gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Colchicine allows prolonged survival of highly reactive renal allograft in the rat. (1993)

Colchicine, with its immunosuppressive properties, has been used with beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases. Whether colchicine, by virtue of the above properties, could attenuate the process of kidney allograft rejection in the rat is investigated in this report. Untreated Lewis rats (N = 6) given an incompatible kidney allograft from Brown-Norway rats rejected the graft within 12 days. Colchicine at a daily ip dose of 40 (N = 6) or 10 (N = 4) micrograms/kg promoted long-term survival (> 170 days) of major histocompatibility complex-incompatible kidney grafts. Animals (N = 4) given 4 micrograms of colchicine per kilogram had a graft failure within 10 days. Experiments have also been performed to evaluate the effect of colchicine withdrawal at different time intervals from transplantation on subsequent allograft survival. Colchicine (40 micrograms/kg per day ip) was given for 12, 6, or 1 mo or for 15 days to an additional four groups of six animals each without any other immunosuppressants. The withdrawal of colchicine did confer long-term inhibition of the immune system in animals treated for at least 1 mo, as documented by a graft survival of more than 80 days. By contrast, those animals who discontinued colchicine after only 15 days of treatment had graft rejection within the next 8 days. Mixed lymphocyte culture experiments showed a significant (P < 0.01) reduction of the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from all groups of animals 30 days after colchicine withdrawal when challenged with Brown-Norway lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
On the Inhomogeneity of Refractive Index of CaF<sub>2</sub> Crystals for High Performance Optics (1992)

Abstract CaF 2 ‐crystals belong to the standard materials, used in optical precision instruments. As well as the traditional optics for microscopy new developments in the field of DUV‐lithography (projecting lenses made out of CaF 2 and quartz) need a homogeneity of the refractive index in the order of 10 −6 , but over much larger volumes (diameter of the projecting lenses for lithography >100mm). Some interesting physical connections between the real structure of the crystals and the homogeneity of refractive index are discussed.
Evaluation of adult growth hormone deficiency: current and future perspectives (2013)

Physiological growth hormone (GH) secretion is pulsatile, and pulsatile secretion accounts for > 85% of total daily GH secretion. Due to its pulsatile secretion, serum GH levels vary between peaks and troughs. In addition, GH secretion is influenced by factors such as nutrition, sleep patterns, and physical activity. Peripheral GH actions are primarily mediated through IGF-I synthesized in the liver. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has a longer half-life in the circulation than GH and is considered to provide an integrated measure of GH secretion. However, serum IGF-I levels frequently overlap in adults with GH deficiency (GHD) and normal subjects. Furthermore, serum IGF-I levels decline with normal aging, and tend to be low in obesity and in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. For these reasons, a diagnosis of adult GHD cannot be established by a single random measurement of serum GH or IGF-I level, but is dependent on the demonstration of a subnormal rise in peak serum GH level in response to one or more dynamic stimulation tests.
Clustering in U.K. home price volatility (2011)

In the wake of the 2007–09 global financial crisis, there has been heightened interest in correctly gauging the probability of large losses on assets, particularly house prices. If an asset exhibits GARCH effects in its returns, there is a much higher probability of large losses during volatile periods than standard mean-variance analysis indicates. While there has been much research on regional home prices in the United Kingdom, the focus has been on the conditional mean and convergence rather than on the possibility of GARCH effects and volatility clustering. The findings of this study reveal that the majority of U.K. regions indeed exhibit GARCH effects, and these GARCH effects have heterogeneous impacts on returns across regions. The existence of these GARCH effects in the majority of the U.K. regions has many important implications, ranging from proper portfolio management to government policy.
Systems Approaches to Modeling Chronic Mucosal Inflammation (2013)

