gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon electron emitters fabricated by ultraviolet laser pulses (2006)

In this letter we consider the effect of laser pulse duration on the surface morphology and the field emission properties of silicon structured by UV laser pulses. In three different pulse duration regimes ranging from sub-ps to ns, we altered the morphology of the fabricated silicon microspike arrays. The field emission properties of the microspike arrays were influenced by the morphological changes exhibiting a reduction of the emission threshold field to 2.5V∕μm for 15ns laser pulses. The ability of tuning the field emission properties of laser-fabricated silicon microspike arrays makes them excellent candidates for use as field emission cathodes.
Effect of Hormones and Development on the Expression of the Rat 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Receptor Gene (1989)

We have used specific cDNAs to the rat vitamin D receptor (VDR) and to the mammalian vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding proteins (calbindin-D9k in intestine and calbindin-D28k in kidney) in order to obtain a better understanding of the regulation of the VDR gene and its relationship to calbindin gene expression. Hormonal regulation and development expression of the rat VDR gene were characterized by both Northern and slot blot analyses. Administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3; 25 ng/day for 7 days) to vitamin D-deficient rats resulted in an increase in calbindin mRNA in intestine and kidney but no change in VDR mRNA in these tissues. Vitamin D-deficient rats responded to dexamethasone treatment (100 micrograms/100 g of body weight/day for 4 days) with a 2.5-fold increase in intestinal VDR mRNA which was accompanied by a 4-fold decrease in intestinal calbindin-D9k mRNA. Developmental studies indicated a pronounced increase in renal VDR mRNA and calbindin-D28k mRNA between birth and 1 week of age. In the intestine, an induction of VDR and calbindin-D9k gene expression was observed at a later time, during the 3rd postnatal week (the period of increased duodenal active transport of calcium). Taken collectively, our data indicate that in the adult rat, target tissue response to hormone is not modified by a corresponding alteration in new receptor synthesis. However, developmental studies indicate that the induction of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor mRNA is correlated with the induction of calbindin gene expression. Our results also demonstrate that glucocorticoid administration can result in an alteration in intestinal calbindin and VDR gene expression.
The Tetanus Neurotoxin‐Sensitive and Insensitive Routes to and from the Plasma Membrane: Fast and Slow Pathways? (2005)

Intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes involves the budding of vesicles from a donor compartment, their translocation, and subsequent fusion with a target membrane. This last step has been shown to involve SNARE proteins, classified into two categories, vesicular (v)-SNAREs and target (t)-SNAREs. It is the pairing of v- and t-SNAREs that is responsible for bringing the lipid bilayers together for membrane fusion. Key to the discovery of SNAREs is the sensitivity of their neuronal synaptic prototypes, which mediate the release of neurotransmitters, to clostridial neurotoxins. In this review, we focus on tetanus neurotoxin-sensitive and tetanus neurotoxin-insensitive v-SNAREs, in particular synaptobrevin and cellubrevin, both tetanus neurotoxin-sensitive and Tetanus neurotoxin-Insensitive Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein (TI-VAMP, also called VAMP7). The brevins are characterized by an RD sequence in the middle of their SNARE motif whereas TI-VAMP has an RG sequence. These two categories of exocytic v-SNAREs define two important routes to and from the plasma membrane: one sensitive, the other insensitive to tetanus neurotoxin. We also discuss the central role of the endosomal system that could be considered, as already suggested for Rab proteins, as a mosaic of v-SNAREs, thus raising the question of whether or not these two routes can merge, and if so, how and where.
Higgs Machine Learning Challenge 2014 (2014)

