gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on phospholipids and outer membrane function in Escherichia coli (1979)

Treatment of Escherichia coli K-12 strain S15, containing a normal amount of phospholipase A, with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) resulted in an increase in sensitivity of the organism to actinomycin D. Strain S17, a mutant deficient in both detergent-resistant phospholipase A and detergent-sensitive phospholipase A, was considerably less sensitive to the antibiotic after the treatment. Both strains released lipopolysaccharide after EDTA treatment, indicating that this outer membrane component alone is not the barrier to actinomycin in these organisms. The phospholipase A-deficient strain released less alkaline phosphatase, a periplasmic enzyme. EDTA treatment of S15 resulted in the accumulation of free fatty acids, indicative of phospholipase A activation. Cells briefly treated with EDTA regained the barrier to actinomycin when incubated in growth media, and the cessation of the accumulation of free fatty acids was in approximate temporal agreement with restoration of the barrier. Cells in which phospholipase A was activated by brief exposure to EDTA synthesized relatively more phosphatidylethanolamine than did untreated cells in the initial period after dilution into growth media. These experiments suggest that the EDTA-induced loss of outer membrane barrier function of E. coli K-12 is mediated through the activation of phospholipase A.
Reduced Bone Mineral Density and Unbalanced Bone Metabolism in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (1998)

Patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are at increased risk to develop osteopenia and osteoporosis. New parameters for the assessment of bone formation and especially bone resorption have significantly improved the diagnostic procedures to characterize bone metabolism. Biochemical characterization of bone turnover in IBD patients may provide important information about the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in this patient population. A cross-sectional study was performed. One hundred forty-nine patients (77 men, 52 premenopausal, and 20 postmenopausal women) with TBD (104 with Crohn's discase [CD] and 45 with ulcerative colitis [UC]) underwent clinical, osteodensitometric, and metabolic bone assessment. Bone mineral density was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone formation (bone alkaline phosphatase), bone resorption (N-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen, free desoxypyridinoline, total pyridinoline, and desoxypyridinoline), vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone were assessed. Thirty-six percent of patients with CD and 32% with UC showed osteopenia, 15% with CD and 7% with UC showed osteoporosis. Bone resorption was significantly increased in IBD patients compared to normal controls, whereas bone formation did not show a compensatory increase. Bone formation was even more suppressed in the subset of patients currently treated with corticosteroids. Our data confirm the high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis reported in IBD patients. Furthermore, we provide evidence for an increased bone resorption accompanied by low bone formation in IBD patients. This imbalance of bonc metabolism is likely to be one of the reasons for increased bone loss in IBD patients.
A Practical Synthesis of a Chiral Analogue of FTY720 (2008)

A practical synthesis of 1 involving a catalytic enantioselective construction of the quaternary carbon from imine 10 (derived from 13 and 14) and alkyl iodide 5 using Maruoka’s chiral catalyst 11 is described. This asymmetric alkylation followed by hydrolysis to amino acid 9 was accomplished in good yield with high chemical purity (>98%) and chiral purity (>96% ee). The improved synthesis enabled production of 1 in seven chemical steps (six isolations) in an overall yield of 22%.
Design of Printed Resonant Antennas for Monolithic-Diode Detectors (1977)

Model experiments at 10-GHz band have been performed to obtain optimum structures of printed resonant antennas for monolithic GaAs Schottky-diode detectors in the submillimeter-wave region. Design charts for antenna structures, which are also useful for a thin-film metal-to-metal diode structure on a dielectric substrate, are presented.
Direct Formation of Three-Dimensional Structures in GaAs by Excimer Laser Doping (1989)

Direct formation of three-dimensional structures of Si in GaAs by excimer laser doping has been demonstrated. The doped Si is limited in a very shallow region (30∼110 nm) of GaAs with very high concentration (>1×10 20 cm -3 ) that might be controlled easily by laser irradiation conditions. By using a thin solid Si dopant source, linewidths as narrow as 0.3 µm are achieved. On the other hand, the linewidths of 0.76 µm are obtained by projection patterned doping in SiH 4 gas ambient. The linewidths of the doped regions are discussed relating to the lateral profiles of the calculated transient temperature rise of the substrates.
On First-Order Meta-Learning Algorithms (2018)

