gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glance Awareness and Gaze Interaction in Smartwatches (2015)

Smartwatches are widely available and increasingly adopted by consumers. The most common way of interacting with smartwatches is either touching a screen or pressing buttons on the sides. However, such techniques require using both hands. We propose glance awareness and active gaze interaction as alternative techniques to interact with smartwatches. We will describe an experiment conducted to understand the user preferences for visual and haptic feedback on a "glance" at the wristwatch. Following the glance, the users interacted with the watch using gaze gestures. Our results showed that user preferences differed depending on the complexity of the interaction. No clear preference emerged for complex interaction. For simple interaction, haptics was the preferred glance feedback modality.
A net with feedback for recognising deformed patterns (1989)

Describes a neural net which has been used to classify hand printed characters. It is shown that conventional feed-forward nets and discriminant function classifiers are successful where the classes form distinct clusters in feature space, but that this is difficult to achieve for unconstrained hand-printed characters. By training a net with perfect exemplars of each class it is possible to achieve the required separation. These are then generalised by a process of feedback to variable gain binary feature detectors. The net is called NIFTI (net incorporating feedback to inputs).
Electrochemical Immunosensors for Antibodies to Peanut Allergen Ara h2 Using Gold Nanoparticle−Peptide Films (2010)

Life-threatening allergies to peanuts and tree nuts can be revealed by detecting antibodies (IgEs) to their allergens in patient serum. Herein, we compare several immunosensor-like methodologies for sensitive detection of antibodies to a peptide sequence from the major peanut allergen, Arachis hypogaea 2 (Ara h2). The sensors feature a synthetic peptide layer of the major IgE-binding epitope from Ara h2 attached to a dense gold nanoparticle (AuNP) film on a pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrode. The AuNP-peptide sensor was used to determine model chicken antipeanut antibodies (IgY) in serum. Faradaic and nonfaradaic impedance strategies were compared to amperometric detection. Measurements employed goat antichicken secondary antibodies (Ab(2)) labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to bind to IgY on the sensor and provide amplified signals. The best impedimetric sensor configuration featured HPR-catalyzed precipitation of the enzyme product onto the sensor measured by nonfaradaic impedance. This sensor configuration had the best detection limit (DL) of 5 pg mL(-1) and the best linear range of over 5 orders of magnitude (from 5 pg mL(-1) to 1 microg mL(-1)) for IgY antibody in undiluted calf serum. This DL was 100-fold lower than label-free impedimetric immunosensors (0.5 ng mL(-1)) and 60-fold lower than when using HRP-Ab(2) in amperometric immunosensors (0.3 ng mL(-1)).
GC-MS analysis of larvicidal essential oil of Cirsium pendulum Fisch. aerial parts against the Aedes albopictus mosquito (2014)

During the screening program for new agrochemicals from local wild plants, the essential oil of Cirsium pendulum Fisch. aerial parts (Compositae) at flowering stage was found to possess strong larvicidal activity against Aedes albopictus. Water-distilled essential oil from C. pendulum aerial parts was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty-three compounds, accounting for 97.15% of the oil, were identified and β-eudesmol (9.67%), caryophyllene (8.14%), 1,8-cineole (6.80%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.42%) are the four main components of the essential oil followed by camphor (4.46%), δ-cadinene (4.37%) and spathulenol (4.01%). The essential oil of C. pendulum exhibited larvicidal activity against A. albopictus with a median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 46.77 μg/ml. These findings suggested that the essential oil of C. pendulum has potential to be developed as a new natural larvicide for the control of mosquitoes.
Spatial Orientation, Adaptation, and Motion Sickness in Real and Virtual Environments (1992)

Reason and Brand (1975) noted that motion sickness occurs in many situations involving either passive body motion or active interaction with the world via indirect sensorimotor interfaces (e.g., prism spectacles). As might be expected, motion sickness is being reported in VEs that involve apparent self-motion through space, the best known examples being flight simulators (Kennedy et al., 1990). The goals of this paper are to introduce the motion-sickness symptomatology; to outline some concepts that are central to theories of motion sickness, spatial orientation, and adaptation; and to discuss the implications of some trends in VE research and development.
Complementary use of runtime validation and model checking (2005)

