gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental evaluation of the Peierls stresses in a variety of crystals and their relation to the crystal structure (2012)

Peierls stresses (τP) of dislocations of 66 slip systems in 52 crystals were estimated from experimental data either by direct extrapolation of the critical resolved shear stress (τc) vs. temperature curve to absolute zero temperature, or from the T0 value at which the temperature dependence of τc vanishes, based on the kink-pair formation enthalpy, which is a function of τP, described by the line tension model of the dislocation. The normalized τP/G (G is the shear modulus) values are distributed over four orders of magnitude, but τP/G values for a group of crystals with the same crystal structure are within an order of magnitude, indicating a homologous nature of τP in crystals. In order to compare the results with the Peierls–Nabarro (P–N) formula generalized to any dislocation character, log(τP/G) values were correlated with crystal parameters. In this generalized P–N plot, most of the plots deviate downwards from the Huntington relation (a revised, original P–N relation) and the results of the discretized P–N models of Ohsawa et al. (Ohsawa K, Koizumi H, Kirchner HOK, Suzuki T. Philos Mag A 1994;69:171), with the deviation becoming larger at large h/δ value, where h is the lattice spacing of the glide plane, and δ is the period of the lattice in the direction of the dislocation glide. In the plot, there is a tendency that the stronger the covalent character, the higher the τP/G value, reflecting the general tendency of the normalized theoretical shear strength of crystals.
Ultrasonic excitation and propagation in an acoustic superlattice (1992)

The ultrasonic excitation and propagation in an acoustic superlattice made of a LiNbO3 crystal is studied. Some interesting phenomena are predicted theoretically. The resonance is determined by the periodicity of the acoustic superlattice (ASL). The acoustic power emitted by the ASL into the transmission medium is directly proportional to N2 (N is the number of domains of the ASL). In view of these two features, the ASL may have potential applications in acoustic devices operating at frequencies of several hundred megahertz to several gigahertz. Another interesting phenomenon is the existence of a satellitelike resonance, whose frequency is related to the total thickness of the ASL. Using the ASL, resonators and transducers have been fabricated with operating frequencies in the range of 500–1000 MHz. Satellitelike resonances have been observed. Transducers with a very low insertion loss at 555 MHz and a 5.8% 3 dB bandwidth have been fabricated. The experiments basically confirm the theoretical predictions.
Relationship between basicity and nucleophilicity (2007)

Abstract The empirical concepts of basicity and nucleophilicity are related but not strictly proportional. Hence, the aim of this study is to help in elucidating the range where both concepts are directly proportional. To do this, the relationship between a recently introduced nucleophilicity index and the proton affinity (PA) of several families of bases has been studied. A good correlation between the PA and the nucleophilicity index using HF and HCN as electrophilic partner has been found. Our studies show that the correlation exists only when the interaction is soft–soft in character and for strong bases with weak acids. However, the relationship is not only valid for exothermic reactions as it has been previously postulated but also for endothermic reactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Development of Fungicide Resistance by <i>Sclerotinia homoeocarpa</i> on Turfgrass (2008)

Dollar spot, caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, is the most prevalent and economically important turfgrass disease in North America. Increasing levels of fungicide resistance, coupled with tightening environmental scrutiny of existing fungicides, has left fewer options for managing dollar spot. More knowledge about S. homoeocarpa populations is needed to improve dollar spot management strategies, especially with respect to minimizing the development of fungicide resistance. Population diversity of S. homoeocarpa was examined using inter-simple sequence repeat markers and vegetative compatibility assays. Two subgroups were found in S. homoeocarpa field populations on both fairway and putting green turfgrass at a research field in Wisconsin. These subgroups were genetically different, vegetatively incompatible, and had different fungicide sensitivities. The frequency of the two genetic subgroups differed significantly between the fairway and putting green, but was uniform within the fairway or within the green. Population dynamics of S. homoeocarpa in response to two systemic fungicides (thiophanate-methyl and propiconazole) were assessed based on in vitro fungicide sensitivity. Dynamics of S. homoeocarpa populations depended on the presence of fungicide-resistant isolates in the initial populations before fungicide applications and changed rapidly after fungicide applications. Shifting of the population toward propiconazole resistance was gradual, whereas thiophanate-methyl resistance developed rapidly in the population. In conclusion, field populations of S. homoeocarpa containing genetically distinct, vegetatively incompatible groups were different on turfgrass that was managed differently, and they were changed rapidly after exposure to fungicides.
The Controllability of the Profit Structure of a Product: A Case Study of the Canon Inkjet Printer Business (2007)

