gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The art of chicken sexing (2002)

Expert chick sexers are able to quickly and reliably determine the sex of day-old chicks on the basis of very subtle perceptual cues. They claim that in many cases they have no idea how they make their decisions. They just look at the rear end of a chick, and ‘see’ that it is either male or female. This is somewhat reminiscent of those expert chess players, often cited in the psychological literature, who can just ‘see’ what the next move should be; similar claims have been made for expert wine tasters and experts at medical diagnosis. All of these skills are hard-earned and not accessible to introspection.\n\nBut is there really anything unusual about the chicken sexer, the chess grand master, the wine buff or the medical expert? I argue that there is not. In fact, we are all constantly making categorizations of this sort: we are highly accurate at categorizing natural kinds, substances, artefacts, and so on. We do so quickly and subconsciously, and the process is completely inaccessible to introspection. The question is, why is it so difficult to acquire skills such as chicken sexing, when we automatically acquire the ability to categorize other objects. In this paper, I argue that we have mechanisms for learning the cues necessary for categorization, but that these mechanisms require selective attention to be given to the relevant features. We automatically acquire the ability to categorize certain objects because we have inbuilt attention directors causing us to attend to diagnostic cues. In cases such as chicken sexing, where we do not automatically develop categorization abilities, our inbuilt attention directors do not cause us to attend to diagnostic cues, and out attention therefore has to be drawn to these cues in another way, such as through training.
Fiscal and Monetary Policies and the Government's Economic Outlook (1995)

Looking back over the postwar Japanese economy, the factors that led its growth in recovering from recession have been mainly exports and private sector capital investment. There has never been a case in which public investment led growth (see Table 1). During the 1950s and 1960s, since the actual growth rates often exceeded the projected rates, it was sufficient for the government to be passive with respect to its involvement in government finance.
I registri della giustizia penale (libri maleficiorum) nei comuni italiani (secoli XII-XV) (2021)

Nel paesaggio storiografico italiano contemporaneo esiste la volontà di lavorare su tutte le differenti tipologie documentarie prodotte nell’Italia dei comuni. Così per gli studi sugli statuti comunali (che datano già nell’Ottocento e proseguono tutt’oggi con atti di convegno ed edizioni di fonti) che per tutte le fonti istituzionali amministrative di carattere ordinario: delibere di organi consiliari (riformanze), registri fiscali, corrispondenze epistolari, registri giudiziari e altro. Si t...
Kedarcidin, a new chromoprotein antitumor antibiotic: structure elucidation of kedarcidin chromophore (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKedarcidin, a new chromoprotein antitumor antibiotic: structure elucidation of kedarcidin chromophoreJohn E. Leet, Daniel R. Schroeder, Sandra J. Hofstead, Jerzy Golik, Kimberly L. Colson, Stella Huang, Steven E. Klohr, Terrence W. Doyle, and James A. MatsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 20, 7946–7948Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00046a071https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00046a071research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views358Altmetric-Citations128LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
IIB-8 the charge transfer inefficiency of bulk charge-coupled devices between 77 and 300 K (1975)

Summary form only. An abstract of the above-titled article taken from the Device Research Conference (24-26 June 1975, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ont., Canada) is presented.
Nanodiamond-Based Thermal Fluids (2014)

Dispersions of nanodiamond (average size ∼6 nm) within dielectric insulator mineral oil are reported for their enhanced thermal conductivity properties and potential applications in thermal management. Dynamic and kinematic viscosities-very important parameters in thermal management by nanofluids-are investigated. The dependence of the dynamic viscosity is well-described by the theoretical predictions of Einstein's model. The temperature dependence of the dynamic viscosity obeys an Arrhenius-like behavior, where the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor have an exponential dependence on the filler fraction of nanodiamonds. An enhancement in thermal conductivity up to 70% is reported for nanodiamond based thermal fluids. Additional electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis support the experimental data and their interpretation.
Compensating Background for Noise due to Camera Vibration in Uncalibrated-Camera-Based Vehicle Speed Measurement System (2010)

