gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Basic and Clinical Aspects of Non-neuronal Acetylcholine: Overview of Non-neuronal Cholinergic Systems and Their Biological Significance (2008)

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a phylogenetically ancient molecule involved in cell-to-cell signaling in almost all life-forms on earth. Cholinergic components, including ACh, choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively) have been identified in numerous non-neuronal cells and tissues, including keratinocytes, cancer cells, immune cells, urinary bladder, airway epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and reproductive organs, among many others. Stimulation of the mAChRs and nAChRs elicits cell-specific functional and biochemical effects. These findings support the notion that non-neuronal cholinergic systems are expressed in certain cells and tissues and are involved in the regulation of their function and that cholinergic dysfunction is related to the pathophysiology of certain diseases. They also provide clues for development of drugs with novel mechanisms of action.
A Domain-Specific Language for Dependency Management in Model-Based Systems Engineering (2013)

The varying stakeholder concerns in product development today introduces a number of design challenges. From the perspective of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), a particular challenge is tha ...
Implementation of a gravity stable, miscible CO/sub 2/ flood in the 8000-foot Sand, Bay St. Elaine field (1981)

This paper reviews the implementation of a gravity stable, miscible CO/sub 2/ solvent flood in a reservoir located in the coastal marshes of South Louisiana. The key properties of the reservoir are presented. The laboratory experiments which were performed to determine the size and composition of miscible CO/sub 2/ solvent slug are described The unique equipment used to transport and inject the CO/sub 2/ solvent is discussed along with the special instrumentation used for quality control. Also itemized are the regulatory agencies contacted and the permits acquired before the project could be implemented.
The immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals (2003)

The medical use of proteins has a long history. It started more than one century ago when immune sera of animal origin were introduced for the prevention or treatment of infections, followed by the use of insulin of porcine and bovine origin some decades later. These products were immunogenic in patients, sometimes even leading to serious anaphylactic reactions. These side effects were easily explained by the foreign nature of the proteins leading to a classic immune reaction.

The introduction of human-derived proteins, such as growth hormone and factor VIII, also was associated with the induction of antibodies. However, these products were mostly given to children with an innate deficiency and therefore a lack of immune tolerance.

With the development of recombinant DNA technology, the large-scale production of human homologues like the interferons (IFNs), growth factors, and hormones became feasible, resulting in the application for a large number of patients. It was a surprise that these products also induced antibodies, which cannot be explained by the lack of immune tolerance. Some of the potential mechanisms involved in the production of antibodies to recombinant …
Prenatal diagnosis of rubella virus infection by direct detection and semiquantitation of viral RNA in clinical samples by reverse transcription-PCR (1997)

A reverse transcription-nested PCR (RT-nPCR) method for prenatal diagnosis of rubella virus (RV) infection was developed. In the first step of RT-nPCR a synthetic RNA molecule (pRRV) differing from the RV target sequence by having a 21-nucleotide insertion was used as the internal control of amplification for the detection of PCR inhibitors. In addition, comparison of pRRV and RV-specific PCR signals allowed for the semiquantitation of RV input target sequences (range, 10 to > and = 1,000 RV genomes). In parallel, a complete RT-nPCR assay was performed with the same samples in the absence of the internal control to confirm the results of the first step and to detect RV RNA-positive samples containing < 10 RV genomes. Subsequently, the RT-nPCR method was used to examine retrospectively clinical samples (direct RT-nPCR) from eight congenitally infected and eight uninfected fetuses for RV RNA. RT-nPCR was also used to detect RV RNA in cell cultures (culture-RT-nPCR) 96 h after inoculation with the same specimens. With amniotic fluid (AF) samples, direct RT-nPCR identified eight of eight cases of RV transmission (sensitivity, 100%), whereas culture-RT-nPCR and virus isolation detected only six of eight cases (sensitivity, 75%). However, when the culture-RT-nPCR results were positive, culture-RT-nPCR confirmed the direct RT-nPCR results 3 days to 3 weeks earlier than virus isolation. The specificity of direct RT-nPCR was 100%, with eight of eight uninfected fetuses being negative. Semiquantitation showed only small amounts (< and = 100 copies) of viral RNA in clinical samples. In conclusion, direct RT-nPCR with AF samples (i) shows 100% sensitivity and specificity for prenatal diagnosis of RV infection and (ii) is a rapid technique, giving results in 24 to 48 h after sampling.
316. The reaction of cyanogen and related nitriles with 1 : 3-dienes. Part II. Catalysis of the reaction of cyanogen and related nitriles with 1 : 3-butadiene (1949)

