gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Copper Ion Complexes of Sterically Congested Diaryldiazomethanes Having a Pyridine Ligand and Characterization of Their Photoproducts (2005)

To realize fairly stable high-spin polycarbenes by utilizing heterospin systems comprising 2p spins of organic radicals and 3d spins of magnetic metal ions, we prepared dianthryldiazomethanes having two pyridyl groups at the 2,2'- or 2,7-positions, that is, bis[10-(4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)-9-anthryl]diazomethane (2,2'-DPy-1-N(2)) and [10-(4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-9-anthryl][(10-(4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2,7-di(4-pyridyl)-9-anthryl]diazomethane (2,7-DPy-1-N(2)). The triplet carbene DPy-(3)1 generated by photolysis of DPy-1-N(2) was characterized by ESR and UV-vis spectroscopy in a matrix at low temperature as well as by time-resolved UV-vis in solution at room temperature. The results showed that the triplet carbene DPy-(3)1 was destabilized to some extent as opposed to the parent triplet carbene before pyridination, but it was still fairly persistent, having a half-life of more than 30 min in solution at room temperature. Photoproducts from the complex between DPy-1-N(2) and Cu(hfac)(2) were characterized in a similar manner, and the results suggested that the generated carbene centers interacted magnetically with the Cu(II) ion to form a high-spin species with significant thermal stability. The fact that no significant signals due to the isolated triplet carbene DPy-(3)1 were observed suggested that the pyridine moiety binds with Cu(hfac)(2) in a nearly quantitative manner under these cryogenic conditions. Magnetic measurements of the photoproduct using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magneto/susceptometer were performed to determine the spin state of the complex. The temperature dependence of the molar paramagnetic susceptibility indicated the presence of ferromagnetic interaction. The field dependences of magnetization for the complexes, expressed using M versus H/T plots, were analyzed in terms of the two-component Brillouin function to be S = 3.18 (F = 0.66) and S = 0.02 (F = 0.23) for the 1:1 complex of 2,7-DPy-1 and Cu(hfac)(2) and S = 2.70 (F = 0.33) and S = 0.49 (F = 0.11) for the 1:1 complex of 2,2'-DPy-1 and Cu(hfac)(2).
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Fullerene-Functionalized Polycarbonates (1998)

Fullerenation of polycarbonate (PC) is achieved by direct reaction of C60 with PC using AlCl3 as catalyst. Stirring a 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane solution of C60 and PC in the presence of AlCl3 under nitrogen at 140 °C for 24 h attached C60 to the PC chains, yielding fullerenated PCs (C60−PCs) with a C60 content up to 2.16 wt %. The C60−PCs are soluble in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and chloroform, and IR, UV, and NMR analyses suggest that they possess the molecular structure HxC60(PC)x with x < 1 on the average. The C60−PCs limit strong 532-nm optical pulses more effectively than the parent C60. Light transmission spectra of the C60−PC solutions red-shift with increasing concentration, with their cutoff wavelengths predictably tunable by simply changing their concentrations.
Quantitative Autoradiography of Monoamine Uptake Sites and Receptors in Rat and Mouse Brain (2003)

In the last twenty years, the availabihty of radioactively labeled compounds that bind with high affinity and selectivity to pharmacological receptors has enabled the direct measurement of such binding sites. After initial studies, carried out with tissue homogenates, membrane preparations, or synaptosomal preparations, it became obvious that the distribution of many of these receptors was not homogenous within the brain, and more refined methods were developed to establish their distribution in the central nervous system (CNS). One early improvement implemented for receptor topology studies was to carry out homogenate binding assays with small samples microdissected from discrete brain regions.
Effectiveness of AV‐1011® to reduce damage to drill‐planted rice from blackbirds (2011)

