gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep Brain Stimulation for Obesity: A Review and Future Directions (2019)

The global prevalence of obesity has been steadily increasing. Although pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgeries can be useful adjuvants in the treatment of morbid obesity, they may lose long-term effectiveness. Obesity result largely from unbalanced energy homeostasis. Palatable and densely caloric foods may affect the brain overlapped circuits involved with homeostatic hypothalamus and hedonic feeding. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) consists of delivering electrical impulses to specific brain targets to modulate a disturbed neuronal network. In selected patients, DBS has been shown to be safe and effective for movement disorders. We review all the cases reports and series of patients treated with DBS for obesity using a PubMed search and will address the following obesity-related issues: (i) the hypothalamic regulation of homeostatic feeding; (ii) the reward mesolimbic circuit and hedonic feeding; (iii) basic concepts of DBS as well as the rationale for obesity treatment; (iv) perspectives and challenges in obesity DBS. The small number of cases provides preliminary evidence for the safety and the tolerability of a potential DBS approach. The ventromedial (<i>n</i> = 2) and lateral (<i>n</i> = 8) hypothalamic nuclei targets have shown mixed and disappointing outcomes. Although nucleus accumbens (<i>n</i> = 7) targets were more encouraging for the outcomes of body weight reduction and behavioral control for eating, there was one suicide reported after 27 months of follow-up. The authors did not attribute the suicide to DBS therapy. The identification of optimal brain targets, appropriate programming strategies and the development of novel technologies will be important as next steps to move DBS closer to a clinical application. The identification of electrical control signals may provide an opportunity for closed-loop adaptive DBS systems to address obesity. Metabolic and hormonal sensors such as glycemic levels, leptin, and ghrelin levels are candidate control signals for DBS. Focused excitation or alternatively inhibition of regions of the hypothalamus may provide better outcomes compared to non-selective DBS. Utilization of the NA delta oscillation or other physiological markers from one or multiple regions in obesity-related brain network is a promising approach. Experienced multidisciplinary team will be critical to improve the risk-benefit ratio for this approach.
Towards a benchmark for traceability (2011)

Rigorously evaluating and comparing traceability link generation techniques is a challenging task. In fact, traceability is still expensive to implement and it is therefore difficult to find a complete case study that includes both a rich set of artifacts and traceability links among them. Consequently, researchers usually have to create their own case studies by taking a number of existing artifacts and creating traceability links for them. There are two major issues related to the creation of one's own example. First, creating a meaningful case study is time consuming. Second, the created case usually covers a limited set of artifacts and has a limited applicability (e.g., a case with traces from high-level requirements to low-level requirements cannot be used to evaluate traceability techniques that are meant to generate links from documentation to source code). We propose a benchmark for traceability that includes all artifacts that are typically produced during the development of a software system and with end-to-end traceability linking. The benchmark is based on an irrigation system that was elaborated in a book about software design. The main task considered by the benchmark is the generation of traceability links among different types of software artifacts. Such a traceability benchmark will help advance research in this field because it facilitates the evaluation and comparison of traceability techniques and makes the replication of experiments an easy task. As a proof of concept we used the benchmark to evaluate the precision and recall of a link generation technique based on the vector space model. Our results are comparable to those obtained by other researchers using the same technique.
Olfaction-Enhanced Multimedia (2016)

Recently, the concept of olfaction-enhanced multimedia applications has gained traction as a step toward further enhancing user quality of experience. The next generation of rich media services will be immersive and multisensory, with olfaction playing a key role. This survey reviews current olfactory-related research from a number of perspectives. It introduces and explains relevant olfactory psychophysical terminology, knowledge of which is necessary for working with olfaction as a media component. In addition, it reviews and highlights the use of, and potential for, olfaction across a number of application domains, namely health, tourism, education, and training. A taxonomy of research and development of olfactory displays is provided in terms of display type, scent generation mechanism, application area, and strengths/weaknesses. State of the art research works involving olfaction are discussed and associated research challenges are proposed.
Clean Mobility and Intelligent Transport Systems (2015)

This book provides an overview of current topics in intelligent and green transportation on land, sea and in flight, with contributions from an international team of leading experts. A wide range of chapters discuss: the importance of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); ICT for intelligent public transport systems; ITS and freight transport; energy-efficient and real-time database management techniques for wireless sensor networks; proactive safety - cooperative collision warning for vehicles; electronic toll collection systems; business models and solutions for user-centered intelligent transport systems; digital infrastructures for increased safety, efficiency and environmental sustainability in shipping logistics; integrated visual information for maritime surveillance; automatic identification system (AIS) AIS signal radiolocation, tracking and verification; the impact of satellite AIS to the environmental challenges of modern shipping; how green is e-Navigation?; optimal ship operation: monitoring technology of ship overall heat balance; regulation of ship-source pollution through international convention regimes; foresight application for the transport sector; and trends in aeronautical air ground communications. This book is essential reading for researchers, developers and students of ITS and clean and smart mobility.
A differential PLL architecture for high speed data recovery (1989)

