gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of hard decision and soft decision decoding algorithms of LDPC codes in AWGN (2015)

This article compares the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of soft and hard decision decoding algorithms of LDPC codes on AWGN channel at different code rates and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) levels. Even though, hard decision decoding algorithm is computationally simple, its BER performance is not appreciable. Devising soft decision decoding algorithms which are simple and good in BER performance requires comparison of probabilistic and log domain methods. Towards this, a code word is generated through modulo(2) addition between message bits and generator matrix. After Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation the AWGN noise is introduced to the modulated code word. BER performance is computed by comparing the message decoded by soft and hard decision algorithms with the transmitted message. The experiment is conducted in MATLAB. Soft decision decoding algorithm in log domain provides better BER performance than hard decision decoding algorithm regardless of the SNR level.
THE NEXT STEP IN FIRE CONTROL ENGINEERING ON PRIVATE LANDS IN THE NORTHWEST (1935)

I T H such an impressive title it behooves a budding author to search diligently for the one step to end all steps. Obviously, such a desirable thing would bring renown to the originator of the aforesaid step, but apparently one must become analytical of the past before one can forecast the future.
Tunnel-diode converter analysis (1961)

An analysis of tunnel-diode converters is presented for two different conditions of operation. In the first, the converter is self-oscillating; in the second, the local oscillator (LO) voltage is provided from an external source. Two classes of self-oscillating converters are presented. The first operates on the fundamental of the oscillation frequency and the other operates on the second harmonic. Assuming the dynamic conductance of a tunnel diode changes only as a function of the local oscillator voltage, and expressing this conductance in a Fourier series, a 3 × 3 conductance matrix is obtained. Utilizing this matrix, expressions for gain, bandwidth, and noise figure are obtained. The analysis includes the image frequency termination. In the expressions for noise figure, the cross-correlation terms, produced by the amplitude change of the dc equivalent shot-noise current due to the LO voltage, are also included.
Alpha-Secretase As a Therapeutic Target (2007)

In the non-amyloidogenic pathway the alpha-secretase cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) within the sequence of Abeta-peptides and precludes their formation. In addition, alpha-secretase cleavage releases an N-terminal extracellular domain with neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties. The disintegrin metalloproteinase ADAM10 has been shown to act as alpha-secretase in vivo, to prevent amyloid plaque formation and hippocampal defects in an Alzheimer disease mouse model. An increase in alpha-secretase activity therefore is an attractive strategy for treatment of AD and may be achieved by modulating selective signalling pathways. Functional characterization of the human ADAM10 promoter showed that it contains several binding elements for transcription factors which are regulated by extracellular ligands. Retinoic acid (RA) was identified as an inducer of human ADAM10 promoter activity. In human neuroblastoma cell lines RA treatment upregulated the expression of both the alpha-secretase ADAM10 and its substrates APP and the related APP-like-protein 2 (APLP2), and led to an enhanced secretion of their extracellular domains. Furthermore, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) localized in brain areas affected by AD were investigated. Activation of the PAC1 receptor by the neuropeptide PACAP was identified as an approach for upregulation of the alpha-secretase pathway.
True time-delay beam forming using acousto-optics (1992)

Wide aperture arrays for transmitting and receiving wideband signals suffer beam broadening when steered away from array normal with phase delays between the array elements. This beam dispersion is eliminated if the signal is time delayed between antenna array elements. This paper describes an acoustooptic signal processing architecture that generates and controls, with the frequency of a single signal, a set of the time delays required for linear antenna array beam forming. This acousto-optic architecture allows an array to scan a beam rapidly over a continuum of angles. Results of analysis are presented showing that a narrow beam can be formed and maintained as it is scanned over a wide range of angles.
Design of local ESD clamp for cross-power-domain interface circuits (2016)

To effectively protect the cross-power-domain interface circuits from electrostatic discharge (ESD) damages, a PMOS-based local ESD clamp was proposed in this work. The test circuits of prior and proposed designs have been implemented in silicon chip. The proposed design has the small chip area, low leakage current, and low peak transient voltage; therefore, it can help to reduce the overstress voltages across the interface circuits under ESD tests. With the better performances, the proposed local ESD clamp can be a better solution for cross-power-domain interface circuits.
Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signal transduction. Role of gangliosides. (1990)

