gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of ex-situ and in-situ cleans on the performance of bipolar transistors with low thermal budget in-situ phosphorus-doped polysilicon emitter contacts (2001)

This paper investigates the effects of an in-situ hydrogen bake and an ex-situ hydrofluoric acid (HF) etch prior to polysilicon deposition on the electrical characteristics of bipolar transistors fabricated with low thermal budget in-situ phosphorus-doped polysilicon emitter contacts. Emitter contact deposition in a UHV-compatible low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) cluster tool is also compared with deposition in a LPCVD furnace. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) are used to characterize the emitter contact material and the interface structure and a comparison is made with Gummel plots and emitter resistances on bipolar transistors. The SIMS results show that an in-situ hydrogen bake in a cluster tool gives an extremely low oxygen dose at the interface of 6.3/spl times/10/sup 13/ cm/sup -2/, compared with 7.7/spl times/ 10/sup 14/ and 2.9/spl times/10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ for an ex-situ HF etch and deposition in a cluster tool or a LPCVD furnace, respectively. TEM shows that the in-situ hydrogen bake results in single-crystal silicon with a high density of defects, including dislocations and twins. The ex-situ HF etch gives polycrystalline silicon for deposition in both a cluster tool and a LPCVD furnace. The single-crystal silicon emitter contact has an extremely low emitter resistance of 21 /spl Omega/./spl mu/m/sup 2/ in spite of the high defect density and the light emitter anneal of 30 s at 900/spl deg/C. This compares with emitter resistances of 151 and 260 /spl Omega/./spl mu/ m/sup 2/ for the polycrystalline silicon contacts produced using an ex-situ HF etch and deposition in a cluster tool or a LPCVD furnace, respectively. These values of emitter resistance correlate well with the interface oxygen doses and the structure of the interfacial oxide layer. The high defect density in the single-crystal silicon is considered to be due to the high concentration of phosphorus (>5/spl times/10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/) in the as-deposited layers.
Ad hoc field device integration using device profiles, concepts for automated configuration and web service technologies: Plug&amp;Play field device integration concepts for industrial production processes (2012)

Manufacturing companies are permanently striving to improve their own production processes. So, effective engineering and set up actions are of major importance. This article focuses on concepts to automatically detect, configure and integrate field devices into the application of a superordinate logic controller. In this paper we will propose a concept for this Plug&Play field device integration based on the example scenario of the replacement of an RFID-read-write device. Starting with the formulation of fundamental requirements for Plug&Play field device integration, we are presenting a procedure for setting up field device profiles. Applying this procedure, device profiles for RFID devices are defined and implemented using the web service technology DPWS. The experimental evaluation is carried out in the testing facility of the technology initiative SmartFactory <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">KL</sup> . The results show that the developed concept can significantly improve the setup time for manufacturing equipment.
Intermediate-Temperature Superfluidity in an Atomic Fermi Gas with Population Imbalance (2006)

We derive the underlying finite temperature theory which describes Fermi gas superfluidity with population imbalance in a homogeneous system. We compute the pair formation temperature, superfluid transition temperature Tc, and superfluid density in a manner consistent with the standard ground state equations and, thereby, present a complete phase diagram. Finite temperature stabilizes superfluidity, as manifested by two solutions for Tc or by low T instabilities. At unitarity, the polarized state is an "intermediate-temperature superfluid."
Characteristics of a Bacteriocin Derived from <i>Streptococcus faecalis</i> var. <i>zymogenes</i> Antagonistic to <i>Diplococcus peumoniae</i> (1971)

A bacteriocin-producing strain of Streptococcus faecalis var. zymogenes (E-1) was isolated from clinical material (conjunctiva). The active substance differed from bacteriocins described by other investigators primarily in its spectrum of antibacterial activity, especially by its marked inhibition of Diplococcus pneumoniae. The E-1 bacteriocin also inhibited nonhemolytic strains of enterococci as well as one-third of the Viridans group of streptococcal strains investigated. The degree of inhibition, however, as indicated by the size of the zones against the latter organisms, was significantly reduced. No activity was detected against any of the strains belonging to the following groups of bacteria: hemolytic enterococci, beta-hemolytic streptococci, nonhemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, and various gram-negative species. Similarly, three strains each of Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes and one strain of Erysipelothrix insidiosa were not inhibited. The bacteriocin was able to diffuse through bacterial membranes as well as cellulose dialyzer tubing. It was inactivated by heating to 80 C for 20 min but resisted inactivation by either trypsin or chloroform.
Surfactant-Free Polymerization Forming Switchable Latexes That Can Be Aggregated and Redispersed by CO<sub>2</sub> Removal and Then Readdition (2012)

