gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modified MacNeille cube polarizer for a wide angular field (1989)

Well known relationships exist between thicknesses and indices of a stack of optical layers which permit the definition of very good polarizers of light. One of the most famous types of polarizer is the MacNeille cube. In this case the hypotenuse face of an isosceles right angled prism is coated with a polarizing deposit and then cemented to the hypotenuse face of an identical prism. This polarizer can be used over a large spectral range located in the s vibration stop band. Unfortunately, the insertion losses for thep vibration are large when the angular field is larger than +/-2 degrees . Using very simple optical considerations, we design suitable coating structures that allow the use of cube polarizers over a wide angular range, typically +/-10 degrees in air, when T(p)>0.97 and T(s) </= 10(-3). However, the spectral range is reduced. Diagrams are given to calculate the thickness of the layers according to the substrate and the indices of the evaporated materials. The prism angle is also determined to have a symmetric angular field in air. Such polarizers are suitable for semiconductor lasers because they can be used without a collimating lens in spite of their large divergence. Good optical characteristics up to T(p) approximately 0.95 and T(s) approximately 10(-4) over the range of +/-5 degrees have been measured for these polarizers manufactured in the Laboratoires de Marcoussis.
A way to integrate multiple block layers for middle of line contact patterning (2015)

It is clear today that further scaling towards smaller dimensions and pitches requires a multitude of additional process steps. Within this work we look for solutions to achieve a middle of line 193i based patterning scheme for N7 logic at a contacted poly pitch of 40-45 nm. At these pitches, trenches can still be printed by means of double patterning. However, they need to be blocked at certain positions because of a limited line end control below 90 nm pitch single print. Based on the 193i patterning abilities, the proposed SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) cell requires 5 blocking layers. Integrating 5 blocking layers is a new challenge since down to N10 one blocking layer was usually sufficient. The difficulty with multiple blocking layers is the removal of the masked parts, especially in cases of overlap. As a solution a novel patterning approach is proposed and tried out on relaxed dimensions (patent pending). The proposed solution is expected not to be sensitive to the number of blocking layers used, and tolerates their overlap. The stack is constructed to be compatible with N7 substrates such as SiGe or P:Si. Experimental results of the stack blocking performance on relaxed pitch will be presented and discussed.
Genome-Wide In Silico Identification of Transcriptional Regulators Controlling the Cell Cycle in Human Cells (2003)

Dissection of regulatory networks that control gene transcription is one of the greatest challenges of functional genomics. Using human genomic sequences, models for binding sites of known transcription factors, and gene expression data, we demonstrate that the reverse engineering approach, which infers regulatory mechanisms from gene expression patterns, can reveal transcriptional networks in human cells. To date, such methodologies were successfully demonstrated only in prokaryotes and low eukaryotes. We developed computational methods for identifying putative binding sites of transcription factors and for evaluating the statistical significance of their prevalence in a given set of promoters. Focusing on transcriptional mechanisms that control cell cycle progression, our computational analyses revealed eight transcription factors whose binding sites are significantly overrepresented in promoters of genes whose expression is cell-cycle-dependent. The enrichment of some of these factors is specific to certain phases of the cell cycle. In addition, several pairs of these transcription factors show a significant co-occurrence rate in cell-cycle-regulated promoters. Each such pair indicates functional cooperation between its members in regulating the transcriptional program associated with cell cycle progression. The methods presented here are general and can be applied to the analysis of transcriptional networks controlling any biological process.
Synthesis and characterization of some bifunctional 2b:2:1 cryptands (1981)

Abstract Methods for the synthesis of aromatic substituted diaza‐polyoxamacrobicyclic compounds (benzocryptands) are described. New synthetic routes to cryptand precursors are developed and improvements in eryptand synthesis discussed and employed to prepare some bifunctional cryptands.
Detecting Code Alteration by Creating a Temporary Memory Bottleneck (2009)

We develop a new technique whereby a poll worker can determine whether the software executing on electronic voting machines on election day has been altered from its factory version. Our generalized approach allows a human, using a known challenge-response pair, to detect attacks that involve modification or replacement of software on a computer based on the time it takes the computer to provide a correct response to a challenge. We exploit the large difference between main memory access times and cache memory access or CPU clock cycle times to significantly increase the time required to compute the right response when the software has been changed.
Effect of Dexamethasone on Blood Levels of ACTH, Cortisol, Progesterone, Estradiol and Estriol during Late Pregnancy (1976)

