gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Joint contact stress: a reasonable surrogate for biological processes? (2005)

A joint's normal mechanical history contributes to the maintenance of articular cartilage and underlying bone. Loading facilitates the flow of nutrients into cartilage and waste products away, and additionally provides the mechanical signals essential for normal cell and tissue maintenance. Deleteriously low or high contact stresses have been presumed to result in joint deterioration, and particular aspects of the mechanical environment may facilitate repair of damaged cartilage. For decades, investigators have explored static joint contact stresses (under some more or less arbitrary condition) as a surrogate of the relevant mechanical history. Contact stresses have been estimated in vitro in many joints and in a number of species, although only rarely in vivo. Despite a number of widely varying techniques (and spatial resolutions) to measure these contact stresses, reported ranges of static peak normal stresses are relatively similar from joint to joint across species, and in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 MPa. This suggests vertebrate diarthrodial joints have evolved to achieve similar mechanical design criteria. Available evidence also suggests some disorders of cartilage deterioration are associated with somewhat higher peak pressures ranging from 1-20 MPa, but overlapping the range of normal pressures. Some evidence and considerable logic suggests static contact stresses per se do not predict cartilage responses, but rather temporal aspects of the contact stress history. Static contact stresses may therefore not be a reasonable surrogate for biomechanical studies. Rather, temporal and spatial aspects of the loading history undoubtedly induce beneficial and deleterious biological responses. Finally, since all articular cartilage experiences similar stresses, the concept of a "weight-bearing" versus a "non-weight-bearing" joint seems flawed, and should be abandoned.
Enhancement of high spectral resolution remote-sensing data by a noise-adjusted principal components transform (1990)

High-spectral-resolution remote-sensing data are first transformed so that the noise covariance matrix becomes the identity matrix. Then the principal components transform is applied. This transform is equivalent to the maximum noise fraction transform and is optimal in the sense that it maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in each successive transform component, just as the principal component transform maximizes the data variance in successive components. Application of this transform requires knowledge or an estimate of the noise covariance matrix of the data. The effectiveness of this transform for noise removal is demonstrated in both the spatial and spectral domains. Results that demonstrate the enhancement of geological mapping and detection of alteration mineralogy in data from the Pilbara region of Western Australia, including mapping of the occurrence of pyrophyllite over an extended area, are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Uncertainty and Decisions in Medical Informatics (1995)

This paper presents a tutorial introduction to the handling of uncertainty and decision-making in medical reasoning systems. It focuses on the central role of uncertainty in all of medicine and identifies the major themes that arise in research papers. It then reviews simple Bayesian formulations of the problem and pursues the generalization to the Bayesian network methods that are popular today. Decision making is presented from the decision analysis viewpoint, with brief mention of recently-developed methods. The paper concludes with review of more abstract characterization of uncertainty, and anticipates the growing importance of analytic and "data mining" techniques as growing amounts of clinical data become widely available.
Penal Code Section 654: The Prosecutor's Dilemma (1965)

member of the third year class at Stanford Law School, for
Cancer metabolic reprogramming: importance, main features, and potentials for precise targeted anti-cancer therapies. (2014)

Cancer cells are well documented to rewire their metabolism and energy production networks to support and enable rapid proliferation, continuous growth, survival in harsh conditions, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to cancer treatments. Since Dr. Otto Warburg's discovery about altered cancer cell metabolism in 1930, thousands of studies have shed light on various aspects of cancer metabolism with a common goal to find new ways for effectively eliminating tumor cells by targeting their energy metabolism. This review highlights the importance of the main features of cancer metabolism, summarizes recent remarkable advances in this field, and points out the potentials to translate these scientific findings into life-saving diagnosis and therapies to help cancer patients.
Dynamical Systems Approach in Learnable Autonomous Robots (1996)

This paper discusses how a robot can learn goal-directed naviga-tion tasks using local sensory inputs. The emphasis is that such learning tasks could be formulated as an embedding problem of dynamical systems: desired trajectories in a task space should be embedded into an adequate sensory-based internal state space so that an unique mapping from the internal state space to the motor command could be established. The paper shows that a recurrent neural network suffices in self-organizing such an adequate internal state space from the temporal sensory input. In our experiments, using a real robot with a laser range sensor, the robot navigated robustly by achieving dynamical coherence with the environment. It was also shown that such coherence becomes structurally sta-ble as the global attractor is self-organized in the coupling of the internal and the environmental dynamics.
Physical Plasma Elicits Immunogenic Cancer Cell Death and Mitochondrial Singlet Oxygen (2017)

Plasma oncotherapy receives increasing attention due to considerable success in preclinical research. Different plasma sources were shown to induce cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo. Plasmas for medicine expel reactive species of many kinds. These have been implicated in the induction of immunogenic cancer cell death that increases the visibility of killed cells to the immune system. Cell membrane-bound calreticulin (CRT) serves as key damage-associated molecular pattern molecule to elicit antitumor immune responses. To investigate CRT translocation upon challenge with medical plasma, CT26 colon cancer cells were treated in vitro using the atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet kINPen. Cells underwent apoptosis, which was accompanied by exposure of CRT. Interestingly, CRT was upregulated on viable as well as dead cells, and remained upregulated up to 72 h post-treatment. Cell death was preceded by loss of membrane potential in mitochondria. These endosymbionts are capable of generating singlet oxygen, a molecule that has been suggested to drive radical chains in plasma cancer cell death. Using fluorescent probes, we identified a role of endogenous (mitochondrial-derived) over exogenous (plasma-derived) singlet oxygen in plasma-treated cancer cells.
Development and Assessment of Short and Very Short Forms of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire–Revised (2013)

Using data from parents of 761 infants from 6 independent samples, short (91 items, 14 scales) and very short (37 items, 3 broad scales) forms of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R), a well-established caregiver report measure of temperament for infants aged 3 to 12 months, were developed. The forms were subsequently evaluated with data from 1,619 participants from 11 samples. Over 90% of Cronbach's alphas and part-whole correlations calculated for the short and very short form scales were greater than.70. Interparent agreement was nearly identical to that obtained with standard IBQ-R scales, averaging.41 and ranging from.06 to.76. Longitudinal stability over multiple time spans, and estimated retest reliability of the short form scales, were highly similar to those of standard forms, with estimated retest reliability averaging.72 and ranging from.54 to.93. Convergent and predictive validity of select short form scales were comparable to, but slightly lower, than those observed for standard IBQ-R scales. Recommendations for the use of the standard, short, and very short scales are discussed.
Transformation of rabbit lymphocytes with T-cell leukemia virus. (1983)

Co-cultivation of rabbit lymphocytes with a human cell line carrying adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) virus (ATLV) resulted in the establishment of an ATLV-producer rabbit cell line. This cell line expressed ATL-associated antigens and reacted with antisera to the structural proteins of human T-cell leukemia virus which is identical or closely related to ATLV.
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (1975)

Effects of strenous exercise, followed by rest, and of potassium administration on blood chemistry values were studied in two patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and in normal volunteers. These procedures produced attacks of flaccid paralysis that occurred concomitantly with rapid rises in serum potassium concentrations and decreases in blood glucose and inorganic phosphate levels. With the exception of the serum potassium level which rose following exercise and potassium administration, there were no changes in the blood chemistry values of the normal volunteers. During the induced attacks of paralysis, the expired breath of the patients had a very strong odor of ketosis. Results of subsequent glucose tolerance tests were abnormal. Following 24 hour administration of acetazolamide, the studies were repeated. The drug appeared to cause lesser effects of stimuli on serum potassium levels and a stabilizing effect on blood glucose levels.
Morphologic and mitogenic responses of rabbit synovial fibroblasts to transforming growth factor β require transforming growth factor α or epidermal growth factor (1983)

We tested the hypothesis that normal synovial fibroblasts might proliferate in response to transforming growth factors (TGFs), peptides that are extracted with acid-ethanol from bovine kidney or salivary gland and that cause anchorage-independent growth of normal cells. A 72-hour exposure of confluent monolayers of rabbit synovial fibroblasts in 10% fetal calf serum to partially purified TGF-beta in the presence of TGF-alpha gave a 2- to 5-fold increase in incorporation of 3H-thymidine, protein content, and cell number. Similar results were obtained with high pressure liquid chromatography-purified TGF-beta in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) (a type of TGF-alpha). By itself, purified TGF-beta was not mitogenic; it depended absolutely on EGF. However, only TGF-beta along with EGF, and not EGF alone, induced a marked morphologic change: a piling up of cells into foci resembling those commonly seen in primary cultures of rheumatoid synovial cells. Mitogenic responses induced by the TGF-beta-EGF combination were prevented by all-trans-retinoic acid but not by indomethacin or dexamethasone. The data indicate that TGF-beta, a peptide extracted from normal cells, can act in concert with EGF to cause proliferation and piling up of synovial cells and raise the possibility that these factors may play a role in rheumatoid arthritis and other proliferative but nonmalignant diseases as well.
Ferrate(VI) Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide (1997)

The rates of oxidation of hydrogen sulfide with Fe(VI) were made anaerobically as a function of pH (7−12) and temperature (5−15 °C). The reaction was found to be first order for each reactant. The rates decrease with an increase in pH. The energy of activation was found to be 30.1 ± 4.9 kJ mol-1 at pH = 12. When the concentrations of [H2S]T ([H2S] + [HS-]) are in excess, the ratio of [H2S]T consumed to [Fe(VI)] consumed was 1.51 ± 0.14 at pH = 7.0 and 2.50 ± 0.13 at pH = 9.0 and 11.3. Thiosulfate was the main product at pH = 7.0; sulfite, thiosulfate, and sulfate were identified as the products of the reactions at pH = 9.0 and 11.3. In an excess of [Fe(VI)] over [H2S]T, the hydrogen sulfide is fully oxidized to sulfate. A mechanism in which Fe(VI) oxidizes H2S by a one-electron process is proposed. Experiments were conducted to test the Fe(VI) removal efficiency of sulfide in groundwater and wastewater. The results indicate that Fe(VI) can be used as an effective oxidant to remove hydrogen sulfide from wastewaters.
A content-based video retrieval system: video retrieval with extensive features (2011)

The existing video retrieval techniques are inefficient because they utilise a specific feature. In this paper, a proficient system with extensive features is proposed for improving the retrieval efficiency. The system segments a video into shots, and then a few representative frames are extracted from each shot, and colour, contour, texture and motion features-based frame descriptors are computed for these shots and stored in a feature library. When a query clip is given, the aforesaid features are extracted for the query clip and compared with the features that are already stored in the feature library. Latent semantic indexing (LSI)-based similarity measure is used for performing the comparison. Finally, videos that are similar to the query are retrieved from the enormous collection of videos. The proposed system is evaluated with precision-recall and F score and they are compared with existing retrieval systems.
State of Virtual Reality Based Disaster Preparedness and Response Training (2013)

The advent of technologically-based approaches to disaster response training through Virtual Reality (VR) environments appears promising in its ability to bridge the gaps of other commonly established training formats. Specifically, the immersive and participatory nature of VR training offers a unique realistic quality that is not generally present in classroom-based or web-based training, yet retains considerable cost advantages over large-scale real-life exercises and other modalities and is gaining increasing acceptance. Currently, numerous government departments and agencies including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as academic institutions are exploring the unique advantages of VR-based training for disaster preparedness and response. Growing implementation of VR-based training for disaster preparedness and response, conducted either independently or combined with other training formats, is anticipated. This paper reviews several applications of VR-based training in the United States, and reveals advantages as well as potential drawbacks and challenges associated with the implementation of such training platform.
An <i>in vivo</i> approach showing the chemotactic activity of leukotriene B <sub>4</sub> in acute renal ischemic-reperfusion injury (2000)

Neutrophil migration protects the body against foreign invasion. Sequestration and activation of neutrophils, however, require stringent regulation because they may also cause tissue damage by the release of lysosomal enzymes and reactive oxygen species. The activity of various chemoattractants [e.g., leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), interleukin-8, and complements] has been documented by in vitro assays, whereas in vivo data have been limited mostly to histology. To examine in an in vivo model the chemotactic activity and subsequent tissue infiltration and the role of a specific chemoattractant, LTB(4), we used a rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Fluorescence-labeled Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing the LTB(4) receptor (CHO-BLT) were able to accumulate along with neutrophils in the postischemic kidney, in contrast to vector control CHO cells. Furthermore, LTB(4) antagonists that protect against the decrease in renal function and diminish the tissue myeloperoxidase activity also led to the marked decrease in the number of CHO-BLT cells and neutrophils. Thus, LTB(4) alone appears sufficient to cause cells to migrate into postischemic tissues, and its dominant role in reperfusion injury has been demonstrated. The utilization of transfectants to pinpoint the role of LTB(4) in these in vivo experiments suggests their potential use with other ligands and/or in other pathological conditions.
Single-track models of an A-double heavy vehicle combination (2014)

This report presents single-track models representing an A-double vehicle combination. The equations of motion are expressed relative the center of mass for the first vehicle unit and are derived using Lagrangian formalism. The symbolic manipulations of the equations have been done using the software Mathematica.The model derived in this report is intended to be valid for studies of vehicle cornering in high speed with moderate lateral and longitudinal acceleration levels. In order to keep the model complexity as low as possible, the derived equations of motion are simplified. The steering angle and the articulation angles of the towed vehicle units are assumed to be small. All products of the steering angle, the yaw rate of the first unit and the articulation angles and their time derivatives are set to zero. Further, the representation of longitudinal vehicle velocity leads to different level of model complexity. Firstly, the longitudinal velocity is assumed to be constant. Together with the use of a linear lateral tyre model this results in a fully linear vehicle model, consisting of eight states and one input. Secondly, the longitudinal velocity is allowed to be varying and is represented as a model state variable. Also here a linear lateral tyre model is used. The resulting vehicle model becomes non-linear, consisting of nine states and six inputs. Further simplifications of the longitudinal dynamics is carried out by assuming e.g. slowly varying longitudinal velocity and longitudinal forces only on the towing unit. This results in a non-linear model consisting of nine states and two inputs. This model is to be compared with the fully linear model.Realistic linear tyre parameters are found by tuning the derived linear single-track model with results from a high fidelity vehicle model developed at Volvo Group Trucks Technology (VGTT). The tuning was made using the software Matlab and a built-in Genetic Algorithm(GA), where the summarized squared difference in yaw rate gain for vehicle units was minimized.The performance of the derived vehicle model, including the difference in treatment of the longitudinal velocity, is evaluated in a comparison with the high fidelity model developed at VGTT. The open-loop analysis carried out in the comparison are step steer response analysis, single-sine steer response analysis, braking in a turn analysis (ISO14794).
Nanoscience under Glass: The Versatile Chemistry of Silica Nanostructures (2008)

Silica nanoparticles and nanostructures provide an unprecedented materials platform to accomplish many nanoscale functions, and they offer a practical method for introducing multiple functionalities into the same nanoparticle. Much of the advances in silica nanochemistry are based on the condensation of tetraethylorthosilane, known as the Stöber synthesis. We discuss some unusual approaches for modifying and ultimately controlling the growth of silica nanostructures, from microgravity studies to advances in biomimetic synthesis and a novel peptide-based templating approach.
Correlating Optical Bench Performance With Clinical Defocus Curves in Varifocal and Trifocal Intraocular Lenses (2015)

Significant correlations were found between logMAR visual acuity and image quality metric for the multifocal and monofocal IOLs analyzed. This finding enables surgeons to predict visual outcomes from the optical bench analysis.
A Comparative Study of Adolescent Risk Assessment Instruments (2008)

Promising new adolescent risk assessment tools are being incorporated into clinical practice but currently possess limited evidence of predictive validity regarding their individual and/or combined use in risk assessments. The current study compares three structured adolescent risk instruments, Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI), Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), and Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV), for both predictive and incremental validity with respect to general and violent recidivism. Receiver operating characteristic and hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed that the risk tools predicted general and violent recidivism to varying degrees of accuracy, but the SAVRY offered the most in incremental validity. Clinical implications and future directions for youth risk assessment are discussed.
Respective Roles of Calcitonin Receptor-like Receptor (CRLR) and Receptor Activity-modifying Proteins (RAMP) in Cell Surface Expression of CRLR/RAMP Heterodimeric Receptors (2002)

Receptor activity modifying proteins RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3 are responsible for defining affinity to ligands of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR). It has also been proposed that receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP) are molecular chaperones required for CRLR transport to the cell surface. Here, we have studied the respective roles of CRLR and RAMP in transporting CRLR/RAMP heterodimers to the plasma membrane by using a highly specific binding assay that allows quantitative detection of cell surface-expressed CRLR or RAMP in the Xenopus oocytes expression system. We show that: (i) heterodimer assembly is not a prerequisite for efficient cell surface expression of CRLR, (ii) N-glycosylated RAMP2 and RAMP3 are expressed at the cell surface and their transport to the plasma membrane requires N-glycans, (iii) RAMP1 is not N-glycosylated and is transported to the plasma membrane only upon formation of heterodimers with CRLR, and (iv) introduction of N-glycosylation sites in the RAMP1 sequence (D58N/G60S, Y71N, and K103N/P105S) allows cell surface expression of these mutants at levels similar to that of wild-type RAMP1 co-expressed with CRLR. Our data argue against a chaperone function for RAMP and identify the role of N-glycosylation in targeting these molecules to the cell surface.
Scrambling-based tool for secure protection of JPEG images (2014)

JPEG scrambling tool is a flexible web-based tool with an intuitive and simple to use GUI and interface to secure visual information in a region of interest (ROI) of JPEG images. The tool demonstrates an efficient integration and use of security tools in JPEG image format by an example of scrambling privacy filter, which enables a variety of security services such as confidentiality, integrity verification, source authentication, and conditional access.
Regeneration Profiles of Olfactory Epithelium after SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters (2021)

Olfactory dysfunction is one of the most frequent and specific symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Information on the damage and repair of the neuroepithelium and its impact on olfactory function after COVID-19 is still incomplete. While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the ongoing worldwide outbreak of COVID-19, little is known about the changes triggered by SARS-CoV-2 in the olfactory epithelium (OE) at the cellular level. Here, we report profiles of the OE after SARS-CoV-2 infection in golden Syrian hamsters, which is a reliable animal model of COVID-19. We observed severe damage in the OE as early as 3 days postinoculation and regionally specific damage and regeneration of the OE within the nasal cavity; the nasal septal region demonstrated the fastest recovery compared to other regions in the nasal turbinates. These findings suggest that anosmia related to SARS-CoV-2 infection may be fully reversible.