gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
De la cytogénétique à la cytogénomique des cancers de la vessie (2002)

Les cancers de la vessie comprennent les tumeurs urotheliales ou transitionnelles (TCC), les plus frequentes en Europe et aux Etats-Unis, les carcinomes epidermoides (SCC) plus frequents au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique, les adenocarcinomes et les carcinomes a petites cellules, plus rares. Les TCC ont, dans les stades precoces, des caryotypes pseudodiploides avec peu de remaniements chromosomiques, evoluant vers la complexite chromosomique et une pseudotetraploidie. La monosomie 9 complete ou partielle est un evenement precoce, trouvee dans la moitie des cas. Une deletion 11p ou une monosomie 11 est presente dans 20 a 50 % des cas, le plus souvent dans des tumeurs de haut grade, ou invasives. La deletion 13q existe dans un quart des cas et elle est correlee avec de hauts grades et stades ; les tumeurs avec alteration de Rb sont invasives. La deletion 17p est un evenement tardif trouve dans 40 % des cas ; les anomalies de la p53 sont correlees avec le grade, le stade, la progression tumorale, et sont de mauvais pronostic. Les del(5p), i(5q), +7, ainsi que nombre d'autres rearrangements - plus souvent a type de deletions que de duplications - sont frequemment trouves. Ces pertes d'heterozygotie suggerent un processus multi-etapes complexe impliquant des genes suppresseurs de tumeurs. Dans les SCC, la monosomie 9 est egalement un evenement precoce, peut-etre plus frequent encore que dans les TCC. Le chromosome 17 y est souvent implique, surtout dans les hauts stades et grades ; le profil des mutations de la p53 est different de celui des TCC. Les pertes d'alleles en 3p, 8p, 9p, 9q, et 17p sont frequentes. Comme dans les TCC, le caryotype devient plus complexe dans les stades et grades avances.
A 24-bit delta-sigma ADC with an ultra-low noise chopper-stabilized programmable gain instrumentation amplifier (1999)

Common transducers used for the measurement of physical parameters (temperature, pressure, force, etc.) generate very low-level signals. Many applications require that these signals be amplified with a very low noise amplifier to allow them to be digitized with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). A 24-bit delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter is presented which includes an ultra-low noise chopper-stabilized programmable gain instrumentation amplifier. The combination of the world's lowest noise (0.1 to 10 Hz) monolithic instrumentation amplifier and a very high dynamic range delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter results in an ideal digitizer for transducers which output very low level signals with frequencies below 50 Hz.
High-speed measuring equipment of fiber core position of optical fiber array using piezo actuator (2002)

A new measuring method of the offset of the fiber core position for an optical fiber array was investigated. In the conventional method, the absolute core positions are measured by a CCD camera and laser interferometers, but the measurement time is rather long. In the new method, the sample array is compared with the standard array and its core positions are measured relatively. The standard array is fixed on the piezoelectric actuator and given a high-speed and minute circular motion, and the sample array is set face to face with it. The relative offset of the fiber core position of the sample is obtained in a short time by measuring the vibration of the optical coupling coefficient that is produced by the circular motion. The repeatability of the measurement is under 0.05 /spl mu/m and good agreement with the conventional method is obtained. We can apply this new method to the automatic inspection of the fiber array.
Laboratory Rearing of the Imported Cabbageworm (1988)

The imported cabbageworm (ICW), Artogeia rapae (L.) is one of New York's most serious pests of cabbage; studies related to its control are an important component of our research program. For instance, we have experimented with the use of a granulosis virus for management of ICW, and our laboratory has an ongoing program screening cole crops for resistance to several lepidopteran species including ICW. Because these studies all require a constant supply of disease-free eggs and larvae, we continuously rear the insects in the laboratory. Fortunately, although the ICW is a crucifer specialist, it can be reared on a wheat germ-based diet. The major requirements for successful culture are: (1) supplemental lighting in the greenhouse to provide conditions suitable for mating and oviposition, and (2) strict attention to measures designed to prevent disease in the population, and to prevent microbial contamination of the diet.
SURVEILLANCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC MAPPING OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY-DEFINED RABIES VARIANTS IN FLORIDA (1990)

