gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Arrays of Individual DNA Molecules on Nanopatterned Substrates (2017)

Arrays of individual molecules can combine the advantages of microarrays and single-molecule studies. They miniaturize assays to reduce sample and reagent consumption and increase throughput, and additionally uncover static and dynamic heterogeneity usually masked in molecular ensembles. However, realizing single-DNA arrays must tackle the challenge of capturing structurally highly dynamic strands onto defined substrate positions. Here, we create single-molecule arrays by electrostatically adhering single-stranded DNA of gene-like length onto positively charged carbon nanoislands. The nanosites are so small that only one molecule can bind per island. Undesired adsorption of DNA to the surrounding non-target areas is prevented via a surface-passivating film. Of further relevance, the DNA arrays are of tunable dimensions, and fabricated on optically transparent substrates that enable singe-molecule detection with fluorescence microscopy. The arrays are hence compatible with a wide range of bioanalytical, biophysical, and cell biological studies where individual DNA strands are either examined in isolation, or interact with other molecules or cells.
Intravenous glycyrrhizin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled phase I/II trial (1999)

Glycyrrhizin up to 240 mg, thrice weekly, lowers serum ALT during treatment, but has no effect on HCV-RNA levels. The drug appears to be safe and is well tolerated. In view of the reported long-term effect of glycyrrhizin, further controlled investigation of the Japanese mode of administration (six times weekly) for induction appears of interest.
Non-viral systemic delivery of siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides targeted to Jun N-terminal kinase 1 prevents cellular hypoxic damage (2010)

Many pathological conditions and environmental impacts lead to the development of severe tissue hypoxia that aggravates the primary disorder, provokes cell death, and limits the patient's recovery. We hypothesized that suppression of Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) will limit tissue damage induced by severe hypoxia. To test the hypothesis, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to JNK1 mRNA were incorporated or complexed with neutral or cationic liposomes, respectively, and administered systemically to mice prior to hypoxia exposure. The animals were placed in a special chamber ventilated with room air (normoxia) or a gas mixture containing 6% O(2) and 94% N(2) (hypoxia). Liposomes, ASO, and siRNA were found to accumulate in the lungs, kidney, spleen, and heart. Only trace amounts of liposomes and their payloads (ASO and siRNA) were found in the brain. The down regulation of JNK1 protein limited activation of cell death signal, apoptotic, and necrotic tissue damage under hypoxic conditions. Consequently, we were able to verify our hypothesis and provide proof of concept of a unique approach to the prevention of cellular hypoxic damage by the suppression of JNK1 signaling pathways after the efficient delivery of ASO or siRNA.
The visibility and fading of thin lines visualized by their controlled movement across the retina (1972)

1. The entoptic shadows of the retinal blood vessels were visualized by temporal modulation of their contrast.2. For perception of fine detail, the shadows must move successively from one photoreceptor to the next. To see coarser detail the contrast need only be temporally modulated.3. The contrast threshold of the pattern of shadows rises steadily as they are viewed until the shadows can no longer be seen even with the highest contrast available.4. This elevation of contrast threshold is partially binocularly transferred, suggesting that the perceptual fading has a central origin.5. The fading of the shadows is specific for their orientation, direction of movement and their width.6. Image movements like those produced by fixational eye movements have been simulated. The shadows still fade; the results can be explained in terms of spatial adaptation (Blakemore & Campbell, 1969) of spatial frequency and orientation channels.
Primeros resultados biométricos de roble rojo del Norte (Quercus rubra L.) en el sureste de Transylvania (Rumania): un caso de estudio (2011)

El roble rojo del norte (Quercus rubra L.) es un especie forestal de America del Norte que aparece en Europa desde 1961 y que hoy en dia se encuentra por toda Europa excepto en los paises escandinavos. En Rumania se cultiva desde principios del siglo XX. En la actualidad, las plantaciones puras y mixtas de roble rojo cubren mas de 2500 ha. y la mayoria de ellas estan localizadas entre la zona de roble comun y el limite inferior de la zona del haya europea (hasta unos 700 m sobre el nivel del mar), donde se desarrolla razonablemente bien tanto en suelos fertiles y profundos como en arcillas pesadas. El articulo trata los resultados biometricos de una repoblacion con dominancia de roble rojo del norte realizada en 1997 y situada a una altitud media de 780 m. sobre el nivel del mar. A los 10 anos de edad, el roble rojo del norte, incluso creciendo bajo condiciones ecologicas medias (clima bastante duro y suelo pesado), se desarrolla bien, con un incremento medio en altura de 0,67- 0,80 m/ano, un incremento medio en diametro de 0,5-0,63 cm/ano y un incremento medio en volumen de 4,75-6,14 m3/ha/ano. En los ultimos tres anos (2008-2010), los resultados obtenidos en las parcelas experimentales para arboles individuales han sido tambien adecuados, con un
incremento medio de diametro de 0,50-0,57 cm/ano. Este valor es mas alto (un promedio de 0,81 cm/ano, con una variacion entre 0,53 cm/ano y 1,20 cm/ano) en el caso de los 100 arboles seleccionados para la corta final de roble rojo en 2008.
The kinetics of autoxidation of ferrous ions in concentrated HCl solutions (1953)

