gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Porous Calcium Alginate Membranes/Microspheres via an Emulsion Templating Method (2006)

Abstract Summary: A method is presented that can produce ordered macroporous alginate membranes and microspheres with a relatively narrow pore size distribution as compared to other existing porous alginate matrix generating procedures. The calcium alginate membranes and microspheres obtained were multiporous, and the pore size could readily be adjusted in the range of 1 to 10 µm by selecting appropriate initial emulsion parameters. A preliminary set of experiments was used to determine a range of conditions suitable for the formation of stable O/W emulsions consinsting of the alginate solution, liquid paraffin and surfactants. The obtained emulsions were characterized by size distribution measurements and optical microscopy. The emulsions were used to form alginate membranes and microspheres with diameters of 150–500 µm. Subsequent work was performed to remove liquid paraffin droplets, the dispersed phase of the emulsion which acted as template in the pore‐generating process, from the final alginate membranes and microspheres. The states of templates in hydrogels and the effect of template removal on the calcium alginate structures were thoroughly investigated. Porous alginate membranes prepared via emulsion templating method. image Porous alginate membranes prepared via emulsion templating method.
A depth-encoding PET detector that uses light sharing and single-ended readout with silicon photomultipliers (2018)

Detectors with depth-encoding capability and good timing resolution are required to develop high-performance whole-body or total-body PET scanners. In this work, depth-encoding PET detectors that use light sharing between two discrete crystals and single-ended readout with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) were manufactured and evaluated. The detectors consisted of two unpolished 3 × 3 × 20 mm<sup>3</sup> LYSO crystals with different coupling materials between them and were read out by Hamamatsu 3 × 3 mm<sup>2</sup> SiPMs with one-to-one coupling. The ratio of the energy of one SiPM to the total energy of two SiPMs was used to measure the depth of interaction (DOI). Detectors with different coupling materials in-between the crystals were measured in the singles mode in an effort to obtain detectors that can provide good DOI resolution. The DOI resolution and energy resolution of three types of detector were measured and the timing resolution was measured for the detector with the best DOI and energy resolution. The optimum detector, with 5 mm optical glue, a 9 mm triangular ESR and a 6 mm rectangular ESR in-between the unpolished crystals, provides a DOI resolution of 2.65 mm, an energy resolution of 10.0% and a timing resolution of 427 ps for events of E > 400 keV. The detectors simultaneously provide good DOI and timing resolution, and show great promise for the development of high-performance whole-body and total-body PET scanners.
SHORT NOTICES (1962)

Journal Article SHORT NOTICES Get access W. P. MORRELL W. P. MORRELL University of Otago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume LXXVII, Issue CCCIV, July 1962, Pages 581–582, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/LXXVII.CCCIV.581 Published: 01 July 1962
Ring‐Opening of Carbamate‐Protected Aziridines and Azetidines in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide (2016)

Abstract The reactions of halides or pseudohalides of group I and II metals with carbamate‐protected aziridines and azetidines in liquid sulfur dioxide as solvent resulted in the efficient ring‐opening of these heterocycles. Sulfur dioxide, as a highly polar solvent, solubilizes the inorganic salts and acts as a mild Lewis acid to accelerate the ring‐opening. For this reason, carbamate‐protected small heterocycles can be used instead of the corresponding sulfonamides, the activities of which are well‐established in ring‐opening reactions. Thiols also performed well in the SO 2 ‐assisted ring‐opening of aziridines. This procedure occurred without racemization of the stereogenic centers.
Muscle tension during unrestrained human eye movements. (1975)

1. Tensions in the horizontal rectus muscles have simultaneously and continuously been recorded during unrestricted eye movements in four strabismus patients, using force transducers small enough to be implanted in series between the tendons and their points of insertion on the globe. 2. Levels of tension required to maintain fixation at each position of gaze vary from a minimum of 8-12 g approximately 15 degrees outside of muscle's field of action to a maximum of around 40 g at extreme gaze within the muscle's field of action. When tension is plotted as a function of eye position, the static locus of fixation tension levels exhibits a parabolic relationship. 3. Tensions recorded during smooth following movements parallel or slightly exceed those of fixation. 4. At the onset of a saccade, tension in the agonist rises isometrically, then, as the eye moves, tension levels parallel those of fixation but with an isotonic increment of 15-25 g. At the end of the saccadic movement, tension falls essentially isometrically to the new fixation level. 5. Tension in the antagonist reveals an unexpected peak at the onset of a saccade. 6. For saccadic movements tension increments of 15-25 g above the fixation levels suffice to move the eye rapidly to a new position of gaze, regardless of the duration of the saccade and the location of the new fixation point. 7. Maximum and minimum levels of tension during normal fixation, following and saccadic movements, plotted as a function of eye position, form an operational envelope which defines the limits of muscle forces during normal eye movements. The lowest level of this envelope is the parabolic static locus of fixation tensions.
A NEW UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING (2011)

