gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asymmetry and Structural Changes in ECF Examined by Cryoelectronmicroscopy (1994)

The Escherichia coli ATPase (ECF1) has been studied by cryoelectronmicroscopy and an intrinsic asymmetry of the molecule in the hexagonal projection identified. The three beta subunits could be distinguished. One, which we have called beta 1, has a greater density in projection than the other two; the second, beta 2, is of intermediate density in projection, while the third, beta 3, is smeared out in density. These different features of the beta subunits were used to orient images, and the positions of the gamma and epsilon subunits then established. The location of the gamma subunit, as monitored by the central mass, was not fixed. This subunit could be found in positions that followed an arc from close to beta 2 to close to beta 3, a shift of around 10A, with respect to the center of the mass. The location of the epsilon subunit was monitored after reconstituting a complex of epsilon subunit-depleted ECF1 with a mutant epsilon subunit in which His at residue 38 had been replaced by Cys, and this Cys labeled with an approximately 14A gold particle. The epsilon subunit was found in positions described by an arc between an alpha subunit (alpha 1) and the neighboring beta subunit (beta 1), a shift of around 20A, with respect to the center of the gold particle. A nucleotide dependence of the position of the gamma subunit has been established by Gogol, E.P., Johnston, E., Aggeler, R. and Capaldi, R.A. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9585-9589. A nucleotide dependence of the position of the epsilon subunit is shown here.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Stability of Inorganic Fluorine‐Bearing Compounds: II, Complex Fluorides (1962)

The thermal stabilities of some alkali and alkaline‐earth fluosilicates and cuspidine when heated in atmospheres of dry and moist air were investigated. IN the decomposition of K 2 SiF 6 the compound K 3 SiF 7 was noted. The alkali and alkaline‐earth fluosilicates lose SiF 4 whereas cuspidine does not. In moist air atmospheres, α‐cristobalite is found among the residual products from the fluosilicates of sodium and potassium. K 2 TiF 6 hydrolyzes, first at low temperatures to an intermediate series of compounds and then at higher temperatures to fluorine‐free potassium titanates. Both K 2 ZrF 6 and Na 5 Zr 2 FI 3 hydrolyze to ZrO 2 and the alkali fluoride by way of an intermediate heptafluoride (M 3 ZrF 7 ).
Pattern analysis of corrugated horn antennas (1976)

The corrugated horn has been established as an antenna with low sidelobes and backlobes, rotationally symmetric patterns (for square pyramidal and conical horn shapes), and broad-band performance [1]-[9]. These properties make this horn useful for many applications. Previous studies have used conventional aperture integration techniques to evaluate the patterns of the corrugated horn. In general, the near axis <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E</tex> -plane radiation pattern of a pyramidal corrugated horn may be adequately predicted from standard analysis established for the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</tex> -plane patterns of conventional horn geometries [3]. This method, however, fails to predict the far-out sidelobe and backlobe radiation levels. The work presented here uses a knowledge of the aperture fields to predict the pattern using aperture integration and diffraction theory. The assumptions made concerning the aperture fields were verified by probing the internal fields and aperture fields of an <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</tex> band corrugated horn. The results of this field probing are contained in the Appendix. The method of solution used in this paper parallels that used in previous publications [10]-[12]. Specifically, the pattern in the main beam region is computed using conventional aperture integration procedures, the contribution of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</tex> -plane edges is found using a slope diffraction analysis, and the contribution of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E</tex> -plane edges is found by use of duality.
Guest editorial: Electromagnetic crystal structures, design, synthesis, and applications (1999)

A new paradigm has emerged in which the band structure concepts of solid-state physics are applied to electromagnetics. This has led to a profusion of scientific creativity as new forms of electromagnetic crystal structures are invented for radio and microwaves as well as for optical wavelengths. These new structures are inspired by the three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of both natural crystals and those artificial crystals that can arise only in the human imagination. \n\nThese artificial electromagnetic crystals (also known as photonic crystals) are impacting the diverse domains of electromagnetics, extending from radio waves to optical wavelengths. They are bringing scientists together under a common umbrella in the fields of classical electromagnetics, solid-state band theory, semiconductor device physics, quantum optics, nanostructures, and materials science. The number of papers in this field have been growing at roughly 70% per year since the early 1990’s, and there are currently hundreds of papers per year being published on photonic crystals.
DOP64 Discovery of highly selective small-molecule oral inhibitors of integrin α4β7 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (2020)

