gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Complexity-Entropy Based Approach for the Detection of Fish Choruses (2019)

Automated acoustic indices to infer biological sounds from marine recordings have produced mixed levels of success. The use of such indices in complex marine environments, dominated by several anthropogenic and geophonic sources, have yet to be understood fully. In this study, we introduce a noise resilient method based on complexity-entropy (hereafter named C-H) for the detection of biophonic sounds originating from fish choruses. The C-H method was tested on data collected in Changhua and Miaoli (Taiwan) during the spring in both 2016 and 2017. Miaoli was exposed to continual shipping activity, which led to an increase of ~10 dB in low frequency ambient noise levels (5–500 Hz). The acoustic dataset was successively analyzed via the acoustic complexity index, the acoustic diversity index and the bioacoustic index. The C-H method was found to be strongly correlated with fish chorusing (Pearson correlation: rH < −0.9; rC > 0.89), and robust to noise originating from shipping activity or natural sources, such as wind and tides (rH and rC were between 0.22 and −0.19). Other indices produced lower or null correlations with fish chorusing due to missed identification of the choruses or sensitivity to other sound sources. In contrast to most acoustic indices, the C-H method does not require a prior setting of frequency and amplitude thresholds, and is therefore, more user friendly to untrained technicians. We conclude that the use of the C-H method has potential implications in the efficient detection of fish choruses for management or conservation purposes and could help with overcoming the limitations of acoustic indices in noisy marine environments.
An anti-car collision system using GPS and 5.8 GHz inter-vehicle communication at an off-sight intersection (2002)

To prevent accidents at an intersection where the drivers can not see each other, this paper introduces an effective anti-collision system combining DGPS and gyroscope, to map the present position, and wireless information exchange using an inter-vehicle signal. Instead of using a millimeter frequency wave that is currently used in ITS for radar, the use of a 5.8 GHz frequency band is considered. This band is expected to be used in the future for inter-vehicle communication and its diffraction characteristic is expected. By transmitting a signal with an output power of 15 [dBm] and amplifier gain of 15 [dBm], with both receiver and transmitter 40 [m] from the intersection, out of sight, the received power was -68 [dBm]. The results have shown that the system can be made possible with a small-sized omni-directional antenna.
Multiple biochemical effects in the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver (1997)

The pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver is unknown, but several causes have been proposed based on biochemical findings. These include the metabolism of alcohol leading to a shift in the cytosolic [NAD+]/ [NADH] ratio to reduction, which in turn causes a direct inhibition of beta-oxidation and enhanced triacylglycerol formation via the [glycerol-3-phosphate]/[dihydroxyacetone phosphate] ratio. There are also chronic effects of ethanol on hepatic enzyme activities. Thus, increased activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, an increased amount of fatty acid binding protein, decreased secretion of very low-density lipoprotein and impairment of the respiratory chain as a result of decreased protein synthesis or decreased amounts of ubiquinone could all lead to fat accumulation and steatosis. The interplay of each of these with nutritional and genetic factors would then lead to the heterogeneity of the severity and characteristics of the steatosis observed in human alcoholics.
Effect of Sintering Atmosphere on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiO<sub>2</sub>-Added Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (Part 2) (1996)

To improve mechanical properties of TiO2-added zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), ZTA powders containing (Zr, Ti) O2 were sintered in an atmosphere of N2+5%H2. The effect of TiO2 content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZTA was investigated. Experimental results showed that Ti ions diffused to grain boundaries and into Al2O3 grains, thereby enhancing the densification of ZTA powders sintered in N2+5%H2, but the grain growth of ZTA was less than that of a sample sintered in air. Al2TiO5 dispersed in a ZTA sintered body containing ≥5.5mol% TiO2 was considered to increase the residual stress. These results indicate that ZTA composites containing TiO2 sintered in N2+5%H2 have superior bending strength and toughness to those sintered in air.
The impact of flicker from fluorescent lighting on well-being, performance and physiological arousal (1998)

