gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
길랭-바레증후군에서 면역글로불린 치료 후 발생한 폐혈전색전증 (2016)

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a safe treatment to treat various neurological disorders, but fatal thrombotic events as rare complications have been reported. A 54-year-old woman with Guillain-Barre syndrome complained of dyspnea during IVIG treatment. She was finally diagnosed with pulmonary ...
Allgemeine Faktoren (1965)

Ober den Einfluß der Entfernung zwischen Wohnung und Arbeitsstätte auf Anzahl und/oder Dauer der Fehlschichten liegen nur wenige verwertbare Angaben vor. Jackson (1944) berichtete aus den Vereinigten Staaten, daß diejenigen Beschäftigten, die aus einem benachbarten Bundesstaat kamen oder die eine Reihe von Meilen entfernt wohnten, häufiger fehlten als die Ortsansässigen oder die, die zu weit wohnten, um regelmäßig nach Hause fahren zu können. Wells (1942), der die Abwesenheitszeiten von 3651 Arbeitern aus insgesamt 75 Messerschmiede-Betrieben registrierte, fand, daß die mit zunehmender Entfernung vom Arbeitsplatz wachsenden Transportschwierigkeiten eine Zunahme der Fehlschichten bewirkten.
Medroxyprogesterone acetate exacerbates glutamate excitotoxicity (2006)

We previously demonstrated that progesterone functions as a neuroprotective agent whereas medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; Provera) does not. Moreover, MPA antagonized the neuroprotective and neurotrophic outcomes induced by 17beta-estradiol (E2). Towards developing effective hormone therapies for protection against neurodegeneration, we sought to determine whether formulation, chemical features or prevention versus treatment mode of exposure affected the outcome of MPA treatment in survival of primary hippocampal neurons. Results of these analyses indicated that both crystalline MPA and a pharmaceutical formulation (Depo-Provera) lacked neuroprotective efficacy, indicating that the effects were not dependent upon MPA formulation. Likewise, MPA in the prevention and treatment paradigms were equally ineffective at promoting neuronal survival, indicating that timing of MPA administration was not a factor. Further, the detrimental effects of MPA were not due to the presence of the acetate group, as medroxyprogesterone was as ineffective as MPA in promoting neuronal survival. Moreover, MPA pretreatment exacerbated neuron death induced by glutamate excitotoxicity as indicated by a 40% increase in neuron death determined by direct live/dead cell count and a commensurate increase in the number of positive cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling. Collectively these results predict that the progestin formulation of hormone therapy will affect the vulnerability of the central nervous system to degenerative insults.
Live imaging of mammalian retina: rod outer segments are stained by conventional mitochondrial dyes (2008)

The vertebrate retina is an array of "narrow-capture" photoreceptive elements of diverse cellular types that allow the fine spatial resolution characteristic of vision. Imaging of photoreceptors and of the whole retina has been previously reported; however, both were achieved exclusively after fixation. We report our development of a new technique for imaging live bovine retinas ex vivo. Using this technique, we conducted fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopic imaging of bovine retinas. Eyecups were incubated with conventional fluorescent mitochondrial probes (MitoTracker and JC-1). Unexpectedly, we found that, besides the retinal mitochondria, the rod outer segments that are devoid of mitochondria were also stained. No other neuron was stained. Both protonophores, which decrease mitochondrial membrane potential, or inhibit electron transport strongly inhibited the selective association of dyes with both retinal rod outer segments and mitochondria. This is the first time that living rod outer segments were visualized by this technique. This finding may shed light on previous reports of the existence of a proton potential across the disk membranes and on the mechanism of the adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) supply for phototransduction, which still requires investigation.
Reticular pseudodrusen. A risk factor in age-related maculopathy. (1995)

Reticular pseudodrusen are an easily recognizable clinical sign, and may be an important risk factor for choroidal neovascularization in ARM.
When should one subtract background fluorescence in 2-color microarrays? (2006)

