gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of loose powder sintered porous titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy (2009)

Porous titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy, biomedical candidate materials for use in orthopedic and dental implants, were manufactured by sintering the powders at various temperatures in loose condition. The characteristics of the corresponding powders and utilized sintering temperatures limited the final porosities in the range 30-37.5 vol. %. Similar to wrought alloys, compression stress-strain curves of porous samples exhibited 3 distinct deformation regions containing an elastic region, subsequent to yielding strain hardening region up to a peak stress and fast fracture after small straining. The mechanical properties of porous samples of both types were observed to obey minimum solid area (MSA) models in which the bond regions between particles perpendicular to loading direction are assumed to dominate in transmission of stress. A linear relation was obtained between yield strength and square of neck size ratio, (X/D)2, where X and D represent the average neck and particle diameters, respectively.
Exploding Wire as a Light Source in Flash Photolysis (1957)

The exploding wire technique has been developed for use as a light source in flash photolysis. The method consists of discharging a bank of condensers, via a mechanical switch through a thin Nichrome wire. The wire explodes, emitting light rich in the ultraviolet region in less than a millisecond. The luminous efficiency in the 200 to 330 mμ region is of the order of 10% of the input. The minimum electrical energy input necessary to produce an explosion is equal to the energy required to vaporize the wire. The light output of the exploding wire as measured by uranyl oxalate actinometry and acetone photolysis is proportional to the electrical energy input. It was found to be highly reproducible. It was further observed that the exploding wire behaves as a line source. Because of the absence of a quartz or Pyrex tube in this source, it may find application in the far as well as in the near ultraviolet and in the visible spectral regions.
Evaluation of Skin Perfusion by Use of Indocyanine Green Video Angiography: Rational Design and Planning of Trauma Surgery (2006)

Based on our experiences, we think that the ICG video angiography seems to be a very sensible and user-friendly device to detect the vascular patency of the skin. Our results indicate that laser induced ICG fluorescence angiography is a practical, accurate, and effective adjunct to clinical methods for evaluating skin perfusion and thereby, helpful to design and plan surgery.
Liquid‐liquid equilibria in polymer blends–molecular weight effects (1984)

Abstract Flory's equation‐of‐state theory has been successfully used by several scientists to predict the qualitative nature of the liquid‐liquid phase equilibria in polymer blends. This theory in its most simple form requires characteristic PVT parameters for each component plus an interaction energy parameter for the mixture. The melt titration technique was used to measure the miscibility of a series of polystyrene fractions ( Mw = 4000 to 1,800,000) in low density polyethylene. Because the PVT properties of both of these polymers are well known, the experimental results could be compared with the predicted equilibrium compositions from Flory's equation‐of‐state theory using the interaction energy as an adjustable parameter. This comparison led to the conclusion that the interaction energy parameter may have some molecular weight dependence.
Design of package BGA pin-out for &#x003E;25Gb/s high speed SerDes considering PCB via crosstalk (2015)

Fast growing bandwidth demands for networking and data center applications continuously face difficult signal integrity challenges. Among them, serializer/deserializer (SerDes) package pin-out and its corresponding printed circuit board (PCB) via crosstalk have become a significant source of high jitter and limit the performance of high speed serial links. In this paper, a variety of far-end crosstalk (FEXT) and near-end crosstalk (NEXT) SerDes pin-out patterns are designed and investigated to explore the crosstalk performance for interfaces running 25Gb/s and beyond. The impact of PCB routing layer selection and via stub are also considered. Both frequency domain and time domain analysis are studied based on 3-dimensional (3D) full wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation, and the results are compared along with the calculated integrated crosstalk noise (ICN) to find the pattern with better signal isolation. A PCB test vehicle is designed and manufactured to provide measurement and verification results by using broadband micro-probes and multi-port vector network analyzer (VNA). The optimized pin-out is then selected to evaluate the overall link performance based on the input/output buffer information specification algorithmic modeling interface (IBIS-AMI) model from silicon vendors.
Towards better code snippets: Exploring how code snippet recall differs with programming experience (2017)

