gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kerfless Wafering for Silicon Wafers by Using a Reusable Metal Layer (2013)

In literature different methods can be found to cleave silicon wafers or chips from the silicon block. These techniques are interesting for cost effective PV production, since they are kerf-less and material consumption for one wafer is at a minimum. In this paper a new method is proposed, which is based on mechanical loads in a layer system of silicon, glueing material, and a re-usable metal stripe. In its final stage, this method does not need to heat up and cool down the whole silicon crystal for each spalling cycle and thus may be considerably more time and energy efficient than previous thermal spalling methods. First experiments were successfully performed to thermally cleave (10x10) mm2 silicon chips. By using analytical and numerical models, more insight in the fracture mechanical process was given and important material and geometry parameters were identified in order to optimize the process.
Functionalisation of calcium phosphate nanoparticles by oligonucleotides and their application for gene silencing (2006)

In molecular biology, the production of proteins can be effectively inhibited by introducing specific oligonucleotides into a living cell (gene silencing or antisense strategy; important for gene therapy). Calcium phosphate nanoparticles can serve as carriers for biomolecules in such therapeutic applications due to their high biocompatibility and biodegradability. Stable colloids were prepared by coating the inorganic nanoparticles with single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides. The dispersions were analysed by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Particles with a diameter of about 100 nm were obtained under optimized conditions. The efficiency of such nanoparticles to specifically inhibit protein synthesis was tested on HeLa-EGFP cells whose green fluorescence was turned off by the coated nanoparticles (gene silencing with siRNA). If siRNA was incorporated into the calcium phosphate particle and thereby protected from intracellular degradation, the transfection efficiency was significantly increased. The dispersions were stable and could be stored at 4 °C without loss of activity for several weeks, making them available as biochemical reagents.
Failure analysis of multilevel metallized lsi using optical beam induced current (1992)

Abstract In order to analyse failures caused in multilevel metallized LSI devices. we developed the OBIC (optical beam induced current) observation technique using an infrared laser incident upon a backside of the chip which appears from a plastic package by being lapped and polished. We analysed the electrical rejects in the reliability stressing of surface mount plastic packages with this technique. The latch‐up phenomenon in 4Mbit dynamic RAM with retrograded‐well fabricated by a high energy (MeV) ion‐implantation was also examined. The high latch‐up immunity of the device with retrograded‐well is confirmed by this analysis.
Optimizing the Number of Fog Nodes for Cloud-Fog-Thing Networks (2018)

Fog networking has recently received considerable attention from a theoretical perspective, but in order for such networks to be practical several open areas need to be addressed. This paper determines the optimum number of nodes that should be upgraded to fog nodes with additional computing capabilities in order to maximize the average data rate and minimize the transmission delay. The optimization is performed for a given set of wireless channel conditions and a fixed total number of network nodes. It will be shown that, having more or less fog nodes than the optimum degrades the data rate. The numerical results indicate that the average data rate can increase nearly an order of magnitude for an optimized number of fog nodes in case of shadowing and fading. It is further shown that the optimum number of fog nodes does not increase in direct proportion to the increase in the total number of nodes. Furthermore, the optimum number of fog nodes decreases when channels have high path loss exponents. These findings suggest that the fog nodes must be selected among those that have the highest computation capability for densely deployed networks and high path loss exponent channels.
Ornithine Decarboxylase mRNA in Mouse Kidney: A Low Abundancy Gene Product Regulated by Androgens with Rapid Kinetics <sup>a</sup> (1984)

We have used ODC gene expression in mouse kidney as the biological marker for studies of early androgen action. Some of the characteristics of this regulation involve its strict androgen specificity, the dependency on functional androgen receptors, the lack of requirement for pituitary hormones, and the ability of physiological androgens to bring about activation of the ODC gene. Some recent findings have revealed an additional intriguing feature in the regulation of ODC gene expression in that androgen sensitivity of ODC stimulation is genetically regulated in the mouse kidney (unpublished observations). One of the mechanisms by which androgens regulate renal ODC synthesis is to increase the concentration of ODC mRNA. Increased accumulation of this mRNA was seen as soon as 6 hr after testosterone administration, and it peaked 24 hr posttreatment. In general, acute changes in immunoreactive ODC concentration and ODC mRNA accumulation had very similar kinetics, suggesting that androgens induced de novo synthesis of ODC by increasing the rate of ODC gene transcription. In addition, there was always a highly significant correlation between the catalytic enzyme activity and immunoreactive enzyme protein concentration indicating that androgens do not specifically regulate the active site of ODC by either activating or inhibiting the enzyme by posttranslational modifications. A typical feature of ODC in virtually all eukaryotic tissues is the extremely rapid turnover rate of the enzyme with a biological half-life of 10-30 min. However, no direct information on the turnover rate of ODC mRNA is currently available, although indirect experiments have assigned a half-life of about seven hours for this mRNA. The availability of cDNA clones for ODC mRNA measurements will now permit us to address this question more directly, and also to investigate a possible role of androgens in the stabilization of ODC mRNA. In this regard it is of interest to note that chronic treatment of mice with pharmacological doses of testosterone prolongs the half-life of ODC protein four- to tenfold.
The in vitro effects of niacin on platelet biomarkers in human volunteers (2010)

