gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Posture/Walking Control for Humanoid Robot Based on Kinematic Resolution of CoM Jacobian With Embedded Motion (2007)

This paper proposes the walking pattern generation method, the kinematic resolution method of center of mass (CoM) Jacobian with embedded motions, and the design method of posture/walking controller for humanoid robots. First, the walking pattern is generated using the simplified model for bipedal robot. Second, the kinematic resolution of CoM Jacobian with embedded motions makes a humanoid robot balanced automatically during movement of all other limbs. Actually, it offers an ability of whole body coordination to humanoid robot. Third, the posture/walking controller is completed by adding the CoM controller minus the zero moment point controller to the suggested kinematic resolution method. We prove that the proposed posture/walking controller brings the disturbance input-to-state stability for the simplified bipedal walking robot model. Finally, the effectiveness of the suggested posture/walking control method is shown through experiments with regard to the arm dancing and walking of humanoid robot.
Modeling of GaN hydride vapor phase epitaxy (1998)

A reactor model for the hydride vapor phase epitaxy of GaN is presented. The governing flow, energy, and species conservation equations are solved in two dimensions to examine the growth characteristics as a function of process variables and reactor geometry. The growth rate varies with GaCl composition but is independent of NH3 and H2 flow rates. A change in carrier gas for Ga source from H2 to N2 affects the growth rate and uniformity for a fixed reactor configuration. The model predictions are in general agreement with observed experimental behavior.
Capped mRNA Degradation Intermediates Accumulate in the Yeast <i>spb8-2</i> Mutant (1998)

mRNA in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is primarily degraded through a pathway that is stimulated by removal of the mRNA cap structure. Here we report that a mutation in the SPB8 (YJL124c) gene, initially identified as a suppressor mutation of a poly(A)-binding protein (PAB1) gene deletion, stabilizes the mRNA cap structure. Specifically, we find that the spb8-2 mutation results in the accumulation of capped, poly(A)-deficient mRNAs. The presence of this mutation also allows for the detection of mRNA species trimmed from the 3' end. These data show that this Sm-like protein family member is involved in the process of mRNA decapping, and they provide an example of 3'-5' mRNA degradation intermediates in yeast.
Evidence for grain-boundary-assisted diffusion of sulfur in polycrystalline CdS/CdTe heterojunctions (1999)

We present a near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) study of S interdiffusion in polycrystalline CdS/CdTe heterojunctions. S diffusion from CdS into CdTe leads to the formation of a CdTe1−xSx ternary phase. Because the band gap of CdTe1−xSx varies with S composition, we were able to combine NSOM with a tunable laser source to microscopically identify S-rich regions in the CdTe layer. S composition was found to be very nonuniform and frequently to be greater along grain boundaries than in the grain centers, identifying grain boundaries as locations of enhanced interdiffusion.
Modeling and Control of Heave-Induced Pressure Fluctuations in Managed Pressure Drilling (2012)

Automatic managed pressure drilling is an advanced pressure-control method which is intended to meet the increasingly high demands in drilling operations in the oil and gas industry. In this method, the circulating drilling fluid, which takes the cuttings out of the well, is released at the surface through a controlled choke. This choke is used for active control of the fluid pressure in the well. The corresponding automatic control system keeps the pressure at the bottom of the well at a specified setpoint despite various disturbances. One such disturbance, i.e., the vertical motion of the drill string, causes severe pressure fluctuations which need to be actively attenuated. In this paper, we present two different disturbance rejection strategies based on discretized partial differential equations for the well hydraulic system. The performance of the controllers is shown through simulations both under idealized conditions and on a high-fidelity drilling simulator.
APPLICATION OF THE ADVANCED ATMOSPHERIC PLUME PROFILER TO CURRENT CHALK RIVER LABORATORIES MONITORING SYSTEMS (2015)

The Advanced Atmospheric Plume Profiler (AAPP) was used to model emissions from facilities at Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL, formerly Atomic Energy of Canada Limited). The model results were found to compare well with results from the current atmospheric monitoring program at the Chalk River Laboratories (CRL). The AAPP is a dispersion model designed and developed by CNL to model multiple emission sources from CRL operations. The AAPP used in conjunction with in-situ sampling can also estimate emissions from sources that are difficult to access or directly measure.
Specific identification of fibrin(ogen) degradation products in plasma and serum using blotting and peroxidase labeled antiserum (1990)

We describe a method for identifying fibrinogen and fibrin split products using electrophoresis on agarose gel with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) followed by blotting in nitrocellulose paper. Detection of these derivatives after blotting is accomplished with peroxidase-conjugated rather than by isotopically labeled antibodies. This technique can detect diverse fibrinogen derivatives produced in vivo or in vitro by the combined action of thrombin, plasmin, and factor XIII. This methodology is applicable to plasma, serum, and other body fluids including urine and ascitic fluid. This sensitive and specific assay, distinguishing the products of cross-linked fibrin from those of fibrinogen and detecting fibrin polymers in plasma, can be achieved without the use of radioactivity.
GW627368X ((<i>N</i>‐{2‐[4‐(4,9‐diethoxy‐1‐oxo‐1,3‐dihydro‐2<i>H</i>‐benzo[<i>f</i>]isoindol‐2‐yl)phenyl]acetyl} benzene sulphonamide): a novel, potent and selective prostanoid EP<sub>4</sub> receptor antagonist (2006)

1. N-{2-[4-(4,9-diethoxy-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[f]isoindol-2-yl)phenyl]acetyl}benzene sulphonamide (GW627368X) is a novel, potent and selective competitive antagonist of prostanoid EP4 receptors with additional human TP receptor affinity. 2. At recombinant human prostanoid EP4 receptors expressed in HEK293 cells, GW627368X produced parallel rightward shifts of PGE2 concentration-effect (E/[A]) curves resulting in an affinity (pKb) estimate of 7.9 +/- 0.4 and a Schild slpoe not significantly different from unity. The affinity was independent of the agonist used. 4. In rings of phenylephrine precontracted piglet saphenous vein, GW627368X (30-300 nM) produced parallel rightward displacement of PGE2 E/[A] curves (pKb = 9.2 +/- 0.2; slope = 1). 4. GW627368X appears to bind to human prostanoid TP receptors but not the TP receptors of other species. In human washed platelets, GW627368X (10 microM) produced 100% inhibition of U-46619 (EC100)-induced aggregation (approximate pA2 approximately 7.0). However, in rings of rabbit and piglet saphenous vein and of guinea-pig aorta GW627368X (10 microM) did not displace U-46619 E/[A] curves indicating an affinity of < 5.0 for rabbit and guinea-pig prostanoid TP receptors. 5. In functional assays GW627368X is devoid of both agonism and antagonist affinity for prostanoid CRTH2, EP2, EP3, IP and FP receptors. At prostanoid EP1 receptors, GW627368X was an antagonist with a pA2 of 6.0, and at prostanoid IP receptors the compound increased the maximum effect of iloprost by 55%. At rabbit prostanoid EP2 receptors the pA2 of GW627368X was < 5.0. 6. In competition radioligand bioassays, GW627368X had affinity for human prostanoid EP4 and TP receptors (pKi = 7.0 +/- 0.2 (n = 10) and 6.8 (n = 2), respectively). Affinity for all other human prostanoid receptors was < 5.3. 7. GW627368X will be a valuable tool to explore the role of the prostanoid EP4 receptor in many physiological and pathological settings.
An evaluation of the effects of broken cryptographic primitives on Bitcoin (2015)

