gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and preliminary test of precision segment positioning actuator for the California Extremely Large Telescope primary mirror (2003)

In order for the California Extremely Large Telescope (CELT) to achieve the required optical performance, each of its 1000 primary mirror segments must be positioned relative to adjacent segments with nanometer-level accuracy. This can be accomplished using three actuators for each segment to actively control the segment in tip, tilt, and piston. The Keck telescopes utilize a segmented primary mirror similar to CELT employing a highly successful actuator design. However, because of its size and the shear number of actuators (3000 vs. 108 for Keck), CELT will require a different design. Sensitivity to wind loads and structural vibrations, the large dynamic range, low operating power, and extremely reliable operation, all achieved at an affordable unit cost, are the most demanding design requirements. This paper examines four actuator concepts and presents a trade-off between them. The concept that best met the CELT requirements is described along with an analysis of its performance. The concept is based on techniques that achieve the required accuracy while providing a substantial amount of vibration attenuation and damping. A prototype actuator has been built to validate this concept. Preliminary tests confirm predicted behavior and future tests will establish a sound baseline for final design and production.
Development of a Nanoindenter for In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (2001)

In situ transmission electron microscopy is an established experimental technique that permits direct observation of the dynamics and mechanisms of dislocation motion and deformation behavior. In this article, we detail the development of a novel specimen goniometer that allows real-time observations of the mechanical response of materials to indentation loads. The technology of the scanning tunneling microscope is adopted to allow nanometer-scale positioning of a sharp, conductive diamond tip onto the edge of an electron-transparent sample. This allows application of loads to nanometer-scale material volumes coupled with simultaneous imaging of the material's response. The emphasis in this report is qualitative and technique oriented, with particular attention given to sample geometry and other technical requirements. Examples of the deformation of aluminum and titanium carbide as well as the fracture of silicon will be presented.
Low-cost copper complexes as p-dopants in solution processable hole transport layers (2015)

We demonstrate the usage of the Lewis-acidic copper(II)hexafluoroacetylacetonate (Cu(hfac)2) and copper(II)trifluoroacetylacetonate (Cu(tfac)2) as low-cost p-dopants for conductivity enhancement of solution processable hole transport layers based on small molecules in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The materials were clearly soluble in mixtures of environmentally friendly anisole and xylene and spin-coated under ambient atmosphere. Enhancements of two and four orders of magnitude, reaching 4.0 × 10−11 S/cm with a dopant concentration of only 2 mol% Cu(hfac)2 and 1.5 × 10−9 S/cm with 5 mol% Cu(tfac)2 in 2,2′,7,7′-tetra(N,N-ditolyl)amino-9,9-spiro-bifluorene (spiro-TTB), respectively, were achieved. Red light emitting diodes were fabricated with reduced driving voltages and enhanced current and power efficiencies (8.6 lm/W with Cu(hfac)2 and 5.6 lm/W with Cu(tfac)2) compared to the OLED with undoped spiro-TTB (3.9 lm/W). The OLED with Cu(hfac)2 doped spiro-TTB showed an over 8 times improved LT50 lifetime of 70 h at a starting luminance of 5000 cd/m2. The LT50 lifetime of the reference OLED with PEDOT:PSS was only 8 h. Both non-optimized OLEDs were operated at similar driving voltage and power efficiency.
Chemisch modifizierte Oligonucleotide als Sonden und Agentien (1991)

Abstract Oligonucleotide binden spezifisch an andere einzelsträngige Nucleinsäuren, wenn diese eine komplementäre Basensequenz in gegenläufiger Anordnung aufweisen; es bildet sich eine Doppelhelix. Ebenso binden Oligonucleotide spezifisch an eine Reihe von Proteinen. Daher kann man Vorgänge, an denen diese Nucleinsäuren oder Proteine beteiligt sind, durch Zusetzen entsprechender Oligonucleotide beeinflussen, gewöhnlich inhibieren. Durch chemische Modifizierung dieser Oligonucleotide läßt sich ihre Wirksamkeit erhöhen und das Spektrum der Anwendungsmöglichkeiten erweitern. Sind zum Beispiel in einem Oligonucleotid die Phosphatgruppen durch Phosphonatgruppen ersetzt, so fällt eine negative Ladung pro Nucleotid weg, und das Oligonucleotid ist lipophiler. Ein Oligonucleotid, das eine reaktive Gruppe trägt, kann seine Bindungspartner modifizieren. Ein Oligonucleotid, das kovalent mit einem Farbstoff verknüpft ist, läßt sich dadurch in biologischem Material orten. Oligonucleotide, die kovalent mit einem Enzym verknüpft sind, können in sehr kleinen Mengen nachgewiesen werden, da über die Wirkung des Enzyms die signalgebende Substanz, meistens ein fluoreszierender Stoff, vervielfacht werden kann. – Einschlägige biochemische Probleme, die durch chemisch modifizierte Oligonucleotide untersucht werden, sind die Frage nach dem Vorhandensein und dem Ort einer Messenger‐RNA oder eines entsprechenden Gens, oder die Frage nach dem Vorhandensein bakterieller oder viraler Sequenzen in einem Gewebe oder in einer Lösung. Ferner wird versucht, die Translation einer mRNA oder die Transkription und Replikation einer DNA zu inhibieren. Derzeit ist insbesondere die Hemmung der Proteinbiosynthese und der reversen Transkription von Retroviren das Ziel vieler Arbeiten mit modifizierten Oligonucleotiden.
Table2Vec (2019)

Tables contain valuable knowledge in a structured form. We employ neural language modeling approaches to embed tabular data into vector spaces. Specifically, we consider different table elements, such caption, column headings, and cells, for training word and entity embeddings. These embeddings are then utilized in three particular table-related tasks, row population, column population, and table retrieval, by incorporating them into existing retrieval models as additional semantic similarity signals. Evaluation results show that table embeddings can significantly improve upon the performance of state-of-the-art baselines.
Formation Mechanism of Conducting Polypyrrole Nanotubes in Reverse Micelle Systems (2005)

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanotubes were readily fabricated through chemical oxidation polymerization in sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse (water-in-oil) emulsions. The reverse cylindrical micelle phase was characterized, and the key factors affecting the formation of PPy nanotubes were systematically inspected. AOT reverse cylindrical micelles were prepared via a cooperative interaction between an aqueous FeCl3 solution and AOT in an apolar solvent. In the H2O/FeCl3/AOT/apolar solvent system, the aqueous FeCl3 solution played a role in increasing the ionic strength and decreasing the second critical micelle concentration of AOT. As a result, AOT reverse cylindrical micelles could be spontaneously formed in an apolar solvent. In addition, iron cations were adsorbed to the anionic AOT headgroups that were capable of extracting metal cations from the aqueous core. Under these conditions, the addition of pyrrole monomer resulted in the chemical oxidation polymerization of the corresponding monomer at the surface of AOT reverse cylindrical micelles, followed by the formation of tubular PPy nanostructures. In a typical composition (74.0 wt % hexane, 22.4 wt % AOT, and 3.6 wt % aqueous FeCl3 solution at 15 degrees C), the average diameter of PPy nanotubes was approximately 94 nm and their length was more than 2 mum. The PPy nanotube dimensions were affected by synthetic variables such as the weight ratio of aqueous FeCl3 solution/AOT, type of apolar solvent, and reaction temperature. Moreover, the relationship between the diameter and the conductivity of the nanotubes was investigated.
Metabolism of alkyl lysophospholipid in epithelial cancer cell lines and inhibition of cell growth (1993)

The mechanism of inhibition of cancer cell growth by alkyllysophospholipids is not known. We have investigated the metabolism of 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methylglycerophosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3) in MCF7, A427, and A549 cell lines to determine whether there is a correlation between metabolism and sensitivity and whether the growth-inhibitory effects are due to ET-18-OCH3 or its metabolites. After 12 h incubation with ET-18-OCH3, less than 1.5% of ET-18-OCH3 taken up in the cells was converted to 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methylglycerol (OMG). No correlation was observed between the extent of metabolism and sensitivity to the compound. Incubation of cells with 1 microgram OMG/mL (2.8 microM) for 12 h resulted in cellular quantities of OMG in MCF7, A427, and A549 that were, respectively, 8-, 5-, and 25-fold greater than those in cells incubated with 5 micrograms ET-18-OCH3/mL (9.6 microM). While 12 h incubation with 1 microgram OMG/mL did not significantly inhibit the proliferation of MCF7 or A427 cells, incubation with 5 micrograms ET-18-OCH3/mL inhibited MCF7 and A427 growth by 90 and 15%, respectively. A549 cell growth was inhibited 10% by 1 microgram OMG/mL, but not by 5 micrograms ET-18-OCH3/mL. Incubation of cells for 12 h with 5 micrograms OMG/mL (13.9 microM) inhibited the growth of all three cell lines. Our results indicate that both ET-18-OCH3 and OMG can inhibit cell growth but the low quantities of OMG produced from ET-18-OCH3 are not responsible for the observed inhibition of MCF7 and A427 cell growth.
The Target Receptor Siglec-3 (CD33) Is Expressed on AML Stem Cells in a Majority of All Patients with AML. (2005)

Abstract The cell surface antigen Siglec-3 = CD33 is becoming increasingly important as target of therapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In particular, a conjugate consisting of the humanized CD33 antibody P67.6 (gemtuzumab) and the cytostatic drug calicheamicin has been developed for clinical use and was found to work as an effective antileukemic agent (Mylotarg®) in patients with CD33+ AML. In normal myelopoiesis, expression of CD33 is restricted to advanced stages of differentiation, whereas primitive stem cells do not express CD33 (Siglec-3). In line with this notion, CD33-targeting therapy is a non-myeloablative approach. In the present study, we asked whether leukemic stem cells in patients with AML express CD33. For this purpose, a multicolor-staining technique was applied in eleven patients with AML. Leukemic stem cells were defined as CD34+/CD38−/CD123+ cells. In all patients in whom the majority of myeloblasts expressed CD33 (=CD33+ AML, n=8), the AML progenitor cells reacted with the CD33 antibody P67.6. Repopulation experiments utilizing NOD/SCID mice confirmed that the AML stem cells in these patients reside within the CD33+ subpopulation of leukemic cells. Moreover, AML stem cells (CD34+/CD38−/CD123+ cells) highly purified (&gt;98% purity) from patients with (CD33+) AML by cell sorting, were found to express CD33 mRNA in RT-PCR analyses. To demonstrate that AML stem cells can also reside within the CD33-negative fraction of the AML clone, we purified CD33-negative cells in a patient with AML in whom a majority of leukemic stem cells were found to lack CD33. In this particular patient, the CD33-negative cells were found to repopulate NOD/SCID mice with leukemias in the same way as the entire leukemic clone did. The CD33 antigen was neither detectable on CD34+/CD38− cells in the normal bone marrow nor on leukemic stem cells in patients with CD33-negative AML. In summary, our data show that leukemic stem cells in patients with CD33+ AML frequently express the target receptor CD33. This observation is in favor of novel treatment concepts employing CD33-targeting antibodies (Mylotarg®) in acute myeloid leukemia.
Chain-Folded Lamellar Crystals of Aliphatic Polyamides. Comparisons between Nylons 4 4, 6 4, 8 4, 10 4, and 12 4 (1996)

Chain-folded single crystals of the five even−even nylons 4 4, 6 4, 8 4, 10 4, and 12 4 were grown from solution and their structures and morphologies studied using transmission electron microscopy, both imaging and diffraction. Sedimented mats were examined using X-ray diffraction. All these nylons have room temperature crystal structures that relate to that reported for nylon 6 6, yet there are differences, reflecting the differences in the amide group distribution. At room temperature, all the crystals are composed of chain-folded, hydrogen-bonded sheets; the hydrogen bonds within the sheets form a progressive shear pattern, and, in addition, the sheets themselves are sheared progressively parallel to the sheet plane so that they generate triclinic unit cells. The magnitude of this intersheet shear may differ between nylons; it is dependent on the details of the amide decoration pattern on the hydrogen-bonded sheet faces. In all five nylons studied, the two strong and characteristic diffraction signals of the room temperature triclinic structure, at spacings 0.44 nm (projected interchain/intrasheet distance) and 0.37 nm (intersheet distance), move together and merge as they do for single crystals of nylon 6 6. For each of the X 4 nylons, the Brill temperature (lowest temperature where the spacings are equal) is in the range 140−190 °C. In each case, the triclinic structure gradually transforms into a pseudohexagonal structure as the temperature rises. The melting points of solution-grown crystals of this series of even−even nylons decrease with the linear hydrogen bond density. This series of nylons is unique since in each case the chain folds must be in the diamine alkane segment.
Structure-Function Analysis of FLT3 Ligand-FLT3 Receptor Interactions Using a Rapid Functional Screen (1998)

