gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ROCK/Cdc42-mediated microglial motility and gliapse formation lead to phagocytosis of degenerating dopaminergic neurons in vivo (2012)

The role of microglial motility in the context of adult neurodegeneration is poorly understood. In the present work, we investigated the microanatomical details of microglia-neuron interactions in an experimental mouse model of Parkinson's disease following the intraperitoneal injection of MPTP. The specific intoxication of dopaminergic neurons induces the cellular polarization of microglia, leading to the formation of body-to-body neuron-glia contacts, called gliapses, which precede neuron elimination. Inhibiting ROCK/Cdc42-mediated microglial motility in vivo blocks the activating features of microglia, such as increased cell size and number of filopodia and diminishes their phagocyting/secreting domains, as the reduction of the Golgi apparatus and the number of microglia-neuron contacts has shown. High-resolution confocal images and three-dimensional rendering demonstrate that microglia engulf entire neurons at one-to-one ratio, and the microglial cell body participates in the formation of the phagocytic cup, engulfing and eliminating neurons in areas of dopaminergic degeneration in adult mammals.
Effect of Copper Content on Superelasticity Characteristics in Ti-Ni and Ti-Ni-Cu Alloy Wires (2002)

The effect of copper content on superelasticity characteristics in Ti–Ni and Ti–Ni–Cu alloy wires was investigated by performing isothermal cyclic tensile tests at a temperature of Af+25 K. Specimens were Ti–50Ni, Ti–45Ni–5Cu, Ti–40Ni–10Cu and Ti–37Ni–13Cu(at%), annealed at 673 K for 3.6 ks after cold drawing with 30% reduction. The results show that the changes in residual strain, the critical stress for inducing martensite and the strain energy in all alloys are significant in early cycles, but become insignificant after 10 cycles. The degradation of residual strain and the strain energy during loading increases with decreasing copper content. However, changes in the critical stress for inducing martensite and the dissipated strain energy in Ti–Ni–Cu alloys are insensitive to copper content. Furthermore, in order to clarify the effect of copper content on the degradation of materials functions, the volume fraction of martensite subjected to slip deformation is evaluated by a two-phase model consisting of the parent phase and the martensitic phase connected in series. The volume fraction for a residual strain becomes larger as copper content increases, and it is directly related to the critical stress for inducing martensite and the dissipated strain energy with number of cycles. Based on these results it can be stated that the volume fraction of martensite subjected to slip deformation is a measure which represents the effects of cyclic deformation and copper content on the degradation of materials functions.
MLC++: a machine learning library in C++ (2002)

We present MLC++, a library of C++ classes and tools for supervised machine learning. While MLC++ provides general learning algorithms that can be used by end users, the main objective is to provide researchers and experts with a wide variety of tools that can accelerate algorithm development, increase software reliability, provide comparison tools, and display information visually. More than just a collection of existing algorithms, MLC++ is can attempt to extract commonalities of algorithms and decompose them for a unified view that is simple, coherent, and extensible. In this paper we discuss the problems MLC++ aims to solve, the design of MLC++, and the current functionality.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High gradient magnetic separation of erythrocytes. (1980)

<p>A comprehensive study of the technique of High Gradient Magnetic Separation applied to erythrocytes is described. Experiments indicate that magnetic filters are capable of removing in excess of 95% of erythrocytes from an input suspension within a few minutes. Studies of the interaction of a single erythrocyte with a single wire have been carried out. This work involved the development of a novel phase gradient optical system. When used in conjunction with a new design of experimental flow cell this enabled both single wire capture and erythrocyte buildup to be studied. Analysis of erythrocyte trajectories in the axial configuration confirm the magnetostatic theory used. Data from both the axial and transverse configurations indicate that a laminar flow model provides a better description of the hydrodynamic forces than the commonly used potential flow model. The shapes of the erythrocyte deposit on a single wire in the axial, transverse and longitudinal configurations are consistent with the predictions of the magnetostatic analysis. Extension of the single wire analysis to the prediction of the absorption coefficient of a filter indicates that wire-wire interactions require further study. However, it does provide a basis for predicting the dependence of the absorption coefficient on parameters such as the fluid flow rate and the wire characteristics. Cell viability studies indicate that erythrocytes, neutrophils and platelets are not adversely affected by the separation process.</p>
Synthesis and electron field emission of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes grown on stainless steel substrate (2013)

Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) array was synthesized directly on stainless steel (SS) substrates with or without chemical etching or catalyst deposition via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. The effect of chemical etching on the SS substrates resulted in CNTs with uniform diameter and length. Electron field emission properties of CNT arrays synthesized on pristine SS and Ni/Cr coated SS substrates were measured. The results indicated that CNTs synthesized on pristine SS substrate exhibited lower turn-on electric field, lower threshold electric field, and a higher field enhancement factor as compared to the CNTs synthesized on Ni/Cr coated SS. The robust contact between the CNTs and the SS substrate resulted in the improved stability during the field emission.
An Active Power-Decoupling Method for Single-Phase AC–DC Converters (2013)

This paper presents an active topology for power decoupling in single-phase ac-dc converters, featuring the effective suppression of low-frequency power ripple which is an inherent problem in single-phase energy conversion systems. This topology is composed of an H-bridge circuit and a ripple power-decoupling circuit. The ripple power-decoupling circuit shares one bridge arm with the H-bridge circuit so it has less additional components: just one IGBT, one diode, and an energy-storage inductor. Its modulation strategy is properly devised to coordinate the operation of decoupling circuit and H-bridge circuit. To enhance the power-decoupling performance, a direct ripple power-cancellation method based on energy-storage inductor is proposed. A multiresonant controller with feed-forward control is introduced for fast and precise current tracking. The effectiveness of this topology has been verified by detailed simulation studies as well as the laboratory prototype experiment results.
The efficacy of nerve growth factor antibody in a mouse model of neuropathic cancer pain (2016)

Neuropathic cancer pain is caused by tumors compressing the spinal nerve roots and is usually difficult to treat. The aim of current study was to determine the influence of NGF antibody on pain-related markers and behavior in a mouse model of neuropathic cancer pain. Twenty mice were used to model neuropathic cancer pain by applying murine sarcoma cells to their left sciatic nerve. Ten mice were sham operated. Two weeks after surgery, the murine sarcoma-affected mice were allocated randomly into treatment groups receiving either sterile saline (saline group) or an anti-nerve growth factor antibody (anti-NGF group). Three weeks after surgery (a week after treatment), the pain-related behavior of mice was evaluated using a CatWalk system. Subsequently, bilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) from the L4-L6 levels and spinal cords at L4-L6 levels were resected. DRGs were immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF-3), and spinal cords were immunostained for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (iba-1). Mechanical allodynia was observed in mice from the saline group and was improved in mice from the anti-NGF group. CGRP and ATF-3-immunoreactivity in DRGs and microglia expression in the spinal dorsal horn were upregulated in the saline group compared with the sham group, and they were suppressed in the anti-NGF group compared with the saline group (P<0.05). These findings suggest that anti-NGF therapy might be valuable for treating neuropathic cancer pain.
Overcoming the challenges of phosphorus-based management in poultry farming (2007)

