gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mid-infrared prediction of bovine milk fatty acids across multiple breeds, production systems, and countries (2011)

Increasing consumer concern exists over the relationship between food composition and human health. Because of the known effects of fatty acids on human health, the development of a quick, inexpensive, and accurate method to directly quantify the fatty acid (FA) composition in milk would be valuable for milk processors to develop a payment system for milk pertinent to their customer requirements and for farmers to adapt their feeding systems and breeding strategies accordingly. The aim of this study was (1) to confirm the ability of mid-infrared spectrometry (MIR) to quantify individual FA content in milk by using an innovative procedure of sampling (i.e., samples were collected from cows belonging to different breeds, different countries, and in different production systems); (2) to compare 6 mathematical methods to develop robust calibration equations for predicting the contents of individual FA in milk; and (3) to test interest in using the FA equations developed in milk as basis to predict FA content in fat without corrections for the slope and the bias of the developed equations. In total, 517 samples selected based on their spectral variability in 3 countries (Belgium, Ireland, and United Kingdom) from various breeds, cows, and production systems were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The samples presenting the largest spectral variability were used to calibrate the prediction of FA by MIR. The remaining samples were used to externally validate the 28 FA equations developed. The 6 methods were (1) partial least squares regression (PLS); (2) PLS+repeatability file (REP); (3) first derivative of spectral data+PLS; (4) first derivative+REP+PLS; (5) second derivative of spectral data+PLS; and (6) second derivative+REP+PLS. Methods were compared on the basis of the cross-validation coefficient of determination (R2cv), the ratio of standard deviation of GC values to the standard error of cross-validation (RPD), and the validation coefficient of determination (R2v). The third and fourth methods had, on average, the highest R2cv, RPD, and R2v. The final equations were built using all GC and the best accuracy was observed for the infrared predictions of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 trans, C18:1 cis-9, C18:1 cis, and for some groups of FA studied in milk (saturated, monounsaturated, unsaturated, short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain FA). These equations showed R2cv greater than 0.95. With R2cv equal to 0.85, the MIR prediction of polyunsaturated FA could be used to screen the cow population. As previously published, infrared predictions of FA in fat are less accurate than those developed from FA content in milk (g/dL of milk) and no better results were obtained by using milk FA predictions if no corrections for bias and slope based on reference milk samples with known contents of FA were used. These results indicate the usefulness of equations with R2cv greater than 95% in milk payment systems and the usefulness of equations with R2cv greater than 75% for animal breeding purposes.
Differences in hydrophobic surface characteristics of porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with or without K88 antigen as revealed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (1978)

Porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains possessing or lacking K88 antigen were studied by using hydrophobic interaction chromatography on cross-linked agarose gels with alkyl or aryl substituents (amphiphilic gels) to determine whether or not they possessed surface-associated hydrophobic properties. Strains with K88ab or K88ac antigen adsorbed to phenyl and octyl Sepharose gels in the presence of 4 M sodium chloride. This property correlated with phenotypic expression of K88 antigen. Cells grown at 37 degrees C but not those grown at 18 degrees C possessed hydrophobic adsorptive characteristics in addition to the property of mannose-resistant hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes. Adsorption of K88-positive strains to gels with hydrophobic ligands was independent of O group and enterotoxicity. Strains lacking K88 antigen did not adsorb to the hydrophobically substituted derivatives of Sepharose and lacked mannose-resistant hemagglutinating characteristics. Neither the presence of additional polysaccharide K antigens nor nonhemagglutinating pili conferred the property of hydrophobic interaction on the strains. K88-positive bacteria had a lower electrophoretic migration rate than did K88-negative bacteria of the same serotype in free-zone electrophoresis. K88-positive bacteria also adsorbed strongly to hydrophobic ligands in the presence of 1 M ammonium sulfate, whereas K88-negative strains did not. These observations provide evidence for the suspected role of hydrophobic interaction in the adhesive properties of certain enteropathogenic strains of E. coli. Moreover, hydrophobic interaction chromatography provides convenient and rapid alternative means of screening strains for a property potentially associated with adhesiveness.
Chromosome 11q13, c-erbB-2, and c-myc amplification in invasive breast carcinoma: clinicopathologic correlations. (1993)

