gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protein Kinase C θ Affects Ca2+ Mobilization and NFAT Activation in Primary Mouse T Cells (2003)

Protein kinase C (PKC)theta is an established component of the immunological synapse and has been implicated in the control of AP-1 and NF-kappaB. To study the physiological function of PKCtheta, we used gene targeting to generate a PKCtheta null allele in mice. Consistently, interleukin 2 production and T cell proliferative responses were strongly reduced in PKCtheta-deficient T cells. Surprisingly, however, we demonstrate that after CD3/CD28 engagement, deficiency of PKCtheta primarily abrogates NFAT transactivation. In contrast, NF-kappaB activation was only partially reduced. This NFAT transactivation defect appears to be secondary to reduced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Our finding suggests that PKCtheta plays a critical and nonredundant role in T cell receptor-induced NFAT activation.
Aminoglycoside Toxicity: Daily versus Thrice-Weekly Dosing for Treatment of Mycobacterial Diseases (2004)

Aminoglycoside use is limited by ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. This study compared the incidences of toxicities associated with 2 recommended dosing regimens. Eighty-seven patients with tuberculosis or nontuberculous mycobacterial infections were prospectively randomized by drug to receive 15 mg/kg per day or 25 mg/kg 3 times per week of intravenous streptomycin, kanamycin, or amikacin. Doses were adjusted to achieve target serum concentrations. The size of the dosage and the frequency of administration were not associated with the incidences of ototoxicity (hearing loss determined by audiogram), vestibular toxicity (determined by the findings of a physical examination), or nephrotoxicity (determined by elevated serum creatinine levels). Risk of ototoxicity (found in 32 [37%] of the patients) was associated with older age and with a larger cumulative dose received. Vestibular toxicity (found in 8 [9%] of the patients) usually resolved, and nephrotoxicity (found in 13 [15%] of the patients) was mild and reversible in all cases. Subjective changes in hearing or balance did not correlate with objective findings. Streptomycin, kanamycin, and amikacin can be administered either daily or 3 times weekly without affecting the likelihood of toxicity.
Adiponectin-Dependent and -Independent Pathways in Insulin-Sensitizing and Antidiabetic Actions of Thiazolidinediones (2006)

The metabolic syndrome has become one of the major public health challenges worldwide (1,2) and is thought to result from obesity and obesity-linked insulin resistance, the combination of which promotes diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases (1,2). Obesity, defined as increased adipose tissue mass, is mainly characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, especially in adulthood (1,2). Adipose tissue serves as the site of triglyceride storage and free fatty acid (FFA)/glycerol release in response to changing energy demands (1). Adipose tissue also participates in the regulation of energy homeostasis as an important endocrine organ that secretes a number of biologically active “adipokines,” such as FFA (3), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (4), resistin (5), and leptin (6). Although the association of obesity and insulin resistance has been recognized, the mechanisms by which obesity causes systemic insulin resistance largely remain unclear. One such mechanism is upregulation of insulin resistance–inducing adipokines, such as FFA, TNF-α, and resistin (Fig. 1). In contrast to such insulin resistance–causing adipokines, adiponectin, as well as leptin, is one of the adipokines that directly sensitizes the body to insulin, and its expression and serum levels are known to be upregulated by thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a group of insulin sensitizers. In this review, we describe recent progress in research into the role of adiponectin in amelioration of insulin resistance and diabetes by TZDs.

TZDs have been shown to increase insulin action in skeletal muscle and liver in animal models of obesity-linked insulin resistance and diabetes, and TZDs have been widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (7–10). Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ is a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and plays a critical role in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation (11–15). TZDs bind to and activate …
Spectral analysis of nonlinear amplifier based on the complex gain Taylor series expansion (2001)

A method of spectral analysis for a nonlinear amplifier driven by a Gaussian signal is presented. The technique is based on the Taylor series expansion of the complex gain of an amplifier. Therefore, it takes into account both amplitude-amplitude modulation (AM/AM) and amplitude-phase modulation (AM/PM) conversions and requires only an input signal autocorrelation (or power spectral density) and AM/AM and AM/PM measurements without any additional calculations.
Optical NRZ 2 × 10 Gbit/s polarisation divisionmultiplextransmission with endless polarisation control driven by correlation signals (2000)

