gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mass Transfer in Micro- and Mesoporous Materials (2002)

Mass transfer in micro- and mesoporous materials is of crucial importance in their practical application for separation and catalysis, since the mobility of adsorbed molecules ultimately limits the rate of the overall processes. Diffusion, i.e. the irregular thermal motion of the molecules, is the dominating process. Diffusion measurements are therefore indispensable for the evaluation of the quality parameters of porous materials. Due to their ability to directly follow the diffusion path of the molecules, microscopic techniques are to the forefront, amongst the various methods of diffusion measurement. Besides describing their fundamentals, this contribution describes the application of these techniques to investigate structure-mobility-relations in zeolites and in mesoporous materials of type MCM-41. Some features of particular technological relevance, e.g., the phenomena of correlated diffusion anisotropy, of single-file diffusion and of molecular traffic control, are discussed in detail.
A 3 V pseudo-differential transconductor with intrinsic rejection of the common-mode input signal (2002)

Transconductance differential amplifiers directly referred to ground (we will call them "pseudo-differential" structures to distinguish from the fully-differential ones) are not intrinsically capable of rejecting the common-mode (CM) input signal. This paper deals with the problems related to the propagation of the CM signal in differential circuits. A new pseudo-differential transconductor architecture with a high Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is proposed. The novel structure is based on a transconductor sensible only to CM signals which is added in parallel to the original one, in order to implement a feed-forward cancellation of the CM output signal current. An efficient circuital implementation of this structure is presented. Comparative simulations demonstrate that the proposed technique is competitive with the classical fully-differential one particularly at high frequency when the CMRR rapidly degrades.
Are SNRIs More Effective than SSRIs? A Review of the Current State of the Controversy (2025)

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are widely considered to be the first choice for antidepressant therapy. There is evidence from inpatient studies dating to 1986, however, suggesting that the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine, which inhibits reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, may have greater efficacy than some SSRIs for severe depression. There is controversy whether the newer, better tolerated, and safer serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs; venlafaxine, duloxetine, and-in some countries-milnacipran and desvenlafaxine) are more efficacious than SSRIs. In addressing this controversy, this article first focuses on the limitations of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including the factors that limit their sensitivity to detect differences between active antidepressants, and meta-analysis to examine results of large sets of RCTs. Next, the results of RCTs and meta-analyses are reviewed. Although few individual studies report significant differences, meta-analyses consistently suggest that venlafaxine may have greater efficacy than the SSRIs as a class. The magnitude of this advantage is modest (i.e., differences in remission rates of 5-10%) and no advantage has been demonstrated versus escitalopram. The advantage for duloxetine versus selected SSRIs is limited to patients with more severe depression and the RCTs are flawed by use of minimum therapeutic doses of SSRIs. No evidence of an advantage is found in RCTs of milnacipran versus SSRIs. Even a modest difference in antidepressant efficacy-if sustained-may have important public health implications for the common, disabling condition of depression. Nevertheless, differences in tolerability and cost also must be considered when choosing therapies.
Integrated W-silicide metal resistor for advanced CMOS technologies (2001)

WSix metal resistors have been processed and characterized for CMOS technologies. It demonstrates good precision control and excellent quality factors for resistor applications. It can also be used for electrode of MIM capacitor simultaneously. This material and process are compatible for both Al and Cu back-end technologies and can be integrated as a module in these interconnects.
A new sense element technology for accelerometer subsystems (2002)

The author describes a capacitive accelerometer technology using sense element structures fabricated on the surface of a substrate or wafer. The sense element consists of an asymmetrically shaped flat plate of metal supported above a substrate surface by two torsion bars mounted on a central pedestal. The sense element is free to rotate around the torsion bars. Capacitor plates located on the substrate surface are used to detect the rotation. Fabrication of sense elements is done by selective electroforming in which a metal is electroplated onto a conductive substrate through a patterned photoresist layer. To produce suspended sense elements, the sense elements are fabricated partially on the top of a sacrificial spacer material deposited earlier. After the sense elements have been formed, the spacer material is then selectively etched, leaving the sense element supported only where it was formed directly on the substrate surface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Functional activity of serotoninergic and melatoninergic systems expressed in the skin (2003)

