gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa (2010)

Access to and use of mobile telephony in sub-Saharan Africa has increased dramatically over the past decade. Mobile telephony has brought new possibilities to the continent. Across urban–rural and rich–poor divides, mobile phones connect individuals to individuals, information, markets, and services. These effects can be particularly dramatic in rural Africa, where in many places mobile phones have represented the first modern telecommunications infrastructure of any kind. Mobile phones have greatly reduced communication costs, thereby allowing individuals and firms to send and to obtain information quickly and cheaply on a variety of economic, social, and political topics. An emerging body of research shows that the reduction in communication costs associated with mobile phones has tangible economic benefits, improving agricultural and labor market efficiency and producer and consumer welfare in specific circumstances and countries. This paper first examines the evolution of mobile phone coverage and adoption in sub-Saharan Africa over the past decade. We then explore the main channels through which mobile phones can effect economic outcomes and appraise current evidence of its potential to improve economic development. We conclude with directions for future research and outline the necessary conditions for mobile phones to promote broader economic development in Africa.
Design guidelines for CMOS current steering logic (2002)

Closed-form expressions for static and dynamic parameters have been derived for the Current Steering Logic (CSL) inverter. Measurements and simulation results that validate these expressions are presented for a 2.5 V power supply. Design guidelines are given for the application of CSL gates in low voltage, low power mixed analog/digital circuits.
Partial Isolation and Degradation of Caseins by Cell Wall Proteinase(s) of <i>Streptococcus cremoris</i> HP (1985)

The cell wall proteinase fraction of Streptococcus cremoris HP has been isolated. This preparation did not exhibit any activity due to either specific peptidases known to be located near the outside surface of and in the membrane or intracellular proteolytic enzymes. By using thin-layer chromatography for the detection of relatively small hydrolysis products which remain soluble at pH 4.6, it was shown that beta-casein is preferentially attacked by the cell wall proteinase. This was also the case when whole casein or micelles were used as the substrate. kappa-casein hydrolysis is a relatively slow process, and alpha(s)-casein degradation appeared to proceed at an extremely low rate. These results could be confirmed by using CH(3)-labeled caseins. A relatively fast and linear initial progress of CH(3)-labeled beta-casein degradation is not inhibited by alpha(s)-casein and only slightly by kappa-casein at concentrations of these components which reflect their stoichiometry in the micelles. Possible implications of beta-casein degradation for growth of the organism in milk are discussed.
Inhibition of pitting corrosion of C-steel in NaCI solution by some inorganic compounds (2000)

Pitting corrosion potentials of a carbon steel electrode in different concentrations of sodium chloride solutions were measured using potentiodynamic technique. It was found that tire increase in chloride ion concentration leads to a decrease in the pitting potential according to S-shaped curve. This curve was explained on the basis of formation of passivitable, limiting active and continuously propagated pits depending on the concentration of chloride ion. Addition of tire sodium salts of vanadate, molybdate and tungestate caused a shift of the pitting potential toward the noble direction accounting for increased resistance to pitting attack. The inhibitive properties of tirese anious were explained on tire bases of their strong adsorption on the metal surface as well as formation of insoluble salts by combination with the dissolved metal ions. These insoluble salts resist the penetration power of chloride ion and consequently decrease the rate of pitting corrosion.
User mobility modeling and characterization of mobility patterns (1997)

A mathematical formulation is developed for systematic tracking of the random movement of a mobile station in a cellular environment. It incorporates mobility parameters under the most generalized conditions, so that the model can be tailored to be applicable in most cellular environments. This mobility model is used to characterize different mobility-related traffic parameters in cellular systems. These include the distribution of the cell residence time of both new and handover calls, channel holding time, and the average number of handovers. It is shown that the cell residence time can be described by the generalized gamma distribution. It is also shown that the negative exponential distribution is a good approximation for describing the channel holding time.
Applications of Machine Learning to In Silico Quantification of Chemicals without Analytical Standards (2020)

