gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Study on t(9;22)(q34;q11) in Endothelial Cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. (2007)

Abstract Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a disease characterized by t(9;22)(q34;q11), the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph chromosome), and speculated to derive from the hemangioblast, which can give rise to both blood cells and endothelial cells. By using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we detected Ph chromosome in endothelial cells, which were separated with magnetic beads of CD105+, the marker for endothelial cells, from bone marrow mononuclear cells of 6 CML patients. Moreover, by using Fiction technique, a method combined immunofluorescence with FISH assay, we studied the translocation in vascular endothelium in hepatic and gastroenteric tissue sections and bone marrow trephines of another 7 CML patients. We showed that CD105+ endothelial cells of 6 CML patients with Ph chromosome were identified to harbor the same chromosome aberration as the leukemia cells, 69∼87% of bone marrow endothelial cells carried Ph chromosome. And Ph chromosome was identified in 21∼74% of microvascular endothelial cells in another 7 patients. These results confirmed that CML is derived from the hemangioblast, which can contribute to the maintenance of the blood vascular endothelium. Given specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be activated by the immunogenic bcr/abl peptide, we presume that the expression of bcr/abl on endothelial cells in CML patients may be one of the reasons for the incidence of chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) after bone marrow transplantation.
Gold Nanoparticle-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering for Noninvasive Molecular Probing of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation (2011)

This study reports the use of gold nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for probing the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, including undifferentiated single cells, embryoid bodies (EBs), and terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were successfully delivered into all 3 mES cell differentiation stages without affecting cell viability or proliferation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the localization of GNPs inside the following cell organelles: mitochondria, secondary lysosome, and endoplasmic reticulum. Using bright- and dark-field imaging, the bright scattering of GNPs and nanoaggregates in all 3 ES cell differentiation stages could be visualized. EB (an early differentiation stage) and terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes both showed SERS peaks specific to metabolic activity in the mitochondria and to protein translation (amide I, amide II, and amide III peaks). These peaks have been rarely identified in undifferentiated single ES cells. Spatiotemporal changes observed in the SERS spectra from terminally differentiated cardiomyocyte tissues revealed local and dynamic molecular interactions as well as transformations during ES cell differentiation.
Organische Derivate von Tonmineralien. 3. Mitteilung. Untersuchungen an Phenylmontmorilloniten (1952)

Abstract Phenylderivate von Montmorillonit zeigen verminderte Austauschkapazitäten für Kationen und deutlich veränderte IR.‐Spektren verglichen mit H‐Montmorillonit. Die verminderte Absorption bei ca. 3 m̈ deutet auf einen Ersatz von Hydroxylgruppen in den Tonoberflächen durch Phenylgruppen hin.
Modeling of Retraction and Resection for Intraoperative Updating of Images (2001)

The results presented demonstrate that complex surgical events such as tissue retraction and resection can be incorporated intraoperatively into the model-updating process for brain shift compensation in high-resolution preoperative images.
Analyzing the performance of code-copying virtual machines (2008)

Many popular programming languages use interpreter-based execution for portability, supporting dynamic or reflective properties, and ease of implementation. Code-copying is an optimization technique for interpreters that reduces the performance gap between interpretation and JIT compilation, offering significant speedups over direct-threading interpretation. Due to varying language features and virtual machine design, however, not all languages benefit from codecopying to the same extent. We consider here properties of interpreted languages, and in particular bytecode and virtual machine construction that enhance or reduce the impact of code-copying. We implemented code-copying and compared performance with the original direct-threading virtual machines for three languages, Java (SableVM), OCaml, and Ruby (Yarv), examining performance on three different architectures, ia32 (Pentium 4), x86_64 (AMD64) and PowerPC (G5). Best speedups are achieved on ia32 by OCaml (maximum 4.88 times, 2.81 times on average), where a small and simple bytecode design facilitates improvements to branch prediction brought by code-copying. Yarv only slightly improves over direct-threading; large working sizes of bytecodes, and a relatively small fraction of time spent in the actual interpreter loop both limit the application of codecopying and its overall net effect. We are able to show that simple ahead of time analysis of VM and execution properties can help determine the suitability of code-copying for a particular VM before an implementation of code-copying is even attempted.
TGF-Beta Suppresses VEGFA-Mediated Angiogenesis in Colon Cancer Metastasis (2013)

