gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Underground Upgrading of Heavy Oil Using THAI—''Toe-to-Heel Air Injection'' (2005)

Abstract The expansion of heavy oil and bitumens production is limited by the lack of advanced upgrading facilities and technology. Surface processing, mainly by delayed coking and some hydroprocessing, is very capital intensive. This cost can be more than that for the reservoir engineering facilities. The THAI process achieves substantial upgrading of heavy crude oil directly in the reservoir, via thermal cracking and associated reaction transformations. It captures the underground upgrading because the horizontal producer well process operates via a ‘short-distance displacement mechanism’, similar to that which occurs in the SAGD process. The results of a 3-D combustion cell test performed on Wolf Lake heavy oil are presented in the paper. Upgrading commenced as soon as the combustion front became anchored on the horizontal producer well. The produced oil viscosity was dramatically reduced, from 80,000 cSt, down to 50 cSt (average). The corresponding API gravity was increased from 10.1 to 20.4 °API (average). The quality of the produced oil was determined from a number of specific analyses, including TAN, Bromine number, SARA, and also water and gas analyses. The first field pilot of the THAI process is to be conducted by WHITESANDS INSITU Ltd, the heavy oil division of Petrobank Energy and Resources Ltd., at Christina Lake, Alberta, Canada 1. The pilot is scheduled to start early in 2006, and if the project is successful, the new THAI technology could revolutionize heavy oil recovery and upgrading.
Context-aware mobile health monitoring: Evaluation of different pattern recognition methods for classification of physical activity (2008)

There are various applications of physical activity monitoring for medical purposes, such as therapeutic rehabilitation, fitness enhancement or the use of physical activity as context information for evaluation of other vital data. Physical activity can be estimated using acceleration sensor-systems fixed on a person's body. By means of pattern recognition methods, it is possible to identify with certain accuracy which movement is being performed. This work presents a comparison of different methods for recognition of daily-life activities, which will serve as basis for the development of an online activity monitoring system.
Review The function of APC/C Cdh1 in cell cycle and beyond (2009)

The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase playing essential functions in mitosis. It is conserved from yeast to human and relies on two adaptor proteins, Cdc20 and Cdh1, to bring in substrates. Both APCCdc20 and APCCdh1 are implicated in the control of mitosis through mediating ubiquitination and degradation of important mitotic regulators such as cyclin B1, securin, and Plk1. In addition, APC Cdh1 is thought to prevent premature S phase entry by limiting the accumulation of mitotic cyclins in G1 and to regulate processes unrelated to cell cycle. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of APCCdh1 function in cell cycle and beyond.
Current-mode absolute value circuits for wideband performance (1996)

Absolute value circuits or precision full-wave rectifiers (PFWRs) exhibit significant zero-crossing distortion at high frequencies. This is due to an inherent problem as the circuit changes from noninverting to inverting gain as the input signal changes polarity. In this paper two entirely different topology PFWR BJT circuits are explored. In the first one a differential current switching technique is used so that rapid switching with minimum transients can be achieved. The switch adopted is essentially a fully-switched differential pair, commonly referred to here as a nonsaturating current-mode switch. In the second circuit topology an emitter-coupled common-collector PFWR with NPN quasi-Darlingtons is designed and tested. The second circuit has the advantage that switching transients are reduced.
Gastrointestinal hormone mRNA expression in human colonic adenocarcinomas, hepatic metastases and cell lines (1996)

Aims-(1) To investigate the expression of the four main hormones of the digestive tract by performing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on a series of samples, comprising tumoral and healthy colonic tissues, hepatic metastases and colonic cell line samples; and (2) to study the patterns of labelling obtained with serological and morphological markers.Methods-After extraction and reverse transcription, gastrin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) mRNAs were detected by PCR and nested PCR using specific primers. The corresponding proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results-The cell lines expressed all four mRNAs. Gastrin mRNA was present in most tumoral and metastatic samples, while the somatostatin transcript was detected in all samples and was frequently overexpressed in the normal colon. TGFalpha mRNA was expressed systematically in tumours of the right and transverse colon, but not in those located in the left colon; the expression of CCK mRNA was systematically absent in the left colon.Conclusions-The data presented here shed some light on the transcriptional events involved in the production of the various hormones present in the gastrointestinal tract, in both healthy and tumoral tissues. The various mRNAs expressed in cell lines are therefore not systematically expressed in the human pathology.
Maximum herd efficiency in meat production II. The influence of growth and reproduction (1992)

