gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Closing the carbon cycle to maximise climate change mitigation: power-to-methanol<i>vs.</i>power-to-direct air capture (2018)

In order to meet the 1.5−2C target, with CCU, it is necessary to close the carbon cycle, and avoid partial decarbonisation scenarios. In this context, direct air capture appears more effective than CCU.
Recent Developments in Electrostatic Micromotors. (1991)

Recently micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) fabricated by IC-compatible processes attracted much interest. The ultimate goal of MEMS research is to integrate sensors, actuators and electronic circuits on a silicon chip. Since micro sensors and circuits are well developed in last decades, micro actuators are under intensive investigation. The electrostatic force obeys favorable scaling in micro domains. Many electrostatic micro actuators have been reported. The frictions on the sliding surfaces is one of major problems in these motors. New developments to reduce the friction are reviewed. Especially, electrostatic actuators which utilize rolling motion of moving parts are explained in detail.
<title>Boundary element method for vector modeling diffractive optical elements</title> (1995)

Two boundary integral models of vector diffraction from diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are presented. The first is the method of moments and the second, the boundary element method. The advantages of boundary integral methods over alternate vector diffraction models are threefold. First, only the surface of the diffractive structure is sampled, not the entire solution space. Second, they can model both finite aperiodic and infinite periodic DOEs and, third, once the surface current distribution is determined for a given incident field, it can be used to determine the vector field amplitudes anywhere in space or over any region and/or regions of space. Results are presented for the diffraction of a TM-polarized plane wave from three conducting surfaces; a plate, grating, and diffractive lens.
Help-seeking and paranormal beliefs in adherents of mainstream religion, alternative religion, and no religion (2006)

This study explored the relationship between help-seeking and adherence to mainstream religion (Christianity, Judaism and Islam), alternative religion (for example, New Age spiritual belief and Paganism) and no religion (including agnosticism and atheism). Four-hundred and fourteen participants completed an online survey which included questions on demographics, help-seeking beliefs and paranormal beliefs (a modified form of the Paranormal Beliefs Scale was used). Previous research had explored adherence to various religions and compared aspects of help-seeking and paranormal beliefs separately. Comparisons were made between basic theoretical differences in belief (e.g., monotheism vs. polytheism vs. rationalism) and help-seeking beliefs. Implications of this research for therapeutic practice are discussed.
Quantitative Imaging Of the Green Fluorescent Proteins (1998)

Abstract The cloning and expression of GFP in heterologous systems introduced a fantastic tool for studying specific gene expression and protein localization inside living cells. However, one aspect of GFP that has not been exploited to its full potential is its use as a quantitative imaging tool. To determine its quantitative usefulness, we have addressed five points that are important in GFP imaging: detectable signal over background, photostability, pH stability of the molecule, temperature dependence of chromophore formation, and estimation and normalization of GFP levels. To determine the quantitative limits of GFP in cells, several GFP versions (wtGFP, αGFP (F99S/M153T/V163A), S65T, EGFP (F64L/S65T), and a blue-shifted variant, EBFP (F64L/S65T/Y66H/Y145F)) were compared by imaging of GFP expressing cells or by spectroscopic measurements of purified proteins. When imaged, the GFP signals are contaminated by the naturally occurring background autofluorescence, but improved detection can be achieved for each green GFP by combination of confocal microscopy using 488 nm excitation, a rapid cut-on dichroic mirror, and a narrow bandpass emission filter (Figure l).
The Washington, D.C. 1991 Riots in Mount Pleasant: An Analysis of Local Press Coverage (1993)

Studies in the field of communication have found that the U.S.A. mainstream (English-language) news media coverage of minorities is characterized primarily by the portrayal of minorities only in the context of the problems or difficulties that they pose to society. In addition, because of cultural values and customs, the media, when covering minorities, tend to focus on the event itself rather than on the underlying causes of the event. Thus the coverage tends to be stereotypical. In order to address these issues, this thesis analyses the content of coverage of the 1991, Washington, D.C. Mount Pleasant civil disturbances in two English- and two Spanish-language newspapers. A quantitative content analysis was employed in order to determine the extent and type of coverage provided to Latinos two weeks before the disturbances, the week of the disturbances, and the week after the disturbances. For the same period, a thematic content analysis was used to contrast the frameworks used by the English-language press in comparison to the Spanish-language press. The assumption was that by having cultural proximity to and understanding of the Latino Community, the Spanish-language press provided a more thorough coverage of the event. The results, however, show that both presses failed to provide a comprehensive coverage of the event. In fact, the results seem to indicate that both presses followed journalistic news values and patterns more closely than they followed cultural values. The most notable difference between the two presses was that they incorporated the news values and patterns into their own cultural bias.
Optical frequency transfer over submarine fiber links (2018)

