gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TREM-1 Deficiency Can Attenuate Disease Severity without Affecting Pathogen Clearance (2014)

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is a potent amplifier of pro-inflammatory innate immune reactions. While TREM-1-amplified responses likely aid an improved detection and elimination of pathogens, excessive production of cytokines and oxygen radicals can also severely harm the host. Studies addressing the pathogenic role of TREM-1 during endotoxin-induced shock or microbial sepsis have so far mostly relied on the administration of TREM-1 fusion proteins or peptides representing part of the extracellular domain of TREM-1. However, binding of these agents to the yet unidentified TREM-1 ligand could also impact signaling through alternative receptors. More importantly, controversial results have been obtained regarding the requirement of TREM-1 for microbial control. To unambiguously investigate the role of TREM-1 in homeostasis and disease, we have generated mice deficient in Trem1. Trem1(-/-) mice are viable, fertile and show no altered hematopoietic compartment. In CD4(+) T cell- and dextran sodium sulfate-induced models of colitis, Trem1(-/-) mice displayed significantly attenuated disease that was associated with reduced inflammatory infiltrates and diminished expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Trem1(-/-) mice also exhibited reduced neutrophilic infiltration and decreased lesion size upon infection with Leishmania major. Furthermore, reduced morbidity was observed for influenza virus-infected Trem1(-/-) mice. Importantly, while immune-associated pathologies were significantly reduced, Trem1(-/-) mice were equally capable of controlling infections with L. major, influenza virus, but also Legionella pneumophila as Trem1(+/+) controls. Our results not only demonstrate an unanticipated pathogenic impact of TREM-1 during a viral and parasitic infection, but also indicate that therapeutic blocking of TREM-1 in distinct inflammatory disorders holds considerable promise by blunting excessive inflammation while preserving the capacity for microbial control.
Comparisons of Normal Elution, Coupled-Columns, and Solvent, Flow or Temperature Programming in Liquid Chromatography (1970)

The techniques of solvent programming (gradient elution), temperature programming and flow programming can each be used to advantage in dealing with multicomponent samples which involve a wide range in retention volume values. The previously overlooked technique of coupled-column operation (stationary phase programming) is also useful in this respect. The present paper compares these various techniques on a theoretical basis, showing that resolution per unit time decreases in the order solvent programming (best) > coupled-columns > temperature programming ≈ flow programming > normal elution. Experimental examples with liquid-solid adsorption chromatography verify these conclusions. Only solvent programming is useful for extremely wide range samples, but coupled-columns are shown to have outstanding practical advantages for a large class of other separations, particularly those involving repetitive, high efficiency LC.
Synthesis of mesoporous silica hollow spheres in supercritical CO2/water systems (2006)

The synthesis of hollow silica spheres with mesopore wall structures via CO2-in-water emulsion templating in the presence of non-ionic PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer surfactants as mesostructure-directing templates has been investigated under various conditions. The successful synthesis of hollow spheres strongly depends on the pressure and density of CO2. The mesoporosity (pore size) and morphology of the silica hollow spheres can be controlled by varying the operating CO2 pressure. Other types of surfactants, such as long chain alkylammonium ions, may also be used to template the porosity of the shells.
Garden Cities Of To-Morrow (2003)

Originally published in 1898 as To-Morrow: A peaceful path to reform, "the book", writes F.J. Osborn "holds a unique place in town planning literature, is cited in all planning bibliographies, stands on the shelves of the more important libraries, and is alluded to in most books on planning; yet most of the popular writers on planning do not seem to have read it - or if they have read it, to remember what it says." The book led directly to two experiments in town-founding that by imitation, and imitation of imitation, have had a profound influence on practical urban development throughout the world. The book was responsible for the introduction of the term Garden City in numbers of languages - Cite-Jardin, Gartenstadt, Ciudad-jardin, Tuinstad - and set into motion ideas that have helped transform the scientific and political outlook on town structure and town growth. With urban renewal and the development of suburban communities as features of the contemoprary American scene, Garden cities of To-Morrow becomes "must" reading. In the words of Lewis Mumford: "This is not merely a book for Technicians: above all it is a book for citizens, for the people whose actively expressed needs, desires and interests should guide the planner and administrator at every turn." This book was first published in it's current form in 1965.
Dissecting virulence function from recognition: cell death suppression in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> by XopQ/HopQ1‐family effectors relies on <scp>EDS</scp>1‐dependent immunity (2017)

