gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The structure and function of vertebrate mannose lectin-like proteins (1988)

Sugar-specific recognition is now well established as an important determinant of cell-cell interactions and host defence mechanisms. Macrophages, in particular, are known to express a variety of lectin-like proteins that are specific for oligosaccharides terminating in mannose, fucose, galactose and sialic acid. This review focuses on mannose recognition systems. Terminal mannose is rarely found on mammalian cell surfaces whereas it is ubiquitous on the surfaces of lower organisms. Mammals have evolved at least two mechanisms to recognize terminal mannose residues. These are, first, a mannose receptor located on the surface of macrophages and second, a mannose-binding protein found in blood plasma and secreted by hepatocytes. The mannose receptor is a 175K (K = 10(3) Mr) membrane glycoprotein. The receptor binds glycoproteins bearing high-mannose chains avidly at neutral pH but poorly at pH 5-6. The receptor recycles rapidly between the cell surface, where ligand binding occurs, and various acid intracellular compartments, where the ligand is discharged. The pH dependency of binding and the rapid recycling of receptor allow cells to accumulate many ligand molecules over an extended time. Endocytosis via this pathway appears to be regulated since mannose receptor expression is closely regulated. For example, the receptor is absent from monocytes but strongly expressed on 3- to 4-day-old monocyte-derived macrophages. Receptor expression can be up- and down-regulated by anti-inflammatory steroids and gamma interferon, respectively. The mechanisms are poorly understood as is the physiological basis for modulation. The mannose-binding protein is a large oligomeric plasma protein secreted by liver and present in significant amounts in serum. The basic subunit of the mannose-binding protein is a 32K protein, which shows homology with other lectin-like proteins, notably certain surfactant proteins of the lung. The structure of the mannose-binding protein has been deduced from sequence information and DNA cloning experiments. The elaboration of the mannose-binding protein by the liver is regulated; it appears to be an acute phase reactant. Recent evidence suggests that the mannose-binding protein may play some opsonic role in the recognition and killing of organisms. In this review, it is suggested that the mannose receptor and the mannose-binding protein operate 'hand in glove' to deal with infectious agents that express mannose on their surfaces.
Error-Correcting Codes and Self-Checking Circuits (1980)

Error-control coding techniques, implemented by means of self-checking circuits, will improve system reliability.
p53 Suppresses Tetraploid Development in Mice (2015)

Mammalian tetraploid embryos die in early development because of defects in the epiblast. Experiments with diploid/tetraploid chimeric mice, obtained via the aggregation of embryonic stem cells, clarified that while tetraploid cells are excluded from epiblast derivatives, diploid embryos with tetraploid extraembryonic tissues can develop to term. Today, this method, known as tetraploid complementation, is usually used for rescuing extraembryonic defects or for obtaining completely embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived pups. However, it is still unknown why defects occur in the epiblast during mammalian development. Here, we demonstrated that downregulation of p53, a tumour suppressor protein, rescued tetraploid development in the mammalian epiblast. Tetraploidy in differentiating epiblast cells triggered p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, suggesting the activation of a tetraploidy checkpoint during early development. Finally, we found that p53 downregulation rescued tetraploid embryos later in gestation.
Scale-Aware Trident Networks for Object Detection (2019)

Scale variation is one of the key challenges in object detection. In this work, we first present a controlled experiment to investigate the effect of receptive fields for scale variation in object detection. Based on the findings from the exploration experiments, we propose a novel Trident Network (TridentNet) aiming to generate scale-specific feature maps with a uniform representational power. We construct a parallel multi-branch architecture in which each branch shares the same transformation parameters but with different receptive fields. Then, we adopt a scale-aware training scheme to specialize each branch by sampling object instances of proper scales for training. As a bonus, a fast approximation version of TridentNet could achieve significant improvements without any additional parameters and computational cost compared with the vanilla detector. On the COCO dataset, our TridentNet with ResNet-101 backbone achieves state-of-the-art single-model results of 48.4 mAP. Codes are available at https://git.io/fj5vR.
Adrenergic- and capsaicin-evoked nitric oxide release from urothelium and afferent nerves in urinary bladder (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the regulation of the lower urinary tract. However, the source(s) of NO production in the urinary bladder (UB) has not been determined. Accordingly, we used a porphyrinic microsensor placed on the surface of UB strips in vitro to directly measure endogenous NO production. The afferent neurotoxin, capsaicin, and the mixed alpha/beta-adrenergic agonist, norepinephrine (NE), both evoked transient (1-3 s) NO release (range 50 nM to 1.4 microM). Adrenergic-mediated release was not decreased following denervation of the UB but was abolished following selective removal of the mucosa. On the other hand, release evoked by capsaicin (range 50-900 nM) was significantly decreased after UB denervation. These data indicate that NE releases NO from UB epithelium, and capsaicin releases NO from epithelium as well as nervous tissue in the UB. In light of reports that NO may regulate epithelial integrity and function in other tissues, agonist regulation of a constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity in the UB may provide a novel mechanism for modulation of bladder and urothelial function.
Pol31 and Pol32 subunits of yeast DNA polymerase δ are also essential subunits of DNA polymerase ζ (2012)

Replication through a diverse array of DNA lesions occurs by the sequential action of two translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases (Pols), in which one inserts the nucleotide opposite the lesion and the other carries out the subsequent extension. By extending from the nucleotide inserted by another Pol, Polζ plays an indispensable role in mediating lesion bypass. Polζ comprises the Rev3 catalytic and Rev7 accessory subunits. Pol32, a subunit of the replicative polymerase Polδ, is also required for Polζ-dependent TLS, but how this Polδ subunit contributes to Polζ function in TLS has remained unknown. Here we show that yeast Polζ is a four-subunit enzyme containing Rev3, Rev7, Pol31, and Pol32; in this complex, association with Pol31/Pol32 is mediated via binding of the Rev3 C terminus to Pol31. The functional requirement of this complex is supported by evidence that mutational inactivation of Rev3's ability to bind Pol31 abrogates Polζ's role in TLS in yeast cells. These findings identify an unexpected role of Pol31 and Pol32 as two essential subunits of Polζ, and clarify why these proteins are required for Polζ-dependent TLS, but not for TLS mediated by Polη in yeast cells. To distinguish the four-subunit complex from the two-subunit Polζ, we designate the four-subunit enzyme "Polζ-d," where "-d" denotes the Pol31/Pol32 subunits of Polδ.
A 2-channel, 16-bit digital sampling frequency converter for professional digital audio (2005)

A digital sampling frequency converter for arbitrary ratios of sampling frequencies is presented. It is based on a multistage interpolating filter, and on a novel time-domain control of the filter stages by signals derived from the sampling frequency clocks. Time-domain resolution of ±300 picoseconds is obtained, compatible with digital audio of 16-bit resolution. In addition to the filter design and implementation, measurement results are presented. They indicate that 16-bit accuracy is indeed achieved, even with asynchronous, drifting and time-varying sampling frequencies. A number of applications (digital mastering, program transfer between conflicting digital audio formats, pitch control with constant sampling frequency in digital recorders, error concealment, interfaces in digital transmission) are presented.
Three-Dimensional Imaging of Sound Fields by Bragg Diffraction of Light (1967)

A discussion is given of the image-forming properties inherent in the process of light-sound interaction. It is shown that, in certain configurations, the diffracted light carries all the information necessary to image the sound field in amplitude and phase. Experimental techniques are discussed and results presented which were obtained with an experimental ultrasonic microscope operating at 24 MHz.
A high sensitivity, electronically collimated gamma camera (1997)

A high sensitivity electronically collimated gamma camera is under development at NOVA. The proposed detector has electronic collimation and will measure the direction of the incident /spl gamma/-ray directly, hence eliminating the need for a physical collimator. This is accomplished by using the Compton scatter imaging technique. A feasibility study was successfully completed and prototype fabrication started. The new detector is expected to have 3 to 10 times improvement over the present gamma cameras. The high sensitivity is expected to allow fast imaging on time scales of 1 to 2 min and may open the way for dynamic metabolism visualization and multi gated acquisition (MUGA) studies. The prototype is designed to have a high spatial resolution which is 2 to 3 times better compared to present gamma cameras. It is expected to have improved energy resolution by a factor of 2 to 4. Good energy resolution will enable discrimination against natural and scattered /spl gamma/-ray background with higher effectiveness than presently available. This will improve the signal-to-noise ratio and improve image quality. The detector can be designed as a single gamma camera or formed into a cylindrical detector and used as a tomographic SPECT imager.
Secreted Protein Acidic, Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), Mediates Cellular Survival of Gliomas through AKT Activation (2004)

Secreted protein acidic, rich in cysteine (SPARC), is an extracellular matrix protein expressed in many advanced cancers, including malignant gliomas. We and others have previously shown that human glioma cell lines engineered to overexpress SPARC adopt an invasive phenotype. We now show that SPARC expression increases cell survival under stress initiated by serum withdrawal through a decrease in apoptosis. Phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase/AKT is a potent pro-survival pathway that contributes to the malignancy of gliomas. Cells expressing SPARC display increased AKT activation with decreased caspase 3/7 activity. Exogenous SPARC rapidly induces AKT phosphorylation, an effect that is blocked by a neutralizing SPARC antibody. Furthermore, AKT activation is essential for the anti-apoptotic effects of SPARC as the decreased apoptosis and caspase activity associated with SPARC expression can be blocked with dominant-negative AKT or a specific AKT inhibitor. As tumor cells face stressful microenvironments particularly during the process of invasion, these results suggest that SPARC functions, in part, to promote tumor progression by enabling tumor cells to survive under stressful conditions.
Ductility in Intermetallic Compounds (2003)

Abstract Intermetallic compounds are comprised of two or more metallic elements, but unlike ordinary metals, they have bonding that is part metallic, part covalent, and part ionic. Because of their mixed bonding, they are often lighter, stronger, stiffer, and more corrosion‐resistant than ordinary metals, particularly at high temperatures. Yet their uses are limited because they are usually brittle at room temperature (RT), making them difficult to fabricate and vulnerable to fracture. These materials hold great promise to improve efficiency in the transportation, electric power generation, and chemical process industries; however, persistent problems with low ductility and poor fracture toughness have severely limited their use in engineering systems. This article presents an overview of the progress in improving the RT ductility and fracture toughness of intermetallic compounds and describes prospects for their near‐term engineering use.
Allosteric and Biased G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Regulation: Potentials for New Therapeutics (2014)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane proteins that participate in many aspects of the endocrine function and are important targets for drug development. They transduce signals mainly, but not exclusively, via hetero-trimeric G proteins, leading to a diversity of intracellular signaling cascades. Ligands binding at the hormone orthosteric sites of receptors have been classified as agonists, antagonists, and/or inverse agonists based on their ability to mainly modulate G protein signaling. Accumulating evidence also indicates that such ligands, alone or in combination with other ones such as those acting outside the orthosteric hormone binding sites (e.g., allosteric modulators), have the ability to selectively engage subsets of signaling responses as compared to the natural endogenous ligands. Such modes of functioning have been variously referred to as "functional selectivity" or "ligand-biased signaling." In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding GPCR-biased signaling and their functional regulation with a focus on the evolving concept that receptor domains can also be targeted to allosterically bias signaling, and discuss the usefulness of such modes of regulation for the design of more efficient therapeutics.
Admittance Services through Mobile Phone Short Messages (2006)

A critical issue in the acceptance of wireless services is the authentication to these services. Wireless networks are available, including the home/office network, public hot-spots and the mobile networks. They will extend, including new access technologies such as 4G, and WiMax. Service take-up in these networks will be limited, unless seamless service access is guaranteed. The success of GSM, and especially of premium services (e.g. SMS, iMode) are based on seamless user authentication to the network and to the services, provided with adequate security. This paper focuses on the current developments in Mobile phone/SIM card based authentication. The mobile phone can be used for physical access (admittance) and service access using near field communication (NFC). It may act as the security device in wireless network access, using EAP/SIM and Bluetooth, or using the SIM credentials for VPN and Mobile Commerce applications. In combining these authentication mechanisms, the Mobile phone has the potential being the identity provider in the virtual/electronic world.
MicroRNAs Regulate Human Adipocyte Lipolysis: Effects of miR-145 Are Linked to TNF-α (2014)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and have multiple effects in various tissues including adipose inflammation, a condition characterized by increased local release of the pro-lipolytic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Whether miRNAs regulate adipocyte lipolysis is unknown. We set out to determine whether miRNAs affect adipocyte lipolysis in human fat cells. To this end, eleven miRNAs known to be present in human adipose tissue were over-expressed in human in vitro differentiated adipocytes followed by assessments of TNF-α and glycerol levels in conditioned media after 48 h. Three miRNAs (miR-145, -26a and let-7d) modulated both parameters in parallel. However, while miR-26a and let-7d decreased, miR-145 increased both glycerol release and TNF-α secretion. Further studies were focused therefore on miR-145 since this was the only stimulator of lipolysis and TNF-α secretion. Time-course analysis demonstrated that miR-145 over-expression up-regulated TNF-α expression/secretion followed by increased glycerol release. Increase in TNF-α production by miR-145 was mediated via activation of p65, a member of the NF-κB complex. In addition, miR-145 down-regulated the expression of the protease ADAM17, resulting in an increased fraction of membrane bound TNF-α, which is the more biologically active form of TNF-α. MiR-145 overexpression also increased the phosphorylation of activating serine residues in hormone sensitive lipase and decreased the mRNA expression of phosphodiesterase 3B, effects which are also observed upon TNF-α treatment in human adipocytes. We conclude that miR-145 regulates adipocyte lipolysis via multiple mechanisms involving increased production and processing of TNF-α in fat cells.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B potentiates LPS-induced hepatic dysfunction in chronically catheterized rats (2001)

Most models of liver dysfunction in sepsis use endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) to induce a pathophysiological response. In our study published in this issue (Beno DWA, Uhing MR, Goto M, Chen Y, Jiyamapa-Serna VA, and Kimura RE. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280: G858-G865, 2001), the adverse effect of LPS on hepatic function in vivo was only significant at relatively high LPS doses despite high tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations. However, many patients with sepsis are exposed to multiple bacterial toxins that may augment the immune response, resulting in increased hepatic dysfunction. We have developed a model of polymicrobial sepsis by parentally administering a combination of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and LPS. Using this model, we demonstrate that SEB (50 microg/kg) potentiates the effect of LPS-induced hepatic dysfunction as measured by decreased rates of biliary indocyanine green clearance and bile flow. These increases were most pronounced with doses of 10 and 100 microg/kg LPS, doses that by themselves do not induce hepatic dysfunction. This may explain the seemingly increased incidence and severity of liver dysfunction in sepsis, and it suggests that the exclusive use of LPS for replicating septic shock may not be relevant for studies of hepatic dysfunction.
Neural Network Frameworks. Comparison on Public Transportation Prediction (2019)

In the era of Internet of Things (IoT), huge amount of data is being produced, by humans, sensors and machines. Thus prediction, modeling and decision making, in the majority of fields, have become highly data driven. In the vast field of Energy Informatics, IoT devices include video/photo cameras, smart meter (recording electricity usage), permanent downhole gauges (PDG - used in petroleum industry), GPS devices (used in transportation), etc. Constant research is being conducted on topics such as electricity forecasting, renewable energy production, public transit optimization and prediction, oil and gas production, solar radiation, wind power and so on. The interest in this paper is centered around public transportation data. Related works, on all kinds of Energy tasks, are meticulous and fruitful, always showing improvements. However, the topic is not by far exhausted, due to the constant evolution of technology and emergence of new methods. Implementing a model for forecasting, optimization or other tasks, is user and field dependent. In this work, a parallel between two high level implementation methods, Tensorflow and PyTorch, is presented, highlighting the advantages of each, regarding computational requirements, learning, parallel programming, data parallelism, accuracy, etc. Four Neural Networks are tested for this scope, two Machine Learning and two Deep Learning models, implemented in Tensorflow and in PyTorch. The results show that models implemented in Tensorflow are slightly more accurate, however, models in PyTorch are faster in training and easier to implement.
Interval diagram techniques for symbolic model checking of Petri nets (1999)

No abstract available.
A layer-2 multicast forwarding policy for a generic Real-time Ethernet system (2010)

This paper describes the layer-2 based forwarding rules for a Real-time Ethernet (RTE) proposed in, and its applications to multicast streaming. The proposed approach is based on topologically addressed structures, and maintain all the route information within the multicasted frame header. This allows having no database in the MAC bridges, which reduces the forwarding delays, caused by address searching and processing efforts. Also the paper presents a routing technique to control the flooding effect of multicast traffic. A model-driven development approach has been adopted to verify the concept by using simulation technique, and a PC-based emulation technique is proposed for further investigation.
An ad-hoc routing control method in sensor networks (2002)

Since a great number of sensors are located in sensor networks, it is necessary to connect through wireless networks between sensors in order to achieve availability to the user. The wireless ad-hoc routing technology is one of the most important elements for sensor networks, and if conventional routing control methods are applied to such a multi-to-peer communication network, a great many control packets are required in order to make routes since it assumes peer-to-peer communication. In multi-to-peer communications, the links which are near to the node that requests connection are used repeatedly. We focus on this feature and propose a routing control method in order to reduce control packets in multi-to-peer communication.
Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling (2005)

1. Introduction 2. Preliminary Statistical Concepts 3. Gridding Reservoir Layers 4. Quantifying Spatial Correlation 5. Preliminary Mapping Concepts 6. Cell-Based Facies Modeling 7. Object-Based Facies Modeling 8. Porosity and Permeability Modeling 9. Simulated Annealing 10. Uncertainty Management 11. Special Topics Glossary and Notation Bibliography Index
Domain caching: building Web services for live events (2002)

Web servers providing live coverage of events are hard to design due to a high degree of variation in the load, variations in geographical distribution of users and the frequency with which content is updated. In this paper, we propose domain caching, a technique that dynamically distributes the load on the server by instructing selected clients (domain caches) to cache server content and service requests from nearby clients. We evaluate domain caching using a trace-driven simulation study of the 1998 World Cup Soccer logs. Our simulations indicate that domain caching reduces the load on the server by as much as 38% while using a few hundred kilobytes of storage at the domain caches. We also found that the computational and storage overheads of domain caching are minimal.
A double-blind, randomized, comparative study of DysportR vs. BotoxR in primary palmar hyperhidrosis (2003)

Using a conversion factor of 1 : 4, the efficacy of Botox and Dysport injections was similar. However, there was a trend towards a larger improvement after Dysport treatment but with a higher incidence of adverse effects.
Approaches to machine learning (1984)

Abstract The field of machine learning strives to develop methods and techniques to automate the acquisition of new information, new skills, and new ways of organizing existing information. This article reviews the major approaches to machine learning in symbolic domains, illustrated with occasional paradigmatic examples.