gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Photovoltaic Properties of Ti-modified Nanocrystalline ZnO Electrode for Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (2005)

Nano-porous semiconducting materials have been an intensive research field for many photovoltaic (PV) applications. The Gratzel-type dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is one of the important devices of those applications. Using TiO2 nanocrystalline electrode, it achieved recently the best energy conversion efficiency (η) as high as 11%. ZnO has similar electronic properties with TiO2 including conduction band (CB) position and band gap, so it has been also regarded as a good candidate for DSSC. Moreover, various simple and effective synthetic routes have been developed for nanocrystalline ZnO materials, while the optimized nanocrystalline TiO2 colloid can be prepared only through the hydrothermal method until now. Nevertheless, ZnObased DSSCs showed PV properties much inferior to TiO2based devices, though some systems using big particles exhibit slightly improved properties. For instance, Fitzmaurice
Standard cell pin access and physical design in advanced lithography (2016)

Standard cell pin access has become one of the most challenging issues for the back-end physical design in sub-14nm technology nodes due to increased pin density, limited number of routing tracks, and complex DFM rules/constraints from multiple patterning lithography. The standard cell I/O pin access problem is very difficult also because the access points of each pin are limited and they interfere with each other. There have been several studies across various standard cell and physical design stages, including standard cell pin access optimization, placement mitigation and routing planning, to achieve overall pin access optimization. In this paper, we will introduce a holistic approach across different design stages to deal with the pin access issue while accommodating the complex DFM constraints in advanced lithography.
性别的巨大差异―全球女性从属特征的文化、认知与社会基础 (2008)

基于性别的分类方法是最基本的社会分类方法，它是包括家务劳动分工、劳动力、政治和宗教在内的多数主要社会建制的组织基础。从全球范围来看，女性的性别角色往往被认为是从属于男性的，于是，这种性别划分就强化了女性在生儿育女和辅助活动中的作用，并限制了她们的自主权，限制了她们参与决策和从事高额报酬工作的活动，由此将女性置于危险之中。同时，这一过程也由于社会、文化和心理机制的作用而被强化。这种性别划分也因不同群体的稳定性和各种社会运动的成功性而有所不同。现在，性别分析往往被孤立开来，因此，建议所有社会学家都应在自己的研究中思考性别问题，以便更好地理解主要的社会建制以及各种社会关系。
Inducible Costimulator Protein Controls the Protective T Cell Response Against <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (2002)

The inducible costimulator protein (ICOS) was recently identified as a costimulatory molecule for T cells. Here we analyze the role of ICOS for the acquired immune response of mice against the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. During oral L. monocytogenes infection, low levels of ICOS expression were detected by extracellular and intracellular Ab staining of Listeria-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Blocking of ICOS signaling with a soluble ICOS-Ig fusion protein markedly impaired the Listeria-specific T cell responses. Compared with control mice, the ICOS-Ig treated mice generated significantly reduced numbers of Listeria-specific CD8(+) T cells in spleen and liver, as determined by tetramer and intracellular cytokine staining. In contrast, the specific CD8(+) T cell response in the intestinal mucosa did not appear to be impaired by the ICOS-Ig treatment. Analysis of the CD4(+) T cell response revealed that ICOS-Ig treatment also affected the specific CD4(+) T cell response. When restimulated with listerial Ag in vitro, reduced numbers of CD4(+) T cells from infected and ICOS-Ig-treated mice responded with IFN-gamma production. The impaired acquired immune response in ICOS-Ig treated mice was accompanied by their increased susceptibility to L. monocytogenes infection. ICOS-Ig treatment drastically enhanced bacterial titers, and a large fraction of mice succumbed to the otherwise sublethal dose of infection. Thus, ICOS costimulation is crucial for protective immunity against the intracellular bacterium L. monocytogenes.
Barrier inhomogeneities and electrical characteristics of Ti/4H-SiC Schottky rectifiers (1999)