The Bitcoin cryptocurrency relies heavily on a variety of cryptographic functions and operations, which are currently assumed to be secure, but will inevitably be broken in the future. As Bitcoin tries to compete against traditional currencies, it remains to be seen how the Bitcoin protocol will need to change in response to weakened cryptography. To this end, this study systematically evaluates the effects of broken cryptographic primitives on the operation of the Bitcoin network, and the changes to the Bitcoin protocol that will be necessary in response. We conclude that a broken hash function only requires switching over to a new hash function, without the need to re-write the blockchain, and is well serviced by the “checkpoint” mechanisms already built into Bitcoin. However, a vulnerability of the signature scheme cannot be dealt with in the same manner without side-e.ects, as it may lead to lost or stolen coins, even if the process is gradual and is conducted before the cryptographic primitive is broken. We conclude that solving this problem either requires some degree of centralization, or the use of Zero-Knowledge Proofs along or on top of Bitcoin.
Low back pain. (1985)

Optimization of the surgical results on low back pain requires changing the factors that led to the patient's surgical disorder. The factors are poor posture, improper body mechanics, weakness, abusive activities, and general lack of understanding of back health care. Education and exercise will change all of these factors and help prevent the epidemic of failed multioperated patients with back problems. On surgery one should consider the natural history of lumbar spinal degeneration, anticipate failure, and do it right the first time.
Role of tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the regulation of organelle transport (2004)

Anterograde organelle transport is known to be inhibited by overexpression of the microtubule-associated protein tau in cultured cells. However, the molecular mechanism regulating this function of tau protein has not previously been understood. We found that in PC12 cells treated with NGF or fibroblast growth factor-2, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and tau were upregulated simultaneously from around day 2 of differentiation, with increasing glycogen synthase kinase-3-mediated tau phosphorylation. This phosphorylation did not alter tau's ability to bind to microtubules but appeared to be required for the maintenance of the anterograde organelle transport in differentiated cells. Lithium, alsterpaullone or valproate, three independent glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors, but not butyrolactone 1, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent protein kinases, induced mitochondrial clustering in association with tau dephosphorylation. In CHO cells transfected with human tau(441), mitochondrial clustering was found in cells in which tau was unphosphorylated. These findings raise the possibility that the phosphorylation of tau by glycogen synthase kinase-3 might be involved in the regulation of organelle transport.
Entry of Ebola Virus is an Asynchronous Process (2015)

Ebola virus (EBOV) is responsible for a severe fever with a high mortality rate. The diverse nature of the attachment of the virus to the cell surface, the initial step of virus entry, raises questions concerning the kinetics of the virus internalization process. We investigated EBOV entry kinetics using the activity of a particular monoclonal antibody that neutralizes virus infectivity. We demonstrate that inoculation of cells with EBOV results in an asynchronous entry process, as revealed by the ability of the virus to remain in a cell-bound state for an extended period of time before it is internalized.
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas in conditional <i>Pax3:Fkhr</i> mice: cooperativity of Ink4a/ARF and Trp53 loss of function (2004)

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive childhood muscle cancer for which outcomes are poor when the disease is advanced. Although well-developed mouse models exist for embryonal and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas, neither a spontaneous nor a transgenic mouse model of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma has yet been reported. We report the first mouse model of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma using a conditional Pax3:Fkhr knock-in allele whose activation in late embryogenesis and postnatally is targeted to terminally differentiating Myf6-expressing skeletal muscle. In these mice, alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas occur but at low frequency, and Fkhr haploinsufficiency does not appear to accelerate tumorigenesis. However, Pax3:Fkhr homozygosity with accompanying Ink4a/ARF or Trp53 pathway disruption, by means of conditional Trp53 or Ink4a/ARF loss of function, substantially increases the frequencies of tumor formation. These results of successful tumor generation postnatally from a target pool of differentiating myofibers are in sharp contrast to the birth defects and lack of tumors for mice with prenatal and postnatal satellite cell triggering of Pax3:Fkhr. Furthermore, these murine alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas have an immunohistochemical profile similar to human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, suggesting that this conditional mouse model will be relevant to study of the disease and will be useful for preclinical therapeutic testing.
Out of Area Operations (1984)

