gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new, general synthetic route to multidentate N,S ligands for use in technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals. Preparation of diamido disulfur, diamino dithiol, and tripodal N3S3 prototypes. Comparative biodistributions of [99mTcVO-DADS]- analogs which contain 5,5,5- and 5,7,5-membered chelate ring systems (1992)

A new, versatile synthetic route to a variety of tetradentate N2S2 and hexadentate N3S3 ligands for use in technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals has been developed. The key reaction employs 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) for coupling an appropriate di- or triamine with S-protected thioglycolic acid. Selected DADS (diamido disulfur) and DADT (diamino dithiol) and analogues derived from ethanediamine-1,2 and butanediamine-1,4, as well as a tripodal N3S3 analogue, were synthesized in high yield. The labeling of DADS analogue ligands derived from butanediamine-1,4 (DADS-bn) with 99mTc results in a single radiochemical product, or the expected number of stereoisomeric products. FAB MS analysis, using 99Tc, indicates that DADS-bn ligands form a tetradentate 5,7,5-membered ring chelate system with the monooxo Tc(V) core: [TcO-DAD-bn]-. In rat biodistribution studies the DADS-en and DADS-bn complexes show very similar biological activity. Phenyl substituents on the 7-membered ring give rise to a 99mTc complex of increased lipophilicity, increased liver uptake, and minimal hepatobillary clearance. Thus, new classes of DADS ligand analogues which contain a 5,7,5-membered chelate ring system are readily synthesized and labeled with 99mTc to form stable complexes. The presence of the 7-membered chelate ring allows for facile introduction of pendant groups into the ligand system, and thus for a ready route to control the biodistribution of the resulting 99mTc radiopharmaceutical. The 99mTc labeling of the DADT analogues derived from butanediamine-1,4 provided to be erratic, despite the use of a variety of labeling techniques; the larger ring system of DADT-bn apparently does not favor the monooxo Tc(V) core and appears to generate a mixture of mono- and dioxo Tc(V) cores.
Well-Dispersed High-Loading Pt Nanoparticles Supported by Shell−Core Nanostructured Carbon for Methanol Electrooxidation (2008)

Shell-core nanostructured carbon materials with a nitrogen-doped graphitic layer as a shell and pristine carbon black particle as a core were synthesized by carbonizing the hybrid materials containing in situ polymerized aniline onto carbon black. In an N-doped carbon layer, the nitrogen atoms substitute carbon atoms at the edge and interior of the graphene structure to form pyridinic N and quaternary N structures, respectively. As a result, the carbon structure becomes more compact, showing curvatures and disorder in the graphene stacking. In comparison with nondoped carbon, the N-doped one was proved to be a suitable supporting material to synthesize high-loading Pt catalysts (up to 60 wt %) with a more uniform size distribution and stronger metal-support interactions due to its high electrochemically accessible surface area, richness of disorder and defects, and high electron density. Moreover, the more rapid charge-transfer rates over the N-doped carbon material are evidenced by the high crystallinity of the graphitic shell layer with nitrogen doping as well as the low charge-transfer resistance at the electrolyte/electrode interface. Beneficial roles of nitrogen doping can be found to enhance the CO tolerance of Pt catalysts. Accordingly, an improved performance in methanol oxidation was achieved on a high-loading Pt catalyst supported by N-doped carbon. The enhanced catalytic properties were extensively discussed based on mass activity (Pt utilization) and intrinsic activity (charge-transfer rate). Therefore, N-doped carbon layers present many advantages over nondoped ones and would emerge as an interesting supporting carbon material for fuel cell electrocatalysts.
MicroRNA expression profiling in human Barrett's carcinogenesis (2010)

