gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing a Model (2012)

The appropriate development of a model begins with understanding the problem that is being represented. The aim of this article is to provide a series of consensus-based best practices regarding the process of model conceptualization. For the purpose of this series of papers, the authors consider the development of models whose purpose is to inform medical decisions and health-related resource allocation questions. They specifically divide the conceptualization process into two distinct components: the conceptualization of the problem, which converts knowledge of the health care process or decision into a representation of the problem, followed by the conceptualization of the model itself, which matches the attributes and characteristics of a particular modeling type to the needs of the problem being represented. Recommendations are made regarding the structure of the modeling team, agreement on the statement of the problem, the structure, perspective and target population of the model, and the interventions and outcomes represented. Best practices relating to the specific characteristics of model structure, and which characteristics of the problem might be most easily represented in a specific modeling method, are presented. Each section contains a number of recommendations that were iterated among the authors, as well as the wider modeling taskforce, jointly set up by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research and the Society for Medical Decision Making.
Facile Synthesis of Highly Photoactive α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-Based Films for Water Oxidation (2011)

This work reports a facile method for preparing highly photoactive α-Fe(2)O(3) films as well as their implementation as photoanodes for water oxidation. Transparent α-Fe(2)O(3) films were prepared by a new deposition-annealing (DA) process using nontoxic iron(III) chloride as the Fe precursor, followed by annealing at 550 °C in air. Ti-doped α-Fe(2)O(3) films were prepared by the same method, with titanium butoxide added as the Ti precursor. Impedance measurements show that the Ti-dopant serves as an electron donor and increases the donor density by 2 orders of magnitude. The photoelectrochemical performance of undoped and Ti-doped α-Fe(2)O(3) photoanodes was characterized and optimized through controlled variation of the Fe and Ti precursor concentration, annealing conditions, and the number of DA cycles. Compared to the undoped sample, the photocurrent onset potential of Ti-doped α-Fe(2)O(3) is shifted about 0.1-0.2 V to lower potential, thus improving the photocurrent and incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) at lower bias voltages. Significantly, the optimized Ti-doped α-Fe(2)O(3) film achieved the highest photocurrent density (1.83 mA/cm(2)) and IPCE values at 1.02 V vs RHE for α-Fe(2)O(3) photoanode. The enhanced photocurrent is attributed to the improved donor density and reduced electron-hole recombination at the time scale beyond a few picoseconds, as a result of Ti doping.
In vivo Biodistribution and Urinary Excretion of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Effects of Particle Size and PEGylation (2010)

The in vivo biodistribution and urinary excretion of spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are evaluated by tail-vein injection in ICR mice, and the effects of the particle size and PEGylation are investigated. The results indicate that both MSNs and PEGylated MSNs of different particle sizes (80-360 nm) distribute mainly in the liver and spleen, a minority of them in the lungs, and a few in the kidney and heart. The PEGylated MSNs of smaller particle size escape more easily from capture by liver, spleen, and lung tissues, possess longer blood-circulation lifetime, and are more slowly biodegraded and correspondingly have a lower excreted amount of degradation products in the urine. Neither MSNs nor PEGylated MSNs cause tissue toxicity after 1 month in vivo.
Álvarez, Eliseo y Suriano, Juan: 505 días que la Argentina olvidó. De la rendición de Malvinas al triunfo de Alfonsín, Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 2013. (2013)

05 dias separaron la derrota de Malvinas, sellada con la rendicion de las tropas argentinas el 14 de junio de 1982, del triunfo electoral de Alfonsin en las elecciones presidenciales del 30 de octubre de 1983. En ese casi ano y medio, el pais fue testigo de la descomposicion del regimen militar que desde 1976 habia utilizado los resortes esta tales para el ejercicio sistematico de la violencia sobre una sociedad con altos niveles de movilizacion. El fracaso estrepitoso de Malvinas, una empresa que representaba el intento desesperado de salvacion de un regimen en decadencia, acelero un proceso que se venia gestando desde anos atras como producto del desbarajuste economico y las violaciones a los derechos humanos. Sin embargo, el camino hacia la democracia no fue lineal y homogeneo, sino que las tensiones entre los diversos actores, tanto civiles como militares, estuvieron a la orden del dia. Este proceso complejo, cargado de avances y retrocesos, es el que se proponen reconstruir Juan Suriano y Eliseo Al 5
Internet Web Site Jurisdiction, 20 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 21 (2001) (2001)

The Internet is here to stay. Consequently, disputes in this cyberspace are heard in courts nationwide, and one of the most fundamental litigation questions is the personal jurisdiction. In this article, the authors discuss the difficulties courts have in defining the degree of interaction between the Web site operator and online users. The authors first discuss the background of how courts tackle the personal jurisdiction issue. Then, as the society leaps into the cyberspace, authors analyze how this great development in technology and communications creates challenges to courts in grounding personal jurisdictional issues. By going through case analyses, authors show how courts struggled in this endeavor. Authors further discuss five academic proposals to resolving the online personal jurisdiction issue, new test for "interactivity," the "highway approach," the use of "effects test" from Calder v. Jones, focus on the "nature and quality of the commercial activity," and a three-step analysis of "cyber" jurisdiction issue. In the end, authors organize these theories and proposals to form their suggestions in tackling the personal jurisdiction issue on the Internet.
Drugs and the Lung (1994)

Agonists Domenico Spina Anticholinergic Therapy Peter J. Barnes Xanthines Paul Sullivan, Clive P. Page, and John F. Costello Current Drugs for Respiratory Diseases: Glucocorticosteroids Ralph L. Brattsand and Olof B.N. Selroos Prophylactic Anti-Asthma Drugs Jonathan W. Becker and C. Warren Bierman Antihistamines Philip G. Bardin and Stephen T. Holgate Immunosuppressive Agents in the Treatment of Asthma Christine A. Sorkness, Jutta C. Joseph, and William W Busse Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer Charlotte Rayner and Stephen G. Spiro Antibiotics and the Lung Robert Wilson and Kenneth W. T. Tsang Novel Drugs for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases Potassium Channel Openers John Morley Selective Phosphodiesterase Isozyme Inhibitors Theodore J. Torphy, Kenneth J. Murray, and Jonathan R. S. Arch The Pharmacology of Bradykinin in Human Airways Stephen G. Farmer PAF Antagonists as Asthma Therapeutics Dean A. Handley and Franklin Cerasoli, Jr. Tachykinin Receptor Antagonists Carlo Alberto Maggi and StefanO Manzini Drug Therapy for the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Jonathan D. Plitman and James R. Snapper Mechanisms of Airway Inflammation and Implications for Treatment of Asthma and Bronchitis Michael J. Holtzman, Vickie R. Shannon, A.M. Masi, and D.C. Cook
The synthesis of gongrine and some other amidinoureido-acids (1967)

γ-(Amidinoureido)butyric acid has been synthesised by condensation of N-amidino-N′-nitrourea with γ-aminobutyric acid, and is identical with the natural product gongrine. Seven other amidinoureido-acids have also been synthesised by this method.
Simple Diamine- and Triamine-Protonic Acid Catalysts for the Enantioselective Michael Addition of Cyclic Ketones to Nitroalkenes (2006)

Simple, chiral, pyrrolidine-based diamine and triamine derivatives that incorporate the secondary-secondary diamine motif are efficient catalysts for the highly diastereoselective and enantioselective Michael addition of cyclic ketones to 2-nitrovinyl arenes. The highest selectivities are obtained when these catalysts are used in conjunction with protonic acids. Steric factors in the substrate and the size of the acid additive play an important role in stereoselection.
Effects of Oxytocin on Attention to Emotional Faces in Healthy Volunteers and Highly Socially Anxious Males (2014)

These results, coupled with previous research, could indicate a potential therapeutic use of this hormone in treatment for social anxiety.
Reconstitution of the membrane-bound, ubiquinone-dependent pyruvate oxidase respiratory chain of Escherichia coli with the cytochrome d terminal oxidase (1984)

Pyruvate oxidase is a flavoprotein dehydrogenase located on the inner surface of the Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane and coupled to the E. coli aerobic respiratory chain. In this paper, the role of quinones in the pyruvate oxidase system is investigated, and a minimal respiratory chain is described consisting of only two pure proteins plus ubiquinone 8 incorporated in phospholipid vesicles. The enzymes used in this reconstitution are the flavoprotein and the recently purified E. coli cytochrome d terminal oxidase. The catalytic velocity of the reconstituted liposome system is about 30% of that observed when the flavoprotein is reconstituted with E. coli membranes. It is also shown that electron transport from pyruvate to oxygen in the liposome system generates a transmembrane potential of at least 180 mV (negative inside), which is sensitive to the uncouplers carbonyl cyanide p-(tri-chloromethoxy)phenylhydrazone and valinomycin. A trans-membrane potential is also generated by the oxidation of ubiquinol 1 by the terminal oxidase in the absence of the flavoprotein. It is concluded that (1) the flavoprotein can directly reduce ubiquinone 8 within the phospholipid bilayer, (2) menaquinone 8 will not effectively substitute for ubiquinone 8 in this electron-transfer chain, and (3) the cytochrome d terminal oxidase functions as a ubiquinol 8 oxidase and serves as a "coupling site" in the E. coli aerobic respiratory chain. These investigations suggest a relatively simple organization for the E. coli respiratory chain.
Lipids, fatty acids composition and carotenoids of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in hydroponic wastewater (2006)

Alternative culture media have been evaluated for the cultivation of microalgae, among them are, industrial and agriculture wastewaters, that make residue recycling possible by bioconverting it into a rich, nourishing biomass that can be used as a feeding complement in aquaculture and in diverse areas. The objective of this research is to determine the lipid, fatty acid profile and carotenoid produced by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in a hydroponic wastewater, with different dilutions. The results showed that lipid contents did not present significant differences. Fatty acids were predominantly 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:3n-6. For total carotenoids, the dilution of hydroponic wastewater did not stimulate the production of these pigments. From this study, it was determined that, the use of hydroponic wastewater as an alternative culture medium for the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris generates good perspectives for lipid, fatty acid and carotenoid production.
Magnetic-fluid oscillator: Observation of nonlinear period doubling (1991)

The peak pattern of a magnetic fluid, in both a vertical dc and an additional vertical ac magnetic field, behaves as an oscillator. Using the ac-dc field ratio as a control parameter, we study the dynamics of this oscillator. For low values, the peaks oscillate at the ac field frequency, whereas for a large enough value the oscillation is subharmonic (period doubling). The phase diagram is interpreted in terms of a bounded parametric resonance driven by the nonlinearity of the oscillator. In 2D this transition occurs with symmetry breaking from a triangular to a square pattern.
Expression of myogenin during embryogenesis is controlled by Six/ <i>sine oculis</i> homeoproteins through a conserved MEF3 binding site (1998)

Myogenin, one of the MyoD family of proteins, is expressed early during somitogenesis and is required for myoblast fusion in vivo. Previous studies in transgenic mice have shown that a 184-bp myogenin promoter fragment is sufficient to correctly drive expression of a beta-galactosidase transgene during embryogenesis. We show here that mutation of one of the DNA motifs present in this region, the MEF3 motif, abolished correct expression of this beta-galactosidase transgene. We have found that the proteins that bind to the MEF3 site are homeoproteins of the Six/sine oculis family. Antibodies directed specifically against Six1 or Six4 proteins reveal that each of these proteins is present in the embryo when myogenin is activated and constitutes a muscle-specific MEF3-binding activity in adult muscle nuclear extracts. Both of these proteins accumulate in the nucleus of C2C12 myogenic cells, and transient transfection experiments confirm that Six1 and Six4 are able to transactivate a reporter gene containing MEF3 sites. Altogether these results establish Six homeoproteins as a family of transcription factors controlling muscle formation through activation of one of its key regulators, myogenin.
Synthesis and Anticholinergic Activity of Ester Derivatives of Substituted 3-Pyrrolidinols (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Anticholinergic Activity of Ester Derivatives of Substituted 3-PyrrolidinolsC. W. Ryan and C. AinsworthCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 8, 2901–2905Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01055a043https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01055a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views391Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The unusual extended signal peptide region of the type V secretion system is phylogenetically restricted (2006)

The plasmid encoded toxin, Pet, is a prototypical member of the serine protease autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae. In addition to the passenger and beta-domains typical of autotransporters, in silico predictions indicate that Pet possesses an unusually long N-terminal signal sequence. The signal sequence can be divided into five regions termed N1 (charged), H1 (hydrophobic), N2, H2 and C (cleavage site) domains. The N1 and H1 regions, which we have termed the extended signal peptide region, demonstrate remarkable conservation. In contrast, the N2, H2 and C regions demonstrate significant variability and are reminiscent of typical Sec-dependent signal sequences. Despite several investigations, the function of the extended signal peptide region remains obscure and surprisingly it has not been proven that the extended signal peptide region is actually synthesized as part of the signal sequence. Here, we demonstrate that the extended signal peptide region is present only in Gram-negative bacterial proteins originating from the classes Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria, and more particularly only in proteins secreted via the Type V secretion pathway: autotransporters, TpsA exoproteins of the two-partner system and trimeric autotransporters. In vitro approaches demonstrate that the DNA region encoding the extended signal peptide region is transcribed and translated.
Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen, 35. Mitt. Asperdurin, ein neues antimykotisches Phthalid aus <i>Aspergillus duricaulis</i> (1988)

Abstract Aus Fermentationsextrakten von Aspergillus duricaulis wurde das neue Phthalid Asperdurin (4) isoliert und in seiner Struktur aufgeklärt, 4 zeigt ausgeprägte antifungische Wirksamkeit.
ChemInform Abstract: Approaches to Hexane‐Soluble Cationic Organometallic Lewis Acids. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Titanocene Derivatives Containing Polysilylated Cyclopentadienyl Ligands. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Expanding the role of chemistry to produce new amphiphilic polymer (co)networks (2009)

Preparation of model amphiphilic polymer networks (APNs) using various polymerization mechanisms and/or organic coupling reactions are reviewed. A particular emphasis is made on controlled/“living” polymerization techniques in their diversities and how they impact on the structure-reactivity relationships. Advantages and limitations of each technique, as well as improvement of final physical/dynamical properties, are thoroughly discussed and compared for some of the mechanisms. Confrontation of experimental data with Flory’s theory is also displayed in the particular case of controlled radical polymerization (CRPs) techniques. Synthesis of model APNs by the end-linking process using efficient organic coupling reactions such as Michael-type addition, Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and thiol-ene click reactions are deeply illustrated and discussed.
Preparation of Poly(acrylic acid) Grafted Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by a Two-Step Irradiation Technique (2005)

A facile strategy to prepare water-soluble multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by two steps of γ radiation is developed. First, MWNTs are irradiated in ethanol. The radiolysis of ethanol produces many active species such as •CH2CH2OH and •CH(CH3)OH which react with CC bonds on the surface of MWNTs. Afterward, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is covalently grafted to the surface of modified MWNTs by radiation in the presence of acrylic acid. FT-IR, 1H NMR, and TGA results showed that PAA chains were successfully grafted onto the surface of MWNTs. The TEM images also provide direct evidence of the formation of a core−shell structure, and the external diameter of resultant MWNTs is increased remarkably. The PAA-g-MWNTs have very good solubility in water and other polar solvents. This two-step grafting approach may also be employed introducing other functional polymer chains onto MWNTs.
Review of the Thermal Conductivity of Thin Films (1998)

The thermal conductivity of thin e lms (0.01 ‐ 100 mm) governs the heat transfer characteristics and affects the performance and reliability of the microelectronic devices in which they are used. To measure the thermal conductivity of these e lms, several different steady-state and transient techniques have been developed, some involving the use of lasers. New methods of thin-e lm deposition have also been developed. This paper reviews experimental and analytical techniques and the thermal conductivity results obtained. It is shown that that the results obtained by these different measurement techniques and deposition methods vary signie cantly. This emphasizes the importance of measuring the thermal conductivity of thin-e lm materials that closely resemble those being used in specie c applications. Nomenclature A = cross-sectional area a = radius of e lm b = width C = specie c heat d = diameter of metal line E = exponential function e = electrical charge ef = thermal diffusivity f = frequency G = conductance g = ratio of e lm to substrate effusivity I = electrical current K = thermal conductivity k = Boltzmann constant L = location of e lm edge Lo = Lorentz constant l = length of line N = number of slabs of coating material q = power output ‐ input length R = resistance T = temperature t = time W = width X = location of sensor z = layer of thickness a = thermal diffusivity a9 = thermal conductivity of microcracks b = size of microcracks g = fraction cross-sectional area covered by microcracks, g < 1 D = difference « = emissivity l = mean free path of phonons n = velocity of sound r = density s = electrical conductivity t = time constant v = frequency
Precipitation of β-SiC in Si1−yCy alloys (1998)

The infrared modes of annealed Si1−yCy alloys were studied experimentally and theoretically. The alloys were grown on Si(100) substrates by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. At annealing temperatures above 850 °C, the localized vibrational mode of substitutional C around 605 cm−1 diminished in intensity while another mode due to incoherent silicon carbide precipitates appeared at 810 cm−1. For lower processing temperatures, a peak around 725 cm−1 has been tentatively attributed to a C-rich phase, which is a precursor to SiC precipitation. Theoretical calculations based on the anharmonic Keating model predict that small (1 nm) 3C–SiC coherent precipitates may actually produce a mode at 725 cm−1. This mode occurs if the bonds gradually vary in length between the C-rich region and the host lattice. On the other hand, if the bonds are abruptly distorted at the edges of the precipitate, it becomes elastically isolated from the host lattice, and the 810 cm−1 mode appears. This study yields a picture of the thermal stability of dilute SiC alloys, which is important for the high-temperature processing steps necessary for device applications. Moreover, the coherent precipitation may provide a controllable way to form self-assembled 3C–SiC quantum dots into silicon germanium carbon alloys.
A COMPACT CORONA DISCHARGE DEVICE (CDD{trademark}) FOR NON-THERMAL PLASMA GENERATION IN GASOLINE OR DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST (2000)

Higher fuel economy targets and hybrid vehicles are increasing the marketability of diesel engines. But in order to implement the growth of diesels to achieve the fuel economy benefits, all emission regulation issues must be met. To do this traps and catalysts are being utilized. One of the main problems is finding a technology that enables the exhaust emission system to not only meet the emission requirements when new, but also to meet them at the regulated intermediate and full life requirements. Work is being done that enables catalysts to remain highly efficient throughout their full life. It is done by using a corona discharge device (CDD{trademark}) that introduces non-thermal plasma into the exhaust ahead of the converter. This low power device creates radicals that alter the chemistry of the exhaust so as to limit the poisoning of the catalyst. This can be done without so called ''purge'' cycles that lower fuel economy and degrade catalyst long-term durability. This device has been developed, not as a laboratory tool, but as a production ready product and is the first of its kind that is commercially available for testing. It is this product, the Corona Discharge Device, CDD{trademark}, which will be described.