gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Delineation of Two Distinct Type 1 Activation Functions in the Androgen Receptor Amino-terminal Domain (1996)

Based on the finding that some transcription factors contain multiple transcriptional regulatory activities, we constructed a panel of rat androgen receptor (AR) mutants containing small internal deletions and point mutations within the amino-terminal region of the receptor. Trans-activation assays in CV-1 cells using AR-responsive reporter genes were performed and led to the identification of two noncontiguous trans-activation regions in the AR amino terminus. One of these regions, termed activator function 1a (AF-1a) is a highly-conserved 14-amino acid segment that is predicted to form a beta-turn followed by an acidic amphipathic alpha-helix. Point mutagenesis within AF-1a revealed that two adjacent hydrophobic residues were required for full AR trans-activation function, as arginine substitutions resulted in a 60% reduction in transcriptional activity. A second amino-terminal region was also identified and has been designated AF-1b. Deletion of the 65-amino acid AF-1b segment, which contains numerous glutamate and aspartate residues, caused a 55% decrease in trans-activation function. An AF-1a/AF-1b double mutant retains less than 10% trans-activation function compared with wild-type AR, suggesting that AF-1a and AF-1b may each contribute separately to maximal AR activity. To determine whether AF-1a and AF-1b play a role in AR-mediated trans-repression of AP-1 function, we tested single and double AF-1a/AF-1b mutants in a transient trans-repression assay. Our results showed that neither AF-1a nor AF-1b was required for AP-1 trans-repression, demonstrating that AR-mediated trans-repression and trans-activation are discrete functions.
Study of the Mechanism of the Vanadium 4+/5+ Redox Reaction in Acidic Solutions (2003)

The mechanism of the vanadium VO21/VO2 1 redox couple has been examined in acidic aqueous solutions. A detailed understanding of this chemistry is of interest for improving and optimizing the performance of vanadium redox-flow batteries, a promising electrochemical electricity storage technology. The vanadium 41/51 redox reactions were studied at a rotating disk graphite electrode and polarization curves were obtained in sulfuric acid and perchloric acid, with varying pH and vanadium concentrations. The results were compared to model predictions for different mechanisms. The data were consistent with a model with a multistep chemical-electrochemical-chemical mechanism at low overpotentials, which changes to a multistep electrochemicalchemical- chemical mechanism at higher anodic or cathodic overpotentials. Unusually high Tafel slopes ~350-450 mV/decade! were observed for the reduction of VO2 1 at higher overpotentials. While this could not be directly explained by the model, insights gained through the use of the model can provide the basis for some suggestions.
Genes transferred by retroviral vectors into normal and mutant myoblasts in primary cultures are expressed in myotubes. (1990)

Retroviral vectors were used to transfer genes efficiently into rat and dog myoblasts in primary cultures under conditions which permitted the transduced myoblasts to differentiate into myotubes expressing the transferred genes. The transduced myotubes expressed normal markers of differentiation and were morphologically indistinguishable from uninfected myotubes. Retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer was also used to correct a genetic enzyme deficiency in mutant canine muscle cells.
<title>Advances in associated-particle neutron probe diagnostics for substance detection</title> (1995)

The development and investigation of a small associated-particle sealed-tube neutron generator (APSTNG) shows potential to allow the associated-particle diagnostic method to be moved out of the laboratory into field applications. The APSTNG interrogates the inspected object with 14-MeV neutrons generated from the deuterium-tritium reaction and detects the alpha-particle associated with each neutron inside a cone encompassing the region of interest. Gamma-ray spectra of resulting neutron reactions identify many nuclides. Flight-times determined from detection times of the gamma-rays and alpha-particles can yield a separate course tomographic image of each identified nuclide, from a single orientation. Chemical substances are identified by comparing relative spectral line intensities with ratios of elements in reference compounds. The high-energy neutrons and gamma-rays penetrate large objects and dense materials. Generally, no collimators or radiation shielding are needed. Proof-of-concept laboratory experiments have been successfully performed for simulated nuclear, chemical warfare, and conventional munitions. Most recently, inspection applications have been investigated for radioactive waste characterization, presence of cocaine in propane tanks, and uranium and plutonium smuggling. Based on lessons learned with the present APSTNG system, an advanced APSTNG tube (along with improved high voltage supply and control units) is being designed and fabricated that will be transportable and rugged, yield a substantial neutron output increase, and provide sufficiently improved lifetime to allow operation at more than an order of magnitude increase in neutron flux.
Heparin selectively inhibits the transcription of tissue-type plasminogen activator in primate arterial smooth muscle cells during mitogenesis. (1992)

How heparin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration has not been established. We have investigated the hypothesis that heparin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by interfering with the expression and activity of proteases such as plasminogen activators. In an in vitro mitogenesis model, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) mRNA and protein increase in baboon smooth muscle cells stimulated with fetal bovine serum or phorbol esters. Heparin inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and suppresses the induction of tPA mRNA and protein while it has little effect on the mRNA of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor type I, and a number of genes that are also modulated by serum and phorbol esters. The inhibitory effect on tPA mRNA is specific to heparin-like molecules and does not depend on the anticoagulation activity of heparin. The increase in tPA mRNA is due to increased transcription, which is suppressed by heparin. The induction of tPA by serum and phorbol esters is diminished by protein kinase C inhibitors such as H7 or staurosporine and by protein kinase C depletion. Since heparin suppresses the induction of the tPA gene by phorbol esters, these results suggest that heparin may interfere with the protein kinase C pathway.
Broadband Printed-Dipole Antenna and Its Arrays for 5G Applications (2017)

In this letter, we propose a broadband printed-dipole antenna and its arrays for fifth-generation (5G) wireless cellular networks. To realize a wide frequency range of operation, the proposed antenna is fed by an integrated balun, which consists of a folded microstrip line and a rectangular slot. For compactness, the printed dipole is angled at 45°. The single-element antenna yields an |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> | <;-10-dB bandwidth of 36.2% (26.5-38.2 GHz) and a gain of 4.5-5.8 dBi. We insert a stub between two printed-dipole antennas and obtain a low mutual coupling of <;-20 dB for a 4.8-mm center-to-center spacing (0.42-0.61 λ at 26-38 GHz). We demonstrate the usefulness of this antenna as a beamforming radiator by configuring 8-element linear arrays. Due to the presence of the stubs, the arrays resulted in a wider scanning angle, a higher gain, and a lower sidelobe level in the low-frequency region.
Super-Cationic Carbon Quantum Dots Synthesized from Spermidine as an Eye Drop Formulation for Topical Treatment of Bacterial Keratitis (2017)

We have developed a one-step method to synthesize carbon quantum dots (CQD<sub>PAs</sub>) from biogenic polyamines (PAs) as an antibacterial agent for topical treatment of bacterial keratitis (BK). CQDs synthesized by direct pyrolysis of spermidine (Spd) powder through a simple dry heating treatment exhibit a solubility and yield much higher than those from putrescine and spermine. We demonstrate that CQDs obtained from Spds (CQD<sub>Spds</sub>) possess effective antibacterial activities against non-multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis bacteria and also against the multidrug-resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CQD<sub>Spds</sub> is ∼2500-fold lower than that of spermidine alone, demonstrating their strong antibacterial capabilities. Investigation of the possible mechanisms behind the antibacterial activities of the as-synthesized CQD<sub>Spds</sub> indicates that the super-cationic CQD<sub>Spds</sub> with small size (diameter ca. 6 nm) and highly positive charge (ζ-potential ca. +45 mV) cause severe disruption of the bacterial membrane. In vitro cytotoxicity, hemolysis, hemagglutination, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress and in vivo morphologic and physiologic cornea change evaluations show the good biocompatibility of CQD<sub>Spds</sub>. Furthermore, topical ocular administration of CQD<sub>Spds</sub> can induce the opening of the tight junction of corneal epithelial cells, thereby leading to great antibacterial treatment of S. aureus-induced BK in rabbits. Our results suggest that CQD<sub>Spds</sub> are a promising antibacterial candidate for clinical applications in treating eye-related bacterial infections and even persistent bacteria-induced infections.
Sequential Phosphine-Catalyzed, Nucleophilic Thiol−Ene/Radical-Mediated Thiol−Yne Reactions and the Facile Orthogonal Synthesis of Polyfunctional Materials (2009)

