gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shading Curves: Vector‐Based Drawing With Explicit Gradient Control (2015)

Abstract A challenge in vector graphics is to define primitives that offer flexible manipulation of colour gradients. We propose a new primitive, called a shading curve, that supports explicit and local gradient control. This is achieved by associating shading profiles to each side of the curve. These shading profiles, which can be manually manipulated, represent the colour gradient out from their associated curves. Such explicit and local gradient control is challenging to achieve via the diffusion curve process, introduced in 2008, because it offers only implicit control of the colour gradient. We resolve this problem by using subdivision surfaces that are constructed from shading curves and their shading profiles.
Expression profile of tight junction protein claudin 3 and claudin 4 in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma with prognostic correlation. (2007)

Tight junction proteins claudin 3 (CLDN3) and claudin 4 (CLDN4) are frequently altered in several human cancers, including ovarian carcinomas. Here, we examined the gene expression of CLDN3 and CLDN4 in various tumors, including 19 normal ovaries and 47 ovarian carcinomas by analyzing Affymetrix HG-U133 array data. Furthermore, a total of 114 ovarian serous tumors, including 10 adenomas, 20 borderline tumors and 84 carcinomas, were analyzed immunohistochemically to confirm the expression of two proteins and we assessed the association of their expression with the clinicopathological characteristics and survival of the patients. The microarray experiment revealed CLDN3 and CLDN4 transcripts were significantly up-regulated by 5-fold or more in most subtypes of ovarian epithelial carcinomas while the immunohistochemical analyses indicated that each protein was expressed in 68 (81.0%) and 72 (85.7%) of 84 serous adenocarcinomas, respectively. Borderline serous tumors and adenomas showed significantly lower expression of these proteins than the adenocarcinomas. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that serous adenocarcinoma patients with high CLDN3 expression had substantially shorter survival (P=0.027). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that CLDN3 overexpression is an independent negative prognostic factor. Our findings suggest that CLDN3 overexpression can be used as a prognostic indicator in ovarian serous carcinomas. Moreover, CLDN3 may be a promising target for antibody-based therapy of ovarian carcinomas.
Locomotion in men has no appreciable mechanical effect on breathing (1992)

It has been suggested that the act of taking a stride produces substantial respiratory volume displacement and that this assists the respiratory muscles during locomotion. We measured the flow at the mouth associated with stride in walking and running humans and found it to be 1-2% of respiratory tidal volume, which is too small to make an appreciable contribution to pulmonary ventilation.
Tissue- and cell-specific casein gene expression. II. Relationship to site-specific DNA methylation. (1983)

The relationship between DNA methylation and the expression of the gamma- and beta-casein genes was investigated in both expressing and nonexpressing tissues and in isolated tumor cell subpopulations displaying differential casein gene expression. MspI/HpaII digestions of DNA isolated from liver, a totally nonexpressing tissue, indicated that specific sites of hypermethylation existed in these genes as compared to the DNA isolated from casein-producing lactating mammary gland. The positions of these sites were mapped in the gamma-casein gene by comparing total genomic DNA Southern blots to the restriction digests of several overlapping phage clones constituting the gamma-casein gene. In contrast, the methylation status of the HhaI sites in the gamma-casein gene was found to be invariant regardless of the expression status of the gene. The inverse correlation between the hypermethylation of certain MspI/HpaII restriction sites in the casein genes and their potential expressibility was further substantiated by studies in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene- and N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary carcinomas, which have an attenuated casein gene expression, and in cell subpopulations isolated from the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene tumor which were either depleted or enriched in casein-producing cells. Analysis of total tumor DNAs indicated that the casein genes were hypermethylated at the same sites observed in liver. However, a very faint hybridization signal was observed in the HpaII digests, suggesting cell-specific methylation differences. We have confirmed the hypomethylation of at least two of these MspI/HpaII sites within the subpopulation containing the casein-producing cells at a level consistent with the relative enrichment in that fraction. These results demonstrate differential site-specific casein gene methylation not only between tissues but also between cell subpopulations within a single tissue.
Poliovirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Synthesizes Full-Length Copies of Poliovirion RNA, Cellular mRNA, and Several Plant Virus RNAs In Vitro (1982)

The poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase was active on synthetic homopolymeric RNA templates as well as on every natural RNA tested. The polymerase copied polyadenylate. oligouridylate [oligo(U)], polycytidylate . oligoinosinate, and polyinosinate. oligocytidylate templates to about the same extent. The observed activity on polyuridylate. oligoadenylate was about fourfold less. Full-length copies of both poliovirion RNA and a wide variety of other polyadenylated RNAs were synthesized by the polymerase in the presence of oligo(U). Polymerase elongation rates on poliovirion RNA and a heterologous RNA (squash mosaic virus RNA) were about the same. Changes in the Mg(2+) concentration affected the elongation rates on both RNAs to the same extent. With two non-polyadenylated RNAs (tobacco mosaic virus RNA and brome mosaic virus RNA3), the results were different. The purified polymerase synthesized a subgenomic-sized product RNA on brome mosaic virus RNA3 in the presence of oligo(U). This product RNA appeared to initiate on oligo(U) hybridized to an internal oligoadenylate sequence in brome mosaic virus RNA3. No oligo(U)-primed product was synthesized on tobacco mosaic virus RNA. When partially purified polymerase was used in place of the completely purified enzyme, some oligo(U)-independent activity was observed on the brome mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus RNAs. The size of the product RNA from these reactions suggested that at least some of the product RNA was full-sized and covalently linked to the template RNA. Thus, the polymerase was found to copy many different types of RNA and to make full-length copies of the RNAs tested.
Linewidth-Tolerant and Low-Complexity Two-Stage Carrier Phase Estimation for Dual-Polarization 16-QAM Coherent Optical Fiber Communications (2012)

Two novel linewidth-tolerant, low-complexity feedforward carrier phase estimation algorithms are described for dual-polarization 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation with coherent detection. For both algorithms, the carrier phase is estimated in two stages. The first stage employs either a simplified quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) partitioning algorithm or the blind phase search (BPS) algorithm. The second stage employs a novel QPSK constellation transformation algorithm. The performance and linewidth tolerance of both algorithms are evaluated using experimental and simulation data, and the hardware complexity is assessed. For both proposed two-stage algorithms, the linewidth symbol duration product is 1.3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> for a 1 dB penalty in optical signal-to-noise ratio at a bit error ratio of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> . This performance is comparable to a single-stage BPS algorithm with a large number of test phases, but with a reduction of the hardware complexity by factors of about 2.5-11.
Defective B7 expression on antigen-presenting cells underlying T cell activation abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (1996)

Defective T cell functions, including IL-2 production and proliferation, have been shown in SLE patients. After T cell stimulation (first signal), a costimulatory signal (second signal) is required to achieve complete T cell activation. Main costimulatory signals are provided to T cells by B7 antigens (CD80 and CD86, expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APC)) upon interaction with its receptor, the CD28 molecule expressed on T cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CD28/B7 interactions in the impaired T cell responses of SLE patients. We show that stimulation of T cells with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in the presence, but not in the absence, of anti-CD28 MoAb or B7+ cells results in tyrosine phosphorylation of specific substrates, transcription of mRNA and production of IL-2 that is indistinguishable in SLE patients and healthy controls. Moreover, proliferation of costimulated T cells from SLE and controls was specifically abrogated by blocking the CD28/B7 interactions by means of addition to the culture of the CTLA4-Ig fusion protein. However, in most patients activated APC failed to up-regulate B7 molecules, giving rise to ineffective costimulatory signalling to T cells. These results indicate that the CD28/B7 costimulatory pathway is defective in SLE patients.
12.2: A Conformable Electronic Ink Display using a Foil‐Based a‐Si TFT Array (2001)

