gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The origin and antigen-dependent distribution of IgA-containing cells in the intestine. (1978)

The aims of this paper were to establish the origin of cells producing IgA antibody to cholera toxoid in the lamina propria of the small intestine and to define the role of antigen in their distribution. The use of Thirty-Vella loops made it possible to restrict antigenic challenge to a defined segment of the intestine in rats which had been primed i.p. with toxoid in Freund's complete adjuvant. The anti-toxin-containing cells (ACC) which appeared in the draining thoracic duct lymph after challenge of a loop were almost all of IgA specificity and their numbers were proportional to the length of intestine exposed to antigen. The abolition of this cellular response which occurred when Peyer's patches (PP) were removed from a loop before challenge and the failure of mesenteric lymphadenectomy significantly to affect the response indicated that ACC originated exclusively from PP. Cell transfer studies showed that although nonrecirculating large lymphocytes gave rise to ACC in the lamina propria, some of the recirculating small lymphocytes also developed subsequently into ACC. Counts of ACC in the lamina propria of challenged loops were consistently greater than in nonchallenged loops although some ACC were always present in the latter. However, a time-course study on the appearance of ACC in the lamina propria of cannulated rats given a single dose of thoracic duct lymphocytes from immunized donors demonstrated that ACC continued to accumulate and persist in challenged loops but only appeared transiently in nonchallenged loops. These transients did not migrate from the lamina propria back into the lymph and they presumably died in situ. The increase in the number of ACC in loops which had been challenged with antigen was probably due both to cell division in the lamina propria and to the development of new ACC from recirculating lymphocytes which had been recruited into the loop. Thus, the cells which give rise to intestinal ACC can migrate into the lamina propria independently of antigen, but antigen has a profound effect on the location, magnitude, and persistence of the response.
Performance of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Scores in People Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes: External Validation Using Data From the National Scottish Diabetes Register (2018)

None of the risk scores performed well among people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Using these risk scores to predict 5-year CVD risk in this population may not be appropriate.
Surprise!… Surprise? (1981)

ABSTRACT The nature of the psychophysiological enterprise is examined as it bears on the study of the endogenous components of event‐related brain potentials (ERP). The view is taken that success in Psychophysiology should be measured by the degree to which psychophysiological data can be used in elucidating the processes that underly the behavioral product rather than by the enumeration of psychophysiological “correlates” of behavior. It is proposed that endogenous ERP components are best viewed as manifestations of the activities of “subroutines” invoked during the informational transactions of the brain. A theoretical account of an ERP component consists of the specification of the functional role of the subroutine it manifests. Studies of the P300 components are examined for the contribution they make to the development of such a theory of the P300. Experiments focusing on P300 latency and amplitude are reviewed and it is concluded that P300 may be a manifestation of the processes whereby schemas are revised. The relationship between P300 and the Orienting Reflex is discussed within the framework of this model. It is suggested that P300 amplitude may predict the memorability of events. A preliminary test of this prediction is described.
Genetic Mechanisms and Aberrant Gene Expression during the Development of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia and Adenocarcinoma (2007)

Gastric adenocarcinoma occurs via a sequence of molecular events known as the Correa's Cascade which often progresses over many years. Gastritis, typically caused by infection with the bacterium H. pylori, is the first step of the cascade that results in gastric cancer; however, not all cases of gastritis progress along this carcinogenic route. Despite recent antibiotic intervention of H. pylori infections, gastric adenocarcinoma remains the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Intestinal metaplasia is the next step along the carcinogenic sequence after gastritis and is considered to be a precursor lesion for gastric cancer; however, not all patients with intestinal metaplasia develop adenocarcinoma and little is known about the molecular and genetic events that trigger the progression of intestinal metaplasia into adenocarcinoma. This review aims to highlight the progress to date in the genetic events involved in intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma and its precursor lesion, intestinal metaplasia. The use of technologies such as whole genome microarray analysis, immunohistochemical analysis and DNA methylation analysis has allowed an insight into some of the events which occur in intestinal metaplasia and may be involved in carcinogenesis. There is still much that is yet to be discovered surrounding the development of this lesion and how, in many cases, it develops into a state of malignancy.
A bit error and cell loss compensation method for atm transport systems (1993)

Abstract A bit error correction and cell loss recovery method is proposed to provide high‐quality virtual paths in an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) transport system. This method arranges the cells into a two‐dimensional array and performs error correction coding along both dimensions of the array. The error correction code applied in the horizontal direction corrects bit errors and detects lost cell positions. The error correction code applied in the vertical direction restores lost cells. This compensation method requires no processing at the intermediate nodes of the transport system but can be performed after reception of the coded array at the virtual path terminating nodes. Performance estimates are given for this compensation method. It is shown that when a BCH code is used for the horizontal code and a (15, 14) parity code is used for the vertical code on one‐tenth of the virtual paths, then improvements of approximately seven and ten orders of magnitude are achieved in cell loss and bit error rates, respectively. In this case, the communication efficiency is reduced by 10 percent on those paths that employ error correction coding.
Suppression of burst oscillations in racing motorcycles (2010)