Forward density-voltage (J-V) measurements of titanium/4H-SiC Schottky rectifiers are presented in a large temperature range. While some of the devices present a behavior in accordance with the thermionic current theory, others present an excess forward current at low voltage level. This anomaly appears more or less depending on the rectifier and on the temperature. A model based on two parallel Schottky rectifiers with different barrier heights is presented. The characteristics show good agreement. It is shown that the excess current at low voltage can be explained by a lowering of the Schottky barrier in localized regions. A proposal for the physical origin of these low barrier height areas is given.
Preclinical studies on Myrcludex B, a novel Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-envelope protein derived entry inhibitor (2010)

The approved treatment options for chronic hepatitis B consist either of inhibition of HBV genome replication by nucleoside or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors or stimulation of innate or adaptive immune responses e.g. by interferon α. However, although these drugs can reduce the HBV serum titers significantly, an elimination of the virus is commonly not achieved. Furthermore, virus replication in the presence of RT inhibitors can result in the selection and amplification of resistant mutants. Inhibitors of the HBV entry could circumvent these limitations and therefore would be promising drug candidates for the therapy of HBV infection. We previously demonstrated that myristoylated HBV envelope protein-derived peptides block HBV infection in vitro (1) and in vivo (2). Based on this observation, we here describe the preclinical drug development of the lead substance called Myrcludex B. This peptide is capable to inhibit the in vitro HBV infection in a concentration dependent manner already at picomolar concentrations. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that the peptide targets the liver of even non HBV susceptible hosts with high selectivity, suggesting the presence of a species-independent but hepatocyte-specific receptor. Serum stability tests revealed a high stability of Myrcludex B with only marginal degradation of the peptide after 24h. Single dose pharmacokinetic studies in rats following intravenous or subcutaneous injections showed a selective accumulation of the peptide in the animal livers already 1h post injection. The peptide remains detectable up to 72h post administration. In single dose, 1 and 4 week toxicity studies in rats using up to 12.5mg/kg of body weight no mortality, toxicity or treatment related changes in cytokine production could be detected. Taken together these data provide compelling evidence that Myrcludex B represents a promising novel drug candidate for subsequent clinical studies applicable for HBV and HDV infections.
Scanning electron microscopy of epidermal adherence and cavitation in murine candidiasis: a role for Candida acid proteinase (1988)

Adherence of blastoconidia to epidermal corneocytes is an early event in Candida colonization and infection of the skin. Pathogenic species adhere more avidly than nonpathogenic species, transform to hyphal growth, and invade the stratum corneum of the skin. Adherence was studied by scanning electron microscopy of experimental murine cutaneous Candida infections, using six species of Candida. Candida albicans and C. stellatoidea blastoconidia, applied to newborn mouse skin, adhered to the stratum corneum in greater numbers than other species tested, acquired fibrils and strands of amorphous mucinlike material ("cohesin") between spores and the corneocyte cell surface, formed cavitations in the corneocyte surface, and invaded the corneocyte envelope by hyphal growth at sites distant to the point of blastoconidia attachment. Other species showed little or no adherence, colonization, or cavitation of the corneocyte surface, except C. tropicalis, which showed intermediate results. Pepstatin, an inhibitor of Candida acid proteinase, did not alter adherence or cohesion formation, but inhibited formation of corneocyte cavitations about adherent blastoconidia, suggesting that this enzyme may facilitate adherence/invasion events on skin. Depletion of surface lipids did not alter the formation of cohesin material or the adherence process. Adherence and invasion of epithelium by pathogenic Candida species include the interaction of blastoconidia with an epithelial surface cohesin material that participates in the adherence process. Candida acid proteinase, a keratinolytic enzyme, may participate in the cavitation process of the corneocyte surface by C. albicans.
An aspect-independent sonar target recognition method (1981)

A method for sonar target recognition is extended to include target echoes from an arbitrary aspect. The features used for target recognition are the sampled frequency responses of the targets. Since the feature vector varies strongly with aspect angle, a method for extracting linear combinations of features which tend to be aspect independent is applied. The method was tested on experimental echoes using a variety of recognition parameters. The probability of misrecognition ranged from 0.035 to 0.2.
Diverging binding capacities of natural LD78β isoforms of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α to the CC chemokine receptors 1, 3 and 5 affect their anti-HIV-1 activity and chemotactic potencies for neutrophils and eosinophils (2001)

