gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Basic/Translational Development of Forthcoming Opioid- and Nonopioid-Targeted Pain Therapeutics (2017)

Opioids represent an efficacious therapeutic modality for some, but not all pain states. Singular reliance on opioid therapy for pain management has limitations, and abuse potential has deleterious consequences for patient and society. Our understanding of pain biology has yielded insights and opportunities for alternatives to conventional opioid agonists. The aim is to have efficacious therapies, with acceptable side effect profiles and minimal abuse potential, which is to say an absence of reinforcing activity in the absence of a pain state. The present work provides a nonexclusive overview of current drug targets and potential future directions of research and development. We discuss channel activators and blockers, including sodium channel blockers, potassium channel activators, and calcium channel blockers; glutamate receptor-targeted agents, including N-methyl-D-aspartate, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid, and metabotropic receptors. Furthermore, we discuss therapeutics targeted at γ-aminobutyric acid, α2-adrenergic, and opioid receptors. We also considered antagonists of angiotensin 2 and Toll receptors and agonists/antagonists of adenosine, purine receptors, and cannabinoids. Novel targets considered are those focusing on lipid mediators and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Of interest is development of novel targeting strategies, which produce long-term alterations in pain signaling, including viral transfection and toxins. We consider issues in the development of druggable molecules, including preclinical screening. While there are examples of successful translation, mechanistically promising preclinical candidates may unexpectedly fail during clinical trials because the preclinical models may not recapitulate the particular human pain condition being addressed. Molecular target characterization can diminish the disconnect between preclinical and humans' targets, which should assist in developing nonaddictive analgesics.
Adaptive PID controller based on <i>Q</i> ‐learning algorithm (2018)

An adaptive proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller based on Q ‐learning algorithm is proposed to balance the cart–pole system in simulation environment. This controller was trained using Q ‐learning algorithm and implemented the learned Q ‐tables to change the gains of linear PID controllers according to the state of the system during the control process. The adaptive PID controller based on Q ‐learning algorithm was trained from a set of fixed initial positions and was able to balance the system starting from a series of initial positions that are different from the ones used in the training session, which achieved equivalent or even better performances in comparison with the conventional PID controller and the controller only uses Q ‐learning algorithm. This indicates the advantage of the adaptive PID controller based on Q ‐learning algorithm both in the generality of balancing the cart–pole system from a relatively wide range of initial positions and in the stabilisability of achieving smaller steady‐state error.
‘Click’ Chemistry in Polymer and Materials Science (2007)

Abstract The modification of polymers after the successful achievement of a polymerization process represents an important task in macromolecular science. Cycloaddition reactions, among them the metal catalyzed azide/alkyne ‘click’ reaction (a variation of the Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction between terminal acetylenes and azides) represents an important contribution towards this endeavor. They combine high efficiency (usually above 95%) with a high tolerance of functional groups and solvents, as well as moderate reaction temperatures (25–70 °C). The present review assembles recent literature for applications of this reaction in the field of polymer science (linear polymers, dendrimers, gels) as well as the use of this and related reactions for surface modification on carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and on solid substrates, and includes the authors own publications in this field. A number of references (>100) are included. magnified image
Denervation-induced decrease in mitochondrial calcium transport in rat hippocampus. (1983)

Calcium accumulation by mitochondria and the activity and in vitro phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase were measured in control and partially denervated hippocampus. Calcium uptake was measured with a calcium-sensitive electrode and 45Ca2+ accumulation; both methods indicated that lesions of the entorhinal cortex produced a sizable reduction of calcium transport when mitochondria were fueled with pyruvate while much smaller changes were observed using succinate or ATP as energy sources. The decrease in calcium transport was evident by 24 hr after the lesion and was still present 6 months later. Synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria were similarly affected by the lesions. The activity and in vitro phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase were also significantly reduced following lesions of the entorhinal cortex, suggesting that denervation altered the endogenous state of phosphorylation of the mitochondrial enzyme. Commissural lesions but not septal lesions also resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial calcium transport when mitochondria were fueled with pyruvate. These findings suggest that denervation disturbs mitochondrial regulation of free calcium via an action on enzymes which regulate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation and activity. The potential relationship of this effect to degenerative changes associated with deafferentation and certain disease states is discussed.
A new video search approach based on user's preference and query ambiguity (2013)

Common re-ranking algorithms such as PageRank and HITS are not suitable for text-based video search approaches. Methods that utilize addition information (such as video length, release time) require too much user participation and cannot meet the different need of the users with different preference. Personalized search that collect users' preference information implicitly and re-rank the search result automatically can be used to re-rank search results for the text-based video search approach. Most existing personalized approaches only utilize users' long term preference or short term preference. They ignore the ambiguity difference among queries and suffer from adverse affects brought by improper personalized strategy over queries with certain ambiguity. We propose a new search approach and develop a system called CMSearch. CMSearch utilizes both users' long term preference and short term preference to capture us.ers' preference and makes use of the query ambiguity to adjust the utilization of the preference. Performance tests show that the system archives an average Ranking Score improvement of 37.52%.
Load balancing for parallel forwarding (2005)

Workload distribution is critical to the performance of network processor based parallel forwarding systems. Scheduling schemes that operate at the packet level, e.g., round-robin, cannot preserve packet-ordering within individual TCP connections. Moreover, these schemes create duplicate information in processor caches and therefore are inefficient in resource utilization. Hashing operates at the flow level and is naturally able to maintain per-connection packet ordering; besides, it does not pollute caches. A pure hash-based system, however, cannot balance processor load in the face of highly skewed flow-size distributions in the Internet; usually, adaptive methods are needed. In this paper, based on measurements of Internet traffic, we examine the sources of load imbalance in hash-based scheduling schemes. We prove that under certain Zipf-like flow-size distributions, hashing alone is not able to balance workload. We introduce a new metric to quantify the effects of adaptive load balancing on overall forwarding performance. To achieve both load balancing and efficient system resource utilization, we propose a scheduling scheme that classifies Internet flows into two categories: the aggressive and the normal, and applies different scheduling policies to the two classes of flows. Compared with most state-of-the-art parallel forwarding schemes, our work exploits flow-level Internet traffic characteristics.
Physics-Based Inverse Processing and Multi-path Exploitation for Through-Wall Radar Imaging (2011)

Microwave imaging of hidden targets in a complex scattering medium has drawn much attention as it can be used to gather information of concealed targets.Among these, through-wall radar imaging (TWI) is an emerging technology for "seeing" through walls to determine building layout and occupancy.This dissertation focuses on the development of special signal processing techniques to address the impact of wall distortion on the interior image.The goal is to develop radar imaging techniques that incorporate electromagnetic propagation models of the wall structure to improve target restoration.
A genetically optimized artificial neural network structure for feature extraction and classification of vascular tissue fluorescence spectrums (2002)

The optimization of Neural Network structures for feature extraction and classification by employing Genetic Algorithms is addressed here. More precisely, a non-linear filter based on High Order Neural Networks (HONN) whose weights are updated by stable learning laws is used to extract the characteristic features of fluorescence spectrums correspond to human tissue samples of different stares. The process is optimized by a generic algorithm which maximizes the separability of different classes. The features are then classified with a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP). The high rates of success together with the small time needed to analyze the signals, proves our method very attractive for real time applications.
Shape from shading with a linear triangular element surface model (1993)

The authors propose to combine a triangular element surface model with a linearized reflectance map to formulate the shape-from-shading problem. The main idea is to approximate a smooth surface by the union of triangular surface patches called triangular elements and express the approximating surface as a linear combination of a set of nodal basis functions. Since the surface normal of a triangular element is uniquely determined by the heights of its three vertices (or nodes), image brightness can be directly related to nodal heights using the linearized reflectance map. The surface height can then be determined by minimizing a quadratic cost functional corresponding to the squares of brightness errors and solved effectively with the multigrid computational technique. The proposed method does not require any integrability constraint or artificial assumptions on boundary conditions. Simulation results for synthetic and real images are presented to illustrate the performance and efficiency of the method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Few‐Layer Black Phosphorus Carbide Field‐Effect Transistor via Carbon Doping (2017)

Black phosphorus carbide (b-PC) is a new family of layered semiconducting material that has recently been predicted to have the lightest electrons and holes among all known 2D semiconductors, yielding a p-type mobility (≈10<sup>5</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> ) at room temperature that is approximately five times larger than the maximum value in black phosphorus. Here, a high-performance composite few-layer b-PC field-effect transistor fabricated via a novel carbon doping technique which achieved a high hole mobility of 1995 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> at room temperature is reported. The absorption spectrum of this material covers an electromagnetic spectrum in the infrared regime not served by black phosphorus and is useful for range finding applications as the earth atmosphere has good transparency in this spectral range. Additionally, a low contact resistance of 289 Ω µm is achieved using a nickel phosphide alloy contact with an edge contacted interface via sputtering and thermal treatment.
Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide: An endogenous ligand that stimulates imidazol(in)e receptors (2004)

We identified the previously unknown structures of ribosylated imidazoleacetic acids in rat, bovine, and human tissues to be imidazole-4-acetic acid-ribotide (IAA-RP) and its metabolite, imidazole-4-acetic acid-riboside. We also found that IAA-RP has physicochemical properties similar to those of an unidentified substance(s) extracted from mammalian tissues that interacts with imidazol(in)e receptors (I-Rs). ["Imidazoline," by consensus (International Union of Pharmacology), includes imidazole, imidazoline, and related compounds. We demonstrate that the imidazole IAA-RP acts at I-Rs, and because few (if any) imidazolines exist in vivo, we have adopted the term "imidazol(in)e-Rs."] The latter regulate multiple functions in the CNS and periphery. We now show that IAA-RP (i) is present in brain and tissue extracts that exhibit I-R activity; (ii) is present in neurons of brainstem areas, including the rostroventrolateral medulla, a region where drugs active at I-Rs are known to modulate blood pressure; (iii) is present within synaptosome-enriched fractions of brain where its release is Ca(2+)-dependent, consistent with transmitter function; (iv) produces I-R-linked effects in vitro (e.g., arachidonic acid and insulin release) that are blocked by relevant antagonists; and (v) produces hypertension when microinjected into the rostroventrolateral medulla. Our data also suggest that IAA-RP may interact with a novel imidazol(in)e-like receptor at this site. We propose that IAA-RP is a neuroregulator acting via I-Rs.
Neoplastic transformation and lineage switching of rat liver epithelial cells by retrovirus‐associated oncogenes (1988)

Tumors produced by a chemically transformed rat liver epithelial (RLE) cell line and its single cell-derived clonal subpopulations demonstrate wide-ranging morphological presentations including carcinomas, sarcomas, "mixed epithelial-mesenchymal" tumors, and undifferentiated tumors [Am J Pathol 127:168-181, 1987]. To address the question of heterogeneity of tumors derived from transformed RLE cells, we have used recombinant retroviruses containing the following transforming oncogenes: v-raf (3611-MSV), v-raflv-myc (J2), v-myc (J5), and v-Ha-ras (pRNR16). All of the oncogenes, with the exception of v-myc (J5), were efficient transforming agents in the RLE cells. Tumors derived from the v-raf- and, to a lesser extent, those from v-Ha-ras-transformed RLE cells showed mixed epithelial-mesenchymal morphology, whereas the combination of v-raflv-myc (J2) consistently produced differentiated trabecular carcinomas. These data suggest that the lineage commitment of the RLE cells can be perturbed by a single transforming oncogene and that different tumor types derived from these cells may reflect the expression of a selective oncogene or a combination of oncogenes.
Temperature control of a solar tower receiver based on the Lyapunov method (2015)

This article describes an approach to design a temperature controller for a solar tower receiver that receives concentrated solar energy from a field of heliostats and is employed to transfers energy to a heat transfer fluid (HTF), such as molten salt. During the operation of solar receiver, its temperature and the temperature of the HTF fluid must be controlled to obtain the maximum economical yield constrained by operational safety margins and by the designed life span of the receiver. To attain this purpose, fluid flow and the positions of the heliostats are used as manipulated variables to control the error between the temperature reference and the temperature of the fluid at the receiver outlet. The presence of disturbances is an important factor to consider during the receiver operation. They include solar energy fluctuations caused by weather conditions, presence of moving clouds, the apparent movement of the sun, and wind that can change energy losses. The controller is designed in two steps. In the first step, the thermal stationary operating point of the solar receiver is defined and is used to build a nonlinear dynamical equation of the temperature error. In the second step, the stability of the nonlinear error dynamics, that depends on the speed of the fluid and on the concentrating power of the heliostats, is analyzed using the Lyapunov method. From this analysis the control system is defined, resulting in a nonlinear feed-forward term used to compensate the solar energy fluctuations, and a statefeedback controller that adjusts the the fluid flow to compensate temperature deviations from the temperature reference.
n−3 Fatty acid deficiency decreases phosphatidylserine accumulation selectively in neuronal tissues (2000)