Burst oscillations occurring at high speed and under firm acceleration are suppressed with a mechanical steering compensator. Burst instabilities in the subject racing motorcycle are the result of interactions between the wobble and weave modes under high-speed cornering and firm-acceleration conditions. Under accelerating conditions the wobble-mode frequency decreases, while the weave mode frequency increases so that destabilizing interactions occur. The design analysis is based on a time-separation principle, which assumes that bursting occurs on time scales over which speed variations can be neglected. Therefore, under braking and acceleration conditions linear time-invariant models corresponding to constant-speed operation can be utilized in the design process. The inertial influences of braking and acceleration are modelled using d'Alembert-type forces that are applied at the mass centres of each of the model's constituent bodies. The resulting steering compensator is a simple mechanical network that comprises a conventional steering damper in series with a linear spring. This network is a mechanical lag compensator.
The k-orientability thresholds for Gn, p (2007)

We prove that, for k ≥ 2, the k-orientability threshold for the random graph Gn, p coincides with the threshold at which the (k + 1)-core has average degree 2k. The proof involves the analysis of a heuristic algorithm that attempts to find a k-orientation of the random graph.The k-orientation threshold has several applications including offline balanced allocation with a limit of k on maximum bin-size, perfect hashing with a limit of k on maximum chain-length, and concurrent access to parallel memories through redundancy,
Coupling Mini- and Microcomputers to Biological Early Warning Systems (1979)

Journal Article Coupling Mini- and Microcomputers to Biological Early Warning Systems Get access John Cairns, Jr., John Cairns, Jr. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Gruber David Gruber Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 29, Issue 11, November 1979, Pages 665–669, https://doi.org/10.2307/1307590 Published: 01 November 1979 Article history Accepted: 10 July 1979 Published: 01 November 1979
Routing and scheduling algorithms in resource-limited wireless multi-hop networks (2000)

The recent advances in the area of wireless networking present novel opportunities for network operators to expand their services to infrastructure-less wireless systems. Such networks, often referred to as ad-hoc or multi-hop or peer-to-peer networks, require architectures which do not necessarily follow the cellular paradigm. They consist of entirely wireless nodes, mixed and/or mobile, that require multiple hops (and hence relaying by intermediate nodes) to transmit their messages to the desired destinations. The distinguishing features of such all-wireless network architectures give rise to new trade-offs between traditional concerns in wireless communications (such as spectral efficiency, and energy conservation) and the notions of routing, scheduling and resource allocation. The purpose of this work is to identify and study some of these novel issues, propose solutions in the context of network control and evaluate the usual network performance measures as functions of the new trade-offs. To these ends, we address first the problem of routing connection-oriented traffic with energy efficiency in all-wireless multi-hop networks. We take advantage of the flexibility of wireless nodes to transmit at different power levels and define a framework for formulating the problem of session routing from the perspective of energy expenditure. A set of heuristics are developed for determining end-to-end unicast paths with sufficient bandwidth and transceiver resources, in which nodes use local information in order to select their transmission power and bandwidth allocation. We propose a set of metrics that associate each link transmission with a cost and consider both the cases of plentiful and limited bandwidth resources, the latter jointly with a set of channel allocation algorithms.
[The mechanism of the anticonvulsive effect of the delta sleep-inducing peptide under conditions of elevated oxygen pressure]. (1996)

Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) exerted a protective effect against seizures, the effect depending on the DSIP ability to create an optimal ratio between inhibitory and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. Administration of the DSIP dramatically increased the contents of gamma-aminobutyric acid and homocarnosine while decreasing the glutamate and aspartate contents in the rat brain cortex.
The Evolving Landscape of HER2 Targeting in Breast Cancer (2015)

