gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Diagnostic Tests (1987)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTThe Problem of Diagnostic TestsDeficiences of current HIV tests are being addressed by development of new kinds of tests for antibodies, antigens, and nucleic acidsRON DAGANIView Author Information C&EN WashingtonCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1987, 65, 47, 35–40Publication Date (Print):November 23, 1987Publication History Published online8 November 2010Published inissue 23 November 1987https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v065n047.p035Copyright © 1987 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views13Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) SUBJECTS:Infectious diseases,Viruses Get e-Alerts
Happiness, Ownership, Naming: Reflections on Northern Song Cultural History (2011)

This essay talks about a significant moment in Chinese intellectual and literary history, centrally involving the nature of human happiness, which remains one of the great questions in all philosophical traditions. The Northern Song version of this question continues to have resonance in the contemporary world because we often still link happiness with particular situations and often, like our Northern Song predecessors, with particular sites and possessions. These questions can indeed be found earlier in the Chinese tradition, but in the major social transformations of the Northern Song—a growing commercial culture, and an elite defined by cultural prestige rather than by family background—this question came to enjoy a new intensity of discursive reflection.
Modularity vs. Reusability: Code Generation from Synchronous Block Diagrams (2008)

We present several methods to generate modular code from synchronous hierarchical block diagrams. Modularity means code is generated for a given macro (i.e., composite) block independently from context, that is, without knowing where this block is to be used, and also with minimal knowledge about its sub-blocks. We achieve this by generating a set of interface functions for each block and a set of dependencies between these functions that is exported along with the interface. The main trade-off is the degree of modularity (number of interface functions) vs. reusability (the set of diagrams that the block can be used in without creating dependency cycles).
Coding Theodolite (Kodovyi Teodolit), (1971)

A coding theodolite prototype with photographic recording of measurement results for direct computer imput was developed and tested. (Author)
Alterations in TNF‐ and IL‐related gene expression in space‐flown WI38 human fibroblasts (2002)

Spaceflight, just like aging, causes profound changes in musculoskeletal parameters, which result in decreased bone density and muscular weakness. As these conditions decrease our ability to conduct long-term manned space missions, and increase bone frailty in the elderly, the identification of genes responsible for the apparition of these physiological changes will be of great benefit. Thus, we developed and implemented a new microarray approach to investigate the changes in normal WI38 human fibroblast gene expression that arise as a consequence of space flight. Using our microarray, we identified changes in the level of expression of 10 genes, belonging to either the tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) or interleukin- (IL) related gene families in fibroblasts when WI38 cells exposed to microgravity during the STS-93 Space Shuttle mission were compared with ground controls. The genes included two ligands from the TNF superfamily, TWEAK and TNFSF15; two TNF receptor-associated proteins, NSMAF and PTPN13; three TNF-inducible genes, ABC50, PTX3, and SCYA13; TNF-alpha converting enzyme, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-15 receptor alpha chain. Most of these are involved in either the regulation of bone density, and as such the development of spaceflight osteopenia, or in the development of proinflammatory status.
Effects of Subcortical Cerebral Infarction on Cortical Glucose Metabolism and Cognitive Function (1999)

These results demonstrate that subcortical infarction produces global cerebral hypometabolism, which is related to the clinical status of the patients. In addition, specific frontal lobe hypometabolism also appears to be a feature of subcortical infarction. Taken together, both global and regional effects on cortical function mediate the production of clinical symptoms in patients with subcortical strokes.
Rapid quantification of myocardial fibrosis: a new macro-based automated analysis (2011)

Automated quantification of fibrosis is feasible, objective, and time-efficient.
Solubility of Hydrogen Sulfide in Sulfur (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolubility of Hydrogen Sulfide in SulfurRocco FanelliCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1949, 41, 9, 2031–2033Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50477a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50477a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views340Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Total Synthesis of Vancomycin Aglycon—Part 1: Synthesis of Amino Acids 4-7 and Construction of the AB-COD Ring Skeleton (1998)

A triazene-based synthetic strategy for the construction of the complex biaryl ethers and a Suzuki coupling reaction were the key steps in the synthesis of precursor 1 of the aglycon of vancomycin, which already contains the complete skeleton of the target compound. The cleavage of the triazene unit from the D ring and the removal of the other protecting groups led to the aglycon of vancomycin. These strategies should be particularly valuable for the synthesis of other naturally occurring glycopeptide antibiotics and offer opportunities for the synthesis of combinatorial libraries of compounds of the vancomycin family for chemical biology studies.
Anions Modulate the Potency of Geranylgeranyl-Protein Transferase I Inhibitors (2001)

