gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solving Solutions: Exploring Unknowns through Chemistry. (2000)

The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of multiple 5-HT receptors in passive avoidance (PA) with a focus on 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors. Because increases in 5-HT transmission result in concomitant multiple 5-HT receptor activation, the effects of the 5-HT releasing compound p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) were compared with those of the selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT in the rat. In addition, some results with the nonselective 5-HT2C/2B/1B receptor agonist mCPP are presented. When injected before PA training, 8-OH-DPAT, mCPP, and PCA produced a dose-related impairment of the 24-hour retention. The crucial involvement of the postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in the action of 8-OH-DPAT was confirmed. Thus, the 5-HT1A receptor antagonists WAY 100635 and (-)-pindolol blocked the PA deficit by 8-OH-DPAT. The impairment of PA caused by PCA was attenuated by WAY 100635 and (-)-pindolol, suggesting an involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor. In contrast, the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors were of negligible importance in the 24-hour retention deficit induced by PCA. However, the ability of the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist Ro 60-0491 to block the inhibitory effects of mCPP indicated an important regulatory role of the 5-HT2C receptor in PA. The nonselective 5-HT receptor antagonist methiothepin attenuated the PA deficit by PCA but lacked activity versus 8-OH-DPAT. These data provide evidence for the hypothesis that, in addition to the 5-HT1A receptor, other 5-HT receptor subtypes are involved in the inhibitory actions of PCA. Importantly, changes in dopamine transmission seemed not to contribute to the PA impairment by PCA. The behavioral alterations caused by the drug treatments at the time of PA training could not be related to the subsequent retention performance. In conclusion, multiple 5-HT receptors are involved in PA with roles that probably differ at various stages of information processing. These findings also suggest that there probably exists a functional distinction between 5-HT receptor subtypes in different types of aversive learning.
Objective confirmation of crying durations in infants referred for excessive crying. (1993)

Parents commonly seek clinicians' help for infant crying that they judge to be excessive. To date there is no independent evidence whether such babies actually cry more than average. To assess this, maternal diary and 24 hour audiotape recordings of the crying periods of 16 infants referred for excessive crying were compared with equivalent measures of a normative sample. The overall amounts of crying measured by the two methods were similar. The referred infants cried substantially more over 24 hours and in the afternoon and evening. The difference approached significance in the morning but was insignificant at night time. Some qualifications to the findings are indicated.
Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc Contamination of Aspen Garden Soils and Vegetation (1992)

Abstract Samples of old silver mine dump materials, garden soils contaminated with mine dump materials, noncontaminated garden soils, and vegetation grown in these gardens were collected to determine the extent of Pb, Cd, and Zn contamination in Aspen, CO. Total HNO 3 ‐HCIO 4 ‐HF‐soluble and NH 4 HCO 3 ‐DTPA (AB‐DTPA)‐extractable metals in mine dump materials and soils, respectively, were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPS). Plant samples were diegested with HNO 3 and analyzed by ICPS. Total metals ranged from 135 to 21 700 mg kg −1 Pb, from 13.3 to 223 mg kg −1 Cd, and from 144 to 20 000 mg kg −1 Zn in mine dump materials. The AB‐DTPA‐extractable metals ranged from 9.2 to 808 mg kg −1 Pb, from 0.2 to 14.2 mg kg −1 Cd, and from 8.4 to 484 mg kg −1 Zn in garden soils. Many of the mine dump materials and soils contained sufficient quantities of Pb and Cd to pose potential health risks if the contaminated materials were ingested. Plant tissues were sampled from the above gardens. In general, leafy tissue concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were highest. Root and other tuber crops were intermediate, lower than leaves, but higher than fruits. The range of concentrations of metals in the leafy tissues were from <5.0 to 45 mg kg −1 for Pb, from 0.6 to 11.9 mg kg −1 Cd, and from 16 to 444 mg kg −1 for Zn. In the roots, metals ranged from <5.0 to 12 mg kg −1 Pb, from 0.5 to 3.6 mg kg −1 Cd, and from 19 to 150 mg kg −1 Zn. Vegetable fruits contained <5.0 mg kg −1 Pb, from <0.5 to 2.7 mg kg −1 Cd, and from 46 to 107 mg kg −1 Zn. Members of the species Brassica oleracea did not accumulate Pb in leaves, even when grown on highly contaminated soils, but accumated Cd and Zn. It was concluded that old mine dump materials have contaminated garden soils placed on them with Pb, Cd, and Zn. The contaminated material poses a health hazard, especially for children. These potential health risks caused the USEPA to list the site on the National Priority List (Superfund sites). The USEPAh as completed its REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION/FEASIBILITY STUDY of Aspen mine dumps and has scheduled implementation of remedial action (clean up) to begin in 1991.
Efficient SimRank Computation via Linearization (2014)

