gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquid‐Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis: Past, Present, and Future Predictions (2019)

Therapeutic oligonucleotides have emerged as a powerful paradigm with the ability to treat a wide range of the human diseases. As a result, we have witnessed more than one hundred oligonucleotides currently in active clinical trials and eight Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Until now, the demand for oligonucleotide-based drugs has been fulfilled by conventional solid-phase synthesis in an effective manner. However, there are products in advanced stages of clinical trials projecting a collective demand of metric ton quantities in the near future. Therefore, large-scale manufacturing of these products has become a high priority for process chemists. This article summarizes the advances in liquid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis (LPOS) as a possible alternative strategy to meet the scale-up challenge. A review of the literature describing major efforts in developing LPOS technologies is presented. Gratifyingly, serious attempts are under way to develop an efficient environmentally benign green chemistry protocol that is scalable and cost effective for the manufacturing of oligonucleotides. A summary of the most innovative LPOS protocols has been included to provide a glimpse of what may be possible in the future for large-scale production of oligonucleotides. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Face detection using multi-modal features (2008)

In this paper, propose efficient methods for reducing false detection rate in face detection procedure when images apply face recognition and face entertainment from web or personal photo. Previous detection methods focused on accurate face detection. So, false detection rate makes a problem when put to practical use. This problem can overcome to use additional information when face detection. Proper information is color. But real color-RGB information is not adequate for face detection. Because RGB information is sensitive to light variations. Thus need to transfer coordination properly to use. Transferred channels are defined with genetic algorithm. After that make a model of facial skin color to score face candidate is real face or not. Propose method can dramatic reduce false detection rate when face detection procedure.
Theory of ionization-induced trapping in laser-plasma accelerators (2012)

Ionization injection in a laser-plasma accelerator is studied analytically and by multi-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. To enable the production of low energy spread beams, we consider a short region containing a high atomic number gas (e.g., nitrogen) for ionization-induced trapping, followed by a longer region using a low atomic number gas (e.g., hydrogen), that is, free of additional trapping, for post acceleration. For a broad laser pulse, ionization injection requires a minimum normalized laser field of a0≃1.7, assuming a resonant Gaussian laser pulse. Effects of gas mix parameters, including species, concentration, and length of the mixture region, on the final electron injection number and beam quality are studied. The minimum energy spread is determined by the spread in initial ionized phases of the electrons in the wakefield due to the tunneling ionization process within the laser pulse. Laser polarization and intensity effects on injection number and final electron emittance are examined. Two-dimensional PIC simulations are used to study the ionization injection process and the transverse beam structure. With proper laser-plasma parameters, mono-energetic electron beams with 10 pC charge, a central energy at GeV level, and energy spread less than 1% can be produced in a mixed gas with ionized electron density of 1018cm-3. Lower density can give a higher final accelerated beam energy and reduce the final relative energy spread even further.
Destruction of bacterial spores by phenomenally high efficiency non-contact ultrasonic transducers (2002)

Conventional wisdom stipulates that high power ultrasound without direct or indirect transducer contact with the medium to be treated is not possible. This seemingly correct notion is based upon two major hurdles: inefficient transmission of ultrasound from the piezoelectric material into air/gases and exorbitant attenuation of ultrasound by gases. The latter is a natural phenomenon about which nothing can be done, and the former requires an un-conventional approach to transducer design. After many years of R & D in this area, we have finally succeeded in producing transducers that generate immense acoustic pressure in air in the frequency range of ~50 kHz→10 MHz. By using these transducers without any contact with the material, we demonstrate destruction of 99.9% of dried bacterial spore samples of a close relative of anthrax, Bacillus thuringiensis. Following further refinement of the transducers and the mechanism of their excitation, we anticipate that non-contact ultrasound will have numerous applications including in-activation of agents of bioterrorism and sterilization of medical and surgical equipment, food materials, and air-duct systems of buildings, airplanes, space stations, and others.
Diterpenoid Irritants and Cocarcinogens in Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae: Structural Relationships in View of their Biogenesis (1977)

Abstract Diterpene esters exhibiting toxic, irritant, cocarcinogenic as well as antileukemic activities have been isolated from many Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae species. They contain the structurally closely related polycyclic skeletons of tigliane, daphnane and ingenane. They are being used in all facets of cancer research as both tumor promoters and inhibitors. They are also considered as second‐order carcinogenic risk factors in the etiology of human cancer. The authors review possible biosynthetic pathways for the plant diterpenes and discuss structural relationships in view of their biogenesis.
A novel fast split-echo multi-shot diffusion-weighted MRI method using navigator echoes (1999)

