gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Procedures and Practices for Evaluating Thin‐Film Solar Cell Stability (2015)

During the last few decades, and in some cases only the last few years, novel thin‐film photovoltaic (PV) technologies such as dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC), organic solar cells (OPV), and, more recently, perovskite‐based solar cells (PSC) have been growing in maturity with respect to device performance and device stability. Together with new material systems, novel device architectures have also been introduced. Both parameters will have an effect on the overall device stability. In order to improve the understanding of degradation effects and how they can be prevented, stress testing under different conditions is commonly applied. By careful combination of stress factors and thorough analysis of photovoltaic parameter decaying curves, an understanding of the underlying degradation pathways can be gained. With the help of standardized and accelerated stress tests, as described in the ISOS‐protocols, statements concerning application lifetimes can finally be made and compared among different labs. Once a photovoltaic technology has proven long lasting durability, the ultimate barrier for entering the commercial market are the IEC tests, taking a deeper look on overall safety and reliability, not only on durability. Here, the most prominent stress tests are reviewed, discussed and extended with respect to learning the most about photovoltaic device stability.
Weighted Nonnegative Matrix Factorization and Face Feature Extraction (2007)

In this paper we consider weighted nonnegative matrix factorizations and we show that the popular algorithms of Lee and Seung can incorporate such a weighting. We then prove that for appropriately chosen weighting matrices, the weighted Eu-clidean distance function and the weighted generalized Kullback-Leibler divergence function are essentially identical. We finally show that the weighting can be chosen to emphasize parts of the data matrix to be approximated and we can apply this to the low rank fitting of a face image database. Key words: Non-negative matrix factorization, weighting, Euclidean distance, generalized Kullback-Leibler divergence
Norovirus Proteinase-Polymerase and Polymerase Are Both Active Forms of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (2005)

In vitro mapping studies of the MD145 norovirus (Caliciviridae) ORF1 polyprotein identified two stable cleavage products containing the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains: ProPol (a precursor comprised of both the proteinase and polymerase) and Pol (the mature polymerase). The goal of this study was to identify the active form (or forms) of the norovirus polymerase. The recombinant ProPol (expressed as Pro(-)Pol with an inactivated proteinase domain to prevent autocleavage) and recombinant Pol were purified after synthesis in bacteria and shown to be active RdRp enzymes. In addition, the mutant His-E1189A-ProPol protein (with active proteinase but with the natural ProPol cleavage site blocked) was active as an RdRp, confirming that the norovirus ProPol precursor could possess two enzymatic activities simultaneously. The effects of several UTP analogs on the RdRp activity of the norovirus and feline calicivirus Pro(-)Pol enzymes were compared and found to be similar. Our data suggest that the norovirus ProPol is a bifunctional enzyme during virus replication. The availability of this recombinant ProPol enzyme might prove useful in the development of antiviral drugs for control of the noroviruses associated with acute gastroenteritis.
The Effect of Piericidin A on Energy‐Linked Processes in Submitochondrial Particles (1968)

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum (a facultative aerobe) has been cloned and expressed in a mesophilic host (Escherichia coli) as a soluble tetrameric apoprotein. The purified apoprotein can be reconstituted with either Mn or Fe by heating the protein with the appropriate metal salt at an elevated temperature (95 degrees C). Both Mn- and Fe-reconstituted P. aerophilum SOD exhibit superoxide dismutase activity, with the Mn-containing enzyme having the higher activity. P. aerophilum SOD is extremely thermostable and the reconstitution with Mn(II) can be performed in an autoclave (122 degrees C, 18 psi). The Mn(III) optical absorption spectrum of Mn-reconstituted P. aerophilum SOD is distinct from that of most other MnSODs and is unchanged upon addition of NaN3. The optical absorption spectrum of Fe-reconstituted P. aerophilum SOD is typical of Fe-substituted MnSODs and authentic FeSOD and exhibits a pH-dependent transition with an effective pKa value higher than that found for Fe-substituted MnSOD from either E. coli or Thermus spp. Amino acid sequence analysis shows that the P. aerophilum SOD is closely related to SODs from other hyperthermophilic archaea (Aeropyrum pernix and Sulfolobus spp.), forming a family of enzymes distinct from the hyperthermophilic bacterial SOD from Aquifex pyrophilus and from mesophilic SODs.
Current Aperture Vertical <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta$ </tex-math> </inline-formula>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> MOSFETs Fabricated by N- and Si-Ion Implantation Doping (2018)