SimRank, proposed by Jeh and Widom, provides a good similarity measure that has been successfully used in numerous applications. While there are many algorithms proposed for computing SimRank, their computational costs are very high. In this paper, we propose a new computational technique, "SimRank linearization," for computing SimRank, which converts the SimRank problem to a linear equation problem. By using this technique, we can solve many SimRank problems, such as single-pair compuation, single-source computation, all-pairs computation, top k searching, and similarity join problems, efficiently.
Planar microscale ionization devices in atmospheric air with diamond-based electrodes (2009)

Planar microscale ionization devices that operate in atmospheric air have been developed out of highly graphitic polycrystalline diamond (HGPD). The devices have been fabricated on both silicon and quartz substrates with electrode gaps ranging from 5 to 20μm. Experiments show that the HGPD devices operate in the pre-breakdown regime where a field-emission mode enables appreciable ionization current without the occurrence of sparks or breakdown. The devices are compared to prior experiments that used HGPD thin films and these new, on-chip devices operate at similar current magnitudes of 100 nA–5μA. For comparison, titanium planar ionization devices have also been fabricated and tested. However, these devices were unable to operate at any appreciable current without the formation of spark discharges. These results suggest that HGPD is a good candidate material for integrated, on-chip ionization devices for applications including miniature mass spectrometry, gas sensing and microscale electrohydrodynamics.
Microbial Receptor Assay for Rapi d Detection and Identification of Seven Families ofAntimicrobial Drugs in Milk: Collaborative Study (1988)

A microbial competitive receptor assay for detecting residues of antibiotic families in milk was studied collaboratively by 13 laboratories. The drugs and levels (ppb) tested in this study include penicillin G, 4.8; cephapirin, 5.0; cloxacillin, 100; tetracycline, 2000; chlortetracycline, 2000; oxytetracycline, 2000; erythromycin, 200; lincomycin, 400; clindamycin, 400; sulfamethazine, 75; sulfamethoxazole, 50; sulfisoxazole, 50; streptomycin, 1000; novobiocin, 50; and chloramphenicol, 800. In this method, microbial cells added to a milk sample provide specific binding sites for which 14C or 3H labeled drug competes with drug residues in the sample. The 14C or 3H binding to the specific binding sites is measured in a scintillation counter and compared with a zero standard milk. If the sample is statistically different from the zero standard, it is positive. The assay takes about 15 min. The binding reaction occurs between the receptor site and the drug functional group, so all members of a drug family are detected. In this case, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, novobiocin, chloramphenicol, and sulfonamides, including p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and its other analogs, are detectable. The incidence of false negative determinations among samples is about 1%; the incidence of false positives is about 3%. For negative cases, the relative standard deviations for repeatability ranged from 0 to 5% and for reproducibility from 0 to 6%. For positive cases, relative standard deviations ranged from 0 to 13% for repeatability and from 0 to 14% for reproducibility. The method has been adopted official first action.
Polyanilines Doped with Phosphonic Acids: Their Preparation and Characterization (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolyanilines Doped with Phosphonic Acids: Their Preparation and CharacterizationH. S. O. Chan, S. C. Ng, and P. K. H. HoCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 8, 2159–2164Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00086a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00086a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views346Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Variable-Step Double-Integration Multi-Step Integrator (2004)

A new method of numerical integration is presented here, the variable-step Stormer-Cowell method. The method uses error control to regulate the step size, so larger step sizes can be taken when possible, and is double-integration, so only one evaluation per step is necessary when integrating second-order differential equations. The method is not variable-order, because variable-order algorithms require a second evaluation.\n\nThe variable-step Stormer-Cowell method is designed for space surveillance applications,which require numerical integration methods to track orbiting objects accurately. Because of the large number of objects being processed, methods that can integrate the equations of motion as fast as possible while maintaining accuracy requirements are desired. The force model used for earth-orbiting objects is quite complex and computationally expensive, so methods that minimize the force model evaluations are needed.\n\nThe new method is compared to the fixed-step Gauss-Jackson method, as well as a method of analytic step regulation (s-integration), and the variable-step variable-order Shampine-Gordon integrator. Speed and accuracy tests of these methods indicate that the new method is comparable in speed and accuracy to s-integration in most cases, though the variable-step Stormer-Cowell method has an advantage over s-integration when drag is a significant factor. The new method is faster than the Shampine-Gordon integrator, because the Shampine-Gordon integrator uses two evaluations per step, and is biased toward keeping the step size constant. Tests indicate that both the new variable-step Stormer-Cowell method and s-integration have an advantage over the fixed-step Gauss-Jackson method for orbits with eccentricities greater than 0.15.
Diazonium Functionalisation of Carbon Nanotubes for Specific Orientation of Multicopper Oxidases: Controlling Electron Entry Points and Oxygen Diffusion to the Enzyme (2016)