Polarisation division multiplexing enables existing trunk lines with limited amplification bandwidth to be upgraded. Endless polarisation tracking by electro-optic polarisation transformers is demonstrated in the presence of polarisation-dependent loss.
Nonenzymatic Amperometric Glucose Sensor Based on Nanoporous Gold/Ruthenium Electrode (2011)

Abstract Nanoporous gold/ruthenium (npAu‐Ru) nanocomposite catalysts were synthesized by the incorporation of Ru on npAu, which exhibited reasonable nonenzymatic glucose sensing characteristics with good sensitivity and selectivity. The structure and electrocatalytic activities of the npAu and npAu‐Ru catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and linear sweep voltammetry. To examine the detection of glucose, npAu and npAu‐Ru were loaded on a glassy carbon electrode with chitosan (CHIT) as capping agent for the nanocomposites, GC/npAu/CHIT and GC/npAu‐Ru/CHIT electrode, respectively. The GC/npAu‐Ru/CHIT electrode showed six fold higher sensitivity (240 µA mM −1 cm −2 for the linear dynamic range) for amperometric glucose detection than the GC/npAu/CHIT electrode. This could be attributed to the incorporation of Ru. Moreover the GC/npAu‐Ru/CHIT electrode displayed selectivity for glucose over biological interferents, including ascorbic acid and uric acid.
<i>In Vivo</i> Detection of Brain Krebs Cycle Intermediate by Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance (2012)

The Krebs (or tricarboxylic acid (TCA)) cycle has a central role in the regulation of brain energy regulation and metabolism, yet brain TCA cycle intermediates have never been directly detected in vivo. This study reports the first direct in vivo observation of a TCA cycle intermediate in intact brain, namely, 2-oxoglutarate, a key biomolecule connecting metabolism to neuronal activity. Our observation reveals important information about in vivo biochemical processes hitherto considered undetectable. In particular, it provides direct evidence that transport across the inner mitochondria membrane is rate limiting in the brain. The hyperpolarized magnetic resonance protocol designed for this study opens the way to direct and real-time studies of TCA cycle kinetics.
Accumulation of dolichols in brains of elderly. (1982)

Dolichol levels in human brain gray matter increased from 18 micrograms/g in 6-year-old to 263 micrograms/g in 68-year-old human brain gray matter. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis shows dolichols ranging from 14 to 22 isoprene units with 19 isoprene units containing species predominating (approximately 44%). This may be the first report of an appreciable accumulation of a lipid in brains of elderly.
Color Picture Tube (1963)

カラー受像管の進歩は目ざましく, かつ今後の発展が大いに期待されるものである.この数年間になされた改良と新規なものの研究につき, その概況を紹介する.
Lightweight Desktop-Sharing System for Web Browsers (2005)

Web technology has not been considered to be suitable for the basis of real-time system due to the lack of real-time communication capabilities. HTTP, for example, does not have a function that pushes out data from a web server to web browsers. We developed a QuickBoard web-server system that allows users to deliver computer-screen images of any application to more than 100 web browsers in real-time. We also developed ICMHP, a method integrating interframe compression mechanism with web-server-side technology, from the viewpoint of reducing network traffic on web-based real-time presentation system.
Chemical and autoflocculation of microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment (1973)