Recently, the LD78beta isoform of the CC chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha was shown to efficiently chemoattract lymphocytes and monocytes and to inhibit infection of mononuclear cells by R5 HIV-1 strains. We have now demonstrated that after cleavage of the NH2-terminal Ala-Pro dipeptide by CD26, LD78beta(3 - 70) became the most potent chemokine blocking HIV-1. LD78beta(3 - 70) competed tenfold more efficiently than LD78beta(1 - 70) with [125I] RANTES for binding to the CC chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR1. Contrary to LD78alpha, LD78beta(1 - 70) at 30 ng/ml efficiently competed with [125I] RANTES for binding to CCR3 and mobilized calcium in CCR3 transfectants, whereas LD78beta(3 - 70) showed a 30-fold decrease in CCR3 affinity compared to LD78beta(1 - 70). This demonstrates the importance of the penultimate proline in LD78beta(1 - 70) for CCR3 recognition. Both LD78beta isoforms efficiently chemoattracted eosinophils from responsive donors. In contrast, only the CCR3 agonist LD78beta(1 - 70) and not LD78beta(3 - 70), induced calcium increases in eosinophils with low levels of CCR1. In responder neutrophils, LD78beta(3 - 70) elicited calcium fluxes at a 30-fold lower dose (10 ng/ml) compared to intact LD78beta and LD78alpha, whereas the three MIP-1alpha isoforms were equipotent neutrophil chemoattractants. Taken together, both LD78beta isoforms are potent HIV-1 inhibitors (CCR5) and activators for neutrophils (CCR1) and eosinophils (CCR1, CCR3), affecting infection and inflammation.
Comparative X-ray Standing Wave Analysis of Metal−Phosphonate Multilayer Films of Dodecane and Porphyrin Molecular Square (2005)

The nanoscale structures of multilayer metal-phosphonate thin films prepared via a layer-by-layer assembly process using Zr(4+) and 1,12-dodecanediylbis(phosphonic acid) (DDBPA) or porphyrin square bis(phosphonic acid) (PSBPA) were studied using specular X-ray reflectivity (XRR), X-ray fluorescence, and long-period X-ray standing wave (XSW) analysis. The films were prepared in 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 layer series on both Si(001) substrates for XRR and on 18.6 nm period Si/Mo layered-synthetic microstructure X-ray mirrors for XSW. After functionalizing the SiO(2) substrate surfaces with a monolayer film terminated with phosphonate groups, the organic multilayer films were assembled by alternating immersions in (a) aqueous solutions containing Zr(4+)or Hf(4+) (final metal layer only) cations and then (b) organic solvent solutions of PO(3)-R-PO(3)(4-), where R was DDBPA or PSBPA spacer molecule. The Hf(4+) cation served as the marker for the top surface of the films, whereas the Zr(4+) cation was present in all other layers. The PSBPA also contained Zn and Re atoms at its midline which served as heavy-atom markers for each layer. The long-period XSW generated by the 0th- (total external reflection) through 4th-order Bragg diffraction conditions made it possible to examine the Fourier transforms of the fluorescent atom distributions over a much larger q(z) range in reciprocal space which permitted simultaneous analysis of Hf, Zn/Re, and Zr atomic distributions.
Electronic and magnetic properties of MnN versus MnAs (2003)

Electronic and magnetic properties of MnN and MnAs compounds in the hypothetical cubic zinc-blende phase are studied using first-principles band structure method. We show that the high electronegativity and small atomic size of N compared to As lead to interesting consequences: MnN has a low-spin antiferromagnetic ground state, whereas MnAs has a high-spin hole mediated ferromagnetic (FM) ground state. Because the Mn d bands are higher in energy than the N p band, Mn is not efficient to generate free holes in the nitrides. Therefore, previous prediction that undoped Ga1−xMnxN diluted alloy can result in room-temperature FM semiconductor should be reexamined.
Desmopressin inhibits lung and lymph node metastasis in a mouse mammary carcinoma model of surgical manipulation (2002)

