gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoacoustic-induced vascular tissue dissection resulting from irradition with a Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (1995)

A Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd:YAG dye laser, tuned to 577 nm, was used to study the effect of nanosecond pulsed light on vascular tissue. Different reactions such as vasospasm, vessel expansion and vessel rupture were observed in living rats and were seen to be correlated with increasing fluence up to 3 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. When it occurred, localized vessel rupture was seen on the irradiated side of the blood vessel, as well as on the opposite side. It was hypothesized that the damage on the backside of the blood vessel is the result of intense acoustic waves produced by strong absorption of the laser radiant energy in the first 30 micrometers of blood. Experiments were performed in vitro using cuvettes filled with diluted hemoglobin on which the 532 nm radiant energy produced by a Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser impinged. High-speed imaging of the irradiated air-blood interface using a time-delayed pulsed nitrogen-dye laser did not show evidence of cavitation micro-bubbles but did show the formation of a large, slowly expanding vapor bubble. Measurements of the acoustic waves produced with 12 mJ pulse in a spot size estimated to be 0.25 mm gave pressures up to 74 bars. Measurements at different positions with respect to the irradiation spot showed differences in acoustic amplitude that could not be explained by absorption attenuation. It is hypothesized that these differences are a result of differential diffraction of the frequency components of the acoustic wave, components of which extend up to a maximum of about 4 MHz. It is the highly directional high frequency acoustic energy that could be causing the damage on the side of the blood vessel opposite the point of irradiation.
DURABILITY BY ADMIXTURE (1997)

Concrete containing the admixture exhibits properties that are known to reduce corrosion of reinforcing steel, of which permeability reduction appears to be the most important. Low permeability concrete with adequate cover over reinforcing steel are important considerations in a corrosion protection strategy, which should be incorporated into the design of reinforced concrete structures that are exposed to deicing salts, marine salts, and freeze-thaw environments. Three permeability test programs and three chloride ion penetration test programs described herein show that the addition of the admixture to control concrete results in a 75 percent reduction of chloride ion concentration at the reinforcing. Case histories spanning 20 years are described, demonstrating that the admixture successfully protects reinforcing steel in corrosive environments and reduces concrete deterioration.
Towards nanotube linear servomotors (2006)

Nanoscale linear servomotors with integrated position sensing are investigated from experimental, theoretical, and design perspectives. Prismatic motion is realized using the interlayer motion of telescoping multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Position sensing can be achieved by monitoring field emission or by measuring resistance change between an MWNT and a gold substrate during sliding movement. Experimental results demonstrate resolution in the nanometer range. Actuation experiments demonstrate the feasibility of a linear nanoservomotor with integrated position sensing based on field emission. A local "kink"-like fluctuation of emission current is observed, which is caused by the change of the protruding length of the nanotube core, thus demonstrating the potential of using emission as a "linear encoder." The complete extension of the inner core is observed and the electrostatic force is calibrated to be tens of nano-Newtons for individual nanotubes-16.5 nN under a 30-V bias. These results demonstrate the possibility of fabricating linear servomotors at the nanometer scale with integrated position sensing. Note to Practitioners-Nanometer scale actuators and sensors that can provide motion and measurement with nanometer-order resolution will enable new industrial applications in which only a few atoms or molecules are measured, transported, or processed. Linear servomotors will play a significant role in such applications because they provide precision prismatic motion directly without requiring a conversion from rotary to linear motion. Nano linear servomotors are experimentally and theoretically investigated in this paper. The devices take advantage of the ultra-low interlayer friction of a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT). Position sensing feedback is achieved by monitoring field emission, which depends on interelectrode distance, or by measuring resistance change between an MWNT and a gold substrate during sliding movement. Whereas this paper targets long-term nanotechnology contributions, some intermediate results are ready for applications in the near future. The interlayer sliding motion demonstrated would enable the building of devices, such as Gigahertz oscillators and attolitter nanosyringes, and the sensors used for position feedback could find applications independently in a macro or microscale machine for detecting proximity, touch, displacement, or orientation.
A low redeposition rate high density plasma CVD process for high aspect ratio 175 nm technology and beyond (2003)

