gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The reflection of X-rays by crystals (1913)

Abstract In a discussion of the Laue photographs it has been shown that they may conveniently be interpreted as due to the reflection of X-rays in such planes within the crystal as are rich in atoms. This leads at once to the attempt to use cleavage planes as mirrors, and it has been found that mica gives a reflected pencil from its cleavage plane strong enough to make a visible impression on a photographic plate in a few minutes’ exposure. It has also been observed that the reflected pencil can be detected by the ionisation method. For the purpose of examining more closely the reflection of X-rays in this manner we have used an apparatus resembling a spectrometer in form, an ionisation chamber taking the place of the telescope. The collimator is replaced by a lead block pierced by a hole which can be stopped down to slits of various widths. The revolving table in the centre carries the crystal. The ionisation chamber is tubular, 15 cm. long and 5 cm. in diameter. It can be rotated about the axis of the instrument, to which its own axis is perpendicular. It is filled with sulphur dioxide in order to increase the ionisation current: both air and methyl iodide have also been used occasionally to make sure that no special characteristics of the gas in the chamber affect the interpretation of the results. The ionisation current is measured directly. A balance method has not been used as we have not found it possible to deflect a suitable portion of the primary rays into a balance chamber.
RECORDING INFRA-RED COINCIDENCE OPTOMETER (1962)

Albany, New York *Read before the annual meeting of the American Academy of Optometry, Chicago, Illinois, December 12, 1961. For publication in the July, 1962, issue of the American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry. †Optometrist. Fellow, American Academy of Optometry.
Optimum voltage scaling methodology for low voltage operation of CHE type flash EEPROMs with high reliability, maintaining the constant performance (2002)

The optimum voltage scaling method is presented to achieve the low voltage operation of Channel Hot Electron type flash EEPROMs with high reliability, maintaining the constant performance and the constant tunnel oxide thickness. In this rule, the maximum electric field reduces with the constant tunnel oxide thickness for suppressing the oxide reliability problems. Moreover the electric field at tow level is fixed to keep the program and the erase time constant. Furthermore low voltage operation is achieved by increasing the coupling ratio and the p/sup 0/-pocket impurity concentration. This new rule is derived by clarifying the relation between the coupling ratio, the supply voltages and the sense levels from simple analytical equations. It is found that the flash performance is kept almost the same and the disturb characteristics is improved by following this methodology.
Electron-Deficient Poly(<i>p</i>-phenylene vinylene) Provides Electron Mobility over 1 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>–1</sup> s<sup>–1</sup> under Ambient Conditions (2013)

Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivatives (PPVs) are one of the most widely investigated p-type polymers in organic electronics. PPVs generally exhibit electron mobilities lower than 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), thus hindering their applications in high-performance polymer field-effect transistors and organic photovoltaics. Herein, we design and synthesize a novel electron-deficient PPV derivative, benzodifurandione-based PPV (BDPPV). This new PPV derivative displays high electron mobilities up to 1.1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) under ambient conditions (4 orders of magnitude higher than those of other PPVs), because it overcomes common defects in PPVs, such as conformational disorder, weak interchain interaction, and a high LUMO level. BDPPV represents the first polymer that can transport electrons over 1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) under ambient conditions.
Accelerated decomposition of benzoyl peroxide in the presence of sulfides and disulfides (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAccelerated decomposition of benzoyl peroxide in the presence of sulfides and disulfidesWilliam A. Pryor and H. T. BickleyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 18, 2885–2893Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00983a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00983a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views386Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Analysis of Ultrasound Synthetic Transmit Focusing Using Plane Waves (2014)

본 논문에서는 평면파 합성 송신집속 방법의 모델을 제시하고 수학적 해석을 통해 그 특성을 분석하였으며 일반적인 구형파 기반의 집속 방법과 비교하였다. 이를 통하여 평면파를 이용한 합성 송신집속 방법은 거리에 따라 주엽의 폭이 변하지 않는 비회절 빔을 발생함을 확인하였다. 또한 그레이팅 로브의 발생을 억제하며 원하는 주엽 폭을 얻기 위한 평면파 합성 방법, 그리고 비회절 특성이 유지되는 영역을 효과적으로 확장시킬 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 제안된 방법과 해석결과들을 컴퓨터 모의실험을 통해 검증하였다. In this paper, we present a general model for synthetic transmit focusing method using plane waves (STF-PW) of which the properties are investigated through mathematical analysis and compared with those of the conventional focusing method. The analysis results show that STF-PW produces non-diffracting beams in the sense that their main lobe widths do not change with depth. We also present a method for synthesis of plane waves to obtain a desired main lobe width while preventing grating lobe generation and a method for broadening the region over which the non-diffracting property is maintained. The proposed model and analysis results were validated through computer simulations.
Precision refractive zoom lens with long focal length (2006)

