gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dehydration, stress, and water consumption of horses during long-distance commercial transport. (2000)

The aim of this study was to characterize progressive dehydration, stress responses, and water consumption patterns of horses transported long distances in hot weather and to estimate recovery time after 30 h of transport. Thirty adult mares and geldings were deprived of access to feed and water for 6 h, blocked by age, sex, breed, and body condition score, and assigned to one of the following treatments: penned, offered water (Penned/Watered, n = 5); penned, no water (Penned, n = 5); transported, offered water (Transported/Watered, two groups of n = 5); or transported, no water (Transported, two groups of n = 5). None of the horses had access to feed while on treatment. A commercial, single-deck, open-top, 15.8-m-long trailer was divided into four compartments to accommodate the two Transported/Watered and two Transported groups at 1.77 m2 per horse. At 8, 17, 22, 27, 30, and 33 h after initiation of transport, the truck returned and stopped for 1 h to allow for data collection and to give the Transported/Watered and Penned/Watered horses 10 min of access to water in individual buckets. Treatments for the non-watered horses (Penned and Transported) were terminated after 30 h due to dehydration and fatigue, whereas the watered horses (Penned/Watered and Transported/Watered) could continue for another 2 h. Mean weight loss after 30 h was greater in the Penned (57.1 kg, 12.8%) and Transported (52.2 kg, 10.3%) groups than in the Transported/Watered (20.7 kg, 4.0%) and Penned/Watered (17 kg, 3.5%) groups (P < 0.0001). Respiration, heart rate, sodium, chloride, total protein, and osmolality were significantly elevated in the non-watered horses (P < 0.0001), and sodium, chloride, total protein, and osmolality greatly exceeded normal reference ranges, indicating severe dehydration. Although not statistically significant, the horses penned in full sun, with or without water, had a dehydration response that was slightly greater than that of the transported horses. Plasma cortisol concentrations had a significant time x treatment interaction (P < 0.0001), in which the Penned/Watered and Transported/Watered horses remained relatively consistent, whereas the Transported, and especially the Penned, horses' plasma cortisol concentrations greatly increased. Transporting healthy horses for more than 24 h during hot weather and without water will cause severe dehydration; transport for more than 28 h even with periodic access to water will likely be harmful due to increasing fatigue.
Prodromes and the early phase of the migraine attack: therapeutic relevance. (2006)

A migraine attack is a multiphasic event. In some patients the initial phase of the attack is characterized by the presence of "prodromes" or "premonitory symptoms" which are not recognized by the patient as part of the attack. Premonitory symptoms are defined as "symptoms preceding and forewarning of a migraine attack by 2-48 hours, occurring before the aura in migraine with aura and before the onset of pain in migraine without aura". Migraine premonitory symptoms should be differentiated from aura and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. This differentiation, which is crucial to correct diagnosis, is based on two principal aspects, namely, the timing of these premonitory symptoms prior to the headache pain and their clinical characteristics. The neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin are possibly involved in the development of premonitory symptoms, as demonstrated by experimental models and by the efficacy of migraine aborting and preventive treatments. Accurate recording of premonitory symptoms may contribute to efforts to design the best therapeutic approach in migraine patients.
Kahn EER technique with single-carrier digital modulations (2003)

The Kahn envelope elimination and restoration (EER) technique allows for linear RF power amplification by combining nonlinear, but efficient, radio frequency (RF) and audio frequency (AF) power amplifiers. The EER technique requires a coordinate transform of the Cartesian digital in-phase and quadrature (I & Q) signals to polar amplitude (A) and phase-modulated RF (RF-P) signals. An ideal recombination of the A and RF-P signals in the output stage of the transmitter yields perfect amplified I & Q signals in the output of the transmitter. However, any small mismatch of the delay between A and RF-P paths or bandwidth restrictions within the A path reveal the dominant nonlinearity inherent with the coordinate transform, resulting in out-of-band (OOB) radiation. In this paper, the EER technique is investigated for single-carrier digital modulations. It is shown that the characteristics of the resulting OOB radiation merely depends on the size of the hole in the vector diagram of the digital modulation and is practically independent of other parameters of a digital modulation. Universal curves are given, which can be useful for developing and aligning EER digital transmitters.
Dressing in Layers: Layering Surface Functionalities in Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide Membranes (2010)