Non-targeted analysis provides a comprehensive approach to analyze environmental and biological samples for nearly all chemicals present. One of the main shortcomings of current analytical methods and workflows is that they are unable to provide any quantitative information constituting an important obstacle in understanding environmental fate and human exposure. Herein, we present an in silico quantification method using mahine-learning for chemicals analyzed using electrospray ionization (ESI). We considered three data sets from different instrumental setups: (i) capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) in positive ionization mode (ESI+), (ii) liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) in ESI+ and (iii) LC-QTOF/MS in negative ionization mode (ESI-). We developed and applied two different machine-learning algorithms: a random forest (RF) and an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the relative response factors (RRFs) of different chemicals based on their physicochemical properties. Chemical concentrations can then be calculated by dividing the measured abundance of a chemical, as peak area or peak height, by its corresponding RRF. We evaluated our models and tested their predictive power using 5-fold cross-validation (CV) and <i>y</i> randomization. Both the RF and the ANN models showed great promise in predicting RRFs. However, the accuracy of the predictions was dependent on the data set composition and the experimental setup. For the CE-MS ESI+ data set, the best model predicted measured RRFs with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.19 log units and a cross-validation coefficient of determination (<i>Q</i><sup>2</sup>) of 0.84 for the testing set. For the LC-QTOF/MS ESI+ data set, the best model predicted measured RRFs with an MAE of 0.32 and a <i>Q</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.40. For the LC-QTOF/MS ESI- data set, the best model predicted measured RRFs with a MAE of 0.50 and a <i>Q</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.20. Our findings suggest that machine-learning algorithms can be used for predicting concentrations of nontargeted chemicals with reasonable uncertainties, especially in ESI+, while the application on ESI- remains a more challenging problem.
Moving word cloud from visual towards text analysis to endow eLearning (2016)

A picture is worth a thousand words. Ten words in the form of a picture can be worth ten thousand. Word clouds are a useful workplace tool for summarizing information. This powerful tool can be incorporated into education as a learning tool to create marvels. Small focus groups were used to obtain student feedback; I contend that it can also be used in assessments. If this enjoyable, fun tool used only for design analysis is extended to text analysis it can brand wonders. With betterment in multi cloud representation its impact in eLearning and research can be all-encompassing.
Functionalization of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes by Ozone at Basic pH. Comparison with Oxygen Plasma and Ozone in Gas Phase (2013)

The selective functionalization of carbon nanotube surfaces is crucial for many potential applications of these materials. For this purpose several oxidants, among other substances, are used. The aim is to reach a large degree of functionalization which depends on the oxidant character of the reagent. For this reason the functionalization of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by treatment with ozone in basic solution is studied. At basic pHs, ozone results into hydroxyl radicals whose reduction potential is very high (E° = 3.06 V). The results have been compared to those obtained by ozone in gas phase and with cold oxygen plasma. The oxidation with ozone in basic solution seems to be kinetically restricted. As a consequence, the degree of oxidation in this medium is smaller than this of ozone gas, in spite of the larger oxidation capacity of the former. The oxygen-containing groups fixed by these two treatments are mainly attached to defects of the nanotubes. Moreover, no modification of the graphene layers and no porosity result from these treatments. The oxygen plasma treatment stands out in the content of oxygen groups fixed to the MWCNTs, as it is by far more effective, although some of these groups have relatively low thermal stability. Nevertheless, this treatment mainly fixes the oxygen groups on the walls of the nanotubes.
Further Evaluation of<sup>99m</sup>Tc Sulfur Colloid Accumulation in Rejecting Renal Transplants in Man and a Canine Model (1975)

Renal transplant accumulation of 99mTc sulfur colloid was evaluated in 41 patients. Ninety-five examinations were performed comparing transplant with bone marrow activity and clinical or pathological diagnosis. 99mTc sulfur colloid accumulated in acute or chronic rejection as long as the vascular supply of the grafted kidney was not severely impaired. Accumulation was marked in chronic rejection, slight in acute rejection and absent in normally functioning transplants or in those with acute tubular necrosis. In the 10 dog models, no accumulation was seen in autografted transplants and early accumulation was demonstrated within the hyperacutely rejecting kidneys of allografted dogs.
Multivariate Curve Resolution of Wavelet and Fourier Compressed Spectra (2001)

The multivariate curve resolution method SIMPLe to use Interactive Self-Modeling Mixture Analysis (SIMPLISMA) was applied to Fourier and wavelet compressed ion-mobility spectra. The spectra obtained from the SIMPLISMA model were transformed back to their original representation, that is, uncompressed format. SIMPULSMA was able to model the same pure variables for the partial wavelet transform, although for the Fourier and complete wavelet transforms, satisfactory pure variables and models were not obtained. Data were acquired from two samples and two different ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) sensors. The first sample was thermally desorbed sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and the second sample was a liquid mixture of dicyclohexylamine (DCHA) and diethylmethylphosphonate (DEMP). The spectra were compressed to 6.3% of their original size. SIMPLISMA was applied to the compressed data in the Fourier and wavelet domains. An alternative method of normalizing SIMPLISMA spectra was devised that removes variation in scale between SIMPLISMA results obtained from uncompressed and compressed data. SIMPLISMA was able to accurately extract the spectral features and concentration profiles directly from daublet compressed IMS data at a compression ratio of 93.7% with root-mean-square errors of reconstruction < 3%. The daublet wavelet filters were selected, because they worked well when compared to coiflet and symmlet. The effects of the daublet filter width and compression ratio were evaluated with respect to reconstruction errors of the data sets and SIMPLISMA spectra. For these experiments, the daublet 14 filter performed well for the two data sets.
High-frequency, nonlinear flow imaging of microbubble contrast agents (2005)

