gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of buffer layer design on the performance of AlInAs-GaInAs HEMTs (1989)

The authors report a study of the impact of buffer layer design on the characteristics of Al/sub 0.48/In/sub 0.52/As-Ga/sub 0.47/In/sub 0.53/As HEMTs (high-electron-mobility transistors). The aim of the study is to understand and correct the problem of high output conductance observed in devices with a high transconductance. Devices with 1.0- mu m gate lengths were fabricated using modulation-doped Al/sub 0.48/In/sub 0.52/As-Ga/sub 0.47/In/sub 0.53/As epitaxial layers which had sheet charge densities between 3*10/sup 12/ and 3.5*10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/ and mobilities at 300 K between 9000 and 10000 cm V/sup -1/ S/sup -1/. The different buffer layer designs used were: (1) a standard undoped Al/sub 0.48/In/sub 0.52/As buffer 250-nm-thick; (2) an Al/sub 0.48/In/sub 0.52/As buffer with a 20-AA thick highly doped p-type region 50 AA below the channel; (3) a Ga/sub 0.47/In/sub 0.53/As buffer with a 20-AA-thick highly doped p-type region below the channel; and (4) a low-temperature AlInAs buffer layer. The device with the low-temperature AlInAs had the best output characteristics, signifying that it was the best mode of confining electrons in the channel.
Flavopiridol potentiates STI571-induced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in BCR-ABL-positive human leukemia cells. (2002)

Together, these findings indicate that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol induces multiple perturbations in signaling pathways in STI571-treated Bcr/Abl(+) human leukemia cells that culminate in mitochondrial injury, caspase activation, and apoptosis. They also suggest that simultaneous disruption of survival signaling and cell cycle regulatory pathways may represent an effective strategy in Bcr/Abl(+) malignancies.
DOES THE METABOLIC COST OF LOAD CARRIAGE DIFFER BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES (2018)

R.L. Baker, K.M. Berglund, H.E. Habighorst, J.T. Strang, C.J. Alfiero, M.W. Bundle University of Montana, Missoula, MT PURPOSE: The scientific understanding of energy use during load carriage suggests that the additional metabolic increment necessary to support an external load is determined by the load’s percentage of the subject’s body weight. Accordingly, for comparison purposes experimental undertakings often adjust the mass of an external load to represent a constant fraction of each subject’s mass. However, in occupational and applied settings, individuals are frequently asked to support similar absolute loads irrespective of their body weight. Here, we evaluated whether the energy requirements in male and female subjects differed during treadmill walking across a range of speeds, while supporting a common 20.5kg external load. METHODS: We measured VO2during three, 5min trials, administered with a 20.5kg pack, on a level treadmill at 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 m s-1, from 20 young adults(age = 22.1±2.4 yrs),who had been assigned as sex-matched pairs on the basis of mass (10 males, Mb= 72.6±6.3kg; 10 females, Mb = 72.8±6.2kg; range 63.6-82.7kg, difference between pairs = 0.6±0.5kg, max 1.4kg). RESULTS: Measured values of VO2in females were 24.7±4.2, 28.9±3.7, and 30.8±3.3ml kg-1 min-1at 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9 m s-1, respectively, whereas these values in males, although lower, were statistically(min p-value = 0.08) indistinguishable and were 23.1±3.3, 25.8±3.7, and 30.1±4.6 ml kg-1 min-1at the same speeds. Nonetheless, we note our data provide 27 points of comparison, with identical loads, at similar speeds (3 of 10 female subjects were unable to complete the 1.9 m s-1trial), across 10 males and females who are very similar in mass; in 8 of these 27 points of comparison females were more economical than their matched pair. CONCLUSION: Our data lends support to the presence of a sex based difference in load carriage economy, warranting further study. We note also that the similar rates of energy expenditure between the sexes observed here, translate to higher relative intensities for females due to their likely lower mass-specific aerobic capacities (i.e. VO2max). This work was supported by a multi-investigator award, US Forest Service Agreement # 16-CR-11138200-005, to MB and colleagues.
Investigation of the kinetics and mechanism of the dehydrogenation of isobutane on platinum-tin catalysts (1987)