Developed for the Army's White Sands Missile Range, this precision zoom lens consists of 16 refractive elements with three stationary lens groups and two moving lens groups. Using optical compensation, the focus and zoom are simultaneously maintained for focal lengths from 750 mm (f/4) to 3800 mm (f/14) at a resolution of 100 line pairs/mm (lp/mm) and an image field of 24 mm. The throughput of the lens is ~85%, and the lens is optimized over the visible waveband (485 nm to 650 nm). The zoom lens images objects at distances from 0.7 km to 100 km and is thermally compensated over a temperature range of 20 °F to 120 °F. Optical assembly was accomplished in about a week.
Positional cloning: A review and perspective (1997)

Positional cloning has attained prominence in the biomedical field through its ability to unravel the molecular basis of many elusive diseases, including cystic fibrosis, Huntington disease, and breast cancer. The strength of positional cloning is in its ability to identify a disease gene without prior knowledge of the inherent biochemical defect. The process involves collection and characterization of families or populations of individuals segregating a disorder, localizing the defective gene to a chromosomal region, cloning all of the DNA, identifying all of the genes, and testing the genes for mutations that associate with the disease. Having identified the genetic cause of a disease, analysis turns toward functional elucidation. Dissection of the biochemical pathway provides rational targets for drug discovery by providing biologically relevant molecules for screening. Drug Dev. Res. 41:129–141, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Promoter hypermethylation of the <i>CFTR</i> gene and clinical/pathological features associated with non‐small cell lung cancer (2011)

These findings suggest that DNA methylation may be important for downregulation of CFTR gene expression in lung cancer. Promoter hypermethylation of the CFTR gene may be an important prognostic factor in younger patients with NSCLC.
Two-Phase Spray Cooling of Hybrid Vehicle Electronics: Preprint (2008)

Spray cooling is a feasible cooling technology for hybrid vehicle electronics; HFE 7100 is a promising coolant.
Overcoming Mean-Field Approximations in Recurrent Gaussian Process Models (2019)

We identify a new variational inference scheme for dynamical systems whose transition function is modelled by a Gaussian process. Inference in this setting has either employed computationally intensive MCMC methods, or relied on factorisations of the variational posterior. As we demonstrate in our experiments, the factorisation between latent system states and transition function can lead to a miscalibrated posterior and to learning unnecessarily large noise terms. We eliminate this factorisation by explicitly modelling the dependence between state trajectories and the Gaussian process posterior. Samples of the latent states can then be tractably generated by conditioning on this representation. The method we obtain (VCDT: variationally coupled dynamics and trajectories) gives better predictive performance and more calibrated estimates of the transition function, yet maintains the same time and space complexities as mean-field methods. Code is available at: github.com/ialong/GPt.
Reproducibility and staging of 3D human retinal organoids across multiple pluripotent stem cell lines (2018)

Numerous protocols have been described for producing neural retina from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), many of which are based on the culture of 3D organoids. Although nearly all such methods yield at least partial segments of retinal structure with a mature appearance, variabilities exist within and between organoids that can change over a protracted time course of differentiation. Adding to this complexity are potential differences in the composition and configuration of retinal organoids when viewed across multiple differentiations and hPSC lines. In an effort to understand better the current capabilities and limitations of these cultures, we generated retinal organoids from 16 hPSC lines and monitored their appearance and structural organization over time by light microscopy, immunocytochemistry, metabolic imaging and electron microscopy. We also employed optical coherence tomography and 3D imaging techniques to assess and compare whole or broad regions of organoids to avoid selection bias. Results from this study led to the development of a practical staging system to reduce inconsistencies in retinal organoid cultures and increase rigor when utilizing them in developmental studies, disease modeling and transplantation.
Local production of prostaglandins in relation to mammary function at the onset of lactation in the goat. (1980)

