gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of concentrated separator by-product (desugared molasses) on intake, site of digestion, microbial efficiency, and nitrogen balance in ruminants fed forage-based diets1 (2006)

In Exp. 1, 4 ruminally and duodenally cannulated beef steers (444.0 +/- 9.8 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with a 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement to evaluate the effects of forage type (alfalfa or corn stover) and concentrated separator byproduct (CSB) supplementation (0 or 10% of dietary DM) on intake, site of digestion, and microbial efficiency. In Exp. 2, 5 wethers (44 +/- 1.5 kg) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square to evaluate the effects of CSB on intake, digestion, and N balance. Treatments were 0, 10, and 20% CSB (DM basis) mixed with forage; 10% CSB offered separately from the forage; and a urea control, in which urea was added to the forage at equal N compared with the 10% CSB treatment. In Exp. 1, intakes of OM and N (g/kg of BW) were greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed alfalfa compared with corn stover. Steers fed 10% CSB had greater (P < 0.08) OM and N intakes (g/kg of BW) compared with 0% CSB-fed steers. Total duodenal, microbial, and nonmicrobial flows of OM and N were greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed alfalfa compared with corn stover. Steers fed 10% CSB had increased (P = 0.02) duodenal microbial flow (N and OM) compared with 0% CSB-fed steers. Forage x CSB interactions (P < 0.01) existed for total tract N digestibility; alfalfa with or without CSB was similar (67.4 vs. 69.5), whereas corn stover with CSB was greater than corn stover without CSB (31.9 vs. -23.9%). True ruminal OM digestion was greater (P < 0.09) in steers fed alfalfa vs. corn stover (73.0 vs. 63.1%) and in steers fed 10 vs. 0% CSB (70.3 vs. 65.8%). Microbial efficiency was unaffected (P > 0.25) by forage type or CSB supplementation. In Exp. 2, forage and total intake increased (linear; P < 0.01) as CSB increased and were greater (P < 0.04) in 10% CSB mixed with forage compared with 10% CSB fed separately. Feeding 10% CSB separately resulted in similar DM and OM apparent total tract digestibility compared with 10% CSB fed mixed. Increasing CSB led to an increase (linear; P < 0.02) in DM, OM, apparent N digestion, and water intake. Nitrogen balance (g and percentage of N intake) increased (linear; P < 0.08) with CSB addition. Feeding 10% CSB separately resulted in greater (P < 0.01) N balance compared with 10% CSB fed mixed. Using urea resulted in similar (P = 0.30) N balance compared with 10% CSB fed mixed. Inclusion of CSB improves intake, digestion, and increases microbial N production in ruminants fed forage-based diets.
High-Pressure Equipment for Growing Methanogenic Microorganisms on Gaseous Substrates at High Temperature (1987)

High-pressure, high-temperature investigations on thermophilic microorganisms that grow on hydrogen or other gaseous substrates require instrumentation which provides sufficient substrate for cell proliferation up to 2 x 10 to 3 x 10 cells per ml under isothermal and isobaric conditions. To minimize H(2) leakage and to optimize reproducibility at high pressure and high temperature, 10-ml nickel tubes with a liquid/gas ratio of 1:2 were used in a set of autoclaves connected in series. By applying a hydraulic pump and a 2.5-kW heating device, fast changes in temperature (up to 400 degrees C) and pressure (up to 400 MPa) can be accomplished within less than 10 min. To quantify bacterial growth, determinations of cell numbers per unit volume yielded optimum accuracy. Preliminary experiments with the thermophilic, methanogenic archaebacterium Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus showed that bacterial growth depends on both temperature and pressure. At the optimum temperature, increased hydrostatic pressure up to 50 MPa enhanced the growth yield; at a pressure of >75 MPa, cell lysis dominated. Changes in cell proliferation were accompanied by changes in morphology.
Production of cyclopiazonic acid by Aspergillus flavus Link (1977)

Production of cyclopiazonic acid by Aspergillus flavus is reported for the first time. A procedure for its production by agitated solid substrate fermentation on red wheat is described along with the isolation procedure and physical and chemical properties of this indole derivative. The compound has been found to exert antibacterial activity.
Blue shift of GaAs micropillars strained with silicon nitride (2013)

