gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrolytic Removal of P-Type GaAs Substrates from Thin, N-Type Semiconductor Layers (1970)

An electrolytic etching technique has been developed which can remove p‐type GaAs substrates from thin (2–10µ) n‐type layers of or . Sodium hydroxide is used as the electrolyte, and is sprayed continually over the etching surface to prevent the build‐up of "flakes" on the p‐type surface as by‐products of the etching process. Such flakes serve as an effective mask to the etching process and, unless removed, result in irregular or matte surfaces on the n‐type layer after removal of the p‐type material. The removal of these flakes by the spray of leads to shiny, unblemished n‐type surfaces over large‐area wafers (2–5 cm2∥. The extension of this electrolytic etching technique to thin, vapor‐grown layers has applications in electron microscopy, luminescence and optical measurements, and in semiconductor device fabrication.
Pitfalls in the interpretation of genetic and pharmacological effects on anxiety-like behaviour in rodents (2008)

Over the last 15 years, genetically modified mice have added important data to our knowledge on psychiatric diseases including anxiety. This has produced many behavioural publications, partially by non-behaviourists, in which differences between mutants and normal wild-type animals were described. The popularity of these novel tools allowing the study of new mechanisms also, however, led to observations that could not be confirmed. This review attempts to summarize various factors that can lead to difficult and partially incorrect interpretation of data collected in anxiety-related paradigms. These pitfalls are explained by using virtual data. Our analysis illustrates that determining anxiety in rodents is more complicated than measuring a single parameter in a particular paradigm. It is important to use proper controls such as additional measures in the same or other procedures, as well as a conservative estimation of the chance of finding an actual effect. In this way, it is possible to enhance confidence in the findings. Alternative explanations for findings, like side effects or main effects in a different domain, such as cognition, should always be taken into account. Finally, several examples from the literature are presented as illustrations of the theoretical issues discussed. We believe that considering the pitfalls presented here will help researchers to design optimized experiments that can be more readily interpreted and replicated across laboratories.
Coupling of Light into Nanowire Arrays and Subsequent Absorption (2010)

We present a theoretical study of the absorption of light in periodic arrays of InP nanowires. The absorption in the array depends strongly on the diameter and the length of the nanowires, as well as the period of the array. Nanowires of a length of just 2 microm are able, after an appropriate choice for the other parameters, to absorb more than 90% of the incident energy of TE and TM polarized light, with photon energies almost all the way down to the band gap energy and an incidence angle up to 50 degree. This high total absorption arises from a good coupling of the incident light into the nanowire array at the top interface between air and the array and absorption inside the array before the light reaches the interface between the nanowires and the substrate. We find that for a given photon energy there exists a critical nanowire diameter above which a dramatic increase in the absorption occurs. The critical diameter decreases for increasing photon energies, and is directly related to the dispersion of waveguiding modes in single isolated nanowires. A characterization showed that the absorption characteristics of the nanowire arrays are very promising for photovoltaic applications.
Progress on a Miniature Cold-Atom Frequency Standard (2014)

Atomic clocks play a crucial role in timekeeping, communications, and navigation systems. Recent efforts enabled by heterogeneous MEMS integration have led to the commercial introduction of Chip-Scale Atomic Clocks (CSAC) with a volume of 16 cm3, power consumption of 120 mW, and instability (Allan Deviation) of σ(τ = 1 sec) < 2e-10. In order to reduce the temperature sensitivity of next-generation CSACs for timing applications, the interaction of atoms with the environment must be minimized, which can be accomplished in an architecture based on trapped, laser-cooled atoms. In this paper, we present results describing the development of a miniature cold-atom apparatus for operation as a frequency standard. Our architecture is based on laser-cooling a sample of neutral atoms in a Magneto-Optical Trap (MOT) using a conical retro-reflector in a miniature vacuum chamber. Trapping the atoms in vacuum and performing microwave interrogation in the dark reduces the temperature sensitivity compared to vapor-cell CSACs. We present details of the component development associated with the laser systems, opto-electronics, and vacuum package for miniature cold-atom technology. Finally, we conclude by characterizing the optimum alkali background pressure for such a cold-atom frequency standard.
Characterization of the Dopant Effect on Dichlorosilane‐Based Tungsten Silicide Deposition (1997)

