gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unusual Interplay of Two Types of Ras Activators, RasGRP and SOS, Establishes Sensitive and Robust Ras Activation in Lymphocytes (2007)

Ras activation is crucial for lymphocyte development and effector function. Both T and B lymphocytes contain two types of Ras activators: ubiquitously expressed SOS and specifically expressed Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP). The need for two activators is enigmatic since both are activated following antigen receptor stimulation. In addition, RasGRP1 appears to be dominant over SOS in an unknown manner. The crystal structure of SOS provides a clue: an unusual allosteric Ras-GTP binding pocket. Here, we demonstrate that RasGRP orchestrates Ras signaling in two ways: (i) by activating Ras directly and (ii) by facilitating priming of SOS with RasGTP that binds the allosteric pocket. Priming enhances SOS' in vivo activity and creates a positive RasGTP-SOS feedback loop that functions as a rheostat for Ras activity. Without RasGRP1, initiation of this loop is impaired because SOS' catalyst is its own product (RasGTP)-hence the dominance of RasGRP1. Introduction of an active Ras-like molecule (RasV12C40) in T- and B-cell lines can substitute for RasGRP function and enhance SOS' activity via its allosteric pocket. The unusual RasGRP-SOS interplay results in sensitive and robust Ras activation that cannot be achieved with either activator alone. We hypothesize that this mechanism enables lymphocytes to maximally respond to physiologically low levels of stimulation.
Interleukin‐8 Levels and Granulocyte Counts in Cervical Mucus During Pregnancy (2000)

IL-8 is involved in the increase of cervical granulocytes and in the process of parturition.
Pathophysiologic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with primary immunodeficiency. I. Ig synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with either pokeweed mitogen or Epstein-Barr virus <i>in vitro</i>. (1981)

In the present study 5 patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia (CVH) and 4 patients with selective IgA deficiency (IgA-D) were analyzed for the cellular defects responsible for impaired Ig synthesis with use of peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with either PWM or EBV in vitro. By the use of co-culture with PWM, all the patients examined had intrinsic B cell defects restricted to the synthesis of Ig class corresponding to the low or absent Ig class(es) in the sera. Two types of excessive suppressor T activity were found, which were abrogated by irradiation. One was isotype-nonspecific and the other was IgA-specific. Moreover, failure of IgA-specific helper T activity was demonstrated. The use of EBV as an agent that polyclonally activates B cells independently of T cells and monocytes should allow a clearer delineation of the level of the B cell defects. When co-cultured with EBV, B cells from 3 patients with CVH produced normal to subnormal quantities of IgM although they could produce no IgM upon co-culturing with normal T cells and PWM. B cells from 2 patients with CVH could produce IgM normally by stimulation with either PWM or EBV; however, there was no restoration to produce IgG or IgA in these patients. In addition, B cells from 2 patients with IgA-D produced not only IgG and IgM but also IgA almost normally at 4 days after in vitro stimulation with EBV.
The Plight of Yemeni Private Enterprises since the 2011 Crisis : A Rapid Assessment (2012)

Yemen's political and security crises have exacted a terrible toll on its people in terms of human losses, poverty, malnutrition, and economic decline. Emerging from conflict and violence and moving towards economic recovery, growth, poverty alleviation, and job creation are critically dependent on enabling a growing and increasingly diverse and competitive private sector. Understanding the effects of civil conflict on private businesses and their needs in a conflict-affected environment can provide insights on measures that will assist overall economic recovery. The report asserts that private sector development is crucial to recovery, 'especially if creating jobs and incomes is to outlast donor-funded, short-term emergency works'. The World Development Report (WDR) concludes that, 'author need to put greater emphasis on early projects to create jobs, especially through the private sector.'
Pointing large antennas using the conical scan technique (1998)

We describe an alternative way of pointing (large) radiotelescopes using a method derived from radar tracking techniques, and generally known as conical scanning. It can be accomplished by using either a feed that is mechanically (or electrically) displaced from the boresight axis, or by fixing the feed and translating or rotating a tilted subreflector. The optimum set–up for radioastronomical application depends upon the antenna configuration, the feed mount, and the sizes/weights of the moving parts involved. In the case of the new Gregorian configuration for the Arecibo telescope, the mechanical and electromagnetic configuration suggests the use of combined motions of the tertiary reflector in elevation and the feed turret in cross–elevation. We analyse several methods of implementing the conical scan technique and evaluate them through numerical simulations.
Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Prevent, Ameliorate, and Cure Type 1 Diabetes (2005)

Type 1A diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoimmune islet beta cell destruction precipitated by environmental triggers in genetically predisposed individuals. Islet beta cells produce insulin and are the primary target of this autoimmune disorder. Insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and insulinoma associated-2 autoantibodies (IAA, GAD65, and IA-2) are the autoantibodies that have been associated most clearly with the development of T1D. Despite our current ability to predict T1D using genetic markers and detecting islet autoantibodies, we have yet to find a safe way to prevent the disease. However, there are more than 100 different therapies that prevent T1D in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model or the BioBreeding (BB) rats. This paper reviews a few select therapeutic approaches that have been or are being evaluated as possibilities for the prevention, amelioration, or cure of T1D.
The Luminescent Center in Self-Activated ZnS Phosphors (1959)

A model for the ground state of the self‐activated luminescent center in phosphors proposed by Prener and Williams in 1956 has been confirmed experimentally. It is shown that a Zn vacancy is involved in the blue luminescence and that the spectrum depends on whether the required coactivator can occupy a Zn or S site near the vacancy. The calculated energy levels of the center using a simple model are in qualitative agreement with the observed spectra.
A quantitative methodology for software risk control (2002)

Software risk control is becoming increasingly important in the software process. The huge losses reported by many software projects have become unacceptable to software development organisations and their clients. What is required is a method of determining, in the software life cycle, the risk that the project is facing. It is essential to identify the factors influencing the success of the project and estimate the possibility that these influences will cause the project to fail? This paper presents a methodology for software risk control. This methodology comprises several quantitative models for assessing and prioritising the software risks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
556. Polynuclear heterocyclic systems. Part VII. Syntheses using the Elbs reaction (1953)

G. M. Badger and R. Pettit, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 2774 DOI: 10.1039/JR9530002774
Effects of Modified Digestion Schemes on the Identification of Proteins from Complex Mixtures (2006)

In shotgun proteomics, a complex protein mixture is digested to peptides, separated, and identified by microcapillary liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In this technology, complete protein digestion is often assumed. We show that, to the contrary, modifications to a standard digestion protocol demonstrate large, reproducible improvements in protein identification, a result consistent with digestion being a limiting factor in the efficiency of protein identification.
Computer Assisted Automated Detection of Knee Osteoarthritis using X-ray Images (2015)

Knee Osteoarthritis is a common disease of bones in human. Doctors check X-ray images manually for the identification of Osteoarthritis (OA) disease. Many researches till date have given some approaches to identify OA based on Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) classification but, they are manual or semi automated. Unlike KL grades we describe an automated computer assisted method to detect OA based on the Joint Space Width (JSW) of knee images. We used image processing method for clearing the image and extracting the JSW(pre-processing, segmentation, decision making etc) later compared with Ahlback Grading. We considered a dataset of 100 knee images of normal and OA. Our approach gave successful results in all images (excluding the damaged images).
Metabolomic Profiling of Drug Responses in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Cell Lines (2009)

Combined bezafibrate (BEZ) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) exert unexpected antileukaemic activities against acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and these activities are associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the tumor cells. Although the generation of ROS by these drugs is supported by preceding studies including our own, the interrelationship between the cellular effects of the drugs and ROS generation is not well understood. Here we report the use of NMR metabolomic profiling to further study the effect of BEZ and MPA on three AML cell lines and to shed light on the underlying mechanism of action. For this we focused on drug effects induced during the initial 24 hours of treatment prior to the onset of overt cellular responses and examined these in the context of basal differences in metabolic profiles between the cell lines. Despite their ultimately profound cellular effects, the early changes in metabolic profiles engendered by these drugs were less pronounced than the constitutive metabolic differences between cell types. Nonetheless, drug treatments engendered common metabolic changes, most markedly in the response to the combination of BEZ and MPA. These responses included changes to TCA cycle intermediates consistent with recently identified chemical actions of ROS. Notable amongst these was the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate which was recapitulated by the treatment of cell extracts with exogenous hydrogen peroxide. These findings indicate that the actions of combined BEZ and MPA against AML cells are indeed mediated downstream of the generation of ROS rather than some hitherto unsuspected mechanism. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that metabolite profiles represent highly sensitive markers for genomic differences between cells and their responses to external stimuli. This opens new perspectives to use metabolic profiling as a tool to study the rational redeployment of drugs in new disease settings.
Early detection of influenza virus by using a fluorometric assay of infected tissue culture (1988)

A fluorometric substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-ketoside of N-acetylneuramide, was used directly on clinical specimens and infected tissue culture 24 h after inoculation for the detection of influenza viral neuraminidase. Viral neuraminidase was detected in infected tissue culture but not in clinical specimens. The sensitivity of the assay on tissue culture was 92%, and the specificity was 96%.
Improving Our Understanding of Porosity in Source Rock Reservoirs through Advanced Imaging Techniques (2013)

Summary URTeC 1619700 Understanding porosity and its development is essential when characterizing source-rock reservoir quality. Using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) on argon-ion polished shale samples, images show that most of the porosity occurs within organic matter (OM) and that the pore geometry and characteristics vary with increasing thermal maturity. Comparison of the OM in shales from numerous plays reveals that the OM is heterogeneous. High magnification FESEM images (>30,000X) show the OM is composed of spherical to cylindrical units, 7-45 nm in diameter dispersed in an organic matrix, where the porosity has developed within this arrangement. These subunits and pore structures are evident in rocks from low to high thermal maturity (e.g., %Ro equivalent 0.6 to >3). The common presence of OM with this texture in open pores and between clay platelets in larger, open, stress-protected pore bodies supports an interpretation that the OM was formed within intercrystalline space as a “colloidal-like” system. Observations suggest that with the onset of thermal maturation and degradation of the OM, molecular self-assembly took place through noncovalent interactions to form a colloidal-like system. Large pores and high organic porosity do not occur in all OM within a sample and OM with no significant visible porosity does occur in high-stress locations and in thin sheets between mineral grains. The presence of minerals within the OM may have an effect on visible organic porosity size and distribution.
Botulinum toxin cosmetic therapy correlates with a more positive mood (2009)

The results support the facial feedback view that frowning can make one unhappier. Treatments that prevent frowning correlate with reduced negative mood.
Modélisation stratigraphique déterministe: Conception et applications d'un modèle diffusif 3D multilithologique. (1996)

Les progres recents en geologie, et en particulier en stratigraphie genetique, ont permis de mieux apprehender l'etude du remplissage sedimentaire des bassins sur des echelles de temps de quelques centaines de milliers a dizaines de millions d'annees, et d'espace de l'ordre de la dizaine a la centaine de kilometres. Le but de notre travail est la conception d'un modele deterministe numerique permettant la simulation de ce remplissage multilithologique en 3d. Trois types de modelisation sont actuellement developpes: les modeles geometriques, diffusifs et particulaires. Parmi ces approches, nous avons retenu l'approche diffusive, seule approche permettant la simulation du remplissage des bassins sedimentaires aux echelles de temps et d'espace envisagees. Nous avons ainsi concu un modele diffusif, baptise Dionysos (diffusion oriented - normal and inverse - simulation of sedimentation). L'etude de lois utilisees en mecanique des fluides et de leur enregistrements dans les sediments sur de grandes echelles de temps et d'espace nous a permis de concevoir une equation de diffusion reliant le flux de sediments, s'ecoulant en chaque point du bassin, a la pente (energie de l'ecoulement de l'eau), au flux d'eau (capacite de transport de l'eau) et a un coefficient de diffusion (efficacite du transport). Afin de simuler le transport de plusieurs lithologies, nous avons de plus defini une couche superficielle d'alteration au sein de laquelle s'effectue l'ensemble ce transport. Les applications de ce modele diffusif sur des cas theoriques et sur des cas reels ont montre que ce modele restitue les implications des concepts de la stratigraphie genetique (partitionnement volumetrique et distorsion des unites genetiques) et les geometries sedimentaires observees. Le modele est ainsi physiquement et geologiquement coherent. Ces applications du modele dionisos ont de plus illustre differents retours possibles vers les informations geologiques, tant au niveau des cas theoriques (relation entre bathymetrie et sablosite, evolution de la pente du littoral,. . . ) qu'au niveau des cas reels (affinement de la definition des bathymetries,. . . ). Malgre ces resultats encourageants, il reste cependant differents points a tester, ameliorer ou developper, tels que la prise en compte de la derive littorale et des ecoulements turbiditiques, ainsi que la production des carbonates. Ainsi, couple avec des modeles tectoniques, le modele dionisos devrait permettre de mieux apprehender l'influence a diverses echelles des processus tectoniques sur la sedimentation
X-ray reflectivity studies of liquid metal and alloy surfaces (1997)

Surface-induced atomic layering at the liquid/vapor interface in liquid metals has been observed using x-ray reflectivity on sputtered clean surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. A well-defined quasi-Bragg peak is obtained for surfaces of elemental Ga and a Ga-In alloy at large wave vectors ${\mathrm{q}}_{\mathrm{z}}$\ensuremath{\sim}2.3--2.5 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. These results are an unambiguous indication of atomic layering with an interlayer spacing d\ensuremath{\sim}2\ensuremath{\pi}/${\mathrm{q}}_{\mathrm{z}}$=2.5--2.7 \AA{}. For liquid Ga, the amplitude of the electron-density oscillations, which is significantly underestimated by existing theory and molecular simulation, decays with a characteristic length of 6 \AA{}, which is twice that of Hg. Results on the alloy show a clear enrichment of indium at the topmost surface layer, consistent with the Gibbs adsorption rule. The enrichment consists of a single monolayer, with subsequent layers at the bulk eutectic composition. In order to suppress mechanically excited surface waves, the measurements were performed on thin liquid metal films (0.5 mm deep), which leads to a macroscopically curved surface due to the large surface tensions in liquid metals. The experimental challenges posed by measurements on curved surfaces and the techniques that were developed are discussed in detail.
The Specificity for the Differentiation Blocking Activity of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Resides in Its Glycophosphatidyl-Inositol Anchor (2000)

