gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Origin and evolution of peptide-modifying dioxygenases and identification of the wybutosine hydroxylase/hydroperoxidase (2010)

Unlike classical 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent dioxygenases, which include several nucleic acid modifiers, the structurally similar jumonji-related dioxygenase superfamily was only known to catalyze peptide modifications. Using comparative genomics methods, we predict that a family of jumonji-related enzymes catalyzes wybutosine hydroxylation/peroxidation at position 37 of eukaryotic tRNAPhe. Identification of this enzyme raised questions regarding the emergence of protein- and nucleic acid-modifying activities among jumonji-related domains. We addressed these with a natural classification of DSBH domains and reconstructed the precursor of the dioxygenases as a sugar-binding domain. This precursor gave rise to sugar epimerases and metal-binding sugar isomerases. The sugar isomerase active site was exapted for catalysis of oxygenation, with a radiation of these enzymes in bacteria, probably due to impetus from the primary oxygenation event in Earth's history. 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent versions appear to have further expanded with rise of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. We identify previously under-appreciated aspects of their active site and multiple independent innovations of 2-oxoacid-binding basic residues among these superfamilies. We show that double-stranded β-helix dioxygenases diversified extensively in biosynthesis and modification of halogenated siderophores, antibiotics, peptide secondary metabolites and glycine-rich collagen-like proteins in bacteria. Jumonji-related domains diversified into three distinct lineages in bacterial secondary metabolism systems and these were precursors of the three major clades of eukaryotic enzymes. The specificity of wybutosine hydroxylase/peroxidase probably relates to the structural similarity of the modified moiety to the ancestral amino acid substrate of this superfamily.
High output power from an efficient praseodymium-doped fluoride fiber amplifier (1993)

A praseodymium doped fluoride fiber amplifier (PDFFA) exhibiting efficient operation in both the large- and the small-signal regimes is described. The amplifier, based on a high NA fluoride fiber, exhibited a maximum small-signal gain of 29 dB and a low-pump small-signal. efficiency of 0.13 dB/mW. In the saturated regime a maximum output power of 212 mW was achieved. In this format, the signal-out versus pump-in characteristic, exhibited a slope efficiency of 30%, representing the most efficient conversion from pump to signal yet reported. Detailed spectral characterization reveals small-signal gain in excess of 20 dB over a wavelength range of almost 50 nm and in excess of 100 mW of saturated output available over a 30-nm wavelength range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Metal–nanocarbon contacts (2014)

To realize nanocarbons in general and carbon nanotube (CNT) in particular as on-chip interconnect materials, the contact resistance stemming from the metal–CNT interface must be well understood and minimized. Understanding the complex mechanisms at the interface can lead to effective contact resistance reduction. In this study, we compile existing published results and understanding for two metal–CNT contact geometries, sidewall or side contact and end contact, and address key performance characteristics which lead to low contact resistance. Side contacts typically result in contact resistances >1 kΩ, whereas end contacts, such as that for as-grown vertically aligned CNTs on a metal underlayer, can be substantially lower. The lower contact resistance for the latter is due largely to strong bonding between edge carbon atoms with atoms on the metal surface, while carrier transport across a side-contacted interface via tunneling is generally associated with high contact resistance. Analyses of high-resolution images of interface nanostructures for various metal–CNT structures, along with their measured electrical characteristics, provide the necessary knowledge for continuous improvements of techniques to reduce contact resistance. Such contact engineering approach is described for both side and end-contacted structures.
Asymmetrical Multilevel Inverter for Traction Drives Using Only One DC Supply (2010)

