gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Practical experience with the Variosens equipment in measuring chlorophyll concentrations and fluorescent tracer substances, like rhodamine, fluorescein, and some new substances (1976)

The quantitative measurement of the dispersion of matter in large bodies of water, e.g., in ocean currents [1], needs an optoelectronic fluorometer of very high sensitivity due to the great quantities of the required fluorescent substances like rhodamine B or fluorescein that would otherwise be required. The basis of a new tracer technology of very high sensitivity is the use of pulsed bluish light for excitation [6], [7]. The instrument described here is known as the Variosens. It is able to measure concentrations of fluorescent substances down to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10^{-11}</tex> and has a logarithmic scale covering a concentration range of about 1:3000. The fluorescence is excited by means of a xenon spark at a frequency of 10/s with stabilized light emission. A wide-band optical filter defines the exact spectral range of the required exciting light. The receiver operates with a narrow-band optical filter by measuring the fluorescent radiation of the tracer substance used. This filter must have a very high blocking factor. Without filters the instrument uses backscatter to measure the quantity of suspended particles in the water in milligrams/liter.
Single-shot measurement of terahertz electromagnetic pulses by use of electro-optic sampling (2000)

We demonstrate a simple scheme for capturing the temporal waveforms of a freely propagating terahertz electromagnetic transient in a single shot. The method relies on electro-optic sampling in a noncollinear geometry for the terahertz radiation and the visible probe beam, coupled with multichannel detection. The approach provides time resolution that is comparable to that of conventional electro-optic sampling measurements.
IcmF and DotU Are Required for Optimal Effector Translocation and Trafficking of the <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Vacuole (2004)

The gram-negative bacterium Legionella pneumophila causes a severe form of pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease, characterized by bacterial replication within alveolar macrophages. Prior to intracellular replication, the vacuole harboring the bacterium must first escape trafficking to the host lysosome, a process that is dependent on the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system. To identify genes required for intracellular growth, bacterial mutants were isolated that were delayed in escape from the macrophage but which retain a minimally functional Dot/Icm machinery. The mutations were found in eight distinct genes, including three genes known to be required for optimal intracellular growth. Two of these genes, icmF and dotU, are located at one end of a cluster of genes that encode the type IV secretion system, yet both icmF and dotU lack orthologs in other type IV translocons. DotU protein is degraded in the early postexponential phase in wild-type L. pneumophila and at all growth phases in an icmF mutant. IcmF contains an extracytoplasmic domain(s) based on accessibility to a membrane-impermeant amine-reactive reagent. In the absence of either gene, L. pneumophila targets inappropriately to LAMP-1-positive compartments during macrophage infection, is defective in the formation of replicative vacuoles, and is impaired in the translocation of the effector protein SidC. Therefore, although IcmF and DotU do not appear to be part of the core type IV secretion system, these proteins are necessary for an efficiently functioning secretion apparatus.
A high-performance low-power highly manufacturable embedded DRAM technology using backend hi-k MIM capacitor at 40nm node and beyond (2011)

A highly manufacturable embedded DRAM technology at 40 nm node is presented. This report provides the characterization data of 128 Mbit embedded DRAM test vehicle fabricated by 40 nm eDRAM 200 MHz low power process. The test vehicle is composed of 32 macros and each macro unit is 4 Mb with configuration 32 k × 128 bits. The process is cost effective and compatible to our low power Logic core process with three additional critical masks to the base process. The DRAM memory cell consists of a high performance pass gate transistor and a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) storage capacitor with a cell size of 0.0583 um <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (<; 1/4 of SRAM 0.242 um <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and small macro size of 0.145 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> per Mega bits (Mb). The stacked cell capacitor is formed using low temperature processed high-k dielectrics to achieve sufficient storage capacitance in DRAM cell. Low cell device leakage below 20 fA/cell at 105°C with silicided node process coupled with the high-k storage capacitance. The macro design for random access speed can operate from 25 MHz to 200 MHz comparable to 6 T SRAM. It has built-in ECC parity generation and correction circuits with memory storage space used for storing parity bits. The characterization is based on 200 MHz, covering Vcc+/-15% at 125°C/ 105°C/ 25°C/ -40°C. Process corner skew includes core device corners TT/FS/SF/FF/SS and fast/slow cell device. Highly manufacturing yield of 128 Mb macro is achieved to demonstrate the maturity of technology. The excellent cosmic ray (neutron) soft error rate (SER) performance of less than 4 FITs/Mb is also achieved. The integration technologies can be applicable to the future embedded DRAM in 28 nm, 20 nm node and beyond.
Membrane-mediated Amyloidogenesis and the Promotion of Oxidative Lipid Damage by Amyloid β Proteins (2007)

