gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical Testing of Combined Vaccine Against Enzootic Pneumonia in Industrial Pig Farming in Bulgaria (2015)

Abstract In the pig farm with signs of a respiratory disease complex and laboratory confirmed enzootic pneumonia, the prophylactic efficacy of the combination vaccine (M. hyo+PCV2), a single injection administered intramuscularly 21 days after birth, at a dose of 2 ml was tested. The clinical condition, pathological changes in the lungs and some epidemiological and economic results were reported. It was found that vaccinated pigs are in a better clinical condition in comparison with the control group. Morbidity in the rearing period was reduced from 16.3% in the control group to 6.0% in vaccinated pigs, and in the fattening period, respectively, from 30.6% in the control group to 10.0% in the vaccinated group. Pathological features in the lung characteristic for the enzootic pneumonia in the vaccinated pigs were reduced from 25.5%±7.24 to 4.0%±2.44, and PCVI - from 13.0%±4.66 to 0%. Vaccination of pigs has been received and a higher average daily gain in groups for rearing (0.624 kg) and for fattening (0.723 kg) was recorded.
Entity-relationship modeling (1995)

The entity-relationship (ER) model and its accompanying ER diagrams are widely used for database design and systems analysis. Many books and articles just provide a definition of each modeling component and give examples of the pre-built ER diagrams. As a result, beginners in data modeling have a great deal of difficulty learning how to approach a given problem, what questions to ask in order to build a model, what rules to use while constructing an ER diagram, and why one diagram is better than another. The authors present step-by-step guidelines, a set of decision rules proven to be useful in building ER diagrams, and a case study problem with a preferred answer as well as a set of incorrect diagrams for the problem. These guidelines and decision rules have been successfully used in their beginning database management system course.
A real-time anomaly detection algorithm/or water quality data using dual time-moving windows (2017)

Anomaly data in real-time water quality monitoring systems can cause false alarms and significantly decrease system stability and reliability. We propose a novel anomaly detection algorithm for water quality data using dual time-moving windows, which can identify anomaly data from historical patterns in real-time. The algorithm is based on an autoregressive linear combination model, a prediction interval with dual time-moving windows and a backtracking verification strategy. We have tested the algorithm using 3-month water quality data of PH from a real water quality monitoring station in a river system. Experimental results show that our novel anomaly detection algorithm can significantly decrease the rate of false positive and has better anomaly detection performance than AD and ADAM algorithms.
Fluoxetine reverses the memory impairment and reduction in proliferation and survival of hippocampal cells caused by methotrexate chemotherapy (2010)

These results demonstrate that MTX induces an impairment in spatial working memory and has a negative long-term effect on hippocampal neurogenesis, which is counteracted by the co-administration of fluoxetine. If translatable to patients, this finding has the potential to prevent the chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits experienced by many cancer survivors.
Kinetic modeling of CW CO electric-discharge lasers (1974)

A rate equation analysis of convective CO electric-discharge lasers (EDL's) is presented. The spatial distribution of CO vibrational levels is governed by a kinetic master equation which contains terms representing electron impact pumping, vibration-vibration (VV) and vibration-translation (VT) energy transfer, and spontaneous and stimulated emission. Electronic pumping rates are derived from the solution to the electron Boltzmann equation. Spectral distributions of small-signal gain and optical flux are calculated in terms of the cross sections for these processes. Good agreement is obtained between predicted and experimentally reported gain and power spectra. For coincident discharge/cavity configurations, the quasi-steady small-signal gain is predicted to have a strong dependence on translational temperature for representative operating conditions. The predicted power output for a wide variety of bulk gas and plasma properties is found to be correlated by a simple energy-time parameter. The performance of other devices which involve separate discharge and cavity regions is also examined. The importance of the threshold excitation energy in understanding a variety of configurations is discussed.
Recent developments and challenges of lower extremity exoskeletons (2015)