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is characterized by the native stratified squamous epithelium (N) lining the esophagus being replaced by a columnar epithelium with intestinal differentiation (Barrett's mucosa; BM). BM is considered as the main risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (Barrett's adenocarcinoma; BAc). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs and they are reportedly dysregulated in BM. To test the hypothesis that a specific miRNA expression signature characterizes BM development and progression, we performed miRNA microarray analysis comparing native esophageal mucosa with all the phenotypic lesions seen in the Barrett's carcinogenic process. Specimens were collected from 14 BE patients who had undergone esophagectomy, including: 14 with N, 14 with BM, 7 with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 5 with high-grade intra-epithelial neoplasia and 11 with BAc. Microarray findings were further validated by quantitive real-time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analyses using a different series of consecutive cases (162 biopsy samples and 5 esophagectomies) of histologically proven, long-segment BE. We identified a miRNA signature of Barrett's carcinogenesis consisting of an increased expression of 6 miRNAs and a reduced expression of 7 miRNAs. To further support these results, we investigated target gene expression using the Oncomine database and/or immunohistochemical analysis. We found that target gene expression correlated significantly with miRNA dysregulation. Specific miRNAs are directly involved in BE progression to cancer. miRNA profiling significantly expands current knowledge on the molecular history of Barrett's carcinogenesis, also identifying molecular markers of cancer progression.
Role of LARP6 and Nonmuscle Myosin in Partitioning of Collagen mRNAs to the ER Membrane (2014)

Type I collagen is extracellular matrix protein composed of two α1(I) and one α2(I) polypeptides that fold into triple helix. Collagen polypeptides are translated in coordination to synchronize the rate of triple helix folding to the rate of posttranslational modifications of individual polypeptides. This is especially important in conditions of high collagen production, like fibrosis. It has been assumed that collagen mRNAs are targeted to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after translation of the signal peptide and by signal peptide recognition particle (SRP). Here we show that collagen mRNAs associate with the ER membrane even when translation is inhibited. Knock down of LARP6, an RNA binding protein which binds 5' stem-loop of collagen mRNAs, releases a small amount of collagen mRNAs from the membrane. Depolimerization of nonmuscle myosin filaments has a similar, but stronger effect. In the absence of LARP6 or nonmuscle myosin filaments collagen polypeptides become hypermodified, are poorly secreted and accumulate in the cytosol. This indicates lack of coordination of their synthesis and retro-translocation due to hypermodifications and misfolding. Depolimerization of nonmuscle myosin does not alter the secretory pathway through ER and Golgi, suggesting that the role of nonmuscle myosin is primarily to partition collagen mRNAs to the ER membrane. We postulate that collagen mRNAs directly partition to the ER membrane prior to synthesis of the signal peptide and that LARP6 and nonmuscle myosin filaments mediate this process. This allows coordinated initiation of translation on the membrane bound collagen α1(I) and α2(I) mRNAs, a necessary step for proper synthesis of type I collagen.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Cone-Jet for Electrospray (2007)

The interference effect on an array of electrospray emitters is analytically and experimentally investigated. An analytical model is presented to predict the behavior of the operating voltage with respect to emitter spacing in an array of emitters. The basic idea of these models is to superimpose the electric potential of individual emitters together in an array of emitters. If only one of the emitters operates and no liquid is supplied through the neighboring emitters, the potential required to form a stable cone-jet generally increases as the emitters move closer to each other due to electrical shielding. However, at very close spacing the required potential decreases. If all the emitters operate simultaneously, the operating voltage required for cone-jet spraying increases as the emitter spacing decreases; furthermore, there is no decrease in potential when the spacing is very close. The results of the analytical electrostatic interference model agree well with the experimental data.
Friction and Molecular Deformation in the Tensile Regime (1999)

Recent molecular level studies of energy dissipation in sliding friction have suggested a contribution from adhesive forces. In order to observe this directly, we have constructed a scanning force microscope with decoupled lateral and normal force sensors to simultaneously observe the onset of both friction and attractive forces. Measurements made on self-assembling alkanethiol films with chemically different tail groups show that friction can increase with stronger adhesive intermolecular forces and from the associated tensile deformation and collective motion of the thiol chains.
Gut feelings about smoking and coffee in Parkinson's disease (2014)

Strong epidemiologic evidence suggests that smokers and coffee drinkers have a lower risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). The explanation for this finding is still unknown, and the discussion has focused on two main hypotheses. The first suggests that PD patients have premorbid personality traits associated with dislike for coffee-drinking and smoking. The second posits that caffeine and nicotine are neuroprotective. We propose an alternative third hypothesis, in which both cigarette and coffee consumption change the composition of the microbiota in the gut in a way that mitigates intestinal inflammation. This, in turn, would lead to less misfolding of the protein alpha-synuclein in enteric nerves, reducing the risk of PD by minimizing propagation of the protein aggregates to the central nervous system, where they otherwise can induce neurodegeneration.
국정관리연구 10주년 기획: 지속 가능한 사회와 국정관리 : 노동시장 내 여성고용평등과 출산율의 관계 연구 -OECD 18개 국가를 대상으로 (2015)

