gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AMP-activated Protein Kinase Plays a Role in the Control of Food Intake (2004)

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the downstream component of a protein kinase cascade that acts as an intracellular energy sensor maintaining the energy balance within the cell. The finding that leptin and adiponectin activate AMPK to alter metabolic pathways in muscle and liver provides direct evidence for this role in peripheral tissues. The hypothalamus is a key regulator of food intake and energy balance, coordinating body adiposity and nutritional state in response to peripheral hormones, such as leptin, peptide YY-(3-36), and ghrelin. To date the hormonal regulation of AMPK in the hypothalamus, or its potential role in the control of food intake, have not been reported. Here we demonstrate that counter-regulatory hormones involved in appetite control regulate AMPK activity and that pharmacological activation of AMPK in the hypothalamus increases food intake. In vivo administration of leptin, which leads to a reduction in food intake, decreases hypothalamic AMPK activity. By contrast, injection of ghrelin in vivo, which increases food intake, stimulates AMPK activity in the hypothalamus. Consistent with the effect of ghrelin, injection of 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside, a pharmacological activator of AMPK, into either the third cerebral ventricle or directly into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus significantly increased food intake. These results suggest that AMPK is regulated in the hypothalamus by hormones which regulate food intake. Furthermore, direct pharmacological activation of AMPK in the hypothalamus is sufficient to increase food intake. These findings demonstrate that AMPK plays a role in the regulation of feeding and identify AMPK as a novel target for anti-obesity drugs.
Identification of energy theft and tampered meters using a central observer meter: a mathematical approach (2004)

This paper presents a new methodology to identify energy theft and tampered meters as well as meters that are not working properly. It is based on a central observer meter that is responsible for metering the overall energy of a group of consumers under investigation. Deterministic and statistic approaches are used to determine which consumers have problems in their premises. Also, pattern recognition is used to discover energy theft using bypass.
Evaluation of a Modified Live-Virus Vaccine for the Prevention of Porcine Parvovirus-Induced Reproductive Disease in Swine (1980)

Each of 5 gilts was vaccinated IM with modified live-virus (MLV) vaccine for porcine parvovirus (PPV), and 5 gilts were used as nonvaccinated controls. Vaccinated gilts developed hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies to PPV (titer of 320 to 1,280) by 2 weeks after vaccination. All gilts wee bred, and at about 40 days of gestation their immunity was challenged by intranasal and oral administration of a virulent strain of PPV. Gilts were killed at about 84 days of gestation and their litters were examined. Litters from vaccinated gilts comprised 59 live and 2 dead fetuses. Neither the virus nor antibodies to the virus were detected in any of the fetuses. In contrast, litters from nonvaccinated gilts comprised 25 live and 29 dead fetuses, and PPV was isolated from all dead and 9 live fetuses. Viral antigen was detected by direct immunofluorescence in the lungs of all PPV-infected fetuses, and 7 of the live infected fetuses had HI antibodies. Modified live virus did not cause transplacental fetal infection in 3 seronegative gilts inoculated at about 40 days of gestation. All 3 gilts had antibodies to PPV (80 to 640) when killed at about 84 days of gestation, and neither HI antibodies nor PPV were detected in any of the 20 live and 1 dead fetuses from these gilts. Modified live virus replicated in the tissues of fetuses of 2 gilts inoculated in utero. Seven of 8 fetuses inoculated with MLV died and were infected. These results demonstrated the efficacy of MLV vaccine for the prevention of PPV-induced reproductive disease in swine. Although MLV did not cross the placental barrier in pregnant animals, its pathogenicity for porcine fetuses after direct in utero inoculation indicates that its use should be limited to nonpregnant animals.
Advanced techniques for interlayer dielectric deposition and planarization (1993)

Wafer fabrication technology is rapidly advancing toward three or four layers of metalization with geometry of 0.35 micrometers and smaller, with aspect ratios of 3:1, and a requirement that the interlayer dielectric be globally planarized. Electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR CVD) meets the prerequisites for the deposition of SiO<SUB>2</SUB> in these stringent conditions. Gap fill has been demonstrated on structures of 3:1 aspect ratio and 0.25 mm gap width. The oxide profile resulting from the ECR deposition is also well suited to global planarization by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). This paper examines the interaction between these two processes in developing a two step deposition process that achieves the desired film properties as well as providing for the CMP requirements. In step one, the metalization structure is filled with a high sputter etch to deposition rate ratio and then, step two, the ratio is reduced to produce a high deposition rate for the `sacrificial' layer that is polished by CMP.
Waste Stabilization Ponds: A Viable Alternative for Small Community Treatment Systems (1992)

ABSTRACT Waste stabilization ponds are widely used in many European countries, such as France and Germany, for the treatment of wastewater from mainly small communities. There would seem to be no reason why they should not also be a suitable treatment process for populations of under 2000 in the UK. The relative advantages and disadvantages of ponds are compared to other small community treatment systems, such as rotary biological contactors, biological filters and reed‐bed systems, particularly in relation to effluent standards with respect to algae, nutrient removal and relative costs.
In situ CMP monitoring technique for multi-layer interconnection (2002)

An all-around in situ monitor for CMP was developed. It can detect the even surface during planarization, polishing pad wear, lack of uniformity on the surface of a wafer, and the interface of different materials. In this method, small vibrations of the polishing head were detected by using an accelerometer, and signal processing techniques were used to determine polishing events.
Apelin involved in progression of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting autophagy in podocytes (2017)

Podocyte autophagy dysfunction has been reported to be responsible for the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), however, the factors contributed to autophagy dysfunction in type 2 diabetes are not fully understood. Among promoting factors in DN, an adipokine, apelin, had been showed to trigger podocyte dysfunction. Therefore, it is hypothesized that apelin, which is increased in plasma in type 2 diabetes, lead to podocyte apoptosis through inhibiting podocyte autophagy, which resulted in podocyte dysfunction followed by DN. KkAy mice (diabetic mice) and cultured podocytes (MPC5 cells and native podocytes) were treated with high glucose (HG) and apelin or its antagonist F13A. Renal function, podocyte autophagy, podocyte apoptosis and corresponding cell signaling pathways in podocytes were detected. The results showed that apelin aggravated the renal dysfunction and foot process injuries in kkAy mice, which is positively correlated to podocyte apoptosis and negatively correlated to podocyte autophagy. Apelin induced podocyte apoptosis and inhibited podocyte autophagy in both normal glucose and HG conditions while F13A reversed these effects. Investigations by western blot found that apelin inhibits podocyte autophagy through ERK-, Akt- and mTOR-dependent pathways. In conclusion, increased apelin concentration in plasma inhibited podocyte autophagy, which would lead to podocyte apoptosis and renal dysfunction in diabetes. These effects would contribute to the progression of DN.
Rising United States Hospital Admissions for Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Recent Trends and Economic Impact (2015)

Hospital admissions for adult patients in the United States with a SSSI primary diagnosis continue to increase. Decreasing hospital inpatient LOS and mortality rate may be due to improved early treatment. Future research should focus on identifying alternative treatment processes for patients with SSSI that could shift management from inpatient to outpatient treatment settings.
Effect of 3D physiological loading and motion on elastohydrodynamic lubrication of metal-on-metal total hip replacements (2009)

An elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) simulation of a metal-on-metal (MOM) total hip implant was presented, considering both steady state and transient physiological loading and motion gait cycle in all three directions. The governing equations were solved numerically by the multi-grid method and fast Fourier transform in spherical coordinates, and full numerical solutions were presented included the pressure and film thickness distribution. Despite small variations in the magnitude of 3D resultant load, the horizontal anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) load components were found to translate the contact area substantially in the corresponding direction and consequently to result in significant squeeze-film actions. For a cup positioned anatomically at 45 degrees , the variation of the resultant load was shown unlikely to cause the edge contact. The contact area was found within the cup dimensions of 70-130 degrees and 90-150 degrees in the AP and ML direction respectively even under the largest translations. Under walking conditions, the horizontal load components had a significant impact on the lubrication film due to the squeeze-film effect. The time-dependent film thickness was increased by the horizontal translation and decreased during the reverse of this translation caused by the multi-direction of the AP load during walking. The minimum film thickness of 12-20 nm was found at 0.4s and around the location at (95, 125) degrees. During the whole walking cycle both the average and centre film thickness were found obviously increased to a range of 40-65 nm, compared with the range of 25-55 nm under one load (vertical) and one motion (flexion-extension) condition, which suggested the lubrication in the current MOM hip implant was improved under 3D physiological loading and motion. This study suggested the lubrication performance especially the film thickness distribution should vary greatly under different operating conditions and the time and location that potential wear may occur was very sensitive to specific loading and motion conditions. This may provide some explanation to the large variations in wear from hip simulators and clinical studies, and also stress the importance of using more realistic loading and motion conditions in the tribological study of MOM hip prostheses.
Photodegraded nifedipine promotes transferrin-independent gallium uptake by cultured tumor cells. (1999)

The effect of photodegraded nifedipine on the uptake of 67Ga is independent of expression of the transferrin receptor. The potential for photodegraded nifedipine to improve oncologic imaging with 67Ga warrants further investigation.
Auto-Configuration Method of Provisioning System for Internet VPNs (2006)

Internet Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) across geographically distributed users' networks are ideal for ad-hoc group activities, such as online gaming, over the Internet. However, users find it difficult to determine and set the configurations of the VPN routers and hosts rapidly enough for ad-hoc usage, due to the need for consistency of such configurations over the users' networks. Moreover, the number of operators is insufficient to help all users. Hence, the automatic determination and setting of such configurations from the management server is desirable. Existing auto-configuration methods are insufficient for ad-hoc usage because they cannot rapidly determine and set the hosts' configurations to be consistent with the VPN and user's network they are joining. To enable ad-hoc creation of and joining to a VPN by the users themselves, we propose a new method that utilizes the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which can automatically set the configurations of many existing hosts. The DHCP server's and relay agents' configurations are automatically determined and set by the VPN management server, based on the user request, so that the hosts can be auto-configured to be consistent with the VPN and the user's network they are joining, from the DHCP server via the autoconfigured DHCP relay agents. To evaluate the time overhead of our proposed method, we implemented a test bed, including 10 VPN routers, a VPN management server, and a DHCP server. In this evaluation, the DHCP server is auto-configured for each new VPN in less than 1 second, and the DHCP relay agents on the VPN routers are auto-configured in less than 5 percent of the total time for configuring the VPN routers, regardless of the total number of the VPN routers in a VPN. These results show that the proposed method can auto-configure the VPN routers and hosts simultaneously with the DHCP, while ensuring sufficient rapidity of the entire auto-configuration operation for ad-hoc usage.
The Meaning of Chronic Low Back Pain (1991)

Chronic pain is experienced by 30% of individuals who suffer from pain in industrial countries. Chronic low back pain is of particular interest to the occupational health nurse. The incidence and financial cost can be documented, but the effects on an individual's life and family are not as easily recognized. This qualitative study using phenomenology describes the meaning of chronic low back pain to individuals. This study indicates that chronic low back pain dominated the lives of the individuals. The primary areas of focus were altered lifestyle and overall quality of life.
An <i>in vivo</i> model for measuring antigen‐induced SRS‐A‐mediated bronchoconstriction and plasma S RS‐ A levels in the guinea‐pig (1983)

Pharmacological modulation of antigen‐induced anaphylaxis in actively sensitized guinea‐pigs with intravenously administered indomethacin (10 mg/kg), pyrilamine (2.0 mg/kg) and propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) resulted in a delayed onset, slowly developing bronchoconstriction indicative of a slow‐reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS‐A) response. Measurements of pulmonary mechanics on the drug‐pretreated animals challenged with ovalbumin demonstrated a more prominent effect on dynamic compliance than resistance. This is consistent with the more potent effects of SRS‐A on peripheral rather than central airways. The slowly developing bronchoconstriction obtained after treatment with indomethacin, pyrilamine and propranolol was inhibited by the standard SRS‐A antagonist, FPL 55712 and the SRS‐A synthesis inhibitors, phenidone, BW 755C and nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Plasma SRS‐A levels were determined in guinea‐pigs following antigen challenge. The appearance of SRS‐A in the plasma preceded the onset of bronchoconstriction and SRS‐A levels remained elevated throughout its development. Coincident with the inhibition of bronchoconstriction by the SRS‐A synthesis inhibitor, phenidone, was a dose‐dependent reduction in plasma SRS‐A. The intravenous ED 50 in each case was 4 mg/kg. This model of antigen‐induced SRS‐A‐mediated bronchoconstriction should prove useful for the in vivo evaluation and development of therapeutics which regulate the synthesis of SRS‐A.
Evaluation of lung flute in sputum samples for molecular analysis of lung cancer (2013)

Lung Flute could potentially be useful in convenient and efficient collection of sputum for molecular diagnosis of lung cancer.
Timing models in VAL/VHDL (2003)

A detailed description is given of the timing model of VHDL (VHSIC hardware description language). VHDL uses a two-level timing model based on discrete event simulation. Timed assignment statements are preemptive, and two forms of preemption are supported in the language: inertial and transport. The author describes the VAL (VHDL annotation language) timing model and features of VAL designed to work with the VHDL timing model. VAL introduces assertions that understand the two-level timing framework in VHDL. In contrast to the preemptive assignment of VHDL, VAL models the same behavior using only anticipatory semantics (no preemption). The anticipatory model enables VAL descriptions to be treated as constraints on the input/output behavior of a device that may be directly translated into predicates. The author demonstrates by a simple example the application of formal techniques for manipulating these predicates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biphasic Restitution of Action Potential Duration and Complex Dynamics in Ventricular Myocardium (1995)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether biphasic restitution of action potential duration (APD) in ventricular muscle permits the development of complex dynamic behavior. Such behavior is expected because of the steep ascending slope of restitution and the presence of a maximum. Action potentials recorded from strips of epicardial muscle in which biphasic APD restitution occurred demonstrated a characteristic pattern of phase locking during progressive shortening of the pacing cycle length. 1:1 locking was replaced by irregular dynamics, which in turn was replaced by higher order periodic behavior (eg, 8:8 locking), then by 2:2 locking, and finally by 2:1 locking. Similar patterns of dynamic behavior were produced in a computer model by using a piecewise linear approximation of biphasic APD restitution. Features of APD restitution that were critical determinants of irregular dynamics included the slopes of the ascending and the nonmonotonic regions. These results suggest that rate-related alterations of APD and refractoriness may be affected significantly by small nonmonotonicities in APD restitution.
Focused fluid flow in passive continental margins (2005)

Passive continental margins such as the Atlantic seaboard of Europe are important for society as they contain large energy resources, and they sustain ecosystems that are the basis for the commercial fish stock. The margin sediments are very dynamic environments. Fluids are expelled from compacting sediments, bottom water temperature changes cause gas hydrate systems to change their locations and occasionally large magmatic intrusions boil the pore water within the sedimentary basins, which is then expelled to the surface. The fluids that seep through the seabed at the tops of focused fluid flow systems have a crucial role for seabed ecology, and study of such fluid flow systems can also help in predicting the distribution of hydrocarbons in the subsurface and deciphering the climate record. Therefore, the study of focused fluid flow will become one of the most important fields in marine geology in the future.
DETERMINATION AND MONITORING OF BORESIGHT MISALIGNMENT ANGLES DURING THE HYMAP CAMPAIGNS HYEUROPE 2003 AND HYEUROPE 2004 (2005)

High geometric accuracy of airborne hyperspectral image data is essential for multi-temporal studies, the generation of mosaics and the comparison and combination with other georeferenced data.\n\nDirect georeferencing of airborne line scanner data (e.g. HyMap data) implies the combination of kinematic GPS-positioning and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). With these orientation observations the exterior orientation of the sensor is available for each moment of the data acquisition. For the exact determination of the sensor’s exterior orientation, the so-called boresight misalignment angles have to be known, which describe the angular discrepancies between the sensor and the IMU coordinate system. They can be determined using ground control points (GCPs). If the misalignment proves to be stable for each mounting of the sensor, it is possible to rectify the data without the usage of extra GCPs for every image strip. This would reduce the expenditure of time and simplify the process of georefencing.\n\nThe misalignment angles are considered within the ortho-rectification software ORTHO developed by DLR, which is an essential part of the automatic processor of the future ARES (Airborne Reflective Emmisive Spectrometer) sensor.\n\nWithin this study, the long term stability of boresight misalignment angles has been investigated during the HyMap campaigns HyEurope 2003 and HyEurope 2004, where the mounting of the HyMap sensor remained unchanged for over 2 months. Several data takes over a test field around Oberpfaffenhofen with approximately 30 GCPs have been carried out to calculate the misalignment angles. The results were compared to each other and applied to different sets of HyMap data to investigate the stability and the specification of the accuracy of the boresight misalignment angles to fulfill the requested sub-pixel accuracy of the rectified image. Furthermore the study allowed an evaluation of the quality of the GCPs within the test field. The result was a significant improvement of the existing GCPs in addition with the definition and surveying of new GCPs.
Non‐invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation Acutely Improves Blood Pressure Control in a Placebo Controlled Study (2017)

Background Despite positive outcomes across a variety of disease states, invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been associated with adverse side‐effects. Given this, non‐invasive VNS (tVNS) via the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN) has been proposed as an alternative approach. However, the mechanisms underlying these positive outcomes remain unclear. Therefore, we controlled the sensory effects (placebo) to investigate if tVNS acutely improves blood pressure (BP) control. Methods Thirteen healthy men (23±1yrs) were randomized across three experimental visits in a random order. In active tVNS, electrodes were placed on the tragus of the ear and electrical current was applied by using a Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation device. A time‐ control visit was performed with the electrodes placed on tragus, but no current was applied (sham‐T). Additionally, to avoid a confounding sensory effect, another sham protocol was performed with same electrical current of the active visit, but the electrodes were placed on the ear lobe (an area without cutaneous nerve endings from the vagus – sham‐L). Before interventions were applied, we inform to subjects that both active tVNS and sham‐L would not cause any harm. Beat‐to‐beat heart rate (HR) and BP were monitored at rest, during tVNS (active, sham‐T and sham‐L) and recovery. Spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS) was measured via sequence technique. Both HR (LF/HF) and BP variability (BPV) were also measured. Results Arterial BP and BPV were not affected by any active or sham protocols (P>0.05). HR and LF/HF ratio decreased (Δ–3.4±1% and Δ–17±10%, P<0.05, respectively) and cBRS increased (Δ20±7%, P<0.05) only during active tVNS, but were unchanged during both sham protocols (P>0.05). Conclusion The results of the present study provide evidence that tVNS acutely improves neural control of BP in healthy young men. These findings allow us to suggest that spontaneous cBRS and cardiac sympathovagal balance could play a role in the mechanisms involved in previously reported beneficial outcomes caused by tVNS. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings in older and diseased populations. Support or Funding Information J.L.S., A.L.T., P.M.M. have been supported by scholarships from Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).