gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New epoxy‐terminated oligoesters: Precursors to totally biodegradable networks (1993)

Abstract Two types of novel biodegradable epoxy resins, carrying cycloaliphatic‐epoxy and glycidyl ester end‐groups, have been synthesized from hydroxy‐telechelic oligoesters. The cycloaliphatic‐epoxy end‐groups were based on either methyl cis ‐4‐cyclohexene‐2‐(carboxylic acid)‐1‐carboxylate or 3‐cyclohexene‐1‐carboxylic acid. These compounds were reacted with hydroxy‐telechelic poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐ D , L ‐lactide) oligoesters, yielding cycloaliphatic‐olefin‐terminated oligomers. Conversion of the olefin to the epoxide groups was achieved using a phase transfer epoxidation with an inorganic peracid derived from the reaction of phosphoric acid, sodium tungstate, and hydrogen peroxide. Aliquat 336, a quaternary ammonium salt, acted as the phase transfer catalyst. Nearly theoretical conversion of hydroxy to epoxy end‐groups was achieved in only one case, however, alternative variations of this method of synthesis show promise. To prepare glycidyl ester‐terminated prepolymers, hydroxy‐telechelic poly(ε‐caprolactone) oligoesters were reacted with succinic anhydride, in 1,2‐dichloroethane with 1‐methylimidazole as catalyst, resulting in (carboxylic acid)‐terminated oligomers. After conversion of the end‐groups to the potassium carboxylate salt by titration with methanolic KOH, the isolated salt was dried and reacted with epibromohydrin in acetonitrile at reflux, using an 18‐C‐6 crown ether as the phase transfer catalyst, thus preparing the (glycidyl ester)‐telechelic prepolymer. Epoxide equivalent weights differed by 2.7–7.1% from the theoretical values. These cycloaliphatic‐epoxide and glycidyl ester‐terminated prepolymers may be crosslinked with anhydrides or amines, respectively, to produce totally bioabsorbable networks. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microwave‐Enhanced Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of <i>N</i>‐(<i>tert</i>‐Butylsulfinyl)imines (2014)

Abstract Microwave irradiation has considerably enhanced the efficiency of the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of N ‐( tert ‐butylsulfinyl)imines in isopropyl alcohol catalyzed by a ruthenium complex bearing the achiral ligand 2‐amino‐2‐methylpropan‐1‐ol. In addition to shortening reaction times for the transfer hydrogenation processes to only 30 min, the amounts of ruthenium catalyst and isopropyl alcohol can be considerably reduced in comparison with our previous procedure assisted by conventional heating, which diminishes the environmental impact of this new protocol. This methodology can be applied to aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic N ‐( tert ‐butylsulfinyl)ketimines, leading, after desulfinylation, to the expected primary amines in excellent yields and with enantiomeric excesses of up to 96 %.
A Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) for the Detection of Mine-Like Objects in Sidescan Sonar Imagery (2015)

Detection of mine-like objects (MLOs) in sidescan sonar imagery is a problem that affects our military in terms of safety and cost. The current process involves large amounts of time for subject matter experts to analyze sonar images searching for MLOs. The automation of the detection process has been heavily researched over the years and some of these computer vision approaches have improved dramatically, providing substantial processing speed benefits. However, the human visual system has an unmatched ability to recognize objects of interest. This paper posits a brain-computer interface (BCI) approach, that combines the complementary benefits of computer vision and human vision. The first stage of the BCI, a Haar-like feature classifier, is cascaded in to the second stage, rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of images chips. The RSVP paradigm maximizes throughput while allowing an electroencephalography (EEG) interest classifier to determine the human subjects' recognition of objects. In an additional proposed BCI system we add a third stage that uses a trained support vector machine (SVM) based on the Haar-like features of stage one and the EEG interest scores of stage two. We characterize and show performance improvements for subsets of these BCI systems over the computer vision and human vision capabilities alone.
CAST: A page-level FTL with compact address mapping and parallel data blocks (2012)

