gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Fabry–Pérot fiber-optic ultrasonic hydrophone for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and acoustic pressure (2009)

A dual sensing fiber-optic hydrophone that can make simultaneous measurements of acoustic pressure and temperature at the same location has been developed for characterizing ultrasound fields and ultrasound-induced heating. The transduction mechanism is based on the detection of acoustically- and thermally-induced thickness changes in a polymer film Fabry-Perot interferometer deposited at the tip of a single mode optical fiber. The sensor provides a peak noise-equivalent pressure of 15 kPa (at 5 MHz, over a 20 MHz measurement bandwidth), an acoustic bandwidth of 50 MHz, and an optically defined element size of 10 microm. As well as measuring acoustic pressure, temperature changes up to 70 degrees C can be measured, with a resolution of 0.34 degrees C. To evaluate the thermal measurement capability of the sensor, measurements were made at the focus of a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) field in a tissue mimicking phantom. These showed that the sensor is not susceptible to viscous heating, is able to withstand high intensity fields, and can simultaneously acquire acoustic waveforms while monitoring induced temperature rises. These attributes, along with flexibility, small physical size (OD approximately 150 microm), immunity to Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI), and low sensor cost, suggest that this type of hydrophone may provide a practical alternative to piezoelectric based hydrophones.
A 4.0 GHz 291Mb voltage-scalable SRAM design in 32nm high-&#x03BA; metal-gate CMOS with integrated power management (2009)

CMOS technology has followed Moore's law into the nanoscale regime where SRAM scaling is facing increasing challenges in gaining performance at reduced leakage power for future product applications. Despite the advances in process technologies and the resultant ability to produce ever-smaller feature sizes, the increasing variations of scaled devices in SRAM are playing an increasingly important role in determining the scaling of SRAM operating voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">cc</sub> ), frequency and leakage power. We develop a high-performance voltage-scalable SRAM design in 32 nm logic CMOS featuring 2nd-generation high-k metal-gate transistors and 4th-generation strained silicon. With the continued transistor performance enhancement and extensive process-circuit co-optimization, the 32 nm SRAM design is able to achieve 2times improvement in density and 15% faster access speed when compared to the 45 nm design at the same voltage. The design supports a broad range of operating voltages to enable dynamic voltage scaling in today's high-performance and low-power applications. The design also features an integrated power management scheme with close-loop array leakage control, floating bitline and wordline driver sleep, resulting in 58% reduction of SRAM leakage consumption.
Indirect Coupling As a Criteria for Modularity (2007)

Assessment of a modularisation technique should involve some form of measurement as to how modular the code becomes as a result of applying the technique. One problem we face is that there is a lack of a precise definition of modularity. The IEEE glossary of software engineering terminology defines modularity as "the degree to which a system or computer program is composed of discrete components such that a change to one component has minimal impact on other components. While this is not an operational definition, especially as the notion of discreteness, or independence, needs to be further defined, it provides a good starting point for discussion. To measure according to this definition we need to measure "degree of independence". We are interested in a particular form of dependence, namely indirect dependence and believe this is an important criteria for assessing modularity.
Isolation and characterization of FliK-independent flagellation mutants from Salmonella typhimurium (1994)

A flagellum of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli consists of three structural parts, a basal body, a hook, and a filament. Because the fliK mutants produce elongated hooks, called polyhooks, lacking filament portions, the fliK gene product has been believed to be involved in both the determination of hook length and the initiation of the filament assembly. In the present study, we isolated two mutants from S. typhimurium which can form flagella even in the absence of the fliK gene product. Flagellar structures were fractionated from these suppressor mutants and inspected by electron microscopy. The suppressor mutants produced polyhook-filament complexes in the fliK mutant background, while they formed flagellar structures apparently indistinguishable from those of the wild-type strain in the fliK+ background. Genetic and sequence analyses of the suppressor mutations revealed that they are located near the 3'-end of the flhB gene, which has been believed to be involved in the early process of the basal body assembly. On the basis of these results, we discuss the mechanism of suppression of the fliK defects by the flhB mutations and propose a hypothesis on the export switching machinery of the flagellar proteins.
Digital Magnification of Three-Dimensional Integral Images (2006)