Programmers of all experience levels attempt to leverage code snippets with varying success, often as reminders or to learn new skills. To date, little work has explored the specific elements within code snippets that are challenging for novices. Comparing how novices and experts recall code snippets may expose what code elements programmers focus on and inform new approaches for improving examples for inexperienced programmers. We conducted a study, inspired by past novice-expert studies, in which we asked everyday, occasional, and non-programmers to study and then recall code snippets. The key distinctions and similarities in the types and locations of recalled tokens provide insight for a set of recommendations that could improve the presentation of code snippets.
Kappa-Opioid-Receptor-Mediated Regulation of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Secretion and Tuberohypophysial Dopaminergic Neuronal Activity (1990)

The effects of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]-benzene- acetamide methanesulfonate hydrate (U-50488) were examined on alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) secretion and the activity of tuberohypophysial dopamine (DA) neurons in the male rat. Tuberohypophysial DA neuronal activity was estimated by measuring: (1) the rate of DA synthesis [accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) following inhibition of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase], and (2) DA metabolism [concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)] in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. U-50488 produced a dose- and time-dependent increase in plasma concentrations of alpha-MSH which was accompanied by a decrease in the accumulation of DOPA and in the intermediate lobe. The effects of U-50488 were blocked by pretreatment with the DA agonist apomorphine but not by the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. The effects of U-50488 on plasma alpha-MSH concentrations and intermediate-lobe DOPA accumulation were blocked by pretreatment with the selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine. These results indicate that U-50488, by acting on kappa-opioid receptors, inhibits the activity of intermediate-lobe tuberohypophysial DA neurons, and through this action increases the secretion of alpha-MSH from melanotrophs.
Application of microwave scanning probes to photovoltaic materials (2010)

We demonstrate that near-field scanning microwave microscopy (NSMM) can be used to detect photoresponse in photovoltaic materials with potential for submicrometer lateral resolution. In this approach, a radio-frequency scanning tunneling microscopy (RF-STM) tip is coupled to a resonant microwave cavity with a resonance near 4.5 GHz. The presence of additional mobile carriers in the vicinity of the probe tip changes the load on the cavity. These changes are quantified through the shifts in both the resonance frequency and quality factor Q. The changes in conductivity under illumination with blue light are easily detected for Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and GaAs solar cell test material.
Lack of somatic alterations of <i>MC1R</i> in primary melanoma (2008)

Germline variation of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) is a risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. Recent studies have indicated that the risk is significantly higher for melanomas with somatic BRAF mutations, suggesting that MC1R variants may have a more specific role than their demonstrated effects on skin and hair pigmentation. To address the possibility that MC1R may act like a tumor suppressor gene by creating a permissive condition for melanocytes with specific somatic mutations to proliferate or survive, we analyzed 103 primary melanomas for somatic MC1R mutations and copy number alterations. This cohort included melanomas from skin with and without chronic sun-induced damage, mucosal membranes, and acral skin (palms, soles, and subungual). We did not find somatic mutations or frequent DNA copy number alterations at the MC1R locus, nor any skewed pattern of copy number alterations that would favor one allele type over the other. In conclusion, our findings indicate that MC1R is not a frequent target of somatic alterations in melanoma.
Tumor-Initiating Cells and FZD8 Play a Major Role in Drug Resistance in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2013)