NAND flash memory based Solid State Drive (SSD) is increasingly popular as one of the major non-volatile storage devices. Due to the superior performance and energy efficiency properties, it becomes an important complimentary device between the main memory and the traditional mechanical Hard Disk Drive (HDD). It is also anticipated to substitute HDD as the mainstream secondary storage. Today, flash memory is widely used in embedded systems, hand-held devices, personal computers and even enterprise computer systems. To access the data on the flash, a software component called Flash Translation Layer (FTL) has to be applied to convert the file system logical address into the corresponding physical address. FTL has great impacts on the system overall performance. Numerous FTL algorithms have been proposed in the past decade. DFTL is one of the most popular page-level address mapping FTL algorithms. It has been considered to have the best flexibility. However, it has extra mapping information I/O overhead and cannot always achieve the optimal performance. In this paper, we propose CAST, a novel and efficient pagelevel FTL algorithm to relieve this issue. CAST reserves a small portion of embedded SRAM to cache most recently accessed logical-physical address mapping information. Unlike DFTL, we use a compact packing methodology. Consecutive logical-physical page mapping information is represented with only a single entry. Thus, more address mapping information can be maintained in the caching table, and the cache hit rates can be increased. To improve the garbage collection efficiency, CAST maintains multiple current data blocks simultaneously. When a new data write request comes, the system can select an appropriate one to conduct the process based on the request issuer and/or logical address information. Our simulation results show that CAST outperforms DFTL under various workloads and it can reduce the number of erase operations and decrease the I/O response time significantly.
Blood volume distribution during head‐up tilt induced central hypovolaemia in man (1991)

We evaluated regional electrical impedance (Z degree) at 2.5 and 100 kHz to separate intra- and extracellular fluid changes and correlated Z degree over the thorax (TI) to relative changes in the central blood volume (CBV) induced by head-up tilt. In nine experiments head-up tilt resulted in normotensive central hypovolaemia associated with a 3.7 +/- 0.4 Ohm (mean +/- SE) increase in TI100 kHz after 60 min. In 24 experiments pre-syncopal symptoms were induced after 43 +/- 2 min, when TI100 kHz had increased 4.2 +/- 0.2 Ohm. Head-up tilt instantly decreased the activity of technetium labelled erythrocytes (99Tcm) over the thorax by 24 +/- 2%, and increased 99Tcm over the thigh by 68 +/- 10% (P less than 0.01, n = 8) with no further changes during the sustained tilt. Haematocrite increased during head-up tilt from 43.1 +/- 0.3 to 47.9 +/- 0.6% (P less than 0.01, n = 8). Accordingly, the increase in TI (6.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.4 Ohm, n = 6) and the decrease in Z degree through one leg (7.2 +/- 1.2 vs. 2.8 +/- 0.5 Ohm, n = 6) at 2.5 kHz was more pronounced than at 100 kHz. Also the changes in TI were correlated to CBV as calculated from 99Tcm and haematocrite (r = 0.90, P less than 0.01). The results suggest that: (1) Hypovolaemic shock is associated with a faster increase of TI than normotensive head-up tilt. (2) Head-up tilt is characterized by an initial decrease in CBV followed by a further decrease in plasma volume, which eventually leads to hypovolaemic shock. (3) Blood volume changes during head-up tilt are reflected in regional Z degree.
Review: Strategic Information Management (1996)

Strategic Information Management R. D. Galliers and B. S. H. Baker (eds) Butterworth Heinemann ISBN 0-7506-1731-4 £19.99
Future Outlook and Perspectives (2002)

The authors present a discussion of the future outlook and perspectives for conventional radical polymerization (RP) and controlled/living radical polymerization (LRP).
Electroencephalograph with Switching Voltage Divider and its Application to Measurement of Event-Related Potentials (2014)

