gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential involvement of IFN-  in Toll-like receptor-stimulated dendritic cell activation (2002)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) can activate dendritic cells (DC) through common signaling pathways requiring a cytoplasmic adapter, MyD88. However, the signaling is differentially regulated among TLR family members. TLR4 can activate MyD88-deficient bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC), and lead to induction of IFN-inducible genes and up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD40, implying that the MyD88-independent signaling pathway functions downstream of TLR4. Because these effects can also be induced by type I IFN, we have analyzed whether type I IFN is involved in TLR4-induced responses. In response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IFN-beta gene expression was augmented in both wild-type and MyD88-deficient BMDC. Expression of all IFN-inducible genes except immune-responsive gene 1 (IRG1) was abolished and CD40 up-regulation was decreased in LPS-stimulated BMDC lacking either IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFN-alpha/betaR) or signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1). Similar to the LPS response, TLR9 signaling can also induce expression of IFN-beta and IFN-inducible genes, and up-regulation of CD40. However, all these effects were MyD88 dependent. Thus, in TLR4 signaling, IFN-beta expression can be induced either by the MyD88-dependent or -independent pathway, whereas, in TLR9 signaling, it is dependent on MyD88. In CpG DNA-stimulated DC, expression of IFN-inducible genes except IRG1 was dependent on type I IFN signaling as in LPS-stimulated DC. However, in contrast to TLR4 signaling, TLR9 signaling requires type I IFN signaling for CD40 up-regulation. Taken together, this study demonstrates differential involvement of type I IFN in TLR4- and TLR9-induced effects on DC.
Calibration of Polarimetric PALSAR Imagery Affected by Faraday Rotation Using Polarization Orientation (2009)

For spaceborne polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR), it is important to ensure the removal of both polarimetric system distortion and the effect of Faraday rotation. This paper proposes a new calibration method to derive the system distortion using polarization orientation (PO) induced in built-up areas and applies to Phased-Array-Type L-Band SAR (PALSAR) calibration. Faraday rotation is corrected by the circular-polarization-based method from the distortion matrix (DM)-calibrated data. The derived DMs do not coincide with those by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), but our calibration results compare well to JAXA's results in PO angles and calibrator's responses. The two results satisfy polarimetric calibration requirements, and the cross-polarized isolation improves by more than 5 dB after Faraday rotation correction following DM calibration-even in the case of small Faraday rotation (-2deg to -0.5deg). The proposed method is robust to noise and is useful when using an area of mixed polarimetric response for calibration. This method is also applicable to a large crosstalk system and the case of large Faraday rotation.
An HMI Concept to Improve Driver's Visual Behavior and Situation Awareness in Automated Vehicle (2018)

At a level-3 or higher level automation [1], a driver does not have to constantly monitor the vehicle and environment while driving, which enables the driver to conduct non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs) and be out of the control loop. This may influence a driver's visual behavior, cognitive states, which leads to loss of situation awareness (SA) and skills. This is dangerous if the automated system reaches its boundaries: the driver must take-over the driving task in a critical situation within a limited period of time. In this paper, a concise HMI concept of the LED ambient light positioned at the bottom of the windscreen is presented, which contains information about the status and intention of the automation, detected potential hazards and the warning for a take-over request (TOR) by varying the LED's color, frequency, lighting position and animation. The goal is to increase the SA during automated driving and improve the take-over quality while allowing the driver to perform NDRTs without distraction and annoyance. In this between-subject-design experiment in a static driving simulator, 50 participants performed a visual-motoric task on a smartphone during a 45-min automated drive with or without the new HMI. Compared to the baseline, results show significant improvements in the gaze behavior and take-over quality. The new HMI also shows a high acceptance and increases the trust in automation while avoiding overtrust.
Use of erythema index imaging for systematic analysis of port wine stain skin response to laser therapy (2005)

The imaging modality and analysis method allowed systematic analysis of PWS skin erythema in response to laser therapy. PWS skin response was dependent on pretreatment DeltaEI values, suggesting that erythema can be utilized as an effective parameter to monitor PWS response to laser therapy.
Characterization of the binding and phosphorylation of cardiac calsequestrin by e protein kinase C<sup>1</sup> (1999)

