gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theta-activity in anterior cingulate cortex predicts task rules and their adjustments following errors (2010)

Accomplishing even simple tasks depend on neuronal circuits to configure how incoming sensory stimuli map onto responses. Controlling these stimulus-response (SR) mapping rules relies on a cognitive control network comprising the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Single neurons within the ACC convey information about currently relevant SR mapping rules and signal unexpected action outcomes, which can be used to optimize behavioral choices. However, its functional significance and the mechanistic means of interaction with other nodes of the cognitive control network remain elusive and poorly understood. Here, we report that core aspects of cognitive control are encoded by rhythmic theta-band activity within neuronal circuits in the ACC. Throughout task performance, theta-activity predicted which of two SR mapping rules will be established before processing visual target information. Task-selective theta-activity emerged particularly early during those trials, which required the adjustment of SR rules following an erroneous rule representation in the preceding trial. These findings demonstrate a functional correlation of cognitive control processes and oscillatory theta-band activity in macaque ACC. Moreover, we report that spike output of a subset of cells in ACC is synchronized to predictive theta-activity, suggesting that the theta-cycle could serve as a temporal reference for coordinating local task selective computations across a larger network of frontal areas and the hippocampus to optimize and adjust the processing routes of sensory and motor circuits to achieve efficient sensory-motor control.
Modeling of Situation Awareness Supported by Advanced Flight Deck Displays (2007)

A two module computational model of situation awareness is presented. One module, characterizing stage 1 (noticing) SA is based on the SEEV model of selective attention in complex environments, and consists of components of Salience (capturing attention), Effort (inhibiting attention movement), Expectancy (for events along a channel) and Value (of attending those events). These are combined additively, and accurately predict visual scanning on the flight deck and in driving. The second module characterizing stage 2 (understanding) SA, results from the integration of noticed information, and its decay if unattended. We describe briefly the application and validation of the attention module to pilot scanning of the synthetic vision system display suite in aviation, and in more detail, the application to predicting differences in situation awareness supported by three formats of a wake vortex display, designed to alert aircraft pilots to dangers in the flight path ahead.
Abstractions of finite-state machines and optimality with respect to immediately-detectable next-state faults (1996)

Abstraction is the process of lumping together some of the inputs, states, and outputs of a finite-state system (machine) M to transform it into a smaller, generally nondeterministic system M/sub A/. Theoretically, abstraction can be viewed as a method for approximate system simplification, and practically it finds application to system monitoring. Large and complex systems are usually observable through restricted interfaces, which allow an observer only a lumped (abstracted) view of the system, and render some erroneous behaviors undetectable. In spite of the nondeterminism introduced by the abstraction, there is still a class of faults in the system (changes in the next-state or output maps) which are immediately-detectable upon occurrence. Here the author studies the problem of finding an abstraction for an FSM which groups the inputs, states, and outputs into a specified number of classes, while maximizing the number of immediately-detectable (i.d.) next-state faults of multiplicity 1. Assuming that a partition of the machine's outputs is given, the author shows that the optimal choice of either the state or the input partition is an NP-hard or NP-complete problem. However, the author gives a polynomial-time algorithm that finds an approximately optimal partition of the machine's inputs for any given partition of the states. The author also provides a bound on the optimum, computable in polynomial time. Numerical experiments with the algorithm on randomly-generated machines with two types of state partitions, suggest that (a) the optimal number of i.d. next-state faults increases linearly with the number of blocks of the input partition, and (b) that more faults are i.d. in machines with "sparse" structure and with less uniform state partitions.
Developing Java Beans (1997)

Developing Java Beans is a complete introduction to Java's component architecture. It describes how to write Beans, which are software components that can be used in visual programming environments. This book discusses event adapters, serialization, introspection, property editors, and customizers, and shows how to use Beans within ActiveX controls.
Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products triggers a proinflammatory cytokine cascade via β2 integrin Mac‐1 (2006)