Many Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria express effector proteins of the XopQ/HopQ1 family which are translocated into plant cells via the type III secretion system during infection. In Nicotiana benthamiana, recognition of XopQ/HopQ1 proteins induces an effector-triggered immunity (ETI) reaction which is not associated with strong cell death but renders plants immune against Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria strains. Additionally, XopQ suppresses cell death in N. benthamiana when transiently co-expressed with cell death inducers. Here, we show that representative XopQ/HopQ1 proteins are recognized similarly, likely by a single resistance protein of the TIR-NB-LRR class. Extensive analysis of XopQ derivatives indicates the recognition of structural features. We performed Agrobacterium-mediated protein expression experiments in wild-type and EDS1-deficient (eds1) N. benthamiana leaves, not recognizing XopQ/HopQ1. XopQ recognition limits multiplication of Agrobacterium and attenuates levels of transiently expressed proteins. Remarkably, XopQ fails to suppress cell death reactions induced by different effectors in eds1 plants. We conclude that XopQ-mediated cell death suppression in N. benthamiana is due to the attenuation of Agrobacterium-mediated protein expression rather than the cause of the genuine XopQ virulence activity. Thus, our study expands our understanding of XopQ recognition and function, and also challenges the commonly used co-expression assays for elucidation of in planta effector activities, at least under conditions of ETI induction.
Astrocytes Express Elements of the Class II Endocytic Pathway and Process Central Nervous System Autoantigen for Presentation to Encephalitogenic T Cells (1998)

Astrocytes are nonprofessional APCs that may participate in Ag presentation and activation of pathogenic CD4+ T cells involved in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases. Using immortalized pure astrocytes as a complement to the study of primary astrocytes, we investigated whether these astrocytes express elements involved in the class II endocytic pathway and if they are capable of processing native myelin basic protein (MBP), a step that could be necessary for initiating or perpetuating T cell recognition of this self-Ag in vivo. Upon IFN-gamma-stimulation, primary and immortalized astrocytes up-regulate class II transactivator (CIITA), invariant chain (Ii) (p31 and p41), H-2Ma, and H-2Mb. Analysis of CIITA cDNA sequences demonstrated that CIITA transcription in astrocytes is directed by a promoter (type IV) that mediates IFN-gamma-inducible CIITA expression and encodes a CIITA protein that differs in its N-terminal sequence from CIITA reported in professional APC. Comparing live and fixed APC for Ag presentation, we show that Ag processing by APC is required for presentation of native MBP to autopathogenic T cells specific for the major MBP epitope, Acl-11. We have observed that primary astrocytes and some, but not all, astrocyte lines in the absence of contaminating microglia are capable of processing and presenting native MBP, suggesting that there may be heterogeneity. Our study provides definitive evidence that astrocytes are capable of processing CNS autoantigen, indicating that astrocytes have potential for processing and presentation of CNS autoantigen to proinflammatory T cells in CNS autoimmune disease.
Pathophysiologic considerations in the treatment of menopausal patients with oestrogens; the role of oestriol in the prevention of mammary carcinoma. (1980)

