gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure of the Bacterial Ribosomal Decoding Site Complexed with a Synthetic Doubly Functionalized Paromomycin Derivative: a New Specific Binding Mode to an A‐Minor Motif Enhances in vitro Antibacterial Activity (2007)

The crystal structure of the complex between oligonucleotide containing the bacterial ribosomal decoding site (A site) and the synthetic paromomycin analogue 1, which contains the gamma-amino-alpha-hydroxybutyryl (L-haba) group at position N1 of ring II (2-DOS ring), and an ether chain with an O-phenethylaminoethyl group at position C2'' of ring III, is reported. Interestingly, next to the paromomycin analogue 1 specifically bound to the A site, a second molecule of 1 with a different conformation is observed at the crystal packing interface which mimics the A-minor interaction between two bulged-out adenines from the A site and the codon-anticodon stem of the mRNA-tRNA complex. Improved antibacterial activity supports the conclusion that analogue 1 might affect protein synthesis on the ribosome in two different ways: 1) specific binding to the A site forces maintenance of the "on" state with two bulged out adenines, and 2) a new binding mode of 1 to an A-minor motif which stabilizes complex formation between the ribosome and the mRNA-tRNA complex regardless of whether the codon-anticodon stem is of the cognate or near-cognate type.
T. H. Kewley, Social Security in Australia 1900–72, Sydney University Press, Sydney, second edition, 1973. xiv + 586 pp. £10.50, paper £7.00. (1975)

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Anatomy of the Horse: An Illustrated Text (1994)

Introduction to anatomy general anatomy - bones, joints, muscles/ nervous system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, glands, mucous membranes, serous membranes topographical anatomy - body surface and skeleton, neck and thorax, shoulder joint, chest and abdominal wall, thoracic and abdominal cavity, abdominal and pelvic cavity urinary and reproductive organs pelvis head central nervous system brain endocrinology and sense organs relational anatomy - joints, musculature, lymph nodes introduction to general radiology and ultrasonography. Appendix of clinical-functional anatomy. Glossary of anatomical terms.
Synthesis of Calcium Phosphate Controllable Coating Thickness on Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion with Performance of Oxygen Release as Oxygen Carrier (2016)

Perfluorocarbon emulsion has been studied as an oxygen carrier, due to its high oxygen content. In clinical trials, it has shown stability in delivering oxygen to the target region. The purpose of the present study was to increase the stability of the emulsion by coating its surface with calcium phosphate. A layer-by-layer method was employed to coat the flexible emulsion surface. Considering the ionic affinity of calcium and phosphate to the lecithin emulsion surface, the first layer of coating was calcium and the second layer was comprised of phosphate ion. The coated emulsion demonstrated various oxygen release times depending on the thickness of the layers: from 0.04 sec. for a thickness of 8 nm to 0.17 sec. for a thickness 38 nm. Overall, the stability of the calcium phosphate coated emulsion was increased, while its original function as an oxygen carrier was maintained.
Raman Spectra of Li2O–SiO2 Glasses Prepared by Rapid Quenching (1986)

Abstract Raman spectra were measured of rapidly quenched Li2O–SiO2 glasses containing high Li2O concentrations. The proportions of SiO4 tetrahedral units with different numbers of non-bridging oxygen atoms per a silicon atom were determined for these glasses. It was found that silicates in the glass with the highest Li2O content (63 mol% Li2O) consist of large amounts of isolated SiO44− and Si2O76− ions.
Hypotheses on physiological roles of prostaglandins. (1969)

Prostaglandin, a smooth muscle-stimulating depressor acidic lipid discovered int he human seminal plasma in 1935, is now used as a generic term for a family of closely related derivatives of prostanoic acid which are widely distributed in animal tissues. Prostaglandins are biosynthesized from arachidonic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, both of which are derived from dietary linoleic acid. This finding provided a link to the observation that linoleic acid is an essential constituent of the diet. It is possible that prostaglandin compounds play a biochemical role fundamental to many, or all, animal cells. They have been implicated in sperm transport, menstruation, parturition, and control of placental blood flow. They may also play a role in the central nervous system, although this role may well be other than that of synaptic transmitter. Release of prostaglandin from various tissues is brought about by nerve stimulation. In adipose tissues, the amounts released may be sufficient to inhibit formation of cyclic AMP by the released noradrenaline, thus providing a local negative feedback mechanism. Prostaglandins also possibly play a role in muscular contractility, essential fatty acid deficiency, inhibition of lipid mobilization, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis.
The Magnetic Fluid Clutch (1948)

A new type of magnetic fluid and several classes of new devices utilizing this fluid have been developed at the National Bureau of Standards. One application of this fluid has been in electromagnetic clutches, but the electro-magnetically controlled mixture offers promise for other uses also.
Triangular phase-modulation approach to an open-loop fiber-optic gyroscope (1991)

