gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[The effect of bile secretion on the pharmacokinetics of a theophylline sustained-release preparation]. (1998)

Bile excretion changes the physiological milieu of the duodenum, possibly resulting in enhanced absorption of a drug due to increased solubilisation. This possible influence of bile salts following stimulation of gallbladder emptying by the release of cholecystokinin on the pharmacokinetics of a sustained release theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) preparation (Bronchoretard) was evaluated in this study. An open, randomised, 3-way crossover study in 12 healthy, non-smoking volunteers was selected to prove or reject this hypothesis. All subjects received 500 mg of the sustained release theophylline formulation under two different cholagogia stimulating test conditions compared with a fasting reference condition. A standard breakfast and i.m. administration of cholecystokinin enabled a reproducible modulation of bile flow: a moderate and extreme contraction of the gallbladder could be induced after a standard breakfast and after i.m. administration of cholecystokinin, respectively. Following a standard breakfast, gallbladder volumes were approximately halved (50.6%) compared to the baseline volume after 79 min. Injection of 0.3 microgram/kg body weight cholecystokinin resulted in fast and complete gallbladder evacuation (94.6%) 36 min after the application of this cholagogue stimulus. Gallbladder volumes remained more or less constant under fasting conditions. This manipulation of bile flow did not influence concentration/time profiles of the sustained release theophylline preparation compared to the fasting condition. Even almost complete evacuation of the gallbladder after administration of cholecystokinin did not modify the concentration/time profile of theophylline in a relevant way. An unintentional rapid release of theophylline could be excluded for this sustained release formulation for all three treatments, as not a single case of dose dumping was observed. Furthermore, in vitro dissolution investigations using synthetic surfactants can predict neither food effects nor bile influence on the in vivo absorption at least for the sustained release formulation tested.
In the blink of an eye (2018)

Immersive computer-generated environments (aka virtual reality, VR ) are limited by the physical space around them, e.g., enabling natural walking in VR is only possible by perceptually-inspired locomotion techniques such as redirected walking (RDW). We introduce a completely new approach to imperceptible position and orientation redirection that takes advantage of the fact that even healthy humans are functionally blind for circa ten percent of the time under normal circumstances due to motor processes preventing light from reaching the retina (such as eye blinks) or perceptual processes suppressing degraded visual information (such as blink-induced suppression). During such periods of missing visual input, change blindness occurs, which denotes the inability to perceive a visual change such as the motion of an object or self-motion of the observer. We show that this phenomenon can be exploited in VR by synchronizing the computer graphics rendering system with the human visual processes for imperceptible camera movements, in particular to implement position and orientation redirection. We analyzed human sensitivity to such visual changes with detection thresholds, which revealed that commercial off-the-shelf eye trackers and head-mounted displays suffice to translate a user by circa 4 -- 9 cm and rotate the user by circa 2 -- 5 degrees in any direction, which could be accumulated each time the user blinks. Moreover, we show the potential for RDW, whose performance could be improved by approximately 50% when using our technique.
Observed Penetration of 14-MeV Neutrons in Various Materials (1993)

AbstractExperimentally observed 14-MeV neutron removal cross sections are presented for 16 materials. At a scattering energy loss of 4 MeV, the effective macroscopic cross section per unit mass (in square centimetres per gram) for a nucleus of mass A is given by 0.25A -1.78 + 0.10A-0.47. Such information provides a simple method for estimating neutron transport in systems driven by thermonuclear neutrons.
Concurrent knock‐out of at least 20 transporter genes is required to block uptake of hexoses in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1999)

The hexose transporter family of Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprises 18 proteins (Hxt1-17, Gal2). Here, we demonstrate that all these proteins, except Hxt12, and additionally three members of the maltose transporter family (Agt1, Ydl247, Yjr160) are able to transport hexoses. In a yeast strain deleted for HXT1-17, GAL2, AGT1, YDL247w and YJR160c, glucose consumption and transport activity were completely abolished. However, as additional deletion of the glucose sensor gene SNF3 partially restored growth on hexoses, our data indicate the existence of even more proteins able to transport hexoses in yeast.
Synthesis of 1,3‐dihydro‐2<i>H</i>‐benzimidazol‐2‐one from 2‐aminobenzamide (1978)

Abstract A method for the synthesis of 2‐henzimidazolone ( 1 ) has been devised which does not depend on 1,2‐diaminobenzene ( 2 ) as a starting material. This method produces 1 in good yield by the reaction of hypohalite with 2′‐carbamoylphthalanilic acid ( 7 ), a compound readily prepared by the reaction of 2‐aminobenzamide ( 3 ) and phthalic anhydride. Contrary to prior indications 1 can be hydrolyzed in the presence of acid at temperatures greater than 200 giving excellent yields of 2.
Innovative Surface Wave Plasma Reactor Technique for PFC Abatement (1998)

Application of surface wave plasmas as an innovative technology for the destruction and removal of perfluorocompounds (PFC) emanating from semiconductor fabrication tools is demonstrated. The destruction of parts per thousand (ppt) concentrations of hexafluoroethane, C2F6, in oxygen and natural gas mixtures has been investigated as a function of microwave power in a low-pressure plasma reactor at 11.3 Torr. Effluent analysis included the determination of destruction and removal efficiencies (DRE) and product distributions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Destruction and removal efficiences of up to 99.6% for C2F6 were achieved using applied microwave powers from 500 to 2000 W, which corresponded to millisecond range residence times within the plasma. Product analysis indicated that hexafluoroethane conversion was limited to low molecular weight gases such as CO2, CO, COF2, H2O, and HF. CF4 was not produced as a plasma byproduct in any significant quantities. These investigations indicate that surface wave plasma destruction of perfluorocompounds at the point of use is a viable nonintrusive abatement technology for application to semiconductor manufacturing tools.
A GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOSIDES-5′ TRIPHOSPHATES (1964)

The reaction between ribo- and deoxyribo-nucleoside-5′ phosphoromorpholidates and tributylammonium pyrophosphate in molecular sieve dried dimethyl sulphoxide has been found to give the nucleoside-5′ triphosphates in 81–84% yields. A convenient work-up of the triphosphates following ion exchange chromatography permits isolation of the triphosphates in overall yields of 73–80% as the pure sodium salts. A number of examples of the reaction are given.
Towards a collaborative framework for the design and development of data-intensive mobile applications (2014)

Guidelines and best practices on how to design and develop mobile applications are being periodically released by mobile OS vendors, mobile developers, and researchers. Still, a framework that collects and integrates them in a simple, holistic, and automated approach is missing.
Cloning of genes that complement yeast hexokinase and glucokinase mutants (1983)

Genes complementing the glucose-negative fructose-negative Saccharomyces cerevisiae triple mutant strain (hxkl hxk2 glk1), which lacks hexokinase PI, hexokinase PII, and glucokinase, were obtained from a pool of yeast DNA in the multicopy plasmid YEp13.
Global fecal microRNA profiling in the identification of biomarkers for colorectal cancer screening among Asians (2014)

Fecal microRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly explored as non-invasive markers of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its holistic profile in Asian CRC patients remains elusive. In the present study, the global human fecal miRNAs in Asian Chinese CRC patients was assayed to elucidate novel diagnostic fecal markers. Additionally, the influence of blood in stool on fecal miRNA levels was investigated for the first time. Microarray analysis was applied to profile the fecal miRNAs extracted from CRC patients and healthy subjects. Concurrently, surgically resected tumor and matched normal mucosae were analyzed. Potential fecal miRNA markers were further confirmed using real-time PCR in 17 CRC patients and 28 healthy subjects. Global miRNA profiling uncovered 17 fecal markers (p<0.05) differentially regulated in CRC. Fecal miR-223 and miR-451 represented robust markers in distinguishing CRC patients from healthy subjects, as evident from areas under the receiver operator characteristic curves of 0.939 and 0.971, respectively. Blood in stool affected fecal miR-451, miR-223 and miR-135b levels to a varying extent and substantially impacted the interpretation of the clinical data. Notably, a discrete set of aberrant miRNAs occurred within the tumor, indicating the presence of contributors beyond the exfoliation of tumor cells to the fecal miRNA profile. In summary, the utility of a global miRNA screening approach was successfully demonstrated in elucidating diagnostic markers of CRC. In particular, fecal miR-223 and miR-451 hold promise in detecting CRC.
An experimental frame difference signal generator for the analysis of television signals (1965)

One proposed method of reducing the channel capacity requirements for the transmissionof television signals over long distances is known as frame difference signal (f.d.s.) coding. This method implies the recoding of television signals so that only those parts of every frame are transmitted which are different in two consecutive frames. In order to assess the possible savings in channel capacity resulting from this technique, it is first necessary to measure and record the probability density of f.d.s. areas in actual television programme signals.In this paper an f.d.s. generator is described which, by using a vidicon camera tube as storageand subtracting device, produces frame difference signals suitable for of statistical analysis.The generated signals are further processed to obtain the frame by frame integral of the f.d.s.areas, and the ancillary equipment required to carry out this operation is described. The data are recorded for subsequent evaluation.
Effects of acute leptin administration on the differences in proton leak rate in liver mitochondria from<i>ob/ob</i>mice compared to lean controls (1999)

In this investigation, the effects on proton leak of leptin administration to ob/ob mice was measured for liver mitochondria. We and others have shown that proton leak is approximately 3 times greater in liver mitochondria from ob/ob mice compared to lean controls at any given membrane potential. The results are consistent with obese mammals having higher lean mass-specific metabolic rates compared to lean controls. The increase in proton leak rate at any given membrane potential cannot be explained by the presence of free fatty acids associated with mitochondria isolated from the obese animals. The difference in proton leak must therefore represent a real difference in inner membrane permeability. Acute leptin (OB protein) administration restores the liver mitochondrial proton leak rate of ob/ob mice to that of lean controls. There was no effect on proton leak rate of liver mitochondria from sham-treated ob/ob mice. These novel results indicate a role for leptin, either directly or indirectly, in regulating the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation.
Heralded, pure-state single-photon source based on a Potassium Titanyl Phosphate waveguide (2010)

We analyze the generation of single spatial mode, spectrally uncorrelated photon pairs via type II spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) waveguide using real experimental parameters. We show that this source can be used as an efficient, heralded, pure-state single-photon source.
L-Fucose: occurrence, physiological role, chemical, enzymatic and microbial synthesis (1999)

An easy source of unusual monosaccharides such as the 6-deoxyhexose, L-fucose are certain microbial extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), best known for their thickening, gelling or emulsifying properties. L-Fucose and L-fucose containing oligosaccharides have potential application in the medical field in preventing tumour cell colonisation of the lung (anticancer effect), in controlling the formation of white blood cells (anti-inflammatory effect), in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, in the synthesis of antigens for antibody production (rational immunisation) and in cosmeceuticals as skin moisturing agent. L-Fucose production via chemical synthesis is laborious and suffers from low yield, while direct extraction from brown algae is costly and subject to seasonal variations in supply volume and quality. Enzymatic synthesis is currently under investigation. Chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of L-fucose-rich microbial EPS opens up a new route towards efficient L-fucose production. This review deals with the properties, occurrence, physiological roles, chemical, enzymatic and microbial production of L-fucose. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Process Safety Assessment of the Iron-Catalyzed Direct Olefin Diazidation for the Expedient Synthesis of Vicinal Primary Diamines (2017)

We report herein a process safety assessment of the iron-catalyzed direct olefin diazidation for the preparation of a broad range of synthetically valuable vicinal primary diamines. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the corresponding reagents, intermediates, and a list of representative diazide/diaminium salt products revealed that all of them are thermal stable at the reaction temperature. The drop weight test of the diazides suggested that they are moderately impact-sensitive. Guided by this assessment, an optimized olefin diazidation/diamination procedure has been developed which allows for the gram-scale diaminium salt synthesis without purification of the diazide intermediate.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the coronary arteries: clinical results from three dimensional evaluation of a respiratory gated technique (1999)

Volume rendering of respiratory gated MRI techniques allows adequate visualisation of the coronary arteries in patients with a regular breathing pattern. Significant lesions in the major coronary artery branches can be identified with a moderate sensitivity and a high specificity.
Photoinduced Bragg gratings in As_2S_3 optical fibers (1995)

Bragg gratings have been fabricated in As(2)S(3) optical fibers through the photoinduced refractive-index change process. Bragg filters in the fiber show a more-ideal response than those fabricated in the corresponding bulk material. Some features characteristic of chalcogenide fibers and Ge-doped oxide fibers are discussed comparatively.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potent, Selective, Hexapeptide CCK-A Agonist Anorectic Agents (1997)

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a 33-amino acid peptide with multiple functions in both the central nervous system (via CCK-B receptors) and the periphery (via CCK-A receptors). CCK mediation of satiety via the A-receptor subtype suggest a role for CCK in the management of obesity. The carboxy terminal octapeptide (CCK-8) is fully active in this regard, but is lacking in receptor selectivity, metabolic stability, and oral bioavailability. Inversion of the chirality of Asp7 in conjunction with N-methylation of Phe8 produces compound 5 which exhibits high affinity and 2100-fold selectivity for CCK-A receptors. Compound 6 (Hpa(SO3H)-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-MeAsp-Phe-NH2), derived from moving the N-methyl group from Phe to Asp, decreased CCK-B affinity substantially without affecting CCK-A affinity, giving a compound with 6600-fold selectivity for CCK-A receptors. These compounds inhibit food intake with nanomolar potency following intraperitoneal administration in fasted rats. In addition to greater potency, compound 6 produces weight loss in rats when administered over nine consecutive days. Intranasal administration of 6 potently inhibits feeding in beagle dogs. Compound 6 produces potent anorectic activity via the CCK-A receptor system.
Experimental investigation of slot type dual spiral antenna fed by a microstrip line (2003)

The fundamental radiation characteristics of the slot-type dual spiral in the presence of a plane reflector are described. The testing frequencies used are in the 12-GHz range. It is demonstrated that a single slot-type dual spiral antenna can be fed by a microstrip transmission line, whose tail section is used for impedance matching of the antenna and the transmission line. An array consisting of eight slot-type dual spirals can also be fed by a microstrip transmission line, in the presence of a plane conducting reflector. The unidirectional radiation pattern, axial ratio, and return loss are discussed on the basis of experimental data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amino Acid Promoted CuI-Catalyzed C−N Bond Formation between Aryl Halides and Amines or N-Containing Heterocycles (2005)

CuI-catalyzed coupling reaction of electron-deficient aryl iodides with aliphatic primary amines occurs at 40 degrees C under the promotion of N-methylglycine. Using l-proline as the promoter, coupling reaction of aryl iodides or aryl bromides with aliphatic primary amines, aliphatic cyclic secondary amines, or electron-rich primary arylamines proceeds at 60-90 degrees C; an intramolecular coupling reaction between aryl chloride and primary amine moieties gives indoline at 70 degrees C; coupling reaction of aryl iodides with indole, pyrrole, carbazole, imidazole, or pyrazole can be carried out at 75-90 degrees C; and coupling reaction of electron-deficient aryl bromides with imidazole or pyrazole occurs at 60-90 degrees C to provide the corresponding N-aryl products in good to excellent yields. In addition, N,N-dimethylglycine promotes the coupling reaction of electron-rich aryl bromides with imidazole or pyrazole to afford the corresponding N-aryl imidazoles or pyrazoles at 110 degrees C. The possible action of amino acids in these coupling reactions is discussed.
Integrative genomic profiling reveals conserved genetic mechanisms for tumorigenesis in common entities of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (2011)

Recent developments in genomic technologies have resulted in increased understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and emphasized the importance of central survival pathways. Here, we use a novel bioinformatic based integrative genomic profiling approach to elucidate conserved mechanisms of lymphomagenesis in the three commonest non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) entities: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. By integrating genome-wide DNA copy number analysis and transcriptome profiling of tumor cohorts, we identified genetic lesions present in each entity and highlighted their likely target genes. This revealed a significant enrichment of components of both the apoptosis pathway and the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway, including amplification of the MAP3K12 locus in all three entities, within the set of genes targeted by genetic alterations in these diseases. Furthermore, amplification of 12p13.33 was identified in all three entities and found to target the FOXM1 oncogene. Amplification of FOXM1 was subsequently found to be associated with an increased MYC oncogenic signaling signature, and siRNA-mediated knock-down of FOXM1 resulted in decreased MYC expression and induced G2 arrest. Together, these findings underscore genetic alteration of the MAPK and apoptosis pathways, and genetic amplification of FOXM1 as conserved mechanisms of lymphomagenesis in common NHL entities. Integrative genomic profiling identifies common central survival mechanisms and highlights them as attractive targets for directed therapy.
Sensor for Measuring Strain in Textile (2008)

In this paper a stain sensor to measure large strain (80%) in textiles is presented. It consists of a mixture of 50wt-% thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) and 50wt-% carbon black particles and is fiber-shaped with a diameter of 0.315mm. The attachment of the sensor to the textile is realized using a silicone film. This sensor configuration was characterized using a strain tester and measuring the resistance (extension-retraction cycles): It showed a linear resistance response to strain, a small hysteresis, no ageing effects and a small dependance on the strain velocity. The total mean error caused by all these effects was +/-5.5% in strain. Washing several times in a conventional washing machine did not influence the sensor properties. The paper finishes by showing an example application where 21 strain sensors were integrated into a catsuit. With this garment, 27 upper body postures could be recognized with an accuracy of 97%.
Carcinoma of the Bladder: Predictors (1980)

The natural history of carcinoma of the bladder is unpredictable. In some patients, invasive (potentially lethal) carcinomas represent their initial clinical presentation, whereas in others, a protracted clinical course characterized by multiple recurrent tumors is witnessed. This latter population of patients is the most vexing to the urologist. The prediction of the patient's "state of risk" from the tumor has historically been based on clinical pathologic staging employing grade and stage. Predictive clinical evidence for the development of invasive (potentially lethal) carcinoma has been gleaned from observations of the rapidity and pattern of tumor recurrence (single vs. multiple), tumor characteristics (grade, shape, and presence of lymphatic or venous invasion) and the presence of carcinoma in situ at preselected endoscopically normal biopsy sites. Currently available "objective" predictors such as blood group isoantigen deletion from bladder urothelium of patients with invasive bladder carcinoma are provocative. Presently, this technique cannot pinpoint when tumor invasion will occur in a particular patient. However, the application of this methodology in a prospective study (including examination of preselected endoscopically normal mucosal biopsies) is well as resected tumor tissue may prove valuable. At the ultrastructure level as studied with the electron microscope and immunofluorescent probes, alterations in the plasma membrane have been defined that are associated with malignant transformation and abnormal growth patterns (potentially predictive of tumor invasion). Certain Of these techniques appropriately applied to a population at high risk may ultimately assist the surgeon in timing extirpative surgery.
Development of an Algorithm to Extract Specific Waveform Image Pattern for Diagnosis of Nail Apparatus Melanoma (2007)

爪部悪性黒色腫（Nail apparatus melanoma, NAM）は日本人において比較的高い発症率を持つが，その予後は悪いとされている．その原因は主として診断確定の難しさによるものである．本研究では，ダーモスコピーと呼ばれる無侵襲な診断方法から得られる画像を元に，良性・悪性の自動診断を行うアルゴリズムの開発を行った．本手法は遺伝的アルゴリズム（Genetic Algorithm, GA）を用いて，良性・悪性サンプルそれぞれにおいて共通して見られる爪甲色素線条画像のパターン（共通パターン）を抽出し，判別分析を用いてそのパターンに基づいた診断を行う方法である．今回，悪性患者9例，良性患者19例の計28例のダーモスコピーから得られた画像に対して，本手法を適用した事により80.0%という高い精度で判別することができた．更に，本手法により良性・悪性サンプルの爪甲色素線条から抽出された共通パターンを比較したところ，良性サンプルの爪甲色素線条が変化の乏しいパターンを持っているのに対して，悪性サンプルの爪甲色素線条は変化の激しいパターンを持つ事が確認された．