P. J. Hawkins and G. J. Janz, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 1485 DOI: 10.1039/JR9490001485
Non-Peptidic Prenyltransferase Inhibitors: Diverse Structural Classes and Surprising Anti-Cancer Mechanisms (2001)

The development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) has been one of the most active areas of anticancer drug development for the past ten years. This review presents a general overview of the developments in this area, along with a critical appraisal of the anticancer activity of FTIs. A historical survey of the protein prenylation field is given, in particular to emphasize the key role played by the Ras oncoprotein in driving the discovery of prenyltransferase enzymes. The different classes of prenylated proteins will be described along with the biochemical characteristics of the key drug target--farnesyltransferase (FTase). Numerous potent farnesyltransferase inhibitors have been developed. The FTIs developed can be separated into three different categories, based on their origin and/or mechanism of action: a) natural products; b) peptidomimetics and other CAAX-competitive inhibitors; c) farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) mimetics or analogs and other FPP-competitive inhibitors. Along with a survey of newer FTIs in each class, the development of several representative, potent compounds will be discussed in depth as we discuss the potential advantages and liabilities of each class. Particular emphasis is given to the discovery of new, more potent FPP-competitive FTIs of several diverse structural classes. Testing of different FTIs for their ability to block the growth of various cancer cell types in animal models will be discussed. There are a number of key differences between these compounds and traditional cytotoxic cancer chemotherapeutic agents, with surprising exceptions to their expected modes of action. As some FTIs have entered human clinical trials, answers may soon become available to key mechanistic questions concerning the extent and nature of their antitumor growth properties.
Hairy-root-inducing plasmid: physical map and homology to tumor-inducing plasmids (1984)

A physical map was constructed for the 250-kilobase plasmid pRiA4b, which confers the virulence properties of a strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes for hairy root disease in plants. The complete HindIII and KpnI restriction map was determined from a collection of overlapping HindIII partial digest clones. Homologous regions with two well-characterized plasmids that confer virulence for crown gall disease, plasmids pTiA6 and pTiT37, were mapped on pRiA4b. As much as 160 kilobases of pRiA4b had detectable homology to one or both of these crown-gall-tumor-inducing plasmids. About 33 kilobases of pRiA4b hybridized to the vir region of pTiA6, a segment of DNA required for virulence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Portions of pTiA6 and pTiT37 transferred into plant cells in crown gall disease (T-DNA), shared limited homology with scattered regions of pRiA4b. The tumor morphology loci tms-1 and tms-2 from the T-DNA of pTiA6 hybridized to pRiA4b. A T-DNA fragment containing the tml and tmr tumor morphology loci also hybridized to pRiA4b, but the homology has not been defined to a locus and is probably not specific to tmr. A segment of pRiA4b T-DNA which was transferred into plant cells in hairy root disease lacked detectable homology to pTiA6 and had limited homology at one end to the T-DNA of pTiT37.
An approach to repair Petri net-based process models with choice structures (2018)

Model repair is regarded as a new process mining technique. It can repair process models of information systems according to the generated event logs. The existing approaches focus on eliminating deviations between the activities performed by a process model and those observed in event logs. However, they cannot efficiently enhance other conformance dimensions, such as precision and simplicity. In order to obtain a repaired model with higher conformance, this work designs a new model repair approach. It builds process models via Petri nets (PNs) and investigates how to repair a PN-based process model with choice structures. An extended alignment is defined to be added to reachable markings of a Petri net. Then we can compute the deviations in the Petri net and repair the process model accordingly. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by some examples.
Use of a focal infectivity assay for testing susceptibility of HIV to antiviral agents. (1991)

A highly sensitive and quantitative focal immunoassay has been developed for detecting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The assay can be used to measure cell-free virus or the production of HIV by virus-infected cells. Both laboratory-adapted strains of HIV and patient isolates can be studied with this assay. In this communication, we demonstrate the utility of this assay for measuring the effects of anti-HIV agents on viral isolates. We show that the anti-viral effects of such diverse agents as azidothymidine, interferon-alpha, immunotoxins, soluble CD4 and antibody can be accurately quantified. This assay may be used in the discovery and evaluation of new anti-HIV therapies or may be adapted for use in testing the sensitivity of patient isolates to standard therapeutic agents.
Micromachined thermal conductivity hydrogen detector for automotive applications (2003)

In this paper, we describe the design and first experimental results of a hydrogen detector for automotive applications. The detector is based on a micromachined thermal conductivity sensor element. The design considerations of such a sensor element and the associated sensor electronics are also presented.
Optimizing regular path expressions using graph schemas (2002)

