gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, thermal stability and photoresponsive behaviors of azobenzene-tethered polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (2011)

A series of azobenzene-tethered polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) derivatives, i.e.monoazobenzene-substituted POSS (MonoAzo-POSS), bisazobenzene-substituted POSS (BisAzo-POSS) and triazobenzene-substituted POSS (TriAzo-POSS), were synthesized through the amidation acidylation of aminopropylisobutyl POSS and benzoic acid derivatives (AzoMs) with one, two and three azobenzene groups (AzoM1, AzoM2 and AzoM3). Their structures were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra, and their thermal stability and photoresponsive behaviors in DMF solutions were evaluated with TGA, XRD and UV-vis spectra, respectively. The results indicated that the thermal stability and photoisomerization of azobenzenes could be effectively controlled by their molecular structure. In MonoAzo-POSS, the large steric hindrance of POSS destroys the molecular ordering and limits the molecular packing, contributing to its poor thermal stability. And the low molecular ordering of MonoAzo-POSS offers an azo group with large free space, and its trans–cisphotoisomerization rate increases accordingly. But, in BisAzo-POSS and TriAzo-POSS, the incorporation of POSS units does not impact on the regularity of azobenzenes obviously, and the hindrance effect of nanosize POSS on the molecular motion plays a primary role in increasing their high thermal stability. Their photoisomerization rates decrease due to the steric hindrance of POSS and the unfolding structure of the azo moieties in BisAzo-POSS and TriAzo-POSS.
Xpert<sup>®</sup> MTB/RIF for national tuberculosis programmes in low-income countries: when, where and how? (2011)

Xpert ® MTB/RIF offers new and important possibilities for the diagnosis of sputum smear-negative tuberculosis (TB) and/or rifampicin (RMP) resistance, and many are encouraging rapid and widespread implementation. This simple test can be implemented almost everywhere, and it provides results within a few hours. In low-income countries (LICs), however, its cost, environmental limitations (stable and regular electricity, adequate room temperature) and difficulties involved in supply and maintenance are major obstacles. While it may be suitable for major reference hospitals, operational research is needed to evaluate the test and its additional yield above high-quality smear microscopy and clinical algorithms before its use at the peripheral level. In the meantime, direct microscopy should remain the initial diagnostic test for TB suspects. In most LICs, the prevalence of RMP resistance among new TB patients is very low; an Xpert MTB/RIF result indicating RMP resistance will thus always need confirmation by another test. In a population at high risk of RMP resistance (> 15%), however, the positive predictive value for RMP resistance by Xpert MTB/RIF is high, and identification of RMP resistance is an excellent proxy for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The assay should be widely used for this purpose if, and only if, excellent MDR-TB management is available, both for ethical reasons and to reduce the risk of extensively drug-resistant TB.
Sleep-Stage and Event Dependency of Brain Asynchrony as manifested through surface EEG (2007)

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a core measurement in overnight sleep studies. In this paper we study functional asymmetries of the brain as manifested through spectral correlation coefficient. Our target group is patients symptomatic of sleep apnea and referred for routine Polysomnography (PSG) testing at the hospital. We measured EEG data (using electrodes C4/A1 and C3/A2 of the International 10/20 System) as a part of the routine PSG test. Spectral correlation coefficients were computed between EEG data from the two hemispheres, for each frequency band of interest: delta, theta, alpha, and beta. Our results indicated that hemispheric correlation distinctly changes with the gross sleep type (REM/NREM) as well as with different sleep stages (stages 1-4) within NREM. It also varies in the presence of arousal events and apnea. These results may provide a basis for novel insights into the functional asymmetries of brain in sleep and sleep associated events such as arousals and apnea.
Overexpression of phospholipase C-gamma 1 in familial adenomatous polyposis. (1994)