The main advantage of asymmetrical multilevel inverters is the optimization of levels with a minimum number of power supplies. However, this optimized multilevel system still needs a large number of isolated and floating dc supplies, which makes these converters complicated to implement in electric vehicles (EVs), because the system will require many independent battery packs. In this paper, a very simple scheme, based on a small and cheap high-frequency link (HFL), allows the utilization of only one power supply for the complete multilevel inverter drive, with an inherent regulation of the voltages supplied among the H-bridges. It also allows voltage control with the full number of levels if the dc source is of a variable voltage characteristic. This paper is focused on a 27-level asymmetric inverter, but the strategy, using only one power supply, can be applied to converters with any number of levels. In particular, an asymmetrical 27-level converter needs nine isolated power supplies, and the proposed system reduces these nine sources to only one: the battery car. The topology also permits full regenerative braking working as a three-level converter. The proposed system is intended for application in EVs from power ratings up to 150 kW. Simulations and experimental results show the feasibility to implement this “one-source” multilevel system.
Dietary fibre enrichment, blood pressure, lipoprotein profile and gut hormones in NIDDM patients. (1989)

The influence of a beet-fibre enriched diet (mean 40 g FibrexR, 27 g dietary fibre per day) on blood pressure, plasma lipoproteins and glycaemic control was studied in 12 non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDD) patients. The effect on gastrointestinal hormones was also investigated. Beet-fibre and control diets were given in randomized order for 8 weeks each. During the beet-fibre diet the systolic blood pressure decreased (P less than 0.05) and the HDL-cholesterol levels increased (P less than 0.05) compared to values before the study. There was a tendency for systolic blood pressure to be lower also in the control period, but this was not statistically significant. After both diet periods the total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased, as well as the LDL/HDL ratio. Blood glucose levels--fasting or postprandial--and glycosylated haemoglobin were not affected during the two different diet periods. In obese NIDD patients, however, the postprandial insulin levels were lower after the beet-fibre diet compared to the control diet. This subgroup also showed lower fasting values of pancreatic polypeptide and motilin were recorded for the obese patients after the fibre-rich period compared to before the study. Further, increases in postprandial motilin levels, 60-180 min, were found after the fibre-rich period. Investigations with reference to an entero-hormonal mechanism by measuring neurotensin and peptide YY did not show any variations between the diet periods.
Kritik an den theoretischen Wurzeln: Die methodologischen Grundlagen (1982)

Im vorangegangenen Kapitel wurde die Kritik auf die Ebene der Kriterien für die "Wissenschaftlichkeit" empirischer Sozialforschung gehoben, insofern das Kriterium der Situations-Independenz die Restriktion auf dem Gebiet der Datenerhebung fortsetzt, die im Begriff der Einstellung und ihrer Modelle schon herausgearbeitet worden sind.
Acid-Resistant Mesoporous Metal–Organic Framework toward Oral Insulin Delivery: Protein Encapsulation, Protection, and Release (2018)

Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide and the number of diagnoses continues to climb annually. Though several effective medications and therapeutic methods have been developed to treat type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus, direct insulin injection remains the only effective treatment for insulin resistant (IR) diabetes patients. Here, we immobilize insulin in a crystalline mesoporous metal-organic framework (MOF), NU-1000, and obtain a high loading of ∼40 wt % in only 30 min. The acid-stable MOF capsules are found to effectively prevent insulin from degrading in the presence of stomach acid and the digestive enzyme, pepsin. Furthermore, the encapsulated insulin can be released from NU-1000 under simulated physiological conditions.
Contributors, Mar. 1976 (1976)

Presents a biographical entry for each author and co-author included in this issue of the publication.
Tissue micromotion induced stress around brain implants (2005)

The long-term consequences of tissue micromotion against stationary brain implants are poorly understood. Our aim here is to measure surface micromotion in the rodent somatosensory cortex and estimate mechanical stresses induced in the brain tissue due to micromotion against stationary implants. A differential variable reluctance transducer (DVRT) was used in adult rats to monitor micromotion normal to the somatosensory cortex surface. Using finite element models of the brain, we then estimated shear and normal stresses in the brain tissue in the vicinity of the brain implants. Surface micromotion was observed to be few tens of microns due to pressure changes during respiration and 2-4/spl mu/m due to vascular pulsatility. Maximum shear stress values of up to 2.5-3.5 KPa were estimated near the tip of a 50/spl mu/m diameter implant. Tissue micromotion on the surface of the somatosensory cortex can lead to significant shear and normal stress build-up in the brain tissue in the vicinity of cylindrical brain implants. The impact of the mechanical stress on brain tissue viability and function under chronic in-vivo conditions needs to be assessed in future studies.
Aging processes and the development of osteoarthritis (2012)

