gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inflammation-Mediated Hyperexcitability of Sensory Neurons (2005)

One of the most prominent signs of tissue injury and inflammation is pain and pain continues to be the primary reason people seek medical attention. Inflammatory pain reflects, at least in part, an increase in the excitability, or sensitization, of subpopulations of primary afferent neurons. While the sensitization of high threshold afferents was observed almost 40 years ago, the basis for this phenomenon continues to be an active and fertile area of research today. This review will summarize recent advances in our mechanistic understanding of sensitization, focusing on four general areas where re search has been most active or productive. These include: (1) the characterization of second messenger pathways underlying inflammation-induced changes in afferent excitability; (2) the impact of previous injury on the afferent response to subsequent inflammation; (3) the impact of target of innervation on the specific afferent response to inflammation, and (4) the impact of sex hormones on the sensitization of high threshold afferents. Work in these areas highlights how much has been learned about this process as well as how much there is yet to learn.
Temporal Trends of Synthetic Musk Compounds in Mother′s Milk and Associations with Personal Use of Perfumed Products (2008)

We analyzed two nitro musks (musk xylene and musk ketone) and five polycyclic musks (HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATII, and AHDI) in mother's milk from primiparae women (N = 101) living in Uppsala County, Sweden, 1996-2003. Possible temporal trends in musk concentrations and associations with lifestyle/medical factors, such as use of perfumed products during pregnancy were studied. HHCB showed the highest median concentration (63.9 ng/g lipid) followed by AHTN (10.4 ng/g) and musk xylene (MX) (9.5 ng/g). Concentrations of the other substances were, in most cases, below the quantification limit (2.0-3.0 ng/g). Women with a high use of perfume during pregnancy had elevated milk concentrations of HHCB, and elevated concentrations of AHTN were observed among women reporting use of perfumed laundry detergent. This strongly suggests that perfumed products are important sources of musk exposure both among the mothers and the nursed infants. Concentrations of AHTN and MX declined significantly between 1996 and 2003, suggesting a decline in the industrial use of the compounds in consumer products, or alterations in the consumer use pattern of perfumed products. No temporal trend in HHCB concentrations was seen. The lack of toxicity data makes it difficult to generalize about the safety of musk exposure of breast-fed infants.
New developments concerning racial harassment in the workplace (2000)

Defines racial harassment and the duties of employers; uses case studies as examples. Gives advice on how to avoid matters reaching a trial and the resulting problems this can bring. Provides recommended guidelines for employers including suggestions such as no tolerance, communication, complaints policy, speed of investigation and remedial action.
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Nephropathy (2013)

10.1% 2050 2 600 [1]. . 20-40% , [2,3]. (30-300 mg /) , , 1 80% (> 300 mg /) 2 15 20-40% [4].
Microjet fabrication of micro-optical components (2002)

We describe a data-driven, inkjet-based method for fabricating micro-optical components, such as microlenses and waveguides, by microjet dispensing and placing of microdroplets of optical materials onto optical substrates and optoelectronic components. We also show performance data for microjetted elements, such as arrays of plano-convex lenslets with diameters ranging between 40 and 150/spl mu/m.
Fish protein for human foods (1970)

Fish contributes significantly to the world protein supply. The present fish catch, its losses in processing, and its consequent protein contribution to world needs are reviewed. Present protein losses are estimated to be considerable. The amount of fish protein reaching consumers can be increased by increasing the catch, by the development of fish cultivation, and by improving the efficiency of using the resource. Most of the recent work directed to this objective has concerned the manufacture of fish protein concentrate (FPC). Various forms of FPC, their preparation, safety, composition, nutritive value, acceptance, clinical application, and uses are reviewed. The potential for large‐scale development of FPC, both as a protein supplement and as a functional protein ingredient in sophisticated food formulation, is discussed.
Distance based dynamic adaptation of the air interface in TDMA (2002)

