gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Active Spatiotemporal Control of Electrochemical Reactions by Coupling to In−Plane Potential Gradients (2001)

Active spatiotemporal control of electrochemical reactions through dynamic electrochemical potential gradients was explored by investigating three different types of reactions on Au: alkanethiol SAM electrosorption, Cu deposition and stripping, and O2 evolution from H2O2 oxidation. Counterpropagating gradients composed of two different thiols differing either in terminal functionality or in chain length were prepared, and their kinetic and environmental stability was inferred from spatially resolved contact angle measurements for samples stored under varying environmental conditions for periods up to one month. Chain length was found to correlate strongly with stabilitya requirement for stability being that at least one of the chains be at least C8 or longer. Spatially directed Cu deposition on Au was demonstrated by forming Cu stripes on Au, establishing that a sequence of different potential gradients could be used to define an area of deposition in the center of a working electrode. Dynamic spatiotemporal control of Cu deposition on Au was achieved by translating a potential window, which encompassed the Cu redox waves, across the Au surface. The position of the Cu/Au transition was constant at a potential intermediate between the two waves, and the width of the transition region in the SPR images was narrower than either of the two electron transfer waves. Spatially directed oxidation of H2O2 was demonstrated by monitoring the formation of oxygen bubbles near the electrode. Consistent with predictions of the Butler−Volmer equation, the rate of bubble formation was found to depend on spatial position (overpotential) in these experiments.
Temperature Effects on Resistance of Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Films (2004)

Electrical transport in vertically aligned films of multiwalled carbon nanotubes has been investigated in the -150 degrees C to 300 degrees C temperature range (all the tests were conducted in air at atmospheric pressure). In all the cases, the nanotube film exhibited a semi-conducting behavior, with the film resistance decreasing with increasing temperature. Removal of amorphous carbon contamination (via plasma etching) significantly improved the nanotube film's sensitivity to temperature changes (particularly in the 20 degrees C to 200 degrees C temperature range). All the of films tested in this study showed a consistent, repeatable behavior that was independent of the nanotube film length. The temperature sensitivity of the nanotube films was also found to be independent of the heating/cooling rates and without hysteresis. Because of the excellent repeatability and stability of the results, it is conceived that miniaturized temperature sensors could be designed using such aligned multiwalled nanotube films.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties of Fluorene-Phenylene and Fluorene-Thiophene Derivatives:  Precursors of Light-Emitting Polymers (2000)

The ground and excited states of covalently linked fluorene-based dimers were investigated by theoretical methods and by UV−vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. The optimized structures and the characterization of frontier molecular orbitals were obtained by HF/6-31G* ab initio calculations. All derivatives are nonplanar in their ground electronic states. The extent of nonplanarity depends on the nature of the aromatic ring bonded to the fluorene unit. All frontier orbitals involved both subunits of the dyads. The HOMO of each compound possesses an antibonding character between subunits, while the LUMO shows bonding character. The nature and the energy of the first 10 singlet−singlet electronic transitions have been obtained by ZINDO/S semiempirical calculations performed on the HF/6-31G* optimized geometries. All electronic transitions are of the ππ* type and involve both subunits of the molecules. For each derivative, excitation to the S1 state corresponds mainly to the promotion of an electron from the HOMO to the LUMO, and the S1 ← S0 electronic transition is strongly favored and polarized along the long axis of the molecular frame. The energy of the first electronic transition of all derivatives follows the HOMO−LUMO energy gap computed from HF/6-31G* ab initio calculations. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the fluorene derivatives have been recorded in cyclohexane. The first absorption band of each derivative can be assigned to the S1 ← S0 electronic transition computed from ZINDO/S calculations. The overall shape of the absorption and fluorescence spectra suggests a smaller distribution of conformers in the S1 state than in the ground state. The fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime in cyclohexane have been obtained. In these systems, the photophysical properties are mainly governed by nonradiative processes.
Performance Assessment of Semi-Closed Chemically Recuperated Gas Turbine Systems (2000)

The paper is concerned with thermochemical recuperation in semi-closed gas turbine systems. Semi-closed turbines use CO2 as the main working fluid and the combustion process takes place with pure oxygen, allowing the CO2 produced to be easily removed. On the other hand, the exhaust heat recovery through thermochemical recuperation offers interesting capabilities in terms of high conversion efficiency and low polluting emissions. System analysis and performance evaluation of the semi-closed, chemically recuperated gas turbine systems has been conducted and their performance assessed. A comparative analysis of semi-closed and open gas turbine cycles, with and without thermochemical recuperation, has been also carried out. The results of the analysis show that thermochemical recuperation in semi-closed gas turbine systems can allow to remove the CO2 with high cycle efficiency and specific power.
Effects of low level laser treatment on the survival of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult Hamsters (2014)

