gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phytodegradation of <i>p</i>,<i>p</i>‘-DDT and the Enantiomers of <i>o</i>,<i>p</i>‘-DDT (2000)

The reductive dechlorination of p,p‘- and o,p‘-DDT at the μg/mL level in the presence of the aquatic plant Elodea (Elodea canadensis) and the terrestrial plant kudzu (Pueraria thunbergiana) is described; studies included analysis of the enantiomers of chiral o,p‘-DDT and its chiral degradation product, o,p‘-DDD, to determine whether the reaction was enantioselective. The degradation process was followed by GC using a γ-cyclodextrin-based chiral phase. The half-lives for degradation of both o,p‘- and p,p‘-DDT by Elodea and kudzu ranged from 1 to 3 days, apparently depending on growth conditions of the plants. The only products identified were o,p‘- and p,p‘-DDD; no DDE or DDA were detected. Phytodegradation experiments using Elodea and carbon-14 labeled p,p‘-DDT indicated that up to 22% of DDT analogues were covalently bound within the plant. DDT degradation by Elodea was only about 40% slower after γ irradiation at 300 krads, indicating the major process not to be dependent upon live microbes. Dead Elodea was shown to maintain reductive activity at about the same rate as fresh plants. The reactions with Elodea and kudzu were not enantioselective in the formation of o,p‘-DDD from o,p‘-DDT. Reductive dehalogenation of o,p‘-DDT by a partially purified extract of Elodea, by the porphyrin hematin, and by human hemoglobin was also shown to be nonenantioselective, with reaction rates similar to that for the whole plant. This evidence suggests that the phytodegradation process may be catalyzed by an achiral enzyme cofactor or other achiral biomolecule.
Dewetting of solvated polymer brushes by thin liquid films (1997)

Thin liquid oligostyrene films on top of a surface-anchored, polystyrene brush - solvated by the oligostyrene itself - roughen spontaneously. Using optical phase-interference microscopy and nuclear reaction analysis we have characterized the topography of such roughened films. We see that the undulations formed reach down at most to approximately the top of the solvated brush, but not to the underlying solid substrate on which the brush is anchored. Possible origins for this behaviour are discussed in terms of a picture wherein the solvated brush is regarded as a quasi-solid substrate for the liquid film on top.
Meandered multiband PIFA with coplanar parasitic patches (2005)

A meandered multiband planar inverted-F antenna with two coplanar parasitic patches is presented. The antenna has a very wide impedance bandwidth of 743 MHz covering the frequencies from 1.765 to 2.508 GHz with the return loss L/sub rtn/ /spl ges/ 6 dB. The antenna also operates in the GSM band with a high radiation efficiency.
Nucleolar and cytoplasmic localization of annexin V (1992)

The subcellular localization of annexin V in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, epithelial cells and fibroblasts was examined. Indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblotting studies using affinity-purified anti-annexin V antibodies revealed that annexin V is located within the cytoplasm and nucleus of these cells. Further examination and direct binding studies showed that annexin V within the nucleus is associated with the nucleolus. These findings suggest that annexin V may play a role in a nucleolar function, such as ribosome assembly and transport.
Impact of the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Effect and Cathepsins Levels on the Activity of Polymer-Drug Conjugates (2014)

Polymer-drug conjugates have demonstrated clinical potential in the context of anticancer therapy. However, such promising results have, to date, failed to translate into a marketed product. Polymer-drug conjugates rely on two factors for activity: (i) the presence of a defective vasculature, for passive accumulation of this technology into the tumour tissue (enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect) and (ii) the presence of a specific trigger at the tumour site, for selective drug release (e.g., the enzyme cathepsin B). Here, we retrospectively analyse literature data to investigate which tumour types have proved more responsive to polymer-drug conjugates and to determine correlations between the magnitude of the EPR effect and/or expression of cathepsin B. Lung, breast and ovarian cancers showed the highest response rate (30%, 47% and 41%, respectively for cathepsin-activated conjugates and 31%, 43%, 40%, across all conjugates). An analysis of literature data on cathepsin content in various tumour types showed that these tumour types had high cathepsin content (up to 3835 ng/mg for lung cancer), although marked heterogeneity was observed across different studies. In addition, these tumour types were also reported as having a high EPR effect. Our results suggest that a pre-screening of patient population could bring a more marked clinical benefit.
Assessment of E-Business Transformation Using Simulation Modeling (2002)

