gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efectes barocalòrics en cristalls plàstics (2016)

En aquest moment la majoria de sistemes de refrigeracio funcionen per cicles de refrigeracio per
compressio de gasos. Els gasos que s'utilitzen son substancies toxiques o que participen en
l’efecte hivernacle en el cas que es produeixen fuites o es realitza una mala gestio dels residus.
Aquesta situacio ha motivat la recerca de noves tecniques o materials per tal de millorar el
panorama actual. Durant les ultimes decades s’ha fet un pas important en l’estudi de materials
que mantenint-se a la fase solida aporten efectes calorics, tot i que els resultats encara no es
poden equiparar als refrigerants actuals per compressio de gasos. En l'estat solid s'esperen
efectes calorics gegants, per aplicacio d'un camp extern, al voltant de transicions de fase de
primer ordre amb una gran calor latent associada.
En aquest projecte s'han estudiat els efectes calorics induits per l'aplicacio de pressio hidrostatica
(efectes barocalorics o BCE). La investigacio s'ha focalitzat en uns materials anomenats cristalls
plastics perque presenten una transicio molt energetica degut a una transformacio d'una fase
d'alta temperatura solida plastica (amb desordre orientacional) a una fase de baixa temperatura
completament ordenada. En concret, s'han analitzat el Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS)
i el 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol-99% (NPA). Per a aquest estudi experimental, s'ha emprat
calorimetria diferencial (DSC) a pressio atmosferica i analisi termic diferencial (DTA) a alta
pressio, que permeten obtenir mesures quasi-directes de l'efecte barocaloric, especificament de la
variacio d'entropia en un proces isoterm de canvi de pressio.
Els resultats mostren unes temperatures de transicio a pressio atmosferica de 405 K pel TRIS i
246 K per l'NPA (en l'escalfament) i uns efectes barocalorics convencionals de Δs = 673
J/(K·kg) a pressio 2,1 kbar pel TRIS i de 200 J/ (K·kg) a 2,2 kbar per l'NPA que superen amb
escreix (amb un factor de quasi 11 i 3, respectivament) els BCE gegants mes grans analitzats fins
ara en l'estat solid. D'altra banda els valors obtinguts de la capacitat refrigerant a les mateixes
pressions son de 4420 J/kg pel TRIS i 9030 J/kg per l'NPA. No obstant, el BCE en el TRIS es
irreversible en el rang de pressions estudiat degut a la presencia d'una gran histeresi, del voltant
de 60 graus. En el cas de l'NPA, tot i que tambe presenta una histeresi notable (30-35 graus), el
desplacament de la temperatura amb la pressio es prou gran (dT/dp = 22 K/kbar) per comencar a
donar efectes barocalorics reversibles a partir de 1,7 kbar. Amb aquests resultats es demostra que
l'NPA disposa de millors propietats per el funcionament d'una maquina ciclica de refrigeracio per
compressio que el TRIS.
Margin credit evaluation system (2002)

The Management Science Group developed an expert system for the Credit Administration Department at Merrill Lynch to assist them with their primary responsibility of setting credit limits on margin accounts. Every account with a debit balance over $100000 is delivered daily to the system, appraised, and prioritized by its risk, using a combination of analytic and heuristic reasoning to evaluate its equity and fixed income positions on the basis of quality, marketability, and overall portfolio diversity. The system warns the credit analyst about problems in the account, and gives advice about whether the current debit can be supported and what the credit limits should be. The account may also be analyzed on an interactive basis, and what-if scenarios may be run to explore the effects of modifying the portfolio. Merrill Lynch has made daily operational use of the system for over two years and uses it to oversee more than two billion dollars of margin credit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automatic Headway Control - An Automatic Vehicle Spacing System (1970)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Automatic headway control is an evolutionary step towards an automatic vehicle guidance and control system. This system expands the capability of the currently available production option-speed control.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes the system from a theoretical and hardware viewpoint, with emphasis on the control logic. The electronic and electromechanical hardware design based on the theory presented is fully described.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The limitations and advantages of the system are explained, based on test results from actual trial runs on an implemented vehicle.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Capacity and safety benefits are made somewhat tangible by direct comparison with test results obtained on a roadway similar to that for which this system is recommended, under test conditions directly analogous to the operating characteristics of the automatic headway control system.</div>
Abnormal red blood cell ion transport and hypertension: The people’s gas company study (1982)

A population-based survey of 134 white men, recruited from the Chicago People’s Gas Company labor force, was carried out to examine the association between sodium-lithium (Na-Li) countertransport and hypertension. Of the 134 participants in this industry-sponsored periodic health examination, 64 were normotensive and 70 were either taking antihypertensive medications or had a systolic pressure ≥ 140 or a diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg. The hypertensives were older and more overweight. Countertransport was significantly higher in hypertensives than in normotensives. Among the three subgroups of hypertensives - untreated borderline (140/90 to 160/95 mm Hg), untreated definite (over 160/95 mm Hg), and treated - an increase in countertransport was consistently observed, significant for the latter two groups. The relationship between countertransport and hypertension was independent of overweight, with countertransport being significantly related to both blood pressure and overweight. Altered ion transport may play an important role in the etiology and/or pathophysiology of hypertension. © 1983 American Heart Association, Inc.
Parametric Optimization of Periodic Textured Surfaces for Friction Reduction in Combustion Engines (2008)

The aim of this paper is to analyze the tribological performance of different periodic textures of liner surfaces under hydrodynamic lubrication conditions, for an engine application. The impact of the different parameters of the periodic texture on its tribological performance is studied. First, a brief description of the numerical model is given. Then, the friction prediction tool is applied to the simulated periodic textures. Finally, optimal shapes and values of periodic textures are drawn out for the considered application.
Prosthetic heart valves (2014)

Heart valve replacements improve symptoms and life expectancy but may have potential problems. Biological replacements have limited durability but do not require anticoagulation and are usually used for the relatively elderly. Mechanical valves have a virtually zero primary failure rate but require anticoagulation and are usually used for the relatively younger patient. Transcatheter valves are used for patients in whom conventional surgery is not technically feasible or who have significant comorbidities. This article discusses the management of patients after valve replacement and discusses future developments.
Hepatocyte Glycogen Accumulation in Patients Undergoing Dietary Management of Urea Cycle Defects Mimics Storage Disease (2005)

Hepatocyte glycogen accumulation in urea cycle enzyme defects resembles that seen in glycogen storage disease but can be distinguished in most cases by non-uniformity of distribution and/or the absence of sinusoidal compression by expanded hepatocytes. We speculate that therapeutic modification of dietary protein content by restriction to essential amino acids, including leucine, may promote glycogen accumulation by increasing insulin secretion.
Load-Carrying Capacity of the Human Cervical Spine in Compression Is Increased Under a Follower Load (2000)

The load-carrying capacity of the ligamentous cervical spine sharply increased under a compressive follower load. This experiment explains how a whole cervical spine can be lordotic and yet withstand the large compressive loads estimated in vivo without damage or instability.
Laser induced deposition of zinc oxide (1983)

We have used an excimer laser to photodeposit uniform (±5%) films of zinc oxide from dimethylzinc and nitrogen dioxide. Deposition rates of 3000 Å/min over 2 cm×5 cm areas were obtained. We have measured the stress, refractive index, etch rate, adhesion, pinhole density, and the stoichiometry of these photodeposited films.
Overview of Chemical-Looping Reduction in Fixed Bed and Fluidized Bed Reactors Focused on Oxygen Carrier Utilization and Reactor Efficiency (2013)