We conclude that sRAGE interacts with Mac-1, thereby acting as an important proinflammatory and chemotactic molecule.
Caspases determine the vulnerability of oligodendrocytes in the ischemic brain (2000)

Although oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are thought to be vulnerable to hypoxia and ischemia, little is known about the detailed mechanism by which these insults induce OLG death. From the clinical viewpoint, it is imperative to protect OLGs as well as neurons against ischemic injury (stroke), because they are the only myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system. Using the Cre/loxP system, we have established a transgenic mouse line that selectively expresses p35, a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, in OLGs. After hypoxia, cultured OLGs derived from wild-type mice exhibited significant upregulation of caspase-11 and substantial activation of caspase-3, which led to cell loss. Expression of p35 or elimination of caspase-11 suppressed the caspase-3 activation and conferred significant protection against hypoxic injury. Expression of p35 in OLGs in vivo resulted in significant protection from ischemia-induced cell injury, thus indicating that caspases are involved in the ischemia-induced cell death of OLGs. Furthermore, the induction of caspase-11 was evident in the ischemic brains of wild-type mice, and OLGs exhibited resistance to brain ischemia in mice deficient in caspase-11, suggesting that caspase-11 is critically implicated in the mechanism(s) underlying ischemia-induced OLG death. Caspases may therefore offer a good therapeutic target for reducing ischemia-induced damage to OLGs.
Characterization of shape memory polymer parts fabricated using material extrusion 3D printing technique (2018)

Purpose Shape memory polymer (SMP) is capable of recovering its original shape from a high degree of deformation by applying an external stimulus such as thermal energy. This research presents an integration of two commercial SMP materials (DiAPLEX and Tecoflex) and a material extrusion (ME) printer to fabricate SMP parts and specimens. The material properties such as Young’s modulus of the specimens was examined as a process output. Furthermore, stress-strain curve, strain recovery, instant shape-fixity ratio, long-term shape-fixity ratio and recovery ratio of SMP specimens during a thermo-mechanical cycle were investigated. Design/methodology/approach The ME fabrication settings for the SMP specimens were defined by implementing a design of experiments with temperature, velocity and layer height as process variables. Findings It was found, according to main effect and iteration plots, that fabrication parameters have an impact on Young’s modulus and exist minimum iteration among variables. In addition, Young’s modulus variation of DiAPLEX and Tecoflex specimens was mostly caused by velocity and layer height parameters, respectively. Moreover, results showed that SMP specimens were able to recover high levels of deformation. Originality/value This paper is a reference for process control and for rheological properties of SMP parts produced by ME fabrication process.
Ki-67 Staining as a Means to Simplify Analysis of Tumor Cell Proliferation (1991)

Journal Article Ki-67 Staining as a Means to Simplify Analysis of Tumor Cell Proliferation Get access Charles L. Hitchcock, M.D., Ph.D. Charles L. Hitchcock, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Cellular Pathology Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Washington, D.C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 96, Issue 4, 1 October 1991, Pages 444–447, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/96.4.444 Published: 01 October 1991
“Null” Methods Applied to Corrosion Measurements (1942)

The use of null methods to eliminate IR drops from measurements of electrode potential in the presence of polarizing current furnishes a new tool for corrosion studies. When IR drop corrections are made in the null circuit by using a.c., polarization potentials are measured to the outside of the “electrode boundary.” When increments of d.c. are used instead of a.c., the effects of film resistance are also nullified. It is possible to measure the film resistance directly. Following Müller's picture of the local action theory preliminary results indicate that the two polarization curves and the film resistance curve may furnish us criteria from which the amount of local action current can be calculated. Arguments in favor of such measurements are given, along with results of experiments.
Characterization of granzymes A and B isolated from granules of cloned human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (1988)

