gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The 25 kDa HCN Domain of Clostridial Neurotoxins Is Indispensable for Their Neurotoxicity (2020)

The extraordinarily potent clostridial neurotoxins (CNTs) comprise tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and the seven established botulinum neurotoxin serotypes (BoNT/A-G). They are composed of four structurally independent domains: the roles of the catalytically active light chain, the translocation domain H<sub>N</sub>, and the C-terminal receptor binding domain H<sub>CC</sub> are largely resolved, but that of the H<sub>CN</sub> domain sandwiched between H<sub>N</sub> and H<sub>CC</sub> has remained unclear. Here, mutants of BoNT/A, BoNT/B, and TeNT were generated by deleting their H<sub>CN</sub> domains or swapping H<sub>CN</sub> domains between each other. Both deletion and replacement of TeNT H<sub>CN</sub> domain by H<sub>CN</sub>A and H<sub>CN</sub>B reduced the biological activity similarly, by ~95%, whereas BoNT/A and B deletion mutants displayed >500-fold reduced activity in the mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay. Swapping H<sub>CN</sub> domains between BoNT/A and B hardly impaired their biological activity, but substitution with H<sub>CN</sub>T did. Binding assays revealed that in the absence of H<sub>CN</sub>, not all receptor binding sites are equally well accessible. In conclusion, the presence of H<sub>CN</sub> is vital for CNTs to exert their neurotoxicity. Although structurally similar, the H<sub>CN</sub> domain of TeNT cannot equally substitute those of BoNT and vice versa, leaving the possibility that H<sub>CN</sub>T plays a different role in the intoxication mechanism of TeNT.
Biomechanical aspects of initial intraosseous stability and implant design: a quantitative micro‐morphometric analysis (2006)

Bone micro-morphology has a prevailing effect over implant design on intraosseus initial implant stability, and ITV is more sensitive in terms of revealing biomechanical properties at the bone-implant interface in comparison with ISQ.
Alterations in glucose transporter proteins in alcoholic liver disease in the rat. (1995)

We used the intragastric feeding rat model for alcoholic liver disease to investigate alterations in glucose transporter isoforms GLUT 1 and GLUT 2 in response to different dietary fats and ethanol. Six groups of rats (three rats/group) were fed ethanol or dextrose with either saturated fat, corn oil, or fish (menhaden) oil. All control animals were pair fed the same diets as ethanol-fed rats except that ethanol was isocalorically replaced by dextrose. In all animals, the following were assessed: pathological changes in the liver, immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis of GLUT 1 and GLUT 2 isoforms, and glycogen distribution. The most severe pathological changes were seen in fish oil/ethanol fed rats, moderate changes were seen in the corn oil/ethanol group and no changes were observed in the dextrose-fed or saturated fat/ethanol groups. In the groups of rats showing pathological liver injury (corn oil/ethanol and fish oil/ethanol), the depletion in liver glycogen was accompanied by decreased GLUT 2 expression and increased GLUT 1 expression. A decrease in glycogen and GLUT 2 expression was also seen in the fish oil/dextrose-fed rats. We hypothesize that the shift in glucose transporters from GLUT 2 to GLUT 1 probably reflects a compensatory response to attenuated gluconeogenic activity and to meet the increased intracellular demand for glucose. This demand for glucose in the presence of depleted glycogen may serve to provide a source for ATP synthesis in the centrilobular zone where hypoxia occurs secondary to ethanol metabolism.
Active-Control System for Breakup of Airplane Trailing Vortices (2001)

