gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protocols for Updating Highly Accurate Location Information (2005)

In this chapter, we have provided a classification of protocols that are suitable for continuously transmitting highly accurate location information. We have discussed different protocol variants and compared them according to their effectiveness and efficiency for characteristic types of mobile objects. Especially the class of dead-reckoning protocols has the potential to reduce the number of required update messages, while still being able to guarantee a certain requested accuracy. More advanced dead-reckoning protocols (such as a map-based protocol) promise to reduce the number of required messages still further. With the help of the analysis presented in this chapter a suitable protocol can be found for a given scenario. Furthermore, the analysis gives an estimation for the expected network load and the average uncertainty of the transmitted location information, as well as an upper bound for its maximum uncertainty. Based on the querying and reporting protocols, we also proposed a combined protocol that integrates most of the advantageous properties of the basic protocols. Here, the analysis can give optimal parameter settings for a certain environment. Finally, we validated our analytical results by means of a simulation based on real-world GPS traces.
Characterization of a CNS Cell Line, CAD, in which Morphological Differentiation Is Initiated by Serum Deprivation (1997)

A CNS catecholaminergic cell line, Cath.a, was established by targeted oncogenesis in transgenic mice. Cath.a cells express neuronal properties but lack neuronal morphology. Here, we describe a variant of Cath.a, called CAD (Cath.a-differentiated), in which reversible morphological differentiation can be initiated by removal of serum or exogenously added protein from the medium. In serum- or protein-free media, CAD cells stop proliferating and extend long processes. Differentiated CAD cells can be maintained without serum or protein for at least 6 weeks. CAD cells are distinct from Cath.a cells; most significant, the original immortalizing oncogene, SV40 T antigen, was spontaneously lost. By immunostaining or immunoblotting, we show that CAD cells express neuron-specific proteins, such as class III beta-tubulin, GAP-43, SNAP-25, and synaptotagmin, but not GFAP. Ultrastructurally, processes from differentiated CAD cells have abundant parallel microtubules and intermediate filaments, and bear varicosities that contain both large dense-core vesicles/granules (120-160 nm) and smaller clear vesicles (60-80 nm). Additionally, CAD cells express enzymatically active tyrosine hydroxylase and accumulate L-DOPA. CAD cells exhibit biochemical and morphological characteristics of primary neurons and provide an unique tool for studying neuronal differentiation.
The role of <i>WT1</i> in Wilms tumorigenesis (1993)

Genetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes are believed to play an important role in the initiation of childhood and adult malignancies. Tumor-specific loss of heterozygosity for particular chromosomal regions has provided the starting point for the cloning of different tumor suppressor genes, including the Wilms tumor predisposing gene, WT1, at chromosome 11p13. This article reviews the pathology and genetics of Wilms tumor, the cloning of WT1, and the WT1 mutations reported thus far in 15 hereditary and nonhereditary Wilms tumors. The presence of constitutional WT1 mutations in 35 patients with the Denys-Drash syndrome (a syndrome consisting of nephropathy, intersex disorders, and Wilms tumor) is also described. To date, mutations in the WT1 gene have been found in less than 10% of Wilms tumors specimens examined and in greater than 95% of Denys-Drash patients. The possible significance of this observation with regard to both the cellular function of the WT1 protein and the involvement of alternative loci in the development of Wilms tumor is discussed.
A Simple Procedure for Selective Hydroxylation of <scp>L</scp>‐Proline and <scp>L</scp>‐Pipecolic Acid with Recombinantly Expressed Proline Hydroxylases (2011)

