gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Mechanism of Absorption of Drugs from the Gastrointestinal Tract (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTOn the Mechanism of Absorption of Drugs from the Gastrointestinal TractLewis S. SchankerLewis S. SchankerMore by Lewis S. SchankerCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1960, 2, 4, 343–359Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm50011a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm50011a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views914Altmetric-Citations111LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
One-handed touchscreen input for legacy applications (2008)

Supporting one-handed thumb operation of touchscreen-based mobile devices presents a challenging tradeoff between visual expressivity and ease of interaction. ThumbSpace and Shift---two new application-independent, software-based interaction techniques---address this tradeoff in significantly different ways. ThumbSpace addresses distant objects while Shift addresses small object occlusion. We present two extensive, comparative user studies. The first compares ThumbSpace and Shift to peripheral hardware (directional pad and scrollwheel) and direct touchscreen input for selecting objects while standing and walking. The data favored the Shift design overall, but suggested ThumbSpace is promising for distant objects. Our second study examines the benefits and learnability of combining Shift and ThumbSpace on a device with a larger screen (3.5"). We found their combined use offered users better overall speed and accuracy in hitting small targets (3.6 mm2) than using either method alone.
Optimum power and beam allocation based on traffic demands and channel conditions over satellite downlinks (2005)

For data services over satellite networks, the efficient management of satellite downlink communication resources is crucial for economic competitiveness of the medium. To support a broad spectrum of users with small terminals at high rates, narrow transmit spotbeams on the satellite will be used. Since satellite transmitter resources are expensive and there can be many spotbeam-coverage cells within the satellite service area, it is attractive to use some form of agile scanning beam system and to time-share these precious resources. An optimized design of the multibeam antenna pattern and scheduling can further improve the efficiency of transmission and power management. In this paper, the advantage of parallel multibeams in terms of spectral efficiency and power gain is shown, and the issue of multibeam power allocation based on traffic demands and channel conditions over satellite downlinks with power and delay constraints is addressed. The study indicates that the use of a parallel multibeam scheme with optimum power allocation can achieve a substantial power gain and reasonable proportional fairness. By coupling power allocation with multibeam scheduling when the number of active beams is smaller than the number of cells, the authors show that a modest number of active parallel beams are sufficient to cover many cells efficiently.
Guidelines for Management of Incidental Pulmonary Nodules Detected on CT Images: From the Fleischner Society 2017 (2017)

The Fleischner Society Guidelines for management of solid nodules were published in 2005, and separate guidelines for subsolid nodules were issued in 2013. Since then, new information has become available; therefore, the guidelines have been revised to reflect current thinking on nodule management. The revised guidelines incorporate several substantive changes that reflect current thinking on the management of small nodules. The minimum threshold size for routine follow-up has been increased, and recommended follow-up intervals are now given as a range rather than as a precise time period to give radiologists, clinicians, and patients greater discretion to accommodate individual risk factors and preferences. The guidelines for solid and subsolid nodules have been combined in one simplified table, and specific recommendations have been included for multiple nodules. These guidelines represent the consensus of the Fleischner Society, and as such, they incorporate the opinions of a multidisciplinary international group of thoracic radiologists, pulmonologists, surgeons, pathologists, and other specialists. Changes from the previous guidelines issued by the Fleischner Society are based on new data and accumulated experience. <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article. An earlier incorrect version of this article appeared online. This article was corrected on March 13, 2017.
Continuum of Outer- and Inner-Sphere Mechanisms for Organic Electron Transfer. Steric Modulation of the Precursor Complex in Paramagnetic (Ion-Radical) Self-Exchanges (2007)

Transient 1:1 precursor complexes for intermolecular self-exchange between various organic electron donors (D) and their paramagnetic cation radicals (D+*), as well as between different electron acceptors (A) paired with their anion radicals (A-*), are spectrally (UV-NIR) observed and structurally (X-ray) identified as the cofacial (pi-stacked) associates [D, D+*] and [A-*, A], respectively. Mulliken-Hush (two-state) analysis of their diagnostic intervalence bands affords the electronic coupling elements (HDA), which together with the Marcus reorganization energies (lambda) from the NIR spectral data are confirmed by molecular-orbital computations. The HDA values are found to be a sensitive function of the bulky substituents surrounding the redox centers. As a result, the steric modulation of the donor/acceptor separation (rDA) leads to distinctive electron-transfer rates between sterically hindered donors/acceptors and their more open (unsubstituted) parents. The latter is discussed in the context of a continuous series of outer- and inner-sphere mechanisms for organic electron-transfer processes in a manner originally formulated by Taube and co-workers for inorganic (coordination) donor/acceptor dyads-with conciliatory attention paid to traditional organic versus inorganic concepts.
Fabrication of a low-threading-dislocation-density AlxGa1−xN buffer on SiC using highly Si-doped AlxGa1−xN superlattices (2002)

