gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complete genomic sequence of the human <i>ABCA1</i> gene: Analysis of the human and mouse ATP-binding cassette A promoter (2000)

The ABCA1 gene, a member of the ATP-binding cassette A (ABCA1) transporter superfamily, encodes a membrane protein that facilitates the cellular efflux of cholesterol and phospholipids. Mutations in ABCA1 lead to familial high density lipoprotein deficiency and Tangier disease. We report the complete human ABCA1 gene sequence, including 1,453 bp of the promoter, 146,581 bp of introns and exons, and 1 kb of the 3' flanking region. The ABCA1 gene spans 149 kb and comprises 50 exons. Sixty-two repetitive Alu sequences were identified in introns 1-49. The transcription start site is 315 bp upstream of a newly identified initiation methionine codon and encodes an ORF of 6,783 bp. Thus, the ABCA1 protein is comprised of 2,261 aa. Analysis of the 1,453 bp 5' upstream of the transcriptional start site reveals multiple binding sites for transcription factors with roles in lipid metabolism. Comparative analysis of the mouse and human ABCA1 promoter sequences identified specific regulatory elements, which are evolutionarily conserved. The human ABCA1 promoter fragment -200 to -80 bp that contains binding motifs for SP1, SP3, E-box, and AP1 modulates cellular cholesterol and cAMP regulation of ABCA1 gene expression. These combined findings provide insights into ABCA1-mediated regulation of cellular cholesterol metabolism and will facilitate the identification of new pharmacologic agents for the treatment of atherosclerosis in humans.
Side Effects of Adjuvant Chemotherapy: Perceptions of Node-Negative Breast Cancer Patients (1997)

Twenty-one node-negative breast cancer patients were interviewed shortly after completing adjuvant chemotherapy and asked about side effects they had experienced, expectation of side effects, and strategies for coping with the side effects. Eighteen of the women were interviewed 6 months later to determine their feelings about the chemotherapy experience and ending treatment and what side effects persisted or developed after chemotherapy. Hair loss, fatigue, treatment-related problems, nausea and infections/low blood counts were the most frequently described problems during the first interviews. Patients used coping strategies suggested by physicians and nurses. Six months later, hair problems, fatigue, weight gain, menopausal problems, emotional problems and nail problems were most often reported. Most patients (16/18) did not expect to be experiencing chemotherapy-related problems 6 months after ending treatment. Fatigue interfered with daily lives and weight gain caused concern. A total of 35% of participants experienced fear or anxiety at the end of chemotherapy, but most (62%) recalled at least some positive feelings 6 months later. Given the same circumstances, all but two would make the same decision to undergo adjuvant chemotherapy. Support groups would be especially useful for patients completing chemotherapy who would lose continued frequent support from clinic personnel.
THE MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE ACTINOMYCETES (1994)

Sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA have provided actinomycetologists with a phylogenetic tree that allows the investigation of the evolution of actinomycetes and also provides a basis for classification. The origin of actinomycetes and, except for bifidobacteria, the order by which the main sublines evolved, cannot yet be determined with certainty. However, calibration of rRNA sequence divergence with palaeochemical data, and previously published substitution rates of endosymbiotic bacteria, suggest that the main radiation occurred less than 1 billion years ago. Within this radiation, several phylogenetically homogeneous, but sometimes phenotypically heterogeneous, clades appear to have diverged over a short evolutionary period. The resolution of the 16S rRNA molecule appears to be insufficient to clearly determine the branching patterns between clades in this area of the phylogenetic tree. The distribution of some morphological and chemotaxonomic traits such as types of peptidoglycan, menaquinone, phospholipids, cell wall sugars, and fatty acids facilitate the phenotypic delineation of genera within each clade. At higher taxonomic levels, e.g. at the family level, phenotypic similarities are unpredictable and tend to be less conserved. With the exception of mycolic acids, most traits are polyphyletic--hence they are unreliable indicators per se of phylogenetic relationships. Nevertheless, combinations of phenotypic properties are invaluable for predicting whether a new organism is likely to be a member of an established or a novel taxon. Current knowledge about the phylogenetic structure of the actinomycetes provides not only a sound basis for future taxonomic work but also a framework for the rational exploration of their ecology and biotechnological potential.
A Zone-Based Intrusion Detection System for Wireless Ad Hoc Distribution Power Communication Networks (2005)

