gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electric field-driven formation of particle concentration fronts in suspensions (2006)

A distinct front, separating regions enriched with and depleted of particles, was recently observed in suspensions subjected to high-gradient ac electric fields and a set of theoretical model equations for the particle concentration, containing no fitting parameters, were developed [Kumar et al., 2004. Combined negative dielectrophoresis and phase separation in nondilute suspensions subject to a high-gradient ac electric field. Phys. Rev. E 69, 021402-1–10; Bennett et al., 2003. Combined field-induced dielectrophoresis and phase separation for manipulating particles in microfluidics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4866–4868]. Although the numerical solutions of these equations were found to be quantitatively consistent with the experimental observations, they did not provide sufficient information for elucidating the mechanism of the front formation due to the complexity of the equations. Here, we examine these equations analytically for the special case in which they admit a similarity solution and establish the existence of shock solutions to these equations. The shocks are shown to arise because of the rapid local growth of the suspension viscosity due to the field-driven particle accumulation in certain areas of the domain.
Synthesis of a variety of polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds via quinone methide intermediates (1977)

J. L. Asherson and D. W. Young, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1977, 916 DOI: 10.1039/C39770000916
Field emission properties of the polycrystalline diamond film prepared by microwave-assisted plasma chemical vapor deposition (1998)

Field emission characteristics for the diamond films grown using a gas mixture of different methane concentration in hydrogen were investigated. Measured by using the field emitter with diode structure, the turn-on voltage (field) for emitting 0.1 mA/cm2 current density and the critical electric field for 10 mA/cm2 were 5 V (3.0 V/μm) and 9 V (5.5 V/μm), respectively, for the diamond emitter of a little poor quality grown in 1.5% methane concentration. While, for the good quality diamond emitter grown in 0.5% methane concentration, the values were shown as 10 V (6.1 V/μm) and 21 V (12.7 V/μm), respectively. It is suggested that this phenomenon can be related with the field enhancement effect due to protruding small crystallites and the energy bands induced by internal stress or defects, depending on the film quality.
Intrathecal Midazolam II: Combination with Intrathecal Fentanyl for Labor Pain (2004)

Treatment of labor pain with epidural injections of local anesthetic is complicated by decreases in arterial blood pressure and leg weakness. This study showed that a mixture of two drugs, fentanyl and midazolam, could provide powerful pain relief when the drugs were given together spinally without such side effects.
Understanding Timelines Within MPEG Standards (2015)

Nowadays, media content can be delivered via diverse broadband and broadcast technologies. Although these different technologies have somehow become rivals, their coordinated usage and convergence, by leveraging of their strengths and complementary characteristics, can bring many benefits to both operators and customers. For example, broadcast TV content can be augmented by on-demand broadband media content to provide enriched and personalized services, such as multi-view TV, audio language selection, and inclusion of real-time web feeds. A piece of evidence is the recent Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) standard, which aims at harmonizing the delivery and consumption of (hybrid) broadcast and broadband TV content. A key challenge in these emerging scenarios is the synchronization between the involved media streams, which can be originated by the same or different sources, and delivered via the same or different technologies. To enable synchronized (hybrid) media delivery services, some mechanisms providing timelines at the source side are necessary to accurately time align the involved media streams at the receiver-side. This paper provides a comprehensive review of how clock references (timing) and timestamps (time) are conveyed and interpreted when using the most widespread delivery technologies, such as DVB, RTP/RTCP and MPEG standards (e.g., MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-DASH, and MMT). It is particularly focused on the format, resolution, frequency, and the position within the bitstream of the fields conveying timing information, as well as on the involved components and packetization aspects. Finally, it provides a survey of proofs of concepts making use of these synchronization related mechanisms. This complete and thorough source of information can be very useful for scholars and practitioners interested in media services with synchronization demands.
Reflectance as an indirect measurement of the extent of laser-induced coagulation (1990)