Abstract Due to their diverse regio‐ and stereoselectivities, proline hydroxylases provide a straightforward access to hydroxprolines and other hydroxylated cylic amino acids, valuable chiral building blocks for chemical synthesis, which are often not available at reasonable expense by classical chemical synthesis. As yet, the application of proline hydroxylases is limited to a sophisticated industrial process for the production of two hydroxyproline isomers. This is mainly due to difficulties in their heterologues expression, their limited in vitro stability and complex product purification procedures. Here we describe a facile method for the production of cis ‐3‐, cis ‐4‐ and trans ‐4‐proline hydroxylase, and their application for the regio‐ and stereoselective hydroxylation of L ‐proline and its six‐membered ring homologue l‐ pipecolic acid. Since in vitro catalysis with these enzymes is not very efficient and conversions are restricted to the milligram scale, an in vivo procedure was established, which allowed a quantitative conversion of 6 mM l‐ proline in shake flask cultures. After facile product purification via ion exchange chromatography, hydroxyprolines were isolated in yields of 35–61% (175–305 mg per flask). L ‐Pipecolic acid was converted with the isolated enzymes to prove the selectivities of the reactions. In transformations with optimized iron(II) concentration, conversions of 17–68% to hydroxylated products were achieved. The regio‐ and stereochemistry of the products was determined by NMR techniques. To demonstrate the applicability of the preparative in vivo approach for non‐physiological substrates, L ‐pipecolic acid was converted with an E. coli strain producing trans‐ 4‐proline hydroxylase to trans ‐5‐hydroxy‐ L ‐pipecolic acid in 61% yield. Thus, a synthetically valuable group of biocatalysts was made readily accessible for application in the laboratory without a need for special equipment or considerable development effort.
Adaptive networks as a model for human speech development (1988)

Unrestricted English text can be converted to speech through the use of a lookup table, or through a parallel feedforward network of deterministic processing units. The authors reproduce the network structure used in NETtalk. Several experiments have been carried out to determine which characteristics of the network were responsible for which learning behavior, and how closely the map resembles that of human speech development. The network was also trained with different levels of speech complexity, and with foreign languages. The results are shown to be highly dependent on statistical characteristics of the input.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Does Human Reproductive Cloning Offend God and Nature? (2005)

The first charge against human reproductive cloning is that it is an expression of hubris. This idea can be expressed in one of two ways: first, that cloning is an offense against God; or second, that cloning is an offense against nature. I will examine each of these variations in turn.
Unified methodology for heterogeneous integration with CoWoS technology (2013)

Interposer has emerged as a promising alternative of multiple-die integration to provide high-bandwidth transmission and smaller power consumption. However, few works study the design methodology to utilize interposer advantages and explore the relationship among different dies. As TSMC's Chip-on-Wafer-on-Substrate (CoWoS™) technology offered as an enabling solution to system integration, this paper presents complete design methodology validated by CoWoS™ to implement an interposer design. Along with the introduced methodology, three critical stages are further discussed: design planning, interposer testing, and RC extraction. With unified bump planning and routing co-design, inter-die wirelength and routability are greatly improved. An efficient testing scheme is introduced to adopt probe-pads for enabling interposer testability, and a general RC extraction modeling is discussed to help commercial tools capture the coupling between metal wires in the interposer. We develop an industrial test chip by the methodology, and the silicon result reveals that our methodology is compatible with commercial tools and achieves high correlation in interposer integration.
Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Produce Sufficient IFN-γ to Mediate Robust Protective Immunity against Genital <i>Chlamydia muridarum</i> Infection (2008)

Chlamydia has been shown to evade host-specific IFN-gamma-mediated bacterial killing; however, IFN-gamma-deficient mice exhibit suboptimal late phase vaginal Chlamydia muridarum clearance, greater dissemination, and oviduct pathology. These findings introduce constraints in understanding results from murine chlamydial vaccination studies in context of potential implications to humans. In this study, we used mice deficient in either IFN-gamma or the IFN-gamma receptor for intranasal vaccination with a defined secreted chlamydial Ag, chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF), plus CpG and examined the role of IFN-gamma derived from adoptively transferred Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in protective immunity against genital C. muridarum infection. We found that early Ag-specific IFN-gamma induction and CD4+ T cell infiltration correlates with the onset of genital chlamydial clearance. Adoptively transferred IFN-gamma competent CPAF-specific CD4+ T cells failed to enhance the resolution of genital chlamydial infection within recipient IFN-gamma receptor-deficient mice. Conversely, IFN-gamma production from adoptively transferred CPAF-specific CD4+ T cells was sufficient in IFN-gamma-deficient mice to induce early resolution of infection and reduction of subsequent pathology. These results provide the first direct evidence that enhanced anti-C. muridarum protective immunity induced by Ag-specific CD4+ T cells is dependent upon IFN-gamma signaling and that such cells produce sufficient IFN-gamma to mediate the protective effects. Additionally, MHC class II pathway was sufficient for induction of robust protective anti-C. muridarum immunity. Thus, targeting soluble candidate Ags via MHC class II to CD4+ T cells may be a viable vaccine strategy to induce optimal IFN-gamma production for effective protective immunity against human genital chlamydial infection.
Isotope effects in the desaturation of stearic to oleic acid (1971)