A model-assisted comparison of two types of chemical-looping (CL) reactors (fixed bed and fluidized bed), with the same oxygen carrier loading and fuel capacity, is carried out to examine performance and efficiency of CL Reducers, operating with methane as the feedstock and nickel oxide as the oxygen carrier. The study focuses on the reduction step of chemical-looping combustion (CLC), for which the reactor efficiency and fuel utilization are crucial in terms of economics and carbon capture efficiency. Process models (a three phase dynamic model for bubbling fluidized beds and a two dimensional homogeneous model for fixed beds) and reaction kinetics developed and validated in previous studies are used. A fluidized bed chemical-looping combustion Reducer is compared to a fixed bed equivalent reactor, scaled-up from a smaller experimental reactor, constrained to bed height to reactor diameter ratios that prohibit excessive temperature and pressure drops across the bed. Through a detailed comparison, CLC operated in the fluidized bed reactor is shown to deliver superior performance, i.e., uniform temperature and pressure distribution; high methane conversion (> 95%) and carbon dioxide selectivity (> 95%) sustained for longer reduction periods; negligible carbon formation (< 2 mol% C basis); and better efficiency in oxygen carrier utilization.
Fostering the Evaluation of Reference Models: Application and Extension of the Concept of IS Design Theories (2007)

Despite the imperative to substantiate innovative research results expressed in reference models, little methodical guidance exists for evaluating reference models yet. We propose that IS design theories [WaWE92] can provide theoretical guidance for reference model evaluation since reference models can be formulated as a set of design principles that consist of testable propositions, kernel theories, and intended applications. We show how to facilitate the reconstruction process by applying the idea of pattern languages. Such decomposed reference models allow evaluating each design principle separately and thus formulating a more concise and elementary evaluation objective. We demonstrate the benefits of reconstructing reference models as design theories on the Service Data Management reference model that has been developed by the authors.
Constructing a uniform color space for visually lossless color representation and image coding (2002)

A uniform color space in terms of just-noticeable differences (JND) to the human eye is important in industry and image processing, as well as for visually lossless image coding and noise evaluations. The method of this paper builds a non-linear color space, by making use of structural analysis with various JND data sets. Through computer simulation, the color space obtained by this method is shown to be superior to conventional ones such as CIELUV in terms of uniformity, and attained a 3-bit reduction in representing chromaticity of RGB color data.
Dichloro(2,9-diethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)nickel (2016)

[1353268-64-0] C16H16Cl2N2Ni (MW 365.912) InChI = 1S/C16H16N2.2ClH.Ni/c1-3-13-9-7-11-5-6-12-8-10-14(4-2)18-16(12)15(11)17-13;;;/h5-10H,3-4H2,1-2H3;2*1H;/q;;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = ZJKALZLXBASZJL-UHFFFAOYSA-L (reagent used as cocatalyst for the Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction of aldehydes with alkenyl halides or triflates) Alternate Names: (H)2Phen(Et)2(NiCl2; NiCl2(dep; DEP(NiCl2. Physical Data: violet solid. Form Supplied in: no commercial availability. Preparative Method: to the slurry of NiCl2(DME in CH3CN is added a solution of 2,9-diethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (1.05 equiv) in CH3CN dropwise at room temperature under nitrogen. After stirring for 12 h at room temperature, the resultant crystalline precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with CH3CN, and dried under high vacuum to give a violet solid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store solid under inert atmosphere.
Building Media-Rich Cloud Services from Network-Attached I/O Devices (2016)

We present a system, called Cygnet, that makes it easy both to use and to implement media-rich interactive cloud services. Usage simplicity is achieved by providing a simple but powerful mechanism that makes an I/O device a first-class network-accessible resource that any user can dynamically "bind" to any service at any time. Implementation simplicity is achieved by providing a development and runtime environment that is identical to that of a typical Linux distribution running on a local machine. In Cygnet the cloud is thus transparent to both developers and users, the latter of whom concern themselves simply with choosing the I/O devices via which they wish to interact with their services. The system supports all classes of services and is optimized for the difficult class that requires a GPU to render content in real time. Designing and implementing a cloud-transparent system for that class presents a number of significant technical challenges. We describe how we overcame those challenges and then evaluate the performance of the system's cloud-based GPU rendering.
The pH‐auxostat as a tool for studying microbial dynamics in continuous fermentation (1990)

