gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visual transduction in cones of the monkey Macaca fascicularis. (1990)

1. Visual transduction in macaque cones was studied by measuring the membrane current of single outer segments projecting from small pieces of retina. 2. The response to a brief flash of light was diphasic and resembled the output of a bandpass filter with a peak frequency near 5 Hz. After the initial reduction in dark current there was a rebound increase which resulted from an increase in the number of open light-sensitive channels. The response to a step of light consisted of a prominent initial peak followed by a steady phase of smaller amplitude. 3. Responses to dim light were linear and time-invariant, suggesting that responses to single photons were linearly additive. From the flash sensitivity and the effective collecting area the peak amplitude of the single photon response was estimated as about 30 fA. 4. With flashes of increasing strength the photocurrent amplitude usually saturated along a curve that was gentler than an exponential but steeper than a Michaelis relation. The response reached the half-saturating amplitude at roughly 650 photoisomerizations. 5. The response-intensity relation was flatter in the steady state than shortly after a light step was turned on, indicating that bright light desensitized the transduction with a delay. This desensitization was not due to a reduction in pigment content. In the steady state, a background of intensity I lowered the sensitivity to a weak incremental test flash by a factor 1/(1 + I/IO), where IO was about 2.6 x 10(4) photoisomerizations s-1, or about 3.3 log trolands for the red- and green-sensitive cones. 6. Bleaching exposures produced permanent reductions in flash sensitivity but had little effect on the kinetics or saturating amplitude of subsequent flash responses. The sensitivity reductions were consistent with the expected reductions in visual pigment content and gave photosensitivities of about 8 x 10(-9) microns2 (free solution value) for the red- and green-sensitive pigments. During a steady bleaching exposure the final exponential decline of the photocurrent had a rate constant given by the product of the light intensity and the photosensitivity. 7. In some cells it was possible to measure a light-induced increase in current noise. The power spectrum of the noise resembled the spectrum of the dim flash response and the magnitude of the noise was consistent with a single photon response roughly 20 fA in size. 8. The membrane current recorded in darkness was noisy, with a variance near 0.12 pA2 in the band 0-20 Hz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
PREMIXED cw CHEMICAL LASER (1970)

cw laser action has been achieved in both HF and DF by employing entirely premixed gases in a cross-field discharge geometry. An electrical discharge, established in the He, SF6, and H2 or D2 mixture upstream and parallel to the optical axis, dissociates the SF6 producing the free fluorine which chemically reacts with the H2 or D2 to produce the excited specie. Output powers up to 0.8 W in HF have been achieved. Operating characteristics, including output power versus gas flow velocity and spectroscopic data, are reported.
Larva therapy in wound management (2000)

The use of maggots for wound debridement has a long history and has lately gained ground in several countries. We collected prospective data to examine the current use of larva therapy (LT) in the UK. Quantitative information was collected on 70 patients treated in nine hospitals. LT is used primarily to treat leg ulcers and generally involves three applications of larvae at two to three day intervals. This method is judged effective in wound debridement and promotes the growth of granulation tissue. Wound exudate, odour, infection and pain are all reduced by the treatment. Adverse reactions are infrequent but include pain, bleeding, pyrexia and influenza-like symptoms. Prevention of hospital admission and surgery, reduced need for antibiotics and reduced hospital stay are all identified as outcomes of LT. The nurse practitioners who used LT believed it to have an important role in wound management. A randomized clinical trial, comparing LT with other debriding agents, is required for evaluation of cost effectiveness.
The ATP requirement for initiation of eukaryotic translation varies according to the mRNA species (1991)

The requirement for ATP for initiation of eukaryotic mRNA translation was tested using gel-filtered rabbit reticulocyte lysates incubated with labelled Met-tRNAfMet and exogenous RNA templates, and assaying the formation of labelled 80S initiation complexes in the presence of GTP, or labelled 40S initiation complexes in the presence of a non-hydrolysable analogue of GTP. Initiation complex formation on globin mRNA, or on capped viral RNAs such as papaya mosaic virus RNA and tobacco mosaic virus RNA, was strongly stimulated by ATP. In contrast, initiation complex formation on (uncapped) encephalomyocarditis virus RNA was uninfluenced by the presence or absence of ATP, which may be correlated with the recent evidence for scanning-independent internal initiation on this viral RNA. In addition, initiation complex formation on uncapped cowpea mosaic virus RNA and on poly(A,U,G) was only slightly stimulated by ATP, much less than in the case of the capped RNAs. These results suggest that most of the ATP hydrolysed during translation initiation is consumed in cap-dependent processes, probably in unwinding the mRNA, and relatively little in the actual migration or scanning of 40S subunits along the mRNA.
A single-chip highly linear 2.4GHz 30dBm power amplifier in 90nm CMOS (2009)