Our results suggest a potential clinical application of DDAVP in the management of breast cancer, as well as other aggressive solid tumors. DDAVP may be useful to reduce the risk of metastatic cell colonization both during and after surgical manipulation.
Isolating rod function in the human eye (2013)

The first chapter explains the motivation for measuring rod function, in particular the rod?s dynamic recovery from a substantial bleach which results in so-called ?rate limited? recovery of sensitivity. The physiological processes that underpin the replenishment of the rod photopigment are described and discussed, and explain the way in which rod function can act as a marker for retinal health. Overall, this chapter explains why rod function is worthy of further investigation.Then follows a description of the experimental methods used in the study of rod function, presented in later chapters. The psychophysical procedures are described and a new method of dark adaptation measurement is presented. The key feature of this technique is a red background.Nonlinear mathematical models are used to describe the reduction in visual thresholds with time following a bleach. Chapter three describes the difficulties associated with numerical methods of nonlinear regression and presents a novel, multi start algorithm that extracts the parameters of interest from a model that adequately describes dark adaptation in the healthy normal subject.Chapter 4 verifies the algorithm presented in chapter 3, which is shown to be reliable and robust. A series of numerical experiments are performed to evaluate some of the characteristics of the algorithm?s performance.In chapter five, a series of experiments are presented to investigate the possible effect of a luminous background on dark adaptation (DA). The first experiment tests whether the rod system can detect a dim red background and the second, whether the rod thresh olds, when measured against light emitted by a red light emitting diode (LED), were linear. The third explores whether the background had any effect on the recovery of rod sensitivity. Finally, conventional contrast sensitivity is used to investigate the recovery from a photo bleach.A novel laboratory based apparatus was used to measure dark adaptation in a group of 36 subjects and the results of these measurements are presented in chapter six. The aim here was to see if the data collected were comparable with the dark adaptation data in the literature. These subjects were asked to make two visits so that an assessment of the test retest reliability of the method could be made. The method is shown to be reliable and capable of characterising the recovery of the visual system after a photo bleach.Although inherently flexible the analogue apparatus was prone to subject driven variability. Greater consistency of measurement was achieved using a digital device developed in partnership with an industry partner, Elektron (UK). This device, described in chapter seven provided fine control of many of the experimental parameters. It was used to measure the dark adaptation of a young healthy group of 21 people.This study uses new methodological approaches, both experimental and statistical, that are robust and reliable to facilitate investigation of rod function, and presents new findings about the early phase of rod sensitivity recovery.
Bone healing following immediate versus delayed placement of titanium implants into extraction sockets: a prospective clinical study. (2003)

New bone formation occurs in infrabony defects associated with immediately placed implants in extraction sockets.
Percutaneous revascularization techniques (1993)

Provides a state-of-the-art update on percutaneous revascularization techniques from both the radiologic and surgical perspective, including descriptions of the imaging techniques used for guidance, instruments and methods used to perform these procedures. Case reports are included, where appropriate, and the emphasis is placed on discussing the technical aspects of the approach to individual anatomic areas.
Immunomodulatory effects of dehydroepiandrosterone in proestrus female mice after trauma-hemorrhage (2003)

Studies indicate that administration of the adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) after trauma-hemorrhage in male mice improved cellular immune functions and reduced mortality rates from subsequent sepsis. There is evidence, however, that DHEA is converted to estrogens in males and that estrogens are immunoprotective after trauma-hemorrhage (TH). In contrast, DHEA in females can be converted to testosterone that has deleterious effects on immune functions. The aim of our study, therefore, was to determine whether administration of DHEA in proestrus females after TH would deteriorate immune responses. Proestrus female C3H/HeN mice (age 7-8 wk) were subjected to laparotomy (i.e., soft tissue trauma induced) and hemorrhagic shock (35 +/- 5 mmHg for 90 min) or sham operation. The mice then received DHEA (100 micro/25 g body wt) or vehicle subcutaneously followed by fluid resuscitation (4x the shed blood volume). Plasma IL-6, splenocyte proliferation, splenocyte IL-2, IL-3, IFN-gamma, IL-10 release, and splenic Mphi IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 release were determined 24 h after TH. Plasma IL-6 levels were significantly increased in vehicle-treated females, and DHEA administration markedly attenuated this response. In vehicle-treated females, splenocyte proliferation, IL-2, IL-3, and IFN-gamma release, and splenic Mphi IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-12 release were maintained or slightly enhanced after TH. In DHEA-treated females, however, these immune functional parameters were either unaltered compared with vehicle-treated animals or even further enhanced, but surprisingly were not depressed. Moreover, DHEA reduced splenocyte and splenic M phi anti-inflammatory cytokine (i.e., IL-10) production after TH compared with vehicle-treated females. Because DHEA further enhances the immune responsiveness in proestrus females after TH, this hormone might be a useful adjunct even in females for further enhancing immune responses and decreasing the mortality rate after trauma and severe blood loss.
Effect of Eudragit on In Vitro Transfection Efficiency of PEI-DNA Complexes. (2016)

