gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Edge‐hydroxylated Boron Nitride for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene (2017)

Abstract Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to olefins is a promising alternative route to industrialized direct dehydrogenation, but encounters the difficulty in selectivity control for olefins because of the overoxidation reactions that produce a substantial amount of undesired CO 2 . Here we report edge‐hydroxylated boron nitride, a metal‐free catalyst, that efficiently catalyzed dehydrogenation of propane to propylene with superior selectivity (80.2 %) but with only negligible CO 2 formation (0.5 %) at a given propane conversion of 20.6 %. Remarkable stability was evidenced by the operation of a 300 h test with steady conversion and product selectivity. The active BNO . site, generated dynamically through hydrogen abstraction of B−OH groups by molecular oxygen, triggered propane dehydrogenation by selectively breaking the C−H bond but simultaneously shut off the pathway of propylene overoxidation towards CO 2 .
The Físchlár digital library: networked access to a video archive of TV news (2002)

This paper presents an overview of the Físchlár digital library, a collection of over 300 hours of broadcast TV content which has been indexed to allow searching, browsing and playback of video. The system is in daily use by over 1,500 users on our University campus and is used for\nteaching and learning, for research, and for entertainment. It is shortly to be made available to University libraries elsewhere in Ireland. The infrastructure we use is a Gigabit ETHERNET backbone and a conventional web browser for searching and browsing video content, with a browser plug-in for streaming video. As well as providing an overview of the system, the paper concentrates on the complimentary navigation techniques of browsing and searching which are supported within Físchlár.
Study on Pulsed Arc Discharge Conditions on Production of Nitric Oxide for Medical Application (2005)

As a new approach to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome, NO has recently received more attention, which may be generated by arc discharge in air. The concentration of NO2 and the ratio of NO2 /(NOx)must be as little as possible for the medical application of NO. In this paper, NO is generated by negative pulsed discharge between needle and plate electrodes in dry air at the atmospheric pressure. Some important parameters affecting concentration of NO and NO2 have been investigated. These include the distance between electrodes, the pulsed discharge frequency and electrode polarity. The results show that the ratio of NO2 /(NOx) is the lowest within one of the distances between electrodes and the concentration of NO and NO2 increases with raising of frequency and increasing of the distance between electrodes. Electrode polarity unconspicuously affects the ratio of NO2 /NOx. The concentrations of NO2 and the ratio of NO2 /(NOx) could be decreased by the choosing and combination of discharge conditions.
Transforming growth factor beta signal transduction. (2002)

Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) is the prototypic member of a large family of structurally related pleiotropic-secreted cytokines that play a pivotal role in the control of differentiation, proliferation, and state of activation of many different cell types including immune cells. TGF-beta family members have potent immunosuppressor activities in vitro and in vivo. These cytokines trigger their biological effects by inducing the formation of a heteromeric transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptor complex. These receptors then initiate intracellular signaling through activation of Smad proteins, and specific Smads become phosphorylated and associate with other Smads. These heteromeric Smad complexes accumulate in the nucleus, where they modulate the expression of target genes. Recent data support the notion that Smads are important intracellular effectors of TGF-beta in immune cells. Here, we review recent advances in TGF-beta signal transduction in immune cells.
The Suppressor of Transgene RNA Silencing Encoded by <i>Cucumber mosaic virus</i> Interferes with Salicylic Acid-Mediated Virus Resistance (2001)

The Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-encoded 2b protein (Cmv2b) is a nuclear protein that suppresses transgene RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Cmv2b is an important virulence determinant but nonessential for systemic spread in N. glutinosa, in contrast to its indispensable role for systemic infections in cucumber. Here, we report that Cmv2b became essential for systemic infections in older N. glutinosa plants or in young seedlings pretreated with salicylic acid (SA). Expression of Cmv2b from the genome of either CMV or Tobacco mosaic virus significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of SA on virus accumulation in inoculated leaves and systemic leaves. A close correlation is demonstrated between Cmv2b expression and a reduced SA-dependent induction of the alternative oxidase gene, a component of the recently proposed SA-regulated antiviral defense. These results collectively reveal a novel activity of Cmv2b in the inhibition of SA-mediated virus resistance. We used a N. tabacum line expressing a bacterial nahG transgene that degrades SA to provide evidence for a Cmv2b-sensitive antiviral defense mechanism in tobacco in which SA acts as a positive modifier but not as an essential component. We propose that SA induces virus resistance by potentiating a RNA-silencing antiviral defense that is targeted by Cmv2b.
A systematic branch strategy and its evaluation (2002)

Control dependency introduced by branch (especially conditional branch) instructions, which is resolved only at run-time, can have a severe performance impact on pipelined machines. As programs usually contain a high percentage of branches, a variety of strategies are used to minimize overhead due to branches. However, each strategy has its own advantages and drawbacks. In this paper, a new systematic and integrated strategy that can achieve substantially higher performance than any other schemes reported in the literature is proposed. This strategy uses different mechanisms to deal with different branches based on different dynamic behavior. This is the first published paper that combines four methods to deal with branches. When given the same hardware resources, the proposed strategy can achieve a higher branch performance than the existing best method. For the same given branch prediction performance, it only requires 14% of the hardware when compared with a purely branch target buffer (BTB) approach.
Cryoprotective effects of thermal hysteresis protein on survivorship of frozen gut cells from the freeze‐tolerant centipede <i>Lithobius forficatus</i> (1995)

Abstract Thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs), which depress the freezing point of water by a non‐colligative process, are common in freeze‐avoiding polar marine fish and terrestrial arthropods where they function as antifreezes. However, some freeze‐tolerant arthropods and plants also produce THPs in winter, raising the question of whether these proteins are involved in the abilities of these organisms to survive the freezing of their extracellular fluids. The centipede Lithobius forficatus is one of these freeze‐tolerant, THP‐producing organisms. Cells isolated from the midgut of both winter‐ and summer‐collected L. forficatus were frozen at various temperatures, either with or without the addition of THPs purified from the beetle Dendroides canadensis , and the survival of the cells was evaluated. The presence of THPs (0.02 mg/ml) in the bathing medium produced a statistically significant increase in cell survival, indicating a cryoprotective function for the THPs. The LT 50 (temperature of 50% survival) of cells for summer centipedes was shifted from −8.2°C to −15.0°C, and that of cells of winter centipedes was shifted from −12.1°C to −15.1°C by addition of THPs. Also, cells from summer‐collected centipedes which had been incubated in media containing THPs and then washed in buffer without THPs to remove the protein from the media prior to freezing demonstrated significantly increased survivorship after freezing (LT 50 = −14.5). Immunofluorescence studies of these cells indicated that the THPs were present in the cells and/or on the cell membrane. The presence of THPs in the medium also provided some protection to cells frozen under conditions designed to promote the potentially damaging process of recrystallization. (THPs are well known for their ability to inhibit recrystallization.) Therefore, THPs do appear to function as a component in the suite of adaptations which permit freeze tolerance in L. forficatus . © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hot water treatment of hardwood kraft pulp produces high-purity cellulose and polymeric xylan (2017)

Hot water treatments (HWTs) of unbleached hardwood kraft pulps under various process conditions were conducted to extract the xylan and thus produce a high-purity cellulosic pulp that could be used in dissolving applications. Increasing treatment temperature up to 240 °C increased the removal of xylan over the degradation of cellulose in birch pulp, but this effect was minor at higher temperatures. Addition of acetic acid lowered the treatment intensity needed to reach a certain degree of pulp purity, but did not improve the selectivity in xylan removal compared to water-only experiments. HWTs of eucalyptus pulp, with lower xylan content than birch pulp, produced cellulosic fibers with higher degree of polymerization at a given pulp purity. Under selected operational conditions (240 °C for 10 min) in a flow-through reactor, and provided that the HWTs were applied before bleaching, the chemical and macromolecular properties of water-treated pulps may be suitable for their conversion to viscose. Moreover, at high flow rates (200–400 mL/min), the extracted xylan was recovered from the aqueous hydrolysate in high yield and with relatively high molar mass (~10 kDa). Based on the results of this study, HWTs of hardwood kraft pulp are suggested as a simple and green method to produce high-purity cellulose and polymeric xylan for high value-added applications.
PROPULSION AND ANGULAR STABILIZATION OF DUST PARTICLES IN A LASER CAVITY (1966)