The respiratory mucosa is a major coordinator of the inflammatory response in chronic airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Signals produced by the chronic inflammatory process induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) that dramatically alters the epithelial cell phenotype. The effects of EMT on epigenetic reprogramming and the activation of transcriptional networks are known, its effects on the innate inflammatory response are underexplored. We used a multiplex gene expression profiling platform to investigate the perturbations of the innate pathways induced by TGF β in a primary airway epithelial cell model of EMT. EMT had dramatic effects on the induction of the innate pathway and the coupling interval of the canonical and noncanonical NF- κ B pathways. Simulation experiments demonstrate that rapid, coordinated cap-independent translation of TRAF-1 and NF- κ B2 is required to reduce the noncanonical pathway coupling interval. Experiments using amantadine confirmed the prediction that TRAF-1 and NF- κ B2/p100 production is mediated by an IRES-dependent mechanism. These data indicate that the epigenetic changes produced by EMT induce dynamic state changes of the innate signaling pathway. Further applications of systems approaches will provide understanding of this complex phenotype through deterministic modeling and multidimensional (genomic and proteomic) profiling.
Plasma Levels of Amino Acids Correlate With Motor Fluctuations in Parkinsonism (1987)

Seven patients with Parkinson's disease who experienced severe motor fluctuations in response to levodopa were studied in detail with relation to the effect of dietary protein on their motor function. The levodopa dose for each patient was not changed during the period of study, and no other antiparkinsonian drugs were used. Regular and high-protein diets resulted in a marked elevation in the plasma concentrations of large neutral amino acids (LNAAs) that are known to compete with levodopa for transport across the blood-brain barrier. Despite elevated plasma levodopa levels, all patients with elevated LNAA levels experienced parkinsonian symptoms. When the amino acid level dropped while plasma levodopa levels were elevated, patients experienced relief of these symptoms. On a low-protein diet, LNAA levels remained low and all patients were consistently dyskinetic throughout the day, even though the mean plasma levodopa levels were somewhat lower than when the patients consumed a high-protein diet. A redistribution diet that is virtually protein free until supper and then unrestricted until bedtime is tolerated by patients because this simple manipulation permits near-normal daytime motor function.
The need to bring the voices of pornography consumers into public debates about the genre and its effects (2005)

Little research has been conducted asking what range of effects pornography might have on consumers. In the literature it has been assumed that the primary effect will be to create negative attitudes towards women, but this assumption has not been tested. No experimental research has been done on what possible positive effects the consumption of pornography might produce. As a preliminary step in such a project, a survey of 1023 consumers of pornography in Australia asked consumers to specify whether they felt that pornography had had any effect on their attitudes towards sexuality, and to specify that effect. 58.8% of respondents thought pornography had had a very positive or a positive effect on their attitudes towards sexuality; 34.6% felt it had had no effect; and 6.8% thought it had a negative effect or a large negative effect. The main positive effects, in order of reporting, were: making consumers less repressed about sex; making them more open-minded about sex; increasing tolerance of other people’s sexualities; giving pleasure to consumers; providing educational insights; sustaining sexual interest in long-term relationships; making consumers more attentive to a partner's sexual desires; helping consumers find an identity or community; and helping them to talk to their partners about sex. The most common negative effects were that pornography led consumers to objectify people; caused them to have unrealistic sexual expectations; caused relationship problems; caused loss of interest in sex; and led to addiction. Now that these possible positive and negative effects have been identified, further research can be conducted to investigate the extent of these effects for consumers of pornography.
Pro-active meeting assistants: attention please! (2007)

This paper gives an overview of pro-active meeting assistants, what they are and when they can be useful. We explain how to develop such assistants with respect to requirement definitions and elaborate on a set of Wizard of Oz experiments, aiming to find out in which form a meeting assistant should operate to be accepted by participants, and whether the meeting effectiveness and efficiency can be improved by an assistant at all. This paper gives an overview of pro-active meeting assistants, what they are and when they can be useful. We explain how to develop such assistants with respect to requirement definitions and elaborate on a set of Wizard of Oz experiments, aiming to find out in which form a meeting assistant should operate to be accepted by participants, and whether the meeting effectiveness and efficiency can be improved by an assistant at all.
January 2015 Monthly Winners (2015)