A general method is developed for the evaluation of herd efficiency in terms of efficiencies for growth and reproduction. Almost the only requisite knowledge for the application of this method is the value of the allometric slope between the cost of cumulate feed intake and body mass for a target population. The evaluation of reproduction efficiency involves reproduction and replacement rates, early fertility, and degree of fertility at first mating. Growth efficiency is discussed in terms of cumulate YS. constant period efficiency and the influence of a likely negative genetic relationship, induced by selection, between components like preweaning and postweaning efficiencies. Finally, some consequences are derived for the effect of constant costs per time unit on total efficiency. 'n Algemene metode is ontwikkel vir die evaluasie van kuddedoeltreffendheid in terme van doeltreffendhede vir groei en reproduksie. Omtrent die enigste vooraf-kennis wat nodig is vir die toepassing van hierdie metode is die allometriese helling tussen geakkumuleerde voedselinname en liggaamsmassa vir 'n  toepassingsbevolking. By die evaluasie van reproduksiedoeltreffendheid is reproduksie- en vervangingstempo's, vrore vrugbaarheid en graad van vrugbaarheid by eerste paring, betrek. Groeidoeltreffendheid is bespreek in terme van  geakkumuleerde YS. konstante periode doeltreffendhede en die invloed van 'n moontlike negatiewe genetiese verwantskap tussen voorspeense en naspeense doeltreffendhede wat deur seleksie gernduseer mag word. Laastens word sommige afleidings oor totale doeltreffendheid gemaak vir die geval van konstante kostes per tydseenheid.
Micro-Angle Adjusting Device Using PMN Electrostrictors (1983)

A micro-angle adjusting system has been constructed with a position actuator “inchworm” and a turntable; the former was fabricated from an electrostrictive unimorph and two electromagnets. The rotation angular velocity can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the unimorph and the driving frequency, and it has an angle step up to 6×10 -4 rad/step.
Role of specific muscarinic receptor subtypes in cholinergic parasympathomimetic responses, <i>in vivo</i> phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and pilocarpine‐induced seizure activity (2003)

Abstract Muscarinic agonist‐induced parasympathomimetic effects, in vivo phosphoinositide hydrolysis and seizures were evaluated in wild‐type and muscarinic M 1 –M 5 receptor knockout mice. The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine induced marked hypothermia in all the knockout mice, but the hypothermia was reduced in M 2 and to a lesser extent in M 3 knockout mice. Oxotremorine‐induced tremor was abolished only in the M 2 knockout mice. Muscarinic agonist‐induced salivation was reduced to the greatest extent in M 3 knockout mice, to a lesser degree in M 1 and M 4 knockout mice, and was not altered in M 2 and M 5 knockout mice. Pupil diameter under basal conditions was increased only in the M 3 knockout mice. Pilocarpine‐induced increases in in vivo phosphoinositide hydrolysis were completely absent in hippocampus and cortex of M 1 knockout mice, but in vivo phosphoinositide hydrolysis was unaltered in the M 2 –M 5 knockout mice. A high dose of pilocarpine (300 mg/kg) caused seizures and lethality in wild‐type and M 2 –M 5 knockout mice, but produced neither effect in the M 1 knockout mice. These data demonstrate a major role for M 2 and M 3 muscarinic receptor subtypes in mediating parasympathomimetic effects. Muscarinic M 1 receptors activate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in cortex and hippocampus of mice, consistent with the role of M 1 receptors in cognition. Muscarinic M 1 receptors appear to be the only muscarinic receptor subtype mediating seizures.
Automatic Control of Unstable Gas Lifted Wells (1999)

Abstract Oil production wells on gas lift are sometimes unstable at low gas lift rates, even though steady-state flow analysis gives most efficient production at these gas lift rates. Unstable production, often called heading, may lead to periods of reduced or even no liquid production followed by large peaks of liquid and gas. This results in average oil production less than expected, and oil and gas production less than the systems design capacity to allow for the production peaks without causing shutdowns. To solve the problem the amount of lift gas is normally increased beyond the most optimum rate. When the lift gas supply is limited, other gas lifted wells must then be shut in. This paper describes one field proven sequence based automation for oil production, plus a new model-based automatic controller. Both technologies solve the problem of unstable production from gas lifted wells through manipulation of the production and/or the gas-injection chokes. The sequence-based automation and the model-based controller stabilize the production at operating points that would be unstable under standard operation. Field measurements such as wellhead pressure, annulus pressure etc. are inputs to the controllers (or are used by the controller). Examples are given of the model-based controller working together with realistic transient flow models of gas lift wells. Testing of the model-based controller on real unstable wells is planned.
Infiltrating sulfur in hierarchical architecture MWCNT@meso C core–shell nanocomposites for lithium–sulfur batteries (2013)

