gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Running shoes and running injuries: mythbusting and a proposal for two new paradigms: ‘preferred movement path’ and ‘comfort filter’ (2015)

In the past 100 years, running shoes experienced dramatic changes. The question then arises whether or not running shoes (or sport shoes in general) influence the frequency of running injuries at all. This paper addresses five aspects related to running injuries and shoe selection, including (1) the changes in running injuries over the past 40 years, (2) the relationship between sport shoes, sport inserts and running injuries, (3) previously researched mechanisms of injury related to footwear and two new paradigms for injury prevention including (4) the 'preferred movement path' and (5) the 'comfort filter'. Specifically, the data regarding the relationship between impact characteristics and ankle pronation to the risk of developing a running-related injury is reviewed. Based on the lack of conclusive evidence for these two variables, which were once thought to be the prime predictors of running injuries, two new paradigms are suggested to elucidate the association between footwear and injury. These two paradigms, 'the preferred movement path' and 'the comfort filter', suggest that a runner intuitively selects a comfortable product using their own comfort filter that allows them to remain in the preferred movement path. This may automatically reduce the injury risk and may explain why there does not seem to be a secular trend in running injury rates.
A Silicon Micromachined Eight-Pixel Transceiver Array for Submillimeter-Wave Radar (2015)

An eight-pixel transceiver array for operation in a 340 GHz imaging radar is presented. Silicon micromachining is applied to fabricate the submillimeter-wave front-end components to increase the density and uniformity of the array while lowering the cost compared to metal machining. Performance comparable with discrete metal machined housings was achieved with the 340 GHz transmitter nominally producing 0.5 mW and the mixers having a DSB noise temperature of 2000 K with a conversion loss of 8 dB. Radar performance is primarily limited by the isolation of the hybrid coupler, which is typically 28 dB, but excellent imaging performance is still achieved and improvements in penetration compared to higher frequency imaging radars is demonstrated.
Cleanup of agrochemical spills using cotton sorbents (1994)

Abstract We evaluated natural sorbents such as cotton that had been structured into needlepunched nonwovens with or without polypropylene fibers in the cleanup of agrochemical spills such as malathion,. It was shown that at high levels of compaction and fraction of polypropylene, mechanical properties of the nonwoven sorbents were generally increased considerably. At low level of compaction, variations on mechanical properties by fiber composition became smaller or nonsignificant. On the other hand, at low level of compaction nonwovens made by high fraction of gray cotton showed excellent sorption capacities. The highly effective natural sorbents can be produced by using gray cotton fibers to replace synthetic sorbents such as polypropylene in cleanup of agrochemical spills occurred both on land and in water. However, the repeated application is not recommended for the gray cotton sorbent in cleanup of malathion. Key words: pesticidespillscleanupsorbentnonwovenscotton
Role of the metastasis‐promoting protein osteopontin in the tumour microenvironment (2010)

Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted protein present in bodily fluids and tissues. It is subject to multiple post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, glycosylation, proteolytic cleavage and crosslinking by transglutamination. Binding of OPN to integrin and CD44 receptors regulates signalling cascades that affect processes such as adhesion, migration, invasion, chemotaxis and cell survival. A variety of cells and tissues express OPN, including bone, vasculature, kidney, inflammatory cells and numerous secretory epithelia. Normal physiological roles include regulation of immune functions, vascular remodelling, wound repair and developmental processes. OPN also is expressed in many cancers, and elevated levels in patients' tumour tissue and blood are associated with poor prognosis. Tumour growth is regulated by interactions between tumour cells and their tissue microenvironment. Within a tumour mass, OPN can be expressed by both tumour cells and cellular components of the tumour microenvironment, and both tumour and normal cells may have receptors able to bind to OPN. OPN can also be found as a component of the extracellular matrix. The functional roles of OPN in a tumour are thus complex, with OPN secreted by both tumour cells and cells in the tumour microenvironment, both of which can in turn respond to OPN. Much remains to be learned about the cross-talk between normal and tumour cells within a tumour, and the role of multiple forms of OPN in these interactions. Understanding OPN-mediated interactions within a tumour will be important for the development of therapeutic strategies to target OPN.
Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>(MXene)–polyacrylamide nanocomposite films (2016)

