gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IFN-γ Induces the Erosion of Preexisting CD8 T Cell Memory during Infection with a Heterologous Intracellular Bacterium (2008)

Memory T cells are critical for the control of intracellular pathogens and require few signals for maintenance; however, erosion of established preexisting memory CD8(+) T cells has been shown to occur during infection with heterologous viral infections. We evaluated whether this also occurs during infection with various intracellular bacteria and what mechanisms may be involved. We demonstrate that erosion of established memory is also induced during infection of mice with various intracellular bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycobacterium bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guérin). The extent of erosion of established CD8(+) T cell memory was dependent on the virulence of the heterologous pathogen, not persistence. Furthermore, when antibiotics were used to comprehensively eliminate the heterologous pathogen, the numbers of memory CD8(+) T cells were not restored, indicating that erosion of preexisting memory CD8(+) T cells was irreversible. Irrespective of the initial numbers of memory CD8(+) T cells, challenge with the heterologous pathogen resulted in a similar extent of erosion of memory CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that cellular competition was not responsible for erosion. After challenge with the heterologous pathogen, effector memory CD8(+) T cells were rapidly eliminated. More importantly, erosion of preexisting memory CD8(+) T cells was abrogated in the absence of IFN-gamma. These studies help reveal the paradoxical role of IFN-gamma. Although IFN-gamma promotes the control of intracellular bacterial replication during primary infection, this comes at the expense of erosion of preexisting memory CD8(+) T cells in the wake of infection with heterologous pathogens.
A ``Sampled-Continuous Wave'' Ultrasonic Technique and Spectrometer (1969)

A continuous wave ultrasonic measurement technique, which is particularly well suited to the study of inherently single-ended acoustic systems, is presented. In this method the cw signal which establishes acoustic resonance is interrupted for the period during which sampling of particle motion amplitude is accomplished. The ``sampled-cw'' technique incorporates the freedom from crosstalk associated with pulse—echo methods while retaining the monochromaticity of cw schemes. Analyses of the relative sensitivities of pulse—echo, ``sampled-cw,'' and cw ultrasonic techniques are presented. A detailed description is given of a sampled-cw spectrometer which includes a frequency locking scheme.
Integrating Microservices (2018)

The microservices architecture fosters building a software application as a suite of independent services. When we have to realize a given business use case, we often need to have the communication and coordination between multiple microservices. Therefore, integrating microservices and building inter-service communication has become the one of the most challenging tasks needed to realize the microservices architecture.
Control of uterine stromal mitosis in relation to uterine sensitivity and decidualization in mice (1995)

The relationship between mitosis, ovarian hormones, decidual stimuli and decidualization was investigated using progestagen-treated ovariectomized mice. Oestradiol, or the intraluminal instillation of oil or saline, all stimulated stromal mitosis. When oil or saline was instilled following oestradiol, the response depended on the dose of oestradiol, the interval between the oestradiol and the instillation, and the time when the mice were killed. After 20 ng oestradiol, the instillation of oil 7 h later induced large mitotic and decidual responses that were evident within 17 h of instillation and increased with time. Smaller mitotic and decidual responses were obtained when the interval between oestradiol and oil was 24 h; there was no response when the interval was 42 h. When a higher dose (100 ng) of oestradiol was given, oil injected 7 h later initially stimulated mitosis (at 17 h), but this effect was reduced at 24 h and no decidualization occurred. After instilling oil 24 or 42 h after 100 ng oestradiol, the mitotic response was limited, and there was no decidual response. Regardless of the dose of oestradiol, saline induced only a transient mitotic response and no decidualization occurred. It is concluded that there are three stimuli that can cause stromal mitosis in the progestagen-treated mouse uterus: oestrogen, an intraluminal stimulus (blastocyst, oil or saline) and factors associated with decidualization. Oestradiol not only induces mitosis, but also produces a period of heightened sensitivity to the mitotic effects of intraluminal stimuli. In addition, low doses of oestradiol induce a period of sensitivity to decidual stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
<i>In Vivo</i> Induction of the Interferon-Stimulated Protein 2′5′Oligoadenylate Synthetase in Tumor and Peripheral Blood Cells During IFN-α Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma (1998)

Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) therapy induces a response in a proportion of patients with metastatic melanoma. However, the mechanism of the antitumor action and reason(s) for resistance to IFN therapy are not known. To investigate whether lack of clinical response may be due to resistance of the melanoma cells to IFN-alpha or to an inability of IFN-alpha to reach the tumor cells during treatment, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro susceptibility of primary tumor cells obtained through fine needle aspiration biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to the induction of the IFN-induced enzyme 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5'OAS) during initiation of IFN-alpha therapy in 10 patients with metastatic melanoma. None of the patients showed an objective response to IFN-alpha treatment. The melanoma cells from 2 of the 10 patients were resistant to IFN-induced enhancement of 2'5'OAS in vitro. This correlated well with the in vivo induction of 2'5'OAS in the malignant cells, as no in vivo induction was seen in the 2 patients whose malignant cells were resistant in vitro, whereas tumor cells from 7 of 8 of the remaining patients showed enhancement also in vivo. This study shows that it is possible to monitor the cellular susceptibility of tumor cells to IFN-alpha in vivo and that melanoma cells from a small percentage of patients are resistant to the cellular effects of IFN-alpha. Furthermore, the absence of a clinical response to IFN-alpha therapy in the majority of melanoma patients can be explained neither by impaired cellular susceptibility to IFN nor by an inability of IFN-alpha to reach the tumor.
Cation−π Interaction: Its Role and Relevance in Chemistry, Biology, and Material Science (2012)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTCation−π Interaction: Its Role and Relevance in Chemistry, Biology, and Material ScienceA. Subha Mahadevi and G. Narahari Sastry*View Author Information Molecular Modeling Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 607, Andhra Pradesh, India*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 3, 2100–2138Publication Date (Web):November 13, 2012Publication History Received3 June 2012Published online13 November 2012Published inissue 13 March 2013https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr300222dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr300222dreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views23068Altmetric-Citations867LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Cations,Hydrocarbons,Ions,Molecular interactions Get e-Alerts
Effective PET and ICT Switching of Boradiazaindacene Emission:  A Unimolecular, Emission-Mode, Molecular Half-Subtractor with Reconfigurable Logic Gates (2005)

[reaction, structure: see text] We report a unimolecular system functioning as a combinatorial logic circuit for half-subtractor. The emission characteristics can be modulated by chemical inputs, and when followed at two different wavelengths, two functionally integrated logic gates XOR and INHIBIT are obtained. Both logic gates function in the emission mode, and with very large differences in the signal intensity allowing unequivocal assignment of logic-0 and logic-1.
Long‐term potentiation in the hippocampus of fragile X knockout mice (1996)

To gain more insight in the physiological function of the fragile X gene (FMR1) and the mechanisms leading to fragile X syndrome, the Fmr1 gene has been inactivated in mice by gene targeting techniques. In the Morris water maze test, the Fmr1 knockout mice learn to find the hidden platform nearly as well as the control animals, but show impaired performance after the position of the platform has been modified. As malperformance in the Morris water maze test has been associated with impaired long-term potentiation (LTP), electrophysiological studies were performed in hippocampal slices of Fmr1 knockout mice to check for the presence of LTP. Judged by field extracellular excitatory postsynaptic potential recordings in the CA1 hippocampal area, Fmr1 knockout mice express LTP to a similar extent as their wild type littermates during the first 1–2 hr after high frequency stimulation. Also, short-term potentiation (STP) was similar in both types of mice. To investigate whether Fmr1 is involved in the latter stages of LTP as an immediate early gene, we compared Fmr1 mRNA quantities on northern blots after chemical induction of seizures. A transient increase in the transcription of immediate early genes is thought to be essential for the maintenance of LTP. As no increase in Fmr1 mRNA could be detected, neither in cortex nor in total brain, during the first 2 1/2 hr after pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures, it is unlikely that Fmr1 is an immediate early gene in mice. In conclusion, we found no evidence for a function of FMR1 in STP or LTP. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A unique electroplating tin chemistry (1999)

