gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reducing the memory usage for effectivecomputer-generated hologram calculation using compressed look-up table in full-color holographic display (2013)

A fast algorithm with low memory usage is proposed to generate the hologram for full-color 3D display based on a compressed look-up table (C-LUT). The C-LUT is described and built to reduce the memory usage and speed up the calculation of the computer-generated hologram (CGH). Numerical simulations and optical experiments are performed to confirm this method, and several other algorithms are compared. The results show that the memory usage of the C-LUT is kept low when number of depth layers of the 3D object is increased, and the time for building the C-LUT is independent of the number of depth layers of the 3D object. The algorithm based on C-LUT is an efficient method for saving memory usage and calculation time, and it is expected that it could be used for realizing real-time and full-color 3D holographic display in the future.
Review of code and phase biases in multi-GNSS positioning (2016)

A review of the research conducted until present on the subject of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) hardware-induced phase and code biases is here provided. Biases in GNSS positioning occur because of imperfections and/or physical limitations in the GNSS hardware. The biases are a result of small delays between events that ideally should be simultaneous in the transmission of the signal from a satellite or in the reception of the signal in a GNSS receiver. Consequently, these biases will also be present in the GNSS code and phase measurements and may there affect the accuracy of positions and other quantities derived from the observations. For instance, biases affect the ability to resolve the integer ambiguities in Precise Point Positioning (PPP), and in relative carrier phase positioning when measurements from multiple GNSSs are used. In addition, code biases affect ionospheric modeling when the Total Electron Content is estimated from GNSS measurements. The paper illustrates how satellite phase biases inhibit the resolution of the phase ambiguity to an integer in PPP, while receiver phase biases affect multi-GNSS positioning. It is also discussed how biases in the receiver channels affect relative GLONASS positioning with baselines of mixed receiver types. In addition, the importance of code biases between signals modulated onto different carriers as is required for modeling the ionosphere from GNSS measurements is discussed. The origin of biases is discussed along with their effect on GNSS positioning, and descriptions of how biases can be estimated or in other ways handled in the positioning process are provided.
Effects of Intravenous Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Gastric Emptying and Intragastric Distribution in Healthy Subjects: Relationships with Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses (2006)

In healthy subjects exogenous GLP-1 increases meal retention in the distal stomach and, even when administered in a "low" dose, frequently induces "gastroparesis," and the effects of GLP-1 on postprandial glycemia are predictable on the basis of its effect on GE, supporting the concept that GE is a major target mechanism for the clinical use of incretin mimetics.
New Layout Arrangement to Improve ESD Robustness of Large-Array High-Voltage nLDMOS (2010)

In high-voltage applications, large-array n-channel lateral DMOS (LA-nLDMOS) is usually required to provide high driving capability. However, without following the foundry-suggested electrostatic discharge (ESD) design guidelines in order to reduce total layout area, LA-nLDMOS is easily damaged once the parasitic bipolar junction transistor is triggered under ESD stresses. Accordingly, the bipolar triggering of LA-nLDMOS usually limits the ESD robustness of LA-nLDMOS, particularly in the open-drain structure. In this letter, a new layout arrangement for LA-nLDMOS has been proposed to suppress the bipolar triggering under ESD stresses. Measurement results in a 0.5-¿m 16-V bipolar CMOS DMOS process have confirmed that the new proposed layout arrangement can successfully increase the human-body-model ESD level of the LA-nLDMOS with effective width of 3000 ¿m from the original 0.75 kV up to 2.75 kV.
Frequency Dependence of Binaural Interaction in the Auditory Brainstem and Middle Latency Responses (2012)

More neural resources are devoted to binaural function in the cortex than in the brainstem, and more resources are devoted to lower frequencies than to higher frequencies. The adult data confirm that previously recorded infant data reveal binaural immaturity. Longitudinal data should characterize developmental characteristics of binaural function.
A graphical, rule based robotic interface system (1988)

