gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling pronunciation variation using context-dependent weighting and b/s refined acoustic modeling (2001)

The pronunciation variability is an important issue that must be faced with when developing practical automatic spontaneous speech recognition systems. By studying the initial/final (IF) characteristics of Chinese language and developing the Bayesian equation, we propose the concepts of generalized initial/final (GIF) and generalized syllable (GS), the GIF modeling method and the IF-GIF modeling method, as well as the context-dependent pronunciation weighting method. By using these approaches, the IF-GIF modeling reduces the Chinese syllable error rate (SER) by 6.3% and 4.2% compared with the GIF modeling and IF modeling respectively when the language modeling, such as syllable or word N-gram, is not used.
Improved Reconstruction in Non-Cartesian Parallel Imaging by Regularized Nonlinear Inversion (2009)

It has been shown recently that it is possible to achieve superior image quality in Cartesian autocalibrated parallel imaging by reformulating image reconstruction as a nonlinear inversion problem [1,2]. Using this formulation, it is possible to jointly optimize both the estimated coil sensitivities and the reconstructed image. This leads to a better elimination of undersampling artifacts, due to improved estimations of the coil sensitivity profiles. This approach can also be generalized to arbitrary non-Cartesian sampling patterns. In this work, the performance of nonlinear inversion is investigated for radial sampling, which has the advantage of inherent oversampling
Preparation of Nanoporous Micrometer-Scale Hematite Particles by a Forced Hydrolysis Reaction in the Presence of Polyethylene Glycol (2002)

The effect of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the formation of spherical hematite particles from a forced hydrolysis reaction in acidic FeCl3 solution was examined. Spherical hematite particles were precipitated under all of the conditions studied, and the diameters of the particles increased from 400 to 1500 nm (1.5 μm) with increasing PEG concentration. The rate of phase transformation from β-FeOOH to hematite was decreased considerably at higher PEG concentrations as a result of the adsorption of PEG onto both β-FeOOH and primary polynuclear particles. The hematite particles formed with PEG were hydrohematite with a crystal lattice distortion, and they exhibited a polycrystalline nature. The nanoporous hematite particles were produced in the presence of PEG acting as a prominent templating agent. This study indicates that the forced hydolysis reaction in the presence of PEG is a successful and simple route for producing micrometer-scale nanoporous hematite particles.
Biological models and genes of tumor reversion: Cellular reprogramming through <i>tpt1</i> /TCTP and <i>SIAH-1</i> (2002)

Tumor reversion is the process by which some cancer cells lose their malignant phenotype. This study was aimed at defining some of the molecular and phenotypic properties of this process. Biological models of tumor reversion were isolated from human leukemia and breast cancer cell lines by using the H-1 parvovirus as a selective agent. Differential gene expression analysis was performed between the parental malignant cells and their revertants or alternatively between these parental cells and their SIAH-1 transfectant counterparts. These SIAH-1 transfectants have a suppressed malignant phenotype and were used as a control for a viral-free system. Two hundred sixty-three genes were found to be either activated or inhibited during the reversion process, as confirmed by Northern blot analysis or quantitative PCR. Of these, 32% were differentially expressed in all systems, irrespective of whether parvovirus-selected, SIAH-1 overexpressing, or p53 mutant or wild-type cell lines were used, suggesting the existence of a universal mechanism underlying tumor reversion. Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (tpt1/TCTP) has the strongest differential expression, down-regulated in the reversion of U937- and SIAH-1-overexpressing cells. Inhibition of TCTP expression by anti-sense cDNA or small interfering RNA molecules results in suppression of the malignant phenotype and in cellular reorganization, similar to the effect of SIAH-1. Hence, tumor reversion can be defined at the molecular level, not just as the reversal of malignant transformation, but as a biological process in its own right involving a cellular reprogramming mechanism, overriding genetic changes in cancer, by triggering an alternative pathway leading to suppression of tumorigenicity.
A Model-Based 3D Template Matching Technique for Pose Acquisition of an Uncooperative Space Object (2015)

This paper presents a customized three-dimensional template matching technique for autonomous pose determination of uncooperative targets. This topic is relevant to advanced space applications, like active debris removal and on-orbit servicing. The proposed technique is model-based and produces estimates of the target pose without any prior pose information, by processing three-dimensional point clouds provided by a LIDAR. These estimates are then used to initialize a pose tracking algorithm. Peculiar features of the proposed approach are the use of a reduced number of templates and the idea of building the database of templates on-line, thus significantly reducing the amount of on-board stored data with respect to traditional techniques. An algorithm variant is also introduced aimed at further accelerating the pose acquisition time and reducing the computational cost. Technique performance is investigated within a realistic numerical simulation environment comprising a target model, LIDAR operation and various target-chaser relative dynamics scenarios, relevant to close-proximity flight operations. Specifically, the capability of the proposed techniques to provide a pose solution suitable to initialize the tracking algorithm is demonstrated, as well as their robustness against highly variable pose conditions determined by the relative dynamics. Finally, a criterion for autonomous failure detection of the presented techniques is presented.
Role of the facilitator in post graduate training programme: Students’ perspectives (2017)

