gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D-ICE: fast compact transient thermal modeling for 3D ICs with inter-tier liquid cooling (2010)

Three dimensional stacked integrated circuits (3D ICs) are extremely attractive for overcoming the barriers in interconnect scaling, offering an opportunity to continue the CMOS performance trends for the next decade. However, from a thermal perspective, vertical integration of high-performance ICs in the form of 3D stacks is highly demanding since the effective areal heat dissipation increases with number of dies (with hotspot heat fluxes up to 250W/cm2) generating high chip temperatures. In this context, inter-tier integrated microchannel cooling is a promising and scalable solution for high heat flux removal. A robust design of a 3D IC and its subsequent thermal management depend heavily upon accurate modeling of the effects of liquid cooling on the thermal behavior of the IC during the early stages of design. In this paper we present 3D-ICE, a compact transient thermal model (CTTM) for the thermal simulation of 3D ICs with multiple inter-tier microchannel liquid cooling. The proposed model is compatible with existing thermal CAD tools for ICs, and offers significant speed-up (up to 975x) over a typical commercial computational fluid dynamics simulation tool while preserving accuracy (i.e., maximum temperature error of 3.4%). In addition, a thermal simulator has been built based on 3D-ICE, which is capable of running in parallel on multicore architectures, offering further savings in simulation time and demonstrating efficient parallelization of the proposed approach.
Word re-ordering and DP-based search in statistical machine translation (2000)

In this paper, we describe a search procedure for statistical machine translation (MT) based on dynamic programming (DP). Starting from a DP-based solution to the traveling salesman problem, we present a novel technique to restrict the possible word reordering between source and target language in order to achieve an efficient search algorithm. A search restriction especially useful for the translation direction from German to English is presented. The experimental tests are carried out on the Verbmobil task (German-English, 8000-word vocabulary), which is a limited-domain spoken-language task.
The effect of the <i>p</i>H of the medium during growth on the enzymic activities of bacteria (<i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Micrococcus lysodeikticus</i>) and the biological significance of the changes produced (1942)

Researches of recent years on the enzymic activities of micro-organisms have shown that the bacterial cell possesses a very variable enzymic constitution. Karstrom [1938] pointed out that bacterial enzymes can be divided into two main classes: adaptive enzymes which are formed by the cell in response to the presence of the specific substrate, and constitutive enzymes which are formed whether the corresponding substrate is present during growth or not. This covers only one aspect of enzyme variation as both adaptive and constitutive enzymes undergo considerable variation with the physical conditions holding during growth. Thus the activities of the cells may alter with the tempe-ature and degree of anaerobiosis during growth, the age of the culture and the presence in the medium of substances which are not related to the enzyme substrate, etc. The present communication deals with the alterations in enzyme activities of two organisms, E. coli and. M. lysodeikticus, with the pH of the medium in which they are
Equilibrium and Do−Do Model Fitting of Water Adsorption on Four Commercial Activated Carbons with Different Surface Chemistry and Pore Structure (2010)

The textural properties and the surface acidities of four commercial activated carbons (ACs) were determined separately by nitrogen adsorption and Boehm titration. The adsorption isotherms of water vapor on the ACs were measured by the gravimetric method and fitted by the simplified version of the Do−Do (DD) model. The results indicated that all isotherms of water vapor on the ACs can be well-fitted by the simplified version of the DD model. The value of parameter n in the model increases with the pore size of the AC and is very close to 5 when the average pore diameter is between (1.96 and 2.8) nm. The order of parameter N0 is in good agreement with that of the total surface group concentrations. The parameter CμS is almost equal to the amount adsorbed of water on the AC at a relative humidity of 100 % or to the value of its total pore volume. The parameter Kμ depends on the pore size and decreases with increasing pore size. The value of parameter b depends on the combined contribution of the pore size and total surface group concentration of the AC and increases with the total surface group concentration and pore size.
Mutant <i>PIK3CA</i> accelerates HER2-driven transgenic mammary tumors and induces resistance to combinations of anti-HER2 therapies (2013)

