gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Soap based detergent formulation: XXIV. Sulfobetaine derivatives of fatty amides (1977)

Abstract and Summary Sulfobetaines were prepared from the reaction of fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters or fatty glycerides with N,N‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamine to form an aminoamide which could be allowed to react further with either sodium 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propanesulfonate (from epichlorohydrin and sodium bisulfite) or with allyl chloride followed by addition of sodium bisulfite to form sulfobetaines. The conditions for the reaction between aminoamide and sodium 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxyl‐1‐propanesulfonate were studied in an effort to minimize the extent of hydrolysis of the 3‐chloro‐compound and thus increase the yield of desired compound. Investigation of the quaternization of the aminoamide with allyl chloride showed that this reaction proceeded readily at pressures above atmospheric. The addition of sodium bisulfite to the resulting allyl quaternary ammonium compound took place readily in the presence of certain free radical initiators. Solution properties and detergency performance of the compounds are reported. Detergency of ternary formulations of soap, glassy silicate builder, and the above sulfobetaines was the same as that obtained with ternary formulations containing the analogous sulfobetaines obtained from the reaction of propanesultone with the aminoamide. We have developed a synthetic scheme for fatty amino sulfobetaines that requires no purification, avoids the use of carcinogenic 1,3‐propanesultone and expensive fatty tertiary amines, and produces detergents that perform as well as the previously described purified sulfobetaines [Parris et al., JAOCS 50:509 (1973); Paris et al., Ibid. 53:60 (1976)].
Synthesis of polysiloxane graft copolymers by hydrosilylation reactions (1985)

Abstract Polysiloxane‐poly(methyl methacrylate) and polysiloxane‐polystyrene graft copolymers of well‐defined structure and composition were synthesized by hydrosilylation. Polysiloxanes with SiH bonds were prepared by equilibrium ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic siloxane oligomers catalyzed by trifluoroacetic acid. Molecular weight and SiH group content were controlled by the feed ratio. Allyl‐terminated poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene were prepared by the reaction of carboxyl‐terminated prepolymers with allyl glycidyl ether. The hydrosilylation reactions of SiH containing polysiloxanes with these allyl‐terminated polymers produced tailor‐made graft copolymers, which were characterized by their 1 H NMR and IR spectra.
Dairy and Bone Health (2009)

Bone health is the resultant of bone mass, bone architecture, and body mechanics. Nutrition supports all three components, with the principal nutrients concerned being calcium, protein, and vitamin D. Potassium, magnesium, zinc, and several vitamins are also involved to varying extents. Given modern food sources, it is difficult to devise a diet that is "bone healthy" without including three servings of dairy per day, not just because of dairy calcium, but dairy protein and potassium as well.
Blending a probabilistic nowcasting method with a high‐resolution numerical weather prediction ensemble for convective precipitation forecasts (2011)

Abstract A seamless prediction of convective precipitation for a continuous range of lead times from 0–8 h requires the application of different approaches. Here, a nowcasting method and a high‐resolution numerical weather prediction ensemble are combined to provide probabilistic precipitation forecasts. For the nowcast, an existing deterministic extrapolation technique was modified by the local Lagrangian method to calculate the probability of exceeding a threshold value in radar reflectivity. Numerical forecasts were obtained from an experimental high‐resolution ensemble that provides 20 different deterministic forecasts of synthetic radar reflectivity. Probabilistic information was calculated by different approaches from the ensemble output. The probabilistic forecasts based on the ensemble were calibrated with the reliability diagram statistics method. The skill of the probabilistic nowcasts and forecasts was evaluated using three quality measures. Finally, a seamless probabilistic forecast was generated as an additive combination of nowcast and forecast, using a weighting function based on their relative skills. The skill of the seamless forecast was greater than or equal to that of the nowcast or ensemble forecast in all quality measures and at all lead times. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
CyberProf: An Intelligent Human-Computer Interface for Asynchronous Wide Area Training and Teaching (1995)