An in situ technique to reduce the threading dislocation density (TDD) of an AlxGa1−xN buffer within submicron-thick growth is demonstrated using metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. We achieved a marked reduction in the TDD of the AlGaN buffer on a SiC substrate by inserting superlattices (SLs) consisting of highly Si-doped AlGaN and undoped AlGaN layers. The TDD of AlGaN decreased from 2×1010 to 7×107 cm−2 by inserting SLs with total growth thickness of 0.8 μm. The Si incorporation in the highly Si-doped AlGaN layers of the SLs was estimated to be approximately 1.2×1020 cm−3 (0.24%). This is strictly an in situ technique that does not require complicated fabrication processes, and the surface is kept flat throughout the entire growth. This method is especially useful on SiC wafers to prevent cracks in a thin growth layer.
Very High Mobility in Solution-Processed Organic Thin-Film Transistors of Highly Ordered [1]Benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene Derivatives (2009)

Field-effect mobility as high as 5 cm2/(V s) is achieved in solution-processed organic thin-film transistors with the development of a method for growing highly-oriented crystalline films of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene derivatives. A droplet of the solution is sustained at an edge of a structure on an inclined substrate, so that the crystalline domain grows in the direction of inclination. The oriented growth realizes excellent molecular ordering that manifests itself in micrometer-scale molecular terraces on the surface as a result of the self-organizing function of the material. The unprecedented performance achieved using an easy fabrication process has increased attractiveness of organic thin-film transistors for industrial applications.
Cellular responses to murine CD40 in a mouse B cell line may be TRAF dependent or independent (2002)

Engagement of CD40 by its ligand induces IKK and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and transcriptional activation, leading to activation and differentiation of B cells. These events are most likely transduced by adaptor molecules that are recruited to the CD40 cytoplasmic domain, called TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAF). We have engineered a chimeric CD40 molecule using the human extracellular sequence and the murine cytoplasmic domain to assess the contribution that specific TRAF binding domains provide to the cytoplasmic signaling functions of CD40. The data presented here show that the shared binding site for TRAF2 and TRAF3 accounts for receptor internalization, and the majority of signaling through CD40, but is redundant with the TRAF6 binding site for activation of p38 and NFkappaB signaling pathways. Disruption of the TRAF2/3 binding site results in a delayed and diminished kinase pathway induction, but complete preclusion of all signals requires the disruption of more than the two known TRAF binding sites. The specific TRAF dependency of CD40-induced growth arrest, TNF-alpha production, and phosphorylation of signaling molecules are shown, while p38 MAPK activation and cell surface antigen modulation suggest TRAF independent CD40 signaling in B cells.
A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat (2016)

Capabilities in health monitoring enabled by capture and quantitative chemical analysis of sweat could complement, or potentially obviate the need for, approaches based on sporadic assessment of blood samples. Established sweat monitoring technologies use simple fabric swatches and are limited to basic analysis in controlled laboratory or hospital settings. We present a collection of materials and device designs for soft, flexible, and stretchable microfluidic systems, including embodiments that integrate wireless communication electronics, which can intimately and robustly bond to the surface of the skin without chemical and mechanical irritation. This integration defines access points for a small set of sweat glands such that perspiration spontaneously initiates routing of sweat through a microfluidic network and set of reservoirs. Embedded chemical analyses respond in colorimetric fashion to markers such as chloride and hydronium ions, glucose, and lactate. Wireless interfaces to digital image capture hardware serve as a means for quantitation. Human studies demonstrated the functionality of this microfluidic device during fitness cycling in a controlled environment and during long-distance bicycle racing in arid, outdoor conditions. The results include quantitative values for sweat rate, total sweat loss, pH, and concentration of chloride and lactate.
The projectile-wall interface in rail launchers (1993)

