gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Static Feed Water Electrolysis System for Space Station O<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> Generation (1985)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Long-term manned operation of NASA's Space Station will dictate use of regenerative processes for the revitalization of the Spacecraft atmosphere. An alkaline Static Feed Water Electrolysis System (SFWES) is being developed by Life Systems, Inc. and NASA to generate metabolic oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) for the crew, provide hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) for reduction of concentrated carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and compensate for O<sub>2</sub> lost overboard due to Space Station leakage. The SFWES employs highly efficient electrodes with rugged unitized cell construction. Integrated mechanical components and advanced automated Control/Monitor Instrumentation (C/M I) are used to reduce system complexity while enhancing overall reliability and maintainability.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Crew size and the unique environment of space drive the system design. Key SFWES operating conditions, such as current density, temperature and pressure, were used in trade studies to optimize individual cell size and total equivalent weight of a three-person SFWES Oxygen Generation System (OGS). Two different Space Station power penalty values were selected to bracket the cell size and total equivalent weight of the OGS. The optimization study resulted in a SFWES having an 18-cell module with individual cell active areas of 0.023 m<sup>2</sup> (0.25 ft<sup>2</sup>).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The overall system design presented is based upon the experience gained from system and cell endurance and component testing. One-person and three-person subsystems have been built and tested for over 4,000 hours while endurance tests on three individual cells have exceeded 38,000 hours each. Individual mechanical components are presently undergoing endurance and cyclic testing to enhance an already strong data base. This paper concludes with projected characteristics of a three-person SFWES for the Space Station and quantifies associated key characteristics such as power, weight and dimensions of the unit.</div>
Bi-based high temperature superconducting tapes by cold rolling method (1991)

Bi-based high-temperature superconductor doped by lead with and without silver addition was used to produce tape approximately 1.2-cm wide and up to 20-cm long. Powder was calcined at 800 degrees C, 810 degrees C, and 835 degrees C for 50 h each time and loaded into silver tubes with o.d.=6.35 mm and i.d.=4.35 mm. Tapes with nominal thicknesses of 0.5 mm, 0.35 mm, and 0.2 mm were produced by the cold rolling technique. Direct transport current, DC magnetization, and AC susceptibility measurements were performed to characterize the superconducting properties of the tapes. The authors observed a significant increase in the magnetization critical current density with increasing number of calcinations and decreasing thickness of the tape, which is equivalent to the introduction of deformations into the system, thus increasing the number of pinning centers. A silver addition (3 wt.%) increases connectivity between grains and creates much cleaner grain boundaries.
Carrier reflection at the superconductor-semiconductor boundary observed using a coplanar-point-contact injector (1990)

The Andreev reflection of carriers at the boundary between a superconductor and a semiconductor has been studied buy measurement of the differential resistance of a n-type-Si--Nb point contact with a coplanar structure. The boundary condition of the pair potential in the Si-Nb proximity system is obtained from these measurements. A carrier-concentration dependence of the pair potential at the boundary is observed. The pair potential in the Si at the boundary increases with increasing carrier concentration.
Characterization of Oxaliplatin−DNA Adduct Formation in DNA and Differentiation of Cancer Cell Drug Sensitivity at Microdose Concentrations (2007)

(trans-R, R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneoxalatoplatinum(II) (oxaliplatin) is a recently approved platinum analogue for use in the chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. Like many cytotoxic drugs, oxaliplatin exerts its antitumor effects by covalent modification of DNA. We report an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) assay to measure the kinetics of oxaliplatin-induced DNA damage and repair. We determined the apparent rate of oxaliplatin adduction to salmon sperm DNA. The oxaliplatin-DNA adduct distribution was further investigated at the nucleoside level by HPLC-AMS. Cultured platinum-sensitive testicular (833K) and platinum-resistant breast and bladder (MDA-MB-231 and T24, respectively) cancer cells were incubated with a subpharmacological concentration of oxaliplatin (0.2 microM). Both cellular and DNA radiocarbon contents in the drug-sensitive testicular cells had approximately twice the area under the curve as compared to the more platinum-resistant cell lines, implying that differential accumulation of the drug may be responsible for the sensitivity of cancer cells to platinum treatment. The lowest concentration of radiocarbon measured was approximately 1+/-0.1 amol/microg of DNA, when assaying 1 microg of DNA. This sensitivity for measuring oxaliplatin-DNA adducts is the highest reported to date. The sensitivity offered by this method may be applicable to other DNA-damaging drugs, metabolisms studies, and diagnostics development.
Facile Synthesis of Soluble Graphene via a Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide in Tea Solution and Its Biocomposites (2011)

The chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) typically involves highly toxic reducing agents that are harmful to human health and environment, and complicated surface modification is often needed to avoid aggregation of the reduced GO during reduction process. In this paper, a green and facile strategy is reported for the fabrication of soluble reduced GO. The proposed method is based on the reduction of exfoliated GO in green tea solution by making use of the reducing capability and the aromatic rings of tea polyphenol (TP) that contained in tea solution. The measurements of the resultant graphene confirm the efficient removal of the oxygen-containing groups in GO. The strong interactions between the reduced graphene and the aromatic TPs guarantee the good dispersion of the reduced graphene in both aqueous and a variety of organic solvents. These features endow this green approach with great potential in constructing of various graphene-based materials, especially for high-performance biorelated materials as demonstrated in this study of chitosan/graphene composites.
Effect of energy balance and selection for milk yield on the somatotropic axis of the lactating Holstein cow: Endocrine profiles and hepatic gene expression (2001)

Two studies were conducted with cows from a breeding project initiated in 1964 to develop a stable control line (CL) that represented US breed average Holsteins in 1964 and a select line (SL) that represented contemporary US Holsteins. Milk yield of the two lines currently differ by more than 4,500 kg/305 d lactation. Muciparous cows (Study A: 9 CL, 9 SL; Study B 10 CL, 12 SL) were examined from –28 to 70 d postpartum (PP). Cows were fed ad libitum and daily intake and weekly body weight determined. Serum samples for endocrine analyses were collected daily during the initial transition period (-14 to 14 d PP) and thrice weekly thereafter. Hepatic biopsy samples (Study B) were obtained on -14, 14, 21 and 70 d PP and RNA extracted. Ribonuclease protection assays (RPA) were conducted to determine GH receptor and IGF-I gene expression. Milk yield of CL and SL cows averaged 29.8 and 37.9 kg/d. Energy balance was greater (1.3, -3.6 Mcal/d) in SL cows prepartum, did not differ between lines postpartum (nadir of-15.4 Mcal/d at 7 d PP) and remained negative until 60 d PP. Serum IGF-I in CL and SL cows were similar prepartum (128 ng/ml). The PP decrease in IGF-I was similar in SL and CL cows but remained low in SL cows through 70 d PP despite the similar PP energy balance. The RPA data support the reduced PP serum IGF-I as expression of the genes for the GH receptor and for IGF-I was reduced. However, the IGF-I RPA data do not support the prolonged PP reduction in IGF-I in the SL cows. These results indicate energy balance and genetic factors affect the somatotropic axis of the cow during early lactation.
Fundamentals of Electrochemistry Ed. 2 (2006)

Fundamentals of Electrochemistry provides the basic outline of most topics of theoretical and applied electrochemistry for students not yet familiar with this field, as well as an outline of recent and advanced developments in electrochemistry for people who are already dealing with electrochemical problems. The content of this edition is arranged so that all basic information is contained in the first part of the book, which is now rewritten and simplified in order to make it more accessible and used as a textbook for undergraduate students. More advanced topics, of interest for postgraduate levels, come in the subsequent parts. This updated second edition focuses on experimental techniques, including a comprehensive chapter on physical methods for the investigation of electrode surfaces. New chapters deal with recent trends in electrochemistry, including nano- and micro-electrochemistry, solid-state electrochemistry, and electrocatalysis. In addition, the authors take into account the worldwide renewal of interest for the problem of fuel cells and include chapters on batteries, fuel cells, and double layer capacitors.
Thermal voltage converters for accurate voltage measurements to 30 megacycles per second (1960)

