gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endotoxin tolerance: is there a clinical relevance? (2003)

Beeson (1946) first defined endotoxin tolerance as a reduced endotoxin-induced fever following repeated injections of typhoid vaccine. Freudenberg and Galanos (1988) demonstrated that endotoxin tolerance that can protect against a lethal challenge of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) involves the participation of macrophages. Evans and Zuckerman (1991) reported a role for glucocorticoids in endotoxin tolerance. Prostaglandins, interleukin-(IL-)10, and transforming growth factor-β are other players of in vivo endotoxin tolerance. Dramatic reduction of plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (Mathison et al. 1990) and other cytokines in response to LPS parallels endotoxin tolerance. The reduced capacity to produce TNF and other cytokines can be mimicked in vitro by pretreatment of monocytes or macrophages with LPS. It is not a specific phenomenon and can be induced by other agents or events. Cross-tolerance between LPS, TLR2 specific ligands, IL-1 and TNF has been regularly reported. A similar loss of LPS-reactivity has been repeatedly reported in leukocytes of septic patients and in patients with non-infectious systemic inflammation response syndrome (SIRS; e.g . surgery, trauma, cardiac arrest and resuscitation, etc.). Studies on cellular signaling within leukocytes from septic and SIRS patients reveal numerous alterations of the activation pathways reminiscent of those observed in endotoxin-tolerant cells. While endotoxin tolerance prevents severity of infections and ischemia-reperfusion damage, it has been suggested that the immune dysregulation observed in SIRS patients was associated with an enhanced sensitivity to nosocomial infections. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo endotoxin tolerance, either experimental or due to clinical status, are similar but not identical.
Graded-index structures for high-efficiency solar thermophotovoltaic emitting surfaces (2014)

This Letter presents a highly efficient emitter structure for solar thermophotovoltaic systems. The structure consists of a graded index on tungsten, shows a spectral efficiency of 59%, or 70% with the use of a back reflector, and is compared to other state-of-the-art emitter structures. The effects of different structures and periodicities on the efficiency of the emitter are explored, as well as the effect of a protective oxide coating. The causes of the antireflection properties of these structures are also explored.
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Sarafloxacin and Cross-Reactivity Studies of Related Fluoroquinolones (1997)

Monoclonal antibodies were developed that bind sarafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use against Escherichia coli in poultry. Splenocytes from mice immunized with a bovine serum albumin−sarafloxacin conjugate were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells, and hybridomas secreting antibodies against sarafloxacin were selected and cloned. An enzyme-linked immunoassay was developed, and 50% inhibition of control values ranged from 7.3 to 48.3 ppb using sarafloxacin as the competitor. Tissue samples were spiked with sarafloxacin, and the average percent recoveries at 10, 50, and 100 ppb were 132, 78, and 81%, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies exhibiting high relative affinity for sarafloxacin were also characterized for their ability to detect five structurally related quinolones. The specificity and cross-reactivities of these antibodies are discussed in relation to three-dimensional, computer-generated molecular models of the fluoroquinolones. Keywords: Sarafloxacin; fluoroquinolone; ELISA; immunoassay
Embedded anti-aliasing in switched-capacitor ladder filters with variable gain and offset compensation (2002)

A combination of continuous-time and switched capacitor integrators in a simulated LC lossless ladder yields a response with suppressed aliasing without the use of continuous-time prefiltering. Fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process, a fifth-order Cauer low-pass filter for a W-CDMA cellular phone receiver has a cutoff frequency of 1.92 MHz and aliasing suppression of better than 40 dB for 30.72-MHz sampling. Without using any tuning mechanism, a 10% accuracy of the cutoff frequency is achieved. As additional features, the filter has variable gain from -13.3 to 16.4 dB and an offset compensation mechanism. With the latter, a 50-mV dc offset added to the input is suppressed to 11 mV or less at the filter output under the maximum gain setting. The filter consumes 2.81 mA at 1.8-V power supply in a die area of 0.62 mm/sup 2/.
Soluble Polymers with Laterally Attached Oligophenyl Units for Potential Use as Blue Luminescent Materials (1997)

New blue luminescent polyethers were prepared by interfacial polymerization of 2,5-diphenyl-, 2-biphenyl-, and 2,5-bis(biphenyl)hydroquinone diacetates with α,ω- dibromides. These polymers were soluble in common solvents, show liquid crystallinity in some cases, and can be melt processed at relatively low temperatures where they are thermally stable. Moreover their solid structure and corresponding properties (e.g. optical) can be controlled by judicious choice of the monomer unit. The synthesized polyethers were characterized by viscosimetry, gel permeation chromatography, thermal analysis, mechanical analysis, and UV−vis luminescence spectroscopy. The polymers show blue photoluminescence and have relatively low liquid crystalline transition temperatures, or they are amorphous depending on the symmetry of the substitution. The photoluminescent maxima were in the range 390−407 nm depending on the monomer structure. Free standing films were casted from solutions for some polymers, and in one case the mechanical properties were examined.
Some Case Studies of Temperature and Pressure Transient Analysis in Horizontal, Multi-zone, Intelligent Wells (2013)