Business renovation is a key aspect of electronic business and a high-level strategy for managing change that generally cannot be handled by continuous improvement and organizational restructuring methods. Business process modeling and the evaluation of different alternative scenarios for improvement are usually the driving factors of the business reengineering process. This study investigates business process simulation as a tool for deriving new knowledge about current business processes, such as additional in-depth understanding of how the process is executed and identifying sources of the problems observed during the process execution. The main objective of the paper is to investigate the potential benefits and outcomes of e-business transitioning that can be assessed in advance by using simulation modeling. An example is presented of how simulation modeling can be used to understand a procurement process and evaluate how the proposed improvements and the introduction of electronic business will influence system performance.
Regulation of hepatic apolipoprotein synthesis in the 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol-treated rat. (1991)

Regulatory mechanisms of hepatic apolipoprotein synthesis were studied in groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats made severely hypolipidemic by treatment with pharmacological doses of 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol. Treatment resulted in a marked reduction of plasma cholesterol and apolipoproteins B, A-I, and A-IV. Hepatic apoA-I mRNA and apoA-I synthesis were increased in the ethinyl estradiol-treated animals. Hepatic apoA-IV protein synthesis rates were unaltered; however, a reduction of the apoA-IV mRNA level was observed. Diet-control studies suggested the effects of 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol on apoA-I, unlike those on apoA-IV, appeared to be related to the steroid and not to reduced caloric intake. Livers of control and ethinyl estradiol-treated rats synthesized both apoBH and apoBL. Total hepatic apoB (apoBL plus apoBH) synthesis and apoB mRNA levels in the ethinyl estradiol-treated rats were similar to ad libitum fed or diet-controls. In ad libitum fed and diet-control rats, 21% and 32%, respectively, of newly synthesized hepatic apoB was apoBH. In contrast, 47% of the newly synthesized apoB in the ethinyl estradiol-treated animal was apoBH. Nucleotide sequence analysis of hepatic apoB mRNA confirmed a marked decrease in the proportion of the apoBL mRNA in ethinyl estradiol-treated animals. After cessation of 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol treatment, the hepatic apolipoprotein A-I synthesis rate, apolipoprotein A-I and A-IV mRNA levels, and the apoBH and apoBL synthesis rates, as well as plasma apolipoprotein and cholesterol levels, returned to normal. A major finding of the present study is that pharmacological doses of ethinyl estradiol do not affect total hepatic apoB synthesis, but increase the relative amount of apoBH synthesized.
Reservoir Surveillance Program Optimization Using Rapid Nuclear Modeling Integrated with Formation Testing and Sampling (2017)

Abstract Reservoir surveillance is of critical importance for the intergrated management of mature reservoirs. Accurate oil saturation monitoring is needed for operational decision making and planning. Reducing saturation uncertainties relies on accurate petrophysical parameters that reflect static and dynamic reservoir properties. The accuracy requirement for remaining and residual oil saturation is trending to be tighter for applications like improving flood sweep efficiency. The conventional technique using a pulsed-neutron (PN) measurement has been proven effective for most applications of time lapse saturation analysis. Traditional PN interpretation workflow underlies standardized tool responses for specific corrections based on borehole conditions, as well as reservoir rock and fluid properties. The measurements are converted into standardized tool responses using environmental correction algorithms before further processing with saturation models, which lead to answers of petrophysical significance. This paper documents a new model that integrates rapid nuclear modeling of PN tool responses, along with formation testing and sampling data so that variations in reservoir fluid properties are considered, for more accurate in-situ oil characterization.
Autograft versus Allograft in Degenerative Cervical Disease (2002)

Cervical spondylosis, common among people older than 50 years, may produce symptoms of cervical radiculopathy, myelopathy, or both. When patients with degenerative cervical disease require surgery, an anterior decompression of the neural elements and reconstruction of the anterior column with allograft or autograft is common. Allograft incorporates more slowly and less completely than autogenous bone graft, although harvest of autograft from the anterior iliac crest or the middle 1/3 of the fibula may be associated with postoperative morbidity. Overall, higher rates of fusion have been reported with autograft than allograft. However, similar fusion rates have been reported among nonsmokers having single-level anterior cervical interbody fusions. For patients requiring multilevel reconstruction surgery, fusion rates of approximately 100% have been achieved using autogenous strut grafts from the iliac crest and fibula, with a lower rate of incorporation for fibula allograft. The potential for a patient with a nonunion requiring additional operative treatment must be weighed against the potential for graft-related complications when choosing between autograft and allograft for anterior cervical reconstruction.
Nucleosidediphosphate Kinase from Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells1 (1984)

A phosphate-incorporating protein has been highly purified from the cytosol of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EAT cells). The nitrocellulose membrane method was used to follow the progress of the purification by quantitation of the [32P]phosphorylated form of the protein. The purified protein was identified as an NDP-kinase since it exhibited NDP-kinase activity and had enzyme characteristics in common with other NDP-kinases from various mammalian cells. The purified NDP-kinase was found to have a molecular weight of approximately 76,000 daltons. Moreover, the enzyme appears to consist of two distinct polypeptides (18,000 and 20,000 daltons). This enzyme contained 19 amino acids, with high levels of glycine (9.8%) and lysine (9.0%). The enzyme rapidly formed a [32P]phosphoenzyme when incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of Mg2+ (1 mM) at the optimum pH of 7.5 even at low temperature (below 4 degrees C). This phosphoenzyme is an enzyme-bound, high-energy-phosphate intermediate, because ATP was formed from it on incubation with ADP in the presence of Mg2+ (1 mM). This finding suggests that the phosphoenzyme functions as an intermediate in NDP-kinase action.
Delay networks having maximally flat frequency characteristics (1949)

A lumped-constant equivalent of a transmission line can be obtained in general in the form of a symmetrical lattice, in which the series and lattice arms are inverse and approximate respectively to the short-circuit and open-circuit impedances of half the line. One such set of approximations can be derived from the infinite ladder networks (Cauer's canonical form) equivalent to these impedances.These approximations produce all-pass constant-impedance networks (dissipation being neglected) in which the delay is maximally flat in the sense that the first 2m – 1 derivatives of the delay with respect to frequency are zero at the origin; m is an integer expressing the order of the approximation.
Anti–DNA B Cells in MRL/lpr Mice Show Altered Differentiation and Editing Pattern (2002)

We have studied the regulation of anti-DNA B cells in transgenic mice with a heavy chain transgene (3H9H/56R). This transgene codes for a heavy chain that forms anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody when paired with most members of the endogenous Vkappa repertoire, but certain L chains, referred to as Vkappa editors, do not sustain dsDNA binding in combination with 3H9H/56R. In the nonautoimmune 3H9H/56R BALB/c, most B cells generated do not bind DNA because the transgene itself is edited or is associated with a Vkappa editor. A minor population of B cells (30%) bind dsDNA and express the lambda1 light chain (known to sustain 3H9H/56R DNA binding). These 3H9/56R/lambda1 B cells coexpress a kappa editor, and we propose that the down-regulation of the anti-DNA BCR caused by the dual L chain expression may prevent activation of this kappa/lambda population. These kappa/lambda B cells are sequestered in the marginal zone. Here, we studied the influence of autoimmunity on expression and regulation of 3H9H/56R. In 3H9H/56R MRL/lpr mice, the expression of anti-dsDNA is vastly accelerated. Anti-dsDNA B cells use noneditor kappas but, in addition, most anti-dsDNA B cells have edited the heavy chain transgene. lambda1 B cells (without the coexpression of a kappa editor) are found and the kappa/lambda1 MZ population is absent. Our results suggest that improper editing and failure to sequester autoreactive B cells may contribute to the breakdown of tolerance in MRL/lpr mice.
Long-term potentiation and long-term depression: a clinical perspective (2011)

Long-term potentiation and long-term depression are enduring changes in synaptic strength, induced by specific patterns of synaptic activity, that have received much attention as cellular models of information storage in the central nervous system. Work in a number of brain regions, from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex, and in many animal species, ranging from invertebrates to humans, has demonstrated a reliable capacity for chemical synapses to undergo lasting changes in efficacy in response to a variety of induction protocols. In addition to their physiological relevance, long-term potentiation and depression may have important clinical applications. A growing insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, and technological advances in non-invasive manipulation of brain activity, now puts us at the threshold of harnessing long-term potentiation and depression and other forms of synaptic, cellular and circuit plasticity to manipulate synaptic strength in the human nervous system. Drugs may be used to erase or treat pathological synaptic states and non-invasive stimulation devices may be used to artificially induce synaptic plasticity to ameliorate conditions arising from disrupted synaptic drive. These approaches hold promise for the treatment of a variety of neurological conditions, including neuropathic pain, epilepsy, depression, amblyopia, tinnitus and stroke.
Slow-light Bragg reflector waveguide array for two-dimensional beam steering (2014)

We propose and demonstrate a slow-light Bragg reflector waveguide array for two-dimensional (2D) beam steering. The device consists of a highly dispersive Bragg reflector waveguide array with a quarter-wavelength stack semiconductor mirrors and a Y-branch 1 × 4 splitter with a branching angle of 30°. The beam steering characteristics in the two orthogonal directions are clarified by tuning the input wavelength. Beam steering was demonstrated using wavelength tuning with the assistance of delay sections. The results show the possibility of 2D beam steering using the Bragg reflector waveguide array by combining wavelength tuning and thermo-optic phase tuning.
Combining the GOR V algorithm with evolutionary information for protein secondary structure prediction from amino acid sequence (2002)

We have modified and improved the GOR algorithm for the protein secondary structure prediction by using the evolutionary information provided by multiple sequence alignments, adding triplet statistics, and optimizing various parameters. We have expanded the database used to include the 513 non-redundant domains collected recently by Cuff and Barton (Proteins 1999;34:508-519; Proteins 2000;40:502-511). We have introduced a variable size window that allowed us to include sequences as short as 20-30 residues. A significant improvement over the previous versions of GOR algorithm was obtained by combining the PSI-BLAST multiple sequence alignments with the GOR method. The new algorithm will form the basis for the future GOR V release on an online prediction server. The average accuracy of the prediction of secondary structure with multiple sequence alignment and full jack-knife procedure was 73.5%. The accuracy of the prediction increases to 74.2% by limiting the prediction to 375 (of 513) sequences having at least 50 PSI-BLAST alignments. The average accuracy of the prediction of the new improved program without using multiple sequence alignments was 67.5%. This is approximately a 3% improvement over the preceding GOR IV algorithm (Garnier J, Gibrat JF, Robson B. Methods Enzymol 1996;266:540-553; Kloczkowski A, Ting K-L, Jernigan RL, Garnier J. Polymer 2002;43:441-449). We have discussed alternatives to the segment overlap (Sov) coefficient proposed by Zemla et al. (Proteins 1999;34:220-223).
Detection and removal of traps at the SiO2/SiC interface (2004)

The interface between silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon carbide (SiC) is at the heart of the SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect (MOSFET) transistor. The technology to produce a high quality SiO2/SiC interface does not exist today, hampering further development of the SiC MOSFET. This work focuses on studying electron and hole traps at the SiO2/SiC interface and reports on our progress in reducing their numbers. We examine the SiO2/SiC interface traps by studying metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors made in 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC. The measurement techniques used include thermally stimulated current (TSC), capacitance-voltage, constant-capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy (CCDLTS), along with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both the TSC and CCDLTS methods give information about majority carrier emission from interface traps close to the semiconductor majority carrier band-edge, and they show the interface traps from an alternativ perspective, compared to traditional C-V measurements. Using TSC, we compared the native SiO2/SiC interface, i.e. the one formed using wet or dry thermal oxidation in quartz environment, on both Si-face and (1120)-face n-type 4H-SiC material and we found them to be similar. In two other experiments we compared the native SiO2/SiC interface made on Si-face 4H-SiC, and 6H-SiC. Positron annihilation spectroscopy showed that there are open-volume defects at these interfaces. TEM and nanochemical analysis demonstrated that there are no extended carbon clusters at the SiO2/SiC interface in samples which were annealed at 950°C in pyrogenic steam for 3 h. By incorporating impurities into the oxide during thermal oxidation of off-axis Si-face 4H-SiC we found that it is possible to reduce the interface state density near the SiC conduction band-edge by two orders of magnitude. The impurity source used was sintered alumina and presently we do not know which impurity species is responsible for the reduction of interface traps. The impurities have several effects: (a) The oxidation rate is increased, (b) there is mobile charge present in the oxide in the form of sodium, (c) the trap density at the interface is phenomenally low, but (d) the interface state density can increase during rapid thermal annealing. We fabricated lateral MOSFET transistors in off-axis Si-face 4H-SiC material. MOSFETs made with a gate oxide that includes impurities, and have not received an RTP anneal, show very high peak-mobility values of about 150 cm2/Vs, which is almost two orders of magnitude higher than the one obtained from MOSFETs employing the conventional thermal gate oxide. We find that the field-effect mobility is correlated with the reduction in the interface trap density.
Carrier-Transport-Enhanced Channel CMOS for Improved Power Consumption and Performance (2008)

An effective way to reduce supply voltage and resulting power consumption without losing the circuit performance of CMOS is to use CMOS structures using high carrier mobility/velocity. In this paper, our recent approaches in realizing these carrier-transport-enhanced CMOS will be reviewed. First, the basic concept on the choice of channels for increasing on current of MOSFETs, the effective-mass engineering, is introduced from the viewpoint of both carrier velocity and surface carrier concentration under a given gate voltage. Based on this understanding, critical issues, fabrication techniques, and the device performance of MOSFETs using three types of channel materials, Si (SiGe) with uniaxial strain, Ge-on-insulator (GOI), and III-V semiconductors, are presented. As for the strained devices, the importance of uniaxial strain, as well as the combination with multigate structures, is addressed. A novel subband engineering for electrons on (110) surfaces is also introduced. As for GOI MOSFETs, the versatility of the Ge condensation technique for fabricating a variety of Ge-based devices is emphasized. In addition, as for III-V semiconductor MOSFETs, advantages and disadvantages on low effective mass are examined through simple theoretical calculations.
Hot-wire thermal precipitator with low inlet losses and low size selectivity (1982)

Thermal precipitators provide an independent method of measuring aerosol size distributions and concentrations for particles diameters below ≃ 5 μm. The original design by Green and Watson, using a single heated wire and two cover glasses as collector surfaces, was modified to reduce significantly the loss of fine particles by diffusion to the channel walls. Also, an inlet system for minimal particle losses is described. For the remaining losses a correction factor has been calculated. Deposit analyses carried out for monodisperse particles between 0.2 and 2 μm indicate a small degree of size selectivity.
Focusing of a light beam of Gaussian field distribution in continuous and periodic lens-like media (1965)

The behavior of a light beam traveling in continuous or periodic lens-like media is considered. The light beam is assumed to be launched with a Hermite-Gaussian or Laguerre-Gaussian field distribution. Under suitable conditions and for most focusing media we find that the beam center follows a paraxial ray, and an independent equation determines the motion of the beam radius. The form of the field distribution does not change. In a continuous inhomogeneous focusing medium, the beam cross section varies periodically in distance with a period half of that of the oscillatory motion of the beam center. In periodic media, a particular solution is found for the case when the beam propagates with a nearly constant cross section. Discussions include an acoustic lens-guide and a lens-guide using heat diffusion in a gas.