The increasing gap between design complexity and compute power for verification necessitates radically new solutions to meet the verification challenges for future generations of hardware designs. Increasingly it will not be possible to completely validate hardware prior to fabrication. We will need to reconcile ourselves to the fact that hardware, like software, will be shipped with bugs. However, this can be acceptable with appropriate mechanisms for runtime validation that detect bugs and recover from them when needed. This paper takes a significant step in examining runtime validation as part of the verification methodology. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of runtime validation and how it may be used to complement model checking in a hybrid methodology. We consider the use of on-chip hardware for detecting bugs using hardware assertions. These assertions may be used for validating abstractions and assumptions for use in offline model checking. Hardware based assertions monitor properties at runtime and do not suffer from the state explosion problem. Offline model checking is used to validate globally distributed properties where runtime error detection has limitations in monitoring and responding to signals separated by many clock cycles. In this case the hardware based runtime validated abstractions and assumptions help in reducing the state space for model checking. Our ideas are demonstrated on a highly concurrent, yet simple to understand token sharing protocol, as well as a fairly complex cache coherence system.
The effect of classifier agreement on the accuracy of the combined classifier in decision level fusion (2001)

Decision level fusion has shown great potential to increase classification accuracy beyond the level reached by individual classifiers. A considerable body of literature exists on identifying optimal ways to combine classifiers. However, the selection of the classifiers to be combined is equally, if not more, crucial if an improvement is to be made for certain classifier combination schemes. Agreement among classifiers can inhibit the gains obtained regardless of the method used to combine them. The level of agreement between different classifiers used in remote sensing is assessed based on statistical measures. A study is performed in which an image is classified by several methods with different degrees of agreement between them. The results are then combined using decision fusion schemes and the increase of accuracy is observed for each combination of the individual classifications.
The rate adapting poisson model for information retrieval and object recognition (2006)

Probabilistic modelling of text data in the bag-of-words representation has been dominated by directed graphical models such as pLSI, LDA, NMF, and discrete PCA. Recently, state of the art performance on visual object recognition has also been reported using variants of these models. We introduce an alternative undirected graphical model suitable for modelling count data. This "Rate Adapting Poisson" (RAP) model is shown to generate superior dimensionally reduced representations for subsequent retrieval or classification. Models are trained using contrastive divergence while inference of latent topical representations is efficiently achieved through a simple matrix multiplication.
Impact of imperfect channel state information upon the outage capacity of Rayleigh fading channels (2005)

The outage capacity of a Rayleigh flat fading channel completely unknown at the transmitter and partially known at the receiver is considered in this paper. Analytical expressions for the upper and lower bounds of the outage capacity of such channels are obtained as a function of the channel estimation error at the receiver. Those results reveal how the noise level and the channel uncertainty combine in reducing the outage capacity of the fading channel. In addition, by deriving an expression for the estimation error variance of pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM), we are able to establish direct relations among estimation parameters, channel characteristics (in terms of SNR and normalized Doppler spread) and its impact on the outage capacity.
The Development of Bispecific Hexavalent Antibodies as a Novel Class of DOCK-AND-LOCKTM (DNLTM) Complexes (2013)

The DOCK-AND-LOCKTM (DNLTM) method provides a modular approach to develop multivalent, multifunctional complexes of defined structures, of which bispecific hexavalent antibodies (bsHexAbs) are prominent examples with potential applications in targeted therapy for malignant, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. Currently, bsHexAbs are constructed by derivatizing a divalent IgG, at the carboxyl termini of either the heavy chain (the CH3-format) or the light chain (the Ck-format), to contain two stabilized dimers of Fab having a different specificity from the IgG. In this review, we briefly outline the features of the DNLTM method and describe key aspects of bsHexAbs examined with diverse preclinical studies, which include binding affinity to target cells, induction of signaling pathways, effector functions, serum stability, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity in human tumor xenograft models. Our findings favor the selection of the CK- over the CH3-format for further exploration of bsHexAbs in clinical trials.
Inhibition of Mitogen-Stimulated Proliferation of Murine Splenocytes by a Novel Neuropeptide, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide: A Comparative Study with Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide* (1991)