At sufficiently high velocity, an energetic gaseous interface is formed between the projectile and the gun wall. The authors analyze the flow in this interface in the regime of moderately high velocity. The effect of this gaseous interface is to push the gun wall radially outward and shrink the projectile radially inward. It is shown that significant plasma blow-by can be expected in most experimental railguns in which organic polymers are used as insulators. Since plasma leakage may result in the reduction of propulsion pressure and possibly induce the separation of the primary, the results point to the importance of having sufficiently stiff barrels and structurally stiff but ballistically compliant projectile designs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
32-bit/s/Hz Spectral Efficiency WDM Transmission over 177-km Few-Mode Fiber (2013)

We transmit 32 WDM channels over 12 spatial and polarization modes of 177 km few-mode fiber at a record spectral efficiency of 32 bit/s/Hz. The transmitted signals are strongly coupled and recovered using 12×12 multiple-input multiple-output digital signal processing.
Authorship attribution of text samples using neural networks and Bayesian classifiers (2002)

Previous work has shown that statistics of letter pairs extracted from text samples can be effective in discriminating between two authors writing in a similar style. This paper extends that work by using n-tuples for n from 1 to 5. The features used in classification are the relative frequencies of the tuples, transformed with a KL transform. Both three layer neural network classifiers and Bayesian classifiers are used with these features to classify text samples from two similar authors. The most effective combination was 2-tuples used with a neural network classifier, although other combinations did nearly as well.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparing Oculometer and Head-Fixed Reticle with Voice or Switch for Tactical Display Interaction (1988)

An experiment with 15 U.S. Army enlisted military subjects was conducted to compare the performance of an oculometer, head-fixed reticle, and touch panel for data entry on a generic tactical air combat display. The subjects used voice or switch to designate data items on the display that were selected with the oculometer or fixed reticle. The touch panel was included as a standard data entry device. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in performance for the five configurations at the .0001 level. The reticle/switch, oculometer/switch, and touch panel are significantly faster than the reticle/voice, which in turn is significantly faster than the oculometer/voice. The reticle methods are faster than the oculometer methods. The switch action is faster than voice entry. The touch panel is twice as accurate as the other methods, all of which have about the same spatial accuracy whether oculometer or reticle, voice or switch. However, the oculometer/voice has nearly twice as many selection errors as the other methods.
A New Metric for Torque Nonuniformity (1983)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents a new metric for the nonuniformity of the torque random process of a reciprocating internal combustion engine. The proposed metric is derived from the torque 2N extrema which occur within each engine cycle for an N-cylinder engine. A 2N-dimensional vector is obtained for each cycle, which represents torque nonuniformity. The proposed metric is either the 1<sub>1</sub> or 1<sub>2</sub>, norm for this vector. It is shown in this paper that this metric satisfies several properties which are desirable for quantitatively representing torque nonuniformity. Moreover, this metric is computed once each engine cycle and is, therefore, a quasi-real time measure of torque nonuniformity. This metric has several potential applications in electronic engine control systems.</div>
Interaction between Dehydrogenases and a New NAD<sup>⊕</sup>-Isomer (1975)

A new NAD -isomer was prepared, in which the D-ribose of the adenosine moiety was substituted by the enantiomeric L-ribose. As compared to nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD) and NADH the coenzyme isomer (D,L)-NAD and its dihydroform (D,L)-NADH are far less tightly bound to lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase from horse liver. In the presence of the second substrate (D,L)-NAD and (D,L)-NADH act as hydrogen acceptor and hydrogen donator, respectively, with lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenases from horse liver and yeast. Compared to NAD and NADH the Michaelis constants are always increased, the catalytic constants (V/Et) were found to be decreased except for the dihydroform reacting with alcohol dehydrogenase from liver.
Perceived exertion: a note on "history" and methods. (1973)

ABSTRACTEarly studies of subjective force estimates for short-time work on a bicycle ergometer are reviewed. Results showed that perceived pedal resistance followed a positively accelerating function with an exponent of 1.6. A model for inter-individunl comparisons using subjective range as a frame
Inflammation in the nervous system: The human perspective (2001)

Many basic aspects of brain inflammation, recently disclosed in experimental models, are reflected in the pathology of human inflammatory brain diseases. Examples include the key role of T lymphocytes in immune surveillance and in the regulation of the inflammatory response, the essential contributions of adhesion molecules, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proteases in the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the nervous tissue, the modulating effect of glia cells on the inflammatory process and the termination of T-cell-mediated inflammation by apoptotic cell death. Despite this progress in our understanding of the pathogenesis of brain inflammation, there are still major unresolved questions. Because of technical constraints, most of our knowledge on central nervous system inflammation so far relates to the role of a specific T-cell subset, the so-called T-helper-1 cells. Other T-cell subsets, in particular cytotoxic class I MHC-restricted T lymphocytes, however, appear to be of major importance in human disease. Furthermore, the detailed mechanisms, which are responsible for the profound differences in the patterns of tissue damage in different human inflammatory brain diseases, such as multiple sclerosis or various forms of virus encephalitis, are largely unresolved. We discuss the open questions to be addressed in the future, which, when answered, may help to design novel therapeutic strategies.
Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers for Biosensor Applications (2000)

Mixed monolayers of thiol-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and thioacetyl GM1 glycolipid on Au(111) were examined utilizing atomic force microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction to determine the composition, structure, and morphology and to characterize the specific and nonspecific interactions with protein. These monolayer architectures are robust and are readily controlled to provide a network of receptor GM1 in the PEG-terminated matrix. However, we also find significant levels of nonspecific and nonnative protein binding that render this simplistic model system unsuitable for highly sensitive biosensor device applications.
Dynamic viscoelastic properties and thermal properties of Ni powder-epoxy resin composites (1998)

The composite materials containing metal Ni powder of 5–15 μm in size were prepared by use of the matrix epoxy resin of glycidyl amine crosslinked with bis-4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl methane and 2,4-diamine 3,5-dimethyltoluene. Dynamic viscoelastic properties of the composites at various volume fraction (Φp) of Ni powder have been measured over the temperature range from 30 to 300°C. The peak temperatures in dynamic loss modulus–temperature diagrams of the composite increased with increasing Φp, although the peak position was abruptly shifted to lower temperatures in the range of Φp more than 0.245. At this high concentration of Φp, agglomeration of the particles occurring in the composite lead to reduction of the interaction between Ni particle and epoxy resin. Parallel studies on the thermal conductivity (λ) of the composites materials showed that the value of λ at Φp = 0.245 increased by approximately 7 times that of the original epoxy resin. The shape of Ni particles also affected the thermal durabilities of the composites; the rough surface of Ni powder yields a higher storage modulus of the composite than that of the materials containing the powder with a smooth surface, which had been brought through a ball-milling process. The finding suggested that the increasing in specific surface area of the powder improved the thermal durability of the composites as well as their mechanical properties. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2593–2598, 1998
Engineered Cement Set Control Additive—Solution for a Long Standing Cementing Challenge (2006)

Abstract Cementing long zones with a single slurry system is a very challenging problem that has been known in the industry for many years. The main difficulty is related to the large temperature differential between the bottom and the top of the long cement column. The cement slurry is typically designed to have a thickening time to allow placement at the bottom hole circulating temperature. However, the same slurry when exposed to the much lower temperature that exist at the top of the cement column may not set for several days. This can lead to long waiting on cement resulting in rig non productive time or in certain cases can lead to well integrity problems. Another known problem in the industry is setting of cement plugs in an environment where the bottom hole temperature is not well known. This scenario may exist while setting unplanned kickoff plugs or plug and abandonment of wells. The thickening time of slurries retarded with conventional additives are sensitive to temperature and therefore uncertainties in bottom hole temperature may lead to excessive setting time or premature setting, both of which can be costly. A new generation of engineered cement set control (ECSC) additive has been developed to resolve the problems mentioned above. The ECSC additive provides thickening times that are almost independent of temperature thus allowing efficient and reliable cementing of long cement columns, where there is a large temperature differential between the top and the bottom. The ECSC additive will also minimize setting problems in situations where the bottom hole circulating temperature is not known accurately. This paper presents the results of a successful field application of the ECSC additive to cement long casing sections in fields in the Middle East. The well designs require the reliable isolation of long casing/liner sections in order to safeguard well integrity and meet well construction objectives. Field implementation, results including logs from the wells are presented.