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented which indicates that both chemical and autoflocculation of microorganisms occur by the same mechanism. Basically, long chain polymeric species attach themselves between the microbial particles and agglomerate them into flocculant particles of sufficient magnitude to subside from suspension under quiescent conditions. Properties of the polymers which are produced during autoflocculation are investigated and these polymers are shown to be capable of causing the agglutination of inorganic colloids such as alumina. It is hypothesized that these biologically generated flocculating polymers could belong to a class of compounds known as transport enzymes. The experimental data qualitatively agrees with this hypothesis.
Herpes simplex virus-1 helicase-primase (1991)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a helicase-primase that consists of the products of the UL5, UL8, and UL52 genes (Crute, J. J., Tsurumi, T., Zhu, L., Weller, S. K., Olivo, P. D., Challberg, M. D., Mocarski, E. S. and Lehman, I. R. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 2186-2189). Further characterization of the three-subunit enzyme isolated from HSV-1-infected CV-1 cells shows it to be a heterotrimer, consisting of one polypeptide encoded by each of the UL5, UL8, and UL52 genes. Analysis of the primase and helicase components of the HSV-1 helicase-primase has shown that the primase component synthesizes oligoribonucleotide primers 8-12 nucleotides in length. The helicase component unwinds duplex DNA substrates at the rate of about two nucleotides/s, but only in the presence of the HSV-1-encoded single-stranded DNA binding protein. Thus, the HSV-1 helicase-primase contains the requisite enzymatic activities that permit it to function at the viral replication fork.
Insights from molecular dynamics simulations into pH-dependent enantioselective hydrolysis of ibuprofen esters by Candida rugosa lipase (2003)

An interesting observation was found during our continued studies on the hydrolysis of ibuprofen esters by Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). An important role is played by pH in the stereospecific hydrolysis of these esters. The flap region of CRL plays a significant role in the access of the substrate to the active site of the enzyme. At pH 5.6, 48% of the methyl ester and 5% of the butyl ester of ibuprofen were hydrolysed in 5.5 h, whereas at pH 7.2, 9% of methyl ester and 45% of the butyl ester of ibuprofen was hydrolysed in a identical reaction time using CRL. This lead us to assume that CRL prefers the methyl ester of ibuprofen as a substrate at an acidic pH and the butyl ester of ibuprofen at a neutral pH. Therefore, in order to understand the role of pH in the substrate selection by CRL for the esters of ibuprofen we used the crystallographic coordinates of the open form of the CRL (1CRL) for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations under acidic and neutral conditions for 2 ns using GROMACS. The final structures obtained after simulation in acidic and neutral conditions were compared with the energy-minimized structure, and the root-mean-square deviations (r.m.s.ds) were calculated. The r.m.s.d. of the CRL flap at neutral pH was found to be greater than that of the CRL flap at acidic pH. The extent to which the flap opens at neutral pH allowed the bulkier substrate, the butyl ester of ibuprofen, to diffuse into the active site and provides the best enzyme-substrate fit for this specific substrate. At acidic pH there is a decreased opening of the flap thereby accommodating a more compact substrate, namely the methyl ester of ibuprofen. Thus, simulation experiments using MD provide reasonable insight for the pH-dependent substrate selectivity of CRL in aqueous environments.
Smith of Wootton Major: Extended Edition (2015) by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by Verlyn Flieger (2015)

Book review of Smith of Wootton Major: Extended Edition (2015) by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by Verlyn Flieger
Detection of Manipulation Action Consequences (MAC) (2013)

The problem of action recognition and human activity has been an active research area in Computer Vision and Robotics. While full-body motions can be characterized by movement and change of posture, no characterization, that holds invariance, has yet been proposed for the description of manipulation actions. We propose that a fundamental concept in understanding such actions, are the consequences of actions. There is a small set of fundamental primitive action consequences that provides a systematic high-level classification of manipulation actions. In this paper a technique is developed to recognize these action consequences. At the heart of the technique lies a novel active tracking and segmentation method that monitors the changes in appearance and topological structure of the manipulated object. These are then used in a visual semantic graph (VSG) based procedure applied to the time sequence of the monitored object to recognize the action consequence. We provide a new dataset, called Manipulation Action Consequences (MAC 1.0), which can serve as test bed for other studies on this topic. Several experiments on this dataset demonstrates that our method can robustly track objects and detect their deformations and division during the manipulation. Quantitative tests prove the effectiveness and efficiency of the method.
<title>Advanced system for 3D dental anatomy reconstruction and 3D tooth movement simulation during orthodontic treatment</title> (1997)