An investigation has been made of the kinetics and mechanism for the dehydrogenation of isobutane on platinum-tin catalysts having different tin concentrations. It has been shown that the maximum activity is possessed by a catalyst containing 2% tin. On this catalyst the kinetic isotopic effect has been measured, in which the hydrogen was replaced by deuterium and the isotopic distribution has been measured for the exchange products between isobutane, isobutylene and deuterium. A stagewise system for the mechanism of the process and kinetic equations, proposed previously for the reaction on platinum and platinum-indium catalysts are fully applicable also to reactions on catalysts containing tin.
A Double-Blind Clinical Trial to Compare the Effects of 4-Aminosalicylic Acid to 5-Aminosalicylic Acid in Topical Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis (1984)

5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is the active component of Salazopyrin and induces a prompt and excellent improvement, when administered as high dosage enema, in patients suffering from active ulcerative colitis. However, the high instability of this metabolite makes its large use difficult. We aimed at finding a more stable preparation and therefore wondered whether another similar molecule, i.e. 4-aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA, generally known as p-aminosalicylic acid, PAS), which differs from 5-ASA only for the position of the amino group, might be a valid alternative. Therefore, 4-ASA at 2 g dosage, administered as rectal enema, was compared to an equivalent preparation of 5-ASA. We carried out a double-blind therapeutical trial, in which 63 patients, similarly matched for age, sex and extent of disease, took part. The analysis of the final results showed that in the 5-ASA group, 26 (81%) out of 32 patients improved clinically, 25 (78%) sigmoidoscopically and 15 (46%) histologically. In the group of the 31 patients treated with 4-ASA, 24 (77%) improved clinically, 24 (77%) sigmoidoscopically and 13 (41%) histologically. Since no difference was registered between the two types of treatment (p = 0.141, X2 test), 4-ASA could be a possible form of treatment for active ulcerative colitis.
T lymphocyte‐mediated antiviral immune responses in mice are diminished by treatment with monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin‐2 receptor (1994)

Blocking the interleukin-2 receptor's alpha-chain in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice by treatment with monoclonal antibodies diminished the increase of numbers of CD8+ T lymphocytes in spleens and prevented CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated virus clearance from organs as well as generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Also, the CD8+ T cell-mediated early phase of the delayed-type hypersensitivity footpad swelling reaction was decreased. The same treatment had no effect on the number of CD4+ spleen T lymphocytes, which, however, did not enlarge during infection, but these cells' heightened DNA synthesis and cytokine production were reduced by antibody treatment; yet the generation of antiviral antibodies remained unaffected, and the CD4+ T lymphocyte-mediated second part of the footpad reaction was somewhat augmented. We conclude that blocking of the interleukin-2 receptor by antibody in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice diminishes both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell-mediated antiviral immune responses, the former more than the latter.
Some Biases in Sampling Multilevel Piezometers for Volatile Organics (1987)

Abstract Multilevel piezometers are cost‐effective monitoring devices for determining the three‐dimensional distribution of solutes in ground water. Construction includes flexible tubing (plastic or Teflon®). Their sampling is subject to a number of'potential biases, particularly: (1) losses of volatile organic solutes via volatilization, (2) sorption onto the flexible tubing of the piezometers, (3) leaching of organics from this tubing, and (4) collection of unrepresentative samples due to inadequate piezometer flushing. It is shown that these biases are minimal or are easily controlled in most situations. Another source of bias has been recognized. Organic solutes present in ground water above the screened level can penetrate the flexible plastic or Teflon tubing and contaminate the sampled water being drawn through this tubing. Laboratory tests and field results indicate this transmission causes low organic contaminant concentrations to be erroneously attributed to ground water which is free of such contaminants. The transmitted organics apparently desorb from the plastic tubing during flushing of even 40 piezometer volumes. Recognition of this transmission problem provides for a better interpretation of existing organic contaminant distribution data. Caution is advised when considering the use of these monitoring devices in organic solute contaminant studies.
A Memory Bandwidth Optimized Interpolator for Motion Compensation in the H.264 Video Decoding (2006)

