gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From Flowback to Fracturing: Water Recycling Grows in the Marcellus Shale (2011)

In Pennsylvania, recycling water from wells in the Marcellus Shale has been transformed from a trend to an essential skill. The tipping point came in mid-April in a notice from the state’s Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) telling 15 public water treatment plants to stop handling waste water from wells in the Marcellus. The order to the only public facilities treating water from fracturing was voluntary, but the intent was clear. In the letter, Michael Krancer, the DEP secretary said: “Now is the time to take action to end this practice.” If there was any doubt, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) followed up with a letter in May telling the state agency to make that a mandatory order. The federal agency said it would contact large oil and gas companies and the water treatment facilities to ensure they were no longer processing water that had flowed back after fracturing, and then disposing it in the state’s waterways. At that time two-thirds of the water from fracturing was recycled in Pennsylvania, where water use for shale gas companies has become a battleground with environmentalists, politicians, and the people who live on the land holding enormous natural gas reserves. The industry was already moving toward recycling, said Pete Miller, water resources manager of the Marcellus Shale division at Range Resources, which reuses nearly all the water from its wells there. “When the standard came out, it was another push in that direction.” The state’s letter sparked a rush by those who faced higher disposal costs because they could no longer have their waste water treated in state. “People are calling and telling me, ‘I’ve got to figure this out,’” said Dave Grottenthaler, general manager of Kroff Oil Services, a Pittsburgh water treatment specialist that got into fracturing water reuse early on. “I’ve been telling them for a while, you can reuse all your flowback and you will be safe.” Range Resources is evidence to how fast this transition can happen. It first used a mixture of fracturing flowback water and fresh water in August 2009. In 2010, it said it reused 96% of its produced water in Pennsylvania.
Laser jetting of femto-liter metal droplets for high resolution 3D printed structures (2015)

Laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) is employed in a special, high accuracy jetting regime, by adequately matching the sub-nanosecond pulse duration to the metal donor layer thickness. Under such conditions, an effective solid nozzle is formed, providing stability and directionality to the femto-liter droplets which are printed from a large gap in excess of 400 μm. We illustrate the wide applicability of this method by printing several 3D metal objects. First, very high aspect ratio (A/R > 20), micron scale, copper pillars in various configuration, upright and arbitrarily bent, then a micron scale 3D object composed of gold and copper. Such a digital printing method could serve the generation of complex, multi-material, micron-scale, 3D materials and novel structures.
Correlated evolution of transcription factors and their binding sites (2011)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Stimulation of the Mu DNA strand cleavage and intramolecular strand transfer reactions by the Mu B protein is independent of stable binding of the Mu B protein to DNA. (1991)

Interactions between the Mu A and Mu B proteins are important in the early steps of the in vitro transposition of a mini-Mu plasmid. We have examined these interactions by assaying Mu B stimulation of Mu A-mediated strand cleavage and strand transfer reactions. We have previously shown that in the presence of ATP the Mu B protein can stimulate the Mu A-directed cleavage reaction of mini-Mu plasmids carrying a terminal base pair mutation (Surette, M.G., Harkness, T., and Chaconas, G. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 3118-3124). Here we demonstrate that in the absence of a non-Mu DNA target molecule the Mu B protein stimulates intramolecular integration of a mini-Mu in an ATP-dependent fashion. Furthermore, modification of the Mu B protein with N-ethylmaleimide severely compromises the ability of B to form a stable complex with DNA; however, the modified protein stimulates the strand cleavage and intramolecular strand transfer reactions as efficiently as the untreated protein. These results indicate that the Mu B protein is capable of stimulating the Mu A protein through direct interaction in the absence of stable Mu B-DNA complex formation. Our results increase the spectrum of Mu B protein activities and uncouple the stimulatory properties of the Mu B protein from stable DNA binding but not the ATP cofactor requirement.
A Differential Geometric Approach to the Geometric Mean of Symmetric Positive-Definite Matrices (2005)

In this paper we introduce metric-based means for the space of positive-definite matrices. The mean associated with the Euclidean metric of the ambient space is the usual arithmetic mean. The mean associated with the Riemannian metric corresponds to the geometric mean. We discuss some invariance properties of the Riemannian mean and we use differential geometric tools to give a characterization of this mean.
Soft Switching Isolated Sepic Converter with the Buck-Boost Type of Active Clamp (2007)