If a microorganism has a growth coupled production or consumption of acid or alkali, it is possible to use the pH-auxostat as a means of control in continuous fermentation. In using the pH-auxostat, it is possible to separate the inlet substrate flow in two different streams. These will both be pH controlled, with one main flow, consisting of nutrients and a second minor but concentrated flow, of acid or alkali. Hereby, it is possible to vary the difference in pH between the fermentor and the inlet medium. This pH difference is proportional to the steady-state cell mass concentration.(1,2) It is shown that by separating the inlet flow in two different streams and cultivating without any substrate limitation, the maximum growth rate may be obtained while the cell mass concentration will be controlled. This will also give the possibility to reach high cell mass concentrations at micro(max) without the risk of wash-out. A modified expression, based on hydrogen, of the steady-state bio-mass concentration, X, is developed as X = Y(X/H x [FHin/(FHin +FMin)] x (CHin -CHFerm) where Y(X/H) is the yield coefficient of cell mass per acid produced. The indexes Hin and Min refer to the inflows of alkali and medium, respectively; C(Hin) is the inlet concentration of hydrogen ions. The boundary condition for the cell mass shows that S(in) > X/Y(X/S), where S(in) is the medium substrate concentration and Y(X/S) is the yield of biomass per consumed substrate. It is shown that when the cell mass concentration exceeds this value, the flow stops. The applicability of the pH-auxostat method is then verified from different experiments. It is hereby used to detect a deviation from the maximal growth rate showing effects on the microbial physiology. With Escherichia coli used as the model organism, the effect on the growth rate of temperature and high concentration of ammonia were investigated.
DEVELOPMENT OF A VAGINAL RING FOR ACHIEVING PHYSIOLOGIC LEVELS OF 17β-ESTRADI0L IN HYPOESTROGENIC WOMEN<sup>1</sup> (1982)

The ability of polysiloxane vaginal rings containing 17 beta-Estradiol (E2) to deliver E2 into the systemic circulation at a steady rate over long periods of time was evaluated in castrate and postmenopausal volunteers. Standard laminar designs, used to release contraceptive gestagens, deliver low levels of E2 (about 50 pg/ml) and only for 1 month. With a modified design, E2 levels of 109 to 159 pg/ml were maintained for at least 3 months, and circulating gonadotropins were suppressed to values approaching the premenopausal range. This homogeneous design provides for physiologic replacement of E2 as well as a practical research tool for studying chronic effects of E2 in human subjects.
Reactions of Glasses with Aqueous Solutions (1967)

The kinetics of the reactions of various glasses with water and aqueous solutions with pH from 1 to 13 was studied. Simple binary alkali oxide‐silica glasses were examined as well as some ternary glasses derived from the binary compositions by substituting alkaline‐earth oxides for silica. All components of the glass were determined in the extract; the glasses varied from those very easily decomposed by water to those having durability comparable to that of commercial glasses. The equilibrium conditions of the system glass‐water are distinguished from the approach to that equilibrium normally observed in such experiments. The rates of removal of various glass constituents under varied experimental conditions are reported and potential mechanisms for these reactions are discussed.
Space-time coded adaptive transmit antenna arrays for OFDM wireless systems utilizing channel side information (2004)