Two-color microarrays are a powerful tool for genomic analysis, but have noise components that make inferences regarding gene expression inefficient and potentially misleading. Background fluorescence, whether attributable to nonspecific binding or other sources, is an important component of noise. The decision to subtract fluorescence surrounding spots of hybridization from spot fluorescence has been controversial, with no clear criteria for determining circumstances that may favor, or disfavor, background subtraction. While it is generally accepted that subtracting background reduces bias but increases variance in the estimates of the ratios of interest, no formal analysis of the bias-variance trade off of background subtraction has been undertaken. In this paper, we use simulation to systematically examine the bias-variance trade off under a variety of possible experimental conditions. Our simulation is based on data obtained from 2 self versus self microarray experiments and is free of distributional assumptions. Our results identify factors that are important for determining whether to background subtract, including the correlation of foreground to background intensity ratios. Using these results, we develop recommendations for diagnostic visualizations that can help decisions about background subtraction.
Checkerboard Domain Patterns on Epitaxially Grown Single-Crystal Thin Films of Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt (1963)

Domain structures of epitaxially grown single-crystal thin films of iron, nickel, and cobalt are investigated by the Bitter pattern technique. In the case of iron and cobalt films of (001) orientation, checkerboard patterns are observed, from which the sign of the anisotropy constant can be determined. In the case of nickel, however, no such regular patterns were observed. On Ni films with (110) orientation, however, one can observe an elongated domain in the [110] direction. This seems to indicate that a [100] wall has a higher energy than a [110] wall. The 180° walls in thin films are unstable and tend to have fine structures.
New Amphiphilic Carriers Forming pH-Sensitive Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acid Delivery (2010)

Amphiphilic lipids are promising for efficient intracellular delivery of nucleic acids. In this study, two new amphiphilic carriers, EKHCO and EHHKCO, were designed and synthesized as multifunctional carriers for efficient intracellular delivery of nucleic acids. The critical micelle concentrations of EKHCO and EHHKCO were 9.50 and 6.87 microM, respectively. Dynamic light scattering showed that the surfactants complexed with plasmid DNA and siRNA to form stable nanoparticles at the concentrations below their critical micelle concentrations. The nanoparticles of the surfactants with pDNA and siRNA exhibited pH-sensitive hemolysis against rat red blood cells when the pH decreased from 7.4 to 5.5, the endosomal-lysosomal pH. The nanoparticles of EHHKCO showed more concentration-dependent pH sensitivity than those of EKHCO. The EHHKCO and EKHCO nanoparticles of both pNDA and siRNA exhibited low cytotoxicity of at physiological pH. Both EKHCO and EHHKCO resulted in high intracellular uptake of pDNA and siRNA. EKHCO and EHHKCO resulted in relatively lower luciferase expression efficiency in U87 cells than DOTAP but produced a much higher percentage of GFP expression in the transfected cells than DOTAP. Both EKHCO and EHHKCO mediated much higher gene silencing efficiency of luciferase and green fluorescence protein (GFP) than DOTAP. The surfactants were more effective for intracellular siRNA delivery than intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA. The pH-sensitive amphiphilic carriers are promising multifunctional carriers for intracellular delivery of nucleic acids.
On How Metadata Enables Enriched File-Based Production Workflows (2009)

As file-based production technology gains industry understanding and commercial products are becoming common-place, many broadcasting and production facilities are commencing re-engineering processes towards file-based production workflows. — Sufficient attention should however also be spent on the development and incorporation of standardized metadata in order to reach the full potential of such file-based production environments. In addition to its initial meaning, metadata and underlying data models can represent much more than just some meta-information about audiovisual media assets. In fact, properly modeled metadata can provide the structure that holds various media assets together and that guides creative people through production workflows and complex media production tasks. Metadata should hence become a first-class citizen in tomorrow's file-based production facilities — The aim of our paper is to show how standardized metadata standards and data models, complemented by custom metadata developments, can be employed practically in a file-based media production environment in order to construct a coherently integrated production platform. We discuss the types of metadata that are exchanged between different parts of the system, which enables the implementation of an entire production workflow and provides seamless integration between different components.
Improving TLB Miss Handling with Page Table Pointer Caches (1997)