Poren mit Tiefenprofil: Nanoporöse Membranen aus anodischem Aluminiumoxid lassen sich in Form mehrerer Schichten mit unterschiedlich funktionalisierten Oberflächen aufbauen (siehe Schema). So hergestellte Membranen sind chemisch wie mechanisch robust und selektiv beim Transport kleiner Moleküle.
Role of Cofilin in Epidermal Growth Factor–Stimulated Actin Polymerization and Lamellipod Protrusion (2000)

Stimulation of metastatic MTLn3 cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) causes a rapid and transient increase in actin nucleation activity resulting from the appearance of free barbed ends at the extreme leading edge of extending lamellipods. To investigate the role of cofilin in EGF-stimulated actin polymerization and lamellipod extension in MTLn3 cells, we examined in detail the temporal and spatial distribution of cofilin relative to free barbed ends and characterized the actin dynamics by measuring the changes in the number of actin filaments. EGF stimulation triggers a transient increase in cofilin in the leading edge near the membrane, which is precisely cotemporal with the appearance of free barbed ends there. A deoxyribonuclease I binding assay shows that the number of filaments per cell increases by 1.5-fold after EGF stimulation. Detection of pointed ends in situ using deoxyribonuclease I binding demonstrates that this increase in the number of pointed ends is confined to the leading edge compartment, and does not occur within stress fibers or in the general cytoplasm. Using a light microscope severing assay, cofilin's severing activity was observed directly in cell extracts and shown to be activated after stimulation of the cells with EGF. Microinjection of function-blocking antibodies against cofilin inhibits the appearance of free barbed ends at the leading edge and lamellipod protrusion after EGF stimulation. These results support a model in which EGF stimulation recruits cofilin to the leading edge where its severing activity is activated, leading to the generation of short actin filaments with free barbed ends that participate in the nucleation of actin polymerization.
High Efficiency Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSn(S,Se)<sub>4</sub> Solar Cells by Applying a Double In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/CdS Emitter (2014)

High-efficiency Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells are reported by applying In2S3/CdS double emitters. This new structure offers a high doping concentration within the Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells, resulting in a substantial enhancement in open-circuit voltage. The 12.4% device is obtained with a record open-circuit voltage deficit of 593 mV.
Proteases and posttranslational processing of prohormones: a review (1983)

Pioneering work on insulin and on lipotropin, published in 1967, led to the formulation of the hypothesis that biologically active peptides such as peptide hormones are derived from larger precursor molecules by enzymatic cleavage at basic amino acid pairs. Since then, an ever-increasing number of hormones and active peptides including neuropeptides have been found to be contained within the sequence of a larger precursor protein and are released by limited proteolytic cleavage. The hypothesis concerning the posttranslational maturation of precursor molecules into smaller active entities is now firmly established in many tissues (e.g., pituitary gland, pancreas) and for all kinds of organisms (e.g. mammals, fish), though the nature of the enzyme(s) responsible for this maturation process still remains unknown. This article presents current knowledge of the intracellular processing of precursor molecules, especially the conversion of prohormone to hormone. The discussion deals principally with the evidences concerning the localization of the maturation process mainly in the secretory granules, the role of basic amino acid pairs at the cleavage site, and the possible involvement of serine and (or) thiol endopeptidases in that process.
Hydrogen Evolution from Viologen Radicals and from Photochemically Reduced Tin(IV) Porphyrins in the Presence of Colloidal Platinum (1983)

Abstract The stoichiometry of the platinum‐catalyzed reaction of two methylviologen radical cations and two protons yielding two methylviologen dications and one molecule of hydrogen is demonstrated. ‐Watersoluble tin(IV) porphyrins are reduced by EDTA and visible light, first to give chlorins, then isobacteriochlorins. No isobacteriochlorin is formed in the presence of colloidal platinum, but hydrogen is produced. The conversion is about 25 moles of hydrogen per mole of porphyrin and hour. Isobacteriochlorins are dehydrogenated to give chlorins in the presence of colloidal platinum. The reaction takes place either in the air or under argon.
Two ParaHox genes,<i>SpLox</i>and<i>SpCdx</i>, interact to partition the posterior endoderm in the formation of a functional gut (2009)

We report the characterization of the ortholog of the Xenopus XlHbox8 ParaHox gene from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, SpLox. It is expressed during embryogenesis, first appearing at late gastrulation in the posterior-most region of the endodermal tube, becoming progressively restricted to the constriction between the mid- and hindgut. The physiological effects of the absence of the activity of this gene have been analyzed through knockdown experiments using gene-specific morpholino antisense oligonucleotides. We show that blocking the translation of the SpLox mRNA reduces the capacity of the digestive tract to process food, as well as eliminating the morphological constriction normally present between the mid- and hindgut. Genetic interactions of the SpLox gene are revealed by the analysis of the expression of a set of genes involved in endoderm specification. Two such interactions have been analyzed in more detail: one involving the midgut marker gene Endo16, and another involving the other endodermally expressed ParaHox gene, SpCdx. We find that SpLox is able to bind Endo16 cis-regulatory DNA, suggesting direct repression of Endo16 expression in presumptive hindgut territories. More significantly, we provide the first evidence of interaction between ParaHox genes in establishing hindgut identity, and present a model of gene regulation involving a negative-feedback loop.
Child Abuse and Neglect and the Brain—A Review (2000)

Developmental psychology and the study of behaviour and emotion have tended to be considered in parallel to the study of neurobiological processes. This review explores the effects of child abuse and neglect on the brain, excluding nonaccidental injury that causes gross physical trauma to the brain. It commences with a background summary of the nature, context, and some deleterious effects of omission and commission within child maltreatment. There is no post-maltreatment syndrome, outcomes varying with many factors including nature, duration, and interpersonal context of the maltreatment as well as the nature of later intervention. There then follows a section on environmental influences on brain development, demonstrating the dependence of the orderly process of neurodevelopment on the child's environment. Ontogenesis, or the development of the self through self-determination, proceeds in the context of the nature-nurture interaction. As a prelude to reviewing the neurobiology of child abuse and neglect, the next section is concerned with bridging the mind and the brain. Here, neurobiological processes, including cellular, biochemical, and neurophysiological processes, are examined alongside their behavioural, cognitive, and emotional equivalents and vice versa. Child maltreatment is a potent source of stress and the stress response is therefore discussed in some detail. Evidence is outlined for the buffering effects of a secure attachment on the stress response. The section dealing with actual effects on the brain of child abuse and neglect discusses manifestations of the stress response including dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and parasympathetic and catecholamine responses. Recent evidence about reduction in brain volume following child abuse and neglect is also outlined. Some biochemical, functional, and structural changes in the brain that are not reflections of the stress response are observed following child maltreatment. The mechanisms bringing about these changes are less clearly understood and may well be related to early and more chronic abuse and neglect affecting the process of brain development. The behavioural and emotional concomitants of their neurobiological manifestations are discussed. The importance of early intervention and attention to the chronicity of environmental adversity may indicate the need for permanent alternative caregivers, in order to preserve the development of the most vulnerable children.
Gigabit COTS Ethernet switch evaluation for avionics (2003)