In this study, we report the cloning of the rat cardiac isoform of calsequestrin on the basis of its interaction with an epsilonprotein kinase C-unique sequence (epsilonV1) derived form the epsilonprotein kinase C regulatory domain. Calsequestrin binds activated epsilonprotein kinase C holoenzyme better than the inactive enzyme and nearly three times better than other protein kinase C isozymes. The interaction between epsilonprotein kinase C and calsequestrin is mediated by sequences in both the regulatory and kinase domains of the epsilonprotein kinase C. Finally, we show that calsequestrin is an epsilonprotein kinase C substrate in vitro and protein kinase C phosphorylation of calsequestrin leads to a decreased binding of epsilonprotein kinase C to calsequestrin.
Political Life and Intervention Logic: Relearning Old Lessons? Corrections Policy and IVL (2004)

Intervention logic (IVL) is an analytical technique being developed and used in New Zealand and elsewhere in an attempt to improve government.s ability to produce desired policy outcomes. This article raises questions about the political viability of this latest tool of mainstream policy analysis, and argues that improved public policymaking depends less on the use of techniques drawn from a long linear-rational tradition, which are taught because they can be taught, and more on the development of individual capacities and institutional processes that are in keeping with democratic norms and values.
Replication in Ficus distributed file systems (2002)

Ficus is a replicated general filing environment for Unix intended to scale to very large (nationwide) networks. The system uses an optimistic one copy availability model in which conflicting updates to the file system's directory information are automatically reconciled, while conflicting file updates are reliably detected and reported. The system architecture is based on a stackable layers methodology which permits a high degree of modularity and extensibility of file system services. The motivations for replication are presented, and the case for optimistic concurrency control for large-scale distributed file systems is summarized. A brief description of the Ficus file system is presented and a number of outstanding issues which must be addressed are outlined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structured-illumination microscopy on technical surfaces: 3D metrology with nanometer sensitivity (2011)

Structured-illumination microscopy is an incoherent method to measure the microtopography of rough and smooth objects. The principle: A sinusoidal fringe pattern is projected into the focal plane of a microscope. While the object is scanned axially, the contrast evaluation of the observed pattern delivers the 3D topography with a height uncertainty of only a few nanometers. By means of a high aperture the system can measure steep slopes: +/- 50 degrees on smooth objects (NA=0.8) and +/- 80 degrees on rough surfaces are possible. For industrial applications a fast measurement is one of the most desired aspects. We face this demand by exploiting the physical and information-theoretical limits of the sensor, and giving rules for a trade-off between accuracy and efficiency. We further present a new method for data acquisition and evaluation which allows for a fast mechanical scanning without "stop-and-go".
Moisture absorption and mechanical performance of surface mountable plastic packages (2003)

The results of moisture-absorption tests on 68L plastic-leaded chip-carriers (PLCC) are presented. Environmental variables include both temperature (30, 40, 50, 60 and 85 degrees C) and relative humidity (24, 40, 60 and 85%). Control samples of pure molding compound were tested to determine the effect of leads on the PLCC samples. Comparison was made between absorbed moisture measurements and predictions based on the one-dimensional Fickian diffusion solution. Nonlinear regression analysis indicates that Fickian diffusion behavior represents the actual moisture absorption for relative humidities below 85%. At 85% RH, however, the deviation becomes significant after 500 hr. On the basis of the agreement at moderate values of relative humidity and time, analytical models were developed that show the effect of temperature and relative humidity on moisture mass gain and diffusion coefficient. A stress and deformation analysis was performed to predict the envelope in parameter space separating cracked and uncracked packages. The model used depends on the presence of saturated water between the die paddle and the molding compound. Doming of the plastic underneath the paddle is attributed to flashing of all the trapped liquid water to steam.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biofunctionalized block copolymer nanoparticles based on ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (2005)

Abstract We present an approach to the synthesis of biofunctionalized block copolymer nanoparticles based on ring‐opening metathesis polymerization; these nanoparticles may serve as novel scaffolds for the multivalent display of ligands. The nanoparticles are formed by the self‐assembly of diblock copolymers composed of a hydrophobic block and a hydrophilic activated block that can be functionalized with thiolated ligands in aqueous media. The activated block enables control over the orientation of the displayed ligands, which may be sugars, peptides, or proteins engineered to contain cysteine residues at suitable locations. The nanoparticle diameter can be varied over a wide range through changes in the composition of the block copolymer, and biofunctionalization of the nanoparticles has been demonstrated by the attachment of a peptide previously shown to inhibit the assembly of anthrax toxin. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 928–939, 2006
Conceptual Design: An Operational Prescription for a Computer Support System (2007)

