gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure Oil‐Absorption Relationships During Deep‐Fat Frying (2003)

ABSTRACT Analysis of the oil‐absorption process in deep‐fat fried potato cylinders (frying temperatures of 155°C, 170°C, and 185°C) allowed to distinguish 3 oil fractions: structural oil (absorbed during frying), penetrated surface oil (suctioned during cooling), and surface oil. Results showed that a small amount of oil penetrates during frying because most of the oil was picked up at the end of the process, suggesting that oil uptake and water removal are not synchronous phenomena. After cooling, oil was located either on the surface of the chip or suctioned into the porous crust microstructure, with an inverse relationship between them for increasing frying times.
Bicyclic Hydroxy‐1<i>H</i>‐pyrrolopyridine‐trione Containing HIV‐1 Integrase Inhibitors (2011)

HIV-1 integrase (IN) is a validated therapeutic target for the treatment of AIDS. However, the emergence of resistance to raltegravir, the sole marketed FDA-approved IN inhibitor, emphasizes the need to develop second-generation inhibitors that retain efficacy against clinically relevant IN mutants. We report herein bicyclic hydroxy-1H-pyrrolopyridine-triones as a new family of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors that were efficiently prepared using a key 'Pummerer cyclization deprotonation cycloaddition' cascade of imidosulfoxides. In in vitro HIV-1 integrase assays, the analogs showed low micromolar inhibitory potencies with selectivity for strand transfer reactions as compared with 3'-processing inhibition. A representative inhibitor (5e) retained most of its inhibitory potency against the three major raltegravir-resistant IN mutant enzymes, G140S/Q148H, Y143R, and N155H. In antiviral assays employing viral vectors coding these IN mutants, compound 5e was approximately 200- and 20-fold less affected than raltegravir against the G140S/Q148H and Y143R mutations, respectively. Against the N155H mutation, 5e was approximately 10-fold less affected than raltegravir. Thus, our new compounds represent a novel structural class that may be further developed to overcome resistance to raltegravir, particularly in the case of the G140S/Q148H mutations.
The statistical modelling of fingerprint minutiae distribution with implications for fingerprint individuality studies (2008)

The spatial distribution of fingerprint minutiae is a core problem in the fingerprint individuality study, the cornerstone of the fingerprint authentication technology. Previously, the assumption in most research that minutiae distribution is random has been proved to be inaccurate and may lead to significant overestimates of fingerprint uniqueness. In this paper, we propose a stochastic model for describing and simulating fingerprint minutiae patterns. Through coupling a pair potential Markov point process with a thinned process, this model successfully depicts the complex statistical behavior of fingerprint minutiae. Parameters of this model can be determined by nonlinear minimization. Furthermore, experiment results show that the statistical properties of our proposed model dovetails nicely with real minutiae data in terms of the false fingerprint correspondence probability. Such evidences indicate that the proposed model is a more accurate foundation for minutiae based fingerprint individuality studies as well as the artificial fingerprint synthesis when compared to the model of random distribution.
Modern SAW-based pulse compression systems for radar applications. 2. Practical systems (1996)

For part 1 see Electron. and Commun. Eng. J., vol.7, no.6, p.237-46 (1995). Part 1 reviewed the need for pulse compression radar and showed how surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology solved the associated matched-filtering problem. Part 2 examines the detailed requirements of actual systems and gives examples of different types of hardware and the results they have achieved. The author discusses radar waveforms, pulse compression radar architectures, the effects of errors, and waveform generation.
Implicit and explicit memory in scene based contextual cueing (2010)