The teaching of post graduate students is undergoing major changes over the past few decades. Indian studies have revealed a mixed viewpoint on the challenges faced by the facilitator during post graduate teaching. The dominant paradigm seems to be that students learn when teachers transfer knowledge to them, whilst they are expected to function more independently in postgraduate education. This research thus aims to explore the consequences on role of faculty in post graduate education and how such contribution changes the conditions for teaching as we move from a discipline-based view to a learning-based view on higher education. A set of questionnaires were imparted to second and third year post-graduate students of all disciplines of University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital for their answer and comments and results were analysed on a Likert’s scale. A total of 143 post graduate students participated in the study. The perspective of students showed that as the post graduate students gradually shift more towards self-directed learning evolution, the role of the facilitator in this change cannot be disregarded. PG study cannot be solely facilitator motivated but is also a self-driven learning evolution which facilitates the learner’s own capacity development. In most cases it is best for both the teacher and the taught to use a combination of the above approaches to ensure that students’ needs are met and a well-balanced educational atmosphere is generated. Keywords: Facilitator; Post Graduate Training Programme; Medical Education
Very Low Temperature Sensitive, Deep-Well Quantum Cascade Lasers (lambda = 4.8 mum) grown by MOCVD (2010)

Varying-composition, deep-well quantum cascade laser (DW-QCL) structures are proposed to suppress carrier leakage at and above room temperature. The layer compositions of the quantum wells and barriers in the active region differ from those in the extractor/injector regions. These structures are grown by using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Fabricated ridge-guide devices, lasing at ∼ 4.8 μm, show ultra-low temperature sensitivity of the electro-optical characteristics by comparison to those of conventional QCLs emitting in the 4.5-5.5 μm wavelength range. To values as high as 278 K and T 1 values as high as 285 K are obtained over a wide temperature range: 20-90 °C. We introduce modified equations for J th and η d which take into account both leakage and backfilling currents. Using these equations we can obtain reasonably good agreement between calculated and experimental values for T o and T 1 for both conventional and DW-type QCLs by using the modified J th and η d equations, in conjunction with a model for electron thermal excitation in and out of the active region. In Ch. 6 we increase the barriers' height in the active region from the injection barrier to the exit barrier, so called tapered active-region QCL. As a result, we further increase the energy separation between the upper laser level and the upper energy states. Thus, electrons in upper laser level can hardly reach the highest energy state in the active region. This design reduces the electron-leakage current by a factor of ∼ 3 compared to that in deep-well QCLs. Moreover, the lifetime in the upper laser level is kept similar to that in high-performance conventional QCLs. Then, the threshold current of the TA-QCL device at room-temperature decreases by ∼ 20 % compared to that for conventional, high-performance QCLs. The combination of significantly reduced electron leakage and lower room-temperature threshold leads to much higher wallplug efficiencies for TA-QCL devices than for conventional QCL devices.
Rotor position and velocity estimation for a permanent magnet synchronous machine at standstill and high speeds (2002)

This paper addresses self-sensing ("sensorless") control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The major contribution of this work is the introduction of a simple-to-implement estimation technique that operates over a wide speed range, including zero speed. The technique achieves simplicity by decoupling the inherent cross-coupling in PMSMs. The technique utilizes the dependence of inductance on rotor position in interior permanent magnet machines to produce position and velocity estimates both for field orientation and for all motion control of the drives. The technique functions in a manner similar to a resolver and resolver-to-digital converter sensing system, whereby in the proposed technique the motor acts as the electromagnetic resolver and the power converter applies carrier frequency voltages to the stator which produce high frequency currents that vary with position. The sensed currents are then processed with a heterodyning technique that produces a signal that is approximately proportional to the difference between the actual rotor position and an estimated rotor position. This position error signal and a torque estimate are then used as inputs to a Luenberger style observer to produce parameter, zero lag, position and velocity estimates.
Solid-phase-assisted synthesis of targeting peptide–PEG–oligo(ethane amino)amides for receptor-mediated gene delivery (2012)