We tested the expression of genes coding receptors of a cutaneous serotoninergic/melatoninergic system in whole human skin and in normal and pathologic cultured skin cells. Evaluation of serotonin (5HT), melatonin (MT), and melatonin-related receptors (MRR) showed expression of the isoforms 5HT2B, 5HT7, and MT1 genes in almost all the tested samples. Expression of other isoforms was less prevalent; 5HT2C, MRR, and MT2 were rarely detected. We also found novel isoforms for MT2, MRR, and 5HT2B and documented the process of RNA editing for 5HT2C. Testing for functional activity of these receptors with serotonin and melatonin (10(-14) to 10(-10) M) showed variable effects depending on cell type and culture conditions. Thus, serotonin stimulated proliferation of melanocytes in medium deprived of growth factors, while inhibiting cell growth in the presence of growth factors. Melatonin inhibited both apoptosis of HaCaT keratinocytes incubated in serum-free media, and proliferation of cells cultured in medium supplemented with serum. Melatonin also increased the numbers of viable fibroblasts incubated in serum free medium. N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and 5 methoxytryptamine (5MTT) were generally without effect on cell proliferation, with the exception of an inhibition of melanocyte proliferation at the higher 5MTT concentration of 10(-10) M. Thus, skin cells represent a true target for the products of the serotoninergic/melatoninergic cutaneous pathway with their actions modulating cell proliferation or viability.
Gene Signature in Sessile Serrated Polyps Identifies Colon Cancer Subtype (2016)

Sessile serrated colon adenoma/polyps (SSA/P) are found during routine screening colonoscopy and may account for 20% to 30% of colon cancers. However, differentiating SSA/Ps from hyperplastic polyps (HP) with little risk of cancer is challenging and complementary molecular markers are needed. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of colon cancer development from SSA/Ps are poorly understood. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed on 21 SSA/Ps, 10 HPs, 10 adenomas, 21 uninvolved colon, and 20 control colon specimens. Differential expression and leave-one-out cross-validation methods were used to define a unique gene signature of SSA/Ps. Our SSA/P gene signature was evaluated in colon cancer RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to identify a subtype of colon cancers that may develop from SSA/Ps. A total of 1,422 differentially expressed genes were found in SSA/Ps relative to controls. Serrated polyposis syndrome (n = 12) and sporadic SSA/Ps (n = 9) exhibited almost complete (96%) gene overlap. A 51-gene panel in SSA/P showed similar expression in a subset of TCGA colon cancers with high microsatellite instability. A smaller 7-gene panel showed high sensitivity and specificity in identifying BRAF-mutant, CpG island methylator phenotype high, and MLH1-silenced colon cancers. We describe a unique gene signature in SSA/Ps that identifies a subset of colon cancers likely to develop through the serrated pathway. These gene panels may be utilized for improved differentiation of SSA/Ps from HPs and provide insights into novel molecular pathways altered in colon cancer arising from the serrated pathway. Cancer Prev Res; 9(6); 456-65. ©2016 AACR.
Memory stabilization with targeted reactivation during human slow-wave sleep (2012)

It is believed that neural representations of recent experiences become reactivated during sleep, and that this process serves to stabilize associated memories in long-term memory. Here, we initiated this reactivation process for specific memories during slow-wave sleep. Participants studied 50 object-location associations with object-related sounds presented concurrently. For half of the associations, the related sounds were re-presented during subsequent slow-wave sleep while participants underwent functional MRI. Compared with control sounds, related sounds were associated with increased activation of right parahippocampal cortex. Postsleep memory accuracy was positively correlated with sound-related activation during sleep in various brain regions, including the thalamus, bilateral medial temporal lobe, and cerebellum. In addition, postsleep memory accuracy was also positively correlated with pre- to postsleep changes in parahippocampal-medial prefrontal connectivity during retrieval of reactivated associations. Our results suggest that the brain is differentially activated by studied and unstudied sounds during deep sleep and that the thalamus and medial temporal lobe are involved in establishing the mnemonic consequences of externally triggered reactivation of associative memories.
Preparation, Properties and Applications of Chitosan-Based Biocomposites/Blend Materials: A Review (2011)

