gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A voltage‐clamp study of the light response in solitary rods of the tiger salamander. (1979)

1. Single, isolated, rod photoreceptors were obtained by enzymatic dissociation of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) retina. These solitary cells retained the morphological features of rods of the intact retina and could be maintained in culture for several days. Solitary cells were penetrated with one or two micropipettes and their electrophysiology was studied by the voltage-clamp technique. 2. Intracellular recording with two micropipettes demonstrated that the inner segment of a solitary rod was effectively isopotential with the outer segment. 3. The time course of the voltage response to a flash resembled that of responses observed in rods in the intact retina. At low light intensities the response reached a peak in approximately 0.7 sec and then slowly declined. At high light intensities the time to peak response decreased and an initial transient arose as the response, after reaching the peak, quickly decreased to a less polarized plateau. 4. The normal voltage response could be compared with the current observed during a voltage clamp. At low light intensities the time course of the current response resembled the time course of the voltage response. When light intensity was increased the time course of the current response differed from the voltage response in that the time to peak amplitude remained relatively constant and an initial transient did not occur. It was possible to predict the current response produced by any intensity of light by using (i) an empirical equation which reproduced the time course of a dim response and (ii) the Michaelis-Menten equation. 5. The time course of the voltage-clamp current produced by a flash was the same at different values of maintained voltage. 6. The maximum amplitude of the voltage-clamp current produced by a flash or step of light was a non-linear function of membrane potential. It was relatively constant within the physiological range, decreased as the membrane potential was moved toward 0 mV, reversed polarity between 0 and 10 mV, and rapidly increased in magnitude as membrane potential was made more positive. Although this current was voltage dependent, no time dependence was evident (recording resolution greater than or equal to 5 msec). 7. Voltage-clamp experiments demonstrated an inward current which slowly developed after a hyperpolarizing voltage step. The effect of this voltage and time dependent current was to reduce, after a delay, the polarization initiated by light.
Pyroelectric detectors and materials (1978)

A survey on point pyroelectric detectors and materials is given. The performance of a practical detector is characterized by the ratio of a response function and a noise function. Material parameters relevant to detector applications are identified and the crystal properties of these parameters are then discussed by the use of equations of state. The noise function is so defined that the performance of the practical pyroelectric detector as a circuit element can be directly examined and assessed with respect to the ideal thermal detector. Under special conditions, this noise function gives rise to four separate figures of merit of pyroelectric detectors. Finally the temperature dependence and the performance limitations of pyroelectric detectors are discussed.
Abscisic Acid Activates the Murine Microglial Cell Line N9 through the Second Messenger Cyclic ADP-ribose (2009)

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone regulating important functions in higher plants, notably responses to abiotic stress. Recently, chemical or physical stimulation of human granulocytes was shown to induce production and release of endogenous ABA, which activates specific cell functions. Here we provide evidence that ABA stimulates several functional activities of the murine microglial cell line N9 (NO and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, cell migration) through the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose and an increase of intracellular calcium. ABA production and release occur in N9 cells stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, phorbol myristate acetate, the chemoattractant peptide f-MLP, or beta-amyloid, the primary plaque component in Alzheimer disease. Finally, ABA priming stimulates N9 cell migration toward beta-amyloid. These results indicate that ABA is a pro-inflammatory hormone inducing autocrine microglial activation, potentially representing a new target for anti-inflammatory therapies aimed at limiting microglia-induced tissue damage in the central nervous system.
Do Data Breach Disclosure Laws Reduce Identity Theft? (Updated) (2008)

In the United States, identity theft resulted in corporate and consumer losses of $56 billion dollars in 2005, with up to 35 percent of known identity thefts caused by corporate data breaches. Many states have responded by adopting “data breach disclosure laws” that require firms to notify consumers if their personal information has been lost or stolen. While the laws are expected to reduce identity theft, their effect has yet to be empirically measured. We use panel data from the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to estimate the impact of data breach disclosure laws on identity theft from 2002 to 2009. We find that adoption of data breach disclosure laws reduce identity theft caused by data breaches by 6.1 percent, on average.
Clinical Trials Using Irinotecan (2002)

Department of Molecular Pharmacology (P.J.H.) Department of Hematology-Oncology (V.M.S.) St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A. Supported by UPHS grants CA23099 and CA21765 (Cancer Center Support Grant), and by American, Syrian, Lebanese Associated Charities (ALSAC).
Fibroblastic response and surface characterization of O <sub>2</sub> -plasma-treated thermoplastic polyetherurethane (2010)

Injection-molded samples of thermoplastic polyetherurethane (TPU) were treated with low-temperature oxygen plasma for different processing times in order to enhance cellular attachment for a gastric implant. Its effects were investigated by contact angle measurement, surface topography, cytotoxicity and cell colonization tests. No significant changes were found in the surface roughness of plasma treatment with plasma treatment time of less than 5 min. Longer treatment showed significantly higher surface roughness. It seems that there was a link between the changes in contact angle and enhanced cell growth on the treated surface, although only for the range up to plasma treatment times of 3 min. Prolonged treatment times did not cause any major changes in the water contact angle, but strongly improved the number of growing cells on the surface. Plasma treatment for 3-7 min led to a twofold increase in the number of cells compared to untreated samples and did not significantly alter the WST-1 nor worsened the lactate dehydrogenase activity compared to the control. Thus, it appears that O(2) plasma treatment is a suitable surface modification method for a gastric implant made of TPU in order to improve surface cell attachment where 3-7 min is the recommended treatment time.
Glycoproteins: Rapid Sequencing Technology for N-linked and GPI Anchor Glycans (1999)

Recent advances in oligosaccharide sequencing technology have made routine glycan analysis of glycoproteins and the glycan moieties of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors a real possibility for many laboratories. The strategies described here have been developed specifically to address the need for a rapid and robust method of glycan analysis which can be applied routinely to microgram levels of glycoproteins with the minimum requirement for specialised equipment or expertise. This strategy also allows the possibility of isolating individual sugars of particular interest for more detailed analysis. We discuss the N~glycosy[ation ofCD48. IgO and IgA I, the Fab and Fc fragments of [gO and also the small (S) and middle (M) glycoproteins of the hepatitiS B virus coat protein. We describe the analysis of the major O·glycans of neutrophil gelatinase B and also present a novel method for analysing the gIycans attached to the GPI anchor of a variant surface glycoprotein of Trypcl1Z0S()mlllmlcei directly from a Western blot. The underlying aim of these analytical strategies is to obtain oligosaccharide sequencing data which. in combination with oligosaccharide and protein structural data. can be visualised in a molecular model. In this way, oligo saccharides can be viewed in the context of the proteins to which they are attached. and some insight can be gained into the roles which sugars might play in the structure and function of the glycoproteins.
Expert systems for power transformer maintenance, diagnostics, and design review (1996)

The evolution of expert systems for power engineering applications continues to move forward, driven by the needs of today`s utility business environment. In response to those needs EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) is funding research for the development of expert systems for large power transformers. Expert systems for transformers are particularly appropriate, because of the need to capture transformer knowledge and experience, before it is lost from a maturing industry. Furthermore, utilities no longer have the resources necessary for the long term effort required to develop expertise for operation and maintenance of transformers. That effort can be replaced by developing an expert system that can provide the knowledge necessary to maintain, diagnose, and review the design of transformers. Such a system will assist today`s utility engineer by providing the education and knowledge requisite for the maintenance and long term reliable operation of transformers, a major investment of the utility business. This paper describes the factors prompting the need for a transformer expert system, along with its development, and selected methodologies.
Constructing image panoramas using dual-homography warping (2011)

This paper describes a method to construct seamless image mosaics of a panoramic scene containing two predominate planes: a distant back plane and a ground plane that sweeps out from the camera's location. While this type of panorama can be stitched when the camera is carefully rotated about its optical center, such ideal scene capture is hard to perform correctly. Existing techniques use a single homography per image to perform alignment followed by seam cutting or image blending to hide inevitable alignments artifacts. In this paper, we demonstrate how to use two homographies per image to produce a more seamless image. Specifically, our approach blends the homographies in the alignment procedure to perform a nonlinear warping. Once the images are geometrically stitched, they are further processed to blend seams and reduce curvilinear visual artifacts due to the nonlinear warping. As demonstrated in our paper, our procedure is able to produce results for this type of scene where current state-of-the-art techniques fail.
Evolutionary Topology Optimization of Continuum Structures: Methods and Applications (2010)

Since the late 1980s. enormous progress has been made in the theory, methods and applications of topology optimization. Among various numerical methods for topology optimization, Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO) and Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO) have been extensively investigated by many researchers around the world. The first book on ESO was publi shed by Y.M. Xie and G.P. Steven in 1997. Since then the field has experienced rapid developments with a variety of new algorithms and a growing number of app li cations.
Degradation of Electrochemically Prepared Polypyrrole in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid (1993)

Detailed studies on the degradation reaction of electrochemically prepared polypyrrole have been conducted in an aqueous 1.0M solution by anodic oxidation of the polymer film at platinum electrodes, and the results are reported. The degree of degradation was followed by recording cyclic voltammograms of polypyrrole films on the electrode as well as the absorbance of the resulting products in solutions. From ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectra of the degradation product, we conclude that the major degradation product is a mixture of maleimide and succinimide with their respective ratio of about 7:1. A degradation reaction mechanism consistent with the degradation products is proposed.
Transgenic mice carrying an Xist-containing YAC (1996)

The initiation of X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals is controlled by a key locus, the X-inactivation centre (Xic). The Xist gene, which maps to the candidate region for Xic and is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome, is thought to be an essential component of the Xic. To test whether sequences spanning several hundred kilobases and including Xist from the Xic region are capable of initiating inactivation, we have created a series of transgenic mice using a 460 kb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC). Analysis in these mice of the expression of Xist, of a LacZ reporter gene and of two genes in the region that are normally silent on the inactive X chromosome, suggests that essential sequences for Xist expression and X-inactivation may be absent in these transgenic animals.
From Selenium- to Tellurium-Based Glass Optical Fibers for Infrared Spectroscopies (2013)

Chalcogenide glasses are based on sulfur, selenium and tellurium elements, and have been studied for several decades regarding different applications. Among them, selenide glasses exhibit excellent infrared transmission in the 1 to 15 µm region. Due to their good thermo-mechanical properties, these glasses could be easily shaped into optical devices such as lenses and optical fibers. During the past decade of research, selenide glass fibers have been proved to be suitable for infrared sensing in an original spectroscopic method named Fiber Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy (FEWS). FEWS has provided very nice and promising results, for example for medical diagnosis. Then, some sophisticated fibers, also based on selenide glasses, were developed: rare-earth doped fibers and microstructured fibers. In parallel, the study of telluride glasses, which can have transmission up to 28 µm due to its atom heaviness, has been intensified thanks to the DARWIN mission led by the European Space Agency (ESA). The development of telluride glass fiber enables a successful observation of CO₂ absorption band located around 15 µm. In this paper we review recent results obtained in the Glass and Ceramics Laboratory at Rennes on the development of selenide to telluride glass optical fibers, and their use for spectroscopy from the mid to the far infrared ranges.
Discussion on leases (2010)

Rasprava o konsolidaciji, prestanku priznavanja, financijskim instrumentima: klasifikacija i mjerenje, financijskim instrumentima: instrumentima zastite od rizika prezentiranih financijskih izvjestaja te ugovorima o osiguranju i najmovima.
<title>Robot Engine: rapid product development path</title> (1993)

Using the Robot Engine framework Denning has developed four new products in four distinctly different markets in less than three years. The Robot Engine concept reduced development time by more than half and assured a better chance of success in developing these new products. Similar to the personal computer industry, the mobile robotic industry has the potential to make it possible for a number of independent payload developers to design and sell useful devices compatible with the navigation system by utilizing the Robot Engine concept. This paper will review the basic modular mechanical, hardware, and software components, and the basic integration challenges for rapid prototyping of robotic products. Human interface, vehicle control, navigation, and sensory data fusion/arbitration will be discussed within this framework.
Stabilization of asphaltenes by phenolic compounds extracted from cashew-nut shell liquid (1999)

The liquid extracted from cashew-nut shell is composed almost completely of phenolic compounds containing 15-carbon chains with variable unsaturation degrees, meta-substituted in the aromatic ring. The similarity of these compounds with the structures described as efficient peptizing agents for asphaltenes, the crude oil polar fraction, induced us to evaluate cashew-nut shell liquid (CNSL) and its derivatives, cardanol and polycardanol, as asphaltene stabilizing agents. The results confirm that CNSL and cardanol have a performance comparable to nonylphenol. Polycardanol was not only less efficient than its monomer, but, instead, enhanced the precipitation of asphaltenes. This effect may be ascribed to the large number of phenol groups present in the polymer that may flocculate the asphaltene particles or increase its polarity, reducing its solubility in aliphatic solvents. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 29–34, 1999
Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect (2005)

Any medical treatment is surrounded by a psychosocial context that affects the therapeutic outcome. If we want to study this psychosocial context, we need to eliminate the specific action of a therapy and to simulate a context that is similar in all respects to that of a real treatment. To do this,
20 Gbit/s all-optical regeneration and wavelength conversion using SOA based interferometers (2003)

A novel optical translator that can perform 3R-regeneration and wavelength conversion of high-speed return-to-zero signals is demonstrated at 20 Gbit/s. Efficient retiming and bit-error-rate performance is measured using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with integrated semiconductor optical amplifiers.
Synthesis of YbyCo4Sb12∕Yb2O3 composites and their thermoelectric properties (2006)

Composites containing Yb-filled CoSb3 and well-distributed Yb2O3 particles are synthesized by in situ reaction method. The structural, chemical, and transport properties of the composites are studied. Some Yb2O3 particles with microsize locate at the grain boundaries of matrix and others distribute within YbyCo4Sb12 grains as nanoscale inclusions. The combination of the “rattling” of Yb ions inside the voids of CoSb3 and the phonon scattering of the oxide defects results in a remarkable reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity. The thermoelectric performance of the composites is significantly improved, and the maximum figures of merit reach 1.3 for the Yb0.25Co4Sb12∕Yb2O3 and 1.2 for the Yb0.21Co4Sb12∕Yb2O3 composites at 850K.
Use of the ureteral access sheath during ureteroscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018)

The debate still rages on for the usefulness of ureteral access sheath (UAS). Therefore, a meta-analysis to discuss the effects of applying UAS during ureteroscopy was performed. The protocol for the review is available on PROSPERO (CRD42017052327). A literature search was conducted up to November, 2017 using the Web of science, PUBMED, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. The quality of articles was assessed by the Jadad scale and Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Egger's test and the trim-and-fill method were used to evaluate publication bias. Effect sizes were calculated by pooled odds ratio (ORs) and mean differences (MDs). Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were performed to explore the origin of heterogeneity. Eight trials with a total of 3099 patients and 3127 procedures were identified. Results showed no significant difference in stone-free rate (SFR) (OR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.52-1.33, P = 0.45), intraoperative complications (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.81-7.69, P = 0.88), operative time (MD = 4.09, 95% CI -15.08-23.26, P = 0.68) and hospitalization duration (MD = -0.13, 95% CI -0.32-0.06, P = 0.18). However, the incidence of postoperative complications was higher in UAS group (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.06-2.00, P = 0.02). Evidence from meta-analysis indicated that the use of UAS during ureteroscopy did not manifest advantages. However, given the intrinsic restrictions of the quality of selected articles, more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are warranted to update the findings of this analysis.
Aqueous microwave chemistry: a clean and green synthetic tool for rapid drug discovery (2008)

The development of "Greener Organic Chemistry" is due to the recognition that environmentally friendly products and processes will be economical in the long term as they circumvent the need for treating 'end-of-the-pipe' pollutants and by-products generated by conventional synthesis. The fundamentals and significant outcomes of microwave-assisted organic synthesis in aqueous medium are summarized in this tutorial review, which have resulted in the development of relatively sustainable and environmentally benign protocols for the synthesis of drugs and fine chemicals.
Low‐Temperature Tandem Enyne Allene Radical Cyclizations: Efficient Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroindenes from Simple Enediynes (1995)

At physiological temperatures (37°C) the nonaromatic enyne allenes 2 cyclize to provide the 2,3-dihydroindenes 3. The high temperatures required for enediyne cyclizations (170-230°C) can be avoided, and a variety of functional groups should be able to survive the mild reaction conditions. Enediynes 1, which are accessible by a short synthetic sequence, are converted into compounds 3 with overall yields of 52 to 70%. R1 = H, Me; R2 = H, Me, CO2Me; R3 = Me, OMe, CO2Me, CH2OAc; CHD = cyclohexadiene.
Proactive Video Push for Optimizing Bandwidth Consumption in Hybrid CDN-P2P VoD Systems (2018)

Decentralizing content delivery to edge devices has become a popular solution for saving the bandwidth consumption of CDN when the CDN bandwidth is expensive. One successful realization is the hybrid CDN-P2P VoD system, where a client is allowed to request video content from a number of seeds (seed clients) in the P2P network. However, the seed scarcity problem may arise for a video resource when there are an insufficient number of seeds to satisfy requests to the video. To alleviate this problem, many commercial VoD systems have employed a video push mechanism that directly sends the recent scarce video resources to randomly-chosen seeds to serve more requests. However, the current video push mechanism fails to consider which videos will become scarce in the future, or differentiate the uploading capability of different seeds. In this paper, we propose Proactive-Push, a video push mechanism that lowers the bandwidth consumption of CDN by predicting future scarce videos and proactively sending them to competent seeds with strong uploading capabilities. Proactive-Push trains neural network models to correctly predict 80% of future scarce video resources, and identify over 90% of competent seeds. We evaluate Proactive-Push using a trace-driven emulation and a real-world pilot deployment over a commercial VoD system. Results show that Proactive-Push can further reduce the proportion of direct download from CDN by 21%, and save the CDN bandwidth cost at peak time by 18%.
Robust Mislabel Logistic Regression without Modeling Mislabel Probabilities (2017)

Logistic regression is among the most widely used statistical methods for linear discriminant analysis. In many applications, we only observe possibly mislabeled responses. Fitting a conventional logistic regression can then lead to biased estimation. One common resolution is to fit a mislabel logistic regression model, which takes into consideration of mislabeled responses. Another common method is to adopt a robust M-estimation by down-weighting suspected instances. In this work, we propose a new robust mislabel logistic regression based on γ-divergence. Our proposal possesses two advantageous features: (1) It does not need to model the mislabel probabilities. (2) The minimum γ-divergence estimation leads to a weighted estimating equation without the need to include any bias correction term, that is, it is automatically bias-corrected. These features make the proposed γ-logistic regression more robust in model fitting and more intuitive for model interpretation through a simple weighting scheme. Our method is also easy to implement, and two types of algorithms are included. Simulation studies and the Pima data application are presented to demonstrate the performance of γ-logistic regression.