Abstract We have fabricated prototype lightweight electronic ink displays on a conformable active‐matrix array sheet. The active matrix arrays were built using amorphous silicon thin film transistors and capacitors on a stainless steel foil substrate. These prototype displays possess a resolution of 40 dpi, with 52×64 pixels (active area 1.3 inch × 1.6 inch) on a 1.8 inch × 2.0 inch stainless steel substrate. The display possesses an ink on paper appearance, with wide‐viewing angle and good contrast ratio.
Les jus de compost à l'honneur en Rhone-Alpes (2010)

Indispensable a la vie mais fatale en exces, l'eau constitue un agent essentiel pour le bon fonctionnement des traitements biologiques des dechets. Bilan d'une journee technique organisee a Voiron par l'Association Rhone Alpes Qualite Compost (1) sur le theme de la gestion des eaux usees des plates-formes de compostage.
Human plasma enhances the infectivity of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (1995)

Physiological microenvironments such as blood, seminal plasma, mucosal secretions, or lymphatic fluids may influence the biology of the virus-host cell and immune interactions for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Relative to media, physiological levels of human plasma were found to enhance the infectivity of HIV-1 primary isolates in both phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. Enhancement was observed only when plasma was present during the virus-cell incubation and resulted in a 3- to 30-fold increase in virus titers in all of the four primary isolates tested. Both infectivity and virion binding experiments demonstrated a slow, time-dependent process generally requiring between 1 and 10 h. Human plasma collected in anticoagulants CPDA-1 and heparin, but not EDTA, exhibited this effect at concentrations from 90 to 40%. Furthermore, heat-inactivated plasma resulted in a loss of enhancement in peripheral blood mononuclear cells but not in monocyte-derived macrophages. Physiological concentrations of human plasma appear to recruit additional infectivity, thus increasing the infectious potential of the virus inoculum.
Changes in Diastolic Stiffness and Tone of the Left Ventricle During Angina Pectoris (1974)

Reported elevations of left ventricular filling pressures during angina suggest increased myocardial stiffness. Both left ventricular beginning- and end-diastolic pressures and volumes were measured in seven patients before, during, and after angina induced by atrial pacing. During nine episodes of angina, mean end-diastolic pressure rose from 12 to 29 mm Hg and ejection fraction fell from 0.47 to 0.37. Logarithms of beginning and end-diastolic pressures were plotted against the corresponding volumes for each angiogram. During angina, there was a marked increase in beginning as well as end-diastolic stiffness of the ventricle. These changes, which were reversible with resolution of angina, may be due to sustained contraction or failure of relaxation of a portion of the left ventricular myocardium during angina pectoris.
Epigenetic regulation of <i>Atoh1</i> guides hair cell development in the mammalian cochlea (2016)

There was an error published in Development 142, 3529-3536.The concentrations of two drugs were wrongly reported. The correct values are 200 nM (not 500 μM) TSA and 500 μM (not 200 nM) VPA. Corrected sentences read as follows.On p. 3531: To test the requirement for histone deacetylation of Atoh1 during postnatal downregulation, we treated P1 organ cultures for 6 or 24 h with 500 μM valproic acid (VPA), a broad-spectrum histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) (Göttlicher et al., 2001) (Fig. 3C).On p. 3534: Embryonic cochlear cultures were placed directly in the drug/vehicle; postnatal cultures were allowed to recover for 2-3 hours before administering the drugs [30 μM curcumin (Enzo Life Sci, ALX-350-M010), 250 μM BA (Enzo Life Sci, ALX-778-649-18-6), 200 nM TSA (Sigma) and 500 μM VPA (Sigma)].The authors apologise to readers for this mistake.
PEGylated PRINT Nanoparticles: The Impact of PEG Density on Protein Binding, Macrophage Association, Biodistribution, and Pharmacokinetics (2020)

In this account, we varied PEGylation density on the surface of hydrogel PRINT nanoparticles and systematically observed the effects on protein adsorption, macrophage uptake, and circulation time. Interestingly, the density of PEGylation necessary to promote a long-circulating particle was dramatically less than what has been previously reported. Overall, our methodology provides a rapid screening technique to predict particle behavior in vivo and our results deliver further insight to what PEG density is necessary to facilitate long-circulation.
유방암에서 화상분석법과 유세포측정법에 의한 DNA 배수성 측정의 전향적 비교 (1994)

With the advent of the computer and video technology, image analysis becomes a practical method of measuring DNA that also makes it possible to classify cells. The purpose of this study was to prospectively compare DNA ploidy from 44 breast cancers in which DNA indices had been measured by image analysis of touch preparations and flow cytometry of cell suspensions. For 38 cases. there was excellent agreement between the 2 methods, and the concordance rate was 86.4%(Pearson's relationship=0.4171, p< 0.05). For 6 cases, however, an aneuploid population was identified by image but not by flow cytometry. In our study, no aneuploid population was missed by image analysis. Aneuploid populations were missed by flow cytometry, either because of cell loss during processing or because visual identification by image can increase sensitivity. We conclude that computerized image analysis has significant advantages over flow cytometry, including lower cost, the ability to analyze very small specimens, the capability of detecting rare high ploidy cells with the capability to classify cellular populations and no need for destructive enzyme or chemical digestion for specimen preparation and that image cytometry can be used with flow cytometry in a complementary fashion to determine DNA ploidy in breast cancer.
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Exploratory Trial of Chromium Picolinate in Atypical Depression: Effect on Carbohydrate Craving (2005)

: In a population of adults with atypical depression, most of whom were overweight or obese, CrPic produced improvement on the following HAM-D-29 items: appetite increase, increased eating, carbohydrate craving, and diurnal variation of feelings. In a subpopulation of patients with high carbohydrate craving, overall HAM-D-29 scores improved significantly in patients treated with CrPic compared with placebo. The results of this study suggest that the main effect of chromium was on carbohydrate craving and appetite regulation in depressed patients and that 600 mug of elemental chromium may be beneficial for patients with atypical depression who also have severe carbohydrate craving. Further studies are needed to evaluate chromium in depressed patients specifically selected for symptoms of increased appetite and carbohydrate craving as well as to determine whether a higher dose of chromium would have an effect on mood.
Airway smooth muscle prostaglandin-EP1 receptors directly modulate  2-adrenergic receptors within a unique heterodimeric complex (2006)

Multiple and paradoxical effects of airway smooth muscle (ASM) 7-transmembrane-spanning receptors activated during asthma, or by treatment with bronchodilators such as 2 -adrenergic receptor ( 2 AR) agonists, indicate extensive receptor crosstalk. We examined the signaling of the prostanoid-EP 1 receptor, since its endogenous agonist prostaglandin E 2 is abundant in the airway, but its functional implications are poorly defined. Activation of EP 1 failed to elicit ASM contraction in mouse trachea via this G q -coupled receptor. However, EP 1 activation markedly reduced the bronchodilatory function of 2 AR agonist, but not forskolin, indicating an early pathway interaction. Activation of EP 1 reduced 2 AR-stimulated cAMP in ASM but did not promote or augment 2 AR phosphorylation or alter 2 AR trafficking. Bioluminescence resonant energy transfer showed EP 1 and 2 AR formed heterodimers, which were further modified by EP 1 agonist. In cell membrane [ 35 S]GTPS binding studies, the presence of the EP 1 component of the dimer uncoupled 2 AR from G s , an effect accentuated by EP 1 agonist activation. Thus alone, EP 1 does not appear to have a significant direct effect on airway tone but acts as a modulator of the 2 AR, altering G s coupling via steric interactions imposed by the EP 1 : 2 AR heterodimeric signaling complex and ultimately affecting 2 AR-mediated bronchial relaxation. This mechanism may contribute to -agonist resistance found in asthma.
Physical and biological features of polyoma virus mutants able to infect embryonal carcinoma cell lines (1982)