Bidirectional phase-stabilized optical fiber links allow state-of-the-art optical clocks to be compared on a continental scale.However, intercontinental comparisons are still based on satellite techniques, preventing optical clocks from being compared without degradation.We performed the first optical frequency transfer experiment over submarine links, measuring levels of environmentally induced noise substantially lower than for on-land links.From these measurements, we predict the transfer stability that can be achieved over transoceanic links.We also performed the first optical frequency transfer over fibers installed in power cables, observing optical perturbations caused by the high-voltage field.Finally, we show that the low background noise of fibers on the seafloor allows applications in geophysical sensing.
Field evaluation of a dog owner, participation-based, bait delivery system for the oral immunization of dogs against rabies in Tunisia. (1998)

We evaluated a dog owner, participation-based, bait delivery system for the oral immunization of dogs against rabies. In a field study in a semirural area of northern Tunisia, dog owners were asked to come to temporary bait delivery sites. A total of 314 baits were given to 178 dog owners in four sites. The experimental baits used consisted of a freeze-dried core unit containing sulfadimethoxine (SDM) as a biological marker and an aromatized paraffin envelope. No vaccine was used. Preliminary tests had shown that by using a rapid commercial card test, positive SDM serum levels were detected in more than 95% of dogs up to two days after bait ingestion. During the two days following bait delivery, we visited more than 95% of all households in the study area and took blood samples from as many owned dogs as possible. Unconsumed baits were recovered and human contacts with the bait matrix were recorded. The campaign required 7.6 person-min per bait and 13.5 person-min per dog owner for providing baits, gloves, and instructions. The estimated average cost effectiveness ratio per dog accepting a bait was 1.7 US dollars. From the indications given by the dog owners and the results of the SDM test, it was concluded that 85-90% of the owned dogs in the study area had consumed a bait at least partially. Of 314 baits delivered, 78.7% were fully consumed by dogs and 4.1% were recovered during the household survey. The remaining baits (17.2%) that were not recovered were either not consumed or only partially consumed by the target dogs (3.7 baits per 100 inhabitants). These baits probably remained within the highly populated areas and were potentially accessible to other domestic animals and other nontarget species, including humans. Twenty-five unprotected human contacts with baits were recorded (1.7% of all inhabitants). Our study has demonstrated the potential of dog owner based bait delivery. This technique is simple and efficient, particularly if the human population is accustomed to mass immunization in defined centers. Before applying this method on a large scale with live vaccine loaded baits, further studies should focus on minimizing the number of human contacts with the vaccine bait, systematizing contact identification and establishing structures in ensuring proper treatment if exposure to vaccine should occur.
Strategies for graft immunomodulation in islet transplantation. (1998)

Immunomodulation of islets aims at reducing graft immunogenicity and vulnerability to attack by immune competent cells and inflammatory mediators. Data from he International Islet Transplant Registry clearly establish this aspect as a central issue for the future of islet and endocrine cell transplantation. A primary target for graft immunomodulation is donor-derived costimulatory activity. Islet culture at 24 degrees C for 7 days is efficient in decreasing graft immunogenicity without affecting islet viability and can readily be used in clinical transplantation. Low-dose ultraviolet B irradiation may also help improving the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy. CTLA4lg appears to be a promising approach to target direct and indirect T-cell activation and may soon be applied to free or encapsulated islet transplants. A second target is the T cell, and strategies rely on a gene transfer approach to switch on T-cell apoptosis using Fas ligand, or to modulate T-cell populations with cytokines. Current results suggest that additional basic investigations are needed. Finally, the beta cell may be manipulated to improve its resistance to inflammatory mediators. Data using transfer of various genes (bcl-2, adenovirus E3, catalase, HSP70) have shown promising perspectives.
Risk of endometrial cancer for women diagnosed with HNPCC‐related colorectal carcinoma (2010)