Herein we report on the synthesis and characterization of MXene–polyacrylamide (PAM) nanocomposite films. The as-prepared composites are flexible and the conductivity was increased significantly to 3.3 × 10<sup>−2</sup>S m<sup>−1</sup>with only 6 wt% MXene loading.
Mouse Interleukin-2 Receptor αGene Expression (1995)

The alpha chain of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R alpha) is a key regulator of lymphocyte proliferation. To analyze the mechanisms controlling its expression in normal cells, we used the 5'-flanking region (base pairs -2539/+93) of the mouse gene to drive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression in four transgenic mouse lines. Constitutive transgene activity was restricted to lymphoid organs. In mature T lymphocytes, transgene and endogenous IL-2R alpha gene expression was stimulated by concanavalin A and up-regulated by IL-2 with very similar kinetics. In thymic T cell precursors, IL-1 and IL-2 cooperatively induced transgene and IL-2R alpha gene expression. These results show that regulation of the endogenous IL-2R alpha gene occurs mainly at the transcriptional level. They demonstrate that cis-acting elements in the 5'-flanking region present in the transgene confer correct tissue specificity and inducible expression in mature T cells and their precursors in response to antigen, IL-1, and IL-2. In a complementary approach, we screened the 5' end of the endogenous IL-2R alpha gene for DNase-I hypersensitive sites. We found three lymphocyte specific DNase-I hypersensitive sites. Two, at -0.05 and -5.3 kilobase pairs, are present in resting T cells. A third site appears at -1.35 kilobase pairs in activated T cells. It co-localizes with IL-2-responsive elements identified by transient transfection experiments.
Automated duplicated code detection and procedure extraction (2003)

Making changes to software is a difficult task. Up to 70% of the effort in the software process goes towards maintenance. This is mainly because programs have poor structure (due to poor initial design, or due to repeated ad hoc modifications) which makes them difficult to understand and modify. The focus of this thesis is duplication in source code, which is a major cause of poor structure in real programs. We make two contributions: (a) a novel program-slicing-based approach for detecting duplicated fragments in source code, and (b) a pair of algorithms, one that works on a single selected fragment of code, and the other that works on a group of matching fragments, for making the fragment(s) easily extractable into a separate procedure. 
The key, novel aspect of our duplication-detection approach is its ability to detect “difficult” groups of matching fragments, i.e., groups in which matching statements are not in the same order in all fragments, and groups in which non-matching statements intervene between matching statements. Our procedure-extraction algorithms are an advance over previous work in this area in two ways: they employ a range of transformations, including code motion and duplication of predicates, to handle a wide variety of difficult clone groups that arise in practice; and they are the first, to our knowledge, to address the extraction of fragments that contain exiting jumps (jumps from within the region containing the fragment to locations outside that are not the “fall through” exit of the region). We present experimental results, using implementations of our duplication-detection algorithm and one of our extractability algorithms, that indicate that our approaches are effective and useful in practice.
Foreign bodies in small arteries after use of an infusion microcatheter. (1998)

Over a 31-month period, we performed four neurointerventional procedures after which unexpected foreign bodies were noted in multiple arteries. All four procedures had in common the use of Fastracker-18 infusion microcatheters. Histologically, the intravascular debris looked strikingly similar to the hydrophilic coating on the catheter. An in vitro test mimicking clinical use of the microcatheter revealed that the hydrophilic coating can separate from the catheter. Until the coating is refined to make it more resistant to stripping, it may be advisable to reduce the amount of back-and-forth movement of these microcatheters if they have been positioned through guide catheters with small inner diameters and angled tips.
ON THE NATURE OF JOINT STRENGTH IN PAPER - A REVIEW OF DRY AND WET STRENGTH RESINS USED IN PAPER MANUFACTURING (2005)

