gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vehicle Rearview Image Field of View and Quality Measurement (2011)

The Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007 required the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to “initiate a rulemaking to revise Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 111 (FMVSS 111) to expand the required field of view to enable the driver of a motor vehicle to detect areas behind the motor vehicle to reduce death and injury resulting from” backover crashes. It stated that this may be accomplished “by the provision of additional mirrors, sensors, cameras, or other technology to expand the driver’s field of view.” This report provides additional details regarding the analyses summarized in the December 2010 FMVSS No. 111 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that provided the basis for proposed improved vehicle rear visibility requirements. A more detailed description is presented of the analysis performed to identify what area (i.e., field of view) should be visible to a driver behind a vehicle in order for that driver to have the best opportunity to avoid a backover crash. Likewise, the report contains a detailed description of the basis for determining the proposed criteria for minimum image quality that would need to be present in a rearview image in order for a driver of average vision to have the ability to discern child-sized obstacles located within the field of view. Test procedures that were developed to assess how well a rearview image meets the proposed field of view and rearview image quality requirements are described in detail. These procedures were developed using available existing systems covering the appropriate field of view (of which all were rearview video systems). The procedures are also considered to be useable for other technologies (such as mirrors or fiber optics) that might be used to provide visual images of the area directly behind a vehicle in the future. The test procedure involves taking a photograph of the rearview image showing several objects of known locations and dimensions from the perspective of a 50th-percentile male driver. The apparent width of an object in a photograph of the display is used to calculate the subtended visual angle of test objects (which can be related to a driver’s ability to see each object). This report demonstrates the measurement procedure by applying it to six 2010-11 model year vehicles equipped with original equipment rearview video systems. One important result obtained in this testing is that a 2.4-inch diagonal sized rearview image is not large enough to provide the degree of minimum image quality proposed in the NPRM.
Imlifidase Desensitization in Crossmatch-positive, Highly Sensitized Kidney Transplant Recipients: Results of an International Phase 2 Trial (Highdes) (2020)

Imlifidase was well tolerated, converted positive crossmatches to negative, and enabled patients with a median calculated panel-reactive antibody of 99.83% to undergo kidney transplantation resulting in good kidney function and graft survival at 6 mo.
Scalable register file organisation for a multipleissue microprocessor (1996)

The scalability of a register file as employed in microprocessors is investigated. Results are presented which show the dependence of the register file access time against the number of registers, and the number of ports. A new organisation which scales better in terms of cycle time is proposed.
InP/GaAsSb/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors with high cut-off frequencies and breakdown voltages (2003)

In this work, we report on the DC and microwave performance of MOCVD-grown carbon-doped InP/GaAsSb/InP double heterojunction transistors (DHBTs) with various collector thicknesses. The cut-off frequencies (and breakdown voltages) are 106 GHz (8 V), 82 GHz (10 V) and 40 GHz (15 V) for the 2000 /spl Aring/, 3000 /spl Aring/ and 5000 /spl Aring/, lightly doped collectors. The 106 GHz, which is the best f/sub T/ ever reported in this material system, is obtained while maintaining a relatively high breakdown voltage (BV/sub CEO/=8 V). The lower cut-off frequencies obtained for the 3000 /spl Aring/ and 5000 /spl Aring/, collectors are attributed to the longer transit time in the collector and also to the Kirk like limitation brought about by high current densities in the thicker collectors.
Frequency of Stress Patterns in English: A Computational Analysis (2018)

Word reduction by weak syllable omission is a fairly common phenomenon in several populations, including normally developing children, children with Specific Language Impairment, and adults with aphasia. A recent study (Carter & Clopper, submitted) has shown that normal adults reduce words using strategies similar to those used by the above-mentioned populations and that these strategies vary to some degree with the number of syllables and the location of the primary stress of the target word. A computational analysis of several frequency measures was conducted on the entire set of English words contained in the Hoosier Mental Lexicon (Luce & Pisoni, 1998) that follow nine different patterns of syllable number and primary stress location (syllable-stress patterns). The frequency measures considered were total word count within each syllable-stress pattern, sum frequency of all words within each syllablestress pattern, and mean, median, and mode frequencies of all words within each syllable-stress pattern. Results indicated that words in English are not evenly distributed across syllable-stress patterns. Specifically, shorter words tend to be more frequent in terms of word count, sum frequency, and mean frequency than longer words. Additionally, some syllable-stress patterns, such as three-syllable and four-syllable words with stress on the final syllable are much less frequent than other words with the same number of syllables. The implications of these results include possible explanations for the different strategies found in word reduction studies for different syllable-stress patterns.
Microwave endometrial ablation at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. A pilot study. (2001)

