gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Off-Balance-Sheet Corporate Finance with Synthetic Leases: Shortcomings and How to Avoid Them with Synthetic Debt (2001)

Synthetic leases provide corporations with off-balance-sheet finance for acquisition of tangible assets. The financings are less efficient for financial planning purposes than conventional on-balance-sheet debt. The inefficiencies can be avoided by replacing synthetic leases with synthetic debt. Synthetic debt finance transforms lease obligations into the investment equivalent of senior corporate debt. The distinguishing features of synthetic debt are: (1) synthetic debt represents a fixed-rate off-balance-sheet fixed-income obligation with the same default risk as on-balance-sheet debt; and (2) in default synthetic debt provides the financier with immediate recourse against the obligor comparable or superior in recovery protection to conventional senior debt.
Operational assessment and adaptive selection of micro‐Doppler features (2015)

A key challenge for radar surveillance systems is the discrimination of ground‐based targets, especially humans from animals, as well as different types of human activities. For this purpose, target micro‐Doppler signatures have been shown to yield high automatic target classification rates; however, performance is typically only given for near‐optimal operating conditions using a fixed set of features. Over the past few decades dozens of micro‐Doppler features have been proposed, when in fact utilisation of all possible features does not guarantee the maximum classification performance and the selection of an optimal subset of features is scenario dependent. In this work, a comprehensive survey of micro‐Doppler features and their dependence upon system parameters and operational conditions – such as transmit frequency, range and Doppler resolution, antenna–target geometry, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and dwell time – is given. Algorithms for optimising classification performance for a reduced number of features are presented. Performance gains achievable using adaptive feature selection are assessed for a case study of interest.
Infrared Photorefractive Polymers and Their Applications for Imaging (1998)

Photorefractive polymers with high diffraction efficiency in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have been developed. These polymers, which have a large dynamic range because of their high orientational birefringence, incorporate a dye designed to have a large dipole moment and a high linear polarizability anisotropy. Such polymers have enabled demonstrations of imaging through scattering media, using a holographic time-gating technique at a wavelength that is compatible with the transparency of biological tissues and with the emission of low-cost semiconductor laser diodes.
The membrane emulsification process—a review (2004)

Abstract Membrane emulsification has received increasing attention over the last 10 years, with potential applications in many fields. In the membrane emulsification process, a liquid phase is pressed through the membrane pores to form droplets at the permeate side of a membrane; the droplets are then carried away by a continuous phase flowing across the membrane surface. Under specific conditions, monodispersed emulsions can be produced using this technique. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a review on the membrane emulsification process including: principles of membrane emulsification, influence of process parameters and industrial applications. Small‐scale applications such as drug delivery systems, food emulsions, and the production of monodispersed microspheres are also included. Compared with conventional techniques for emulsification, membrane processes offer advantages such as control of average droplet diameter by average membrane pore size and lower energy input. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Scalable topology control for deployment-support networks (2005)

Deployment-support networks (DSNs) have been proposed as a novel tool for the development, test, deployment, and validation of wireless sensor networks. They are expected to enhance scalability and flexibility in deployment by eliminating cable connections. In this paper, we describe our implementation of a DSN, giving details on the algorithms for topology control and maintenance. We provide various measurements of DSNs spanning up to 71 BTnode rev3 devices, featuring the largest Bluetooth scatternet reported to date. We also discuss our experience gained in the development and experimentation. Our results strongly suggest that our implementation scales well to a large number of nodes.
Basic challenges of optical overlay measurements (1997)

The basic challenges of optical overlay measurements are discussed. It is shown that overlay measurement precision is determined by optical resolution, signal to noise ratio of the measurement system and properties of the overlay target. Some tips for better overlay target design ad hardware improvement are formulated. It is shown that an interferometer based measurement system allows better accuracy than the brightfield one. It is shown that for current measurement techniques, 130 nm design rule requirements can be met.
Immunomodulatory Effects of IFN-β1a Treatment Alone or Associated with Pentoxifylline in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) (2005)

Interferon-beta1a (IFN-beta1a) and pentoxifylline (PTX) are reported to be active in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), but the mechanisms are not completely understood. In two groups of RRMS patients, we studied the phenotype of peripheral lymphocytes and the level of several cytokines both in sera and in supernatants of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before and after 8 months of therapy with IFN-beta1a alone or associated with PTX. Our data indicate that patients with RRMS, treated with IFN-beta1a, exhibited a significant increase in CD4(+)CD25(++) T suppressor cells, accompanied by a significant decrease in cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8(+)CD28(-) and natural killer [NK] cells) and IFN-gamma production, which could both contribute to an explanation of the previously described beneficial effects of IFN-beta treatment in MS. The addition of PTX to IFN-beta1a treatment did not modify the immunomodulatory effects obtained with IFN-beta1a alone. Future studies are needed to demonstrate which immunologic parameters correlate with the clinical benefit of IFN-beta1a treatment.
Data Mining with optimized two-dimensional association rules (2001)

