gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in ectomycorrhizal communities and nutrient availability following prescribed burns in two upland pineoak forests in the New Jersey pine barrens (2004)

Forests in the New Jersey pine barrens are frequently prescribed burned to reduce fuel loads and risk of wildfire. To acquire baseline data for effects of prescribed burns on ectomycorrhizal diversity and nutrient uptake, field studies were undertaken in two upland pineoak forests in the New Jersey pine barrens subjected to different burn regimes. Ectomycorrhizal diversity was assessed by extraction of roots from soil cores and separation according to morphological characters. Nutrient availability to plant roots was measured using root bioassays. Relative to unburned plots, plots exposed to a fire at Greenwood, where burning was more frequent, had decreased total abundance of ectomycorrhizal tips, richness of ectomycorrhizal types, and Simpson's diversity in the L and F horizons, but increased Simpson's diversity in the deeper A horizon. At Lebanon, under a less frequent burn regime, richness was lower in whole cores and in the A horizon of burned versus unburned plots. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake by root bioassays indicated higher field availability of nutrients to roots in burned plots than roots in unburned plots, indicating a fertilization effect of the fire. Prescribed burning primarily impacted ectomycorrhizal community structure in the L and F horizons at these sites. Changes in function of ectomycorrhizae (nutrient uptake) in response to the burns was associated with decreased ectomycorrhizal diversity.
N-Bit L-Band Phase Shifters for Phased Arrays (2005)

Phase shifters required for electronic beamsteering in phased arrays are typically built with a small number of discrete bits. At the lower microwave radar frequencies, a large number of bits is desired to both reduce sidelobes and perform adaptive beamforming. Continuously variable phase shifters with infinite resolution have been built at L-band (1.3 GHz). Two phase shifters are reported on: a 360° unit which is a hybrid of all GaAs components, and a fully monolithic 90° shifter made in silicon-on-sapphire.
Vacuum Swing Adsorption for Propylene/Propane Separation with 4A Zeolite (2001)

A vacuum swing adsorption process using 4A zeolite pellets with five steps was designed to split an equimolar mixture of propylene/propane. The equimolar feed of C3 is diluted to 50% with nitrogen at 5 bar and 423 K, and the product is obtained when the total pressure is lowered to 0.1 bar. After 15 cycles, cyclic steady-state conditions are reached, a propylene-enriched stream of 97 mol% relative to the propylene/propane mixture, with 4.4% of nitrogen, a recovery of 26% (molar basis), and a productivity of 1.03 mol/(kg h) are obtained. The experimental work is compared with numerical simulations, and the effects of different operating parameters on the VSA process are analyzed.
Self-assembly of giant supramolecular cubes with terpyridine ligands as vertices and metals on edges (2013)

Giant metallo-supramolecular cubes were assembled by using tritopic terpyridine ligands as corners and metal ions as edges.
Solutions for robust recognition over the GSM cellular network (2002)

This paper deals with automatic speech recognition robustness for noisy wireless communications. We propose several solutions to improve speech recognition over the cellular network. Two architectures are derived for the recognizer. They are based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) adapted to adverse noise conditions. Then two more specific solutions aiming to alleviate GSM cellular network defects (holes and impulsive noise) are developed. Holes are detected and rejected. Impulsive noises are modeled using mixture density HMMs and a maximum likelihood criterion. These solutions allow a noticeable recognition error reduction. The last one seems to be promising.
Implementación de sistema contable en el Restaurante La Terraza Colombiana (2016)

Para el desarrollo de la presente investigación se tomó primeramente, aspectos teóricos relacionados con la contabilidad del servicio de restaurante, costo del servicio así como los aspectos que debe incluir el sistema contable a implementar y las formas de validarlo. Después de recopilar la base teórica, se prosiguió a compararlo con la realidad, por lo que se decidió llevar a cabo este estudio en el restaurante la Terraza Colombiana de la ciudad de Estelí. Donde utilizando instrumentos como la entrevista, la observación, se logró identificar la situación contable que presentaba el restaurante. Encontrando debilidades en cuanto al establecimiento del precio del servicio, desconocimiento del costo del servicio, margen de ganancias así como también se pudo comprobar la ausencia de controles para el registro contable.
A Walsh-Hadamard coded spectral efficient full frequency diversity OFDM system (2010)

A full frequency diversity COFDM (FD-COFDM) scheme based on sub-channel multiplexing is proposed to improve the performance of COFDM without sacrificing spectral efficiency. Since the channel suffers the frequency selective fading, the received signal contains strong inter-symbol interference (ISI). To obtain the diversity- and code-gains, an iterative receiving algorithm is presented. By jointly using diversity combining, interference cancellation and soft decoding, the proposed iterative receiving algorithm properly decodes the information bits in the strong ISI environment. Consequently, all the subcarriers of FD-COFDM participate in diversity so that the system can achieve full frequency diversity in most practical channels. The new receiving algorithm is relatively simple compared to the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm, and is therefore a better alternative to balance the algorithm complexity and system performance.
A Routing Metric for Load-Balancing in Wireless Mesh Networks (2007)

This paper proposes a routing metric known as weighted cumulative expected transmission time with load balancing (WCETT-LB) for wireless mesh net works. WCETTT-LB enhances the basic Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time (WCETT) by incorporating load balancing into the routing metric. Unlike other existing schemes proposed for load balancing for wireless mesh networks, WCETT-LB implements load balancing at mesh routers. WCETT-LB provides a congestion aware routing and traffic splitting mechanism to achieve global load balancing in the network. The preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses show the significance of the proposed scheme.
The standard philosophical interpretation (2010)

It must be extreme hard to find out the opinions and meanings of those men that are gone from us long ago, and have left us no other signification thereof but their books.–Hobbes (EW 4:75)
마라 (Mara) 의 도전과 붓다의 대응 (2010)

입멸 직전까지 붓다의 전생애에 걸쳐 수시로 마라가 등장하여 붓다와 대결하고 있다. 붓다와 마라의 대결은 단지 일회적인 싸움이 아니다. 붓다라는 한 영웅이 마라의 지배에서 벗어났지만 마라는 기회 있을 때마다 붓다로 하여금 자신의 지배하에 있는 중생들에게 해탈할 수 있는 길을 알리지 못하도록 하고 있다. 붓다와 마라의 대결은 단순히 두 인물간의 사적(私的)인...
Processing of continuous-ceramic-fiber-reinforced intermetallic composites by pressure casting (1991)

Pressure casting because of its flexibility and greater promise for economy compared with other composite-processing routes is being extensively used to fabricate low temperature composites. A pressure-casting apparatus has been developed which allowed, for the first time, the fabrication of fiber-reinforced high temperature composite materials. A series of Ni3Al, TiAl and Fe3Al composites, unidirectionally reinforced with either DuPont's fiber FP (Al2O3) or PRD-166 (Al2O320wt.%ZrO2) continuous fibers which were 20 μm in diameter, have been produced. Optical and transmission electron microscopy have been employed to characterize the microstructure. In the case of nickel and iron aluminides it was found necessary to add a small amount (0.5–1 at.%) of a strong oxide former such as titanium, yttrium or zirconium to improve wetting and therefore to achieve complete infiltration. This paper will focus on the fiber-matrix bonding, and the nature and the extent of fiber-matrix reaction in these composites. Mechanical testing indicated that reinforcing Ni3Al with PRD-166 fibers resulted in a twofold increase in specific modulus and a fivefold increase in strength.
Changes in regional vascular resistance and blood volume after hemorrhage in fed and fasted awake rats (1995)

To determine whether fasting alters the response of blood flow to hemorrhage, blood flow was measured by radiolabeled microspheres before and after a 20 ml.kg-1.3 min-1 hemorrhage in fed and fasted chronically cannulated male Sprague-Dawley rats. Restitution of blood volume, as determined by dilution of hematocrit, was attenuated in fasted rats, although the responses of arterial blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were not significantly different. Fasting only affected resting blood flow in the bronchial artery and fat and had no effect on resting vascular resistance in any organ studied. In both fed and fasted rats, hemorrhage led to a significant fall in blood flow to the stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon, spleen, pancreas, kidney, bronchial artery, thymus, and muscle and a rise in blood flow to the adrenals. However, fasting did not significantly alter the response of flow or vascular resistance to these organs. Fasting did alter the blood flow response to hemorrhage in bone, fat, and the hepatic artery. These results demonstrate that 24 h of fasting does not affect the responses of blood flow and vascular resistance to hemorrhage in most organs, even though restitution of blood volume is attenuated.
Viable but nonculturable bacteria in drinking water (1991)

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Streptococcus faecalis, Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas strains L2 and 719 were tested for the ability to grow and maintain viability in drinking water. Microcosms were employed in the study to monitor growth and survival by plate counts, acridine orange direct counts (AODC), and direct viable counts (DVC). Plate counts dropped below the detection limit within 7 days for all strains except those of Bacillus and Pseudomonas. In all cases, the AODC did not change. The DVC also did not change except that the DVC, on average, were ca. 10-fold lower than the AODC.
Application of ellipsometry to crystal growth by organometallic molecular beam epitaxy (1990)

We report the first use of ellipsometry as a real-time monitor of III-V semiconductor crystal growth by molecular beam epitaxy, specifically growth of GaAs and AlGaAs from arsine, triethylgallium, and triethylaluminum sources. Our results provide new insight into the oxide desorption process and show a sensitivity of ±0.03 in compositions x&gt;0.2 for 10 Å thickness increments of AlxGa1−xAs during initial deposition on GaAs.
Challenge-Response Authentication Using In-Air Handwriting Style Verification (2017)

Challenge-response (CR) is an effective way to authenticate users even if the communication channel is insecure. Traditionally CR authentication relies on one-way hashes and shared secrets to verify the identities of users. Such a method cannot cope with an insider attack, where a user can obtained the secret (i.e., the response) from a legitimate user. To cope with it, we design a biometric-based CR authentication scheme (hereafter MoCRA), which is derived from the motions as a user operates emerging depth-sensorbased input devices, such as a Leap Motion controller. We envision that to authenticate a user, MoCRA randomly chooses a string (e.g., a few words), and the user has to write the string in the air. Using Leap Motion, MoCRA captures the user's writing movements and then extracts his / her handwriting style. After verifying that what the user writes matches what is asked for, MoCRA leverages a Support Vecter Machine (SVM) with co-occurrence matrices to model the handwriting styles and can reliably authenticate users, even if what they write is completely different every time. Evaluated on data from 24 subjects over 7 months, MoCRA managed to verify a user with an average of 1.18% (Equal Error Rate) EER and to reject impostors with 2.45% EER.
Process integration of double level copper-low k (k=2.8) interconnect (2003)

This paper reports a comparative study of double level copper interconnects using Black Diamond (k=2.8) dielectric, fluorinated silicate glass (FSG, k=3.7) and undoped silicate glass (USG, k=4.1). A 25-28% reduction in intra-lead capacitance is realized with k=2.8 dielectric compared to USG. Intra-lead electrical isolation, single via and via chain resistances are comparable for the dielectrics. The linearity of electrically measured line widths and serpent resistances indicate that Black Diamond CMP performance is comparable to USG and FSG. Preliminary wafer level electromigration data for the copper/low-k dielectric is comparable to copper/USG.
The Global Regulator ArcA Modulates Expression of Virulence Factors in <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (2003)

A Vibrio cholerae arcA mutant was constructed and used to examine the role of the global anaerobiosis response regulator ArcA in the expression of virulence factors in this important human pathogen. In V. cholerae, expression of the major virulence factors cholera toxin (CT) and toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) is regulated by the transcriptional activator ToxT. toxT expression, in turn, is controlled by the transmembrane DNA binding proteins ToxR and TcpP. In the V. cholerae arcA mutant, although ToxR and TcpP were unaffected, Northern blot and reverse transcription-PCR analyses indicated that the expression of toxT was significantly decreased with concomitant reduction in the expression of CT and TCP. CT and TCP expression was completely restored in the V. cholerae arcA mutant strain by expressing a cloned toxT gene in the mutant. These results suggest that ArcA functions as a positive regulator of toxT expression under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, although as expected, the effect was more pronounced during anaerobic growth. This was reflected in a reduction of virulence of the V. cholerae arcA mutant strain in the infant mouse cholera model.
The effect of curing history on the residual stress behavior of polyimide thin films (1999)

The effect of curing history on the residual stress behaviors in semiflexible structure poly(4,4′-oxydiphenylene pyromellitimide) (PMDA–ODA) and rigid structure poly(p-phenylene biphenyltetracarboximide) (BPDA–PDA) polyimide was investigated. Depending upon the curing history and different structures of polyimide, the residual stress behaviors and the morphology of polyimide thin films were detected in situ by using a wafer bending technique and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), respectively. For the rigid structure BPDA–PDA polyimide, the residual stress and the slope decreased from 11.7 MPa and 0.058 MPa/°C to 4.2 MPa and 0.007 MPa/°C as the curing temperature increased, and the annealing process is done. However, for the semiflexible structure PMDA–ODA, the change of the residual stress and the slope was relatively not significant. In addition, it was found that the cured polyimide prepared at a higher temperature with a multistep curing process showed a higher order of chain in-plain orientation and packing order than does the polyimide film prepared at a lower temperature with a one-step curing process. These residual stress behaviors of polyimide thin films show good agreement with WAXD results, such as polyimide chain order, orientation, and intermolecular packing order, due to curing history. Specifically, it shows that the effect of curing history on residual stress as well as morphological change was significant in rigid BPDA–PDA polyimide but, not in semiflexible PMDA–ODA polyimide. Therefore, it suggests that the morphological structure depends upon curing history, and the polyimide backbone structure might be one of important factors to lead the low residual stress in polyimide thin films. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 3287–3298, 1999
Presence of a Regulatory Element within the First Intron of the Human Platelet‐derived Growth Factor‐A Chain Gene (1993)

We detected a suppressive element in the first intron of the human platelet-derived growth factor A chain (PDGF-A) gene. Two or more proteins, at least 110-kd and 90-kd proteins, were bound over a wide region of this fragment, and the fragment suppressed the expression of the PDGF-A chain via these proteins in vivo. Since the fragment also had suppressor activity on the promoter of the PDGF-B chain, it may be involved in a suppressive mechanism of gene expression common to PDGF-A and -B chains. Four tandem repeats of CCCCAT(CCCC) and three direct repeats of GGGGAG were observed in this region. The expression of the PDGF-A chain is considered to be regulated by a mechanism involving not only the 5' upstream region but also introns.
Studies of Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Normal Man with l-[U-14C]Tyrosine (1976)

1. Six men were infused intravenously for 10 h with a tracer amount of L-[U-14C]tyrosine while on a standardized food intake. 2. Measurements of plasma L-[14C]-tyrosine specific radioactivity and the excretion rate of 14CO2 were made at frequent intervals and showed plateau labelling of plasma and expired carbon dioxide within 6-8 h. The tyrosine flux was calculated from the specific radioactivity in plasma at plateau value. 3. The excretion rate of 14CO2, corrected for retention of label within the bicarbonate pool, showed that oxidation accounted for 20% of the tyrosine flux. Urinary excretion of label was negligible. 4. Rates of protein synthesis were calculated from the flux of tyrosine after subtracting the proportion oxidized. Although the mean rate of synthesis was consistent with other measurements of protein turnover, the individual values ranged from 284 to 387 g/day. The variation was not reduced by relating turnover to body weight, lean body mass or energy expenditure. 5. Estimating the rates of protein breakdown from the tyrosine flux involved some assumptions about pathways of phenylalanine metabolism. The use of a labelled essential amino acid would therefore give more accurate values for short-term measurements of whole body protein turnover.
Genomic complexity identifies patients with aggressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2008)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a variable clinical course. Presence of specific genomic aberrations has been shown to impact survival outcomes and can help categorize CLL into clinically distinct subtypes. We studied 178 CLL patients enrolled in a prospective study at the University of Michigan, of whom 139 and 39 were previously untreated and previously treated, respectively. We obtained unbiased, high-density, genome-wide measurements of subchromosomal copy number changes in highly purified DNA from sorted CD19(+) cells and buccal cells using the Affymetrix 50kXbaI SNP array platform (Santa Clara, CA). Genomic complexity scores were derived and correlated with the surrogate clinical end points time to first therapy (TTFT) and time to subsequent therapy (TTST): measures of disease aggressiveness and/or therapy efficaciousness. In univariate analysis, progressively increasing complexity scores in previously untreated CLL patients identified patients with short TTFT at high significance levels. Similarly, TTST was significantly shorter in pretreated patients with high as opposed to low genomic complexity. In multivariate analysis, genomic complexity emerged as an independent risk factor for short TTFT and TTST. Finally, algorithmic subchromosomal complexity determination was developed, facilitating automation and future routine clinical application of CLL whole-genome analysis.
Notizen: Umlagerungen metallierter, organosubstituierter Harnstoffe, II / Rearrangements of Metallated Organosubstituted Ureas, II (1974)

