gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extraction of (1→3)-β-D-Glucan from Saccharom yces Cerevisiae and Study of the Mechanism (2003)

(1→3)-β-D-Glucan was extracted from Sacchar om yces cerevisiae by acid method and alkaline-acid method respectively.Paper ch romatography and UV analysis showed that the product extracted by acid method co ntained glucan,mannan and protein,while the product extracted by alkaline-acid method was chemically pure glucan,i.e.,it contained no other carbohydrates and p roteins.This was further confirmed by FT-IR and 13CNMR spectra.The hydrol ysis mechanism explains the difference between acid method and alkaline-acid me thod and shows that the alkaline-acid method was ideal for extracting (1→3) -β-D-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Potential Anticancer Agents. XIII. Reaction of 3, 6-Dimethylpyridazine 1-Oxide and Methylpyridazine 1-Oxides with Benzaldehyde. (1963)

The nucleophilic activity of methyl group in 3, 6-dimethylpyridazine 1-oxide (I) and monomethylpyridazine 1-oxides (II) with benzaldehyde was studied. Their corresponding (β-hydroxyphenethyl) pyridazine 1-oxides and styryl compounds were gained. From the results, it may be deduced as follows. (i) The reactivity of 3-and 6-methyl groups in I were almost same, different from the cases of 3, 6-dichloropyridazine 1-oxide. (ii) 4- and 6-methyl groups in II were similarly reactive, but 5-methyl was more active, and 3-methyl less active than fore-mentioned two methyl groups. These styryl compounds that were produced respectively, were catalytically hydrogenated with Pd-C to corresponding phenethylpyridazine 1-oxides.
Optical Torque Wrench: Angular Trapping, Rotation, and Torque Detection of Quartz Microparticles (2004)

We describe an apparatus that can measure the instantaneous angular displacement and torque applied to a quartz particle which is angularly trapped. Torque is measured by detecting the change in angular momentum of the transmitted trap beam. The rotational Brownian motion of the trapped particle and its power spectral density are used to determine the angular trap stiffness. The apparatus features a feedback control that clamps torque or other rotational quantities. The torque sensitivity demonstrated is ideal for the study of known biological molecular motors.
Estradiol Exerts Neuroprotective Effects When Administered After Ischemic Insult (2000)

E2 exerts neuroprotective effects when administered after ischemia, with a therapeutic window in a permanent focal cerebral ischemia model of approximately 3 hours. This effect of estradiol was associated with no immediate change in blood flow but with a delayed increase in CBF.
Synthesis, degradability, and cell affinity of poly (<scp>DL</scp>‐lactide‐<i>co</i>‐RS‐hydroxyethyl‐β‐malolactonate) (2008)

Poly(DL-lactide-co-RS-hydroxyethyl-beta-malolactonate) (PLMAH), a novel functionalized polylactide with hydroxyl arms, was synthesized by a two-step reaction. DL-lactide (DLLA) and RS-benzyloxyethyl-beta-malolactonate were first copolymerized by ring-opening polymerization with Sn(Oct)(2) as catalyst to generate poly(DL-lactide-co-RS-benzyloxyethyl-beta-malolactonate) (PLMAB); next the benzyl protective groups of PLMAB were removed by the hydrogenation reaction catalyzed by Pd/C to generate the final polymer PLMAH. The composition and structure of PLMAB and PLMAH were characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR. In vitro degradation experiments of PLMAH copolymers showed that the more RS-hydroxyethyl-beta-malolactonate (MAHE) content in the copolymer film, the faster the degradation occurred. The results of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECV-304) cultivated on PDLLA and PLMAH films suggested that among all the films, the PLMAH film containing 9.4 mol % MAHE had the highest cell attachment efficiency.
Insights into the Fracture Mechanisms and Strength of Amorphous and Nanocomposite Carbon (2006)

Tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations shed light into the fracture mechanisms and the ideal strength of tetrahedral amorphous carbon and of nanocomposite carbon containing diamond crystallites, two of the hardest materials. It is found that fracture in the nanocomposites, under tensile or shear load, occurs intergrain and so their ideal strength is similar to the pure amorphous phase. The onset of fracture takes place at weakly bonded sites in the amorphous matrix. On the other hand, the nanodiamond inclusions significantly enhance the elastic moduli, which approach those of diamond.
Biochemical Properties of Dipeptidyl Peptidase III Purified from Porcine Skeletal Muscle (1998)

Dipeptidyl peptidase III (EC 3.4.14.4) was purified from porcine skeletal muscle by ammonium sulfate fractionation and by chromatography and rechromatography on a Biosept-DEAE HPLC column. The enzyme was purified 2329-fold with a 19% recovery. The relative molecular mass was estimated to be 82 000 Da by SDS−PAGE and the maximum activity was reached at pH 8.0 and 40 °C. The enzyme had a wider range of hydrolysis on peptide substrates than over dipeptidyl-AMC derivatives, but without any endopeptidase activity. On the basis of the kinetic parameters and the substrates studied, the tetrapeptide Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu (des-Tyr1 Leu-enkephalin) showed the best affinity for DPP III. The serine peptidase inhibitor 3,4-DCI, along with the cysteine protease inhibitors p-CMB and DTNB were potent inhibitors of DPP III. Chelating and reducing agents also affected considerably the enzyme activity. Co2+ was proved to markedly increase the enzyme activity. Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ inhibited the activity, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ had no effect. The dipeptide Tyr-Tyr exerted an important inhibitory effect on DPP III activity. Keywords: Dipeptidyl peptidase III; muscle; purification; peptide hydrolysis; capillary electrophoresis; HPLC
Pseudo-Circuit: Accelerating Communication for On-Chip Interconnection Networks (2010)

As the number of cores on a single chip increases with more recent technologies, a packet-switched on-chip interconnection network has become a de facto communication paradigm for chip multiprocessors (CMPs). However, it is inevitable to suffer from high communication latency due to the increasing number of hops. In this paper, we attempt to accelerate network communication by exploiting communication temporal locality with minimal additional hardware cost in the existing state-of-the-art router architecture. We observe that packets frequently traverse through the same path chosen by previous packets due to repeated communication patterns, such as frequent pair-wise communication. Motivated by our observation, we propose a pseudo-circuit scheme. With previous communication patterns, the scheme reserves crossbar connections creating pseudo-circuits, sharable partial circuits within a single router. It reuses the previous arbitration information to bypass switch arbitration if the next flit traverses through the same pseudo-circuit. To accelerate communication performance further, we also propose two aggressive schemes, pseudo-circuit speculation and buffer bypassing. Pseudo-circuit speculation creates more pseudo-circuits using unallocated crossbar connections while buffer bypassing skips buffer writes to eliminate one pipeline stage.
[The important of lysosomes in myocardial damages, particularly in cases of ischemia (author's transl)]. (1980)

Secondary lysosomes, such as lipofuscin, are found in considerable numbers in myocardial cells not only with growing age but at any stage of life after intoxications or as a result of congenital heart defects. In addition, lysosomal enzymes are also localized at the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and at the Golgi vesicles. During ischemia, these enzymes are being detached from the membranes. This, however, happens at a time when the cell has already been damaged irreversibly. Until now, no outflow of lysosomal enzymes from these cells with a following damage of so far unchanged cells has been observed and seems unlikely to happen in view of present-day research results. The primary event and the decisive factor of an ischemic myocardial damage are the ATP reduction which starts within several minutes and the mitochondrial changes connected with it which induce among other things the structural and functional membrane changes, too.
Therapeutic applications of NSAIDs : subpopulations and new formulations (1992)

Provides information on all of the current NSAID subpopulation therapy problems, exploring the future of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use and the potential impact of non-classical pharmaceutical NSAID formulations.
ENDOTHELIUM: A DISTRIBUTED ORGAN OF DIVERSE CAPABILITIES (1982)

