gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In vitro</i>kinetics and antifungal activity of various extracts of<i>Terminalia chebula</i>seeds against plant pathogenic fungi (2010)

Abstract The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of various seed extracts of Terminalia chebula as an antifungal potential against certain important plant pathogenic fungi. The organic extracts of methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform at the used concentration of 1500 ppm/disc revealed remarkable antifungal effect as a fungal mycelial growth inhibitor against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Phytophthora capsici and Botrytis cinerea, in the range of 41.6–61.3%, along with MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 500 μg/ml. Also, the extracts had a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested plant pathogens along with concentration as well as time-dependent kinetic inhibition of B. cinerea. The results obtained from this study suggest that the natural products derived from Terminalia chebula could become an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling such important plant pathogenic fungi. Keywords: antifungal activityorganic seed extractsplant pathogenic fungi Terminalia chebula
Probably Approximately Optimal Query Optimization (2015)

Evaluating query predicates on data samples is the only way to estimate their selectivity in certain scenarios. Finding a guaranteed optimal query plan is not a reasonable optimization goal in those cases as it might require an infinite number of samples. We therefore introduce probably approximately optimal query optimization (PAO) where the goal is to find a query plan whose cost is near-optimal with a certain probability. We will justify why PAO is a suitable formalism to model scenarios in which predicate sampling and optimization need to be interleaved. We present the first algorithm for PAO. Our algorithm is non-intrusive and uses standard query optimizers and sampling components as sub-functions. It is generic and can be applied to a wide range of scenarios. Our algorithm is iterative and calculates in each iteration a query plan together with a region in the selectivity space where the plan has near-optimal cost. It determines the confidence that the true selectivity values fall within the aforementioned region and chooses the next samples to take based on the current state if the confidence does not reach the threshold specified as problem input. We devise different algorithm variants and analyze their complexity. We experimentally compare them in terms of the number of optimizer invocations, samples, and iterations over many different query classes.
Hydrogen Membrane Technologies and Application in Fuel Processing (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Fundamentals of Membrane-Based Separations Membrane Purification for Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Applications Membrane Modules for Hydrogen Separation and Purification Dense Metal Membranes Integration of Reforming and Membrane-Based Purification Commercialization Activities References
Life cycle cost analysis for managing rail infrastructure (2001)

In the last decade managing railway infrastructure in Europe has changed compared to the century preceding it. Due to the restructuring of railways, which has resulted in separate Infrastructure Management and increasing performance demands from governments and Transport Operating Companies, infrastructure performance has become an important issue. Reliability requirements, budget limits, and operational conditions, such as the time available for maintenance, are becoming increasingly strict. As a response Infrastructure Managers (IMs) have started to develop computer-based tools for a quantitative analysis of the (long-term) impacts of design and maintenance decisions. These tools should enable IMs to systematically optimise and underpin their budget needs, minimise the total costs for a required performance level, and guarantee the infrastructure quality in the long run. Although progress has been made over the last years, these tools are still in an early phase of development, and have not yet been successfully implemented in the design and maintenance management processes. In this paper an approach based on Life Cycle Costing has been developed, which is able to support decision-making on design and maintenance quantitatively, even in absence of sophisticated maintenance planning tools, using expert judgement beside empirical data. Key to the approach is a decision support system (DSS) for analysing the long-term impacts of design and maintenance decisions on reliability, availability and cost of ownership. The DSS combines data from different management areas, such as construction, maintenance, financing and transport operations, in order to make estimates of the life cycle costs. Infrastructure availability and reliability are included in the analysis of life cycle costs, as they have an impact on the costs and revenues of transport operations. The DSS concept and its application during the tender for the Dutch High-Speed Line are presented. Both results and obstacles are discussed. Especially in a design phase a lot of uncertainty is involved in the analysis. The DSS proves to be a valuable tool for testing the robustness of design and maintenance decisions and for focusing the discussion on the important cost-driving factors.
Multiple Neutral Axes in Bending of a Multiple-Layer Beam With Extremely Different Elastic Properties (2014)

The multi-layer beam consisted of materials with extremely different elastic properties, such as silicon and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), has many important applications. The Kirchhoff assumption that the straight lines normal to the midsurface remain normal after deformation does not hold any more. The energy method is used to establish a simple analytic model for multi-layered structures with extremely different elastic properties. The analytic model is validated by finite element analysis.
Immune Responses to Measles and Mumps Vaccination of Infants at 6, 9, and 12 Months (2001)