The properties of paper are largely dependent on the bonds between the fibres. This is, of course, primarily true of those strength properties that are directly related to the number of bonds in the paper. Other properties are also dependent on such bonds, properties such as the opacity of the paper, its smoothness, porosity, dimensional stability, pore size distribution, linting propensity, density, stiffness, formation, and compressibility to mention a few. The normal way of affecting the number of bonds in a paper is through the choice of fibre material and through a correct beating of the pulp. It is true that properties of paper may be manipulated through the choice of beater type, its specific edge load etc to expand the property or process space in paper manufacture. There are still many limitations as to what can be achieved by beating and other process tools, so the practical papermaker is continuously looking for ways to expand property and process space to be able to manufacture new products or boost paper machine productivity. In this review the terms “bonding” and “joint strength” will be used
Monte Carlo probabilistic inference for diffusion processes: a methodological framework (2011)

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
ON THE GENERALIZATION OF CERRUTI'S PROBLEM IN AN ELASTIC HALF-SPACE (1995)

表面の1点に集中力ベクトルを受ける半無限弾性体の特異境界値問題が解析されている. 集中力ベクトルは, 表面に対する2つの接線力及び1つの垂直力の3成分を持っている. 解は, 直交曲線座標における変位ベクトル及び応力テンソルの形式で与えられている. その解から, 直交曲線座標の一例として, 直交座標, 円柱座標及び球座標における変位成分及び応力成分が具体的に求められ, これらの座標系における解が, スカラー表示されている. これらの解は, 集中力ベクトルの3成分を特殊化した時に, Boussinesq 問題及び Cerruti 問題の解に一致する.
Bevacizumab in combination with radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: Update progression-free survival, overall survival, and toxicity (2009)

2017 Background: Prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) is very poor. Standard treatment includes surgical resection (SR), radiation (RT), concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ). Our objective is to assess the treatment efficacy, safety and survival in patients with newly-diagnosed GBM treated with RT, TMZ, and bevacizumab in the upfront management. Methods: From 2006–2008, 51 eligible patients (age >18, KPS >70) with newly-diagnosed GBM divided into two groups. Group A (n = 20) was treated with RT (60Gy) and concomitant TMZ (75mg/m 2 daily for 42 days) with bevacizumab (10mg/kg every 2 weeks), 29 days following surgery, followed by up to six cycles of adjuvant TMZ (150mg/m 2 ,daily x 7d, q28 with bevacizumab at 10mg/kg days 8 and 22 of each 28 day cycle. Group B (n = 31) received similar treatment without bevacizumab. Both groups were followed up until tumor progression (PFS). Recurrence was defined according to MacDonald Criteria. The end points were PFS, overall survival (OS) and toxicity. Results: Median bevacizumab infusions were 12 (4–32). Median follow-up was14 months for both groups. 6 months PFS survival in Group A was 77.5% and in Group B was 51.6%. Median PFS in Group A was 17 months compared to 7 months in Group B (p < 0.0001, HR = 0.26). Median OS has not been reached in Group A and was 17 months in Group B. One and 2 year OS were 83% and 57% in Group A compared to 72% and 6.5% in Group B (p = 0.02) ). Post-RT and temodar toxicities include thrombocytopenia (1 patient; Gr 3 and fatigue (3 patient;1 Gr 3), bevacizumab related toxicities with RT include leg ulcer with cellulites (1 patient; Gr 3) and pulmonary embolism with thrombocytopenia (1 patient; Gr 4), hypertension (2 patients; Gr 1), and asymptomatic blood products on MRI (2 patients). Conclusions: Bevacizumab has demonstrated efficacy, acceptable toxicity, improved PFS and OS in the upfront management of GBM. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Blockchain for the Common Good: A Digital Currency for Citizen Philanthropy and Social Entrepreneurship (2018)

We present a distributed ledger application for the world of citizen philanthropy and social entrepreneurship, with stakeholder incentives designed to increase social good through accountability, transparency, and flexibility. In this system, called Directed Cash, individual donors specify conditions (the “Directed” part) attached to their donation or investment (“Cash”), that are then efficiently paired with interested recipients or aggregators of recipients (charities, social entrepreneurs) using distributed consensus so that the intent and pairing are open while maintaining donor anonymity. Furthermore, Directed Cash flows both ways to promote accountability and transparency: after receipt, a validation flows backwards to return to the donor so that the donor receives a report of how their donation was spent. While some elements of the system borrow from existing cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies, we propose alternative incentives for distributed consensus that are better aligned with the application and promote social good through the stakeholders. This paper describes the goals and concepts, and a system design to achieve these goals, a primary feature of which is a simple SQL-like language to enable specifying conditions, pairing, aggregation and publicly-verifiable reporting.
Characterization of cultured human tumor cell lines by flow cytometry DNA stemline. (1981)

The DNA stemlines for 12 human tumor cell lines were determined by flow cytometry, and the determinations were compared with other methods available for characterizing cultured cells. In four of ten cases where karyotyping had been done, there was a reasonably good correlation between DNA and karyotype stemlines, but in six cases they differed. Two distinct stemlines were present in two cases. The measurements by flow cytometry can be carried out rapidly and easily and may be useful indicators of extraneous cell contamination or a special clone-derived cell population that has developed during culture passage. In addition, information is provided on the cell cycle distribution. It is proposed that flow cytometry determinations of the DNA stemline be used to help characterize cultured cell lines and to ensure their identity.
Pulsed-ion laser performance in nitrogen, oxygen, krypton, xenon, and argon (1974)

Operational parameters for pulsed-ion laser operation in nitrogen, oxygen, krypton, xenon, and argon in the wavelength range from 350 to 460 nm are presented.
Monochromators and spectrographs using varied line spacing gratings (2000)

Varied line spacing (VLS) monochromators are now a standard part of the repertoire of synchrotron radiation. Four are installed at the ALS, one each at BESSY II and LURE, and at least ten in Japan. Many VLS spectrometers have also been constructed. VLS monochromators offer significant advantages over other fixed deviation designs; fixed exit slit, simple scanning motion, built-in demagnification, high spectral resolution, compactness, and a zero order image in focus at the exit slit. These features lead to low cost and user-friendly operation. This paper reviews a particular VLS design and compares its performance with an equivalent SGM.
Angular dependence of site preference in growth-induced anisotropy (1980)

We have investigated the dependence of the growth-induced anisotropy on the orientation of the crystalline growth face in a series of (YLaEu)3 (FeGa)5 O12 films epitaxially grown so that the growth face normal deviates from the [111] direction in a (11̄0) plane by angles varying from 0° to 14.6°. We have determined the direction of the respective net easy axis tilt angles and have found them all to lie in the (11̄0) tilt planes at angles ranging up to ∼60°. We have also measured the azimuthal dependence of the ferromagnetic resonance field in the film plane for the various samples. The tilt angle data were analyzed using an expansion for the growth induced anisotropy carried to fourth order in β, the direction of the growth face normal. The results of this analysis were used to compute the angular variation of the ferromagnetic resonance field; the results are qualitatively correct in shape although deviating quantitatively by ∼20%. In contrast, the conventional fit to second order in β is qualitatively incorrect.
The relationship of age-related maculopathy, cataract, and glaucoma to visual acuity. (1995)

These data demonstrate that exudative macular degeneration and pure geographic atrophy are the most important causes of legal blindness in this population and that early age-related maculopathy, central cataract, and glaucoma had a small effect on visual acuity.
Design, Fabrication and Flight Demonstration of a Remotely Controlled Airship for Snow Scientists (2014)

A remotely controlled airship was designed, fabricated and demonstrated within a tight timespan of under a month after receiving the go-ahead. The main design requirement for this airship was to be able to operate from the Helipad located at an altitude of 6,572 feet AMSL under ISA+20 deg.C. The images of the terrain below were recorded during the flight and transmitted in real-time to a ground based system using an onboard telemetry system.The paper describes the methodology followed for sizing of the envelope and key components of the airship, and the procedure followed for in-house fabrication and testing. The major issues that cropped up during the operation of the airship in harsh weather conditions of rain and mild snow, as well as at night, are also highlighted. The demonstration established the efficacy of remotely controlled airships for aerial photography and data collection by snow scientists.
uPA and PAI-1 as biomarkers in breast cancer: validated for clinical use in level-of-evidence-1 studies (2014)

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is an extracellular matrix-degrading protease involved in cancer invasion and metastasis, interacting with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which was originally identified as a blood-derived endogenous fast-acting inhibitor of uPA. At concentrations found in tumor tissue, however, both PAI-1 and uPA promote tumor progression and metastasis. Consistent with the causative role of uPA and PAI-1 in cancer dissemination, several retrospective and prospective studies have shown that elevated levels of uPA and PAI-1 in breast tumor tissue are statistically independent and potent predictors of poor patient outcome, including adverse outcome in the subset of breast cancer patients with lymph node-negative disease. In addition to being prognostic, high levels of uPA and PAI-1 have been shown to predict benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer. The unique clinical utility of uPA/PAI-1 as prognostic biomarkers in lymph node-negative breast cancer has been confirmed in two independent level-of-evidence-1 studies (that is, in a randomized prospective clinical trial in which the biomarker evaluation was the primary purpose of the trial and in a pooled analysis of individual data from retrospective and prospective studies). Thus, uPA and PAI-1 are among the best validated prognostic biomarkers currently available for lymph node-negative breast cancer, their main utility being the identification of lymph node-negative patients who have HER-2-negative tumors and who can be safely spared the toxicity and costs of adjuvant chemotherapy. Recently, a phase II clinical trial using the low-molecular-weight uPA inhibitor WX-671 reported activity in metastatic breast cancer.
Stereoregular emulsion polymerization of butadiene (2000)

The stereoregular emulsion polymerization of butadiene was performed with a cobalt catalyst (J. N. Henderson et al., U.S. Patent 4,429,085, 1984; H. Ono et al., Jpn. Open Patent 85-147410, 1985; H. Ono et al., Jpn. Open Patent 85-161408, 1985; H. Ono et al., Jpn. Open Patent 85-14711, 1985; H. Ono et al., Jpn. Open Patent 86-69818, 1986; H. Ono et al., Jpn. Open Patent 86-23610, 1986). This is the first report of a successful highly stereoregular emulsion polymerization with water as the solvent (H. Ono et al., Jpn. Open Patent 85-14711, 1985; H. Ono et al., Jpn. Open Patent 86-69818, 1986; H. Ono et al., Jpn. Open Patent 86-23610, 1986); water is usually recognized as a strong inhibitor of transition-metal polymerization. By analyzing the addition order effect of the ingredients, we show that the reduction of cobalt in the presence of butadiene is necessary for the polymerization. Radical-polymerization inhibitors such as phenols did not terminate the polymerization reaction, but sulfur did. Moreover, the valence of the reduced cobalt butadiene complex catalyst is considered zero. The zero-valent cobalt is classified as a soft acceptor, butadiene is a soft donor, and water is a hard acceptor. In this article, we discuss the reason butadiene could be polymerized stereoregularly by an emulsion system. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 1083–1089, 2000
Monitoring Protein Kinases in Cellular Media with Highly Selective Chimeric Reporters (2009)

The best of both worlds: Combining a recombinant docking domain (see picture, blue ribbon) with a chemical sensing module (green hexagons) yields a highly selective ERK sensor. This probe exclusively monitors ERK1/2 activity in unfractionated cell lysates without any off-target kinase inhibitors. Good selectivity and biophysical parameters allow high-throughput analysis of ERK1/2 activity without time-consuming enzyme purification.