Purpose of review Aging is a primary risk factor for the development of osteoarthritis and the understanding of how aging processes contribute to the development of osteoarthritis is an important area of active research. The most recent literature in this area was reviewed in order to update investigators on the status of the field. Recent findings The field is beginning to move beyond a cartilage focus to include other joint tissues relevant to osteoarthritis such as ligaments, meniscus, and bone. Synovitis also appears to play a role in osteoarthritis but has not been a focus of aging studies. Studies in small animals, including mice and rats, demonstrate age-related changes that can contribute to osteoarthritis and show that animal age is a key factor to be considered in interpreting the results of studies using surgically induced models of osteoarthritis. There is accumulating evidence that cellular processes such as damage-induced cell senescence contribute to osteoarthritis and a growing body of literature on the role of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in aging and osteoarthritis. Summary Not all osteoarthritis is due to aging processes in joint tissues, but the age-related changes being discovered certainly could play a major contributing role.
Action pattern of Aeromonas hydrophila chitinase on partially N-acetylated chitosan. (1990)

Oligosaccharides from the digestion of 34% N-acetylated chitosan by Aeromonas hydrophila chitinase were separated by CM-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography. Sugar compositions and the sequences of main oligosaccharides were identified through their N-acetylation, their cleavage with exo-glycosidases, and their degradation with nitrous acid. Hetero-chitooligosaccharides such as GlcN.GlcNAc, GlcN.GlcNAc.GlcNAc, GlcNAc.GlcN.GlcNAc, and GlcNAc.GlcN.GlcNAc.GlcNAc, together with GlcNAc and (GlcNAc)2, were detected. The structure of GlcN.GlcNAc was confirmed by the analysis with proton and carbon NMR spectroscopy. These studies indicate that Aeromonas hydrophila chitinase is more specific toward the N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidic bonds in partially N-acetylated chitosan.
The impact of infrastructure development on rural poverty reduction in Viet Nam (2004)

Public investment has made an enormous contribution to economic growth and poverty reduction in Vietnam. But attempts to scale up this contribution will have to rely on increasing the quality, not the quantity of investment. At roughly one-third of GDP, Vietnam's investment rate is among the highest in the world. Attempts to raise it further would reduce growth in consumption, limiting progress in poverty reduction. Economic growth has also made an important contribution to poverty reduction, with higher growth resulting in lower poverty. But growth may become less pro-poor over time, as fast integration with the global economy favors the country's economic hubs over its remote and mountainous areas. Thus the quality of public investment should be one of the main levers for expediting growth and reducing poverty in the next few years. Rigorously evaluating the public investment program, both its successes and its failures is an important step in the right direction. So far, infrastructure investments have occurred without a systematic appraisal of their socioeconomic impacts. Some perspectives can be used to assess the poverty alleviation impacts of public investment in Vietnam. A macroeconomic perspective shows that Vietnam's incremental capital-output ratio (ICOR) has increased since the mid-1990s, and now compares unfavorably with that of other developing countries. As the ICOR is a crude measure of the productivity of capital, its increase over time is a matter of concern. But more refined analyses are needed to identify ways to raise the quality of public investment. Perspectives based on investment impacts by province and project go beyond the macroeconomic approach, and estimate how the public investment program and each of its main components, contributed to poverty reduction during 1998/2002. However this approach poses considerable methodological and empirical challenges.
Blood Flow and Tissue Space of the Left Coronary Artery in Man (1970)

