gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
World development report 2016 : digital dividends - the economics and policy implications of infrastructure sharing and mutualization in Africa (2015)

In developing countries, governments know the importance of broadband for development and promoting broadband as a way to boost knowledge in society has now entered the political agenda. Infrastructure sharing is one of the main trends in broadband infrastructure deployment. In developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, there is a trend for governments to back infrastructure sharing projects as a way to reduce costs in network deployments, expand coverage, reduce the rural-urban digital divide, and accelerate broadband take-up. Traditional infrastructure sharing models, such as regulated access to the so-called last-mile network or site sharing agreements among mobile operators, have given way in recent times to new designs. The mutualization model, where a common facility is operated by all market participants, and the cooperative model, where the telecommunication infrastructure is housed or jointly constructed with other linear infrastructures, is the two most popular designs. A regulatory intervention that favors infrastructure sharing can lessen a specific market problem - such as the existence of entry barriers in the access network - but it can create complications to the future market development or distort the functioning of an adjacent one. The consequences of a particular regulatory intervention to encourage or prevent sharing must be analyzed on a case by case basis taking into account dynamic aspects such as innovation and future investment incentives.
Analysis of the Role of Phosphorylation in Fission Yeast Cdc13p/CyclinB Function (2005)

The Cdk1p-cyclin B complex drives entry into mitosis in all eukaryotes. Cdc13p is the single essential cyclin in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and a member of the cyclin B family. Cdc13p abundance rises during G(2)-phase and falls as cells progress through mitosis and G(1). Cdc13p degradation, mediated by the anaphase-promoting complex, is an important mechanism of Cdk1p inhibition and mitotic exit. Cdk1p-cyclin B1 complexes shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm, and preventing nuclear accumulation of Cdk1p-cyclin B1 in mammalian cells appears to be one mechanism of preventing entry into mitosis during a DNA damage-induced checkpoint delay. In vertebrates, phosphorylation plays a key role in regulating the intracellular distribution of cyclins. Previous mass spectrometric analysis identified sites of Cdc13p phosphorylation. Here, we have confirmed that these sites are the sole in vivo Cdc13p phosphorylation sites and have studied the role that phosphorylation plays in Cdc13p localization and function. Our data indicate that Cdc13p accumulates in the nucleolus in response to G(2) checkpoint delays, rather than in the cytoplasm, and that phosphorylation plays no role in Cdc13p localization or function.
Solution properties, unperturbed dimensions, and chain flexibility of poly(1‐adamantyl acrylate) (2017)

ABSTRACT Poly(1‐adamantyl acrylate) (PAdA) exhibits much higher glass transition and degradation temperatures than other polyacrylates. However, the quantitative evaluation of the stiffness of this polymer chain has not been reported previously. In this study, the dilute solution properties and conformational characteristics of PAdA were evaluated using viscometry and scattering techniques. The unperturbed dimensions of this polymer were evaluated using the Burchard–Stockmayer–Fixman extrapolation and the touched‐bead wormlike chain model. The PAdA chain has a comparable persistence length, diameter per bead and characteristic ratio to poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. All these results indicate that PAdA is less flexible than common polyacrylates. In addition, the second virial coefficients ( A 2 ) of PAdA in different solvents obtained by static light scattering were compared. Among the solvents investigated, tetrahydrofuran is a moderate solvent. Radius of gyration of a polymer sample in the various solvents ranged from 16.8 to 30.3 nm. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017 , 55 , 1526–1531
Insomnia is a frequent finding in adults with Asperger syndrome (2003)

the neuropsychiatric deficits inherent of AS predispose both to insomnia and to anxiety and mood disorders. Therefore a careful assessment of sleep quality should be an integral part of the treatment plan in these individuals. Conversely, when assessing adults with chronic insomnia the possibility of autism spectrum disorders as one of the potential causes of this condition should be kept in mind.
Immobilization of Olefin Metathesis Catalysts on Monolithic Sol-Gel: Practical, Efficient, and Easily Recyclable Catalysts for Organic and Combinatorial Synthesis (2001)

Glasfixierte Ruthenium-Katalysatoren: Ruthenium enthaltende Glaskügelchen (siehe Bild) lassen sich effizient für Olefinmetathesen einsetzen, insbesondere beim Aufbau kombinatorischer Bibliotheken. Diese robusten Katalysatoren sind luftstabil und aktiv in gängigen Lösungsmitteln, sie können bis zu 16-mal wiederverwendet werden, und aus den Reaktionsmischungen werden sie einfach mit einer Pinzette entfernt (minimaler Lösungsmittelverbrauch!).
<i>In vivo</i> Validation of Reconstruction-Based Resolution Recovery for Human Brain Studies (2009)

The aim of this study was to validate in vivo the accuracy of a reconstruction-based partial volume correction (PVC), which takes into account the point spread function of the imaging system. The NEMA NU2 Image Quality phantom and five healthy volunteers (using [(11)C]flumazenil) were scanned on both HR+ and high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) scanners. HR+ data were reconstructed using normalization and attenuation-weighted ordered subsets expectation maximization (NAW-OSEM) and a PVC algorithm (PVC-NAW-OSEM). HRRT data were reconstructed using 3D ordinary Poisson OSEM (OP-OSEM) and a PVC algorithm (PVC-OP-OSEM). For clinical studies, parametric volume of distribution (V(T)) images were generated. For phantom data, good recovery was found for both OP-OSEM (0.84 to 0.97) and PVC-OP-OSEM (0.91 to 0.98) HRRT reconstructions. In addition, for the HR+, good recovery was found for PVC-NAW-OSEM (0.84 to 0.94), corresponding well with OP-OSEM. Finally, for clinical data, good correspondence was found between PVC-NAW-OSEM and OP-OSEM-derived V(T) values (slope: 1.02+/-0.08). This study showed that HR+ image resolution using PVC-NAW-OSEM was comparable to that of the HRRT scanner. As the HRRT has a higher intrinsic resolution, this agreement validates reconstruction-based PVC as a means of improving the spatial resolution of the HR+ scanner and thereby improving the quantitative accuracy of positron emission tomography.
A time-based interface for electronic mail and task management (1997)

Email overload is a growing problem for many users in the workplace [1]. Users often have trouble in retrieving messages for later use or in remembering to reply or to act on a particular message. There are two causes. The first is due to the problems associated with maintenance and retrieval in a semantic hierarchical structure. The second is due to the fact that current email systems are designed around the assumption that messages are informational and are read upon arrival, and that important messages are filed. The use of a semantic hierarchy for filing presents many problems for dealing with a large volume of data. Filing and maintenance is very time consuming and cognitively intensive. Since there can be hundreds of new messages arriving each day, it is difficult to file and maintain a reasonable hierarchy that facilitates efficient retrieval. Moreover, categories can become obsolete over time, and messages in different categories may become semantically related. Therefore, users must spend time periodically to reorganize their mail hierarchies. People use email for more than communication. On the surface, email is a form of asynchronous communication. In reality, email are actually used for purposes such as document delivery and archiving, work task delegation, storing personal names and addresses, and scheduling appointments [1]. Also people need better tools to remind them of their tasks [2, 3] and current email systems lack such support.
Mapping cancer cell metabolism with <sup>13</sup> C flux analysis: Recent progress and future challenges (2013)

The reprogramming of energy metabolism is emerging as an important molecular hallmark of cancer cells. Recent discoveries linking specific metabolic alterations to cancer development have strengthened the idea that altered metabolism is more than a side effect of malignant transformation, but may in fact be a functional driver of tumor growth and progression in some cancers. As a result, dysregulated metabolic pathways have become attractive targets for cancer therapeutics. This review highlights the application of(13)C metabolic flux analysis (MFA) to map the flow of carbon through intracellular biochemical pathways of cancer cells. We summarize several recent applications of MFA that have identified novel biosynthetic pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation and shed light on the role of specific oncogenes in regulating these pathways. Through such studies, it has become apparent that the metabolic phenotypes of cancer cells are not as homogeneous as once thought, but instead depend strongly on the molecular alterations and environmental factors at play in each case.
Analytic approximations of eigenvalue moments and mean channel capacity for MIMO channels (2002)

