gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological Inhibition of Monoacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase 2 Improves Hyperlipidemia, Obesity, and Diabetes by Change in Intestinal Fat Utilization (2016)

Monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) catalyzes the synthesis of diacylglycerol (DG), a triacylglycerol precursor and potential peripheral target for novel anti-obesity therapeutics. High-throughput screening identified lead compounds with MGAT2 inhibitory activity. Through structural modification, a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable MGAT2 inhibitor, compound A (compA), was discovered. CompA dose-dependently inhibited postprandial increases in plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. Metabolic flux analysis revealed that compA inhibited triglyceride/diacylglycerol resynthesis in the small intestine and increased free fatty acid and acyl-carnitine with shorter acyl chains than originally labelled fatty acid. CompA decreased high-fat diet (HFD) intake in C57BL/6J mice. MGAT2-null mice showed a similar phenotype as compA-treated mice and compA did not suppress a food intake in MGAT2 KO mice, indicating that the anorectic effects were dependent on MGAT2 inhibition. Chronic administration of compA significantly prevented body weight gain and fat accumulation in mice fed HFD. MGAT2 inhibition by CompA under severe diabetes ameliorated hyperglycemia and fatty liver in HFD-streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice. Homeostatic model assessments (HOMA-IR) revealed that compA treatment significantly improved insulin sensitivity. The proximal half of the small intestine displayed weight gain following compA treatment. A similar phenomenon has been observed in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass-treated animals and some studies have reported that this intestinal remodeling is essential to the anti-diabetic effects of bariatric surgery. These results clearly demonstrated that MGAT2 inhibition improved dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes, suggesting that compA is an effective therapeutic for obesity-related metabolic disorders.
<i>In vivo</i> behavior of trimethylene carbonate and ε‐caprolactone‐based (<i>co</i>)polymer networks: Degradation and tissue response (2010)

The in vivo erosion behavior of crosslinked (co)polymers based on trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and ε-caprolactone (CL) was investigated. High molecular weight poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) homopolymer- and copolymer films were crosslinked by gamma irradiation. To adjust the in vivo erosion rate of the (co)polymer films, both the irradiation dose (25, 50, or 100 kGy) for PTMC and composition (100-70 mol % TMC) at a constant irradiation dose of 25 kGy were varied. After subcutaneous implantation of irradiated films in rats, their in vivo behavior was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. When the irradiation dose for PTMC was increased from 25 to 100 kGy, the erosion rate of nonextracted PTMC films (determined at day 5) decreased from 39.7 ± 16.0 μm day(-1) to 15.1 ± 2.5 μm day(-1), and the number of lymphocytes in the tissue surrounding the films decreased from 235 ± 114 cells mm(-2) to 64 ± 33 cells mm(-2). The number of macrophages and giant cells at the tissue-polymer interface also decreased with increasing irradiation dose. All (co)polymer films eroded completely within 28 days of implantation. Variation of the TMC content of gamma irradiated (co)polymer films did not affect the tissue response to the gamma irradiated (co)polymer films and their in vivo erosion behavior much.
Restriction Fragment Mapping of Nontypable <i>Hoemophilus Influenzae</i>: A New Tool to Study This Middle Ear Pathogen (1989)

Isolates of nontypable haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) recovered from paired nasopharyngeal (NP) and middle ear (ME) fluid cultures performed simultaneously on seven children with otitis media with effusion (OME) were studied by analysis of the restriction fragment patterns produced from total genomic DNA. This method provides a sensitive measure of the genetic similarities between strains. In the seven pairs examined, the NP and ME strains were indistinguishable from one another, whereas each pair was distinct from the other, except for two siblings in whom all four strains were identical. This information provides evidence that the pathogenesis of OME caused by NTHI involves spread of the bacteria from NP to the ME. Analysis of paired NP and ME isolates from three children with recurrent OME caused by NTHI indicated that the second episode was caused by the reinfection with a different strain rather than persistence and reemergence of the first strain. Finally, DNA analysis of strains from two siblings with concurrent OME suggested that person-to-person transmission of NTHI can occur among children. These findings suggest that at any one time the NTHI population in the NP is relatively homogenous, at least at the time of acute upper respiratory disease. Our observation that the strains present at the second episode of otitis media were different than the strains present in the first episode is consistent with strain replacement in the NP. Restriction fragment mapping analysis of genomic DNA of NTHI could provide a powerful tool for investigating the rate of turnover of the NTHI population in the NP.
Stability of Urethan Elastomers in Water, Dry Air and Moist Air Environments (1966)