The wireless ad hoc distribution power communication networks (WAH-DPCNs) are particularly vulnerable due to its specific features. In this paper, we describe the new intrusion detection system called zone-based intrusion detection system (ZBIDS). This system is a distributed IDS, in which two levels of hierarchical structure is defined. The ZBIDS system can detect not only the simple intrusions without sequence characters by pre-classifier based anomaly detection but also the complicated intrusions with the special sequence characters by a Markov chain based anomaly detection. In addition, ZBIDS system realizes co-detection via the local and global aggregation-correlation engines. According to the simulation results, it can be seen that Markov chain based anomaly detection engine of ZBIDS has the very good intrusion detection capability
Runx2 regulates FGF2‐induced <i>Bmp2</i> expression during cranial bone development (2005)

Calvarial bone is formed by the intramembranous bone-forming process, which involves many signaling molecules. The constitutive activation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway accelerates osteoblast differentiation and results in premature cranial suture closure. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways, which involve the downstream transcription factors Dlx5 and Msx2, are also involved in the bone-forming processes. However, the relationships between these two main signaling cascades are still unclear. We found that FGF2 treatment of developing bone fronts stimulated Bmp2 gene expression but that BMP2 treatment could not induce Fgf2 expression. Moreover, the disruption of the Runx2 gene completely eliminated the expression of Bmp2 and its downstream genes Dlx5 and Msx2 in the developing primordium of bone, while the expression of Fgf2 was maintained. In addition, cultured Runx2-/- cells expressed very low baseline levels of Bmp2 that were up-regulated by transfection with a Runx2-expressing plasmid. These levels in turn were markedly elevated by FGF2 treatment. FGF2 treatment also strongly enhanced the Bmp2 expression in MC3T3-E1 cells, whose endogenous Runx2 gene is intact and which express Bmp2 at low baseline levels as well. These results indicate that Runx2 is an important mediator of the expression of Bmp2 in response to FGF stimulation in cranial bone development.
The gain enhancement effect of surface plasmon polaritons on terahertz stimulated emission in optically pumped monolayer graphene (2013)

Nonlinear carrier relaxation/recombination dynamics and the resultant stimulated terahertz (THz) photon emission with excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in photoexcited monolayer graphene has been experimentally studied using an optical pump/THz probe and an optical probe measurement. We observed the spatial distribution of the THz probe pulse intensities under linear polarization of optical pump and THz probe pulses. It was clearly observed that an intense THz probe pulse was detected only at the area where the incoming THz probe pulse takes a transverse magnetic (TM) mode capable of exciting the SPPs. The observed gain factor is in fair agreement with the theoretical calculations. Experimental results support the occurrence of the gain enhancement by the excitation of SPPs on THz stimulated emission in optically pumped monolayer graphene.
Zur Einschätzung des diagnostischen Könnens der Lehrer an der POS: Ergebnisdarstellung und Interpretation auf der Grundlage empirischer Untersuchungen (1987)

