gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Specific Bradycardic Agents. Part 2. Heteroaromatic Modifications in the Side Chain of Specific Bradycardic Benzazepinones: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Structure‐Activity Relationships. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Processed Grade 40 Grey Cast Iron (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements
Specific T-cell tolerance may be preceded by a primary response. (1994)

We have evaluated the ability of ovalbumin to induce T-cell-specific tolerance in SJL mice. A significant decrease of interleukin 2 in lymph-node culture supernatants from tolerant mice upon antigen stimulation was seen. Oral tolerization was less effective than i.p.- or s.c.-tolerization protocols. Transfer experiments of either splenic or lymph-node T cells from tolerant mice to naive mice definitely ruled out suppression as a mechanism involved in tolerant mice. Surprisingly, we found that, before the establishment of specific T-cell tolerance to ovalbumin, T cells from mice that will display tolerance were responsive and synthesized interleukin 2 upon antigen challenge in vitro. Thus, we concluded that anergy cannot account solely for the T-cell unresponsiveness in tolerant mice. Furthermore, although we cannot rule out the hypothesis that the T-cell unresponsiveness in tolerant mice can be explained by programmed cell death of ovalbumin-specific T cells, these data led us to speculate that T-cell "refractoriness" could explain the drop of interleukin 2 production in lymph-node T-cell culture supernatant from tolerant mice.
Is Convertible Debt a Substitute for Straight Debt or for Common Equity? (1999)

Firms have two motivations for issuing convertible debt. Some issue convertible debt instead of straight debt to mitigate the costs of bondholder/stockholder agency conflicts. Others issue convertible debt instead of common debt to reduce the costs of adverse selection.
The polymerization of methacrylonitrile (1956)

N. Grassie and E. Vance, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 727 DOI: 10.1039/TF9565200727
Fast Oxygen Separation Through SO<sub>2</sub>- and CO<sub>2</sub>-Stable Dual-Phase Membrane Based on NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>–Ce<sub>0.8</sub>Tb<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>2-δ</sub> (2013)

Composite membranes with enhanced oxygen permeability and unprecedented stability in oxyfuel-like gas environments are reported. Specifically, 60 vol% NiFe2O4 - 40 vol% Ce0.8Tb0.2O2-δ (NFO-CTO) composite has been successfully obtained by one-pot fabrication method showing both spinel and fluorite pure phases. Narrow grain size distribution centered around 1 μm and homogeneous distribution of grains is attained, as well as percolative pathways from side to side of the dual-phase membranes. The composite resisted a stability test in wet SO2 and CO2 containing gas at 800 °C for 170 h, which represents a step forward toward its use in oxyfuel power plants. The conductivity of both phases is investigated as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure (pO2). Oxygen separation in this kind of NFO-doped-ceria composite membranes occurs via the separate ambipolar transport through the two distinct percolating networks. Oxygen permeation flux values of 0.17 mL·min–1·cm–2 and 0.20 mL·min–1·cm–2 are achieved at 1000 °C when argon and pure CO2 are used as sweep gas, respectively, through a 0.68 mm-thick membrane. Experiments at 900 °C showed that the material is stable and effective in pure CO2 atmospheres and the oxygen permeation is even improved after 76 h on CO2 stream.
Deposition and Wettability of [bmim][triflate] on Self-Assembled Monolayers (2009)

The interfacial behavior of ionic liquids (ILs) affects their use in many applications including as solvents, electrolytes, and lubricants. Here, we report the wettability and deposition of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate ([bmim][triflate]) on model surfaces generated by the assembly of thiol- and silane-based monolayers on gold and silicon, respectively. Advancing contact angles of [bmim][triflate] on —CF3, —CH3, ═CH2, —OH, and mixed —CH3/—OH surfaces are found to be intermediate between those of water and hexadecane on the same surfaces and dissimilar to those of dicyclohexyl, which has a similar surface tension as [bmim][triflate] but only dispersive intermolecular interactions. Molecular simulations provide qualitative agreement with experimental contact angles and show that the hydroxyl surface disrupts electrostatic interactions between the ions of the [bmim][triflate] droplet, resulting in lower local surface tensions and increased area of contact. IL films as thin as ∼100 nm were prepared by casting [bmim][triflate] from ethanol at reduced pressures onto mixed —CH3/—OH surfaces. Coherent films of [bmim][triflate] were achieved only beyond a critical surface energy corresponding to advancing [bmim][triflate] contact angles of ≤25° and advancing water contact angles of ≤70°. Comparison of infrared vibrational spectra of the IL as a thin film, versus those for thicker films and in the bulk, suggests an interfacially driven structuring of the ions in the thinnest films and is supported by simulations, which show that the CF3 groups of the triflates orient away from the IL phase at the IL/vacuum interface.
DNS to the rescue (2012)

A careful perusal of the Internet evolution reveals two major trends - explosion of cloud-based services and video streaming applications. In both of the above cases, the owner (e.g., CNN, YouTube, or Zynga) of the content and the organization serving it (e.g., Akamai, Limelight, or Amazon EC2) are decoupled, thus making it harder to understand the association between the content, owner, and the host where the content resides. This has created a tangled world wide web that is very hard to unwind, impairing ISPs' and network administrators' capabilities to control the traffic flowing in their networks.
Reliability of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature (2004)

The results of the present study indicate that the reliability of the strength parameters (maximal strength and MRTD measurements) was high enough for future investigations on pelvic floor rehabilitation programs.
The Relation between Structure and Histamine-Like Activity (1942)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Relation between Structure and Histamine-Like ActivityCarl Niemann and John T. HaysCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942, 64, 10, 2288–2289Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1942https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01262a018RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views51Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (235 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High-efficiency scattering in transient Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing (1986)

We report on an investigation of Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing which provides phase conjugate reflectivities greater than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> . Theoretical modeling shows that the phase conjugate intensity grows with time until limited by pump depletion, and the main effect of varying the signal power is to increase the time delay before the conjugate beam reaches peak intensity. This is confirmed experimentally, and the maximum peak reflectivity is limited by the length of the laser pulses used in the experiment.
Photo-driven molecular devices (2006)

In this critical review, we discuss switching of the light-powered bistable rotaxanes and catenanes and highlight the practical applications of some of these systems. Photoactive molecular and supramolecular machines are comprised of two parts-1) a switching element, based on noncovalent interactions within the recognition units, which is responsible for executing mechanical movement, and 2) a light-harvesting unit which utilizes light to control the competitive interactions between the recognition sites. We also survey another class of molecular devices, namely molecular rotary motors--i.e., those that behave like their macroscopic counterparts--in which photochemically and thermally induced mechanical movement relies on isomerizations of a pivotal C=C bond, leading to a rotation of the top propeller part with respect to the stationary bottom part of the helical shaped chiral molecule. (146 references.).
Robust Retinal Blood Vessel Segmentation Based on Reinforcement Local Descriptions (2017)

Retinal blood vessels segmentation plays an important role for retinal image analysis. In this paper, we propose robust retinal blood vessel segmentation method based on reinforcement local descriptions. A novel line set based feature is firstly developed to capture local shape information of vessels by employing the length prior of vessels, which is robust to intensity variety. After that, local intensity feature is calculated for each pixel, and then morphological gradient feature is extracted for enhancing the local edge of smaller vessel. At last, line set based feature, local intensity feature, and morphological gradient feature are combined to obtain the reinforcement local descriptions. Compared with existing local descriptions, proposed reinforcement local description contains more local information of local shape, intensity, and edge of vessels, which is more robust. After feature extraction, SVM is trained for blood vessel segmentation. In addition, we also develop a postprocessing method based on morphological reconstruction to connect some discontinuous vessels and further obtain more accurate segmentation result. Experimental results on two public databases (DRIVE and STARE) demonstrate that proposed reinforcement local descriptions outperform the state-of-the-art method.
Rigid rod molecules as liquid crystal thermosets. II. Rigid rod esters (1990)

Abstract Nine rigid rod ester monomers endcapped with maleimide, nadimide, and methylnadimide groups were prepared and studied by DSC and hot stage polarized light microscopy. All of the monomers showed thermotropic nematic liquid crystalline phases and could be thermally crosslinked in the nematic phase. The nematic texture was maintained in the crosslinked solid state. The nematic phase range was enlarged by B‐staging the monomeric compounds. Heating the monomers for a short period of time in the nematic phase lowered the crystal to nematic transition temperatures and increased the nematic to isotropic transition temperatures. A nonequilibrium phase diagram was proposed to explain the melting behavior of these reactive liquid crystal thermoset materials.
Tetramethylpiperidine <i>N</i>-Oxyl (TEMPO), Phthalimide <i>N</i>-Oxyl (PINO), and Related <i>N</i>-Oxyl Species: Electrochemical Properties and Their Use in Electrocatalytic Reactions (2018)

N-Oxyl compounds represent a diverse group of reagents that find widespread use as catalysts for the selective oxidation of organic molecules in both laboratory and industrial applications. While turnover of N-oxyl catalysts in oxidation reactions may be accomplished with a variety of stoichiometric oxidants, N-oxyl reagents have also been extensively used as catalysts under electrochemical conditions in the absence of chemical oxidants. Several classes of N-oxyl compounds undergo facile redox reactions at electrode surfaces, enabling them to mediate a wide range of electrosynthetic reactions. Electrochemical studies also provide insights into the structural properties and mechanisms of chemical and electrochemical catalysis by N-oxyl compounds. This review provides a comprehensive survey of the electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic applications of aminoxyls, imidoxyls, and related reagents, of which the two prototypical and widely used examples are 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) and phthalimide N-oxyl (PINO).
Venomous Australian snakes: identification (2002)

All medically significant Australian venomous snakes are elapids. Proper snake identification ensures that the safest, lowest volume and most cost effective snake antivenom is used. Polyvalent snake antivenom should be reserved for use when specific antivenoms are not practical or not available in sufficient quantity. Commercial snake venom detection kits are capable of detecting the presence and type of venom in very small quantities. Clinical algorithms are also valuable for determining the type if snake involved in significant envenoming. (author abstract)
A Framework for Multiperspective Rendering (2004)

We present a framework for the direct rendering of multiperspective images. We treat multiperspective imaging systems as devices for capturing smoothly varying set of rays, and we show that under an appropriate parametrization, multiperspective images can be characterized as continuous manifolds in ray space. We use a recently introduced class of General Linear Cameras (GLC), which describe all 2D linear subspaces of rays, as primitives for constructing multiperspective images. We show GLCs when constrained by an appropriate set of rules, can be laid out to tile the image plane and, hence, generate arbitrary multiperspective renderings. Our framework can easily render a broad class of multiperspective images, such as multiperspective panoramas, neocubist style renderings, and faux-animations from still-life scenes. We also show a method to minimize distortions in multiperspective images by uniformly sampling rays on a sampling plane even when they do not share a common origin.
Wild white cattle of Great Britain (1879)

A little re- flexion will generally show that there is no real inconsistency.every rank in life, and of a great variety of occupa- tions.Some-indeed many-were particularly kind, and took very great trouble in helping my father to obtain that large amount of detailed information, with- out which his researches must have been to a great extent without result.
On the linear variation of the critical temperature in the Gibbs distribution (2009)

We theoretically show that the critical temperature T c of the critical phenomena described within the Gibbs distribu- tion is varying linearly with the energetic parameters of the Hamiltonian. This kind of variation is due to the nature of the competition between the energy of the system and the energy kBT the thermic source. The change of this competition will lead to a different variation of the critical temperature. This linear variation has been reported by well-known theories of the simplest Ising model. In this study, we observe that this linearity concerns all well- known magnetic Hamiltonians formulated through spin-spin interactions. This competition has also a direct effect on the class of universalities in critical phenomena.
The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder (2009)

In this manuscript, research articles using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study adult patients with bipolar disorder were reviewed. The findings from these studies identify altered brain activation in five regions in cortico-limbic pathways responsible for emotional regulation: portions of the prefrontal cortex; anterior cingulate cortex; amygdala; thalamus; and striatum. The most consistent findings were overactivation of amygdala, striatum, and thalamus. Findings in prefrontal cortex were less consistent, but most studies also showed increased activation in ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortical areas. Excessive activation in brain regions associated with emotional regulation may contribute to the affective symptoms of bipolar disorder. However, there are several important limitations in this body of research. Even when similar tasks were used, brain activation was often discrepant among studies. Most fMRI studies examined small samples (ten or fewer bipolar subjects) limiting statistical power. Additionally, most studies were confounded by patients taking psychotropic medications. Nonetheless, from this work an anterior limbic over-activation model of bipolar disorder is emerging.
SOME AROMATIC TRIFLUOROMETHYL DERIVATIVES. THE ROSENMUND REDUCTION OF TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZOIC ACIDS<sup>1</sup> (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSOME AROMATIC TRIFLUOROMETHYL DERIVATIVES. THE ROSENMUND REDUCTION OF TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZOIC ACIDS1ALFRED BURGER and EDWIN D. HORNBAKERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1953, 18, 2, 192–195Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01130a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01130a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views183Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Functional states of the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin-receptor complex in rat Leydig cells. (1986)