Implementing innovations is important for firms to grow, but appropriating the returns from the innovations is also important. The ability to appropriate the returns from innovations is said to vary between industries, and yet it can also vary between firms in the same industry. This study is interested in inter-firm differences in the appropriability. Some firms in the same industry may enjoy a higher appropriability, but others may suffer from a lower one. Canon, a Japanese corporation, seems to be the former case. Why Canon's appropriability is higher than its competitors is answered via analyses of their inkjet printer business practices. In the analyses, Canon's inkjet printers which were sold mainly in the 1990s come under discussion. The study suggests and uses the idea "profit profile." This is a concept of grouping the product architecture with the profit allocation of the product. Based on a profit profile, product architecture can be used as the framework for analyzing the profit structure of the product. The study shows that Canon used 3 types of architectures and they change them flexibly, according to their competitive environment. Through the concept of "profit profile," it is explainable why Canon's appropriability is higher than its competitors.
A survey of internet worm detection and containment (2008)

Self-duplicating, self-propagating malicious codes known as computer worms spread themselves without any human interaction and launch the most destructive attacks against computer networks. At the same time, being fully automated makes their behavior repetitious and predictable. This article presents a survey and comparison of Internet worm detection and containment schemes. We first identify worm characteristics through their behavior, and then classify worm detection algorithms based on the parameters used in the algorithms. Furthermore, we analyze and compare different detection algorithms with reference to the worm characteristics by identifying the type of worms that can and cannot be detected by these schemes. After detecting the existence of worms, the next step is to contain them. This article explores the current methods used to slow down or stop the spread of worms. The locations to implement detection and containment, as well as the scope of each of these systems/methods, are also explored in depth. Finally, this article points out the remaining challenges of worm detection and future research directions.
Beiträge zur Synthese von Orthocarbonsäureamiden (2000)

The formamidinium salts 11a, c as well as the nitrile 12 react with sodiumhydride/dimethylamine in the presence of trimethylborate to give the ortho formic acid amide 3a. The orthoamides 6a and 16 can be prepared from the iminium salts 15 and 14, resp. by the same procedure. Treatment of the azavinylogous formamidinium salt 15 with sodiumhydride and piperidine or morpholine in the presence of trime-thylborate affords the orthoamides 6c and 6d, resp. By transamination of the azavinylogous aminalester 5a are accessible the orthoamides 6b—d. The vinylogous orthocarbonic acid derivative 17 can be obtained from the salt 14 and sodium alcoholates. The action of sodiumhydride, dimethylamine and trimethylborate on the iminium salt 18 produces a mixture of the orthocarbonic acid derivatives 7a, 8a, 9a. When the guanidinium salt 20 is treated with the same reagents the ortho-amides 3a and 10a are obtained. The reduction of the salt 20 with sodiumhydride in the presence of several activating reagents (e.g. tetrabutyl orthotitanate, aluminiumisopropylate, trimethylborate) affords the orthoamide 3a. The reduction of the iminium salts 18 and 24 does not proceed clean, giving mixtures of various orthoformic acid derivatives. The form-amidine 25 can be prepared by reduction of the salt 15 with sodiumhydride/trimethylborate with good yields. By the action of the corresponding carbanions on the guanidinium salt 20 can be obtained the carboxylic acid orthoamides 26—33. By the same procedure the orthoamides of alkyne carboxylic acids 36a—h, j—n are accessible.
Bacterial Communities in Women with Bacterial Vaginosis: High Resolution Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Relationships of Microbiota to Clinical Criteria (2012)