In the forthcoming era of cancer gene therapy, efforts will be devoted to the development of new efficient and non-toxic gene delivery vectors. In this regard, the use of Fmoc/Boc-protected oligo(ethane amino)acids as building blocks for solid-phase-supported assembly represents a novel promising approach towards fully controlled syntheses of effective gene vectors. Here we report on the synthesis of defined polymers containing the following: (i) a plasmid DNA (pDNA) binding domain of eight succinoyl-tetraethylenpentamine (Stp) units and two terminal cysteine residues; (ii) a central polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain (with twenty-four oxyethylene units) for shielding; and (iii) specific peptides for targeting towards cancer cells. Peptides B6 and c(RGDfK), which bind transferrin receptor and α(v)β(3) integrin, respectively, were chosen because of the high expression of these receptors in many tumoral cells. This study shows the feasibility of designing these kinds of fully controlled vectors and their success for targeted pDNA-based gene transfer.
The Potential Protective Effect of Immunization with Outer-membrane Protein I from Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1989)

Immunization of rabbits with outer membranes (OM) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae produced antibodies directed against outer-membrane proteins PI and PIII. The antibodies directed against PIII reacted equally well on Western blots with all strains tested, but antibodies directed against PI reacted only with the homologous strain. When purified PIB was used for immunization the immune response was quite different: the sera obtained reacted with both homologous and heterologous PIB types and also reacted with strains expressing PIA. Western blotting of peptides produced by sequential cleavage of PIB revealed that the antigenic determinants recognized by anti-OM sera were predominantly located in the central surface-exposed region of PIB, as is the epitope recognized by the protective anti-PIB monoclonal antibody SM24. In contrast antibodies produced by immunization with purified PI reacted with antigenic determinants in the N-terminal portion of PIB. Nevertheless these determinants are accessible to immune attack on the native protein since the anti-PI sera were opsonic and were strongly bactericidal for both PIA- and PIB-expressing strains.
Robust image processing for an omnidirectional camera-based smart car door (2009)

Over the last one decade there has been an increasing emphasis on driver-assistance systems for the automotive domain. In this paper we report our work on designing a camera-based surveillance system embedded in a ¿smart¿ car door. Such a camera is used to monitor the ambient environment outside the car - e.g., the presence of obstacles such as approaching cars or cyclists who might collide with the car door if opened - and automatically control the car door operations. This is an enhancement to the currently available side-view mirrors which the driver/passenger checks before opening the car door. The focus of this paper is on fast and robust image processing algorithms specifically targeting such a smart car door system. The requirement is to quickly detect traffic objects of interest from gray-scale images captured by omnidirectional cameras. Whereas known algorithms for object extraction from the image processing literature rely on color information and are sensitive to shadows and illumination changes, our proposed algorithms are highly robust, can operate on gray-scale images (color images are not available in our setup) and output results in real-time. To illustrate these, we present a number of experimental results based on image sequences captured from real-life traffic scenarios.
Ultrasound image attributes of bovine ovarian follicles and endocrine and functional correlates (1998)

Heifers were studied to determine whether computer-assisted quantitative echotexture analysis of ultrasound images reflect functional and endocrine characteristics of dominant and subordinate follicles at specific stages of development. Heifers were examined using transrectal ultrasonography each day until ovariectomy on day 3 (n = 8) and day 6 (n = 9) of wave 1, day 1 of wave 2 (n = 7), or after onset of pro-oestrus > or = days after ovulation (n = 8) to obtain growing, early-static, late-static and regressing dominant follicles of wave 1, subordinate follicles, preselection follicles and preovulatory dominant follicles. Ultrasound images of the follicles were obtained in vitro and analysed using custom-developed computer algorithms. Mean pixel (picture element) values (grey-scale: black = 0, white = 255) for the follicle wall and stroma increased (P < 0.05) progressively from the growing to the regressing phases of the dominant follicle of wave 1. The antrum and wall of subordinate follicles had higher (P < 0.05) mean pixel values than that of the corresponding dominant follicles. Pixel heterogeneity (a measure of variation of grey-scale values of pixels) of images of the follicle antrum and wall increased (P < 0.05) progressively during the early-static to regressing phases. A progressive increase (P < 0.05) in the slope of the regression line of pixel values for the follicle wall was detected from the growing to the regressing phases of the dominant follicle of wave 1. The regression line of the wall of the preovulatory dominant follicle had the lowest (P < 0.05) slope. Oestradiol concentration in the follicular fluid decreased (P < 0.05) from the growing to the late-static phase, while a marked decrease (P < 0.05) in the androstenedione concentration was recorded between the growing and the early-static phases of the dominant follicle. Progesterone content did not increase until follicles were in the final stages of regression. Pixel heterogeneity of the antrum and wall, and the slope of the follicle wall regression line were negatively correlated (P < 0.001) with oestradiol and the oestradiol:progesterone ratio in follicular fluid. The results of this study support the hypothesis that echotexture characteristics of ultrasound images of the follicle antrum and wall are correlated with the functional and endocrine status of a follicle.
Genome-wide investigation and functional characterization of the β-ketoadipate pathway in the nitrogen-fixing and root-associated bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeriA1501 (2010)

