gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The bHLH protein PTF1-p48 is essential for the formation of the exocrine and the correct spatial organization of the endocrine pancreas (1998)

We have generated a mouse bearing a null allele of the gene encoding basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) protein p48, the cell-specific DNA-binding subunit of hetero-oligomeric transcription factor PTF1 that directs the expression of genes in the exocrine pancreas. The null mutation, which establishes a lethal condition shortly after birth, leads to a complete absence of exocrine pancreatic tissue and its specific products, indicating that p48 is required for differentiation and/or proliferation of the exocrine cell lineage. p48 is so far the only developmental regulator known to be required exclusively for committing cells to an exocrine fate. The hormone secreting cells of all four endocrine lineages are present in the mesentery that normally harbors the pancreatic organ until day 16 of gestation. Toward the end of embryonic life, cells expressing endocrine functions are no longer detected at their original location but are now found to colonize the spleen, where they persist in a functional state until postnatal death of the organism occurs. These findings suggest that the presence of the exocrine pancreas is required for the correct spatial assembly of the endocrine pancreas and that, in its absence, endocrine cells are directed by default to the spleen, a site that, in some reptiles, harbors part of this particular cellular compartment.
Detection of Recurrent Prostate Carcinoma with<i>anti</i>-1-Amino-3-<sup>18</sup>F-Fluorocyclobutane-1-Carboxylic Acid PET/CT and<sup>111</sup>In–Capromab Pendetide SPECT/CT (2011)

http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.11102023/-/DC1.
Nonreciprocal microresonators for the miniaturization of optical waveguide isolators (2007)

By introducing nonreciprocal phase shifts into microresonators, we propose new designs for the miniaturization of optical waveguide isolators and circulators. We present detailed design procedures, and numerically demonstrate the operation of these magneto-optical devices. The device sizes can be reduced down to several tens of micrometers. The nonreciprocal function of these devices is due to nonreciprocal resonance shifts. Next, the operation bandwidth can be expanded by increasing the number of resonators (the filter order). This is demonstrated by comparing the characteristics of a single-resonator structure with those of a three-resonator structure. This paper furthermore presents the nonreciprocal characteristics of three-dimensional resonators with finite heights, leading to a guideline for the design of nonreciprocal optical circuits. This involves a demonstration of how the resonators with selected parameters are practical for miniaturized nonreciprocal circuits.
Dry mass, lipid content and protein content of the intact and zona-free mouse ovum (1964)

ABSTRACT Intact and zona-free single-celled mouse ova were analyzed for total protein and were dried and weighed on a quartz fiber fishpole balance before and after lipid extraction. The zona pellucida was found to contribute 19 per cent, of the dry mass of the intact ovum. It was estimated to be 96 per cent, water and 4 per cent, solid matter, of which 30 per cent, was protein. No statistically significant amount of lipid was found. The cytoplasm was estimated to be 85 per cent, water and 15 per cent, solid matter, of which 12·5 per cent, was lipid and 71 per cent, protein. The lipid content was no greater than that of protoplasm from other sources, indicating the presence of only a small amount of yolk. The cytoplasm was found to be less variable in mass than the zona pellucida.
Memory-Efficient Image Codec Using Line-based Backward Coding of Wavelet Trees (2007)

Wavelet tree-based image compression algorithms have excellent rate distortion performance. However, they have a major drawback in their memory consumption. A new approach based on backward coding of wavelet trees (BCWT) has been recently developed. Although the BCWT algorithm itself uses much less memory than the SPIHT algorithm, the total system memory usage in BCWT coding is still high due to the large memory consumption of the wavelet transform. In this paper, the line-based BCWT algorithm is presented, which utilizes the line-based wavelet transform to achieve BCWT coding. Due to the backward coding feature of the BCWT algorithm, the line-based BCWT algorithm can significantly reduce the overall system memory usage. Depending upon the image size, the memory usage of the line-based BCWT algorithm can be less than 1% of the memory usage of the SPIHT algorithm. Compared with the original BCWT algorithm, the line-based BCWT algorithm can use less than 2% of the memory that the BCWT algorithm consumes, thus making this algorithm extremely suitable for implementation on resource-limited platforms
Modulated pulse LIDAR system for shallow underwater target detection (2002)

