gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Autocorrelation of Molecular Electrostatic Potential Surface Properties Combined with Partial Least Squares Analysis as Alternative Attractive Tool to Generate Ligand-Based 3D-QSARs (2005)

A database of 106 human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists was used to derive two alternative PLS models: one starting from CoMFA descriptors and the other starting from the autocorrelation descriptors. The peculiarity of this work is the introduction of autocorrelation vectors as molecular descriptors for the PLS analysis. The autocorrelation allows comparing molecules (and their properties) with different structures and with different spatial orientation without any previous alignment. In particular, Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) was the property computed and its information encoded in autocorrelation vectors. The 3D spatial distribution and the values of the electrostatic potential is in fact largely responsible for the binding of a substrate to its receptor binding site. Validation was done with an external test set and the results of the two models were compared. Interestingly, our preliminary results seem to indicate that this new alternative approach could robustly compete with the already well consolidated CoMFA approach. In particular, we have suggested that it could be a very interesting tool to filter large structural database in several virtual screening applications.
Episodic Exploration for Deep Deterministic Policies: An Application to StarCraft Micromanagement Tasks (2016)

We consider scenarios from the real-time strategy game StarCraft as new benchmarks for reinforcement learning algorithms. We propose micromanagement tasks, which present the problem of the short-term, low-level control of army members during a battle. From a reinforcement learning point of view, these scenarios are challenging because the state-action space is very large, and because there is no obvious feature representation for the state-action evaluation function. We describe our approach to tackle the micromanagement scenarios with deep neural network controllers from raw state features given by the game engine. In addition, we present a heuristic reinforcement learning algorithm which combines direct exploration in the policy space and backpropagation. This algorithm allows for the collection of traces for learning using deterministic policies, which appears much more efficient than, for example, ε-greedy exploration. Experiments show that with this algorithm, we successfully learn non-trivial strategies for scenarios with armies of up to 15 agents, where both Q-learning and REINFORCE struggle.
Sucrose esters and sucrose ester/glyceride blends as emulsifiers (1983)

Abstract The sucrose mono‐and diesters of long‐chain fatty acids form a class of food‐grade emulsifiers with a wide range of hydrophile‐lipophile balance (HLB) values. Blends of sucrose mono‐_and di‐tallowate show a linear relationship between HLB and composition over the HLB range 10–16. Using blends of mixed glycerides and sucrose tallowate, the HLB range from 4 to 16 can be covered. The relationship between HLB water‐solubility and composition in the sucrose esters is dependent on three factors: (a) the degree of sub‐stitution; (b) the alkyl chain length in the ester group; and (c) the presence of dienoic or trienoic acyl groups. Water‐solubility of the esters studied ranged from soluble to insoluble; sucrose esters with C12 or unsaturated acyl groups act as solubilizers. The relationship between fatty acid profile and solubility was studied using sucrose esters prepared from tallow, palm kernel oil, soybean oil and coconut oil. The properties required of a range of emulsifiers designed for use in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals are: (a) that they cover the range of HLB from 2 to 16+; (b) that at high HLB values (16+), they act as solubilizers; (c) low toxicity and irri‐tancy. The sucrose esters, and sucrose ester/mixed glyceride blends, have the required combination of properties. The HLB range to 16+ can be covered without forming ethoxylated or propoxylated derivatives.
Wearing Off, Dyskinesia, and the Use of Continuous Drug Delivery in Parkinson's Disease (2013)

Motor fluctuations (wearing off) and motor complications (dyskinesia) are common features of the long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The basis of both is considered to be a reflection of the progression of neuronal degeneration, coupled with the nature of drug treatment used to control motor symptoms. The concept of continuous dopaminergic stimulation has been used to explain both the onset of wearing off and dyskinesia and their avoidance through pharmacologic manipulation. This review focuses on using with the transdermal dopamine agonist, rotigotine, for continuous dopaminergic drug delivery in the treatment of PD.
Hardening and Optimizing of the Black Gold Thin Film as the Absorption Layer for Infrared Detector (2013)

This paper reports on the study of the black gold thin film as the absorption layer in the near infrared spectrum. The fabrication of the black gold thin film was achieved by a thermal evaporation technique in N2 atmosphere. Different evaporation conditions were attempted to optimize the absorbance of the black gold coating, especially the atmosphere pressure and the mass of evaporation source. The long-standing problem of black gold’s adhesion with the substrate was solved by fuming 502 superglues into the black gold layer, which had almost no impact on the absorbance performance. Layers produced at N2 atmosphere of 3×103 Pa show an absorbance exceeding0.9 inthe near infrared.
Design Techniques for a 60 Gb/s 173 mW Wireline Receiver Frontend in 65 nm CMOS Technology (2016)

