gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlled timewise redistribution of laser energy (1975)

An electronic feedback circuit is described which has been used in a Nd:glass high-power laser system for converting the spiky light emission into a smooth near-rectangular output of adjustable intensity and duration. The feedback circuit is also capable of converting the laser emission into a stroboscopic output of frequency of several hundreds of kilohertz or into a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</tex> -switched high-intensity output. The attractive feature of the system is that the change from one type of laser operation into the other does not require any modification to the circuit, but only a simple readjustment of a few control knobs. The feedback system incorporates a high-current fast photodiode, a Pockels-cell shutter, and a pulser. The main innovation of the present electronic feedback circuit over previously proposed systems is the ability to set the Pockels cell at any point of its transmission curve. This feature will be demonstrated to be of decisive importance in smoothing out the laser emission and in converting the spiky light output into a series of periodic light pulses.
North Atlantic Oscillation: Concept and an Application (1987)

An outline of the concept of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), along with some of its history is presented. This is followed by a brief presentation of the results and implications of an encouraging new application of the NAO to a regional climate problem—the interannual variation of Moroccan winter-semester precipitation. That precipitation is shown to be inversely related to the concurrent state of the NAO, and the relationship is relatively strong by the standards of recent research into the mechanisms of tropical and subtropical precipitation fluctuations. It is suggested that the NAO is of particular significance for the important issue of the long-range prediction of Moroccan (and probably also Spanish, Portuguese, and Algerian) winter precipitation, and that further research on this subject is warranted. Several specific recommendations in the latter regard are made.
New materials and advances in making electronic skin for interactive robots (2015)

Flexible electronics has huge potential to bring revolution in robotics and prosthetics as well as to bring about the next big evolution in electronics industry. In robotics and related applications, it is expected to revolutionise the way with which machines interact with humans, real-world objects and the environment. For example, the conformable electronic or tactile skin on robot’s body, enabled by advances in flexible electronics, will allow safe robotic interaction during physical contact of robot with various objects. Developing a conformable, bendable and stretchable electronic system requires distributing electronics over large non-planar surfaces and movable components. The current research focus in this direction is marked by the use of novel materials or by the smart engineering of the traditional materials to develop new sensors, electronics on substrates that can be wrapped around curved surfaces. Attempts are being made to achieve flexibility/stretchability in e-skin while retaining a reliable operation. This review provides insight into various materials that have been used in the development of flexible electronics primarily for e-skin applications.
A Broadband, Spectrally Flat, High Rep-rate Frequency Comb: Bandwidth Scaling and Flatness Enhancement of Phase Modulated CW through Cascaded Four-Wave Mixing (2011)

We demonstrate a scheme to scale the bandwidth by several times while enhancing spectral flatness of frequency combs generated by intensity and phase modulation of CW lasers using cascaded four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear fiber.
Electrochemical Etching of 6H-SiC Using Aqueous KOH Solutions with Low Surface Roughness (2003)

Commercially available n-type 6H-SiC wafers were etched in aqueous KOH solutions by an electrochemical method. We varied the etching conditions, such as KOH concentration, temperature, UV light illumination and current density, and observed the morphologies of the etched surfaces and etching rates. Etching proceeds with oxide film growth and its peeling off or with continuous dissolution of silicon oxide depending on the conditions. Although the etching under all the conditions roughens the surfaces at a current density of 5 mA/cm2, we obtained the flattest etched surface at a current density of 1 mA/cm2 in 1 wt% KOH concentration at temperature of 50–55°C with UV light illumination. We also fabricated a patterned structure under this etching condition with evaporated Ni metal as a mask.
Soft-Landing Ion Mobility of Silver Clusters for Small-Molecule Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Imaging of Latent Fingerprints (2014)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging is gaining popularity, but matrix effects such as mass spectral interference and damage to the sample limit its applications. Replacing traditional matrices with silver particles capable of equivalent or increased photon energy absorption from the incoming laser has proven to be beneficial for low mass analysis. Not only can silver clusters be advantageous for low mass compound detection, but they can be used for imaging as well. Conventional matrix application methods can obstruct samples, such as fingerprints, rendering them useless after mass analysis. The ability to image latent fingerprints without causing damage to the ridge pattern is important as it allows for further characterization of the print. The application of silver clusters by soft-landing ion mobility allows for enhanced MALDI and preservation of fingerprint integrity.
What Role for Angiogenesis in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia? (2011)

The role of angiogenesis in acute leukaemia has been discussed since the cloning of the gene of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from the acute myelogenous leukemia cell line (HL60) and, thereafter, when the first studies reported increased bone marrow vascularity and elevation of angiogenic cytokines in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). VEGF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are the major proangiogenic cytokines that have been studied, and evaluation of their prognostic impact in childhood ALL has been reported in several studies, though with controversial results. The antiangiogenic response, contributing to the angiogenic balance, has scarcely been reported. The origin of the factors, their prognostic value, and their relevance as good markers of what really happens in the bone marrow are discussed in this paper. The place of antiangiogenic drugs in ALL has to be defined in the global treatment strategy.
Nonlinear inverse scattering and three-dimensional near-field optical imaging (2006)