Injury to axons close to the neuronal bodies in the mammalian central nervous system causes a large proportion of parenting neurons to degenerate. It is known that optic nerve transection close to the eye in rodents leads to a loss of about half of retinal ganglion cells in 1 week and about 90% in 2 weeks. Using low level laser treatment in the present study, we demonstrated that treatment with helium-neon(660 nm) laser with 15 m W power could delay retinal ganglion cell death after optic nerve axotomy in adult hamsters. The effect was most apparent in the first week with a short period of treatment time(5 minutes) in which 65–66% of retinal ganglion cells survived the optic nerve axotomy whereas 45–47% of retinal ganglion cells did so in optic nerve axotomy controls. We also found that single dose and early commencement of laser irradiation were important in protecting retinal ganglion cells following optic nerve axotomy. These findings thus convincingly show that appropriate laser treatment may be neuroprotective to retinal ganglion cells.更多还原
Uniformity in Patterns Imprinted Using Photo-Curable Liquid Polymer (2002)

Imprint lithography is a candidate for high-resolution, high-throughput lithography using low-cost equipment. In particular, imprinting using photo-induced solidification is very attractive because it eliminates heat-up, cool-down time and avoids thermal expansion problems inherent in conventional thermal imprinting. We demonstrate the replication of uniform 100 nm line and space (L/S) patterns over a 5 mm×5 mm area at a time, a 60 nm L/S pattern and a 90-nm-wide line with an aspect ratio of 2 by imprinting using photo-induced solidification. We studied the removal of a base layer by O2 reactive ion etching (RIE) and determined the criteria for the base layer and imprinted patterns. Change in line width through O2 RIE is not affected by the base layer thickness but is affected by etching time. We found that granules generated in polymer during O2 RIE are slowly etched and the resulting long removal time of granules degrades the quality of imprinted patterns or prevents patterns from standing. It is necessary to achieve a base layer which is less than 100 nm thick or to change the O2 RIE conditions so that the polymer dose not granulate and/or use granulation-resistant polymers.
The Response to Substrate Infusion and Total Parenteral Nutrition (1986)

Rates of glucose turnover and oxidation in normal volunteers (N = 16) and in severely ill patients with pancreatitis (N = 9) were isotopically determined. Glucose turnover was determined using primed constant infusions of either 6-3H-glucose or 6-d2-glucose, and glucose oxidation with either U-14C-glucose or U-13C-gIucose after appropriate priming of the bicarbonate pool. Urea kinetics were determined using primed constant infusions of either (15N2)-urea or U-14C-urea, whereas free fatty acid (FFA) kinetics were determined by the constant infusion of 1,2-13C palmitate. Basal rates of glucose production and plasma glucose clearance were significantly higher in the patients than in the volunteers. During glucose infusion (4 mg/kg/min) endogenous glucose production was virtually totally suppressed in the volunteers (94 ± 4%). There was significantly less suppression in the patients, however (44 ± 1%). In addition, the percentage of available glucose oxidized (i.e., percentage of uptake oxidized) was significantly less in the patients than in the volunteers. The basal rate of urea production was significantly higher in the patients; however, in both patients and volunteers, glucose infusion resulted in a significant decrease. The rate of FFA turnover was similar in the patients and volunteers, and the patients and volunteers were equally sensitive to the suppressive effects of glucose infusion. When the patients were studied during total parenteral nutrition (TPN), there was no further suppression of endogenous glucose turnover than that seen during 2 hours of glucose infusion, and the mean rate of urea turnover measured during TPN (7.0 ± 1.9 μmol/kg/min) was also not significantly different than the value determined during glucose infusion (8.9 ± 1.8 μmol/kg/min). It was concluded from these studies that patients with pancreatitis (1) are metabolically similar to septic patients, (2) have an impairment in their ability to oxidize infused glucose when compared with normal volunteers, (3) have an elevated rate of net protein catabolism, and (4) have FFA kinetics similar to those seen in normal humans.
The role of transferrin receptors in hemopoietic cell growth. (1990)

