gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the solubility of a poorly soluble hydroxylated metabolite in human urine and its implications for potential renal toxicity. (2005)

The solubility, in human urine, of the major hydroxylated metabolite (M1) of an experimental cognition enhancer was characterized through a series of in vitro experiments in an effort to estimate the probability of crystalluria occurring following oral administration of the parent compound. The aim of these experiments was to determine if a safety margin existed between clinically observed urine concentrations and the solubility of M1. The mean urine concentrations of M1 in young and elderly subjects following oral administration of the parent compound at the highest doses tested, were 4865 +/- 2368 ng/mL and 2764 +/- 791 ng/mL, respectively. In vitro solubility experiments with M1 were conducted in drug-free human urine (37 degrees C) from four male and four female healthy subjects under conditions of high and low urine osmolality. Mean concentrations (n = 16) of M1 in human urine to which solid M1 was added, were 3656 +/- 621 ng/mL, 4678 +/- 1169 ng/mL and 5378 +/- 2474 ng/mL after stirring for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, indicating that the ex vivo mean solubility of M1 in human urine is no greater then approximately 5 microg/mL. Addition of solid M1 to urine from human subjects dosed with the parent compound resulted in mean urine M1 concentrations 23.5% greater than those observed in vivo. The results from both experiments indicated a significant overlap between urine concentrations of M1 in vivo following the highest oral administration of the parent drug and M1 solubility measured in vitro, suggesting a high potential for in vivo saturation of urine with M1 with subsequent precipitation, crystalluria, and nephrotoxicity. Consequently, the results of these studies have placed restrictions on the dose that could be administered during clinical development of this compound.
羊草种质资源的评价与利用 (2016)

<italic>Leymus chinensis</italic> (Trin.) Tzvel is a perennial forage and ecological grass, with high yield and good quality, strong resistance to abiotic stress and grazing. It is mainly distributed in the steppes of east Eurasia and China as a dominant species. Studies on <italic>L. chinensis</italic> germplasm investigation, collection, evaluation, and utilization are important for protecting <italic>L. chinensis</italic> stepp, establishing artificial pasture, improving degraded grassland, and the development of forage industry and animal husbandry. In recent years, great achievements were made in <italic>L. chinensis</italic> germplasm researches in China. A research system, “from the steppes to laboratory, and then from the lab to prairie”, was established. Thousands of wild germplasm resources were collected and evaluated. Zhongke series of new varieties such as Zhongke No. 1, 2 and 3 were cultivated. A transcriptome-based database was established and a lot of novel genes were cloned and identified. In this paper, we gave a detailed review of the recent advances in the origin and distribution of <italic>L. chinensis</italic>, germplasm evaluation, new variety breeding, propagation and utilization. We also discussed self-incompatibility mechanism, which is the existed problem in <italic>L. chinensis</italic> seed product. We proposed the future research emphasis according to the situation of <italic>L. chinensis</italic> germplasm and the market demand. New technologies should be used to speed up the new varieties cultivation and utilization, and promote the process of <italic>L. chinensis</italic> industrialization and animal husbandry development.
Intelligent transport systems and effects on road traffic accidents: state of the art (2007)

The results from several reviews have been presented and the aspects of road safety associated with intelligent transport systems (ITS) applications have been addressed. The attempt is to make a state-of-the-art regarding effects on accidents by categorising systems according to levels of evaluations methods that have been applied. These categories are effects on behaviour, effects on accidents by proxy/surrogate methods, accident studies from real traffic, effects on accident types and finally by meta-analysis where weighted estimates of effects on accidents can be calculated. Thirty-three IT systems including driver assistance systems/advanced driver assistance systems, in-vehicle information systems, in-vehicle data-collection systems and road telematics have been listed. Effects based on meta-analysis are estimated for 11 systems, and single accident studies are found for an additional 2 systems. For the remaining 20 systems, no studies from real road traffic have been identified. Effects on accidents of antilocking brake systems and electronic stability control (ESC) are presented in more detail according to their effects on certain accident types. ESC appears to be very efficient in reducing the number of accidents. Behavioural adaptations to ITS are considered and discussed, especially in terms of compensation mechanisms. Four hypotheses regarding prediction of effects on accidents are stated according to whether systems increase or decrease ‘windows of opportunities’ by calling upon a driver behaviour model where emotions play a central role.
Si-On-ONO (SOONO) Devices Realized on Bulk Si Wafers for Fully-Depleted SOI Transistor and 4-Bit Flash Memory Applications (2006)

