gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deoxyguanosine Triphosphate as a Possible Toxic Metabolite in the Immunodeficiency Associated with Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency (1978)

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is associated with a severe defect in thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte function combined with normal bone marrow-derived (B)-lymphocyte function. To investigate the role of this enzyme deficiency in the resulting immune dysfunction, we measured the levels of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in erythrocytes from two unrelated PNP-deficient, T-lymphocyte-deficient patients. Both PNP-deficient patients have abnormally high levels of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (deoxy-GTP) in their erythrocytes (5 and 8 nmol/ml packed erythrocytes). In contrast, normal controls and adenosine deaminase-deficient, immunodeficient patients do not have detectable amounts of deoxyGTP (<0.5 nmol/ml packed erythrocytes). We propose that deoxyguanosine, a substrate of PNP, is the potentially lymphotoxic metabolite in PNP deficiency. The mechanism of toxicity involves phosphorylation of deoxyguanosine to deoxyGTP, which acts as a potent inhibitor of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase.
Human fusion of image and numeric information in machine-aided target recognition (2002)

An operator's ability to use both numeric and image data to detect targets is a critical issue for machine-aided target recognition. This paper uses classic Bayesian and quasi-Bayesian models to estimate target-detection rates based on the combination of image and numeric evidence. The quasi-Bayesian model, fitted to actual detection-rate data, indicates that operators do not appropriately adjust their reliance on numeric data as the quality of that data changes relative to the quality of image data. Results show that operators decrease rather than increase their reliance on numeric data as its quality increases relative to the quality of images. The results suggest that operators working with an automated target recognition system may have difficulty in assessing the value of the system's numeric judgments in comparison with their own judgments based on images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Remote Laser Welding with High Power Fiber Lasers (2013)

The introduction of the high power fiber laser with brilliant beam quality has enabled the rapid development of remote laser welding (RLW). This paper presents a theoretical review of remote laser welding. As a promising technology, RLW offers increased flexibility, high operational speed, and reduced cycle time to process a wide range of workpieces. This study presents the typical characteristics of RLW with high power fiber lasers. It also investigates the influence of process parameters such as laser power, welding speed, shielding gas supply, beam inclination and focal position on the weld seam quality.
The prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in penile cancers from northern Thailand (2006)

The highest frequency of penile cancer occurs in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and there have been a few reports concerning the association of penile cancer with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in these areas. The objective of this study was to determine the relation between penile cancer and the prevalence of HPV genotypes in northern Thailand. Eighty-eight specimens of penile tissue (65 malignant, 1 pre-malignant, and 22 benign cases) were examined to determine the association of HPV infection. An in situ hybridization (ISH) method was used to detect and localize HPV-DNA. Sensitive HPV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was used for detection of HPV-DNA, and DNA sequencing was used to identify the HPV genotype. HPV-DNA was detected in 53.8% and 81.5% of cases of penile cancer, using ISH and PCR, respectively. The high-risk HPV-16, most commonly associated with penile cancer in previous reports, was found in only one case in this study. The most prevalent genotype was the high-risk HPV-18, found in 55.4% of the cases (32.3% single and 23.1% multiple infection) followed by the low-risk HPV-6, found in 43.1% of the cases (24.6% single and 18.5% multiple infection). In this study, penile cancer was found to be highly correlated with HPV-DNA. Specifically, infection with both the low-risk HPV-6 and the high-risk HPV-18 is the characteristic prevalence of HPV genotypes in penile cancer in this area.
Surface Selective Deposition of Mo(IV) on Ni/TiO<sub>2</sub> Particles in Aqueous Solutions (2006)

