gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Driver distraction detection and recognition using RGB-D sensor (2015)

Driver inattention assessment has become a very active field in intelligent transportation systems. Based on active sensor Kinect and computer vision tools, we have built an efficient module for detecting driver distraction and recognizing the type of distraction. Based on color and depth map data from the Kinect, our system is composed of four sub-modules. We call them eye behavior (detecting gaze and blinking), arm position (is the right arm up, down, right of forward), head orientation, and facial expressions. Each module produces relevant information for assessing driver inattention. They are merged together later on using two different classification strategies: AdaBoost classifier and Hidden Markov Model. Evaluation is done using a driving simulator and 8 drivers of different gender, age and nationality for a total of more than 8 hours of recording. Qualitative and quantitative results show strong and accurate detection and recognition capacity (85% accuracy for the type of distraction and 90% for distraction detection). Moreover, each module is obtained independently and could be used for other types of inference, such as fatigue detection, and could be implemented for real cars systems.
Peripheral deletion of rheumatoid factor B cells after abortive activation by IgG (1997)

Rheumatoid factor (RF) B cells proliferate during secondary immune responses to immune complexed antigen and antigen specific T cells, but higher affinity RFs are not detected except in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. Consequently, there must exist highly efficient mechanisms for inactivation of these higher-affinity RF B cell clones under normal circumstances. Exposure of transgenic mice expressing a human IgM RF to soluble human IgG in the absence of T cell help causes antigen specific B cell deletion in 2-3 days. The deletion is independent of the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway of apoptosis and is preceded by a phase of partial activation involving increase in cell size and expression of B7 and ICAM-1, and transient release of low levels of immunoglobulin. Complete B cell activation involving the formation of germinal centers and sustained high level RF secretion only occurs if T cell help is provided simultaneously. RF B cells exposed to tolerogen remain competent to secrete RF in vitro if provided with an appropriate antigenic stimulus and T cell help. Consequently, death of these cells is not preceded by anergy. Abortive activation/deletion of B cells by antigen in the absence of T cell-derived survival signals may represent the major mechanism for maintaining peripheral tolerance in B cells expressing higher affinity RF. The lack of anergy, and the potential for reactivation before death, provide a means for maintaining RF production under pathologic circumstances, such as may occur in the inflamed rheumatoid synovium.
Integrated system health management-based progressive diagnosis for space avionics (2014)

Space avionics provides a spacecraft's essential capabilities and guarantees space flight safety and mission success. Integrated system health management (ISHM) was developed to deal with space avionics health management. Because space avionics structures are complex with both intangible and uncertain factors, it is difficult and often inefficient to directly carry out a detailed fault diagnosis throughout the avionics subsystem and subordinate modules. Furthermore, to date, little research has focused on efficient and effective space avionics fault diagnosis. This paper presents a novel ISHM-based progressive diagnosis methodology and framework, made up of a holistic state diagnosis at the subsystem level and a targeted fault diagnosis at the module level. An example is given to illustrate the methodology, which combines fuzziness and objective analysis with subjective judgments, using an enhanced fuzzy analytic hierarchal process with quantitative analytic methods, and incorporates intangibility and uncertainty, using a diagnostic Bayesian network with a learning algorithm for uncertain information. The methodology is demonstrated to show its ability to solve the diagnostic problems and is found to be applicable to space avionics systems of varying sizes. The demonstration further shows that the methodology is flexible enough to accommodate other efficient diagnostic approaches and fusion diagnostics.
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF AN IMPELLER RHEOMETER FOR ON-LINE RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NON-NEWTONIAN FERMENTATION BROTHS (1997)

The present work describes the development and operation of a continuous rotational impeller rheometer for on-line rheological measurements in fermentation broths. In an initial step three devices were calibrated, two of them utilizing helical ribbon impellers and the third a six-bladed impeller. The calibration constants obtained were within the range mentioned in the literature, showing consistency with the methodology employed. In the sequence, the system with one of the helical ribbon impellers (HR39) was selected for on-line continuous rheological measurements due to its small dimensions and its wide measurement range. Finally, the performance of the proposed device, in terms of rheological measurements in Aspergillus awamori broths, was compared to that of a commercial bench rheometer. The comparison of on-line and off-line rheological measurements showed a good agreement between both measurement techniques. Furthermore, results suggest that the proposed on-line rheometer features higher sensitivity and easier operation than the commercial rheometer
Viewing angle compensation of various LCD modes by using a liquid crystalline polymer film Nisseki LC film (2006)