A zero voltage switching (ZVS) isolated Sepic converter with active clamp topology is presented. The buck-boost type of active clamp is connected in parallel with the primary side of the transformer to absorb all the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance and to limit the peak voltage on the switching device. During the transition interval between the main and auxiliary switches, the resonance based on the output capacitor of switch and the transformer leakage inductor can achieve ZVS for both switches. The operational principle, steady state analysis and design consideration of the proposed converter are presented. Finally, the proposed converter is verified by the experimental results based on an 180 W prototype circuit.
Sonic hedgehog—induced neural precursor proliferation after adult rodent spinal cord injury (2003)

Exogenous Shh administration promotes nestin-positive cell proliferation after SCI in adult rodents. These cells are believed to be derived from neural precursor cells. The populations of oligodendrocyte precursors and neurons were likewise increased in Shh-treated rats, suggesting that these cells may be derived from neural stem cells.
Docosahexaenoic Acid, a Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-α Ligand, Induces Apoptosis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Stimulation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (2000)

Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) have been shown to exert a blood pressure-lowering effect in hypertension, possibly in part by influencing vascular structure. We previously demonstrated that n-3 FAs induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis, which could exert an effect on the structure of blood vessels. In the present study, we investigated signaling pathways through which n-3 FAs mediate apoptosis in VSMCs. Cultured mesenteric VSMCs from Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a representative n-3 FAs. Morphological changes in apoptosis and DNA fragmentation were examined with phase-contrast microscopy and fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33342 staining. To clarify possible pathways of apoptosis, we evaluated the expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, bax, bcl-2, cytochrome c, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) with Western blot analysis. DHA treatment induced cell shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing, and apoptotic bodies in VSMCs. DHA time-dependently activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, bax, PPAR-alpha, and cytochrome c, with maximal effects obtained after 5 and 30 minutes and 1 and 3 hours, respectively. SB-203580 and SB-202190, selective p38 inhibitors, reduced DHA-elicited apoptosis and expression of PPAR-alpha but had no effect on the expression of bax or cytochrome c. The present results indicate that DHA induces apoptosis in VSMCs through >/=2 distinct mechanisms: (1) a p38-dependent pathway that regulates PPAR-alpha and (2) a p38-independent pathway via dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release. The death-signaling pathway stimulated by DHA may involve an integration of these multiple pathways. By triggering VSMC apoptosis, DHA may play a pathophysiological role in vascular remodeling in cardiovascular disease.
A new fast motion estimation and mode decision algorithm for H.264 depth maps encoding in free viewpoint TV (2011)

In this paper, we consider a scenario where 3D scenes are modeled through a View+Depth representation. This representation is to be used at the rendering side to generate synthetic views for free viewpoint video. The encoding of both type of data (view and depth) is carried out using two H.264/AVC encoders. In this scenario we address the reduction of the encoding complexity of depth data. Firstly, an analysis of the Mode Decision and Motion Estimation processes has been conducted for both view and depth sequences, in order to capture the correlation between them. Taking advantage of this correlation, we propose a fast mode decision and motion estimation algorithm for the depth encoding. Results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the computational burden with a negligible loss in terms of quality of the rendered synthetic views. Quality measurements have been conducted using the Video Quality Metric.
Assessment of local hydraulic properties from electrical resistivity tomography monitoring of a three‐dimensional synthetic tracer test experiment (2011)