본 연구는 노동시장 내 여성고용평등과 출산율의 관계를 살펴보기 위해, 2000년부터 2007년까지 OECD 18개 국가를 대상으로 집적시계열 분석을 하였다. 연구결과, 행정·관리직 여성비율, 남성 대비 여성소득비율, 여성 취업률, 성평등 가치관 변수가 출산율에 통계적으로 유의미한 양(+)의 영향을 미치고 있는 반면 전문직 여성비율, 여성파트타임 비율은 출산율에 음(-)의 영향을 준다는 사실을 확인하였다. 주요 연구결과에 대한 정책적 함의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, OECD 국가들은 노동시장 내 여성고용의 불평등문제를 해소함으로써 비교적 높은 수준의 출산율을 유지하고 있다. 둘째, 일-가정 양립이 가능하며, 여성의 노동권과 모성권을 보호받기 위해서는 단순히, 비정규직 파트타임 근무가 아닌 정규직을 기반으로 한 탄력근무제, 압축근무제와 같은 다양한 근로시간 유연화 정책이 필요하다. 셋째, 자녀 출산 및 양육의 역할이 여성의 몫으로 인식되지 않도록 전반적으로 여성에 대한 성역할 가치관을 개선시키기 위한 노력이 필요하다.
The Flaw of Averages (2002)

The measure of central tendency that Gould refers to is typically the average, also known as the expected value, and the mistakes he warns of result from a common fallacy as fundamental as the belief that the Earth is flat. It permeates planning activities in business, government and the military. It helped mask the recent subprime mortgage fiasco until it became a world crisis, and it will plague those trying to clean up the mess. It's even enshrined within accounting codes.
Development of a Piezoelectric Screwdriver for Recessless Screws (2005)

Screw’s are widely used because of their ease of use and very high joint force. Screws can be tightened very easily using plus- or minus screwdrivers. However, the cross- or minus-shaped recess on the screwhead causes a lot of problems. First, screws can be too easily loosened by screwdrivers, which means it becomes very easy to dismantle parts that should not be dismantled. Second, the recess makes a machine less aesthetically pleasing. Third, many screwdrivers of different diameter must be available. Fourth, if the recess is damaged, it becomes difficult or impossible to tighten or loosen the screw. To solve these problems, we propose a recessless screw. Recessless screw provides ultimate tamper-resistance. The proposed screwdriver uses piezoelectric cells to tighten or loosen recessless screws. Piezoelectric cells vibrate ultrasonically, generating rotation and tightening torque. The principle of the proposed screwdriver is examined by experiments whose results show the high potential of the piezoelectric screwdriver.
Sweep and Dihedral Effects in Axial-Flow Turbomachinery (1963)

An approximate method for including the effects of sweep and dihedral when designing axial-flow turbomachinery blading is presented. Blades are said to have sweep when the flow direction is not perpendicular to the spanwise direction, and dihedral when the blade surface is not normal to the surface of an end wall. It is shown that blade cross sections should be cut by sectioning surfaces that are tangent to the axisymmetric stream surfaces of the meridional flow, but that these cross sections should be viewed by looking parallel to the axis (stacking line) of the blade. When this is done the observed blade shapes and flow angle distributions are most nearly comparable to those obtained from two-dimensional cascade experiments and analyses. This approach is found to be inadequate at the blade ends, however, and an analytical method is presented which yields a wall correction for blade rows of semi-infinite span. For all practical variations of the parameters involved in the design of axial-flow compressors and turbines, the wall correction can be conveniently calculated from a set of approximate formulas presented in this paper. The importance of an adequate axisymmetric solution (method not presented herein) as the first step in the analysis is pointed out; many of the effects of sweep and dihedral are traceable to the skewness of the force and thickness-blockage fields of the axisymmetric model. Finally, the paper summarizes the blading design procedure and applies the present work within the framework of the overall design. As an example, the method is used to design a swept cascade; previously reported test results for a similar cascade tend to substantiate the validity of the design procedure, but experimental results for a direct comparison with the theory are not available.
Comparing OSNR based policies for an adaptive-alternative IA-RWA algorithm applied to all-optical networks (2013)