Design techniques for a complete 60 Gb/s receiver frontend with equalization, output slicing/demultiplexing, and clocking capabilities are described. Current integration combined with a cascode gate-voltage bias gain-control technique enables energy-efficient implementation of CTLE, FFE, and DFE circuits while operating near the speed limits of the technology. Despite following the DFE that has already in principle sliced the data, adaptive error-sampling requires high gain to resolve small residual error signals-this challenge is addressed by the addition of interleaved, offset-canceled deserializing samplers. Clock generation as well as distribution circuits are implemented to complete the receiver frontend. The proposed 65 nm CMOS receiver operates at 60 Gb/s, consuming 173 mW from 1.2 V and 1.0 V supplies.
Phloem Loading by the PmSUC2 Sucrose Carrier from Plantago major Occurs into Companion Cells. (1995)

High levels of mRNA for the sucrose-H+ symporter PmSUC2 have been found in the vascular bundles of petioles from Plantago major. The possible role of PmSUC2 in phloem loading was studied with antiserum raised against the recombinant PmSUC2 protein. This antiserum labeled a single 35-kD protein band in detergent extracts of P. major vascular bundles. It showed no cross-reaction with the P. major sucrose carrier PmSUC1, which was tested with detergent extracts from plasma membranes of transgenic yeast strains containing either the P. major sucrose transporter PmSUC1 or PmSUC2. The antiserum was used to determine the site of PmSUC2 expression in leaves, petioles, and roots of P. major. In cross-sections and longitudinal sections, the PmSUC2 protein was found in only one single cell type. These cells were identified as companion cells because they are nucleated, contain a dense cytoplasm, and are always adjacent to a sieve element. The labeled cells had the same longitudinal extension as did their sister sieve elements and always ended next to the sieve plates, which were characterized by specific staining. PmSUC2 mRNA and PmSUC2 protein were also detected in P. major roots. The function of PmSUC2 in the different organs and its role in phloem loading are discussed.
Evaluation of Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Plaque and Neutralization Assays (1989)

A number of CD4+ T cell lines were compared for their ability to act as target cells for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in syncytium- and plaque-forming assays. MT-4 and C8166 cells were the most sensitive indicator cells for HIV- and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-induced cytopathic effects, and gave rise to macroscopic (MT-4) and microscopic (C8166) plaques. The MT-4 plaque assay was evaluated for the measurement of HIV- and SIV-neutralizing antibodies.
Bitonic Sort on a Mesh-Connected Parallel Computer (1979)

An O(n) algorithm to sort n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> elements on an Illiac IV-like n × n mesh-connected processor array is presented. This algorithm sorts the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> elements into row-major order and is an adaptation of Batcher's bitonic sort. A slight modification of our algorithm yields an O(n) algorithm to sort n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> elements into snake-like row-major order. Extensions to the case of a j-dimensional processor array are discussed.
The UMTS-AKA Protocols for Intelligent Transportation Systems (2005)

The integration of communication protocols into transport systems is a much adored research area today. Much of seminal work has been reported on the topic of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in the recent years. Many advanced techniques have been garnered to improve online communication and to promote the security, comfort, and efficiency of ITS. Of primary importance to the effective application of ITS is the communication protocol used. A fascinating development is that the yesterday's Global System for Mobile Communication protocol is being replaced by the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System protocol, which is the third-generation mobile technology. This article attempts to identify a suitable communication system for ITS applications. It is impracticable to substantially modify the original UMTS-IMS-AKA protocol which is in practice because it can disturb the operation of the current system, and thus we explore other possibilities through this research. We investigate a novel protocol to make the original UMTS-IMS-AKA protocol compliant with ITS as well as adaptable into the current UMTS protocol.
Chemical Reactivity Descriptor for the Oxide-Electrolyte Interface in Li-Ion Batteries (2017)

Understanding electrochemical and chemical reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface is of fundamental importance for the safety and cycle life of Li-ion batteries. Positive electrode materials such as layered transition metal oxides exhibit different degrees of chemical reactivity with commonly used carbonate-based electrolytes. Here we employed density functional theory methods to compare the energetics of four different chemical reactions between ethylene carbonate (EC) and layered (Li<sub>x</sub>MO<sub>2</sub>) and rocksalt (MO) oxide surfaces. EC dissociation on layered oxides was found energetically more favorable than nucleophilic attack, electrophilic attack, and EC dissociation with oxygen extraction from the oxide surface. In addition, EC dissociation became energetically more favorable on the oxide surfaces with transition metal ions from left to right on the periodic table or by increasing transition metal valence in the oxides, where higher degree of EC dissociation was found as the Fermi level was lowered into the oxide O 2p band.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B): A Potential Target for Alzheimer’s Therapy? (2017)

Despite significant advances in current understanding of mechanisms of pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD), attempts at drug development based on those discoveries have failed to translate into effective, disease-modifying therapies. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease comprising a range of aberrant cellular/molecular processes taking part in different cell types and brain regions. As a consequence, therapeutics for AD should be able to block or compensate multiple abnormal pathological events. Here, we examine recent evidence that inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) may represent a promising strategy to combat a variety of AD-related detrimental processes. Besides its well described role as a negative regulator of insulin and leptin signaling, PTB1B recently emerged as a modulator of various other processes in the central nervous system (CNS) that are also implicated in AD. These include signaling pathways germane to learning and memory, regulation of synapse dynamics, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. We propose that PTP1B inhibition may represent an attractive and yet unexplored therapeutic approach to correct aberrant signaling pathways linked to AD.
Critical function of endogenous XIAP in regulating caspase activation during sympathetic neuronal apoptosis (2003)

In sympathetic neurons, unlike most nonneuronal cells, growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis requires the development of competence in addition to cytochrome c release to activate caspases. Thus, although most nonneuronal cells die rapidly with cytosolic cytochrome c alone, sympathetic neurons are remarkably resistant unless they develop competence. We have identified endogenous X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) as the essential postcytochrome c regulator of caspase activation in these neurons. In contrast to wild-type neurons that are resistant to injection of cytochrome c, XIAP-deficient neurons died rapidly with cytosolic cytochrome c alone. Surprisingly, the release of endogenous Smac was not sufficient to overcome the XIAP resistance in sympathetic neurons. In contrast, the neuronal competence pathway permitted cytochrome c to activate caspases by inducing a marked reduction in XIAP levels in these neurons. Thus, the removal of XIAP inhibition appears both necessary and sufficient for cytochrome c to activate caspases in sympathetic neurons. These data identify a critical function of endogenous XIAP in regulating apoptosis in mammalian cells.
A machine learning perspective on predictive coding using PAQ8 and new applications (2011)

The goal of this thesis is to describe a state-of-the-art compression method called PAQ8 from the perspective of machine learning. We show both how PAQ8 makes use of several simple, well known machine learning models and algorithms, and how it can be improved by exchanging these components for more sophisticated models and algorithms. We also present a broad range of new applications of PAQ8 to machine learning tasks including language modeling and adaptive text prediction, adaptive game playing, classification, and lossy compression using features from the field of deep learning.
Association of <i>IL‐10</i>‐1082A/G polymorphism with cardiovascular disease risk: Evidence from a case–control study to an updated meta‐analysis (2019)

In genetic models, the association between the IL-10 (-1082G/A) polymorphism and CVDs risk was significant. This meta-analysis proposes that the IL-10 (-1082G/A) polymorphism may serve as a risk factor for CVDs.
Organotypic Culture of Physiologically Functional Adult Mammalian Retinas (2007)

In this system the effects on neuronal function of one or several introduced exogenous genes can be studied within intact neural circuitry of adult mammalian retina. This system is flexible enough to be compatible with genetic manipulation, imaging, cell transfection, pharmacological assay, and electrophysiological recordings.
Towards comprehensive web search (1999)

The World Wide Web has rapidly become a key medium for information dissemination to all members of society. However, its disorganized nature and sheer size can make it difficult for people to find information. Web search services have made a significant contribution towards enabling people to quickly find information on the Web. Unfortunately, as of this writing, no Web search service can conduct a comprehensive search of the Web for any topic. 
In addition, many major Web search services are unable to return a stable set of results. An intuitive assumption about the behavior of any search service is that the results of a given query will be unchanged unless either the documents referred to in the results change and become irrelevant or better documents become available. Unfortunately, due to a variety of real-world constraints and design choices, many search services are unstable, intermittently omitting relevant documents from search results even though the documents are contained within their indices. 
One technique that could enable both a more comprehensive search of the Web as well as a more stable search is meta-search. Meta-search is conducting a single search using multiple search resources. This thesis examines the application of meta-search to the World Wide Web. It answers the following questions: can meta-search provide a more comprehensive search than traditional Web searching? Is meta-searching necessary now, and will it be necessary in the future? Can meta-searching be implemented in a practical manner? And can meta-search enable a more stable search? 
We present MetaCrawler, a meta-search service, as a means of obtaining a more comprehensive search than existing Web search services. MetaCrawler addresses some of the issues with Web search service through forwarding a user query and combining the results from multiple search services into a single list. 
To summarize the results of this thesis, we conclude that MetaCrawler demonstrates that meta-search can be implemented in a manner such that average Web users will take advantage of the benefits of meta-search. We also conclude that MetaCrawler demonstrates that meta-search can be provided and maintained with limited resources. Through our experiments using Inference of User Value through Real-world data, a new methodology to evaluate search services, we conclude that MetaCrawler provides a significantly more comprehensive search than any single search service. Furthermore, the growth trends of the Web and search service indices lead us to conclude that meta-search will be necessary to provide a comprehensive search in the future. Our experiments also demonstrate that most major search services are unstable, and may omit relevant documents even if those documents are present in their indices. Finally, we conclude that search results can not only be made stable, but can be improved through Collaborative Index Enhancement, a novel model for enhancing a searchable index based on the experience of previous users.
Decoupling of fluctuating power in single-phase systems through a symmetrical half-bridge circuit (2014)

Single-phase AC/DC or DC/AC systems inherently subject to harmonic disturbance which is caused by the well-known double line frequency ripple power. This issue can be eased through the installation of bulky electrolytic capacitors in the dc-link, but such passive filtering approach may inevitably lead to low power density and limited system lifetime. An alternative approach is to use active power decoupling so that this ripple power can be diverted into other energy storage devices to gain improved system performance. Nevertheless, all existing active methods have to introduce extra inductors or film capacitors to store the ripple power, and this again leads to increased component costs. In view of this, this paper presents a symmetrical half-bridge circuit which utilizes the dc-link capacitors to absorb the ripple power, and the only additional components are a pair of switches and a small filtering inductor. A design example is presented and the proposed circuit concept is also verified with simulation and experimental results. It shows that at least ten times capacitance reduction can be achieved with the proposed active power decoupling method, which proves its effectiveness.
Soft Pilot Reuse and Multicell Block Diagonalization Precoding for Massive MIMO Systems (2015)

The users at cell edge of a massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system suffer from severe pilot contamination (PC), which leads to poor quality of service (QoS). To enhance the QoS for these edge users, soft pilot reuse (SPR) combined with multicell block diagonalization (MBD) precoding is proposed. Specifically, the users are divided into two groups according to their large-scale fading coefficients, which are referred to as the center users, who only suffer from modest PC, and the edge users, who suffer from severe PC. Based on this distinction, the SPR scheme is proposed for improving the QoS for the edge users, whereby a cell-center pilot group is reused for all cell-center users in all cells, whereas a cell-edge pilot group is applied for the edge users in the adjacent cells. By extending the classical block diagonalization precoding to a multicell scenario, the MBD precoding scheme projects the downlink transmit signal onto the null space of the subspace spanned by the intercell channels of the edge users in adjacent cells. Thus, the intercell interference contaminating the edge users' signals in the adjacent cells can be efficiently mitigated, and hence, the QoS of these edge users can be further enhanced. Our theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that both the uplink and downlink rates of the edge users are significantly improved, albeit at the cost of the slightly decreased rate of center users.
The Binding of <sup>3</sup>H-Ouabain to Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase Sites in Arterial Smooth Muscle (1980)

Binding of ¾ouabain to Na+-K+ ATPase sites in strips of rabbit aorta was measured by kinetic analysis of washout (efflux) data. This approach allowed the separation of specific binding fron nonspecific binding including unbound extracellular glycoside. Lowering efflux temperature to 2 °C caused the rate of loss of 3H-ouabain from specific sites to be slowed (T½ = 293 min) while loss from other sites was not affected. Specificity of binding was established by: (1) a reduction of such binding in the presence of extracellular K+; (2) saturability with increasing concentration of ouabain, and (3) sensitivity to a reduction in ATP levels. Binding to Na+-K+ ATPase sites gradually reached an equilibrium during 60 min of labelling at 10–7M. At equilibrium, specific binding was 25% of the total tissue content. Half-maximal binding occurred at 5.3 X 10–8M ouabain, and binding capacity was 381 x 10–15 mol/mg dry weight under K+-free conditions. A Na+-K+ ATPase site density of approximately 74 sites/μm2 of surface membrane was calculated, based on a volume to surface area of 0.6 μm. The parameters of 3H-ouabain binding in arteries are similar to previously reported values for binding to Na+-K+ sites in intestinal smooth muscle.
Perturbation theory for the surface-wave multistrip coupler (1973)

A space-harmonic perturbation theory is presented for the multistrip coupler which does not require any adjustment parameters and which gives the dispersion relations separately for the symmetric and for the antisymmetric modes. The agreement with experimental results for different widths and spacings of the strips is very good when the number of strips per wavelength is greater than two, but is not as good for smaller values, because the effects of the reflected wave and of the radiated bulk waves have been neglected.
Weak localization of photons: Termination of coherent random walks by absorption and confined geometry (1987)

We compare the effects of finite thickness and absorption on the line shape of the coherent backscattering peak from a disordered medium. By termination of the coherent random walk of photons through confined goemetry and/or absorption, contributions of different time-reversed paths to the line shape of the backscattering peak have been determined. Using circularly polarized light, we find good agreement between the experimental and calculated line shape of the helicity-preserving channel whose coherent backscattering peak closely resembles that of a scalar field.