gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Concept of Assessing Nanoparticle Hazards Considering Nanoparticle Dosemetric and Chemical/Biological Response Metrics (2010)

Engineered nanoparticles (NP) are being developed and incorporated in a number of commercial products, raising the potential of human exposure during manufacture, use, and disposal. Although data concerning the potential toxicity of some NP have been reported, validated simple assays are lacking for predicting their in vivo toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate new response metrics based on chemical and biological activity of NP for screening assays that can be used to predict NP toxicity in vivo. Two cell-free and two cell-based assays were evaluated for their power in predicting in vivo toxicity of eight distinct particle types with widely differing physicochemical characteristics. The cell-free systems comprised fluorescence- and electron spin resonance-based assays of oxidant activity. The cell-based systems also used electron spin resonance (ESR) as well as luciferase reporter activity to rank the different particle types in comparison to benchmark particles of low and high activity. In vivo experiments evaluated acute pulmonary inflammatory responses in rats. Endpoints in all assays were related to oxidative stress and responses were expressed per unit NP surface area to compare the results of different assays. Results indicated that NP are capable of producing reactive species, which in biological systems lead to oxidative stress. Copper NP had the greatest activity in all assays, while TiO(2) and gold NP generally were the least reactive. Differences in the ranking of NP activity among the assays were found when comparisons were based on measured responses. However, expressing the chemical (cell-free) and biological (cells; in vivo) activity per unit particle surface area showed that all in vitro assays correlated significantly with in vivo results, with the cellular assays correlating the best. Data from this study indicate that it is possible to predict acute in vivo inflammatory potential of NP with cell-free and cellular assays by using NP surface area-based dose and response metrics, but that a cellular component is required to achieve a higher degree of predictive power.
2.488-Gb/s Unrepeatered Transmission over 529 km using Remotely Pumped Post- and Pre-Amplifiers, Forward Error Correction, and Dispersion Compensation (1995)

Recently, reported transmission distances of 2.488-Gb/s repeaterless systems surpassed 400 km with three publications of 423 km [1], 410 km [2], and 407 km [3], respectively. The major enabling technologies are high-power pump sources and dispersion compensating fiber, which allows low-loss silica-core fiber to be used for the signal path. In this paper, we are taking advantage of both of these technologies as well as forward error correction (FEC) coding to obtain a maximum transmission distance of 529 km equivalent to a fiber loss for the signal of 93.8 dB.
Onset of draw resonance during isothermal melt spinning: A comparison between measurements and predictions (1976)

Abstract Various polymer melts were spun isothermally to determine the critical extensional strain at which draw resonance occurs. Simultaneously, the variation of apparent spinning viscosity with extensional strain was measured. Experimental results failed to confirm the theoretical prediction that strain thickening behavior leads to enhanced stability.
Can You Really Backdoor Federated Learning? (2019)

The decentralized nature of federated learning makes detecting and defending against adversarial attacks a challenging task. This paper focuses on backdoor attacks in the federated learning setting, where the goal of the adversary is to reduce the performance of the model on targeted tasks while maintaining good performance on the main task. Unlike existing works, we allow non-malicious clients to have correctly labeled samples from the targeted tasks. We conduct a comprehensive study of backdoor attacks and defenses for the EMNIST dataset, a real-life, user-partitioned, and non-iid dataset. We observe that in the absence of defenses, the performance of the attack largely depends on the fraction of adversaries present and the "complexity'' of the targeted task. Moreover, we show that norm clipping and "weak'' differential privacy mitigate the attacks without hurting the overall performance. We have implemented the attacks and defenses in TensorFlow Federated (TFF), a TensorFlow framework for federated learning. In open-sourcing our code, our goal is to encourage researchers to contribute new attacks and defenses and evaluate them on standard federated datasets.
Hollow Amorphous Formation via Oxidation of Al Nanoparticles at Low Temperatures (2007)