Two-dimensional reflectance images and surface thermal distributions were recorded during argon laser induced coagulation. During laser irradiation, coagulated egg yolk formed a white lesion. The whiteness, or reflectance caused by backscattering of light from the forming lesion, would be measured after a short delay from the onset of laser irradiation. In the experiments which covered exposure time from 4.5 to 17.0 s, we found that it started slowly, the reflectance increased rapidly once the surface temperature of the lesion reached approximately 90 degrees C. After this rapid rise, the reflectance began to taper off until no change in reflectance was recorded. There was a 0.98 correlation between lesion diameter measured from a two dimensional reflectance image and the lesion diameter that was measured microscopically. There was a 0.92 correlation between reflectance at the center of the lesion and microscopically measured depth of coagulation at the same point. However, the correlation between microscopically measured coagulation depth and width was only 0.88.
Tuning etch selectivity of fused silica irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses by controlling polarization of the writing pulses (2011)

We report on experimental study on chemical etch selectivity of fused silica irradiated by femtosecond laser with either linear or circular polarization in a wide range of pulse energies. The relationships between the etch rates and pulse energies are obtained for different polarization states, which can be divided into three different regions. A drop of the etch rate for high pulse energy region is observed and the underlying mechanism is discussed. The advantage of using circularly polarized laser is justified owing to its unique capability of providing a 3D isotropic etch rate.
Significance of complement components C1q and C4 bound to circulating immune complexes in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: support for classical complement pathway activation. (2012)

JIA patients have elevated levels of complement components bound to CICs, particularly from the classical pathway. Moreover, classical pathway components were associated with ESR, a marker of disease activity. MAC bound to CICs also correlated significantly with ESR, further supporting the notion of complement-mediated tissue injury that is triggered by IC-mediated classical pathway activation.
Growth inhibition and chemosensitization of exogenous nitric oxide released from NONOates in glioma cells in vitro (2008)

The authors found that NO-generating agents at high concentrations are potent growth inhibitors and might also be useful as chemosensitizers in glioma cells. These data corroborate the theory that the use of NOgenerating agents may play a role in the multimodal treatment of malignant gliomas but that the NO release must be targeted more specifically to tumor cells to improve selectivity and efficacy.
User Interface Beaming -- Seamless Interaction with Smart Things Using Personal Wearable Computers (2014)

For the Internet of Things to be adopted in people's homes and at their workplaces, it is important to provide mechanisms that support them when controlling and monitoring smart things in their surroundings. We present the concept of user interface beaming, where the capabilities of different personal wearable computers are combined to allow users to conveniently interact with smart things in their environment. Smartglasses are used to select a target smart thing by means of current object recognition technologies. Then, an appropriate user interface for the target is rendered on the user's smartwatch. This interface is continuously updated to reflect state changes of the target and can be used to interact with that smart thing using different interaction modalities.
John Wesley Powell. A Biography. I. Boyhood and Youth. (1902)

a preacher of the Wesleyan Church, and after reaching America he continued to preach.A diligent reader, a terse speaker, a sound thinker ; honest, precise, and devout, the stern morality which he taught in the pulpit was exemplified in all his social relations and particularly in the government of his household.The severity of the father's dis-
Using CisGenome to Analyze ChIP‐chip and ChIP‐seq Data (2011)

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with genome tiling array hybridization (ChIP-chip) and ChIP followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) are high-throughput approaches to profiling genome-wide protein-DNA interactions. Both technologies are increasingly used to study transcription-factor binding sites and chromatin modifications. CisGenome is an integrated software system for analyzing ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq data. This unit describes basic functions of CisGenome and how to use them to find genomic regions with protein-DNA interactions, visualize binding signals, associate binding regions with nearby genes, search for novel transcription-factor binding motifs, and map existing DNA sequence motifs to user-supplied genomic regions to define their exact locations.
Placenta-Derived Fetal Specific mRNA Is More Readily Detectable in Maternal Plasma than in Whole Blood (2009)

Maternal plasma is preferred over maternal whole blood for placenta-derived fetal RNA detection. Most studied 'placental' mRNA molecules in maternal whole blood were of maternal origin and might be derived from processes such as 'illegitimate transcription'.
Increased expression of αA-crystallin in human diabetic eye (2011)