The ability of a human to take control of a robotic system is essential in any use of robots in space in order to handle unforeseen changes in the robot's work environment or scheduled tasks. But in cases in which the work environment is known, a human controlling a robot's every move by remote control is both time consuming and frustrating. A system is needed in which the user can give the robotic system commands to perform tasks but need not tell the system how. To be useful, this system should be able to plan and perform the tasks faster than a telerobotic system. The interface between the user and the robot system must be natural and meaningful to the user. A high level user interface program under development at the University of Alabama, Huntsville, is described. A graphical interface is proposed in which the user selects objects to be manipulated by selecting representations of the object on projections of a 3-D model of the work environment. The user may move in the work environment by changing the viewpoint of the projections. The interface uses a rule based program to transform user selection of items on a graphics display of the robot's work environment into commands for the robot. The program first determines if the desired task is possible given the abilities of the robot and any constraints on the object. If the task is possible, the program determines what movements the robot needs to make to perform the task. The movements are transformed into commands for the robot. The information defining the robot, the work environment, and how objects may be moved is stored in a set of data bases accessible to the program and displayable to the user.
BH3 mimetics antagonizing restricted prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins represent another class of selective immune modulatory drugs (2010)

Death by apoptosis shapes tissue homeostasis. Apoptotic mechanisms are so universal that harnessing them for tailored immune intervention would seem challenging; however, the range and different expression levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules among tissues offer hope that targeting only a subset of such molecules may be therapeutically useful. We examined the effects of the drug ABT-737, a mimetic of the killer BH3 domain of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that induces apoptosis by antagonizing Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), and Bcl-W (but not Mcl-1 and A1), on the mouse immune system. Treatment with ABT-737 reduced the numbers of selected lymphocyte and dendritic cell subpopulations, most markedly in lymph nodes. It inhibited the persistence of memory B cells, the establishment of newly arising bone marrow plasma cells, and the induction of a cytotoxic T cell response. Preexisting plasma cells and germinal centers were unaffected. Notably, ABT-737 was sufficiently immunomodulatory to allow long-term survival of pancreatic allografts, reversing established diabetes in this model. These results provide an insight into the selective mechanisms of immune cell survival and how this selectivity avails a different strategy for immune modulation.
The 𝑄-topology, Whyburn type filters and the cluster set map (1976)

We use nonstandard topology and the <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper Q"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-topology to characterize normal, almost-normal, regular, almost-regular, semiregular spaces. The cluster [resp. <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="theta"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\theta</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-cluster] set relation is used to characterize regular, almost-regular [resp. strongly-regular] spaces. The Whyburn [resp. Dickman] filter bases are characterized and it is shown that the cluster [resp. <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="theta"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\theta</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-cluster] set relation restricted to the domain of the Whyburn [resp. Dickman] filter bases is an essentially continuous [resp. strongly <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="theta"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\theta</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-continuous] map iff the space is Hausdorff [resp. Urysohn].
Transverse deflections of a 45-inch diameter, lightweight mirror blank - Experiment and theory (1970)

Theoretical calculations and holographic measurements on transverse deflections of astronomical mirror blank
A high resolution time measurement system (2002)

A high-resolution, less than 1-ps, time measurement system (TMS) has been developed using a time-to-voltage (T/V) conversion interpolation technique. In order to accomplish the high-resolution measurement, the authors developed two specific techniques. One is the generation of an accurate interpolation pulse from the measured signal that is realized by the emitter-coupled logic (ECL)-gate-array. The other is the T/V converter which converts the pulse width to the corresponding voltage to thereby measure the pulse width. The T/V converter consists of current switches, and integrated capacitor and a buffer amplifier. The switched current charges the capacitor during the time that the interpolation pulse is on a high level. In this conversion, high-speed and accurate analog circuit design are being used, and therefore a 1-ps time resolution and a less than 10-ps linearity error are obtained. The system is composed of a wideband input amplifier, a 16-b microprocessor and a highly stabilized oscillator. The total RMS jitter using this system is less than 15-ps, and single-shot resolution is less than 1 ps. TMS has many applications, for example, time interval measurement, jitter analysis, measurement of frequency stability, etc.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CD, absorption and thermodynamic analysis of repeating dinucleotide DNA, RNA and hybrid duplexes [d/r(AC)]12.[d/r(GT/U)]12 and the influence of phosphorothioate substitution [published erratum appears in Nucleic Acids Res 1997 Nov 1;25(21):4429] (1997)

