gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Arterial Spin-Labeling in Routine Clinical Practice, Part 1: Technique and Artifacts (2008)

The routine use of arterial spin-labeling (ASL) in a clinical population has led to the depiction of diverse brain pathologic features. Unique challenges in the acquisition, postprocessing, and analysis of cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps are encountered in such a population, and high-quality ASL CBF maps can be generated consistently with attention to quality control and with the use of a dedicated postprocessing pipeline. Familiarity with commonly encountered artifacts can help avoid pitfalls in the interpretation of CBF maps. The purpose of this review was to describe our experience with a heterogeneous collection of ASL perfusion cases with an emphasis on methodology and common artifacts encountered with the technique. In a period of 1 year, more than 3000 pulsed ASL cases were performed as a component of routine clinical brain MR evaluation at both 1.5 and 3T. These ASL studies were analyzed with respect to overall image quality and patterns of perfusion on final gray-scale DICOM images and color Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) CBF maps, and common artifacts and their impact on final image quality were categorized.
Blood flow in arteries determined transcutaneously by an ultrasonic doppler velocitymeter as compared to electromagnetic measurements on the exposed vessels (1980)

We have compared the instantaneous mean blood velocity measured transcutaneously from total cross-sections of arteries in dogs by the use of a new pulsed heterodyne ultrasound doppler equipment, with instantaneous blood flow as measured simultaneously by an electromagnetic flowmeter applied on the exposed vessels. The experiments were performed on the common carotid and the femoral arteries in a variety of flow situations, always with a close fit between the two curves. The results show that the output from the ultrasound equipment is proportional to flow.
Fibronectin binding and cell-surface hydrophobicity of attaching effacing enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from newborn and weanling rabbits with diarrhoea (1986)

32 different strains of Escherichia coli isolated from rabbits with diarrhoea were studied for cell-surface properties which may be involved in intestinal colonisation. Strains isolated from diarrhoeic suckling (6 strains) and weaning (26 strains) rabbits which were shown to attach to brush borders in vivo, showed high relative cell-surface hydrophobicity as determined by the Salt Aggregation Test (SAT) when grown on Colonisation Factor Antigen (CFA) agar at 33°C. Cells of these strains grown to express surface hydrophobicity were also defined as high, moderate or low binders of 125I-fibronectin or its 125I-29-kDa fragment in a standard binding assay. Based on these findings, we propose that binding to intestinal cell surface (mucus)-associated fibronectin may be an early important step in intestinal colonisation of the small bowel in enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) diarrhoea in rabbits and other animal species.
Low Temperature Synthesis of Nanoscale Magnesium Hydroxide under Normal Pressure (2013)

In the present paper, nano-scale magnesium hydroxide has been prepared at low temperature via a wet chemical process using MgCl 2 · 6H 2 O (or Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ) and NaOH as the starting reagents under normal pressure. The fresh synthesized magnesium hydroxide nanocrystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electronic diffraction (SAED) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. Patterns of XRD and SAED exhibited that the products were high-quality hexagonal crystal system nanocrystals. Though the TEM pictures, large quantities of lamellar-like and needle-like magnesium hydroxide nanocrystals could be observed without obvious aggregation. Using the present method, high yield magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles would be produced without expensive equipments like the high temperature and high-pressure reactor.
Preparation of Lignopolyols from Wheat Straw Soda Lignin (2011)

Wheat straw soda lignin was modified and characterized by several qualitative and quantitative methods such as (31)P NMR spectroscopy to evaluate its potential as a substitute for polyols in view of polyurethane applications. Chemical modification of the lignin was achieved with propylene oxide to form lignopolyol derivatives. This was performed by a two-step reaction of lignin with maleic anhydride followed by propylene oxide and by direct oxyalkylation under acidic and alkaline conditions. The physical and chemical properties of lignopolyols from each method and the subsequent chain-extended hydroxyl groups were evaluated. Direct oxyalkylation of lignin under alkaline conditions was found to be more efficient than acidic conditions and more effective than the two-step process for preparing lignopolyol with higher aliphatic hydroxyl contents.
Discovery of Small Molecules That Induce Lysosomal Cell Death in Cancer Cell Lines Using an Image-Based Screening Platform (2016)

The lysosomal cell death (LCD) pathway is a caspase 3-independent cell death pathway that has been suggested as a possible target for cancer therapy, making the development of sensitive and specific high-throughput (HT) assays to identify LCD inducers highly desirable. In this study, we report a two-step HT screening platform to reliably identify such molecules. First, using a robust HT primary screen based on propidium iodide uptake, we identified compounds that kill through nonapoptotic pathways. A phenotypic image-based assay using a galectin-3 (Gal-3) reporter was then used to further classify hits based on lysosomal permeabilization, a hallmark of LCD. The identification of permeabilized lysosomes in our image-based assay is not affected by changes in the lysosomal pH, thus resolving an important limitation in currently used methods. We have validated our platform in a screen by identifying 24 LCD inducers, some previously known to induce LCD. Although most LCD inducers were cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs), we have also identified a non-CAD LCD inducer, which is of great interest in the field. Our data also gave new insights into the biology of LCD, suggesting that lysosomal accumulation and acid sphingomyelinase inhibition are not sufficient or necessary for the induction of LCD. Overall, our results demonstrate a robust HT platform to identify novel LCD inducers that will also be very useful for gaining deeper insights into the molecular mechanism of LCD induction.
A means of reducing custom LSI interconnection requirements (1972)

Large-scale integrated circuit interconnect approaches such as pad relocation and discretionary techniques have been developed for interconnecting very large numbers of circuits on monolithic integrated-circuit wafers. Although these approaches were perhaps premature in their original development, considerable interest is currently being shown in full wafer LSI. In order to avoid the defective circuits that naturally occur on such large circuit arrays, it has been necessary to customize each wafer's interconnection mask to its unique yield pattern. The authors examine in detail a means of using each mask set for perhaps several unique wafers, thus providing important custom routing and mask generation cost savings. In the case of pad relocation, only a single mask then comprises the entire custom mask set for several wafer arrays.
The p67 Activation Domain Regulates Electron Flow from NADPH to Flavin in Flavocytochromeb 558 (1999)

An activation domain in p67(phox) (residues within 199-210) is essential for cytochrome b(558)-dependent activation of NADPH superoxide (O2(-.)) generation in a cell-free system (Han, C.-H., Freeman, J. L. R., Lee, T., Motalebi, S. A., and Lambeth, J. D. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 16663-16668). To determine the steady state reduction flavin in the presence of highly absorbing hemes, 8-nor-8-S-thioacetamido-FAD ("thioacetamido-FAD") was reconstituted into the flavocytochrome, and the fluorescence of its oxidized form was monitored. Thioacetamido-FAD-reconstituted cytochrome showed lower activity (7% versus 100%) and increased steady state flavin reduction (28 versus <5%) compared with the enzyme reconstituted with native FAD. Omission of p67(phox) decreased the percent steady state reduction of the flavin to 4%, but omission of p47(phox) had little effect. The activation domain on p67(phox) was critical for regulating flavin reduction, since mutations in this region that decreased O2(-.) generation also decreased the steady state reduction of flavin. Thus, the activation domain on p67(phox) regulates the reductive half-reaction for FAD. This reaction is comprised of the binding of NADPH followed by hydride transfer to the flavin. Kinetic deuterium isotope effects along with K(m) values permitted calculation of the K(d) for NADPH. (R)-NADPD but not (S)-NADPD showed kinetic deuterium isotope effects on V and V/K of about 1.9 and 1.5, respectively, demonstrating stereospecificity for the R hydride transfer. The calculated K(d) for NADPH was 40 microM in the presence of wild type p67(phox) and was approximately 55 microM using the weakly activating p67(phox)(V205A). Thus, the activation domain of p67(phox) regulates the reduction of FAD but has only a small effect on NADPH binding, consistent with a dominant effect on hydride/electron transfer from NADPH to FAD.
ON THE STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF ADJUSTED AND INTERPOLATED VALUES OF AN OBSERVED POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION AND ITS CONSTANTS AND THE GUIDANCE THEY GIVE TOWARDS A PROPER CHOICE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF OBSERVATIONS (1918)

