gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automated analysis of stable isotopes of zinc, copper, iron, calcium and magnesium by thermal ionization mass spectrometry using double isotope dilution for tracer studies in humans (1990)

Methods for using an automated, multiple collector, magnetic-sector TIMS to measure isotopic ratios in biological samples from human tracer studies have been developed. Methods are described herein for preparing isotopes for use, administering isotopes orally and intravenously, collecting samples, preparing samples for analysis, measuring isotopic ratios, and double isotope dilution calculations
Low complexity array response vector estimation for smart antenna systems (2002)

In this paper, we propose a low complexity blind estimation algorithm for array response vector estimation in smart antenna systems. We analyze the previous algorithm to figure out the inherent estimation errors in it. Based on the analysis, we propose an unbiased estimation algorithm which yields more accurate estimates with tolerable increment of computational complexity. Compared with the singular value decomposition (SVD) method, the proposed method requires much less computation to yield comparable estimation results. We investigate the performance of the proposed method via computer simulation.
Can an AC (alternating current) electrical system replace the present DC system in the automobile? An investigative feasibility study. I. System architecture (1998)

In the aerospace industry, the 400-Hz AC system replaced the DC system, and the latest trend in aerospace industry involves a combination of mixed AC and DC electrical system applications. With more and more equipment in the newer automobiles and a corresponding increase in power requirement, it is anticipated that in the not too distant future higher voltage and/or some different architecture will be necessary in order to have an efficient electrical system. The question addressed in this paper is whether an alternative single- or three-phase AC electrical distribution and load system could replace the present DC system and, if so, what kind of architecture should be used. In this paper, first the electrical system architecture is described. Other issues discussed include the comparison of relative cost and size issues arising due to: (1) additional DC-AC power electronic converter hardware; (2) changes in the wiring system; and (3) the use of induction motors which can adequately handle the motor loads without any added power and/or control electronics at certain chosen frequency(ies). It is shown that for a three-phase system there will be a net total saving. The benefits of the AC system are not just based on cost, but on reliability and robustness as well. It seems that a replacement of the present electrical system with a three-phase AC system could be a reasonable step toward alternative electrical system selections.
A spatial filtering approach to robust adaptive beaming (1992)

The problem of controlling the superresolution in adaptive beamformers is treated. A straightforward method is presented that works for both narrowband and broadband arrays. The method is based on forming the blocking matrix in a general sidelobe canceller structure using a spatial FIR filter. The suppression of this spatial filter and the implicit noise of the leaky least-mean-square algorithm together determine the beamformer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
X.500 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (1993)

This RFC specifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
Magnetic Field Dependence of 1/T1 of Protons in Tissue (1984)

It is well established that the spin-lattice magnetic relaxation rate 1/T1 of solvent protons in homogeneous protein solutions increases dramatically as the magnetic field is reduced well below the traditional NMR range. For a 5% solution of protein of 10(5) Daltons, for example, 1/T1 increases from about 50% above the pure solvent rate at 20 MHz to five times the solvent rate at 0.01 MHz. At higher fields, the effect of protein on the relaxation rate decreases progressively toward zero. 1/T1 of solvent in erythrocyte suspension behaves similarly, indicating that extracellular water has ready access to intracellular protein. We now report analogous data for samples of various mammalian tissues: we find that the data can be accommodated within the conceptual framework developed earlier for analyzing homogeneous protein solutions. It appears that tissue water probes the macromolecular composition and structure in a tissue-specific fashion. The variation of 1/T1 with field differs for each tissue, and its magnitude at low fields varies by more than a factor of three, far more than does the water content of the tissues. The relevance to contrast in NMR imaging is discussed.
Change in IOL position and capsular bag size with an angulated intraocular lens early after cataract surgery (2005)