In working environments all over the world, fluorescent tubes are by far the dominating light source. Still, there have been very few studies on the impact of the non-visible flicker from fluorescent tubes. The purpose of the study was to compare the impact on subjective well-being, performance and physiological arousal of fluorescent light powered by conventional and high-frequency ballasts. Thirty-seven healthy males and females were subjected to either condition in a laboratory office on two separate occasions with 1 week in between. Although the methodology was quite extensive, only a few general effects were observed. However, when the light was powered by the conventional ballasts, individuals with high critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) responded with a pronounced attenuation of EEG alpha waves, and an increase in speed and decrease in accuracy of performance. These results may be understood in terms of heightened arousal in the central nervous system in response to the pronounced light modulation caused by the conventional ballasts. In order to alleviate this potential stress source, it is recommended that fluorescent lighting be powered by electronic high-frequency ballasts of good quality.
Adversarial domain adaptation to improve automatic breast cancer grading in lymph nodes (2018)

The progression of breast cancer can be quantified in whole-slide images of lymph nodes. We describe a novel deep learning method for classification of whole-slide images and patient level breast cancer grading. Our method is based on domain adaptation using a Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN), in conjunction with a densely connected deep neural network. Our method performs classification on small image patches and uses model averaging for boosting. The classification results are used to determine a slide level class and are further aggregated to predict a patient level grade. Our method was applied to the challenging CAMELYON17 dataset. It turned out that domain adaptation improves the result compared to state-of-the-art data augmentation. The fast processing speed of our method enables high-throughput image analysis.
Mesoporous Carbon Nanofibers for Supercapacitor Application (2008)

Mesoporous carbon nanofibers have been prepared by a confined self-assembly of triblock copolymers with soluble low molecular weight phenolic resol within the channels of anodic alumina membranes. SEM and TEM observations showed that hexagonally arranged mesoporous channels were coiled concentrically around the longitudinal axis of the carbon nanofibers. These carbon nanofibers with BET surface area over 1424 m2 g−1 have been used as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors tested in KOH and EC/DEC electrolyte solutions. Compared to mesoporous carbon prepared from the same precursor sol, these one-dimensional nanofibers could provide a shortened diffusion distance for electrolyte ions. The better performance of these mesoporous nanofibers greatly benefited from their high specific surface area, shortened diffusion distance, mesoporous openings on the outer surface, and well-controlled pore size. These mesoporous carbon nanofibers have been proved to be promising electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors in high-rate charge/discharge operations.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PHOTORECEPTORS (1970)

Journal Article OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PHOTORECEPTORS Get access R. A. WEALE, Ph.D. D.Sc. R. A. WEALE, Ph.D. D.Sc. Department of Physiological Optics Institute of Ophthalmology, University of London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar British Medical Bulletin, Volume 26, Issue 2, May 1970, Pages 134–136, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070764 Published: 01 May 1970
Methionine-enkephalin-and Dynorphin A-release from immune cells and control of inflammatory pain (2001)

We have previously shown that beta-endorphin (END) is contained and released from memory-type T-cells within inflamed tissue and that it is capable to control pain (J Clin Invest 100(1) (1997) 142). Methionine-enkephalin (MET) and Dynorphin-A (DYN) are endogenous opioids with preference for delta- and kappa-opioid receptors, respectively. Both MET and DYN are produced and contained within immune cells. The goal of this study was to determine the release characteristics of MET and DYN in a rat model of localized hindpaw inflammation and to examine the antinociceptive role of MET and DYN in a Freund's adjuvant induced model of inflammatory pain. We found that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) can stimulate the release of both MET and DYN from lymphocytes. This release is dose-dependent and reversible by the selective CRF antagonist alpha-helical-CRF. Furthermore, CRF (1.5 ng) produces analgesia when injected into the inflamed paw, which is reversible by direct co-administration of antibodies to MET. Lymphocyte content of MET was 7.0+/-1.4 ng/million cells, whilst DYN content was ~30-fold lower. Both END and DYN, but not MET, were released by IL-1. Consistently, IL-1 produced peripheral analgesic effects which were not reversed by antibodies to MET. These results indicate that both MET and DYN play a role in peripheral analgesia but have different characteristics of release. These studies further support a role of the immune system in the control of inflammatory pain. This may be particularly important in patients suffering from compromised immune systems as with cancer and AIDS.
Synthesis of polyoxazolines using glycerol carbonate derivative and end chains functionalization via carbonate and isocyanate routes (2010)