As aluminum reactive ion etch (RIE) technology extends to sub-0.20 /spl mu/m technology, a void-free back-end-of-line (BEOL) gap-fill process is one of the major challenges for interconnects. When a stitched word line architecture is employed, the first metal wiring level often follows the minimum ground rule (GR). To maintain low sheet resistance, the aluminum line height cannot be significantly reduced. Therefore, the aspect ratio of current spaces is well over 2.5 and will approach 4.5 with future lithography shrinkages. Deposition temperature constraints make BEOL gap-fill much harder than front-end-of-line (FEOL), where such high aspect ratios are routinely filled. In this paper, a low redeposition rate high density plasma chemical vapor deposition (HDP-CVD) process has been developed at low deposition temperature to fill beyond 3.0 to 1 aspect ratio without void formation.
Colorimetric Determination of Nitrites (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTColorimetric Determination of NitritesB.F. Rider and M.G. MellonCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1946, 18, 2, 96–99Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i560150a003https://doi.org/10.1021/i560150a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1030Altmetric-Citations117LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Measurement of nasal mucociliary clearance. (1989)

The saccharin test was carried out in a randomly selected sample of schoolchildren (142 boys and 153 girls, age range 11-14 years) to determine the variability and reproducibility of the test and to assess whether it could be used as a screening test for nasal mucociliary clearance. Nasal mucociliary clearance times were analysed according to clinical history (asthma, rhinitis, asthma with rhinitis, and acute upper respiratory tract infections), laboratory findings (positive skin test responses and bronchial hyper-reactivity assessed by methacholine challenge), and parental smoking. Nasal mucociliary clearance times showed a narrow coefficient of repeatability (six minutes) in 50 subjects and there was substantial agreement between the two tests. Nasal mucociliary clearance times were less than 40 minutes in all the children. Normal children had nasal mucociliary clearance times of less than 24 minutes while significantly impaired nasal mucociliary clearance was detected in those with positive skin reactions and a positive response to methacholine challenge. We were unable to show that passive smoking had any consistent effect on nasal mucociliary clearance. We suggest that a time response between 30-60 minutes should be checked again at least two weeks later, and that children in whom repeated saccharin tests show a nasal mucociliary clearance of greater than 30 minutes should have ciliary beat frequency estimated.
Amplified mass immunosorbent assay with a quartz crystal microbalance (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmplified mass immunosorbent assay with a quartz crystal microbalanceRichard C. Ebersole and Michael D. WardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 26, 8623–8628Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00234a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00234a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views396Altmetric-Citations134LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY OF THE MYLOHYOID NERVE: PILOT STUDY IN 213 DRY HUMAN JAWS (2022)

The mylohyoid nerve originates superior to the mandibular foramen and follows its course in an inferior-anterior direction to reach the mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastric muscle.Sensory fibers of this nerve, which correspond to 30% of the total, are spread in the skin of the lower portions of the chin and, eventually, innervate some dental units.The aim of this study is to visually investigate, in 213 dry human mandibles, whether or not there are lingual foramina that indicate anatomic variation of the mylohyoid nerve.Human jaws were analyzed in the human anatomy laboratory at Tiradentes University -UNIT/SE and the results obtained indicate that 76% of them had foramines that suggest the entry of the mylohyoid nerve for innervation of the teeth.The region that most highlighted the foramina index was the premolars on both sides and the sex that most highlighted its presence was male with 61.7%.Regarding the mandibular shape, there is a higher prevalence of foramin in oval-shaped mandibles.In relation to the presence and absence of dentition, the highest rate of this occurred in mandibles with partial edentulism.Thus, we point out the importance of knowing these variations of the mylohyoid nerve, so that the professional can intervene effectively in peri and intraoral surgical procedures.
Optical absorption properties of doped lithium niobate crystals (1992)