We recently demonstrated that αA-crystallin, a molecular chaperone, protected photoreceptors from apoptotic signals in intraocular inflammation. Advanced glycation end product (AGE) plays an important role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of α-crystallins and apoptosis in human diabetic retina, and to analyze α-crystallin up-regulation in murine eyes after AGE stimulation. Eight eye globes were obtained from postmortem donors. Six out of the eight had a medical history of diabetes mellitus, while two were without diabetes. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were subjected to H&E staining and immunohistochemistry with anti-αA and αB-crystallins, anti-AGE and receptor for AGE (RAGE) antibodies. Apoptotic cells were detected by the TUNEL assay. Recombinant AGE protein was injected into the vitreous of adult murine eyes, and the posterior eyecups were excised 4 days after the administration. Western blot analyses and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to evaluate the alteration of α-crystallin expression. Histopathology revealed no remarkable differences between diabetic and non-diabetic retinas. Immunoreactivity for αA-crystallin was predominantly detected in the diabetic retina, whereas αB-crystallin expression was relatively low. AGE immunoreactivity was highly detected in diabetic retina and the vitreous, whilst immunoreactivity for RAGE was less marked. TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were occasionally observed in photoreceptors of the diabetic retina, whereas cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for αA-crystallin was relatively low. αA-crystallin expression was up-regulated, and αB-crystallin was down-regulated in murine posterior eyecups exposed to AGE protein. The mRNA levels of αA-crystallin were significantly up-regulated, whereas those of αB-crystallin remained unchanged after AGE stimulation. Thus, αA-crystallin and AGE were highly expressed in human diabetic retina. αA-crystallin responded to AGE accumulation, which may contribute to the protection of photoreceptors against AGE-related retinal tissue injury.
Comment on “A study on tetrahedron-based inhomogeneous Monte-Carlo optical simulation” (2011)

The Monte Carlo (MC) method is a popular approach to modeling photon propagation inside general turbid media, such as human tissue. Progress had been made in the past year with the independent proposals of two mesh-based Monte Carlo methods employing ray-tracing techniques. Both methods have shown improvements in accuracy and efficiency in modeling complex domains. A recent paper by Shen and Wang [Biomed. Opt. Express 2, 44 (2011)] reported preliminary results towards the cross-validation of the two mesh-based MC algorithms and software implementations, showing a 3-6 fold speed difference between the two software packages. In this comment, we share our views on unbiased software comparisons and discuss additional issues such as the use of pre-computed data, interpolation strategies, impact of compiler settings, use of Russian roulette, memory cost and potential pitfalls in measuring algorithm performance. Despite key differences between the two algorithms in handling of non-tetrahedral meshes, we found that they share similar structure and performance for tetrahedral meshes. A significant fraction of the observed speed differences in the mentioned article was the result of inconsistent use of compilers and libraries.
Alkylation, Cation Formation, and Insertion Reactions in Titanium Tris(ketimide) Complexes (2006)

Ti(NCtBu2)3Cl (1) reacts with TlPF6 in acetonitrile to afford [Ti(NCtBu2)3(N⋮CCH3)]PF6 (2), which proved to be unstable and decomposed at room temperature either in solution or in the solid state. Attempts to recrystallize 2 from a CH2Cl2/hexane mixture led to [Ti3(NCtBu2)6(μ2-F)3(μ3-F)2][PF6] (3). Treatment of 1 with LiMe and PhCH2MgCl gave the compounds Ti(NCtBu2)3CH2Ph (4) and Ti(NCtBu2)3Me (5), respectively. 4 was treated with B(C6F5)3 to afford [Ti(NCtBu2)3(CH2Ph)B(C6F5)3] (6), which exists in solution as a mixture of two species, the zwitterion [Ti(NCtBu2)3][(μ-CH2Ph)B(C6F5)3] (6A) and the solvate cation [Ti(NCtBu2)3(Solv)][(CH2Ph)B(C6F5)3] (6B). Above 60 °C, C6F5 is transferred to the metal center and Ti(NCtBu2)3(C6F5) (9) forms. This compound participates in a dynamic process in solution involving Ti···F interactions. The fluxional process observed for 6 can be stopped upon addition of 1 equiv of C⋮NMes, giving [Ti(NCtBu2)3(C⋮NMes)][(CH2Ph)B(C6F5)3] (7). C⋮NMes does not insert into Ti−N bonds, but it readily inserts into the Ti−C bond of Ti(NCtBu2)3(Me) (5) to afford [Ti(NCtBu2)3{η2-C(CH3)NMes}] (8).
Design and applications of large scale integrated planar lightwave circuit for WDM systems (2003)