Abstract Taking inspiration from many published chitosan (Cs)-based biocomposites, this article is written to highlight the significant effect of reinforcing and/or blending Cs polymer with the different constituents to increase various properties (mechanical, hydrophilic, thermal, adsorption ability and stability) of Cs without sacrificing any of its positive properties. It is concluded that the properties of Cs biocomposites with a synthetic constituent have contributed to its rigidity since only mechanical interaction occurred at the interfacial region. Instead of physical interactions, the addition of an organic constituent also promoted the chemical interactions at the interfacial region of the Cs biocomposites. This consequently produced Cs biocomposites with synthetic constituents with relatively low strength and stiffness but high resistance to fracture, whereas the ones with an organic constituent have high strength and stiffness but are very brittle. This review also screens the current applications of Cs-based biocomposites in the field of drug delivery, tissue engineering, antibacterial, food packaging, biomedical, metal adsorption and dye removal. Keywords: CHITOSANBIO-POLYMERCOMPOSITEBLENDING
Balancing traffic load in wireless networks with curveball routing (2007)

We address the problem of balancing the traffic load in multi-hop wireless networks. We consider a point-to-point communicating network with a uniform distribution of source-sink pairs. When routing along shortest paths, the nodes that are centrally located forward a disproportionate amount of traffic. This translates into increased congestion and energy consumption. However, the maximum load can be decreased if the packets follow curved paths. We show that the optimum such routing scheme can be expressed in terms of geometric optics and computed by linear programming. We then propose a practical solution, which we call Curveball Routing which achieves results not much worse than the optimum.We evaluate our solution at three levels of fidelity: a Java high-level simulator, the ns2 simulator, and the Intel Mirage Sensor Network Testbed. Simulation results using the high-level simulator show that our solution successfully avoids the crowded center of the network, and reduces the maximum load by up to 40%. At the same time, the increase of the expected path length is minimal, i.e., only 8% on average. Simulation results using the ns2 simulator show that our solution can increase throughput on moderately loaded networks by up to 15%, while testbed results show a reduction in peak energy usage by up to 25%. Our prototype suggests that our solution is easily deployable.
[Diabetes and vitamin levels]. (1999)

The plasma vitamin levels are discussed in association with human diabetic condition. 1) Plasma vitamin B1 level of diabetic patients is revealed in the state of marginal deficiency. 2) Vitamin B6, as the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate, plays an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, therefore B6 has been associated with impairments in gluconeogenesis and abnormal glucose intolerance. 3) Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus, such as atherosclerosis and retinopathy are considered to be related with glycation of low density lipoprotein which induces oxidative injuries to vascular endothelium. Administration of vitamins to diabetic patients reduces insulin requirement and attracts much attention for improvement of vascular complications. Vitamins play as not only nutritional supplements for deficiency, but pharmacological agents for treatment.
Biophysical and Biochemical Heterogeneity of Purified Hepatitis B Antigen (1972)

Hepatitis B antigen of the D (a+, d+, y-) subtype was purified from plasma of apparently healthy persons and from hepatitis patients. The original samples contained 20- and 42-nm particles and tubular forms (20-nm diameter). Ultracentrifugation during the purification procedure yielded pellets which were then treated at pH 2.4. Both the large, 42-nm Dane particles and the tubular forms were lost during the acid treatment of the pelleted particles, yielding a preparation containing a mixture of particles approximately 20 and 25 nm in diameter. This difference in size was substantiated in that two distinct molecular weights were calculated from high-speed equilibrium data, 3.6 x 10(6) and 4.5 x 10(6). Further heterogeneity was observed in that hepatitis B antigenic activity was present in purified particles with an isoelectric pH of 4.0 and also in those with a pH of 4.4. No significant differences were observed in the gross amino acid composition of purified antigen obtained from plasma of three different persons. (125)I-labeled, purified antigen was found to contain six distinct polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 10,000 to 39,000.
A Programming Model for Reliable and Efficient Edge-Based Execution under Resource Variability (2019)