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes occupy a central role in the signal transduction system by regulating various cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, we examined the contents of PLCs in colorectal adenomas, carcinomas, and normal mucosa obtained from 4 familial adenomatous polyposis patients to find out whether this enzyme plays any role in the pathogenesis of adenomas and/or carcinomas in familial adenomatous polyposis. Radioimmunoassay and immunoblot analysis revealed that in contrast to little difference in PLC-beta 1 and PLC-delta 1 content, a considerably higher level of PLC-gamma 1 was detected in 3 of 4 cases for adenoma and in all cases for carcinoma as compared to normal mucosa. The level of PLC-gamma 1 expression increased from normal mucosa to adenoma, and finally to carcinoma progressively. Immunohistochemical findings also confirmed this observation. Likewise, activity of PLC-gamma 1 was considerably higher in adenomas and carcinomas than in normal mucosa. These results suggest that PLC-gamma 1-mediated signal transduction may play a significant role in the progression of colorectal tumors in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis.
Antibacterial Activity of Eravacycline (TP-434), a Novel Fluorocycline, against Hospital and Community Pathogens (2013)

Eravacycline (TP-434 or 7-fluoro-9-pyrrolidinoacetamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline) is a novel fluorocycline that was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against panels of recently isolated aerobic and anaerobic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Eravacycline showed potent broad-spectrum activity against 90% of the isolates (MIC90) in each panel at concentrations ranging from ≤0.008 to 2 μg/ml for all species panels except those of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia (MIC90 values of 32 μg/ml for both organisms). The antibacterial activity of eravacycline was minimally affected by expression of tetracycline-specific efflux and ribosomal protection mechanisms in clinical isolates. Furthermore, eravacycline was active against multidrug-resistant bacteria, including those expressing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and mechanisms conferring resistance to other classes of antibiotics, including carbapenem resistance. Eravacycline has the potential to be a promising new intravenous (i.v.)/oral antibiotic for the empirical treatment of complicated hospital/health care infections and moderate-to-severe community-acquired infections.
Cooperativity Scale: A Structure–Mechanism Correlation in the Self-Assembly of Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (2017)

The self-assembly of small and well-defined molecules using noncovalent interactions to generate various nano- and microarchitectures has been extensively studied. Among various architectures, one-dimensional (1-D) nano-objects have garnered significant attention. It has become increasingly evident that a cooperative or nucleation-elongation mechanism of polymerization leads to highly ordered 1-D supramolecular polymers, analogous to shape-persistent biopolymers such as actin. With this in mind, achieving cooperativity in self-assembled structures has been actively pursued with significant success. Only recently, researchers are focusing on the origin of the mechanism at the molecular level in different synthetic systems. Taking a step further, a thorough quantitative structure-mechanism correlation is crucial to control the size, shape, and functions of supramolecular polymers, and this is currently lacking in the literature. Among a plethora of molecules, benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (BTAs) provide a unique combination of important noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, π-stacking, and hydrophobic interactions, for self-assembly and synthetic ease. Due to the latter, a diverse range of BTA derivatives with all possible structural mutations have been synthesized and studied during the past decade, mainly from our group. With such a large body of experimental results on BTA self-assembly, it is time to embark on a structure-mechanism correlation in this family of molecules, and a first step toward this will form the main focus of this Account. The origin of the cooperative mechanism of self-assembly in BTAs has been ascribed to 3-fold intermolecular hydrogen bonding (HB) between monomers based on density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interaction forms the central premise of this work, in which we evaluate the effect of different moieties such as alkyl chains, and amino acids, attached to the core amides on the strength of intermolecular HB, which consequently governs the extent of cooperativity (quantified by the cooperativity factor, σ). In addition to this, we evaluate the effect of amide connectivity (C- vs N-centered), the role of solvents, amides vs thioamides, and finally the influence of the benzene vs cyclohexane core on the σ. Remarkably, every subtle structural change in the BTA monomer seems to affect the cooperativity factor in a systematic and rationalizable way. The take home message will be that the cooperativity factor (σ) in the BTA family forms a continuous spectrum from 1 (isodesmic) to <10<sup>-6</sup> (highly cooperative) and it can be tuned based on the appropriate modification of the BTA monomer. We anticipate that these correlations drawn from the BTA series will be applicable to other systems in which HB is the main driving force for cooperativity. Thus, the understanding gained from such correlations on a prototypical self-assembling motif such as BTA will aid in designing more complex systems with distinct functions.
The Dynamics of Education, Work, and Family: A Fifteen-Year Perspective on Post-Secondary Education (2010)