Evidence of oxidative stress and the accumulation of fibrillar amyloid beta proteins (Abeta) in senile plaques throughout the cerebral cortex are consistent features in the pathology of Alzheimer disease. To define a mechanistic link between these two processes, various aspects of the relationship between oxidative lipid membrane damage and amyloidogenesis were characterized by chemical and physical techniques. Earlier studies of this relationship demonstrated that oxidatively damaged synthetic lipid membranes promoted amyloidogenesis. The studies reported herein specify that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is produced in both synthetic lipids and human brain lipid extracts by oxidative lipid damage and that it can account for accelerated amyloidogenesis. Abeta promotes the copper-mediated generation of HNE from polyunsaturated lipids, and in turn, HNE covalently modifies the histidine side chains of Abeta. HNE-modified Abeta have an increased affinity for lipid membranes and an increased tendency to aggregate into amyloid fibrils. Thus, the prooxidant activity of Abeta leads to its own covalent modification and to accelerated amyloidogenesis. These results illustrate how lipid membranes may be involved in templating the pathological misfolding of Abeta, and they suggest a possible chemical mechanism linking oxidative stress with amyloid formation.
A Survey on Video Summarization Techniques (2019)

With the quick development of digital video technology, it is possible to upload large videos to YouTube or any other websites, record huge amount of data as news videos, sports videos, and lecture videos and surveillance videos etc. Storage, transfer and processing of video take considerably large amount of time. The user might not have adequate time to watch enter video before downloading or the user needs the search result of video to be quick and precise. In such cases the highlight or summary of the video makes search and indexing operations fast and user can view the highlight or summary of the video before downloading the video.Video summarization is short summary or highlights of the long video. This work is a detailed study on various video summarization techniques.
Studies on Cytochrome Oxidase (1972)

Abstract Soluble cytochrome oxidase has been prepared from the Keilin-Hartree preparation of bovine heart by sequential fragmentation of the respiratory chain. The procedure involves a prior extraction with 1% cholate which selectively solubilizes the segment containing the antimycin A-sensitive cytochrome b-c1 segment and succinate dehydrogenase. The cytochrome oxidase remaining in the particle is solubilized by 2% cholate in the presence of 0.25 saturation of ammonium sulfate and then further purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The procedure can be completed in 24 hours. The first order velocity constant of the purified oxidase is approximately 16 s-1 mg-1 of protein in a 3-ml system using reduced cytochrome c as the reductant at pH 5.7. The purified preparation contains approximately 11 nmoles of heme a per mg of protein and about 20% of lipid (w/w). The ratio of copper to heme a is 1.05. Amino acid composition of two preparations of oxidase indicates the protein to be slightly basic. The oxidase exhibits essentially only one sedimenting peak in ultracentrifugation experiments; its hydrodynamic data obtained in 0.1 m phosphate, containing 0.25% Emasol-1130 and 0.25% cholate, give a molecular weight of 4.3 x 105 (lipid included). However, in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at least five major bands were observed. Spectra of the oxidized and the reduced oxidase and the effect of Emasol-1130 on the oxidized spectrum are presented. The oxidase preparation showed absorption maxima at 830, 598, 520, 419, and 280 nm in the oxidized form and 604, 520, 444, and 280 nm in the reduced form. The position of the Soret maximum, which varies from 418 to 425 nm in the oxidized enzyme as reported in the literature, was probably due to the effect of solvent used. The oxidase with the Soret peak at the longer wave length can be reversed to 418 nm by addition of Tween-80 or decrease of the Emasol concentration.
Microsurgical application of freeze‐dried arterial allografts (1986)

