gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia with Severe Hypertension, Resulting from Two Novel Mutations in Splice Donor Sites of CYP11B1 (2000)

We present an in vivo and in vitro study of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a patient with 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Sequencing of the CYP11B1 gene showed two new base substitutions, a conservative 954 G-->C transversion at the last base of exon 5 (T318T), and a IVS8 + 4A-->G transition in intron 8. In addition, two polymorphisms were found in exons 1 and 2. The genetically female patient was raised as a male because of severe pseudohermaphroditism. Glucocorticoid-suppressive treatment encountered difficulties in equilibration and compliance, resulting in uncontrolled hypertension with pronounced hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. At 42 yr of age the occurrence of central retinal vein occlusion with permanent loss of left eye vision led to the decision to perform bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Surgery was followed by normalization of blood pressure and good compliance with glucocorticoid and androgen substitutive therapies. In vitro, adrenal cells in culture and isolated mitochondria showed extremely low 11beta-hydroxylase activity. Analysis of adrenal CYP11B1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) by RT-PCR and sequencing showed the expression of a shorter mRNA that lacked exon 8 and did not contain either the exon 5 mutation or the exon 1 and 2 polymorphisms. This suggested that one CYP11B1 allele carried the intron 8 mutation, responsible for skipping exon 8. The other allele carried the exon 5 mutation, and its mRNA was not detectable. Western blot analysis showed weak expression of a shorter CYP11B immunoreactive band of 43 kDa, consistent with truncation of exon 8. Thus, bilateral adrenalectomy in this patient allowed effective treatment of severe hypertension and helped in understanding the mechanisms and physiopathological consequences of two novel mutations of CYP11B1.
Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. (2002)

Vascular remodeling, defined as any enduring change in the size and/or composition of an adult blood vessel, allows adaptation and repair. On the other hand, inappropriate remodeling, including its absence, underlies the pathogenesis of major cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Since degradation of the extracellular matrix scaffold enables reshaping of tissue, participation of specialized enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has become the object of intense recent interest in relation to physiological ("good") and pathological ("bad") vascular remodeling. Experimental evidence acquired in vitro and in vivo suggests that the major drivers of vascular remodeling, hemodynamics, injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress, regulate MMP expression and activity. Alternatively, nonspecific MMP inhibition seems to oppose remodeling, as suggested by the inhibition of intimal thickening and outward arterial remodeling. An emerging concept is that MMP-related genetic variations may contribute to heterogeneity in the presentation and natural history of atherosclerosis. The hypothesis that MMPs contribute to weakening of atherosclerotic plaques is especially attractive for the potential development of therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing plaque disruption ("the ugly"), a major cause of acute cardiovascular events. However, the current lack of appropriate experimental tools, including availability of specific MMP inhibitors and pertinent animal models, still limits our understanding of the many actions and relative contributions of specific MMPs. Our future potential ability to control vascular remodeling via regulation of MMPs will also depend on reaching a consensus of what is indeed "good" or "bad" vascular remodeling, concepts that have continued to evolve and change.
Experimental test of nonlocal quantum correlation in relativistic configurations (2001)

We report on an experimental investigation of the tension between quantum nonlocality and relativity. Entangled photons are sent via an optical fiber network to two villages near Geneva, separated by more than 10 km where they are analyzed by interferometers. The photon pair source is set as precisely as possible in the center so that the two photons arrive at the detectors within a time interval of less than 5 ps (corresponding to a path length difference of less than 1 mm). One detector is set in motion so that both detectors, each in its own inertial reference frame, are first to do the measurement! The data always reproduces the quantum correlations, making it thus more difficult to consider the projection postulate as a compact description of real collapses of the wave function.
A Novel Whisker Sensor Used for 3D Contact Point Determination and Contour Extraction (2018)

We developed a novel whisker-follicle sensor that measures three mechanical signals at the whisker base. The first two signals are closely related to the two bending moments, and the third is an approximation to the axial force. Previous simulation studies have shown that these three signals are sufficient to determine the three-dimensional (3D) location at which the whisker makes contact with an object. Here we demonstrate hardware implementation of 3D contact point determination and then use continuous sweeps of the whisker to show proof-of principle 3D contour extraction. We begin by using simulations to confirm the uniqueness of the mapping between the mechanical signals at the whisker base and the 3D contact point location for the specific dimensions of the hardware whisker. Multi-output random forest regression is then used to predict the contact point locations of objects based on observed mechanical signals.
Information Cascades on Arbitrary Topologies (2016)