The paper presents an interpolator design for motion compensation used in the H.264 video decoding. The presented design is optimized according to the available data bandwidth to avoid the idle hardware. In addition, the required memory access is further reduced by the interpolation window optimization. The implementation shows that the presented design can save about 10 % of silicon area or at least seven interpolation filters than that in the previous works. Besides, 12.5% to 71.3% of cycle count of motion compensation can be reduced by the interpolator window optimization. Finally, our architecture can be easily adjusted under different memory bandwidth
Evidence for a role of Trp proteins in the oxidative stress-induced membrane conductances of porcine aortic endothelial cells (1999)

Our results strongly suggest Trp proteins as the molecular basis of endothelial oxidant-activated cation channels. It is concluded that Trp proteins play an important role in the redox sensitivity of the vascular endothelium.
Transmission Line Filters Approximating a Constant Delay in a Maximally Flat Sense (1967)

An exact method is presented to find transmission factors of transmission line filters which approximate a constant delay in a maximally flat sense. The class of filters considered is a doubly loaded arbitrary cascade of transmission lines and open- or short-circuited stubs in series or in shunt, all elements being of equal length and nondispersive. This includes a variety of transmission line filters: <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\lambda/4</tex> transformers, distributed lowpass filters, stub filters of various configurations, interdigital filters, etc. Explicit expressions, valid for any order <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> of the filter, are derived for the normalized transmission factor, and for its squared magnitude, and its phase on the imaginary axis. In addition, a table and design curves are provided for the cases <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n = 2, 3, 4</tex> , and 5 and an example is given to demonstrate their use.
An unusual guanyl oligonucleotide regulates cellulose synthesis in <i>Acetobacter xylinum</i> (1985)

The mechanism of GTP-specific activation of the membrane-bound cellulose synthase system of Acetobacter xylinum has been further elucidated. The supernatant fraction derived from washed membranes of this organism contains an enzyme which reacts with GTP to form a low molecular mass, heat-stable compound,tentatively characterized as a cyclic oligonuleotide composed of GMP residues, which is the immediate activator of the cellulose synthase. This activation is reversed by a membrane-bound enzyme that degrades the activator; the latter enzyme is inhibited by Ca (2+). It is suggested that the interaction between these enzymes and nucleotide derivatives, mediated by Ca (2+), may regulate cellulose synthesis in VIVO.
Freeze-drying of Fowl Spermatozoa : I. Diluents for Freeze-drying of Fowl Spermatozoa (1972)

鶏精子の凍結乾燥用保護媒質として全乳,卵ク液,ゼラチン,卵ブ液およびグリセリン卵ブ液を用いて実験を行なった結果は次の如くである.
1. グリセリン卵ブ液を保護媒質とした精液では復元後何れの場合も活力のある精子が観察され,或る実験では活力++以上を示すものが20%もあり,運動力のある精子の出現割合は平均37%であった.
2. 卵ブ液を保護媒質とした精液では活力++以上を示すもの10%の1例を除いては運動精子は観察されず,その出現割合は平均10%であった.
3. 全乳,卵ク液およびゼラチンを保護媒質とした精液では復元後全く運動精子が観察されなかった.
4. 現在の処5つの保護媒質の中でグリセリン卵ブ液が最も適した保存液のように思われる.
Making Progress With Sounds - The Design & Evaluation Of An Audio Progress Bar (1998)

This paper describes an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of adding sound to progress bars. Progress bars have usability problems because they present temporal information graphically and if the user wants to keep abreast of this information, he/she must constantly visually scan the progress bar. The addition of sounds to a progress bar allows users to monitor the state of the progress bar without using their visual focus. Nonspeech sounds called earcons were used to indicate the current state of the task as well as the completion of the download. Results showed a significant reduction in the time taken to perform the task in the audio condition. The participants were aware of the state of the progress bar without having to remove the visual focus from their foreground task.
The Contribution of HI-rich Galaxies to the Damped Absorber Population at z = 0 (2002)