In the past, NATO has known no more divisive subject than the use of its forces outside the area to which they were assigned in 1949. From its inception, the Alliance has been designed solely to defend the North Atlantic area, not interests outside it. The suggestion that its defence perimeter should be extended to encompass the defence of energy interests in the Middle East has always been met with the objection that this would involve a strategic role for which NATO is not designed and which most of its members would resist for domestic political reasons.KeywordsIndian OceanArea OperationDefence MinisterBilateral TreatyEuropean ContributionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Pleiotropic effects of Bcl-2 on transcription factors in T cells: potential role of NF-<sub>K</sub>B p50–p50 for the anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2 (1995)

Bcl-2 functions to repress apoptosis by regulation of genes which encode proteins required for programmed cell death and by interference with peroxidative damage. We investigated the interrelationship between expression of bcl-2 and regulation of transcription factor DNA binding activities in the 2B4 T cell hybridoma and IL-2-dependent CTLL T cell line. Over-expression of bcl-2 in 2B4 resulted in enhanced basal levels of activator protein (AP)-1, octamer binding factor (Oct)-1, lymphoid enhancer binding factor (LEF)-1, RelA-p50 and NF-kappa B p50-p50 DNA binding activities. After apoptotic signaling, down-regulation of AP-1, NF-AT and Oct-1 binding activities was observed in control 2B4 and CTLL, whereas suboptimal, but higher, levels of these transcription factors were found in bcl-2-transfected cells, potentially promoting cell survival. Furthermore, after apoptotic signaling, expression of bcl-2 led to differential changes of NF-kappa B levels, resulting in a decrease in RelA-p50 and an increase in NF-kappa B p50-p50, altering the ratio of these DNA binding activities such that now p50-p50 markedly predominated in both 2B4-Bcl-2 and CTLL-Bcl-2. Apoptotic signaling in the presence or absence of Bcl-2 resulted in induction of the RelB-p50 heterodimer in 2B4. The changes in NF-kappa B/Rel levels raise the possibility that this family of transcription factors may play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis.
Advanced material appearance modeling (2008)

For many years appearance models in computer graphics focused on general models for reflectance functions coupled with texture maps. Recently it has been recognized that even very common materials such as hair, skin, fabric, and rusting metal require more sophisticated models to appear realistic. We will begin by briefly reviewing basic reflectance models and the use of texture maps. We then describe common themes in advanced material models that include combining the effects of layers, groups of particles and/or fibers. We will survey the detailed models necessary needed to model materials such as (but not limited to) skin (including pigmentation, pores, subsurface scattering), plants (including internal structure) and automotive paints (including color flop and sparkle). We will then treat the modeling of complex appearance due to aging and weathering processes. A general taxonomy of effects will be presented, as well as methods to simulate and to capture these effects.
The role of porosity in filtration: VI. New definition of filtration resistance (1964)

Abstract The definition of filtration resistance is re‐examined in view of the new theory ( 12 ) of the variation of flow rate with respect to distance through a filter cake. In the new definition it is shown that the filtration resistance depends upon slurry concentration as well as applied pressure. A correction factor modifying the specific filtration resistance previously defined by Ruth ( 5 , 6 ) is developed. Where the hydraulic pressure variation within a cake is known, methods are presented for calculating the variation of flow rate with respect to distance and the change of filtration resistance in relation to slurry concentration.
Highly selective dry etching of polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymer by gas pulsing carbon monoxide-based plasmas (2017)

We propose a very selective PMMA removal method from poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) copolymer using gas pulsing cyclic etching. Flow ratio of hydrogen (H2) added to carbon monoxide (CO) plasma was periodically changed to control etch and deposition processes on PS. By controlling the process time of each etch and deposition step, full PMMA removal including etching of the neutral layer was demonstrated at 28 nm pitch, while PS thickness remained intact. This is more than 10 times higher etch selectivity than conventional continuous plasma etch processes using standard oxygen (O2), CO–H2 and CO–O2-based chemistries.
Neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model: behavioral and neurochemical aspects (2006)