This paper concerns the merging of the lightwave and microwave technologies in remote sensing and its application to airborne light detecting and ranging (LIDAR). By modulating an optical pulse at microwave frequencies, a coherent, underwater detection scheme is produced which provides orders of magnitude improvement over the presently-existing LIDAR system. Laboratory measurements show an unprecedented 17 dB optical (34 dB electrical) suppression of the backscatter clutter and a corresponding enhancement in shallow underwater target contrast. In this paper, the implementation of the modulated pulse LIDAR system is discussed and experimental results supporting the predicted improvements in detection sensitivity will be analyzed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A novel process to form cobalt silicided p/sup +/ poly-Si gates by BF/sub 2//sup +/ implantation into bilayered CoSi/a-Si films and subsequent anneal (1998)

A novel process that implants BF/sub 2//sup +/ ions into thin bilayered CoSi/a-Si films has been shown to form cobalt silicided p/sup +/ poly-Si gates with excellent gate oxide integrity and very small flatband shift. The effects of not only using the CoSi layer as an implantation barrier but also keeping the a-Si underlayer during the initial silicide formation both significantly suppress the boron penetration through thin gate oxide.
Stack Structure Dependence of Co/Ni Multilayer for Current-Induced Domain Wall Motion (2010)

We developed a film stack structure of Co/Ni with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), which is suitable for current-induced domain wall (DW) motion. A Ta/Pt underlayer effectively provided a sufficiently large PMA to achieve the DW motion driven by a small current. The critical current density ( jc) had a minimum value at a Pt underlayer thickness (tUL) of 2.4 nm and was insensitive to cap layer thickness (tcap). The dependence of jc on tUL and tcap can be accounted for in terms of the effective spin polarization.
Tracking angiogenesis induced by skin wounding and contact hypersensitivity using a Vegfr2-luciferase transgenic mouse (2003)

The vascular endothelial growth factor-2 (VEGFR2) gene is transcriptionally regulated during angiogenesis. The ability to monitor and quantify VEGFR2 expression in vivo may facilitate a better understanding of the role of VEGFR2 in different states. Here we describe a transgenic mouse, Vegfr2-luc, in which a luciferase reporter is under control of the murine VEGFR2 promoter. In adult mice, luciferase activity was highest in lung and uterus, intermediate in heart, skin, and kidney, and lower in other tissues. Luciferase expression in these tissues correlated with endogenous VEGFR2 mRNA expression. In a cutaneous wound-healing model, Vegfr2-luc expression was induced in the wound tissue. Histologic and immunohistochemical studies showed significant macrophage infiltration into the wound and induction of Vegfr2-luc expression in endothelial and stromal cells. Dexamethasone significantly suppressed Vegfr2-luc expression and macrophage infiltration into the wound, resulting in delayed healing and impaired angiogenesis. In a skin hypersensitivity reaction produced by treatment with oxazolone, Vegfr2-luc expression was induced in the ear. Treatment by dexamethasone markedly suppressed Vegfr2-luc expression and leukocyte infiltration in the ear and was correlated with reduced dermal edema and epidermal hyperplasia. The Vegfr2-luc model will be valuable in monitoring the ability of drugs to affect angiogenesis in vivo.
Waste‐Free and Facile Solid‐State Protection of Diamines, Anthranilic Acid, Diols, and Polyols with Phenylboronic Acid (2003)

