gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reparameterizing discontinuous integrands for differentiable rendering (2019)

Differentiable rendering has recently opened the door to a number of challenging inverse problems involving photorealistic images, such as computational material design and scattering-aware reconstruction of geometry and materials from photographs. Differentiable rendering algorithms strive to estimate partial derivatives of pixels in a rendered image with respect to scene parameters, which is difficult because visibility changes are inherently non-differentiable. We propose a new technique for differentiating path-traced images with respect to scene parameters that affect visibility, including the position of cameras, light sources, and vertices in triangle meshes. Our algorithm computes the gradients of illumination integrals by applying changes of variables that remove or strongly reduce the dependence of the position of discontinuities on differentiable scene parameters. The underlying parameterization is created on the fly for each integral and enables accurate gradient estimates using standard Monte Carlo sampling in conjunction with automatic differentiation. Importantly, our approach does not rely on sampling silhouette edges, which has been a bottleneck in previous work and tends to produce high-variance gradients when important edges are found with insufficient probability in scenes with complex visibility and high-resolution geometry. We show that our method only requires a few samples to produce gradients with low bias and variance for challenging cases such as glossy reflections and shadows. Finally, we use our differentiable path tracer to reconstruct the 3D geometry and materials of several real-world objects from a set of reference photographs.
Stream channel and vegetation changes in sections of McKnight Creek, New Mexico (1988)

Measurements taken at three-year intervals between 1977 and 1985 of channel morphology and vegetation cover between sections inside and outside a cattle exclosure showed that channels increased in depth and width on all plots. Tree canopy cover decreased significantly between 1977 and 1985, but changes in density of trees and shrubs and herbaceous cover were small. Exclusion of cattle use did not prevent channel erosion or deterioration of vegetation; rather, changes were attributed to a wildfire in the headwaters and subsequent storm events that temporarily upset the dynamic equilibrium of the stream.
Effects of Limited Work Hours on Surgical Training (2002)

Reduction in resident work hours has salutary effects on perception of quality of life and basic education for surgical residents. These benefits may come at the expense of patient care, particularly continuity of care. This study did not directly assess patient outcomes but the perceptions of caregivers suggest that patient care may be compromised. Further research is needed to assess the longterm effects of changes on both residents and patients.
[Quantitative histopathological study on the adriamycin testicular toxicity in rats]. (1993)

Testicular toxicity induced by adriamycin (ADR) was studied using quantitative histopathological methods. Nine-week old male rats were received a single dose of 8 mg/kg ADR. At 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after the treatment, animals were sacrificed for histopathological evaluation. Numbers of seminiferous epithelia were counted in seminiferous tubule of spermatogenic stages I, II, V, VII and XII. A decrease in spermatogonia was observed in seminiferous tubules of stages I, II and V at 3 days after the treatment. Thereafter, numbers of other types of seminiferous epithelia decreased following progress of spermatogenic cycle. Analysis of spermatogenic cycle movement and germ cell differentiation suggested that ADR was highly effective in killing spermatogonia type A, and the severity of ADR damage would be different depending on subtypes of spermatogonia type A and spermatogenic stages.
Optimum dosage of 5-aminosalicylic acid as rectal enemas in patients with active ulcerative colitis. (1991)

5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), the active moiety of sulphasalazine (SASP), was given as a rectal enema to patients with mild to moderate distal ulcerative colitis to determine the minimum effective dosage. A double blind study was carried out using enemas containing 1, 2, or 4 g or 5-ASA or placebo for a one month treatment period. One hundred and thirteen patients with ulcerative colitis attending our outpatient clinic volunteered to participate. Clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histological assessments were carried out at the beginning of the study and after 15 and 30 days of treatment. All patients who received 5-ASA enemas showed significantly better results than those who received a placebo enema (p less than 0.001) but no difference was detected among the patients receiving differing concentrations of 5-ASA. This study suggests that 1 g 5-ASA (in a 100 ml enema) is a sufficient dosage for patients with a mild to moderate attack of ulcerative colitis.
Towards a Complete Removal of Barite Weighted Water and Oil Based-Drilling Fluids in Single Stage (2017)

