gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An iterative reconstruction method of complex images using expectation maximization for radial parallel MRI (2013)

In MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), signal sampling along a radial k-space trajectory is preferred in certain applications due to its distinct advantages such as robustness to motion, and the radial sampling can be beneficial for reconstruction algorithms such as parallel MRI (pMRI) due to the incoherency. For radial MRI, the image is usually reconstructed from projection data using analytic methods such as filtered back-projection or Fourier reconstruction after gridding. However, the quality of the reconstructed image from these analytic methods can be degraded when the number of acquired projection views is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a novel reconstruction method based on the expectation maximization (EM) method, where the EM algorithm is remodeled for MRI so that complex images can be reconstructed. Then, to optimize the proposed method for radial pMRI, a reconstruction method that uses coil sensitivity information of multichannel RF coils is formulated. Experiment results from synthetic and in vivo data show that the proposed method introduces better reconstructed images than the analytic methods, even from highly subsampled data, and provides monotonic convergence properties compared to the conjugate gradient based reconstruction method.
Emissions lifetimes and ozone formation in power plant plumes (1998)

The concept of ozone production efficiency (OPE) per unit NO x is based on photochemical models and provides a tool with which to assess potential regional tropospheric ozone control strategies involving NO x emissions reductions. An aircraft study provided data from which power plant emissions removal rates and measurement‐based estimates of OPE are estimated. This study was performed as part of the Southern Oxidants Study‐1995 Nashville intensive and focuses on the evolution of NO x , SO 2 , and ozone concentrations in power plant plumes during transport. Two approaches are examined. A mass balance approach accounts for mixing effects within the boundary layer and is used to calculate effective boundary layer removal rates for NO x and SO 2 and to estimate net OPE. Net OPE is more directly comparable to photochemical model results than previous measurement‐based estimates. Derived net production efficiencies from mass balance range from 1 to 3 molecules of ozone produced per molecule of NO x emitted. A concentration ratio approach provides an estimate of removal rates of primary emissions relative to a tracer species. This approach can be combined with emissions ratio information to provide upper limit estimates of OPE that range from 2 to 7. Both approaches illustrate the dependence of ozone production on NO x source strength in these large point source plumes. The dependence of total ozone production, ozone production efficiency, and the rate of ozone production on NO x source strength is examined. These results are interpreted in light of potential ozone control strategies for the region.
Stabilization of Cubic AlN in Epitaxial AlN/TiN Superlattices (1997)

The high-pressure rocksalt structure of AlN was stabilized in epitaxial AlN/TiN(001) superlattices with AlN layer thickness $\ensuremath{\le}2.0\mathrm{nm}$. The AlN layers were shown to be pure rocksalt-structure AlN, with a stress-free lattice parameter of $0.408\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002\mathrm{nm}$, using x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The stable hexagonal phase was observed for AlN layer thickness $>2\mathrm{nm}$. The rocksalt structure formed at small layer thicknesses since it provided lower AlN/TiN interfacial energy than the hexagonal or zinc-blende structures.
A Consideration on Research of Engineering Education in China (1999)

The first purpose of this report is to consider the research system of Engineering Education for University Revolucion of 21th Century. The second purpose is to discuss the level of research-results of Engineering Education in China through analysis and evaluation of Wang Peimin's works : "Theory of Engineering Education" (Zhejiang University Press, 1994). The third pupose is to suggest tasks that are struggled by members of this society and engineering schools in Japan.
Alterations in preload and ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance (1975)

Ejection phase indices such as mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (V-cf), ejection fraction (EF), and mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MSER) are thought to reflect the level of left ventricular (LV) inotropic state. Although known to be influenced by changes in afterload, their response to altered preload is less certain. This question was examined in ten normal subjects studied in the supine position and after 10 min of 75 degree head-up tilt. Echo VL diameter (D) and carotid pulse recordings were used to calculate LV ejection time, V-cf, MSER, LV end-diastolic and stroke volumes (EDV and SV, by D3 formula), and ejection fraction. Systemic blood pressure (BP)was measured by cuff, and heart rate (HR) counted from the ECG. Calculated LVEDV decreased with tilt (115 plus or minus 8 to 82 plus or minus 7 ml, P smaller than 0.001), as did SV (81 plus or minus 6 to 54 plus or minus 6 ml, P smaller than 0.001), and ejection time (0.31 plus or minus 0.01 to 0.27 plus or minus 0.00 sec, P sma...
Mice Do Not Habituate to Metabolism Cage Housing–A Three Week Study of Male BALB/c Mice (2013)