In a mobile radio environment, propagation and interference conditions experienced by a mobile are time-varying. The air interface is usually fixed and designed for the worst case. The paper proposes to dynamically select the air interface parameters from a set of predefined combinations known as transport modes. Modes are ordered according to their robustness towards channel errors. They correspond to the transmission of a variable net and/or gross bit rate leading to a possibly variable allocated resource. The proposed modes selection algorithm is based on the transmitter receiver distance separation. It results in a mode utilisation in concentric rings, a more robust mode being used at the cell border and a less robust mode at the cell center. The reasoning is that a mode should not be selected according to the channel quality experienced in the recent past due to the very rapid changing propagation and traffic load conditions particularly in a packet access system. The mode selection is performed with respect to the conditions that will be statistically encountered with a high probability, the statistics being gathered with respect to the mobile station -base station distance. The interworking of the algorithm with various power control strategies is studied. The adjustment of the rings' radii in order to achieve the best trade-off between the service quality, the cell capacity and the transmit power is addressed. Simulation results are finally presented.
Engineering Hierarchical Nanostructures by Elastocapillary Self‐Assembly (2013)

Surfaces coated with nanoscale filaments such as silicon nanowires and carbon nanotubes are potentially compelling for high-performance battery and capacitor electrodes, photovoltaics, electrical interconnects, substrates for engineered cell growth, dry adhesives, and other smart materials. However, many of these applications require a wet environment or involve wet processing during their synthesis. The capillary forces introduced by these wet environments can lead to undesirable aggregation of nanoscale filaments, but control of capillary forces can enable manipulation of the filaments into discrete aggregates and novel hierarchical structures. Recent studies suggest that the elastocapillary self-assembly of nanofilaments can be a versatile and scalable means to build complex and robust surface architectures. To enable a wider understanding and use of elastocapillary self-assembly as a fabrication technology, we give an overview of the underlying fundamentals and classify typical implementations and surface designs for nanowires, nanotubes, and nanopillars made from a wide variety of materials. Finally, we discuss exemplary applications and future opportunities to realize new engineered surfaces by the elastocapillary self-assembly of nanofilaments.
Evolution of Green Coffee Protein Profiles with Maturation and Relationship to Coffee Cup Quality (2003)

Coffee flavor is the product of a complex chain of chemical transformations. The green bean has only a faint odor that is not at all reminiscent of coffee aroma. It contains, however, all of the necessary precursors to generate the unmistakable coffee flavor during roasting. The levels and biochemical status of these precursors may vary in relation to genetic traits, environmental factors, maturation level, postharvest treatment, and storage. To improve our understanding of coffee flavor generation, the sensory and biochemical impact of maturation was assessed. Maturation clearly favored the development of high-quality flavor in the coffee brew. A specific subclass of green coffee beans, however, generated high-quality coffee flavor irrespective of maturation. Biochemical aspects were examined using a dynamic system: immature and mature green coffee suspensions were incubated under air or argon. On the analytical side, a specific pool of flavor precursors was monitored: chlorogenic acids, green coffee proteins, and free amino acids. A link between maturation, the redox behavior of green coffee suspensions, and their sensory scores was identified. Compared to ripe beans, unripe beans were found to be more sensitive to oxidation of chlorogenic acids. Aerobic incubation also triggered the fragmentation or digestion of the 11S seed storage protein and the release of free amino acids.
Polysilicon gate etching in high density plasmas. I. Process optimization using a chlorine-based chemistry (1996)

High density plasma etching processes using chlorine gas have been developed for 0.25 μm polysilicon etching. Polysilicon films on SiO2-covered 200 mm silicon wafers are masked with photoresist patterns, and then etched downstream using a high density helicon source made by Lucas Labs of Sunnyvale, CA. To enhance the anisotropic etching, ion bombardment is provided by radio frequency (rf) biasing of the sample. Polysilicon trenching can be suppressed by performing a two-step etching process: the first uses a high energy ion bombardment resulting in high etch rate (250 nm/min) and anisotropy and the second a lower ion energy. The second etching step shows a high selectivity (≳80) of Si over SiO2 and therefore ensures the complete removal of the polysilicon during the overetch time. Perfect anisotropic profiles can be obtained without any trenching or other undesirable anomalies. The optimum etch rate nonuniformity is 6.5% (3σ) when operating the source at maximum rf source power (2500 W), 2 mTorr reactor pressure, and adding 30 sccm of helium to a 50 sccm chlorine discharge. Polysilicon and gate oxide etch rates have been measured using a real time in situ HeNe ellipsometer. Etch rates for polysilicon and oxide increase as a function of rf bias power but show no significant pressure or rf source power dependence. After etching, the 200 mm wafers can be transferred (under high vacuum) to an ultra high vacuum analysis chamber equipped with a Fisons ESCALAB 220i x-ray photoelectron spectrometer.
Quantization and quantization sensitivity of soft-output product codes for fast-speed applications (2004)

This paper investigates two quantization schemes on three soft-output message-passing decoding algorithms for 2-dimensional product codes. Quantization sensitivity on code rates and channel conditions is also investigated. The surprising yet encouraging result is that a simple (3,1) uniform quantization scheme on the min-sum algorithm results in the best overall quality in terms of space, performance and complexity.
Simple and Rapid Determination of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Their Methylenedioxy Derivatives in Urine by Automated In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2000)

A simple and rapid method for the determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their 3,4-methylenedioxy derivatives in urine samples was developed using automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). In-tube SPME is an extraction technique for organic compounds in aqueous samples in which analytes are extracted from the sample directly into an open tubular capillary by repeated draw/eject cycles of sample solution. LC-MS analyses of stimulants were initially performed by liquid injection onto an LC column to determine spectra. Five stimulants tested in this study gave very simple ESI mass spectra, and strong signals corresponding to [M+H]+ were observed for all stimulants. The stimulants were well separated with a Supelcosil LC-CN column using acetonitrile/50mM ammonium acetate (15:85) as a mobile phase. In order to optimize the extraction of stimulants, several in-tube SPME parameters were examined. The optimum extraction conditions were 15 draw/eject cycles of 35 microL of sample in 50mM Tris-HCI (pH 8.5) at a flow rate of 100 microL/min using an Omegawax 250 capillary column. The stimulants extracted by the capillary were easily desorbed by mobile phase flow, and carryover of stimulants was not observed. Using in-tube SPME-LC-ESI-MS with selected ion monitoring, the calibration curves of stimulants were linear in the range from 2 to 100 ng/mL with correlation coefficients above 0.9985 (n = 18) and detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.38-0.82 ng/mL. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of human urine samples without interference peaks. The recoveries of stimulants spiked into urine samples were above 81%.
Efficient Synthesis of 6-O-methyl-scutellarein from Scutellarin via Selective Methylation (2013)

Scutellarin (1) possesses distinguished efficacy in the clinical therapy of cerebral infarction, coronary heart disease, and angina pectoris. Scutellarin (1) is readily converted in vivo, therefore, synthetic methods for the construction of its metabolites will be very important in the near future. In this work, an efficient and first synthetic method for 6-O-methyl- scutellarein (3), one metabolite of scutellarin in vivo, is developed. Dichlorodiphenylmethane in diphenyl ether is used firstly to protect the dihydroxy groups at C-6 and C-7 in scutellarein (2). Then, benzyl bromide is used to selectively protect the hydroxy groups at C-4' and C-7 in 10. 6-O-Methyl-scutellarein (3) is obtained in high yield through seven steps. Keywords: 6-O-methyl-scutellarein, metabolite, scutellarin, synthesis, regioselective protection.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Protects Mesenchymal Stem Cells Against Ischemia-Induced Apoptosis In Vivo (2009)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), as an endogenous lipid mediator, has been revealed to regulate many important biological and pathophysiological processes via specific G-protein-coupled receptors termed LPA1-5. We have previously shown that LPA antagonized the apoptosis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) induced by hypoxia and serum deprivation (hypoxia/SD), mimicking ischemic myocardium microenvironment. Whether LPA has the same potentially beneficial effect on MSCs in vivo is unknown. Here we demonstrated that LPA treatment improved graft MSC survival in ischemic myocardium assessed in a gender-mismatched transplantation model by real-time PCR, as well as by TUNEL assay. Moreover, transplantation of LPA-treated MSCs enhanced capillary density determined by immunostaining for platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1, and it is also found that LPA enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release from MSCs under hypoxia/SD in vitro. We did not get any improvement in left ventricular (LV) function at 1 week after transplantation of LPA-treated MSCs. These data suggest that LPA exerts both protective actions on MSC survival and enhancement on MSC paracrine in vivo and may represent a novel and effective treatment strategy in cell transplantation.
Time to abolish "gold standard" (1992)

the risk of an increase in tuberculosis related to HIV is small.2An audit of cases of tuberculosis (April 1990-March 1991) in Riverside Health Authority showed two problems with the current surveillance of HIV infection and tuberculosis based on notifi- cation data.Firstly, tuberculosis in HIV infected people is less likely to be notified than that in other people.In our study only four (40%) of 10 dual infections were notified; in contrast, 50 (74%) of 68 cases of tuberculosis in people not known to be infected with HIV were notified.Furthermore, HIV positive patients given antituberculous treat- ment without bacteriological evidence being sought were even less likely to be notified (one (18%) of six).Secondly, a rise in the number of cases of tuberculosis attributable to HIV infection may be masked by the high rates of, and changing trends in, notifications concerning people from the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)34 owing to the similar age ranges of the two groups of patients (mean ages in our study were 41 and 42 years).Ethnic group and country of origin are not recorded on notifications.Cooperation between the consultant in com- municable disease, microbiologists, and clinicians has corrected the problem of differential reporting from Riverside, and we recommend that other health authorities audit their cases of tuberculosis to ensure that the surveillance data are unbiased.Moreover, to measure the extent of dual infection we have begun locally to record ethnic group and country of origin for all cases of tuberculosis and recommend that other centres with a high preva- lence of HIV infection do likewise.
Puddle-Induced Resistance Oscillations in the Breakdown of the Graphene Quantum Hall Effect (2016)

We report on the stability of the quantum Hall plateau in wide Hall bars made from a chemically gated graphene film grown on SiC. The ν=2 quantized plateau appears from fields B≃5 T and persists up to B≃80 T. At high current density, in the breakdown regime, the longitudinal resistance oscillates with a 1/B periodicity and an anomalous phase, which we relate to the presence of additional electron reservoirs. The high field experimental data suggest that these reservoirs induce a continuous increase of the carrier density up to the highest available magnetic field, thus enlarging the quantum plateaus. These in-plane inhomogeneities, in the form of high carrier density graphene pockets, modulate the quantum Hall effect breakdown and decrease the breakdown current.
Dynamic Analysis of Wind Turbine Blades Using Radial Basis Functions (2011)

Wind turbine blades play important roles in wind energy generation. The dynamic problems associated with wind turbine blades are formulated using radial basis functions. The radial basis function procedure is used to transform partial differential equations, which represent the dynamic behavior of wind turbine blades, into a discrete eigenvalue problem. Numerical results demonstrate that rotational speed significantly impacts the first frequency of a wind turbine blade. Moreover, the pitch angle does not markedly affect wind turbine blade frequencies. This work examines the radial basis functions for dynamic problems of wind turbine blade.
<i>In vivo</i> RNA Interference–Mediated Ablation of <i>MDR1</i> P-Glycoprotein (2005)

Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major obstacle to successful chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer and can be caused by overexpression of P-glycoprotein, the MDR1 gene product. To further validate a knockdown approach for circumventing MDR, we developed a P-glycoprotein inhibition strategy using short hairpin RNA interference (shRNAi) and now show efficacy and target specificity in vivo. Two of eight tested shRNAi constructs targeted against human MDR1 mRNA inhibited expression of P-glycoprotein by >90%, whereas control shRNAi had no effect. Ablation of P-glycoprotein in cells stably transduced with retroviral-mediated shRNAi was documented by Western blot and functionally confirmed by increased sensitivity of MDR1-transfected cells toward the cytotoxic drugs vincristine, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin as well as by transport of (99m)Tc-Sestamibi. shRNAi-mediated down-regulation of P-glycoprotein transport activity both in cultured cells and in tumor implants in living animals could be followed by direct noninvasive bioluminescence imaging using the Renilla luciferase fluorophore, coelenterazine, a known P-glycoprotein transport substrate. Furthermore, after somatic gene transfer by hydrodynamic infusion of a MDR1-Firefly luciferase (MDR1-FLuc) fusion construct into mouse liver, the effect of shRNAi delivered in vivo on P-glycoprotein-FLuc protein levels was documented with bioluminescence imaging using d-luciferin. ShRNAi against MDR1 reduced bioluminescence output of the P-glycoprotein-FLuc reporter 4-fold in vivo compared with mice treated with control or scrambled shRNAi. Targeted down-regulation of a somatically transferred P-glycoprotein-eGFP fusion reporter also was observed using fluorescence microscopy. Our results show that shRNAi effectively inhibited MDR1 expression and function in cultured cells, tumor implants and mammalian liver, documenting the feasibility of a knockdown approach to reversing MDR in vivo.
Polymerization in water‐in‐oil microemulsion systems. I (1980)

Abstract Phase diagrams for monomer (methyl acrylate containing microemulsions) are shown and described. Polymerizations of a series of microemulsified monomer reveals the expected linear dependence of 1/ DS vs. [S]/[M] for pentanol acting as a chain transfer agent and giving a value of 5.1 × 10 −4 for C s . No break in molecular weight behavior was shown as a result of micellization at higher water contents. A comparison of molecular weights obtained by various classical methods (solution, emulsion, bulk) are also given.
Amniochorion: A Source of Interleukin‐8 (1995)

Human amniochorionic membrane is a source of IL-8 mRNA and peptide.
"The Activation of Class C-, Class F-Fly Ash and Blast Furnace Slag Using Geopolymerisation" (2004)

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Prediction of Cryogen Leak Rate through Damaged Composite Laminates (2006)

The structural weight of a cryogenic propellant tank for reusable launch vehicles (RLV) can be effectively reduced by the use of advanced composite materials. However, microscopic damage such as transverse matrix cracks (TMC) and delaminations are prone to develop in composites well below the load levels that would result in mechanical failure. This microscopic damage leads to a leakage path for the fuel. The leakage is influenced by many factors, including pressure gradients, microcrack density, connectivity of the cracks, residual stresses from manufacture, service-induced stresses from thermal and mechanical loads, and composite stacking sequence. It is expected that there is a direct relationship between leakage and damage opening but the connectivity of matrix cracks is also a major factor affecting the leakage. In this article, the leakage rate through the damage network is discussed based on earlier studies for the opening of damage paths due to TMC and delamination, including the TMC intersection area. In order to examine the leakage process, numerical simulations are performed using the computational fluid dynamics software (FLUENT) and the effective conductance of the leakage paths is estimated. A simplified model is also developed to predict the effective conductance. The flow resistance in the TMC and the resistance of the TMC intersection area are accounted for in the calculation of the effective conductance of the leakage path through the entire laminate using the simplified model. Comparisons between the numerical solution for a five-ply composite with interconnected leakage paths and the prediction of the simplified model are presented for gaseous hydrogen flow through the thickness of the composite at room and cryogenic temperatures.
Solid (1949)

Solid state physics is a field which has been in a somewhat unique position for about fifteen years. Although it probably will not continue to be unique very much longer, it may set a somewhat new pattern which other fields will follow. That pattern is the secondary exploitation by physicists of a field which physicists themselves have opened.
A New Era of Turbulence in the Balkans? (2008)

Ted Galen Carpenter is vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute and author of Smart Power: Toward a Prudent Foreign Policy for America.