gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
E3 ubiquitin ligases (2005)

The selectivity of the ubiquitin-26 S proteasome system (UPS) for a particular substrate protein relies on the interaction between a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2, of which a cell contains relatively few) and a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3, of which there are possibly hundreds). Post-translational modifications of the protein substrate, such as phosphorylation or hydroxylation, are often required prior to its selection. In this way, the precise spatio-temporal targeting and degradation of a given substrate can be achieved. The E3s are a large, diverse group of proteins, characterized by one of several defining motifs. These include a HECT (homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus), RING (really interesting new gene) or U-box (a modified RING motif without the full complement of Zn2+-binding ligands) domain. Whereas HECT E3s have a direct role in catalysis during ubiquitination, RING and U-box E3s facilitate protein ubiquitination. These latter two E3 types act as adaptor-like molecules. They bring an E2 and a substrate into sufficiently close proximity to promote the substrate's ubiquitination. Although many RING-type E3s, such as MDM2 (murine double minute clone 2 oncoprotein) and c-Cbl, can apparently act alone, others are found as components of much larger multi-protein complexes, such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Taken together, these multifaceted properties and interactions enable E3s to provide a powerful, and specific, mechanism for protein clearance within all cells of eukaryotic organisms. The importance of E3s is highlighted by the number of normal cellular processes they regulate, and the number of diseases associated with their loss of function or inappropriate targeting.
Immunoglobulin A: Strategic Defense Initiative at the Mucosal Surface (1986)

IgA is the predominant immunoglobulin in the external secretions of humans. Specific IgA-producing cells home to mucosal epithelia through­ out the body to provide humoral protection as a frontline defense against pathogens borne in aerosols, the environment, and the diet. Much of the recent research on IgA has been directed toward three central questions: (a) What are the factors that account for the localization and regulation of IgA-producing cells at the mucosae; (b) What is the nature of the mechanism that selectively transports secretory IgA to the mucosal lumen; and (c) What are the physiologically important roles of IgA, both in blood and in the exocrine environment. Regulation of IgA production is an extensive topic in itself and will be touched on here only briefly. We concentrate on the fate and function of IgA after synthesis and try to assess which of its experimentally described properties are essential for IgA to contribute to the well-being of the host.
Characterization and androgen-dependence of proteins associated with luminal fluid and spermatozoa in the rat epididymis (1980)

Summary. The proteins of epididymal luminal fluid and of spermatozoa recovered from different regions of the rat epididymis were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. Albumin (A) and four major pre-albumin bands (B–E) were observed in epididymal fluid from the cauda on non-denaturing gels. By comparing the migration of these bands with that of standard globular proteins on denaturing gels, the molecular weight of Bands B and C was estimated to be 16 000, Band D was 30 000 and Band E was 32 000. Bands D and E were apparently glycoproteins since they stained with periodic acid– Schiff's reagent and were bound by an affinity column of Concanavalin A. The pre-albumin proteins (B–E) were of epididymal origin since they (a) were not detected in blood serum, (b) were not detected in testicular extracts and (c) were still found after ligation of the efferent ducts. From the incorporation of radioactive methionine, Bands B and C were shown to be synthesized in the initial segment and caput. The regional distribution of luminal proteins indicated that protein D was added in the caput and cauda and protein E in the cauda. This regional origin of luminal proteins was confirmed by the altered protein profiles consequent upon the reduced fluid flow through the epididymis brought about by ligation of the efferent ducts. The androgen-dependence of epididymal protein synthesis was also investigated using radioactive methionine. Castration had little effect on total protein synthesis but resulted in the specific reduction of the synthesis of proteins B and C. Several changes were observed in the relative amounts of specific proteins extracted from spermatozoa from different regions of the epididymis and several of these proteins had molecular weights identical with those in luminal fluid. However, there was no evidence for any substantial binding to spermatozoa of the pre-albumin proteins (B–E) of luminal fluid.
Energy-efficient Dynamic-subarray with Fixed True-time-delay Design for Terahertz Wideband Hybrid Beamforming (2022)

Hybrid beamforming for Terahertz (THz) ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output (UM-MIMO) systems is a promising technology for 6G space-air-ground integrated networks, which can overcome huge propagation loss and offer unprecedented data rates. With ultra-wide bandwidth and ultra-large-scale antennas array in THz band, the beam squint becomes one of the critical problems which could reduce the array gain and degrade the data rate substantially. However, the traditional phase-shifters-based hybrid beamforming architectures cannot tackle this issue due to the frequency-flat property of the phase shifters. In this paper, to combat the beam squint while keeping high energy efficiency, a novel dynamic-subarray with fixed true-time-delay (DS-FTTD) architecture is proposed. Compared to the existing studies which use the complicated adjustable TTDs, the DS-FTTD architecture has lower power consumption and hardware complexity, thanks to the low-cost FTTDs. Furthermore, a low-complexity row-decomposition (RD) algorithm is proposed to design hybrid beamforming matrices for the DS-FTTD architecture. Extensive simulation results show that, by using the RD algorithm, the DS-FTTD architecture achieves near-optimal array gain and significantly higher energy efficiency than the existing architectures. Moreover, the spectral efficiency of DS-FTTD architecture with the RD algorithm is robust to the imperfect channel state information.
Geolocation and monitoring platform for extensive farming in mountain pastures (2015)

Nowadays, interconnected ubiquitous objects are more and more present in different applications as a technical solution to collect, every time and everywhere, great amounts of data which are accessible through the Internet. One interesting area of application is the monitoring of cattle, in order not only to improve the farming working conditions but also to better know the behavior of the animals. In this work, a geolocation and monitoring platform oriented to extensive farming in mountain environments is presented. The proposed solution is composed of low power long range communication geolocation devices and a dedicated interface, accessible by means of different portable devices, which allows users to access and study the collected data.
Atom galleries for whispering atoms: binding atoms in stable orbits around an optical resonator (1994)

The external fields of optical whispering gallery modes may be used to confine atoms in stable orbits around a dielectric microsphere. As an example, a toroidal dipole-force trap (atom gallery) for three-level atoms is investigated, and the possibility of achieving an atomic (matter-wave) resonator is discussed. The extremely small electromagnetic mode volumes and high Q's of the whispering gallery modes should permit a circulating photon to be repeatedly absorbed and reemitted by a trapped whispering atom.
The <i>Xanthomonas citri</i> effector protein PthA interacts with citrus proteins involved in nuclear transport, protein folding and ubiquitination associated with DNA repair (2010)

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri utilizes the type III effector protein PthA to modulate host transcription to promote citrus canker. PthA proteins belong to the AvrBs3/PthA family and carry a domain comprising tandem repeats of 34 amino acids that mediates protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. We show here that variants of PthAs from a single bacterial strain localize to the nucleus of plant cells and form homo- and heterodimers through the association of their repeat regions. We hypothesize that the PthA variants might also interact with distinct host targets. Here, in addition to the interaction with alpha-importin, known to mediate the nuclear import of AvrBs3, we describe new interactions of PthAs with citrus proteins involved in protein folding and K63-linked ubiquitination. PthAs 2 and 3 preferentially interact with a citrus cyclophilin (Cyp) and with TDX, a tetratricopeptide domain-containing thioredoxin. In addition, PthAs 2 and 3, but not 1 and 4, interact with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex formed by Ubc13 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant (Uev), required for K63-linked ubiquitination and DNA repair. We show that Cyp, TDX and Uev interact with each other, and that Cyp and Uev localize to the nucleus of plant cells. Furthermore, the citrus Ubc13 and Uev proteins complement the DNA repair phenotype of the yeast Deltaubc13 and Deltamms2/uev1a mutants, strongly indicating that they are also involved in K63-linked ubiquitination and DNA repair. Notably, PthA 2 affects the growth of yeast cells in the presence of a DNA damage agent, suggesting that it inhibits K63-linked ubiquitination required for DNA repair.
Pedestrian Attribute Recognition At Far Distance (2014)

The capability of recognizing pedestrian attributes, such as gender and clothing style, at far distance, is of practical interest in far-view surveillance scenarios where face and body close-shots are hardly available. We make two contributions in this paper. First, we release a new pedestrian attribute dataset, which is by far the largest and most diverse of its kind. We show that the large-scale dataset facilitates the learning of robust attribute detectors with good generalization performance. Second, we present the benchmark performance by SVM-based method and propose an alternative approach that exploits context of neighboring pedestrian images for improved attribute inference.
Laws of Large Numbers for Asymmetrical Cauchy Random Variables (2007)

We generalize the Cauchy distribution so that we can have asymmetrical tails. This allows us to obtain unusual laws of large numbers involving weighted sums of these random variables. Unusual in the sense that even though in every case <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mi>X</mml:mi><mml:mo>|</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>∞</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, we can still obtain a nonzero limit for these weighted sums.
The methionine-homocysteine cycle and its effects on cognitive diseases. (2003)

Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a metabolite of the essential amino acid methionine, and exists at a critical biochemical intersection in the methionine cycle - between S-adenosylmethionine, the indispensable ubiquitous methyl donor, and vitamins B12 and folic acid. High blood levels of homocysteine signal a breakdown in this vital process, resulting in far-reaching biochemical and life consequences. The link between homocysteine and cardiovascular disease is well established, and decreasing plasma total homocysteine by providing nutritional cofactors for its metabolism has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Information has been emerging regarding a connection between homocysteine metabolism and cognitive function, from mild cognitive decline (age-related memory loss) to vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Significant deficiencies in the homocysteine re-methylation cofactors cobalamin (B12) and folate, as well as the trans-sulfuration cofactor vitamin B6, are commonly seen in the elderly population, with a resultant increase in homocysteine with advancing age. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been shown to be an independent risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. Indirect and direct vascular damage can be caused by homocysteine, which has been implicated in vascular dementia, with an increased risk of multiple brain infarcts and dementia as homocysteine levels rise. A significant correlation has been found between risk of Alzheimer's disease and high plasma levels of homocysteine, as well as low levels of folic acid, and vitamins B6 and B12. All of these disease associations are thought to be interrelated via increased homocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine and subsequent hypomethylation of numerous substances, including DNA and proteins, that render vascular structures and neurons more susceptible to damage and apoptosis. Providing the nutritional cofactors for proper functioning of the methionine cycle may improve methylation and protect the brain from damage. Further studies need to be performed to assess whether this will also reduce the risk of cognitive diseases and/or improve cognitive functioning.
Fans & ventilation : a practical guide (2005)

Fan history, types and characteristics The properties of gas Air and gas flow Fan performance standards Fans and ducting systems Flow regulation Materials and stresses Construction features Fan arrangements and designation of discharge position Fan bearings Belt, rope and chain drives Shaft couplings Prime movers for fans Fan noise Fan vibration Ancillary equipment Quality assurance, inspection and performance certification Installation, operation and maintenance Fan Economics Fan Selection Case Studies Manufacturers and Suppliers Guide Units and Conversions Useful Fan Terms translated Reference Index
Architectural Design of Preforms and Their Effects on Mechanical Property of High Temperature Composites (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Design of Needle Punching Process Preparation of Carbon/Carbon Composite Mechanical Properties of Needle Punched Preforms Mechanical Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites Conclusion
Improvement issues on transcoding algorithms: for the flexible usage to the various pairs of speech codec (2004)

The paper describes important issues on transcoding between different speech codecs by considering the paradigms of source and target coders. Conventional transcoding algorithms on LSP, pitch and adaptive/fixed codebook conversion are refined with regard to the structure of the coders. In addition, a new perceptual weighting filter, that plays a role in the post-filter and perceptual weighting filter together, is proposed to improve the performance further. The performance of the proposed algorithms is verified in a step-by-step manner with examples of transcoding between AMR, G.723.1 and G.729. By applying the proposed algorithm to the transcoders, the complexity is reduced by about 20-76.88% and quality is also improved compared to conventional approaches.
All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrovinylation. New Approaches to the Exocyclic Side Chain Stereochemistry Problem (2006)

1-Alkylstyrenes undergo efficient hydrovinylation (coupling with ethylene) in the presence of 1 mol % of a Ni catalyst prepared from [(allyl)NiBr]2, Na+BAr4- (Ar = 3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl), and phosphoramidite ligands (derived from enantiopure binaphthols and 1-methylbenzylamines), giving hydrovinylation products in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The products contain a quaternary center with two versatile latent functionalities, an arene and a vinyl group, useful for further synthetic elaborations.
A partitioning scheme for optimizing interconnect power (1997)

An architecture-synthesis technique for the low-power implementation of real-time applications is presented. The technique uses algorithm partitioning to preserve locality in the assignment of operations to hardware units. This results in reduced usage of long high-capacitance buses, fewer accesses to multiplexors and buffers, and more compact layouts. Experimental results show average reductions in bus and multiplexor power of 57.8 and 56.0%, respectively, resulting in an average reduction of 25.8% in total power. In addition, we analyze the effect of varying levels of partitioning on power consumption and present models for estimating bus capacitance.
The Melanocortin System and its Role in Obesity and Cachexia (2003)

Melanocortin receptors (MC-R) activated by one of several peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor have become leading contenders for a pivotal role in controlling food intake. Evidence has emerged over the last decade to implicate primarily the MC4-R and, to a lesser extent, MC3-R as the key sub-types involved and both are strategically located in those regions within the hypothalamus known to be associated with feeding. The receptors are within class A of the GPCR superfamily and the key electrostatic interaction with the positively charged peptide (Arg) has been mapped to one or more Asp or Glu residues located on helices II and III of the seven helical bundle characteristic of this class of receptor. Sites for secondary interactions from which sub-type selectivity may be derived have also been located in the extracellular and helical domains. Unique amongst GPCRs is the presence of endogenous antagonist peptides, Agouti and Agouti-related peptide (AGRP), which confer an extra level of control on the system. Recently, several reports of potent and selective non-peptide ligands have been published and these are seen as prototypic molecules from which drugs may emerge to treat obesity (agonists) and cachexia (antagonists). The role played by the melanocortin system is the subject of this review and advances in our understanding of the structure of the endogenous ligand(s), non-peptide, small molecule ligands and the receptors at which they interact will be discussed.
Improving low-illumination video (1979)

Nonmoving TV pictures are improved by electronic system that removes much of the snow or random noise in image. System integrates and averages picture elements in real time and thereby allows easier and more accurate evaluation of image, visually and by computer.
Physicochemical properties of keratin extracted from wool by various methods (2017)

Keratin from wool fibers was extracted with different extraction methods, for example oxidation, reduction, sulfitolysis, and superheated water hydrolysis. Different samples of extracted keratin were characterized by molecular weight determination, FT-IR and NIR spectroscopy, amino acid analysis, and thermal behavior. While using oxidation, reduction, and sulfitolysis, only the cleavage of disulfide bonds takes place; keratin hydrolysis leads to the breaking of peptide bonds with the formation of low molecular weight proteins and peptides. In the FT-IR spectra of keratoses, the formation of cysteic acid appears, as well as the formation of Bunte salts (–S–SO 3 –) after the cleavage of disulfide bonds by sulfitolysis. The amino acid composition confirms the transformation of amino acid cystine, which is totally converted into cysteic acid following oxidative extraction and almost completely destroyed during superheated water hydrolysis. Thermal behavior shows that keratoses, which are characterized by stronger ionic interaction and higher molecular weight, are the most temperature stable keratin, while hydrolyzed wool shows a poor thermal stability.
Hierarchical porous materials for tissue engineering (2005)

Biological organisms have evolved to produce hierarchical three-dimensional structures with dimensions ranging from nanometres to metres. Replicating these complex living hierarchical structures for the purpose of repair or replacement of degenerating tissues is one of the great challenges of chemistry, physics, biology and materials science. This paper describes how the use of hierarchical porous materials in tissue engineering applications has the potential to shift treatments from tissue replacement to tissue regeneration. The criteria that a porous material must fulfil to be considered ideal for bone tissue engineering applications are listed. Bioactive glass foam scaffolds have the potential to fulfil all the criteria, as they have a hierarchical porous structure similar to that of trabecular bone, they can bond to bone and soft tissue and they release silicon and calcium ions that have been found to up-regulate seven families of genes in osteogenic cells. Their hierarchical structure can be tailored for the required rate of tissue bonding, resorption and delivery of dissolution products. This paper describes how the structure and properties of the scaffolds are being optimized with respect to cell response and that tissue culture techniques must be optimized to enable growth of new bone in vitro .
From Unknown Sensors and Actuators to Visually Guided Movement (2005)

This paper describes a developmental system implemented on a real robot that learns a model of its own sensory and actuator apparatuses. There is no innate knowledge regarding the modality or representation of the sensoric input and the actuators, and the system relies on generic properties of the robot's world such as piecewise smooth effects of movement on sensory changes. The robot develops the model of its sensorimotor system by first performing random movements to create an informational map of the sensors. Using this map the robot then learns what effects the different possible actions have on the sensors. After this developmental process the robot can perform simple motion tracking
Sem irradiation for hardness assurance screening and process definition (1974)

Low-energy electron irradiation of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices has been correlated to cobalt-60 gamma irradiation in terms of oxide space charges and interface states. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> This paper reports on the results obtained using the low-energy electron beam of a standard commercial scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) for in-process hardness assurance screening and as a tool for rapid evaluation of process variations designed to improve total-dose radiation hardness. The techniques for SEM testing are described, and the results of correlation studies of radiation effects produced by the SEM, gamma radiation (Co-60), and 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> -eV sources compared. The variance in total dose radiation hardness over a single wafer and from wafer to wafer has been investigated for the CMOS CD-4007 array and the results are reported.
Early stages of the apoptotic pathway in plant cells are reversible (1998)

Summary Chromatin condensation and nDNA fragmentation, indicators of apoptosis in mammalian cells, occur in plant cells during senescence and following induction by chemical agents. In Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cells, camptothecin, okadaic acid, salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and the calcium ionophore A23187 induced chromatin condensation and nDNA fragmentation. Exposure of cells to low concentrations or removal of the chemical agent resulted in an initial phase of chromatin condensation, followed by its reversal. A further feature of apoptosis in mammalian cells, annexin V binding, indicative of phosphotidylserine exposure, was also confirmed in relation to the other events in the apoptotic pathway. With respect to flow cytometric characteristics, apoptosis triggered by a variety of chemicals occurs in plant cells in a manner closely related to that in mammalian cells. However, the extent of chromatin condensation is substantially greater, and in the early stages is reversible.