Immunizing infants against measles at the youngest age possible has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality. The ability of infants at 6, 9, or 12 months to respond to measles and mumps vaccines was evaluated by measuring T cell proliferation, interferon-gamma production, and neutralizing antibody titers before and after vaccination. Infants in all age groups had equivalent cellular immune responses to measles or mumps viruses, with or without passive antibodies when immunized. In contrast, 6-month-old infants without passive antibodies had low geometric mean titers of antibody to measles or mumps viruses and low seroconversion rates. Geometric mean titers of antibody to measles virus increased if infants were revaccinated at 12 months. Six-month-old infants had limited humoral responses to paramyxovirus vaccines, whereas cellular immunity was equivalent to that of older infants. T cell responses can be established by immunization with these live attenuated virus vaccines during the first year, despite the presence of passive antibodies.
A 915 MHz, Ultra-Low Power 2-Tone Transceiver With Enhanced Interference Resilience (2012)

An ultra-low-power RF envelope-detection radio has been designed for low-power short-range wireless applications. It introduces an interference rejection technique that improves the in-band selectivity by 24.5 dB. The transmitter adopts the power-efficient direct-modulation architecture, and the receiver maintains the simplicity and low power consumption of envelope detection receivers. In the 915 MHz ISM band at 10 kbps the transmitter output level reaches - 3 dBm with 33.9% global efficiency, while the receiver achieves -83 dBm sensitivity with 121 μW power consumption. The Tx and Rx implemented in 90 nm CMOS technology occupy 0.71 and 1.27 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , respectively.
Low-energy electron detection in microcolumns (1995)

Metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) structures for the application as detectors for low-energy backscattered electrons in electron-beam microcolumns have been investigated. Realized Ti–Si–Ti MSM devices showed current gains of up to 200 for 1 keV electrons. An unsatisfying signal/dark current ratio made the reduction of the dark current necessary. Two different approaches to reduce the dark current were examined: varying the used contact metal and investigating MSM structures with two different contact metals for cathode and anode (asymmetric MSM structures). The accomplished reduction of more than two orders of magnitude demonstrated the possibility to achieve a signal/dark current ratio of 0.4.
High-Gain Directional Antenna for WLAN and WiMAX Applications (2016)

This letter presents a dual-band slot antenna with high gain for wireless local area network (WLAN) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) communication covering the IEEE802.11a/b and IEEE802.16d/e standards. The antenna consists of a microstrip-fed slot with a complimentary stub on a single dielectric medium. A reflecting ground plane is employed to achieve a unidirectional radiation pattern with an average gain of 9.1 dBi. The feed of the antenna is optimized to achieve radiation efficiency above 95% in the WLAN and WiMAX frequency bands. The radiation properties of a prototype antenna were measured in a compact antenna range. Simulated and measured results (impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation patterns) are presented for the proposed antenna.
MR head wafer fabrication technology: current and future perspectives (1996)

Areal storage densities and yield requirements continuously drive process optimizations in volume manufacturing of magnetoresistive (MR) heads. Several topics related to the manufacturability of MR heads are discussed. A dependable supply of MR sputter targets with low magnetostriction /spl lambda//sub s/ is critical. By using an internally developed technique, /spl lambda//sub s/ can be predicted to within /spl plusmn/1.0/spl times/10/sup -7/. MR film thickness uniformity can be improved by 60% by synchronizing the shutter activation with the substrate table. The profile of the photoresist for the read trackwidth definition is affected by initial exposure dose and post expose bake temperature. The use of mass-spectrometric and optical emission endpoint detection methods during ion beam etching of the MR layers allows a precise determination of the stopping point without overmilling into the layer underneath.
Isolation of a temperature-sensitive dengue-2 virus under conditions suitable for vaccine development (1976)

Dengue virus, type 2, in viremic human sera and after passage in cell cultures produces mixtures of small and large plaques when assayed in LLC-MK2 cells. Clones of dengue virus type 2 obtained by plaque selection in primary green monkey kidney cell cultures were tested for temperature sensitivity in vitro and for virulence by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice. Sublines of a small-plaque clone were found to have lower nonpermissive temperatures than the parent virus by both plaque formation and release of infectious virus into the culture media. Small-plaque sublines were significantly less virulent in suckling mice than was the parent virus. Sublines from a large-plaque clone were not temperature sensitive and closely resembled parent virus mixed-plaque morphology. When small-plaque sublines were serially passaged using undiluted inocula, reversion occurred as evidenced by the appearance of large plaques and return of mouse virulence. Small-plaque virus could be maintained through several serial passages without reversion by using low-input inocula. Desirable passage history as well as temperature-sensitive and attentuation characteristics of the S-1 small-plaque subline make it appear suitable as a vaccine candidate virus.
Occurrence of phenylpyruvic acid in woody plants: biosynthetic significance and synthesis of an enolic glucoside derivative (1996)