In this paper, the design and applications of Large Scale Integrated (LSI) Planar Lightwave Circuits (PLCs) for WDM systems are discussed. The general design issues of PLCs', such as size, loss and crosstalk are addressed. A 32-wavelength optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) with 4 pairs of fully addressable add/drop ports is presented as an example application for LSI-PLCs.
Regional pattern of degeneration in Alzheimer's disease: neuronal loss and histopathological grading (1981)

The various structural components of the cortical degeneration of Alzheimer's disease were defined and graded. The severity of the degenerative process was thus mapped in different cortical areas where neuronal numbers and cortical width were also measured and compared with controls. Contrary to the general opinion that the degenerative process is rather uniformly diffuse, though accentuated in the medial temporal and frontal cortex, we found a consistent and more elaborate pattern with clearcut regional differences. Thus the degeneration involved, besides basal medial temporal limbic areas, the posterior cingulate gyrus and superior parietal lobule particularly, with somewhat less marked changes in the inferior parietal lobule and inferior temporal gyri. The sensorimotor, calcarine and anterior cingulate areas of the cortex were notably spared until very late stages. This regionally variable severity of the degeneration was also paralleled by a regionally varying reduction in neuronal numbers and cortical width, and agrees with our previously published results of a regional pattern which closely correlates with clinical parameters, including symptom pattern and regional cerebral blood flow alterations.
Acute graft-versus-host disease and the risks for idiopathic pneumonia after marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. (1993)

The risks for the development of idiopathic pneumonia after allogeneic BMT were assessed in a case-series review at a single marrow transplantation center. All allogeneic marrow recipients (n = 299) (age range 1-60 years) with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) transplanted from family member donors after conditioning with CY were evaluated. Post-grafting immunosuppression consisted of MTX alone in 205 patients (69%), CY alone in 16 (5%) and a combination of the two in 78 (26%). The incidence estimate for any pneumonia within the first 200 days after transplant was 18% (95% confidence interval = 14-24%). Of 48 cases of pneumonia, CMV infection was documented in 44%, 21% were idiopathic and the remainder were either due to other infections or were not evaluated. The effect of acute GVHD on the incidence of pneumonia was examined using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models which included covariates for potential confounding factors. Consistent with previous reports, acute GVHD was associated with an increased incidence of any pneumonia (relative risk (RR) = 3.5, 95% Cl = 1.9-6.9; p < 0.001). Specifically, acute GVHD also was associated with the largest risk of idiopathic pneumonia (RR = 5.0, 95% Cl = 1.1-22; p = 0.04). In conclusion, recognition of acute GVHD as a risk factor for idiopathic pneumonia suggests that mechanisms in addition to chemoradiation damage are responsible for non-infectious lung injury after BMT.
Superoxide Production by the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain (1997)

This mini-review describes the role of different mitochondrial components in the formation of reactive oxygen species under normal and pathological conditions and the effect of inhibitors and uncouplers on superoxide formation.
Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy presenting with carpal tunnel syndrome and a new transthyretin mutation, asparagine 70 (1992)

We report familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy in a pedigree of German ancestry residing in New Jersey. Eight affected subjects presented in the third to seventh decade with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and one subject presented with vitreous opacification. Transmission was autosomal dominant and survival was prolonged. Affected subjects were heterozygous for a novel mutation in serum transthyretin (TTR), resulting in an asparagine for lysine substitution at residue 70 of the TTR monomer. We report two methods for rapid identification of the mutation based on the polymerase chain reaction. This pedigree further emphasizes the evolving phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of the transthyretinopathies. Familial or sporadic CTS or unexplained vitreous opacification suggest the possibility of TTR amyloidosis and should prompt a search for TTR mutations.
Adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation in genetic algorithms (1994)

