gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Leucite-reinforced glass ceramic inlays and onlays after six years: clinical behavior. (2001)

Ceramic inlays are an esthetic substitute for large amalgam and other metallic restorations. This controlled clinical study evaluated the performance of IPS Empress inlays and onlays with cuspal replacements and proximal margins below the cementoenamel junction over six years of clinical service. Six dentists placed 96 ceramic restorations in 34 patients. Luting was accomplished using the enamel-etch-technique, a dentin bonding system (Syntac Classic) and four different composite systems. The restorations were assessed by two calibrated investigators using modified USPHS criteria at baseline (96 restorations), one (96), two (95), four (89) and six years (67). Seven of the 96 restorations investigated had to be replaced (failure rate 7%; Kaplan-Meier): Five inlays suffered cohesive bulk fractures and two teeth required endodontic treatment. After six years of clinical service, significant deterioration (Friedman 2-way ANOVA; p < 0.05) was found for marginal adaptation of the remaining restorations. Ninety-four percent of the surviving restorations exhibited marginal deficiencies, independent of the luting composite. Neither the absence of enamel margins, nor cuspal replacement significantly affected the quality of the restorations.
Use of content complexity factors in video over IP quality monitoring (2009)

We propose to use two parameters, the scene complexity (C) and the level of motion (M), to capture the video content characteristics that matter most to the quality of compressed videos transmitted over IP networks, either with or without packet losses. Two simple but robust formulas are designed to calculate these two parameters from the following variables: bits of coded Intra (I-) frames (Bits <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</inf> ), bits of coded Inter (P-) frames (Bits <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</inf> ), the average quantization parameter of I-frames (QP <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</inf> ), and the average quantization parameter of P-frames (QP <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</inf> ). We demonstrate a simple method to incorporate the scene complexity and the level of motion to improve the performance of a video-content-blind video quality model for no packet loss case. Its expansion to quality models with packet loss is currently under study.
Therapeutic suppression of premature termination codons: Mechanisms and clinical considerations (Review) (2014)

An estimated one-third of genetic disorders are the result of mutations that generate premature termination codons (PTCs) within protein coding genes. These disorders are phenotypically diverse and consist of diseases that affect both young and old individuals. Various small molecules have been identified that are capable of modulating the efficiency of translation termination, including select antibiotics of the aminoglycoside family and multiple novel synthetic molecules, including PTC124. Several of these agents have proved their effectiveness at promoting nonsense suppression in preclinical animal models, as well as in clinical trials. In addition, it has recently been shown that box H/ACA RNA-guided peudouridylation, when directed to modify PTCs, can also promote nonsense suppression. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of eukaryotic translation termination and discuss various methods for promoting the read-through of disease-causing PTCs, as well as the current obstacles that stand in the way of using the discussed agents broadly in clinical practice.
Analytical and Semipreparative HPLC Analysis and Isolation of Hemocyanin from the American Lobster<i>Homarus americanus</i> (2014)

Hemocyanin, which has numerous research and commercial biotechnology applications, is currently available from just two sources: the keyhole limpet and the horseshoe crab. Obtaining and purifying hemocyanin from these sources is a complex but necessary process because this compound cannot be synthesized in the laboratory. Lobster hemolymph, an abundant by-product of the lobster meat processing industry, could be developed as a new source of hemocyanin. A reliable and inexpensive method of extracting hemocyanin from lobster hemolymph would increase hemocyanin supplies through development of a value-added product from processing waste. Currently, ultracentrifugation is the most common commercial method of purifying hemocyanin. This technique, which requires several days of processing time, is not a reliable method of separating hemocyanin oligomers. We report new separation and purification techniques based on size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography, and methods of determining the quantitative and qualitative properties of hemocyanin derived from lobster hemolymph. In addition, an analytical and semipreparative method was developed to separate and purify hexamers and dodecamers from American lobster hemolymph. The shelf-life of hemocyanin hexamers and dodecamers extracted using the newly developed methods was determined to be more than 30 days with no observed degradation of the hemocyanin oligomers.
Rapid time‐resolved magnetic resonance angiography via a multiecho radial trajectory and GraDeS reconstruction (2012)

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography is challenging due to the need for both high spatial and temporal resolution. A multishot trajectory composed of pseudo-random rotations of a single multiecho radial readout was developed. The trajectory is designed to give incoherent aliasing artifacts and a relatively uniform distribution of projections over all time scales. A field map (computed from the same data set) is used to avoid signal dropout in regions of substantial field inhomogeneity. A compressed sensing reconstruction using the GraDeS algorithm was used. Whole brain angiograms were reconstructed at 1-mm isotropic resolution and a 1.1-s frame rate (corresponding to an acceleration factor > 100). The only parameter which must be chosen is the number of iterations of the GraDeS algorithm. A larger number of iterations improves the temporal behavior at cost of decreased image signal-to-noise ratio. The resulting images provide a good depiction of the cerebral vasculature and have excellent arterial/venous separation.
Correlation Between Flux Emergence and Solar Surface Activity Phenomenon (2006)