Wing control surfaces are used to trigger the breakup of trailing vortices behind aircraft in a flaps-down configuration. In the near field of the aircraft there are multiple pairs of vortices, which admit new instability mechanisms that do not exist on a single pair of vortices. A periodic motion of the control surfaces is used to introduce a unique form of perturbation that is amplified in the multiple vortex-pair system but conserves total circulation, lift, and rolling moment. Growth of the perturbations leads to the periodic pinching of the starboard and port vortices into a series of vortex rings. The concept is demonstrated using numerical simulations and towing-tank experiments. Results show that the system breaks up the trailing vortices more rapidly than a comparable excitation of the Crow instability on a single pair of vortices. The overall effectiveness of the system depends on the airplane configuration, namely, details of the flap system and the horizontal tail
Differential cytokine induction by doses of lipopolysaccharide and monophosphoryl lipid A that result in equivalent early endotoxin tolerance (1990)

The phenomenon of early endotoxin tolerance, which is induced by sublethal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), results in a protracted period of hyporesponsiveness that is most profound at 3 to 4 days after injection and is marked by reduced cytokine production after a challenge injection of LPS. Early endotoxin tolerance is also induced by the nontoxic LPS derivative monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), although much more of the monophosphoryl derivative is required to produce a state of tolerance equivalent to that evoked by LPS. In this study, equivalent tolerance-inducing doses of LPS and MPL were tested, and the levels of cytokines induced by LPS and MPL were compared. Although induced levels of colony-stimulating factor were comparable following doses of LPS and MPL that elicited an equivalent state of early endotoxin tolerance, levels of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and interferon were significantly lower in MPL-injected animals. These results suggest that the lowered toxicity of MPL may be related to its elicitation of significantly lower levels of potentially toxic intermediaries such as tumor necrosis factor, interferon, and interleukin-6.
Optimizing compilers for the SPARC architecture-an overview (1988)

The authors discuss the user programming model for the scalable processor architecture (SPARC) and the optimizing compilers for the SPARC-based Sun-4 workstations. They are concerned with two broad areas: how the compilers use the architecture and the design of the compilers themselves. They discuss the registers, synthesized instructions, tagged data support, the compilers, the global and peephole optimizers, and compiler performance analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multifold Enhancement of Loose Nanofiltration Membrane Performance by Intercalation of Surfactant Assemblies (2018)

Enhancing the membrane water permeability without undermining selectivity has strong potential to reduce the cost of loose nanofiltration (LNF) which attracts growing interest in water and wastewater treatments. Herein, we report a novel polyelectrolyte multilayer LNF membrane with intercalated surfactant self-assemblies. The LNF membranes with integrated surfactant self-assemblies exhibit outstanding permeability to water and selectivity to organic macromolecules such as humic acid and methyl blue. Specifically, the integration of surfactant self-assemblies, SSA, enhances the water permeability by more than 5-fold compared to the reference LNF membrane and, at the same time, increases humic acid rejection from 93% to 98%. The SSA integrated LNF membranes also demonstrate superior performance in terms of permselectivity compared to other membranes in the literature for similar separation (humic acid removal).
A STUDY ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS GREEN PRODUCTS IN BANGALORE CITY (2018)

Green refers to pure in quality as well as fair and just in dealings. Environmental problems have become a major concern in today’s world. Consumer’s attitude has changed in buying the products. Green marketing is a much broader concept and it includes industrial goods and services, consumer goods, etc. It is a necessity that both consumers as well as businessmen abstain from harmful products. Thus, this paper analyzes the impact on consumer buying behaviour towards Green products in Bangalore City. A well structured questionnaire was prepared to collect one hundred respondents and simple random sampling technique had been used for this study. The findings of the study showed that most of the respondents (65 per cent) are female, 89 per cent of the respondents belong to the age group between 18-24. Therefore, product is the most influencing marketing element.
End-To-End Robotic Reinforcement Learning without Reward Engineering (2019)

The combination of deep neural network models and reinforcement learning algorithms can make it possible to learn policies for robotic behaviors that directly read in raw sensory inputs, such as camera images, effectively subsuming both estimation and control into one model. However, realworld applications of reinforcement learning must specify the goal of the task by means of a manually programmed reward function, which in practice requires either designing the very same perception pipeline that end-to-end reinforcement learning promises to avoid, or else instrumenting the environment with additional sensors to determine if the task has been performed successfully. In this paper, we propose an approach for removing the need for manual engineering of reward specifications by enabling a robot to learn from a modest number of examples of successful outcomes, followed by actively solicited queries, where the robot shows the user a state and asks for a label to determine whether that state represents successful completion of the task. While requesting labels for every single state would amount to asking the user to manually provide the reward signal, our method requires labels for only a tiny fraction of the states seen during training, making it an efficient and practical approach for learning skills without manually engineered rewards. We evaluate our method on real-world robotic manipulation tasks where the observations consist of images viewed by the robot's camera. In our experiments, our method effectively learns to arrange objects, place books, and drape cloth, directly from images and without any manually specified reward functions, and with only 1-4 hours of interaction with the real world. Videos of learned behavior are available at sites.google.
Selective Electrochemical Production of Formate from Carbon Dioxide with Bismuth-Based Catalysts in an Aqueous Electrolyte (2017)

For the efficient electroconversion of CO2 to formate, CO and H2 evolution must be suppressed. Herein, carbon-supported BiOx nanoparticles (BiOx/C) were investigated as a potential candidate for CO2 reduction. In bicarbonate solutions, the BiOx/C catalysts exhibited a high Faradaic efficiency of 93.4% for formate from −1.37 to −1.70 V versus Ag/AgCl with a negligible amount of CO and H2. Stable partial current densities and high Faradaic efficiencies were also achieved in 0.5 M NaCl (12.5 mA cm–2 and 96.0%, respectively). The possible reaction pathways and kinetic parameters of formate formation were examined using systematic electrochemical methods, including Tafel, pH dependence, and in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure analyses. From the results of these mechanistic studies, we propose that dual mechanisms are functional on the BiOx/C catalysts. Specifically, a two-electron and one-proton transfer reaction to adsorbed CO2 or a chemical proton transfer reaction to CO2– anion are the possible rate-determining steps (RDSs) at low potentials, whereas a one-electron transfer reaction to CO2 is the RDS at high potentials.
Visible spectrum-based non-contact HRV and dPTT for stress detection (2017)

Stress is a major health concern that not only compromises our quality of life, but also affects our physical health and well-being. Despite its importance, our ability to objectively detect and quantify it in a real-time, non-invasive manner is very limited. This capability would have a wide variety of medical, military, and security applications. We have developed a pipeline of image and signal processing algorithms to make such a system practical, which includes remote cardiac pulse detection based on visible spectrum videos and physiological stress detection based on the variability in the remotely detected cardiac signals. First, to determine a reliable cardiac pulse, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for noise reduction and independent component analysis (ICA) was applied for source selection. To determine accurate cardiac timing for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, a blind source separation method based least squares (LS) estimate was used to determine signal peaks that were closely related to R-peaks of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. A new metric, differential pulse transit time (dPTT), defined as the difference in arrival time of the remotely acquired cardiac signal at two separate distal locations, was derived. It was demonstrated that the remotely acquired metrics, HRV and dPTT, have potential for remote stress detection. The developed algorithms were tested against human subject data collected under two physiological conditions using the modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and the Affective Stress Response Test (ASRT). This research provides evidence that the variability in remotely-acquired blood wave (BW) signals can be used for stress (high and mild) detection, and as a guide for further development of a real-time remote stress detection system based on remote HRV and dPTT.
Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Chemokines (2006)

Chemokines are low molecular weight cytokines specialized in leukocyte recruitment. Recent studies have shown that tumor cells of hematopoietic and non hematopoietic origin express different chemokine receptors that may be involved in neoplastic cell growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. Human lymphoproliferative disorders arise from the malignant transformation of normal lymphoid cells frozen at discrete maturational stages. Studies performed with acute or chronic lymphoproliferative disorders have shown that CXCR4, the unique receptor for CXCL12, is up-regulated in many B and T cells malignancies and may be involved in metastatic localization of the neoplastic elements. Additional chemokine receptors are expressed in the individual lymphoproliferative disorders, but some of these are often non functional. Here we shall review the state of the art on chemokine receptor expression and function in human lymphoproliferative disorders, stressing the potential value of chemokines receptors as novel therapeutic targets. In this respect, small antagonistic peptides are being produced by pharmaceutical companies and hold great promise for clinical application.
A sensorless drive method for switched reluctance motor based on gradient of phase inductance (2003)