We discuss data mining based on association rules for two numeric attributes and one Boolean attribute. For example, in a database of bank customers, Age and Balance are two numeric attributes, and CardLoan is a Boolean attribute. Taking the pair (Age, Balance) as a point in two-dimensional space, we consider an association rule of the form ((Age,Balance) ∈P)⇒(CardLoan = Yes), which implies that bank customers whose ages and balances fall within a planar region P tend to take out credit card loans with a high probability.We consider two classes of regions, rectangles and admissible (i.e., connected and x-monotone) regions. For each class, we propose efficient algorithms for computing the regions that give optimal association rules for gain, support, and confidence, respectively. We have implemented the algorithms for admissible regions as well as several advanced functions based on them in our data mining system named SONAR (System for Optimized Numeric Association Rules), where the rules are visualized by using a graphic user interface to make it easy for users to gain an intuitive understanding of rules.
Towards a Generic “Single-Path Programming” Solution With Reduced Power Consumption (2007)

As embedded designs become more widespread and complex they tend to use more modern processors. Such processors will often include features (such as pipelines, caches, and branch predictors) which help to improve performance. While such performance improvements are welcome, they come at the price of predictability. More specifically, the use of advanced processor hardware makes it difficult to predict the worst-case execution time (WCET) of tasks. As part of an effort to address these problems, Puschner and Burns (Proc. 7th IEEE International Workshop on Object-Oriented Real-Time Dependable Systems, Jan. 2002) proposed the “single path programming paradigm”. As its name implies program code written according to this paradigm has only one execution path: this helps to ensure a constant execution time. Yet there are two problems with the techniques described by Puschner and Burns: (i) they are applicable only to hardware which supports “conditional move” or similar instructions; (ii) their balancing approach increases power consumption. In the present paper, we begin to address both of these problems with a set of novel code-balancing techniques. The effectiveness of these new techniques is explored by means of an empirical study.
Stereospecific Syntheses of Olefins from 1,2-Thionocarbonates and 1,2-Trithiocarbonates. trans-Cycloheptene (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereospecific Syntheses of Olefins from 1,2-Thionocarbonates and 1,2-Trithiocarbonates. trans-CyclohepteneE. J. Corey, F. A. Carey, and Roland A. E. WinterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 4, 934–935Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01082a057https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01082a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1348Altmetric-Citations196LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pilot Ascending Dose Tolerance Study of Parenterally Administered 4-(2 Hydroxyethyl)-l-piperazine Ethane Sulfonic Acid (TVZ-7) in Dogs (1997)

We report a pilot toxicity study in healthy beagle dogs which revealed no significant adverse events for TVZ-7 given at i.v. doses up to 520 mg/kg/day. All treated dogs displayed calm behavior and maintained normal clinical laboratory values throughout the study. Increased bone marrow hypercellularity and extramedullary hematopoiesis was also noted in these dogs. Three other dogs with advanced spontaneously occurring tumors have also been dosed. No serious adverse events were reported in any of the dogs. This pilot study suggests that 4-(2 Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethane sulfonic acid may be used safely in planned human clinical trials.
Sodium alginate from Sargassum wightii retards mortalities in Penaeus monodon postlarvae challenged with white spot syndrome virus (2012)

Sodium alginate extracted from brown seaweed Sargassum wightii (16.35 ± 1.42%, mean [±SD] yield from 5 extractions) was prepared as a powder or beads and used to enrich Artemia nauplii at concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg l-1. The alginate-enriched nauplii were fed to Penaeus monodon shrimp postlarvae (PL) stage 15 (PL15, i.e. 15 d old) for 20 d. Mean weight gain and specific growth rate over this period were 0.24 g and 15.8%, respectively, in PL groups not fed alginate, and 0.20-0.28 g and 14.7-16.5%, respectively, in PL groups fed alginate. Amongst PL35 then challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) by immersion, all PL not fed alginate died within 9 d. However, amongst PL fed the 4 concentrations of alginate powder or beads, mortality rates reduced with increasing alginate concentration, and between 25 and 32% PL remained alive when the bioassay was terminated on Day 21. Amongst alginate-fed PL groups compared with the control group, mortality was reduced by 26.5 to 58.4%. Nested PCR detection of WSSV revealed sodium alginate concentration-dependent reductions in infection loads. The data indicate that sodium alginate extracted from brown seaweed and fed to P. monodon can retard progression of WSSV disease.
Physiological role of the D‐amino acid oxidase gene, DAO1, in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii (2000)