OFDM has been widely regarded as an effective modulation technique for mitigating the effects of ISI in a frequency selective fading channel and for providing reliable high-data transmission over wireless links. Adaptive antenna arrays at the transmitter can achieve further increases in system capacity and bandwidth efficiency, as well as, in QoS improvement in conventional OFDM systems. But the performance of such of systems will severely degrade as the quality of the channel information available at the transmitter decreases. In this paper, we propose a space-time block coded adaptive transmit antenna arrays for broadband OFDM communication systems by utilizing partial channel side information. By employing space-time coding and adaptive power assignment between the sub-channels obtained by applying eigenvalue decomposition on the conditional channel correlation matrix of each sub-carrier, the proposed system combines the benefits of both space-time block coding and adaptive antenna arrays while being robust to channel imperfection. Simulation results show that the proposed system yields significant gains over conventional adaptive antenna arrays based systems without space-time coding under imperfect channel information available at the transmitter. Simulation results also show that the proposed power allocation in the frequency domain can further improve the performance of the space-time block coded adaptive transmit antenna arrays based OFDM systems.
RELATIVE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS EXOGENOUS GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS IN PROVIDING A BLADDER SURFACE PERMEABILITY BARRIER (1998)

Exogenous GAG's are effective in providing an epithelial permeability barrier in protamine pretreated bladders. There is a difference in the relative efficacy of the various GAG's in producing this effect.
<title>Wavelet-based SAR speckle reduction and image compression</title> (1995)

This paper evaluates the performance of the recently published wavelet-based algorithm for speckle reduction of SAR images. The original algorithm, based on the theory of wavelet thresholding due to Donoho and Johnstone, has been shown to improve speckle statistics. In this paper, we give more extensive results based on tests performed at Lincoln Laboratory (LL). The LL benchmarks show that the SAR imagery is significantly enhanced perceptually. Although the wavelet processed data results in an increase in the number of natural clutter false alarms, an appropriately modified CFAR detector (i.e., by clamping the estimated clutter standard deviation) eliminates the extra false alarms. The paper also gives preliminary results on the performance of the new and improved wavelet denoising algorithm based on the shift invariant wavelet transform. By thresholding the shift invariant discrete wavelet transform we can further reduce speckle to achieve a perceptually superior SAR image with ground truth information significantly enhanced. Preliminary results on the speckle statistics of this new algorithm is improved over the classical wavelet denoising algorithm. Finally, we show that the classical denoising algorithm as proposed by Donoho and Johnstone and applied to SAR has the added benefit of achieving about 3:1 compression with essentially no loss in image fidelity.
Quantum computer architectures: An idea whose time is not far away (2015)

Current day computers are increasingly getting limited in hardware due to deep sub-micron effects which may prevent finer gate widths. Parallel computing methods with a large number of cores can only give a linear speed up. Quantum computing is an attempt to unite Quantum mechanics and information science together to achieve next generation computation. Quantum computers have simultaneity and parallelism built inherently. Building a Quantum computer has some difficulties associated with it which involves criteria such as hardware architecture, coherence and fidelity. Quantum computing promises interesting possibilities. Many laboratories in the world are doing research on building Quantum computers which promise exponential speed up. In this article we have given a brief introduction to Quantum mechanics and examine Quantum computing possibilities using few architectures which are being investigated for Quantum computing. We compare three different architectures, namely, Trapped ion architecture, Quantum computing using superconducting Qubits and Quantum computing with Nitrogen Vacancy center in diamonds with various factors such as temperature requirements, coherence time of superposition states, fidelity, error correction, power dissipation and noise.
Electrochromic conductive polymer fuses for hybrid organic/inorganic semiconductor memories (2003)

We demonstrate a nonvolatile, write-once-read-many-times (WORM) memory device employing a hybrid organic/inorganic semiconductor architecture consisting of thin film p-i-n silicon diode on a stainless steel substrate integrated in series with a conductive polymer fuse. The nonlinearity of the silicon diodes enables a passive matrix memory architecture, while the conductive polyethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonic acid polymer serves as a reliable switch with fuse-like behavior for data storage. The polymer can be switched at ∼2 μs, resulting in a permanent decrease of conductivity of the memory pixel by up to a factor of 103. The switching mechanism is primarily due to a current and thermally dependent redox reaction in the polymer, limited by the double injection of both holes and electrons. The switched device performance does not degrade after many thousand read cycles in ambient at room temperature. Our results suggest that low cost, organic/inorganic WORM memories are feasible for light weight, high density, robust, and fast archival storage applications.