The Challenge Identifying Barriers to Going Paperless, Champion of Innovation Award, and Lean Forward; Fail Smart awards winners announced!
IRF5 controls both acute and chronic inflammation (2015)

Whereas the importance of macrophages in chronic inflammatory diseases is well recognized, there is an increasing awareness that neutrophils may also play an important role. In addition to the well-documented heterogeneity of macrophage phenotypes and functions, neutrophils also show remarkable phenotypic diversity among tissues. Understanding the molecular pathways that control this heterogeneity should provide abundant scope for the generation of more specific and effective therapeutics. We have shown that the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) polarizes macrophages toward an inflammatory phenotype. IRF5 is also expressed in other myeloid cells, including neutrophils, where it was linked to neutrophil function. In this study we explored the role of IRF5 in models of acute inflammation, including antigen-induced inflammatory arthritis and lung injury, both involving an extensive influx of neutrophils. Mice lacking IRF5 accumulate far fewer neutrophils at the site of inflammation due to the reduced levels of chemokines important for neutrophil recruitment, such as the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1. Furthermore we found that neutrophils express little IRF5 in the joints and that their migratory properties are not affected by the IRF5 deficiency. These studies extend prior ones suggesting that inhibiting IRF5 might be useful for chronic macrophage-induced inflammation and suggest that IRF5 blockade would ameliorate more acute forms of inflammation, including lung injury.
A comparison of methods for in-chip overlay control at the 65-nm node (2004)

Overlay metrology for production line-monitor and advanced process control (APC) has been dominated by 4-corner box-in-box (BiB) methods for many years. As we proceed following the ITRS roadmap with the development of 65 nm technologies and beyond, it becomes apparent that current overlay methodologies are becoming inadequate for the stringent requirements that lie ahead. It is already apparent that kerf metrology of large scale BiB structures does not correlate well with in-chip design-rule features. The recent introduction of the Advanced Imaging Metrology (AIM) target, utilizing increased information content and advanced design and process compatibility, has demonstrated significant improvements in precision and overlay mark fidelity (OMF) in advanced processes. This paper compares methodologies and strategies for addressing cross-field variation of overlay and pattern placement issues. We compare the trade-offs of run-time intra-field sampling plans and the use of off-line lithography characterization and advanced modeling analysis, and propose new methodologies to address advanced overlay metrology and control.
Heavy metals in the environment. Part IV: An investigation into the solubility of metal chlorides in HCl‐saturated solutions and the recycling of high‐aluminium zinc residues in the zinc chloride process (1994)

Abstract An investigation into the solubility of aluminium and lead chlorides in HCl‐saturated zinc chloride solutions and the use of high‐aluminium zinc residues in the production of zinc chloride solution is reported. The process developed involves leaching of the high‐aluminium zinc residues with concentrated hydrochloric acid followed by HCl gas treatment to reduce the concentration of aluminium and lead from zinc chloride solutions. The solubility of aluminium and lead chlorides in HCl‐saturated solutions depends on the zinc chloride concentration. The optimum zinc chloride concentration for maximum reduction in the aluminium and lead levels is 30–55% and 53% (w/w) respectively. Under optimum conditions the aluminium and lead concentrations are reduced to less than 0·1 and 0·9 mg cm −3 respectively.
How effective are treatments for diabetic retinopathy? (1993)

ANALYSIS of data from four decades of clinical research demonstrates that currently recommended treatments are considerably more effective in preventing blindness from proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) than has been previously appreciated. In fact, careful follow-up, timely photocoagulation, and vitrectomy when necessary strikingly reduce the risk of blindness for patients with PDR. This remarkable finding lends even greater urgency to current efforts to ensure that virtually all persons with diabetes receive at least yearly dilated eye examinations and are offered appropriate treatment when indicated. Based on the results of clinical trials supported by the National Eye Institute and extensive clinical experience, specific recommendations have been developed concerning for whom and when treatment is appropriate.<sup>1-5</sup>Prior to the availability of these treatments, the development of PDR was reason for extreme concern by both patients and their physicians about the risk of impending blindness. A 1963 study by Beetham<sup>6</sup>showed that
Towards a New Generation of Potential Antipsychotic Agents Combining D<sub>2</sub>and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>Receptor Activities (2007)

We report the discovery and the synthesis of novel, potential antipsychotic compounds combining potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist properties in the same molecule. We describe the structure-activity relationship that lead us to the promising derivative: N-[(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-7-yloxy)ethyl]-3-(cyclopent-1-enyl)-benzylamine 16. The latter has high affinity for D2 and 5-HT1A receptors, whereas it possesses only a weak affinity for 5-HT2A sites. In cellular models of signal transduction, 16 behaves as a silent antagonist at rD2 receptors while activating h5-HT1A receptors with an efficacy at least equivalent to that of the prototypical 5-HT1A agonist (+/-)-8-OH-DPAT. These dual actions confer a unique pharmacological profile to the product. In a behavioral model predictive of positive symptoms, 16 has an activity comparable to that of the typical antipsychotic haloperidol, while it is devoid of cataleptogenic effects. Although it produces behaviors characteristic of 5-HT1A receptor activation in rats, these occur at doses 100 times higher than those with (+/-)-8-OH-DPAT. We believe that the relative balance of D2 and 5-HT1A actions in 16 is appropriate, possibly optimal, to ensure superior efficacy and tolerability over existing antipychotic drugs.
Pixel-by-pixel VIS/NIR and LIR sensor fusion system (2003)

Visible (VIS) camera (such as CCD) or Near Infrared (NIR) camera (such as low light level CCD or image intensifier) has high resolution and is easy to distinguish enemy and foe, but it cannot see through thin fog/cloud, heavy smoke/dust, foliage, camouflage, and darkness. The Long Infrared (LIR) imager can overcome above problems, but the resolution is too low and it cannot see the NIR aiming light from enemy. The best solution is to fuse the VIS/NIR and LIR sensors to overcome their shortcomings and take advantages of both sensors. In order to see the same target without parallax, the fusio system must have a common optical aperature. In this paper, three common optical apertures are designed: common reflective objective lens, common beam splitter, and common transmissive objective lens. The first one has very small field of view and the second one needs two heads, so the best choice is the third one, but we must find suitable optical materials and correct the color aberrations from 0.6 to 12 μ. It is a tough job. By choosing ZnSe as the first common piece of the objective lens and using glass for NIR and Ge (or IR glass) for LIR as rest pieces, we only need to and are able to correct the aberrations from 0.6 to 1.0 μ for NIR and from 8 to 12 μ for LIR. Finally, a common reflective objective lens and the common beam splitter are also successfully designed. Five application examples are given. In the digital signal processing, we use only one Altera chip. After inserting data, scaling the image size, and adjusting the signal level, the LIR will have the same format and same pixel number of the VIS/NIR, so real-time pixel-by-pixel sensor fusion is realized. The digital output can be used for further image processing and automatic target recognition, such as if we overlap the LIR image on the VIS/NIR image for missile guidance or rifle sight we don't need to worry about the time and the environment again. A gum-size wireless transmitter is also designed that is able to send the VIS/NIR image, the LIR image, and the fused image to the rear commander 1 km away. The cost of the fusion system is less than $12 K, and a patent is granted to Zybron in April of 2002.
A 10 Gb/s traveling wave MZ-modulator on InP (2002)

We report a traveling wave Mach-Zehnder modulator on InP that is suitable for monolithical integration with SOA-based devices like a multi-wavelength laser. The Vπ is lower than 10 V and the static extinction ratio is higher than 20 dB at 1550 nm. Microwave characteristics of the electrical lines were measured up to 40 GHz. The 3-dB bandwidth of 8 GHz allows for 10 Gb/s operation. Simulations predict a 3-dB bandwidth of 20 GHz after elimination of a design error (an impedance mismatch in the feed lines)
Double injection and negative resistance in stripe-geometry oxide-aperture Al<i>y</i>Ga1−<i>y</i>As–GaAs–In<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As quantum well heterostructure laser diodes (1996)

