gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of emulsion polymerization of styrene using the reactive surfactant HITENOL BC20 (2008)

Abstract The effect of the reactive surfactant HITENOL BC20 (polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether ammonium sulfate; 20 U of ethylene oxide (EO)) on the emulsion polymerization of styrene was studied via reaction calorimetry (Mettler RC1; 70°C). For polymerizations carried out above the cmc of BC20, the reaction kinetics and evolution of the number of particles ( N p ) resembled those reported using the conventional surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate, indicating that nucleation proceeded by a combination of micellar and homogenous nucleation (Interval I and Stage 2). The reaction rate ( R p ) not only increased with increasing initiator (K 2 S 2 O 8 ) and surfactant concentrations, as expected, but the increase in rate in Stage 2 was dependent on the initiator concentration and independent of the surfactant concentration. This is consistent with the proposed nucleation mechanisms. The molecular weight increased with increasing surfactant concentration and decreasing initiator concentration as would also be expected for a conventional surfactant. The dependencies of R p and N p on the BC20 and initiator concentrations, however, were lower than the classical Smith‐Ewart values ( R p ∝ [E] 0.47–0.52 ; R p ∝ [I] 0.21–0.25 ) although R p was found to be directly proportional to N p . Chain transfer to the reactive surfactant is considered a likely source of divergence. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Tools for Teaching (1993)

Section One: Getting Under Way. Section Two: Responding to a Diverse Student Body. Section Three: Discussion Strategies. Section Four: Lecture Strategies. Section Five: Collaborative and Experiential Strategies. Section Six: Enhancing Students' Learning and Motivation. Section Seven: Writing Skills and Homework Assignments. Section Eight: Testing and Grading. Section Nine: Instructional Media and Technology. Section Ten: Evaluation to Improve Teaching. Section Eleven: Teaching Outside the Classroom. Section Twelve: Finishing Up.
Acute central effects of the calcium channel blocker and antiglutamatergic drug caroverine. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, EEG mapping and psychometric studies after intravenous and oral administration. (1995)

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the effects of caroverine (CAS 23465-76-1, Spasmium)--a quinoxaline derived from isoquinoline, the basic structure of papaverine, originally developed as a spasmolytic drug which may, however, exert central effects due to an unspecific calcium channel blocking action and glutamate antagonism--were investigated utilizing EEG-mapping, psychometric and psychophysiological measures. Fifteen healthy volunteers (8 males and 7 females), aged 20-35 years, received randomized and at weekly intervals 40 and 80 mg caroverine intravenously, 40 and 80 mg caroverine orally, as well as placebo. EEG recordings, psychometric and psychophysiological tests, as well as evaluation of pulse, blood pressure and side-effects were carried out at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. Multivariate analysis of EEG mapping data demonstrated that caroverine exerted a significant action on human brain function, as compared with placebo, at all given dosages, as early as in the 1st and as late as in the 8th hour after both intravenous and oral administration during resting (R-EEG) and vigilance-controlled recording (V-EEG). Subsequent univariate analyses revealed, however, differential effects of caroverine--dependent on recording conditions and doses. In the resting condition, an increase of absolute and relative delta and theta power, a decrease of alpha and beta power and a slowing of the centroid of the delta and theta activity occurred, reflecting sedative action. The latter was slightly time- and dose-dependent (more sedation in earlier hours after higher doses). However, in the vigilance-controlled EEG, a dose-dependent decrease of delta and theta power, an increase of alpha power and an acceleration of the centroid of the delta and theta suggested vigilance-promoting effects, which were more pronounced in the later than earlier hours. Psychometric investigations confirmed these differential central effects. In regard to the noopsyche, an improvement was noted 6 h after the lowest oral dose. In the thymopsyche, a deterioration occurred after all doses except the highest oral dose, suggesting sedation. The latter was also seen after all active compounds as a trend in psychophysiological variables. The drug was well tolerated.
Casting of Halide and Fluoride Alloys for Laser Windows (1975)