Approximate second order moments of the squared singular values of the channel matrix of a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system are derived. Correlation at both the receiver and the transmitter antenna arrays is allowed. The approximation converges to the true moments as either the number of transmit or receive antennas increases. Simulations indicate that the derived moments may provide a good approximation of the true moments even for realistic array sizes. As an application, an expression for the mean channel capacity is derived. The expression is simple enough to provide insight while offering promising performance when compared with simulated channel capacities.
An FPGA-based open platform for ultrasound biomicroscopy (2012)

Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) has been extensively applied to preclinical studies in small animal models. Individual animal study is unique and requires different utilization of the UBM system to accommodate different transducer characteristics, data acquisition strategies, signal processing, and image reconstruction methods. There is a demand for a flexible and open UBM platform to allow users to customize the system for various studies and have full access to experimental data. This paper presents the development of an open UBM platform (center frequency 20 to 80 MHz) for various preclinical studies. The platform design was based on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) embedded in a printed circuit board to achieve B-mode imaging and directional pulsed-wave Doppler. Instead of hardware circuitry, most functions of the platform, such as filtering, envelope detection, and scan conversion, were achieved by FPGA programs; thus, the system architecture could be easily modified for specific applications. In addition, a novel digital quadrature demodulation algorithm was implemented for fast and accurate Doppler profiling. Finally, test results showed that the platform could offer a minimum detectable signal of 25 μV, allowing a 51 dB dynamic range at 47 dB gain, and real-time imaging at more than 500 frames/s. Phantom and in vivo imaging experiments were conducted and the results demonstrated good system performance.
Cyclic nucleotide‐dependent enzyme secretion in the rat lacrimal gland. (1984)

To characterize the role of cyclic nucleotides in secretion of enzymes by the lacrimal gland, pieces of rat exorbital glands were perfused with (1) 8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8 Br cyclic AMP), (2) 8-bromoguanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8 Br cyclic GMP), (3) forskolin, a stimulator of adenylate cyclase activity, (4) 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity, or (5) carbachol, a cholinergic agonist. As a measure of enzyme secretion, timed collections of the perifusate effluent were analysed for peroxidase, an enzyme secreted by the lacrimal gland. Control peroxidase secretion was 0.3-0.9 (u./min per milligram protein). Peroxidase secretion was stimulated by 8 Br cyclic AMP (1 mM), but not by 8 Br cyclic GMP (1 mM). A 2-fold increase was detected. Peroxidase secretion was also stimulated by forskolin (60 microM), IBMX (1 mM), and the cholinergic agonist carbachol, which all stimulated peroxidase secretion 2-or 3-fold. The effect of maximally effective concentrations of IBMX (1 mM) and carbachol (0.1 mM) on secretion was additive. Finally, Ca2+ depletion in the presence of EGTA (1 mM) inhibited both IBMX-and carbachol-induced secretion by 45% and 60% respectively. We conclude that cyclic AMP, but not cyclic GMP, can stimulate lacrimal gland enzyme secretion. Cyclic AMP appears to utilize a pathway separate from but convergent with cholinergic agonists.
Optimized cooling systems for semiconductor devices (2002)

The straightforward air cooling of semiconductor devices has gradually been replaced by methods using liquid coolants, especially water cooling. In the work described, more efficient cooling devices than those already existing for hockey-puck and module type semiconductors are suggested. An existing heat sink made of aluminium nitride for the water-cooling of hockey-puck type semiconductors has been used as a basis for the development of high performance heat sinks for increased heat flux densities. By means of thermal and fluid dynamics simulation tools, the internal geometry has been optimized with regard to improved heat transfer and reduced pressure drop. The simulation results have been confirmed by a number of experiments using various measuring techniques. As an alternative cooling method for semiconductor modules, a modified baseplate comprising a number of fins for direct water cooling has been suggested. For an intelligent temperature management, control algorithms have been developed resulting in a prototype ASIC which has been implemented for testing purposes.
Cluster-based 3D reconstruction of aerial video (2012)

Large-scale 3D scene reconstruction using Structure from Motion (SfM) continues to be very computationally challenging despite much active research in the area. We propose an efficient, scalable processing chain designed for cluster computing and suitable for use on aerial video. The sparse bundle adjustment step, which is iterative and difficult to parallelize, is accomplished by partitioning the input image set, generating independent point clouds in parallel, and then fusing the clouds and combining duplicate points. We compare this processing chain to a leading parallel SfM implementation, which exploits fine-grained parallelism in various matrix operations and is not designed to scale beyond a multi-core workstation with GPU. We show our cluster-based approach offers significant improvement in scalability and runtime while producing comparable point cloud density and more accurate point location estimates.
High birefringence PLZT materials for low voltage displays (1976)

Abstract The compositional dependence of the sbirefringence measured with a field of 20 kV/cm at the transition temperature, Tt , is reported for two series of PLZT ceramics with the Zr/Ti ratio varying from 56/44 to 76/24-(l) with 7.5% lanthanum, (2) with La concentration adjusted such that Tt ∼ 25°C. Both peaks of these series occur in a narrow rhombohedral region of the phase diagram, 7.5–8/72/28, where Δn∼ 15 × 10−3. An increase in the net birefringence for platelets of PLZT of thickness approaching the grain size is also described and related to sub-grain domain structures. A material has been made with a grain size of 16.5 μm which has almost half wave retardation in a monograin thick platelet.
Formation Flying: The Future of Remote Sensing from Space (2004)

Over the next two decades a revolution is likely to occur in how remote sensing of Earth, other planets or bodies, and a range of phenomena in the universe is performed from space. In particular, current launch vehicle fairing volume and mass constraints will continue to restrict the size of monolithic telescope apertures which can be launched to little or no greater size than that of the Hubble Space Telescope, the largest aperture currently flying in space. Systems under formulation today, such as the James Webb Space Telescope will be able to increase aperture size and, hence, imaging resolution, by deploying segmented optics. However, this approach is limited as well, by our ability to control such segments to optical tolerances over long distances with highly uncertain structural dynamics connecting them. Consequently, for orders of magnitude improved resolution as required for imaging black holes, imaging planets, or performing asteroseismology, the only viable approach will be to fly a collection of spacecraft in formation to synthesize a virtual segmented telescope or interferometer with very large baselines. This paper provides some basic definitions in the area of formation flying, describes some of the strategic science missions planned in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and identifies some of the critical technologies needed to enable some of the most challenging space missions ever conceived which have realistic hopes of flying.
Interlayer locking and atomic-scale friction in commensurate small-diameter boron nitride nanotubes (2017)

Density functional theory applied to small-diameter boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) finds out-of-plane structural buckling in contrast to large-diameter tubes that exhibit faceting. Buckling significantly affects interlayer interactions in commensurate double-walled BNNTs. Energy corrugation amplitudes in relative motions of BNNT walls change up to fourfold, depending on interlayer registry relaxation, in marked contrast to carbon nanotubes. Large differences between relaxed and unrelaxed energy corrugations of BNNTs could yield energy dissipation via the strain-induced anelastic relaxation of interlayer locking (or ``lattice kinks''), which can be exploited for mechanical damping applications.
Current Pretreatment Technologies for the Development of Cellulosic Ethanol and Biorefineries (2015)

