gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Get a ligand, get a life: integrins, signaling and cell survival (2002)

Programmed cell death is crucial for the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. The decision to live, or to die, depends, at the cellular level, upon the cell's interaction with extracellular cues that trigger cell signaling pathways promoting survival or death. The extracellular matrix (ECM) influences the execution of the apoptotic program through the actions of adhesion receptors. Among these, integrins initiate a variety of downstream signaling events in response to ECM ligation. Integrins directly activate survival pathways via the PI 3-kinase and MAPK pathways and act as essential cofactors for their stimulation by growth factors. Conversely, elevated integrin expression in the absence of appropriate ligands, or in the presence of natural or synthetic antagonists, can promote apoptosis under otherwise permissive growth conditions. Integrins thus act in a crucial biosensory role, coordinating survival or death responses as a function of ECM composition. This dual function provides an elegant mechanism through which tissue-remodeling events may regulate cell death or survival in a temporal, ECM-governed manner.
<i>WordNet: An electronic lexical database.</i> Christiane Fellbaum (Ed.). Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 1998. Pp. 423. (2001)

WordNet is an on-line relational database of the English lexicon developed by George Miller and coworkers at Princeton University (Miller, Beckwith, Fellbaum, Gross, & Miller, 1990). The meaning of a particular word in WordNet is expressed principally through its relations to other words and sets of synonyms, with the structure of the database reflecting the current psycholinguistic understanding of the mental lexicon.
Design and characteristics of a lightly doped drain (LDD) device fabricated with self-aligned titanium disilicide (1986)

An As-P double-diffused lightly doped drain (LDD) device has been designed and fabricated with a self-aligned titanium disilicide process. The device design was aided by using an analytical one-dimensional model, and analytic results agree well with experimental data on the avalanche breakdown voltage gain and the ratio of substrate current to source current. Threshold voltage and subthreshold characteristics of this device do not deviate from those of a conventional device without LDD and silicide. The drain avalanche breakdown voltage of the LDD device is higher by 2.5 V over the conventional device. Transconductance degradation was observed for the LDD devices due to the inherently high source-drain series resistance of the LDD structure. Substrate current is reduced and hot-electron reliability is greatly improved. The titanium disilicide process effectively reduces the sheet resistances of the source-drain diffusion and the polysilicon gate to 3 Ω/sq compared with 150 Ω/sq of the unsilicided counterparts. It is also found that larger polysilicon grain size increases the sheet resistance of the silicide gate due to discontinuous titanium disilicide formation on top of polysilicon.
The role of cytokines in T‐cell memory in health and disease (2018)

Upon stimulation with their cognate antigen, naive T cells undergo proliferation and differentiation into effector cells, followed by apoptosis or survival as precursors of long-lived memory cells. These phases of a T-cell response and the ensuing maintenance of memory T cells are shaped by cytokines, most notably interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, and IL-15 that share the common γ chain (γ<sub>c</sub> ) cytokine receptor. Steady-state production of IL-7 and IL-15 is necessary for background proliferation and homeostatic survival of CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> memory T cells. During immune responses, augmented levels of IL-2, IL-15, IL-21, IL-12, IL-18, and type-I interferons determine the memory potential of antigen-specific effector CD8<sup>+</sup> cells, while increased IL-2 and IL-15 cause bystander proliferation of heterologous CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> memory T cells. Limiting availability of γ<sub>c</sub> cytokines, reduction in regulatory T cells or IL-10, and persistence of inflammation or cognate antigen can result in memory T cells, which fail to become cytokine-dependent long-lived cells. Conversely, increased IL-7 and IL-15 can expand memory T cells, including pathogenic tissue-resident memory T cells, as seen in lymphopenia and certain chronic-inflammatory disorders and malignancies. These abovementioned factors impact immunotherapy and vaccines directed at memory T cells in cancer and chronic infection.
A new timing synchronization and cell search procedure resistant to carrier frequency offsets for 3GPP-LTE downlink (2012)