Abstract We determined efficacy of AV‐1011® (a 50% anthraquinone product; Arkion® Life Sciences, New Castle, Delaware) on drill‐planted rice seed to reduce blackbird damage and determine residue levels of anthraquinone (AQ) in rice seeds and seedlings and in the mature rice crop under field enclosures at the University of Missouri‐Delta Center farm near Portageville, Missouri. Red‐winged blackbird ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) damage was higher for untreated than AV‐1011® treated rice seedlings at assessment period 3, 15 days postplanting ( F 1,141 = 15.81, P < 0.001), and at assessment period 4, 19 days postplanting ( F 1,136 = 11.54, P = 0.001). Blackbird damage to AV‐1011‐treated seedling for assessment periods 3 and 4 was 8% and 7%, respectively, while blackbird damage to untreated seedlings during the same assessment periods was 52% and 44%. More blackbirds used untreated plots than AV‐1011‐treated plots during assessment periods 2–4 ( F 1,17.8 = 20.02, P < 0.001). Overall concentrations of AQ on seeds averaged 5,993 µg/g or 0.59% during the test period. Concentrations of AQ in mature rice seed and plant collected at harvest averaged 1.22 µg/g and 0.10 µg/g, respectively. AV‐1011 offers promise for reducing bird depredations to newly planted rice, but additional testing should be conducted to evaluate this repellent in a large‐scale field setting. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The Effect of Variation in Structure on the Young's Modulus of Cancellous Bone: A Comparison of Human and Non-Human Material (1990)

The Young's modulus of cubes of human cancellous bone was measured in three orthogonal directions. Apparent density and mineral volume fraction were also measured, as were two architectural variables, fabric and connectivity, which were determined using image analysis techniques. Multiple regression was used to relate the Young's modulus to the four explanatory variables. The results from this study are compared with those obtained from a previous investigation using non-human cancellous bone. The relationships revealed by the two studies are very similar. It was possible to explain approximately 93 per cent of the variance in Young's modulus using the four variables in this present study. Apparent density is the major explanatory variable in both studies and shows a strong correlation with connectivity. In common with the non-human study the measure of fabric is a worthwhile explanatory variable; however, connectivity and mineral volume fraction are relatively unimportant. The four explanatory variables contribute to a successful model for the prediction of Young's modulus. Any other candidate variables are likely to be unimportant or be highly correlated with those already investigated.
New Structural Scaffolds for Centrally Acting Oxime Reactivators of Phosphylated Cholinesterases (2011)

We describe here the synthesis and activity of a new series of oxime reactivators of cholinesterases (ChEs) that contain tertiary amine or imidazole protonatable functional groups. Equilibration between the neutral and protonated species at physiological pH enables the reactivators to cross the blood-brain barrier and distribute in the CNS aqueous space as dictated by interstitial and cellular pH values. Our structure-activity analysis of 134 novel compounds considers primarily imidazole aldoximes and N-substituted 2-hydroxyiminoacetamides. Reactivation capacities of novel oximes are rank ordered by their relative reactivation rate constants at 0.67 mm compared with 2-pyridinealdoxime methiodide for reactivation of four organophosphate (sarin, cyclosarin, VX, and paraoxon) conjugates of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE). Rank order of the rates differs for reactivation of human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) conjugates. The 10 best reactivating oximes, predominantly hydroxyimino acetamide derivatives (for hAChE) and imidazole-containing aldoximes (for hBChE) also exhibited reasonable activity in the reactivation of tabun conjugates. Reactivation kinetics of the lead hydroxyimino acetamide reactivator of hAChE, when analyzed in terms of apparent affinity (1/K(ox)) and maximum reactivation rate (k(2)), is superior to the reference uncharged reactivators monoisonitrosoacetone and 2,3-butanedione monoxime and shows potential for further refinement. The disparate pH dependences for reactivation of ChE and the general base-catalyzed oximolysis of acetylthiocholine reveal that distinct reactivator ionization states are involved in the reactivation of ChE conjugates and in conferring nucleophilic reactivity of the oxime group.
Design, modeling, and validation of an apical flow Transwell insert for small intestinal models (2015)

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.
Uridine Diphosphoglucose Pyrophosphorylase Activity and Differentiation in the Acellular Slime Mold <i>Physarum polycephalum</i> (1974)

