gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The type III effectors HsvG and HsvB of gall‐forming <i>Pantoea agglomerans</i> determine host specificity and function as transcriptional activators (2006)

Pantoea agglomerans pv. gypsophilae (Pag) elicits galls on gypsophila and a hypersensitive response on beet, whereas P. agglomerans pv. betae (Pab) induces galls on both beet and gypsophila. The pathogenicity of both pathovars is dependent on the presence of a plasmid harbouring type III secretion system (TTSS) components and effectors. The HsvG TTSS effectors of Pag (HsvG-Pag) and Pab (HsvG-Pab) determine the host specificity of both pathovars on gypsophila. Here we describe a novel HsvG homologue, HsvB, which determines the host specificity of Pag and Pab on beet. HsvG requires two direct amino acid repeats for pathogenicity on gypsophila, whereas one repeat in HsvB is sufficient for pathogenicity on beet. Exchanging repeats between HsvG-Pag and HsvB-Pab resulted in a switch of host specificities. Transient expression of GFP-HsvG or GFP-HsvB fusions in gypsophila, beet or melon leaves showed that HsvG and HsvB were localized to the nuclei of host and non-host plants. A yeast one-hybrid assay revealed that a single repeat of HsvG or HsvB was sufficient to activate transcription. By employing random binding-site selection and gel-shift assay HsvG was demonstrated to be a double-stranded DNA-binding protein with an ACACC/aAA consensus binding site. These results suggest that HsvG and HsvB are host-specificity determinants and bear the potential to affect the host transcriptional machinery.
Trapped ion optical frequency standards (2003)

Optical frequency standards based on narrow absorptions in laser-cooled single trapped ions have recently begun to demonstrate stabilities that are competitive with cold atom fountain microwave standards. This paper presents a short review of the wider state-of-the-art development of these single cold trapped ion frequency standards, coupled with a more detailed account of recent results achieved at National Physical Laboratory in respect of single ion systems based on 88Sr+, 87Sr+ and 171Yb+. Narrow linewidth data for the optical clock quadrupole and octupole transitions respectively at 674 nm in 88Sr+ and 467 nm in 171Yb+, are presented, together with a discussion of current systematics and future projections. The potential for optical clock operation is outlined.
Preservation of the ruptured spleen by gluing with highly concentrated human fibrinogen: Experimental and clinical results (1982)

Abstract Preservation of the ruptured spleen with fibrin glue was accomplished in 2 series of laboratory studies with Wistar rats. Subsequent clinical trials in repair of ruptured spleens in children are also reported. Direct gluing constitutes an excellent alternative in preserving functional splenic tissue .
Applying adaptive algorithms to epistatic domains (1985)

John Holland has shown that when adaptive algorithms are used to search certain kinds of extremely large problem spaces, they will converge on a good solution fairly quickly. Such problem spaces are characterized by a low degree of epistasis. A host of classical search problems, however, are epistatic in nature. The present paper describes some new techniques for applying adaptive algorithms to epistatic domains, while retaining some of the strength of Holland's convergence proof. These techniques are described for two-dimensional bin-packing problems, and summarized for graph coloring problems. What makes these problems amenable to an adaptive approach is a two-stage evaluation procedure. Encodings of solutions are mutated and reproduced as they are in non-epistatic domains, but their evaluation is carried out after a decoding process. Using the techniques described, convergence is promoted in two ways: one of the natural mutation operators is a weaker version of Holland's crossover, and domain knowledge may be built into decoding processes so that the size of the search space is radically cut down.
Influence of Blending Canola, Palm, Soybean, and Sunflower Oil Methyl Esters on Fuel Properties of Biodiesel (2008)

Single, binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures of canola (low erucic acid rapeseed), palm, soybean, and sunflower (high oleic acid) oil methyl esters (CME, PME, SME, and SFME, respectively) were prepared, and important fuel properties were measured, such as oil stability index (OSI), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), kinematic viscosity (40 °C), lubricity, acid value (AV), and iodine value (IV). The fuel properties of SME were improved through blending with CME, PME, and SFME to satisfy the IV (<120) and OSI (>6 h) specifications contained within EN 14214, the biodiesel standard from the European Committee for Standardization. SME was satisfactory according to ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard, with regard to OSI (>3 h). The CFPP of PME was improved by up to 15 °C through blending with CME. Statistically significant relationships were elucidated between OSI and IV, OSI and saturated fatty acid methyl ester (SFAME) content, OSI and CFPP, CFPP and IV, and CFPP and SFAME content. However, the only relationship of practical significance was that of CFPP versus SFAME content when SFAME content was greater than 12 wt %.
Size-Dependent Uptake of Particles by Pulmonary Antigen-Presenting Cell Populations and Trafficking to Regional Lymph Nodes (2013)

The respiratory tract is an attractive target organ for novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications with nano-sized carriers, but their immune effects and interactions with key resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) in different anatomical compartments remain poorly understood. Polystyrene particles ranging from 20 nm to 1,000 nm were instilled intranasally in BALB/c mice, and their interactions with APC populations in airways, lung parenchyma, and lung-draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) were examined after 2 and 24 hours by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. In the main conducting airways and lung parenchyma, DC subpopulations preferentially captured 20-nm particles, compared with 1,000-nm particles that were transported to the LDLNs by migratory CD11blow DCs and that were observed in close proximity to CD3⁺ T cells. Generally, the uptake of particles increased the expression of CD40 and CD86 in all DC populations, independent of particle size, whereas 20-nm particles induced enhanced antigen presentation to CD4⁺ T cells in LDLNs in vivo. Despite measurable uptake by DCs, the majority of particles were taken up by AMs, irrespective of size. Confocal microscopy and FACS analysis showed few particles in the main conducting airways, but a homogeneous distribution of all particle sizes was evident in the lung parenchyma, mostly confined to AMs. Particulate size as a key parameter determining uptake and trafficking therefore determines the fate of inhaled particulates, and this may have important consequences in the development of novel carriers for pulmonary diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
Limited angle ultrasonic transmission tomography of the compressed female breast (2002)

A modified ultrasonic time-of-flight tomography algorithm which the authors presented before (1996) is implemented in a system composed by a commercially available ultrasound scanner, a PC, and a special applicator which compresses the female breast like in X-ray mammography. An acquisition time of two minutes per frame was obtained and allows the clinical evaluation of the concept. The limited total angle leads to a coarse axial resolution and to artifacts. However, B-mode images which are stained with a color-coded representation of the reconstructed velocity and of the attenuation, respectively, can significantly improve breast diagnostics. In the work the authors present phantom and in vivo results of the time-of-flight mode to demonstrate the potentials of this method which is part of a new imaging concept, "CARISMA" (Computer Assisted Reconstructive Imaging by Sonographic and Mechano-Elastic Analysis).
Hierarchically Porous ZnO Architectures for Gas Sensor Application (2009)

Hierarchically three-dimensional (3D) porous ZnO architectures were synthesized by a template-free, economical hydrothermal method combined with subsequent calcination. First, a precursor of hierarchical basic zinc carbonate (BZC) nanostructures self-assembled by sheet-like blocks was prepared. Then calcination of the precursor produced hierarchically 3D porous ZnO architectures composed of interconnected ZnO nanosheets with high porosity resulting from the thermal decomposition of the precursor. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier tranform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric−differential thermalgravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller N2 adsorption−desorption analyses. Control experiments with variations in solvent and reaction time respectively revealed that ethanol was responsible for the formation of the BZC precursor, and the self-assembly of BZC nanosheets into hierarchically 3D architectures was highly dependent on the reaction time. Gas sensing tests showed that these hierarchically porous ZnO architectures were highly promising for gas sensor applications, as the gas diffusion and mass transportation in sensing materials were significantly enhanced by their unique structures. Moreover, it is believed that this solution-based approach can be extended to fabricate other porous metal oxide materials with a unique morphology or shape.
Synthesis and Application of Thiadiazoloquinoxaline-Containing Chromophores as Dopants for Efficient Near-Infrared Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2009)

A series of a donor−acceptor−donor type of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent chromophores based on [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline (TQ) as an electron acceptor and triphenylamine as an electron donor are synthesized and characterized. By introducing pendent phenyl groups or changing the π-conjugation length in the TQ core, we tuned the energy levels of these chromophores, resulting in the NIR emission in a range from 784 to 868 nm. High thermal stability and glass transition temperatures allow these chromophores to be used as dopant emitters, which can be processed by vapor deposition for the fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) having the multilayered structure of ITO/MoO3/NPB/Alq3:dopant emitter/BCP/Alq3/LiF/Al. The electroluminescence spectra of the devices based on these new chromophores cover a range from 748 to 870 nm. With 2 wt % of dopant 1, the LED device shows an exclusive NIR emission at 752 nm with the external quantum efficiency (EQE) as high as 1.12% over a wide range of current density (e.g., around 200 mA cm−2). The radiance reaches the largest value of 2880 mW Sr−1 m−2 at an operating voltage of 15 V.
Efficacy and safety of 0.4 percent sodium hyaluronate for endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms (2013)

0.4%SH solution is a safe and effective agent that doesn't cause any significant adverse events and is useful for submucosal injection during ESD.
A low-power 60-GHz CMOS transceiver for WiGig applications (2013)

Abstract—Adirect-conversion transceiver includingbase-band amplifiers and filters employs a 60-GHz quadrature VCO and a feedforward divider with no buffers to achieve a low power consumption. Designed in 40-nmLP CMOS, the radio presents a noise figure of 4.8 to 8.2 dB in the receive mode and an output power of +10 dBm in the transmitmode while drawing 56 mW and 124 mW, respectively. Recent work on 60-GHz radios has demonstrated high levels of integration in CMOS technology [1, 2, 3]. For such radios to find their way into mobile devices, their power consumption must also be reduced while maintaining both a high receive (RX) sensitivity and a high transmit (TX) output power. This paper describes a low-power 60-GHz transceiver for WiGig ap-plications operating with QPSK modulation. Four principles are presented that improve the performance: (1) a “minimal-
Mind Management und die Sprache des Unterbewußtseins (1994)

ZusammenfassungTrauen Sie sich zu, allein ein äußerst komplexes und störungsanfälliges Unternehmen zu leiten, in dem 90 Billionen „hirnlose“ Angestellte ihren Dienst verrichten und laufend auf Ihre Anweisungen warten? Nein? Nur Mut, Sie können es! Sie tun es, sogar jetzt, in diesem Moment. Allerdings nicht bewußt. Ihr Unterbewußtsein erledigt diese ungeheuerliche Aufgabe für Sie. Es steuert alle Ihre Körperprozesse. Rund um die Uhr, ohne Pause, Tag für Tag, Stunde für Stunde, Minute für Minute. Es veranlaßt Sie zum Einatmen und Ausatmen, kontrolliert den Herzschlag, dirigiert die Verdauung, reguliert den Blutdruck, aktiviert das Immunsystem und überwacht, was es sonst noch alles in einem so komplexen Organismus wie dem menschlichen Körper zu tun gibt. Kurz: Ihr Unterbewußtsein sorgt dafür, daß die rund 90 Billionen Zellen Ihres Körpers gemeinschaftlich und harmonisch an der großen Aufgabe mitwirken, Sie am Leben zu erhalten.
Functional defect of circulating regulatory CD4+ T cells in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis in remission (2007)

These data indicate that WG patients in remission have an expanded proportion of Treg cells that are functionally defective. This observation may be relevant to the development and relapsing course of this autoimmune vasculitis.
Topic Aware Neural Response Generation (2017)

We consider incorporating topic information into a sequence-to-sequence framework to generate informative and interesting responses for chatbots. To this end, we propose a topic aware sequence-to-sequence (TA-Seq2Seq) model. The model utilizes topics to simulate prior human knowledge that guides them to form informative and interesting responses in conversation, and leverages topic information in generation by a joint attention mechanism and a biased generation probability. The joint attention mechanism summarizes the hidden vectors of an input message as context vectors by message attention and synthesizes topic vectors by topic attention from the topic words of the message obtained from a pre-trained LDA model, with these vectors jointly affecting the generation of words in decoding. To increase the possibility of topic words appearing in responses, the model modifies the generation probability of topic words by adding an extra probability item to bias the overall distribution. Empirical studies on both automatic evaluation metrics and human annotations show that TA-Seq2Seq can generate more informative and interesting responses, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art response generation models.
Therapeutic response assessment of RFA for HCC: Contrast-enhanced US, CT and MRI (2014)

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is commonly applied for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because of the facile procedure, and the safety and effectiveness for the treatment of this type of tumor. On the other hand, it is believed that HCC cells should spread predominantly through the blood flow of the portal vein, which could lead to the formation of intrahepatic micrometastases. Therefore, monitoring tumor response after the treatment is quite important and accurate assessment of treatment response is critical to obtain the most favorable outcome after the RFA. Indeed, several reports suggested that even small HCCs of ≤ 3 cm in diameter might carry intrahepatic micrometastases and/or microvascular invasion. From this point of view, for preventing local recurrences, RFA should be performed ablating a main tumor as well as its surrounding non-tumorous liver tissue where micrometastases and microvascular invasion might exist. Recent advancement of imaging modalities such as contrast-enhanced ultrasonic, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are playing an important role on assessing the therapeutic effects of RFA. The local recurrence rate tends to be low in HCC patients who were proven to have adequate ablation margin after RFA; namely, not only disappearance of vascular enhancement of main tumor, but also an adequate ablation margin. Therefore, contrast enhancement gives important findings for the diagnosis of recurrent HCCs on each imaging. However, hyperemia of non-tumorous liver surrounding the ablated lesion, which could be attributed to an inflammation after RFA, may well obscure the findings of local recurrence of HCCs after RFA. Therefore, we need to carefully address to these imaging findings given the fact that diagnostic difficulties of local recurrence of HCC. Here, we give an overview of the current status of the imaging assessment of HCC response to RFA.
El peso al nacer de los niños de la principal maternidad de Uruguay: 1995 a 2004 (2007)

This study investigates the impact of risk factors on birthweight in the main maternity hospital in Uruguay, Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. The data are provided by the Latin American Center for Perinatology and cover the years 1995 to 2004. The study finds that most of the included risk factors are signifi cant predictors of both birthweight and the probability of a low-birthweight birth. As expected, risk factors that can be influenced by public policy (prenatal care usage, education, and smoking) have signifi cant effects on birthweight outcomes; however, the results indicate that epidemiological risk factors that are less easily affected by public policy (previous low-birthweight births and short pregnancy interval) have similar effects on birthweight outcomes. Thus, although it is important to increase prenatal care usage and maternal educational attainment and to decrease maternal smoking in order to improve birthweight outcomes in Uruguay, it is also important for policymakers to consider ways to reduce the occurrence of epidemiological risk factors.
Perforin-independent regulation of dendritic cell homeostasis by CD8+ T cellsin vivo: implications for adaptive immunotherapy (2001)

We investigated here the effects of perforin on CTL responses during interaction of dendritic cells (DC) with cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo. Using MHC class I tetramers complexed with the immunodominant CTL epitope of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (LCMV-GP33), we followed the kinetics of DC-induced CTL responses. GP33-presenting DC induced rapid primary expansion of both perforin-competent and -deficient CTL with similar kinetics. Secondary CTL responses in perforin-deficient and normal control mice after DC-booster immunization were more rapid than the primary responses, but never reached the high initial levels, suggesting that reactivated memory CTL eliminated the antigen-presenting DC and thereby limited the booster effect. Whereas killingof DC in vitro was strictly dependent on perforin, elimination of GP33-presenting DC by CTL in vivo was largely independent of perforin and Fas. Taken together, these results suggest that control of DC homeostasis by CTL, i. e. elimination of DC by the effector cells they had elicited, is controlled via multiple and probably redundant signals and represents an important fail-safe mechanism to avoid exaggerated CTL responses.
Scientology (2000)

Der völlig unspektakulären tatsächlichen Lebensgeschichte des Gründers von Scientology, des US-Amerikaners Lafayette Ron Hubbard (1911–1986) stehen autorisierte Selbstdarstellungen der Scientology-Organisation gegenüber, die die Grundlage für eine Vielzahl von Legenden bilden.274 So entstand u.a. das Bild eines Kosmopoliten275, der sich aus der Masse heraushebt, des wahren Gründers einer Religion, des Wunderheilers, des „Menschheits-Großen und schließlich Retters des Planeten, der sich schon seit frühester Kindheit mit den wichtigsten Fragen des Lebens beschäftigt und endlich die richtigen Antworten gefunden habe.“276
BiCom3HV - A 36V Complementary SiGe Bipolar- and JFET-Technology (2007)

An oxide isolated complementary SiGe base bipolar technology is presented that incorporates JFETs, poly-and thin-film resistors, capacitors and Schottky Barrier diodes for high-precision, high-voltage, high speed, low-noise analog applications at significantly reduced package size.
2.1-Tb/s·km OFDM Long-Reach PON Transmission using a Cost-Effective Electro-Absorption Modulator (2011)

We experimentally demonstrate a superior performance of 2.1-Tb/s·km OFDM-signal transmission over 100-km long-reach PONs, which is achieved by using an EAM and direct-detection, and adopting the 128-QAM format and adaptive subcarrier power weighting.
Multiwaveguide SOA for increased saturation powerwithout noise penalty (1999)

Multiwaveguide SOA for increased saturation power without noise penalty The authors present a new semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) concept, the multiwaveguide SOA (MWG-SOA), which associates N parallel SOAs and yields a 10log(N) dB saturation power increase without noise penalty, for the same small-signal gain as each single SOA. The MWG-SOA concept is experimentally validated.
The Procyanidins of White Grapes and Wines (1979)

Procyanidin extracts were prepared from a Seyval white wine, from a Müller-Thurgau wine fermented partly on its skins, and from grape seeds. The extracts were studied chromatographically, showing a range of discrete procyanidin oligomers up to the pentameric and significant quantities of more polymeric and oxidized material. Semi-quantitative estimations showed that the level of total procyanidins was as low as 5-10 mg/l in the Seyval wine rising to 300 mg/1 in the Müller-Thurgau, but that the qualitative distribution patterns of the catechins and procyanidins showed no marked differences between the two. The Müller-Thurgau extract was examined by counter-current distribution between ethyl acetate and water, thus achieving a separation of different groups of oligomeric procyanidins and this was followed by further chromatographic treatment on Sephadex LH-20. The four main procyanidin dimers of white wines were isolated in the free state and were characterized by chromatography and their degradative behavior in the presence of acidic toluene-thiol as procyanidins B1-B4. A further procyanidin fraction was isolated and shown to consist of a mixture of two stereoisomeric trimers, one composed of three epicatechin units and the other of two epicatechins and a terminal catechin. The English-grown MüllerThurgau wine was found to contain negligible amounts of gallocatechins and of galloyl esters of catechins, either alone or in combination as procyanidins; this is in contrast to some previous reports.
MULTIPLE GENETIC PATHWAYS TO SIMILAR FITNESS LIMITS DURING VIRAL ADAPTATION TO A NEW HOST (2011)

The gain in fitness during adaptation depends on the supply of beneficial mutations. Despite a good theoretical understanding of how evolution proceeds for a defined set of mutations, there is little understanding of constraints on net fitness-whether fitness will reach a limit despite ongoing selection and mutation, and if there is a limit, what determines it. Here, the dsDNA bacteriophage SP6, a virus of Salmonella, was adapted to Escherichia coli K-12. From an isolate capable of modest growth on E. coli, four lines were adapted for rapid growth by protocols differing in use of mutagen, propagation method, and duration, but using the same media, temperature, and a continual excess of the novel host. Nucleotide changes underlying those adaptations differed greatly in number and identity, but the four lines achieved similar absolute fitness at the end, an increase of more than 4000-fold phage descendants per hour. Thus, the fitness landscape allows multiple genetic paths to the same approximate fitness limit. The existence and causes of fitness limits have ramifications to genome engineering, vaccine design, and "lethal mutagenesis" treatments to cure viral infections.