The human vaginal bacterial biota is heterogeneous and marked by greater species richness and diversity in women with BV; no species is universally present. Different bacterial species have different associations with the four clinical criteria, which may account for discrepancies often observed between Amsel and Nugent (Gram stain) diagnostic criteria. Several BVABs exhibited race-dependent prevalence when analyzed in separate groups by BV status which may contribute to increased incidence of BV in Black women. Tools developed in this project can be used to study microbial ecology in diverse settings at high resolution.
Rearrangements of the aminoalkylation products of tetrahydro‐2<i>H</i>‐1,3‐oxazine‐2‐thione (1970)

Abstract The nature of the compounds afforded by the rearrangement of the aminopropylation and aminoethylation products of tetrahydro‐2 H ‐1,3‐oxazine‐2‐thione (I) has been investigated. In both instances compounds that can be considered to result from ring opening at either the C‐O or C‐S bond of a hypothetical bicyclic intermediate of structure IV were obtained. The compounds required for identification of the rearrangement products have been prepared by the reaction of the 2‐methylthio derivatives of 2‐thiazoline, 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐thiazine, and 5,6‐dihydro‐4 H ‐1,3‐oxazine with the appropriate hydroxyalkylamine or mercaptoalkylamine.
Microbial Oxidation of Alkyl Aryl Sulfides to the Corresponding Optically Active Sulfoxides (1985)

Incubation of alkyl aryl sulfides with growing cells of Corynebacterium equi IFO 3730 afforded the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones. The selectivity for the formation of sulfoxides over sulfones was higher with sulfides which have shorter alkyl chains. When methyl sulfides were used as substrates, formation of the corresponding sulfones was completely suppressed. Sulfoxides were revealed to have 87 ~ 100% optical purities as to the (R) absolute configuration by HPLC analysis. The culture conditions seriously influenced the yield of oxidation products. High conversion of sulfides was attained when the reaction was carried out with growing cells in the logarithmic phase, in medium containing hexadecane as the carbon and energy source.
Thermoelectric properties of SrTiO3 nano-particles dispersed indium selenide bulk composites (2013)

We investigated the thermoelectric properties of the InSe, InSe/In4Se3 composite, and SrTiO3 (STO) nano-particles dispersed InSe/In4Se3 bulk composites. The electrical conductivity of the InSe/In4Se3 composite with self-assembled phase separation is significantly increased compared with those of InSe and In4Se3–δ implying the enhancement of surface conductivity between grain boundaries. The thermal conductivity of InSe/In4Se3 composite is decreased compared to those of InSe. When the STO nano-particle dispersion was employed in the InSe/In4Se3 composite, a coherent interface was observed between nano-particle precipitates and the InSe bulk matrix with a reduction of the thermal conductivity.
A Little Coherence in Photosynthetic Light Harvesting (2013)

How could quantum mechanics possibly be important in biology? We will discuss this question in the light of recent experiments that suggest that quantum mechanics-or at least coherence-is at play after photosynthesis is initiated by light. First, we give a brief description of light harvesting in photosynthesis. We follow this with an introduction to two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy, in which we demonstrate how this spectroscopic technique can be used to indicate coherent contributions to energy transfer dynamics. As a final point, we focus on the possible role that coherence may play in photosynthetic biological systems.
Prevalence of Abnormalities Influences Cytologists' Error Rates in Screening for Cervical Cancer (2011)

These results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that experts are not immune to the effects of prevalence even with stimuli from their domain of expertise. Prevalence is a factor to consider in screening for disease by human observers and has significant implications for cytology-based cervical cancer screening in the post-human papillomavirus vaccine era, when prevalence rates of high-grade lesions in the population are expected to decline.
An integrated approach to emotional speech and gesture synthesis in humanoid robots (2009)