Aim: Humans process a visual display more efficiently when they encounter it for a second time. When conducting visual search for a ‘T’ target presented among ‘L’ distracters, observers are faster at detecting the target when the same display is occasionally repeated, even when the repeated displays are not explicitly recognized. This study investigates how repeated presentation of natural scenes (rather than meaningless T-L configurations) affects visual search. In particular, we test the role of implicit learning and explicit associative memory in learning of natural scenes. Method: Subjects searched for a ‘T’ among ‘L’s presented in a circular array against natural scenes or scrambled scenes. Each block contained 32 trials, divided randomly and evenly by two factors: background type (scene vs. scrambled image) and condition (repeated vs. nonrepeated). In repeated conditions, both the background image and the target location remain the same for each repetition. In the nonrepeated conditions, the background image was novel. We measured search RT throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment, we tested explicit recognition of repeated scenes and recall of target locations for repeated scenes. Results: In explicit recognition, subjects showed better scene recognition and displayed better target location memory for natural scenes over scrambled scenes. However, in visual search, RT advantage for repeated over nonrepeated displays was comparable between scenes and scrambled scenes. In addition, repeated scenes that were correctly recognized were not searched faster than repeated scenes that were missed in recognition. This suggests that while subjects have explicit memory for repeated natural scenes, visual search is facilitated primarily through implicit learning.
The countrate performance of the volume imaging PENN-PET scanner (1994)

The UGM PENN-PET camera uses large position sensitive detectors and operates without septa. This design results in high sensitivity and 3-D imaging capability, but poses problems in high countrate situations. The maximum true countrates and random countrates have been measured, as a function of object size in the field-of-view. The countrate performance is understood in terms of the limiting process rates and event rejection in the camera. In addition, the camera is calibrated to generate absolute activity concentrations to within 5% by correcting for system deadtime with up to 3 mCi in the field of view in brain studies (50% deadtime at 3 muCi/mL). This allows the performance of a variety of brain and body studies, and accurate quantitation of the data over a wide range of imaging countrates, from (18)F-FDG brain studies to (15)O-water dynamic brain studies.
Effect of dietary calcium level on plasma proteins and calcium flux occurring during a 24 h ovulatory cycle (1995)

An experiment was carried out to determine whether feeding different calcium levels from the onset of production has an effect on medullary bone reserves, plasma proteins and ultimately shell formation. A total of 80 Single Comb White Leghorn hens photostimulated at 17 wk of age were fed a 2.5% Ca diet until the appearance of the first egg. Thereafter diets providing 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, or 4.5% Ca were fed to groups of 16 hens. At 6, 12, 18, or 24 h post-ovrposition, blood was collected from four hens per treatment, which were then euthanized and developing shells and bones sampled. As dietary Ca increased, plasma Ca, protein, and protein-bound phosphorus concentrations also increased (P < 0.05). Dietary Ca level had no effect (P > 0.05) on the % Ca or total Ca content of bone ends or medullary bone. As dietary Ca concentration increased, both shell ash and shell Ca increased (P < 0.05). Regardless of dietary Ca, shell secretion was most rapid during 12–18 h of the ovulatory cycle (postoviposition). Key words: Calcium, medullary bone, shell calcification, plasma proteins
Thermal and Crosstalk-Aware Physical Design for 3D System-On-Package (2005)

D packaging via System-On-Package (SOP) is a viable alternative to System-On-Chip (SOC) to meet the rigorous re- quirements of today's mixed signal system integration. In this article, we present the first physical layout algorithm for 3D SOP that performs thermal-aware 3D placement and crosstalk- aware 3D global routing. Existing approaches consider thermal distribution and crosstalk issues as an afterthought, which may require expensive cooling scheme and additional routing layers. Our goal is to overcome this problem with our thermal and crosstalk-aware 3D layout tools. The traditional design objectives such as performance, area, wirelength, and via costs are considered simultaneously to ensure high quality results. Related experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited-stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung? A meta-analysis. (1992)

This meta-analysis shows a small but significant improvement in survival and a major improvement in tumor control in the thorax in patients receiving thoracic radiation therapy. However, this is achieved at the cost of a small increase in treatment-related mortality.
Boosting Combinatorial Problem Modeling with Machine Learning (2018)

In the past few years, the area of Machine Learning (ML) has witnessed tremendous advancements, becoming a pervasive technology in a wide range of applications. One area that can significantly benefit from the use of ML is Combinatorial Optimization. The three pillars of constraint satisfaction and optimization problem solving, i.e., modeling, search, and optimization, can exploit ML techniques to boost their accuracy, efficiency and effectiveness. In this survey we focus on the modeling component, whose effectiveness is crucial for solving the problem. The modeling activity has been traditionally shaped by optimization and domain experts, interacting to provide realistic results. Machine Learning techniques can tremendously ease the process, and exploit the available data to either create models or refine expert-designed ones. In this survey we cover approaches that have been recently proposed to enhance the modeling process by learning either single constraints, objective functions, or the whole model. We highlight common themes to multiple approaches and draw connections with related fields of research.
The vertebrate limb: A model system to study the <i>Hox</i>/hom gene network during development and evolution (1992)

The potential of the vertebrate limb as a model system to study developmental mechanisms is particularly well illustrated by the analysis of the Hox gene network. These genes are probably involved in the establishment of patterns encoding positional information. Their functional organisation during both limb and trunk development are very similar and seem to involve the progressive activation in time, along the chromosome, of a battery of genes whose products could differentially instruct those cells where they are expressed. This process may be common to all organisms that develop according to an anterior-posterior morphogenetic progression. The possible linkage of this system to a particular mechanism of segmentation as well as its phylogenetic implications are discussed.
Deniable cloud storage (2010)

Cloud computing provides users with ample computing resources, storage, and bandwidth to meet their computing needs, often at minimal cost. As such services become popular and available to a larger body of users, security mechanisms become an integral part of them. Conventional means for protecting data privacy, such as encryption, can protect communication and stored data from unauthorized access including the service provider itself. Such tools, however, are not sufficient against powerful adversaries who can force users into opening their encrypted content. In this work we introduce the concept of deniable cloud storage that guarantees privacy of data even when one's communication and storage can be opened by an adversary. We show that existing techniques and systems do not adequately solve this problem. We design the first sender-and-receiver deniable public-key encryption scheme that is both practical and is built from standard tools. Furthermore, we treat practical aspects of user collaboration and provide an implementation of a deniable shared file system, DenFS.
Graphene oxide selectively targets cancer stem cells, across multiple tumor types: Implications for non-toxic cancer treatment, via “differentiation-based nano-therapy” (2015)

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs), a.k.a. cancer stem cells (CSCs), are difficult to eradicate with conventional approaches to cancer treatment, such as chemo-therapy and radiation. As a consequence, the survival of residual CSCs is thought to drive the onset of tumor recurrence, distant metastasis, and drug-resistance, which is a significant clinical problem for the effective treatment of cancer. Thus, novel approaches to cancer therapy are needed urgently, to address this clinical need. Towards this end, here we have investigated the therapeutic potential of graphene oxide to target cancer stem cells. Graphene and its derivatives are well-known, relatively inert and potentially non-toxic nano-materials that form stable dispersions in a variety of solvents. Here, we show that graphene oxide (of both big and small flake sizes) can be used to selectively inhibit the proliferative expansion of cancer stem cells, across multiple tumor types. For this purpose, we employed the tumor-sphere assay, which functionally measures the clonal expansion of single cancer stem cells under anchorage-independent conditions. More specifically, we show that graphene oxide effectively inhibits tumor-sphere formation in multiple cell lines, across 6 different cancer types, including breast, ovarian, prostate, lung and pancreatic cancers, as well as glioblastoma (brain). In striking contrast, graphene oxide is non-toxic for "bulk" cancer cells (non-stem) and normal fibroblasts. Mechanistically, we present evidence that GO exerts its striking effects on CSCs by inhibiting several key signal transduction pathways (WNT, Notch and STAT-signaling) and thereby inducing CSC differentiation. Thus, graphene oxide may be an effective non-toxic therapeutic strategy for the eradication of cancer stem cells, via differentiation-based nano-therapy.
A dual precipitation method for quantitative plasma lipoprotein measurement without ultracentrifugation. (1973)

Abstract A dual precipitation technique has been used to separate the major lipoprotein classes for quantitation by cholesterol content. First, very low density lipoproteins are aggregated by sodium dodecyl sulfate and the cholesterol concentration of the subnatant plasma (C HDL + C LDL ) is determined. Second, polyanion-divalent cation precipitation of very low and low density lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL) is used to separate the high density (HDL) fraction for cholesterol measurement (inHDL)- VLDL and LDL cholesterol are then calculated from these values and the total plasma cholesterol. A systematic comparison was made between the precipitation method and a similar method which uses preparative ultracentrifugation to separate VLDL. The two methods have given interchangeable results in a series of 80 samples from normal subjects and patients with primary and acquired hyperlipoproteinemia. The incomplete aggregation of VLDL in a single patient with extreme hyperglyceridemia (6,800 to 15,000 mg. per 100 ml.) was responsible for erroneous C VLDL and C LDL values. Measured values for C HDL and consequently, calculated values for C LDL , were found to differ when we compared two published methods for precipitation of VLDL and LDL. By elimating the need for preparative ultracentrifugation, the dual precipitation technique facilitates quantitative estimation of the individual lipoprotein classes. This technique provides major advantages over other simplified techniques for lipoprotein analysis.
Nucleosomes inhibit phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes by peritoneal macrophages from MRL+/+ lupus-prone mice (1998)

The nucleosome, the basic structure of chromatin and normal product of cell apoptosis, plays a pivotal role both in the induction and the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Nucleosomes have been found to circulate at high levels in patients with SLE and apoptosis of lymphoid cells is increased during human and murine lupus. In this study, we examined the presence of possible defects in clearance mechanisms of apoptotic cells in murine lupus, and questioned further whether nucleosomes could compromise this phagocytic process. There did not appear to be any intrinsic functional defect of macrophages from young MRL+/+ lupus-prone mice to recognize and phagocytose apoptotic thymocytes. Nucleosomes, as a mimic of increased cell apoptotsis in vivo, induced a strong, dose-dependent, inhibition of phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes by young, pre-autoimmune, macrophages of MRL+/+ mice, whereas macrophages of non-autoimmune C3H mice only exhibited a trend to inhibition. The nucleosome-elicited inhibitory effect persisted during the development of the autoimmune response and appeared to be specific for the molecular mechanisms involved in macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Our data suggest that nucleosome elicited inhibition of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by MRL+/+ macrophages before the onset of the autoimmune response contribute, in a positive loop, to sustain and/or augment the levels of circulating (and potentially immunogenic) nucleosomes in lupus.
Air transducers with high acoustic impedance (1998)

High-Z air transducers evolved from several industrial transducers. These predecessors include (a) acoustic emission and angle-beam NDT contact transducers; (b) flowmeter transducers for high-pressure methane, hot refinery gases, and corrosive flare gases; and (c) transducer arrays for monitoring hot corrosive gases flowing at Mach 0.1 in smokestacks of φ3–13 m. This peculiar ancestry accounts for their unusual high-acoustic-impedance construction. By not employing low-Z air-backed radiating membranes, transducer bandwidth, response time, and sensitivity are sacrificed. The solid, robust construction, however, offers some compensating features: tolerance to wide ranges in pressure and temperature, including rapid rates of change (thermal shock, depressurization); corrosion resistance; operable with standard lab equipment, without bias voltage; mounting options where the transducer forms part of the pressure boundary, or where it is outside the pressure boundary. Clamp-on air flow applications at one bar include small wind tunnels and plastic pipes. Acoustically isolated pairs measure secondary flow components (crossflow, circulation) in a plane perpendicular to the pipe axis. Flow applications include gases such as air, mild steam (pending) or other hot, pressurized, or corrosive fluids. Air-coupled measurements of transmission characteristics of wood or other low-density solids, and air-ranging, are readily demonstrated with the low-Z transducers.
Intracellularly generated amyloid‐β peptide counteracts the antiapoptotic function of its precursor protein and primes proapoptotic pathways for activation by other insults in neuroblastoma cells (2004)