We proposed and successfully demonstrated Si-on-ONO (SOONO) devices for fully depleted SOI transistor and 4 bit flash memory applications. In terms of HP transistor, SOONO MOSFETs showed good SCE immunity and high driving currents. In terms of a 4-bit flash memory, SOONO MOSFETs with ONO layers as their gate dielectrics showed clear 4-bit operation using the physically separated 4 storage nodes of double ONO layers
Inhibitors of Ethylene Synthesis Inhibit Auxin-Induced Stomatal Opening in Epidermis Detached from Leaves of Vicia Faba L. (2001)

Using leaf epidermis from Vicia faba, we tested whether auxin-induced stomatal opening was initiated by auxin-induced ethylene synthesis. Epidermis was dark-incubated in buffered KNO3 containing 0.1 mM alpha-napthalene acetic acid or 1 mM indole-3-acetic acid. Maximum net opening was ca. 4 micron after 6 h. Opening was reversed by 20 microM ABA, 0.1 mM CaCl2. 1-Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase catalyzes synthesis of ACC, the immediate precursor to ethylene. Auxin-induced stomatal opening was fully inhibited by 10 microM 1-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an ACC synthase inhibitor. In solutions containing AVG, auxin-induced opening was restored in a concentration-dependent manner by exogenous ACC, but not in control solutions lacking an auxin. ACC-mediated reversal of AVG-inhibition of stomatal opening was inhibited by alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), an inhibitor of ACC oxidase, the last enzyme in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, by 10 microM silver thiosulfate (STS), an inhibitor of ethylene action, and by 20 microM ABA, 0.1 mM CaCl2. CoCl2, an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis, also inhibited auxin-induced opening. Both STS and CoCl2 inhibited opening induced by light or by fusicoccin, but neither light- nor fusicoccin-induced opening was inhibited by AVG. These results support the hypothesis that auxin-induced stomatal opening is mediated through auxin-induced ethylene production by guard cells.
A hybrid data sharing-data partitioning architecture for transaction processing (2003)

Proposes and evaluates a hybrid architecture that combines the approaches, and offers the advantages of both data sharing and data partitioning. Some databases are shared between systems, while others are retained private by specific systems. The issue is to determine which databases to share, which to retain private, and how to route transactions and partition the private databases among systems so as to minimize response time or overheads, while balancing the load among systems. A simulated annealing heuristic is used to solve this optimization problem. Trace data from large mainframe systems running IBM's IMS database management system are used to illustrate the methodology and to demonstrate the advantage of the hybrid approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Practicality of Alcohols as Motor Fuel (1979)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Several alcohols have been or are being used as motor fuel in limited applications where their unique properties provide a specific benefit. Recently, proposals have been made to manufacture methyl and ethyl alcohols from nonpetroleum feedstocks for use as a primary energy source. Such a program, it is claimed, would reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil; manufacturing ethanol would also stabilize prices of farm commodities.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">An economical and abundant feedstock for methanol manufacture is North Dakota lignite. In a plant consuming lignite and self-sufficient in utilities, energy in the methanol would represent about 45 per cent of the energy in the feedstock. The cost of energy from the methanol produced would be about twice that from gasoline at 1979 prices. Liquefaction of lignite or coal to a synthetic crude with subsequent refining by conventional processes would provide motor fuel at somewhat higher energy efficiency and lower cost than by methanol synthesis. Municipal solid wastes could also be used as feedstock for methanol manufacture, but the cost would be even higher than with lignite as feedstock.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The lowest cost and most abundant feedstock for ethanol manufacture is corn. With current farming and ethanol manufacturing practices, which use mainly petroleum-based fuels, energy in the ethanol plus that in the byproducts is only about 55 per cent of the energy in the petroleum fuels consumed. If the ethanol plant used only nonpetroleum fuels such as coal or agricultural wastes for process energy, the efficiency based on just the petroleum fuels used in farming and collection of wastes would range from 130 to 160 per cent; overall efficiency would remain at 55 per cent or less. Energy in the byproducts represents about 40 per cent of the energy output, which greatly complicates evaluation of the efficiency of the plant. In any event, the cost of energy from the ethanol produced would be at least four times that from gasoline. The high cost results from large capital charges, large operating costs and, especially, large raw material costs.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">While both methanol and ethanol have characteristics that complicate distribution and detract from product quality, poor energy yield and high cost are the most serious deterrents to commercialization of either alcohol. Methanol is definitely preferred, but neither represents a practical alternative unless the price of petroleum-based fuels rises markedly relative to that of the alcohols.</div>
Load balancing for massively multiplayer online games (2006)

Supporting thousands, possibly hundreds of thousands, of players is a requirement that must be satisfied when delivering server based online gaming as a commercial concern. Such a requirement may be satisfied by utilising the cumulative processing resources afforded by a cluster of servers. Clustering of servers allow great flexibility, as the game provider may add servers to satisfy an increase in processing demands, more players, or remove servers for routine maintenance or upgrading. If care is not taken, the way processing demands are distributed across a cluster of servers may hinder such flexibility and also hinder player interaction within a game. In this paper we present an approach to load balancing that is simple and effective, yet maintains the flexibility of a cluster while promoting player interaction.
191. Syntheses in the phenanthrene series. Part VII. 5 : 9-Dimethoxy-and 5-methoxy-1-methylphenanthrene (1937)

