gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
What is DMO? (1986)

I would like to have entitled this article 'What is Dip Moveout?' but then I would have to admit that there is more than one answer. If we turn to the text book on Applied Geophysics by Telford et al. (1976), we find the original classic definition has to do with the effect of dip on the timing of events on shot records. But the dip moveout I will be describing here is completely different and so I will refer to it only by the acronym DMO. DMO is a migration process which transforms the prestack data set so that each common midpoint (CMP) gather of traces actually contains events from the same depth point, as defined by the normal incidence ray. That this is not the case in the absence of DMO is illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows how the reflector point is dispersed further up dip for increasing offset. For constant velocity, a necessary and linked property of DMO is that, after its application, events with every and any dip stack with the same moveout velocity. For a complex overburden such a transformation requires knowledge of the depth model so that refraction of the ray paths can be taken into account. But it turns out, somewhat surprisingly, that a first-order approximation of DMO is widely applicable, which is not only structurally independent but is also virtually velocity independent. That is, to a very good approximation, all the required information for DMO is contained within the time dips and shooting geometry. Some implementations of DMO incorporate the subsequent stack. As will become apparent this denies to the geophysicist important information regarding the offset dependenee of his data. Accordingly we will confine our attention to DMO processes which can be separated from normal moveout (NMO) and stack.
Centrifugal step emulsification applied for absolute quantification of nucleic acids by digital droplet RPA (2015)

Aqueous microdroplets provide miniaturized reaction compartments for numerous chemical, biochemical or pharmaceutical applications. We introduce centrifugal step emulsification for the fast and easy production of monodisperse droplets. Homogenous droplets with pre-selectable diameters in a range from 120 μm to 170 μm were generated with coefficients of variation of 2-4% and zero run-in time or dead volume. The droplet diameter depends on the nozzle geometry (depth, width, and step size) and interfacial tensions only. Droplet size is demonstrated to be independent of the dispersed phase flow rate between 0.01 and 1 μl s(-1), proving the robustness of the centrifugal approach. Centrifugal step emulsification can easily be combined with existing centrifugal microfluidic unit operations, is compatible to scalable manufacturing technologies such as thermoforming or injection moulding and enables fast emulsification (>500 droplets per second and nozzle) with minimal handling effort (2-3 pipetting steps). The centrifugal microfluidic droplet generation was used to perform the first digital droplet recombinase polymerase amplification (ddRPA). It was used for absolute quantification of Listeria monocytogenes DNA concentration standards with a total analysis time below 30 min. Compared to digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), with processing times of about 2 hours, the overall processing time of digital analysis was reduced by more than a factor of 4.
Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor SXR Mediates Vitamin K2-activated Transcription of Extracellular Matrix-related Genes and Collagen Accumulation in Osteoblastic Cells* (2006)

Vitamin K2 is a critical nutrient required for blood coagulation. It also plays a key role in bone homeostasis and is a clinically effective therapeutic agent for osteoporosis. We previously demonstrated that vitamin K2 is a transcriptional regulator of bone marker genes in osteoblastic cells and that it may potentiate bone formation by activating the steroid and xenobiotic receptor, SXR. To explore the SXR-mediated vitamin K2 signaling network in bone homeostasis, we identified genes up-regulated by both vitamin K2 and the prototypical SXR ligand, rifampicin, in osteoblastic cells using oligonucleotide microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Fourteen genes were up-regulated by both ligands. Among these, tsukushi, matrilin-2, and CD14 antigen were shown to be primary SXR target genes. Moreover, collagen accumulation in osteoblastic MG63 cells was enhanced by vitamin K2 treatment. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses showed that the small leucine-rich proteoglycan, tsukushi, contributes to vitamin K2-mediated enhancement of collagen accumulation. Our results suggest a new function for vitamin K2 in bone formation as a transcriptional regulator of extracellular matrix-related genes, that are involved in the collagen assembly.
Evaluation of ISCOM vaccines for mucosal immunization against hepatitis B (2009)

Immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) incorporating recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was prepared for induction of humoral, cellular and mucosal immunity by intranasal administration. Prepared ISCOMs were characterized for its size, shape, incorporation efficiency, zeta potential, and antigen integrity. Designed ISCOMs possessed negative zeta potential (-21.7 mV) and an average size of 44.1 nm with antigen incorporation efficiency approximately 39 %. Serum anti-HBsAg IgG titer after three high nasal doses of ISCOMs was comparable with titer recorded after alum-HBsAg administered subcutaneously. Similarly, modest but higher cellular response (cytokines level in spleen homogenates) and significantly higher secretory sIgA response in mucosal secretions was observed (P < 0.001) in case of HBsAg ISCOM vaccines. Whereas, alum-HBsAg vaccine did not elicit considerable cellular or mucosal response. Thus, ISCOMs produced humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses upon nasal administration although high and multidose administrations were required to elicit potent immune responses. These data demonstrate potential of ISCOMs in their use as a carrier adjuvant for nasal subunit vaccines against hepatitis B.
Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761® in Dementia: Intent-to-treat Analyses of a 24-week, Multi-center, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Trial (2003)

In 1996, Kanowski et al. reported about the beneficial effects of ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 (240 mg/day) in outpatients with pre-senile and senile primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and multi-infarct dementia (MID) of mild to moderate severity. The comparison of the results of this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multi-center study with other dementia studies is hampered by the fact that only the responder analysis of the per-protocol (PP) population, which was pre-specified in the protocol as confirmatory analysis, has been published in detail so far. Moreover, cognitive functioning was measured using the Syndrom-Kurztest (SKT), whereas results of other studies are based on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog). Therefore, the conventional intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis of this study is provided with an estimation of ADAS-cog scores based on measured SKT scores. After 24 weeks of treatment, the ITT analysis of the SKT and estimated ADAS-cog scores revealed a mean decrease in the total score by -2.1 (95 % CI: -2.7; -1.5) points and -2.7 (95 % CI: -3.5; -1.9) points, respectively, for the EGb 761 group, which indicates an improvement in cognitive function. On the contrary, the placebo group exhibited only a minimal change of -1.0 (95 % CI: -1.6; -0.3) and -1.3 (95 % CI: -2.0; -0.4) points, respectively. The changes from baseline differed significantly between treatment groups by 1.1 (SKT) and 1.4 (estimated ADAS-cog) points, respectively (P = 0.01). The Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI, Item 2) favored the EGb 761 group with a mean difference of 0.4 points (P = 0.007). Changes in the rating related to activities of daily living (Nürnberger-Alters-Beobachtungs-Skala, NAB) showed a favorable trend for EGb 761R. A subgroup analysis regarding patients with DAT yielded comparable results. Using a decrease of at least 4 points on the estimated ADAS-cog scores as cutoff criterion for treatment response, 35 % of EGb 761-treated patients were considered responders versus only 19 % for the placebo group (P = 0.01). The results of this ITT analysis substantiate the outcomes previously obtained with a responder analysis of the per-protocol population and confirm that EGb 761 improves cognitive function in a clinically relevant manner in patients suffering from dementia. The therapeutic effect is in line with the outcome of another EGb 761 study conducted in the U.S.
CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ORAL GANCICLOVIR PROPHYLAXIS OF CMV-DISEASE IN RENAL TRANSPLANTATION (1998)