First Page
Recognizing Gestures by Learning Local Motion Signatures of HOG Descriptors (2012)

We introduce a new gesture recognition framework based on learning local motion signatures (LMSs) of HOG descriptors introduced by [1]. Our main contribution is to propose a new probabilistic learning-classification scheme based on a reliable tracking of local features. After the generation of these LMSs computed on one individual by tracking Histograms of Oriented Gradient (HOG) [2] descriptor, we learn a codebook of video-words (i.e., clusters of LMSs) using k-means algorithm on a learning gesture video database. Then, the video-words are compacted to a code-book of codewords by the Maximization of Mutual Information (MMI) algorithm. At the final step, we compare the LMSs generated for a new gesture w.r.t. the learned code-book via the k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithm and a novel voting strategy. Our main contribution is the handling of the N to N mapping between codewords and gesture labels within the proposed voting strategy. Experiments have been carried out on two public gesture databases: KTH [3] and IXMAS [4]. Results show that the proposed method outperforms recent state-of-the-art methods.
Spatial modeling of optical crosstalk in InGaAsP Geiger-mode APD focal plane arrays (2016)

We report a spatial model of optical crosstalk in InGaAsP Geiger-mode APD focal plane arrays created via non-sequential ray tracing. Using twenty-four equivalent experimental data sets as a baseline, we show that experimental results can be reproduced to a high degree of accuracy by incorporating secondary crosstalk effects, with reasonable assumptions of material and emission source properties. We use this model to categorize crosstalk according to source and path, showing that the majority of crosstalk in the immediate neighborhood of avalanching pixels in the present devices can be attributed to direct line-of-sight emissions.
Effect on Silicon Nitride thin Films Properties at Various Powers of RF Magnetron Sputtering (2018)

Silicon nitride thin films have numerous applications in microelectronics and optoelectronics fields due to their unique properties. In this work, silicon nitride thin films were produced using radio frequency (R.F.) magnetron sputtering technique at various sputtering powers. The prepared thin films were characterized with XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR, surface profiler, AFM and spectral reflectance techniques for structure, surface morphology, chemical bonding information, growth rate, surface roughness and optical properties. The results showed that silicon nitride thin films were amorphous in nature. The films were smooth and densely packed with no voids or cracks at the surface. FTIR characterization informed about Si-N bonding existence which confirmed the formation of silicon nitride films. The sputtering power showed the impetus effect on growth rate, surface roughness and optical properties of produced films.
Real-time image processing by distributed arithmetic implementation of two-dimensional digital filters (1985)

This paper describes the implementation of two-dimensional recursive digital filters for real-time image processing. The filter structure is described by distributed arithmetic and the operations involved are memory fetches and additions. An error analysis of the two-dimensional filter structure described by distributed arithmetic is outlined and the expression for the mean-squared error is derived. This approach is compared to an equivalent conventional filter structure using multipliers. It is demonstrated that the distributed arithmetic implementation offers a significant reduction in cost as well as power consumption for real-time image processing. In addition, the hardware design of a second-order two-dimensional distributed filter is presented and its performance is examined. This filter is constructed using standard integrated circuits and memories and is capable of filtering images of sizes up to 256 × 256 pixels in real time.
Postjunctional α<sub>1</sub>‐ and α<sub>2</sub>‐adrenoceptors mediating contraction in isolated human groin arteries and veins (1984)