The first example of highly efficient sequential thiol-ene/thiol-yne reactions conducted in an orthogonal manner is presented and its broad application in the synthesis of polyfunctional materials demonstrated. The anionic chain mechanism of the phosphine-mediated thiol-ene reaction is highlighted, as is the radical-mediated thiol-yne reaction. Kinetic data for a model reaction are presented, followed by a discussion of the synthesis of a range of materials with diverse functionality, including an example of potential biomedical significance.
Elimination of adhering bacteria from surfaces by pulsed laser beams (1997)

As an alternative to the use of chemicals for cleaning and disinfecting surfaces of equipment in food industry, the efficacy of pulsed laser beams for removal and killing of adherent bacteria from stainless steel surfaces was assessed. Escherichia coli biofilms were produced under dynamic conditions in diluted nutritive medium incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Influence of energy density and number of shots were tested at three wavelengths (1064, 532 and 355 nm). With one 20 ns pulse, results range from 3.5 decimal reductions of the microbial load with < or = 50 MW cm-2 without visible alteration of the surface, to more than 6 decimal reductions with < or = 600 MW cm-2. The measured effect was largely attributed to removal of the micro-organisms and transfer to the surrounding air. The treatment could therefore be improved with respect to the numbers remaining associated with the surface by venting.
Versuche zur Verbesserung der Anfärbbarkeit von Acrylnitrilpolymerisaten (1970)

Abstract Die Polymerisation von Acrylnitril‐Methylacrylat in Gegenwart von Polyalkylenglykosulfoalkyläthern und β‐Alkenyloxy‐polyalkylenglykosulfoalkyläthern in wäßriger Lösung unter Verwendung von Redoxkatalysatoren wurde untersucht. Es konnten dabei Acrylnitrilpolymerisate erhalten werden, die sich mit basischen Farbstoffen anfärben lassen. Mit sauren Farbstoffen gut anfärbbare Acrylnitrilpolymerisate lassen sich durch Polymerisation der Monomeren in Anwesenheit von basischen Imiden oder auch tertiäre Stickstoffatome aufweisenden Polyurethanen, Polyamiden, Polyäthern bzw, deren mit Dimethylsulfat quaternierten Derivaten erhalten. Dabei wird die Reaktivität dieser Präpolymeren durch Einführung ungesättigter Gruppierungen (Allyl‐ oder Methacryloylsubstituent) wesentlich erhöht, wie sich bei Polyäthern zeigen läßt.
Plasma Growth Hormone (GH)-Binding Proteins: Effect on GH Binding to Receptors and GH Action* (1991)

GH-binding proteins (GH-BP) have recently been discovered in human plasma, but their biological function is unknown. The high affinity GH-BP is related to the GH receptor and may modulate the interaction of GH with tissue receptors, whereas the low affinity GH-BP should be inert in this regard. Modulation of receptor binding probably results in modulation of GH bioactivity. To address these issues, we examined the effects of purified GH-BPs as well as whole plasma on GH binding to receptors in human, rabbit, and female rat liver and in rat adipocytes. High affinity BP inhibited binding of GH to receptors in a dose-dependent fashion. Substantial inhibition was observed within the physiological range of BP concentrations; human liver and rat adipocytes were the most sensitive in this regard. In contrast, the low affinity BP had no effect on receptor binding of GH. Whole human plasma also inhibited GH binding to receptors. This effect could be attributed to its content of GH-BP, since removal or primary absence of the BP from plasma abolished its inhibitory effect. Purified high affinity BP also inhibited GH-dependent insulin-like growth factor-I production by cultured human fibroblasts to a degree comparable to receptor inhibition. We conclude that the circulating high affinity GH-BP, by sequestering GH, substantially interferes with binding of GH to its receptor, and that the well known inhibitory effect of plasma in RRAs for GH is largely due to this BP. GH action in human fibroblasts in vitro is similarly inhibited by this BP.
‘Inclusive’ design for containers: improving openability (2005)