We report the controlled orientation of bilirubin oxidases (BOD) from Myrothecium verrucaria on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalised by electrografting of 6-carboxynaphthalenediazonium and 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenediazonium salts. On negatively charged naphthoate-modified MWCNTs, a high-potential (0.44 V vs. SCE) oxygen reduction electrocatalysis is observed, occurring via the T1 copper centre. On positively charged ammonium-modified MWCNTs, a low-potential (0.15 V) oxygen reduction electrocatalysis is observed, occurring through a partially oxidised state of the T2/T3 trinuclear copper cluster. Finally, chemically modified naphthoate MWCNTs exhibit high bioelectrocatalytic current densities of 3.9 mA cm(-2) under air at gas-diffusion electrode.
In vitro selection of fibronectin gain-of-function mutations (2002)

Directed protein evolution, which employs a combination of random mutagenesis, phage display, and in vitro selection, was used to identify second-site suppressors of the fibronectin (Fn) cell binding domain mutation Asp1495Ala (RGA). The mutations in the Fn 9th (3fn9) and 10th (3fn10) type III repeats obtained after selection on purified integrins alphaIIbbeta3(D119Y) and alpha5beta1 are reported. The 3fn9-10(D1495A) phage with substitution mutations at Asp1418, which is located within the linker region between 3fn9 and 3fn10, enhanced binding to the integrins alphaIIbbeta3 and alpha5beta1, but not alphavbeta3. The substitution mutations identified at residue Asp1418 were introduced into the native recombinant 3fn9-10 sequence and found to augment binding to alphaIIbbeta3, demonstrating that the observed gain-of-function phenotype was independent of the multivalent character of the phage. These results support the following conclusions. First, regions of Fn in addition to the RGD loop are in close proximity to alphaIIbbeta3 and alpha5beta1 and are capable of participating in the binding to these integrins. Secondly, the conformational relationship between the 3fn9 and 3fn10 modules may be an important factor in the binding of Fn to these two integrins. Thirdly, other altered properties of Fn-integrin interactions, such as integrin specificity, may also be selected. This is the first description of Fn mutations that augment binding to integrins. The ability to select for particular phenotypes in vitro and the subsequent characterization of these mutations should further our understanding of the molecular details involved in the association of integrins and their ligands. Additionally, these higher-affinity 3fn9-10 ligands provide a starting point for further in vitro evolution and engineering of integrin-specific modules.
FaceCloak: An Architecture for User Privacy on Social Networking Sites (2009)

Social networking sites, such as MySpace, Facebook and Flickr, are gaining more and more popularity among Internet users. As users are enjoying this new style of networking, privacy concerns are also attracting increasing public attention due to reports about privacy breaches on social networking sites. We propose FaceCloak, an architecture that protects user privacy on a social networking site by shielding a user's personal information from the site and from other users that were not explicitly authorized by the user. At the same time, FaceCloak seamlessly maintains usability of the site's services. FaceCloak achieves these goals by providing fake information to the social networking site and by storing sensitive information in encrypted form on a separate server. We implemented our solution as a Firefox browser extension for the Facebook platform. Our experiments show that our solution successfully conceals a user's personal information, while allowing the user and her friends to explore Facebook pages and services as usual.
Adaptive filter to detect rounded convex regions: iris filter (1996)

This paper proposes a unique filter, called "iris filter", which evaluates the degree of convergence of gradient vectors in the neighborhood of the pixel of interest. The generalized iris filter and its simplified one are given. The degree of convergence is related to the distribution of orientations of gradient vectors. The region of support of the iris filter is controlled so that the degree of convergence of gradient vectors in it becomes maximum. It means that the size and the shape of the region of support changes adaptively according to the distribution pattern of gradient vectors around the pixel of interest. Theoretical analysis using models of a rounded convex region and a semi-cylindrical region is given. It shows that rounded convex regions are mostly enhanced even if their original contrasts to their background are weak and elongated objects are suppressed. However, the filter output is 1//spl pi/ at the boundaries of rounded convex regions and semi-cylindrical ones in spite of their contrast. This absolute value can be used to detect boundaries of those objects. The proposed filter is effective to enhance and detect rounded convex regions with various sizes and contrasts.
A Predictive Protocol for Mobile Context Updates with Hard Energy Constraints (2012)

As mobile devices have become powerful sensor platforms, new applications have emerged which continuously stream mobile user context (location, activities, etc.). However, energy is a limited resource on battery-equipped mobile devices. Especially frequent transmissions of context updates over energy-expensive wireless channels drain the battery of mobile devices in an uncontrolled manner. It is a fundamental algorithmic challenge to design protocols such that users can control the energy consumption on mobile devices while, at the same time, optimizing the quality of mobile applications. To address this trade-off in the area of context update protocols, we propose a novel protocol that maximizes the context accuracy perceived by a remote consumer while guaranteeing that the consumed energy stays under a given limit. Our update protocol exploits predictions about a user's future behaviour to give priority to the most effective context updates. In our evaluation, we apply our predictive update protocol to a real-world trace of user context and show that the context accuracy is significantly increased compared to an update protocol which operates without predictions under the same energy budget.
Dispersive photonic nanostructures for integrated sensors (2005)