The evolving network needs of both commercial and military aircraft are expanding the requirements from slow speeds (1 Mbps) to over 1 Gbps for many new aircraft designs, driven primarily by advanced video technology. Low-cost Ethernet switch technology is a key enabler for advanced aircraft system interconnection. Our research focuses on the evaluation of several gigabit Ethernet (GE) COTS switches to meet avionic requirements. The results indicate that GE COTS switches are beginning to approach the required performance for future avionic applications.
Transmitted photon intensity through biological tissues within various time windows (1994)

The intensity of the early-arriving snake portion of 100-fs ultrashort laser pulses transmitted through biological tissue of increasing thickness was measured by a streak camera. The snake photon intensity within the first arrival time interval Deltat was found to decrease exponentially with tissue thickness (z) as I(Deltat) = I(0)A exp[-b(Deltat)z/l(t)], where I(0) is the incident laser pulse intensity, l(t) is the transport mean free path of the medium, and the parameters b and A depend on the time interval Deltat. This result shows that the intensity of snake photons decays significantly more slowly than that of ballistic photons as tissue thickness increases.
Infectious bursal disease and hemorrhagic enteritis (1998)

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) of chickens and hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) of turkeys are caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), respectively. Both diseases have common features, including an acute stage followed by immunosuppression, resulting in lowered resistance to a variety of infectious agents and poor response to commonly used vaccines. The IBDV and HEV infections are widespread in commercial chicken and turkey flocks, respectively. The acute stage of the disease, the immunosuppression that follows, and the widespread distribution of both diseases, are major factors contributing to the economic significance of both diseases. The mechanism of immunosuppression for both infections has similarities, both affect lymphocytes and macrophages, and both are lymphocidal. In this report, an overview of both diseases with emphasis on some of the recent findings will be presented. There has been greater research activity on IBD than on HE, reflecting the relative economic importance of the species affected and the recent changes in the antigenic make up and pathogenicity of the IBDV.
Beat-spectrum-tailoring of fiber lasers with an intracavity Fabry-Perot filter for high repetition-rate regenerative mode-locking (2003)

Summary form only given. The regenerative method of mode locking has been proved to be a very effective way for the generation of extremely stable high repetition pulses from fiber lasers which is the key to future optical communication systems. This is accomplished by extracting a higher harmonic of the cavity beat-note using a high-Q RF filter (Q=100-1500) and feed-backing of the extracted clock signal in a regenerative manner. However, as one desires to increase the operating frequency above several tens of GHz, the use of such RF filters becomes inconvenient because of the difficulty in their fabrication and excessively high insertion loss. A novel scheme which shows an alternative means of regenerative mode locking by avoiding this type of high-Q RF filter and suites for operation at tens of GHz repetition rate is demonstrated. This is based on the tailoring of the beat spectrum of the laser using an intracavity fiber Fabry-Perot (FP) filter, which is available commercially with a free spectral range (FSR) of tens to hundreds of GHz.
Modelling of a Car Driveline for Servo-Actuated Gear-Shift Control (2005)

A physically-based dynamic model of the drive- line of a vehicle with automated manual transmission (AMT) is presented. The driveline is decomposed into three main subsystems: the drivetrain, constituted by the transmission shafts connecting the engine to the wheels, and two electro- hydraulic actuators for clutch and gear-box control. The main feature of the model proposed is to consider in a detailed way both the nonlinear dynamics of the clutch and gear-box actuators and the drivetrain behavior. Model parameter identification is obtained both through theoretical relations and experimental tests. By means of experiments, it is shown that the proposed model is able to describe the main phenomena characterizing the driveline dynamics.
A Study on the Possibility of Developing the Periphery Region of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Using the Disaggregate Model of the Office and Residence (1994)

THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TWOFOLD. FIRSTLY, IT AIMS TO ASCERTAIN THE OFFICE AND RESIDENTIAL CHOICE IN THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY. SECONDLY, THE STUDY AIMS TO CLARIFY THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE TOKYO METROPOLITAN AREA PERIPHERY REGION WILL DEVELOP BY MEANS OF A SIMULATION MODEL. IN CONCLUSION, THE STUDY CLARIFIES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFICE AND RESIDENTIAL CHOICE OF THE MANAGERIAL AND OPERATIVE CLASSES, CAUSED BY PERSONAL SECTION FORM, ORGANIZATION FORM AND LIFE STAGES. MOREOVER, THE STUDY INDICATES THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE TOKYO METROPOLITAN AREA PERIPHERY REGION DEVELOPS.
Plasma endothelin in chronic heart failure. (1992)

Evidence suggests that circulatory endothelin concentrations in the range 5-40 pmol/l are vasoactive. Consequently, the endothelin concentrations found in patients with CHF may be of pathophysiological significance.
Influence of the Thyroid State on the Intrinsic Contractile Properties and Energy Stores of the Myocardium* (1967)

The intrinsic contractile properties of isolated cat papillary muscles and myocardial high energy phosphate stores were examined at three levels of thyroid activity and correlated with hemodynamic measurements in the intact animal. In addition, the relationship of thyroid state to endogenous norepinephrine stores and myocardial responsiveness to certain inotropic interventions were studied. In muscles from hyperthyroid cats, the velocity of shortening and the rate of tension development were markedly augmented, while duration of active state was decreased, compared to euthyroid muscles. These findings occurred in the presence and absence of intact norepinephrine stores and over a wide range of temperature and contraction frequency. The opposite changes occurred in muscles from hypothyroid cats. Isometric tension was slightly higher in muscles from hyperthyroid and lower in muscles from hypothyroid cats. The inotropic response to both norepinephrine and strophanthidin varied inversely with the level of thyroid state and allowed all three groups of muscles to reach a common ceiling of isometric tension regardless of thyroid state. Creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate stores were intact at all three levels of thyroid state. Thus, the level of thyroid activity profoundly affects the intrinsic contractile state of cardiac muscle, independent of both norepinephrine stores and alterations in high energy phosphate stores, and, in addition, modifies the responsiveness of cardiac muscle to inotropic agents.
Regional Admittivity Spectra With Tomosynthesis Images for Breast Cancer Detection: Preliminary Patient Study (2008)

It has been known for some time that many tumors have a significantly different conductivity and permittivity from surrounding normal tissue. This high "contrast" in tissue electrical properties, occurring between a few kilohertz and several megahertz, may permit differentiating malignant from benign tissues. Here we show the ability of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to roughly localize and clearly distinguish cancers from normal tissues and benign lesions. Localization of these lesions is confirmed by simultaneous, in register digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammography or 3-D mammograms.
Frequency-offset, solid-state laser coherent Doppler velocity measurements of high-speed targets (1990)

Diode-pumped, single-frequency Nd:YAG lasers were used to measure velocities of laser-accelerated targets over a range of 0.1 to greater than 2 km/sec. A 1-GHz optical heterodyne receiver was used with a tunable, frequencyoffset local oscillator to compensate for Doppler shifts of as much as 4 GHz.
A new I-V model for stress-induced leakage current including inelastic tunneling (1999)

A new I-V model to quantitatively represent stress-induced leakage current (SILC) is presented and compared with the experimental I-V characteristics. The trap-assisted tunneling model is modified so as to include the energy relaxation of tunneling electrons, which has been experimentally verified by applying the carrier separation technique to MOSFETs with the SILC component. The energy relaxation is treated in the new model as the change in the energy level of traps before and after the capture of electrons during two-step tunneling. It is demonstrated that this model successfully represents the experimental I-V characteristics of the SILC component and, particularly, the low apparent barrier height in the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plot of the SILC component. The calculated low barrier height is attributed to the dominance of direct tunneling mechanism on both tunneling into traps and out of traps. The impact of the energy relaxation during tunneling, used in the present model, on the I-V characteristics is discussed in terms of the trap distribution inside the gate oxide, compared with conventional elastic tunneling model.