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) studies have shown that neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery was effective in the minority of women, whereas the majority who had residual tumor had a relatively poor outcome. To identify the mechanism by which residual cancer cells survive chemotherapy, we initially conducted gene expression profiling using the CRL2335 TNBC cell line derived from a squamous breast carcinoma before and after treatment with cisplatin plus TRAIL. We found a significant increase in the expression of FZD8, one of Wnt receptors, and its downstream targets LEF1 and TCF in residual CRL2335 tumor cells after treatment with cisplatin plus TRAIL. Increased FZD8 levels were further confirmed in other TNBC cell lines. Inhibition of FZD8 by siRNA in CRL2335 cells in the presence of cisplatin plus TRAIL reduced β-catenin and survivin levels and increased apoptosis compared with scrambled siRNA-treated cells. In vivo data show that cisplatin plus TRAIL treatment significantly reduces tumor volume in NOD/SCID mice. However, we found that cisplatin plus TRAIL treatment predominantly eliminated non-tumor-initiating cells, as shown by whole-body fluorescent imaging of mice injected with mammosphere-forming CRL2335 cells stably transfected with DsRed. This led to TIC enrichment in residual tumors, as confirmed by immunostaining for TIC markers. Moreover, an increase in FZD8 expression was observed in residual tumors treated with cisplatin and TRAIL. Taken together, our findings suggest that FZD8-mediated Wnt signaling may play a major role in mediating resistance to chemotherapy, making it a potential target to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy in patients with TNBCs.
Faster Protein Splicing with the Nostoc punctiforme DnaE Intein Using Non-native Extein Residues (2013)

Inteins are naturally occurring intervening sequences that catalyze a protein splicing reaction resulting in intein excision and concatenation of the flanking polypeptides (exteins) with a native peptide bond. Inteins display a diversity of catalytic mechanisms within a highly conserved fold that is shared with hedgehog autoprocessing proteins. The unusual chemistry of inteins has afforded powerful biotechnology tools for controlling enzyme function upon splicing and allowing peptides of different origins to be coupled in a specific, time-defined manner. The extein sequences immediately flanking the intein affect splicing and can be defined as the intein substrate. Because of the enormous potential complexity of all possible flanking sequences, studying intein substrate specificity has been difficult. Therefore, we developed a genetic selection for splicing-dependent kanamycin resistance with no significant bias when six amino acids that immediately flanked the intein insertion site were randomized. We applied this selection to examine the sequence space of residues flanking the Nostoc punctiforme Npu DnaE intein and found that this intein efficiently splices a much wider range of sequences than previously thought, with little N-extein specificity and only two important C-extein positions. The novel selected extein sequences were sufficient to promote splicing in three unrelated proteins, confirming the generalizable nature of the specificity data and defining new potential insertion sites for any target. Kinetic analysis showed splicing rates with the selected exteins that were as fast or faster than the native extein, refuting past assumptions that the naturally selected flanking extein sequences are optimal for splicing.
Evaluation of spectral enhancement in hearing aids, combined with phonemic compression (1999)

In this study, the separate and combined effects on speech perception of compensation of the reduced dynamic range by compression and compensation of the reduced frequency resolution by spectral enhancement is investigated. The study has been designed to compare the effects of signal processing on monosyllabic consonant-vowel-consonant words for hearing-impaired listeners in conditions of quiet, fluctuating noise, and continuous noise. Speech perception of spectrally enhanced speech was compared with unprocessed speech. In addition, a comparison was made between combinations of spectrally enhanced speech and two types of phonemic compression. In the past, the definition "syllabic compressor" is often used to indicate fast compressors. However, the time constants of the fast compressors used in this study are so short that syllabic has become an inappropriate term. Moreover, intelligibility tests were performed in which scores were acquired of monosyllabic words, and their constituent "phonemic" parts. Therefore, the definitions "phoneme" and phonemic will be used throughout this paper. In one condition, spectral enhancement produced significant improvements for vowel perception. But, this was counteracted by deterioration of the consonant scores for all but one subject. In general, the best overall scores for consonant-vowel-consonant words were obtained in the unprocessed condition. After the spectral enhancement, a single-channel phonemic compressor added no improvement. There are indications that a multichannel phonemic compressor and spectral enhancement have opposite effects, because the scores for this combination are, in general, the lowest.
The emerging role of carbon isotope ratio determination in health research and medical diagnostics (2013)

