gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 4-Benzidinyl Butyric Acid: A Key Intermediate for Antibodies Production Against Benzidin (1998)

Abstract a four-step synthesis of monoalkylated benzidin is reported for immunogen preparation against benzidin dye. Use of 10% H2SO4/ dioxan for N-Boc cleavage avoids the cyclisation of 4-benzidinyl butyric acid into the corresponding lactam observed with the classical TFA/ CH2Cl2 system.
Polymer−Dye Complexes:  A Facile Method for High Doping Level and Aggregation Control of Dye Molecules (2005)

We show that strong noncovalent interactions between a host polymer and guest dye molecules drastically suppress the dye aggregation tendency, thereby allowing high doping levels, which in turn opens possibilities for enhanced performance. We use a common azo-dye (Disperse Red 1) and three polymer matrixes: polystyrene (PS), poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVPh), and poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA). The polymer−dye systems are studied in thin films by ultraviolet−visible and infrared spectroscopy and by optical second-harmonic generation. The lack of interaction in PS-matrix limits the maximum obtainable dye loading without aggregation below 20 wt %. Due to the polar nature of PVPh matrix, ca. 40 wt % dye loading can be achieved without aggregation, whereas in PSSA an ionic complex is formed, allowing ca. 60 wt % loading. In the latter case a dye molecule is attached to approximately each polymer unit, which has typically required covalent bonding of dye molecules to the polymer. This motivates further studies of noncovalently interacting guest−host systems as a general route for functional optical materials.
Advanced Noise Reduction for Mobile Telephony (2008)

Mobile telephones now contain advanced noise reduction based on the operation of the human hearing system.
Primary Graft Dysfunction in Lung Transplantation: The Role of CD26/Dipeptidylpeptidase IV and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (2009)

Perfusion with an inhibitor of CD26/DPP IV enzymatic activity significantly reduced the incidence and severity of pulmonary primary graft dysfunction and enabled recovery after extended ischemia. This is the first report that CD26/DPPIV inhibitor treatment increases local pulmonary VIP levels, which correlate with preserved ventilatory function and pulmonary structural integrity.
Comparison of 14 Molecular Assays for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (2013)

We compared 14 molecular assays for their ability to detect the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. Three approaches were followed. First, by using DNA from Mycobacterium bovis BCG, we determined the detection limits of the assays using routine molecular methods. Second, in order to determine the analytical sensitivities of the assays, we added one of four M. tuberculosis isolates with various numbers of the insertion sequence IS6110 to N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NALC)-NaOH-treated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples in dilutions of 1:10 to 1:10,000,000. Third, intertest variabilities were measured and defined by the standard deviations for the quantitation cycle (Cq) values of three positive test results per dilution per assay. The 14 assays tested had similar analytical sensitivities, except for GeneXpert, which had an analytical sensitivity that was 10- to 100-fold lower than that of the other assays. The MP MTB/NTM test and the in-house TaqMan-10 revealed the best performances for the detection limit and had the highest analytical sensitivities. Most of the tests performed well regarding detection limit and analytical sensitivity for the detection of the M. tuberculosis complex in serial dilutions, and the differences were small. The MP MTB/NTM and the in-house TaqMan-10 assays revealed the best, and GeneXpert the worst, overall performances.
Identification and Cytogenetic Analysis of an Abnormal Pig Chromosome for Flow Cytometry and Sorting (1993)

For cytogenetics of pig (Sus scrofa domestica) and the influence of chromosome aberrations on pig production, high interest exists in flow sorted chromosomes for gene mapping, to establish DNA-libraries, or to produce DNA-probes. Flow karyotyping and sorting as well as slit scan flow analysis of metaphase chromosomes of an abnormal cell type carrying a translocation marker chromosome 6/15 are described. Flow sorting of the largest chromosomes of these cells was performed. After sorting the chromosomes still had a well preserved morphology and were identified microscopically by G-banding. The quality of the band pattern of the sorted chromosomes was compatible to that of isolated chromosomes not subjected to flow cytometry. The sorted fraction showed an enrichment of chromosome 6/15 and chromosome 1 which have quantitatively about the same integrated fluorescence intensity. Slit scan flow analysis was performed to discriminate these two chromosomes. Metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes were analyzed according to their bimodal slit scan profiles. Profiles of the largest chromosomes were distinguished by their different centromeric indices. Two groups were interpreted as the normal chromosome 1 and the translocation chromosome 6/15.
ANALYSIS OF MAJOR STRAINS AND MINOR STRAINS IN SHEET METAL FORMING (2013)

