gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Icassp 2022 Deep Noise Suppression Challenge (2022)

The Deep Noise Suppression (DNS) challenge is designed to foster innovation in the area of noise suppression to achieve superior perceptual speech quality. This is the 4th DNS challenge, with the previous editions held at INTERSPEECH 2020 [1], ICASSP 2021 [2], and INTERSPEECH 2021 [3]. We open-source datasets and test sets for researchers to train their deep noise suppression models, as well as a subjective evaluation framework based on ITU-T P.835 to rate and rank-order the challenge entries. We provide access to DNS-MOS P.835 and word accuracy (WAcc) APIs to challenge participants to help with iterative model improvements. In this challenge, we introduced the following changes: (i) Included mobile device scenarios in the blind test set; (ii) Included a personalized noise suppression track with baseline; (iii) Added WAcc as an objective metric; (iv) Included DNSMOS P.835; (v) Made the training datasets and test sets fullband (48 kHz). We use an average of WAcc and subjective scores P.835 SIG, BAK, and OVRL to get the final score for ranking the DNS models. We believe that as a research community, we still have a long way to go in achieving excellent speech quality in challenging noisy real-world scenarios.
The Flavin Content of Clovers Relative to Symbiosis with a Riboflavin-requiring Mutant of <i>Rhizobium trifoli</i> (1974)

A riboflavin-requiring auxotroph of Rhizobium trifolii (T1/D-his(r)-15) formed ineffective root nodules on red clover and on two cultivars of subterranean clover, but produced almost fully effective nodules on several other cultivars of subterranean clover. Fluorescence and bioassay measurements of the flavin content of the roots and shoots of these cultivars revealed no differences between cultivars which could be correlated with the differences in symbiotic response. The concentration of flavin in nodules formed by the auxotroph (in the absence of riboflavin), by the effective parent strain (T1), or by a partly effective mutant (penicillin-resistant) of T1 was roughly proportional to the effectiveness of the nodules. Effective nodules contained 20 times as much flavin, and ineffective nodules 3 to 4 times as much flavin as non-nodulated root tissue. Approximately 20 to 30% of the flavins in both root and nodule tissue was flavin adenine dinucleotide and 70 to 80% was riboflavin + flavin mononucleotide. Most of the flavin adenine dinucleotide in macerated nodules was associated with host cell fragments, and none was detected in a cell-free fraction. Bacteroids accounted for approximately 20% of flavins in effective nodules and also contained more riboflavin + flavin mononucleotide than cultured rhizobial cells. The total flavin content of noninoculated roots increased from about 1.2 nmoles to 1.7 nmoles flavin/g of tissue after 3 days' exposure to 80 mum riboflavin. Exposure of only the upper or lower portion of preinoculated roots indicated negligible translocation, as effective nodulation occurred only on parts of the root in direct contact with riboflavin. Plants grown in a medium containing combined nitrogen (100 or 300 mum nitrogen added as (NH(4))(2)SO(4)), but no added riboflavin showed an increased root flavin content (about 2.1 nmoles flavin/g tissue) and a partly effective response when inoculated with the mutant. Nitrogen also promoted some upward translocation of exogenous riboflavin in the roots.
Dimensional-crossover studies of magnetic susceptibility in diluted-magnetic-semiconductor superlattices (1987)

A planar dc SQUID with integrated pickup loops and field coils has allowed precise ac magnetic susceptibility measurements of ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te-CdTe superlattices as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. The spin-glass transition in 86-A\r{}-thick magnetic layers broadens and disappears as the thickness is reduced to 18 A\r{}, suggesting the inability of the 2D system to support long-range spin-glass order. Novel hysteretic effects are seen in the thinnest layers.
Study on Surfactin, a Cyclic Depsipeptide. II. Synthesis of Surfactin B2 Produced by Bacillus natto KMD 2311. (1996)

The total synthesis of surfactin B2, a cyclic depsipeptide isolated from Bacillus natto KMD 2311, was achieved to elucidate the absolute configuration of its fatty acid moiety. This is the first chemical confirmation of the absolute configuration of a surfactin homolog. Two possible diastereoisomers of surfactin B2, cyclo[D- and L-3-(Glu-Leu-D-Leu-Val-Asp-D-Leu-Leu-O)-n-tetradecanoyl] (1a and b), were synthesized by a solution method using mainly active ester and azide fragment condensation methods. Cyclization reaction of the partially protected linear depsipeptide containing the C-terminal N-succinimidyl active ester in pyridine by the high dilution method at room temperature for 3d gave the desired cyclic depsipeptide in a high yield of about 70%. The synthetic product 1a, containing the D-isomer of 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid as a fatty acid moiety, was identical with natural surfactin B2.
Ion-selective Electrode Membranes Responsive to Maleic and Phthalic Acids (1973)

Abstract Ion-selective electrodes responsive to maleic and phthalic acids were prepared. The organic solvent solution of the ion-pair of the objective monovalent acid anion with a Crystal Violet or a tris(bathophenanthroline)-iron(II) ion was used as the electrode membrane. The responses of both electrodes were linear down to 10−4–10−4.5 M, with an ideal Nernstian slope of 57–58 mV per activity decade at 20 °C. Together with the potential slope, the pH dependence of the potential showed that the electrode responded to the monovalent anion of maleic or phthalic acid. The interferences of acetate, benzoate, and chloride were extremely low, whereas iodide and perchlorate interfered greatly. The maleic acid electrode works well without the interference of fumaric aicd. The phthalic acid electrode also functions without any interferences by isophthalic or terephthalic acid.
Internet based frequency monitoring network (FNET) (2002)

Power system frequency is one of the most critical parameters for understanding and controlling power system dynamics. This paper describes an Internet based real time GPS synchronized wide area frequency monitoring network (FNET). FNET has the following unique features: (1) it uses the Internet as the communication infrastructure to allow wide area data transmission and gathering; (2) only area power system frequency information data will be measured; (3) the measurement will be taken at 110 V single-phase power outlets at places all over the country; and (4) the time stamped frequency data will be collected at the Virginia Tech server via Internet on a continuous basis in quasi-real time.
Application of a 22L scale membrane bioreactor and cross‐flow ultrafiltration to obtain purified chondroitin (2012)

Recently, the possibility of producing fructosylated chondroitin from the capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli O5:K4:H4, in fed-batch and microfiltration experiments was assessed on a 2 L bioreactor. In this work, a first scale-up step was set on a 22 L membrane reactor with modified baffles to insert ad hoc designed microfiltration modules permanently inside the bioreactor vessel. Moreover, the downstream polysaccharide purification process, recently established on the A¨︁KTA cross-flow instrument, was translated to a UNIFLUX-10, a tangential flow filtration system suitable for prepilot scale. In particular, the microfiltered permeates obtained throughout the fermentation, and the supernatant recovered from the centrifuged broth at the end of the process, were treated as two separate samples in the following ultrafiltration procedure, and the differences in the two streams and how these affected the ultrafiltration/diafiltration process performance were analysed. The total amount of K4 capsular polysaccharide was about 85% in the broth and 15% in the microfiltered permeates. However, the downstream treatment was more efficient when applied to the latter. The major contaminant, the lipopolysaccharide, could easily be separated by a mild hydrolysis that also results in the elimination of the unwanted fructosyl residue, which is linked to the C-3 of glucuronic acid residues. The tangential ultrafiltration/diafiltration protocols developed in a previous work were effectively scaled-up, and therefore in this research proof of principle was established for the biotechnological production of chondroitin from the wild-type strain E. coli O5:K4:H4. The complete downstream procedure yielded about 80% chondroitin with 90% purity.
SNR Comparisons of Beamforming Strategies (2007)

This paper defines the echo signal-to-noise ratio (eSNR) for pulse-echo systems that adapts to the effects of shift-varying impulse responses, spatiotemporal coding, and various beamformers. Measurement techniques using point targets or random scattering media can be interrelated for a broad range of experimental conditions through the eSNR. The eSNR definitions are also illustrated by comparing a spatial matched filter (SMF) beamformer to conventional dynamic receive focusing methods to evaluate performance based on resolution and sensitivity. Closed-form expressions are presented that predict eSNR gains from SMF approaches relative to other beamformers.
Multi-sensor system for level measurements with optical fibres (2003)

A system for measuring liquid level in multiple tanks using optical fibre technology has been developed. The oil field service industry can benefit from this intrinsically safe technology. Plastic optical fibre (POF) sensor heads are excited by a 650 nm laser. Laser diodes are housed in ST connectors to obtain compact and rough prototypes and these connectors are also used in the fibre pigtails. Optical multiplexing is used to increase the measuring safety area. POF splitters and connectors are used to combine all the receiving sensor head fibres in a single one. Frequency division multiplexing is used to address each sensor head. The global system is controlled through a user friendly software application running in a PC connected to the system via an RS-232 port. A scalable prototype with a range greater than 2 meter, good linearity, better than 1.5% FS (full scale), high accuracy and resolution is developed using a unique lens to collimate and focus the light. Measurements are taken to validate the designs. Up to 8 sensor heads can be connected in the present implementation. But a greater number of sensors can be allocated with minor modifications in the electronics.
The Social Security Administration's Policy of Nonacquiescence (1987)

The Secretary acknowledges that he was bound on remand to follow the law of the case doctrine.The Secretary, however, makes clear his belief that the Social Security Administration is not bound by stare decisis to follow lower court precedent.
Conserved epigenomic signals in mice and humans reveal immune basis of Alzheimer’s disease (2015)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic and neuronal loss, and cognitive decline. Several genes have been implicated in AD, but chromatin state alterations during neurodegeneration remain uncharacterized. Here we profile transcriptional and chromatin state dynamics across early and late pathology in the hippocampus of an inducible mouse model of AD-like neurodegeneration. We find a coordinated downregulation of synaptic plasticity genes and regulatory regions, and upregulation of immune response genes and regulatory regions, which are targeted by factors that belong to the ETS family of transcriptional regulators, including PU.1. Human regions orthologous to increasing-level enhancers show immune-cell-specific enhancer signatures as well as immune cell expression quantitative trait loci, while decreasing-level enhancer orthologues show fetal-brain-specific enhancer activity. Notably, AD-associated genetic variants are specifically enriched in increasing-level enhancer orthologues, implicating immune processes in AD predisposition. Indeed, increasing enhancers overlap known AD loci lacking protein-altering variants, and implicate additional loci that do not reach genome-wide significance. Our results reveal new insights into the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and establish the mouse as a useful model for functional studies of AD regulatory regions.
First-Principles Design of a Deep-Ultraviolet Nonlinear-Optical Crystal from KBe<sub>2</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>F<sub>2</sub> to NH<sub>4</sub>Be<sub>2</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>F<sub>2</sub> (2015)

KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) is so far the sole nonlinear-optical (NLO) material that can be practically applied in the deep-ultraviolet (DUV) region. For the purpose of overcoming its layering tendency in crystal growth, herein a computer-assisted material design system is employed to design a new KBBF analogue, ammonia beryllium fluoroborate (NH4Be2BO3F2, ABBF). The first-principles calculations demonstrate that ABBF possesses NLO properties very close to those of KBBF, thus exhibiting good DUV NLO capability. Moreover, owing to the relatively strong chemical binding between layers, ABBF would have a better growth habit compared with KBBF. Upon synthesis, ABBF would be a very promising DUV NLO material.
Human hair follicles are an extrarenal source and a nonhematopoietic target of erythropoietin (2007)

Erythropoietin primarily serves as an essential growth factor for erythrocyte precursor cells. However, there is increasing evidence that erythropoietin (EPO)/EPO receptor (EPO-R) signaling operates as a potential tissue-protective system outside the bone marrow. Arguing that growing hair follicles (HF) are among the most rapidly proliferating tissues, we have here explored whether human HFs are sources of EPO and targets of EPO-R-mediated signaling. Human scalp skin and microdissected HFs were assessed for EPO and EPO-R expression, and the effects of EPO on organ-cultured HFs were assessed in the presence/absence of a classical apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic agent. Here, we show that human scalp HFs express EPO on the mRNA and protein level in situ, up-regulate EPO transcription under hypoxic conditions, and express transcripts for EPO-R and the EPO-stimulatory transcriptional cofactor hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Although EPO does not significantly alter human hair growth in vitro, it significantly down-regulates chemotherapy-induced intrafollicular apoptosis and changes the gene expression program of the HFs. The current study points to intriguing targets of EPO beyond the erythropoietic system: human HFs are an extrarenal site of EPO production and an extrahematopoietic site of EPO-R expression. They may recruit EPO/EPO-R signaling e.g., for modulating HF apoptosis under conditions of hypoxia and chemotherapy-induced stress.
Novel Lead Generation through Hypothetical Pharmacophore Three-Dimensional Database Searching:  Discovery of Isoflavonoids as Nonsteroidal Inhibitors of Rat 5α-Reductase (2001)

A hypothetical pharmacophore of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors was generated and served as a template in virtual screening. When the pharmacophore was used, eight isoflavone derivatives were characterized as novel potential nonsteroidal inhibitors of rat 5 alpha-reductase. This investigation has demonstrated a practical approach toward the development of lead compounds through a hypothetic pharmacophore via three-dimensional database searching.
Genome Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>NTUH-K2044, a Strain Causing Liver Abscess and Meningitis (2009)

Nosocomial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae are emerging as a major health problem worldwide, while community-acquired K. pneumoniae infections present with a range of diverse clinical pictures in different geographic areas. In particular, an invasive form of K. pneumoniae that causes liver abscesses was first observed in Asia and then was found worldwide. We are interested in how differences in gene content of the same species result in different diseases. Thus, we sequenced the whole genome of K. pneumoniae NTUH-K2044, which was isolated from a patient with liver abscess and meningitis, and analyzed differences compared to strain MGH 78578, which was isolated from a patient with pneumonia. Six major types of differences were found in gene clusters that included an integrative and conjugative element, clusters involved in citrate fermentation, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, and capsular polysaccharide synthesis, phage-related insertions, and a cluster containing fimbria-related genes. We also conducted comparative genomic hybridization with 15 K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from community-acquired or nosocomial infections using tiling probes for the NTUH-K2044 genome. Hierarchical clustering revealed three major groups of genomic insertion-deletion patterns that correlate with the strains' clinical features, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and virulence phenotypes with mice. Here we report the whole-genome sequence of K. pneumoniae NTUH-K2044 and describe evidence showing significant genomic diversity and sequence acquisition among K. pneumoniae pathogenic strains. Our findings support the hypothesis that these factors are responsible for the changes that have occurred in the disease profile over time.
Impact of sexual health course on Malaysian university students. (2004)

A sexual health course was offered and taught by academic staff from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya during semester II of every year as a university elective course to other university students apart from medical students. The course covered a wide range of topics: adolescent sexuality, family planning and pregnancy, violence against women, alternative sexual behavior, physiology of sex, sex and the disabled, gender bias in sexuality, relationship and marriage, sexual dysfunctions, clarification of sexual attitudes and STDs and AIDS. The Sexual Knowledge and Attitude Test (SKAT-II) was used to measure students' pre- and post-course scores on sexual knowledge and attitudes. Fifty-four students who completed both the pre- and post-course tests showed a significant change in sexual knowledge and their attitudes towards sexual myths and autoeroticism. Sexual knowledge was also positively correlated with age, heterosexual relations, autoeroticism and sexual myths scores. However, sexual knowledge is negatively related to religiosity and the influence of religious beliefs on one's attitudes towards sexual matters. This study showed that the sexual health course offered does have a positive impact in increasing one's knowledge and changing one's attitudes towards sexual issues.
[A meta-analysis of cohort studies on the association between diabetes and the risk of primary liver cancer]. (2010)

As one of independent risk factors, diabetes was associated with an increased risk of primary liver cancer.
Challenges and issues in conducting descriptive decision-making studies in pediatric oncology: A tale of two studies*1 (1998)

Recent studies highlight the need for an integrated model for palliative and end-of-life pediatric care. About 55,000 children die each year in the United States and, on any given day, about 8,600 children could benefit from care that acknowledges their limited life expectancy and severity of illness. Two case studies of children illustrate different approaches—one that aggressively applies all possible technologies to maximize chances of survival and another that focuses on the patient's overall quality of life and on healing rather than curing. The cases highlight characteristics of an integrated model of palliative care to address clinical, moral, and ethical uncertainties. This model integrates being with doing, provides for developing attunement and presence as capacities for being with children and their parents, and addresses challenges in the healthcare environment. Strategies for integrating palliative care into pediatric practice include listening, fostering respect for the child and parents across the organization, nurturing collaborative connections, managing uncertainty, tolerating ambiguity, making peace with conflict, and committing to self-care. Every pediatric nurse can play a role in making the vision of palliative care a reality integrated into the fabric of pediatric practice.
Role of ceramic implants. Design and clinical success with total hip prosthetic ceramic-to-ceramic bearings. (1992)

Ceramic implants have become of great interest because of the increased awareness that wear debris from metal-polyethylene components of total hip prostheses can cause osteolysis around implants. Polyethylene wear rates with the Charnley total hip prosthesis were found to be from 0.1 to 0.2 mm/year in the elderly, which corresponded to 30 to 80 mm3 of polyethylene debris being released to the joint tissues. This in turn can be related to 40 million to 40 billion particles being released into the joint every year. This polyethylene particulate is heavily implicated in the osteolytic destruction of periarticular tissues. The ceramic ball, ceramic cup combination of total hip prostheses may have promise of wear rates that could be thousands of times smaller than polyethylene alone. Such alumina ceramic prosthetic concepts were introduced in Europe from 1970 to 1973. Under Food and Drug Administration regulations at that time, the only U.S. introductions allowed circa 1980 were the Autophor and Xenophor types of ceramic prostheses. However, this particular prosthetic design was not successful in the United States because of pain, neck-socket impingement, ceramic fracture, and component loosening. This did not therefore appear to be a successful compromise in the hands of U.S. surgeons. Ceramic innovations from Europe now include cemented ceramic cups of "matching" tolerances with the femoral ball, and press-fit Ti-alloy acetabular shells with modular ceramic inserts. In addition, alumina and zirconia ceramic balls are now in routine clinical use in Europe. The objectives of this Symposium are to highlight these ceramic ball, ceramic cup innovations with their long-term clinical results from Europe. Then one can evaluate which of these innovations in material and design selections offers the best possible alternatives in the 1990s.
Software Fault Tree and Colored Petri Net Based Specification, Design and Implementation of Agent-Based Intrusion Detection Systems (2001)

Colored Petri Nets (CPNs) are examined for use as a design specification for an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). Hierarchical CPNs are created to detect critical stages of intrusions. Two examples of intrusions demonstrate how the Colored Petri Net approach has been used in development of the IDS. The IDS under development is a collection of mobile agents that detect, classify, and correlate system and network activities. The approach of using Colored Petri Nets to design and implement the agent-based IDS is described. Software Fault Trees (SFTs), augmented with nodes that describe trust, temporal, and contextual relationships, are used to describe intrusions. CPNs for intrusion detection are built using CPN templates created from the augmented SFTs. The agent-based implementation of the IDS is constructed from the CPNs. Contributions of this paper include (1) the use of temporality to divide stages of intrusions, (2) augmentation of Software Fault Trees with trust, temporal, ...