The Tf receptor is a prototypical cell surface nutrient receptor critical for growth of both normal and malignant blood cells. Because of the apparently universal requirement of growing blood cells for Fe, control of Tf receptor expression and function will continue to be a topic of considerable interest in experimental hematology and tumor cell biology. Studies of Tf receptor gene expression have already revealed unique patterns of gene regulation, and understanding control of Tf receptor gene expression during hemopoietic cell growth and differentiation may provide insights into factors controlling expression of other proliferation-related genes. Although much further study is required, early studies suggest that measuring serum Tf receptor and Tf-Tf receptor complexes may be a major advance in clinical assessment of erythropoiesis. Whether altering Tf receptor protein function or gene expression can be exploited to treat hematologic tumors remains unclear, but further studies are in progress.
Characterization and physics of top-down silicon nanowire phototransistors (2010)

Nanowire photodetectors of a variety of materials have been attracting increased attention due to their potential for very high sensitivity detection. Silicon photodetectors are of particular interest for detection in the visible spectrum, having many benefits including cost of substrate, ease of processing, and ability for integration with conventional fabrication techniques. Using top-down fabrication techniques results in additional benefits of precise control of number, geometry, and placement of these wires. To demonstrate the potential of these devices, top-down, vertical silicon nanowire phototransistor arrays have been fabricated using ebeam lithography and deep reactive ion and inductively coupled plasma etching. These devices show a much higher phototransistive gain over nanowire photodiodes with similar geometry under illumination from a 635nm laser. Low temperature measurements also show the dependence of dark current and sensitivity on temperature. The mechanism responsible for this gain is shown to be dominated by the large surface-to-volume ratio of nanowires where charge capture and recombination at the surface creates a radial gate bias which is modulated with light intensity. 3D numerical simulations validate this mechanism and further show the dependence of device behavior on nanowire doping, geometry, and surface state density. This will allow for the precise engineering of these devices to achieve the maximum sensitivity obtainable as we strive for the ultimate goal of single photon resolution.
Forced convection heat transfer to supercritical helium. (1986)

Researches on forced convection heat transfer to supercritical helium have been surveyed. Introduction of the recent experiments, discussion on the impairment of heat transfer and the influence of buoyant force on the impairment, and critical review of the available experimental data have been done.
Sheet resistance and optical properties of ITO thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering with different O (2010)

Transparent conducting indium-tin oxide (ITO) thin films play a very important role in the field of optoelectronic devices such as photovoltaic cells and flat panel display devices. ITO films display low electrical resistance and high transmittance in the visible range of the optical spectrum [1].
Electrochemical and Thermal Behavior of Polyaniline in Aqueous Solution Containing  SO 4 2 −  Ions (1995)

Electrochemical and thermal measurements were carried out simultaneously on polyaniline in aqueous solution. An exothermic change at lower potential and an endothermic change at higher potential were observed on the surface of the polyaniline electrode during the anodic oxidation. The proportional relation between
Human Protamine-1 as an MRI Reporter Gene Based on Chemical Exchange (2013)

Genetically engineered reporters have revolutionized the understanding of many biological processes. MRI-based reporter genes can dramatically improve our ability to monitor dynamic gene expression and allow coregistration of subcellular genetic information with high-resolution anatomical images. We have developed a biocompatible MRI reporter gene based on a human gene, the human protamine-1 (hPRM1). The arginine-rich hPRM1 (47% arginine residues) generates high MRI contrast based on the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast mechanism. The 51 amino acid-long hPRM1 protein was fully synthesized using microwave-assisted technology, and the CEST characteristics of this protein were compared to other CEST-based contrast agents. Both bacterial and human cells were engineered to express an optimized hPRM1 gene and showed higher CEST contrast compared to controls. Live cells expressing the hPRM1 reporter gene, and embedded in three-dimensional culture, also generated higher CEST contrast compared to wild-type live cells.
Synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering from organogels. Part 1. Changes in molecular assemblies of cholesterol gelators during gel–sol transition (2001)

We examined the synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) from three azobenzene-appended cholesterol organogels: an ionic gel, a nonionic gel and a mixture of them. The main purpose of the present study is to find a possible correlation between the gel stability and the aggregation structure using SAXS. A typical crystalline scattering is observed for the nonionic gel at room temperature. The ionic one gives scattering from an amorphous fiber that coexists with a small amount of crystals. On the other hand, the mixture of gels shows scattering from a completely amorphous fiber. These characteristic features from the fibril structures disappear upon heating (i.e., at the gel–sol transition) for all the samples, confirming that the presence of the fibril structure is essential for the gel state. The fiber scattering is well-fitted by the hollow cylinder model with a radius of 55–60 Å and this model is consistent with the helical stacking model proposed by the previous study.
Multi-Aspect Detection of Articulated Objects (2006)