Depletion-mode vertical Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors featuring a current aperture were developed on a halide vapor phase epitaxial drift layer grown on a bulk β-Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (001) substrate. Three ion implantation steps were employed to fabricate the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">++</sup> source regions, lateral n channel, and p current blocking layers, where Si and N were selected as the donor and deep acceptor dopant species, respectively. The transistors delivered a drain current density of 0.42 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , a specific on-resistance of 31.5 mΩ·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and an output current on/off ratio of over 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> . High-voltage performance of the present devices was hampered by a large gate oxide field in the off-state causing high gate leakage, a limitation that can be readily overcome through optimized doping schemes and an improved gate dielectric. The demonstration of a planar-gate vertical Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> transistor based on a highly manufacturable all-ion-implanted process greatly enhances the prospects for Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -based power electronics.
Violet 405 nm light: A novel therapeutic agent against β‐lactam‐resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2015)

We have successfully demonstrated a significant bacterial reduction using high intensity 405 nm light. Illustrating the efficacy of this technology against a β-lactam-resistant E. coli is especially relevant to the need for novel methods of sterilization in healthcare settings. These results suggest that VLT using 405 nm light could be a suitable clinical option for eradication of β-lactam-resistant E. coli. Visible light kills statistically significant concentrations of E. coli. Antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria exhibits sensitivity to 405 nm light. Greater than 6 log10 reduction in β-lactam-resistant E. coli when treated with visible light therapy.
Calcium-Induced Virulence Factors Associated with the Extracellular Matrix of Mucoid<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Biofilms (2005)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizes the pulmonary tissue of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), leading to biofilm-associated infections. The pulmonary fluid of CF patients usually contains elevated concentrations of cations and may contain the P. aeruginosa redox-active pigment pyocyanin, which is known to disrupt calcium homeostasis of host cells. Since divalent cations are important bridging ions for bacterial polysaccharides and since they may play regulatory roles in bacterial gene expression, we investigated the effect of calcium ions on the extracellular matrix constituents of P. aeruginosa biofilms. For mucoid strain P. aeruginosa FRD1, calcium addition (1.0 and 10 mM as CaCl(2)) resulted in biofilms that were at least 10-fold thicker than biofilms without added calcium. Scanning confocal laser microscopy showed increased spacing between cells for the thick biofilms, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the material between cells is primarily alginate. An algD transcriptional reporter demonstrated that calcium addition caused an eightfold increase in alg gene expression in FRD1 biofilms. Calcium addition also resulted in increased amounts of three extracellular proteases (AprA, LasB, and PrpL). Immunoblots of the biofilm extracellular material established that AprA was harbored within the biofilm extracellular matrix. An aprA deletion mutation and a mutation in gene for a putative P. aeruginosa calmodulin-like protein did not significantly affect calcium-induced biofilm structure. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed increased amounts of phenazine biosynthetic proteins in FRD1 biofilms and in calcium-amended planktonic cultures. Spectrochemical analyses showed that the calcium addition causes a three- to fivefold increase in pyocyanin production. These results demonstrate that calcium addition affects the structure and extracellular matrix composition of mucoid P. aeruginosa biofilms, through increased expression and stability of bacterial extracellular products. The calcium-induced extracellular matrix of mucoid P. aeruginosa consists primarily of the virulence factor alginate and also harbors extracellular proteases and perhaps pyocyanin, a biomolecule that may further disrupt cellular calcium levels.
Isolation and cDNA sequence of human postheparin plasma hepatic triglyceride lipase. (1988)

Hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) was isolated from human postheparin plasma by column chromatography on heparin-Sepharose and phenyl-Sepharose and immunoaffinity chromatography with monoclonal antibodies. The purified enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 65,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an amino-terminal sequence of Leu-Gly-Gln-Ser-Leu-Lys-Pro-Glu. Partial amino acid sequences of seven cyanogen bromide peptides were obtained. A human hepatoma cDNA library was screened with synthetic oligonucleotides derived from the partial protein sequence. The cloned H-TGL cDNA of 1569 nucleotides predicts a mature protein of 477 amino acids plus a leader sequence of 22 amino acids. Blot hybridization analysis of poly(A)+ mRNA with a putative H-TGL cDNA clone gave a single hybridizing band of 1.7 kilobases. The protein contains four consensus N-glycosylation sequences based on the cDNA sequence. Comparison of the enzyme sequence with that of other lipases reveals highly conserved sequences in regions of putative lipid and heparin binding. The carboxyl terminus of H-TGL contains a highly basic sequence which is not reported to be present in rat H-TGL or other members of the lipase gene family.
A Survey on Object Detection and Tracking Methods (2014)