We have identified and characterized potent and specific inhibitors of geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I (GGPTase I), as well as dual inhibitors of GGPTase I and farnesyl-protein transferase. Many of these inhibitors require the presence of phosphate anions for maximum activity against GGPTase I in vitro. Inhibitors with a strong anion dependence were competitive with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), rather than with the peptide substrate, which had served as the original template for inhibitor design. One of the most effective anions was ATP, which at low millimolar concentrations increased the potency of GGPTase I inhibitors up to several hundred-fold. In the case of clinical candidate l-778,123, this increase in potency was shown to result from two major interactions: competitive binding of inhibitor and GGPP, and competitive binding of ATP and GGPP. At 5 mm, ATP caused an increase in the apparent K(d) for the GGPP-GGPTase I interaction from 20 pm to 4 nm, resulting in correspondingly tighter inhibitor binding. A subset of very potent GGPP-competitive inhibitors displayed slow tight binding to GGPTase I with apparent on and off rates on the order of 10(6) m(-)1 s(-)1 and 10(-)3 s(-)1, respectively. Slow binding and the anion requirement suggest that these inhibitors may act as transition state analogs. After accounting for anion requirement, slow binding, and mechanism of competition, the structure-activity relationship determined in vitro correlated well with the inhibition of processing of GGPTase I substrate Rap1a in vivo.
An approach based on remedial action scheme to increase resiliency under failures in the central american power grid (2017)

Central America is electrically interconnected from Panama thru Guatemala by a 230 kV electric power transmission line with a committed capacity among countries of 300 MW. Due to its radial configuration and a set of constraints in the equipment, the network is prone to collapse in case of the occurrence of some disturbances. Generally, these disturbances occur in one of the interconnected countries and drag the whole Central American system to regional failures. For this reason, the implementation of regional protection systems that avoid a power grid collapse is necessary. Hence, in this work the simulation results of a Remedial Action Scheme is shown, which considers the main constraints in the Central American electric power grid for a certain season. It is proven that the implementation of this regional protection will increase network resiliency under failures that could cause regional blackouts. Four study cases, which show the improvement of the Central American power grid performance, are shown.
Host–Guest Chemistry in Integrated Porous Space Formed by Molecular Self-Assembly at Liquid–Solid Interfaces (2017)

Host-guest chemistry in two-dimensional (2D) space, that is, physisorbed monolayers of a single atom or a single molecular thickness on surfaces, has become a subject of intense current interest because of perspectives for various applications in molecular-scale electronics, selective sensors, and tailored catalysis. Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used as a powerful tool for the visualization of molecules in real space on a conducting substrate surface. For more than a decade, we have been investigating the self-assembly of a series of triangle-shaped phenylene-ethynylene macrocycles called dehydrobenzo[12]annulenes (DBAs). These molecules are substituted with six alkyl chains and are capable of forming hexagonal porous 2D molecular networks via van der Waals interactions between interdigitated alkyl chains at the interface of organic solvents and graphite. The dimension of the nanoporous space or nanowell formed by the self-assembly of DBAs can be controlled from 1.6 to 4.7 nm by simply changing the alkyl chain length from C<sub>6</sub> to C<sub>20</sub>. Single molecules as well as homoclusters and heteroclusters are capable of coadsorbing within the host matrix using shape- and size-complementarity principles. Moreover, on the basis of the versatility of the DBA molecules that allows chemical modification of the alkyl chain terminals, we were able to decorate the interior space of the nanoporous networks with functional groups such as azobenzenedicarboxylic acid for photoresponsive guest adsorption/desorption or fluoroalkanes and tetraethylene glycol groups for selective guest binding by electrostatic interactions and zinc-porphyrin units for complexation with a guest by charge-transfer interactions. In this Feature Article, we describe the general aspects of molecular self-assembly at liquid/solid interfaces, followed by the formation of programmed porous molecular networks using rationally designed molecular building blocks. We focus on our own work involving host-guest chemistry in integrated nanoporous space that is modified for specific purposes.
Quenching of Semiconductor Quantum Dot Photoluminescence by a π-Conjugated Polymer (2005)