Lignocellulosic materials, such as forest, agriculture, and agroindustrial residues, are among the most important resources for biorefineries to provide fuels, chemicals, and materials in such a way to substitute for, at least in part, the role of petrochemistry in modern society. Most of these sustainable biorefinery products can be produced from plant polysaccharides (glucans, hemicelluloses, starch, and pectic materials) and lignin. In this scenario, cellulosic ethanol has been considered for decades as one of the most promising alternatives to mitigate fossil fuel dependence and carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere. However, a pretreatment method is required to overcome the physical and chemical barriers that exist in the lignin-carbohydrate composite and to render most, if not all, of the plant cell wall components easily available for conversion into valuable products, including the fuel ethanol. Hence, pretreatment is a key step for an economically viable biorefinery. Successful pretreatment method must lead to partial or total separation of the lignocellulosic components, increasing the accessibility of holocellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis with the least inhibitory compounds being released for subsequent steps of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Each pretreatment technology has a different specificity against both carbohydrates and lignin and may or may not be efficient for different types of biomasses. Furthermore, it is also desirable to develop pretreatment methods with chemicals that are greener and effluent streams that have a lower impact on the environment. This paper provides an overview of the most important pretreatment methods available, including those that are based on the use of green solvents (supercritical fluids and ionic liquids).
Diffusivity measurements of silicon in silicon dioxide layers using isotopically pure material (2001)

We report measurement of the silicon diffusion coefficient in silicon dioxide films using isotopically enriched Si28 silicon dioxide layers that enable relatively low Si30 concentration measurements to be performed using secondary ion mass spectrometry. Two types of experiments are made. Si30 atoms are introduced in excess in a stoichiometric isotopically pure silicon dioxide layer either by ion implantation or by a predeposition technique. These experiments are representative of any physical situation in which excess silicon atoms are introduced into silicon dioxide layers during silicon processing. The estimated diffusivity values are significantly higher than previously reported values for Si diffusion within a stoichiometric oxide and closer to reported values for excess Si diffusion within an oxide. The activation energy of the diffusivity is found to be 4.74 eV.
A Neural Model of Contour Integration in the Primary Visual Cortex (1998)

Experimental observations suggest that contour integration may take place in V1. However, there has yet to be a model of contour integration that uses only known V1 elements, operations, and connection patterns. This article introduces such a model, using orientation selective cells, local cortical circuits, and horizontal intracortical connections. The model is composed of recurrently connected excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons, receiving visual input via oriented receptive fields resembling those found in primary visual cortex. Intracortical interactions modify initial activity patterns from input, selectively amplifying the activities of edges that form smooth contours in the image. The neural activities produced by such interactions are oscillatory and edge segments within a contour oscillate in synchrony. It is shown analytically and empirically that the extent of contour enhancement and neural synchrony increases with the smoothness, length, and closure of contours, as observed in experiments on some of these phenomena. In addition, the model incorporates a feedback mechanism that allows higher visual centers selectively to enhance or suppress sensitivities to given contours, effectively segmenting one from another. The model makes the testable prediction that the horizontal cortical connections are more likely to target excitatory (or inhibitory) cells when the two linked cells have their preferred orientation aligned with (or orthogonal to) their relative receptive field center displacements.
IP Flow Mobility Trigger Mechanism in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (2013)

With the Multi Access Packet Data Network Connectivity and IP flow mobility introduced by 3GPP, mobile devices with multiple wireless interfaces can connect to multiple access networks simultaneously, meanwhile allowing dynamic allocation of different IP flows to different access systems corresponding to their requirements. In order to enable IP flow mobility, an effective IP flow mobility trigger mechanism is indispensible. However, among the existing technical standard and current literatures in IP flow mobility, almost no research involves the trigger mechanism and decision algorithm. This paper proposes a mechanism for network-based IP flow mobility, which includes a trigger process and a network selection decision algorithm based on each IP flow. Simulation results validate the flexibility and efficiency of our proposed mechanism, which can achieve a better network load balancing as well as a higher user satisfaction.