The problem of residual strain in castings of alkali halides (KCl and SrCl2-doped KCl) and alkaline earth fluorides (CaF2 and SrF2) has been overcome by the development of proper annealing and slow cooling procedures. Semiquantitative analysis of absorption coefficients and scattering centers (produced during improper casting and annealing procedures) has shown a corrleation between the two for both the halides at 10 micrometers and fluorides at 5.25 micrometers. Consistently high quality castings of both CaF2 and SrF2 have been fabricated regardless of the starting materials. The dependence of fracture strength on both surface polish and annealing history is evidence that fracture for the fluorides is determined by surface and/or edge flaws.
A nonblocking 4×4 Mach-Zehnder switch with integrated gain and nanosecond-scale reconfiguration time (2019)

We present a silicon photonic switch assembly integrating a nonblocking 4×4 Mach-Zehnder switch and a flip-chipped SOA array. The switch provides close to net-neutral-loss in the full C-band for all states and shows nanosecond-scale reconfiguration time.
Tunable composite piezoelectric resonators: A possible &#x201C;Holy Grail&#x201D; of RF filters? (2012)

The availability of RF filters able to be tuned over a frequency span covering several communication standards has been recently described as a “Holy Grail” sought after by filter manufacturers and system designers [1]. In this paper, we develop the idea of tuning a composite Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) resonator made of two piezoelectric thin films by modifying the external electrical boundary condition applied to one of these films [2]. We show that an AlN/AlN composite resonator configuration is hardly suitable for the synthesis of a tunable channel selection filter while the use of piezoelectric materials with larger piezoelectric properties, such as KNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> or LiNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> offers theoretically the possibility to synthesize a front-end filter capable of being tuned over several communication standards.
Forced Convection Heat Transfer Enhancement by Porous Pin Fins in Rectangular Channels (2010)

The forced convective heat transfer in three-dimensional porous pin fin channels is numerically studied in this paper. The Forchheimer–Brinkman extended Darcy model and two-equation energy model are adopted to describe the flow and heat transfer in porous media. Air and water are employed as the cold fluids and the effects of Reynolds number (Re), pore density (PPI) and pin fin form are studied in detail. The results show that, with proper selection of physical parameters, significant heat transfer enhancements and pressure drop reductions can be achieved simultaneously with porous pin fins and the overall heat transfer performances in porous pin fin channels are much better than those in traditional solid pin fin channels. The effects of pore density are significant. As PPI increases, the pressure drops and heat fluxes in porous pin fin channels increase while the overall heat transfer efficiencies decrease and the maximal overall heat transfer efficiencies are obtained at PPI=20 for both air and water cases. Furthermore, the effects of pin fin form are also remarkable. With the same physical parameters, the overall heat transfer efficiencies in the long elliptic porous pin fin channels are the highest while they are the lowest in the short elliptic porous pin fin channels.
Oral versus Intravenous Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy for Fever in Patients with Granulocytopenia Who Are Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy (1999)

In low-risk patients with cancer who have fever and granulocytopenia, oral therapy with ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin-clavulanate is as effective as intravenous therapy.
Knit Structure and Properties of High Stretch Compression Garments (2013)

This paper describes the first part of a study for obtaining useful data on the development of compression garments with high stretch knitted materials. Twenty types of compression garments sold in the domestic market were analyzed in terms of the knitting method and knit structure. After classifying these garment types into three elements of knit structure, a comparative analysis of the body part to which knit structure is applied was performed. Given the superior comfort of its finished product and seamless process productivity, the weft knitting technique was used more commonly than the warp knitting technique. All extracted knit structures were single-faced, and float and tuck were variously applied based on plain stitch. Plain stitch was applied on smooth body part surfaces, which do not require much compression. In the case of body parts that easily accumulate mass, such as the lower abdomen and sides, plain with float stitch was used by employing a mock rib structure to exert appropriate pressure on body and ensure a good fit. However, on body parts requiring a strong fit and pressure along with protection, plain with float stitch was used. Meanwhile, the structure in which float and tuck were combined based on plain stitch was applied for body parts with active muscles.
Cross-Linked Polymeric Nanogel Formulations of 5‘-Triphosphates of Nucleoside Analogues:  Role of the Cellular Membrane in Drug Release (2005)

Activation of cytotoxic nucleoside analogues in vivo depends primarily on their cell-specific phosphorylation. Anticancer chemotherapy using nucleoside analogues may be significantly enhanced by intracellular administration of active phosphorylated drugs. However, the cellular transport of anionic compounds is very ineffective and restricted by many drug efflux transporters. Recently developed cationic nanogel carriers can encapsulate large amounts of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates that form polyionic complexes with protonated amino groups on the polyethylenimine backbone of the nanogels. In this paper, the 5'-triphosphate of an antiviral nucleoside analogue, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), was efficiently synthesized and its complexes with nanogels were obtained and evaluated as potential cytotoxic drug formulations for treatment of human breast carcinoma cells. A selective phosphorylating reagent, tris-imidazolylphosphate, was used to convert AZT into the nucleoside analogue 5'-triphosphate using a one-pot procedure. The corresponding 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate (AZTTP) was isolated with high yield (75%). Nanogels encapsulated up to 30% of AZTTP by weight by mixing solutions of the carrier and the drug. The AZTTP/nanogel formulation showed enhanced cytotoxicity in two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, demonstrating IC50 values 130-200 times lower than those values for AZT alone. The exact mechanism of drug release from nanogels remains unclear. One mechanism could involve interaction with negatively charged counterions. A high affinity of nanogels to isolated cellular membranes has been observed, especially for nanogels made of amphiphilic block copolymer, Pluronic P85. Cellular trafficking of nanogel particles, contrasted by polyethylenimine-coordinated copper(II) ions, was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which revealed membranotropic properties of nanogels. A substantial release of encapsulated drug was observed following interactions of drug-loaded nanogels with cellular membranes. A drug release mechanism triggered by interaction of the drug-loaded nanogels with phospholipid bilayer is proposed. The results illustrate therapeutic potential of the phosphorylated nucleoside analogues formulated in nanosized cross-linked polymeric carriers for cancer chemotherapy.
Interrogation of Birefringent Fiber Sensors Using Fiber Gyroscope Technology (2009)

A novel fiber interferometer, adapted from a Sagnac-type interferometer with non-reciprocal phase modulation, is used to measure the differential optical phase shift in birefringent fiber sensors. The interferometer is applied to voltage sensing.
Effect of element substitution on superconductivity in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O oxides. (1989)

Tc and phases with Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system were investigated in the substitution of transition elements (IVa, Va and VIa group) and non-trasition elements (IVb and Vb group) for Bi ions. These results are as follows. (1) The high Tc phase disappeared and low Tc phase increased in the substitution of transition elements for Bi ions. (2) The high Tc phase decreased in the substitution of Si and Sn (semiconductor element, IVb group) for Bi ions. (3) The high Tc phase increased in the substitution of Sb, As and P which were the same group of Bi for Bi ions. The substitution of P ions was the most effective and then the high Tc phase was formed in large quantity by replacing Bi ions with 30% of P ions.
A MEMS-first fabrication process for integrating CMOS circuits with polysilicon microstructures (2002)

A MEMS-first fabrication process for integrating CMOS circuits with polysilicon micromechanical structures is described in detail. The overall process uses 17 masks to integrate a 1-metal, 2-poly, p-well based LOGOS CMOS process with a 3-poly sequence for microstructures. The microstructures are formed within recesses on the surface of silicon wafers such that their uppermost surfaces are coplanar with the remainder of the substrate. No special planarization technique, such as chemical-mechanical polishing (GMP), is used in the effort described here. Special aspects of the process include provisions to improve lithography within the recesses, to protect the microstructures during the circuit fabrication, and implement an effective lead transfer between the microstructures and the on-chip circuitry. The process is validated using a test vehicle that includes accelerometers and gyroscopes interfaced with voltage followers and switched-capacitor charge amplifiers. Measured transistor parameters match those obtained in standard CMOS.
Apparent Digestibility of Gross Nutrients from Feedstuffs in Extruded Feeds for Rainbow Trout, <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> (2008)

Abstract.— The current experiment was performed to determine apparent protein and energy digestibility coefficients of feed ingredients by the fecal stripping technique using extruded diets. The ingredients tested included five fish meals, three terrestrial animal by‐products, five plant protein concentrates, four plant meals, and seven low‐protein plant ingredients. Protein digestibility differed among fish meals and ranged from 90% for fair and average quality menhaden meal to 97% for anchovy meal. Protein apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) in plant concentrates ranged from a low of 89% for rice protein concentrate to a high of 100% for wheat gluten meal. Apparent protein digestibility was lower in plant meals than fish meals with a low of 70% for flaxseed meal to a high of 89% for soybean meal. Low‐protein plant meals had generally lower protein ADC from 64% for rice bran to 85% for whole wheat. A similar pattern for energy ADCs was observed; ADCs ranged from 106% for anchovy meal to 32% for whole wheat. In the current trial, divergent protein and energy ADC values were obtained most notably in ingredients known to be high in fiber or have very high starch content. The comparability of ingredients/diets processed by cold pelleting or extrusion thus appears questionable at this juncture.
The Protective Effects of Long‐Term Oral Administration of Marine Collagen Hydrolysate from Chum Salmon on Collagen Matrix Homeostasis in the Chronological Aged Skin of Sprague‐Dawley Male Rats (2010)

To investigate the long-term effects of marine collagen hydrolysate (MCH) from Chum Salmon skin on the aberrant collagen matrix homeostasis in chronological aged skin, Sprague-Dawley male rats of 4-wk-old were orally administrated with MCH at the diet concentrations of 2.25% and 4.5% for 24 mo. Histological and biochemical analysis revealed that MCH had the potential to inhibit the collagen loss and collagen fragmentation in chronological aged skin. Based on immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis, collagen type I and III protein expression levels in MCH-treated groups significantly increased as compared with the aged control group. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis showed MCH was able to increase the expressions of procollagen type I and III mRNA (COL1A2 and COL3A1) through activating Smad signaling pathway with up-regulated TGF-βRII (TβRII) expression level. Meanwhile, MCH was shown to inhibit the age-related increased collagen degradation through attenuating MMP-1 expression and increasing tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, MCH could alleviate the oxidative stress in chronological aged skin, which was revealed from the data of superoxide dismutase activity and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level in skin homogenates. Therefore, MCH was demonstrated to have the protective effects on chronological skin aging due to the influence on collagen matrix homeostasis. And the antioxidative property of MCH might play an important role in the process.
1113 (2012)

Introduction: Young adults with chronic pediatric diseases are an increasing patient population. Children & young adults undergo PSA-OOR for many reasons. Young adults with chronic pediatric problems receiving long term care by ‘pediatric’ providers present unique challenges. Frequency of adverse events (AE) associated with PSA-OOR in young adults managed by pediatric providers is unknown. Hypothesis: Estimate the prevalence of PSA-OOR in young adults(18–21 years) overseen by pediatric providers. Estimate the incidence & nature of any AEs associated with such PSA. Methods: Retrospective analysis of Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium (PSRC) database (a data repository of pts undergoing PSA’s from participating institutions within the US.) Pts18–21 yr who underwent PSA-OOR overseen by a pediatric provider from Jan 2007–Dec 2011 were examined. Elements analyzed include: Demographics, ASA status, indications/illnesses, coexisting illness, medications used, procedure & location performed. Primary outcome variable was any AE. Results: For the 5 yr period 2,023 PSAs were performed; the majority were ASA II(63%) & male(58%). Hematology/Oncology (HO)(46%), Gastrointestinal (GI)(17%) & Neurological(15%) were the most common primary illnesses. Procedures pertaining to HO(41%), radiology(21%) & GI(17%) were the most common. PSA was performed in sedation units(58%), radiology suites(24%) & pediatric specialty clinics(17%). Two-thirds of PSA was performed by Pediatric Intensivists, the remainder by Pediatric Emergency Medicine physicians(14%), Pediatric Anesthesiologists(6%), & Pediatric Subspecialists(5%). Sedation was obtained using Propofol(85%), midazolam (19%) & ketamine(5%). Overall incidence of any AE was 5.9%. The most common AEs were airway obstruction(1.6%), apnea > 15s (0.6%), coughing (0.4%), persistent desats(0.9%), unexpected change in HR, BP, RR of > or < 30% from baseline(0.7%), & unexpected need for bag-mask ventilation(1.5%). No deaths were reported. Conclusions: Overall incidence of any AEs was 5.9%; these AEs were predominantly minor. The majority of patients in our population underwent HO procedures & the AE rate was comparable to previous studies that looked at pediatric PSA in general.
Iterative Magnetic/Structural Simulation of a MEMS Micro-shutter (2004)

A finite element model has been created that simulates the magnetic actuation of a cobalt-iron covered, 0.5micron thick, silicon nitride micro-shutter. The micro-shutter will be used as a transmissible filter in a space-based Multi-object Spectrograph (MOS). A laminated tri-pole permanent magnet is scanned across an array of shutters. The applied magnetic force twists the shutter's torsion hinge and actuates the shutter from the closed, 0 degree position, to the open, 90 degree position. A sequential analysis method was selected. This method uses the interaction between the magnetic and structural fields and is accomplished via the load vectors. The simulation results are compared to experimental measurements of fabricated micro-shutter devices.
The Relative Buffering Capacities of Saliva and Moist Snuff: Implications for Nicotine Absorption (2001)

Commercial moist snuff products are used by placing a portion of tobacco inside the mouth between the inner cheek or lip and gum. Nicotine is absorbed into the blood stream via transfer across various oral membranes including the buccal mucosa (cheek lining). The resulting salivary pH when a given moist snuff product is placed in the mouth is an important factor for nicotine absorption because it will affect the proportion of free base nicotine that is readily available for absorption. The resulting salivary pH for a given moist snuff product will be determined in part by the relative acid-base buffering capacities of the saliva and moist snuff, as well as the pHs of the saliva and moist snuff prior to coming in contact with one another. In the current study, the acid-base buffering capacities (mu eq/g) of a series of commercial moist snuff products were determined and compared to the acid-base buffering capacity for unstimulated, whole human saliva. The buffering capacities of the moist snuff products were determined to be 10-20 times higher than the buffering capacity of human saliva. The resulting salivary pH ranges after contact between an artifical saliva and the various moist snuff products were also determined; the results were used to predict the proportion of free base nicotine that can be expected to occur in the mouth during the first few minutes of product use. These studies provide a basis for examining and understanding the effects that moist snuff product pHs and buffering capacities may be expected to have on nicotine absorption.
<title>Current research in timed release of repair chemicals from fibers into matrices</title> (1994)

The subject of this research is the enhancement of properties beyond that available in an original hardened material by the release of 'healing' chemicals such as adhesives from hollow fibers into cementitious matrices in response to loading. Thus, the sensing of a crack by the fibers or the breaking of coating starts the activation of a remedial process (i.e., the release of a sealing or adhering chemical). This capacity for self-healing occurs whenever and wherever cracks are generated. In terms of fracture mechanics, this research concerns the repair of cracks and rebonding of fibers by chemicals released from hollow fibers at the fiber wall and into the adjacent cracks. The overall property change is an increased flexural toughening. The mechanisms for that appears to be an adhesive rebonding of the fibers and a crack-filling with adhesives which causes the material to become stronger when it is bonded inside cracks or pores.