The selective depositions of MoS2 and MoO2 over Ni surfaces are demonstrated on Ni/TiO2 particles in a mild electroless deposition process. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images show the uniform distribution of 10-30 nm spherical and hemispherical Ni particles on TiO2 surface, and three to six layers of MoS2 on the surface of Ni particles. The as-prepared MoS2-Ni/TiO2 is used as a catalyst for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reaction of dibenzothiophene (DBT), and shows a significant increase over commercial catalysts in turnover frequencies as the result of unique distribution of active components in the binary catalyst. The selective material deposition is explained in the context of Ni catalyzed KBH4 decomposition, which produces strong reducing species responsible for the site selective deposition of Mo. The synthetic method can be potentially used to prepare bimetallic materials with similar nanostructures such as those of Mo-Co, Mo-Pd, and Mo-Rh.
PTEN mutations and microsatellite instability in complex atypical hyperplasia, a precursor lesion to uterine endometrioid carcinoma. (1998)

The two most common types of genetic alterations yet identified in uterine endometrioid carcinoma (UEC) are PTEN mutations and microsatellite instability (MI). Furthermore, MI-positive UECs (defined as tumors with detectable alterations at two or more different microsatellite loci) are significantly more likely to contain PTEN mutations than are MI-negative UECs. To determine whether PTEN inactivation is a relatively early event in endometrial tumorigenesis, we evaluated complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH), the direct precursor to UEC, for the presence of PTEN mutations. Mutations were present in 3 of 11 (27%) CAHs with synchronous UEC and in 4 of 18 (22%) CAHs that were not associated with invasive carcinoma. One case with synchronous CAH and UEC contained a germ-line PTEN mutation. In addition, we evaluated the same series of CAHs for MI. We identified four MI-positive CAHs with synchronous UEC but did not detect the MI phenotype in any CAHs without associated invasive carcinoma. A PTEN-mutant (germ-line mutation) MI-negative CAH was synchronous with a PTEN-mutant MI-positive UEC. These results suggest that mutation of PTEN can be an early event in the pathogenesis of UEC and may precede the development of the MI phenotype in a subset of cases.
New model of electron free path in multiple layers for Monte Carlo simulation (1981)

A new model of an electron free path in multiple layers is proposed for Monte Carlo simulation of electron trajectories. In this model, the free path is calculated taking into account not only the scattering probability in the layer involving the initial scattering point but also that in the layers along the scattering direction. The result, simulated with the new model, agrees with the experimental result much better than results obtained with conventional models for backscattered electron intensity. It is also suggested that the simulation accuracy for the electron beam lithography is improved using the new model.
Arresting and releasing Staphylococcal α‐hemolysin at intermediate stages of pore formation by engineered disulfide bonds (2003)

alpha-Hemolysin (alphaHL) is secreted by Staphylococcus aureus as a water-soluble monomer that assembles into a heptamer to form a transmembrane pore on a target membrane. The crystal structures of the LukF water-soluble monomer and the membrane-bound alpha-hemolysin heptamer show that large conformational changes occur during assembly. However, the mechanism of assembly and pore formation is still unclear, primarily because of the difficulty in obtaining structural information on assembly intermediates. Our goal is to use disulfide bonds to selectively arrest and release alphaHL from intermediate stages of the assembly process and to use these mutants to test mechanistic hypotheses. To accomplish this, we created four double cysteine mutants, D108C/K154C (alphaHL-A), M113C/K147C (alphaHL-B), H48C/ N121C (alphaHL-C), I5C/G130C (alphaHL-D), in which disulfide bonds may form between the pre-stem domain and the beta-sandwich domain to prevent pre-stem rearrangement and membrane insertion. Among the four mutants, alphaHL-A is remarkably stable, is produced at a level at least 10-fold greater than that of the wild-type protein, is monomeric in aqueous solution, and has hemolytic activity that can be regulated by the presence or absence of reducing agents. Cross-linking analysis showed that alphaHL-A assembles on a membrane into an oligomer, which is likely to be a heptamer, in the absence of a reducing agent, suggesting that oxidized alphaHL-A is halted at a heptameric prepore state. Therefore, conformational rearrangements at positions 108 and 154 are critical for the completion of alphaHL assembly but are not essential for membrane binding or for formation of an oligomeric prepore intermediate.
Estimation of genetic variation in the LH response to a GnRH challenge in pre-pubertal Holstein-Friesian heifers (2000)