Abstract Effects of long-term exposure in moisture-containing environments were examined for corresponding poly (e-caprolactone), polyadipate, and polyether urethan elastomers. Polycaprolactone urethans were more stable than polyadipate. When water-immersed, hydroxyl-cured and amine-cured cast polyether systems were five to ten times more stable than the polycaprolactone. This reduced to about two times when the hydroxyl-cured systems were compared in saturated moist air. A carbodiimide stabilized the polycaprolactone urethan to about the same level as the polyether. Sulfur-cured polycaprolactone urethan millable systems were about twice as stable as similar polyether elastomers. Polyether urethan elastomers degraded more than polycaprolactone systems when exposed to hot, dry air environments. The practical implication of these findings is that, for most applications, polycaprolactone and polyether based urethan elastomers can be formulated to provide continuous service in moisture-containing environments.
A Fast Calibration Method for Phased Arrays by Using the Graph Coloring Theory (2018)

Phased array radars are able to provide highly accurate airplane surveillance and tracking performance if they are properly calibrated. However, the ambient temperature variation and device aging could greatly deteriorate their performance. Currently, performing a calibration over a large-scale phased array with thousands of antennas is time-consuming. To facilitate the process, we propose a fast calibration method for phased arrays with omnidirectional radiation patterns based on the graph coloring theory. This method transforms the calibration problem into a coloring problem that aims at minimizing the number of used colors. By reusing the calibration time slots spatially, more than one omnidirectional antenna can perform calibration simultaneously. The simulation proves this method can prominently reduce total calibration time and recover the radiation pattern from amplitude and phase errors and noise. It is worth noting that the total calibration time consumed by the proposed method remains constant and is negligible compared with other calibration methods.
The hydrolysis of gold(I) in aqueous acetonitrile solutions (1997)

The hydrolysis and subsequent decomposition of gold(I) in aqueous solutions with acetonitrile were found not to yield the expected disproportionation products gold(0) and gold(III) in a ratio of 2∶1, but more than 98% gold(0), and also oxygen when acetonitrile from the gold(I) stock solution was removed first. The pH dependence of the reaction rate is attributed to a hydrolysis equilibrium established before the redox decomposition. The species [Au(CH 3 CN)(OH)] and Au(OH) were identified by alkalimetric titrations and numerical analysis, with the logarithms of their formation constants being 10.7 and 10.2 respectively. These species seem to be sources of the OH˙ radical, which explains the oxygen formation in the absence of acetonitrile, and an alteration of its UV spectrum when it is left in the reaction mixture. The high complex stability of gold(I) with hydroxide ions means that it is one of the most acidic univalent cations, similar to HgCH 3 + . The known relativistic contraction of the 6s orbital in gold(I) may account for this unusual property.
Tissue-Specific Differences of p53 Inhibition by Mdm2 and Mdm4 (2005)

