gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The relevance of group expertise for the accuracy of a prediction market (2010)

This research has focused on the relevance of group expertise with regard to a prediction market. A prediction market is a futures market in which a large group of people can express their opinion about the out coming of a certain event by buying shares from the answer that – according to the participant – is most likely to be correct. Prediction markets are increasingly implemented in enterprise environments. 

The main goal of this research has been to advise companies that have implemented or are considering implementing a prediction market about which type of participants – with regard to expertise in the specific field – to include in the prediction market environment to get the most accurate results. An experiment has been performed during the Wimbledon competitions of 2009. Two prediction market environments have been set up to be able to compare the accuracy of the predictions of experts versus non-experts. Also, a survey among the (possible) participants of the Wimbledon experiment has been performed, mainly to get a better insight in the decision making process of the two groups. In addition, two data sets in a non-prediction market environment have been analyzed. The first one is a European Championship pool of soccer in 2008 in which the group results of experts were compared with non-experts. The second data set that has been analyzed is regarding the predictions of the AEX-index in the next month and six months. Again, the accuracy of experts was compared with the accuracy of the non-experts.

Our main conclusions have been that experts do not significantly make more accurate predictions than non-experts. This implies that all types of participants should be included in an enterprise prediction market. However, it is more difficult to trigger non-experts to participate then it is to trigger the experts. To that respect, it has been suggested to further research how to give non-experts incentives that will lead to a higher overall response rate. Another conclusion has been that there is a difference between the strategy of experts and non-experts while predicting. The effect of the strategic differences between experts and non-experts on the prediction market is another interesting topic that should be further researched.
Bacillus cereus phage typing as an epidemiological tool in outbreaks of food poisoning (1995)

Bacillus cereus is responsible for an increasing number of food poisoning cases. By using 12 bacteriophages isolated from sewage, a typing scheme for B. cereus isolates from outbreaks or sporadic cases of food poisoning was developed. The phages belonged to three morphotypes. Ten phages with contractile tails and icosahedral heads were members of the Myoviridae family, and two phages with noncontractile tails belonged to the Siphoviridae family. Phage 11 represented a new species. It had an isometric head and a very long contractile tail with long wavy tail fibers and was one of the largest viruses known. The vast majority of 166 B. cereus strains (161, or 97%) isolated from food poisoning cases were typeable. Of 146 strains isolated from 18 outbreaks, 142 (97%) could be divided into 17 phage types. A good correlation, on the order of 80 to 100%, between phage types of strains isolated from suspected foods and those of strains isolated from stools of symptomatic patients was observed. Most Bacillus thuringiensis strains were also typeable, providing further evidence of the close relatedness of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis. This phage typing scheme can be a valuable epidemiological tool in tracing the origins of food poisoning caused by B. cereus.
REM: active queue management (2001)

We describe a new active queue management scheme, random exponential marking (REM), that aims to achieve both high utilization and negligible loss and delay in a simple and scalable manner. The key idea is to decouple the congestion measure from the performance measure such as loss, queue length, or delay. While the congestion measure indicates excess demand for bandwidth and must track the number of users, the performance measure should be stabilized around their targets independent of the number of users. We explain the design rationale behind REM and present simulation results of its performance in wireline and wireless networks.
Acoustic gas sensor with ppm resolution (2000)

Acoustic sensors based on the well‐known relation between sound velocity and mean molecular mass are suggested for the determination of small concentrations of “pollutants”, such as CO 2 , in air. The theoretical basis for high resolution is outlined, and a basic design is presented, together with experimental results. Sound velocity is measured continuously at high resolution in an oscillator controlled by the acoustic transit time between a transmitter/receiver pair operating in the 40kHz range. The static error band is better than +/‐3 per cent of full scale, response time less than two minutes, and short‐term resolutions of 0.3 ppm rms, and 3 ppm rms have been obtained in terms of frequency and CO 2 concentration, respectively.
Product Design for Mass-Individualization (2015)