We propose two policies to select the route for an adaptive-alternative routing algorithm for all-optical networks. We use the NrPSR to find the Nr routes with lower cost for a given source-destination pair according to a cost function expanded in a power series (PSR) in which the coefficients are determined by a Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO). The selected route to attend to the call request can be chosen among the Nr found routes depending on the adopted policy. In the first proposal, named NrPSR(OSNR JE), we select the route that presents the lower OSNR that attends the Quality of Transmission requirements. In the second approach, named NrPSR(OSNR MAX), we select the route that presents the higher OSNR. In our simulations we considered some physical layer effects, such as: ASE noise generation, Optical Amplifier gain and ASE saturation and OXC crosstalk. We compared the performance of our proposed policies to others previous proposed policies for the NrPSR and other well known algorithms described in the literature. NrPSR(OSNR JE) outperformed all other routing algorithms.
Isolation and Characterization of Starch Mutants in Rice (2003)

We isolated various kinds of mutants participating in the biosynthesis of endosperm starch by the MNU treatment of fertilized egg cells in japonica rice cultivars. There were at least 6 mutant loci lowering amylose content including the wx locus. These low amylose mutations altered the amylose content without affecting the amylopectin structure. The amylose content did not affect the initiation of gelatinization, but influenced greatly the swelling of gel, indicating that amylose content affects the swelling power of gel and the termination of gelatinization. BEIIb mutation decreased specifically the short chains with DP less than 17 in amylopectin whereas BEI mutation was characterized by a significant decrease in long chains with DP longer than 38 and short chains with DP 12 to 23, suggesting that BEIIb and BEI contributes to the synthesis of A chains, and B, and B3 chains of amylopectin, respectively. Notable alteration on the chain length profile was not observed in BEIIa mutation. Each BE mutation showed distinct effect on the thermal properties of endosperm starch. The sug2 mutation lowering the expression level of PUL increased shorter chains of amylopectin and accumulated a significant amount of the water-soluble polysaccharides as well as ISA (sugl ) mutation. The fl o2 mutation decreased simultaneously the expression levels of some of the enzymes including BEI, PUL and GBSS, suggesting that the wild type Flo2 gene probably encodes a regulatory protein that modulates the expression of the genes involved in starch biosynthesis. Some mutants involved in the biosyn thesis of ADP-glucose were also isolated.
Inside Intel - coping with complex projects (2001)

In this paper, the authors describe how team-based project management processes and metrics enable design teams at Intel to plan, execute and evaluate performance on complex projects, on a quarterly basis.
Electrical and physical properties of HfO2 films prepared by remote plasma oxidation of Hf metal (2003)

The electrical and physical properties of thin hafnium oxide (HfO2) films fabricated by a remote plasma oxidation of a hafnium metal were investigated. The HfO2 capacitors with TiN electrodes exhibited excellent electrical characteristics such as equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of 0.65 nm with leakage current density of 2.7 A/cm2 at the gate bias of Vfb-1 (V). The HfO2 thickness dependence of the EOT demonstrated that the permittivity of 19 for HfO2 layer and the interfacial layer thickness of 0.36 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study revealed that the oxygen radicals oxidize the Hf metal selectively than Si substrate, leading to an increase of permittivity of HfO2 with reduced interfacial layer growth.
The mechanical properties of bone in osteoporosis (1981)

Specimens of femoral cortical bone from normal subjects and from patients with osteoporosis were mechanically tested in tension to destruction. The osteoporotic bone showed less strength and less stiffness than the normal bone; these reductions are related to the increased cavity area in osteoporosis. Further, the osteoporotic bone is not able to absorb as much energy before fracture as the normal bone; but this difference is not related to changes in cavity area.
Detection of isoflavonoids and their glycosides by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in root extracts of lupin (Lupinus albus) (1999)

