gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of 10‐in.‐diagonal 16‐gray‐level TFT‐LCDs by novel processing technologies (1993)

Abstract— New processing technologies for large‐area high‐resolution TFT‐LCDs have been developed. A taper‐etching technology for Cr gate electrodes with a resistivity of 18 μΩ/cm was realized. The technology allows control of the taper angle down to as low as 2°. The breakdown voltage between the gate electrodes and the source‐drain electrodes was improved from 140 V to over 400 V. A new end‐point‐detection method using N 2 plasma emission for the photoresist stripping process has been developed. The method decreases the contact resistance and improves the transfer characteristics of TFTs. These processing technologies make possible the realization of 10‐in.‐diagonal TFT‐LCDs with 16 gray levels.
Generalized Verlet Algorithm for Efficient Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Long-range Interactions (1991)

Abstract For the purpose of molecular dynamics simulations of large biopolymers we have developed a new method to accelerate the calculation of long-range pair interactions (e.g. Coulomb interaction). The algorithm introduces distance classes to schedule updates of non-bonding interactions and to avoid unnecessary computations of interactions between particles which are far apart. To minimize the error caused by the updating schedule, the Verlet integration scheme has been modified. The results of the method are compared to those of other approximation schemes as well as to results obtained by numerical integration without approximation. For simulation of a protein with 12 637 atoms our approximation scheme yields a reduction of computer time by a factor of seven. The approximation suggested can be implemented on sequential as well as on parallel computers. We describe an implementation on a (Transputer-based) MIMD machine with a systolic ring architecture.
Post microtextures accelerate cell proliferation and osteogenesis (2009)

The influence of surface microtexture on osteogenesis was investigated in vitro by examining the proliferation and differentiation characteristics of a class of adult stem cells and their progeny, collectively known as connective tissue progenitor cells (CTPs). Human bone marrow-derived CTPs were cultured for up to 60 days on smooth polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces and on PDMS with post microtextures that were 10 microm in diameter and 6 microm in height, with 10 microm separation. DNA quantification revealed that the numbers of CTPs initially attached to both substrates were similar. However, cells on microtextured PDMS transitioned from lag phase after 4 days of culture, in contrast to 6 days for cells on smooth surfaces. By day 9 cells on the smooth surfaces exhibited arbitrary flattened shapes and migrated without any preferred orientation. In contrast, cells on the microtextured PDMS grew along the array of posts in an orthogonal manner. By days 30 and 60 cells grew and covered all surfaces with extracellular matrix. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of integrin alpha5 was greater on the microtextured PDMS compared with smooth surfaces. Real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that gene expression of alkaline phosphatase had decreased by days 30 and 60, compared with that on day 9, for both substrates. Gene expression of collagen I and osteocalcin was consistently greater on post microtextures relative to smooth surfaces at all time points.
Pancreatic eukaryotic initiation factor-2α kinase (PEK) homologues in humans, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans that mediate translational control in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (2000)

In response to different cellular stresses, a family of protein kinases regulates translation by phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2α). Recently, we identified a new family member, pancreatic eIF-2α kinase (PEK) from rat pancreas. PEK, also referred to as RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK) is a transmembrane protein implicated in translational control in response to stresses that impair protein folding in the ER. In this study, we identified and characterized PEK homologues from humans, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Expression of human PEK mRNA was found in over 50 different tissues examined, with highest levels in secretory tissues. In mammalian cells subjected to ER stress, we found that elevated eIF-2α phosphorylation was coincident with increased PEK autophosphorylation and eIF-2α kinase activity. Activation of PEK was abolished by deletion of PEK N-terminal sequences located in the ER lumen. To address the role of C. elegans PEK in translational control, we expressed this kinase in yeast and found that it inhibits growth by hyperphosphorylation of eIF-2α and inhibition of eIF-2B. Furthermore, we found that vaccinia virus K3L protein, an inhibitor of the eIF-2α kinase PKR involved in an anti-viral defence pathway, also reduced PEK activity. These results suggest that decreased translation initiation by PEK during ER stress may provide the cell with an opportunity to remedy the folding problem prior to introducing newly synthesized proteins into the secretory pathway.
The structure of information pathways in a social communication network (2008)

