gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Method of Characterizing Hologram-Recording Materials* (1971)

A new method of characterizing hologram-recording materials is presented. This method is applicable to all types of holograms. An ideal hologram-recording material permits the reconstruction of a wave front linearly proportional to the original subject wave front. Based on this concept of linear reconstruction, a material can be characterized by the properties of holograms recorded in the material with two interfering plane waves. If η is the hologram diffraction efficiency, E0 the average exposure, and V the visibility of the interference fringes, the ideal material is shown to be characterized by the relation √η = SE0V, where S is a constant. For the ideal material, curves of √η vs E0 with constant V as parameter and curves of √η vs V with constant E0 as parameter are families of straight lines. Since η, E0, and V are measurable quantities, similar curves can also be plotted for any real material. However, for a real material these curves are straight lines only within limited ranges of η, E0, and V. Within these ranges, the material may be considered ideal. Besides indicating the linearity, a set of √η−E0 or √η−V curves for a particular material also indicates explicitly the maximum hologram diffraction efficiency, the optimum average exposure value, and the holographic sensitivity of the material. √η−V characteristics of some common hologram-recording materials are shown, and the properties of the holograms recorded in these materials are compared.
A Review of Software Packages for Data Mining (2003)

We present to the statistical community an overview of five data mining packages with the intent of leaving the reader with a sense of the different capabilities, the ease or difficulty of use, and the user interface of each package. We are not attempting to perform a controlled comparison of the algorithms in each package to decide which has the strongest predictive power, but instead hope to give an idea of the approach to predictive modeling used in each of them. The packages are compared in the areas of descriptive statistics and graphics, predictive models, and association (market basket) analysis.\nAs expected, the packages affiliated with the most popular statistical software packages (SAS and SPSS) provide the broadest range of features with remarkably similar modeling and interface approaches, whereas the other packages all have their special sets of features and specific target audiences whom we believe each of the packages will serve well. It is essential that an organization considering the purchase of a data mining package carefully evaluate the available options and choose the one that provides the best fit with its particular needs.
Beyond the Web (2011)

Internet technologies are changing the way we provide education and training at all levels. However, we have not yet fully utilized the power of these technologies. The focus has only been on the Web, which is only one of many Internet technologies. In this chapter, we go beyond the Web to leverage multiple Internet technologies to support in-class education. In this chapter, common problems in Web-based education are discussed, an experiment in developing and implementing a framework that seamlessly integrate various Internet technologies is presented, and the increase in learning effectiveness yielded by the new methodology is described.
Near-field scanning photocurrent microscopy of a nanowire photodetector (2005)

A near-field scanning optical microscope was used to image the photocurrent induced by local illumination along the length of a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector made from an individual CdS nanowire. Nanowire MSM photodetectors exhibited photocurrents ∼105 larger than the dark current (&lt;2pA) under uniform monochromatic illumination; under local illumination, the photoresponse was localized to the near-contact regions. Analysis of the spatial variation and bias dependence of the local photocurrent allowed the mechanisms of photocarrier transport and collection to be identified, highlighting the importance of near-field scanning photocurrent microscopy to elucidating the operating principles of nanowire devices.
FPGA implementation of multilayer feed forward neural network architecture using VHDL (2012)

This paper presents a hardware implementation of multilayer feed forward neural networks (FFNN) using Field Programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In spite of huge improvements in FPGA densities, the number of multipliers in a NN limits the size of the network that can be implemented using a single FPGA and the NN applications are not made commercially viable. The proposed implementation is aimed at reducing the resource requirements, without much compromise on the speed, so that a larger NN can be realized on a single chip at a lower cost. The parallel processing of the layers in an NN has been exploited in this paper to implement larger NNs. An efficient and fast carry look-ahead adder and Booth multiplier are the essential building blocks of the processing elements to perform parallel computation in the neural network. The activation function is implemented using piecewise linear approximation. In this work, a 2-2-1 multilayer feed forward neural network is implemented with different fixed point representation. The hardware resources consumed and the results obtained are presented.
A BEOL multilevel structure with ultra low-k materials (k &#x2264; 2.4) (2010)

A multilevel back-end-of-line structure with a dielectric constant κ ≤ 2.4 ultra low-κ materials was developed. κ=2.2 ULK build was demonstrated at a 144nm wiring pitch and a κ=2.4 ULK was demonstrated at a 288nm pitch. Good model-to-hardware correlation for the measured capacitance indicated no significant plasma damage to the ULK 2.2 material. The extracted copper resistivity was consistent with size-effect predictions of an electron scattering model. An optimized SiN/SiC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> H bilayer copper cap scheme was developed to minimize low-κ damage. Also, an alternative CoWP metal cap, for improved electromigration resistance, is discussed. Preliminary TDDB reliability testing suggests V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">bd</sub> of ULK 2.2 144nm pitch structures and ULK 2.4 288nm pitch structures was comparable to that of dense low-κ films at similar pitches, with very few extrinsic fails.
GPR30 Contributes to Estrogen-Induced Thymic Atrophy (2007)