HPLC combined with electrospray ionization MS (LC–ESI-MS) was used for the identification of isoflavonoids and their glycosides in extracts from white lupin (Lupinus albus) tissues. The applicability of LC–ESI-MS for the simultaneous analysis of secondary metabolites of different polarities (free aglycones and their glycosides) is demonstrated. For optimization of the chromatographic and MS conditions, genistin (genistein 7-O-β-glucoside) and rutin [quercetin 3-O-β-(6″-O-α-rhamnosyl glucoside)] were used as standards. The detection limit for the analysis of genistin by HPLC was determined to be 20 ng (ca. 50 pmol). The analytical conditions established were employed to analyse isoflavonoids and their glycosidic conjugates obtained from lupin root extracts by solid phase extraction. Four glycosides and seven isoflavonoid aglycones were detected in the analysed samples. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compact five-band meandered PIFA by using meandered slots structure (2007)

The development of small integrated antennas plays a significant role in the progress of rapidly expanding wireless communication applications. The proposed planar inverted-F antenna is designed for multi-bands operation by using three meandered slots etched in the meandered patch pattern. The novel meandered antenna is able to operate in the GSM-900/GPS-1575/DCS-1800/PCS-1900/WLAN bands with a voltage standing wave radio (VSWR) better than 2.5. Modifying the three meandered slots structure of antenna is alternative way to obtain the desired multi-bands resonance frequency operation and reduce 50% of the conventional meandered antenna size. The compact multi-bands method is attractive from the point of view of practical antenna performances.
HUMAN ALLOGENEIC VASCULAR REJECTION AFTER ARTERIAL TRANSPLANTATION AND PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID RECONSTITUTION IN SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE1 (1999)

The results provide evidence of alloimmune-mediated vascular rejection in this human arterial transplantation model.
Btl, a structural gene for the major 39–44 kDa amyloplast membrane polypeptides (1995)

The aim of the present work was to investigate the relationship between the Btl gene (Btl) and the major 39–44 kDa amyloplast membrane polypeptides which were deficient in amyloplast membranes of brittlel (btl) kernels of maize ( Zea mays L.). A rapid yet gentle procedure for the isolation of amyloplasts from immature kernels is described. These amyloplasts were relatively free of contamination by other cellular components, and immunological studies showed that they contained polypeptides which reacted with antibodies to maize starch branching enzyme and ADP‐Gle pyrophosphorylase. Purified membranes isolated from the amyloplast contained a poly‐peptide which reacted with antibodies to the P i ‐translocator from spinach chloroplasts. However, a cluster of 39–44 kDa polypeptides accounted for about 40% of the total amyloplast membrane protein from W64A kernels. These polypeptides were specifically recognized by antibodies raised against a fusion protein consisting of 56 amino acids of the carboxyl terminus of the BTI protein and glutathione S‐transferase. The BT1 antibodies also reacted with the abundant polypeptides in amyloplast membranes from hybrid kernels (Doebler 66XP and Pioneer 3780), and the shrunkenl and shrunken2 mutant genotypes, but no BTl reacting polypeptides were present in amyloplast membranes from btl mutant kernels. We were unable to detect BTl by the immunoblot procedure in microsomal membranes from embryo and pericarp tissues from the kernel, from seedling roots and shoots, or in membranes from mitochondria and chloroplasts. The same BTl immunoblot pattern was obtained for proteins extracted from microsomal membranes from developing endosperm and from purified amyloplast membranes. A linear relationship between the number of copies of Btl alleles and the levels of BTl in endosperm microsomal membranes was demonstrated in a gene dosage series. BTl was not extracted from amyloplast membranes by chloroform/methanol or by alkaline buffer at pH 11.5, but was partially extracted by 0.1 M NaOH. These lines of evidence support the conclusion that Btl is the structural gene for the major 39–44 kDa amyloplast membrane polypeptides and that these polypeptides are integral proteins specific to amyloplast membranes from the endosperm.
Three-dimensional theory and simulation of nonrelativistic elliptic electron and Ion beam generation (2006)

A three-dimensional theory of nonrelativistic, laminar, space-charge-limited, ellipse-shaped, charged-particle beam formation has been developed recently. Charged particles (electrons or ions) are accelerated across a diode by a static voltage differential and focused transversely by Pierce-type external electrodes placed along analytically specified surfaces. The theory is presented here along with design examples for a 6:1 elliptic electron beam diode and a 3:2 heavy ion beam diode. OMNITRAK simulations are performed to verify the theory and to explore beam tolerances with respect to perturbations of the diode geometry of the sort likely to be encountered in a realistic device: finite electrode extent, part misalignment, and allowances for thermal isolation.