This paper considers meta-learning problems, where there is a distribution of tasks, and we would like to obtain an agent that performs well (i.e., learns quickly) when presented with a previously unseen task sampled from this distribution. We analyze a family of algorithms for learning a parameter initialization that can be fine-tuned quickly on a new task, using only first-order derivatives for the meta-learning updates. This family includes and generalizes first-order MAML, an approximation to MAML obtained by ignoring second-order derivatives. It also includes Reptile, a new algorithm that we introduce here, which works by repeatedly sampling a task, training on it, and moving the initialization towards the trained weights on that task. We expand on the results from Finn et al. showing that first-order meta-learning algorithms perform well on some well-established benchmarks for few-shot classification, and we provide theoretical analysis aimed at understanding why these algorithms work.
An Efficient and Compact Difference-Frequency-Generation Spectrometer and Its Application to 12CH3D/12CH4 Isotope Ratio Measurements (2010)

We have developed an efficient and compact 3.4 μm difference-frequency-generation spectrometer using a 1.55 μm distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode, a 1.06 μm DFB laser diode, and a ridge-waveguide periodically poled lithium niobate. It is continuously tunable in the 30 cm(-1) span and is applied to (12)CH(3)D/(12)CH(4) isotope ratio measurements. The suitable pair of (12)CH(3)D ν(4) (p)P(7,6) and (12)CH(4) ν(2)+ν(4) R(6) F(1)((1)) lines enabled us to determine their isotope ratio with a precision repeatability of 0.8‰ using a sample and a working standard of pure methane with an effective signal averaging time of 100 ms.
The Reaction of N,4-Dinitroso-N-Methylaniline and Polymers (1976)

Abstract Both nitroso groups participate in the reaction of N ,4-dinitroso- N -methyl-aniline (DNMA) with various polymers, and the pathways of the reaction are influenced by the reaction conditions. In dilute solution the rate of the reaction is proportional to the amount of unsaturation present and is pseudo-first order with respect to DNMA at elevated temperature with or without polymers present. The iV-nitroso group undergoes thermal fission liberating nitroxyl and N -methyl- p -nitrosoaniline free radicals. The presence of hydrocarbons with labile hydrogen accelerates the hydrogen abstraction by the amine free radical to form N -methyl- p -nitrosoaniline and a hydrocarbon free radical, which may combine with another amine free radical to form a hydrocarbon with pendent N -substituted- N -methyl- p -nitrosoanilme group. The 4-nitroso group of DNMA adds to the double bond, leading to the formation of an adduct with N -methyl- N -nitroso- p -phenylenediamine pendent group. Depending on the reaction conditions, the 4-nitroso groups may form azoxy compounds or may be oxidized to nitro groups. The bifunctionality of DNMA leads to the formation of crosslinked polymers or to chemical promotion of carbon black reinforcement with N , N ′-disubstituted- N -methyl- p -phenylenediamine type crosslinks.
Observation on the Influence of Changing Photoperiod on Spontaneous Wheel-Running Activity of Neonatally Pinealectomized Rats (1970)

Spontaneous running activity of adult female rats with epiphysis cerebri removed within 24 hr after birth was markedly altered. The motor activity was decreased, was independent of the estrous cycle, and the animals adjusted more readily to a photoperiod change. (Endocrinology87: 38, 1970) EPIPHYSIS cerebri recognized by Galen as a separate organ more than 20 centuries ago has been considered by many to be merely a nonfunctional vestige of a primitive light-sensing “third eye,” found in some amphibians. Only recently have systematic studies been undertaken to study the functions of this organ. In 1960, Lerner et at. (1) isolated from cattle pineals a substance which caused lightening of frog skins, determined its structure and named the compound melatonin. To date the effect of melatonin to cause aggregation of melanin in amphibian melanocytes is the only physiological function established with certainty.
Denoising of multispectral images using wavelet thresholding (2004)