The nonlinear inverse scattering problem for electromagnetic fields with evanescent components is considered. A solution to this problem is obtained in the form of a functional series expansion. The first term in the expansion corresponds to the pseudoinverse solution to the linearized inverse problem. The higher order terms represent nonlinear corrections to this result. Applications to the problem of three-dimensional optical imaging with subwavelength resolution are described and illustrated with numerical simulations.
Ultrastructural location of human hepatocyte growth factor in human liver (1994)

Human hepatocyte growth factor has been purified from the plasma of patients with fulminant liver failure, but where this factor is produced in organs or cells of subjects with liver diseases is unknown. Therefore, we used a monoclonal antibody to human hepatocyte growth factor to stain cells in three normal and 29 diseased liver tissues by immunohistochemical techniques. By light microscopy, the immunostained cells seemed to be polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of their segmented nuclei. Some biliary epithelial cells also were stained. Electron microscopy confirmed that the immunostained cells with segmented nuclei were polymorphonuclear leukocytes and that the stained grains were on the membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum, around specific or azurophilic granules and in the cell sap. Stained grains in the biliary epithelial cells were found sporadically on the inside and outside of the membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum near the nuclei. Human hepatocyte growth factor is now known to be the same protein as scatter factor and tumor cytotoxic factor, both of which are produced by human fibroblasts in culture, but our results suggest that polymorphonuclear leukocytes in diseased livers are one cellular source of circulating human hepatocyte growth factor. The immunostaining properties of biliary epithelial cells in diseased livers also suggest that the cells produce and secrete human hepatocyte growth factor.
Query processing techniques in the summary-table-by-example database query language (1989)

Summary-Table-by-Example (STBE) is a graphical language suitable for statistical database applications. STBE queries have a hierarchical subquery structure and manipulate summary tables and relations with set-valued attributes. The hierarchical arrangement of STBE queries naturally implies a tuple-by-tuple subquery evaluation strategy (similar to the nested loops join implementation technique) which may not be the best query processing strategy. In this paper we discuss the query processing techniques used in STBE. We first convert an STBE query into an “extended” relational algebra (ERA) expression. Two transformations are introduced to remove the hierarchical arrangement of subqueries so that query optimization is possible. To solve the “empty partition” problem of aggregate function evaluation, directional join (one-sided outer-join) is utilized. We give the algebraic properties of the ERA operators to obtain an “improved” ERA expression. Finally we briefly discuss the generation of alternative implementations of a given ERA expression. STBE is implemented in a prototype statistical database management system. We discuss the STBE-related features of the implemented system.
Comodulation masking release in consonant recognition (2002)

Comodulation masking release (CMR) refers to an improvement in the detection threshold of a signal masked by noise with coherent amplitude fluctuation across frequency, as compared to noise without the envelope coherence. The present study tested whether such an advantage for signal detection would facilitate the identification of speech phonemes. Consonant identification of bandpass speech was measured under the following three masker conditions: (1) a single band of noise in the speech band ("on-frequency" masker); (2) two bands of noise, one in the on-frequency band and the other in the "flanking band," with coherence of temporal envelope fluctuation between the two bands (comodulation); and (3) two bands of noise (on-frequency band and flanking band), without the coherence of the envelopes (noncomodulation). A pilot experiment with a small number of consonant tokens was followed by the main experiment with 12 consonants and the following masking conditions: three frequency locations of the flanking band and two masker levels. Results showed that in all conditions, the comodulation condition provided higher identification scores than the noncomodulation condition, and the difference in score was 3.5% on average. No significant difference was observed between the on-frequency only condition and the comodulation condition, i.e., an "unmasking" effect by the addition of a comodulated flaking band was not observed. The positive effect of CMR on consonant recognition found in the present study endorses a "cued-listening" theory, rather than an envelope correlation theory, as a basis of CMR in a suprathreshold task.
A Method to Query Document Database by Content and Structure (2003)

Structured documents are made up of a few logical components,such as title,sections,subsections and paragraphs.The components in each structured document can be represented by an ordered tree model,which can also be viewed as a hierarchical concept relationship.To meet the user抯 requirements for more precise and concentrated search results,the retrieval techniques should allow the user to retrieve document components with varying granularity.This paper presents a method to query document database by content and structure.The key idea is to construct a more comprehensive similarity function by taking advantage of the inherent hierarchical structure in documents.This work combines Information Retrieval techniques,semi-structured data query and proximate search for document documents.The proposed method is evaluated on the Encarta encyclopedia document set and the experimental results show that is can provice more accurate and focused answers than traditional document retrieval methods.
Towards scalable dataframe systems (2020)

Dataframes are a popular abstraction to represent, prepare, and analyze data. Despite the remarkable success of dataframe libraries in R and Python, dataframes face performance issues even on moderately large datasets. Moreover, there is significant ambiguity regarding dataframe semantics. In this paper we lay out a vision and roadmap for scalable dataframe systems. To demonstrate the potential in this area, we report on our experience building Modin, a scaled-up implementation of the most widely-used and complex dataframe API today, Python's pandas. With pandas as a reference, we propose a simple data model and algebra for dataframes to ground discussion in the field. Given this foundation, we lay out an agenda of open research opportunities where the distinct features of dataframes will require extending the state of the art in many dimensions of data management. We discuss the implications of signature dataframe features including flexible schemas, ordering, row/column equivalence, and data/metadata fluidity, as well as the piecemeal, trial-and-error-based approach to interacting with dataframes.
Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Fecal Strains of the Archaeon <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i> (2001)

Multiple-antibiotic-resistant Methanoarchaea occur in the human gut. They may be selected during therapy with common antibacterial agents and may be eliminated by the application of metronidazole.
Synthesis of β‐Hydroxypropanoic Acid Derivatives as Potential Anti‐inflammatory, Analgesic and Antimicrobial Agents (2006)

A series of new 3-(substituted) 3-hydroxy-propanoic acid ethyl esters 1a-c, hydrazides 2a-c, thiosemicarbazides 3a-f, and semicarbazides 3g, 3h has been synthesized. Cyclization of compounds 3a-d in basic medium yielded 1,2,4-triazole-5-thiones 4a-d. On the other hand, reaction of hydrazides 2a-c with CS(2 )in basic medium afforded 1,3,4-oxadiazole-5-thiones 5a-c. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by their physical and spectral analyses data. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial activities. Compounds 1c, 3g, 4a, 4b, 4c, and 5c exhibited comparable anti-inflammatory activity to that of indomethacin and compounds 1c, 4c, and 5c were more analgesics than acetyl salicylic acid. Compounds 4b, 4c, and 5c showed superior GI safety profile (33.3%, 33.3% and 50.0% ulceration) than that of indomethacin (100% ulceration) at 100 mg/kg oral dose. Compounds 4b, 4c, and 5c were also non-toxic with a median lethal dose (LD(50)) up to 200 mg/kg. The antibacterial and antifungal screenings identified compounds 3c, 4b, 4d, 5a, and 5b as the most effective against a variety of tested microorganisms.
Projection access order in algebraic reconstruction technique for diffuse optical tomography (2001)

Algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) is one of the popular image reconstruction techniques used in diffuse optical tomography (DOT). We investigate in this note the influence of the order in which data are accessed in ART. Simulations mimicking breast tissues in transmission geometry with contrast agent tumour enhancement were used to evaluate the image quality of the diverse projection access investigated. We show that by selecting proper projection access order, the convergence speed can be significantly improved when ART is used to perform DOT. Moreover, low-contrast detection is improved.
Country of Origin (2015)

Abstract This article defines the term country of origin ( COO ) from the international management perspective. It discusses COO effects and their role in performance of multinational companies ( MNCs ). Its final section outlines distinctions between COO effects and host‐country ( HC ) effects.
Bimetallic Nanoshells for Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence with Broad Band Fluorophores (2012)

In this article, we reported the near-field interactions between the Ru(bpy)(3) (2+) complexes and plasmon resonances from the bimetallic nanoshells. The metallic nanoshells were fabricated on 20 nm silica spheres as cores by depositing 10 nm monometallic or bimetallic shells. There were approx. 15 Ru(bpy)(3) (2+) complexes in the silica core. The metal shells were constituted of silver or/and gold. The bimetallic shells could be generated in homogeneous or heterogeneous geometries. The homogeneous bimetallic shells contained 10 nm silver-gold alloys. The heterogeneous bimetallic shells contained successive 5 nm gold and 5 nm silver shells, or alternatively, 5 nm silver and 5 nm gold shells. Optical properties of metal nanoshells were studied on both the ensemble spectra and single nanoparticle imaging measurements. The heterogeneous bimetallic shells were found to have a large scale of metal-enhanced emission relative to the monometallic or homogeneous bimetallic shells. It is because the heterogeneous bimetallic shells may display split dual plasmon resonances which can interact with the excitation and emission bands of the Ru(bpy)(3) (2+) complexes in the silica cores leading to more efficient near-field interactions. The prediction can be demonstrated by the lifetimes. Therefore, it is suggested that both the compositions and geometries of the metal shells can influence the interactions with the fluorophores in the cores. This observation also offers us an opportunity for developing plasmon-based fluorescence metal nanoparticles as novel nanoparticle imaging agents which have high performances in fluorescence cell or tissue imaging.
Pricing and Hedging the Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefits in Variable Annuities (2010)

The Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefits (GMWBs) are optional riders provided\nby insurance companies in variable annuities. They guarantee the policyholders' ability to get the initial investment back by making periodic withdrawals regardless of the\nimpact of poor market performance. With GMWBs attached, variable annuities become more attractive. This type of guarantee can be challenging to price and hedge.\nWe employ two approaches to price GMWBs. Under the constant static withdrawal\nassumption, the first approach is to decompose the GMWB and the variable annuity\ninto an arithmetic average strike Asian call option and an annuity certain. The second\napproach is to treat the GMWB alone as a put option whose maturity and payoff are\nrandom.\nHedging helps insurers specify and manage the risks of writing GMWBs, as well\nas find their fair prices. We propose semi-static hedging strategies that offer several\nadvantages over dynamic hedging. The idea is to construct a portfolio of European\noptions that replicate the conditional expected GMWB liability in a short time period,\nand update the portfolio after the options expire. This strategy requires fewer portfolio\nadjustments, and outperforms the dynamic strategy when there are random jumps in\nthe underlying price. We also extend the semi-static hedging strategies to the Heston\nstochastic volatility model.
VoIP Honeypot Architecture (2007)

Voice over IP (VoIP) or telephony services over Internet announces a new revolution in the telecommunication world tor its management simplicity and cost reduction. VoIP security extends the existent risk range of IP protocols and infrastructures and introduces new attacks as well. Threats identification and standardization, secure signaling and media architectures, as well as intrusion detection and prevention mechanisms are currently under debate in the research community. We propose in this article a SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) specific honeypot We describe its design and implementation. We detail the inference mechanism which classifies the received messages. We show how the model investigates about a received call and raises an appropriate conclusion.
Tissue-Factor Targeted Peptide Amphiphile Nanofibers as an Injectable Therapy To Control Hemorrhage (2015)

Noncompressible torso hemorrhage is a leading cause of mortality in civilian and battlefield trauma. We sought to develop an i.v.-injectable, tissue factor (TF)-targeted nanotherapy to stop hemorrhage. Tissue factor was chosen as a target because it is only exposed to the intravascular space upon vessel disruption. Peptide amphiphile (PA) monomers that self-assemble into nanofibers were chosen as the delivery vehicle. Three TF-binding sequences were identified (EGR, RLM, and RTL), covalently incorporated into the PA backbone, and shown to self-assemble into nanofibers by cryo-transmission electron microscopy. Both the RLM and RTL peptides bound recombinant TF in vitro. All three TF-targeted nanofibers bound to the site of punch biopsy-induced liver hemorrhage in vivo, but only RTL nanofibers reduced blood loss versus sham (53% reduction, p < 0.05). Increasing the targeting ligand density of RTL nanofibers yielded qualitatively better binding to the site of injury and greater reductions in blood loss in vivo (p < 0.05). In fact, 100% RTL nanofiber reduced overall blood loss by 60% versus sham (p < 0.05). Evaluation of the biocompatibility of the RTL nanofiber revealed that it did not induce RBC hemolysis, did not induce neutrophil or macrophage inflammation at the site of liver injury, and 70% remained intact in plasma after 30 min. In summary, these studies demonstrate successful binding of peptides to TF in vitro and successful homing of a TF-targeted PA nanofiber to the site of hemorrhage with an associated decrease in blood loss in vivo. Thus, this therapeutic may potentially treat noncompressible hemorrhage.
Low level Metrics to High level SLAs - LoM2HiS framework: Bridging the gap between monitored metrics and SLA parameters in cloud environments (2010)

Cloud computing represents a novel on-demand computing approach where resources are provided in compliance to a set of predefined non-functional properties specified and negotiated by means of Service Level Agreements (SLAs). In order to avoid costly SLA violations and to timely react to failures and environmental changes, advanced SLA enactment strategies are necessary, which include appropriate resource-monitoring concepts. Currently, Cloud providers tend to adopt existing monitoring tools, as for example those from Grid environments. However, those tools are usually restricted to locality and homogeneity of monitored objects, are not scalable, and do not support mapping of low-level resource metrics e.g., system up and down time to high-level application specific SLA parameters e.g., system availability. In this paper we present a novel framework for managing the mappings of the Low-level resource Metrics to High-level SLAs (LoM2HiS framework). The LoM2HiS framework is embedded into FoSII infrastructure, which facilitates autonomic SLA management and enforcement. Thus, the LoM2HiS framework detects future SLA violation threats and can notify the enactor component to act so as to avert the threats. We discuss the conceptual model of the LoM2HiS framework, followed by the implementation details. Finally, we present the first experimental results and a proof of concept of the LoM2HiS framework.