Query languages for data with irregular structure use regular path expressions for navigation. This feature is useful for querying data where parts of the structure is either unknown, unavailable to the user, or changes frequently. Naive execution of regular path expressions is inefficient however, because it ignores any structure in the data. We describe two optimization techniques for queries with regular path expressions. Both rely on graph schemas for specifying partial knowledge about the data's structure. Query pruning uses this structure to restrict navigation to only a fragment of the data; we give an efficient algorithm for rewriting any regular path expression query into a pruned one. Query rewriting using state extents can eliminate or reduce navigation altogether; it is reminiscent of optimizing relational queries using indices. There may be several ways to optimize a query using state extents; we give a polynomial space algorithm that finds all such optimizations. For restricted forms of regular path expressions, the algorithm is provably efficient. We also give an efficient approximation algorithm that works on all regular path expressions.
Diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. (2006)

Patients with community-acquired pneumonia often present with cough, fever, chills, fatigue, dyspnea, rigors, and pleuritic chest pain. When a patient presents with suspected community-acquired pneumonia, the physician should first assess the need for hospitalization using a mortality prediction tool, such as the Pneumonia Severity Index, combined with clinical judgment. Consensus guidelines from several organizations recommend empiric therapy with macrolides, fluoroquinolones, or doxycycline. Patients who are hospitalized should be switched from parenteral antibiotics to oral antibiotics after their symptoms improve, they are afebrile, and they are able to tolerate oral medications. Clinical pathways are important tools to improve care and maximize cost-effectiveness in hospitalized patients.
Periodic Orbits About Rotating Asteroids in Free Space. (1986)

In this investigation of periodic orbits about asteroids rotating in free space, oscillatory orbits about equilibrium points as well as those orbits encircling the body were found. While a method was derived for finding orbits of all inclinations, only equatorial orbits are presented. The major emphasis is on stable, periodic orbits, but certain unstable orbits are presented where appropriate. The analysis assumed that asteroids could be represented by triaxial ellipsoidal bodies rotating about their major axis of inertia. Hamilton's canonical equations were derived to describe the dynamics. An algorithm was then developed and used to solve the equations of motion in such a way as to find closed, periodic orbits. Keywords: equilibrium points; Periodic orbits; Triaxial ellipsoids. (Theses)
Effect of the CO2 milliwatt laser on tensile strength of microsutures (1997)

The 10-0 nylon thread is significantly compromised by irradiation with the CO2 milliwatt laser and therefore meticulous care should be taken not be irradiate the sutures during laser tissue welding.
Formycin 5'-triphosphate, a fluorescent analog of ATP, as a substrate for adenylate cyclase. (1981)

Formycin 5'-triphosphate (FoTP), a fluorescent analog of ATP, is shown to be a substrate for the membrane-bound adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] from rat osteosarcoma cells. The formation of the adenylate cyclase reaction product, 3',5'-cyclic formycin monophosphate (cFoMP), was followed by the conventional radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure used to detect cAMP and by an assay procedure in which the reaction product was separated from the substrate by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the reaction product was detected by fluorometry. Because the HPLC--fluorometric procedure can determine the amount of cFoMP present in the reaction mixture within 6 min, the enzymatic conversion of FoTP to cFoMP can be followed directly during the course of a typical 15-min incubation. The amount of cFoMP detected by this procedure was found to be within 2% of the values obtained by the RIA. The rate of product formation with FoTP was similar to that observed with ATP and the activity of the enzyme was enhanced about 5-fold with guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate when either ATP or FoTP was used as the substrate. Kinetic studies revealed values for the Vmax of 120 pmol/min per mg of protein and apparent Km values of 220 microM with both substrates. In addition to suggesting that the recognition of the substrate by the adenylate cyclase may not require a specific chemical structure of the 5-membered ring of the base or a unique configuration about either the glycosyl or the C(5')-C(4') bond, the results of this study are consistent with the idea that the cytotoxicity observed with the adenosine analog formycin may be the result of its metabolism to cFoMP. Furthermore, these studies indicate that the fluorescent analog FoTP can be used, in combination with HPLC, to provide an alternative, nonradioactive direct method for the assay of adenylate cyclase catalytic activity.
The transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents: concerns and responses of United States regulatory agencies in maintaining the safety of biologics. (1999)

Regulatory agencies responsible for protecting public health must be concerned with reducing or preventing opportunities for exposure of humans and animals to the agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), especially bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has taken precautionary actions to assure that regulated products are free of such infectious agents, from both animal and human sources, including the issuing of a regulation and a number of guidance documents. With regard to TSEs, the materials of greatest concern to FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research have been bovine gelatin, tallow derivatives and serum, as well as human-derived products and excipients including blood, blood components and plasma derivatives. A number of newer issues regarding TSEs now confront agencies responsible for protecting public health. It would be of great help to have standard reference materials available to assist in the diagnosis of the diseases and to detect the infectious agents.
A Technique for Precision Measurements of Elastic Surface Wave Properties on Arbitrary Materials (1971)