In this paper we describe an efficient approach for multimodal function optimization using genetic algorithms (GAs). We recommend the use of adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation to realize the twin goals of maintaining diversity in the population and sustaining the, convergence capacity of the GA. In the adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA), the probabilities of crossover and mutation, p/sub c/ and p/sub m/, are varied depending on the fitness values of the solutions. High-fitness solutions are 'protected', while solutions with subaverage fitnesses are totally disrupted. By using adaptively varying p/sub c/ and p/sub ,/ we also provide a solution to the problem of deciding the optimal values of p/sub c/ and p/sub m/, i.e., p/sub c/ and p/sub m/ need not be specified at all. The AGA is compared with previous approaches for adapting operator probabilities in genetic algorithms. The Schema theorem is derived for the AGA, and the working of the AGA is analyzed. We compare the performance of the AGA with that of the standard GA (SGA) in optimizing several nontrivial multimodal functions with varying degrees of complexity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Economic Design of Activated Sludge System at the Optimum Sludge Concentration (2014)

활성슬러지 공정의 생물학적 반응조 및 2차 침전지 설계와 관련해서 정상상태 설계식(Ekama et al., 1986; WRC, 1984) 및 1-D flux theory 설계식(Ekama et al., 1997)을 사용하여 슬러지 농도에 따라 두 가지 공정을 일괄적으로 설계하였다. 또한, 슬러지 농도에 따른 생물학적 반응조 및 2차 침전지 크기 변화를 도식화하고, 유입수 성상이나 슬러지 침강성, 환경 및 운전조건 그리고 첨두유량이 각 공정의 크기결정에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 먼저유입수의 특성과 관련하여 난분해성 용해성 물질(fs,us)은 반응조 크기 결정에 큰 영향이 없었지만, 난분해성 입자성 물질(fs,up), 무기고형물(fi) 및 유기물 강도(Sti)의 영향은 크게 나타났다. 운전인자인 Sludge Retention Time (SRT)의 경우, 슬러지 생산량과 관련되므로 반응조 크기결정에 역시 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 2차 침전지의 설계요소인 Sludge Volume Index (SVI) 및 첨두유량이 커질수록 2차 침전지에 수리학적 부하가 커지게 되어, 2차 침전지가 크게 설계되어야 했다. 본 설계과정에서는, 온도 변화가 미치는 영향은 작게 나타났다. 대규모 처리장의 경우 반응조 및 2차 침전지 전체 크기 결정과 함께 1개조 크기의 상한선을 설정하여 개수를 산정하였다. 최종적으로 엔지니어는 여러 가지 슬러지 농도에 대하여 반응조 및 2차 침전조의 크기, 개수 및 현장조건을 고려한 건설비용을 반복적으로 계산하게 되면, 최소비용 설계와 함께 최적의 슬러지 농도를 결정하게 된다. The design procedures for a biological reactor and a secondary settling tank (SST) of an activated sludge system are based on the steady state design method (Ekama et al., 1986; WRC, 1984) and the 1-D flux theory design method (Ekama et al., 1997), respectively. This study combined both of the design procedures, to determine the optimum sludge concentration in the reactor and the best design with the lowest cost. The best design of the reactor volume and the SST diameter at the optimum sludge concentration were specified with varying wastewater and sludge characteristics, temperature, sludge retention time (SRT) and peak flow rate. The effects of the influent wastewater characteristics, such as substrate concentration and unbiodegradable particulate fraction, were found to be considerable, but the effect of unbiodegradable soluble fraction was to be negligible. The effects of sludge settling characteristics, were also significant. SRT, as an operating parameter, was found to be an important factor for determining the optimum sludge concentration. However, the effect of temperature was found to be small. Furthermore, for designing a large scale wastewater treatment plant, the number of reactors or SSTs could be estimated, by dividing the total reactor volume or SST area. The new combined design procedure, proposed in this research, will be able to allow engineers to provide the best design of an activated sludge system with the lowest cost.
RoACH: An autonomous 2.4g crawling hexapod robot (2008)

This work presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel hexapedal walking millirobot using only two actuators. Fabricated from S2-glass reinforced composites and flexible polymer hinges using the smart composite microstructures (SCM) process, the robot is capable of speeds up to 1 body length/sec or approximately 3 cm/s. All power and control electronics are onboard and remote commands are enabled by an IrDA link. Actuation is provided by shape memory alloy wire. At 2.4 g including control electronics and battery, RoACH is the smallest and lightest autonomous legged robot produced to date.