ON THE STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF ADJUSTED AND INTERPOLATED VALUES OF AN OBSERVED POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION AND ITS CONSTANTS AND THE GUIDANCE THEY GIVE TOWARDS A PROPER CHOICE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF OBSERVATIONS Get access KIRSTINE SMITH KIRSTINE SMITH Copenhagen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biometrika, Volume 12, Issue 1-2, November 1918, Pages 1–85, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/12.1-2.1 Published: 01 November 1918
Evaluation of Enzyme Immunoassays to Detect Clostridium difficile Toxin From Anaerobic Stool Culture (2008)

Stool culture for Clostridium difficile, while necessary for strain typing and antimicrobial surveillance, cannot determine toxin production. We prospectively tested in triplicate 91 C difficile cultured isolates for toxin production by 2 enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (Meridian Premier Toxins A&B, Meridian Bioscience, Cincinnati, OH; and TechLab Tox A/B II, TechLab, Blacksburg, VA) and cytotoxin neutralization bioassay (CTN). By CTN, 88% (80/91) were toxigenic. Reproducibility was 93% (85/91) for CTN, 80% (73/91) for Meridian EIA, and 79% (72/91) for TechLab EIA. Compared with CTN, sensitivities were 87.1% and 89.2% for the Meridian and TechLab EIAs, respectively. In an additional 115 stool specimens, CTN detected toxin more frequently from cultured isolates (96/115) than stool (84/115). For C difficile toxin detection from isolates, EIA was less reproducible than CTN. EIA methods can be falsely negative in 10% to 12% of isolates, and these should be tested by CTN or polymerase chain reaction. When positive, EIA is fast and reliable for detecting C difficile toxin from culture.
Efficiency issues in variable-capacitance micromotor drives (2005)

Efficiency issues of variable-capacitance micromotors are discussed in context of combined drive and motor interaction. It is shown that variable-capacitance motors ideally have nearly perfect energy conversion efficiency and constant torque if constant voltage is applied. However, the drive system consisting of both the motor and electronics is not ideal when considering different methods for charging capacitive devices. Constant-voltage vs. constant-current charging is explored. Simulation is used to clarify the theoretical concepts discussed
Oxygen exchange mechanisms in the human placenta: mathematical modelling and simulation (1992)

An exact knowledge of the human fetus's respiratory mechanisms is still lacking; in particular, the role of human placental anatomy in oxygen exchange has not yet been studied satisfactorily. In this paper, a mathematical model of placenta as O2 exchanger between maternal and fetal blood was developed; it led to the solution of equations based upon diffusion laws and the haemoglobin dissociation curve. Particular care was taken to represent the regimen of laminar motion or whirling into the capillaries. Theoretical results were compared, under physiological conditions, with clinical data relating to fetal oxygenated blood p O2 during the second half of gestation (20th-38th weeks), and a theoretical confirmation of the decreasing effectiveness of placental O2 exchange during gestation was found. The result was able to describe oxygen exchange during a period in which clinical data are scanty (23rd-30th weeks). The effects of some pathological events on O2 exchange were then simulated. Model parameters were changed to simulate the effects on oxygen exchange of some typical pathological variations of placental anatomical features: exchange surface thickness and capillary length. The curves obtained for different gestational ages can easily be correlated with echographic measures of placental volume and dimensions of placental capillaries. The results also show that the human placenta is more sensitive to pathologies when it is young than at term of gestation.
The Progenitor Zone of the Ventral Medial Ganglionic Eminence Requires Nkx2-1 to Generate Most of the Globus Pallidus But Few Neocortical Interneurons (2010)

We show that most globus pallidus neurons, but very few neocortical interneurons, are generated from the ventral medial ganglionic eminence and dorsal preoptic area based on fate mapping using an Shh-Cre allele. The Shh-expressing subpallial lineage produces parvalbumin(+) GABAergic neurons, ChAT(+) cholinergic neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Loss of Nkx2-1 function from the Shh-expressing domain eliminated most globus pallidus neurons, whereas most cortical and striatal interneurons continued to be generated, except for striatal cholinergic neurons. Finally, our analysis provided evidence for a novel cellular component (Nkx2-1(-);Npas1(+)) of the globus pallidus.
A framework for developing distributed location based applications (2006)