Page table pointer caches are a hardware supplement for TLBs that cache pointers to pages of page table entries rather than page table entries themselves. A PTPC traps and handles most TLB misses in hardware with low overhead (usually a single memory access). PTPC misses are filled in software, allowing for an easy hardware implementation, similar in structure to a TLB. Since each PTPC entry refers to an entire page of page table entries, even a small PTPC maps a large amount of address space and achieves a very high hit rate. The primary goal of a PTPC is to lower TLB miss handling penalties. The combination of a TLB with a small PTPC provides good performance even in situations where standard TLBs alone perform badly (large workloads or multimedia applications). The advantage of this design is that we can continue to use small fixed size pages with standard TLBs. Since PTPCs use traditional page table structures and page sizes, they are very simple to implement in hardware and requir...
Sequencing of the alpha-synuclein gene in a large series of cases of familial Parkinson's disease fails to reveal any further mutations. The European Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility in Parkinson's Disease (GSPD) (1998)

A mutation in exon 4 of the human alpha-synuclein gene was reported recently in four families with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). In order to examine whether mutations in this exon or elsewhere in the gene are common in familial PD, all seven exons of the alpha-synuclein gene were amplified by PCR from index cases of 30 European and American Caucasian kindreds affected with autosomal dominant PD. Each product was sequenced directly and examined for mutations in the open reading frame. No mutations were found in any of the samples examined. We conclude that the A53T change described in the alpha-synuclein gene is a rare cause of PD or may even be a rare variant. Mutations in the regulatory or intronic regions of the gene were not excluded by this study.
Long-term evaluation of functional nerve recovery after reconstruction with a thin-walled biodegradable poly (DL-Lactide-?-caprolactone) nerve guide, using walking track analysis and electrostimulation tests (1999)

This study was performed to evaluate the long-term functional nerve recovery after reconstruction of a 10-mm gap in the sciatic nerve of the rat, with a thin-walled nerve guide, composed of a biodegradable copolymer of DL-lactide and epsilon-caprolactone [p(DLLA-epsilon-CL)]. To evaluate both motor and sensory nerve recovery, walking track analysis and electrostimulation tests were carried out after implantation periods ranging from 3 to 52 weeks postoperatively. The first signs of both motor and sensory nerve recovery could be observed after 5 weeks. After 15 weeks, 70% of the sciatic function and 90% of the sensory nerve function had been recovered. After this period, the sciatic function index (SFI) did not improve further, whereas the sensory nerve function appeared to return to normal. When the results of the SFI measurements, minus those obtained from rats with severe automutilation, are extrapolated, further improvement of the SFI might be expected after 52 weeks. The fact that 100% sensory nerve recovery was obtained, as measured by the electrostimulation test, could be explained by sensory reinnervation from surrounding areas. The SFI was not fully reestablished because automutilation had a great impact on the use of walking track assessment.
Design and Evaluation of Charging Station Scheduling Strategies for Electric Vehicles (2013)

Electric vehicles (EVs) still have relatively long and frequent charging cycles. Moreover, charging resources are typically limited and must therefore be used efficiently. The V-Charge project has the vision to provide a solution by combining autonomous valet parking with e-mobility, introducing improved parking and charging comfort. V-Charge proposes a solution for charging autonomous EVs in parking places and efficiently using scarce charging resources, thus simplifying the life of the customer and increasing the feasibility of EVs. For the management of parking lots and charging resources, V-Charge provides a server back end and a communication infrastructure. In this paper, we present our design of scheduling concepts for a coordinated charging strategy that is implemented by this back end. Through intensive simulations, we show that the V-Charge server is able to efficiently handle realistic parking volume and performs well in fulfilling customer requirements, e.g., energy demand for the next driving tasks. Moreover, we evaluate the suitability of various scheduling strategies in different usage scenarios. For the simulation setup, real-world parking statistics obtained from Hamburg Airport and the City of Braunschweig, Germany, are used.
Abstract P2-08-12: Integration of tumor size and grade with the breast cancer index (BCI) for prediction of distant recurrence in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer with 1-3 positive lymph nodes (2016)