Social networks are of interest to researchers in part because they are thought to mediate the flow of information in communities and organizations. Here we study the temporal dynamics of communication using on-line data, including e-mail communication among the faculty and staff of a large university over a two-year period. We formulate a temporal notion of "distance" in the underlying social network by measuring the minimum time required for information to spread from one node to another - a concept that draws on the notion of vector-clocks from the study of distributed computing systems. We find that such temporal measures provide structural insights that are not apparent from analyses of the pure social network topology. In particular, we define the network backbone to be the subgraph consisting of edges on which information has the potential to flow the quickest. We find that the backbone is a sparse graph with a concentration of both highly embedded edges and long-range bridges - a finding that sheds new light on the relationship between tie strength and connectivity in social networks.
A Method of Preserving and Testing the Acceptability of Gac Fruit Oil, A Good Source of β-Carotene and Essential Fatty Acids (2003)

Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) is indigenous to Vietnam and other countries in Southeast Asia. Its seed pulp contains high concentrations of carotenoids, especially the provitamin A, β-carotene. In northern Vietnam, gac fruits are seasonal and are mainly used in making a rice dish called xoi gac. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to collect and preserve gac fruit oil, to evaluate the nutritional composition of the oil, and to assess the acceptability of the gac oil by typical Vietnamese homemakers. One hundred women participated in training to learn how to prepare the fruits and operate the oil press. The women also participated in a survey of gac fruit use and their habitual use of animal fat and vegetable oil. Among all the participants in the training and surveys, 35 women actually produced oil from gac fruits grown in the village, using manual oil presses and locally available materials. The total carotene concentration in gac fruit oil was 5,700 μg/ml. The concentration of β-carotene was 2,710 μg/ml. Sixty-nine percent of total fat was unsaturated, and 35% of that was polyunsaturated. The average daily consumption of gac fruit oil was estimated at 2 ml per person. The daily β-carotene intake (from gac fruit oil) averaged approximately 5 mg per person. It was found that gac oil can be produced locally by village women using manual presses and locally available materials. The oil is a rich source of β-carotene, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids. Although the β-carotene concentration declines with time without a preservative or proper storage, it was still high after three months. The oil was readily accepted by the women and their children, and consumption of the oil increased the intake of β-carotene and reduced the intake of lard.
A Three-Level Speech, Music, and Mixture Classifier (2004)

Due to the new techniques of analysis and synthesis of speech signals, the musical signal processing has gained particular weight, and therefore, the classical sound analysis techniques are used in processing music signals. In this paper, a general three-level algorithm for discriminating three general types of signals: speech, music, and mixture of both signals is proposed. The proposed classifier is based on the well-known zero-crossing rate (ZCR) [1] and short-time energy (STE) [2,3] algorithms, with the positive derivative and voting procedures. Some theoretical analysis and simulation has been applied to a library of different types of musical and speech signals to show the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Recovery Time Measurements on Point-Contact Germanium Diodes (1955)

The use of point-contact diodes in computer circuitry has shown that diode transient response is important in circuitry employing fast waveforms. Diodes which are pulsed in the back direction from a forward-conducting state may require microseconds to attain a specified back resistance. Transient response depends on circuit impedance and operating conditions, as well as on the diodes themselves. The present lack of ready extrapolation from one transient situation to another requires different tests and criteria for the determination of diode applicability to varying situations. The development and acceptance of a limited number of broadly applicable standard pulse tests is necessary.
ChemInform Abstract: CHLOROTIN CARBOXYLATES BY DIRECT SUBSTITUTION ON TIN TETRACHLORIDE (1973)