Variations in the isotopic signature of carbon in biological samples (e.g. breath, blood and tissues) can be used to monitor shifts in whole body metabolism. As a conservative recorder of our diet, changes in the isotopic signature of carbon in biological samples provide an objective means to distinguish dietary patterns and the relationship with diseases. In addition, metabolic discrimination of carbon within the body can be informative regarding changes in the body's metabolic fuel usage during situations where shifts in the macronutrient oxidation ratio are expected. Therefore, changes in the isotopic signature over time have proven to be a tremendously powerful and sensitive means of detecting and measuring changes in steady-state systems. As such, this review focuses on how a naturally occurring ratio of stable isotopes of carbon (13C/12C) can be used as a biomarker for nutritional and metabolic status, altered macronutrient metabolism, and health and disease.
Antifouling potential of cyanobacteria: a mini-review (2006)

Cyanobacteria produce a variety of bioactive metabolites that may have allelochemical functions in the natural environment, such as in the prevention of fouling by colonising organisms. Chemical compounds from cyanobacteria are also of biotechnological interest, especially for clinical applications, because of their antibiotic, algicidal, cytotoxic, immunosupressive and enzyme inhibiting activities. Cyanobacterial metabolites have the potential for use in antifouling technology, since they show antibacterial, antialgal, antifungal and antimacrofouling properties which could be expoited in the prevention of biofouling on man-made substrata in the aquatic environment. Molecules with antifouling activity represent a number of types including fatty acids, lipopeptides, amides, alkaloids, terpenoids, lactones, pyrroles and steroids. The isolation of biogenic compounds and the determination of their structure may provide leads for future development of, for example, environmentally friendly antifouling paints. An advantage of exploring the efficacy of cyanobacterial products is that the organisms can be grown in mass culture, which can be manipulated to achieve optimal production of bioactive substances. Phycotoxins and related products from cyanobacteria may serve as materials for antimicro- and antimacrofouling applications. A survey of antibiotic compounds with antifouling potential revealed more than 21 different antifouling substances from 27 strains of cyanobacteria.
RETRACTED: Packing defects as selectivity switches for drug-based protein inhibitors (2005)

The conservation of structure across homolog proteins often diffuses the impact of drug-based inhibition by promoting alternative protein-ligand associations that may lead to toxic side effects. However, sticky packing defects are typically not conserved across homologs, making them valuable a priori targets to enhance specificity. By introducing a homology to quantify packing differences among proteins, we enable a previously undescribed strategy for the design of highly selective drug inhibitors involving ligands that wrap nonconserved packing defects. The selectivity of these ligands is validated by performing affinity assays on a cancer-related pharmacokinome. Minor reengineering of a powerful inhibitor guided by wrapping differences across its target kinome can selectively direct its impact toward a specific kinase. Thus, nonconserved packing defects may be used as selectivity switches across homolog targets, using spatial displacements of packing defects across aligned protein structures.
2013년 주요 저작권법 및 상표법 분야 주요 판례 해설 (2013)

2013년 상표분야 주요 판례는 대법원 2013. 9. 26. 선고 2012후2463 판결(전원합의 체)을 해서 기존의 획일적인 판례의 태도를 일본과 같이 개별적이고 구체적인 사안에서 사회통념에 따라서 판단할 수 있도록 한 판결로서 이후 상표법 판례들도 이와 같이 합리성이 담보될 수 있도록 하는 방향으로 전개될 것이라는 기대를 가지게 한다.
대법원 2013. 7. 13. 선고 2012후3077 판결의 경우에는 서비스표의 경우에는 유상성을 요구하는 것으로 정리하였고, 울산지방법원 2013. 7. 12. 선고 2012노788판결의 판결은 하급심판결로 대법원의 법리를 적용한 것이지만 그 판단요소들에 대하여 생각할 점을 제공하고 있다. 하급심 판결에 대한 평석도 활발하게 이루어지면 하는 바람에서 소개하였다. 디자인이 상표로 사용되고 있는지 여부의 판단방법에 대한 대법원 2013.
3. 28. 선고 2010다58261 판결도 중요한 판결이고 대법원이 인정한 위치상표논의에 이어 올해도 의미 있는 상표판결들이 다수 대법원에 의해서 선고되었다.
저작권분야 주요 판례로 소개한 대법원 2013. 7. 12. 선고 2013다22775 판결은 저작권 침해소송에 대한 소송물 문제를 정리함과 아울러 저작물의 국제적 유통과 관련하여 국제사법적 쟁점들에 대한 고려의 필요성을 제기하고 있다. 대법원 2013. 2. 15. 선고 2011도5835판결은 저작권법 제28조와 제35조의3의 적용에 대한 과제를 주고 있으 며, 서울중앙지방법원 2012. 7. 17. 선고 2011가합56847판결은 손해배상과 관련한 조문들의 중첩적용가능성을 제기한 중요한 의미를 가진 판결이라 하급심이지만 가치가 있다고 본다. 대법원 2013. 9. 26. 선고 2011도1435 판결은 저작권법 제102조 및 제103 조에 의한 온라인서비스제공자 면책에 대한 판결로서의 제102조의 기술적 불가능성의 해석에 대하여는 과제가 있다.
주
Endorphins in human cerebrospinal fluid: Clinical correlations to some psychotic states (1978)

