gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Toxoplasma Infection in Pregnancy: A Case-Control Study in France (1999)

Each year an estimated 4900 cases of primary Toxoplasma infection occur in pregnant women in France, a country with a high prevalence. Since 1992 all pregnant women at risk of Toxoplasma infection have been required to undergo monthly serological testing. This case-control study, the first of its kind in France, was undertaken to identify risk factors for Toxoplasma infection during pregnancy, with a view to improving primary prevention among non-immune pregnant women. A total of 80 pregnant women who seroconverted to Toxoplasma were matched with 80 pregnant women who had repeatedly negative tests. The women were interviewed by telephone, using a standardized questionnaire, to determine socio-demographic characteristics, exposure to possible risk factors and the type of information on prevention received during pregnancy. The risk factors for Toxoplasma infection included in a multivariate analysis were poor hand hygiene (OR = 9.9; 95%CI: 0.8-125), consumption of undercooked beef (OR = 5.5; 95%CI: 1.1-27), having a pet cat (OR =4.5; 95%CI: 1.0-19.9), frequent consumption of raw vegetables outside the home (OR = 3.1; 95%,CI: 1.2-7.7) and consumption of undercooked lamb (OR = 3.1; 95%CI: 0.85-14). Receipt of documentary advice on prevention was associated with a lower risk of infection. Prevention campaigns among pregnant women in France could be improved and should focus on eating habits, hand hygiene and cats.
Relationship between phospholipid transfer protein activity and HDL level and size among inbred mouse strains (1999)

Because of the paucity of data on phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activity and lipoprotein phospholipid in mouse strains, plasma PLTP activity (PLTA), plasma phospholipid and cholesterol, HDL phospholipid and cholesterol, and HDL size distribution were determined in 15 inbred mouse strains. The 15 inbred mouse strains differed in their relatedness to one another and consisted of six largely unrelated groups: Castaneus, Swiss, C57BL, AKR, DBA, and NZB. Lipid and PLTA analyses were performed on plasma pools from male and female mice that had fasted for 4 h prior to blood draw. Among the representative unrelated strains fed the chow diet, there was a highly significant relationship between PLTA and plasma phospholipid (r(s) = 0.727, P < 0.01), HDL phospholipid (r(s) = 0.762, P < 0.01), HDL cholesterol (r(s) = 0.699, P < 0.02), percentage of large HDL particles (r(s) = 0.699, P < 0.02), and HDL peak size (r(s) = 0.776, P < 0.01). Similar results were obtained among these strains fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet. PLTA increased in all strains fed the high fat diet (chix = 94%, range 6 to 221%). Strain SM having relatively low PLTA and HDL was crossed with strain NZB having high PLTA and HDL. The F1 progeny from this cross were backcrossed to strain SM and 41 male backcross progeny collected. Among these individual backcrossed animals, PLTA was highly correlated with plasma phospholipid (r(s) = 0.508, P = 0.001), HDL phospholipid (r(s) = 0.566, P < 0.001), HDL cholesterol (r(s) = 0.532, P < 0.001), and percentage of large HDL particles (r(s) = 0.446, P = 0.020). Therefore, we conclude that PLTP is a determinant of HDL level and size in mice.-Albers, J. J., W. Pitman, G. Wolfbauer, M. C. Cheung, H. Kennedy, A-Y. Tu, S. M. Marcovina, and B. Paigen. Relationship between phospholipid transfer protein activity and HDL level and size among inbred mouse strains.
Reduction of Alkyl Halides by Triethylsilane Based on a Cationic Iridium Bis(phosphinite) Pincer Catalyst: Scope, Selectivity and Mechanism (2008)

Abstract A highly efficient procedure for the reduction of a broad range of alkyl halides by triethylsilane based on a cationic iridium bis(phosphinite) pincer catalyst has been discovered and developed. This reduction chemistry is chemoselective and has unique selectivities compared with conventional radical‐based processes and the aluminum trichloride/triethylsilane (AlCl 3 /Et 3 SiH) and triphenylmethyl tetrakis[pentafluorophenyl]borate/triethylsilane {[Ph 3 C] [B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ]/Et 3 SiH} systems. Reductions use three equivalents of triethylsilane relative to the halide and can be carried out with very low catalyst loadings and in a solvent‐free manner, which may provide an environmentally attractive and safe alternative to many currently practiced methods for reduction of alkyl halides. Mechanistic studies reveal a unique catalytic cycle. The cationic iridium hydride 2,6‐bis[di‐( tert ‐butyl)phosphinyloxy)phenyl(hydrido)iridium, (POCOP)IrH + {POCOP= 2,6‐[OP( t‐ Bu) 2 ] 2 C 6 H 3 } binds and activates the silane. This complex serves as a potent silylating reagent to generate silyl halonium ions, Et 3 SiXR + , which are reduced by the neutral iridium dihydride to yield alkane product and regenerate the cationic (POCOP)IrH + , thus closing the catalytic cycle. All key intermediates have been identified by in situ NMR monitoring and kinetic studies have been completed. An application of this reduction system to the catalytic hydrodehalogenation of a metal chloride complex is also described.
Identification of Cell-binding Sites on the Laminin α5 N-terminal Domain by Site-directed Mutagenesis (2001)