This paper focuses on the links between the education, family, and professional life of men and women in British Columbia. As surveys (questionnaires and interviews) reveal, the revolution for women in terms of career, independence, and family remains incomplete. Whatever their level of education, women are still less likely to work full-time than their male counterparts. Fifteen years after they completed secondary education, most of the women interviewed about their life paths were married and had children. Women do still more household chores than five years earlier. These findings are at odds with those showing that more educated men engage more in household chores, childcare especially (Bianchi et al. 2000, Bonk & Esping-Andersen 2008), but confirm that the revolution towards gender equality at work and at home is still at a dead end (Hochschild 1989).
Activation of Prostate-Specific Antigen Precursor (pro-PSA) by Prostin, a Novel Human Prostatic Serine Protease Identified by Degenerate PCR<sup>,</sup> (2001)

A novel serine protease was found in human prostate by degenerate oligonucleotide PCR amplification and cloned. The zymogen form of this enzyme, named prostinogen, is composed of 240 amino acid residues with an amino-terminal propiece of 5 residues and a 235-residue mature enzyme. The transcript has a signal peptide of 15 amino acid residues. The mature enzyme has 41% sequence identity with prostate specific antigen (PSA). Prostinogen was expressed in Escherichia coli and refolded from inclusion bodies. The zymogen, with a molecular mass of 28 kDa, was readily activated by agarose-immobilized trypsin to generate prostin, a serine protease, which cleaves the chromogenic substrate (N-benzoyl-L-Ile-L-Glu-L-Gly-L-Arg-p-nitroaniline hydrochloride) (S-2222). Recombinant prostin readily activates the precursor of PSA (pro-PSA) by cleavage of the amino terminal Arg(7)-Ile(8) peptide bond. These results indicate that prostin may be a physiological activator of pro-PSA following its own proteolytic activation, as part of a cascade system involving a series of serine protease precursor proteins in the prostate.
Cylindrical electrochemical sensor fabricated by rotated inkjet printing on flexible substrate for glucose monitoring (2017)

This paper reports a novel electrochemical glucose sensor fabricated on the flexible cylindrical substrate with bigger working electrode surface by the rotated inkjet printing method to overcome the challenge of hypoglycemia detection in clinics. The rotated inkjet printing technique enables directly patterning microstructures on cylindrical surface which overcomes the limit of the traditional planar micromachining by lithography. (3-Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTES) and (3-Mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) were employed to modify the flexible cylindrical substrate (polyetheretherketone, PEEK) to promote the surface wettability to avoid the coalescence of adjacent droplets, and to promote the adhesion of metals to PEEK which, in turn, is beneficial to constructing stable and durable microelectrodes on the cylindrical surface. Then a bigger working electrode surface is obtained to improve the sensitivity of the sensor which, in turn, enables the potential for hypoglycemia detection. Both of the structure and the manufacturing process of the proposed glucose sensor are much simpler compared with those of the traditional pin-like enzyme electrode sensor.
END-TIDAL PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AS A NONINVASIVE INDICATOR OF SYSTEMIC OXYGEN SUPPLY DEPENDENCY DURING HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK AND RESUSCITATION (1997)

