gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In Vitro</i>Antispasmodic Compounds of the Dry Extract Obtained from<i>Hedera helix</i>* (1997)

Commercial dry extract of Hedera helix L. is used for the treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract; it is standardized towards papaverine (papaverine equivalent value, PE, activity of 1 g test substance equivalent to the activity of x mg papaverine) by in vitro antispasmodic activity on isolated guinea-pig ileum with acetylcholine as spasmogen. In order to determine the phytochemical basis for the antispasmodic activity, bioassay guided fractionation and subsequent isolation of phenolic compounds (flavonols, caffeoylquinic acids) and saponins (hederacoside C, alpha-hederin, hederagenin) was carried out. Fractions and isolates obtained were investigated for antispasmodic activity and their contribution to the activity of the extract was calculated. Significant activity was found for both saponins and phenolic compounds, the PE values being approx. 55 and 49 for alpha-hederin and hederagenin, 54 and 143 for quercetin and kaempferol, and 22 for 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, respectively. In view of their relative high concentration the saponins contribute most to the anti-spasmodic activity, followed by dicaffeoylquinic acids and the flavonol derivatives. The results indicate that the summed PE value of the compounds mentioned is an acceptable agreement with the PE value of the whole extract determined biologically.
Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts Synthesize 1,3-β-Glucanase, Chitinases, and “Osmotins” during <i>in Vitro</i> Culture (1990)

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mesophyll protoplasts synthesize six basic proteins (a, a′, a(1), b, b′, and c) which are undetectable in the leaf and whose synthesis is reduced by auxin (Y Meyer, L Aspart, Y Chartier [1984] Plant Physiol 75: 1027-1033). Polypeptides a, a′, and a(1) were shown to have similar mobilities on two-dimensional electrophoresis as one 1,3-β-glucanase and two chitinases from tobacco mosaic virus-infected leaves. In immunoblotting experiments, polypeptide a was recognized by specific antibodies raised against the 1,3-β-glucanase and a′ and a(1) reacted with anti-chitinase antibodies. Similarly, b and b′ comigrated with osmotin and its neutral counterpart, two proteins characteristic of salt-adapted tobacco cells, and reacted with anti-osmotin antibodies. In addition it has been shown that 1,3-β-glucanase and chitinase activities increased at the same time as a, a′, and a(1) accumulated in cultivated protoplasts. Finally, polypeptide c was also detected in tobacco mosaic virus-infected leaves but could not be identified as any of the pathogenesis-related proteins characterized so far in tobacco. Thus, cultivated tobacco protoplasts synthesize and accumulate typical stress proteins.
Cytokine gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by mannoprotein constituents from Candida albicans (1993)

The expression of cytokine genes in cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with mannoprotein constituents (MP) of Candida albicans has been studied by means of S1 nuclease mapping analysis, polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MP induced early, consistent, and long-lasting production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 mRNAs. Similar results were obtained when the same PBMC cultures were stimulated with the purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis or with IL-2, although lower levels of IL-6 mRNA were detected in IL-2-stimulated cells than in MP- or PPD-stimulated cells. MP, PPD, and IL-2 induced appreciable levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon, but only MP and PPD were able to induce IL-2 mRNA. MP were unable to stimulate a consistent expression of the genes encoding for IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, while low, sometimes barely detectable levels of these cytokine mRNAs were observed in PPD- or IL-2-stimulated PBMC cultures. When protein synthesis of MP-stimulated PBMC was inhibited by cycloheximide, a superinduction of mRNAs for IL-4 and IL-10 and, more markedly, gamma interferon was observed. Overall, these results highlight the powerful, selective induction of cytokine gene expression by MP constituents of C. albicans in human PBMC cultures, thus providing some functional clues to explain the efficient state of the anticandidal response in normal human subjects.
Distortion in elementary transistor circuits (1999)

In this paper the distortion components are defined for elementary transistor stages such as a single-transistor amplifier and a differential pair using bipolar transistors or MOSTs. Moreover, the influence of feedback is examined. Numerical examples are given for sake of illustration.
THE PROPHAGE OF SPβ<i>c2</i>d<i>citK1</i>, A DEFECTIVE SPECIALIZED TRANSDUCING PHAGE OF <i>BACILLUS SUBTILIS</i> (1979)

