gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pivotal Role of Nucleotide P2X<sub>2</sub>Receptor Subunit of the ATP-Gated Ion Channel Mediating Ventilatory Responses to Hypoxia (2003)

In mammals, the ventilatory response to decreased oxygen tension in the arterial blood is initiated by excitation of specialized O2-sensitive chemoreceptor cells in the carotid body that release neurotransmitters to activate endings of the sinus nerve afferent fibers. We investigated the role of ATP acting via ionotropic P2X receptors in the carotid body function and ventilatory response to hypoxia in mice. Mice deficient in P2X2 receptor subunit showed a markedly attenuated ventilatory response to hypoxia, whereas the response to hypoxia in P2X3-deficient mice was comparable with that seen in wild-type controls. P2X2 and P2X3 receptor subunit deficiency did not affect the ventilatory responses to hypercapnia. P2X2 subunit deficiency resulted in a dramatic reduction in the responses of the carotid sinus nerve to hypoxia in the in vitro carotid body-sinus nerve preparation. ATP and its stable analog alpha,beta-methyleneATP both evoked rapid excitation of sinus nerve afferents, and the P2 receptor antagonist PPADS (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid) (100 microm) blocked hypoxia-induced increase in sinus nerve discharge. Immunoreactivities for P2X2 and P2X3 subunits were both detected on afferent terminals surrounding clusters of glomus cells in the wild-type animals but were absent in mice deficient in P2X2 and P2X3 receptor subunits. These observations provide the first definitive evidence that, in the carotid body, ATP is a key transmitter released by chemoreceptor cells to activate endings of the sinus nerve afferent fibers. We conclude that P2X receptors containing the P2X2 subunit play a pivotal role in carotid body function and in mediating ventilatory responses to hypoxia.
Efficiency Alleles of the <i>Pctr1</i> Modifier Locus for Plasmacytoma Susceptibility (2001)

The susceptibility of BALB/c mice to pristane-induced plasmacytomas is a complex genetic trait involving multiple loci, while DBA/2 and C57BL/6 strains are genetically resistant to the plasmacytomagenic effects of pristane. In this model system for human B-cell neoplasia, one of the BALB/c susceptibility and modifier loci, Pctr1, was mapped to a 5.7-centimorgan (cM) chromosomal region that included Cdkn2a, which encodes p16(INK4a) and p19(ARF), and the coding sequences for the BALB/c p16(INK4a) and p19(ARF) alleles were found to be polymorphic with respect to their resistant Pctr1 counterparts in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice (45). In the present study, alleles of Pctr1, Cdkn2a, and D4Mit15 from a resistant strain (BALB/cDAG) carrying DBA/2 chromatin were introgressively backcrossed to the susceptible BALB/c strain. The resultant C.DAG-Pctr1 Cdkn2a D4Mit15 congenic was more resistant to plasmacytomagenesis than BALB/c, thus narrowing Pctr1 to a 1.5-cM interval. Concomitantly, resistant C57BL/6 mice, from which both gene products of the Cdkn2a gene have been eliminated, developed pristane-induced plasma cell tumors over a shorter latency period than the traditionally susceptible BALB/cAn strain. Biological assays of the p16(INK4a) and p19(ARF) alleles from BALB/c and DBA/2 indicated that the BALB/c p16(INK4a) allele was less active than its DBA/2 counterpart in inducing growth arrest of mouse plasmacytoma cell lines and preventing ras-induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells, while the two p19(ARF) alleles displayed similar potencies in both assays. We propose that the BALB/c susceptibility/modifier locus, Pctr1, is an "efficiency" allele of the p16(INK4a) gene.
Controlling contact transition (1994)

Successful control of contact transitions is an important capability of dextrous robotic manipulators. We examine several methods for controlling the transition from free motion to constrained motion, with an emphasis on minimizing end-effector load oscillations during the transition. A new approach, based on input command shaping, is discussed and compared with several methods developed in prior research. The various techniques were evaluated on a one-axis impact testbed, and we present results from those experiments. The input shaping method was found to be comparable, and in some cases superior, to existing techniques of contact transition control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
LOW CARBON HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL STEELS--A STATUS REPORT (1977)

The Author discusses some of the salient features in the development and formability of low-carbon high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels. Some of the relevant implications of structure properties relationship studies are examined, and various developments in the field of controlled processing are described. The major impetus for development of HSLA steels has been provided by the need for higher strength and lighter sections; increased ductility, formability, and weldability; fracture resistance in terms of a low transition temperature and high shelf energy; and for maximum economic use of increasingly scarce raw materials. The applications in which HSLA steels are being used or envisaged are continually increasing. In structural engineering cold-formed sections are being substituted for hot-rolled products. Increased use of bent, formed, or punched members may be envisaged, and the use of stiffened tubular or monocoque assemblies which require the availability of formable, easily welded, flat-rolled products. In shipbuilding, the weight saving resulting from the use of HSLA steels is a clear advantage, but design stability and corrosion resistance may also be important. However, it is reported that utilization of these steels is some 10-25% of the hull steel weight for various types of cargo and tanker vessels. Order from: BSRA as No. 46,859.
Transport of macromolecules in porous media (1992)

Three models of flow and diffusion of macromolecules in a porous medium are developed. The first model is fully deterministic and is, for given pore space and molecular configurations, exact. It can take into account the effect of both the convection and diffusion of the macromolecules, is valid for both steady and transient transport, and can yield all the important quantities characterizing the transport process. The second model is stochastic in which the macromolecules execute a random walk in the pore space, the transition probability of which takes into account the effect of molecular and pore sizes, and the flow field in the medium. The third model is based on an effective-medium approximation and can be used for both steady and transient diffusion of the molecules in the pore space. The porous medium is represented by a two- or three-dimensional network of interconnected cylindrical pores, in which the effective pore sizes are selected from an experimentally measured pore size distribution. The macromolecules are represented by hard spheres of a given hydrodynamic radius. Detailed calculations are carried out with the three models, and the advantages and disadvantages of each model are discussed. The predictions are compared with the experimental data on polymer diffusion in a porous catalyst, and in silica glasses. Good agreement between the predictions and the data is found in both cases. The extension of the models to more complex molecular and pore shapes is also discussed.
Extraction of Hemicellulosic Oligosaccharides from Spruce Using Microwave Oven or Steam Treatment (2003)

This paper describes the extraction of hemicellulosic oligosaccharides from spruce, using microwave or steam treatment that can be used for the production of polymers, replacing fossil-based polymers, e.g., hydrogels. The highest yield of oligosaccharides, measured as mannan, was 70% obtained with treatment in the microwave oven at 200 degrees C for 5 min. The amount of oligosaccharides extracted was 12.5 g per 100 g of dry wood. The molecular weights of some selected samples were analyzed using fast protein liquid chromatography and size exclusion chromatography and time-of-flight matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. Recovered oligosaccharides following steam treatment at 200 degrees C for 2 min had a mean molecular weight of 3400 g/mol with a maximum weight of 12000 g/mol. Higher severity, i.e., increased temperature (>200 degrees C) and residence time, resulted in lower mean molecular weights and yield. Oligosaccharides with higher mean molecular weights were obtained at lower severity, but the yield was considerably lower. The feasibility of using the extracted hemicellulosic oligosaccharides from spruce for the synthesis of hydrogels was demonstrated.
Tobermorites: A New Family of Cation Exchangers (1983)

Tobermorites have cation-exchange and selectivity properties intermediate between those of clay minerals and zeolites. Aluminum-substituted tobermorites in particular show high selectivity for cesium. This new group of cation exchangers may find applications in catalysis and in nuclear and hazardous waste disposal.
On-road vehicle detection during dusk and at night (2010)

The video-based on-road detection of vehicles at daytime allows driver assistance systems to avoid collisions and thereby improve safety, and realize comfort functions, like the well known adaptive cruise control. However, at nighttime, common video sensor based vehicle detection algorithms can't be used, because most state-of-the-art features, like shadows, symmetry and others, cannot be measured. The on-road detection of vehicles at night is an obligatory feature for modern driver assistance systems, because those systems have to provide assistance functionality at day-time and at night-time, either. In this work, vehicles in front of the own car are recognized by detection of their front or rear lights, using a perspective blob filter and subsequently searching for corresponding light pairs. For preceding vehicles, the activity of the third break light is estimated, to distinguish the maneuver state of the vehicle. Experiments show the robustness of the approach during dusk and at night sequences.
Evaluation of 2 Novel Approaches for Assessing the Ability of Demineralized Freeze‐Dried Bone Allograft to Induce New Bone Formation (1999)

These data indicate that cell culture assays like the one used in this study may not be appropriate indicators of bone induction ability by DFDBA since soluble factors may not be responsible for bone induction in vivo. Nonetheless, in vitro assays are still needed. While Ca and P uptake by DFDBA-implanted tissue in the present study correlated with the age-dependent decrease in bone induction at intramuscular sites in a previously reported study, these data show that early x-rays may actually detect remineralization and not new bone formation. Thus, assessment of bone induction ability may still depend on histologic analysis of animal models.
Spray-Formed High-Tin Bronze—A Homogeneous Pre-Material for ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$-Based Superconductor Wire (2007)

The advantages of high-tin bronze which is produced by the innovative process "spray forming" and its commercial application in Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn superconductor wire are presented. An important decision in the processing of Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn superconductor wire after the bronze method is the choice of pre-material. As the bronze, together with the niobium, is subjected to hot and cold forming processes, homogeneous bronze pre-material is required. High-tin bronze produced by spray forming exhibits a high degree of homogeneity. Advantages of spray-formed bronze are the very fine, equi-axed grains, the homogeneous grain structure, the reduced delta phase particle size, the minimized delta phase volume fraction and the homogeneous element distribution. These advantages are given in all spray-formed bronze qualities with tin contents up to 20%. Spray-formed bronzes with tin contents of 14.5%, 15.5% and 16.0% and an additionally titanium content up to 0.3% are commercially produced and supplied to different superconductor wire manufacturers. The processing results show that the production process stability is excellent and the results of superconducting properties are reproducible. Bronzes with tin contents of 17% and 20% have also been successfully spray-formed and formed into tubes and rods. These bronzes are now subject of investigations regarding the use in future Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn superconducting magnets with increased magnetic field strength.
A statistical parametric and probe yield analysis methodology [IC manufacture] (2002)

This paper describes a fast and effective parametric analysis methodology for identifying and quantifying parametric sensitivity of the product yield in a semiconductor process. Starting with over 100 parametric parameters typically, this parametric analysis methodology is able to isolate the top five parametric problems that have significant yield impact. It also able to translate the parametric problems to fab process module problems that can be fixed by fab process engineers. The proposed methodology separates the product yield into two major components: a non-random systematic yield Y/sub s/ and a random yield Y/sub r/. It calculates statistics for all ET (Electrical Test) parameters and identifies the critical yield limited factors based on the analysis of the statistical significance of the data groups. The proposed methodology is capable of determining the yield impacts of the parametric sensitive parameters, and it is also capable of identifying the causes of the parametric yield losses. Based on the results of the parametric analyses, it will propose a detail plan to improve the systematic yield. Applications of the proposed parametric and probe yield analysis methodology to many manufacturing lines' data show great success in identifying and quantifying parametric yield sensitivity.
A Current Update on the Use of Alpha Lipoic Acid in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2009)

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) which is characterised by insulin resistance, is closely linked to the triad of glucolipotoxicity, inflammation and oxidative stress. Increased adiposity, leading to increased free fatty acids (FFAs), contributes to insulin resistance by disrupting the signal transduction pathway of insulin mediated glucose disposal, and causes impaired insulin secretion. Hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia driven oxidative stress resulting from enhanced free-radical formation and/or defects in antioxidant defence is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy (DN). This and other inflammatory pathways account for a complex network of interacting metabolic factors responsible for causing diabetes and her complications. There is growing evidence that Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) has beneficial effects on the treatment of T2DM and some of its complications. It represents an attractive pharmacological target in the treatment of T2DM by modulating the signal transduction pathways in insulin resistance and antagonizing the oxidative and inflammatory stresses, which are major players in the pathogenesis of this disorder. A potent anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger, ALA also targets cellular signal transduction pathways which increases glucose uptake and utilization, thus providing specific targeted therapy in the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetic neuropathy. Apart from the rare risk of Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome (IAS), ALA has shown to be relatively safe, even in patients with renal and liver failure. This review focuses and summarises the molecular mechanisms of T2DM, and underlines the therapeutic value of ALA in this globally significant disease.
Amine Oxides. III. Selective Formation of Olefins from Unsymmetrical Amine Oxides and Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides<sup>1</sup> (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmine Oxides. III. Selective Formation of Olefins from Unsymmetrical Amine Oxides and Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides1Arthur C. Cope, Norman A. LeBel, Hiok-Huang Lee, and William R. MooreCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 17, 4720–4729Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01574a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01574a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views758Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Pharmacokinetic Study of Intravenous CTLA4Ig, a Novel Immunosuppressive Agent, in Mice (1996)

Three skin-intact mice in each group received a single 0.07-, 0.29-, or 0.57-mg dose of CTLA4Ig intravenously (i.v.). Three skin-grafted mice received a single 0.29-mg dose i.v. and another three skin-grafted mice received a 0.29-mg dose once daily for 7 days (the dose was administered via the tail vein). Serial blood samples (0.15 mL) were obtained by retro-orbital bleeds up to 240 h after all single doses and up to 360 h after the last multiple dose. Serum samples were analyzed for CTLA4Ig by a validated enzyme immunoassay method. The concentration data were subjected to noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Both Cmax and AUCinf values increased in a dose-proportional manner in skin-intact mice. The CLT values were dose independent. The MRT, t1/2, and Vdss values at the 0.07-mg dose level were significantly lower than those obtained for both the 0.29- and 0.57-mg dose levels; however, the respective values between the 0.29- and 0.57-mg dose levels were not significantly different. No significant differences were found in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the skin-intact and skin-grafted mice.
Performance evaluation of FM-DCSK modulation in multipath environments (2000)

G. Kolumban [2000] has shown that, under specified conditions, the noise performance of frequency-modulated differential chaos shift keying (FM-DCSK) in a single-ray additive white Gaussian noise channel is independent of the shape of the underlying waveform. This paper discusses the qualitative features of the FM-DCSK system and characterizes the performance of this system in standard reference multipath channels.
Simultaneous compensation of laser chirp, Kerr effect, and dispersion in 10-Gb/s long-haul transmission systems (1993)

The effects of chirp and fiber nonlinearity in a directly modulated 10-Gb/s intensity-modulated direct-detection (IM-DD) fiber transmission system are investigated by simulation, and a simple and flexible technique for compensating these effects is discussed. Self-phase-modulation (SPM) in optical fiber can be equalized by an anomalous dispersion fiber, whereas pulse broadening caused by laser transient chirp can be compensated by normal dispersion. Using these characteristics, laser transient chirp, SPM, and fiber dispersion can be simultaneously compensated by equalizing fibers inserted within certain intervals. Optimum compensation is always realizable for such fixed equalizing fibers, since the magnitude of SPM can be controlled by changing the optical power in the fiber. Simulation suggests that this technique enables 10-Gb/s, 100-km fiber transmission by direct modulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Proteins as Antagonists of Intrinsic and Innate Antiviral Host Responses (2009)

The major immediate-early (IE) gene of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is believed to have a decisive role in acute infection and its activity is an important indicator of viral reactivation from latency. Although a variety of gene products are expressed from this region, the 72-kDa IE1 and the 86-kDa IE2 nuclear phosphoproteins are the most abundant and important. Both proteins have long been recognized as promiscuous transcriptional regulators. More recently, a critical role of the IE1 and IE2 proteins in counteracting non-adaptive host cell defense mechanisms has been revealed. In this review we will briefly summarize the available literature on IE1- and IE2-dependent mechanisms contributing to CMV evasion from intrinsic and innate immune responses.
Dense 3D motion capture from synchronized video streams (2008)

This paper proposes a novel approach to non-rigid, markerless motion capture from synchronized video streams acquired by calibrated cameras. The instantaneous geometry of the observed scene is represented by a polyhedral mesh with fixed topology. The initial mesh is constructed in the first frame using the publicly available PMVS software for multi-view stereo [7]. Its deformation is captured by tracking its vertices over time, using two optimization processes at each frame: a local one using a rigid motion model in the neighborhood of each vertex, and a global one using a regularized nonrigid model for the whole mesh. Qualitative and quantitative experiments using seven real datasets show that our algorithm effectively handles complex nonrigid motions and severe occlusions.
Shifting centres: women and migration in New Zealand history (2003)

Three graduate students, several academics, and several researchers are the contributors to this collection of accounts by and about women immigrants to New Zealand. The stories, which mainly post-date World War II, consider the experiences of women from a variety of backgrounds and countries, including Germany, China, Samoa, Ireland, as well as native Maori migration from rural to urban centres.