It has been shown that nonlinear scattering can be stimulated from microbubble contrast agents at high-transmit frequencies (14-32 MHz). This work was extended to demonstrate the feasibility of nonlinear contrast imaging through modifications of existing ultrasound biomicroscopy linear B-scan imaging instrumentation. In this study, we describe the development and evaluation of prototype coherent flow imaging instrumentation for nonlinear microbubble imaging using transmit frequencies from 10 to 50 MHz. Phantom validation experiments were conducted to demonstrate color and power flow imaging using nonlinear 10 MHz (subharmonic) scattering induced by a 20-MHz transmit frequency. In vivo flow imaging of a rabbit ear microvessel was successfully performed. This work indicates the feasibility of performing flow imaging at high frequencies using nonlinear scattering from microbubbles.
The effects of Ca<sup>2+</sup> antagonists on mechanical responses and Ca<sup>2+</sup> movements in guinea pig ileal longitudinal smooth muscle (1979)

The Ca 2+ antagonists, Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , D 600 (α-isopropyl-α-[(N-methyl-N-homoveratryl)-γ-aminopropyl]-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetonitrile), and BAY-1040 (2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbo-methoxy-4-(2-nitro)phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine) inhibited the response of guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle to the muscarinic agonist CD (cis-2-methyl-4-dimethylaniinomethyl-1,3-dioxolane methiodide). With the exception of Tm 3+ these agents were more effective against the tonic component of response.BAY-1040 was equally effective against phasic components of CD and K + responses and, although more potent against tonic responses, also failed to discriminate between the tonic components of response to CD and K + . D 600, although less potent than BAY-1040, behaved similarly to BAY-1040 in failing to discriminate between CD and K + responses. These data suggest that CD and K + utilize identical, or at least very similar, sources of Ca 2+ to sustain excitation-contraction coupling. The tonic component of the CD response showed an apparently cooperative dependence on Ca 2+ concentration but D 600 and BAY-1040 behaved as powerful competitive antagonists against Ca 2+ in both components of the response to CD (D 600, K I , 1.2 × 10 −7 M (phasic), 9.8 × 10 −9 M (tonic); BAY-1040, K I ,1.8 × 10 −8 M (phasic), 4.8 × 10 −9 M (tonic)) with potencies similar to those found in other tissues where these agents inhibit membrane Ca 2+ currents. The complete additivity of antagonism produced by combination of equieffective concentrations of Tm 3+ and D 600 or BAY-1040 indicated that Tm 3+ acts at a site distinct from that occupied by D 600 or BAY-1040. In contrast, D 600 and BAY-1040 appear to interact at a common site. No increase in total 45 Ca uptake in the presence of 5 × 10 −7 M CD could be detected at 0.5 min (phasic component) or 10 min (tonic component) but a significant decrease was found at 5 min and significant increases were found at later times (30 min, 60 min). However, an increase in the 45 Ca cellular content, measured after washing in La 3+ to remove superficial Ca 2+ and to retain cellular Ca 2+ , could be detected at 0.5 and 10 min in the presence of 5 × 10 −7 M CD, in tissues preequilibrated in 46 Ca 2+ for 60 min. This increase in cellular 46 Ca was blocked by atropine, D 600, BAY-1040, and Tm 3+ at concentrations that blocked mechanical response. It is concluded that the mechanical responses of guinea pig ileal longitudinal smooth muscle produced by muscarinic agonists or by KCl use Ca 2+ that enters through Ca 2+ channels similar to those described in other excitable tissues.
Uninterruptible power supply multiloop control employing digital predictive voltage and current regulators (2001)

A digital control technique for the inverter stage of uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) is described, which is based on voltage and current predictive regulators. Its aim is to achieve a deadbeat dynamic response for the controlled variables (output voltage and inverter current). The controller maintains the advantageous conventional multiloop structure and is capable of guaranteeing a high-quality dynamic performance. Moreover, its design is extremely simple and requires only a reasonably accurate knowledge of the output filter parameters. Finally, the only sensed variables are the output voltage and the converter output current. The validity of the proposed strategy is demonstrated by means of simulation and experimental results referring to a single-phase UPS laboratory prototype (1 kVA).
Enhancing LOCATION Information Using Semantic Composition (2010)

This paper presents a method to enhance location awareness by using semantic composition of AT-LOCATION and PART-WHOLE semantic relations. The method generates axioms that infer new location relations based on relations that are extracted by a semantic parser. Experimental study with WordNet glosses shows that the method increases the amount of location knowledge by two orders of magnitude. The precision of the results is 98%.
Multi-objective Optimization of Child Restraint System for Vehicle Side Impact (2011)

The head and thorax of the child occupant are mainly injured regions in passenger car side impacts. In order to reduce the
injury risks of head and thorax, a multi-objective optimization design of child restraint system (CRS) and side airbag is conducted in
terms of CRS safety performances. A mathematical model of a child occupant in side collision is developed by using MADYMO
software and the validity of the model is evaluated by comparing results between simulation and sled test. For the purpose of
minimizing accelerations of child head and thorax, a sensitivity analysis of the design variables is conducted using the orthogonal
design of experiment (DOE) and analysis of variance. The primary design variables are therefore determined, including material
permeability of side airbag, location of top tether in X-direction and stiffness coefficient of lower anchorage. The objective functions
for accelerations of child head and thorax are generated with second-order multinomial regression equations in terms of the
determined design variables. Optimization is carried out byusing non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The
optimized configuration of the CRS is obtained by further analysis based on the Pareto-optimal solutions. The results indicate that
main design parameters of child restraint system are material permeability 0.037 of side airbag, location −0.25 m of top tether in
X-direction, stiffness coefficient 0.5 of lower anchorage. Under the optimized condition, the peak value of head acceleration is
minimized by about 24 percent. The peak value of thorax acceleration is declined by about 30 percent.
GADD34 induces p53 phosphorylation and p21/WAF1 transcription (2003)

Recently, others and we have shown that one of the functions of GADD34 is a recovery from a shutoff of protein synthesis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. GADD34 has been shown to induce growth arrest and apoptosis. Main protein of apoptosis is p53, especially phosphorylation of p53. And one of the main proteins of growth arrest is p21/WAF1. Here we analyzed the effects of GADD34 on p53 phosphorylation and p21/WAF1 transcription. Transfected Myc-tagged p53 was dose-dependently phosphorylated at Ser15 by increasing the amount of GADD34. Transfection of GADD34 also induced the endogenous phosphorylation of p53 and enhanced p21 protein expression. Transfection of GADD34 induced p21/WAF1 promoter activity. This activity was dependent on p53, because GADD34 transfection to p53-deficient cells produced only a slight increase of p21/WAF1 promoter activity. The p21/WAF1 promoter activity was greatly enhanced by the transfection of p53. Both GADD34 and p53 transfection induced much higher p21/WAF1 promoter activity. The promoter activity of p21/WAF1 was very low in GADD34 deficient MEF. The transfection of GADD34 increased the p21/WAF1 promoter activity in GADD34 deficient MEF.
The p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α can stimulate fibrosis in a rat model of ischemic acute kidney injury (2011)

Inhibition of the tumor suppressor p53 diminishes tubular cell apoptosis and protects renal function in animal models of acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, targeting p53 has become an attractive therapeutic strategy in the approach to AKI. Although the acute protective effects of p53 inhibition in AKI have been examined, there is still relatively little known regarding the impact of acute p53 inhibition on the chronic sequelae of AKI. Consequently, we utilized the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α to examine the long-term effects of p53 inhibition in a rodent model of ischemic AKI. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to bilateral renal artery clamping for 30 min followed by reperfusion for up to 8 wk. Pifithrin-α or vehicle control was administered at the time of surgery and then daily for 2 days [brief acute administration (BA)] or 7 days [prolonged acute administration (PA)]. Despite the acute protective effect of pifithrin-α in models of ischemic AKI, we found no protection in the microvascular rarefaction at 4 wk or development fibrosis at 8 wk with pifithrin-α administered on the BA schedule compared with vehicle control-treated animals. Furthermore, pifithrin-α administered on a PA schedule actually produced worse fibrosis compared with vehicle control animals after ischemic injury [21%/area (SD4.4) vs.16%/area (SD3.6)] as well as under sham conditions [2.6%/area (SD1.8) vs. 4.7%/area (SD1.3)]. The development of fibrosis with PA administration was independent of microvascular rarefaction. We identified enhanced extracellular matrix production, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and amplified inflammatory responses as potential contributors to the augmented fibrosis observed with PA administration of pifithrin-α.
Cryptographic Keys Generating and Renewing System for IoT Network Nodes—A Concept (2020)

Designers and users of the Internet of Things (IoT) are devoting more and more attention to the issues of security and privacy as well as the integration of data coming from various areas. A critical element of cooperation is building mutual trust and secure data exchange. Because IoT devices usually have small memory resources, limited computing power, and limited energy resources, it is often impossible to effectively use a well-known solution based on the Certification Authority. This article describes the concept of the system for a cryptographic Key Generating and Renewing system (KGR). The concept of the solution is based on the use of the hardware Trusted Platform Module (TPM) v2.0 to support the procedures of creating trust structures, generating keys, protecting stored data, and securing data exchange between system nodes. The main tasks of the system are the secure distribution of a new symmetric key and renewal of an expired key for data exchange parties. The KGR system is especially designed for clusters of the IoT nodes but can also be used by other systems. A service based on the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol will be used to exchange data between nodes of the KGR system.