gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transdermal nicotine reduces cigarette craving and nicotine preference (1985)

The effects of transdermal nicotine in 10 cigarette smokers were studied in a within-subjects, double-blind design. Either 8 mg nicotine base in a 30% aqueous solution or an inactive placebo solution was applied to intact skin under a polyethylene patch. Subjective reports of cigarette craving were collected every 30 minutes during a 90-minute smoking abstinence period. Immediately before and after this abstinence period subjects smoked through a smoke mixing device that allowed them to select their desired nicotine intake with each puff. Transdermal nicotine significantly increased saliva nicotine levels within 30 minutes after application. Cigarette craving was significantly lower in the nicotine condition than in the placebo condition. Nicotine preference during the initial puffs of the smoke mixer test at the end of 90 minutes of deprivation was also decreased by transdermal nicotine. In contrast, measures of cumulative smoke intake were not affected by the nicotine dose used. Our results suggest that transdermal nicotine may enhance success in smoking cessation by preventing the rise in cigarette craving usually observed after cessation. Transdermal nicotine may be preferable to other routes of nicotine administration because of the relative absence of adverse side effects.
PhagesDB: the actinobacteriophage database (2016)

gfh@pitt.edu.
Disk drive flat optics: design factors affecting manufacturing and cost in volume (1988)

Polarizers and beam splitters for optical drives are small but expensive. Crystalline, prismatic, or cemented optics can often be replaced with coated flats of comparable performance- Cost drivers are examined, and spectral comparison is made between a plate and cube polarizer. Moisture stability of thin film coatings is discussed, and related applications examined, especially those involving control of the relative phase shift between S and P polarization on reflection. Processes now exist enabling the volume manufacture of these optics.
Thrombin–aptamer recognition: a revealed ambiguity (2011)

Aptamers are structured oligonucleotides that recognize molecular targets and can function as direct protein inhibitors. The best-known example is the thrombin-binding aptamer, TBA, a single-stranded 15-mer DNA that inhibits the activity of thrombin, the key enzyme of coagulation cascade. TBA folds as a G-quadruplex structure, as proved by its NMR structure. The X-ray structure of the complex between TBA and human α-thrombin was solved at 2.9-Å resolution, but did not provide details of the aptamer conformation and the interactions with the protein molecule. TBA is rapidly processed by nucleases. To improve the properties of TBA, a number of modified analogs have been produced. In particular, a modified TBA containing a 5'-5' polarity inversion site, mTBA, has higher stability and higher affinity toward thrombin with respect to TBA, although it has a lower inhibitory activity. We present the crystal structure of the thrombin-mTBA complex at 2.15-Å resolution; the resulting model eventually provides a clear picture of thrombin-aptamers interaction, and also highlights the structural bases of the different properties of TBA and mTBA. Our findings open the way for a rational design of modified aptamers with improved potency as anticoagulant drugs.
NF-κB as a Central Mediator in the Induction of TGF-β in Monocytes from Patients with Idiopathic Myelofibrosis: An Inflammatory Response Beyond the Realm of Homeostasis (2000)

Immune-mediated mechanisms have been implicated in the etiology of idiopathic bone marrow fibrosis (IMF). However, the mechanism remains poorly defined. Compared with healthy controls, IMF monocytes are overactivated, with increased production of TGF-beta and IL-1. TGF-beta is central to the progression of fibrosis in different organs. In the lung, fibrosis is associated with up-regulation of TGF-beta-inducible genes. Because IL-1 and TGF-beta have pro- and antiinflammatory properties and neither appears to regulate the high levels of each other in IMF, we studied the mechanism of this paradigm. We focused on the role of RelA, a subunit of the transcription factor, NF-kappaB that is associated with inflammatory responses. We transiently knocked out RelA from IMF monocytes with antisense oligonucleotides and showed that RelA is central to IL-1 and TGF-beta production and to the adhesion of IMF monocytes. Because the NF-kappaB family comprises subunits other than RelA, we used aspirin and sodium salicylate to inhibit kinases that activate NF-kappaB and showed effects similar to those of the RelA knockout system. It is unlikely that RelA could be interacting directly with the TGF-beta gene. Therefore, we determined its role in TGF-beta production and showed that exogenous IL-1 could induce TGF-beta and adherence of IMF monocytes despite the depletion of NF-kappaB. The results indicate that IL-1 is necessary for TGF-beta production in IMF monocytes, but NF-kappaB activation is required for the production of endogenous IL-1. Initial adhesion activates NF-kappaB, which led to IL-1 production. Through autocrine means, IL-1 induces TGF-beta production. In total, these reactions maintain overactivation of IMF monocytes.
Some strategies for explanations in evidential reasoning (1996)

