gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Liquid Film Dryout in Two-Phase Annular-Mist Flow in a Uniformly Heated Narrow Tube Development of Analytical Method under BWR Conditions (1998)

AbstractA method was developed based on the conservation lows to predict critical heat flux (CHF) causing liquid film dryout in two-phase annular-mist flow in a uniformly heated narrow tube under BWR conditions. The applicable range of the method is within the pressure of 3–9 MPa, mass flux of 500–2,000 kg/m2·s, heat flux of 0.33–2.0 MW/m2 and boiling length-to-tube diameter ratio of 200–800.The two-phase annular-mist flow was modeled with the three-fluid streams with liquid film, entrained droplets and gas flow. Governing equations of the method are mass continuity and energy conservation on the three-fluid streams. Constitutive equations on the mass transfer which consist of the entrainment fraction at equilibrium and the mass transfer coefficient were newly proposed in this study.Confirmation of the present method were performed in comparison with the available film flow measurements and various CHF data from experiments in uniformly heated narrow tubes under high pressure steam- water conditions. In the heat flux range (q"<2MW/m2) practical for a BWR, agreement of the present method with CHF data was obtained as, (Averaged ratio)±(Standard deviation)=0.984±0.077, which was shown to be the same or better agreement than the widely-used CHF correlations.KEYWORDS: BWR type reactorstight latticeheated tubecritical heat fluxliquid film dryoutthree-fluid streamsannular-mist flowdropletsentrainmentdeposition
Role of methionine on epigenetic modification of DNA methylation and gene expression in animals (2017)

DNA methylation is one of the main epigenetic phenomena affecting gene expression. It is an important mechanism for the development of embryo, growth and health of animals. As a key nutritional factor limiting the synthesis of protein, methionine serves as the precursor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in the hepatic one-carbon metabolism. The dietary fluctuation of methionine content can alter the levels of metabolic substrates in one-carbon metabolism, e.g., the SAM, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and change the expression of genes related to the growth and health of animals by DNA methylation reactions. The ratio of SAM to SAH is called 'methylation index' but it should be carefully explained because the complexity of methylation reaction. Alterations of methylation in a specific cytosine-guanine (CpG) site, rather than the whole promoter region, might be enough to change gene expression. Aberrant methionine cycle may provoke molecular changes of one-carbon metabolism that results in deregulation of cellular hemostasis and health problems. The importance of DNA methylation has been underscored but the mechanisms of methionine affecting DNA methylation are poorly understood. Nutritional epigenomics provides a promising insight into the targeting epigenetic changes in animals from a nutritional standpoint, which will deepen and expand our understanding of genes, molecules, tissues, and animals in which methionine alteration influences DNA methylation and gene expression.
Magnetic and X-Ray Studies on Ti and Zr with Dissolved Hydrogen (1941)

Dissolved hydrogen in Ti and Zr has the effect of changing the lattice of these metals from hexagonal close-packed to a nearly cubic face-centered lattice. The paramagnetic susceptibility of the system Ti–H and also Zr–H has a value at room temperature different from that of the respective pure metals. The dependence of susceptibility on the hydrogen concentration has been investigated for Zr in this article. A small trace of iron impurity which was dissolved in the Zr was found to precipitate out and regain its ferromagnetic property when the Zr was allowed to soak up hydrogen.
Improved Parametrization of Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, and Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ions for All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nucleic Acid Systems (2011)

Atomic-scale modeling of compacted nucleic acids has the ability to reveal the inner workings of spectacular biomolecular machines, yet the outcome of such modeling efforts sensitively depends on the accuracy of the underlying computational models. Our molecular dynamics simulations of an array of 64 parallel duplex DNA revealed considerable artifacts of cation–DNA phosphate interactions in CHARMM and AMBER parameter sets: both the DNA arrangement and the pressure inside the DNA arrays were found to be in considerable disagreement with experiment. To improve the models, we fine-tuned van der Waals interaction parameters for specific ion pairs to reproduce experimental osmotic pressure of binary electrolyte solutions of biologically relevant ions. Repeating the DNA array simulations using our parameters produced results consistent with experiment. Our improved parametrization can be directly applied to molecular dynamics simulations of various charged biomolecular systems, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipid bilayer membranes.
Power of knowledge (2006)

Chemotherapy patients are not getting enough information, says Jean Anderson
A fast reduced-rank interpolation method for prestack seismic volumes that depend on four spatial dimensions (2012)

ABSTRACT Rank reduction strategies can be employed to attenuate noise and for prestack seismic data regularization. We present a fast version of Cadzow reduced-rank reconstruction method. Cadzow reconstruction is implemented by embedding 4D spatial data into a level-four block Toeplitz matrix. Rank reduction of this matrix via the Lanczos bidiagonalization algorithm is used to recover missing observations and to attenuate random noise. The computational cost of the Lanczos bidiagonalization is dominated by the cost of multiplying a level-four block Toeplitz matrix by a vector. This is efficiently implemented via the 4D fast Fourier transform. The proposed algorithm significantly decreases the computational cost of rank-reduction methods for multidimensional seismic data denoising and reconstruction. Synthetic and field prestack data examples are used to examine the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Performance enhancement of blue light-emitting diodes with AlGaN barriers and a special designed electron-blocking layer (2011)

In this study, the characteristics of the nitride-based blue light-emitting diode (LED) with AlGaN barriers are analyzed numerically and experimentally. The emission spectra, carrier concentrations in the quantum wells (QWs), energy band diagrams, electrostatic fields, and internal quantum efficiency are investigated. The results indicate that the LED with AlGaN barriers has a better hole-injection efficiency and an enhanced carrier confinement in its active region over the conventional counterpart with GaN barriers. The results also show that the AlGaN electron-blocking layer (EBL) with a gradual variation of Al mole fraction has a significantly enhanced electron blocking capability as well as a greatly improved hole-injection efficiency. When Al0.08Ga0.92N QW barriers and the special designed EBL are used, the electroluminescence emission intensity is increased greatly by 69% at 200 A/cm2 and the efficiency droop is reduced markedly to 8.7% from 85% at 400 A/cm2 compared with those of the conventional LED.
Experimental Evidence for Electron Velocities as the Cause of Compton Line Breadth with the Multicrystal Spectrograph (1931)

The main purpose of this research was to test the correctness of the assumption that the initial velocities of electrons in the scattering body cause the observed breadth of the Compton shifted line. The test consists in observing the natural breadths of the Compton line for different scattering angles and primary wave-lengths and comparing these with the functional dependence of breadth on scattering angle and primary wave-length deduced theoretically on the basis of the assumption under test. It is shown in this paper that if electron velocities are the cause of the breadth then this breadth should increase with the scattering angle according to the approximate formula $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\lambda}=Kcos\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ where $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the breadth, $\ensuremath{\theta}$ the scattering angle and $K$ a constant depending on the primary wave-length and the scattering substance. For the same scattering angle and substance the breadth should be proportional to the primary wave-length.The experimental test was made with the multicrystal spectrograph of fifty units herein briefly described. Three scattering angles were used, 63\textonehalf{}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 156\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the inhomogeneity in each case being less than one degree. The spurious breadth due to this inhomogeneity is negligible compared to the observed breadths. Three very clear cut spectrograms are reproduced representing $\mathrm{Mo}K$ radiation scattered from graphite together with microphotometer curves taken from them. The increase of shifted line breadth with scattering angle is clearly visible and compares favorably with the theoretical prediction. The increase of line breadth with increasing primary wave-length comparing the breadths of shifted ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ and shifted ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ lines seems just detectable. The unshifted lines are very sharp, the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ doublet being clearly resolved. Incidentally the cause of the heavy background so frequently observed on Compton effect spectrograms has been found to be non-selective scattering at the crystals and a great reduction of background and improvement in contrast has been effected by the use of baffles to diminish this effect.The observed shift of the Compton line supports Compton's formula $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\lambda}=(\frac{h}{\mathrm{mc}})(1\ensuremath{-}cos\ensuremath{\theta})$ where $\frac{h}{\mathrm{mc}}=24.2\mathrm{X}.\mathrm{U}$.The shifted line breadths are greater than those reported by Gingrich and Bearden and possibly Ross but seem to be in general accord with previous breadths obtained at this laboratory and with those of H. M. Sharp and of F. L. Nutting. The reason for these discrepancies is unknown. The possibility of double or higher multiplicities of scattering is being investigated. (See note added in proof at the end of this article.)
Dynamic Pre-Allocation HARQ (DP-HARQ) in IEEE 802.16j Mobile Multihop Relay (MMR) (2009)

IEEE 802.16 is defining standards for mobile multihop relay (MMR). The major purpose of MMR is to efficiently extend the coverage of a BS and to enhance the system throughput. Relay station (RS) has been introduced to fulfill this goal. However, packets in MMR would have a large probability of failure transmission because not all links over the multihop path are in good channel condition. Therefore, hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) has been designed to increase the reliability in multihop transmission. However, the retransmission mechanism proposed in 802.16j is not efficient. It will result in high packet delay. In this paper, we propose dynamic pre-allocation HARQ (DP-HARQ) which pre-allocates bandwidth for HARQ. Therefore, the packet delay is reduced significantly. The pre-allocated bandwidth is dynamically adjusted so the channel utilization will not be degraded much. We also propose mathematical models to analyze the proposed DP-HARQ. The analysis is validated by extensive simulations. Results show that the proposed DP-HARQ can reduce packet delay and jitter significantly.
Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification using stored substrate (phb) as the electron donor in an SBR (2003)

The potential for PHB (poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate) to serve as the electron donor for effective simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) was investigated in a 2-L sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using a mixed culture and acetate as the organic substrate. During the feast period (i.e., acetate present), heterotrophic respiration activity was high and nitrification was prevented due to the inability of nitrifying bacteria to compete with heterotrophs for oxygen. Once acetate was depleted the oxidation rate of PHB was up to 6 times slower than that of soluble acetate and nitrification could proceed due to the decreased competition for oxygen. The slow nature of PHB degradation meant that it was an effective substrate for SND, as it was oxidised at a similar rate to ammonium and was therefore available for SND throughout the entire aerobic period. The percentage of nitrogen removed via SND increased at lower DO concentrations during the famine period, with up to 78% SND achieved at a DO concentration of 0.5 mg L(-1). However, the increased percentage of SND at a low DO concentration was compromised by a 2-times slower rate of nitrogen removal. A moderate DO concentration of 1 mg L(-1) was optimal for both SND efficiency (61%) and rate (4.4 mmol N x Cmol x(-1) x h(-1)). Electron flux analysis showed that the period of highest SND activity occurred during the first hour of the aerobic famine period, when the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) was highest. It is postulated that a high SOUR due to NH(4) (+) and PHB oxidation decreases oxygen penetration into the floc, creating larger zones for anoxic denitrification. The accumulation of nitrate towards the end of the SND period showed that SND was finally limited by the rate of denitrification. As PHB degradation was found to follow first-order kinetics (df(PHB)/dt = -0.19 x f(PHB)), higher PHB concentrations would be expected to drive SND faster by increasing the availability rate of reducing power and reducing penetration of oxygen into the floc, due to the corresponding increased SOUR. Process control techniques to accumulate higher internal PHB concentrations to improve PHB-driven SND are discussed.
Performance of CdZnTe coplanar-grid gamma-ray detectors (1995)

CdZnTe crystals grown using the high-pressure Bridgman method exhibit many properties that are desirable for radiation detector fabrication, such as high resistivity, stable operation, relative ease of processing, and the availability of large volume crystals. However, as is common with other compound semi-conductor materials, currently available CdZnTe crystals have poor charge transport characteristics. This seriously the spectral performance of detectors, especially in gamma-ray detection. The coplanar-grid detection technique was recently developed to address such charge collection problems. This technique was first demonstrated using a 5 mm cube CdZnTe detector, and a dramatic improvement in spectral response has been achieved. These early results verified the effectiveness of this technique and suggested that large-volume gamma-ray detectors with high energy resolution can be realized. To further the development of such detectors, it is important to understand the various factors that affect detector performance. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of material properties on the spectral performance of CdZnTe coplanar-grid detectors. Theoretical spectral response is to show the level of performance that can be achieved given the typical carrier mobility-lifetime ({mu}{tau}) properties of present-day materials. Nonuniformity in the charge transport properties of the material, which could limit the energy resolution of the detectors, has been studied experimentally and some of the results are presented here.
New fabrication technique for random-hole optical fibers (2004)

A new type of optical fiber waveguide utilizing random holes in the cladding region has recently been fabricated. These random hole optical fibers (RHOFs) rely on holes that are random in both size and spatial location to confine light to the central core region. In this paper, a new technique to fabricate the holes in the cladding region will be presented. The holes are formed in-situ during the fiber drawing process. The new technique reported in this paper utilizes a material, which oxidizes to form a very large amount of “bubbles” at the temperature of the fiber draw. During the fiber drawing process, these bubbles are then drawn out into small diameter tubes within the fiber. By controlling the fabrication conditions, the amount, size, and spatial location of the porosity within the fiber can be controlled. The technique of fabrication and optical as well as SEM micrographs of the resulting structures will be discussed.
Summit on cell therapy for cancer: The importance of the interaction of multiple disciplines to advance clinical therapy (2011)

The field of cellular therapy of cancer is moving quickly and the issues involved with its advancement are complex and wide ranging. The growing clinical applications and success of adoptive cellular therapy of cancer has been due to the rapid evolution of immunology, cancer biology, gene therapy and stem cell biology and the translation of advances in these fields from the research laboratory to the clinic. The continued development of this field is dependent on the exchange of ideas across these diverse disciplines, the testing of new ideas in the research laboratory and in animal models, the development of new cellular therapies and GMP methods to produce these therapies, and the testing of new adoptive cell therapies in clinical trials. The Summit on Cell Therapy for Cancer to held on November 1 and 2, 2011 at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) campus will include a mix of perspectives, concepts and ideas related to adoptive cellular therapy that are not normally presented together at any single meeting. This novel assembly will generate new ideas and new collaborations and possibly increase the rate of advancement of this field.
Assessment of the Autonomy of Replicative and Structural Functions Encoded by the Luteo-phase of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus (1994)

The genome of pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) is composed of two taxonomically unrelated RNAs, interacting to create what has traditionally been considered a bipartite virus. The cohesiveness of this interaction was assessed by examining the autonomy of each RNA in viral replication, coat protein expression and systemic invasion. Using a pea protoplast system, in vitro transcripts of RNA1 were found to be capable of initiating RNA2-independent replication, including the formation of the distinctive nuclear membrane-based replication complex associated with wild-type PEMV infection. Western blotting and electron microscopic analysis demonstrated that the synthesis of the RNA1-encoded coat protein, as well as virion assembly, was also independent of RNA2-directed functions. Mechanical inoculations with transcripts of RNA1 failed to establish a systemic RNA1 infection, whereas inoculations with RNA2 were able to establish a largely asymptomatic systemic infection. Combined inoculum containing RNA1 and RNA2 transcripts were able to recreate wild-type PEMV symptomatology, demonstrating the dependence of RNA1 on RNA2 for mechanical passage. With the notable exception of the adaptation of PEMV to establish a true systemic invasion, these data further strengthen the analogy between PEMV and the helper-dependent complexes associated with members of the luteovirus group.
Adaptive neural network algorithms for computing proximity effect corrections (1991)

Computing self-consistent local dose corrections for images to offset proximity effects poses significant problems because the number of computations needed cannot be done in a reasonable amount of time. Recently, we have demonstrated the use of an adaptive neural network method to increase the speed of these computations by several orders of magnitude. We have now implemented these corrections in practical hardware, and have introduced improvements in the algorithm that further reduce the computational complexity and time. The challenges in computing proximity effect corrections are to find algorithms that work well for general feature shapes, and that can be efficiently implemented. This paper will discuss the iterative computation of optimal corrections for electron scattering, and the limits of image resolution that can be obtained. It will describe the neural network algorithm used to obtain equivalent results more efficiently, and the method of adaptively determining the network’s parameters. Finally, it will discuss several recent modifications that significantly improve the network’s performance.
Managing availability (2005)

Interruptions are a central aspect of working life. The prevalence of remote co-workers and the use of mobile technology mean that interruptions are more prevalent, and workers have to learn to manage availability. To understand general issues in availability management, we carried out a naturalistic study of how interruptions are handled in face-to-face situations. We found that availability management requires negotiation, that it is also highly dependent on awareness about the availability of others, and that it demands cognitive effort to shift attention to the interruption. On the basis of these observations, we developed a technology, named. The Negotiator, that embodies three main design requirements: (a) support for negotiation, (b) contextual information about when a recipient is available for a call, (c) lightweightness to reduce attention overhead. We carried out an experimental study of interruption management using this technology. The interface satisfied the original design requirements, that is, people, were able to use it effectively to negotiate times to talk, while successfully carrying out an intellectually demanding activity. Contrary to our expectations, however, people preferred to take responsibility for returning calls rather than delegating them, and they preferred to schedule calls as soon as possible rather than deferring them. We suggest that there are social reasons why people do this. They feel a social obligation to return calls as soon as possible so as not to inconvenience others and also to be responsible for making these calls themselves. They also take calls sooner to avoid having to remember future conversational commitments. We discuss the theoretical and technical implications of these findings.
Preparation of C <sub>70</sub> ‐Doped Solid Silica Gel via Sol–Gel Process (1992)

We reported the first preparation of C 70 ‐doped solid gel. Its UV‐visible spectrum was recorded.
Study on temperature distribution along wellbore of fracturing horizontal wells in oil reservoir (2015)

The application of distributed temperature sensors (DTS) to monitor producing zones of horizontal well through a real-time measurement of a temperature profile is becoming increasingly popular. Those parameters, such as flow rate along wellbore, well completion method, skin factor, are potentially related to the information from DTS. Based on mass-, momentum-, and energy-balance equations, this paper established a coupled model to study on temperature distribution along wellbore of fracturing horizontal wells by considering skin factor in order to predict wellbore temperature distribution and analyze the factors influencing the wellbore temperature profile. The models presented in this paper account for heat convective, fluid expansion, heat conduction, and viscous dissipative heating. Arriving temperature and wellbore temperature curves are plotted by computer iterative calculation. The non-perforated and perforated sections show different temperature distribution along wellbore. Through the study on the sensitivity analysis of skin factor and flow rate, we come to the conclusion that the higher skin factor generates larger temperature increase near the wellbore, besides, temperature along wellbore is related to both skin factors and flow rate. Temperature response type curves show that the larger skin factor we set, the less temperature augmenter from toe to heel could be. In addition, larger flow rate may generate higher wellbore temperature.