Abstract Comparisons have been made of the rates of desaturation of stearic to oleic acid using a series of differently labeled forms of the substrate and two different methods of assay. The reaction has been measured either by analyzing the amount of labeled oleic acid produced, or by analyzing the amount of tritium released into water from [9,10‐ 3 H 2 ]‐labeled substrates. The rate of desaturation of [1‐ 14 C] stearic acid has been compared with that of [ threo ‐9,10‐ 3 H 2 ] and [ erythro ‐9,10‐ 3 H 2 ] stearic acids in which about 99% of the label was at the 9 and 10 positions and in which most of the labeled molecular species contained two tritium atoms. A further series of [ erythro ‐9,10‐ 3 H 2 ] stearates was used in which there was a greater proportion of tritium at positions other than 9 and 10 or a greater proportion of species containing only one tritium atom, or both. In the tritium release assay the enzyme discriminated against the tritium substrates, the discrimination being greater with erythro ‐ditritio‐compounds than with monotritio or threo ‐ditritio‐compounds. The isotope effect was also observed when [ 3 H] stearoyl‐CoA thiol esters were the substrates, and when the source of the enzyme was the green alga Chlorella vulgaris . Despite the isotope effect, the release of tritiated water can be used as an assay of desaturase activity. If the absolute value of enzymic activity is required, however, the location and stereochemistry of the tritium atoms should be known or the method standardized against [1‐ 14 C] stearic acid.
Activated T-cell adhesion to thrombospondin is mediated by the <i>alpha</i> 4 <i>beta</i> 1 (VLA-4) and <i>alpha</i> 5 <i>beta</i> 1 (VLA-5) integrins. (1993)

T lymphocytes utilize adhesion receptors in a regulated manner to interact with other cells and with components of the extracellular matrix. These cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions serve a critical role in T cell recognition of foreign Ag and in the migration of T cells to various anatomic sites in vivo. Thrombospondin is an extracellular matrix protein that is transiently expressed at high concentration in damaged and inflamed tissue. Given recent evidence implicating a role for the extracellular matrix in modulating T-cell migration and function, we analyzed T-lymphocyte interactions with thrombospondin. We show here that CD4+ T cells specifically adhere to thrombospondin predominantly via the 70 kDa core region of the thrombospondin molecule. Antibody blocking and affinity chromatography analysis suggest that T-cell adhesion to thrombospondin involves three distinct receptors: an activation-independent receptor that mediates adhesion of resting T cells, and the alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrins, which mediate a rapid increase in adhesion to thrombospondin upon activation. These three molecules appear to be novel thrombospondin receptors, as other receptors previously implicated in the adhesion of nonlymphoid cells to thrombospondin appear not to be involved in T-cell/thrombospondin interactions. The up-regulation of alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 functional activity upon activation is associated with the preferential adhesion of memory T cells to thrombospondin. Our results thus define three novel thrombospondin receptors, and provide additional evidence that extracellular matrix proteins play an important role in lymphocyte migration into, and retention in, inflammatory sites.
The revised civilian Mississippi scale for PTSD: Reliability, validity, and cross‐language stability (1996)