When oxygen delivery (Do2) critically decreases, oxygen consumption (Vo2) becomes supply dependent. We examined whether end-tidal Pco2 (Petco2) would identify supply dependency during shock. Five dogs (Group I) underwent progressive hemorrhage to decrease Do2 until they could no longer maintain a stable blood pressure. Five additional animals (Group II) were bled until Vo2 decreased to 70% of baseline, followed by resuscitation. The Petco2 versus time inflection point was compared with the Do2 at onset of supply dependency (Do2crit). Do2crit for Groups I and II were 6.9 ± .4 and 8.1 ± 1.3, respectively (p = NS), and not statistically different from the Do2 values at which Petco2 decreased (6.6 ± .7 and 6.3 ± .7 mL/kg per min, respectively). At constant minute volume, Petco2 effectively indicated the onset of supply dependency and rapidly increased during resuscitation, paralleling the changes in Vo2 in this model of hemorrhagic shock.
Effect of piperine on the steady‐state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy (2006)

Piperine, the active principle of Piper longum, Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinalis, has been reported to enhance the oral bioavailability of phenytoin in human volunteers. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of a single dose of piperine in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Two groups of 10 patients each receiving either a 150 mg or 200 mg twice daily dose of phenytoin were selected. Twelve hours after the night dose, venous blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 h after administration of phenytoin. On the next study day, piperine 20 mg was administered along with phenytoin and samples were collected similarly. The mean plasma drug concentrations at different time points and the pharmacokinetic parameters before and after piperine administration were compared by Student's t-test. Piperine increased significantly the mean plasma concentration of phenytoin at most of the time points in both dose groups. There was a significant increase in AUC((0-12h)) (p < 0.01), C(max) (p < 0.001) and K(a) (p < 0.05) whereas the changes in K(el) and t(max) were not significant. The results showed that piperine enhanced the bioavailability of phenytoin significantly, possibly by increasing the absorption.
Effect of air blowing on the morphology and nanofiber properties of blowing‐assisted electrospun polycarbonates (2011)

Abstract Polycarbonate (PC) nanofibers are prepared using the air blowing‐assisted electrospinning process. The effects of air blowing pressure and PC solution concentration on the physical properties of fibers and the filtration performance of the nanofiber web are investigated. The air blowing‐assisted electrospinning process produces fewer beads and smaller nanofiber diameters compared with those obtained without air blowing. Uniform PC nanofibers with an average fiber diameter of about 0.170 μm are obtained using an applied voltage of 40 kV, an air blowing pressure of 0.3 MPa, a PC solution concentration of 16%, and a tip‐to‐collection‐screen distance (TCD) of 25 cm. The filtration efficiency improvement of the air blowing‐assisted electrospun web can be attributed to the narrow distribution of fiber diameter and small mean flow pore size of the electrospun web. Performance results show that the air blowing‐assisted electrospinning process can be applied to produce PC nanofiber mats with high‐quality filtration. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Regulated in Vitro Synthesis of Escherichia coli Tryptophan Operon Messenger Ribonucleic Acid and Enzymes (1974)

DNA-dependent synthesis of tryptophan (trp) operon mRNA and enzymes was studied in vitro. With φ80 trpEDCBA template DNA trp operon transcription was initiated primarily at a phage promoter estimated to be approximately 7400 to 8000 nucleotides from trpE. Sequential transcription of trp mRNA in the correct direction proceeded at a rate of about 19 nucleotides per s. Trp mRNA resulting from read-through transcription from the phage promoter was larger than 23 S. Coupled sequential synthesis of trp operon enzymes occurred at a rate of approximately 4 amino acids per s. Experiments were conducted to determine if ribosomes discharge from polycistronic trp mRNA following translation termination at natural chain termination codons. Kasugamycin was used to inhibit reinitiation of translation. Kasugamycin shut down of steady state translation required 6.5 min for trpE enzyme, 7 min for trpD enzyme, and 3 min for trpA enzyme. These results indicate that ribosomes which translate trpE mRNA must discharge and reattach in order to translate trpD mRNA, and that ribosomes that translate trpD mRNA must discharge and reattach in order to translate trpA mRNA. Kasugamycin inhibition of trpD enzyme and trpA enzyme synthesis under appropriate conditions of sequential transcription and coupled translation provided further evidence for obligatory discharge and reattachment of ribosomes. Enzyme synthesis coupled to trp operon-promoted transcription from λh80 trp template DNA was repressible by tryptophan in reaction mixtures containing S-30 extract from trpR+ cells. In contrast, enzyme synthesis coupled to read-through transcription from φ80 trp template DNA was essentially irrepressible. It is concluded that read-through transcription is not repressible in vitro. Trp operon mRNA transcribed from a λh80 trpEDCBA DNA template was smaller than 23 S. The polar mutation trpC6 was expressed in vivo in phage λh80 trpEDCBA 190-9 but not in phage φ80 trpEDCBA 190. Read-through transcription of the trp operon occurs in the latter phage but not in the former. Polarity was not expressed in vitro using template DNA from either phage. Trp operon mRNA was extremely stable in vitro; the half-life varied between 30 min and more than 2 hours.
[The reverse genetics systems for human and animal RNA viruses]. (2004)