The leaves and stems of Aspalathus linearis, a member of the Fabaceae, contains (Z)-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid 1, an enolic glucoside of phenylpyruvic acid, representing the first unequivocal evidence for the latter's presence in woody plants. The synthesis of a derivative 2 of the natural product, and of related regiomeric and geometrical isomers 3,4 and 5, and the biosynthetic significance in relation to the shikimic acid pathway are discussed.
Performance of Selected Milk Fat Fractions in Cold-Spreadable Butter (1992)

Based on solid fat content profiles, milk fat fractions produced by fractional crystallization procedures employing melted milk fat and milk fat dissolved in acetone were selected for incorporation into soft butter samples. Butter samples made from low melting liquid fractions or a combination of primarily low melting liquid fractions and a small amount of high melting solid fractions exhibited good spreadability at refrigerator temperature (4 degrees C) but were almost melted at room temperature (21 degrees C). Butters made with a high proportion of low melting liquid fraction, a small proportion of high melting solid, and a small proportion of very high melting solid fractions were still spreadable at refrigerator temperature and maintained their physical form at room temperature. Very high melting fractions, which provided key structural functionality in spreadable butter, were obtained from acetone fractionation. Because the use of acetone in processing may hinder or prevent commercialization of these fractions, other means to obtain very high melting fractions from milk fat should be pursued.
Photonic-crystal nano-photodetector with ultrasmall capacitance for on-chip light-to-voltage conversion without an amplifier (2016)

The power consumption of a conventional photoreceiver is dominated by that of the electric amplifier connected to the photodetector (PD). An ultralow-capacitance PD can overcome this limitation, because it can generate sufficiently large voltage without an amplifier when combined with a high-impedance load. In this work, we demonstrate an ultracompact InGaAs PD based on a photonic crystal waveguide with a length of only 1.7 μm and a capacitance of less than 1 fF. Despite the small size of the device, a high responsivity of 1 A/W and a clear 40 Gbit/s eye diagram are observed, overcoming the conventional trade-off between size and responsivity. A resistor-loaded PD was actually fabricated for light-to-voltage conversion, and a kilo-volt/watt efficiency with a gigahertz bandwidth even without amplifiers was measured with an electro-optic probe. Combined experimental and theoretical results reveal that a bandwidth in excess of 10 GHz can be expected, leading to an ultralow energy consumption of less than 1 fJ/bit for the photoreceiver. Amplifier-less PDs with attractive performance levels are therefore feasible and a step toward a densely integrated photonic network/processor on a chip.
RADAR Realistic Animal Model Series for Dose Assessment (2010)

The organ masses in the MOBY and ROBY models are in reasonable agreement with models presented by other investigators noting that considerable variation can occur between reported masses. Results consistent with those found by other investigators show that absorbed fractions for electrons for organ self-irradiation were significantly less than 1.0 at energies above 0.5 MeV, as expected for many of these small-sized organs, and measurable cross-irradiation was observed for many organ pairs for high-energy electrons (as would be emitted by nuclides such as (32)P, (90)Y, or (188)Re).
High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of intestinal microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients (2013)

Human intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the maintenance of host health by providing energy, nutrients, and immunological protection. Intestinal dysfunction is a frequent complaint in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients, and previous reports suggest that dysbiosis, i.e. the overgrowth of abnormal populations of bacteria in the gut, is linked to the pathogenesis of the disease. We used high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the presence of specific alterations in the gut microbiota of ME/CFS patients from Belgium and Norway. 43 ME/CFS patients and 36 healthy controls were included in the study. Bacterial DNA was extracted from stool samples, PCR amplification was performed on 16S rRNA gene regions, and PCR amplicons were sequenced using Roche FLX 454 sequencer. The composition of the gut microbiota was found to differ between Belgian controls and Norwegian controls: Norwegians showed higher percentages of specific Firmicutes populations (Roseburia, Holdemania) and lower proportions of most Bacteroidetes genera. A highly significant separation could be achieved between Norwegian controls and Norwegian patients: patients presented increased proportions of Lactonifactor and Alistipes, as well as a decrease in several Firmicutes populations. In Belgian subjects the patient/control separation was less pronounced, however some abnormalities observed in Norwegian patients were also found in Belgian patients. These results show that intestinal microbiota is altered in ME/CFS. High-throughput sequencing is a useful tool to diagnose dysbiosis in patients and could help designing treatments based on gut microbiota modulation (antibiotics, pre and probiotics supplementation).
[Changes in the levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in chronic alcoholic patients]. (1997)