Abstract Examined in two studies the psychometric properties of a revised 30‐item version of the civilian form of the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) developed by Keane, Caddell, and Taylor (1988). Study 1, whose sample was composed of 37 bilingual adults who had experienced a variety of traumatic events, was undertaken primarily to examine the linguistic equivalence of a Spanish translation of the scale. High cross‐language stability was demonstrated, and both English and Spanish versions showed high internal consistency. Study 2, which used a sample of 404 victims of Hurricane Andrew, provided additional evidence of scale reliability and also showed that the scale correlates in meaningful ways with known traumatic stressors. Together the results indicate that the scale is applicable to different populations and events and constitutes a valid and reliable self‐report measure of PTSD.
Mechanisms of Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and the Basis for Pharmacologic Treatment of Smooth Muscle Disorders (2016)

The smooth muscle cell directly drives the contraction of the vascular wall and hence regulates the size of the blood vessel lumen. We review here the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which agonists, therapeutics, and diseases regulate contractility of the vascular smooth muscle cell and we place this within the context of whole body function. We also discuss the implications for personalized medicine and highlight specific potential target molecules that may provide opportunities for the future development of new therapeutics to regulate vascular function.
Micro and nanofluidic platforms for advanced diagnostics (2020)

Sensitivity, selectivity and tunability are keywords to develop effective and reliable diagnostic and bioanalytical tools. In this context, micro and nanofluidic devices constitute a powerful and versatile answer to the growing and urgent demand for innovative solutions. Nevertheless, a precise control of size and functionality of such structures is necessary for ensuring advanced manipulation and sensing capabilities, up to single molecule level. We report here on different strategies for the development of micro and nanofluidic platforms for advanced diagnostics based on the exploitation of the elastic properties of deformable materials, and on surface chemical functionalization processes. We demonstrated that applying a macroscopic mechanical compression to elastomeric nanostructures it is possible to increase their confining power and vary the dynamics of DNA translocation process, while the use of the chemical functionalization allows to tune both the size and the functionality of the biosensor. We believe that a smart integration of these two approaches would allow a significant step forward for the fabrication of next-generation lab-on-chip devices for biomedical diagnostic applications.
Measuring the Agreement Among Relevance Judges (1999)

The importance of the issue of the agreement (or disagreement) between relevance judges is increasing, since new kinds of relevance judgment expression are being used (to the classical dichotomous one, various researches have added scalar, weighted, and orders of various kind) and new media are being introduced (it is far quicker to judge the relevance of an image than a text, and thus the human judgments can be obtained more easily). This paper presents a coherent account of the disagreement between relevance judges and groups of judges. Judgment expressions of different kinds, grouped into two categories, are taken into account. To the first category, score judgments , belong the more classical dichotomous, scalar, and weighted. To the second one, order judgments , belong total (or linear) and partial (or weak) orders, both with or without equality. A uniform notation for describing relevance judgments of each kind is proposed; some of the problems arising when one tries to operationally measure the disagreement between judges are described; a measure for the disagreement of two judges expressing two judgments of the same kind is proposed; the disagreement of a group of more than two judges is discussed; and, finally, some experimental activity inspired by this study is sketched.
A bacteriological survey of sanitary dressings, and development of an effective means for their disposal (1980)

A microbiological survey of over 400 sanitary dressings is reported: large numbers of bacteria are present, including species indicative of faecal contamination. The need for an effective bactericide in chemical bin exchange systems is thus demonstrated. Screening trials of several candidate formulations have been undertaken: buffered sodium metabisulphite, releasing sulphur dioxide as a vapour-phase bactericide, has now been introduced as an effective bin exchnage system.
Stabilization and control of the carrier-envelope phase of high-power femtosecond laser pulses using the direct locking technique (2007)

