gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Two New Serotypes of San Miguel Sea Lion Virus (1977)

Two new virus isolates, one from a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus) and the other from a northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) were partially characterized. Their physicochemical characteristics were similar to those of vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) and San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV). The virion morphology was in both instances typically calicivirus. On the basis of this and the serum cross-neutralization testing, these isolates were classed as two new types of SMSV and were designated serotypes SMSV-4 and SMSV-5.
Insights into Cytochrome <i>c</i>−Cardiolipin Interaction. Role Played by Ionic Strength (2008)

The finding that cytochrome c (cyt c) plays a role in programmed cell death after its release from the mitochondrion has recently renewed interest in this protein. The structural changes in cytochrome c observed at early stages of the apoptotic process have been related to changes occurring in the protein when it forms a complex with phospholipid vesicles. Among the lipids constituting the membrane, cardiolipin is the one thought to bind to cyt c. In this paper, we have investigated the influence exerted by ionic strength on cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction and found that formation of the cytochrome c-cardiolipin complex occurs via two distinct transitions, implying a high-affinity site and a low-affinity site. Ionic strength significantly influences complex stability; sodium chloride dissociates the complex through two distinct transitions, the second of which occurs at a very high anion concentration. ATP also dissociates the complex, but under the conditions that were investigated, its action is limited to the high-affinity site. The dissociation process is characterized by a very slow kinetic rate constant ( k obs = 4.2 x 10 (-3) s (-1)) and requires several minutes to be completed. We ascribe it to the high activation barrier met by the protein when restoring the native Fe(III)-M80 axial bond. The peroxidase activity shown by cardiolipin-bound cytochrome c is indicative of a less packed protein tertiary conformation in the complex. In line with earlier reports, these data highlight the manifold functions of cytochrome c besides the well-known role it plays in oxidative phosphorylation, shedding more light on the properties of the cytochrome c-cardiolipin complex, involved in the progression of early stages of apoptosis.
Expression and Function of Chloride Transporters during Development of Inhibitory Neurotransmission in the Auditory Brainstem (2003)

Glycine and GABA, the dominant inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS, assume a depolarizing role in early development, leading to increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels and action potentials. The effect is thought to be of some significance for maturation. The depolarization is caused by Cl- efflux, and chloride transporters contribute to the phenomenon by raising the intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) above equilibrium, thereby generating an outward-directed electrochemical gradient for Cl-. In mature neurons, the [Cl-]i is reduced below equilibrium, thus rendering glycine activity hyperpolarizing. Here, we investigated the temporal expression of the K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 and the Na-K-Cl cotransporter NKCC1 in the lateral superior olive (LSO) of rats and mice. The two cation cotransporters normally extrude and accumulate Cl-, respectively. As evidenced by several methods, KCC2 mRNA was present in LSO neurons during both the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing periods. Western blots confirmed a constant level of KCC2 in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry showed that the protein is diffusely distributed within neonatal LSO neurons, becoming integrated into the plasma membrane only with increasing age. The glycine reversal potential in KCC2 knock-out mice differed significantly from that determined in wild-type controls at postnatal day 12 (P12) but not at P3, demonstrating that KCC2 is not active in neonates, despite its early presence. NKCC1 mRNA was not detected during the depolarizing phase in the LSO, implying that this transporter does not contribute to the high [Cl-]i. Our results reveal major differences in the development of [Cl-]i regulation mechanisms seen in brainstem versus forebrain regions.
총설 : β-1 , 6 - N - 아세틸글루코사민 전이효소 군 : 암전이와 악성화의 주역 (1997)

최근 β-1,6-N아세틸글루코사민전이효소(acetylglucosaminyltransferase)활성이 여러 동물조직과 세포에서 검출되었다. 이들 연구는 전이효소와 이로 인해 합성되는 세포표면당쇄가 발생, 분화, 및 암화에 따라 크게 변화되고 있음을 발견하였다. 그러나 이러한 변화의 분자적인 기초와 기능적인 의의를 밝히는데는 앞으로의 과제라 하겠다. 극히 최근에 β-1,6-N-아세틸글루코사민전이효소의 cDNA가 클로닝되어 발현됨으로서 이들 전이효소계의 유전자수중에서의 발현제어와 발현된 당쇄기능과의 상호관계
Transition from mechanical arm to human arm with CAREX: A cable driven ARm EXoskeleton (CAREX) for neural rehabilitation (2012)