Formation of hollow structure through oxidation of Al nanoparticles was studied by applying transmission electron microscopy. Al nanoparticles 6~8 nm in diameter were observed to become hollow particles after having been exposed to air at 295 K for a few minutes. An analysis of the Debye-Sherrer rings in the selected area diffraction patterns before and after oxidation showed that hollow oxide nanoparticles are amorphous. The formation mechanisms of hollow oxide are discussed based on the low-temperature oxidation mechanism of Al and on the comparison with our previous results of hollow ZnO formation via oxidation of Zn nanoparticles.
A high-frequency GaAs optical guided-wave electrooptic interferometric modulator (1985)

The characteristics and frequency response of a GaAs monolithic guided-wave interferometric modulator operating at 1.3 μm are presented. The interfetometer consists of three-guide coupler input and output sections and single-mode p+-n--n+ slab-coupled rib-waveguide active arms. The measured electrical bandwidth of an interferometer with 2 mm long active arms was 2.2 GHz and limited by parasitics. This corresponds to a small signal optical bandwidth of ≈ 3.0 GHz when the interferometer is biased in a linear portion of the optical output versus voltage characteristics. Reduction of parasitics should result in a substantial increase in the bandwidth of these devices.
Plasmodium vivax and Mixed Infections Are Associated with Severe Malaria in Children: A Prospective Cohort Study from Papua New Guinea (2008)

P. vivax monoinfections as well as mixed Plasmodium infections are associated with SM. There is no indication that mixed infections protected against SM. Interventions targeted toward P. falciparum only might be insufficient to eliminate the overall malaria burden, and especially severe disease, in areas where P. falciparum and P. vivax coexist.
Characterization of the Nuclear Import Pathways of Galectin-3 (2006)

Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a pleiotropic beta-galactoside-binding protein, was shown to be involved in several nuclear-dependent functions, including up-regulation of transcriptional factors, RNA processing, and cell cycle regulation. Gal-3 compartmentalization in the nucleus versus the cytoplasm affects, in part, the malignant phenotype of various cancers. However, to date, the mechanism by which Gal-3 translocates into the nucleus remains debatable. Thus, we have constructed and expressed a variety of fusion proteins containing deletion mutants of Gal-3 fused with monomers, dimers, and trimers of enhanced green fluorescent protein and searched for the Gal-3 sequence motifs essential for its nuclear localization in vivo. In addition, a digitonin-permeabilized, cell-free transport in vitro assay was used to directly examine the mechanism of Gal-3 nuclear import. Partial deletions of the COOH-terminal region (114-250) of the human Gal-3 significantly decreases its nuclear translocation, whereas a peptide (1-115) was transported to the nuclei. The in vitro nuclear import assay revealed that there are at least two independent nuclear pathways for shuttling Gal-3 into the nucleus: a passive diffusion and an active transport. This is the first article providing direct evidence for the nuclear import mechanisms of Gal-3 and suggests that Gal-3 nuclear translocation is governed by dual pathways, whereas the cytoplasmic/nuclear distribution may be regulated by multiple processes, including cytoplasmic anchorage, nuclear retention, and or nuclear export. These results may lead to the development of a therapeutic modality aiming at abrogating Gal-3 translocation into the nucleus and thus hampering its activity during cancer progression and metastasis.
The effect of crenolanib (CP-868596) on phosphorylation of the imatinib-resistant D842V PDGFRA activating mutation associated with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. (2011)

10012 Background: 8-10% of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) have activating mutations of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene. The most common PDGFRA mutation is the D842V mutation encoded by exon 18. This gain-of-function mutation results in constitutive tyrosine kinase activity. Currently approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib (IM) or sunitinib, have little to no in vitro activity against this mutation. Clinically, these drugs are ineffective for the treatment of patients whose GIST has a D842V mutation. In addition, the D842V mutation can develop as a secondary IM resistance mutation during treatment of patients with primary IM-sensitive GIST or hypereosinophillic syndrome. Crenolanib (formerly CP-868596) is an orally bioavailable, highly potent and selective PDGFR TKI. Phase I trials of crenolanib (CR) have shown a favorable toxicity profile, and achievable serum concentrations as high as 2,000 nM. Methods: Mutant PDGFRα isoforms were expressed by transient transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells. The transfected cells were treated with various concentrations of CR or IM. Protein lysates were immunoprecipitated with an anti-PDGFRA antibody, followed by sequential immunoblotting for activated- and total-PDGFRA. IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) was measured by densitometry of the phosphoPDGFRA bands and normalization using total PDGFRA expression. Results: CR was effective in blocking the activity of single or compound PDGFRA D842V mutant kinases. In contrast, IM had no significant activity against these same mutant kinases. Conclusions: GISTs with PDGFRA D842V mutations are clinically resistant to currently approved TKIs. CR blocks the kinase activity of PDGFRA D842V mutants (single and compound) at clinically achievable concentrations, providing a potential new therapeutic modality for GIST patients. A phase II clinical study of CR for treatment of GIST patients with primary or secondary PDGFRA D842V mutation is currently being initiated. Mutation CR IC50(nM) IM IC50(nM) PDGFRA WT 13 30 PDGFRA D842V 20 >1,000 PDGFRA V561D + D842V 35 >1,000 PDGFRA T674I + D842V 26 >1,000
Adaptive spatial control of fiber modes and their excitation for high-harmonic generation (2006)

We present the control of high-harmonic generation (HHG) in hollow fibers using adaptive pulse shaping techniques. The shaping capabilities of our spatial light modulator (SLM) are demonstrated by the excitation of specific fiber modes inside a hollow fiber with a helium-neon laser. Afterwards spatially shaped ultrashort pulses are used to generate phase-matched high-harmonic radiation in a fiber. We show that by controlling the mode structure, we can manipulate the spatial and spectral properties of the generated harmonics.
Development of an unmanned helicopter automatic barrels transportation system (2015)

In the 2nd International Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Innovation Grand Prix (UAVGP) sponsored by Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), an autonomous barrel transportation mission was proposed for Rotary-wing UAV (RUAV) which aims at validating the feasibility of marine vertical replenishment by RUAVs. The RUAV was supposed to track the movable platform, pick up barrels on the supplier platform, stack barrels on the replenishment platform, take off and land autonomously without any human interference. The final score was determined based on the mission completion time and the stacking accuracy. The main challenges involved in this mission include attitude stabilizing with varying payload, accurate movable platform tracking and task-scheduling. An unmanned helicopter (UH) automatic barrels transportation system was established by our team, and the navigation system, control system and task scheduling system will be detailed in this paper, along with the flight tests before and in the competition. The system's performance has been verified in the competition and won the first prize finally.
Properties of Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels Cross-Linked via Strain-Promoted Alkyne–Azide Cycloaddition (SPAAC) (2016)

A series of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels was synthesized using strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) between PEG chains terminated with either aza-dibenzocyclooctynes or azide functionalities. The gelation process was found to occur rapidly upon mixing the two components in aqueous solution without the need for external stimuli or catalysts, making the system a candidate for use as an injectable hydrogel. The mechanical and rheological properties of these hydrogels were found to be tunable by varying the polymer molecular weight and the number of cross-linking groups per chain. The gelation times of these hydrogels ranged from 10 to 60 s at room temperature. The mass-based swelling ratios varied from 45 to 76 at maximum swelling (relative to the dry state), while the weight percent of polymer in these hydrogels ranged from 1.31 to 2.05%, demonstrating the variations in amount of polymer required to maintain the structural integrity of the gel. Each hydrogel degraded at a different rate in PBS at pH = 7.4, with degradation times ranging from 1 to 35 days. By changing the composition of the two starting components, it was found that the Young's modulus of each hydrogel could be varied from 1 to 18 kPa. Hydrogel incubation with bovine serum albumin showed minimal protein adsorption. Finally, a cell cytotoxicity study of the precursor polymers with 3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated that the azide- and strained alkyne-functionalized PEGs are noncytotoxic.
[Simulation of local cerebral hemorrhage in different brain structures of experimental animals]. (2003)

A standardized experimental model of intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke in small laboratory animals is developed and advanced for chronic neurobiological studies of normal and pathological higher nervous activity as well as disorders developed after acute hemorrhages. A device is advanced which allows a researcher to destroy appropriate brain structures (tissues and local blood vessels) with necessary precision by four-six rotations of curved stereotaxically inserted mandrel-wire knife and, subsequently, to inject autoblood into the area of the lesion. The advanced model is convenient for the reproduction of lesions in different brain regions (for the purpose of experimental knockouts) in neurophysiological, neuropharmacological, and clinical investigations.
Long-term Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition With Fosinopril Improves Depressed Responsiveness to Ca <sup>2+</sup> in Myocytes From Aortic-Banded Rats (1996)

Long-term ACE inhibition improves responsiveness to Ca2+ in the presence of normalization of maximal Ca(2+)-activated force in aortic-banded rats subjected to persistent pressure overload. This may contribute to the favorable effects whereby ACE inhibition modifies the transition from compensated hypertrophy to failure.
The design and implementation of a new wide-range frequency detector (1999)

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.
Detection and identification of bacteria in clinical samples by 16S rRNA gene sequencing: comparison of two different approaches in clinical practice (2011)

Amplification and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene can be applied to detect and identify bacteria in clinical samples. We examined 75 clinical samples (17 culture-positive, 58 culture-negative) prospectively by two different PCR protocols, amplifying either a single fragment (1343 bp) or two fragments (762/598 bp) of the 16S rRNA gene. The 1343 bp PCR and 762/598 bp PCRs detected and identified the bacterial 16S rRNA gene in 23 (31 %) and 38 (51 %) of the 75 samples, respectively. The 1343 bp PCR identified 19 of 23 (83 %) PCR-positive samples to species level while the 762/598 bp PCR identified 14 of 38 (37 %) bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments to species level and 24 to the genus level only. Amplification of shorter fragments of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene (762 and 598 bp) resulted in a more sensitive assay; however, analysis of a large fragment (1343 bp) improved species discrimination. Although not statistically significant, the 762/598 bp PCR detected the bacterial 16S rRNA gene in more samples than the 1343 bp PCR, making it more likely to be a more suitable method for the primary detection of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene in the clinical setting. The 1343 bp PCR may be used in combination with the 762/598 bp PCR when identification of the bacterial rRNA gene to species level is required.
A Wavelet-Based Artifact Reduction From Scalp EEG for Epileptic Seizure Detection (2015)

This paper presents a method to reduce artifacts from scalp EEG recordings to facilitate seizure diagnosis/detection for epilepsy patients. The proposed method is primarily based on stationary wavelet transform and takes the spectral band of seizure activities (i.e., 0.5-29 Hz) into account to separate artifacts from seizures. Different artifact templates have been simulated to mimic the most commonly appeared artifacts in real EEG recordings. The algorithm is applied on three sets of synthesized data including fully simulated, semi-simulated, and real data to evaluate both the artifact removal performance and seizure detection performance. The EEG features responsible for the detection of seizures from nonseizure epochs have been found to be easily distinguishable after artifacts are removed, and consequently, the false alarms in seizure detection are reduced. Results from an extensive experiment with these datasets prove the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, which makes it possible to use it for artifact removal in epilepsy diagnosis as well as other applications regarding neuroscience studies.
말구진 진단법 개발을 위한 바이러스 및 항체 검출 평가 (2011)