Three classes of gonadotropins with different ratios of stimulating to binding activities (S/B ratio) in rat Leydig cells have been identified. An S/B ratio of 1 was observed for rat luteinizing hormone (LH), porcine LH, and equine choriogonadotropin (CG) (class I), whereas ovine and equine LH exhibited and S/B ratio of 10-20 (class II) and human CG (hCG) (class III) an S/B ratio of 60. We coined the term "superactivity" to designate this particular behavior. This phenomenon was further studied by comparing the competitive activities of porcine LH (pLH) and hCG in radioreceptor assays using rat Leydig cell membranes and either radiolabeled oLH or hCG as the tracer, in the presence or absence of 150 mM NaCl. At equilibrium, both native hormones were equipotent in competing with 125I-oLH binding, but hCG was 4-fold more potent than pLH when 125I-hCG was used. Moreover, the binding rates of both hormones were considerably diminished in the presence of NaCl, but hCG binding at equilibrium was not affected, whereas that of oLH was almost completely abolished. From these results and previous data on the binding and internalization of these hormones, we suggest the existence of two interconvertible functional states of the hormone-receptor complex: (formula; see text). The equilibrium constant k3/k4 would be extremely high for hCG and lower and lower for the hormones in class II and class I, respectively. The equilibrium constant k1/k2 would be the one affected by the presence of NaCl and seems to be similar for all the hormones tested. The normal activity or superactivity of gonadotropins would thus be primarily dependent on the equilibrium between HR1 and HR2.
3-D lookup: fast protein structure database searches at 90% reliability. (1995)

There are far fewer classes of three-dimensional protein folds than sequence families but the problem of detecting three-dimensional similarities is NP-complete. We present a novel heuristic for identifying 3-D similarities between a query structure and the database of known protein structures. Many methods for structure alignment use a bottom-up approach, identifying first local matches and then solving a combinatorial problem in building up larger clusters of matching substructures. Here, the top-down approach is to start with the global comparison and select a rough superimposition using a fast 3-D lookup of secondary structure motifs. The superimposition is then extended to an alignment of C alpha atoms by an iterative dynamic programming step. An all-against-all comparison of 385 representative proteins (150,000 pair comparisons) took 1 day of computer time on a single R8000 processor. In other words, one query structure is scanned against the database in a matter of minutes. The method is rated at 90% reliability at capturing statistically significant similarities. It is useful as a rapid preprocessor to a comprehensive protein structure database search system.
Na<sub>2</sub>FeP<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> as a Promising Iron‐Based Pyrophosphate Cathode for Sodium Rechargeable Batteries: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study (2012)

Abstract Considering the promising electrochemical performance of the recently reported pyrophosphate family in lithium ion batteries as well as the increasing importance of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) for emerging large‐scale applications, here, the crystal structure, electrochemical properties, and thermal stability of Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 , the first example ever reported in the pyrophosphate family for SIBs, are investigated. Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 maintains well‐defined channel structures (triclinic framework under the P1 space group) and exhibits a reversible capacity of ≈90 mAh g −1 with good cycling performance. Both quasi‐equilibrium measurements and first‐principles calculations consistently indicate that Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 undergoes two kinds of reactions over the entire voltage range of 2.0–4.5 V (vs Na/Na + ): a single‐phase reaction around 2.5 V and a series of two‐phase reactions in the voltage range of 3.0–3.25 V. Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 shows excellent thermal stability up to 500 °C, even in the partially desodiated state (NaFeP 2 O 7 ), which suggests its safe character, a property that is very critical for large‐scale battery applications.