Niacin is a natural pyridine derivative, proven to favorably modulate the blood lipid profile by increasing levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and by reducing total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and Lp (a) lipoprotein concentrations. Considering that platelet activity is important in predicting vascular outcomes, and that HDL heavily constitutes platelet cellular membranes, we sought to evaluate the effect of niacin on human platelet activity indices. The blood obtained from 30 aspirin-naïve volunteers was preincubated with escalating concentrations of niacin in vitro. Platelet tests included whole blood and plasma aggregometry, rapid cartridge-based analyser, expression of major surface receptors by flow cytometry, and plasma prostaglandins by ELISA. Preincubation of blood with niacin at 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mM resulted in significant inhibition of maximal adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- (p=0.03), and collagen-induced platelet aggregation (p=0.01), and reduced activity by VerifyNow (p=0.007) bedside analyser. Surface platelet PAR-1 (MoAb WEDE-15; p=0.04), and vitronectin (CD51/CD61; p=0.02) receptors were up-regulated. Niacin was associated with a two- to three-fold increase of thromboxane B2, prostaglandins D2, and E2. Formation of platelet-monocyte microparticles (CD14+CD151), and expression of PECAM-1 (CD31), thrombospondin (CD36), GP IIb/IIIa (CD41a) antigen, and activity with MoAb PAC-1, GPIb (CD42b), P-selectin (CD62p), LAMP-3 (CD63), LAMP-1 (CD107a), CD40-ligand (CD154), GP37 (CD165), were not affected by niacin, suggesting no effect on prostacyclin release. In conclusion, niacin in vitro affects platelet activity by mildly inhibiting aggregation, and stimulating significant prostaglandin release, with mostly intact major platelet receptor expression. The effect of niacin is unique, differs from other known antiplatelet agents, and suggests potential opportunities for therapeutic combination, particularly in patients with low levels of HDL-C. These preliminary data, while intriguing, require confirmation in subjects receiving orally dosed extended-release niacin in order to determine whether these findings are clinically relevant.
Essential Elements of School‐Based Smoking Prevention Programs (1989)

The current status of adolescent tobacco use in the United States is discussed in the context of the identification of those elements considered necessary for successful school-based smoking prevention programs. Also described are the conclusions of a National Cancer Institute-convened expert advisory panel charged with the task of addressing: What are the essential elements of a school-based smoking prevention program? The panel focused on nine areas in which sufficient data and experience existed to reach a preliminary conclusion or make a recommendation. The nine areas are: program impact, focus, context, and length; ideal age at intervention; need for peer and parental involvement; teacher training; and program implementation. The panel concluded U.S. school-based smoking prevention programs have had consistently positive effects, though these effects have been modest and often limited to delaying the onset of tobacco use. Though the panel felt many programs are suitable for dissemination, several research recommendations also are described.
Architectural Issues in Real-time Business Intelligence (2012)

Business organizations are always in need of fast and intelligent decision support system. Today’s Business environment is dynamic so data every minute\nare valuable. Real time Business intelligence (RTBI) is intelligence in business system which can make decision with minimum data latency from the time it is created to the time it is presented. The integration layer in Business Intelligence(BI) that extracts, transforms and loads(ETL) data in to data warehouse(DW) is the main component that adds data latency in BI.\nA new architecture to support RTBI along with the existing functionality is suggested in this thesis work. A prototype is made and implemented. Through the implemented prototype, tests are done to measure the performance of the architecture. A memory based processing component which is implemented in the architecture has better performance on report generation for critical real time data.
One sketch for all (2007)

Compressed Sensing is a new paradigm for acquiring the compressible signals that arise in many applications. These signals can be approximated using an amount of information much smaller than the nominal dimension of the signal. Traditional approaches acquire the entire signal and process it to extract the information. The new approach acquires a small number of nonadaptive linear measurements of the signal and uses sophisticated algorithms to determine its information content. Emerging technologies can compute these general linear measurements of a signal at unit cost per measurement.
A Senescence-Like Cell-Cycle Arrest Occurs During Megakaryocytic Maturation: Implications for Physiological and Pathological Megakaryocytic Proliferation (2010)

Thrombopoietin (TPO) via signaling through its cognate receptor MPL is a key cytokine involved in the regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation leading to platelet production. Mature megakaryocytes are polyploid cells that have arrested DNA replication and cellular proliferation but continue sustained protein synthesis. Here, we show that TPO induces cell-cycle arrest in the megakaryocytic UT7-MPL cell line by the activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway, induction of p21CIP transcription, and senescence markers through EGR1 activation. A similar senescence-like process was also detected in normal primary postmitotic megakaryocytes. In contrast, senescence was not observed in malignant megakaryocytes derived from primary myelofibrosis patients (a form of chronic myeloid hemopathy). Our data indicate that polyploid mature megakaryocytes receive signals from TPO to arrest cell proliferation and enter a senescent-like state. An escape from this physiological process may be associated with certain myeloproliferative neoplasms leading to abnormal megakaryocytic proliferation.
Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates can infect diverse mosquito vectors of Southeast Asia and Africa (2015)

Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites are rapidly spreading in Southeast Asia, yet nothing is known about their transmission. This knowledge gap and the possibility that these parasites will spread to Africa endanger global efforts to eliminate malaria. Here we produce gametocytes from parasite clinical isolates that displayed artemisinin resistance in patients and in vitro, and use them to infect native and non-native mosquito vectors. We show that contemporary artemisinin-resistant isolates from Cambodia develop and produce sporozoites in two Southeast Asian vectors, Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus, and the major African vector, Anopheles coluzzii (formerly Anopheles gambiae M). The ability of artemisinin-resistant parasites to infect such highly diverse Anopheles species, combined with their higher gametocyte prevalence in patients, may explain the rapid expansion of these parasites in Cambodia and neighbouring countries, and further compromise efforts to prevent their global spread.
Use of a quasi-Newton method in a feedforward neural network construction algorithm (1995)

This paper describes an algorithm for constructing a single hidden layer feedforward neural network. A distinguishing feature of this algorithm is that it uses the quasi-Newton method to minimize the sequence of error functions associated with the growing network. Experimental results indicate that the algorithm is very efficient and robust. The algorithm was tested on two test problems. The first was the n-bit parity problem and the second was the breast cancer diagnosis problem from the University of Wisconsin Hospitals. For the n-bit parity problem, the algorithm was able to construct neural network having less than n hidden units that solved the problem for n=4,...,7. For the cancer diagnosis problem, the neural networks constructed by the algorithm had small number of hidden units and high accuracy rates on both the training data and the testing data.
Editorial: Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 1/2016 (2016)

As we move into the year of 2016, I would like to express my gratitude to the authors who chose the Journal as their platform for publishing their research outcomes and the readers who sought their information from this Journal.We strive to provide an efficient and quality platform to disseminate the knowledge acquired in the laboratories all around.
Theory of homopolymer retention in semidilute solutions using liquid chromatography (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTheory of homopolymer retention in semidilute solutions using liquid chromatographyRichard E. Roehm, Daniel E. Martire, Daniel W. Armstrong, and Khanh H. BuiCite this: Macromolecules 1984, 17, 3, 400–407Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00133a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00133a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views39Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hexokinase 2‐dependent hyperglycolysis driving microglial activation contributes to ischemic brain injury (2017)

Abstract Hyperglycolysis, observed within the penumbra zone during brain ischemia, was shown to be detrimental for tissue survival because of lactate accumulation and reactive oxygen species overproduction in clinical and experimental settings. Recently, mounting evidence suggests that glycolytic reprogramming and induced metabolic enzymes can fuel the activation of peripheral immune cells. However, the possible roles and details regarding hyperglycolysis in neuroinflammation during ischemia are relatively poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether overactivated glycolysis could activate microglia and identified the crucial regulators of neuroinflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo . Using BV 2 and primary microglial cultures, we found hyperglycolysis and induction of the key glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2 ( HK 2) were essential for microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation under hypoxia. Mechanistically, HK 2 up‐regulation led to accumulated acetyl‐coenzyme A, which accounted for the subsequent histone acetylation and transcriptional activation of interleukin ( IL )‐1β. The inhibition and selective knockdown of HK 2 in vivo significantly protected against ischemic brain injury by suppressing microglial activation and IL ‐1β production in male Sprague–Dawley rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCA o) surgery. We provide novel insights for HK 2 specifically serving as a neuroinflammatory determinant, thus explaining the neurotoxic effect of hyperglycolysis and indicating the possibility of selectively targeting HK 2 as a therapeutic strategy in acute ischemic stroke. image
A Note on Multidimensional Psychophysical Analysis (1941)