Edge computing applications use the computational, sensor, and networking resources of nearby mobile and stationary computing devices. Because dissimilar devices can provide these resources, one cannot predict which exact combinations of resources will be available at runtime. The resulting variability hinders the development of edge computing applications. To address this problem, we present a new programming model that employs a domain-specific language (DSL), through which the developer declaratively specifies a collection of microservices and how they invoke each other. Given a concise declarative service suite specification, the DSL compiler automatically generates an execution plan, carried out by our distributed runtime. The resulting programming model is both reliable and efficient. The reliability is achieved by enabling the developer to provide equivalent microservices as switch-over recovery strategies. The efficiency is achieved by the DSL compiler orchestrating the speculatively parallel execution of certain equivalent microservices. Our evaluation demonstrates the reliability, efficiency, and expressiveness of the programming model, which can help developers who need to cope with variable resources at the edge.
Cutting Force Evaluation when High Speed End Milling a Gamma Titanium Aluminide Intermetallic Alloy (2000)

The paper details cutting force results when high speed ball-end milling a gamma titanium aluminide alloy (TiAl), Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb + 0.8 Vol% TiB2 XD™. Commercial interest in TiAl is centered mainly in the aerospace and automotive sectors for compressor blades, swirl nozzles, automotive engine valves and turbo impellers. Machining experiments were carried out on a high speed machining center using TiCN and TiAlN coated carbide tooling with the workpiece inclined at 45° to the cutter axis. Despite differences in tool geometry and coating material, similar cutting force values were found. Typically, forces varied between 20-300 N, depending on the condition of the tool, the cutting parameters used and the particular force direction. No reduction in cutting forces was found with increasing cutting speed (v = 50-345 m/min). Fast Fourier transform analysis suggested no difference in the vibration response between the two types of tool.
The fabrication of low-impedance nanoporous gold multiple-electrode arrays for neural electrophysiology studies (2010)

Neural electrodes are essential tools for the study of the nervous system and related diseases. Low electrode impedance is a figure of merit for sensitive detection of neural electrical activity and numerous studies have aimed to reduce impedance. Unfortunately, most of these efforts have been tethered by a combination of poor functional coating adhesion, complicated fabrication techniques, and poor fabrication repeatability. We address these issues with a facile method for reliably producing multiple-electrode arrays with low impedance by patterning highly adherent nanoporous gold films using conventional microfabrication techniques. The high surface area-to-volume ratio of self-assembled nanoporous gold results in a more than 25-fold improvement in the electrode-electrolyte impedance, where at 1 kHz, 850 kOmega impedance for conventional Au electrodes is reduced to 30 kOmega for nanoporous gold electrodes. Low impedance provides a superior signal-to-noise ratio for detection of neural activity in noisy environments. We systematically studied the effect of film morphology on electrode impedance and successfully recorded field potentials from rat hippocampal slices. Here, we present our fabrication approach, the relationship between film morphology and impedance, and field potential recordings.
Penicillin-binding protein 3 of Listeria monocytogenes as the primary lethal target for beta-lactams (1990)