High Energy Physics (HEP) has been using Machine Learning (ML) techniques such as boosted decision trees (paper) and neural nets since the 90s. These techniques are now routinely used for difficult tasks such as the Higgs boson search. Nevertheless, formal connections between the two research fields are rather scarce, with some exceptions such as the AppStat group at LAL, founded in 2006. In collaboration with INRIA, AppStat promotes interdisciplinary research on machine learning, computational statistics, and high-energy particle and astroparticle physics. We are now exploring new ways to improve the cross-fertilization of the two fields by setting up a data challenge, following the footsteps of, among others, the astrophysics community (dark matter and galaxy zoo challenges) and neurobiology (connectomics and decoding the human brain). The organization committee consists of ATLAS physicists and machine learning researchers. The Challenge will run from Monday 12th to September 2014.
Doping‐Free Nanoscale Complementary Carbon‐Nanotube Field‐Effect Transistors with DNA‐Templated Molecular Lithography (2008)

A comprehensive methodology that enables cost-effective and reproducible fabrication for doping-free complementary carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors with molecular-scale nanogaps is presented (see image). Incorporating top-down/bottom-up dualities, numerous SWNTs are localized at a predefined active region and interconnected via a DNA-templated nanogap.
Proposal for a New Hierarchic Classification System, Actinobacteria classis nov. (1997)

A new hierarchic classification structure for the taxa between the taxonomic levels of genus and class is Proposed for the actinomycete line of descent as defined by analysis of small subunit (16S) rRNA and genes coding for this molecule (rDNA). While the traditional circumscription of a genus of the actinomycete subphylum is by and large in accord with the 16S rRNA/rDNA-based phylogenetic clustering of these organisms. most of the higher taxa proposed in the past do not take into account the phylogenetic clustering of genera. The rich chemical, morphological and physiological diversity of phylogenetically closely related genera makes the description of families and higher taxa so broad that they become meaningless for the description of the enclosed taxa. Here we present a classification system in which phylogenetically neighboring taxa at the genus level are clustered into families, suborders, orders, subclasses, and a class irrespective of those phenotypec characteristics on which the delineation of taxa has been based in the past. Rather than being based on a listing of a wide array of chemotaxonomic, morphological, and physiological properties, the delineation is based solely on 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence-based phylogenetic clustering and the presence of taxon-specific 16S rDNA RNA signature nucleotides.
Magnetic properties of thin-film Ag+iron-oxide granular metals (1988)

The magnetic properties of iron-oxide particulates dispersed in silver (prepared by rf diode sputtering silver and iron oxide over a wide composition range) have been investigated using the Mössbauer effect, electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The sputtered films are nanocrystalline mixtures of immiscible particles of the two constituents (even when only a very small amount of silver is present). At room temperature, the Mössbauer effect data show that for most compositions (even those with low silver content) the majority of the film is superparamagnetic, with the fraction of material in the superparamagnetic state increasing with increasing Ag content. Consistent with these results, very narrow hysteresis loops were observed. On decreasing the temperature to near 100 K, the fraction of material in the superparamagnetic state decreased and the magnetically ordered component increased. Electron diffraction patterns clearly showed the presence of polycrystalline Ag and Fe3 O4 in the films, but composition analysis (0.03 μm resolution) was unable to separate these regions.
Targeting tumor microvessels using doxorubicin encapsulated in a novel thermosensitive liposome (2004)

Liposomal drugs accumulate only in perivascular regions in tumors after i.v. injection. Thus, they cannot kill tumor cells in deeper tissue layers. To circumvent this problem, we investigated effects of doxorubicin (DOX) encapsulated in a lysolecithin-containing thermosensitive liposome (LTSL) on tumor microcirculation because damaging microvessels would stop nutrient supply to deeper tumor cells. We used LTSL-DOX in combination with hyperthermia to treat a human squamous carcinoma xenograft (FaDu) implanted in dorsal skinfold chambers in nude mice. Before the treatment, the RBC velocity in tumors was 0.428 +/- 0.037 mm/s and the microvascular density was 3.93 +/- 0.44 mm/mm(2). At 24 hours after the treatment, they were reduced to 0.003 +/- 0.003 mm/s and 0.86 +/- 0.27 mm/mm(2), respectively. The same treatment, however, caused only 32% decrease in the RBC velocity and no apparent change in microvascular networks in normal s.c. tissues over the same period. LTSL and LTSL-DOX alone had no effect on tumor microcirculation, and LTSL plus hyperthermia caused only a transient decrease in the RBC velocity in tumors. At 24 hours after treatments, tumor microcirculation in all these control experiments was insignificantly different from that before the treatments. We also examined apoptosis of cells in tumors at different time points after LTSL-DOX plus hyperthermia treatment and observed few apoptotic cells in tumor microvessels. In conclusion, the rapid release of DOX during hyperthermia could make the drug to shutdown tumor blood flow while have only minor effects on normal microcirculation in s.c. tissues.
How Little We Know About Deficit Policy Effects (1992)

Do budget deficits matter for the economy in general or real interest rates in particular? About half the available empirical studies say yes, and the other half say no. In this paper, we explain how investigators examining the same body of data can arrive at diametrically opposed conclusions. We show that these studies are flawed by an important statistical problem and that the studies' arbitrary resolution of this problem colors their results. We also argue that this problem is difficult and is not likely to be resolved soon.
High Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry in Nontargeted Bottom-up Proteomics of Dried Blood Spots (2018)

Despite the great potential of dried blood spots (DBS) as a source of endogenous proteins for biomarker discovery, the literature relating to nontargeted bottom-up proteomics of DBS is sparse, primarily due to the inherent complexity and very high dynamic range associated with these samples. Here, we present proof-of-concept results in which we have coupled high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for nontargeted bottom-up proteomics of DBS with the aim of addressing these challenges. We, and others, have previously demonstrated the benefits of FAIMS more generally in proteomics including improved signal-to-noise and extended proteome coverage, and the aim of the current work was to extend those benefits specifically to DBS. The DBS samples were either extracted by the more traditional manual "punch and elute" approach or by an automated liquid surface extraction (LESA) approach prior to trypsin digestion. The resulting samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and LC-FAIMS-MS/MS analysis. The results show that the total number of proteins identified increased by ∼50% for the punch and elute samples and ∼45% for the LESA samples in the LC-FAIMS-MS/MS analysis. For both the punch and elute samples and the LESA samples, ∼30% of the total proteins identified were observed in both the LC-MS/MS and the LC-FAIMS-MS/MS data sets, illustrating the complementarity of the approaches. Overall, this work demonstrates the benefits of inclusion of FAIMS for nontargeted proteomics of DBS.
The Zig-Zag Deformity in the Rheumatoid Hand (1971)

Abstract Ulnar deviation of the fingers in rheumatoid arthritis has been shown to be very frequently associated with radial deviation of the hand. This constitutes a zig-zag deformity and therefore is due either to a loss of stabilising muscle force or to a ligamentous rupture. The stability of the wrist as against radial deviation in pronation is largely due to the power of Extensor Carpi Ulnaris. The position of the tendon of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris varies between pronation and supination, and the tendon is in close relation to the triangular ligament of the wrist joint. Loss of function or rupture of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris allows radial deviation of the hand, and in the presence of rheumatoid disease in the metacarpalphalangeal joint, ulnar deviation of the fingers will result.
Cognitive radar for the localization of RFID transponders in dense multipath environments (2013)

High-accuracy localization remains a much desired but elusive feature for passive radio transponders as used in radio-frequency identification (RFID). We believe that the principle of cognitive radar can overcome the fundamental physical limitations hindering its implementation. We propose to jointly employ a narrowband radio to interrogate the transponders and an adaptive (ultra) wideband backscatter radio for the target tracking and for actuating, sensing, and learning the radio environment. This paper explores system model and key processing perception-action cycle steps of such a cognitive secondary radar. At its core is a perception-action cycle, which consists of transmitter and receiver-side environment models for representing radio channel conditions and Bayesian trackers for the target states. Multipath is exploited to improve the robustness and to make optimum use of the radar's sensing capabilities. Feedback information is derived from the Cramέr-Rao lower bound on the position error. Initial results are presented as a basic proof of principle.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) doped with a pyrazoloquinoline dye: A deep blue light-emitting composite for light-emitting diode applications (2006)

We investigated the spectral properties of light-emitting diodes based on a deep blue-emitting pyrazoloquinoline dye doped into a poly(N-vinylcarbazole)-based matrix. Even though the electroluminescence (EL) of the host is redshifted and broadened with respect to the emission of the dye, the EL spectrum becomes fully dominated by the dye emission at concentrations of ca. 2wt%. This is attributed to a competition of exciplex formation on the matrix and exciton formation on the dye.
Abstract P2-09-21: Teriflunomide, an immunomodulatory drug, exerts anticancer activity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells via modulation of multiple cell signal pathways (2013)

Abstract Background: Breast cancer is the most diagnosed female cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a special subtype, defined as breast cancer lacking estrogen, progesterone and HER-2 receptors, showed clinically aggressive features and was associated with poor prognosis. TNBC is resistant to endocrine or HER-2 targeted therapies, and only conventional chemotherapeutic regimens were accepted as the treatment guidelines. Therefore, searching for novel pharmaceutical agents for TNBC is urgent and a hot spot in present clinical research. Teriflunomide, an orally available immunomodulatory drug, approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) by FDA, has demonstrated the potential application in cancer therapy, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prostate cancer and melanoma. Therefore, we assessed the therapeutic value of teriflunomide in TNBC cells. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we showed that teriflunomide treatment resulted in a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of proliferation in three TNBC cell lines: MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and BT549. Meanwhile, the agent could also induce loss of clonogenic survival in dose-dependent fashion in TNBC cells. The analysis of cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry revealed that teriflunomide for 48 h entrapped TNBC cells in S-phase with concomitant reduction in both G1- and G2/M-phase. Furthermore, by Annexin-V/PI staining, we showed high doses of teriflunomide for 2 days led to significant necrosis and minor apoptosis in TNBC cells. Additionally, the effect of teriflunomide on TNBC cell migration and invasion was also tested using Boyden chamber assays. Short-term treatment of teriflunomide decreased the cell motility and invasiveness considerably in a concentration-dependent manner. When evaluated for underlying mechanisms, teriflunomide was found to modulate multiple cell signaling pathways in three TNBC cell lines. First, teriflunomide inhibited expression of proteins linked to cell proliferation, such as cyclin D1 and c-Myc. Second, teriflumomide delayed cell cycle transition by up-regulating cyclin A, along with p27 down-regulation and unchanged cyclin B1. Third, teriflunomide regulated the cell survival proteins, such as up-regulation of BAX and down-regulation of Bcl-Xl, by activation of MAPK pathway. Fourth, teriflunomide suppressed the marker signals involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition(EMT) and invasion and inhibited activation of FAK/Src complex. Fifth, teriflunomide down-regulated growth factor receptors involved in TNBC growth maintenance, such as EGFR, IGF1R and FGFR4. Conclusion/Significance: Teriflunomide, although an anti-inflammatory agent, is a potent inhibitor of TNBC cells through modulation of multiple signaling pathways and may be of therapeutic benefit for TNBC in clinical practice. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-09-21.
Strawberry Hemangioma in Preterm Infants (1986)

Abstract: Of 973 preterm infants, strawberry hemangioma was recorded in 124 during the first year of life, giving an overall frequency of 12.7%. Male:female ratio was 1:1.4. In 96 infants with birth weight below 1000 g, hemangioma occurred in 22 (22.9%), and in the group of very low‐birth‐weight infants (below 1500 g) the rate was 15.6%. Ninety‐four infants had a single hemangioma and three had more than 10 lesions each. With one exception, no treatment was needed, as spontaneous involution started at age 5 to 12 months.
Bone islands of the craniomaxillofacial region (2013)

Objectives: To present and discuss the demographic and radiographic aspects of craniomaxillofacial bone islands (BIs) in the population of china. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of all cases of BIs diagnosed in the Department of Oral Radiology in West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University. The data collected included age at diagnosis, gender, race, location, presenting symptoms, type of BIs. Results: In radiographic evaluation, BIs appear as localized, well-defined, non-expansile, radiopaque masses, which are round, elliptic or irregular in shape and are of variable size, ranging from a few millimetres to about 2 cm in diameter. The results of this study generally supported previous findings that BIs have an overwhelming mandibular predilection, especially, in the pre-molar/molar region, no sex predilection. Conclusions: The presumptive diagnosis of a BI can easily be made if the individual clinical and radiologic findings, together with follow-up examinations, are taken into account. In addition, it is important to recognize this anomaly, evaluate radiographies carefully and distinguish it from other bone variations such as primary or metastatic tumours, which is much more significant clinically in dental examinations.
Fabrication and performance of a miniaturized 64-element high-frequency endoscopic phased array (2013)

We have developed a 42 MHz, 64-element phased array transducer packaged in a 2.5 mm by 3.1 mm endoscopic form factor. The array is a forward looking semi-kerfed design based on a 0.68Pb(Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/3</sub> Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2/3</sub> )O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -0.32PbTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (PMN-32%PT) single-crystal wafer with an element-to-element pitch of 38 microns. In order to achieve a miniaturized form factor, a novel technique of wire bonding the array elements to a polyimide flexible circuit board oriented parallel to the forward looking ultrasound beam and perpendicular to the array was developed. A technique of dicing partially into the back of the array was also implemented in order to improve the directivity of the array elements. The array was fabricated with a single layer P(VDF-TrFE)-copolymer matching layer and a polymethylpentene (TPX) lens for passive elevation focusing to a depth of 7 mm. The two-way -6 dB pulse bandwidth was measured to be 55% and the average electromechanical coupling (k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> ) for the individual elements was measured to be 0.62. The one-way -3 dB directivity from several array elements was measured and found to be ± 20 degrees, which was shown to be an improvement over an identical kerfless array. The -3 dB one-way elevation focus resulting from the TPX lens was measured to be 152 microns at the focal depth, and the focused lateral resolution was measured to be 80 microns at a steering angle of 0°. To generate beam profiles and images the probe was connected to a Visualsonics Vevo 2100 imaging platform which was reprogrammed to allow for phased array transmit beamforming and receive data collection. The collected RF data was then processed offline using a Matlab script to generate sector images. Focused one-way transmit radiation patterns were collected with a needle hydrophone. Two-way images were generated with a dynamic range of 60 dB for wire phantoms in water and a tissue-equivalent medium. Finally, ex-vivo tissue images were generated of porcine brain tissue.
Patterning of vertical thin film emitters in field emission arrays and their emission characteristics (2002)

The present paper concerns a new manufacturing process for emission structures with Vertical Thin Film Emitters (VTFE). Simple methods of directional vacuum deposition for different materials were employed in the above process. VTFE were fabricated via deposition of Cr, Ti layers on Cu posts with Cr caps, located on a substrate, followed by dissolution of Cu posts. Thus produced emission structures had VTFE density of 2.88/spl times/10/sup 6/ emitters/cm/sup 2/. The height of VTFE ungated structures was /spl sim/5.5-5.8 /spl mu/m. The extraction field of Ti VTFE structures was /spl sim/15-20 V//spl mu/m. The possibility to employ a foregoing process for gated structures with VTFE was demonstrated.
Anionic polymers and biological activities. Effects of some new polycarboxylic acids on the ascitic sarcoma 180 of mice (1978)

Eleven new polymeric carboxylic acids with widely different solubilities in water have been synthesized. The activities of these polymers against the ascitic sarcoma 180 tumor of mice and their acute toxicities in mice have been compared with molecular parameters of the polymers such as molecular weights, charge densities, and abilities to complex calcium and magnesium ions. The maximum effectiveness of these polymers against ascitic sarcoma 180 of mice is greatest for those polymers having fewer carboxyl groups ionized at pH 7. Toxicities are lower for polymers having more carboxyl groups ionized at pH 7.