In this paper, the dopant (phosphorus) effects of polycrystalline silicon (poly‐Si) on dichlorosilane‐based tungsten silicide deposition have been studied with emphasis on the crystallinity of the film. The over doped poly‐Si (polycide) was formed using an integrated cluster platform which was equipped with chambers for the deposition of the in situ doped poly‐Si and the dichlorosilane‐based tungsten silicide without vacuum break. It was found that the phosphorus atoms in poly‐Si films enhance the dissociation of , and thus yield a W excessive film having an amorphous feature. As the P concentration of the poly‐Si is increased while the deposition temperature is decreased the formation of the amorphous layer is facilitated. This systematic study reviews the correlations between the dopant in the underlying poly‐Si and the structural, compositional, and electrical properties of the as‐deposited and the annealed films. Finally, a successful integrated polycide process, avoiding such a dopant effect, has been suggested.
Transferrin isoform distribution: gender and alcohol consumption. (1997)

Transferrin (Tf) has different isoforms based on the degree of sialylation of its two N-linked oligosaccharide chains. The least sialylated isoforms of Tf; with 0 (asialo Tf), 1 (monosialo Tf), and 2 (disialo Tf) sialic acids are referred to as carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT). CDT has been reported to be a specific and sensitive marker for the detection and monitoring of alcohol abuse. However, the possible differences between the three CDT isoforms in males and females relative to alcohol consumption has not been known. The present study included 82 males (M) and 43 females (F) with well documented drinking habits. The Tf isoforms were separated by FPLC and measured by RIA in the collected fractions, as well as by a commercially available method (CDTect RIA). The results were expressed as relative values and absolute values. Female low consumers compared to male low consumers had higher levels of asialo Tf (p < 0.01) and monosialo Tf (p < 0.01), but not of disialo Tf or sum of asialo, monosialo, and disialo Tf. Male high consumers and chronic consumers compared to male low consumers had 53% and 219% higher levels of asialo Tf, 4% and 28% higher monosialo Tf, 57% and 148% higher disialo Tf, and 48% and 134% higher sum of CDT isoforms, respectively. The corresponding increases in females were for asialo Tf 68% and 249%, for monosialo Tf 36% and 58%, for disialo Tf 54% and 225%, and for sum of CDT isoforms 52% and 192%, respectively. For both genders, total Tf, trisialo Tf, and the levels of more sialylated transferrin isoforms were constant when comparing the consumption groups. Results expressed as relative values and absolute values were in good agreement. In conclusion, the present study indicates that alcohol consumption strongly increases the levels of asialo Tf and disialo Tf and slightly increases the level of monosialo Tf. However, women had higher asialo Tf and monosialo Tf levels than men. Alcohol consumption does not increase trisialo or more sialyated Tf subfractions. Expressing the CDT results as absolute or relative values made no obvious difference in diagnostic efficiency.
A Subcutaneously Administered Investigational RNAi Therapeutic (ALN-CC5) Targeting Complement C5 for Treatment of PNH and Complement-Mediated Diseases: Interim Phase 1 Study Results (2015)

