should target TNFR1 and R2. In conclusion, the present data suggest that the endogenous TNFR1/R2 signaling pathway in polymicrobial sepsis reduces neutrophil recruitment contributing to mortality and as opposed to pan-TNF blockade is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of polymicrobial sepsis.
Property Modification of Edible Wheat, Gluten-based Films (1993)

Procedures were developed to produce edible wheat, gluten-based films. A film was produced as a standard. Five additional films were then produced by modifying the initial film-forming solution. Modifications included changing the plasticizer, partially substituting wheat gluten with soy protein isolate and corn zein, and incorporating two acetylated monoglyceride products. All films were characterized by measuring selected mechanical properties, and permeabilities to water vapor and to oxygen. Comparison of the films, in terms of their measured properties, indicates ways to improve the overall performance of the standard film as a potential packaging material. A main limitation of all of the films was their poor water vapor barrier characteristics. On the other hand, they were very good oxygen barriers. All modified films were stronger than the standard in terms of tensile and bursting strength. The film containing soy protein was the strongest and the most uniform. Significant differences in measured properties were observed when the plasticizer was changed from glycerin to triethylene glycol.
Dynamically shift-switched dataline redundancy suitable for DRAM macro with wide data bus (2000)

A novel dataline redundancy suitable for an embedded DRAM macro with wide data bus is presented. This redundancy reduces the area required for spare cells from 6 to 1.6% of the area required for normal cells and improves chip yield from 50 to 80%. In addition, it provides a high-speed data path. An embedded DRAM macro adopting the redundancy achieves 200-MHz operation and provides 51.2-Gbit/s bandwidth. It has been fabricated with 0.25-/spl mu/m technology.
Fracture healing as a post‐natal developmental process: Molecular, spatial, and temporal aspects of its regulation (2003)

Fracture healing is a specialized post-natal repair process that recapitulates aspects of embryological skeletal development. While many of the molecular mechanisms that control cellular differentiation and growth during embryogenesis recur during fracture healing, these processes take place in a post-natal environment that is unique and distinct from those which exist during embryogenesis. This Prospect Article will highlight a number of central biological processes that are believed to be crucial in the embryonic differentiation and growth of skeletal tissues and review the functional role of these processes during fracture healing. Specific aspects of fracture healing that will be considered in relation to embryological development are: (1) the anatomic structure of the fracture callus as it evolves during healing; (2) the origins of stem cells and morphogenetic signals that facilitate the repair process; (3) the role of the biomechanical environment in controlling cellular differentiation during repair; (4) the role of three key groups of soluble factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, the TGF-beta superfamily, and angiogenic factors, during repair; and (5) the relationship of the genetic components that control bone mass and remodeling to the mechanisms that control skeletal tissue repair in response to fracture.
Lithium enhances the neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells<i>in vitro</i>and after transplantation into the avulsed ventral horn of adult rats through the secretion of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (2009)

This study was undertaken to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which lithium regulates the development of spinal cord-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in vitro and after transplanted in vivo. Our results show that lithium at the therapeutic concentration significantly increases the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NPCs in vitro. Specific ELISAs, western blotting, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays demonstrate that lithium treatment significantly elevates the expression and production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by NPCs in culture. Application of a BDNF neutralizing antibody in culture leads to a marked reduction in the neurogenesis of lithium-treated NPCs to the control level. However, it shows no effects on the proliferation of lithium-treated NPCs. These findings suggest that the BDNF pathway is possibly involved in the supportive role of lithium in inducing NPC neurogenesis but not proliferation. This study also provides evidence that lithium is able to elevate the neuronal generation and BDNF production of NPCs after transplantation into the adult rat ventral horn with motoneuron degeneration because of spinal root avulsion, which highlights the therapeutic potential of lithium in cell replacement strategies for spinal cord injury because of its ability to promote neuronal differentiation and BDNF production of grafted NPCs in the injured spinal cord.
Robust Model Predictive Control Schemes for Tracking Setpoints (2010)

This paper briefly reviews the development of nontracking robust model predictive control (RMPC) schemes for uncertain systems using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) subject to input saturated and softened state constraints. Then we develop two new tracking setpoint RMPC schemes with common Lyapunov function and with zero terminal equality subject to input saturated and softened state constraints. The novel tracking setpoint RMPC schemes are able to stabilize uncertain systems once the output setpoints lead to the violation of the state constraints. The state violation can be regulated by changing the value of the weighting factor. A brief comparative simulation study of the two tracking setpoint RMPC schemes is done via simple examples to demonstrate the ability of the softened state constraint schemes. Finally, some features of future research from this study are discussed.