Event-related potentials (ERPs)—in particular, the P300 component—have come under increasing scrutiny as a means of clarifying brain functions, as they are considered to reflect higher brain activity. Although much research has been devoted to the P300 signal, its source within the human brain remains unclear. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is often used in ERP studies because it directly reflects neurological responses to external stimulus. However, owing to the low spatial resolution of EEG, many surface or intracranial electrodes are required to estimate the signal source. We have attempted to develop a new signal source estimation method using only one signal electrode, which utilizes the switching voltage divider technology for simultaneous measurement of the potential and location of the signal source;i. e., whether the signal source is far from or near the signal electrode. This signal source estimation method may improve the low spatial resolution of EEG. Using our proposed method, we measured the ERPs of subjects participating in an oddball paradigm using auditory stimuli. The results suggest that the P300 component of an ERP is generated in a region deep within the brain.
Ethylene glycol from synthesis gas via bimetallic catalysis (1983)

J. F. Knifton, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1983, 729 DOI: 10.1039/C39830000729
Two Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases Catalyze Early Hydroxylation Steps in the Potato Steroid Glycoalkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway (2016)

α-Solanine and α-chaconine, steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) found in potato (Solanum tuberosum), are among the best-known secondary metabolites in food crops. At low concentrations in potato tubers, SGAs are distasteful; however, at high concentrations, SGAs are harmful to humans and animals. Here, we show that POTATO GLYCOALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS1 (PGA1) and PGA2, two genes that encode cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP72A208 and CYP72A188), are involved in the SGA biosynthetic pathway, respectively. The knockdown plants of either PGA1 or PGA2 contained very little SGA, yet vegetative growth and tuber production were not affected. Analyzing metabolites that accumulated in the plants and produced by in vitro enzyme assays revealed that PGA1 and PGA2 catalyzed the 26- and 22-hydroxylation steps, respectively, in the SGA biosynthetic pathway. The PGA-knockdown plants had two unique phenotypic characteristics: The plants were sterile and tubers of these knockdown plants did not sprout during storage. Functional analyses of PGA1 and PGA2 have provided clues for controlling both potato glycoalkaloid biosynthesis and tuber sprouting, two traits that can significantly impact potato breeding and the industry.
Distributed Object Computing With CORBA (1993)

The Object Management Group (OMG) was formed in 1989 with the purpose of creating standards allowing for the interoperability and portability of distributed object-oriented (OO) applications. Unlike the Open Software Foundation (OSF), the OMG does not actually produce software, only specifications. These specifications are created using ideas and technology from OMG members who respond to Requests For Information (RFI) and Requests For Proposals (RFP) issued by the OMG. A strength of this approach is that most of the major players in the commercial distributed OO computing arena are among the several hundred companies that belong to the OMG.
Time-domain steering of a differential beamformer for speech enhancement and source separation (2002)

The paper is devoted to showing the possibilities for optimally steering a first order difference beamformer (FODB) using a time-domain technique based on the minimization of the error output on the angular range of interest. This structure may be used in source separation, speaker tracking, or speech enhancement with application in robust speech recognition, demotic control, or video-conferencing, among other fields.
CD1d Expression in Paneth Cells and Rat Exocrine Pancreas Revealed by Novel Monoclonal Antibodies Which Differentially Affect NKT Cell Activation (2010)

The two novel monoclonal antibodies described in this study, allowed the analysis of CD1d expression and CD1d-restricted T cell responses in the rat for the first time. Moreover, they provided new insights into mechanisms of CD1d-restricted antigen recognition. While CD1d expression by hematopoietic cells of mice and rats was extremely similar, CD1d protein was detected at not yet described sites of non-lymphatic tissues such as the rat exocrine pancreas and Paneth cells. The latter is of special relevance given the recently reported defects of Paneth cells in CD1d(-/-) mice, which resulted in an altered composition of the gut flora.
The effect of polyene macrolides on the prostate gland and canine prostatic hyperplasia. (1968)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
An N-terminally truncated envelope protein encoded by a human endogenous retrovirus W locus on chromosome Xq22.3 (2010)

A partially defective HERV-W env gene located on chromosome Xq22.3, which we propose to designate ERVWE2, has retained coding capacity and can produce ex vivo an N-terminally truncated Env protein, named N-Trenv. Detection of an antigen by 6A2B2 in placenta and multiple sclerosis lesions opens the possibility that N-Trenv could be expressed in vivo. More generally, our findings are compatible with the idea that defective HERV elements may be capable of producing incomplete HERV proteins that, speculatively, may exert functions in human physiology or pathology.
Integrative genomic and transcriptomic analysis of genetic markers in Dupuytren’s disease (2019)

