gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quorum consensus algorithms for secure and reliable data (2003)

The authors address the issue of maintaining security in a fault-tolerant replicated database. They present a data-management protocol that integrates the information-dispersal algorithm (for security) and the quorum-consensus algorithm (for reliability). Although this protocol provides the desired level of security, it does not achieve the same level of availability for both read and write operations as the quorum-consensus algorithm. By integrating a log-based propagation mechanism with their protocol, the authors are able to achieve the same level of availability for both read and write operations as other quorum-consensus protocols, while maintaining the desired level of security.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Generation of 10,154 Expressed Sequence Tags from a Leafy Gametophyte of a Marine Red Alga, Porphyra yezoensis (2000)

A total of 10,154 5'-end expressed sequence tags (EST) were established from the normalized and size-selected cDNA libraries of a marine red alga, Porphyra yezoensis. Among the ESTs, 2140 were unique species, and the remaining 8014 were grouped into 1127 species. Database search of the 3267 non-redundant ESTs by BLAST algorithm showed that the sequences of 1080 species (33.1%) have similarity to those of registered genes from various organisms including higher plants, mammals, yeasts, and cyanobacteria, while 2187 (66.9%) are novel. Codon usage analysis in the coding regions of 101 non-redundant EST groups showing significant similarity to known genes indicated the higher GC contents at the third position of codons (79.4%) than the first (62.2%) and the second position (45.0%), suggesting that the genome has been exposed to high GC pressure during evolution. The sequence data of individual ESTs are available at the web site http://www.kazusa.or.jp/en/plant/porphyra/EST/.
Flip-flop circuit using a resonant-tunnelling hot electron transistor (RHET) (1986)

The letter proposes a flip-flop circuit using a resonant-tunnelling hot electron transistor (RHET). The circuit uses a resistor in series with the base of the RHET to make bistable states. Preliminary tests have demonstrated that the circuit can be used as a static memory element, indicating that the RHET has a superior potential for use in memory and/or logic circuits.
Imaging Characteristics of Bone Graft Materials (2006)

Bone graft materials are widely used in reconstructive orthopedic procedures to promote new bone formation and bone healing, provide a substrate and scaffolding for development of bone structure, and function as a means for direct antibiotic delivery. Bone graft materials include autografts, allografts, and synthetic substitutes. An autograft (from the patient's own bone) supplies both bone volume and osteogenic cells capable of new bone formation. The imaging appearance of an autograft depends on its type, composition, and age. Autografts often appear as osseous fragments at radiography. At computed tomography (CT), autografts appear similar to the adjacent cortical bone. At magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, however, autografts have a variable appearance as a consequence of the viable marrow inside them, a feature not present in other graft materials. An allograft (from cadaveric bone) has an appearance similar to that of cortical bone on radiographs and CT images. An allograft in the form of bone chips or morsels does not show those features on radiographs and CT images, but instead appears as a conglomerate with medium to high opacity and attenuation within the bone defect. In the immediate postoperative period, allografts appear hypointense on both T1- and T2-weighted MR images. Hematopoietic tissue replaces the normal fatty marrow in the later phases of graft incorporation. Synthetic bone substitutes are much more variable in imaging appearance. As the use of bone allografts and synthetic substitutes increases, familiarity with postoperative imaging features is essential for differentiation between grafts and residual or recurrent disease.
Transplantation of insulin-producing clusters derived from adult bone marrow stem cells to treat diabetes in rats. (2008)

Hematopoietic-rich stem cells may include pancreatic progenitor cells capable of differentiating into functioning endocrine hormone-producing cells. This finding suggests a possible means of treating diabetes mellitus.
[Alkyl and aryl derivatives of isoquinoline. II. Synthesis and pharmacologic activity of dialkylaminoalkyl esters of 1-chloro-3-carboxy-4-methylisoquinoline and the corresponding 4-phenyl derivative]. (1984)