We present hierarchical architecture MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotubes)@meso C core-shell nanostructures as a carbon matrix for effective trapping of sulfur/polysulfides as a cathode material for Li-S batteries. The unique structure of MWCNT@meso C core-shell nanocomposites was achieved by using a sol-gel coating method followed by nanocasting. By infiltrating sulfur into the matrix, S/MWCNT@meso C core-shell nanocomposites were achieved. This material exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 1248 mA h g(-1) although it decayed to about 640 mA h g(-1) after 50 cycles. However, this performance is much better than that of S directly deposited on MWCNT (S/MWCNT) which only retained a capacity of 120 mA h g(-1) after 50 cycles. Our composite exhibited excellent rate capability even at a discharge current density of 2 A g(-1). The improvement in electrochemical performance is attributed to the synergetic effect between MWCNT cores, which provide electronic conduction pathways, and the mesoporous carbon shells with a relatively high surface area, which can trap sulfur/polysulfides and provide Li(+) ion pathways.
Space science applications of thermopile detector arrays (2003)

Thermal detectors, while typically less sensitive than quantum detectors, are useful when the combination of long wavelength signals and relatively high temperature operation makes quantum detectors unsuitable. Thermal detectors are also appropriate in applications requiring flat spectral response over a broad wavelength range. JPL produces thermopile detectors and linear arrays to meet space science requirements in these categories. Thermopile detectors and arrays are currently being fabricated for two space applications. The first is the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) instrument, to fly on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission, scheduled to launch in 2005. MCS is an atmospheric limb sounder utilizing nine 21-element thermopile arrays. The second application is the Earth Radiation Budget Suite (ERBS), part of the National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). This instrument measures upwelling radiation from the earth in the spectral range 0.3-100 μm.
Diagnosis and Management of Migraine Headaches (2004)

Migraine headaches afflict approximately 6% of men and 18% of women in the United States, and cost billions of dollars each year in lost productivity, absenteeism, and direct medical expendi tures. Despite its prevalence and the availability of therapeutic op tions, many patients do not seek treatment, and among those who do, a significant portion are misdiagnosed. Correct diagnosis can be made by identifying the historic and physical examination finding that distinguish primary headache disorders from secondary head ache disorders, as well as the key clinical features that distinguis migraine headaches from other types. Once diagnosis is made, im proper or inadequate management of headache pain, related symp toms such as nausea, and the possible aggravating side-effects of pharmacologic therapies represent further obstacles to effective ther apy. Dissatisfaction with migraine therapy on the basis of these factors is common. Among abortive therapy options there are de livery methods available which may avoid aggravating symptom such as nausea. Recommended pharmacologic agents include non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intranasal butorphanol, ergota mine and its derivatives, and the triptans. Indications for prophylac tic in addition to abortive therapy include the occurrence o headaches that require abortive therapy more than twice a week, tha do not respond well to abortive therapy, and which are particularly severe. Research is ongoing in the pathophysiology of migraines evaluation of nonpharmacologic treatment modalities, assessment of new drug therapies, and validation of headache guidelines.
Removal of residual catalyst from palm oil-based biodiesel using new ionic liquids analogous (2015)

In recent years, the productivity of machine tools has been significantly improved by using computer-based CAD/CAM systems for Computer Numerical Control (CNC). Various types of CAM software in the market that provide tool path programming and can be applied for different types of the machining process such as drilling, milling, and turning. However, sometimes the default tool path generated in the CAD/CAM system is not the optimal tool path which produces longer distance and increase the machining time. In this paper, we present cutting tools movement by Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method in generation of shortest tool path. For observation of the performance of both methods, comparisons with conventional method have been carried out. The shortest path of drilling tool path adapts Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) in determining the distance during machining. The simulation result shows that ACO and GA based tool path optimization is useful to find a lower distance of tool path generation for holes drilling process.
Scanning tunneling potentiometry (1986)

In certain problems of electrical transport through condensed matter, it is important to know the potential distribution with microscopic resolution, e.g., at interfaces (Schottky barriers) or pn junctions. Scanning tunneling potentiometry, a new application of scanning tunneling microscopy, is capable of providing this information. The tunnel current is used for simultaneously sensing probe-to-sample distance and local potential. The method was tested with a gold-island metal-insulator-metal structure.
Marine production levels in land 3-D seismic (1999)

What are the main challenges of land acquisition? First, decrease cost by increasing productivity without compromising data quality. Second, increase quality without impacting cost. Of course, any action must comply with current health, safety, and environmental standards. To reach these goals, Petroleum Development of Oman (PDO) developed the slip-sweep technique, which it feels is a significant breakthrough in vibroseis acquisition.
Differences in survival among women with stage III inflammatory and noninflammatory locally advanced breast cancer appear early (2010)

In the era of multidisciplinary management and anthracycline-based and taxane-based polychemotherapy regimens, women with IBC continue to have worse survival outcomes compared with those with non-IBC LABC.
Fabrication of dense yttrium oxyfluoride ceramics by hot pressing and their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties (2018)