Abstract For many years the standard engineering design approach has been to design for the most common size or ability and hence ensuring that your product is applicable to the broadest proportion of society. Recently, however, this approach has been seen to be flawed, particularly with regards to consumer packaging (although there many examples in other industries, such as transport). This paper outlines a new approach to packaging design that has been termed ‘inclusive’ design. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compatibility of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius californicus) with Entomopathogenic Fungi against Two Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae. Koch) (2020)

The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranchus urticae) is the most threatening pest of flower farms in Ethiopia. Biological control is becoming an acceptable practice to suppress the pest in greenhouse. Recently reported to control spider mite is a predatory mite native to Ethiopia. However, information on its ability to combine with other control measures is inadequate. This study was carried out to investigate its compatibility with two entomopathogenic fungi against T. urticae (Koch) under laboratory and glasshouse condition. Four fungal isolates: 9609, GG, MM and PPRC6 with four levels of conidial concentrations: 106, 107, 108 and 109conidia/ml were used as treatments. Amblyseius californicus motiles were recorded at four, six and eight days after application. Among conidial concentrations tested, MM x 107 and MM x 108 conidia/ml are showed no detrimental effect on A.californicus during all exposure time compared to others higher conidial concentrations during laboratory trial; thus they were combined with A.californicus to check their effect against T. urticae in greenhouse condition. Alive mite’s motiles were recorded for data analyses. Under greenhouse, during 6th and 8th days MM x 107 conidia/ml + 5:50 (A.californicus: T. urticae) ratio reduced numbers of T. urticae population by 44.37 and 43.33% respectively compared to untreated (0.01% Tween 80 solution alone) while population of T.urticae was reduced by 21.6 and 22.83% at A.californicas alone compared to untreated control. Therefore, from the present study the combination of MM x 107 conidia/ml + 5:50 (A.californicus: T. urticae) were found best for controlling spider mites populations under greenhouse conditions without adverse effect on A.californicus.
The Relation between the Coloration of Frying Oil and the Deterioration Using Fried Model-materials. (1997)

ガラス繊維濾紙に塩化ナトリウム,グルコース,サッカロース,アルブミンそしてアミノ酸(グリシン,リジン塩酸塩,アラニン,ロイシン)の水溶液を浸透させモデル揚げ種を調製し,それを使ってフライ油の着色と劣化との関係について検討した.その結果,リジンを除いたアミノ酸区は,着色が最も激しく,その着色は他のモデル揚げ種とは異なり,特徴的に赤方向への着色であることがわかった.これは,アミノ酸とフライ油の劣化により生じたカルボニル化合物間のアミノカルボニル反応により,褐変物質を生成するためと考えられた.そこで,その褐変反応にフライ油中のカルボニル化合物が消費され,COVやAn. Vに反映せず,低値を示すことが推測された.
Dissolution of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash Particles in a Dilute H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Solvent (2013)

Recently, the worldwide supply of rare earth element (REE) resources will be severely restricted. On the other hand, coal fly ash particles emitted from coal-fired electric power plants contain relatively high concentrations of REEs. The contents of REEs in coal fly ash are regularly several hundreds of ppmw. In order to extract and recover REEs from coal fly ash particles, as a first step, we have investigated their dissolution behavior in a dilute H2SO4 solvent. The REE content of coal fly ash specimens has been precisely determined, and their presence in the ash component of the original coal and their enrichment in coal fly ash particles during coal combustion have been suggested. REEs in coal fly ash dissolve gradually in H2SO4 over time, and this implies two types of occurrences of the REEs in coal fly ash particles. By applying the unreacted core model to the dissolution behavior of REEs in a H2SO4 solvent, we can explain both types of occurrences.
Origin, structure, and activity in vitro and in vivo of dalbavancin (2005)