A timing synchronization and cell search procedure for the 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP-LTE) standard is proposed. First, initial timing detection utilizing the secondary synchronization signal (SSS) is performed and the fractional carrier frequency offset (FCFO) is compensated. Second, joint synchronization based on primary synchronization signal (PSS) and integer carrier frequency offset (ICFO) compensation is conducted. At the final step, SSS detection is conducted and the physical-layer cell identity (Cell-ID) is derived. This procedure proves to be effective at combating carrier frequency offsets and has low computational complexity. The lack of clear advantages of detecting PSS as the first step in the timing procedure makes one ponder reasons for the current signal arrangement in the LTE standard.
Taxonomy-Based Risk Identification (1993)

Abstract : This report describes a method for facilitating the systematic and repeatable identification of risks associated with the development of a software-dependent project. This method, derived from published literature and previous experience in developing software, was tested in active government- funded defense and civilian software development projects for both its usefulness and for improving the method itself. Results of the field tests encouraged the claim that the described method is useful, usable, and efficient. The report concludes with some macro-level lessons learned from the field tests and brief overview of future work in establishing risk management on a firm footing in software development projects.
Synthesizing UHMWPE Using Ziegler‐Natta Catalyst System of MgCl<sub>2</sub>(ethoxide type)/ TiCl<sub>4</sub>/tri‐isobutylaluminum (2008)

Abstract Summery: A Ziegler‐Natta catalyst of MgCl 2 (ethoxide type)/TiCl 4 has been synthesized. In order to obtain ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tri‐isobutylaluminum which is less active to chain transfer was used as cocatalyst. Slurry polymerization was carried out for the polymerization of ethylene while, dilute solution viscometry was performed for the viscosity average molecular weight (Mv) measurement. The effect of [Al]/[Ti] molar ratio, temperature, monomer pressure and polymerization time on the Mv and productivity of the catalyst have been investigated. The results showed increasing [Al]/[Ti] ratio in the range of 78–117, decreased the Mv of the obtained polymer from 7.8 × 10 6 to 3.7 × 10 6 however, further increase of the ratio, resulted in decreased of by much slower rate up to [Al]/[Ti] = 588. The higher pressure in the range of 1–7 bars showed the higher the Mv of the polymer obtained, while increasing temperature in the range of 50 to 90 °C decreased the Mv from 9.3 × 10 6 to 3.7 × 10 6 . The Mv rapidly increase with polymerization time in the first 15 minutes of the reaction, this increase was slowly up to the end of the reaction (120 min). Increasing [Al]/[Ti] ratio raised productivity of the catalyst in the range studied. Rising reaction temperature from 50 to 75 °C increased the productivity of the catalyst however, further increase in the temperature up to the 90 °C decreased activity of the catalyst. Monomer pressure in the range 1 to 7 bars yields higher productivity of the catalyst. Also by varying polymerization conditions synthesizing of UHMWPE with Mv in the range of 3 × 10 6 to 9 × 10 6 was feasible.
Overview of ALD Precursors and Reaction Mechanisms (2011)

Successful use of ALD requires suitable chemical precursors used under reaction conditions that are appropriate for them. There are many requirements for ALD precursors: sufficient volatility, thermal stability and reactivity with substrates and with the films being deposited. In addition, it is easier to produce the required vapors if the precursor is liquid at room temperature, or if it is a solid with melting point below the vaporization temperature, or if it is soluble in an inert solvent with vapor pressure similar to that of the precursor. The precursor vapor should not etch or corrode the substrate or deposited film. Ideally, the precursors should be non-flammable, non-corrosive, non-toxic, simple and non-hazardous to make and inexpensive.
Live performance and processing yields of broilers fed diets with tiamulin and salinomycin combinations (2010)

