gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Evaluation of Vorticity Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Velocity Measurements (2013)

Vorticity and vortical structures play a fundamental role affecting the evaluation of energetic aspects (mainly left ventricle work) of cardiovascular function. Vorticity can be derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging velocity measurements. However, several numerical schemes can be used to evaluate the vorticity field. The main objective of this work is to assess different numerical schemes used to evaluate the vorticity field derived from CMR velocity measurements. We compared the vorticity field obtained using direct differentiation schemes (eight-point circulation and Chapra) and derivate differentiation schemes (Richardson 4* and compact Richardson 4*) from a theoretical velocity field and in vivo CMR velocity measurements. In all cases, the effect of artificial spatial resolution up-sampling and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on vorticity computation was evaluated. Theoretical and in vivo results showed that the eight-point circulation method underestimated vorticity. Up-sampling evaluation showed that the artificial improvement of spatial resolution had no effect on mean absolute vorticity estimation but it affected SNR for all methods. The Richardson 4* method and its compact version were the most accurate and stable methods for vorticity magnitude evaluation. Vorticity field determination using the eight-point circulation method, the most common method used in CMR, has reduced accuracy compared to other vorticity schemes. Richardson 4* and its compact version showed stable SNR using both theoretical and in vivo data.
EPOCHS: A Platform for Agent-Based Electric Power and Communication Simulation Built From Commercial Off-the-Shelf Components (2006)

This paper reports on the development and subsequent use of the electric power and communication synchronizing simulator (EPOCHS), a distributed simulation environment. Existing electric power simulation tools accurately model power systems of the past, which were controlled as large regional power pools without significant communication elements. However, as power systems increasingly turn to protection and control systems that make use of computer networks, these simulators are less and less capable of predicting the likely behavior of the resulting power grids. Similarly, the tools used to evaluate new communication protocols and systems have been developed without attention to the roles they might play in power scenarios. EPOCHS integrates multiple research and commercial off-the-shelf systems to bridge the gap.
Checking integrity during dynamic reordering in decision diagrams (1999)

Decision Diagrams (DDs) are the state-of-the-art data structure in VLSI CAD. They are used in many safety critical applications, like verification. Recently a new approach based on recursive checksum computation has been presented that showed how the correctness of the data structures could be verified by on-line and off-line tests. In this paper it is shown that these techniques can also be integrated in DD packages making use of dynamic reordering methods, like variable reordering and reordering based synthesis. The correctness of the data structures can be verified by (nearly) no overhead. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of this approach.
Byzantine agreement in polynomial expected time (2013)

In the classic asynchronous Byzantine agreement problem, communication is via asynchronous message-passing and the adversary is adaptive with full information. In particular, the adversary can adaptively determine which processors to corrupt and what strategy these processors should use as the algorithm proceeds; the scheduling of the delivery of messages is set by the adversary, so that the delays are unpredictable to the algorithm; and the adversary knows the states of all processors at any time, and is assumed to be computationally unbounded. Such an adversary is also known as "strong". We present a polynomial expected time algorithm to solve asynchronous Byzantine Agreement with a strong adversary that controls up to a constant fraction of the processors. This is the first improvement in running time for this problem since Ben-Or's exponential expected time solution in 1983. Our algorithm tolerates an adversary that controls up to a $1/500$ fraction of the processors.
Excitation of Metastable Intermediates in Organic Photoredox Catalysis: Z-Scheme Approach Decreases Catalyst Inactivation (2018)

Despite the numerous applications of eosin Y as an organic photoredox catalyst, substantial mechanistic aspects of the photoredox process have remained elusive. Through deductive, steady-state kinetic studies, we first propose a mechanism for alkaline, aqueous photoredox catalysis using eosin Y, triethanolamine, and oxygen, integrating photo- and nonphotochemical steps. The photoredox cycle begins with a single-electron transfer (SET) induced when eosin Y absorbs green light. This photoinduced SET leads to the formation of a metastable radical trianion that can be fully reduced to inactivated leuco eosin Y via H+/e–/H+ transfer or regenerated to eosin Y via ground-state SET to oxygen. Since the radical trianion absorbs violet light, we tested the effect of radical trianion photoexcitation on catalyst regeneration. We found that excitation of the metastable radical trianion in the presence of a threshold concentration of oxygen enabled ∼100% regeneration of eosin Y. The response to violet light supports the important role of the metastable radical trianion and indicates that the photoredox cycle can be closed via a secondary photoinduced SET event. The idea of photoredox cycles with two consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (PET) steps is not intuitive and is introduced as a tool to increase photocatalyst turnover by selectively favoring regeneration over “death”. This alludes to the Z-scheme in biological photosynthesis, where multiple PET reactions, often triggered by different frequencies, promote highly selective biochemical transformations by precluding unproductive SET events in plants and bacteria. We expect that the simple Z-scheme model introduced here will enable more efficient use of organic photoredox catalysts in organic and materials chemistry.
Studies of dormant tumor cells (1971)

An attempt was made to study dormant tumor cells in a syngeneic, immunologic, experimental tumor system. First, however, tumor cell dormancy was redemonstrated in the Walker 256 tumor-Sprague-Dawley rat model as it had been described by Fisher and Fisher. Walker 256 tumor-cell suspensions were injected intraportally in Sprague-Dawley rats (non-inbred). Rats receiving subthreshold doses of tumor underwent serial liver massage beginning 4 or 12 weeks after injection. Control (non-laparotomized) rats were followed 120 days, and livers were tumor-negative at the time of sacrifice. Rats receiving subthreshold doses of 5 × 103, 2.5 × 104, and 1.25 × 105 cells were massaged four times at 4-week intervals. In these groups, 85%, 73%, and 92%, respectively, developed liver metastases. An attempt to demonstrate dormant cells in syngeneic Fisher rats using a 3–4 benz(a)pyrene induced sarcoma was not successful. Ninety-eight animals receiving subthreshold intraportal doses of this tumor serially underwent 6 liver massages at 4-week intervals. In no instance were “dormant cells” stimulated to gross or microscopically discernible growth. The 3–4 benzpyrene sarcoma was shown to be highly immunogenic in Fisher rats. The Walker 256 tumor was not demonstrated immunogenic in Sprague-Dawley rats. Possible explanations for these contrasting results are discussed.
Induction of longevity in primed seeds (1999)

Abstract Priming of seeds is generally intended to reduce time to germination, often leading to improved emergence. However, as a negative side effect, priming reduces longevity of seeds. We studied the possibilities to obtain primed seeds with reduced time to germination but with longevity similar to that of untreated seeds. For several species tested we found that the desired longevity could be obtained by keeping the seeds, after a priming treatment, under a mild water and / or temperature stress for a period of several hours to days. Time to germination did not increase again due to such a treatment. Optimal duration and degree of water stress were strongly temperature dependent. The methods applied to obtain primed seeds without loss of longevity are very similar to those used to induce desiccation tolerance in germinated seeds.
Relation of Chemical Constitution of a Series of Esters of Picolinic Acid to Toxicity as Insecticides1 (1949)

Journal Article Relation of Chemical Constitution of a Series of Esters of Picolinic Acid to Toxicity as Insecticides Get access Margaret M. Carey, Margaret M. Carey The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. E. H. Frear, D. E. H. Frear The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. E. Dills L. E. Dills The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 42, Issue 5, 1 October 1949, Pages 798–801, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/42.5.798 Published: 01 October 1949
Intense Near‐Infrared Luminescence of a Mesomorphic Ionic Liquid Doped with Lanthanide β‐Diketonate Ternary Complexes (2005)

Abstract The ionic liquid 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazole chloride ([C 12 ‐mim]Cl) is doped with 1 mol‐% of the lanthanide ternary complexes [Ln(tta) 3 (phen)] (tta = thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline, Ln = Nd, Eu, Er, Yb), resulting in luminescent mesogenic phases at room temperature. According to DSC and SAXS measurements, the temperature of the crystal → liquid crystal transition is below 10 °C. Analysis of vibrational and luminescence data points to the inner co‐ordination sphere of the Eu III ion being very similar in both the mesomorphic sample and the parent β‐diketonate complex. The mesomorphic samples containing Nd III , Er III , or Yb III display relatively intense near‐infrared luminescence. This emission is enhanced in the liquid crystalline phases with respect to the initial compounds, as demonstrated for instance by the quantum yield of the [Yb(tta) 3 (phen)]‐containing mesogenic sample which amounts to 2.1 %, as compared to 1.6 and 1.1 % for the powdered ternary complex and its solution in toluene, respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Brentuximab Vedotin plus Chemotherapy in North American Subjects with Newly Diagnosed Stage III or IV Hodgkin Lymphoma (2019)

The efficacy benefit and manageable toxicity profile observed in the NA subgroup of ECHELON-1 support A+AVD as a frontline treatment option for patients with stage III or IV cHL.
Remote sensing of methane gas by differential absorption measurement using a wavelength tunable DFB LD (1991)

In the method described a single wavelength tunable distributed-feedback laser diode (DFB LD) in the 1.65- mu m region is used to emit two different wavelengths of equal power which are modulated 180 degrees out of phase with each other at a frequency of 10 kHz. One of the two wavelengths is frequency stabilized via a methane gas cell and a feedback system equipped with a lock-in amplifier. A sensitivity of 4 p.p.m.-m methane in 1-atm nitrogen has been achieved. This light source has greatly simplified the setup for the measurements of this kind.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantitative surface topography determination by Nomarski reflection microscopy 2: Microscope modification, calibration, and planar sample experiments (1980)

The application of reflective Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy for the determination of quantitative sample topography data is presented. The discussion includes a review of key theoretical results presented previously plus the experimental implementation of the concepts using a commercial Nomarski microscope. The experimental work included the modification and characterization of a commercial microscope to allow its use for obtaining quantitative sample topography data. System usage for the measurement of slopes on flat planar samples is also discussed. The discussion has been designed to provide the theoretical basis, a physical insight, and a cookbook procedure for implementation to allow these results to be of value to both those interested in the microscope theory and its practical usage in the metallography laboratory.
Head-mounted eye gaze tracking devices: An overview of modern devices and recent advances (2018)

An increasing number of wearable devices performing eye gaze tracking have been released in recent years. Such devices can lead to unprecedented opportunities in many applications. However, staying updated regarding the continuous advances and gathering the technical features that allow to choose the best device for a specific application is not trivial. The last eye gaze tracker overview was written more than 10 years ago, while more recent devices are substantially improved both in hardware and software. Thus, an overview of current eye gaze trackers is needed. This review fills the gap by providing an overview of the current level of advancement for both techniques and devices, leading finally to the analysis of 20 essential features in six head-mounted eye gaze trackers commercially available. The analyzed characteristics represent a useful selection providing an overview of the technology currently implemented. The results show that many technical advances were made in this field since the last survey. Current wearable devices allow to capture and exploit visual information unobtrusively and in real time, leading to new applications in wearable technologies that can also be used to improve rehabilitation and enable a more active living for impaired persons.
Correcting the document layout: a machine learning approach (2004)

In this paper, a machine learning approach to support the user during the correction of the layout analysis is proposed. Layout analysis is the process of extracting a hierarchical structure describing the layout of a page. In our approach, the layout analysis is performed in two steps: firstly, the global analysis determines possible areas containing paragraphs, sections, columns, figures and tables, and secondly, the local analysis groups together blocks that possibly fall within the same area. The result of the local analysis process strongly depends on the quality of the results of the first step. We investigate the possibility of supporting the user during the correction of the results of the global analysis. This is done by allowing the user to correct the results of the global analysis and then by learning rules for layout correction from the sequence of user actions. Experimental results on a set of multi-page documents are reported and commented.
Numerical simulation of the coupled behavior of faults during the depletion of a hp-ht reservoir. (2002)

peer reviewed
Development of a complete plasmonic grating-based sensor and its application for self-assembled monolayer detection (2014)

This work presents an integrated plasmonic biosensing device consisting of a one-dimensional metallic lamellar grating designed to exploit extraordinary transmission of light toward an underlying silicon photodetector. By means of finite element simulations, the grating parameters have been optimized to maximize the light transmission variation induced by the functionalization of the gold nanostructures. An optimized grating was fabricated using an electron beam process and an optoelectronic test bench suitable for sample tests was developed. A clear difference in the grating transmitted light due to surface functionalization was observed in presence of TM polarized illumination.
Staining of Tissue Sections for Electron Microscopy with Heavy Metals (1958)

Descriptions of three heavy metal stains and methods of application to tissue sections for electron microscopy are presented. Lead hydroxide stains rather selectively two types of particles in liver: those associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and containing ribonucleic acid and other somewhat larger particles. Barium hydroxide emphasizes certain bodies within vesicles of the Golgi region of hepatic cells. Alkalized lead acetate is useful as a general stain, as are also lead and barium hydroxides.
Erratum: “Linear optical protocol for preparation of N-photon Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state with conventional photon detectors” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 021127 (2008)] (2009)

First Page
A Theory of the Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Dilute Solutions of Coiling Polymers (1953)