1. Arterial and mammary venous concentrations of prostaglandins F alpha (PGF alpha), E (PGE) and the PGF alpha metabolite, 13,14-dihydro-15-oxoPGF alpha (DHK-PGF alpha) were studied during late pregnancy and the onset of lactation in conscious goats. Mammary secretion concentrations of PGF alpha and DHK-PGF alpha were determined, and mammary blood flow, arterial plasma progesterone concentrations and milk composition were also studied. 2. A significant output of PGF alpha from the mammary gland into mammary venous blood was observed during late pregnancy; this output ceased near term. 3. Mammary output of DHK-PGF alpha into venous blood began about 6 days prepartum, suggesting an increasing capacity of the gland to metabolize PGF alpha. 4. The concentration of PGF alpha in mammary secretion increased from about 4 days pre-partum, that of DKH-PGF alpha from about 12 days pre-partum. 5. It is concluded that although total mammary output of PGF alpha decreases during late pregnancy and early lactation, the rate of mammary synthesis of PGF alpha increases and the PGF alpha is increasingly secreted into milk and metabolized to DHK-PGF alpha within the mammary gland. 6. Unilateral treatment of one mammary gland in goats with the PGF 2 alpha analogue, Cloprostenol, at two dose levels from 2-3 days pre-partum to 1-2 days post-partum prevented the changes in milk [Na] that occur at term in untreated glands. At the higher dose, the normal rise in milk [citrate] was abolished and milk yield was reduced; these effects persisted after cessation of treatment. 7. It is suggested that PGF alpha may play a local inhibitory role in mammary gland function during late pregnancy. It is further suggested that PGF alpha could be the factor, or one of the factors, proposed by Linzell & Peaker (1974) to be responsible for local control of mammary epithelial permeability and possibly also for secretory rate.
Psychopharmacology of Lycanthropy (1992)

Objective: To develop pharmacotherapies for the orphan disease lycanthropy through the pursuit of the etiologic hypothesis of a genetically determined hypersecretion of endogenous lycanthropogens.Design: Quadruple-blind, Rubik's Cube matrix analysis.Setting: Community practice and malpractice.Participants: Subjects selected from inbred Ruficolla populations in Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina and Minnesota.All who entered the study finished it.Interventions: Chemical screening of blood samples over a hypothesized secretory cycle of lycanthropogen peaking on the day of maximum lunar illumination.Administration of synthetic lycanthropogens for behavioural testing.Experimental lycosomatization through the illumination method of Kirschbaum.Outcome measures: None were post hoc, but some are still in hock.Main results: Two putative lycanthropogens were isolated from the blood samples.Structural elucidation and synthesis permitted animal and clinical trials; in each of these, behavioural dysfunction was observed.Antilycanthropogen strategies included application of the principle of caged compounds and generation of a therapeutic immunoglobulin.The effects of a newly developed antihirsutic agent seemed promising.An interaction of the lycanthropogen-secretion system and ethanol was noted, which may explain behavioural aspects of alcoholism.Conclusions: The incidence of lycomania in North America is underestimated.Soon-to- be-available pharmacotherapies should promote its early detection and treatment.Full control may depend upon advances in gene therapy.Objectif: Mettre au point des pharmacotherapies pour la lycanthropie orpheline par l'approfondissement de l'hypothese etiologique d'une hypers6cr6tion d'origine genetique de lycanthropogenes endogenes.Conception: Analyse a quadruple insu par la matrice du cube de Rubik.Contexte: Pratiques communautaires et douteuses.Participants: Sujets rouquins des populations consanguines du Mississippi, de la Georgie, de la Caroline du Nord et du Minnesota.Tous les sujets inscrits ont fini l'etude.Interventions P,Tests de depistage chimique par pr6lvements sanguins d'apres l'hypo- these d'un cycle s6cr6teur de l'hormone lycanthropogtne atteignant son apogee le jour de la luminosit6 lunaire maximale.Administration de lycanthropogenes synthetiques pour 6valuation du comportement.Lycosomatisation experimentale par la methode d'irradia- tion de Kirschbaum.Mesures des resultats: Aucun n'a franchi la barre, mais certains sont encore derriere les barreaux.
Barriers to treatment adherence in physiotherapy outpatient clinics: A systematic review (2010)

Poor adherence to treatment can have negative effects on outcomes and healthcare cost. However, little is known about the barriers to treatment adherence within physiotherapy. The aim of this systematic review was to identify barriers to treatment adherence in patients typically managed in musculoskeletal physiotherapy outpatient settings and suggest strategies for reducing their impact. The review included twenty high quality studies investigating barriers to treatment adherence in musculoskeletal populations. There was strong evidence that poor treatment adherence was associated with low levels of physical activity at baseline or in previous weeks, low in-treatment adherence with exercise, low self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, helplessness, poor social support/activity, greater perceived number of barriers to exercise and increased pain levels during exercise. Strategies to overcome these barriers and improve adherence are considered. We found limited evidence for many factors and further high quality research is required to investigate the predictive validity of these potential barriers. Much of the available research has focussed on patient factors and additional research is required to investigate the barriers introduced by health professionals or health organisations, since these factors are also likely to influence patient adherence with treatment.
Mother goose (1864)