By means of selective agonists and antagonists for alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors, the alpha-receptor subtypes in human groin arteries and veins were characterized and compared. In the arteries the alpha 1-receptor blocker prazosin caused a concentration-dependent parallel displacement of the noradrenaline (NA) concentration-response (cr) curve without reduction of maximum (pA2 = 9.86); the selective alpha 2-receptor antagonist rauwolscine in the concentration 10(-8) M caused a right-ward shift of the NA cr-curve without reduction of Emax, but 10(-7) M and 10(-6) M caused little or no further shift. In the veins, the two antagonists had the opposite effects. Rauwolscine caused a concentration-dependent right-ward shift of the NA cr-curve without depression of maximum (pA2 = 9.03); prazosin 10(-9) M significantly displaced the NA cr-curve, whereas 10(-8) M and 10(-7) M caused little or no further shift. The responses to the alpha 2-receptor agonist clonidine in the arteries were too small to allow calculations of pEC50 values; in the veins contractions were elicited in all vessel segments investigated (pEC50 = 6.24). Phenylephrine, selective for alpha 1-receptors, was significantly more potent in arteries than in veins. NA was significantly more potent in veins than in arteries. It is concluded that in human groin vessels, there is a functional predominance of alpha 1-receptors in the arteries and of alpha 2-receptors in the veins.
Hyperalgesic agents increase a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ current in nociceptors. (1996)

Sensitization of primary afferent neurons underlies much of the pain and tenderness associated with tissue injury and inflammation. The increase in excitability is caused by chemical agents released at the site of injury. Because recent studies suggest that an increase in voltage-gated Na+ currents may underlie increases in neuronal excitability associated with injury, we have tested the hypothesis that a tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated Na+ current (TTX-R INa), selectively expressed in a subpopulation of sensory neurons with properties of nociceptors, is a target for hyperalgesic agents. Our results indicate that three agents that produce tenderness or hyperalgesia in vivo, prostaglandin E2, adenosine, and serotonin, modulate TTX-R INa. These agents increase the magnitude of the current, shift its conductance-voltage relationship in a hyperpolarized direction, and increase its rate of activation and inactivation. In contrast, thromboxane B2, a cyclooxygenase product that does not produce hyperalgesia, did not affect TTX-R INa. These results suggest that modulation of TTX-R INa is a mechanism for sensitization of mammalian nociceptors.
Field-free spin Hall effect driven magnetization switching in Pd/Co/IrMn exchange coupling system (2016)

All electrical manipulation of magnetization is crucial and of great important for spintronics devices for the sake of high speed, reliable operation, and low power consumption. Recently, widespread interests have been aroused to manipulate perpendicular magnetization of a ferromagnetic layer using spin-orbit torque (SOT) without field. We report that a commonly used antiferromagnetic material IrMn can be a promising candidate as a functional layer to realize field-free magnetization switching driven by SOT in which IrMn is employed to act as both the source of effective exchange bias field and SOT source. The critical switching current density within our study is Jc = 2.2 × 107 A/cm2, which is the same magnitude as similar materials such as PtMn. A series of measurements based on anomalous Hall effect was systematically implemented to determine the magnetization switching mechanism. This study offers a possible route for IrMn application in similar structures.
Hanging messages : using context-enhanced messages for just-in-time communication (2001)

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.
STABILITY OF MICROWAVE-HEATED PLASMAS. (1970)

Magnetically-confined plasmas, created and heated by electromagnetic fields near the electron gyrofrequency, can support several modes of instability driven by inherent temperature anisotropy or possible loss-cone effects. If T|| T⊥, both electrostatic and electromagnetic waves can grow in time; while if T||→T⊥, electrostatic waves at the hybrid frequency can be driven unstable by the loss-cone effect. Here the relevant known criteria are reviewed, and several new criteria to describe the stabilization of the temperature-anisotropy modes as T|| → T⊥, are developed. The results of a detailed analysis of the electrostatic loss-cone mode, for which temporal growth rates greater than anticipated electron bounce frequencies are obtained only for electron densities near microwave cut-off are also reported.
Pleconaril: a novel antipicornaviral drug (2001)

