gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extremely high current density, low peak voltage, pseudomorphic In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As/AlAs/InAs resonant tunneling diodes (2003)

A fundamental objective in the design of resonant tunneling diodes for microwave oscillators and digital switching is the achievement of the highest possible peak current density at the lowest possible peak voltage, while maintaining a high peak-to-valley current ratio and wide valley region. It is demonstrated that by combining very thin AlAs barriers with relatively wide InAs wells, within bounding regions of InGaAs lattice-matched to InP, it is possible to achieve room-temperature peak current densities in excess of 450 kA/cm/sup 2/, the highest ever reported for resonant tunneling diodes, at peak voltages as low as 0.7 V. The corresponding peak-to-valley current ratio is approximately 3.6. By working within the InGaAlAs quaternary system, the device designer has a great deal of flexibility and latitude in sculpturing the device structure to optimize a number of specific performance characteristics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Real-time electrochemical detection of pathogen DNA using electrostatic interaction of a redox probe (2012)

Electrostatic redox probes interaction has been widely rendered for DNA quantification. We have established a proof-of-principle by using the ruthenium hexaamine molecule [Ru(NH(3))(6)](3+). We have applied this method for real-time electrochemical monitoring of a loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) amplicon of target genes of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by square wave voltammetry (SWV). Ruthenium hexaamine interaction with free DNAs in solution without being immobilized onto the biochip surface enabled us to discard the time-consuming overnight probe immobilization step in DNA quantification. We have measured the changes in the cathodic current signals using screen printed low-cost biochips both in the presence and the absence of LAMP amplicons of target DNAs in the solution-phase. By using this novel probe, we successfully carried out the real-time isothermal amplification and detection in less than 30 min for S. aureus and E. coli with a sensitivity up to 30 copies μL(-1) and 20 copies μL(-1), respectively. The cathode peak height of the current was related to the extent of amplicon formation and the amount of introduced template genomic DNA. Importantly, since laborious probe immobilization is not necessary at all, and both the in vitro amplification and real-time monitoring are performed in a single polypropylene tube using a single biochip, this novel approach could avoid all potential cross-contamination in the whole procedure.
Choosing an optimal radioimmunotherapy dose for clinical response (2002)

Clinical trials have documented the single-agent efficacy of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in lymphoma, and several combination therapy studies are now in progress. RIT agents are currently becoming generally available for clinical use in lymphoma therapy. Solid tumors, which are notoriously less responsive to any single agent, have demonstrated clinically useful responses, albeit temporary, and multimodality studies have been instituted. However, a sincere debate continues regarding the basic parameters to be used to define appropriate therapeutic dosing when using this modality in clinical cancer care. It is a good time to reevaluate relevant dose response information from preclinical and clinical RIT. Preclinical studies have demonstrated abundant evidence of dose response in tumor and normal tissue in homogenous model systems; however, substantive variation occurs between the dose responses of tumors with low and variable (or shed) antigen expression, as well as between histologically different tumor models. Clinical studies of various heavily pretreated patient populations given several very different RIT pharmaceuticals have led to disparate conclusions regarding patient dosing methods and dosimetric predictions of toxicity and efficacy. Single-study data on previously untreated lymphoma patients with similar histology has demonstrated a correlation of imaging dosimetry with toxicity and tumor response. High-dose therapy with bone marrow support has also demonstrated a high tumor response rate and nonmarrow normal organ toxicities that correlate with the calculated dose to those organs from imaging. In iodine-131 ((131)I)--anti-CD20 studies, (131)I was demonstrated to have variable excretion, and estimated total-body radiation dose from tracer study proved a predictive surrogate for marrow toxicity. Yttrium-90 ((90)Y)--anti-CD20, which has little (90)Y excretion from the body, demonstrated the injected dose per body weight to be more predictive of marrow toxicity than indium-111 ((111)In) tracer dosimetry methods in heavily pretreated patients, and showed maximal safety with standard mCi/kg therapy dosing. Variations in clinical RIT choices, dosing methods, and dosimetry methods emphasize the need to review the relevant information to date. Future clinical trial designs, the sophistication of dosimetry, treatment planning, and clinical treatment decisions should all be focused on achieving the best benefit-risk relationship for each patient.
Ascorbic acid and gastrointestinal cancer. (1995)

