gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microfiltration of milk II: influence of the concentration factor on the composition of Emmental cheese milk and the kappa-casein macropeptide content of the whey (2008)

Kappa-casein macropeptide (CMP) is released into whey from κ-casein by the action of chymosin during renneting of cheese milk. The content of CMP is 20 to 25% of total whey proteins. When milk is microfiltrated, the permeate contains only the inherent serum proteins. Without CMP, the protein content of total solids in the permeate was ca. 10%, whereas with CMP the content was 13.2%. The permeability of α-LA was higher than β-LG. Since the formation of CMP is dependent only on the casein concentration, it is possible to obtain CMP enriched whey using whey protein depleted MF retentate in cheese manufacture. The concentration factor (CF) had a significant effect on the CMP content of the whey, but the CMP to total protein ratio could be elevated only to ca. 30% with CF 4, and to ca. 40% at CF 10.5 using diafiltration. CF had limited effect on the action of chymosin and the transfer rate of CMP from milk to whey.
Echo‐planar time course MRI of cat brain oxygenation changes (1991)

When deoxygenated, blood behaves as an effective susceptibility contrast agent. Changes in brain oxygenation can be monitored using gradient-echo echo-planar imaging. With this technique, difference images also demonstrate that blood oxygenation is increased during periods of recovery from respiratory challenge.
Single Stage CCFL Backlight Resonant Inverter Using PWM Dimming Methods (1998)

Abstract: An overview of the theory of operation of a single stage CCFL backlight resonant inverter that reduces component count and maintains power efficiency. Contains a design tutorial, including equations and circuit equivalents. Provides recommendations for PWM dimming methods to minimize “thermometer effects”. Provides schematics and results of the circuit design to demonstrate design feasibility.
Orientation detection: Comparison of moments with back propagation (1991)

The authors describe two different approaches to object orientation detection: one method uses first- and second-order moments, while the other uses a multilayer perceptron network trained by back error propagation. A comparison between these methods shows that the neural network is able to generalize the trained orientations for different classes of objects and affords better control in determining the orientation at the pick-up point. Maximum orientation resolution is achieved economically by using a form of coarse coding, in which the output excitations for all orientations are spread out among neighboring output nodes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Factors controlling the activity of the SERCA2a pump in the normal and failing heart (2009)

Heart failure is the leading cause of death in western countries and is often associated with impaired Ca(2+) handling in the cardiomyocyte. In fact, cardiomyocyte relaxation and contraction are tightly controlled by the activity of the cardiac sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum (ER/SR) Ca(2+) pump SERCA2a, pumping Ca(2+) from the cytosol into the lumen of the ER/SR. This review addresses three important facets that control the SERCA2 activity in the heart. First, we focus on the alternative splicing of the SERCA2 messenger, which is strictly regulated in the developing heart. This splicing controls the formation of three SERCA2 splice variants with different enzymatic properties. Second, we will discuss the role and regulation of SERCA2a activity in the normal and failing heart. The two well-studied Ca(2+) affinity modulators phospholamban and sarcolipin control the activity of SERCA2a within a narrow window. An aberrantly high or low Ca(2+) affinity is often observed in and may even trigger cardiac failure. Correcting SERCA2a activity might therefore constitute a therapeutic approach to improve the contractility of the failing heart. Finally, we address the controversies and unanswered questions of other putative regulators of the cardiac Ca(2+) pump, such as sarcalumenin, HRC, S100A1, Bcl-2, HAX-1, calreticulin, calnexin, ERp57, IRS-1, and -2.
Centralized Resource Allocation for Multimedia Traffic in IEEE 802.16 Mesh Networks (2007)