A technique is described for determining both the elastic surfce wave velocity and its temperature coefficient. The technique can be used on very small samples and is not restricted to any particular class of materials, such as piezoelectrics. It employs an adaptation of the old method of acoustic wave generation with a dc pulse rather than an rf signal applied to a piezoelectric transducer. The generator and receiver transducers are very small chips, approximating point sources, and at the receiver the vertical component of particle velocity is measured as a function of time enabling one to distinguish clearly between various types of surface modes, e.g., Rayleigh wave, pseudosurface wave, Lamb wave, etc. The technique yields absolute surface wave velocities accurate to 0.2% and is readily adaptable to the use of the sing-around technique for measuring relative changes in the sound velocity as small as 1 ppm.
Three-dimensional electron microscopy reveals new details of membrane systems for Ca2+ signaling in the heart (2009)

In the current study, the three-dimensional (3D) topologies of dyadic clefts and associated membrane organelles were mapped in mouse ventricular myocardium using electron tomography. The morphological details and the distribution of membrane systems, including transverse tubules (T-tubules), junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and vicinal mitochondria, were determined and presumed to be crucial for controlling cardiac Ca(2+) dynamics. The geometric complexity of T-tubules that varied in diameter with frequent branching was clarified. Dyadic clefts were intricately shaped and remarkably small (average 4.39x10(5) nm(3), median 2.81x10(5) nm(3)). Although a dyadic cleft of average size could hold maximum 43 ryanodine receptor (RyR) tetramers, more than one-third of clefts were smaller than the size that is able to package as many as 15 RyR tetramers. The dyadic clefts were also adjacent to one another (average end-to-end distance to the nearest dyadic cleft, 19.9 nm) and were distributed irregularly along T-tubule branches. Electron-dense structures that linked membrane organelles were frequently observed between mitochondrial outer membranes and SR or T-tubules. We, thus, propose that the topology of dyadic clefts and the neighboring cellular micro-architecture are the major determinants of the local control of Ca(2+) in the heart, including the establishment of the quantal nature of SR Ca(2+) releases (e.g. Ca(2+) sparks).
Fast panorama stitching on mobile devices (2010)

We propose a fast image stitching approach which can combine a set of aligned images into a composite with low memory consumption and implement it in a mobile panorama system for creating high-resolution and high-quality panoramic images on mobile devices. It applies color correction to smooth color transition, dynamic programming to find optimal seams in overlapping areas between adjacent images, and simple linear blending to hide the seams after stitching. A sequential procedure is created with the fast stitching approach for constructing panoramic images. The approach presents two main advantages. The use of dynamic programming for optimal seam finding guarantees fast processing speed. The sequential panorama stitching allows saving memory resources. The approach has been tested with different image sequences and applied to different scenes. Good performance has been obtained.
Poly(vinyl chloride) in medical device and packaging applications (1996)

Abstract Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is the leading polymeric material used in medical device and packaging applications in terms of total volume consumed. It offers a uniquely broad range of properties for a wide variety of applications in the medical and health care industry. It fulfills an extensive range of performance and processing requirements such as gloss, transparency, chemical resistance, scuff resistance, flexibility, bondability, sterilizability by steam, ETO, or high energy irradiation. This paper examines fundamental chemsitry and physical structure of PVC to provide a clear insight and a better understanding on how versatile properties and performance are rendered. The paper also illustrates how specific mechanical and thermal properties can be tailored via compounding and fabrication processes to serve specific purposes in medical applications.
Simulation lossless symmetrical three conductor systems (1991)

The treatment of symmetrical lossless three-conductor transmission lines with arbitrary terminations and umped coupling elements is reduced to a set of four delay elements and analog interface networks modeling the mode conversion in unsymmetrical terminations or coupling elements between the lines. The model can easily be programmed in circuit simulators like SPICE using the respective transmission line models in combination with the above-mentioned interface networks. Crosstalk between bus lines is discussed as an example.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Decomposition of baseline noise sources in hard disk position error signals using the PES Pareto method (1997)

This paper uses the position error signal (PES) Pareto method and measurement techniques for isolating noise sources to decompose the PES of a Lynx II hard disk drive manufactured by Hewlett-Packard. This accomplishes three things: it demonstrates the utility of the PES Pareto method in a practical example, it allows us to discover which noise sources are insignificant to PES, and it identifies which noise sources are significant to PES. In this particular hard disk drive, it is discovered that the two most significant sources of baseline noise at the disk's position error signal are the turbulent wind flow generated by the spinning disks (windage) and the noise involved in the actual readback of the Position Error Signal (position sensing noise).