Strain engineering has been shown to induce shifts in the band structure of semiconductors. In this work, we demonstrate a blue shift in the band gap of GaAs micropillars of greater than 50 meV using SiNx. GaAs micropillars were fabricated and conformally coated with highly strained SiNx. The band gap and strain state of the micropillars were measured using room temperature photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy. The GaAs was shown to be in uniaxial compression, leading to a linear increase in the band gap. Removal of the strained layer resulted in relaxation back to the unstrained state.
Daily Commute Time Prediction Based on Genetic Algorithm (2012)

This paper presents a joint discrete‐continuous model for activity‐travel time allocation by employing the ordered probit model for departure time choice and the hazard model for travel time prediction. Genetic algorithm (GA) is employed for optimizing the parameters in the hazard model. The joint model is estimated using data collected in Beijing, 2005. With the developed model, departure and travel times for the daily commute trips are predicted and the influence of sociodemographic variables on activity‐travel timing decisions is analyzed. Then the whole time allocation for the typical daily commute activities and trips is derived. The results indicate that the discrete choice model and the continuous model match well in the calculation of activity‐travel schedule. The results also show that the genetic algorithm contributes to the optimization and thus the high accuracy of the hazard model. The developed joint discrete‐continuous model can be used to predict the agenda of a simple daily activity‐travel pattern containing only work, and it provides potential for transportation demand management policy analysis.
Interleukin-22 Reduces Lung Inflammation during Influenza A Virus Infection and Protects against Secondary Bacterial Infection (2013)

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) has redundant, protective, or pathogenic functions during autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Here, we addressed the potential role of IL-22 in host defense and pathogenesis during lethal and sublethal respiratory H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We show that IL-22, as well as factors associated with its production, are expressed in the lung tissue during the early phases of IAV infection. Our data indicate that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt)-positive αβ and γδ T cells, as well as innate lymphoid cells, expressed enhanced Il22 transcripts as early as 2 days postinfection. During lethal or sublethal IAV infections, endogenous IL-22 played no role in the control of IAV replication and in the development of the IAV-specific CD8(+) T cell response. During lethal infection, where wild-type (WT) mice succumbed to severe pneumonia, the lack of IL-22 did not accelerate or delay IAV-associated pathogenesis and animal death. In stark contrast, during sublethal IAV infection, IL-22-deficient animals had enhanced lung injuries and showed a lower airway epithelial integrity relative to WT littermates. Of importance, the protective effect of endogenous IL-22 in pulmonary damages was associated with a more controlled secondary bacterial infection. Indeed, after challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae, IAV-experienced Il22(-/-) animals were more susceptible than WT controls in terms of survival rate and bacterial burden in the lungs. Together, IL-22 plays no major role during lethal influenza but is beneficial during sublethal H3N2 IAV infection, where it limits lung inflammation and subsequent bacterial superinfections.
Simvastatin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, lowers cholesterol saturation index of gallbladder bile (1988)

We tested the possibility that simvastatin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase related to mevinolin, might alter cholesterol saturation of gallbladder bile. Ten patients with Type IIa or IIb hypercholesterolemia underwent bile sampling before, and again after, treatment with 20 or 40 mg per day simvastatin for 7 to 13 weeks. Mean cholesterol saturation index of gallbladder bile fell from 1.01 to 0.77 during simvastatin treatment (p less than 0.01). This finding strongly suggests that treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors will not predispose to development of cholesterol gallstones. Indeed, it raises the possibility that such inhibitors might have a future role to play in treatment of gallstones.
Cost reduction of perioperative coagulation management in cardiac surgery: value of ‘bedside’ thrombelastography (ROTEM)☆ (2007)

Cumulative costs for treatment of perioperative coagulation disorders can be reduced by "bedside" ROTEM analysis to achieve a selective substitution management. Saved costs for blood- and coagulation products clearly outweighed the expenses of ROTEM. Adequate differential coagulation management can therefore be cost-effective.
Effects of H<sub>2</sub>O on Atomic Hydrogen Generation in Hydrogen Plasma (1993)