A new approach to an open-loop, all-fiber gyroscope with a wide dynamic range and a linear scale factor is described. For signal processing, the Sagnac phase shift is converted into a phase shift in the low-frequency electrical signal by using a triangular phase-modulation waveform followed by gate switching. The basic principle of this technique and experimental results are reported.
Many Mechanisms for Hsp70 Protection From Cerebral Ischemia (2003)

Overexpression of inducible Hsp70 has been shown to provide protection from cerebral ischemia both in animal models of stroke and in cell culture models. New work suggests that there are multiple routes of cell death, including apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Hsp70 is known to protect from both necrotic and apoptotic cell death. In addition to the well-studied role of Hsp70 as a molecular chaperone assisting in correct protein folding, several new mechanisms by which Hsp70 can prevent cell death have been described. Hsp70 is now known to regulate apoptotic cell death both directly by interfering with the function of several proteins that induce apoptotic cell death as well as indirectly by increasing levels of the anti-death protein bcl-2. Despite these new insights into the ways in which Hsp70 functions as an anti-death protein, further surprises are likely as we continue to gain insight into the functioning of this multifaceted protein.
Ionizing Radiation Enhances Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Secretion and Invasion of Glioma Cells through Src/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Mediated p38/Akt and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathways (2006)

Glioblastoma is a severe type of primary brain tumor, and its highly invasive character is considered to be a major therapeutic obstacle. Several recent studies have reported that ionizing radiation (IR) enhances the invasion of tumor cells, but the mechanisms for this effect are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the possible signaling mechanisms involved in IR-induced invasion of glioma cells. IR increased the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 promoter activity, mRNA transcription, and protein secretion along with the invasiveness of glioma cells lacking functional PTEN (U87, U251, U373, and C6) but not those harboring wild-type (WT)-PTEN (LN18 and LN428). IR activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin, and blockade of these kinases by specific inhibitors (LY294002, Akt inhibitor IV, and rapamycin, respectively) and transfection of dominant-negative (DN) mutants (DN-p85 and DN-Akt) or WT-PTEN suppressed the IR-induced MMP-2 secretion in U251 and U373 cells. In addition, inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; AG490 and AG1478), Src (PP2), and p38 (SB203580), EGFR neutralizing antibody, and transfection of DN-Src and DN-p38 significantly blocked IR-induced Akt phosphorylation and MMP-2 secretion. IR-induced activation of EGFR was suppressed by PP2, whereas LY294002 and SB203580 did not affect the activations of p38 and PI3K, respectively. Finally, these kinase inhibitors significantly reduced the IR-induced invasiveness of these cells on Matrigel. Taken together, our findings suggest that IR induces Src-dependent EGFR activation, which triggers the p38/Akt and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, leading to increased MMP-2 expression and heightened invasiveness of PTEN mutant glioma cells.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis (2008)

Angiogenesis is the biologic process of forming new blood vessels and is being investigated as an innovative therapeutic approach to help manage ischemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Research studies have identified various angiogenic growth factors and progenitor cells that can enhance new blood vessel formation. This is Part II of an article that began publication in the July/August issue of Cardiology in Review. Preclinical investigations in animal models have explored the potential use of growth factors with and without progenitor cells to treat myocardial ischemia. The results of clinical trials with growth factor infusions and gene therapy techniques to enhance growth factor production have shown some promise, but therapeutic angiogenesis remains at an early stage of development.
System Level Benchmarking with Yield-Enhanced Standard Cell Library for Carbon Nanotube VLSI Circuits (2014)

The quest for technologies with superior device characteristics has showcased Carbon-Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNFET) into limelight. In this work we present physical design techniques to improve the yield of CNFET circuits in the presence of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) imperfections. Various layout schemes are studied for enhancing the yield of CNFET standard cell library. With the help of existing ASIC design flow, we perform system-level benchmarking of CNFET circuits and compare them to CMOS circuits at various technology nodes. With CNFET technology, we observe maximum performance gains for circuits with gate-dominated delays. Averaged across various benchmarks at 16 nm, we report 8× improvement in Energy-Delay-Product (EDP) with CNFET circuits when compared to CMOS counterpart. We also study the performance of a complete OpenRISC processor, where we see 1.5× improvement in EDP over CMOS at 16 nm technology node. Voltage scaling enabled by CNFETs can be explored in the future for further performance benefits.
Effects of Serum on Swine Morulae and Blastocysts in Vitro (1981)