Brain tissues from 128 rabid animals from Florida in 1987 and 1988 were analyzed with monoclonal antibodies and cases were mapped by species and antigenic variant. The single variant found in terrestrial animals was distinguished easily from the variety of antigenic variants identified for infected bats, and there was no evidence of transmission of rabies between bats and terrestrial animals. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) appeared to be the sole maintenance source for terrestrial animal rabies in Florida.
The synthesis of (3H)-gibberellin A9 with high specific activity. (1976)

The synthesis of 2, 3-(3H) -gibberellin A9 (GA9) with a specific activity of 47 Ci mmole-1 is described. Δ2, 3GA9 methyl ester epoxide was converted to (3H)-GA9 methyl ester epoxide using carrier-free tritium gas. This product was de-epoxidized then hydrolysed to yield (3H) -GA9.
Differential Expression of Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptor Subtype Genes in Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-secreting Pituitary Tumors and Silent Corticotroph Adenomas (2009)

Somatostatin analogs and dopamine agonists are clinically used for medical therapy of functioning pituitary tumors, such as growth hormone- and prolactin-secreting tumors, however, their effects on ACTH-secreting tumors are controversial. This study was aimed to determine whether somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtype (1-5) and dopamine receptor type 2 (D2R) are differentially expressed in pituitary tumors causing Cushing's disease (CD), silent corticotroph adenoma (SCA), and non-functioning pituitary tumor (NFT). Tissue specimens were obtained from 35 pituitary tumors during transsphenoidal surgery. The steady-state mRNA levels of SSTR1-5 and D2R genes were determined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Both SSTR1 and 2 mRNA levels in SCA were greater than CD, while SSTR1 mRNA levels, but not SSTR2, in SCA were also greater than NFT. SSTR5 mRNA levels in CD were greater than SCA, but did not differ between NFT and SCA. SSTR4 mRNA expression was undetectable. D2R mRNA levels were markedly lower in CD and SCA than in NFT. The present study suggests that somatostatin analogs more selective for SSTR5 and for SSTR1 and/or 2may have the therapeutic potential for medical treatment of CD and SCA, respectively, whereas clinical application of dopamine agonists selective for D2R is very limited in either CD or SCA.
Lipoate ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion in animal models. (2000)

Ischemia and reperfusion were studied in isolated working rat hearts and in exarticulated rat hind limbs. Free radicals are known to be generated in ischemia/reperfusion and to propagate complications. To reduce reperfusion injury, conditions were ameliorated including the treatment with antioxidants, lipoate or dihydrolipoate. In isolated working rat hearts, cardiac and mitochondrial parameters are impaired during hypoxia and partially recover in reperfusion. Dihydrolipoate, if added into the perfusion buffer at 0.3 microM concentration, keeps the pH higher (7.15) during hypoxia, as compared to controls (6.98). This compound accelerates and stabilizes the recovery of the aortic flow. With dihydrolipoate, ATP synthesis is increased, ATPase activity (ATP hydrolysis) reduced, intracellular creatine kinase activity maintained and thus phosphocreatine contents are higher than in controls. For exarticulated rat hind limbs, the dihydrolipoate group contained 8.3 microM in the modified reperfusate. Recovery of the contractile function was 49% vs. 34% in controls and muscle flexibility was maintained whereas it decreased by 15% in the controls. Release of creatine kinase from cells was significantly lower with dihydrolipoate. Lipoate/dihydrolipoate effectively reduced reperfusion injury in isolated working rat hearts and in exarticulated rat hind limbs after extended ischemia. Finally, the compound was successfully applied in an in vivo pig hind limb model.
3‐bromopyruvate inhibits glycolysis, depletes cellular glutathione, and compromises the viability of cultured primary rat astrocytes (2014)