This paper describes a simple method for indirect rotor position sensing in switched reluctance motors (SRM's) using the gradient of phase inductance. Phase inductance of a SRM can be considered as a function of the rotor position and varies with the rotor position regularly. The inductance of the energized phase increases as the rotor approaches the aligned position, and the active phase inductance has a maximum value when the stator and the rotor poles are aligned. After that, the phase inductance decreases. The gradient of the active phase inductance is zero when the stator and the rotor poles are aligned. Therefore, it is basically possible to drive the SRM without a position sensor by changing the energized phase appropriately when the gradient of the phase inductance is equal to zero or less than zero. In this method, the gradient of the phase inductance can be easily computed using basic equations from the applied voltage and the stator current measured. Experimental results with the laboratory drive system are presented in this paper.
General and Versatile Synthetic Method of Formylacetic Esters (1986)

A convenient and large scale preparation of formylacetates 4 by the reaction of alcohols with formylketene (2), readily generated in situ from formyl Meldrum's acid 1, is described.
Grammar instruction strategies in Spanish heritage language learners' textbooks (2015)

La instrucción de gramática ha sido debatida en la pedagogía del español como lengua de herencia durante los últimos diez años aproximadamente (Correa 2011; Lynch 2008; Montrul 2012, 2013; Montrul and Bowles 2009, 2010). Uno de los problemas principales está relacionado no solamente con enfoques de enseñanza sino con qué gramatica debería enseñarse (Lynch 2008; Llombart-Huesca 2012; Montrul and Bowles 2010). Como consecuencia, el propósito de este artículo es analizar cuatro libros de textos populares que se han utilizado en instituciones universitarias durante los últimos quince años para aprendientes de español como lengua de herencia para evaluar si son consistentes con investigación reciente sobre la selección de formas gramaticales meta y de actividades y estrategias para la instrucción de gramática. El análisis muestra que hay una evolución en las estrategias de enseñanza de gramática desde un enfoque en el conocimiento metalingüístico a la ausencia de ello y de la instrucción explícita de la gramática a las actividades comunicativas basadas en tareas.
Thermoelectric microsensors and microactuators (MEMS) fabricated by thin film technology and micromachining (2003)

The fabrication of thermoelectric microsensors and microactuators using thin film deposition technique and micromachining is demonstrated. Sensors with high sensitivity can be realized by anisotropic etching of silicon substrates with very thin membranes (thickness d=100 nm) or cantilever beams of silicon carbide, silicon nitride or silicon oxide. Such membranes or beams enable a good thermal insulation of the sensor films. These films (BiSbTe, polysilicon) are patterned by photolithographic technique. Most of the sensor fabrication steps are compatible with standard-IC technologies and can be performed by a batch-process. We report on the design and development of a thermopile-sensor array with integrated signal processing, the fabrication of a thermoelectric vacuum microsensor for the low vacuum range, of a heat flux sensor and of an integrated thermoelectric microcooler. The properties and parameters of these devices are represented and discussed.
Sequences within a small yeast RNA required for inhibition of internal initiation of translation: interaction with La and other cellular proteins influences its inhibitory activity (1996)

We recently reported purification, determination of the nucleotide sequence, and cloning of a 60-nucleotide RNA (I-RNA) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which preferentially blocked cap-independent, internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation programmed by the poliovirus (PV) 5' untranslated region (UTR). The I-RNA appeared to inhibit IRES-mediated translation by virtue of its ability to bind a 52-kDa polypeptide which interacts with the 5' UTR of viral RNA. We demonstrate here that the HeLa 52-kDa I-RNA-binding protein is immunologically identical to human La autoantigen. Moreover, I-RNA-mediated purified La protein. By using I-RNAs with defined deletions, we have identified sequences of I-RNA required for inhibition of internal initiation of translation. Two smaller fragments of I-RNA (16 and 25 nucleotides) inhibited PV UTR-mediated translation from both monocistronic and bicistronic RNAs. When transfected into HeLa cells, these derivatives of I-RNA inhibited translation of PV RNA. A comparison of protein binding by active and inactive I-RNA mutants demonstrates that in addition to the La protein, three other polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 80, 70, and 37 kDa may influence the translation-inhibitory activity of I-RNA.
Mechanistic Study of Ru-NHC-Catalyzed Hydrodefluorination of Fluoropyridines: The Influence of the NHC on the Regioselectivity of C–F Activation and Chemoselectivity of C–F versus C–H Bond Cleavage (2014)

We acknowledge financial support from the EPSRC through grant numbers EP/J010677/1 (D.M.) and EP/J009962/1 (I.M.R.).
Vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease (2014)

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder in the gene encoding the β-chain of hemoglobin. Deoxygenation causes the mutant hemoglobin S to polymerize, resulting in rigid, adherent red blood cells that are entrapped in the microcirculation and hemolyze. Cardinal features include severe painful crises and episodic acute lung injury, called acute chest syndrome. This population, with age, develops chronic organ injury, such as chronic kidney disease and pulmonary hypertension. A major risk factor for developing chronic organ injury is hemolytic anemia, which releases red blood cell contents into the circulation. Cell free plasma hemoglobin, heme, and arginase 1 disrupt endothelial function, drive oxidative and inflammatory stress, and have recently been referred to as erythrocyte damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (eDAMPs). Studies suggest that in addition to effects of cell free plasma hemoglobin on scavenging nitric oxide (NO) and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), heme released from plasma hemoglobin can bind to the toll-like receptor 4 to activate the innate immune system. Persistent intravascular hemolysis over decades leads to chronic vasculopathy, with ∼10% of patients developing pulmonary hypertension. Progressive obstruction of small pulmonary arterioles, increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, decreased cardiac output, and eventual right heart failure causes death in many patients with this complication. This review provides an overview of the pathobiology of hemolysis-mediated endothelial dysfunction and eDAMPs and a summary of our present understanding of diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease, including a review of recent American Thoracic Society (ATS) consensus guidelines for risk stratification and management.
Melatonin protects primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons from kainate but not from N-methyl-d-aspartate excitotoxicity (1995)

the antiexcitotoxic efficacy of melatonin, a putative endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger, was studied in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons. Excitotoxicity was induced in 7- to 9-day-old cultures by an exposure to glutamate (15 min in the absence of magnesium) or to glutamate receptor agonists, kainate (30 min), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (60 min in the absence of magnesium). Thereafter, cultures were returned to the culture-conditioned medium for 18 h at the end of which time viability was assessed by quantitative staining with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. Cotreatment with melatonin (500 microM) protected the neurons completely from the toxicity of kainate (up to 1 mM) and shifted the ED50 for glutamate from 55 +/- 2.6 to 97 +/- 3.6 microM. Melatonin cotreatment was ineffective in protecting the neurons from N-methyl-D-aspartate toxicity. When melatonin was added to the cultures only before or after kainate treatment, there was no resultant protection from kainate toxicity. The neuroprotective effect of melatonin does not appear to be related to the direct action of melatonin on ionotropic glutamate receptors. That is, the kainate-stimulated inward currents measured by a patch-clamp technique in voltage clamped neurons and the kainate-stimulated increase in free cytosolic calcium measured at the single-cell level using digital imaging fluorescent microscopy with fura-2 were not affected by melatonin. Moreover, the binding of [3H]glutamate to rat cerebellar membranes was not competed off by melatonin. Further studies are needed to evaluate the pharmacologic relevance of the neuroprotective action of melatonin.