A study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the combined application of tiamulin (TIA) and salinomycin (SAL) in broiler diets fed from 1 to 42 d of age. One thousand and two hundred Cobb x Cobb 500 male broilers were housed in 48 floor pens and fed corn-soybean meal diets containing 66 ppm of SAL combined or not with TIA at 30 or 20 and 20 or 15 ppm, respectively, in the starter (1-21 d) and grower feeds (22-42 d); however, TIA was withdrawn from the feeds 7 days before slaughter. The experimental design was completely randomized with 3 treatments and 16 replicates of 25 birds each. Broilers were weekly evaluated for live performance whereas carcass yield, abdominal fat and commercial cuts were assessed at 42 d using 6 birds randomly taken from each pen. Results obtained at the end of the study demonstrated that body weight gain was not affected (P > 0.05) by the treatments, whereas feed intake was reduced (P < 0.05) and feed conversion was improved (P < 0.05) for birds on diets containing TIA at 30/20 and 20/15 ppm, respectively. Carcass yield, abdominal fat, and commercial parts were not affected (P > 0.05) by the treatments. Live performance and post-slaughter yields data obtained in this study did not indicate that combinations of TIA with SAL could be detrimental. In fact, an improvement in feed conversion was observed at the lowest dose of TIA.
A new control scheme for an AC-DC single-stage buck-boost PFC converter with improved output ripple reduction and transient response (2014)

The main objective of this paper is to minimize the 120 Hz output ripple component and improve the dynamic response of an AC-DC single-stage power factor correction (PFC) buck-boost converter by using a new control scheme. In the paper, the operation of the single-stage converter is briefly reviewed and the proposed control method is introduced and explained in detail. Key design considerations for the design of the converter controller are discussed and the converter's ability to operate with fixed DC bus voltage, low output ripple and fast dynamic response is confirmed with experimental results obtained from a prototype converter.
Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion‐weighted MR imaging (2003)

A fully probabilistic framework is presented for estimating local probability density functions on parameters of interest in a model of diffusion. This technique is applied to the estimation of parameters in the diffusion tensor model, and also to a simple partial volume model of diffusion. In both cases the parameters of interest include parameters defining local fiber direction. A technique is then presented for using these density functions to estimate global connectivity (i.e., the probability of the existence of a connection through the data field, between any two distant points), allowing for the quantification of belief in tractography results. This technique is then applied to the estimation of the cortical connectivity of the human thalamus. The resulting connectivity distributions correspond well with predictions from invasive tracer methods in nonhuman primate.
Towards Model-Free Tool Dynamic Identification and Calibration Using Multi-Layer Neural Network (2019)

In robot control with physical interaction, like robot-assisted surgery and bilateral teleoperation, the availability of reliable interaction force information has proved to be capable of increasing the control precision and of dealing with the surrounding complex environments. Usually, force sensors are mounted between the end effector of the robot manipulator and the tool for measuring the interaction forces on the tooltip. In this case, the force acquired from the force sensor includes not only the interaction force but also the gravity force of the tool. Hence the tool dynamic identification is required for accurate dynamic simulation and model-based control. Although model-based techniques have already been widely used in traditional robotic arms control, their accuracy is limited due to the lack of specific dynamic models. This work proposes a model-free technique for dynamic identification using multi-layer neural networks (MNN). It utilizes two types of MNN architectures based on both feed-forward networks (FF-MNN) and cascade-forward networks (CF-MNN) to model the tool dynamics. Compared with the model-based technique, i.e., curve fitting (CF), the accuracy of the tool identification is improved. After the identification and calibration, a further demonstration of bilateral teleoperation is presented using a serial robot (LWR4+, KUKA, Germany) and a haptic manipulator (SIGMA 7, Force Dimension, Switzerland). Results demonstrate the promising performance of the model-free tool identification technique using MNN, improving the results provided by model-based methods.
Fracture detection in Manderson Field: A 3-D AVAZ case history (2000)

