gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding Hydrocarbon Emissions in Heavy Duty Diesel Engines Combining Experimental and Computational Methods (2017)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Fundamental understanding of the sources of fuel-derived Unburned Hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions in heavy duty diesel engines is a key piece of knowledge that impacts engine combustion system development. Current emissions regulations for hydrocarbons can be difficult to meet in-cylinder and thus after treatment technologies such as oxidation catalysts are typically used, which can be costly. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are combined with engine experiments in an effort to build an understanding of hydrocarbon sources. In the experiments, the combustion system design was varied through injector style, injector rate shape, combustion chamber geometry, and calibration, to study the impact on UHC emissions from mixing-controlled diesel combustion. A tracer-based visualization methodology, using full cylinder and full cycle CFD simulations was developed to understand combustion chamber exhausting processes and help interpret crank-angle resolved test measurements of UHC in the exhaust runner using a Cambustion Fast Flame Ionization Detector. Comparisons of the quantitative CFD predictions of UHC for varying engine configurations gives additional insight on the current state of the art predictive capability. Simulations with imposed fuel injector dribble phenomenon were additionally evaluated. The historical view of diesel UHC emissions having a strong dependency on injector dribble and injector sac volume was confirmed to still be of utmost importance. Results indicate that fuel injector dribble is a key source contributing from 75 to 90% of the UHC emissions under the conditions investigated. A discussion of simulation gaps and future modeling needs specific to diesel hydrocarbon sources highlights CFD capabilities required for research and development environments.</div></div>
Engineering Glucose Swelling Responses in Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Microgels (2007)

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels are functionalized with aminophenyboronic acid (APBA) to produce nanoparticles which swell in response to increases in the glucose concentration. A "graft-to" approach was used to synthesize a range of microgels with different physical properties from the same base microgel. Higher APBA graft yields are achieved as the −COOH groups in the platform microgel become more localized on the surface and more highly spaced within the subchains. The glucose swelling response of the graft microgels is enhanced as the PBA functional groups become more localized in the outer shell of the microgel and more randomly distributed within the gel network subchains. The glucose-induced VPTT shift observed in the PBA−microgel conjugates can be exploited to produce microgels that exhibit on−off glucose swelling as a function of temperature or enhanced swelling responses over specific glucose concentration ranges at a single, tunable temperature. The "secondary" thermal phase transition is thus applied to effect an order-of-magnitude enhancement or suppression of the "primary" glucose-induced phase transition. Both linear and nonlinear microgel glucose sensors are subsequently designed which are active within targeted glucose concentration ranges.
Hemostasis and Hemodilution: A Quantitative Mathematical Guide for Clinical Practice (2003)

Quantitative changes of hemostasis during hemodilution remain unclear. With the increasing popularity of artificial blood substitutes (ABS), which solely provide oxygen-transport capacity, this issue becomes even more complex. We developed a mathematical model to quantitatively analyze hemostasis during hemodilution and validated it by recalculating patient data. We calculated and compared maximal allowable blood losses (MABL) related to minimal acceptable hematocrit, platelet concentration, and plasma fibrinogen concentration. MABL is the maximal blood loss that can be tolerated without any additional blood products. The variable with the smallest MABL thus limits hemodilution foremost. Hemodilution included isovolemic replacement of blood loss with colloid or acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) followed by isovolemic replacement of blood loss with colloid and ABS. We also related our findings to preoperative patient data (n = 204). The decline in platelet concentrations rarely (<2% of all patients) limits hemodilution. By contrast, critical plasma fibrinogen (< or =100 mg/dL) concentrations can often (< or =20% of all patients) limit hemodilution if their initial concentrations are within the lower normal range (<300 mg/dL). These findings become more frequent if ANH is combined with ABS. Under those circumstances ANH blood products are solely required for stabilization of hemostasis, thereby defeating the original purpose of combining ANH with ABS.The causes of quantitative changes of hemostasis during hemodilution, as well as their clinical effect and relevance, remain unclear. Using a validated, realistic mathematical model, we demonstrate that hemostasis, especially plasma fibrinogen, can limit the extent of hemodilution. This phenomenon is particularly prominent when acute normovolemic hemodilution is combined with artificial blood substitutes.
Recovering shading and reflectance from a single image (2002)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.
TEC Monitoring by Using Satellite Positioning Systems (1996)

Large families with autosomal dominant mutations leading to Alzheimer's disease and related conditions can show putative protective gene variants; however, no systematic search strategy exists to find these genes. Described here are the unique demographic circumstances and genetic setting in which the discovery of protective variants is likely. The identification of these genes may reveal pathways with therapeutic implications. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:613-617.
Intention-to-treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: Resection versus transplantation (1999)

Liver transplantation is proposed as the best therapy for early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients. However, the confrontation with the results obtained by surgical resection has never been done on an intention-to-treat basis. Between 1989 and 1997, 164 out of 1,265 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were evaluated for surgery. Seventy-seven (48 men, mean 61 years of age, 74 Child-Pugh class A, size 33 +/- 18 mm) were resected (first line option) and 87 (65 men, mean 55 years of age, 50 Child-Pugh class B/C, size 24 +/- 14 mm) were selected for transplantation. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year "intention-to-treat" survival was 85%, 62%, and 51% for resection and 84%, 69%, and 69% for transplantation (8 drop-outs on waiting list). Bilirubin and clinically relevant portal hypertension were independent survival predictors after resection. Thereby, the 5-year survival of the best candidates (absence of clinically relevant portal hypertension, n = 35) was 74%, whereas it was 25% for the worst candidates (portal hypertension and bilirubin >/=1 mg/dL, n = 27) (P <.00001). The variable "drop-out on waiting list" was the sole survival predictor after transplantation. The 2-year survival rate of patients evaluated for transplantation was 84% in the 1989 to 1995 period (mean waiting time, 62 days; no drop-outs) and 54% during 1996 to 1997 (mean waiting time, 162 days; 8 drop-outs)(P <.003). This outcome was significantly lower than that of the best candidates for resection (P =.002). In conclusion, a proper selection of candidates for resection promotes better results than transplantation, in which the results are significantly hampered by the growing incidence of drop-outs because of the increasing waiting time.
Two different species of murein transglycosylase in Escherichia coli (1980)

We demonstrated that Escherichia coli murein transglycosylase exists in two forms. After mechanical disruption of the cells, one form was found in the soluble fraction and the other, in the cell envelope. The two enzymes differed with respect to molecular weight, isoelectric point, solubility in aqueous buffers, and to some extent in their requirements for maximal catalytic activity. The molecular weight of the membrane-bound transglycosylase (35,000) was half that of the soluble enzyme. Whether the high-molecular-weight soluble protein is a precursor of the membrane-bound enzyme species remains to be elucidated.
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of the Response of Differentiated PC12 Cells to Calcium Stress (1994)

The mechanisms that lead ultimately to neuronal death in pathological ageing of the brain remain mostly unknown as in the case of Parkinson's disease where there is a progressive and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. Dopamine-expressing PC12 cells that were neuronally differentiated by nerve growth factor treatment were chosen as a culture model in which to study some of the changes that may occur during the course of the degenerative process. They were exposed to the calcium ionophore A23187 in order to produce a sustained rise in cytoplasmic calcium, a phenomenon related to various pathological conditions. The degenerative effects of the ionophore were dose- and time-dependent. They were characterized by early fragmentation of the neurites followed ultimately by a loss in cell viability. Biochemical changes, such as a decrease in [3H]dopamine uptake and modulations of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, were detected before macroscopic evidence of cell suffering (e.g. neurite fragmentation) could be observed. Although an ongoing degenerative process was occurring in cell somata, PC12 cells were able to recover upon ionophore withdrawal. Characteristics of apoptosis such as chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation were detectable in a small population of dying cells. DNA fragmentation could be prevented by the endonuclease inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid. New protein synthesis was not required, as cycloheximide failed to prevent degeneration. Taken together, these results suggest that differentiated PC12 cells react to calcium stress through a sequence of regulatory processes which appears to be independent of the apoptotic pathway.
Fractionation of blood components using high gradient magnetic separation (1982)

We review a wide range of strategies for using high gradient magnetic separtion to fractionate blood components. The physics bases of the techniques involve: (i) variations in cell haemoglobin and cell geometry; (ii) changes in haemoglobin magnetic susceptibility in various carrier environments; (iii) the use of paramagnetic carrier fluids. Single wire and bulk filter studies are reported which show that these techniques can be successfully applied to: (a) white cell and platelet counting; (b) cell fractionation on haemoglobin type and content; (c) diamagnetic white cell and platelet separation; (d) nucleated red cell studies; (e) sickle cell separation. We show that red blood cells can be magnetically separated both paramagnetically and diamagnetically and offer a basis or the assessment of diamagnetic capture efficiency.
Isolation and characterisation of mutants from the halotolerant yeast Pichia sorbitophila defective in H+/glycerol symport activity (1996)

Pichia sorbitophila, a yeast species that is highly resistant to osmotic stress in general and to salt stress in particular, was subjected to a mutagenesis strategy in order to obtain mutants deficient in the glycerol active uptake previously described. Density centrifugation was used for enrichment of NaCl sensitive mutants in either glucose or glycerol media. Several phenotypic classes of mutants were identified, to which physiological tests were applied concerning the activity of the symporter, its accumulation capacity and the detection of the activity of glycerol pathway specific enzymes. From these, two mutant strains were selected, presenting a clearly deficient phenotype on H+/glycerol symport activity.
Synthesis and reactions of .alpha.-carbomethoxy-N-phenylmaleimide and related electrophilic ethylenes (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and reactions of .alpha.-carbomethoxy-N-phenylmaleimide and related electrophilic ethylenesStacy B. Evans, Mohamed Abdelkader, Anne Buyle Padias, and H. K. Hall Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 12, 2848–2852Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00273a014RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views746Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (602 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Catalytic “triangles”: binding of iron in task-specific ionic liquids (2012)

A new class of task-specific ionic liquids (ILs) which contain septuply positively charged {Fe(3)(III)O(RCOO)(6)L(3)}(7+) triangles has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Such metal-containing ILs can be repeatedly used as alternative catalysts in the synthesis of 2-pyrrolo-3'-yloxindole or the condensation of indoles with various aldehydes.
Hydrocarbons from Carbides. (1937)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrocarbons from Carbides.Garth L. Putnam and Kenneth A. KobeCite this: Chem. Rev. 1937, 20, 1, 131–143Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1937Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1937https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60065a006https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60065a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views350Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Routing in networks with random topologies (2002)

We examine the problems of routing and server assignment in networks with random connectivities. In such a network the basic topology is fixed, but during each time slot and for each of its input queues, each server (node) is either connected to or disconnected from each of its input queues with some probability. During each time slot a server must decide which of its connected input queues to serve and into which of its output queues the completed job should be placed. For single-input single-output acyclic queueing networks with random connectivities, we show that the joint routing/service policy that routes customers along the least populated path to the destination and serves any non-empty queue maximizes throughput. We briefly discuss some implementation aspects of the proposed policy, including its robustness in stabilizing the system with respect to delayed state information.
Interaction of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> Glucosyltransferases with Teichoic Acids (1980)

The Streptococcus mutans GS5 glucosyltransferase activities (both water-soluble and -insoluble glucan-synthesizing fractions) were inhibited by purified lipoteichoic acid. In vitro sucrose-dependent colonization of smooth surfaces by strain GS5 was also markedly reduced in the presence of the amphipathic molecules. The inhibition of soluble glucan synthesis by lipoteichoic acid appeared to be competitive with respect to both sucrose and primer dextran T10. These inhibitory effects were dependent on the presence of the fatty acid components of lipoteichoic acid since deacylated lipoteichoic acids did not inhibit glucosyltransferase activity. However, the deacylated molecules did interact with the enzymes since deacylated lipoteichoic acid partially protected the enzyme activity against heat inactivation and also induced the formation of high-molecular-weight enzyme complexes from the soluble glucan-synthesizing fraction. The presence of teichoic acid in high-molecular-weight aggregates of glucosyltransferase isolated from the culture fluids of strain GS5 was suggested by the detection of polyglycerophosphate in these fractions. In addition to strain GS5, two other organisms containing polyglycerophosphate teichoic acids, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus fermentum, were demonstrated to bind glucosyltransferase activity. These results are discussed relative to the potential role of teichoic acid-glucosyltransferase interactions in enzyme binding to the cell surface of S. mutans and the formation of high-molecular-weight enzyme aggregates in the culture fluids of the organism.
Matrix Multiplication by Optical Methods (1970)

The utilization of coherent optical correlation techniques in the performance of matrix multiplication by-optical analog methods has been investigated mathematically. Although the basic concepts have been known for some time, we have not been able to find explicit analyses in the existing literature. Since many correlations other than those corresponding to the desired matrix multiplication terms exist, methods of isolating the desired from the undesired terms are presented. Various spatial configurations for both the input and output arrays are discussed. For the special cases of 2 x 2 matrices the analyses are presented in greater detail. Using simple circ function distributions, the effects of finite-sized array elements and detector apertures are investigated.
Poisson dampening factor (2007)

Reservoir discrimination and characterization for proper lithology and fluid-content distribution is a must for proper reservoir management. Seismic inversion methods using variation of amplitude with offset (AVO) are regularly used in differentiating lithology along with its fluid content. Acoustic impedance (AI), shear impedance (SI), and density (ρ) are the fundamental rock properties often derived using AVO equations. The AI and SI estimates are more stable as compared to the density estimate that remains unstable because of its dependence on far-angle amplitude information. Various attributes, e.g., lambda-rho, mu-rho, elastic impedance, Poisson's ratio etc., derived from these inversion results are routinely used to discriminate lithology along with its fluid content. A new approach using Poisson dampening factor (PDF) attribute, derived using AI and SI values and making density estimate intrinsic within it, is applied and found to improve reservoir delineation and description.
A Fluorescence-Based Thiol Quantification Assay for Ultra-High-Throughput Screening for Inhibitors of Coenzyme A Production (2008)

Here we report the development and miniaturization of a cell-free enzyme assay for ultra-high-throughput screening (uHTS) for inhibitors of two potential drug targets for obesity and cancer: fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (ACC) 2. This assay detects CoA, a product of the FAS-catalyzed condensation of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. The free thiol of CoA can react with 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin (CPM), a profluorescent coumarin maleimide derivative that becomes fluorescent upon reaction with thiols. FAS produces long-chain fatty acid and CoA from the condensation of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. In our FAS assay, CoA released in the FAS reaction forms a fluorescence adduct with CPM that emits at 530 nm when excited at 405 nm. Using this detection method for CoA, we measured the activity of sequential enzymes in the fatty acid synthesis pathway to develop an ACC2/FAS-coupled assay where ACC2 produces malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA. We miniaturized the FAS and ACC2/FAS assays to 3,456- and 1,536-well plate format, respectively, and completed uHTSs for small molecule inhibitors of this enzyme system. This report shows the results of assay development, miniaturization, and inhibitor screening for these potential drug targets.
Achievable rates and forward-backward decoding algorithms for the Gaussian relay channels under the one-code constraint (2014)

This paper is concerned with the Gaussian relay channel (GRC) under the one-code constraint, where the source and the relay utilize the same code to send message. An advantage of such one-code constraint is that the error propagation resulting from re-encoding can be mitigated as the relay can forward directly the decoded “codeword” to the destination. The maximal achievable rate of the considered GRC is derived using the technique of superposition block Markov encoding based on the single code. Moreover, the forward-backward (FB) decoding strategies over the sliding window are developed both at the destination and at the relay. When LDPC codes are applied to the GRC system, a practical FB message passing decoding algorithm is presented. Simulation results show that the decoding performance can be improved as the window length increases and a small length (no greater than 4) is good enough for the FB decoding, and that re-encoding at relay may degrade the decoding performance at the destination.
A coloured petri net based tool for course of action development and analysis (2002)

This paper presents a Course Of Action Scheduling Tool (COAST) to support operations planning in the Australian Defence Force (ADF). COAST is a software tool based on Coloured Petri Nets (CPNs or CP-nets) and Design/CPN. It is developed with an underlying conceptual framework that complements the ADF planning process. At the core of COAST is a CPN model that formally specifies the execution of tasks in a course of action. During planning, the CPN model is instantiated with concrete tasks for execution and analysis. COAST has a client-server architecture. The client provides a graphical user interface for task instantiation and lines of operation analysis. The server uses the instantiated CPN model to conduct state space analysis for generating and analysing lines of operation.