In this paper, a single-chip linear CMOS power amplifier (PA) with sufficient power and linearity for emerging OFDM-based applications is reported. This 90 nm fully-integrated PA adopts a differential topology and operates at 3.3 V supply.
Synthesis and copolymerization of fluorinated monomers bearing a reactive lateral group. XX. Copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride with 4‐bromo‐1,1,2‐trifluorobut‐1‐ene (2005)

Abstract The radical copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) with 4‐bromo‐1,1,2‐trifluorobut‐1‐ene (C 4 Br) was examined. This bromofluorinated alkene was synthesized in three steps, which started with the addition of bromine to chlorotrifluoroethylene. In contrast to the ethylenation of 1,1‐difluoro‐1,2‐dibromochlorethane, which failed, that of 2‐chloro‐1,1,2‐trifluoro‐1,2‐dibromoethane was optimized and led to 2‐chloro‐1,1,2‐trifluoro‐1,4‐dibromobutane. The kinetics of the copolymerization of VDF with this brominated monomer initiated by t ‐butyl peroxypivalate led to an assessment of the reactivity ratios, r VDF = 0.96 ± 0.67 and r C4Br = 0.09 ± 0.63, at 50 °C. The suspension copolymerization was also carried out, and the chemical modifications of the resulting bromo‐containing poly(vinylidene fluoride)s were attempted and consisted mainly of elimination or nucleophilic substitution of the bromine. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 917–935, 2005
The directed ortho lithiation of O-aryl carbamates. An anionic equivalent of the Fries rearrangement (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe directed ortho lithiation of O-aryl carbamates. An anionic equivalent of the Fries rearrangementMukund P. Sibi and Victor SnieckusCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 11, 1935–1937Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00159a040https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00159a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3092Altmetric-Citations196LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Virtual Screening Studies to Design Potent CDK2‐Cyclin A Inhibitors. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biochemical mode of cytotoxic action of neplanocin A in L1210 leukemic cells. (1986)

Neplanocin A, a novel antitumor antibiotic, was investigated to determine the biochemical mode(s) of its cytotoxic action. The molecule is an adenosine analogue with a unique cyclopentane structure in its ribose moiety. Both sublines of L1210 and P388 leukemia resistant to neplanocin A were cross-resistant in vitro to bredinin and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, which have been reported to be activated by adenosine kinase. The adenosine kinase activity was markedly reduced in the resistant sublines as compared with that of the respective sensitive lines. Furthermore, neplanocin A competitively inhibited the phosphorylation reaction of adenosine in a cell-free system. The results indicate that neplanocin A is activated by adenosine kinase. Regarding the target site for neplanocin A, the antibiotic suppressed RNA synthesis to a significantly greater extent than DNA synthesis. This RNA-preferential effect is unique among common antimetabolic antitumor agents.
Novel interactions of a microbial superantigen with TLR2 and TLR4 differentially regulate IL-17 and Th17-associated cytokines (2010)

Mycoplasma arthritidis, an inflammatory murine pathogen, secretes a potent superantigen, Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen (MAM) that contributes to toxic shock, arthritis and skin necrosis. Previously we showed that MAM induced type 2 T-cell cytokines in mice that express functional TLR2 and TLR4, but type 1 cytokines in mice that lack TLR4 function. We show here that IL-17, pSTAT3 and retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptorγt are rapidly expressed in wild-type C3H/HeSnJ (TLR2+/4+) mice but are significantly delayed in mutant C3H/HeJ (TLR2+/4-) mice. This marked kinetic difference was associated with a high level of IL-6 in TLR2+/4+ mice versus high levels of IL-1β and TNFα in TLR2+/4- mice. Also antibodies to IL-6 and IL-23, suppressed IL-17 responses to MAM in TLR2+/4+ mice whereas anti-IL-1β, but not anti-TNFα, enhanced IL-17 in TLR2+/4- mice. Antibody blocking of TLR4 in TLR2+/4+ mice decreased IL-17 and IL-6 but not IL-23. In addition both IL-17 and IL-6 but not IL-23 were elevated in TLR2 KO mice versus wild-type TLR2+/4+ mice given MAM. We conclude that the MAM interaction with TLR2 versus TLR4 leads to distinct cytokine pathways mediated primarily by IL-1β or IL-6/IL-17 signalling respectively. Our findings suggest that the differential interaction of MAM with different TLRs might play an important role in disease outcomes by M. arthritidis.
An enhanced computational platform for investigating the roles of regulatory RNA and for identifying functional RNA motifs (2013)