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2) amplification and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations often co-occur in breast cancer. Aberrant activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been shown to correlate with a diminished response to HER2-directed therapies. We generated a mouse model of HER2-overexpressing (HER2(+)), PIK3CA(H1047R)-mutant breast cancer. Mice expressing both human HER2 and mutant PIK3CA in the mammary epithelium developed tumors with shorter latencies compared with mice expressing either oncogene alone. HER2 and mutant PIK3CA also cooperated to promote lung metastases. By microarray analysis, HER2-driven tumors clustered with luminal breast cancers, whereas mutant PIK3CA tumors were associated with claudin-low breast cancers. PIK3CA and HER2(+)/PIK3CA tumors expressed elevated transcripts encoding markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem cells. Cells from HER2(+)/PIK3CA tumors more efficiently formed mammospheres and lung metastases. Finally, HER2(+)/PIK3CA tumors were resistant to trastuzumab alone and in combination with lapatinib or pertuzumab. Both drug resistance and enhanced mammosphere formation were reversed by treatment with a PI3K inhibitor. In sum, PIK3CA(H1047R) accelerates HER2-mediated breast epithelial transformation and metastatic progression, alters the intrinsic phenotype of HER2-overexpressing cancers, and generates resistance to approved combinations of anti-HER2 therapies.
Case-based reasoning, learning and refinement for industrial diagnosis (1993)

A description is given of a case-based reasoning system, REFINER, and how it can be applied to an industrial diagnosis problem. The system is capable of identifying inconsistencies among cases and helping a user resolve them. The use of such a system co-operating with a rule based system on the same industrial problem is discussed. The REFINER program is a knowledge refinement tool, for differential diagnosis, which helps an expert elicit and refine his knowledge in a more 'natural' way by talking about individual cases rather than general rules. Further, the system has the ability to point out that two classifications are not distinct, and can then suggest ways in which the inconsistency may be resolved. REFINER, which uses an inductive learning algorithm and background knowledge if it is available, explores a variety of possibilities if the learning algorithm is initially unable to find a complete and consistent concept description. The system assumes that inconsistencies arise due to inaccurately described cases, misclassified cases or indeed, lack of domain knowledge. The system was designed specifically to analyse cases, learn the classification criteria used, and resolve inconsistent uses. >
The Arabidopsis <i>dwarf1</i> Mutant Is Defective in the Conversion of 24-Methylenecholesterol to Campesterol in Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis1 (1999)

Since the isolation and characterization of dwarf1-1 (dwf1-1) from a T-DNA insertion mutant population, phenotypically similar mutants, including deetiolated2 (det2), constitutive photomorphogenesis and dwarfism (cpd), brassinosteroid insensitive1 (bri1), and dwf4, have been reported to be defective in either the biosynthesis or the perception of brassinosteroids. We present further characterization of dwf1-1 and additional dwf1 alleles. Feeding tests with brassinosteroid-biosynthetic intermediates revealed that dwf1 can be rescued by 22alpha-hydroxycampesterol and downstream intermediates in the brassinosteroid pathway. Analysis of the endogenous levels of brassinosteroid intermediates showed that 24-methylenecholesterol in dwf1 accumulates to 12 times the level of the wild type, whereas the level of campesterol is greatly diminished, indicating that the defective step is in C-24 reduction. Furthermore, the deduced amino acid sequence of DWF1 shows significant similarity to a flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domain conserved in various oxidoreductases, suggesting an enzymatic role for DWF1. In support of this, 7 of 10 dwf1 mutations directly affected the flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domain. Our molecular characterization of dwf1 alleles, together with our biochemical data, suggest that the biosynthetic defect in dwf1 results in reduced synthesis of bioactive brassinosteroids, causing dwarfism.
Towards the fabrication of phosphorus qubits for a silicon quantum computer (2001)