Thermal voltage converters, each consisting of a resistor in series with a thermoelement in a coaxial line, have been developed for measurements of rms voltages of 1 to 200 volts at frequencies from 3 cps (cycles per second) to 30 mc (megacycles). An accuracy of 0.1% or better may be obtained by a-c-d-c transfer techniques up to at least 10 mc and 0.2% at 30 mc.
A Comparative Study of Three Interneuron Types in the Rat Spinal Cord (2016)

Interneurons are involved in the physiological function and the pathomechanism of the spinal cord. Present study aimed to examine and compare the characteristics of Cr+, Calb+ and Parv+ interneurons in morphology and distribution by using immunhistochemical and Western blot techniques. Results showed that 1) Cr-Calb presented a higher co-existence rate than that of Cr-Parv, and both of them were higher in the ventral horn than in the dosal horn; 2) Cr+, Calb+ and Parv+ neurons distributing zonally in the superficial dosal horn were small-sized. Parv+ neuronswere the largest, and Cr+ and Calb+ neurons were higher density among them. In the deep dorsal horn, Parv+ neurons were mainly located in nucleus thoracicus and the remaining scatteredly distributed. Cr+ neuronal size was the largest, and Calb+ neurons were the least among three interneuron types; 3) Cr+, Calb+ and Parv+ neurons of ventral horns displayed polygonal, round and fusiform, and Cr+ and Parv+ neurons were mainly distributed in the deep layer, but Calb+ neurons mainly in the superficial layer. Cr+ neurons were the largest, and distributed more in ventral horns than in dorsal horns; 4) in the dorsal horn of lumbar cords, Calb protein levels was the highest, but Parv protein level in ventral horns was the highest among the three protein types. Present results suggested that the morphological characteristics of three interneuron types imply their physiological function and pathomechanism relevance.
An efficient 3D-IC on-chip test framework to embed TSV testing in memory BIST (2015)

TSV-based 3D-IC design can reduce the connection length of stacked ICs and enhance I/O bandwidth of heterogeneous integrated circuits. However the testing of 3D ICs is more complicated than that of 2D ICs. This paper presents an efficient on-chip 3D-IC test framework that can embed the test procedure of TSVs into the memory BIST process. By using the same test patterns generated from the memory BIST mechanism, the faults in both memories and TSVs can be detected simultaneously without extra time to test TSVs. The area overhead for on-chip testing can also be reduced significantly. Experimental results show that the proposed test framework can gain a good performance in test time reduction with very low area overhead penalty for a memory-logic stacked IC.
Robust Video Watermarking of H.264/AVC (2007)

A robust video watermarking scheme of the state-of-the-art video coding standard H.264/AVC is proposed in this brief. 2-D 8-bit watermarks such as detailed company trademarks or logos can be used as inconvertible watermark for copyright protection. A grayscale watermark pattern is first modified to accommodate the H.264/AVC computational constraints, and then embedded into video data in the compressed domain. With the proposed method, the video watermarking scheme can achieve high robustness and good visual quality without increasing the overall bit-rate. Experimental results show that our algorithm can robustly survive transcoding process and strong common signal processing attacks, such as bit-rate reduction, Gaussian filtering and contrast enhancement
Exchange of dinitrogen between iron and molybdenum centers and the reduction of dinitrogen bound to iron: implications for the chemistry of nitrogenases (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExchange of dinitrogen between iron and molybdenum centers and the reduction of dinitrogen bound to iron: implications for the chemistry of nitrogenasesG. J. Leigh and M. Jimenez-TenorioCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 15, 5862–5863Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00015a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00015a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views825Altmetric-Citations85LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Helios+ and Helios− Cells Coexist within the Natural FOXP3+ T Regulatory Cell Subset in Humans (2013)