The newly discovered laminin alpha(5) chain is a multidomain, extracellular matrix protein implicated in various biological functions such as the development of blood vessels and nerves. The N-terminal globular domain of the laminin alpha chains has an important role for biological activities through interactions with cell surface receptors. In this study, we identified residues that are critical for cell binding within the laminin alpha(5) N-terminal globular domain VI (approximately 270 residues) using site-directed mutagenesis and synthetic peptides. A recombinant protein of domain VI and the first four epidermal growth factor-like repeats of domain V, generated in a mammalian expression system, was highly active for HT-1080 cell binding, while a recombinant protein consisting of only the epidermal growth factor-like repeats showed no cell binding. By competition analysis with synthetic peptides for cell binding, we identified two sequences: S2, (123)GQVFHVAYVLIKF(135) and S6, (225)RDFTKATNIRLRFLR(239), within domain VI that inhibited cell binding to domain VI. Alanine substitution mutagenesis indicated that four residues (Tyr(130), Arg(225), Lys(229), and Arg(239)) within these two sequences are crucial for cell binding. Real-time heparin-binding kinetics of the domain VI mutants analyzed by surface plasmon resonance indicated that Arg(239) of S6 was critical for both heparin and cell binding. In addition, cell binding to domain VI was inhibited by heparin/heparan sulfate, which suggests an overlap of cell and heparin-binding sites. Furthermore, inhibition studies using integrin subunit monoclonal antibodies showed that integrin alpha(3)beta(1) was a major receptor for domain VI binding. Our results provide evidence that two sites spaced about 90 residues apart within the laminin alpha(5) chain N-terminal globular domain VI are critical for cell surface receptor binding.
Recent Advances in the Treatment of Mucormycosis (2010)

In recent years, substantial advances have been achieved in the treatment of mucormycosis. It is now clear that early initiation of therapy results in substantially better outcomes, underscoring the need to maintain a high index of suspicion and aggressively biopsy potential lesions. Increasing data support the need for surgical excision of infected and/or necrosed tissue whenever feasible. Based on their superior safety and efficacy, lipid formulations of amphotericin B have become the standard treatment for mucormycosis. Posaconazole may be useful as salvage therapy, but cannot be recommended as primary therapy for mucormycosis based on available data. Pre-clinical and limited retrospective clinical data suggest that combination therapy with lipid formulations of amphotericin and an echinocandin improves survival during mucormycosis. A definitive trial is needed to confirm these results. The use of the iron chelator, deferasirox, as adjunctive therapy also improved outcomes in animal models of mucormycosis. However, its efficacy was not confirmed in a recent, phase 2 clinical trial. Additional study is required of the potential for abrogation of iron acquisition as adjunctive treatment of mucormycosis. Combination polyene-posaconazole therapy was of no benefit in pre-clinical studies. Adjunctive therapy with recombinant cytokines, hyperbaric oxygen, and/or granulocyte transfusions can be considered in selected patients. Large-scale, prospective, randomized clinical trials are needed to define optimal management strategies for mucormycosis.
Ultraviolet laser treatment of multiwall carbon nanotubes grown at low temperature (2003)

Simple laser irradiation of well-aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was performed to intentionally modify structural defects and to ablate possible contamination of the MWCNTs. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the clear presence of the MWCNTs with open tips. A Raman spectra exhibited a decrease in an intensity ratio (ID/IG) of 1352 cm−1 (D band) over 1583 cm−1 (G band) peaks by significantly reducing the amorphous carbon phases of D band peaks. The structural improvement in the MWCNTs after optimum laser exposure resulted in a reduction of the turn-on voltage from 1.0 to 0.6 V/μm and an increase in the emission current.
Effects of Dai‐kenchu‐to, a herbal medicine, on uterine and intestinal motility (2001)