A human CD8+ CTL clone with cytolytic potential was shown to express two serine proteases, a 50-kDa homodimer and a 27-kDa monomer, which were purified from cytoplasmic granules. N-terminal sequencing of the purified proteins revealed that the 50-kDa homodimer is the gene product of the human Hanukah factor cDNA clone and that it represents the human homologue to granzyme A. Similarly, the 27-kDa protein was shown to be the serine esterase encoded by the human lymphocyte protease cDNA clone and corresponds to granzyme B. There was no evidence for the presence of other granzymes, in particular for the human homologues to murine granzymes C, D, E, and F. The substrate best cleaved by granzyme A was Gly-Pro-Arg-amido-4-methyl-coumarin after the Arg residue and the pH optimum was 8 to 8.5. Upon triggering of the TCR-CD3 complex with an anti-CD3 mAb, granzyme A was released into the culture medium. Furthermore, a granule-associated hemolytic activity was detected after salt extraction and partial purification of granule proteins. This suggests that hemolytically active human perforin can be obtained from inactive granules.
Heart-lung-liver transplantation. (1996)

We report three patients with cystic fibrosis and one patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and plexogenic pulmonary hypertension who have undergone heart-lung-liver transplantation as a combined procedure. Liver transplantation was necessary in the three patients with cystic fibrosis because of portal hypertension secondary to either hepatic fibrosis or established cirrhosis in addition to their advanced lung disease. Three of the four patients were alive at 20, 50, and 100 months after transplantation (one patient with cystic fibrosis died on day 16 of pneumonia) with well-preserved pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second 110%, 49%, and 100% predicted, respectively), normal hepatic function and New York Heart Association class 1 performance status. Heart-lung and concurrent liver transplantation is a feasible and successful procedure with a satisfactory long-term outcome in selected patients with advanced pulmonary and hepatic disease.
Stored media synchronization schemes in ATM and wireless networks: a performance comparison (2002)

This paper compares four schemes of lip synchronization control between voice and video for stored media transmission. Two out of the four interleave voice and video to form a single transport stream for transmission (single-stream approach). The other two set up separate transport streams for the individual media streams (multi-stream approach). In each of the two approaches, we have the alternative of exerting the control or not. We implemented the four schemes on an ATM LAN and on an interconnected ATM-wireless LAN under the TCP protocol. The mean square error of synchronization, total pause time, throughput and total output time were measured in each of the schemes to find out which scheme is the most suitable for a given condition of the underlying communication network and traffic.
Long-Term Expression of Retroviral-Transduced Adenosine Deaminase in Human Primitive Hematopoietic Progenitors (1993)

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive disorder, is an ideal candidate for gene replacement therapy. By means of co-cultivation with a retroviral vector-producing cell line, we have demonstrated efficient transfer and expression of the human ADA gene into human primitive hematopoietic progenitors. At 6 weeks post-transduction in myeloid long-term bone marrow culture, approximately 50% of the clonogenic progenitors were transduced by the provirus, with ADA expression detected in 30% of transduced colonies. The ADA activity increased by 3.7-fold in the nonadherent fraction of transduced bone marrow after 9 weeks. We have also achieved efficient transduction by retroviral supernatant of normal and ADA-deficient bone marrow cells that were allowed to establish a stromal layer in long-term culture, indicating the feasibility of proceeding with attempts to perform stem cell gene therapy on patients with ADA deficiency.
Hydrogen Peroxide as a Resin Cure Accelerator (1986)

Abstract The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with conventional resin adhesives was sufficiently exothermic for the heat to accelerate and improve resin cure in the hotpress. As a consequence, pressing times for medium density fibreboard, particleboard, and plywood could be reduced by up to 30% and, in some cases, better resin cure permitted a reduction in binder level. Differences in the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with various adhesives were observed and a catalyst was found to enhance the exothermic effect. The behaviour of hydrogen peroxide in combination with a tannin-based binder and wood fibre was studied over a wide temperature range. Below 60°C the system was stable. At 70°C the initial reaction was endothermic followed by a slow exothermic reaction. At hotpressing temperatures the exothermic reaction was rapid but controllable. It was concluded that the hydrogen peroxide-tannin-fibre system does not impose an additional safety hazard on medium density fibreboard plant operation.
Atmospheric‐pressure ionization interface for a bench‐top quadrupole ion trap (1992)