By the reaction of two equivalents of butyllithium with N-benzyl-N,N′-diorganylureas, no dimetallated ureas were recovered; rather intensive-coloured solutions were formed, with subsequent identification of N, α-diorganylbenzylamnines and lithiumcyanate.
N‐heterocyclische Carbene: nicht nur Liganden, auch Reagentien! (2004)

Abstract Die einzigartigen Eigenschaften N‐heterocyclischer Carbene (NHCs) haben eine beachtliche Aufmerksamkeit vor allem seitens der theoretischen und metallorganischen Chemie auf sich gezogen. Insbesondere ihre Anwendung als Liganden in metallorganischen Komplexen wurde vielfach beschrieben. Weniger bekannt ist, dass sich NHCs auch hervorragend als Katalysatoren und nucleophile Reagentien eignen. So können NHCs beispielsweise in Umesterungen, nucleophilen aromatischen Substitutionen und Cycloadditionen eingesetzt werden. Asymmetrische Reaktionen in Gegenwart von chiralen NHCs als Katalysatoren ermöglichen die effiziente Synthese optisch aktiver Substanzen. Diese Aspekte der Chemie N‐heterocyclischer Carbene werden in diesem Kurzaufsatz näher betrachtet.
[Collagens: why such a structural complexity?]. (1993)

The collagens are a family of extracellular fibrillar proteins, characterized by the presence of one or several domains termed "triple helix", that are made of three polypeptide chains folded around each other. They elicit a huge worldwide research activity, marked every year by the publishing of dozens of books and thousands of papers. This family is presently represented by more than 16 individualized types, all differing by their molecular structure and by the way helical and globular domains are arranged. In any case, however, at least one triple helical domain exists. It is formed by the association of three polypeptide chains, each of them containing a glycine every three residues and many proline or hydroxyproline residues, and attests for the belonging of the protein to the collagen group. These multiple molecular forms and their specific architecture raise questions that remain unsolved. Why is this triple helix structure adopted in the case of collagens? Is it because the simple alpha helix of protein cannot extend over more than a few nanometers and is not solid enough? Why not a double helix like that of DNA? It would probably not be rigid enough. Why are there many globular domains interspersed between fibrillar ones? Probably these domains are useful for the association of peptide chains in register prior to their folding, then they participate in the transport of the elementary molecules from the synthesizing cells to their final place in the connective tissue and, finally, they insert the molecules into their specific place inside the growing fibrils. Collagen fibres as they are evidenced by histological methods, for instance in tendons, are of complex structure. Most of their constituting sub-units are type I tropocollagen molecules but they also contain in their center a filament of type V collagen that seems to serve as a guide during their edification. On the surface of the fibres are molecules of type III collagen that limit the growth in diameter and also type XII molecules that serve to bind the fibres to the surrounding substances. The collagen type multiplicity is explained by their various functions (mechanical role for tendons and ligaments, functions of wrapping around muscle cells, basement membrane role as a support for endothelial cells, function of glomerular filter, etc.). The fact that every collagen type contains several different polypeptide chains remains poorly explained. It may serve for the orientation of every elementary molecule inside the complex array of the polymer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)