To determine the frequency and clinicopathologic correlates of chromosome 11q13 amplification in breast carcinoma, DNA from 50 invasive tumors was analyzed by Southern blot hybridization using probes for the 11q13 loci bcl-1, PRAD1, hst1, EMS1, and GST-pi, as well as oncogenes c-erbB-2 and c-myc. Sixteen tumors (32%) were amplified for one or more loci. Seven tumors (14%) showed amplification of 11q13 loci; six of these were coamplified with either c-erbB-2 (three), c-myc (two), or both (one). Nine additional tumors (18%) were amplified for c-erbB-2, and three of these were coamplified with c-myc. None showed c-myc amplification alone. Tumors with 11q13 amplification showed equivalent degrees of bcl-1, PRAD1, hst1, and EMS1 amplification, delineating an approximately 800-kb amplicon. GST-pi was inconsistently amplified, evidence that it lies outside the amplicon defined by bcl-1 and EMS1. Amplification of 11q13 was unassociated with patient age, tumor size, axillary lymph node status, hormone receptors, DNA content, histologic grade, mitotic rate, nuclear pleomorphism, or tubule formation. c-myc amplification correlated with the lack of tubule formation (p = 0.04), whereas c-erbB-2 amplification correlated with axillary lymph node positivity (p = 0.04), high histologic grade (p = 0.003), increased nuclear pleomorphism (p = 0.008), and a high mitotic rate (p = 0.02). The frequency of coamplification of 11q13 loci, c-myc, and c-erbB-2 contradicts previous proposals that amplification of these genes occurs in independent subsets of breast carcinoma. Extended clinical followup will be necessary to determine whether 11q13 amplification has prognostic utility in invasive breast cancer.
The Measurement of Sulfur Chemical Potential Differences Using a Calcium Fluoride Solid Electrolyte (1980)

Calcium fluoride has been conventionally used as a solid electrolyte to measure fluorine chemical potentials in high temperature systems. However in this investigation, this electrolyte has been used as a sulfur sensor. Opencircuit emf measurements have been carried out with the following four galvanic cells
On self-diagnosable multiprocessor systems: diagnosis by the comparison approach (1992)

The diagnosability and diagnosis problems for a model introduced by J. Maeng and M. Malek (1981) of a self-diagnosable multiprocessor system where processors compare the results of tasks performed by other processors in the system are analyzed. A set of criteria is given for determining whether the faulty processors in the system can be diagnosed on the basis of the comparisons, and a polynomial-time algorithm is presented to identify the faulty units of such a system on the basis of the comparison results when the system is known to be diagnosable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Heteroaromatic Analogues of Dibenzylideneacetone (dba) and Pd<sup>0</sup><sub>2</sub>(het-dba)<sub>3</sub> Complexes: Effect of a Thienyl Moiety on the Reactivity of Pd<sup>0</sup>(η<sup>2</sup>-th<sub><i>n</i></sub>-dba)(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>/Pd<sup>0</sup>(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (<i>n</i> = 1 or 2) and Pd<sup>0</sup>(η<sup>2</sup>-th<sub>2</sub>-dba)(dppe)/Pd<sup>0</sup>(dppe) in Oxidative Addition Reactions with Iodobenzene (2009)

Palladium(0) complexes containing thienyl analogues of dibenzylidene acetone (dba) have been synthesized and characterized. Their reactivity toward PPh3 and dppe, to generate Pd0(η2-alkene)(PPh3)2 and Pd0(η2-alkene)(dppe) complexes, and their subsequent oxidative addition reactions with PhI, have been investigated.
Multi-modal Video Surveillance Aided by Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors (2008)

Abstract. The interest in low-cost and small size video surveillance systems able to collaborate in a network has been increasing over the last years. Thanks to the progress in low-power design, research has greatly reduced the size and the power consumption of such distributed embedded systems providing flexibility, quick deployment and allowing the implementation of effective vision algorithms performing image processing directly on the embedded node. In this paper we present a multi-modal video sensor node designed for low-power and low-cost video surveillance able to detect changes in the environment. The system is equipped with a CMOS video camera and a Pyroelectric InfraRed (PIR) sensor exploited to reduce remarkably the power consumption of the system in absence of events. The on-board microprocessor implements an NCC-based change detection algorithm. We analyze different configurations and characterize the system in terms of runtime execution and power consumption. 1
A Reliable Effective Terascale Linear Learning System (2011)