Abstract Barite is one of the most common weighting materials used in drilling fluid for deep oil and gas wells. Consequently, the main source of solids building the filter cake is the weighting material used in drilling fluids ‘Barite particles’. Barite is insoluble in water and acids such as HCl, formic, citric, and acetic acids, as well as the barite has low solubility in chelating agent such as Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA). The present study introduces a new formulation to dissolve the barite filter cake using converters and catalysts. Barite can be converted to barium carbonate at high pH medium using combination of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) solution. Then HCl acid can be used to dissolve the barium carbonate. Another solution is to use high pH EDTA chelating agent and potassium carbonate as a catalyst/converter in one step. The removal formulation also contains polymer breaker (oxidizers). The three components of the new formulation are compatible and stable up to 300°F. Solubility tests were conducted using industrial barite particles with size ranged from 30 to 60 micron. The solubility experiments were carried at 300°F for 24 hours. Different concentrations of catalyst were added to select the optimum concentration. The designed formulation was examined to remove filter cake formed by Barite drilling fluid using High Pressure High Temperature cell (HPHT). The result of this study showed that the barite removal efficiency of new formulation reached to 87 % in water base mud and 83 % in oil base mud. The solubility test results presented that the solubility of barite particles in 0.6M EDTA was 62 % in 24 hours at 300°F. Adding potassium carbonate catalyst to the 0.6M EDTA solution the increased the solubility of barite to 90 wt. % in 24 hours. The use of converting agents increased the barite solubility from62% to 90% in EDTA. The EDTA was compatible with the polymer breaker (oxidizer) so the filter cake removal will be in single stage. The oxidizer concentration used was 10 wt%, potassium carbonate concentration was 10 wt% and EDTA concentration was 0.6M. The new formulation achieved 85% filter cake removal in both oil-based and water-based drilling fluids. In oil base mud a water wetting surfactant, mutual solvent, and emulsifier should be added to the formulation to remove the oil. In this study, two solutions were proposed to remove the barite filter cake and barite scale from oil and gas wells at different conditions. The first one is by using HCl acid after converting the barium sulfate to barium carbonate using high pH medium such as KOH and K2CO3. Then HCl can easily remove the barium carbonate. The second method is to create the high pH medium by using the removal fluid itself which is EDTA chelating agent in addition to potassium carbonate as converter.
马克思基于人的“自我异化”对资产阶级-资本主义世界的解释 (2005)

洛维特认为,在黑格尔、费尔巴哈和马克思之间存在一种概念的历史谱系,那就是他们在各自的思想中都探讨了人,对人做出了定义,所不同的是,人在他们思想中的地位和对人的探讨的科学性是不一致的.人在黑格尔的绝对精神的体系中没有独立的地位和客观性;费尔巴哈将人定义为抽象的我-你关系,从而使人失去了他的社会历史基础;马克思则通过对人存在于其中的社会生产方式的分析,实现了对人的真实的阐释.同时,马克思试图克服资本主义条件下所产生的人的自我异化现象,并以共产主义社会中真正的人道主义来标识人的解放,来打破在资本主义社会中人的目的和手段、对象和人、使用价值和交换价值、主体和客体间相互关系的颠倒.
MicroCT Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Mineralization in Response to BMP-2 Doses <i>In Vitro</i> and in Critical Sized Rat Calvarial Defects (2007)

Numerous growth factors, peptides, and small molecules are being developed for bone tissue engineering. The optimal dosing, stability, and bioactivity of these biological molecules are likely influenced by the carrier biomaterial. Efficient evaluation of various formulations will require objective evaluation of in vitro culture systems and in vivo regeneration models. The objective of this paper is to examine the utility of microcomputed tomography (microCT) over conventional techniques in the evaluation of the bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) dose response effect in a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture system and in an established calvarial defect model. Cultured MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts displayed increased cellular density, extracellular matrix (ECM) production, and mineralization on 3D poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds in a BMP-2 dose dependent manner. MicroCT revealed differences in shape and spatial organization of mineralized areas, which would not have been possible through conventional alizarin red staining alone. Additionally, BMP-2 (doses of 30 to 240 ng/mm(3)) was grafted into 5 mm critical sized rat calvarial defects, where increased bone regeneration was observed in a dose dependent manner, with higher doses of BMP-2 inducing greater bone area, volume, and density. The data revealed the utility of microCT analysis as a beneficial addition to existing techniques for objective evaluation of bone tissue engineering and regeneration.
Beamforming microphone arrays for speech enhancement (1992)

It is shown that beamforming with microphone arrays can be used to significantly reduce the effects of noise and reverberation. The Frost algorithm and a new vectorized algorithm called the row-action projection (RAP) method are shown to yield approximately 11 dB of interference suppression. Computer simulations demonstrate the performance of the beamforming techniques for various locations of interference sources. The scenarios used for the computer simulations consist of a speech signal arriving normal to the array contaminated with speech interference from an unknown direction off the normal. The direction of the desired speaker is taken to the normal to the array for the simulation; however, it could be at any specified 'look direction'.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
COMET: Commonsense Transformers for Automatic Knowledge Graph Construction (2019)

We present the first comprehensive study on automatic knowledge base construction for two prevalent commonsense knowledge graphs: ATOMIC Contrary to many conventional KBs that store knowledge with canonical templates, commonsense KBs only store loosely structured open-text descriptions of knowledge. We posit that an important step toward automatic commonsense completion is the development of generative models of commonsense knowledge, and propose COMmonsEnse Transformers (COMET ) that learn to generate rich and diverse commonsense descriptions in natural language. Despite the challenges of commonsense modeling, our investigation reveals promising results when implicit knowledge from deep pre-trained language models is transferred to generate explicit knowledge in commonsense knowledge graphs. Empirical results demonstrate that COMET is able to generate novel knowledge that humans rate as high quality, with up to 77.5% (ATOMIC) and 91.7% (ConceptNet) precision at top 1, which approaches human performance for these resources. Our findings suggest that using generative commonsense models for automatic commonsense KB completion could soon be a plausible alternative to extractive methods.
Optimum power allocation for the MIMO-BC zero-forcing precoder with per-antenna power constraints (2006)

In this paper, optimum power allocation to maximize the weighted sum rate assuming a ZF precoder under a PAPC is determined. A weighted sum rate objective function is considered since it can be directly implemented for scheduling algorithms used in contemporary scheduled packet data systems with quality of service requirements.
A tree search algorithm for target detection in image sequences (2003)

Given a time sequence of digital images of a high-noise environment, the authors address the problem of detecting pixel-sized, barely discernible moving objects whose position and trajectories are unknown. The sequences may be temporally sparse and contain significant frame-to-frame drifting background clutter as caused by relative motion between the sensor array and natural terrain, ocean, or clouds. A general, two-step approach is presented. First, time correlation and space-varying background structure are removed. Second, a large, dense set of pixel-sized space-time trajectories are hypothesized and tested in the innovations sequence. The search space is organized into a tree structure. A sequential statistical technique, multistage hypothesis testing, optimized for the innovations model, is used to test the multiple hypotheses and prune the tree-structured list of candidate trajectories.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Changing Their Tune: How Consumers’ Adoption of Online Streaming Affects Music Consumption and Discovery (2017)

Instead of purchasing individual content, streaming adopters rent access to libraries from which they can consume content at no additional cost. In this paper, we study how the adoption of music streaming affects listening behavior. Using a unique panel data set of individual consumers’ listening histories across many digital music platforms, adoption of streaming leads to very large increases in the quantity and diversity of consumption in the first months after adoption. Although the effects attenuate over time, even after half a year, adopters play substantially more, and more diverse, music. Relative to music ownership, where experimentation is expensive, adoption of streaming increases new music discovery. While repeat listening to new music decreases, users’ best discoveries have higher play rates. We discuss the implications for consumers and producers of music. Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2017.1051 .
A planar orthomode transducer (2001)

