gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selected-Control Synthesis of NaV<sub>6</sub>O<sub>15</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>V<sub>6</sub>O<sub>16</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O Single-Crystalline Nanowires (2004)

NaV6O15 and Na2V6O16·3H2O nanowires were selectively prepared from the reaction between V2O5 and NaHSO4·H2O/Na2SO4 under hydrothermal conditions. The synthesized products were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, SAED, EDX, HRTEM, and XPS analytical techniques. SAED and HRTEM analyses confirm the single-crystalline nature of both NaV6O15 and Na2V6O16·3H2O nanowires. The nanowires of NaV6O15 are uniform and straight, with around 80 nm in diameter and several tens of micrometers in length. Na2V6O16·3H2O nanowires have an average diameter of 60 nm and length up to 10 μm. The key factors to control the phase composition and morphology, such as the amount of sulfates and the selective absorption of SO42- in different crystal facets, are discussed. The optimum hydrothermal temperatures for the nanowire growth are 180 °C for NaV6O15 and 180 to 140 °C for Na2V6O16·3H2O. A tentative formation mechanism is proposed.
How I treat thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (2014)

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) are acute, rare life-threatening thrombotic microangiopathies that require rapid diagnosis and treatment. They are defined by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, with renal involvement primarily in aHUS and neurological and cardiological sequelae in TTP. Prompt treatment for most cases of both conditions is with plasma exchange initially and monoclonal therapy (rituximab in TTP and eculizumab in aHUS) as the mainstay of therapy. Here we discuss the diagnosis and therapy for both disorders.
Collapse of void arrays under stress wave loading (2010)

The interaction of an array of voids collapsing after passage of a stress wave is studied as a model problem relevant to porous materials, for example, to energy localization leading to hotspot formation in energetic materials. Dynamic experiments are designed to illuminate the hydrodynamic processes of collapsing void interactions for eventual input into device-scale initiation models. We examine a stress wave loading representative of accidental mechanical insult, for which the wave passage length scale is comparable with the void and inter-void length scales. A single void, two-void linear array, and a four-void staggered array are studied. Diagnostic techniques include high-speed imaging of cylindrical void collapse and the first particle image velocimetry measurements in the surrounding material. Voids exhibit an asymmetrical collapse process, with the formation of a high-speed internal jet. Volume and diameter versus time data for single void collapse under stress wave loading are compared with literature results for single voids under shock-wave loading. The internal volume history does not fall on a straight line and is in agreement with simulations, but in contrast to existing linear experimental data fits. The velocity field induced in the surrounding material is measured to quantify a region of influence at selected stages of single void collapse. In the case of multiple voids, the stress wave diffracts in response to the presence of the upstream void, affecting the loading condition on the downstream voids. Both collapse-inhibiting (shielding) and collapse-triggering effects are observed.
Extraction of items from checks (2002)

We propose a method to extract the items of a check by applying three sub processes. First, we eliminate the horizontal lines and some remaining background pixels by a subtraction between a virgin model and a filled specimen of a check, after background elimination on both checks. In the second step, each connected object on the image is described by its minimal surrounding rectangular box. A specific distance is defined for each item. Then the box receives the label of an item if it minimizes its specific distance. In the last step, we propose to reconstruct truncated written lines. The reconstruction is based on a simple geometric hypothesis that a written line does not change its curvature when intersecting with graphic background lines. An evaluation made on 60 different checks shows good results of localization and correct reconstruction when the constant curvature hypothesis is respected.
Alkali pretreatment of softwood spruce and hardwood birch by NaOH/thiourea, NaOH/urea, NaOH/urea/thiourea, and NaOH/PEG to improve ethanol and biogas production (2012)