We have stabilized and electronically controlled the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of high-power femtosecond laser pulses, generated in a grating-based chirped-pulse amplification kHz Ti:sapphire laser, using the direct locking technique [Opt. Express 13, 2969 (2005)] combined with a slow feedback loop. An f-2f spectral interferometer has shown the CEP stabilities of 1.2 rad with the direct locking loop applied to the oscillator and of 180 mrad with an additional slow feedback loop, respectively. The electronic CEP modulations that can be easily realized in the direct locking loop are also demonstrated with the amplified pulses.
The effect of vaccination with a live attenuated strain of Japanese encephalitis virus on stillbirths in swine in Taiwan. (1972)

Since an excellent candidate strain (M) for live virus vaccination of swine against Japanese encephalitis was developed, a number of large vaccination programmes have been implemented in Japan with the aim of controlling Japanese encephalitis epidemics in man by reducing the population size of nonimmune swine. Encouraging results have been obtained but no studies have been made on the benefits of live-virus vaccination to the industry. In order to determine the effect of vaccination upon the number of stillbirths occurring in the Japanese encephalitis post-emergence season, a total of 74 vaccinated, and subsequently mated, gilts at a large breeding farm in subtropical Taiwan were subjected to follow-up observations in comparison with a control group. The total incidence of litter stillbirths in the vaccinated group (1/74) was significantly lower than that in the control group (21/68). Over 92% of the newborn piglets from the vaccinated gilts were healthy, while 31.6-54.1% of the newborn piglets in the control groups were stillborn. The litter size of vaccinated gilts was larger than that of the control gilts. The vaccine was shown by tests in 22 swine to have an adequate degree of safety. Four weeks after vaccination with either 105.6 or 108.0 smicLD50 of virus, all the swine developed an adequate level of antibody. The results indicate that live virus vaccination could benefit the industry in addition to achieving the main aim of controlling Japanese encephalitis viraemia in swine.
[An animal model for testing hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic drugs]. (1994)

A new animal model of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia was established by treating normal Kunming mice with alloxan (iv). After different time intervals, the levels of blood glucose (BG) and serum triglyceride (TG) were determined. Forty-eight h after alloxan administration, the BG increased significantly, and the level of serum triglyceride reached maximum. The levels of blood glucose, serum triglyceride, cholesterol (CHOL) and free fatty acid (FFA) for vehicle treated mice were about 3.1, 4.0, 1.1, and 1.7 times those of normal Kunming mice, respectively. To evaluate the new animal model, four drugs were used. Two of them were antihyperglycemic drugs, metformin and a Recipe of Chinese Herbs (RCH). The other two were antihyperlipidemic agents, clofibrate and fenofibrate. All drugs showed positive effects on this kind of alloxan-diabetic Kunming mice. It can be concluded that this kind of alloxan-treated Kunming mice is useful for testing hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic drugs.
Nonlinear and active RF metamaterial applications using embedded devices (2012)

Nonlinear metamaterials have received considerable attention in recent years. The inclusion of nonlinear and active effects in metamaterials expands the possibilities for engineering media with designer properties. We detail our recent efforts to create nonlinear and active metamaterials at RF with useful properties through the inclusion of embedded nonlinear or active elements. We demonstrate some of the possible applications of such nonlinear and active metamaterials experimentally, with properties including saturable absorption, phase conjugation, and power harvesting.
Building Bridges to Resolve Conflict and Overcome the Prisoner's Dilemma: The Vital Role of Professional Relationships in the Collaborative Law Process (2010)

Part 1 of this article describes the rapid growth of Collaborative Practice and the dense fabric of professional relationships that has been woven with the Collaborative Practice community. Part H explores the Prisoner's Dilemma, which explains why, in the absence of such relationships and mutual commitments to collaboration, there are hard-to-resist pressures to engage in competitive, win-lose, adversarial forms of negotiation. Part II also explores the role that lawyers can play in overcoming those pressures. Part III is based on interviews with teams of Collaborative lawyers and other professionals, who describe the personal qualities and skills that support strong relationships among professionals. Part III argues that these relationships form a vital bridge that enables clients to solve the Prisoner's Dilemma, overcome the temptation to pursue a self-defeating competitive strategy, and create a trusting environment in which mutually rewarding outcomes can be achieved.