gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cushing's syndrome: from physiological principles to diagnosis and clinical care (2014)

The physiological control of cortisol synthesis in the adrenal cortex involves stimulation of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and then stimulation of the adrenal by ACTH. The control loop of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is closed by negative feedback of cortisol on the hypothalamus and pituitary. Understanding this system is required to master the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of endogenous hypercortisolism--Cushing's syndrome. Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is caused either by excess ACTH secretion or by autonomous cortisol release from the adrenal cortex. Diagnosis of cortisol excess exploits three physiological principles: failure to achieve the normal nadir in the cortisol diurnal rhythm, loss of sensitivity of ACTH-secreting tumours to cortisol negative feedback, and increased excretion of free cortisol in the urine. Differentiating a pituitary source of excess ACTH (Cushing's disease) from an ectopic source is accomplished by imaging the pituitary and sampling for ACTH in the venous drainage of the pituitary. With surgical removal of ACTH or cortisol-secreting tumours, secondary adrenal insufficiency ensues because of the prior suppression of the HPA axis by glucocorticoid negative feedback. Medical therapy is targeted to the anatomical location of the dysregulated component of the HPA axis. Future research will focus on new diagnostics and treatments of Cushing's syndrome. These are elegant examples of translational research: understanding basic physiology informs the development of new approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Appreciating pathophysiology generates new areas for inquiry of basic physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
A scalable synchronization protocol for large scale sensor networks and its applications (2005)

Synchronization is considered a particularly difficult task in wireless sensor networks due to its decentralized structure. Interestingly, synchrony has often been observed in networks of biological agents (e.g., synchronously flashing fireflies, or spiking of neurons). In this paper, we propose a bio-inspired network synchronization protocol for large scale sensor networks that emulates the simple strategies adopted by the biological agents. The strategy synchronizes pulsing devices that are led to emit their pulses periodically and simultaneously. The convergence to synchrony of our strategy follows from the theory of Mirollo and Strogatz, 1990, while the scalability is evident from the many examples existing in the natural world. When the nodes are within a single broadcast range, our key observation is that the dependence of the synchronization time on the number of nodes N is subject to a phase transition: for values of N beyond a specific threshold, the synchronization is nearly immediate; while for smaller N, the synchronization time decreases smoothly with respect to N. Interestingly, a tradeoff is observed between the total energy consumption and the time necessary to reach synchrony. We obtain an optimum operating point at the local minimum of the energy consumption curve that is associated to the phase transition phenomenon mentioned before. The proposed synchronization protocol is directly applied to the cooperative reach-back communications problem. The main advantages of the proposed method are its scalability and low complexity.
SOME NOTES ON THE PRINTING OF THE <i>SUMMA DE EXEMPLIS</i> , 1499 (1940)

SOME NOTES ON THE PRINTING OF THE SUMMA DE EXEMPLIS, 1499 Get access D. C. BAIN D. C. BAIN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Library, Volume s4-XXI, Issue 2, September 1940, Pages 192–198, https://doi.org/10.1093/library/s4-XXI.2.192 Published: 01 September 1940
A Model for SiNx CVD Film Growth Mechanism by Using SiH4 and NH3 Source Gases (1990)

This paper theoretically explores the SiNx CVD film growth mechanism by means of the ab initio molecular orbital method. In a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor, an SiH4 and NH3 gas mixture produces silylenes (X-Si-Y: X and Y are substituents). The insertion of silylene into a surface Si-H or N-H bond is the important part of the CVD film growth mechanism. Following the insertion, H2-elimination reaction occurs from the surface. The film growth mechanism explains Si-H and N-H bonds remaining ih an SiNx film and the deviation from the stoichiometry. Based on the mechanism, it is suggested that a new source gas, SiNH5, instead of SiH4 deposits a stoichiometric SiNx film, and that a transition layer exists between the native oxide and the bulk SiNx film.
Tricarboxylate-binding proteins of Salmonella typhimurium. Purification, crystallization, and physical properties. (1984)