P. Hill, W. F. Short and H. Stromberg, J. Chem. Soc., 1937, 937 DOI: 10.1039/JR9370000937
续写《北京爱情故事》 全新帕萨特解读品车识士 (2012)

关于车与男人的比喻有很多,最近的热播剧《北京爱情故事》对此有更形象直观的比喻：车是男人的脸,男人被打哪儿都行,就是不能被打脸。这句话指出了车在男人生活中的地位,同时也可说明,车可以体现出人的品位及性格特征
Compact 32-core multicore fibre isolator for high-density spatial division multiplexed transmission (2016)

We present a fully integrated 32-core multicore fibre isolator with low insertion loss (average loss <0.8dB, core-to-core variation <2dB) and low inter-core crosstalk (<-40dB).
Touchbugs (2013)

We present a novel approach to graspable interfaces using Touchbugs, actuated physical objects for interacting with interactive surface computing applications. Touchbugs are active tangibles that are able to move across surfaces by employing vibrating motors and can communicate with camera based multi-touch surfaces using infrared LEDs. Touchbug's embedded inertial sensors and computational capabilities open a new interaction space by providing autonomous capabilities for tangibles that allow goal directed behavior.
Removal of Loop Back in p-cycle Protection: Second Phase Reconfiguration (2006)

P-cycles are one of the most promising techniques of span protection used in optical networks. However the protection path provided by p-cycle may contain some nodes, which are part of the working path also. When the p-cycle is used to provide protection to any failed span of the working path, then due to the common nodes in working path and protection path provided by p-cycle, there will be overlapping of these nodes in the restored path. These overlapping nodes will appear twice in the restored path, once in the working path and then in the protection path provided by p-cycle for the protection of any failed span. This repetition will make loops at the overlapping nodes. Hence redundant span capacity will be used. To remove these loops, and release the redundant capacity a scheme is developed to reconfigure the restored path. This aspect of the p-cycle has not been discussed so far in the literature. The released capacity is calculated and it has been found that significant amount of capacity is released. The average amount of released capacity with second phase reconfiguration, is in the range of 26% to 28% for the test network, depending upon the traffic distribution
A Robot Localization System Combining RSSI and Phase Shift in UHF-RFID Signals (2015)

This paper proposes a global indoor localization system based on the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. A reader, installed on the robot, measures the received signal strength indication (RSSI) and the phase shift of UHF-RFID signals coming from a set of passive tags deployed on the ceiling of the environment. The position of the tags in the environment is only roughly known at the beginning. Exploiting the complementary features of RSSI and phase-shift information in RFID signals (together with odometry data), a multihypothesis extended and unscented Kalman filter is proposed to localize the robot and to simultaneously improve the initial estimate on the tag coordinates. The simulative and experimental results are reported to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Screening for Quorum-Sensing Inhibitors (QSI) by Use of a Novel Genetic System, the QSI Selector (2005)

With the widespread appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there is an increasing demand for novel strategies to control infectious diseases. Furthermore, it has become apparent that the bacterial life style also contributes significantly to this problem. Bacteria living in the biofilm mode of growth tolerate conventional antimicrobial treatments. The discovery that many bacteria use quorum-sensing (QS) systems to coordinate virulence and biofilm development has pointed out a new, promising target for antimicrobial drugs. We constructed a collection of screening systems, QS inhibitor (QSI) selectors, which enabled us to identify a number of novel QSIs among natural and synthetic compound libraries. The two most active were garlic extract and 4-nitro-pyridine-N-oxide (4-NPO). GeneChip-based transcriptome analysis revealed that garlic extract and 4-NPO had specificity for QS-controlled virulence genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These two QSIs also significantly reduced P. aeruginosa biofilm tolerance to tobramycin treatment as well as virulence in a Caenorhabditis elegans pathogenesis model.
[A novel mediator--macrophage migration inhibitory factor]. (2004)

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF) was discovered as a soluble factor associated with the mechanism of delayed-type hypersensitivity. At present, MIF is accepted as a multifunctional cytokine involved in a broad-spectrum pathological events relevant to the immune system and tumorigenesis. Following the cloning of human MIF cDNA, novel biological functions of MIF have been demonstrated. For example, MIF is released from the anterior pituitary gland in endotoxin stimuli, and as a proinflammatory cytokine and glucocorticoid-induced immunomodulator produced by a variety of inflammatory stimuli. From these findings, it is conceivable that MIF would be a novel indicator, suggesting systemic inflammatory conditions, such as septicemia. Recently, it was found that Toll-like receptor 4 could be regulated by MIF, suggesting its involvement in the innate immunity.
Effects of Adsorption Conformation on the Dispersion of Aluminum Hydroxide Particles by Multifunctional Polyelectrolytes (2010)

The influence of multifunctional polyelectrolytes on the dispersion of aluminum hydroxide particles was studied, in particular the influence of monomer units acting as functional groups, with respect to particle size and zeta potential. The conformation of polyelectrolytes adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide particles, which affects their dispersion abilities, was investigated via their adsorption isotherms and (1)H NMR spectral analysis. Furthermore, the functions of monomer units were evaluated by the calculation of the interaction energies between each monomer unit and aluminum hydroxide or H(2)O by density functional theory. Three multifunctional polyelectrolytes were compared: a terpolymer of acrylic acid (AA), 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS), and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) (P(AA/SA/NVP)), acrylic acid homopolymer (P(AA)), and a copolymer of AA and AMPS (P(AA/SA)). The most effective dispersant was P(AA/SA/NVP), which prevented further coagulation among the initial particles and shifted the zeta potential to the most negative value. The conformations of the adsorbed polyelectrolytes exhibited the following order of extended conformation (larger loops and longer tails): P(AA) > P(AA/SA/NVP) > P(AA/SA). From these results, we reasonably concluded that the prominent dispersing capability of P(AA/SA/NVP) was due to its preferred extended conformation on the particle surface due to a subtle balance between the moderate affinity of NVP and the relatively higher affinities of AA and AMPS for aluminum hydroxide in an aqueous solution and the hydrophobicity of the amide groups of AMPS.
Analytical supercritical fluid extraction of adsorbent materials (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalytical supercritical fluid extraction of adsorbent materialsBob W. Wright, Cherylyn W. Wright, Robert W. Gale, and Richard D. SmithCite this: Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 1, 38–44Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00128a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00128a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views232Altmetric-Citations111LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
PRECOOLING CONCRETE USING FROZEN SAND (1990)

A most effective way to minimize thermal cracking is to control the temperature of the concrete at placement, and a widely used method to keep the concrete placing temperature low is to precool the concrete components. The development of such a precooling system is described. The project consisted of three stages. Laboratory tests investigated the production of frozen sand (sand chilled below the freezing point of water) by injecting liquid nitrogen, the properties of frozen sand, the properties of concrete cooled by using frozen sand, and the cooling efficiency of liquid nitrogen. Full scale tests were made to examine these issues at ready-mix plants installed with the sand-cooling apparatus. The precooling method was then applied to constructing mass concrete structures.
Toward gamification of knowledge base construction (2015)

Knowledge is integral to an intelligent system. However, constructing a knowledge base often involves great cost and substantial effort on the part of human experts in the target domain. In this paper, we present an approach that harnesses the power of casual users to construct the knowledge base. The users answer a simple series of questions and, by aggregating their answers, we obtain the information necessary to augment and refine the knowledge base. To motivate the users to engage in the process, we presented the questions via a gamification approach. Our experiments with the knowledge base of an Apartment FAQ system substantiate the potential of our proposed approach.
A model to 4D descent trajectory guidance (2007)

Current standard arrival routes or STARs will require in next years more flexibility to handle the increase of aircraft arrivals and to minimize the related environmental impact applying continuous descent trajectories at idle thrust. To do that, a global optimized 4D trajectory must be followed from the given aircraft position to the terminal gate and tracked in real time. 4D trajectory guidance is not an easy task (mainly at arrivals trajectories) due to the variability of the atmospheric and meteorological conditions with the altitude, which introduces discrepancies from the given reference trajectory and the real one. In this paper we present a new 4D trajectory guidance model focussed on the descent and arrival flight phase. This model has been designed as a 4D FMS which is part of an entire dynamic control system using the well established point mass model for the aircraft aerodynamic behaviour. The proposed 4D FMS compares the aircraft state vector with the reference trajectory and calculates the necessary control entrances to fit the actual response to the previously estimated one.
Preparation and Characterization of Novel Quaternized Cellulose Nanoparticles as Protein Carriers (2009)

Quaternized cellulose (QC) nanoparticles were prepared in distilled water by ionic crosslinking of QC with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) for the first time. BSA as a model protein drug was used to investigate the loading and release features of the nanoparticles. The results indicated that QC nanoparticles had high loading efficiency and capacity for BSA. The in vitro BSA release of the QC nanoparticles displayed a burst effect in the first 2 h and then a slow continuous release. Nanoparticles with a higher DS of QC showed a decrease in particle size, an increase in zeta potential, a higher loading efficiency and a slower drug-release profile. These studies demonstrated that QC nanoparticles are potential protein carriers, and that their physicochemical properties and release profile could be easily adjusted.