Dalbavancin is a novel semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptide that was designed to improve upon the natural glycopeptides currently available, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Chemical modification of natural glycopeptides has produced compounds with more potent antimicrobial activity and longer t(1/2), while maintaining an excellent safety profile. Dalbavancin, prepared from a teicoplanin-like glycopeptide, has better activity, in vitro and in animal infection models, than vancomycin and teicoplanin. In particular, dalbavancin has excellent activity against staphylococci, including coagulase-negatives. A unique feature of dalbavancin is its pharmacokinetics, characterized by a long elimination t(1/2) in humans which makes a once-weekly dosing regimen feasible. Dalbavancin recently completed Phase 3 clinical trials in skin and skin structure infection.
Tetany: quantitative interrelationships between calcium and alkalosis (1975)

Tetany occurs with hypocalcemia and alkalosis or both. The interrelationship of calcium and acid-base balance necessary for inducing tetany, the role of the central nervous system, and the rate of development of hypocalcemia have been investigated. Tetany occurred in less than 50 percent of one group of dogs made alkalotic by hyperventilation or made hypocalcemic by infusion of ethylene glycol-bis(beta-amino ethyl ether) N, N'-tetraacetate. In contrast, hypocalcemia combined with hypocapnic alkalosis always produced tetany. Slowly evolving hypocalcemia was achieved inanother group of dogs by thyroparathyroidectomy, and tetany was induced postoperatively by hypocapnic alkalosis. An identical relationship between serum calcium ion concentration and arterial pH or CO2 tension was found in both groups. Tetany could not be related to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) calcium ion content in either group. Hypocalcemia and alkalosis are therefore coparticipants in the development of tetany and are independent of the rate of development of hypocalcemia and of CSF calcium ion concentration. The importance of alkalosis in tetany with hypoparathyroidism is emphasized.
Model-based troubleshooting of complex technical systems using integrated qualitative techniques (2002)

Monitoring and diagnosis of safety-critical dynamic systems are challenging tasks for knowledge-based programming. While current control systems usually rely on the total availability and computability of numerical information, they necessarily fail if these assumptions do not hold. As a consequence. Intelligent control systems are needed which have the ability to perform monitoring and diagnosis even if only incomplete or abstract pieces of information are available. Additionally, monitoring and diagnosis have to be integrated into an overall online control cycle in order to apply the concepts to dynamic systems which are characterized by time-varying parameters. An implemented expert system which fulfils these requirements is presented. Research work done in the field of model-based diagnosis of nuclear power plants using qualitative reasoning techniques is given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii DNA in clinical specimens by using polymerase chain reaction technology (1989)

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure for detecting rickettsial DNA was developed and shown to be specific for Rickettsia rickettsii and R. conorii, the etiologic agents of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) and Boutonneuse fever, respectively. Blood clots were obtained from nine confirmed RMSF patients and six controls and analyzed for the presence of rickettsial DNA by the PCR method. A defined region of the rickettsial genome was successfully amplified from seven of the nine clinical specimens tested; all six control specimens gave negative results. These findings indicate that R. rickettsii can be detected early after the onset of RMSF, possibly facilitating the decision regarding appropriate antibiotic therapy for some patients. Further refinement of PCR technology could make this procedure a mainstay in the clinical laboratory.
Substrate requirements for let-7 function in the developing zebrafish embryo (2004)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by base pairing to the 3'-UTR (untranslated region) of mRNAs. The let-7 miRNA was first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans and is evolutionarily conserved. We used zebrafish embryos as a vertebrate in vivo system to study substrate requirements for function of let-7. Injection of a double-stranded let-7 miRNA into the zygotes of zebrafish and frogs causes specific phenotypic defects. Only the antisense strand of the let-7 duplex has biological activity. In addition, co-injected mRNA of gfp fused to the 3'-UTR of a zebrafish lin-41 ortholog (a presumed target of let-7) is silenced by let-7. Point mutant studies revealed that the two let-7 target sites in the lin-41 3'-UTR are both essential and sufficient for silencing. let-7 and mir221 together, but not either of them alone, can silence a construct with one of the let-7 target sites replaced by a target site for mir221, showing that two different miRNAs can provide the required cooperative effect. let-7 target sites can be moved around: they are also functional when positioned in the coding sequence or even in the 5'-UTR of gfp. We took advantage of reporter and phenotypic assays to analyze the activity of all possible point mutant derivatives of let-7 and found that only the 5' region is critical for function of let-7.