A linear forward movement of the IOL during the first postoperative week was followed by a relatively stable IOL position. Loss of haptic memory seemed to be the most likely cause. Myopic eyes with large capsular bags showed less IOL shift in the early postoperative period than hyperopic eyes with smaller capsular bags.
Protein adsorption during LDL-apheresis: proteomic analysis (2008)

These data reveal strong interaction between column and serum proteins during LDL-A. The clearance of proteins with adhesive, rheological, and inflammatory characteristics may have beneficial effects on microcirculation and reduce chronic inflammation but may also concomitantly induce side effects such as an increased bleeding risk.
Low‐dose cytokine‐induced neutral ceramidase secretion from <scp>INS</scp>‐1 cells via exosomes and its anti‐apoptotic effect (2014)

It has been reported that the effect of inflammatory cytokines on β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes is concentration-dependent. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we found that a high concentration of cytokines promoted apoptosis in the rat β-cell line INS-1, whereas a low concentration of cytokines had no effect. We also found that cytokines at a low concentration stimulated neutral ceramidase (NCDase) release via exosomes from INS-1 cells, whereas cytokines at a high concentration inhibited NCDase release. Furthermore, the results showed that the NCDase-containing exosomes isolated from the culture medium of INS-1 cells treated with cytokines at a low concentration inhibited apoptosis induced by a high concentration of cytokines. Finally, the results also showed that the protective action of NCDase in the exosomes on apoptosis was mediated by the generation of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its interaction with S1P receptor 2. Taken together, these findings revealed a novel NCDase-S1P-phosphate-S1P receptor 2-dependent mechanism by which a low level of inflammatory cytokines protects pancreatic β-cells from apoptosis induced by a high level of inflammatory cytokines.
Pharmacokinetics of the 8-methoxyquinolone, moxifloxacin: a comparison in humans and other mammalian species (1999)

The pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin was investigated in NMRI mice, Wistar rats, rhesus monkeys, beagle dogs, Göttingen minipigs and healthy human volunteers after i.v. and oral administration of moxifloxacin-HCl (single doses of moxifloxacin 9.2 mg/kg bodyweight) in animals and 100 mg moxifloxacin (1.4 mg/kg bodyweight p.o. and 1.2 mg/kg bodyweight i.v.) in humans. The plasma concentration vs time courses of the unchanged compound (determined by HPLC) and the derived pharmacokinetic parameters were used to evaluate the absorption process, to compare the pharmacokinetics in these species and to perform an interspecies scaling. The results of the pharmacokinetic investigations indicate a clear dependence on the species. Moxifloxacin is absorbed quickly (rats, dogs, humans > monkeys): the major portion of the dose reached the systemic circulation within the first 2 h. In the minipig absorption was slower. Bioavailability was high to moderate (91-52%) in all species. Protein binding (f(u)) was low (55-71%) in all species. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was medium to large (2.0-4.9 L/kg) in all species. There were considerable differences in maximum concentrations (C(max,norm), 0.430-0.070 kg/L) and in AUCnorm values (oral, 6.18-0.184 kg x h/L; i.v., 7.51-0.237 kg x h/L). Total body clearance (CL) decreased with increasing bodyweight (4.21-0.132 L/(h x kg)). The mean residence time (MRT) decreased with decreasing bodyweight (15-0.88 h). The half-life (t(1/2)) decreased with decreasing bodyweight (oral, 12-1.3 h, i.v., 13-0.93 h). There was moderate to low renal excretion (i.v., 20-6.2%), the renal clearance, (CL(R)) was in the range 0.615-0.0222 L/(h x kg). Regarding the pharmacokinetic parameters determined after oral administration, the dog was most similar to the human in terms of Cmax, AUC and t(1/2). There was good correlation between bodyweight and CL (coefficient of correlation (r) = 0.959), Vss (r = 0.990) and MRT (r = 0.943). On the basis of preclinical studies a terminal half-life appropriate for once-daily dosing in humans was predicted and confirmed by Phase I data.
Production of ES1 Plasma Carboxylesterase Knockout Mice for Toxicity Studies (2011)

