gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasmid Detection and Sizing in Single Colony Lysates (1977)

A simple and contained procedure for the rapid assay of the presence and size of plasmids similar to Col El is described. Bacteria are picked from an agar plate with a toothpick, lysed with dodecyl sulfate and heat, and placed directly on an agarose gel for electrophoresis.
Histidine Decarboxylase in <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> Revisited (2004)

With a modification of Taylor's decarboxylation broth, histidine decarboxylase was detected in Enterobacter aerogenes, Morganella morganii, Raoultella ornithinolytica, and some strains of Citrobacter youngae and Raoultella planticola. This method provides a useful confirmatory test for identification of E. aerogenes strains.
Scavenger Assisted Trapping of Atomic Hydrogen in Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>12</sub>-Cages (1997)

The trapping of hydrogen atoms generated by γ-irradiation of different compounds containing the cube-shaped Si8O12-cage was investigated by means of electron spin resonance (ESR). The trapped hydrogen atoms were found to originate from the organic substituents of the cages. It was shown that intermolecular processes are involved in trapping. This was done by means of a crossover experiment in which d72-octakis(trimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane (i.e., d72-Q8M8) and h72-Q8M8 were used. Most surprising, the relative yield of trapped hydrogen atoms is considerably increased by radical scavenging additives (e.g., NO, O2, and I2) present during γ-irradiation. In the presence of radical scavengers, the dose dependence of [Htr•] in, for example, octapropyloctasilsesquioxane becomes almost linear, whereas in the absence of any scavengers it reaches a much lower and quasistationary level. Only for octahydridooctasilsesquioxane (HT8) and octamethyloctasilsesquioxane (MeT8) the yields of atomic hydrogen are not noticeably affected by radical scavengers. This is probably because the scavengers cannot enter the crystal lattices of HT8 and MeT8. If radical scavengers are absent, radicals generated from the substituents can be detected at room temperature for long periods of time. Elemental iodine facilitates the trapping of hydrogen atoms even in solutions of silsesquioxanes in cyclohexane. Moreover, there are radiation induced processes, which remove trapped hydrogen atoms from their traps, so the detected concentration appears to be a net effect. Deoxygenated solutions of irradiated specimen advantageously allow the observation of a well-resolved 29Si-superhyperfinestructure (shfs). The comparison of the experimental shfs pattern with the theoretically expected one proves convincingly the encapsulation of hydrogen atoms in intact Si8O12-units. The values of the shf-coupling constants depend on the nature of the substituents attached to silicon and decrease with increasing temperature. The thermal decay process of H• trapped in the solid state is not affected by the atmosphere present and follows first-order kinetics. This corresponds with the uniform trap sites. The activation energy for this process is estimated to 109.6 ± 3.1 kJ/mol (343 ≤ T ≤ 387 K) in the case of H•:Q8M8. The satellites of the hydrogen hyperfine transitions were shown to be spin-flip satellites. Proposals in order to explain the observed effects are made.
Comparison of Obese NIDDM and Nondiabetic Women: Short‐ and Long‐Term Weight Loss (1995)

Previous research suggests that overweight patients with diabetes lose less weight than nondiabetics. We compared the response of obese women with NIDDM to nondiabetic controls, matched for age and weight, to a behavior weight loss program. Forty-three overweight women (20 NIDDM, 23 nondiabetic) participated in the study. NIDDM and nondiabetic subjects were treated together and received the same 16-week behavioral weight loss program. Dependent measures included weight, 3-day food records, physical activity, fasting plasma glucose, and questionnaires assessing eating behavior and depressive symptomatology. Weight loss of NIDDM and nondiabetic subjects at posttreatment was comparable (-7.4 +/- 5.3 kg vs. -6.4 +/- 3.8 kg, respectively). Changes in caloric intake, eating behavior, exercise and depressive symptomatology were also similar between the two groups. However, during the 1-year follow-up period, NIDDM subjects regained 5.4 +/- 6.1 kg compared to 1.0 +/- 6.7 kg for nondiabetics (p = .058). These data indicate that NIDDM subjects can lose as much weight as their nondiabetic peers during active treatment. Once treatment terminated, however, NIDDM subjects demonstrated poor weight loss maintenance. Thus the added motivation that comes from having diabetes and seeing improvements in glycemic control with weight loss were not sufficient to improve long term weight loss in diabetic subjects. A continuous care model of weight control may be particularly necessary for overweight patients with type II diabetes.
Polypropylene/graphite nanocomposites by thermo‐kinetic mixing (2004)