We have previously shown that the docosahexaenoate (22:6n-3) status in membrane phospholipids influences the biosynthesis and accumulation of phosphatidylserine (PS) in brain microsomes and C6 glioma cells. In the present study, we investigated whether the observed effect of membrane docosahexaenoic acid status on PS accumulation is universal or occurs specifically in neuronal tissues. We observed that rat brain cortex, brain mitochondria, and olfactory bulb, where 22:6n-3 is highly concentrated, contain significantly higher levels of PS in comparison to liver and adrenal, where 22:6n-3 is a rather minor component. Phospholipid molecular species analysis revealed that in brain cortex, mitochondria, and olfactory bulb 18:0,22:6n-3 was the most abundant species representing 45-65% of total PS. In nonneuronal tissues such as liver and adrenal, 18:0,20:4n-6 was the major PS species. Dietary depletion of n-3 fatty acids during prenatal and postnatal developmental periods decreased the brain 22:6n-3 content by more than 80%, with a concomitant increase in 22:5n-6 in all tissues. Under these conditions, an approximately 30-35% reduction in total PS in rat brain cortex, brain mitochondria, and olfactory bulb was observed, while PS levels in liver and adrenal were unchanged. The observed reduction of PS content in neuronal membranes appears to be due to a dramatic reduction of 18:0,22:6n-3-PS without complete replacement by 18:0,22:5n-6-PS. These results establish that variations in membrane 22:6n-3 fatty acid composition have a profound influence on PS accumulation in neuronal tissues where 22:6n-3 is abundant. These data have implications in neuronal signaling events where PS is believed to play an important role.
A Research on the Estimation Method for the SOC of the Lithium Batteries Using AC Impedance (2009)

A characteristic feature of leukemia cells is a blockade of differentiation at a distinct stage in cellular maturation. In the 1970s and 1980s, studies demonstrating the capabilities of certain chemicals to induce differentiation of hematopoietic cell lines fostered the concept of treating leukemia by forcing malignant cells to undergo terminal differentiation instead of killing them through cytotoxicity. The first promising reports on this notion prompted a review article on this subject by us 25 years ago. In this review, we revisit this interesting field of study and report the progress achieved in the course of nearly 3 decades. The best proof of principle for differentiation therapy has been the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid. Attempts to emulate this success with other nuclear hormone ligands such as vitamin D compounds and PPARgamma agonists or different classes of substances such as hematopoietic cytokines or compounds affecting the epigenetic landscape have not been successful on a broad scale. However, a multitude of studies demonstrating partial progress and improvements and, finally, the new powerful possibilities of forward and reverse engineering of differentiation pathways by manipulation of transcription factors support the continued enthusiasm for differentiation therapy of leukemia in the future.
Integrin α5β1, the Fibronectin Receptor, as a Pertinent Therapeutic Target in Solid Tumors (2013)

Integrins are transmembrane heterodimeric proteins sensing the cell microenvironment and modulating numerous signalling pathways. Changes in integrin expression between normal and tumoral cells support involvement of specific integrins in tumor progression and aggressiveness. This review highlights the current knowledge about α5β1 integrin, also called the fibronectin receptor, in solid tumors. We summarize data showing that α5β1 integrin is a pertinent therapeutic target expressed by tumoral neovessels and tumoral cells. Although mainly evaluated in preclinical models, α5β1 integrin merits interest in particular in colon, breast, ovarian, lung and brain tumors where its overexpression is associated with a poor prognosis for patients. Specific α5β1 integrin antagonists will be listed that may represent new potential therapeutic agents to fight defined subpopulations of particularly aggressive tumors.
FPGA-based High-Performance Parallel Architecture for Homomorphic Computing on Encrypted Data (2019)

Homomorphic encryption is a tool that enables computation on encrypted data and thus has applications in privacy-preserving cloud computing. Though conceptually amazing, implementation of homomorphic encryption is very challenging and typically software implementations on general purpose computers are extremely slow. In this paper we present our year long effort to design a domain specific architecture in a heterogeneous Arm+FPGA platform to accelerate homomorphic computing on encrypted data. We design a custom co-processor for the computationally expensive operations of the well-known Fan-Vercauteren (FV) homomorphic encryption scheme on the FPGA, and make the Arm processor a server for executing different homomorphic applications in the cloud, using this FPGA-based co-processor. We use the most recent arithmetic and algorithmic optimization techniques and perform designspace exploration on different levels of the implementation hierarchy. In particular we apply circuit-level and block-level pipeline strategies to boost the clock frequency and increase the throughput respectively. To reduce computation latency, we use parallel processing at all levels. Starting from the highly optimized building blocks, we gradually build our multi-core multi-processor architecture for computing. We implemented and tested our optimized domain specific programmable architecture on a single Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC ZCU102 Evaluation Kit. At 200 MHz FPGA-clock, our implementation achieves over 13x speedup with respect to a highly optimized software implementation of the FV homomorphic encryption scheme on an Intel i5 processor running at 1.8 GHz.
Beam Shaping by Using the Liquid Crystal Panel of a Commercial Display Device (2005)

The liquid crystal (LC) panel of a commercially-available LCD projector is successfully used for beam shaping, and a Gaussian beam is converted to a square super-Gaussian beam using the configuration of amplitude modulation. The additional phase modulations imposed by the LC modulator on the shaped beams are measured precisely using an interferometric technique. The experimental results have demonstrated that such a commercially-available programmable spatial light modulator is applicable to beam shaping with negligible additional phase modulation.