gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhaled carbon monoxide reduces leukocytosis in a murine model of sickle cell disease (2009)

Carbon monoxide (CO) has anti-inflammatory properties. We previously reported that acute treatments with inhaled CO inhibit vascular inflammation and hypoxia-induced vasoocclusion in sickle cell disease mouse models. Therefore, we hypothesized that chronic CO inhalation would decrease vascular inflammation and organ pathology in a sickle cell disease mouse model. The treatment of sickle cell disease mice with 25 or 250 parts/million inhaled CO for 1 h/day, 3 days/wk for 8-10 wk significantly decreased the total mean white blood cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood. Eight weeks of 250 parts/million CO treatments reduced staining for myeloid and lymphoid markers in the bone marrow of sickle mice. Bone marrow from treated sickle mice exhibited a significant decrease in colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage during colony-forming cell assays. Anti-inflammatory signaling pathways phospho-Akt and phospho-p38 MAPK were markedly increased in CO-treated sickle livers. Importantly, CO-treated sickle mice had a significant reduction in liver parenchymal necrosis, reflecting the anti-inflammatory benefits of CO. We conclude that inhaled CO may be a beneficial anti-inflammatory therapy for sickle cell disease.
A Framework for Extensible Component Customization for Component-based Software Development (2006)

Component-based software development (CBSD) increases productivity of software developers and improves overall software quality due to high degree of reusability. To achieve the full potential of CBSD, it is necessary for software developers to be able to customize components because it is rare to find the components completely matching their functional and non-functional requirements in the new applications. Existing customization approaches can be used to address this problem only in a narrow set of application domains. Addressing customization in a wide range of application domains is highly desirable, but very challenging because there are usually a number of different ways to customize a component. Different application domains can require vastly different customizations on the same component. In this paper, a framework for extensible component customization, which is independent of any run-time system or platform and can be used in a wide range of application domains, is presented
Techniek en marketing: verschillen in opvatting en perceptie (1) (1993)

Techniek en marketing zijn twee zeer uiteenlopende werelden. In een drietal artikelen\nbesteedt F. W C. van der Hart aandacht aan de afstand tussen deze werelden. In dit eerste\nartikel inzicht in de aard van de kloof tussen marketeers en technici.
Effect of ichthyomycin on the ultrastructure of tissues of Culex pipiens. (1991)

A new antibiotic ichthyomycin produced by Streptomyces sp. strain 1107 was tested for its toxicity and effect on the ultrastructure of tissues of larvae of Culex pipiens autogenicus. Concentrations used were 5 x 10(-7), 2.5 x 10(-7), 1.5 x 10(-7) and 1 x 10(-7) g ml-1. The mortality of larvae after 24 h exposure was 90, 30, 0 and 0%, and after 48 h was 100, 100, 87 and 0%, respectively. The effect of the antibiotic was most evident on mitochondria. They distended and ruptured with subsequent dissolution of their cristae. The microvilli of the brush border of the midgut cells and cell membranes were unchanged, and the peritrophic membrane remained coherent. Cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and microbodies filled the cytoplasm. Chromatin of the nuclei was aggregated into amorphous masses on the wall, but the nucleolus remained intact. Some cells showed large vacuoles in their cytoplasm from destroyed mitochondria. In muscle cells the mitochondria were in the process of dissolving and the sarcoplasmic reticulum formed elongate cisternae.
Heterojunction bipolar transistors in AlGaInP/GaAs grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (1994)

A series of low-pressure metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy grown AlxGa0.52−xIn0.48P/GaAs single heterojunction bipolar transistors with x=0, 0.18, 0.30, 0.40, and 0.52 have been studied. These devices consistently exhibit near-ideal characteristics with base and collector current ideality factors close to unity except in the ungraded AlInP case. A low conduction band spike height which is believed to be due to unintentional grading at the emitter-base junction of the partially graded devices (intentionally graded down close to the Ga0.52In0.48P lattice-matched composition) provides effective hole current suppression over the whole range of compositions. Base bulk recombination current was determined to be the current-gain limiting mechanism for x≤0.3 in this heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) system. The common-emitter dc current gain showed a maximum value of 380 at JC=4×103 A/cm2 for x=0.18 which translates to a minority electron diffusion length of 1.1 μm. These are the highest values reported for a base sheet resistance of 440 Ω/⧠.
Racial Disparity in the Use of Atypical Antipsychotic Medications Among Veterans (2003)

Overall use of atypical antipsychotics was slightly less common for African American and Hispanic veterans with schizophrenia than for white patients. However, use of clozapine, the first choice for refractory illness and possibly uniquely effective for patients with comorbid substance abuse, did vary greatly by race. This may reflect concern over serious side effects, such as loss of white blood cells and fluctuations of serum glucose levels, or patient preference.
Enhanced Spoken Term Detection Using Support Vector Machines and Weighted Pseudo Examples (2013)

Spoken term detection (STD) is a key technology for retrieval of spoken content, which will be very important to retrieve and browse multimedia content over the Internet. The discriminative capability of machine learning methods has recently been used to facilitate STD. This paper presents a new approach to improve STD using support vector machines (SVM) based on acoustic information. The concept of pseudo-relevance feedback (PRF) well used in the retrieval of text, image and video is used here. The basic idea of using PRF here is to assume some spoken segments in the first-pass retrieved results are relevant (or pseudo-relevant) and some others irrelevant (or pseudo-irrelevant), and take these segments as positive and negative examples to train a query-specific SVM. This SVM is then used for re-ranking the first-pass retrieved results, and only the re-ranked results are shown to the user. In this paper, feature vectors representing the spoken segments based on acoustic information to be used in SVM are considered and analyzed. Furthermore, conventionally in PRF the items with the highest and lowest scores in the first-pass retrieved results are respectively taken as pseudo-relevant and -irrelevant, but in this way some incorrect examples are inevitably included in the training data especially when the recognition accuracy is poor. Here we further propose an enhanced SVM which not only better selects positive/negative examples considering the reliability of the spoken segments, but emphasizes more on more reliable training examples by modifying the SVM formulation. Experiments on two different sets of spoken archives with different speaking styles and different levels of recognition accuracies demonstrated significant improvements offered by the proposed approaches.
A Bit of Progress in Language Modeling (2001)

In the past several years, a number of different language modeling improvements over simple trigram models have been found, including caching, higher-order n-grams, skipping, interpolated Kneser-Ney smoothing, and clustering. We present explorations of variations on, or of the limits of, each of these techniques, including showing that sentence mixture models may have more potential. While all of these techniques have been studied separately, they have rarely been studied in combination. We find some significant interactions, especially with smoothing and clustering techniques. We compare a combination of all techniques together to a Katz smoothed trigram model with no count cutoffs. We achieve perplexity reductions between 38% and 50% (1 bit of entropy), depending on training data size, as well as a word error rate reduction of 8.9%. Our perplexity reductions are perhaps the highest reported compared to a fair baseline. This is the extended version of the paper; it contains additional details and proofs, and is designed to be a good introduction to the state of the art in language modeling.
Stick-Slip and Bit-Bounce Interaction in Oil-Well Drillstrings (2006)

Drillstring vibrations and in particular stick-slip and bit-bounce are detrimental to oil-well drilling operations. Controlling these vibrations is essential because they may cause equipment failures and damage to the oil-well. A simple model that adequately captures the dynamics is used to simulate the effects of varying operating conditions on stick-slip and bit-bounce interactions. It is shown that the conditions at the bit/formation interface, such as bit speed and formation stiffness, are major factors in shaping the dynamic response. Due to the varying and uncertain nature of these conditions, simple operational guidelines or active rotary table control strategies are not sufficient to eliminate both stick-slip and bit-bounce. It is demonstrated that an additional active controller for the axial motion can be effective in suppressing both stick-slip and bit-bounce. It is anticipated that if the proposed approach is implemented, smooth drilling will be possible for a wide range of conditions.
A High Data Rate Integrated Optical Vector Matrix Multiplier (1984)