The goal of object tracking is segmenting a region of interest from a video scene and keeping track of its motion, positioning and occlusion.The object detection and object classification are preceding steps for tracking an object in sequence of images. Object detection is performed to check existence of objects in video and to precisely locate that object. Then detected object can be classified in various categories such as humans, vehicles, birds, floating clouds, swaying tree and other moving objects. Object tracking is performed using monitoring objects’ spatial and temporal changes during a video sequence, including its presence, position, size, shape, etc.Object tracking is used in several applications such as video surveillance, robot vision, traffic monitoring, Video inpainting and Animation. This paper presents a brief survey of different object detection, object classification and object tracking algorithms available in the literature including analysis and comparative study of different techniques used for various stages of tracking.
Bulk modification of polymeric microfluidic devices (2004)

The surface properties of microfluidic devices play an important role in their flow behavior. We report here on an effective control of the surface chemistry and performance of polymeric microchips through a bulk modification route during the fabrication process. The new protocol is based on modification of the bulk microchip material by tailored copolymerization of monomers during atmospheric-pressure molding. A judicious addition of a modifier to the primary monomer solution thus imparts attractive properties to the plastic microchip substrate, including significant enhancement and/or modulation of the EOF (with flow velocities comparable to those of glass), a strong pH sensitivity and high stability. Carboxy, sulfo, and amino moieties have thus been introduced (through the incorporation of methylacrylic acid, 2-sulfoethyl-methacrylate and 2-aminoethyl-methacrylate monomers, respectively). A strong increase in the electroosmotic pumping compared to the native poly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA) microchip (ca. electroosmotic mobility increases from 2.12 to 4.30 x 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) is observed using a 6% methylacrylate (MAA) modified PMMA microchip. A 3% aminoethyl modified PMMA microchip exhibits a reversal of the electroosmotic mobility (for example, -5.6 x 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) at pH 3.0). The effects of the modifier loading and the pH on the EOF have been investigated for the MAA-modified PMMA chips. The bulk-modified devices exhibit reproducible and stable EOF behavior. The one step fabrication/modification protocol should further facilitate the widespread production of high-performance plastic microchip devices.
Evaluation of the EPA Drift Reduction Technology (DRT) Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Protocol (2009)

Abstract The EPA’s proposed Drift Reduction Technology (DRT) low-speed wind tunnel evaluation protocol was tested across a series of modified ASAE reference nozzles. Both droplet size and deposition and flux volume measurements were made downwind from the nozzles operating in the tunnel at airspeeds of 1 m/s and 2.5 m/s, following the prescribed protocol. Overall, the data followed anticipated trends with a few unanticipated results observed, which could be addressed in future iterations of the protocol. There were some difficulties meeting the proposed protocol data quality requirements. Refined quality requirements would address this with no detrimental effect to the overall data set. Major concerns, at this point, are the feasibility of the overall protocol as well as the applicability of the final collected data. The protocol was tailored such that the collected data would directly input into a dispersion model (most likely WTDISP). However, not having access to such a model puts into question the validity and practicality of the protocol in its present form. Given the time requirements, which require approximately nine times that of the high speed protocol (90 min versus 10 min, unpublished data), there is a definite need to modify the existing protocol to insure equitable implementation of the overall DRT program.
Fractionation of linear polyethylene with gel permeation chromatography. Narrow molecular weight‐distribution samples (1972)

Abstract Four samples of narrow molecular weight‐distribution polyethylene were fractionated with gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The polyethylenes had been prepared by hydrogenating linear polybutadienes (products of Phillips Petroleum Company). The values of molecular weights were furnished by the supplier of the samples. They were measured by absolute methods, i.e., light scattering and osmometry. The polydispersities of these polymers by GPC were found to be narrower than those by the absolute methods, when the polydispersity was expressed in the polystyrene equivalent of chain length. Recalculation on the basis of polyethylene standards did not increase the values of polydispersity. Continuous calibration curves were constructed by using a very broad‐distribution polyethylene. The use of these calibration curves gave the polydispersity values in good agreement with those obtained by the absolute methods.
Directory-based cache coherence in large-scale multiprocessors (1990)