Abstract A novel interface is described that effects the sampling and mass analysis of ions formed at atmospheric pressure into a Saturn II bench‐top quadrupole ion‐trap mass spectrometer. The standard high‐vacuum pumping system of the system is unchanged, bit a 960L/min rotary pump is incorporated to pump the first vacuum stage of the atmospheric‐pressure ion sampling interface. An ‘Electric skimmer’ ion focusing region in the first vacuum turbomolecular pump of the Sasturn II maintains high vaccuum at 4×10 −4 Torr in the analyzer region while helium damping gas is introduced. By vaarying the potential difference between selected lenses in the first vacuum region the ‘declustering’ energy may be varied to decluster effectively ion/molecule dissociation mass spectra. The on‐line analysis of quaternary ammonium drugs by liquid chromatography of 5 ng and 150 pg, respectively.
Correlation between the inducible keratinocyte expression of Ia and the movement of Langerhans cells into the epidermis. (1985)

A direct correlation between the induced expression of Ia by the host keratinocytes and the infiltration of donor Langerhans cells (LC) into the epidermis was demonstrated in athymic (nude) BALB/c mice that received an adoptive transfer of lymphoid cells from normal semi-syngeneic donors. Neither keratinocyte expression of Ia nor donor LC movement into the epidermis was observed in BALB/c recipients of lymphoid cells from allogeneic C3H nude mice. Further evidence for this relationship was provided by experiments in which the keratinocytes of BALB/c nude mice were induced to express Ia by the injection of normal mouse serum (NMS). By this procedure it was shown that LC precursors derived from allogeneic C3H nude donors were able to infiltrate the epidermis when adoptively transferred into BALB/c nude recipients whose keratinocytes had been induced to express Ia by the simultaneous injection of NMS. These findings suggest that keratinocytes through their expression of Ia may function to facilitate the movement of LC into the epidermis.
Putative Role of Neutrophil Elastase in the Pathogenesis of Emphysema<sup>a</sup> (1991)

Emphysema in humans takes several different forms: centrilobular, panacinar, paraseptal, and airspace enlargement with fibrosis. The varying morphologic and background features of these forms of emphysema suggest that they differ in pathogenesis. Elastic fiber rupture and fraying are a feature of emphysema. Experimental emphysema may be induced by human neutrophil elastase and other elastolytic enzymes but not by nonelastolytic proteases. Disruption of elastic fibers also appears to be the underlying feature of lathyrogen-induced airspace enlargement and of the emphysema in the blotchy mouse. However, there is no evidence of elastic fiber destruction in cadmium-induced airspace enlargement with fibrosis or in emphysema associated with hyperoxia or severe starvation. Thus, elastic fiber disruption is not common to all forms of experimental emphysema. We posit that airspace enlargement may be a stereotyped response of the lungs to different injuries. Emphysema can be induced in experimental animals by repeated induction of pulmonary neutrophilia. However, the evidence for involvement of neutrophil elastase in human emphysema is not clear: there are studies using a variety of approaches that weigh on both sides of the question. There is also in vitro evidence that alveolar macrophages can degrade elastin or elastic fibers with which they are in contact by means of a metalloelastase or the cooperative action of plasminogen activator and an acid cysteine protease. We conclude that the pathogenesis of emphysema is complex. Neutrophil elastase likely plays a major role in the development of some forms of emphysema, but our understanding of the interactions between the alveolar walls and neutrophils is still fragmentary.
Type Classification against Fault Enabled Mutant in Java Based Smart Card (2012)