We present a study of HI-rich galaxies in the local universe selected from blind emission-line surveys. These galaxies represent the emission-line counterparts of local damped Lyman-alpha systems. We find that the HI cross-section of galaxies is drawn from a large range of galaxy masses below M_star, 66% of the area comes from galaxies in the range 8.5 < Log M_star < 9.7. Both because of the low mass galaxy contribution, and because of the range of galaxy types and luminosities at any given HI mass, the galaxies contributing to the HI cross-section are not exclusively L_star spirals, as is often expected. The optical and near infrared counterparts of these galaxies cover a range of types (from spirals to irregulars), luminosities (from L_star to <0.01 L_star), and surface brightnesses. The range of optical and near infrared properties as well as the kinematics for this population are consistent with the properties for the low-z damped Lyman-alpha absorbers. We also show that the number of HI-rich galaxies in the local universe does not preclude evolution of the low-z damped absorber population, but it is consistent with no evolution.
Inflammatory Breast Cancer (2006)

Inflammatory breast cancer has been recognized as a distinct entity for decades, but the precise definition still remains elusive. It is most likely a heterogenous group of diseases, as is true with breast cancer overall. However, one aspect is clear, patients with this diagnosis have an aggressive form of breast cancer and a poorer overall survival. If we look at the characteristics of the tumors found when a diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer is made, they are not at all consistent. Some tumors have hormone receptor positivity, others lack HER2 gene amplification, and some patients have dermal lymphatic invasion. One characteristic that is present in most patients is lymph node involvement and a higher proportion with metastatic disease at diagnosis. This issue of Breast Disease is a comprehensive review of all aspects of inflammatory breast cancer from the epidemiology, biology, clinical diagnosis, local, and systemic treatment. These papers also pose the interesting and important future questions for the study of inflammatory breast cancer.
Bidirectional Actions of Hydrogen Peroxide on Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Phosphorylation and Function (2008)

Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is critically modulated by kinases via the phosphorylation of its Ser(1179) (bovine) or Ser(1177) (human) residue. Reactive oxygen species such as H(2)O(2) was reported to activate Akt, leading to increased eNOS Ser(1179) phosphorylation and activity. But reactive oxygen species are also known to attenuate eNOS function in cardiovascular diseases. Prior studies showing H(2)O(2)-stimulated eNOS phosphorylation were performed on serum-starved cells, and only the short term effect of H(2)O(2) was examined. Here we found that the effects of H(2)O(2) on eNOS Ser(1179) phosphorylation and function were bidirectional. With endothelial cells cultured with serum, H(2)O(2) initially raised eNOS Ser(1179) phosphorylation and activity. However, after the peak increase at 30 min, eNOS Ser(1179) phosphorylation dramatically declined. Parallel to the alterations of eNOS Ser(1179) phosphorylation, Akt was transiently activated by H(2)O(2) and subsequently became dormant. In contrast, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was progressively activated in H(2)O(2)-treated cells. Blocking Akt activation abolished the initial rise of eNOS Ser(1179) phosphorylation after H(2)O(2) treatment. In long term H(2)O(2)-treated cells where Akt was deactivated, significant amounts of Ser(1179)-phosphorylated eNOS remained. AMPK inhibition eradicated the remaining eNOS Ser(1179) phosphorylation. Taken together, these studies revealed that Akt and AMPK orchestrated a bidirectional action on eNOS Ser(1179) phosphorylation in H(2)O(2)-treated cells. Long term H(2)O(2) exposure decreased eNOS Ser(1179) phosphorylation, and this might account for the loss of eNOS function in cardiovascular diseases where chronic oxidative injury occurs.
Making home automation communications secure (2001)

New communications technology offers numerous benefits, but it also opens home automation to many security threats. To protect against these threats within the limited resources of a typical home automation system, we have developed a family of products based on Honeywell's Global Home Server (GHS), a remote Web site that provides secure Internet access and other services to client installations. A network security system such as GHS can leverage limited resources to provide confidentiality, authentication, authorization and integrity for remote monitoring and control of home automation devices.
Minireview: Secondary  -Cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes--A Convergence of Glucotoxicity and Lipotoxicity (2002)