Sheet metal is one of the most important semi finished products used in the steel industry, and sheet metal forming technology is therefore an important engineering discipline within the area of mechanical engineering. Sheet metals are characterized by a high ratio of surface area to thickness. Sheet metal forming is basically conversion of a flat sheet metal into a product of desired shape without defect like fracture or excessive localized thinning. In sheet metal forming processes the evaluation of strains by circular grid analysis is obtained through circular grid marking, which has been used effectively to solve the problems in metal forming. When sheet metal is formed, its surface is subjected to different stresses. This results into nonuniform strains to be developed in the formed part. Thus there will be regions of high strains as well as low strains, which may lead to wrinkling or fracturing of the material. The grid marking method can easily identify the areas of high strain. The sheet is marked with the grid before forming process is carried out. After the sheet metal is deformed into desired shape, strain distribution can be visualized and critical areas of strain will be found by FLD (forming limit diagram). FLD indicates the limiting strains that sheet metal can sustain over a wide range of major to minor strains ratios. FLD allows us to establish how severe a forming operation comparing the strains develops during forming operations to the limit strains plotted in the FLD. In fact, during the design stage of any new sheet metal component, FLD is used extensively to design the final component and tooling shape and to optimize the forming process parameters. In automobiles the sheet metal is deformed into the desired and brought into the required form to get auto body pressings like bonnet, bumpers, doors, etc. In aircraft’s sheet metal is used for making the entire fuselage wings and body. In domestic applications sheet metal is used for making many parts like washing machine body and covers, iron tops, timepiece cases, fan blades and casing, cooking utensils etc. The products made by sheetforming processes include a large variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from simple bends to double curvatures with shallow or deep recesses. Typical examples are metal desks, appliance bodies, aircraft panels, beverage cans, auto bodies, and fractures at certain point. The causes of failure are parameters related to forming process and kitchen utensils. In many cases while deforming the sheet metal, the component fractures at certain point. The causes of failure are parameters are related to forming process.
A novel antenna pattern switching mechanism for WLAN application (2011)

A novel pattern-switchable antenna system design with compact size and low complexity is proposed. The proposed system consists of a PIFA and two miniaturized current draggers. Each current dragger, a small radiator without signal-feeding, is controlled by a pin diode to switch the sinking RF current. Four switching states provide the proposed antenna system four radiation patterns for environmental adaptation. Details of the antenna design are shown, and the measured results for the constructed prototype are also exhibited and discussed.
The analysis of the application of ARQ mechanism in ATM network (2002)

In this paper, performances when go-back-N (GBN) and selective repeat (SR) ARQ are applied in high speed ATM networks are studied. They can be used in regenerators or completely from transmitter to end receiver. Details of cell format, format of acknowledgment cell, CRC code and analytical results of throughputs, traffic increments as well as buffer requirements of the two proposed ARQs are given in the paper. A method of estimating the error detecting capability is developed. Finally, The operations of transmitter and receiver are designed and simulated. Analytical and simulation results reveal that high throughput can be achieved and buffer size is acceptable.
A digital asynchronous sample-rate converter for digital video signals (2000)

A new all-digital asynchronous sample-rate converter (SRC) for video signals with an effective resolution of 12 bits using digital signal processing is presented. It is designed for the high quality requirements that exist in professional equipment for CATV head ends. The architecture of the digital SRC which is optimized for an implementation with small memory and low processing power is shown in detail. Furthermore, the design of the building blocks is illustrated and the results of a bit level simulation are presented.
Carboxypeptidase in Commercial Bromelain Powder (1974)