We have developed liquid crystalline retardation films to improve quality of images of LCDs such as their viewing angle performance and coloration. We have achieved to make many types of optical retardation films by using rod-like liquid crystalline polymer (LCP). The resulting liquid crystalline polyesters film has several advantages over conventional uni- or biaxial stretched retardation film. Optical well-controlled structures such as twisted nematic, hybrid nematic and homeotropic structures could be stabilized for ideal compensation of various LCD modes including TN, STN, ECB, VA and IPS modes. Twisted nematic film is effective to cancel coloration in STN mode that is a fatal drawback for color representation. Hybrid nematic film is quite unique film because the film works not only as a wave plate but also as a viewing angle compensator for TN and ECB modes. By using rod-like LCP, it is also possible to make negative-C plate and positive-C plate. Negative-C plate could be realized by using a short pitch cholesteric alignment and positive-C plate could be realized by using homeotropic alignment. Viewing angle performances of various LCD modes compensated with the LCP films are reported in this study.
Early Occurrence of <b> <i>RASSF1A</i> </b> Hypermethylation and Its Mutual Exclusion with <b> <i>BRAF</i> </b> Mutation in Thyroid Tumorigenesis (2004)

Follicular epithelial cell-derived thyroid tumors are common neoplasms comprised mainly of benign thyroid adenomas, follicular thyroid cancers, and papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs). Hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A and activating mutation of BRAF gene have been reported recently in thyroid cancers. To additionally investigate the roles of these two epigenetic/genetic alterations in thyroid tumor progression, we examined their occurrences and relationship in both benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. With real-time quantitative methylation-specific PCR, we found that 4 of 9 (44%) benign adenomas, 9 of 12 (75%) follicular thyroid cancers tumors, and 6 of 30 (20%) of PTC tumors harbored promoter methylation in > or = 25% of RASSF1A alleles. Additional quantitative analysis revealed RASSF1A methylation only in BRAF mutation-negative PTCs. A similar inverse correlation of RASSF1A methylation with BRAF mutation was seen in thyroid tumor cell lines. Our results, therefore, suggest that epigenetic inactivation of RASSF1A through aberrant methylation is an early step in thyroid tumorigenesis. Like the previously reported mutually exclusive relationship between BRAF mutation and other Ras pathway components such as RET/PTC rearrangement, a mutually exclusive relationship also exists between BRAF mutation and RASSF1A methylation in thyroid tumorigenesis.
Fabrication of Zirconium Nitride Sintered Bodies and the Application for Electrode Materials (1989)

The electrochemical behavior of ZrN in 1M H2SO4, 1M Na2SO4 and 1M NaOH solutions was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. A fine ZrN powder with the average particle size of 26nm was synthesized by the reduction-nitridation of ZrO2 in the presence of Mg, and hot-pressed under 20MPa at 1400° to 1900°C for 1h. Ceramics with the relative density of 93% were obtained by hot-pressing at 1480°C, and the electrical resistivity was nearly equal to that of Ti. Since the ZrN electrodes showed a stable and reproducible voltammogram under cathodic polarization, the hydrogen evolution potential and Tafel's slope were examined. On the other hand, under anodic polarization the electrodes showed the dissolution of ZrN and a passive state.
Changes in proteinase-activated receptor 2 expression in the human tooth pulp in relation to caries and pain. (2009)

These findings indicate that PAR2 receptors and changes in their level of expression may have relevance and clinical importance in nociception.
Thieno[3,4‐<i>b</i>]thiophene‐Based Organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (2012)

New dipolar sensitizers containing an ethyl thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate (ETTC) entity in the conjugated spacer have been synthesized in two isomeric forms. These compounds were used as the sensitizers of n-type dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The best conversion efficiency (5.31%) reaches approximately 70% of the N719-based (7.41%) DSSC fabricated and measured under similar conditions. The ETTC-containing compounds exhibit a bathochromic shift of the absorption compared to their thiophene congeners due to the quinoid effect, however, charge-trapping at the ester group of ETTC was found to jeopardize the electron injection and lower the cell efficiency. Charge trapping is alleviated as the ester group of ETTC is replaced with a hydrogen atom, as evidenced from the theoretical computation.
Design, fabrication and measurements with a UV linear-variable optical filter microspectrometer (2012)

An IC-Compatible Linear-Variable Optical Filter (LVOF) for application in the UV spectral range between 310 nm and 400 nm has been fabricated using resist reflow and an optimized dry-etching. The LVOF is mounted on the top of a commercially available CMOS camera to result in a UV microspectrometer. A special calibration technique has been employed that is based on an initial spectral measurement on a Xenon lamp. The image recorded on the camera during calibration is used in a signal processing algorithm to reconstruct the spectrum of the Mercury lamp and the calibration data is subsequently used in UV spectral measurements. Experiments on fabricated LVOF-based microspectrometer with this calibration approach implemented reveal a spectral resolution of 0.5 nm.
Synthesis and characterization of digoxin-phospholipid conjugates (1990)

