gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ensemble methods for handwritten digit recognition (2003)

Neural network ensembles are applied to handwritten digit recognition. The individual networks of the ensemble are combinations of sparse look-up tables (LUTs) with random receptive fields. It is shown that the consensus of a group of networks outperforms the best individual of the ensemble. It is further shown that it is possible to estimate the ensemble performance as well as the learning curve on a medium-size database. In addition the authors present preliminary analysis of experiments on a large database and show that state-of-the-art performance can be obtained using the ensemble approach by optimizing the receptive fields. It is concluded that it is possible to improve performance significantly by introducing moderate-size ensembles; in particular, a 20-25% improvement has been found. The ensemble random LUTs, when trained on a medium-size database, reach a performance (without rejects) of 94% correct classification on digits written by an independent group of people.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Surface-directed DNA condensation in the absence of soluble multivalent cations (1998)

Multivalent cations are known to condense DNA into higher ordered structures, including toroids and rods. Here we report that solid supports treated with monovalent or multivalent cationic silanes, followed by removal of soluble molecules, can condense DNA. The mechanism of this surface-directed condensation depends on surface-mobile silanes, which are apparently recruited to the condensation site. The yield and species of DNA aggregates can be controlled by selecting the type of functional groups on surfaces, DNA and salt concentrations. For plasmid DNA, the toroidal form can represent >70% of adsorbed structures.
Serum Uric Acid as a Predictor for the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Apparently Healthy Subjects: A 5-Year Retrospective Cohort Study (2010)

Background/Aims: This study evaluated the relationship between hyperuricemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by comparing the incidence rates of NAFLD in relation to serum uric acid levels in apparently healthy subjects during a 5-year period. Methods: Among 15,638 healthy Korean subjects who participated in a health-screening program in 2003 and 2008, respectively, 4954 subjects without other risk factors were enrolled in this study. We compared the incidence rates of NAFLD in 2008 with respect to baseline uric acid levels. Results: In 2003, serum uric acid levels were categorized into the following quartiles: 0.6-3.9, 3.9-4.8, 4.8-5.9, and 5.9-12.6 mg/dL. The incidence of NAFLD in 2008 increased with the level of baseline uric acid (5.6%, 9.8%, 16.2%, and 20.9%, respectively; p＜0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that hyperuricemia was associated with the development of NAFLD. When compared to the subjects in quartile 1, the odds ratio (OR) for the incidence of NAFLD for quartiles 2, 3, and 4 were 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-2.16; p=0.014], 1.69 (95% CI, 1.17-2.44; p=0.005), and 1.84 (95% CI, 1.25-2.71; p=0.002), respectively. Conclusions: High serum uric acid levels appear to be associated with an increased risk of the development of NAFLD. (Gut Liver 2010;4: 378-383)
Infrared and Raman Spectra of Krypton Difluoride (1965)

The infrared and Raman spectra of KrF2 vapor have been obtained. They clearly indicate a linear and symmetric molecule with the symmetric stretching frequency at 449 cm−1, the asymmetric stretching frequency at 588 cm−1, and the bending frequency at 232.6 cm−1. The force constants are fr=2.46, frr=−0.20, and fα=0.21 mdyn/Å. The negative bond—bond interaction constant can be explained neither by valence bond models nor by a simple molecular orbital model.
SEVA 2.0: an update of the Standard European Vector Architecture for de-/re-construction of bacterial functionalities (2014)

The Standard European Vector Architecture 2.0 database (SEVA-DB 2.0, http://seva.cnb.csic.es) is an improved and expanded version of the platform released in 2013 (doi: 10.1093/nar/gks1119) aimed at assisting the choice of optimal genetic tools for de-constructing and re-constructing complex prokaryotic phenotypes. By adopting simple compositional rules, the SEVA standard facilitates combinations of functional DNA segments that ease both the analysis and the engineering of diverse Gram-negative bacteria for fundamental or biotechnological purposes. The large number of users of the SEVA-DB during its first two years of existence has resulted in a valuable feedback that we have exploited for fixing DNA sequence errors, improving the nomenclature of the SEVA plasmids, expanding the vector collection, adding new features to the web interface and encouraging contributions of materials from the community of users. The SEVA platform is also adopting the Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL) for electronic-like description of the constructs available in the collection and their interfacing with genetic devices developed by other Synthetic Biology communities. We advocate the SEVA format as one interim asset for the ongoing transition of genetic design of microorganisms from being a trial-and-error endeavor to become an authentic engineering discipline.
GaAs MESFET differential pass-transistor logic (1990)

A GaAs MESFET implementation of differential pass-transistor logic (DPTL) is presented. This logic technique combines the greater area efficiencies and high operation speeds of ratioless, pass-transistor circuits with the additional advantages of good noise immunity and low power dissipation. Experimental results are provided for a four-bit counter implemented in a 1 =m, depletion (D)-mode MESFET technology to demonstrate both the functionality and noise immunity of GaAs DPTL.
Application of serialization enhanced SSO system (2011)