A dynamically programmable IOC vector matrix multiplier for high data rate transmission and high throughput is proposed. The multiplier is based on a channel configuration and is compared to previous systems utilizing planar geometries. The extension of this device to digital operation is considered and a discussion of the necessary requirements for optical or electrooptical algebraic processors to supercede electronic digital computers is undertaken.
Blind least-squares estimation of carrier phase, Doppler shift, and Doppler rate for m-PSK burst transmission (1998)

A novel blind algorithm is proposed for joint carrier phase/Doppler shift least-squares (LS) estimation for burst transmission of m-PSK modulated data. The algorithm can be extended to include Doppler rate estimation. The performance of the algorithm is contrasted against that of known algorithms, and it is shown to be advantageous particularly for short bursts and large frequency offsets. The signal-to-noise ratio penalty with respect to the ideal estimation case is shown to be below 1 dB for a frequency error as large as 0.1 of the symbol rate and bursts as short as 20 symbols.
Passivity based control of transport reaction systems (2005)

Abstract Inventory control is based on the idea manipulating process flows so that the inventories follow their set points. The operator mapping flows to inventories in a coarse grained (macroscopic) system is passive and any input strictly passive (ISP) feedback controller can, therefore, be used to achieve input‐output stability. Examples of ISP controllers include the PID controller, parameter adaptive feedforward control, optimal controllers and many nonlinear and gain scheduling controllers. Input‐output stability and convergence of inventories, such as total mass and energy can be used to show that other internal state variables are bounded and belong to an invariant set. However, this does not necessarily imply convergence of all state variables to stationary valves because a stabilizability condition, known as strict state passivity, must be satisfied. The 2 nd law of thermodynamics is used to develop sufficient conditions for strict state passivity in the space of intensive variables. The theory relies on following two assumptions concerning nonequilibrium systems: (1) The hypothesis of local equilibrium, and (2) That a local entropy is defined using semiclassical statistical mechanics. These assumptions allow us to define a local entropy function for the coarse grained system which is homogeneous degree one, concave, and has positive temperature. Subject to these conditions stability theory is developed for conjugate variables, such as temperature, pressure and chemical potential in infinite dimensional reaction‐diffusion‐convection systems. In classical irreversible thermodynamics this type of analysis assumes linearity and symmetry of transport relations. The use of Gibbs tangent plane condition allows us to define a Lyapunov like storage function for passivity design, which gives stability criteria for nonlinear problems. The resulting sufficient condition for stability can be expressed in terms of dimensionless groups, similar to the (second) Damkohler number. Simple simulation examples illustrate the application of the theory. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Livelihoods and rural wealth distribution among farm households in western Kenya : Implications for rural development, poverty alleviation interventions and peace (2008)

The study examined livelihoods and wealth distribution among farm households in western Kenya. Stratified random sampling was used to select 252 households from eight districts. Focus group discussions were used to collect complementary community-level data. Results indicate that average household size was seven persons. The cropping system was over 70% mixed. Agriculture was the main source of livelihoods. Labour was mainly allocated to crop enterprises, with household heads allocating > 50% of their labour to it. Maize (Zea mays) and common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were the most important staple/traded food crops. Poultry, followed by cattle dominated livestock enterprises. Few households diversified into small businesses, employment and artisan to enhance livelihoods. Despite this, 5 – 95% of people remained food insecure. Lack of cash and limited land access were the most important factors constraining agricultural development. Although, most households preferred selling produce in markets where prices were better, many not only sold produce but purchased inputs from nearest towns due to high costs of accessing better price markets. Wealth inequality among households was very high, with household wealth Gini-coefficient of 0.52 and per capita wealthGini-coefficient of 0.55, calling for better interventions targeting to reach most vulnerable/marginal groups and create all-inclusive opportunities.

	 

	Key words: Livelihoods, wealth distribution, gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, rural inequality, Kenya.
Hemiphasmidic Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymer: From Smectic C Phase to Columnar Phase with a Bundle of Chains as Its Building Block (2012)

We synthesized a new hemiphasmidic side-chain liquid crystalline polymer (P-<i>n</i>, <i>n</i> is the number of carbons in alky tail of the side chain, <i>n</i> = 4-12) using free radical polymerization. The side chain of P-<i>n</i> has a biphenyl in the middle, linked to the polystyrene backbone and to the terminal phenyl group with three alkyl tails via only methyleneoxy units. Upon increasing <i>n</i>, the mesophase of P-<i>n</i> changes from bilayer smectic C to hexagonal columnar (Φ<sub>h</sub>) phase with the <i>a</i>-dimension of ∼6 nm. Both of the mesophases are long-range ordered, which can be well aligned by simple shearing. The oriented Φ<sub>h</sub> shows a quite low rotational disorder around the shear direction. Most likely, the Φ<sub>h</sub> phase takes a bundle of chains (e.g., ∼five chains) rather than a single chain as its building block. This "multi-chain model" of the Φ<sub>h</sub> phase may represent a new type of self-assembly in side-chain polymers.
Class-AB CMOS Buffer with Low Power and Low Leakage Using Transistor Gating Technique (2013)

A rail-to-rail class-AB CMOS buffer amplifier is proposed in this paper to drive large capacitive loads. A new technique is used to reduce the leakage power of class-AB CMOS buffer circuits without affecting dynamic power dissipation .The name of applied technique is TRANSISTOR GATING TECHNIQUE, which gives the high speed buffer with the reduced low power dissipation (1.05%), low leakage and reduced area (2.8%) also. The proposed buffer is simulated at 45nm CMOS technology and the circuit is operated at 3V supply with Cadence software. This analog circuit is performed with reduced performance degradation as well as high current driving capability for the large input voltages. The proposed paper is achieved very high speed with very low propagation delay range i.e. (29210-12). So the delay of the circuit is reduced to 10%. The settling time of this circuit is reduced by 30% (in ns) at 3V square wave input. The measured quiescent current is 56A.
Theory for the Forces between Closed-Shell Atoms and Molecules (1972)

A simple model is presented for calculating the forces between closed-shell atoms and molecules in the regions both of the attractive well and of the repulsive wall at shorter distances. Account is taken of both the overlap of the separate atomic densities and of electron correlation. Applications to pairs of rare gas atoms and to alkali halide molecules demonstrate quantitative agreement with empirically determined intermolecular potentials for these systems over the whole range of separations inside and including the potential minimum.
Identification of a Rat Adrenal Cytochrome P450 Active in Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Metabolism as Rat CYP1B1 (1995)

Antibodies against a novel adrenocorticotropic hormone-inducible cytochrome P450 (P450RAP), responsible for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism in rat adrenal microsomes (Otto, S., Bhattacharyya, K.K., and Jefcoate, C.R. (1992) Endocrinology 131, 3067-3076), identified a cDNA clone encoding a partial cytochrome P450 sequence from a rat adrenal cDNA library. Rescreening a second cDNA library yielded several clones up to 5.0 kilobases (kb) encoding a 1629-base pair open reading frame. The deduced amino acid sequence (543 residues) matched completely with five peptides cleaved from P450RAP. The amino acid sequence of P450RAP is 92% identical to a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible CYP1B1, cloned from mouse C3H10T1/2 (10T1/2) embryo fibroblast cells (Savas, U., Bhattacharyya, K. K., Christou, M., Alexander, D.L., and Jefcoate, C. R. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 14905-14911), which shows nearly the same characteristics in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism. The available 5'- and 3'-noncoding regions show, respectively, 93 and 83% sequence identity. We conclude that P450RAP protein is encoded by a rat CYP1B1 gene orthologous to the mouse CYP1B1 gene. Alignment of rat CYP1B1 amino acid sequences with rat CYP1A1 (39% identical) indicated eight regions of high identity for each (60-78%), interspersed by extensive regions of less than 30% similarity. The CYP1B1 cDNAs hybridize a 5.2-kb mRNA in rat adrenals, consistent with the length of the longest clones and the mRNA recognized in 10T1/2 cells. CYP1B1 mRNA was elevated by a 2-day adrenocorticotropic hormone treatment but much less than CYP11A1 (cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage) mRNA (2-fold versus 4-fold). The lower levels of the 5.2-kb mRNA in other steroidogenic cells (ovary) was consistent with the amount of immunodetectable CYP1B1 protein and, unlike the adrenal, expression in the ovary was stimulated 5-fold by beta-naphthoflavone, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, in parallel with CYP1A1 induction. In several other tissues (liver > lung > uterus >> kidney), CYP1B1 mRNA and protein were constitutively undetectable but highly induced by beta-naphthoflavone, although at much lower levels than CYP1A1. Rat CYP1B1, therefore, exhibits regulation through hormonal signaling and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a cell-specific manner.
An Improved Electrical Hygrometer and Its Applications* (1940)

The electric hygrometer consists of an aluminum tube coated with polystyrene and wound with a bifilar winding of bare palladium wire. The unit is then coated with a thin film of polyvinyl acetate with an amount of lithium chloride in it depending upon the humidity range to be covered. The electrical resistance of the film between the two coils is a function of humidity. If appreciable temperature changes are involved, a correction is applied. The thin aluminium tube enables the unit to quickly assume the temperature of the air as it must if measuring relative humidity. The palladium wire prevents an increase in resistance caused by a film which forms on the surface of other types of wires. The polystyrene forms an excellent water-resistant surface of high electrical resistance for the wire and water sensitive film, which prevents a hysteresis effect caused by the absorption of water by glass and other materials originally used as bases. The polyvinyl acetate forms a porous binder for the lithium chloride which gives stability and uniformity to the units without appreciably decreasing their rapid rate of response. With several units of different sensitivity in parallel, with resistors in series with each, humidities from 10 to 100% may be measured using a single scale of an indicating instrument. Electrical hygrometer units have been made which have not varied more than 2 to 3% over a period of several months. Flight tests with two radiosondes carried by the same balloon, one using the electric hygrometer and the other the hair type hygrometer, showed marked changes in humidity recorded by the electric hygrometer which the hair unit failed to register.
The basics of preclinical drug development for neurodegenerative disease indications (2009)

Preclinical development encompasses the activities that link drug discovery in the laboratory to initiation of human clinical trials. Preclinical studies can be designed to identify a lead candidate from several hits; develop the best procedure for new drug scale-up; select the best formulation; determine the route, frequency, and duration of exposure; and ultimately support the intended clinical trial design. The details of each preclinical development package can vary, but all have some common features. Rodent and nonrodent mammalian models are used to delineate the pharmacokinetic profile and general safety, as well as to identify toxicity patterns. One or more species may be used to determine the drug's mean residence time in the body, which depends on inherent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties. For drugs intended to treat Alzheimer's disease or other brain-targeted diseases, the ability of a drug to cross the blood brain barrier may be a key issue. Toxicology and safety studies identify potential target organs for adverse effects and define the Therapeutic Index to set the initial starting doses in clinical trials. Pivotal preclinical safety studies generally require regulatory oversight as defined by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Good Laboratory Practices and international guidelines, including the International Conference on Harmonization. Concurrent preclinical development activities include developing the Clinical Plan and preparing the new drug product, including the associated documentation to meet stringent FDA Good Manufacturing Practices regulatory guidelines. A wide range of commercial and government contract options are available for investigators seeking to advance their candidate(s). Government programs such as the Small Business Innovative Research and Small Business Technology Transfer grants and the National Institutes of Health Rapid Access to Interventional Development Pilot Program provide funding and services to assist applicants in preparing the preclinical programs and documentation for their drugs. Increasingly, private foundations are also funding preclinical work. Close interaction with the FDA, including a meeting to prepare for submission of an Investigational New Drug application, is critical to ensure that the preclinical development package properly supports the planned phase I clinical trial.