gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Water Supply Economics (1976)

Water supply systems are generally composed of: (1)Collection works; (2)purification works, where needed; and (3)transportation and distribution systems. There is much controversy over which economic arguments can be applied to water supply; e.g., it is often said that water supply exhibits significant economies of scale, thereby justifying larger and larger systems. This may be true when considering the purification works, but does not necessarily apply to the total treatment and distribution system. In this paper representative cost data collected from one of a series of case studies being conducted by the EPA are presented. These data should be useful in evaluating the relative economic impact and importance of the various components in the system. A suggestion is made as to the way in which the cost of water varies throughout the distribution system.
Remote Bridge Deflection Measurement Using an Advanced Video Deflectometer and Actively Illuminated LED Targets (2016)

An advanced video deflectometer using actively illuminated LED targets is proposed for remote, real-time measurement of bridge deflection. The system configuration, fundamental principles, and measuring procedures of the video deflectometer are first described. To address the challenge of remote and accurate deflection measurement of large engineering structures without being affected by ambient light, the novel idea of active imaging, which combines high-brightness monochromatic LED targets with coupled bandpass filter imaging, is introduced. Then, to examine the measurement accuracy of the proposed advanced video deflectometer in outdoor environments, vertical motions of an LED target with precisely-controlled translations were measured and compared with prescribed values. Finally, by tracking six LED targets mounted on the bridge, the developed video deflectometer was applied for field, remote, and multipoint deflection measurement of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, one of the most prestigious and most publicized constructions in China, during its routine safety evaluation tests. Since the proposed video deflectometer using actively illuminated LED targets offers prominent merits of remote, contactless, real-time, and multipoint deflection measurement with strong robustness against ambient light changes, it has great potential in the routine safety evaluation of various bridges and other large-scale engineering structures.
Design and analysis of a high pressure piezoelectric actuated microvalve (2007)

A normally open piezoelectric actuated microvalve which modulates a gas flow is fabricated and tested. This work is based on the novel concept of combining micro-machining- and fine machining. The microvalve was tested for air flow. It is shown that a flow rate of 250 ml min-1 for a pressure difference of 4 bars can be achieved. The continuous and controlled flow of gas at any stage of valve operation can be obtained. Additionally, it has been shown that almost no hysteresis occurs during the valve operation and the power consumption is very low.
Harmonic generation with multi‐layer dielectric metasurfaces (2021)

Abstract Metasurfaces have recently gained extensive interest because of their extraordinary optical behavior as artificial material interfaces with ultrahigh compactness. In this framework, dielectric platforms have newly become very promising for nonlinear nanophotonics, providing opportunities, especially for ultrafast optical switching, and high harmonic generation, opening the research field of nonlinear metaoptics. Up to now, nonlinear metaoptics have been mostly explored using single metasurfaces. However, in a long‐term vision, the stacking of optical metasurfaces, very challenging in terms of fabrication, is one key goal of this research field. Here, we demonstrate a three‐layer metasurface in the AlGaAs‐on‐insulator platform, which improves the second harmonic generation efficiency by more than one order of magnitude with respect to its one‐layer counterpart. Our achievement paves the way toward phase‐shaping multilayer and multifunctional all‐dielectric metasurfaces.
Half-Life and Clearance of pH 6.8 and pH 4.25 Immunoglobulin G Intravenous Preparations in Patients with Primary Disorders of Humoral Immunity (1986)

