gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Localization of 7B2, Neuromedin B, and Neuromedin U in Specific Cell Types of Rat, Mouse, and Human Pituitary, in Rat Hypothalamus, and in 30 Human Pituitary and Extrapituitary Tumors (1988)

The distributions of three novel peptides, 7B2, neuromedin B, and neuromedin U, in rat, mouse, and human pituitaries, rat hypothalamus, and 30 human pituitary tumors were investigated with immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactivity for 7B2 was present in rat, mouse, and human gonadotropes, in intermediate lobe cells and posterior lobe nerve fibers in rats and mice, in rat hypothalamus (particularly in the median eminence), and in eight human pituitary gonadotropinomas. In gonadectomized rats, larger, more numerous LHβ- and 7B2-immunoreactive gonadotropes were seen than in controls. Extractable 7B2-like immunoreactivity was elevated but not significantly so in gonadectomized rat pituitaries [males: castrated, 37.4 ± 4.3 (mean ± SE); controls, 26.9 ± 4.3; females: ovariectomized, 27.2 ± 2.7; controls, 19.1 ± 2.2 pmol/gland]. Neuromedin B immunoreactivity was found in normal rat and mouse thyrotropes and weakly in “thyroidectomy” cells in hypothyroid rats, in which extractable pituitary neuromedin B was significantly depleted (thyroidectomized, 87.0 ± 14.0; methimazole-treated, 82.0 ± 11.4; control, 230.7 ± 25.6 fmol/gland). Hyperthyroid rat pituitaries showed increased TSH/8 and neuromedin B immunoreactivities and neuromedin B content (TRH-treated, 385.2 ± 30.2; T4-treated, 352.6 ± 20.2; control, 230.7 ± 25.6 fmol/ gland). Neuromedin U immunoreactivity occurred in corticotropes of all species, in rat and mouse intermediate lobe, and throughout the rat hypothalamus, with immunoreactive cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus. Neuromedin U-immunoreactive cells were present in six of six human pituitary and five of six human extrapituitary corticotropinomas. In adrenalectomized rats, corticotropes were larger and more numerous than in controls, but extractable anterior pituitary neuromedin U-like immunoreactivity was not raised (adrenalectomized, 3.30 ± 0.45; control, 3.32 ± 0.27 pmol/gland). Our findings suggest that 7B2, neuromedin B, and neuromedin U may be involved in pituitary function. (Endocrinology122: 270–282, 1988)
Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) conversion schemes in orthogonal code hopping multiplexing (2003)

Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) conversion schemes are proposed to reduce the effect of perforations that occur in orthogonal code hopping multiplexing (OCHM), which was previously proposed to accommodate more downlink channels than the number of orthogonal codewords. The proposed LLR conversion schemes greatly reduce the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in channel decoding even when the perforation probability is high. The performance of the proposed schemes is evaluated by simulation in terms of the required E/sub b//N/sub 0/ for a 1% block error rate.
Microcrystallization method for amobarbital and the physicochemical properties of the products. (1980)

A method for the microcrystallization of amobarbital was developed. This method consists of the following procedures : (1) dissolution of amobarbital (J.P. IX) in a hot solvent such as a glycol or glycol derivative, (2) pouring this solution into cold water (3°) while stirring to precipitate microcrystals, and (3) collection and drying of the precipitated microcrystals. The crystalline properties of the pulverized crystals of amobarbital were also studied. The degree of pulverization of amobarbital by recrystallization from glycols and their derivatives decreased with increase in the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic chain of these solvents. Examination of pulverized amobarbital was carried out by IR, X-ray diffraction, and DSC-TG, and two kinds of polymorphs were detected.
Smac/DIABLO expression in human gastrointestinal carcinoma: Association with clinicopathological parameters and survivin expression (2014)