In this paper a denoising technique for multispectral images exploiting interband correlations is proposed. A redundant wavelet transform is applied and denoising is applied by thresholding wavelet coefficients. A scale adaptive threshold value is obtained by exploiting the interband correlation of the signal. First, the coefficients from different bands are multiplied. For these products, the signal and noise probability density functions (pdf) become more separated. The high signal correlation between bands is exploited further by summing these products over all bands, in this way separating noise and signal pdfs even more. The noise pdf of the proposed quantities is derived analytically and from this, a wavelet threshold is derived. The technique is demonstrated to outperform single band wavelet thresholding on multispectral remote sensing images.
Long-term influence of a wheat-bran supplemented diet on secretion of gastrointestinal hormones and on nutrient absorption in healthy man. (1986)

Responses of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), gastrin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) to a test meal and also nutrient absorption were measured in five healthy men before and after 1, 3 and 7 weeks of daily ingestion of 20 g of wheat bran added to a normal balanced diet. Basal levels of the three hormones were not affected by bran ingestion. Bran ingestion induced a progressive decrease of GIP response to the test meal which became significant after 7 weeks at 30 min (373.9 +/- 71.4 vs 231.1 +/- 47.8 pg/ml, mean +/- s.e.m., P less than 0.05) and at 180 min (389.4 +/- 43.9 vs 262.2 +/- 37.9 pg/ml, P less than 0.01). Gastrin release did not change except for a slight but not significant decrease after 3 weeks. There was no VIP secretion after meal ingestion and addition of bran caused no change. Blood glucose response decreased with time with the greatest effects during the third week with fibre at 30 min (5.00 +/- 0.50 vs 7.38 +/- 0.05 mmol/l before bran), and at 60 min (3.88 +/- 0.34 vs 5.94 +/- 0.27 mmol/l before bran, P less than 0.05). Wet and dry weight of faeces increased by at least 60 per cent from the first week with bran onwards. Faecal nitrogen and fat also increased from 1.77 +/- 0.16 to 2.44 +/- 0.13 g/d for nitrogen (P less than 0.02) and threefold for fat (from 3.78 +/- 0.58 to 10.35 +/- 0.67 per cent dry weight, P less than 0.005) at the third week. Fat and nitrogen contents remained higher until the end of the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Photorefractive wave mixing in undoped liquid encapsulated Czochralski GaAs at 1.5 μm: Validation of photorefractive modeling (1994)

We present photorefractive measurements in undoped GaAs performed at 1.06 μm, 1.32 μm, and at 1.55 μm. Using concentrations of EL20/+ that we determined through optical absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements in the same sample, we show that a single defect model with an electron-hole competition quantitatively explains our results of photorefractive wave mixing.
Dual Targeting of DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV: Target Interactions of Heteroaryl Isothiazolones in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2007)

Heteroaryl isothiazolones (HITZs) are antibacterial agents that display excellent in vitro activity against Staphylococcus aureus. We recently identified a series of these compounds that show potent bactericidal activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We report here the results of in vitro resistance studies that reveal potential underlying mechanisms of action. HITZs selected gyrA mutations exclusively in first-step mutants of wild-type S. aureus, indicating that in contrast to the case with most quinolones, DNA gyrase is the primary target. The compounds displayed low mutation frequencies (10(-9) to 10(-10)) at concentrations close to the MICs and maintained low MICs (< or =0.016 microg/ml) against mutants with single mutations in either gyrA or grlA (parC). These data suggested that HITZs possess significant inhibitory activities against target enzymes, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This dual-target inhibition was supported by low 50% inhibitory concentrations against topoisomerase IV as measured in a decatenation activity assay and against DNA gyrase as measured in a supercoiling activity assay. Good antibacterial activities (< or =1 microg/ml) against staphylococcal gyrA grlA double mutants, as well as low frequencies (10(-9) to 10(-10)) of selection of still higher-level mutants, also suggested that HITZs remained active against mutant enzymes. We further demonstrated that HITZs exhibit good inhibition of both S. aureus mutant enzymes and thus continue to possess a novel dual-targeting mode of action against these mutant strains. In stepwise acquisition of mutations, HITZs selected quinolone resistance determining region mutations gyrA(Ser84Leu), grlA(Ser80Phe), grlA(Ala116Val), and gyrA(Glu88Lys) sequentially, suggesting that the corresponding amino acids are key amino acids involved in the binding of HITZs to topoisomerases. The overall profile of these compounds suggests the potential utility of HITZs in combating infections caused by S. aureus, including multidrug-resistant MRSA.
Emotional Tweets (2012)