The paper mainly overviews the recent years progress on the relationship between flux emergence and solar surface activity phenomenon,such as flares,prominence,coronal mass ejections(CMEs).It summarizes some observation characteristics and actuality of theory investigation about flux emergence.Finally,some investigations are introduced.Furthermoe,some important problems needed to be solved in the future are presented.
Isolation of novel mouse genes associated with ectopic ossification by differential display method using <i>ttw</i>, a mouse model for ectopic ossification (2001)

Mouse mutant ttw (tiptoe walking) is an excellent model for ectopic ossification. This mutant exhibits ossification in various soft tissues, which is histologically similar to human OPLL (ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine). We previously reported that ttw is caused by a nonsense mutation of the nucleotide pyrophosphatase (ENPP1) gene, and that a polymorphism of the human ENPP1 gene is associated with OPLL. These facts indicate that ENPP1 regulates ectopic ossification in vivo; however, the mechanism is unclear. ENPP1 is an ectoenzyme that generates phosphate (Pi) and pyrophosphate (PPi). PPi is a strong inhibitor of ossification. Abnormal Pi metabolism is observed in patients with OPLL, and diseases with abnormal Pi metabolism such as hypophosphatemic rickets are frequently complicated by ectopic ossification. These lines of evidence suggest Pi-PPi metabolism associated with ENPP1 may play an important role in regulation of ectopic ossification. To clarify the molecular mechanism of ectopic ossification in ttw, we examined the effect of dietary phosphate and calcium on the ttw phenotype and found a high dietary phosphate-accelerated ectopic ossification. Then we examined genes associated with the enhanced ossification in ttw on a high phosphate diet by a differential display method. We identified nine mouse genes; six genes were up-regulated by the high phosphate diet, and three were down-regulated. Six of the nine genes were novel and we cloned and characterized them. Two of the genes were highly specific to cartilage, suggesting their specific role in enchondral ossification. Our identification of the novel genes would give novel insight into the mechanism of ectopic ossification and etiology of OPLL.
Sodium Butyrate Functions as an Antidepressant and Improves Cognition with Enhanced Neurotrophic Expression in Models of Maternal Deprivation and Chronic Mild Stress (2014)

It is known that cognitive processes, such as learning and memory, are affected in depression. Several authors have described histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as a class of drugs that improves long-term memory formation. The current study examined the effects of maternal deprivation (MD) and chronic mild stress (CMS), which have been shown as animal models of depression, and the effects of sodium butyrate (SB), a HDAC inhibitor, on recognition memory. Considering that neurotrophic factors has been pointed as a key event involved with cognition and depressive disorder, levels of neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF and GDNF) were also investigated. MD and CMS induced depressive-like behavior in the forced swimming test (FST) and memory impairment in the object recognition (OR) test, without altering locomotor activity of rats. In addition, SB was able to reverse the stress-induced neurotrophic factors decrease and reversed memory impairment. The results indicate that the stress both at early and later stage of life may induce cognitive impairment in animals and neurotrofic factors (BDNF, NGF and GDNF) levels decrease. SB treatment improved the recognition memory and reversed the neurotrophins levels decreased in the hippocampus of rats submitted to the MD and CMS models. Together, our results reinforce the notion that SB displays a specific antidepressant profile and improve cognition in MD and CMS rats that may be, at least in part, due to its upregulation of neurotrophic factors.
Electrochemical Behavior of Nickel Compounds (1964)

The anodic dissolution of Ni, Si, and Sb and of the compounds , , , and was studied in molar perchlorate solutions at pH 0.04 and 10.8. In all cases, except with Si in acid solution, active dissolution at low anodic potentials is followed by a transition to a passive state where the anodic current density is nearly independent of potential. In acid solution, the critical potentials of , , and are less positive than that of Ni and the critical currents are less by two to three orders of magnitude. The critical potential of is about the same as for Sb, but the critical current is substantially less. The anodic current in the passive region for the compounds is greater than for passive Ni. , , and show a transpassive region in which Sb, As, and S are probably oxidized to ions of a high valence state. In alkaline solution, , , and show an active‐passive transition at the same potential as pure Ni. However, the rate of oxidation of these compounds in the passive state is again considerably greater than for passive Ni. It is suggested that in acid solution the passive film on nickel compounds is either a mixed oxide or an oxide having the basic structure of the second element; in alkaline solution, nickel oxide is formed first, but it probably has a different structure than the oxide formed on passive Ni. The difference between acid and alkaline solutions arises from the difference in the stability of nickel oxide in the two electrolytes. A stable, passive oxide on Ni is formed in acid solution only when the dissolution rate is sufficiently large to cause nickel hydroxide to precipitate at the electrode surface, a condition not fulfilled during the dissolution of any of the compounds. In general, the oxide of the companion element or a mixed oxide is more stable than nickel oxide in acid solution at low potentials. This situation is reversed in alkaline solution, and in this case the initial passive film is nickel oxide.
Synthesis of Optically Active Boron–Silicon Bifunctional Cyclopropane Derivatives through Enantioselective Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Reaction of Allylic Carbonates with a Diboron Derivative (2008)