At menopause, several abnormalities in oestrogen metabolism have been reported, which may increase the likelihood of cancer development in the breast or uterus following oestrone or oestradiol-17 beta supplementation. Occult hypothyroidism reduces the rate of oestrogen inactivation by C2 hydroxylation, and 15-20% of women have low rates of C16 hydroxylation to oestriol. Reduced sex hormone binding globulin concentration occurs in association with obesity, thereby increasing the biologically active unbound fraction of oestradiol in plasma. Since oestriol undergoes minimal metabolism after absorption, does not bind to sex hormone binding globulin, and has an anti-oestradiol action by decreasing the duration of nuclear binding of oestradiol-receptor proteins, it is less likely to induce proliferative changes in target organs of cancer-prone women than oestrone or oestradiol. Intermittent non-conjugated oestriol treatment has demonstrated the most significant anti-mammary carcinogenic activity of 22 tested compounds as well as anti-uterotropic activity in intact female Sprague Dawley rats fed either of two dissimilar carcinogens (7, 12 dimethylbenz(a) anthracene, procarbazine) and followed for their natural life span. The protective effect was specific for mammary carcinomas only and has been decreased in rats with a 20% increase in growth curves. Clinical experience thus far with oral oestriol therapy of post-menopausal women has indicated little hazard of cancer development.
A Note on the Identity of Carnivorous Plants of Karungalakudi, Tamil Nadu, India (2008)

Karungalakudi is blessed with rich herbaceous flora including two carnivorous plant groups, viz. fly traps and bladder worts. In the present communication, a total of 6 insectivorous plants are reported, and it is confirmed that the reported occurrence of Drosera brevifolia Pursh, Utricularia minor L., U. resupinata Greene ex Bigelow and U. uniflora R. Br. in Karungalakudi is due to a misidentification.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Prophylactic OKT3 Monoclonal Antibody in Liver Allograft Recipients (1990)

Seventy-nine hepatic allograft recipients were randomized to receive either conventional immunosuppression, including cyclosporine, azathioprine, and steroids (41 patients), or investigational therapy in which OKT3 replaced cyclosporine during the first postoperative week (38 patients). Early rejection occurred in 29 patients (71%) in the conventional group and 15 patients (39%) in the OKT3 group. Posttransplantation renal dysfunction occurred in 12 patients (29%) in the conventional group and 6 patients (16%) in the OKT3 group. Mean initial hospital stay was 34.1 +/- 18.8 days in the conventional group compared with 29.1 +/- 16.8 days in the OKT3 group. Cumulative patient survival (mean follow-up, 17.8 +/- 7.1 months) was 73.2% (30/41) for the conventional group and 84.2% (32/38) for the OKT3 group. Prophylactic OKT3 is indicated especially for liver allograft recipients with other complicating conditions that make management of early rejection unusually difficult.
Pristimerin induces apoptosis in imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cells harboring T315I mutation by blocking NF-κB signaling and depleting Bcr-Abl (2010)

To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that pristimerin is effective in vitro and in vivo against CML cells, including those with the T315I mutation. The mechanisms may involve inhibition of NF-kappaB and Bcr-Abl. We concluded that pristimerin could be a lead compound for further drug development to overcome imatinib resistance in CML patients.
Laser scanning confocal microscope with programmable amplitude, phase, and polarization of the illumination beam (2009)

We describe the design and construction of a laser scanning confocal microscope with programmable beam forming optics. The amplitude, phase, and polarization of the laser beam used in the microscope can be controlled in real time with the help of a liquid crystal spatial light modulator, acting as a computer generated hologram, in conjunction with a polarizing beam splitter and two right angled prisms assembly. Two scan mirrors, comprising an on-axis fast moving scan mirror for line scanning and an off-axis slow moving scan mirror for frame scanning, configured in a way to minimize the movement of the scanned beam over the pupil plane of the microscope objective, form the XY scan unit. The confocal system, that incorporates the programmable beam forming unit and the scan unit, has been implemented to image in both reflected and fluorescence light from the specimen. Efficiency of the system to programmably generate custom defined vector beams has been demonstrated by generating a bottle structured focal volume, which in fact is the overlap of two cross polarized beams, that can simultaneously improve both the lateral and axial resolutions if used as the de-excitation beam in a stimulated emission depletion confocal microscope.
Applications of a multi-state termination to microwave metrology (2002)