The pyruvate analogue 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) is an electrophilic alkylator that is considered a promising anticancer drug because it has been shown to kill cancer cells efficiently while having little toxic effect on nontumor cells. To test for potential adverse effects of 3-BP on brain cells, we exposed cultured primary rat astrocytes to 3-BP and investigated the effects of this compound on cell viability, glucose metabolism, and glutathione (GSH) content. The presence of 3-BP severely compromised cell viability and slowed cellular glucose consumption and lactate production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximal effects observed at about 100 µM 3-BP after 4 hr of incubation. The cellular hexokinase activity was not affected in 3-BP-treated astrocytes, whereas within 30 min after application of 3-BP the activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was inhibited, and cellular GSH content was depleted in a concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximal effects observed at about 30 µM 3-BP. The depletion of cellular GSH after exposure to 100 µM 3-BP was not prevented by the presence of 10 mM of the monocarboxylates lactate or pyruvate, suggesting that 3-BP is not taken up into astrocytes predominantly by monocarboxylate transporters. The data suggest that inhibition of glycolysis by inactivation of GAPDH and GSH depletion contributes to the toxicity that was observed for 3-BP-treated cultured astrocytes.
Westinghouse tubular SOFC technology (1992)

A summary of significant developments and accomplishments which have recently occurred throughout the tubular Solidi Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) program include: Demonstration that thousands of tubular solid oxide fuel cells can be fabricated with consistent and reproducible performance. Continuous operation of a 3 kWe tubular SOFC system for over six months at a customer's test site. Demonstration of stable performance and lifetime in excess of 5,300 hours for a 3 kWe generator module, operating on desulfurized natural gas without external humidification. Demonstration of stable performance and life times in excess of 30,000 hours in multiple single cell tests. Design, construction and operation of a dedicated cell, module and generator Pre-Pilot Manufacturing Facility (PPMF). Successful 6,840 hour bundle tests of 50 cm. cells produced at the PPMF. Significant improvements in cell performance and life and marked reduction in cell degradation. Design, construction and successful operation of a 20 kWe tubular solid oxide fuel cell generator module. Design, construction, shipment and installation of 25 kWe (40 kWe peak power) field units.
The Development of Latent Fingerprints on Human Skin: The Iodine-Silver Plate Transfer Method (1977)

Abstract The successful development of latent prints on human skin would be of great use to the law enforcement officer in the investigation of crimes in which the subject has touched the victim. The iodine-silver plate transfer method has shown promising results in the development of such impressions from both live and cadaveric human skin. Numerous police agencies in the United States and Canada are presently experimenting with this process; it is still in the research stage and consequently has not been used in the investigation of an actual case.
Low‐Temperature Synthesis and Growth of Hexagonal Boron‐Nitride in a Lithium Bromide Melt (2007)

The synthesis and growth of hexagonal boron‐nitride crystallites at low temperature were investigated by carrying out in a lithium bromide (LiBr) melt in 600°–700°C. Transmission electron microscopy study showed that the product obtained at 650°C was composed of two‐dimensional plates having an average thickness of about 80 nm and widths from about 400 nm to several micrometers. The molten salt was found to have a strong effect on the crystal growth. The morphology of the crystallites changed from spherical particles to two‐dimensional plates when LiBr was used as a crystallization medium. Products were also characterized by X‐ray powder diffractions, Fourier Transformed infrared, FESEM/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. Possible formation mechanism was also discussed.
Engineered Assimilation of Exogenous and Endogenous Formate in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2017)