Rehabilitation robotic devices have been actively explored for training patients with impaired neural functions or assisting those with weak limbs due to aging or diseases. In recent years, the authors have proposed light-weight exoskeleton designs for the upper arm, in which rigid links of the exoskeleton are replaced by lightweight cuffs attached to the moving limb segments of the human arm. Cables, driven by motors, are routed through these cuffs to move the limb segments. However, a scientific limitation of a cable driven system is that cables can only pull but not push. Previously, the authors have demonstrated by experiments with CAREX mounted on a robotic arm that it is possible to achieve forces in all directions at the wrist. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate via experiments that CAREX is able to apply similar forces at the end-effector with healthy subjects in the device. In this research, CAREX was rigidly attached to an arm orthosis which can be tightly strapped on the human arm. The cable routing points were optimized for large “tensioned” workspace of the arm for typical Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). An orientation sensor was used to measure shoulder joint angles. Experiments are presented to validate the new sensor implementation and show the performance of CAREX on healthy subjects.
Guided-wave liquid-crystal photonics (2012)

In this paper we review the state of the art in the field of liquid-crystal tunable guided-wave photonic devices, a unique type of fill-once, molecular-level actuated, optofluidic systems. These have recently attracted significant research interest as potential candidates for low-cost, highly functional photonic elements. We cover a full range of structures, which span from micromachined liquid-crystal on silicon devices to periodic structures and liquid-crystal infiltrated photonic crystal fibers, with focus on key-applications for photonics. Various approaches on the control of the LC molecular orientation are assessed, including electro-, thermo- and all-optical switching. Special attention is paid to practical issues regarding liquid-crystal infiltration, molecular alignment and actuation, low-power operation, as well as their integrability in chip-scale or fiber-based devices.
Immunocytochemical localization of wheat germ agglutinin in wheat. (1982)

Immunocytological techniques were developed to localize the plant lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), in the tissues and cells of wheat plants. In a previous study we demonstrated with a radioimmunoassay that the lectin is present in wheat embryos and adult plants both in the roots and at the base of the stem. We have now found, using rhodamine, peroxidase, and ferritin-labeled secondary antibodies, that WGA is located in cells and tissues that establish direct contact with the soil during germination and growth of the plant In the embryo, WGA is found in the surface layer of the radicle, the first adventitious roots, the coleoptile, and the scutellum. Although found throughout the coleorhiza and epiblast, it is at its highest levels within the cells at the surface of these organs. In adult plants, WGA is located only in the caps and tips of adventitious roots. Reaction product for WGA was not visualized in embryonic or adult leaves or in other tissues of adult plants. At the subcellular level, WGA is located at the periphery of protein bodies, within electron-translucent regions of the cytoplasm, and at the cell wall-protoplast interface. Since WGA is found at potential infection sites and is known to have fungicidal properties, it may function in the defense against fungal pathogens.
Binary-decomposed DCNN for accelerating computation and compressing model without retraining (2017)

Recent trends show recognition accuracy increasing even more profoundly. Inference process of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) has a large number of parameters, requires a large amount of computation, and can be very slow. The large number of parameters also require large amounts of memory. This is resulting in increasingly long computation times and large model sizes. To implement mobile and other low performance devices incorporating DCNN, model sizes must be compressed and computation must be accelerated. To that end, this paper proposes Binary-decomposed DCNN, which resolves these issues without the need for retraining. Our method replaces real-valued inner-product computations with binary inner-product computations in existing network models to accelerate computation of inference and decrease model size without the need for retraining. Binary computations can be done at high speed using logical operators such as XOR and AND, together with bit counting. In tests using AlexNet with the ImageNet classification task, speed increased by a factor of 1.79, models were compressed by approximately 80%, and increase in error rate was limited to 1.20%. With VGG-16, speed increased by a factor of 2.07, model sizes decreased by 81%, and error increased by only 2.16%.
Translucent windows in X (2000)

The X Window System allows multiple windows to occupy the same coordinates on the screen. The core protocol defines which portions of each window are visible and which are occluded by overlapping windows, but the overlapping windows are always completely opaque.

Various techniques can be used to simulate nonopaque windows in controlled environments. The Shape Extension can be used to make areas of the window transparent. A background of None can be used to inherit the contents of the screen in the region occupied by the window when it is first mapped. Where available, hardware overlays can be used which expose a transparent pixel value.

None of these techniques can be used for translucency in a general way; hardware overlays and the Shape Extension can only provide transparency and cannot blend the pixel colors together. A background of None cannot be used when the occluding windows are to be reconfigured or when the occluded region contents are expected to change.