Abstract Polypropylene (PP)/graphite nanocomposites have been prepared by melt‐mixing PP with different levels of graphite (G) and graphite oxide (GO) using maleated PP(PP‐g‐MA) and graphite oxide (GO) as interface modifiers. Melt‐mixing was achieved using a Gelimat, a high‐speed thermo‐kinetic mixer. The Gelimat system is specifically designed to handle difficult compounding and dispersion applications by completely mixing, heating and compounding products within a few minutes. Therefore, the thermal history of the compounded polymer is very short, which limits degradation. Interfacial modification by addition of maleated PP and graphite oxide is essential for producing PP/G nanocomposite. The graphite oxide then interacts with the maleic anhydride group of the PP‐g‐MA. The structure and properties of PP/PP‐g‐MA/GO/G nanocomposites were compared by different techniques. Evidence of the nanoscale dispersion of graphite sheets within the PP were provided by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The high mechanical shear stresses generated by the Gelimat greatly reduced the ordering initially measured by WAXD between graphite sheets and sheet aggregates, indicating a dispersion of the graphite in the polymer to the extent that graphite particles could hardly be observed by SEM. It was found that the addition of PP‐g‐MA and GO leads to excellent dispersion of G within the PP matrix. The flow behavior of the material was also studied by means of a parallel‐plate rheometer. The addition of graphite to PP caused a drastic change in the flow behavior of PP. The thermal degradation behavior, studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), showed higher thermal stability of the nanocomposite than that of pure polypropylene. The dispersion of the graphite in the resin promoted the nucleation of β crystallites in PP. The β crystallites, normally less abundant than α crystallites in pure PP, were found to constitute the dominant phase in the nanocomposite. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1162–1169, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Higher Respiratory Infection Rates on an Alzheimer's Special Care Unit and Successful Intervention (1995)

This study suggests that an inherent risk of ASCUs is an increased exposure to highly contagious infections such as upper respiratory infections. An intervention program effective in decreasing this risk to the level of traditional nursing units is proposed. A prospective study is needed to confirm these findings.
Synthesis of Bromoacetyl Derivatives by Use of Tetrabutylammonium Tribromide (1987)

Abstract Orange crystalline tetrabutylammonium tribromide was prepared using a simple method. The reaction of acetyl derivatives with an equimolar amount of the tribromide in dichloromethane–methanol at room temperature gave bromoacetyl derivatives in fairly good yields.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Diyne Hydrative Cyclization:  Synthesis of Substituted 1,3-Diene Synthons (2005)

[reaction: see text]. A novel and versatile strategy for the synthesis of highly functionalized substituted 3-sulfolenes based on [CpRu(CH3CN)3]PF6-catalyzed hydrative cyclization has been developed. A marked ketone directing effect in ruthenium-catalyzed cyclization was observed for the first time. This provides complementary chemoselectivity for the synthesis of 3-sulfolenes and other cyclic enones. The utility of this method has been demonstrated by SO2 extrusion of 3-sulfolenes to afford 1,3-dienes and the subsequent inter- and intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction.
Atrial L-Type Ca <sup>2+</sup> Currents and Human Atrial Fibrillation (1999)

Chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by decreased atrial contractility, shortened action potential duration, and decreased accommodation of action potential duration to changes in activation rate. Studies on experimental animal models of AF implicate a reduction in L-type Ca2+ current (I(Ca)) density in these changes. To evaluate the effect of AF on human I(Ca), we compared I(Ca) in atrial myocytes isolated from 42 patients in normal sinus rhythm at the time of cardiac surgery with that of 11 chronic AF patients. I(Ca) was significantly reduced in the myocytes of patients with chronic AF (mean -3.35+/-0.5 pA/pF versus -9.13+/-1. 0 pA/pF in the controls), with no difference between groups in the voltage dependence of activation or steady-state inactivation. Although I(Ca) was lower in myocytes from the chronic AF patients, their response to maximal beta-adrenergic stimulation was not impaired. Postoperative AF frequently follows cardiac surgery. Half of the patients in the control group (19/38) of this study experienced postoperative AF. Whereas chronic AF is characterized by reduced atrial I(Ca), the patients with the greatest I(Ca) had an increased incidence of postoperative AF, independent of patient age or diagnosis. This observation is consistent with the concept that calcium overload may be an important factor in the initiation of AF. The reduction in functional I(Ca) density in myocytes from the atria of chronic AF patients may thus be an adaptive response to the arrhythmia-induced calcium overload.
PPAR-alpha and insulin sensitivity (2006)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. PPAR-alpha, first of its three subtypes (alpha, beta, gamma) has traditionally been considered an important regulator of lipid metabolism while its role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity has not been recognized until recently. Here we summarize the experimental and clinical studies focusing on the role of PPAR- alpha in the regulation of insulin sensitivity. In most of the experimental studies the activation of PPAR-alpha in rodents leads to improvement of insulin sensitivity by multiple mechanisms including improvement of insulin signaling due to a decrease of ectopic lipids in non-adipose tissues and decrease of circulating fatty acids and triglycerides. In contrast, the effect of PPAR-alpha agonist in humans is much less pronounced probably due to a lower expression of PPAR-alpha relative to rodents and possibly other mechanisms. Further clinical studies using more potent PPAR-alpha agonists on a larger population need to be performed to evaluate the possible role of PPAR- alpha in the regulation of insulin sensitivity in humans.
Multiple-cladding fibers with reduced bend loss (2007)

We demonstrate that a highly bend-resistant fiber can be realized. It is shown theoretically that, by introducing both depressed and elevated rings into the cladding, bending loss can be reduced significantly. A fiber based on this design has been fabricated and characterized as a first step toward achieving this goal. The results show that a multiple-cladding fiber is highly bend resistant when compared with the standard telecom single-mode fiber.
Preparation of cells cultured on silicon wafers for mass spectrometry analysis (2005)

The distribution of specific atoms and molecules within living cells is of high interest in bio-medical research. Laser secondary neutral mass spectrometry (laser-SNMS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) detect atoms with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. The application of these methods to cultured cells requires special preparation techniques preserving morphological and chemical integrity of the living cells. The cells should, therefore, be grown on a conducting material preventing charging of the sample during ion bombardment. Silicon is currently used as the preferred support material for non-biological samples in mass spectrometry. This study investigates (1) the influence of silicon surfaces on cell growth and (2) the suitability of a sandwiched, rapid freezing method to analyse transmembrane ion gradients. Human melanoma cells were grown on silicon with polished or etched surfaces. Growth kinetics were studied using the Sulforhodamine-B assay. Number, shape, and morphology of the cells were assessed by epifluorescence microscopy of calcein AM- and DAPI-stained cells. Cells were subjected to rapid freezing, freeze-fracturing, and freeze-drying prior to analysis by TOF-SIMS and laser-SNMS. While cell numbers and morphology on the rough silicon wafers were impaired, morphology and growth kinetics of cells on polished silicon were identical to control cells on cell culture tested polystyrene. TOF-SIMS and laser-SNMS resulted in high-resolution elemental images and mass spectra. Measurement of the intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations revealed a ratio as observed in living cells. In conclusion, culturing cells on polished silicon wafers followed by sandwiched, rapid freezing is an adequate preparation method to study intracellular ion distribution with mass spectrometry.
Beta-Cell Specific Deletion of Dicer1 Leads to Defective Insulin Secretion and Diabetes Mellitus (2011)

Mature microRNAs (miRNAs), derived through cleavage of pre-miRNAs by the Dicer1 enzyme, regulate protein expression in many cell-types including cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. To investigate the importance of miRNAs in mouse insulin secreting β-cells, we have generated mice with a β-cells specific disruption of the Dicer1 gene using the Cre-lox system controlled by the rat insulin promoter (RIP). In contrast to their normoglycaemic control littermates (RIP-Cre(+/-) Dicer1(Δ/wt)), RIP-Cre(+/-)Dicer1(flox/flox) mice (RIP-Cre Dicer1(Δ/Δ)) developed progressive hyperglycaemia and full-blown diabetes mellitus in adulthood that recapitulated the natural history of the spontaneous disease in mice. Reduced insulin gene expression and concomitant reduced insulin secretion preceded the hyperglycaemic state and diabetes development. Immunohistochemical, flow cytometric and ultrastructural analyses revealed altered islet morphology, marked decreased β-cell mass, reduced numbers of granules within the β-cells and reduced granule docking in adult RIP-Cre Dicer1(Δ/Δ) mice. β-cell specific Dicer1 deletion did not appear to disrupt fetal and neonatal β-cell development as 2-week old RIP-Cre Dicer1(Δ/Δ) mice showed ultrastructurally normal β-cells and intact insulin secretion. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that a β-cell specific disruption of the miRNAs network, although allowing for apparently normal β-cell development, leads to progressive impairment of insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and diabetes development.
Personal clipboards for individual copy-and-paste on shared multi-user surfaces (2013)

Clipboards are omnipresent on today's personal computing platforms. They provide copy-and-paste functionalities that let users easily reorganize information and quickly transfer data across applications. In this work, we introduce personal clipboards to multi-user surfaces. Personal clipboards enable individual and independent copy-and-paste operations, in the presence of multiple users concurrently sharing the same direct-touch interface. As common surface computing platforms do not distinguish touch input of different users, we have developed clipboards that leverage complementary personalization strategies. Specifically, we have built a context menu clipboard based on implicit user identification of every touch, a clipboard based on personal subareas dynamically placed on the surface, and a handheld clipboard based on integration of personal devices for surface interaction. In a user study, we demonstrate the effectiveness of personal clipboards for shared surfaces, and show that different personalization strategies enable clipboards, albeit with different impacts on interaction characteristics.
Segmentation and identification of drifting dynamical systems (2002)

A method for the analysis of nonstationary time series with multiple operating modes is presented. In particular, it is possible to detect and to model a switching of the dynamics and also a less abrupt, time consuming drift from one mode to another. This is achieved by an unsupervised algorithm that segments the data according to inherent modes, and a subsequent search through the space of possible drifts. An application to physiological wake/sleep data demonstrates that analysis and modeling of real-world time series can be improved when the drift paradigm is taken into account. In the case of wake/sleep data, we hope to gain more insight into the physiological processes that are involved in the transition from wake to sleep.
Analysis of mutations in the envelope gene of moloney murine leukemia virus: Separation of infectivity from superinfection resistance (1991)

Six deletion mutations and an insertion were generated in the env gene of cloned copies of Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA. All seven mutants were replication-defective as tested by transformation of NIH/3T3 cells. The mutant DNAs were introduced into NIH/3T3 cells to generate stable producer lines; all released virion particles into the medium, suggesting that none of the mutations affected overall viral gene expression, gag and pol gene expression, gag and pol gene functions, or virion budding. Several of the mutations reduced the lifetime of the env protein or blocked its export to the cell surface. One mutation altering the membrane-spanning region and the cytoplasmic tail of the TM protein had no effect on export of the protein, proteolytic processing, or incorporation into virion particles, but still blocked the infectivity of the resulting virus. The results suggest that alterations in the transmembrane region can affect early steps of infection, such as the fusion of virion and host membranes. Cells expressing this mutant env protein were fully resistant to superinfection by wild-type virus. Thus, induction of virus resistance, presumably reflecting blocking the virus receptor, can be separated from virus infectivity.
Early atherosclerosis aggravates the effect of renal artery stenosis on the swine kidney (2010)

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) is increasingly identified in patients with end-stage renal disease. Renal function in ARAS patients deteriorates more frequently than in nonatherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS). This study was designed to test the hypothesis that atherosclerosis modifies the relationship between single-kidney hemodynamics and function and the severity of stenosis. The degree of unilateral RAS in domestic pigs (4 normal, 26 RAS, and 22 ARAS) was correlated with renal function and hemodynamics evaluated by 64-slice multidetector computerized tomography before and after endothelium-dependent challenge with ACh. The degree of stenosis and increase in mean arterial pressure were similar in RAS and ARAS. Stenotic single-kidney volume, blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and cortical perfusion were lower than normal in both RAS and ARAS, but only in RAS correlated inversely with increasing degree of stenosis (r = -0.62, r = -0.49, r = -0.51, and r = -0.46, respectively, P < 0.05 for all). Basal tubular fluid concentration capacity and stenotic cortical perfusion response to ACh were both blunted only in ARAS. This study shows that atherosclerosis modulates the impact of a stenosis in the renal artery on stenotic kidney hemodynamics, function, and tubular dynamics. These observations underscore the direct intrarenal effect of atherogenic factors on the kidneys.
Electron Transfer Rates in DNA Films as a Function of Tether Length (2004)

A homologous series of DNA-modified electrodes has been investigated in which the molecular tether length varies. Using intercalated, covalently bound daunomycin as a redox probe, an exponential dependence of electron transfer rates on the number of intervening methylene groups in the sigma-bonded tether is observed. In contrast, variation in DM position within DNA yields no detectable change in rate. These data confirm that overall electron transfer rates in DNA films are limited by the tether, not the DNA.
Microalgae Biomolecules: Extraction, Separation and Purification Methods (2020)

Several microalgae species have been exploited due to their great biotechnological potential for the production of a range of biomolecules that can be applied in a large variety of industrial sectors. However, the major challenge of biotechnological processes is to make them economically viable, through the production of commercially valuable compounds. Most of these compounds are accumulated inside the cells, requiring efficient technologies for their extraction, recovery and purification. Recent improvements approaching physicochemical treatments (e.g., supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric fields, among others) and processes without solvents are seeking to establish sustainable and scalable technologies to obtain target products from microalgae with high efficiency and purity. This article reviews the currently available approaches reported in literature, highlighting some examples covering recent granted patents for the microalgae’s components extraction, recovery and purification, at small and large scales, in accordance with the worldwide trend of transition to bio-based products.
Long-Range Order in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">As</mml:mi></mml:math> (1985)

We report the first observation of long-range order in a semiconductor III-V ternary alloy. ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ thin crystals grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition or molecular-beam epitaxy have Ga atoms preferentially occupying the 0,0,0 and \textonehalf{},\textonehalf{},0 sites and Al atoms the \textonehalf{},0,\textonehalf{} and 0,\textonehalf{},\textonehalf{} sites in each unit cell. Our results indicate that this ordered structure is the equilibrium state of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$.