Abstract Background: BCI is a genomic signature (Molecular Grade Index (MGI) and HOXB13/IL17BR (H/I)) that significantly predicts risk of distant recurrence (DR) in hormonal receptor-positive, lymph node negative (LN-) breast cancer. As previously shown in the TransATAC and MA.14 studies, BCI was also prognostic for DR in lymph node-positive (LN+) patients. Here, a distinct BCI model that integrates tumor size and grade was evaluated for prediction of DR in women with 1-3 lymph node positive disease. Methods: 219 primary tumor samples from hormonal receptor-positive patients with 1-3 positive lymph nodes treated with 5 years of tamoxifen or anastrozole were examined. Women with four or more positive lymph nodes were excluded. BCI was combined with tumour size and grade into a comprehensive risk score, BCIN+. Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates of 10 year DR and hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Change in likelihood ratio 2 (LR-2) values were used to measure prognostic information of each variable alone or combined in new score. New cutpoints for low versus high risk groups for the new model were determined to ensure the low risk patients had minimal 10-year residual disease. Results: In 219 LN+ patients, BCI alone provided substantial additional prognostic information to tumor size (LR-2=11.83, P=0.0006) and grade (LR-2=8.33, P=0.004). Both clinical variables provided additional significant prognostic information to BCI alone (BCI alone: LR-2=9.59, P=0.0004; T: LR-2=7.09, P=0.008; G: LR-2=27.59, P&lt;0.0001). Integration of tumor size and grade with BCI (BCIN+) provided additional highly significant prognostic information compared to BCI alone (Interquartile HR=3.15 [95% CI: 1.54-6.04]; LR-2=33.89, P&lt;0.0001). A cut-point for a very low risk group in this LN+ population was determined, and included 55 (25%) women with no DR within 10 years. In contrast, 51 (31.1%) women developed a DR in the high risk group (N=164). 10-year DR risk for those in the high risk group was 35.4% (95% CI 28.0-44.1%). Discussion: Integration of tumor size and grade significantly enhanced the prognostic ability of BCI to predict 10 year DR risk in hormonal receptor-positive patients with 1-3 positive nodes. A significant number of patients have been identified to have a very low 10-year risk for DR, who may choose to safely forego unnecessary adjuvant chemotherapy or extended adjuvant endocrine therapy. Validation of BCIN+ in other datasets is ongoing. Citation Format: Sestak I, Zhang Y, Schroeder B, Dowsett M, Sgroi D, Cuzick J, Schnabel CA. Integration of tumor size and grade with the breast cancer index (BCI) for prediction of distant recurrence in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer with 1-3 positive lymph nodes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-08-12.
Chiron: Privacy-preserving Machine Learning as a Service (2018)

Major cloud operators offer machine learning (ML) as a service, enabling customers who have the data but not ML expertise or infrastructure to train predictive models on this data. Existing ML-as-a-service platforms require users to reveal all training data to the service operator. We design, implement, and evaluate Chiron, a system for privacy-preserving machine learning as a service. First, Chiron conceals the training data from the service operator. Second, in keeping with how many existing ML-as-a-service platforms work, Chiron reveals neither the training algorithm nor the model structure to the user, providing only black-box access to the trained model. Chiron is implemented using SGX enclaves, but SGX alone does not achieve the dual goals of data privacy and model confidentiality. Chiron runs the standard ML training toolchain (including the popular Theano framework and C compiler) in an enclave, but the untrusted model-creation code from the service operator is further confined in a Ryoan sandbox to prevent it from leaking the training data outside the enclave. To support distributed training, Chiron executes multiple concurrent enclaves that exchange model parameters via a parameter server. We evaluate Chiron on popular deep learning models, focusing on benchmark image classification tasks such as CIFAR and ImageNet, and show that its training performance and accuracy of the resulting models are practical for common uses of ML-as-a-service.
Pungent Provisions: The Ramp and Appalachian Identity (2014)