Detecting emotions in microblogs and social media posts has applications for industry, health, and security. However, there exists no microblog corpus with instances labeled for emotions for developing supervised systems. In this paper, we describe how we created such a corpus from Twitter posts using emotion-word hashtags. We conduct experiments to show that the self-labeled hashtag annotations are consistent and match with the annotations of trained judges. We also show how the Twitter emotion corpus can be used to improve emotion classification accuracy in a different domain. Finally, we extract a word-emotion association lexicon from this Twitter corpus, and show that it leads to significantly better results than the manually crafted WordNet Affect lexicon in an emotion classification task.
Oxygen Desorption and Conductivity Change of Palladium-Doped Tin(IV) Oxide Gas Sensor (1986)

In relation to gas detection mechanism of the Pd-SnO2 sensor, the adsorbed state of oxygen was studied by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) technique. Broadly, the TPD spectrum of oxygen comprised a small shoulder at 400 - 600 °C, a sharp peak at 600 - 700 °C, and an increase above 700 °C, though the spectrum was dependent upon various factors. The three species were assigned as oxygen adsorbates O- or O2- on SnO2, oxygens as PdO, and a part of lattice oxygens of SnO2, respectively. Conductivity of the sensor considerably increased by desorption of the adsorbates on SnO2, but did not change so much by desorption of the two other species, indicating that consumption of the oxygen adsorbates on SnO2 by inflammable gases was essential in the gas detection.
In vitro antibacterial properties of T-5575 and T-5578 novel parenteral 2-carboxypenams (1995)

T-5575 and T-5578, novel 2-carboxypenams in which a carboxyl group has been introduced into the C-2 beta position of the nucleus, were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial properties. The spectrum of activity of T-5575 was similar to that of aztreonam. However, it showed stronger activities than those of aztreonam against most gram-negative bacteria. T-5575 also showed potent activities against isolates of Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to ceftazidime, with MICs at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited of 0.39, 0.39, and 3.13 microgram/ml, respectively. T-5578 showed moderate levels of activity against gram-negative bacteria, compared with those of T-5575. Its activity against P. aeruginosa, however, was superior to those of T-5575 and the reference drugs tested. The most characteristic feature of T-5578 was its potent activities against ceftazidime-, imipenem-, and gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates, with MICs at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited at 0.39, 3.13, and 3.13 microgram/ml, respectively. These two compounds were unfortunately poorly active against gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci. Both compounds were found to be stable for hydrolysis by various kinds of beta-lactamases and to have low affinities for these enzymes, with Ki values of > 100 microM. These novel penams bound most tightly to penicillin-binding protein 3 of Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. These results indicate that T-5575 and T-5578 can be regarded as promising 2-carboxypenams specially targeted against gram-negative pathogens.
Gravity grabber (2007)

We propose a wearable haptic display to present the weight sensation of a virtual object, which is based on our novel insight that the deformation on fingerpads makes a reliable weight sensation even when the proprioceptive sensation is absent. This device will provide a new form of ubiquitous haptic interaction.
Low loss GaAs optical waveguides grown by the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method (1985)