RegRNA 2.0 is an easy to use web server for identifying regulatory RNA motifs and functional sites. Through its integrated user-friendly interface, user is capable of using various analytical approaches and observing results with graphical visualization conveniently. RegRNA 2.0 is now available at http://regrna2.mbc.nctu.edu.tw.
Accurate Discovery of Valid Convoys from Moving Object Trajectories (2009)

Given a set of moving object trajectories, it is of interest to find a group of objects, called a convoy, that are spatially density-connected for a certain duration of time. However, existing convoy discovery algorithms have a critical problem of accuracy; they tend to both miss larger convoys and retrieve invalid ones where the density-connectivity among the objects is not completely satisfied. We propose a new valid convoy discovery algorithm, called VCoDA, for the accurate discovery of valid convoys from moving object trajectories. Specifically, VCoDA first retrieves all partially connected convoys while guaranteeing no false dismissal of any valid convoys and then validates their density-connectivity to eventually obtain a complete set of valid convoys. Our extensive experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique; VCoDA improves the precision by a factor of 3 on average and the recall by up to 2 orders of magnitude as compared to an existing method.
Rapid Purification of Mitochondrial Hexokinase from Rat Brain by a Single Affinity Chromatography Step on Affi-Gel Blue (1989)

The mitochondrial hexokinase from rat brain, selectively released from mitochondria by the action of glucose 6-phosphate, can be purified to greater than 90% homogeneity by a single affinity chromatography step on Affi-Gel Blue; the Cibacron Blue F3GA ligand bound to this matrix serves as an analog of ATP, the normal substrate for the enzyme, and selective elution is accomplished using glucose 6-phosphate which is a competitive ligand vs. ATP. With this and other modifications to the previously described procedure highly purified enzyme is readily obtained in good yield and with retention of the ability to rebind to mitochondria.
Networking Support For Physical-Layer Cross-Technology Communication (2018)

Recent research on physical layer cross technology communication (PHY-CTC) brings a timely answer for escalated wireless coexistence and open spectrum movement. PHY-CTC achieves direct communication among heterogeneous wireless technologies (e.g.,WiFi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee) in physical layer and thus brings communication support for coexistence service such as spectrum management and IoT device control. To put PHY-CTC into service, however, there still exists a gap due to its transmission failure and asymmetric link (i.e., one-way PHYCTC) issues. In this paper, we propose NetCTC - the first networking support design for PHY-CTC to establish feedbacks (e.g., ACKs) and thus meet the upper layer networking requirements in heterogeneous unicast, multicast and broadcast. The core design of NetCTC is a real-time interaction mechanism which achieves reliable, transmission efficient and parallel interactive communication among heterogeneous devices. We implement and evaluate NetCTC on commodity devices (Laptops with Atheros AR2425 WiFi NIC, smart phones with Broadcom BCM4330 WiFi chip and MicaZ CC2420) and the USRP-N210 platform. Our extensive evaluation demonstrates that NetCTC achieves reliable bidirectional cross technology communication under a full range of wireless configurations including stationary, mobile and dutycycled settings.
Concentration of Measure for the Analysis of Randomized Algorithms (2009)

Randomized algorithms have become a central part of the algorithms curriculum, based on their increasingly widespread use in modern applications. This book presents a coherent and unified treatment of probabilistic techniques for obtaining high probability estimates on the performance of randomized algorithms. It covers the basic toolkit from the Chernoff–Hoeffding bounds to more sophisticated techniques like martingales and isoperimetric inequalities, as well as some recent developments like Talagrand's inequality, transportation cost inequalities and log-Sobolev inequalities. Along the way, variations on the basic theme are examined, such as Chernoff–Hoeffding bounds in dependent settings. The authors emphasise comparative study of the different methods, highlighting respective strengths and weaknesses in concrete example applications. The exposition is tailored to discrete settings sufficient for the analysis of algorithms, avoiding unnecessary measure-theoretic details, thus making the book accessible to computer scientists as well as probabilists and discrete mathematicians.
Expression of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) in Rat Granulosa Cells during Ovarian Follicular Development and Atresia (1998)