The methods for obtaining a controlled magnification of three-dimensional (3-D) integral images are usually based on the increase of the spatial ray-sampling rate of elemental image arrays. This is usually done by use of the moving array-lenslet technique. The major drawback of this technique is the alignment complexity due to the small lenslet movement. In this paper, we are proposing a digital magnification method that uses interpolation principles to increase the spatial ray sampling rate of elemental image arrays without lenslet movement in the pickup procedure. We compare the reconstructed 3-D integral images obtained when using the optical or the digital magnification methods, and show that the quality of both reconstructed 3-D integral images is the same.
Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw and finished water (1995)

The D/DBP Rule and the ESWTR must be orchestrated carefully to ensure protection of public health. The American Water System has conducted extensive monitoring of its operations since 1988. Analysis of 347 surface water samples collected between 1988 and 1993 showed that the prevalence rate of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was 53.9 percent and 60.2 percent, respectively. But because the parasite assay does not indicate viability or virulence, these results do not necessarily indicate that these water systems were at risk from waterborne pathogens. To supplement coagulation and filtration, the average system will have to apply sufficient disinfection to reduce viable Giardia levels by 3.1 log 10 . An analysis of existing disinfection practices shows that most systems are already applying disinfectant at a level sufficient to reduce Giardia levels. However, the proposed Disinfectants/Disinfection By‐products (D/DBP) Rule may hamper the ability of water utilities to apply sufficient disinfection under current operating conditions. Careful integration of the D/DBP and the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment rule is encouraged.
Complete Genome Sequence of <i>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i> Strain 168 (2010)

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 168, a pathogenic strain prevalent in China, was isolated in 1974. Although this strain has been widespread for a long time, the genome sequence had not been determined. Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of M. hyopneumoniae strain 168.
Turbulence-airfoil interaction noise reduction using wavy leading edge: an experimental and numerical study (2011)

International audience
Growth inhibition of a human tumor cell strain by 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouridine, and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine; reversal studies. (1958)

Summary The effects of 5-fluorouracil (FU), 5-fluorouradine (FUR), and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR). on the growth of H.Ep. #1 human cell strain in a semisynthetic medium have been studied. FU, FUR, and FUDR produced complete inhibition of growth at 1.0, 0.01, and 0.01 µg/ml., respectively (8 × 10-6, 0.4 × 10-7, and 0.4 × 10-7m). The complete growth inhibition by FUDR at 4 × 10-7m is reversed by an approximately equivalent concentration of thymidine. The extent of reversal is independent of the FUDR concentration over a fivefold variation in the latter. These results strongly support the hypothesis that a block in the pathway leading to DNA-thymine (probably at the “methylation step”) is the principal cause of growth inhibition by FUDR. However, the inability of thymidine to reverse the growth inhibition by FU and FUR suggests that the latter are producing metabolic blocks at sites essential to growth in addition to the “methylation block” suggested for FUDR inhibition. The growth inhibition by FUDR is reversed by deoxyuridine at an approximately 100-fold excess. A fivefold increase in FUDR concentration increased by a corresponding factor the level of deoxyuridine needed for reversal. The inhibition of growth by FU could not be reversed by a 100-fold excess of thymidine, 5-methyldeoxycytidinc, dcoxyuridine, uridine, cytidine, uracil, thymine, and cytosine. The specific activity of the nucleic acid pyrimidines of H.Ep. #1 cells grown in the presence of FUDR plus thymidine (as reverser) was compared with cells grown in the presence of an equal concentration of thymidine alone. With labeled orotic acid, a significant depression in the specific activity of DNA-thymine was observed in the presence of FUDR, with relatively little effect on the other nucleic acid pyrimidines. With labeled thymidine, the specific activity of the DNA-thymine was increased by a factor of two to four in the presence of FUDR. These results demonstrate an enhanced utilization of exogenous thymidine under conditions in which the de novo pathway to DNA-thymine is blocked by FUDR.
Narrowband interference rejection in direct-sequence spread-spectrum system using time-frequency decomposition (1995)