Using a constant infusion of two indicators, T-1824 bound to albumin and tritiated water, flow and transit time were measured in the left coronary system of intact man. Indicators were infused for 6 minutes into the left coronary artery with sampling from the coronary sinus in a region that drained exclusively the inflow of the left coronary artery and from the brachial artery for recirculation. The degree of heterogeneity of myocardial perfusion could be defined by the time required for the curve to reach a plateau. A correlation coefficient of 0.966 was found between the two indicator-measured blood flows. The average myocardial hematocrit was calculated and found to be similar to the arterial. In the presence of myocardial disease, total flow of the left coronary artery was increased. When this was divided by tissue volume, the blood flow per unit volume of tissue was decreased in the presence of the idiopathic cardiomyopathy.
Abstract 11603: Structural Insights Into C-terminus and N-terminus of a Designer cGMP Activating ANP-Based Antihypertensive Peptide: ZD100 (2016)

Introduction: As importantly underscored by the SPRINT Trial, innovative blood pressure (BP) lowering and multiorgan protective drugs are needed for treating hypertension (HTN). We engineered a Mayo Clinic designer atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-based drug, ZD100, which possesses a unique 12 amino acid (AA) carboxy-terminus (CT) extension while maintaining the N-terminus (NT) of ANP. ZD100 is more potent than ANP in reducing BP, inducing natriuresis and inhibiting aldosterone via pGC-A and its second messenger cGMP. To date, the in vivo actions of ZD100 in a model of essential HTN are undefined. Further, in attempt to enhance and/or minimize pGC-A activation, the importance of specific AAs in the CT and NT of ZD100 is unknown and is critical to define. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that ZD100 is a potent anti-HTN drug activating pGC-A/cGMP system and that specific AA variations in the CT and/or NT of ZD100 will modify the ability of activating pGC-A. Methods: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) received intravenous (IV) ZD100 or vehicle and BP, plasma and urinary cGMP and the natriuretic effects were determined. We then engineered 15 strategic ZD100 variants (Vs) consisting of mutated peptides in the CT or NT or both. We stimulated HEK293 cells overexpressing pGC-A with ZD100 and the 15 Vs (10-8 M) and measured intracellular cGMP generation. Results: In SHRs, acute IV ZD100 reduced BP, increased plasma and urinary cGMP generation and induced natriuresis demonstrating efficacy in HTN. In vitro, we found two more potent pGC-A activators (+100% cGMP activation) only among the CT-only mutated ZD100 Vs. Importantly, key mutations of either the CT or NT resulted in 6 loss-of-function Vs identifying importance of peptide-receptor dependency. Conclusions: We demonstrate for the first time in a genetic model of HTN that ZD100 reduces BP, activates systemic and renal pGC-A/cGMP and induces natriuresis. Enhanced or reduced pGC-A activation with targeted AA mutations in the CT and NT of ZD100 provides key structure function insights into ZD100 which may lead to next generation ZD100 therapeutic peptides. These findings support ZD100 as a novel peptide therapeutic strategy for HTN and will help guide the selection of best-in-class ZD100 analogues.
Thermodynamics of micellisation and gelation of oxyethylene/oxypropylene diblock copolymers in aqueous solution studied by light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (1992)

Aqueous solutions of a range of diblock copolymers, each with one stat-copoly(oxyethylene/oxypropylene) and one oxyethylene block, were investigated by light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. Critical micelle temperatures were measured by both techniques and the standard thermodynamic micellisation functions were derived. Enthalpies of micellisation determined directly from DSC were compared with the standard enthalpies of micellisation determined via the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation. Gelation temperatures were also measured and the standard thermodynamic gelation functions derived. Typical values of the standard enthalpies were 300 kJ (mol of chains)–1 for micellisation and 30 kJ (mol of micelles)–1 for gelation: the latter quantity corresponding roughly to 1 kJ (mol of chains)–1.
Synthesis of Vinylphosphonic Acid Anhydrides and their Copolymerization with Vinylphosphonic Acid (2007)