Abstract Accurate measurement of real-time temperature and pressure across the well completion interval(s) has become standard in the modern production and injection wells. The data is used for routine production/injection monitoring, well stimulation, enhanced recovery operations, etc. During the last decade both the number of wells permanently equipped with pressure and temperature gauges as well as the accuracy and sensitivity of the sensors has increased dramatically. Large volumes of data are now produced that is often not "mined" for all the embedded information. Moreover, technology developments are exacerbating this data management problem with the availability of ever more reliable sensors at a lower cost, let alone the development of more advanced sensors capable of measuring additional properties of the flowing fluid. The ambition of the Digital Oilfield is to provide continuous optimisation of field production by real-time, well control and monitoring. However, the actual level of use made of these large volumes of data is still low. Downhole temperature measurements are able to provide extensive information for supporting well production diagnostics and optimisation. Recent publications have demonstrated that transient temperature analysis (TTA) has a high information potential with the unique advantage of being able to quantify zonal in- or out-flow. This derives from TTA being less affected by wellbore storage effects while at the same time providing a distinctive "build-up" or "draw-down" response to the performance of an individual reservoir layer. This latter has proven to be a highly productive source of zonal well production information, either as a stand-alone data source or in combination with pressure measurements, across the production interval(s). This paper will present examples of pressure and temperature transient analysis of downhole data from a real, multi-zone, intelligent well. It will discuss the qualitative aspects of sandface and wellbore pressure and temperature response along with their quantitative analysis to provide zonal, multi-phase flow rate allocation. The paper will provide novel insights into downhole data analysis for a horizontal well producing from multiple intervals. They can be applied to quantitatively interpret either discrete or distributed temperature data, both with and without accompanying pressure measurements. Application of the workflow proposed here can immediately increase the "Added value" derived from intelligent well technology.
Network Mobility Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (2009)

The goal of the network mobility (NEMO) management is to effectively reduce the complexity of handoff procedure and keep the mobile devices connected to the Internet. Vehicle is moving so fast that it may cause the handoff and packet loss problems. Both of the problems will lower down the throughput of the network. To overcome these problems, we propose a novel NEMO protocol for vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). In freeway, since every car is moving in a fixed direction with high moving speed, the car adopting our protocol can acquire IP address from the VANET through vehicle to vehicle communications. The vehicle can rely on the assistance of the front vehicle to execute the pre-handoff procedure or it may acquire its new IP address through multi-hop relays from the car on the lanes of the same or opposite direction and thus reduces the handoff delay and maintain the connectivity to the Internet. Simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme is able to reduce both handoff delay and packet loss rate.
An Object Oriented Approach to Geometry Defeaturing for Finite Element Meshing. (1998)

The development of a PSA of a native coronary artery after bypass grafting is a very rare and potentially fatal condition. A correct and prompt diagnosis is crucial to avoid lethal complication.
Properties of left-handed metamaterials: transmission, backward phase, negative refraction, and focusing (2005)

Four properties related to left-handed metamaterials are studied numerically: transmission within a stop-band, backward phase, negative refraction, and partial focusing. The unit cell of the metamaterial under study is composed of a rod and a ring originally proposed at infrared frequencies and redesigned here at microwave frequencies. We show that this ring, because of its symmetry, exhibits a better transmission in a parallel-plate waveguide than the original concentric split-ring resonator. Negative refraction is studied from a prism-shaped metamaterial, while all of the other properties are studied from a slab-shaped metamaterial. In particular, transmission and backward phase are studied on a slab where rings naturally couple with the incident wave, while partial focusing is studied on a slab of rings perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The numerical simulations are based on a two-dimensional periodic method of moments, whose Green's function is computed via Ewald's method, and a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique.
Optical and Carrier Transport Properties of Cosputtered Zn–In–Sn–O Films and Their Applications to TFTs (2008)

The optical and carrier transport properties of amorphous transparent zinc indium tin oxide ZITOa-ZITO thin films and the characteristics of the thin-film transistors TFTs were examined as a function of chemical composition. The as-deposited films were very conductive and showed clear free carrier absorption FCA. The analysis of the FCA gave the effective mass value of 0.53 m e and a momentum relaxation time of 3.9 fs for an a-ZITO film with Zn:In:Sn = 0.35:0.35:0.3. TFTs with the as-deposited channels did not show current modulation due to the high carrier density in the channels. Thermal annealing at 300C decreased the carrier density and TFTs fabricated with the annealed channels operated with positive threshold voltages V T when Zn contents were 25 atom % or larger. V T shifted to larger negative values, and subthreshold voltage swing increased with decreasing the Zn content, while large on-off current ratios 10 7 -10 8 were kept for all the Zn contents. The field effect mobilities ranged from 12.4 to 3.4 cm 2 V -1 s -1 for the TFTs with Zn contents varying from 5 to 48 atom %. The role of Zn content is also discussed in relation to the carrier transport properties and amorphous structures.
Experimental study of thermal rectification in suspended monolayer graphene (2017)