This paper describes an integrated approach to recognizing and generating affect on a humanoid robot as it interacts with a human user. We describe a method for detecting basic affect signals in the user's speech input and generate appropriately chosen responses on our robot platform. Responses are selected both in terms of content and emotional quality of the voice. Additionally, we synthesize gestures and facial expressions on the robot that magnify the effect of the conveyed emotional state of the robot. The guiding principle of our work is that adding the ability to detect and display emotion to physical agents allows their effective use in novel application areas such as child and elderly care, healthcare, education, and beyond.
Binding of a pleurotolysin ortholog from Pleurotus eryngii to sphingomyelin and cholesterol-rich membrane domains (2013)

A mixture of sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol (Chol) exhibits a characteristic lipid raft domain of the cell membranes that provides a platform to which various signal molecules as well as virus and bacterial proteins are recruited. Several proteins capable of specifically binding either SM or Chol have been reported. However, proteins that selectively bind to SM/Chol mixtures are less well characterized. In our screening for proteins specifically binding to SM/Chol liposomes, we identified a novel ortholog of Pleurotus ostreatus, pleurotolysin (Ply)A, from the extract of edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii, named PlyA2. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-conjugated PlyA2 bound to SM/Chol but not to phosphatidylcholine/Chol liposomes. Cell surface labeling of PlyA2-EGFP was abolished after sphingomyelinase as well as methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment, removing SM and Chol, respectively, indicating that PlyA2-EGFP specifically binds cell surface SM/Chol rafts. Tryptophan to alanine point mutation of PlyA2 revealed the importance of C-terminal tryptophan residues for SM/Chol binding. Our results indicate that PlyA2-EGFP is a novel protein probe to label SM/Chol lipid domains both in cell and model membranes.
The PKCδ -Abl complex communicates ER stress to the mitochondria – an essential step in subsequent apoptosis (2008)

Conditions that compromise protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR), which either restores proper protein folding or results in cellular demise through apoptosis. In this study, we found that, in response to ER stress in vivo and in vitro, PKCdelta translocates to the ER where it binds to the tyrosine kinase Abl. Tyrosine phosphorylation and kinase activity of PKCdelta are required for PKCdelta binding to Abl in the ER. Moreover, we found that inhibition of PKCdelta by the PKCdelta-specific peptide inhibitor deltaV1-1 or by silencing of PKCdelta reduces ER-stress-induced JNK activation and inhibits ER-stress-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, the inhibitor of PKCdelta kinase activity rottlerin blocks the translocation of the PKCdelta-Abl complex from the ER to the mitochondria and confers protection against apoptosis. Thus, PKCdelta communicates ER stress to the mitochondria by binding to ER-localized Abl. The PKCdelta-Abl complex then translocates to the mitochondria, communicating ER stress to this organelle, thereby, triggering apoptosis.
Peripheral CD4+CD8+ T cells are differentiated effector memory cells with antiviral functions (2004)

Although an increased frequency of CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells has been observed in the peripheral blood during viral infections, their role, function, and biologic significance are still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the circulating CD4(+)CD8(+) T-cell population contains mature effector memory lymphocytes specific for antigens of multiple past, latent, and high-level persistent viral infections. Upon in vitro antigenic challenge, a higher frequency of CD4(+)CD8(+) than single-positive cells displayed a T helper 1/T cytotoxic 1 (Th1/Tc1) cytokine profile and proliferated. Ex vivo, more double-positive than single-positive cells exhibited a differentiated phenotype. Accordingly, their lower T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) content and shorter telomeres proved they had divided more frequently than single-positive cells. Consistent with expression of the tissue-homing marker CXCR3, CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells were demonstrated in situ at the site of persistent viral infection (ie, in the liver during chronic hepatitis C). Finally, a prospective analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a chimpanzee, the only animal model for HCV infection, showed a close correlation between the frequency of activated CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells and viral kinetics. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that peripheral CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells take part in the adaptive immune response against infectious pathogens and broaden the perception of the T-cell populations involved in antiviral immune responses.
An Efficiency-Enhanced Auto-Reconfigurable 2$\times$/3$\times$ SC Charge Pump for Transcutaneous Power Transmission (2010)