Equine coital exanthema (ECE) caused by equine herpes virus type 3 (EHV-3) is a sexually transmitted disease which is resulted in the failure of mating, declination of horse productivity and finally economic loss in horse industry. In this thesis, diagnosis studies on ECE have been performed in order to develop a serological diagnosis method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA has been developed to detect antibodies against EHV-3. Whole EHV-3 viruses were purified from cell culture and coated on ELISA plate, which successfully captured by anti-EHV-3 antibody in serum samples. The positive cut-off value of developed ELISA was 0.334 at OD405 using 15 negative control horse sera. The positive rate of 20 sera from ECE positive horses by PCR was 65% and the positive rate of 12 sera from ECE negative horses by PCR was 25%. The positive rate of 72 sera from horses showing clinical signs was 59.7% and the positive rate of 72 sera from horses showing no clinical signs was 13.9%. The correlation of serum positivity between broodmares and their sucklings was analysed using 12 pairs of cases (y=0.5418x-0.0158, R2= 0.4931). The data suggested that specific antibody against EHV-3 from broodmares might be transferred to their sucklings by nursing. When compared with the results of PCR, the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 65%, 81.8% respectively.
Oncoproteins and tumor progression in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Presence of epidermal growth factor receptor, c‐erbB‐2 protein, estrogen receptor related protein, p21‐ras protein, and proliferation indicators in relation to tumor recurrences and patient survival (1995)

In this study, sex, age, and histologic grade were independent indicators of deaths from thyroid cancer. Lymph node metastases, EGF-receptor expression, and decreased estrogen receptor-related protein staining persisted as prognostic variables in the final multivariate analysis of recurrence free survival. Alterations in these oncogenes thus seem to play some role in disease progression in papillary thyroid carcinoma, although conventional variables are still important as prognostic indicators.
Pulsed laser dewetting of nickel catalyst for carbon nanofiber growth (2008)

We present a pulsed laser dewetting technique that produces single nickel catalyst particles from lithographically patterned disks for subsequent carbon nanofiber growth through plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Unlike the case for standard heat treated Ni catalyst disks, for which multiple nickel particles and consequently multiple carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are observed, single vertically aligned CNFs could be obtained from the laser dewetted catalyst. Different laser dewetting parameters were tested in this study, such as the laser energy density and the laser processing time measured by the total number of laser pulses. Various nickel disk radii and thicknesses were attempted and the resultant number of carbon nanofibers was found to be a function of the initial disk dimension and the number of laser pulses.
Adaptive overhead reduction via MEWMA control charts (2011)

In an effort to reduce overhead in proactive protocols, rather than use a global period for transmission of control information, we propose to transmit based on changes in a node's local conditions. For OLSR, a proactive link-state routing protocol, we use a significant change in the number of edges in a node's two-hop neighbourhood and topological graph as indicators of topology change warranting an update. When the associated exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) charts and multivariate EWMA chart signal out-of-control, a node transmits a HELLO, a topology control (TC), or both HELLO and TC messages. We use ns-2 simulations to compare OLSR to our TS-OLSR, and other variants of OLSR. We find that TS-OLSR obtains a statistically significant reduction in overhead compared to the other protocols while maintaining the packet delivery ratio. The approach is general and may find use in other applications requiring response to changes in local conditions.
Utility of embolization or chemoembolization as second-line treatment in patients with advanced or recurrent colorectal carcinoma (1994)

Embolization and chemoembolization therapy appear to have antitumor activity as second-line therapy in patients with colorectal carcinoma with bulky liver metastases. Although generally well tolerated, complications of this therapy may be severe. The addition of further patients to this trial will allow a rigorous comparison of embolization alone versus embolization with chemotherapy.
Directions for Shingled-Write and Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording System Architectures: Synergies with Solid-State Disks (CMU-PDL-09-104) (2018)

Shingled-writing and two-dimensional magnetic recording, TDMR, will change core characteristics of magnetic disk operation and require systems software be adapted appropriately. Because a band of adjacent tracks overlap one another, they must be written in a specific order. Once overlapped, a track cannot be updated in place, because the tracks overlapping it will be overwritten by the update. If this behavior is exposed to operating systems directly, there will be very low acceptance of these products. However, disk controller software can emulate full compliance with existing interfaces, and may be able to mask almost all performance implications as well.