The half-life (t1/2) and clearance of IgG and three antibodies--to tetanus, pneumococcus type 3, and pneumococcus type 7--were evaluated in 38 patients who participated in a multicenter, double-blind, crossover study comparing two immunoglobulin G intravenous preparations, IGIV pH 6.8 and the new IGIV pH 4.25. IgG metabolism was evaluated after the sixth infusion by measuring the decline in concentration of IgG and specific antibody. The t1/2 values of IgG varied greatly, but the mean values of 32 and 37 days are comparable to those determined in previous studies with use of radiolabeled IgG and are longer than those reported in normal volunteers. The t1/2 values for specific antibodies, especially those to tetanus, tended to be shorter than those for IgG. The clearance of IgG and antibodies also varied widely, but even though there was some relationship between the clearance and t1/2 in individual patients, the poor correlation (R2 less than .5) suggested that other factors, such as redistribution or loss of damaged molecules, are as important as the catabolic rate. Thus, clearance may be a more reliable parameter than t1/2 in evaluating the metabolism of IgG.
Design and implementation of low-power digit-serial multipliers (1997)

Digit-serial architectures obtained using traditional unfolding techniques cannot be pipelined beyond a certain level because of the presence of feedback loops. In this paper, a novel design methodology is presented which permits bit-level pipelining of the digit-serial architectures. This achieves sample speeds close to corresponding bit-parallel multipliers with significantly lower area. This increased sample speed can be traded with reduction in power supply voltage resulting in significant reduction in power consumption. The results show that for transformed multipliers with smaller digit-sizes (/spl les/4), the singly-redundant multiplier consumes the least power and for larger digit sizes, the type-I multiplier consumes the least power. It is also found that the optimum digit-size for least power consumption in type-I and type-III multipliers is /spl sim//spl radic/(2 W), where W represents the word-length. The proposed digit-serial multipliers consume on an average 20% lower power than the traditional digit-serial architectures for the non-pipelined case, and about 5-15 times lower power for the bit-level pipelined case. Also, modified Booth (1951) recoding is applied to transformed multipliers and it is found that the recoded multipliers consume about 22% lower power than the transformed multipliers without recoding.
Treating Metastatic Solid Tumors With Bortezomib and a Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor Agonist Antibody (2008)

Bortezomib combined with DR5 agonist monoclonal antibody may be a useful treatment for metastatic solid tumors.
Ras plasma membrane signalling platforms (2005)

The plasma membrane is a complex, dynamic structure that provides platforms for the assembly of many signal transduction pathways. These platforms have the capacity to impose an additional level of regulation on cell signalling networks. In this review, we will consider specifically how Ras proteins interact with the plasma membrane. The focus will be on recent studies that provide novel spatial and dynamic insights into the micro-environments that different Ras proteins utilize for signal transduction. We will correlate these recent studies suggesting Ras proteins might operate within a heterogeneous plasma membrane with earlier biochemical work on Ras signal transduction.
Ioncell-F: ionic liquid-based cellulosic textile fibers as an alternative to viscose and Lyocell (2015)

Ioncell-F, a recently developed process for the production of man-made cellulosic fibers from ionic liquid solutions by dry-jet wet spinning, is presented as an alternative to the viscose and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO)-based Lyocell processes. The ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene acetate was identified as excellent cellulose solvent allowing for a rapid dissolution at moderate temperatures and subsequent shaping into continuous filaments. The highly oriented cellulose fibers obtained upon coagulation in cold water exhibited superior tenacity, exceeding that of commercial viscose and NMMO-based Lyocell (Tencel®) fibers. The respective staple fibers, which have been converted into two-ply yarn by ring spinning technology, presented very high tenacity. Furthermore, the Ioncell yarn showed very good behavior during the knitting and weaving processes, reflecting the quality of the produced yarn. The successfully knitted and woven garments from the Ioncell yarn demonstrate the suitability of this particular ionic liquid for the production of man-made cellulosic fibers and thus give a promising outlook for the future of the Ioncell-F process.
Fabrication of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube electrode and its modification by nanostructured MnO2 for supercapacitors (2009)