The effects of both Dai-kenchu-to and PGF(2alpha) on intestinal and uterine motility were studied in anaesthetized rabbits with force transducers implanted in the jejunum, ileum and uterus. A single intraduodenal administration of Dai-kenchu-to (300 mg/kg) enhanced the intestinal motility but not the uterine motility. However, intravenous administration of PGF(2alpha) (20 microg/kg) enhanced both intestinal and uterine motility. The effects of Dai-kenchu-to on the spontaneous contraction and contractile response of the isolated rat uterine strips to oxytocin, PGF(2alpha) or ACh were also studied. Oral administration of Dai-kenchu-to at 300 mg/kg for one week had no effect on either the spontaneous contraction or the contractile response of the uterus. These results indicate that Dai-kenchu-to may exert stimulatory effects on intestinal motility, as PGF(2alpha), but has no effect on the uterine motility, suggesting a selective effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, Dai-kenchu-to may be safer than PGF(2alpha) in the treatment of postoperative adhesive ileus in women. However, more studies are needed to determine whether Dai-kenchu-to could be administered to pregnant women.
LayoutLMv2: Multi-modal Pre-training for Visually-rich Document Understanding (2021)

Yang Xu, Yiheng Xu, Tengchao Lv, Lei Cui, Furu Wei, Guoxin Wang, Yijuan Lu, Dinei Florencio, Cha Zhang, Wanxiang Che, Min Zhang, Lidong Zhou. Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2021.
Selection criteria for power semiconductors for motor drives (2005)

In order to select a suitable semiconductor switch for drive systems, the electrical requirements of the power semiconductor must be specified. The most important details are: the switching frequency, control characteristics, cooling and SOA regioh as well as shortcircuit withstand capability and controlled response to short-circuits. These electrical parameters for the most important switch concepts such as the bipolar transistor, IGBT, MOSFET and BIM)S are assessed in this paper. In particular, the dynamic electrical values are compared, the effectiveness of the switches for the different switching frequencies are shown and the short-circuit withstand capability of the switches is assessed.
P-Type Doping of Epitaxial 3C-SiC Layers on Silicon (001) (2009)

Single-crystalline 3C-SiC epitaxial layers were grown on on-axis Si (001) substrates by low-pressure hot-wall chemical vapour deposition. Aluminium from a trimethylaluminium (TMA) source was used for p-type doping. The atomic Al and carrier concentrations in the layers were determined as a function of the partial pressure of the TMA source gas. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), Hall-effect measurements at room temperature and four-point electrical resistivity method were applied to measure the atomic and electrically active Al concentrations. The crystalline perfection of the layers was characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD). At TMA-partial pressures ranging from 510-7 mbar up to 1.510-4 mbar corresponding aluminium concentrations from 21015 cm-3 up to 1.31019 cm-3 were measured in the epitaxial layers. On increasing the Al concentration from 1x1017 cm-3 to 1x1019 cm-3 the layer electrical resistivity decreases from 17 cm to 0.8 cm, while no influence on the crystalline quality of the layers was observed. The average full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the rocking curve for a 5µm thick 3C-SiC layer is about 500 arcsec. With increasing layer thickness (up to 16 µm) the FWHM of the rocking curve decreases to about 300 arcsec.
Nature of the Carbohydrate and Phosphate Associated with ColB2 and EDP208 Pilin (1981)

Studies were carried out to elucidate the nature of phosphate and sugar linkages to F-like conjugative pili encoded by the ColB2Fdr (compatibility group FII) and EDP208 (compatibility group FV) plasmids. Both types of pili, when in the intact undissociated state, were found to contain approximately 3 mol of phosphate and 3 mol of sugar per mol of pilin. However, further purification of the two types of pilin by gel filtration chromatography in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) removed all of the carbohydrate from EDP208 pilin and approximately 65% of the carbohydrate from ColB2 pilin. Approximately 0.8 to 1.0 mol of glucose per mol of protein remained associated with ColB2 pilin after SDS gel filtration chromatography, but it was not possible to determine whether this was covalently linked to the pilin, or tightly associated in an SDS-resistant manner. SDS-gel chromatography did not remove phosphate from either ColB2 or EDP208 pilins. (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicated that the pilin-associated phosphate is involved in a phosphodiester linkage. Acetone precipitation or chloroform-methanol extraction of the purified pilin material reduced the phosphate associated with EDP208 pilin to less than 0.04 molecule per pilin monomer. ColB2 pilin, under the same conditions, retained approximately 0.5 phosphate per pilin monomer. The extracted phosphate-containing moieties were identified as phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine by thin-layer chromatography. Since the (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra for both ColB2 and EDP208 were identical and no signal other than that of a phosphodiester was detected in the ColB2 spectrum, the phosphate remaining with the ColB2 pilin after chloroform-methanol extraction is most likely due to a tightly bound noncovalent residue.
A Highly Catalytic Bimetallic System for the Low-Temperature Selective Oxidation of Methane and Lower Alkanes with Dioxygen as the Oxidant (1997)

This report describes a highly catalytic bimetallic system for the low temperature selective oxidation of methane, ethane, and butane with dioxygen as the oxidant. The catalytic system consists of a mixture of copper chloride and metallic palladium and operates in a 3:1 mixture (v/v) of trifluoroacetic acid and water in the presence of dioxygen and carbon monoxide. Methane was selectively converted to methanol. The dependence of the reaction rate on the partial pressure of methane was measured, and saturation kinetics was observed. The dependence of the rate on the partial pressure of carbon monoxide was measured at two different pressures of methane, and a first-order dependence on the partial pressure of carbon monoxide was observed in both instances. The activation parameters for the overall reaction were obtained under the reaction conditions when the rate was first order in both methane and carbon monoxide. The values obtained were A = 2 × 104 s-1 and Ea = 15.3 kcal mol-1. Both C−H and C−C cleavage products were observed for ethane and n-butane, resulting in the formation of methanol, ethanol, and acetic acid. The rate of formation of methanol from methane with the bimetallic system was ca. 65 × 10-4 M/min at 145−150 °C. This rate may be compared to the rate of formation of acetic acid from methanol in the benchmark Monsanto process: 380 × 10-4 M/min at 180 °C.
Controlled release of lidocaine hydrochloride from polymerized drug-based deep-eutectic solvents (2014)

This work takes advantage of the transformation of lidocaine hydrochloride into deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) - ionic liquid analogues - to incorporate polymerizable counterparts into DESs, such that polymer-drug complexes are synthesized by free-radical frontal polymerization without the use of a solvent. DESs are formed through hydrogen bonding of an ammonium salt with a hydrogen-bond donor (HBD). It is demonstrated that lidocaine hydrochloride - as the ammonium salt - is able to form DESs with acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. The properties of DESs allow frontal polymerization in the bulk with full conversion achieved in a one-pot synthesis, yielding monoliths of polymers loaded with a high concentration of drug. In in vitro experiments, the sustained release of the drug takes place in a controlled manner triggered by the pH, ionic strength and solubility of the drug in the medium. Such control is owed to the swelling of polymers as well as to the specific interactions between the drug and the polymers already established in the DES precursor. Finally, it is noteworthy that different monomers (such as HBD) and crosslinkers can be used, thus expanding the possibilities of drug delivery systems for transdermal technologies by exploiting the DES chemistry.
Continuous integration processes for modern client-side web applications (2017)

Continuous Integration (CI) is very useful for applications that involve many files and multiple developers. Unfortunately, not all types of applications can easily apply this approach. Apparently, CI does not gain a lot of attention with Modern Client-Side Web Application (MCSWA) because it requires complicated testing, i.e. the running environments are browsers. There is no compiler or error warning when a developer writes bad code and the build behavior in the usual CI practice is different from the build process in MCSWA. If the integration process is done manually by an integration expert, unexpected errors are found not only while integrating but also when performing manual tests to verify it. Moreover, it is problematic and elaborate if a developer needs to test the features by clicking around with repeated user-interaction in different browsers; especially, he might create human errors or miss some steps. This indicates that manual processes consume a lot of time and they are stressful. Therefore, the intent of this paper is to demonstrate a new approach for a CI process which specifically applies to MCSWA. It also provides a precise cycle for web development teams on how these repeated processes are important to run automatically with effective expected outcomes.
Impact of sharing-based thread placement on multithreaded architectures (1994)

Multithreaded architectures context switch between instruction streams to hide memory access latency. Although this improves processor utilization, it can increase cache interference and degrade overall performance. One technique to reduce the interconnect traffic is to co-locate threads that share data on the same processor. Multiple threads sharing in the cache should reduce compulsory and invalidation misses, thereby improving execution time.To test this hypothesis, we compared a variety of thread placement algorithms via trace-driven simulation of fourteen coarse- and medium-grain parallel applications on several multithreaded architectures. Our results contradict the hypothesis. Rather than decreasing, compulsory and invalidation misses remained nearly constant across all placement algorithms, for all processor configurations, even with an infinite cache. That is, sharing-based placement had no (positive) effect on execution time. Instead, load balancing was the critical factor that affected performance. Our results were due to one or both of the following reasons: (1) the sequential and uniform access of shared data by the application's threads and (2) the insignificant number of data references that require interconnect access, relative to the total number of instructions.
Sol−Gel Processed Phosphine Ligands with Two T- or D-Silyl Functionalities and Their (η<sup>5</sup>-C<sub>5</sub>Me<sub>5</sub>)Ru(II) Complexes<sup>1</sup> (1999)

A new class of hemilabile D- and T-functionalized ether phosphine ligands of the type MeOCH2CH2P[(CH2)zSiMem(OMe)3-m]2 [3a,b,d,e(T0) (m = 0: z = 3 (a), 6 (b), 8 (d), 14 (e)), and 3c(D0) (m = 1; z = 6 (c))] was obtained by treatment of 2-methoxyethylphosphine (1) with the ω-alkenylsilanes H2CCH(CH2)zSiMem(OMe)3-m (2a−e). Treatment of [(η5-C5Me5)RuCl]4 with the T-silyl phosphines 3a,b,d,e(T0) results in the formation of the corresponding complexes (η5-C5Me5)RuCl{MeOCH2CH2P[(CH2)zSiMem(OMe)3-m]2}2 [4a,b,d,e(T0)]. In the presence of CH3CN and AgSbF6 4b(T0) affords the cationic T-silyl complex [(η5-C5Me5)Ru−(NCCH3){MeOCH2CH2P[(CH2)6SiMem(OMe)3-m]2}2]+SbF6- [5b(T0)]. 3a,b,d,e(T0), 3c(D0), 4a,b,d,e(T0), and 5b(T0) were sol−gel processed with variable amounts of the co-condensation agent (MeO)2MeSi(CH2)6SiMe(OMe)2 (D0−C6−D0) to give the stationary phases (Fn = functionality → ligands or complexes) {Fn[SiOn/2(OX)3-n]2}{MeSiOi/2(OX)2-i(CH2)6(XO)2-iOi/2SiMe}y, Fn = P(CH2CH2OMe)[(CH2)z−]2 [3a,b,d,e(Tn)2(Di−C6−Di)y ≙ I1, II0−II4, IV1, V1], {Fn[SiOi/2(OX)2-iMe]2}{MeSiOi/2(OX)2-i(CH2)6(XO)2-iOi/2SiMe}4 [3c(Di)2(Di−C6−Di)4 ≙ III4], Fn = [Cp*RuCl]1/2P(CH2CH2OMe)[(CH2)z−]2 [4a,b,d,e(Tn)4(Di−C6−Di)y ≙ VI1, VII0, VII1, VIII1, IX1], and Fn = {[Cp*Ru(NCCH3)]+SbF6-}1/2P(CH2CH2OMe)[(CH2)6−]2 [5b(Tn)4(Di−C6−Di)4 ≙ X4] (see Table 1) [T = T-type silicon atom (three oxygen neighbors); D = D-type silicon atom (two oxygen neighbors); n, i = number of Si−O−Si bonds; n = 0−3, i = 0−2; y = number of co-condensed D0−C6−D0 molecules]. Realistic amounts of T and D species and the degree of condensation were determined 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopically. The polymeric phosphines I1, II0−II4, IV1, and V1 show higher degrees of condensation than the corresponding ruthenium(II) complexes VI1, VII0, VII1, VIII1, and IX1. Bond lengths of the ruthenium(II) complex in the stationary phase VII0 were elucidated by an EXAFS analysis. From relaxation time studies (T1P, T1ρH) and cross-polarization experiments (TPH), it is concluded that the polymeric phosphines I1, II0−II4, IV1, and V1 reveal an increasing mobility with longer alkyl spacers between the polymer and the P-functionality and an increasing amount of the co-condensation agent D0−C6−D0. Owing to the multiple fixation of the ruthenium centers to the polymeric matrixes in the stationary phases VI1, VII0, VII1, VIII1, IX1, and X4, the mobility in these materials is reduced. 1H,13C-2D-WISE NMR investigations on the interphase set up by X4 and EtOH point to a remarkable decrease of the rigid character compared to the stationary phase X4 without EtOH.