A differential phase-locked-loop architecture that can be used in high-speed data recovery systems is described. The differential architecture has superior tracking performance in the presence of noise and thus superior bit-error-rate performance compared to the conventional single-ended realization. For operation at 10 Mb/s using a Manchester line code, the theoretical limit of ±25-ns jitter margin has been approached. The device, which is fabricated in a 1.25-μm digital CMOS process, includes zero-phase start circuitry for instant phase/frequency acquisition, a precision self-calibrated delay element, and a line receiver/driver for a complete line interface function
Algorithm 852 (2006)

RealPaver is an interval software for modeling and solving nonlinear systems. Reliable approximations of continuous or discrete solution sets are computed using Cartesian products of intervals. Systems are given by sets of equations or inequality constraints over integer and real variables. Moreover, they may have different natures, being square or nonsquare, sparse or dense, linear, polynomial, or involving transcendental functions.The modeling language permits stating constraint models and tuning parameters of solving algorithms which efficiently combine interval methods and constraint satisfaction techniques. Several consistency techniques (box, hull, and 3B) are implemented. The distribution includes C sources, executables for different machine architectures, documentation, and benchmarks. The portability is ensured by the GNU C compiler.
El agua y las generaciones futuras (2004)

The sympathetic nervous system participates significantly in the regulation of immune functions. In support of this, data indicate that besides vagal afferent and efferent pathway, sympathetic nerves represent crucial component of inflammatory reflex. In addition, it was shown that efferent arm of this reflex might be activated by ACTH. Therefore, we investigated the effect of chemical sympathectomy on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increases in plasma IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in rats. Plasma IL-10 and corticosterone levels were also evaluated. We also investigated the effect of sympathectomy in rats pretreated with ACTH (1-24). We found that sympathectomy significantly attenuated LPS-induced increases of plasma IL-1β levels. Administration of ACTH (1-24) reduced LPS-induced increases of plasma IL-1β and IL-6 and exaggerated the rise of IL-10. In animals treated with ACTH (1-24) sympathectomy attenuated LPS-induced increases of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 plasma levels. Plasma levels of TNF-α and corticosterone were not affected by any interventions. These data indicate that during acute immune challenge, sympathetic nerves stimulate the immune response. In addition, our data indicate that sympathetic nerves are not significantly involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of ACTH (1-24) and that the anti-inflammatory effect of ACTH (1-24) is independent of plasma corticosterone levels.
Theoretical Continuous X-Ray Energy and Polarization (1945)

By the theory of Sommerfeld, relativity effects and retardation of potential being neglected, matrix elements and associated components of continuous spectrum x-radiation are computed for a variety of electron-nucleus collisions and for a distributed series of positions in the spectrum. The calculations cover values of $\frac{V}{{Z}^{2}}$ from 0.06128 to 3.356, where $Z$ is the atomic number of the nucleus, and $V$ is the bombardment potential in electrostatic units. Accuracy of calculation is 1 percent. Screening is neglected except at the long wave limit of the spectra where it is taken into account by Sauter's method. Empirical algebraic formulas are found which closely represent the rigorously calculated results. Intensity and polarization predictions for any direction of emission and any excitation conditions within the range of applicability of the theory may be readily drawn from the computed results. Elwert's proposed correction factor for rectifying the approximate spectral intensities of Sommerfeld and Maue is found effective within the limits of its restricting assumptions. Theoretical efficiencies of continuous x-ray production are calculated by combining theoretical intensities with known rates of electron energy loss in traversing matter. Thick target efficiency (a ratio, not percent) is given by $1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}Z$ kv. Thin target efficiency is found to be approximately twice the thick target efficiency for any given $Z$ and kv.
Instantaneous Inclusion of a Polynucleotide and Hydrophobic Guest Molecules into a Helical Core of Cationic β-1,3-Glucan Polysaccharide (2007)

We succeeded in the quantitative and selective introduction of an ammonium cationic group into the C6 position of Curdlan (CUR) by "Click Chemistry", and the obtained cationic Curdlan (CUR-N+) showed good solubility in water. ORD studies suggested that CUR-N+ adopts a single-stranded structure, different from a right-handed, triple-stranded helical structure of beta-1,3-glucan polysaccharides in water. It has been revealed that the polymeric complexes of CUR-N+ with polymeric guest molecules, such as polycytidylic acid (poly(C)), permethyldecasilane (PMDS), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), can be easily obtained by just mixing them in water with sonication. The characterization of the resultant CUR-N+-poly(C) complexes by UV-vis, CD spectroscopic measurements, and AFM and TEM observations revealed that they have stoichiometric, nanosized fibrous structures. From these experimental results as well as our precedent studies (e.g., refs 6 and 23), we propose that the complexation would be driven by the cooperative action of (1) the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the OH group at the C2 position and hydrogen-bonding sites of the cytosine ring (ref 6d), (2) the electrostatic interaction between the ammonium cation and the phosphate anion (ref 23), as well as (3) the background hydrophobic interaction. In addition, the complexed polynucleotide chain showed a strong resistance against enzymatic hydrolysis. Likewise, the dispersion of PMDS and SWNTs in water by CUR-N+ and the fibrous structures of the complexes were confirmed by spectroscopic measurements as well as microscopic observations. These binding properties of CUR-N+, which can proceed spontaneously in water, clearly differ from those of schizophyllan (SPG), which inevitably require a denature-renature process corresponding to a conversion of a triple strand to single strands induced by DMSO or base for inclusion of polymeric guest molecules.
Quail, Land Use, and Weather in Illinois, 1956-70 (2017)

Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) populations were at a 15-year high in 1968 and 1969 in Illinois. Analysis indicated that quail abundance over the years from 1956 through 1970 was significantly correlated with changes in land use and weather. Adverse effects associated with increased acreages of row crops and reduced acreages of oats appeared to be offset by aspects of land use, favorable to quail, that were associated with reduced acreages of harvested hay. Quail also appeared to be adversely affected by heavy snow, above-normal rainfall in late winter and spring, heavy summer rains, and drought in summer and fall.
Fungal metabolites. Part III. Isolation of secalonic acids fromPhoma terrestris (1973)

Extraction of the dried mycelium of Phoma terrestris Hansen gave two yellow pigments to which are assigned the substituted 9,9′-dioxo-2,2′-bixanthen-10a,10a′-dicarboxylate structures (1a) and (2a). Compound (1a) has not been reported previously and we designate this secalonic acid E, although it appears to be enantiomeric with secalonic acid B. Compound (2a) has a structure already assigned to secalonic acid A but differs from the latter in some analytical details; reasons for these differences are suggested.
The Montreal Definition and Classification of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Global Evidence-Based Consensus (2006)

Evidence-based global consensus definitions are possible despite differences in terminology and language, prevalence, and manifestations of the disease in different countries. A global consensus definition for GERD may simplify disease management, allow collaborative research, and make studies more generalizable, assisting patients, physicians, and regulatory agencies.
Can virulence factors be viable antibacterial targets? (2004)

There is a real crisis in healthcare with the emergence of bacterial pathogens resistant to multiple drugs. The drug discovery industry is faced with the challenge of developing new classes of antibiotics that are effective against resistant organisms. Targeting bacterial virulence is one approach that has yet to be fully exploited, and the last decade or so has seen the development of reagents, screens and approaches that could make this possible. Several processes utilized by bacteria to cause infection are employed in a wide range of pathogens and as such may make attractive targets. Inhibitors of such targets would be unlikely to affect host cells, be cross-resistant to existing therapies and induce resistance themselves.
Cloning of BNIP3h, a member of proapoptotic BNIP3 family genes (2001)

Apoptosis is regulated by interaction of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins with various proapoptotic proteins, several of which are also members of the Bcl-2 family. BNIP3 (formerly NIP3) is a proapoptotic mitochondrial protein classified in the Bcl-2 family based on limited sequence homology-3 (BH3) domain and COOH-terminal transmembrane domain. Sequence comparison of BNIP3 has indicated that there are several BNIP3 human homologs of this protein, like BNIP3L, Nix and BNIP3. We have cloned a new member of BNIP3 family from the cDNA library prepared from human dermal papilla cells and designated as BNIP3h. BNIP3h shows substantial homology with other BNIP3 family proteins. BNIP3h induced apoptosis from 24 hours after transfection in MCF7 cell lines and its apoptosis inducing activity is extended until 72 hours after transfection.
Korean Red Ginseng Slows Depletion of CD4 T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients (2005)

We have previously showed that long-term intake of Korean red ginseng (KRG) delayed disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients. In the present study, to investigate whether this slow progression was affected by KRG intake alone or in combination with HLA factor, we analyzed clinical data in 68 HIV-1-infected patients who lived for more than 5 years without antiretroviral therapy. The average KRG intake over 111.9 +/- 31.3 months was 4,082 +/- 3,928 g, and annual decrease in CD4 T cells was 35.0 +/- 28.7/microl. Data analysis showed that there are significant inverse correlations between the HLA prognostic score (0.29 +/- 1.19) and annual decrease in CD4 T cells (r = -0.347; P < 0.01) as well as between the amount of KRG intake and annual decrease in CD4 T cells (r = -0.379; P < 0.01). In addition, KRG intake significantly slowed the decrease in CD4 T cells even when influence of HLA class I was statistically eliminated (repeated-measure analysis of variance; P < 0.05). We also observed significant correlation between KRG intake and a decrease in serum-soluble CD8 antigen level (r = 0.62; P < 0.001). In conclusion, these data show that KRG intake independently and significantly affected the slow depletion of CD4 T cells irrespective of HLA class I.
Off-Line Coupling of Subcritical Water Extraction with Subcritical Water Chromatography via a Sorbent Trap and Thermal Desorption (2003)

In this study, the off-line coupling of subcritical water extraction (SBWE) with subcritical water chromatography (SBWC) was achieved using a sorbent trap and thermal desorption. The sorbent trap was employed to collect the extracted analytes during subcritical water extraction. After the extraction, the trap was connected to the subcritical water chromatography system, and thermal desorption of the trapped analytes was performed before the SBWC run. The thermally desorbed analytes were then introduced into the subcritical water separation column and detected by a UV detector. Anilines and phenols were extracted from sand and analyzed using this off-line coupling technique. Subcritical water extraction of flavones from orange peel followed by subcritical water chromatographic separation was also investigated. The effects of water volume and extraction temperature on flavone recovery were determined. Because a sorbent trap was used to collect the extracted analytes, the sensitivity of this technique was greatly enhanced as compared to that of subcritical water extraction with solvent trapping. Since no organic solvent-water extractions were necessary prior to analysis, this technique eliminated any use of organic solvents in both extraction and chromatography processes.
The Basal Ganglia and Adaptive Motor Control (1994)

The basal ganglia are neural structures within the motor and cognitive control circuits in the mammalian forebrain and are interconnected with the neocortex by multiple loops. Dysfunction in these parallel loops caused by damage to the striatum results in major defects in voluntary movement, exemplified in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. These parallel loops have a distributed modular architecture resembling local expert architectures of computational learning models. During sensorimotor learning, such distributed networks may be coordinated by widely spaced striatal interneurons that acquire response properties on the basis of experienced reward.
An Endogenous Digitalis-Factor Derived from the Adrenal Gland: Studies of Adrenocortical Tumor Cells* (1989)

The present studies demonstrate that the murine adrenocortical tumor cell line Y-1 releases a digoxin-like immunoreactive material into both serum-supplemented nutrient medium and minimal Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium. Release of pregnenolone into minimal medium from these cells was consistently inhibited by addition of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage inhibitor aminoglutethimide. However, release of digoxin-like immunoreactivity (DLI) was not similarly affected. To exclude the possibility that DLI could be accounted for by cross-reaction with another known adrenal steroid, aminoglutethimide inhibition was accompanied by inhibition of 17 alpha-hydroxylase with SU-10603 and inhibition of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with cyanoketone. Once again, pregnenolone release was effectively inhibited, but no similar pattern of inhibition of DLI release was observed. Increasing the time of the incubation periods from 1 to 2 h did not change the pattern of secretion of pregnenolone or DLI. HPLC analysis of DLI released over prolonged culture periods into serum-supplemented nutrient medium showed high levels of DLI in a single major and several adjacent peaks. Analysis of the ability of extracts of Y-1-conditioned medium to compete with tritiated ouabain for binding to erythrocytes indicates that conditioned medium contained highly enriched levels of ouabain-like activity. On HPLC analysis, the distribution of this activity showed partial correlation with the distribution of DLI. These observations indicate that Y-1 cells produce and release significant quantities of a material with cardiac glycoside-like properties reflected in the cross-reactivity with antidigoxin antibodies and the ability to compete with ouabain for binding to erythrocytes. In substantiation of previous findings in chopped adrenal cultures, the cardiac glycoside-like activity does not appear to result from cholesterol side-chain cleavage or pregnenolone production, since inhibition of side-chain cleavage as well as subsequent 17 alpha-hydroxylation and 3 beta-dehydrogenation did not result in consistent inhibition of DLI release.
Coherent Sensing of a Mechanical Resonator with a Single-Spin Qubit (2012)

Mechanical systems can be influenced by a wide variety of small forces, ranging from gravitational to optical, electrical, and magnetic. When mechanical resonators are scaled down to nanometer-scale dimensions, these forces can be harnessed to enable coupling to individual quantum systems. We demonstrate that the coherent evolution of a single electronic spin associated with a nitrogen vacancy center in diamond can be coupled to the motion of a magnetized mechanical resonator. Coherent manipulation of the spin is used to sense driven and Brownian motion of the resonator under ambient conditions with a precision below 6 picometers. With future improvements, this technique could be used to detect mechanical zero-point fluctuations, realize strong spin-phonon coupling at a single quantum level, and implement quantum spin transducers.