Vision-based vehicle speed measurement (VSM) is one of the most convenient methods available in intelligent transportation systems. Existing methods use an uncalibrated camera to measure vehicle speed, but they do not consider the possibility of camera vibration that leads to poor measurement results. This paper considers the issue when the camera is tilted downward and mounted at a fixed location on a bridge crossing the target street. The camera may vibrate due to wind or bridge movement. A vision-based speed measurement system is described in this paper, along with the vertical-and-horizontal-histogram-based method, which is used to compensate the background of an incoming image. This novel method is utilized to eliminate noise coming from the displacement between an incoming image and a background image that is caused by camera vibration over time. Moreover, a method is presented to automatically detect the vanishing point based on the Hough transform and quadtree. Experimental comparisons of the system to those of the vehicle's own speedometer show that the proposed approach yields a satisfactory estimate of vehicle speed.
Semiconductor nanowire laser and nanowire waveguide electro-optic modulators (2005)

Electric field modulation of visible and ultraviolet nanoscale lasers consisting of single CdS or GaN nanowires has been achieved using integrated, microfabricated electrodes. Modulation of laser emission intensity is achieved with no detectable change in the laser wavelength. The devices can also be operated below the lasing threshold to modulate the intensity of light propagating within the nanowire waveguide. Studies of the electric field dependence in devices of varied geometry indicate that modulation is due to an electroabsorption mechanism. These findings expand opportunities for multicolor, nanowire-based photonic devices and circuits.
The wild-type gene for glutamine synthetase restores ammonia control of nitrogen fixation to Gln- (glnA) mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata (1983)

The wild-type glnA gene, coding for glutamine synthetase, was cloned from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata by using a cosmid library to complement the Gln- phenotype of an Escherichia coli glnA deletion strain. The original cosmid plasmid contained 37 kilobase pairs (kbp) of R. capsulata DNA, of which only 2 kbp was necessary for Gln complementation in E. coli. A plasmid containing this 2-kbp insert was mobilized into G29, a Gln- mutant of R. capsulata which is also unable to repress nitrogenase in ammonia-containing media (Nifc phenotype). The 2-kbp fragment restored glutamine-independent growth and ammonia repression of nitrogenase, indicating that in R. capsulata, production of the signal for nitrogen repression of nif depends on the activity of the glnA gene. Repression of nitrogenase was shown, by hybridization of RNA to cloned nif DNA, to occur at the level of transcription in the wild-type and the complemented G29 strains.
Synthesis of Indolines via Pd(II)-Catalyzed Amination of C–H Bonds Using PhI(OAc)<sub>2</sub> as the Bystanding Oxidant (2013)

The Pd(II)-catalyzed intramolecular C-H amination of 2-pyridinesulfonyl-protected phenethylamine derivatives has been achieved using PhI(OAc)2 as a bystanding oxidant, providing access to a variety of substituted indoline derivatives in good yields. The use of the 2-pyridinesulfonyl protecting group allows for facile deprotection following C-H functionalization.
On the Pharmacotherapy of Sleep Bruxism: Placebo-Controlled Polysomnographic and Psychometric Studies with Clonazepam (2005)

Acute clonazepam therapy significantly improved not only the bruxism index but also objective and subjective sleep quality, with unchanged mood, performance and psychophysiological measures upon awakening, suggesting good tolerability of the drug.
Changes in adipose glucocorticoid metabolism before and after bariatric surgery assessed by direct hormone measurements (2013)

The intra-adipose glucocorticoid metabolism was markedly altered in the extremely obese state with increased cortisol levels relative to cortisone, whereas fat loss restored this balance approximating nonobese subjects. Changes were more pronounced for cortisone than cortisol, suggesting an adaptive response to insufficient intra-adipose cortisol levels in obesity.
Photoplethysmography in the Diagnosis of Venous Disease (1995)

While refilling time is presently the only quantitative parameter, it is expected that by introducing calibrated or digital PPG in diagnostic practice, venous function will be evaluated in a more comprehensive and quantitative form.
DIABETES CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS (1995)

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that intensive treatment of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) can substantially reduce the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. The major risk associated with intensive treatment is recurrent hypoglycemia. Implementation of intensive treatment recommendations is difficult but should be considered and probably recommended to most patients with IDDM. If intensive treatment is impractical, any improvement in glycemic control is probably beneficial. Improved glycemic control should be recommended to most patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The use of insulin in patients with NIDDM is controversial, especially in patients who are overweight, overeating, and minimally symptomatic.
Corner diffraction coefficients for the quarter plane (1991)