The planar orthomode transducer (OMT) described in this paper couples two microstrip inputs to two orthogonal modes in a square waveguide. One microstripline feeds a 180/spl deg/ hybrid that in turn excites two waveguide probes. A second microstrip directly feeds a third waveguide probe. Mode symmetry provides isolation between the two feeds. All circuitry and probes are fabricated on a single substrate to minimize fabrication cost. An experimental prototype has 30 to 40 dB isolation at millimeter wave frequencies. The low cost and small size of this structure make it appropriate for use in commercial communications applications.
A novel CMOS charge-pump circuit with positive feedback for PLL applications (2002)

The design and simulation of a novel CMOS charge-pump circuit for PLL applications is presented. The proposed circuit makes use of positive feedback to increase the switching speed and current reuse to minimize the power consumption. H-SPICE simulations for a 0.35 /spl mu/m AMS technology show the potential of the proposed structure for high-frequency applications.
Field Emission Properties of Triode-Type Graphene Mesh Emitter Arrays (2014)

We report here an excellent field emission performance from periodic patterned graphene nanomesh (GNM) field emitter. A simulation of the relationships between external electric field and the local electric field enhancement on the GNM edges was conducted to optimize the parameters of the nanostructure. Experimental results revealed that the gate driving voltage was as low as 20 V. This kind of emitters also shows good field emission stability. It is expected that the GNM introduced here will generate impacts for the further advancement of graphene field emission devices in emerging technologies and applications.
THE ISOLATION OF THE BLOOD GROUP SPECIFIC B SUBSTANCE (1940)

The isolation of group specific B substance from human stomach juice is described. The substance is carbohydrate-like in nature and is as potent as the carbohydrate-like substance group A isolated from commercial pepsin and peptone respectively.
Detailed Heat Transfer Distributions Under an Array of Orthogonal Impinging Jets (1998)

Detailed heat transfer distributions are presented for an array of in-line jets impinging orthogonally on a target plate with different crossflow orientations. A transient liquid crystal technique was used to measure the detailed heat transfer coefficients on the target surface. Different crossflow directions are created by changing the test section open ends. For each exit orientation, measurements are made at four flow Reynolds numbers between 4.8 x 10 3 and 1.83 X 10 4 . Results show that the now exit crossflow direction significantly affects the flow and heat transfer coefficient distributions on the target plate. Local heat transfer coefficient increases with an Increase in average jet Reynolds number over the entire impingement target surface. Highest heat transfer coefficients are obtained for a crossflow orientation where flow exits in both directions. Nusselt number results are correlated for the various exit flow orientations
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Magnetic Behavior, and Single Crystal EPR Spectra of Three New One-Dimensional Manganese Azido Systems with FM, Alternating FM-AF, and AF Coupling (1999)

Reaction of sodium azide with manganese(II) and pyridine derivatives such as 2-bzpy, 3-bzpy, and 3,5lut (2-benzoylpyridine, 3-benzoylpyridine, and 3,5-dimethylpyridine, respectively) led to the one-dimensional systems cis-[Mn(2-bzpy)(N3)2]n (1), trans-[Mn(3-Bzpy)2(N3)2]n (2), and cis-[Mn(3,5lut)2(N3)2]n (3). Compound 1 crystallizes in the P21/n group: a = 14.413(4) Å, b = 16.157(4) Å, c = 18.478(5) Å, and Z = 12. Compound 2 crystallizes in the C2/c group: a = 14.179(5) Å, b = 9.698(4) Å, c = 34.351(12) Å, and Z = 8. Compound 3 crystallizes in the P21/n group: a = 13.552(6) Å, b = 7.730(3) Å, c = 16.554(6) Å, and Z = 4. Structural determination shows a chain with double μ1,1 azido bridges for 1, an alternating system with double μ1,1 and μ1,3 azido bridges for 2, and finally a chain with double μ1,3 azido bridges for 3. Susceptibility data show ferromagnetic coupling for 1, antiferromagnetic coupling for 3, and alternating ferro−antiferromagnetic interactions for 2. EPR data measured on powdered samples and single crystals show the ideal Heisenberg narrowing angular dependence for the three kinds of coupled systems and an increasing dipolar broadening mechanism in the order 3 < 2 < 1 according to the decreasing Mn···Mn intrachain distances.
Metabolic Characterization of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strains Adapted to Growth on Lactate (2007)

ABSTRACT In comparison with intensive studies of genetic mechanisms related to biological evolutionary systems, much less analysis has been conducted on metabolic network responses to adaptive evolution that are directly associated with evolved metabolic phenotypes. Metabolic mechanisms involved in laboratory evolution of Escherichia coli on gluconeogenic carbon sources, such as lactate, were studied based on intracellular flux states determined from 13 C tracer experiments and 13 C-constrained flux analysis. At the end point of laboratory evolution, strains exhibited a more than doubling of the average growth rate and a 50% increase in the average biomass yield. Despite different evolutionary trajectories among parallel evolved populations, most improvements were obtained within the first 250 generations of evolution and were generally characterized by a significant increase in pathway capacity. Partitioning between gluconeogenic and pyruvate catabolic flux at the pyruvate node remained almost unchanged, while flux distributions around the key metabolites phosphoenolpyruvate, oxaloacetate, and acetyl-coenzyme A were relatively flexible over the course of evolution on lactate to meet energetic and anabolic demands during rapid growth on this gluconeogenic carbon substrate. There were no clear qualitative correlations between most transcriptional expression and metabolic flux changes, suggesting complex regulatory mechanisms at multiple levels of genetics and molecular biology. Moreover, higher fitness gains for cell growth on both evolutionary and alternative carbon sources were found for strains that adaptively evolved on gluconeogenic carbon sources compared to those that evolved on glucose. These results provide a novel systematic view of the mechanisms underlying microbial adaptation to growth on a gluconeogenic substrate.
Peritoneal Dialysis with Fructose Dialysate (1973)

The effects of a 7% fructose solution were compared with those of a 7% dextrose solution, both with 120 meq/litre sodium, during four consecutive exchanges in 14 patients. The increase in blood total reducing substance and serum osmolality was significantly less marked with fructose than dextrose solution. There was no increase in serum sodium concentration. Three diabetic patients tolerated 48-hour peritoneal dialysis with a 1.5% fructose solution containing 140 meq/litre sodium. Blood total reducing substances did not exceed 250 mg/100 ml. There was no increase in blood uric acid concentration or decrease in venous blood pH. The peritoneal absorption of fructose was similar to that of glucose. A fructose dialysis solution may be indicated for diabetic patients and those who develop a hyperglycemic and hyperosmotic condition with dextrose solutions.
Management of Psoriasis Vulgaris With a Hydrocolloid Occlusive Dressing (1987)

Because clinical improvement of psoriasis vulgaris was recently observed after the prolonged application of tape, 26 patients with symmetric plaque-type psoriasis were enrolled in a prospective bilateral comparison study evaluating the clinical efficacy of the adhesive hydrocolloid occlusive dressing (HCD). The majority of localized plaques of psoriasis achieved improvement (41%, 14/34) or resolution (47%, 16/34) with the prolonged application of HCD; also, HCD was therapeutically superior to twice-daily applications of fluocinolone acetonide cream, and was comparably effective as erythemogenic ultraviolet B treatment. Although the therapeutic mechanism is not completely understood, occlusive dressings have great potential in the management of limited psoriasis vulgaris.
Semaphorin 3A and 3F: key players in myelin repair in multiple sclerosis? (2007)

The presence of demyelinated plaques in the central nervous system is the hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS). Some plaques remyelinate but others do not, leaving permanent damage. The reasons for this failure of repair are many, but one possible reason is the lack of migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to the lesion. The guidance molecules Semaphorin 3A and 3F, already known to direct oligodendroglial migration in development, may also be active in controlling oligodendrocyte precursor cell migration in MS, and hence may determine the ability of plaques to remyelinate. Here, in MS tissue and an experimental model of demyelination, we demonstrate a local source of these molecules around active demyelinating lesions, but not chronic plaques. We also provide evidence for their up-regulation at a distance from the lesion, in the neuronal cell bodies corresponding to the demyelinated axons. We propose that both of these mechanisms influence remyelination.