Abstract We present the synthesis and characterization of the compounds formed in a mixture of vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) and acetic anhydride used for the radical‐initiated VPA polymerization. High‐molecular‐weight PVPA with $\overline M _{\rm w}$ up to 109 000 g · mol −1 was obtained from the polymerization of a mixture containing VPA, VPAAnh, VPADiAnh and their acetylated derivatives. Relative reactivities of these compounds were estimated. The resulting polymers were characterized by viscosimetry, light scattering and NMR measurements. The complexity of the polymer structure increases with increasing anhydride content in the reaction feed as can be concluded from the 1 H, 13 C and 31 P NMR spectra. This finding is in accordance with a cyclopolymerization mechanism resulting in five‐ and six‐membered anhydride rings within the polymer chain. magnified image
Chemoselectivity in reactions of esterification (2004)

This review is devoted to the problem of chemoselective formation of ester functions in polyfunctional molecules. The review covers most typical approaches to chemoselective acylation of hydroxy groups in molecules containing an amino, mercapto, or another hydroxy functionality as well as chemoselective esterification of di- and polycarboxylic acids.
Increased production of aminoglycosides associated with amplified antibiotic resistance genes. (1986)

The 6'-N-acetyltransferase derived from Streptomyces kanamyceticus strain M1164 was cloned on to the high copy plasmid vector pIJ702 and introduced into S. kanamyceticus (ATCC 12853, a kanamycin producer) and S. fradiae (ATCC 10745, a neomycin producer). In both cases transformants containing the recombinant plasmid showed increased resistance to a number of aminoglycoside antibiotics and substantially increased production of kanamycin and neomycin. This demonstrates that specific amplification of gene products associated with antibiotic biosynthesis provides a means for improving antibiotic production.
Toll-like receptors: emerging concepts in kidney disease (2007)

The field of TLR research elucidates the molecular mechanisms of infection-associated kidney diseases but may also further support the concept that innate immunity significantly contributes to the so-called types of nonimmune kidney diseases.
Neural network classification of body surface potential contour map to detect myocardial infarction location (2010)

This paper is the follow-up of our previous work presented for CinC/PhysioNet Challenge 2007 on the “electrocardiographic imaging of myocardial infarction”. We have presented an automatic method for MI location detection by Neural Network classification of BSPM data.
Fast compression artifact reduction technique based on nonlinear filtering (2003)

A computationally efficient postprocessing technique to reduce compression artifacts in low-bit-rate video coding is presented in this research. Blocking and ringing effects are two major compression artifacts observed in the block DCT-based video codec, such as H.263, when the coding bit rate becomes low. Reduction of these artifacts can significantly improve the overall visual quality of decoded video. A new table-lookup method and a nonlinear filtering approach are adopted to remove the blocking and ringing effects, respectively. Experiments employing H.263+TMN8 anchor bit-streams are performed to show that the proposed postprocessing technique can alleviate the coding artifacts efficiently with a low computational complexity.
Watermarking polygonal lines using fourier descriptors (2004)

Digital products are easy to copy, reproduce, and maliciously process in a network environment. Over the past decade, watermarking has emerged as an important technology for protecting copyright of multimedia products. We present a method for embedding and detecting watermarks in vector graphics images containing polygonal lines, and present results from simulated attacks. Our proposed algorithm embeds watermarks in polygonal lines describing image contours. These contours are usually described in vector format. Our watermarking method slightly modifies the vertex coordinates of the polygonal line. We embed the watermark in the magnitude of the curve's Fourier descriptors to exploit its location, scale, and rotation invariant properties. Our technique has certain similarities to bitmap image watermarking in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domain. However, it's essentially different because it can be applied to vector rather than bitmap images. Furthermore, Fourier descriptor watermarking problems differ from DFT bitmap image watermarking problems.
Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy: A descriptive analysis. (2012)

Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is an exciting new bronchoscopic technique that promises accurate navigation to peripheral pulmonary target lesions, using technology similar to a car global positioning system (GPS) unit. Potential uses for ENB include biopsy of peripheral lung lesions, pleural dye marking of nodules for surgical wedge resection, placement of fiducial markers for stereotactic radiotherapy, and therapeutic insertion of brachytherapy catheters into malignant tissue. This article will describe the ENB procedure, review the published literature, compare ENB to existing biopsy techniques, and outline the challenges for widespread implementation of this new technology.