A methylotrophic yeast, Candida boidinii, exhibits D-amino acid oxidase activity (DAO, EC 1.4.3.3) during its growth on D-alanine as a sole carbon or a nitrogen source. The structural gene (DAO1), encoding DAO, was cloned from a genomic library of C. boidinii. The 1035-bp gene encoded 345 amino acids and the predicted amino acid sequence showed significant similarity to those of DAOs from other organisms. The DAO1 gene was disrupted in the C. boidinii genome by one-step gene disruption. The DAO1-deleted strain did not grow on D-alanine as a carbon source but did grow on D-alanine as a sole nitrogen source (with glucose as the carbon source). These results suggested that, while DAO is critically involved in growth on D-alanine as a carbon source, there should be another enzyme system which metabolizes D-alanine as a nitrogen source in C. boidinii. We also showed that the three C-terminal amino acid sequence of DAO, −AKL was necessary and sufficient for the import of DAO into peroxisomes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The rpoS gene from Yersinia enterocolitica and its influence on expression of virulence factors (1995)

The chromosome of Yersinia enterocolitica encodes a heat-stable enterotoxin called Yst and a surface antigen called Myf, which closely resembles enterotoxin-associated fimbriae. Both factors could act in conjunction to produce diarrhea. Production of the enterotoxin is regulated by temperature, osmolarity, and pH and occurs only when bacteria reach the stationary phase. Myf production is regulated by temperature and pH and, as we show in this work, also occurs after the exponential growth phase. In an attempt to understand the late-phase expression of yst and myf, we cloned, sequenced, and mutagenized the gene encoding RpoS, an alternative sigma factor of the RNA polymerase involved in expression of stationary-phase genes in other enterobacteria. An intact rpoS gene was necessary for full expression of yst in the stationary phase but not for the expression of myf and of pYV-encoded virulence determinants.
Accelerated Search and Design of Stretchable Graphene Kirigami Using Machine Learning (2018)

Making kirigami-inspired cuts into a sheet has been shown to be an effective way of designing stretchable materials with metamorphic properties where the 2D shape can transform into complex 3D shapes. However, finding the optimal solutions is not straightforward as the number of possible cutting patterns grows exponentially with system size. Here, we report on how machine learning (ML) can be used to approximate the target properties, such as yield stress and yield strain, as a function of cutting pattern. Our approach enables the rapid discovery of kirigami designs that yield extreme stretchability as verified by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We find that convolutional neural networks, commonly used for classification in vision tasks, can be applied for regression to achieve an accuracy close to the precision of the MD simulations. This approach can then be used to search for optimal designs that maximize elastic stretchability with only 1000 training samples in a large design space of ∼4×10^{6} candidate designs. This example demonstrates the power and potential of ML in finding optimal kirigami designs at a fraction of iterations that would be required of a purely MD or experiment-based approach, where no prior knowledge of the governing physics is known or available.
Die Diaza‐<i>Cope</i>‐Umlagerung (1976)

Abstract Mit einer einfachen Notation wird zunächst versucht, die unübersichtliche Namensgebung für [3.3]‐sigmatrope Reaktionen eindeutig und verständlich zu regeln. Die stereochemischen Untersuchungen zeigen, daß sowohl die Konfiguration als auch die Konformation der Diimin‐Edukte(3) die Geometrie des Übergangszustandes bei der thermischen Diaza‐ Cope ‐Umlagerung 3⇌3′ entscheidend beeinflussen. Meso ‐Konfigurierte 1,3,4,6‐Tetraaryl‐2,5‐diaza‐1,5‐hexadiene 3c lagern bevorzugt über einen wannenartigen racemische über einen sesselartigen Übergangszustand um. Die Aktivierungsbarriere für eine Valenzisomerisierung über einen wannenförmigen Übergangszustand ist auch bei der Diaza‐ Cope ‐ Umlagerung höher als die über einen sesselförmigen. Die ortho ‐ Hydroxygruppe als gleichgewichtsbestimmender Faktor bei der Valenzisomerisierung der meso ‐Dialdimine (33) wird diskutiert. Dieser “Salicyl‐Effekt” bietet die Grundlage für ein allgemeines Syntheseprinzip zur einfachen präparativen und vor allem stereospezifischen Darstellung neuer meso ‐1,2‐Diaryläthylendiamine durch CC‐Verknüpfung zweier Carbonylfunktionen via Diaza Cope ‐Umlagerung.
Finding people and animals by guided assembly (2002)

This paper describes a new representation for people and animals, called a body plan. The representation is an organized collection of grouping hints obtained from constraints on color, texture, shape, and geometrical relations. Body plans can be learned from image data, using established statistical learning techniques. Body plans are well adapted to segmentation and recognition in complex environments, such as the huge libraries of digitized images now becoming widely available. Two specific applications of body plans are presented: an algorithm that determines whether an image depicts a scantily clad human and an algorithm that learns and uses a body plan to find pictures of horses. Both algorithms demonstrate excellent performance on large, poorly controlled input data.
Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants (2016)

Evidence supports the use of SSC to promote breastfeeding. Studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm physiological benefit for infants during transition to extra-uterine life and to establish possible dose-response effects and optimal initiation time. Methodological quality of trials remains problematic, and small trials reporting different outcomes with different scales and limited data limit our confidence in the benefits of SSC for infants. Our review included only healthy infants, which limits the range of physiological parameters observed and makes their interpretation difficult.
New Nanocomposite Materials Reinforced with Flax Cellulose Nanocrystals in Waterborne Polyurethane (2007)

New nanocomposite films were prepared from a suspension of cellulose nanocrystals as the filler and a polycaprolactone-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) as the matrix. The cellulose nanocrystals, prepared by acid hydrolysis of flax fiber, consisted of slender rods with an average length of 327 +/- 108 nm and diameter of 21 +/- 7 nm, respectively. After the two aqueous suspensions were mixed homogeneously, the nanocomposite films were obtained by casting and evaporating. The morphology, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties of the films were investigated by means of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile testing. The results indicated that the cellulose nanocrystals could disperse in the WPU uniformly and resulted in an improvement of microphase separation between the soft and hard segments of the WPU matrix. The films showed a significant increase in Young's modulus and tensile strength from 0.51 to 344 MPa and 4.27 to 14.86 MPa, respectively, with increasing filler content from 0 to 30 wt %. Of note is that the Young's modulus increased exponentially with the filler up to a content of 10 wt %. The synergistic interaction between fillers and between the filler and WPU matrix played an important role in reinforcing the nanocomposites. The superior properties of the new nanocomposite materials could have great potential applications.
Cinacalcet HCl: a calcimimetic agent for the management of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism (2003)

Cinacalcet HCl (AMG 073) is an investigational oral calcimimetic drug currently being evaluated for the treatment of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Calcimimetics bind to the calcium-sensing receptors of the parathyroid glands and lower the sensitivity for receptor activation by extracellular calcium, thereby diminishing parathyroid hormone release. Cinacalcet HCl has demonstrated efficacy in controlling the hypercalcaemia of severe primary HPT and in reducing parathyroid hormone levels in patients with secondary HPT. Asymptomatic dose-dependent hypocalcaemia has occurred in some clinical trials. This drug has a favourable pharmacokinetic profile compared to its precursors and will prove useful as an additional/alternative agent in patients with primary and secondary HPT.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for Selected Antimicrobial Agents Against Organisms Isolated from the Mammary Glands of Dairy Heifers in New Zealand and Denmark (1998)

Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for selected antimicrobial agents against 872 bacteria isolated from intramammary infections in heifers in New Zealand (n = 401) and Denmark (n = 471). These values were reported in micrograms per milliliters. Antimicrobial agents tested against isolates from New Zealand were penicillin, cloxacillin, cephapirin, ceftiofur, novobiocin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, and pirlimycin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations that inhibit 90% of the strains tested for these antimicrobial agents with Staphylococcus aureus were 4.0, 0.5, 0.5, 2.0, 1.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration values that inhibit 90% of the strains tested against the Staphylococcus spp. ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 for all antimicrobics. The minimum inhibitory concentrations against streptococci were < or = 0.06, 0.5, 0.13, 0.13, 4.0, 1.0, 0.13, and < or = 0.06, respectively. Antimicrobial agents tested against isolates from Denmark included penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, penicillin plus novobiocin, erythromycin, and pirlimycin. Against S. aureus, the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.13, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.5, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations against Staphylococcus spp. were 0.25, 0.25, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, < or = 0.06, 0.13, 1.0, and 0.5, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations against the streptococci were < or = 0.06, 0.13, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, < or = 0.06, 0.13, 0.5, and 0.5, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration values for staphylococci from New Zealand and Denmark were similar to values reported for US isolates. Streptococci from New Zealand and Denmark had lower minimum inhibitory concentration values than did US isolates. Only ceftiofur and enrofloxacin were active against the Gram-negative bacilli.