A novel tin electrodeposition chemistry and process has been developed at Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, New Jersey, USA. This process produces smooth, satin bright tin deposits which have stable, large grain structures. The deposits contain very low organic content and, as a consequence, exhibit excellent ductility, solderability and reflowability. The chemistry is capable of operating at elevated temperatures over a wide range of current densities, and is, thus, applicable to rack, barrel and reel‐to‐reel operations. All chemical components, including breakdown products are fully analyzable with conventional analytical methods. Extensive bath life studies show that the deposit appearance and material properties, including grain structures, are stable in relation to the age of the electroplating chemistry. In addition, the grain refiners used are highly stable, and have few breakdown products as the chemistry ages. All these features imply a robust process which has been confirmed in various manufacturing environments. This tin electroplating process has been utilized in plating coatings for connectors, solder bumps, PWBs and components for semiconductor applications.
Elsag Bailey DCS based dynamic simulation system for control system tuning (1995)

As process companies strive to increase the operating efficiencies and safety of their plants, they have increased their interest in using process simulators to develop, test and tune their control logic. Until recently, most simulators used for this purpose were considered {open_quotes}emulated{close_quotes} systems in that the control system logic used in the simulator was translated from the actual control system format and run in a general purpose computer. While the process models in these simulators may have been {open_quotes}high-fidelity{close_quotes}, the resultant simulator would have to be considered {open_quotes}moderate{close_quotes} fidelity due to the system dynamics and control algorithm not being the same as the actual plant system. This is especially true when the control system being emulated is a distributed control system (DCS). When the control strategy of a DCS is emulated, the dynamics of the emulated simulation system tend to be far removed from that of the actual system. The asynchronous distributed execution environment of controllers, consoles, and communications systems are not typically included in an emulated DCS. Furthermore, if the objective is to provide training on commissioning of advanced control strategies, it may not be cost effective to emulate proprietary process identification and controller tuning packages.
Determining the Hydroxyl Content of Centain Organic Compounds. Macro-and Semimicromethods (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermining the Hydroxyl Content of Centain Organic Compounds. Macro-and SemimicromethodsC.L. Ogg, W.L. Porter, and C.O. WillitsCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1945, 17, 6, 394–397Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i560142a018https://doi.org/10.1021/i560142a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views285Altmetric-Citations138LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Nicotine, corticotropin, and smoking withdrawal symptoms: literature review and implications for successful control of nicotine addiction. (1990)

The literature on corticotropin (ACTH) regulation of cortisol secretion, effects of nicotine on plasma cortisol and ACTH levels, and the cortisol response to smoking cessation is reviewed. A dose-dependent increase in plasma cortisol levels is found in habitual smokers after smoking two cigarettes. Nicotine mediates this response via a central mechanism to release cortisol from the adrenal cortex. The sites of action of nicotine appear to be in the hypothalamus or brain stem. Complete cessation of smoking is followed by a fall in plasma cortisol levels that is associated with the withdrawal of the nicotine stimulus. In addition, anxiety levels increase and plasma epinephrine levels decrease. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms confront smokers who want to quit. Many of the symptoms seem to be related to the body's response to changes in cortisol levels. As part of a comprehensive smoking cessation program, one or two intramuscular injections of ACTH gel have been shown to help smokers stop and continue to abstain from smoking.
Query DAGs: A Practical Paradigm for Implementing Belief-Network Inference (1997)

We describe a new paradigm for implementing inference in belief networks, which consists of two steps: (1) compiling a belief network into an arithmetic expression called a Query DAG (Q-DAG); and (2) answering queries using a simple evaluation algorithm. Each node of a Q-DAG represents a numeric operation, a number, or a symbol for evidence. Each leaf node of a Q-DAG represents the answer to a network query, that is, the probability of some event of interest. It appears that Q-DAGs can be generated using any of the standard algorithms for exact inference in belief networks (we show how they can be generated using clustering and conditioning algorithms). The time and space complexity of a Q-DAG generation algorithm is no worse than the time complexity of the inference algorithm on which it is based. The complexity of a Q-DAG evaluation algorithm is linear in the size of the Q-DAG, and such inference amounts to a standard evaluation of the arithmetic expression it represents. The intended value of Q-DAGs is in reducing the software and hardware resources required to utilize belief networks in on-line, real-world applications. The proposed framework also facilitates the development of on-line inference on different software and hardware platforms due to the simplicity of the Q-DAG evaluation algorithm. Interestingly enough, Q-DAGs were found to serve other purposes: simple techniques for reducing Q-DAGs tend to subsume relatively complex optimization techniques for belief-network inference, such as network-pruning and computation-caching.
Theory of the Optimum Angle in a Receiving Conical Horn (1925)

