gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serological Methods for the Detection of STEC Infections (2003)

The detection of antibodies to Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) antigens serves varied purposes: (1) the etiologic diagnosis of acute hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and hemorrhagic colitis (HC) in the clinical laboratory; (2) epidemiological investigations; (3) the study of immune responses in STEC-mediated diseases, immunization trials, and animal models. Although the isolation of STEC from the feces of a patient with HC or HUS is generally sufficient evidence for its etiological role in these diseases, it may fail because of a number of circumstances. For example, a timely stool specimen may not be available, the primary laboratory may be unaware of the clinical diagnosis or apply inadequate isolation methods, or the patient may have received suppressive antibiotics. Moreover, when patients present with HUS, usually 5-7d after the onset of diarrhea, the excretion rate of STEC organisms is already substantially diminished. Among E. coli isolates from patients with HUS and HC, STEC O157:H7 predominates. However, so-called non-O157:H7 STEC serotypes are emerging both as causes of outbreaks and sporadic HUS and diarrhea, especially in Europe, Australia and South America. The clinical features of non-O157 STEC infections closely resemble those of prototypic E. coli O157:H7 disease (1,2). The microbiological diagnosis of non-O157:H7 STEC strains is complicated by the lack of easily detectable biochemical or growth characteristics and large serotype diversity. Serological techniques offer a complementary, culture-independent diagnostic approach. They are indispensable for epidemiological and immunization studies.
Optical Absorption and Photoluminescence Studies of n-type GaN (1999)

The Si-doping dependence of absorption coefficient and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) was studied at room temperature. Band gap narrowing and band tailing effect were observed in the absorption spectra of GaN samples with high carrier concentration. A clear red shift and broadening of the PL emission peak were observed with increasing dopant concentration, which could also be attributed to the band tailing effect. This study shows that the band tailing effect plays an important role in determining the optical properties of Si-doped GaN.
Amine-Bearing Mesoporous Silica for CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S Removal from Natural Gas and Biogas (2009)

Triamine-grafted pore-expanded mesoporous silica (TRI-PE-MCM-41) exhibited high CO(2) and H(2)S adsorption capacity as well as high selectivity toward acid gases versus CH(4). Unlike physical adsorbents such as zeolites and activated carbons, the presence of moisture in the feed enhanced the CO(2) removal capability of TRI-PE-MCM-41 without altering its H(2)S adsorption capacity. Thus, depending on the feed composition, CO(2) and H(2)S may be removed over TRI-PE-MCM-41 simultaneously or sequentially. These findings are suitable for acid gas separation from CH(4)-containing mixtures such as natural gas and biogas.
A model for avalanche breakdown calculation in low-voltage trench power MOSFET devices (2012)

In this work, the avalanche breakdown phenomenon in low-voltage trench power MOSFET is investigated through two-dimensional device simulations. The breakdown dependence from device geometrical characteristics is carefully characterized with particular attention to trench depth and drain region length and doping. An analytical model for breakdown calculation in a trench structure is presented. The analytical model is based on a well-known p+–n unilateral junction model, with a maximum electric field value correction to take into account the trench structure perturbation. It shows good results for a wide range of drift region characteristics and trench lengths.
Soft solution processing for fabrication of lithiated thin-film electrodes in a single synthetic step (1998)

A process called ‘soft solution processing’ was used to prepare lithiated thin-film electrodes as a cathode for lithium rechargeable microbatteries in a single synthetic step. The well crystallized Li1–xNi1+xO2 films were fabricated by the electrochemical–hydrothermal treatment of nickel plates in 4 m LiOH solution at fixed temperatures around 100 °C with no post-synthesis annealing. The prepared films exhibit prospective electrochemical activity; however, it is dependent on the synthetic conditions. The film formation mechanism study elucidates the effect of the synthetic conditions and also shows that soft solution processing is capable of preparing advanced inorganic materials with desired properties through the active control of the reaction conditions.
Construction and characterization of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for the A genome of wheat (1999)

A genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of the A genome of wheat has been constructed. Triticum monococcum accession DV92 was selected for this purpose because it is a cultivated diploid wheat and one of the parental lines used in the construction of a saturated genetic map. Leaves from this accession were used to isolate high-molecular-weight DNA from nuclei. This DNA was partially digested with restriction enzyme Hind III, subjected to double size selection, electroeluted and cloned into the pINDIGO451 BAC vector. The library consists of 276,480 clones with an average insert size of 115 kb. Excluding the 1.33% of empty clones and 0.14% of clones with chloroplast DNA, the coverage of this library is 5.6 genome equivalents. With this genome coverage the probability of having any DNA sequence represented in this library is higher than 99.6%. Clones were sorted in 720,384-well plates and blotted onto 15 high-density filters. High-density filters were screened with several single or low-copy clones and five positive BAC clones were selected for further analysis. Since most of the T. monococcum BAC ends included repetitive sequences, a modification was introduced into the classical end-isolation procedure to select low copy sequences for chromosome walking.
Mechanism of the Citrate Transporters in Carbohydrate and Citrate Cometabolism in <i>Lactococcus</i> and <i>Leuconostoc</i> Species (1998)

Citrate metabolism in the lactic acid bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides generates an electrochemical proton gradient across the membrane by a secondary mechanism (C. Marty-Teysset, C. Posthuma, J. S. Lolkema, P. Schmitt, C. Divies, and W. N. Konings, J. Bacteriol. 178:2178-2185, 1996). Reports on the energetics of citrate metabolism in the related organism Lactococcus lactis are contradictory, and this study was performed to clarify this issue. Cloning of the membrane potential-generating citrate transporter (CitP) of Leuconostoc mesenteroides revealed an amino acid sequence that is almost identical to the known sequence of the CitP of Lactococcus lactis. The cloned gene was expressed in a Lactococcus lactis Cit- strain, and the gene product was functionally characterized in membrane vesicles. Uptake of citrate was counteracted by the membrane potential, and the transporter efficiently catalyzed heterologous citrate-lactate exchange. These properties are essential for generation of a membrane potential under physiological conditions and show that the Leuconostoc CitP retains its properties when it is embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane of Lactococcus lactis. Furthermore, using the same criteria and experimental approach, we demonstrated that the endogenous CitP of Lactococcus lactis has the same properties, showing that the few differences in the amino acid sequences of the CitPs of members of the two genera do not result in different catalytic mechanisms. The results strongly suggest that the energetics of citrate degradation in Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides are the same; i.e., citrate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis is a proton motive force-generating process.
Preoperative Proteinuria Predicts Adverse Renal Outcomes after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (2010)

Whether preoperative proteinuria associates with adverse renal outcomes after cardiac surgery is unknown. Here, we performed a secondary analysis of a prospectively enrolled cohort of adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) at a medical center and its two affiliate hospitals between 2003 and 2007. We excluded patients with stage 5 CKD or those who received dialysis previously. We defined proteinuria, measured with a dipstick, as mild (trace to 1+) or heavy (2+ to 4+). Among a total of 1052 patients, cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) developed in 183 (17.4%) patients and required renal replacement therapy (RRT) in 50 (4.8%) patients. In a multiple logistic regression model, mild and heavy proteinuria each associated with an increased odds of CSA-AKI, independent of CKD stage and the presence of diabetes mellitus (mild: OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.52; heavy: OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.90). Heavy proteinuria also associated with increased odds of postoperative RRT (OR 7.29, 95% CI 3.00 to 17.73). In summary, these data suggest that preoperative proteinuria is a predictor of CSA-AKI among patients undergoing CABG.
Process and Reaction Flavors: An Overview (2005)

Maillard reaction, lipid oxidation, degradation of sugars, proteins, lipids, ribonucleotides, pigments and vitamins, and the interactions of degradation products are the chemical platform for generating many flavor compounds encountered in process and reaction flavors, flavorings and foods. The flavor industry is by far the largest user of knowledge from process/and reaction flavor studies and has grown from approximately 2 billions, 20 years ago, to about 8 billion dollars in annual sales today. During the last few decades, much progress in the understanding and utilization of process flavors was made due to advances in chromatographic separation and computer-related technology, relentless investigation of a wide range of flavor precursors, regulation that met consumer safety concerns, and industry demand for better, complex and authentic products. This symposium was organized to shed some light on the current state of science in process and reaction flavors, and to report recent significant findings.
Properties of SiO2/Si/GaAs structures formed by solid phase epitaxy of amorphous Si on GaAs (1991)

We have achieved solid phase epitaxy of thin amorphous Si layers on GaAs using in situ plasma processing and subsequent annealing. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the SiO2/Si/GaAs structure shows that a Si layer ≂20 Å thick epitaxially crystallizes on GaAs after annealing at ≂570 °C in N2. Metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors fabricated on these structures confirm the high quality of these interfaces. By comparing a high- frequency (100 kHz) capacitance-voltage curve with a quasi-static one, interface state densities as low as 4×1012 eV−1/cm−2 were measured on both n- and p-type GaAs.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Blood Lactate-to-Pyruvate Molar Ratio in the Differential Diagnosis of Congenital Lactic Acidosis (2007)

