gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Test Results of Promising New Zirconium Alloys (1982)

A series of new alloys has been long-term tested in different reactors and environments together with other alloys, including Zr-2.5Nb, Ozhennite 0.5, and Zircaloy-2. One of the new alloys with the composition of Zr-1Nb-1Sn-0.5Fe has significantly improved properties. The zirconium-niobium alloys have corrosion properties similar to Zircaloy-2 in the temperature range 240 to 400°C while they are better at 450°C and above. Conditions leading to nodular corrosion in Zircaloy-2 did not produce nodular attack on the Zr-1Nb-1Sn-0.5Fe alloy, or on Zr-2.5Nb. The niobium-containing alloys fail to suffer intergranular cracking in iodine-methanol solution even when stressed to 80 percent of their yield strength for more than 60 days. The other alloys failed at 30 percent of yield strength in a few hours. Preliminary iodine-argon iodine-pressurized burst tests indicate some improvement for the Zr-1Nb-1Sn-0.5Fe alloy compared with Zircaloy-2 with a five to ten times increase in time to failure for the same stress level. Elongation was markedly reduced by irradiation in all the alloys. Uniform elongations of about 1 percent were observed in the 2.5Nb alloy while the highest uniform elongation of 2 to 3 percent was shown by the Zr-1Nb-1Sn-0.5Fe alloy.
Recombinant Human Thyrotropin-Aided Radioiodine Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma (2011)

Our aim was to test the efficacy of 131-I therapy (RIT) using recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in whom endogenous TSH stimulation was not an option due to the poor patient's physical condition or due to the disease progression during L-thyroxin withdrawal. The study comprised 18 patients, who already have undergone total or near-total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation and 0-12 (median 5) RITs after L-thyroxin withdrawal. Our patients received altogether 44 RITs using rhTSH while on L-thyroxin. Six to 12 months after the first rhTSH-aided RIT, PR and SD was achieved in 3/18 (17%) and 4/18 patients (22%), respectively. In most patients (n = 12; 61%) disease progressed despite rhTSH-aided RITs. As a conclusion, rhTSH-aided RIT proved to add some therapeutic benefit in 39% our patients with metastatic DTC, who otherwise could not be efficiently treated with RIT.
Identification and detecting of attacker in a purchase portal using honeywords (2017)

Honeywords are originated by the user details given and the authenticated password is changed to another format and saved with honeywords. We deploy intermediate server, shopping server for purchase and Cloud server for maintaining user account details. The hacker notices and email account of original user can easily change the password of the cloud server. The attackers are persuaded to undertake attack, to find out very easily. Now if the unauthorized person tries to access purchase page, they are tracked unknowingly and permitted to purchase. The adversary is identified by the server and redirects the user details to the genuine person and also seals the hacker performing transaction process from their real account.
<title>Improved planarization techniques applied to a low dielectric constant polyimide used in multilevel metal ICs</title> (1991)

A low dielectric constant fluorinated polyimide has been employed as the interlevel dielectric in a four-level metal VLSI process. Due to the stringent requirement of a near global planar topography compared with the partial planarizing properties of the polyimide, two advanced approaches were evaluated: (1) a "negative-image" sacrificial photoresist etchback process, and (2) a photoresist image reversal plus dry etch process. Both techniques remove the polyimide from the surface of the metal while leaving polyimide "islands" or "plugs" between the metal features. A second polyimide layer is then applied. The planarity of the finished structure is controlled by the thickness of the initial polyimide layer, the plasma etch process, and the planarizing characteristics of the second or "recoat" polyimide film. The improved global planarity achievable using the advanced techniques were compared to a standard single spin polyimide process using surface profilometer profiles and cross-sectional SEM micrographs. The pros and cons of the two planarization techniques are also discussed.
Trace Analysis of Peroxide-Based Explosives (2003)