The synthesis of a series of dialkylaminoalkylic esters of 1-chloro-3-carboxy-4-methylisoquinoline and of 1-chloro-3-carboxy-4-phenylisoquinoline is described. The pharmacological activity of some of these compounds was studied. The morpholinoethylester of 1-chloro-3-carboxy-4-methylisoquinoline (VIIa), dimethylaminoethylester (VIIb) and diethylaminoethylester (VIIc) showed a good antispasmodic activity. 4-Phenyl-derivatives (XVa), (XVb), (XVc) were more active than analogous 4-methyl derivatives; particularly the diethylaminoethylester of 1-chloro-3-carboxy-4-phenylisoquinoline (XVc) showed an antagonist effect against spasmogens similar to that of papaverine.
Ambient Pulsatile Pressure Modulates Endothelial Cell Proliferation (1998)

Many studies over the last decade have indicated that circulatory forces such as shear stress and cyclic strain can influence the endothelial cell (EC) phenotype. However, very little is known about the in vitro effects of pressure on EC. To study this, cultured bovine aortic EC were grown in custom designed pressure chambers with carefully regulated CO2/air environment. EC were exposed to either atmospheric, static (135 mmHg) or pulsatile pressure (160/110 mmHg). A pulsed pressure frequency of 60 cycles/min was maintained by computer-controlled solenoid valves, placed in series with pressure lines. EC proliferation was determined both by cell count after trypsin release on days 1,3 and 5 and by 3H-thymidine incorporation. By day 5, a significant decrease in cell number occurred in both pressure groups, confirmed by the thymidine studies. No changes were observed in cell morphology and cell viability as assessed by LDH activity studies. To investigate the mechanism of this effect, EC conditioned media from the three pressure conditions were transferred to non-exposed, control EC. Significant cell growth inhibition was demonstrated in the control EC group treated with conditioned media from EC cultured under pulsatile pressure conditions. This finding suggests that EC exposed to pulsatile pressure secrete an autocrine factor with growth inhibitory properties. This effect was not mediated by the growth factors TGFbeta and IL-1 as shown by Northern blot analysis and antibody-neutralization studies.
Analysis and design of a novel parallel-driven MQW-DBR surface-emitting diode laser (1988)

Efficient surface-emitting lasers are desired for applications in optical signal processing, communication, IC interconnection, and computing. Steady progress has been reported over the past few years1–4, but, to the authors knowledge, a practical design which has output/input characteristics comparable to in-plane diode lasers has not been discussed. We discuss a surface-normal AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser, which utilizes parallel connections to a pinipini... active region for electrical drive and quarterwave mirror stacks for feedback as indicated in Fig. 1. In simple terms, the geometry can be viewed as an in-plane multiquantum-well (MQW) laser that is sliced into many longitudinal pieces, which are stacked on top of one another and driven in parallel. Thus it is not surprising that its threshold current and output power can be comparable to an in-plane laser of the same junction area, even though the net length of the active section in the vertical direction is ≤5 μm. Efforts to fabricate this structure have unearthed no significant difficulties. In fact, it appears simpler to fabricate than other geometries that have already been demonstrated1–4, since no regrowths are required. We are using MBE growth for vertical layer definition, reactive ion etching for uniform vertical columns, and side diffusion for parallel connections to the alternating p- and n-type drive layers.
Multifrequency Phase Difference of Arrival Range Measurement: Principle, Implementation, and Evaluation (2015)

Real-time location system (RLS) based on RFID is an effective indoor positioning system. The battery-free and low cost UHF passive tags can be attached on almost any objects, which are recognized as the best medium to achieve high precision ranging and positioning for large-scale objects. This paper proposes an indoor range measurement based on multifrequency phase difference of arrival (MF-PDoA) using UHF RFID passive tags and discusses the measurement principle, experiment implementation, and results evaluation in detail. After a theoretical overview of MF-PDoA range measurement principle, it introduces an experimental prototype under EPC C1G2 standard for range measurements. Both our prototype and a commercial off-the-shelf RFID reader have been used to verify the measurement method. We propose a Kalman filter and weighting method to process the measuring data. Experiment results indicate that, in a real environment, this method can effectively improve the ranging accuracy, which lays a foundation to extend the proposed measurement into two to three dimensions indoor object positioning.
A fail-safe quench detection system for the large-scale superconducting magnets (2002)