Thermal rectification is a fundamental phenomenon for active heat flow control. Significant thermal rectification is expected to exist in the asymmetric nanostructures, such as nanowires and thin films. As a one-atom-thick membrane, graphene has attracted much attention for realizing thermal rectification as shown by many molecular dynamics simulations. Here, we experimentally demonstrate thermal rectification in various asymmetric monolayer graphene nanostructures. A large thermal rectification factor of 26% is achieved in a defect-engineered monolayer graphene with nanopores on one side. A thermal rectification factor of 10% is achieved in a pristine monolayer graphene with nanoparticles deposited on one side or with a tapered width. The results indicate that the monolayer graphene has great potential to be used for designing high-performance thermal rectifiers for heat flow control and energy harvesting.
Development and Characterization of a Xylose-Dependent System for Expression of Cloned Genes in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> : Conditional Complementation of a Teichoic Acid Mutant (2001)

We have developed a xylose-dependent expression system for tight and modulated expression of cloned genes in Bacillus subtilis. The expression system is contained on plasmid pSWEET for integration at the amyE locus of B. subtilis and incorporates components of the well-characterized, divergently transcribed xylose utilization operon. The system contains the xylose repressor encoded by xylR, the promoter and 5' portion of xylA containing an optimized catabolite-responsive element, and intergenic xyl operator sequences. We have rigorously compared this expression system to the isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-induced spac system using a thermostable beta-galactosidase reporter (BgaB) and found the xyl promoter-operator to have a greater capacity for modulated expression, a higher induction/repression ratio (279-fold for the xyl system versus 24-fold with the spac promoter), and lower levels of expression in the absence of an inducer. We have used this system to probe an essential function in wall teichoic acid biosynthesis in B. subtilis. Expression of the teichoic acid biosynthesis gene tagD, encoding glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, from the xylose-based expression system integrated at amyE exhibited xylose-dependent complementation of the temperature-sensitive mutant tag-12 when grown at the nonpermissive temperature. Plasmid pSWEET thus provides a robust new expression system for conditional complementation in B. subtilis.
Resistance Welding of Thermoplastic Composites (2014)

Compared to thermoset composites, thermoplastic composites are drawing more and more attention by aircraft industries not only due to their excellent material properties but also due to their potentials to reduce cycle time and structure cost by using low-cost manufacturing technologies such as welding. Resistance welding has been regarded as one of the most promising welding techniques owing to the low energy consumption, simplicity of welding operation and capability for scaling up. Previous researches on resistance welding of thermoplastic composites are mainly focused on understanding the welding mechanisms and characterizing the welding qualities. The research work was aimed to gain deeper knowledge of resistance welding, in both micro-level and macro-level. In micro-level study, the specific properties that influence the welding quality were discussed, such as the surface properties of adherends, the weld line properties and the welding induced voids. In macro-level study, the emphasis was put on improving the current welding process, for both static resistance welding and continuous resistance welding. Micro-level study: 1. Resistance welding of woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites was investigated. Both the type of the majority fibres (warp yarns or weft yarns) and the apparent orientation of the majority fibres on the adherend surface were found to influence the failure mode and lap shear strength. Fibre sizing was found to be crucial for a good fibre-matrix adhesion, and therefore it was crucial for a good weld. 2. Other than fibre de-compaction, the residual volatiles inside the adherends was found to be a main cause of the voids in the joints for a welding process performed under a moderate welding pressure. Non-uniform void distribution was observed inside the joints, with void concentrations near the middle of weld overlap. The voids could be reduced by using pre-dried adherends or using a higher welding pressure. 3. A thinner weldline, usually obtained by using a thinner heating element, was found to be preferable to a thicker one. The relatively weaker welding quality near the edges of the joints was found to be a limitation of weld performance, but this could be improved by tailoring heat generation at the weld overlap or creating resin fillets near the edges. Micro-level study: 1. The possibility of using displacement measurement data for process monitoring and processing window definition was investigated, and it showed ability to detect voids generation and resin squeeze flow during welding and to construct processing windows. 2. The process of continuous resistance welding was analysed, and a model was developed to simulate the heat generation and heat transfer during welding.
Development of an automated crash notification system: an undergraduate research experience (2002)

This paper reports on a multidisciplinary undergraduate research project to design, develop, and test a low cost automated crash notification system. The completed in-vehicle system combines wireless communications and Global Positioning Systems with a network of silicon accelerometers to detect a serious automotive collision and automatically summon Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to the crash site. The paper discusses the results of the development effort, the multidisciplinary nature of the project and the undergraduate team, and the challenge of balancing contractual commitments and ensuring a rewarding undergraduate research experience.
Single crystal silicon micromachined pulsed infrared light source (2002)

We have newly developed a single crystal silicon micromachined pulsed infrared light source, with a microbridge. The chip size is 2/spl times/1/spl times/0.35 mm/sup 3/. The microbridge size is 365/spl times/85/spl times/1.5 /spl mu/m/sup 3/. We can easily control the temperature of silicon microbridge by pulsed electric signal up to the frequency range of 2 kHz. The modulated temperature is more than 700/spl deg/C at 100 Hz and 100/spl deg/C at 2 kHz. The thermal time constant is 0.4 msec. We measured transient temperature distribution of microbridge. We estimate performance of infrared light source from these results.
Variants within the 5'-flanking region and the intron I of the bovine growth hormone gene. (1996)

In order to identify DNA variants potentially involved in the regulation of the expression of the bovine growth hormone gene, the 5'-flanking, the 5'-untranslated and the signal peptide coding regions of 15 cows (four German Friesian, two German Simmental, two Jersey, two Galloway, two Scottish Highland, two Charolais and one Ceylon Dwarf Zebu) were analysed. For each animal a region of about 1.2 kb was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Six sites of variable nucleotides were identified in the 5'-flanking region of the gene and one in the intron I. Some of these variable sites are also potential binding sites for trans-acting factors (CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), polyoma virus enhancer A binding protein 3 (PEA3), thyroid hormone response element (TRE)) and therefore possibly involved in the expression of the growth hormone gene. PCR amplification of specific alleles (PASA) tests for two of the sites (G2, G3) were established and the genotypes for these variants were analysed in 190 cows. The frequencies of the C alleles of the sites G2 and G3 were 0.63 and 0.76, respectively.
A New Triterpene Saponin from <i>Pittosporum </i><i>v</i><i>iridiflorum</i> from the Madagascar Rainforest (2001)

A novel triterpenoid saponin, pittoviridoside (1), which possesses an unusual 2,3,4-trisubstituted glycosidic linkage, has been isolated from Pittosporum viridiflorum using the engineered yeast strains 1138, 1140, 1353, and Sc-7 for bioactivity-guided fractionation. The structure of this compound was determined to be 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)]-[alpha-D-arabinopyranosyl(1-->3)],[alpha-l-arabinofuranosyl(1-->4)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-angeloyl-22-senecioylolean-12-en-3beta,15alpha,16alpha,21beta,22alpha,28-hexol by spectral, chemical, and GC analyses. This compound showed weak cytotoxicity against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line.
Gas Sensors Based on Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from a Mini‐Arc Plasma Source (2006)

Miniaturized gas sensors or electronic noses to rapidly detect and differentiate trace amount of chemical agents are extremely attractive. In this paper, we report on the fabrication and characterization of a functional tin oxide nanoparticle gas sensor. Tin oxide nanoparticles are first synthesized using a convenient and low‐cost mini‐arc plasma source. The nanoparticle size distribution is measured online using a scanning electrical mobility spectrometer (SEMS). The product nanoparticles are analyzed ex‐situ by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) for morphology and defects, energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy for elemental composition, electron diffraction for crystal structure, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for surface composition. Nonagglomerated rutile tin oxide (SnO 2 ) nanoparticles as small as a few nm have been produced. Larger particles bear a core‐shell structure with a metallic core and an oxide shell. The nanoparticles are then assembled onto an e‐beam lithographically patterned interdigitated electrode using electrostatic force to fabricate the gas sensor. The nanoparticle sensor exhibits a fast response and a good sensitivity when exposed to 100 ppm ethanol vapor in air.
Cell sorting by deterministic cell rollingâ â¡ (2012)

This communication presents the concept of âdeterministic cell rollingâ, which leverages transient cell-surface molecular interactions that mediate cell rolling to sort cells with high purity and efficiency in a single step.
Multiple Layer Perceptron training using genetic algorithms. (2001)

Multiple Layer Perceptron networks trained with backpropagation algorithm are very frequently used to solve a wide variety of real-world problems. Usually a gradient descent algorithm is used to adapt the weights based on a comparison between the desired and actual network response to a given input stimulus. All training pairs, each consisting of input vector and desired output vector, are forming a more or less complex multi-dimensional error surface during the training process. Numerous suggestions have been made to prevent the gradient descent algorithm from becoming captured in any local minimum when moving across a rugged error surface. This paper describes an approach to substitute it completely by a genetic algorithm. By means of some benchmark applications characteristic properties of both the genetic algorithm and the neural network are explained. 1