A literature review was made to critically evaluate the ability of ascorbic acid to modulate the incidence of gastrointestinal cancer. A comparison of preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies indicated that evidence for ascorbic acid as an inhibitor of carcinogenesis is stronger with regard to gastric cancer and weaker with regard to esophageal and colon/rectal cancer. Insufficient evidence currently exists regarding the oral cavity and the use of ascorbic acid in precancerous conditions such as polyposis and leukoplakia.
Age‐Related Changes in Memory and Their Pharmacologic Modulation (1991)

A passive avoidance procedure was used to measure the ability to learn and remember to avoid a noxious stimulus in 13-month-old mice and to test the effects that treatment with cytidine(5')-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) had on these processes. Half of the mice received 500 mg/kg per day CDP-choline orally for 4 months, and the two groups were compared with a third group of younger animals (4-month-old mice). The older mice showed marked impairment in the execution of these tests; however, those treated with CDP-choline had significant improvement in their performance 24 hours after learning the task.
A Hidden Value in Examinations? (1970)

Mrs. Hall, who edits the NATE Newsletter, indicates how with sympathetic teaching even the examination system can be used to overcome the sense of failure. She is Head of English at Mountbatten School (formerly Corner Hall Schools), Hemel Hempstead.
Formation of Nylon Particles and Fibers Using Precipitation with a Compressed Antisolvent (2002)

Micrometer-sized particles and fibers of nylon 6/6 were produced by the means of precipitation with a compressed antisolvent (PCA). Specifically, nylon 6/6 micron-sized particles were produced by expanding a nylon/formic acid solution through various capillary nozzles into compressed carbon dioxide antisolvent. The effect of various operating parameters, such as the nylon/formic acid solution concentration, nozzle length and diameter, and nylon solution injection velocity, were examined, and no significant effect of varying operating conditions in the mean particle size, and particle size distribution was observed. In almost all of the cases, spherical particles were obtained. However, under certain circumstances, oblong particles (short fibers), fibers, and thin film morphologies were observed by manipulating various process parameters, including nylon solution concentration and the manner of spraying the solvent/nylon solution into the carbon dioxide antisolvent. The lack of significant influence of the varying operating conditions on the mean size may be explained in that the surface tensions of the sprayed droplets diminish at very short distances from the nozzle outlet as compared to the jet breakup length. In other words, the disappearance of surface tension stimulates gaslike mixing, without the formations of discrete droplets.
CDC25A Phosphatase: a Rate-Limiting Oncogene That Determines Genomic Stability (2008)

CDC25A is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression and checkpoint response. Overexpression of this cyclin-dependent kinase phosphatase occurs often in human cancers. Our recent genetic studies in the mouse indicate that restricting CDC25A can limit tumorigenesis induced by the HER2/neu-RAS oncogenic pathway without compromising normal cell division or viability. These findings offer a sound foundation to justify development of CDC25A inhibitors for antitumor therapy.
In-Reactor Corrosion Performance of ZIRLO™ and Zircaloy-4 (1994)