The metabolism cage is a barren, non-enriched, environment, combining a number of recognized environmental stressors. We investigated the ability of male BALB/c mice to acclimatize to this form of housing. For three weeks markers of acute and oxidative stress, as well as clinical signs of abnormality were monitored. Forced swim tests were conducted to determine whether the animals experienced behavioral despair and the serotonergic integrity was tested using an 8-OH-DPAT challenge. The metabolism cage housed mice excreted approximately tenfold higher amounts of corticosterone metabolites in feces throughout the study when compared to controls. Urinary biomarkers confirmed that these mice suffered from elevated levels of oxidative stress, and increased creatinine excretions indicated increased muscle catabolism. Changes in the core body temperature (stress-induced hyperthermia) and the fur state of the mice also indicated impaired well-being in the metabolism cage housed mice. However, monitoring body weight and feed intake was found misleading in assessing the wellbeing of mice over a longer time course, and the forced swim test was found poorly suited for studying chronic stress in mice in the present setup. In conclusion, the mice were found not to acclimatize to the metabolism cages whereby concern for animal welfare would dictate that mice should be housed in this way for as short periods as possible. The elevated degree of HPA axis activity, oxidative stress, and increased overall metabolism warrant caution when interpreting data obtained from metabolism cage housed mice, as their condition cannot be considered representative of a normal physiology.
Global Epidemiology of<i>Clostridium difficile</i>Infection in 2010 (2010)

The past decade has been characterized by an epidemic of Clostridium difficile infection in North America and Europe that threatens to extend to the rest of the world. The epidemic is due in part to the emergence of a previously rare and now more lethal C. difficile strain variously named group BI, ribotype 027, and North American pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis type 1.
Electronic equalisation of PMD and chromatic dispersion induced distortion after 100 km standard fibre at 10 Gbit/s (2002)

Polarisation mode dispersion distortion equalisation with more then 11 dB power penalty reduction is demonstrated for the first time at 10 Gbit/s after 100 km standard fibre using electronic filtering in the receiver. We report on the combination of chromatic dispersion management using the dispersion supported transmission (DST) method and the compensation of the polarisation mode dispersion (PMD) distortion by an electronic equalisation filter realised in an optical receiver.
Screening and evaluation of the glucoside hydrolase activity in Saccharomyces and Brettanomyces brewing yeasts (2007)

The release of flavour active compounds from hop glycosides opens perspectives for the bioflavouring and product diversification of beverages like beer. The release can be enhanced by using Saccharomyces strains with high exo-beta-glucanase activity. Higher activities can be found in Brettanomyces species with beta-glucosidase activity.
An analytical approach to floorplanning for hierarchical building blocks layout (VLSI) (1989)

An analytical approach for the floorplanning of rectangular blocks with constraints on their connection and dimensions that minimize the wire length and area is described. The approach consist of two phases: relative placement places the building blocks in a plane so that the topology of the blocks satisfies the combined goal of short interconnection and small bounding area for a given aspect of ratio. The spacing phase removes the overlap in the floorplan resulting from relative placement by moving and reshaping the blocks. Both phases are modeled heuristically as unconstrained minimization problems. The constraint on the shape of floorplan is met by using a bounding penalty function. Indirect connections between large blocks are taken into account for more efficient area utilization. The floorplanning algorithm has been implemented and shown to be effective for handling floorplanning under various kinds of constraints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The <i>x</i> Gene Is Essential for HTLV Replication (1985)

The human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV) are associated with T-cell malignancies in man and will transform normal human T cells in vitro. The mechanism of malignant transformation by HTLV is unknown but appears to be distinct from that of other classes of retroviruses, which induce malignant transformation through viral or cellular oncogenes. Recently a new gene, termed x, was identified in HTLV. This gene has been hypothesized to be the transforming gene of HTLV because of its conservation within the HTLV class of retroviruses. By in vitro mutagenesis of the HTLV-II x gene, it is now demonstrated that the presence of a functional x gene product is necessary for efficient HTLV transcription. Therefore, these studies provide direct evidence for an important function of the x gene in HTLV replication. The functional analogies between the x gene and transcriptional regulatory genes of some DNA viruses suggest that these viruses share similar mechanisms for cellular transformation.
Evidence for an Involvement of Dopamine D<sub>1</sub> Receptors in the Limbic System in the Control of Immune Mechanisms (1994)