The FET cell line, derived from an early stage colon carcinoma, is non-tumorigenic in athymic nude mice. Engineered FET cells that express TGF-α (FETα) display constitutively active EGFR/ErbB signaling. These cells readily formed xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice. Importantly, FETα cells retained their response to TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition, and, like the parental FET cells, expression of a dominant negative TGF-beta type II receptor (DNRII) in FETα cells (FETα/DNRII) abrogated responsiveness to TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis under stress conditions in vitro and increased metastatic potential in an orthotopic model in vivo, which indicates metastasis suppressor activity of TGF-beta signaling in this model. Cancer angiogenesis is widely regarded as a key attribute for tumor formation and progression. Here we show that TGF-beta signaling inhibits expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and that loss of autocrine TGF-beta in FETα/DNRII cells resulted in increased expression of VEGFA. Regulation of VEGFA expression by TGF-beta is not at the transcriptional level but at the post-transcriptional level. Our results indicate that TGF-beta decreases VEGFA protein stability through ubiquitination and degradation in a PKA- and Smad3-dependent and Smad2-independent pathway. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of orthotopic tumors showed significantly reduced TGF-beta signaling, increased CD31 and VEGFA staining in tumors of FETα/DNRII cells as compared to those of vector control cells. These results indicate that inhibition of TGF-beta signaling increases VEGFA expression and angiogenesis, which could potentially contribute to enhanced metastasis of those cells in vivo. IHC studies performed on human colon adenocarcinoma specimens showed that TGF-beta signaling is inversely correlated with VEGFA expression, indicating that TGF-beta-mediated suppression of VEGFA expression exists in colon cancer patients.
Studies on Ketene and Its Derivatives. LIV. Reaction of Diketene with Ketene Acetals (1973)

The reaction of diketene with ketene acetals (Ia-f) has been studied on cycloaddition reaction to form 4-pyrone derivatives (II and III). Cyanoketene diethylacetal reacted with diketene to give 3-cyano-4-ethoxy-6-methy1-2-pyrone besides the formation of IIIf. IIa, b and IIIa, b, c, d, f were converted in good yields to corresponding 2-ethoxy-6-methyl-3-substituted-4-pyridone (V), respectively, whereas VI was converted to VIII and IX by treatment with ammonia.
Hepatitis B e Antigen and the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2002)

Positivity for HBeAg is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Structure of Calcite Crystalline Assemblies Grown in a Gelatin Hydrogel Matrix:  Relevance to Biomineralization (2002)

Calcite particles are grown in a collagenous matrix using a counter-diffusion arrangement. Although microstructural analysis revealed a heterogeneous intergrowth of organic and inorganic phases within the particles, the composite growth is rather a consequence of local chemical environment that is not specific to the gelatin gel. However, using an artificial poly-acrylamide hydrogel results in a very different growth morphology. The addition of poly-aspartate to the pore solution in either gelatin or poly-acrylamide hydrogel appears to overcompensate the physical properties of the organic matrix, leading to morphologies independent of which hydrogel is used. Our results stress the importance of noncollageneous proteins within a physical growth environment.
Redox modulation of the pro-fibrogenic mediator plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 following ionizing radiation. (2001)