The effects of serum on development of swine embryos in vitro and the relationship between embryo age and requirements for in vitro growth were investigated. Embryos were cultured either in a modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (mKRB) medium containing glucose and bovine serum albumin or in mKRB supplemented with serum. The addition of 10% heat-treated sheep serum improved development, as indicated by an increase in nuclei (P<.05) and increased survival (P<.10) of day 8 blastocysts cultured in medium containing serum. Blastocysts were classified as surviving if they remained expanded and had a smooth appearance. More (P<.05) blastocysts cultured in mKRB supplemented with 10 to 20% sheep serum survived 48 hr in vitro, and they had more (P<.05) nuclei than those cultured in 0 or 50% sheep serum. mKRB containing 10% sheep serum and mKRB containing 10% fetal calf serum supported similar in vitro development; however, few blastocysts cultured in medium containing 10% pig serum survived. Swine morulae benefited when cultured in the presence of 10% sheep serum, as evidenced by an increase in the number of embryos hatching during culture (0 and 18.2% for mKRB and mKRB plus 10% sheep serum, respectively). Culturing day 10 and day 12 blastocysts in mKRB plus 10% sheep serum, however, was not so successful. Day 10 blastocysts recovered from one of two donor gilts increased in size and nuclei number in vitro, but none of the day 12 blastocysts survived 24 hr in vitro. These studies indicate that the requiremnts for swine embryo development in vitro change at about the time of blastocoel formation, since mKRB will not support development of day 8 blastocysts unless supplemented with serum, and that hatching percentage is improved by including serum in the culture medium for morulae. During day 10 to 11, there is another qualitative change in requirements of swine blastocysts such that mKRB plus serum will no longer support development.
Versican V1 Proteolysis in Human Aorta in Vivo Occurs at the Glu441-Ala442 Bond, a Site That Is Cleaved by Recombinant ADAMTS-1 and ADAMTS-4 (2001)

Mature human aorta contains a 70-kDa versican fragment, which reacts with a neoepitope antiserum to the C-terminal peptide sequence DPEAAE. This protein therefore appears to represent the G1 domain of versican V1 (G1-DPEAAE(441)), which has been generated in vivo by proteolytic cleavage at the Glu(441)-Ala(442) bond, within the sequence DPEAAE(441)-A(442)RRGQ. Because the equivalent aggrecan product (G1-NITEGE(341)) and brevican product (G1-EAVESE(395)) are generated by ADAMTS-mediated cleavage of the respective proteoglycans, we tested the capacity of recombinant ADAMTS-1 and ADAMTS-4 to cleave versican at Glu(441)-Ala(442). Both enzymes cleaved a recombinant versican substrate and native human versican at the Glu(441)-Ala(442) bond and the mature form of ADAMTS-4 was detected by Western analysis of extracts of aortic intima. We conclude that versican V1 proteolysis in vivo can be catalyzed by one or more members of the ADAMTS family of metalloproteinases.
The operation of the semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor (SIS) solar cell: Theory (1978)

Recently 12% efficient indium tin oxide (ITO) on silicon solar cells have been reported. Experiments indicate the presence of a thin interfacial insulating layer. Thus, these devices appear to belong to a class of semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor (SIS) solar cells where one of the semiconductors is a degenerate wide-band-gap oxide. We have developed a theory in terms of minority-carrier tunnel current transport through the interfacial layer where one semiconductor is in a nonequilibrium mode. The wide-band-gap semiconductor serves to block band-to-band majority-carrier current and thus, in principle, give better device performance than with an MIS solar cell. The effects of interfacial layer thickness, substrate doping level, surface states and interface charge, temperature on the performance of SIS solar cells have been calculated. These indicate that real-world ITO on silicon cells should be able to achieve 20% efficiency under AMl illumination. Other combinations of semiconductors would yield even better performance.
Harmonic Generation for Measurement of Internal Stresses as Produced by Dislocations (1976)

Absrmcr-The present knowledge on the state of microscopic internal stresses, as produced by dislocations, and the relation of these internal stresses to materials properties such as flow stress and the state of fatigue are briefly reviewed. It will then be shown that ultrasonic harmonic generation is sensitive to the dislocation density and loop lengths and thus to microscopic internal stresses Some experimental data on harmonic generation in a deformed and fatigued aluminum specimen, which are in agreement with the above theory, are presented. Thus the technique of ultrasonic harmonic generation is shown to be a new and potentially powerful technique for the nondestructive evalua- tion of technologically important materials. N A RECENT meeting on nondestructive evaluation of internal stresses (l) the need for additional work in this area became quite apparent. The presence of either a compres- sional or a tensile macroscopic internal stress in a structural component is a very important parameter, in particular in de- sign work, which very effectively determines crack initiation and crack propagation under external loads. Strong efforts are being made at present to determine this kind of internal stress, mainly using X-ray techniques and, lately, acoustic birefringence and magnetic techniques. The role of micro- scopic internal stresses on mechanical properties, on the other hand, seems to be not quite clear to the designer or mainte- nance. The present paper, therefore, is addressed specifically to this subject. In particular, the internal stresses due to dis- locations which are the defects responsible for plasticity ef- fects in metals will be discussed. A literature survey as well as some preliminary experiments to be reported in this paper seem to indicate that the flow stress as well as a part of the fatigue life of a material are reflections of the state of the microscopic internal stress. These experiments have been per- formed using acoustic harmonic generation, and it is this tech- nique that is proposed in the present paper as a possible non- destructive tool to study the microscopic internal stress due to dislocation or, in other words, plasticity effects. The work reported here by no means is complete, and many basic questions remain to be answered. It is hoped, however, that the present work will lead to a better understanding of the materials' reliability and product lifetime.
High Temperature Strategy for Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis (2008)