Indirect evidence suggests that dopamine within the brain may participate in the regulation of immune responses both in humans and in rodents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible modulatory role played by specific dopamine D1 receptor subtypes within discrete sites of the brain dopaminergic pathways. Mitogen responsiveness of splenocytes and natural killer (NK) cell activity were measured in rats following microinfusion of SKF 38393, a specific dopamine D1 receptor agonist, into the ventral tegmental area, the amygdala, the nucleus accumbens and the CA1 area of the hippocampus. We report here that microinfusion of SKF 38393 (100 nmol) within the central amygdala increased the proliferative response of splenocytes to concanavalin A (ConA) while it did not modify the proliferative response of splenocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or NK cell activity. On the contrary, microinfusion of SKF 38393 into the nucleus accumbens decreased the proliferative response of splenocytes to ConA and LPS, while NK cell activity remained unchanged. Similarly, microinfusion of SKF 38393 into the CA1 area of the hippocampus decreased the proliferative response of splenocytes to LPS, but not to ConA and did not affect NK cell activity. Finally, microinfusion of SKF 38393 into the ventral tegmental area did not significantly modify the proliferative response of splenocytes to either ConA or LPS and did not affect NK cell activity. All immunological changes evoked through the different areas of the brain following microinfusion of SKF 38393 were prevented by systemic administration of SCH 23390, a specific D1 receptor antagonist.
Dynamic-grouping bandwidth reservation scheme for multimedia wireless networks (2003)

In wireless networks carrying multimedia traffic (voice, video, data, and image), it becomes necessary to provide a quality-of-service(QoS) guarantee for multimedia traffic connections supported by the network. In order to provide mobile hosts with high QoS in the next-generation wireless networks, efficient and better bandwidth reservation schemes must be designed. This paper presents a novel dynamic-grouping bandwidth reservation scheme as a solution to support QoS guarantees in the next-generation wireless networks. The proposed scheme is based on the probabilistic resource estimation to provide QoS guarantees for multimedia traffic in wireless cellular networks. We establish several reservation time sections, called groups, according to the mobility information of mobile hosts of each base station. The amount of reserved bandwidth for each base station is dynamically adjusted for each reservation group. We use the dynamic-grouping bandwidth reservation scheme to reduce the connection blocking rate and connection dropping rate, while increasing the bandwidth utilization. The simulation results show that the dynamic-grouping bandwidth reservation scheme provides less connection-blocking rate and less connection-dropping rate and achieves high bandwidth utilization.
Advanced technology for monitoring plasma sparking ESD damage using high frequency magnetic field sensors (2003)

In plasma processes, the sparking events inside the chamber of plasma instruments damage the advanced electron devices which are the new products with reduction patterns and are made on large diameter wafers. Recently, the monitoring technologies such as the power source noise, the RF reflected wave and the acoustic emission have begun to be used in order to detect the sparking events. This paper presents an advanced monitoring technology that detects mainly electromagnetic waves, which are emitted by the sparking events. It is characterized in that the technology monitors the high frequency magnetic flux emitted from the aperture (view port) of the chamber. Moreover, the magnetic field sensor that is shielded by a waveguide can differentiate the spark from the peripheral electromagnetic noise, which was a problem of the current monitoring technologies. The magnetic field sensor showed sufficient sensitivity, and the modifications of the chamber and the power circuit were hardly necessary. The sparking events and the operating sequences of the plasma instrument, by which some wafers were etched, were simultaneously plotted in the time series data on a computer display. The results showed that the sparking events damaged the wafers at some operating-timings. In addition, the time series data of the sparking events and the particle number, which was detected by a laser particle counter, were compared on the computer display. The results showed that the sparking had generated many particles that were larger than 80 nm.
Reduction of Nitroguanidine. VI. Promoter Action of Platinic Chloride on Raney Nickel Catalyst (1936)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReduction of Nitroguanidine. VI. Promoter Action of Platinic Chloride on Raney Nickel CatalystEugene Lieber and G. B. L. SmithCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 8, 1417–1419Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1936Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1936https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01299a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01299a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views107Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<title>Simulation and optimization of holographically exposed photoresist gratings</title> (1999)