The necessary coordination of the motions of different parts of a polymer molecule is made the basis of a theory of the linear viscoelastic properties of dilute solutions of coiling polymers. This is accomplished by use of the concept of the submolecule, a portion of polymer chain long enough for the separation of its ends to approximate a Gaussian probability distribution. The configuration of a submolecule is specified in terms of the vector which corresponds to its end-to-end separation. The configuration of a molecule which contains N submolecules is described by the corresponding set of N vectors. The action of a velocity gradient disturbs the distribution of configurations of the polymer molecules away from its equilibrium form, storing free energy in the system. The coordinated thermal motions of the segments cause the configurations to drift toward their equilibrium distribution. The coordination is taken into account by the mathematical requirement that motions of the atom which joins two submolecules change the configurations of both submolecules. By means of an orthogonal transformation of coordinates, the coordination of all the motions of the parts of a molecule is resolved into a series of modes. Each mode has a characteristic relaxation time. The theory produces equations by means of which the relaxation times, the components of the complex viscosity, and the components of the complex rigidity can be calculated from the steady flow viscosities of the solution and the solvent, the molecular weight and concentration of the polymer, and the absolute temperature. Limitations of the theory may arise from the exclusion from consideration of (1) very rapid relaxation processes involving segments shorter than the submolecule and (2) the obstruction of the motion of a segment by other segments with which it happens to be in contact. Another possible cause of disagreement between the theory and experimental data is the polydispersity of any actual polymer; this factor is important because the calculated relaxation times increase rapidly with increasing molecular weight.
The prospects of hepatic drug delivery and gene therapy (1998)

Liver targeted therapy is designed to deliver a substance preferentially to the organ in order to increase the accumulation, improve the therapeutic effect and reduce toxicity to other organs. The aim of selective targeting is to deliver a substance to a specific cell type in the liver. A variety of vehicles have been designed and further modified for selective targeting of therapeutics to the liver. The targeting properties and strategies of commonly used agents, such as liposomes, microspheres and recombinant chylomicrons, are discussed. Viral and non-viral vectors, such as cationic liposomes, reconstituted chylomicron remnants, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, and SV-40, are currently being evaluated for the delivery of DNA to the liver. New developments in improving the targeting efficiency of the available vectors while avoiding their disadvantages have made their use in clinical trials of various genetic disorders possible. For viral hepatitis, antisense and ribozyme techniques are being employed with selective targeting approaches. A commonly employed current strategy for targeting hepatocellular carcinoma cells is to make the tumour cells convert non-toxic 'prodrugs' to toxic metabolites in situ, achieving a high concentration of the toxic product in the local milieu, while avoiding systemic toxicity. Although gene therapy itself is in its infancy, some encouraging results have been developed in studies of familial hypercholesterolaemia, haemophilia, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and Crigler-Najjar syndrome. The potential strengths as well as the problems with these studies are discussed.
Size-dependent endocytosis of single gold nanoparticles (2011)

Herein we investigate the size-dependent force of endocytosing single gold nanoparticles by HeLa cells. The results reveal that both the uptake and unbinding force values are dependent upon the size of gold nanoparticles.
Tumor suppressor gene expression during normal and pathologic myocardial growth. (1994)

Previous studies have identified several host proteins (p53, p107, and p193), which form prominent complexes with SV40 T antigen in transformed cardiomyocytes. Expression of p53 and p107 was monitored during normal and pathologic growth in nontransformed murine myocardium. Both genes were expressed at relatively high levels in embryonic cardiomyocytes. Transcript levels decreased markedly during the process of cardiomyocyte terminal differentiation and were very low or undetectable in adult animals. In contrast, retinoblastoma transcripts were observed at low levels throughout myocardial development. None of the tumor suppressor genes examined were transcriptionally activated during acute myocardial overload or isoproterenol-induced myocardial hypertrophy. The potential role of tumor suppressor gene product expression in myocardial development and pathology is discussed.
A digital &#x0394;&#x03A3; RF signal generator for mobile communication transmitters in 90nm CMOS (2008)

The presented digital RF signal generator in 90 nm CMOS uses 1-bit DeltaSigma modulation and targets mobile communication terminals. A 50 MHz bandwidth centered on 1 GHz can be achieved when the circuit is clocked at 4 GHz. Signals up to 3 GHz can be synthesized when using the first image band. The peak output power into a 100 Omega diff. load is 3.1 dBm with 53.6 dB SNDR. The digital core employs redundant arithmetic, precomputed non-exact quantization and differential dynamic logic. The digital core consumes 49 mW at maximum clock frequency. Active area is 0.15 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
[Tracheal wall/load during prolonged intubation. Experimental investigations on a model trachea (author's transl)]. (1978)

Prolonged endotracheal intubation may be complicated by tracheal wall lesions caused by the blocking cuff of the tube. This happens when the tracheal wall load exceeds the capillary perfusion pressure. It is therefore important to control this load. As direct measurement presents difficult methodological problems, there have been many attempts to approximate the pressure load using different formulae. In a model trachea we showed the significance of the tracheal wall pressure as approximated by an indirect measurement principle. Our investigations demonstrate that the examined indirect method provides a sufficient approximation of the tracheal wall load only if it is used with the new low pressure high volume cuffs. It fails if it is used with the customary high pressure low volume balloons.