The preparation of immunoreactive derivatives of digoxin for analytical applications is most often carried out by periodate cleavage of the terminal sugar ring (digitoxose) followed by reaction with an enzyme, protein, carrier, or related biological molecules. Here we report an improved and more efficient synthesis which was developed to provide digoxin-phospholipid conjugates useful for liposome immunoassay. The approach used involved the linking of the cleaved digitoxose through a carboxymethyl oxime functionality, which provides much improved yields of readily purified products. The synthetic modification should be applicable to the preparation of analogous phospholipid conjugates involving linkage through a sugar ring (digitoxin, ouabain, and related cardiac glycosides) or to those involving steroids (i.e., 3-digoxigenone) which can be modified to form oxime derivatives remote from key functionalities important for immunorecognition by specific antibody. The characterization of the digoxin-phospholipid conjugates with high-resolution NMR and fast atom bombardment mass spectrophotometry will also be discussed.
Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Series-Resonant DC-DC Converters for Wide Load Variations (2010)

This paper presents the design of a phase-shifted full-bridge series resonant converter (PS-FB SRC). The proposed FB SRC features a novel two-mode operation. It is operated in series resonant mode at normal loads. The switching frequency is varied to regulate the output voltage. The fixed-frequency phase-shifted pulse width modulation, on the other hand, is used to adjust the effective duty cycle and regulate the output voltage at light loads. The proposed converter exhibits high conversion efficiency for wide-range load conditions. The relationships among the voltage gain, the switching frequency, and the effective duty cycle are discussed and analyzed. Finally, a 48-V/42-A prototype is implemented. Experiments are conducted to verify the theoretical analysis.
Advanced Active Power Filter Controlled permanent-magnet synchronous generator for Automotive Applications (2007)

This paper presents a small-scale active power Alter (APF), to regulate the output voltage of the variable-speed interior permanent-magnet synchronous generator (IPMSG) by controlling its reactive current component and to Alter the harmonic currents generated by a non-linear diode rectifier load. Moreover, a deadbeat current control structure for pulse-width modulation (PWM) APF connected to a stand-alone IPMSG is proposed. Sensorless control of the IPMSG, meaning vector control without voltage sensor and mechanical shaft sensor, is considered to regulate both the IPMSG terminal voltage and the dc-bus voltage of the PWM APF. In the proposed system a new designed phase locked loop (PLL) circuit is used to determine the stator voltage vector position of the IPMSG terminal voltage. A 1.5 kW laboratory prototype has been built to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method. The measurement results validate the proposed power generating system with the deadbeat current controller as a good application for the IPMSG to reduce the required number of sensors.
Analysis of cellulose–cellulase adsorption data: A fundamental approach (1985)

Recent interest in renewable resources has prompted many researchers to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Despite the efforts of these investigators, much of the mechanism for cellulose hydrolysis is still unclear. The complexity of the problem is, in a large part, due to the multiplicity of enzymes as well as the nature of the liquid-phase-catalyst, solidreactant system.
Biological Importance of the Fc-Region of Gamma Globulins (1967)

Antibodies are defined as γ-globulin molecules capable of combining specifically with their homologous antigens. While the antigen-binding capacity is confined to the Fab part of the antibody molecule, other biological activities such as complement fixation, the ability to fix to tissues, and the ability to cross the fetal membranes have been attributed to the Fc region (see review by Cohen and Porter, 1964). In this report we present evidence for another biological property of the Fc region.
The development of a SPICE model to predict the cross-talk reduction of coupled lines (1990)

In high speed and wideband electronic circuit applications, it is desirable to minimize the cross-talk between parallel tracks on the printed circuit board. This paper presents a technique using vias, with which the cross-talk can be reduced by 50 to 90%. A SPICE model combined with the finite element method is developed to predict the performance and is validated with experimental results.
Application of hidden markov modeling to objective medical skill evaluation. (2007)

The methodology for assessing medical skills is gradually shifting from subjective scoring of an expert which may be a variably biased opinion using vague criteria towards a more objective quantitative analysis. A methodology using Hidden Markov Modeling (HMM) and Markov Models (MM) were used to analyze database acquired the E-Pelvis (physical simulator) during a pelvic exam. The focus is on the method of selection of HMM parameters. K-Means is used to choose the alphabet size. Successful classification rates of 62% are observed with the HMM as opposed to 92% with the MM. Moreover, the MM provide an insight into the nature of the process while identifying typical sequences that are unique to each level of expertise, where the HM, given their nature as a black box model, do not.
Evanescent wave methane detection using optical fibres (1992)

The optical detection of methane gas usually requires an open cell with light propagating through it as the detection system This implies the need for precise and, therefore, often expensive and delicate alignment optics. The Letter reports, for the first time, the use of a continuous optical fibre link as the absorption system, thereby obviating the need entirely for precision optics. The system uses a suitably designed section of D-fibre as the interaction mechanism. Initial experimental results indicate that resolutions in the region of 100 parts per million of methane should be achievable.
Self-assembled monolayer electron-beam resists on GaAs and SiO2 (1993)