Circular dichroism (CD) spectra and melting temperature (Tm) data for five duplexes containing phosphorothioate linkages were compared with data for four unmodified duplexes to assess the effect of phosphorothioate modification on the structure and stability of DNA. DNA and DNA.RNA duplexes. Nine duplexes were formed by mixing oligomers 24 nt long in 0.15 M K+(phosphate buffer), pH 7.0. Unmodified DNA.DNA and RNA.RNA duplexes were used as reference B-form and A-form structures. The CD spectra of the modified hybrids S-d(AC)12.r(GU)12 and r(AC)12.S-d(GT)12 differed from each other but were essentially the same as the spectra of the respective unmodified hybrids. They were more A-form than B-form in character. CD spectra of duplexes S-d(AC)12.d(GT)12 and d(AC)12.S-d(GT)12 were similar to that of d(AC)12.d(GT)12, except for a reduced long wavelength CD band. Sulfur modifications on both strands of the DNA duplex caused a pronounced effect on its CD spectrum. The order of thermal stability was: RNA.RNA > DNA.DNA > DNA.RNA > S-DNA.DNA > S-DNA. RNA > S-DNA.S-DNA. Phosphorothioation of one strand decreased the melting temperature by 7.8+/-0.6 degrees C, regardless of whether the substitution was in a hybrid or DNA duplex. Thermodynamic parameters were obtained from a multistate analysis of the thermal melting profiles. Interestingly, the destabilizing effect of the phosphorothioate substitution appears to arise from a difference in the entropy upon forming the DNA.DNA duplexes, while the destabilizing effect in the DNA.RNA hybrids appears to come from a difference in enthalpy.
GLK Transcription Factors Coordinate Expression of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in <i>Arabidopsis</i>   (2009)

Chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms harness light energy and convert it into chemical energy. In several land plants, GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors are required for chloroplast development, as glk1 glk2 double mutants are pale green and deficient in the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus. We show here that glk1 glk2 double mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulate abnormal levels of chlorophyll precursors and that constitutive GLK gene expression leads to increased accumulation of transcripts for antenna proteins and chlorophyll biosynthetic enzymes. To establish the primary targets of GLK gene action, an inducible expression system was used in combination with transcriptome analysis. Following induction, transcript pools were substantially enriched in genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, light harvesting, and electron transport. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the direct association of GLK1 protein with target gene promoters, revealing a putative regulatory cis-element. We show that GLK proteins influence photosynthetic gene expression independently of the phyB signaling pathway and that the two GLK genes are differentially responsive to plastid retrograde signals. These results suggest that GLK genes help to coregulate and synchronize the expression of a suite of nuclear photosynthetic genes and thus act to optimize photosynthetic capacity in varying environmental and developmental conditions.
Automated alignment and sizing of myocardial stress and rest scans to three-dimensional normal templates using an image registration algorithm. (1995)

Automated three-dimensional image fitting to normal templates can be used for reproducible quantification of myocardial SPECT, eliminating operator-dependence of the results.
Allergen-specific oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy (2012)