Oil from Wyoming's Manderson Field is produced from a complex fracture system with possible significant lateral connectivity. It is therefore important to obtain as much information as possible about the nature of the fractures within the reservoir, especially between the wells.
The Reaction of M-Chloroperbenzoic Acid with 1,2-Glycols (1970)

Abstract The use of m-chLoroperbenzoic acid for the determination of unsaturation can give high results if the sample contains a 1,2-glycol structure. An explanation for the high results is presented.
Independent localization of dystrophin N- and C-terminal regions to the sarcolemma of <i>mdx</i> mouse myofibres in vivo (1994)

Dystrophin has been proposed to associate with the skeletal muscle membrane by way of a glycoprotein complex that interacts with its C-terminal domains. Transfection of mdx mouse myotubes in culture or myofibres in vivo with recombinant genes encoding human dystrophin deletion mutants shows, however, that not only the C terminus of dystrophin but also its N-terminal actin-binding domain can locate independently to the muscle sarcolemma. This observation suggests that lack of sarcolemma-associated dystrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) muscle may result from enhanced degradation of truncated mutation products rather than their inability per se to associate with the sarcolemma.
Geometric control of human stem cell morphology and differentiation (2010)

During tissue morphogenesis, stem cells and progenitor cells migrate, proliferate, and differentiate, with striking changes in cell shape, size, and acting mechanical stresses. The local cellular function depends on the spatial distribution of cytokines as well as local mechanical microenvironments in which the cells reside. In this study, we controlled the organization of human adipose derived stem cells using micro-patterning technologies, to investigate the influence of multi-cellular form on spatial distribution of cellular function at an early stage of cell differentiation. The underlying role of cytoskeletal tension was probed through drug treatment. Our results show that the cultivation of stem cells on geometric patterns resulted in pattern- and position-specific cell morphology, proliferation and differentiation. The highest cell proliferation occurred in the regions with large, spreading cells (such as the outer edge of a ring and the short edges of rectangles). In contrast, stem cell differentiation co-localized with the regions containing small, elongated cells (such as the inner edge of a ring and the regions next to the short edges of rectangles). The application of drugs that inhibit the formation of actomyosin resulted in the lack of geometrically specific differentiation patterns. This study confirms the role of substrate geometry on stem cell differentiation, through associated physical forces, and provides a simple and controllable system for studying biophysical regulation of cell function.
Probabilistic Model Based Similarity Measures for Audio Query-by-Example (2007)

This paper proposes measures for estimating the similarity of two audio signals, the objective being in query-by-example. Both signals are first represented using a set of features calculated in short intervals, and then probabilistic models are estimated for the feature distributions. Gaussian mixture models and hidden Markov models are tested in this study. The similarity of the signals is measured by the congruence between the feature distributions or by a cross-likelihood ratio test. We calculate the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the distributions by sampling the distributions at the points of the observations vectors. The cross-likelihood ratio test is evaluated using the likelihood of the first signal being generated by the model of the second signal, and vice versa. Simulations were conducted to test the accuracy of the proposed methods on query-by-example of audio. On a database consisting of of speech, music, and environmental sounds the proposed methods enable better retrieval accuracy than the existing methods.
uVis Studio: an integrated development environment for visualization (2013)

A toolkit facilitates the visualization development process. The process can be further enhanced by integrating the toolkits in development environments. This paper describes how the uVis toolkit, a formula-based visualiza- tion toolkit, has been extended with a development environment, called uVis Studio. Instead of programming, developers apply a <i>Drag-Drop-Set-View-Interact </i>approach. Developers bind controls to data, and the Studio gives immediate visual feedback in the <i>Design Panel</i>. This is a novel feature, called <i>What-You-Bind-Is-What- You-Get</i>. The Studio also provides <i>Modes</i> that allow developers to interact and view the visualization from the end-user's perspective without switching workspace, and <i>Auto-Completion</i>; a feature of the <i>Property Grid</i> that provides suggestions not only for the formula language syntax but also for the tables, the table elds and the relationships in the database. We conducted a usability study with six developers to evaluate if the Studio and its features enhance cognition and facilitate the visualization development. The results show that developers appreciated the <i>Drag-Drop-Set- View-Interact </i>approach, the<i> What-You-Bind-Is-What-You-Get</i>, the <i>Auto-Completion </i>and the <i>Modes</i>. Several usability problems were identified, and some suggestions for improvement include: new panels, better presentation of the <i>Modes</i>, and better error messages.
Novel Method of Aromatic Coupling between <i>N</i>-Aryl Methanesulfonamide and Thiophene Derivatives (2007)