Location based services and applications are buzzwords nowadays, yet they have been around for quite some time in a variety of applications. However these applications are scarce because of the high costs associated with the positioning equipment. This paper presents different options for determining location of mobile devices such as mobile phones and Pocket PCs. It describes positioning possibilities using WiFi networks, GSM networks, Bluetooth beacons and the GPS system. Furthermore, it proposes a framework for developing distributed location based applications. The paper specifies which components comprise the framework, data structures that are used for spatial data interchange and Web services that are used for communication between components. It also describes a location aware application prototype built on top of the proposed framework. It concludes that building applications on top of the proposed framework is feasible and discusses benefits and drawbacks of this approach.
[The peripheral afferent pathway in acupuncture analgesia]. (1974)

Experiments performed on 21 normal adults demonstrated that vascular occlusion of the upper arm could not prevent the analgesic effect of acupuncture needling of a point on the hand from being mediated to other regions of the body as manifested by raising the thresholds of pain at those regions, and on the other hand infiltration of procaine in the deep tissues around the point of acupuncture abolished entirely the analgesic effect, suggesting that nerves but not humours were responsible for the mediation of the effect. The analgesic effect from test points has been shown to be bilaterally distributed and wide-spread but somewhat segmental in nature.
Depressed Patients With Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorders (2008)

Our findings suggest that comorbid MDD/AUD may result from worse antecedents and lead to early onset, more comorbidity, and a more severe course of illness.
ChemInform Abstract: Antifertility Agents. Part 44. Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐4‐phenylchromans. (1986)

Abstract Die Chromene (I) reagieren mit Hydroxylaminhydrochlorid (II) unter Bildung von E/ Z‐ Gemischen der Oximinochromene (III).
High Gain <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\times$</tex></formula> Bandwidth Product Over 140-GHz Planar Junction AlInAs Avalanche Photodiodes (2008)

This letter demonstrates a planar junction GalnAs-AlInAs avalanche photodiode using back-side illumination through thinned InP substrate covered with chemical vapor deposition SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> antireflection coating. The combined properties of very low dark current ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dark</sub> ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> = 0) = 17 nA), low excess noise factor (f(M = 10) = 3.5), and high gain x bandwidth product over 140 GHz were simultaneously achieved with a high primary responsivity of 0.95 A/W at 1.55 mum.
CD44 expression on activated B cells. Differential capacity for CD44-dependent binding to hyaluronic acid. (1993)

Abstract CD44 expression and the functional capacity for CD44-dependent binding of hyaluronic acid (HA) were analyzed on unstimulated B cells and on B cells stimulated with a variety of polyclonal B cell activators. Whereas essentially all LPS-activated and anti-IgD-dextran-activated B cells and a subpopulation of IL-5-activated B cells expressed increased levels of cell surface CD44 relative to unstimulated B cells, only IL-5-activated CD44hi B cells constitutively bound to FITC-conjugated hyaluronic acid (FITC-HA). Preincubation of LPS or anti-IgD-dextran-activated B cells with the CD44-specific mAb IRAWB14.4 (IRA) induced a high degree of FITC-HA binding in these populations; preincubation of unstimulated B cells with this CD44-specific mAb induced minimal FITC-HA binding. In contrast, preincubation with mAb IRA failed to induce FITC-HA binding by the IL-5-activated CD44lo B cell subset. Neither the amount of constitutive FITC-HA binding nor the level of IRA-inducible FITC-HA binding correlated simply with the overall level of CD44 expressed by the different B cell populations. Biochemical analysis of immunoprecipitated CD44 molecules revealed that relative to CD44 isolated from all other populations examined, CD44 isolated from IL-5-activated B cells was of a lower molecular weight. Treatment with N-Glycanase eliminated this observed difference in molecular weight, indicating that it reflected differences in N-glycosylation of CD44 on activated B cells. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of amplified cDNA showed that each B cell population expressed a common dominant CD44 mRNA. These findings suggest that post-translational modification of CD44 and/or differential association of CD44 with other cellular components plays a critical role in activation-specific ligand binding by CD44.
Platelet and osteoclast β <sub>3</sub> integrins are critical for bone metastasis (2003)