60 Purpose: To examine the clinical and economic outcomes associated with prophylaxis for CMV-disease using oral ganciclovir (OG) or oral acyclovir in renal transplant recipients. Methods: We studied three groups of patients: Group I received Deferred therapy and oral acyclovir (400 mg bid) as described previously (Brennan, JASN 8:118, 1997) (n=29; Tx dates: 9/19/95 to 8/12/96); Group II received OG (1000 mg tid) 84 days post transplant as described previously (Brennan, Transplantation 64:1843, 1997) (n=30; Tx dates: 10/1/95 to 8/13/96); and Group III received OG (1000 mg tid) for 90 days if D-/R+ and 180 days if D+/R- or D+/R+ (n=29; Tx dates: 8/13/95 to 12/17/96). The primary clinical outcome was an independent physician's diagnosis of symptomatic CMV-disease by a blinded chart review. The primary economic outcome was accumulated costs by 240 days post transplant, the longest financial follow-up available for all patients. Costs were derived from: (1) internal cost accounting for all hospitalizations, (2) average wholesale prices for outpatient medication for rejection and CMV treatments and prophylaxis, and (3) average Medicare payments for maintenance dialysis and delivery of outpatient IV medications. Results: There were no differences in baseline clinical or demographic characteristics of the groups. By 240 days post transplant, symptomatic CMV-disease was diagnosed in 13/29 patients in Group I, 3/30 patients in Group II (p=0.003), and 3/29 patients in Group III (p=0.007). No patient was diagnosed with symptomatic CMV-disease during OG prophylaxis. Total per patient costs at 240 days post transplant were $35,877 for Group I, $41,992 for Group II, and $40,541 for Group III. These costs were not significantly different, nor were costs in CMV serology subgroups significantly different. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for the two OG prophylactic therapies, expressed as the cost per case of CMV-disease avoided, were $17,558 for Group II, and $13,528 for Group III.Conclusion: We find OG prophylaxis for CMV-disease to be a highly efficacious, cost effective strategy for the control of CMV-disease in renal transplant recipients at moderate and high risk of CMV-disease. We feel that the benefits to patients derived from OG prophylaxis are worth the investment of $13,528 to $17,558 per case of CMV-disease avoided. We believe that further study of longer term follow-up and longer term prophylaxis are warranted.
Comparison of Multiphase Pumping Technologies for Subsea and Downhole Applications (2012)

Summary The selection criteria for multiphase boosting options remain somewhat subjective and are frequently influenced by the vendors? data, which may mask potential limitations of this emerging technology. Existing literature on multiphase pumping tends to focus on a certain pump type for a specific field application, but does not provide more-generalized criteria for the selection of multiphase boosting solutions from among those available in the market. A comprehensive literature review into the working principles of the major pump types identified the intrinsic advantages and limitations of each technology for subsea and downhole applications. The survey showed that, for subsea application, both the twin-screw pump (TSP) and the helicoaxial pump (HAP) can handle high suction gas volume fraction (GVF) with a fluid recycling system, or flow mixer. Thus, GVF is not a discriminating factor. The positive-displacement principle allows TSPs to work with very low suction pressure, but limits their operating range because of the dependency of flow rate on their relatively low speed. However, these pumps can handle highly viscous fluid. The rotodynamic concept enables the differential pressure of HAPs to self-adjust to any instantaneous change in suction GVF, and to achieve higher flow rate if sufficient suction pressure is maintained. Because HAPs usually run at higher speed, they offer a wider operating range. For subsea application, HAPs appear to be a better option than TSPs because they offer higher operation flexibility and have a better installation track record. For downhole applications, the electrical submersible pump (ESP) and the progressing-cavity pump (PCP) are the outstanding favorites, with the latter being preferred for lifting streams that are viscous or with high sand content. For GVF up to 70%, the rotodynamic pump (RDP) is becoming a popular solution. Although it is claimed that the downhole TSP (DTSP) can handle up to 98% GVF, it is not yet widely accepted in the field.
Convective Heat Transfer and Thermal Performance in a Circular Tube Heat Exchanger Inserted with U-Shaped Baffle (2017)

Numerical investigations on flow structure and heat transfer characteristic in a heat exchanger tube fitted with U-shaped baffle are presented. The U-shaped baffle is created from the concepts of orifice and inclined baffle. The influences of the baffle height (b/D = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25) and flow attack angle ( = 20, 30 and 45) of the Ushaped baffle on heat transfer, pressure loss and thermal performance are considered. The finite volume method with SIMPLE algorithm is selected to solve the present problem. The numerical results are reported in terms of flow visualization and heat transfer behavior. The performance analysis for the tube heat exchanger inserted with the U-shaped baffle is also reported. As the numerical result, it is found that the insertion of the U-shaped baffle help to improve the heat transfer rate and thermal performance higher than the smooth tube with no baffle. The increments of heat transfer rate and pressure loss are around 1-8.7 and 1-29 times over the smooth tube, respectively. Additionally, it is detected that the 45 U-shaped baffle with the BR = 0.2 gives the highest thermal enhancement factor around 2.9 at the highest Reynolds number, Re = 1200.
In-situ OTDR measurements for single-mode optical networks with a standard VCSEL (2004)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate in-situ OTDR fault location using a conventional 850-nm VCSEL. The laser functions as both emitter and resonant-cavity photodiode receiver, enabling simplified monitoring of low-cost fiber networks. Theoretical detection limits are discussed.
Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to birch pollen in patients with atopic dermatitis. (1992)

We investigated immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to birch pollen in 10 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) who had experienced a worsening of their eczema during the birch pollen season. The patients were prick- and patch-tested and antigen-induced basophil histamine release and lymphocyte proliferation were measured. 9/10 birch pollen-allergic patients proved positive in the histamine release test and the results correlated with specific IgE levels measured by RAST. Birch pollen antigen induced lymphocyte proliferation in 6/10 patients, but a positive patch test result was obtained in only one case. Both peripheral blood monocytes and purified epidermal Langerhans' cells were able to present birch pollen antigen to T cells, although Langerhans' s cells seemed to function less efficiently in this respect.
Boosted and reward-regularized classification for apprenticeship learning (2014)

This paper deals with the problem of learning from demonstrations, where an agent called the apprentice tries to learn a behavior from demonstrations of another agent called the expert. To address this problem, we place ourselves into the Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework, which is well suited for sequential decision making problems. A way to tackle this problem is to reduce it to classification but doing so we do not take into account the MDP structure. Other methods which take into account the MDP structure need to solve MDPs which is a difficult task and/or need a choice of features which is problem-dependent. The main contribution of the paper is to extend a large margin approach, which is a classification method, by adding a regularization term which takes into account the MDP structure. The derived algorithm, called Reward-regularized Classification for Apprenticeship Learning (RCAL), does not need to solve MDPs. But, the major advantage is that it can be boosted: this avoids the choice of features, which is a drawback of parametric approaches. A state of the art experiment (Highway) and generic experiments (structured Garnets) are conducted to show the performance of RCAL compared to algorithms from the literature.
EVIDENCE AGAINST LASER-INDUCED SPONTANEOUS ELECTRON EMISSION FROM REAR SIDE OF METAL FOILS (1968)

Evidence is given that the reported prompt emission of electrons from the rear side of Q-switched laser-illuminated metal foils does not occur. The effect has been eliminated by careful light shielding of the electron collector.
QPSK space-time turbo codes (2002)

This paper proposes a class of full space diversity QPSK space-time codes based on parallel concatenated convolutional (turbo) codes. A rank criterion of full space diversity is used in the design. Compared with space-time trellis codes, the simulations show it has robust performance at both a quasi-static fading channel and a time varying fading channel.
Development of a Miniature Intraventricular Axial Flow Blood Pump (1993)

A new intraventricular axial flow blood pump has been designed and developed as a totally implantable left ventricular assist device (LVAD). This pump consists of an impeller combined with a guide-vane, a tube housing, and a DC motor. The pump is introduced into the LV cavity through the LV apex, and the outlet cannula is passed antegrade across the aortic valve. Blood is withdrawn from the LV through the inlet ports at the pump base, and discharged to the ascending aorta. Our newly developed axial flow pump system has the following advantages: 1) it is a simple and compact system, 2) minimal blood stasis both in the device and the LV cavity, 3) minimal blood contacting surface of the pump, 4) easy accessibility with a less invasive surgical procedure, and 5) low cost. A pump flow > 5 L/min was obtained against 100 mmHg differential pressure in the mock circulatory system. The pump could produce a passive pulsatile flow effect with a beating heart more efficiently than other non-pulsatile pumps because of minimal pressure drop and inertia along the bypass tract. Anatomic fit studies using dissected hearts of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) cadavers showed that this pump could smoothly pass through the aortic valve without any interference with mitral valve function. Recently, a dynamic pressure groove bearing and a miniature lip seal have been developed. The dynamic pressure groove bearing has a simple structure and acts as a pressure resistant sealing mechanism. As the rotor and sta-tor are made of ceramic material and rotate without making contact, their abrasion resistance is very high, making stabilized high speed rotation over a long time possible, while keeping noise and heat generation within very low levels. The miniature silicon rubber lip seal showed no leakage after a durability test of more than 1,700 hours.
Effectiveness of gelatin solidification for unfrozen preservation and transportation of astrocytes (2012)

