gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using ancestry-informative markers to define populations and detect population stratification (2006)

A serious problem with case-control studies is that population subdivision, recent admixture and sampling variance can lead to spurious associations between a phenotype and a marker locus, or indeed may mask true associations. This is also a concern in therapeutics since drug response may differ by ethnicity. Population stratification can occur if cases and controls have different frequencies of ethnic groups or in admixed populations, different fractions of ancestry, and when phenotypes of interest such as disease, drug response or drug metabolism, also differ between ethnic groups. Although most genetic variation is inter-individual, there is also significant inter-ethnic variation. The International HapMap Project has provided allele frequencies for approximately three million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Africans, Europeans and East Asians. SNP variation is greatest in Africans. Statistical methods for the detection and correction of population stratification, principally Structured Association and Genomic Control, have recently become freely available. These methods use marker loci spread throughout the genome that are unlinked to the candidate locus to estimate the ancestry of individuals within a sample, and to test for and adjust the ethnic matching of cases and controls. To date, few case-control association studies have incorporated testing for population stratification. This paper will focus on the debate about the quantity and methods for selection of highly informative marker loci required to characterize populations that vary in substructure or the degree of admixture, and will discuss how these theoretically desirable approaches can be effectively put into practice.
Vascular endothelial growth factor in eye disease (2021)

Collectively, angiogenic ocular conditions represent the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in developed countries. In the U.S., for example, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration are the principal causes of blindness in the infant, working age and elderly populations, respectively. Evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a 40 kDa dimeric glycoprotein, promotes angiogenesis in each of these conditions, making it a highly significant therapeutic target. However, VEGF is pleiotropic, affecting a broad spectrum of endothelial, neuronal and glial behaviors, and confounding the validity of anti-VEGF strategies, particularly under chronic disease conditions. In fact, among other functions VEGF can influence cell proliferation, cell migration, proteolysis, cell survival and vessel permeability in a wide variety of biological contexts. This article will describe the roles played by VEGF in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The potential disadvantages of inhibiting VEGF will be discussed, as will the rationales for targeting other VEGF-related modulators of angiogenesis.
Diacetone-D-glucose-Mediated Asymmetric Syntheses of Dihydroquinoxalinones (2007)

Asymmetric syntheses of dihydroquinoxalinones by diacetone-D-glucose mediated nucleophilic substitution of α-bromo esters have been investigated.Stereoselective reactions with various 1,2-phenylenediamine nucleophiles in the presence of TBAI and DIEA and following spontaneous removal of the chiral auxiliary can provide dihydroquinoxalinones (3-9) up to 92% yield and 97:3 er.In addition, we have described the regio-and stereoselective reactions of non-symmetric 1,2-phenylenediamine nucleophiles to provide 10-14 up to 90:10 regioisomeric ratio and 98:2 er.Dihydroquinoxalinone core is of interest as an important pharmacophore in many biologically active compounds.1a-d Accordingly, there is growing interest in the preparation of enantioenriched dihydroquinoxalinones and several methods have been developed.Most strategies of previous reports are based on nucleophilic aromatic substitution of o-fluoronitrobenzene derivatives with optically pure amino acids in harsh reaction conditions.1c-h Consequently, these synthetic routes are limited by the availability of optically pure amino acids and suffer from racemization.1c,1e Thus an alternative general strategy has been developed in our laboratory, based on our recent findings of stereoselective nucleophilic substitution mediated by diacetone-D-glucose. 2 Herein we wish to report our recent results on asymmetric syntheses of dihydroquinoxalinones by stereoselective nucleophilic substitution of diacetone-D-glucofuranosyl α-bromo acetates with various 1,2-phenylenediamine nucleophiles.We have previously reported that reactions of diacetone-D-glucofuranosyl α-halo acetates with various amine nucleophiles in the presence of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) provided the substitution products with high stereoselectivities. 2 The chiral information of D-glucose is transferred to the substitution at α-halo carbon center via dynamic kinetic resolution in the nucleophilic substitution with amine nucleophiles.For example, the α-bromo stereogenic center of α-bromo-α-phenylacetate (1) undergoes rapid epimerization in the presence of DIEA and TBAI, and(αR)-1 reacts with a nucleophile preferentially. 3We envisaged that the stereoselective nucleophilic
Narrative in text, photo and video in social space (2010)

This purpose of this paper is to investigate the role played by different CMC for supporting young parents' reporting of everyday experiences about their baby's development with geographically separated families. “Reporting” in this study refers to narrative exercises using text, photo and video. Thus, the researcher wanted to see the differences or similarities between these media in reporting baby stories. The researcher followed Labov and Waletzky 's theory (LW) to understand narrative. This theory breaks narratives down into five distinctive building blocks: Orientation, Complication, Evaluation, Resolution and CODA. However in this paper we presented the result of Orientation only. It is the first and the main part of narrative. At the end of this paper, we identified the similarities and differences in narrative characteristics in Orientation (Who, Where, When and Why) displayed by text-based, picture-based and video-based CMC and their role in supporting young mothers' reporting everyday experiences with geographically separated families.
Developmental regulation of the gibberellin biosynthetic gene <i>GA1</i> in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (1997)

The GA1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes ent-kaurene synthase A (KSA), which catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthetic pathway of the plant hormone gibberellin (GA). Its location in the GA biosynthetic pathway has led to speculation that KSA regulation is one of the controlling steps. However, because KSA activity is so low that it is only measurable in Arabidopsis siliques, GA1 promoter-GUS reporter gene fusions and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to examine the expression pattern of GA1. The results from this study indicate that GA1 gene expression is highly regulated during growth and development, and it is restricted to specific cell types at the sites of expression. GA1 promoter activity is highest in rapidly growing tissues, e.g. shoot apicas, root tips, developing flowers and seeds. It is also active in the vascular tissue of some non-growing organs, such as expanded leaves, suggesting that these leaves may be a site of GA synthesis for transport to other organs. It was also found that the first one or two introns in the GA1 gene are required for proper expression. Because of the high degree of regulation, GA1 may act as a gatekeeper, controlling the flow of metabolites into the GA biosynthetic pathway, while the levels of specific bioactive GAs are controlled by other downstream steps.
A Note on Matrix Power Series (1930)

(1930). A Note on Matrix Power Series. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 228-231.
A Role for AtWRKY23 in Feeding Site Establishment of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (2008)

During the interaction between sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes and their host, complex morphological and physiological changes occur in the infected plant tissue, finally resulting in the establishment of a nematode feeding site. This cellular transformation is the result of altered plant gene expression most likely induced by proteins injected in the plant cell by the nematode. Here, we report on the identification of a WRKY transcription factor expressed during nematode infection. Using both promoter-reporter gene fusions and in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we could show that AtWRKY23 is expressed during the early stages of feeding site establishment. Knocking down the expression of WRKY23 resulted in lower infection of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. WRKY23 is an auxin-inducible gene and in uninfected plants WRKY23 acts downstream of the Aux/IAA protein SLR/IAA14. Although auxin is known to be involved in feeding site formation, our results suggest that, during early stages, auxin-independent signals might be at play to activate the initial expression of WRKY23.
Dispersion characteristics of curved microstrip transmission lines (1990)

An empirical expression for the effective dielectric permittivity of curved microstrip transmission lines is derived. This expression is very general because it can also be used for rectangular microstrip lines by considering a rectangular line as a curved line of infinite radius of curvature. The closed-form expression for the frequency dependence of the effective dielectric permittivity of a rectangular microstrip line is compared with other available results. This expression for the frequency dependence of the effective dielectric permittivity of curved microstrip transmission lines is simple, accurate, and suitable for CAD implementation. The measured and computed results for various curved microstrip lines are compared, and excellent agreement between the two is obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
PD‐1 expression on Melan‐A‐reactive T cells increases during progression to metastatic disease (2011)

Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is known as an important factor for the development of tolerogenicity. This has been proven in chronic viral infections and different tumor models. To address the role of PD-1 and its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in different stages of malignant melanoma, we investigated peripheral blood and tumor tissues in regard to overall survival (OS) and prognostic relevance. One hundred samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA-A2(+) patients with malignant melanoma (Stages I-IV) were analyzed in seven color FACS combined with multimer analyses for the immunodominant epitope of Melan-A (peptide A2/Melan-A(p26-35mod) ). Corresponding formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of primary tumor and distant organ metastases from 37 cases were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for Melan-A, PD-L1 and PD-1 expression. Compared to the total CD8(+) T cell population, PD-1 expression by A2/Melan-A(+) CD8(+) T cells was over-represented in melanoma stages III and IV (p < 0.001). Although elevation of PD-1(+) Melan-A(+) CD8(+) T cells had no significant influence on OS, a positive correlation was observed between PD-L1 expression on melanoma cells and OS (p = 0.05). Correlation of advanced tumor stage with increased A2/Melan-A-multimer(+) PD-1(+) T cells in the peripheral blood suggest that blocking of PD-1 could have therapeutic potential in advanced stage melanoma.
Cross‐cultural consumer values, needs and purchase behavior (2002)

This study examined the relationship of consumer values, needs and purchase behavior in two Asian consumer markets, China and South Korea. Between self‐directed values and social affiliation values, self‐directed values were the underlying determinant of needs to be satisfied by apparel products. Among the three types of needs identified to be satisfied through apparel (i.e. experiential, social and functional needs), experiential needs were the most important needs that influenced apparel purchases of female consumers in both Asian markets. Consumers in both country markets exhibited brand loyal behavior in apparel purchases, fulfilling all three needs. However, actualization patterns of each need through brand loyal behavior differed between the two consumer samples. While for brand‐loyal Chinese consumers experiential image was the most important aspect of the branded apparel appeal to female consumers, social image with performance quality assurance was a more important feature of the branded apparel appeal to consumers in Korea. Implications for brand image management for international markets were discussed.
Attaching UI enhancements to websites with end users (2009)

We present reform, a step toward write-once apply-anywhere user interface enhancements. The reform system envisions roles for both programmers and end users in enhancing existing websites to support new goals. First, a programmer authors a traditional mashup or browser extension, but they do not write a web scraper. Instead they use reform, which allows novice end users to attach the enhancement to their favorite sites with a scraping by-example interface. reform makes enhancements easier to program while also carrying the benefit that end users can apply the enhancements to any number of new websites. We present reform's architecture, user interface, interactive by-example extraction algorithm for novices, and evaluation, along with five example reform enabled enhancements.
Object-oriented specification of reactive systems (1990)

A novel approach to the operational specification of concurrent systems that leads to an object-oriented specification language is presented. In contrast to object-oriented programming languages, objects are structured as hierarchical state-transition systems, methods of individual objects are replaced by roles in cooperative multiobject actions whereby explicit mechanisms for process communication are avoided, and a simple nondeterministic execution model that requires no explicit invocation of actions is introduced. The approach has a formal basis, and it emphasizes structured derivation of specifications. Top-down and bottom-up methodologies are reflected in two variants of inheritance. The former captures the methodology of designing distributed systems by superimposition; the latter is suited to the specification of reusable modules. >
In senescence, age‐associated B cells secrete <scp>TNF</scp>α and inhibit survival of B‐cell precursors* (2013)

Aged mice exhibit ~ 5-10-fold increases in an ordinarily minor CD21/35(-) CD23(-) mature B-cell subset termed age-associated B cells (ABCs). ABCs from old, but not young, mice induce apoptosis in pro-B cells directly through secretion of TNFα. In addition, aged ABCs, via TNFα, stimulate bone marrow cells to suppress pro-B-cell growth. ABC effects can be prevented by the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Notably, CD21/35(+) CD23(+) follicular (FO) splenic and FO-like recirculating bone marrow B cells in both young and aged mice contain a subpopulation that produces IL-10. Unlike young adult FO B cells, old FO B cells also produce TNFα; however, secretion of IL-10 within this B-cell population ameliorates the TNFα-mediated effects on B-cell precursors. Loss of B-cell precursors in the bone marrow of old mice in vivo was significantly associated with increased ABC relative to recirculating FO-like B cells. Adoptive transfer of aged ABC into RAG-2 KO recipients resulted in significant losses of pro-B cells within the bone marrow. These results suggest that alterations in B-cell composition during old age, in particular, the increase in ABC within the B-cell compartments, contribute to a pro-inflammatory environment within the bone marrow. This provides a mechanism of inappropriate B-cell 'feedback' that promotes down-regulation of B lymphopoiesis in old age.
Azimuthal AVO analysis with anisotropic spreading correction: A synthetic study (2006)

Analysis of prestack amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (often called “azimuthal AVO analysis” or “AVAZ”) is one of the most effective tools for seismic characterization of fractures and in-situ stress field. The main advantage of amplitude methods compared to traveltime inversion is their high vertical resolution that makes AVO analysis applicable to relatively thin reservoirs. Also, body-wave amplitudes are highly sensitive to seismic anisotropy and, in particular, to azimuthal velocity variations associated with vertical fracture systems and nonhydrostatic stresses.
Stimulation of<i>in vitro</i>transcription by the upstream element of the adenovirus-2 major late promoter involves a specific factor (1984)

We have previously reported that sequences located upstream from the TATA box of the Adenovirus-2 major late promoter (Ad2MLP), between -34 and -97, are necessary for efficient transcription in vivo and in vitro (1). We have utilized an in vitro competition assay to demonstrate that the upstream element requirement involves the binding of a specific factor(s), which results in stimulation of in vitro transcription from the Ad2MLP. DNA fragments prepared from Ad2MLP upstream sequence mutants which are transcribed much less efficiently than the wild-type promoter both in vivo and in vitro were shown to be unable to bind this factor. We have also constructed chimeric promoter recombinants containing the 21bp repeat upstream element of the SV40 early promoter inserted upstream from the Ad2MLP TATA box. The SV40 upstream element stimulates in vitro transcription from the heterologous Ad2MLP TATA box element; competition experiments show that the Ad2MLP upstream element-specific factor is different from the SV40-specific factor Sp1.
From sequences of dependent instructions to functions : an approach for improving performance without ilp or speculation (2004)

In this article, we present an approach for improving the performance of sequences of dependent instructions. We observe that many sequences of instructions can be interpreted as functions. Unlike sequences of instructions, functions can be translated into very fast but exponentially costly two-level combinational circuits. We present an approach that exploits this principle, speeds up programs thanks to circuit-level parallelism/redundancy, but avoids the exponential costs. We analyze the potential of this approach, and then we propose an implementation that consists of a superscalar processor with a large specific functional unit associated with specific back-end transformations. The performance of the SpecInt2000 benchmarks and selected programs from the Olden and MiBench benchmark suites improves on average from 2.4% to 12% depending on the latency of the functional units, and up to 39.6%; more precisely, the performance of optimized code sections improves on average from 3.5% to 19%, and up to 49%.
Fibroblast adhesion to recombinant tropoelastin expressed as a protein A-fusion protein (1991)

A bovine tropoelastin cDNA encoding exons 15-36 that includes the elastin-receptor binding site was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. After isolation of the fusion protein by affinity chromatography on Ig-Sepharose, the tropoelastin domain was separated from plasmid-pR1T2T-encoded Protein A (Protein A') by CNBr cleavage. Cell-adhesion assays demonstrated specific adhesion to the recombinant tropoelastin. Furthermore, the data indicate that interactions involving the bovine elastin receptor mediate nuchalligament fibroblast adhesion to the recombinant protein. In agreement with earlier studies of fibroblast chemotaxis to bovine tropoelastin, nuchal-ligament fibroblast adhesion demonstrated developmental regulation of the elastin receptor.
Vitamin A: Physiological and Biochemical Processing (1992)

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 VITAMIN A INTAKE AND INTESTINAL ABSORPTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Absorption of Carotenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Absorption of Retinyl Esters . . ........ 39 Esterification of Retinol in Enterocytes .. ........ 39 TISSUE UPTAKE OF CHYLOMICRON REMNANT RETINYL ESTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 HANDLING OF CHYLOMICRON REMNANT RETINYL ESTERS B Y THE LIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 PARACRINE TRANS FER OF RETINOL TO STELLATE CELLS IN THE LIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 STORAGE OF RETINYL ESTERS IN STELLATE CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 RETINOL MOBILIZATION FROM STELLATE CELLS . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . 42 TURNOVER AND RECYCLIN G O F PLASMA RETINOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 43 PLASMA RETINOL HOMEOSTASIS . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 INTERCELLULAR TRANSPORT OF VITAMIN A IN VARIOUS TISSUES . . . . . . . . . . 46 CELLULAR UPTAKE OF RETINOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.... .. . . . . . . . . .. .. ........ . . .. 47 Hepatocytes and Liver Stellate Cells . . ... . ..... 48 Blood-Testis and Blood-Brain Barriers .. . . . .. .. 48 Placental Brush Border Membranes . . 49 Keratinocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 INTRACELLULAR METABOLISM OF RETINOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Esterification of Retinol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Activation of Retinol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Catabolism of Retinol . . . . . ......... . . ... ..... . ... .... 52 CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Synthesis of V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> hierarchical structures for long cycle-life lithium-ion storage (2014)

The “flower-like” vanadium pentoxide hierarchical structure assembled from ultrathin nanosheets is a promising electrode material for high-rate and long-cycle-life lithium-ion batteries.
Oscillators with Automatic Control of the Threshold of Regeneration (1934)

The frequency of an oscillator operating just on the threshold of the oscillation generation is determined-as is well known-by the constants of the circuit only; i.e., it does not depend on the operative conditions (supply voltages) of the system. The operation in this critical state for an ordinary dynatron oscillator as well as for a dynatron with back coupling can be continuously secured by means of an arrangement working automatically. Its principle is as follows: The oscillating circuit of the dynatron feeds a rectifier which, in turn, supplies the rectified voltage to the inner grid circuit of the dynatron tube (tetrode) in such a way that its bias becomes more and more negative when the oscillation amplitude increases. Owing to this arrangement the amplitude maintains itself continuously in the critical region for which the frequency stability is very high.