gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cobalt(II) chloride catalyzed acylation of alcohols with acetic anhydride: scope and mechanism (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCobalt(II) chloride catalyzed acylation of alcohols with acetic anhydride: scope and mechanismJaved Iqbal and Rajiv Ranjan SrivastavaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 7, 2001–2007Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00033a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00033a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2193Altmetric-Citations203LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems (2008)

From a public health viewpoint, the intrauterine device (IUD) is the most widely used contraceptive method in the world. Prevalence rates range among countries from 2 to 80% of contraceptive users. During 5 years of IUD use, pregnancy occurs in less than 2 per 100 insertions. Bleeding and pain are the most common reasons for removal rates of 10% in the first year and up to 50% within 5 years. The contraceptive effects of IUDs may be due to a sterile inflammatory reaction in the endometrial cavity which interferes with sperm function, so that fertilization is less likely to occur. IUDs also interfere with implantation but the extent to which this contributes to their contraceptive action is unknown. In nulliparous women rates of expulsion and removal for bleeding and/or pain are higher than in parous women. Effective use of IUDs for up to 10 years has the same pregnancy rate as tubal interruption. Thus, the IUD may be an alternative to female sterilization, especially in younger women who are more likely to experience regret after sterilization. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) reduces bleeding and dysmenorrhoea, provides superior effectiveness to copper IUDs, and may be a useful treatment for endometriosis or an alternative to hysterectomy for menorrhagia.
Optimization of direct-write polarization gratings (2015)

We recently reported on a mathematical formalism for analyzing the result of a direct-write scanning system applied to photoaligned liquid crystal films. We use that formalism to study the direct-write recording of polarization gratings (PGs). First, we evaluate three scan paths in simulation and experiment, describe their tradeoffs and practical constraints, and identify the most favorable. Second, we explore the parameter space of direct-write PGs in simulation, which includes four dimensions in general: grating period, line spacing, beam size, and spatially averaged fluence. Using this analysis, we predict that a certain portion of the parameter space should be optimal, leading to high diffraction efficiency and well-aligned PGs. Finally, we experimentally fabricate and characterize nine PGs with scan parameters within and around this optimal parameter space and conclude that the prediction is validated. This work is the first in-depth study of direct-write PGs; it identifies many challenges and solutions, and shows, for the first time, direct-write recorded PGs with quality equivalent to those recorded via holography. In particular, we demonstrate a PG (20 m period) with first-order diffraction efficiency 99.5%, 0.2% haze, and polarization contrast of 2000.
A new approach to simultaneous buffer insertion and wire sizing (1997)

We present a completely new approach to the problem of delay minimization by simultaneous buffer insertion and wire sizing for a wire. We show that the problem can be formulated as a convex quadratic program, which is known to be solvable in polynomial time. Nevertheless, we explore some special properties of our problem and derive on optimal and very efficient algorithm to solve the resulting program. Given m buffers and a set of n discrete choices of wire width, the running time of our algorithm is O(mn/sup 2/) and is independent of the wire length in practice. For example, an instance of 100 buffers and 100 choices of wire width can be solved in 3 seconds. Besides, our formulation is so versatile that it is easy to consider other objectives like wire area or power dissipation, or to add constraints to the solution. Also, wire capacitance lookup tables, or very general wire capacitance models which can capture area capacitance, fringing capacitance, coupling capacitance, etc. can be used.
Directionally adaptive super-resolution (2009)

In this paper a novel direction adaptive super-resolution (SR) image reconstruction method is proposed. The proposed maximum a-posteriori (MAP) based estimator uses gradient direction for optimal noise reduction while preserving the edges. Compared to the other edge-preserving methods, the proposed algorithm uses gradient direction in addition to the gradient amplitude for optimum regularization. The method comprises a gradient amplitude and direction estimation stage where a gradient direction map is obtained. This map guides the SR reconstruction stage through iterations. Three variations of the proposed method are compared against other edge-preserving super resolution methods. PSNR (Peak signal-to-noise-ratio), SSIM (Structural similarity index measure) values, and illustrations show that the proposed method has better performance especially on image pixel values where a strong gradient is present.
Mammalian genotoxicity assessment of methylene blue in plasma: implications for virus inactivation (1995)