The current near a right-angled corner on a perfectly conducting flat scatterer illuminated by a plane wave is expressed as a sum of three currents. The first is the physical optics current, which describes the surface effect. The second is the fringe wave current, which is found from the half-plane solution and accounts for the distortion of the current caused by the edges. The third is the corner current, which is found from the numerical solution to the electric-field integral equation applied to the square plate, and accounts for the distortion of the current caused by the corner. It is found that the corner current for the right-angled corner, illuminated from a forward direction, consists mainly of two edge waves propagating along the edges forming the corner. Analytical expressions for these edge wave currents are constructed from the numerical results. A corner diffracted field is calculated by evaluating the asymptotic corner contributions to the radiation integral over the sum of the three currents. It is found that the corner contribution from the edge wave currents in some cases is of the same size as the corner contributions from the physical optics current and the fringe wave current.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
‘해금’ 전후 금서의 사회사 (2018)

최근 1988년 해금 조처가 가져온 효과를 밝히는 중요한 연구들이 발표되었지만, 북한 지식의 해금이라는 차원에만 집중한 측면이 있다. 납월북 작가에 대한 해금은 문학사 뿐 만 아니라 학술과 지식장 전체에 큰 변화를 가져온 사건이었다. 따라서 해금 조처는 전반적인 금서 체계 안에서 이해될 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 이를 위해 먼저 1980년대 금서의...
The non-GLP toleration/dose range finding study: design and methodology used in an early toxicology screening program. (2009)

A major directive of Pharmaceutical Research and Development (R&D) is to efficiently advance potential new chemical entities (NCEs) from the Discovery therapeutic area into Global Preclinical Development (GPCD), where a safety profile can be established. To facilitate the transition a comprehensive toxicity evaluation is required. In order to support both the R&D Discovery teams and GPCD, investigative (non-GLP) tolerance/dose range finding studies are conducted. These studies are designed to provide a quality toxicological and toxicokinetic assessment of potential NCEs early in the drug development process. During tolerance evaluations, compounds are first assessed in a single dose escalation (SDE) phase where rodents (or canines) receive a single dose anticipated to achieve relevant multiples of the efficacious dose. Data from this phase evaluates NCE absorption, and assists in estimating the maximum tolerated dose for a single administration and establish doses for a repeat dose (RD) phase. Data from the RD phase are used to determine potential target tissues of toxicity and also select doses for future GLP Toxicology studies. Thus, a rapid assessment of the toxicological profile of the NCE can be made to establish initial safety facilitating conduct of subsequent regulatory Toxicological studies and potentially earlier entry into clinical trials.
Additions and Corrections-Reactions in the B-Furan Series-Synthesis and Reactions of 3-Chloromethylfuran and Some Related Compounds (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAdditions and Corrections-Reactions in the B-Furan Series-Synthesis and Reactions of 3-Chloromethylfuran and Some Related CompoundsEdward Sherman and E AmstutzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 12, 5805Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1950Publication History Published online8 July 2002Published inissue 1 December 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01168a637https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01168a637research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views11Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Precise periodicity control in the fabrication of holographic gratings (1981)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Shu-Tong Zhou, Zong-Qi Lin, and William S. C. Chang, "Precise periodicity control in the fabrication of holographic gratings," Appl. Opt. 20, 1270-1272 (1981) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
ChemInform Abstract: NITROSYL RHENIUM COMPLEXES. SYNTHESES, PROPERTIES, AND STRUCTURES OF OXALATO DERIVATIVES (1983)

Abstract Die freie hygroskopische Säure (II) kann durch Umsetzung der polymeren Re‐Verbindung (I) mit Oxalsäure in Wasser unter Rückfluß erhalten werden (Ausb. in g).
Data types generalization for data mining algorithms (2003)

With the increasing use of database applications, mining interesting information from huge databases becomes of great concern and a variety of mining algorithms have been proposed in recent years. As we know, the data processed in data mining may be obtained from many sources in which different data types may be used. However, no algorithm can be applied to all applications due to the difficulty of fitting data types to the algorithm. The selection of an appropriate data mining algorithm is based not only on the goal of the application, but also the data fittability. Therefore, to transform the non-fitting data type into a target one is also important in data mining, but the work is often tedious or complex since a lot of data types exist in the real world. Merging the similar data types of a given selected mining algorithm into a generalized data type seems to be a good approach to reduce the transformation complexity. In this work, the data type fittability problem for six kinds of widely used data mining techniques is discussed and a data type generalization process, including merging and transforming phases is proposed. In the merging phase, the original data types of the data sources to be mined are first merged into the generalized ones. The transforming phase is then used to convert the generalized data types into the target ones for the selected mining algorithm. Using the data type generalization process, the user can select an appropriate mining algorithm just for the goal of the application without considering the data types.
A Failed Initiative (2007)