We introduce CyberProf, a robust software package which utilizes the full capabilities of a World Wide Web server as an intelligent human-computer interface for grading, creating, and presenting educational course materials. Students can solve course problems presented with text, graphics, animations, and sound on the Web and can receive instant feedback from a sophisticated grading package which makes use of the latest complex systems data analysis tools to handle ambiguous input in an intelligent manner. Fully integrated lecture notes and help files are hyperlinked to assist the student in solving an exercise. Instructors can make use of built-in problem set and lecture notes editors to create an entire online course customized for their needs. Early results of the system are promising. In the first university course in which CyberProf was used, class attendance rates were significantly higher, dropout rates were lower, and grade distributions were higher when compared to figures from the same course in previous semesters.
Decomposition of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate (DMMP) on Alumina-Supported Iron Oxide (1998)

The adsorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) on alumina-supported iron oxide has been examined. DMMP reacts on adsorption at room temperature, apparently through cleavage of the phosphorus−carbon bond. This bond is observed to be extremely resistant to cleavage when DMMP is adsorbed on oxides such as alumina, magnesia, and lanthana. The phosphorus−methoxy bonds, which are the most readily cleaved on the other oxides, appear at least initially to remain intact on the alumina-supported iron oxide. The hypothesis proposed to account for the unusual activity of the iron oxide surface is an oxidation pathway involving the Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox couple.
Controlled Trial of Ancrod in Ischemic Stroke (1983)

In a randomized, single-blind study, 30 patients with acute ischemic stroke were treated with either low-molecular weight dextran and mannitol alone (group A, mean age, 63.3 +/- 11.8 years, n = 15) or in combination with the viper venom enzyme ancrod (group B, mean age, 67.9 +/- 7.6 years, n = 15). Lowering of plasma fibrinogen levels to 100-130 mg/dL with ancrod resulted in a significant reduction of the apparent blood viscosity, ie, of 37% at a shear rate of 0.03 s-1, compared with only 7% in group A. Fibrin degradation products increased considerably from 3.1 +/- 0.4 to 154.3 +/- 31.6 mg/L on day 3, while plasminogen decreased from 98.2% +/- 2.0% to 79.8% +/- 2.9% in group B. Global coagulation and platelet function tests were not influenced by either treatment. Neurological score improved by 1.1 arbitrary units (AU) in group A and by 2.6 AU in group B. Five patients in group A and two in group B died during the first two weeks. This preliminary study indicated a slightly better outcome in the ancrod treated patients. The beneficial effect may be due to the anticoagulative and fibrinolytic activity of ancrod rather than its effect on blood viscosity.
A highly efficient polysulfide mediator for lithium–sulfur batteries (2015)

The lithium-sulfur battery is receiving intense interest because its theoretical energy density exceeds that of lithium-ion batteries at much lower cost, but practical applications are still hindered by capacity decay caused by the polysulfide shuttle. Here we report a strategy to entrap polysulfides in the cathode that relies on a chemical process, whereby a host--manganese dioxide nanosheets serve as the prototype--reacts with initially formed lithium polysulfides to form surface-bound intermediates. These function as a redox shuttle to catenate and bind 'higher' polysulfides, and convert them on reduction to insoluble lithium sulfide via disproportionation. The sulfur/manganese dioxide nanosheet composite with 75 wt% sulfur exhibits a reversible capacity of 1,300 mA h g(-1) at moderate rates and a fade rate over 2,000 cycles of 0.036%/cycle, among the best reported to date. We furthermore show that this mechanism extends to graphene oxide and suggest it can be employed more widely.
Comparative assessment of bone mineral measurements obtained by use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and chemical-physical analyses in femurs of juvenile and adult dogs (2004)