Phenylboronic acid (2) reacts quantitatively by ball-milling in the solid state with o-phenylendiamine, 1,8-diaminonaphthalene, anthranilic acid, pyrocatechol, pyrogallol, pinacol, bicyclic cis-diols, mannitol, and inositol to form the five- or six-membered cyclic phenylboronic amides or esters. Catalysts or other auxiliaries are strictly excluded as they are not required and would have to be removed after the reactions. These varied model reactions provide pure protected products without the necessity of further purifying workup and the potential for protection chemistry is demonstrated. Some of the reactions can also be quantitatively performed if stoichiometric mixtures of the reactants are co-ground or co-milled and heated to appropriate temperatures either below the eutectics or above the melting points. The temperatures are much higher in the latter case. Similar reactions in solution suffer from less than 100 % yield of the mostly sensitive compounds that are difficult to purify and thus create much waste. The hydrolysis (deprotection) conditions of the products are rather mild in most cases. Therefore, this particularly easy access to heteroboroles, heteroborolanes, heteroborinones, heteroborines, and heteroborinines is highly valuable for their more frequent use in protective syntheses.
Enhancement of extraplastidic oil synthesis in <i><scp>C</scp>hlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> using a type‐2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase with a phosphorus starvation–inducible promoter (2014)

When cultivated under stress conditions, many plants and algae accumulate oil. The unicellular green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii accumulates neutral lipids (triacylglycerols; TAGs) during nutrient stress conditions. Temporal changes in TAG levels in nitrogen (N)- and phosphorus (P)-starved cells were examined to compare the effects of nutrient depletion on TAG accumulation in C. reinhardtii. TAG accumulation and fatty acid composition were substantially changed depending on the cultivation stage before nutrient starvation. Profiles of TAG accumulation also differed between N and P starvation. Logarithmic-growth-phase cells diluted into fresh medium showed substantial TAG accumulation with both N and P deprivation. N deprivation induced formation of oil droplets concomitant with the breakdown of thylakoid membranes. In contrast, P deprivation substantially induced accumulation of oil droplets in the cytosol and maintaining thylakoid membranes. As a consequence, P limitation accumulated more TAG both per cell and per culture medium under these conditions. To enhance oil accumulation under P deprivation, we constructed a P deprivation-dependent overexpressor of a Chlamydomonas type-2 diacylglycerol acyl-CoA acyltransferase (DGTT4) using a sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol 2 (SQD2) promoter, which was up-regulated during P starvation. The transformant strongly enhanced TAG accumulation with a slight increase in 18 : 1 content, which is a preferred substrate of DGTT4. These results demonstrated enhanced TAG accumulation using a P starvation-inducible promoter.
X-ray Studies on the Structures of Solid Solutions NaCl-CaCl<sub>2</sub> III. Influence of Heat Treatments on the Diffuse Reflexions of X-rays due to {111} and {310} Plate-Zones (1958)

As reported in previous papers (J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 9 (1954) 702; ibid . 10 (1955) 794), single crystals of solid solutions NaCl-CaCl 2 contain two kinds of plate-zones extending parallel to {111} and {310} planes of the matrix. The present study concerns with the change of these plate-zones by heat treatments at various temperatures. Single crystals of solid solutions NaCl-CaCl 2 containing 10 mole per cent CaCl 2 , which have been made uniform solid solutions by pre-heating at 400°C (being slightly above the solid-solubility limit of the phase diagram of NaCl-CaCl 2 system), were aged at room temperature or heated at higher temperatures. It is found that the {310} plate-zone is stable only at low temperatures, while the {111} plate-zone is more stable at higher temperatures. As the heating temperature is raised, the {111} plate-zone gradually tends from a coherent structure to an incoherent structure. Rotating-crystal X-ray photographs for the crystal heat-treated at 300°C (being slightly below the solid-solubility limit of the phase diagram) reveal that the final products of the precipitation have the crystal structure of CaCl 2 , with an orientation favouring the structure model of the {111} plate-zones proposed in Part II.
A 35µW 96.8dB SNDR 1 kHz BW multi-step incremental ADC using multi-slope extended counting with a single integrator (2016)

A multi-step incremental ADC (IADC) with multi-slope extended counting is presented. In the proposed IADC, the accuracy is enhanced by reconfiguring it as a multi-slope ADC in two additional steps. For the same accuracy, the conversion cycle is shortened by a factor of about 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sup> as compared to the single-step IADC. Fabricated in 0.18-μm CMOS process, the prototype ADC operates at 642 kHz and achieves a peak SNDR = 96.8 dB and DR = 99.7 dB over a 1 kHz bandwidth. The power consumption is 35 μW, which results in an excellent Schreier FoM of 174.6 dB.
Teaching bacteria a new language (2004)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Angiogenesis, endothelial cell functions, and tumor cell growth in biodegradable and nonbiodegradable devices (2005)

Development of tissue engineering creates multiple potentials for clinical treatment and scientific research. Biodegradable collagen matrices have been found to support simultaneous autotransplantation of hepatocytes after major liver resection. Dynamic angiogenesis in biodegradable devices (BDD) and nondegradable devices (NDD) transplanted into the renal subcapsule and subcutaneous tissue was measured by the distribution of radiolabeled red blood cells and serum albumin. The circulation, microvascular integrity, and capacities of endothelial cells (adhesion, proliferation, and migration) were investigated within 2 weeks after subcutaneous transplantation of both devices. Patterns of tumor cell growth in both devices were morphologically studied. After subcutaneous transplantation, significant angiogenesis was noted at 1 week in BDD implants and from 2 weeks and on in NDD implants, with an increase in implant blood and plasma volumes. Leakage index of radiolabeled albumin in NDD implants was significantly higher than in BDD implants, while the leakage index 2 weeks after BDD implant was similar to that in subcutaneous tissues. Adhesion, proliferation and migration rates of endothelial cells isolated from both devices were higher than from subcutaneous tissues. Endothelial proliferation and migration rates in BDD implants were significantly higher at 1 week, while in NDD at 2 weeks. Tumor cells migrated and grew on the top surface of NDD with a flattened shape, while growing within the BDD forming a round mass. Endothelial capacities, angiogenetic procedure, and biological and physical characteristics of the device contribute to patterns of tumor cell growth in the device. Biodegradable collagen matrix with three-dimensional structure is suitable for simultaneous transplantation with cells without prevascularization.
<title>Sensitive sub-Doppler nonlinear spectroscopy for hyperfine-structure analysis using simple atomizers</title> (1998)

Laser wave-mixing spectroscopy is presented as a sub-Doppler method that offers not only high spectral resolution, but also excellent detection sensitivity. It offers spectral resolution suitable for hyperfine structure analysis and isotope ratio measurements. In a non-planar backward- scattering four-wave mixing optical configuration, two of the three input beams counter propagate and the Doppler broadening is minimized, and hence, spectral resolution is enhanced. Since the signal is a coherent beam, optical collection is efficient and signal detection is convenient. This simple multi-photon nonlinear laser method offers un usually sensitive detection limits that are suitable for trace-concentration isotope analysis using a few different types of simple analytical atomizers. Reliable measurement of hyperfine structures allows effective determination of isotope ratios for chemical analysis.
Mapping an Opportunity Surface of Residential Burglary (2001)

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) to understand spatial patterns of crime and criminal behavior has become more prevalent in recent years, but with a few exceptions these analyses fall short of serving as predictive tools. The recent introduction of user-friendly, raster-based mapping software, designed primarily for environmental and planning purposes, offers new tools for examining and predicting crime and criminal behavior. By applying opportunity theories to the crime of residential burglary, this article examines the utility of raster-based mapping software for predicting desirable and undesirable locations of burglaries, as well as likely locations for crime displacement or diffusion. The findings reveal that the model holds promise for serving these prediction purposes.
Biochemical and histological findings on the effect of fibronectin in rabbits with experimental corneal disorders. (1990)

The effects of purified plasma fibronectin (FN) in corneal disorders were investigated. Histological findings, the levels of ascorbic acid (AA) and glutathione (GSH) in tear fluids were observed sequentially in rabbits with experimental corneal damage and the degree of corneal lesions was observed. The results indicated that healing of the tissue damage was more promoted in the FN group than in the controls and it was suggested that FN promoted the healing of corneal disorders.
Evaluation of Activated Carbon Filters for Removal of Ozone at the PPB Level (1999)