This paper introduced a practicable method to connect web portal with campus-user information system, via a Web Service-based SSO (Single Sign-on) system, in order to realize the sharing of users' statuses and information. Cookies, after being serialized into binary array and encrypted with RSA, will be transmitted in the Web Service framework. Then this array will be deserialized when Identity Server receives it, and then it will be compared with user' registering information. A byte array created by data packet and binary serialization is easy for RSA cryptography because it does not need to consider of distinguishing potential particular characters. All the algorithms proposed in this paper were tested and verified to be feasible.
Structure–function analysis and the molecular origins of anti-DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (1999)

Patients with the autoimmune rheumatic disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or 'lupus') develop a wide variety of clinical and serological manifestations including the presence of antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which are often diagnostic and potentially pathogenic. In this review, we have examined the links between the structure and function of anti-dsDNA antibodies, emphasising their clinical associations. We have also reviewed studies involving animal models, the analysis of human antibody sequences and studies of, and using, computer modelling and crystal structure.
Mutation in the 3' region of the alpha-1-antitrypsin gene and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (1997)

A mutation in the 3' flanking region of the alpha-1-antitrypsin gene has been reported to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We have investigated the prevalence of this mutation in a group of 185 patients with airway obstruction and in 69 non-obstructed controls. The subjects were selected on the basis of their development of lung cancer and therefore had similar exposure to cigarette smoke, the major risk factor for COPD. In the majority of subjects, the level of airway inflammation and loss of elastic recoil was known, and therefore we were able to test whether the mutation was associated with one of these pathological mechanisms. The prevalence of heterozygotes for the mutation was 10% in both the obstructed group and controls. The mutation was not associated with increased airway inflammation or loss of elastic recoil. This result indicates that the 3' mutation is not a significant risk factor for COPD in this population, and suggests heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Experiment on selective erasure for multiplexed holograms by using photorefractive phase-shift (2006)

We propose a method of the selective erasure for multiplexed holograms by using photorefractive phase-shift. This method realizes the complete selective erasure with simple operation. We conduct an experiment on selective erasure with two LiNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> :Fe.
Studies of N-hydroxy-N'-aminoguanidine derivatives by nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and as ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors (1983)

Hydroxyguanidine, with the imino group of guanidine and the hydroxyamino group of hydroxyurea, has functional groups believed to be important for both anticancer and antiviral activities (Adamson, R.H. Nature (London) 1972, 236, 400-401). Three new N-hydroxy-N'-aminoguanidine derivatives have been synthesized and found to be 20-30 times more active than the hydroxyguanidine itself as inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase from rat Novikoff tumors (Tai, W.A.; Lai, M.M.; Lien, E.J. "Novel N-Hydroxyguanidine Derivatives as Antiviral Agents", North American Medicinal Chemistry Symposium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1982; Abstr, p 144). The character of the tautomeric equilibria, the pKa values, and the protonation sites of these hydroxyguanidine derivatives have been determined by 15N NMR spectroscopy.
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT)-1-dependent elevation of extracellular adenosine protects the liver during ischemia and reperfusion (2013)

These findings implicate ENT1 in liver protection from ischemia and reperfusion injury and suggest ENT inhibitors may be of benefit in the prevention or treatment of ischemic liver injury.
Programming Languages: Principles and Practice (1993)

From the Publisher:
Provides an in-depth introduction to the principles of programming design and implementation. Gives up-to date coverage of most of the topics in the Programming Languages Subject Area as outlined in the 1991 ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Curriculum Task Force Report.

Coverage of Common Themes for programming languages in general, and Special Features of individual programming languages. Organized around design issues, this coverage allows the instructor great freedom in structuring and choosing examples. Emphasis on major principles and paradigms of programming languages rather than on individual languages themselves. Gives students a firm grasp of the fundamental concepts of programming language theory, illustrated by a wealth of specific examples drawn from the most widely used languages,including Pascal, Modula-2, Ada, C, FORTRAN, Lisp, Prolog, ML, Miranda, C++, Simula, and SmallTalk.
Mechanism of All- <i>Trans</i> Retinoic Acid Effect on Tumor-Associated Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (2007)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play an important role in tumor escape by suppressing T-cell responses. MDSC represent a group of cells of myeloid lineage at different stages of differentiation. Increased arginase activity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are among the main functional characteristics of these cells. Recent studies have shown that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) had a potent activity in eliminating MDSC in cancer patients and in tumor-bearing mice. ATRA differentiates these cells into mature myeloid cells. However, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. Here, we have shown that ATRA dramatically and specifically up-regulated gene expression and protein level of glutathione synthase (GSS) in MDSC. This resulted in accumulation of glutathione (GSH) in these cells, observed in both mice and cancer patients. Blockade of GSH synthesis cancelled the effect of ATRA on MDSC. Accumulation of GSH in these cells using N-acetyl-L-cysteine mimicked the effect of ATRA on MDSC differentiation. Analysis of potential mechanisms of ATRA effect on GSS revealed that ATRA regulates its expression not by directly binding to the promoter but primarily via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Thus, ATRA induced differentiation of MDSC primarily via neutralization of high ROS production in these cells. This novel mechanism involves specific up-regulation of GSS and accumulation of GSH and could be used in developing and monitoring therapeutic application of ATRA.
Herbicide Evaluation Against Giant Salvinia (2001)