The quench detection system is a critical part in the superconducting magnet test facility. We have recently developed a prototype of the new fully-digital quench detection system, which not only provides improved signal processing and additional logging functions, but also supports user-friendly interfacing of parameter control and status display. Further, we have considered reliability issues related to the health-related hazard. This paper describes the basic architectural module and safety related architectural redundancy, improvement of the reliability, and test environment at the MTF in Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Gallium Trichloride (2003)

This feature focuses on a reagent chosen by a postgraduate, highlighting the uses and preparation of the reagent in current research
Low-power ultra-wideband wavelets generator with fast start-up circuit (2006)

A low-power fully integrated ultra-wideband (UWB) wavelet generator is presented. This UWB generator is intended for low-power and low-complexity UWB radio technology using the noncoherent energy collection approach. The wavelet generator is based on a cross-coupled inductance-capacitance (LC) oscillator. It can be directly driven by two digital signals, which can modulate the length, position, and phase of the output wavelet. An additional digital circuit improves the startup time of the oscillator so that the oscillator and output buffers can be switched off between each wavelet generation. The entire chip-including output buffers-uses a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. When operating at 10 megapulses per second (Mp/s) with a 1.2-GHz bandwidth wavelet, the generator provides a typical average output power of -20 dBm and consumes only 1.8 mW. The differential output signal is a multicycle waveform centered at 4.5 GHz.
Epidemiology of renal disease in Romania: a 10 year review of two regional renal biopsy databases (2005)

The present data are an important contribution to the epidemiology of renal diseases in Europe, highlighting not only numerous similarities but also significant epidemiological differences in Western and Central European countries, particularly a higher, albeit declining, incidence and prevalence of membranoproliferative GN. This report represents the basis for the future of Romanian Registry of Renal Biopsies and is intended to serve as a source of information for nephrologists concerned with East European renal pathology.
The Effect of reaction by‐products on the viscosities of sodium lauryl sulfate solutions (1978)

Abstract The fact that free oil and inorganic salts have pronounced influence on lauryl sulfate solution viscosity is a widely recognized but little studied phenomenon. This investigation of the effects of these materials has resulted in the derivation of a correlation function which relates the concentrations of the by‐products to the solution viscosity. The contributions of the reaction by‐products are found to be independent additive effects which contribute exponentially to solution viscosity. The results can be explained mechanistically in terms of the micellar model for surfactant solutions.
Phase I Clinical Research of Jejunal Interposition in Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction II/III Proximal Gastrectomy (2016)

<i>Objective.</i> To investigate the feasibility and specific methods of single-tract jejunal interposition between esophagus and remnant stomach (ers-STJI) in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) II/III proximal gastrectomy. <i>Methods.</i> 15 AEG II/III gastric cancer (GC) patients in phase T1-3N0M0 with tumor size <5 cm were selected and they underwent proximal gastrectomy with ers-STJI from August 2013 to August 2014. <i>Results.</i> All of the 15 patients successfully completed GC R0 proximal gastrectomy with ers-STJI and no operative death or no significant complication occurred; one patient had anastomotic inflammatory granuloma. The digestive tract reconstruction time was 29.5 ± 5.7 min; the intraoperative blood loss was 96.7 ± 20.2 mL, and the number of lymph node dissections was 21.3 ± 3.0; the postoperative flatus time was 48.2 ± 11.9 h; the average length of hospital stay was 10.7 ± 2.3 d, and the average hospital stay cost was 60 ± 3 thousands. All of the patients were followed up for 12 months, and their postoperative single food intake, body weight, hemoglobin, and albumin were all recovered to the preoperative levels. <i>Conclusions.</i> The applications of ers-STJI in proximal gastrectomy were safe and feasible, and the length of jejunal interposition could be 15-25 cm.
Ab initio calculations of the superconducting transition temperature for NbC at various pressures (2004)

