gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Seminar on the prevention and control of STDs. (1993)

The Research Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Chinese Society for Dialectics of Nature, and the Chinese Association for Science and Technology held an expert seminar on prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) March 15-18, 1993. A multidisciplinary group of 80 persons from departments and agencies and international organizations attended. An overview of STDs in China was presented: STDs were eliminated during the 1960s, but reemerged in the late 1970s, and the rate was increasing. By the third quarter of 1992, 759,989 cases of STDs were reported throughout the country. Gonorrhea and syphilis cases declined, and condyloma and nongonorrheal urethritis cases rose. The number of cases of infected women increased. The sex ratio for STD patients decreased from 2.04 in 1989 to 1.60 in 1991. New cases of infected babies were reported. AIDS was first discovered in a case involving foreign tourists in China. By November 30, 1992, 1.61 million persons have received an HIV test. There were 12 cases of AIDS, of which 5 were in foreigners, among the 969 positive HIV cases. Most HIV cases involved drug addicts and labor migrants, who may have been in contact with prostitutes abroad. Spouses of HIV cases were also infected. Some experts have speculated that China is in the beginning of an AIDS spread. Concern was raised about potential transmission through transfusions of HIV-infected blood. Efforts need to be made to publicize information about the transmission and nature of AIDS and to strengthen medical treatment and monitoring systems. AIDS prevention needs to be integrated into family planning and sex education programs.
High Detection Sensitivity of Ultraviolet 4H-SiC Avalanche Photodiodes (2007)

We report 4H-SiC p-i-n avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with very low dark current. When biased for a photocurrent gain M of 1000, a 100-mum-diameter device exhibits dark current of 5 pA (63 nA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), corresponding to primary multiplied dark current of 5 fA (63 pA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). The peak responsivity at unity gain is 93 mA/W (external quantum efficiency = 41%) at lambda = 280 nm. The excess noise factor corresponds to <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> = 0.1. Detection of several tens of femtowatts of ultraviolet light is reported.
Heat Stability of Avidin and Avidin-Biotin Complex and Influence of Ionic Strength on Affinity of Avidin for Biotin. (1964)

SummaryAn assay method involving the use of radioactive biotin and Sephadex chromatography was used to determine avidin and/or the avidin-biotin complex. It was demonstrated that avidin is relatively heat labile while the avidin-biotin complex is relatively heat stable. It was found that the affinity of avidin for biotin, essentially zero in aqueous solution, is a direct function of the ionic strength of the medium in which avidin and biotin react.
USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Overview* (1995)

Journal Article USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Overview Get access Jonathan E. Kaplan, Jonathan E. Kaplan Correspondence: Dr. Jonathan E. Kaplan, Division of HIV/AIDS, Mailstop G-29, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. Reprints: CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse, P.O. Box 6003, Rockville, Maryland 20849-6003. Telephone: (800) 458-5231. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Henry Masur, Henry Masur Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar King K. Holmes, King K. Holmes Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Catherine M. Wilfert, Catherine M. Wilfert Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rhoda Sperling, Rhoda Sperling Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Sharon A. Baker, Sharon A. Baker Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Carol Braun Trapnell, Carol Braun Trapnell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Kenneth A. Freedberg, Kenneth A. Freedberg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Deborah Cotton, Deborah Cotton Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William G. Powderly, William G. Powderly Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ... Show more Harold W. Jaffe, Harold W. Jaffe Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Groups USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Groups Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 21, Issue Supplement_1, August 1995, Pages S12–S31, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/21.Supplement_1.S12 Published: 01 August 1995
THREE‐DIMENSIONAL INTERPRETATION OF GRAVITY DATA FROM SEDIMENTARY BASINS USING AN EXPONENTIAL DENSITY‐DEPTH FUNCTION* (1987)

ABSTRACT In mapping the topography of the basement of deep sedimentary basins by gravity modelling, the accuracy can be improved by incorporating an exponential increase in density with depth. For calculating the gravity effect of a three‐dimensional (3D) structure with such an exponential density‐depth relation a frequency‐domain forward algorithm based on series expansion is presented, the numerical evaluation of which can be performed efficiently by fast Fourier transform. The algorithm can be applied in a recursive procedure to give the inverse solution in terms of basement relief. The inversion procedure is satisfactorily tested on a 2D synthetic example and a 3D field example of gravity data from the western margin of the Pannonian Basin in eastern Austria, where up to 2.2 km of Tertiary sediments overlie an igneous or metamorphic basement. The results are confirmed by basement intersections in several wells.
Calcium Ethoxide as a Solid Base Catalyst for the Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel (2008)

