gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromigration behavior of interconnects between chip and board for embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) (2011)

The electromigration (EM) behavior at critical interfaces of copper redistribution layers (RDL) used in an embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) package has been studied. The EM failure times at the chip pad and solder ball interface were measured for various design configurations such as via diameter, additional under bump metallization or RDL shapes for different current directions. The maxium currents at the chip pad interface are limited by voiding in the relatively thin aluminum pad underneath the copper RDL via followed by liner punch-through during downstream stress. The corresponding activation energies (E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> ) and current density exponents (n) are the typical ones found for polycrystalline aluminum lines. In contrast, the solder/RDL interface is critical when operated in upstream direction. The voiding is driven by copper migration causing accelerated Cu-consumption at the transition between RDL feeding line and solder ball, which is the location with the highest current density, defined Cu/Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) boundaries and pre-existing Kirkendall voids. For the solder interface, a typical E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> -value around 1.0 eV was found in combination with a n-value far above 2.0 which we associate with an additional diffusional contribution to the overall migration rate in Black's equation rather than Joule heating.
A Review of Magnetic Induction Methods for Hyperthermia Treatment of Cancer (1984)

Magnetic induction methods of producing power absorption in tissue are used for achieving tumor hyperthermia in experimental cancer therapy. Electromagnetic field distributions and associated tissue energy absorption rates (SAR) of concentric, pancake, and coaxially paired current coils are discussed. Application of the bioheat transfer equation using these SAR distributions yields predictions of normal tissue and intratumoral temperature elevations. The corroboration of these predictions by phantom, animal, and human studies confirms the importance of bioheat transfer modeling in evaluation of these hyperthermia methods. Tumor sizes, depths, and locations likely to be therapeutically heated by magnetic induction techniques are reviewed, based upon available evidence.
Comparison of Methods to Estimate Runoff from Small Rangeland Watersheds (1982)

From the Proceedings of the 1982 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona - Nevada Academy of Science - April 24,1982, Tempe, Arizona
THE PRINCIPLES DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX IONIC CRYSTALS (1929)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE PRINCIPLES DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX IONIC CRYSTALSLinus PaulingCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1929, 51, 4, 1010–1026Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1929Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1929https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01379a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01379a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7079Altmetric-Citations1470LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
PROFIBUS-DP and HART Protocol Conversion and the Gateway Development (2007)

PROFIBUS-DP and HART are two widely used fieldbuses, but the incompatible between them paralyzes their applications in the plants. Based on the analysis of the protocol models of the two ISO/OSI model based fieldbuses, and the study of the network structures and communication machines of the two fieldbuses. The method to resolve the incompatibility between heterogeneous fieldbuses is discussed, and an integrated approach based on gateway for the interoperation between PROFIBUS-DP and HART is proposed. The implementation, which includes hardware design and software design, is presented. The detailed SPC3 based PROFIBUS-DP interface and HT2012 based HART interface are described. And a state machine, on which the software implementation is based, is given. The test results have shown its high real-time performance and reliability.
<title>New low-cost high heat flux source</title> (1993)

Intense heat sources are needed to address new manufacturing techniques, such as, the Rapid Thermal Process for silicon wafer manufacturing. The current technology of high heat flux sources is the laser for its ability to do welding and cutting is well-known. The laser with its coherent radiation allows an image to be focused down to very small sizes to reach extremely high heat flux. But the laser also has problems: it is inefficient in its use because of its singular wave length and brings up OSHA safety related problems. Also heavy industrial manufacturing requires much higher total energy in addition to the high heat flux which makes the current laser system too slow to be economical. The system I am proposing starts with a parabolic curve. If the curve is rotated about the axis of the parabola, it generates the classical parabolic reflector as we know it. On the other hand, when the curve is rotated about the chord, a line passing through the focal point and perpendicular to the axis, generates a new surface called the Orthogonal Parabolic Surface. A new optical reflector geometry is presented which integrates a linear white light (continuum spectra) source through a coherent path to be focused to a very small area.
Models and Theory (1987)