A prescription for a computer based support system for conceptual design is presented. The necessary components needed are listed, and their implementation in a complete system is shown. Combining the components with the right balance among them is the key to a successful transition of today's conceptual design phase, using pencil and paper, to a computer based system. This work presents ConceptUdraft, a computer system built using this prescription. It allows the creative freedom of freehand 2D and 3D sketching the designer habitually relies on, assists that creative process and elevates it to a higher degree of visualization and interaction. The system developed may contribute to the quality of design and the speed with which conceptual design matures into a feasible new object.
Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of Metal Oxide Thin Films on Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayers Formed by Microcontact Printing (2007)

We demonstrate a selective atomic layer deposition of TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , and ZnO thin films on patterned alkylsiloxane self-assembled monolayers. Microcontact printing was done to prepare patterned monolayers of the alkylsiloxane on Si substrates. The patterned monolayers define and direct the selective deposition of the metal oxide thin films using atomic layer deposition. The selective atomic layer deposition is based on the fact that the metal oxide thin films are selectively deposited only on the regions exposing the silanol groups of the Si substrates because the regions covered with the alkylsiloxane monolayers do not have any functional group to react with precursors.
Role of threonine dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli threonine degradation (1977)

Threonine was used as nitrogen source by Escherichia coli K-12 through a pathway beginning with the enzyme threonine dehydrogenase. The 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate formed was converted to glycine, and the glycine was converted to serine, which acted as the actual nitrogen donor. The enzyme formed under anaerobic conditions and known as threonine deaminase (biodegradative) is less widespread than threonine dehydrogenase and may be involved in energy metabolism rather than in threonine degradation per se.
Mevastatin induces degeneration and decreases viability of cAMP‐induced differentiated neuroblastoma cells in culture by inhibiting proteasome activity, and mevalonic acid lactone prevents these effects (2002)

Statins with a closed-ring structure (mevastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin) and with an open-ring structure (pravastatin and fluvastatin) are widely used in the human population to manage hypercholesterolemia. These statins may have neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects, but these effects remain controversial. We have utilized adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-induced terminally differentiated murine neuroblastoma (NB) cells in culture as an experimental model to study the effect of statins. Results showed that mevastatin induced degenerative changes and reduced the viability of differentiated NB cells by inhibiting proteasome activity. Lactacystin, an established inhibitor of proteasome, also produced similar degenerative changes in these cells. In contrast, pravastatin neither affected the degeneration and viability of differentiated NB cells nor the proteasome activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the extract obtained from mevastatin-treated growth medium and differentiated cells revealed that about 50% of mevastatin is converted to an open-ring structure in the growth medium; however, differentiated cells did not convert any portion of mevastatin into an open-ring structure and accumulated only mevastatin with a closed-ring structure. Mevalonic acid lactone by itself did not affect the viability of differentiated NB cells or the proteasome activity, but it completely prevented mevastatin-induced degeneration and decreased viability by reducing the uptake of mevastatin and by blocking its action on proteasome activity. Mevalonic acid failed to prevent lactacystin-induced degeneration and inhibition of proteasome activity. Our results suggest that mevastatin could act as a neurotoxic agent or neuroprotective agent, depending upon the extent of its hydrolysis to an open-ring structure and the level of mevalonic acid.
Fast Watermarking of MPEG-1/2 Streams Using Compressed-Domain Perceptual Embedding and a Generalized Correlator Detector (2004)

A novel technique is proposed for watermarking of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 compressed video streams. The proposed scheme is applied directly in the domain of MPEG-1 system streams and MPEG-2 program streams (multiplexed streams). Perceptual models are used during the embedding process in order to avoid degradation of the video quality. The watermark is detected without the use of the original video sequence. A modified correlation-based detector is introduced that applies nonlinear preprocessing before correlation. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is able to withstand several common attacks. The resulting watermarking system is very fast and therefore suitable for copyright protection of compressed video.
Regioselective Acylation of 2′-Deoxynucleosides Through an Enzymatic Reaction with Oxime Esters (1992)

3′-O-Acyl derivatives of 2′-deoxynucleosides are obtained in good yield through an enzymatic reaction using oxime esters as acyl transfer agents.
Ultralight Fractal Structures from Hollow Tubes (2012)

A fractal design is shown to be highly efficient both as a load bearing structure and as a general metamaterial. Through changing the hierarchical order of the structure, the scaling of material required for stability against loading can be manipulated. We show that the transition from solid to hollow beams changes the scaling in a manner analogous to increasing the hierarchical order by one. An example second order solid beam frame is constructed using rapid prototyping techniques. The optimal hierarchical order of the structure is found for different values of loading. Possible fabrication methods and applications are then discussed.
The Reduced Adsorption of Proteins at the Phosphoryl Choline Incorporated Polymer−Water Interface (1999)

The adsorption of lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto the surface of a hydrogel polymer has been characterized by neutron reflection and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The polymeric hydrogel was synthesized by copolymerizing methacrylate monomers bearing dodecyl chains and phosphorylcholine (PC) groups. The polymer surface was formed by dip-coating a thin layer of the polymer onto the polished surface of silicon oxide. While ellipsometric measurements at the solid-water interface showed that the polymer film could be represented by a uniform layer of 55 ± 5 Å, the subsequent measurements from neutron reflection suggested that the structural profile of the polymeric film was better described by a three layer model: the inner layer of 30 ± 3 Å mixed with less than 20% water, the middle layer of 20 ± 5 Å mixed with approximately 40% water, and the outermost layer of 25 plusmn; 3 A mixed with approximately 85% water. The neutron results thus suggest the uneven swelling of the polymer film along the direction normal to the interface. The adsorption of lysozyme and BSA onto the polymer surface was measured over a wide protein concentration range. It was found that the amount of proteins adsorbed on the coated polymer surface was substantially lower than that at the bare silica - water interface under the same solution condition. Thus, the amount of BSA adsorbed onto the polymer-coated surface at pH 5 and at 0.05 g dm<sup>-3</sup> was found to be less than 0.5 mg m<sup>-2</sup>, as compared with 2 mg m<sup>-2</sup> obtained at the bare silica - water interface. In addition, the amount of lysozyme adsorbed onto the coated surface at pH 7 and at 1 g dm<sup>-3</sup> was also found to be about 0.5 mg m<sup>-2</sup>, as compared with 3.5 mg m<sup>-2</sup> at the silica - water interface. The reduction in protein adsorption was attributed to the presence of a PC layer preferably formed on the outer surface of the coated polymer film.
The Hydrolysis of Some Alkyl Lactates. II. “Neutral” and Acid Hydrolyses<sup>1</sup> (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Hydrolysis of Some Alkyl Lactates. II. "Neutral" and Acid Hydrolyses1A. Alberto Colon, Kenneth H. Vogel, and J. C. WarnerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 23, 6074–6075Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01119a538https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01119a538research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views89Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamic range compression of audio signals consistent with recent time-varying loudness models (2004)

Dynamic range compression may be used to increase the volume of the softer passages of an audio signal relative to its louder portions, thus making the signal better suited to transmission through, or storage on, a given medium. The level-detection characteristics of typical contemporary dynamic range compressors are analyzed and investigated, thus revealing the shortcomings of such models in the light of knowledge about steady-state and time-varying loudness as perceived by the human auditory system. The design of an equal-loudness filter, desired to improve the steady-state properties of compressor level detection, is presented. Finally, the time-varying properties of the level detection scheme presented, configured via attack and release times, are tuned to provide optimal correspondence with a recently proposed model of time-varying loudness.
A new case for the TAGE branch predictor (2011)

The TAGE predictor is often considered as state-of-the-art in conditional branch predictors proposed by academy. In this paper, we first present directions to reduce the hardware implementation cost of TAGE. Second we show how to further reduce the misprediction rate of TAGE through augmenting it with small side predictors.
Evidence for a critical role for the cytoplasmic region of the interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor gamma chain in IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 signalling. (1994)

The high-affinity interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) consists of at least three distinct subunits: the IL-2R alpha chain (IL-2R alpha), beta chain (IL-2R beta), and gamma chain (IL-2R gamma). It has been shown that the cytoplasmic region of IL-2R beta, but not of IL-2R alpha, is essential for IL-2 signalling to the cell interior. In the present study, we examined the functional role of the IL-2R gamma cytoplasmic region in the IL-3-dependent mouse hematopoietic cell line BAF-B03, which expresses the endogenous IL-2R alpha and IL-2R gamma, or its subline F7, which additionally expresses human IL-2R beta cDNA. We show that overexpression of a mutant IL-2R gamma, lacking all but 7 amino acids of its cytoplasmic region, results in the selective inhibition of IL-2-induced c-fos gene activation and cellular proliferation in F7 cells. When two chimeric receptor molecules in which the cytoplasmic regions of IL-2R beta and IL-2R gamma had been swapped with each other (IL-2R beta/gamma and IL-2R gamma/beta) were coexpressed in BAF-B03, the cells responded to IL-2. These results indicate the critical importance of the IL-2-induced functional cooperation of the two cytoplasmic regions. Finally, we provide evidence that the IL-2R gamma cytoplasmic region is also critical for the IL-4 and IL-7-induced growth signal transduction in BAF-B03.