gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Find or Classify? Dual Strategy for Slot-Value Predictions on Multi-Domain Dialog State Tracking (2019)

Dialog state tracking (DST) is a core component in task-oriented dialog systems. Existing approaches for DST mainly fall into one of two categories, namely, ontology-based and ontology-free methods. An ontology-based method selects a value from a candidate-value list for each target slot, while an ontology-free method extracts spans from dialog contexts. Recent work introduced a BERT-based model to strike a balance between the two methods by pre-defining categorical and non-categorical slots. However, it is not clear enough which slots are better handled by either of the two slot types, and the way to use the pre-trained model has not been well investigated. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective dual-strategy model for DST, by adapting a single BERT-style reading comprehension model to jointly handle both the categorical and non-categorical slots. Our experiments on the MultiWOZ datasets show that our method significantly outperforms the BERT-based counterpart, finding that the key is a deep interaction between the domain-slot and context information. When evaluated on noisy (MultiWOZ 2.0) and cleaner (MultiWOZ 2.1) settings, our method performs competitively and robustly across the two different settings. Our method sets the new state of the art in the noisy setting, while performing more robustly than the best model in the cleaner setting. We also conduct a comprehensive error analysis on the dataset, including the effects of the dual strategy for each slot, to facilitate future research.
Design and testing of a miniature broadband frequency domain photon migration instrument (2008)

A board-level broadband frequency domain photon migration (mini-FDPM) instrument has been constructed to replace a conventional network-analyzer-based FDPM instrument. The mini-FDPM instrument with four wavelengths (681, 783, 823, and 850 nm), matches conventional FDPM instrument in performance (-88 dBm noise level, 100 dB dynamic range) and bandwidth (1 GHz), and recovers the same optical properties within about 6% in absorption and 4% in reduced scattering for liquid phantoms covering a wide range of relevant optical properties. Compared to the conventional FDPM instrument, the mini-FDPM instrument is more than 5x faster (approximately 200 ms per 401 modulation frequencies) and several orders of magnitude less in size and cost. Standard fiber-optic-based probes can be used with the mini-FDPM instrument, which increases applications in a number of clinically relevant measurement scenarios. By drastically reducing size and cost, FDPM miniaturization lowers barriers to access and will help promote FDPM in clinical research problems. The mini-FDPM instrument forms the core of a modular broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy instrument that can be used for a variety of clinical problems in imaging and functional monitoring (i.e., breast/skin cancer, brain activation, and exercise physiology).
Health Physics Concerns in Commercial Aviation (1990)

Airline pilots and flight attendants are occupationally exposed to cosmic radiation. There has been uncertainty about how to handle the radiation protection requirements of their unique situation. Calculated dose equivalents associated with typical flight routes and crewmember work patterns have recently been published. The results show that flight attendants and pilots on ordinary subsonic aircraft can receive annual doses approaching 10 mSv y-1. I argue that flight crewmembers should receive specific education regarding the risks to their health from radiation exposure. I also argue that a suitable dosimeter system should be employed to provide crewmembers with information on their total doses. This is of particular importance for pregnant crewmembers who risk exceeding recommended fetal dose limits by working some routes during their pregnancy. In addition to airline crewmembers, business "frequent flyers" may receive significant occupational exposures while traveling. They too need appropriate education in order to assist them in assessing their risks from such exposures. Finally, flying during a large solar proton event would significantly increase the dose that would be received. During such an event, the total dose to the fetus of a pregnant crewmember or passenger might exceed the 0.5 mSv recommended monthly maximum. Warnings and action plans for these special circumstances should be improved.
Mimotopes selected with neutralizing antibodies against multiple subtypes of influenza A (2011)

Phage-displayed mimotopes against multiple subtypes of influenza A were accessible to the mouse immune system and triggered a humoral response to above virus.
A Configuration Driven Modeling Approach for Resources Optimization of Multi-tenant Applications (2013)

Multi-tenancy application is one of the important resource sharing approaches which enables sharing of resources across a large pool of users. A key requirement to manage the resources fairly among tenants is that one should know the impacts of the resource allocations strategies. Performance model has the native advantages to predict the impacts in advance. However, as the platform become more difficult than ever before, it is hard to build the model manually. In this paper, we provide a configuration driven modeling approach to automatically build the configurations’ performance impacts. In our work, we firstly decouple the impacts into several templates which can be instanced with the runtime configurations. And then, these models can be merged with the tenant’s model as a holistic performance model, which can be used to predict performance under different configurations. Experimental results derived from testing the approach by using an online application deployed on a widely-used platform illustrate the potential of this approach.
Synaptic and Intrinsic Homeostatic Mechanisms Cooperate to Increase L2/3 Pyramidal Neuron Excitability during a Late Phase of Critical Period Plasticity (2013)