This paper describes a new method for 3D orthodontics treatment simulation developed for an orthodontics planning system (MAGALLANES). We develop an original system for 3D capturing and reconstruction of dental anatomy that avoid use of dental casts in orthodontic treatments. Two original techniques are presented, one direct in which data are acquired directly form patient's mouth by mean of low cost 3D digitizers, and one mixed in which data are obtained by 3D digitizing of hydrocollids molds. FOr this purpose we have designed and manufactured an optimized optical measuring system based on laser structured light. We apply these 3D dental models to simulate 3D movement of teeth, including rotations, during orthodontic treatment. The proposed algorithms enable to quantify the effect of orthodontic appliance on tooth movement. The developed techniques has been integrated in a system named MAGALLANES. This original system present several tools for 3D simulation and planning of orthodontic treatments. The prototype system has been tested in several orthodontic clinic with very good results.
Field Implementation of Solvent Aided Process (2005)

Abstract The authors have previously described a Solvent Aided Process (SAP) that aims to combine the benefits of SAGD and VAPEX. In SAP, a small amount of hydrocarbon solvent is introduced as an additive to the injected steam during SAGD. While steam is intended to be the main heat-carrying agent, the solvent will dilute the oil to reduce its viscosity over and above what is accomplished by heating alone. The overall effect should be an improved oil to steam ratio (or reduced energy intensity). Although promising based on the authors' calculations, the process has not been previously applied or tested on a field scale. This paper describes the implementation of a SAP pilot at Encana's Senlac Thermal Facility. In addition to dwelling on some of the important parameters of a SAP test, it discusses the design considerations for the field pilot and the necessary modifications to an existing SAGD plant, specifically in the area of boiler operations controls. Although the design calls for an assessment of reservoir performance results on a longer-term basis, initial results from this pilot look very encouraging. The oil rates have shown a substantial increase, and the steam-oil ratio has shown a corresponding decrease. This paper also discusses directional economics with SAP and its beneficial impact on the environment. Introduction Just as steam tackles the viscosity reduction of in situ oil in SAGD(1,2) by heating it, solvents(3–7) do this by diluting the oil. Although employment of both steam and solvent together has been discussed in the literature(8–15), these discussions have mostly focused on enhancement of steam-flood or steam-stimulation. In their discussion on the subject, Gupta et al.(16) described SAP as a process enhancement to SAGD where a small amount of a light alkane solvent, namely propane, butane, pentane, etc., or a mixture thereof, is added to the injected steam. They also suggested, with the help of lab experiments and numerical modelling, that SAP has the potential to substantially improve the performance of SAGD. Expected SAP Advantages Figure 1 shows a comparison of an expected numerically obtained oil rate profile from a SAGD application vs. one obtained similarly with the application of SAP in the same reservoir. It is assumed that SAP would start after the expiry of a certain initial period in the life cycle of SAGD to allow for the initial development of the chamber with steam. The units from the rate and time axes are omitted to emphasize the general nature of these profiles. The comparison of the rate profiles is provided in order to suggest that the bulk of the oil that would have been produced in the later period with SAGD can be produced sooner with SAP. The acceleration of production and the corresponding cash flow could lead to improved economics for the project. Apart from the improved economics as a consequence of production rate acceleration, the other expected advantages of SAP include reduced environmental impact, possible down-hole upgrading of the heavy oil, and a small increase in the ultimate recovery.
Bedeutung der gestörten Magenentleerung (1986)