Difficulties in obtaining diffusion-weighted images of acceptable quality using conventional hardware and in a reasonable time have hindered the clinical application of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). Diffusion-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences offer the possibility of fast DWI on standard hardware without the susceptibility problems associated with echoplanar imaging. However, motion in the presence of diffusion-sensitizing gradients can prevent fulfilment of the Meiboom Gill phase condition, leading to destructive interference between echo components and consequent signal losses. A recently proposed single-shot FSE sequence employed split-echo acquisition to address this problem. However, in a segmented FSE sequence, phase errors differ between successive echo trains, causing "ghosting" in the diffusion-weighted images that are not eliminated by split-echo acquistion alone. A DWI technique is presented that combines split-echo acquisition with navigator echo phase correction in a segmented FSE sequence. It is shown to be suitable for diffusion measurements in vivo using standard hardware.
Audit of ward to theatre communication. December 1994-March 1995. (1996)

Since practising anaesthetic nursing the author discovered much time and energy can be wasted if the patient checklist and handover from the ward is not completed correctly. Her colleagues expressed similar frustrations at various problems faced daily, that could be easily avoided by actions earlier on in the patients' management.
The IM2 Multimodal Meeting Browser Family (2005)

The aim of this report is to describe the browsers that have been developed by various groups within the IM2 project, highlighting goals, design methodologies, key functionalities and evaluation methods used by each. The paper concludes with a tabular overview of the media, input and output modalities and special functionalities handled by each browser, as well as providing specific contact points and references.
Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in Lymphoma Cells by the Diterpenoid Lactone Andrographolide, the Active Component of <i>Andrographis paniculata</i> (2010)

Andrographolide caused ROS-dependent apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines and in primary tumor samples, which was enhanced by depletion of GSH and inhibited by NAC or the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Further studies of diterpenoid lactones in lymphoma are warranted.
Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Generated with Different Immunosuppressive Cytokines Induce Antigen-Specific Anergy and Regulatory Properties in Memory CD4+ T Cells (2010)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs involved in the initiation of both immunity and immunological tolerance. In autoimmune diseases or graft rejections, most reactive lymphocytes are effector/memory cells. It is believed that memory T cells are more resistant to tolerance induction than naive lymphocytes; however, studies on mechanisms for their efficient tolerization are still scarce. In this study, we generated human monocyte-derived DCs by culture with GM-CSF and IL-4 (control DCs), as well as tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) by adding IL-10, IL-10/TGF-beta1, or IL-10/IL-6. Cells were maturated with TNF-alpha/PGE(2). Compared with control DCs, tDCs had similar expression of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86, lower expression of CD40, higher levels of macrophage markers, enhanced endocytic ability, increased secretion of IL-6, IL-10 (only tDCs generated with IL-10 and tDCs generated with IL-10/IL-6), and PGE(2), and lower secretion of IL-12 and IL-23. In vitro, tDCs had the capacity to induce anergy in tetanus toxoid-specific memory CD4(+) T cells, whereas the proliferative response to an unrelated Ag was intact. Anergy could be reverted upon exposure to IL-2. tDC-primed T cells have low suppressive ability. Nevertheless, the generation of both anergic and regulatory T cells was more efficient with tDCs generated with IL-10/TGF-beta1. Microarray-based gene expression profiling reflected modulated expression of several transcripts in tDCs. Surface CLIP-HLA-DR complexes and intracellular thrombospondin-1 were increased in the three tDCs. CD39 was highly expressed only in tDC-TGF, which correlated with increased adenosine production. We propose that these molecules, together with IL-10 and prostanoids, are key factors to induce Ag-specific tolerance in memory T cells.
Investigation on safe operating area and ESD robustness in a 60-V BCD process with different deep P-Well test structures (2013)

Safe operating area (SOA) is one of the noticeable reliability concerns for power MOSFETs during the normal circuit operating conditions. Besides, electrostatic discharge (ESD) reliability is another important reliability issue for the power IC products. To save the silicon area of power IC with high-voltage (HV) devices, it is preferable for HV MOSFET to be self-protected without any additional ESD protection device, and to behave wide SOA region. In this work, the impact of deep P-Well (DPW) structure to the electrical SOA (eSOA) and ESD robustness of HV MOSFET has been investigated in a 0.25-μm 60-V BCD process. DPW structure is used to implement the RESURF (reduced surface field) in MOSFET, which make it be able to sustain the high operating voltage. From the experimental results in silicon chip, the ESD robustness and eSOA of HV MOSFET can be improved by the modified DPW structure.
A Study of Dentists’ Preferred Maxillary Anterior Tooth Width Proportions: Comparing the Recurring Esthetic Dental Proportion to Other Mathematical and Naturally Occurring Proportions (2007)

The RED proportion may be useful in creating smiles preferred by North American dentists. Seventy-five percent of North American dentists preferred using the RED proportion when designing smiles with normal-length teeth over using the golden proportion, which has been a pseudostandard in esthetic dentistry. Applying the golden proportion universally in smile design should be reconsidered as it was found to be the least pleasing and accepted in this study for normal-length teeth.
Effects of transition-metal ions on the reduction of di-2-pyridyl ketone with sodium borohydride (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffects of transition-metal ions on the reduction of di-2-pyridyl ketone with sodium borohydrideMyunghyun Paik Suh, Chee Hun Kwak, and Junghun SuhCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1989, 28, 1, 50–53Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00300a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00300a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views150Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Polyvinylamine at last (2010)

Abstract A sustained effort to develop and commercialize a practical radical addition route to amine functional polymers (AFPs) resulted, after almost 20 years, in the successful completion of a world scale monomer plant to produce N ‐vinylformamide (NVF). NVF is readily polymerized and its polymers are easily hydrolyzed to reactive and atom economical polyvinylamine (PVAm) or its salts. This highlight touches on work by many companies, but focuses on efforts at Air Products and Chemicals, tracing the origins, rational, challenges, technical and commercial advances, and failures. Practical routes to new AFPs, copolymers, and derivatives across the entire molecular weight range (MW < 10 3 to >10 6 ) were achieved. NVF offers access to multiple water soluble, water dispersible, and nonwater soluble polymer markets, including papermaking additives and coatings, water treatment polymers, enhanced oil recovery polymers, radiation cure monomers, stabilizers, dispersing agents, surfactants, and crosslinkers. Lessons learned along the road to commercializing major new chemical technologies are also highlighted. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2257–2283, 2010
Influence of extracellular pH on inhibition by ifenprodil at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in Xenopus oocytes (1997)

Ifenprodil is an atypical N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that selectively blocks receptors containing the NR2B subunit. It has been proposed that ifenprodil may act at a stimulatory polyamine site on NMDA receptors, although interactions between ifenprodil and polyamines are non-competitive. NMDA receptors are also inhibited by extracellular protons, and an interaction between protons and polyamine stimulation has been described. Using voltage-clamp recording of recombinant NR1/NR2B receptors expressed in oocytes, ifenprodil inhibition was found to be pH sensitive with a smaller inhibition at alkaline pH. Similar effects of pH were seen on inhibition by nylidrin, eliprodil, and haloperidol, which are thought to act at the ifenprodil binding site. The pH sensitivity of ifenprodil block occurs at NR1B/NR2B as well as NR1A/NR2B receptors, suggesting that it is not influenced by the exon-5 insert that is present in NR1B but absent in NR1A. Protons may directly affect the ifenprodil binding site or may alter the coupling of ifenprodil binding to inhibition of channel gating.
Electron atomic scattering factors, Debye–Waller factors and the optical potential for high-energy electron diffraction (2005)

High-energy electrons may be elastically and inelastically scattered by a solid. To a good approximation the effect of inelastic scattering on the elastically scattered electrons may be taken into account using the concept of the complex optical potential. The optical potential may be calculated using electron atomic scattering factors and Debye-Waller factors, which in turn can be evaluated numerically using Hartree Fock atomic wave functions and shell models of lattice dynamics. The numerical electron atomic scattering factors have been parameterized using five Gaussian functions for all the neutral atoms of the periodic table and for 106 important ions, and the temperature-dependent Debye-Waller B-factors have been fitted by using fourth degree polynomial regression fitting for 19 compounds with the sodium chloride structure, 5 compounds with the cesium chloride structure, 17 compounds with the zinc-blend structure and 68 elemental crystals.
Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFbeta 2) produces effective pleurodesis in sheep with no systemic complications (2000)

Intrapleural injection of 0.25-1.0 microg/kg TGF beta(2) produces excellent pleurodesis in a new sheep model with no evidence of extrapulmonary fibrosis.
Battery charge-discharge control strategy based on the single Z-source three-level SVPWM inverter (2013)

A battery charge-discharge control strategy which based on the single Z-source three-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverter and the designed corresponding closed-loop control system is proposed. The inverter can not only eliminate the transformer or DC/DC converter link in traditional system, but also realize charger-discharge control in the case of a large range of battery voltage changes. The stage charging control based on the current feed-forward decoupling, the constant discharging control based on the power feed-forward decoupling and the output voltage boost method in constant discharging control are researched. The simulations in Matlab/Simulink verified that it can achieve the constant voltage or current charging control under unity power factor as well as the grid-connected constant power discharging control with boosted output voltage.
Rosuvastatin reduces nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with α-interferon and ribavirin (2011)