A. M. Posner, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1953, 49, 382 DOI: 10.1039/TF9534900382
DeepGaze II: Reading fixations from deep features trained on object recognition (2016)

Here we present DeepGaze II, a model that predicts where people look in images. The model uses the features from the VGG-19 deep neural network trained to identify objects in images. Contrary to other saliency models that use deep features, here we use the VGG features for saliency prediction with no additional fine-tuning (rather, a few readout layers are trained on top of the VGG features to predict saliency). The model is therefore a strong test of transfer learning. After conservative cross-validation, DeepGaze II explains about 87% of the explainable information gain in the patterns of fixations and achieves top performance in area under the curve metrics on the MIT300 hold-out benchmark. These results corroborate the finding from DeepGaze I (which explained 56% of the explainable information gain), that deep features trained on object recognition provide a versatile feature space for performing related visual tasks. We explore the factors that contribute to this success and present several informative image examples. A web service is available to compute model predictions at http://deepgaze.bethgelab.org.
Comparative Tests of the Strength of Concrete in the Laboratory and in the Field (1912)

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Miscibility and peel strength of acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives: Acrylic copolymer–tackifier resin systems (1995)

Abstract Influence of miscibility between the components in acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives upon their peel strength P as a function of temperature has been studied. In case of miscible blend systems, incorporation of tackifier resins into the pressure‐sensitive adhesive systems results in the modification of the bulk properties, including T g , and a plot of P against Δ T gives a smooth master curve, where Δ T is defined as the difference between the temperature of peel test and T g of the blend. However, in case of immiscible blends where two phases exist in the system, no master curve can be obtained, and P of an acrylic copolymer decreases as the tackifier content increases. In this case, physical properties and adhesive performance will be governed by a matrix phase, and a dispersed phase will act as a filler. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aging through cascaded caches (2001)

The Web is a distributed system, where data is stored and disseminated from both origin servers and caches. Origin servers provide the most up-to-date copy whereas caches store and serve copies that had been cached for a while. Origin servers do not maintain per-client state, and weak-consistency of cached copies is maintained by the origin server attaching to each copy an expiration time. Typically, the lifetime-duration of an object is fixed, and as a result, a copy fetched directly from its origin server has maximum time-to-live (TTL) whereas a copy obtained through a cache has a shorter TTL since its age (elapsed time since fetched from the origin) is deducted from its lifetime duration. Thus, a cache that is served from a cache would incur a higher miss-rate than a cache served from origin servers. Similarly, a high-level cache would receive more requests from the same client population than an origin server would have received. As Web caches are often served from other caches (e.g., proxy and reverse-proxy caches), age emerges as a performance factor. Guided by a formal model and analysis, we use different inter-request time distributions and trace-based simulations to explore the effect of age for different cache settings and configurations. We also evaluate the effectiveness of frequent pre-term refreshes by higher-level caches as a means to decrease client misses. Beyond Web content distribution, our conclusions generally apply to systems of caches deploying expiration-based consistency.
Reduction of Drug Toxicity Using Dendrimers Based on Melamine (2004)

Dendrimers based on melamine can reduce the organ toxicity of solubilized cancer drugs administered by intraperitoneal injection. Methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine, both FDA approved anticancer drugs, are known hepatotoxins. The solubility of these molecules can be increased by mixing them with a dendrimer based on melamine. C3H mice were administered subchronic doses of methotrexate or 6-mercaptopurine with and without a solubilizing dendrimer. Forty-eight hours after dosing, the mice were sacrificed and serum was collected for biochemical analyses. The levels of alanine transaminase, ALT, were used to probe liver damage. When the drugs are encapsulated by the dendrimer, a significant reduction in hepatotoxicity is observed: ALT levels from the rescued groups (drug + dendrimer) were 27% (methotrexate) and 36% (6-mercaptopurine) lower than those of animals treated with the drug alone.
[Effect of BOF-A2 on experimental and spontaneous metastasis model of mouse colon 26]. (1994)