Fertility of UK dairy cows is at an all time low (Royal et al., 2000). Genetic improvements through direct selection is minimal since parameters can only be measured in the mature female and generally have low heritability (h 2 < 0.1). It may be possible to overcome these genetic limitations with the use of an indirect selection criterion. Whilst commencement of luteal activity might prove a valuable genetic indicator of female fertility (Darwash et al., 1997), a major step forward would be the identification of a highly heritable trait in the male that is measurable in early life and genetically correlated to a measurement of female fertility. The physiological control of reproduction is by the same gonadotrophic hormones in both sexes (Land, 1973), and Haley et al. (1989) reported that the underlying variation in gonadotrophin response to GnRH is controlled by the same genes in both sexes. High heritabilities (0.4–0.55) for the response to GnRH have been reported in ram lambs (Haley et al., 1989) and beef bulls (Mackinnon et al., 1991). The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic variation in a number of parameters associated with the LH response to a GnRH challenge in pre-pubertal Holstein-Friesian (H/F) heifers.
In Vivo Evidence for a Prodrug Activation Mechanism during Colibactin Maturation (2013)

Releasing the cytopath: We have identified an N-myristoyl-D-asparagine (1) as the free N-terminal prodrug scaffold in cytopathogenic Escherichia coli strains expressing the colibactin gene cluster. Colibactin is released in vivo upon cleavage of precolibactin. We provide for the first time in vivo evidence of the prodrug-like release mechanism of colibactin.
Development and Experimental Evaluation of a Slip Angle Estimator for Vehicle Stability Control (2008)

Real-time knowledge of the slip angle in a vehicle is useful in many active vehicle safety applications, including yaw stability control, rollover prevention, and lane departure avoidance. Sensors to measure slip angle, including two-antenna GPS systems and optical sensors, are too expensive for ordinary automotive applications. This paper develops a real-time algorithm for estimation of slip angle using inexpensive sensors normally available for yaw stability control applications. The algorithm utilizes a combination of model-based estimation and kinematics-based estimation. Compared with previously published results on slip angle estimation, this present paper compensates for the presence of road bank angle and variations in tire-road characteristics. The developed algorithm is evaluated through experimental tests on a Volvo XC90 sport utility vehicle. Detailed experimental results show that the developed system can reliably estimate slip angle for a variety of test maneuvers.
Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Prolyl Peptides Using a Combination of Biocatalytic Desymmetrization and Multicomponent Reactions (2010)

Time and pep-tide wait for no man: Optically pure 3,4-disubstituted 1-pyrrolines, generated from the corresponding meso-pyrrolidines by biocatalytic desymmetrization (MAO-N=monoamine oxidase N), react with carboxylic acids and isocyanides in a highly diastereoselective Ugi-type multicomponent reaction to give substituted prolyl peptides of high pharmaceutical relevance.
The Structure and Composition of Foods. (1932)

This is the first of the three volumes of a comprehensive work in the English language comparable with, yet differing from, the voluminous works in German and French, giving the results on the composition and macroscopic and microscopic structure of a great variety of products scattered through numerous journals and publications. The products described, chiefly natural or obtained by mechanical separation such as milling or pressing, or operations involving simple chemical changes, cover a broad geographic range—oriental and occidental, temperate and tropical. The products are classified according to economic use. This volume includes a short introduction explanatory of general technical terms, plan of the volumes and information to aid in the interpretation of data; part I treats of the true cereals, starch seeds and weed seeds; part II, of oil seeds, oil nuts and weed seeds free of starch; part III, of plants grown for green forage or hay and
A Near-Field Gaussian Plume Inversion Flux Quantification Method, Applied to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Sampling (2019)