Abstract Alkali‐dissolution pretreatment of softwood spruce and hardwood birch to improve ethanol and biogas production was investigated. The pretreatments were carried out at different temperatures between − 15 and 80 °C with NaOH/thiourea (7/5.5 wt%), NaOH/urea (7/12 wt%), NaOH/urea/thiourea (7/8/6.5 wt%), and NaOH/PEG (7/1 wt%) aqueous solutions. The pretreated materials were then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis for 72 h. The pretreatments by NaOH/thiourea at − 15 °C improved the hydrolysis yields of spruce from 11.7% to 57% of theoretical yield, and for birch from 23.1% to 83% of theoretical yield. The enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of these pretreated materials by NaOH/thiourea with baker's yeast resulted in 54.0% of theoretical yield compared with 10.9% for untreated spruce and 80.9% of theoretical yield compared with 12.9% for untreated birch. Furthermore, anaerobic digestion of pretreated materials resulted in 0.36 L g −1 VS methane compared with 0.23 L g −1 VS for untreated birch, and 0.21 L g −1 VS compared with 0.03 L g −1 VS for untreated spruce. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular mechanisms underlying human synovial sarcoma development (2000)

Synovial sarcomas are rather common among soft-tissue tumors, occurring at any age but affecting mainly young adults. The vast majority of synovial sarcomas carries a t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) chromosomal translocation, in about one-third of the cases as the sole cytogenetic anomaly. Several studies have indicated that the t(X;18) translocation arises exclusively in synovial sarcomas, therefore being an excellent tool to diagnose this malignancy. The breakpoint-associated genes were recently isolated: SYT, from chromosome 18, and SSX1 and SSX2, both from the X chromosome. This discovery enabled the detection of SYT-SSX fusion transcripts by specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. This molecular genetics methodology has now been applied to numerous tumor samples and has led to the finding that, in contrast to tumors carrying SYT-SSX2 fusions, SYT-SSX1-positive tumors more often exhibit a biphasic histology, show a higher proliferation rate, and are associated with a poorer clinical outcome. It has also been shown that the SYT and SSX proteins are localized in the nucleus, where they appear to play a role in transcriptional regulation, SYT as an activator of transcription and the SSX proteins as transcriptional repressors. It was also found that SYT interacts and colocalizes in the nucleus with the BRM protein, a transcriptional coactivator, and that the SSX proteins colocalize in the nucleus with polycomb group proteins, which are transcriptional corepressors. Together, these studies have provided mechanistic clues about how the SYT-SSX fusion proteins may trigger synovial sarcoma development.
Tunable laser in 1575 nm–1225 nm range achieved by pressure tuning combined with grating tuning (2006)

Abstract We demonstrated the pressure and external cavity tuning of commercial telecommunication laser, emitting in the 1500 nm band under normal conditions. The laser had AR coatings on the output mirror and highly reflective coating on its back facet. We measured the tuning ranges of the laser operating CW under four different pressures. The experimental setup was in the Littrow configuration. At each pressure the external cavity arrangement enabled the fine tuning in the range of the positive modal gain. We determined the net gain from the Hakki–Paoli method. The combination of pressure tuning with grating allowed us to obtain the 350 nm tuning range (from 1575 nm to 1225 nm). (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with diabetes mellitus in Ile-Iffe, South-West Nigeria (2008)

The prevalence of ASB is high in diabetic patients and poor glucose control can be considered a predisposing factor.
Increased mitochondrial mass in mitochondrial myopathy mice (2002)

We have generated an animal model for mitochondrial myopathy by disrupting the gene for mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in skeletal muscle of the mouse. The knockout animals developed a myopathy with ragged-red muscle fibers, accumulation of abnormally appearing mitochondria, and progressively deteriorating respiratory chain function in skeletal muscle. Enzyme histochemistry, electron micrographs, and citrate synthase activity revealed a substantial increase in mitochondrial mass in skeletal muscle of the myopathy mice. Biochemical assays demonstrated that the increased mitochondrial mass partly compensated for the reduced function of the respiratory chain by maintaining overall ATP production in skeletal muscle. The increased mitochondrial mass thus was induced by the respiratory chain deficiency and may be beneficial by improving the energy homeostasis in the affected tissue. Surprisingly, in vitro experiments to assess muscle function demonstrated that fatigue development did not occur more rapidly in myopathy mice, suggesting that overall ATP production is sufficient. However, there were lower absolute muscle forces in the myopathy mice, especially at low stimulation frequencies. This reduction in muscle force is likely caused by deficient formation of force-generating actin-myosin cross bridges and/or disregulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis. Thus, both biochemical measurements of ATP-production rate and in vitro physiological studies suggest that reduced mitochondrial ATP production might not be as critical for the pathophysiology of mitochondrial myopathy as thought previously.
Antimicrobial Hydrogel Contact Lens Containing Alginate (2011)

Biocompatible hydrogels from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomer containing various amount of alginate in the presence and absence of hydrophilic methacrylic acid (MAA) were synthesized in order for biomedical application. The antimicrobial effect and interaction with proteins for hydrogels were investigated in this study. MAA was introduced because it was expected to increase the amount of water content in the polymer which is an important factor for biocompatibility, and alginate was expected to enhance the antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial effect against S. aureus and E. coli increased for all hydrogels as the amount of alginate and MAA contained. Presence of MAA further enhances the antimicrobial effect. Amount of adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) increased with increasing concentration of alginate whether MAA was present or not. Contrarily, the amount of lysozyme was not affected with increasing alginate concentration in the absence of MAA, while it decreased in the presence of MAA.
Retroviral mediated expression of human cytochrome P450 2A6 in C3H/10T1/2 cells confers transformability by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (1993)

In order to develop more efficient in vitro systems for the study of pro-mutagenic or pro-carcinogenic chemicals, we have produced transgenic C3H/10T1/2 cell lines expressing human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6. A retroviral vector containing the cDNA was packaged in psi-2 cells, and used to infect C3H/10T1/2 cells. From 100 G418-resistant clones initially isolated, three cell lines were chosen for further study based upon their morphologies, growth rates and CYP2A6-dependent coumarin 7-hydroxylase activities. Infected clone 10T1/2-04, like the 10T1/2 cells, had no detectable CYP2A6 enzyme activity, while clones 10T1/2-10 and 10T1/2-29 had microsomal CYP2A6 enzyme activities within the range found in human liver microsomes. CYP2A6 protein levels were in agreement with the observed enzyme activities. Southern blots revealed that cells from clone 10T1/2-04 contained a vector lacking the CYP2A6 cDNA, while cells from clones 10T1/2-10 and 10T1/2-29 contained multiple full-length inserts. Southern analysis also indicated the presence of an endogenous CYP2A6 ortholog in the four cell lines. All cell lines exhibited about equal sensitivity to induction of cytotoxicity and conversion to ouabain resistance by the direct acting mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The four lines were also about equally sensitive to transformation by benzo[a]pyrene, a chemical requiring metabolic activation. However, only clones 10T1/2-10 and 10T1/2-29, which express CYP2A6 activity, were mutated and morphologically transformed by the tobacco specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone.
Wind Estimation and Airspeed Calibration Using the UAV with a Single-Antenna GNSS Receiver and Airspeed Sensor (2006)

In this paper, the method to estimate wind and calibrate airspeed is proposed using an aircraft with single antenna GPS receiver and airspeed sensor only. This sensor combination don’t provide true attitude of an aircraft, so the wind can’t be obtained directly from measurements. But if the aircraft maintains a bank turn, wind magnitude and direction can be estimated from the geometrical relation between wind and measurements. A period-based exponential moving average and extended Kalman filter were applied for wind estimation. An EMA method is robust under big gust, but it has long convergence time. In contrast, Kalman filtering method shows smaller convergence time not in relation to initial value. These methods can also estimate the scale factor from dynamic pressure to airspeed. This will be very useful for the operation of the small UAV because it is not easy to tune airspeed scale factor through wind tunnel test. In 2D constant wind, simulation was carried out. To test the effectiveness of proposed method, real flight test using the small UAV was accomplished. The estimation results in simulation and real flight test show that proposed method is effective.
Plasma metabolomics reveals a potential panel of biomarkers for early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome (2013)

Discovery of new biomarkers is critical for early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Recent advances in metabolomic technologies have drastically enhanced the possibility of improving the knowledge of its physiopathology through the identification of the altered metabolic pathways. In this study, analyses of peripheral plasma from non-ST segment elevation ACS patients and healthy controls by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MC) permitted the identification of 15 metabolites with statistical differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) between experimental groups. Additionally, validation by GC-MC and liquid chromatography-MC permitted us to identify a potential panel of biomarkers formed by 5-OH-tryptophan, 2-OH-butyric acid and 3-OH-butyric acid. This panel of biomarkers reflects the oxidative stress and the hypoxic state that suffers the myocardial cells and consequently constitutes a metabolomic signature of the atherogenesis process that could be used for early diagnosis of ACS.
Torts: Products Liability--Cigarette Manufacturer--Lung Cancer (1966)

The cancer involved here is medically known as bronchogenic carcinoma, squamous cell type (footnote by the court).
Optical transitions of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Er</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>ions in fluorozirconate glass (1983)

Optical-absorption, -emission, and -excitation spectra are presented for ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ions in fluorozirconate glass. Measured oscillator strengths of the transitions between $J$ manifolds at 300 and 15 K are compared with calculated electric and magnetic dipole oscillator strengths. Radiative rates for five luminescing states were calculated. The nonradiative rates from these excited states were determined by calculating the difference between the measured rates and the calculated radiative rates. The low-temperature nonradiative rates are in agreement with the phenomenological energy-gap law followed by rare-earth ions in a number of crystals and glasses. The temperature dependence of the lifetimes was analyzed using the Huang-Rhys theory of multiphonon emission. Values for the $^{4}I_{\frac{11}{2}}$ radiative and nonradiative rates obtained by the above methods are compared with those obtained applying the method Flaherty and DiBartolo used to study Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$: ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$. The multiphonon emission rates in fluorozirconate glass are much lower than the rates for the same levels of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ in oxide glasses. Measurements of the bandwidths of the ground and excited states of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ and the nearly exponential decay of the emissions indicate a relatively narrow distribution of site symmetries compared to oxide glasses.
Melt viscosity of polymers: Effect of polydispersity (1960)

Abstract The author's theory for the melt viscosity of high polymers is extended to include the effect of molecular weight polydispersity. It is found that if one describes the viscosity by the relation η = (const.) M t 3.5 , the molecular weight average appropriate for M t lies between the weight and z average. For molecular weight distributions with M w / M n less than about two, M t is best represented by M w . Above that value, M z is a better approximation. These latter statements are not precise because of the fact that M t appears sensitive to the exact form of the distribution. Reasonable agreement with available experimental data is found.
Evaluation of Multi-GNSSs and GPS with 3D Map Methods for Pedestrian Positioning in an Urban Canyon Environment (2015)

Highly accurate pedestrian position information is required in many applications, especially in automatic driving system. Global Positioning System (GPS) developed by American has proven itself reliability in most of the environments. Unfortunately, urban areas contain the signal reflection, known as multipath and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) effects. In addition, the lake of line-of-sight (LOS) satellites caused by the blockage of skyscrapers also severely degrades the accuracy and availability of the GPS positioning. To solve these problems, a solution that interoperated several Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) is proposed. However, the actual difficulty of satellite positioning in urban area is the distorted satellite distribution. This paper proposes a GPS with 3D map ray tracing positioning method to conquer the difficulty. The proposed method takes the advantage of the non-LOS (NLOS) and uses it as an additional measurement. Significantly, these measurements are sourced from the satellites that should be blocked. Thus, the dilution of precision (DOP) can be greatly improved. To verify the performance of the proposed method, real data is collected at Tokyo urban area. This paper compares the performance of GPS/GLONASS and the proposed GPS with 3D map ray tracing methods. The results reveals the proposed method is capable of identifying which side of street the pedestrian stands and the GPS+GLONASS method is not.
Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs): Biochemistry, Signaling, Analytical Methods, and Epigenetic Effects (2020)

The advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are organic molecules formed in any living organisms with a great variety of structural and functional properties. They are considered organic markers of the glycation process. Due to their great heterogeneity, there is no specific test for their operational measurement. In this review, we have updated the most common chromatographic, colorimetric, spectroscopic, mass spectrometric, and serological methods, typically used for the determination of AGEs in biological samples. We have described their signaling and signal transduction mechanisms and cell epigenetic effects. Although mass spectrometric analysis is not widespread in the detection of AGEs at the clinical level, this technique is highly promising for the early diagnosis and therapeutics of diseases caused by AGEs. Protocols are available for high-resolution mass spectrometry of glycated proteins although they are characterized by complex machine management. Simpler procedures are available although much less precise than mass spectrometry. Among them, immunochemical tests are very common since they are able to detect AGEs in a simple and immediate way. In these years, new methodologies have been developed using an <i>in vivo</i> novel and noninvasive spectroscopic methods. These methods are based on the measurement of autofluorescence of AGEs. Another method consists of detecting AGEs in the human skin to detect chronic exposure, without the inconvenience of invasive methods. The aim of this review is to compare the different approaches of measuring AGEs at a clinical perspective due to their strict association with oxidative stress and inflammation.
Analysis of Mean Disintegration Time and Mean Dissolution Time by Moment Analysis Using Microcalorimetric Curves (2000)

The mean disintegration time (MDGT; mean time required for disintegration of tablets) and mean dissolution time (MDST; mean time required for drug dissolution) of water-soluble drugs from solid dosage forms were determined by moment analysis using microcalorimetric curves. Microcalorimetric curves for heat of dilution and for heat of dissolution of the drug were prepared, and the zeroth and first moments of the calorimetric curves were then calculated. The difference between the first moments of the curves for powder dissolution and tablet dissolution was taken to be the MDGT. The difference between the first moment of the curve for heat of dilution and that of the curve for heat of dissolution was taken to be the MDST. Nicotinic acid and D-mannitol were used as model drugs. The dissolution rate was determined by the conventional beaker method and also by the deconvolution method. The dissolution process could be traced well by moment analysis, as well as by the other methods employed. Moment analysis has some advantages: (a) both the MDGT and the MDST can be determined simultaneously; (b) it is applicable to many drugs that are soluble with heat evolution without the need for quantitative analysis of the drug.
Decreased expression of TGF-  type II receptor in bronchial glands of smokers with COPD (2005)

In the bronchial glands of smokers with COPD there is decreased expression of TGF-beta RII which is associated with bronchial gland enlargement. These findings support the view that the absence of TGF-beta signalling may induce structural changes in the bronchial glands which, in turn, may promote mucus hypersecretion.
Integrated starter-alternator control system for automotive (2013)

This paper develops a control system for an Integrated Starter Alternator (ISA) used in hybrid electric vehicles. ISA employs a permanent magnet synchronous machine with voltage source inverter, using field oriented vector control with torque reference. The motor / generator mode is given by the torque reference selecting with a switch an external torque (for motor mode) or a torque delivered by a dc voltage loop to charge the battery (for generator mode). The internal combustion engine is simulated by a DC motor with speed control, and the battery is managed by using the ISA active power. The simulation results, based on real scenarios, prove the ability of the proposed ISA control system to work in motor and generator modes with smooth transition between them. The scenarios include the motor mode with starting and added demanded mechanical torque, and the generator mode to charge the battery up to 42 V, with good dynamic responses.