The X Translucent Window Extension is described which solves the general translucency problem by assigning alpha values for pixels in occluding windows. These values are used to blend the occluding window contents with the occluded region for display. The details of managing translucent window hierarchies, reparenting translucent windows and X visual differences between blended pixels are discussed.
Northern Blotting of RNA Denatured in Glyoxal Without Buffer Recirculation (1997)

A rapid and easy procedure for preparing Northern blots is described. RNA is denatured with glyoxal in the presence of ethidium bromide and glycerol, then electrophoresed through agarose in a buffer that does not require recirculation. Without any additional washes, the RNA is vacuum-blotted to a nylon membrane in NaOH, which simultaneously removes the glyoxal adducts. All of these steps plus prehybridization of the filter and addition of a digoxygenin-labeled probe can be completed in one day. Using standard procedures to wash the filters and detect the probe, the entire procedure can be completed within two days.
Human prion proteins expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and purified by high‐affinity column refolding (1997)

An efficient method is presented for the production of intact mammalian prion proteins and partial sequences thereof. As an illustration we describe the production of polypeptides comprising residues 23-231, 81-231, 90-231 and 121-231 of the human prion protein (hPrP). Polypeptides were expressed as histidine tail fusion proteins into inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli and refolded and oxidized while N-terminally immobilized on a nickel-NTA agarose resin. This 'high-affinity column refolding' facilitates the preparation of prion proteins by preventing protein aggregation and intermolecular disulfide formation. After elution from the resin the histidine tail can be removed using thrombin without cleaving the prion protein polypeptide chain. The same protocol as used here for hPrP has been successfully applied with bovine and murine prion proteins. The protein preparations are stable for weeks at room temperature in concentrated solution and are thus suitable for detailed structural studies. Preliminary biophysical characterization of hPrP(23-231) suggests that the C-terminal half of the polypeptide chain forms a well-structured globular domain, and that the N-terminal half does not form extensive regular secondary structures.
Ablation of the tumor suppressor histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 is protective against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (2010)

The Hint1 protein influences the course of I/R injury, and its ablation in Kupffer cells may limit the extent of the injury.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Calcium Phosphate Cement-Augmented Fixation of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures (2000)

SRS augmentation of unstable, intertrochanteric fractures significantly improved overall stability, facilitated load transfer across the fracture, and decreased both shortening of the proximal femur and stress on the sliding hip screw.
Cultivation and Clinical Application of<i>Aloe vera</i>Leaf (1938)

Recent reports in the literature by Collins and Collins (1) and Wright (2) advocate the use of Aloe vera leaf in the treatment of radiation injuries. Our experience, though rather limited, leads us to concur in the opinions expressed by these writers. However, we have found that supplies of the leaf at times are difficult to procure, and in the case of indigent patients, to be so expensive as to limit or forbid its use. We decided to investigate the possibility of cultivating the plant so as to have an abundant and cheap source always at hand. Aloe vera is a member of the family of Liliaceae, with a large number of representatives which are difficult to differentiate. It is a tropical or semitropical plant, native to northern Africa and southeastern Europe, and is much esteemed for its curative properties. We had considerable difficulty in obtaining a plant, for, although many florists offered us samples, none was the variety desired. It is suggested that before purchase, the plant be identified by a qualified botanist. We finally were able to obtain a specimen from the city conservatory. The leaves are pale yellowish-green, flecked with white spots, with small thorns at the borders, the green becoming darker as the leaves become older. New plants develop by suckers from the roots. While the plant can be cultivated in one's home, it is our impression that a greenhouse, in which the temperature is more equable and the humidity fairly constant, is preferable. The plants require little attention, and too much water should be avoided. The soil preferably should be porous; a coarse sandy loam to which some manure has been added seems to be adequate. New plants can be procured quickly by leaving the original plant undisturbed in a small pot, as this tends to hasten the production of suckers. The latter, when large enough, are separated from the original plant and replanted. Leaves are cut away with a sharp knife close to the stem. The leaves keep fairly well if covered with wax paper and kept in a cool atmosphere not below 50 or above 70 degrees. The method of clinical application has been amply described by others, but for the sake of completeness, it will be described here briefly. The leaf is cut to the size and shape of the lesion. The flat outer covering is trimmed away with a sharp knife, exposing the transparent greenish-yellow pulp which is crisscrossed by several knife cuts so as to cause the leaf to “bleed.” The jelly gradually dries out or is absorbed, and at this time is replaced by a fresh leaf. Another method is to scrape the jelly from the leaf, apply it to the lesion, and keep it in place with wax paper or oiled silk dressing until it dries out or is absorbed. Clinically, we have used it in several cases following intensive radiation in order to assist healing, and we have found epithelization to be hastened.
Individualized removal of vaginal cuff in performing abdominal hysterectomy. (1972)

A device and method of removing an appropriate portion of the vagina during a hysterectomy of patients with carcinoma or dysplasia of the cervix uteri is described. The device consists of 4 short pieces of polyvinyl tube with a piece of metal ball chain inserted through them. The upper region of the vagina is examined with a colposcope then the positive area in the Schillers iodine test is studied. Each piece of polyethylene tube is sewn with silk thread 1 cm below the edge of the abnormal region. Large size metal clips may be substituted for the tubes. In the course of the operation the tubes are detected with the finger tips through the vaginal wall. The vaginal resection is done 1 cm below the tubes so that the device is removed together with the vaginal cuff. Recurrence of cervical carcinoma at the vaginal stump after radical operation has been reported as occurring in 15-54% of total relapses. Spreading of carcinoma to the vagina does not always take place in relation to the stage of cancer development. Therefore individualized and appropriate removal of a portion of the vagina is necessary.
Treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases with implantable medical devices* (2011)

