gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A sciatic nerve protein has a trophic effect on development and maintenance of skeletal muscle cells in culture. (1979)

Citrate-soluble extracts of chicken sciatic nerve were fractionated biochemically and added to cultures of embryonic chicken skeletal muscle in order to identify the component that exerted trophic influences on the muscle. A protein fraction that expressed trophic activity was obtained by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 superfine. This fraction enhanced the rate and degree of morphological maturation and the level of protein synthesis in embryonic muscle cells. Muscle fibers treated with this fraction after maturation in culture survived for longer periods in vitro than did comparable controls. Characterization of the active protein fraction by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of one major protein (molecular weight 84,000) and three minor proteins. Electrophoretic analysis of biologically inactive gel filtration fractions indicated that the three minor proteins were contaminants and that biological activity was associated with the protein of molecular weight 84,000. Analytical isoelectric focusing revealed that the active protein was acidic and focused as four species with isoelectric points (pI) of 5.74, 5.77, 5.92, and 6.15. Maximal incorporation of [14C]-leucine into muscle cell protein was elicited by 20 microgram of active protein per culture dish. These data suggest that an acidic protein having trophic influences upon muscle has been identified and partially purified.
Diagnostic value of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 and C-reactive protein for patients with lung infiltrates: an observational study (2010)

TREM-1 myeloid expression and sTREM-1 are reliable markers of bacterial infection among patients with pulmonary infiltrates; sTREM-1 is a predictor of final outcome.
Recording performance of submicron track width thin film heads (1996)

This spin-stand measurement study focuses on recording characteristics at submicron scale track width. The pole tips of a set of identical thin film heads were trimmed from the air-bearing surface by focused ion beam etching. A set of thin film heads with track widths ranging from W=2 μm to W=0.5 μm were produced. Recording experiments were performed on a high precision spin-stand tester using these heads. Both on-track and off-track performances were studied and analyzed. As the track width is scaled down, degrading of recording performance is observed. When the width of a recording head is decreased, the onset of partial erasure occurs at a lower density, and the noise power per unit head track width increases. Further investigation on the track profiles reveals that the extent of partial erasure is higher at the track edge as density increases, and this phenomenon is more pronounced in narrower track width heads.
Estimation of origin-destination trip rates in Leicester (2001)

The road system in region RA of Leicester has vehicle detectors embedded in many of the network's road links. Vehicle counts from these detectors can provide transportation researchers with a rich source of data. However, for many projects it is necessary for researchers to have an estimate of origin-to-destination vehicle flow rates. Obtaining such estimates from data observed on individual road links is a non-trivial statistical problem, made more difficult in the present context by non-negligible measurement errors in the vehicle counts collected. The paper uses road link traffic count data from April 1994 to estimate the origin-destination flow rates for region RA. A model for the error prone traffic counts is developed, but the resulting likelihood is not available in closed form. Nevertheless, it can be smoothly approximated by using Monte Carlo integration. The approximate likelihood is combined with prior information from a May 1991 survey in a Bayesian framework. The posterior is explored using the Hastings-Metropolis algorithm, since its normalizing constant is not available. Preliminary findings suggest that the data are overdispersed according to the original model. Results for a revised model indicate that a degree of overdispersion exists, but that the estimates of origin-destination flow rates are quite insensitive to the change in model specification.
Uptake, localization, and photodynamic effect of meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)porphine and its corresponding chlorin in normal and tumor tissues of mice bearing mammary carcinoma. (1995)

By using a chemical extraction assay and confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, the kinetic patterns of uptake, elimination, and localization of meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)porphine (m-THPP) and its corresponding chlorin (m-THPC) in tumors and various normal tissues of female C3D2/F1 mice bearing CaD2 mammary carcinoma were studied after an i.p. injection of either 5 mg/kg body weight of m-THPP or 1 mg/kg body weight of m-THPC. Moreover, the histological and ultrastructural alterations of the tumors were evaluated after photodynamic therapy (PDT) with m-THPP or m-THPC. The PDT efficacy with m-THPP and m-THPC was also compared. Both m-THPP and m-THPC had a similar kinetic pattern of distribution in the tumors and most normal tissues examined. The concentrations of the dyes in the tissues peaked at 24-48 h after injection. The peak values of the uptake of m-THPP by the tissues were found to decrease in the following order: spleen > urinary tract > kidney > liver > lung > tumor > heart > skin > muscle > brain. However, higher concentrations of m-THPC were taken up by the tumors than by most of the normal tissues studied except for the liver, urinary tract, and skin. m-THPP was mainly localized in the stroma of the tumors, whereas m-THPC was distributed in both vascular interstitium and neoplastic cells of the tumors. Morphological studies showed that PDT with m-THPP resulted in destructive changes in the microvasculature of the tumors, whereas m-THPC-based PDT destroyed both vascular walls and tumor cells of the tumors. The m-THPP-PDT of the tumors was much less efficient than m-THPC-PDT of the tumors, although the dose of m-THPP used was five times higher than that of m-THPC. m-THPP and m-THPC have different efficiency of sensitizing tumors to photodestruction, although they are similar with respect to hydrophobicity. This is likely due to the differences in their intratumoral localization patterns and in their absorption spectra.
Hybrid acquisition in DS/CDMA forward link (2002)

The evaluation of a hybrid acquisition performance has been considered for the pilot signal in the direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) forward link. The hybrid acquisition is introduced by the combination of two schemes, parallel and serial acquisitions. The mean acquisition time of the proposed scheme is derived by considering both case 1 (the correct code-phase offsets are included in one subset) and case 2 (the correct code-phase offsets exist at the boundary of two subsets), which are caused by the distribution of correct code-phase offsets in the subset. Detection, false alarm, and miss probabilities are derived for the cases of multiple correct code-phase offsets and multipath Rayleigh fading channel. Results are provided for the acquisition performance with respect to design parameters such as postdetection integration length in search and verification modes, subset size, and number of I/Q noncoherent correlators. Also, comparison between the hybrid acquisition and the fully parallel acquisition is provided in terms of the minimum mean acquisition time.
Modifying Porous Silicon with Self-Assembled Monolayers for Biomedical Applications: The Influence of Surface Coverage on Stability and Biomolecule Coupling (2008)

Integrating nanostructured silicon materials with aqueous biological systems requires a suitable chemical passivation that can be controlled in a reproducible fashion. Herein, we investigate in detail a facile method to control both the stability of a porous silicon rugate filter and the degree to which the material can be functionalized with biological molecules. Hydrosilylation of neat and dilute undecenoic acid over time leads to monolayers with different chemical surface coverage within the mesoporous architecture. We show how the shift in the reflectance spectrum, as a result of the change in the average refractive index of the rugate filter, can be used to assess the coverage of organic molecules on the pore surfaces. Surfaces with low monolayer coverage dissolve rapidly when exposed to aqueous solutions but are amenable to a high degree of biological functionalization. Surfaces with high coverage show exceptional stability but are biologically modified to a lesser degree. Therefore, tailoring the reaction conditions can be used to suit the application where control of stability and degree of biological modification are important criterion. Surfaces fabricated within the intermediate regime display both good stability and efficient biomolecule conjugation thus making them ideal for sensing applications. Biosensing utility is demonstrated by detecting active protease within the crystal by cleavage of immobilized peptides.
The SH2 Domain–Containing Proteins in 21 Species Establish the Provenance and Scope of Phosphotyrosine Signaling in Eukaryotes (2011)

The Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are participants in metazoan signal transduction, acting as primary mediators for regulated protein-protein interactions with tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates. Here, we describe the origin and evolution of SH2 domain proteins by means of sequence analysis from 21 eukaryotic organisms from the basal unicellular eukaryotes, where SH2 domains first appeared, through the multicellular animals and increasingly complex metazoans. On the basis of our results, SH2 domains and phosphotyrosine signaling emerged in the early Unikonta, and the numbers of SH2 domains expanded in the choanoflagellate and metazoan lineages with the development of tyrosine kinases, leading to rapid elaboration of phosphotyrosine signaling in early multicellular animals. Our results also indicated that SH2 domains coevolved and the number of the domains expanded alongside protein tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases, thereby coupling phosphotyrosine signaling to downstream signaling networks. Gene duplication combined with domain gain or loss produced novel SH2-containing proteins that function within phosphotyrosine signaling, which likely have contributed to diversity and complexity in metazoans. We found that intra- and intermolecular interactions within and between SH2 domain proteins increased in prevalence along with organismal complexity and may function to generate more highly connected and robust phosphotyrosine signaling networks.
Sub-nm-spaced frequency-addressed qubits (2006)

The proximity between the ions results in large interactions and potentially allows fast gates, but they can still be separately addressed since different ions have different optical resonance frequency. The interaction that enables multi-qubit gates can be turned on at will and is based on that the permanent dipole moment changes as a control ion is transferred to the optically excited state which in turn Stark-shifts target qubit out of resonance. Using optical pumping, all ions within a frequency interval can be removed and then a peak of equivalent ions, each belonging to one instance of many parallel quantum computers can be positioned within the non-absorbing region. This qubit has then been efficiently transferred between different qubit states using robust complex hyperbolic secant pulses. Pairs of qubits that interact strongly have also been distilled
OZONOLYSIS OF “POLYMER-TYPE” MATERIAL IN COAL, KEROGEN AND IN THE ORGUEIL METEORITE: A PRELIMINARY REPORT (1966)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Estimating Origin-Destination Flows Using Mobile Phone Location Data (2011)

Using an algorithm to analyze opportunistically collected mobile phone location data, the authors estimate weekday and weekend travel patterns of a large metropolitan area with high accuracy.
Novel inkjet-printed substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) structures on low-cost materials for wearable applications (2012)

The implementation of Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) structures in paper-based inkjet-printed technology is presented in this paper for the first time. SIW interconnects and components have been fabricated and tested on a multilayer paper substrate, which permits to implement low-cost and eco-friendly structures. A broadband and compact ridge substrate integrated slab waveguide covering the entire UWB frequency range is proposed and preliminarily verified. SIW structures appear particularly suitable for implementation on paper, due to the possibility to easily realize multilayered topologies and conformal geometries.
Effects of heterogeneities on fluid flow and borehold permeability measurements (1994)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1994.
Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer for three-dimensional <i>in</i> <i>vivo</i> imaging at very low frequency (1992)

The paper describes an electron paramagnetic resonance apparatus for spectroscopy and imaging at very low frequency (283 MHz). The bridge operates in a reflection cavity homodyne configuration and can be used on a very broad frequency range. The sample cavity is a one loop-two gap resonator and accepts samples up to 5 cm in diameter and 10 cm long. These sample dimensions make the apparatus suitable for observing living samples such as rats. For the main field and gradients the apparatus uses a newly designed multipolar magnet that can provide the main field and gradients for 2D image reconstruction. The third gradient is obtained by coils mounted in the bore of the magnet. Tests on peroxilamine disulfonate samples have shown micromolar sensitivity. The minimum spatial resolution is limited by the sample linewidth and by the signal/noise. In living samples the toxicity of nitroxide radicals restricts the maximum label concentrations to values of the order of 10−4 M, and the resolution seems to be limited by sensitivity to fractions of cm3.
Optimization of a dual-rotating-retarder Mueller matrix polarimeter (2002)

The dual-rotating-retarder configuration is one of the most common forms of the Mueller matrix polarimeter. I perform an optimization of this polarimeter configuration by minimizing the condition number of the system data reduction matrix. I find the optimum retardance for the rotating retarders to be 127 degrees. If exactly 16 intensity measurements are used for a Mueller matrix calculation, a complex relationship exists between the condition number and the sizes of the angular increments of the two retarders. If many intensity measurements are made, thus overspecifying the calculation, I find broad optimal ranges of angular increments of the two retarders that yield essentially equal performance. Experimental results are given.
Enhanced Metric Sorting for Successive Cancellation List Decoding of Polar Codes (2018)

This letter focuses on the metric sorting step for successive cancellation list decoders for polar codes, which play an important role in the overall comparison process. We propose three effective pairwise metric sorting (PMS) methods based on general pairwise sorting. We first describe a full-sorted PMS architecture with fewer comparators than state-of-the-art methods. Second, we present a half-sorted PMS architecture for notable decreases in the number of comparison stages and augmentation of the comparisons. Finally, we describe the M-bit parallel decoding architecture, which significantly reduces the comparison stages when compared with the 1-bit sorting method of M times. Evaluation results indicate that the proposed PMS method outperforms state-of-the-art metric sorting methods in terms of comparisons and comparison stages, which effectively reduces latency and hardware resource.
Synthesis and hypotensive activity of N-alkyl-N''-cyano-N'-pyridylguanidines (1978)

A variety of N-alkyl-N'-pyridyl-N"-cyanoguanidines III was prepared as potential bioisosteres of hypotensive N-alkyl-N'-pyridylthioureas Ia. Optimal activity of the N,N'-disubstituted cyanoguanidines III was assoicated with the presence of four to seven carbon branched alkyl and 3- or 4-pyridyl groups. Maximum potency was displayed by N-tert-pentyl-N'-3 pyridyl-N"-cyanoguanidine (20). This compound proved to be 200 times more potent than the corresponding thiourea in hypertensive rats and dogs. In comparison with guancydine, which is the de-3-pyridyl analogue of 20, a 150-fold increase of potency in spontaneously hypertensive rats was obtained with 20 and its tert-butyl analogue 19. The observed activity appears to be due to direct vascular relaxation. On a weight basis compounds 19, 20, 50, and 101 compared favorably with hydralazine.
A novel broadband high-isolation cross dipole utilizing strong mutual coupling (2013)

A novel broadband cross dipole with high isolation and low cross polarization is presented in this paper. By skillfully utilizing the strong mutual coupling between the two dipoles, very good impedance match, sufficiently high isolation and low cross polarization can be achieved simultaneously. To get a directional radiation pattern, a metal reflector is placed under the antenna. The simulated measured results show that a more than 56% impedance bandwidth for SWR<;1.5 from 1.66GHz to 2.96GHz is achieved, within which the port isolation is larger than 30dB. As an important advantage, the input impedance of the antenna can be changed within certain limits by properly adjusting the configuration, thus the antenna can be fed directly by 50-ohm coaxial cables without using impedance transformers. Particularly, the mechanisms for wide impedance bandwidth and high port isolation are discussed in this paper.
Optimization design of the dual-steering control system for all-wheel independent electric drive vehicle (2011)

In order to give full play to the advantage of the all-wheel independent electric drive vehicle, the dual-steering control system has been designed. A hierarchical control structure, which integrates a goal design layer, a direct yawing moment determining layer, and a driving force distribution layer, is used in the vehicle control system. The dual-steering control system was verified in simulation and experimental tests. The results show that the dual-steering control system can provide a high level of performance in term of maneuverability for it can effectively reduce steering radius, and the system can satisfy the steering demand when single motor was fail.
What Is Stochastic Resonance? Definitions, Misconceptions, Debates, and Its Relevance to Biology (2009)

Stochastic resonance is said to be observed when increases in levels of unpredictable fluctuations--e.g., random noise--cause an increase in a metric of the quality of signal transmission or detection performance, rather than a decrease. This counterintuitive effect relies on system nonlinearities and on some parameter ranges being "suboptimal". Stochastic resonance has been observed, quantified, and described in a plethora of physical and biological systems, including neurons. Being a topic of widespread multidisciplinary interest, the definition of stochastic resonance has evolved significantly over the last decade or so, leading to a number of debates, misunderstandings, and controversies. Perhaps the most important debate is whether the brain has evolved to utilize random noise in vivo, as part of the "neural code". Surprisingly, this debate has been for the most part ignored by neuroscientists, despite much indirect evidence of a positive role for noise in the brain. We explore some of the reasons for this and argue why it would be more surprising if the brain did not exploit randomness provided by noise--via stochastic resonance or otherwise--than if it did. We also challenge neuroscientists and biologists, both computational and experimental, to embrace a very broad definition of stochastic resonance in terms of signal-processing "noise benefits", and to devise experiments aimed at verifying that random variability can play a functional role in the brain, nervous system, or other areas of biology.
PcaR‐mediated activation and repression of <i>pca</i> genes from <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> are propagated by its binding to both the −35 and the −10 promoter elements (1999)

Degradation of protocatechuate in Pseudomonas putida is accomplished by the products of the pca genes (pcaH,G, pcaBDC, pcaI, J and pcaF ). In P. putida, all these genes (with the exception of pcaH,G ) are activated by the regulatory protein PcaR, in association with the pathway intermediate beta-ketoadipate. Having previously cloned and characterized the pcaR locus, we have overexpressed and purified the PcaR protein to homogeneity. The purified PcaR protein was shown to form a homodimer in solution and to bind specifically to its own promoter, as well as to the promoter regions of pcaI, J and pcaF. Subsequent footprint analyses demonstrated that the binding of PcaR to its own promoter occurs within a footprint that extends from the -20 to the +4 position. In contrast, PcaR appeared to interact with the inducible pcaI, J promoter as a dimer of dimers; binding in tandem within a dual footprint encompassing both the '-35' and the '-10' regions of the promoter sequence. The similarities and differences between the two binding patterns correlate well with the very different effects that PcaR has upon transcription at each of the promoter sequences. The interactions at the pcaI, J promoter are reminiscent of those exhibited by the MerR family of regulatory proteins. However, as PcaR bears very little primary sequence homology to any of the regulatory proteins within this family, the results presented here reveal the possible existence of a new series of functionally related transcriptional inducers.
Thermoreversible gelation and phase separation in aqueous methyl cellulose solutions (2000)

We derived typical phase diagrams for aqueous solutions of methyl cellulose (MC) of different molecular weights via micro-differential scanning calorimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and visual inspection. The phase diagrams showed the cooccurrence of gelation and phase separation and qualitatively agreed with the theoretically calculated diagrams. The sol–gel transition line and phase separation line of a lower critical solution point type shifted toward lower temperatures and lower concentrations with an increase in the MC molecular weight. The sol–gel transition line intersected at a temperature higher than the critical point of the phase separation; therefore, both sol–gel phase separation and gel–gel phase separation were possible, depending on the temperature. Specifically, through visual inspection of a high molecular weight MC sample in the critical temperature region, we observed phase separation into two coexisting gels with different polymer concentrations. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 91–100, 2001