The accurate quantification of methane emissions from point sources is required to better quantify emissions for sector-specific reporting and inventory validation. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) serves as a platform to sample plumes near to source. This paper describes a near-field Gaussian plume inversion (NGI) flux technique, adapted for downwind sampling of turbulent plumes, by fitting a plume model to measured flux density in three spatial dimensions. The method was refined and tested using sample data acquired from eight UAV flights, which measured a controlled release of methane gas. Sampling was conducted to a maximum height of 31 m (i.e. above the maximum height of the emission plumes). The method applies a flux inversion to plumes sampled near point sources. To test the method, a series of random walk sampling simulations were used to derive an NGI upper uncertainty bound by quantifying systematic flux bias due to a limited spatial sampling extent typical for short-duration small UAV flights (less than 30 min). The development of the NGI method enables its future use to quantify methane emissions for point sources, facilitating future assessments of emissions from specific source-types and source areas. This allows for atmospheric measurement-based fluxes to be derived using downwind UAV sampling for relatively rapid flux analysis, without the need for access to difficult-to-reach areas.
Pressure Falloff Tests of New Coal Wells (1991)

Abstract This paper demonstrates field application of pressure falloff testing and analysis methods to new coal degas wells in the San Juan Basin. These tests have provided absolute coalbed permeability, wellbore skin, and initial reservoir pressure. Effects due to free gas and gas desorption on pressure falloff tests are considered. The effects of sorption compressibility are shown to have a significant impact on skin but not on permeability. Influence of the duration of the injection and shutin periods on the design and analysis of coal well PFOTs is also discussed. Field examples of both pre- and post-stimulation falloff tests are presented.
Chiral Separation of Two Pairs of Enantiomers of Tadalafil by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (2007)

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the chiral separation of a new selective phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, tadalafil and its three isomers. The chiral separation was performed on a Chiralpak AD column. The mobile phase was hexane-isopropyl alcohol (1:1, v/v). UV detection was at 220 nm. Baseline chiral separation for the four isomers was obtained within 30 min. Each of the resolutions of the two pairs enantiomers were more than 2.0. The limits of quantitation were 0.60, 0.90, 1.20, and 1.80 ng for (6R, 12aS), (6R, 12aR), (6S, 12aS), and (6S, 12aR) isomers, respectively. Relative standard deviation of the method was below 2% (n=5). The method is suitable in quality control.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2014)

Non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) is a term of the disease spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis including fi brosis. This disease is common in the practical fi eld. Abdominal obesity and insulin resistance are thought to cause NAFLD. Insulin resistance causes fat accumulation in the liver parenchyma. After fat accumulation infl ammatory changes occur in the liver. Oxidative stress has an important role in infl ammation. Ultrasound is commonly used to diagnose NAFLD. Weight reduction is a good therapeutic method for NAFLD but effective pharmacological modality is not yet established.
Maintenance of bile acid synthesis and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity in cultured rat hepatocytes (1990)

Addition of foetal-bovine serum to rat hepatocytes cultured in Williams E medium resulted in improved maintenance of bile-acid-synthetic capacity and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity as compared with cultures supplemented with rat or newborn-bovine serum or cultures in a hormonally defined serum-free medium. Minimally, 5% (v/v) foetal-bovine serum was necessary to maintain these liver-specific functions. Serum factor(s) responsible for these effects were not dialysable or associated with lipoproteins, but were removed by charcoal extraction.
Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Aryl Ketones Catalyzed by Copper Hydride Complexed by Nonracemic Biphenyl Bis<i>-</i>phosphine Ligands (2003)

When complexed by selected ligands in either the BIPHEP or the SEGPHOS series, CuH is an extremely reactive catalyst capable of effecting asymmetric hydrosilylations of aromatic ketones at temperatures between -50 and -78 degrees C. Inexpensive silanes serve as stoichiometric sources of hydride. Substrate-to-ligand ratios exceeding 100000:1 have been documented. The level of induction is usually in the >90% ee category. The nature of the reagent has been investigated using spectroscopic and chemical means, although its composition remains unclear.
Novel laser technologies for crystalline silicon solar cell production (2009)