Decoupling biorefineries from land use and agriculture is a major challenge. As formate can be produced from various sources, e.g., electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub>, microbial formate-assimilation has the potential to become a sustainable feedstock for the bioindustry. However, organisms that naturally grow on formate are limited by either a low biomass yield or by a narrow product spectrum. The engineering of a model biotechnological microbe for growth on formate via synthetic pathways represents a promising approach to tackle this challenge. Here, we achieve a critical milestone for two such synthetic formate-assimilation pathways in Escherichia coli. Our engineering strategy involves the division of the pathways into metabolic modules; the activity of each module-providing at least one essential building block-is selected for in an appropriate auxotrophic strain. We demonstrate that formate can serve as a sole source of all cellular C1-compounds, including the beta-carbon of serine. We further show that by overexpressing the native threonine cleavage enzymes, the entire cellular glycine requirement can be provided by threonine biosynthesis and degradation. Together, we confirm the simultaneous activity of all pathway segments of the synthetic serine-threonine cycle. We go beyond the formate bioeconomy concept by showing that, under anaerobic conditions, formate produced endogenously by pyruvate formate-lyase can replace exogenous formate. The resulting prototrophic strain constitutes a substantial rewiring of central metabolism in which C1, glycine, and serine metabolism proceed via a unique set of pathways. This strain can serve as a platform for future metabolic-engineering efforts and could further pave the way for investigating the plasticity of metabolic networks.
Decreased muscle cell proliferation in chicks with a deletion in the GH receptor gene (1996)

The increase in muscle weight in neonatal animals is a consequence of increased protein accretion and DNA content. GH increases protein accretion but direct effects of GH on myogenic cell proliferation have not been demonstrated. Sex-linked dwarfism in the chick is caused by mutation or deletion in the GH receptor gene and has provided a useful model to study the physiological consequences of GH insensitivity. This study determined the consequences of GH receptor gene mutation on muscle cell proliferation in vivo. Northern and Southern blotting and PCR analysis revealed restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns and a 1.7 kb deletion of the intracellular domain of the GH receptor gene in commercial dwarf broiler chicks, similar to the Connecticut strain in which there is a dysfunctional GH receptor. Cell proliferation was measured in muscle sections from normal and dwarf chicks after incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 25 mg/kg) in vivo at 2, 5 and 13 days of age. Incorporation of BrdU into nuclei was measured in frozen sections, counterstained with propidium iodide to estimate the total number of nuclei by quantitative image analysis, and the labelling index was calculated. Paraffin-embedded sections of breast muscle were stained using an anti-human IGF-I polyclonal antibody. Expression of IGF-I mRNA in muscle from each genotype at 5 days of age was measured by RNAse protection assay. The labelling index was similar in 2-day-old chicks from both genotypes (normal, 20.14 +/- 2.39%; dwarf, 19.79 +/- 5.83%). By day 5 the labelling index had decreased but was significantly higher (P < 0.02) in normal (12.53 +/- 3.36%) compared with the dwarf (6.25 +/- 1.39%). By 13 days of age, there was a further decrease in labelling index but no difference between the groups (normal, 4.92 +/- 1.28%; dwarf, 4.96 +/- 1.51%). IGF-I mRNA was expressed and IGF-I peptide was identified in muscle sections but there was no difference between genotypes. The results show that cell division in breast muscle in vivo is high in neonatal chicks but it declines with increasing age. The absence of a functional GH receptor in the dwarf is associated with a greater decline in DNA synthesis and suggests that GH may directly affect a proportion of cells, since there was no difference in IGF-I mRNA or peptide.
New initiators for group transfer polymerization. Triphenylphosphonium‐containing ketene silyl acetals (1989)