Although the automated vector network analyzer (ANA) was introduced to the microwave community more than two decades ago, the accuracy assessment of these devices has been a continuing challenge to the national metrology laboratories. The application of a multi-state two-port to this problem has generated a large amount of interest. This paper reviews this development and outlines additional applications for this technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
What are the Characteristics of the Ideal Endovascular Graft for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Exclusion? (1997)

The modular stent-graft concept addresses many of the important factors in the evolution toward an ideal aortic endograft. Extensive testing will be needed to determine if the bifurcated stent-graft described here is the optimal design for effective AAA exclusion.
Evaluation of Polymerase Chain Reaction, Tuberculostearic Acid Analysis, and Direct Microscopy for the Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Sputum (1992)

Tuberculosis remains a major global cause of morbidity and mortality, There is an urgent need for improved bacteriologic diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Three methods for rapid identification of M. tuberculosis in sputum samples (direct microscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS], and polymerase chain reaction [PCR]), were compared with culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Growth of M. tuberculosis was observed in 38 of 145 sputum samples. Detection of acid-fast bacilli by direct microscopy gave a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 100%, Detection of tuberculostearic acid by GC-MS gave a sensitivity of 55% and a specificity of 87%, Amplification by PCR of a fragment of the insertion sequence IS6110 gave a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 93% compared with culture and a corrected specificity of 99% compared with both culture and clinical data. This study indicates that PCR can be adapted for clinical use and is the method of choice for rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
NAL-NL1 Procedure for Fitting Nonlinear Hearing Aids: Characteristics and Comparisons with Other Procedures (2001)

A new procedure for fitting nonlinear hearing aids (National Acoustic Laboratories' nonlinear fitting procedure, version 1 [NAL-NL1]) is described. The rationale is to maximize speech intelligibility while constraining loudness to be normal or less. Speech intelligibility is predicted by the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII), which has been modified to account for the reduction in performance associated with increasing degrees of hearing loss, especially at high frequencies. Prescriptions are compared for the NAL-NL1, desired sensation level [input/output], FIG6, and a threshold version of the Independent Hearing Aid Fitting Forum procedures. For an average speech input level, the NAL-NL1 prescriptions are very similar to those of the well-established NAL-Revised, Profound procedure. Compared with the other procedures, NAL-NL1 prescribes less low-frequency gain for flat and upward sloping audiograms. It prescribes less high-frequency gain for steeply sloping high-frequency hearing losses. NAL-NL1 tends to prescribe less compression than the other procedures. All procedures differ considerably from one another for some audiograms.
Managing the Transition from Hospital to Home (1992)

This study describes the transition from hospital to home from the perspective of the older adults and family members who experience it. Qualitative data were collected in semistructured interviews conducted with a purposive sample of 55 older adult/family member dyads at 2 weeks and 2 months following hospitalization. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. The findings suggest that the 2-week period following hospitalization is characterized by worry, followed by attempts to establish routines and acquire mastery by 2 months post discharge.
Early-onset familial hemiplegic migraine due to a novel <i>SCN1A</i> mutation (2016)

Introduction Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura. The FHM3 subtype is caused by mutations in SCN1A, which is also the most frequent epilepsy gene encoding the voltage-gated Na<sup>+</sup> channel Na<sub>V</sub>1.1. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical, genetic and pathogenetic features of a pure FHM3 family. Methods A three-generation family was enrolled in this study for genetic testing and assessment of clinical features. Whole cell patch-clamp was performed to determine the functions of identified mutant Na<sub>V</sub>1.1 channels, which were transiently expressed in human tsA201 cells together with β<sub>1</sub> and β<sub>2</sub> subunits. Results and conclusions We identified a novel SCN1A (p.Leu1624Pro) mutation in a pure FHM family with notably early-onset attacks at mean age of 7. L1624P locates in S3 of domain IV, the same domain as two of four known pure FHM3 mutations. Compared to WT channels, L1624P displayed an increased threshold-near persistent current in addition to other gain-of-function features such as: a slowing of fast inactivation, a positive shift in steady-state inactivation, a faster recovery and higher channel availability during repetitive stimulation. Similar to the known FHM3 mutations, this novel mutation predicts hyperexcitability of GABAergic inhibitory neurons.
Resistance to Antifolates in Plasmodium Falciparum, the Causative Agent of Tropical Malaria (2002)

