gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Applications and Future Impact of Machine Learning in Radiology (2018)

Recent advances and future perspectives of machine learning techniques offer promising applications in medical imaging. Machine learning has the potential to improve different steps of the radiology workflow including order scheduling and triage, clinical decision support systems, detection and interpretation of findings, postprocessing and dose estimation, examination quality control, and radiology reporting. In this article, the authors review examples of current applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques in diagnostic radiology. In addition, the future impact and natural extension of these techniques in radiology practice are discussed.
Immature Dendritic Cells Selectively Replicate Macrophagetropic (M-Tropic) Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, while Mature Cells Efficiently Transmit both M- and T-Tropic Virus to T Cells (1998)

Dendritic cells (DCs) can develop from CD14+ peripheral blood monocytes cultured in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4). By 6 days in culture, the cells have the characteristics of immature DCs and can be further induced to mature by inflammatory stimuli or by monocyte-conditioned medium. After infection with macrophagetropic (M-tropic) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), monocytes and mature DCs show a block in reverse transcription and only form early transcripts that can be amplified with primers for the R/U5 region. In contrast, immature DCs cultured for 6 or 11 days in GM-CSF and IL-4 complete reverse transcription and show a strong signal when LTR/gag primers are used. Blood monocytes and mature DCs do not replicate HIV-1, whereas immature DCs can be productively infected, but only with M-tropic HIV-1. The virus produced by immature DCs readily infects activated T cells. Although mature DCs do not produce virus, these cells transmit both M- and T-tropic virus to T cells. In the cocultures, both DCs and T cells must express functional chemokine coreceptors for viral replication to occur. Therefore, the developmental stage of DCs can influence the interaction of these cells with HIV-1 and influence the extent to which M-tropic and T-tropic virus can replicate.
Shape Analysis of Planar Multiply-Connected Objects Using Conformal Welding (2014)

Shape analysis is a central problem in the field of computer vision. In 2D shape analysis, classification and recognition of objects from their observed silhouettes are extremely crucial but difficult. It usually involves an efficient representation of 2D shape space with a metric, so that its mathematical structure can be used for further analysis. Although the study of 2D simply-connected shapes has been subject to a corpus of literatures, the analysis of multiply-connected shapes is comparatively less studied. In this work, we propose a representation for general 2D multiply-connected domains with arbitrary topologies using conformal welding. A metric can be defined on the proposed representation space, which gives a metric to measure dissimilarities between objects. The main idea is to map the exterior and interior of the domain conformally to unit disks and circle domains (unit disk with several inner disks removed), using holomorphic 1-forms. A set of diffeomorphisms of the unit circle S(1) can be obtained, which together with the conformal modules are used to define the shape signature. A shape distance between shape signatures can be defined to measure dissimilarities between shapes. We prove theoretically that the proposed shape signature uniquely determines the multiply-connected objects under suitable normalization. We also introduce a reconstruction algorithm to obtain shapes from their signatures. This completes our framework and allows us to move back and forth between shapes and signatures. With that, a morphing algorithm between shapes can be developed through the interpolation of the Beltrami coefficients associated with the signatures. Experiments have been carried out on shapes extracted from real images. Results demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed algorithm as a stable shape representation scheme.
Materials and process technology: materials [flip chip assembly] (2000)

A new assembly process for flip chip assembly has been demonstrated to be feasible for manufacturing. The use of heated thermodes on the bonding heads of the flip chip bonder allows the underfill encapsulant, whether film or paste, to be rapidly cured. This eliminates the need for underfill after bump attach and improves the reliability of the flip chip assembly. The NCF and NCP processes also offer the industry an assembly method for achieving high throughput flip chip attach at lower manufacturing costs. This new assembly process couples electrically conductive polymer bumps with a new generation of polymeric encapsulants that can be applied before bumping.
Unique ESD Failure Mechanism in a MuGFET Technology (2006)