It was demonstrated that self-assembled monolayers of n-octadecanethiol [ODT; CH3(CH2)17SH] on GaAs and n-octadecyltrichlorosilane [OTS; CH3(CH2)17SiCl3] on SiO2 act as self-developing positive electron beam resists with electron-beam sensitivities of ∼100–200 μC/cm2. For the OTS monolayer on a silicon native oxide, atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the exposed layer before etching demonstrate the removal of all or part of the layer upon electron-beam exposure. Features as small as 25 nm were resolvable in a 50 nm period grating. A resist contrast curve for OTS was obtained from AFM depth measurements as a function of dose. An ammonium hydroxide water etch was used to transfer patterns into the GaAs to a depth of at least 30 nm and buffered HF was used for pattern transfer into the SiO2 to a depth of at least 50 nm.
Influence of fat crystals in the oil phase on stability of oil-in-water emulsions (1980)

Coalescence at rest and during flow was studied in emulsions of paraffin oil in water with several surfactants and with crystals of solid paraffin or tristearate in the oil phase. Solid fat in the oil phase was estimated by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance. Without crystals, oil-in-water emulsions were mostly stable and flow hardly influenced coalescence, even of unstable emulsions. Emulsions with crystals in the dispersed oil phase were less stable if crystals appeared at the interface. The contact angle indicated that crystals could be oriented in the interface; if so, instability was promoted by creaming, Couette flow, turbulence or flow with Taylor vortices. Coalescence in such systems could be caused by crystals sticking through the interface and piercing the film between the globule and a second approaching globule. The effect of variables such as type of surfactant, type of crystal, amount of crystalline fat, globule size, volume fraction of fat and ionic strength fitted this view. Natural cream with part of the globular fat crystallised behaved to some degree like the model systems but there were deviations.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian response to clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. (1993)

Clomiphene citrate-induced ovulation in women with PCOS is accompanied by increased secretion of LH and FSH with enhanced estrogen secretion. The increased LH pulse amplitude after CC, together with decreased pituitary sensitivity to GnRH, suggests a hypothalamic effect.
Prenatal diagnosis of the thalassaemia syndromes by rapid DNA analytical methods (1997)

Prenatal diagnostic strategies applied today are based mainly on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analytical protocols. In Greece a wide range of mutations underlie the thalassaemic haemoglobinopathies, and consequently a variety of PCR-based methods are required to facilitate diagnosis of all potential abnormal genotypes. PCR protocols include those which are relatively simple and others that are technically challenging, but very few have been designed for high through-put clinical diagnostics. Over a period of 18 months we carried out prenatal diagnosis of 147 pregnancies (150 fetal samples) at risk for a wide range of haemoglobinopathies. This involved the precise characterization of parental genotypes and the subsequent analysis of fetal DNA samples. In this series, 18 different mutations in the alpha- or beta-globin clusters were identified. For the characterization of these mutations, five PCR-based protocols were selected: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) PCR, restriction endonuclease analysis of PCR fragments, oligonucleotide hybridization and 'gap' PCR for detection of deletions. To avoid spurious diagnosis due to contamination of fetal samples, two additional methods were used to genotype polymorphic variable nucleotide tandem repeat (VNTR) regions of the genome in parental and fetal samples. Through analysis of the results we assess the advantages and drawbacks of the selected PCR-based protocols for providing routine clinical diagnostics.
Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen (1991)

Recent isolations of Rhodococcus equi from cavitatory pulmonary disease in patients with AIDS have aroused interest among medical microbiologists in this unusual organism. Earlier isolations from humans had also been in immunosuppressed patients following hemolymphatic tumors or renal transplantation. This organism has been recognized for many years as a cause of a serious pyogranulomatous pneumonia of young foals and is occasionally isolated from granulomatous lesions in several other species, in some cases following immunosuppression. The last decade has seen many advances in understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and immunity to infection in foals. The particular susceptibility of the foal is not understood but can be explained in part by a combination of heavy challenge through the respiratory route coinciding with declining maternally derived antibody in the absence of fully competent foal cellular immune mechanisms. R. equi is largely a soil organism but is widespread in the feces of herbivores. Its growth in soil is considerably improved by simple nutrients it obtains from herbivore manure. About one-third of human patients who have developed R. equi infections had contact in some way with herbivores or their manure. Others may have acquired infection from contact with soil or wild bird manure. R. equi is an intracellular parasite, which explains the typical pyogranulomatous nature of R. equi infections, the predisposition to infection in human patients with defective cell-mediated immune mechanisms, and the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs that penetrate phagocytic cells.