On viewing Thurstone's psychophysical scale from the point of view of the mathematical theory of one-parameter continuous groups, it is seen that a variety of different psychological or statistical assumptions can all be made to lead to a scale possessing similar properties, though requiring different computational techniques for their determination. The natural extension to multi-dimensional scaling is indicated.
Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 1 (2017)

Current global health policy goals include a 25% reduction in premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases by 2025. In this 2-part review, we provide an overview of the current epidemiological data on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), its risk factors, and describe strategies aimed at reducing its burden. In part 1, we examine the global epidemiology of cardiac conditions that have the greatest impact on CVD mortality; the predominant risk factors; and the impact of upstream, societal health determinants (eg, environmental factors, health policy, and health systems) on CVD. Although age-standardized mortality from CVD has decreased in many regions of the world, the absolute number of deaths continues to increase, with the majority now occurring in middle- and low-income countries. It is evident that multiple factors are causally related to CVD, including traditional individual level risk factors (mainly tobacco use, lipids, and elevated blood pressure) and societal level health determinants (eg, health systems, health policies, and barriers to CVD prevention and care). Both individual and societal risk factors vary considerably between different regions of the world and economic settings. However, reliable data to estimate CVD burden are lacking in many regions of the world, which hampers the establishment of nationwide prevention and management strategies. A 25% reduction in premature CVD mortality globally is feasible but will require better implementation of evidence-based policies (particularly tobacco control) and integrated health systems strategies that improve CVD prevention and management. In addition, there is a need for better health information to monitor progress and guide health policy decisions.
Mapping the Proteome of<i>Drosophila</i><i>m</i><i>elanogaster</i>:  Analysis of Embryos and Adult Heads by LC−IMS−MS Methods (2005)

Multidimensional separations combined with mass spectrometry are used to study the proteins that are present in two states of Drosophila melanogaster: the whole embryo and the adult head. The approach includes the incorporation of a gas-phase separation dimension in which ions are dispersed according to differences in their mobilities and is described as a means of providing a detailed analytical map of the proteins that are present. Overall, we find evidence for 1133 unique proteins. In total, 780 are identified in the head, and 660 are identified in the embryo. Only 307 proteins are in common to both developmental stages, indicating that there are significant differences in these proteomes. A comparison of the proteome to a database of mRNAs that are found from analysis by cDNA approaches (i.e., transcriptome) also shows little overlap. All of this information is discussed in terms of the relationship between the predicted genome, and measured transcriptomes and proteomes. Additionally, the merits and weaknesses of current technologies are assessed in some detail.
Linear High Molar Mass Polyglycidol and its Direct α‐Azido Functionalization (2011)

Abstract Summary: Linear polyglycidols with narrow chain dispersity and controlled high molar masses were prepared in a few hours by monomer‐activated anionic polymerization of protected monomers, ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether and tert ‐butyl glycidyl ether, using a system composed of tetraoctylammonium bromide as initiator and triisobutylaluminum, used in 1.5 to 5‐fold excess compared to the initiator, as co‐initiator and monomer activator. This synthetic approach was shown to give various polyglycidol‐based copolyethers in particular with propylene oxide or butene oxide. α‐Azido,ω‐hydroxy‐poly(ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether) and other polyethers were directly prepared when tetrabutylammonium azide was used as initiator. Size exclusion chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight characterizations as well as “click” reactions were used to demonstrate the efficiency of the functionalization.
Low-temperature deposition of silicon oxide films by microwave plasma CVD of TEOS (1990)

Silicon dioxide films on silicon have been deposited by microwave plasma-enhanced MOCVD process using TEOS and oxygen. The structural characterisation of the films have been carried out by measurements of refractive index and etch rate and analysis of IR absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectra. MOS capacitors fabricated using deposited oxides have been used to characterise the electrical behaviour of the films. Results indicate a quality suitable for VLSI application.
Hydroxynitrile Lyase‐Catalyzed Enzymatic Nitroaldol (Henry) Reaction (2007)

Abstract The hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis not only catalyzes – according to the natural activity of this enzyme – the formation and cleavage of cyanohydrins but also the reaction of nitroalkanes with aldehydes (Henry reaction). This is the first example of an enzymatic nitroaldol reaction. With nitromethane and nitroethane a broad range of aldehydes can be transformed into the corresponding nitro alcohols in yields up to 77 % and enantiomeric excess ( ee ) up to 99 %.