FinFET devices have been recently reported to show an unprecedented sensitivity to ESD stress. Detailed failure analyses under ESD stress for these devices reveal a uniquely new mechanism that indicates fusing of single fins. This rather unexpected phenomenon is the cause of extremely high ESD sensitivity as determined by the weakest fin. Based on device simulations, thermal properties of the fins' robustness to ESD are discussed. ESD-robust design of MuGFET circuits is envisioned, if this particular thermal behavior is taken into account for the device design
The aminoquinazoline group as a replacement for the salicylamide group: the design and synthesis of a novel highly selective beta 1 adrenoceptor partial agonist. (1992)

The high potency at beta 1 receptors, excellent selectivity (beta 1/beta 2) and high degree of agonism displayed by compounds such as 1 is believed to be due in part to the salicylamide side chain. Two conformations of salicylamide are known to exist in the crystal state (2 and 3), but ab initio calculations suggest that in the absence of crystal packing forces 2 should be more stable. The aminoquinazoline group was judged to be a good replacement for salicylamide in 1, and consequently the oxypropanolamine derivative 4 was prepared. 4 shows extremely high potency at the beta 1 receptor, and excellent beta 1/beta 2 selectivity. It has comparable in vitro activity to 1, although it displays a lower degree of agonism. These results suggest that in this system aminoquinazoline appears to be an excellent mimic of the salicylamide group.
Characterization of CD4 T Cell Epitopes of Infliximab and Rituximab Identified from Healthy Donors (2017)

The chimeric antibodies anti-CD20 rituximab (Rtx) and anti-TNFα infliximab (Ifx) induce antidrug antibodies (ADAs) in many patients with inflammatory diseases. Because of the key role of CD4 T lymphocytes in the initiation of antibody responses, we localized the CD4 T cell epitopes of Rtx and Ifx. With the perspective to anticipate immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies, identification of the CD4 T cell epitopes was performed using cells collected in healthy donors. Nine T cell epitopes were identified in the variable chains of both antibodies by deriving CD4 T cell lines raised against either Rtx or Ifx. The T cell epitopes often exhibited a good affinity for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR molecules and were part of the peptides identified by MHC-associated peptide proteomics assay from HLA-DR molecules of dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with the antibodies. Two-third of the T cell epitopes identified from the healthy donors stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients having developed ADAs against Rtx or Ifx and promoted the secretion of a diversity of cytokines. These data emphasize the predictive value of evaluating the T cell repertoire of healthy donors and the composition of peptides bound to HLA-DR of DCs to anticipate and prevent immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies.
An Alternative, Sensitive Method to Detect <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> DNA in Feces (2011)

The proposed technique allows detection of very low quantities of H. pylori DNA in biological samples. In laboratory animal models, detailed monitoring of infection and complete clearance of infection can be demonstrated thanks to the low detection limit.
Organization and Sequence of the Genes Coding for the Proton-translocating ATPase of Bacillus megaterium (1989)

We have cloned and sequenced the genes for the subunits of the proton-translocating ATP synthase of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551. The arrangement of the genes is identical to the arrangement of the same genes (the unc operon) in Escherichia coli. The genes for the Fo subunits immediately precede the genes for the F1 subunits and are themselves preceded by an open reading frame which codes for a protein similar to the E. coli i protein. In contrast to the E. coli ATPase genes, the transcript for these ATPase genes does not include this open reading frame.
An autolytic substance in a freshwater cyanobacterium Phormidium tenue. (1990)

An autolytic substance in an axenic cyanobacterium, Phormidium tenue, was identified as a mixture of fatty acids, by use of cultured cells in the laboratory. Among them, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were potent growth inhibitors.
7-Deaza-2′-Deoxyxanthosine: Nucleobase Protection and Base Pairing of Oligonucleotides (2007)

Oligonucleotides containing 7-deaza-2'-deoxyxanthosine (1) and 2'-deoxyxanthosine (2) were prepared. The 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl group is applicable for 7-deazaxanthine protection that is removed with DBU by beta-elimination, while the deprotection of the allyl residue with Pd (0) catalyst failed. Contrarily, the allyl group was found to be an excellent protecting group for 2'-deoxyxanthosine (2). The base pairing of nucleosides 1 and 2 with the four canonical DNA constituents as well as with 3 within the 12-mer duplexes is studied.
Disruption of the Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 M1 Open Reading Frame Leads to Enhanced Reactivation from Latency (2000)