Implantable medical devices are finding increasing use in the treatment of diseases traditionally targeted with drugs. It is well established that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway serves as a physiological regulator of inflammatory responses, but stimulation of this pathway therapeutically by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can also diminish excessive or dysregulated states of inflammation. Recent data from a wide variety of animal models, as well as evidence of reduced vagal tone in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases, support the rationale for, and feasibility of, developing implantable vagal nerve stimulation devices to treat chronic inflammation in humans.
Evaluation of Time Dependency of Poly(ethylene glycol) Solutions (2002)

he rheological behaviour of poly(ethylene glycol) solutions (PEG) with different concentrations was evaluated using concentric cylinder rheometer. The shear rate-shear stress data emphasizes the emergence of the hysteresis loop but in the opposite concept of thixotropic fluids. The rheogram included the results of shear stress and apparent viscosity, which were obtained by applying the various step changing increments to the shear rate to reach appropriate value, followed by a stress decay at a steady shear rate after each upward step changes. Then, low shear rate was used by different decreasing levels, which showed reduction in the value of shear stress. The steady shear was applied after each downward trend and showed a noticeable increment of shear stress with time. The results of shear stress confirmed the anti-thixotropic behaviour of different solutions of PEG under all conditions. Increasing concentration of PEG fluids enhances the anti-thixotropic behaviour of the solutions.
Automatic Extraction of Tempo and Beat From Expressive Performances (2001)

Content processing is a vast and growing field that integratesdifferent approaches borrowed from the signal processing,information retrieval and machine learning disciplines. Inthis article we deal with a particular type of content pro-cessing: the so-called content-based transformations. We willnot focus on any particular application but rather try to givean overview of different techniques and conceptual implica-tions. We first describe the transformation process itself,including the main model schemes that are commonly used,which lead to the establishment of the formal basis for a definition of content-based transformations. Then we take aquick look at a general spectral based analysis/synthesisapproach to process audio signals and how to extract featuresthat can be used in the content-based transformation context.Using this analysis/synthesis approach we give some exam-ples on how content-based transformations can be applied tomodify the basic perceptual axis of a sound and how we caneven combine different basic effects in order to perform moremeaningful transformations. We finish by going a step furtherin the abstraction ladder and present transformations that arerelated to musical (and thus symbolic) properties rather thanto those of the sound or the signal itself.
An Orally Active Chymase Inhibitor, BCEAB, Suppresses Heart Chymase Activity in the Hamster (2001)

We investigated the effects of a novel chymase inhibitor, BCEAB (4-[1-[[bis-(4-methyl-phenyl)-methyl]-carbamoyl]-3-(2-ethoxy-benzyl)-4-oxo-azetidine-2-yloxy]-benzoic acid). The IC50 value of BCEAB for purified human chymase was 5.4 nM, whereas BCEAB did not inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme, elastase and tryptase. In isolated dog arteries, the IC50 value of BCEAB for the angiotensin I-induced contraction in the presence of 1 microM lisinopril was 2.8 microM. In the hamster, the heart chymase activities were significantly suppressed to 42.0% and 26.9% 3 h after oral administration of 100 and 300 mg of BCEAB/kg of body weight, respectively. In conclusion, BCEAB is a useful chymase inhibitor for studying the role of chymase in vivo.
A Kalman filter approach to reduce position error for pedestrian applications in areas of bad GPS reception (2014)

The number of GPS-enabled devices are growing rapidly. A large segment of the growth is coupled to the growth of smartphones. Some location-based applications are relatively simple, requiring only a rough position estimate. Other applications provide services where the usefulness of the application is directly connected to the accuracy of GPS positioning. Lifelogging, fitness, and navigation are some types of applications where precise location estimation greatly benefits the user. The GPS technology is available world wide and 24 hours per day. Its accuracy is not uniform, varying over time of day and place. Buildings can reflect or block the signal, the atmosphere delays it, satellite clock and orbit errors introduce bias. These are some of the error sources affecting GPS positioning. Many applications with need of high accuracy are used in everyday life. Users will eventually venture into areas unsuitable for GPS positioning. In these situations, these applications may not function sufficiently well. In this thesis, a data fusion method called the Kalman filter is evaluated as a means of improving the GPS positioning. A simple motion model is employed, tracking the position and velocity. The motion model utilizes sensors commonly available in a modern day smartphone. The Kalman filter will be evaluated through comparison to the raw data and a simple moving average filter. The results show that the Kalman filter is able to significantly reduce the variance compared to the raw data, but not significantly lower than the moving average filter.