Most mutations in amyloid precursor proteins (APPs) linked to early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) increase the production of amyloid-beta peptides ending at residue 42 (Abeta42), which are released from APP by beta- and gamma-secretase cleavage. Stably transfected cells expressing wild-type human APP (APP(WT)) were more resistant to apoptosis-inducing treatments than cells expressing FAD-mutant human APP (APP(FAD)). Preventing Abeta42 production with an M596I mutation (beta-), which blocks beta-secretase cleavage of APP, or by treatment with a gamma-secretase inhibitor increased the resistance of APP(FAD)-expressing cells to apoptosis. Exposing hAPP(FAD/beta-) cells to exogenous Abeta42 or conditioned medium from Abeta42-producing APP(FAD) cells did not diminish their resistance to apoptosis. Preventing APP from entering the distal secretory pathway, where most Abeta peptides are generated, by retaining APP in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/intermediate compartment (IC) increased the resistance of APP(FAD)-expressing cells to apoptosis and did not alter the resistance of APP(WT)-expressing cells. p53-mediated gene transactivation after apoptosis-inducing treatments was much stronger in APP(FAD) cells than in hAPP(WT) or hAPP(FAD/beta-) cells. In contrast, upon induction of ER stress, cells expressing APP(FAD), hAPP(FAD/beta-), or APP(WT) had comparable levels of glucose-regulated protein-78 mRNA, an unfolded protein response indicator. We conclude that Abeta, especially intracellular Abeta, counteracts the antiapoptotic function of its precursor protein and predisposes cells to p53-mediated, and possibly other, proapoptotic pathways.
A Deep Neural Network Model using Random Forest to Extract Feature Representation for Gene Expression Data Classification (2018)

In predictive model development, gene expression data is associated with the unique challenge that the number of samples (n) is much smaller than the amount of features (p). This "n ≪ p" property has prevented classification of gene expression data from deep learning techniques, which have been proved powerful under "n > p" scenarios in other application fields, such as image classification. Further, the sparsity of effective features with unknown correlation structures in gene expression profiles brings more challenges for classification tasks. To tackle these problems, we propose a newly developed classifier named Forest Deep Neural Network (fDNN), to integrate the deep neural network architecture with a supervised forest feature detector. Using this built-in feature detector, the method is able to learn sparse feature representations and feed the representations into a neural network to mitigate the overfitting problem. Simulation experiments and real data analyses using two RNA-seq expression datasets are conducted to evaluate fDNN's capability. The method is demonstrated a useful addition to current predictive models with better classification performance and more meaningful selected features compared to ordinary random forests and deep neural networks.
Reliability Planning and Specification (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Customer Expectations and Satisfaction Reliability Requirements Reliability Program Development Reliability Design and Design for Six Sigma Problems
Shape of Picoliter Droplets on Chemically Striped Patterned Substrates (2014)

We studied the shape of water droplets deposited using an inkjet nozzle on a chemically striped patterned substrate consisting of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic stripes. The droplet dimensions are comparable to the period of the stripes, typically covering up to 13 stripes. As such, our present results bridge the gap linking two regimes previously considered: (i) droplets on single stripes and (ii) droplets covering more than 50 stripes. In line with previous work on markedly smaller water droplets, the exact deposition position is important for the final shape of the droplets. A droplet with its center deposited on a hydrophobic stripe reaches a shape that is different than when it is deposited on a hydrophilic stripe. Experimental results of different droplet configurations on the same surface are in agreement with simulations using the lattice Boltzmann model. In addition, the simulations enable a detailed analysis of droplet free energies and the volume dependence. The latter reveals scaling properties of shape parameters in terms of droplet radius scaled to the period of the stripe pattern, which have remained unexplored until now.