The mechanisms by which prolonged estrogen exposures, such as estrogen therapy and pregnancy, reduce thymus weight, cellularity, and CD4 and CD8 phenotype expression, have not been well defined. In this study, the roles played by the membrane estrogen receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), and the intracellular estrogen receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta), in 17beta-estradiol (E2)-induced thymic atrophy were distinguished by construction and the side-by-side comparison of GPR30-deficient mice with ERalpha and ERbeta gene-deficient mice. Our study shows that whereas ERalpha mediated exclusively the early developmental blockage of thymocytes, GPR30 was indispensable for thymocyte apoptosis that preferentially occurs in T cell receptor beta chain(-/low) double-positive thymocytes. Additionally, G1, a specific GPR30 agonist, induces thymic atrophy and thymocyte apoptosis, but not developmental blockage. Finally, E2 treatment attenuates the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in CD25(-)CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative thymocytes through an ERalpha-dependent yet ERbeta- and GPR30-independent pathway. Differential inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB by ERalpha and GPR30 might underlie their disparate physiological effects on thymocytes. Our study distinguishes, for the first time, the respective contributions of nuclear and membrane E2 receptors in negative regulation of thymic development.
Metalloproteinases: their role in arthritis and potential as therapeutic targets (2003)

Irreversible degradation of articular cartilage is a major feature of the arthritides, and its prevention is a therapeutic goal which has been difficult to achieve. Enzymes from the matrix metalloproteinase and ADAMTS (a disintegrin, a metalloproteinase, and thrombospondin motif) families are key mediators of cartilage extracellular matrix destruction. Inhibition of metalloproteinase activity is therefore a conceptually attractive therapeutic strategy, although clinical efficacy has not yet been demonstrated. This review outlines the biology behind metalloproteinases as drug targets in the arthritides, and poses important questions for the future design of such therapies.
Human antibody responses to components of the monoclonal antimelanoma antibody ricin A chain immunotoxin XomaZyme-MEL. (1990)

Human antibody responses to immunotoxin components were evaluated in 21 melanoma patients who were treated with XomaZyme-MEL, a murine monoclonal antimelanoma antibody-ricin A chain conjugate. Twenty of the 21 melanoma patients produced antibodies against ricin A chain, while 15 of 21 produced antibodies reactive with the murine monoclonal antibody component. Both IgM and IgG antibody responses were produced. Immunoglobulin responses were usually detected 1 to 2 weeks following initiation of therapy, with peak levels generally attained 2 to 4 weeks posttherapy. Titers of the anti-ricin A chain antibodies were generally higher than those of the antimurine monoclonal antibodies for the dose range tested. There was no clear correlation between the dose of immunotoxin administered and the antibody titer. By use of a competitive flow cytometry assay, antiidiotype responses were demonstrated in eight of 10 melanoma patients who had antimurine antibodies. Both the kinetics of appearance and the relative titers of the antiidiotype responses generally corresponded to the antimurine responses. The development of antimmunotoxin antibodies can reduce the therapeutic potential of immunotoxins through several mechanisms. The development of antibodies in a significant number of patients suggests that optimally effective, repeated courses of therapy will require some procedure for suppressing or abrogating the response against the immunotoxin.
A 6 b 1.1 GSample/s CMOS A/D converter (2002)

High-speed ADCs are key elements in the read channel of optical and magnetic data storage systems. The required resolution is about 6 b while the sampling rate (Fs) and effective resolution bandwidth (ERBW) requirements increase with each generation of storage system. Sample rates up to 800 MSample/s have been reported with ERBW=200 MHz. The ADC presented here achieves a maximum sample rate of 1.1 GSample/s and an EBBW of 450 MHz. This result is obtained with full flash interpolating/averaging architecture with distributed track-and-hold (T/H) in a standard 0.35 μm single-poly five-metal 3.3 V digital CMOS process. Chip area is 0.35 mm/sup 2/ and power consumption is 300 mW.
Expanded, Contracted & Isomeric Porphyrins (1997)