A historical survey of the growth of ideas about the circulation of the blood and about the endothelium is provided as a background to the specialized papers that follow. Over the years, in the course of clarifying its structure and function, the status of the endothelium has gradually evolved from that of an inert semipermeable barrier that determines the exchange of substances between blood vessels and tissue spaces to that of a specialized organ that is unusual in its dispersion throughout the body as the lining of blood vessels. This unique arrangement has enabled it to play different roles in different parts of the vascular tree and in different organs and to manifest distinctive responses to injury according to its structure and location. As a corollary, because its responsiveness is strongly influenced by its ambience and neighboring tissues, it seems inevitable that extrapolations from function in vitro to function in vivo require considerable prudence.
INFLUENCE OF WATER ACTIVITY ON TEXTURE OF CORN FLAKES (2007)

Ab s t r a c t. Commercial corn flakes were equilibrated to different water activities and subjected to mechanical deformation. Breaking of corn flakes was done in a plastic tube in which flakes were piled one over another. Sounds emitted during breaking were detected by a piezoelectric accelerometer and recorded after amplification. Deformation curves were jagged and very irregular, and their course depended on the water activity of the material. Crispness of corn flakes was independent from water activity at aw&lt;0.3. At higher water activities crispness decreased fast and at aw&gt;0.639 that property was lost completely. An antiplasticizing effect of water on corn flakes was observed in the water activity range from 0.516 to 0.639. Acoustic activity of breaking corn flakes was also dependent on water activity. The energy of acoustic signal decreased at aw&gt;0.516. However, the number of acoustic events decreased abruptly in water activity range from 0.2 to 0.3. Crunchiness index was introduced, combining both mechanical and acoustic measures of crispness of the material. In the range of water activity from 0.3 to 0.5 the crunchiness index for corn flakes was constant. At lower water activities it decreased with increasing wetness of the material, but at higher water activities it was close to zero. K e y wo r d s: breaking force, crispness index, acoustic emission, acoustic energy
Structure and Function of the Steroid and Nuclear Receptor DNA Binding Domain (1998)

The nuclear receptors form the largest known superfamily of genes encoding eukaryotic transcription factors. To date, over 150 related genes have been identified, all of which encode proteins with a common molecular architecture, shown in Figure 1 (reviewed by Mangelsdorf et al 1995). Most receptors function as homo- or heterodimers, and bind selectively to gene-regulatory sequences called hormone response elements (HREs) through which they regulate the expression of their target genes. These target genes, in turn, are responsible for controlling the growth, development, metabolism and homeostasis of higher eukaryotes. Nuclear-receptor-mediated transcriptional control is dependent on the paired assembly of the receptors, and on the sequence, orientation, and spacing of the half-site repeats in their HREs. These recognition events are the focus of this review. The functions of the receptors also involve their ligand occupancy (for the hormone/steroid receptors), and complex interaction with their mediators and the basal transcription machinery, which will not be discussed here.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUROTROPIC AND PSYCHOTROPIC AGENTS. CXXX. SYNTHESIS OF NEW DIBENZO(B,E)THIEPIN DERIVATIVES RELATED TO THE ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT PROTHIADENE (1979)

Abstract Der aus dem Dibenzothiepinon (Ia) und dem Grignard‐Reagenz (II) zugängliche Alkohol (Ib) liefert bei der Bromierung das Derivat (Ic), aus dem nach Gabriel über das Phthalimid (Id) das Amin (Ie) synthetisiert wird.
Influence of conservation on calculations of amino acid covariance in multiple sequence alignments (2004)

It has long been argued that algorithms that find correlated mutations in multiple sequence alignments can be used to find structurally or functionally important residues in proteins. We examined the properties of four different methods for detecting these correlated mutations. On both simple, artificial alignments and real alignments from the Pfam database, we found a surprising lack of agreement between the four correlated mutation methods. We argue that these differences are caused in part by differing sensitivities to background conservation. Correlated mutation algorithms can be envisioned as "filters" of background conservation with each algorithm searching for correlated mutations that occur at a different background conservation frequency.
Composite conductors containing many filaments of Nb&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;Sn (1975)

A 342 filament Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn conductor made by "the bronze" approach is described in some detail. Larger conductors containing 1045 and 3553 filaments, respectively, are also mentioned. One of these contains a barrier layer to separate the bronze matrix from high conductivity copper which is required for stability in some applications. A high aspect ratio version of the 3553 filament conductor has also been made. A 67 507 filament conductor carrying 1000 A at 12 T, developed for Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, is shown. It has been made into several different configurations, one with the size and aspect ratio of the 3553 filament conductor shows less anisotropy in current properties with different field orientations.
ORGANIC COOLANT RECLAMATION AND COOLANT CHEMISTRY. Annual Report No. 4, December 15, 1961-December 14, 1962 (1963)

Results of exploratory research and development on organic coolant reclamation and coolant technology to develop an economical process to reclaim decomposed terphenyl coolant are described. The solvent treatment method for reclaiming high boiler was further refined to include OMRE core IIIA high boiler and spent coolants with varying high boiler concentrations. Centrifugation was shown to be a good technique for separating the soluble and insoluble fractions. Results from electron radiolysis and reactor irradiation of reclaimed high boiler and spent coolant showed that reclaimed coolants have good radiation resistance. Hydrocracking of high boiler was demonstrated to be a feasible reclamation process. Several alkylpolyphenyls were prepared and their thermal and radiolytic stability were measured. The reaction rate constants for the thermal decomposition at 350, 427, 482, and 510 deg C were determined. Economic comparisons of recclamation processes indicated that the solvent treatment process is the most economical of the processes that are demonstrated to be technically feasible. (M.C.G.)
Divergence, demography and gene loss along the human lineage (2010)

Genomic DNA sequences are an irreplaceable source for reconstructing the vanished past of living organisms. Based on updated sequence data, this paper summarizes our studies on species divergence time, ancient population size and functional loss of genes in the primate lineage leading to modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens). The inter- and intraspecific comparisons of DNA sequences suggest that the human lineage experienced a rather severe bottleneck in the Middle Pleistocene, throughout which period the subdivided African population played a predominant role in shaping the genetic architecture of modern humans. Also, published and newly identified human-specific pseudogenes (HSPs) are enumerated in order to infer their significance for human evolution. Of the 121 candidate genes obtained, authentic HSPs turn out to comprise only 25 olfactory receptor genes, four T cell receptor genes and nine other genes. The fixation of HSPs has been too rare over the past 6-7 Myr to account for species differences between humans and chimpanzees.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of phosphopeptides isolated by on-line immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (1993)

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) affords a rapid and sensitive technique for determining peptides produced by the enzymatic digestion of phosphoroteins. When coupled with on-line immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC), the combmation allows separation and mass spectrometric identification of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated peptides. In this study, the feasibility and general applicability of on-line IMAC/ESI/MS is investigated by using immobilized ferric ions for selective chelation of several phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine peptides. The sensitivity and practicality of the technique for phosphoproteins are demonstrated via the analysis of 30 pmol (∼0.7 μg) of bovine β-casein purified by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electroblotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and digested in situ with trypsin. It is observed that on-line IMAC/ESI/MS suffers less from sample losses than experiments performed off-line, suggesting that the limiting factors in sensitivity for this technique are the purification procedures and sample handling rather than the IMAC and mass spectrometry. Thus, the ability to inject the tryptic digest of an electroblotted protein directly onto the column without buffer exchange and to analyze the eluent directly via on-line coupling of the IMAC column to the mass spectrometer greatly reduces sample losses incurred through sample handling and provides a convenient method for analyzing phosphopeptides at low levels.
Phase II Study of CIA Regimen in Poor-Risk AML to Open (2004)

The 14 reports in this special supplement discuss the use of the cytoprotectant amifostine in patients with cancer of the head and neck, esophagus, lung, and cervix, as well as those with lymphoma and acute myelogenous leukemia. Discussions focus on the potential of this agent to both reduce radiation side effects such as xerostomia and permit dose escalation of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Improvements in treatment outcome and quality of life as a result of cytoprotection are examined.
Porous Metals as a Hard Tissue Substitute (1973)