Pleconaril (VP-63843) 3-[3,5-dimethyl-4[[3-(3-methyl-5-isoxazolyl)propyl] oly]phenyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole is a novel, broad spectrum antipicornaviral agent. Pleconaril binds to a hydrophobic pocket in the viral capsid inducing conformational changes, which lead to altered receptor binding and viral uncoating. Pleconaril is orally bioavailable and achieves serum concentrations in excess of those required to inhibit 90% of clinical rhino- and enteroviral isolates in vitro. It possesses the additional advantage of achieving several fold higher concentrations within the central nervous system and nasal secretions than in serum, a characteristic that is highly desirable for an antiviral targeted towards viruses known to cause central nervous system and upper respiratory tract infections. Approximately 80% of an orally administered dose is excreted in the faeces within 48 h. Urine excretion accounts for the remainder of the drug. Pleconaril has demonstrated an excellent safety profile in dose escalation and clinical studies. Clinical studies have reported a reduction in the duration and intensity of symptoms in children and adults with enteroviral meningitis and in adults with rhinoviral respiratory tract infections treated with pleconaril. Lastly, pleconaril has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of severe life-threatening enteroviral infections of the newborn and in immunosuppressed individuals. Pleconaril appears to be a promising drug for the treatment of enteroviral and rhinoviral infections.
Moment Functions in Image Analysis — Theory and Applications (1998)

A comprehensive treaty on the theory and applications of moment functions in image analysis. Moment functions are widely-used in various realms of computer vision and image processing. Numerous algorithms and techniques have been developed using image moments, in the areas of pattern recognition, object identification, three-dimensional object pose estimation, robot sensing, image coding and reconstruction. This is a compilation of the theoretical aspects related to different types of moment functions, and their applications in the above areas. The book is organized in two parts. The first part discusses the fundamental concepts behind important moments such as geometric moments, complex moments, Legendre moments, Zernike moments, and moment tensors. Most of the commonly-used properties of moment functions and the mathematical framework for the derivation of basic theorems and results are discussed. This includes the derivation of moment invariants, implementation aspects of moments, transport properties, and fast methods for computing the moment functions for both binary and gray-level images. The second part presents the key application areas of moments, such as pattern recognition, object identification, image-based pose estimation, edge detection, clustering, segmentation, coding and reconstruction. Important algorithms in each of these areas are discussed. A list of bibliographic references on image moments is also included.
Genetic Polymorphisms in the Precursor MicroRNA Flanking Region and Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Survival (2010)

Our data indicated, for the first time, that genetic polymorphisms in the pre-miRNA flanking region may be prognostic biomarkers of NSCLC, and rs928508 is such a potential candidate.
Comparison of electron density measurements in planar inductively coupled plasmas by means of the plasma oscillation method and Langmuir probes (1998)

The absolute, spatially resolved electron densities in planar inductively coupled plasmas have been measured by two different plasma diagnostic techniques, the plasma oscillation method and Langmuir probes. In the plasma oscillation method a weak electron beam injected into the plasma excites electrostatic electron waves oscillating at the electron plasma frequency, which is proportional to the square root of the electron density. The plasma source is a modified Gaseous Electronics Conference RF Reference Cell. The results for both methods in electropositive, pure rare gas and molecular gas discharges (Ar, Ne, Kr and ) and in electronegative gases and gas mixtures like , , , , Ar:, Ar: and Ar: are presented and analysed. Over a wide parameter range (gas type, input power and gas pressure), the two techniques yield charge densities which agree within the experimental uncertainty. The electron densities inferred from the plasma oscillation method are generally between the electron and positive-ion density obtained from Langmuir probe measurements. Disagreement between the two techniques is found in molecular gases at higher pressures (p>3 Pa), where the plasma oscillation method yields electron densities of up to a factor of two higher than the Langmuir probe results.