gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Galenical Principles in Skin Protection (2007)

In recent years, dermatological formulations have progressed from an empirical art form to a more scientific discipline. Historically, clinical observations and controlled studies have demonstrated the markedly variable drug delivery potential of different topical vehicles. More recently, research efforts have focused on the role of drug uptake through appendages and the use of penetration enhancement systems (chemical and physical) to force chemicals through the skin. Much of this research has concerned the delivery of active drug moieties from specifically designed delivery vehicles or transdermal therapeutic systems to treat dermatological or systemic conditions. The complexity of topical dosage forms and of desired skin protection properties makes it difficult to formulate general guidelines for the development and the use of protective topical dermatological formulations. At present it appears that a product is designed for each specific environmental condition or threat. It seems unlikely that this will change until there are considerable advances in the engineering technology of topical formulations. At this point we still do not have a complete understanding of the function of topical products - especially the role of emerging theories like the 'metamorphosis' of the vehicle after application to the skin. In the immediate future it seems that totally occlusive vehicles will continue to be used to protect the skin, until chemical penetration enhancer or particulate-scavenging topical vehicles have been perfected and their toxicity has been fully evaluated.
Functional analysis of <i>Sox8</i> and <i>Sox9</i> during sex determination in the mouse (2004)

Sex determination in mammals directs an initially bipotential gonad to differentiate into either a testis or an ovary. This decision is triggered by the expression of the sex-determining gene Sry, which leads to the activation of male-specific genes including the HMG-box containing gene Sox9. From transgenic studies in mice it is clear that Sox9 is sufficient to induce testis formation. However, there is no direct confirmation for an essential role for Sox9 in testis determination. The studies presented here are the first experimental proof for an essential role for Sox9 in mediating a switch from the ovarian pathway to the testicular pathway. Using conditional gene targeting, we show that homozygous deletion of Sox9 in XY gonads interferes with sex cord development and the activation of the male-specific markers Mis and P450scc, and leads to the expression of the female-specific markers Bmp2 and follistatin. Moreover, using a tissue specific knock-out approach, we show that Sox9 is involved in Sertoli cell differentiation, the activation of Mis and Sox8, and the inactivation of Sry. Finally, double knock-out analyses suggest that Sox8 reinforces Sox9 function in testis differentiation of mice.
D-beta-hydroxybutyrate extends lifespan in C. elegans (2014)

The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and has been shown to be protective in many disease models, but its effects on aging are not well studied. Therefore we determined the effect of βHB supplementation on the lifespan ofC. elegans nematodes. βHB supplementation extended mean lifespan by approximately 20%. RNAi knockdown of HDACs hda-2 or hda-3 also increased lifespan and further prevented βHB-mediated lifespan extension. βHB-mediated lifespan extension required the DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf longevity pathways, the sirtuin SIR-2.1, and the AMP kinase subunit AAK-2. βHB did not extend lifespan in a genetic model of dietary restriction indicating that βHB is likely functioning through a similar mechanism. βHB addition also upregulated ΒHB dehydrogenase activity and increased oxygen consumption in the worms. RNAi knockdown of F55E10.6, a short chain dehydrogenase and SKN-1 target gene, prevented the increased lifespan and βHB dehydrogenase activity induced by βHB addition, suggesting that F55E10.6 functions as an inducible βHB dehydrogenase. Furthermore, βHB supplementation increased worm thermotolerance and partially prevented glucose toxicity. It also delayed Alzheimer's amyloid-beta toxicity and decreased Parkinson's alpha-synuclein aggregation. The results indicate that D-βHB extends lifespan through inhibiting HDACs and through the activation of conserved stress response pathways.
Ciudades y globalización en la Nueva Economía Geográfica (2004)

En los últimos años la economía está viviendo un proceso de globalización que afecta a muchos ámbitos. En el presente trabajo se discuten las repercusiones que dicho fenómeno puede tener sobre las ciudades. En este sentido, se presentan las aportaciones de la Nueva Geografía Económica que analizan los efectos derivados de la mayor apertura comercial en las relaciones internacionales, las mejoras en los sistemas de transporte y telecomunicaciones, y la movilidad geográfica de las empresas. En el análisis de los resultados obtenidos en esta literatura conviene tener presente que éstos dependen fuertemente de la movilidad/inmovilidad interterritorial de la población, y también de la fuerza de dispersión que se considere en el modelo. De ahí, que dependiendo del contexto que se quiera analizar y, por tanto, teniendo en cuenta los supuestos que mejor se ajustan a dicha realidad, las repercusiones de la globalización pueden ser diferentes.
Isolation and Characterization of Adzuki Bean ( <i>Vigna angularis</i> cv <i>Takara</i> ) Proteins (1988)