Several commercial preparations of crude bromelain [EC 3.4.22.4] from pineapple stem contained an additional proteolytic enzyme, carboxypeptidase (CPase). CPase in extracts from commercial bromelain powder was separated from bromelain by chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-50 at pH 4.5. Carboxypeptidase from pineapple stem was purified 300-fold from commercial bromelain powder by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The enzymatic properties of pineapple CPase are as follows. 1. The enzyme is optimally active at pH 5.2 for carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanyl-L-alanine (CPA) and is most stable around pH 5.2. The stability is increased by the addition of sucrose. 2. The enzyme activity is completejy inhibited by. diisopropyl fluorophosphate and partly inhibited by HgCl2. 3. The rate of hydrolysis of carbobenzoxy-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosine is about one-fifteenth of that for CPA. 4. The enzyme has esterolytic activity against acetyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester at neutral pH. The similarity of these enzymatic properties of pineapple CPase to those of other plant CPases and pig kidney cathepsin A is discussed.
Models used to assess renal function (1994)

Abstract The kidney as a primary excretory organ is a major route of elimination for numerous xenobiotic agents. In the process, it is liable to the hemodynamic and injurious actions of drugs due to their concentration in the kidney. In this brief review, a number of methods for assessing kidney function (e.g., serum creatinine, enzymuria, inulin, and PAH clearances, etc.), with their advantages and limitations, are described. Various acute and chronic animal models (rats and dogs) commonly used in performing safety evaluation of drugs are described; several antihypertensive drugs are cited as examples. These models can be modified with varying number of measurements, depending on the pharmacological activity of test drugs, animal species, specific issues (e.g., vascular vs. tubular effects), pathophysiological conditions, etc.
Synthesis of the Potent Antiglaucoma Agent, Travoprost (2002)

A commercial synthesis of the antiglaucoma agent, travoprost 2, is described. A total of 22 synthetic steps are required to provide the single enantiomer prostanoid, with the longest linear sequence being 16 steps from 3-hydroxybenzotrifluoride. The route is based upon a cuprate-mediated coupling of the single enantiomer vinyl iodide 13 and the tricyclic ketone 5, of high stereochemical purity, to yield the single isomer bicyclic ketone 15. A Baeyer−Villiger oxidation provides the lactone 16 as a crystalline solid, thus limiting the need for chromatographic purification. DIBAL-H reduction, Wittig reaction, esterification, and silyl group deprotection complete the synthesis of travoprost.
Transformerless DC/DC converter for production of high voltage (2002)

A DC/DC power converter that is capable of generating high voltage is described. The design employs capacitive energy transfer to accomplish voltage conversion. The converter contains arrays of integrated-circuit power switches and capacitors. A transfer gain of 36 is achieved, making it possible to step up a nominal input of 67.5 V DC to 2430 V DC. The circuit configuration, performance characteristics, and merits of the design are discussed. >
Expression of normal myeloid-associated antigens by acute leukemia cells (1986)

Monoclonal antibodies that react with hematopoietic cells and their precursors in a stage and lineage restricted fashion were used in indirect immunofluorescence assays to examine leukemic cells from 105 pediatric age patients. The differentiative states of blasts from 42 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were defined by these antibodies. When these were compared to their morphologic and histochemical levels of differentiation as defined by the French-American-British (FAB) classification, no direct relationship was found. The reactivity of these antibodies with leukemic cells from 63 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemiA (ALL) was also investigated, and the usefulness of these antibodies in distinguishing leukemias of myeloid from those of lymphoid origin was demonstrated.
Cubilin, a Binding Partner for Galectin-3 in the Murine Utero-Placental Complex (2002)

