gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-transforming bacteria in strictly anaerobic mixed cultures enriched on RDX as nitrogen source (2003)

Five obligate anaerobes that were most closely related to Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium celerecrescens, Clostridium saccharolyticum, Clostridium butyricum and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans by their 16S rRNA genes sequences were isolated from enrichment cultures using hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) as a nitrogen source. The above isolates transformed RDX at rates of 24.0, 5.4, 6.2, 2.5, 5.5 mumol h(-1) g (dry weight) of cells(-1), respectively, to nitrite, formaldehyde, methanol, and nitrous oxide. The present results indicate that clostridia are major strains responsible for RDX removal, and all isolates seemed to mainly transform RDX via its initial reduction to MNX and subsequent denitration. Since clostridia are commonly present in soil, we suggest that they may contribute to the removal of RDX in the subsurface (anoxic) soil.
Two-Dimensional Cursor-to-Target Control From Single Muscle Site sEMG Signals (2010)

In this study, human subjects achieve two-dimensional cursor-to-target control using the surface electromyogram (sEMG) from a single muscle site. The X-coordinate and the Y-coordinate of the computer cursor were simultaneously controlled by the active manipulation of power within two frequency bands of the sEMG power-spectrum. Success of the method depends on the sEMG frequency bandwidths and their midpoints. We acquired the sEMG signals at a single facial muscle site of four able-bodied subjects and trained them, by visual feedback, to control the position of the cursor. After training, all four subjects were able to simultaneously control the X and Y positions of the cursor to accurately and consistently hit three widely-separated targets on a computer screen. This technology has potential application in a wide variety of human-machine interfaces to assistive technologies.
An ac Silicon Resistivity Meter (1961)

A versatile, all transistor silicon 4-point probe resistivity meter incorporating a dc probe bias supply in conjunction with an ac measuring circuit is described. It is direct reading and covers a resistivity range of from 0.01 ohm-cm full scale to 300 ohm-cm full scale. With minor changes the range can be increased to 1000 ohm-cm.
A New Noninvasive Technique for Cardiac Pressure Measurement: Resonant Scattering of Ultrasound from Bubbles (1977)

We suggest and analyze a new technique for making non-invasive cardiac measurements. The technique involves measurement of the spectrum of ultrasound scattered from small bubbles injected into the circulatory system as they pass through the heart. We show that the resonant frequency observed in these spectra will vary as the cardiac pressure changes. Thus the variations of the resonance can be calibrated to give the pressure excursions in a cardiac chamber. Preliminary bench tests of the method are described which show the predicted shift with pressure of the resonance frequency of bubbles in water.
How we refactor, and how we know it (2009)

Much of what we know about how programmers refactor in the wild is based on studies that examine just a few software projects. Researchers have rarely taken the time to replicate these studies in other contexts or to examine the assumptions on which they are based. To help put refactoring research on a sound scientific basis, we draw conclusions using four data sets spanning more than 13 000 developers, 240 000 tool-assisted refactorings, 2500 developer hours, and 3400 version control commits. Using these data, we cast doubt on several previously stated assumptions about how programmers refactor, while validating others. For example, we find that programmers frequently do not indicate refactoring activity in commit logs, which contradicts assumptions made by several previous researchers. In contrast, we were able to confirm the assumption that programmers do frequently intersperse refactoring with other program changes. By confirming assumptions and replicating studies made by other researchers, we can have greater confidence that those researchers' conclusions are generalizable.
Pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antibiotics. Biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic 11-demethyltomaymycin and its biologically inactive metabolite oxotomaymycin by Streptomyces achromogenes (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antibiotics. Biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic 11-demethyltomaymycin and its biologically inactive metabolite oxotomaymycin by Streptomyces achromogenesLaurence H. Hurley, Chandrachuranand Gairola, and Nobel V. DasCite this: Biochemistry 1976, 15, 17, 3760–3769Publication Date (Print):August 24, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 24 August 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00662a019https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00662a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views160Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Spatially Resolved Raman Spectroscopy of Single- and Few-Layer Graphene (2006)

We present Raman spectroscopy measurements on single- and few-layer graphene flakes. Using a scanning confocal approach we collect spectral data with spatial resolution, which allows us to directly compare Raman images with scanning force micrographs. Single-layer graphene can be distinguished from double- and few-layer by the width of the D' line: the single peak for single-layer graphene splits into different peaks for the double-layer. These findings are explained using the double-resonant Raman model based on ab-initio calculations of the electronic structure and of the phonon dispersion. We investigate the D line intensity and find no defects within the flake. A finite D line response originating from the edges can be attributed either to defects or to the breakdown of translational symmetry.
Transformation characteristics on flexible ferroelectrics (2002)

The significance of flexible ferroelectrics based on electronic polymers is shown. The structures, properties, and techniques of ferroelectric polymers and their composite ferroelectric films are discussed. The experimental samples were based on the ferropolymer PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) including pure PVDF film, ferroblended polymer PVDF-PMMA, PVDF-PVC films, and composite piezoelectric and ferroelectric film. The study showed that the main research factors in flexible ferroelectric films were the making of flexible films, ferroelectric treatments, and ferroelectric structure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Three-dimensional pole edge effect on narrow track film heads (1988)

Heads with 1.5-20- mu m track widths have been fabricated using ion-beam etching. Three-dimensional numerical calculations, the micro-Kerr technique, and precise read-write measurements have been carried out to analyze the width dependence of the very narrow tracks at the pole tip. The results show that a 2- mu m-track-width head with single-layer film achieves an acceptable level of domain configuration control and can be used to increase recording density.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rare variants in <i>SOS2</i> and <i>LZTR1</i> are associated with Noonan syndrome (2015)

We identified two novel genes, SOS2 and LZTR1, associated with Noonan syndrome, thereby expanding the molecular spectrum of RASopathies. Mutations in these genes are responsible for approximately 3% of all patients with Noonan syndrome. While SOS2 is a natural candidate, because of its homology with SOS1, the functional role of LZTR1 in the RAS/MAPK pathway is not known, and it could not have been identified without the large pedigrees. Additional functional studies are needed to elucidate the role of LZTR1 in RAS/MAPK signalling and in the pathogenesis of Noonan syndrome.
DISCUSSION ON SOIL MECHANICS AND SITE EXPLORATION AND ON SOIL MECHANICS IN ROAD AND AERODROMES CONSTRUCTION. (1942)

Keywords SOIL MECHANICS, SITES, EXPLORATION, ROADS, AERODROMES, CONSTRUCTION, RECOGNITION, SOILS, MECHANICAL, PROPERTIES, TESTS, ANALYSIS, COLLECTION, DATA, CLASSIFICATION, DRAINAGE, COMPACTION, SURVEYS, GEOLOGY, AERODROMES, STABILITY, EXCAVATIONS, BORING, CLAYS... Show All
Characterization of CD44-Mediated Cancer Cell Uptake and Intracellular Distribution of Hyaluronan-Grafted Liposomes (2011)

Hyaluronan (HA) is a biocompatible and biodegradable linear polysaccharide which is of interest for tumor targeting through cell surface CD44 receptors. HA binds with high affinity to CD44 receptors, which are overexpressed in many tumors and involved in cancer metastasis. In the present study, we investigated the impact of HA molecular weight (MW), grafting density, and CD44 receptor density on endocytosis of HA-grafted liposomes (HA-liposomes) by cancer cells. Additionally, the intracellular localization of the HA-liposomes was determined. HAs of different MWs (5-8, 10-12, 175-350, and 1600 kDa) were conjugated to liposomes with varying degrees of grafting density. HA surface density was quantified using the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide turbidimetric method. Cellular uptake and subcellular localization of HA-liposomes were evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Mean particle sizes of HA-liposomes ranged from 120 to 180 nm and increased with increasing size of HA. HA-liposome uptake correlated with HA MW (5-8 < 10-12 < 175-350 kDa), grafting density, and CD44 receptor density and exceeded that obtained with unconjugated plain liposomes. HA-liposomes were taken up into cells via lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, which is both energy- and cholesterol-dependent. Once within cells, HA-liposomes localized primarily to endosomes and lysosomes. The results demonstrate that cellular targeting efficiency of HA-liposomes depends strongly upon HA MW, grafting density, and cell surface receptor CD44 density. The results support a role of HA-liposomes for targeted drug delivery.
Antibodies to <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> gamete surface antigens in Papua New Guinea sera (1988)

Sera from individuals living in malaria endemic areas of Papua New Guinea were tested for their effect on infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes grown in culture to Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. Consistent reduction of infectivity to less than 5% of control was observed with nine out of the 41 sera from the endemic area tested and also with three out of seven sera tested from individuals rarely exposed to malaria infection. Gamete surface antigens recognized by the sera were investigated by immunoprecipitation from 125I surface-labelled gametes extracted in SDS and Triton X-100. The main antigens recognized were of the same mol. wt (230, 48 and 45 kD) as those known to be targets of transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies. A significant negative correlation was observed between the total ct/min immunoprecipitated from surface-labelled gametes by the sera and the average number of oocysts per gut observed in membrane feeding experiments with these sera. Spearmann's rank correlation coefficient indicated that suppression of infectivity correlated strongly with the presence of antibodies against the 230 kD protein; there was no significant correlation between suppression and antibodies to the 48/45 kD proteins. The antibody response to the different gamete surface antigens varied greatly in sera from the endemic areas suggesting that individuals respond differently to each gamete antigen.
Controllable high-throughput high-quality femtosecond laser-enhanced chemical etching by temporal pulse shaping based on electron density control (2015)

We developed an efficient fabrication method of high-quality concave microarrays on fused silica substrates based on temporal shaping of femtosecond (fs) laser pulses. This method involves exposures of fs laser pulse trains followed by a wet etching process. Compared with conventional single pulses with the same processing parameters, the temporally shaped fs pulses can enhance the etch rate by a factor of 37 times with better controllability and higher quality. Moreover, we demonstrated the flexibility of the proposed method in tuning the profile of the concave microarray structures by changing the laser pulse delay, laser fluence, and pulse energy distribution ratio. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was conducted to elucidate the stronger modification induced by the fs laser pulse trains in comparison with the single pulses. Our calculations show that the controllability is due to the effective control of localized transient free electron densities by temporally shaping the fs pulses.
The use of the amplification refractory mutation system (arms) in the detection of rare beta-thalassemia mutations in the Malays and Chinese in Malaysia. (2001)

Molecular characterization and prenatal diagnosis for beta-thalassemia can be carried out using the Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS). The ARMS is a rapid and direct molecular technique in which beta-thalassemia mutations are visualized immediately after DNA amplification by gel electrophoresis. In the University of Malaya Medical Center, molecular characterization and prenatal diagnosis for beta-thalassemia is carried out using ARMS for about 96% of the Chinese and 84.6% of the Malay patients. The remaining 4% and 15.4% of the uncharacterized mutations in the Chinese and Malay patients respectively are detected using DNA sequencing. DNA sequencing is an accurate technique but it is more time-consuming and expensive compared with the ARMS. The ARMS for the rare Chinese beta-mutations at position -29 (A-->G) and the ATG-->AGG base substitution at the initiator codon for translation in the beta-gene was developed. In the Malays, ARMS was optimized for the beta-mutations at codon 8/9 (+G), Cap (+1) (A-->C) and the AATAAA-->AATAGA base substitution in the polyadenylation region of the beta-gene. The ARMS protocols were developed by optimization of the parameters for DNA amplification to ensure sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. ARMS primers (sequences and concentration), magnesium chloride concentration, Taq DNA polymerase and PCR cycling parameters were optimized for the specific amplification of each rare beta-thalassemia mutation. The newly-developed ARMS for the 5 rare beta-thalassemia mutations in the Chinese and Malays in Malaysia will allow for more rapid and cost-effective molecular characterization and prenatal diagnosis for beta-thalassemia in Malaysia.
Radiochemistry of the 4d‐Transition Metals (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Important Radionuclides of the 4d-Transition Metals Chemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals Technetium – 99Tc Zirconium – 93Zr Molybdenum – 93Mo Niobium – 94Nb Essentials in the Radiochemistry of 4-d Transition Metals
The mathematical mechanic: using physical reasoning to solve problems (2009)

Everybody knows that mathematics is indispensable to physics--imagine where we'd be today if Einstein and Newton didn't have the math to back up their ideas. But how many people realize that physics can be used to produce many astonishing and strikingly elegant solutions in mathematics? Mark Levi shows how in this delightful book, treating readers to a host of entertaining problems and mind-bending puzzlers that will amuse and inspire their inner physicist. Levi turns math and physics upside down, revealing how physics can simplify proofs and lead to quicker solutions and new theorems, and how physical solutions can illustrate why results are true in ways lengthy mathematical calculations never can. Did you know it's possible to derive the Pythagorean theorem by spinning a fish tank filled with water? Or that soap film holds the key to determining the cheapest container for a given volume? Or that the line of best fit for a data set can be found using a mechanical contraption made from a rod and springs? Levi demonstrates how to use physical intuition to solve these and other fascinating math problems. More than half the problems can be tackled by anyone with precalculus and basic geometry, while the more challenging problems require some calculus. This one-of-a-kind book explains physics and math concepts where needed, and includes an informative appendix of physical principles. The Mathematical Mechanic will appeal to anyone interested in the little-known connections between mathematics and physics and how both endeavors relate to the world around us.
Effects of tolmetin, paracetamol, and of two combinations of tolmetin and paracetamol as compared to placebo on experimentally induced pain. A double blind study. (1979)

Previous studies in animals suggested that a coadministration of the anti-rheumatic/anti-inflammatory agent tolmetin (Tolectin) and of paracetamol potentiates the effects of these two drugs. The present study was carried out to assess whether or not the dosis of tolmetin necessary to obtain an analgesic effect can be reduced when paracetamol is coadministered in a model with experimentally induced pain in healthy human subjects. The effects of tolmetin 200 mg (T 200), paracetamol 400 mg (P 400), tolmetin 150 mg plus paracetamol 300 mg (T 150 + P 300), and of tolmetin 100 mg plus paracetamol 400 mg (T 100 + P 400) on pain threshold to electrical and thermal stimuli and on pain tolerance to electrical stimuli were compared to the effects of placebo under double blind conditions. Each of 20 healthy volunteers received all of the 5 treatments randomised according to four 5 X 5 Latin squares. The results showed that the combination T 100 + P 400 had better analgesic effects than the double dose of tolmetin, T 200, alone, while the effects of P 400 could not be discrminated from placebo. In a sequential t-test the effects of T 100 + P 400 could be discriminated from placebo already after 14 Ss. The effects of T 200, T 150 + P 300, and T 100 + P 400 respectively could not be differentiated, indicating that the dose of tolmetin can be reduced markedly by simultaneous administration of paracetamol without a loss in analgesic potency. Coadministration of tolmetin and paracetamol permits a marked reduction of the dose of tolmetin without any loss of analgesic potency as measured in a model with experimentally induced pain in healthy subjects.
Clínica y microbiología de blefaritis en pacientes atendidos en la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina Pereira. 2003 (2003)

Debido a que se desconoce el comportamiento de los procesos infecciosos oculares en la region, y ante la alta frecuencia y recurrencia observada de la blefaritis en consulta, se identificaron las caracteristicas clinicas y microbiologicas de 40 pacientes atendidos por esta patologia, en la clinica de la Fundacion Universitaria del Area Andina, Pereira, en el primer trimestre del ano 2003. A traves de encuesta se identificaron signos, sintomas y antecedentes del problema; se tomo muestra de secrecion palpebral y se cultivo en agar. El 72% de los consultantes eran estudiantes con edad promedio de 18 anos, en igual proporcion de hombres y mujeres, el 27.5% correspondia a un primer episodio, el resto a recurrencias con diferentes intervalos de tiempo, tratados principalmente con antibioticos, antiinflamatorios (46.2%) y asepsia (30.8%) Los sintomas mas frecuentes fueron los depositos asociados a queratitis (92.5%), sensacion de cuerpo extrano (85%), prurito y ardor (82.5%), y los signos recurrentes: inyeccion conjuntival (82.5%), collaretes (80%). Como patologia asociada se encontro conjuntivitis (65%); microorganismos frecuentes Staphylococcus epidermidis (87.9%), el Streptococcus gamma hemolitico (33%). El tipo de blefaritis que se presento: la mixta (47%), seguida de la Staphylococcica (42%). Para obtener una vision de la prevalencia de la blefaritis en la region, se recomienda continuar con otros estudios sobre el tema, en distintos ambientes y con poblaciones diferentes.
Characterization of potential donor acceptor pairs for polymer solar cells by ESR, optical, and electrochemical investigations (2004)

In this report new PPV-PPE copolymers <b>DE 69, DE 11</b> were compared with the state of the art materials <b>MDMO-PPV</b> and poly(3-alkylthiophenes) (<b>P3DDT, P3OT</b>). The optical band gap energy of the two copolymers <b>DE 69, DE11</b> is somewhat higher than that one of <b>MDMO-PPV</b>. The electrochemical band gap was found to be lower for <b>DE 69, DE11</b> related to for MDMO-PPV. The absorption coefficient of the new PPV-PPE copolymers is higher than for <b>MDMO-PPV</b> but in the same order of magnitude. Films from composites of <b>MDMO-PPV/PCBM</b> and <b>DE69</b> or <b>DE11</b> with <b>PCBM</b> show a clear photoluminescence quenching effect. At 77 K two kinds of LESR signals were identified, one of polarons (<i>P</i><sup>+.</sup>) and one of radical anions of fullerenes. The LESR results show strong differences in kinetics between the separation and recombination processes of photoexcited charge carriers. The relaxation rates of paramagnetic centers were estimated by microwave power saturation experiments. Photovoltaic devices were prepared under ambient conditions on flexible PET-ITO foils with <b>MDMO-PPV/ PCBM</b> (1:3 wt. %) with η<sub>AM1.5</sub> = 2.4% and <b>DE 69/ PCBM</b> (1:3 wt. %) with η<sub>AM1.5</sub> = 1.75% (A=0.25 cm<sup>2</sup>, P<sub>in</sub> = 100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>).
c-erbB2 protein overexpression in breast cancer as a target for PET using iodine-124-labeled monoclonal antibodies. (1992)

ICR 12, one of a panel of rat monoclonal antibodies recognizing the external domain of the human c-erb B2 proto-oncogene product, (Styles, 1990) was chosen as a candidate for radiolabeling with 124I for positron emission tomography of selected patients with breast cancer. By using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), optimal labeling conditions were established using 125I. The labeling efficiency was determined using instant thin-layer chromatography (ITLC) and gel filtration (HPLC). The antibody was then labeled with the positron emitter 124I, and a labeling efficiency of 96% and immunoreactivity of 80%-90% was obtained. The product was stable, with less than 5% of the radiolabel being eluted after six days storage in plasma at 37 degrees C. Immunolocalization studies were performed in athymic mice bearing human breast carcinoma xenografts overexpressing the c-erb B2 gene product using as controls 125I labeled isotype-matched rat antibody, and antigen-negative tumors. Good uptake of 124I-labeled ICR12 was obtained in c-erb B2 expressing tumors (up to 12% injected dose per gram at intervals up to 120 hr), with localization indices of 3.4-6.2. Tumor xenografts of 6 mm diameter were successfully imaged with high resolution at 24, 48 and 120 hr using the RMH/ICR MUP-PET camera. We suggest that 124I-labeled ICR12 is a suitable agent to image and quantify immunolocalization in patients whose tumors overexpress the c-erb B2 proto-oncogene product.