The vigilance-enhancing agent modafinil has neuroprotective properties: it prevents striatal ischemic injury, nigrostriatal pathway deterioration after partial transsection and intoxication with 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. The present study determines the protective effects of modafinil in the marmoset 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Parkinson model on behavior and on monoamine levels. Twelve marmoset monkeys were treated with a total dose of 6 mg/kg 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Simultaneously, six animals received a daily oral dose of modafinil (100 mg/kg) and six animals received vehicle for 27 days. Behavior was observed daily and the locomotor activity, hand-eye coordination, small fast movements, anxiety-related behavior and startle response of the animals were tested twice a week for 3 weeks. Modafinil largely prevented the 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced change in observed behavior, locomotor activity, hand-eye coordination and small fast movements, whereas the vehicle could not prevent the devastating effects of 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Dopamine levels in the striatum of the vehicle+1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated animals were reduced to 5% of control levels, whereas the dopamine levels of the modafinil+1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated animals were reduced to 41% of control levels. The present data suggest that modafinil prevents decrease of movement-related behavior and dopamine levels after 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine intoxication and can be an efficaceous pharmacological intervention in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Photothermal Off-Resonance Tapping for Rapid and Gentle Atomic Force Imaging of Live Cells (2018)

Imaging living cells by atomic force microscopy (AFM) promises not only high-resolution topographical data, but additionally, mechanical contrast, both of which are not obtainable with other microscopy techniques. Such imaging is however challenging, as cells need to be measured with low interaction forces to prevent either deformation or detachment from the surface. Off-resonance modes which periodically probe the surface have been shown to be advantageous, as they provide excellent force control combined with large amplitudes, which help reduce lateral force interactions. However, the low actuation frequency in traditional off-resonance techniques limits the imaging speed significantly. Using photothermal actuation, we probe the surface by directly actuating the cantilever. Due to the much smaller mass that needs to be actuated, the achievable measurement frequency is increased by two orders of magnitude. Additionally, photothermal off-resonance tapping (PORT) retains the precise force control of conventional off-resonance modes and is therefore well suited to gentle imaging. Here, we show how photothermal off-resonance tapping can be used to study live cells by AFM. As an example of imaging mammalian cells, the initial attachment, as well as long-term detachment, of human thrombocytes is presented. The membrane disrupting effect of the antimicrobial peptide CM-15 is shown on the cell wall of <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Finally, the dissolution of the cell wall of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> by lysozyme is shown. Taken together, these evolutionarily disparate forms of life exemplify the usefulness of PORT for live cell imaging in a multitude of biological disciplines.
Implications of Minimizing Trauma During Conventional Cochlear Implantation (2011)

Conservation of acoustic hearing after conventional length cochlear implantation is unpredictable but remains a realistic goal. The combination of improved technology and refined surgical technique may allow for conservation of some residual hearing in more than 50% of patients. Germane to the conventional length CI recipient with substantial hearing loss, minimizing trauma allows for improved speech perception in the electric condition. These findings support the use of minimally traumatic techniques in all CI recipients, even those destined for electric-only stimulation.
The Dynamic Control of Hybrid Energy Storage Sysem for Mild HEV (2007)

To improve the cycle life and efficiency of an energy storage system for HEV, a dynamic control system consisted of a switch between battery and ultracapacitor module and a controller is proposed, which is appropriate for mild hybrid vehicle with 42 V power net. The switch can be controlled based on the status of the battery and the ultracapacitor module, and a control algorithm that could largely decrease the number of high charging current peak is also implemented. Therefore the cycle life of the battery can be improved such that it is suitable for a mild hybrid vehicle with frequent engine start-stop and regenerative-braking. Also, by maximizing the use of the ultracapacitor, the system efficiency during high current charging and discharging operation is improved. Finally, this system has the effects that improves the efficiency of energy storage system and reduces the fuel consumption of a vehicle. To verify the validity of the proposed system, this paper presented cycles test results of different energy storage systems: a simple VRLA battery, hybrid energy pack (HEP, a VRLA battery in parallel with Ultracapacitor) and a HEP with a switch that controlled by energy management system (EMS). From the experimental result, it was proved the effectiveness of the algorithm.