Amplification due to a resonating conical horn as a function of its angle.--- A theoretical explanation of the fact that maximum amplification is obtained if the horn has a certain optimum angle is presented. The horn of small angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is assumed to be resonating to plane waves of frequency $2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\omega}$ which come to its large end in the direction of the axis. Putting the energy flux through the small opening at the apex equal to the net flux into the large end, we obtain $(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}){\ensuremath{\theta}}^{2}{P}_{1}=(\frac{n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}){\ensuremath{\theta}}^{4}{P}_{2}+(\frac{2{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{3}}{n\ensuremath{\pi}a}){y}_{2}{P}_{2}$, hence the equation for the amplification is $\frac{{P}_{2}}{{P}_{1}}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{2}}{[\frac{1}{2}n\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{4}+(\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{3}}{n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{3}a}){y}_{2}]}$, where ${y}_{2}=\mathrm{the}\mathrm{admittance}\mathrm{at}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{vertex}$ (reciprocal of impedance), $\ensuremath{\rho}=\mathrm{density}$, $a=\mathrm{speed}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{sound}$, $n=\mathrm{order}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{harmonic} 1,2,3\ensuremath{\cdots}$. This is a maximum for $\frac{1}{2}n\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{4}=(\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{3}}{n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}a}){y}_{2}$; and from the energy equation we see that for the optimum angle the energy dissipated from the large end equals that dissipated from the vertex, the total net input being twice each.
Surface Chemistry and Morphology of Zirconia Polymorphs and the Influence on Sulfur Dioxide Removal (2011)

Zirconium hydroxide was calcined at discrete temperatures up to 900 °C to study the effect of thermal treatment on the structure and surface chemistry related to the filtration of SO2. As-received and calcined materials were characterized using multiple techniques that included thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen porosity to determine changes to the zirconium hydroxide structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize changes in surface hydroxyl groups. Changes in the morphology and surface chemistry were correlated to sulfur dioxide filtration through chemical breakthrough studies. It was found that as calcination temperature increased, materials become more crystalline, which led to the loss of terminal hydroxyl groups and a decrease in the efficacy for sulfur dioxide removal.
Diagnostic detection of diffuse glioma tumors <i>in vivo</i> with molecular fluorescent probe‐based transmission spectroscopy (2009)

The diffuse spread of glioma tumors leads to the inability to image and properly treat this disease. The optical spectral signature of targeted fluorescent probes provides molecular signals from the diffuse morphologies of glioma tumors, which can be a more effective diagnostic probe than standard morphology-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. Three orthotopic xenograft glioma models were used to examine the potential for transmitted optical fluorescence signal detection in vivo, using endogenously produced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and exogenously administered fluorescently labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF). Accurate quantification of the fluorescent signals required spectral filtering and signal normalization, and when optimized, it was possible to improve detection of sparse diffuse glioma tumor morphologies. The signal of endogenously produced PpIX provided similar sensitivity and specificity to MRI, while detection with fluorescently labeled EGF provided maximal specificity for tumors with high EGF receptor activity. Optical transmitted fluorescent signal may add significant benefit for clinical cases of diffuse infiltrative growth pattern glioma tumors given sufficient optimization of the signal acquisition for each patient.
A methodology for interschema relationship identification in heterogeneous databases (2002)

Information sharing among databases, whether scientific or business, requires the development of techniques for accessing data from multiple heterogeneous databases. One approach to providing interoperability among these databases is to define one or more federated schemas which represent a coherent view of the underlying databases. A review of existing research on schema integration (the process of generating integrated schemas) points to the need for the development of techniques for identifying objects in multiple databases that may be related. This process of interschema relationship identification (IRI) is the focus of this paper. We present a methodology for utilizing schematic as well as integrity constraint knowledge for IRI. We present the details of a comprehensive set of heuristics for schematic IRI. We also introduce the concept of constraint-based relationships and describe how such relationships can be generated. Finally, we describe heuristics for generating "real world" interschema relationships based on the schematic and constraint-based relationships that are generated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A technique for defining the architecture and weights of a neural image classifier (1992)

An approach to setting the architecture and the initial weights of an artificial neural network for solving classification problems is presented. A nonneural phase finds an approximate solution to the classification problems by constraining the shape of classification regions. After an appropriate mapping into a neural net, neural training is applied to refine the solution. Results on an image recognition application are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>