Ectopic expression of various members of the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family of intercellular adhesion molecules in murine myoblasts either blocks (CEA, CEACAM6) or allows (CEACAM1) myogenic differentiation. These surface glycoproteins form a subset of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and are very closely related, but differ in the precise sequence of their external domains and in their mode of anchorage to the cell membrane. CEA and CEACAM6 are glycophosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchored, whereas CEACAM1 is transmembrane (TM) anchored. Overexpression of GPI-linked neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) p125, also an adhesion molecule of the Ig superfamily, accelerates myogenic differentiation. The molecular requirements for the myogenic differentiation block were investigated using chimeric constructs in which the COOH-terminal hydrophobic domains of CEA, CEACAM1, and NCAM p125 were exchanged. The presence of the GPI signal sequence specifically from CEA in the chimeras was sufficient to convert both CEACAM1 and NCAM into differentiation-blocking proteins. Conversely, CEA could be converted into a neutral protein by exchanging its GPI anchor for the TM anchor of CEACAM1. Since the external domains of CEA, CEACAM1, and NCAM can all undergo homophilic interactions, and mutations in the self-adhesive domains of CEA abrogate its differentiation-blocking activity, the structural requirements for differentiation-inhibition are any self-adhesive domains attached to the specific GPI anchor derived from CEA. We therefore suggest that biologically significant functional information resides in the processed extreme COOH terminus of CEA and in the GPI anchor that it determines.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of some Bases and Nucleosides on Alkylphosphonate-Modified Magnesia-Zirconia Column (1999)

ABSTRACT The high-performance liquid chromatographic behavior of some bases and nucleosides was studied on a new reversed-phase stationary phase, alkylphosphonate-modified magnesia-zirconia. The effect of mobile phase variable such as methanol content, ionic strength and pH on their behavior was investigated. It was found that the retention behavior of the bases and nucleosides on the new stationary phase is similar to that on ODS stationary phase. The retention mechanism on the new stationary phase was also discussed. The separation of some bases and nucleosides was accomplished on the new stationary phase.
A double-blind comparative trial of dihydroxydibutylether in patients with cholesterol gallstones. (1983)

In a double-blind crossover design we compared dihydroxydibutylether (DHBE) with placebo in ten patients with cholesterol gallstones. The results showed that DHBE reduced (p less than 0.01) the bile saturation index (SI). The bile lipid composition demonstrated that the reduced SI was due to a decrease (p less than 0.01) in the molar percentage of cholesterol. There was no significant modification in biliary acid and phospholipid molar percentage.
A Concept For A High Resolution Optical Lithographic System For Producing One-Half Micron Linewidths (1986)

This paper describes a concept for developing an optical printer having a one-half micron linewidth capability to meet the pro-jected needs of future Integrated Circuit (IC) production facilities. Our approach for meeting this objective is to combine the appro-priate features of the current 1:1 reflective optical printers with the stepping characteristic of the 10:1 refractive optical systems. The proposed, very deep, UV step and repeat system has the potential of reaching a one-half micron linewidth production goal entirely with optical technology. The key subsystem elements necessary to achieve these goals are discussed. These subsystems include a reflective optical system, a 10:1 stepper configuration having a linearity limit of 0.5 microns and an FOV of 15 mm, a deep UV laser source, photoresists having the required sensitivity, an alignment capability of 500 Å , a focal sensor having a 500 Å tolerance and the associated mechanical, electronic and environmental controls compatible with a produc-tion throughput of 60-four inch wafers/hour.
Synthesis of Titanium Silicon Carbide (1995)

Synthesis of bulk titanium silicon carbide (Ti 3 SiC 2 ) from the elemental Ti, Si, and C powders has been accomplished for the first time, using the arc‐melting and annealing route. The effects of various parameters on the phase purity of the Ti 3 SiC 2 have been examined, including the starting composition of the powders, compaction technique, arc‐melting of the samples, and temperature and time of anneal. The best bulk samples, containing about 2 vol% TiC as the second phase, were made from Si‐deficient and C‐rich starting compositions. Based on electron probe microanalysis data from a number of bulk samples, it appears that Ti 3 SiC 2 exists over a range of compositions; the Ti‐Si‐C ternary section has been modified to reflect this. The purest samples of the ternary phase were obtained by leaching powders of silicide‐containing samples in diluted HF, and contained over99vol%Ti 3 SiC 2 .