Fibrosis is a common form of normal tissue damage after exposure to a wide variety of insults believed to involve oxidative stress. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is thought to play a major role in the development of progressive fibrosis via the inhibition of extracellular matrix degradation. Because radiation causes oxidative injury, which has been shown to trigger fibrogenic responses, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that PAI-1 expression is redox-regulated after irradiation. Irradiating rat kidney tubule epithelial cells (NRK52E) with 1-20 Gy gamma-rays led to dose-dependent increases in steady-state levels of PAI-1 mRNA and immunoreactive protein within 24 and 48 h, respectively. Enhancement of intracellular soluble thiol pools after incubation with N-acetylcysteine (2.5 mM), from 3.27 +/- 0.27 nM/mg protein to 5.34 +/- 0.52 nM/mg protein in cells incubated with N-acetylcysteine 30 min before and assessed 4 h after irradiation, abolished the radiation-induced up-regulation of PAI-1. In addition, overexpression of catalase inhibited radiation-induced increases in PAI-1 expression, suggesting a mechanistic role for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in regulating PAI-1 expression after oxidative insult. In support of this notion, incubating NRK52E cells with H2O2 (100 microM) also led to a nearly 3-fold increase in PAI-1 gene expression. These results demonstrate that PAI-1 is redox-regulated after exposure to ionizing radiation or H2O2 and suggest that H2O2 scavenging might represent a fundamental mechanism for modulating fibrogenic disease via inhibition of the induction of profibrogenic mediators after acute or chronic oxidative stress.
Schottky nanocontacts on ZnO nanorod arrays (2003)

We report on fabrication and electrical characteristics of ZnO nanorod Schottky diode arrays. High quality ZnO nanorods were grown for the fabrication of the Schottky diodes using noncatalytic metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy and Au was evaporated on the tips of the vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorods. I–V characteristics of both bare ZnO and Au/ZnO heterostructure nanorod arrays were measured using current-sensing atomic force microscopy. Although both nanorods exhibited nonlinear and asymmetric I–V characteristic curves, Au/ZnO heterostructure nanorods demonstrated much improved electrical characteristics: the reverse-bias breakdown voltage was improved from −3 to −8 V by capping a Au layer on the nanorod tips. The origin of the enhanced electrical characteristics for the heterostructure nanorods is suggested.
TLR4-mediated Cox-2 expression increases intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced damage (2009)

Mesenteric IR induces significant inflammation and immune-mediated mucosal damage. TLR4 is a critical receptor in the induction of the inflammatory response and plays a role in intestinal homeostasis. To determine the role of TLR4 in IR-induced epithelial damage, we performed IR studies using TLR4(lps-def) and TLR4(lps-n) mice and analyzed mucosal damage and inflammation. We found that the absence of TLR4 or TLR4-induced signaling attenuated local mucosal damage with significantly decreased cytokine and eicosanoid secretion including PGE2 production. Similar results were seen in MyD88-/- mice. Wild-type mice treated with NS-398 (a Cox-2 inhibitor) not only decreased PGE2 production but also attenuated tissue damage. In contrast, PGE2 was not sufficient to induce damage in the TLR4(lps-def) mice. Together, these data indicate that TLR4 stimulation of Cox-2 activation of PGE2 production is necessary but not sufficient for intestinal IR-induced damage and inflammation.
A large-depth-of-field projected fringe profilometry using supercontinuum light illumination (2005)

In this paper, a large-depth-of-field projected fringe profilometry using a supercontinuum light source generated by launching femto second laser pulses into a highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber is presented. Since the supercontinuum light has high spatial coherence and a broad spectral range (from UV to near infrared), a high power (hundreds of mW) point white light source can be employed to generate modulated fringe patterns, which offers following major advantages: (1) large-depth-of-field, (2) ease of calibration, and (3) little speckle noise (a major problem for the laser system). Thus, a highly accurate, large-depth-of-field projected fringe profilometer can be realized. Both the theoretical description and experimental demonstration are provided.
Triple-negative breast cancer in Hong Kong Chinese patients (2009)