A new Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been developed at Multimedia University, in collaboration with Agency of Remote Sensing Malaysia. The SAR operates at C-band, single V V -polarization, with 5 m 5 m spatial resolution. Its unique features include compact in size, light weight, low power and capable of performing real-time imaging. A series of field measurements and flight tests has been conducted and good quality SAR images have been obtained. The system will be used for monitoring and management of earth resources such as paddy fields, oil palm plantation and soil surface. This paper reports the system design and development, as well as some preliminary results of the UAVSAR.
The tetraspanins CD151 and Tspan8 are essential exosome components for the crosstalk between cancer initiating cells and their surrounding (2014)

Tspan8 and CD151 are metastasis-promoting tetraspanins and a knockdown (kd) of Tspan8 or CD151 and most pronounced of both tetraspanins affects the metastatic potential of the rat pancreatic adenocarcinoma line ASML. Approaching to elaborate the underlying mechanism, we compared ASMLwt, -CD151kd and/or Tspan8kd clones. We focused on tumor exosomes, as exosomes play a major role in tumor progression and tetraspanins are suggested to be engaged in exosome targeting. ASML-CD151/Tspan8kd cells poorly metastasize, but regain metastatic capacity, when rats are pretreated with ASMLwt, but not ASML-CD151kd and/or -Tspan8kd exosomes. Both exosomal CD151 and Tspan8 contribute to host matrix remodelling due to exosomal tetraspanin-integrin and tetraspanin-protease associations. ASMLwt exosomes also support stroma cell activation with upregulation of cytokines, cytokine receptors and proteases and promote inflammatory cytokine expression in hematopoietic cells. Finally, CD151-/Tspan8-competent exosomes support EMT gene expression in poorly-metastatic ASML-CD151/Tspan8kd cells. These effects are not seen or are weakened using ASML-CD151kd or -Tspan8kd exosomes, which is at least partly due to reduced binding/uptake of CD151- and/or Tspan8-deficient exosomes. Thus, CD151- and Tspan8-competent tumor exosomes support matrix degradation, reprogram stroma and hematopoietic cells and drive non-metastatic ASML-CD151/Tspan8kd cells towards a motile phenotype.
Interneuron Diversity in Layers 2–3 of Monkey Prefrontal Cortex (2008)

The heterogeneity of gamma-aminobutyric acid interneurons in the rodent neocortex is well-established, but their classification into distinct subtypes remains a matter of debate. The classification of interneurons in the primate neocortex is further complicated by a less extensive database of the features of these neurons and by reported interspecies differences. Consequently, in this study we characterized 8 different morphological types of interneurons from monkey prefrontal cortex, 4 of which have not been previously classified. These interneuron types differed in their expression of molecular markers and clustered into 3 different electrophysiological classes. The first class consisted of fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive chandelier and linear arbor cells. The second class comprised 5 different morphological types of continuous-adapting calretinin- or calbindin-positive interneurons that had the lowest level of firing threshold. However, 2 of these morphological types had short spike duration, which is not typical for rodent adapting cells. Neurogliaform cells (NGFCs), which coexpressed calbindin and neuropeptide Y, formed the third class, characterized by strong initial adaptation. They did not exhibit the delayed spikes seen in rodent NGFCs. These results indicate that primate interneurons have some specific properties; consequently, direct translation of classification schemes developed from studies in rodents to primates might be inappropriate.
Advanced materials mean advanced engines (1995)

