gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Y-net: 3D intracranial artery segmentation using a convolutional autoencoder (2017)

Automated segmentation of intracranial arteries on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) allows for quantification of cerebrovascular features, which provides tools for understanding aging and pathophysiological adaptations of the cerebrovascular system. Using a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) for segmentation is promising as it takes advantage of the autoencoder structure in effective noise reduction and feature extraction by representing high dimensional information with low dimensional latent variables. In this report, an optimized CAE model (Y-net) was trained to learn a 3D segmentation model of intracranial arteries from 49 cases of MRA data. The trained model was shown to perform better than the three traditional segmentation methods in both binary classification and visual evaluation.
Effect of tunicamycin on epidermal glycoprotein and glycosaminoglycan synthesis <i>in vitro</i> (1981)

1. When pig ear skin slices were cultured for 18h in the presence of 1mug of tunicamycin/ml the incorporation of d-[(3)H]glucosamine into the epidermis, solubilized with 8m-urea/5% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate, was inhibited by 45-55%. This degree of inhibition was not increased by using up to 5mug of tunicamycin/ml or by treating the skin slices with tunicamycin for up to 8 days. The incorporation of (U-(14)C)-labelled l-amino acids under these conditions was not affected by tunicamycin. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated that the labelling of the major glycosaminoglycan peak with d-[(3)H]glucosamine was unaffected, whereas that of the faster migrating glycoprotein components was considerably decreased in the presence of tunicamycin. 2. Subcellular fractionation indicated that tunicamycin specifically inhibited the incorporation of d-[(3)H]glucosamine but not of (U-(14)C)-labelled l-amino acids into particulate (mainly plasma-membrane) glycoproteins by about 70%. The labelling of soluble glycoproteins was hardly affected. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the plasma-membrane fraction showed decreased d-[(3)H]glucosamine incorporation into all glycoprotein components, indicating that the plasma-membrane glycoproteins contained mainly N-asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. 3. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of both cellular and extracellular glycosaminoglycans showed that tunicamycin had no significant effect on the synthesis of the major component, hyaluronic acid. However, the incorporation of both d-[(3)H]glucosamine and (35)SO(4) (2-) into sulphated glycosaminoglycans was inhibited by about 50%. This inhibition was partially overcome, at least in the cellular fraction, by 2mm-p-nitrophenyl beta-d-xyloside indicating that tunicamycin-treated epidermis retained the ability to synthesize sulphated glycosaminoglycan chains. Tunicamycin may affect the synthesis and/or degradation of proteoglycan core proteins or the xylosyltransferase. 4. Electron-microscopic examination of epidermis treated with tunicamycin for up to 4 days revealed no significant changes in cell-surface morphology or in epidermal-cell adhesion. Either N-asparagine-linked carbohydrates play little role in epidermal-cell adhesion or more probably there is little turnover of these components in epidermal adhesive structures such as desmosomes and hemidesmosomes during organ culture.
The Anisotropy of the Conductivity of Hot Electrons and their Temperature in Germanium (1960)

By making certain simplifying assumptions a method of analysing the anisotropy of the conductivity of electrons in germanium at high electric fields is presented. The method is applied to Koenig's data on a specimen having a free carrier concentration of 6.5 × 1014 cm-3. The electron temperatures in each valley are obtained and the mobility and population of carriers within the valleys are calculated. These electron temperatures are compared with electron temperatures calculated from an energy balance equation applied to each valley as though it existed independently of the other valleys. The comparison shows that there is interaction between electrons in different valleys. Estimates are made of the rate of energy transfer between valleys.
MR imaging and biomedical implants, materials, and devices: an updated review. (1991)

Certain ferromagnetic metallic implants, materials, and devices are regarded as contraindications for magnetic resonance imaging, primarily because of the risks associated with their movement or dislodgment. More than 40 publications have reported the ferromagnetic qualities of 261 different metallic objects (aneurysm and hemostatic clips, 32; carotid artery vascular clamps, five; dental devices or materials, 16; heart valve prostheses, 29; intravascular coils, filters, and stents, 14; ocular implants, 12; orthopedic implants, materials, and devices, 15; otologic implants, 56; pellets and bullets, 23; penile implants, nine; vascular access ports, 33; and miscellaneous, 17) on the basis of measurements of deflection forces or attraction during exposure to static magnetic fields at strengths of 0.147-4.7 T. The results of these studies are listed with respect to the specific object tested, the material used to construct the object (if known), whether or not the object was deflected or moved during exposure to the static magnetic field, and the highest static magnetic field strength used for testing the object.
Electrochemical Signal Amplification for Immunosensor Based on 3D Interdigitated Array Electrodes (2014)

We devised an electrochemical redox cycling based on three-dimensional interdigitated array (3D IDA) electrodes for signal amplification to enhance the sensitivity of chip-based immunosensors. The 3D IDA consists of two closely spaced parallel indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes that are positioned not only on the bottom but also the ceiling, facing each other along a microfluidic channel. We investigated the signal intensities from various geometric configurations: Open-2D IDA, Closed-2D IDA, and 3D IDA through electrochemical experiments and finite-element simulations. The 3D IDA among the four different systems exhibited the greatest signal amplification resulting from efficient redox cycling of electroactive species confined in the microchannel so that the faradaic current was augmented by a factor of ∼100. We exploited the enhanced sensitivity of the 3D IDA to build up a chronocoulometric immunosensing platform based on the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocol. The mouse IgGs on the 3D IDA showed much lower detection limits than on the Closed-2D IDA. The detection limit for mouse IgG measured using the 3D IDA was ∼10 fg/mL, while it was ∼100 fg/mL for the Closed-2D IDA. Moreover, the proposed immunosensor system with the 3D IDA successfully worked for clinical analysis as shown by the sensitive detection of cardiac troponin I in human serum down to 100 fg/mL.
Phase behavior and self-assembly of PSn(P2VP-b-PAA)n multiarmed multisegmented star terpolymers with ampholytic arms (2011)

We report on the phase behavior and self-assembly phenomena of (polystyrene)n(poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(acrylic acid))n, PSn(P2VP-b-PAA)n, heteroarm star block terpolymers, in DMF/water solvent mixture. The stars were prepared using a one-pot, four-step anionic polymerization method following the “in–out” approach. These multiarmed, multisegmented star terpolymers self-assemble in selective media exhibiting pH responsiveness owing to the ampholytic nature of their diblock copolymer arms. Two soluble and two insoluble states were observed depending upon the pH of the medium. At low pH (pH 1.0), core–shell unimolecular micelles, with a hydrophobic PS core and P2VP, PAA segments in the shell, were formed. At pH 3.0, H-bonding and electrostatic interactions between the P2VP and PAA segments led to compact spheres. Finally, at pH 8.0 the stars were transformed from a bis-hydrophilic state to bis-hydrophobic state, leading to a network-like intermicellar assembly.
Phenolic components and degradability of the cell walls of the brown midrib mutant, <i>bm</i><sub>3</sub>, of <i>Zea mays</i> (1978)

Abstract Cell walls separated from the leaf blade, leaf sheath and stem of the brown midrib mutant, bm 3 , of Zea mays were more degradable by a commercial cellulase than the corresponding part of the isogenic normal inbred cultivar ( Tr ). The walls of each part of the mutant when compared with the corresponding part of the normal cultivar contained less lignin and bound phenolic components released by treatment with NaOH. The major phenolic components detected were trans ‐ p ‐coumaric and trans ‐ferulic acids together with small amounts of their cis isomers and diferulic acid. Cell walls of stem of the mutant contained a total of 17.3 mg g −1 of these bound acids compared with 9.8 mg g −1 for leaf sheath and 3.5 mg g −1 for leaf blade: there was more than twice as much p ‐coumaric acid in cell walls of stem as in those of leaf sheath and more than seven times as much as in those of leaf blade. When cell walls of the stem from the mutant or the normal cultivar were treated with NaOH their degradability by cellulase was highly correlated with the amounts of phenolic components released by the alkali.
The 65 KD Heat Shock Protein: A Key Molecule Mediating the Development of Autoimmune Arthritis? (1991)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey Words: Autoimmune diseasetoleranceT cell epitopeheat shock protein
Towards a QoE-Driven Resource Control in LTE and LTE-A Networks (2013)

We propose a novel architecture for providing quality of experience (QoE) awareness to mobile operator networks. In particular, we describe a possible architecture for QoE-driven resource control for long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE-advanced networks, including a selection of KPIs to be monitored in different network elements. We also provide a description and numerical results of the QoE evaluation process for different data services as well as potential use cases that would benefit from the rollout of the proposed framework.
Transmission of α-synuclein-containing erythrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles across the blood-brain barrier via adsorptive mediated transcytosis: another mechanism for initiation and progression of Parkinson’s disease? (2017)

Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology develops in part from the formation, transmission, and aggregation of toxic species of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn). Recent evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play a vital role in the transport of toxic α-syn between brain regions. Moreover, increasing evidence has highlighted the participation of peripheral molecules, particularly inflammatory species, which may influence or exacerbate the development of PD-related changes to the central nervous system (CNS), although detailed characterization of these species remains to be completed. Despite these findings, little attention has been devoted to erythrocytes, which contain α-syn concentrations ~1000-fold higher than the cerebrospinal fluid, as a source of potentially pathogenic α-syn. Here, we demonstrate that erythrocytes produce α-syn-rich EVs, which can cross the BBB, particularly under inflammatory conditions provoked by peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide. This transport likely occurs via adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, with EVs that transit the BBB co-localizing with brain microglia. Examination of microglial reactivity upon exposure to α-syn-containing erythrocyte EVs in vitro and in vivo revealed that uptake provoked an increase in microglial inflammatory responses. EVs derived from the erythrocytes of PD patients elicited stronger responses than did those of control subjects, suggesting that inherent characteristics of EVs arising in the periphery might contribute to, or even initiate, CNS α-syn-related pathology. These results provide new insight into the mechanisms by which the brain and periphery communicate throughout the process of synucleinopathy pathogenesis.
Research and Application of NAT Technique (2007)

Adopting network address translation(NAT) technique can resolve the lack problem of IP address.At the same time,it can separate exterior network from the internal network,and provide a certain safety guarantee for network.This article discussed the definition,fundamental principle and types of NAT,and put forward the configurations of router in practice.
Effects of the Growth Retardant CCC on Floral Initiation and Growth in <i>Pharbitis nil</i> (1964)

Growth-retarding chemicals such as Amo-1618 (2, 12), CCC [(2-chloroethyl) -trimethyl-ammonium chloride] (2, 11), and Phosfon D (2) reduce the height of many plants, leaving, in most cases, flowering and fruiting unaffected. Thus, of 55 species studied by Cathey and Stuart (2) control of flowering by photoperiod and temperature was unaffected by application of growth retardants. Flowering was delayed by such applications only in the cases of Chrysanthemum and Cleome. In the day-neutral plant tomato Wittwer and Tolbert (13) found that flower clusters in CCC-treated plants appeared earlier and on lower nodes. Application of both CCC and Phosfon caused prompt initiation of flower buds in Rhododendron (10). On the other hand, floral initiation as induced by shift from long to short days in the long-short-day plant Bryophyllum daigrernontianum was fully suppressed by application of CCC (16). The CCCrelated compound, allyl trimethylammonium bromide, reduced stem elongation and flower formation in the cold-requiring rosette plant Beta vulgaris (6). Inhibition of flowering in both Bryophyllum and Beta could be overcome by application of gibberellin A3. No specific effects of growth retardants on floral initiation in short-day plants (SDP) have heretofore been reported. The present paper concerns the effects of the growth retardant CCC on flower formation and growth of the SDP Pharbitis nil and the reversibility of these effects by gibberellin A3.
Placebos: Current status (2001)

The efficacy of a drug, in addition to the actual pharmacological effect, depends on a number of nonspecific factors, commonly termed as the placebo effect. These non specific factors include the physician's attitude, patient's personality, the doctor patient interaction, the appearance of medication, nature of the therapeutic or diagnostic procedure and the environment. The placebo effect may yield beneficial clinical results in 70% of diseases that range in severity from common cold to angina pectoris. The placebo effect may not distinctively differ from a true pharmacological effect of a drug and may even be associated with adverse effects known as the nocebo effect. In medical therapeutics, physicians have relied on nonspecific factors that evoke the placebo effect. Placebos are also used in clinical trials to distinguish the pharmacological from the nonspecific effects. The use of placebos in clinical trials has raised ethical issues, discouraging their use in studies where effective, alternative treatments are available. It is in the patient's benefit that the placebo effect be maximized, in the form of a healthy doctor patient relationship. It Is Imperative for Investigators to understand the extent to which placebo effects can account for Improvements observed In clinical studies. This review describes some aspects of the role of placebos in patient management and drug research.
Telomerase Mediates the Cell Survival-Promoting Actions of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein in Developing Hippocampal Neurons (2002)

Telomerase, a reverse transcriptase that maintains chromosome ends (telomeres) during successive cell divisions in mitotic cells is present in neuroblasts and early postmitotic embryonic neurons but is absent from adult neurons. The signals that control telomerase levels during development are unknown, as are the functions of telomerase in developing neurons. We now report that telomerase activity and levels of its catalytic subunit telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) are increased in embryonic hippocampal neurons by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and a secreted form of beta-amyloid precursor protein (sAPP). BDNF and sAPP promote the survival of the embryonic neurons, and these trophic effects are blocked when TERT production is suppressed using antisense technology. Telomerase is required for the long-term survival of early postmitotic neurons during a time window of approximately 1 week in culture; telomerase is then downregulated and is not required for BDNF and sAPP survival signaling in mature neurons. The increase in telomerase activity and trophic effects of BDNF and sAPP are mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and p42/p44 MAP kinases. Our findings demonstrate a requirement for telomerase in the cell survival-promoting actions of BDNF and sAPP in early postmitotic hippocampal neurons, suggesting a previously unknown role for telomerase in mediating the biological actions of neurotrophic factors during brain development.
Reactive modifications of the autonomous time structure in the human organism. (1991)

The spectrum of biological rhythms exhibits characteristic principles of biological time structure which also rule the functional behaviour. With increasing period lengths the rhythms become increasingly complex. In the long-wave section the rhythmic functions find their corresponding cycles in the environment, whereas the shorter waves represent only endogenous autonomous rhythms, which maintain an internal time order by means of frequency- and phase-coordination. Under resting conditions and in a state of complete adaptation only a few spontaneous rhythms dominate in the spectrum. However, under loading conditions as well as in pathological situations further periodicities come up. The spectrum of rhythms can be divided into certain blocks, with the period lengths predominating in each of these whole number frequency ratios forming a harmonic system. Frequency- and phase coordination establish a system of co-action which favours the functional economy of the organism. A tripartite organization of the autonomous rhythms involves different functional behaviours with regard to frequency, amplitude, and phase. Slower rhythms act upon the faster rhythms preferably by modulating their frequencies, while changes of the faster rhythms influence the slower ones by enhancing their amplitudes, multiplying their period lengths and shifting their phases. In principle the reactions of living systems are periodically structured. Reactive periodicity brings to appearance an endogenous time structure, which prefers whole number relationships with the spontaneous rhythms. The phase position of reactive periods depends on the stimulus. The amplitudes dampen down with increasing compensation. From the medical point of view so-called circaseptan (about 7 days) reactive periods are of predominant interest. This periodicity can be observed in numerous adaptive and compensating processes. It does not depend on the external week cycle and was already known to the antiquity.
Microglia-derived IL-1β triggers p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in neural precursor cells (2015)

Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain and can contribute to learning and memory processes and potentially to regeneration and repair of the affected nervous system. Deregulated neurogenesis has been observed in neuropathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, trauma and stroke. However, the survival of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and newly born neurons is adversely affected by the inflammatory environment that arises as a result of microglial activation associated with injury or disease processes. In the present study, we have investigated the mechanisms by which microglia affect NPC proliferation and survival. Importantly, we demonstrate that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) produced by lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ-activated microglia is necessary to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NPCs in vitro. Mechanistically, we show that IL-1β activates the tumor suppressor p53 through an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism resulting in p53-mediated induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and the proapoptotic Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family members Puma (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis) and Noxa. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by recombinant IL-1β or activated microglia is attenuated in p53-deficient NPCs. Finally, we have determined that IL-1β induces NPC death via the p53-dependent induction of Puma leading to the activation of a Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein)-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In summary, we have elucidated a novel role for p53 in the regulation of NPC proliferation and survival during neuroinflammatory conditions that could be targeted to promote neurogenesis and repair in a number of neurological conditions.
Distributed allocation of time slots for real-time traffic in a wireless multi-hop network 1 (2004)

This paper examines a new mechanism for distributed resource reservation that offers support for applications with QoS requirements in a wireless multi-hop network. This mechanism is based on IEEE 802.11 DCF and includes end-to-end reservations of time slots and distribution of reservation information to mobile nodes unaware of the reservation, piggy-backed on existing medium access control messages.
Performance of a TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (1985)

Calibration curves of the aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) under different sets of operating conditions (i.e., pressure drop across the nozzle, flow rate, and ambient pressure) were obtained. Materials used included oleic acid (OA), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), polystyrene latex (PSL), and fused aluminosilicate particles (FAP). The effect of particle density on the calibration was not found to be significant among test aerosols (in the density range from 0.89 to 2.3 g/cm3). Calibration curves obtained at reduced ambient pressure were different from the manufacturer's curve, indicating that recalibration of the APS is required if other than standard operating conditions are used. However, all the curves can be consolidated into a unique curve that relates the Stokes number at the nozzle exit to the normalized particle velocity (particle velocity divided by gas velocity). Methods for calculating gas velocity, particle velocity, and other pertinent parameters for the APS were developed and the results are presented. Consequently, these parameters together with the unique curve can be used to generate calibration curves for any set of operating conditions without performing the experimental calibration in the laboratory. The geometric standard deviations of monodisperse aerosols measured by the APS are generally in good agreement (< 2%) with those determined by other methods, thus demonstrating the good resolution of the instrument.
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding and intermolecular association of amino alcohols (1986)

Infrared spectral studies of the hydrogen-bonding behaviour of aminoethanol and aminopropanols have revealed that they form the strongest intramolecular hydrogen bonds among the substituted alcohols X(CH2)2,3,4OH where X = F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OCH3I, NR2(RH, alkyl) in a given series, establishing the importance of basicity in the hydrogen-bonding interaction. Strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding was found to reduce considerably their association tendency so that there were large amounts of intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded species in concentrated solution. The limited numbers of associated species formed were largely composed of closed dimers, whose nature depended on the strength of intramolecular hydrogen-bond. In dimethylaminoethanol and 3-aminopropanol, the dimers involved the participation of nitrogen so that fairly large ring dimers (ten- and twelve-membered, respectively) were formed. In the case of diethylaminopropanol, since the intramolecular hydrogen bond was very strong, the intermolecular association was limited to small amounts of free hydroxy monomers.