The effects of water vapor added to hydrogen plasma were investigated by measuring the relative concentrations of hydrogen atoms in the plasma and in the downstream. The added water vapor increased the concentration of hydrogen atoms in the downstream to an amount 80 times greater than that without addition of water vapor. The relative concentration of hydrogen atoms generated from water-vapor-added hydrogen gas was only slightly decreased in the downstream. To clarify the role of water vapor, we examined the behavior of oxygen atoms and OH radicals. As a result, it was revealed that water vapor passivated the quartz surface and the recombination of hydrogen atoms was prevented.
Removal of hydrogen sulfide from biogas by chemoautotrophic fixed‐film bioreactor (1989)

Hydrogen sulfide is a major contaminant in oil and natural gas and poses serious problems in refining.'-3 The presence of hydrogen sulfide in biogas also creates problems in the utilization of biogas as well as maintenance of anaerobic digester^.^-^ Removal of H,S becomes essential due to its toxicity and corrosive properties.
Cortical responses before 6 months of life associate with later autism (2017)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common, highly heritable, developmental disorder and later-born siblings of diagnosed children are at higher risk of developing ASD than the general population. Although the emergence of behavioural symptoms of ASD in toddlerhood is well characterized, far less is known about development during the first months of life of infants at familial risk. In a prospective longitudinal study of infants at familial risk followed to 36 months, we measured functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain responses to social videos of people (i.e. peek-a-boo) compared to non-social images (vehicles) and human vocalizations compared to non-vocal sounds. At 4-6 months, infants who went on to develop ASD at 3 years (N = 5) evidenced-reduced activation to visual social stimuli relative to low-risk infants (N = 16) across inferior frontal (IFG) and posterior temporal (pSTS-TPJ) regions of the cortex. Furthermore, these infants also showed reduced activation to vocal sounds and enhanced activation to non-vocal sounds within left lateralized temporal (aMTG-STG/pSTS-TPJ) regions compared with low-risk infants and high-risk infants who did not develop ASD (N = 15). The degree of activation to both the visual and auditory stimuli correlated with parent-reported ASD symptomology in toddlerhood. These preliminary findings are consistent with later atypical social brain responses seen in children and adults with ASD, and highlight the need for further work interrogating atypical processing in early infancy and how it may relate to later social interaction and communication difficulties characteristic of ASD.
Displacement Discontinuity in the Elastic Half-Space (1958)

Abstract The displacement generated by an arbitrary displacement discontinuity over a plane bounded area in a semi-infinite, isotropic, elastic solid is determined. The solution is given in terms of integrals over the area of discontinuity. As an example, the case of a constant displacement discontinuity over a rectangular area parallel to the boundary is worked out in closed form.
Social networks analysis based on topic modeling (2013)

Understanding the discussed content in social networks is an uneasy problem but brings a lot of advantages for different fields, such as marketing, education, social trends, security. To build up the system for supporting products marketing in social networks, we develop models of content-based social networks analysis in order to find out the discussed topics. The system consists of steps, such as extracting messages, discovering and automatically labeling the discussed topics, in which we pay attention to time factor. Experimented with the Enron corpus containing 11,945 e-mails discussed by 147 users and estimated 50 topics, the system has found out many useful topics and opened new research and application directions.
Automatic query formulations in information retrieval (1983)

Modern information retrieval systems are designed to supply relevant information in response to requests received from the user population. In most retrieval environments the search requests consist of keywords, or index terms, interrelated by appropriate Boolean operators. Since it is difficult for untrained users to generate effective Boolean search requests, trained search intermediaries are normally used to translate original statements of user need into useful Boolean search formulations. Methods are introduced in this study which reduce the role of the search intermediaries by making it possible to generate Boolean search formulations completely automatically from natural language statements provided by the system patrons. Frequency considerations are used automatically to generate appropriate term combinations as well as Boolean connectives relating the terms. Methods are covered to produce automatic query formulations both in a standard Boolean logic system, as well as in an extended Boolean system in which the strict interpretation of the connectives is relaxed. Experimental results are supplied to evaluate the effectiveness of the automatic query formulation process, and methods are described for applying the automatic query formulation process in practice.
Needle-Based Interventions With the Image-Guided Surgery Toolkit (IGSTK): From Phantoms to Clinical Trials (2009)