Mice with a targeted deletion of beta3 integrin were used to examine the process by which tumor cells metastasize and destroy bone. Injection of B16 melanoma cells into the left cardiac ventricle resulted in osteolytic bone metastasis in 74% of beta3+/+ mice by 14 days. In contrast, only 4% of beta3-/- mice developed bone lesions. Direct intratibial inoculation of tumor resulted in marrow replacement by tumor in beta3-/- mice, but no associated trabecular bone resorption as seen inbeta3+/+ mice. Bone marrow transplantation studies showed that susceptibility to bone metastasis was conferred by a bone marrow-derived cell. To dissect the roles of osteoclast and platelet beta3 integrins in this model of bone metastasis, osteoclast-defective src-/- mice were used. Src-null mice were protected from tumor-associated bone destruction but were not protected from tumor cell metastasis to bone. In contrast, a highly specific platelet aggregation inhibitor of activated alphaIIbbeta3 prevented B16 metastases. These data demonstrate a critical role for platelet alphaIIbbeta3 in tumor entry into bone and suggest a mechanism by which antiplatelet therapy may be beneficial in preventing the metastasis of solid tumors.
Tree Preprocessing and Test Outcome Caching for Efficient Hierarchical Delta Debugging (2017)

Test case reduction has been automated since the introduction of the minimizing Delta Debugging algorithm, but improving the efficiency of reduction is still the focus of research. This paper focuses on Hierarchical Delta Debugging, already an improvement over the original technique, and describes how its input tree and caching approach can be changed for higher efficiency. The proposed optimizations were evaluated on artificial and real test cases of 6 different input formats, and achieved an average 45% drop in the number of testing steps needed to reach the minimized results - with the best improvement being as high as 82%, giving a more than 5-fold speedup.
Role of cysteine residues in ribonuclease H from <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification (1990)

The role of the three cysteine residues at positions 13, 63 and 133 in Escherichia coli RNAase H, an enzyme that is sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide [Berkower, Leis & Hurwitz (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 5914-5921], was examined by using both site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification. Novel aspects that were found are as follows. First, none of the cysteine residues is required for activity. Secondly, chemical modification of either Cys-13 or Cys-133 with thiol-blocking reagents inactivates the enzyme, but that of Cys-63 does not. Thus the sensitivity of E. coli RNAase H to N-ethylmaleimide arises not from blocking of the thiol group but from steric hindrance by the modifying group incorporated at either Cys-13 or Cys-133.
Network infrastructure extension using 802.1D‐based wireless mesh networks (2010)

Abstract Ubiquitous Internet access is becoming a major requirement for end‐users due to the increasing number of services and applications supported over the Internet. Extending the coverage of current Wi‐Fi infrastructures installed in companies, universities and cities, has been considered a solution to help in fulfilling this requirement, namely when it comes to wireless and nomadic Internet access. This paper describes and analyses a new and simple solution, called Wi‐Fi network Infrastructure eXtension (WiFIX), aimed at extending current Wi‐Fi infrastructures. WiFIX is based on standard IEEE 802.1D bridges and a single‐message protocol that is able to self‐organize the network, and it only requires software changes in IEEE 802.11 access points (APs); no changes to IEEE 802.11 stations are needed. Overhead analysis and experimental results show both the higher efficiency of the solution compared to the IEEE 802.11s draft standard and its good performance as far as data throughput, delay and packet loss are concerned. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protection Errors in Operating Systems: Allocation/Deallocation Residuals (1976)

Abstract : A common security problem is the residual--data or access capability left after the completion of a process and not intended for use outside the context of that process. If the residual becomes accessible to another process, a security error may result. A major source of such residuals is improper or incomplete allocation/deallocation processing. The various types of allocation/ deallocation residuals are discussed in terms of their characteristics and the manner in which they occur, and a semiautomatable search strategy for detecting sources of these residuals is presented.