gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enterococci Concentrations in Diverse Coastal Environments Exhibit Extreme Variability (2007)

Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations in a single grab sample of water are used to notify the public about the safety of swimming in coastal waters. If concentrations are over a single-sample standard, waters are closed or placed under an advisory. Previous work has shown that notification errors occur often because FIB vary more quickly than monitoring results can be obtained (typically 24 h). Rapid detection technologies (such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction) that allow FIB quantification in hours have been suggested as a solution to notification errors. In the present study, I explore variability of enterococci (ENT) over time scales less than a day that might affect interpretation of FIB concentrations from a single grab sample, even if obtained rapidly. Five new data sets of ENT collected at 10 and 1 min periodicities for 24 and 1 h, respectively, are presented. Data sets are collected in diverse marine environments from a turbulent surf zone to a quiescent bay. ENT vary with solar and tidal cycles, as has been observed in previous studies. Over short time scales, ENT are extremely variable in each environment even the quiescent bay. Changes in ENT concentrations between consecutive samples (1 or 10 min apart) greater than the single-sample standard (104 most probable number per 100 mL) are not unusual. Variability, defined as the change in concentration between consecutive samples, is not distinct between environments. ENT change by 60% on average between consecutive samples, and by as much as 700%. Spectral analyses reveal no spectral peaks, but power-law decline of spectral density with frequency. Power-law exponents are close to 1 suggesting ENT time series share properties with 1/f noise and are fractal in nature. Since fractal time series have no characteristic time scale associated with them, it is not obvious how the fractal nature of ENT can be exploited for adaptive sampling or management. Policy makers, as well as scientists designing field campaigns for microbial source tracking and epidemiology studies, are cautioned that a single sample of water reveals little about the true water quality at a beach. Multiple samples must be taken to gain a snapshot into the patchy structure of microbial water quality and associated human health risk.
The Integument of Schistosoma Mansoni (1969)

The structure of the integument of Schistosoma mansoni is described by histochemical and electron-microscopical study, and the effects of incubating adult schistosomes in buffered saline, thyoglycollic acid, horse-radish peroxidase, normal and immune serum are described. Stage-and-sex-determined structural variations between cercariae, schistosomules, and male and female adult schistosomes are discussed. As in other trematodes, the schistosome integument consists of an enveloping, syncytial epithelium connected to subjacent cytons by internuncial processes; a similar arrangement is found in schistosome muscle cells. In cercariae, the epithelium is covered by a finely fibrillar envelope; the other stages lack any noncellular envelope or cuticle. Tubular infoldings of the trilaminate outer plasma membrane are common in all three forms and grow increasingly complex with maturation. The male plasma membrane of the gynecophoric canal is thicker than the dorsal and is pentalaminate. The cell organelles associated with protein synthesis, e.g., polysomes, and Golgi apparatus are found in the cytons, whereas the superficial syncytium shows mitochondria, multilaminate vesicles, discoid granules, spines, and dense bodies—structures presumably associated with absorptive and protective functions; thus, there is evidence of morphologic polarization. In the male dorsal integument, but not in the ventral or female integument, horse-radish peroxidase is taken up during incubation, suggesting phagocytic activity and resorption of superficial plasma membranes by multilaminate vesicles. The fine structure of the spines is paracrystalline, suggesting tightly packed, repeating macromolecular subunits. Spines are closely associated with discoid granules, but the functions of both remain unknown. The dorsal tubercles of the adult male represent herniations of medullary parenchyma through gaps in the cortical-muscle layer. Ciliated globular termini of processes of medullary cells appear in the integumental epithelium and seem to be sensory neural endings. This study is preliminary to further investigations concerning interactions at the host-parasite interface, with particular reference to the relative indifference of living schistosomes to host antibodies and cellular defense mechanisms.
Review on Microwave-Matter Interaction Fundamentals and Efficient Microwave-Associated Heating Strategies (2016)

Microwave heating is rapidly emerging as an effective and efficient tool in various technological and scientific fields. A comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of microwave-matter interactions is the precondition for better utilization of microwave technology. However, microwave heating is usually only known as dielectric heating, and the contribution of the magnetic field component of microwaves is often ignored, which, in fact, contributes greatly to microwave heating of some aqueous electrolyte solutions, magnetic dielectric materials and certain conductive powder materials, <i>etc.</i> This paper focuses on this point and presents a careful review of microwave heating mechanisms in a comprehensive manner. Moreover, in addition to the acknowledged conventional microwave heating mechanisms, the special interaction mechanisms between microwave and metal-based materials are attracting increasing interest for a variety of metallurgical, plasma and discharge applications, and therefore are reviewed particularly regarding the aspects of the reflection, heating and discharge effects. Finally, several distinct strategies to improve microwave energy utilization efficiencies are proposed and discussed with the aim of tackling the energy-efficiency-related issues arising from the application of microwave heating. This work can present a strategic guideline for the developed understanding and utilization of the microwave heating technology.
Initial Evaluation of the Effects of Aerosolized Florida Red Tide Toxins (Brevetoxins) in Persons with Asthma (2005)

Florida red tides annually occur in the Gulf of Mexico, resulting from blooms of the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. K. brevis produces highly potent natural polyether toxins, known as brevetoxins, that activate voltage-sensitive sodium channels. In experimental animals, brevetoxins cause significant bronchoconstriction. A study of persons who visited the beach recreationally found a significant increase in self-reported respiratory symptoms after exposure to aerosolized Florida red tides. Anecdotal reports indicate that persons with underlying respiratory diseases may be particularly susceptible to adverse health effects from these aerosolized toxins. Fifty-nine persons with physician-diagnosed asthma were evaluated for 1 hr before and after going to the beach on days with and without Florida red tide. Study participants were evaluated with a brief symptom questionnaire, nose and throat swabs, and spirometry approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Environmental monitoring, water and air sampling (i.e., K. brevis, brevetoxins, and particulate size distribution), and personal monitoring (for toxins) were performed. Brevetoxin concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and a newly developed brevetoxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Participants were significantly more likely to report respiratory symptoms after Florida red tide exposure. Participants demonstrated small but statistically significant decreases in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75%, and peak expiratory flow after exposure, particularly those regularly using asthma medications. Similar evaluation during nonexposure periods did not significantly differ. This is the first study to show objectively measurable adverse health effects from exposure to aerosolized Florida red tide toxins in persons with asthma. Future studies will examine the possible chronic effects of these toxins among persons with asthma and other chronic respiratory impairment.
Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of electron damage in Li-doped silicon (1976)

This contract effort represents an experimental and analytical investigation of electron irradiation-damage and lithium-annealing processes in bulk n-type crucible-grown silicon samples. Objectives of the program were to obtain experimental data from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and Hall effect measurements, and to correlate these data with the assistance of appropriate accepted theories, all with the goal of increasing the knowledge of the radiation-damage and lithium-annealing processes.
NeuroD regulates multiple functions in the developing neural retina in rodent (1999)

The expression and function of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor NeuroD were studied in the developing neural retina in rodent. neuroD was expressed in areas of undetermined retinal cells as well as developing photoreceptors and amacrine interneurons. Expression was maintained in a subset of mature photoreceptors in the adult retina. Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, NeuroD was found to play multiple roles in retinal development. (1) NeuroD was found to be a critical regulator of the neuron versus glial cell fate decision. Retinal explants derived from NeuroD-null mice demonstrated a three- to fourfold increase in Müller glia. Forced expression of neuroD in progenitors in rat using retroviruses hastened cell cycle withdrawal and blocked gliogenesis in vivo. (2) NeuroD appeared to regulate interneuron development, favouring amacrine over bipolar differentiation. Forced NeuroD expression resulted in an increase in amacrine interneurons and a decrease in bipolar interneurons. In the complementary experiment, retinae derived from NeuroD-null mice demonstrated a twofold increase in bipolar interneurons and a delay in amacrine differentiation. (3) NeuroD appeared to be essential for the survival of a subset of rod photoreceptors. In conclusion, these results implicate NeuroD in a variety of developmental functions including cell fate determination, differentiation and neuron survival.
A Software Engineering Perspective on SDN Programmability (2015)

Software-defined networking (SDN) has received a great deal of attention from both academia and industry in recent years. Studies on SDN have brought a number of interesting technical discussions on network architecture design, along with scientific contributions. Researchers, network operators, and vendors are trying to establish new standards and provide guidelines for proper implementation and deployment of such novel approach. It is clear that many of these research efforts have been made in the southbound of the SDN architecture, while the northbound interface still needs improvements. By focusing in the SDN northbound, this paper surveys the body of knowledge and discusses the challenges for developing SDN software. We investigate the existing solutions and identify trends and challenges on programming for SDN environments. We also discuss future developments on techniques, specifications, and methodologies for programmable networks, with the orthogonal view from the software engineering discipline.
Free radical scavenging effects of melatonin and serotonin (1996)

Melatonin has been reported to be a potent free radical scavenger, but the mechanism by which it protects membranes from lipid peroxidation is poorly understood. The present study addresses this problem by comparing the free radical scavenging properties of melatonin and serotonin, two indoles with similar structure, but differing solubilities. Both serotonin and melatonin significantly prevented lipid peroxidation of platelet membranes. Additionally, melatonin significantly decreased the microviscosity (increased the fluidity) of platelet membranes, while serotonin had the opposite effect. These data led us to postulate that serotonin exerts its free radical scavenging action in the aqueous phase, or at the water-membrane interface, while melatonin positions itself within the lipid bilayer where it protects membrane phospholipids against free radical attack.
One-pot synthesis of atomically monodisperse, thiol-functionalized Au<sub>25</sub>nanoclusters (2008)

We report a one-pot method for synthesizing atomically monodisperse Au25 nanoclusters stabilized with various functionalized thiols. This approach permits facile incorporation of specific functionality [such as –OH, –COOH, and atom transfer radical polymerization initiator –OC(O)C(CH3)2Br] into the protecting thiol ligand shell and provides convenient access to new types of Au25 nanoclusters inaccessible by the previous two-phase approach. Importantly, a distinct “size-focusing” process was identified in the growth process of Au25 nanoclusters in the one-pot reaction. This facile, one-pot synthesis of thiol-functionalized Au25 nanoclusters allows for the development of specific surface chemistry for practical applications of such nanoclusters, such as bioconjugation, sensing, and surface polymerization, and thus makes the approach and the Au25 nanoclusters of broad utility.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ubiquitination as a mechanism of acquired resistance to the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab (2007)

4082 Cetuximab is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-blocking antibody that has been approved for treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer cells can develop resistance to cetuximab treatment. To explore potential resistant mechanism by which colorectal cancer cells acquire after treatment with cetuximab, we investigated biochemical changes in signaling pathways of a cetuximab-resistant subline of DiFi colorectal cancer cells (DiFi5) that was developed by exposing the cells to sub-effective doses of cetuximab over an extended period of time. Compared with parental DiFi cells that express high levels of EGFR, and in which cetuximab induces apoptosis, the cetuximab-resistant DiFi5 showed markedly lower protein levels of the EGFR, an increased association of EGFR with Cbl, and an increase in ubiquitination of EGFR. DiFi5 cells also contained a markedly higher level of Src-Y416 phosphorylation both at baseline and upon EGF stimulation. Although EGFR levels were low, DiFi5 cells responded to EGF stimulation with robust phosphorylation of EGFR on Y845 and strong phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK comparable to parental DiFi cells. Inhibition of Src kinase activity with PP2 strongly inhibited EGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt in both DiFi and DiFi5 cells. PP2 treatment did not alter MAPK phosphorylation in DiFi cells and even led to an elevation of MAPK phosphorylation in DiFi5 cells both at baseline and upon EGF stimulation. Most importantly, inhibition of Src kinase activity with PP2 reverses the resistance of DiFi5 cells to cetuximab-induced apoptosis without affecting the levels of EGFR in the cells. In summary, our data show that colorectal cancer cells can develop acquired resistance to cetuximab via EGFR ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation as well as through Src kinase-mediated signaling as an alternative pathway for cell growth and survival. As inhibitors to the EGFR are in clinical use and Src inhibitors are in clinical trials, our results suggest a novel combinatorial therapy targeting either concurrently or sequentially the EGFR and Src for cancer treatment.
Automated scoring for elite half‐pipe snowboard competition: Important sporting development or techno distraction? (2008)

We previously reported a strong relationship between video‐based objective data (air time and degree of rotation) and subjectively‐judged scores awarded during elite half‐pipe snowboard competitions. Advancements in sport‐monitoring technologies now provide the capacity to accurately and automatically quantify this objective information. This may assist current subjective coaching and competition judging protocols provided the integration process imparts a large element of control to key players within the sport. We therefore recently hosted an invitational half‐pipe snowboard competition (2007 Australian Institute of Sport Micro‐Tech Pipe Challenge) designed to evaluate whether the snowboarding community would embrace a competition where results were in part determined by automated objectivity. We explored the practical, logistical, and technical challenges associated with conducting such an event and evaluated the relationship between subjective judging and results predicted from objective information to see if prior research had ecological validity. Ten elite, male half‐pipe snowboarders were instrumented with inertial sensors throughout this competition. A prediction equation using previously‐established weightings of average air time and average degree of rotation accounted for 74 per cent of the shared variance in subjectively‐judged scores awarded during this competition. Although our predictions of overall scores and rankings were good, 26 per cent of the total variance was still unexplained. This should not be considered a weakness of this approach, but a strength, as the subjective components of style and execution should never be removed from the sport. The future of half‐pipe snowboarding, however, may be best guided a judging protocol that incorporates both objective and subjective criteria.
Morphology development in shear flows of straight and folded molten fibers (1998)

Abstract The morphological evolution of straight and folded molten fibers in shear flows was systematically investigated. Shear flows represent local flow conditions within actual batch mixers and extruders. Folded fibers were of interest, since folding may occur during melt processing and since folded fibers resemble portions of more complex extended structures arising in polymer blends. A general, three‐dimensional numerical model of the time‐dependent fluid flows within the molten‐fiber phase and major‐phase fluid was developed. Interactions between both fluids via fully dynamical, three‐dimensional interfaces were considered. The relation of morphological changes in the fibers to the flow field for specified interfacial tensions and viscosity ratios are presented.
SmartNotes (2006)

We have implemented SmartNotes, a system that automatically acquires labeled meeting data as users take notes during meetings and browse the notes afterwards. Such data can enable meeting understanding components such as topic and action item detectors to automatically improve their performance over a sequence of meetings. The SmartNotes system consists of a laptop based note taking application, and a web based note retrieval system. We shall demonstrate the functionalities of this system, and will also demonstrate the labeled data obtained during typical meetings and browsing sessions.
Difference in Differences (2016)

Abstract In difference in differences (DD), a treatment qualification variable appears such that the treatment group is treated at some time point but the control group is never treated. Whereas before-after (BA) uses the difference of the treatment group before and after the treatment, DD uses the difference of the two BA differences across the treatment and control groups. DD allows unobserved confounders to some extent and can be implemented with repeated cross-sections, panel data, or retrospective cross-section data. The treatment qualification variable is typically time-constant, but it may vary over time in some cases, which results in stayers and movers.
The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and spermatogenesis in the bovine testis (1974)

Abstract Morphological changes in the acrosomic system and nuclei of developing spermatids were evaluated as a basis for classifying the stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the bovine testis. Light microscopic examination of periodic acid‐Schiff‐stained testicular tissue permitted identification of 14 steps of spermatid development (spermiogenesis). The first 12 steps in this sequence were utilized as the major criterion to divide the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium into 12 distinct stages. Following this, the pattern of germ cell differentiation was investigated by counting the number of germ cells at each stage of the cycle. Based on cell counts, type A spermatogonia divided primarily during stages VII–VIII and IX–X of the cycle. Some type A cells divided again at the end of stage XII to produce intermediate spermatogonia, while others apparently remained “dormant” until the following cycle. At the end of stage IV, intermediate spermatogonia divided to produce type B 1 spermatogonia which in turn divided at the end of stage V to produce type B 2 spermatogonia. Primary spermatocytes appeared during stage VIII and divided late in stage XI of the following cycle to form secondary spermatocytes. These divided to form young spermatids at the end of stage XII. It was concluded that changes in the acrosomic system and nuclear morphology of developing spermatids provide useful criteria for dividing the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium into stages as well as investigating the pattern of germ cell development during spermatogenesis in the bovine testis.
WER-26: Additional reflection plane tests of control devices on an NACA 23024 airfoil (1985)

In the public domain. Prepared for\nNASA - Lewis Research Center\nunder Grant NSG3277. General Release Date: February, 1987
Hydroformylation of methyl oleate with a recycled rhodium catalyst and estimated costs for a batch process (1973)

Abstract Methyl oleate was hydroformylated to methyl formylstearate at 120 C and 850–900 psig with a 1:1 mol mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In the presence of triphenylphosphite, an activated rhodium‐on‐alumina catalyst produced an essentially quantitative conversion in about 40 min. Filtration followed by distillation yielded methyl formylstearate. The solubilized rhodium catalyst was concentrated in the distillation residue. The residue was resupported on the spent support in a gas‐fired rotary kiln. The process was repeated 9 times without significant loss of catalyst activity. Assuming the catalyst can be recycled repeatedly to the process without affecting the efficiency of operation, a preliminary estimate based on a hypothetical plant producing 2 million 1b of methyl formylstearate annually places the processing costs, not including cost for methyl oleate, at about 13.7 cents per pound.
INVESTIGATION INTO THE SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF A SERIES OF POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) PEPTIDE SCHIFF BASES OF 11<i>‐cis</i> RETINAL (1986)

Abstract— The 11‐cis and all‐trans isomers of a series of poly(ethylene glycol)‐oligopeptide ‐ Schiff bases as models for rhodopsin were synthesized and studied. Absorption data for certain of the PEG‐peptide Schiff bases demonstrated that no intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding (or protonation) occurs between the Schiff base and an acidic amino acid residue, as was previously thought. Photoisomerization of the 11‐cis protonated and unprotonated Schiff bases were examined using both steady state and laser flash techniques. Also with 355 nm excitation (and additionally 532 nm in one case), an approximate 40% increase in quantum yield of isomerization (φ) occurred for all protonated PEG‐peptide Schiff bases compared to the H + ‐n‐butylamine counterparts (in methanol). In one case, a > 100% increase in φ was found in dichloromethane. These data show that PEG‐oligopeptide Schiff bases are still further improved models for rhodopsin compared to their n‐butylamine analogs.