The number of people with a mobility disorder caused by stroke, spinal cord injury, or other related diseases is increasing rapidly. To improve the quality of life of these people, devices that can assist them to regain the ability to walk are of great demand. Robotic devices that can release the burden of therapists and provide effective and repetitive gait training have been widely studied recently. By contrast, devices that can augment the physical abilities of able-bodied humans to enhance their performances in industrial and military work are needed as well. In the past decade, robotic assistive devices such as exoskeletons have undergone enormous progress, and some products have recently been commercialized. Exoskeletons are wearable robotic systems that integrate human intelligence and robot power. This paper first introduces the general concept of exoskeletons and reviews several typical lower extremity exoskeletons (LEEs) in three main applications (i.e. gait rehabilitation, human locomotion assistance, and human strength augmentation), and provides a systemic review on the acquisition of a wearer's motion intention and control strategies for LEEs. The limitations of the currently developed LEEs and future research and development directions of LEEs for wider applications are discussed.
Remote Monitoring of Inhaled Bronchodilator Use and Weekly Feedback about Asthma Management: An Open-Group, Short-Term Pilot Study of the Impact on Asthma Control (2013)

Weekly email reports and access to online charts summarizing remote monitoring of inhaled bronchodilator frequency and location were associated with improved asthma control and a decline in day-to-day asthma symptoms.
Continuous hydrolysis of tallow with immobilized lipase in a microporous membrane (1986)

Thermostable lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus was immobilized in untreated microporous membranes. Melted tallow pumped through the membrane did not wash the enzyme out. From 0.4 to 0.9% of the soluble activity remained after immobilization with half-lives of 1-2 months or more at 50 degrees C. Membranes can be acid/base washed and reloaded with enzyme with no adverse effects. Buffer was required for a long half-life, and recycling the buffer improved the mass transfer of glycerol out of the immobilized lipase reactor. Immobilized activity was unaffected when the pH of the aqueous product changed from 5.5 to 6.5.
Development of variance‐filtered instrumental transfer methods for high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy (2010)

Abstract The introduction of a variance‐filter to both direct standardization (DS) and piece‐wise direct standardization (PDS) instrumental transfer methods for the analysis of NMR spectral data is described. The variance‐filter modification allows for the identification of regions in the NMR spectra that are not adequately represented by the limited number of transfer calibration samples used during the calculation of the instrument‐to‐instrument transfer matrix. For these spectral frequencies, the corresponding portion of the transfer matrix is replaced by identity (or scaled identity) prior to the secondary instrumental data sets being transferred to the target instrument response. The spectral matching performance of the variance‐filtered instrumental transfer method as applied to high‐resolution 1 H NMR spectra is presented along with possible uses and limitations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrophilic substitution in indoles. Part VIII. The mechanism of electrophilic substitution in 6-methoxyindoles (1973)

Deuterium and tritium labelling experiments show that the boron trifluoride-catalysed cyclisation of 4-(6-methoxy-indol-3-yl)butanol to 7-methoxytetrahydrocarbazole occurs by two simultaneous pathways. The major route involves initial cyclisation at the 3-position to give an intermediate spirocyclic indolenine salt which then rearranges to the tetrahydrocarbazole; the minor pathway involves direct attack at the 2-position. A similar duality of mechanism occurs in the solvolysis of the corresponding methoxyindolylbutyl tosylate.
Design and simulation of 50 kv, 50 a solid state Marx generator (2014)

This paper deals with the design of a solid state pulse generator based on the Marx concept. IGBT switches have been considered for the purpose of pulse generation across a resistive load. The proposed pulse generator is to be used for Electron gun application. Output specifications of the voltage pulse are peak output voltage 50 kV, peak output current 50 A, repetition frequency 10 Hz and maximum pulse width 5 μs. The design was verified with simulation in Proteus software.
Bovine-Lens Leucine Aminopeptidase. Kinetic Studies with Substrates and Substrate-Like Inhibitors (1974)