In recent years geophysical methods have become increasingly popular for hydrological applications. Time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) represents a potentially powerful tool for subsurface solute transport characterization since a full picture of the spatiotemporal evolution of the process can be obtained. However, the quantitative interpretation of tracer tests is difficult because of the uncertainty related to the geoelectrical inversion, the constitutive models linking geophysical and hydrological quantities, and the a priori unknown heterogeneous properties of natural formations. Here an approach based on the Lagrangian formulation of transport and the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation technique is applied to assess the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity K by incorporating time‐lapse cross‐hole ERT data. Electrical data consist of three‐dimensional cross‐hole ERT images generated for a synthetic tracer test in a heterogeneous aquifer. Under the assumption that the solute spreads as a passive tracer, for high Peclet numbers the spatial moments of the evolving plume are dominated by the spatial distribution of the hydraulic conductivity. The assimilation of the electrical conductivity 4D images allows updating of the hydrological state as well as the spatial distribution of K . Thus, delineation of the tracer plume and estimation of the local aquifer heterogeneity can be achieved at the same time by means of this interpretation of time‐lapse electrical images from tracer tests. We assess the impact on the performance of the hydrological inversion of (i) the uncertainty inherently affecting ERT inversions in terms of tracer concentration and (ii) the choice of the prior statistics of K . Our findings show that realistic ERT images can be integrated into a hydrological model even within an uncoupled inverse modeling framework. The reconstruction of the hydraulic conductivity spatial distribution is satisfactory in the portion of the domain directly covered by the passage of the tracer. Aside from the issues commonly affecting inverse models, the proposed approach is subject to the problem of the filter inbreeding and the retrieval performance is sensitive to the choice of K prior geostatistical parameters.
The impact of meloxicam on postsurgical stress associated with cautery dehorning (2009)

The objectives were to determine the duration of the stress response associated with cautery dehorning and to assess the effectiveness of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam (Metacam, 20 mg/mL solution for injection) for reducing that response. Sixty Holstein heifer calves were blocked by age and randomly assigned to receive an i.m. injection of meloxicam or a placebo (0.5 mg/kg). All calves were given a lidocaine cornual nerve block delivered 5 mL per side 10 min before dehorning. To establish baseline values, calves were sham dehorned 24 h before actual dehorning. Blood samples were taken via indwelling jugular catheters at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after the procedure. Heart and respiratory rates were also taken at these times. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Analysis of covariance was employed to assess the difference between sham and dehorning at each time period. Dehorning was associated with elevated serum cortisol (d -1: 33.9 +/- 1.26; d 0: 46.2 +/- 2.33 nmol/L) and heart rate (d -1: 108 +/- 1.8; d 0: 109.4 +/- 2.4 beats per minute) in both groups for 24 h, and elevated respiratory rate (sham: 42.2 +/- 1.95 vs. dehorning: 45.1 +/- 2.19 respirations per minute) in both groups for 6 h. A treatment x time interaction was found for cortisol, with meloxicam calves having lower serum cortisol than controls until 6 h after dehorning (meloxicam: 49.7 +/- 4.37 vs. control: 63.0 +/- 6.94 nmol/L). There was no difference between the treatment groups at 24 h (meloxicam: 35.2 +/- 2.74 and control: 34.8 +/- 3.64 nmol/L of cortisol). Overall, the changes in heart rates (increase meloxicam: 3.74 +/- 0.96 vs. control: 4.70 +/- 1.87) and respiratory rates (increase meloxicam: 2 +/- 0.1 vs. control: 4 +/- 0.2) were greater in the control group compared with the meloxicam group. These results indicate that meloxicam reduced the physiological stress response to dehorning.
The antipsychotic drug aripiprazole (ABILIFY<sup>&reg;</sup>) (2006)