Compared with noble metals and quantum dots, dielectric complex oxide nanoparticles are significantly less popular due to their high crystallization temperature, making difficult their synthesis in the 10-100 nm range for which surface effects are reduced. We report here an original process permitting thermal annealing of complex oxide nanoparticles at high temperature without aggregation and growth. Thus, after thermal treatment, these annealed particles can be dispersed in water, leading to concentrated aqueous colloidal dispersions containing isolated highly crystalline particles. This contrasts with usual colloidal techniques for which the production of particles in the 10-100 nm range generally leads to poorly crystallized particles, especially for multicomponent oxides. From two examples, we show some possibilities offered by this type of process. This concerns the synthesis of lanthanide-doped oxide nanoparticles exhibiting a bulk behavior for their luminescence properties and the control of the composition in nitrogen-doped titanium oxide particles without sintering and size change.
Classes and inheritance in actor-oriented design (2009)

Actor-oriented components emphasize concurrency and temporal semantics and are used for modeling and designing embedded software and hardware. Actors interact with one another through ports via a messaging schema that can follow any of several concurrent semantics. Domain-specific actor-oriented languages and frameworks are common (Simulink, LabVIEW, SystemC, etc.). However, they lack many modularity and abstraction mechanisms that programmers have become accustomed to in object-oriented components, such as classes, inheritance, interfaces, and polymorphism, except as inherited from the host language. This article shows a form that such mechanisms can take in actor-oriented components, gives a formal structure, and describes a prototype implementation. The mechanisms support actor-oriented class definitions, subclassing, inheritance, and overriding. The formal structure imposes structural constraints on a model (mainly the “derivation invariant”) that lead to a policy to govern inheritance. In particular, the structural constraints permit a disciplined form of multiple inheritance with unambiguous inheritance and overriding behavior. The policy is based formally on a generalized ultrametric space with some remarkable properties. In this space, inheritance is favored when actors are “closer” (in the generalized ultrametric), and we show that when inheritance can occur from multiple sources, one source is always unambiguously closer than the other.
The ultra-multi-tanh technique for bipolar linear transconductance amplifiers (1997)

A novel circuit design technique for bipolar linear transconductance amplifiers is presented. A triple-tail cell, which consists of three emitter-common transistors biased only by a current source, is exchangeable with symmetrical cross-coupled, emitter-coupled pairs in a multi-tanh cell, such as a multi-tanh doublet, or a multi-tanh quad. Therefore, the multi-tanh technique is further theoretically expanded to the ultra-multi-tanh technique. In this paper, the ultra-multi-tanh technique is proposed and discussed, and furthermore, an ultra-multi-tanh doublet is verified with bipolar transistor-arrays and discrete resistors on a breadboard.
Monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic reactivities against human gliomas (1989)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb's) reactive with human malignant glioma cells were derived from mice inoculated with cells from fresh glioma tissue. Seven MAb's were selected for study based on their high-level binding in immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence assay to most of the glioma tissues derived from various patients and based on the absence of binding to normal bone marrow cells. Four of the seven MAb's did not bind to any of the four normal brain tissues tested, whereas three MAb's bound to one or two of these tissues. Two MAb's bound to the surfaces of cultured glioma cells in radioimmunoassay. One of these MAb's (AS-AY1, immunoglobulin (Ig)(G1) lysed cultured glioma cells with human lymphocytes or murine macrophages as effector cells; the other MAb (AS-AY2, IgM) was reactive in complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay. These two MAb's therefore seem especially promising reagents in approaches to immunotherapy of human malignant glioma.
SiC&#x2019;s potential impact on the design of wind generation system (2008)

The potential impact of SiC devices on a wind generation system is explored by simulations in this work. The system modeling is explained in detail. Most recent SiC MOSFET prototypes are obtained, tested, and used to form a bi-directional converter in the simulation. The performance of the SiC converter is analyzed and compared to its Si counterpart at different temperatures and frequencies. A conclusion is drawn that the SiC converters can improve the wind system efficiency, conserve energy, and reduce system size and cost due to the low-loss, high-frequency, and high-temperature properties of SiC devices even for one-for-one replacement for Si devices.