Two for the show: A copper(I)-catalyzed reaction forms boron–silicon bifunctional cyclopropane derivatives from γ-silylated allylic carbonates and a diboron species (see scheme). The reaction is highly enantioselective when a chiral bisphosphine ligand is used. The stereoelectronic effect of the silyl group induces unusual regioselectivity of the borylcopper(I) addition across the CC double bond. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z802342_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Edward L. Thorndike & Theories of Adult Learning (2008)

This paper aims to analyze and discuss Thorndike's findings about learning and the importance of a well and sound learning theory, which should start with behaviorism; accordingly, it provides new perspectives and directions for references of adult education in Taiwan.
Microcomputer access to cross software systems (1980)

Downline loading involves the transferral of information from the internal memory of one computer to the internal memory of another. For development microcomputer systems utilizing cross assemblers (i.e. non-resident assemblers), downline loading provides an extremely fast method of transferring cross-assembled files into the microprocessor's memory. The design for one low-cost method of linking a microcomputer system to a larger computer for downline loading is described. In this design, the microprocessor system is viewed as a teletypewriter (TTY) type device attached to the larger computer system. Software in the microcomputer controls the physical link between the two systems and is responsible for interpreting and storing files into the internal memory of the microcomputer. The implementation of such a system for downline loading an Intel 8080 based microcomputer system from files stored on an IBM 370/VM interactive Conversational Monitoring System (CMS) is described. Hardware details of the serial link between the two systems, as well as the software required, are discussed in detail. For applications involving several microcomputer development systems, methods of downline loading among microcomputer systems are also discussed.
Fast-wave heating of a two-component plasma (1975)

The use of the compressional hydromagnetic mode (also called the magnetosonic or, simply, the fast wave) is examined in some detail with respect to the heating of a tritium plasma containing a few percent deuterium. Efficient absorption of wave energy by the deuteron component is found when ω = ωC (deuterons), with Qwave ⪆ 100. Reasonable efficiencies are found also for electron heating, but coherence effects between transit-time and Landau damping for electrons reduce the total absorption for both processes to one-half of the transit-time power, calculated separately.
A Multistep Tag Comparison Method for a Low-Power L2 Cache (2012)

Tag comparison in a highly associative cache consumes a significant portion of the cache energy. Existing methods for tag comparison reduction are based on predicting either cache hits or cache misses. In this paper, we present novel ideas for both cache hit and miss predictions. We present a partial tag-enhanced Bloom filter to improve the accuracy of the cache miss prediction method and hot/cold checks that control data liveness to reduce the tag comparisons of the cache hit prediction method. We also combine both methods so that their order of application can be dynamically adjusted to adapt to changing cache access behavior, which further reduces tag comparisons. To overcome the common limitation of multistep tag comparison methods, we propose a method that reduces tag comparisons while meeting the given performance bound. Experimental results showed that the proposed method reduces the energy consumption of tag comparison by an average of 88.40%, which translates to an average reduction of 35.34% (40.19% with low-power data access) in the total energy consumption of the L2 cache and a further reduction of 8.86% (10.07% with low-power data access) when compared with existing methods.
Fabrication of Fine Electrodes on the Tip of Hypodermic Needle Using Photoresist Spray Coating and Flexible Photomask for Biomedical Applications (2017)

We have introduced a fabrication method for electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-on-a-needle (EoN: EIS-on-a-needle) to locate target tissues in the body by measuring and analyzing differences in the electrical impedance between dissimilar biotissues. This paper describes the fabrication method of fine interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) at the tip of a hypodermic needle using a photoresist spray coating and flexible film photomask in the photolithography process. A polyethylene terephthalate (PET) heat shrink tube (HST) with a wall thickness of 25 µm is employed as the insulation and passivation layer. The PET HST shows a higher mechanical durability compared with poly(p-xylylene) polymers, which have been widely used as a dielectric coating material. Furthermore, the HST shows good chemical resistance to most acids and bases, which is advantageous for limiting chemical damage to the EoN. The use of the EoN is especially preferred for the characterization of chemicals/biomaterials or fabrication using acidic/basic chemicals. The fabricated gap and width of the IDEs are as small as 20 µm, and the overall width and length of the IDEs are 400 µm and 860 µm, respectively. The fabrication margin from the tip (distance between the tip of hypodermic needle and starting point of the IDEs) of the hypodermic needle is as small as 680 µm, which indicates that unnecessarily excessive invasion into biotissues can be avoided during the electrical impedance measurement. The EoN has a high potential for clinical use, such as for thyroid biopsies and anesthesia drug delivery in a spinal space. Further, even in surgery that involves the partial resection of tumors, the EoN can be employed to preserve as much normal tissue as possible by detecting the surgical margin (normal tissue that is removed with the surgical excision of a tumor) between the normal and lesion tissues.
Progress in Prevention (2004)