Abstract Die Carbonsäuren (I) geben (auch in Form ihrer Na‐ oder Ag‐Salze) bei der Reaktion mit SnCl 4 in einem geeigneten Lösungsmittel ausschließlich die Disubstitutionsprodukte (II), während Trifluoressigsäure (III) (als Ag‐Salz, die Säure selbst reagiert nur langsam) je nach dem Molverhältnis entweder zu dem Dicarboxylat (IV) oder dem Tetracarboxylat (V) reagiert.
Room temperature dislocation plasticity in silicon (2005)

We present direct observations of room temperature dislocation plasticity in single crystalline silicon. Previous studies have shown that phase transformation and fracture are the relevant mechanisms of deformation in silicon. In contrast, using in-situ nanoindentation in a transmission electron microscope we find dislocation nucleation and metal-like flow. The results of finite-element modelling suggest that the presence of free surfaces in our unique sample geometry leads to preferential surface nucleation of dislocations and the suppression of phase transformation.
Comparative study of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly ethyleneimine-plasmid DNA microparticles prepared using double emulsion methods (2008)

Controlled release of plasmid DNA (pDNA) from biodegradable poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles has the potential to enhance transgene expression. However, barriers to this approach include limited encapsulation efficiency, pDNA damage during fabrication and confinement of the microparticles inside phagolysosomal compartments. Combining PLGA with poly ethyleneimine (PEI) can improve protection of pDNA during fabrication, increase encapsulation efficiencies and impart the PLGA microparticles with the capacity to escape the phagolysosomal compartments. This study compares three promising formulation methods for preparing PLGA PEI pDNA microparticles and evaluates for buffering capacity, cellular uptake, transfection efficiency and toxicity. In the first method, PLGA PEI pDNA microparticles are prepared by entrapping pDNA in blended PLGA/PEI using the double emulsion water-in-oil-in-water solvent evaporation technique (PA). In a second approach, PEI-pDNA polyplexes are prepared and then entrapped in PLGA microparticles using a double emulsion solvent evaporation method (PB). Microparticles prepared using formulation methods PA and PB are then compared against PLGA microparticles with PEI conjugated to the surface using carbodiimide chemistry (PC); 0.5% PVA is identified as the optimum concentration of surfactant for generating the strongest transfection efficiencies. N:P ratios of 5 and 10 are selected for preparation of each group. Gel electrophoresis demonstrates that all PLGA microparticle formulations have strong pDNA binding capacity. An MTT assay shows that in vitro cytotoxicity of PLGA PEI microparticles is significantly lower than PEI alone. PLGA PEI pDNA microparticles mediate higher cellular uptake efficiency and consequently higher transgene expression than unmodified PLGA microparticles in COS7 and HEK293 cells. Preparing PEI-pDNA polyplexes prior to entrapment in PLGA microparticles (PB) results in the highest pDNA loading. This is 2.5-fold higher than pDNA loading in unmodified PLGA microparticles. PLGA PEI pDNA microparticles prepared using method PB generates the strongest transfection efficiencies, which are 500-fold higher than unmodified PLGA pDNA microparticles in HEK293 cells and 1800-fold higher in COS-7 cells. The highest transfection efficiencies generated from microparticles prepared using method PB is achieved using an N:P ratio of 5.
Feedback-Directed Query Optimization (2003)

Current database systems employ static heuristics for estimating the access time of a particular query. These heuristics are based on several parameters, such as relation size and number of tuples. Yet these parameters are only updated intermittently, and the heuristics themselves are hand-tuned. As trends in database systems aim toward self-tuning systems, we can apply the experience of the feedback-directed compiler world to provide robust, self-tuning query optimizers. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a feedback-directed query optimization infrastructure. Using trace-driven simulation, we conclude that dynamic feedback can be quite e#ective at improving the accuracy of a query optimizer, and adapting to predictable query overhead.
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF BENIDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN BULK AND FORMULATIONS BASED ON OXIDATIVE COUPLING AND DIAZO COUPLING REACTIONS (2011)