Abstract New initiators for group transfer polymerization (GTP), triphenylphosphonium‐containing ketene silyl acetals, were synthesized by addition of triphenylphosphine and chlorotrimethylsilane to methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate, respectively, giving 3‐methyoxy‐3‐trimethylsiloxy‐2‐propenyltriphenylphosphonium chloride ( 4a ) and its 2‐methyl substituted derivative ( 4b ), together with their corresponding oligomers ( 8 ). These phosphonium salts initiate GTP of ethyl acrylate using zinc halides as catalysts. The resulting polymers, containing a terminal triphenylphosphonium group, show a small polydispersity. In the presence of zinc halides, triphenylphosphine and chlorotrimethylsilane can be used directly to initiate GTP of acrylates and methacrylates. In this case triphenylphosphonium terminated polymers with a larger polydispersity are obtained.
Smallpox Vaccinations: How Much Protection Remains? (2001)

Immunity from smallpox vaccination is widely assumed to decline rapidly, and those vaccinated 30 or more years ago are now unprotected. But a handful of researchers who have examined the scientific literature, including century-old studies as well as state-of-the-art explorations of immunologic memory, believe protection may be far more durable.
Vaccines, global health and social equity (2009)

Mortality rates of children less than 5 years old range from <10 per 1000 live births in industrialized countries to >100 in the world's poorest countries. The fact that in New York City infant mortality fell from approximately 140 deaths per 1000 live births in 1900 to <60 per 1000 by 1930 indicates what can be achieved through improvements in public health, such as the provision of clean piped water, sewage disposal and fresh refrigeration. For children living in impoverished conditions today, excess mortality is largely due to infectious diseases for which there are effective vaccines. Thus, certain specific vaccines can reduce mortality and morbidity, improve quality of life and contribute to economic development. However, because many vaccines and the means to deliver them are beyond the financial resources of countries with the highest childhood mortality rates, strategies have been devised to provide vaccines to the most needy populations. These strategies include initiatives by the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, the International Finance Facility for Immunization and the Advanced Market Commitment, which together with various governments, international agencies and charitable foundations are providing funds to make life-saving vaccines available to the world's most needy children.
Comparison of inflammatory reactions induced by intraarticular injection of bacterial cell wall polymers. (1986)

Cell wall polymers isolated from group A streptococci, as well as lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhimurium and synthetic muramyl dipeptide, were injected into the ankle joints of rats. The inflammatory responses were assessed by gross and histologic examination, and edema was measured by accumulation of radiolabeled albumin in the limbs. The isolated group-specific polysaccharide induced extensive edema of the articular and periarticular tissue immediately after injection, and this resolved in 24 hours. The peptidoglycan moiety did not produce early edema, but induced an acute exudative reaction followed by a proliferative synovitis which resolved after 5 days. Reactions induced by covalently bound complexes of peptidoglycan and the group-specific polysaccharide (PG-APS) varied, depending on the size of the complex. Small fragments, derived from mutanolysin digestion, caused both an acute edematous reaction and transient arthritis. Larger fragments did not cause the immediate edematous reaction, but induced an acute arthritis that appeared within 24 hours and evolved into a chronic process. Episodes of recurrent inflammation, a distinctive feature of joint inflammation induced by systemic injection of PG-APS polymers, were not observed following intraarticular injection of any of the cell wall polymers. The relative susceptibility of different rat strains to arthritis induced by intraarticular injection paralleled the responses to systemic injection of PG-APS. These results demonstrate that variations in arthropathogenicity are due, in part, to inherent differences in the phlogistic activities of different cell wall polymers, and that the genetic control of susceptibility involves regulation of the inflammatory responses rather than the quantity of cell wall distributed to the joint.
A Note on the Use of the Partial Least-Squares Method for Multivariate Calibration (1988)

The multivariate calibration problem is a problem of predicting the concentration in an unknown sample, cun, from the response vector of an unknown sample, run (J responses). The predicting equation can be arranged in the form ĉun = runTR+c. (1) R+ is the pseudo-inverse of the calibration set matrix of responses, R, whose column indices correspond to the J sensors or wavelengths and row indices correspond to the I samples (individuals), and c is the vector of concentrations for the I samples of the analyte in each of the calibration samples. Derivation of Eq. 1 is described in Ref. 1. The PLS regression involves solution of the predicting equation.