The first method for quantitative trace analysis of peroxide-based explosives is described. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with post-column UV irradiation and fluorescence detection for the analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) has been developed. After separation, the analytes are degraded photochemically to hydrogen peroxide, which is subsequently determined on the basis of the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid to the fluorescent dimer. This two-step reaction scheme in combination with the respective blanks (photochemical reactor switched off) provides for high selectivity. The limits of detection were 2 x 10(-6) mol/L for both TATP and HMTD, respectively. The method has been applied to the analysis of real samples.
Captured and Cross-Linked Palladium Nanoparticles (2006)

Polystyrene-poly(ethylene glycol) resin-captured cross-linked palladium nanopaticles were prepared via a straightforward route, and their heterogeneous behavior was truly confirmed by various tests. They were applied to aqueous Suzuki cross-coupling reactions with various aryl bromides and recycled up to six times without loss of activity.
A general technique for derivation of average current mode control laws for single-phase power-factor-correction circuits without input voltage sensing (1999)

This paper presents a general technique to derive average current mode control (CMC) laws without input voltage sensing to achieve high power factor for single-phase topologies operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The control laws are derived based on the steady-state input-output voltage relationships and the CCM large-signal averaged pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-switch model. Using this methodology, average CMC laws with linear PWM waveforms are discovered for commonly used single-phase power stage topologies such as boost, flyback, SEPIC, and buck/boost. Conventional three-loop-controlled average CMC converters can now be controlled with a two-loop architecture. Hardware results for a boost power factor correction (PFC) and simulation results for flyback, SEPIC, and buck/boost topologies verify operation. The small-signal models of the current loop and voltage loop are derived for the boost topology and are used for control loop design. Input current harmonic distortion measurements demonstrate improved performance compared to the conventional three-loop control technique.
Microtubule arrays in differentiated cells contain elevated levels of a post-translationally modified form of tubulin. (1986)

Tyrosinated (Tyr) and detyrosinated (Glu) alpha-tubulins are post-translationally modified species that differ by a single amino acid at their respective C-termini. We have examined the distribution of these two species by immunofluorescence in proliferating and differentiated cells using antisera specifically reactive with each of the forms. In proliferating PtK1 cells, Tyr tubulin was the predominant form in almost every cytoplasmic microtubule (MT); only a few MTs contained detectable Glu tubulin. In contrast, staining of centrioles and primary cilia of PtK1 cells suggested that Glu tubulin was the predominant form in these stable assemblies of MTs. An examination of the distribution (by immunofluorescence) and relative amount (by immunoblot analysis) of the two forms of tubulin in the stable assemblies of MTs present in cultured neuronal cells (neurites), sperm and tracheal cells (axonemes and basal bodies), and platelets and erythrocytes (marginal bands) revealed that, in general, the MTs in these arrays contained substantially elevated levels of Glu tubulin in comparison with the levels in MTs of cultured cells. The one exception, the marginal band of toad erythrocytes, which contained only Tyr tubulin, demonstrates that an elevated level of Glu tubulin is not an obligate feature of a stable array of MTs. Nonetheless, an elevated level of Glu tubulin may be a useful indicator of stable MTs in differentiated cells. It is important to note that commonly used sources of tubulin (e.g., brain or flagella) necessarily yield tubulin that differs strikingly from tubulin of proliferating cells in its content of Glu tubulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Self-organization of pulse-coupled oscillators with application to clustering (2001)

We introduce an efficient synchronization model that organizes a population of integrate-and-fire oscillators into stable and structured groups. Each oscillator fires synchronously with all the others within its group, but the groups themselves fire with a constant phase difference. The structure of the synchronized groups depends on the choice of the coupling function. We show that by defining the interaction between oscillators according to the relative distance between them, our model can be used as a general clustering algorithm. Unlike existing models, our model incorporates techniques from relational and prototype-based clustering methods and results in a clustering algorithm that is simple, efficient, robust, unbiased by the size of the clusters, and that can find an arbitrary number of clusters. In addition to helping the model self-organize into stable groups, the synergy between clustering and synchronization reduces the computational complexity significantly. The resulting clustering algorithm has several advantages over conventional clustering techniques. In particular, it can generate a nested sequence of partitions and it can determine the optimum number of clusters in an efficient manner. Moreover, since our approach does not involve optimizing an objective function, it is not sensitive to initialization and it can incorporate nonmetric similarity measures. We illustrate the performance of our algorithms with several synthetic and real data sets.
Particle turbulent diffusion in a dust laden round jet (1978)