We investigated the effects of BOF-A2 on the metastasis of colorectal cancer using artificial (experimental) and spontaneous metastasis of Colon 26 tumor cells. BOF-A2 suppressed pulmonary nodules in the artificial metastasis of Colon 26 tumor cells into the lung, and the T/C (%) was 53.1% at 20 mg/kg or 8.3% at 40 mg/kg. BOF-A2 also suppressed pulmonary nodules in the spontaneous metastasis of Colon 26 tumor cells into the lung, and the T/C (%) was 33.3% at 40 mg/kg in postoperative treatment, 33.3% at 10 mg/kg, or 16.7% at 20 mg/kg in preoperative treatment. These effects were accompanied by the prolongation of survival time at each dose. From these results, BOF-A2 showed antimetastatic activity and survival effect, and may be useful for adjuvant chemotherapy to prevent cancer from metastasis to the lung.
Computer simulation of group Ia EPSPs using morphologically realistic models of cat alpha-motoneurons (1990)

1. Morphological and electrophysiological data on the electrotonic structure of six triceps surae alpha-motoneurons and on the number and location of 202 Group Ia synapses making contact with ankle extensor motoneurons, previously obtained in this laboratory, were used to construct computer models to examine the generation of composite monosynaptic Group Ia excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). 2. A total of 300 active synapses, each generating conductance transients based on voltage-clamp data and having activation times temporally dispersed (range approximately 1.3 ms) according to the conduction velocity profile of Group Ia-afferents, were used to generate composite EPSPs. 3. The shape indexes (foot-to-peak rise times and half widths) of simulated EPSPs matched those of experimentally observed Ia EPSPs reasonably well, although the rise times were, on average, approximately 0.25 ms longer in the simulated EPSPs. This may indicate that the effective temporal dispersion of actual Group Ia monosynaptic EPSPs is less than that the temporal asynchrony used in the simulations. 4. The peak amplitudes of simulated composite EPSPs (6-14 mV), as well as EPSPs produced by single somatic synapses (80-300 microV), were comparable to those found in experimental data. 5. Simulated EPSPs in motoneuron models with two forms of nonuniform Rm distribution ("step" increase from low values of Rm on the soma to much higher but uniform values in the dendrites, versus gradual monotonic "sigmoidal" increases from soma to distal dendrites) were similar in shape and amplitude. This prevented choosing one or the other Rm model as more "correct." 6. Transmembrane voltages at synaptic sites in motoneuron dendrites during generation of composite Ia EPSPs had peak amplitudes less than twice those of the somatic EPSP. The amount of nonlinearity during EPSP production was assessed by making the delivery of synaptic current independent of the local transmembrane voltage. This non-linearity was modest (less than 10%) during composite EPSP generation, consistent with previous experimental evidence. 7. The local voltages produced in various parts of different dendrites during composite EPSP generation depended on the number and location of active synapses and on the electrotonic structure of the particular dendrite. The results show that dendrites that project in different directions away from the motoneuron soma could, in principle, exhibit different degrees of interaction between Ia and other synaptic inputs. 8. Although produced by the same number of active synapses, the simulated composite Ia EPSPs varied over a two-fold range of peak amplitude in relation to motor-unit type, cell input resistance, and cell size (total membrane area).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A two-staged approach to vision-based pedestrian recognition using Haar and HOG features (2008)

This article presents a two-staged approach to recognize pedestrians in video sequences on board of a moving vehicle. The system combines the advantages of two feature families by splitting the recognition process into two stages: In the first stage, a fast search mechanism based on simple features is applied to detect interesting regions. The second stage uses a computationally more expensive, but also more accurate set of features on these regions to classify them into pedestrian and non-pedestrian. We compared various feature extraction configurations of different complexities regarding classification performance and speed. The complete system was evaluated on a number of labeled test videos taken from real-world drives and also compared against a publicly available pedestrian detector. This first system version analyzes only single image frames without using any temporal information like tracking. Still, it achieves good recognition performance at reasonable run time.
A GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC MODEL APPLIED TO LANGUAGE TESTING DATA (2005)

Probabilistic models with more than one latent variable are designed to report profiles of skills or cognitive attributes. Testing programs want to offer additional information beyond what a single test score can provide using these skill profiles. Many recent approaches to skill profile models are limited to dichotomous data and have made use of computationally intensive estimation methods like the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), since standard maximum likelihood (ML) estimation techniques were deemed infeasible. This paper presents a class of general diagnostic models (GDMs) that can be estimated with customary ML techniques and applies to polytomous response variables as well as to skills with two or more proficiency levels. The model and the algorithm for estimating model parameters handles directly missing responses without the need of collapsing categories or recoding the data. Within the class of GDMs, compensatory as well as noncompensatory models may be specified. This report uses one member of this class of diagnostic models, a compensatory diagnostic model that is parameterized similar to the generalized partial credit model (GPCM). Many well-known models, such as uni- and multivariate versions of the Rasch model and the two parameter logistic item response theory (2PL-IRT) model, the GPCM, and the FACETS model, as well as a variety of skill profile models, are special cases of this member of the class of GDMs. This paper describes an algorithm that capitalizes on using tools from item response theory for scale linking, item fit, and parameter estimation. In addition to an introduction to the class of GDMs and to the partial credit instance of this class for dichotomous and polytomous skill profiles, this paper presents a parameter recovery study using simulated data and an application to real data from the field test for TOEFL® Internet-based testing (iBT).
The Influence of Transmitter Phase Noise on FMCW Radar Performance (2006)

It is generally agreed that the main challenges in designing a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar are; (i) frequency sweep linearisation and (ii) controlling leakage of transmitter phase noise into the receiver. This paper addresses the latter and focuses on the seldom mentioned and often neglected problem of reflected noise from large, distant targets causing an increase in the receiver noise floor. Work has been presented since the early 1960s on techniques for reducing the effect of transmitter phase noise leakage desensitising the radar receiver of CW and FMCW radars [2],[3]. All of this work has concentrated on the problems of direct, short path length leakage around the transmit / receive antenna.
Dimers of Dipyrrometheneboron Difluoride (BODIPY) with Light Spectroscopic Applications in Chemistry and Biology (2001)

A ground-state dimer (denoted D(I)) exhibiting a strong absorption maximum at 477 nm (epsilon = 97 000 M(-1)cm(-1)) can form between adjacent BODIPY groups attached to mutant forms of the protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). No fluorescence from excited D(I) was detected. A locally high concentration of BODIPY groups was also achieved by doping lipid phases (micelles, vesicles) with BODIPY-labeled lipids. In addition to an absorption band located at about 480 nm, a new weak absorption band is also observed at ca. 570 nm. Both bands are ascribed to the formation of BODIPY dimers of different conformation (D(I) and D(II)). Contrary to D(I) in PAI-1, the D(II) aggregates absorbing at 570 nm are emitting light observed as a broad band centered at about 630 nm. The integrated absorption band of D(I) is about twice that of the monomer, which is compatible with exciton coupling within a dimer. The Förster radius of electronic energy transfer between a BODIPY excited monomer and the ground-state dimer (D(I)()) is 57 +/- 2 A. A simple model of exciton coupling suggests that in D(I) two BODIPY groups are stacked on top of each other in a sandwich-like configuration with parallel electronic transition dipoles. For D(II) the model suggests that the S(0) --> S(1) transition dipoles are colinear. An explanation for the previously reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7801) exceptional light spectroscopic properties of BODIPY is also presented. These are ascribed to the extraordinary electric properties of the BODIPY chromophore. First, changes of the permanent electric dipole moment (Delta(mu) approximately -0.05 D) and polarizability (-26 x 10(-40) C m(2) V(-1)) between the ground and the first excited states are small. Second, the S(0) <--> S(1) electronic transition dipole moments are perpendicular to Delta(mu).
Role of Iron in Estrogen-Induced Cancer (2001)

Redox cycling of catecholestrogen metabolites between quinone and catechol forms is a mechanism of generating potentially mutagenic oxygen radicals in estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. Consistent with this concept, multiple forms of oxygen radical-generated DNA damage are induced by estrogen in cell-free systems, in cells in culture and in rodents prone to estrogen-induced cancer. Metal ions, specifically iron, are necessary for the production of hydroxy radicals. Iron has not received much attention in discussions of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis and human hormone-associated cancer, and is the focus of this review. An elevated dietary iron intake enhances the incidence of carcinogen-induced mammary cancer in rats and estrogen-induced kidney tumors in Syrian hamsters. Estrogen administration increases iron accumulation in hamsters and facilitates iron uptake by cells in culture. In humans, elevated body iron storage has been shown to increase the risk of several cancers including breast cancer. A role of iron in hormone-associated cancer in humans offers attractive routes for cancer prevention by regulating metal ion metabolism and interfering with iron accumulation in tissues.
<title>Characterization of electroactive behavior and of progress in developments and applications of ionic polymer gels</title> (2002)

Polyelectrolyte gels are distinguished by enormous swelling capabilities under the influence of external physical or chemical stimuli. No other kind of material attains similar volume expansiveness. These properties make them most attractive candidates for a new generation of pseudomuscular actuators. In contrast to chemical stimulations which are able to trigger large in-toto deformations, weak electric fields can only induce considerable bending strains in ionic polymer gels when confined to direct electrical effects. This, of course, restricts their potential for technical applications. To characterize their chemo-mechanical and electrical behavior and the underlying physico-chemical processes, experimental and theoretical findings are presented. Measurements of basic mechanical and electrical parameters on polyelectrolyte gels allow quantification of their electroactive responses, especially with respect to the direct effects of external electric fields on the Donnan potential inside the gels. Model calculations on the basis of a coupled chemo-electro-mechanical multi- field formulation are in good agreement with the experimental results. Although the emphasis of this study is given to various anionic and cationic gels of the polyacrylamide family, a new class of hydrogels based on the biopolymer chitosan is included. These natural polymers have excellent properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity etc. making them predestinate to biomedical applications.