In this, the third Finniston Lecture, the recent advances in aero engine technology made possible by interdisciplinary collaboration between materials scientists and design and manufacturing engineers are reviewed. Of crucial importance is the efficient and cost effective design of component geometries with due regard for material properties and manufacturing process capability. The three operating parameters that most directly define the thrust and fuel consumption of an aircraft gas turbine – fan airflow, or diameter, overall pressure ratio, or compressor delivery temperature, and turbine inlet temperature – are in turn largely dependent on these capabilities. As bypass ratios of commercial turbofans increase, the weight of the large diameter components becomes increasingly important. Titanium and composite materials, each with their own advanced manufacturing techniques, allow thrusts of 100 000 lb to be achieved at acceptable weight. Overall pressure ratio is a major influence in improving fuel consumption. The resulting temperature determines the choice of material – nickel alloy or advanced titanium, and detail design of components in this area is important to make full use of the material capability. High pressure turbine blades represent a most complex design challenge. Nickel alloys have developed to a third generation single crystal standard and ceramics offer a prospect of even higher temperature capability. It is concluded that planning from the start to have dual use application in civil and defence markets is the most cost effective route to further progress.
Cloning and Characterization of &beta;-Carotene Ketolase Gene Promoter in &lt;italic&gt;Haematococcus pluvialis&lt;/italic&gt; (2005)

The unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates a highly valuable ketocarotenoid, astaxanthin, under various environmental stresses. beta-carotene ketolase (BKT) plays a key role in astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis. In this paper, an approximate 700 bp 5'-flanking region of the bkt gene containing a putative promoter was cloned through walking upstream. The results of the sequence analysis showed that this bkt 5'-flanking region might have cis-acting elements such as sterol regulatory element (SRE-1)-like motifs, the C-repeat/dehydration responsive element (DRE) and al-3 proximal element (APE)-like motifs, except for typical TATA and CCAAT boxes. The results of the beta-galactosidase assay and the transient expression of lacZ driven by a series of sequential deletions revealed that a minimal promoter-like region might exist from -630 to -408 bp, and the highest promoter activity was observed to span the positions from -630 to -308 bp. The results of the site-directed mutagenesis of a C-repeat/DRE and two APE-like motifs in a promoter-like region (-630 to -308 bp) suggested that two APE-like motifs might be essential for transcriptional control of the bkt gene.
Linc00152 promotes proliferation in gastric cancer through the EGFR-dependent pathway (2015)

We first found that Linc00152 could promote tumor growth through EGFR-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway which may serve as potential targets for therapy in the future.
Viscosity and Specific Heat of Vegetable Oils as a Function of Temperature: 35°C to 180°C (2008)

The viscosities and specific heat capacities of twelve vegetable oils were experimentally determined as a function of temperature (35 to 180° C) by means of a temperature controlled rheometer and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Viscosities of the oil samples decreased exponentially with temperature. Out of the three models (modified WLF, power law, and Arrhenius) that were used to describe the effect of temperature on viscosity, the modified WLF model gave the best fit. The specific heat capacity of the oil samples however increased linearly with increase in temperature. The equations developed in the study could be valuable for designing or evaluating handling and processing systems and equipment that are involved in the storage, handling and utilization of vegetable oils.
Interleukin‐10 controls interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor production during experimental endotoxemia (1994)

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production and has been shown to protect mice from endotoxin shock. As IFN-gamma is another important mediator of LPS toxicity, we studied the effects of IL-10 on LPS-induced IFN-gamma synthesis in vitro and in vivo. First, we found that the addition of recombinant human IL-10 (rhIL-10) (10 U/ml) to human whole blood markedly suppressed LPS-induced IFN-gamma release while neutralization of endogenously synthesized IL-10 resulted in increased IFN-gamma levels. The ability of rIL-10 to inhibit LPS-induced IFN-gamma synthesis was also observed in vivo in mice. Indeed, administration of 1000 U recombinant mouse IL-10 (rmIL-10) 30 min before and 3 h after challenge of BALB/c mice with 100 micrograms LPS resulted in a threefold decrease in peak IFN-gamma serum levels. We then examined the production and the role of IL-10 during murine endotoxemia. We found that LPS injection causes the rapid release of IL-10, peak IL-10 serum levels being observed 90 min after LPS challenge. Neutralization of endogenously produced IL-10 by administration of 2 mg JES5-2A5 anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2 h before LPS challenge resulted in a marked increase in both TNF and IFN-gamma serum levels while irrelevant isotype-matched mAb had no effect. The enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines in anti-IL-10 mAb-treated mice was associated with a 60% lethality after injection of 500 micrograms LPS, while all mice pretreated with control mAb survived. We conclude that the rapid release of IL-10 during endotoxemia is a natural antiinflammatory response controlling cytokine production and LPS toxicity.
Risk management of the banking system: An emerging market survey (2018)

The purpose of this paper is to examine risk management of the Vietnamese banking system. This is the first such study of the Vietnamese banking system. To be able to carry out a comparative analysis and provide policy recommendations for risk management, we carry out an original survey of Vietnamese commercial banks using a questionnaire. 42% of the interviewees are General/Deputy General Directors and 58% are Heads/Deputies of a risk management department. The Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson chi-square and other tests are employed to examine the relationship between risk management and bank efficiency. The survey results indicate that there is a difference between banks in terms of risk area identification, risk intensification methods prioritized, risk monitoring methods, efficiency improvement suggestions, awareness of other banks’ risk management systems and credit risk analysis.
Characterization of <i>Brucella abortus</i> Soluble Antigen Employed in Immunoassay (1980)

A soluble antigen extract of Brucella abortus (BASA) has been prepared by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories and furnished to a number of workers who are examining antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses of cattle infected with B. abortus. Three lots of BASA were examined. There were quantitative but not qualitative differences among lots by content of protein, total carbohydrate, hexose, fatty acid, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid. The presence of smooth lipopolysaccharide was demonstrated by the presence of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid and lipid, by Limulus lysate gelation activity, and by formation of characteristic lipopolysaccharide precipitates in immunoelectrophoresis. A polysaccharide antigen as well as two nonsurface antigens, A2 and C, were also identified. BASA is a satisfactory antigen for use in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay since the smooth lipopolysaccharide component bound to polystyrene and functioned in the test. Normal murine spleen cells showed a mitogenic response to BASA similar to that produced by purified smooth lipopolysaccharide. BASA has been used in other laboratories to stimulate peripheral blood leukocytes from cattle infected with B. abortus. Because BASA is a mixture of antigenic components shown to have mitogenic effects in the mouse system, questions on the nature of its stimulatory effect on bovine cells are raised.
Formulation development and evaluation of in situ nasal gel of poorly water soluble drug using mixed solvency concept (2011)

The present study was aimed to develop a mucoadhesive in situ nasal gel containing domperidone with enhanced drug loading and transnasal permeation properties, which were achieved by improving drug solubility using the concept of mixed solvency. Poloxamer 407 was used as thermosensitive polymer and carbopol 934P as mucoadhesive polymer. Initially solubility of domperidone was enhanced in aqueous solution by using various solubilizers like sodium citrate (SC), urea (UR), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol (PG) etc, individually and as a combination of two, three, and four solvents, respectively. Maximum solubility of domperidone was achieved at 30% w/w solvent concentration, containing mixed blend of PVP K30 (7.5% w/w) + PEG 400 (7.5% w/w) + PEG 600 (7.5% w/w) + Propylene Glycol (7.5% w/w), enhancing solubility of domperidone by 172.20 times as compared to its solubility in water. In situ gel was prepared by cold technique. Evaluation of the prepared gel was carried out, including properties like phase transition temperature, viscosity, in vitro drug release, drug content, transnasal permeation and stability studies. In vitro drug release studies of aqueous solution of mixed blend were performed and permeability coefficient was found to be 1.576 × 10-02 cm/hr and flux was found to be 8.64 μg/cm2hr. Similarly in vitro studies for in situ nasal gel were performed and percent cumulative drug release was 73.05±0.57% in 6 h.Transnasal drug permeation studies results in flux value of 7.04 μg/cm2hr and percent cumulative drug permeated across the membrane as 86.62±0.992%.The results from stability studies revealed that the prepared thermogel showed no significant decrease in drug content and no physicochemical change was observed upon storage in different temperature conditions resulting as a stable formulation.
Dosimetric characteristics of a double wall <sup>125</sup>I source for interstitial brachytherapy (1993)

Recently, a newly designed encapsulated source of 125I has become commercially available for use in permanent and temporary interstitial brachytherapy. The 125I sources in current use come in two different configurations: the Model 6711 source (Medi Physics/Amersham) for permanent implants has radioactive iodine adsorbed on the surface of a silver wire, and the Model 6702 (Medi Physics/Amersham) source for temporary implants has radioactive iodine absorbed in three spherical resin balls. Both of these iodine sources are encapsulated in a thin-walled shell (0.05-mm thick) made of titanium. The newly designed 125I source (Best Industries Model 2300 series) contains radioactive iodine adsorbed on a tungsten wire that is encapsulated by two walls of titanium. This double-walled 125I source offers the following potential advantages: (i) Because it contains radioactive iodine on the ends as well as the circular surface of the tungsten wire, it can produce a more isotropic dose distribution than the sources in current use; (ii) because it is available in a wider range of source strengths, it is suitable for both temporary and permanent implantation; (iii) because it has a tungsten radiographic marker, source localization is considerably easier than the 125I Model 6702 source that has no radiographic marker; and (iv) because it uses a double-walled encapsulation the risk of radioactive contamination due to source rupture is considerably reduced. In this work, dose distributions produced by the new design 125I source (Model 2300) for interstitial brachytherapy have been measured using LiF TLD's in a Solid Water phantom. Dosimetric characteristics of the new 125I sources are compared with those of the currently available 125I sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Pattern of Buddhist Revival in the Past (2008)

Abstract This chapter identifies the legacies of 17th‐century Chan Buddhism as expansion of Chan influence in Chinese culture and society, integration of monastic practice, and intensive networking by dharma transmission. The chapter argues that Chan Buddhism has a larger role in the history of Chinese Buddhism because it not only bridged the gap between Buddhism and Chinese culture and society and also unified the Buddhist world by systemizing monastic rituals and spreading dharma transmission. The reinvention of Chan also shows that there was a boundary within Chinese society to limit the growth of Buddhism and a general pattern of Buddhist revival can be discerned.
총설 : 비재래형 에너지 고부가화 공정 기술 (2013)

중질탄화수소를 부가가치가 높은 경질탄화수소로 전환하는 업그레이딩 공정은 기존 정유공정에서 사용되고 있는 기술 이다. 최근 석유자원의 한계로 비재래형 에너지(Non conventional energy)기술 개발의 중요성이 증가하고 되었고, 그 생산기술이 점차 상용화되어 기존 정유제품의 수요를 대체하고 있다. 향후 자원 부국과의 경쟁입지를 확보하기 위해 서는 이러한 비재래형 에너지를 이용하기 위한 기술개발이 매우 중요하다. 대표적인 비재래형 에너지로는 오일샌드 (oil sands), 초중질유(extra heavy oil), 셰일가스(shale gas) 등이 있으며, 이 중 오일샌드 및 초중질유는 원유를 대체할 수 있는 비재래형 에너지원으로, 이들 이용기술은 캐나다 및 베네수엘라에서 상업적으로 개발되었다. 특히, 비튜멘 (bitumen) 및 GTL (Gas-To-Liquid) 합성공정의 중간산물인 FT (Fischer-Tropsch) wax는 업그레이딩(upgrading) 혹은 정제 (refining) 공정을 거쳐 가솔린이나 디젤유과 같은 고부가가치 정유 제품으로 생산된다. 이러한 업그레이딩 공정은 기 존 원유 정제공정에서 이루어지고 있는 저급 중질탄화수소의 고도화 공정에 해당되는 기술이다. 비튜멘은 상온에서도 유동성이 없는 고점성의 초중질유와 비슷한 물성을 가진 물질로 기존 정유플랜트에서 처리하기 어려운 성분들이 다 량 포함되어 있어, 원유 정제 기술의 고도화 설비와는 차별화된 기술의 적용이 필요하다. 또한, 생산, 수송 및 판매에 많은 비용과 기술적 제한 사항이 존재하며, 특히 비튜멘 생산과 고부가화 합성원유 생산을 위해 필요한 많은 에너지 비용과 플랜트 건설 투자비용은 오일샌드 개발의 큰 장애 요소로 작용되고 있다. 그러나 비튜멘의 생산, 수송, 고부가 화 부문의 기술적, 사업적 발전 방향에 대한 연구, 검토가 기존 정유사업 고도화와 연계하여 활발히 진행 중에 있다. 오일샌드의 경우, 비튜멘의 일반적인 시장 판매 방법으로 단순히 희석제와 혼합하여 판매하는 방법이 있고, 업그레이 딩을 통하여 합성원유의 형태로 판매하는 방법이 있다. 전자의 경우엔 원유가 대비 희석 비튜멘의 가격차가 커지고, 희석제의 가격이 올라가는 시장상황에서는 불리하다. 또한, 플랜트의 용량이 증가하면, 더욱 경제성이 없어진다. 그래서 처리용량에 맞는 업그레이딩의 적용은 이러한 시장 환경 변화에 대한 대비라 할 수 있다. 이러한 비재래 에너지원의 고부가화(upgrading) 기술에 대하여 알아보고자 한다.