gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in muscle activation patterns following robot-assisted training of hand function after stroke (2010)

Robot-assisted rehabilitation has only recently begun to be applied to improvement of hand function after stroke. In a preliminary study, involving 4 post-stroke subjects, more than 2 years following the stroke, we have been able to show that 8 weeks of robot-assisted training leads to changes in patterns of arm and finger muscle activation. The patterns were quantified in terms of synchronous muscle synergies which allowed for comparison with muscle activation patterns of healthy age-matched subjects. We found that the muscle synergies of the post-stroke subjects became more similar to those of the healthy subject group following training.
Advocates for culture, advocates for health. (2001)

For the first time in its history, the Health Advocacy Award has been granted to a group of nurses--the Nuu-chah-nulth Community and Human Services Community Health Nurses on Vancouver Island. They have been recognized for their advocacy in providing culturally sensitive nursing care to the Nuu-chah-nulth First Nations.
Whole blood and leukocyte RNA isolation for gene expression analyses (2004)

The analysis of gene expression data in clinical medicine has been plagued by the lack of a critical evaluation of accepted methodologies for the collection, processing, and labeling of RNA. In the present report, the reliability of two commonly used techniques to isolate RNA from whole blood or its leukocyte compartment was compared by examining their reproducibility, variance, and signal-to-noise ratios. Whole blood was obtained from healthy subjects and was either untreated or stimulated ex vivo with Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB). Blood samples were also obtained from trauma patients but were not stimulated with SEB ex vivo. Total RNA was isolated from whole blood with the PAXgene proprietary blood collection system or from isolated leukocytes. Biotin-labeled cRNA was hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChips. The Pearson correlation coefficient for gene expression measurements in replicates from healthy subjects with both techniques was excellent, exceeding 0.985. Unsupervised analyses, including hierarchical cluster analysis, however, revealed that the RNA isolation method resulted in greater differences in gene expression than stimulation with SEB or among different trauma patients. The intraclass correlation, a measure of signal-to-noise ratio, of the difference between SEB-stimulated and unstimulated blood from healthy subjects was significantly higher in leukocyte-derived samples than in whole blood: 0.75 vs. 0.46 (P = 0.002). At the P < 0.001 level of significance, twice as many probe sets discriminated between SEB-stimulated and unstimulated blood with leukocyte isolation than with PAXgene. The findings suggest that the method of RNA isolation from whole blood is a critical variable in the design of clinical studies using microarray analyses.
Silicon Nanowire Esaki Diodes (2012)

We report on the fabrication and characterization of silicon nanowire tunnel diodes. The silicon nanowires were grown on p-type Si substrates using Au-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid growth and in situ n-type doping. Electrical measurements reveal Esaki diode characteristics with peak current densities of 3.6 kA/cm(2), peak-to-valley current ratios of up to 4.3, and reverse current densities of up to 300 kA/cm(2) at 0.5 V reverse bias. Strain-dependent current-voltage (I-V) measurements exhibit a decrease of the peak tunnel current with uniaxial tensile stress and an increase of 48% for 1.3 GPa compressive stress along the <111> growth direction, revealing the strain dependence of the Si band structure and thus the tunnel barrier. The contributions of phonons to the indirect tunneling process were probed by conductance measurements at 4.2 K. These measurements show phonon peaks at energies corresponding to the transverse acoustical and transverse optical phonons. In addition, the low-temperature conductance measurements were extended to higher biases to identify potential impurity states in the band gap. The results demonstrate that the most likely impurity, namely, Au from the catalyst particle, is not detectable, a finding that is also supported by the excellent device properties of the Esaki diodes reported here.
Monotone minimal perfect hashing: searching a sorted table with O(1) accesses (2009)

A minimal perfect hash function maps a set S of n keys into the set {0, 1,..., n -- 1} bijectively. Classical results state that minimal perfect hashing is possible in constant time using a structure occupying space close to the lower bound of log e bits per element. Here we consider the problem of monotone minimal perfect hashing, in which the bijection is required to preserve the lexicographical ordering of the keys. A monotone minimal perfect hash function can be seen as a very weak form of index that provides ranking just on the set S (and answers randomly outside of S). Our goal is to minimise the description size of the hash function: we show that, for a set S of n elements out of a universe of 2w elements, O(n log log w) bits are sufficient to hash monotonically with evaluation time O(log w). Alternatively, we can get space O(n log w) bits with O(1) query time. Both of these data structures improve a straightforward construction with O(n log w) space and O(log w) query time. As a consequence, it is possible to search a sorted table with O(1) accesses to the table (using additional O(n log log w) bits). Our results are based on a structure (of independent interest) that represents a trie in a very compact way, but admits errors. As a further application of the same structure, we show how to compute the predecessor (in the sorted order of S) of an arbitrary element, using O(1) accesses in expectation and an index of O(n log w) bits, improving the trivial result of O(nw) bits. This implies an efficient index for searching a blocked memory.
Treatment Paradigms for Retinal and Macular Diseases Using 3-D Retina Cultures Derived From Human Reporter Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines (2016)