Polystyrene latexes prepared using the bicarbonate salt of initiator 2,2′-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] via surfactant-free emulsion polymerization can be aggregated using only argon and gentle heat and redispersed using carbon dioxide and sonication. The bicarbonate and hydrochloride salts of the initiator have similar thermal decomposition behavior, but only the bicarbonate salt of 2,2′-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] can be switchable between ionic and nonionic forms by addition and removal of CO2. Measurements of particle size and zeta potential were used to study the aggregation and redispersion of the latexes. The latex is aggregated by heating and bubbling with argon to remove CO2 and convert the active cyclic amidinium groups to their neutral form. When treated with sonication and bubbling with CO2, the aggregated polystyrene latex can be redispersed successfully, as evidenced by restoration of the original latex particle size and zeta potential from the large aggregated polymer particles. This is the simplest method to date to prepare a redispersible latex stabilized by CO2.
Evaluation of Formaldehyde-Treated Protein for Growing Lambs and Lactating Cows (1974)

Three lamb feeding trials, two lactation experiments and one rat growth study were conducted to determine the effect of formaldehyde treatment of dietary protein on animal performance. In the first lamb experiment, three groups of 15 lambs were fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations (14.9% CP on DM basis) for 70 days. Nitrogen was supplemented as either urea, soybean meal, or formaldehyde (HCHO)-treated soybean meal (1.6 g HCHO/100 g CP). Daily gains of .236, .243 and .213 kg were not significantly different. In the second lamb experiment, four groups of 17 lambs each were fed either a medium protein (12.6% CP on DM basis) or low protein (9.3%) ration. One of the two groups fed each protein level had its entire ration treated with formaldehyde (.74 g HCHO/100 g CP). The medium protein level supported 20% faster growth, but formaldehyde treatment had no effect on daily gain or wool growth in either the low or medium protein group. In the third lamb trial, three groups of 20 lambs each were fed rations containing 11.8, 11.8, or 15.2% crude protein. The first ration was a control, and the second and third were treated with HCHO (.5 g/100 g CP). The third ration was supplemented with urea to assure adequate ruminal ammonia for microbial growth. The average daily gain for the three groups was .211, .207 and .210 kilograms. There were no significant treatment effects. Milk production in two lactation studies was not affected by HCHO treatment. Lysine availability as determined in a rat growth study was either not affected or reduced only slightly by formaldehyde treatment. Total protein digestibility was reduced slightly with formaldehyde treatment. Under the conditions of these experiments, little or no benefit was obtained with formaldehyde treatment of dietary protein.
Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (2016)

The intense research focus on stem and progenitor cells could be attributed to their differentiation potential to generate new cells to replace diseased or lost cells in many highly intractable degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, and heart diseases. However, experimental and clinical studies have increasingly attributed the therapeutic efficacy of these cells to their secretion. While stem and progenitor cells secreted many therapeutic molecules, none of these molecules singly or in combination could recapitulate the functional effects of stem cell transplantations. Recently, it was reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) could recapitulate the therapeutic effects of stem cell transplantation. Based on the observations reported thus far, the prevailing hypothesis is that stem cell EVs exert their therapeutic effects by transferring biologically active molecules such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, and microRNA from the stem cells to injured or diseased cells. In this respect, stem cell EVs are similar to EVs from other cell types. They are both primarily vehicles for intercellular communication. Therefore, the differentiating factor is likely due to the composition of their cargo. The cargo of EVs from different cell types are known to include a common set of proteins and also proteins that reflect the cell source of the EVs and the physiological or pathological state of the cell source. Hence, elucidation of the stem cell EV cargo would provide an insight into the multiple physiological or biochemical changes necessary to affect the many reported stem cell-based therapeutic outcomes in a variety of experimental models and clinical trials.
Major Trends in Ethnic Processes Among The Peoples of the USSR (1962)

Our country's entry into the period of full-scale construction of communist society also brings on a new stage in the development of relationships among the nationalities in the USSR. The Seven-Year Plan envisages a vast growth of the economies of the constituent republics. It clearly expresses the Leninist nationality policy which makes for an even greater all-round flourishing of the economy and culture of all the peoples of the multinational Soviet state. At the same time, the socialist division of labor, the growth of new and multifarious forms of economic and cultural ties, and of comradely cooperation, mutual assistance and friendship, create a firm basis for an ever closer coming together of the peoples of our country.
A Near-infrared Image Based Face Recognition System. (2006)

In this paper, we present a near infrared (NIR) image based face recognition system. Firstly, we describe a design of NIR image capture device which minimizes influence of environmental lighting on face images. Both face and facial feature localization and face recognition are performed using local features with AdaBoost learning. An evaluation in real-world user scenario shows that the system achieves excellent accuracy, speed and usability. 1.
Formylpeptide receptors are critical for rapid neutrophil mobilization in host defense against Listeria monocytogenes (2012)