Endometrial ablation using a microwave tissue coagulator at 2.45 GHz is a simple and useful method of treating hypermenorrhea.
Synthesis of Novel and Stable 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Derivatives for the Efficient Synthesis of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Based Prodrugs (2007)

The efficient synthesis of two stable, easily handled precursors of 5-aminolevulinate is reported. These precursors are stable to the chemical transformation needed for the synthesis of bioconjugates and can be readily deprotected in good yields.
Adaptive sigma-delta modulation for use in DACs (1996)

Adapting the loop filter in a sigma-delta modulator (SDM) increases the signal/noise ratio (SNR) at low input amplitudes, and also allows stable operation at high amplitudes where a fixed system would normally be unstable. Adaption is easily implemented in SDM digital/analogue converters (DACs).
Putative Role of Hyaluronan and Its Related Genes,<i>HAS2</i>and<i>RHAMM</i>, in Human Early Preimplantation Embryogenesis and Embryonic Stem Cell Characterization (2007)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) promise tremendous potential as a developmental and cell therapeutic tool. The combined effort of stimulatory and inhibitory signals regulating gene expression, which drives the tissue differentiation and morphogenetic processes during early embryogenesis, is still very poorly understood. With the scarcity of availability of human embryos for research, hESC can be used as an alternative source to study the early human embryogenesis. Hyaluronan (HA), a simple hydrating sugar, is present abundantly in the female reproductive tract during fertilization, embryo growth, and implantation and plays an important role in early development of the mammalian embryo. HA and its binding protein RHAMM regulate various cellular and hydrodynamic processes from cell migration, proliferation, and signaling to regulation of gene expression, cell differentiation, morphogenesis, and metastasis via both extracellular and intracellular pathways. In this study, we show for the first time that HA synthase gene HAS2 and its binding receptor RHAMM are differentially expressed during all stages of preimplantation human embryos and hESC. RHAMM expression is significantly downregulated during differentiation of hESC, in contrast to HAS2, which is significantly upregulated. Most importantly, RHAMM knockdown results in downregulation of several pluripotency markers in hESC, induction of early extraembryonic lineages, loss of cell viability, and changes in hESC cycle. These data therefore highlight an important role for RHAMM in maintenance of hESC pluripotency, viability, and cell cycle control. Interestingly, HAS2 knockdown results in suppression of hESC differentiation without affecting hESC pluripotency. This suggests an intrinsic role for HAS2 in hESC differentiation process. In accordance with this, addition of exogenous HA to the differentiation medium enhances hESC differentiation to mesodermal and cardiac lineages. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Effects of Cation Interactions on Sugar Anion Conformation in Complexes of Lactobionate and Gluconate with Calcium, Sodium or Potassium (1996)

In the investigated compounds, the tetrahydrated calcium chloride salt of lactobionic acid (Ca2+.-Cl(-).C12H21O12(-).4H2O), potassium lactobionate (K+.-C12H21O12-), sodium lactobionate monohydrate (Na+.-C12H21O12-.H2O) and calcium galactonate hydrate (Ca2+.2C6H11O7(-).5H2O), the cations and hydrogen-bonding systems have a strong influence on the geometries and conformations of the carbohydrate anions.
Design of a positive-tone water-soluble resist (1997)

We report the study of a novel class of resists designed to be coated from and developed in pure water, avoiding both the need for the traditional organic solvents and the developers containing organic bases in aqueous solution. We have previously reported on the design of several negative tone resists that operate on the basis of radiation-induced crosslinking. The performance of these negative tone systems meets our fundamental objective of coating from and development in pure water, but their design involving the crosslinking of a matrix polymer limits the resolution that may be achieved because of the swelling that occurs during development. We have now explored novel designs involving positive tone water developable resists that may help alleviate this limitation. For example, water-soluble polymers containing pendant oxazoline units may be insolubilized in situ through their heat-activated reaction with additives containing carboxylic acid groups. Exposure to UV radiation is then used to cleave these solubility modifiers hence restoring solubility to the exposed areas. Analogous materials that involve the addition of divinyl ethers to poly(acrylic acid), followed by photogenerated acid cleavage of the crosslinks have been used generate water-developed positive tone images.
Treatment of Symptomatic Non‐ParasiticLiver Cysts–Surgical Treatment VersusAlcohol Injection Therapy (1990)

Fourteen patients with benign symptomatic non-parasitic cysts of the liver were either surgically treated, had alcohol injected into the cysts, underwent deroofing of the cyst or in 5, a cystectomy was done. Alcohol was injected into 6 patients and there has been no recurrence for as long as 5 years and 8 months after the treatment. Liver dysfunction occurred in 3 patients given blood transfusion during the surgery and/or postoperative course, an elevated temperature (over 39 degrees C) occurred in one patient. Adverse effects of alcohol injections were minor and transient. Based on our experience, the injection of alcohol is an effective treatment for benign symptomatic cyst of the liver. When a malignancy is suspected on imaging and/or cytologic studies, or when alcohol administration is ineffective, then surgery is indicated.
Optoelectronic device simulation of Bragg reflectors and their influence on surface-emitting laser characteristics (1998)