Data are presented demonstrating double injection and negative resistance in stripe-geometry oxide-aperture AlyGa1−yAs–GaAs–InxGa1−xAs quantum well heterostructure lasers. The buried oxide laser structures are defined, in current and cavity, by laterally oxidizing the higher Al composition upper and lower cladding layers from a mesa edge (a ridge), thus, forming a narrow oxide-defined buried aperture (∼2μm). Post fabrication annealing (425 °C in N2) removes the negative resistance, indicating that the crystal growth and oxidation processes introduce products such as H and OH in the active region that compensate the dopants.
An unequal error protection using Reed-Solomon codes for real-time MPEG video stream (2003)

Real-time MPEG video stream over a packet switching network is very sensitive to losses and errors. In the same way as the priority encoding transmission (PET) scheme, our purpose is to protect the different contents of the MPEG video stream according to their importance for video sample quality played out at the receiver side. However, our approach considers as very important the latency delay for interactive applications. So we determine an upper bound for the processing time of Reed-Solomon erasure codes. Considering as criteria the ratio between the network bandwidth and the picture quality, the optimal application policy for unequal error protection is highlighted by experimental results.
Locked Nucleic Acids (LNA): Versatile Tools for Designing Oligonucleotide Decoys with High Stability and Affinity (2004)

Double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing the consensus binding sequence of a transcription factor are valuable tools for the manipulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level by means of the decoy strategy. The approach involves flooding the cells with enough ODN decoy to compete for binding of the transcription factor with its consensus sequence in target genes. The technique has been proven effective in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its use in therapy. Therefore, great attention has been recently focused on chemical modifications enhancing biostability of the oligonucleotides so as to improve their pharmacological properties. Unfortunately, benefits in terms of nuclease resistance have been often negated by a decrease in the affinity and/or specificity of transcription factor binding. To circumvent these problems, circular dumbbell and chimeric decoy oligonucleotides, the latter comprising a central stretch of transcription factor recruiting deoxynucleotides flanked by modified nucleotides, have been introduced. Nevertheless, these approaches have the limitation of leaving the ODNs still sensitive to endonuclease cleavage. To address these concerns, we have recently investigated the use of a new class of nucleotide analogs termed locked nucleic acids (LNA) in the designing of decoy molecules for the transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). In this article, we review the advantages of LNA in the design of ODN decoys pointing to the feasibility of introducing modifications in the transcription factor binding sequence in order to obtain molecules with increased stability compared to end-capped ODNs, while remaining efficiently recognized by NF-kappaB.
Realtime regular expressions for analog and mixed-signal assertions (2011)

Syntax and semantics are proposed for realtime (i.e., continuous-time) regular expressions, which extend and generalize existing SVA regular expressions. The extensions are motivated by practical needs for AMS circuit verification and were developed as part of the authors' contribution to analog assertions work in the Accellera committee standardizing Verilog-AMS. Given a suitable notion of sampling, we prove that the realtime semantics provided for the existing SVA clocked digital regular expressions is equivalent to the original discrete semantics. As a result, the existing digital operators can intermix freely with the new realtime operators, which is a major contribution of our framework. We also investigate the theoretical relationship between our framework and the timed regular expressions of Asarin, Caspi, and Maler. We provide a semantically faithful embedding of timed regular expressions into our realtime regular expressions, as well as a construction of timed automata recognizers for our realtime regular expressions. These constructions show that our realtime regular expressions are no less expressive than the timed regular expressions of [1] and no more expressive than the generalized timed regular expressions of [2]. The automata recognizers also provide the basis for an implementation strategy for our framework.