gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of mTOR Activity Restores Tamoxifen Response in Breast Cancer Cells with Aberrant Akt Activity (2004)

The Akt kinase is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has been implicated in mediating a variety of biological responses. Studies show that high Akt activity in breast carcinoma is associated with a poor pathophenotype, as well as hormone and chemotherapy resistance. Additionally, high Akt activity is associated with other features of poor prognosis. Thus, a chemotherapeutic agent directed specifically toward tumors with high Akt activity could prove extremely potent in treating those breast tumors with the most aggressive phenotypes. Several studies have demonstrated that rapamycin, which inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a downstream target of Akt, sensitizes certain resistant cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. This study evaluated the efficacy of mTOR inhibition in the treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast carcinoma characterized by high Akt activity. We found that MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines expressing a constitutively active Akt are able to proliferate under reduced estrogen conditions and are resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of tamoxifen, both in vitro as well as in vivo in xenograft models. Cotreatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in vitro, or the ester of rapamycin, CCI-779 (Wyeth) in vivo, inhibited mTOR activity and restored sensitivity to tamoxifen, suggesting that Akt-induced tamoxifen resistance is mediated in part by signaling through the mTOR pathway. Although the mechanism underlying the synergism remains to be understood, the results were associated with rapamycin's ability to block transcriptional activity mediated by estrogen receptor alpha, as assessed by reporter gene assays with estrogen-responsive element luciferase. These data corroborate prior findings indicating that Akt activation induces resistance to tamoxifen in breast cancer cells. Importantly, these data indicate a novel mechanism for tamoxifen resistance and suggest that blockage of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt signaling pathway by mTOR inhibition effectively restores the susceptibility of these cells to tamoxifen. These data may have implication for future clinical studies of mTOR inhibition in breast carcinoma.
Dual Function of the Propeptide of Prouroguanylin in the Folding of the Mature Peptide (2000)

Guanylyl cyclase activating peptide II (GCAP-II), an endogenous ligand of guanylyl cyclase C, is produced via the processing of the precursor protein (prepro-GCAP-II). We have previously shown that the propeptide in pro-GCAP-II functions as an intramolecular chaperone in the proper folding of the mature peptide, GCAP-II (Hidaka, Y., Ohno, M., Hemmasi, B., Hill, O., Forssmann, W.-G., and Shimonishi, Y. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 8498-8507). Here, we report an essential region in pro-GCAP-II for the correct disulfide pairing of the mature peptide, GCAP-II. Five mutant proteins, in which amino acid residues were sequentially deleted from the N terminus, and three mutant proteins of pro-GCAP-II, in which N-terminal 6, 11, or 17 amino acid residues were deleted, were overproduced using Escherichia coli or human kidney 293T cells, respectively. Detailed analysis of in vivo or in vitro folding of these mutant proteins revealed that one or two amino acid residues at the N terminus of pro-GCAP-II are critical, not only for the chaperone function in the folding but also for the net stabilization of pro-GCAP-II. In addition, size exclusion chromatography revealed that pro-GCAP-II exists as a dimer in solution. These data indicate that the propeptide has two roles in proper folding: the disulfide-coupled folding of the mature region and the dimerization of pro-GCAP-II.
Hydrogen sulfide mitigates transition from compensatory hypertrophy to heart failure (2011)

We reported previously that although there is disruption of coordinated cardiac hypertrophy and angiogenesis in transition to heart failure, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 induced antiangiogenic factors play a vital role in this process. Previous studies have shown the cardioprotective role of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in various cardiac diseases, but its role during transition from compensatory hypertrophy to heart failure is yet to be unveiled. We hypothesize that H₂S induces MMP-2 activation and inhibits MMP-9 activation, thus promoting angiogenesis, and mitigates transition from compensatory cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. To verify this, aortic banding (AB) was created to mimic pressure overload in wild-type (WT) mice, which were treated with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, H₂S donor) in drinking water and compared with untreated control mice. Mice were studied at 3 and 8 wk. In the NaHS-treated AB 8 wk group, the expression of MMP-2, CD31, and VEGF was increased while the expression of MMP-9, endostatin, angiostatin, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 was decreased compared with untreated control mice. There was significant reduction in fibrosis in NaHS-treated groups. Echocardiograph and pressure-volume data revealed improvement of cardiac function in NaHS-treated groups over untreated controls. These results show that H₂S by inducing MMP-2 promotes VEGF synthesis and angiogenesis while it suppresses MMP-9 and TIMP-3 levels, inhibits antiangiogenic factors, reduces intracardiac fibrosis, and mitigates transition from compensatory hypertrophy to heart failure.
Primary Investigation of the Preparation of Nanoparticles by Precipitation (2012)

The absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of a drug involve its transport across cell membranes. This process is essential and influenced by the characteristics of the drug, especially its molecular size and shape, solubility at the site of its absorption, relative lipid solubility, etc. One of the progressive ways for increasing bioavaibility is a nanoparticle preparation technique. Cholesterol, cholestenolone and pregnenolone acetate as model active pharmaceutical ingredients and some of the commonly used excipients as nanoparticle stabilizers were used in the investigated precipitation method that was modified and simplified and can be used as an effective and an affordable technique for the preparation of nanoparticles. All 120 prepared samples were analyzed by means of dynamic light scattering (Nanophox). The range of the particle size of the determined 100 nanoparticle samples was from 1 nm to 773 nm, whereas 82 samples contained nanoparticles of less than 200 nm. Relationships between solvents and used excipients and their amount are discussed.
Scenario-Based Approach for Blackbox Load Testing of Online Game Servers (2010)

Simply having a large beta test cannot consistently provide stability and performance to game servers, which are major issues in online game development. Therefore, test automations have been used in order to reduce the testing time of online games by simulating highly repetitive tasks and emulating server loads. However, in previous approaches, black box testing and scenario-based testing are not supported because they use prerecorded packets of real players as templates, or reuse a subset of the main game client for the test client. In this paper, we propose black box testing and scenario-based testing of online games as well as simple load testing. Instead of rewriting the virtual client dummy code, only the game description language and virtual game map are redefined when a new game is to be tested. In addition, an actual testing environment can be mimicked more closely, because complex and various scenarios such as attack, party play, and waypoint movement can be tested through combining actions. We have applied our tools on several online games to verify the effectiveness of our method.
Surface smoothing with energetic cluster beams (1997)

Impacts of energetic clusters, consisting of hundreds or thousands of atoms on a solid surface, have some remarkable effects, one of which is surface smoothing. To understand its mechanism, we have examined the results of molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations of cluster collisions with a solid which revealed that cluster impacts form craters on the surface and that ejected atoms have a significant lateral momentum component (parallel to the surface). It is postulated that these energetic atoms which are not in thermal equilibrium with the surface are responsible for rapid surface diffusion and consequently the surface smoothing. A new model of surface smoothing by energetic clusters has been developed. The model is based on nonlinear dynamics of a surface profile described by the noisy Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation. A Monte Carlo procedure is used for simulating cluster impacts by distributing on a surface craters whose volume is defined by MDs simulations. The results of calculations show a qualitative agreement with experimental data on smoothing of Cu surface with 20 kV Ar clusters of 1000 atoms.
A hypothetical computer configuration (1971)

The following is a suggestion for the format of a 12-digit pseudo-computer word. This scheme can be used for instructors of introductory computer science courses to discuss more effectively the relationship between hardware and software at the machine language level as well as between high level and low level languages.
A liquid-crystal film used for mapping an acoustic field (1970)

A liquid-crystal film was used for mapping an acoustic field. The method utilized the change in color of the liquid-crystal film in accordance with the acoustic field intensity distribution. The method is quick and easy.
Fine Coal Processing (1988)

This book provides a survey of the current technology in fine coal processing, covering the major processing options available. The effective utilization of the nation's coal reserves depends on the production of a high quality, low cost product. As a result of overall efforts to curtail mining costs, modern trends toward intensive mechanization and non-selective mining have increased the quantities of fines (-500 micrometers) produced. Depending on geological and operational variables, the fines content in run-of-mine coal can vary between 10 and 35 weight percent. Fine coal processing can play an important role in the economics of coal. Fine coal processing has been a problem area for some time. Compared to coarser fractions, the fines are considerably more expensive to treat. Various separation processes have been developed based on physical and physico-chemical properties of coals and their associated gangue minerals. Some of these have achieved significant commercial success; others are still in developmental stages. The goal in coal preparation is to produce a product low in sulfur and ash, at a high Btu recovery and low cost. This requires improved separations, improved quality control and instrumentation, and effective use of capital and labor. Means of achieving these goals, as theymore » pertain to fine coal processing, are presented in the book. Currently, the most effective separation method is froth flotation, and various aspects of that are covered, from the state of the art to areas for future research. In addition, other separation methods such as flocculation and agglomeration, are presented as well as discussions of dewatering, storage, handling, and coal slurries.« less
Structures of the Escherichia coli transcription activator and regulator of diauxie, XylR: an AraC DNA-binding family member with a LacI/GalR ligand-binding domain (2012)

Escherichia coli can rapidly switch to the metabolism of l-arabinose and d-xylose in the absence of its preferred carbon source, glucose, in a process called carbon catabolite repression. Transcription of the genes required for l-arabinose and d-xylose consumption is regulated by the sugar-responsive transcription factors, AraC and XylR. E. coli represents a promising candidate for biofuel production through the metabolism of hemicellulose, which is composed of d-xylose and l-arabinose. Understanding the l-arabinose/d-xylose regulatory network is key for such biocatalyst development. Unlike AraC, which is a well-studied protein, little is known about XylR. To gain insight into XylR function, we performed biochemical and structural studies. XylR contains a C-terminal AraC-like domain. However, its N-terminal d-xylose-binding domain contains a periplasmic-binding protein (PBP) fold with structural homology to LacI/GalR transcription regulators. Like LacI/GalR proteins, the XylR PBP domain mediates dimerization. However, unlike LacI/GalR proteins, which dimerize in a parallel, side-to-side manner, XylR PBP dimers are antiparallel. Strikingly, d-xylose binding to this domain results in a helix to strand transition at the dimer interface that reorients both DNA-binding domains, allowing them to bind and loop distant operator sites. Thus, the combined data reveal the ligand-induced activation mechanism of a new family of DNA-binding proteins.
Sub-10 ns Q-switched Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser (2005)

We report on a Q-switched fiber laser producing pulse durations well below 10 ns by using a short-length ytterbium-doped rod-type photonic crystal fiber as gain medium.
Elección social ética y política: una relectura (2007)

Desde El amante de lady Chatterly a los problemas de elección social, discusión generada en el Artículo de Sen de 1970, unió en una línea de discusión la ética, la política y el liberalismo, conectando a estos elementos con la historia de la elección social. Independientemente del sistema económico y social, el vivir en una sociedad implica que deben existir reglas que inciden en el comportamiento de los individuos cuando actúan de manera aislada y eligen, pero también cuando interactúan de manera social, procurando como fin último el bienestar de todos los individuos.
Shelling Beans for Freezing recent studies indicate proper integration of current field and plant operations can achieve reduction in vining costs (1958)

California Agriculture - All Issues
60 GHz millimeter-wave gigabit wireless services over long-reach passive optical network using remote signal regeneration and upconversion (2009)

This study proposed and experimentally demonstrated a cost-efficient scheme that can deliver 60 GHz millimeter-wave (mm-wave) multi-gigabit wireless services over 125 km long-reach passive optical networks (PONs) without any dispersion compensation. By introducing a remote local exchange (LE) stage with robust signal regeneration and all-optical upconversion functionalities, the proposed long-reach optical-wireless access network can easily accommodate over 128 users with 2.5 Gb/s shared bandwidth as well as shifting the capital expenditure of multiple hybrid optical network units (ONUs) toward single LE headend. Experimental verification shows that the power penalties for wireless and wired services are 1.8 dB and 0.4 dB at 10(-9) BER after 125 km optical fiber transmission.
JAK1 truncating mutations in gynecologic cancer define new role of cancer-associated protein tyrosine kinase aberrations (2013)

Cancer-associated protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) mutations usually are gain-of-function (GOF) mutations that drive tumor growth and metastasis. We have found 50 JAK1 truncating mutations in 36 of 635 gynecologic tumors in the Total Cancer Care® (TCC®) tumor bank. Among cancer cell lines containing JAK1 truncating mutations in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia databank, 68% are gynecologic cancer cells. Within JAK1 the K142, P430, and K860 frame-shift mutations were identified as hot spot mutation sites. Sanger sequencing of cancer cell lines, primary tumors, and matched normal tissues confirmed the JAK1 mutations and showed that these mutations are somatic. JAK1 mediates interferon (IFN)-γ-regulated tumor immune surveillance. Functional assays show that JAK1 deficient cancer cells are defective in IFN-γ-induced LMP2 and TAP1 expression, loss of which inhibits presentation of tumor antigens. These findings identify recurrent JAK1 truncating mutations that could contribute to tumor immune evasion in gynecologic cancers, especially in endometrial cancer.
MHD Activity in an Extremely High-Beta Compact Toroid (2012)

2 0 2 ze pB ), which is the ratio of confined plasma pressure (p) to the confinement magnetic field pressure (B ze 2 /2 0 ), is extremely high. The system has a closed field line region in which the high temperature plasma is confined, and an open field line region which acts as a natural diverter.
Strength of Fixation with Transosseous Sutures in Rotator Cuff Repair* (1997)

The effect of various configurations of placement of transosseous sutures on the immediate strength of fixation was studied in forty-five fresh-frozen humeri from cadavera of older individuals (mean age at the time of death, sixty-three years). The ultimate strength (the strength to failure) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) when the sutures were placed at sites more distal to the tip of the greater tuberosity or when the sutures were tied over a wider bone bridge. Cortical augmentation with use of a plastic button through which the transosseous sutures were tied increased the ultimate strength approximately 1.9-fold. The increase in the ultimate strength of the transosseous repair corresponded significantly with the increasing mean thickness of the cortical bone as the sutures were placed more distally along the lateral aspect of the humerus. We concluded that the strength of the fixation of a rotator cuff repair can be increased by placing the transosseous sutures at least ten millimeters distal to the tip of the greater tuberosity and by tying them over a bone bridge that is at least ten millimeters wide. When bone is very osteoporotic, cortical augmentation with a readily available plastic button strengthens the repair.
Radiographic and Anatomic Characterization of the Nasal Septal Swell Body (2010)

The swell body is a conserved region of the septum located anterior to the middle turbinate approximately 2.5 cm above the nasal floor. The high proportion of venous sinusoids within the swell body suggests the capacity to alter nasal airflow. Additional study is required before these findings are used in a clinical setting.
Using function abstraction to understand program behavior (1990)

The authors explain how to understand programs by abstracting program function. This abstraction is made possible by the algebraic structure and mathematical properties of structured programs. They describe an abstraction algorithm that provides a basis for a tool for automatic abstraction of program functions. They also explore what the goals of a program-abstraction tool should be. A miniature Cobol program for a banking application is used as an example.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Material efficiency studies for a Compton camera designed to measure characteristic prompt gamma rays emitted during proton beam radiotherapy (2011)

Prompt gamma rays emitted from biological tissues during proton irradiation carry dosimetric and spectroscopic information that can assist with treatment verification and provide an indication of the biological response of the irradiated tissues. Compton cameras are capable of determining the origin and energy of gamma rays. However, prompt gamma monitoring during proton therapy requires new Compton camera designs that perform well at the high gamma energies produced when tissues are bombarded with therapeutic protons. In this study we optimize the materials and geometry of a three-stage Compton camera for prompt gamma detection and calculate the theoretical efficiency of such a detector. The materials evaluated in this study include germanium, bismuth germanate (BGO), NaI, xenon, silicon and lanthanum bromide (LaBr(3)). For each material, the dimensions of each detector stage were optimized to produce the maximum number of relevant interactions. These results were used to predict the efficiency of various multi-material cameras. The theoretical detection efficiencies of the most promising multi-material cameras were then calculated for the photons emitted from a tissue-equivalent phantom irradiated by therapeutic proton beams ranging from 50 to 250 MeV. The optimized detector stages had a lateral extent of 10 × 10 cm(2) with the thickness of the initial two stages dependent on the detector material. The thickness of the third stage was fixed at 10 cm regardless of material. The most efficient single-material cameras were composed of germanium (3 cm) and BGO (2.5 cm). These cameras exhibited efficiencies of 1.15 × 10(-4) and 9.58 × 10(-5) per incident proton, respectively. The most efficient multi-material camera design consisted of two initial stages of germanium (3 cm) and a final stage of BGO, resulting in a theoretical efficiency of 1.26 × 10(-4) per incident proton.
Complement activation before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (1990)

Plasma levels of the complement parent molecules C3, C4, and factor B and their split products, C3d, C4d, and Ba were measured in 12 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary artery surgery. Alternative and common complement pathway activation, demonstrated by statistically significant rising levels of Ba (P less than 0.05), and C3d (P less than 0.05) and by elevated Ba:B (P less than 0.05) and C3d:C3 (P less than 0.05) ratios were found before the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass but following heparin administration suggesting that heparin may itself initiate alternative pathway activation. In addition, significant depletion of parent complement components and elevation of split product concentrations was seen during bypass suggesting classical and alternate pathway activation (P less than 0.01). This study clarifies the pathways of complement activation during bypass and presents evidence that heparin administration may initially activate the complement cascade.
DUNE SAND STABILIZATION WITH SYNTHETIC SOIL CONDITIONERS (1974)

Dune sand was subjected to a range of rain intensities (6.5–64.5 mm/hr) using a rainfall simulator. A linear relationship was found between the side splash erosion and the kinetic energy of the rainfall. Different rates of chemicals, used to stabilize the sand against the raindrop impact, were sprayed on the surface or incorporated with the sand. Polyvinyl acetate, polyacryl amide (with cross-linker) and an asphalt emulsion, applied at optimal rates, diminished appreciably the side splash erosion for dune sand.
Effects of Xuesetong Soft Capsules () on angiogenesis and VEGF mRNA expression in ischemic myocardium in rats with myocardial infarction (2012)

Xuesetong Soft Capsules promote angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium after myocardial infarction and the mechanism may be associated with VEGF mRNA expression.