gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fungicide Applications on Populations of Phytophthora parasitica and on Feeder Root Densities and Fruit Yields of Citrus Trees (1989)

Fungicide treatments for control of feeder root rot of citrus caused by Phytophthora parasitica were made for 3 yr in four Florida orchards. Treatments consisted of foliar applications of fosetyl-Al at high (FOS-H) and low (FOS-L) frequency and soil applications of metalaxyl (MET). Propagule densities were positively correlated with feeder root densities in some orchards, especially in plots treated with fosetyl-Al (...)
Natural gas hydrates: myths, facts and issues (2004)

Gas hydrates are solid-like substances naturally occurring beneath the oceans and in polar regions. They contain vast, and potentially unstable, reserves of methane and other natural gases. Many believe that, if released in the environment, the methane from hydrates would be a considerable hazard to marine ecosystems, coastal populations and infrastructures, or worse, that it would dangerously contribute to global warming. On the other hand, hydrates may contain enough natural gas to provide an energy supply assurance for the 21st century. This paper attempts to separate the myths, the facts and the issues that relate to natural gas hydrates beyond the doomsday environmental scenarios and overly optimistic estimates.
Distribution and Binding Properties of Receptors for Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor (2007)

The pleiotropic biological actions of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on haemopoietic cells (macrophages and megakaryocytes), hepatocytes, osteoblasts, pre-adipocytes, embryonic stem cells, myoblasts and neuronal cells must be mediated through the interactions of LIF with specific cellular receptors. The demonstration by equilibrium binding analysis and autoradiography of LIF receptors on all of the above cells and cell lines suggests that each of these pleiotropic effects of LIF is mediated by direct interactions with the responding cells rather than by the indirect release of secondary cytokines. Despite the differing biological effects of LIF on these cells, equilibrium binding, kinetic analyses and receptor internalization studies have all suggested that these cells display essentially identical high affinity LIF receptors. Nevertheless, there is evidence on some cell types (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF] transgenic peritoneal cells and F9 embryonal carcinoma cells) for a second class of low affinity LIF receptors (Kd = 1.5 nM versus Kd = 30 pM for high affinity receptors) which, LIF receptors (Kd = 1.5 nM versus Kd = 30 pM for high affinity receptors) which differ from the high affinity receptors only in kinetic dissociation rate. Moreover, the evidence suggests that low and high affinity receptors are structurally related and interconvertible, because detergent solubilization of LIF receptors from any cell type results in the quantitative conversion of high affinity receptors into low affinity receptors. As is the case for other related cytokine receptors, these data suggest that high affinity LIF receptors may be composed of two protein subunits--one responsible for LIF-specific low affinity binding and the other responsible for affinity conversion and cell signalling by the receptor. Such a model provides a possible explanation for the pleiotropy of LIF's biological actions.
A methodology for information theoretic feature extraction (2002)

We discuss an unsupervised feature extraction method which is driven by an information theoretic based criterion: mutual information. While information theoretic signal processing has been examined by many authors the method presented here is more closely related to the approaches of Linsker (1988, 1990), Bell and Sejnowski (1995), and Viola et al. (1996). The method we discuss differs from previous work in several aspects. It is extensible to a feed-forward multilayer perceptron with an arbitrary number of layers. No assumptions are made about the underlying PDF of the input space. It exploits a property of entropy coupled with a saturating nonlinearity resulting in a method for entropy manipulation with computational complexity proportional to the number of data samples squared This represents a significant computational savings over previous methods. As mutual information is a function of two entropy terms, the method for entropy manipulation can be directly applied to the mutual information as well.
The functional dyad of scorpion toxin Pi1 is not itself a prerequisite for toxin binding to the voltage-gated Kv1.2 potassium channels (2004)