We present three image-guided navigation systems developed for needle-based interventional radiology procedures, using the open source image-guided surgery toolkit (IGSTK). The clinical procedures we address are vertebroplasty, RF ablation of large lung tumors, and lung biopsy. In vertebroplasty, our system replaces the use of fluoroscopy, reducing radiation exposure to patient and physician. We evaluate this system using a custom phantom and compare the results obtained by a medical student, an interventional radiology fellow, and an attending physician. In RF ablation of large lung tumors, our system provides an automated interventional plan that minimizes damage to healthy tissue and avoids critical structures, in addition to accurate guidance of multiple electrode insertions. We evaluate the system's performance using an animal model. Finally, in the lung biopsy procedure, our system replaces the use of computed tomographic (CT) fluoroscopy, reducing radiation exposure to patient and physician, while at the same time enabling oblique trajectories which are considered challenging under CT fluoroscopy. This system is currently being used in an ongoing clinical trial at Georgetown University Hospital and was used in three cases.
Chemical and physical properties of refined petroleum products (1977)

This technical memorandum is divided under the main headings: 1) Introduction. (composition of fuel oils; solubility in water; evaporation and weathering ; and toxicity) 2) Refined Petroleum products. (gasoline; jet fuels; and fuel oil No. 1 through fuel oil No. 6) 3) References. 4) Appendices (estimates of spill volumes on water; major oil spills from 1965 to 1975; definitions; and conversions). 5) Figures (boiling points of refined hydrocarbons; Density and viscosity vs temperature). 6) Temperature conversions.
Early postnatal plasma concentrations of testicular steroid hormones, pubertal development, and carcass leanness as potential indicators of boar taint in market weight intact male pigs. (2001)

Testicular steroid hormone concentrations in plasma of early postnatal male pigs were compared with plasma steroid hormone concentrations and androstenone concentrations in the fat of pigs at market weight. Positive correlations were found between the concentrations of fat androstenone at market weight and the concentrations of plasma androstenone (r = 0.46; P < 0.01), estrone sulfate (r = 0.42; P < 0.01), and testosterone (r = 0.26; P < 0.05) at market weight. These correlations were not found in animals that had reached an advanced state of pubertal development as judged by high estrone sulfate concentrations in plasma. Significant correlations were observed between plasma testosterone concentrations at market weight and plasma concentrations of androstenone (r = 0.57; P < 0.05), and estrone sulfate (r = 0.49; P < 0.05) in early postnatal animals. However, concentrations of androstenone in the fat of market weight animals were not correlated with plasma concentrations of estrone sulfate, androstenone, or testosterone in early postnatal animals. Plasma concentrations of steroid hormones in early postnatal animals cannot, therefore, be used to predict the potential for boar taint in the same animals at market weight. In market weight animals, there was a negative correlation (r = -0.57; P < 0.01) between backfat thickness and concentrations of androstenone in fat. Animals were subsequently sorted according to backfat thickness into lean and fat groups of animals. There was a strong, negative correlation between back-fat thickness and androstenone concentrations in fat (r = -0.80; P < 0.01), as well as a positive correlation between plasma androstenone and concentrations of androstenone in fat (r = 0.42; P < 0.05) among the lean group of animals. This was not seen in the fat group of animals. This suggests that the accumulation of androstenone from plasma into fat may be affected by the leanness of the pig.
Studies on Continuous Enzyme Reactions (1969)