The paper presents a novel method of enhancing the interference rejection capability of a direct-sequence spread-spectrum system. The method is based on performing a frequency analysis of the received signal using a simple filter bank structure in such a way that the temporal information in the input signal is retained. A thresholding algorithm is used to suppress the interference by detecting its frequency and time localisation. This scheme is thus well suited for handling stationary as well as nonstationary interference, without resorting to traditional adaptive algorithms. The method does not affect the receiver performance when interference is not present and works particularly well for strong narrowband interference. Monte Carlo simulation results are given in terms of the bit error rate (BER) against (Eb/N0) for both stationary and nonstationary interference, and a comparison is made with transform domain processing.
Mason at a surgical mission (2011)

Strangulation of penis and scrotum by objects for auto-erotic purpose though common may at times lead to grave complications. Removal of these objects is a challenging task. We report such a case where a mason came to our rescue following failed attempts at surgical removal.

	 

	Key words: Foreign body, penis, scrotum
Organocatalysis in Water at Room Temperature with <i>In-Flask</i> Catalyst Recycling (2011)

A new designer surfactant is described containing a covalently bound organocatalyst, proline. This species is water-soluble and, via spontaneous nanomicelle formation, catalyzes aldol reactions on water-soluble or -insoluble substrates in water as the only medium. Recycling the catalyst is trivial, as the amphiphile/catalyst remains in the aqueous phase in the flask.
"Seeing" ENF (2011)

Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuates slightly over time from its nominal value of 50 Hz/60 Hz. The fluctuations in the ENF remain consistent across the entire power grid even when measured at physically distant locations. The near-invisible flickering of fluorescent lights connected to the power mains reflect these fluctuations present in the ENF. In this paper, mechanisms using optical sensors and video cameras to record and validate the presence of the ENF fluctuations in fluorescent lighting are presented. Signal processing techniques are applied to demonstrate a high correlation between the fluctuations in the ENF signal captured from fluorescent lighting and the ENF signal captured directly from power mains supply. The proposed technique is then used to demonstrate the presence of the ENF signal in video recordings taken in various geographical areas. Experimental results show that the ENF signal can be used as a natural timestamp for optical sensor recordings and video surveillance recordings from indoor environments under fluorescent lighting. Application of the ENF signal analysis to tampering detection of surveillance video recordings is also demonstrated.
Chemotherapy induced DNA damage response (2013)

Chemotherapeutics target rapidly dividing cancer cells by directly or indirectly inducing DNA damage. Upon recognizing DNA damage, cells initiate a variety of signaling pathways collectively referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). Interestingly, the pathways used to elicit this response are as varied as the types of DNA damage induced. However, the activation of these various pathways has similar results including DNA repair, suppression of global general translation, cell cycle arrest and, ultimately, either cell survival or cell death. This review will focus on a series of chemotherapy-induced DNA lesions and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the DDR, the DNA repair pathways it activates and the cellular consequences of these converging pathways.
State of the art in continuous speech recognition. (1995)

In the past decade, tremendous advances in the state of the art of automatic speech recognition by machine have taken place. A reduction in the word error rate by more than a factor of 5 and an increase in recognition speeds by several orders of magnitude (brought about by a combination of faster recognition search algorithms and more powerful computers), have combined to make high-accuracy, speaker-independent, continuous speech recognition for large vocabularies possible in real time, on off-the-shelf workstations, without the aid of special hardware. These advances promise to make speech recognition technology readily available to the general public. This paper focuses on the speech recognition advances made through better speech modeling techniques, chiefly through more accurate mathematical modeling of speech sounds.
Fast and efficient rotated haar-like features using rotated integral images (2006)

This paper introduces an extended set of Haarlike features beyond the standard vertically and horizontally aligned Haar-like features [Viola and Jones, 2001a; 2001b] and the 45 o twisted Haar-like features [Lienhart and Maydt, 2002; Lienhart et al., 2003a; 2003b]. The extended rotated Haar-like features are based on the standard Haar-like features that have been rotated based on whole integer pixel based rotations. These rotated feature values can also be calculated using rotated integral images which means that they can be fast and efficiently calculated with just 8 operations irrespective of the feature size. In general each feature requires another 8 operations based on an identity integral image so that appropriate scaling corrections can be applied. These scaling corrections are needed due to the rounding errors associated with scaling the features. The errors introduced by these rotated features on natural images are small enough to allow rotated classifiers to be implemented using a classifier trained on only vertically aligned images. This is a significant improvement in training time for a classifier that is invariant to the rotations represented in the parallel classifier. 1
Exploratory Data Analysis (2005)

Abstract Exploratory data analysis describes the attitude, approach, and techniques for flexible probing of data associated particularly with John W. Tukey. Four main themes are resistance to misbehavior in data, the importance of examining residuals, re‐expression of data in a more useful scale, and graphical displays. An example illustrates these and other points.
Expression of the<i>neu</i>proto‐oncogene by schwann cells during peripheral nerve development and wallerian degeneration (1992)

The neu gene, which encodes a putative tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor termed p185neu, was originally identified as a dominant transforming gene in neurogliomas and schwannomas induced by transplacental treatment of rat embryos with ethylnitrosourea. The present studies were undertaken to determine the expression pattern of the neu gene in peripheral nerve. Northern blot analysis of total RNA isolated from rat sciatic nerves demonstrated prominent neu mRNA expression on postnatal days 1 and 7, with substantially lower expression up to adulthood. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed expression of p185neu by Schwann cells (SC) in developing sciatic nerve and minimal p185neu immunoreactivity in adult nerves. However, neu mRNA and p185neu protein progressively increased following sciatic nerve transection in adult animals. In addition, neu mRNA and p185neu were found in neonatal rat sciatic nerve SC and several SC-derived cell lines. In resting SC, neu mRNA was expressed at a low level, but was greatly increased by treatment with forskolin and glial growth factor. These studies demonstrate that the neu gene and its protein product, p185neu, are expressed by SC both in vivo and in vitro and suggest that p185neu plays a role in the regulation of SC proliferation or differentiation.
Fusion of mouse alveolar macrophages induced by 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> involves extracellular, but not intracellular, calcium (1990)

We have reported that the active form of vitamin D3, 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3], directly induces the fusion of mouse alveolar macrophages (Abe et al: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5583-5587, 1983). The fusion process can be divided into two phases: the 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3-dependent priming phase (0-18 hr) and the calcium-dependent progression phase (18-72 hr) (Jin et al: J. Cell. Physiol. 137:110-116, 1988). In the present study, we examined the role of calcium in the progression phase of macrophage fusion induced by 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3. Macrophages pretreated with 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 for 48 hr in a low-calcium (0.13 mM) medium began to fuse quickly 30 min after the culture medium was switched to a normal calcium (1.85 mM) medium. Of various cations tested, calcium was the most effective in inducing fusion, followed by strontium and manganese. Magnesium, potassium, and sodium had no effect. Calcium ionophores such as A23187 and ionomycin did not induce fusion in the low-calcium medium, nor did they potentiate fusion in the media containing higher concentrations of calcium. The intracellular concentration of free Ca2+, measured by a fluorescent method using fura-2 AM, was 116 +/- 1 nM in the macrophages pretreated with 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 for 48 hr in the low-calcium medium. When calcium chloride was added to the assay system at a final concentration of 1.85 mM, the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration did not increase appreciably (from 116 to 144 nM). But the macrophages began to fuse quickly when CaCl2 was added. In contrast, adding ionomycin increased cytosolic free Ca2+ from 116 to 440 nM, but no fusion occurred. These results clearly indicate that the extracellular, but not the intracellular, calcium is involved in the progression phase of the fusion of mouse alveolar macrophages primed by 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3.
Industry trends - Will fuel cells replace batteries in mobile devices? (2003)