Three simple and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (A-C) have been developed for the estimation of Benidipine hydrochloride [BEN] from its bulk drug and dosage forms. The proposed methods are based on the reduction of the nitro group to amino group of the drug. This can be achieved by heating a mixture of an alcoholic solution of BEN, zinc powder and dilute hydrochloride in a water bath at 90 0 c±5 for 15 minutes. The cold and clear filtrate reacts with 3methyl-2-benzothiazolinonehydrazone hydrochloride in the presence of ferric chloride (Method A) or 4- amino phenazone –potassium ferri cyanide in the presence of weak base (Method B) or treated with nitrous acid for diazotization and then coupled with N-(1-Naphthyl) Ethylene Diamine dihydrochloride (NED) in acid medium (Method C) to form colored species with wavelength maximum at 620nm or 500nm or 525nm for methods A-C respectively. Beer’s law obeyed in the concentration range of 10-30µg/ml for both methods (A and B) and 8-40 µg/ml for method C. Commercial formulations were analysed, the results obtained by the proposed methods were in good agreement with the labeled amounts. Recovery in all the methods is found to be close to 99100%.
An approach to massive multichannel broadband feedforward active noise control using wave-domain adaptive filtering (2007)

Multichannel active noise control (ANC) systems are increasingly being applied in scenarios where an enlarged quiet zone is desired. For few channels numerous solutions to this problem have been developed in the past. However, algorithms for multichannel ANC with a high number of channels (massive multichannel ANC), in order to achieve a large quiet zone, still remain a challenge. The fundamental limitations of current adaptation algorithms in the context of massive multichannel ANC are outlined in this contribution. As a solution to these limitations, the application of the generic concept of wave-domain adaptive filtering (WDAF) is proposed for ANC. Simulation results from a 60-channel ANC system illustrate the successful application of the proposed concepts.
Temporary Blockade of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway Impedes the Spread of Scrapie to the Brain (2002)

Although the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurodegenerative diseases, their agents usually replicate and accumulate in lymphoid tissues long before infection spreads to the central nervous system (CNS). Studies of a mouse scrapie model have shown that mature follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), which express the host prion protein (PrP(c)), are critical for replication of infection in lymphoid tissues. In the absence of mature FDCs, the spread of infection to the CNS is significantly impaired. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion by lymphocytes is important for maintaining FDC networks, and signaling is mediated through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR-1) expressed on FDCs and/or their precursors. A treatment that blocks TNFR signaling leads to the temporary dedifferentiation of mature FDCs, raising the hypothesis that a similar treatment would significantly delay the peripheral pathogenesis of scrapie. Here, specific neutralization of the TNFR signaling pathway was achieved through treatment with a fusion protein consisting of two soluble human TNFR (huTNFR) (p80) domains linked to the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (huTNFR:Fc). A single treatment of mice with huTNFR:Fc before or shortly after intraperitoneal injection with the ME7 scrapie strain significantly delayed the onset of disease in the CNS and reduced the early accumulation of disease-specific PrP in the spleen. These effects coincided with a temporary dedifferentiation of mature FDCs within 5 days of huTNFR:Fc treatment. We conclude that treatments that specifically inhibit the TNFR signaling pathway may present an opportunity for early intervention in peripherally transmitted TSEs.
Extremely Long, Discrete meso – meso-Coupled Porphyrin Arrays (2000)

Monodisperse, rodlike molecules 1 composed of repeating individual chromophores that have substantial electronic interactions in the ground state have been synthesized by the meso – meso coupling of porphyrins. The 128-mer (n=63) at about 106 nm long is the longest such system known. The S1 states are delocalized over 6 – 8 porphyrin units. Ar=3,5-dioctyloxyphenyl.
Impulse Drive Recorder (1970)

A new type of strip-chart recorder is described that has been used extensively on high-altitude balloon flights. Driven by a stepper motor and powered by a wide-range timing circuit, it maintains an accurate timne base. The unit is particularly suited to applications where severe environmental conditions are encountered and low battery drain operation is necessary.
Transplantation of fetal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease: PET {<sup>18</sup>F}6‐<scp>L</scp>‐fluorodopa studies in two patients with putaminal implants (1992)