ABSTRACT Protein extract (P‐I), isolate (P‐II), albumin (PA), and globulin (PC) were isolated from Minnesota‐grown adzuki beans. Total extractable protein and water‐ and salt‐soluble fractions accounted for 21.6, 15.8, and 2.3% (d.b.), respectively. Fractions were compared with a commercial soy protein (PS) for chemical and functional properties. Proteins in P‐I, PA, PG, P‐II, and PS were 78.8, 69.4, 89.2, 91.3, and 89.9% (d.b.), respectively. P‐I, PA, and PG were superior to PS in essential amino acid contents; P‐II was comparable to it. Adzuki bean proteins, except for PA, showed high solubility at acidic and alkaline pH. Compared to PS, the adzuki bean protein fractions (except P‐II) showed greater fat absorption and water adsorption, greater foaming (except PG), and lower emulsifying capacities (except P‐II) and stabilities. P‐I and PA showed lower, and P‐II higher, least gelation concentrations than PS.
Graded-index plastic optical fiber composed of methyl methacrylate and vinyl phenylacetate copolymers (1990)

Graded-index plastic optical fiber whose transmission attenuation is 143 dB/km at 651-nm wavelength was fabricated by heat-drawing the corresponding GI preform rod. This rod is prepared by the interfacial-gel copolymerization technique of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and vinyl phenylacetate (VPAc). The total scattering loss of the GI preform rod is ~60 dB/km at 633 nm. The graded-index profiles of the optical fibers are almost the same as those of the corresponding preforms with cladding sheaths. The index distributions of their core regions are quadratic against the distance from the center axis. The numerical aperture estimated from the index difference is ~0.20.
Quantitative measurement of coronary artery stenosis in CCTA images using a 2D parametric intensity model (2014)

In this paper, we propose an approach based on 2D vessel model to segment the vessel lumen in three-dimensional coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) images. The 2D parametric intensity model is introduced first to simulate the intensity distribution of vessel lumen with different size in the longitudinal images. Then the Levenberg-Marquardt method is applied to fit the model within a series of region-of interests defined in the longitudinal image. The estimated parameters of the model are employed to define the boundary points of vessel lumen. The detected boundary points of vessel lumen in six longitudinal images are transformed to the cross-sectional planes in order to calculate the degree of stenosis according to the luminal areas. Our proposed method was evaluated in ten CCTA images with ten reported non-calcified stenosis. The degree of each stenosis was computed according to the luminal area and compared with the standard reference given by radiologists. Experimental results show that our method can estimate the degree of stenosis with a high accuracy.
First experimental demonstration of self-synchronous locking of optical coherence by single-detector electronic-frequency tagging of fiber amplifiers (2006)

A novel high accuracy all electronic technique for phase locking arrays of optical fibers is demonstrated. We report the first demonstration of the only electronic phase locking technique that doesn't require a reference beam. The measured phase error is λ/20. Excellent phase locking has been demonstrated for fiber amplifier arrays.
Mechanisms of Primary Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury: Insights from Shock-Wave Research (2011)

Traumatic brain injury caused by explosive or blast events is traditionally divided into four phases: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injury. These phases of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) are biomechanically distinct and can be modeled in both in vivo and in vitro systems. The primary bTBI injury phase represents the response of brain tissue to the initial blast wave. Among the four phases of bTBI, there is a remarkable paucity of information about the cause of primary bTBI. On the other hand, 30 years of research on the medical application of shockwaves (SW) has given us insight into the mechanisms of tissue and cellular damage in bTBI, including both air-mediated and underwater SW sources. From a basic physics perspective, the typical blast wave consists of a lead SW followed by supersonic flow. The resultant tissue injury includes several features observed in bTBI, such as hemorrhage, edema, pseudoaneurysm formation, vasoconstriction, and induction of apoptosis. These are well-described pathological findings within the SW literature. Acoustic impedance mismatch, penetration of tissue by shock/bubble interaction, geometry of the skull, shear stress, tensile stress, and subsequent cavitation formation, are all important factors in determining the extent of SW-induced tissue and cellular injury. Herein we describe the requirements for the adequate experimental set-up when investigating blast-induced tissue and cellular injury; review SW physics, research, and the importance of engineering validation (visualization/pressure measurement/numerical simulation); and, based upon our findings of SW-induced injury, discuss the potential underlying mechanisms of primary bTBI.
THE ART SCHOOL IN RELATION TO MODERN ART (1966)