No matter how much wireless vendors improve their processors, memory systems, and networks, it does no good if a mobile device's battery dies or has such a short life that users are virtually tethered to an electrical outlet. With this in mind, researchers are seeking to improve portable-power technology, and many are exploring a single alternative: fuel cells.
Bull's eye grating integrated with optical nanoantennas for plasmonic enhancement of graphene long-wave infrared photodetectors (2019)

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have exhibited potential for infrared detection at room temperature, yet their low light absorption impedes their widespread application. In addition, micromechanical cleavage, which is the main method by which high-quality 2D layers are achieved, typically leads to small-area flakes, hampering their application as photodetectors. In this work, we designed a hybrid plasmonic structure, comprising a metallic bull's eye grating and optical nanoantennas, to collect and concentrate light into a piece of single-layer graphene with sub-wavelength lateral extent. This boosts the interaction between the graphene and light, thereby improving its photodetection performance in the technologically important long-wave infrared (LWIR) region. Finite-difference time-domain electromagnetic simulations were performed to this end. The plasmonic structure we present is predicted to enhance the absorption of light by the graphene by ∼558 times, which in turn is predicted to enhance the detectivity of the LWIR photodetector by ∼32 times.
Spatially and temporally resolved emission from aggregates in conjugated polymers (1996)

We present results of cw, time-resolved, and spatially resolved spectroscopic studies of emission and absorption in a model conjugated polymer, poly($p$-pyridyl vinylene) (PPyV). The redshifted film spectra suggest the formation of aggregated regions. The \ensuremath{\sim}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} reduction in emission efficiency in films vs solution is attributed to a longer radiative lifetime for aggregate excitons, as is evidenced by time-resolved fluorescence measurements. We present direct optical imaging of aggregates in a conjugated polymer via near-field scanning optical microscopy. The aggregate emission and absorption are found to be localized to partially aligned regions of the film \ensuremath{\sim}200 nm in size.
COMPARISON OF FOUR METHODS FOR EXTRACTING TOTAL RNA FROM Peganum harmala L. (2010)

Several commercialized or commonly used methods,such as RNA Plant Reagent(Tiangen),TRIZOL Reagent(Tiangen),SDS-Isopropanol method,CTAB-LiCl method were used to isolate RNA from leaves of wild Peganum harmala L..Comparing quality and purity.The results showed high purity and integrated RNA was obtained by CTAB-LiCl method with no degradation or contaminant,the 28S and 18S bands in agarose gel electrophoresis were clear,and the brightness ratio of two bands(28S/18S) was more than 2.0,the ratio of A260/A280 was between 1.80 and 2.0.600bp gene fragments were successfully amplified by RT-PCR,suggesting the high integrity of isolated RNA.The total RNA isolated by CTAB-LiCl method was sufficient quality for subsequent molecular biology researches.
Microcrystallinity in ‘X-ray amorphous’ anodic Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (1991)

Abstract Microdiffraction has been employed to obtain further insight into the structure of ‘X-ray amorphous’ anodic Ta2O5. Microdiffraction, allied with the specimen preparation technique of ultramicrotomy, enables the diffraction patterns to be extracted from exceedingly small volumes, about 1000 nm3, of film material. Diffraction patterns extracted from such fine volumes reveal clearly the structural inhomogeneities in the ‘X-ray amorphous’ anodic Ta2O5. It was found, for the first time, that the anodic Ta2O5 is not entirely amorphous or microscopically uniform in structure but appears to contain microcrystalline regions which are too fine to be detected by conventional X-ray or electron diffraction, even without annealing at elevated temperatures. Implications for the relationship between the structural inhomogeneities and ionic transport processes are discussed.