Usefulness of the L:P ratio for differentiating non-PDH and PDH-D types of CLA increases at higher lactate concentrations.
Scheduling of multimedia traffic in interference-limited broadband wireless access networks (2003)

The paper proposes a transmission scheduling algorithm for interference management in broadband wireless access networks. The algorithm aims at minimizing the cochannel interference using base station coordination while still maintaining the other quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as packet delay, throughput, and packet loss. The interference reduction is achieved by avoiding (or minimizing) concurrent transmission of potential dominant interferers. Dynamic slot allocation based on traffic information in other cells/sectors is employed. In order to implement the algorithm in a distributed manner, base stations have to exchange traffic information. Both real-time and non-real-time services are considered. Results show that significant enhancement in the signal-to-interference ratio can be achieved which decreases the packet error rate by almost one order of magnitude at the expense of a higher, but acceptable, packet delay at high loading.
Designing a data structure for polyhedral surfaces (1997)

Design solutions for a program library are presented for combinatorial data structures in computational geometry such as planar maps and polyhedral sur faces Design issues considered are genericity exibility time and space eciency and easeofuse We focus on topological aspects of polyhedral surfaces Edge based representations for polyhedrons are evaluated with respect to the design goals A design for polyhedral surfaces in a halfedge data structure is developed following the generic programming paradigm known from the Standard Template Library STL for C++. Connections are shown to planar maps and facebased structures managing holes in facets.
ICT and Lifelong Learning: Hong Kong's Experience for Elderly Learners (2010)

Learning plays a key role in ageing societies as it can help to address many of the related challenges and opportunities. Opportunities to learn should be given to senior citizens through appropriate local lifelong learning programmes. There is a need to improve research and development on learning tools and approaches designed to meet the different needs of older people. ICT has an important role to play in developing learning opportunities for older people both as a topic in its own right and as a means of learning in the so called knowledge society. This paper reports on a Hong Kong case survey understanding the role of ICT in lifelong learning for elderly and its impact of learning activity. The survey results suggest numbers of areas should be taken into consideration for older people as both learners and mentors.
Monolithic miniaturized quartz microbalance array and its application to chemical sensor systems for liquids (2003)

We report on the design, fabrication, and application of novel monolithic miniaturized quartz microbalance (QMB) arrays. Up until now, almost all reported resonator arrays (often designated as "electronic noses" or "electronic tongues", respectively, dependent on their application) are assembled from single QMBs. We fabricate arrays with up to 36 QMBs on a single AT-cut quartz blank. Mass sensitive devices based on AT-cut quartz resonators are suitable as (bio)chemical sensors. A frequency shift caused by mass accumulation on the sensor surface increases theoretically with f <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , hence the detection limits for the application as chemical sensors should be decreased with increasing frequency. Since the quality factor Q of a quartz crystal decreases with f, the frequency stability is reduced, thus limiting mass sensitivity. The mass sensitivity of resonators with different resonant frequencies was examined by means of electrochemical copper deposition on their surface. Subsequently, the manufactured resonators were coated with different layers (polystyrene, amyl-calix[8]arene, β-cyclodextrine). In order to examine the applicability of such coatings as sensitive layers, their sensitivities to toluene in water were investigated. Moreover, arrays with up to four different resonant frequencies on one chip were fabricated for comparing the resonator behavior of the same coating at different frequencies. In another test setup, different layers were sprayed onto an array of microbalances having all the same resonant frequency. This allowed for comparing the different coating behavior under equivalent test conditions. Arrays were tested for viscosity measurement to find an optimum resonant frequency.
Large aperture CO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;laser discharges (1973)

Large aperture high-pressure gas laser discharges are a prerequisite for the development of high-energy gas lasers of sufficient power for the production of plasmas of thermonuclear interest. Of the several approaches being followed toward the attainment of such discharges, one utilizing weak volumetric preionization of the active gas region produced by UV radiation is described. The use of this technique has resulted in the successful generation of atmospheric-pressure CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> laser discharges between electrodes separated by 30 cm, having total cross sections of ∼600 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . With input energies of ∼200 J/1 small signal gain values of 4-5 percent cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> were measured in 1 : 1 : 3 gas mixtures of CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , and He, respectively. It is thus concluded that this excitation technique could be incorporated into the fabrication of large volume gas laser amplifiers having beam cross sections in excess of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and total output-energy capabilities of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim 10^{4}</tex> J.
Activation of bovine factor X (Stuart factor) - analogy with pancreatic zymogen-enzyme systems (1978)

The activation of bovine coagulation factor X has been studied by kinetic and spectrophotometric measurements. The pH dependence of the hydrolysis of specific ester substrates by activated factor Xa can be ascribed to two independently ionizing groups with pKa values of 6.9 and 8.8, respectively. The rates of reaction of factor X, before and after activation, with the active-site titrant methanesulfonyl fluoride, suggest that the reactivity of the active-site serine residue in factor X is similar to that in trypsinogen and in factor Xa similar to that in trypsin. Analogous comparisons using diisopropyl phosphofluoridate as the titrant suggest that a hydrophobic binding site is absent in both the enzyme and zymogen. This conclusion is consistent with the lack of change in circular dichroism when acyl derivatives of factor V are converted to their acyl enzyme counterparts.
Involvement of Rho/Rho kinase pathway in regulation of apoptosis in rat hepatic stellate cells (2003)

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a central role in the development of hepatic fibrosis. Recent evidence has revealed that HSCs also play a role in its resolution, where HSC apoptosis was determined. Moreover, induction of HSC apoptosis caused a reduction of experimental hepatic fibrosis in rats. Thus knowing the mechanism of HSC apoptosis might be important to clarify the pathophysiology and establish the therapeutic strategy for hepatic fibrosis. In HSCs, Rho and Rho kinase are known to regulate contraction, migration, and proliferation with modulation of cell morphology. Controversy exists as to the participation of Rho and Rho kinase on cell survival, and little is known regarding this matter in HSCs. In this study, we directed our focus on the role of the Rho pathway in the regulation of HSC survival. C3, an inhibitor of Rho, increased histone-associated DNA fragmentation and caspase 3 activity with enhanced condensation of nuclear chromatin in rat cultured HSCs. Moreover, Y-27632, an inhibitor of Rho kinase, had the same effects, suggesting that inhibition of the Rho/Rho kinase pathway causes HSC apoptosis. On the other hand, lysophosphatidic acid, which stimulates the Rho/Rho kinase pathway, decreased histone-associated DNA fragmentation in HSCs. Inhibition of the Rho/Rho kinase pathway did not affect p53, Bcl-2, or Bax levels in HSCs. Thus we concluded that the Rho/Rho kinase pathway may play a role in the regulation of HSC survival.
Innovative approach in the diagnosis of gliomatosis cerebri using carbon-11-L-methionine positron emission tomography. (1991)

A case of gliomatosis cerebri was studied with positron emission tomography (PET). Carbon-11-L-methionine (11C-Met) accumulated in the diffusely infiltrative tumorous area more widely and accurately than the lesion detected by conventional x-ray computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Autopsy findings three months after the time of the PET study showed good anatomical correspondence between the extent of densely aggregated tumor cells and the region with high uptake of 11C-Met. PET may offer an innovative approach in the delineation of gliomatosis cerebri, which has not been clearly recognized by CT or MR.
Modeling DCT coefficients for fast video encoding (1999)

Digital video coding standards such as H.263 and MPEG are becoming more and more important for multimedia applications. Due to the huge amount of computations required, there are significant efforts to speed up the processing of video encoders. Previously, the efforts were mainly focused on the fast motion-estimation algorithm. However, as the motion-estimation algorithm becomes optimized, to speed up the video encoders further we also need to optimize other functions such as the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and inverse DCT (IDCT). In this paper, we propose a theoretical model for DCT coefficients. Based on the model, we develop an adaptive algorithm to reduce the computations of DCT, IDCT, quantization, and inverse quantization. We also present a fast DCT algorithm to speed up the calculations of DCT further when the quantization step size is large. We show, by simulations, that significant improvement in the processing speed can be achieved with negligible video-quality degradation, We also implement the algorithm in a real-time PC-based platform to show that it is effective and practical.
Analysis of multiple-arm conical log-spiral antennas (1971)

An <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> -arm log-spiral antenna may be excited in <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N - 1</tex> orthogonal modes of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> -tuple input. A rigorous solution to the spiral antenna of more than two arms is obtained by numerical solution of the integral equations. Results for a four-arm spiral, including current distribution, half-power beamwidth, beam orientation, and gain and phase centers, are presented. The propagation constant of the current waves along each spiral arm is found to be approximately the speed of light. An approximate <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k-\beta</tex> diagram is given which may be used to estimate the size of the antenna for each mode of operation.