In this paper, we study information cascades on graphs. In this setting, each node in the graph represents a person. One after another, each person has to take a decision based on a private signal as well as the decisions made by earlier neighboring nodes. Such information cascades commonly occur in practice and have been studied in complete graphs where everyone can overhear the decisions of every other player. It is known that information cascades can be fragile and based on very little information, and that they have a high likelihood of being wrong.\n\nGeneralizing the problem to arbitrary graphs reveals interesting insights. In particular, we show that in a random graph G(n,q), for the right value of q, the number of nodes making a wrong decision is logarithmic in n. That is, in the limit for large n, the fraction of players that make a wrong decision tends to zero. This is intriguing because it contrasts to the two natural corner cases: empty graph (everyone decides independently based on his private signal) and complete graph (all decisions are heard by all nodes). In both of these cases a constant fraction of nodes make a wrong decision in expectation. Thus, our result shows that while both too little and too much information sharing causes nodes to take wrong decisions, for exactly the right amount of information sharing, asymptotically everyone can be right. We further show that this result in random graphs is asymptotically optimal for any topology, even if nodes follow a globally optimal algorithmic strategy. Based on the analysis of random graphs, we explore how topology impacts global performance and construct an optimal deterministic topology among layer graphs.
Human Computer Interaction Using Vision-Based Hand Gesture Recognition (2009)

With the rapid emergence of 3D applications and virtual environments in computer systems; the need for a new type of interaction device arises. This is because the traditional devices such as mouse, keyboard, and joystick become inefficient and cumbersome within these virtual environments. In other words, evolution of user interfaces shapes the change in the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Intuitive and naturalness characteristics of “ Hand Gestures” in the HCI have been the driving force and motivation to develop an interaction device which can replace current unwieldy tools. A survey on the methods of analyzing, modeling and recognizing hand gestures in the context of the HCI is provided in this paper. Taxonomy of the different algorithms based on the applications that they have been developed for and the approaches that they have used to represent gestures is presented. In addition, direction of future developments is discussed.
Modification of yeast Cdc53p by the ubiquitin-related protein Rub1p affects function of the SCFCdc4 complex (1998)

The RUB1/NEDD-8 family of ubiquitin-related genes is widely represented among eukaryotes. Here we report that Cdc53p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a member of the Cullin family of proteins, is stably modified by the covalent attachment of a single Rub1p molecule. Two genes have been identified that are required for Rub1p conjugation to Cdc53p. The first gene, designated ENR2, encodes a protein with sequence similarity to the amino-terminal half of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme. By analogy with Aos1p, we infer that Enr2p functions in a bipartite Rub1p-activating enzyme. The second gene is SKP1, shown previously to be required for some ubiquitin-conjugation events. A deletion allele of ENR2 is lethal with temperature-sensitive alleles of cdc34 and enhances the phenotypes of cdc4, cdc53, and skp1, strongly implying that Rub1p conjugation to Cdc53p is required for optimal assembly or function of the E3 complex SCFCdc4. Consistent with this model, both enr2delta and an allele of Cdc53p that is not Rub1p modified, render cells sensitive to alterations in the levels of Cdc4p, Cdc34p, and Cdc53p.
COMA-F: a non-hierarchical cache only memory architecture (1995)

Cache Coherent Non-Uniform Memory Access (CC-NUMA) architectures and Cache Only Memory Architectures (COMA) are two interesting variations of large scale shared memory architectures that have recently emerged. These architectures have distributed main memory and use directory based cache coherence. Unlike CC-NUMA, data in COMA can automatically migrate and replicate at memory in cache line sized chunks. The performance difference between these architectures is primarily determined by two factors: the relative magnitude of capacity misses versus coherence misses, and the granularity of data partitions in an application. COMA's performance advantage occurs mainly in applications where data accesses by different processors are finely interleaved in memory space and where capacity misses dominate over coherence misses. Because COMA uses a hierarchical directory structure to maintain cache coherence, applications where coherence misses dominate will have better performance on CC-NUMA. COMA-F combines the advantages of both CC-NUMA and COMA by retaining the cache organization of main memory found in COMA but utilizes a non-hierarchical directory structure to minimize the latency penalty of remote memory accesses.
Both COMA and COMA-F architectures have an inherent memory overhead when compared to CC-NUMA. This overhead consists of physical memory required to support the cache organization of memory as well as reserved memory that must be left unallocated by the operating system to facilitate data reshuffling and data replication. Data reshuffling occurs when space needs to be allocated to store a remote memory line in the local memory. Simulation data show that the frequency of reshuffling is sensitive to the allocation policy and associativity of the memory but is relatively unaffected by the block size chosen. Simulation data also show that data replication in the memory caches is important for good performance, but most gains can be achieved through replication in the processor caches. By relaxing the subset property for shared data between the processor caches and memory caches, data replication in the processor caches can be supported without the corresponding memory overhead of supporting data replication in the memory caches.
Polarization crosstalk dependence on length in silica-based waveguides measured by using optical low coherence interference (1998)

We describe a powerful method for precisely measuring polarization crosstalk dependence on length for birefringent waveguides which uses optical low coherence interference between excited and orthogonally coupled light waves. This method is applied to 10-m long silica-based waveguides with the total polarization crosstalks of 8.9/spl times/10/sup -3/ and 7.5/spl times/10/sup -3/. The spatial resolution is 10 cm and the measurement error for a waveguide part longer than 1 m is /spl les/10%. A comparison of measured and theoretical crosstalk curves for the waveguides enables us to confirm that the bends in the waveguides are the main origin of the crosstalk. The polarization crosstalk per bent section is /spl sim/4/spl times/10/sup -5/.
On separating amplitude from frequency modulations using energy operators (1992)

To estimate the amplitude envelope and instantaneous frequency of an AM-FM signal the authors developed a novel approach that uses nonlinear combinations of instantaneous signal outputs from an energy-tracking operator to separate its output energy product into its amplitude modulation and frequency modulation components. This energy separation algorithm is then applied to search for modulations in speech resonances, which the authors model using AM-FM signals. The theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the energy separation algorithm, due to its low computational complexity and instantaneously adapting nature, is very useful in detecting modulation patterns in speech and other time-varying signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Critical study of the problems in discrete complex image method (2003)

The discrete complex image method (DCIM), which is used to get the closed-form Green's functions in the spatial domain, is critically studied to answer the problems of validity of the method beyond certain distance from the source. The deterioration of the approximation as compared to the exact Green's functions for moderate to large distances is attributed to several factors, such as introduction of artificial branch points, surface wave poles and not extracting the quasi-static images in two-level approach. Among these issues, the introduction of artificial branch point is discussed in detail, and demonstrated that this can not be the reason for the deterioration of the approximation.
From the Editor's Desk (2012)

In the history of computing's early years, scholarship on the history of software lagged behind that of the history of computer hardware. This happened even though descriptions of how to program—or adjust, in that time's parlance—computing devices was essential even before the first computers. This Annals special issue is the fifth in a series of issues dedicated to the history of software. For the first four issues—"The Start of the Software Products Industry" (vol. 24, no. 1, 2002), "PC Software: Word Processing for Everyone" (vol. 28, no. 4, 2006), "PC Software: Spreadsheets for Everyone" (vol. 29, no. 3, 2007), and "Mainframe Software: Database Management Systems" (vol. 31, no. 4, 2009)—Burton Grad and Luanne Johnson served as guest editors. This special issue on "Relational Database Management Systems: The Formative Years" is the first in a two-part focus on RDBMSs.
[Expression and significance of B cell-activating factor of TNF family (BAFF) and B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (BCL-2) in multiple myeloma]. (2011)

This study was aimed to explore the expression of B cell-activating factor of TNF family (BAFF) and B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (BCL-2) in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) of multiple myeloma (MM) and the significance of BAFF and BCL-2 for occurrence, development and prognosis of MM. The bone marrow of 40 cases of MM and 10 healthy persons was collected, the mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated, the expression of BAFF and BCL-2 mRNA in BMMNC was detected by real-time PCR; the plasma was simultaneously collected and the β2-MG level was determined; the clinical staging of MM patients was performed according to Durie-Salmon (D-S) staging criterion. The results indicated that the expression level of BAFF and BCL-2 mRNA in MM patients increased, as compared with normal controls, the difference was statistical significant (p < 0.05); the expression level of BAFF and BCL-2 mRNA in plateau stage after treatment obviously decreased. The expression level of BAFF and BCL-2 mRNA in relapsed/refractory MM patients was significantly higher than that in normal controls and patients reached plateau stage (p < 0.05), there was no statistically significant difference between newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory MM patients (p > 0.05). The expression of BAFF and BCL-2 mRNA related with D-S staging and β2-MG level. It is concluded that the expression levels of BAFF and BCL-2 mRNA increase, moreover the expression levels of BAFF and BCL-2 mRNA in newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory MM patients are higher than those in patients reached plateau stage, which suggest the BAFF and BCL-2 may be involved in occurrence and development of MM; the relation of expression level of BAFF and BCL-2 mRNA to MM load is positive, which indicates the expression level of BAFF and BCL-2 mRNA may be a new indicator for evaluating the prognosis of MM patients.
Recent Progress in n‐Channel Organic Thin‐Film Transistors (2010)

Particular attention has been focused on n-channel organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) during the last few years, and the potentially cost-effective circuitry-based applications in flexible electronics, such as flexible radiofrequency identity tags, smart labels, and simple displays, will benefit from this fast development. This article reviews recent progress in performance and molecular design of n-channel semiconductors in the past five years, and limitations and practicable solutions for n-channel OTFTs are dealt with from the viewpoint of OTFT constitution and geometry, molecular design, and thin-film growth conditions. Strategy methodology is especially highlighted with an aim to investigate basic issues in this field.
VALIDATION OF PRECLINICAL PHARMACOKINETIC AND IMMUNOGENICITY ASSAYS FOR AN ANTI-PCSK9 ANTIBODY (2011)

Pharmacokinetic data derived from assays that accurately and precisely quantitate a therapeutic drug in circulation are critical to appropriately designing suitable dosing schedules. This manuscript describes the validation and implementation of methods to quantitate a therapeutic anti-human PCSK9 monoclonal antibody in rat and monkey sera as well as immunogenicity methods to screen the possible presence of rat and monkey antibodies directed against the antibody. As soluble, endogenous PCSK9 can interfere with a PCSK9-mediated capture step in ELISA, an indirect target-capture assay was used that potentially could capture free and target-engaged therapeutic mAb. Immunogenicity assays were based on a standard bridge ELISA using the therapeutic antibody for capture and detection. Both pharmacokinetic and immunogenicity assays were implemented in preclinical studies of the therapeutic antibody. The methods presented here may enable further pharmacokinetic studies.
Preparation and Utility of Trihaloethyl Imidates: Useful Reagents for the Synthesis of Amidines (2010)

2,2,2-Trifluoro- and trichloroethyl imidates, which are easily prepared by reaction of a nitrile and a trihaloethanol in the presence of HCl, have proven to be excellent reagents for the preparation of amidines under mild reaction conditions. Depending on the nature of the amine nucleophile, the imidates can react either as the free-base or the hydrochloride salt in a telescoped process. In several cases, the p-bromobenzoate salt of the desired product was directly isolated from the reaction mixture.
Cellular reprogramming in farm animals: an overview of iPSC generation in the mammalian farm animal species (2016)

Establishment of embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines has been successful in mouse and human, but not in farm animals. Development of direct reprogramming technology offers an alternative approach for generation of pluripotent stem cells, applicable also in farm animals. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent practically limitless, ethically acceptable, individuum-specific source of pluripotent cells that can be generated from different types of somatic cells. iPSCs can differentiate to all cell types of an organism's body and have a tremendous potential for numerous applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. However, molecular mechanisms behind the reprogramming process remain largely unknown and hamper generation of bona fide iPSCs and their use in human clinical practice. Large animal models are essential to expand the knowledge obtained on rodents and facilitate development and validation of transplantation therapies in preclinical studies. Additionally, transgenic animals with special traits could be generated from genetically modified pluripotent cells, using advanced reproduction techniques. Despite their applicative potential, it seems that iPSCs in farm animals haven't received the deserved attention. The aim of this review was to provide a systematic overview on iPSC generation in the most important mammalian farm animal species (cattle, pig, horse, sheep, goat, and rabbit), compare protein sequence similarity of pluripotency-related transcription factors in different species, and discuss potential uses of farm animal iPSCs. Literature mining revealed 32 studies, describing iPSC generation in pig (13 studies), cattle (5), horse (5), sheep (4), goat (3), and rabbit (2) that are summarized in a concise, tabular format.
Association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preventive information, motivation, self-efficacy and depression with sexual risk behaviors among male freelance laborers (2011)

The waves of rural-urban migration are increasingly growing in many developing countries, including Vietnam. This migratory process, whether voluntary or not, may result in the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to both those who migrate and those who receive migrants. Coupled with this process, is the experience of depression that may facilitate risk behaviors for HIV. However, there has been little research concerning this dimension. This study examined self-reported risk behaviors and factors associated among 450 male freelance laborers in Hanoi, Vietnam. Risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV was high among these men. One third reported having intercourse with commercial sex workers and one quarter had casual sex partners. One in every 12 men reported homosexual or bisexual behavior. These men on average had 3 partners within the preceding year, and condom use was inconsistent. These men have limited HIV knowledge and only moderate motivation and perceived behavioral skills for protective behavior. Although mobility was not associated with sexual risk behavior, three elements of IMB (information-motivation-behavioral skills) model and depression associated with this process were a robust predictor of sexual behavior. Men who are better informed, motivated, display higher self-efficacy and less depressed are more likely to alter their risk behavior. The study highlights an important need for HIV-related information, motivation, self-efficacy, depression and risk behavior change.

	 

	Key words: Vietnam, freelance laborer, human immunodeficiency virus /acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model, depression, sexual behavior, sexual risk behavior.