The function of the p53 tumor suppressor to inhibit proliferation or initiate apoptosis is often abrogated in tumor cells. Mdm2 and its homolog, Mdm4, are critical inhibitors of p53 that are often overexpressed in human tumors. In mice, loss of Mdm2 or Mdm4 leads to embryonic lethal phenotypes that are completely rescued by concomitant loss of p53. To examine the role of Mdm2 and Mdm4 in a temporal and tissue-specific manner and to determine the relationships of these inhibitors to each other, we generated conditional alleles. We deleted Mdm2 and Mdm4 in cardiomyocytes, since proliferation and apoptosis are important processes in heart development. Mice lacking Mdm2 in the heart were embryonic lethal and showed defects at the time recombination occurred. A critical number of cardiomyocytes were lost by embryonic day 13.5, resulting in heart failure. This phenotype was completely rescued by deletion of p53. Mice lacking Mdm4 in the heart were born at the correct ratio and appeared to be normal. Our studies provide the first direct evidence that Mdm2 can function in the absence of Mdm4 to regulate p53 activity in a tissue-specific manner. Moreover, Mdm4 cannot compensate for the loss of Mdm2 in heart development.
The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short‐term intracanal dressing (1991)

Summary. The antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short‐term intracanal dressing was clinically evaluated by applying the medicament for 10 minutes or 7 days in root canals of teeth with periapical lesions. The results showed that the 7‐day dressing efficiently eliminated bacteria which survived biomechanical instrumentation of the canal, while the 10‐minute application was ineffective.
Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in the blood and tumor site of Hodgkin's disease patients: implications for a T-cell-based therapy. (2001)

Approximately 40% of Hodgkin's disease (HD) cases carry EBV in the malignant Hodgkin-Reed Sternberg (H-RS) cells, with expression of viral latent membrane proteins (LMPs) 1 and 2. These viral proteins are targets for CTLs in healthy EBV carriers, and their expression in EBV-associated HD raises the possibility of targeting them for a CTL-based immunotherapy. Here we characterize the CTL response to EBV latent antigens in both the blood and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of HD patients using two approaches: (a) in vitro reactivation of CTLs by stimulation with the autologous EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line; and (b) an enzyme-linked immunospot assay to quantify frequencies of CTLs specific for known LMP1/2 epitopes. We detected EBV-specific CTLs in blood and biopsy samples from both EBV-negative and EBV-positive HD patients. However, as in healthy EBV carriers, LMP-specific CTL precursors occurred only at low frequency in the blood of HD patients, and with the exception of one EBV-negative HD case, were undetectable in the tumor. These data give rise to two considerations: (a) they may explain why EBV-positive tumor cells persist in the presence of an existing EBV-specific immune response; and (b) they provide a rationale for selectively boosting/eliciting LMP-specific CTL responses as a therapy for EBV-positive HD.
Solitons in DNA (1988)

DNA is modeled as a homogeneous, cylindrical rod with nonlinear elasticity using the Ostrovskii-Sutin equation (OSE) with periodic boundary conditions. This equation predicts that longitudinal sound waves will be concentrated into packets called solitons. From a study of the damped OSE, we conclude that decay time is almost independent of the solitonic character of the solution. For the damped, driven OSE, on the other hand, we find that spectral features (such as absorption line widths and fine structure) are strongly influenced by the presence of anharmonicity. This effect is enhanced as the length of the DNA is increased.
A hybrid actuation approach for human-friendly robot design (2008)

Safety is a critical characteristic for robots designed to operate in human environments. This paper presents the concept of hybrid actuation for the development of human-friendly robotic systems. The new design employs inherently safe pneumatic artificial muscles augmented with small electrical actuators, human-bone-inspired robotic links, and newly designed distributed compact pressure regulators. The modularization and integration of the robot components enable low complexity in the design and assembly. The hybrid actuation concept has been validated on a two-degree-of-freedom prototype arm. The experimental results show the significant improvement that can be achieved with hybrid actuation over an actuation system with pneumatic artificial muscles alone. Using the Manipulator Safety Index (MSI), the paper discusses the safety of the new prototype and shows the robot arm safety characteristics to be comparable to those of a human arm.
3228 Measurement of the Area and Visualization of the Stick/slip Region of Real Contact Using White Light Interferometry (2008)