統合失調症は，生涯罹病危険率が人口の0.75～1 %を占める代表的な精神疾患であり，中枢のドパミン作動性神経の過剰活動にその主な原因があると考えられている（ドパミン過剰仮説）．過去には，クロルプロマジンを始めとしてハロペリドールなどのドパミンD2受容体アンタゴニスト作用を有する薬剤が数多く開発された．これら定型抗精神病薬は総合失調症の症状の中で，幻覚，妄想および精神運動性興奮などの陽性症状に対しては効果がある反面，情動の平板化，感情的引きこもりおよび運動減退などのいわゆる陰性症状に対しては効果が弱い．安全性の面では，アカシジア，ジストニア，パーキンソン様運動障害などの錐体外路系副作用が多く，高プロラクチン血症が問題になっていた．1990年代に入って，非定型抗精神病薬の概念を確立させたクロザピンに続くオランザピンの開発，リスペリドンを始めとするserotonin-dopamine antagonist（SDA）の開発などで，先述した定型抗精神病薬の欠点の中で特に錐体外路系副作用を軽減することができた．しかし，非定型抗精神病薬の残る副作用として，体重増加，脂質代謝異常，過鎮静作用，心臓QT間隔延長などがクローズアップされ，より安全性と効果の面で優れた，次世代の抗精神病薬の登場が待たれていた．大塚製薬では，1970年代後半より，統合失調症のドパミン過剰仮説にのっとり，シナプス前部位ドパミン自己受容体へのアゴニストの研究を開始した．その後，その研究をシナプス前部位ドパミン自己受容体へはアゴニストそしてシナプス後部位ドパミンD2受容体に対してはアンタゴニストとして作用する新しい化合物の研究へと発展させ，その成果として，ドパミンD2受容体部分アゴニスト，アリピプラゾールを見出した．アリピプラゾールは，ドパミンD2受容体部分アゴニスト作用を有する世界で初めての抗精神病薬であり，既存薬とは異なりドパミン神経伝達に対してdopamine system stabilizer（DSS）として働くことより次世代の抗精神病薬として注目されている．
Global optimization of a neural network-hidden Markov model hybrid (2002)

An original method for integrating artificial neural networks (ANN) with hidden Markov models (HMM) is proposed. ANNs are suitable for performing phonetic classification, whereas HMMs have been proven successful at modeling the temporal structure of the speech signal. In the approach described, the ANN outputs constitute the sequence of observation vectors for the HMM. An algorithm is proposed for global optimization of all the parameters. Results on speaker-independent recognition experiments using this integrated ANN-HMM system on the TIMIT continuous speech database are reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Origin of Missouri Fire Clays (1953)

Abstract The origin of Missouri fire clays is interpreted from the testimony of the clays in terms of the geologic setting in which they were deposited and developed. Hence, the approach to the interpretation is fundamentally that of sedimentary petrology, rather than economic geology. The clays, as sedimentary rocks, are considered to be the products (mineralogic and geologic) resulting from the responses of their source materials to the energetics of the physical and chemical environments which were impressed upon them during the time interval of their deposition and diagenesis. The fire clays are inferred to have a sedimentary origin; it is believed that their present-day characteristics were essentially developed in the time intervals of the Cheltenham to pre-Fort Scott (Pennsylvanian) age. The different varieties of fire clay are interpreted as different lithofacies within a continuous Cheltenham deposit. The high-alumina facies (diaspore-burley and boehmite) appears to have been formed by severe leaching on a relatively stable land area, whereas the kaolinitic-illitic facies (semi-plastic to semi-flint clay) seem to characterize products formed near the margin of a slowly sinking depositional region. Both processes of destruction and construction (“katamorphism” and “anamorphism,” as used by Van Hise, 1904) appear to have operated in the genesis of the clay minerals. Evidence points toward a negative Eh and an approximately neutral to slightly acid pH during the formation of the clays. The presence of diaspore and boehmite and the absence of gibbsite in the high-alumina clay are interpreted as indications of leaching of clay minerals under waterlogged conditions. Diaspore may inherit part of the crystal structure and energy of the kaolinite from which it was derived.
Polymyositis Mediated by T Lymphocytes That Express the γ/δ Receptor (1991)

The invasion and destruction of nonnecrotic muscle fibers by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells is considered a hallmark of polymyositis. In the cases of polymyositis reported so far, the autoinvasive CD8+ T cells expressed the common form of T-cell receptor for the recognition of antigen, the so-called α/β T-cell receptor. We describe a 69-year-old man with polymyositis mediated by CD4—, CD8— T cells expressing the recently discovered, uncommon γ/δ T-cell receptor.
Cross-reactive and strain-specific antipeptide antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK and PAO pili (1990)

Antipeptide antibodies were raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to the amino acid sequences of eight surface predicted regions of the pilin proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK and PAO. Four of the anti-PAK peptide antisera cross-reacted with strain PAO pili, while five anti-PAO peptide antisera cross-reacted with strain PAK pili. Only one region of the two pilin proteins (region 88-97) provided strain-specific antibodies when either strain PAK or strain PAO region 88-97 peptides were used to generate antipeptide antibodies. Our results clearly showed that cross-reactive and strain-specific antibodies cannot be based solely on the degree of homology in the aligned protein sequences. The majority of synthetic peptides bound to their homologous antipilus antiserum, suggesting that linear sequences play a significant role in the immunogenic response of native pili.
Enhanced level shifter for multi-voltage operation (2015)

A novel level-up shifter with dual supply voltage is proposed. The proposed design significantly reduces the short circuit current in conventional cross-coupled topology, improving the transient power consumption. Compared with the bootstrapping technique, the proposed circuit consumes significantly less area, making it more practical for ICs with a large number of supply voltages. The minimum power-delay product (PDP) for each level shifter is analyzed and compared. Worst-case corner analysis is performed for transient power, delay, and leakage power. The dependence of power and delay on input supply voltage level is also investigated for each topology. Simulation results demonstrate 43% and 36% reduction in, respectively, transient power and leakage power as compared to cross-coupled level shifter, while consuming 9.5% and 79.5% less physical area than, respectively, cross-coupled and bootstrapping techniques.
Database independent migration of objects into an object-relational database (2003)

CERN's (European Organization for Nuclear Research) WISDOM project deals with the replication of data between homogeneous sources in a wide area network (WAN) using the eXtensible Markup Language (XML). The last phase of the WISDOM (Wide-area, database Independent Serialization of Distributed Objects for data Migration) project, indicates the future directions for this work to be to incorporate heterogeneous sources as compared to homogeneous sources. This work will become essential for the CERN community once the need to transfer their legacy data to some other source, other then Objectivity, arises. Oracle 9i - an object relational database (including support for abstract data types, ADTs) appears to be a potential candidate for the physics event store in the CERN CMS experiment. Consequently this database has been selected for study. As a result of this work the HEP community can have a tool for migrating their data from Objectivity to Oracle9i.
Calcium-dependent interaction of the cytoplasmic region of synaptotagmin with membranes. Autonomous function of a single C2-homologous domain. (1994)

The synaptic vesicle protein synaptotagmin has been implicated in the docking and subsequent calcium-regulated exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. We demonstrate that synaptotagmin is a major constituent of synaptic vesicle membranes, comprising 7-8% of the total vesicle protein. A proteolytic fragment of synaptotagmin, containing two repeats homologous to the C2-domain of protein kinase C, bound to a variety of natural membranes in a calcium-dependent manner (EC50 approximately 30 microM calcium). Binding was insensitive to proteolysis of the acceptor membranes suggesting an interaction with the lipid constituents. This interaction was confirmed using a recombinant fusion protein, containing both C2-like domains of synaptotagmin, that bound to artificial liposomes in a calcium-dependent manner. Phospholipid binding properties were preserved in a 114-amino acid domain corresponding to the first C2-like repeat of the protein and represents the shortest functional cassette yet reported. Furthermore, deletion of a highly conserved 9-amino acid motif, within this region, was sufficient to abolish the calcium-dependent phospholipid binding properties of this domain. This mutation may provide a means to selectively disrupt individual C2-domains in order to assess their relative contributions to function.
Mechanisms of constitutive activation of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase. (1997)

We investigated the mechanism of constitutive activation of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) found in the FMA3 murine mastocytoma cell line, and compared it with the mechanisms observed in other tumor mast cell lines (the HMC-1 human mast cell leukemia cell line, the RBL-2H3 rat mast cell leukemia cell line, and the P-815 murine mastocytoma cell line). The c-kit gene obtained from FMA3 cells was found to have 21-base deletion at the juxtamembrane domain of KIT, thereby leading to the constitutive activation of KIT. The deletion at the juxtamembrane domain resulted in constitutive dimerization of c-kit proteins, whereas the point mutation that were detected at the kinase domain of KIT in HMC-1, RBL-2H3, and P-815 cells caused constitutive activation of KIT without dimerization. These constitutively activating mutations of c-kit may play a role in development of mast cell tumors.
Digital Transmission Design and Jitter Analysis (1991)

Introduction to digital transmission design line coding waveform shaping clock recovery jitter generation jitter accumulation computer simulation transmission system design solutions.