A wide range of methods have been proposed to detect and recognize objects. However, effective and efficient multiviewpoint detection of objects is still in its infancy, since most current approaches can only handle single viewpoints or aspects. This paper proposes a general approach for multiaspect detection of objects. As the running example for detection we use pedestrians, which add another difficulty to the problem, namely human body articulations. Global appearance changes caused by different articulations and viewpoints of pedestrians are handled in a unified manner by a generalization of the Implicit Shape Model [5]. An important property of this new approach is to share local appearance across different articulations and viewpoints, therefore requiring relatively few training samples. The effectiveness of the approach is shown and compared to previous approaches on two datasets containing pedestrians with different articulations and from multiple viewpoints.
A Scalable Blockchain Framework for Secure Transactions in IoT (2018)

Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain (BC) technologies have been dominating their respective research domains for some time. IoT offers automation at the finest level in different fields, while BC provides secure transaction processing for asset exchanges. The capability of IoT devices to generate transactions prompts their integration with BC as the next logical step. The biggest challenges in this integration are the scalability of ledger and rate of transaction execution in BC. On one hand, due to their large numbers, IoT devices will generate transactions at a rate which current block chain solutions cannot handle. On the other hand, implementing BC peers onto IoT devices is impossible due to resource constraints. This prohibits direct integration of both technologies in their current state. In this paper, we propose a solution to address these challenges by using a local peer network to bridge the gap. It restricts the number of transactions which enters the global BC by implementing a scalable local ledger, without compromising on the peer validation of transactions at local and global level. The testbed evaluations show significant reduction in the block weight and ledger size on global peers. The solution also indirectly improves the transaction processing rate of all peers due to load distribution.
Normal nasal airway resistance in noses of different sizes and shapes (1990)

Measurement of nasal airway resistance is becoming a common clinical technique. Accurate definition of the normal range of airflow is critical for maximal usefulness of this technique. Since typical nasal size and shape vary greatly with ethnic background, different norms for different ethnic groups may be appropriate. Nasal airway flow and resistance and external nasal size and shape were measured in 130 asymptomatic subjects (52 black, 56 white, and 22 Hispanic). Nasal length, width, columellar length, and nasolabial angle were similar for whites and Hispanics, but both groups differed significantly from blacks—even when changes attributable to biologic aging were factored out. In spite of these differences, there was no significant difference in any nasal airflow or resistance parameter among groups, suggesting that currently used airflow and resistance standards are valid for these three different ethnic groups.
Distortion invariant object recognition in the dynamic link architecture (1993)

An object recognition system based on the dynamic link architecture, an extension to classical artificial neural networks (ANNs), is presented. The dynamic link architecture exploits correlations in the fine-scale temporal structure of cellular signals to group neurons dynamically into higher-order entities. These entities represent a rich structure and can code for high-level objects. To demonstrate the capabilities of the dynamic link architecture, a program was implemented that can recognize human faces and other objects from video images. Memorized objects are represented by sparse graphs, whose vertices are labeled by a multiresolution description in terms of a local power spectrum, and whose edges are labeled by geometrical distance vectors. Object recognition can be formulated as elastic graph matching, which is performed here by stochastic optimization of a matching cost function. The implementation on a transputer network achieved recognition of human faces and office objects from gray-level camera images. The performance of the program is evaluated by a statistical analysis of recognition results from a portrait gallery comprising images of 87 persons.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Intelligent driving diagnosis system applied to drivers modeling and high risk areas identification. An approach toward a real environment implementation (2012)

This paper considers the problem of characterize the way people drive applied to driver assistance systems without using direct driver signals. To make this, was developed an intelligent driving diagnosis system based on neural networks [2]. This take into account signals that can be acquired by a GPS data logging system: position, velocity, accelerations and steering angle. Now, are presented two approaches based on this intelligent driving diagnosis system. The first, propose to identify potential high risk areas on the road taking into account the average rate of diagnosis in each signal on the road. The second, present the structure of a driver model based on neural networks and using as inputs statistical transformations of the driving diagnosis time signals: inadequate steering and pedals inputs, speeding and road or lane departure. The validation of this model is developed in two applications: driver identification and driver classification (good or bad). In addition, an architecture based on fuzzy logic for real environment implementation is presented. System performance was tested in a driving simulation system [13]. Results presented in this paper shows that our intelligent driving diagnosis system allows to identify potential high risk locations on roads, and also is able to classify different kinds of drivers with a high degree of reliability.
Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Prognostic Value of Interleukin-6—From the Groupe Français d'Immunothérapie (2004)

Circulating IL-6 level appears to be an important independent prognostic factor in patients with MRCC; if confirmed in further studies, it could be considered for treatment decisions in these patients.