The development of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeting agents for the treatment of HER2-amplified breast cancer has dramatically improved outcomes for patients with this disease. The value of HER2 as a therapeutic target encompasses 2 entirely different mechanistic dimensions. The first approach exploits the fact that HER2 is clearly a disease-driving oncogene to deliver HER2 kinase inhibitors, apparently a highly rational approach to the treatment of HER2-amplified cancers. However, the functionally relevant HER2-HER3 complex has proven much more difficult to inhibit than had been anticipated, and because of its modest efficacy, the HER2 inhibitor lapatinib is currently used predominantly in combinations and in very advanced stages of disease. The second approach exploits the massive cell surface expression of HER2 and delivers of a variety of cytotoxic or immunologic effectors with great selectivity to these cancer cells. This approach has proven transformative, with 3 such drugs introduced into practice to date. The HER2-specific antibody trastuzumab, in combination with chemotherapy, has shown substantial effect in the management of HER2-amplifed breast cancer at all stages of disease and lines of therapy-and the addition of the second HER2 antibody pertuzumab substantially increases the magnitude of this effect in all of the contexts tested thus far. While the immunologic effectors stimulated by these naked HER2 antibodies provide only modest activity as monotherapy, the toxin-carrying antibody trastuzumab-emtansine provides substantial single-agent activity and is being developed for both early- and late-stage disease. The diverse mechanistic landscape afforded by the target HER2 has proven to be fertile ground for drug development, but it has also created complexity and misconception in understanding these agents' modes of action, undermining the development of clinically useful predictive biomarkers. This accounts for the failure of signaling-based biomarkers to predict clinical trastuzumab resistance and shifted the focus to markers of immunologic activity with greater success. The evolving world of HER2 targeting is reviewed herein.
Nitric oxide is involved in growth regulation and re-orientation of pollen tubes (2004)

Nitric oxide (NO) controls diverse functions in many cells and organs of animals. It is also produced in plants and has a variety of effects, but little is known about their underlying mechanisms. In the present study, we have discovered a role for NO in the regulation of pollen tube growth, a fast tip-growing cellular system. Pollen tubes must be precisely oriented inside the anatomically complex female ovary in order to deliver sperm. We hypothesized that NO could play a role in this guidance and tested this hypothesis by challenging the growth of pollen tubes with an external NO point source. When a critical concentration was sensed, the growth rate was reduced and the growth axis underwent a subsequent sharp reorientation, after which normal growth was attained. This response was abrogated in the presence of the NO scavenger CPTIO and affected by drugs interfering in the cGMP signaling pathway. The sensitivity threshold of the response was significantly augmented by sildenafil citrate (SC), an inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases in animals. NO distribution inside pollen tubes was investigated using DAF2-DA and was shown to occur mostly in peroxisomes. Peroxisomes are normally excluded from the tip of pollen tubes and little if any NO is found in the cytosol of that region. Our data indicate that the rate and orientation of pollen tube growth is regulated by NO levels at the pollen tube tip and suggest that this NO function is mediated by cGMP.
Phase Stabilization of Microwave Oscillators (1955)

A circuit has been developed with which microwave oscillators may be phase-locked to weak but stable reference signals. The circuit was operated with S-band oscillators (707B klystron; 2C37 triode oscillator) and a 2K50 K-band klystron. It is possible to lock a microwave oscillator directly or through a cascade of such circuits to a quartz-stabilized oscillator. The statistical theory of random noise is used to obtain an analysis of the stabilizing effect of the circuit, and the power spectrum of the stabilized microwave source is calculated. The scheme can also be applied in divider operation. Modifications are discussed. A modified circuit that uses carrier-suppressed modulation of the reference signal has also been realized. In another circuit, the oscillator frequency is converted by means of a stable reference, and compared with a second reference that can be of low frequency and tunable. These latter circuits allow elimination of the excess noise introduced by crystal diodes. In the original straight dc circuit this noise cannot be eliminated, but calculation shows that its influence on the output power spectrum is very small.
Asset Price Bubbles: A Selective Survey (2013)

Why do asset price bubbles continue to appear in various markets?This paper provides an overview of recent literature on bubbles, with significant attention given to behavioral models and rational models with frictions.Unlike the standard rational models, the new literature is able to model the common characteristics of historical bubble episodes and offer insights for how bubbles are initiated and sustained, the reasons they burst, and why arbitrage forces do not routinely step in to squash them.The latest U.S. real estate bubble is described in the context of this literature.
On Optimizing the Arithmetic Precision of MCMC Algorithms (2013)

Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is an ubiquitous stochastic method, used to draw random samples from arbitrary probability distributions, such as the ones encountered in Bayesian inference. MCMC often requires forbiddingly long runtimes to give a representative sample in problems with high dimensions and large-scale data. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have proven to be a suitable platform for MCMC acceleration due to their ability to support massive parallelism. This paper introduces an automated method, which minimizes the floating point precision of the most computationally intensive part of an FPGA-mapped MCMC sampler, while keeping the precision-related bias in the output within a user-specified tolerance. The method is based on an efficient bias estimator, proposed here, which is able to estimate the bias in the output with only few random samples. The optimization process involves FPGA pre-runs, which estimate the bias and choose the optimized precision. This precision is then used to reconfigure the FPGA for the final, long MCMC run, allowing for higher sampling throughputs. The process requires no user intervention. The method is tested on two Bayesian inference case studies: Mixture models and neural network regression. The achieved speedups over double-precision FPGA designs were 3.5x-5x (including the optimization overhead). Comparisons with a sequential CPU and a GPGPU showed speedups of 223x-446x and 16x-18x respectively.
Stiffness Optimization Methods for Lateral Systems of Buildings: A Theoretical Basis (1991)