The significance of endorphins, endogenous morphine-like agents, in some psychiatric disorders was investigated. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid were taken by lumbar puncture from healthy volunteers and from patients with schizophrenic, manic-depressive and puerperal psychosis and analyzed for two major fractions of endorphins (Fractions I and II). In 19 healthy volunteers the levels of the two fractions fell within a fairly narrow range. In contrast, six out of nine drug-free and symptom-rich schizophrenics showed elevated levels of Fraction I, which returned to normal or slightly supranormal values after treatment with neuroleptics or propranolol. This decrement was paralleled by a clinical improvement in four of six responding patients. In four manic-depressive patients, serial samples of cerebrospinal fluid revealed elevated endorphin levels, particularly Fraction I during the manic stage. In three out of four patients with puerperal psychosis, the levels of endorphins (either Fraction I or II) were elevated in the acute drug-free stage. During a later symptom-free stage, after treatment with ECT and/or neuroleptics, the endorphin levels were within the normal range. The present data lend credit to the hypothesis that endorphins are involved in some psychotic states in the human.
Coherence maintenance in human-machine dialogue: indirect antecedents and ellipses (2002)

The paper discusses the use of dictionaries for resolving referential ambiguity in dialogue. We present a heuristic algorithm for detection of the indirect antecedents for dialogue phrases based on the use of a dictionary of prototypic scenarios associated with each headword, as well as of a thesaurus of the standard type. The conditions for filtration of the candidates for the antecedent are presented. The structure of the prototypic scenarios dictionary is discussed. We also present an algorithm for reconstruction of elliptical phrases of a special kind: short clarifications, in dialogue using a kind of combinatory dictionary with similar heuristic rules.
Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Type 2 Nitric-oxide Synthase in Pancreatic β Cells Develop Insulin-dependent Diabetes without Insulitis (1998)

We generated transgenic mice carrying the mouse type 2 nitric-oxide synthase (NOS2) cDNA under the control of the insulin promoter. Western and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that NOS2 was expressed abundantly in transgenic islets but not in control islets. When islets were isolated and cultured, high levels of nitrite were released from the transgenic islets. In transgenic mice, the beta cell mass was markedly reduced without the infiltration of macrophages or lymphocytes, and extensive DNA strand breaks were detected in the islets by in situ nick translation. All the transgenic mice developed hypoinsulinemic diabetes by 4 weeks of age, and treatment with an inhibitor of NOS2, aminoguanidine (200 mg/kg body weight every 12 h), prevented or delayed the development of diabetes. The present study shows that the production of nitric oxide by beta cell NOS2 plays an essential role in the beta cell degeneration.
Constant and Switched Bias Low Frequency Noise in p-MOSFETs with Varying Gate Oxide Thickness (2002)

The low-frequency noise power spectral density of MOSFETs is decreased if the MOSFETs are periodically switched "off" (switched bias conditions). The influence of the gate oxide thickness on fixed bias and switched biased low frequency drain current noise spectral density of PMOS devices has been experimentally investigated. Under constant bias conditions, it is observed that the current noise spectral density increases linearly with increase in the gate oxide thickness. The larger the measured low-frequency noise under constant bias, the larger is the noise reduction after periodically switching the P-MOSFETs off.