The possible use of porous metals in the construction of orthopedic and orthodontic prostheses has attracted the attention of biomaterials investigators. The devices must not only satisfy essential criteria such as biocompatibility and structural strength, but must also encourage ingrowth of cellular elements into the porous matrix producing a permanent bone/metal union. Some problems and solutions are discussed using a newly developed Void Metal Composite material as the major example.
Modeling of Endpoint Feedback Learning Implemented Through Point-to-Point Learning Control (2016)

In the last decade, several experiments were conducted to investigate human motor control behavior for the task of arm reaching, using only visual feedback of the final hand position at the end of each reaching motion. Current computational frameworks have yet to model that the humans learn to complete such a task by feedforward action based on the feedback of a displacement error at the end of past reaching motions. This paper demonstrates how such learning can be formulated as an optimization problem. By designing a cost function which weighs the tracking of the target and the smoothness of human motion, the constructed framework, implemented in the form of point-to-point learning control, inherently embeds the feedforward control and enables learning over repeated trials using only the available feedback from past observations, here the endpoint errors of a reaching motion trajectory. The proposed framework is able to reproduce the human learning behavior observed in experiments.
Decreased Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity Are Associated With Liver Function in Subjects With Fasting Glucose Between 100 and 109 mg/dL in Taiwanese Population (2007)

Study results indicate that, first, there was a significant decrease of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in subjects with fasting glucose from 100 to 109 mg/dL compared with subjects with normal fasting glucose. Second, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were associated with IR as the glycemic status progressed in the IFG group.
Preparation and initial characterization of an intermediate, half-cleaved form of human .alpha.2-macroglobulin (1989)

A form of human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) has been prepared that has properties intermediate to those of native alpha 2-macroglobulin and 2:1 protease-alpha 2 M ternary complex by using Sepharose-linked chymotrypsin. The intermediate form has mobility on native polyacrylamide gels between the fast and slow forms of alpha 2M and migrates as a diffuse band. Two bait regions and two thiol esters per alpha 2M tetramer are cleaved, although no chymotrypsin is detectable in the modified alpha 2-macroglobulin species. The remaining bait regions and thiol esters can be cleaved by further reaction with other proteases. Intermediate-form alpha 2M can trap 1.18 mol of chymotrypsin, 0.85 mol of trypsin, and 0.65 mol of thrombin. Although both thrombin and methylamine react with intermediate-form alpha 2M at rates not distinguishable within experimental error from those of their reactions with native alpha 2M, chymotrypsin-Sepharose reacts much more slowly with the intermediate form than with native alpha 2 M, indicating a nonequivalence of the two reactive sites on alpha 2M. This nonequivalence may be present initially or be induced by reaction at the first site. Comparison of ESR results obtained from spin-labeling methylamine-treated or protease-reacted alpha 2M with those from spin-labeling of the free SH groups in intermediate-form alpha 2M shows that trapped protease influences the mobility of the attached nitroxide either through direct contact or by producing a different conformation from that present in methylamine-treated or intermediate-form alpha 2M.
Distributed channel allocation in ATM networks (2002)

This paper proposes a distributed channel allocation mechanism for ATM networks. In this mechanism, agents are assigned to traffic sources and allocate channels to incoming calls in a distributed manner. Channel allocation is based only on the sampled channel utilization values locally available to agents. There is no direct exchange of information assumed between agents. Due to the distributed nature of the proposed mechanism, this mechanism causes oscillations during channel utilization when there is a delay associated with the sampling of channel utilizations and the processing of sampled values at agents. This oscillation increases the cell loss in a channel. According we propose methods for estimating channel utilization in order to reduce the oscillations and show their effectiveness through simulations. The proposed mechanism requires little computational processing, is simple to implement, and achieves efficient channel allocation even if highly bursty calls. It is therefore suitable for ATM networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>