The results show a synergistic action of EE100 in transfection of DNA at low N/P ratios compared to PEI alone.
The double-padlock problem: Is secure classical information transmission possible without key exchange? (2014)

The idealized Kish-Sethuraman (KS) cipher is theoretically known to offer perfect security through a classical information channel. However, realization of the protocol is hitherto an open problem, as the required mathematical operators have not been identified in the previous literature. A mechanical analogy of this protocol can be seen as sending a message in a box using two padlocks; one locked by the Sender and the other locked by the Receiver, so that theoretically the message remains secure at all times. We seek a mathematical representation of this process, considering that it would be very unusual if there was a physical process with no mathematical description. We select Clifford's geometric algebra for this task as it is a natural formalism to handle rotations in spaces of various dimension. The significance of finding a mathematical description that describes the protocol, is that it is a possible step toward a physical realization having benefits in increased security with reduced complexity.
Improved discriminative bilingual word alignment (2006)

For many years, statistical machine translation relied on generative models to provide bilingual word alignments. In 2005, several independent efforts showed that discriminative models could be used to enhance or replace the standard generative approach. Building on this work, we demonstrate substantial improvement in word-alignment accuracy, partly though improved training methods, but predominantly through selection of more and better features. Our best model produces the lowest alignment error rate yet reported on Canadian Hansards bilingual data.
Review: Systemic consequences of COPD (2007)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent chronic lung condition, affecting approximately 10% of adults over the age of 40 years in the western world. Research over the past 10 years has shown that COPD is more than just a lung disorder; it affects other end-organs including the cardiovascular and the musculoskeletal systems, making it a multi-component, multi-system disease. COPD increases the risk for ischemic heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, cachexia, and muscle weakness by two to threefold, independent of other factors such as smoking and age. The mechanisms by which COPD affects these end-organs, however, are unclear. In this paper, we review some of the common and serious extra-pulmonary manifestations of COPD and the potential mechanisms by which they can be linked with COPD.
Flickerless Dynamic IR Scene Generation For Simulation Applications (1988)

Military infrared systems are growing increasingly sophisticated. However, the methods required to test them are lacking. In order to effectively evaluate these systems, new techniques are needed for simulating real world infrared (IR) scenery. An investigation of a new approach toward the development of a dynamic infrared image generator is described. The primary goal was to demonstrate flickerless infrared scene presentation. The system is based on the use of a flickerless video projector and a visible-to-infrared transducer (VIRT).
[Amyloid PET imaging in patients with Alzheimer's disease]. (2017)

Until a few years ago, amyloid plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease could only be demonstrated by means of neuropathological examination. New PET tracers allow for visualisation of these amyloid plaques in living patients. Biological validity and clinical relevance of this technique have been established. Expertise in interpretation of the images and the diagnostic impact is required. Cost effectiveness and added value over existing methods in terms of diagnosis and prognosis are still being investigated.
Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Induced Intervertebral Discitis as an Animal Model for Discogenic Low Back Pain (2009)

Intradiscal CFA injection led to chronic disk degeneration with allodynia, which was suggested by pain behavior and expression of pain-related mediators. The increment of CGRP, PGE, and iNOS also suggest pain-related signal processing between the IVD and the neural pathway in this animal model. This animal model may be useful for future research related to the pathophysiology and development of novel treatment for spine-related pain.