gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticles and their interactions with the dermal barrier (2009)

The dermal application of drugs is promising due to the ease of application. In this context nano-scale carrier systems were already evaluated in several studies with respect to the skin interaction and the impact on drug penetration. At the same time the upcoming production of engineered nano-scale materials requires a thorough safety evaluation. Drug delivery as well as risk assessment depends crucially on the ability of such carriers to overcome the skin barrier and reach deeper tissue layers. Therefore, the interaction of nanoparticles with skin and especially skin models is an intriguing field. However, the data obtained do not show a clear image on the effect of nano-carriers. Especially the penetration of such particles is an open and controversially discussed topic. The literature reports different results mainly on pig or murine skin showing strong penetration (pig and mouse) or the opposite. Looking only at the sizes of the particles also no conclusive picture can be obtained. Nevertheless, size is regarded to play an important role for skin penetration. Furthermore, the state of the skin influences penetration (hydration) and the mechanical stress is of outmost importance.
The Commercial Potential of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (1995)

John K. Donnelly* and M. J. Chmilar Abstract Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is the key to the economic exploitation of over 40 billion barrels (6.35 × 109 m3) of bitumen from the McMurray formation. The SAGD technology has been proven in two stages of piloting and is ready for commercial application. Engineering and economic studies indicate that the SAGD technology can be applied at a unit cost that is substantially below the market price for bitumen which has been at an average often dollars per barrel at the field gate over the last few years. Based upon the premise that SAGD recovery is feasible throughout the Athabasca area, in reservoirs whose quality equal or exceed that found at the SAGD pilot site, an evaluation study was undertaken. The objective of the study was to map projected bitumen recovery and steam oil ratio as determined for a conceptual commercial SAGD recovery scheme. The study applied geological and engineering criteria based on current projections of SAGD performance and a conceptual commercial recovery scheme, to analytically derive predictions of cumulative steam oil ratio (CSOR) and bitumen recovery. The study involved evaluating models for estimating SAGD CSOR and bitumen recovery; applying the most suitable model to generate CSOR and bitumen recovery predictions using screened geological data from an Athabasca well data base; then plotting contour lines representing the predicted CSOR and recovery values on a surface map of the Athabasca deposit. The contoured maps outline areas where it is expected that a CSOR of 3.5 m3/m3 or less and a bitumen recovery of greater than 10,000 cubic meters (63,000 barrels) per hectare which is equivalent to an average bitumen production rate of 250 barrels (40 m3) per day over a five year well life from 800 meters long well pairs spaced 90 meters apart. The maps highlight locations in Athabasca where the best reservoir performance would be expected and delineates the areas which should be studied in detail for commercial application of the SAGD technology. P. 295
Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems (1994)

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the glomales, S. Rosendahl et al biodiversity and characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at the molecular level, D. van Tuinen et al characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by immunochemical methods, A. Hahn et al European bank of glomales - an essential tool for the efficient international and interdisciplinary collaboration, J.C. Dodd et al physiological characteristics of the host plant promoting an undisturbed functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis, C. Azcon-Aguilar and B. Bago recognition and infection process, basis for host specificity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, M. Giovannetti et al ultrastructural analysis reveals the complex interactions between root cells and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, P. Bonfante impact of mycorrhizal colonization on root architecture, root longevity and the formation of growth regulators, D. Atkinson et al biogeochemical cycling and arbuscular mycorrhizas in the sustainability of plant-soil systems, P. Jeffries and J.M. Barea arbuscular mycorrhizas and agrosystem stability, G.J. Bethlenfalvay and H. Schuepp hyphal phosphorous transport - a keystone to mycorrhizal enhancement of plant growth, I. Jakobsen et al approaches to the study of the extraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, J.C. Dodd water relations and alleviation of drought stress in mycorrhizal plants, M. Sanchez-Diaz and M. Honrubia impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant uptake of heavy metals and radionuclides from soil, K. Haselwandter et al biocontrol of plant pathogens using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, J.E. Hooker et al management of positive interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with essential groups of soil microorganisms, G. Puppi et al micropropagated plants, an opportunity to positively manage mycorrhizal activities, M. Vestberg and V. Estaun.
TonB Is Required for Intracellular Growth and Virulence of<i>Shigella dysenteriae</i> (2000)