The quest to build a quantum computer has been inspired by the recognition of the formidable computational power such a device could offer. In particular silicon-based proposals, using the nuclear or electron spin of dopants as qubits, are attractive due to the long spin relaxation times involved, their scalability, and the ease of integration with existing silicon technology. Fabrication of such devices, however, requires atomic scale manipulation --- an immense technological challenge. We demonstrate that it is possible to fabricate an atomically precise linear array of single phosphorus bearing molecules on a silicon surface with the required dimensions for the fabrication of a silicon-based quantum computer. We also discuss strategies for the encapsulation of these phosphorus atoms by subsequent silicon crystal growth.
Repeated Measures of Blood and Breath Ammonia in Response to Control, Moderate and High Protein Dose in Healthy Men (2018)

Ammonia physiology is important to numerous disease states including urea cycle disorders and hepatic encephalopathy. However, many unknowns persist regarding the ammonia response to common and potentially significant physiologic influences, such as food. Our aim was to evaluate the dynamic range of ammonia in response to an oral protein challenge in healthy participants. We measured blood and breath ammonia at baseline and every hour for 5.5 hours. Healthy men (N = 22, aged 18 to 24 years) consumed a 60 g protein shake (high dose); a subset of 10 consumed a 30 g protein shake (moderate dose) and 12 consumed an electrolyte drink containing 0 g protein (control). Change in blood ammonia over time varied by dose (p = 0.001). Difference in blood ammonia was significant for control versus high (p = 0.0004) and moderate versus high (p = 0.03). Change in breath ammonia over time varied by dose (p < 0.0001). Difference in breath ammonia was significant for control versus moderate (p = 0.03) and control versus high (p = 0.0003). Changes in blood and breath ammonia were detectable by fast, minimally-invasive (blood) or non-invasive (breath) point-of-care ammonia measurement methods. These pilot data may contribute to understanding normal ammonia metabolism. Novel measurement methods may aid research into genetic and metabolic ammonia disorders.
Three-Dimensional, Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Method for Estimating Large Strain Mechanical Properties of the Cervix during Pregnancy (2012)

Cervical shortening and cervical insufficiency contribute to a significant number of preterm births. However, the deformation mechanisms that control how the cervix changes its shape from long and closed to short and dilated are not clear. Investigation of the biomechanical problem is limited by (1) lack of thorough characterization of the three-dimensional anatomical changes associated with cervical deformation and (2) difficulty measuring cervical tissue properties in vivo. The objective of the present study was to explore the feasibility of using three-dimensional ultrasound and fundal pressure to obtain anatomically-accurate numerical models of large-strain cervical deformation during pregnancy and enable noninvasive assessment of cervical-tissue compliance. Healthy subjects (n = 6) and one subject with acute cervical insufficiency in the midtrimester were studied. Extended field-of-view ultrasound images were obtained of the entire uterus and cervix. These images aided construction of anatomically accurate numerical models. Cervical loading was achieved with fundal pressure, which was quantified with a vaginal pressure catheter. In one subject, the anatomical response to fundal pressure was matched by a model-based simulation of the deformation response, thereby deriving the corresponding cervical mechanical properties and showing the feasibility of noninvasive assessment of compliance. The results of this pilot study demonstrate the feasibility of a biomechanical modeling framework for estimating cervical mechanical properties in vivo. An improved understanding of cervical biomechanical function will clarify the pathophysiology of cervical shortening.
Detection of Lipid-Rich Prostate Circulating Tumour Cells with Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy (2012)

Intracellular lipid could serve as a biomarker for prostate CTC which could be sensitively detected with CARS microscopy in a label-free manner. Strong affinity for lipid by metastatic prostate cancer cells could be used to improve detection sensitivity and therapeutic targeting of prostate CTC.
Pharmacokinetics of Pimozide in Adults and Children with Tourette's Syndrome (1987)

Pimozide is a neuroleptic drug with dopamine receptor and calcium channel blocking activity that is used in the treatment of Tourette's syndrome. A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of pimozide was made in children and adults with Tourette's syndrome. Seven adults (ages 23-39) and four children (ages 6-13) received a single 2-mg oral dose of pimozide and a minimum of nine blood samples were collected over a four-day period. Mean elimination half-life of pimozide in children was 66 hours compared with 111 hours in adults with Tourette's syndrome. Significant interindividual variability of pimozide pharmacokinetics was found in both adults and children with Tourette's syndrome. The pharmacokinetics of pimozide in patients with Tourette's syndrome differs from that reported in adult populations with chronic schizophrenia.
Mechanical circulatory support (2011)

Currently, almost five million Americans and 23 million people worldwide are living with congestive heart failure (CHF), with 2 million new cases diagnosed each year. The etiology is mostly ischemic, idiopathic, or viral, and more than $36 billion is spent each year on the care of congestive heart failure patients. Treatment of advanced CHF takes three forms: medical therapy, surgical therapy and cardiac replacement. Medical therapy, including inotropes and vasodilators, relieves symptoms by reducing cardiac work and increasing myocardial contractility. This has helped improve quality of life, but mortality remains unaffected. Surgical therapy, including revascularization, ventricular restoration and valve replacement/repair, relieves symptoms and improves function, but in most cases does not stop the underlying disease process from progressing. When conventional medical or surgical therapies are exhausted, cardiac assist or replacement, including ventricular assist device (VAD), heart transplant or a total artificial heart (TAH) may become the only therapeutic options. This article will not discuss the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac support that is described in an additional article in this issue of Organogenesis.
Products of phospholipid metabolism in Bacillus stearothermophilus (1983)

The products of phospholipid turnover in Bacillus stearothermophilus were determined in cultures labeled to equilibrium and with short pulses of [32P]phosphate and [2-3H]glycerol. Label lost from the cellular lipid pool was recovered in three fractions: low-molecular-weight extracellular products, extracellular lipid, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). The low-molecular-weight turnover products were released from the cells during the first 10 to 20 min of a 60-min chase period and appeared to be derived primarily from phosphatidylglycerol turnover. Phosphatidylethanolamine, which appeared to be synthesized in part from the phosphatidyl group of phosphatidylglycerol, was released from the cell but was not degraded. The major product of phospholipid turnover was LTA. Essentially all of the label lost from the lipid pool during the final 40 min of the chase period was recovered as extracellular LTA. The LTA appeared to be derived primarily from the turnover of cardiolipin and the phosphatidyl group of phosphatidylglycerol. Three types of LTA were isolated; an extracellular LTA was recovered from the culture medium, and two types of LTA were extracted from membrane preparations or whole-cell lysates by the hot phenol-water procedure. Cells contained 1.5 to 2.5 mg of cellular LTA per g of cells (dry weight), over 50% of which remained associated with the membrane when cells were fractionated. Over 75% of the 3H label incorporated into the cellular LTA pool during a 90-min labeling period was released from the cells during the first cell doubling after the chase. Label lost from the lipid pool was incorporated into cellular LTA which was then modified and released into the culture medium.
Design Synthesis of Articulated Heavy Vehicles with Active Trailer Steering Systems (2010)

A new design synthesis method for articulated heavy vehicles (AHVs) with an active trailer steering (ATS) system is examined and evaluated. Due to their heavy weights, large sizes, and complex configurations, AHVs have poor maneuverability at low speeds, and low lateral stability at high speeds. Various passive trailer steering and ATS systems have been developed for improving the low-speed maneuverability. However, they often have detrimental effects on the high-speed stability. To date, no systematic design synthesis method has been developed to coordinate the opposing design goals of AHVs. In this thesis, a new automated design synthesis approach, called a Single Design Loop (SDL) method, is proposed and investigated. The SDL method has the following distinguished features: 1) the optimal active design variables of ATS systems and the optimal passive vehicle design variables are searched in a single design loop; 2) in the design process, to evaluate the vehicle performance measures, a driver model is developed and it ???drives??? the vehicle model based on the well-defined testing specifications; and 3) the ATS controller derived from this method has two operational modes: one for improving the lateral stability at high speeds and the other for enhancing path-following at low speeds. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the new SDL method, it is applied to the design of an ATS system for an AHV with a tractor/full-trailer. In comparison to a conventional design approach, the SDL method can search through solutions in a much larger design space, and consequently it provides a more comprehensive set of optimal designs..
The origin and function of cement gland secretion in <i>Pomphorhynchus laevis</i> (Acanthocephala) (1999)

Cement gland protein in male and inseminated female individuals of an acanthocephalan parasite of fish, Pomphorhynchus laevis (Müller, 1776), was localized by immunohistochemistry using an antibody specific for cement protein. Male P. laevis possess 3 pairs of round to oval cement glands ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 mm in length and from 0.3 to 0.7 mm in width. Each gland has an outer portion containing nuclear fragments and other cellular organelles surrounding a space for storage of gland products. Very little work has been carried out on the nature of the cement gland secretions. We have previously reported that the major component of cement is a protein with molecular weight of 23 kDa; in fresh glands it is white in colour. Immunohistochemical studies herein reported were carried out using a polyclonal antibody raised against purified P. laevis p23 cement protein (anti-p23PL). Localization of p23 cement protein at the light microscope level, by means of the anti-p23PL antibody, shows that p23 is present within the cytoplasmic layer of the gland as well as in the gland duct lumen. Interestingly, the p23 cement protein was also identifiable at the posterior ends of females retaining the cap. Positivity to anti-p23PL antibody was obtained not only in the external part of the copulatory cap, but also within the vaginal tract and at the base of the uterine duct. Thus, we report herein the first photographic evidence that the copulatory cap is not a simple gonopore lid but it is really an intravaginal plug.
Activation of human NK cells by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and its modulation by CD4+ T helper cells and CD4+ CD25hi T regulatory cells (2005)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) represent a specialized cell population that produce type I interferon (IFN) in response to virus. Although type I IFN is a natural killer (NK) cell modulator, a direct role for pDC in coordinating NK cell functions has not yet been elucidated in detail, especially in humans. Here we report that human pDC, following engagement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, not only activate autologous NK cells, as indicated by the induction of CD69 expression, but also enhance their effector functions, especially cytotoxicity. Moreover, they can induce selective proliferation of CD56bright CD16- NK cells. This activity can be strongly augmented by the addition of autologous CD4+ CD25- T helper cells in an IL-2-dependent fashion. Strikingly, CD4+ CD25hi T regulatory (Treg) cells completely abrogate this IL-2-dependent proliferation of NK cells, while they are not able to influence NK cell activation or proliferation solely induced by pDC. Our data show that TLR9-engaged pDC represent a critical stimulus for human NK cells and that CD4+ Th cells and CD4+ CD25hi Treg cells play an important role in modulating human NK cell responses.
绘画修复工作的一些方法——“绘画修复工作的技术”一书绪言 (1956)

毫无疑问,只有到人们认为艺术有价值时,才可能有绘画的修复工作。穴居野处的人大概不会修复他们刻在洞壁上面的绘画吧;那时连修理修理都谈不到。修理和修复有何区别呢?答案很简单。首先,修理的时候并不打算尽量贴切地恢复原样。因此,
Percutaneous Progesterone Use and Risk of Breast Cancer: Results from a French Cohort Study of Premenopausal Women with Benign Breast Disease (1999)

Percutaneous progesterone topically applied on the breast has been proposed and widely used in the relief of mastalgia and benign breast disease by numerous gynecologists and general practitioners. However, its chronic use has never been evaluated in relation to breast cancer risk. The association between percutaneous progesterone use and the risk of breast cancer was evaluated in a cohort study of 1150 premenopausal French women with benign breast disease diagnosed in two breast clinics between 1976 and 1979. The follow-up accumulated 12,462 person-years. Percutaneous progesterone had been prescribed to 58% of the women. There was no association between breast cancer risk and the use of percutaneous progesterone (RR = 0.8; 95% confidence interval 0.4-1.6). Although the combined treatment of oral progestogens with percutaneous progesterone significantly decreased the risk of breast cancer (RR = 0.5; 95% confidence interval 0.2-0.9) as compared with nonusers, there was no significant difference in the risk of breast cancer in percutaneous progesterone users versus nonusers among oral progestogen users. Taken together, these results suggest at least an absence of deleterious effects caused by percutaneous progesterone use in women with benign breast disease.