Two patients with Parkinson's disease who underwent implantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue into the putamen were serially studied using positron emission tomography and [18F]6-L-fluorodopa ([18F]dopa). The uptake of [18F]dopa is related to the functional integrity of the presynaptic dopaminergic system. Preoperative studies revealed a marked decrease in putamen [18F]dopa uptake, with lesser involvement of the caudate. Two and 4 months, respectively, after operation, both patients demonstrated functional improvement, as described elsewhere. One patient was scanned 5, 8, and 13 months after the operation and the other was scanned 7 and 12 months after the operation. In both patients, [18F]dopa uptake increased within the operated putamen despite a progressive decrease in tracer uptake in the unoperated striatal structures. We believe that this increased uptake of [18F]dopa at the implantation site represents functional integrity within a surviving neural graft. While there has been little further clinical improvement beyond the fifth postoperative month, the uptake of [18F]dopa at the operation site in both patients has progressively increased. The kinetic data provide evidence of disease progression in the unoperated striatum, which, balanced against increasing graft function, may explain why clinical improvement reached a plateau within months after surgery.
Deep Generative Adversarial Neural Networks for Compressive Sensing MRI (2018)

Undersampled magnetic resonance image (MRI) reconstruction is typically an ill-posed linear inverse task. The time and resource intensive computations require tradeoffs between accuracy and speed. In addition, state-of-the-art compressed sensing (CS) analytics are not cognizant of the image diagnostic quality. To address these challenges, we propose a novel CS framework that uses generative adversarial networks (GAN) to model the (low-dimensional) manifold of high-quality MR images. Leveraging a mixture of least-squares (LS) GANs and pixel-wise l<sub>1</sub>/l<sub>2</sub> cost, a deep residual network with skip connections is trained as the generator that learns to remove the aliasing artifacts by projecting onto the image manifold. The LSGAN learns the texture details, while the l<sub>1</sub>/l<sub>2</sub> cost suppresses high-frequency noise. A discriminator network, which is a multilayer convolutional neural network (CNN), plays the role of a perceptual cost that is then jointly trained based on high-quality MR images to score the quality of retrieved images. In the operational phase, an initial aliased estimate (e.g., simply obtained by zero-filling) is propagated into the trained generator to output the desired reconstruction. This demands a very low computational overhead. Extensive evaluations are performed on a large contrast-enhanced MR dataset of pediatric patients. Images rated by expert radiologists corroborate that GANCS retrieves higher quality images with improved fine texture details compared with conventional Wavelet-based and dictionary-learning-based CS schemes as well as with deep-learning-based schemes using pixel-wise training. In addition, it offers reconstruction times of under a few milliseconds, which are two orders of magnitude faster than the current state-of-the-art CS-MRI schemes.
Real‐time MRI of speaking at a resolution of 33 ms: Undersampled radial FLASH with nonlinear inverse reconstruction (2012)

Dynamic MRI studies of the upper airway during speaking, singing or swallowing are complicated by the need for high temporal resolution and the presence of air-tissue interfaces that may give rise to image artifacts such as signal void and geometric distortions. This work exploits a recently developed real-time MRI technique to address these challenges for monitoring speech production at 3 T. The method combines a short-echo time radial FLASH MRI sequence (pulse repetition time/echo time = 2.22/1.44 ms; flip angle 5°) with pronounced undersampling (15 radial spokes per image) and image reconstruction by regularized nonlinear inversion. The resulting serial images at 1.5 mm in-plane resolution and 33.3 ms acquisition time are free of motion or susceptibility artifacts. This application focuses on a dynamic visualization of the main articulators during natural speech production (Standard Modern German). Respective real-time MRI movies at 30 frames per second clearly demonstrate the spatiotemporal coordination of lips, tongue, velum, and larynx for generating vowels, consonants, and coarticulations. The quantitative results for individual phonetic events are in agreement with previous non-MRI findings.