The sizing of the members of the lateral resistance system for multi-story buildings is often controlled by stiffness requirements. In order to achieve economical buildings, it is important that these members be appropriately sized and that the structural materials be efficiently distributed among the various components. This paper presents a sizing technique utilizing energy methods that is currently in use by several firms involved in the design of high-rise buildings.
Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases (2018)

Airborne-mediated microbial diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis represent major public health challenges. A direct approach to prevent airborne transmission is inactivation of airborne pathogens, and the airborne antimicrobial potential of UVC ultraviolet light has long been established; however, its widespread use in public settings is limited because conventional UVC light sources are both carcinogenic and cataractogenic. By contrast, we have previously shown that far-UVC light (207-222 nm) efficiently inactivates bacteria without harm to exposed mammalian skin. This is because, due to its strong absorbance in biological materials, far-UVC light cannot penetrate even the outer (non living) layers of human skin or eye; however, because bacteria and viruses are of micrometer or smaller dimensions, far-UVC can penetrate and inactivate them. We show for the first time that far-UVC efficiently inactivates airborne aerosolized viruses, with a very low dose of 2 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> of 222-nm light inactivating >95% of aerosolized H1N1 influenza virus. Continuous very low dose-rate far-UVC light in indoor public locations is a promising, safe and inexpensive tool to reduce the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases.
Preparation of strach‐graft‐polyacrylamide copolymers by reactive extrusion (2003)

Abstract Graft copolymers of starch and polyacrylamide (PAAm) were prepared by reactive extrusion using a co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder and ammonium presulfate initiator. Feed rates were 109 g/min to 325 g/min (all components) at a moisture content of 50%, with screw speeds in the range 100 rpm to 300 rpm. Starch/acrylamide weight ratios ranged from 5:1 to 1.3:1. Conversions of acrylamide to PAAm were generally 80% or greater with residence times of 400 seconds or less. Conversion increased with feed rate, suggesting that reaction efficiency was proportional to the degree of fill in the extruder. Grafting efficiencies were in the range of 50% to 80%. PAAm molecular weight increased with increasing acrylamide content, consistent with free radical polymerization kinetics. Extrusion temperature had no significant impact on acrylamide conversion. Graft frequency, as measured by the number of anhydroglucose units per graft, was essentially constant over the starch: acrylamide ratio and temperature range studied. These results show that reactive extrusion offers the potential for rapid production of starch graft copolymers with unsaturated monomers.
An N-heterocyclic carbene as a bidentate hemilabile ligand: a synchrotron X-ray diffraction and density functional theory studyElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: experimental details and characterization data; table of results for hydrogenation of 3-pentanone; Gaussian 98 summary for the W and Mo models; ORTEP plot of 1W and crystal data. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b3/b303762b/ (2003)

The N-heterocyclic carbene ligand IMes was shown by synchrotron crystallography and DFT computations to adopt a hemilabile bidentate coordination mode in CpM(CO)2(IMes)+B(C6F5)4− (M = Mo, W), with a CC bond of one mesityl weakly coordinated to the metal.
Adversarial TableQA: Attention Supervision for Question Answering on Tables (2018)

The task of answering a question given a text passage has shown great developments on model performance thanks to community efforts in building useful datasets. Recently, there have been doubts whether such rapid progress has been based on truly understanding language. The same question has not been asked in the table question answering (TableQA) task, where we are tasked to answer a query given a table. We show that existing efforts, of using for both evaluation and supervision for TableQA, show deteriorating performances in adversarial settings of perturbations that do not affect the answer. This insight naturally motivates to develop new models that understand question and table more precisely. For this goal, we propose Neural Operator (NeOp), a multi-layer sequential network with attention supervision to answer the query given a table. NeOp uses multiple Selective Recurrent Units (SelRUs) to further help the interpretability of the answers of the model. Experiments show that the use of operand information to train the model significantly improves the performance and interpretability of TableQA models. NeOp outperforms all the previous models by a big margin.
Single Pass Harvesting of Broccoli (1989)

A tractor-mounted harvester was designed and constructed which uses a rotating circular saw to sever the broccoli heads from the plants and belt and flight conveyors to elevate the heads to a flat belt cross conveyor that deposits the heads into a pallet box located on a wagon towed beside the harvester. Harvest rates of 60 to 90 heads/min in the row appear feasible. Damage to the broccoli heads was slight and was judged by the authors to be acceptable for processing broccoli. A single pass harvesting system for broccoli is limited more by cultivar performance than by machine performance.