Abstract We report the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline (MOx) using bio‐based initiator (GCTs). The functional initiator GCTs was prepared by tosylation of the corresponding alcohol: glycerol carbonate (GC). The termination stage of the polymerization was achieved in presence of KOH and the telechelic polyoxazoline carrying five‐membered cyclic carbonate and oxazolium end groups (GC‐POx ium ) was converted to ((HO) 2 ‐POx‐OH) carrying α‐diol and ω‐hydroxyl groups. End‐functionalized polyoxazolines (HO) 2 ‐POx‐OH with M n ranging from 4200 to 8400 g mol −1 were synthesized. According to GPC results, the polymerizations of MOx using GCTs and other initiator coming from 1,2‐isopropylidene‐glycerol (Solk‐Ts) were compared. On the basis of FTIR and NMR spectroscopies, the chemical modification of end chains of polyoxazolines was investigated by two alternative synthetic routes. The isocyanate route is a postpolymerization urethanization. The nucleophilic reactivity of the α‐diol and ω‐hydroxyl groups of (HO) 2 ‐POx‐OH was studied with functional isocyanate (TESPI). In the carbonate route, the electrophilic reactivity of α‐ and ω‐end groups of GC‐POx ium were explored with amine. It was demonstrated that during the termination stage of the polymerization in presence of allylamine both urethane linker in α‐end chain was synthesized and the ω‐oxazolium group was converted into terminal amine. The carbonate route is an alternative to synthesize urethane without isocyanate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 4027–4035, 2010
The Photosynthetic Unit in <i>Chlorella</i> Measured by Repetitive Short Flashes (1971)

Apparent size of the photosynthetic unit in Chlorella pyrenoidosa was estimated by the method of Emerson and Arnold: rate of oxygen evolution was measured under repetitive saturating flashes of about 10-microsecond duration separated by dark periods of 0.033 to 0.100 second. Cells used were taken from six steady state cultures maintained at different light intensities. Cell characteristics included a variation in chlorophyll content from 1 to 5%. Apparent size of the photosynthetic unit varied systematically with chlorophyll content in the range of 1560 to 2350 chlorophylls per O(2) per flash. Values for unit size showed no unusual statistical distribution and were not changed significantly by addition of low level background light at 645 or 705 nanometers. Maximal rate of unit turnover, calculated from light-saturated rate and unit size, varied inversely with chlorophyll content in the range of 70 to 180 per second.
Effect of Electron Beam‐Induced Deposition and Etching Under Bias (2007)

Electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) and etching (EBIE) provides a simple way to fabricate or etch submicron or nanoscale structures of various materials in a direct-write (i.e.nonlithographic) fashion. The growth rate or the etch rate are influenced by many factors such as beam energy, beam current, temperature of the substrate material, pressure of the chamber, and geometry of the gas injector etc. The mechanism of EBID and EBIE involves the interaction of the incident electron beam or emitted electron from the target material. The role of these electrons is still not completely understood although the contribution of low energy secondary electrons (SE) has been assumed to be the dominant contributor of EBID and EBIE based on its overlap with the dissociation cross section. We have studied the growth and etching phenomenon under various biasing conditions to investigate how low voltage biasing of the substrate affects secondary electron trajectories and subsequently modifies electron-beam-induced deposition and etching.
A Virtual Screening Study of the 18 kDa Translocator Protein using Pharmacophore Models Combined with 3D‐QSAR Studies (2009)

In the present study, we considered various pharmacophore hypotheses for TSPO ligands and an optimal one was selected on the basis of 3D-QSAR studies. This hypothesis was used in a ligand-based virtual screening study on the Maybridge database with the aim of identifying new TSPO ligands. Binding assays revealed that all selected compounds displayed TSPO affinity at 10 microM, and among them two compounds exhibited sub-micromolar K(i) values. These results validated our applied methodologies, and the two compounds with sub-micromolar affinity could be used as interesting leads for the development of new active TSPO ligands.
Background-free time-resolved coherent Raman spectroscopy (CSRS and CARS): Heterodyne detection of low-energy vibrations and identification of excited-state contributions (2024)

Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) spectroscopy techniques have been widely developed and optimized for different applications in biomedicine and fundamental science. The most utilized CRS technique has been coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), and more recently, stimulated Raman scattering. Coherent Stokes Raman scattering (CSRS) has been largely ignored mainly because it is often strongly affected by fluorescence, particularly for resonance enhanced measurements. However, in the cases of resonant excitation, the information contained in the CSRS signal can be different and complementary to that of CARS. Here, we combine the approaches of pulse shaping, interferometric heterodyne detection, 8-step phase cycling, and Fourier-transform of time-domain measurements, developed in CARS and 2D electronic spectroscopy communities, to measure resonant CSRS and CARS spectra using a titanium:sapphire oscillator. The signal is essentially background-free (both fluorescent and nonresonant background signals are suppressed) with high spectral resolution and high sensitivity and can access low-energy modes down to ∼30 cm -1 . We demonstrate the ability to easily select between CSRS and CARS schemes and show an example in which acquisition of both CSRS and CARS spectra allows vibrational modes on the excited electronic state to be distinguished from those on the ground electronic state.
Vaccination with Mouse Mammary Adenocarcinoma Cells Coexpressing B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) Discloses the Dominant Effect of B7-1 in the Induction of Antitumor Immunity (2000)

Nonreplicating TS/A mammary adenocarcinoma cells expressing B7-2 (CD86) (TS/A-2) are more immunogenic than those expressing B7-1 (CD80) (TS/A-1), indicating that B7-1 and B7-2 display nonredundant costimulatory effects in inducing antitumor responses. Whereas transfection of B7-2 cDNA into TS/A-1 cells does not improve their immunogenicity, transfection of B7-1 cDNA into TS/A-2 cells (TS/A-2/1) decreases their immunogenicity in a manner that is directly related to the surface levels of B7-1. Ab blocking of B7-1 on TS/A-2/1 cells before their injection in vivo restores the higher immunogenicity characteristic of single B7-2 transfectants, indicating therefore that B7-1 actively modulates the B7-2-dependent costimulation. The expression of B7-1 also modifies quantitatively the balance of endogenous IFN-gamma and IL-4 induced in vivo by TS/A-2 vaccines. In fact, we find that vaccination with TS/A-2/1 cells results in the production of more IFN-gamma and less IL-4 than TS/A-2 vaccines, a pattern comparable to that induced by TS/A-1 cells. Thus, in the TS/A model of antitumor response, B7-1 modulates B7-2-dependent costimulatory effects in a dominant, noncompetitive way.
Dynamically-reduced complexity implementation of echo cancelers (2005)

In some adaptive filter applications, particularly echo cancellation, most of the tap coefficients in the convolution sum are essentially zero. We introduce and examine some No-Overkill Schemes (NOS) that eliminate the multiplications required for these zero coefficients by estimating which coefficients are nearly zero and setting them to exactly zero. In addition to reducing computation, this approach has the advantage of reducing the excess mean-square error, since the taps set to zero have no asymptotic fluctuation, Specifically, the NOS schemes work by dynamically partitioning the filter taps into active-taps and zero-taps. We estimate the time to convergence and the reduction in the excess mean-square-error due to the statistical fluctuation of the falter coefficients. Our results indicate that these No-Overkill Schemes significantly reduce the computational requirements with little or no increase in the time to convergence. Robustness of these schemes to a time varying channel is also considered. The NOS schemes increase the control overhead in the implementation of the adaptive filter, so additional examination of implementation tradeoffs for minimum cost is required.
Robust solutions for constraint satisfaction and optimisation under uncertainty. (2007)