We present two methods to provide explanations for reasoning with belief functions. One approach, inspired by Strat's method, is based on sensitivity analysis, but its computation is simpler thus easier to implement than Strat's. The other approach is to examine the impact of each piece of evidence on the conclusion based on the measure of the information content provided by the evidence. We show the property of additivity for each pieces of evidence that are conditional independent within the context of the valuation-based systems. We give an example to show how these approaches are applied in an evidential network.
Robust piecewise-planar 3D reconstruction and completion from large-scale unstructured point data (2010)

In this paper, we present a novel method, the first to date to our knowledge, which is capable of directly and automatically producing a concise and idealized 3D representation from unstructured point data of complex cluttered real-world scenes, with a high level of noise and a significant proportion of outliers, such as those obtained from passive stereo. Our algorithm can digest millions of input points into an optimized lightweight watertight polygonal mesh free of self-intersection, that preserves the structural components of the scene at a user-defined scale, and completes missing scene parts in a plausible manner. To achieve this, our algorithm incorporates priors on urban and architectural scenes, notably the prevalence of vertical structures and orthogonal intersections. A major contribution of our work is an adaptive decomposition of 3D space induced by planar primitives, namely a polyhedral cell complex. We experimentally validate our approach on several challenging noisy point clouds of urban and architectural scenes.
Effects of long-term multidisciplinary inpatient therapy on body composition of severely obese adolescents (2009)

Long-term multidisciplinary approach allows significant reduction in severe obesity, preserving growth and percentage of fat free mass.
Effect of Boron Concentration on Martensitic Transformation Temperatures, Stress for Inducing Martensite and Slip Stress of Ti-24 mol%Nb-3 mol%Al Superelastic Alloy (2007)

Effects of boron (B) addition on martensitic transformation temperature, stress for inducing martensite and slip stress of a Ti-24 mol%Nb-3 mol%Al (TiNbAl) superelastic alloy were investigated in a composition range from 0 to 0.10 mass%B. It was found that a second phase is formed by the B addition being higher than 0.05 mass%B. This second phase was estimated to be TiB. The averaged grain size of TiNbAl was decreased by the B addition being higher than 0.05 mass%B. This decrease must be explained by the suppression of grain growth by the second phase. The second phase plays a role of pining sites of grain boundary movement during the solution treatment. The martensitic transformation temperatures (Ms) measured by differential scanning calorimetry were decreased by the B addition. Superelastic behavior was evaluated by a cyclic loading-unloading tensile test at room temperature with a constant strain increment of 1%, and it was found that superelasticity appeared regardless of the amount of B addition. It was also found that stress for inducing martensitic transformation (σSIM) increased with increasing B concentration up to 0.05 mass%B. This increase of σSIM by the B addition can be explained by the lowering of Ms by the B addition. The critical stress for slip (σSLIP) increased with increasing the B concentration being up to 0.05 mass%B. The increase of σSLIP by B addition was evaluated to be 3 GPa/mass%B, and it was significantly higher than that of σSIM (500 MPa/mass%B) when the B concentration was less than 0.05 mass%B. These results indicate that B addition is effective to reduce the permanent unrecoverable strain introduced during deformation.
Trifluoromethylboranes and ‐Borates: New Synthetic Strategies and Applications (2007)

The synthesis of salts with the [B(CF(3))(4)](-) anion has been the starting point for new developments in the field of trifluoromethylboron chemistry. In contrast to the previous syntheses of (CF(3))(n)B derivatives (n=1-3), achieved exclusively by CF(3) transfer, the synthesis of the [B(CF(3))(4)](-) anion was accomplished by fluorination of the [B(CN)(4)](-) anion with ClF or ClF(3) in anhydrous HF. Owing to its thermal and chemical stability, [B(CF(3))(4)](-) is an attractive weakly coordinating anion. However, in concentrated sulfuric acid one of the four CF(3) groups is solvolyzed to a CO ligand to yield the neutral borane carbonyl (CF(3))(3)BC[triple bond]O. It has been shown that the borane carbonyl compound is a versatile synthetic building block, and numerous reactions have been investigated. The addition of nucleophiles to the C atom of the CO ligand is favored, and examples for new derivatives are the anions [(CF(3))(3)BC[triple bond]Pnic](-) (Pnic=N, P, As). Under certain conditions, ligand-exchange reactions are also observed, for example, the formation of (CF(3))(3)BN[triple bond]CH. Finally, the borane carbonyl compound is a component of the conjugated Brønsted-Lewis superacid HF/(CF(3))(3)BCO.
A direct-conversion receiver for DVB-H (2005)

A fully integrated low-power ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) tuner integrated circuit (IC) design for the digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H) market is presented. A direct-conversion receiver is chosen over classical digital video broadcasting-terrestrial (DVB-T) architectures. The tuner IC covers UHF bands IV/V. The solution is based on a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) and external low-noise amplifier (LNA) to meet the noise figure (NF) specification of 5 dB, IIP3 of 4dBm, and Gain of 89 dB. The IC includes an LNA, dual quadrature mixers, multiple bandwidth baseband (BB) filtering, three 4X voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), integer phase-locked loop (PLL), and reference oscillator. The design is implemented in a SiGe:C bipolar complementary metal oxide semiconductor (BiCMOS) technology and the die area is 11.5 mm/sup 2/.
Adenosine inhibits cytokine release and expression of adhesion molecules by activated human endothelial cells (1996)

Ischemia induces excessive ATP catabolism with subsequent local release of its metabolite adenosine, an autacoid with anti-inflammatory properties. Because activation of the vascular endothelium is critical to the inflammatory host response during ischemia and reperfusion, the effects of adenosine on two major determinants of endothelial cell activation (i.e., the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the expression of adhesion molecules) were studied. Adenosine dose dependently inhibited the release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Expression of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), but not intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), by activated HUVEC was also reduced by adenosine. Inhibition of endogenous adenosine deaminase activity by erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine or 2'-deoxycoformycin strongly enhanced the inhibitory effects of exogenous adenosine on cytokine release and expression of E-selectin and VCAM-1. However, a clear role for specific adenosine receptors in the described inhibitory events could not be established. Together, these data imply that the vascular endothelium constitutes an important target for the anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine.
Quercetin ameliorates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia and improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic db/db mice (2012)

This study investigated the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects of dietary quercetin in an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Four-week-old C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice (n = 18) were offered an AIN-93G diet or a diet containing quercetin at 0.04% (low quercetin, LQE) or 0.08% of the diet (high quercetin, HQE) for 6 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Plasma glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and lipid profiles, and lipid peroxidation of the liver were determined. Plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in the LQE group than in the control group, and those in the HQE group were even further reduced compared with the LQE group. The homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) showed lower values for LQE and HQE than for the control group without significant influence on insulin levels. High quercetin increased plasma adiponectin compared with the control group. Plasma triglycerides in the LQE and HQE groups were lower than those in the control group. Supplementation with high quercetin decreased plasma total cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol compared with the control group. Consumption of low and high quercetin reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the liver. Thus, quercetin could be effective in improving hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetes.
Trace Based Performance Characterization and Optimization (2007)

Processor speeds have increased dramatically in the recent past, but improvement in memory access latencies has not kept pace. As a result, programs that do not make efficient use of the processor caches tend to become increasing memory-bound and do not experience speedups with increasing processor frequency.\n\nIn this thesis, we present tools to characterize and optimize the memory access patterns of software programs. Our tools use the program's memory access trace as a primary input for analysis. Our efforts encompass two broad areas --- performance analysis and performance optimization. With performance analysis, our focus is on automating the analysis process as far as possible and on presenting the user with a rich set of metrics, both for single-threaded and multi-threaded programs. With performance optimization, we go one step further and perform automatic transformations based on observed program behavior.\n\nWe make the following contributions in this thesis. First, we explore different tracing strategies --- software tracing with dynamic binary instrumentation, hardware-based tracing exploiting support found in contemporary microprocessors and a hybrid scheme that leverages hardware support with certain software modifications. Second, we present a range of performance analysis and optimization tools based on these trace inputs and additional auxiliary instrumentation. Our first tool, METRIC, characterizes the memory performance of single-threaded programs. Our second tool, ccSIM extends METRIC to characterize the coherence behavior of multithreaded OpenMP benchmarks. Our third tool extends ccSIM to work with hardware-generated and hybrid trace inputs. These three tools represent our performance analysis efforts. We also explore automated performance optimization with our remaining tools. Our fourth tool uses hardware-generated traces for automatic page placement in cache coherent non-uniform memory architectures (ccNUMA). Finally, our fifth tool explores a novel trace-driven instruction-level software data prefetching strategy.\n\nOverall, we demonstrate that memory traces represent a rich source of information about a program's behavior and can be effectively used for a wide range of performance analysis and optimization strategies.
Solubility Measurement in the Critical Region. (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleSolubility Measurement in the Critical Region.Harold Simmons. Booth and Richard Macpherson. BidwellCite this: Chem. Rev. 1949, 44, 3, 477–513Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60139a003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60139a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views243Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Up-regulation of Nicotinic Receptors by Nicotine Varies with Receptor Subtype (2008)

Recent evidence suggests that in addition to alpha4beta2 and alpha3-containing nicotinic receptors, alpha6-containing receptors are present in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and involved in the nicotine reward pathway. Using heterologous expression, we found that alpha6beta2, like alpha3beta2 and alpha4beta2 receptors, formed high affinity epibatidine binding complexes that are pentameric, trafficked to the cell surface, and produced acetylcholine-evoked currents. Chronic nicotine exposure up-regulated alpha6beta2 receptors with differences in up-regulation time course and concentration dependence compared with alpha4beta2 receptors, the predominant high affinity nicotine binding site in brain. The alpha6beta2 receptor up-regulation required higher nicotine concentrations than for alpha4beta2 but lower than for alpha3beta2 receptors. The alpha6beta2 up-regulation occurred 10-fold faster than for alpha4beta2 and slightly faster than for alpha3beta2. Our data suggest that nicotinic receptor up-regulation is subtype-specific such that alpha6-containing receptors up-regulate in response to transient, high nicotine exposures, whereas sustained, low nicotine exposures up-regulate alpha4beta2 receptors.
Hydrogels for Two‐Photon Polymerization: A Toolbox for Mimicking the Extracellular Matrix (2013)

Abstract The natural extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a complex and dynamic environment. It provides numerous spatio‐temporal signals mediating many cellular functions including morphogenesis, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. The cell–ECM interaction is bidirectional. Cells dynamically receive and process information from the ECM and remodel it at the same time. Theses complex interactions are still not fully understood. For better understanding, it is indispensable to deconstruct the ECM up to the point of investigating isolated characteristics and cell responses to physical, chemical and topographical cues. Two‐photon polymerization (2PP) allows the exact reconstruction of cell specific sites in 3D at micro‐ and nanometer precision. Processing biocompatible synthetic and naturally‐derived hydrogels, the microenvironment of cells can be designed to specifically investigate their behavior in respect to key chemical, mechanical and topographical attributes. Moreover, 3D manipulation can be performed in the presence of cells, guiding biological tissue formation in all stages of its development. Here, advances in 2PP microfabrication of synthetic and naturally based hydrogels are reviewed. Key components of photopolymerizable hydrogel precursors, their structure–property relationships and their polymerization mechanisms are presented. Furthermore, it is shown how biocompatible 2PP fabricated constructs can act as biologically relevant matrices to study cell functions and tissue development.
Simple Signaling Molecules for Inductive Bone Regenerative Engineering (2014)

With greater than 500,000 orthopaedic procedures performed in the United States each year requiring a bone graft, the development of novel graft materials is necessary. We report that some porous polymer/ceramic composite scaffolds possess intrinsic osteoinductivity as shown through their capacity to induce in vivo host osteoid mineralization and in vitro stem cell osteogenesis making them attractive synthetic bone graft substitutes. It was discovered that certain low crystallinity ceramics partially dissociate into simple signaling molecules (i.e., calcium and phosphate ions) that induce stem cells to endogenously produce their own osteoinductive proteins. Review of the literature has uncovered a variety of simple signaling molecules (i.e., gases, ions, and redox reagents) capable of inducing other desirable stem cell differentiation through endogenous growth factor production. Inductive simple signaling molecules, which we have termed inducerons, represent a paradigm shift in the field of regenerative engineering where they can be utilized in place of recombinant protein growth factors.
<title>Alaskan flight trials of a synthetic vision system for instrument landings of a piston twin aircraft</title> (1999)

Stanford University has developed a low-cost prototype synthetic vision system and flight tested it onboard general aviation aircraft. The display aids pilots by providing an 'out the window' view, making visualization of the desired flight path a simple task. Predictor symbology provides guidance on straight and curved paths presented in a 'tunnel- in-the-sky' format. Based on commodity PC hardware to achieve low cost, the Tunnel Display system uses differential GPS (typically from Stanford prototype Wide Area Augmentation System hardware) for positioning and GPS-aided inertial sensors for attitude determination. The display has been flown onboard Piper Dakota and Beechcraft Queen Air aircraft at several different locations. This paper describes the system, its development, and flight trials culminating with tests in Alaska during the summer of 1998. Operational experience demonstrated the Tunnel Display's ability to increase flight- path following accuracy and situational awareness while easing the task instrument flying.
Fiber-optic near-infrared reflectance sensor for detection of organics in soils (1995)

A near infrared fiber-optic chemical sensor system using reflectance spectroscopic measurements has been assembled. This system was evaluated and found attractive for remote detection of organics in soils over distances of at least 30 meters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Introduction (1995)

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