The defective specialized transducing phage SP beta c2dcitK1 carries two known bacterial genes, kauA and citK, as well as SP beta hage markers including the heat-sensitive repressor allele, c2. Some phage genes (including essential ones) are missing. When SP beta c2dcitK1 transduces SP beta-sensitive cells of Bacillus subtilis, the defective prophage is inserted into sites in the homologous bacterial DNA of the attSP beta-kauA-citK region of the recipient chromosome. During the growth of these transductants, occasional excisions occur that result in the loss of the phage genes and of the heterogenotic state. These excisions increase greatly in frequency during growth at repressor-inactivating temperatures. The kinds of insertions and excisions seen suggest that a Campbell-type (CAMPBELL 1962) circular phage genome may occur transiently. If the transductants are superinfected by SP beta c2 or by the clear-plaque mutant SP beta c1, the resulting double lysogen can be heat induced to release high-frequency-of-transduction (HFT) lysates for kauA and citK.
AVALIAÇÃO DO CONSUMO DE SUPLEMENTOS ALIMENTARES POR PRATICANTES DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA EM ACADEMIAS DE BOTUCATU-SP (2013)

Increasingly, practitioner shave sought to exercise dietary supplements. This practice be comesworrisome, since the useofsupplements isindiscriminate andcareless, in most cases, which can causedamage to health.Factors such aspeer pressureand the mediain relation to theperfect body, contributing to theincreased use ofsupplementswhich can cause healthdamaged.Considering thesefacts, the aimof this studywas evaluateprofile ofindividuals whouse supplementsin thecity ofBotucatu-SP. Of the total sample(n=180), 82 were womenand 98,men. Among thepeoplewho used nutritional supplements, 49 (86%) were men. Most of individualswho used supplements, consumedmainlyprotein supplements,withoutprofessional assistance,in order toincrease muscle massand wouldlike to weighless than thecurrent weight.For these reasons, greater effortsshould befocused onnutrition educationof the general public, toclarifythe importance andpriority ofproper nutritionandpropersupplementationindication, in cases wherethere is need.
Development of two real-time multiplex PCR assays for the detection and quantification of eight key bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections (2015)

The frequent lack of a positive and timely microbiological diagnosis in patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is an important obstacle to antimicrobial stewardship. Patients are typically prescribed broad-spectrum empirical antibiotics while microbiology results are awaited, but, because these are often slow, negative, or inconclusive, de-escalation to narrow-spectrum agents rarely occurs in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate two multiplex real-time PCR assays for the sensitive detection and accurate quantification of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. We found that all eight bacterial targets could be reliably quantified from sputum specimens down to a concentration of 100 CFUs/reaction (8333 CFUs/mL). Furthermore, all 249 positive control isolates were correctly detected with our assay, demonstrating effectiveness on both reference strains and local clinical isolates. The specificity was 98% on a panel of nearly 100 negative control isolates. Bacterial load was quantified accurately when three bacterial targets were present in mixtures of varying concentrations, mimicking likely clinical scenarios in LRTI. Concordance with culture was 100% for culture-positive sputum specimens, and 90% for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens, and additional culture-negative bacterial infections were detected and quantified. In conclusion, a quantitative molecular test for eight key bacterial causes of LRTI has the potential to provide a more sensitive decision-making tool, closer to the time-point of patient admission than current standard methods. This should facilitate de-escalation from broad-spectrum to narrow-spectrum antibiotics, substantially improving patient management and supporting efforts to curtail inappropriate antibiotic use.
Further Contrasts Between Self-Reflectiveness and Internal State Awareness Factors of Private Self-Consciousness (1996)