The IEEE 802.16 standard provides a high degree of flexibility for setting up and operating wireless broadband networks in metropolitan environments. The standard supports numerous capabilities, including mesh topologies and multimedia communications. In this paper, we study these two features by investigating how efficiently an IEEE 802.16 mesh network can treat distributed multimedia traffic by providing differentiated quality of service (QoS). A key component of the system is the ldquoenhanced frame registry tree schedulerrdquo (E-FRTS) that provides QoS-aware resource allocation using a tree structure to prepare the creation of time frames and reduce processing requirements at the beginning of each frame. Simulation results show that distributed multimedia traffic can be efficiently supported in mesh 802.16 networks, provided efficient scheduling and a reasonable number of hops.
Quasi-optical techniques (1992)

The basic theory of quasi-optical Gaussian beam propagation and beam transformation by simple optical elements is summarized, and coupling to and between Gaussian beams is briefly discussed. Guidelines for Gaussian optics system design are reviewed, the most important being beam truncation and matching. Passive components in the terahertz frequency range based on quasi-optical propagation, including polarization processors, filters, diplexers, and ferrite devices, are examined. Some active quasi-optical devices, including multielement oscillators, frequency multipliers, and phase shifters, are described. Some specific applications of quasi-optical systems are briefly described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chinese Word Segmentation as Character Tagging (2003)

In this paper we report results of a supervised machine-learning approach to Chinese word segmentation. A maximum entropy tagger is trained on manually annotated data to automatically assign to Chinese characters, or hanzi, tags that indicate the position of a hanzi within a word. The tagged output is then converted into segmented text for evaluation. Preliminary results show that this approach is competitive against other supervised machine-learning segmenters reported in previous studies, achieving precision and recall rates of 95.01% and 94.94% respectively, trained on a 237K-word training set.
Mitochondria and ageing (2000)

Mitochondria have long been proposed as a perpetrator of aging. We review here the accumulating evidence for chronological alterations in the mitochondrion and discuss how these changes may cause cellular dysfunction and death. We conclude that although the evidence for aging changes in the level of oxidative stress, DNA mutations and biochemical deficiencies in mitochondria are convincing, there is little experimental evidence to link these changes directly with the cellular pathology of aging. Promising avenues for addressing this problem include the investigation of established mitochondrial DNA disorders and the development of animal models with mitochondrial defects.
A retargetable compiler for ANSI C (1991)

lcc is a new retargetable compiler for ANSI C. Versions for the VAX, Motorola 68020, SPARC, and MIPS are in production use at Princeton University and at AT&amp;T Bell Laboratories. With a few exceptions, little about lcc is unusual --- it integrates several well engineered, existing techniques --- but it is smaller and faster than most other C compilers, and it generates code of comparable quality, lcc's target-independent front end performs a few simple, but effective, optimizations that contribute to good code; examples include simulating register declarations and partitioning switch statement cases into dense tables. It also implements target-independent function tracing and expression-level profiling.
Tungsten Oxide Memristive Devices for Neuromorphic Applications. (2012)

Inspired by the superb efficiency of biological systems, solid-state neural network systems have attracted much attention for their potential to learn and function in complex environments. Memristors, with several unique properties, are exceptional candidates for emulating artificial synapses and thus for building artificial neural networks. This thesis work explores the material properties, device characteristics, synaptic plasticity implementations, and CMOS integration of tungsten oxide (WOX) nanoscale memristors, advancing this technology for neuromorphic applications. Device fabrication, electrical studies, and material analyses of WOX memristors are presented. Such devices offer simple fabrication, low-power, high-density, scalability, connectivity, and CMOS-compatibility, making them ideal candidates for neuromorphic applications. Bipolar analog resistive switching (RS) is observed as a result of oxygen vacancy (VOX) migration within the WOX film upon an applied electric field. Material characterizations suggest that the concentration and distribution of VOX are directly related to the stoichiometry and morphology of the film. The switching characteristics are formulated into a set of memristive equations and further implemented in commercial simulation softwares, enabling simulations at the circuit level. Based on the understanding of the switching dynamics of WOX memristors, important synaptic functions are demonstrated in these electronic devices. Bipolar analog RS implies that the memristor conductance (synaptic weight) can be potentiated (strengthened) and depressed (weakened) continuously by applying biases of opposite polarities. The inherent diffusion of VOX results in limited retention in WOX memristors. However, the retention can be enhanced by repetitively stimulating the memristor, known as the memory enhancement effect which mimics the transition of short-term memory to long-term memory in biological systems. Rate-dependent plasticity is studied by varying the interval between stimulations, and the results are analogous to post-tetanic potentiation and paired-pulse facilitation in neurobiology. Sliding threshold effect is also observed in WOX memristors, indicating that conductance modulation is a dynamic process depending on the entire stimulation history, as stated in the BCM rule for biological systems. Heterosynaptic plasticity is also implemented through the design of a three-terminal memristor geometry. Finally, successful integration of WOX memristors and with CMOS circuitry is carried out, facilitating the creation and characterization of hybrid memristor/CMOS neural network systems.
An Adaptively Dividable Dual-Port BiTCAM for Virus-Detection Processors in Mobile Devices (2009)

Network security for mobile devices is in high demand because of the increasing virus count. Since mobile devices have limited CPU power, dedicated hardware is essential to provide sufficient virus detection performance. A TCAM-based virus-detection unit provides high throughput, but also challenges for low power and low cost. In this paper, an adaptively dividable dual-port BiTCAM (unifying binary and ternary CAMs) is proposed to achieve a high-throughput, low-power, and low-cost virus-detection processor for mobile devices. The proposed dual-port BiTCAM is realized with the dual-port AND-type match-line scheme which is composed of dual-port dynamic AND gates. The dual-port designs reduce power consumption and increase storage efficiency due to shared storage spaces. In addition, the dividable BiTCAM provides high flexibility for regularly updating the virus-database. The BiTCAM achieves a 48% power reduction and a 40% transistor count reduction compared with the design using a conventional single-port TCAM. The implemented 0.13 mum processor performs up to 3 Gbps virus detection with an energy consumption of 0.44 fJ/pattern-byte/scan at peak throughput.
Efficient Optimal Ordering Achieving DFE Algorithms in MIMO Systems (2007)

Recent theoretical and experimental studies indicate that spatial multiplexing (SM) systems have enormous potential for increasing the capacity of corresponding multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels in rich scattering environments. In this paper, we describe two fast detection algorithms for the standard BLAST receiver. The first algorithm covers the nulling and cancellation (NC) detection interface that applies inflation and deflation recursion to the initialization and iteration stages, respectively. The second algorithm utilizes the QR decomposition (QRD) detection interface that reuses Cholesky decomposition and back substitution, leading to an alternative low complexity detector. Compared with the conventional fastest method, our new algorithms reduce the complexity of the preprocessing by a factor of about 2. Furthermore, they are also implementation friendly by avoiding the recursive permutation and permitting the function reuse.
β-Defensin 2 Ameliorates Lung Injury Caused by Pseudomonas Infection and Regulates Proinflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Rat (2014)

An important member of the defensin family, β-defensin 2, is believed to play an important role in defense against foreign pathogens. In the present study, we constructed lentiviral vectors to express and knockdown β-defensin 2 in rat lungs. The results showed that the infection of β-defensin 2 overexpression lentivirus and β-defensin 2 shRNA effectively increased and suppressed the expression of β-defensin 2 in rat lung, respectively. The overexpression of β-defensin 2 mediated by the lentiviral vector protected lung from infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but shRNA targeting β-defensin 2 aggregated the damage of lung. In addition, we also found that β-defensin 2 overexpression increased basal expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines which include IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α. Moreover, in the process of cytokine regulation, NF-κB pathway may be involved. Taken together, these data suggest that β-defensin 2 has protective effects against infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rat and plays a role in inflammatory regulation by adjusting cytokine levels.
Precision Offset Spray System for Roadway Shoulder Weed Control (1999)