Chronic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia can exert deleterious effects on -cell function, respectively referred to as glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity.Over time, both contribute to the progressive deterioration of glucose homeostasis characteristic of type 2 diabetes.The mechanisms of glucotoxicity involve several transcription factors and are, at least in part, mediated by generation of chronic oxidative stress.Lipotoxicity is probably mediated by accumulation of a cytosolic signal derived from the fatty acid esterification pathway.Our view that hyperglycemia is a prerequisite for lipotoxicity is supported by several recent studies performed in our laboratories.First, prolonged in vitro exposure of isolated islets to fatty acids decreases insulin gene expression in the presence of high glucose concentrations only, and glucose is ratelimiting for the incorporation of fatty acids into neutral lipids.Second, normalization of blood glucose in Zucker diabetic fatty rats prevents accumulation of triglycerides and impairment of insulin gene expression in islets, whereas normalization of plasma lipid levels is without effect.Third, high-fat feeding in Goto-Kakizaki rats significantly impairs glucoseinduced insulin secretion in vitro, whereas a similar diet has no effect in normoglycemic animals.We propose that chronic hyperglycemia, independent of hyperlipidemia, is toxic for -cell function, whereas chronic hyperlipidemia is deleterious only in the context of concomitant hyperglycemia.(En-
Target phase: An extra dimension for fish and plankton target identification (2005)

The acoustic signal backscattered from a fish in water, Lbs(f), at a frequency, f, differs from the incident signal in both magnitude, /Lbs(f)/, and phase, arg[Lbs(f)], and it has been common practice for many years to use the backscatter magnitude from individual fish as an aid to species identification. However, very little use has been made of the phase of the backscattered signal relative to that of the incident acoustic pulse. If the gross phase changes due to propagation through water are compensated for, the residual phase signature is found to contain useful target-specific information. The phase signature can be characterized by estimating the rate at which the echo phase changes, relative to the transmitted pulse, during the echo from a fish. Clear groups are produced when single fish targets from in situ data are plotted in complex target space (target strength versus target rate of change of phase) and this is explored here by computing the acoustic backscatter, in complex target space, from a series of simple large and small model fish targets, both with and without gas-filled swimbladders, using a Monte Carlo technique. It is shown that all the features found in the in situ data can be explained in terms of the size and attitude of the fish. The modeling was carried out at the frequency of 38 kHz, which pertained to the in situ data, and the specific results only apply to this frequency. However, the complex target approach is generally applicable to fish target strength analysis independently of frequency.
Direct Targeting of β-Catenin by a Small Molecule Stimulates Proteasomal Degradation and Suppresses Oncogenic Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling (2016)

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a major role in tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation can lead to various human diseases. Aberrant activation of β-catenin is oncogenic and is a critical driver in the development and progression of human cancers. Despite the significant potential of targeting the oncogenic β-catenin pathway for cancer therapy, the development of specific inhibitors remains insufficient. Using a T cell factor (TCF)-dependent luciferase-reporter system, we screened for small-molecule compounds that act against Wnt/β-catenin signaling and identified MSAB (methyl 3-{[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}benzoate) as a selective inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. MSAB shows potent anti-tumor effects selectively on Wnt-dependent cancer cells in vitro and in mouse cancer models. MSAB binds to β-catenin, promoting its degradation, and specifically downregulates Wnt/β-catenin target genes. Our findings might represent an effective therapeutic strategy for cancers addicted to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Variational Autoencoder for End-to-End Control of Autonomous Driving with Novelty Detection and Training De-biasing (2018)

This paper introduces a new method for end-to-end training of deep neural networks (DNNs) and evaluates it in the context of autonomous driving. DNN training has been shown to result in high accuracy for perception to action learning given sufficient training data. However, the trained models may fail without warning in situations with insufficient or biased training data. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a novel architecture for self-supervised learning of latent variables to detect the insufficiently trained situations. Our method also addresses training data imbalance, by learning a set of underlying latent variables that characterize the training data and evaluate potential biases. We show how these latent distributions can be leveraged to adapt and accelerate the training pipeline by training on only a fraction of the total dataset. We evaluate our approach on a challenging dataset for driving. The data is collected from a full-scale autonomous vehicle. Our method provides qualitative explanation for the latent variables learned in the model. Finally, we show how our model can be additionally trained as an end-to-end controller, directly outputting a steering control command for an autonomous vehicle.