The recovery of the virus from genetic materials in in vitro culture systems or sensitive animals is called virus rescue. A functional infectious clone of RNA virus provides unlimited possibility for genetic studies and the related reverse genetics system that allows directed genetic manipulation of an RNA virus is an extremely powerful research tool. In the past twenty years, especially since the first infectious clone of a negative-stranded RNA virus was reported in the mid-1990's, the reverse genetics systems have been available for nearly all the major human and animal RNA virus groups. The article reviews the progress of this technology, highlighting the obstacles in the construction of reverse genetics systems for major groups of human as well as animal RNA viruses and how the virologists overcame them. There are mainly four external expression systems for construction of the RNA virus reverse genetics systems basing on the kind of RNA viruses. These systems include in vitro RNA transcripts, RNA polymerase I-driven expression plasmids, RNA polymerase II-driven expression plasmids and modified vaccinia virus/T7 RNA polymerase-driven expression system. In particular, the viral nucleoprotein and polymerase proteins are required to assemble the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes for the rescue of the negative-stranded RNA viruses. Relevant topics about the rescue of the typical viruses are discussed, including poliovirus with the de novo synthesis, Coronaviridae with the largest size of genome, Flaviviridae with the instable clones, HCV with the quasispecies nature, nodaviruses with the virus-host interaction, influenza virus with the RNA pol I transcription system, Arenavirdae with the ambisense coding strategies etc.
Zika Virus Infection of the Human Glomerular Cells: Implications for Viral Reservoirs and Renal Pathogenesis (2017)

The findings of this study support the notion that the glomerulus may serve as an amplification reservoir for ZIKV in the renal compartment. The impact of ZIKV infection in the human renal compartment is unknown and will require further study.
Measurement of a wind field with an airborne continuous-wave Doppler lidar (1995)

An airborne homodyne conical scanning Doppler lidar for the measurement of a wind field has been built and was operated in a first test flight in May 1994. The design of the optic is described, and the single steps of the signal-processing chain to calculate an average wind are discussed. The results of a flight over Lake Ammersee are presented and are compared with the data obtained from the inertial reference system of the aircraft.
Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 1. Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat (2004)

Physicians, patients and policy-makers are influenced not only by the results of studies but also by how authors present the results.[1][1],[2][2],[3][3],[4][4] Depending on which measures of effect authors choose, the impact of an intervention may appear very large or quite small, even though the
Outage management systems: surviving the implementation (2002)

Electric utilities are looking for better ways to manage operations and satisfy customers. To this end, many electric utilities are actively installing or are considering installing an outage management system (OMS) for their electric distribution operations. While these systems are costly, they provide superb capabilities for swift and accurate dispatching of restoration resources as well as the ability to manage nearly overwhelming amounts of data in an organized manner. While the technical challenges of installing such a system are significant, there are also nontechnical issues that impact the success of the new system. This presentation identifies some of these key issues that are critical to ensure successful implementation of the new system.