In order to realize the low loss ridge optical waveguide, high-purity GaAs and Ga1−xAlxAs (0&lt;x&lt;0.1) epitaxial layers were grown by the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method. The residual free-carrier concentration was reduced to 1014 cm−3 after ten samples had been grown in the same reactor. Ridge optical waveguides fabricated showed propagation losses of 0.8 dB/cm for the GaAs homostructure waveguide and of 0.2 dB/cm for the GaAs-GaAlAs heterostructure waveguide at 1.3-μm wavelength.
Direct binding of secreted T-cell receptor beta chain to superantigen associated with class II major histocompatibility complex protein. (1991)

The interaction of the T-cell receptor (TCR) with peptide antigen plus major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein requires both alpha and beta chains of the TCR. The "superantigens" are a group of molecules that are recognized in association with MHC class II but that do not appear to conform to this pattern. Superantigens are defined as such because they cause the activation or thymic deletion of many or all T cells bearing specific TCR beta-chain variable region (V beta) elements. The strong association of particular V beta S with T-cell responses to superantigens suggests that their interaction with the TCR is fundamentally different from that of most antigens. We have directly investigated the involvement of the beta chain in recognition of a superantigen by using a secreted, truncated TCR beta chain and the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A complexed to cell-surface MHC class II. We demonstrate that this interaction is specific for the enterotoxin and is dependent on MHC class II expression by the cell. The reaction can be inhibited by antibodies against the three components of the reaction: V beta, enterotoxin, and class II. This shows that the TCR beta chain is sufficient to mediate the interaction with a superantigen-class II complex. The TCR alpha chain and co-receptors such as CD4 are not required.
Structure of a lipid intermediate in cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis: a derivative of a C55 isoprenoid alcohol. (1967)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Transcriptome Analysis of a Wheat Near-Isogenic Line Pair Carrying Fusarium Head Blight–Resistant and –Susceptible Alleles (2009)

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum, decreases grain yield and quality in wheat and barley. Disease severity, deoxynivalenol (DON), fungal biomass, and transcript accumulation were examined in a wheat near-isogenic line pair carrying either the resistant or susceptible allele for the chromosome 3BS FHB-resistance quantitative trait locus (Fhb1). Fhb1 restricts spread of disease symptoms but does not provide resistance to initial infection or initial DON accumulation. Wheat exhibits both induction and repression of large sets of gene transcripts during F. graminearum infection. In addition, a difference in the general timing of transcript accumulation in plants carrying either the resistant or susceptible allele at the Fhb1 locus was detected, and 14 wheat gene transcripts were detected that exhibited accumulation differences between the resistant and susceptible alleles. These results indicate that these may be host responses that differentiate the resistant from the susceptible interaction. Comparative analysis of the wheat-F. graminearum and the barley-F. graminearum interactions revealed a large set of conserved transcript accumulation patterns. However, we also detected gene transcripts that were repressed in wheat but not in barley. Based on the disease symptoms, transcript accumulation data, and comparative analysis of the barley and wheat host response to F. graminearum infection, we developed an integrated model for the interactions of wheat and barley with F. graminearum.
GaAs/Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As depletion stop phototransistor grown by molecular beam epitaxy (1982)

We introduce a simple but useful concept of depletion stop and demonstrate a phototransistor that makes use of this idea. This depletion stop phototransistor is grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs substrates. The base region is composed of a lightly doped layer near the emitter junction and a heavily doped layer near the collector junction. The edge of the depletion region at the emitter junction is designed to stop at the lightly doped base. A dc optical gain ≳10 has been successfully observed. Further applications of this idea to the fabrication of a depletion stop double emitter double base transistor and to the Si-based devices are also discussed.
New Nitrilotriacetic Acid and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Nitro Derivatives for the Synthesis of Bifunctional and Trifunctional Chelating Agents (2005)

Abstract Dehydration of serine derivatives into didehydroamino acids and subsequent conjugate addition of nitromethane led to novel nitro derivatives of nitrilotriacetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Straightforward transformations of these compounds allowed the synthesis of bifunctional and trifunctional metal‐chelating agents via an Henry reaction. Keywords: ChelatesHenry reactionlanthanidesligandspolyaminocarboxylates