A precision offset spray system was developed for use by highway maintenance departments for the control of unwanted vegetation in the graded shoulder area adjacent to roadways. The offset sprayer consisted of two fundamental elements: (1) A machine vision system; and (2) a rapid response intermittent spray system. This study showed that it is feasible to use machine vision on a moving vehicle to automatically detect the presence of green plant material and to apply herbicides exclusively to plants and not to nonplant materials (e.g., bare soil). The system substantially reduced the amount of herbicide applied to nonplant material. In system tests, there was up to a 97% reduction in applied spray mix over conventional continuous spray applications with a plant deposition rate of 57% of continuous spray systems. Implementation of this technology would allow highway maintenance departments to reduce the cost of weed control and the amount of chemical herbicides released into the environment, while maintaining current levels of weed control efficacy.
Separation of carbon nanotubes by size exclusion chromatography (1998)

Size exclusion chromatography has been performed on micellar aqueous dispersions of soot from an arc discharge experiment to yield chemically unmodified, almost impurity free and size separated multiwall nanotubes.
Distributed Deep Learning Using Synchronous Stochastic Gradient Descent (2016)

We design and implement a distributed multinode synchronous SGD algorithm, without altering hyper parameters, or compressing data, or altering algorithmic behavior. We perform a detailed analysis of scaling, and identify optimal design points for different networks. We demonstrate scaling of CNNs on 100s of nodes, and present what we believe to be record training throughputs. A 512 minibatch VGG-A CNN training run is scaled 90X on 128 nodes. Also 256 minibatch VGG-A and OverFeat-FAST networks are scaled 53X and 42X respectively on a 64 node cluster. We also demonstrate the generality of our approach via best-in-class 6.5X scaling for a 7-layer DNN on 16 nodes. Thereafter we attempt to democratize deep-learning by training on an Ethernet based AWS cluster and show ~14X scaling on 16 nodes.
Inflammasomes and viruses: cellular defence versus viral offence (2012)

Pro-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators in immune responses against invading pathogens, including viruses. Precursors of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 are processed by caspase-1. Caspase-1 is activated through autocleavage, but how this is regulated remained elusive for a long time. In 2002, an intracellular multimeric complex was discovered that facilitated caspase-1 cleavage and was termed 'inflammasome'. To date, different inflammasomes have been described, which recognize a variety of ligands and pathogens. In this review, we discuss the role of inflammasomes in sensing viral infection as well as the evasion strategies that viruses developed to circumvent inflammasome-dependent effects.
Expression and localization of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in apoptotichuman glioma cells (2001)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, is expressed predominately in mature neurons and is implicated in neurite extension, neuronal migration, and neuronal differentiation. Cdk5 protein expression also has been associated with apoptosis in a number of nonneuronal model systems. In normal brain, substrates for Cdk5 include neurofilament and tau proteins. Because human tumors of glial origin can express neuronal proteins, we examined whether Cdk5 and its activator protein, P35, are present in early passage human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells lines and primary tumor specimens. Here we report the expression of Cdk5 and an "active" proteolytic form of P35 in human GBM cells and demonstrate kinase activity of the holoenzyme. We also show that Cdk5 kinase activity and expression of its activator protein, P35, is increased in the human GBM cell line M059J after exposure to ionizing radiation and that P35 is localized within M059J cells undergoing apoptosis. These results suggest a possible role for Cdk5 in mediating apoptosis in human GBM cells.
Hexafluoropropylene plasmas: Polymerization rate–reaction parameter relationships (1996)