e22127 Background: There is increasing data showing that breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease which should be assessed separately in different populations, as it differs substantially between Chinese and Caucasian women. Triple-negative breast tumours which are negative for ER, PR and HER-2 neu receptors are associated with younger age at presentation, tumour of higher grade with larger size and a poorer prognosis. There is recent suggestion that the prognostic outlook of Chinese triple-negative breast cancers might be somewhat different from those in the Western population, but few studies have attempted to understand the role of ethnic factor in the triple-negative entity. Methods: We conducted a preliminary retrospective comparison of 170 Hong Kong Chinese primary breast cancer patients seen as new cases during January 2004 and December 2004 in a teaching hospital. Clinico-pathological features of triple-negative tumours were compared to their non-triple-negative counterpart. Results: Triple negative breast cancer accounted for 12.4% of all breast cancer patients seen in the year of 2004 (n = 21). It is associated with more cancers with grade 3 tumour (68.4% vs 36.8%; p = 0.02) but there was no statistically difference between the age of presentation, tumour size, extensive intraductal component, lymph node status and rate of local relapse or metastasis after adjuvant therapy. Subset analysis further revealed that when triple negative breast cancer patients (n = 21) were compared to the HER-2 positive patients (n = 40) in the studied population, HER-2 positive patients were still associated with higher proportion of node positive disease (57.5% vs 30.0%; p = 0.04). Disease free survival and overall survival were not studied due to limited follow-up time. Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggested that Hong Kong Chinese triple-negative breast cancers are associated with a more favourable outlook and might behave differently when compared to their Western counterpart. Further large-scale study of the ethnic factor with long-term follow-up is warranted. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Thermal Behaviour of Compositions in the Systems × BaTiO3 + (1-x) Ba(Ln0.5B0.5)O3 (1980)

The effect of temperature on the dielectric constant (ε), tan 6 (loss tangent) and the ferroelectric properties of compositions in the systems x BaTiO3 + (1-x) Ba(Ln0.5B0.5)O3 (O≤x≤1, Ln3+ = a rare earth cation and Y3+, B5+ = Ta,Nb,V) reveal that in the Ta5+ system at x = 0.8, the εmax (ε at Tc) and Tc (the Curie-point) exhibit an increasing trendwith decreasing ionic radii of the In3+ ions, whereas in the analogous Nb5+ system, an almost linear behaviour has been observed. In the V system, the pure phases (x = O) exhibit increasing trend of εmax and T values with de- creasing rare earth cation size. Phases with x = 0.8, exhibit a break at Nd3+ in εmax values, in contrast to an increasing trend in Tc values with decreasing rare earth cation size, Similar behaviour is observed for the polarization data. The increasing trend in the Tc values in the direction Ta5+ -Nb5+-V5+ at x = 0.8 is perhaps reminiscent of the nephelauxetic effect. The TC values for these first order transitions have been confirmed by recording DTA curves against inert αAl2O3, the enthalpy change, however, being appreciably bow in the present series.
Rapidly Regulating Platelet Activity In Vivo With an Antidote Controlled Platelet Inhibitor (2011)

Millions of individuals are prescribed platelet inhibitors, such as aspirin and clopidogrel, to reduce their risk of thrombosis-related clinical events. Unfortunately many platelet inhibitors are contraindicated in surgical settings because of their inherent bleeding risk complicating the treatment of patients who require surgery. We describe the development of a potent antiplatelet agent, an RNA aptamer-termed Ch-9.14-T10 that binds von Willebrand factor (VWF) with high affinity and inhibits thrombosis in a murine carotid artery damage model. As expected, when this potent antiplatelet agent is administered, it greatly increases bleeding from animals that are surgically challenged. To improve this antiplatelet agent's safety profile, we describe the generation of antidotes that can rapidly reverse the activity of Ch-9.14-T10 and limit blood loss from surgically challenged animals. Our work represents the first antidote controllable antiplatelet agent, which could conceivably lead to improved medical management of patients requiring antiplatelet medication who also need surgery. Millions of individuals are prescribed platelet inhibitors, such as aspirin and clopidogrel, to reduce their risk of thrombosis-related clinical events. Unfortunately many platelet inhibitors are contraindicated in surgical settings because of their inherent bleeding risk complicating the treatment of patients who require surgery. We describe the development of a potent antiplatelet agent, an RNA aptamer-termed Ch-9.14-T10 that binds von Willebrand factor (VWF) with high affinity and inhibits thrombosis in a murine carotid artery damage model. As expected, when this potent antiplatelet agent is administered, it greatly increases bleeding from animals that are surgically challenged. To improve this antiplatelet agent's safety profile, we describe the generation of antidotes that can rapidly reverse the activity of Ch-9.14-T10 and limit blood loss from surgically challenged animals. Our work represents the first antidote controllable antiplatelet agent, which could conceivably lead to improved medical management of patients requiring antiplatelet medication who also need surgery.
Microdiscectomy versus Chemonucleolysis (1985)