THE ART SCHOOL IN RELATION TO MODERN ART Get access Ken Adams Ken Adams Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Aesthetics, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 1966, Pages 46–54, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaesthetics/6.1.46 Published: 01 January 1966
LONG-TERM DISCORDANT XENOGENEIC (PORCINE-TO-PRIMATE) BONE MARROW ENGRAFTMENT IN A MONKEY TREATED WITH PORCINE-SPECIFIC GROWTH FACTORS1 (1999)

To our knowledge, this is the first report of long-term survival of discordant xenogeneic BM in a primate recipient.
Glutamine Induces the N-Dependent Accumulation of mRNAs Encoding Phospho<i>enol</i>pyruvate Carboxylase and Carbonic Anhydrase in Detached Maize Leaf Tissue (1992)

We have used detached leaves to study the N-dependent control of expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) genes in maize (Zea mays L. cv Golden Cross Bantam T51). Following supplementation with an N-source and zeatin, PEPC and CA mRNA levels increased in leaves detached from N-deficient maize plants. Addition of methionine sulfoximine (MSX), a specific inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, inhibited the nitrate-dependent increase of PEPC and CA mRNA but did not affect the glutamine-dependent increase of PEPC and CA mRNA levels. Glutamine levels in detached maize leaves treated with various N sources in the presence or absence of MSX correlated with the levels of PEPC and CA mRNA. We conclude that glutamine is the most likely effector for controlling the N-dependent expression of PEPC and CA in maize plants.
Corporate Criminal Liability: A Paradox of Hope (2006)

In recent years, corporate criminal liability has featured as a prominent item on the agenda for law reformers internationally, the dissatisfaction with the identification doctrine as traditionally applied within Commonwealth jurisdictions being starkly illustrated by proposals and legislative responses involving deliberate and sharp breaks from the structure of corporate liability fashioned by the courts. Having regard to the common law's unfalteringly 'nominalist' approach to corporate criminal liability, that is, an approach which treats the corporation as 'nothing more than a collection of individuals', and the articulated resistance to moving radically beyond identification theory as a means of grounding liability in cases of serious crime, this paper examines whether New Zealand companies10 ought to be made subject to a more extensive and clearly defined criminal liability regime. In light of the recent legislative developments in Australia, England and Wales, and Canada, the question of whether introduction of a separate corporate homicide offence is desirable in New Zealand is explored as a secondary issue.
ChemInform Abstract: Microbial Asymmetric Syntheses of 3‐Alkylphthalide Derivatives. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Induction of metastatic ability in a stably diploid benign rat mammary epithelial cell line by transfection with DNA from human malignant breast carcinoma cell lines. (1994)

Transfection of the stably diploid rat mammary epithelial cell line, Rama 37, which yields nonmetastasizing, adenomatous tumors in syngeneic rats with HindIII-fragmented DNA from malignant or nonmalignant human breast epithelial cell lines and the drug-resistance plasmid pSV2neo, yields transformants with a frequency of 10(-4) to 10(-5). The resultant cell lines form tumors with varying frequencies when injected s.c. into the mammary fat pads of syngeneic rats. Cells transfected with DNA from the malignant human breast carcinoma cell line, Ca2-83, or DNA from the human pleural effusion-derived cell lines, MCF-7 or ZR-75-1, yield transformants which metastasize to lungs and/or lymph nodes at high frequency, whereas transfection of HindIII-fragmented DNA from nonmetastatic human mammary epithelial cell lines, transfection of the drug-resistance plasmid pSV2neo alone, or nonspecific DNA such as salmon sperm DNA fails to yield transformants expressing the metastatic phenotype. Transfectants which metastasized were reestablished in culture and reinjected into syngeneic rats to confirm their metastatic properties. These transfectants yield rapidly growing tumors with reduced latent periods, which give rise to significant numbers of metastases. The karyotype of selected transfectants after passage in vivo remains stably diploid. Hybridization of a 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probe specific for the human Alu family of sequences to DNA from these transfectants reveals the presence of human-specific DNA sequences integrated into the genome. It is suggested that transfection of specific genomic DNA sequences from the malignant human cell lines can induce the metastatic phenotype in the nonmetastatic Rama 37 cell line in a genetically dominant manner, whereas genomic DNA from the nonmetastatic cells cannot confer metastatic properties to the Rama 37 cell line.
An improved correction algorithm for number density measurements made with the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (1989)