Methylene blue is mutagenic in cultured mammalian cells. In contrast, results from the mouse micronucleus assay suggest that the genotoxicity is not expressed in vivo. Considerably more investigation will be required to assess the genotoxic potential of intravenously administered methylene blue used in virus-inactivation procedures, because of the likelihood of the formation of methylene blue photoproducts or the impact of metabolic conversion of methylene blue to leukomethylene blue in vivo.
Sequential Activation Process of oxygen RIE and nitrogen Radical for LiTaO3 and Si Wafer Bonding (2006)

Wafer level bonding (4 inch diameter) was examined for lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) and silicon (Si) with 1-um-thick SiO2 layer by using oxygen reactive ion etching (RIE) and sequential activation process. A sequential activation process is consisted of oxygen RIE and nitrogen radical activation. The bond strength under different bonding/annealing conditions was examined from a tensile pull test, a diesaw test and a razor blade method. The bond strength slightly decreased with increasing irradiation time of oxygen RIE, while the strength increased with increasing irradiation time of nitrogen radical. Post-bonding annealing at temperature below 180 {degree sign}C improved the bond strength and increased the fracture energy without generating serious cracks. When the wafers were bonded at room temperature, followed by annealing at 160 {degree sign}C, the wafers were cut into 1 mm × 1 mm dies without interfacial debonding due to the applied stress during diesaw.
Activation of a Silent Fungal Polyketide Biosynthesis Pathway through Regulatory Cross Talk with a Cryptic Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Cluster (2010)

Filamentous fungi produce numerous natural products that constitute a consistent source of potential drug leads, yet it seems that the majority of natural products are overlooked since most biosynthesis gene clusters are silent under standard cultivation conditions. Screening secondary metabolite genes of the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans, we noted a silent gene cluster on chromosome II comprising two nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, inpA and inpB, flanked by a regulatory gene that we named scpR for secondary metabolism cross-pathway regulator. The induced expression of the scpR gene using the promoter of the alcohol dehydrogenase AlcA led to the transcriptional activation of both the endogenous scpR gene and the NRPS genes. Surprisingly, metabolic profiling of the supernatant of mycelia overexpressing scpR revealed the production of the polyketide asperfuranone. Through transcriptome analysis we found that another silent secondary metabolite gene cluster located on chromosome VIII coding for asperfuranone biosynthesis was specifically induced. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR proved the transcription not only of the corresponding polyketide synthase (PKS) biosynthesis genes, afoE and afoG, but also of their activator, afoA, under alcAp-scpR-inducing conditions. To exclude the possibility that the product of the inp cluster induced the asperfuranone gene cluster, a strain carrying a deletion of the NRPS gene inpB and, in addition, the alcAp-scpR overexpression cassette was generated. In this strain, under inducing conditions, transcripts of the biosynthesis genes of both the NRPS-containing gene cluster inp and the asperfuranone gene cluster except gene inpB were detected. Moreover, the existence of the polyketide product asperfuranone indicates that the transcription factor ScpR controls the expression of the asperfuranone biosynthesis gene cluster. This expression as well as the biosynthesis of asperfuranone was abolished after the deletion of the asperfuranone activator gene afoA, indicating that ScpR binds to the afoA promoter. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of regulatory cross talk between two biosynthesis gene clusters located on different chromosomes.
Genetics Of Azotobacters: Applications To Nitrogen Fixation And Related Aspects Of Metabolism (1987)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Post-mortem electrical stimulation of broilers (2002)

AbstractPost-mortem electrical stimulation (ES) is not a new technology but has only recently become a commercial possibility for use in broiler processing. In broilers, ES seeks to reduce the toughness of meat that is deboned prior to the normal aging (or maturation) period. This is different from its previous use in red meat in which it is largely used to improve many aspects of the quality of meat that is aged on the carcass. Although many different ES techniques have been studied, the systems can be grouped into low amperage (0–200 mA per bird) and high amperage systems (350–500 mA per bird). Both types of systems have been used by processors and high amperage stimulators are available from a commercial manufacturer. The low amperage systems vary in their conditions and are commonly combined with other, enhancing procedures. The low amperage systems accelerate rigor development and prevent sarcomere shortening in the breast fillet after deboning, while the high amperage systems also induce the additional effect of myofibrillar damage to further improve tenderness. ES is a complex technology with many factors that need to be controlled for its successful implementation.Keywords:: electrical stimulationrigor mortismeattendernessyield
A racemic layer structure in a chiral bent-core ferroelectric liquid crystal (2001)