Although widely used as a unitary measure of self-focused attention, the Private Self-Consciousness subscale (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975) contains two factors. In the present study, this subscale and its self-reflectiveness (SR) factor predicted greater shame, guilt, other-directedness, and social anxiety; but the internal state awareness (ISA) factor displayed relationships that were in the opposite direction. Contrasts between SR and ISA often became more obvious in partial correlations, when one factor was examined while controlling for the other. In relationships with personal and social identity, SR appeared to reflect public as much as private self-consciousness. These data support recent suggestions that it may be necessary to construct more adequate measures of private self-consciousness.
Carotid Artery Segmentation in Ultrasound Images and Measurement of Intima-Media Thickness (2013)

The segmentation of the common carotid artery (CCA) wall is imperative for the determination of the intima-media thickness (IMT) on B-mode ultrasound (US) images. The IMT is considered an important indicator in the evaluation of the risk for the development of atherosclerosis. In this paper, authors have discussed the relevance of measurements in clinical practices and the challenges that one has to face while approaching the segmentation of carotid artery on ultrasound images. The paper presents an overall review of commonly used methods for the CCA segmentation and IMT measurement along with the different performance metrics that have been proposed and used for performance validation. Summary and future directions are given in the conclusion.
Generation of permutations for SIMD processors (2005)

Short vector (SIMD) instructions are useful in signal processing, multimedia, and scientific applications. They offer higher performance, lower energy consumption, and better resource utilization. However, compilers still do not have good support for SIMD instructions, and often the code has to be written manually in assembly language or using compiler builtin functions. Also, in some applications, higher parallelism could be achieved if compilers inserted permutation instructions that reorder the data in registers. In this paper we describe how we create SIMD instructions from regular code, and determine ordering of individual operations in the SIMD instructions to minimize the number of permutation instructions. Individual memory operations are grouped into SIMD operations based on their effective addresses. The SIMD data flow graph is then constructed by following data dependences from SIMD memory operations. Then, the orderings of operations are propagated from SIMD memory operations into the graph.We also describe our approach to compute decomposition of a given permutation into the permutation instructions of the target architecture. Experiments with our prototype compiler show that this approach scales well with the number of operations in SIMD instructions (SIMD width) and can be used to compile a number of important kernels, achieving up to 35% speedup.
Internet Fax Gateway Requirements (2005)

To allow connectivity between the General Switched Telephone Network
facsimile service (GSTN fax) and the e-mail-based Fax service
(i-fax) an Internet Fax Gateway is required. This document provides
recommendations for the functionality of Fax Gateways. In
this context, an offramp gateway provides facsimile data
transmission from i-fax to GSTN fax; vice versa, an onramp gateway
provides data transmission form GSTN fax to i-fax. The recommendations
in this document apply to the integrated service including Internet
Fax terminals, computers with i-fax software on the Internet, and GSTN
Fax terminals on the GSTN. This memo provides information for the
Internet community.
Stachybocins, Novel Endothelin Receptor Antagonists, Produced by Stachybotrys sp. M6222. II. Structure Determination of Stachybocins A, B and C. (1995)

The structures of stachybocins A, B and C, new endothelin receptor antagonist, were determined by NMR spectral analysis using pulse-field-gradient technique. Stachybocin A consists of two spirobenzofuran units each fused to a substituted decalin, which were connected by a lysine residue. Stachybocins B and C are derivatives of stachybocin A with an additional hydroxy group at the same position in the different decalin unit.
Four-ring achiral unsymmetrical bent core molecules forming strongly fluorescent smectic liquid crystals with spontaneous polar and chiral ordered B7 and B1 phases (2010)

Achiral molecules based on a novel four-ring core with an ester linkage at the molecular bend are shown to exhibit smectic liquid crystal phases with spontaneously chiral and polar layers (SmCP phases), including their polarization splay modulated and layer undulated (PMLU) variants, B7 and B1. Additionally, these compounds exhibit strong photoluminescence, the first family of SmCP phases to do so.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyclopropenation of Internal Alkynes (2012)

Highly enantioselective cyclopropenation of internal alkynes with aryldiazoacetates was achieved using the binuclear gold catalyst (S)-xylylBINAP(AuCl)(2), activated by silver hexafluoroantimonate.
Stimulation of Autophagy Improves Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Induced Diabetes (2012)

Accumulation of misfolded proinsulin in the β-cell leads to dysfunction induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, with diabetes as a consequence. Autophagy helps cellular adaptation to stress via clearance of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. We studied the effects of proinsulin misfolding on autophagy and the impact of stimulating autophagy on diabetes progression in Akita mice, which carry a mutation in proinsulin, leading to its severe misfolding. Treatment of female diabetic Akita mice with rapamycin improved diabetes, increased pancreatic insulin content, and prevented β-cell apoptosis. In vitro, autophagic flux was increased in Akita β-cells. Treatment with rapamycin further stimulated autophagy, evidenced by increased autophagosome formation and enhancement of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. This was associated with attenuation of cellular stress and apoptosis. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitor Torin1 mimicked the rapamycin effects on autophagy and stress, indicating that the beneficial effects of rapamycin are indeed mediated via inhibition of mTOR. Finally, inhibition of autophagy exacerbated stress and abolished the anti-ER stress effects of rapamycin. In conclusion, rapamycin reduces ER stress induced by accumulation of misfolded proinsulin, thereby improving diabetes and preventing β-cell apoptosis. The beneficial effects of rapamycin in this context strictly depend on autophagy; therefore, stimulating autophagy may become a therapeutic approach for diabetes.
Highly Ion Conductive Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes from Hydrogen Bonding Layer-by-Layer Assembly (2004)

We report the development of a solid polymer electrolyte film from hydrogen bonding layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly that outperforms previously reported LBL assembled films and approaches battery integration capability. Films were fabricated by alternating deposition of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) layers from aqueous solutions. Film quality benefits from increasing PEO molecular weight even into the 10(6) range due to the intrinsically low PEO/PAA cross-link density. Assembly is disrupted at pH near the PAA ionization onset, and a potential mechanism for modulating PEO:PAA ratio within assembled films by manipulating pH is discussed. Ionic conductivity of 5 x 10(-5) S/cm is achievable after short exposure to 100% relative humidity (RH) for plasticization. Adding free ions by exposing PEO/ PAA films to lithium salt solutions enhanced conductivity to greater than 10(-5) S/cm at only 52% RH and tentatively greater than 10(-4) S/cm at 100% RH. The excellent stability of PEO/PAA films even when exposed to 1.0 M salt solutions led to an exploration of LBL assembly with added electrolyte present in the adsorption step. Fortuitously, the modulation of PEO/PAA assembly by ionic strength is analogous to that of electrostatic LBL assembly and can be attributed to electrolyte interactions with PEO and PAA. Dry ionic conductivity was enhanced in films assembled in the presence of salt as compared to films that were merely exposed to salt after assembly, implying different morphologies. These results reveal clear directions for the evolution of these promising solid polymer electrolytes into elements appropriate for electrochemical power storage and generation applications.
Abstract 560: Mesenchymal stem cells promote mammosphere formation in normal and malignant breast cells (2010)

Abstract Purpose: Normal and malignant breast tissue contains a rare population of cells with the capacity to self-renew, referred to as stem cells, or tumor initiating cells (TIC) in the case of tumors. These cells can be enriched by growth as “mammospheres” in three-dimensional cultures. We tested the hypothesis that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which are known to support tumor growth and metastasis, increase mammosphere formation. Materials and Methods: Normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), and breast cancer cells (MCF-7, SUM149 and IBC3) were grown as mammospheres, plated at low density in serum-free growth factor supplemented suspension cultures. MSC were added as an increasing percentage of total cells plated (0, 2, 5 and 10%). MSC-conditioned media was generated by growing MSC as spheroids for 5 days. Results: MSC integrated into mammospheres, resulting in a dose-dependent increase in the number of mammospheres formed. Normal mammary epithelial cells formed 1.6 to 2.4 to 2.7-fold (p&lt; 0.001) more mammospheres in the presence of 2, 5 and 10% MSC. Similarly, the number of MCF-7 derived mammospheres increased 5.9 to 8.5 to14.8-fold (p = ≤ 0.001) in the presence of 2, 5 and 10% MSC. A similar dose-dependent increase in sphere formation was seen for SUM149 cells and inflammatory breast cancer cells in short-term culture derived from pleural effusions. This effect was found to be mediated by secreted factors as MSC-conditioned media also increased sphere formation. SUM149 cells formed 6.4 to 14.2 to 13.7-fold more mammospheres when incubated for 5 days in 5, 25 and 50% MSC conditioned-media (p &lt;0.0001). HMEC derived mammospheres had higher levels of expression of N-cadherin and RhoC and lower levels of expression of E-cadherin and Notch when formed in the presence of MSC conditioned media. Conclusions: Mesenchymal stem cells increase mammosphere formation of normal breast epithelial cells, established cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and SUM149) and short term primary breast cancer cells (IBC3). This effect is mediated by MSC secreted factors and results in cadherin switching, which may promote breast cancer progression and resistance to therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 560.
CNP2 mRNA directs synthesis of both CNP1 and CNP2 polypeptides (1997)

The ribosome scanning model for translational initiation predicts that eukaryotic mRNAs should, as a rule, be monocistronic. However, cases have recently been described of eukaryotic mRNAs producing more than one protein through alternative translational initiation at several different AUG codons. The present work reports the occurrence of two translational start sites on the mRNA encoding isoform 2 of the myelin marker enzyme 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) in rat and mouse. We show that the CNP2 mRNA is able to direct synthesis of not only CNP2, but also CNP1 polypeptide. Immunoprecipitation experiments using a polyclonal antibody directed against CNP detect both CNP isoforms in tissues or cell lines expressing only the CNP2 transcript. Thus, the synthesis of CNP1 and CNP2 polypeptides must be encoded by the CNP2 transcript. In vitro translation of synthetic CNP2 mRNA demonstrates that both CNP isoforms are synthesized by initiation at different AUG codons. Furthermore, by introducing mutations to "switch off" translation from the second in-frame AUG codon in the CNP2 cDNA, and transfecting 293T cells with those constructs, we are able to correlate the production of CNP1 and CNP2 with different translational start sites. These results lead us to conclude that the CNP2 mRNA is able to produce both CNP1 and CNP2 polypeptides. This investigation has altered our understanding of the temporal expression of the CNP protein isoforms during development of the central nervous system (CNS).
Square pulse amplification using nonlinear loop mirror incorporating saturable gain (1991)

A nonlinear fibre loop mirror is described that comprises an 8.8 km length of dispersion shifted fibre and an erbium doped fibre amplifier. The low calculated switching powers (∼milliwatts peak) afforded by the high gain (∼20dB) and long loop length have been confirmed by measurements of the square pulse response. An experimental and theoretical study of the effect of gain saturation on the device characteristics has also been conducted.
Metal Aerosol Formation in a Laboratory Swirl Flame Incinerator (1994)

Abstract Experiments were performed on an 82 kW (280,000 Btu/hr) refractory-lined horizontal tunnel combustor to examine the aerosol particle size distribution (PSD) produced by simulated nickel, cadmium, and lead wastes injected into an incineration environment. Metal constituents in the form of aqueous solutions of nickel, cadmium, and lead nitrates were introduced as secondary sprays within a swirl stabilized natural gas diffusion flame. Aerosol size distributions were measured at stack locations using a differential mobility particle sizer and a cascade impactor as functions of combustor temperature and waste chlorine content. Cadmium and lead produced emissions of submicron metal aerosols with mass mean diameters of approximately 0.2 μm. These submicron aerosol PSDs are consistent with a mechanism of metal vaporization followed by nucleation, condensation, and coagulation prior to sampling. Nickel also formed submicron particles, but the PSD was not generally consistent with a vaporization mechanism. With chlorine present, the PSDs for all three metals were similar in shape, and could be interpreted in light of the effect of chlorine to enhance and prolong the presence of metals in the vapor phase, and leading to the sampling of a less mature aerosol than that seen under baseline conditions. The effect of chlorine on nickel partitioning was particularly significant, and is consistent with vapor pressure predictions.