gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of deutetrabenazine: a novel treatment for chorea associated with Huntington&#39;s disease (2018)

Abstract: Deutetrabenazine was recently approved for the treatment of chorea in Huntington’s disease (HD) and is the first deuterated medication that has been US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for therapeutic use. In this article, we review deutetrabenazine’s drug design, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, efficacy, adverse events, comparison with tetrabenazine, dosage, and administration. Deutetrabenazine is a deuterated form of tetrabenazine and is a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor. The substitution of deuterium for hydrogen at key positions in the tetrabenazine molecule allows a longer drug half-life and less frequent daily dosing. Deutetrabenazine is administered twice daily up to a maximum daily dose of 48 mg, which corresponds to a similar daily dose of 100 mg of tetrabenazine. In a Phase III clinical trial (First-HD), there was a statistically significant improvement of chorea in HD subjects, as well as improvements in global impression of change as assessed by both patients and clinicians. This improvement was seen without significant adverse effects as the overall tolerability profile of deutetrabenazine was similar to placebo. Somnolence was the most commonly reported symptom in the deutetrabenazine group. In a study where subjects converted from tetrabenazine to deutetrabenazine in an open-label fashion (ARC-HD) and indirect comparison studies between tetrabenazine and deutetrabenazine, there is a suggestion that while efficacy for chorea is similar, the data may slightly favor tetrabenazine, but adverse effects and tolerability strongly favor deutetrabenazine. These data have not been replicated in true head-to-head studies. Current evidence supports that deutetrabenazine is an effective therapeutic treatment option for chorea in HD and may provide a more favorable adverse effect profile than tetrabenazine. However, more data are needed, particularly in the form of head-to-head studies between deutetrabenazine and other treatment options as well as longer term clinical experience with deutetrabenazine. Keywords: deutetrabenazine, tetrabenazine, Huntington’s disease, chorea
Recent Advances in Gifford-McMahon Cryocoolers (2020)

Abstract Cryocoolers are devices which produce the required refrigeration at a specific low temperature, and they can replace the normal cryogenic fluids. Cryogenic fluids give refrigeration only at a specific temperature whereas cryocooler can produce refrigeration at varying low temperatures. There are many types of cryocoolers like Pulse tube, Stirling, Joule-Thomson, Gifford-McMahon (GM) etc. Many advances have occurred over the years in these cryocoolers. For obtaining very low temperatures along with large cooling powers GM and Pulse tube cryocoolers are found to be better among the others. Hence, this article focuses the advances in GM cryocoolers. This article discusses the working of GM cryocooler, importance of regenerator material and how one can use special regenerator materials to reach very low temperatures. Further, the advances in these cryocoolers such as the use of Labyrinth finish regenerators to obtain higher cooling powers etc. are also discussed. It is presumed that the reader obtains a basic understanding of the GM cryocooler, latest developments and the possible future areas for research from this article.
Yellow-Orange-Emitting CaAlSiN<sub>3</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup> Phosphor: Structure, Photoluminescence, and Application in White LEDs (2008)

The crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of undoped and Ce3+-doped CaAlSiN3 as well as the application of white-light LEDs are reported. CaAlSiN3 and CaAlSiN3:Ce3+ have been synthesized, starting from Ca3N2, AlN, Si3N4, and CeN or CeO2 with and without Li3N, by a solid state reaction at 1700 °C for 4 h under high purity nitrogen atmosphere. Instead of an ideal CaAlSiN3, a more appropriate formula is proposed to be CaAl1−4δ/3Si1+δN3 (δ ≈ 0.3−0.4) with an Al/Si ratio of about 1:2 on the basis of the bond valence sum calculations, in which Al/Si is disorderly occupied on the 8b site within Cmc21 space group. Ce3+ can be incorporated into the host lattice of CaAlSiN3, and the estimated maximum solubility of Ce3+ is about x = 0.02 (e.g., 2.0 mol % with respect to Ca) of Ca1−2xCexLixAlSiN3. CaAlSiN3:Ce3+ can be efficiently excited by blue light (450−480 nm) and yields yellow-orange emission with a broadband peaking in the range of 570−603 nm, originating from the 5d1 → 4f1 transition of Ce3+. With an increase of Ce concentration, the emission band of Ce3+ shifts to longer wavelengths due to the increased Stokes shift corresponding to structural relaxation and energy transfer of Ce3+. Upon excitation in blue light range (450−480 nm), the absorption and external quantum efficiency are about 70% and 56%, respectively, for both Ca1−2xCexLixAlSiN3 and Ca1−xCexAlSiN3−2x/3O3x/2 at x = 0.01. In addition, Ca1−2xCexLixAlSiN3 and Ca1−xCexAlSiN3−2x/3O3x/2 show high thermal stability in air with the quenching temperature above 300 °C for x = 0.01. Using single CaAlSiN3:Ce3+ as the wavelength conversion phosphor combined with a blue InGaN LED-chip (450 nm), warm white-light LEDs can be generated, yielding the luminous efficacy of about 50 lm/W at color temperature 3722 K and the color rendering index (Ra) of 70, which demonstrates that CaAlSiN3:Ce3+ is a highly promising yellow-orange phosphor for use in white-light LEDs.
Magnetism-based sensors (2001)

This paper begins with an overview of nanostructured magnetoelastic materials, namely the amorphous ferromagnetic alloys, detailing how the material structure gives rise to unique magnetic and physical properties suitable for sensor applications, such as a high magnetostriction coefficient, high magnetoelastic coupling, as well as low coercive force and anisotropy field. With the correlation between the material structure and the magnetic and physical properties established, we then show how these unique properties are utilized for measuring multiple physical parameters such as stress/strain, liquid density and viscosity, fluid flow velocity, coating elasticity, ambient temperature, and chemical analyte concentrations including glucose, pH, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
Brachytherapy seed dose distribution calculation employing the fast Fourier transform (1986)

A mathematical procedure is described by which the dose distribution of a seed implant can be calculated employing a Fourier transform. The procedure is described in one-, two-, and three- dimensional representations. Dose distributions calculated using this technique are demonstrated. Mathematical constraints of the procedure are discussed.
The Highly Adaptive SDM Hand: Design and Performance Evaluation (2010)

The inherent uncertainty associated with unstructured environments makes establishing a successful grasp difficult. Traditional approaches to this problem involve hands that are complex, fragile, require elaborate sensor suites, and are difficult to control. Alternatively, by carefully designing the mechanical structure of the hand to incorporate features such as compliance and adaptability, the uncertainty inherent in unstructured grasping tasks can be more easily accommodated. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel adaptive and compliant grasper that can grasp objects spanning a wide range of size, shape, mass, and position/orientation using only a single actuator. The hand is constructed using polymer-based Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM) and has superior robustness properties, making it able to withstand large impacts without damage. We also present the results of two experiments to demonstrate that the SDM Hand can reliably grasp objects in the presence of large positioning errors, while keeping acquisition contact forces low. In the first, we evaluate the amount of allowable manipulator positioning error that results in a successful grasp. In the second experiment, the hand autonomously grasps a wide range of spherical objects positioned randomly across the workspace, guided by only a single image from an overhead camera, using feed-forward control of the hand.
<i>In vivo</i> Loss of Expression of Argininosuccinate Synthetase in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Is a Biomarker for Susceptibility to Arginine Depletion (2006)

In summary, we have identified AS negativity as a frequent event in MPM in vivo, leading to susceptibility to cytotoxicity following restriction of arginine. A phase II clinical trial is planned to evaluate the role of arginine depletion in patients with AS-negative MPM.
Diagnosis and Prevention of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (2003)

An outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) arose in the United Kingdom as a result of prions entering and being recycled through the ruminant food chain. Humans have since developed a variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), also mostly in the United Kingdom, that occurs in younger individuals and causes prominent psychiatric and/or behavioral manifestations early in disease. Laboratory studies now provide strong evidence that the causative agent of BSE in cattle and vCJD in humans share a common origin. Because of a lack of information regarding the incubation period of vCJD and the number of people who may have been exposed, the future scope of this disease remains unknown. Control of the current and any future outbreaks in cattle requires strict measures to prevent contamination of the animal food chain with prions of any species. Prevention of human exposure mandates the avoidance of neural tissue in all human foods.
Bioisosteres of Arecoline: 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-5-pyridyl-Substituted and 3-Piperidyl-Substituted Derivatives of Tetrazoles and 1,2,3-Triazoles. Synthesis and Muscarinic Activity (1994)

A series of arecoline bioisosteres, where the ester group is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl or a tetrazole-5-yl group, was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for affinity and efficacy at muscarinic receptors and in vivo for cholinergic side effects. The corresponding piperidine derivatives were also studied. In the 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl-1,2,3-triazole series, only derivatives with 2-substituents in the 1,2,3-triazole ring exert muscarinic agonist activity. The same trend is seen in the corresponding tetrazole series, where only 2-substituted derivatives display muscarinic agonist activity. The methyl derivatives in both series are full agonists, whereas the derivatives with longer side chains are partial agonists. Introduction of methyl substituents in the 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ring generally lowers affinity considerably except for the 3-substituted derivatives, where some activity is retained. In both the 1,2,3-triazole and tetrazole series, derivatives without substituents at the basic nitrogen in the 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ring are unselective full agonists, whereas the methyl-substituted derivatives generally are more M1 selective compared to M2. Larger substituents than methyl abolish activity. The 4-(3-piperidyl)-1,2,3-triazole and 5-(3-piperidyl)-2H-tetrazole derivatives are generally less active than the corresponding 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine derivatives, and only the 2-allyl- and 2-propargyl-1,2,3-triazole derivatives display activities comparable to the most active compounds in the 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine series. The propargyl derivative is an unselective full agonist, and resolution did not reveal any stereoselectivity The allyl derivative is a partial agonist with some selectivity for the M1 receptor, and testing of the enantiomers showed that the (+)-enantiomer is an unselective partial agonist, whereas the (-)-enantiomer is a partial agonist with preference for the M1 receptor. Generally, the structure-activity relationships of the 1,2,3-triazole and tetrazole series are very similar, and two compounds, 2-ethyl-4-(1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-5-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole and 2-ethyl-5-(1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-5-pyridyl)-2H-tetrazole, are M1 agonists/M2 antagonists. Muscarinic compounds with this profile are of particular interest as drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Neurotrophic Enhancers as Therapy for Behavioral Deficits in Rodent Models of Huntington's Disease: Use of Gangliosides, Substituted Pyrimidines, and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2006)

The interest in using neurotrophic factors as potential treatments for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease, has grown in the past decade. A major impediment for the clinical utility of neurotrophic factors is their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier in therapeutically significant amounts. Although several novel mechanisms for delivering exogenous neurotrophins to the brain have been developed, most of them involve invasive procedures or present significant risks. One approach to circumventing these problems is using therapeutic agents that can be administered systemically and have the ability to enhance the activity of neurotrophic factors. This review highlights the use of gangliosides, substituted pyrimidines, and mesenchymal stem cells as neurotrophic enhancers that have significant therapeutic potential while avoiding the pitfalls of delivering exogenous neurotrophic factors through the blood-brain barrier. The review focuses on the potential of these neurotrophic enhancers for treating the behavioral deficits in rodent models of Huntington's disease.
Calculated Ultraviolet Exposure Levels for a Healthy Vitamin D Status (2006)

The dangers of overexposure to sunlight have been well publicized, but less attention has been given to an acknowledged benefit of exposure to UV radiation; that being the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3. Here we define a standard vitamin D dose on the basis of recently recommended requirements for vitamin D that take account of its risk reduction role in a variety of diseases, and present a web-based tool that enables the reader to calculate associated exposure times for any time and place using either default values or user-selected conditions. Either it is not possible to synthesize vitamin D3 at high latitudes in winter, or the exposure time required to reach a standard dose is sometimes impractical. Where solar UV is sufficient, a risk-benefit analysis of sunburn vs. vitamin D3 synthesis shows that the best time for brief sun exposure is in the middle of the day. For low solar elevation angles common at high latitudes, a fine line exists between adequate UV exposure for vitamin D3 synthesis and a risk of sun burn.
On the Nuclear Magnetic Moments of Several Stable Isotopes (1951)

The nuclear induction spectrometer which has previously been described was used to measure the magnetic moments of a number of nuclei. These values are without corrections of any kind and are based upon a value for the magnetic moment of the proton of (2.79348\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00034) nuclear magnetons. The experience gained from the observation of a large variety of nuclei has made it possible to discuss in a general way the selection of a suitable sample compound. Various interesting phenomena which have turned up in the course of these measurements are discussed; some of these are the following. (a) Nuclear resonance frequencies have been found to depend upon the compound used for the sample in some cases. This has been noted for the isotopes of Cl and N, and for Co, the latter having resonances over a region as large as 1.3 percent. This effect has been demonstrated to be of molecular rather than nuclear origin, and it is responsible for our listing the chemical compounds used for each measurement. (b) The magnetic moments of both ${\mathrm{In}}^{113}$ and ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$ have been found to be 0.64 percent greater than their respective atomic beam values, a discrepancy very similar to that noted for ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{69}$ and ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{71}$. (c) An hfs anomaly for the isotopes of chlorine has been observed, which is notable, because the atomic beam experiments deal with the ${\mathrm{P}}_{3/2}$ state of atomic chlorine. (d) An unusual structure for the ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{121}$ and ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{123}$ resonances in aqueous solution of NaSb${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$ has been observed and is qualitatively explained.
Sense and Sens'ability: Semantic Data Modelling for Sensor Networks (2009)

Abstract: Sensor networks are used in various applications in several domains for measuring and determining physical phenomena and natural events. Sensors enable machines to capture and observe characteristics of physical objects and features of natural incidents. Sensor networks generate immense amount of data which requires advanced analytical processing and interpretation by machines. Most of the current efforts on sensor networks are focused on networking and service development for various applications, but less on processing the emerging data. Sensor data in a real world application will be an integration of various data obtained from different sensors such as temperature, pressure, and humidity. Processing and interpretation of huge amounts of heterogeneous sensor data and utilising a coherent structure for this data is an important aspect of a scalable and interoperable sensor network architecture. This paper describes a semantic model for heterogeneous sensor data representation. We use common standards and logical description frameworks proposed by the semantic Web community to create a sensor data description model. The work describes a sensor data ontology which is created according to the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) and SensorML data component models. We describe how the semantic relationship and operational constraints are deployed in a uniform structure to describe the heterogeneous sensor data.
Beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase: a short NH2-terminal fragment that includes the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domain is sufficient for Golgi retention. (1992)

Beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta 1,4-GT) is a Golgi-resident, type II membrane-bound glycoprotein that functions in the coordinate biosynthesis of complex oligosaccharides. Additionally, beta 1,4-GT has been localized to the cell surface of a variety of cell types and tissues where it is proposed to function in intercellular recognition and/or adhesion. Thus beta 1,4-GT is an appropriate molecule to be used in analyzing the molecular basis for retention of a membrane-bound enzyme in the Golgi complex and its subsequent or alternative transport to the cell surface. Previously we have shown that the gene for bovine and murine beta 1,4-GT is unusual in that it specifies a short (SGT) and long (LGT) form of the enzyme (Russo, R. N., Shaper, N. L., and Shaper, J. H. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 3324-3331). The only difference between the two related forms is in the primary structure of the cytoplasmic domains, where LGT has an NH2-terminal extension of 13 amino acids. In this study, we have tested the hypothesis that LGT and SGT are differentially retained in the Golgi or directed to the cell surface. LGT, SGT or chimeric proteins, containing the NH2-terminal cytoplasmic and transmembrane domain of SGT and LGT fused to the cytoplasmic protein pyruvate kinase, were each stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Proteins expressed from each construct were localized by immunofluorescence staining exclusively to a perinuclear region, identified as the Golgi by co-localization with wheat germ agglutinin. Furthermore, the subcellular distribution of both SGT and LGT was restricted to the trans-Golgi compartment as assessed by EM immunoelectron microscopy. These data suggest that both forms of beta 1,4-GT are resident trans-Golgi proteins and that an NH2-terminal segment containing the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of SGT (39 amino acids) or LGT (52 amino acids) is sufficient for Golgi retention.
Methodology and tools for controller-networking codesign in WirelessHART (2009)