A retrospective analysis of 50 consecutive patients treated with chemonucleolysis and 50 treated with microlumbar discectomy was carried out. Similar clinical criteria for the diagnosis of "virgin" herniated lumbar discs were used. All patients had low back or radicular pain unrelieved by a minimum of 4 weeks of conservative therapy. Physical findings included a positive straight leg raising sign, weakness of the appropriate muscle groups, and a sensory loss or evidence of depressed reflexes. All had myelograms or computed tomographic scans demonstrating an extradural defect. Compensation cases were eliminated. Results demonstrated a 90% marked improvement in the microdiscectomy category and a 58% marked improvement in the chemonucleolysis group. Four per cent of the microdiscectomy patients were unimproved, and 18% of the chemonucleolysis group required a subsequent surgical procedure. The average postoperative hospital stay was 3 days for both groups. Because of the necessity for reoperations in the chemonucleolysis group, chemonucleolysis seemed less cost-effective than microdiscectomy.
An all-digital A/D converter TAD with 4-shift-clock construction for sensor interface in 0.65-&#x03BC;m CMOS (2010)

TAD (Time A/D converter)-composite architecture with 4-shift-clock construction for both fast conversion and increased resolution is presented. An all-digital A/D converter using TAD architecture includes the following: 1) a ring-delay-line (RDL), that is a loop inverter chain, with 16 delay units (DUs), in which delay times are modulated by an A/D conversion voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> for the DU supply voltage; 2) pulse latches; 3) an encoder; and 4) an RDL-frequency counter. The operating principle is to count the number of DUs through which the pulse passes within a sampling time interval T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> with (1/4)LSB-offset for 4-TAD-module by applying a new method named “Clock-Edge-Shift construction (CKES)” to achieve ADC speed-up and resolution-improvement effectively. The 15-bit TAD ADC with 1.2 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> using a 0.65-μm CMOS achieved both 2.9 mV/LSB at 10 MS/s and 5.7 mV/LSB at 20 MS/s, respectively, by applying the CKES construction with 4-TAD-composite core, resulting in the same level as 0.25-μm digital CMOS performance.
Deposition and characterization of polysilicon films deposited by rapid thermal processing (1992)

Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of polycrystalline silicon in a cold-wall, lamp-heated, rapid-thermal processor was investigated. Blanket polysilicon films were obtained by the pyrolysis of a 10% silane–argon gas mixture onto (100) Si wafers which were capped with a thermal SiO2 layer. The depositions were performed at a total pressure ranging from 1 to 5 Torr and in a temperature range from 575 to 850 °C. It was found that the deposition of films was controlled by a surface limited reaction at temperatures below ∼780 °C, and an activation energy of 39±2 kcal/mol was measured for this reaction. Above 780 °C, a decrease in activation energy was observed. To meet the throughput requirement of single wafer processing, deposition temperatures higher than 700 °C are needed. In this temperature range, deposition rates exceed 1000 Å/min as compared to 20–300 Å/min in conventional LPCVD furnaces. The structural characteristics of the films were assessed by ultraviolet surface reflectance, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The transition temperature from amorphous silicon to polycrystalline silicon occurs at ∼600 °C. Processing windows, which result in smooth films with a root-mean-square roughness of less than 100 Å, are defined. Polysilicon films (∼2500 Å in thickness) have a columnarlike grain structure, and the grains span distances as little as ∼100 Å near the SiO2 interface to ≥1000 Å as they approarch the upper surface. A correlation between average projected grain size and surface roughness is demonstrated. Oxygen levels were derived from secondary ion mass and Auger electron spectroscopic data. The oxygen content of the polysilicon films is estimated to be in the range of 3%–4%. We speculate that relatively high oxygen levels in the films may be responsible for smooth films at high temperatures. If this is true, it may be possible to obtain smooth polysilicon films at high deposition temperatures by adding measured amounts of oxygen to the gas stream.