Abstract Background Integrins play a key role in facilitating immune cell trafficking throughout the body and represent an important receptor family for therapeutic intervention. In particular, the α4β7 integrin is a clinically validated target for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), as exemplified by the humanised monoclonal antibody vedolizumab, which blocks the interactions between α4β7-expressing lymphocytes and its ligand MAdCAM-1. This blockade leads to the inhibition of these circulating lymphocytes from exiting the bloodstream and entering intestinal mucosal tissues resulting in a decrease in mucosal inflammation in patients. While oral inhibitors of the α4β7 integrin are advantageous over biologics, the efforts have been impeded by challenges to achieve desired selectivity and optimal DMPK properties. The aim of this study was to develop and characterise orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitors of the α4β7 integrin and to determine their therapeutic potential. Methods Oral small-molecule inhibitors targeting the α4β7 integrin were discovered using Morphic Integrin Technology (MInT) platform. These small-molecule inhibitors were tested for potency and selectivity against a broad panel of integrin family members in multiple biochemical and cell-based functional assays in a ligand-competitive fashion. An acute PD assay with CFSE-labelled lymphocytes was developed to evaluate the activity of the small-molecule compounds in blocking lymphocyte trafficking to gut-associated lymphoid tissues in mice. The in vivo activity was also examined through changes in circulating α4β7+ CD4+ T memory cells in a relevant non-human primate model. Results Key drug candidate small molecules demonstrated over 1000-fold selectivity in vitro against a broad panel of integrin family members, including the α4β1 integrin. These compounds effectively blocked lymphocyte trafficking to mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches in the gut in a dose-dependent manner, similar to an α4β7-specific antibody, in an acute gut-homing assay in mice. Additionally, these inhibitors also demonstrated effective occlusion of immune trafficking in a relevant non-human primate model. The lead compound has favourable DMPK properties, good oral bioavailability and is projected to have sufficient exposure in humans to effectively block α4β7-expressing immune cells in circulation. Conclusion Potent, selective, oral small-molecule inhibitors of α4β7 integrin have been discovered that demonstrate on-target, mechanistic efficacy in two animal models relevant to human IBD. It has the potential to be an effective and safe therapeutic in monotherapy as well as serving as a backbone for combination with other IBD drugs.
Comparison of the Interactions of Fibrinogen and Soluble Fibrin with Washed Rabbit Platelets Stimulated with ADP (1985)

Because fibrin, formed at a site of vessel wall injury, is involved in the formation and stabilization of a platelet aggregate or thrombus, we have studied reactions of fibrin with rabbit platelets. Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro, an inhibitor of fibrin polymerization, was used to prepare soluble fibrin. Fibrin alone did not cause aggregation of washed platelets, but addition of ADP caused aggregation and deaggregation identical to those observed in the presence of fibrinogen. Specific binding of 125I-fibrin to ADP-stimulated platelets was similar to that of 125I-fibrinogen, but 125I-fibrin did not dissociate, even in the presence of high concentrations of apyrase. High non-specific binding of 125I-fibrin was observed that was not associated with aggregation. EDTA, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase prevented ADP-induced aggregation in the presence of fibrin and caused rapid deaggregation when added after ADP. They also inhibited 125I-fibrin binding when added before ADP, and EDTA or PGE1 caused partial dissociation of bound 125I-fibrin. In vivo, fibrin may bind to stimulated platelets, polymerize, form a gel, and interact with components of the plasma, the platelet aggregate, and the exposed subendothelium.
Room‐Temperature Carbide‐Derived Carbon Synthesis by Electrochemical Etching of MAX Phases (2014)

Porous carbons are widely used in energy storage and gas separation applications, but their synthesis always involves high temperatures. Herein we electrochemically selectively extract, at ambient temperature, the metal atoms from the ternary layered carbides, Ti3 AlC2 , Ti2 AlC and Ti3 SiC2 (MAX phases). The result is a predominantly amorphous carbide-derived carbon, with a narrow distribution of micropores. The latter is produced by placing the carbides in HF, HCl or NaCl solutions and applying anodic potentials. The pores that form when Ti3 AlC2 is etched in dilute HF are around 0.5 nm in diameter. This approach forgoes energy-intensive thermal treatments and presents a novel method for developing carbons with finely tuned pores for a variety of applications, such as supercapacitor, battery electrodes or CO2 capture.
Productive and abortive initiation of transcription in vitro at the lac UV5 promoter (1980)

The rates of productive and abortive initiation of transcription in vitro at the lac UV5 promoter have been determined and compared to values determined for phage lambda and T7 promoters. The rate constants for productive initiation of lac transcript are consistently lower over a range of low to moderate concentration of initiating nucleoside triphosphate (ATP). Abortive initiation of lac dinucleoside tetraphosphate is also slower at low to moderate concentrations of ATP. These data demonstrate the existence of significant differences in initiation rate among promoters. We suggest that these differences may be a consequence of the initial mRNA sequences and extents of RNA polymerase cycling during initiation of promoter-specific transcription.
A Meta-analysis to Investigate the Relation Between Fitzpatrick Skin Types and Tolerability of Adapalene-Benzoyl Peroxide Topical Gel in Subjects with Mild or Moderate Acne. (2010)

The overall goal of acne management for all patients is to select treatments that effectively address as many pathogenic factors as possible while minimizing side effects. Acne therapy in darker skin patients presents unique challenges due to differences in the risk of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, which may develop in response to acne itself or to irritation secondary to treatment. One combination treatment currently available is a gel formulation containing a retinoid (adapalene 0.1%) in fixed combination with an antimicrobial (benzoyl peroxide 2.5%). Results from three randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, clinical trials of adapalene-benzoyl peroxide were combined in a retrospective meta-analysis that included 909 patients treated for 12 weeks and assessed at each visit for erythema, scaling, dryness, and stinging/burning. Only Week 1 results were included in the meta-analysis because the worst severity of cutaneous irritation was found to occur at this timepoint in all three trials. For each study, and for the meta-analysis, comparisons were made using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. There were no statistically significant differences in dryness, scaling, and stinging/burning with adapalene-benzoyl peroxide treatment when subjects with Fitzpatrick skin types I to III were compared to subjects with Fitzpatrick skin types IV to VI (P=NS). Erythema assessments were statistically different based on skin types, as subjects with Fitzpatrick skin types IV to VI were rated as having "none" more often than those with Fitzpatrick skin types I to III (P<0.001). This could be due to the difficulty in visualizing erythema in patients with darker skin types, mainly Fitzpatrick skin types VI. Acne patients with Fitzpatrick skin types IV to VI were not found to be more susceptible to cutaneous irritation from treatment with the adapalene-benzoyl peroxide gel than patients with Fitzpatrick skin types I to III.
Redox Non-Innocent Ligands: Versatile New Tools to Control Catalytic Reactions (2012)

In this (tutorial overview) perspective we highlight the use of “redox non-innocent” ligands in catalysis. Two main types of reactivity in which the redox non-innocent ligand is involved can be specified: (A) The redox active ligand participates in the catalytic cycle only by accepting/donating electrons, and (B) the ligand actively participates in the formation/breaking of substrate covalent bonds. On the basis of these two types of behavior, four main application strategies of redox-active ligands in catalysis can be distinguished: The first strategy (I) involves oxidation/reduction of the ligand to tune the electronic properties (i.e., Lewis acidity/basicity) of the metal. In the second approach (II) the ligand is used as an electron reservoir. This allows multiple-electron transformations for metal complexes that are reluctant to such transformations otherwise (e.g., because the metal would need to accommodate an uncommon, high-energy oxidation state). This includes examples of (first row) transition metals that have a tendency to react via one-electron pathways, and even “oxidative addition” reactions for d0 transition metal complexes become possible with redox active ligands as electron reservoirs. The electron-reservoir function of the ligand tolerates the metal to maintain its most common or most stable oxidation state by delivering or accepting the electron density associated with the multielectron transformation (most typically two-electron transformations such as oxidative addition/reductive elimination). The third strategy (III) involves the generation of reactive ligand-radicals that actively participate in the making and breaking of chemical bonds during catalysis. Cooperative substrate activation by the redox non-innocent ligand and the metal allows reactions that are difficult to achieve otherwise. The last strategy (IV) involves (radical-type) activation of the substrates or modification of the substrate reactivity in cases where the substrate itself acts as a redox non-innocent ligand. These four approaches are illustrated by recent literature data.
Similar image searching from image database using cluster mean sorting and performance estimation (2012)

Computer vision field over the last decades, Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems are used in order to search, retrieve and browse image from databases. This accumulation of large collections of digital images has created the need for efficient and intelligent schemes for classifying and retrieval of images. In our proposed method, we are using, Clustering Algorithms for retrieving the images from huge volumes of data with better performance. This requires image processing, feature extraction, classification of images and retrieval steps in order to develop an efficient image retrieval system. In this work, processing is done through the image clustering method [1] which is used for feature extraction which is taken place. For retrieval of images, mean values are calculated between Query image and database images and all clustered mean values are considered as a sorted order. When the comparisons are allowed between the images, in our observation we founded excellent performance and similarities in between images. The main aim of this work is to extract images with good similarity when the images are retrieved based on query image.
Inhibition of ABCB1 Expression Overcomes Acquired Docetaxel Resistance in Prostate Cancer (2013)