Performance of filters for the removal of ozone at ambient concentration is characterized. The removal efficiency and pressure drop of 10 commercial filters--including 8 made of granule or powdered activated carbon, 1 activated carbon fiber filter, and 1 packed bed made of an ozone catalyst--were measured for an influent ozone concentration of 120 ppb at 50% relative humidity and 2.54 m/sec face velocity. Activated carbon filters can be very effective at ozone removal, although not indefinitely because chemical reactions of ozone and carbon change the carbon. Initial efficiencies of the 1.27-cm thick flat samples varied from 4.6 to 98.3%. Analysis of the structure and composition of the filters with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectrometry showed chemical reactions permanently changed the composition of the carbon and decreased the surface area. Consequently, removal efficiency decreased with use. Moreover, it was not feasible to regenerate the filters by simply removing them from ozone-laden air. Changes in relative humidity, from 20 to 80%, had no measurable effect on the performance of a granule activated carbon filter. However, because the rate of adsorption of water is faster and the pores are smaller in activated carbon fiber, efficiency of the fiber filter decreased when relative humidity was raised from 20 to 50%. A quality factor, equal to the ratio of a threshold breakthrough time and pressure drop, is used to compare filters. In general, those with higher carbon surface area per unit volume had higher efficiencies and greater pressure drops. Future work should address the removal of ozone in the presence of other gases.
ON PRESERVING rg-CLOSED SETS (2000)

Weak forms of regular continuity and regular closure are introduced and used to strengthen some results concerning the preservation of rg-closed sets.
Highly Sensitive Optical Multilevel Transmission of Arbitrary Quadrature-Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Signals With Direct Detection (2009)

A proposal for the realization of highly sensitive optical direct-detection (incoherent) multilevel transmission with arbitrary signal constellation without optical chromatic dispersion (CD) compensation is reviewed in this paper. We introduce transmitter-side signal processing, ¿CD pre-equalization,¿ and ¿phase preintegration¿ techniques to realize direct-detection CD-compensation free transmission of arbitrary optical quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) signals. We also adopt receiver-side signal processing, ¿multi-symbol phase estimation (MSPE),¿ and ¿non-Euclidean metric-based symbol detection¿ to improve the optical SNR (OSNR) sensitivity. We have performed up to 160-km standard single-mode fiber transmission of a 40-Gbit/s 16QAM signal and achieved the OSNR sensitivities only 0.5-2.4 dB away from those of coherent detection.
The design, synthesis, and characterization of tight‐binding inhibitors of calmodulin (1985)

Based on a consideration of the probable structure of calmodulin and some natural peptides known to interact with it, two calmodulin-binding peptides were designed. These peptides bind to calmodulin in helical conformations and are capable of forming electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with calmodulin. Their dissociation constants for binding (less than or equal to 210 and 400 pM) place them as the tightest-binding inhibitors of calmodulin thus far reported. The study of the interactions of these and similar peptides with calmodulin will provide valuable insights into the mechanisms whereby calmodulin binds to target enzymes, and it also serves as an excellent model system for exploring the physical chemistry of protein-protein interaction.
Adverse skin reactions to nicotine in a transdermal therapeutic system (1991)

Nicotine in a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) has been introduced recently to help people to stop smoking. 14 volunteers (10 male, 4 female) with a history of former adverse skin reactions to this device were investigated. Skin tests for contact urticaria and patch tests for contact allergy were done with the individual components of the TTS. Contact sensitization to nicotine was identified in 5 and to the TTS itself in 1 individual. Irritant reactions due to occlusion were present in 9 subjects. The optimal test agent and concentration for elucidating the adverse skin reaction was an aqueous solution of 10% nicotine base. Atopy, as diagnosed by history and skin prick tests to common inhalant allergens, and contact sensitization to standard patch test allergens, were each identified in 6 subjects. Nicotine should be added to the expanding list of transdermally delivered drugs which may elicit contact dermatitis.