Ab initio calculations of the superconducting properties have been performed for niobium carbide (NbC) at normal pressure and upon a 15 and 30% compression. Factors accounting for the relatively low values of the transition temperature T c in transition metal carbides are considered and the possible ways of increasing this parameter are discussed.
SparseCT: interrupted-beam acquisition and sparse reconstruction for radiation dose reduction (2017)

State-of-the-art low-dose CT methods reduce the x-ray tube current and use iterative reconstruction methods to denoise the resulting images. However, due to compromises between denoising and image quality, only moderate dose reductions up to 30-40% are accepted in clinical practice. An alternative approach is to reduce the number of x-ray projections and use compressed sensing to reconstruct the full-tube-current undersampled data. This idea was recognized in the early days of compressed sensing and proposals for CT dose reduction appeared soon afterwards. However, no practical means of undersampling has yet been demonstrated in the challenging environment of a rapidly rotating CT gantry. In this work, we propose a moving multislit collimator as a practical incoherent undersampling scheme for compressed sensing CT and evaluate its application for radiation dose reduction. The proposed collimator is composed of narrow slits and moves linearly along the slice dimension (z), to interrupt the incident beam in different slices for each x-ray tube angle (θ). The reduced projection dataset is then reconstructed using a sparse approach, where 3D image gradients are employed to enforce sparsity. The effects of the collimator slits on the beam profile were measured and represented as a continuous slice profile. SparseCT was tested using retrospective undersampling and compared against commercial current-reduction techniques on phantoms and in vivo studies. Initial results suggest that SparseCT may enable higher performance than current-reduction, particularly for high dose reduction factors.
Optical and structural characterization of self-organized stacked GaN/AlN quantum dots (2003)

Self-organized GaN/AlN stacked quantum dots (QDs) have been studied by means of cathodoluminescence (CL), near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), photoluminescence, mu-Raman, and transmission electron microscopy. Assignment of the optical emissions was made on the basis of the structural parameters, power-dependent optical studies and depth-resolved CL. Power-dependent studies allowed us to distinguish between quantum confined and buffer emissions. On increasing the power injection conditions, a QD-size-dependent blue shift due to the screening of the internal electric fields was found together with a trend to saturation observed in the high injection limit. The possible evidence of excited states has also been shown by power-dependent photoluminescence and CL. Different blue shifts in specimens with different numbers of stacked layers suggested possible different residual strain values as confirmed by mu-Raman studies. Depth-resolved CL investigations performed at constant power injection per unit volume allowed us to distinguish between QD layers with different nominal GaN coverages and a linear dependence of peak energy versus GaN monolayer number has also been found. Adding 1 ML of GaN resulted in an average shift of about 150 meV. The existence of QDs with different size distributions along the growth axis was also found. The observations were confirmed by NSOM spectroscopy.
Aspergillus nidulans Mutants Defective in stc Gene Cluster Regulation (1999)

The genes involved in the biosynthesis of sterigmatocystin (ST), a toxic secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus nidulans and an aflatoxin (AF) precursor in other Aspergillus spp., are clustered on chromosome IV of A. nidulans. The sterigmatocystin gene cluster (stc gene cluster) is regulated by the pathway-specific transcription factor aflR. The function of aflR appears to be conserved between ST- and AF-producing aspergilli, as are most of the other genes in the cluster. We describe a novel screen for detecting mutants defective in stc gene cluster activity by use of a genetic block early in the ST biosynthetic pathway that results in the accumulation of the first stable intermediate, norsolorinic acid (NOR), an orange-colored compound visible with the unaided eye. We have mutagenized this NOR-accumulating strain and have isolated 176 Nor(-) mutants, 83 of which appear to be wild type in growth and development. Sixty of these 83 mutations are linked to the stc gene cluster and are likely defects in aflR or known stc biosynthetic genes. Of the 23 mutations not linked to the stc gene cluster, 3 prevent accumulation of NOR due to the loss of aflR expression.
Cathepsin B cleavage of Ii from class II MHC alpha- and beta-chains (1991)