Lack of apoptosis is a key factor in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI (Smac/DIABLO) is an antagonist of IAPs. Recently, Smac/DIABLO was identified as a potent therapeutic target. However, the clinical significance of Smac/DIABLO in gastrointestinal carcinomas remains unclear. In the present study, Smac/DIABLO expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 72 gastric adenocarcinomas and 78 colorectal adenocarcinomas. The expression of Smac/DIABLO was significantly higher in colorectal carcinoma than in gastric carcinoma. Additionally, a correlation was found between the expression of Smac/DIABLO and nuclear survivin in well- to moderately-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas (r=0.245; P<0.01). Based on these results, it was hypothesized that gastric and colorectal carcinomas differ in the level of Smac/DIABLO expression. Our previous studies revealed that the expression of cleaved caspase-9 was significantly lower in colorectal carcinoma than in gastric carcinoma (P<0.0001). Conversely, the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), an autophagy marker, and survivin were significantly higher in colon cancer than in gastric cancer (P<0.0001 and P<0.01, respectively). Taken together, these results indicate that not only LC3 and survivin expression, but also Smac/DIABLO expression, are significantly higher in colorectal carcinoma than in gastric carcinoma. We hypothesize that the analysis of Smac/DIABLO, survivin and LC3 expression in colorectal carcinoma is likely to aid cancer therapy due to the involvement of these markers in apoptosis and/or autophagy.
Comparison of Akt/mTOR signaling in primary breast tumors and matched distant metastases (2008)

In this series, most primary breast tumors and metastases expressed pAkt and p4E-BP1 by IHC. Concordance between IHC findings in primary tumors and metastases was poor, however. Further work is needed to determine whether this reflects true biological heterogeneity or poor reproducibility of IHC with phosphospecific antibodies, and to identify which biomarkers can be assessed most reproducibly in primary tumors to predict activity of Akt/mTOR signaling and sensitivity to pathway inhibitors.
An infrastructure language for open nets (2002)

ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC'02)
Response of Eastern and Formosan Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to Borate Dust and Soil Treatments (1991)

Workers of the termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) were topically treated with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, a fine-grain zinc borate, or boric acid (+1% magnesium stearate) powder; they were also exposed to sand treated with borates in an indirect exposure tunneling assay. Dust treatment with boric acid powder caused the most rapid mortality, with application of all three powders causing 100% mortality within 15d. Treatment of 10-20% of the termite workers in test groups with borate dusts indicated that the toxicants are transmitted by grooming or trophallaxis (or both) to untreated individuals. However, less mortality occurred in groups of C. formosanus than in corresponding groups of R. flavipes workers when 10% of the workers were treated with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate or zinc borate powders. Both termite species readily penetrated sand containing 5,000, 10,000, or 15,000 ppm disodium octaborate tetrahydrate or zinc borate. In the 10-d test period, ≥5,000 ppm (or greater) disodium octaborate tetra hydrate and 15,000 ppm zinc borate in the sand elicited high mortality (85-93%) in R. fla vipers. Responsesof C. formosanus workers were more variable. Only 10,000 and 15,000ppm zinc borate in the sand caused mortality (70-89%) significantly different from that in control groups. In both dust transmission and tunneling experiments, interspecific differences in grooming or tunneling behavior may cause reduced exposure of C. formosanus to the borates.
Demonstration of a multiwave coherent holographic beam combiner in a polymeric substrate (2005)

We demonstrate an efficient coherent holographic beam combiner (CHBC) that uses angle multiplexing of gratings in a thick polymeric substrate. Our experimental results compare well with the theoretical model based on the coupled-wave theory of multiwave mixing in a passive medium. A CHBC of this type may prove useful in producing a high-power laser by combining amplified beams produced by splitting a master oscillator. Furthermore, the ability to angle multiplex a large number of beams enables a CHBC to be used in multiple-beam interferometry applications as a high-precision surface sensor.
Funneling and saltation effects for tactile interaction with virtual objects (2012)

Funneling and saltation are two major illusory feedback techniques for vibration-based tactile feedback. They are often put into practice e.g. to reduce the number of vibrators to be worn on the body and thereby build a less cumbersome feedback device. Recently, these techniques have been found to be applicable to eliciting "out of the body" experiences as well (e.g. through user-held external objects). This paper examines the possibility of applying this phenomenon to interacting with virtual objects. Two usability experiments were run to test the effects of funneling and saltation respectively for perceiving tactile sensation from a virtual object in an augmented reality setting. Experimental results have shown solid evidences for phantom sensations from virtual objects with funneling, but mixed results for saltation.
UV absorber progenitors: Photo‐fries rearrangements of sulfonate esters of hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles (1983)

Abstract Benzenesulfonate esters of hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole UV absorbers are described as UV absorber progenitors which can be used in UV‐curable coating formulations. During UV exposure, they undergo a photo‐Fries rearrangement to form the corresponding o ‐benzenesulfonyl phenol derivatives. These derivatives are formed in good chemical yield during bulk solution photolyses and are also readily formed in polymer films during exposure to sunlight. The reaction is specific for benzenesulfonate esters; little or no rearrangement takes place with benzyl, naphthyl, or alkylsulfonate esters or with benzoate esters.
Effects of Toxoplasma gondii Infection on the Brain (2007)

Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular protozoan parasite, can infect humans in 3 different ways: ingestion of tissue cysts, ingestion of oocysts, or congenital infection with tachyzoites. After proliferation of tachyzoites in various organs during the acute stage, the parasite forms cysts preferentially in the brain and establishes a chronic infection, which is a balance between host immunity and the parasite's evasion of the immune response. A variety of brain cells, including astrocytes and neurons, can be infected. In vitro studies using non-brain cells have demonstrated profound effects of the infection on gene expression of host cells, including molecules that promote the immune response and those involved in signal transduction pathways, suggesting that similar effects could occur in infected brain cells. Interferon-gamma is the essential mediator of the immune response to control T. gondii in the brain and to maintain the latency of chronic infection. Infection also induces the production of a variety of cytokines by microglia, astrocytes, and neurons, which promote or suppress inflammatory responses. The strain (genotype) of T. gondii, genetic factors of the host, and probably the route of infection and the stage (tachyzoite, cyst, or oocyst) of the parasite initiating infection all contribute to the establishment of a balance between the host and the parasite and affect the outcome of the infection.
Asymmetric Conjugate 1,4-Addition of Arylboronic Acids to α,β-Unsaturated Esters Catalyzed by Rhodium(I)/(<i>S</i>)-binap (2000)

Arylboronic acids underwent the conjugate 1,4-addition to alpha, beta-unsaturated esters to give beta-aryl esters in high yields in the presence of a rhodium(I) catalyst. The addition of arylboronic acids to isopropyl crotonate resulted in high yields and high enantioselectivity exceeding 90% ee in the presence of 3 mol % of Rh(acac)(C(2)H(4))(2) and (S)-binap at 100 degrees C. The rhodium/(S)-binap complex provided (R)-3-phenylbutanoate in the addition of phenylboronic acid to benzyl crotonate. The effects on the enantioselectivity of chiral phosphine ligands, rhodium precursors, and substituents on alpha,beta-unsaturated esters are discussed, as well as the mechanistic aspect of the catalytic cycle.
Raman spectroscopy of C<i>y</i>Si1−<i>y</i> alloys grown by molecular beam epitaxy (1992)

Raman spectroscopy has been used to observe the C local mode in epitaxial CySi1−y layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The scattering cross section per C atom is independent of alloy concentration for y&lt;2%. Lattice relaxation about substitutional C sites induces an extra peak near 475 cm−1.
DABCO: An Efficient Organocatalyst in the Ring‐Opening Reactions of Aziridines with Amines or Thiols (2005)

Abstract Efficient ring‐opening of aziridines with various amines or thiols catalyzed by DABCO afforded the corresponding products in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Imaging Validation of [<sup>18</sup>F]MDL100907 Enabled by Ni-Mediated Fluorination (2014)

Several voids exist in reliable positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands for quantification of the serotonin (5HT) receptor system. Even in cases where 5HT radiotracers exist, challenges remain that have limited the utility of 5HT imaging in clinical research. Herein we address an unmet need in 5HT2a imaging using innovative chemistry. We report a scalable and robust synthesis of [(18)F]MDL100907, which was enabled by a Ni-mediated oxidative fluorination using [(18)F]fluoride. This first demonstration of a Ni-mediated fluorination used for PET imaging required development of a new reaction strategy that ultimately provided high specific activity [(18)F]MDL100907. Using the new synthetic strategy and optimized procedure, [(18)F]MDL100907 was evaluated against [(11)C]MDL100907 for reliability to quantify 5HT₂a in the nonhuman primate brain and was found to be superior based on a single scan analysis using the same nonhuman primate. The use of this new 5HT₂a radiotracer will afford clinical neuroscience research the ability to distinguish 5HT₂a receptor abnormalities binding between healthy subjects and patients even when group differences are small.
In vivo expression of monokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimentally induced pulmonary granulomatous inflammation. Evidence for sequential production of interleukin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor. (1995)

The present study examined the temporal pattern and localization of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in lung tissue undergoing foreign body granuloma formation. Pulmonary granulomas were induced by the intratracheal injection of dextran beads into genetically high granuloma responder, carrying Bcgs (BALB/c), and low responder, carrying Bcgr (C3H/HeJ and DBA/2), mice. There was a pattern of sequential expression of these molecules in BALB/c mice. Thus, interleukin-1 alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase were induced mostly in the cells accumulated around the beads and also in some bronchiolar epithelial cells during the early phase (1 to 3 days), whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha was induced in the cells around the beads at the later resolution phase (3 to 7 days). By contrast, in low responder mice, an increase in the expression of interleukin-1 alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase was detected in lung macrophages as well as in alveolar cells and bronchiolar epithelial cells on day 1, but that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was not detected throughout the period. These results together with our previous findings on cytokine activity in granuloma extract suggest that interleukin-1 and nitric oxide produced by recruited macrophages may take part in the early, macrophage-dependent phase of granuloma formation whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha may be more crucial as a mediator responsible for the difference in innate resistance or susceptibility to granuloma formation.
A novel method of intracranial injection via the postglenoid foramen for brain tumor mouse models (2011)

The postglenoid foramen can be used as a needle entry site into the brain of the adult mouse. Postglenoid foramen injection is a less invasive, safe, precise, and rapid method of implanting cells into the adult mouse brain. This method can be applied to both orthotopic xenograft and genetically engineered mouse models and may have further applications in mice for the development of therapies for human brain tumors.
Pathophysiologic Approach to Therapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes (2013)

Two general approaches to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been advocated. 1 ) A “guideline” approach that advocates sequential addition of antidiabetes agents with “more established use” (1); this approach more appropriately should be called the “treat to failure” approach, and deficiencies with this approach have been discussed (2). And 2 ) a “pathophysiologic” approach using initial combination therapy with agents known to correct established pathophysiologic defects in T2DM (3). Within the pathophysiologic approach, choice of antidiabetes agents should take into account the patient’s general health status and associated medical disorders. This individualized approach, which we refer to as the ABCD(E) of diabetes treatment (4), has been incorporated into the updated American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines (5).

Even though physicians must be cognizant of these associated conditions (ABCDE) when initiating therapy in newly diagnosed T2DM patients, we believe that the most important consideration is to select antidiabetes agents that correct specific pathophysiologic disturbances present in T2DM and that have complementary mechanisms of action. Although it has been argued that the pathogenesis of T2DM differs in different ethnic groups (6), evidence to support this is weak. Although the relative contributions of β-cell failure and insulin resistance to development of glucose intolerance may differ in different ethnic groups (6), the core defects of insulin resistance in muscle/liver/adipocytes and progressive β-cell failure (3) are present in virtually all T2DM patients and must be treated aggressively to prevent the relentless rise in HbA1c that is characteristic of T2DM.