Arterial allografts of 1.0 mm diameter and 1.0 cm length were freeze-dried and placed into the femoral arteries of 15 Sprague-Dawley albino male rats in order to study patency and tissue reactions of the host. Patency in the first three postoperative days was determined by monitoring viability of the epigastric island flap. All grafts were patent during this early postoperative period. Fourteen of the subjects were surgically explored after 2 months of observation. At that time, 13 (93%) remained patent. Histopathological studies, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the specimens. These data demonstrated that freeze-dried arteries are remodeled by the host, but do not induce a cellular immune reaction. Dependable freeze-dried microarterial allografts have potential future application in clinical microvascular surgery.
Nursing's Contribution to Better Health Outcomes and the Digitization of Health Information (1997)

This paper addresses the question of why we need to digitize health information, and how we can do that. Following a systems analysis approach, different health systems and subsystems are discussed, including health information systems. The patient - professional relationship is depicted here as the baseline system for different subsystems. Information from the patient is commonly used for diagnosing, and for the treatment and care by professionals. This information about the individual is necessary for the provision of care over longer periods and to cooperate with others. It is therefore documented regularly. Paper systems for patient documentation have many disadvantages, while digitized information systems - e.g., electronic patient records - have advantages. Further, the information about the individual is stored, selected, grouped and aggregated into new information that flows throughout health systems at large. Such aggregated knowledge - encompassing health status, treatment, costs, and outcomes - is necessary to improve health planning, resource allocation and future health outcomes. Multiple use of aggregated information is a growing activity, which allows health professionals to learn from it and to deliver evidence based care. Thus, aggregated information contributes to achieve improved health status for individuals and populations. It needs to be digitized to facilitate computer assisted information processing. Nurses' contribution to health outcomes is currently largely unknown, due to wide gaps in available health information, either paper based or digitized. Therefore, this paper explores one approach to make the contribution of nursing to health care visible, by means of digitizing nursing information.
WIP allocation planning for semiconductor factories (2002)

Long-range planning is vital for semiconductor factories. An innovative work-in-progress (WIP) allocation planning method and a new tool, called the cumulative processed lot graph, which facilitates the implementation of this method are proposed. In the semiconductor industry, the manufacturing lead time is long and the manufacturing process often needs to be started without fixed orders. Appropriate WIP (inventory) planning can effectively balance production for fixed orders with that for projected demand.
Elektromanyetik Işınlarla Yabancı Ot Kontrolü (2016)

ÖzetYoğun pestisit kullanımının bir sonucu olarak son yıllarda artan çevre ve sağlık sorunlarıyla birlikte, tarımda kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif yöntemlerin de önemi artmıştır. Tüm dünyada en fazla kullanılan pestisit grubunu herbisitlerin oluşturması, yabancı otlara karşı alınacak alternatif önlemlerin değerini bir kat daha artırmaktadır. Bu alternatif uygulamalardan biri de elektromanyetik ışınların yabancı ot mücadelesi amacıyla kullanılmasıdır. Gerek tarla tarımında, gerekse tarımsal üretimin önemli bir bileşeni olan meyvecilik ve bağ alanlarında ve gerekse tarım dışı alanlarda bu uygulamalardan bir bölümü pratiğe aktarılmışken, bir bölümü henüz araştırma safhasındadır. Yabancı ot kontrolünde araştırma ve uygulamaya konu olan elektromanyetik ışınlar altı grupta incelenmektedir. Dalga boyu ve frekanslarıyla birbirinden ayrılan bu ışınlar; UHF, mikrodalga, kızılötesi, morötesi, gama ve lazer ışınlarıdır. Üzerinde araştırmaların devam ettiği bu konu hakkında yapılan çalışmalar, etki mekanizmaları, sahadaki uygulamalar ve elde edilen sonuçlara ait bilgiler derlenerek, ülkemiz için de yeni olan bu konuda yapılacak çalışmalara ve araştırıcılara kaynak olması amaçlanmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Alternatif mücadele, lazer, mikrodalga, UHF, yabancı otWeed Control by Electromagnetic RadiationAbstractIn recent years, the increasing environmental and health problems as a result of intensive pesticide use, the importance of the alternative methods for chemical control in agriculture are also increased. Since all over the world the most widely used pesticide group constituted of herbicides, the value of alternative weed control managements is increased one more fold. One of these alternative applications is using the electromagnetic waves for weed control. While some of these applications are put into practice in both field crops, fruit and vineyard and also non-agriculture areas, some of them are still in the research phase. Electromagnetic waves which are subject of the research and practice in weed control are investigated in six groups. Separated by wave size and frequency of these rays are as follow: UHF, microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, gamma and laser. Knowledge about the studies, mode of actions, applications in practice and obtained results about this topic that on continued researches has been reviewed in this article and it is aimed to be source for researchers and future studies that are also new for our country.Key Words: Alternative management, laser, microwave, UHF, weeds
Use of the Sex-Linked Barring (B) Gene for Chick Sexing on an Eumelanotic Columbian Background (1991)

A study was carried out to see whether the near-black down of an eumelanotic columbian phenotype (eWh/eWh, Co/Co, Ml/Ml) could be used in color sexing crosses as a background for the expression of the sex-linked barring (B) gene. Barred (B) and nonbarred (b+) alleles were accurately identified on a heavily eumelanotic columbian phenotype, which provides a brown-faced black down for the B-induced white head spot. Color sexing was possible due to the association between barred males (B/b+) and white head spot. Average accuracy obtained was 97%. Sexing was not possible in the presence of heterozygous Ml/ml+.
Inhibitory Effect of a Self-derived Peptide on Glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans (1999)

Glucosyltransferase (GTF) plays an important role in the development of dental caries. We examined the possible presence of self-inhibitory segments within the enzyme molecule for the purpose of developing anticaries measures through GTF inhibition. Twenty-two synthetic peptides derived from various regions presumably responsible for insoluble-glucan synthesis were studied with respect to their effects on catalytic activity. One of them, which is identical in amino acid sequence to residues 1176-1194, significantly and specifically inhibited both sucrose hydrolysis and glucosyl transfer to glucan by GTF-I. Double-reciprocal analysis revealed that the inhibition is noncompetitive. Scramble peptides, composed of the identical amino acids in randomized sequence, had no effect on GTF-I activity. Furthermore, the peptide is tightly bound to the enzyme once complexed, even in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Kinetic analysis using an optical evanescent resonant mirror cuvette system demonstrated that the enzyme-peptide interaction was biphasic. These results indicate that the peptide directly interacts with the enzyme with high affinity and inhibits its activity in a sequence-specific manner. This peptide itself could possibly be an effective agent for prevention of dental caries, although its effectiveness may be improved by further modification.
Three-dimensional morphology of a very rough interface formed in the soldering reaction between eutectic SnPb and Cu (1995)

We have used scanning electron microscopy to study the interfacial morphology of the Cu-Sn compounds formed between a eutectic SnPb alloy and Cu at 200 °C. A selective etching reveals the three-dimensional morphology of the Cu-Sn compounds. On the solder side, the compounds grow rapidly as big scallops and the interface becomes extremely rough as compared to the Cu side of the interface. In order to understand this rapid and extremely irregular growth of the Cu-Sn compounds, we propose that it is caused by the dissolution of Cu into the liquid solder and the coarsening of the scallop-type compounds by Ostwald ripening. The growth of the Cu-Sn compounds has a serious impact on solder joint rework in electronic packaging.
Amplification and purification of plasmid-encoded thioredoxin from Escherichia coli K12. (1984)

The thioredoxin gene (trxA) from Escherichia coli K12 has been cloned on a 3-kilobase pair PvuII fragment in a derivative of pBR325 (pBHK8). Thioredoxin protein production was amplified 150-200-fold in a strain containing pBHK8 (SK3981), with the greatest increase/cell observed after cultures reached stationary phase. A simple purification procedure, involving DEAE and AcA-54 column chromatography, yielded homogeneous protein with approximately 70% yield. The high amplification of thioredoxin in these cells (i.e. 10(6) copies/cell representing 40% of total cell protein) approaches the maximum yields seen in genetically constructed cloning vehicles (Bernard, H.U., and Helinski, D.R. (1980) in Genetic Engineering (Setlow, J. K., and Hollaender, A., eds) Vol. 2, pp. 133-167, Plenum Press, New York). This tremendous overproduction of thioredoxin protein is attributed to the high plasmid copy number observed in SK3981 (1700/cell). These results suggest a role for thioredoxin in plasmid DNA replication.
Evolving product form designs using parametric shape grammars integrated with genetic programming (2008)

Abstract The two critical issues related to product design exploration are addressed: the balance between stylistic consistency and innovation, and the control of design process under a great diversity of requirements. To address these two issues, the view of understanding product design exploration is first sought. In this view, the exploration of designs is not only categorized as a problem-solving activity but also as a problem-finding activity. A computational framework is developed based on this view, and it encompasses the belief that these two activities go hand in hand to accomplish the design tasks in an interactive design environment. The framework adopts an integration approach of two key computational techniques, shape grammars and evolutionary computing, for addressing the above two critical issues. For the issues of stylistic consistency, this paper focuses on the computational techniques in balancing the conflicts of stylistic consistency and innovation with shape grammars. For the issues of controlling design process, the practical concerns of monitoring the design process through various activities starting from the preparation works to the implementation of shape grammars have been emphasized in the development of this framework. To evaluate the effectiveness of the framework, the experiments have been set up to reflect the practical situations with which the designers have to deal. The system generates a number of models from scratch with numerical analysis that can be evaluated effectively by the designers. This reduces the designers' time and allows the designers to concentrate their efforts on performing higher level of design activities such as evaluation of designs and making design decisions.
Production of cell mass and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in ultrahigh cell density cultures of<i>Nannochloropsis</i>sp. (Eustigmatophyceae) (2000)

(2000). Production of cell mass and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in ultrahigh cell density cultures of Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae) European Journal of Phycology: Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 127-133.
Doping of Alkali, Alkaline-Earth, and Transition Metals in Covalent-Organic Frameworks for Enhancing CO<sub>2</sub> Capture by First-Principles Calculations and Molecular Simulations (2010)

We use the multiscale simulation approach, which combines the first-principles calculations and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, to comprehensively study the doping of a series of alkali (Li, Na, and K), alkaline-earth (Be, Mg, and Ca), and transition (Sc and Ti) metals in nanoporous covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and the effects of the doped metals on CO2 capture. The results indicate that, among all the metals studied, Li, Sc, and Ti can bind with COFs stably, while Be, Mg, and Ca cannot, because the binding of Be, Mg, and Ca with COFs is very weak. Furthermore, Li, Sc, and Ti can improve the uptakes of CO2 in COFs significantly. However, the binding energy of a CO2 molecule with Sc and Ti exceeds the lower limit of chemisorptions and, thus, suffers from the difficulty of desorption. By the comparative studies above, it is found that Li is the best surface modifier of COFs for CO2 capture among all the metals studied. Therefore, we further investigate the uptakes of CO2 in the Li-doped COFs. Our simulation results show that at 298 K and 1 bar, the excess CO2 uptakes of the Li-doped COF-102 and COF-105 reach 409 and 344 mg/g, which are about eight and four times those in the nondoped ones, respectively. As the pressure increases to 40 bar, the CO2 uptakes of the Li-doped COF-102 and COF-105 reach 1349 and 2266 mg/g at 298 K, respectively, which are among the reported highest scores to date. In summary, doping of metals in porous COFs provides an efficient approach for enhancing CO2 capture.