This paper describes a methodology for controller and communication scheduling co-design in control systems operating over wirelessHART networks. Data collection and dissemination operations are identified and scheduled to minimize the nominal communication latency. Techniques for improving the reliability of the network when link transmissions are unreliable are discussed, and a Markov-chain model for computing the latency distribution of data collection operations for a given schedule is proposed. The resulting latency models allow to represent the networked control loop as a jump-linear system, whose performance can be analyzed using techniques from stochastic control. We demonstrate how this framework can be used to co-design a networked LQG controller for a five-by-five MIMO control loop.
The Ultimate By‐Products of Stripping Photoresist in an Oxygen Plasma (1977)

Evidence is presented that the final products of stripping an isoprene photoresist in an oxygen plasma are primarily oxides of carbon and water. The by‐product gases are trapped in the exhaust of the reactor and weighed. The results are consistent with the conclusion that essentially all of the hydrogen in the photoresist becomes water and roughly half of the carbon becomes carbon dioxide. Presumably the other half becomes carbon monoxide which passed through the liquid nitrogen trap as a vapor.
Introduction (2019)

The US Navy in the mid-1980s is in the best shape it has been in over a decade. At the end of the Vietnam War, the US Navy had just under 1,000 ships. While the US Navy is building four or five submarines a year, the USSR is building nine or ten. Although Soviet naval experts may argue the fine points about whether the Soviet force is a “blue-water” navy, most agree that it is no longer merely the unsophisticated coastal force of old. The Navy has been building at least 20 ships per year, the number needed to maintain a 600-ship navy, but a few years of building only 14 ships can easily disrupt this favorable trend. Congress has been reluctant to increase the Navy’s end strength. The Navy requested an end-strength growth of 28,000 in FY 1983, but Congress approved only 19,100. For FY 1984, the Navy requested an increase of 11,900, but Congress approved 4.500.
Generalizable Multi-Site Training and Testing Of Deep Neural Networks Using Image Normalization (2019)

The ability of medical image analysis deep learning algorithms to generalize across multiple sites is critical for clinical adoption of these methods. Medical imging data, especially MRI, can have highly variable intensity characteristics across different individuals, scanners, and sites. However, it is not practical to train algorithms with data from all imaging equipment sources at all possible sites. Intensity normalization methods offer a potential solution for working with multi-site data. We evaluate five different image normalization methods on training a deep neural network to segment the prostate gland in MRI. Using 600 MRI prostate gland segmentations from two different sites, our results show that both intra-site and inter-site evaluation is critical for assessing the robustness of trained models and that training with single-site data produces models that fail to fully generalize across testing data from sites not included in the training.
The Ethnic Phenomenon (1991)

The Ethnic Phenomenon. Pierre L. Van den Berghe. New York: Praeger, 1987. 301 pp.
Transform domain adaptive filtering using a recursive DFT (1985)

This paper discusses the use of a recursive DFT (discrete Fourier transform) with frequency-domain adaptive filters. We show that, even though the recursive DFT ordinarily has stability problems when implemented in finite precision arithmetic, it is stable when used with an appropriate numerical roundoff procedure, making it practical for use with frequency-sampling type adaptive filters. 10 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.