FLT3 ligand (FLT3L) stimulates primitive hematopoietic cells by binding to and activating the FLT3 receptor (FLT3R). We carried out a structure-activity study of human FLT3L in order to define the residues involved in receptor binding. We developed a rapid method to screen randomly mutagenized FLT3L using a FLT3R-Fc fusion protein to probe the relative binding activities of mutated ligand. Approximately 60,000 potential mutants were screened, and the DNA from 59 clones was sequenced. Thirty-one single amino acid substitutions at 24 positions of FLT3L either enhanced or reduced activity in receptor binding and cell proliferation assays. Eleven representative proteins were purified and analyzed for receptor affinity, specific activity, and physical properties. Receptor affinity and bioactivity were highly correlated. FLT3L affinity for receptor improved when four individual mutations that enhance FLT3L receptor affinity were combined in a single molecule. A model of FLT3L three-dimensional structure was generated based on sequence alignment and x-ray structure of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Most residues implicated in receptor binding are widely dispersed in the primary structure of FLT3L, yet they localize to a surface patch in the tertiary model. A mutation that maps to and is predicted to disrupt the proposed dimerization interface between FLT3L monomers exhibits a Stokes radius that is concentration-dependent, suggesting that this mutation disrupts the FLT3L dimer.
Industrial Radiology: Theory and Practice (1982)

Introduction: capabilities and limitations of radiographic inspection. Principles of radiology. Basic properties of ionising radiations. X-ray sources. Gamma-ray sources and equipment. Recording of radiation. Radiographic techniques: principles. Radiographic techniques: sensitivity. Sensitivity performance. Interpretation of radiographs. Safety problems in radiography: units of radiation. Fluroscopy, image intensifiers, television systems and tomography. Special methods. Index.
Synthetic diffractive optics in the resonance domain (1992)

Resonance-domain diffractive optics covers the region where the characteristic feature sizes in the surface-relief modulation structure of the diffractive optical element are comparable to the wavelength of light; it may be viewed as a bridge between synthetic holography and the electromagnetic theory of diffraction gratings and rough surfaces. We consider the problem of synthesizing, in the framework of the electromagnetic theory, various types of periodic resonance-domain diffractive optical elements that utilize several diffraction orders. Parametric optimization is used to design one-to-N fan-out elements, N-to-N star couplers, and polarization-controlled optical beam splitters and switches with close to 100% efficiencies and no undesired diffraction orders in the image half-space. Reflection-type fan-out gratings with six and seven output beams are demonstrated experimentally at λ = 10.6 μm.
Natural Genetic Transformation by<i>Agrobacterium rhizogenes</i> (1998)

Abstract Genetic transformation of Belgian endive (Cichorium intybus) and carrot (Daucus carota) by Agrobacterium rhizogenes resulted in a transformed phenotype, including annual flowering. Back-crossing of transformed (R1) endive plants produced a line that retained annual flowering in the absence of the other traits associated with A. rhizogenes transformation. Annualism was correlated with the segregation of a truncated transferred DNA (T-DNA) insertion. During vegetative growth, carbohydrate reserves accumulated normally in these annuals, and they were properly mobilized prior to anthesis. The effects of individual root-inducing left-hand T-DNA genes on flowering were tested in carrot, in which rolC(root locus) was the primary promoter of annualism and rolD caused extreme dwarfism. We discuss the possible adaptive significance of this attenuation of the phenotypic effects of root-inducing left-hand T-DNA.
CASINO V2.42—A Fast and Easy‐to‐use Modeling Tool for Scanning Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis Users (2007)

Monte Carlo simulations have been widely used by microscopists for the last few decades. In the beginning it was a tedious and slow process, requiring a high level of computer skills from users and long computational times. Recent progress in the microelectronics industry now provides researchers with affordable desktop computers with clock rates greater than 3 GHz. With this type of computing power routinely available, Monte Carlo simulation is no longer an exclusive or long (overnight) process. The aim of this paper is to present a new user-friendly simulation program based on the earlier CASINO Monte Carlo program. The intent of this software is to assist scanning electron microscope users in interpretation of imaging and microanalysis and also with more advanced procedures including electron-beam lithography. This version uses a new architecture that provides results twice as quickly. This program is freely available to the scientific community and can be downloaded from the website: (www.gel.usherb.ca/casino).
Gene Expression Profiling of Localized Esophageal Carcinomas: Association With Pathologic Response to Preoperative Chemoradiation (2005)