Smart card are often the target of software or hardware attacks. For instance the most recent attacks are based on fault injection which can modify the behavior of applications loaded in the card, changing them as mutant application. In this paper, we propose a new protection mechanism which makes application to be less prone to mutant generation. This countermeasure requires a transformation of the original program byte codes which remains semantically equivalent. It requires a modification of the Java Virtual Machine which remains backward compatible and a dedicated framework to deploy the applications. Hence, our proposition improves the ability of the platform to resist to Fault Enabled Mutant.
Majorana spin in magnetic atomic chain systems (2018)

Magnetic atomic chains grown on top of conventional superconductors may form an interesting and promising platform for the study of Majorana zero modes. Despite the strong evidence already provided with a state-of-art scanning tunneling microscope (STM) technique, clear features beyond the energetic and spatial ones are required to exclude the only remaining alternative interpretation of the zero modes as trivial Shiba states accidentally occurring at zero energy. The authors here propose a robust spin signature for this purpose. This signature is rooted in two sum rules that dictate the distribution of spin densities in a superconducting state with respect to a normal state, and has been recently detected with spin-polarized STM technique that implicitly takes advantage of the sum rules.
A Class-Conditioned Lossless Wavelet-Based Predictive Multispectral Image Compressor (2009)

We present a nonlinear lossless compressor designed for multispectral images consisting of few bands and having greater spatial than spectral correlation. Our compressor is based on a 2-D integer wavelet transform that reduces spatial correlation. Different models for the statistical dependences of wavelet detail coefficients are analyzed and tested to perform linear inter/intraband predictions. Band, class, scale, and orientation are used as conditioning contexts to calculate predictions, as well as to encode prediction errors with an adaptive arithmetic coder. A new mechanism is proposed for band ordering, based on wavelet fine detail coefficients. Our compressor CLWP outperforms state-of-the-art lossless compressors. It has random access capability and can be applied to compress volumetric data having similar characteristics.
Update: prostate cancer. (1990)

Prostate cancer represents a major health-care issue for older men. Recent technical advances in imaging, serum markers, and treatment hold great promise. Further insight into the natural history and biologic potential of this ubiquitous neoplasm is necessary before we can make rational decisions about early detection and newer treatment approaches.
Acoustic impedance logs computed from seismic traces (1979)

Abstract Acoustic impedance, the product of seismic velocity and density, is a basic physical property of rocks. Seismic traces are converted into pseudoreflection-coefficient time series by appropriate initial processing, then into acoustic impedance by the inversion of the time series. Such pseudologs are roughly equivalent to logs recorded in wells drilled at every seismic trace location. They yield important information concerning the nature of the rock and variations in lithology.To obtain the best quality pseudologs, careful initial processing is necessary: true-amplitude recovery, appropriate deconvolution, common-depth-point (CDP) stack, wave-shaping, wave-equation migration, and amplitude scaling.The low frequencies from moveout velocity information are inserted. Both the short-period information computed from reflection amplitudes and the long-period trend computed from reflection moveout are displayed on acoustic impedance logs.Possible causes of pseudolog distortions are inaccuracies of amplitude recovery and scaling, imperfection of deconvolution and migration, and difficulties of calibrating the pseudolog to an acoustic log derived from well logs. Such calibration increases the precision; facies variations observed in well logs can be extrapoled to large distances from the wells, leading to a more accurate estimation of hydrocarbon reserves.
Two-stage integrated-optic acoustically tunable optical filter with enhanced sidelobe suppression (1989)

We demonstrate a two-stage integrated-optic acoustically tunable infra-red optical filter with subnanometre bandwidth and −19 dB sidelobe suppression. This configuration also eliminates the optical frequency shift of one-stage devices.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PARA‐SUBSTITUTED BENZYL CYCLOPROPYL KETONES (1985)

Abstract Die Benzylcyclopropylketone (IV) werden aus den Carbonsäuresalzen (I) mit Ivanovs‐Reagens und dem Cyclopropancarbonsäureester (III) hergestellt.