Mother goose Get access A. R. A. R. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s3-V, Issue 117, 26 March 1864, Page 258, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s3-V.117.258-e Published: 26 March 1864
An OmpA-Like Protein from<i>Acinetobacter</i>spp. Stimulates Gastrin and Interleukin-8 Promoters (2000)

Bacterial overgrowth in the stomach may occur under conditions of diminished or absent acid secretion. Under these conditions, secretion of the hormone gastrin is elevated. Alternatively, bacterial factors may directly stimulate gastrin. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that mice colonized for 2 months with a mixed bacterial culture of opportunistic pathogens showed an increase in serum gastrin. To examine regulation of gene expression by bacterial proteins, stable transformants of AGS cells expressing gastrin or interleukin-8 (IL-8) promoters were cocultured with live organisms. Both whole-cell sonicates and a heat-stable fraction were also coincubated with the cells. A level of 10(8) organisms per ml stimulated both the gastrin and IL-8 promoters. Heat-stable proteins prepared from these bacterial sonicates stimulated the promoter significantly more than the live organism or unheated sonicates. A 38-kDa heat-stable protein stimulating the gastrin and IL-8 promoters was cloned and found to be an OmpA-related protein. Immunoblotting using antibody to the OmpA-like protein identified an Acinetobacter sp. as the bacterial species that expressed this protein and colonized the mouse stomach. Moreover, reintubation of mice with a pure culture of the Acinetobacter sp. caused gastritis. We conclude that bacterial colonization of the stomach may increase serum gastrin levels in part through the ability of the bacteria to produce OmpA-like proteins that directly stimulate gastrin and IL-8 gene expression. These results implicate OmpA-secreting bacteria in the activation of gastrin gene expression and raise the possibility that a variety of organisms may contribute to the increase in serum gastrin and subsequent epithelial cell proliferation in the hypochlorhydric stomach.
Flue Gas Desulfurization (1982)

The thermodynamic properties of gases, liquids, solids and aqueous solutes of interest for desulfurization processes are tabulated for temperatures from 298 K to temperatures as high as 1000 K when possible. Major emphasis has been placed on aqueous lime or limestone scrubbing, but the data can also be used for high temperature gas processes and for NOx processes.
A Role for Stefin B (Cystatin B) in Inflammation and Endotoxemia (2014)

Stefin B (cystatin B) is an endogenous cysteine cathepsin inhibitor, and the loss-of-function mutations in the stefin B gene were reported in patients with Unverricht-Lundborg disease (EPM1). In this study we demonstrated that stefin B-deficient (StB KO) mice were significantly more sensitive to the lethal LPS-induced sepsis and secreted higher amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in the serum. We further showed that increased caspase-11 gene expression and better pro-inflammatory caspase-1 and -11 activation determined in StB KO bone marrow-derived macrophages resulted in enhanced IL-1β processing. Pretreatment of macrophages with the cathepsin inhibitor E-64d did not affect secretion of IL-1β, suggesting that the increased cathepsin activity determined in StB KO bone marrow-derived macrophages is not essential for inflammasome activation. Upon LPS stimulation, stefin B was targeted into the mitochondria, and the lack of stefin B resulted in the increased destabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial superoxide generation. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the LPS-induced sepsis in StB KO mice is dependent on caspase-11 and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species but is not associated with the lysosomal destabilization and increased cathepsin activity in the cytosol.
Continuous-flow electroreduction of carbon dioxide (2017)

Solar fuel generation through electrochemical CO2 conversion offers an attractive avenue to store the energy of sunlight in the form of chemical bonds, with the simultaneous remediation of a greenhouse gas. While impressive progress has been achieved in developing novel nanostructured catalysts and understanding the mechanistic details of this process, limited knowledge has been gathered on continuous-flow electrochemical reactors for CO2 electroreduction. This is indeed surprising considering that this might be the only way to scale-up this fledgling technology for future industrial application. In this review article, we discuss the parameters that influence the performance of flow CO2 electrolyzers. This analysis spans the overall design of the electrochemical cell (microfluidic or membrane-based), the employed materials (catalyst, support, etc.), and the operational conditions (electrolyte, pressure, temperature, etc.). We highlight R&D avenues offering particularly promising development opportunities together with the intrinsic limitations of the different approaches. By collecting the most relevant characterization methods (together with the relevant descriptive parameters), we also present an assessment framework for benchmarking CO2 electrolyzers. Finally, we give a brief outlook on photoelectrochemical reactors where solar energy input is directly utilized.