Standard approaches of lithographic process simulation have been applied to the simulation of holographically exposed photoresist gratings. Fine tuning of the photoresist development parameters results in a good agreement of simulated and experimentally obtained photoresist profiles. Several conclusions with respect to the optimization of process and photoresist parameters for the fabrication of user defined photoresist profiles are drawn.
An Efficient Scheduling Algorithm for Adjustable Time Slots in Time-Triggered Ethernet (2019)

When a network scale for the traditional Ethernet is continuously expanded, an increase of the number of network hops will result in an augment of waiting delay uncertainty for a service transmission, which makes the network inefficiency and difficult to guarantee service quality. The time-triggered Ethernet adopts the global time synchronization and time triggering mechanism to ensure the service quality of high-priority services such as spaceflight tracking telemetry and control, network security, and vital signs monitoring, which possesses broad applications in aerospace, medical aid, and vehicle network. Currently, the time-triggered Ethernet triggers a time-triggered stream by employing an offline generated scheduling schedule, and is difficult to adapt to dynamic changes of a network, which leads to the network rigidity and inefficiency. Therefore, this paper proposes an algorithm for generating time-triggered schedules that can adjust time slots, flexibly. The time-triggered Ethernet prototype system is designed by utilizing the TrueTime, and the process of generating the scheduling table to trigger the time-triggered stream is simulated. Compared with the existing traditional algorithm, our algorithm can adjust the time slots according to the ratio of time-triggered streams to traditional traffic in the network, which can improve the time utilization rate by 30%.
Current Application of Capillary Electrophoresis in Nanomaterial Characterisation and Its Potential to Characterise the Protein and Small Molecule Corona (2018)

Due to the increasing use and production of nanomaterials (NMs), the ability to characterise their physical/chemical properties quickly and reliably has never been so important. Proper characterisation allows a thorough understanding of the material and its stability, and is critical to establishing dose-response curves to ascertain risks to human and environmental health. Traditionally, methods such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) have been favoured for size characterisation, due to their wide-availability and well-established protocols. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) offers a faster and more cost-effective solution for complex dispersions including polydisperse or non-spherical NMs. CE has been used to rapidly separate NMs of varying sizes, shapes, surface modifications and compositions. This review will discuss the literature surrounding the CE separation techniques, detection and NM characteristics used for the analysis of a wide range of NMs. The potential of combining CE with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) will also be explored to further expand the characterisation of NMs, including the layer of biomolecules adsorbed to the surface of NMs in biological or environmental compartments, termed the acquired biomolecule corona. CE offers the opportunity to uncover new/poorly characterised low abundance and polar protein classes due to the high ionisation efficiency of CE-MS. Furthermore, the possibility of using CE-MS to characterise the poorly researched small molecule interactions within the NM corona is discussed.
Adaptive multi-GPU Exchange Monte Carlo for the 3D Random Field Ising Model (2016)

This work presents an adaptive multi-GPU Exchange Monte Carlo approach for the simulation of the 3D Random Field Ising Model (RFIM). The design is based on a two-level parallelization. The first level, spin-level parallelism, maps the parallel computation as optimal 3D thread-blocks that simulate blocks of spins in shared memory with minimal halo surface, assuming a constant block volume. The second level, replica-level parallelism, uses multi-GPU computation to handle the simulation of an ensemble of replicas. CUDA’s concurrent kernel execution feature is used in order to fill the occupancy of each GPU with many replicas, providing a performance boost that is more notorious at the smallest values of L. In addition to the two-level parallel design, the work proposes an adaptive multi-GPU approach that dynamically builds a proper temperature set free of exchange bottlenecks. The strategy is based on mid-point insertions at the temperature gaps where the exchange rate is most compromised. The extra work generated by the insertions is balanced across the GPUs independently of where the mid-point insertions were performed. Performance results show that spin-level performance is approximately two orders of magnitude faster than a single-core CPU version and one order of magnitude faster than a parallel multi-core CPU version running on 16-cores. Multi-GPU performance is highly convenient under a weak scaling setting, reaching up to 99% efficiency as long as the number of GPUs and L increase together. The combination of the adaptive approach with the parallel multi-GPU design has extended our possibilities of simulation to sizes of L=32,64 for a workstation with two GPUs. Sizes beyond L=64 can eventually be studied using larger multi-GPU systems.