gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anoxie Injury in the Rat Spinal Cord: Pharmacological Evidence for Multiple Steps in Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Dependent Injury of the Dorsal Columns (1997)

To examine anoxic injury in spinal cord white matter, we studied axonal conduction in the dorsal columns during and following a standard 60 min anoxic insult at 36 degrees C. Perfusion of the spinal cord in 0-Ca2+ Ringer solution resulted in significantly improved recovery of the compound action potential. Similarly, removal of Na+ from the perfusate resulted in significantly improved recovery of conduction in dorsal column axons. Exposure of the anoxic spinal cord to the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX), the Na-Ca exchange blockers benzamil and bepridil, Na(+)-H+ exchange blockers amiloride and harmaline, and perfusion in Ringer solution with pH adjusted to 6.4, all resulted in improved recovery. The tertiary anesthetics procaine and lidocaine, as well as phenytoin and carbamazepine, also resulted in improved recovery of compound action potential amplitude after 60 min of anoxia. These results demonstrate that a significant component of irreversible loss of conduction, following anoxic injury of the dorsal columns, is Ca(2+)-dependent. Moreover, these results demonstrate that TTX-inhibitable Na+ channels participate in the pathophysiology of anoxic injury in spinal cord white matter, and indicate that reverse Na-Ca exchange provides a route for at least part of the damaging influx of Ca2+ into an intracellular compartment in anoxic spinal cord white matter. Our results also suggest that extracellular acidosis may have a protective effect on anoxic spinal cord white matter, and support the hypothesis that anoxic injury of spinal cord white matter may involve the Na(+)-H+ exchanger.
Complementary functioning of the component proteins of nitrogenase from several bacteria (1978)

The nitrogenase proteins from eight organisms have been highly purified, and a survey of their cross-reactions shows that the nitrogenase proteins from a wide variety of organisms can interact with one another. An active cross-reaction is the complementary functioning of the MoFe protein and the Fe protein from different organisms. Of 64 possible combinations of component proteins, 8 yielded homologous nitrogenases (components from the same organism); 45 of the 56 possible heterologous crosses generated active hybrid nitrogenases; 4 heterologous crosses yielded no measurable nitrogenase activity but did form inactive tight-binding complexes; 6 crosses did not give measurable activity; and 1 cross was not made. All these crosses were assayed for acetylene reduction, and some also were assayed for ammonia formation, hydrogen evolution, and ATP hydrolysis activity. The activity generated by combining two complementary heterologous nitrogenase components depended on pH, component ratio, and protein concentration, the same factors that determine the activity of homologous nitrogenases. However, several crosses showed an unusual dependency on component ratio and protein concentration, and some cross-reactions showed interesting ATP hydrolysis activity.
Engineering, construction, and operations in space - III: Space '92; Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Denver, CO, May 31-June 4, 1992. Vols. 1 & 2 (1992)

The present volume on engineering, construction, and operations in space discusses surface structures on the moon and Mars, surface equipment, construction, and transportation on the moon and Mars, in situ materials use and processing, and space energy. Attention is given to such orbital structures as LEO and the space station, space mining and excavation, space materials, space automation and robotics, and space life support systems. Topics addressed include lunar-based astronomy, space systems integration, terrestrial support for space functions, and space education. Also discussed are space plans, policy, and history, space science and engineering, geoengineering and space exploration, and the construction and development of a human habitat on Mars.
B cells regulate expression of CD40 ligand on activated T cells by lowering the mRNA level and through the release of soluble CD40 (1994)

The expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) on activated T cells (CD4+ T cell clone MT9) is diminished when the T cells are cultured in the presence of B cells. This effect, observed both with normal tonsil B cells and with the B cell line JY, was detected after 6 h and sustained at least until 18 h of co-culture. Analysis of mRNA showed that CD40L mRNA levels were not modified after 6 h, but were significantly down-regulated after 18 h of co-culture with B cells. Although CD40L expression could not be detected by a CD40-Fc chimera, the molecule was still expressed at the membrane as shown with a polyclonal antiserum against CD40L (anti-TRAP). In addition, T cells activated in the presence of B cells were stained by a polyclonal antiserum against CD40, without the appearance of CD40 mRNA. These results indicated that a soluble form of CD40 (sCD40) bound to the expressed CD40L on T cells. The existence of sCD40 was confirmed by detection of sCD40 in B cell supernatants using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Collectively, these data show that B cells can regulate the expression of CD40L on activated T cells at least by two different mechanisms.
Supplying instantaneous video-on-demand services using controlled multicast (2003)

We propose and evaluate the performance of a multicast technique, called controlled CIWP for supplying video-on-demand services. Similar to batching schemes, controlled CIWP allows two clients that request the same video to share a channel. Unlike batching, the controlled CIWP scheme does not delay the earlier request in order to promote sharing. Instead, sharing is ensured by permitting the client with the later arrival time to join an ongoing multicast session started for the earlier request. However, controlled CIWP does not let a client join an ongoing multicast session whenever possible. A threshold is used to control the frequency at which new multicast sessions are started. We derive the optimal threshold that maximizes the number of server channels required. Our simulation study shows that the controlled CIWP significantly improves the performance of the VOD service.
Research issues in automatic database clustering (2005)

While a lot of work has been published on clustering of data on storage medium, little has been done about automating this process. This is an important area because with data proliferation, human attention has become a precious and expensive resource. Our goal is to develop an automatic and dynamic database clustering technique that will dynamically re-cluster a database with little intervention of a database administrator (DBA) and maintain an acceptable query response time at all times. In this paper we describe the issues that need to be solved when developing such a technique.
OPTIMIZING RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR GREENHOUSE POTTED PLANT PRODUCTION (1990)

ABSTRACT A procedure for studying the profitability of greenhouse potted plant production systems subject to resource constraints was developed. The constrained condition and resources were the crop production schedule, greenhouse space, labor, and budget. A database containing the information for determining the required resources and operating costs for growing various crops was established. The database also provides the estimated revenue from sales of the crops, on a per pot basis. An algorithm was developed to determine first the feasibility of a given production plan and then determine the quantities of crops to be grown in order to yield an optimum profit. The result of this algorithm may serve to optimize allocation of resources for year-round production. The algorithm along with the crop database was incorporated into a user-friendly micro-computer program..
<title>Holographic optical interconnects for multichip modules</title> (1991)

An optically interconnected multichip module designed specifically to meet the demands of high performance processor array systems is proposed. The system consists of computer generated holograms GaAs laser array chips and Si VLSI chips containing processing elements and integrated photodetectors. All components are incorporated into a package (similar to an existing multichip module design) with a water-cooled heat sink. All intramodule chip-to-chip connections longer than a particular line length and all intermodule connections are implemented optically. Limitations on power dissipation bandwidth connection density and alignment tolerances are discussed. The performance is compared with both electrical thin film interconnects and guided wave optical interconnects.
Chemiresistive metal-stabilized thiyl radical films as highly selective ethylene sensors (2014)

A highly selective chemiresistive ethylene sensor based on reversible and selective ligand-centered substrate binding to a metal-stabilized thiyl radical.
The first synthesis of (&plusmn;)-3,4-dihydroxy-8,9-methylenedioxypterocarpan, an antitumoral agent and its coumestan derivative (2004)

We report the first synthesis of (±)-3,4-dihydroxy-8,9-methylenedioxypterocarpan, a natural isoflavonoid that shows antitumoral activity. The key step involved the Heck reaction between the 7,8-dibenzyloxychromen and the organomercurial derived from sesamol, followed by debenzylation. The Heck adduct was also employed in the synthesis of the corresponding coumestan derivative, using DDQ as oxidant agent.
Synthesis of Tritium Labeled Queuine, PreQ1 and Related Azide Probes Toward Examining the Prevalence of Queuine (2012)