The optical transmittance of pure lithium niobate (LiNbO3) single crystals and of LiNbO3 single crystals heavily doped with MgO, and double doped with MgO and TiO2 were measured from the ultraviolet to the visible range with the incident light being perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the Z axis of the crystals. The wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficient alpha and its root alpha 1/2 ( alpha versus hv and alpha 1/2 versus hv, respectively) were calculated and the characteristics of the absorption edges were discussed. The absorption edges below 3.8 eV of all samples are attributable to indirect transition. The energy gaps Eg and E'g of the crystals, which correspond to the direct transition and the indirect transition, respectively, and the energy of phonons taking part in the indirect transition were calculated. It was found that Eg and E'g are related to the type and amount of doped ions, and doping with MgO and with TiO2 makes the energy gap E'g increase and decrease, respectively, causing the indirect transition absorption edges to move towards the ultraviolet and infrared, respectively.
Bifacial multicrystalline silicon solar cells (2002)

A bifacial solar cell structure is applied to multicrystalline substrates obtained from the OTC cast material. The double sided cathode configuration made it possible to collect photogenerated minority carriers from the nearest side of the cell, which allows the minority carrier not necessarily to travel across the substrate having short diffusion lengths. The rear cathode acts as a current booster for the front cathode for light entering from the front side, and vice versa. Because of this two fold current enhancement, cell outputs equivalent to nearly 20% efficiency are obtainable from a 15% cell when 30% albedo from the rear side is incorporated. A simplified screen printing process for cell fabrication provides a promising method of scaled production.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New Integrated Multilevel Converter for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles With Flexible Energy Conversion (2016)

This paper presents an integrated multilevel converter of switched reluctance motors (SRMs) fed by a modular front-end circuit for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) applications. Several operating modes can be achieved by changing the ON-OFF states of the switches in the front-end circuit. In generator driving mode, the battery bank is employed to elevate the phase voltage for fast excitation and demagnetization. In battery driving mode, the converter is reconfigured as a four-level converter, and the capacitor is used as an additional charge capacitor to produce multilevel voltage outputs, which enhances the torque capability. The operating modes of the proposed drive are explained and the phase current and voltage are analyzed in details. The battery charging is naturally achieved by the demagnetization current in motoring mode and by the regenerative current in braking mode. Moreover, the battery can be charged by the external ac source or generator through the proposed converter when the vehicle is in standstill condition. The SRM-based PHEV can operate at different speeds by coordinating the power flow between the generator and battery. Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink and experiments on a three-phase 12/8 SRM confirm the effectiveness of the proposed converter topology.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Diabetes (2012)

The field of regenerative medicine is rapidly evolving, paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions through cellular therapies and tissue engineering approaches that are reshaping the biomedical field. The remarkable plasticity of different cell subsets obtained from human embryonic and adult tissues from disparate sources (including bone marrow, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, placenta, and adipose tissue) has sparked research endeavors evaluating use of these cells for numerous conditions, including diabetes and its complications (1).

A readily accessible source for multipotent stem cells is the bone marrow, which comprises progenitors of hematopoietic, endothelial, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Unfractioned and fractioned bone marrow–derived stem cells have been used in experimental and clinical settings to improve diabetes and diabetes complications. Bone marrow–derived MSCs are stromal, nonhematopoietic cells generally obtained from iliac crest aspirates following enrichment based on their preferential adhesion on culture vessels in defined media. MSC characterization relies on expression of specific surface markers and on their ability to differentiate into fat, bone, and cartilage when exposed to appropriate culture conditions (2).

Recent clinical trials have demonstrated powerful immunomodulatory effects of the inoculum of MSCs to treat graft-versus-host disease (3,4), to improve allogeneic renal transplant outcomes using lower immunosuppressive regimens (5), and to reduce immune cell activation in patients with multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (6). Autologous MSCs were shown to improve Crohn disease lesions refractory to …
Do small changes in rotation affect measurements of lower extremity limb alignment? (2017)

This study provides new information on standardized measures of lower extremity alignment and the relationship between discreet axial rotations of the entire lower extremity and these parameters.
Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Magnetic Structures and Antiferromagnetic Thin Films (2007)

We present an overview of the technique of spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (Sp-STM) and its application to high-resolution magnetic imaging. In STM, the electron density near the sample surface is imaged. Additionally, Sp-STM allows a mapping of the spin polarization of the electronic density, which is related to the magnetic configuration of the sample. Two primary imaging modes of Sp-STM are currently in use: the spectroscopic mode and the differential magnetic mode. The principles of the two modes are explained in the framework of imaging ferromagnetic nanostructures and antiferromagnetic surfaces. The advantages and drawbacks of the two approaches are discussed, and the strength of Sp-STM to map even complex spin structures on the nanometer scale is illustrated.
Transformation analysis of three linkage groups in Staphylococcus aureus (1975)

While studying a set of multiply marked mutants of Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325 by transformation, several instances of apparent genetic linkage were encountered. After showing that these linked transformations were readily inactivated by shearing of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) but were resistant to dilution of the DNA, and showing that mixtures of DNA failed to form double transformants, it was concluded that the linkages were legitimate rather than the result of congression. Three linkage groups were defined: thy-101-lys-115-trp-103-thr-106, pyr-141-hisGb15-nov-pur-102, and pur-110-ilv-129. The positions of the previously studied trp and his operons corresponded to the trp-103 and hisGb15 loci. The ilv-129 position adjacent to pur-110 probably corresponds to the ilv-leu gene cluster. The distance over which linkage was detected was greater by transformation than by generalized transduction.
WILDLIFE DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURE IN NEBRASKA: A PRELIMINARY COST ASSESSMENT (1987)

We estimate the annual financial losses resulting from wildlife damage to major crops and livestock in Nebraska. For each wildlife species, the damage problem is presented along with a description of how the estimate was made. Field crop estimates include losses from Plains pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius), commensal rodents (Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus), field rodents in grain fields (e.g. Peromyscus maniculatus, Dipodomys ordi, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), house sparrows (Passer domesticus), blackbirds (e.g. Agelaius phoeniceus and Ouiscalus guiscula), lagomorphs (Sylvilagus floridanus, Lepus californicus, and L. townsendii), deer (Odocoileus virginianus and Q. hemionus), voles (Microtus spp.), and beaver (Castor canadensis). Livestock estimates include losses from commensal rodents, coyotes (Canis latrans), European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus), and house sparrows. Estimated values of the crop and livestock resources damaged total approximately $37 million annually. Further study is needed to refine such estimates, as well as to assess the positive benefits of various wild vertebrates.
Histone H1 modulates DNA replication through multiple pathways in <i>Xenopus</i> egg extract (1997)

We investigated the effects of histone H1s on DNA replication using Xenopus egg extract. Mouse variants H1c and H10 were assembled onto Xenopus sperm chromatin by the extract during the remodeling that accompanies nuclear decondensation. The association of H1 with chromatin was rapid and concentration dependent. H1-associated chromatin displayed a typical nucleosomal repeat pattern indicating that linker histones are properly positioned along the DNA. The presence of H1 on sperm chromatin reduced both the rate and extent of DNA replication in egg extract. This reduction in rate is due, in part, to a delay in initiation of replication within individual nuclei. Initiation in extract is dependent upon nuclear assembly. Analysis of the assembly process revealed that H1 does not inhibit nuclear membrane formation or the import of nuclear protein, however, it does slow the rate of nuclear lamina formation. This H1-induced delay in lamina assembly is responsible for the delay in initiation as pre-assembled H1-containing nuclei initiate replication at the same time as control nuclei. However, H1 inhibits replication even when lamina assembly is complete suggesting that H1 also affects replication directly. These data indicate that H1 modulates DNA replication through multiple pathways in egg extract.
Simultaneous strain and coherent imaging using coupled photorefractive holography and shearography through scattering media (2008)

The direct simultaneous acquisition of coherent imaging and strain information is of particular importance in the biomechanical characterization of biological tissue. This type of simultaneous information acquisition can be accomplished using a coupled photorefractive holography and shearography system for imaging and strain measurements, respectively. Optical scattering in a conventional speckle shearing interferometer rapidly reduces the contrast of the shearing fringes, thereby limiting the use of such interferometers with opaque surfaces. By coupling photorefractive holography with speckle shearing interferometry, properties of the photorefractive effect (spatial high-pass filtering and temporal low-pass filtering) combine to restore the shearing fringe contrast and enable strain imaging in diffusing media. This effect is demonstrated using synthetic scattering phantoms built from suspensions of silica spheres in water.