Oxidation of N-aromatic methanesulfonamides with iodobenzene diacetate in the presence of substituted thiophene promotes interesting coupling reactions in moderate to good yields.
Applications of Magnetic Water Technology in Farming and Agriculture Development: A Review of Recent Advances (2014)

Magnetic water treatment (MWT) techniques have shown promising potentials in different areas specially agriculture. Safety, compatibility and simplicity, environmentally friendliness, low operating cost and not proven harmful effects are the main advantages of electromagnetic field (EMF) over conventional methods for water treatment. Magnetized or magnetic water (MW) possesses unique physical and chemical characteristics making it a multi-purpose compound with potential benefits in medical treatment, industrial as well as environmental applications. The unique physical and electrochemical characteristics of MW have attracted research interests to develop different devices and techniques in agricultural and environmental applications. Improvements of irrigation water quality and quantity, crop yields and quality, soil improvement and water saving are some of the reported benefits of MWT in agriculture. In addition, magnetic field treatments have shown beneficial effects on the germination of seeds, plant growth and development, the ripening and yield of field crops. The main challenge in applications of MW in agriculture is efficient integrating of irrigation components, designing suitable pumps compatible with technical and field requirements of magnetic MWT systems. The present study reviews the applications of MW in agricultures. The practical challenges in using MW as well as future perspective are discussed.
SAW sensors for harsh environments (2001)

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors are rugged components made on highly stable substrate materials. In addi- tion, by their operating principle they lend themselves to wireless readout by radio signals. For these reasons, they are a first choice for sensing in harsh environments. A review is given on SAW device design, instrumentation of sensor systems, and on the physical interactions underlying sensing mechanisms. Recent progress in chemical as well as physical sensing toward various applications, e.g., in pollution control, biomedicine, and industry, is highlighted. Index Terms—Chemosensors, coatings, detection limit, high temperature, instrumentation, resolution, selectivity, sensing mechanisms, sensitivity, sensor materials, surface acoustic waves, torque.
Fabrication Technology (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: CMOS Technology CMOS-compatible Micromachining Process Modules CMOS-compatible Design of MEMS and NEMS CMOS and Micromachining Conclusion References
An adaptive timing-driven layout for high speed VLSI (1990)

An adaptive timing-driven layout system, called JUNE, has been developed. The constructive algorithm, which combines placement with the global routing, constructs a placement satisfying timing and routability constraints. The placement problem for each macro is solved hierarchically as a sequence of two optimization problems followed by an adaptive correction procedure. Experimental results for industrial sea-of-gates chips confirmed effectiveness of this approach.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Neurotropic Activity of Hetaryl(phenyl)methyl‐amines and ‐ureas. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Root cause failure analysis (1999)

PART ONE: RCFA Methods: Introduction General Analysis Techniques Root Cause Failure Analysis Methodology Safety Related Issues Regulatory Compliance Issues Process Performance PART TWO: Equipment Fundamentals: Pumps Fans, Blowers, and Fluidizers Conveyors Compressors Mixers and Agitators Dust Collectors Process Rolls Gearboxes/Reducers Steam Traps Inverters Control Valves Seals and Packing. PART THREE: Troubleshooting Guide: Pumps Fans and Blowers Conveyors Compressors Mixers and Agitators Dust Collectors Process Rolls Gearboxes/Reducers Steam Traps Inverters Control Valves Seals and Packing