The specific activity of uridine 5'-triphosphate:alpha-d-glucose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.9) (also called uridine 5'-diphosphate [UDP]-glucose pyrophosphorylase) has been found to increase up to eightfold during spherule formation by the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. The enzyme accumulates during the first 8 to 9 h after initiation of spherule formation, declines to basal levels found in vegetative microplasmodia by 15 h, and is undetectable in completed spherules. Specific activities for UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in vegetative microplasmodia range from 15 to 30 nmol of UDP-glucose formed per min per mg of protein, whereas accumulated levels during spherule formation can attain a specific activity as high as 125 nmol of UDP-glucose formed per min per mg of protein. The scheduling and extent of accumulation are critically dependent on an early log-phase age of microplasmodia originally induced to form spherules. Spherule induction by 0.2 M or 0.5 M mannitol delays this schedule in a variable and unpredictable manner. Spherule-forming microplasmodia which have accumulated high levels of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase spontaneously excrete the enzyme when transferred to salts medium containing 0.2 M or 0.5 M mannitol. The excreted enzyme is subsequently destroyed or inactivated. Studies with preferential inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis indicate that accumulation of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase requires concomitant protein synthesis and prior ribonucleic acid synthesis.
Stimulatory effects of a three-dimensional microenvironment on cell-mediated fibronectin fibrillogenesis (2005)

The assembly of fibronectin into a fibrillar matrix is a regulated step-wise process that involves binding to integrin receptors and interactions between fibronectin molecules. This process has been studied extensively using cells in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture. In most situations in vivo, however, matrix assembly occurs within existing three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix networks. In an attempt to mimic this environment, we analyzed matrix assembly by fibroblasts cultured on a pre-assembled 3D fibronectin matrix and found significant stimulation of fibronectin fibril assembly compared to cells in 2D culture. Lower amounts of fibronectin were needed to initiate the assembly process, fibrils accumulated to higher density, and the 3D fibril organization played a key role in the stimulatory effect. Moreover, cells expressing activation-dependent integrins were able to assemble fibronectin matrix without exogenous stimulation, suggesting regulatory effects of the 3D fibronectin matrix on integrin activity. These results provide evidence for an additional level of control of fibronectin deposition through cell interactions with the local microenvironment.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Molten Carbonate‐Coal Slurries (1987)

A novel approach for the electrochemical oxidation of coal is described. The electrochemical cell employed an anode of coal or carbon particles dispersed in a molten carbonate electrolyte at 500°–800°C. At these temperatures, the oxidation kinetics of coal/carbon are sufficiently rapid that high current densities can be obtained at an inert working electrode. Results presented for various forms and concentrations of carbon include open‐circuit potentials, current‐voltage curves, and product gas evolution rates. At temperatures of 700°C and above, the measured potentials were in agreement with theoretical values of the redox couple. Product gas analysis indicated that complete oxidation of carbon to was achieved, thus providing the maximum electrochemical conversion efficiency (four electrons per carbon atom). By coupling this anode with an cathode, fuel cell operation (i.e., electricity generation) should be feasible. The primary limitation observed in this study was the heavy chemical consumption of carbon by , which resulted in a low overall carbon conversion efficiency.
IL-12 Alone and in Synergy with IL-18 Inhibits Osteoclast Formation In Vitro (2001)

IL-12, like IL-18, was shown to potently inhibit osteoclast formation in cultures of cocultures of murine osteoblast and spleen cells, as well as in adult spleen cells treated with M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). Neither IL-12 nor IL-18 was able to inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in cultured RAW264.7 cells, demonstrating that IL-12, like IL-18, was unable to act directly on osteoclastic precursors. IL-12, like IL-18, was found to act by T cells, since depletion of T cells from the adult spleen cell cultures ablated the inhibitory action of IL-12 and addition of either CD4 or CD8 T cells from C57BL/6 mice to RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cultures permitted IL-12 or IL-18 to be inhibitory. Additionally, IL-12 was still able to inhibit osteoclast formation in cocultures with osteoblasts and spleen cells from either GM-CSF R(-/-) mice or IFN-gamma R(-/-) mice, indicating that neither GM-CSF nor IFN-gamma was mediating osteoclast inhibition in these cultures. Combined, IL-18 and IL-12 synergistically inhibited osteoclast formation at concentrations 20- to 1000-fold less, respectively, than when added individually. A candidate inhibitor could not be demonstrated using neutralizing Abs to IL-4, IL-10, or IL-13 or from mRNA expression profiles among known cytokine inhibitors of osteoclastogenesis in response to IL-12 and IL-18 treatment, although the unknown inhibitory molecule was determined to be secreted from T cells.
Expression of Chicken Integrin .BETA.1 Subunit in Rat PC12 Cells. (1991)