Class II MHC-associated invariant chain (Ii) might regulate binding of digested peptides to the Ag binding site (desetope) of class II MHC proteins by directly or allosterically blocking that site until cleavage and release of Ii from MHC alpha- and beta-chains at the time of peptide charging. We examined the cleavage and release of Ii from class II MHC alpha/beta Ii trimers by cathepsin B, which has been shown by others to colocalize with class II MHC molecules in intracellular compartments and to generate antigenic peptide fragments. Cathepsin B at pH 5.0 cleaved and released Ii from class II MHC alpha- and beta-chains. Cathepsin B digested Ii from alpha- and beta-chains in a dose-dependent fashion, yielding 23-, 21-, and 10-kDa fragments. Blockage of cathepsin B activity with leupeptin restored the 2D(nonequilibrium pH gradient gel electrophoresis/SDS) PAGE patterns of Ii and sialic acid-derivatized forms of Ii seen without the protease. The fragmentation pattern of cathepsin D treatment was different from that of cathepsin B, yielding 25-kDa intermediates.
A novel VLSI iterative divider architecture for fast quotient generation (2008)

In this paper, a novel VLSI iterative divider architecture for fast quotient generation that is based on radix-2 non-restoring division is proposed. To speed up the quotient generation, our method makes use of the magnitude difference between the partial dividend and the divisor for the next iteration so that the proper weight of the quotient can be obtained more rapidly than the conventional methods. Our proposed architecture is very simple compared to the multiplication-based methods such as those that are based on Newton-Raphson. Simulation results show that our proposed method can achieve less than half the number of iterations required by the conventional division (i.e. less than n/2 vs. n, where n is the bit-width of the dividend and the divisor). The proposed architecture has been synthesized in 0.13μm CMOS standard cell library to demonstrate the delay and the power efficiency.
Stability-Diversity Tradeoffs Impose Fundamental Constraints on Selection of Synthetic Human VH/VL Single-Domain Antibodies from In Vitro Display Libraries (2017)

Human autonomous V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub> single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) are attractive therapeutic molecules, but often suffer from suboptimal stability, solubility and affinity for cognate antigens. Most commonly, human sdAbs have been isolated from <i>in vitro</i> display libraries constructed <i>via</i> synthetic randomization of rearranged V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub> domains. Here, we describe the design and characterization of three novel human V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub> sdAb libraries through a process of: (i) exhaustive biophysical characterization of 20 potential V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub> sdAb library scaffolds, including assessment of expression yield, aggregation resistance, thermostability and tolerance to complementarity-determining region (CDR) substitutions; (ii) <i>in vitro</i> randomization of the CDRs of three V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub> sdAb scaffolds, with tailored amino acid representation designed to promote solubility and expressibility; and (iii) systematic benchmarking of the three V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub> libraries by panning against five model antigens. We isolated ≥1 antigen-specific human sdAb against four of five targets (13 V<sub>H</sub>s and 7 V<sub>L</sub>s in total); these were predominantly monomeric, had antigen-binding affinities ranging from 5 nM to 12 µM (average: 2-3 µM), but had highly variable expression yields (range: 0.1-19 mg/L). Despite our efforts to identify the most stable V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub> scaffolds, selection of antigen-specific binders from these libraries was unpredictable (overall success rate for all library-target screens: ~53%) with a high attrition rate of sdAbs exhibiting false positive binding by ELISA. By analyzing V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub> sdAb library sequence composition following selection for monomeric antibody expression (binding to protein A/L followed by amplification in bacterial cells), we found that some V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub> sdAbs had marked growth advantages over others, and that the amino acid composition of the CDRs of this set of sdAbs was dramatically restricted (bias toward Asp and His and away from aromatic and hydrophobic residues). Thus, CDR sequence clearly dramatically impacts the stability of human autonomous V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub> immunoglobulin domain folds, and sequence-stability tradeoffs must be taken into account during the design of such libraries.