In this work, calcium ethoxide is proposed as a catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel with methanol and ethanol. First, calcium ethoxide was synthesized through a calcium reaction with ethanol. Then, its physical and chemical characteristics were determined using instrumental methods such as Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface area measurements, scanning electron micrographs, and particle size distribution measurements. The effects of the mass ratio of catalyst to oil, the molar ratio of methanol to oil, and the reaction temperature were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. The experimental results showed that the optimum conditions are a 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, the addition of 3% Ca(OCH2CH3)2 catalyst, and a 65 °C reaction temperature. A 95.0% biodiesel yield was obtained within 1.5 h in these conditions, and the activation energy was 54 149 J/mol. It also indicated that the catalysis performance of calcium ethoxide is better than that of CaO. Besides, a 91.8% biodiesel yield was obtained when it catalyzed soybean oil to biodiesel with ethanol.
Biofilm development in a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor: Effect of flow velocity on performance (2000)

The effect of liquid flow velocity on biofilm development in a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor was investigated both by mathematical modeling and by experiment, using Vibrio natriegens as a test organism and acetate as carbon substrate. It was shown that velocity influenced mass transfer in the diffusion boundary layer, the biomass detachment rate from the biofilm, and the maximum biofilm thickness attained. Values of the overall mass transfer coefficient of a tracer through the diffusion boundary layer, the biofilm, and the membrane were shown to be identical during different experiments at the maximum biofilm thickness. Comparison of the results with published values of this parameter in membrane attached biofilms showed a similar trend. Therefore, it was postulated that this result might indicate the mechanism that determines the maximum biofilm thickness in membrane attached biofilms. In a series of experiments, where conditions were set so that the active layer of the membrane attached biofilm was located close to the membrane biofilm interface, it was shown that the most critical effect on process performance was the effect of velocity on biofilm structure. Biofilm thickness and effective diffusivity influenced reaction and diffusion in a complex manner such that the yield of biomass on acetate was highly variable. Consideration of endogenous respiration in the mathematical model was validated by direct experimental measurements of yield coefficients. Good agreement between experimental measurements of acetate and oxygen uptake rates and their prediction by the mathematical model was achieved. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 67: 476–486, 2000.
Human Papillomavirus Type 16 and 18 E7-Pulsed Dendritic Cell Vaccination of Stage IB or IIA Cervical Cancer Patients: a Phase I Escalating-Dose Trial (2007)

The safety and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) or HPV18 (HPV16/18) E7 antigen-pulsed mature dendritic cell (DC) vaccination were evaluated for patients with stage IB or IIA cervical cancer. Escalating doses of autologous DC (5, 10, and 15 x 10(6) cells for injection) were pulsed with recombinant HPV16/18 E7 antigens and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; an immunological tracer molecule) and delivered in five subcutaneous injections at 21-day intervals to 10 cervical cancer patients with no evidence of disease after they underwent radical surgery. Safety, toxicity, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, and induction of serological and cellular immunity against HPV16/18 E7 and KLH were monitored. DC vaccination was well tolerated, and no significant toxicities were recorded. All patients developed CD4(+) T-cell and antibody responses to DC vaccination, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, and 8 out of 10 patients demonstrated levels of E7-specific CD8(+) T-cell counts, detected by ELISpot during or immediately after immunization, that were increased compared to prevaccination baseline levels. The vaccine dose did not predict the magnitude of the antibody or T-cell response or the time to detection of HPV16/18 E7-specific immunity. DTH responses to intradermal injections of HPV E7 antigen and KLH were detected for all patients after vaccination. We conclude that HPV E7-loaded DC vaccination is safe and immunogenic for stage IB or IIA cervical cancer patients. Phase II E7-pulsed DC-based vaccination trials with cervical cancer patients harboring a limited tumor burden, or who are at significant risk of tumor recurrence, are warranted.
Using pathway modules as targets for assay development in xenobiotic screening (2011)

Toxicology and pharmaceutical research is increasingly making use of high throughout-screening (HTS) methods to assess the effects of chemicals on molecular pathways, cells and tissues. Whole-genome microarray analysis provides broad information on the response of biological systems to chemical exposure, but is not practical to use when thousands of chemicals need to be evaluated at multiple doses and time points, as well as across different tissues, species and life-stages. A useful alternative approach is to identify a focused set of genes that can give a coarse picture of systems-level responses and that can be scaled to the evaluation of thousands of chemicals and diverse biological contexts. We demonstrate a computational approach to select in vitro expression assay targets that are informative and broadly distributed in biological pathway space, using the concept of pathway modularity. Canonical pathways are decomposed into subnetworks (modules) of functionally-related genes based on rules such as co-regulated expression, protein-protein interactions, and coordinated physiological activity. Pathway modules are constructed using these rules but are then restricted by the bounds of canonical pathways. We demonstrate this approach using a subset of genes associated with tumor development and cancer progression. Target genes were identified for assay development, and then validated by using independent, published microarray data. The result is a targeted set of genes that are sensitive predictors of whether a chemical will perturb each pathway module. These selected genes could then form the basis for a battery to test for pathway-chemical interactions under many biological contexts using throughput expression-based assays.
On-Demand Link Padding in Traffic Anonymizing (2008)

We consider the problem of using artificially generated cover traffic to hide the network paths used by an application against an adversarial observer who can monitor network traffic and perform traffic analysis. We propose that on-demand link padding be used on top of existing traffic anonymizing infrastructures such as those described in the Onion Routing Project or in the ANON Project. In on-demand link padding, cover traffic is generated dynamically only when real traffic is present. Moreover, the bandwidth usage is economical because we only generate a small amount of cover traffic above real traffic. We describe two types of on-demand link padding schemes and evaluate their performance by simulation. We report our findings based on the simulation results and quantify potential trade-offs in configuring a couple of important parameters. Finally, we provide a strategy for mitigating the potential problem in face of lost or corrupted control packets, to which the traditional recovery solutions based on packet retransmission are inappropriate for performance considerations.
Osteosarcoma: A Randomized, Prospective Trial of the Addition of Ifosfamide and/or Muramyl Tripeptide to Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, and High-Dose Methotrexate (2005)

The addition of ifosfamide in this dose schedule to standard chemotherapy did not enhance EFS. The addition of MTP to chemotherapy might improve EFS, but additional clinical and laboratory investigation will be necessary to explain the interaction between ifosfamide and MTP.
Planarization by Two‐Resist Level (1988)

A new two‐layer resist planarization method is explained in detail. This very simple procedure gives a good planarization and solves the interfacial problems that usually represent the weak point of the multilevel methods. The key factor in such a process is recognized to be the gradient of viscosity between the two layers. Experimental results and SEM pictures of the most significant situations are shown. A physical model based on the density and viscosity properties of the layers is also reported. According to this model, it is possible to justify all the experimental results.
Methicillin resistance in <i>Staphylococcus</i> <i>aureus</i> requires glycosylated wall teichoic acids (2012)

Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PG) is densely functionalized with anionic polymers called wall teichoic acids (WTAs). These polymers contain three tailoring modifications: d-alanylation, α-O-GlcNAcylation, and β-O-GlcNAcylation. Here we describe the discovery and biochemical characterization of a unique glycosyltransferase, TarS, that attaches β-O-GlcNAc (β-O-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) residues to S. aureus WTAs. We report that methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is sensitized to β-lactams upon tarS deletion. Unlike strains completely lacking WTAs, which are also sensitive to β-lactams, ΔtarS strains have no growth or cell division defects. Because neither α-O-GlcNAc nor β-O-Glucose modifications can confer resistance, the resistance phenotype requires a highly specific chemical modification of the WTA backbone, β-O-GlcNAc residues. These data suggest β-O-GlcNAcylated WTAs scaffold factors required for MRSA resistance. The β-O-GlcNAc transferase identified here, TarS, is a unique target for antimicrobials that sensitize MRSA to β-lactams.
Stem Cell Transplantation in the Fetus (2004)

The advantages, necessity, and benefits of early treatment will continue to encourage development of IUT as a means to treat hematopoietic and other types of birth defects.
AN ADAPTIVE ALGORITHM FOR CANCELING POWER-LINE INTERFERENCE IN BIOPOTENTIAL MEASUREMENT (2004)

Biopotential measurements are very important in clinical diagnosis. However, the signal amplitude of biopotenials is very small and there usually exists stray capacitance between the electrode leads (or the human body) and the power lines, biopotential measurements are easily contaminated by 60-Hz (or 50-Hz) power-line interference. Analog or digital notch filter has been the most popular technique used for power-line interference removal. However, the notch filter performs well only when the power frequency is kept exactly at the stop band of the notch filter. The adaptive filtering technique provides another promising approach, yet there needs another reference channel for interference recording. The price of signal measurement is thus increased. The authors present a simple LMS-style algorithm for canceling the power-line interference in biopotential measurement. No reference channel is needed for adaptive filtration in this proposed algorithm. Compared with another technique serving for the same purpose, the proposed algorithm can remove practical power-line interference more effectively, and can be a post-acquisition processing remedy for biosignals having corrupted by power-line interference.
Patterns of immunoglobulin G responses to egg and peanut allergens are distinct: ovalbumin‐specific immunoglobulin responses are ubiquitous, but peanut‐specific immunoglobulin responses are up‐regulated in peanut allergy (2007)

OVA-specific IgG levels of egg-allergic, egg-resolved or control groups are not distinguishable. Higher peanut-specific IgG levels are associated with clinical allergy, but the range of IgG titres of the allergic and control groups overlapped. Hence, OVA and peanut-specific IgG measurements do not appear to be of diagnostic value. Strong IgG responses to OVA may be a normal physiological response to a protein frequently ingested from infancy, whereas up-regulated IgG responses in peanut allergy may be indicative of a dysregulated immune response to peanut allergens.
Effects of microstructure on mixed‐mode, high‐cycle fatigue crack‐growth thresholds in Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy (2002)

ABSTRACT Effect of microstructure on mixed‐mode (mode I + II), high‐cycle fatigue thresholds in a Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy is reported over a range of crack sizes from tens of micrometers to in excess of several millimeters. Specifically, two microstructural conditions were examined—a fine‐grained equiaxed bimodal structure (grain size ∼20 µm) and a coarser lamellar structure (colony size ∼500 µm). Studies were conducted over a range of mode‐mixities, from pure mode I (Δ K II /Δ K I = 0) to nearly pure mode II (Δ K II /Δ K I ∼ 7.1), at load ratios (minimum load/maximum load) between 0.1 and 0.8, with thresholds characterized in terms of the strain‐energy release rate (Δ G ) incorporating both tensile and shear‐loading components. In the presence of through‐thickness cracks—large (> 4 mm) compared to microstructural dimensions—significant effects of mode‐mixity and load ratio were observed for both microstructures, with the lamellar alloy generally displaying the better resistance. However, these effects were substantially reduced if allowance was made for crack‐tip shielding. Additionally, when thresholds were measured in the presence of cracks comparable to microstructural dimensions, specifically short (∼200 µm) through‐thickness cracks and microstructurally small (< 50 µm) surface cracks, where the influence of crack‐tip shielding would be minimal, such effects were similarly markedly reduced. Moreover, small‐crack Δ G TH thresholds were some 50–90 times smaller than corresponding large crack values. Such effects are discussed in terms of the dominant role of mode I behaviour and the effects of microstructure (in relation to crack size) in promoting crack‐tip shielding that arises from significant changes in the crack path in the two structures.
Über den <i>N</i>‐Cyan‐imidokohlensäure‐diäthylester und <i>O</i>‐Äthyl‐<i>N</i>‐cyan‐isoharnstoffe (1967)

Abstract Die Umsetzung des Imidokohlensäure‐diäthylesters mit Cyanamid führte in Gegenwart von Chlorwasserstoff zum N ‐Cyan‐imidokohlensäure‐diäthylester ( 4 ), während sich bei Abwesenheit von Chlorwasserstoff O ‐Äthyl‐ N ‐cyan‐isoharnstoff ( 9 ) bildete. Die analogen Reaktionen mit Malodinitril anstelle von Cyanamid führten zum Dicyanketen‐diäthylacetal ( 18 ) bzw. zum 1‐Amino‐1‐äthoxy‐2.2‐dicyan‐äthylen ( 19 ). 4 lagert sich thermisch leicht in den N ‐Äthyl‐ N ‐cyan‐carbamidsäure‐äthylester ( 5 ) um und bildet mit Ammoniak, Methyl‐ und Dimethyl‐amin die O ‐Äthyl‐ N ‐cyan‐isoharnstoffe 9 , 7 und 8 , deren weitere Umsetzung mit Ammoniak und Aminen nicht in allen Fällen zu den erwarteten N ‐Cyan‐guanidin‐Derivate führte. So verlief z. B. die Reaktion des N.N ‐Dimethyl‐ O ‐äthyl‐ N ′‐cyan‐isoharnstoffs ( 8 ) mit Ammoniak und Methylamin unter Substitution der Äthoxy‐ und der Dimethylaminogruppe. Das IR‐Spektrum von 4 wurde gemeinsam mit dem des N ‐Chlor‐imidokohlensäure‐diäthylesters zugeordnet.
Biochemical functional predictions for protein structures of unknown or uncertain function (2015)

With the exponential growth in the determination of protein sequences and structures via genome sequencing and structural genomics efforts, there is a growing need for reliable computational methods to determine the biochemical function of these proteins. This paper reviews the efforts to address the challenge of annotating the function at the molecular level of uncharacterized proteins. While sequence- and three-dimensional-structure-based methods for protein function prediction have been reviewed previously, the recent trends in local structure-based methods have received less attention. These local structure-based methods are the primary focus of this review. Computational methods have been developed to predict the residues important for catalysis and the local spatial arrangements of these residues can be used to identify protein function. In addition, the combination of different types of methods can help obtain more information and better predictions of function for proteins of unknown function. Global initiatives, including the Enzyme Function Initiative (EFI), COMputational BRidges to EXperiments (COMBREX), and the Critical Assessment of Function Annotation (CAFA), are evaluating and testing the different approaches to predicting the function of proteins of unknown function. These initiatives and global collaborations will increase the capability and reliability of methods to predict biochemical function computationally and will add substantial value to the current volume of structural genomics data by reducing the number of absent or inaccurate functional annotations.