In subsequent sections, we provide a review of the natural history of T2DM, specific pathophysiologic abnormalities responsible for T2DM, currently …
A radical-partitioned coded block adaptive neural network structure for large-volume Chinese characters recognition (2003)

A coded block adaptive neural network system using a radical-partitioned structure for a large-volume Chinese character recognition VLSI is presented. Using this coded block adaptive neural network system, 1000 frequently used Chinese characters have been successfully trained in 139.2 h using a 18-MIPS computer. Based on the simulation results, the coded block system with a radical-partitioned structure provided an acceptable learning time, a good recognition rate, and an excellent expansion capability for large-volume Chinese character recognition using a VLSI.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Approach to Social System Simulation based on Linguistic Information : An Application to the forecast of foreign exchange rate changes (1994)

通常の社会システムのシミュレーションにおいては、数値情報に基づいて構成された数値モデルを用いるという手法が一般的である。しかし、社会学者などが社会システムの将来動向を予測シミュレーションをした場合、その結果の方が数値モデルに基づくシミュレーションよりも良い結果が得られたという予測者の経験もある。我々はその理由として、彼らは全ての情報を頭の中で言語情報に変えて言語に基づく思考によりシミュレーションを行なっているためと考える。本研究ではこのことを重視し、人間の言語に基づく情報処理を計算機上に表現することを試みる。この言語情報に基づくコンピューティングを知的コンピューティングと呼ぶ。言語の情報に基づく情報処理を行なうために言語の意味を解釈する枠組として、選択体系機能言語理論の考えを導入している。この言語理論の考えに基づき、社会システムのシミュレーションモデルを構成する人間の言語に基づく思考モデルとして言語モデルを提案し、言語の性質を考慮した情報の融合を行なう。社会システムのシミュレーション例として、海外為替変動における円ドル動向の予測を取り上げ、実際の数値情報、自然言語情報を下にシミュレーションを行なう。
Impact of Webpage Access on the Design of Single-Chip Heterogeneous Multiprocessors (2007)

Mobile devices are currently designed similar to embedded systems where performance is derived from a specification that allows the device to interact in a periodic manner with the environment. However, as mobile devices increasingly interact with the Internet they exhibit a different style of computing that does not fit the embedded system model. At the same time, a mobile device designer needs to consider many different issues such as the number and types of processors, scheduling strategies, applications, power consumption, and dimensions of the device, which increase the total number of design decisions at an alarming rate. This research shows that by using a more realistic model of mobile devices using webpage-based benchmarks, customization can allow specialized architectures to improve performance up to 70 percent over a homogeneous multiprocessor composed of general purpose processors and 25 percent additional improvement over the next best architecture when individual user preferences were also considered. Webpage access, to include user profiling for individual utilization, is clearly a significant factor in the design of mobile devices — and thus should be included in future benchmarks based upon webpage content and webpage access patterns. When new evaluation techniques are developed, new design strategies can be discovered and employed.
Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: A randomized trial (2006)

In order to define the impact of needle type on post-lumbar puncture headache (PLPH), we performed a prospective, randomized trial comparing the incidence of PLPH in patients undergoing lumbar punctures (LPs) with traumatic vs atraumatic 22-gauge needles. Fifty-eight patients underwent 85 LPs. The incidence of PLPH was 36% in the traumatic vs 3% in the atraumatic group (p = 0.002).
The Reaction of o-Phenylenediamines with Ketones. V. Further Studies with Dibenzyl Ketones<sup>1,2</sup> (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of o-Phenylenediamines with Ketones. V. Further Studies with Dibenzyl Ketones1,2Robert C. Elderfield and Kenneth L. BurgessCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 8, 1975–1981Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1960https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01493a034RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views303Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (894 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts