gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion debris characterization from a z-pinch extreme ultraviolet light source (2006)

An XTREME Technologies XTS 13-35 extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source creates a xenon z pinch that generates 13.5nm light. Due to the near x-ray nature of light at this wavelength, extremely smooth metal mirrors for photon collection must be employed. These are exposed to the source debris. Dissolution of the z-pinch gas column results in high-energy ion and neutral release throughout the chamber that can have adverse effects on mirror surfaces. The XTREME commercial EUV emission diagnostic chamber was designed to maximize diagnostic access to the light and particulate emissions from the z pinch. The principal investigation is characterization of the debris field and the erosive effects on optics present. Light emission from the z pinch is followed by ejection of multiply charged ions and fast neutral particles that make up an erosive flux to chamber surfaces. Attenuation of this erosive flux to optical surfaces is attempted by inclusion of a debris mitigation tool consisting of foil traps and neutral buffer gas flow. Characterization of the z-pinch ejecta is performed with a spherical sector energy analyzer (ESA) that diagnoses fast ion species by energy-to-charge ratio using ion time-of-flight (ITOF) analysis. This is used to evaluate the debris tool’s ability to divert direct fast ions from impact on optic surfaces. The ITOF-ESA is used to characterize both the energy and angular distribution of the direct fast ions. Xe+ up to Xe+4 ions have been characterized along with Ar+ (the buffer gas used), W+, Mo+, Si+, Fe+, and Ni+. Energy spectra for these species from 0.5 up to 13keV are defined at 20° and 30° from the pinch centerline in the chamber. Results show a drop in ion flux with angular increase. The dominant species is Xe+ which peaks around 8keV. Ion flux measured against buffer gas flow rate suggests that the direct fast ion population is significantly attenuated through increases in buffer gas flow rate. This does not address momentum transfer from scattered ions or fast neutral particles. These results are discussed in the context of other investigations on the effects of total particle flux to normal incidence mirror samples exposed for 1×107 pulses. The samples (Si∕Mo multilayer with Ru capping layer, Au, C, Mo, Pd, Ru, and Si) were exposed to the source plasma with 75% argon flow rate in the debris mitigation tool and surface metrology was performed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray reflectivity, and scanning electron microscopy to analyze erosion effects on mirrors. These results are compared to the measured direct ion debris field.
Wide-spectrum tint-free reflection reduction of viewing screens (1985)

A method has been developed which substantially reduces the reflection of viewing screens. The method consists of depositing a quarterwave layer of magnesium fluoride on a slightly roughened surface in such a way that the principle of an identical thin film is respected (conservation of interference). The remaining reflection from the front of the viewing screen is reduced to <0.4% over the whole visible spectrum. The reflection is tint-free over the complete viewing angle; light transmission and contrast are conserved; resolving power is only minimally affected. The influence which the roughening of a transparent surface has on the transmission and reflection of light is described in terms of scalar diffraction theory.
The B<sub>35</sub> Cluster with a Double-Hexagonal Vacancy: A New and More Flexible Structural Motif for Borophene (2014)

Elemental boron is electron-deficient and cannot form graphene-like structures. Instead, triangular boron lattices with hexagonal vacancies have been predicted to be stable. A recent experimental and computational study showed that the B36 cluster has a planar C6v structure with a central hexagonal hole, providing the first experimental evidence for the viability of atom-thin boron sheets with hexagonal vacancies, dubbed borophene. Here we report a boron cluster with a double-hexagonal vacancy as a new and more flexible structural motif for borophene. Photoelectron spectrum of B35(-) displays a simple pattern with certain similarity to that of B36(-). Global minimum searches find that both B35(-) and B35 possess planar hexagonal structures, similar to that of B36, except a missing interior B atom that creates a double-hexagonal vacancy. The closed-shell B35(-) is found to exhibit triple π aromaticity with 11 delocalized π bonds, analogous to benzo(g,h,i)perylene (C22H12). The B35 cluster can be used to build atom-thin boron sheets with various hexagonal hole densities, providing further experimental evidence for the viability of borophene.
HIV-1 gp120 Induces TLR2- and TLR4-Mediated Innate Immune Activation in Human Female Genital Epithelium (2013)

Although women constitute half of all HIV-1-infected people worldwide (UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report, 2011), the earliest events in the female reproductive tract (FRT) during heterosexual HIV-1 transmission are poorly understood. Recently, we demonstrated that HIV-1 could directly impair the mucosal epithelial barrier in the FRT. This suggested that the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 was being recognized by a membrane receptor on genital epithelial cells, leading to innate immune activation. In this study, we report that pattern-recognition receptors TLR2 and -4 bind to HIV-1 gp120 and trigger proinflammatory cytokine production via activation of NF-κB. The gp120-TLR interaction also required the presence of heparan sulfate (HS). Bead-binding assays showed that gp120 can bind to HS, TLR2, and TLR4, and studies in transfected HEK293 cells demonstrated that HS and TLR2 and -4 were necessary to mediate downstream signaling. Exposure to seminal plasma from HIV-1-infected and uninfected men with gp120 added to it induced a significant proinflammatory cytokine response from genital epithelial cells and disruption of tight junctions, indicating a role for gp120 in mucosal barrier disruption during HIV-1 heterosexual transmission. These studies provide, for the first time to our knowledge, a possible mechanism by which HIV-1 gp120 could directly initiate innate immune activation in the FRT during heterosexual transmission.
SRL-a simple retargetable loader (2002)

A loader is a systems program used by an operating system (OS) to load a binary executable file onto memory to execute it. The internal format of a binary executable file is called the binary-file format (BFF); this format is dependent on the OS and the particular computer architecture it runs on. Traditionally, when developing machine-code manipulation tools such as binary translators and disassemblers, developers need to write a decoder for each type of binary executable file they want to manipulate, i.e. for n different binary executables, they need to write n different loaders. With the advent of binary translation technology and the increased number of machines and operating systems, a retargetable loader (RL) would eliminate the effort required in creating different loaders; if only one such environment existed. SRL, a simple retargetable loader is a first attempt at developing an RL framework by means of a simple BFF grammar. Three different environments, (x86,DOS,EXE), (x86,Windows,NE) and (Sparc,Solaris,ELF), were used as the basis for the development and testing of SRL. The three environments give a good coverage of different BFFs currently in use by OSs for RISC and CISC machines.
5-Arylideneaminouracils: I. Synthesis and relations between physicochemical parameters and biological activity (2009)

A number of 5-arylideneaminouracils were synthesized by condensation of 5-aminouracil with substituted aromatic aldehydes. Correlation analysis according to Hantzsch revealed strong effects of the lipophilicity parameter and hydration energy of these compounds on their biological activity.
Vitamin C inhibits the growth of a bacterial risk factor for gastric carcinoma:Helicobacter pylori (1997)

High doses of vitamin C inhibit the growth of H. pylori in vitro as well as in vivo.
The development of psychiatric epidemiology (2003)

This chapter provides an overview of the development of psychiatric epidemiology.
Delivery of DNA–Cationic Liposome Complexes by Small-Particle Aerosol (1996)

Aerosol delivery of gene therapy for treatment of lung diseases allows topical treatment of the airways with DNA concentrations not obtainable by systemic administration. We have investigated delivery of cationic liposomes complexed to plasmid DNA in a small particle aerosol. Plasmid cDNA-DMRIE/DOPE complexes were nebulized using either an Aerotech II or Puritan-Bennett 1600 (PB1600) nebulizer. Reservoir sampling showed that DNA-DMRIE/DOPE complexes were damaged to a significant degree during nebulization, such that activity of transfected gene was diminished. Of the nebulizers analyzed, DNA-DMRIE/DOPE complexes were more stable in the PB1600. The loss of effective transfection by DNA-DMRIE/DOPE, as detected by decreased reporter gene activity in A549 lung cells, was consistent with denaturation of the DMRIE/DOPE. In contrast, nebulized DNA-DOSPA/DOPE complexes retained complete ability to transfect. Adjustments to flow rate and reservoir volume of the PB1600 allowed a longer period of delivery of active DNA-DMRIE/DOPE particles. DNA-DMRIE/DOPE was radiolabeled with Technetium-99m (99mTc), nebulized, and the output captured in either an Andersen Sampler (AS) (Andersen, 1958) cascade impactor particle size analyzer or an all glass impinger. cDNA-cationic lipid complexes were detected in size ranges of 0.4-10 microns, with most particles found between 1-2 microns. Aerosol output was consistent from 0 to 5 min. These results show the feasibility of aerosol delivery of DNA-cationic lipids for the purposes of gene therapy to the lung.
Deep sequencing reveals differential expression of microRNAs in favorable versus unfavorable neuroblastoma (2010)

Small non-coding RNAs, in particular microRNAs(miRNAs), regulate fine-tuning of gene expression and can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Differential miRNA expression has been reported to be of functional relevance for tumor biology. Using next-generation sequencing, the unbiased and absolute quantification of the small RNA transcriptome is now feasible. Neuroblastoma(NB) is an embryonal tumor with highly variable clinical course. We analyzed the small RNA transcriptomes of five favorable and five unfavorable NBs using SOLiD next-generation sequencing, generating a total of >188 000 000 reads. MiRNA expression profiles obtained by deep sequencing correlated well with real-time PCR data. Cluster analysis differentiated between favorable and unfavorable NBs, and the miRNA transcriptomes of these two groups were significantly different. Oncogenic miRNAs of the miR17-92 cluster and the miR-181 family were overexpressed in unfavorable NBs. In contrast, the putative tumor suppressive microRNAs, miR-542-5p and miR-628, were expressed in favorable NBs and virtually absent in unfavorable NBs. In-depth sequence analysis revealed extensive post-transcriptional miRNA editing. Of 13 identified novel miRNAs, three were further analyzed, and expression could be confirmed in a cohort of 70 NBs.
Air Electrode for the Lithium–Air Batteries: Materials and Structure Designs (2014)

Abstract The lithium–air battery, considered to be a promising candidate for future applications such as electric vehicles and energy storage, has captured worldwide attention recently because of its superhigh specific energy density even rivaling that of gasoline. This Review covers the most recent and significant scientific progress made in the fields relevant to Li–air batteries, with emphasis on the structure design of air electrodes. After a brief introduction to the operation principles and cathode electrochemical reactions, a discussion of the design and optimization of the cathode structure is presented sequentially, and the final conclusion remarks on future challenges and perspectives. The aim is to provide a better understanding of the effect of the cathode structure on the performance of the promising metal–air battery technologies, and to consider their challenges and perspectives in the future.
Silica-Supported Sterically Hindered Amines for CO<sub>2</sub> Capture (2018)

Most studies exploring the capture of CO<sub>2</sub> on solid-supported amines have focused on unhindered amines or alkylimine polymers. It has been observed in extensive solution studies that another class of amines, namely sterically hindered amines, can exhibit enhanced CO<sub>2</sub> capacity when compared to their unhindered counterparts. In contrast to solution studies, there has been limited research conducted on sterically hindered amines on solid supports. In this work, one hindered primary amine and two hindered secondary amines are grafted onto mesoporous silica at similar amine coverages, and their adsorption performances are investigated through fixed bed breakthrough experiments and thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, chemisorbed CO<sub>2</sub> species formed on the sorbents under dry and humid conditions are elucidated using in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Ammonium bicarbonate formation and enhancement of CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacity is observed for all supported hindered amines under humid conditions. Our experiments in this study also suggest that chemisorbed CO<sub>2</sub> species formed on supported hindered amines are weakly bound, which may lead to reduced energy costs associated with regeneration if such materials were deployed in a practical separation process. However, overall CO<sub>2</sub> uptake capacities of the solid supported hindered amines are modest compared to their solution counterparts. The oxidative and thermal stabilities of the supported hindered amine sorbents are also assessed to give insight into their operational lifetimes.
Ablation of RNA interference and retrotransposons accompany acquisition and evolution of transposases to heterochromatin protein CENPB (2017)

Inactivation of retrotransposons is accompanied by the emergence of centromere-binding protein-B (CENPB) in <i>Schizosaccharomyces</i>, as well as in metazoans. The RNA interference (RNAi)-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) complex, comprising chromodomain protein-1 (Chp1), Tas3 (protein with unknown function), and Argonaute (Ago1), plays an important role in RNAi-mediated heterochromatinization. We find that whereas the Ago1 subunit of the RITS complex is highly conserved, Tas3 is lost and Chp1 is truncated in <i>Schizosaccharomyces cryophilus</i> and <i>Schizosaccharomyces octosporus</i> We show that truncated Chp1 loses the property of heterochromatin localization and silencing when transformed in <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i> Furthermore, multiple copies of CENPB, related to <i>Tc1/mariner and Tc5</i> transposons, occur in all <i>Schizosaccharomyces</i> species, as well as in humans, but with loss of transposase function (except <i>Schizosaccharomyces japonicus</i>). We propose that acquisition of <i>Tc1/mariner and Tc5</i> elements by horizontal transfer in <i>S. pombe</i> (and humans) is accompanied by alteration of their function from a transposase/endonuclease to a heterochromatin protein, designed to suppress transposon expression and recombination. The resulting redundancy of RITS may have eased the selection pressure, resulting in progressive loss or truncation of <i>tas3</i> and <i>chp1</i> genes in <i>S. octosporus</i> and <i>S. cryophilus</i> and triggered similar evolutionary dynamics in the metazoan orthologues.
An Electrokinetic Transducer (1948)

A description is given of a transducer which utilizes, for the transformation of sonic to electrical energy, the electrokinetic potential developed by the movement of a fluid through a porous solid. The construction and calibration of the transducer are discussed, and results of measurements of the pressure fluctuations in oil pipe lines are presented.
Programmed Learning Procedures Applied to Varied Media (1968)

The idea of presenting programmes by audio means, or of combining audio and visual development in the same programme has been late in developing. But by 1967 several teaching machines in the United Kingdom had been developed with audio capacity, although such equipment is still very much in a minority. The growth of audio-visual programming will allow the extension of Programmed Learning to a wider range of subject matter. If, for example, Programmed Learning could utilise visual material for teaching illiterates to read, this would be a great contribution to world education. In some areas, especially in the teaching of languages, audio-visual programmes are probably a necessity, although audio-only programmes have been developed for the teaching of foreign languages to English students1 and have also been used in the teaching of reading2. An advantage might also be expected for audio or audio-visual programmes in the group situation and in industrial training projects.
Experts spar on solutions to the UK’s weight problem (2010)

From ‘chocolate offsetting’ to food reformulation, Anne Diamond chairs a lively forum on obesity
EFFECTS OF LINOLEIC-ACID ON MAMMARY-TUMOR CELL-PROLIFERATION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN P53 PROTEIN EXPRESSION (1993)

A rat mammary tumor cell line maintained in low serum (1%) medium exhibited a slower growth rate, altered cell cycle distribution, decreased DNA synthesis, and increased immunoprecipitable p53, when compared with culture in 10% serum. Addition of linoleic acid (LA; 18:2, n-6) to low serum medium partially restored normal cell cycle distribution, increased synthesis of DNA, and decreased immunoprecipitable p53 to levels normally seen in cells cultured in 10% serum. In contrast, exposure of the cells to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-6) induced further suppression of cell proliferation in medium containing 1% serum, and up-regulated expression of p53. The inverse correlation between p53 levels and cell proliferation is consistent with a role for p53 in negative regulation of growth of these tumor cells. The data suggest that growth stimulation of rat mammary tumor cells by LA is mediated in part through modulation of p53 expression.
Interleukin‐34 is expressed by giant cell tumours of bone and plays a key role in RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis (2010)

Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a newly discovered regulator of myeloid lineage differentiation, proliferation, and survival, acting via the macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor (M-CSF receptor, c-fms). M-CSF, the main ligand for c-fms, is required for osteoclastogenesis and has been already identified as a critical contributor of the pathogenesis of giant cell tumours of bone (GCTs), tumours rich in osteoclasts. According to the key role of M-CSF in osteoclastogenesis and GCTs, the expression of IL-34 in human GCTs was first assessed. Quantitative analysis of IL-34 mRNA expression in 14 human GCTs revealed expression of this cytokine in GCTs as well as M-CSF and c-fms. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that osteoclast-like cells exhibited a huge immunostaining for IL-34 and that mononuclear stromal cells were slightly positive for this protein. In contrast to osteoblasts, bone-resorbing osteoclasts showed very strong staining for IL-34, suggesting its potential role in the pathogenesis of GCTs by facilitating osteoclast formation. The role of IL-34 in osteoclastogenesis was then studied in murine and human models. IL-34 was able to support RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in the absence of M-CSF in all models. Multinucleated cells generated in the presence of IL-34 and RANKL expressed specific osteoclastic markers and resorbed dentine. IL-34 induced phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and Akt through the activation of c-fms, as revealed by the inhibition of signalling by a specific c-fms tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, IL-34 stimulated RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by promoting the adhesion and proliferation of osteoclast progenitors, and had no effect on osteoclast survival. Overall, these data reveal that IL-34 can be entirely substituted for M-CSF in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, thus identifying a new biological activity for this cytokine and a contribution to the pathogenesis of GCTs.
Parallel two-step phase-shifting digital holography (2008)

We propose a parallel two-step phase-shifting digital holography technique capable of instantaneous measurement of three-dimensional objects, with a view toward measurement of dynamically moving objects. The technique is based on phase-shifting interferometry. The proposed technique carries out the two-step phase-shifting method at one time and can be optically implemented by using a phase-shifting array device located in the reference beam. The array device has a periodic two-step phase distribution, and its configuration is simplified compared with that required for three-step and four-step parallel phase-shifting digital holographies. Therefore the optical system of the proposed technique is more suitable for the realization of a parallel phase-shifting digital holography system. We conduct both a numerical simulation and a preliminary experiment in the proposed technique. The results of the simulation and the experiment agree well with those of sequential phase-shifting digital holography, and results are superior to those obtained by conventional digital holography using the Fresnel transform alone. Thus the effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified.
Multiparameter Respiratory Rate Estimation From the Photoplethysmogram (2013)

We present a novel method for estimating respiratory rate in real time from the photoplethysmogram (PPG) obtained from pulse oximetry. Three respiratory-induced variations (frequency, intensity, and amplitude) are extracted from the PPG using the Incremental-Merge Segmentation algorithm. Frequency content of each respiratory-induced variation is analyzed using fast Fourier transforms. The proposed Smart Fusion method then combines the results of the three respiratory-induced variations using a transparent mean calculation. It automatically eliminates estimations considered to be unreliable because of detected presence of artifacts in the PPG or disagreement between the different individual respiratory rate estimations. The algorithm has been tested on data obtained from 29 children and 13 adults. Results show that it is important to combine the three respiratory-induced variations for robust estimation of respiratory rate. The Smart Fusion showed trends of improved estimation (mean root mean square error 3.0 breaths/min) compared to the individual estimation methods (5.8, 6.2, and 3.9 breaths/min). The Smart Fusion algorithm is being implemented in a mobile phone pulse oximeter device to facilitate the diagnosis of severe childhood pneumonia in remote areas.