We develop a framework for finding robust solutions of constraint programs. Our approach is based on the notion of fault tolerance. We formalise this concept within constraint programming, extend it in several dimensions and introduce some algorithms to find robust solutions efficiently. When applying constraint programming to real world problems we often face uncertainty. Whilst reactive methods merely deal with the consequences of an unexpected change, taking a more proactive approach may guarantee a certain level of robustness. We propose to apply the fault tolerance framework, introduced in [Ginsberg 98], to constraint programming: A robust solution is one such that a small perturbation only requires a small response. We identify, define and classify a number of abstract problems related to stability within constraint satisfaction or optimisation. We propose some efficient and effective algorithms for solving these problems. We then extend this framework by allowing the repairs and perturbations themselves to be constrained. Finally, we assess the practicality of this framework on constraint satisfaction and scheduling problems.
On the Design of Compact Broadband Gap&#8211; Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna with PBG (2006)

This paper presents the design of compact broadband gap-coupled microstrip antenna with photonic band gap. The single patch microstrip antenna and gap-coupled microstrip antenna have been designed and fabricated on /spl epsiv//sub F/ = 2.2 with 1.588 mm substrate thickness. The gap-coupled microstrip antenna consists the number of parasitic elements which are gap-coupled to driven patch. The measured center frequency of the gap-coupled and patch antenna is 2.568 GHz and 2.483 GHz respectively. The impedance bandwidth of gap-coupled antenna has been observed 4 times greater than microstrip patch antenna at VSWR 2:1. The photonic band gap (PBG) has been applied to suppress the surface wave propagating on substrate which improves the radiation pattern and bandwidth.
Autonomous boids (2006)

Abstract The classical work of bird‐like objects of Reynolds simulates polarized motion of groups of oriented particles, bird‐like objects, or simply boids. To do this, three steering vectors are introduced. Cohesion is the tendency of boids to stay in the center of the flock, alignment smoothes their velocities to similar values, and separation helps them to avoid mutual collisions. If no impetus is introduced the boids wander somewhat randomly so an external leading force is necessary for the correct flock behavior. As can be observed during the bird flocking in the fall, birds sometimes move in a way that is not captured by the above described framework. Some of the birds, typically the ones on the edge of the flock, suddenly shoot‐off. The flock then pursues this leader. In the original work by Reynolds the cohesion and separation are two complementary steers. We introduce a complementary force to the alignment that we call the change of leadership. This steer defines the chance of the boid to become a leader and try to escape. The leadership is derived from the boid position and the flock eccentricity. If a boid is on the front edge of the flock it has a higher chance to escape. Escaping from the flock is simulated as a sequence of velocity increases that are added to the current velocity of the boid. The entire system is easy to implement, is efficient, and runs simulations of hundreds of boids on a standard computer at 30 frames per second. Our system is aimed to real‐time simulations and has the potential to be used in games, crowd simulations, etc. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recycling of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Reject Streams in Brackish Water Desalination Plants Using Fixed Bed Column Softener (2017)

In this study, simulated reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate (limestone seeds) was fed to a continuous Fixed Bed Column Softener. The product was evaluated in terms of its suitability as feed to secondary RO process. The results indicate that this process has the potential to reduce calcium ion concentration from initial value of 361 to 39.03 mg/L and bicarbonate concentration from 1199 to 651 mg/L. The Stiff–Davis saturation index was reduced from 1.62 to 0.103 and the Langelier Saturation Index of the concentrate from 1.6 (High scale forming) to 0.07 (low scale forming), thus treated water has properties of low fouling potential that facilitate its recycling in secondary RO plants.