This paper presents a simulation analysis of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and their affect on the characteristics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The SimWindows semiconductor device simulator models the close interaction between electrical, optical, and thermal processes present in VCSELs. This simulator is used to examine the electrical characteristics of some simple DBR designs. Due to the different transport characteristics of electrons and holes, these results will show that n-type DBR designs must be different than p-type designs in order to achieve the best operating characteristics for the overall laser. This analysis will demonstrate the improvement in the characteristics by comparing the simulation results of a standard VCSEL with the results of a VCSEL using improved DBR designs.
Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in chronic renal failure (2004)

Uremic patients have an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress that can contribute to cardiovascular (CV) events. To assess the relationship between endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and renal failure severity, we studied 40 patients (age 57 +/- 7 yrs, 24 males) affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) K/DOQI stage 3-5 (serum creatinine (Cr) 5.6 +/- 2.2 mg/dL) on conservative treatment, 20 uremic patients (age 57 +/- 12 yrs, 13 males) on hemodialysis (HD) and 30 healthy controls (56 +/- 12 yrs, 20 males). Before and 2 hr after oral vitamin C (2 g) administration, we measured brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation (flow mediated dilation (FMD)) to reactive hyperemia following 5 min of forearm ischemia and the response to sublingual glyceril trinitrate (GTN). Measurements were made by high-resolution ultrasound and computerized analysis. FMD was lower in CKD patients than in controls (5.3 +/- 2.2 vs. 6.9 +/- 2.8%; p<0.01) and was further reduced in HD patients (3.6 +/- 2.7; p<0.01 vs. CKD patients). Response to GTN was similar in all groups. FMD was related to Cr clearance (r=0.42; p<0.01) in CKD patients, while it related inversely to Kt/V(urea) (r=-0.52; p<0.05) in HD patients. After vitamin C administration, FMD was significantly enhanced in HD (4.7 +/- 2.4%; p<0.01 vs. baseline), but not in CKD patients. Response to GTN was unaffected. However, vitamin C load reduced oxidative stress markers, and increased plasma antioxidant capability in both groups. In conclusion, the reduced endothelium-dependent dilation in the brachial artery of CKD patients is related to renal failure severity. HD patients showed a more marked alteration, which seems to be related, at least in part, to increased oxidative stress.
A Low-Loss Image-Reject Mixer Using Source Follower Isolation Method for DRM/DAB Tuner Applications (2011)

A novel low-loss image-reject mixer (IRM) using the source follower isolation method for digital radio mondiale/digital audio broadcasting applications is presented. It is based on double-quadrature mixers (DQMs) and passive polyphase filters (PPFs). The DQM is designed with four passive CMOS mixers. A source follower is inserted between the RF PPF and DQM to decrease the conversion loss of the IRM. Compared with the traditional isolation method, the source follower isolation method shows much higher on-resistance while looking into the RF port of the mixer; meanwhile, the chip area will be greatly decreased. This chip is fabricated in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology. The total conversion loss is 10.5 dB, and the conversion loss per stage of PPFs is 2.1 dB on average. The image-reject ratio is larger than 40 dB in the bandwidth of 1.536 MHz without trimming and calibration. The PldB gain compression point is 7.6 dBm. The chip core area is 1.1 × 1.3 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Intake and transformation to a glycoside of ( <i>Z</i> )-3-hexenol from infested neighbors reveals a mode of plant odor reception and defense (2014)

Plants receive volatile compounds emitted by neighboring plants that are infested by herbivores, and consequently the receiver plants begin to defend against forthcoming herbivory. However, to date, how plants receive volatiles and, consequently, how they fortify their defenses, is largely unknown. In this study, we found that undamaged tomato plants exposed to volatiles emitted by conspecifics infested with common cutworms (exposed plants) became more defensive against the larvae than those exposed to volatiles from uninfested conspecifics (control plants) in a constant airflow system under laboratory conditions. Comprehensive metabolite analyses showed that only the amount of (Z)-3-hexenylvicianoside (HexVic) was higher in exposed than control plants. This compound negatively affected the performance of common cutworms when added to an artificial diet. The aglycon of HexVic, (Z)-3-hexenol, was obtained from neighboring infested plants via the air. The amount of jasmonates (JAs) was not higher in exposed plants, and HexVic biosynthesis was independent of JA signaling. The use of (Z)-3-hexenol from neighboring damaged conspecifics for HexVic biosynthesis in exposed plants was also observed in an experimental field, indicating that (Z)-3-hexenol intake occurred even under fluctuating environmental conditions. Specific use of airborne (Z)-3-hexenol to form HexVic in undamaged tomato plants reveals a previously unidentified mechanism of plant defense.
Impulse-response functions for chromatic and achromatic stimuli (1993)