Galectin-3 is a lectin important in animal development and regulatory processes and is found selectively localized at the implantation site of the mouse embryo. To better understand the role of galectin-3 at the maternal-fetal interface, a binding partner was isolated and characterized. Homogenates of uteroplacental tissue were incubated with immobilized recombinant galectin-3, and specifically bound proteins were eluted using lactose. The principal protein, p400, had an M(r) of 400,000 in SDS-PAGE. Physical properties of p400 and amino acid sequences of seven tryptic peptides were similar to cubilin from rats, humans, and dogs, identifying p400 as the murine ortholog of cubilin. This was further supported by the tissue distribution observed only in yolk sac, kidney, and ileum with monospecific antiserum for p400. Cubilin occurred in yolk sac epithelium throughout pregnancy, but galectin-3 was there only during the last week. Unexpectedly, cubilin was found only in perforin-containing granules of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells, although galectin-3 occurred throughout the cell cytoplasm. In situ hybridization revealed cubilin mRNA in yolk sac epithelium but not uNK cells, implying that yolk sac-derived cubilin is endocytosed by uNK cells via galectin-3. This is consistent with cubilin being an endogenous partner of galectin-3 at the maternal-fetal interface and suggests an important role for cubilin in uNK cell function.
The Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Amlodipine in Humans and Animals (1988)

The disposition of amlodipine, a new calcium-channel blocker with a slow onset and long duration of action, has been investigated in humans and in the animal species used in the evaluation of drug efficacy and safety. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted with nonlabeled drug using specific high-pressure liquid chromatography or gas chromatographic procedures. The metabolic fate of the drug was investigated in mice, rats, dogs, and humans using [4-14C]-amlodipine. After intravenous administration, the percentages of the dosed radioactivity recovered in urine were 62% in humans, 45% in dogs, 38% in rats, and 25% in mice. The remainder of the doses were recovered in the feces. A similar pattern of excretion was observed after oral dosing indicating complete absorption of the 14C drug. Absorbed drug is extensively metabolized because only approximately 5% of the dose was excreted unchanged in human urine. Metabolism in humans primarily involves oxidation to the pyridine derivative with subsequent oxidative deamination of the 2-aminoethyoxymethyl side chain or deesterification at the 5-methoxycarbonyl group. These metabolites were common to either the rat or dog, although some dihydropyridine derivatives were observed as metabolites in these two species. None of the metabolites identified and then synthesized was found to have any significant calcium antagonist activity relative to amlodipine. Bioavailability of unchanged drug after oral administration was high with values of 63, 88, 100, and 100% in humans, dogs, mice, and rats, respectively. Mean plasma half-life values from single-dose studies were 35 h in humans (cf nifedipine, approximately 2 h), 30 h in dogs, 3 h in rats, and 11 h in mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide and combination therapy for melanoma IV. Late results after complete response to chemotherapy (central oncology group protocols 7130, 7131, and 7131A) (1984)

The results of three Phase III studies of DTIC in 580 patients with metastatic melanoma were reviewed to evaluate the subsequent course of 26 patients who achieved a complete response (CR) to chemotherapy. The majority (17 of 26) of these patients had soft tissue metastases. Six of the 26 patients remained in CR at last report (30-259 weeks), two died of other causes while remaining free of melanoma, and 18 relapsed and died. Ninety-five percent of the 26 patients were alive at 1 year, and survival was 31.1% at 72 months. Seven of the eight patients with sustained remission received chemotherapy for at least 6 months after CR developed, whereas 10 of 18 relapsing patients were treated for less than 6 months after CR was achieved. Long-term sustained CR to chemotherapy occurs in 1% to 2% of patients treated with DTIC, and late relapse is rare in patients who remain in CR for 2 years.
Stimuli-Responsive Behavior of <i>N,N</i>-Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Polymers and Their Hydrogels (1999)