Abstract A fluid smectic phase of a chiral bent-core liquid crystal was found to have a ground state structure that is anticlinic in tilt and ferroelectric in polar order, SmCAPF*. The layer chirality of this structure alternates from layer to layer despite their being composed of chiral mesogens. Observations of the optical second harmonic generation signal from well-aligned domains confirm that the ground state of this phase is bistable ferroelectric. In addition to the ground state two types of metastable domains are also observed.
Towards endothelial cell‐specific transgene expression in pigs: characterization of the pig ICAM‐2 promoter (2006)

The pig and human ICAM-2 promoters exhibit many similarities, but the pig ICAM-2 gene, unlike its human and mouse homologs, contains P(8) sites in both the promoter and first intron. The enhancer activity associated with the intronic P(8) site suggests that it may be the key to achieving strong endothelial cell-specific transgene expression in pigs.
Study of fuzzy controller to control vertical position of an air-cushion tracked vehicle (2011)

This paper presents the fuzzy logic control system of an air-cushion tracked vehicle (ACTV) operating on swamp peat terrain. Vehicle vertical position is maintained by using an inflated air-cushion system attached with the vehicle. It is desired that the vehicle vertical position be maintained at a desired position so that vehicle obtains sufficient traction control and to propel the driving system. To accomplish this task, it is required that the error between the actual position and the desired position equal to zero, and the differential position rate also be equal to zero. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to develop an appropriate control strategy for an air-cushion system by using fuzzy logic expert system. Air-cushion system is controlled by the electronic proportional control valve and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with associating the output signal of the distance (height) measuring sensor attached with the vehicle. In this control scheme the fundamental goal is to employ the fuzzy logic expert system to set the fuzzy rules and to actuate the electronic proportional valve in order to obtain appropriate valve control actions. Experimental values are taken in the laboratory for control system testing to investigate the relationship between vehicle vertical position and air-cushion system.
ASYMMETRIC SIGNAL INTENSITY IN NORMAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS OF THE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT IN HORSES WITH A LOW‐FIELD MRI SYSTEM DUE TO THE MAGIC ANGLE EFFECT (2007)

Increased signal intensity in one of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint of sound horses in images acquired using a low-field magnet with vertical orientation of the magnetic field was investigated as a possible manifestation of the magic angle effect. Three isolated equine digits were imaged using the following pulse sequences: (1) spin echo TI, (2) turbo spin echo proton density and T2, and (3) 3D gradient echo T1, in different positions by mildly changing the orientation of the long axis of the digit, in the dorsal plane, relative to the magnetic field. The signal intensity in a ligament was significantly increased when the ligament orientation relative to the magnetic field was 55 +/- 10 degrees. The signal intensity was markedly increased in pulse sequences with short echo time (TE) 5.0, 4.9, and 3.9 times increased, respectively, for 3D gradient echo T1, spin echo T1, and turbo spin echo proton density) and to a lesser extent with pulse sequences with a longer TE (1.8 times increased for turbo spin echo T2). These changes are characteristic of the magic angle effect. Because of the anatomic orientation of the collateral ligaments of the DIP joint, a slight deviation of the long axis of the digit in the dorsal plane, from the ideal horizontal position, will induce an increased signal intensity that can be confused with desmitis. Careful positioning of the foot in magnetic resonance imaging systems where B0 is perpendicular to the long axis of the digit is critical to prevent the occurrence of the magic angle effect.
Analysis and Experiments on Multi-Plane Balancing of a Flexible Rotor (1972)

The accuracy of the conventional method of field balancing is investigated. A test rotor is provided with a known set of unbalance weights and is subsequently field-balanced by the trial-weight method, using the same planes in the rotor as those in which the unbalance weights are inserted. Vibration measurements are taken at several locations and speeds, and the results are used to calculate the required correction weights by means of a computer program, based on a least-squares minimizing procedure. A direct comparison between inserted and calculated weights gives a check on the method. Tests are conducted for balancing in two and three planes, and several types of analyzing instrumentation are employed for comparison. The accuracy of the measurements is also investigated.
Macro to nanoscale imaging using planar lenses at visible wavelengths (2016)

A novel fabrication process from the Capasso lab develops highly efficient planar metalenses that allow for diffraction-limited focusing, unprecedented imaging quality, and the ability to resolve chirality.
The twin-arginine translocation pathway is a major route of protein export in <i>Streptomyces coelicolor</i> (2006)