ABSTRACT Corticosteroids are used to prevent the respiratory distress syndrome of the premature newborn. In order to evaluate the effect of such treatment on maternal and fetal endocrine functions the circulation levels of ACTH, Cortisol, progesterone, estradiol and estriol were measured in 13 patients before, during and after three days of intramuscular dexamethasone treatment. ACTH was significantly lower in the first day of the treatment and Cortisol in all three days, indicating a significant suppression of the pituitary‐adrenal axis. The treatment did not effect placental steroid genesis, as seen in the unchanged level of progesterone. Estradiol and estriol levels decreased significantly during the days of the treatment. This was supposedly the result of a decrease in the production of C‐19 estrogen precursors, caused by the suppression of both maternal and fetal adrenals. Clinically, it is important to notice that during dexamethasone treatment estriol is not a reliable indicator of fetoplacental function and the blocking of the pituitary‐adrenal system ought to be borne in mind when planning operative delivery during such treatment.
A remotely interrogated all-optical  87Rb magnetometer (2012)

Atomic magnetometry was performed at Earth’s magnetic field over a free-space distance of ten meters. Two laser beams aimed at a distant alkali-vapor cell excited and detected the 87Rb magnetic resonance, allowing the magnetic field within the cell to be interrogated remotely. Operated as a driven oscillator, the magnetometer measured the geomagnetic field with ≲3.5 pT precision in a ∼2 s data acquisition; this precision was likely limited by ambient field fluctuations. The sensor was also operated in self-oscillating mode with a 5.3 pT/Hz noise floor. Further optimization will yield a high-bandwidth, fully remote magnetometer with sub-pT sensitivity.
El Sarampión en Venezuela: pautas médicas (2006)

El sarampion es una enfermedad aguda viral, exantematica, altamente contagiosa, caracterizada por fiebre, tos, coriza, conjuntivitis y erupcion maculo-papular. La Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que ocurren mas de 40 millones de casos cada ano, con un promedio de un millon de muertes. Aunque puede ser prevenida con la aplicacion de una vacuna, en paises subdesarrollados con cobertura de vacunacion baja, suceden epidemias cada 2 a 3 anos, de duracion variable. Luego de un silencio epidemiologico de 4 anos, el sarampion reaparecio en Venezuela.
Aerobic oxidation of alcohols using various types of immobilized palladiumcatalyst: the synergistic role of functionalized ligands, morphology of support, and solvent in generating and stabilizing nanoparticles (2008)

Preparation and characterization of a variety of immobilized palladium catalyst, based on either ligand functionalized amorphous or ordered mesoporous silica, is described. The resulting Pd-loaded materials act as efficient catalyst for the oxidation of a variety of alcohols using molecular oxygen and air. Our studies show that in the case of supported palladium catalyst on hybrid amorphous silica, the nature of ligand and the solvent could effectively control the generation of nanoparticles. Furthermore, we have found that nanoparticles with smaller size and higher activity were generated from the anchored palladium precursor when the aerobic oxidation of alcohols was carried out in α,α,α-trifluorotoluene (TFT) instead of toluene. On the other hand, in the case of aerobic oxidation reactions by using supported palladium catalyst on hybrid SBA-15, the combination of organic ligand and ordered mesoporous channels resulted in an interesting synergistic effect that led to enhanced activity, prevention of Pd nanoparticles agglomeration, and finally generation of a durable catalyst.
Evaluation of Amino Acid-Mustard Transport as L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1)-Mediated Alkylating Agents (2008)

The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) is an Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter the expression of which is located in retinal endothelial cells. Due to its broad substrate selectivity, LAT1 has been proposed to mediate the transport of amino acid-related drugs across the blood-tissue barriers. Here, we have investigated the transport screening of amino acid-mustards using a conditionally immortalized rat retinal capillary endothelial cell line (TR-iBRB2) which expresses LAT1. We synthesized 5 amino acid-mustards: tyrosine-mustard, phenylglycine-mustard, alanine-mustard, ornithine-mustard, and lysine-mustard. LAT1-mediated [3H]L-phenylalanine (Phe) uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells was inhibited in a competitive manner by tyrosine-mustard and phenylglycine-mustard as well as melphalan (phenylalanine-mustard). Phenylglycine-mustard was able to induce the efflux of [3H]Phe preloaded into the TR-iBRB2 cells expressing LAT1 through the obligatory exchange mechanism, although tyrosine-mustard, alanine-mustard, ornithine-mustard, lysine-mustard, and melphalan did not induce any significant efflux. These findings suggest that phenylglycine-mustard is a better substrate for LAT1 than melphalan and other amino acid-mustards.
Effect of Dietary Curcuma, Capsicum, and Lentinus, on Enhancing Local Immunity against Eimeria acervulina Infection (2010)

The protective effect of orally administered Curcuma longa (turmeric), Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens (hot pepper), and Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom) on avian coccidiosis was evaluated in young broilers. Broiler chickens were continuously fed with a standard diet or standard diet supplemented with Curcuma, Capsicum/Lentinus or Curcuma/Capsicum/Lentinus from hatch and body weight gains, fecal oocyst shedding, antibody titers, and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression were measured as parameters of protective immunity following challenge infection with E. acervulina. Chickens fed the Curcuma/Capsicum/Lentinus-supplemented diet showed significantly improved body weight gains compared with birds on the standard diet or birds given Capsicum/Lentinus-supplemented diet following challenge infection with E. acervulina. Chickens fed the Curcuma/Capsicum/Lentinus-supplemented diet shed significantly reduced fecal oocysts and produced higher serum antibody titers compared with the groups fed the standard diet or fed Curcuma or Capsicum/Lentinus. Finally, the levels of local cytokine transcripts of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15, and IFN-γ were consistently greater in the Curcuma/Capsicum/Lentinus-fed group compared to the controls fed only the standard diet, Curcuma, or Capsicum/Lentinus groups. This study provides first immunological evidence that dietary supplementation of turmeric, hot pepper, and shiitake mixture significantly enhances local innate immunity and provides higher protective immunity against E. acervulina infection.
Impact of inulin and oligofructose on gastrointestinal peptides (2005)

In the present paper, we summarise the data supporting the following hypothesis: dietary inulin-type fructans extracted from chicory root may modulate the production of peptides, such as incretins, by endocrine cells present in the intestinal mucosa, this phenomenon being involved in the regulation of food intake and/or systemic effects. To test this hypothesis, male Wistar rats received for 3 weeks either a standard diet or the same diet supplemented with 10 % inulin-type fructans with different degrees of polymerisation. All the effects were most pronounced with the diet containing oligofructose, and consisted of (i) a decrease in mean daily energy intake and in epididymal fat mass; (ii) a higher caecal pool of the anorexigenic glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY), due to caecal tissue proliferation; (iii) an increase in GLP-1 and of its precursor - proglucagon mRNA - concentrations in the proximal colon; (iv) an increase in portal serum level of GLP-1 and PYY; (v) a decrease in serum orexigenic peptide ghrelin. Moreover, oligofructose supplementation improved glucose homeostasis (i.e. decreased glycaemia, increased pancreatic and serum insulin content) in diabetic rats previously treated with streptozotocin, a phenomenon that is partly linked to the reduction in food intake and that correlates with the increase in colic and portal GLP-1 content. Based on these results it appears justified to test, in human subjects, the hypothesis that dietary inulin-type fructans could play a role in the management of obesity and diabetes through their capacity to promote secretion of endogenous gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation.
Design of the DECprint Common Printer Supervisor for VMS System. (1991)

DECprint Printing Services software controls a variety of printer features for a wide range of printers. It supports several different page description languages, handles multiple media simultaneously, and uses different I/O interconnections and communication protocols. Operating within the VMS printing environment, it implements a large number of user-specified options to the PRINT command. DECprint Printing Services functions as the supervisor in the VMS printing system for all PostScript printers supplied by Digital. The common printer supervisor has an especially flexible internal structure and processing method to serve complex printing environments. [The DECprint paper starts here.]
Recent Progress in Redox Flow Battery Research and Development (2012)

Abstract With the increasing need to seamlessly integrate renewable energy with the current electricity grid, which itself is evolving into a more intelligent, efficient, and capable electrical power system, it is envisioned that energy‐storage systems will play a more prominent role in bridging the gap between current technology and a clean sustainable future in grid reliability and utilization. Redox flow battery technology is a leading approach in providing a well‐balanced solution for current challenges. Here, recent progress in the research and development of redox flow battery technology, including cell‐level components of electrolytes, electrodes, and membranes, is reviewed. The focus is on new redox chemistries for both aqueous and non‐aqueous systems.
Inflammation: Depression Fans the Flames and Feasts on the Heat (2015)

Depression and inflammation fuel one another. Inflammation plays a key role in depression's pathogenesis for a subset of depressed individuals; depression also primes larger cytokine responses to stressors and pathogens that do not appear to habituate. Accordingly, treatment decisions may be informed by attention to questions of how (pathways) and for whom (predispositions) these links exist, which are the focus of this article. When combined with predisposing factors (moderators such as childhood adversity and obesity), stressors and pathogens can lead to exaggerated or prolonged inflammatory responses. The resulting sickness behaviors (e.g., pain, disturbed sleep), depressive symptoms, and negative health behaviors (e.g., poor diet, a sedentary lifestyle) may act as mediating pathways that lead to further, unrestrained inflammation and depression. Depression, childhood adversity, stressors, and diet can all influence the gut microbiome and promote intestinal permeability, another pathway to enhanced inflammatory responses. Larger, more frequent, or more prolonged inflammatory responses could have negative mental and physical health consequences. In clinical practice, inflammation provides a guide to potential targets for symptom management by signaling responsiveness to certain therapeutic strategies. For example, a theme across research with cytokine antagonists, omega-3 fatty acids, celecoxib, and exercise is that anti-inflammatory interventions have a substantially greater impact on mood in individuals with heightened inflammation. Thus, when inflammation and depression co-occur, treating them in tandem may enhance recovery and reduce the risk of recurrence. The bidirectional links between depression, inflammation, and disease suggest that effective depression treatments could have a far-reaching impact on mood, inflammation, and health.
Protection of jejunal crypts by RH‐3 (a preparation of <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i>) against lethal whole body gamma irradiation (2003)

RH-3, an alcoholic extract of whole berries of Hippopheae rhamnoides, has been demonstrated to provide radioprotective activity in terms of survival of mice against whole body lethal irradiation (10 Gy). It was, therefore, investigated for its mode of action by monitoring crypt survival, cellularity of crypts and villi and the magnitude of apoptosis in the GI tract. Administration of RH-3 before irradiation (-30 min) increased the number of surviving crypts in the jejunum by a factor of 2.02 (p < 0.05) and villi cellularity by 2.5 fold (p < 0.05) in comparison to the irradiated control. RH-3 administration before irradiation also reduced the incidence of apoptotic bodies in the crypts (p < 0.05) in a time dependent manner and increased cellularity in the crypts and villi (84 h post irradiation) as compared to control. Caspase-3 activity was also significantly lower in the mice administered RH-3 before irradiation as compared to irradiated control. This study indicates that reduction in the radiation induced loss of cellularity of crypts and villi and also decrease in frequency of apoptosis could have contributed towards protection of mice treated with RH-3 before irradiation. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of radioprotection by Rh-3 need to be investigated further in detail.
Low Permeability Gas Reservoir Production Using Large Hydraulic Fractures (1970)

Abstract There has been relatively little work published on recovering hydrocarbon gas from published on recovering hydrocarbon gas from low permeability reservoirs. Recently several nuclear projects have explored the feasibility of creating a cavity and a fractured zone in such a formation to stimulate production. One such test, Gasbuggy, was begun Dec. 10, 1967, with the detonation of a 26-kt nuclear device in the Pictured Cliffs formation, Rio Arriba Co., N. M. This paper presents a study of stimulating low permeability reservoirs by the creation of long hydraulic fractures. A two-dimensional, two-phase numerical model was used. The reservoir properties of the model approximated those published for the Pictured Cliffs formation. The situations simulated were both vertical and horizontal fractures extending up to 3,000 ft from the producing well. Also, a model simulating a nuclear cavity was designed. This model simulated a well containing an 80-ft radius cavity with a fractured zone of 100 times the reservoir permeability, extending 200 ft past the cavity. The situation simulated was for production with a constant wellbore pressure. Production rate and cumulative gas produced were monitored as functions of time. From these parameters an economic evaluation of each system was prepared. The results of this study showed that all fractures of greater than 1,000-ft radius had greater productivity and greater cumulative gas productivity and greater cumulative gas produced than did the nuclear cavity. It produced than did the nuclear cavity. It appears that large hydraulic fractures may provide an economic means of producing gas from provide an economic means of producing gas from very low permeability reservoirs. Introduction There are large quantities of known hydrocarbons in place that are not being produced because the formation containing the produced because the formation containing the oil or gas has a permeability too low to allow economic production rates. In order to produce this type reservoir, some form of stimulation is required. There has been relatively little information published on the stimulation of low permeability reservoirs. In the past few permeability reservoirs. In the past few years, some projects have been conducted concerning the application of contained nuclear explosions for increasing the productivity in tight formations. The purpose of nuclear stimulation has been to create a large cavity with a radial fractured zone extending past the cavity, or in effect increasing the radius of the wellbore. Another stimulation method is hydraulic fracturing. The purpose of fracturing is usually to improve the formation capacity near the wellbore, offsetting the damage that occurred while drilling. However, another use of fractures presented by L. E. Wilsey provided the basis for this work. provided the basis for this work.
Micromachining of multi-thickness sensor-array structures with dual-stage etching technology (2001)

A novel bulk-micromachining technique has been developed for the formation of silicon micromechanical sensor-array structures with a scheme of different structural thicknesses of sensing units for different mechanical sensitivities. Using the multi-thickness scheme, a series of sensing units can be integrated to form a sensor array, with each unit having an individual structural thickness and, therefore, an individual mechanical sensitivity. The fabrication is based on a masked-maskless dual-stage anisotropic etching technology. The key to the technology lies in the pattern design of a mask layer and the etching depth control. By using this technique, several sensor-array structures have been successfully micromachined, such as a diaphragm array for multi-range pressure sensor array and beam-mass array for acceleration switch array, etc. The novel fabrication scheme is quite suitable for mechanical sensor arrays or switch arrays, which is attributed to the easily controlled etching process and the integration of many sensing units. Besides, the scheme of thickness variation saves sensing-unit occupation of the planar area, thereby contributing to the high density of array integration.