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of Listeria monocytogenes were detected by their ability to bind to [2,3-3H]benzylpenicillin. Five proteins with Mrs of 95,000, 84,000, 80,000, 76,000, and 49,000 were detected. PBPs 1 to 4 had a high affinity for [2,3-3H]benzylpenicillin and were relatively scarce (80 to 150 molecules per cell). In contrast, PBP 5 was more abundant (600 molecules per cell) but had a low affinity for [2,3-3H]benzylpenicillin. L. monocytogenes has a relatively high natural resistance to cephalosporins. Competition experiments showed that cephalosporins bound very poorly to PBP 3 but were good inhibitors of PBPs 1, 2, and 4, which were completely blocked at concentrations well below the MIC. Analysis of a spontaneous imipenem-resistant mutant revealed that resistance was likely due to an altered PBP 3 with a reduced affinity for [2,3-3H]benzylpenicillin. These results suggest that PBP 3 is a primary lethal target for beta-lactams in L. monocytogenes.
Neonatal infection with the Daniels strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. (1983)

The clinical and pathologic manifestation of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis are age related. Animals infected during the first week of life die of a fulminant encephalitis analogous to human poliomyelitis. By contrast, animals infected within 2 and 4 weeks of age survive but develop chronic relapsing demyelination and persistent infection of the central nervous system. The neonatal infection results in widespread necrosis beginning with neuronal vacuolar degeneration followed by inflammatory infiltrates. Electron microscopy reveals paracrystalline arrays of 27-nm viral particles characteristic of picornaviruses within neurons and macrophages. In addition, oligodendrocytes show reactive changes and intracytoplasmic vacuoles. Immunoperoxidase studies show viral antigen primarily localized within neurons of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and anterior horn cells. Viral antigen is found within the apical dendrites and axonal projections of hippocampal pyramidal cells suggesting that Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis may travel intraaxonally.
Stability of plasma fibrinogen during storage of platelet concentrates at 22° C (1983)

Platelet concentrates (PC) are stored for up to 5 days at 22 degrees C prior to infusion. Since considerable suspending plasma is infused with the platelets, we examined the integrity of plasma fibrinogen from stored PC. The concentration of fibrinogen after storage was normal. After purification, fibrinogen from stored PC had normal thrombin time and rate of polymerization of fibrin monomer, and after reduction, its A alpha, B beta, and gamma chains had normal mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Assays of plasma from stored PC for fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products were negative. When 125I-fibrinogen was added to PC prior to storage and supernatant plasma was filtered in a sepharose 4B column after storage, radioactivity eluted in a single, symmetrical peak with no evidence for formation of low or high molecular weight material. These results make it unlikely that thrombin, plasmin, or other proteolytic activity is generated during storage. The levels of factors V and VIII fell to 40 to 65 percent of control values while the activities of factors IX, X, and XI did not change significantly during storage. We conclude that suspending plasma fibrinogen and other coagulation factors are remarkably stable during PC storage. They should be of value during the support of patients with massive hemorrhage.
Investigation of non‐covalent interactions between paramagnetic complexes and human serum albumin by electrospray mass spectrometry (2004)

Stable gadolinium(III) chelates are nowadays routinely used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their non-covalent binding to human serum albumin (HSA) has shown to improve their efficacy. Non-covalent interactions lead to complex formation that can be quantified by several techniques that are mostly tedious and time-consuming. In this study, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to investigate the interaction between HSA and several gadolinium(III) complexes. The results were compared with those obtained in the liquid phase. Four gadolinium complexes were investigated: Gd-DTPA 1, Gd-C(4)Me-DTPA 2, Gd-EOB-DTPA 3, and MP-2269 4. Relaxometry studies show that complexes 1 and 2 have no significant affinity for HSA, while complexes 3 and 4 have increasing affinities for the protein. 1:1 and 1:2 complexes between HSA and MP-2269 were detected by ESI-MS for a twofold excess of the contrast agent, whereas a ligand/protein molar ratio of 4:1 was necessary to observe a 1:1 stoichiometry for Gd-EOB-DTPA, an observation that is in good agreement with the known weaker affinity of the contrast agent for the protein. At a fourfold molar excess, no supramolecular complex was observed for Gd-DTPA 1 and Gd-C(4)Me-DTPA 2; a tenfold molar excess was necessary to detect a 1:1 complex, confirming the very weak affinity of these contrast agents for HSA.