Among these eGenes, major histocompatibility complex class II genes and ZFP57 zinc finger protein were closely related to ER stress and UPR, suggesting that these genetic markers might be potential therapeutic targets for DD.
Incidence of Parkinson's disease among hospital patients with methamphetamine‐use disorders (2010)

Because methamphetamine exposure to experimental animals can damage brain dopamine neurones, we examined whether hospital patients diagnosed with methamphetamine-related disorders might have greater risk of subsequent admission with a Parkinson's disease diagnosis. This was a population-based cohort study using all statewide inpatient hospital discharge records from July 1, 1990, through June 30, 2000, in California, USA, in which subjects aged at least 50 years were followed for up to 10 years. Individuals with reported methamphetamine-related conditions (n = 1,863; ICD-9 codes 304.4, 305.7, 969.7, and E854.2) were matched on demographic variables and follow-up time with those with primary appendicitis conditions (n = 9,315). The appendicitis group had a Parkinson's disease incidence rate no different than the rate found among members of a large health maintenance organization in California. Cox regression procedures were used to estimate group differences in the rates of receiving a subsequent inpatient diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (ICD-9 332.0). The methamphetamine group showed increased risk of a subsequent admission with Parkinson's disease compared with that of the matched appendicitis group (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.65, 95% CI, 1.17-5.98, P= 0.019). Study limitations include a population limited to hospital admissions, an uncertainty regarding diagnostic validity of the ICD-9 code 332.0 (Parkinson's disease), and a small number of incident cases with suspected Parkinson's disease. We strongly emphasize the preliminary nature of the findings. Nevertheless, these data, requiring replication, provide some evidence that methamphetamine users might be at greater than normal risk for developing Parkinson's disease.
Size tailoring of TiO2 anatase nanoparticles in aqueous medium and synthesis of nanocomposites. Characterization by Raman spectroscopy (2003)

Nanoparticles of anatase with mean size in the range 5–10 nm were prepared by precipitation of TiCl4 in aqueous medium in the range 2 ≤ pH ≤ 6. Hydroxylation of TiCl4 at room temperature leads instantaneously to an amorphous titanium oxyhydroxide phase which crystallizes as anatase upon aging at 60 °C in suspension. Small amounts of brookite or rutile are concurrently obtained depending on the acidity. The size of anatase particles was characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The latter was also used to determine the particle size and to characterize the crystallinity of particles through the phonon confinement effect. The particle size, dependent on the acidity, is closely related to the electrostatic surface charge density of particles. The size variation was interpreted as resulting from a lowering of the interfacial tension due to the protonation of particle surface groups. Composite materials were synthesized by polymerisation of silica in aqueous sols of anatase. The dispersed anatase nanoparticles are stable against the transformation to rutile up to 1000 °C.
Specialization of mucosal follicular dendritic cells revealed by mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule-1 display (1997)

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in the mucosal lymphoid organs, Peyer's patches (PP), display mucosal vascular addressin-cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). MAdCAM-1 decorates interlacing dendritic cells throughout PP follicles and is accentuated on FDC of the germinal center (GC) light zone and on "junctional" dendritic cells overlapping the B/T border and subepithelial dome region, sites associated with microenvironmental homing decisions. In contrast, MAdCAM-1 is rarely displayed by coronal or junctional FDC in peripheral lymph node follicles and is largely confined to the GC after lymph node immunization. FDC-associated MAdCAM-1 plays a prominent role in lymphocyte adhesion to GC in PP frozen sections and participates significantly in binding to GC in chronically stimulated lymph nodes and spleen, but not to GC in lymph nodes after primary immunization (where binding is dominated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1). Differential display of MAdCAM-1 by FDC could contribute to the specialization of mucosal vs nonmucosal immune responses.
Recycling of the Membrane-anchored Chemokine, CX3CL1 (2005)