Every year there are 270 million clinical attacks of malaria and 2 million deaths, caused by the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum. Most of these cases occur in Africa. Chloroquine-resistance has led to reliance on antimalarial antifolates, in particular the synergistic combination sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine (S/P) which targets enzymatic synthesis of folate co-factors through dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Resistance to S/P is now increasing and replacement antimalarials are needed. Crystal structures are not yet available for these key enzymes in the folate pathway. This review focuses on the activity of drugs on DHFR in malaria parasites, attempts to interpret differences in activity of pyrimethamine and its related drugs, and to clarify how residue changes due to point mutations determine the development of resistance. In homology-modelled P. falciparum DHFR (PfDHFR), the typical structure of four α-helices, 8-stranded β-sheet, four Loops and eight Turns is clearly seen. Long polar sequences specific for Plasmodium are inserted in Turns 1 and 2. Structures immediately concerned in drug binding are β-A, L1, α-B, α-C, T-3, β-E, α-F, and β-F. The roles of several mutations associated with resistance are discussed. In view of sequence differences in turn 3 in PfDHFR and in the human enzyme, and the marked interaction with residues of T3 of the experimental flexible antifolate WR99210 effective in pyrimethamine and cycloguanil resistance, further drug development in this area is indicated.
Magnetic Field Sensing with 4H SiC Diodes: N vs P Implantation (2018)

We explore the magnetic sensing capabilities of two 4H-SiC n + p diodes fabricated by NASA Glenn which only differ in the implanted ion species, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the implant activation annealing time. We use low-and high-field electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) to investigate the defect structure used to sense magnetic fields as well as to evaluate the sensitivity. In addition, we expose these devices to high energy electron radiation to evaluate the defect sensing capability in a harsh radiation environment. The results from this work will allow us to tailor our processing methods to design a more optimal 4H-SiC pn diode for magnetic field sensing in harsh environments.
Het effect van looptraining bij patiënten met claudicatio intermittens (1986)

Obstructief vaatlijden komt veel voor bij oudere mensen en kan aanleiding geven tot problemen bij het lopen (claudicatio intermittens; intermitterend hinken) en in ernstige gevallen tot rustpijn en gangreen. Al in de vorige eeuw word gesuggereerd de patienten met claudicatio intermittens to behandelen door middel van looptraining. De resultaten met looptraining behaald waren sours opzienbarend, het werkingsmechanisme echter bleef onbekend. In grote lijnen zijn er twee verklaringen mogelijk voor de verbetering van de loopafstand. In de eerste plaats zou looptraining een stimulerend effect hebben op de collateralen die de functie van het afgesloten vat in meerdere of mindere mate hebben overgenomen. Als gevolg van looptraining zou de weer-stand van de collateralen afnemen, resulterend in een verbeterde doorstroming van de spieren. Een andere verklaring zou zijn dat als gevolg van de training het spiermetabolisme zodanig aangepast wordt dat de utilisatie van het blood door de spieren efficienter wordt en derhalve met minder blood meer arbeid verricht kan worden. In het hier beschreven onderzoek werden 94 patienten met claudicatio intermittens gedurende vierentwintig woken met intensieve looptraining behandeld. Met behulp van diverse onbloedige meetmethoden is nagegaan in hoeverre een toename van de doorbloeding een factor van belang was bij het verbeteren van de loopafstand als gevolg van training. ... Zie: Samenvatting en conclusies
Signal Processing for Optical Power Spectrum Monitoring (2006)

In this paper, we explore the application of signal processing methods to the design of optical monitoring equipment for use in optical networks. In particular, we study inverse signal processing to enhance the performance of optical power spectrum estimation, based on low finesse (low Q) tunable optical filters. We consider both batch and recursive methods. Simulation results confirm that accurate power spectrum estimates can be achieved using the proposed techniques.