The addition of gangliosides to tissue culture cells causes a decrease in the tyrosine protein kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and an inhibition of EGF-stimulated growth. Based on these data, the hypothesis that the EGF receptor is physiologically regulated by gangliosides has been proposed by E.G. Bremer, J. Schlessinger, and S. Hakomori (J. Biol. Chem. (1986) 261, 2434-2440). To test this hypothesis, a mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line (clone Idl D) that has a reversible defect in the biosynthesis of gangliosides (Kingsley, D.M., Kozarsky, K. F., Hobbie, L., and Krieger, M. (1986) Cell 44, 749-759) was investigated. The human EGF receptor cDNA was expressed in the mutant cells, and the properties of the EGF receptor were examined using cells grown under permissive and nonpermissive conditions. Changes in ganglioside expression were not observed to cause any significant alterations in the affinity or number of EGF receptors detected at the cell surface. However, decreased levels of ganglioside expression were associated with 1) increased EGF receptor autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues, and 2) increased EGF-stimulated cellular proliferation. The inverse correlation observed between the level of ganglioside expression and signal transduction by the EGF receptor is consistent with the hypothesis that the function of the EGF receptor is physiologically regulated by gangliosides.
How to program networked portable computers (2002)

What is the correct programming model for networked portable computers? Such computers come in many shapes and sizes, so it is unreasonable to expect that there is one programming model appropriate for every single variety. However, it is likely that there is some model that will work well for a wide range of cases. We propose the intelligently autonomous model for this role. Our goal for a widely applicable model is that it should allow applications to operate during disconnections, and that during disconnections the user shouldn't be surprised, that is, applications should behave predictably. The intelligently autonomous model fulfills these goals by having a remote file system with caching, and allowing user control over the cache. In more detail, we are interested in portable networked computers that: frequently access external data, have a reasonably powerful CPU, have a wireless network that suffers from intermittent, unpredictable disruptions. We survey existing models, and then explain why we think they fall short of user requirements. In particular, we feel that existing models have wrongly assumed that it is not necessary to customize applications for an intermittently connected environment. Then we present our intelligently autonomous model, and give a very brief report of our experiences with a prototype of it.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Self-Assembly of Ferritin Nanoparticles into an Enzyme Nanocomposite with Tunable Size for Ultrasensitive Immunoassay (2015)

The self-assembly of nanoparticles into larger superstructures is a powerful strategy to develop novel functional nanomaterials, as these superstructures display collective properties that are different to those displayed by individual nanoparticles or bulk samples. However, there are increasing bottlenecks in terms of size control and multifunctionalization of nanoparticle assemblies. In this study, we developed a self-assembly strategy for construction of multifunctional nanoparticle assemblies of tunable size, through rational regulation of the number of self-assembling interaction sites on each nanoparticle. As proof-of-principle, a size-controlled enzyme nanocomposite (ENC) was constructed by self-assembly of streptavidin-labeled horseradish peroxidase (SA-HRP) and autobiotinylated ferritin nanoparticles (bFNP). Our ENC integrates a large number of enzyme molecules, together with a streptavidin-coated surface, allowing for a drastic increase in enzymatic signal when the SA is bound to a biotinylated target molecule. As result, a 10 000-fold increase in sensitivity over conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) methods was achieved in a cardiac troponin immunoassay. Our method presented here should provide a feasible approach for constructing elaborate multifunctional superstructures of tunable size useful for a broad range of biomedical applications.
Structural and bandgap studies of ZnS<sub>x</sub>CdSe<sub>1-x</sub>thin films (1994)

Thin films (t approximately 0.7 mu m thick) of ZnSxCdSe1-x (0<or=x<or=1) were formed by thermal evaporation on glass substrates kept at 300 K and 470 K. XRD studies showed that all the films were polycrystalline in nature. The wurtzite to zinc blends transition was found to take place in the composition region 0.70<or=x<or=0.75. The lattice parameters of the films formed at a higher substrate temperature were greater than those deposited at a lower substrate temperature. Optical bandgaps also increased with substrate temperature. Bandgaps varied nonlinearly with composition, showing a downward bowing. The bowing parameter decreased with substrate temperature. The structural and bandgap studies clearly indicated a complete miscibility of the ZnS-CdSe system.
Sulforaphane inhibits histone deacetylase activity in BPH-1, LnCaP and PC-3 prostate epithelial cells (2005)

Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate first isolated from broccoli, exhibits chemopreventive properties in prostate cancer cells through mechanisms that are poorly understood. We recently reported on a novel mechanism of chemoprotection by SFN in human colon cancer cells, namely the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC). Here, we show that addition of 15 microM SFN also inhibited HDAC activity by 40, 30 and 40% in BPH-1, LnCaP and PC-3 prostate epithelial cells, respectively. The inhibition of HDAC was accompanied by a 50-100% increase in acetylated histones in all three prostate cell lines, and in BPH-1 cells treated with SFN there was enhanced interaction of acetylated histone H4 with the promoter region of the P21 gene and the bax gene. A corresponding 1.5- to 2-fold increase was seen for p21Cip1/Waf1 and Bax protein expression, consistent with previous studies using HDAC inhibitors, such as trichostatin A. The downstream events included cell cycle arrest and activation of apoptosis, as evidenced by changes in cell cycle kinetics and induction of multi-caspase activity. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms of SFN action in benign prostate hyperplasia, androgen-dependent prostate cancer and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, and they suggest a novel approach to chemoprotection and chemotherapy of prostate cancer through the inhibition of HDAC.
Doing Science – Doing Culture. Interkulturelles Forschen als Gegenstand Interkultureller Forschung (2013)

Was passiert, wenn WissenschaftlerInnen die eigene Zunft selbst zum Gegenstand der Forschung machen, ganz im Sinne einer Ethnographie der eigenen Forschungskultur? Dann wird schnell deutlich, dass Wissenschaft mehr ist als die Ansammlung von wissenschaftlichen Einzelpersönlichkeiten mit der Begabung zu kognitiven Höchstleistungen. WissenschaftlerInnen sind vielmehr Mitglied in unterschiedlichen Stammeskulturen mit eigenen Ritualen, ihre Leistungen das Ergebnis von sozialen Praktiken und Kämpfen im Feld. Das ist in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Interkulturalitätsforschung nicht anders, die sich professionell mit fremden Kulturen beschäftigt. Was aber steuert den Blick der Interkulturalitätsforschung, wer beobachtet hier wen, wie und welche Konsequenzen hat dies auf das Verständnis von Kultur, kultureller Differenz und das Selbstverständnis von Interkultureller Forschung?
Semi-automatic aortic aneurysm analysis (2007)

Aortic aneurysms are the 13<sup>th</sup> leading cause of death in the United States. In standard clinical practice, assessing the progression of disease in the aorta, as well as the risk of aneurysm rupture, is based on measurements of aortic diameter. We propose a method for automatically segmenting the aortic vessel border allowing the calculation of aortic diameters on CTA acquisitions which is accurate and fast, allowing clinicians more time for their evaluations. While segmentation of aortic lumen is straightforward in CTA, segmentation of the outer vessel wall (epithelial layer) in a diseased aorta is difficult; furthermore, no clinical tool currently exists to perform this task. The difficulties are due to the similarities in intensity of surrounding tissue (and thrombus due to lack of contrast agent uptake), as well as the complications from bright calcium deposits. Our overall method makes use of a centerline for the purpose of resampling the image volume into slices orthogonal to the vessel path. This centerline is computed semi-automatically via a distance transform. The difficult task of automatically segmenting the aortic border on the orthogonal slices is performed via a novel variation of the isoperimetric algorithm which incorporates circular constraints (priors). Our method is embodied in a prototype which allows the loading and registration of two datasets simultaneously, facilitating longitudinal comparisons. Both the centerline and border segmentation algorithms were evaluated on four patients, each with two volumes acquired 6 months to 1.5 years apart, for a total of eight datasets. Results showed good agreement with clinicians' findings.
Anomalous Difference in the Order−Disorder Transition Temperature Comparing a Symmetric Diblock Copolymer AB with Its Hetero-Four-Arm Star Analog A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub> (1999)

The order−disorder transition temperature (TODT) of symmetric styrene−isoprene diblock copolymers (AB) and its hetero-four-arm star analog (A2B2) was measured using dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Care was taken to ensure that the arm molecular weights of both AB and A2B2 were matched. Contrary to mean-field theory predictions, a significant difference in TODT, ΔTODT ≈ 30 °C, is found between the two systems (the arm molecular weight for both the styrene and isoprene is about 10 kg mol-1). We show that this difference is too large to be explained by polydispersity, segmental asymmetry, or the Fredrickson−Helfand theory of compositional fluctuations (which assumes that the polymer chains are Gaussian). Instead, we suggest that one needs to incorporate the differing degrees of non-Gaussian chain stretching in the two systems at the order−disorder transition (as confirmed by SAXS) into the fluctuation theory for a proper understanding of the effect. We demonstrate that a simple model calculation that incorporates sufficient chain stretching to match the experimentally determined shifts in the SAXS peak for the two systems also reproduces a difference in the TODT which is comparable to what is measured experimentally.
Silanizing Glassware (2000)

This unit provides a protocol for silanizing (siliconizing) glassware to prevent adsorption of solute to the glass surface and to increase the hydrophobicity of the surface. This is particularly important when dealing with low concentrations of particularly "sticky" solutes such as single-stranded nucleic acids or proteins or cells.
Ultrastructural evidence for extravascular platelet recruitment in the lung upon intravenous injection of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) to guinea-pigs. (1985)

Bronchoconstriction and degenerative lesions of the bronchial epithelium were observed microscopically 1 min after the i.v. injection of 100 ng/kg of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) to the anaesthesized guinea-pig. Constricted arterioles containing marginated polymorphonuclear neutrophils and platelet aggregates were seen, as well as alveolar capillaries obstructed by thrombi formed by partially or totally degranulated platelets. Three minutes after the injection of PAF-acether, platelet diapedesis to the alveolar septa and lumen was clearly observed. Bronchoconstriction was still present at 3 min, but subsided after 60 min, whereas oedema of the submucosa persisted accompanied by an infiltration of eosinophils and neutrophils. The infusion of prostacyclin prevented the formation of platelet aggregates and platelet diapedesis due to PAF-acether, but the morphological evidence of bronchial constriction was not modified. Aspirin failed completely to modify the effects of PAF-acether. Our results show that PAF-acether causes early formation and deposition of platelet aggregates, accompanied by the margination of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes in pulmonary vessels of the guinea-pig. Since bronchoconstriction persisted when platelet aggregation was inhibited with prostacyclin, aggregation by itself would not account for this effect. Early platelet diapedesis in the vicinity of bronchial smooth muscle corroborates previous evidence that platelets contain and release bronchoconstrictor substances, which operate by cyclo-oxygenase-independent mechanisms and are possibly involved with the physiopathology of lung inflammation during immediate hypersensitivity.
Ligand-receptor pairs in plant peptide signaling (2003)

Extensive studies on plant signaling molecules over the past decade indicate that plant cell-to-cell communication, as is the case with animal systems, makes use of small peptide signals and specific receptors. To date, four peptide-ligand-receptor pairs have been identified and shown to be involved in a variety of processes. Systemin and phytosulfokine (PSK), the first and second signaling peptides identified in plants, were isolated by biochemical purification based on their biological activities. Furthermore, their receptors have been biochemically purified from plasma membranes on the basis of specific ligand-receptor interactions. By contrast, the two other peptide signals, CLAVATA3 (CLV3) and the pollen S determinant SCR/SP11, were genetically identified during searches for specific ligands for receptors that had already been cloned. Systemin functions in the plant wound response, whereas PSK appears to cooperate with auxin and cytokinin to regulate cellular dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. CLV3 is important for meristem organization, binding to a heterodimeric receptor comprising the CLV1 and CLV2 proteins. SCR/SP11 instead plays a role in self-incompatibility, where it activates a signalling cascade that leads to rejection of pollen with the same S haplotype. These ligands all seem to bind to receptors that possess intrinsic kinase activity, and al least two of them are generated by proteolytic processing of larger precursor proteins.
Sexual behaviors and status disclosure of adult HIV positive patients enrolled in care in Yola, Nigeria (2016)

With the availability of ART in most parts of Nigeria, more HIV positive individuals are living healthy lives. In periods of illness, sexual activity may be the last thing on the mind of a HIV positive individual but when in good health, sexual activity is definitely expected. This study describes the baseline sexual behaviors and status behavior of a three arm single blind randomized controlled clinical trial involving 386 randomly selected and allocated adult HIV patients who were enrolled into ART at all four comprehensive ART sites in Yola. The intervention was 10 to 15 minutes clinic based Clinician Client Centered counseling. An interviewer administered validated structured questionnaire was used for data collection. One hundred and eleven (62.4%) of respondents were inconsistent condom users, 29 (7.5%) had more than one sexual partner/spouse while 33 (11.3%) were yet to disclose their status to their spouse(s) and/or sex partners. Inconsistent condom use, non-status disclosure and sex with an unsteady partner were the most common high risk behaviors. Behavioral interventions are thus needed to reduce HIV spread in these groups of people.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND BORON‐11 NMR AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF THE OCTAHEDRAL CLOSO‐BORATE ANIONS B6X62‐; X = HYDROGEN, CHLORINE, BROMINE, OR IODINE (1985)

Abstract Umsetzung von NaZBZHÖ mit Halogen in großem Überschuß in wäßriger alkalischer Lösung führt zu den Hexahalogenoboraten BÖXä′ mit X: Cl, Br, l, die als Tetrabutylammonium‐Salze isoliert werden.
Measuring error rates in genomic perturbation screens: gold standards for human functional genomics (2014)

Abstract Technological advancement has opened the door to systematic genetics in mammalian cells. Genome-scale loss-of-function screens can assay fitness defects induced by partial gene knockdown, using RNA interference, or complete gene knockout, using new CRISPR techniques. These screens can reveal the basic blueprint required for cellular proliferation. Moreover, comparing healthy to cancerous tissue can uncover genes that are essential only in the tumor; these genes are targets for the development of specific anticancer therapies. Unfortunately, progress in this field has been hampered by offtarget effects of perturbation reagents and poorly quantified error rates in large-scale screens. To improve the quality of information derived from these screens, and to provide a framework for understanding the capabilities and limitations of CRISPR technology, we derive gold-standard reference sets of essential and nonessential genes, and provide a Bayesian classifier of gene essentiality that outperforms current methods on both RNAi and CRISPR screens. Our results indicate that CRISPR technology is more sensitive than RNAi, and that both techniques have nontrivial false discovery rates that can be mitigated by rigorous analytical methods.