In-reactor and long-term autoclave corrosion data have been obtained on ZIRLO and three variants of Zircaloy-4: conventional (1.5% tin), low-tin, and beta-treated. In-reactor data from demonstration assemblies irradiated in the Virginia Power Company's North Anna Unit 1 reactor demonstrate the superiority of ZIRLO and, to a lesser extent, low-tin Zircaloy-4 over conventional Zircaloy-4. After two cycles of irradiation to an assembly burnup of 37.8 GWD/MTU, the average axial peak corrosion of ZIRLO was 32% that of conventional Zircaloy-4. Low-tin and beta-treated materials displayed average peak oxides 76% and 150% of that formed on conventional Zircaloy-4, respectively. Autoclave corrosion tests of archive tubing have been performed in 633 K water, 672 K, 700 K, and 727 K steam, and in 633 K water containing 70 and 210 ppm lithium as the hydroxide. Correlation of the in-reactor data with the autoclave data indicates that the 633 K pure water test is the best qualitative indicator of in-reactor corrosion performance, and the 672 K steam test the poorest. Differences in in-reactor corrosion between ZIRLO and the Zircaloy-4 materials are consistent with the relative behavior of these materials in lithium hydroxide solutions. The relationships among the in-reactor and autoclave corrosion data, the microstructures, and the processing are discussed. In addition to improved corrosion resistance, ZIRLO exhibits improved dimensional stability over Zircaloy-4. The in-reactor creep of ZIRLO is confirmed to be about 80% of that of Zircaloy-4, and irradiation growth is observed to be about 50% that of Zircaloy-4. These data are also presented and discussed.
A distributed approach to the interconnection of heterogeneous computer networks (1983)

This paper describes a distributed architecture for the flexible interconnection of heterogeneous networks with a number of mini- and micro computers, in a research environment. The interconnected networks include the DARPA Internet, which uses the DoD protocols, and the X25-based networks PSS and SERCNET. The approach described here distributes the network access into a set of microcomputers acting as network frontends ("network access machines"), with a local area network (Cambridge Ring) as a common bus. Communication between the hosts and the network access machines uses an interprocessor communication mechanism with a standard transport-level virtualcall interface, which is described. This arrangement provides local hosts with flexible access to any of the networks, and supports a relay system which allows users on one network to access hosts and facilities on any of the other networks.
Monoaminergic Antidepressants in the Relief of Pain: Potential Therapeutic Utility of Triple Reuptake Inhibitors (TRIs) (2011)

Over 75% of depressed patients suffer from painful symptoms predicting a greater severity and a less favorable outcome of depression. Imaging, anatomical and functional studies have demonstrated the existence of common brain structures, neuronal pathways and neurotransmitters in depression and pain. In particular, the ascending serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways originating from the raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus; respectively, send projections to the limbic system. Such pathways control many of the psychological functions that are disturbed in depression and in the perception of pain. On the other hand, the descending pathways, from monoaminergic nuclei to the spinal cord, are specifically implicated in the inhibition of nociception providing rationale for the use of serotonin (5-HT) and/or norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, NRIs, SNRIs), in the relief of pain. Compelling evidence suggests that dopamine (DA) is also involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Indeed, recent insights have demonstrated a central role for DA in analgesia through an action at both the spinal and suprasinal levels including brain regions such as the periaqueductal grey (PAG), the thalamus, the basal ganglia and the limbic system. In this context, dopaminergic antidepressants (i.e., containing dopaminergic activity), such as bupropion, nomifensine and more recently triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs), might represent new promising therapeutic tools in the treatment of painful symptoms with depression. Nevertheless, whether the addition of the dopaminergic component produces more robust effects than single- or dual-acting agents, has yet to be demonstrated. This article reviews the main pathways regulating pain transmission in relation with the monoaminergic systems. It then focuses on the current knowledge regarding the in vivo pharmacological properties and mechanism of action of monoaminergic antidepressants including SSRIs, NRIs, SNRIs and TRIs. Finally, a synthesis of the preclinical studies supporting the efficacy of these antidepressants in analgesia is also addressed in order to highlight the relative contribution of 5-HT, NE and DA to nociception.
Preliminary Assessment of the Efficacy of a T-Cell–Based Influenza Vaccine, MVA-NP+M1, in Humans (2012)

