gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo degradability of hydrogels prepared from different gelatins by various cross-linking methods (2005)

This study is an investigation to evaluate the in vivo degradation of gelatin hydrogels in terms of their number of cross-links. Various hydrogels were prepared from acidic gelatin, extracted from bovine bone, porcine skin or fish scale, and basic gelatin, extracted from porcine skin, through four types of cross-linking methods, i.e., glutaraldehyde (GA) or dehydrothermal treatment and ultraviolet (UV) or electron beam irradiation. The water content of hydrogels and their number of cross-links, calculated from the tensile modulus of hydrogels, were evaluated as the measure of hydrogel cross-linking extent. Following subcutaneous implantation of 125I-labeled gelatin hydrogels into mice, the radioactivity remaining was measured at different time intervals to assess the in vivo degradability of hydrogels. Irrespective of the gelatin type and cross-linking method, a good correlation was found between the in vivo degradability of hydrogels and their number of cross-links, which is different from the correlation to their water content. This finding indicates that the degradability of hydrogels is governed by their number of cross-links.
On the local sensitivity of different IR techniques: Ba species relevant in NOx storage-reduction (2008)

IR spectroscopy is widely used to elucidate reaction mechanisms in NO(x) storage and reduction (NSR). Observed band positions and assignments of vibrational modes, however, differ remarkably among the various investigations. We report an IR study of barium species relevant in NSR, aiming to clarify the source of the reported discrepancies and different surface and bulk sensitivity of various IR measurement configurations. Four IR techniques, namely, transmission IR spectroscopy (TIRS), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IRS), polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), all suitable for in situ studies of the reaction system, were used. Depending on the IR technique certain bands undergo a clear band shift or disappearance, evidently showing different surface and bulk sensitivity. In spectra of barium nitrate recorded by the more bulk sensitive IR techniques, i.e. TIRS, ATR-IRS, and PM-IRRAS, fewer bands appeared than in the more surface sensitive DRIFTS spectra. This work constitutes a collection of IR spectra of reference barium compounds for the clarification of species present in the NSR catalyst system. The band position or the presence of certain bands assigned to the same chemical species may deviate if the spectra were measured by different IR techniques, especially if the compared IR techniques differ in surface/bulk sensitivity. This implies that the band assignment valid for spectra measured by DRIFTS can be transferred to TIRS, ATR-IRS, and PM-IRRAS only with precautions.
11. Reactions of aminosilanes and disilazanes with halogeno-compounds of phosphorus and arsenic (1965)

E. W. Abel, D. A. Armitage and G. R. Willey, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 57 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650000057
Group II PLA(2) content of tears in normal subjects. (2001)

The results indicate that tears contain a high concentration of PLA(2) and that PLA(2) levels decrease with an increase of age and/or reflex tear component of the sample analyzed.
Amyloid beta antagonizes insulin promoted secretion of the amyloid beta protein precursor (2002)

Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides are direct competitive inhibitors of insulin binding and action [25]. We demonstrate that Abeta peptides can inhibit the effect of insulin on the metabolic processing of the amyloid beta protein precursor (AbetaPP). As evidence emerges concerning the role of insulin and insulin like growth factors (IGFs) in learning and memory, recent findings have suggested that insulin may have a significant role in the pathogenetic pathways leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD). As an example several investigators have demonstrated upregulation of insulin receptors and defective insulin receptor signal transduction in AD brains. Moreover insulin has been shown to positively modulate AbetaPP proteolytic processing. The fact that insulin and Abeta appear to share a common system for degradation and disposal as they are both substrates of the insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) suggested the possibility of a reciprocal interference. Here we report that Abeta can directly interfere with insulin receptor signalling inhibiting the autophosphorylation of partially purified insulin receptors. As a consequence of such interaction we also demonstrate that Abeta blocks the effect of insulin on the release of sAbetaPPalpha in chinese hamster ovaries (CHO) cells transfected with insulin receptors.
Immunogenicity of a Fusion Protein Containing Immunodominant Epitopes of Ag85C, MPT51, and HspX from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice and Active TB Infection (2012)

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. The only vaccine against tuberculosis, attenuated Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), has demonstrated relatively low efficacy and does not provide satisfactory protection against the disease in adults. More effective vaccines and better therapies are urgently needed to reduce the global spread of TB. This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a recombinant M. tuberculosis Ag85C-MPT51-HspX fusion protein (CMX) in mice and individuals with active tuberculosis. BALB/c mice were immunized with the CMX protein liposome-encapsulated with CpG DNA or with CpGDNA liposome-encapsulated, liposome or saline as negative controls. The immunization produced high levels of anti-CMX -specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies and induced an increase in the relative and absolute numbers of specific TCD4 IFN-γ(+) and TNF-α(+) cells in the spleen. Sera from a cohort of individuals with active tuberculosis contained higher levels of IgG and IgM that recognized CMX when compared to healthy individuals. In conclusion, this protein was shown to be immunogenic both in mice and humans.
La lucha contra la tuberculosis (1930)