CX(3)CL1 (fractalkine) plays an important role in inflammation by acting as both chemoattractant and as an adhesion molecule. As for other chemokines, expression of CX(3)CL1 is known to be regulated at the level of transcription and translation. The unique transmembrane structure of CX(3)CL1 raises the possibility of additional functional regulation by altering its abundance at the cell surface. This could be accomplished in principle by changes in traffic between subcellular compartments. To analyze this possibility we examined the subcellular distribution of CX(3)CL1 in human ECV-304 cells stably expressing untagged or green fluorescent protein-tagged forms of the chemokine. CX(3)CL1 was present in two distinct compartments, diffusely on the plasma membrane and in a punctate juxtanuclear compartment. The latter shared some features with, yet was distinct from the conventional endocytic pathway and may represent a specialized recycling subcompartment. Accordingly, surface CX(3)CL1 was found to be in dynamic equilibrium with the juxtanuclear vesicular compartment. Intracellular CX(3)CL1 co-localized with the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide factor attachment protein receptor) proteins syntaxin-13 and VAMP-3. Cleavage of VAMP-3 by tetanus toxin or impairment of syntaxin-13 function by expression of a dominant-negative allele inhibited the ability of internalized CX(3)CL1 to traffic back to the plasma membrane. These data demonstrate the existence of a dynamic, SNARE-mediated recycling of CX(3)CL1 from the cell surface to and from an endomembrane storage compartment. The intracellular storage depot may serve as a source of the chemokine that could be rapidly mobilized by stimuli.
Genome-wide identification of genes likely to be involved in human genetic disease (2004)

Sequence analysis of the group of proteins known to be associated with hereditary diseases allows the detection of key distinctive features shared within this group. The disease proteins are characterized by greater length of their amino acid sequence, a broader phylogenetic extent, and specific conservation and paralogy profiles compared with all human proteins. This unique property pattern provides insights into the global nature of hereditary diseases and moreover can be used to predict novel disease genes. We have developed a computational method that allows the detection of genes likely to be involved in hereditary disease in the human genome. The probability score assignments for the human genome are accessible at http://maine.ebi. ac.uk:8000/services/dgp.
The Development of Urea-SCR Technology for US Heavy Duty Trucks (2000)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Prototype selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems using urea have been demonstrated on diesel trucks in Europe in recent years. In view of upcoming stringent emissions control standards for US HD diesel engines, urea-SCR is being evaluated by US engine and truck manufacturers. The authors and their companies have worked jointly on a project to develop, test, and demonstrate urea-SCR on a US HD diesel engine and Class-8 truck.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A prototype urea-SCR system was applied to a 12-liter HD diesel engine. The engine model selected is rated at 350 bhp and is common for highway trucks. The only engine modifications were changes to the injection timing control map in order to better suit the application of the urea-SCR system.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper details two demonstration phases of the project as follows.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The first phase includes recent emissions cell tests using a new compact SCR catalyst and an engine calibration optimized for lower NO<sub>X</sub>. In addition to NO<sub>X</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, HC, and PM, NH<sub>3</sub> was measured to evaluate slip through the catalyst. This latest data using the new catalyst will show the potential NO<sub>X</sub> reduction capability of this technology during emissions test cycles.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The second phase includes application of an SCR system to a Class-8 highway truck. This work was completed using an earlier catalyst design and an engine calibration optimized for best fuel economy at higher engine-out NO<sub>X</sub>. Prototype NO<sub>X</sub> sensors were mounted in the exhaust stream before and after the catalyst for over-the-road measurements. NO<sub>X</sub>, urea consumption, and fuel consumption were recorded. These tests were completed in order to assess the effectiveness of this technology during actual truck operation.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The results of this study showed substantial NO<sub>X</sub> reduction in engine cell and truck tests. The over-the-road measurements provide insight into real world NO<sub>X</sub> reduction and urea consumption. Overall, this study provided convincing evidence that urea-SCR may be a key technology to meet future emissions standards.</div>