FOXP3-expressing T regulatory cells (Tregs) can be divided into two distinct subsets: naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) that develop in the thymus, and induced Tregs (iTregs) that differentiate in peripheral tissues upon exposure to Ag in a tolerogenic environment. Recently it has been proposed that expression of Helios, an Ikaros family transcription factor, may specifically identify nTregs, allowing specific tracking of Tregs from different origins in health and disease. Surprisingly, we found that Helios(-) cells can be readily identified within naive (CD45RA(+)CD31(+)CCR7(+)CD62L(+)) FOXP3(+) Tregs, a finding inconsistent with the notion that lack of Helios expression identifies Ag-experienced iTregs that should express memory markers. To investigate the phenotype and function of naive Helios(+) and Helios(-) Tregs within the nTreg population, we isolated single-cell clones from each subset. We found that both Helios(+) and Helios(-) nTreg clones have a similar suppressive capacity, as well as expression of FOXP3 and cell surface proteins, including CD39 and CTLA-4. Helios(-) nTregs, however, produced significantly more CCL3 and IFN-γ compared with Helios(+) nTregs. Despite increased cytokine/chemokine production, Helios(-) FOXP3(+) nTreg clones were demethylated at the FOXP3 Treg-specific demethylated region, indicative of Treg lineage stability. When cultured under Th1-polarizing conditions, Helios(+) and Helios(-) nTreg clones had an equal ability to produce IFN-γ. Collectively, these data show that a lack of Helios expression does not exclusively identify human iTregs, and, to our knowledge, the data provide the first evidence for the coexistence of Helios(+) and Helios(-) nTregs in human peripheral blood.
Accelerated Visualization of Dynamic Molecular Surfaces (2010)

Abstract Molecular surfaces play an important role in studying the interactions between molecules. Visualizing the dynamic behavior of molecules is particularly interesting to gain insights into a molecular system. Only recently it has become possible to interactively visualize dynamic molecular surfaces using ray casting techniques. In this paper, we show how to further accelerate the construction and the rendering of the solvent excluded surface (SES) and the molecular skin surface (MSS). We propose several improvements to reduce the update times for displaying these molecular surfaces. First, we adopt a parallel approximate Voronoi diagram algorithm to compute the MSS. This accelerates the MSS computation by more than one order of magnitude on a single core. Second, we demonstrate that the contour‐buildup algorithm is ideally suited for computing the SES due to its inherently parallel structure. For both parallel algorithms, we observe good scalability up to 8 cores and, thus, obtain interactive frame rates for molecular dynamics trajectories of up to twenty thousand atoms for the SES and up to a few thousand atoms for the MSS. Third, we reduce the rendering time for the SES using tight‐fitting bounding quadrangles as rasterization primitives. These primitives also accelerate the rendering of the MSS. With these improvements, the interactive visualization of the MSS of dynamic trajectories of a few thousand atoms becomes for the first time possible. Nevertheless, the SES remains a few times faster than the MSS.
TM/sub 01p/ Tubular and Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Mode (2005)

The electric dipole resonance of a cylindrical and a tubular dielectric resonator is investigated. Data are given about the resonant frequencies and the structure of the field surrounding the resonator. The data agree well with experimental results.
Functional polymers. XIII. Synthesis and polymerization of 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylphenyl)‐5‐vinyl‐2H‐benzotriazole (1982)

Abstract The synthesis of 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylphenyl)‐5‐vinyl‐2H‐benzotriazole was accomplished in seven steps starting from 4‐ethylaniline. Acetylation and nitration followed by hydrolysis gave 2‐nitro‐4‐cthylaniline which was diazotized, condensed with p ‐cresol, and reduced to 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylphenyl)‐5‐ethyl‐2H‐benzotriazole. As in previous cases, the ethyl group was transformed to the vinyl compound by bromination with N ‐bromosuccinimide and dehydrobromination of the 1‐bromoethyl compound. Monomer grade 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylphenyl)‐5‐vinyl‐2H‐benzotriazole was polymerized and copolymerized with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and n ‐butyl acrylate.
A high efficiency linear power amplifier for portable communications applications (2005)