Ernest Nagel once remarked that ‘[t]he only point that can be affirmed with confidence is that a model for a theory is not the theory itself’ (Nagel 1961, p. 116). And R.B. Braithwaite warned against the danger that: ‘The theory will be identified with a model for it …’ (Braithwaite 1953, p. 90). It will be argued here that Nagel, Braithwaite and the school of which they were representative were right to insist on a model/theory distinction, but wrong as to the nature of that distinction and the reasons for adopting it. The now defunct school referred to was christened by Hilary Putnam the ‘Received View’ (Putnam 1962). The Received View in the philosophy of science was (roughly) the logical positivist interpretation of science. It involved a model/theory distinction in an essential way. Logical positivist ideas penetrated economic theory and lived on there long after the fall of the Received View. The latter, after more than 30 years of dominance, came under such severe attacks that by the end of the 1960s, as Frederick Suppe later remarked, these attacks ‘had been so successful that most philosophers of science had repudiated the Received View’ (Suppe 1977, p. 618).
168. Chemistry of non-ionic detergents. Part V. Micellar structures of a series of synthetic non-ionic detergents (1963)

P. H. Elworthy and C. B. Macfarlane, J. Chem. Soc., 1963, 907 DOI: 10.1039/JR9630000907
Risk based package design (1997)

Abstract The shipment of hazardous chemicals can pose signficant risk to the general public and the environment. These shipments are made in a variety of packages ranging from small bottles to large tank trucks, tank cars, and barges. However, the many standards and regulations that have been established to govern the design and use of these packages define what many consider to be the minimum requirements for risk management. This paper presents a methodology that can be used to more thoroughly identify the risk minimization options and verify the design of a package for a particular service. This method is based on the concept of a threat analysis of the proposed movement of the hazardous chemical. The threat analysis looks for unusual (but realistic) threats to the package that may result in the release of the hazardous chemical to the environment. Such unusual threats may include events such as: Dropping of the package during loading; Accident enroute; External fire during shipment; Random acts of vandalism (using the package as a practice target); Puncture (fork lift collision with package, rail/truck accident); Crushing (sudden starting or stopping). By conducting an engineering analysis of the strength and ability of the container to withstand these unusual events, a package design that can withstand the threats indentified in the threat analysis can be defined.
Signal Transduction: Overview (2002)

Abstract Cell growth, migration, shape, differentiation and apoptosis are all regulated by signals that cells receive from their environment. The mechanism whereby information is transmitted over the cell membrane or through the interior of the cell, occurs in a network of crosstalk between different signalling pathways, known as signal transduction.
Evaluation of sucromalt digestion in healthy children using breath hydrogen as a biomarker of carbohydrate malabsorption (2011)

The measurement of hydrogen in exhaled breath is widely accepted as a non-invasive yet efficient means to evaluate carbohydrate malabsorption. Hydrogen is not normally produced by mammalian cells and its appearance in breath indicates incomplete small intestinal carbohydrate absorption with subsequent breakdown of the carbohydrate by anaerobic bacteria in the colon. This study was undertaken to evaluate the absorption of a novel, slowly digestible carbohydrate sweetener, sucromalt. Two experiments occurred approximately 2 weeks apart with the participants randomly consuming one of two test foods on each visit. Following baseline breath hydrogen measurements, healthy 8-10 year-old children (n = 10) consumed a yogurt breakfast containing either 15 g of inulin (positive control) or 30 g of sucromalt. Every 15 min during the next 6 h, samples of exhaled breath were taken from each participant for hydrogen content analysis, thereby establishing 24 total data points. Participants' 6 h breath hydrogen responses were plotted against their baseline measurement and appropriate statistical evaluations were applied to the data. Following ingestion of inulin, breath hydrogen stayed near baseline for approximately 2 h but rose rapidly thereafter to a steady state of 20-30 ppm, which continued to the end of the study period. In contrast, exhaled hydrogen following sucromalt ingestion remained at or near baseline for the entire 6 h test period. A significantly higher level of hydrogen was exhaled with inulin ingestion compared to sucromalt (incremental area under the curve, p = 0.002). Results indicated complete absorption of sucromalt's saccharide constituents in children.
Establishment of a tightly regulated human cell line for the development of hepatocyte transplantation. (2000)

Hepatocyte transplantation (HTX) could be an attractive treatment for patients with liver failure and liver-based metabolic disease. Human primary hepatocytes are ideal in this modality, but the shortage of human livers available for hepatocyte isolation severely limits the use of this form of therapy. A tightly regulated human hepatocyte cell line that grows economically in culture and exhibits differentiated liver functions would be an attractive alternative to the primary human hepatocytes. To test the feasibility, human hepatocytes were immortalized by a retroviral vector expressing simian virus 40 large T antigen and herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase. A highly differentiated immortal hepatocyte line NKNT-3 was established. NKNT-3 cells grew in chemically defined serum-free medium, retained highly differentiated liver functions, and were sensitivity to ganciclovir as a prodrug. Essentially unlimited availability of NKNT-3 cells may be clinically useful for HTX and bioartificial liver.
A Minimal Model of the Single Capacitor Biphasic Defibrillation Waveform (1994)

The effectiveness of the single capacitor biphasic waveform may be explained by the second phase "burping" of the deleterious residual charge of the first phase that, in turn, reduces the synchronization requirement and the amplitude requirements of the first phase.
Nanosatellite optical downlink experiment: design, simulation, and prototyping (2016)

The nanosatellite optical downlink experiment (NODE) implements a free-space optical communications (lasercom) capability on a CubeSat platform that can support low earth orbit (LEO) to ground downlink rates > 10 Mbps. A primary goal of NODE is to leverage commercially available technologies to provide a scalable and cost-effective alternative to radio-frequency-based communications. The NODE transmitter uses a 200-mW 1550-nm master-oscillator power-amplifier design using power-efficient M-ary pulse position modulation. To facilitate pointing the 0.12-deg downlink beam, NODE augments spacecraft body pointing with a microelectromechanical fast steering mirror (FSM) and uses an 850-nm uplink beacon to an onboard CCD camera. The 30-cm aperture ground telescope uses an infrared camera and FSM for tracking to an avalanche photodiode detector-based receiver. Here, we describe our approach to transition prototype transmitter and receiver designs to a full end-to-end CubeSat-scale system. This includes link budget refinement, drive electronics miniaturization, packaging reduction, improvements to pointing and attitude estimation, implementation of modulation, coding, and interleaving, and ground station receiver design. We capture trades and technology development needs and outline plans for integrated system ground testing.
Anisotropic nanocrystal arrays organized on protein lattices formed by recombinant clathrin fragments (2012)

Recombinant clathrin protein fragments form assemblies that template gold nanocrystals in an array across the latticed surface. The nanocrystals exhibit unusual anisotropic morphologies with long range ordering, both of which are dependent upon the presence of a hexahistidine tag on the clathrin heavy chain fragments.
电子保险和解除保险(装置)安全性设计和试验方法 (1989)

位于美国西雅图以东15英里华盛顿的埃塞卡(Issaquah)的斯丽康设计有限公司开发军用引信的各种成本低、技术新的部件和子系统。截止1988年6月30日止,年销售总额达60万美元。斯丽康设计公司拥有一批具有高技术的高质量人才。7名专职雇员都曾受到广泛教育并
Immunosuppressive Properties of α<sub>1</sub>‐Microglobulin (1981)

alpha 1-Microglobulin (alpha 1m), a serum glycoprotein (26,000 d), was found to impede the proliferative response of human lymphocytes to purified protein derivative (PPD) and tetanus toxoid. The data suggest that alpha 1m operates through an unstable suppressor mechanism, which no longer can function after 24 h of preculturing. This effect of alpha 1m on antigen stimulation did not seem to be due to binding of alpha 1m to PPD or cells, to altered kinetics of the PPD response, or to non-specific cytotoxicity. In contrast, PPD-induced leucocyte migration was not reversed by alpha 1m. alpha 1m did not cause significant inhibition in experiments in which lymphocytes were stimulated by the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin or concanavalin A. Finally, alpha 1m had its own leucocyte migration inhibitory effect.
Age and mortality among white male problem drinkers (2000)

The application of a public health research model in which problem drinkers are compared to the general population has potential to inform public policy. In this case, the public health approach identified an elevated risk of mortality associated with problem drinking among older adults that had not been evident in the previous research.
First-principles investigations of nitrogen-doping effects on defect aggregation processes in Czochralski Si (2005)

We theoretically investigated the nitrogen (N)-doping effect on vacancy aggregation and oxygen precipitation processes in Czochralski Si. By using first-principles calculations, we investigated stable atomic configurations and formation energies of various complexes formed by vacancies (V), oxygen (O), and N. It was found that V and O form stable complexes, but some O capture processes are endothermic, suggesting that the V aggregation preferentially occurs, resulting in void growth. It was also found that the {N2–V2} complex, which is already known as the most stable complex among N and V complexes, effectively captures several O atoms, and then forms stable {N2–V2–On} complexes. The stable {N2–V2–On} complexes may become the heterogeneous nucleation sites of the O precipitates, suggesting that the N doping drives the aggregation of O. This is consistent with the experimentally observed enhancement of O precipitate formation due to N doping. The experimentally observed shape change of the void may be due to anisotropic void growth originating from the N and N–O involved in void formation during the growth.
Solvent Extraction of Plutonium (IV) Polymer by Dihexyl-N, N-Diethyl-carbamoylmethylphosphonate (DHDECMP) (1983)

Abstract The bifunctional organophosphorus compound DHDECMP (dihexyl-N, N-diethylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate) is effective in the extraction of hydrolytic plutonium (IV) polymer from both 0.04 and 7.0M nitric acid. Stripping the polymer- is difficult, even with hydrofluoric acid. However, 1.0M sodium carbonate is a very effective stripping agent. The extracted complex contains one to two molecules of DHDECMP per plutonium ion and the plutonium (IV) maintains a polymeric structure.
Dual-Gated MoS<sub>2</sub>/WSe<sub>2</sub> van der Waals Tunnel Diodes and Transistors (2015)

Two-dimensional layered semiconductors present a promising material platform for band-to-band-tunneling devices given their homogeneous band edge steepness due to their atomically flat thickness. Here, we experimentally demonstrate interlayer band-to-band tunneling in vertical MoS2/WSe2 van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures using a dual-gate device architecture. The electric potential and carrier concentration of MoS2 and WSe2 layers are independently controlled by the two symmetric gates. The same device can be gate modulated to behave as either an Esaki diode with negative differential resistance, a backward diode with large reverse bias tunneling current, or a forward rectifying diode with low reverse bias current. Notably, a high gate coupling efficiency of ∼80% is obtained for tuning the interlayer band alignments, arising from weak electrostatic screening by the atomically thin layers. This work presents an advance in the fundamental understanding of the interlayer coupling and electron tunneling in semiconductor vdW heterostructures with important implications toward the design of atomically thin tunnel transistors.
Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement (2016)

The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related livestock feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans." In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as well as for biomonitoring as conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Effect of various anions on the stepwise melting of plasmid DNA. (1993)

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was carried out for the study on the effect of various anions on the melting of plasmid pJL3-TB5 DNA (5, 277 base pairs in length). In the presence of halide ions such as Cl-, Br-, or I- in citrate buffer solutions, seven separate peaks caused by the stepwise melting of the DNA molecule were found in the DSC curve. Similar profile of the DSC curve was also found in the presence of SCN-. Such a characteristic melting profile was not observed, when some other buffer solutions such as phosphate, borate, and acetate buffers were used. These ions affected significantly the melting profile of DNA; the height of the peaks seen in the high temperature range decreased and broadened. The presence of the anions such as NO3-, ClO4-, SO42- and IO3- instead of Cl- in the saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer solution also affected the DSC curves in the high temperature range in the similar manner to phosphate, borate, and acetate buffers. These results indicate that the type of anions in the solution as well as that of cations is very important for the melting of DNA. Since anions are known to alter the structure of water, it is suggested that these results are closely related to alteration of the structure of water caused by the interaction between anions and water, rather than the direct interaction between anions and DNA. The borate buffer solutions also showed not only clearly separated peaks, but also excellent reversibility for the melting of the DNA.