We discuss the use of pluripotent stem cell lines carrying fluorescent reporters driven by retinal promoters to derive three-dimensional (3-D) retina in culture and how this system can be exploited for elucidating human retinal biology, creating disease models in a dish, and designing targeted drug screens for retinal and macular degeneration. Furthermore, we realize that stem cell investigations are labor-intensive and require extensive resources. To expedite scientific discovery by sharing of resources and to avoid duplication of efforts, we propose the formation of a Retinal Stem Cell Consortium. In the field of vision, such collaborative approaches have been enormously successful in elucidating genetic susceptibility associated with age-related macular degeneration.
Seismic velocity changes caused by an overburden stress (2013)

ABSTRACT An increase in seismic velocity with depth is a common rock property, one that can be encountered practically everywhere. Overburden pressure increases vertical stress, producing a nonlinear elastic response. Application of a conventional nonlinear theory to this problem leads to transverse isotropy, with explicit relationships between nonlinear constants and elastic anisotropy parameters. These relationships can be used in velocity “depth trend” removal and in computing offset-dependent corrections for stacking and migration. Assumptions about small static stress and the use of linearized solutions for its evaluation are invalid for overburden problems — more accurate approximations are required. Realistic tomography models should account for elastic anisotropy as a basic feature. Our theory gives an accurate fit to well and stacking velocity data for the Los Angeles Basin. Overburden stress is a likely cause of shear-wave generation by underground explosions.
Desorption–recombination behavior of as‐disproportionated NdFeCoB compacts by reactive deformation (2015)

Abstract The disproportionated phases of NdH x , Fe 2 B, and α‐Fe from Nd 2 Fe 14 B were applied to prepare NdFeB magnets by two different routes. The results show that the route of annealing in horizontal vacuum sintering furnace cannot reach the purpose of complete recombination after the hot pressing and hot deformation process due to the lack of dehydrogenation channel. The route of applying low pressure of 4–25 MPa on the as‐disproportionated green compact during the desorption recombination process in situ hot deformation in a spark plasma sintering (SPS) system can obtain completely recombined NdFeB magnet with good anisotropy and magnetic properties. The maximum magnetic properties, ( BH ) max = 201 kJ·m −3 , B r = 1.142 T and H cj = 469 kA·m −1 , are obtained after being treated for 15 min at 750 °C under low pressure.
Factors Affecting the Control of Unstable Combustors (2003)

Active control systems for the attenuation of pressure oscillations in unstable combustors have been under development by a wide variety of investigators. Whereas many of these applications have been in simplified, bench-scale combustors, some significant efforts have been made in realistic systems including full-scale gas turbine engines. Results from these efforts, although generally positive, have been varied. As the technology has matured, the understanding of the factors that currently limit its capability has improved. Some of these factors and how they may be quantified through experiments, models, or combined approaches are addressed. The application focus was lean, premixed combustors for industrial gas turbines. Both gas- and liquid-fueled systems were considered. In particular, the effects of actuation system time delay and actuated fuel mixing are examined, and the fundamental limits of control in systems with time delay are considered. The results indicate that the mixing of the actuated fuel with the remainder of the premixed reactants is significant in determining control authority. The effects of system time delays are shown to result in a peak splitting phenomenon, which limits the degree to which pressure oscillations can be reduced. A further examination of the fundamental limits of control demonstrates that it is not possible to arbitrarily decrease the level of pressure oscillations using linear controllers. The factors that limit the achievable reduction level are the time delay, the combustor damping, and the actuator bandwidth.
Universal hydraulics of the flowering plants: vessel diameter scales with stem length across angiosperm lineages, habits and climates (2014)

Angiosperm hydraulic performance is crucially affected by the diameters of vessels, the water conducting conduits in the wood. Hydraulic optimality models suggest that vessels should widen predictably from stem tip to base, buffering hydrodynamic resistance accruing as stems, and therefore conductive path, increase in length. Data from 257 species (609 samples) show that vessels widen as predicted with distance from the stem apex across angiosperm orders, habits and habitats. Standardising for stem length, vessels are only slightly wider in warm/moist climates and in lianas, showing that, rather than climate or habit, plant size is by far the main driver of global variation in mean vessel diameter. Terminal twig vessels become wider as plant height increases, while vessel density decreases slightly less than expected tip to base. These patterns lead to testable predictions regarding evolutionary strategies allowing plants to minimise carbon costs per unit leaf area even as height increases.
Software as a Service: Implications for Investment in Software Development (2007)

Software as a service (SaaS) is a rapidly growing model of software licensing. In contrast to traditional software where users buy a perpetual-use license, SaaS users buy a subscription from the publisher. Whereas traditional software publishers typically release new product features as part of new versions of software once in a few years, publishers using SaaS have an incentive to release new features as soon as they are completed. We show that this property of the SaaS licensing model leads to greater investment in product development under most conditions. This increased investment leads to higher software quality in equilibrium under SaaS compared to perpetual licensing. The software publisher earns greater profits under SaaS while social welfare is also higher
Liquid–Liquid and Solid–Liquid Extraction (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Liquid–Liquid Extraction Solid–Liquid Extraction (Leaching) References
Protection against<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>Infection by CD8<sup>+</sup>T Cells Requires the Production of Gamma Interferon (1998)

The role of CD8 T cells in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in mice was confirmed by comparing the levels of growth of the organism in control, major histocompatibility complex class II knockout, and athymic mice and by transferring T-cell populations into athymic mice. By using donor mice which were incapable of making gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), it was shown that IFN-gamma production was essential for CD8 cell mediation of protective immunity against M. tuberculosis.
Characterization of photoplethysmographic blood volume pulse waveforms for exercise evaluation (2002)

The changes in the blood volume pulse (BVP) of exercising subjects are monitored and analyzed using three different approaches: averaged histogram, average periodogram and average beat amplitude and area. The results for all of these methods of analysis are shown.
A Na4Fe(CN)6/NaCl solid solution cathode material with an enhanced electrochemical performance for sodium ion batteries (2013)

A Na4Fe(CN)6/NaCl solid solution was synthesized and investigated as a cathode material for sodium ion batteries. Pure Na4Fe(CN)6 and NaCl do not work as cathode materials for sodium ion batteries, while a sample of Na4Fe(CN)6/NaCl demonstrated a remarkably enhanced Na+ insertion/extraction capability and electrochemical performance, due to the cation vacancies and interconnected cages generated in the solid solution framework.
Elastic Highly Available Cloud Computing (2015)

High availability and elasticity are two the cloud computing services technical features. Elasticity is a key feature of cloud computing where provisioning of resources is closely tied to the runtime demand. High availability assure that cloud applications are resilient to failures. Existing cloud solutions focus on providing both features at the level of the virtual resource through virtual machines by managing their restart, addition, and removal as needed. These existing solutions map applications to a specific design, which is not suitable for many applications especially virtualized telecommunication applications that are required to meet carrier grade standards. Carrier grade applications typically rely on the underlying platform to manage their availability by monitoring heartbeats, executing recoveries, and attempting repairs to bring the system back to normal. Migrating such applications to the cloud can be particularly challenging, especially if the elasticity policies target the application only, without considering the underlying platform contributing to its high availability (HA). In this thesis, a Network Function Virtualization (NFV) framework is introduced; the challenges and requirements of its use in mobile networks are discussed. In particular, an architecture for NFV framework entities in the virtual environment is proposed. In order to reduce signaling traffic congestion and achieve better performance, a criterion to bundle multiple functions of virtualized evolved packet-core in a single physical device or a group of adjacent devices is proposed. The analysis shows that the proposed grouping can reduce the network control traffic by 70 percent. Moreover, a comprehensive framework for the elasticity of highly available applications that considers the elastic deployment of the platform and the HA placement of the application’s components is proposed. The approach is applied to an internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) application and demonstrate how, within a matter of seconds, the IMS application can be scaled up while maintaining its HA status.
Sulfation of hydroxylamines and hydroxamic acids in liver cytosol from male and female rats and purified aryl sulfotransferase IV (1992)