The LD(50) for soman is 10-20-fold higher for a mouse than a human. The difference in susceptibility is attributed to the presence of carboxylesterase in mouse but not in human plasma. Our goal was to make a mouse lacking plasma carboxylesterase. We used homologous recombination to inactivate the carboxylesterase ES1 gene on mouse chromosome 8 by deleting exon 5 and by introducing a frame shift for amino acids translated from exons 6 to 13. ES1-/- mice have no detectable carboxylesterase activity in plasma but have normal carboxylesterase activity in tissues. Homozygous ES1-/- mice and wild-type littermates were tested for response to a nerve agent model compound (soman coumarin) at 3 mg/kg sc. This dose intoxicated both genotypes but was lethal only to ES1-/- mice. This demonstrated that plasma carboxylesterase protects against a relatively high toxicity organophosphorus compound. The ES1-/- mouse should be an appropriate model for testing highly toxic nerve agents and for evaluating protection strategies against the toxicity of nerve agents.
Granulocyte‐colony Stimulating Factor and Retinoic Acid Cooperatively Induce Granulocytic Differentiation of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells <i>in vitro</i> (1989)

The interaction of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and retinoic acid (RA) in proliferation and differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells was examined. G-CSF stimulated proliferation of APL cells at concentrations of 0.1 to 50 ng/ml in a dose dependent manner. More than 10(-8) M RA induced granulocytic differentiation of APL cells. Although G-CSF induced lysozyme activities in APL cells, it alone did not induce terminal differentiation of APL cells. G-CSF significantly enhanced the RA-induced granulocytic differentiation of APL cells in vitro. Enhancement by G-CSF was not due to the prolongation of survival of RA-induced differentiated cells, but the differentiation-inducing effects of G-CSF might be evident only in the presence of RA. Since G-CSF has a potential to induce the granulocytic differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells, G-CSF in combination with RA may be applicable in differentiation induction therapy for some types of myeloid leukemia.
A microsensor for carbonate ions suitable for microprofiling in freshwater and saline environments (2008)

A novel carbonate microsensor, based on the ion‐selective ionophore N,N,‐dioctyl‐3a,12 a‐bis(4‐trifluoroacetylbenzoxy)‐5β‐cholan‐24‐amide, is presented. The sensor chemistry and filling electrolyte, used previously for macrosensors, was improved for use in microsensors, and a simple calibration procedure was designed. The sensor is highly selective for carbonate, having a similar selectivity as the macrosensor, and is so insensitive to Cl − interference that it can be used in seawater. The ability to measure accurate profiles with the carbonate sensor was verified in agar gels with artificial carbonate gradients. Several environmental applications are presented, including photosynthesis and calcification measurements in freshwater stromatolites (tufas) and foraminifera. Carbonate profiles in illuminated and darkened hypersaline microbial mats were qualitatively as expected and aligned with the oxygen and pH profiles. The dissolved inorganic carbon profiles calculated from local pH and carbonate values, however, did not follow the expected trends, both in the foraminifera and the hypersaline mat. Temporal and spatial heterogeneities make perfect alignment of pH and carbonate profiles, needed for DIC calculations, unrealistic. The calculation of dissolved inorganic carbon microprofiles from pH and carbonate microprofiles is not recommended. The microsensor is highly useful in studies on calcification and decalcification, where direct concentrations of carbonate and calcium ions are needed.
Semiconductor processing (1979)

Abstract The impact of ion implantation on present day semiconductor device processing and future applications to simplify and improve processing are described. So far implantation has generally been used to introduce electrically active dopants into the semiconductor but it can also be used to improve other stages of the technology of making semiconductor devices. Ion implantation can be used to improve masks, etching, step coverage, and slice distortion and such applications are reviewed. The many processes involved in making semiconductor devices interact in a complex way. Apparently small changes, such as replacing depositions by implantation, can lead to unsatisfactory device properties unless significant changes are made in subsequent processing. The complex interactions make the design of new processes critical if optimum properties are to be achieved. Special constraints can be placed on the implantation process itself. Examples are given of these interactions.
Association of gene polymorphism of the fat mass and obesity associated gene with metabolic syndrome: a retrospective cohort study in Japanese workers. (2012)

To investigate whether gene polymorphism of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), we used two MS criteria, the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) definition in 2003 and the Japanese definition in 2005. Subjects were respectively 859 and 865 Japanese workers at a company in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. They were non-MS individuals in 1998 and had regular health checkups between 1998 and 2006. The Cox proportional hazard regression was used to predict MS. Three SNPs in the FTO, rs9939609, rs1121980 and rs1558902, were genotyped by the TaqMan PCR assay and a retrospective study was performed. The three SNPs in the FTO were significantly associated with body mass index, and rs1121980 and rs1558902 were associated with fasting plasma glucose. MS defined by the NCEP-ATPIII definition was significantly associated with additive and dominant models of rs9939609 and rs1121980, and the dominant model of rs1558902, even after adjusting for confounding factors such as age, sex and lifestyle. MS defined by the Japanese definition was significantly associated with the additive model of rs1121980 and additive and dominant models of rs1558902 in multivariate analysis. These results suggested that FTO gene polymorphisms, rs9939609, rs1121980 and rs1558902, were associated with an increased risk of MS among Japanese workers.
Very short patch repair of T:G mismatches in vivo: importance of context and accessory proteins (1995)

In Escherichia coli, T:G mismatches in specific contexts are corrected by a very short patch (VSP) repair system. Previous studies have shown that the product of gene vsr mediates correction of T:G to C:G in the 5'CTAGG/3'GGTCC context and in some related contexts. Amber mutations that arose in CAG sequences in gene cI of bacteriophage lambda were used to determine the effect of flanking bases on the repair of T:G mispairs arising during phage recombination. The experimental findings were combined with published data on mismatch repair of mutations in lambda gene P and E. coli gene lacI. While VSP repair was most efficient in the context 5'CTAGG, there was very significant correction when either the 5'C or the 3' G was replaced by another base. Some mismatch repair of TAG to CAG occurred in all contexts tested. Reduction in VSP repair caused by the lack of MutL or MutS was fully complemented by the addition of vsr+ plasmids when the T:G mispair was in the 5'CTAGG/3'GGTCC context. VSP repair was decreased in bacteria containing mutS+ on a multicopy plasmid. It is suggested that VSP repair maintains sequences such as the repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) and Chi sequences, which have important roles in E. coli and closely related bacteria.
The Antioxidant (–)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Inhibits Rat Hepatic Stellate Cell Proliferation in Vitro by Blocking the Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Reducing the Gene Expression of Platelet-derived Growth Factor-β Receptor (2003)

During hepatic fibrogenesis, quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSC) become active and trans-differentiate into myofibroblast-like cells. This process coincides with an increase in cell proliferation, loss of stored vitamin A droplets, and excessive production and deposition of extracellular matrix components. HSC activation is coupled with the sequential expression of cytokine receptors, including platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptor (PDGF-betaR). Although the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood, it is widely accepted that oxidative stress plays critical roles in activation of HSC during hepatic fibrogenesis. We have recently demonstrated that the antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major component in green tea extracts, significantly inhibited the proliferation of passaged HSC. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Since PDGF is a potent mitogen for HSC and mediates the early proliferative response, it was hypothesized that EGCG might inhibit HSC proliferation by interfering with the PDGF signal transduction. In this report, we demonstrated that EGCG, in two steps, significantly and effectively inhibited the proliferation of primary and passaged HSC. The polyphenolic compound initiated its inhibitory action by rapidly blocking the phosphorylation of tyrosines in PDGF-betaR elicited by PDGF in serum. This action was short lived, persisting for a few hours. In addition, this antioxidant inhibited the gene expression of PDGF-betaR by blocking the activation of transcription factors activator protein-1 and NF-kappaB, which were required for the gene transcription. The latter action remained effective for no less than 48 hours. These results provided a novel insight into the mechanisms by which EGCG inhibits HSC growth. The inhibitory effect of the natural antioxidant, its long history of beverage consumption without adverse health effects, and higher potent antioxidant capability make it a good candidate for therapeutic treatment and prevention of hepatic fibrosis.
ChemInform Abstract: Switching Androgen Receptor Antagonists to Agonists by Modifying C‐Ring Substituents on Piperidino[3,2‐g]quinolinone. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Role of asialo-GM1 positive liver cells from athymic nude or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-treated mice in suppressing colon-derived experimental hepatic metastasis. (1990)

Liver-derived (LD) murine colon adenocarcinoma MCA-38 cells injected into the ileocolic vein (ICV) of C57BL/6 mice developed distinct hepatic foci within 14-21 days and survived for an average of 19-35 days. In contrast, C57BL/6-nu/nu mice given injections of LD-MCA cells by the same route did not develop hepatic lesions. Furthermore, 111In-labeled LD-MCA-38 tumor cells were rapidly taken up by the liver of conventional mice within 1 h and 73% of the radioactivity remained after 24 h. However, about 60% of the 111In-labeled LD-MCA-38 tumor cells were cleared from the liver of nude mice after 24 h. Nonparenchymal liver cells isolated from untreated conventional mice displayed little cytotoxicity against freshly excised 51Cr-labeled LD-MCA-38 cells but did lyse the standard natural killer target, YAC-1 tumor cells, in 4 h chromium release assays. On the other hand, nonparenchymal liver cells but not spleen cells from nude mice were cytotoxic to 51CR-labeled LD-MCA-38 in vitro. The nonparenchymal liver cell population responsible for tumor killing was phenotypically nonadherent and asialo-GM1 (AsGM1) positive. C57BL/6 mice treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(IC)] also displayed cytotoxic activity against LD-MCA-38 tumor cells in vitro. Furthermore, poly(IC) treatment of mice 1-8 days after tumor inoculation suppressed the number of hepatic foci and also significantly increased the life span of tumor-bearing mice. Treatment of athymic nude mice or poly(IC)-treated conventional mice with anti-AsGM1 induced significant numbers of foci and significantly decreased the life span of MCA-38-bearing mice suggesting that AsGM1-positive cells in the liver of these mice may inhibit tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, the host defense system of the liver from athymic nude or poly(IC)-treated mice possess AsGM1-positive cells that can suppress tumor implantation or tumor growth in the early stages of metastasis in liver.
How I treat patients who mobilize hematopoietic stem cells poorly (2011)

Transplantation with 2-5 × 10(6) mobilized CD34(+)cells/kg body weight lowers transplantation costs and mortality. Mobilization is most commonly performed with recombinant human G-CSF with or without chemotherapy, but a proportion of patients/donors fail to mobilize sufficient cells. BM disease, prior treatment, and age are factors influencing mobilization, but genetics also contributes. Mobilization may fail because of the changes affecting the HSC/progenitor cell/BM niche integrity and chemotaxis. Poor mobilization affects patient outcome and increases resource use. Until recently increasing G-CSF dose and adding SCF have been used in poor mobilizers with limited success. However, plerixafor through its rapid direct blockage of the CXCR4/CXCL12 chemotaxis pathway and synergy with G-CSF and chemotherapy has become a new and important agent for mobilization. Its efficacy in upfront and failed mobilizers is well established. To maximize HSC harvest in poor mobilizers the clinician needs to optimize current mobilization protocols and to integrate novel agents such as plerixafor. These include when to mobilize in relation to chemotherapy, how to schedule and perform apheresis, how to identify poor mobilizers, and what are the criteria for preemptive and immediate salvage use of plerixafor.