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) causes opportunistic infection in immunocompromised hosts with high mortality. Resistance to Listeria depends on immune responses and recruitment of neutrophils of the immune system into infected sites is an early and critical step. Mouse neutrophils express two G protein-coupled formylpeptide receptor subtypes Fpr1 and Fpr2 that recognize bacterial and host-derived chemotactic molecules including Listeria peptides for cell migration and activation. Here we report deficiency in Fprs exacerbated the severity of the infection and increased the mortality of infected mice. The mechanism involved impaired early neutrophil recruitment to the liver with Fpr1 and Fpr2 being sole receptors for neutrophils to sense Listeria chemoattractant signals and for production of bactericidal superoxide. Thus, Fprs are essential sentinels to guide the first wave of neutrophil infiltration in the liver of Listeria-infected mice for effective elimination of the invading pathogen.
Aquaporin Water Channels (Nobel Lecture) (2004)

Water is the most important component of all organisms and is the basis of all life. That water can pass through cell membranes has long been known—but how is the selective transport of water molecules achieved without concommitent diffusion of H3O+ ions? Peter Agre received the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery and investigation of the membrane proteins responsible, namely, the aquaproteins.
Hybrid Metaheuristic Approaches to the Expectation Maximization for Estimation of the Hidden Markov Model for Signal Modeling (2014)

The expectation maximization (EM) is the standard training algorithm for hidden Markov model (HMM). However, EM faces a local convergence problem in HMM estimation. This paper attempts to overcome this problem of EM and proposes hybrid metaheuristic approaches to EM for HMM. In our earlier research, a hybrid of a constraint-based evolutionary learning approach to EM (CEL-EM) improved HMM estimation. In this paper, we propose a hybrid simulated annealing stochastic version of EM (SASEM) that combines simulated annealing (SA) with EM. The novelty of our approach is that we develop a mathematical reformulation of HMM estimation by introducing a stochastic step between the EM steps and combine SA with EM to provide better control over the acceptance of stochastic and EM steps for better HMM estimation. We also extend our earlier work and propose a second hybrid which is a combination of an EA and the proposed SASEM, (EA-SASEM). The proposed EA-SASEM uses the best constraint-based EA strategies from CEL-EM and stochastic reformulation of HMM. The complementary properties of EA and SA and stochastic reformulation of HMM of SASEM provide EA-SASEM with sufficient potential to find better estimation for HMM. To the best of our knowledge, this type of hybridization and mathematical reformulation have not been explored in the context of EM and HMM training. The proposed approaches have been evaluated through comprehensive experiments to justify their effectiveness in signal modeling using the speech corpus: TIMIT. Experimental results show that proposed approaches obtain higher recognition accuracies than the EM algorithm and CEL-EM as well.
Establishment of a cell line expressing the CD36 on human platelets and its application to the detection of anti-CD36 antibodies (2016)

Objective
To establish a cell line stably expressing the human CD36 by using TA cloning and cell transfection technology and to analyze its application to the detection of anti-CD36 antibodies.


Methods
Total RNA was isolated from human platelets and then used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA). Sequence of the gene encoding CD36 on human platelets was obtained by PCR amplification. The recombinant vector was transformed into TOP10 E. coli after TA cloning. The positive recombinant pcDNA3.1/V5-CD36 plasmid was screened out by blue-white selection and then sequenced. The correctly constructed plasmid coated with Effectene® Transfection Reagent was transferred into HEK293T cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was performed to screen out the cell line that could stably express the CD36 on human platelets. The transfected cell line-based flow cytometry analysis and antibody capture assay (ACA) were established and used for antibody detection in nine serum samples positive for anti-CD36 antibodies.


Results
The HEK293T cell line stably expressing the recombinant CD36 was successfully established. Compare with the monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigens assay (MAIPA), anti-CD36 antibodies could be easily identified in nine serum samples by using the transfected cell line-based flow cytometry analysis and ACA.


Conclusion
This study suggests that the HEK293T cells stably expressing the recombinant CD36 could be used in flow cytometry analysis and ACA for the detection of anti-CD36 antibodies. It also paves the way for further researches on the mechanism of CD36 in other diseases.