Abstract The turbulent diffusion mechanism of particles in a round air jet are studied both theoretically and experimentally, with particular attention to the relative velocity between particles and fluid, overshooting effect of particles, and the distributions of fluid properties in space. The results indicate that the particle diffusivity decreases with the increase of the particle inertia. In general, the turbulent diffusivity of particles in an air jet is smaller than that of fluid scalar quantities. The particle inertia and the fluid large eddies, which are expressed by the Stokes number and the integral scale, respectively, play an important role in the transport mechanism of particles.
Spoken dialogue management as planning and acting under uncertainty (2003)

Some stochastic models like the Markov decision process (MDP) are used to model the dialogue manager. MDP-based systems degrade faster when uncertainty about the user's intention increases. We propose a novel dialogue model based on the partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). We use hidden system states and user intentions as the state set, parser results and low-level information as the observation set, and domain actions and dialogue repair actions as the action set. Low-level information is extracted from different input models using Bayesian networks. Because of the limitations of exact algorithms, we focus on heuristic methods and their applicability in dialogue management.
A Quiet, Efficient Controller for Electric Vehicles (1975)

This paper presents an alternative to conventional resistive to conventional resistive, SCR or battery switching controllers for wound-field D.C. motors. A system has been built and tested which keeps battery current (as selected by the driver) constant throughout any maneuver without the problems associated with switching controllers. A system description is included along with test results. comparisons are made with battery scanning, SCR, and other control types which show this system of combined field control, voltage switching and armature current control to be more efficient.
Frame misalignment-induced errors in PET studies: an investigation on strategies for correction (2004)

The viability of a PET study relies on the patient's ability to stay still during the lengthy data acquisition process. Patient motions during exam can corrupt the data analysis in two ways: 1) they may alter ROI-based analysis of dynamic data due to inter-frame shifts. 2) they systematically introduce errors due to emission - transmission data mismatches. In typical data analysis processes, frame alignment is usually performed via registration algorithms which aim at computing the optimal spatial transformation between a target and each frame of the PET volume. Within the scope of developing a strategy for systematically correcting dynamic brain volumes, we carried out investigations using simulated data, whose interests were twofold 1) to evaluate separately the consequences of such effects in typical brain studies and 2) to assess different correction algorithms. From these studies, we conclude than : emission transmission mismatches are major sources of errors by distorting the measured tracer distributions entailing miss-correction in the frame alignment process. Finally, these investigations showed the importance of using external data such as MRI-based volumes for target definition.
A POSTCOUPLING TECHNIQUE FOR β-GLUCURONIDASE EMPLOYING THE SUBSTRATE, NAPHTHOL AS-BI-β-<scp>d</scp>-GLUCOSIDURONIC ACID (1965)

A technique is described for visualizing β-glucuronidase sites in tissue employing the substrate, naphthol AS-BI-β-d-glucosiduronic acid. Incubations at 37°C for 30 to 60 minutes of fresh frozen unfixed rat liver and kidney tissues released sufficient naphthol AS-BI at β-glucuronidase sites so that they could be demonstrated by subsequent coupling with a suitable diazo dye at pH 7.4. The experimental data showed that the enzyme in fixed sections was immobilized and that diffusion of enzyme or of product did not present a problem. The staining reaction was inhibited by the presence in the digest of saccharolactone, of a second substrate and of the product, glucuronic acid in a manner expected from biochemical data. The intensity of the stainig reaction was observed to be a function of substrate concentration and pH. The relative preponderance of active sites was pH-dependent, e.g., in the liver, fine cytoplasmic particles at pH 3.5, Kupffer cell granules at pH 4.5, and dense pericanalicular bodies at pH 5.5. Glomerular mesangial cells were most prominent at pH 4.5. Intense β-glucuronidase activity was visible in bodies present in the renal papilla.
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH ENTHALPY, HIGH POWER ARC AIR HEATERS. (1964)