This paper suggests that Mass-Individualization, which is based on a consumer product that consists of an open hardware platform and multiple modules that are interfaced with the platform, will constitute the next paradigm in product design. Customers will be able to adapt the open platform to their needs by integrating modules of their choice into the platform, thereby constructing individual products that fit their exact needs. Large manufacturers will produce the platforms, and small companies will invent and produce modules that could be interfaced with the open-platform products. Smartphones is an example of an open-platform product, and the Apps that are designed to run on smartphones are examples for modules. Each customer downloads certain Apps that fit his/her needs, thereby creating an individual smartphone. The Apps, however, are software modules. The modules that are considered in this paper are hardware modules. Open-platform products will create a new paradigm in product design and utilization that we call the Mass-Individualization paradigm. The Mass-Individualization paradigm will boost the economy by (1) creating many new jobs in module production companies and (2) increasing the level of sales of consumer products.
[Ultrasonographic diagnosis of achalasia: report of 27 cases]. (1990)

In this paper the ultrasonographic findings of 27 cases with achalasia are reported. The result of ultrasonic diagnosis of 27 cases were all in conformance with the final diagnosis. The ultrasonographic features of achalasia are described detail. The usefulness and advantages of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis for achalasia are discussed.
Hydrodynamics of smectic liquid crystal films (2019)

Smectic A and C liquid crystals are capable of forming incredibly thin films, discretized by the number of molecular layers. This property makes liquid crystal films ideal for studying 2D hydrodynamics, a field of great interest both due to its fundamental importance to physics and because of its applications to biological systems. The phospholipid bilayer which makes up cell membranes is itself an ideal 2D fluid as it consists of only two layers of phospholipids, however cell membranes are incredibly small and difficult to work worth. Liquid crystal films can be several millimeters across and stable for long periods of time. As part of the OASIS NASA experiment, a large number of experiments on bubbles of liquid crystal film in zero gravity were carried out. This thesis will use video of those experiments to draw conclusions about the hydrodynamics of smectic liquid crystal films without the influence of gravity. Analysis was performed of thermomigration experiments, coarsening experiments, and on terrestrial smectic C island diffusion experiments. A simulation based on the current understanding of coarsening, diffusion, and Ostwald ripening was constructed and compared to the experimental data, confirming our theoretical expectations. For the thermomigration experiments, thermally induced motion was observed and measured. The data suggest that the Marangoni effect is primarily responsible for this motion. For the smectic C analysis, where smectic C islands tended to form chains, it was found that islands in the chains tended to diffuse more in a direction perpendicular to the chain than in a direction parallel to the chain.
Fracture Flow Property Identification: An Optimized Implementation of Discrete Fracture Network Models (2005)

Proposal The hydraulic characterization of naturally fractured reservoirs is a key point to provide valid flow properties to full-field simulation models. This calibration and validation step is based on the simulation of dynamic data such as flowmeter, transient or interference well tests. Recently, a methodology has been proposed to simulate such tests on Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) models derived from field fracture data integration. However, the drainage area of a well test in a fractured reservoir is generally large, thus leading to numerous computation nodes, especially in the presence of dense fracture networks. In such situations, the CPU time required for a single well test simulation for instance can reveal itself prohibitive. This paper proposes an original approach to simplify the DFN model in order to reduce drastically the number of fracture nodes, while keeping the same hydraulic properties. This approach keeps the actual fracture network geometry close to the well and replaces the fracture network far from the well by a simplified discrete fracture network. This DFN simplification is performed through an homogenization procedure keeping the same matrix-fracture storativity ratio and interporosity flow parameter. A sensitivity study was carried out to define the area around the wellbore where the fracture network can be simplified. We also defined a connectivity criterium to ensure a representative flow coupling between the actual near-well fracture network and the simplified distant network. Well tests simulations on this innovative DFN model are compared with simulations on the actual dense fracture network. Then we considered a 3D problem of well testing in a realistic field context. For both cases, the well test signature is not affected by the DFN simplification procedure, but the computation time is reduced drastically, by nearly two orders of magnitude (from 1 hour to 5 minutes CPU for instance). These tests illustrate the major contribution of this new approach. Actually, numerical flow simulation on DFN models can now be carried out at the well drainage area scale and thus be used to tune the field-measured well tests responses: a determinant step to validate the fracture network geometry derived from geological data and to identify fracture conductivities.
Real Time Autonomous Expert Systems in Network Management (1989)

Describes an approach to real‐time expert systems for integrated network management. Presents an overview of expert systems technology, proceeding to develop the requirements for a real‐time system in network management. Describes a system being developed (1989) by Pacific Bell. Describes NETREX, a prototype real‐time system, aimed at automatically maintaining Pacific Bell′s internal data networks. Concentrates on an application for solving problems with travel tickets in real time.
Antiviral Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis B: Can We Clear the Virus and Prevent Drug Resistance? (2004)

Antiviral therapy of chronic HBV infection remains a clinical challenge. Once this infection has been-established, the viral genome persists for life, either as an integrated genome or as episomal covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The latter is the source of renewed viral replication in case of immune depression or after antiviral drug withdrawal. The mechanisms of clearance of infected cells involve CD8+ cell-mediated cytolytic and non-cytolytic pathways. Antiviral therapy, using nucleoside analogues that inhibit the viral polymerase, induces a slow depletion of intrahepatic cccDNA. The persistence of low-grade viral replication under antiviral therapy may then lead to the selection of drug-resistant mutants. New assays have been developed to study the functional consequences of these polymerase mutations in terms of replication capacity and drug susceptibility. Together with the development of new HBV polymerase inhibitors and novel immunostimulatory approaches, this should lead to the design and evaluation of rational treatment combinations for a better control of viral replication and prevention of drug resistance.
Estimating the power consumption of CMOS adders (2002)

Six types of adders are examined in an attempt to model their power dissipation. It is shown that the use of a relatively simple model provides results that are qualitatively accurate, when compared to more sophisticated models and to physical implementations of the circuits. The main discrepancy between the simple model and the physical measurements seems to be the assumption that all gates will consume the same amount of power when they switch, regardless of their fan-in or fanout. Because the carry lookahead adder has several gates with a fan out and fan-in higher than two, the simple model underestimates its power dissipation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fluorine Containing Phenylenediamines and Thermal Properties of Their Acylated Compounds (1969)

有用な耐熱性高分子用モノマーを探索する目的で,いくつかの含フッ素1,3-および1,4-フェニレンジアミン類を合成し,それらのアシル化合物の熱的性質をしらべた。2,6-ジフルオルアセトアニリドを混酸でニトロ化すると3-ニトロ体のみが単一生成物として得られ,これを加水分解し,ついで還元して2,4-ジフルオル-1,3-フェニレンジアミンを得た。2,5-ジフルオル-1,3-フェニレンジアミンは,1,3-ジクロルテトラブルオルベンゼンとヒドラジンヒドラートから得られる4,6-ジクロル-2,5-ジフルオルフェニレンジヒドラジンの還元脱塩素化によって合成した。4-および5-フルオル-,2,4-,2,5-および4,6-ジフルオル-1,3-フェニレンジアミン,2-フルオル-および2,5-ジフルオル-1,4-フェニレンジアミンのジアセチル化物およびジベンゾイル化物を合成し,これらの示差熱分析をおこなった。その結果5-フルオル-1,3-フェニレンジアミンが熱安定性ポリアミドの成分として適当であると推定された。
The Estrogen Receptor  -Isoform (ER ) of the Human Estrogen Receptor Modulates ER  Transcriptional Activity and Is a Key Regulator of the Cellular Response to Estrogens and Antiestrogens (1999)

The human estrogen receptor α (ERα) and the recently identified ERβ share a high degree of amino acid homology; however, there are significant differences in regions of these receptors that would be expected to influence transcriptional activity. Consequently, we compared the mechanism(s) by which these receptors regulate target gene transcription, and evaluated the cellular consequences of coexpression of both ER subtypes. Previously, it has been determined that ERα contains two distinct activation domains, ERα-AF-1 and ERα-AF-2, whose transcriptional activity is influenced by cell and promoter context. We determined that ERβ, like ERα, contains a functional AF-2, however, the ERβ-AF-2 domain functions independently within the receptor. Of additional significance was the finding that ERβ does not contain a strong AF-1 within its amino-terminus but, rather, contains a repressor domain that when removed, increases the overall transcriptional activity of the receptor. The importance of these findings was revealed when it was determined that ERβ functions as a transdominant inhibitor of ERα transcriptional activity at subsaturating hormone levels and that ERβ decreases overall cellular sensitivity to estradiol. Additionally, the partial agonist activity of tamoxifen manifest through ERα in some contexts was completely abolished upon coexpression of ERβ. In probing the mechanisms underlying ERβ-mediated repression of ERα transcriptional activity we have determined that 1) ERα and ERβ can form heterodimers within target cells; and 2) ERβ interacts with target gene promoters in a ligand-independent manner. Cumulatively, these data indicate that one role of ERβ is to modulate ERα transcriptional activity, and thus the relative expression level of the two isoforms will be a key determinant of cellular responses to agonists and antagonists.
<i>DEVELOPMENT-RELATED PcG TARGET IN THE APEX 4</i> controls leaf margin architecture in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2012)

In a reverse genetics screen based on a group of genes enriched for development-related Polycomb group targets in the apex (DPAs), we isolated DPA4 as a novel regulator of leaf margin shape. T-DNA insertion lines in the DPA4 locus display enhanced leaf margin serrations and enlarged petals, whereas overexpression of DPA4 results in smooth margins. DPA4 encodes a putative RAV (Related to ABI3/VP1) transcriptional repressor and is expressed in the lateral organ boundary region and in the sinus of leaf serrations. DPA4 expression domains overlap with those of the known leaf shape regulator CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 2 (CUC2) and we provide evidence that DPA4 negatively regulates CUC2 expression independently of MIR164A, an established regulator of CUC2. Taken together, the data suggest DPA4 as a newly identified player in the signalling network that controls leaf serrations in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Highly efficient procedure for production of human monoclonal antibodies: Establishment of hybrids between Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes and heteromyeloma cells by use of GIT culture medium. (1988)

We describe a method for production of human monoclonal antibody by a combination of the capacity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to transform human B lymphocytes with somatic cell hybridization, in which a new culture medium, GIT, is used. The transformed B cells from wells positive for anti-purified protein derivative (PPD) fused with a (mouse x human) heteromyeloma line (deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and ouabain-resistant) that had been cultured in GIT medium (Kudo et al. 1987) supplemented with geneticin (antibiotic G418) before cell fusion. The hybrids were selected in GIT medium containing HAT and ouabain (GIT-HAT-O) and cloned by limiting dilution technique by use of GIT medium. According to our method, we obtained higher fusion frequency (1/5.5 x 10(3) vs. 1/1.1 x 10(4)) and higher cloning efficiency (43.3-56.7% vs. 3.3-13.3%) compared with the regular method which used the culture medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS). Six hybrid clones were consequently obtained and characterized. They produced large amount of specific antibodies (35-170 micrograms/ml) in GIT medium, while establishment of hybrid clones producing specific antibodies by the regular method was unsuccessful. This method will be applicable to any kind of human monoclonal antibody production.
Examination of Sentinel-2A multi-spectral instrument (MSI) reflectance anisotropy and the suitability of a general method to normalize MSI reflectance to nadir BRDF adjusted reflectance (2017)

The Sentinel-2A multi-spectral instrument (MSI) acquires multi-spectral reflective wavelength observations with directional effects due to surface reflectance anisotropy and changes in the solar and viewing geometry. Directional effects were examined by considering two ten day periods of Sentinel-2A data acquired close to the solar principal and orthogonal planes over approximately 20° × 10° of southern Africa. More than 6.6 million (January 2016) and 10.6 million (April 2016) pairs of reflectance observations sensed 3 or 7 days apart in the forward and backscatter directions in overlapping Sentinel-2A orbit swaths were considered. The Sentinel-2A data were projected into the MODIS sinusoidal projection but first had to be registered due to a misregistration issue evident in the overlapping orbits. The top of atmosphere reflectance data were corrected to surface reflectance using the SEN2COR atmospheric correction software. Only pairs of forward and backward reflectance values that were cloud and snow-free, unsaturated, and had no significant change in their 3 or 7 day separation, were considered. The maximum observed Sentinel-2A view zenith angle was 11.93°. Greater BRDF effects were apparent in the January data (acquired close to the solar principal plane) than the April data (acquired close to the orthogonal plane) and at higher view zenith angle. For the January data the average difference between the surface reflectance in the forward and backward scatter directions at the Sentinel-2A scan edges increased with wavelength from 0.035 (blue), 0.047 (green), 0.057 (red), 0.078 (NIR), to about 0.1 (SWIR). These differences may constitute a significant source of noise for certain applications. The suitability of a recently published methodology developed to generate Landsat nadir BRDF-adjusted reflectance (NBAR) was examined for Sentinel-2A application. The methodology uses fixed MODIS BRDF spectral parameters and is attractive because it has little sensitivity to the land cover type, condition, or surface disturbance and can be derived in a computationally efficient manner globally. It was applied to the southern Africa Sentinel-2A data and shown to reduce Sentinel-2A BRDF effects. The average difference between the reflectance in the forward and backward scatter directions at the Sentinel-2A scan edges was smaller in the NBAR data than in the corresponding surface reflectance data. Residual BRDF effects in the Sentinel-2A NBAR data occurred likely because of atmospheric correction and sensor calibration errors and inadequacies in the NBAR derivation approach. These issues are discussed with recommendations for future research including global and red-edge Sentinel-2A NBAR derivation that were not considered in this study.
Automatic squid cleaning machine (1981)

Squid, a low-cost, nutritious food, is not popular in the United States, partly because the average consumer doesn't know how to clean it. This machine does the job automatically.
Bathochromicity of Michler’s ketone upon coordination with lanthanide(III) β-diketonates enables efficient sensitisation of Eu3+ for luminescence under visible light excitation† (1999)

The electronic absorption of Michler’s ketone (MK) and related push–pull sensitisers undergoes a strong red shift upon coordination with lanthanide(III) β-diketonates, which enables unprecedently efficient sensitisation of Eu3+ luminescence for excitation at long wavelengths extending well into the visible region to above 450 nm.
Analyzing block placement errors in SADP patterning (2016)

We discuss edge placement errors (EPE) for multi-patterning of Mx critical layers using ArF lithography. Specific focus is placed on the block formation part of the process. While plenty of literature characterization data exist on spacer formation, only limited published data is available on block processes. We analyze the accuracy of placing blocks relative to narrow spacers. Many publications calculate EPE assuming Gaussian distributions for key process variations contributing to EPE. For practical reasons, each contributor is measured on dedicated test structures. In this work, we complement such analysis and directly measure the EPE in product. We perform high density sampling of blocks using CDSEM images and analyze all feature edges of interest. We find that block placement errors can be very different depending on their local design context. Specifically we report on 2 block populations (further called block A and B) which have a 4x different standard deviation. We attribute this to differences in local topography (spacer shape) and interaction with the plasma-etch process design. Block A (on top of the ‘core space’ S1) has excellent EPE uniformity of ~1 nm while block B (on top of ‘gap space’ S2) has degraded EPE control of ~4 nm. Finally, we suggest that the SOC etch process is at the origin on positioning blocks accurately on slim spacers, helping the manufacturability of spacer-based patterning techniques, and helping its extension toward the 5nm node.