gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipid nanoparticles for transdermal delivery of flurbiprofen: formulation, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies (2009)

The aim of the study is to prepare aqueous dispersions of lipid nanoparticles--flurbiprofen solid lipid nanoparticles (FLUSLN) and flurbiprofen nanostructured lipid carriers (FLUNLC) by hot homogenization followed by sonication technique and then incorporated into the freshly prepared hydrogels for transdermal delivery. They are characterized for particle size, for all the formulations, more than 50% of the particles were below 300 nm after 90 days of storage at RT. DSC analyses were performed to characterize the state of drug and lipid modification. Shape and surface morphology were determined by TEM which revealed fairly spherical shape of the formulations. Further they were evaluated for in vitro drug release characteristics, rheological behaviour, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. The pharmacokinetics of flurbiprofen in rats following application of SLN gel (A1) and NLC gel (B1) for 24 h were evaluated. The Cmax of the B1 formulation was 38.67 +/- 2.77 microg/ml, which was significantly higher than the A1 formulation (Cmax = 21.79 +/- 2.96 microg/ml). The Cmax and AUC of the B1 formulation were 1.8 and 2.5 times higher than the A1 gel formulation respectively. The bioavailability of flurbiprofen with reference to oral administration was found to increase by 4.4 times when gel formulations were applied. Anti-inflammatory effect in the Carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat was significantly higher for B1 and A1 formulation than the orally administered flurbiprofen. Both the SLN and NLC dispersions and gels enriched with SLN and NLC possessed a sustained drug release over period of 24 h but the sustained effect was more pronounced with the SLN and NLC gel.
Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming (2009)

Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming: Modern Concepts and Practical Applications discusses algorithmic developments in the context of genetic algorithms (GAs) and genetic programming (GP). It applies the algorithms to significant combinatorial optimization problems and describes structure identification using HeuristicLab as a platform for al
Cross-Reactivity between Hepatitis C Virus and Influenza A Virus Determinant-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells (2001)

The cellular immune response contributes to viral clearance as well as to liver injury in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. An immunodominant determinant frequently recognized by liver-infiltrating and circulating CD8(+) T cells of HCV-infected patients is the HCV(NS3-1073) peptide CVNGVCWTV. Using a sensitive in vitro technique with HCV peptides and multiple cytokines, we were able to expand cytotoxic T cells specific for this determinant not only from the blood of 11 of 20 HCV-infected patients (55%) but also from the blood of 9 of 15 HCV-negative blood donors (60%), while a second HCV NS3 determinant was recognized only by HCV-infected patients and not by seronegative controls. The T-cell response of these healthy blood donors was mediated by memory T cells, which cross-reacted with a novel T-cell determinant of the A/PR/8/34 influenza A virus (IV) that is endogenously processed from the neuraminidase (NA) protein. Both the HCV NS3 and the IV NA peptide displayed a high degree of sequence homology, bound to the HLA-A2 molecule with high affinity, and were recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes with similar affinity (10(-8) M). Using the HLA-A2-transgenic mouse model, we then demonstrated directly that HCV-specific T cells could be induced in vivo by IV infection. Splenocytes harvested from IV-infected mice at the peak of the primary response (day 7 effector cells) or following complete recovery (day 21 memory cells) recognized the HCV NS3 peptide, lysed peptide-pulsed target cells, and produced gamma interferon. These results exemplify that host responses to an infectious agent are influenced by cross-reactive memory cells induced by past exposure to heterologous viruses, which could have important consequences for vaccine development.
Influence of 3,4',5-trihydroxystibene-3-beta-mono-D-glucoside on vascular endothelial epoprostenol and platelet aggregation. (1995)

Increase of PGI2 from VEC by Pol was involved in its (Pol's) inhibition effect of platelet aggregation.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy (1998)

The optimum choice in nicotine replacement depends on the individual's needs and coping abilities. Individualized nicotine replacement coupled with nonpharmacologic interventions produces the highest rate of success for abstinence from nicotine.
<i>Cryptolepis sanguinolenta:</i>Antimuscarinic Properties of Cryptolepine and the Alkaloid Fraction at M1, M2 and M3 Receptors (1992)