The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway is a protein transport system for the export of folded proteins. Substrate proteins are targeted to the Tat translocase by N-terminal signal peptides harboring a distinctive R-R-x-Phi-Phi "twin-arginine" amino acid motif. Using a combination of proteomic techniques, the protein contents from the cell wall of the model Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor were identified and compared with that of mutant strains defective in Tat transport. The proteomic experiments pointed to 43 potentially Tat-dependent extracellular proteins. Of these, 25 were verified as bearing bona fide Tat-targeting signal peptides after independent screening with a facile, rapid, and sensitive reporter assay. The identified Tat substrates, among others, include polymer-degrading enzymes, phosphatases, and binding proteins as well as enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. Moreover, in addition to predicted extracellular substrates, putative lipoproteins were shown to be Tat-dependent. This work provides strong experimental evidence that the Tat system is used as a major general export pathway in Streptomyces.
The aspartyl protease DDI2 activates Nrf1 to compensate for proteasome dysfunction (2016)

In response to proteasome dysfunction, mammalian cells upregulate proteasome gene expression by activating Nrf1. Nrf1 is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident transcription factor that is continually retrotranslocated and degraded by the proteasome. Upon proteasome inhibition, Nrf1 escapes degradation and is cleaved to become active. However, the processing enzyme for Nrf1 remains obscure. Here we show that the aspartyl protease DNA-damage inducible 1 homolog 2 (DDI2) is required to cleave and activate Nrf1. Deletion of DDI2 reduced the cleaved form of Nrf1 and increased the full-length cytosolic form of Nrf1, resulting in poor upregulation of proteasomes in response to proteasome inhibition. These defects were restored by adding back wild-type DDI2 but not protease-defective DDI2. Our results provide a clue for blocking compensatory proteasome synthesis to improve cancer therapies targeting proteasomes.
Ride-Through Analysis of Doubly Fed Induction Wind-Power Generator Under Unsymmetrical Network Disturbance (2006)

This paper presents a ride-through simulation study of a 2-MW wind-power doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) under a short-term unsymmetrical network disturbance. The DFIG is represented by an analytical two-axis model with constant lumped parameters and by a finite element method (FEM)-based model. The model of the DFIG is coupled with the model of the active crowbar protected and direct torque controlled (DTC) frequency converter, the model of the main transformer, and a simple model of the grid. The simulation results show the ride-through capability of the studied doubly fed wind-power generator. The results obtained by means of an analytical model and FEM model are compared in order to reveal the influence of the different modeling approaches on the short-term transient simulation accuracy
Towards a taxonomy of movement patterns (2008)

Areview of research that has been carried out on data mining and visual analysis of movement patterns suggests that there is little agreement on the relevant types of movement patterns and only few, isolated definitions of these exist. Since the research interest in this area has recently started to soar, we believe that this is a good time to approach the definition of movement patterns in a more systematic and comprehensive way. This paper intends to contribute to the development of a toolbox of data mining algorithms and visual analytic techniques for movement analysis by developing firstly a conceptual frame-work for movement behavior of different moving objects and secondly a comprehensive classification and review of movement patterns. We argue that this is indispensable as a basis for the development of pattern recognition and information visualization algorithms that are required to be efficient (i.e. usable on massive data sets), effective (i.e. capable of accurately detecting patterns not artifacts), and as generic as possible (i.e. potentially applicable to different types of movement data). We demonstrate the utilization of our classification by answering the question as to what extent eye tracking data can be seen as a proxy of other types of movement data. We have set up a moderated discussion platform in order to facilitate the further evolution of our proposed classification towards a consolidated taxonomy in a consensus process.
Solvents of Low Nucleophilicity. VIII. Possible Vinyl Cation Intermediates, a 1,4-Chlorine Shift, and Novel Substituent Cleavages in the Reaction of Trifluoroacetic Acid with Alkynes<sup>1</sup> (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolvents of Low Nucleophilicity. VIII. Possible Vinyl Cation Intermediates, a 1,4-Chlorine Shift, and Novel Substituent Cleavages in the Reaction of Trifluoroacetic Acid with Alkynes1Paul E. Peterson and James E. DuddeyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 21, 4990–4996Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00973a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00973a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views324Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts