gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Temperature on Particle Size in the Gas-Phase Production of TiO<sub>2</sub> (1995)

Ultraflne titanium dioxide powder was synthesized by the gas-phase oxidation of titanium tetrachloride in a multistage aerosol reactor. The reactor consisted of three zones: an evaporation zone for TiCl4, a preheating zone for oxygen and vaporized titanium tetrachloride, and a reaction zone. Preheating temperature of reactants, partial pressure of reactants, and temperature in the reaction zone were chosen as experimental variables for the control of particle size and distribution. Ultratine TiO2 powders ranging from 30 to 70 nm in average particle sizes were produced. The preheating temperature of reactants was found to be an effective factor for particle size and distribution of ultraflne powders. As the preheating temperature was increased, average particle size became smaller and size distribution more uniform. Larger particles having narrow size distributions were produced with an increase in TiCl4 mole fraction under the control of preheating temperature. However, variation of O2 mole fraction did not show much difference on the average particle size. As the temperature in the reaction zone was increased, average particle size became smaller. With the decrease in the residence time of reactants in the reaction zone smaller particles were obtained.
Advancement of 3D printed conformal FSS and active array (2014)

Summary form only given. The size and shape requirements imposed on many electronics applications today require innovative fabrication methods to surpass the limits of conventional printed circuit board manufacturing techniques. Flexible electronics based on thin films such as polyimide or elastic substrates like PDMS have contributed to the emergence of non-planar substrates, as has the use of omnidirectional printing, which enables the direct writing of conductive traces using metal-based inks on surfaces of arbitrary shape. Not without as host of issues, these methods are vulnerable to stretches and cracks, and often feature lower conductivity than PCBs due to the difficulty of fully sintering ink particles on polymer substrates.
Conservative Management of Tricuspid Regurgitation in Patients Undergoing Mitral Valve Replacement (1967)

Among 100 consecutive patients undergoing mitral valve replacement, 28 had clinically and hemodynamically significant tricuspid regurgitation without tricuspid stenosis. In 21 patients the mitral valve was regurgitant, and in eight it was stenotic. The characteristic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation was present in 27 patients; 25 had abnormal venous distention, 14 peripheral edema, and seven ascites; and in 27 the liver was enlarged more than 4 cm below the costal margin. The mean right atrial pressure was abnormally high in every patient (average 11 mm Hg), and 25 had severe pulmonary hypertension (average systolic pressure 75 mm Hg). At the time of mitral replacement, 25 patients had no operative procedure on the tricuspid valve, and three had a tricuspid annuloplasty. Four patients died, a mortality rate (14%) not different from that in the patients without tricuspid regurgitation. Twenty-four patients were reassessed at postoperative intervals of one to four years (average 30 months). All evidenced symptomatic improvement; 16 observed no dietary restriction of sodium, six ate regular diets without added salt, and only two limited sodium intake more stringently. Postoperatively, mean right atrial pressures averaged 5 mm Hg and systolic pulmonary arterial pressures 39 mm Hg. In many patients with advanced mitral valve disease, associated tricuspid regurgitation is of a functional nature and secondary to right ventricular hypertension and dilatation of the tricuspid annulus. The present results indicate that in such patients tricuspid regurgitation will improve or disappear after mitral replacement and that tricuspid valve replacement is seldom necessary.
Semiconductor technology considerations in high speed data conversion (2005)

When designing low-cost, moderate-performance data converters (ADCs or DACs), CMOS is an almost universal choice. However, as the performance requirements increase and the cost constraints diminish, the choice of technology is not as straightforward. This paper analyzes trade-offs between various IC technologies for high-speed ADC/DAC insertions. These technology considerations may influence circuit designers in technology selection and help process engineers to better understand the relative strengths and weaknesses of their technologies.
On the Static Resolution of Digitally Corrected Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters With Low-Precision Components (2007)

This semi-tutorial paper considers the effect of component mismatch on the static accuracy of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) with digital correction. First, it is noted that the effective static resolution of flash ADCs is not much reduced by component mismatch: with proper digital correction, the loss due to mismatch is only about 1.3 bit, virtually independently of the mismatch level unless the mismatch is very small. Second, it is noted that current steering DACs may actually benefit from component mismatch. Moreover, with proper digital correction, current steering DACs can achieve an effective static resolution of m bits with as few as m+2 near-unit low-precision current sources
Wet spinning of aliphatic and aromatic polyamides (1977)

Abstract Bench‐scale equipment for wet spinning was designed and built. An experimental study of the wet spinning of several polyamides has been carried out. The polymers studied include nylon 6, nylon 66, redissolved Nomex, and redissolved Kevlar. The superstructure of the wet‐spun fibers were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as small‐ and wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction. Mechanical properties were measured and related to the spinning variables. For nylon 6 and nylon 66, the coagulation bath composition was found to be of major importance in determining fiber superstructure. For the case of the redissolved Kevlar, anisotropic spinning dopes were obtained from redissolved fiber, and the wet‐spun filaments produced from such solutions were investigated. These fibers proved to have relatively high modulus and strength as spun. They had even greater strengths after hot drawing.
High-speed systolic architectures for finite field inversion (2005)

Using a new reformulation of the extended Euclidean algorithm, we propose new two-dimensional systolic architectures for inversion in GF ( 2 m ) . Our new architectures require considerably less ha...
Scalable Security Processor Design and Its Implementation (2005)

This paper presents a security processor to accelerate cryptographic processing in modern security applications. Our security processor is capable of popular cryptographic functions such as RSA, AES, hashing and random number generation, etc. With proposed crypto-DMA controller, data gathering and scattering become flexible for security processing, using a simple descriptor-based programming model. The architecture of the security processor with its core-based platform is scalable and configurable for security variations in performance, cost and power consumption. Different number of data channels and crypto-engines can be used to meet the specifications. In addition, a DFT (design for test) platform is also implemented for the design-test integration. The security processor has been fabricated (using UMC 0.18mum CMOS technology) and measured. The core area is 3.899mm times 2.296mm (525K gates approximately) and the operating clock rate is 66MHz
Phase I trial of temozolomide (NSC 362856) in patients with advanced cancer. (1997)

Temozolomide (TMZ) is a new imidazotetrazine derivative with early clinical activity in glioma and melanoma. The purpose of this Phase I study is to characterize the toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of TMZ administered on an oral 5-day schedule to patients with or without prior exposure to nitrosourea (NU). Thirty-six eligible patients received a total of 77 cycles of therapy with TMZ administered p.o. at doses ranging from 50 mg/m2/day to 250 mg/m2/day for 5 days, every 4 weeks. Separate dose escalations were carried out in patients, with or without prior exposure to NU. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed during the first cycle of treatment on days 1 and 5. Dose-limiting toxicity was thrombocytopenia, and the maximally tolerated doses for patients with and without prior exposure to NU were 150 mg/m2/day for 5 days (total dose, 750 mg/m2) and 250 mg/m2/day for 5 days (total dose, 1250 mg/m2), respectively. Significant (grade 3 or higher) thrombocytopenia was observed in six patients during cycle 1. The median times to nadir and recovery were 17 and 15 days, respectively. Nonhematological toxicity was generally manageable and consisted of fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. There were two complete responses (one glioma and one melanoma) in patients without prior NU. No objective responses were seen in patients with prior NU treatment. Pharmacokinetic studies showed rapid absorption with a mean time to peak concentration of 60 min and mean t1/2 of 109 min (range, 80-121 min). The area under the curve and the peak plasma concentrations were linear over the dose range of 50-250 mg/m2/day. The mean apparent oral clearances on day 1 for patients with and without prior NU exposure were 102+/- 27 and 115+/- 22 ml/min/m2, respectively. Apparent oral clearances on days 1 and 5 were found to differ with respect to NU exposure (P = 0.047). Renal clearance of the parent drug and its metabolism to 3-methyl-2, 3-dihydro-4-oxoimidazo[5,1-d]tetrazine-8-carboxylic acid were minor pathways of TMZ elimination. We conclude that TMZ is well tolerated in this oral 5-day schedule with dose-limiting thrombocytopenia and that it has promising activity in glioma and melanoma. The recommended doses for Phase II studies in patients with and without prior NU are 125 mg/m2/day for 5 days and 225 mg/m2/day for 5 days, respectively.
A Sequence-amplified Characterized Region Marker for a Single, Dominant Gene in Melon PI 134198 that Confers Resistance to a Unique Race of Podosphaera xanthii in China (2010)

Melon production in China is threatened by cucurbit powdery mildew incited by Podosphaera xanthii , which can cause severe yield losses. Disease reactions of 10 melon P. xanthii race differentials indicated the presence of a unique race of P. xanthii , denoted pxCh1, in the Shanghai area. Resistance to P. xanthii race pxCh1 in melon PI 134198, which originated from India, was controlled by a single, dominant gene, designated Pm -8, in a cross with susceptible melon inbred S717. A search for a molecular marker linked to Pm -8 was initiated using the same cross. Bulk segregant analysis of their F 2 progeny revealed one sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) marker of 148 bp linked to Pm -8, at 3.9 cM. The SRAP segment was recovered, cloned, and sequenced and converted into a sequence-amplified characterized region marker for marker-assisted selection of Pm -8 in breeding programs to develop melon cultivars resistant to P. xanthii race pxCh1.
Aerosol Charging and Neutralization and Electrostatic Discharge in Clean Rooms (1987)

This paper describes the role of electrical charge on particle transport and deposition and the neutralization of particle electrostatic charge by ionized air. The level of electrical charge on airborne particles and the rate of charge neutralization by bipolar ions have been reviewed and the effect of charge on particle deposition on semiconductor waters discussed. Finally, the use of high voltage ionizers for electrostatic control in clean rooms is discussed.
A small molecule that disrupts Mdm2-p53 binding activates p53, induces apoptosis, and sensitizes lung cancer cells to chemotherapy (2008)

Mdm2 binds to p53 and promotes its degradation. A class of small molecule Mdm2 inhibitors (MI) was recently discovered that binds to Mdm2 and disrupts Mdm2-p53 binding. The efficacy of MI-43 was tested against two pairs of human lung cancer lines differing in p53 status: adenocarcinoma A549 (p53 wild-type, wt) and H522 (p53-null) and non-small cell lung carcinoma H460 (p53wt) and H1299 (p53-null). MI-43 induced the accumulation of p53 and its downstream target genes, Mdm2, p21, Noxa and Puma only in wt p53-containing cells, indicating that disruption of Mdm2-p53 binding increases p53, which is transcriptionally active. MI-43 preferentially inhibited the growth of wt p53-containing cells in a p53 dependent manner, but was much less effective in p53-null cells. Mechanistically, MI-43 induced G(1) or G(2) arrest at low concentration as result of p21 induction, and apoptosis at high concentration due to Puma/Noxa induction. Importantly, MI-43 is much less toxic to normal fetal lung fibroblast, MRC5 cells. Finally, when used in combination, MI-43 sensitized chemo-resistant A549 cells to etoposide-induced apoptosis. Thus, MI-43 or its analogues could be further developed as a novel class of anticancer drug for lung cancer cells harboring wt p53 as a single agent or in combination with chemo-drugs.
HLA alloimmunization against platelet transfusions: pathophysiology, significance, prevention and management (2012)

Approximately five decades ago, alloimmunization to human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and platelet refractoriness were recognized as potentially serious complications of platelet transfusions. The mechanisms that result in stimulating immunity against blood products are still incompletely understood but are related to both the composition of the donor product transfused and the immune status of the recipient. Based on murine studies of platelet immunity, platelets are inherently immunogenic and there are at least two independent levels of immunoregulation against platelet transfusions. The first level resides within the recipient and is related to antigen processing/presentation events and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunosuppression. The second level relates to the donor product and includes donor antigen presenting cells (APC) levels as well as age-induced changes in donor APC and/or platelets. Implementation of pre-storage leukoreduction of cellular blood components led to a marked reduction in platelet alloimmunization and its dreaded complication, platelet refractoriness. Platelet refractoriness is usually managed by transfusion of matched platelets, selected according to one of the many published methods. It is unclear which of these methods is superior, and given the difficulty of obtaining a perfectly matched product, perhaps the most logical approach is to use a combination of selection strategies. This review discusses the various aspects of platelet alloimmunization and the clinical consequences that may result. It highlights how animal studies have shed light on the immune mechanisms responsible for allogeneic platelet immunity and immunomodulation and reviews relevant literature on clinical and laboratory manifestations of immune platelet refractoriness.
A simple hybrid 3-level buck-boost DC-DC converter with efficient PWM regulation scheme (2015)

This paper describes a 3-level buck-boost converter with an output voltage range up to double the input voltage. The proposed converter can be used for applications that require stepping up/down the input voltage depending on the operating conditions like solar power harvesting. The converter has a hybrid structure between inductor-based converters and capacitor-based converters by utilizing a one flying capacitor and an inductor in the charge transfer process. The converter features smaller inductor size and current ripples as compared to the traditional buck-boost inductor-based converter while offering a high efficiency as compared to SC converters making it suitable for efficient on-chip integration. A prototype circuit has been designed on a 65nm technology using a 5-nH parasitic bondwire inductor. Simulation results show that the proposed converter features up to 20% improvement in the efficiency over a conventional 1:2 SC converter for a wide range of output voltage values.
Large-Area, Single-Layer Molybdenum Disulfide Synthesized at BEOL Compatible Temperature as Cu Diffusion Barrier (2018)

The scaling limit of conventional Cu diffusion barriers has become the bottleneck for interconnect technology, which in turn limits the IC performance. Sub-nm diffusion barrier is urgently demanded to maintain the interconnect resistivity for ultra-scaled Cu interconnects. However, with this thickness, the blocking capabilities of conventional Cu diffusion barriers are lost. In this letter, sub-nm Cu diffusion barrier is realized by single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) grown at 400 °C using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> is directly grown on dielectrics without transfer processes and the continuous coverage in a large area (>1 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) is achieved. Its resistance to Cu diffusion is investigated by time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) measurements. Our results indicate that the MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> barrier can efficiently suppress Cu diffusion and enhance dielectric lifetime significantly. Although a few challenges, including Cu adhesion to the MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> surface and integration with the Damascene structure, have to be assessed before introducing this novel material to the back-end-of-line technology, our work lays the groundwork for further investigation.
A hierarchical compiled code event-driven logic simulator (1991)

Logic simulation techniques that reduce both preprocessing time and execution time of unit delay logic simulation are described. Compiled code implementation techniques using a threaded code organization are applied to the event-driven logic simulation algorithm. Simulation speed is increased by a factor of tip to 10 by this technique compared to conventional event-driven simulation. The technique is then extended to hierarchical simulation, in which a fan-out procedure and simulation procedure are generated for each unique module. Hierarchical simulation reduces preprocessing time and allows the recompilation of only those modules that are modified. The simulator uses a portable machine model in which an architecture file describes the target machine. The simulator can be quickly ported to new machines by defining the architecture, while still obtaining high performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving hash join performance through prefetching (2004)

Hash join algorithms suffer from extensive CPU cache stalls. We show that the standard hash join algorithm/or disk-oriented databases (i.e. GRACE) spends over 73% of its user time stalled on CPU cache misses, and explores the use of prefetching to improve its cache performance. Applying prefetching to hash joins is complicated by the data dependencies, multiple code paths, and inherent randomness of hashing. We present two techniques, group prefetching and software-pipelined prefetching, that overcome these complications. These schemes achieve 2.0-2.9X speedups for the join phase and 1.4-2.6X speedups for the partition phase over GRACE and simple prefetching approaches. Compared with previous cache-aware approaches (i.e. cache partitioning), the schemes are at least 50% faster on large relations and do not require exclusive use of the CPU cache to be effective.
Monitoring walking and cycling of middle-aged to older community dwellers using wireless wearable accelerometers (2012)

Changes in gait parameters have been shown to be an important indicator of several age-related cognitive and physical declines of older adults. In this paper we propose a method to monitor and analyze walking and cycling activities based on a triaxial accelerometer worn on one ankle. We use an algorithm that can (1) distinguish between static and dynamic functional activities, (2) detect walking and cycling events, (3) identify gait parameters, including step frequency, number of steps, number of walking periods, and total walking duration per day, and (4) evaluate cycling parameters, including cycling frequency, number of cycling periods, and total cycling duration. Our algorithm is evaluated against the triaxial accelerometer data obtained from a group of 297 middle-aged to older adults wearing an activity monitor on the right ankle for approximately one week while performing unconstrained daily activities in the home and community setting. The correlation coefficients between each of detected gait and cycling parameters on two weekdays are all statistically significant, ranging from 0.668 to 0.873. These results demonstrate good test-retest reliability of our method in monitoring walking and cycling activities and analyzing gait and cycling parameters. This algorithm is efficient and causal in time and thus implementable for real-time monitoring and feedback.
Structural and Catalytic Properties of Silica-Coated Alumina (2006)

Abstract SiO2-coated Al2O3 powders were prepared by depositing hydrolyzed tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) on Al(OH)3 and γ-Al2O3 at 40 °C. In the preparation using Al(OH)3 with a specific surface area (SA) of ca. 40 m2 g−1 as a support, loading of silica deposited on the Al(OH)3 was saturated at 80 mg galumina−1. Ammonium nitrate, a catalyst for the hydrolysis of TEOS, increased silica loading linearly with increasing the amount of TEOS charged, while the silica aggregated on the Al(OH)3. At temperatures of &gt;300 °C, the core Al(OH)3 coated with aggregated silica was fragmented into a mixture of small particles of pure alumina and silica–alumina diminishing small particles with a large SA of &gt;400 m2 g−1. The small surface area of the support Al(OH)3 is ineffective in generating active acid sites. In the deposition of silica on γ-Al2O3 with a SA of 450 m2 g−1, however, silica loading increased with increasing the amount of TEOS charged at 40 °C without using ammonium nitrate. Silicate species with thinner layer structures uniformly covered the γ-Al2O3 surface. The SiO2-covered γ-Al2O3 showed higher catalytic activity than the SiO2–Al2O3 prepared from Al(OH)3 did.