ABSTRACT: Continued economic and use impacts of accelerated eutrophication of fresh waters caused by elevated phosphorus (P) inputs is placing pressure on agriculture to implement P-based nutrient management strategies, particularly for confined animal feeding operations. As P-based strategies usually have a negative impact on farm operations and economics, current challenges are to define where there is a problem and how big of a problem, to determine how to implement and maintain effective best management practices (BMPs), and to identify the best incentives for farmer adoption. These challenges need to be overcome to develop equitable solutions among those affected (i.e., farming, municipalities, and public). The 1997 US Census showed poultry operations had a higher confined animal unit density (3.23 AU ha−1 [1.31 AU ac−1]) than either dairy (0.89 AU ha−1 [0.36 AU ac−1]) or swine operations (0.77 AU ha−1 [0.31 AU ac−1]). This coupled with the generally greater (two- to four-fold) concentration of P in poultry manure than in other livestock type manure makes P-based management especially challenging for poultry operations. Furthermore, because the N:P ratio in poultry litter or manure (3:1) is much narrower than plants generally need (8:1), there is an inherent long-term increase in soil P and thus, potential for runoff P enrichment when manure or litter is applied to meet crop N needs. Even so, the short-term impacts of land-applying poultry manure or litter can be successfully mitigated with adoption of P-based BMPs. These include feed (enzymes, crop hybrids), manure (chemical and physical treatment, composting, transportation), land (amendments, conservation tillage, critical area targeting, buffers, soil testing), and grazing management (duration and intensity, stream bank fencing). However, developing and planning BMPs at farm and watershed scales is not the single or final solution. Many farmers simply do not have the financial resources to implement and maintain costly remedial measures. Despite many programs to help defray remedial costs, institutional red-tape and conflicting requirements often limit program enrollment and hinder widespread adoption. Obviously, there are still challenges, but if affected parties work together, there is a better chance these challenges can be overcome.
Group 13 Cation Formation with a Potentially Tridentate Ligand (2000)

A potentially tridentate ligand, Phensal(tBu)H3, was prepared by the condensation of 1 equiv of phenylenediamine with 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde. When 1 equiv of this new ligand is added to AlMe3, [[Phensal(tBu)HAlMe]]2 (1) results. In contrast, this reaction with GaMe3 produces [Phensal(tBu)H2]GaMe2 (2). When 1 or 2 equiv of Phensal(tBu)H3 is combined with Et2AlCl, the complex [Phensal(tBu)]2AlCl (3) forms. However the same reaction with Me2GaCl leads to [Phensal(tBu)H2]Ga(Me)Cl (4). A cationic complex, {[Phensal(tBu)]2Al}+Cl- (5), is formed when 3 is dissolved in MeOH. The MeOH apparently mediates the formation of the cation but does not coordinate the cationic metal. When the solvent is removed, 5 reverts back to neutral 3. When 3 is combined with GaCl3 in toluene, another cationic complex, {[Phensal(tBu)H2]2Al}+GaCl4- (6), is formed. In a similar manner, {[Phensal(tBu)H2]2Al}+Me2AlCl2- (7) is formed by adding Me2AlCl to 3. The compounds were characterized by mp, elemental analyses, IR, 1H and 27Al NMR, and in the case of 2, 5, and 6 single-crystal X-ray analysis.
Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor by erlotinib (Tarceva™) for the treatment of esophageal cancer (2005)

Esophageal cancer is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Because of very poor 5-year survival new therapeutic approaches are mandatory. Erlotinib (Tarceva), an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK), potently suppresses the growth of various tumors but its effect on esophageal carcinoma, known to express EGFR, remains unexplored. We therefore studied the antineoplastic potency of erlotinib in human esophageal cancer cells. Erlotinib induced growth inhibition of the human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines Kyse-30, Kyse-70 and Kyse-140, and the esophageal adenocarcinoma cell line OE-33, as well as of primary cell cultures of human esophageal cancers. Combining erlotinib with the EGFR-receptor antibody cetuximab, the insulin-like growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG1024, or the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme. A reductase (HMG-CoAR) inhibitor fluvastatin resulted in additive or even synergistic antiproliferative effects. Erlotinib induced cell cycle arrest at the G1/S checkpoint. The erlotinib-mediated signaling involved the inactivation of EGFR-TK and ERK1/2, the upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Waf1/CIP1) and p27(Kip1), and the downregulation of the cell cycle promoter cyclin D1. However, erlotinib did not induce immediate cytotoxicity or apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells. The inhibition of EGFR-TK by erlotinib appears to be a promising novel approach for innovative treatment strategies of esophageal cancer, as it powerfully induced growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest in human esophageal cancer cells and enhanced the antineoplastic effects of other targeted agents.
Trimethylamine <i>N</i>-Oxide Stabilizes RNA Tertiary Structure and Attenuates the Denaturating Effects of Urea (2003)