The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) constitute a family of highly conserved apoptosis suppressor proteins that was originally identified in baculoviruses. Although IAP homologs have been recently identified and demonstrated to suppress apoptosis in mammalian cells, their expression and role during follicular development and atresia are unknown. The present study was conducted to address these questions. Using established in vivo models for the induction of follicular development and atresia in immature rats, it was possible to compare the immunolocalization of X-link inhibitor of apoptosis protein (Xiap) and human inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 (Hiap-2), two members of the IAP family, at defined stages of follicular maturation and to relate the differences observed with those of follicular cell proliferation and apoptosis [as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin end labeling (TUNEL), respectively]. In addition, granulosa cell DNA and proteins were assessed for apoptotic fragmentation by 3′-end labeling/agarose gel electrophoresis (DNA ladder) and Hiap-2 and Xiap protein content by Western blot analysis, respectively. Hiap-2 and Xiap expression in both granulosa and theca cells increased with follicular maturation, reaching maximal levels at the antral stage of development. The immunoreactivity for PCNA, Xiap, and Hiap-2 decreased markedly in atretic (TUNEL-positive) follicles at the small to medium sized antral stage of development, suggesting follicular atresia may be associated with decreased granulosa cell IAP protein content and decreased proliferation. Atresia was also associated with a change in the intracellular distribution of IAPs in granulosa cells. Biochemical analysis of DNA fragmentation (DNA ladder) in granulosa cells from preantral and early antral follicles indicates extensive apoptosis that was associated with minimal IAP protein content. Gonadotropin treatment increased Hiap-2 and Xiap protein content and suppressed apoptosis in granulosa cells, resulting in the development of follicles to the antral and preovulatory stages. In addition, gonadotropin withdrawal induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation in granulosa cells in early antral and antral follicles, which is accompanied by a marked decrease in Hiap-2 and Xiap expression. These data suggest that IAPs may be involved in the suppression of granulosa cell apoptosis by gonadotropin in small to medium-sized antral follicles and play an important role in determining the fate of the cells, and thus also the eventual follicular destiny (atresia vs. ovulation).
LOW TEMPERATURE BLANCHING OF FROZEN CARROTS WITH CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS AT DIFFERENT HOLDING TIMES ON TEXTURE OF FROZEN CARROTS (2002)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of low temperature blanching in calcium chloride solutions to increase firmness retention of frozen carrot slices and to determine optimum conditions to provide a final product with maximum firmness. Low temperature (65 C) blanching in CaCl2 solutions (0.05–0.6 molar) for holding times (5–90 min) was performed on carrots ‘Apache’ cultivar. Calcium absorption was affected (P≤0.05) by the CaCl2 concentration. Behavior of this variable was adequately fitted by a second order model (R2=0.99). Firmness was affected (P≤0.05) by the CaCl2 solutions and holding times. Optimum conditions gave extrusion forces of 1693–2095 N and calcium levels of 69–144 mg/100 g. These were verified experimentally and agreed closely with predicted calcium absorption and firmness values.
<i>De Novo</i> Design of a Shear-Thin Recoverable Peptide-Based Hydrogel Capable of Intrafibrillar Photopolymerization (2010)

A de novo designed peptide-based gel has been prepared whose mechanical rigidity can be modulated after shear-thin recovery. The photopolymerizable β-hairpin peptide named MLD undergoes temperature-induced folding and self-assembly to afford a network of β-sheet-rich fibrils that constitutes a moderately rigid hydrogel (G′ = 220 ± 50 Pa, 1 wt %). The MLD hydrogel can be shear-thinned into a low-viscosity gel upon application of shear stress and immediately recovers its mechanical rigidity upon termination of stress. MLD peptides contain non-natural sorbamide derivatives of lysine that allow the mechanical rigidity of its hydrogels to be enhanced through polymerization of dienes displayed along the surface of the fibrils constituting the gel. Irradiation of the gel network increases its mechanical rigidity ∼2.5-fold. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy shows that MLD folds and self-assembles into β-sheet-rich fibrils and that photo-cross-linking does not influence the secondary structure contained within the assembly. The MLD hydrogel shows potential as an injectable material whose mechanical properties can be modulated after delivery.
<title>Adaptive hyperspectral small-target detection</title> (1996)

A novel adaptive multilevel classification and detection method that takes into account both spectral and spatial characteristics of the data is proposed. Principal clusters are defined first, and those include background clusters and the predefined target clusters. The classification is done using minimum distance statistical classifier. Here, the main concern is to minimize misclassification rate, by allowing a number of pixels for which the classification confidence is low to remain unclassified at this level. The candidate clusters that are used in the analysis for the unclassified pixels are defined next. The candidate clusters are determined from both the spatial and spectral neighborhoods, using the labels of already classified pixels. Using defined candidate clusters, the mixing model analysis is performed. The linear least squares method to determine the fractions of particular candidate clusters in the corresponding pixel is applied. The results of the mixing model analysis are checked, and if the results of the analysis are satisfactory, the next step is performed. If the results of the analysis are not satisfactory, the candidate clusters list is renewed. After the loop processing has been completed for all pixels in the image, the target detection is performed. That process is based on comparing the estimated quantity of the pixels target endmember and the predefined thresholds. At the end, the detected targets are clustered, and their parameters are estimated. The proposed method was successfully applied to both synthetic and AVIRIS hyperspectral images of the Naval Air Station Fallon.