The research program was directed toward increasing appreciably both the enthalpy attainable from air arc heaters at chamber pressures from 10 to 100 atmospheres and the power level at which satisfactory operation can be expected. Major achievements may be summarized as: (1) The enthalpy attainable at a given chamber pressure was more than doubled in comparison to the status at the beginning of the contract; enthalpies of about 10,000 Btu/lb at 90 to 100 atmospheres. (2) Applicability of the scaling laws previously determined was shown to be valid in the higher enthalpy operating area now attainable, although with less precision than found before. Design of a 50 MW heater, to operate over a range of pressures and enthalpies, was satisfactorily completed. (3) A 4MW high enthalpy heater, to be delivered to AFFDL, was operated at 7100 Btu/lb air enthalpy at 10 atmosphere chamber pressure at 1.8 MW with quite low erosion rate. (Author)
A family cluster of nitrite poisoning, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China, 2013 (2013)

This family cluster of nitrite poisoning resulted from the mistaken use of nitrite as sugar to cook dishes. We recommend that sodium nitrite be dyed a bright colour to prevent such a mistake and that health departments strengthen food hygiene education to alert people about the danger of eating unidentified food from an unknown source.
Asymmetric zirconocene precursors for catalysis of propylene polymerization (1994)

Abstract Racemic isopropylidene (1‐η 5 ‐cyclopentadienyl)(1‐η 5 ‐indenyl) dichlorozirconium and the 3‐methylindenyl derivative have been synthesized and characterized. These precursors activated with methylaluminoxane produce poly(propylene) with hemiisotactic microstructures. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Proteomic biomarkers for autoimmune disease (2006)

Autoimmune diseases affect 3% of the world population, yet the diagnosis and classification of autoimmune diseases remain based on clinical examination combined with traditional laboratory tests and imaging studies. The development of genomic and proteomic technologies provides an unprecedented ability to identify novel biosignatures to diagnose, classify, and guide therapeutic decision making in patients with autoimmune disease. In this article, we review recent advances in proteomics technologies and their application to autoimmune disease.
Active-Passive Shielding for MRI Acoustic Noise Reduction: Network Analysis (2006)

We have modeled the effect of passive copper shielding applied to the outside of an actively shielded, axisymmetric z-gradient coil assembly, with the aim of substantially reducing induced eddy currents in the cryostat inner bore that create acoustic noise. For the purpose of calculation, the cylindrical cryostat inner bore and the passive copper shielding are coaxial and are imagined to be sliced into thin ring sections. Each ring section has a finite thickness and is further divided into several concentric layers. The thin cylindrical sections become elements in an electrical network that includes the actively shielded gradient coil. We calculate eddy currents both for single frequency excitations and for time-dependent excitations by modeling a series of trapezoidal pulses. Our results take into account time dependence, diffusion of eddy currents among cylindrical sections and skin depth effects. Two configurations are analyzed. The first is a thin copper layer wrapped around the outer diameter of the gradient assembly, and the second extends the copper over the ends of the gradient assembly. A 2-mm-thick copper layer around the gradient assembly reduces power deposited in the cryostat inner bore by 13.5 dB for a 1 kHz gradient excitation. Extending the passive shield, for the same 2 mm thickness, to cover the ends of the gradient reduces cryostat inner bore power deposition, by 26.7 dB for the same frequency
Hepatocyte growth factor increases urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and u-PA receptor expression in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. (1992)

We have recently demonstrated that fibroblast-conditioned medium induces Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells to form branching tubules when grown in three-dimensional collagen or fibrin gels (Montesano, R., Schaller, G., and Orci, L. (1991) Cell 66, 697-711), and that this morphogenetic effect is mediated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor (Montesano, R., Matsumoto, K., Nakamura, T., and Orci, L. (1991) Cell 67, 901-908). In fibrin gels, this effect is inhibited by addition of exogenous serine protease inhibitors, which suggests a role for plasminogen activators (PAs) in the matrix remodeling required for tubulogenesis. In the studies reported in this paper, we have investigated the effect of fibroblast-conditioned medium (CM) and HGF on the production of PAs by MDCK cells. We have found that urokinase-type PA (u-PA) activity and mRNA are increased 4.9-fold by CM from human MRC-5 fibroblasts, which has tubulogenic activity, but not by CM from human Detroit-550 fibroblasts, which lacks tubulogenic activity. The u-PA inductive property of MRC-5 CM was completely inhibited by preincubation with antibodies to recombinant human HGF (rhHGF). Exogenously added rhHGF also increased u-PA activity and mRNA 5.9-fold in MDCK cells, with an optimal effect at approximately 10 ng/ml. MRC-5 CM also increased u-PA receptor mRNA 34.9-fold in MDCK cells, an effect which was inhibited by 71% by preincubating the CM with antibodies to rhHGF, and which was mimicked by exogenously added rhHGF (31.3-fold increase). These results demonstrate that HGF, which induces tubulogenesis by MDCK cells in vitro, also increases u-PA and u-PA receptor expression in these cells. Taken together with our previous observations, this suggests that the resulting increase in extracellular proteolysis, appropriately localized to the cell surface, is required for epithelial morphogenesis.
Design of Low-power Low-frequency and Fast Start-up Circuit (2012)

To overcome the limitation of large power in the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS) crystal oscillator circuit of traditional Pierce structure,this paper designed a kind of low-frequency start-up oscillator circuit,which was integrated into the specific non-magnetic meter chip and its frequency was 32.768 kHz.By using the improved push-pull crystal oscillator circuit,the designed circuit could reduce the power effectively and start up quickly.The circuit design,simulation and tapeout had been completed by adopting the Chartered 0.35 μm process model.Test results show that the circuit works correctly,the average operating current is 0.39 μA after stabilization,and the start-up time is less than 200 ms,which meet the system's requirements of frequency and power.
Soft multifocal simultaneous image contact lenses: a review (2016)

Soft multifocal simultaneous image contact lenses have boomed in recent years due to the growing number of presbyopic patients demanding visual solutions, allowing them to maintain their current standard of living. The concept of 'simultaneous image' is based on blur interpretation and/or blur tolerance of superimposed multiple images on the retina formed by various powers of a contact lens. This is the basis for a specific type of multifocal contact lens developed for the compensation of presbyopia. Manufacturers have released a great variety of soft simultaneous image lens designs to meet different patient needs but their fitting is still unsatisfactory in some cases. Some presbyopes discontinue wearing contact lenses due to some limitations in visual quality and comfort that can be overcome with an appropriate contact lens selection based on a comprehensive pre-fitting evaluation. This paper aims to review the different types of soft multifocal contact lenses that are currently available for presbyopic correction and to define the steps and factors crucial for their fitting, such as pupil, aberrations, accommodation and centring. A discussion about useful tools to achieve a customised fitting leading to a successful outcome, such as the defocus curve, power profile and questionnaires, is performed.
Environmentally Friendly Solvent‐ and Water‐Based Coatings for Mitigation of Crystallization Fouling (2014)

Abstract The surface properties of solvent‐based (SB) and water‐based (WB) coatings and their impact on fouling during convective heat transfer of CaSO 4 solutions were investigated. Experiments demonstrated that the SB coatings had generally better non‐adhesive characteristics, especially at higher values of the electron donor component since the deposits could easily be washed away. For the SB coatings, a longer induction period compared to those of untreated surfaces was observed and a significant reduction of the fouling rate could be achieved. Further analysis of surfaces revealed that SB coatings enhanced the acid‐base repulsive force and thus reduced the deposit/solid adhesion energy. For the WB coatings, the Liftshitz‐van der Waals attractive force plays a decisive role in the adhesion process due to the higher apolar component of the surface energy.