To assess the importance of TonB-dependent iron transport systems to growth of Shigella in vivo, a tonB mutant of Shigella dysenteriae was isolated and tested in cultured cells. The tonB mutant invaded epithelial cells, but did not form plaques in confluent monolayers of Henle cells, indicating an inability of this mutant to spread from cell to cell. The rate of intracellular multiplication of the tonB mutant was reduced significantly compared to that of the wild type. The loss of virulence in the tonB mutant was not due to loss of either Shu or Ent, the TonB-dependent systems which allow for transport of heme and ferrienterobactin, respectively. A shuA mutant lacking the outer membrane receptor for heme, an entB mutant defective in enterobactin synthesis, and a shuA entB double mutant each were able to invade cultured cells, multiply intracellularly, and form wild-type plaques. The ability of S. dysenteriae to access iron during intracellular growth was assessed by flow cytometric analysis of an iron- and Fur-regulated shuA-gfp reporter construct. Low levels of green fluorescent protein expression in the intracellular environment were observed in all strains, indicating that iron is available to intracellular bacteria, even in the absence of TonB-dependent iron transport. The failure of the tonB mutant to grow well in an iron-replete intracellular environment suggests that TonB plays a role in addition to heme- and siderophore-mediated iron acquisition in vivo, and this function is required for the intracellular growth and intercellular spread of S. dysenteriae.
Investigating the Role of Network Exteranlities and Perceived Value in User Loyalty Toward a SNS Site: Integrating Network Externalities and VTSL Model (2013)

A report on practical experiences with the education of aggressive dogs is given. Attention is payed to the instruction of the owners who ought to understand the nature and the behavioural needs of the animals. Positive results of the use of the electrical education aid Teletakt are reported.
Influence of Plasma Viremia on Defects in Number and Immunophenotype of Blood Dendritic Cell Subsets in Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1–Infected Individuals (2002)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are postulated to be involved in transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 to T cells and in stimulation of HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immunity. Blood DCs have been categorized as myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) subsets, on the basis of differences in phenotype and function. Blood DC subset numbers and expression of costimulatory molecules and HIV-1 coreceptors on DCs were measured in the blood of treated and untreated HIV-1-infected subjects and uninfected control subjects. Absolute numbers of mDCs and pDCs were lower in HIV-1-infected subjects than in control subjects, most significantly in those with active HIV-1 replication. Increased surface expression of costimulatory molecules was observed on both DC subsets in subjects with HIV-1 viremia. Highly active antiretroviral therapy suppression of plasma viremia resulted in increases in blood DC numbers and decreases in DC costimulatory molecule expression. These findings further define the impact of HIV-1 replication on blood DC subsets in vivo.
Putative Role for Apelin in Pressure/Volume Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Disease (2007)

Apelin is a peptide recently isolated from bovine stomach extracts which appears to act as an endogenous ligand for the previously orphaned G-protein-coupled APJ receptor. The apelin gene encodes for a pre-propeptide consisting of 77 amino acids with mature apelin likely to be derived from the C-terminal region as either a 36, 17 or 13 amino acid peptide. Apelin mRNA expression and peptide immunoreactivity has been described in a variety of tissues including gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, brain, kidney, liver, lung and at various sites within the cardiovascular system. Apelin is strongly expressed in the heart with expression also present in the large conduit vessels, coronary vessels and endothelial cells. Message expression for the APJ receptor is similarly distributed throughout the brain and periphery, again including cardiovascular tissue. Consistent with this pattern of distribution, apelin and APJ have been shown to exhibit some role in the regulation of fluid homeostasis. In addition, a growing number of studies have reported cardiovascular actions of apelin. Not only has apelin been observed to alter arterial pressure, but the peptide also exhibits endothelium-dependent vasodilator actions in vivo and positive inotropic actions in the isolated heart. Furthermore, differences in apelin and APJ expression have been described in patients with congestive heart failure and circulating levels of apelin are also reported to change in heart failure. Taken together, these studies suggest a role for apelin in pressure/volume homeostasis and in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. As such, manipulation of this peptide system may offer benefit to the syndrome of heart failure with potential clinical applications in humans.
Ten years in the wilderness — a retrospective Part 2: Cyber Security = National Security (2006)

Security experts, Richard Power and Dario Forte believe that it is only a matter of time until there is a serious cyber attack on the National Information Infrastructure. They believe that a cyber attack will occur in tandem with a physical one. Many information warfare attacks have occurred and are likely ongoing. A Japanese cult, which launched a gas attack on the Tokyo subway system, nearly succeeded in getting software that it developed implanted in the Japanese Defence Agency computer system. Al-Qaeda has also reportedly attacked the US infrastructure. In addition, it emerged in December that Chinese attackers made highly professional attempts to penetrate US Government computers without leaving barely a trace. Experts believe the attacks to be state-sponsored. Despite the evidence of information warfare activity, it has gone down in priority in the US Government defence agenda. Under the Clinton administration, the Government released a National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace (NSSC). It also had a dedicated cyber security Tzar - Richard Clarke. But the emphasis fell away after the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York and the appointment of the new Bush administration. And citizens don't only have to worry about foreign information invasions. Information warfare can also be conducted domestically. Some experts believe that it is possible to meddle with electronic voting systems, causing a threat to democracy. The US General Accountability Office has voiced concerns including lack of encryption and memory card problems… This month's column is the second in a three part retrospective on this past decade in the field of Cyber Security. Where are we? How far have we come? Where are we going? Last month, we took inventory with “Nine False Notions About Cyber Security” and “Nine Steps to Success.” This month, we will explore the threat of Information Warfare both foreign and domestic in “Cyber Security = National Security.” Next month, in the third and final section of our retrospective, we will report on outstanding technical issues and industry trends.
A characterization of the Dirichlet distribution through global and local parameter independence (1997)

We provide a new characterization of the Dirichlet distribution. Let $\theta_{ij}, 1 \leq i \leq k, 1 \leq j \leq n$, be positive random variables that sum to unity. Define $\theta_{i \cdot} = \Sigma_{j=1}^n \theta_{ij}, \theta_{I \cdot} = {\theta_{i \cdot}_{i=1}^{k-1}, \theta_{j|i} = \theta_{ij}/ \Sigma_j \theta_{ij}$ and \theta_{J|i} = {\theta_{j|i}}_{j=1}^{n-1}$. We prove that if ${\theta_{I \cdot}, \theta_{J|1}, \dots, \theta_{J|k}}$ are mutually independent and ${\theta_{\cdot J}, \theta_{I|1}, \dots, \theta_{I|n}}$ are mutually independent (where $\theta_{\cdot J}$ and $\theta_{I|j}$ are defined analogously, and each parameter set has a strictly positive pdf, then the pdf of $\theta_{ij}$ is Dirichlet. This characterization implies that under assumptions made by several previous authors for selecting a Bayesian network structure out of a set of candidate structures, a Dirichlet prior on the parameters is inevitable.
Parabens: A Review of Epidemiology, Structure, Allergenicity, and Hormonal Properties (2005)

Parabens are the most commonly used preservatives in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial products. The epidemiology, structural properties, allergenicity, hormonal properties, and hypotheses regarding the "paraben paradox" are addressed in this review.
PLASMA TESTOSTERONE VALUES IN DIFFERENT FORMS OF TESTOSTERONE TREATMENT (1969)

ABSTRACT Plasma testosterone was determined in 4 cases of female trans-sexualism under virilizing therapy with various testosterone preparations. Testosterone oenanthate and a mixture of testosterone esters gave adequate plasma values (above 0.40 μg/100 ml) of 2–4 weeks duration. Rectal application of 50 mg non-esterified testosterone gave normal male values lasting for about 12 hours. Sublingual application of 17α-methyl-testosterone did not bring about a rise in plasma testosterone.
Wideband RF frontend design for flexible radio receiver (2011)

A wideband RF frontend for flexible radio applications is presented. A target is the performance adequate for multistandard 3G/ 4G systems operating in frequency range 0.8-6 GHz. Because of relaxed requirements on band select filters, more demands are placed on linearity while the necessary noise performance is assured. We discuss architecture with Low Noise Transconductance Amplifier (LNTA) and a passive mixer terminated by a low impedance load. One variant of it is a Miller integrator where its input impedance is upconverted by the mixer and provides partial attenuation for blockers at RF. We also investigate a variant with a capacitive load followed by a high impedance transconductance amplifier (TCA). In either variant there is a tradeoff between the frontend NF and IP3, and also between NF and the blocker attenuation. Optimization of the 65 nm CMOS frontend is attained by careful sizing of the mixer switches. The frontend simulation results show NF <; 3 dB, IIP3 >; +4 dBm and blocker attenuation >; 20 dB. Finally, we also discuss the demands placed on the A/D converter resolution in terms of the frontend and the receiver overall NF.
Effect of Carbon Black Densification on Structure Measurements (1967)

Abstract A simple method of pretreating carbon black has been developed which permits measurements to be made on the dry carbon black which reflect on the basic property called “structure.” Correlation between these measurements and extrusion shrinkage of raw stocks is demonstrated. With a small surface area adjustment, this correlation is believed to be as reliable as extrusion shrinkage values.
Androgen receptor is a tumor suppressor and proliferator in prostate cancer (2008)

Targeting androgens/androgen receptor (AR) functions via androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the standard treatment for prostate cancer. However, most tumors eventually recur despite ADT. Here we demonstrate that the prostate AR may function as both a suppressor and a proliferator to suppress or promote prostate cancer metastasis. Results from orthotopically recombining stromal WPMY1 cells with epithelial PC3 prostate cancer cells in mice demonstrated that restoring AR in epithelial PC3 cells or knockdown of AR in stromal WPMY1 cells suppressed prostate cancer metastasis. Knockdown of the AR in epithelial CWR22rv1 prostate cancer cells also resulted in increased cell invasion in vitro and in vivo . Restoring AR in PC3 cells (PC3-AR9) results in decreased invasion in bone lesion assays and in vivo mouse models. Mice lacking the prostate epithelial AR have increased apoptosis in epithelial luminal cells and increased proliferation in epithelial basal cells. The consequences of these two contrasting results led to the expansion of CK5/CK8-positive intermediate cells, and mice developed larger and more invasive metastatic tumors in lymph nodes and died earlier than wild-type littermates. Mechanistic dissection suggested that androgens/AR might directly or indirectly modulate metastasis-related genes and suppression of TGFβ1 signals results in the partial inhibition of AR-mediated metastasis. Collectively, our understanding of these opposing roles of prostatic AR may revolutionize the way we combat prostate cancer, and allow the development of new and better therapies by targeting only the proliferative role of AR.
Functional divergence of diterpene syntheses in the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (2015)

The medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza produces various tanshinone diterpenoids that have pharmacological activities such as vasorelaxation against ischemia reperfusion injury and antiarrhythmic effects. Their biosynthesis is initiated from the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate by sequential reactions catalyzed by copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) and kaurene synthase-like cyclases. Here, we report characterization of these enzymatic families from S. miltiorrhiza, which has led to the identification of unique pathways, including roles for separate CPSs in tanshinone production in roots versus aerial tissues (SmCPS1 and SmCPS2, respectively) as well as the unique production of ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide by SmCPS4 and S. miltiorrhiza kaurene synthase-like2 in floral sepals. The conserved SmCPS5 is involved in gibberellin plant hormone biosynthesis. Down-regulation of SmCPS1 by RNA interference resulted in substantial reduction of tanshinones, and metabolomics analysis revealed 21 potential intermediates, indicating a complex network for tanshinone metabolism defined by certain key biosynthetic steps. Notably, the correlation between conservation pattern and stereochemical product outcome of the CPSs observed here suggests a degree of correlation that, especially when combined with the identity of certain key residues, may be predictive. Accordingly, this study provides molecular insights into the evolutionary diversification of functional diterpenoids in plants.
Controlled-Release Systems for the Insect Growth Regulator Pyriproxyfen (2003)

A simple technique was developed for the production of controlled-release systems (CRSs) for pyriproxyfen, an insect growth regulator active against the larvae of Culex pipiens, the most common species of mosquito found in developed countries. The CRSs consisted of a spongy core material encapsulated in a coating of a polyurethane or polyurea hydrogel, into which the active ingredient had been incorporated. The coating also included a surfactant to improve the low solubility in water of pyriproxyfen. The light core material enabled the CRS to float on the water surface, where the mosquitoe larvae are found. The type and amount of the polymeric coating and the amount of surfactant influenced the release profiles into water of the active ingredient. The release profiles of the CRSs were adjusted to the life cycle of the C. pipiens mosquito in order to obtain their optimal activity on the eighth day, which corresponds to the time of larval maturity.
Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections. VI. Analysis of treatment of suppurative staphylococcal infections. (1985)

Analysis of phage therapy results was carried out on 273 cases of spontaneous and postoperative septic staphylococcal infections. The treatment appeared effective in 254 (93.0%) cases. Detailed analysis of the results obtained in particular disease categories revealed that staphylococcal bacteriophages may be efficiently applied in the treatment of suppurative staphylococcal infections resistant to antibiotics.
Molecular Biocompatibility Evaluation of Poly-L-Ornithine-Coated Alginate Microcapsules by Investigating mRNA Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines (2012)

Following a polyelectrolytical complex reaction, the poly-L-ornithine (PLO)-alginate microcapsules were prepared by coating PLO on calcium alginate beads which were produced by a high-voltage electrostatic droplet generator. The biocompatibility of the microcapsules at the molecular level was evaluated through investigating the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines; that is, the effect of the PLO coating of alginate beads on the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were measured using the RT-PCR method. The resulting PLO-coated alginate microcapsules have a smooth surface with a mean diameter of 309µm. The molecular biocompatibility studies show that coating microcapsules with PLO has no significant effect on the biocompatibility of alginate microcapsules (p>0.05), and both alginate microcapsules and PLO-coated microcapsules are significantly different from the positive control (p<0.05); however, both are also capable of causing an inflammatory response at a molecular level since both are significantly different from the blank control (p<0.05). Furthermore, with the increase in concentration of microcapsules or co-cultured time, part of the mRNA expression of cytokines is significantly increased. The results also demonstrate that the method used in this study, co-incubating the microcapsules with macrophages and measuring the mRNA expression of cytokines by RT-PCR, may be a useful method for evaluating the biocompatibility of coating materials of microcapsules.
Patterning Techniques for Metal Organic Frameworks (2012)

The tuneable pore size and architecture, chemical properties and functionalization make metal organic frameworks (MOFs) attractive versatile stimuli-responsive materials. In this context, MOFs hold promise for industrial applications and a fervent research field is currently investigating MOF properties for device fabrication. Although the material properties have a crucial role, the ability to precisely locate the functional material is fundamental for device fabrication. In this progress report, advancements in the control of MOF positioning and precise localization of functional materials within MOF crystals are presented. Advantages and limitations of each reviewed technique are critically investigated, and several important gaps in the technological development for device fabrication are highlighted. Finally, promising patterning techniques are presented which are inspired by previous studies in organic and inorganic crystal patterning for the future of MOF lithography.