La gravedad de la infeccion tubercular en los animales domesticos no debe considerarse solamente desde el punto de vista de la posibilidad de la transmision al hombre sino tambien como enfermedad capaz de causar grave dano economico a la ganaderia. Nadie discute sobre la gravedad de los carbuncos, de la piroplasmosis, de la renguera y de otras epizootias, pues dichas infecciones se acompanan de graves mortalidades. La tuberculosis, si no causa las hecatombes del carbunco, diezma sin embargo los hatos en su rendimiento economico; los animales enflaquecen, los jovenes tienen un desarrollo insuficiente, la produccion de la leche disminuye notablemente, reproductores de valor importados tienen que ser eliminados de la reproduccion y, en fin, mucha carne acaba por ser destruida en los mataderos. Las cifras que determinan el dano economico que causa la tuberculosis en las naciones en donde se halla difundida llegan a ser verdaderamente impresionantes.
Antioxidant properties of fractions and polyphenol constituents from green, oolong and black teas. (1993)

Green, oolong and black teas were extracted with water, and then the water extracts were extracted separately with three types of solvent, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol, to obtain eight fractions. Major flavanol was extracted by EtOAc, while most of the alkaloid was in the chloroform fraction. Thearubigin was greatest in the butanol fraction, and most of the amino acid remained in the water fraction. All fractions were systematically analyzed by UV spectrophotometer and reverse phase HPLC for those important components existing in green tea, oolong tea, and black tea. The pure compounds of (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), free theaflavin, theaflavin monogallate-A, theaflavin monogallate-B, and theaflavin digallate were separated by LH-20 chromatography and reverse phase HPLC. All fractions and pure compounds were assayed for antioxidant activity and lipoxygenase inhibition activity. Flavanol showed very strong antioxidant activity and lipoxygenase inhibition.
REAP (raster e-beam advanced process) using 50-kV raster e-beam system for sub-100-nm node mask technology (2002)

A chemically amplified resist (CAR) process has been recognized as an approach to meet the demanding critical dimension (CD) specifications of 100nm node technology and beyond. Recently, significant effort has been devoted to optimizing CAR materials, which offer the characteristics required for next generation photomask fabrication. In this paper, a process established with a positive-tone CAR from TOK and 50kV MEBES eXara system is discussed. This resist is developed for raster scan 50 kV e-beam systems. It has high contrast, good coating characteristics, good dry etch selectivity, and high environmental stability. The coating process is conducted in an environment with amine concentration less than 2 ppb. A nitrogen environment is provided during plate transfer steps. Resolution using a 60nm writing grid is 90nm line and space patterns. CD linearity is maintained down to 240nm for isolated lines or spaces by applying embedded proximity effect correction (emPEC). Optimizations of post-apply bake (PAB) and post-expose bake (PEB) time, temperature, and uniformity are completed to improve adhesion, coating uniformity, and resolution. A puddle develop process is optimized to improve line edge roughness, edge slope, and resolution. Dry etch process is optimized on a TetraT system to transfer the resist image into the chrome layer with minimum etch bias.
Radiofrequency ablation in lung cancer: promising results in safety and efficacy. (2005)

Only about 15% of patients diagnosed with lung carcinoma each year are surgical candidates, either due to advanced disease or comorbidities. The past decade has seen the emergence of minimally invasive therapies using thermal energy sources: radiofrequency, cryoablation, focused ultrasound, laser, and microwave; radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the best developed of these. Radiofrequency ablation is safe and technically highly successful in terms of initial ablation. Long-term local control or complete necrosis rates drop considerably when tumors are larger than 3 cm, although repeat ablations can be performed. Patients with lung metastases tend to fare better with RF lung ablation than those with primary lung carcinoma in terms of local control, but it is unclear if this is related to smaller tumor size at time of treatment, lesion size uniformity, and sphericity with lung metastases, or to differences in patterns of pathologic spread of disease. The effects of RFA on quality of life, particularly dyspnea and pain, as well as long-term outcome studies are generally lacking. Even so, the results regarding RF lung ablation are comparable to other therapies currently available, particularlyfor the conventionally unresectable or high-risk lung cancer population. With refinements in technology, patient selection, clinical applications, and methods of follow-up, RFA will continue to flourish as a potentially viable stand-alone or complementary therapy for both primary and secondary lung malignancies in standard and high-risk populations.
Monkey Electrophysiological and Human Psychophysical Responses to Mutants of the Sweet Protein Brazzein: Delineating Brazzein Sweetness (2003)