Abstract Objective —To compare bone mineral measurements obtained by use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and chemical-physical analyses and determine effects of age and femur size on values obtained for the various techniques. Sample Population —Femurs obtained from 15 juvenile and 15 adult large-breed dogs. Procedure —In each femur, 7 regions of interest were examined by use of DEXA to measure the bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), and 5 were examined by use of pQCT to measure BMD. Among these, 1 region was examined by both noninvasive methods and an invasive method. Volume of the femur was determined by water displacement. Volumetric bone density (VBD) was calculated. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), total Ca, and total P contents were determined. Results —DEXA- and pQCT-derived results revealed that all values increased with age in juvenile dogs. In adults, VBD and pQCT-derived BMD decreased significantly and DEXA-derived BMD increased with increasing femur length. The pQCT-derived BMD correlated well with VBD and Ca content, whereas DEXA-derived BMC was strongly correlated with Ca content. In juveniles, values correlated regardless of the technique used, whereas in adult dogs, DEXA-derived BMD did not correlate with pQCT-derived BMD, Ca concentration, or VBD unless data were adjusted on the basis of femur length. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —DEXA-derived BMD adjusted for femur length yields approximately the same percentage variability in VBD as for pQCT-derived BMD. However, pQCT-derived BMD is still more sensitive for determining variability in Ca concentration, compared with DEXA-derived BMD adjusted for femur length. ( Am J Vet Res 2004;65:891–900)
Estimating the eye aberration coefficients in resized pupils: is it better to refit or to rescale? (2013)

In order to work in a consistent way with Zernike aberration coefficients estimated in different pupils, it is necessary to refer them to a common pupil size. Two standard approaches can be used to that end: to rescale algebraically the coefficients estimated in the original pupil or to refit them anew using the wavefront slope measurements available within the new one. These procedures are not equivalent; they are affected by different estimation errors that we address in this work. Our results for normal eye populations show that in case of reducing the pupil size it is better to rescale the original coefficients than to refit them using the measurements contained within the smaller pupil. In case of enlarging the pupil size, as it can a priori be expected, the opposite holds true. We provide explicit expressions to quantify the errors arising in both cases, including the expected error incurred when extrapolating the Zernike estimation beyond the radius where the measurements were made.
Distinct pattern of p53 mutations in bladder cancer: relationship to tobacco usage. (1993)

A distinct mutational spectrum for the p53 tumor suppressor gene in bladder carcinomas was established in patients with known exposures to cigarette smoke. Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis of exons 5 through 8 of the p53 gene showed inactivating mutations in 16 of 40 (40%) bladder tumors from smokers and 13 of 40 (33%) tumors from lifetime nonsmokers. Overall, 13 of the 50 (26%) total point mutations discovered in this and previous work were G:C-->C:G transversions, a relatively rare mutational type in human tumors. In six tumors, identical AGA (Arg)-->ACA (Thr) point mutations at codon 280 were observed, suggesting a mutational hotspot in these tumors. Comparison of the mutational spectra from smokers and nonsmokers revealed no obvious differences in the types or positions of inactivating mutations; however, 5 of 15 tumors containing point mutations from cigarette smokers had double mutations, four of which were tandem mutations on the same allele. No double mutations were found in tumors from nonsmoking patients. None of the mutations in smokers were G:C-->T:A transversions, which would be anticipated for exposure to the suspected cigarette smoke carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl. The results suggest that, although cigarette smoke exposure may not significantly alter the kinds of mutations sustained in the p53 gene, it may act to increase the extent of DNA damage per mutagenic event.
An On-Demand Coherent Single-Electron Source (2007)

We report on the electron analog of the single-photon gun. On-demand single-electron injection in a quantum conductor was obtained using a quantum dot connected to the conductor via a tunnel barrier. Electron emission was triggered by the application of a potential step that compensated for the dot-charging energy. Depending on the barrier transparency, the quantum emission time ranged from 0.1 to 10 nanoseconds. The single-electron source should prove useful for the use of quantum bits in ballistic conductors. Additionally, periodic sequences of single-electron emission and absorption generate a quantized alternating current.
Support vector machines trained by linear programming: theory and application in image compression and data classification (2002)

This paper formulates the learning of support vector machines (SVM) as a linear programming problem. An SVM has the property that it chooses the minimum number of data points to use as the centres for the Gaussian kernel functions in order to approximate the training data within a given error. A linear programming (LP) based method is proposed for solving both regression and classification problem. Examples of function approximation and class separation illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method. In addition, the paper explores the possibility of using SVM with radial basis function kernels to compress an image. Our results show that image compression of around 20:1 is achievable while maintaining good image quality.
Diazepines. Part 23. The formation and structure of 1,5-diaza- and 5-aza-1-oxa-pentadienium salts and their use in the preparation of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-diazepinium salts (1978)

1,5-Diaza- and 5-aza-1-oxa-pentadienium salts serve as excellent precursors for the preparation of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-diazepinium salts, including some that are not readily obtained by other methods. Sometimes imidazolinium rings are formed instead of or in addition to the desired product. The preparation of these precursors is discussed. The shape of diazapentadienium salts is considered, based on spectroscopic evidence. The formation of fourteen-membered rings from azaoxapentadienium salts is also mentioned.
Dynamic analysis of cylindrical type ultrasonic motor based on Euler (2011)

Circular wobbling motion of the stator head of a cylindrical type ultrasonic motor was simplified as revolution of a rigid body about a fixed point, by considering the motion and structural characteristics of the stator. The dynamic model of the stator was established by using the Euler angles and Euler dynamics theory. The complete dynamic model of the motor was derived on the basis of the integrated model of the stator and the rotor dynamics equations. The startup and shutdown dynamic response characteristics of the prototype motor with 30 mm of diameter were simulated utilizing the fourth order Runge-Kutta numerical method. Then the startup response characteristics of the prototype motor was experimented. The experimental measurement shows that the simulation results of the startup dynamic response characteristics were validated by the experimental results of the prototype motor.
No-FAT: Architectural Support for Low Overhead Memory Safety Checks (2021)

Memory safety continues to be a significant software reliability and security problem, and low overhead and low complexity hardware solutions have eluded computer designers. In this paper, we explore a pathway to deployable memory safety defenses. Our technique builds on a recent trend in software: the usage of binning memory allocators. We observe that if memory allocation sizes (e.g., malloc sizes) are made an architectural feature, then it is possible to overcome many of the thorny issues with traditional approaches to memory safety such as compatibility with unsecured software and significant performance degradation. We show that our architecture, No-FAT, incurs an overhead of 8% on SPEC CPU2017 benchmarks, and our VLSI measurements show low power and area overheads. Finally, as No-FAT’s hardware is aware of the memory allocation sizes, it effectively mitigates certain speculative attacks (e.g., Spectre-V1) with no additional cost. When our solution is used for pre-deployment fuzz testing it can improve fuzz testing bandwidth by an order of magnitude compared to state-of-the-art approaches.
Single shot damage mechanism of Mo/Si multilayer optics under intense pulsed XUV-exposure (2010)

We investigated single shot damage of Mo/Si multilayer coatings exposed to the intense fs XUV radiation at the Free-electron LASer facility in Hamburg - FLASH. The interaction process was studied in situ by XUV reflectometry, time resolved optical microscopy, and "post-mortem" by interference-polarizing optical microscopy (with Nomarski contrast), atomic force microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microcopy. An ultrafast molybdenum silicide formation due to enhanced atomic diffusion in melted silicon has been determined to be the key process in the damage mechanism. The influence of the energy diffusion on the damage process was estimated. The results are of significance for the design of multilayer optics for a new generation of pulsed (from atto- to nanosecond) XUV sources.
Simulations of Computing by Self-Assembly (1998)

Winfree (1996) proposed a Turing-universal model of DNA self-assembly. In this abstract model, DNA double-crossover molecules self-assemble to form an algorithmically-patterned two-dimensional lattice. Here, we develop a more realistic model based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of oligonucleotide hydridization. Using a computer simulation, we investigate what physical factors influence the error rates, i.e., when the more realistic model deviates from the ideal of the abstract model. We find, in agreement with rules of thumb for crystal growth, that the lowest error rates occur at the melting temperature when crystal growth is slowest, and that error rates can be made arbitrarily low by decreasing concentration and increasing binding strengths.
Efficient Algorithms for the Maximum Subarray Problem by Distance Matrix Multiplication (2002)

We design an efficient algorithm that maximizes the sum of array elements of a subarray of a two-dimensional array. The solution can be used to find the most promising array portion that correlates two parameters involved in data, such as ages and income for the amount of sales per some period. The previous subcubic time algorithm is simplified, and the time complexity is improved for the worst case. We also give a more practical algorithm whose expected time is better than the worst case time.
The application of a selective implanted collector to an advanced bipolar process (1990)

This report outlines a method to shallow an implanted base profile in a high speed bipolar process by selectively implanting phosphorus into the vicinity of the collector-base junction. The correct choice of implant conditions can give rise to reduced base width and increased cut-off frequency.
Structure-preserving Image Quality Assessment (2015)

Perceptual Image Quality Assessment (IQA) has many applications. Existing IQA approaches typically work only for one of three scenarios: full-reference, non-reference, or reduced-reference. Techniques that attempt to incorporate image structure information often rely on hand-crafted features, making them difficult to be extended to handle different scenarios. On the other hand, objective metrics like Mean Square Error (MSE), while being easy to compute, are often deemed ineffective for measuring perceptual quality. This paper presents a novel approach to perceptual quality assessment by developing an MSE-like metric, which enjoys the benefit of MSE in terms of inexpensive computation and universal applicability while allowing structural information of an image being taken into consideration. The latter was achieved through introducing structure-preserving kernelization into a MSE-like formulation. We show that the method can lead to competitive FR-IQA results. Further, by developing a feature coding scheme based on this formulation, we extend the model to improve the performance of NR-IQA methods. We report extensive experiments illustrating the results from both our FR-IQA and NR-IQA algorithms with comparison to existing state-of-the-art methods.
OpenFlow based Topology Discovery Service in Software Defined Vehicular Networks: limitations and future approaches (2018)

This paper presents our ongoing work towards the definition of an effective topology discovery service for SDN based hybrid vehicular networks. The main contributions of this paper are threefold: (1) an analysis of the main limitations of the “de facto” topology discovery service when applied to vehicular networks; (2) a quantitative assessment of its traffic overhead and the required computing resources at the controller to show the scalability issues that it raises; and (3) an insight into our design principles for an effective topology discovery service for SDN-based hybrid vehicular networks.
<i>unc-3</i>, a gene required for axonal guidance in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, encodes a member of the O/E family of transcription factors (1998)

The expression of specialized signal transduction components in mammalian olfactory neurons is thought to be regulated by the O/E (Olf-1/EBF) family of transcription factors. The O/E proteins are expressed in cells of the olfactory neuronal lineage throughout development and are also expressed transiently in neurons in the developing nervous system during embryogenesis. We have identified a C. elegans homologue of the mammalian O/E proteins, which displays greater than 80% similarity over 350 amino acids. Like its mammalian homologues, CeO/E is expressed in certain chemosensory neurons (ASI amphid neurons) throughout development and is also expressed transiently in developing motor neurons when these cells undergo axonal outgrowth. We demonstrate that CeO/E is the product of the unc-3 gene, mutations in which cause defects in the axonal outgrowth of motor neurons, as well as defects in dauer formation, a process requiring chemosensory inputs. These observations suggest that the O/E family of transcription factors play a central and evolutionarily conserved role in the expression of proteins essential for axonal pathfinding and/or neuronal differentiation in both sensory and motor neurons.