The usefulness of shared-data caches in large-scale multiprocessors, the relative merits of different coherence schemes, and system-level methods for improving directory efficiency are addressed. The research presented is part of an effort to build a high-performance, large-scale multiprocessor. The various classes of cache directory schemes are described, and a method of measuring cache coherence is presented. The various directory schemes are analyzed, and ways of improving the performance of directories are considered. It is found that the best solutions to the cache-coherence problem result from a synergy between a multiprocessor's software and hardware components.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Progress on lipid extraction from wet algal biomass for biodiesel production (2016)

Lipid recovery and purification from microalgal cells continues to be a significant bottleneck in biodiesel production due to high costs involved and a high energy demand. Therefore, there is a considerable necessity to develop an extraction method which meets the essential requirements of being safe, cost-effective, robust, efficient, selective, environmentally friendly, feasible for large-scale production and free of product contamination. The use of wet concentrated algal biomass as a feedstock for oil extraction is especially desirable as it would avoid the requirement for further concentration and/or drying. This would save considerable costs and circumvent at least two lengthy processes during algae-based oil production. This article provides an overview on recent progress that has been made on the extraction of lipids from wet algal biomass. The biggest contributing factors appear to be the composition of algal cell walls, pre-treatments of biomass and the use of solvents (e.g. a solvent mixture or solvent-free lipid extraction). We compare recently developed wet extraction processes for oleaginous microalgae and make recommendations towards future research to improve lipid extraction from wet algal biomass.
A structural basis for enhancement of long-term associative memory in single dendritic spines regulated by PKC (2007)

Using both scanning confocal and electron microscopic morphometric measurements, we analyzed single dendritic spines of CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampi of water maze-trained rats vs. controls. Two days after completion of all training, we observed a memory-specific increase in the number of mushroom spines-all of which make synaptic contacts-but not in the numbers of filopodia or stubby or thin spines, as quantified with double-blind protocols in both scanning confocal and electron microscopic images. This memory-specific increase of mushroom spine number was enhanced by the PKC activator and candidate Alzheimer's disease therapeutic bryostatin, blocked by the PKCalpha-isozyme blocker Ro 31-8220, and accompanied by increases in the number of "perforated" postsynaptic densities, increased numbers of presynaptic vesicles, and the increased occurrence of double-synapse presynaptic boutons associated with the mushroom spines. These and other confocally imaged immunohistochemical results described here involving PKC substrates indicate that individual mushroom spines provide structural storage sites for long-term associative memory and sites for memory-specific synaptogenesis that involve PKC-regulated changes of spine shape, as well as PKC-regulated changes of pre- and postsynaptic ultrastructure.
Sub 5 ps SiGe bipolar technology (2003)

A SiGe bipolar technology for mixed digital and analog RF applications is presented. Balanced device performance is achieved with a transit frequency f/sub T/ of 155 GHz at a collector emitter breakdown voltage BV/sub CEO/ of 1.9 V, a maximum oscillation frequency f/sub max/ of 167 GHz, and 4.7 ps ring oscillator gate delay. With a 99 GHz dynamic frequency divider and a 19 GHz LNA with 2.2 dB noise figure state-of-the-art results for high-speed digital and analog applications are demonstrated.
Prevention of SQL Injection Attack on Web Applications (2015)

SQL injection is a technique where the attacker injects an input in the query in order to change the structure of the query intended by the programmer and gaining the access of the database which results modification of the user‘s data. In the SQL injection it exploits a security vulnerability of data occurring in database layer of an application. SQL injection attack is the most common attack in websites in these days. Some malicious codes get injected to the database by unauthorized users and get the access of the database due to lack of input validation. Input validation is the most critical part of software security that is not properly covered in the design phase of software development life-cycle resulting in many security vulnerabilities. This paper presents the techniques for detection and prevention of SQL injection attack. There are no full proof defences available against such type of attacks. In this paper some predefined method of detection and modern techniques are discussed. This paper also describes countermeasures of SQL injection.
Holonic control of a water cooling system for a steel rod mill (2002)

As part of the intelligent manufacturing systems feasibility study on holonic manufacturing systems, a benchmark study whose objective was to develop an architecture of a holonic cooling control system for a steel rod rolling mill is described. The resulting architecture was simulated to illustrate benefits that could be obtained with the holonic system compared with a conventional system. A generic architecture for holonic control systems was proposed and then applied to the specific continuous manufacturing problem of steel rod temperature control during water cooling. The properties of autonomy and cooperation are central to the generic architecture, and the specific holonic cooling control application reflects this underlying principle. A set of goals and applicable holonic system performance metrics for the cooling control system were determined and the feasibility of the holonic cooling control system was clearly demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>