Two novel polypeptides known as pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide with 38 residues (PACAP38) and a shorter form of the peptide corresponding to the N-terminal 27 residues (PACAP27) were isolated from ovine hypothalamus. The N-terminal 28 residues of PACAP show 68% homology with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP has been reported to have specific binding sites in lymphocytes and inhibit mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation through a receptor-mediated stimulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Using concanavalin A-induced proliferation of murine splenocytes as a model system, we now report that both PACAP38 and PACAP 27 can inhibit the proliferation of these cells in the same dose-dependent manner as VIP. The minimal effective concentration of the PACAPs was 10(-10)-10(-9) M. However, neither PACAP affected lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation of murine splenocytes. The binding of [125I]PACAP27 to these splenocytes was rapid, time dependent, reversible, and proportional to the numbers of murine splenocytes. Scatchard analysis of displacement of the bound tracer by unlabeled PACAP27 indicated the existence of two classes of binding sites. The dissociation constant (Kd) was 0.86 +/- 0.24 nM and the maximal binding capacity (Bmax) was 1.13 +/- 0.39 fmol/10(6) cells for the high affinity binding site. The low affinity binding site had a Kd of 0.13 +/- 0.03 microM with a Bmax of 73.5 +/- 9.5 fmol/10(6) cells. PACAP38 and VIP displaced the binding of [125I]PACAP27 in the same manner as PACAP27 and Scatchard analyses indicated the presence of two classes of binding sites with Kd and Bmax similar to those for PACAP27. Furthermore, when [125I]VIP was used as a radiolabeled ligand, PACAP27 and PACAP38 displaced the [125I]VIP binding to the same degree as unlabeled VIP. Scatchard analysis indicated that there was no significant difference of the Kd or Bmax between PACAP and VIP. Taken together, these data suggest that PACAPs bind to a site similar or identical to that used by VIP which inhibit the proliferation of murine splenocytes induced by concanavalin A.
Effect of dopants on transmission loss of low-OH-content optical fibres (1976)

We formerly developed very-low-OH-content optical fibres consisting of a borosilicate cladding and a phosphosilicate core. The transmission loss of the fibre was 0.47 dB/km at 1.2 μm. We have further investigated the effects of dopants in pure silica on the losses of fibres. The letter clarifies the effects of dopants on the loss in the near-infrared region.
Inhibition of the initiation of translation by a factor isolated from Escherichia coli cells. (1980)

A low molecular weight factor isolated from Escherichia coli cells was found to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro directed by RNA of bacteriophage R-17. The factor also inhibited poly(U)-directed translation, but higher concentrations were required. When the factor was added after R-17 RNA-directed translation was initiated, the onset of inhibition was delayed. Initiation-independent translation of polysomes was not inhibited. The factor inhibited the binding of N-formylmethionyl-tRNAfMet to 70S ribosomes to form the 70S initiation complex, and it released the N-flrmylmethionyl-tRNAfMet from preformed complexes. The factor did not prevent the formation of N-formylmethionylpuromycin. It was concluded that the factor inhibits specifically the initiation of translation.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Iridium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Primary Amines to Nitriles (2008)