Abstract Introduction: Uncontrolled complement activation plays a pivotal role in a variety of disorders such as PNH and aHUS. ALN-CC5 is a subcutaneous (SC) investigational RNAi therapeutic targeting complement C5 (C5). In preclinical studies, ALN-CC5 has demonstrated decreased terminal complement activity. Based on the literature, preventing the generation of the terminal complex protects against intravascular hemolysis and complement-mediated tissue damage. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of ALN-CC5 in normal healthy volunteers. Material and methods: A multi-centered, placebo controlled, double blind phase 1 clinical study in healthy volunteers is ongoing. Several cohorts of healthy volunteers in Part A, a single ascending dose study and Part B, a weekly multiple ascending dose study have been completed. Primary endpoints are safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints are pharmacokinetics, reduction of circulating C5, reduction in hemolytic, CAP and CCP activity. Results: In Part A, 20 healthy volunteers were randomized (1:3) to placebo or single SC dose of 50, 200, 400, 600 or 900mg of ALN-CC5 and followed for at least 70 days. In Part B, 12 healthy volunteers were randomized (1:3) to placebo or 5 weekly doses of 100, 200 or 400mg of ALN-CC5. No SAEs or study discontinuations occurred and overall ALN-CC5 was considered safe and generally well tolerated. A dose dependent and 94% mean maximum C5 knockdown was achieved following weekly administration. Updated safety and tolerability data as well as C5 knockdown, and changes in CAP, CCP and hemolytic activity from the study will be presented. Conclusion: Collectively, these initial results suggest that the use of a novel RNAi therapeutic targeting C5 is a promising approach for inhibiting complement in PNH, aHUS and other complement-mediated diseases. The subcutaneous route of administration and infrequent dosing make this a potentially encouraging therapy. Disclosures Hill: Alnylam: Consultancy. Off Label Use: ALN-CC5 is an investigational RNAi therapeutic targeting complement C5.. Borodovsky:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Kawahata:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Mclean:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Powell:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Chaturvedi:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Warner:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Garg:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Sorensen:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership.
iMHere: A Novel mHealth System for Supporting Self-Care in Management of Complex and Chronic Conditions (2013)

The system was capable of supporting self-care and adherence to regimen, monitoring adherence, supporting clinician engagement with patients, and has been highly utilized.
Polymorphisms of the<i>TRPV2</i>and<i>TRPV3</i>genes associated with fibromyalgia in a Korean population (2016)

This study was the first to evaluate the associations of TRPV gene polymorphisms with FM. Our results suggest that certain TRPV2 haplotypes may have a protective role against FM and that some genotypes and haplotypes of TRPV3 contribute towards the symptoms of FM.
In vitro evaluation of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations associated with famciclovir resistance (2000)

Several mutations (V521L, P525L, L528M, T532S, and V555I) in the gene for hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase have been identified in HBV isolated from patients that displayed break-through viremia during famciclovir treatment. To determine whether these mutations cause phenotypic resistance to famciclovir, we compared the inhibition constants (K(i)) of penciclovir triphosphate (PCVTP, the active metabolite of famciclovir) for recombinant wild-type and mutant HBV polymerases containing these mutations. In in vitro enzymatic assays, the V555I mutation displayed the most resistance (with K(i) increased by 6.2-fold) to PCVTP. The V521L and L528M mutations showed moderately decreased sensitivity to PCVTP (K(i) increased by >3-fold). We also analyzed the cross-resistance profiles of these variants for adefovir and lamivudine, two other antiviral agents that also inhibit DNA replication by HBV polymerase. All 5 famciclovir-associated mutations were sensitive to adefovir diphosphate (ADVDP) in in vitro enzymatic assays (<2.3-fold decreased sensitivity). The V521L, L528M, and T532S mutations were also sensitive to lamivudine triphosphate (LAMTP); however, the P525L and V555I mutations displayed moderately decreased sensitivity to LAMTP in enzymatic assays (3.6-fold decreased sensitivity). The lamivudine-resistant mutations M552I, M552V, and L528M+M552V, which were previously shown to display 8- to 25-fold resistance to LAMTP, were less resistant (< or = 3.1-fold) to PCVTP.
Isolation of Influenza A and B Viruses in HeLa Cells (1995)

The HeLa cell line which is one of the most popular cell lines was shown to be suitable for isolation of types A (H3N2) and B influenza viruses from throat washings of patients. Sixty-nine and 67 out of 147 throat washings taken from patients during the period from January to April 1994, were positive for influenza A virus in HeLa cells and MDCK cells respectively. Seven out of 10 throat washings taken between January and March, 1993, were positive for influenza B virus in MDCK. Of these 7, 4 were also positive for HeLa cells.
Design and Optimization of Reaction Chamber and Detection System in Dynamic Labs-on-Chip for Proteins Detection (2013)