Docetaxel is the first-line standard treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, relapse eventually occurs due to the development of resistance to docetaxel. To unravel the mechanism of acquired docetaxel resistance, we established docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells, TaxR, from castration-resistant C4-2B prostate cancer cells. The IC50 for docetaxel in TaxR cells was about 70-fold higher than parental C4-2B cells. Global gene expression analysis revealed alteration of expression of a total of 1,604 genes, with 52% being upregulated and 48% downregulated. ABCB1, which belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, was identified among the top upregulated genes in TaxR cells. The role of ABCB1 in the development of docetaxel resistance was examined. Knockdown of ABCB1 expression by its specific shRNA or inhibitor resensitized docetaxel-resistant TaxR cells to docetaxel treatment by enhancing apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, we identified that apigenin, a natural product of the flavone family, inhibits ABCB1 expression and resensitizes docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells to docetaxel treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that overexpression of ABCB1 mediates acquired docetaxel resistance and targeting ABCB1 expression could be a potential approach to resensitize docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells to docetaxel treatment.
Cross-coupled microstrip hairpin-resonator filters (1998)

A new class of cross-coupled planar microwave filters using microstrip hairpin resonators is introduced. The realization of bath the canonical and the cascaded quadruplet (CQ) filters is feasible. Coupling characteristics of four basic coupling structures encountered in this class of filters are investigated in the light of full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations. A four-pole cross-coupled filter of this type is designed and fabricated. Both the theoretical and experimental performance is presented.
The Relationship between Phoria and the Ratio of Convergence Peak Velocity to Divergence Peak Velocity (2010)

These data support that phoria is a factor in the asymmetry between peak velocity of convergence and divergence and that baseline phoria level is not a factor in the amount of change observed in phoria level (adapted phoria minus baseline phoria). Future oculomotor models of vergence should incorporate phoria within the design.
The intracellular degradation of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (1985)

Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) [PEC], a biodegradable aliphatic polyester, undergoes a two-stage degradation process: The first lengthy phase involves nonenzymatic hydrolytic cleavage of ester groups, the second phase beginning when the polymer is more highly crystalline, and of low molecular weight. The cellular events of the second phase were examined by implanting gelatin capsules containing 25 mg of low molecular weight (Mn 3000) PEC powders, 106 to 500 micron, in rats. PEC fragments ultimately were degraded in phagosomes of macrophages and giant cells, the process requiring less than 13 days for completion at some sites. PEC was also identified within fibroblasts. These studies support the intracellular degradation of PEC as the principal pathway of degradation once the molecular weight of the aged polymer is reduced to 3000 or less.
<i>Update:</i> Aptamers as Novel Radiopharmaceuticals: Their Applications and Future Prospects in Diagnosis and Therapy (2007)

The production of biomaterials with the capacity to bind tightly and specifically to cell surface receptors of malignant cells can greatly benefit cancer diagnosis and treatment. Whereas antibodies have the ability to specifically recognize some tumor cell makers, their large size and immunogenecity markedly limit their value. The development of nuclease-resistant oligonucleotide agents, termed aptamers, offers an alternative to antibodies as targeting, diagnostic, and delivery agents. Using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) methodology or other variations, one can select specific sequences that have appropriate binding affinities and specificities against clinically relevant markers from large libraries of oligonucleotide ligands. Aptamers have been found to bind their targets with high specificity and with dissociation constants in the subnanomolar or picomolar range. However, the possibility for the selected aptamers to be developed as targeting agents for diagnostic imaging or targeted radiotherapy purposes has yet to be realized. Peptide-coupling reactions between amino and carboxylic groups offer the possibility of labeling the aptamers with a number of chelators that, coupled with appropriate radionuclides, would generate novel targeted radiopharmaceuticals for the diagnosis and therapy of disease. The unparalleled combinatorial chemical diversity, small size, and modification ability of aptamers is expected to meet the criteria for robust, generic drug discovery technology and open new horizons for the development of future radiopharmaceuticals.
Crossbar Demultiplexers for Nanoelectronics Based on&lt;tex&gt;$n$&lt;/tex&gt;-Hot Codes (2005)

Demultiplexers are expected to be key components in interfacing submicrometer-scale and nano-scale electronic circuits. Designing them is challenging because most nanoarchitectures are limited to simple regular structures, such as crossbars, and nanoelectronic circuits in general are likely to be plagued with relatively high hard-defect and soft-error rates. Previous work has shown how linear codes can be used to design defect-tolerant demultiplexers using resistor or diode crossbars. We extend those results with nonlinear codes, constructing resistor and diode crossbar-based demultiplexers that have better electrical characteristics and defect tolerance for a given area of the nano substrate, at the cost of more complex address encoding circuitry.
A heteroepitaxial MIM-Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ capacitor with enhanced dielectric constant for DRAMs of G-bit generation and beyond (2002)

We demonstrate a novel MIM capacitor with a heteroepitaxial Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ dielectric, the permittivity of which is as high as 50. The heteroepitaxy of Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ on the Ru electrode changes its crystal symmetry from a conventional orthorhombic system to a hexagonal one. One-dimensional Ta-O-Ta chains along the c-axis bring about delocalized electrons, large polarizability and thus enhanced permittivity. This technology is promising for the application of Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ to Gbit DRAMs, eliminating the need to use such exotic materials as BST and STO.