gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra Heat-Shock Resistant Die Attachment for Silicon Carbide With Pure Zinc (2010)

An ultra heat-shock resistant die-attach structure for a silicon carbide power device was developed. A silicon carbide die with a gold/titanium nitride coating was soldered with pure zinc onto a DBC with a silicon nitride insulator plate. This die-attach structure could resist severe thermal shock in air temperatures between -50°C and 300°C. No substantial change in microstructure was observed at the soldering interface, while conventional high-lead solder forms severe cracking. This die-attach structure can be also applied to other types of high-temperature device applications.
Three-dimensional organic field-effect transistors with high output current and high on-off ratio (2009)

High-performance three-dimensional organic field-effect transistors are developed with multiple vertical channels of organic semiconductors. Advanced processes of vacuum depositing high-mobility and air-stable dinaphtho[2,3-b:2′,3′-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene thin films on a series of horizontally elongated vertical walls have maximized the output current to 0.60 A/cm2 area with the application of −10 V for both drain-source and gate voltages. The on-off ratio is as high as 106. Carrier mobility of the organic semiconductor is typically 0.30 cm2/V s and deviation among ten devices is within 10%. The performance meets requirement for such application as driving organic light-emitting diodes in active-matrix displays.
Flow-stress-induced discrimination of a K-ras point mutation by sandwiched polymer microsphere-enhanced surface plasmon resonance (2004)

The highly sensitive detection of a K-ras point mutation with the aid of DNA-carrying microspheres as a flow-stress receptor is proposed at the surface of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. Single-stranded DNAs were immobilized onto epoxy-group-derivatized gold surfaces and the hybridization of DNA targets was monitored. The subsequent interaction with DNA-carrying micospheres enhanced the SPR response. The increase of flow rate during the event of dissociation changed the amount of detachment of the DNA-carrying microspheres for the mismatched pair. In addition, the viscosity was changed by addition of glycerol to the buffer. The increase of shear stress from the flow resulted in detachment of DNA-carrying microspheres hybridized with the mismatched sequence and increased the ability to discriminate a point mutation. This is a new method which not only increases the lower detection limit of evanescent wave-based biosensors, but also the ability to discriminate a point mutation which is a critical factor for ultrasensitive DNA detection in flow devices.
THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD (2010)

The Experience of Ancient Egypt provides a comprehensive portrait of what we know about ancient Egypt today, examining in detail issues of religion, of beliefs and practices surrounding death, of everyday life and of literature.In an engaging style, the author traces Egyptology from its classical roots, through the painstaking process of deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, to the most up-to-date bio-medical and archaeological techniques, never forgetting how time has proved that it is impossible to deliver the absolute truth about ancient Egypt.
A CASE OF BRADYCARDIA WITH EPILEPTOID ATTACKS (1907)

TEU 3
Spin- and charge-ordering in oxygen-vacancy-ordered mixed-valence<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Fe</mml:mi><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>11</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2006)

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of the oxygen-vacancy-ordered mixed-valence ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{4}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}$ phase have been investigated using spin-polarized electronic-structure total-energy calculations. The optimized structural parameters obtained from accurate total-energy calculations are found to be in very good agreement with low-temperature neutron-diffraction findings. Among the different spin configurations considered for ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{4}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}$, the $G$-type antiferromagnetic configuration is found to represent the magnetic ground state. The calculations show finite magnetic moments at both Fe sites, and this is against the conclusions arrived at from M\"ossbauer spectroscopy and low-temperature powder neutron-diffraction measurements, but consistent with the results from magnetization measurements. The present study clearly show that one of the magnetic sublattices is frustrated and hence ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{4}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}$ can be considered as a phase-separated system with one phase in the $G$-type antiferromagnetic state and the other in a spin-glass-like state. Our theoretical results show unambiguously that Fe atoms with the square pyramidal environment have a lower oxidation state than that in the octahedral coordination. However, the presence of a covalent interaction between Fe and the neighboring oxygen atoms makes the actual oxidation state considerably smaller than the formal oxidation state of $3+$ and $4+$ for square-pyramidal and octahedral coordination, respectively. ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{4}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}$ is found to be semiconducting in the antiferromagnetic ground state.
Iron(0) and Ruthenium(0) Complexes of Dinitrogen (2009)

The synthesis of a series of iron and ruthenium complexes with the new ligand PP(i)(3) (1) P(CH(2)CH(2)P(i)Pr(2))(3) is described. The iron(0) and ruthenium(0) dinitrogen complexes Fe(N(2))(PP(i)(3)) (4) and Ru(N(2))(PP(i)(3)) (5) were synthesized by treatment of the iron(II) and ruthenium(II) cationic species [FeCl(PP(i)(3))](+) (2) and [RuCl(PP(i)(3))](+) (3) with potassium graphite under a nitrogen atmosphere. The cationic dinitrogen species [Fe(N(2))H(PP(i)(3))](+) (6) and [Ru(N(2))H(PP(i)(3))](+) (7) were prepared by treatment of 4 and 5, respectively, with 1 equiv of a weak organic acid. Complexes 2.[BPh(4)], 3.[BPh(4)], 4, 5, and 6.[BF(4)] were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structural characterization of 5 is the first report for a ruthenium(0) dinitrogen complex.
Mapping high-level business rules to and through aspects (2005)

RESUME. ABSTRACT.Many object-oriented software applications contain implicit business rules. Although there exist many approaches that advocate the separation of rules, the rules'connections still crosscut the core application functionality, which impedes reuse, either anticipated or not. Moreover, ultimately business rules are implemented in a programming language, which de- creases understandability and accessibility by domain experts. We propose a high-level domain model for representing domain concepts, business rules about these concepts, and connections of business rules to the core application in terms of these concepts. The link to the implementa- tion is invisible to domain experts and encapsulated in amapping. The novelty and contribution of our approach is the use of Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) on two levels. First of all, elements from the high-level domain model are mappedto existing implementation entities of an application developed in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) or AOP. Secondly, new im- plementation entities are generated in order to map domain model elements that do not have a direct realisation in the current implementation or that appear as a result of domain evolu- tion. As the new implementation entities can result in crosscutting, the mapping occurs through AOP. We evaluate our approach in theWeb Services Management Layer (WSML), a non-trivial application for creating applications using Web Services, by means of two scenarios: (1) ex- tracting implicit business rules from the WSML and representing them in a high-level domain model, and (2) extending the WSML with unanticipated business rules. MOTS-CLES :
The Preparation of Chlorodisilazanes and Some of Their Derivatives (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Chlorodisilazanes and Some of Their DerivativesJ. Silbiger and J. FuchsCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1965, 4, 9, 1371–1372Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50031a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50031a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views186Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ideal carrier profile control for high-speed switching of 1200 V IGBTs (2014)

A novel 1200 V Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) for high-speed switching that combines Shorted Dummy-cell (SD) to control carrier extraction at the emitter side and P/P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> collector to reduce hole injection from the backside is proposed. The SD-IGBT with P/P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> collector has achieved 37 % reduction of turn-off power dissipation compared with a conventional Floating Dummy-cell (FD) IGBT. The SD-IGBT with P/P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> collector also has high turn-off current capability because it extracts carriers uniformly from the dummy-cell. These results show the proposed device has a ideal carrier profile for high-speed switching.
An upper bound on the cutoff rate of sequential decoding (1988)

An upper bound is given on the cutoff rate of discrete memoryless channels. This upper bound, which coincides with a known lower bound, determines the cutoff rate, and settles a long-standing open problem.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Barriers to Insurance as a Flood Risk Management Tool: Evidence from a Survey of Property Owners (2020)

Abstract By using risk-adjusted price signals to transfer responsibility for property-level flood protection and recovery from governments to property owners, flood insurance represents a key tenet of the flood risk management (FRM) paradigm. The Government of Canada has worked with insurers to introduce flood insurance for the first time as a part of a broader shift towards FRM to limit the growing costs of flooding. The viability of flood insurance in Canada, however, has been questioned by research that disputes the utility of purchasing coverage by property owners. This study tested this assumption by drawing on public opinion survey data to assess factors that influence decisions about the utility of insurance. The findings reveal that Canadians have limited knowledge of flood insurance coverage, exhibit a low willingness-to-pay for both insurance and property-level flood protection measures, and expect governments to shoulder much of the financial burden of flood recovery through disaster assistance.
Trimethyllysine and protein function. Effect of methylation and mutagenesis of lysine 115 of calmodulin on NAD kinase activation. (1986)

Unmethylated calmodulins have been enzymatically methylated at lysine 115, and a direct effect of this methylation on NAD kinase activation has been shown. Similar to naturally occurring calmodulins with trimethyllysine 115, the enzymatically methylated calmodulins activated an NAD kinase preparation to a maximal level that was at least 3-fold lower than the level of activation obtained with the corresponding unmethylated calmodulins. Methylation did not alter the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activator properties of these calmodulins. A genetically engineered calmodulin containing an arginine at position 115 instead of a lysine was produced by site-specific mutagenesis of a cloned synthetic calmodulin gene. The arginine derivative retained the higher maximal NAD kinase activator properties of the unmethylated calmodulins but was no longer susceptible to the effects of the methyltransferase. The data indicate that the reduction in the level of NAD kinase activation is the direct result of trimethylation of lysine 115 of calmodulin, provide a precedent for a functional effect of trimethyllysine in a protein, and raise the possibility that some of calmodulin's physiological activities may be affected by lysine methylation.
A de-cresting technique for polar transmitters using Envelope-Tracking (ET) and SiGe power amplifiers for mobile-WiMAX (2009)

A decresting algorithm for mobile WiMAX has been developed using time domain clipping and filtering processes for a polar transmitter (TX) using envelope-tracking (ET) and a monolithic SiGe power amplifier (PA). RF/Analog/Digital system and circuits co-design simulations have been performed for mobile WiMAX with 64 QAM OFDM modulation format. It is found that higher power-to-average ratio (PAR) decresting can improve the adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) and the overall TX system efficiency, but at the cost of its EVM degradation. Our system simulations show that careful design of signal decresting can improve the overall polar TX system efficiency from 28.1% to 30.3% while the TX output can still meet the stringent WiMAX TX mask and EVM specs.
MeRNA: a database of metal ion binding sites in RNA structures (2005)

Metal ions are essential for the folding of RNA into stable tertiary structures and for the catalytic activity of some RNA enzymes. To aid in the study of the roles of metal ions in RNA structural biology, we have created MeRNA (Metals in RNA), a comprehensive compilation of all metal binding sites identified in RNA 3D structures available from the PDB and Nucleic Acid Database. Currently, our database contains information relating to binding of 9764 metal ions corresponding to 23 distinct elements, in 256 RNA structures. The metal ion locations were confirmed and ligands characterized using original literature references. MeRNA includes eight manually identified metal-ion binding motifs, which are described in the literature. MeRNA is searchable by PDB identifier, metal ion, method of structure determination, resolution and R-values for X-ray structure and distance from metal to any RNA atom or to water. New structures with their respective binding motifs will be added to the database as they become available. The MeRNA database will further our understanding of the roles of metal ions in RNA folding and catalysis and have applications in structural and functional analysis, RNA design and engineering. The MeRNA database is accessible at http://merna.lbl.gov.
Correlation of Audiometric Data with Changes in Cochlear Hair Cell Stereocilia Resulting from Impulse Noise Trauma (1982)

In a previous experiment, after chinchillas had been exposed to impulse noise trauma, plastic-embedded surface preparations of the organ of Corti were examined with the light microscope. A consistent relationship between cochlear hair cell loss and hearing loss was not found (Hamernik et al., 1980). In the present study, four cochleas from that experiment were sectioned and examined with the transmission electron microscope to determine if their were consistent patterns of damage to the sensory cells at the ultrastructural level that would more closely correlate with the audiometric data. Alterations of the outer hair cell stereocilia were found when threshold was elevated 15 to 30 dB. The membranes of the stereocilia appeared loose and wrinkled and the stereocilia were no longer erect. In some cases, predominantly in the first row of outer hair cells, stereocilia were missing and in other cases, stereocilia were fused. Within these giant stereocilia, the rootlets of the individual stereocilia had disintegrated. Other alterations in sensory cell ultrastructure, though present, had no consistent pattern and could not be related to changes in hearing thresholds. Only the changes in the outer hair cell stereocilia appeared to correlate with hearing loss and the degree of damage was reflected in the amount of threshold elevation.
Controlled domain wall injection into ferromagnetic nanowires from an optimized pad geometry (2007)

The authors present an improved geometry for a micron-scale pad for the injection of vortex domain walls (VDWs) into ferromagnetic nanowires. The pad supports a single vortex magnetization state, the chirality of which can be controlled simply by field saturation along a specific direction. We show, using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, that utilization of such pads allows the chirality of VDWs injected into the attached wire to be predetermined. Furthermore, the pad vortex state is highly stable and survives repeated injection and depinning of VDWs from an asymmetric notch located some distance along the wire.
A novel secreted splice variant of vascular endothelial cell growth inhibitor (2002)

Vascular endothelial cell growth inhibitor (VEGI), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is an endothelial cell-specific inhibitor of angiogenesis. Overexpression by cancer cells of a secretable VEGI fusion protein resulted in abrogation of xenograft tumor progression, but overexpression of full-length VEGI was completely without effect. This finding indicates that secretion is essential for VEGI action. Here we report the identification of two new VEGI isoforms consisting of 251 and 192 amino acid residues. Both isoforms show endothelial cell-specific expression and share a C-terminal 151-residue segment with the previously described VEGI, which comprises 174 residues. The isoforms are generated from a 17 kb human gene by alternative splicing. Their expression is regulated in parallel by inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and interferon-gamma. VEGI-251, the most abundant isoform, contains a putative secretion signal. VEGI protein is detected in conditioned media of endothelial cells and VEGI-251-transfected mammalian cells. Overexpression of VEGI-251 in endothelial cells causes dose-dependent cell death. VEGI-251-transfected cancer cells form xenograft tumors of reduced growth rate and microvessel density compared with tumors of empty vector transfectants. These findings support the view that endothelial cell-secreted VEGI may function as an autocrine inhibitor of angiogenesis and a naturally existing modulator of vascular homeostasis.
Dictionary of Energy : Expanded Edition (2009)

Written by the editor of The Encyclopedia of Energy, Cutler Cleveland, this dictionary gives professionals across the multi-disciplinary field of energy a tool to better communicate on energy matters and understand energy issues and opportunities. This paperback edition, priced at less than half the price of the hardcover edition and expanded with over 500 new terms, makes this valuable reference available to an even wider audience beyond energy scientists, including new professionals, students, and corporate oil and gas companies.

	-Over 10,000 entries covering some 40 scientific disciplines and topics - Essays by scientists, biographical entries on key individuals, and historical comments - Historical quotes on energy matters, - Illustrated with 100 photos and illustrations - Now expanded with over 500 new terms and available in paperback at half the price of the first edition
Multi-Watt Wideband MMICs in GaN and GaAs (2007)

A comparison is presented of 4 to 18 GHz MMIC power amplifiers implemented in AlGaN-GaN HEMT and GaAs PHEMT with common circuit design technology. Both GaN and GaAs MMICs were designed as non-uniform distributed power amplifiers and achieved approximately 4 Watts over the band. The circuit complexity of the GaAs circuit is much greater than for GaN, as shown by the relative transistor output peripheries of 14.4 mm and 2 mm. The authors believe that both the GaN and GaAs MMICs have higher power than any published result of comparable bandwidth.
Isolation and characterization of Treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes from digital dermatitis lesions in Swedish dairy cattle (2008)

This is the first report on isolation of a Treponema sp. from cattle with digital dermatitis in Scandinavia. The phylotype isolated has previously been cultured from samples from cattle in the USA and the UK and is closely related to T. phagedenis. While very similar, the isolates in this study were possible to differentiate through PFGE and RAPD indicating that these methods are suitable for subtyping of this phylotype. No antimicrobial resistance could be detected among the tested isolates.
In-vivo tissue characterization of brain by synthetic MR proton relaxation and statistical chisquares parameter maps (2002)

Proton spin density (N[H])- and relaxation time (T1 and T2)-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images at different anatomical sections and/or orientations of the brain are routinely used for clinical MR diagnosis of various types of intracranial disorders and injuries. However, numerical information pertaining to the relaxation behavior of water in the brain is very difficult to be extracted and quantified form these conventional MR images. Using Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spin echo imaging sequences, multiple raw MR images of human and animal brains with selected values of repetition and echo times were acquired using a clinical 1.5-Tesla MR scanner. Using a non-interactive nonlinear regression algorithm, first-order (N[H], T1 and T2) and higher order (biexponential and distribution) T2 proton relaxation parameter maps, as well as a new set of statistical chi-square parameter maps of the brains were calculated from the raw MR images pixel-by-pixel. We propose that the use of calculated relaxation and chi-square maps may further improve the capability of MRI in clinical diagnosis and staging of intercranial disorders and injuries.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>