Excellent corrosion-resistant materials have been strongly required to reduce particle contamination during the plasma process in semiconductor production. Yttrium oxyfluoride can be a candidate as highly corrosion-resistant material. In this study, three types of dense yttrium oxyfluoride ceramics with different oxygen contents, namely, YOF, Y5O4F7 and Y5O4F7 + YF3, were fabricated by hot pressing, and their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties were evaluated. Y5O4F7 ceramics showed an excellent thermal stability up to 800 °C, a low loss factor, and volume resistivity comparable to conventional plasma-resistant oxides, such as Y2O3. From these results, yttrium oxyfluoride ceramics are strongly suggested to be used as electrostatic chucks in semiconductor production.
CELL BIOLOGY OF THE PRIMITIVE EUKARYOTE <i>GIARDIA LAMBLIA</i> (1996)

Giardia lamblia is an extremely primitive or early-diverging eukaryote that has been considered to have no typical ER or Golgi apparatus, although it is a complex and highly developed cell. Both the trophozoite and cyst have unusual surface proteins that enable these stages to survive in very different and hostile environments. We found that G. lamblia forms novel encystation-specific secretory vesicles and can sort cyst wall proteins to a regulated secretory pathway distinct from the constitutive pathway used to transport the variable cysteine-rich protein to the trophozoite surface. Our studies, utilizing novel ultrastructural methods that preserve the endomembranes, as well as IEM, support the idea that G. lamblia has many of the endomembrane protein transport elements and sorting functions of higher cells and that these appeared very early in the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Proliferation markers and survival in early breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 85 studies in 32,825 patients (2008)

We have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of proliferation markers (Ki-67, mitotic index (MI), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine labelling index (LI)) with respect to survival in early breast cancer. Eighty-five studies involving 32,825 patients were analysed. Ki-67 (43 studies, 15,790 patients), MI (20 studies, 7021 patients), and LI (11 studies, 7337 patients) were associated with significantly shorter overall and disease free survival, using results from univariate and multivariate analyses from the individual studies. PCNA (11 studies, 2677 patients) was associated with shorter overall survival by multivariate analysis only, because of lack of data. There was some evidence for publication bias, but all markers remained significant after allowing for this. Ki-67, MI, PCNA and LI are associated with worse survival outcomes in early breast cancer. However, whether these proliferation markers provide additional prognostic information to commonly used prognostic indices remains unclear.
Identification of Potential Bacillus subtilis Probiotics from Korean Soybean Paste and Their Antimicrobial and Immune Activities (2011)

The potential probiotic of a total of 15 Bacillus species isolated from Korean soybean paste (doenjang) was evaluated. Among those tested, the CSY191 and CSY388 strains were selected as probiotic bacteria due to their acid and bile tolerance, respectively. These strains were classified as Bacillus subtilis based on morphological, physiological, and chemotaxonomic features as well as on phylogenetic analysis based on their 16S rDNA sequences. These strains CSY191 and CSY388 showed a significant survival with rate range of 30.0 to 58.3% and of 31.0% to 58.1%, respectively, under artificial gastric acidic conditions at pH 3.0. These CSY191 and CSY388 strains appeared to have high antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium, Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes. Also, methanol extractions (surfactin-like compounds) of strain CSY191 and strain CSY388 activated RAW264.7 microphages and induced the production of nitric oxide (NO) in a concentration-dependent manner, respectively. Therefore, strain CSY191 and strain CSY388 can be used as potential probiotics.
"Safety-Catch" Protecting Groups in Peptide Synthesis (1992)

A new benzhydryl-type protective groups for amides based on the concept of converting a stable protecting group into a labile one (safety-catch principle) are described. The p -substituted benzhydrylamine derivatives III ( a, b ), IV ( a, b ) are shown to be labile toward various acids but in their oxidized state - V ( a, b ), VI ( a, b ) exhibit the resistance to conditions commonly used for removal the Boc group. Independent removal of Boc or Fmoc groups, each in the presence of derivative VIa , is demonstrated by a synthesis of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH 2 . Some mechanistic aspects of deprotection reaction are discussed.
Functional specification of industrial control systems-an object-oriented approach (1994)

This paper addresses the possibilities in using an object-oriented approach when developing and maintaining industrial control systems. In order to fully gain from the approach, object-orientation should be used during all phases of control system development: functional specification, design, and implementation. This is particularly of importance when functionality of an industrial control system is to be specified. Functional specifications are commonly verbal. Here it is proposed that functionality be described in a more formal way by means of an object-oriented specification. This is also highlighted. Some functionality is easily described, whereas some requirements are not. It is concluded that an object-oriented approach as such has high potential, but further research is needed to fully utilize the approach for functional specifications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>