gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Control of Crystallinity and Porosity of Covalent Organic Frameworks by Managing Interlayer Interactions Based on Self-Complementary π-Electronic Force (2012)

Crystallinity and porosity are crucial for crystalline porous covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Here we report synthetic control over the crystallinity and porosity of COFs by managing interlayer interactions based on self-complementary π-electronic forces. Fluoro-substituted and nonsubstituted aromatic units at different molar ratios were integrated into the edge units that stack to trigger self-complementary π-electronic interactions in the COFs. The interactions improve the crystallinity and enhance the porosity by maximizing the total crystal stacking energy and minimizing the unit cell size. Consequently, the COF consisting of equimolar amounts of fluoro-substituted and nonsubstituted units showed the largest effect. These results suggest a new approach to the design of COFs by managing the interlayer interactions.
Observation of vibrational dependence in N_2O quadrupole hyperfine structure utilizing a twin-laser spectrometer (1980)

Copropagating-beam Doppler-free resonances, observed in fluorescence, are utilized to study vibrational dependence of N2O quadrupole hyperfine structure for several transitions of the (100–001) band. A novel technique is applied to simplify the spectra by using a large intensity ratio for the beams.
Use of intranasal midazolam to treat acute seizures in paediatric community settings (2004)

This study has shown that INM is an acceptable treatment option as a first aid response for acute seizures. We believe that INM should be considered as the preferred alternative in the community setting, as it is easier to administer and is more dignified for the patient than rectal diazepam.
The Determination of the Absolute Contours of Optical Flats (1967)

Emerson's procedure (the one in use at the National Bureau of Standards) for determining the absolute contours of optical flats was refined to increase the precision of the method and the speed of taking readings. The fringes were scanned over a photoelectric detector and the intensity profile presented on an oscilloscope. Setting accuracy of a fraction of a hundredth of a fringe was achieved. The data were gathered on a data logger. A complete set of data was obtained in about 5 min. The precision of determining a set of differences of two plates was approximately 1/600 fringe and the precision achieved in determining the absolute plate contours is estimated as 0.005 fringe. The problem of extending the method to 0.002 fringe is discussed.
Playing the Identification Game With Walsh Functions (1971)

The discrete two-dimensional Walsh transform is presented as a specific example of a generalized harmonic analysis approach to (visual) image classification. Certain known aspects of biological systems are briefly presented as motivation for this approach, and some computer experiments are referenced and offered as validation of the approach. It is suggested that the mathematics typified by the Walsh transform provides an appropriate description of neural interactions in the primate visual system.
Nucleic Acids: Hybridisation (2012)

Abstract Nucleic acid hybridisation is the pairing of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands to produce DNA–DNA hybrids or the pairing of complementary DNA–RNA strands to produce DNA–RNA hybrids. Nucleic acid hybridisation is the basis of many research and diagnostic applications with all relying on simple base pairing specificity of nucleic acids to generate a signal through a labelled probe. This fundamental principle has led to DNA/RNA detection and quantification on solid phase blots, DNA/RNA cytogenetic localisation on cells, detection and purification of specific DNA and comparative gene expression analysis. Most recently, principles of nucleic acid hybridisation have been combined with next generation sequencing technology to create powerful new platforms for analysis which will increase in utility as we enter this new age of genomics and personalised medicine. The concepts and applications of nucleic acid hybridisation will be discussed in this review. Key Concepts: Nucleic acid hybridisation using base paring complementary allows detection of genes, mutations and RNA permitting accurate diagnosis of disease in the clinic and providing researchers with many powerful tools to analyse and interpret their work. Traditional hybridisation technologies have enabled detection of target DNA or RNA sequences on a solid‐base membrane or on chromosomes. Development of radioactive and nonradioactive probe labelling systems allowed for significantly improved sensitivity and specificity of detection of the target nucleic acids. Nucleic acid hybridisation in quantitative analysis permits detection of mutations such as deletion, insertion and copy number variation for disease diagnosis. Incorporation of next‐generation sequencing with nucleic acid hybridisation has opened a new genomic era and has enabled high‐throughput sophisticated analysis for personalised medicine by discovering novel genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).
A Search for Components in Human Body Odour that Attract Females of <i>Aedes Aegypti</i> (2007)

In a new type of wind tunnel, mosquitoes fly upwind towards host odour sources and towards human skin wash extracts obtained by rubbing the skin with a pad soaked in ethanol. We used this behavioural response as a bioassay to identify attractants in liquid chromatography fractions of such extracts. L-Lactic acid is a major constituent of skin wash extracts and it is a necessary component for the extract's effectiveness. As a single stimulus, however, L-lactic acid is only slightly effective. This indicates that the extract's high degree of effectiveness is based on a synergism of L-lactic acid and other odour components. The separation of the extract by liquid chromatography revealed three distinct regions of active fractions, only one of which contained L-lactic acid. The components of the other two regions have not yet been determined. A combination of fractions in these two regions together with L-lactic acid is as attractive as the complete extract.
Special-Use IPv6 Addresses (2008)

This document is a compilation of special IPv6 addresses defined in other RFCs. It can be used as a checklist of invalid routing prefixes for developing filtering policies for routes and IP packets. It does not discuss addresses that are assigned to operators and users through the Regional Internet Registries.
Effects of substitutions of closely related amino acids at the contact surface in an antigen-antibody complex on thermodynamic parameters (1993)

We constructed a library of 512 kinds of Fv fragment, derivatives of a monoclonal antibody, D1.3, specific for hen egg-white lysozyme, in which a total of nine of the original amino acids were replaced by closely related amino acids at positions in the complementarity-determining regions of the H chain. More than 80% of the clones in the library produced Fv fragments in Escherichia coli. Two wild-type and 13 mutant Fv fragments were prepared in large quantities and subjected to analysis by differential titration calorimetry. The association constants of the 15 Fv fragments with hen egg-white lysozyme were distributed between 0.12 x 10(7) and 1.59 x 10(8) M-1. The changes in delta H0 and -T delta S0 caused by one-point mutation at each position did not have intrinsic values for each change. The same changes at one position had different effects on KA, delta H0, and -T delta S0 when differences had been introduced in other regions. The delta(delta G0) caused by a single-point mutation ranged from -0.56 to 1.56 kcal/mol. By contrast, the delta(delta H0) and delta(-T delta S0) caused by a single-point mutation ranged from -3.5 to 3.4 and from -3.8 to 3.4 kcal/mol, respectively. When antibodies gain the binding energy contributed by the effects of enthalpy, they lose the binding energy contributed by the effects of entropy and vice versa. In general, changes in entropy compensate for changes in enthalpy.
Refractive Variable Optical Attenuator Fabricated by Silicon Deep Reactive Ion Etching (2004)

We report on a novel refractive variable optical attenuator with a wedge-shaped silicon optical leaker, in which a part of the light signal is successively transmitted and refracted outside the acceptance angle of the output fiber. This device can be simply fabricated using a deep reactive ion etching and does not require sidewall metallization. We have theoretically estimated its optical characteristics and experimentally showed its high performances, such as low insertion loss of 0.6 dB and wide attenuation range of 43 dB. The fabricated device also showed a high return loss of over 39 dB even in an air-ambient condition and its polarization-dependent loss was smaller than 10% of the attenuation level.
Result of Active Immunization of Nurses Against Scarlet Fever (1938)

Result of Active Immunization of Nurses Against Scarlet Fever Edwin H. Place CopyRight*Read before the Epidemiology Section of the American Public Health Association at the Sixty-sixth Annual Meeting in New York, N. Y., October 6, 1937. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.28.2.137 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Efficient Scheduling and Resource Allocation for D2D-based LTE-V2X Communications (2019)

In recent years, there is a lot of research interest to study the Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication due to its ability to enhance intelligent transport systems (ITS), traffic safety and effective driving assistance. Since V2X has stringent latency and reliability requirements, the underlay Device-to-Device (D2D) communication empowers V2X services to meet their requirements. In this paper, we investigate the radio resource management (RRM) for V2X based on D2D communication, where resource sharing can take place between cellular user equipment (C-UE) and vehicular user equipment (V-UE). Hence, we propose an Efficient Scheduling and Resource Allocation algorithm (ESRA) for V-UEs and C-UEs which aims at maximizing sum rate and providing fairness for C-UEs, as well as at guaranteeing reliability and latency requirements for V-UEs. Simulation results show the very promising performance of our proposed ESRA algorithm compared with other existing methods.
A taxonomy of ambient information systems (2006)

Researchers have explored the design of ambient information systems across a wide range of physical and screen-based media. This work has yielded rich examples of design approaches to the problem of presenting information about a user's world in a way that is not distracting, but is aesthetically pleasing, and tangible to varying degrees. Despite these successes, accumulating theoretical and craft knowledge has been stymied by the lack of a unified vocabulary to describe these systems and a consequent lack of a framework for understanding their design attributes. We argue that this area would significantly benefit from consensus about the design space of ambient information systems and the design attributes that define and distinguish existing approaches. We present a definition of ambient information systems and a taxonomy across four design dimensions: Information Capacity, Notification Level, Representational Fidelity, and Aesthetic Emphasis. Our analysis has uncovered four patterns of system design and points to unexplored regions of the design space, which may motivate future work in the field.
Deep Hypothermia Markedly Activates the Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier Conjugation Pathway; Implications for the Fate of Cells Exposed to Transient Deep Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass (2009)

Various cardiovascular operations are performed during conditions of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Here we investigated the effects of deep hypothermia on the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation pathway using a clinically relevant animal model of deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (DHCPB). Deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass induced a marked activation of the SUMO conjugation pathway and triggered a nuclear translocation of SUMO2/3-conjugated proteins. Furthermore, DHCBP significantly modified gene expression. Activation of the SUMO conjugation pathway is believed to protect neurons from damage caused by low blood flow. This pathway may, therefore, play a key role in defining the outcome of cells exposed to DHCPB.
The influence of copper and zinc on the occurrence of ischemic heart disease. (1980)

The zinc/copper hypothesis, which invokes relative or absolute deficiency of copper in the etiology of ischemic heart disease, was described. The belief that calcium (and, perhaps, magnesium) is a substance in hard water which protects against ischemic heart disease by altering copper and zinc metabolism was presented. The amounts of copper and zinc in drinking water usually are too small to produce important increases in the amounts of these elements in diets. Occasionally tap water high in copper may be an important supplement to a diet low in copper.
Inhibition of gene expression by theGγ 5′ flanking region of the Bantu βs chromosome (1998)

Beta(s)-chromosome haplotypes are peculiar to specific regions of Africa and Asia and are associated with the occurrence of different fetal hemoglobin (Hb) levels in sickle cell patients. Among these haplotypes, beta(s)-chromosomes found in the Senegal and the Arab-India regions are associated with relatively high levels of HbF expression, whereas those around the Benin, Bantu, and the Cameroon regions show low levels of HbF expression. The roles of 5'HS2 and the 5' flanking (promoter region) region in the expression of globin genes are well documented. Haplotype specific variations are found in these regions and have been postulated to be involved in the regulation of HbF expression. In this study, we have analyzed the effect of sequence variations in regulatory regions of the Bantu 5'HS2 and 5' flanking region of the Ggamma gene on CAT expression. A diminution was observed in K562 cells when the promoter originated from the Bantu beta(s) chromosome. The decreased expression was independent of the origin of the 5'HS2 sequence--combinations of the Bantu promoter were measured with the Benin, Bantu, or Senegal 5'HS2 sequences in K562 cells. However, expression of the same plasmids in murine erythroleukemic (MEL) cells showed no difference in CAT expression among the various sequence combinations studied.
Spatial–temporal FUCCI imaging of each cell in a tumor demonstrates locational dependence of cell cycle dynamics and chemoresponsiveness (2014)

The phase of the cell cycle can determine whether a cancer cell can respond to a given drug. We report here on the results of monitoring of real-time cell cycle dynamics of cancer cells throughout a live tumor intravitally using a fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) before, during, and after chemotherapy. In nascent tumors in nude mice, approximately 30% of the cells in the center of the tumor are in G0/G1 and 70% in S/G2/M. In contrast, approximately 90% of cancer cells in the center and 80% of total cells of an established tumor are in G0/G1 phase. Similarly, approximately 75% of cancer cells far from (>100 µm) tumor blood vessels of an established tumor are in G0/G1. Longitudinal real-time imaging demonstrated that cytotoxic agents killed only proliferating cancer cells at the surface and, in contrast, had little effect on quiescent cancer cells, which are the vast majority of an established tumor. Moreover, resistant quiescent cancer cells restarted cycling after the cessation of chemotherapy. Our results suggest why most drugs currently in clinical use, which target cancer cells in S/G2/M, are mostly ineffective on solid tumors. The results also suggest that drugs that target quiescent cancer cells are urgently needed.
Three-phase PWM boost-buck rectifiers with power-regenerating capability (2002)

Three-phase pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) boost-buck rectifiers with power-regenerating capability are investigated. The converters under consideration are capable of: (1) both voltage step-up and step-down; (2) bidirectional power processing; and (3) almost unity-power-factor operation with nearly sinusoidal AC current. Expected advantages are: (1) applicability to lower voltage applications, e.g., direct retrofit to replace diode or thyristor rectifiers; (2) switching loss reduction in the inverter load; (3) low-order harmonic control in the inverter load output voltage; (4) blanking time effect mitigation in the inverter load; and (5) a modest level of voltage sag/swell compensation. In this paper, firstly, a step-by-step power stage derivation process is described. Then, taking the Cuk-Cuk realization as an example, its operating principle and modulation scheme are described. A steady-state model and dynamic model for controller design are also described. Representative results of circuit simulations and hardware experiments are presented. Through these procedures, the feasibility of the presented three-phase PWM boost-buck rectifier with power-regenerating capability is demonstrated.
Serum Soluble HLA-E in Melanoma: A New Potential Immune-Related Marker in Cancer (2011)

In view of the broad tumor tissue release of HLA-E and its up-regulation by inflammatory cytokines, sHLA-E should be studied for its involvement in immune responses against tumors. Interestingly, our results demonstrated a positive association between the presence of serum sHLA-E and melanoma. Therefore, the determination of sHLA-E levels, using ELISA approach, may be investigated as a clinical marker in cancer patients.
Indium incorporation dynamics into AlInN ternary alloys for laser structures lattice matched to GaN (2008)

Al 1 − x In x N ternary alloys with solid phase indium compositions between x=0.15 and 0.28 have been grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition under indium rich conditions within the growth temperature range of 750–810 °C. A thermally activated process with activation energy of 1.05±0.05eV is found to compete with indium incorporation. Smooth epitaxial layers with root mean-squares surface roughness of 0.3–0.8nm are obtained. (Al,In)N films lattice matched to GaN have been introduced into laser diode structures for optical confinement. Optical gain is observed.
Epistasis analysis for quantitative traits by functional regression model (2014)

The critical barrier in interaction analysis for rare variants is that most traditional statistical methods for testing interactions were originally designed for testing the interaction between common variants and are difficult to apply to rare variants because of their prohibitive computational time and poor ability. The great challenges for successful detection of interactions with next-generation sequencing (NGS) data are (1) lack of methods for interaction analysis with rare variants, (2) severe multiple testing, and (3) time-consuming computations. To meet these challenges, we shift the paradigm of interaction analysis between two loci to interaction analysis between two sets of loci or genomic regions and collectively test interactions between all possible pairs of SNPs within two genomic regions. In other words, we take a genome region as a basic unit of interaction analysis and use high-dimensional data reduction and functional data analysis techniques to develop a novel functional regression model to collectively test interactions between all possible pairs of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within two genome regions. By intensive simulations, we demonstrate that the functional regression models for interaction analysis of the quantitative trait have the correct type 1 error rates and a much better ability to detect interactions than the current pairwise interaction analysis. The proposed method was applied to exome sequence data from the NHLBI's Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) and CHARGE-S study. We discovered 27 pairs of genes showing significant interactions after applying the Bonferroni correction (P-values < 4.58 × 10(-10)) in the ESP, and 11 were replicated in the CHARGE-S study.
Simultaneous transmission and emission scans in positron emission tomography (1989)

Transmission scans are performed using a point source of Ge-68 masked by lead into a fan beam of annihilation photons in each scanning plane of the tomograph. As the source orbits the patient, section detector pairs collinear with it accept data for the transmission scan. Data from detector pairs nearly collinear with the source are rejected, while those far from collinear record an emission scan from activity in the patient slice. While this reduces the tomograph's emission event efficiency by 30% (7% transmission, 23% rejected), slice registration errors are eliminated, and scanning time is reduced. There is no significant difference in measured activity concentrations from independent and simultaneous emission scans over a 110:1 activity concentration or in regional attenuation coefficients measured before and after isotope injection.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A method to identify noise-robust perceptual features: Application for consonant /t/ (2008)

This study focuses on correlating speech confusion patterns, defined as consonant-vowel confusion as a function of the speech-to-noise ratio, and a model acoustic feature (AF) representation called the AI gram, defined as the articulation index density in the spectrotemporal domain. By collecting many responses from many talkers and listeners, the AF and psychophysical feature (event) is shown to be correlated via the AI-gram model and the confusion matrices at the utterance level, thereby explaining the listener confusion. Consonant /t/ is used as an example to identify its primary robust-to-noise feature, and a precise correlation of the acoustic information with the listeners' confusions is used to label the event. The main spectrotemporal cue defining the /t/ event is an across-frequency temporal coincidence, wherein frequency spread and robustness vary across utterances, while the event remains invariant. The cross-frequency timing event is shown to be the key perceptual feature for consonants in a vowel following context. Coincidences are found to form the basic element of the auditory object. Neural circuits used for coincidence in binaural processing for localization across ears are proposed to be used within one ear across channels. It is further concluded that the event is based on the audibility of the /t/ burst rather than on any superthreshold property.
Regulation of hydroperoxidase (catalase) expression in Escherichia coli (1995)

As part of its adaptive response to oxidative stress, Escherichia coli produces two inducible hydroperoxidases called HPI and HPII. Upon exposure to sublethal levels of hydrogen peroxide, HPI expression is induced at the transcriptional level by OxyR, a member of the LysR family of autoregulators. OxyR, functioning as both a sensor and transducer, contains a critical redox-sensitive Cys residue that is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide. This is thought to induce a conformational change in the tertiary structure of the OxyR tetramer altering its DNA-binding specificity and resulting in an increase in the transcription of katG and several other OxyR-dependent genes. In contrast, synthesis of the HPII enzyme is not induced by hydrogen peroxide. Expression of both HPI and HPII is growth phase-dependent levels of HPI and HPII are 10-fold higher in stationary phase than exponential phase cultures. These growth phase-dependent increases are largely dependent on RpoS, a stationary phase specific sigma factor that is itself subject to complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls. Several metabolic signals have been proposed to activate the RpoS regulon including hyperosmolarity, weak acids, homoserine lactone and UDP-glucose. Since both HPI and HPII are members of the RpoS regulon, elucidation of the mechanism of regulation of RpoS should contribute to our general understanding of hydroperoxidase regulation.