Visual deprivation profoundly affects visual cortical response properties, but the activity-dependent plasticity mechanisms that underlie these changes are poorly understood. Monocular deprivation (MD) induces ocular dominance (OD) shifts through biphasic changes in cortical excitability, first decreasing responsiveness to the deprived eye, and then slowly increasing responsiveness to both the deprived and spared eyes. It has been suggested that this slow gain of responsiveness is due to homeostatic synaptic scaling, but this prediction has not been tested directly. Here we show that, in rat monocular and binocular primary visual cortex (V1m and V1b), postsynaptic strength onto layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons is modulated in a biphasic manner by MD, first undergoing a net decrease after 1 and 2 d MD, increasing back to baseline after 3 d, and finally undergoing a net potentiation between 3 and 6 d. The time course and direction of these synaptic changes match well the known changes in visual responsiveness during OD plasticity. Viral-mediated delivery of the GluA2 C-tail in vivo blocked these synaptic changes, indicating that, like synaptic scaling in vitro, AMPA receptor trafficking via the GluA2 C-tail is required for the delayed increase in postsynaptic strength. Finally, we also observed a delayed increase in the intrinsic excitability of L2/3 pyramidal neurons following prolonged MD. These data indicate that synaptic and intrinsic homeostatic mechanisms cooperate to increase excitability of L2/3 pyramidal neurons following prolonged MD, and suggest that these homeostatic mechanisms contribute to the delayed gain of visual responsiveness during OD plasticity.
Van der Stel versus Tulbagh: die oorsprong van die Kaapse Van der Stelstoel (1998)

The Cape Baroque chair of the early 18th century is commonly called the Tulbagh chair, although the time of its appearance does not coincide with the reign of governor Ryk Tulbagh. The main features of this chair are comparable to those of the French, Dutch and English Baroque chairs. It is therefore suggested that the chair should rightly be called the Van der Stel chair, which is the name applied to the Baroque style at the Cape. The simplified version of the Van der Stel chair is accordingly still called transitional Tulbagh chair.
Conformation of glycosaminoglycans by ion mobility mass spectrometry and molecular modelling (2005)

We have performed conformational analyses of heparin-derived oligosaccharide ions in the gas phase using a combination of ion-mobility mass spectrometry and molecular modelling. Negative mode electrospray ionisation was used to generate singly (disaccharide, [C12H15NO19S3Na3]-) and doubly charged (tetrasaccharides, [C24H30N2O38S6Na6]2- and [C24H31N2O35S5Na5]2-) ions containing three and six Na+ ions, respectively. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental and theoretical cross sections. The latter were obtained using modelled structures generated by the AMBER-based force field. Analysis of the conformations of the oligosaccharide ions shows that sodium cations play a major role in stabilizing these ions in the gas phase. This was seen in the formation of oligomers of the disaccharide ion and "compact" structures of tetrasaccharide ions. Interestingly, the gas phase conformations of the three tetrasaccharide ions with different primary structures were significantly different.
Proteogenomics: Integrating Next-Generation Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry to Characterize Human Proteomic Variation (2016)

Mass spectrometry–based proteomics has emerged as the leading method for detection, quantification, and characterization of proteins. Nearly all proteomic workflows rely on proteomic databases to identify peptides and proteins, but these databases typically contain a generic set of proteins that lack variations unique to a given sample, precluding their detection. Fortunately, proteogenomics enables the detection of such proteomic variations and can be defined, broadly, as the use of nucleotide sequences to generate candidate protein sequences for mass spectrometry database searching. Proteogenomics is experiencing heightened significance due to two developments: (a) advances in DNA sequencing technologies that have made complete sequencing of human genomes and transcriptomes routine, and (b) the unveiling of the tremendous complexity of the human proteome as expressed at the levels of genes, cells, tissues, individuals, and populations. We review here the field of human proteogenomics, with an emphasis on its history, current implementations, the types of proteomic variations it reveals, and several important applications.
Immortalized Neural Cells from Trisomy 16 Mice as Models for Alzheimer's Disease (1996)

The trisomy 16 mouse (Tsl6) is a general accepted animal model for both Downs syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, the efficacy of this model is severely hampered by the fact that Tsl6 is lethal after about 18–20 days of gestation. Chimeras, long‐term tissue culture and neural transplantation of Tsl6 material have previously been used to overcome this limitation presented by death in utero of the Tsl6. In this paper we describe a new strategy to overcome this limitation, i.e. immortalization of primary cells from Tsl6 mice with retrovirus‐mediated gene transfer of a temperature sensitive immortalizing oncogene. By this method we have obtained a total of 21 stable cell lines from Tsl6 hippocampus, Tsl6 cortex, normal hippocampus, and normal cortex. So far, two of the cell lines have been karyotyped and as expected, the cell line immortalized from Tsl6 embryos has retained three copies of chromosome 16. We are currently characterizing these cell lines with respect to expression of APP, T‐antigen, Nestin, GFAP, NF and Map‐2. Moreover, the processing and secretion of APP fragments are being investigated by immunoblotting. In summary, we have immortalized CNS cells from Tsl6 mice and we expect that these cell lines will be useful as in vitro and in vitro models for studying various aspects of the pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
Positionally Isomeric Organic Gelators: Structure–Gelation Study, Racemic versus Enantiomeric Gelators, and Solvation Effects (2010)

Low molecular weight gelator molecules consisting of aliphatic acid, amino acid (phenylglycine), and omega-aminoaliphatic acid units have been designed. By varying the number of methylene units in the aliphatic and omega-aminoaliphatic acid chains, as defined by descriptors m and n, respectively, a series of positionally isomeric gelators having different positions of the peptidic hydrogen-bonding unit within the gelator molecule has been obtained. The gelation properties of the positional isomers have been determined in relation to a defined set of twenty solvents of different structure and polarity and analyzed in terms of gelator versatility (G(ver)) and effectiveness (G(eff)). The results of gelation tests have shown that simple synthetic optimizations of a "lead gelator molecule" by variation of m and n, end-group polarity (carboxylic acid versus sodium carboxylate), and stereochemistry (racemate versus optically pure form) allowed the identification of gelators with tremendously improved versatility (G(ver)) and effectiveness (G(eff)). Dramatic differences in G(eff) values of up to 70 times could be observed between pure racemate/enantiomer pairs of some gelators, which were manifested even in the gelation of very similar solvents such as isomeric xylenes. The combined results of spectroscopic ((1)H NMR, FTIR), electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction studies suggest similar organization of the positionally isomeric gelators at the molecular level, comprising parallel beta-sheet hydrogen-bonded primary assemblies that form inversed bilayers at a higher organizational level. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of selected enantiomer/racemate gelator pairs and their o- and p-xylene gels revealed the simultaneous presence of different polymorphs in the racemate gels. The increased gelation effectiveness of the racemate compared to that of the single enantiomer is most likely a consequence of its spontaneous resolution into enantiomeric bilayers and their subsequent organization into polymorphic aggregates of different energy. The latter determine the gel fiber thickness and solvent immobilization capacity of the formed gel network.
Elastic and Inelastic Collision Cross Sections in Hydrogen and Deuterium from Transport Coefficients (1963)

By means of a numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation, elastic and inelastic collision cross sections have been derived for electrons in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ subjected to a dc electric field. The cross sections for momentum transfer, rotational excitation, vibrational excitation, electronic excitation, and ionization are investigated by comparing experimental and theoretical values of transport coefficient. The same momentum transfer cross section previously obtained for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ by Frost and Phelps has been found to be valid for ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$. Good agreement is secured between experiment and theory by multiplying the theoretical rotational cross sections of Gerjuoy and Stein by approximately 1.5, provided the polarization factor of Dalgarno and Moffett is used. The final cross section for vibrational excitation of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ has a threshold at 0.52 eV and a peak of 7.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 4.5 eV, whereas that of ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ has a threshold at 0.36 eV and a peak of 6.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 4.7 eV. The derived electronic excitation cross sections are the same for both ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$. The ionization cross section was taken from the experimental results of Tate and Smith. Calculated transport coefficients for electrons subjected to crossed electric and magnetic fields, and high-frequency ac electric fields are in agreement with recent experimental and theoretical results.
Many fine analytical instruments shown at Stockholm exhibits (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMany fine analytical instruments shown at Stockholm exhibitsRalph H. MüllerCite this: Anal. Chem. 1961, 33, 2, 129A–132APublication Date (Print):February 1, 1961Publication History Published online17 May 2012Published inissue 1 February 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60170a852https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60170a852research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Application of Roll-Isolated Inertial Measurement Units to the Instrumentation of Spinning Vehicles (2000)

Roll-isolated inertial measurement units are developed at Sandia for use in the instrumentation, guidance, and control of rapidly spinning vehicles. Roll-isolation is accomplished by supporting the inertial instrument cluster (gyros and accelerometers) on a single gimbal, the axis of which is parallel to the vehicle's spin axis. A rotary motor on the gimbal is driven by a servo loop to null the roll gyro output, thus inertially stabilizing the gimbal and instrument cluster while the vehicle spins around it. Roll-isolation prevents saturation of the roll gyro by the high vehicle spin rate, and vastly reduces measurement errors arising from gyro scale factor and alignment uncertainties. Nine versions of Sandia-developed roll-isolated inertial measurement units have been flown on a total of 27 flight tests since 1972.
Electronic seal system based on RSA algorithm and public-key infrastructure (2010)

With the development of the internet, many important documents can be exchanged online. It is vital to protect the safety and genuineness of the seals in the published documents. In this paper, a new electronic seal system based on the RSA digital signature algorithm and public-key infrastructure is presented. The RSA digital signature algorithm and its mathematic foundation are discussed in detail and the feasibility of the electronic seal scheme implementation based on public-key infrastructure is given. The scheme combines one-way hash function and digital watermarking, implements the tamper-proofing of electronic documents, anti-copy of electronic seal and secure access control function, can effectively to meet the basic needs of electronic document and security requirements.
Biofilm Elimination on Intravascular Catheters: Important Considerations for the Infectious Disease Practitioner (2011)

The presence of biofilms on intravascular catheters and their role in catheter-related bloodstream infections is well accepted. The tolerance of catheter-associated biofilm organisms toward systemic antimicrobial treatments and the potential for development of antimicrobial resistance in the health care environment underscores the importance of alternative treatment strategies. Biofilms are microbial communities that exhibit unique characteristics that must be considered when evaluating the potential of biofilm prevention or control strategies. Because biofilm-associated infections do not respond consistently to therapeutically achievable concentrations of many antimicrobial agents, treatments that are more effective against slowly growing biofilm cells or combination treatments that can penetrate the biofilm matrix may be more effective. Alternative strategies that do not incorporate antimicrobial drugs have also been investigated. These approaches have the potential to prevent or eradicate biofilms on indwelling intravascular catheters and prevent or resolve catheter-related infections.
Service station armed robbery in Australia (2009)

The incidence of service station armed robbery has steadily increased over the past decade. Using the Australian Institute of Criminology's National Armed Robbery Monitoring Program (NARMP) data, this paper examines the incidence of armed robbery at service stations and profiles the offenders involved. The NARMP data shows that about one in ten armed robberies in Australia were of service stations, and that these were more likely to be targeted at night by lone offenders using knives. The most common item stolen was cash, with an average value of $643. The relative youth of the offenders — on average 23 years old — and infrequent use of firearms suggests the armed robberies involved little if any planning. This opportunistic targeting of service stations has been attributed to their extended opening hours, their sale of cigarettes and other exchangeable goods, their high volume of cash transactions and their isolation from other businesses. Widespread adoption of crime prevention measures by service stations, such as transfer trays, could help reduce their risk of being robbed, but the paper cautions that displacement effects should be considered prior to the implementation of new countermeasures.
Hyaluronic acid: A promising mediator for periodontal regeneration (2010)

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural-non sulphated high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan that forms a critical component of the extracellular matrix and contributes significantly to tissue hydrodynamics, cell migration and proliferation. The use of HA in the treatment of inflammatory process is established in medical areas such as orthopedics, dermatology and ophthalmology. In the field of dentistry, hyaluronate has shown anti-inflammatory, antiedematous and anti-bacterial effects for the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis. Due to its potential role in modulation of wound healing, its administration to periodontal wound sites could achieve comparable beneficial effects in periodontal tissue regeneration and periodontal disease treatment.
Crystal Structures and Reactivity of 3a,5a,8a,10a-Tetraazaperhydropyrene Derivatives. An Alternative Approach to Selective Nitrogen Alkylation of 1,4,8,11-Tetraazacyclotetradecane (Cyclam) (2000)

1-Alkyl and 1,8-dialkyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanes (alkyl = benzyl or methyl) were synthesised through cis -aminal of cyclam which was obtained by reaction of glyoxal and cyclam. The corresponding trans -aminal was synthesised from the respective linear tetraamine and glyoxal followed by cyclisation using 1,2-dibromoethane. The trans -aminal derivatives cannot be used for preparation of cyclam or its derivatives due to exceptional stability of the aminal bridge. The different reactivity of both cis - and trans -aminals is discussed on the basis of the X-ray structures determined for a series of the cyclam derivatives and could be explained by steric hindrance in the trans -aminals.