These encouraging, albeit preliminary, data suggest that expression profiling may distinguish cancers with different pathologic outcome. This is the first report to show subtypes of esophageal cancers with distinct molecular signatures. The potential of PERP, S100A2, and SPRR3 as biomarkers of pathCR warrants further validation.
Laboratory Model Of A Bidirectional Diode Laser Data Link With Acquisition And Tracking Capability (1987)

A laboratory model of a bidirectional semiconductor laser data link package with acquisition and tracking capability was realized and tested. The system consists of two independent transceivers spaced at a distance of typically 20m. The transceivers are built around a GaAlAs-laser (X=0.85μm) and a Ge-photodiode in one case and an InGaAsP-laser (X=1.3μm) and Si-detectors in the second case. The 0.85pm beam carries a 10Mbit/s data stream, while the 1.3μm beam transmits a low-data-rate signal at 160kbit/s. One transceiver is mounted on a test jig which permits transverse movement over an area of 1m x lm. At a transmitted optical power level of 0.5mW reliable data transmission (BER<10-9), pointing, acquisition (<sup>T</sup>acquisition<10s), and tracking (NEAz2Oprad) were demonstrated.
Maternal death analysis from the Japanese autopsy registry for recent 16 years: significance of amniotic fluid embolism (2010)

We found that AFE, DIC related to pregnancy-induced hypertension, pulmonary thromboembolism and injury to the birth canal were the major causes of maternal death in Japan. AFE had various clinical features such as uterine atony and DIC in addition to pulmonary cardiac collapse.
Detection of invalid routing announcements in RIP protocol (2004)

Traditional routing protocol designs have focused solely on the functionality of the protocols and implicitly assume that all routing update messages received by a router carry valid information. However operational experience suggests that hardware faults, software implementation bugs, operator misconfigurations, let alone malicious attacks can all lead to invalid routing protocol announcements. Although several recent efforts have developed cryptography-based authentication for routing protocols, such enhancements alone are rendered ineffective in the face of faults caused by misconfigurations or hardware/software errors. In this paper we develop a simple routing update validation algorithm for the RIP protocol, RIP with triangle theorem checking and probing (RIP-TP). In RIP-TP routers utilize a triangle theorem to identify suspicious new routing announcements, and then use probing messages to verify the correctness of the announcements. We have evaluated the effectiveness of RIP-TP through simulation using various faulty node behaviors, link failure dynamics and network sizes. The results show that, with an overhead as low as about one probing message per received update message in the worst case, RIP-TP can effectively detect 95% or more invalid routing announcements.
A 0.6pJ/b 3Gb/s/ch transceiver in 0.18 μm CMOS for 10mm on-chip interconnects (2008)

This paper presents a high speed and low energy transceiver for 10mm long minimum width on-chip global interconnects. To improve the link bandwidth, the transmitter employs a capacitive-resistive pre-emphasis technique and the receiver employs the AC-coupled Resistive Feedback Inverter (RFI) de-emphasis technique. Exploiting two emphasis techniques, the proposed interconnect achieves 1.26GHz bandwidth which is 20 times improved compared to conventional link. As a result, it achieves error-free 3Gb/s data rate and consumes less than 0.6pJ/b during transmission by using low-swing and pulse signaling. The test chip is designed using 1.8V 0.18 μm 6M CMOS technology.
A draft framework for measuring progress towards the development of a national health information infrastructure (2005)

The NHII has the potential to transform health care in America--improving health care quality, reducing health care costs, preventing medical errors, improving administrative efficiencies, reducing paperwork, and increasing access to affordable health care. While the President has set an ambitious goal of assuring that most Americans have electronic health records within the next 10 years, a significant question remains "How will we know if we are making progress toward that goal?" Using the definitions for "nodes" and "clusters" developed in this article along with the resulting measurement framework, we believe that we can begin a discussion that will enable us to define and then begin making the kinds of measurements necessary to answer this important question.