Real contact area between a rough rubber hemisphere and a glass plate under dry conditions was visualized by white light interferometry. The contacting state of the real contact area in the starting process of relative motion was analyzed using the interference intensity. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The real contact area was measured by fitting of the normal distribution for the intensity histogram of interference images. The experimental values for a smooth lens specimen agreed with the theoretical values under the Hertzian contact. (2) In the starting process of relative motion, the real contact areas decreased with increase of the tangential load and became approximately constant by initiating of the macroscopic sliding. (3) PIV analysis that assumed a real contact points as tracers was performed and visualized the distribution of stick/slip region at the real contact area.
Ground-Based Inerting of a Boeing 737 Center Wing Fuel Tank (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A series of aircraft flight and ground tests were performed by the Federal Aviation Administration and the Boeing Company to evaluate the effectiveness of ground-based inerting (GBI) as a means of reducing the flammability of center wing fuel tanks (CWTs) in the commercial transport fleet. Boeing made available a Boeing 737–800 for modification and testing. The fuel tank was instrumented with gas sample tubing and thermocouples and tests were performed inerting the CWT to 8 percent oxygen to allow for a measurement of fuel tank inerting and heating. Results showed that under quiescent conditions the oxygen concentration in the fuel tank remained somewhat constant, keeping the CWT inert (below 10- to 12-percent oxygen by volume) for relatively long periods of time. Certain wind conditions and flight conditions created cross venting within the CWT that allowed for significant increases in the oxygen. A modification to the vent system created a significant increase in the benefit of the GBI even at low to moderate fuel loads.</div>
Microencapsulation in polyurea shell by interfacial polycondensation (1990)

Abstract A model and a simple measurement technique for time of encapsulation have been developed to study the microencapsulation of butachlor in polyurea shell by means of interfacial polymerization. The model is based on diffusion of the hydrophilic monomer through the polymeric shell with an interfacial reaction at the inner surface while the measurement technique is based on the indirect determination of the concentration of the hydrophilic monomer in the continuous phase by monitoring the pH. Measurements show that capsule sizes ranging from 1 to 20 μm can be produced, and the surface to volume mean size varies only from 2 to 6 μm for a large variation in rpm of the agitator. Time of encapsulation is found to be approximately proportional to the microcapsule size, and it varies from 150 to 300 s. Both the data and the model were used to discern that the process is kinetically‐controlled by and large. It is also shown that time of encapsulation varies with the square of the capsule size in a diffusion‐controlled regime.
Quick placement with geometric constraints (2002)

In this paper an original constraint-driven placement tool targeted at full-custom mixed-signal design is described. One of its main objectives is to quickly obtain feasible layout configurations, and explore efficiently the effect of different sets of constraints in an interactive environment. By using direct-approach algorithms, all feasible constraints are met by construction. Overconstraints are detected, and quick feedback is given to the user about infeasible requirements. Good results have been obtained on a significant set of industrial-strength test cases.
[Analysis of epidemiology characteristics of norovirus among diarrheal outpatients in 27 provinces in China, 2009-2013]. (2015)

Norovirus affects all ages and was most prevalent in children and the elderly among diarrhea outpatients. Norovirus' positive percentage showed strong seasonal pattern, and peaks at different times of a year in different climate zones of China. Since no effective preventive measures existed, further study on norovirus epidemiology and intervention strategies should be conducted in future.
Cold Lake Commercialization of the Liquid Addition to Steam for Enhancing Recovery (LASER) Process (2013)

Abstract The Cold Lake project, in Alberta, Canada, is one of the world's largest heavy oil in-situ thermal developments with oil production of about 24,000 m3/d (150 kB/d) from more than 4000 wells. The world class Cold Lake hydrocarbon resource is a bitumen deposit, featuring in-situ viscosities in excess of 100,000 cP. The high viscosity of Cold Lake bitumen severely limits steam injectivity below fracture pressure, necessitating the development throughout the 1970s and 1980s of a modified cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) recovery process. Imperial Oil and ExxonMobil are pursuing a research program to develop the next-generation of bitumen recovery processes that use hydrocarbon solvents as a mobilizing agent, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to the current commercial recovery processes. Imperial and ExxonMobil are pursuing three processes: a solvent-only process known as Cyclic Solvent Process (CSP), a solvent assisted SAGD process and a solvent assisted CSS process known as Liquid Addition to Steam for Enhancing Recovery (LASER). LASER has the potential to increase oil recovery by more than 5% and reduce direct GHG emissions intensity by approximately 25%. This paper describes the first commercial application of LASER. The Cold Lake H trunk LASER project is to date the world's largest implementation of a thermal solvent recovery process, with injection of 297 km3 (1.87 million barrels) of solvent into the 240 well project. This paper describes the successful operation of this thermal solvent project over a six year period; including reservoir numerical simulation work to develop bitumen and solvent production forecasts, development of field solvent production measurement methods, and the recovery process learnings from the first cycle of LASER operations. Completion of the first commercial LASER cycle has demonstrated on a large scale the success of solvent addition as a means to increase thermal efficiency and oil production in a heavy oil thermal recovery operation.
Vertical path trajectory prediction for next generation ATM (2002)

Current path prediction methodology during climb and descent phases of flight has much larger path uncertainty errors than during the cruise phase of flight. These uncertainty errors are a major concern for development of advanced ATM tools such as arrival and departure managers for regional flow planning and for medium term conflict detection in congested terminal and transition airspace. This paper describes a trajectory synthesis methodology and presents error sensitivity results for trajectory predictions. The trajectory synthesis method assumes the availability of high resolution, rapidly updated wind and temperature forecast data and enhanced ADS downlink of aircraft states and path intent. Trajectory sensitivity for a Boeing 737 aircraft climb profile is used to quantify system requirements and anticipated trajectory precision using this methodology.
Strong and Nonspecific Synergistic Antibacterial Efficiency of Antibiotics Combined with Silver Nanoparticles at Very Low Concentrations Showing No Cytotoxic Effect (2015)

The resistance of bacteria towards traditional antibiotics currently constitutes one of the most important health care issues with serious negative impacts in practice. Overcoming this issue can be achieved by using antibacterial agents with multimode antibacterial action. Silver nano-particles (AgNPs) are one of the well-known antibacterial substances showing such multimode antibacterial action. Therefore, AgNPs are suitable candidates for use in combinations with traditional antibiotics in order to improve their antibacterial action. In this work, a systematic study quantifying the synergistic effects of antibiotics with different modes of action and different chemical structures in combination with AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was performed. Employing the microdilution method as more suitable and reliable than the disc diffusion method, strong synergistic effects were shown for all tested antibiotics combined with AgNPs at very low concentrations of both antibiotics and AgNPs. No trends were observed for synergistic effects of antibiotics with different modes of action and different chemical structures in combination with AgNPs, indicating non-specific synergistic effects. Moreover, a very low amount of silver is needed for effective antibacterial action of the antibiotics, which represents an important finding for potential medical applications due to the negligible cytotoxic effect of AgNPs towards human cells at these concentration levels.
A method for combining replication with cacheing (2003)

Object replication and cacheing have been used individually in distributed systems for many years. There are benefits from being able to support both: replication for availability, and cacheing for performance. Although both involve handling multiple copies of objects, there are sufficient differences between the two to make the design of an integrated approach a challenging exercise. In this paper, we describe a design that provides the benefits of both replication and cacheing by allowing both types of protocols to co-exist within the same application. We do not propose a new replication or cacheing protocol, but rather a way in which existing implementations can be combined.
Bandwidth enhancement for microstrip patch antenna using stacked patch and slot (2009)

Small size wideband microstrip patch antenna with slot in ground plane and stacked patch fed through microstrip line is presented. By inserting slot on ground plane and stacked patch supported by wall, the bandwidth can improve up to 25% without significant change in the frequency. The bandwidth before adding the slot and the stacked patch was 3.72%, whereas after adding the slot and the stacked patch the bandwidth increased up to 25% ranging from 2.45 to 3.3 GHz. The radiation pattern has acceptable response at both E-plane and H-plane. The ground plane size is 30 mm by 90 mm, the antenna designed is based on Roger RT/duroid 5880 with dielectric constant 2.2.