Three new polyoma mutants were selected for their ability to grow on the embryonal carcinoma cell line F9. These mutants share in common an insertion of two nucleotides, a thymine and an adenine, in the noncoding region located on the late side of the origin of replication. We have found that these insertions exist in all of the other polyoma virus mutants able to grow on F9 cells (Fujimura et al., Cell 23:809-814, 1981; Katinka et al., Nature (London) 290:720-722, 1981; K. Sekikawa and A. J. Levine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:1100-1104, 1981). The region containing these insertions could be folded into a stable secondary structure which included a guanine plus cytosine (G + C)-rich stem. The adenine and thymine were inserted in such a way that they maintained the palindrome in the G + C-rich stem and were complementary in the putative secondary structure that we present here. Another class of polyoma virus mutants selected on a multipotential carcinoma cell line (PCC4-Aza) were characterized by a more complex rearrangement (deletion and duplication) which occurred in the same region. This arrangement preserved the G + C-rich palindrome and also yielded a sequence which still allowed the folding of another type of stable secondary structure. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Study on Cytochrome P-450 Dependent Retinoic Acid Metabolism and its Inhibitors As Potential Agents for Cancer Therapy (2011)

The relative lack of clinical success with conventional anticancer agents may be due in part to the traditional concept of cancer being a biological state rather than a dynamic process. Redefining cancer as a dynamic disease commencing with carcinogenesis introduces the possibility of chemoprevention. Retinoids offer the promise of a therapeutic option based on differentiation of premalignant as well as malignant cells. Research to date has concentrated on the use of exogenous retinoids in cancer. Although this research continues with new retinoid derivatives, an alternative approach to overcoming the drawbacks associated with exogenous retinoids has been to increase the levels of endogenous retinoic acid (RA) by inhibiting the cytochrome P450- mediated catabolism of RA using a novel class of agents known as retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs which increase the level of endogenous retinoic acid (RA) within the tumor cells by blocking their metabolism. This approach presents several theoretic advantages.In the present study a wide range of established P-450 inhibitors has been screened to examine their inhibitory activity on all-trans-Retinoic acid (ATRA) metabolism. Forty-one known P450 inhibitors were tested for their inhibitory activity against RA metabolism. Most of them are nitrogen-containing compounds. The results showed that among these compounds only six compounds (N-benzyl-2-phenylethanamine, itraconazole, chlorpromazine, 5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine, proadifen and furazolidone) showed inhibition of RA metabolism which was > 50%. Ketoconazole and liarozole were also screened as standard potent inhibitors in the same system and gave 87.5% and 89% inhibition, respectively. The results indicate that mostly azoles with substituents in positions other than the 1-position on the ring are very weak inhibitors of RA metabolism. The most effective inhibitors (ketoconazole, itraconazole, bifonazole and clotrimazole) are 1-substituted and possess relatively large aromatic groups in the molecule. 1-Substituted imidazoles bind to cytochrome P-450 with a very high affinity but substitution in the other position of the imidazole decreases the binding affinity.
A parallel simulated annealing algorithm for channel routing on a hypercube multiprocessor (2003)

The algorithm begins with an initial placement of nets in the channel using the number of tracks equal to the density of the channel. Overlapping subnets are permitted at this stage as the annealing process will gradually work to remove the overlaps. Transformations are then repeatedly applied to the channel state by moving nets around the channel in a parallel fashion. By allowing overlap situations and controlling them with appropriate cost function, the algorithm is capable of producing very good results with the advantage of decreased runtime from the parallelism. and can also be applied to extensions of the channel routing problem, such as switchbox routine with obstacle avoidance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multivalent Rituximab Lipid Nanoparticles as Improved Lymphoma Therapies: Indirect Mechanisms of Action and <i>In Vivo</i> Activity (2011)

Although indirect and direct mechanisms of multivalent Ritux are enhanced, its further development requires methods to improve its circulation lifetime.