We present a system and a set of techniques for learning linear predictors with convex losses on terascale datasets, with trillions of features,1 billions of training examples and millions of parameters in an hour using a cluster of 1000 machines. One of the core techniques used is a new communication infrastructure—often re-ferred to as AllReduce—implemented for compatibility with MapReduce clusters. The communication infrastructure appears broadly reusable for many other tasks. We also show the effectiveness of a hybrid online-batch approach for optimization in distributed settings. 1
Investigation of Iridium <sup>CF<sub>3</sub></sup>PCP Pincer Catalytic Dehydrogenation and Decarbonylation Chemistry (2012)

The iridium fluorinated pincer complex (CF3PCP)Ir(cod) (CF3PCP = 2,6-C6H3(CH2P(CF3)2)2) catalyzes hydrogen transfer from cyclooctane (coa) to tert-butylethylene (tbe) in 1/1 coa/tbe at 200 °C to give cyclooctene (coe) and neohexane (tba) at an initial rate of 40 TO h–1. In 5/1 coa/tbe, higher initial activity (155 TO h–1) and higher turnovers (2580 TON’s after 1450 min) are found. Samples of 95% tbe contain significant amounts of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), which reacts with (CF3PCP)Ir(cod) to initially form (CF3PCP)Ir(isoprene). Alkene inhibition studies show that (CF3PCP)Ir is only modestly inhibited (67% reduced initial activity) in the presence of 800 equiv of added coe. Unlike donor pincer systems, no decrease in activity is noted under 1 atm of N2 or in the presence of excess water. Hydrogenation of (CF3PCP)Ir(L) (L = cod, isoprene) did not produce (CF3PCP)Ir(H)x but instead afforded the first example of the unusual aryl-bridged bimetallic complex [(μ-1κ2(P,C),2κ2(P′,C)-CF3PCP)Ir(H)2]2(μ-CF3PCPH)(μ-H), which has been isolated and crystallographically characterized. Ir(I) pincer complexes (CF3PCP)Ir(L) (L = MeP(C2F5)2, CO, dfepe (dfepe = (C2F5)2PCH2CH2P(C2F5)2)) also serve as moderately active aldehyde decarbonylation catalyst precursors for 2-naphthaldehyde with similar activities in diglyme (1.7 TO h–1, 152 °C) and in 1,4-dioxane (0.052 TO h–1, 94 °C). The catalyst resting states are the corresponding five-coordinate carbonyl complexes (CF3PCP)Ir(MeP(C2F5)2)(CO), (CF3PCP)Ir(CO)2, and [(CF3PCP)Ir(CO)]2(μ-dfepe). DFT studies indicate that the preferred catalyst resting state for alkane dehydrogenation, (CF3PCP)Ir(cod), can be ascribed to the lower steric requirements of the CF3-substituted pincer ligand.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent Membrane Association of the Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Pleckstrin Homology Domain Visualized in Single Living Cells (1999)

Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) has been proposed to act as a second messenger to recruit regulatory proteins to the plasma membrane via their pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. The PH domain of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), which is mutated in the human disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia, has been shown to interact with PI(3,4,5)P3 in vitro. In this study, a fusion protein containing the PH domain of Btk and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (BtkPH-GFP) was constructed and utilized to study the ability of this PH domain to interact with membrane inositol phospholipids inside living cells. The localization of expressed BtkPH-GFP in quiescent NIH 3T3 cells was indistinguishable from that of GFP alone, both being cytosolic as assessed by confocal microscopy. In NIH 3T3 cells coexpressing BtkPH-GFP and the epidermal growth factor receptor, activation of epidermal growth factor or endogenous platelet-derived growth factor receptors caused a rapid (<3 min) translocation of the cytosolic fluorescence to ruffle-like membrane structures. This response was not observed in cells expressing GFP only and was completely inhibited by treatment with the PI 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY 292004. Membrane-targeted PI 3-kinase also caused membrane localization of BtkPH-GFP that was slowly reversed by wortmannin. When the R28C mutation of the Btk PH domain, which causes X-linked agammaglobulinemia, was introduced into the fluorescent construct, no translocation was observed after stimulation. In contrast, the E41K mutation, which confers transforming activity to native Btk, caused significant membrane localization of BtkPH-GFP with characteristics indicating its possible binding to PI(4,5)P2. This mutant, but not wild-type BtkPH-GFP, interfered with agonist-induced PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis in COS-7 cells. These results show in intact cells that the PH domain of Btk binds selectively to 3-phosphorylated lipids after activation of PI 3-kinase enzymes and that losing such binding ability or specificity results in gross abnormalities in the function of the enzyme. Therefore, the interaction with PI(3,4,5)P3 is likely to be an important determinant of the physiological regulation of Btk and can be utilized to visualize the dynamics and spatiotemporal organization of changes in this phospholipid in living cells.
Potential optical uses of aggregated metal films (1975)

The Maxwell−Garnett effect is analyzed with the view of utilizing the optical phenomena associated with aggregated metal films for practical purposes. The basic equations are summarized and parameters pertinent to controlling the absorption and resonance wavelength are discussed. Examples are shown and potential uses are proposed.
Transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in vitro. Properties of preinitiation, initiation, and elongation complexes. (1987)

We have prepared three types of RNA polymerase II transcription complexes: a preinitiation complex (complex 0), a complex which has synthesized two phosphodiester bonds (complex 2), and a complex which has synthesized 10-13 bonds (complex 10). We have studied the differential response of these complexes to a variety of disruptions: detergent (Sarkosyl), high levels of KCl, extended incubation at 25 degrees C, proteolysis, and digestion with DNase I. Complex 0 is extremely stable at 25 degrees C in the absence of ATP, but it is sensitive to the other treatments including 25 degrees C incubation in the presence of ATP. Once the complex has made two phosphodiester bonds, the properties almost reverse from those of complex 0; complex 2 remains unstable at 25 degrees C in the presence of ATP but is resistant to high levels of Sarkosyl and KCl, to extensive DNase I digestion, and to brief proteolysis. Addition of 10 or more bases to the growing RNA chain results in a complex completely resistant to all of the treatments used. When DNase I-trimmed complex 0 is allowed to initiate RNA synthesis, chains of about 33 bases are obtained. In contrast, DNase-trimmed complex 2 gives only about 23 base transcripts; DNase-treated complex 10 will elongate its nascent chains by about 21 bases as well (to give, on average, 34 base transcripts).
Positive and negative regulation of Shh signalling in vertebrate retinal development (2018)

Cell-to-cell communication is fundamental for embryo development and subsequent tissue homeostasis. This communication is often mediated by a small number of signaling pathways in which a secreted ligand binds to the surface of a target cell, thereby activating signal transduction. In vertebrate neural development, these signaling mechanisms are repeatedly used to obtain different and context-dependent outcomes. Part of the versatility of these communication mechanisms depends on their finely tuned regulation that controls timing, spatial localization, and duration of the signaling. The existence of secreted antagonists, which prevent ligand-receptor interaction, is an efficient mechanism to regulate some of these pathways. The Hedgehog family of signaling proteins, however, activates a pathway that is controlled largely by the positive or negative activity of membrane-bound proteins such as Cdon, Boc, Gas1, or Megalin/LRP2. In this review, we will use the development of the vertebrate retina, from its early specification to neurogenesis, to discuss whether there is an advantage to the use of such regulators, pointing to unresolved or controversial issues.
Making abstract interpretations complete (2000)

Completeness is an ideal, although uncommon, feature of abstract interpretations, formalizing the intuition that, relatively to the properties encoded by the underlying abstract domains, there is no loss of information accumulated in abstract computations. Thus, complete abstract interpretations can be rightly understood as optimal. We deal with both pointwise completeness, involving generic semantic operations, and (least) fixpoint completeness. Completeness and fixpoint completeness are shown to be properties that depend on the underlying abstract domains only. Our primary goal is then to solve the problem of making abstract interpretations complete by minimally extending or restricting the underlying abstract domains. Under the weak and reasonable hypothesis of dealing with continuous semantic operations, we provide constructive characterizations for the least complete extensions and the greatest complete restrictions of abstract domains. As far as fixpoint completeness is concerned, for merely monotone semantic operators, the greatest restrictions of abstract domains are constructively characterized, while it is shown that the existence of least extensions of abstract domains cannot be, in general, guaranteed, even under strong hypotheses. These methodologies, which in finite settings give rise to effective algorithms, provide advanced formal tools for manipulating and comparing abstract interpretations, useful both in static program analysis and in semantics design. A number of examples illustrating these techniques are given.
Free Volume and the Mechanism of Plasticization in Water-Swollen Poly(vinyl alcohol) (1996)

Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVOH, films have been studied as a function of water content. The states of water present in the polymer (bound or free) have been characterized and are a function of water content. The effects of water content (and hence state) on the free volume, chain mobility, and glass transition (Tg) behavior have been studied by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, 13C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The addition of approximately 30 wt % water results in a marked increase in free volume cavity size and polymer chain mobility and a corresponding decrease in Tg. The water is in a molecular, nonfreezable state for water additions up to approximately 30 wt %, hence it is postulated that nonfreezing water is responsible for the majority of the plasticization in this system. The plasticization is attributed to the increasing free volume and lubrication provided as the water swells the polymer and disrupts polymer−polymer hydrogen bonding. A limited equivalence between the action of water on the polymer and the action of temperature (thermal energy) is proposed.
Graphene oxide strongly inhibits amyloid beta fibrillation (2012)

our results revealed that GO and their surface proteins inhibit AβF by decreasing the kinetic reaction.
Studies on Molecular Interaction in Solution. I. Effects of Organic Ions on the Solubility of 8-Methoxycaffeine (1968)

The effect of pyridine, aniline, hydrocinnamic acid, phenethylamine, propionic acid, or theophylline on the solubility of 8-methoxycaffeine was compared with that of the respective salt at 25°. In most cases the free acids or bases showed greater binding tendencies toward 8-methoxycaffeine than the corresponding ionic forms. Reduction in solubilizing capacity of the ionic forms may be attributed mainly to prevention by the solvent shell from complex formation rather than just the salt-out effect due to the change in the activity coefficient of 8-methoxycaffeine in the presence of organic salts. Theophylline was, on the other hand, unusual in a sense that its ionic form (theophylline ion) bounds 8-methoxycaffeine with a greater stability constant than its free form. Theophyllinate ion was demonstrated to interact more strongly than theophylline with another structurally similar compound. The structural similarity between the two interactants in aqueous media may be responsible for this reverse phenomenon.
Two Different Genotypes of Bartonella henselae in Children with Cat-Scratch Disease and their Pet Cats (1998)

Two genotypes (I and II) of Bartonella henselae are involved in cat-scratch disease (CSD). Lymph node biopsies were taken from 3 children suffering from CSD, and blood cultures were obtained from their pet cats. Cat-scratch disease was confirmed serologically, histologically and by detection of B. henselae DNA in all 3 lymph nodes by PCR. Bartonella henselae grew in all cats' blood cultures. The first 2 children were siblings. Both children and their pet cats were infected with B. henselae genotype II, and the third patient and her cat were infected with B. henselae genotype I. In all cases, there were no essential differences in the clinical manifestations of the infection caused by these 2 genotypes of B. henselae.
A low-cost uniplanar sampling down-converter with internal local oscillator, pulse generator, and IF amplifier (2001)

In this paper, we report on the development of a new integrated-circuit sampling down-converter having its own pulse generator, local oscillator (LO), and IF amplifier. The internal pulse generator uses a step recovery diode together with a unique ultra-wide-band hybrid junction to generate sub-nanosecond balanced pulses for gating the sampling diodes. The down-converter exhibits a conversion gain from 12 to 15.5 dB over an RF frequency of 0.01-3 GHz with 10-MHz LO and sampling pulses of about 100 ps. Return loss at the RF port is better than 15 dB over this RF bandwidth. The down-converter exhibits a good linearity and low harmonic levels. This down-converter employs a coplanar waveguide and slot line to make the entire circuit uniplanar and is, thus, suitable for low-cost production. In addition, if has an internal pulse generator, LO, and IF amplifier, making it a compact receiver subsystem, which can readily be used in many microwave systems.