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease develops in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Interferon and ribavirin combination therapy is the standard treatment for chronic hepati- tis C, but if present, NAFLD can reduce the virological response to anti-HCV therapies. Objectives: We determined whether the addition of rosuvastatin to interferon and ribavirin improves the sustained virological response (SVR) and reduces steatosis. Patients and Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized, open-label trial. Between January 2004 and December 2007, 65 patients with chronic hepatitis (27 women and 38 men, mean age 48 years) aged 32-63 years (median 46 years) were consecutively enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to receive leukocyte interferon alpha (3 MIU 3 times per week) plus ribavirin (1200 mg per day) for 12 months or interferon alpha and ribavirin at the same dosages plus rosuvastatin (5 mg per day). The primary endpoints were measurements in SVR, liver enzyme, cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, glucose, and insulin levels; and Homa-IR, fibrosis, and steatosis scores. Results: After 12 months of treatment, we observed a significant improvement in SVR in 51% of patients who received interferon plus ribavirin plus rosuvastatin compared with 18% of relapsers (OR 1.52; 95% CI= 0.41-5.64; RR 1.13). There were 23 responders (69%) and 10 nonre- sponders (30%) (OR 1.38; 95% CI= 0.49-16.5; RR 1.11). When comparing interferon plus ribavi- rin group vs interferon plus ribavirin and rosuvastatin group after 12 months, we observed a significant difference in AST (85.70 vs.106.5.00 IU/ml) (OR 1.2; 95% CI= 0.29-4.94; RR 1.04; p<0.001), ALT (81.80 vs. 126.2 IU/ml) (OR 1.2; 95% CI= 0.29-4.94; RR 1.04; p<0.001), LDL-cho- lesterol (0.01 vs. 0.60 mmol/l) (OR 14; 95% CI= 3.98-49.16; p RR 2.96; <0.001), triglycerides (0.17 vs. 0.2 mmol/l) (OR 20; 95% CI= 4.94-80.89; RR 5.38; p<0.05), and Viremia (1.8 vs. 2.48 UI/ml, p<0.05). Mean fibrosis score decreased 0.10 vs. 0.50 (OR 4.5; 95% CI= 0.89-22.66; RR 1.5; p<0.05), and mean steatosis score declined 0.30 vs. 0.50 (OR 11.2; CI= 2.88-43.53; RR 2.75; p<0.001). Conclusions: In HCV patients with NAFLD, the addition of rosuvastatin to interferon and rib- avirin significantly reduces viremia, steatosis, and fibrosis without causing side effects. ARTICLE INFO
A Suppressor Screen in Chlamydomonas Identifies Novel Components of the Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Pathway (2008)

The retinoblastoma (RB) protein is a eukaryotic tumor suppressor and negative cell-cycle regulator. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells that lack the RB homolog MAT3 show loss of size checkpoint control and deregulated cell-cycle progression leading to the production of tiny cells. We carried out an insertional mutagenesis screen to isolate bypass suppressors of mat3 (smt mutants) that reverted the mat3 cell-size defect. Previously we reported that the loci encoding Chlamydomonas homologs of E2F and DP were frequently disrupted in this screen, indicating that the architecture of the canonical RB pathway is conserved in Chlamydomonas with MAT3/RB acting as a negative regulator upstream of E2F/DP. Here, we describe four novel smt mutants that moderately suppressed the cell-size checkpoint and cell-cycle phenotypes of mat3. As single mutants, three of the smt strains displayed no obvious phenotypes, and one had a slightly small phenotype. Strikingly, several smt double-mutant combinations synergized to cause enhanced suppression of mat3 and even to cause a large-cell phenotype that is comparable to that caused by loss of DP1. Molecular characterization of one smt mutant revealed that suppression is due to a defect in a gene encoding a putative small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) peptidase. Our results reveal a complex genetic network that lies downstream of MAT3/RB and implicate protein sumoylation as an important step for cell-cycle progression in cells that are missing MAT3/RB.
Synthesis of Linear High Molar Mass Glycidol-Based Polymers by Monomer-Activated Anionic Polymerization (2010)

Linear polyglycidols of high molar masses were prepared by the monomer-activated anionic polymerization of the corresponding protected monomers, ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether and tert-butyl glycidyl ether, using a system composed of tetraoctylammonium bromide as initiator and triisobutylaluminum as monomer activator. The aluminic compound was used in 1.5−5-fold excess compared to the initiator. Linear poly(ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether) and poly(tert-butyl glycidyl ether), with narrow chain dispersity and controlled high molar masses, up to 85 000 g/mol, were prepared at 0 °C in a few hours. Deprotection of hydroxyl functions by acidic treatment of the polymers was shown to proceed quantitatively and cleanly affording the corresponding linear polyglycerol and validating the use of these protecting groups. The copolymerization of protected glycidols with propylene oxide and butene oxide was also investigated with the goal to broaden the scope of this synthetic approach to various polyethers and copolyethers.