The risk of endometrial cancer (EC) subsequent to a diagnosis of colorectal cancer in women with a germline mutation in a mismatch repair gene [Lynch syndrome or hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)] is unknown. We estimated the risk of EC following a diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) for women with Lynch syndrome. A retrospective cohort study was performed on women diagnosed with CRC with a germline mutation in a mismatch repair (MMR) gene (Lynch syndrome cases), and women with microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC who were not known to carry a germline mutation (non-Lynch cases), identified from the Colon Cancer Family Registry. The incidence of EC following CRC was estimated and compared for women with and without Lynch syndrome, using adjusted hazards ratios calculated for time at risk among each group. A total of 112 women with Lynch syndrome and a previous diagnosis of CRC were compared with 908 women without Lynch and with a MSS CRC diagnosis. The estimated 10-year cumulative risk of EC subsequent to CRC was 23.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 15-36%] for Lynch syndrome women compared with 1.6% (95% CI: 0.7-3.8%) for non-Lynch women. After adjusting for ascertainment, age at diagnosis and diagnosis of other cancers, risk of subsequent diagnosis with EC was elevated sixfold in women with Lynch syndrome compared with non-Lynch women (HR 6.2; 95% CI 2.2-17.3; p = 0.001). Approximately one quarter of women diagnosed with Lynch syndrome-associated CRC developed EC within 10 years. This supports the sentinel cancer concept and suggests that active and early management is important for these women.
Intracellular retention of interleukin-6 abrogates signaling. (1993)

Three forms of interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been constructed and stably transfected into human hepatoma cells (HepG2). Wild type IL-6 containing a signal peptide was rapidly secreted as a biologically active protein. IL-6 lacking the signal peptide accumulated within the cytoplasm of transfected cells. Surprisingly, IL-6 carrying a COOH-terminal extension of the amino acids Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) was not completely retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Complete retention in the ER was achieved when the 14 COOH-terminal amino acids of protein disulfide isomerase which include the KDEL signal were added to the COOH terminus of IL-6. This finding clearly demonstrates that the addition of the protein sorting signal KDEL alone is not sufficient for full retention of IL-6 in the ER. IL-6 accumulated in the cytoplasm and IL-6 retained in the ER failed to induce liver-specific acute-phase protein synthesis in the host cells, indicating that there is no intracellular role for IL-6 in signal transduction. Retention of IL-6 in the ER led to the prevention of surface expression of the IL-6 receptor protein gp80, making these cells unresponsive to IL-6. This phenomenon can be exploited in the future to generate transgenic animals which will become completely cytokine unresponsive in the tissues in which they express an ER retained cytokine.
Getting Along Together on a Rented Farm (1949)

A good landlord and tenant are like a good pulling team. Each does his part. They pull together at the same time and in the same direction.
Biodegradable nanoparticles as a delivery system for cyclosporine: preparation and characterization (2000)

Cyclosporine (CyA) was incorporated into polycaprolactone nanoparticles (PCL-NP) in order to increase its oral bioavailability and to control drug distribution, thereby potentially reducing its toxicity. Prior to in vivo studies, the carrier was optimized and characterized by using different techniques. Light scattering (LS) and transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) indicated the NP were spherical in shape with a mean size of approximately 100 nm. The influence of the solvent evaporation conditions and the polymer and drug amounts on CyA incorporation was established in order to optimize drug loading. When acetone and excess water were removed at constant temperature, no aggregation phenomena were observed. A value of 180 mg PCL was the minimum polymer amount necessary to encapsulate 95% of the drug initially added to the preparation. Under these conditions, HPLC analysis revealed that approximately 130 microg CyA per mg PCL were incorporated for a total CyA concentration of 2.5 mg/ml, being part of the drug adsorbed onto the particle surface. No structural changes or instability of the components during NP preparation were detected by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). However, GPC studies showed a competition between poloxamer and CyA for adsorption onto the carrier. In addition, DSC results suggested that at least part of the drug associated to NP remained in its crystal form. Therefore, CyA-loaded NP were easily manufactured and characterized and allow for the administration of therapeutic drug doses to experimental animals.
The Ligand Field Spectra of Copper(II) Complexes (1998)

A practical exercise for introducing students to ligand field spectra and the spectrochemical series, through the study of copper(II) species, is presented. Incorporated in the exercise is the preparation of a simple coordination compound: diaquabis(ethylenediamine)copper(II) iodide. The position of maximum absorbance (lambdamax) for each of the spectra can be used to compare the field strengths of O- and N-donor ligands. The value of the absorbance at lambdamax can be used to derive a value of the molar absorptivity. The principal features of ligand field spectra are clearly demonstrated: the great breadth of the spectral bands, that the position of lambdamax is dependent on the nature of the ligands and the relatively low values of molar absorptivity.
Polyphenylenes via Bis(2-pyrones) and Diethynylbenzenes. The Effect of m- and p-Phenylene Units in the Chain (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolyphenylenes via Bis(2-pyrones) and Diethynylbenzenes. The Effect of m- and p-Phenylene Units in the ChainJ. N. Braham, T. Hodgins, T. Katto, R. T. Kohl, and J. K. StilleCite this: Macromolecules 1978, 11, 2, 343–346Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60062a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60062a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views130Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Differential Patterns of Human Immunoglobulin G Subclass Responses to Distinct Regions of a Single Protein, the Merozoite Surface Protein 1 of<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (2001)