The enzymatic properties of the water-insoluble aminoacylase prepared by linking mold aminoacylase (EC 3. 5. 1. 14) to DEAE-Sephadex were studied and compared with those of the native aminoacylase. Optimum pH values for hydrolysis of several substrates by the DEAE-Sephadex-amino-acylase complex (DSA-complex) shifted about 0.5_??_1.5 pH units more to the acid side than those by the native enzyme. On the effects of metal ions and inhibitors, substrate specificity, optical specificity and kinetic constants, no marked difference was observed between the native enzyme and the DSA-complex. Heat stability, optimum temperature and resistance towards proteases were increased by conversion from the native form to the insoluble enzyme. It was also observed that the DSA-complex was activated by urea.
Heterocyclisierungen, IX Darstellung von Pyrazolo‐, Triazolo‐, Oxazolo‐ und Thiazolo‐<i>s</i>‐triazinen mit Brückenkopf‐Stickstoff sowie eines N‐Äthoxycarbonyl‐isopurins (1971)

Abstract Aminoazole ( 1 , 9 ) addieren gewöhnlich Äthoxycarbonyl‐ oder Benzoyliso(thio)cyanat spontan am Ring‐N bzw. an der exocyclischen Aminogruppe (→ 2, 4, 6, 10, 13 ). Dagegen lagern 1 , 9 in Gegenwart von basischen Katalysatoren, 2‐Amino‐oxazolin und 2‐Amino‐thiazolin ( 15a, b ) ohne Katalysator, das Iso(thio)cyanat zwischen den cyclischen und den Aminstickstoff ein, wobei Azolo‐triazine ( 3a, 8a, 11a, 16a, b ) mit Brückenkopfstickstoff gebildet werden. Enthält der Ring eine Estergruppe benachbart zu der Aminogruppe, so wird das Isothiocyanat zwischen diese beiden Gruppen eingebaut, und es entsteht ein Azolo‐pyrimidin‐ N ‐carbonsäureester ( 28 ). 5‐Amino‐tetrazol ( 17 ) und 2‐Amino‐benzimidazol ( 22 ) dagegen werden durch die Senföle dieser Reihe unter HSCN‐Abspaltung an der Aminogruppe carboxyliert bzw. benzoyliert (→ 20, 21, 23 ).
Modeling steering within above-the-surface interaction layers (2007)

Interaction techniques that utilize the space above the display surface to extend the functionalities of digitized surfaces continue to emerge. In such techniques, movements are constrained by the bounds of a layer. In addition, constraints imposed on the direction of movement within the layer may be present. Despite the presence of such techniques, there is limited understanding of human capabilities for performing the required steering task. In this paper we study and model user performance when steering through constrained and unconstrained paths in above-the-surface layers. Through a series of experiments we validate the derivation and applicability of our proposed models.
3D clothing fitting based on the geometric feature matching (2009)

The 3D clothing fitting on a body model is an important research topic in the garment computer aided design (GCAD). During the fitting process, the match between the clothing and body models is still a problem for researchers. In this paper, we provide a 3D clothing fitting method based on the feature point match. We firstly use a new cubic-order weighted fitting patch to estimate the geometric properties of each vertex on two mesh models. Feature points are then extracted from two models and a new matching function is constructed to match them according to curvature and torsion. We interactively select several key feature points from two limited feature point sets to compute the transformation matrix of the clothing model. Finally the second match is performed to achieve the precise match between the clothing and body models. The experimental results show that our 3D clothing fitting method is simple and effective.
Global and Local Dynamic Equivalents Based on Structural Archetypes for Coherency (1983)

A previous paper [1] introduced a set of structural archetypes for coherency (SAC). Each SAC represented a set of structural conditions that caused a group of generators to remain-coherent for any disturbance outside the group (DOG). The present paper extends this concept by considering combinations of the basic SAC. It may happen that a particular group of generators within a power system (PS) does not fully satisfy the conditions for any one SAC, yet by partially satisfying the conditions for two or more of the SAC, the group may still remain coherent for any DOG. Using a linear model of the PS, two such possible combinations are considered and classified as either strong or weak linear decoupling (LD). The LD conditions combined with the original SAC form a hierarchy of structural conditions that cause coherency of a group of generators. An algorithm is presented for detecting a subset of these structural conditions. Three types of equivalents, parochial, local and global, are distinguished that exploit different SAC conditions Results of applying this algorithm to the 39-Bus New England System are presented.