The response of giant salvinia ( Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell) to 32 herbicide treatments was determined in an outdoor tank study at Lewisville, TX. Treatments included: endothall (as the dipotassium salt), endothall (as the mono(N,N-dimethylalkylamine salt)), diquat, glyphosate, imazapyr, copper, imazapyr + glyphosate, endothall (mono(N,N-dimethylalkylamine salt)) + glyphosate, diquat + copper, diquat + endothall (dipotassium salt), and diquat + endothall (mono(N,N-dimethylalkylamine salt)). Type of surfactant, rate of application and application technique were varied. Treatment with 1.12 kg ha -1 diquat, 8.97 kg ha -1 glyphosate, and all of the herbicide combinations controlled ≥ 98% salvinia 42 days after treatment (DAT). Diquat was the most effective herbicide; controlling salvinia regardless of rate, surfactant, application method (submersed vs. foliar application) and whether or not endothall (either formulation) or copper were included in the spray mixture. The least effective product evaluated against salvinia was imazapyr. Results demonstrated that several herbicides available for use in aquatic environments in the U.S. can be used to manage giant salvinia infestations.
Design operation and test of a light gas gun in a developing country (1989)

A detailed description is given of the light gas gun designed, machined, and operated at the National University of Mexico. Emphasis is made on the difficulties to be faced in a developing country to construct this kind of experimental facility, as well as on the solutions given. In particular, the barrel is made of 15 interlocking sections, each one as long as could be machined and honed in the available lathes in our country. These sections are conically tapered inside to allow the projectile to move from one section to the next without being shaved or deformed. The double diaphragm type breech has a working pressure of 40 MPa, the length of the barrel is 12.7 m and its bore is 75 mm. We indicate how to maximize the bursting cross section of the diaphragms, because this increases the projectile velocity. The projectile mass may be chosen between 0.5 and 2 kg, and the maximum projectile velocity may be as high as 1200 m/s. The gas gun performances are presented and, as a final remark, we comment on what we would change if we were to construct another gun.
Mechanisms and kinetics of Si atomic-layer epitaxy on Si(001)2×1 from Si2H6 (1991)

Single-crystal Si films have been grown on Si(001)2×1 substrates by ultraviolet (UV) photostimulated atomic-layer epitaxy (ALE) from Si2H6. The ALE deposition rate R per growth cycle remains constant at 0.4 monolayers (ML), 1 ML=6.8×1014 cm−2, over a wide range of deposition parameters: growth temperature (Ts=180 –400 °C), Si2H6 exposure (peak pressure during gas pulse=0.1–5 mTorr), UV laser energy density (ℰ=250–450 mJ cm−2 where ℰmax is determined by Ts ), and number of UV laser pulses per cycle. A film growth model, based upon the results of the present deposition experiments and Monte Carlo simulations, together with our previous adsorption/desorption measurements, is used to describe the reaction pathway for the process. Si2H6 is dissociatively adsorbed on Si surface dimers as two SiH3 radicals which subsequently dissociate to SiH2 and H. Site blocking during the adsorption and surface dissociation steps limits the surface coverage to 2.9×1014 SiH2 cm−2 (hence, R=0.43 ML per cycle). The H terminated silylene-saturated surface is thermally stable and passive to further Si2H6 exposure. ArF or KrF laser pulses (≊20 ns) are used to desorb H, following a Si2H6 exposure, and the growth cycle is repeated until the desired film thickness is obtained. At Ts&lt;180 °C, the growth process becomes rate limited by the surface dissociation step and R decreases exponentially as a function of 1/Ts with an activation energy of ≊0.5 eV. At Ts&gt;400 °C, H is thermally desorbed and pyrolytic growth competes with ALE. Plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron micrographs together with selected-area and convergent-beam electron diffraction patterns show that the ALE films are epitaxial layers with no observed extended defects or strain.
Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review (2019)