Comparisons of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass responses to the major polymorphic region and to a conserved region of MSP-1 in three cohorts of African villagers exposed to Plasmodium falciparum revealed that responses to Block 2 are predominantly IgG3 whereas antibodies to MSP-1(19) are mainly IgG1. The striking dominance of IgG3 to Block 2 may explain the short duration of this response and also the requirement for continuous stimulation by malaria infection to maintain clinical immunity.
Synthesis of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor in Human Synovial Cells and Chondrocytes Makes Joints the Predilected Site of Bleeding in Haemophiliacs (1994)

The synthesis of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) was investigated in cloned human synovial cells and human chondrocytes. TFPI-specific DNA transcription products of these cells were isolated, and a full-length cDNA of about 1000 base pairs was amplified by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. The amplified DNA was cloned into the vector pUC 18. The TFPI coding sequence was confirmed by double stranded sequencing and was identical with that previously published for human TFPI coding nucleotide sequence from human placental cDNA (1). The inhibitory activity of TFPI in the cell medium of cultivated human chondrocytes and cloned human synovial cells was determined by a specific chromogenic substrate assay of factor Xa activity. The inhibitory activity of TFPI in the medium of human chondrocytes and cloned human synovial cells was 630-720 mU/10(8) cells and 1080-1665 mU/10(8) cells, respectively. In addition, TFPI activity in cell culture media of human chondrocytes and cloned human synovial cell was suppressed by a polyclonal goat anti-TFPI antibody directed against the inhibitory domain I and domain II. In the chromogenic substrate assay, the anti-TFPI antibody completely suppressed the inhibitory activity of TFPI in the samples.
Harnessing speckle for a sub-femtometre resolved broadband wavemeter and laser stabilization (2017)

The accurate determination and control of the wavelength of light is fundamental to many fields of science. Speckle patterns resulting from the interference of multiple reflections in disordered media are well-known to scramble the information content of light by complex but linear processes. However, these patterns are, in fact, exceptionally rich in information about the illuminating source. We use a fibre-coupled integrating sphere to generate wavelength-dependent speckle patterns, in combination with algorithms based on the transmission matrix method and principal component analysis, to realize a broadband and sensitive wavemeter. We demonstrate sub-femtometre wavelength resolution at a centre wavelength of 780 nm, and a broad calibrated measurement range from 488 to 1,064 nm. This compares favourably to the performance of conventional wavemeters. Using this speckle wavemeter as part of a feedback loop, we stabilize a 780 nm diode laser to achieve a linewidth better than 1 MHz.
An Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Study of the Electronic and Ionic Transport Properties of Spinel LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (2010)

Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) for lithium ion insertion and deinsertion in spinel LiMn2O4 were obtained at different potentials and different temperatures during initial charge−discharge cycle. The results revealed that, at intermediate degrees of intercalation, three semicircles appeared in the Nyquist diagram. This new phenomenon has been investigated through EIS measurements as a function of temperature. It has found that the high frequency semicircle and the middle to high frequency semicircle begin to overlap each other above 20 °C, which indicates that the high frequency compressed semicircle commonly obtained at room temperature in the literature may consist of two semicircles. This signifies that the effects of the electronic and ionic transport properties of lithium intercalation materials clearly appear as separate features in the EIS spectra at low temperatures. A new equivalent circuit that includes elements related to the electronic and ionic transport, in addition to the charge transfer process, is proposed to simulate the experimental EIS data. The change of kinetic parameters for lithium ion insertion and deinsertion in spinel LiMn2O4 as a function of potential in the first charge−discharge cycle is discussed in detail, and a modified model is proposed to explain the impedance response of the insertion materials for lithium ion batteries.
Fundamentals of Fourier transform spectroscopy (1967)

Comprehensive review of theories, data handling, systems, and calibration in Fourier transform spectroscopy
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting in Arabidopsis using sequential transformation (2018)

Homologous recombination-based gene targeting is a powerful tool for precise genome modification and has been widely used in organisms ranging from yeast to higher organisms such as Drosophila and mouse. However, gene targeting in higher plants, including the most widely used model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, remains challenging. Here we report a sequential transformation method for gene targeting in Arabidopsis. We find that parental lines expressing the bacterial endonuclease Cas9 from the egg cell- and early embryo-specific DD45 gene promoter can improve the frequency of single-guide RNA-targeted gene knock-ins and sequence replacements via homologous recombination at several endogenous sites in the Arabidopsis genome. These heritable gene targeting can be identified by regular PCR. Our approach enables routine and fine manipulation of the Arabidopsis genome.