In this paper, the lab-on-chip section for a protein assay is designed and optimized. To avoid severe reliability problems related to activated surface stability, a dynamic assay approach is adopted: protein-to-protein neutralization is performed while proteins diffuse freely in the reaction chamber. The related refraction index change is detected via an integrated interferometer. The structure is also design to provide a functional test of the reference protein solution, which is generally required for qualification for medical uses.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Aromatic Sultones via Sulfonic Acid Group‐Directed CH Activation (2012)

Abstract Aromatic sultones could be obtained by the palladium‐catalyzed cyclization reaction of arylsulfonic acids with simple arenes. The reaction proceeds through sulfonic acid group‐directed multiple CH activations and involves the cleavage of CH and OH bonds as well as the formation of CC and CO bonds. Our protocol provides a facile access to aromatic sultones.
Remineralization of human enamel in vivo. (1982)

In the last decade some investigators showed that demineralization could be reversed (remineralization). Recent studies demonstrated conclusively that dental caries is actually a situation of unbalance between de- and remineralization. Aim of the investigation was firstly to study remineralization in vivo longitudinally over a period of 3 months. Two different enamel defects have been studied: 1. subsurface lesions. 2. surface softened enamel (an initial stage of lesion formation). A second aim was to investigate in detail the enamel properties after the 3 month remineralization period, and to attempt to correlate remineralizations and salivary properties. ... Zie: Summary
Online Payment Gateways Used to Facilitate E-Commerce Transactions and Improve Risk Management (2006)

As online transactions continue to increase and become a significant part of the global economy, the ability to accept payments online becomes more important for businesses. This paper evaluates the literature and provides current information for IS researchers and instructors focusing on electronic commerce. In this paper, we explore the components of e-credit providers (conventional, person-to-person, and third-party) and explain how each system processes a single transaction. We then analyze several market leaders in each segment and summarize the strengths and weaknesses of each company. We provide guidelines for selecting an e-credit provider and highlight the options that apply best to online businesses. Finally, we outline potential areas of future research and provide a simple tutorial on creating a business account with PayPal website Payments Standard as an example of an online payment provider.
Nitric Oxide: A Unique Endogenous Signaling Molecule in Vascular Biology (Nobel Lecture) (1999)

"Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) must be nitric oxide." Although there was much experimental evidence that effects on or actions of EDRF were identical to those of nitric oxide, proposing this hypothesis certainly meant going out on a limb. However, once this discovery was made increased investigation indicated the physiological significance of nitric oxide in vascular biology.
Computation of Rotation Minimizing Frame in Computer Graphics (2007)

We investigate the computation and properties of rotation minimizing frame (RMF), which is a moving orthonormal frame U(u) attached to a smooth curve x(u), called the spine curve, in 3D such that U(u) does not rotate about the instantaneous tangent of x(u). Due to its minimal-twist property, the RMF is widely used in computer graphics, including sweep or blending surface modeling, motion design and control in computer animation and robotics, streamline visualization, and tool path planning in CAD/CAM. In general, the RMF cannot be computed exactly and therefore one often needs to approximate the exact RMF by a sequence of orthonormal frames at sampled points on the spine curve. We present a novel simple and efficient method for accurate and stable computation of an RMF for any C¹ regular curve in 3D. This method, called the double reflection method, uses two reflections to compute each frame from its preceding one to yield a sequence of frames to approximate an exact RMF. The double reflection method is highly accurate – it has the global fourth order approximation error, thus comparing favorably to the second order approximation error of two currently prevailing methods – the projection method by Klok and the rotation method by Bloomenthal, while all these methods have comparable per-frame computational cost. Furthermore, the double reflection method is much simpler and faster than using the standard 4-th order Runge-Kutta method to integrate the defining ODE of the RMF, which yields the same accuracy as the double reflection method. We also present further properties and extensions of the double reflection method for various application scenarios. Finally, we discuss the variational principles in design moving frames with boundary conditions, based on the RMF.
Untersuchungen von Gasgleichgewichten und spezifischen Wärmen nach der Explosionsmethode (1914)