Many sensing applications benefit from a wavelength-selective measurement. For integrated sensors it is therefore necessary to realize compact wavelength splitting devices. Here we discuss dispersive devices based on the photonic crystal superprism effect and related spatial dispersion effects in photonic nanostructures. We focus on one-dimensional nanostructures, since these can be realized reliably and cost-effectively as multilayer thin-film stacks. The thin-film stack is designed such that light incident at an angle experiences a wavelength-dependent spatial beam shift at the output surface allowing a wavelength-selective measurement. We introduce different algorithms for designing thin-film stacks with high spatial dispersion and discuss integration approaches. Results are presented showing that it is possible to custom-engineer both the magnitude of the dispersion as well as the dispersion properties with wavelength.
A comparison of software defects in database management systems and operating systems (2003)

An analysis of software defects reported at customer sites in two large IBM database management products, DB2 and IMS, is presented. The analysis considers several different error classification systems and compares the results to those of an earlier study of field defects in IBM's MVS operating system. The authors compare the error type, defect type, and error trigger distributions of the DB2, IMS, and MVS products; show that there may exist an asymptotic behavior in the error type distribution as a function of a defect type; and discuss the undefined state errors that dominate the error type distribution.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isolation and Characterization of Whey Phospholipids (1999)

A freeze-dried whey powder was produced by microfiltration of Cheddar cheese whey. A 0.2-micron ceramic membrane in a stainless steel housing unit was used to concentrate components > 400 kDa present in the whey. The experimental whey powder, derived from Cheddar cheese whey, and a commercial whey powder were subjected to proximate analysis, lipid classes, phospholipid classes, and fatty acid compositional analyses. Commercial whey powder and commercial soybean lecithin were subjected to an alcohol fractionation procedure in an effort to alter the ratio of phosphatidyl choline to phosphatidyl ethanolamine and the functionality of dairy phospholipids. The fractionation procedure produced an alcohol-insoluble fraction containing 84% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, whereas the alcohol-soluble fraction resulted in a decrease in the phosphatidyl choline to phosphatidyl ethanolamine ratio. The commercial whey contained a higher ratio of phospholipids to neutral lipids compared with the experimental whey. The classes of phospholipids present within the two wheys were similar, whereas the experimental whey contained a phosphatidyl choline content twice that of the commercial whey, and the phospholipids composition of both wheys differed from the milk fat globule membrane. Comparison of the phospholipids and fatty acid composition of the wheys with the soy lecithin revealed that although the wheys were similar to each other, they differed from the soy lecithin in both the classes of phospholipids present and in the fatty acid composition. These compositional differences may influence the functionality of whey phospholipids.
Fractional-N Frequency Synthesis: Overview and Practical Aspects with FIR-Embedded Design (2013)

This paper gives an overview of fractional-N phase-locked loops (PLLs) with practical design perspectives focusing on a △Σ modulation technique and a finite-impulse response (FIR) filtering method. Spur generation and nonlinearity issues in the △Σ fractional-N PLLs are discussed with simulation and hardware results. High-order △Σ modulation with FIR-embedded filtering is considered for low noise frequency generation. Also, various architectures of finite-modulo fractional-N PLLs are reviewed for alternative low cost design, and the FIR filtering technique is shown to be useful for spur reduction in the finite-modulo fractional-N PLL design.
A RSSI-based rogue access point detection framework for Wi-Fi hotspots (2014)

The prevalence of Wi-Fi hotspot poses an unprecedented number of threats that can compromise a client's identity, personal data, and network integrity. Even though most of the Wi-Fi hotspots are unmanaged, unmonitored, and lack of security measures, the urge for the clients to connect to the network is very strong. Thus, this will expose the clients to the adversaries who set up Wi-Fi hotspots Rogue Access Point (RAP) intentionally to pilfer data. To address the threat of RAP, most of existing RAP detections are either by placing sensors to monitor anomalies, or by performing a centralized monitoring at the gateway router. Such infrastructural commitments are limited, expensive and rarely to be implemented in Wi-Fi hotspots. Hence, this work proposes a framework of client-centric RAP detection for Wi-Fi hotspots which exploits Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values measured over time between client and APs. Unlike existing solutions, the key idea is to piggyback AP-sensitive information in IEEE 802.11 beacon frame that enables the client to manipulate this information together with the measured RSSI values in order to perform the detection without authentication and association to any AP.