Sulfation activity towards hydroxamic acids and hydroxylamines was determined in liver cytosols for juvenile and adult males and female rats, as well as in purified rat liver aryl sulfotransferase IV preparations. Sulfation activity towards the hydroxamic acids N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminophenanthrene, N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl, N-hydroxy-4'-fluoro-4-acetylaminobiphenyl, N-hydroxy-2-acetylamino-5-phenylpyridine, was higher in cytosols derived from adult males (two or three times) than in those from adult females and juveniles (both sexes). N-Hydroxy-2-acetylamino-3-methyl-5-phenylpyridine (N-OH-2AAMPP), however, was poorly sulfated by any of the cytosols. Sulfation activity towards the hydroxylamines N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene, N-hydroxy-2-aminophenanthrene, N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl, N-hydroxy-4'-fluoro-4-aminobiphenyl was much lower. N-Hydroxy-2-amino-5-phenylpyridine (N-OH-2APP), however, was sulfated much better than the other hydroxylamines. No higher sulfation activity in adult male cytosols for hydroxylamines was found, except for N-OH-2APP and N-hydroxy-2-amino-3-methyl-5-phenylpyridine (N-OH-2AMPP). Purified aryl sulfotransferase IV (AST IV) converted all hydroxamic acids; N-OH-2AAMPP was a poor substrate. Of the hydroxylamines only N-OH-2APP and N-OH-2AMPP were conjugated. These results suggest that hydroxylamines and hydroxamic acids are converted by different sulfotransferases in the rat in vivo. They also indicate that AST IV may be the major enzyme responsible for sulfation of a variety of aromatic hydroxamic acids in the male rat liver. The results presented here are discussed in relation to the carcinogenic effects of some of these compounds.
Diffusion kinetics of the carburization and silicidation of Ti3SiC2 (1998)

The ternary carbide Ti3SiC2 possesses a unique set of properties that could render it a material of considerable technological impact. The motivation for this work was to enhance the hardness and oxidation resistance of Ti3SiC2 by altering its surface chemistry. Reaction of Ti3SiC2 with single crystal Si wafers in the 1200–1350 °C temperature range resulted in the formation of a dense surface layer composed of a two phase mixture of TiSi2 and SiC. This layer grows in two distinct morphologies; an outer layer with fine (1–5 μm) SiC particles and an inner coarser (10–15 μm) one. The overall growth rates of the layers were parabolic. Comparison with previously published results supports the conclusion that diffusion of Si through TiSi2 is rate limiting. In the 1400–1600 °C temperature range, reaction of Ti3SiC2 with graphite foils resulted in the formation of a 15 vol. % porous surface layer of TiCx (where x&gt;0.8). It is shown that the carburization kinetics are rate limited by the diffusion of C through TiCx. Both carburization and silicidation increased surface hardness, the latter also enhanced the oxidation resistance by about three orders of magnitude.
Probes and Techniques for Sperm Evaluation by Flow Cytometry (2010)

Flow cytometry has become an important technique in sperm evaluation and is increasingly used both for routine assessment and for research in veterinary science. We have revised the literature, describing fluorescent probes that have been used for analysing spermatozoa by flow cytometry, regarding: viability, acrosomal status, capacitation, mitochondrial status, apoptotic markers, oxidative stress markers, DNA damage, sperm counting and sperm sizing. Details and problems of some techniques are reviewed, with special attention to the occurrence of non-sperm particles in the samples ('debris'). New and promising aspects of flow cytometry, such as sperm sorting using viability markers as selection criteria, are highlighted. The relationship between flow cytometry analyses and fertility and their future improvements are considered.
Photoreactivity of 2- and 3-substituted benzo[b]thiophene 1-oxides in solution (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotoreactivity of 2- and 3-substituted benzo[b]thiophene 1-oxides in solutionMuhammed El Faghi El Amoudi, Patrick Geneste, and Jean Louis OliveCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 21, 4258–4262Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1981https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00334a030RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views172Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (628 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Metaheuristic optimization via memory and evolution : tabu search and scatter search (2005)

Advances for New Model and Solution Approaches.- A Scatter Search Tutorial for Graph-Based Permutation Problems.- A Multistart Scatter Search Heuristic for Smooth NLP and MINLP Problems.- Scatter Search Methods for the Covering Tour Problem.- Solution of the SONET Ring Assignment Problem with Capacity Constraints.- Advances for Solving Classical Problems.- A Very Fast Tabu Search Algorithm for Job Shop Problem.- Tabu Search Heuristics for the Vehicle Routing Problem.- Some New Ideas in TS for Job Shop Scheduling.- A Tabu Search Heuristic for the Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem.- Adaptive Memory Search Guidance for Satisfiability Problems.- Experimental Evaluations.- Lessons from Applying and Experimenting with Scatter Search.- Tabu Search for Mixed Integer Programming.- Scatter Search vs. Genetic Algorithms.- Review of Recent Developments.- Parallel Computation, Co-operation, Tabu Search.- Using Group Theory to Construct and Characterize Metaheuristic Search Neighborhoods.- Logistics Management.- New Procedural Designs.- On the Integration of Metaheuristic Strategies in Constraint Programming.- General Purpose Metrics for Solution Variety.- Controlled Pool Maintenance for Metaheuristics.- Adaptive Memory Projection Methods for Integer Programming.- RAMP: A New Metaheuristic Framework for Combinatorial Optimization.