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68, or MHV-68) is a genetically tractable, small animal model for the analysis of gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis. The gammaHV68 genome is colinear with the genomes of other sequence gammaherpesviruses, containing large blocks of conserved genes interspersed by a number of putative genes without clear homologs in the other gammaherpesviruses. One of these putative unique genes, the M1 open reading frame (ORF), exhibits sequence homology to a poxvirus serine protease inhibitor, SPI-1, as well as to another gammaHV68 gene, M3, which we have recently shown encodes an abundantly secreted chemokine binding protein. To assess the contribution of the M1 ORF to gammaHV68 pathogenesis, we have generated a recombinant gammaHV68 in which the M1 ORF has been disrupted through targeted insertion of a lacZ expression cassette (M1.LacZ). Although M1.LacZ replicated normally in tissue culture, it exhibited decreased splenic titers at days 4 and 9 postinfection in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. Despite decreased levels of acute virus replication, M1.LacZ established a latent infection comparable to wild-type (wt) gammaHV68, but exhibited an approximately fivefold increase in efficiency of reactivation from latency. M1.LacZ also caused severe vasculitis of the great elastic arteries in gamma interferon receptor (IFN-gammaR)-deficient mice with a frequency comparable to wt gammaHV68, but did not cause the mortality or splenic pathology observed with wt gammaHV68 infection of IFN-gammaR-deficient mice. Restoration of M1 ORF sequences into M1.LacZ (M1 marker rescue, or M1.MR) demonstrated that M1.LacZ phenotypic alterations in growth in vivo and latency were not due to the presence of additional mutations located elsewhere in the M1. LacZ genome. Generation of a second M1 mutant virus containing a deletion at the 5' end of the M1 ORF (M1Delta511), but lacking the LacZ expression cassette, revealed the same latency phenotype observed with the M1.LacZ mutant. However, M1Delta511 was not attenuated for acute virus replication in the spleen. We conclude that (i) the induction of arteritis in gammaHV68-infected IFN-gammaR-deficient mice can occur in the absence of splenic pathology and mortality, (ii) replication during acute infection is not the primary determinant for the establishment of latent infection, and (iii) the M1 ORF, or a closely linked gene, encodes a gene product that functions to suppress virus reactivation.
Optimal therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and resistance or intolerance to sorafenib: challenges and solutions (2017)

The only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved first-line systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is sorafenib; however, resistance or intolerance to sorafenib is unfortunately common. In this review, we briefly describe systemic therapies that can be considered for patients with HCC who show resistance or intolerance to sorafenib. For all patients with HCC who need systemic therapy, we strongly advocate for participation in clinical trials. Cytotoxic chemotherapy plays a minor role in the treatment of advanced HCC, with some data supporting the use of FOLFOX (infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) and GEMOX (gemcitabine-oxaliplatin). Multi-target kinase inhibitors such as lenvantinib and regorafenib have recently met their primary endpoints as first- and second-line therapy, respectively, with regorafenib now representing the only FDA-approved drug for second-line treatment of HCC. Other targeted therapies remain under investigation, but results so far have not significantly changed clinical practice. Immunotherapy is an interesting area of research in the treatment of HCC with preclinical and early clinical data demonstrating exciting results; thus numerous investigational studies are currently focusing on immunotherapy in the treatment of HCC. While systemic treatment options in HCC remain a challenge for providers, in this review, we summarize the current literature and highlight areas of progress with respect to the treatment of patients with HCC and resistance or intolerance to sorafenib.
An oxygen-bridged triarylamine polycyclic unit based tris-cyclometalated heteroleptic iridium(<scp>iii</scp>) complex: correlation between the structure and photophysical properties (2019)

A novel oxygen-bridged triarylamine polycyclic unit based tris-cyclometalated heteroleptic iridium(iii) complex (Ir-NO) has been designed and prepared. Similar iridium(iii) complexes (Ir-N and Ir-O) have also been prepared for comparison. The single crystal structure indicates that the oxygen-bridged triarylamine polycyclic unit of Ir-NO shows certain planarity, resulting in obvious rigidity and interesting π-π stacking. Additionally, Ir-NO shows a larger redshift emission (586 nm) and a longer emission lifetime (628 ns) than Ir-N (525 nm, 344 ns) and Ir-O (543 nm, 436 ns), and the phosphorescence color can be tuned from green to orange. Electrochemical experiments and DFT calculations reveal that Ir-NO exhibits a high HOMO energy level and intraligand charge transfer (3ILCT) excited state properties, which is in contrast to the low HOMO energy level and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) excited state properties in Ir-N and Ir-O. This result can be attributed to the strong electron-donating ability of the unit.
向公众传达地震风险：“拉奎拉7人”的审判 (2014)

对意大利中部拉奎拉7名公职人员的审判和定罪,据称是因为在2009年4月6日地震之前对公众给出了令人误解的和不正确的信息,已被证明是最近一段时间在科学与减少灾害风险方面最重要的发展之一,同时也是最令人误解的事件之一。它突出地展现了将地球科学中普遍的带有不确定性特征的发现转换成保护普通公民的信息的困难。本文介绍有关在拉奎拉地震灾难中及随后的审判和法律诉讼程序中的那些情况。分析审判的政治、社会和科学方面,以及意大利和其他国家的科学家和他们单位的反应。我认为被告应是负有责任的公职人员,而不是科学家。意大利和国外大众媒体倾向于坚持审判的是预测地震的能力,这对各国科学家的意见也产生了极大地影响。然而,正如检察官所说,实际上审判的是用＂不完整的、不准确的和相互矛盾的信息＂误导公众导致明显地致命的后果。我相信对审判的很多国际反应是被有关诉讼程序的不完整的二手信息所误导。如果科学家们在他们自己的工作上以如此肤浅的方式做判断,结果也会非常不可靠,而公众对科学的信任将会直线下跌。
Vibration-Induced Frictional Force Fields on a Rigid Plate (2007)

By vibrating a rigid plate with up to six degrees of freedom, we can create a large family of programmable frictional force fields acting on parts resting on the plate. These fields can be used for sensorless part orientation, uncertainty-reducing transport, and simultaneous manipulation of multiple parts. The principle is demonstrated by a plate rotating about an axis below the plate. Simple oscillatory rotation produces a squeeze field that attracts and aligns parts along a center line. This behavior is confirmed in experiment. Motivated by this experimental confirmation, we use a simulation to find plate motions that yield a number of other useful primitive force fields. By sequencing these force fields, we can create any force field that is a convex combination of the primitives.
A high-efficiency 3.3-kW bidirectional on-board charger (2015)

A bidirectional on-board charger (BODC) using a full-bridge bidirectional dc-ac inverter and a bidirectional CLLLC dc-dc converter has been designed and built for electric vehicle (EV) on-board charger applications. The dc-ac inverter can be operated in ac-dc with power factor correction (PFC) function. The CLLC dc-dc converter is modified from LLC converter with two separate resonant capacitors on both side of the transformer. A 3.3 kW bidirectional on-board charger prototype has been designed and built. Experimental results show al different operating modes including (1) battery charging mode, (2) vehicle to grid (V2G) mode, and (3) vehicle to house (V2H) mode.
Transcriptional silencing of a transgene by RNAi in the soma of <i>C. elegans</i> (2005)

The silencing of transgene expression at the level of transcription in the soma of Caenorhabditis elegans through an RNAi-dependent pathway has not been previously characterized. Most gene silencing due to RNAi in C. elegans occurs at the post-transcriptional level. We observed transcriptional silencing when worms containing the elt-2::gfp/LacZ transgene were fed RNA produced from the commonly used L4440 vector. The transgene and the vector share plasmid backbone sequences. This transgene silencing depends on multiple RNAi pathway genes, including dcr-1, rde-1, rde-4, and rrf-1. Unlike post-transcriptional gene silencing in worms, elt-2::gfp/LacZ silencing is dependent on the PAZ-PIWI protein Alg-1 and on the HP1 homolog Hpl-2. The latter is a chromatin silencing factor, and expression of the transgene is inhibited at the level of intron-containing precursor mRNA. This inhibition is accompanied by a decrease in the acetylation of histones associated with the transgene. This transcriptional silencing in the soma can be distinguished from transgene silencing in the germline by its inability to be transmitted across generations and its dependence on the rde-1 gene. We therefore define this type of silencing as RNAi-induced Transcriptional Gene Silencing (RNAi-TGS). Additional chromatin-modifying components affecting RNAi-TGS were identified in a candidate RNAi screen.
Large arrays of symmetric self electro-optic effect devices (1991)

For optical processing to become a reality, large arrays of optical processing gates are required with low energies and fast switching speeds. Arrays of symmetric self electro-optic effect devices (S-SEEDs) with as many as 2048 devices (64 x 32) have been made using batch fabrication procedures that process an entire wafer of devices at once [1,2]. In this paper we describe the extension of that work to arrays with 8192 devices (128 x 64) and 32768 elements (256 x 128). We also demonstrate 8 x 16 arrays of symmetric SEED modulators [3] with individual electrical access to the devices. The performance and uniformity of the arrays are more than acceptable to continue systems experiments with these types of devices.
The chemopreventive flavonoid apigenin induces G<sub>2</sub>/M arrest in keratinocytes (1996)

Apigenin is a plant flavonoid which has been shown to significantly inhibit UV-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis when applied topically, and may represent an alternative sunscreen agent in humans. We have investigated the molecular mechanism(s) by which apigenin inhibits skin tumorigenesis. Initial studies examined the effects of apigenin on the cell cycle. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that culturing cells for 24 h in medium containing apigenin induced a G2/M arrest in two mouse skin derived cell lines, C50 and 308, as well as in human HL-60 cells. The G2/M arrest was fully reversible after an additional 24 h in medium without apigenin. We investigated the effects of apigenin on cyclin B1 and p34cdc2, since cyclin B1/p34cdc2 complexes regulate G2/M progression. Western blot and immune complex kinase assays using whole cell lysates from 308 and C50 cells treated for 24 h with 0-70 microM doses of apigenin demonstrated that apigenin treatment did not change the steady-state level of p34cdc2 protein, but did inhibit p34cdc2 H1 kinase activity in 308 cells. Western blot analysis showed that apigenin treatment of C50 cells and 308 cells inhibited the accumulation of cyclin B1 protein in a dose-dependent manner. The apigenin levels detected in cultured keratinocytes were relevant to those detected in epidermal cells of Sencar mice treated with tumor inhibitory doses of apigenin. In conclusion, we present evidence that apigenin induces a reversible G2/M arrest in cultured keratinocytes, the mechanism of which is in part due to inhibition of the mitotic kinase activity of p34cd2, and perturbation of cyclin B1 levels.
Chemotherapy induces enrichment of CD47 <sup>+</sup> /CD73 <sup>+</sup> /PDL1 <sup>+</sup> immune evasive triple-negative breast cancer cells (2018)

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy and is often characterized by early relapse and metastasis. To form a secondary (recurrent and/or metastatic) tumor, a breast cancer cell must evade the innate and adaptive immune systems. CD47 enables cancer cells to evade killing by macrophages, whereas CD73 and PDL1 mediate independent mechanisms of evasion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Here, we report that treatment of human or murine TNBC cells with carboplatin, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, or paclitaxel induces the coordinate transcriptional induction of CD47, CD73, and PDL1 mRNA and protein expression, leading to a marked increase in the percentage of CD47<sup>+</sup>CD73<sup>+</sup>PDL1<sup>+</sup> breast cancer cells. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) blocked chemotherapy-induced enrichment of CD47<sup>+</sup>CD73<sup>+</sup>PDL1<sup>+</sup> TNBC cells, which were also enriched in the absence of chemotherapy by incubation under hypoxic conditions, leading to T cell anergy or death. Treatment of mice with cytotoxic chemotherapy markedly increased the intratumoral ratio of regulatory/effector T cells, an effect that was abrogated by HIF inhibition. Our results delineate an HIF-dependent transcriptional mechanism contributing to TNBC progression and suggest that combining chemotherapy with an HIF inhibitor may prevent countertherapeutic induction of proteins that mediate evasion of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity.