gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fragments of chromogranin A are present in the urine of patients with carcinoid tumours: development of a specific radioimmunoassay for chromogranin A and its fragments (1993)

Chromogranin A is a well-known protein constituent in granules of neuroendocrine cells. It is also known that plasma levels of chromogranin A increase considerably in patients with neuroendocrine tumours and thus chromogranin A is used as a marker for these tumours. In the present study, we have shown that fragments of chromogranin A are excreted into the urine in some patients with carcinoid tumours. The chromogranin A molecule appeared in the urine N-terminally cleaved at amino acid positions 116 and 210, which are previously reported cleavage sites of the molecule. The fragments identified were mainly of about 35 kDa in size. The unprocessed chromogranin A molecule was not excreted in the urine. Five out of 40 patients excreting the fragments had slight tubular dysfunction in the kidneys. We also showed that these renally excreted split products of chromogranin A were immunogenic and could be used for production of antibodies against chromogranin A. These antibodies were used both for immunocytochemistry and for the development of a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for chromogranin A and its fragments. Measurements of plasma chromogranin A by radioimmunoassay appeared to be a better marker for tumour growth than were measurements of chromogranin A in the urine.
Direct detection of atomic arsenic desorption from Si(100) (1993)

Application of the 118 nm single photon laser ionization technique to a molecular beam epitaxy machine is used for the first time to demonstrate direct desorption of As atoms from Si(100). Both As2 and As are the desorbing species from 1 ML of arsenic on silicon above 1000 K. This is in contrast to previously reported models that considered only dimer desorption. With a continuous flux of As4, the scattered and desorbing arsenic species from Si(100) are examined as a function of surface temperature (650–1200 K). Atomic desorption is large, 75%±19%, above 1000 K, and complete conversion of As4 to As2 and As occurs at 1200 K. The species selectivity of laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy has broader implications for GaAs growth.
Olefin Cis-Dihydroxylation versus Epoxidation by Non-Heme Iron Catalysts:  Two Faces of an Fe<sup>III</sup>−OOH Coin (2002)

The oxygenation of carbon-carbon double bonds by iron enzymes generally results in the formation of epoxides, except in the case of the Rieske dioxygenases, where cis-diols are produced. Herein we report a systematic study of olefin oxidations with H(2)O(2) catalyzed by a group of non-heme iron complexes, i.e., [Fe(II)(BPMEN)(CH(3)CN)(2)](2+) (1, BPMEN = N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane) and [Fe(II)(TPA)(CH(3)CN)(2)](2+) (4, TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) and their 6- and 5-methyl-substituted derivatives. We demonstrate that olefin epoxidation and cis-dihydroxylation are different facets of the reactivity of a common Fe(III)-OOH intermediate, whose spin state can be modulated by the electronic and steric properties of the ligand environment. Highly stereoselective epoxidation is favored by catalysts with no more than one 6-methyl substituent, which give rise to low-spin Fe(III)-OOH species (category A). On the other hand, cis-dihydroxylation is favored by catalysts with more than one 6-methyl substituent, which afford high-spin Fe(III)-OOH species (category B). For catalysts in category A, both the epoxide and the cis-diol product incorporate (18)O from H(2)(18)O, results that implicate a cis-H(18)O-Fe(V)=O species derived from O-O bond heterolysis of a cis-H(2)(18)O-Fe(III)-OOH intermediate. In contrast, catalysts in category B incorporate both oxygen atoms from H(2)(18)O(2) into the dominant cis-diol product, via a putative Fe(III)-eta(2)-OOH species. Thus, a key feature of the catalysts in this family is the availability of two cis labile sites, required for peroxide activation. The olefin epoxidation and cis-dihydroxylation studies described here not only corroborate the mechanistic scheme derived from our earlier studies on alkane hydroxylation by this same family of catalysts (Chen, K.; Que, L, Jr. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6327) but also further enhance its credibility. Taken together, these reactions demonstrate the catalytic versatility of these complexes and provide a rationale for Nature's choice of ligand environments in biocatalysts that carry out olefin oxidations.
Clonal analysis of murine graft-vs-host disease. II. Leukokines that stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in graft-vs. host disease. (1986)

T lymphocyte clones were established from mice with acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) [C57B6/6 (B6) mice transplanted i.v. with LP/J spleen cells] and immune mice (LP/J mice immunized intraperitoneally with B6 spleen cells). To determine the role of leukokines in the increased collagen production that characterizes chronic GVHD, the supernatants of in vitro stimulated clones were assayed for their effect on 1) B6 embryonic fibroblast proliferation, 2) total fibroblast collagen secretion, and 3) collagen secretion per fibroblast. Four of nine chronic GVHD (CG) clones stimulated both total collagen secretion and collagen secretion per fibroblast, but none stimulated fibroblast proliferation. Six of 10 immune (I) clones stimulated fibroblast proliferation, and none stimulated collagen secretion per fibroblast. Acute GVHD (G) clones were heterogeneous; 2/10 G clones stimulated fibroblast proliferation, 5/10 stimulated total collagen secretion, and 4/10 stimulated collagen secretion per fibroblast. I and CG clones may act synergistically in vivo. The presence of CG-like clones in mice with acute GVHD suggest that the immunologic events that culminate in chronic GVHD are initiated early after transplantation.
VISUALIZING REGION AND SCALE IN INFORMATION SPACES (2001)

The geographic concepts of region and scale can be preserved in semantic information spaces and depicted cartographically. Region and scale are fundamental to geographical analysis, and are also associated with cognitive and experiential properties of the real world. Scale is important when graphically representing a spatialization, as it affects the amount of detail that can be shown. Latent semantic indexing in conjunction with two different ordination techniques is employed to construct a semantic Reuters news wire space. Intramax, a hierarchical clustering algorithm, is applied to delineate semantic regions in the Reuters database based on a functional distance measure. This topological information helps to identify the appropriate levels of granularity at which the information space can be visually explored. Amplification of ordination techniques with the Intramax procedure is a useful strategy for creating scale-dependent information spaces that facilitate the exploration of abstract, complex data archives.
Correction: Serum Neutralizing Activities from a Beijing Homosexual Male Cohort Infected with Different Subtypes of HIV-1 in China (2012)

Protective antibodies play a critical role in an effective HIV vaccine; however, eliciting antibodies to block infection by viruses from diverse genetic subtypes remains a major challenge. As the world's most populous country, China has been under the threat of at least three major subtypes of circulating HIV-1 viruses. Understanding the cross reactivity and specificities of serum antibody responses that mediate broad neutralization of the virus in HIV-1 infected Chinese patients will provide valuable information for the design of vaccines to prevent HIV-1 transmission in China. Sera from a cohort of homosexual men, who have been managed by a major HIV clinical center in Beijing, China, were analyzed for cross-sectional neutralizing activities against pseudotyped viruses expressing Env antigens of the major subtype viruses (AE, BC and B subtypes) circulating in China. Neutralizing activities in infected patients' blood were most capable of neutralizing viruses in the homologous subtype; however, a subset of blood samples was able to achieve broad neutralizing activities across different subtypes. Such cross neutralizing activity took 1-2 years to develop and CD4 binding site antibodies were critical components in these blood samples. Our study confirmed the presence of broadly neutralizing sera in China's HIV-1 patient population. Understanding the specificity and breadth of these neutralizing activities can guide efforts for the development of HIV vaccines against major HIV-1 viruses in China.
Gas-phase molecular structures of bis(chloromethylsilyl)amine and bis(chloromethylsilyl)methylamine by electron diffraction and ab initio calculations; experimental support for n(N)–σ*(Si–Cl) hyperconjugation ‡ (1998)

The gas-phase molecular structures of NH(SiHMeCl)2 1 and NMe(SiHMeCl)2 2 have been investigated by electron diffraction (ED) and by ab initio geometry optimisations at the MP2/6-31G* level. Ab initio calculations suggest six different conformers to be present for both compounds. They also predict that all conformers exhibit planar or nearly planar configurations at the N atom and that all the Si–Cl bonds are more or less orthogonal to the SiNSi plane, a feature that is supported by the ED refinement. Natural bond orbital analysis and an SCF deletion calculation showed an energy contribution of the n(N)–σ*(Si–Cl) hyperconjugative interaction of more than 80 kJ mol–1, thus rationalising conformations that optimise an overlap of the two appropriate orbitals. The principal parameters (ra) from electron diffraction for NH(SiHMeCl)2 (with estimated standard deviations given in parentheses and ab initio-calculated values for the lowest-energy conformer given in square brackets) are: r(Si–N) 171.2(2) [173.7], r(Si–Cl) 206.2(1) [207.7], r(Si–C) 184.5(3) [186.4] pm; Si–N–Si 128.8(12) [131.3], N–Si–Cl 112.9(4) [111.3], N–Si–C 115.7(9) [112.0] and Cl–Si–C 102.6(6) [107.3]°. For NMe(SiHMeCl)2: r(Si–N) 171.5(1) [173.7], r(Si–Cl) 207.1(1) [208.1], r(Si–C) 185.2(2) [186.8], r(N–C) 147.4(6) [148.1] pm; Si–N–Si 124.9(6) [123.7], N–Si–Cl 108.3(5) [110.4], N–Si–C 115.1(8) [112.4] and Cl–Si–C 107.3(7) [106.7]°.
Synergistic Catalysis of Dimetilan Hydrolysis by Metal Ions and Organic Ligands (2000)

Hydrolysis of the insecticide dimetilan, which possesses a N,N-dimethylcarbamate moiety and a N,N-disubstituted urea moiety, has been used to explore metal ion-organic ligand synergistic effects on the degradation of agrochemicals. Dimetilan hydrolysis is strongly catalyzed by +II transition metal ions exhibiting strong affinities for nitrogen- and oxygen-donor ligands (NiII, CuII, and ZnII) but not PbII, which exhibits only a weak affinity. Comparisons among these four metal ions strongly suggest that metal ion coordination of dimetilan is necessary for catalysis to occur. A combined mechanism of metal ion coordination of dimetilan and the generation of a MeOH+ nucleophile is most plausible for the metal-catalyzed hydrolysis. In the absence of metal ions, citric acid (CIT), ethylenediamine (EN), and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine (HEEN) ligands alone do not affect dimetilan hydrolysis. However, addition of these ligands significantly changes the catalytic effect of metal ions. CIT and EN reduce the capability of free metal ions to catalyze agrochemical hydrolysis. In contrast, HEEN enhances the catalytic effect of metal ions on dimetilan hydrolysis. The hydroxyl group of HEEN is believed to facilitate metal ion catalysis by acting as an intramolecular nucleophile or general base catalyst within the dimetilan-metal ion-HEEN ternary complex. This study provides a few examples of many possible synergistic/cooperative effects of metal ions and organic ligands in the environment often demonstrated in biological systems such as extracellular enzymes.
Silicon antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (1990)

A new silicon waveguide called ARROW-C is proposed and analyzed at the 1.3-μm wavelength. The silicon structure uses two buried layers of SiO2 or β-SiC with a thickness of 14–23 nm to permit optical tunneling for leaky-mode propagation. A propagation loss of ∼0.5 dB/cm is predicted for the TE0 or the TM0 mode in a 5-μm-thick Si-core layer. Novel silicon ARROW-A and ARROW-B guides are also discussed. The former uses a pair of buried GeSi layers; the latter employs buried SiO2 and GeSi films.
Characterization of a receptor-like protein for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat skin. (1980)

Isolated rat epidermis possesses a cytosolic 3.5 S receptor-like protein for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. This 3.5S binder has a high affinity (Kd = 1.4 X 10(-10) M) for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and is present in low concentrations (31 fmol of binding sites per mg of cytosol protein). Analog competition for receptor binding revealed the following potency order: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 > 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 > 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 > 24 (R),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 > vitamin D3. The receptor has a molecular weight of 60,000, has affinity for DNA-cellulose, and aggregates in the presence of low potassium concentrations. The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binder is stabilized by sodium molybdate (10 mM). Addition of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (3 mM) was found to yield more reproducible receptor preparations. The presence of a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding macromolecule with properties similar to those of the bone and intestinal receptor suggests that skin is an additional target organ for this hormone.
Noble-Metal Nanocrystals with Controlled Shapes for Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Applications (2020)

The successful synthesis of noble-metal nanocrystals with controlled shapes offers many opportunities to not only maneuver their physicochemical properties but also optimize their figures of merit in a wide variety of applications. In particular, heterogeneous catalysis and surface science have benefited enormously from the availability of this new class of nanomaterials as the atomic structure presented on the surface of a nanocrystal is ultimately determined by its geometric shape. The immediate advantages may include significant enhancement in catalytic activity and/or selectivity and substantial reduction in materials cost while providing a well-defined model system for mechanistic study. With a focus on the monometallic system, this review article provides a comprehensive account of recent progress in the development of noble-metal nanocrystals with controlled shapes, in addition to their remarkable performance in a large number of catalytic and electrocatalytic reactions. We hope that this review article offers the impetus and roadmap for the development of next-generation catalysts vital to a broad range of industrial applications.
Rare gene knockouts in adult humans (2016)

Human Genomics
On average, most people's genomes contain approximately 100 completely nonfunctional genes. These loss-of-function (LOF) mutations tend to be rare and/or occur only as a single copy within individuals. Narasimhan et al. investigated LOF in a Pakistani population with high levels of
ColiGene: object-centered representation for the study of E coli gene expressivity by sequence analysis. (1993)

ColiGene is an object-centered knowledge base for the study of gene expressivity in Escherichia coli by DNA sequence analysis. This system was developed with the knowledge base management system SHIRKA. Objects represented in ColiGene are biological structures such as genes or regulatory signals. They are organized in a hierarchical structure of classes, subclasses and instances. Navigation through the knowledge base and the building of queries are made using a graphical interface. The base is coupled with the data base ACNUC which structures a specialized collection of sequences: EcoSeq. Several tools are also associated to ColiGene, either for sequence analysis or for a more general purpose. Some biological results have been obtained using ColiGene which are summarized here.
Studies on the constituents of Sophora flavescens Aiton. (1978)

New 2-alkylchromone derivatives were isolated from the epigeal part of Sophora flavescens AITON. These compounds were obtained as a mixture of 2-n-heneicosyl-5, 7-dihydroxy-6, 8-dimethylchromone, 2-n-tricosyl-5, 7-dihydroxy-6, 8-dimethoxychromone and the homologous compounds, in which 2-alkyl groups are n-undecyl, n-tridecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-heptadecyl and n-tricosyl. Their structures were clarified by the spectral and chemical data, and the synthesis of 2-n-heptadecyl-5, 7-dihydroxy-6, 8-dimethylchromone.
Phosphatidic Acid and Diacylglycerol Directly Activate NADPH Oxidase by Interacting with Enzyme Components (2001)

The enzyme NADPH oxidase is regulated by phospholipase D in intact neutrophils and is activated by phosphatidic acid (PA) plus diacylglycerol (DG) in cell-free systems. We showed previously that cell-free NADPH oxidase activation by these lipids involves both protein kinase-dependent and -independent pathways. Here we demonstrate that only the protein kinase-independent pathway is operative in a cell-free system of purified and recombinant NADPH oxidase components. Activation by PA + DG was ATP-independent and unaffected by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine, indicating the lack of protein kinase involvement. Both PA and DG were required for optimal activation to occur. The drug reduced activation of NADPH oxidase by either arachidonic acid or PA + DG, with IC(50) values of 46 and 25 microm, respectively. The optimal concentration of arachidonic acid or PA + DG for oxidase activation was shifted to the right with, indicating interference of the drug with the interaction of lipid activators and enzyme components. inhibited the lipid-induced aggregation/sedimentation of oxidase components p47(phox) and p67(phox), suggesting a disruption of the lipid-mediated assembly process. The direct effects of on NADPH oxidase activation complicate its use as a "specific" inhibitor of DG kinase. We conclude that the protein kinase-independent pathway of NADPH oxidase activation by PA and DG involves direct interaction with NADPH oxidase components. Thus, NADPH oxidase proteins are functional targets for these lipid messengers in the neutrophil.
A Connectionist Approach to Speech Understanding (2006)

This paper argues that connectionist systems are a good approach to implement a speech understanding computational model. In this direction, we propose SUM, a speech understanding model, which is a software architecture based on neurocognitive researches. The SUM's computational implementation applies wavelets transforms to speech signal processing and connectionist models to syntactic parsing and prosodic-semantic mapping. This approach enables a system of analysis by compensation, when the syntactic analysis does not offer a good reliable level, it is possible to evaluate prosodic-semantic analysis, such as in human speech understanding.
Moringa oleifera and their phytonanoparticles: Potential antiproliferative agents against cancer (2018)

Cancer is classified as one of the leading causes of global mortality. It has affected millions of people, often with poor prognosis. Having severe side-effects with conventional chemotherapy, alternate drugs and therapies are actively being investigated. There is a need for innovative drug discovery and design as existing cancer therapies are costly and not readily available. Ayurveda and traditional medicine have utilised natural resources such as plants and trees as part of their regime to treat various illness and diseases with positive outcomes. One such tree is Moringa oleifera (MO). Almost all parts have shown to be effective against several ailments including cancer which was attributed to the bioactive constituents. Targeted therapies had led to the development of nanoparticles which are extremely effective in various biomedical applications due to their small size. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles have great potential as naturally occurring plants and trees such as MO can be used in the synthesis process. The resultant gold phytonanoparticles are useful in cancer therapies with improved survival rates and quality of life. The review highlights the importance of MO in natural medicine, synthesis of phytonanoparticles and the fundamental role as a potential antiproliferative agent against cancer.
Chromatographic Method for the Concentration of Trace Impurities in the Atmosphere and Other Gases (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChromatographic Method for the Concentration of Trace Impurities in the Atmosphere and Other GasesJosef. Novak, Vladimir. Vasak, and Jaroslav. JanakCite this: Anal. Chem. 1965, 37, 6, 660–666Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60225a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60225a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views59Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The duration of the cyst stage and the viability and virulence of Acanthamoeba isolates. (1995)

The viability of Acanthamoeba cysts after they have been stored in water at 4 degrees C for a period of 24 years was determined and to estimate their present degree of virulence as compared to its primary values. The viability of 17 amoebae isolates was examined using the eosin exclusion and in vitro excystation on agar plates (NNE). After the period of 24 years, only 3 isolates were found dead. The remaining 14 isolates after inoculation on NNE gave rise to new subcultures, although the percentage of living cysts measured by eosin exclusion was low (0-5%). Separate groups of mice were inoculated intranasally with 10 subcultures characterised by varying primary virulence. It was found that in 8 groups the mice were invaded (at varying degree), and some of them died. Taking into consideration the fact that some of the examined isolates completely lost their virulence only after 8 years of the in vitro cultivation, the obtained results are very intriguing. On the ground of these results one can assume that in the natural environment the period of viability for a cyst may be not shorter than 25 years, and, which is even more essential, they can maintain their invasive properties.
Simultaneous Transmission of Digital Phase-Shift Keying and of Analog Television Signals (1975)

A method for transmission of a 1.544-Mbit/s data channel in a frequency band which is above the baseband of sound and vision signals of color television in FM microwave systems is described. The impact of the interfering video signal on phaseshift keyed (PSK) performance is evaluated. The probability of error as a function of the receiver carrier-to-noise ratio in the data channel for the case of Gaussian noise, sinusoidal interference, and various video test waveform (color bar, stair step, etc.) interference and combinations of these is measured. Analog and also novel digital methods of insertion of the television sound subcarrier signal are described. Data above video (DAVID) transmission measurement results which have been performed on an RCA 6-GHz microwave hop are presented.