Responses to brazzein, 25 brazzein mutants and two forms of monellin were studied in two types of experiments: electrophysiological recordings from chorda tympani S fibers of the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta, and psychophysical experiments. We found that different mutations at position 29 (changing Asp29 to Ala, Lys or Asn) made the molecule significantly sweeter than brazzein, while mutations at positions 30 or 33 (Lys30Asp or Arg33Ala) removed all sweetness. The same pattern occurred again at the beta-turn region, where Glu41Lys gave the highest sweetness score among the mutants tested, whereas a mutation two residues distant (Arg43Ala) abolished the sweetness. The effects of charge and side chain size were examined at two locations, namely positions 29 and 36. The findings indicate that charge is important for eliciting sweetness, whereas the length of the side-chain plays a lesser role. We also found that the N- and C-termini are important for the sweetness of brazzein. The close correlation (r = 0.78) between the results of the above two methods corroborates our hypothesis that S fibers convey sweet taste in primates.
Epidermal transpiration, ultrastructural characteristics and net photosynthesis of white spruce somatic seedlings in response to in vitro acclimatization (2003)

Mortality of transplanted somatic seedlings at the stage of acclimatization is often high and likely due to rapid change in environmental conditions. To investigate the potential of in vitro acclimatization of somatic seedlings before soil transfer, somatic seedlings of white spruce ( Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) were germinated on a liquid medium supplemented with sucrose. After 6 weeks in germination, sucrose was omitted from the medium for a supplementary 6 weeks at which time somatic seedlings were acclimatized in vitro in their germination tubes before transfer to soil. In vitro acclimatization of somatic seedlings was realized by transferring the test tubes containing the germinated somatic seedlings to the greenhouse for 9 days. During this period, the culture tube lids of acclimatized somatic seedlings were lifted progressively increasing air exchange between the tube and the greenhouse whereas, for non‐acclimatized somatic seedlings the culture tubes were maintained closed during in vitro acclimatization. In vitro acclimatized somatic seedlings had higher asymptotic net photosynthesis ( P n ) at light saturation than non‐acclimatized seedlings (6 versus 4.5 µmol m −2 s −1 ). At the end of the in vitro acclimatization period, a lower rate of epidermal transpiration was also observed for acclimatized somatic seedlings (3.85 versus 4.75% h −1 ). Microscopic observations showed that starch granules were more abundant in needles of acclimatized somatic seedlings than in non‐acclimatized somatic seedlings, probably as a result of their greater photosynthetic capacity. Needles from acclimatized somatic seedlings also showed more epicuticular wax projections than needles from non‐acclimatized somatic seedlings. These structural changes may help somatic seedlings to restrict epidermal water loss and stomatal aperture.
Fine-tuning spectrum based fault localisation with frequent method item sets (2016)

Continuous integration is a best practice adopted in modern software development teams to identify potential faults immediately upon project build. Once a fault is detected it must be repaired immediately, hence continuous integration provides an ideal testbed for experimenting with the state of the art in fault localisation. In this paper we propose a variant of what is known as spectrum based fault localisation, which leverages patterns of method calls by means of frequent itemset mining. We compare our variant (we refer to it as patterned spectrum analysis) against the state of the art and demonstrate on 351 real bugs drawn from five representative open source java projects that patterned spectrum analysis is more effective in localising the fault. Based on anecdotal evidence from this comparison, we suggest avenues for further improvements. Keywords: Automated developer tests; Continuous Integration; Spectrum based fault localisation; Statistical debugging
The block-processing FTF adaptive algorithm (1986)

A new block-type adaptive-filtering algorithm is presented. This new block adaptive filter differs from the frequency-domain block adaptive filters of Ferrara (1980), and of Clark, Mitra, and Parker (1980), in that the new method applies a deterministic time-domain least-squares criteria within each of the data blocks. Information is carried from block to block via a weighted initial condition. This new block fast transversal filters (BFTF) algorithm is a numerically stable algorithm and can also be used to perform efficient least-squares system identification on any one data block, in which case it shows a moderate computational advantage over the previous most-efficient single-data-block algorithms of Morf et al. (1977), of Marple (1981), and of Kalouptsidis, Manolakis, and Carayannis (1984-1985). Mechanisms for tracking and varying block length from block to block are also presented and evaluated. Finally, we indicate how the new algorithm could be pipelined for maximum throughput with delay proportional to the number of parameters, after computation of the sample correlation lags.
Looking Out from the Isolator: David's Perception of the World (1991)

David Finkelhor, who from September 1971 to February 1984 actively lived his life in a sterile isolator, was severely deprived of experience of the physical world. His unique perceptual development intrigued the people from the beginning and seemed worthy of description. David's difficulty with space, depth, and size related clearly to his drastically limited and confined physical experience rather than to cognitive or visual-motor-perceptual deficits. The concept of bodies of water, lakes and rivers and pools, were virtually impossible for David to understand. Even more basic than David's problem with water was his belief that the ground's surface was like a sheet of paper. The underpass at Fannin and Holcombe Streets could not be explained to him despite many attempts. From his vantage point, he could only glimpse the top of the railing marking the beginning of the underpass. David showed little interest in photographs of landscapes but could analyze subtleties of abstract and surrealistic paintings for hours.
Design and synthesis of putative inhibitors of glucosamine synthetase (1990)

Conference Article| April 01 1990 Design and synthesis of putative inhibitors of glucosamine synthetase MARTIN BROWN; MARTIN BROWN 1Department of Biochemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, N. Ireland, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar BRIAN WALKER; BRIAN WALKER 1Department of Biochemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, N. Ireland, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar J. ALAN HILL; J. ALAN HILL 1Department of Biochemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, N. Ireland, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar NIGEL L. BLUMSOM NIGEL L. BLUMSOM 1Department of Biochemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, N. Ireland, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1990) 18 (2): 317–318. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0180317a Article history Received: September 12 1989 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation MARTIN BROWN, BRIAN WALKER, J. ALAN HILL, NIGEL L. BLUMSOM; Design and synthesis of putative inhibitors of glucosamine synthetase. Biochem Soc Trans 1 April 1990; 18 (2): 317–318. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0180317a Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search Keywords: DON, 6-diazo-5oxo-L-norleucine This content is only available as a PDF. © 1990 Biochemical Society1990 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
(+)-Abscisic Acid 8′-Hydroxylase Is a Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase (1998)

Abscisic acid (ABA) 8'-hydroxylase catalyzes the first step in the oxidative degradation of (+)-ABA. The development of a robust in vitro assay has now permitted detailed examination and characterization of this enzyme. Although several factors (buffer, cofactor, and source tissue) were critical in developing the assay, the most important of these was the identification of a tissue displaying high amounts of in vivo enzyme activity (A.J. Cutler, T.M. Squires, M.K. Loewen, J.J. Balsevich [1997] J Exp Bot 48: 1787-1795). (+)-ABA 8'-hydroxylase is an integral membrane protein that is localized to the microsomal fraction in suspension-cultured maize (Zea mays) cells. (+)-ABA metabolism requires both NADPH and molecular oxygen. NADH was not an effective cofactor, although there was substantial stimulation of activity (synergism) when it was included at rate-limiting NADPH concentrations. The metabolism of (+)-ABA was progressively inhibited at O2 concentrations less than 10% (v/v) and was very low (less than 5% of control) under N2. (+)-ABA 8'-hydroxylase activity was inhibited by tetcyclacis (50% inhibition at 10(-6) M), cytochrome c (oxidized form), and CO. The CO inhibition was reversible by light from several regions of the visible spectrum, but most efficiently by blue and amber light. These data strongly support the contention that (+)-ABA 8'-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase.
Negative Staining and Cryoelectron Microscopy (1997)

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Challenges Facing the Marine Environment on the Straits of Malacca (2005)

Half of the world's bunker vessels and a third of the world's cargo vessels ply through the busy Straits of Malacca and Singapore. Singapore and the coastal states of Indonesia and Malaysia in particular have benefited economically from the trade flows via this waterway. Joint initiatives between the jurisdictions to protect the Straits from piracy and acts of terrorism are also measures taken to prevent trade disruption on this vital sea-lane. Similar joint initiatives should be extended to protecting the marine environment. The coastal communities depend on the Straits of Malacca for their livelihood. Fisheries and tourism are industries would be affected if there is no integrated approach towards protecting the marine environment on this busy Straits. This paper discusses the effectiveness of various international conventions acceded by the littoral port states along the Straits of Malacca and the problems with the management of the marine environment of the Straits. Some suggestions to improve the current situation are made. The increase in world trade will see an increase in the number of vessels using the Straits of Malacca. It is advantageous for the littoral states, with the support of the international communities who use the busy Straits for trade, to embark on concerted and proactive steps to protect the marine environment from further degradation. Directing government and public attention towards integrated coastal management and protection of the Marine environment will also serve to increase the security of this important seaway.