In this communication we discuss the possibility of hole transfer between a photoexcited semiconductor quantum dot and a pi-conjugated polymer. This charge-transfer event will be investigated (exploited) on the basis of its implication toward a solar energy conversion scheme. Experimentally, we show that the steady-state photoluminescence (PL) of a solution of InP quantum dots is quenched by the introduction of solvated poly(3-hexylthiophene). Time-resolved PL experiments on these solutions are also presented. It was observed that the PL transients did not significantly change upon the addition of the conductive polymer. These new results indicate that said PL quenching is static in nature. This suggests that in solution, the quantum dot and the polymer exhibit a strong intermolecular interaction. As the two species encounter each other through diffusion, the polymer quenches the quantum dot photoluminescence without altering the population's PL lifetime. This new evidence suggests that the polymer and the quantum dot form a relatively stable complex.
Boron-hydrogen complexes in crystalline silicon (1991)

Boron-hydrogen complexes and the diffusion of hydrogen in boron-doped silicon are analyzed by means of Raman-scattering and infrared-reflection spectroscopies. At temperatures lower than 200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, the hydrogen diffusion is controlled by a trapping at the acceptor sites, which becomes negligible at higher temperatures. Changes in the zone-center optical phonon of silicon and in the vibrational local modes of boron occur after hydrogen passivation. H and B local modes are studied as a function of temperature and external uniaxial stress. The analysis of the H-vibrational modes under stress reveals a nontrigonal symmetry of B-H complexes at 100 K, and a high mobility of hydrogen in these complexes. Our results are compared with different models proposed in the literature. We find that they are compatible with a ``bond-minimum'' site for hydrogen at low temperatures; however, under stress and at high temperatures, off-bond positions of H are proposed. We also analyze the stability of the boron-hydrogen complexes, and deduce a dissociation energy of 0.6 eV.
Technical note: an improved method to quantify nonesterified fatty acids in bovine plasma (1993)

Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) are measured routinely in the study of nutrition and growth physiology. To improve the efficiency with which this variable is measured, a two-reaction, enzymatic-based assay was adapted and validated to quantify NEFA in bovine blood plasma using 96-well microtiter plates. The effects of incubation time, temperature, and of sample volume were examined in addition to possible interfering substances, recovery, reagent stability, and range of linearity. Incubation for 30 min at 21 degrees C for each of the two reactions resulted in maximal slope and r2 values (1.94 and .999, respectively). Percentage of recovery was 107% when using 5 microL and 100% when using 10 microL of heparinized bovine plasma in the assay. Uniform linear standard curves (r2 > .99) were obtained using reagents stored at 4 degrees C for 9 d. An equal volume of 1 mM acetate, propionate, valerate, and butyrate added to plasma did not affect results. The assay was linear from 125 to > 1,000 microEq/L. Intra- and interassay CV for the 5-microL sample volume were 3.6 and 3.7%, respectively. This modified assay provides results comparable to the standard assay yet reduces reagent and labor requirements and increases sample capacity.
A novel family of bacterial dioxygenases that catalyse the hydroxylation of free l-amino acids (2012)

L-isoleucine-4-hydroxylase (IDO) is a recently discovered member of the Pfam family PF10014 (the former DUF 2257 family) of uncharacterized conserved bacterial proteins. To uncover the range of biochemical activities carried out by PF10014 members, eight in silico-selected IDO homologues belonging to the PF10014 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. L-methionine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-threonine were found to be catalysed by the investigated enzymes, producing L-methionine sulfoxide, 4-hydroxyleucine, 4-hydroxyisoleucine and 4-hydroxythreonine, respectively. An investigation of enzyme kinetics suggested the existence of a novel subfamily of bacterial dioxygenases within the PF10014 family for which free L-amino acids could be accepted as in vivo substrates. A hypothesis regarding the physiological significance of hydroxylated l-amino acids is also discussed.
Asynchronous wakeup for ad hoc networks (2003)

Due to the slow advancement of battery technology, power management in wireless networks remains to be a critical issue. Asynchronous wakeup has the merits of not requiring global clock synchronization and being resilient to network dynamics. This paper presents a systematic approach to designing and implementing asynchronous wakeup mechanisms in ad hoc networks. The optimal wakeup schedule design can be formulated as a block design problem in combinatorics. We propose a neighbor discovery and schedule bookkeeping protocol that can operate on the optimal wakeup schedule derived. Two power management policies, i.e. slot-based power management and on-demand power management, are studied to overlay desirable communication schedule over the wakeup schedule mandated by the asynchronous wakeup mechanism. Simulation studies indicate that the proposed asynchronous wakeup protocol is quite effective under various traffic characteristics and loads: energy saving can be as high as 70%, while the packet delivery ratio is comparable to that without power management.
Optoelectronic multichip modules for high-speed computer systems and communication networks (1997)