Abstract Background Soil microorganisms are mainly responsible for the complete mineralization of aromatic compounds that usually originate from plant products or environmental pollutants. In many cases, structurally diverse aromatic compounds can be converted to a small number of structurally simpler intermediates, which are metabolized to tricarboxylic acid intermediates via the β-ketoadipate pathway. This strategy provides great metabolic flexibility and contributes to increased adaptation of bacteria to their environment. However, little is known about the evolution and regulation of the β-ketoadipate pathway in root-associated diazotrophs. Results In this report, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the benzoate and 4-hydroxybenzoate catabolic pathways of Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501, with a focus on the functional characterization of the β-ketoadipate pathway. The P. stutzeri A1501 genome contains sets of catabolic genes involved in the peripheral pathways for catabolism of benzoate ( ben ) and 4-hydroxybenzoate ( pob ), and in the catechol ( cat ) and protocatechuate ( pca ) branches of the β-ketoadipate pathway. A particular feature of the catabolic gene organization in A1501 is the absence of the catR and pcaK genes encoding a LysR family regulator and 4-hydroxybenzoate permease, respectively. Furthermore, the BenR protein functions as a transcriptional activator of the ben operon, while transcription from the catBC promoter can be activated in response to benzoate. Benzoate degradation is subject to carbon catabolite repression induced by glucose and acetate in A1501. The HPLC analysis of intracellular metabolites indicated that low concentrations of 4-hydroxybenzoate significantly enhance the ability of A1501 to degrade benzoate. Conclusions The expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the β-ketoadipate pathway is tightly modulated by both pathway-specific and catabolite repression controls in A1501. This strain provides an ideal model system for further study of the evolution and regulation of aromatic catabolic pathways.
Review of variable-flux permanent magnet machines (2011)

Variable-flux permanent-magnet machines (VFPM) are of great interest and many different machine topologies have been documented. This paper categorizes VFPM machine topologies with regard to the method of flux variation and further, in the case of hybrid excited machines with field coils, with regard to the location of the excitation sources. The different VFPM machines are reviewed and compared in terms of their torque density, complexity and their ability to vary the flux.
Analysis of area under curve of PPG and its relation with HbA1c (2012)

Diabetes is one contributing factor towards the increasing of arterial stiffness. A contour analysis of photoplethysmogram(PPG) pulse with diminished dicrotic notch caused uncertainty measurement. Therefore, area under curve of PPG (auc-PPG) was proposed to overcome this problem. Auc-PPG was compared for two different levels of HbA1c which are HbA1c<8% (Group 1) and HbA1c>10% (Group 2). Auc-PPG was found to be significantly higher among diabetic subjects with HbA1c<8% than among those with HbA1c>10%. The auc-PPG could be a parameter that indicates the hardening of arteries associated with HbA1c levels.
An Integrated Workbench for Model-Based Engineering of Service Compositions (2010)

The Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) approach to building systems of application and middleware components promotes the use of reusable services with a core focus of service interactions, obligations, and context. Although services technically relieve the difficulties of specific technology dependency, the difficulties in building reusable components is still prominent and a challenge to service engineers. Engineering the behavior of these services means ensuring that the interactions and obligations are correct and consistent with policies set out to guide partners in building the correct sequences of interactions to support the functions of one or more services. Hence, checking the suitability of service behavior is complex, particularly when dealing with a composition of services and concurrent interactions. How can we rigorously check implementations of service compositions? What are the semantics of service compositions? How does deployment configuration affect service composition behavior safety? To facilitate service engineers designing and implementing suitable and safe service compositions, we present in this paper an approach to consider different viewpoints of service composition behavior analysis. The contribution of the paper is threefold. First, we model service orchestration, choreography behavior, and service orchestration deployment through formal semantics applied to service behavior and configuration descriptions. Second, we define types of analysis and properties of interest for checking service models of orchestrations, choreography, and deployment. Third, we describe mechanical support by providing a comprehensive integrated workbench for the verification and validation of service compositions.