Medical and biochemical analysis were performed on 58 patients with chronic alcoholism. In accordance with medical characterisation, patients were divided in three groups: A (patients having only hepatopathy), B (patients with hepatopathy and neuropathy) and C (patients having only alcoholic neuropathy). Simultaneously, several parameters related to heme biosynthesis were examined. Urinary delta-aminolevulic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG) and porphyrins and fecal porphyrins measurements did not show significant difference among all studied groups. The activities of ALA-dehydratase (ALA-D), uroporphyrinogen-I-synthase (URO-I-S) and uroporphyrinogen-III-synthase (URO-III-S) were monitored in peripheral erythrocytes. From the enzymes measured, only ALA-D levels in groups B and C were significantly depressed (p < 0.002) compared with normal subjects. The decrease in ALA-D correlated with the degree of neuropathy.
Image intensifiers (1976)

Abstract This paper reviews the requirements for mcurete photometric assessment of optical images, particularly at very low light levels, and identifies ‘detective quantum efficiency’ 88 an important figure of merit for detector performance. The construction and principles of operation of several of the more common types of image intensifier are described, together with related devices such as television camera tubes and solid-state detectors. Examples of several of the more demanding applications of intensifier systems are given; these include medical radiography, optical and ultraviolet astronomy, field ion microscopy and high speed photography.
Immunisation of common marmosets with vaccinia virus expressing Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) gp340 and challenge with EBV (1996)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with a variety of life-threatening diseases in humans. Therefore the development of an effective vaccine is an important objective. Many of the initial studies of vaccine efficacy analyse the ability of vaccine preparations to prevent the induction of lymphomas in cottontop tamarins by the B95-8 strain of EBV. We used a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing gp340, vMA1, tested previously in the cotton-top tamarin, to evaluate a common marmoset model in which the challenge virus, M81, resembles more closely the wild-type strains of EBV in the general population than does the standard B95-8 strain. We characterised the M81 strain of EBV with respect to the sequence of its gp340/220 gene and in regard to the presence of a region deleted in B95-8. Replication of the challenge virus in the group vaccinated with vMA1 was decreased when compared to control groups. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Amplification of Bcl I region of the factor VIII gene by PCR. (1996)

A study was initiated to amplify by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a short factor VIII gene fragment containing the Bcl I restriction site from hemophilia patients using published primer sequences. Preliminary findings indicated that the resulting fragment is 142 bp long. This fragment, when digested with Bcl I restriction enzyme produced two fragments, 99 bp and 43 bp in length. Polymorphism in the Bcl I region can be used to detect carrier state in the family members of the hemophiliacs.
Biochemistry, physiology, and genetics of GPAT, AGPAT, and lipin enzymes in triglyceride synthesis (2009)

Triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and storage in tissues such as adipose tissue and liver have important roles in metabolic homeostasis. The molecular identification of genes encoding enzymes that catalyze steps in TAG biosynthesis from glycerol 3-phosphate has revealed an unexpected number of protein isoforms of the glycerol phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT), and lipin (phosphatidate phosphatase) families that appear to catalyze similar biochemical reactions. However, on the basis of available data for a few members in which genetic deficiencies in mouse and/or human have been studied, we postulate that each GPAT, AGPAT, and lipin family member likely has a specialized role that may be uncovered through careful biochemical and physiological analyses.
Variation in the faecal shedding of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 in lactating dairy cattle and examination of Salmonella genotypes using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (2004)

This study demonstrated the wide variability in pathogen shedding within and among dairy farms all located in a small geographical region and highlights the complexity of pathogen control at the farm level.
Enhancement of Vaginal Infection in Mice by Herpes Simplex Virus Type II with Progesterone (1978)

Nonpregnant, pregnant and progesterone treated mice were infected intravaginally with HSV II. Mortality rates were 10%, 88% and 88% respectively. Progesterone levels were 80–100 times greater in the treated mice and 10–70 times greater in the pregnant mice than controls. We were able to simulate the increased susceptibility of pregnant mice by administration of progesterone to nonpregnant female mice.
Keratinocyte growth factor induces pancreatic ductal epithelial proliferation. (1994)

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) causes a proliferation of pancreatic ductal epithelial cells in adult rats after daily systemic administration for 1 to 2 weeks. Even before the proliferation of intralobular ducts is histologically evident, KGF also induces proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression within the ductal epithelium of intercalated, intralobular, and interlobular ducts. KGF also causes incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in ductal epithelial cells. Epithelial cell proliferation is histologically most prominent at the level of the intralobular ducts adjacent to and within the islets of Langerhans. Pancreatic ductal proliferation is not histologically apparent in rats sacrificed 7 to 10 days after the cessation of KGF administration. The pancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide are normally distributed within islets that demonstrate intrainsular ductal proliferation. The proliferating ductal epithelium does not show endocrine differentiation as evidenced by the lack of immunoreactivity for pancreatic hormones. KGF is a potent in vivo mitogen for pancreatic ductal epithelial cells.