Im Rahmen der empirisch-theoretischen Analysen, die dem vorliegenden Bericht zugrundeliegen, wurden 2 Hauptfragen gestellt: "Wie schätzen Lehrer das Niveau der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung der Schüler ein?" und "Welcher Aussagewert kann dem Lehrerurteil aufgrund des Vergleichs mit den Ergebnissen aus standardisierten Tests zuerkannt werden?" Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen war eine Ausdifferenzierung in mehrere Teilfragen notwendig, wovon eine "typische Beurteilungsfehler des Lehrers im Hinblick auf die Einschätzung der Geschlechtergruppen, des Leistungsvermögens, der Motivation der Schüler und anderer bestimmter Merkmalsbereiche auf intellektuellem und außerintellektuellem Gebiet" ins Auge faßt. In einem 3. Abschnitt wird das forschungsmethodische Vorgehen beschrieben, bevor im umfangreichsten Teil der Arbeit wesentliche Ergebnisse zusammengefaßt werden, u.a.: "In Fach- und Verhaltenszensuren werden Mädchen durchweg positiver eingeschätzt als Jungen, das Entwicklungsniveau intellektueller Eigenschaften wird als vom reproduktiven über das produktive zum schöpferischen Denken deutlich abfallend beurteilt. Insgesamt wird durch die Analyse erkennbar, daß sich die Lehrer in ihrem Beurteilungsverhalten stark vom Gesamteindruck des Schülers beeinflussen lassen, d.h. von sehr guten oder sehr schlechten schulischen Leistungen auf sehr gute oder sehr schlechte intellektuelle, motivationale oder sozial-charakterliche Eigenschaften schließen. Hohe allgemeine Begabungen werden offenbar leichter und sicherer diagnostiziert als Spezialbegabungen auf eng begrenztem Gebiet." (prn)
Serum Amyloid P Component as a Biomarker in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease (2008)

Our data suggest that measurement of CSF SAP levels can aid in the identification of incipient AD among MCI patients.
Main memory database systems: an overview (1992)

Main memory database systems (MMDBs) store their data in main physical memory and provide very high-speed access. Conventional database systems are optimized for the particular characteristics of disk storage mechanisms. Memory resident systems, on the other hand, use different optimizations to structure and organize data, as well as to make it reliable. The authors survey the major memory residence optimizations and briefly discuss some of the MMDBs that have been designed or implemented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Interconnection and testing of a wafer-scale circuit with laser processing (1984)

The present day implementation of complex integrated circuits covering >1000 mm2 on a single wafer requires redundancy techniques. In such wafer-scale systems, the operable circuit blocks (called cells) with >1000 transistors each are interconnected by on-wafer bus lines. This allows the avoidance of defective cells and system customization to create several different circuits from the same prefabricated wafer design. We have built wafer-scale circuits using focused laser spots to make connections, cut lines, and optically test the resultant paths.
Detergency and Biodegradability of Alcohol-Based sec Sulfates (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetergency and Biodegradability of Alcohol-Based sec SulfatesJ. R. Livingston Jr., Robert Drogin, and R. J. KellyCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1965, 4, 1, 28–32Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i360013a009https://doi.org/10.1021/i360013a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Effect of growth phase and cell envelope structure on susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium to the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide system (1983)

The lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide system was found to have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The bactericidal activity was clearly dependent on the permeability of the bacterial cell envelope. The deep rough mutant TA1535, with the most permeable cell envelope, was killed both at neutral and acid pH, whereas very little or no killing was observed with the intact cells of the parent strain hisG46. The delta gal mutant, TA1530, representing an intermediate in cell envelope permeability, was inhibited to a much lesser extent than TA1535. Bacteria in log phase of growth were more sensitive to the bactericidal effects than were those in stationary phase. Growth phase had little influence on the bacteriostatic effects. The hisG46 strain produced significant quantities of acid in the presence of glucose. This acid production was inhibited by the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide system, and, in contrast to results obtained with several strains of streptococci, this inhibition was not reversed by addition of a reducing agent (2-mercaptoethanol).
Small Molecule SOS1 Agonists Modulate MAPK and PI3K Signaling <i>via</i> Independent Cellular Responses (2019)