Article Untersuchungen von Gasgleichgewichten und spezifischen Wärmen nach der Explosionsmethode was published on March 1, 1914 in the journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (volume 87U, issue 1).
Bioavailability of the flavanone naringenin and its glycosides in rats (2000)

Naringenin, the predominant flavanone in grapefruit, mainly occurs as glycosides such as naringenin-7- rhamnoglucoside or naringenin-7-glucoside. This study compared kinetics of absorption of naringenin and its glycosides in rats either after a single flavanone-containing meal or after adaptation to a diet for 14 days. Regardless of the diet, circulating metabolites were glucurono- and sulfoconjugated derivatives of naringenin. The kinetics of absorption of naringenin and naringenin-7-glucoside were similar, whereas naringenin-7-rhamnoglucoside exhibited a delay in its intestinal absorption, resulting in decreased bioavailability. After naringenin-7-glucoside feeding, no glucoside was found in the cecum. However, after feeding naringenin-7-rhamnoglucoside, some naringenin-7-rhamnoglucoside accumulated in cecum before being hydrolyzed by intestinal microflora. Adaptation to flavanone diets did not induce accumulation of plasma naringenin. Moreover, flavanone cecal content markedly decreased after adaptation, and almost no naringenin-7-rhamnoglucoside was recovered after naringenin-7-rhamnoglucoside feeding, suggesting that an adaptation of cecal microflora had occurred. Overall, these data indicate that flavanones are efficiently absorbed after feeding to rats and that their bioavailability is related to their glycosidic moiety.
7-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane as a Unique and Effective Dialkylamino Auxochrome Moiety: Demonstration in a Fluorescent Rhodamine Dye (2008)

A new type of a highly fluorescent sulforhodamine dye, 221SR, was designed and synthesized using 7-azabicylco[2.2.1]heptyl moieties as the electron donating auxochrome groups. Using the prototypical dye tetramethylsulforhodamine, TMSR, as a benchmark, we show this new dye has higher fluorescent quantum yields, Phi, (Phi = 0.95 vs Phi = 0.65 at 20 degrees C), emission efficiencies that are invariant in the 20--> 60 degrees C temperature range (Phi = 0.95 vs Phi = 0.38 at 60 degrees C), and fluorescence lifetimes that increase with a rise in temperature (20 --> 60 degrees C) as compared to a decrease for the benchmark dye (3.8 --> 3.9 vs 2.8 --> 1.7 ns). Importantly, photostability studies found the azabicyclic rhodamine to be many times more stable than its tetramethyl analogue. To the best our knowledge this is the first report of the use of an apex-N-substituted azabicycloalkane as an electron donor group in any class of donor-acceptor dye. Thus, the concept of using an apex-substitutes bicyclic amine as a donor moiety constitutes a new paradigm for simultaneously inducing remarkable beneficial effects on both emission efficiency and photostability in a donor-acceptor fluorophore.
Fiber-Optic Current Sensor Using Passive Demodulation Interferometric Scheme (1999)

An interferometer using a Faraday rotator with 22.5 rotation bias is proposed for the use of a fiber-optic current sensor (FOCS) to demodulate phase signals passively. High sensitivities and extra low distortions are obtained by this passive demodulation interferometric scheme (PDIS). The Verdet constant of optical fibers at 1300 nm is evaluated to be 4.5 murad (A rms.turns), which is in good agreement with the literature. With signal distortions always below 0.8 %, the proposed scheme should be significantly effective for the demodulation needs of an FOCS. The PDIS also could enable a FOCS to directly connect with fiber-optic communication networks for the implementation of long-distance remote and multiplexing sensor systems. Moreover, electric shock concerns on current intensity measurements of high-voltage power delivery systems are greatly reduced.