We transfected rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells with a cDNA encoding chicken integrin beta 1 subunit. The chicken integrin beta 1 subunit produced in stable transfectants associated with two major alpha subunits of rat integrins to form interspecific chimeric receptors. These receptors mediated cell spreading and initial neurite outgrowth on laminin as did corresponding endogenous integrins, although they were slightly less effective in inducing cell adhesion to laminin. These results indicate that chicken integrin beta 1 may functionally substitute for beta 1 subunit of rat integrins in PC12 cells. Apparently, the structure of the integrin beta 1 subunit is highly conserved in the evolution of these species.
Scalable architecture for on-chip neural network training using swarm intelligence (2008)

This paper presents a novel architecture for on-chip neural network training using particle swarm optimization (PSO). PSO is an evolutionary optimization algorithm with a growing field of applications which has been recently used to train neural networks. The architecture exploits PSO algorithm to evolve network weights as well as a method called layer partitioning to implement neural networks. In the proposed method, a neural network is partitioned into groups of neurons and the groups are sequentially mapped to available functional units. Thus, the architecture is reconfigurable for training and implementing different multilayer feedforward neural networks without the need for modifying the architecture. The implementation is intended for real-time applications regarding hardware cost and speed. The results show that the proposed system provides a trade-off between resource requirements and speed.
Joint Acoustic-Video Fingerprinting of Vehicles, Part II (2007)

In this second paper, we first show how to estimate the wheelbase length of a vehicle using line metrology in video. We then address the vehicle fingerprinting problem using vehicle silhouettes and color invariants. We combine the acoustic metrology and classification results discussed in Part I with the video results to improve estimation performance and robustness. The acoustic video fusion is achieved in a Bayesian framework by assuming conditional independence of the observations of each modality. For the metrology density functions, Laplacian approximations are used for computational efficiency. Experimental results are given using field data.
Inconsistent outcomes of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be originated from the anatomical differences among individuals: A simulation study using individual MRI data (2013)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a kind of neuromodulation protocol, which transmits small amount of DC currents through scalp electrodes to facilitate or inhibit particular areas of the brain. Although many studies have demonstrated that tDCS can effectively modulate excitability of various brain sites, the outcomes of the tDCS treatment are not consistent among subjects to whom identical electrode montages were applied. So far, no studies have clearly elucidated the main cause of this individual variability. The hypothesis of our study was that the individual variability in the tDCS effect might be originated due to the anatomical differences among subjects. To verify our hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between the current density value at dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) simulated using finite element method (FEM) and the behavioral outcomes of a simple working memory (WM) task. A 3-back WM task experiment was conducted with twenty-five healthy subjects before and after the DC stimulation, when the cathode and anode electrodes were attached to right supraorbital area and F3 location, respectively, for all subjects. The results showed that participants who showed enhanced WM task performance after tDCS had a significantly larger current density on DLPFC, suggesting that the inconsistent behavioral outcomes of tDCS might be partially due to the anatomical differences among subjects.
ELECTROOSMOSIS THROUGH PORES WITH NONUNIFORMLY CHARGED WALLS (1985)

The movement of fluid through a charged capillary by the action of an electric field is analyzed in the case where the charge density on the capillary wall varies with axial position. The capillary's radius is assumed much greater than the Debye screening length of the fluid. Our results show that the mean fluid velocity within the capillary is given exactly by the classical Helmholtz equation with the local zeta potential replaced by the average zeta potential, determined by integrating the local value over the length of the capillary. If the magnitude of the local zeta potential exceeds the thermal potential (kT/e), the relationship between zeta potential and wall charge is nonlinear, so that the Helmholtz equation cannot be used to calculate the average charge from a measured electroosmotic flow or streaming potential. Although the mean electroosmotic velocity depends only on the average zeta potential, the fluid velocity field within the capillary is a strong function of the distribution of zeta potential along the wall and even displays flow separation and circulation.
Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex of Racecadotril: Effect of Drug-&#946;- Cyclodextrin Ratio and the Method of Complexation (2014)