NCT00993083.
Genetic Relationships Between the G Protein <i>βγ</i> Complex, Ste5p, Ste20p and Cdc42p: Investigation of Effector Roles in the Yeast Pheromone Response Pathway (1996)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae G protein beta gamma dimer, Ste4p/Ste18p, acts downstream of the alpha subunit, Gpa1p, to activate the pheromone response pathway and therefore must interact with a downstream effector. Synthetic sterile mutants that exacerbate the phenotype of ste4-ts mutations were isolated to identify proteins that functionally interact with Ste4p. The identification of a ste18 mutant indicated that this screen could identify proteins that interact directly with Ste4p. The other mutations were in STE5 and the STE20 kinase gene, which act near Ste4p in the pathway, and a new gene called STE21. ste20 null mutants showed residual mating, suggesting that another kinase may provide some function. Overexpression of Ste5p under galactose control activated the pheromone response pathway. This activation was dependent on Ste4p and Ste18p and partially dependent on Ste20p. These results cannot be explained by the linear pathway of Ste4p-->Ste20p-->Ste5p. Overexpression of Cdc42p resulted in a slight increase in pheromone induction of a reporter gene, and overexpression of activated forms of Cdc42p resulted in a further twofold increase. Mutations in pheromone response pathway components did not suppress the lethality associated with the activated CDC42 mutations, suggesting that this effect is independent of the pheromone response pathway.
Leaching of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 in Diverse Soils under Various Agricultural Management Practices (2000)

Application of animal manures to soil as crop fertilizers is an important means for recycling the nitrogen and phosphorus which the manures contain. Animal manures also contain bacteria, including many types of pathogens. Manure pathogen levels depend on the source animal, the animal's state of health, and how the manure was stored or treated before use. Rainfall may result in pathogen spread into soil by runoff from stored or unincorporated manure or by leaching through the soil profile. Steady rainfall consisting of 16.5 mm h(-1) was applied to 100-mm disturbed soil cores that were treated with manure and inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain B6914. The level of B6914 in leachate was near the inoculum level each hour for 8 h, as was the level of B6914 at several soil depths after 24 h, indicating that there was a high rate of growth. Bacterial movement through three different types of soil was then compared by using disturbed (tilled) and intact (no-till) soil cores and less intense rainfall consisting of 25.4 mm on 4 consecutive days and then four more times over a 17-day period. Total B6914 levels exceeded the inoculum levels for all treatments except intact clay loam cores. B6914 levels in daily leachate samples decreased sharply with time, although the levels were more constant when intact sandy loam cores were used. The presence of manure often increased total B6914 leachate and soil levels in intact cores but had the opposite effect on disturbed soil cores. Ammonia and nitrate levels correlated with B6914 and total coliform levels in leachate. We concluded that tillage practice, soil type, and method of pathogen delivery affect but do not prevent vertical E. coli O157:H7 and coliform transport in soil and that soluble nitrogen may enhance transport.
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in treatment of urinary tract infection due to gram-negative bacteria resistant to penicillin (1981)

Twenty-two adult patients with urinary tract infections caused by penicillin-resistant bacteria completed treatment with amoxicillin alone or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid in a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Of the 13 patients treated with amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, the absence of bacteriuria within 7 days of therapy was observed in 85%, as compared with only 25% of the 8 patients receiving amoxicillin only. There were no significant side effects nor any clinical, biochemical, or hematological abnormalities related to either treatment. It was concluded that the combination of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin could be useful in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection caused by penicillin-resistant bacteria.
Fibronectin fragmentation induced by dental plaque and Bacteroides gingivalis (1987)

Degradation of fibronectin (FN) by subgingival and supragingival plaque and Bacteroides gingivalis (Bg) was studied in vitro. The degradation of FN by both types of plaque was relatively rapid, continuous but incomplete. Some differences were found between supra- and subgingival samples. Supragingival plaque extracts produced several FN fragments of 110-180 kd during short incubations of 15-60 min. The predominant fragment after overnight incubation was a 110 kd polypeptide. With subgingival plaque extract a more extensive degradation of FN was noted. The main degradation product was a 120 kd fragment after overnight incubation. Several peptide fragments were released from fibronectin by Bg extracts. Their molecular size was different from those produced by trypsin, elastase or dental plaque. When cell extracts of Bg were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography, three separate peaks of fibronectin degrading activity were obtained. Two of those peaks also contained trypsin-like enzyme activity. The degradation of fibronectin and the subsequent formation of biologically active peptides may have many effects in periodontal pockets. These may include modifying effects on plaque growth and wound healing.
Selectin inhibitors: a patent review (2010)

The field of selectin inhibition has matured significantly in recent years in the ability to inhibit selectin/ligand interactions with drug-like molecules and to demonstrate disease modification in human trials.
Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) (2006)

Lettuce is a globally important leafy vegetable with the United States being the largest world producers. The crop is susceptible to a number of viruses that are aphid transmitted and also highly vulnerable to post harvest diseases. Although wild species of lettuce are an important source of disease resistance genes, their introgression into commercial lettuce has been limited owing to sexual incompatibilities. Hence, the development of a gene transfer system for lettuce would be extremely valuable both in improving the genetic diversity of the crop and also for the transfer of useful agronomic traits. This chapter describes an Agrobacterium-mediated gene delivery system that is highly adaptable for the production of transgenic plants using a wide range of lettuce germplasms. The system described, commonly referred to as the genotype-independent transformation system, has been used for the transfer of several agriculturally useful traits into commercial varieties of lettuce. In this case, A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying a binary vector with supervirulent pToK47 was used for infecting excised cotyledonary explants. The plant selectable marker gene neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) was used, and transformed plants were selected using kanamycin in the culture medium. The beta-glucuronidase gene with intron (gus-intron) was also used in the gene transfer study to confirm the transgenicity of regenerated plants further.
Effects of cytidine diphosphate choline on rats with memory deficits. (1993)

The effects of cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline, CAS 987-78-0) on learning and memory in rats with memory deficits were examined using behavioral methods of active avoidance with punishment reinforcement (shuttle-box), passive avoidance with punishment reinforcement (step-through and step-down), and active avoidance with positive (alimentary) reinforcement (staircase-maze). In the majority of experiments CDP-choline was applied orally at doses of 10-50 or 100 mg/kg daily for 7 days before the training session. The experiments were carried out on young-adult (aged 5 months) and old (aged 22 months) rats and on rats with a low capability for retention of learned behavior. Memory deficits were induced by the muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonist scopolamine (in young and old rats and mice), by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, by electroconvulsive shock, and by hypoxy. Memory deficits were also induced in rats offspring of dams that had been exposed to alcohol during pregnancy and lactation. The results suggest that CDP-choline acts as a memory-enhancing drug and that its effect is particularly pronounced in animals with memory deficits.
Monolithic integration of normally-on and normally-off asymmetric Fabry–Perot modulators by selective antireflection coating (1992)

We present asymmetric Fabry–Perot quantum-well modulators which are overbalanced, so that at zero bias at the exciton wavelength reflectivity is high. As bias is applied and the quantum-well absorption decreases, the optical cavity balances, nulling reflection. By partially antireflection coating, at zero bias the optical cavity is balanced, so that the reflectivity is near zero, and increases with bias. Therefore, we can integrate normally-on and normally-off high-contrast modulators by selective AR coating. With 10 V bias, we obtain 11:1 contrast ratio for the normally-on devices and 8:1 for the normally-off devices.
Fourier Self‐Deconvolution (FSD) (2001)

Principle of FSD Signal-to-noise ratio in FSD Underdeconvolution and overdeconvolution Band separation Fourier complex self-deconvolution Even-order derivatives and FSD
A Simple Way to Reconstruct a Human 3-D Hypodermis: A Useful Tool for Pharmacological Functionality (2011)

This economic 3-D model, easy to prepare and giving reproducible results after the treatment of actives, is useful for pharmacotoxicological trials as an alternative to animal experimentation.