A family of primary amines has been catalytically dehydrogenated to nitriles by [C6H3-2,6-(OPtBu2)2]IrH2 using tert-butylethylene as a hydrogen acceptor. The catalytic mechanism has been investigated by a series of kinetic and isotopic labeling experiments, in addition to the isolation of intermediates along the reaction pathway. The turnover frequency exhibits a first-order dependence on the concentration of amine, an inverse first-order dependence on nitrile, and a zero-order dependence on tert-butylethylene. The mechanism of amine dehydrogenation is proposed to proceed from an iridium(I) nitrile complex, the catalyst resting state, via two preturnover limiting equilibria, followed by a slow β-hydride elimination event from a transient iridium(III) amido hydride species. Measuring rate constants for the stoichiometric dehydrogenation of isobutylamine over a 41 °C temperature range established activation parameters for β-hydride elimination of ΔH⧧ 24.8(9) kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = −10(2) eu. Dehydrogenation of a series of para-substituted benzyl amines indicated enhanced conversions to nitriles for substrates bearing electron-donating substituents.
Investigation of GaN layers grown by high temperature vapor phase epitaxy (2014)

Abstract First experimental results on the growth of GaN films by a modified high temperature vapor phase epitaxy method (HTVPE) are presented. The method bases on a novel growth reactor, which was developed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional HTVPE. GaN films were deposited either on (0001) sapphire substrates or on MOVPE‐grown GaN templates of 15×15 mm 2 with growth rates in the range of 2–7 µm/h. The influence of the substrate temperature and ammonia flow on the structural properties of the deposited films was systematically investigated in experiments on MOVPE templates. It is shown that the structural quality of the templates can be well reproduced in the overgrown layers. The layer quality and the stress relations are found to depend very sensitively on the ammonia flow in the carrier gas. Growth experiments with a direct, high‐temperature deposition of GaN films on sapphire demonstrated a strong dependence of the nucleation process on the substrate temperature and the carrier gas composition. The potential of HTVPE for the heteroepitaxial growth of GaN films on sapphire is discussed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Face recognition using vector quantization histogram method (2003)

We have developed a very simple yet highly reliable face recognition method called the VQ histogram method. A codevector referred (or matched) count histogram, which is obtained by vector quantization (VQ) processing of the facial image, is utilized as a very effective personal feature. By applying appropriate low pass filtering and VQ processing to a facial image, useful features for face recognition can be extracted. Experimental results show a recognition rate of 95.6% for 400 images of 40 persons (10 images per person), which contain variations in lighting, pose, and expression, from the publicly available ORL database. Equal error rate (ERR) of 2.6% is obtained for the verification experiment. By combining multiple low pass filtering procedures, the recognition rate is increased to 97% or higher.
Alternative Therapies Used by Women With Breast Cancer in Four Ethnic Populations (2000)

BACKGROUND: Interest in alternative therapies is growing rapidly in the United States. We studied the types and prevalence of conventional and alternative therapies used by women in four ethnic groups (Latino, white, black, and Chinese) diagnosed with breast cancer from 1990 through 1992 in San Francisco, CA, and explored factors influencing the choices of their therapies. METHODS: Subjects (n = 379) completed a 30-minute telephone interview in their preferred language. Logistic regression models assessed factors associated with the use of alternative therapies after a diagnosis of breast cancer. RESULTS: About one half of the women used at least one type of alternative therapy, and about one third used two types; most therapies were used for a duration of less than 6 months. Both the alternative therapies used and factors influencing the choice of therapy varied by ethnicity. Blacks most often used spiritual healing (36%), Chinese most often used herbal remedies (22%), and Latino women most often used dietary therapies (30%) and spiritual healing (26%). Among whites, 35% used dietary methods and 21% used physical methods, such as massage and acupuncture. In general, women who had a higher educational level or income, were of younger age, had private insurance, and exercised or attended support groups were more likely to use alternative therapies. About half of the women using alternative therapies reported discussing this use with their physicians. More than 90% of the subjects found the therapies helpful and would recommend them to their friends. CONCLUSIONS: Given the high prevalence of alternative therapies used in San Francisco by the four ethnic groups and the relatively poor communication between patients and doctors, physicians who treat patients with breast cancer should initiate dialogues on this topic to better understand patients' choices with regard to treatment options.
Molecular Iodine-Catalyzed Facile Procedure for <i>N</i>-Boc Protection of Amines (2006)