In the last ten years we have learnt much about the pathophysiology of gastric motility and emptying, the study of which has been stimulated by the development of new classes of drugs. Radionuclide methods to measure gastric emptying are now generally accepted as reliable and non-invasive diagnostic tools. Too rapid gastric emptying, especially of liquids, may occur after partial resection of the stomach or after vagotomy. Early satiety, epigastric fullness, nausea and vomiting are its manifestations. 'Classical' dumping symptoms only occur in a minority of cases. Delayed gastric emptying can be brought about by many causes, many of which are transient. Chronic forms of gastric stasis can be caused by several metabolic disturbances, by a number of diseases that affect gastric smooth muscle and by many types of drugs. Abnormalities of the innervation of the stomach as in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy and after truncal vagotomy can give rise to seriously delayed emptying of solid food. These conditions can cause impairment of interdigestive motility that may lead to the development of bezoars. Delayed gastric emptying can also be found in otherwise healthy persons (idiopathic gastroparesis). In a proportion of the patients with idiopathic gastroparesis abnormalities of the electrical control activity of the stomach are found; tachyarrhythmias and tachygastrias. In the treatment of gastric emptying disorders dopamine receptor antagonists (metoclopramide, domperidone) play an important role. These drugs have been found to be both effective and safe. The recently developed substance cisapride enhances gastric motility and emptying, probably through a direct effect on the myenteric plexus in the gut wall
Foaming of EVA/starch blends: Characterization of the structure, physical properties, and biodegradability (2011)

Abstract Foams produced from blends of an ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) with high VA (vinyl acetate) content (28%) and corn starch have been successfully fabricated using an improved compression molding technique. A detailed characterization of the structure and physical properties has been carried out. The results showed that the corn starch acts as filler for EVA, showing a good compatibility with the polyolefin. Different types of cellular structure (closed, partially interconnected, and fully interconnected) and cell sizes were obtained depending on the relative density and the amount of starch included in the composition. Besides, the addition of starch allows tailoring the physical properties of the composite foams. An increase in the starch content leads to an increase of the density, compressive strength, hardness, and thermal conductivity and a decrease of the elasticity. Finally, biodegradability tests showed how increases the biodegradation with the amount of starch in the foam, which reaches 60% at 100 days for the foam with 70% of starch. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Minireview: Were the IGF Signaling Inhibitors All Bad? (2015)

Preclinical studies in the 1980s defined a role for IGF signaling in the development and sustainability of the malignant process. Subsequently, antibody, tyrosine kinase, and ligand inhibitors of the IGF receptor were manufactured. In the past decade, numerous clinical trials have tested the efficacy of IGF receptor inhibitors in the treatment of advanced tumors. Early-phase trials in heavily pretreated populations showed promise with complete or partial responses in a few patients and stable disease in many more. Unfortunately, the results of the early-phase trials did not pan out to later-phase trials. The lack of use of biomarkers to define subsets of patients that may benefit from IGF receptor blockade and compensatory signaling via other growth factor receptors such as the insulin, GH, and epidermal growth factor receptors may have played a role in the lack of efficacy of IGF receptor inhibition in phase III trials. Although these trials failed to show benefit, the trials have revealed previously unknown knowledge regarding the complex nature of IGF signaling. The knowledge obtained from these trials will be useful in designing future trials studying inhibitors of growth factor signaling.
Bioluminescence of the insect pathogen Xenorhabdus luminescens (1989)

Luminescence of batch cultures of Xenorhabdus luminescens was maximal when cultures approached stationary phase; the onset of in vivo luminescence coincided with a burst of synthesis of bacterial luciferase, the enzyme responsible for luminescence. Expression of luciferase was aldehyde limited at all stages of growth, although more so during the preinduction phase. Luciferase was purified from cultures of X. luminescens Hm to a specific activity of 4.6 x 10(13) guanta/s per mg of protein and found to be similar to other bacterial luciferases. The Xenorhabdus luciferase consisted of two subunits with approximate molecular masses of 39 and 42 kilodaltons. A third protein with a molecular mass of 24 kilodaltons copurified with luciferase, and in its presence, either NADH or NADPH was effective in stimulating luminescence, indicating that this protein is an NAD(P)H oxidoreductase. Luciferases from two other luminous bacteria, Vibrio harveyii (B392) and Vibrio cholerae (L85), were partially purified, and their subunits were separated in 5 M urea and tested for complementation with the subunits prepared from X. luminescens Hb. Positive complementation was seen with luciferase subunits among all three species. The slow decay kinetics of the Xenorhabdus luciferase were attributed to the alpha subunit.