Bio-integrated wearable systems can measure a broad range of biophysical, biochemical, and environmental signals to provide critical insights into overall health status and to quantify human performance. Recent advances in material science, chemical analysis techniques, device designs, and assembly methods form the foundations for a uniquely differentiated type of wearable technology, characterized by noninvasive, intimate integration with the soft, curved, time-dynamic surfaces of the body. This review summarizes the latest advances in this emerging field of "bio-integrated" technologies in a comprehensive manner that connects fundamental developments in chemistry, material science, and engineering with sensing technologies that have the potential for widespread deployment and societal benefit in human health care. An introduction to the chemistries and materials for the active components of these systems contextualizes essential design considerations for sensors and associated platforms that appear in following sections. The subsequent content highlights the most advanced biosensors, classified according to their ability to capture biophysical, biochemical, and environmental information. Additional sections feature schemes for electrically powering these sensors and strategies for achieving fully integrated, wireless systems. The review concludes with an overview of key remaining challenges and a summary of opportunities where advances in materials chemistry will be critically important for continued progress.
Multichannel frequency conversion experiment using fibre four-wave mixing (1993)

Multichannel frequency conversion is demonstrated using fourwave mixing. A polarisation independent configuration is employed, by which polarisation control for each signal is not necessary. By setting the pump light frequency at the zero-dispersion wavelength of the fibre, three FSK modulated signals with a frequency spacing of 70 GHz are simultaneously converted with an equal efficiency of −27.5dB. Bit error rate measurements confirm the feasibility of this conversion scheme.
A Dual Color Image Watermarking Scheme Based on non-overlapping Blocks with Circulation (2014)

Digital watermarking is a method for protecting copyrighted materials such as digital images. This paper introduces a new color watermarking scheme based on non-overlapping Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) with circulation. First, dual color host image and watermark are decomposed into R, G and B components, respectively. Scrambling the three components of watermark by Arnold chaotic map and divided them into b × b non-overlapping blocks, respectively. The three components of original image are divided into equally-size and non-overlapping blocks. Second, performing an SVD transformation on all of blocks, the singular values (SVs) of each watermarking block are added to each SVs of original same color block separately with circulation. Extracting any consecutive b rows and b columns of watermarked image blocks can get complete watermark information. Experimental results show the proposed scheme can effectively resist large degree of geometric attacks and compound attacks, and it is also strongly robust against common image processing attacks.
Event based control of propofol and remifentanil coadministration during clinical anesthesia (2017)

In this paper we present an event-based methodology for the control of the depth of hypnosis in general anesthesia. The control system is based on the implementation of an event generator with strong noise filtering capabilities together with a PIDPlus controller and considers both the administration of propofol and remifentanil in order to obtained a desired level of the bispectral index scale. Simulation results obtained with a wide set of patients model demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in both the induction and maintenance phases and how the technique can be appreciated in practical cases as it mimics the behaviour of the anesthesiologist.
Real-Time Detection of Bacterial Spores (2007)

We demonstrate a real-time method with high sensitivity and high selectivity for detection of Anthrax-surrogate spores using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering. We reliably detect spores in less than 50 ms based on their vibrational spectra.
Highly efficient blue organic light-emitting devices incorporating a composite hole transport layer (2005)

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) incorporating the copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)∕N,N′-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine composite hole transport layer have been fabricated. Under optimal condition, the highly efficient sky-blue OLED based on the aminosubstituted distyrylarylene fluorescent dye, doped in the stable diphenyanthracene blue host achieved a luminance efficiency of 16.2cd∕A with a Commission Internationale d’ Eclairage (CIE)x,y color coordinate of [0.15, 0.29] at 6.4V (20mA∕cm2) and an external quantum efficiency of 8.7%.
Structure-Based Alignment and Consensus Secondary Structures for Three HIV-Related RNA Genomes (2015)

HIV and related primate lentiviruses possess single-stranded RNA genomes. Multiple regions of these genomes participate in critical steps in the viral replication cycle, and the functions of many RNA elements are dependent on the formation of defined structures. The structures of these elements are still not fully understood, and additional functional elements likely exist that have not been identified. In this work, we compared three full-length HIV-related viral genomes: HIV-1NL4-3, SIVcpz, and SIVmac (the latter two strains are progenitors for all HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains, respectively). Model-free RNA structure comparisons were performed using whole-genome structure information experimentally derived from nucleotide-resolution SHAPE reactivities. Consensus secondary structures were constructed for strongly correlated regions by taking into account both SHAPE probing structural data and nucleotide covariation information from structure-based alignments. In these consensus models, all known functional RNA elements were recapitulated with high accuracy. In addition, we identified multiple previously unannotated structural elements in the HIV-1 genome likely to function in translation, splicing and other replication cycle processes; these are compelling targets for future functional analyses. The structure-informed alignment strategy developed here will be broadly useful for efficient RNA motif discovery.