In this chapter, we report on the thermo- and pH-responsive behavior poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (poly(DMAEMA)) in aqueous solution as well as those of the hydrogels prepared from the slightly crosslinked homopolymer and copolymers. The nature of the thermo-responsive behavior is the balance of hydrophobility and hydrophilicity poly(DMAEMA), while the pH-sensitive behavior is due to the existence tertiary amino-group, which becomes protonated with the decrease of of the aqueous medium. These properties of poly(DMAEMA) were used develop hydrogels with good comprehensive properties including mechanical properties through copolymerization of DMAEMA with other (meth) acrylate derivatives, among which the copolymers and hydrogels prepared from DMAEMA and butyl methacrylate (BMA) were studied in detail. By using a unique method and photoredox system to initiate copolymerization of DMAEMA with BMA, a kind of strongly stuck stable asymmetric bilayer sheets which show reversible thermo- and pH-responsive behavior was developed as an intelligent soft material.
Aquaporin-4 Gene Disruption in Mice Reduces Brain Swelling and Mortality in Pneumococcal Meningitis (2005)

The astroglial water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) facilitates water movement into and out of brain parenchyma. To investigate the role of AQP4 in meningitis-induced brain edema, Streptococcus pneumoniae was injected into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in wild type and AQP4 null mice. AQP4-deficient mice had remarkably lower intracranial pressure (9 +/- 1 versus 25 +/- 5 cm H2O) and brain water accumulation (2 +/- 1 versus 9 +/- 1 microl) at 30 h, and improved survival (80 versus 0% survival) at 60 h, through comparable CSF bacterial and white cell counts. Meningitis produced marked astrocyte foot process swelling in wild type but not AQP4 null mice, and slowed diffusion of an inert macromolecule in brain extracellular space. AQP4 protein was strongly up-regulated in meningitis, resulting in a approximately 5-fold higher water permeability (P(f)) across the blood-brain barrier compared with non-infected wild type mice. Mathematical modeling using measured P(f) and CSF dynamics accurately simulated the elevated lower intracranial pressure and brain water produced by meningitis and predicted a beneficial effect of prevention of AQP4 upregulation. Our findings provide a novel molecular mechanism for the pathogenesis of brain edema in acute bacterial meningitis, and suggest that inhibition of AQP4 function or up-regulation may dramatically improve clinical outcome.
An advanced interpolation for synthetical animation (2002)

Defines special algorithms working directly in screen space for synthetical animation. These take place on synthetical animation based on spatio-temporal interpolation which is a 4D interpolation with three dimensions in space and one in time. In order to avoid heavy memory storage and calculations, I discuss 3D (two for the space adding to one for the time) interpolation between two key frames resulting from the projection of two 3D scenes. Extension to 4D interpolation is discussed for some special algorithms. Pixels, segments, triangles (end-points stored during the projection) matching with a spatial linear interpolation, or combination for the end-points to be applied on the triangularisation, is the most common structure used in modelisation. The method is extended to non-linear interpolation. This way permits to reduce bad visual effects and computation time which, by so alleviating one of the most important problems in synthetical animation, conciliates detailed graphical quality with real time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extravasation Detection Accessory: Clinical Evaluation in 500 Patients (1999)

The EDA is easy to use, safe, and accurate in the monitoring of intravenous injections for extravasation, which could prove especially useful in high-flow-rate CT applications.
Alpha/Beta and Gamma Interferons Are Induced by Infection with Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus In Vivo (2002)

In contrast to the results of previous in vitro studies, experimental infection of calves with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV) was found to induce strong alpha/beta and gamma interferon responses in gnotobiotic animals. These responses were associated with depressed levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in serum. The results of this study indicate that the immunosuppression caused by ncpBVDV is not associated with low interferon responses or elevated levels of TGF-beta.
Analyzing Speech Quality Perception Using Electroencephalography (2012)

Common speech quality evaluation methods rely on self-reported opinions after perceiving test stimuli. Whereas these methods-when carefully applied-provide valid and reliable quality indices, they provide little insight into the processes underlying perception and judgment. In this paper, we analyze the performance of electroencephalography (EEG) for indicating different types of degradations in speech stimuli. We show that a certain EEG technique, event-related-potentials (ERP) analysis, is a useful and valid tool in quality research. Three experiments are reported which show that quality degradations can be monitored in conscious and presumably non-conscious stages of processing. Potential and limitations of the approach are discussed and lines of future research are drawn.