Laser processes have penetrated into the crystalline silicon solar cell production market some time ago already, but are still far from reaching the status they probably will achieve one day. As the largest fraction of state-of-the-art production lines still produces conventional screen-printed aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF) cells, the applicability of lasers is currently limited mainly to the process step of laser edge isolation, while only a few other companies use lasers for groove formation (fabrication of laser grooved buried contact solar cells) or via hole drilling. Due to the contactless nature as well as the possibility to process a wide variety of materials with fine structures, lasers can be used for a vast field of production steps like ablating, melting and soldering different materials. Within this paper several applications of laser processes within the fabrication of various next-generation silicon solar cell structures are presented. These processes are for example laser via hole drilling, which is inevitable for MWT and EWT (metal and emitter wrap through) solar cells, LFC (laser-fired contacts) as a fast and easy approach for the production of passivated emitter and rear solar cells as well as laser ablation of dielectric layers and laser doping which offer the chance for industrial production of several different high efficiency solar cell structures.
Cholecystokinin-destroying activities of canine tissue homogenates. (1986)

We have studied the capacity of different canine tissue homogenates to destroy cholecystokinin in vitro. Tissues from the kidney cortex, lung, pancreas, and small bowel contained significant cholecystokinin-destroying activity. Only small amounts of activity were found in the liver, and no activity was detected in the kidney medulla, the gastric antrum, gallbladder, spleen, or in serum or plasma. The kidney cortex was the richest source of activity. The cholecystokinin-destroying enzyme isolated from the kidney cortex was heat-labile, non-dialyzable, and trypsin-resistant, with an optimum pH between 7 and 7.4. The enzyme was inhibited by chelating agents and by phenylalanine amide, although it was little affected by phenylalanine itself or proteinase inhibitors. The enzyme required divalent cation cofactors for its activity. After inhibition by EDTA, the enzyme could be reactivated completely with Mn2+, but not with Ca2+ or Mg2+ alone. The cholecystokinin-destroying enzyme was bound strongly to membranes, and during differental centrifugation, was sedimented with mitochondrial fractions of kidney cortex. The supernatant fraction of the solubilized enzyme obtained at 105,000 X g had a molecular weight of about 480,000 dalton. Since the enzyme could be inhibited by phenylalanine-amide, it would appear to act at the C-terminal end of the cholecystokinin molecule.
2007 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 25th Annual Report (2008)

Poisoning continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States NPDS represents a valuable national resource to collect and monitor U.S. poisoning exposure cases. It offers one of the few real-time surveillance systems in existence, provides useful data, and is a model for public health surveillance.
An offset cancellation technique for comparators using body-voltage trimming (2011)

In this paper an offset cancellation technique based on body voltage trimming is presented to be used in the comparators employed in Flash or Successive-Approximation analog-to-digital converters. The proposed offset cancellation is achieved by body voltage adjustment using low-power simple analog control feedback circuit without any additional capacitive loading at the comparator output. The accuracy of the proposed technique is higher than its digital calibration counterparts due to its analog nature. The technique is employed in the design of a 6-bit 1-GSps Flash ADC in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Simulation results show that using the proposed technique the standard deviation of the comparator offset is significantly reduced from 28 mV to 750 μV operating at 1-GHz with only 25 μW power in offset cancellation. The cancellation scheme generally improves the ENOB by approximately 0.5 bit after cancellation.
Recent advances in the discovery and evaluation of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors (2010)

FAAH is an attractive target for modulating the endocannabinoid system, thus, treating many disease conditions including pain and mode control without the CNS side effects associated with cannabis usage. In recent years, tremendous effort has been focused in the FAAH inhibitor research field, and consequently many novel chemical templates have been discovered. FAAH hydrolyzes several important signaling lipids, but the long-term effects of FAAH inhibition in humans remain to be seen. While it is challenging to identify the right molecule with the right level of intervention of the FAAH function for treating a disease condition, it is possible to avoid mechanism-related undesired effects. With the entry of several compounds into clinical trials, FAAH inhibitor-based medicines are on the horizon.