Pi1 is a 35-residue scorpion toxin cross-linked by four disulphide bridges that acts potently on both small-conductance Ca2+-activated (SK) and voltage-gated (Kv) K+ channel subtypes. Two approaches were used to investigate the relative contribution of the Pi1 functional dyad (Tyr-33 and Lys-24) to the toxin action: (i) the chemical synthesis of a [A24,A33]-Pi1 analogue, lacking the functional dyad, and (ii) the production of a Pi1 analogue that is phosphorylated on Tyr-33 (P-Pi1). According to molecular modelling, this phosphorylation is expected to selectively impact the two amino acid residues belonging to the functional dyad without altering the nature and three-dimensional positioning of other residues. P-Pi1 was directly produced by peptide synthesis to rule out any possibility of trace contamination by the unphosphorylated product. Both Pi1 analogues were compared with synthetic Pi1 for bioactivity. In vivo, [A24,A33]-Pi1 and P-Pi1 are lethal by intracerebroventricular injection in mice (LD50 values of 100 and 40 microg/mouse, respectively). In vitro, [A24,A33]-Pi1 and P-Pi1 compete with 125I-apamin for binding to SK channels of rat brain synaptosomes (IC50 values of 30 and 10 nM, respectively) and block rat voltage-gated Kv1.2 channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes (IC50 values of 22 microM and 75 nM, respectively), whereas they are inactive on Kv1.1 or Kv1.3 channels at micromolar concentrations. Therefore, although both analogues are less active than Pi1 both in vivo and in vitro, the integrity of the Pi1 functional dyad does not appear to be a prerequisite for the recognition and binding of the toxin to the Kv1.2 channels, thereby highlighting the crucial role of other toxin residues with regard to Pi1 action on these channels. The computed simulations detailing the docking of Pi1 peptides on to the Kv1.2 channels support an unexpected key role of specific basic amino acid residues, which form a basic ring (Arg-5, Arg-12, Arg-28 and Lys-31 residues), in toxin binding.
Identification of the Inorganic Pyrophosphate Metabolizing, ATP Substituting Pathway in Mammalian Spermatozoa (2012)

Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) is generated by ATP hydrolysis in the cells and also present in extracellular matrix, cartilage and bodily fluids. Fueling an alternative pathway for energy production in cells, PPi is hydrolyzed by inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPA1) in a highly exergonic reaction that can under certain conditions substitute for ATP-derived energy. Recombinant PPA1 is used for energy-regeneration in the cell-free systems used to study the zymology of ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome system, including the role of sperm-borne proteasomes in mammalian fertilization. Inspired by an observation of reduced in vitro fertilization (IVF) rates in the presence of external, recombinant PPA1, this study reveals, for the first time, the presence of PPi, PPA1 and PPi transporter, progressive ankylosis protein ANKH in mammalian spermatozoa. Addition of PPi during porcine IVF increased fertilization rates significantly and in a dose-dependent manner. Fluorometric assay detected high levels of PPi in porcine seminal plasma, oviductal fluid and spermatozoa. Immunofluorescence detected PPA1 in the postacrosomal sheath (PAS) and connecting piece of boar spermatozoa; ANKH was present in the sperm head PAS and equatorial segment. Both ANKH and PPA1 were also detected in human and mouse spermatozoa, and in porcine spermatids. Higher proteasomal-proteolytic activity, indispensable for fertilization, was measured in spermatozoa preserved with PPi. The identification of an alternative, PPi dependent pathway for ATP production in spermatozoa elevates our understanding of sperm physiology and sets the stage for the improvement of semen extenders, storage media and IVF media for animal biotechnology and human assisted reproductive therapies.
Fletcher's error detection algorithm: how to implement it efficiently and how toavoid the most common pitfalls (1988)

In what follows we pursue the following objectives:(a) to present efficient versions of Fletcher's Arithmetic Checksum Algorithm,(b) to discuss the issues that arise when these versions are implemented,(c) to present possible implementation independent shortcomings of the algorithm, and(d) to contrast its properties to those of a CRC encoding scheme.
Torque Control of a Rehabilitation Teaching Robot Using Magneto-Rheological Fluid Clutches (2005)

A new robot that makes use of MR-fluid clutches for simulating torque is proposed to provide an appropriate device for training physical therapy students in knee-joint rehabilitation. The feeling of torque provided by the robot is expected to correspond to the torque performance obtained by physical therapy experts in a clinical setting. The torque required for knee-joint rehabilitation, which is a function of the rotational angle and the rotational angular velocity of a knee movement, is modeled using a mechanical system composed of typical spring-mass-damper elements. The robot consists of two MR-fluid clutches, two induction motors, and a feedback control system. In the torque experiments, output torque is controlled using the spring and damper coefficients separately. The values of these coefficients are determined experimentally. The experimental results show that the robot would be suitable for training physical therapy students to experience similar torque feelings as needed in a clinical situation.
Continuous Czochralski growth: silicon sheet growth development of the large area silicon sheets task of the Low Cost Silicon Solar Array Project. Ninth quarterly progress report, October 1-December 31, 1979 (1979)

During this reporting period, four more 100 kg continuous runs were completed to satisfy the six required by the project extension. One of the four (2*) was performed using a new standard CG2000 RC grower, using accessory equipment and process techniques developed under this project. The sixth and final 100 kg continuous run was performed with purified carbon parts and resulted in the best results to date. Run No. 62 resulted in 103.0 kg being pulled from 104.5 kg total charge weight (98.6% pulled yield). Of this 103 kg grown, 89.3 kg were monocrystalline. Moreover, 72.2 kg was OD material. Another encouraging result was that 85% of the eighth crystal was monocrystalline and 67% of the ninth and last crystal was monocrystaline after ninety seven hours of continuous growth. Impurity analysis data indicate that impurity build-up in grown crystals during 100 kg continuous runs is insignificant. However, the results indicate that impurities tend to accumulate in the crucible. Moreover, impurity analysis performed on new crucibles indicates that these new crucibles may not be as pure as the manufacturer's literature states. Solar cell efficiency data from two 100 kg continuous runs were received this quarter with very encouraging results. The average efficiencies of all cells tested was 16.35% AM1, which is considerably higher than our 14% AM1 goal. Moreover, the efficiencies remained at or near the same levels throughout the entire 100 kg continuous run. We expect to receive solar cell efficiency results from three more of the 100 kg continuous runs in the next quarter.
Concentric electrodes improve microfluidic droplet sorting (2018)

Microfluidic droplet sorting allows selection of subpopulations of cells, nucleic acids, and biomolecules with soluble assays. Dielectrophoresis is widely used for sorting because it generates strong forces on droplets, actuates rapidly, and is easy to integrate into microfluidic chips. However, existing device designs apply a short force, limiting the deflection of droplets, and therefore the speed and reliability of sorting. We describe a concentric design that applies a long force, allowing large deflections and increased reliability. We demonstrate the utility of this design by sorting polydisperse emulsions, which are typically difficult to sort with high purity.
Fast Chase algorithm with an application in turbo decoding (2001)

Turbo product codes (TPCs) provide an attractive alternative to recursive systematic convolutional (RSC)-based turbo systems. Rather than employ trellis-based decoders, an algebraic decoder may be repeatedly employed in a low-complexity, soft-input/soft-output errors-and-erasures decoder such as the Chase algorithm. Taking motivation from efficient forced erasure decoders, this implementation re-orders the Chase algorithm's repeated decodings such that the inherent computational redundancy is greatly reduced without degrading performance. The result is a highly efficient fast Chase implementation. The algorithm presented here is principally applicable to single error-correcting codes although consideration is also given to the more general case. The new decoder's value in practical turbo schemes is demonstrated via application to decoding of the (64,57,4) extended Hamming TPC.
Recognition of Segmented Online Arabic Handwritten Characters of the ADAB Database (2011)

The aim of this work is to fill a void in the literature of Arabic handwriting recognition by studying the performance of different feature extraction methods on online segmented Arabic characters. The contribution of this paper is to introduce a large database of segmented online handwritten Arabic characters and report the performance of various feature extraction techniques on the segmented characters to serve as a benchmark for any future work on the problem of online Arabic characters recognition.
Recent advances with chemotherapy for NSCLC: the ECOG experience. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. (1998)

Management of disseminated non-small-cell lung cancer has changed over the past 10 years. Newer agents, such as vinorelbine (Navelbine) and paclitaxel (Taxol), have been shown to modestly improve survival in patients with advanced disease when administered in conjunction with cisplatin (Platinol). Compared with older regimens consisting of cisplatin and a Vinca alkaloid or a podophyllotoxin, the newer regimens yield a 10- to 15-week improvement in median survival and an additional 10% to 15% in 1-year survival. Based on these results derived from randomized trials, it appears that metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer patients with good performance status should be treated with regimens containing either vinorelbine or paclitaxel in conjunction with cisplatin.
Controlling characteristics of group insureds: risk rating. (1993)

Employers seek to manage risk in their group health and life insurance plans through wellness programs and certain hiring practices. In both cases, the Americans with Disabilities Act may ultimately affect the use of these forms of risk rating on the grounds that they are discriminatory.
A new approach to epitaxially grow high-quality GaN films on Si substrates: the combination of MBE and PLD (2016)

High-quality GaN epitaxial films have been grown on Si substrates with Al buffer layer by the combination of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technologies. MBE is used to grow Al buffer layer at first, and then PLD is deployed to grow GaN epitaxial films on the Al buffer layer. The surface morphology, crystalline quality, and interfacial property of as-grown GaN epitaxial films on Si substrates are studied systematically. The as-grown ~300 nm-thick GaN epitaxial films grown at 850 °C with ~30 nm-thick Al buffer layer on Si substrates show high crystalline quality with the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) for GaN(0002) and GaN(102) X-ray rocking curves of 0.45° and 0.61°, respectively; very flat GaN surface with the root-mean-square surface roughness of 2.5 nm; as well as the sharp and abrupt GaN/AlGaN/Al/Si hetero-interfaces. Furthermore, the corresponding growth mechanism of GaN epitaxial films grown on Si substrates with Al buffer layer by the combination of MBE and PLD is hence studied in depth. This work provides a novel and simple approach for the epitaxial growth of high-quality GaN epitaxial films on Si substrates.
Inhibition of T7 RNA polymerase initiation by triple-helical DNA complexes: a model for artificial gene repression (1992)

An experimental approach is presented for the creation of an artificial and functional repressor/operator interaction that does not involve polypeptides. This in vitro approach confers oligonucleotide regulation upon a bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter by introducing an overlapping homopurine operator that can be recognized by oligonucleotide-directed DNA triple-helix formation. Recognition of optimized operator sequences in either of two triple-helix motifs is shown to efficiently inhibit T7 RNA polymerase transcription initiation in both a promoter- and oligonucleotide-specific manner. Inhibition due to triple helices of the pyrimidine motif is pH-dependent, as expected. Inhibition by purine motif triple helices is not pH-dependent and occurs efficiently under optimum T7 RNA polymerase transcription conditions. Repression by triple-helix formation can be observed rapidly after addition of purine motif repressor oligonucleotides, even when polymerase has been given prior access to the promoter. The mechanism of repression is shown to be occlusion of polymerase from the promoter rather than trapping of the polymerase in unproductive preinitiation or initiation complexes. In contrast to their inhibition of T7 RNA polymerase initiation, the triple-helical complexes studied here do not detectably inhibit transcription elongation.
Etiology of septic arthritis in children (1999)

These data confirm Staphylococcus aureus as a frequent pathogen and suggest that H influenzae type B is no longer the predominant isolate in young children with septic arthritis. In addition, early septic arthritis in children is frequently misdiagnosed on initial evaluation.
A cost effective binary FSK demodulator for low-IF radios (2002)

This paper presents a design of low-cost continuous-phase binary frequency-shift keying (CP-BFSK) demodulator. The proposed demodulator does not require a post-detection filter to suppress sum-frequency components, and hence is suitable for a low-IF receiver architecture. Applied to a Bluetooth receiver with 500 kHz low-IF frequency, the demodulator reaches 10/sup -3/ BER for 16.5 dB SNR and 1 Mbps data-rate. Small modulation indices between 0.28 to 0.35 are demonstrated. Using a 0.25-/spl mu/m mixed-signal CMOS process, the demodulator occupies an active area of 0.22 mm/sup 2/. The power consumption is 5 mW from a 2.5 V single supply.
Improving the Retinex algorithm for rendering wide dynamic range photographs (2004)

Digital photography systems often render an image from a scene-referred description with very wide dynamic range to an output-referred description of much lesser dynamic range. Global tone maps are often used for this purpose, but can fail when called upon to perform a large amount of range compression. A luminance formulation of the Retinex ratio-reset-product-average algorithm produces a smoothly changing contrast mask of great benefit, but it too can fail where high contrast edges are encountered. A slight but critical modification to the Retinex equation - introducing a ratio modification operator - changes the nature of the generated contrast mask so that it is simultaneously smooth in regions of small contrast ratios, but extremely sharp at high contrast edges. A mask produced in this way compresses large and undesirable contrast ratios while preserving, or optionally enhancing, small ratios critical to the sensation of image contrast. Processed images may appear to have a greater contrast despite having a shorter global contrast range. Adjusting the new operator prior to processing gives control of the degree of compression at high contrast edges. Changing the operator during processing gives control over spatial frequency response.
Automotive Millimeterwave Radar History and present Status (1998)

The possibility to apply millimeterwaves for various applications in the commercial arena has a long history, as the impressive advantages being offered by such systems have been known for more than 3 decades. Furthermore, the necessity of turning their attention away from the military sector towards commercial products has caused more and more companies to look into millimeterwave communications and automotive radar. Advantageously, this was accompanied by the advent of low-cost integration procedures, i.e. Hybrid- and Monolithic-Integration Techniques, respectively, as well as surpassing advances in the area digital signal processing. Thus millimeterwave systems have found an ever increasing interest, due to their specific advantages, as well as the severe shortage of frequencies available for new services. The two most important application areas today are: short-haul transmission links for wireless infrastructure systems at 23, 38 or 58 GHz, a very valuable market already, and automotive radar sensors - simple collision warning devices and intelligent cruise control sensors at 24 and 77 GHz as well - having a very large market potential for the near future.
Stereoscopic Video over IP Networks (2005)

Transfers of high-quality multimedia content pose new demands on capacity and services provided by the contemporary high-speed computer networks. Transfer of stereoscopic video is a specific example, as it needs synchronization between two separate data streams. We have set up a stereoscopic video capture system and studied synchronization of two separate digital video format streams sent over packet networks. We have adapted application tools to support the synchronization and used an active element working as a synchronizing UDP packet reflector to explicitly synchronize the streams if they are desynchronized in the network. We have experimentally studied the quality of achievable synchronization and the relationship between the amount of desynchronization and the additional latency overhead posed by buffering of the data on the synchronizing reflector. The results prove our assumption that even high-quality DV streams can be successfully synchronized using the simple packet reflector running on common IA32-based computer
Flammability Limits of Diesel and air Mixture for use in Underbalanced Drilling (2013)

Abstract In an underbalanced drilling process, using diesel as an oleic additive to drilling mud increases the chance of explosion if the drilling fluids mix with natural gas or injected air and reach the flammable limits. Although some investigations about flammability limits of drilling fluids have been conducted on the basis of diesel components, further laboratory experimental study needs to be done. Initially, the properties of the two diesel samples, including heating value, molecular weight, densities and simulated distillation characteristics are measured and compared. Then, an experimental study is conducted to investigate the flammability limits of two diesel fuel samples (diesel A and B) at varied conditions of elevated temperature and pressure using a specially designed apparatus. Based on the experimental results, generally, diesel B exhibits wider flammability range than diesel A. However, diesel A is easier to ignite than diesel B. In addition, the effect of pressure on the flammability limit of diesel B is more profound compared to diesel A. This research can help diesel selection for specific conditions in the field. Moreover, it is suggested that, to maintain a low probability of ignition or explosion, the minimum diesel concentration of drilling fluid is 4.29% for both diesels under certain conditions.