Activating mutations in RAS can lead to oncogenesis by enhancing downstream signaling, such as through the MAPK and PI3K pathways. Therefore, therapeutically targeting RAS may perturb multiple signaling pathways simultaneously. One method for modulating RAS signaling is to target the activity of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS1. Our laboratory has discovered compounds that bind to SOS1 and activate RAS. Interestingly, these SOS1 agonist compounds elicit biphasic modulation of ERK phosphorylation and simultaneous inhibition of AKT phosphorylation levels. Here, we utilized multiple chemically distinct compounds to elucidate whether these effects on MAPK and PI3K signaling by SOS1 agonists were mechanistically linked. In addition, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing to generate clonally derived SOS1 knockout cells and identified a potent SOS1 agonist that rapidly elicited on-target molecular effects at substantially lower concentrations than those causing off-target effects. Our findings will allow us to further define the on-target utility of SOS1 agonists.
Mechanism of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer in hypertriglyceridemia. (1991)

Plasma net cholesteryl ester (CE) transfer and optimum cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity were determined in primary hypertriglyceridemic (n = 11) and normolipidemic (n = 15) individuals. The hypertriglyceridemic group demonstrated threefold greater net CE transfer leading to enhanced accumulation of CE in VLDL. This increased net transfer was not accompanied by a change in CETP activity. In normolipidemia, but not in hypertriglyceridemia, net CE transfer correlated with VLDL triglyceride (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). In contrast, net CE transfer in hypertriglyceridemia, but not in normolipidemia, correlated with CETP activity (r = 0.73, P less than 0.01). Correction of hypertriglyceridemia with bezafibrate reduced net CE transfer towards normal and restored the correlation with VLDL triglyceride (r = 0.90, P less than 0.005) while suppressing the correlation with CETP activity. That net CE transfer depends on VLDL concentration was confirmed by an increase of net CE transfer in normolipidemic plasma supplemented with purified VLDL. Supplementation of purified CETP to normolipidemic plasma did not stimulate net CE transfer. In contrast, net CE transfer was enhanced by addition of CETP to both plasma supplemented with VLDL and hypertriglyceridemic plasma. Thus, in normal subjects, VLDL concentration determines the rate of net CE transfer. CETP becomes rate limiting as VLDL concentration increases, i.e., in hypertriglyceridemia.
The Relevance of Powder/Liquid Wettability to the Cohesiveness of Carbon Black Agglomerates (1986)

Abstract Particle size enlargement operations often involve the use of a liquid to improve powder cohesiveness. Capillary suction and surface tension forces acting through liquid menisci between particles are the primary source of the cohesive bonding. The strength of these forces, and consequently the strength of the wet agglomerate, is dependent upon the total liquid content, its distribution within the agglomerate, and the powder wettability (characterized by the liquid surface tension and powder/liquid contact angle). The tensile strength of powder compacts containing submicron carbon black particles has been measured as a function of saturation level for several liquids. It is found that the compact strength increases with increasing surface tension for liquids that exhibit a zero contact angle. Above the critical surface tension for wetting a more complicated situation exists where both the surface tension and contact angle are important.
Isolation and partial characterization of glycolipid fractions from Mycobacterium avium serovar 2 (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis 18) that inhibit activated macrophages (1993)

Glycolipid fractions from Mycobacterium avium serovar 2 (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis 18) inhibited the killing of Candida albicans by activated bovine peripheral-blood-derived macrophages. Fractions were derived by using the matrix solid-phase dispersion technique, which is a new method of simultaneous lysis and partial fractionation of components of bacterial cells. Further purification of active fractions was performed by concanavalin A affinity chromatography, centrifugal filtration, and differing solvent solubility. Three different fractions were isolated and partially characterized. Two of these fractions have characteristics typical of glycolipids, and the third fraction has characteristics compatible with a peptidoglycolipid. This peptidoglycolipid fraction has been purified and named MIF-A3.
Multifrequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (2011)