Citrate transport in Salmonella typhimurium involves inducible periplasmic components. Two forms of a tricarboxylate-binding protein, C1 and C2, were isolated, in high yield, from the periplasm of a cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase mutant. These immunologically cross-reactive Mr = 29,000 proteins were crystallized using ammonium sulfate. CD measurements indicated considerable secondary structure: 24% a helix, and 12% beta structure. The amino acid compositions of C1 and C2 were identical. The NH2-terminal sequence of C1 was determined; C2 was found to have a blocked NH2 terminus (pyroglutamate). C1 and C2 are products of the same gene (Somers, J. M., and Kay, W. W. (1983) Mol. Gen. Genet. 190, 20-26). C1 and C2 bound a variety of citrate analogues and organic acids, with a predominant specificity for tricarboxylates (citrate KD 1.4 X 10(-7) M), and both required a deprotonated central carboxyl group for binding. Citrate was not bound to C protein as either a salt or metal ion complex.
Anaphylaxis to galacto‐oligosaccharides – an evaluation in an atopic population in <scp>S</scp>ingapore (2015)

Anaphylaxis to galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), a prebiotic, has been described in atopic patients following its supplementation in commercial milk formula in South-East Asia. The epidemiology of this usual allergy to a carbohydrate is unknown. This study evaluated the prevalence of allergy to two formulations of commercial GOS, Vivinal™ GOS (vGOS) and Oligomate™ , in an atopic cohort. Atopic subjects (n = 487) from two specialist allergy clinics were surveyed via structured questionnaire and underwent skin prick tests to GOS. Subjects with positive skin prick tests to GOS (n = 30, 6.2%) underwent basophil activation tests, and a subset (n = 13) underwent oral challenge tests to both formulations of GOS. Six subjects had positive challenges to vGOS; and none to Oligomate. By extrapolating the BAT and oral challenge results, the prevalence of allergy to vGOS is estimated at up to 3.5% (95% CI 2.2-5.5%) of our atopic population. Our findings show that GOS allergy may be common amongst atopics in Singapore.
State-of-the-Art and Challenges for the Internet of Things Security (2018)

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept refers to the usage of standard
Internet protocols to allow for human-to-thing and thing-to-thing
communication. The security needs for IoT systems are well- recognized
and many standardization steps to provide security have been taken,
for example, the specification of Constrained Application Protocol
(CoAP) secured with Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS). However,
security challenges still exist, not only because there are some use
cases that lack a suitable solution, but also because many IoT devices
and systems have been designed and deployed with very limited security
capabilities. In this document, we first discuss the various stages in
the lifecycle of a thing. Next, we document the security threats to a
thing and the challenges that one might face to protect against these
threats. Lastly, we discuss the next steps needed to facilitate the
deployment of secure IoT systems. This document can be used by
implementors and authors of IoT specifications as a reference for
details about security considerations while documenting their specific
security challenges, threat models, and mitigations. This document is
a product of the IRTF Thing-to-Thing Research Group (T2TRG).
Chemotherapeutics for control and treatment of ectoparasites in companion animals. (2013)

This review presents a comprehensive summary of external antiparasitic drugs evolved in recent years with special reference to development of new ingredients and formulations for effective control of external parasites in canines. Old chemical groups (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates) have been supplanted by new generation drugs (amitraz, synthetic pyrethroids, phenylpyrazoles, neonicotinoids, oxadiazines, spinosyns). In addition, insect and mite growth inhibitors have emerged and are used in animals or in the environment, either alone or in combination. At the same time, ease-of-use has been improved with development of spot-on formulations. The various active molecules and their formulations alone or in combination along with their activity spectrum and safety measures are discussed.
Plectin 1f scaffolding at the sarcolemma of dystrophic (<i>mdx</i>) muscle fibers through multiple interactions with β-dystroglycan (2007)

In skeletal muscle, the cytolinker plectin is prominently expressed at Z-disks and the sarcolemma. Alternative splicing of plectin transcripts gives rise to more than eight protein isoforms differing only in small N-terminal sequences (5-180 residues), four of which (plectins 1, 1b, 1d, and 1f) are found at substantial levels in muscle tissue. Using plectin isoform-specific antibodies and isoform expression constructs, we show the differential regulation of plectin isoforms during myotube differentiation and their localization to different compartments of muscle fibers, identifying plectins 1 and 1f as sarcolemma-associated isoforms, whereas plectin 1d localizes exclusively to Z-disks. Coimmunoprecipitation and in vitro binding assays using recombinant protein fragments revealed the direct binding of plectin to dystrophin (utrophin) and beta-dystroglycan, the key components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. We propose a model in which plectin acts as a universal mediator of desmin intermediate filament anchorage at the sarcolemma and Z-disks. It also explains the plectin phenotype observed in dystrophic skeletal muscle of mdx mice and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients.
Domain deletion in the extracellular portion of the EGF-receptor reduces ligand binding and impairs cell surface expression. (1990)

Cultured NIH-3T3 cells were transfected with cDNA constructs encoding human epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R)* and two deletion mutants in the extracellular portion of the receptor molecule. One mutant is devoid of 124 amino-terminal amino acids, and the other lacks 76 residues. Mutant receptors were not delivered to the cell surface unless the transfected cells contained also endogenous EGF-Rs, suggesting that receptor interaction complements the mutation and allows surface display of mutant receptors. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed an association between mutant and endogenous EGF-Rs when both proteins were expressed in the same cell. Hence, receptor-oligomers may exist in the plane of the membrane even in the absence of ligand binding, and oligomerization may play a role in normal trafficking of EGF-Rs to the cell surface. Mutant receptors retained partial ligand binding activity as 125I-labeled EGF was covalently cross-linked to both mutant receptors, and EGF stimulated, albeit weakly, their protein tyrosine kinase activity. Both mutant EGF-Rs bind EGF with a 10-fold lower affinity than that of the solubilized wild type EGF-R. These results provide further evidence that the region flanked by the two cysteine-rich domains plays a crucial role in defining ligand-binding specificity of EGF-R.
Freezing‐sensitive tomato has a functional CBF cold response pathway, but a CBF regulon that differs from that of freezing‐tolerant <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2004)

Many plants increase in freezing tolerance in response to low temperature, a process known as cold acclimation. In Arabidopsis, cold acclimation involves action of the CBF cold response pathway. Key components of the pathway include rapid cold-induced expression of three homologous genes encoding transcriptional activators, CBF1, 2 and 3 (also known as DREB1b, c and a, respectively), followed by expression of CBF-targeted genes, the CBF regulon, that increase freezing tolerance. Unlike Arabidopsis, tomato cannot cold acclimate raising the question of whether it has a functional CBF cold response pathway. Here we show that tomato, like Arabidopsis, encodes three CBF homologs, LeCBF1-3 (Lycopersicon esculentum CBF1-3), that are present in tandem array in the genome. Only the tomato LeCBF1 gene, however, was found to be cold-inducible. As is the case for Arabidopsis CBF1-3, transcripts for LeCBF1-3 did accumulate in response to mechanical agitation, but not in response to drought, ABA or high salinity. Constitutive overexpression of LeCBF1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants induced expression of CBF-targeted genes and increased freezing tolerance indicating that LeCBF1 encodes a functional homolog of the Arabidopsis CBF1-3 proteins. However, constitutive overexpression of either LeCBF1 or AtCBF3 in transgenic tomato plants did not increase freezing tolerance. Gene expression studies, including the use of a cDNA microarray representing approximately 8000 tomato genes, identified only four genes that were induced 2.5-fold or more in the LeCBF1 or AtCBF3 overexpressing plants, three of which were putative members of the tomato CBF regulon as they were also upregulated in response to low temperature. Additional experiments indicated that of eight tomato genes that were likely orthologs of Arabidopsis CBF regulon genes, none were responsive to CBF overexpression in tomato. From these results, we conclude that tomato has a complete CBF cold response pathway, but that the tomato CBF regulon differs from that of Arabidopsis and appears to be considerably smaller and less diverse in function.
Modification of polyethylene surface using plasma polymerization of silane (2007)

Abstract In the present study plasma polymerization of tetraethylorthosilicate and hexamethyldisiloxane was carried out on polyethylene film with an aim of enhancing barrier properties. The glow discharge was obtained at 0.2 mbar using 13.56 MHz radio frequency source capable of giving power out put up to 100 W. The monomer vapors were passed in the system at the rate of 15 SCCM. The extent of deposition was determined from the weight gain study and the morphology was studied using SEM. Films were further characterized by surface energy measurement, ATR‐FTIR and ESCA analysis. Since PE is widely used for packaging and in this process a thin layer of glass‐like transparent SiOx was deposited, therefore it was thought necessary to study permeability to water vapors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
사회 및 성격 : 3수준 태도변화 이론의 검증 : 태도강도에 따른 내 외집단 전달자와 메시지 강약의 효과 (1999)

강한 태도가 변화에 저항하는 과정은 주변경로처리도 아니고 객관적 중심경로처리도 아니기 때문에 기존의 이중처리과정 이론으로 설명하기 어렵다. 이를 확장한 3수준 태도변화 이론(나은영, 1998)에서는 지나치게 높은 동기에 의한 편파적 중심경로처리라는 제3의 경로를 가정하여, 각성수준 이론의 틀과 흡사한 하나의 패러다임 속에서 강한 태도의 처리과정을 설명할 수 있다고 주장한다. 본 연구는 두 실험을 통해 3수준 이론의 기본 가설들을 검증하였다. 실험1은 태도강도(3)×메시지 강약(2) 피험자간 요인설계였으며, 실험2는 이 두 요인에 내·외집단 전달자(2) 변인을 첨가한 3요인 설계였다. 종속변인은 태도변화량과 인지반응 및 메시지에 대한 설득력 판단이었다. 실험1과 실험2의 내집단 전달자 자료에서, 3수준 이론의 예언처럼 중간 강도의 태도에서만 약한 메시지보다 강한 메시지가 태도변화를 더 많이 일으키는 객관적 처리가 일어났다. 약한 태도는 메시지 강약에 관계없이 변화량이 많았고, 강한 태도는 메시지 강약에 관계없이 변화에 대한 저항을 보였다. 특히 강한 메시지(실험1) 또는 외집단 전달자의 강한 메시지(실험2)를 받을 경우에는 태도변화에 대한 단순한 저항을 넘어 역태도변화가 일어났다. 두 실험 모두에서 반메시지 반응은 강한 태도집단이, 친메시지 반응은 중간 태도집 단이, 그리고 무관심 반응은 약한 태도집단이 상대적으로 더 많이 생성함으로써 3수준 이론을 지지했다. 역시 두 실험 모두에서 태도강도는 내재적 정서와 높은 상관관계를 보였으며, 최초의 태도에 대한 확신의 정도가 클수록 반태도 메시지에 대한 설득력을 평가절하하는 경향도 보였는데, 이 효과는 메시지가 유발하는 각성수준을 통제할 경우 유의하지 않은 수준으로 떨어져 각성수준이 중요한 매개변인임을 입증하였다.
Intramolecular cyclization of amido acids into pyrrolidinothieno(or [1]benzothieno)[3]azepinediones (1997)

Abstract The synthesis of pyrrolidino[2,1‐ b ]thieno[3,2(2,3)‐ f ][3]azepinediones 7a,b and pyrrolidino[2,1‐ b ]‐[1]benzothieno[3,2(2,3)‐ f ][3]azepinediones 7c,d are described starting from thiophenes or [1]benzothio‐phenes acetic acids. Their selective reduction using triethylsilane led to the corresponding azepinones 17a‐d.
Ultrastructure of a Human Implantation Site (1972)

The fins structure of the trophoblast from a previllous human ovum is described. The extra‐embryonal mesoderm was lined by cylotrophoblasts, which were beginning to form the primary villi. The ultrastructure of these cells was similar to that of the Langhans' cells of the definitive villus. The syncytiotrophoblast was located peripherally and consisted of a mixture of giant cells and syncytial masses. This cell type was well differentiated, with its cytoplasm occupied by large amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi elements, and vesicles. The syncytiotrophoblast had many microvilli and pinocytotic vesicles at the surface, lining the lacunae which contained maternal blood cells. Close contact was observed between the trophoblast and the cells of the maternal glands. The trophoblastic invasion of a maternal vessel is described, and the trophoblastic invasion is discussed.
An irrecoverable change in the refractive index of plasma self-channeled silica fibers caused by femtosecond optical pulses (2003)

We have investigated the physical properties of modified optical fibers through which 110 fs Ti:sapphire laser beam is self-focused down to 5 μm at 790 and 395 nm. The optically modified region in the fiber core exhibits the refractive index greater than that in the undamaged region. Electron diffraction measurements for the damaged region reveal that the enhancement of index from 1.457 to 1.480 is induced by the crystallization of amorphous SiO2 into a cristobalite structure. During the optical damaging, silicon and oxygen plasma preferably recombine to result in new bonds responsible for the crystallization. Some of the remnant silicon plasma lead to defects of the well-known E′-center, whose density increased parabolically with the input light intensity.
Retinoic acid induces transglutaminase activity but inhibits cornification of cultured epidermal cells. (1982)

In cultured mouse epidermal basal cells, retinoic acid is a potent inducer of transglutaminase, the enzyme responsible for isodipeptide bond formation in protein cross-linking in the production of the cornified membrane during terminal differentiation. Paradoxically retinoic acid also inhibits the formation of the cross-linked envelope and greatly reduces the level of dipeptide bond formation in epidermal cells induced to differentiate by calcium. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which retinoids can modify transglutaminase activity and epidermal differentiation.
The volatile acids produced by starters and by organisms isolated from them (1923)

The work done in various laboratories during the last few years has shown that starters, instead of being pure cultures of Skeptococcis lactis, as was at one time commonly supposed, contain two or more organisms, at least one of which produces considerable amounts of volatile acid. Good starters have regularly been found to yield a high and rather definite amount of volatile acidity but natural souring and sometimes poor starters also give a high volatile acidity, so that such an acidity is no guarantee as to the quality of a starter. This indicates that while the amount of volatile acid produced is important with a starter, the character of the volatile acids must also be considered and suggests the desirability of knowing what kinds of acids are produced in starters and in pure cultures of the starter organisms. The work herein reported represents an attempt to secure information along this line and also on the kinds of acids produced during prolonged natural souring such as occurs in old cream.
Deep model style: Cross-class style compatibility for 3D furniture within a scene (2017)

Harmonizing the style of all the furniture placed within a constrained space/scene has been regarded as one of the most important tasks in interior design. Most previous style analysis works measure the style similarity or compatibility of the objects based on predefined geometric features extracted from 3D models. However, “style” is a high-level semantic concept, which is difficult to be described explicitly by handcrafted geometric features. Deep neural network has been claimed to have more powerful ability to mimic the perception of human visual cortex. Therefore, in this work we utilize Triplet Convolutional Neural Network (Triplet CNN) to analyze style compatibility between 3D furniture models of different classes (e.g., a table and a lamp). It should be noted that analyzing the style compatibility between two or more furniture of different classes is quite difficult, as the given furniture may have distinctive structures or geometric elements. We conducted experiments based on a collected dataset containing 420 textured 3D furniture models. A group of raters were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) to evaluate the comparative suitability of paired models within the dataset. The experimental results reveal that the proposed furniture style compatibility method based on deep learning is better than the state-of-the-art method and can be used for furniture recommendation.
Thematic Issue on Horizontal Gene Transfer Review article Fate of transgenic plant DNA in the environment (2007)

This review addresses the possible ecological effects of transgenic plants on micro-organisms in the field, hence, in the phytosphere and in the soil matrix. The important steps involved in the interaction between plant DNA and bacteria and the factors that influence the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) process will be discussed. HGT is a process in which two partners are involved, even if indirectly. In the first section, aspects concerning bacteria, such as their physico-chemical, biological and genetic characteristics, are described. Parameters affecting transgenic DNA fate in the environment are described in the second section. Subsequently, terrestrial habitats are evaluated in terms of their capacity to favor horizontal gene transfer. Finally, we focused on several studies in order to evaluate possible perturbations of soil bacterial community composition due to cultivation of transgenic plants in the field.
Drafting an Effective Ethical Code of Conduct for Professional Societies: A Practical Guide (2016)

Academic, medical, and research communities are struggling to quickly and effectively address unethical conduct within their professional ranks. Without a policy in place, individuals and institutes are subject to convoluted procedures and unnecessary consequences. In addition to policies geared to prevent harassment and assault, it is important to protect the ethical basis for research and provide a set of guidelines for how professionals treat each other, students, and trainees. Since drafting a policy of this nature is complex, 10 guidelines are provided as a framework for how to draft, implement, and establish an ethical code of conduct. Further implications for nonprofit societies and professional societies in particular are discussed.