This case is developed for use in classes in which key ideas related to democracy, accountability, inclusion, finances, and social justice are introduced. It could be useful in a course on school reform or on democratic leadership. Although the case is fictional, it is a composite in which all events and information provided are “real.” The intent here is to help educational leaders think carefully about what constitutes democratic leadership, democratic processes, and democratic outcomes while being aware of the challenges of addressing the needs of minoritized groups without essentializing or pathologizing them.
Understanding and Improving Management of Inpatient Diabetes Mellitus: The Mayo Clinic Arizona Experience (2008)

We present an overview of strategies our institution has taken to understand the state of its inpatient diabetes management. We first describe how we utilized information systems to assess inpatient glycemic control and insulin management in noncritically ill patients and discuss our findings regarding mean bedside glucose levels, the prevalence and frequency hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events, the patterns of insulin therapy, and evidence of inpatient clinical inertia. We also review the development of a survey to determine practitioner attitudes and beliefs about inpatient diabetes. Results of this survey study found that, in general, practitioners believed in the importance of controlling hyperglycemia but were not comfortable with many aspects of inpatient diabetes care, particularly with the use of insulin. Finally, we suggest steps to follow in developing a quality-improvement program for hospitals.
Endotoxin-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction (2005)

The pathophysiology of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction still remains controversial. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has recently been identified as a cardiac-derived myocardial depressant factor in septic shock. Putative mechanisms by which MIF affects cardiac function are unknown. In an investigation of possible mechanisms of action, a rat model of endotoxin toxicity was designed using intraperitoneal (I/P) injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with or without coinfusion of neutralizing anti-MIF or isotypic-matched antibodies. Echocardiographic evaluation revealed that MIF neutralization reversed endotoxin-induced myocardial dysfunction at 24 hours after injection. RNase protection assay (RPA) and Western blot established that MIF neutralization prevented LPS-induced mRNA expression and production of heart-derived inflammatory paracrine and autocrine cytokines such as IL-1s and IL-6. Moreover, MIF immunoneutralization increased heart Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio and suppressed endotoxin-induced release of mitochondrial cytochrome-c, as demonstrated by Western blotting. Inhibition of mitochondrial loss of cytochrome-c decreased in heart caspase-3 activity at 6 and 24 hours after injection. MIF neutralization also restored the LPS-induced deficient nuclear translocation of phospho-Akt and consequently the expression of the heart survival nuclear factor GATA-4. The restoration of the translocation/expression of survival factors by MIF inhibition resulted in lowered endotoxin-induced DNA fragmentation at 24 hours, a hallmark of downstream cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Our data indicate that early inactivation of MIF significantly reverses the imbalance of proapoptotic to prosurvival pathways and reduces acute inflammation of the heart thereby improving myocardial dysfunction induced by endotoxin.
<p>Small Molecule Adjuvants Potentiate Colistin Activity and Attenuate Resistance Development in <em>Escherichia coli</em> by Affecting <em>pmr</em>AB System</p> (2020)

Our study identified two SMs (SM2 and SM3) that potentiated the colistin activity and attenuated the development of colistin resistance in APEC. These SMs can be developed as anti-evolution drugs that can slow down colistin resistance development.
Depth adjustment for stereoscopic image using visual fatigue prediction and depth-based view synthesis (2010)

A well-known problem in stereoscopic images is visual fatigue. In order to reduce visual fatigue, we propose depth adjustment method which controls the amounts of parallax of stereoscopic images by using visual fatigue prediction and depth-based view synthesis. We predict the visual fatigue level by examining the horizontal and vertical disparity characteristics of 3D images, and if the contents are judged to contain visual fatigue, depth adjustment is applied by using depth-based view synthesis. We present a method for extracting disparity characteristics from sparse corresponding features. Depth-based view synthesis algorithm is proposed to handle the hole regions in rendering process. We measured the correlations between visual fatigue prediction metrics and the subjective results, acquiring the ranges of 79% to 85%. Then, we performed depth-based view synthesis to the contents which are predicted to cause visual fatigue. A subjective evaluation showed that the proposed depth adjustment method generated comfortable stereoscopic images.