Paperback. The porphyrins are a class of naturally-occurring macrocycles and are ubiquitous in our world. As such, they have been called the Pigments of Life. This auspicious designation reflects their importance in numerous biological functions. Indeed, life as we understand it relies on the full range of biological processes that are either performed by or catalyzed by porphyrin-containing proteins. Chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic reaction centers in plants, for instance, convert light energy into chemical energy while producing oxygen along the way. It is this oxygen, evolved from photosynthesis, that is transported, stored, and reduced by heme-containing proteins in many organisms, including mammals. Not surprisingly, therefore, these molecules remain of fundamental interest to chemists and biochemists. Indeed, they continue to be intensely investigated by researchers world-wide.Inspired by the importance of the porphyrins, a new research di
Aptamer-Based Carbohydrate Recognition (2010)

Carbohydrates have been revealed to play fundamental roles in diverse biological phenomena, such as being recognition sites and biomarkers. Recently, ample nucleic acid aptamers guided for carbohydrate recognition have already been isolated and characterized through SELEX methodology. This review would like to present and discuss these aptamers toward recognizing various carbohydrate targets: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, aminoglycoside antibiotics and glycans from glycoproteins. High affinity carbohydrate aptamers that we reviewed herein might shed light on the development of a tool to augment drug discovery creations.
Dynamic Augmented Reality for Sensory Substitution in Robot-Assisted Surgical Systems (2006)

Teleoperated robot-assisted surgical systems provide surgeons with improved precision, dexterity, and visualization over traditional minimally invasive surgery. The addition of haptic (force and/or tactile) feedback has been proposed as a way to further enhance the performance of these systems. However, due to limitations in sensing and control technologies, implementing direct haptic feedback to the surgeon's hands remains impractical for clinical application. A new, intuitive augmented reality system for presentation of force information through sensory substitution has been developed and evaluated. The augmented reality system consists of force-sensing robotic instruments, a kinematic tool tracker, and a graphic display that overlays a visual representation of force levels on top of the moving instrument tips. The system is integrated with the da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Inc.) and tested by several users in a phantom knot tying task. The augmented reality system decreases the number of broken sutures, decreases the number of loose knots, and results in more consistent application of forces.
Conformational transition and liquid crystalline state of regenerated silk fibroin in water (2007)

The conformational transition of molecular chains of regenerated silk fibroin (SF) aqueous solution is systematically investigated by circular dichroism, Raman, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopies. It is found that an initial random coil conformation of the SF can be readily changed into an ordered beta-sheet structure by optimizing the solution conditions, such as the SF concentration, pH, temperature, or metal-ion content. Circular dichroic spectra quantitatively confirm a steadily decreased content of the random coil conformation but a significantly increased beta-sheet content after an ultrasonic or extruding treatment. Furthermore, the extrusion is more powerful to achieve high beta-sheet content than the ultrasonic. It is interesting that the polarized optical micrographs of the SF aqueous solution extruded by injection illustrate the formation and existence of liquid crystalline state. A study of extrusion in vitro could be used as a model system to understand the natural silk spinning process in silkworm.
SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR HIV (HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) INFECTED PATIENTS (2000)

Even in Japan, the number of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infected patients is rapidly increasing. Thus, the opportunity for health care workers to come in contact with HIV infected patients will increases on a daily basis. This paper will mainly discusses the treatment for HIV infected patients and operative indications. A total of 10 operations were performed on 9 patients at the Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital (2 AIDS patients and 7 asymptomatic HIV infected patients). We performed lung lobectomies, biopsies of the tumor, permutations of artificial joints, adhesiolysis of an ileus, cannulation of the hepatic artery, colostomy, and skin transplantation in our study. All patients were known to be HIV seropositive prior to operations. No operative deaths occurred. No statistical relationships were observed between the immune conditions of the patients, operating times, volume of blood losses and the existence of complications in this study. The operative indication is usually determined according to the CD4+cell count. Although one case did not meet the operative indication on the CD4+cell count basis, we were able to get a good result. In considering the patient's quality of life, the operative indications should be more flexible.
Relationship Between Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Anticonvulsant Levels in Epileptics (1982)

Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a recognized negative risk factor for coronary heart disease. In this study, therapy with phenytoin alone, carbamazepine alone, and phenytoin in combination with phenobarbital was associated with elevated plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations. The highest HDL cholesterol levels were seen in subjects treated with the combination of phenytoin and phenobarbital. Plasma HDL cholesterol levels were proportional to the serum phenobarbital and carbamazepine concentrations. In subjects treated with phenytoin alone, low plasma HDL cholesterol levels were associated with low drug concentrations. The results suggest direct links running from the serum anticonvulsant levels to the extent of hepatic microsomal enzyme induction, and further to the plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations.
Antibodies against mutated citrullinated vimentin are a better predictor of disease activity at 24 months in early rheumatoid arthritis than antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. (2008)

Anti-MCV antibodies are associated with a more severe RA disease, as measured by DAS28, ESR, and swollen joint count over time, compared with anti-CCP2, CCP3, and CCP3.1 antibodies. Radiological progression was predicted equally by all 4 autoantibodies.
Robust image reconstruction from multi-view measurements (2012)

We propose a novel method to accurately reconstruct a set of images representing a single scene from few linear multi-view measurements. Each observed image is modeled as the sum of a background image and a foreground one. The background image is common to all observed images but undergoes geometric transformations, as the scene is observed from different viewpoints. In this paper, we assume that these geometric transformations are represented by a few parameters, e.g., translations, rotations, affine transformations, etc.. The foreground images differ from one observed image to another, and are used to model possible occlusions of the scene. The proposed reconstruction algorithm estimates jointly the images and the transformation parameters from the available multi-view measurements. The ideal solution of this multi-view imaging problem minimizes a non-convex functional, and the reconstruction technique is an alternating descent method built to minimize this functional. The convergence of the proposed algorithm is studied, and conditions under which the sequence of estimated images and parameters converges to a critical point of the non-convex functional are provided. Finally, the efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated using numerical simulations for applications such as compressed sensing or super-resolution.
Coumarins Isolated from <i>Angelica </i><i>g</i><i>igas</i> Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase:  Structure−Activity Relationships (2001)

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity-guided fractionation of Angelica gigas led to isolation and identification of a new coumarin, peucedanone (12), and isolation of 11 known coumarins. Among them, decursinol (1) represented the highest inhibitory activity toward AChE in vitro. The correlation of the inhibitory activities of the coumarins toward AChE with their chemical structures was studied.
An Overview of Automated Scoring of Essays. (2006)

used to overcome time, cost, reliability, and generalizability issues
HYBRID RARE EARTH QUADRUPOLE ORIF TUBE MAGNETS (1985)

A prototype quadrupole permanent magnet with adjustable field strength has been constructed and tested. The magnet consists of iron pole pieces to provide the required field shape along with rare earth permanent magnet material (samarium cobalt) to energize the magnet. A unique feature of the configuration is the adjustability of the field by rotating the outer rings consisting of permanent magnets and iron. Magnetic tests show small field errors coming from well understood assembly details. Mechanical tests show the design needs further consideration to ensure reliability. It is planned to use this type of magnet in the SuperHILAC prestripper drift tubes.
A novel recombinant slow-release TNF α-derived peptide effectively inhibits tumor growth and angiogensis (2015)

RMP16, a recombinant TNF α-derived polypeptide comprising a specific human serum albumin (HSA)-binding 7-mer peptide identified by phage display screening (WQRPSSW), a cleavage peptide for Factor Xa (IEGR), and a 20-amino acid bioactive peptide P16 (TNF α segment including amino acid residues 75-94), was prepared by gene-engineering technology. RMP16 showed prolonged half-life, 13.11 hours in mice (half-lives of P16 and TNF α are 5.77 and 29.0 minutes, respectively), and obviously higher receptor selectivity for TNFRI than TNF α. RMP16 had significant inhibition effects for multiple tumor cells, especially prostate cancer Du145 cells, and human vascular endothelial cells but not for human mammary non-tumorigenic epithelial cells. RMP16 can more effectively induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation for DU145 cells than P16 and TNF α via the caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. In nude mice with transplanted tumor of DU145 cells, RMP16 significantly induced apoptosis and necrosis of tumor tissues but causing less side effects, and tumor inhibitory rate reached nearly 80%, furthermore, RMP16 can potently inhibit tumor angiogenesis and neovascularization. These findings suggest that RMP16 may represent a promising long-lasting antitumor therapeutic peptide with less TNF α-induced toxicity.
The state of charge balancing techniques for electrical vehicle charging stations with cascaded H-bridge multilevel converters (2018)

In this paper, two state-of-charge (SOC) balancing techniques are proposed for an electrical vehicle charging station which is based on a grid-tied cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel converter. The first proposed technique uses the redundant states of the CHB converter to generate different AC voltages to balance the SOCs of the CHB cells. For the first proposed technique, the active power injected to the CHB converter is calculated and the optimal switching state that can regulate the SOCs of batteries is designed before switching transitions. In the second proposed technique, the information of AC input current is employed to design the switching states at each quarter of the period. As shown in this paper, the two proposed techniques can regulate the SOCs of the multilevel converter much faster than two conventional techniques in literature without increasing cost or complexity of the converter. This can increase the battery charging speed on the grid-tied converter. The experiments are conducted on a 7-level CHB converter to validate the two proposed techniques.