Thresholds were measured for detecting pairs of briefly flashed stimuli displayed successively at variable onset asynchronies. The stimuli were 1 cycle/deg vertical sinusoidal gratings, modulated either in luminance (yellow–black) or in color (red–green). The successive presentations were either of the same contrast (positive) or of opposite contrast (negative), yielding four separate summation curves: positive and negative summation for color and for luminance. Both the positive and the negative curves followed a shorter time course for luminance than for color, implying a faster response at threshold. To calculate impulse response functions from the summation data, we assumed that the neural impulse response from two successive stimuli sum linearly at threshold, that thresholds are determined by probability summation of the combined impulse response over time, and that the impulse response can be described by an exponentially damped frequency-modulated sinusoidal function with four free parameters. The predicted impulse responses for luminance and for color are quite different, being biphasic for luminance and monophasic for color. Fourier transform of these functions yielded estimates of the amplitude and the phase functions of hypothetical visual detectors: the amplitude functions predicted well the contrast sensitivity of counterphased gratings (as a function of temporal frequency) both for luminance and for chromatic stimuli.
Generation of a parallel X-ray beam and its use for testing collimators (1977)

A technique is described, by which a glass strip may be bent to match any curve of large radius of curvature, to a high degree of accuracy, so that it may be used as a glancing incidence X-ray or extreme ultraviolet optical element. The desired match is obtained by applying the optimum combination of end couples and by varying the cross-sectional moment of inertia along the length of the strip. A particular case, that of a parabola for use as a laboratory X-ray collimator, is considered in detail. The analysis predicts that a collimation of one or two arc seconds should be obtainable in practice, with simple and inexpensive apparatus. A prototype collimator to be used for the testing of space payloads using geometric (McGrath) collimators is described and laboratory results presented.
A power line communication on DC bus with photovoltaic strings (2014)

In this paper, an innovative topology performing a Power Line Communication on DC bus, with series connected photovoltaic modules, is presented. The circuit ensures the transmission on the DC bus even if the transceivers cannot share the same reference voltage. Moreover, a circuit solution avoiding that the operating point of the photovoltaic string can be affected is proposed. The circuit is provided with an effective energy harvesting supply stage, which completely eliminates the need for external supply or batteries. Experimental results achieved by means of a commercial power line transceiver demonstrate both robustness and reliability of the proposed topology.
Haloperidol increases the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cyclic GMP in schizophrenic patients. (1984)

The concentration of cyclic guanosine 3',5' monophosphate (cGMP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is supposed to reflect central cholinergic activity. Earlier findings in the literature of decreased CSF concentrations of cGMP in drug-free schizophrenic patients accorded with the hypothesis of a cholinergic-dopaminergic imbalance in schizophrenia, with a relative dominance of dopaminergic activity. In the present study, treatment with haloperidol for 3 weeks significantly increased the CSF concentration of cGMP in 14 of 18 schizophrenics. This finding suggests that haloperidol and possibly other antipsychotic drugs might restore the cholinergic-dopaminergic balance in schizophrenia through central cholinergic stimulation in addition to the blockade of dopaminergic receptors.
Near infrared spectroscopy for measuring changes in bone hemoglobin content after exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury (2017)

Bone blood perfusion has an essential role in maintaining a healthy bone. However, current methods for measuring bone blood perfusion are expensive and highly invasive. This study presents a custom built near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument to measure changes in bone blood perfusion. We demonstrated the efficacy of this device by monitoring oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin changes in the human tibia during and after exercise in able-bodied and in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), a population with known impaired peripheral blood perfusion. Nine able-bodied individuals and six volunteers with SCI performed a 10 min rowing exercise (functional electrical stimulation rowing for those with SCI). With exercise, during rowing, able-bodied showed an increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin in the tibia. Post rowing, able-bodied showed an increase in total blood content, characterized by an increase in total hemoglobin content due primarily to an increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin. During rowing and post-rowing, those with SCI showed no change in total blood content in the tibia. The current study demonstrates that NIRS can non-invasively detect changes in hemoglobin concentration in the tibia. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:183-191, 2018.
Engineering Aspects of Food Emulsification and Homogenization (2015)

Emulsions are found in a wide variety of food products, pharmaceuticals, paints, and cosmetics, thus emulsification is a truly multidisciplinary phenomenon. Therefore understanding of the process must evolve from the combination of (at least) three different scientific specializations. Engineering Aspects of Food Emulsification and Homogenization d