An efficient and practical protocol for the protection of various structurally and electronically divergent aryl and aliphatic amines using (Boc)2O in the presence of a catalytic amount of molecular iodine (10 mol %) under solvent-free conditions at ambient temperature is presented.
The establishment of lymphoblastoid lines from adult and fetal human lymphoid tissue and its dependence on EBV (1971)

Abstract Continuous human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LL), derived from lymphoid tissue or peripheral blood of 20 adults without histories of recent infectious mononucleosis at a frequency close to 100 %, were examined for the presence of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) using immunofluorescence methods for the detection of EBV‐dependent cell membrane and EB viral capsid antigens. All lines except one were found to be EBV carriers in the initial tests, but the antigens gradually disappeared in most during the course of an observation period of 4 months. Only eight lines maintained the initial percentage of antigen‐containing cells. The results of the two immunofluorescence tests, performed simultaneously on each cell pool, were concordant in all instances. Sera were available from 16/20 donors. All cell donors, except one, possessed antibodies to EBV as an indication of prior EBV infections. The growth‐promoting role of EBV in the establishment of LL was supported by studies with fetal lymphoid tissue cultured by the same grid method which yielded the high frequency of LL from adults. In sharp contrast to the results obtained with adult lymphoid tissue, no lines were established from 20 fetuses aged 13‐20 weeks. However, when such tissue was exposed to a cell‐free filtrate prepared from an EBV‐carrying LL lymphoblastoid cell, lines were established in some instances. Filtrate from an EBV‐negative line inoculated into parallel cultures failed to promote the establishment of LL. The results indicate that EBV infection in vivo or in vitro may be a prerequisite for the indefinite growth of lymphoblastoid cells in vitro and that EBV infections, as a rule, are not vertically transmitted.
Influence of Additives and Surface Topography on the Alignment of Nematic Liquid Crystals (1982)

Abstract Observations of the influence of a simultaneous action of different surface topographies and polar or nonpolar additives in small concentration on the alignment properties of liquid crystal molecules are reported. The additive dependence of the threshold behaviour of planar aligned liquid crystal cells is also studied.
Isolation of an avian erythrocyte protein possessing ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and capable of activating adenylate cyclase (1978)

An ADP-ribosyltransferase was purified approximately 500-fold from the supernatant fraction of turkey erythrocytes. The enzyme hydrolyzed [carbonyl-(14)C]NAD to ADP-ribose and [carbonyl-(14)C]nicotinamide at a low rate. Nicotinamide formation from NAD was enhanced by arginine methyl ester > D-arginine approximately L-arginine > guanidine; lysine, histidine, and citrulline were ineffective. Incubation of [adenine-U-(14)C]NAD and arginine methyl ester or arginine with the purified enzyme resulted in the formation of new compounds that contained (14)C, reacted with ninhydrin, and quenched background fluorescence of thin-layer plates viewed in ultraviolet light. Their mobilities on thin-layer chromatograms were indistinguishable from those of ADP-ribosylarginine methyl ester and ADP-ribosylarginine formed during incubation of choleragen with NAD and arginine methyl ester or arginine, respectively [Moss, J. & Vaughan, M. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2455-2457]. The purified transferase also catalyzed the incorporation of label from [adenine-(14)C]-NAD into lysozyme, histones and polyarginine. When the (14)C-labeled lysozyme was incubated with snake venom phosphodiesterase, the radioactivity was released and, on thin-layer chromatograms, exhibited a mobility indistinguishable from that of 5'-AMP, as would be expected of an ADP-ribosylated protein, but not of a poly(ADP-ribosylated) product. The purified transferase activated rat brain adenylate cyclase and, as is the case with choleragen, activation was absolutely dependent on NAD. The presence in the avian erythrocyte of a protein that, like choleragen and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, apparently activates adenylate cyclase and possesses ADP-ribosyl transferase activity is consistent with the view that the mechanisms through which the bacterial toxins produce pathology are not entirely foreign to vertebrate cells, at least some of which may possess and employ an analogous mechanism for activation of adenylate cyclase.