1. Introduction 2. Multifrequency Aspects of EPR 3. Basic Theory of EPR PART A. EXPERIMENTAL 4. Spectrometers 4.1 Zero-field EPR 4.2 Low Frequency CW EPR Spectrometers 4.3 High Frequencies 4.4 Pulsed Technique 5. Multifrequency EPR: Experimental Considerations 5.1 Multiarm EPR Spectroscopy at Multiple Microwave Frequencies 5.2 Resonators for Multifrequency EPR of Spin Labels 5.3 Multi-frequency EPR Sensitivity PART B. THEORETICAL 6 First Principles Approach to Spin-Hamiltonian Parameters 7 Spin Hamiltonians and Site Symmetries for Transition Ions 8 Evaluation of Spin Hamiltonian Parameters from Multifrequency EPR Data 9 Simulation of EPR Spectra 10 Relaxation of Paramagnetic Spins 11 Molecular Motions 12 Distance Measurements: CW and Pulse Dipolar EPR PART C. APPLICATIONS 13 Determination of large Zero Field Splitting 14 Determination of non-coincident anisotrpic tensors 15 Biological Systems 16 Copper Coordination Environments 17 Multifrequency Electron Spin Relaxation Times 18 EPR Imaging 19 Multifrequency EPR Microscopy: Experimental and Theoretical Aspects 20 EPR Studies of Nano-materials 21 Single Molecule Magnets and Magnetic Quantum Tunneling 22 Multifrequency EPR of Photosynthetic Systems 23 Measurement of Superconducting Gaps 24 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) at High Magnetic Fields 25 Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization and Chemically Induced Dynamic Electronic Polarization PART D. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 26 Future Perspectives Appendix Fundamental constants and Conversion Factors used in EPR
Shadow Detection and Removal from Real Images (2015)

Shadow detection and removal is used in various image processing applications like video surveillance, scene interpretation and object recognition. Ignoring the existence of shadows in images may cause serious problems like object merging, object lose, misinterpretation and alternation of object shape in various visual processing applications like segmentation, scene analysis and tracking. Many algorithms have been proposed in the literature, that deals with shadow detection and removal from images as well as videos. A comparative and empirical evaluation of the existing approaches in video has already been reported, but we lack a similar one in case of still images. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of existing shadow detection and removal algorithms reported in the case of still images. Evaluation metrics involved in shadow detection and removal techniques are discussed and the inefficiency of conventional metrics such as; per pixel accuracy, Precision, Recall, FScore etc in detection phase are also explored. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of selected methods are also discussed. To the best of our knowledge this is the first article that exclusively discusses shadow detection and removal methodologies from real images.
Human centromere chromatin protein hMis12, essential for equal segregation, is independent of CENP-A loading pathway (2003)

Kinetochores are the chromosomal sites for spindle interaction and play a vital role for chromosome segregation. The composition of kinetochore proteins and their cellular roles are, however, poorly understood in higher eukaryotes. We identified a novel kinetochore protein family conserved from yeast to human that is essential for equal chromosome segregation. The human homologue hMis12 of yeast spMis12/scMtw1 retains conserved sequence features and locates at the kinetochore region indistinguishable from CENP-A, a centromeric histone variant. RNA interference (RNAi) analysis of HeLa cells shows that the reduced hMis12 results in misaligned metaphase chromosomes, lagging anaphase chromosomes, and interphase micronuclei without mitotic delay, while CENP-A is located at kinetochores. Further, the metaphase spindle length is abnormally extended. Spindle checkpoint protein hMad2 temporally localizes at kinetochores at early mitotic stages after RNAi. The RNAi deficiency of CENP-A leads to a similar mitotic phenotype, but the kinetochore signals of other kinetochore proteins, hMis6 and CENP-C, are greatly diminished. RNAi for hMis6, like that of a kinetochore kinesin CENP-E, induces mitotic arrest. Kinetochore localization of hMis12 is unaffected by CENP-A RNAi, demonstrating an independent pathway of CENP-A in human kinetochores.