The demand for communication delay and connectivity improvements suggests that optoelectronic multichip modules (OE-MCMs), utilizing photonic and electronic technologies, may provide practical solutions for high-speed interconnection problems at the module level. Design and fabrication issues for integrating optical waveguide and multiple metal layers on a single substrate are described to facilitate the practical implementation of OE-MCMs. In particular, innovative device structures and fabrication strategies are proposed such that OE-MCMs can be fabricated in a batch mode by a well-established IC fabrication process without causing any fabrication compatibility problems. The proposed OE-MCMs utilize optoelectronic interconnection, multichip module packaging, and MEMS fabrication technologies at the module level, and the feasibility of the proposed OE-MCMs has been demonstrated through the fabrication, assembly, and characterization of prototypes.
Evaluating Conditions for Strong Coupling between Nanoparticle Plasmons and Organic Dyes Using Scattering and Absorption Spectroscopy (2016)

Interactions between surface plasmons in metal nano particles and electronic excitations in organic chromophores have resulted in many notable findings, including single-molecule Raman scattering, nanoscale lasing, and enhanced fluorescence. Recently, plasmon-exciton interactions have been shown to reach the strong coupling limit, a nonperturbative regime in which a coupled plasmon-exciton system should be treated as a unified hybrid. Strong coupling effects could open up exciting possibilities for manipulating nano particle plasmons via molecular degrees of freedom, or vice versa. Optical properties of such hybrid systems can differ drastically from those of noninteracting components. Specifically, optical spectra of a strongly coupled system are expected to exhibit mode splitting due to Rabi oscillations of excitation energy between the system components. However, the interpretation of optical spectra in terms of strong coupling is not a straightforward matter. Here we clarify the nature of plasmon-exciton coupling for the case of rhodamine-6G (R6G) interacting with localized surface plasmons in silver nanodisks using scattering and absorption spectroscopy. We show that this system is only marginally able to reach the strong coupling limit, even for very high molecular concentrations and despite the appearance of obvious mode splitting in scattering. For lower molecular concentrations, the mode splitting we observe should be interpreted as being due to surface-enhanced absorption rather than strong coupling. These results allow us to evaluate the critical concentration necessary for reaching the strong coupling limit and propose conditions for observing strong coupling between single-particle plasmons and organic dyes, such as R6G.
High-Speed Packet Switching Systems for Multimedia Communications (1987)

High-speed packet switching (HPS) systems can Provide flexible, economical, high-quaiity services for integrated voice, video, and data communications. To realize such HPS systems, methods have been developed to bring about high-speed protocol processing as well as a system architecture for facilitating high-throughput switching. Adopting the parallel processing algorithm into protocol processing allows us to achieve high-speed packet protocol processing of about 100 times faster than conventional processing. Furthermore, a fully distributed system architecture in addition to hierarchical interconnection networks can achieve high-capacity packet switching systems. The proposed HPS system is thus capable of accommodating lines of up to 10-50 Mbits/s, of providing high-throughput switching capability of 1 000 000 packets/s, and of having an average delay of less than 2 ms. Furthermore, an evaluation of network delay performances of video conferencing and voice communications indicate that HPS systems are quite suitable for handling such multimedia communications.
Measurement of Low Levels of Oxygen and Their Effect on Respiration in Cell Suspensions Maintained in an Open System (1986)

The presence of low levels of oxygen may have profound effects on the cytotoxic activity of radiation, radiosensitizers, and bioreductive alkylating agents. As others have shown, low oxygen tensions may significantly alter rates of cellular and chemical oxygen consumption. When experiments are performed at very low oxygen concentrations, the opposing effects of oxygen leakage into and cellular/chemical oxygen consumption from the system can lead to unpredictable results. Use of a newly designed, highly sensitive Clark-type oxygen sensor has permitted accurate and reproducible measurement of low levels of oxygen. Cellular depletion of oxygen at various cell densities has been monitored for a series of oxygen tensions in solution and the corresponding respiration rates have been calculated. Although oxygen depletion was found to be quite significant at low oxygen tensions, not all oxygen present could be removed by cellular respiration. Respiration rate decreased as oxygen tension decreased and approached zero at low oxygen tensions. This result was independent of cell density. A model is presented to account for the observed effect of oxygen tension on cellular oxygen utilization.