We herein studied a non-cryogenic cell preservation and transportation method. We found that astrocytes can be preserved in an unfrozen state at 4℃ (without medium exchange), while maintaining good condition in comparison with cryopreservation for the periods of 5 - 7 days. The gelatin solidification method can also prevent decreases in survival rate by preventing damage to astrocytes during transportation. Therefore, the gelatin solidification method at 4℃ may be a useful choice for short-term preservation and transportation.
Decision Making and Habit in Shopping Times (1994)

Reports on the results from a consumer survey of shopping trips to supermarkets in England and Wales. Most people exhibit habits about when they do their main trip to the supermarket: 61 per cent have a usual day and 67 per cent a usual time of day. Most shoppers state that they could shop at other times but give reasons for their actual times that reflect situational pressures such as the pattern of work and nearness to the weekend. Many people state that they deliberately avoid busy shopping times and the survey showed that a small number of these people do so. However, there was no significant tendency for those who dislike checkout delay to shop at quieter times than for those who are tolerant of this delay. Store operators cannot change the main situational factors that control the time of use of stores and this limits their ability to influence when people shop. Nevertheless, the survey indicated that some increase in the use of off‐peak times could be achieved by permanent in‐store changes and better promotion of the off‐peak times.
A high capacity steganographic method based on quantization table modification (2011)

For the traditional steganographic method of Jsteg, the emmbedment of secret message is completed by dividing cover-image into nonoverlapping blocks of 8×8 pixels, discrete cosine transform (DCT) transforming, and using the standard 8×8 quantization table to quantize. In this paper, a novel steganographic method based on the JPEG quantization table modification is presented. Instead of dividing cover-image into 8×8 blocks, nonoverlapping blocks of 16×16 pixels is used. Both theoretical anlysis and experiment results show that the new methods has larger steganography capacity and better stego-image quality, compared with the method of Jsteg and Chang’s.
Modeling And Measurement System For Magnetic Field Distributions In Biological Structures (2009)

Abstract In this paper we develop a system for modeling and measurement of magnetic field distributions in biological structures caused by the externally applied electromagnetic field. We describe an effective and versatile approach for three-dimensional reconstruction of the field distributions from two-dimensional visualization the measured magnetic field data. The finite element model for magnetic field calculation is built. The magnetic fields of very thin slices of the 3D object are determined and visualized. Using these 2D images as slices of 3D image and based on the field theory and image processing techniques we developed a reconstruction approach for 3D visualization of magnetic field. This approach combines new technologies of 3D visualizations and characterizes with flexibility, simplicity and portability. The proposed approach was successfully applied for 3D reconstruction and visualization of magnetic field and current distributions in biological structures. The virtual microscope is developed for investigations of magnetic field distributions in biological structures during magnetic stimulation. Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive (AMR) sensors are applied for magnetic field measurements. AMR sensors are combined in array probes in order to increase productivity of measurement process and improving the performance of probes.
Method for compensation of extreme-ultraviolet multilayer defects (1999)

We propose the use of optical proximity correction on absorber features to compensate for the effect of subresolution multilayer defects that would otherwise induce a critical error in linewidth. Initial experiments have been performed which validate this concept. Process window simulations quantify the practical limits of this technique.