Abstract Plasma polymerization generates thin, pinhole‐free, and highly adhering films and is often described by the ratio of power to mass flow rate (energy per mass). This research explores the relationships between plasma reactor parameters such as monomer flow rate, plasma power, and reactor pressure and the rates of polymerization, etching, and deposition. The chemical structure of the amorphous, crosslinked plasma polymerized hexafluoropropylene consists largely of similar amounts of C*‐CF, CF, CF 2 , and CF 3 groups and some C‐C groups. A dimensionless plasma parameter ( E ) proportional to power and inversely proportional to flow rate cubed was derived. E , reflecting both plasma energy and residence time, was used to describe various aspects of the plasma reactions. A dimensionless exponential expression successfully described the dependence of pressure on E with a master curve. An expression for polymerization efficiency (polymer conversion) derived in part through a mass balance was also successfully related to E using an exponential master curve. The rate of deposition was described as the difference between the rates of polymerization and etching. The deposition efficiency maximum and plateau were successfully described by the difference between polymerization and etching efficiencies, each related exponentially to E . The technique used to derive parameters to describe the dependence of plasma reactions on plasma operating conditions can be applied to any monomer/reactor system.
Software testability (1995)

Software reuse can be more readily enabled if the testing of the code in the previous environment is still applicable to the new environment. The reusability of previous verification efforts is an important parameter is assessing the “immediate” reusability of the code; in this paper, the verification technique that we are focusing on is software testing. This paper presents the use of a software testability measure, sensitivity analysis, as a quantitative assessment of the reusability of previous verification. The ability to reuse verification is a factor to consider in determining the reusability of code. We have applied this technique to a large NASA supersonic software simulation, High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT), and the reusability results of that application suggest a possible concern about the sufficiency of the original verification.
RETRACTED: Insulin-loaded PLGA microspheres for glucose-responsive release (2017)

Porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres were prepared, loaded with insulin, and then coated in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and a novel boronic acid-containing copolymer [poly(acrylamide phenyl boronic acid-co-N-vinylcaprolactam); p(AAPBA-co-NVCL)]. Multilayer microspheres were generated using a layer-by-layer approach depositing alternating coats of PVA and p(AAPBA-co-NVCL) on the PLGA surface, with the optimal system found to be that with eight alternating layers of each coating. The resultant material comprised spherical particles with a porous PLGA core and the pores covered in the coating layers. Insulin could successfully be loaded into the particles, with loading capacity and encapsulation efficiencies reaching 2.83 ± 0.15 and 82.6 ± 5.1% respectively, and was found to be present in the amorphous form. The insulin-loaded microspheres could regulate drug release in response to a changing concentration of glucose. In vitro and in vivo toxicology tests demonstrated that they are safe and have high biocompatibility. Using the multilayer microspheres to treat diabetic mice, we found they can effectively control blood sugar levels over at least 18 days, retaining their glucose-sensitive properties during this time. Therefore, the novel multilayer microspheres developed in this work have significant potential as smart drug-delivery systems for the treatment of diabetes.
Genetic improvement of Escherichia coli for enhanced biological removal of phosphate from wastewater (1993)

The ability of Escherichia coli MV1184 to accumulate inorganic phosphate (Pi) was enhanced by manipulating the genes involved in the transport and metabolism of Pi. The high-level Pi accumulation was achieved by modifying the genetic regulation and increasing the dosage of the E. coli genes encoding polyphosphate kinase (ppk), acetate kinase (ackA), and the phosphate-inducible transport system (pstS, pstC, pstA, and pstB). Acetate kinase was employed as an ATP regeneration system for polyphosphate synthesis. Recombinant strains, which contained either pBC29 (carrying ppk) or pEP02.2 (pst operon), removed approximately two- and threefold, respectively, more Pi from minimal medium than did the control strain. The highest rates of Pii removal were obtained by strain MV1184 containing pEP03 (ppk and ackA). However, unlike the control strain, MV1184 (pEP03) released Pi to the medium after growth had stopped. Drastic changes in growth and Pi uptake were observed when pBC29 (ppk) and pEP02.2 (pst operon) were introduced simultaneously into MV1184. Even though growth of this recombinant was severely limited in minimal medium, the recombinant could remove approximately threefold more Pi than the control strain. Consequently, the phosphorus content of this recombinant reached a maximum of approximately 16% on a dry weight basis (49% as phosphate).