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and urea are osmolytes. Osmolytes allow cells to remain viable in harsh or extreme environments. Both TMAO and urea are found in shark and rays at approximate molar ratios of 1:2, respectively. At this ratio TMAO nearly completely counteracts the destabilizing effects that urea has on proteins. We ask whether RNA, which is denatured by urea, is stabilized by TMAO in a manner similar to that seen for proteins. We found that TMAO stabilizes Escherichia coli tRNAfmet tertiary structure and counteracts the denaturing effects of urea at the same ratios found for proteins. Cation binding usually drives RNA tertiary structure formation. These results suggest that tertiary structure stability is not only sensitive to cations but also to the aqueous composition and properties of the solvent. We propose that tertiary structure folding is driven by unfavorable interactions between TMAO and the phosphodiester backbone.
Role of autoreactive CD8+ T cells in organ‐specific autoimmune diseases: insight from transgenic mouse models (1999)

There is now convincing evidence that autoreactive CD8+ T cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In the non-obese diabetic mouse, there is direct evidence that beta-islet cell-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells have a pathogenic effect. In human diseases such as autoimmune diabetes and multiple sclerosis, indirect evidence also suggests a role for CD8+ T cells in tissue damage, although their antigen specificity is unknown. Transgenic mouse models as well as the use of knockout mice have been instrumental in the identification of the role of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Spontaneous models of CD8+ T-cell-mediated autoimmunity generated through transgenesis should help delineate the effector mechanisms leading to tissue destruction. The study of autoreactive CD8+ T cells and the characterization of their antigenic specificity should help unravel the pathophysiology of organ-specific autoimmune diseases, help identify exacerbating foreign antigens, and allow the design of antigen-specific immunotherapy targeting the pathogenic autoreactive T cells.
Analysis of the Impurity Atom Distribution Near the Diffusion Mask for a Planar p-n Junction (1965)

Presented here are the results from a mathematical investigation of the impurity atom distribution within a planar p-n junction. Two fundamentally different diffusion processes are considered: In the first, a constant impurity atom concentration is maintained at the semiconductor surface; in the second, a fixed quantity of impurity atoms is involved in the entire diffusion process. The results of this investigation show than a one-dimensional approximation inadequately characterizes the impurity atom distribution within a planar junction, and that in theory, the planar junction is not at a constant distance from its impurity atom source. Instead, the junction is closer to its source at the semiconductor surface than deep within the bulk material. Further, it is shown that when diffusion takes place from a source of constant concentration density, the junction impurity atom gradient is maximum at the semiconductor surface. In contrast, this junction impurity atom gradient is shown to exhibit a minimum at the semiconductor surface when the total number of impurity atoms is time invariant throughout the entire semiconductor material.
Activity-Dependent Depression of GABAergic IPSCs in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons (1999)

Short-term depression of monosynaptic GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked between pairs of cultured rat hippocampal neurons was investigated using dual whole cell patch-clamp recordings. Paired stimuli applied to the GABAergic neuron resulted in paired-pulse depression (PPD) of the second IPSC (IPSC2) at interpulse intervals from 25 to 2,000 ms. CGP 55845A, but not CGP 35348, reduced PPD marginally. Brief paired-pulse applications of exogenous GABA indicated that postsynaptic factors made only minimal contribution to PPD of IPSCs. IPSC1 and PPD was reduced on lowering [Ca2+]o and enhanced on increasing [Ca2+]o. The potassium-channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), which increases presynaptic Ca2+ influx, enhanced IPSC1 and PPD. Chelation of residual Ca2+ in the GABAergic boutons with EGTA-AM enhanced PPD. Stimulation of the presynaptic neuron at frequencies (f) ranging from 2.5 to 80 Hz resulted in tetanic depression of IPSCs, which declined rapidly and reached a plateau depending on f and [Ca2+]o. CGP 55845A decreased tetanic depression in the first part of the train, but this could be overcome with continued stimulation. We show that GABAergic IPSCs are robustly depressed by paired-pulse stimulation in cultured hippocampal neurons. The depression of IPSCs is mainly independent of presynaptic GABAB receptors and could be caused by depletion of releasable vesicles. Depleted synapses recover with a slow time course, depending on factors that regulate [Ca2+]i in the GABAergic boutons.
Sufficiency of the Klenow fragment for survival of polC(Ts) pcbA1 Escherichia coli at 43 degrees C (1988)