An auto-reconfigurable 2 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\times$</tex> </formula> /3 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\times$</tex> </formula> switched-capacitor charge pump (SC-CP) for transcutaneous power transmission is presented in this paper. The proposed SC-CP can automatically configure its own voltage conversion ratio according to different input voltages by using the adaptive control circuitry such that the DC/DC regulator can maintain high power efficiencies under coupling variations. In addition, a dynamic dead-time control scheme and a minimum capacitance selection strategy are developed to improve the power efficiency of the proposed SC-CP through minimizing the shoot-through current and maximizing its average output voltage, respectively.
Hydrazine-mediated Reduction of Nitro and Azide Functionalities Catalyzed by Highly Active and Reusable Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanocrystals (2013)

Iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanocrystals generated in situ from an inexpensive and readily available iron source catalyze the reduction of nitroarenes to anilines with unparalleled efficiency. The procedure is chemoselective, avoids the use of precious metals, and can be applied under mild reflux conditions (65 or 80 °C) or using sealed vessel microwave heating in an elevated temperature regime (150 °C). Utilizing microwave conditions, a variety of functionalized anilines have been prepared in nearly quantitative yields within 2-8 min at 150 °C, in a procedure also successfully applied to the reduction of aliphatic nitro compounds and azides. The iron oxide nanoparticles are generated in a colloidal form, resulting in homogeneous solutions suitable for continuous flow processing. Selected examples of anilines of industrial importance have been prepared in a continuous regime using this protocol.
Uses and Abuses of Photon Correlation Spectroscopy in Particle Sizing (1987)

Examples of particle sizing using photon correlation spectroscopy are presented to demonstrate the straight forward uses and difficulties with the technique. Examples include NBS SRM 1691, a crosslinked polystyrene-divinylbenzene, a fractionated sample of polyvinylchloride, "dusty" samples of reference latex, a bimodal mixture of reference latices, a bimodal mixture of rubber particles, and a 2:1 aggregate. Correlator hardware and linearly-spaced sample time limitations are discussed. Data transformation from an intensity-weighted to a mass-weighted size distribution is demonstrated. The artificial width of broad distributions is discussed. The use of multi-angle measurements is considered, and the effect of baseline error is shown using computer simulated data.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent the degradation and restore the activity of glucocerebrosidase in Gaucher disease (2011)

Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by a spectrum of genetic mutations within the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase). These mutations often lead to misfolded proteins that are recognized by the unfolded protein response system and are degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Modulating this pathway with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) has been shown to improve protein stability in other disease settings. To identify the mechanisms involved in the regulation of GCase and determine the effects of HDACis on protein stability, we investigated the most prevalent mutations for nonneuronopathic (N370S) and neuronopathic (L444P) GD in cultured fibroblasts derived from GD patients and HeLa cells transfected with these mutations. The half-lives of mutant GCase proteins correspond to decreases in protein levels and enzymatic activity. GCase was found to bind to Hsp70, which directed the protein to TCP1 for proper folding, and to Hsp90, which directed the protein to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Using a known HDACi (SAHA) and a unique small-molecule HDACi (LB-205), GCase levels increased rescuing enzymatic activity in mutant cells. The increase in the quantity of protein can be attributed to increases in protein half-life that correspond primarily with a decrease in degradation rather than an increase in chaperoned folding. HDACis reduce binding to Hsp90 and prevent subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation without affecting binding to Hsp70 or TCP1. These findings provide insight into the pathogenesis of GD and indicate a potent therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of GD and other human protein misfolding disorders.