A correction factor to the number density measured by the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) which compensates for dead time and coincidence errors was determined by calculating the probabilities of and the average number of particles in the six possible types of dead time and coincidence events. These probabilities and averages were calculated by means of a probabilistic model based on Poisson statistics. A Monte Carlo computer simulation of the FSSP operation was also carried out and the number density correction factor was compared with the Monte Carlo data. For an actual number density of 2000/cm3, it was found that the measured number density was of the order of 300/cm3.
14-3-3β Protein Associates with Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 and Decreases Insulin-stimulated Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase Activity in 3T3L1 Adipocytes (1998)

The 14-3-3 protein family has been implicated in growth factor signaling. We investigated whether 14-3-3 protein is involved in insulin signaling in 3T3L1 adipocytes. A significant amount of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) was immunodetected in the immunoprecipitate with anti-14-3-3beta antibody at the basal condition. 100 nM insulin increased the amount of IRS-1 in the immunoprecipitate 2.5-fold. The effect of insulin was abolished by 100 nM wortmannin. An in vitro binding study revealed that glutathione S-transferase-14-3-3beta fusion protein directly associates with recombinant IRS-1. Pretreatment of recombinant IRS-1 with alkaline phosphatase clearly decreased this association. Because the recombinant IRS-1 was not phosphorylated on its tyrosine residues, the results suggest that serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-1 is responsible for the association. When the cells are treated with insulin, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) is supposed to complex either 14-3-3beta-IRS-1 or IRS-1. The 14-3-3beta-IRS-1-PI3K and IRS-1-PI3K complexes were separately prepared by a sequential immunoprecipitation, first with anti-14-3-3beta and then with anti-IRS-1 antibodies. The specific activity of the PI3K in the former was approximately half of that in the latter, suggesting that 14-3-3beta protein bound to IRS-1 inhibits insulin-stimulated lipid kinase activity of PI3K in 3T3L1 adipocytes.
Genomics in Sudden Cardiac Death (2004)

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a public health problem of major magnitude. Contrary to earlier expectations, and despite decreased overall cardiac mortality, SCD rates appear to be rising in concert with escalating global prevalence of coronary disease and heart failure, the two major conditions predisposing to SCD. With the exception of the implantable defibrillator, there are few effective approaches to SCD prevention and even fewer clues concerning patient phenotypes predisposed to life-threatening arrhythmias. Clinical variables such as ejection fraction predict mortality but are not sensitive enough to identify many high SCD risk patients. The predictive power of autonomic dysregulation and markers such as lipid levels, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking is quite low in subclinical heart disease, the population in which the majority of SCDs occur. This review addresses advances in genomic science applicable to the SCD public health problem in both rare and common forms of heart disease. These include novel bioinformatic approaches to both identify candidate genes/pathways and identify previously unknown functional genetic elements, as well as methods to comprehensively screen these elements. We also discuss the possibility of applying high-density genome-wide SNP analyses to examine genetic contributions to arrhythmia susceptibility in community-based, case-control studies of common forms of SCD. The development of novel strategies to identify contributors to susceptibility in common cardiac phenotypes is most likely to lead to new and relevant therapeutic targets for SCD.
Modeling the Oxygen Activation Chemistry of Methane Monooxygenase and Ribonucleotide Reductase (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTModeling the Oxygen Activation Chemistry of Methane Monooxygenase and Ribonucleotide ReductaseLawrence Que, and Yanhong DongView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 4, 190–196Publication Date (Web):April 11, 1996Publication History Received1 June 1995Published online11 April 1996Published inissue 11 April 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar950146ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/ar950146gresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1326Altmetric-Citations201LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Adducts,Chemical structure,Diirons,Ligands,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Macromolecular impurities and disorder in protein crystals (1999)

The mechanisms by which macromolecular impurities degrade the diffraction properties of protein crystals have been investigated using X-ray topography, high-resolution diffraction line shape measurements, crystallographic data collection, chemical analysis, and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. Hen egg-white lysozyme crystals grown from solutions containing a structurally unrelated protein (ovotransferrin) and a related protein (turkey egg-white lysozyme) can exhibit significantly broadened mosaicity due to formation of cracks and dislocations but have overall B factors and diffraction resolutions comparable to those of crystals grown from uncontaminated lysozyme. Direct fluorescence imaging of the three-dimensional impurity distribution shows that impurities incorporate with different densities in sectors formed by growth on different crystal faces, and that impurity densities in the crystal core and along boundaries between growth sectors can be much larger than in other parts of the crystal. These nonuniformities create stresses that drive formation of the defects responsible for the mosaic broadening. Our results provide a rationale for the use of seeding to obtain high-quality crystals from heavily contaminated solutions and have implications for the use of crystallization for protein purification. Proteins 1999;36:270–281. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.