Escherichia coli cells with the pcbA1 allele and temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase III mutations survived at a restrictive temperature if DNA polymerase I activity was present. The Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I was capable of supporting cell survival as well.
Interactions, structure and properties in poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic polymer blends (2013)

Blends were prepared from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and three thermoplastics, polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Rheological and mechanical properties, structure and component interactions were determined by various methods. The results showed that the structure and properties of the blends cover a relatively wide range. All three blends have heterogeneous structure, but the size of the dispersed particles differs by an order of magnitude indicating dissimilar interactions for the corresponding pairs. Properties change accordingly, the blend containing the smallest dispersed particles has the largest tensile strength, while PLA/PS blends with the coarsest structure have the smallest. The latter blends are also very brittle. Component interactions were estimated by four different methods, the determination of the size of the dispersed particles, the calculation of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter from solvent absorption, from solubility parameters, and by the quantitative evaluation of the composition dependence of tensile strength. All approaches led to the same result indicating strong interaction for the PLA/PMMA pair and weak for PLA and PS. A general correlation was established between interactions and the mechanical properties of the blends.
A Multi-agent Architecture and System for Dynamic Medical Knowledge Acquisition (2008)

This article proposes an architecture based on agents for the collaborative resolution of medical cases. Our objective is to provide a suitable framework for the dynamic acquisition of expert knowledge from different sources. We present a Web-based medical application based in this approach. By means of electronic medical histories, this application offers physicians all the required information to get adequate diagnoses. Multi-agent system technology for the coordination and management tasks of daily medical work is used. These coordination tasks include allocation of tasks to physicians, requests of medical tests, and delivery of results, among others. For agent implementation, a software agent architecture pattern and a Web agent framework are used. We considered an interface design to be used for the integration and combination of different sources of expertise. The knowledge produced in the workgroup processes has been validated and the test and tuning phases have been completed.
Design and fabrication of 4H-SiC detectors towards single photon counting (2007)

This thesis covers initiative works and innovative improvements in designing, fabricating and calibrating the world's first 4H-SiC single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). In comparison to previous SiC APDs, the SiC SPADs have completely different targets. Major improvements are made in almost all aspects from wafer structure design, mask design, to characterizations. The robust and radiation-hard SiC SPADs, which are designed to replace the bulky PMTs and fragile Si SPADs, target at ultra high sensitive UV detection, towards the ultimate sensitivity--quantum limit. SiC SPADs can be widely used in missile and aircraft alarm system, none-line-of-sight (NLOS) and quantum communications, UV 3-D imaging, downhole exploration, as well as many NASA applications, such as low-earth orbit fluorescence observations. The following areas are discussed in details in this thesis: wafer structure and mask design, a new bevel and MJTE edge termination technology for SiC SPADs, as well as improvements for an ultra low dark current, high quantum efficiency, and low dark count rate and high single photon detection efficiency. Future work is also proposed for further improving SiC SPADs. The milestones in this thesis work include, the world's first SiC SPAD fabricated in 2004; the world's largest SiC SPAD (260µmx260µm) in 2004; a single photon counting measurement system with passive quenching circuit in 2004; a SiC SPAD with the highest gain (109) in 2005; a SiC SPAD with the lowest dark current ([less than]4fA at 50% of breakdown voltage and [less than]26fA at 95% of breakdown voltage) in 2007; the world's first SiC SAM SPAD with thick absorption layer, high quantum efficiency (~58%), and a significantly lower dark count rate than the first SiC SPAD in 2007; a new bevel edge termination technology; and a new p-type metal recipe leading to a low 10-4~ low 10-5Ωcm2 specific contact resistance for p-type 4H-SiC with minimum consumption of SiC ([less than]1500Å) in 2007.