Over the past ten years, the ramp, a traditional Appalachian food, has entered elite culinary circles outside its native culinary region of Appalachia. Ramps (Allium tricoccum) are wild leeks traditionally foraged for in the spring, and are known for their pungent smell. This unique vegetable is traditionally celebrated in Appalachia through dinners and festivals that are widely attended by members of the community and more recently, outsiders. Similarly, outside the region, the ramp has been featured on fine dining menus and has been sold in farmer's markets and grocery stores for the first time across the country. This study investigates both the growing popularity of the ramp, as well as the continuing symbolic power of the ramp in representing Appalachian culture. Qualitative interviews with experts in the ramp industry, patrons of ramp festivals, and those individuals spatially removed from the Appalachian region but who remain connected to ramp cultivation and celebrations were conducted. Participant observation at ramp festivals and analysis of questions posted on a ramp- based Facebook page corroborate our interview data set. This research demonstrates the important role that the ramp plays in helping root, develop, and maintain an Appalachian sense of place.
An Access Specification Language for a Relational Data Base System (1979)

We address the problem of executing high level language queries submitted to a relational data base system. As a step in the process of constructing an “efficient” compiler for a high level language we suggest the elaboration of an intermediate level language acting as a target language for the optimizer part of the compiler. This language may be conceived as one of several levels in a chain of abstract machines mapping a nonprocedural relational language onto primitive data base access operations. It is our conjecture that the introduction of an access specification language provides a conceptual platform facilitating the handling of the “optimization” problem.
Displaying Uncertainty With Shading (2008)

A new technique is presented for illustrating several probability distributions on the same axes. The density strip is a shaded monochrome strip whose darkness at a point is proportional to the probability density of the quantity at that point. These are ideal for comparing distributions arising from parameter estimation, such as posterior distributions from Bayesian multiple regression or meta-analysis. Such distributions are more commonly illustrated as a point and line representing point and interval estimates. This may give the false perception that all points within the line are equally likely, and that points outside the line are impossible. The density strip represents the entire distribution in one dimension, giving a fuller description of the uncertainty surrounding the quantity. The strips fade gradually to white in the tails of a typical distribution, in contrast with line plots and strips whose thickness is proportional to the density, which terminate at a clear limit. This discourages casual significance testing based on comparing an arbitrary point in the tail of the distribution to a threshold. Shaded strips can also be generalized to shaded regions, which illustrate the uncertainty surrounding a continuously varying unknown quantity, such as a survival curve or a forecast from a time series.
Preparation and Reactivity of 3-Amino-2,4-dichloroquinoline (2012)

A simple and efficient synthesis of 2-substituted 3-amino-4-chloroquinolines and 2,4-disubstituted 3-aminoquinolines was carried out by reacting 3-amino-2,4-dichloroquinoline with various oxygen-, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing nucleophiles.
Oxygen radical mechanisms of brain injury following ischemia and reperfusion (1991)

This review addresses current understanding of oxygen radical mechanisms as they relate to the brain during ischemia and reperfusion. The mechanism for radical production remains speculative in large part because of the difficulty of measuring radical species in vivo. Breakdown of lipid membranes during ischemia leads to accumulation of free fatty acids. Decreased energy stores during ischemia result in the accumulation of adenine nucleotides. During reperfusion, metabolism of free fatty acids via the cyclooxygenase pathway and metabolism of adenine nucleotides via the xanthine oxidase pathway are the most likely sources of oxygen radicals. Although leukocytes have been found to accumulate in some models of ischemia and reperfusion, their mechanistic role remains in question. Therapeutic strategies aimed at decreasing brain injury have included administration of radical scavengers at the time of reperfusion. Efficacy of traditional oxygen radical scavengers such as superoxide dismutase and catalase may be limited by their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Lipid-soluble antioxidants appear more efficacious because of their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and because of their presence in membrane structures where peroxidative reactions can be halted.