Queuine is a modified nucleotide known to occur in the anticodon of four tRNAs. The queuine modification occurs across all eukaryotes and eubacteria with few exceptions, but its function remains unclear. Prior in vitro work demonstrated that the modification can be incorporated into RNA species other than presently known tRNAs. Queuine is unusual in that, unlike the majority of modified nucleotides that result from changes to genetically encoded bases, it is incorporated into RNA by transglycosylation. Base modification by transglycosylation is unusual and represents an interesting point of entry for study. Due to this method of incorporation the modification can be studied with small molecule probes. Tritium-labeled queuine and preQ1 were prepared to study the differences between the eukaryotic and eubacterial version of the enzyme responsible for the incorporation of queuine, tRNA guanine transglycosylase. A concise, convergent synthesis of queuine was developed that is the shortest route to date. PreQ1, the precursor to queuine incorporated by eubacteria, was used to investigate the prevalence of base modification in E. coli. Three cell lines were utilized to conduct the in vivo experiments of this study: a ΔqueC knockout of E. coli that is unable to synthesize preQ1 so that labeled compound would be incorporated exclusively, a Δtgt knockout strain of E. coli that is unable to incorporate preQ1 and a wild-type E. coli strain. As the modified nucleotide occurs through incorporation of a specially synthesized nucleotide, a study of the sites of modification by prepared probes is possible. The syntheses of two novel azide congeners were undertaken for this purpose. The evaluation of their interaction with tRNA guanine transglycosylase was undertaken to determine if they are substrates of the enzyme. The tritium labeled preQ1 allowed for a general evaluation of the prevalence. That determined the four known tRNAs are the main site of incorporation in vivo, while many other RNAs are substrates in vitro. The azide probes were generated and interact with E. coli TGT, but were not substrates. In summary, we have gained a better understanding of queuine modification of RNAs and have developed tools that will aide in future studies.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN HUMAN MONOCYTES AND RED CELLS (1970)

Studies were carried out in order to characterize the specificity of IgG sub-classes and IgG fragments for rosette formation using red cells and human mononuclear cells. Rosette formation of red cells coated with anti-D was inhibited by free IgG(1) and IgG(3); less inhibition occurred with IgG(2) and IgG(4). Red cells specifically coated with IgG(1) and IgG(3) by chromic chloride were bound to monocytes. Rosette inhibition of anti-D-coated red cells occurred with free Fc fragment of IgG globulin, and only partly with F(ab')(2). Inhibitory capacity of Fc fragments of IgG and gamma(1) heavy chain from heavy chain disease was reversed by the cleavage of disulfide bonds. No inhibition was noted with Fab, or with pepsin components II, III, or IV. These studies indicated that the mononuclear receptor was specific for IgG(1) and IgG(3). The peptide portion of IgG globulin which attached to the mononuclear cell appeared to reside in the N-terminal portion of the Fc fragment and also appeared to require the integrity of the inter-heavy chain disulfide bond. A specific receptor for C3 was not confirmed.
Cloning of rat uncoupling protein‐3 and uncoupling protein‐2 cDNAs: their gene expression in rats fed high‐fat diet (1997)

In order to elucidate energy balance in the skeletal muscle, we cloned cDNA of a homologue of uncoupling protein (UCP) from rat skeletal muscle. We also cloned rat UCP-2 cDNA from rat brown adipose tissue (BAT). The UCP cloned from rat skeletal muscle showed 57% and 72% identity with rat UCP-1 and UCP-2. The mRNA was expressed abundantly in the skeletal muscle, moderately in the BAT, and slightly in the white adipose tissue (WAT) with a major band at 2.5 kb and a minor band at 2.8 kb, while the UCP-2 gene expression was widely detected in the whole body with substantial levels in the WAT and with slight levels in the skeletal muscle and BAT. The rat UCP cloned in the present study showed 86% identity with the recently cloned human UCP-3, which was also expressed abundantly in the skeletal muscle with a signal of 2.4 kb. Therefore, the rat UCP was considered to be rat UCP-3. In rats fed high-fat diet the UCP-3 gene expression was augmented 2-fold in the skeletal muscle while UCP-2 mRNA levels were increased significantly (1.6-fold) in the epididymal WAT. Augmented expression of UCPs may provide defense against high-fat induced obesity and impairment of glucose metabolism.
Defect repair performance using the nanomachining repair technique (2003)

Nanomachining is a new technique for repairing photomask defects. The advantages of this technique are no substrate damage, precise edge placement position and Z height accuracy when compared with current Laser zapper or FIB GAE repair techniques. This technique can be applied to any type of opaque defects at any type of film materials and quartz bump defects on Alternating Aperture Phase Sifting Masks (AAPSM). Furthermore, these characteristics enable complex pattern repairs of most advanced photomasks for 193nm lithography and enables iterative repair to achieve improved printing performance when analyzed with an AIMS 193nm tool. Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. (DNP) has been producing AAPSMs in mass production for quite some time. The standard type of AAPSMs manufactured has been etched quartz, single trench with an undercut structure. On this structure, there is a potential for quartz defects underneath the chrome overhang based on the combination of dry and wet etching to create the undercut. For this study, we fabricated this kind of designed quartz defects and repaired them using the nanomachining system. These types of defects are particularly difficult to repair perfectly because they exist underneath the chrome overhang. We will show some options to achieve better printing results through the repair of these kinds of defects. In this report, we confirmed basic performance of this technique such as edge placement accuracy, Z height accuracy and AIMS printability. Additionally, we also tried to repair some complex defects such as quartz defects of AAPSM, quartz defects of CPL mask and oversized Serifs for application options. We will show these nanomachining repairs with evaluation results of printing performance simulated by the AIMS 193nm tool.
Exploiting Metadata of Absent Objects for Proxy Cache Consistency (2001)

This paper proposes a proxy cache consistency policy that uses the metadata even for absent objects. These include the time information of evicted objects from the cacheandthoseoutof the header-only replies from Web servers. Trace-driven simulations with public proxy cache traces show that our policy reduces the response time and the number of connections to Web servers significantly
A framework for reducing instruction scheduling overhead in dynamic compilers (2006)

Start-up time is a serious concern for high-availability applications such as web servers, transaction managers, and batch processes. Compilation time contributes directly to start-up costs in dynamic compilers. Up to 30% of compilation time is spent scheduling instructions in the IBM® Testarossa just-in-time compiler. In this paper, we describe a scheduling framework that reduces scheduling overhead by up to 61% with little to no degradation in throughput performance. By combining online profile-directed feedback data with information generated during register allocation, our framework identifies code regions that will benefit most from instruction scheduling. We evaluate our framework on typical client-side applications, multi-threaded server applications to production application servers on the IBM® zSeries® 990 and POWER™ platforms.
Low-energy and low-latency error-correction for phase change memory (2013)

Phase change memory (PCM) is a promising candidate for next-generation memory. To lengthen the lifetime of PCM, both transient (soft) and stuck-at (hard) errors need to be corrected. Previous approaches either address only hard errors using error-correcting pointers (ECPs), or employ error-correcting codes capable of correcting six or more errors, which demand high decoding complexity and large storage overhead. Also the verify-after-write needed to generate the ECPs leads to high energy consumption and latency overhead. In this paper, by making use of the property that soft errors are rare and hard errors increase gradually with the number of writes, a novel scheme is proposed to correct both soft and hard errors through integrating 2-error-correcting BCH codes and ECPs. In our design, the ECPs come directly from BCH decoding results. Hence, the energy-consuming verify-after-write and complicated ECP generation process are eliminated. Efficient and low-latency hardware implementations are also developed for BCH en/decoding suitable for PCM applications. Synthesis and power analysis show that the proposed scheme leads to significant overall energy and latency reductions. Moreover, our design can achieve similar or better error protection than prior schemes.
REM sleep behavior disorder (2009)

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia manifested by vivid, often frightening dreams associated with simple or complex motor behavior during REM sleep. The polysomnographic features of RBD include increased electromyographic tone +/- dream enactment behavior during REM sleep. Management with counseling and pharmacologic measures is usually straightforward and effective. In this review, the terminology, clinical and polysomnographic features, demographic and epidemiologic features, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and management strategies are discussed. Recent data on the suspected pathophysiologic mechanisms of RBD are also reviewed. The literature and our institutional experience on RBD are next discussed, with an emphasis on the RBD-neurodegenerative disease association and particularly the RBD-synucleinopathy association. Several issues relating to evolving concepts, controversies, and future directions are then reviewed, with an emphasis on idiopathic RBD representing an early feature of a neurodegenerative disease and particularly an evolving synucleinopathy. Planning for future therapies that impact patients with idiopathic RBD is reviewed in detail.
Periodically Converging-Diverging Tubes and Their Turbulent Heat Transfer, Pressure Drop, Fluid Flow, and Enhancement Characteristics (1984)

A comprehensive experimental study was performed to determine entrance region and fully developed heat transfer coefficients, pressure distributions and friction factors, and patterns of fluid flow in periodically converging and diverging tubes. The investigated tubes consisted of a succession of alternately converging and diverging conical sections (i.e., modules) placed end to end. Systematic variations were made in the Reynolds number, the taper angle of the converging and diverging modules, and the module aspect ratio. Flow visualizations were performed using the oil-lampblack technique. A performance analysis comparing periodic tubes and conventional straight tubes was made using the experimentally determined heat transfer coefficients and friction factors as input. For equal mass flow rate and equal transfer surface area, there are large enhancements of the heat transfer coefficient for periodic tubes, with accompanying large pressure drops. For equal pumping power and equal transfer surface area, enhancements in the 30–60 percent range were encountered. These findings indicate that periodic converging-diverging tubes possess favorable enhancement characteristics.
Health Effects of Chronic Arsenic Exposure (2014)

Arsenic is a unique element with distinct physical characteristics and toxicity whose importance in public health is well recognized. The toxicity of arsenic varies across its different forms. While the carcinogenicity of arsenic has been confirmed, the mechanisms behind the diseases occurring after acute or chronic exposure to arsenic are not well understood. Inorganic arsenic has been confirmed as a human carcinogen that can induce skin, lung, and bladder cancer. There are also reports of its significant association to liver, prostate, and bladder cancer. Recent studies have also suggested a relationship with diabetes, neurological effects, cardiac disorders, and reproductive organs, but further studies are required to confirm these associations. The majority of research to date has examined cancer incidence after a high exposure to high concentrations of arsenic. However, numerous studies have reported various health effects caused by chronic exposure to low concentrations of arsenic. An assessment of the health effects to arsenic exposure has never been performed in the South Korean population; thus, objective estimates of exposure levels are needed. Data should be collected on the biological exposure level for the total arsenic concentration, and individual arsenic concentration by species. In South Korea, we believe that biological exposure assessment should be the first step, followed by regular health effect assessments.
Direct identification and quantification of the cofactor in glutamate semialdehyde aminotransferase from pea leaves (1991)

Glutamate semialdehyde aminotransferase, a key enzyme in the synthetic pathway leading to chlorophyll was purified from pea (Pisum sativum) leaves. Although the preparation contained a single contaminant the enzyme could be unambiguously identified as a dimer of subunit molar mass 45 kDa having an absorption spectrum consistent with the presence of pyridoxamine phosphate as cofactor. The cofactor was released by treatment with strong phosphate at low pH and was identified and quantified fluorimetrically. The specific activity of the enzyme (1.4 mumol.min-1.mg-1; 23 nkatal.mg-1) is very much higher than previously reported.
Fast Fourier transform hardware implementations--An overview (1969)

This discussion served as an introduction to the Hardware Implementations Session of the IEEE Workshop on Fast Fourier Transform Processing. It introduces the problems associated with implementing the FFT algorithm in hardware and provides a frame of reference for characterizing specific implementations. Many of the design options applicable to an FFT processor are described, and a brief comparison of several machine organizations is given.