Racecadotril is an antisecretory and antidiarrheal agent against watery diarrhoea in children. Racecadotril is a class II drug (as per Biopharmaceutical Classification System) with poor aqueous solubility and dissolution rate limited absorption. β-cyclodextrin complexation of solubility or dissolution rate limited drugs provides an amphiphilic complex with improved solubility and dissolution profile. Thus Racecadotril - β-cyclodextrin complex were prepared to improve its solubility and dissolution by imparting an environment of improved hydrophilicity. Racecadotril was complexed with β-cyclodextrin (in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios) by two different methods (solvent evaporation and kneading method). These inclusion complexes were evaluated for solubility, drug content, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and in vitro dissolution study. The highest drug content (30.83%) was found in complex made by kneading method (RK1:1) in 1:1 molar ratio. Complex prepared by solvent evaporation method (RSE1:1, RSE1:2) were found to be showing irregular disc shaped non-porous surface, while the complexes prepared by kneading method (RK1:1, RK1:2) showed rough, fluffy, non-porous and irregular surface in SEM. Solubility of the drug improved up to 2 to 3 folds in the complexes. The complex RK1:1 showed the greatest improvement in solubility (from 28.98 to76.56 µg/ml). The dissolution of the complexes was also found to be improved. Complex prepared by solvent evaporation method in 1:1 molar ratio (RSE1:1) showed a marked improvement in percent drug release (100.33%) than that of pure drug (52.58%) at the end of 1 hour in dissolution study. FTIR, DSC and XRPD data confirmed the formation of inclusion complex. It was concluded that water solubility of all the complexes were increased when the drug was complexed with β-CD in 1:1 molar ratio. The complex made in 1:1 molar ratio (irrespective of the method) showed better solubility and the dissolution profile as compared to the complex made in 1:2 molar ratio. It was concluded that the complex prepared by the solvent evaporation method showed better solubility and the dissolution due to better amorphization of the drug.
A Model Study for Quantification of Approximal Caries with a Fluorescent Dye (1990)

The fluorescence intensity of the dye Fluorol 7GA in in vitro caries lesions was measured through a strip of plastic either 2 or 1.5 mm in thickness. The light scattering in the plastic strips was comparable with light scattering in sound enamel. This method was chosen as a model for fluorescent dye measurement at approximal sites, where the fibreoptic probe cannot be placed directly on the lesion, so that measurements have to be made through a thin layer of sound enamel. It appeared that the fluorescent dye can be measured through a layer of scattering material and that a linear correlation exists between fluorescence intensity and calcium loss as measured by longitudinal microradiography. The correlation coefficient for the 2-mm plastic strip was r = 0.76. With the 1.5-mm plastic strip the fluorescence intensity recordings were about twice as high, and the correlation coefficient was r = 0.81. From these measurements a proposal for an application procedure emerged for the use in a clinical situation. Also the transmission of light at 550 and 650 nm, at which wavelengths the fluorescent dye does not absorb, through plastic strips of varying thickness was measured. It is shown that by measurement of transmission of a non-adsorbing wavelength, the fluorescence intensity measured through a layer of scattering material can be corrected for this layer.
Reduction of α-<scp>D</scp>-Hexopyranosulosides (1973)

Reduction of isopropyl tri-O-acetyl-α-D-arabino-hexopyranosuloside with sodium borohydride or diborane leads almost exclusively to the gluco-configuration. Catalytic reductions, on the other hand, provide an epimeric mixture with the manno-configuration predominating in ratios of about 2:1. The reduction of isopropyl tri-O-acetyl-α-D-lyxo-hexopyranosuloside with either sodium borohydride or diborane is less stereoselective than in the case of the arabino-isomer and leads to compounds of the galacto-and talo-configurations in the ratio of 3:2. The latter is formed highly stereoselectively when the lyxosuloside derivative is hydrogenated catalytically.2-O-(α-D-Mannopyranosyl)-glycerol and the gluco-isomer are synthesized.