The inhibition of leucine aminopeptidase isolated from bovine eye lens by the chloromethyl ketones of l-phenylalanine (PheCH2Cl) and of l-leucine (LeuCH2Cl) has been studied. The inhibition by these substances is rather strong. Their action has been shown to be reversible and competitive with an inhibition constant of the order of K1 0.1 mM. N-Methylated inhibitors and substrates have a lower affinity, N-acylated derivatives and normal ketones do not act as inhibitors. The inhibition constant of the tripeptide Thr(OBut)-Phe-Pro with leucine hydrazide as substrate, K1= 0.02 mM, agrees with other values which have been obtained using leucine 4-nitro-anilide as substrate. A model for the binding step in the active center of the leucine aminopeptidase has been developed from the K1 values and the calculated free energy of binding ΔG0 of the chloromethyl ketones and methyl ketones with a free or N-methylated α-amino group and the Km of their analogous amino acid hydrazides. These model is as follows. 1 The hydrophobic residues of amino-acid hydrazides and amides causes a hydrophobic “one-site” bonding with the enzyme. 2 As in the case of chloromethyl ketones, methyl ketones and peptides the affinity increases with an additional C-terminal hydrophobic part. It results in a hydrophobic “three-site” bonding of the inhibitors and peptide substrates. 3 The complexation of the substrate or inhibitor is a preliminary condition towards the hydro-phobic binding. Therefore a sterically attainable basic α-amino function in the unprotonated form is necessary. The model is discussed and compared with other kinetic data in the literature.
Control of Diastereo- and Enantioselectivity in Metal-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrones with Alkenes. Experimental and Theoretical Investigations (1996)

The scopes and limitations of the catalytic effects of achiral and chiral Mg(II) and Cu(II) complexes on the stereochemistry of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrones with alkenes have been investigated. A remarkably high degree of endo-selectivity (endo/exo > 20) is induced in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction by the presence of a catalytic amount of, especially, a Mg(II)−phenanthroline complex. The diastereochemical assignment of the product is confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic determination of the structure of the exo-isoxazolidine. By the reaction of an alkene bearing a chiral auxiliary, with different nitrones and a catalytic amount of the Mg(II)−phenanthroline complex, one of four possible diastereomers of the isoxazolidines is exclusively formed. The absolute stereochemistry of this product is also assigned by an X-ray crystallographic investigation. The presence of a catalytic amount of a chiral Mg(II)−bisoxazoline complex in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction leads to high endo-selectivity and occasionally with an ee > 80%. The reaction mechanism of the Mg(II)-catalyzed reaction is discussed on the basis of the experimental results and semiempirical quantum chemical calculations. The calculations are used to account for the catalytic effect of the Mg(II)−ligand complexes and to determine transition state energies for both the uncatalyzed and Mg(II)−ligand-catalyzed reactions.
Evolution of C<sub>4</sub> phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in <i>Flaveria</i>: determinants for high tolerance towards the inhibitor L‐malate (2008)

During the evolution of angiosperms, C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases have evolved several times independently from ancestral non-photosynthetic isoforms. They show distinct kinetic and regulatory properties when compared with the C3 isozymes. To identify the evolutionary alterations which are responsible for C4-specific properties, particularly the increased tolerance towards the allosteric inhibitor L-malate, the photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Flaveria trinervia Mohr C4 and its ortholog from the closely related C3 plant Flaveria pringlei Gand. were examined using reciprocal enzyme chimeras. The main determinants for a high tolerance towards L-malate were located in the C-terminal region of the C4 enzyme. The effect of interchanging the region between amino acids 296 and 437 was strongly dependent upon the activation of the enzyme by glucose-6-phosphate. This confirms earlier observations that this region is important for the regulation of the enzyme by glucose-6-phosphate and that it harbours determinants for the different response of the C3 and the C4 enzyme towards this allosteric activator. In addition, it was possible to demonstrate that the only C4-specific amino acid, a serine in the C-terminal part of the enzyme, is not involved in conferring an increased L-malate tolerance to the C4 enzyme.
A novel vector network analyzer (1998)

A calibration procedure for a perturbation two-port vector network analyzer is presented. It consists of a variable perturbation two-port placed between a device-under-test and a scalar network analyzer. A measured vector reflection coefficient is determined on the basis of amplitude-only measurements. A full correction of systematic errors is possible. The new principle was experimentally confirmed in the frequency band up to 14 GHz. The results enable prediction of an add-on for scalar analyzers, enabling vector measurements.
The membrane attack complex of complement alters the membrane integrity of cultured endothelial cells: a possible pathophysiology for immune complex vasculitis. (1996)

Recently, the possibility of direct involvement of the membrane attack complex of complement in the endothelial damage of immune complex vasculitis has been pointed out. However, no studies have so far elucidated this mechanism. The present study investigated the effects of complement on the membrane integrity of endothelial cells, using the fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide staining method. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells were maintained in medium containing 10% zymosan-activated normal human serum. Cell detachment began to occur after 3 h of incubation, and the number of fluorescein diacetate-positive adherent cells decreased significantly, whereas that of ethidium bromide-positive detached cells increased significantly. Heat inactivation of the serum or replacement of the complement source with non-activated normal human serum or C5-, C7- or C9-deficient serum resulted in complete inhibition of these effects. These results suggest that complement induces detachment of endothelial cells by altering the cell membrane integrity and support the contention that the membrane attack complex of complement plays a significant role in the mechanisms of endothelial cell damage in immune complex vasculitis.
Fine tuning of the catalytic properties of human carbonic anhydrase II (1991)

The active-site residue Thr200 in human carbonic anhydrase II has been replaced by several different amino acids by site-directed mutagenesis. The CO2 hydration and 4-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolase activities of these variants have been measured, as well as inhibition by the monovalent anion, SCN-. The results show that the replacement of Thr200 with Ser or Ala has no significant effect on the catalyzed rates of CO2 hydration. Also, variants with Asn200 and Gly200 have high activities, whereas the activities of variants with Val, Ile or Arg at position 200 are reduced by factors of 2-3 compared to the unmodified enzyme. The variant with Asp200 has a very low activity in both reactions studied, while most of the other variants have enhanced esterase activities, Thr200----Arg isoenzyme II as much as sevenfold. The Asp200 variant has a low affinity for SCN- as well as for a sulfonamide inhibitor, whereas all the other variants bind SCN- more strongly than unmodified enzyme. While His200 characterizes carbonic anhydrases I, the presence of Arg, Val or Ile as well as His at position 200 in human isoenzyme II seems to result in isoenzyme-I-like functional properties.
Comparison and Evaluation of Clone Detection Tools (2007)

Many techniques for detecting duplicated source code (software clones) have been proposed in the past. However, it is not yet clear how these techniques compare in terms of recall and precision as well as space and time requirements. This paper presents an experiment that evaluates six clone detectors based on eight large C and Java programs (altogether almost 850 KLOC). Their clone candidates were evaluated by one of the authors as independent third party. The selected techniques cover the whole spectrum of the state-of-the-art in clone detection. The techniques work on text, lexical and syntactic information, software metrics, and program dependency graphs.
Current aproach to cancer pain management: Availability and implications of different treatment options. (2007)

Despite tremendous progress in medicine during last couple of decades, cancer still remains the most horrifying diagnosis for anybody due to its almost inevitable futility. According to American Cancer Society Statistics, it is estimated that only in the United States more than half a million people will die from cancer in 2006. For those who survive, probably the most fearsome symptom regardless of cancer type will be the pain. Although most pain specialists and oncologists worldwide are well aware of the importance to adequately treat the pain, it was yet established that more than half of cancer patients have insufficient pain control, and about quarter of them actually die in pain. Therefore, in this review article we attempted to provide the comprehensive information about different options available nowadays for treating cancer pain focusing on most widely used pharmacologic agents, surgical modalities for intractable pain control, their potential for adverse effects, and ways to increase the effectiveness of treatment maximally optimizing analgesic regimen and improving compliance.
Preclinical profiles of the novel reversible MAO-A inhibitors, moclobemide and brofaromine, in comparison with irreversible MAO inhibitors. (1989)

Acceptance into clinical practice of monoamine oxidase (MAO) antidepressants requires unequivocal evidence that novel, non-hepatotoxic and reversible MAO-A inhibitors carry little or no risk of inducing severe hypertensive crises (cheese effect). This study summarizes the most relevant preclinical aspects which differentiate the novel reversible MAO-A inhibitors moclobemide and brofaromine, from previous irreversible MAO inhibitors of the old generation, particularly phenelzine and tranylcypromine. Moclobemide and brofaromine bear no chemical relation to irreversible inhibitors such as hydrazine derivatives (phenelzine) or aminocyclopropyl derivatives (tranylcypromine). Experiments in rats show that moclobemide and brofaromine increase the level of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and decrease that of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid for only 16-24 hours. In vitro, moclobemide and brofaromine behave as mechanism-based, enzyme-activated inhibitors since their intrinsic inhibitory activity increases with the duration of their interaction with the enzyme in tissue homogenates. In contrast to irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors, which are much more potent in vitro than in vivo, moclobemide has the characteristic to be virtually equipotent in vitro and in vivo. MAO-A inhibition induced by moclobemide in the rat in vivo was rapidly reversed by simply incubating liver homogenates at 37 degrees C in the absence of the inhibitor, indicating a rapid metabolic inactivation of moclobemide in vitro. This reversibility is a distinctive feature of moclobemide, when compared with brofaromine or irreversible MAO inhibitors. Hepatotoxicity is not an inherent property of MAO inhibitors indeed, moclobemide or brofaromine, due to their chemical structures, cannot be converted into isopropyl hydrazine, the hepatotoxic metabolite of iproniazid suspected to induce liver necrosis. Results from preclinical and clinical investigations demonstrate that moclobemide and brofaromine, in contrast to tranylcypromine and phenelzine, very weakly potentiate the pressor effects of orally administered tyramine. In conclusion, the reversible MAO-A inhibitors moclobemide and brofaromine, due to their well-documented safety characteristics, to their lack of anticholinergic-effects and to their good tolerability, will provide innovative tools for clarifying the role of MAO-A inhibitors in the treatment of endogenous and atypical depressive states.
Efficient bit-parallel multi-patterns string matching algorithms for limited expression (2010)

The problem of searching occurrences of a pattern P[0...m-1] in the text T[0...n-1] with m ≤ n, where the symbols of P and T are drawn from some alphabet Σ of size σ, is called exact string matching problem. The problem of searching a set of patterns P0, P1, P2...Pr-1, r ≥ 1, in the given text T is called multi-pattern string matching problem. This problem has been previously solved by bit-parallel strings matching algorithms: shift-or and Backward non-deterministic DAWG matching (BNDM). In this paper, we extend BNDM algorithm with q-gram (B. Durian et al., 2008) for multiple patterns, where patterns are taken as expressions. We define limited expression as subset of extended patterns excluding regular expression, optional and repeatable characters. Some examples are: patterns in case sensitive, patterns containing classes of characters etc. The set of r multiple patterns can be handled by converting into single pattern P by using either classes of characters or concatenating the characters of each patterns. We assume that each pattern is of equal size m and total length of pattern (after pre-processing) is less than or equal to word length (w) of computer used. We compare the performance of multi-patterns q-gram BNDM algorithm with already existing BNDM algorithm.