The one small RCT we found showed that allergen-specific peanut OIT can result in desensitisation in children, and that this is associated with evidence of underlying immune-modulation. However, this treatment approach was associated with a substantial risk of adverse events, although the majority of these were mild. In view of the risk of adverse events and the lack of evidence of long-term benefits, allergen-specific peanut OIT cannot currently be recommended as a treatment for the management of patients with IgE-mediated peanut allergy. Larger RCTs are needed to investigate the acceptability, long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of safer treatment regimens, particularly in relation to the induction of clinical and immunological tolerance.
Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks on Silicon Nanowires (2007)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been synthesized on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) by ethanol chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using Co catalysts nanoparticles. The surface SiOx layers assist the formation of catalyst nanoparticles on SiNWs by inhibiting the diffusion of Co to Si. Co-Si compounds have formed in SiNWs readily when the surface SiOx layers are very thin. Therefore, the yield of SWNTs is strongly influenced by the thickness of the surface SiOx layers of SiNWs.
IgE class-specific suppressor T cells and factors in humans. (1983)

An in vitro experimental system for the induction of IgE production has been established with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The stimulation of human PBL with PWM plus Cowan I induced IgM-, IgG-, and IgE- producing cells when assessed by reverse plaque assay. T cells, which had been isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and incubated with PPD plus IgE for 5 days, showed a suppressive effect on the polyclonal IgE response induced by PWM plus Cowan I. The direct addition of activated T cells, as well as the culture supernatant from activated T cells, abrogated the IgE response; the IgG response was not affected. The IgE-specific suppressive activity in the supernatant was specifically absorbed by an IgE column and could be eluted with acid buffer. The results demonstrated the presence of a human IgE binding factor(s), which showed its suppressive effect selectively in the IgE antibody response.
X-ray Studies on Precipitation of Metastable Centers in Mixed Crystals NaCl-CdCl<sub>2</sub> (1961)

Mixed crystals NaCl-CdCl 2 containing a few mole per cent of CdCl 2 were examined by X-ray method. By a certain heat treatment, precipitates of a structure having f.c.c. lattice with lattice constant twice as that of the matrix are formed within the matrix. By another heat treatment, there appear diffuse spots corresponding to the intensity distribution of rods extended to the directions of <100> at odd-order reciprocal-lattice points of the above mentioned structure. Crystal structure of the precipitates, which is identified to be CdCl 2 ·6NaCl, are determined, and at the same time, main features of the diffuse reflexions are explained on the basis of the structure.
Cell Recognition by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus That Lacks the RGD Integrin-Binding Motif: Flexibility in Aphthovirus Receptor Usage (2000)

Cell surface molecules that can act as virus receptors may exert an important selective pressure on RNA viral quasispecies. Large population passages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cell culture select for mutant viruses that render dispensable a highly conserved Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif responsible for integrin receptor recognition. Here, we provide evidence that viability of recombinant FMDVs including a Asp-143-->Gly change at the RGD motif was conditioned by a number of capsid substitutions selected upon FMDV evolution in cell culture. Multiply passaged FMDVs acquired the ability to infect human K-562 cells, which do not express integrin alpha(v)beta(3). In contrast to previously described cell culture-adapted FMDVs, the RGD-independent infection did not require binding to the surface glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). Viruses which do not bind HS and lack the RGD integrin-binding motif replicate efficiently in BHK-21 cells. Interestingly, FMDV mutants selected from the quasispecies for the inability to bind heparin regained sensitivity to inhibition by a synthetic peptide that represents the G-H loop of VP1. Thus, a single amino acid replacement leading to loss of HS recognition can shift preferential receptor usage of FMDV from HS to integrin. These results indicate at least three different mechanisms for cell recognition by FMDV and suggest a potential for this virus to use multiple, alternative receptors for entry even into the same cell type.
Quantum limit to phase coherence in thin superconducting wires (2002)

Spontaneous quantum phase slips by 2π in thin superconducting wires could cause errors in superconducting computers. The rate of such phase slips at T≪Tc is estimated, and shown to be very small as long as the wire is &gt;20 nm in diameter.
Aerodynamic noise from a poroelastic edge with implications for the silent flight of owls (2013)

Abstract The interaction of a turbulent eddy with a semi-infinite poroelastic edge is examined with respect to the effects of both elasticity and porosity on the efficiency of aerodynamic noise generation. The scattering problem is solved using the Wiener–Hopf technique to identify the scaling dependence of the resulting aerodynamic noise on plate and flow properties, including the dependence on a characteristic flow velocity $U$ . Special attention is paid to the limiting cases of porous-rigid and impermeable–elastic plate conditions. Asymptotic analysis of these special cases reveals parametric limits where the far-field acoustic power scales like ${U}^{6} $ for a porous edge, and a new finite range of ${U}^{7} $ behaviour is found for an elastic edge, to be compared with the well-known ${U}^{5} $ dependence for a rigid impermeable edge. Further numerical results attempt to address how trailing-edge noise may be mitigated by porosity and flexibility and seek to deepen the understanding of how owls hunt in acoustic stealth.
Nickel(II) N2O2 Schiff-base complexes incorporating pyrazole: syntheses, characterization and acidity of the metal centre towards co-ordinating solvents (1996)

A series of four-co-ordinate nickel(II) complexes have been prepared containing a tetradentate N2O2 aldimine or ketoimine Schiff-base ligand formed by condensation of 4-formyl-5-hydroxy- or 4-benzoyl-5-hydroxypyrazoles with aliphatic diamines containing two or three carbon atoms (n= 2 or 3). In non-donor solvents the low-spin (S= 0) state is favoured. The complexes with n= 2 are fully diamagnetic; the spin-equilibrium process (S= 0)⇌(S= 1) is, however, induced when n= 3. The crystal structure has been determined of {N,N′-bis[(5-hydroxy-1,3-diphenylpyrazolyl)phenylmethylene]propane-1,3-diaminato}nickel(II)1a which has a flattened tetrahedral geometry, and the spin-equilibrium process has been investigated for selected complexes by spectroscopic methods [ΔH 16–21 kJ mol–1, ΔS 2–22 J K–1 mol–1, and ΔG(50 °C) 14–19 kJ mol–1]. The four-co-ordinate complexes reversibly increase their co-ordination numbers in donor solvents (all) or by molecular association in non-donor solvents (the aldimine complexes only). Solid six-co-ordinate products from the reactions with dimethylsulfoxide (dmso), pyridine and water have been isolated, and the crystal structures determined of the product (1b) from the reaction of 1a with dmso and of that (3b) from the reaction of {N,N′-bis[(5-hydroxy-1,3-diphenylpyrazolyl)(p-tolyl)methylene]propane-1,3-diaminato}nickel(II) with dmso. Complexes 1b and 3b have trans distorted-octahedral geometries with O-bound dmso molecules in axial positions. The adduct formation with dmso [–ΔH 10–27 kJ mol–1, –ΔS 57–107 J K–1 mol–1, ΔG(25 °C) 0.9–7.0 kJ mol–1] and with pyridine [ΔG(25 °C)– 19 kJ mol–1] has been investigated for selected complexes by spectroscopic methods. Angular overlap model ligand-field parameters have been derived from the electronic absorption spectra.
Atg4D at the interface between autophagy and apoptosis (2009)

The Atg4 family of endopeptidases regulates autophagosome biogenesis by priming newly synthesized Atg8 to enable covalent attachment of phosphatidylethanolamine, and by delipidating Atg8 at the lysosomal fusion step. Control of Atg4 activity is therefore crucial, although little is known about how these molecules are regulated in living cells. We have found that one human Atg4 family member (Atg4D) is cleaved at DEVD(63)K by caspase-3 during apoptosis. Importantly, our studies suggest that native Atg4D is enzymatically inactive, but gains GABARAP-L1 priming/delipidation activity following caspase cleavage. Caspase-cleaved Atg4D is also highly cytotoxic; however, toxicity is not due to enhanced autophagy, but is mediated by a putative C-terminal BH3 domain, and is associated with transient recruitment of Atg4D to mitochondria.