Abstract Strongly bonded arrays of vertically aligned, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been successfully grown on Ta foils, and provide a convenient basis for fabricating electrodes with high conductivity and stability. The MWNT arrays were further coated by nanostructured MnO 2 through reacting with KMnO 4 solution at room temperature. The morphology of the MnO 2 /MWNT nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the MnO 2 is a beehive-like nanostructure that is homogeneously and densely coated on the surface of the MWNTs. The capacitance of the MWNT electrode was significantly increased from 0.14 to 6.81 mF cm –2 after being modified with nanostructured MnO 2 , that is, the mass-specific capacitance of the bare and MnO 2 -modified MWNTs was about 33 and 446 F g –1 , respectively. The MnO 2 /MWNT nanocomposite on Ta foils could be potential for developing a supercapacitor.
The viral potassium channel Kcv: structural and functional features (2003)

The chlorella virus PBCV-1 was the first virus found to encode a functional potassium channel protein (Kcv). Kcv is small (94 aa) and basically consists of the M1-P-M2 (membrane-pore-membrane) module typical of the pore regions of all known potassium channels. Kcv forms functional channels in three heterologous systems. This brief review discusses the gating, permeability and modulation properties of Kcv and compares them to the properties of bacterial and mammalian K+ channels.
Accelerated search for materials with targeted properties by adaptive design (2016)

Finding new materials with targeted properties has traditionally been guided by intuition, and trial and error. With increasing chemical complexity, the combinatorial possibilities are too large for an Edisonian approach to be practical. Here we show how an adaptive design strategy, tightly coupled with experiments, can accelerate the discovery process by sequentially identifying the next experiments or calculations, to effectively navigate the complex search space. Our strategy uses inference and global optimization to balance the trade-off between exploitation and exploration of the search space. We demonstrate this by finding very low thermal hysteresis (ΔT) NiTi-based shape memory alloys, with Ti50.0Ni46.7Cu0.8Fe2.3Pd0.2 possessing the smallest ΔT (1.84 K). We synthesize and characterize 36 predicted compositions (9 feedback loops) from a potential space of ∼800,000 compositions. Of these, 14 had smaller ΔT than any of the 22 in the original data set.
Tears of the Rotator Cuff. Causes - Diagnosis - Treatment (2014)

Rotator cuff ruptures are the most common degenerative tendon injury and occur mainly in older patients as multifactorial disorders manifesting the main symptoms of pain and restricted range of motion. Thorough clinical examination of the shoulder includes testing the function of the rotator cuff and leads to a tentative clinical diagnosis that is the prerequisite for diagnostic imaging procedures. Sonography of the shoulder gives rapid access to a very good sensitive overview of the rotator cuff. Conventional radiological imaging permits differential diagnosis since a reduced acromiohumeral interval is understood as a direct sign of rotator cuff rupture. The gold standard in imaging diagnostics is MRI because it not only delivers images of rotator cuff defects, but also permits interpretation of degenerative changes in the musculature. Significant pain relief can be achieved by conservative therapy such as analgesia, manual therapy and physiotherapeutic exercises and leads to improvements in the active range of motion. Persistent pain or progressive pain during conservative therapy are indications for surgical intervention. Arthroscopy-assisted treatment is tissue friendlier than open surgery and is today considered the standard for surgical treatment of rotator cuff rupture because of higher patient acceptance. Recent studies report that surgical rotator cuff repair leads to significant improvement in function, pain relief, and greater patient satisfaction. The principles of postoperative care after surgical rotator cuff repair are immobilization and gradual loading with passive and active exercises.
Axons Containing a Prolactin-Like Peptide Project into the Perivascular Layer of the Median Eminence: An Immunocytochemical Light and Electron Microscope Study in Adult and Infant Rats (1988)

A light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study was undertaken to explore the fine structural organization of prolactin-immunoreactive axons in the rat median eminence. In adult intact males and females and in hypophysectomized females, light microscopic immunocytochemical labeling of the mediobasal hypothalamus revealed a marked concentration of prolactin-like immunoreactive fibers in the perivascular layer throughout the median eminence and the hypophysial stalk. At the electron microscopic level, immunostaining was associated with typical neurosecretory axons located either in the palisade layer where they displayed numerous contacts with tanycyte processes, or in the perivascular layer where they frequently contacted the perivascular space. Within the labeled axonal profiles, immunostaining was essentially located on secretory granules, 90-120 nm in diameter, whereas the microvesicles accumulated in some perivascular profiles constantly remained unlabeled. These data strongly suggest that most prolactin-immunoreactive axons of the median eminence release their content into the hypophysial portal vessels. In 1-day-old infant rats, intensely prolactin-like immunoreactive fibers were similarly localized in the most external layer of the median eminence, in which, contrary to adult animals, very slight if any tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were detected. Since earlier studies have provided evidence for a nondopaminergic prolactin-release-inhibiting factor in the hypothalamus of infant rats, and for an inhibitory effect of prolactin on pituitary mammotrophs, we propose that hypothalamic prolactin may contribute, as an additional prolactin-release-inhibiting factor, to the multifactorial control of pituitary mammotrophs.
Signed Distance Computation Using the Angle Weighted Pseudonormal (2005)

The normals of closed, smooth surfaces have long been used to determine whether a point is inside or outside such a surface. It is tempting to also use this method for polyhedra represented as triangle meshes. Unfortunately, this is not possible since, at the vertices and edges of a triangle mesh, the surface is not C1 continuous, hence, the normal is undefined at these loci. In this paper, we undertake to show that the angle weighted pseudonormal (originally proposed by Thürmer and Wüthrich and independently by Séquin) has the important property that it allows us to discriminate between points that are inside and points that are outside a mesh, regardless of whether a mesh vertex, edge, or face is the closest feature. This inside-outside information is usually represented as the sign in the signed distance to the mesh. In effect, our result shows that this sign can be computed as an integral part of the distance computation. Moreover, it provides an additional argument in favor of the angle weighted pseudonormals being the natural extension of the face normals. Apart from the theoretical results, we also propose a simple and efficient algorithm for computing the signed distance to a closed C0 mesh. Experiments indicate that the sign computation overhead when running this algorithm is almost negligible.
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) (1992)

In Reply.— I am confused by Dr Waage's letter. What does he mean by "the literature supports that the majority of meconium-stained neonates fall into such a category?" Does he mean it is substantiated that the majority of these neonates do not require intubation? Yes, 95% of such neonates will not develop MAS, but how does one identify those at risk who "require" intubation. Clearly, depressed neonates born through thick meconium are at the highest risk for MAS, but MAS will occur in apparently vigorous newborns or those born through thin-consistency fluid.1,2
Immunology of stem cells and cancer stem cells. (2007)

The capacity of pluri-potent stem cells to repair the tissues in which stem cells reside holds great promise in development of novel cell replacement therapeutics for treating chronic and degenerative diseases. However, numerous reports show that stem cell therapy, even in an autologous setting, triggers lymphocyte infiltration and inflammation. Therefore, an important question to be answered is how the host immune system responds to engrafted autologous stem cells or allogeneous stem cells. In this brief review, we summarize the progress in several related areas in this field, including some of our data, in four sections: (1) immunogenicity of stem cells; (2) strategies to inhibit immune rejection to allograft stem cells; (3) immune responses to cancer stem cells; and (4) mesenchymal stem cells in immune regulation. Improvement of our understanding on these and other aspects of immune system-stem cell interplay would greatly facilitate the development of stem cell-based therapeutics for regenerative purposes.
Anxiety and Learning Disorders (1991)

Anxiety in children with learning disorders may stem from many causes. In children with specific learning disabilities, their stimulus barrier cannot cope with the perceptual and conceptual distortions caused by their specific central nervous system processing problems. In children with structural (organic) central nervous system defects and in those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders, their stimulus barrier is so attenuated that it is overwhelmed by external stimuli and by the task of modulating internal drives. And, in some children the balance between the child's needs and the ability of the environment to meet those needs is disturbed. In each case, stimuli are not appropriately modulated and anxiety ensues. A comprehensive examination ofeach child is needed to determine the source of the anxiety and to offer appropriate management.
Prototyping Web applications (2000)

Design of large WWW sites can be a very complex task if not supported by a suitable theoretical model. A good structural design model, in fact, is able to precisely define the information structures of this kind of multimedia applications and the related navigation patterns. Moreover, through a good design model the designer is able to precisely formulate his/ber ideas, discuss them and revise them, without actually starting any implementation. The modeling activity necessarily implies rough initial ideas, revisions, versions, etc. For these reasons a design-supporting environment, allowing the modeler to be effective and precise, is essential. Moreover the site prototyping, starting from the structural design model, is very helpful for at least three reasons: non-expert "readers" can't fully grasp what the designed application is about, unless they can see it. The second reason is that even expert designer, once the design is pretty mature, may need to visualize the outcome of the design itself, before going to actual implementation. The third reason is that "visual designers" need also to step in their own idea, to develop it and try it, before completing the design process. In this paper we do not discuss design models, which am a research field on its own. The paper discusses, instead, a design/prototyping environment and presents the relevant features of JWeb, a design/prototyping environment being developed as a joint effort from Polite~nico di Milano and Universit~ di Lecce, in Italy.
Les dérivations souterraines de la Durance et l'avenir de la Crau (1931)

George P. Les dérivations souterraines de la Durance et l'avenir de la Crau. In: Les Études rhodaniennes, vol. 7, n°2, 1931. pp. 193-199.
Contribution of Clumping Factor B to Pathogenesis of Experimental Endocarditis due to <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2000)

Staphylococcus aureus Newman with an insertion mutation in clfB, the gene encoding clumping factor B, only marginally decreased infection rate (P>0.05) in rats with experimental endocarditis. In contrast, clfB complementation on a multicopy plasmid significantly increased infectivity (P<0.05) over the deleted mutants. Although clfB could affect endovascular infection, its importance in experimental endocarditis was limited.
Controlling Initial and Final Radii to Achieve a Low-Complexity Sphere Decoding Technique in MIMO Channels (2012)

In order to apply sphere decoding algorithm in multiple-input multiple-output communication systems and to make it feasible for real-time applications, its computational complexity should be decreased. To achieve this goal, this paper provides some useful insights into the effect of initial and the final sphere radii and estimating them effortlessly. It also discusses practical ways of initiating the algorithm properly and terminating it before the normal end of the process as well as the cost of these methods. Besides, a novel algorithm is introduced which utilizes the presented techniques according to a threshold factor which is defined in terms of the number of transmit antennas and the noise variance. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm offers a desirable performance and reasonable complexity satisfying practical constraints.
A New Family of Plant Antifungal Proteins (1991)

Plant seeds contain high concentrations of many antimicrobial proteins. These include chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases, proteinase inhibitors, and ribosome-inactivating proteins. We recently reported the presence in corn seeds of zeamatin, a protein that has potent activity against a variety of fungi but has none of the above activities. Zeamatin is a 22-kDa protein that acts by causing membrane permeabilization Using a novel bioautography technique, we found similar antifungal proteins in the seeds of 6 of 12 plants examined. A polyclonal antiserum was raised against zeamatin and was used in immunoblots to confirm the presence of zeamatinlike proteins in these seeds. N-terminal amino acid sequencing was carried out on the antifungal proteins from corn, oats, sorghum, and wheat, and these sequences revealed considerable homology with each other. Interestingly, these N-terminal sequences are also similar to those of thaumatin, a pathogenesis-related protein from tobacco, and two salt stress-induced proteins. These results indicate that zeamatin is not unique but is a member of a previously unrecognized family of plant defense proteins that may include some species of pathogenesis-related proteins.