Heart and Vascular Center, Akron General Medical Center, Akron, Ohio. (Hughes) Professor, Division of Nursing, The Steinhardt School of Education, New York University, New York, NY. (Hayman) Center for Hypertension & Cardiovascular Medicine, Lenox Hill Heart & Vascular Institute, New York, NY. Corresponding author Suzanne Hughes, MSN, RN, Women's Heart Advantage, Health & Wellness Center, Suite 205, 4125 Medina Rd, Akron, OH 44333 (e-mail: [email protected]).
gou jian he ying yong wang luo jiao xue ping tai de ke xing xing bi yao xing he shi xiao xing tan xi (2008)

随着互联网技术的不断发展,互联网已渗透到社会经济、政治、文化等各个领域,正在改变着人们的工作方式、学习模式和生活条件,尤其对高校思想政治理论教学模式产生了深刻的影响.作为课堂教学平台和实践教学平台的补充,网络教学平台因其信息量大、交互性好、针对性强、信息交流快等优势,不仅已经成为了大学生的网络学习、公共舆论、利益诉求和价值实现的新平台,还是高校增强思想政治理论课教学改革的热点.在思想政治理论课教育教学中不仅有应用网络教学平台的可行性和必要性,还可以提高思想政治理论课的实效性.……
The synthesis of β-keto lactones via cyclization of β-keto ester dianions or the cyclization of Meldrum's acid derivatives (1992)

Two new methods to synthesize macrocyclic β-keto lactones have been developed. The first involves the synthesis of ω-halo-β-keto esters and an intramolecular alkylation of the dianions to these compounds. The reaction is complicated by elimination in the small and medium ring systems and by difficulties in purifying the final products. However, it is possible to obtain modest yields of the desired β-keto lactones. This procedure was used to synthesize the 25- and 27-membered ring β-hydroxy lactones that are the constituents of termite defense compounds. The second method involves the thermolysis of acylated Meldrum's acid derivatives, which leads directly to β-keto lactones. This process gives modest yields of macrocyclic systems and good yield of the unsubstituted 3-oxopentan-5-olide (25). The 14-mem-[Formula: see text]bered macrocyclic β-keto lactone 9j has a complex 1 H NMR spectrum, which has been interpreted in terms of multiple conformations. The temperature dependence of the NMR spectrum of 9j is consistent with entropic, rather than enthalpic, control of the equilibrium. Quasiharmonic entropy calculations are consistent with this model.
Activation of the MAPK pathway is a common event in uveal melanomas although it rarely occurs through mutation of BRAF or RAS (2005)

In contrast to cutaneous melanoma, there is no evidence that BRAF mutations are involved in the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in uveal melanoma, although there is increasing evidence that this pathway is activated frequently in the latter tumours. In this study, we performed mutation analysis of the RAS and BRAF genes in a panel of 11 uveal melanoma cell lines and 19 primary uveal melanoma tumours. In addition, Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on downstream members of the MAPK pathway in order to assess the contribution of each of these components. No mutations were found in any of the three RAS gene family members and only one cell line carried a BRAF mutation (V599E). Despite this, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), ERK and ELK were constitutively activated in all samples. These data suggest that activation of the MAPK pathway is commonly involved in the development of uveal melanoma, but occurs through a mechanism different to that of cutaneous melanoma.
How to systematically classify computer security intrusions (2002)

This paper presents a classification of intrusions with respect to the technique as well the result. The taxonomy is intended to be a step on the road to an established taxonomy of intrusions for use in incident reporting, statistics, warning bulletins, intrusion detection systems etc. Unlike previous schemes, it takes the viewpoint of the system owner and should therefore be suitable to a wider community than that of system developers and vendors only. It is based on data from a realistic intrusion experiment, a fact that supports the practical applicability of the scheme. The paper also discusses general aspects of classification, and introduces a concept called dimension. After having made a broad survey of previous work in the field, we decided to base our classification of intrusion techniques on a scheme proposed by Neumann and Parker (1989) and to further refine relevant parts of their scheme. Our classification of intrusion results is derived from the traditional three aspects of computer security: confidentiality, availability and integrity.