From an ethanol extract of the roots of Cryptolepis sanguinolenia the alkaloid fraction and its main constituent cryptolepine were isolated by partitioning at pH 11 and column chromatography using silica gel and chloroform/methanol as eluent. Cryptolepine was identified mainly by EI-MS and 1H/13C-NMR spectroscopy. Cryptolepine (3-30 microM) and the alkaloid fraction of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (3-10 micrograms/ml) antagonized muscarinic effects at M1 receptors in rabbit vas deferens, M2 receptors in guinea-pig atria, and M3 receptors in guinea-pig ileum. The experiments, using N-methylatropine as reference drug, showed a significant antimuscarinic activity for both cryptolepine and the alkaloid fraction, but no appreciable receptor subtype selectivity (pA2 = 5.00-5.73). Cryptolepine was determined as the antimuscarinic principle of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. At higher concentrations both materials displayed negative inotropic effects.
Whole-field five-dimensional fluorescence microscopy combining lifetime and spectral resolution with optical sectioning (2001)

We report a novel whole-field three-dimensional fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope that incoporates multispectral imaging to provide five-dimensional (5-D) fluorescence microscopy. This instrument, which can acquire a 5-D data set in less than a minute, is based on potentially compact and inexpensive diode-pumped solid-state laser technology. We demonstrate that spectral discrimination as well as optical sectioning minimize artifacts in lifetime determination and illustrate how spectral discrimination improves the lifetime contrast of biological tissue.
Synthesis and Characterization of Spiro-Triphenylamine Configured Polyfluorene Derivatives with Improved Hole Injection (2006)

We report on the synthesis of a spiro-fluorene derivative with bulky tert-butyl-substituted triphenylamine structure. The compound was synthesized in an attempt to enhance both hole injection and physical properties. A series of copolymers of the compound and a spiro-anthracenefluorene structure were synthesized, and their physical, optical, and electrochemical characteristics were investigated. The polymers showed good thermal stability with decomposition temperatures in excess of 389 °C and high glass transition temperatures in the range of 112−207 °C. The emission characteristics of the polymers were similar to that of dialkyl polyfluorenes. Cyclic voltametry studies revealed that the energy level of polymers can be tuned by adjusting the spiro-triphenylamine content with a tuning range of about 0.5 eV. Organic light-emitting diodes were fabricated using the polymers. All of the devices showed an emission in the deep blue region, and the copolymers showed improved hole injecting/transporting characteristics.
E/I balance and GABAA receptor plasticity (2008)

GABA(A) receptors mediate most of the fast inhibitory transmission in the CNS. They form heteromeric complexes assembled from a large family of subunit genes. The existence of multiple GABA(A) receptor subtypes differing in subunit composition, localization and functional properties underlies their role for fine-tuning of neuronal circuits and genesis of network oscillations. The differential regulation of GABA(A) receptor subtypes represents a major facet of homeostatic synaptic plasticity and contributes to the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance under physiological conditions and upon pathological challenges. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings highlighting the significance of GABA(A) receptor heterogeneity for the concept of E/I balance and its relevance for epilepsy. Specifically, we address the following issues: (1) role for tonic inhibition, mediated by extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors, for controlling neuronal excitability; (2) significance of chloride ion transport for maintenance of the E/I balance in adult brain; and (3) molecular mechanisms underlying GABA(A) receptor regulation (trafficking, posttranslational modification, gene transcription) that are important for homoeostatic plasticity. Finally, the relevance of these findings is discussed in light of the involvement of GABA(A) receptors in epileptic disorders, based on recent experimental studies of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and absence seizures and on the identification of mutations in GABA(A) receptor subunit genes underlying familial forms of epilepsy.
Cord factor trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate (TDM) mediates trafficking events during mycobacterial infection of murine macrophages (2003)

The persistence of tuberculosis within pulmonary granulomatous lesions is a complex phenomenon, with bacterial survival occurring in a focal region of high immune activity. In part, the survival of the organism may be linked to the ability of the surface glycolipid trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM; cord factor) to inhibit fusion events between phospholipid vesicles inside the host macrophage. At the same time, TDM contributes to macrophage activation and a cascade of events required for initiation and maintenance of granulomatous responses. This allows increased sequestration of organisms and further survival and persistence within host tissues. Bacterial viability, macrophage cytokine and chemokine response, and intracellular trafficking were investigated in Mycobacterium tuberculosis from which TDM had been removed. Removal of surface lipids led to enhanced trafficking of organisms to acidic compartments; reconstitution of delipidated organisms with either pure TDM or the petroleum ether extract containing crude surface lipids restored normal responses. Use of TDM-coated polystyrene beads demonstrated that TDM can mediate intracellular trafficking events, as well as influence macrophage production of pro-inflammatory molecules. Thus, the presence of TDM may be an important determinant for successful infection and survival of M. tuberculosis within macrophages.
The cloning of two <i>Arabidopsis</i> genes belonging to a phosphate transporter family (1997)

Two genes, APT1 and APT2, with DNA sequences that exhibit significant sequence identity to yeast and fungal H+/orthophosphate co-transporters, have been isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. These genes are genetically linked and map to chromosome 5 between markers g4028 and m435. The genes encode almost identical 524 amino acid polypeptides and are predicted to contain 12 membrane-spanning domains. Both APT1 and APT2 are predominantly expressed in A. thaliana root tissues. The level of expression of both genes in roots is regulated by the phosphorus status of the plant, being considerably enhanced when the plants were deprived of an external phosphate supply. The APT1 and APT2 polypeptides are likely to be associated with the membrane transport of phosphate within A. thaliana roots.
INS/GPS Based State Estimation of Micro Air Vehicles Parametric Study Using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) Schemes (2011)

Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) are classified as the small scale aircrafts which can be remote controlled, semi-autonomous and autonomous. They are highly sensitive to the wind gust and therefore the control of Micro Air Vehicle is a very challenging area. To control an aircraft, the first step is the precise navigation of the MAV and state estimation is the pre requisite. In this paper the states (roll, pitch, yaw, position and wind direction) are estimated with the help of Discrete Time Extended Kalman Filter operating on Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) which consists of MEMS Gyro, MEMS Accelerometer, MEMS Magnetometer and GPS. These sensors are based on MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) technique which is very helpful for size and weight reduction. Three techniques of Discrete Time Extended Kalman Filter are used named as Single state Discrete Time Extended Kalman, Cascaded Two Stage Discrete Time Extended Kalman Filter and Cascaded Three Stage Discrete Time Extended Kalman Filter. The simulations obtained from these filters are compared and analyzed. Trajectory and sensors data is recorded from Flight Simulator software, and then compared with the simulations obtained from Extended Kalman Filter with the help of MATLAB Software.
Proteolysis of elastin-ligand complexes. Stimulation of elastase digestion of insoluble elastin by sodium dodecyl sulfate (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProteolysis of elastin-ligand complexes. Stimulation of elastase digestion of insoluble elastin by sodium dodecyl sulfateHerbert M. Kagan, George D. Crombie, Robert E. Jordan, William Lewis, and Carl FranzblauCite this: Biochemistry 1972, 11, 18, 3412–3418Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00768a014https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00768a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views131Altmetric-Citations74LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of ruthenium and osmium complexes with sterically hindering ligands. 2. Tris complexes with 2-(2'-pyridyl)quinoline and 2,2'-biquinoline (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and spectroscopic characterization of ruthenium and osmium complexes with sterically hindering ligands. 2. Tris complexes with 2-(2'-pyridyl)quinoline and 2,2'-biquinolineDavid M. KlassenCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1976, 15, 12, 3166–3168Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50166a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50166a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views388Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Torsional Dampers and Alternative Systems to Reduce Driveline Vibrations (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Fuel saving means vehicle operation at low engine speed and accordingly high engine torque. For that, recent engines have been tallored, developing up to 85% of the max, torque at 1.000 rpm. However, when applying this driving mode, the driver may be irritated by rattling noise and body humming. This is due to the fact that all drivelines have a natural frequency between 1.000 and 2.000 rpm, which cannot be displaced below 1.000 rpm by means of tuning of conventional torsion dampers.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Diesel engines and more and more gasoline engines require an idling noise isolation stage. This stage adds to the total lash in the driveline and contributes to clonk and load reversal reactions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes various systems suitable to overcome these concerns.</div>
Supporting a spectrum of out-of-order event processing technologies (2009)

This demonstration presents a complex event processing system which focuses on out-of-order handling. State-of-the-art event stream processing technology experiences significant challenges when faced with out-of-order data arrival including huge system latencies, missing results, and incorrect result generation. We propose two out-of-order handling techniques, conservative and aggressive strategies. We will show the efficiency of our techniques and how they can satisfy various QoS requirements of different applications.
A Case Report of Acute Renal Failure Caused by the Overdose of Vancomycin. Could Renal Blood Flow Analysis predict the Renal Failure? (1997)

バンコマイシンの過量投与によって，急性腎不全をきたした3カ月の男児例を経験した。我々は，この患児に対して輸液と利尿剤の投与をまず行い，さらなる血中濃度の低下を意図して交換輸血を施行した。その結果，バンコマイシンの血中濃度は比較的速やかに低下させることができ，腎不全は一過性にて軽快した。また，この患児に対して腎血流速度の計測を経時的に行い，腎血流速度は血清クレアチニン値とクレアチニンクリアランスによい相関を示した。同検査の有用性の検討と腎不全を予測しうるのかといった問題の考察を含めて報告した。
Playing SNES in the Retro Learning Environment (2016)

Mastering a video game requires skill, tactics and strategy. While these attributes may be acquired naturally by human players, teaching them to a computer program is a far more challenging task. In recent years, extensive research was carried out in the field of reinforcement learning and numerous algorithms were introduced, aiming to learn how to perform human tasks such as playing video games. As a result, the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE) (Bellemare et al., 2013) has become a commonly used benchmark environment allowing algorithms to train on various Atari 2600 games. In many games the state-of-the-art algorithms outperform humans. In this paper we introduce a new learning environment, the Retro Learning Environment --- RLE, that can run games on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), Sega Genesis and several other gaming consoles. The environment is expandable, allowing for more video games and consoles to be easily added to the environment, while maintaining the same interface as ALE. Moreover, RLE is compatible with Python and Torch. SNES games pose a significant challenge to current algorithms due to their higher level of complexity and versatility.
Regional Distribution of Putative NPY Y<sub>1</sub> Receptors and Neurons Expressing Y<sub>1</sub> mRNA in Forebrain Areas of the Rat Central Nervous System (1993)

Using monoiodinated radioligands of peptide YY (PYY), and the recently introduced neuropeptide Y (NPY) analogue [Leu31, Pro34]NPY, receptor binding sites of the Y1 and Y2 type were localized in the rat brain by quantitative in vitro autoradiography. The binding specificity and affinity of both radiolabelled ligands were analysed by ligand binding studies employing rat brain membrane homogenates from cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, the regional distribution and cellular localization of mRNA encoding the Y1 receptor were investigated in rat brain sections and compared to the distribution of Y1-specific binding sites. PYY binds to both Y1 and Y2 receptors, while long C-terminal fragments such as NPY13-36 and NPY-16-36 bind preferentially to Y2 receptors. [Leu31,Pro34]NPY is a specific agonist for Y1 receptors. Highest densities of [125I]PYY binding sites were found in the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, the lateral septum, the hippocampus and the mesencephalic dopaminergic areas. In order to block putative Y2 receptors, a series of [125I]PYY binding experiments was performed in the presence of NPY13-36 (1 microM), a Y2 preferring C-terminal fragment. High densities of binding sites remained present in the cerebral cortex, the thalamus and the medial mammillary nucleus when NPY13-36 was present in the incubation medium. Furthermore, these areas were highly enriched with [125I][Leu31,Pro34]NPY binding sites. In contrast, the hippocampal complex had its binding capacity reduced by approximately 50%, while the lateral septum and mesencephalic dopaminergic areas had their binding capacities reduced even further. Linear regression analysis showed a high degree of correspondence between [125I][Leu31,Pro34]NPY binding and that obtained with [125I]PYY in the presence of 1 microM NPY13-36, suggesting that the two independent approaches to visualizing Y1 binding sites are comparable. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed high levels of Y1 mRNA in the granular cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, several thalamic nuclei and the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Moderate levels of Y1 mRNA were seen in the frontoparietal cortex, several thalamic nuclei, the hippocampal pyramidal layers, the subiculum, the olfactory tubercle, the claustrum and a number of hypothalamic nuclei. The mesencephalon, the amygdala and most basal ganglia showed very low levels of hybridization. The present study further clarifies the anatomical distribution of multiple NPY binding sites within the central nervous system of the rat, and extends earlier suggestions that Y1 and Y2 receptor types are present within the central nervous system.
Detection of particle sources with directional detector arrays and a mean-difference test (2005)

In this paper, the problem of detecting far-field particle sources, such as nuclear, radioactive, optical, or cosmic, is considered. This problem arises in applications including security, surveillance, visual systems, and astronomy. The authors propose a mean-difference test (MDT) with cubic and spherical detector arrays, assuming Poisson distributed measurement models. Through performance analysis, including computing the probability of detection for a given probability of false alarm, the authors show that the MDT has a number of advantages over the generalized likelihood-ratio test (GLRT), such as computational efficiency, higher probability of detection, asymptotic constant false-alarm rate (CFAR), and applicability to low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For each array, the authors also present an estimator to find the source direction. Finally, Monte Carlo numerical examples are conducted that confirm the analytical results.
Antireflective subwavelength structures on crystalline Si fabricated using directly formed anodic porous alumina masks (2006)

A simple fabrication technique for subwavelength structured (SWS) surfaces by means of anodic porous alumina masks directly formed on Si substrates was proposed and demonstrated. By this technique, SWS surfaces were fabricated on polished single-crystalline Si and chemically etched as-cut multicrystalline Si wafers. Smoothly tapered SWS surfaces with a periodicity of 100nm and a height of 300–400nm were obtained. A low reflectivity below 1% was observed from 300to1000nm for both of the wafers, in agreement with numerical simulation. After thermal annealing at 800°C, the reflectivity of the SWS surface increased to 3%.