The class AB power amplifier has been used widely in conjunction with non-constant envelope modulation systems such as QPSK, QAM and CDMA. Unfortunately, the "peak envelope power to average power" ratio (PEP/Pavg) of such systems combined with the need to maintain PEP below saturation generally results in poor DC to RF conversion efficiency. Techniques such as envelope tracking, envelope elimination and restoration (EER), or linear amplification using nonlinear components (LINC) are available to improve efficiency. However, these methods involve complex architectures, representing revolutionary as opposed to evolutionary efficiency solutions. Among manufacturers, the competition to extend the talk-time of portable communication products involves a careful weighing of cost, size and reliability trade-offs. As a result, the high efficiency power amplifier method of W. H. Doherty (1936) has experienced renewed interest, more than 60 years after its introduction. This paper describes a practical Doherty power amplifier using GaAs HBT devices. An overview of the deficiencies of common Class AB designs and a brief tutorial of the Doherty concept follows.
Retroviral Vectors for the β‐Globin Gene That Demonstrate Improved Titer and Expression<sup>a</sup> (1990)

To study the feasibility of a therapy for thalassemia based on addition of a correctly functioning globin gene to bone marrow stem cells, we have developed retroviral vectors that can transfer the human beta-globin gene into pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells of the mouse. Mice reconstituted with virus-infected bone marrow cells showed long-term tissue-specific expression of human beta-globin RNA and protein. Recently, we have redesigned the retroviral vector to improve the efficiency of stem cell infection and to raise the level of globin expression obtained from the virally transduced gene. Removal of a portion of the second intron of the beta-globin gene resulted in the accumulation of a higher level of full-length viral RNA in retrovirus packaging cell lines, and these cell lines produced beta-globin virus particles at substantially higher titers. Addition of fragments from the locus activation region (LAR) of the beta-like globin gene cluster to the retroviral vectors increased beta-globin expression in infected murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. Fragments from the -18 and -10.9 kbp DNase I-hypersensitive sites of the LAR increased human beta-globin RNA levels to 35% and 132% of the endogenous mouse beta maj-globin RNA level, respectively. Increased expression was also found for neomycin phosphotransferase RNA, which was transcribed from the retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR), showing that the LAR fragments also activated expression from a nearby heterologous promoter. These results are discussed in the context of the efficacy and safety of gene therapy for chronic anemia in humans.
Detection of <b> <i>Xylella fastidiosa</i> </b> in potential insect vectors by immunomagnetic separation and nested polymerase chain reaction (1997)

A sensitive and specific assay for detecting Xylella fastidiosa in potential insect vectors was developed. This assay involves immunomagnetic separation of the bacteria from the insect, followed by a two-step, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using previously developed oligonucleotide primers specific to X. fastidiosa. A total of 347 leafhoppers representing 16 species were captured and sampled from American elm (Ulmus americana L.) trees growing in a nursery where bacterial leaf scorch caused by X. fastidiosa occurs. Two of these leafhopper species, Graphocephala coccinea and G. versuta, regularly tested positive for X. fastidiosa using this technique. These insects are therefore potential vectors of X. fastidiosa. Using immunocapture and nested PCR, it was possible to detect as few as five bacteria per sample.
The utility of superparamagnetic contrast agents in MRI: theoretical consideration and applications in the cardiovascular system (2004)

This review will discuss the in vivo physical chemical relaxation properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. Various parameters such as size, magnetization, compartmentalization and water exchange effects and how these alter the behavior of the iron oxide particles in an in vitro vs an in vivo situation with special reference to the cardiovascular system will be exemplified. Furthermore, applications using iron oxide particles for vascular, perfusion and viability imaging as well as assessment of the inflammatory status of a given tissue will be discussed.