Key words: 
CD36; HEK293T cell; TA cloning
Modeling steady-state and transient behaviors of user mobility (2006)

Recent studies on mobility modeling have focused on characterizing user mobility from real traces of wireless LANs (WLANs)and creating mobility models based on such characterization. However, most of the work does not study how user mobility is correlated in time at different time scales. For example, the future APs with which a user will be associated are predicted without the knowledge of when the association will take place and for how long. In this paper, we build a mathematical model for characterizing both steady state and transient behaviors of user mobility in WLANs. Specifically, we mode user mobility by a semi-Markov process, and obtain the transition probability matrix and the sojourn time distribution from the association history of WLAN users available at Dartmouth college [21]. With the steady-state characterization of user mobility in WLANs, we can estimate the long-term wireless network usage among different access points. By comparing the steady-state distributions of semi-Markov models built based on trace data collected at different time scales, we are able to characterize the degree of correlation in time and location.We also perform a transient behavior analysis of the semi-Markov process (that characterizes user mobility), and devise a timed location prediction algorithm that accurately predicts the future locations of users both the future access points they will associate themselves with and the association duration. We demonstrate the utility of timed location prediction, by showing how it can be utilized to predict the distribution of future user ocations with the time information figured in, and redistributing loads among neighboring APs. An improvement of 80% (in terms of load balance) is observed in a wide spectrum of traffic loads in the simulation.
Physicochemical properties of apolipoprotein(a) and lipoprotein(a-) derived from the dissociation of human plasma lipoprotein (a). (1986)

Chemical reduction of human plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) yielded two water-soluble products which were separated by rate zonal ultracentrifugation. Apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) was completely recovered from the bottom of the gradient, whereas lipoprotein(a-) (Lp(a-)), which contained all of the lipids and apo-B100 of Lp(a), floated. By the techniques of circular dichroism and viscometry Lp(a-) was identical to low density lipoprotein (LDL). Lp(a-) was slightly larger in mass than autologous LDL and contained proportionally more triglyceride. The difference in mass between Lp(a) and Lp(a-) was accounted for by the loss of 2 molecules of apo(a) from the Lp(a) particle. The molecular weight of reduced and carboxymethylated apo(a) was 281,000 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine HCl. By circular dichroism the structure of apo(a) was mostly random (71%) with the remainder representing 8% alpha-helix and 21% beta-sheet; its intrinsic viscosity, 28.3 cm3/g, was consistent with an extended flexible coil. The amino acid composition was characterized by an unusually high content of proline (11.4 mol %) as well as tryptophan, tyrosine, arginine, threonine, and a low amount of lysine, phenylalanine, and isoleucine. Apo(a) contained 28.1% carbohydrate by weight represented by mannose, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, and sialic acid in an approximate molar ratio of 3:7:5:4:7, respectively. Overall, the structure of Lp(a) appears to be consistent with a rigid spherical LDL-like core particle which, as a consequence of its association with a flexible glycoprotein such as apo(a), favors the entrapment of significant amounts of hydrodynamically associated solvent. Furthermore, the Lp(a-) remnant generated by the removal of apo(a) from Lp(a) was similar in structure but not identical to autologous LDL.
The Detection of Seeded Faults in an Epicyclic Gearbox by Signal Averaging of the Vibration (1990)

Abstract : This paper reports on a new technique for obtaining signal averages of the individual planetary gears and the sun gear using a single transducer. Individual epicyclic components can now be analysed using standard signal average enhancement techniques to diagnose gear condition. Analyses of data from epicyclic gearboxes with seeded faults are presented.
A Comparison of Methods for Generating Poisson Disk Distributions (2007)

Abstract Poisson disk distributions have many applications in the field of computer graphics. Besides sampling, Poisson disk distributions are used in object distribution, non‐photorealistic rendering and procedural texturing. Over the years, a large number of methods for generating Poisson disk distributions have been proposed, making it difficult to choose the right method for a given application. In this paper, we present a detailed comparison of most techniques for generating Poisson disk distributions. The methods we study include dart throwing, relaxation dart throwing, Lloyd's relaxation, Shade's Poisson disk tiles, tiled blue noise samples, fast hierarchical importance sampling with blue noise properties, edge‐based Poisson disk tiles, template Poisson disk tiles, corner‐based Poisson disk tiles and recursive Wang tiles for real‐time blue noise. Analysing all of these methods within a single framework is one of the major contributions of this work .
Device physics and design of double-gate tunneling field-effect transistor by silicon film thickness optimization (2007)

The device physics of the double-gate tunneling field-effect transistor (DG TFET) is explored through two dimensional device simulations. The on-state drain current Ion of the DG TFET, which is based on band-to-band tunneling, has a strong dependence on the silicon film thickness TSi and the physics governing it is detailed. It is established that band-to-band tunneling at the surface is very strong and accounts for a large part of the total drain current. However, a substantial part of the total drain current Ids is contributed by a subsurface portion of the silicon film. Detailed potential distributions show that the coupling of two gate electrodes in the DG TFET could effectively reduce the tunneling width ωT at the center of the silicon film up to an optimum TSi where maximum drain current is obtained.