gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conclusion (1993)

Ten years have elapsed since the Chinese government adopted a policy of open orientation towards the world economy. During that period a sea change in its export sector has taken place. In striking contrast to their slow pace in the 1960s and 1970s, China’s exports experienced a five-fold increase between 1978 and 1988. The Chinese ratio of export to GNP also rose to a level well within the normal range for large countries. This high rate of export growth was of great help in boosting China’s foreign exchange reserve holdings to $17.5 billion by the end of 1988, the eighth largest in the world (calculated from IMF:IFS, Yearbook, 1989). As the share of agricultural output declined, the export of manufactured goods gained dominance. In addition, while state trading corporations no longer monopolised China’s exports, local enterprises were allowed to handle international business on a greater scale. Virtually the entire eastern coast of China exhibited an export-oriented economy. Indeed the Chinese export trade has performed to a degree that most observers, Chinese and foreign alike, did not believe possible a decade ago.
Energy Transport in High-Density Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping Cells (2001)

We present in situ measurements of temperatures inside multi-atmosphere spin-exchange optical pumping cells using Raman scattering from the N2 quenching gas. Under conditions usually prevailing in spin-exchange optical pumping experiments, we find that gas temperatures can be elevated hundreds of degrees above ambient, and that convection plays a very important role in the heat transport of the system.
Autoimmune Sensorineural Hearing Loss (1979)

The author proposes the existence of a new entity, autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss, on the basis of diagnostic study and treatment experience with a series of 18 patients. In each case the clinical pattern did not fit with known entities and thus seemed to merit distinctive categorization. In the one patient in whom tissue was available, a vasculitis was evident, a feature of autoimmune disease. All patients responded to treatment for an autoimmune disease, namely, chronic cortisone and cyclophosphamide therapy. The author suggests that all otolaryngologists should be aware of the possibility of this condition, because it is one of the few forms of sensorineural deafness for which we have a treatment.
Treatment of Canine Hemangiosarcoma: 2000 and Beyond (2000)

Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is an aggressive and malignant neoplasia with a grave prognosis. Surgery and chemotherapy have limited success in prolonging survival times and increasing quality of life in dogs with HSA. Advances in medical oncology are resulting in increased survival rates and a better quality of life for veterinary cancer patients. An understanding of mechanisms of metastasis has led to the development of new treatments designed to delay or inhibit tumor spread. Promising new treatment options include novel delivery systems (inhalation or intracavitary chemotherapy); use of immunomodulators such as liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide-phosphatidylethanolamine; antimetastatic agents such as inhibitors of angiogenesis (interferons, thalidomide), matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and minocycline; dietary modifications; and gene therapy. Inhibitors of angiogenesis seem to be safe and, unlike conventional chemotherapy, do not induce drug resistance. Although many of the newer approaches are still under development and review, the use of multimodality therapy incorporating innovative treatment modalities may offer the best therapeutic option for dogs affected with HSA.
Single-mode photonic-crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser (2003)

Summary form only given. It is not easy to have stable single-mode operation from the conventional VCSEL structure due to spatial hole burning and thermal lensing. In this report, we present "photonic-crystal VCSELs" (PC-VCSELs). The PC-VCSELs are similar to standard VCSELs except that they have a photonic crystal defined by holes in the top mirror region. One photonic crystal structure has a single defect. The defect of the photonic crystal is formed at the center of the photonic crystal. In fact, we borrow the concept of the endless single-mode from photonic crystal fibers (PCF) to accomplish large single mode VCSELs.
Gene therapy: A new approach for the treatment of genetic disorders (1990)

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1990) 47, 1–11; doi:10.1038/clpt.1990.1
Equipment and methods for the evaluation of driver performance in relation to vehicle instrumentation (1991)

Manufacturers are largely responsible for the original man-machine interface of their vehicles. A wide range of additional and replacement instrumentation is also available which is becoming increasingly sophisticated. The effects of new instrumentation, particularly information systems, may have safety and traffic management implications beyond the 'microscopic' interaction between driver and instrument. Although design standards are evolving, instrument performance cannot be measured entirely in isolation from drivers; there is a need to measure the perceptions and performance of drivers to evaluate the performance of instrumentation. A number of techniques and methods exist (and are being further developed) to measure both qualitative and quantitative aspects of driver interaction with instrumentation. A combination of these techniques provide not only a means of assessing current instrumentation, but of refining future designs. The authors briefly describe some of the instrumentation.
Grayscale Marking of Anodized Aluminium Plate by Using Picosecond Laser and Galvanometer Scanner (2014)

In this work, we demonstrate the grayscale modifications of an anodized aluminium plate by using ultra-short laser pulses. The measurement and analysis results on influence of the laser marking process parameters on the blackness of marking obtained are presented. The study was conducted for the aluminium plate with the transparent anodizing Al 2 O 3 coating by using a commercially available industrial picosecond laser and galvanometer scanner. The grayscale of marking was changed by scanning the laser beam focused at the boundary of the coating and aluminium sheet without damaging the transparent coating. The scanning speed and mean laser power was varied in order to enhance the blackness of the marking.
84 GBd (168 Gbit/s) PAM‐4 3.7 V <sub>pp</sub> power DAC in InP DHBT for short reach and long haul optical networks (2015)

The architecture and performances of a multilevel driver for pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) formats, designed and fabricated in 0.7 µm InP double‐heterojunction bipolar transistor technology, are reported. The driver part is based on a power‐DAC architecture which is integrated with the multiplexing stage composed of three 2:1 selectors. Up to 100 GS/s operation was validated and PAM‐2, ‐4, ‐8 signals with high amplitude were measured. In particular, PAM‐4 at 84 GBd and PAM‐8 at 64 GBd operation was demonstrated with, respectively, a 3.7 and 4 V pp differential output signal. This compact driver circuit is characterised by the highest merit factor in terms of high amplitude and the transmission capacity for an electronically generated multilevel signal.
Low-level Hypermutation in T Cell–independent Germinal Centers Compared with High Mutation Rates Associated with T Cell–dependent Germinal Centers (2002)

Exceptionally germinal center formation can be induced without T cell help by polysaccharide-based antigens, but these germinal centers involute by massive B cell apoptosis at the time centrocyte selection starts. This study investigates whether B cells in germinal centers induced by the T cell-independent antigen (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) conjugated to Ficoll undergo hypermutation in their immunoglobulin V region genes. Positive controls are provided by comparing germinal centers at the same stage of development in carrier-primed mice immunized with a T cell-dependent antigen: NP protein conjugate. False positive results from background germinal centers and false negatives from non-B cells in germinal centers were avoided by transferring B cells with a transgenic B cell receptor into congenic controls not carrying the transgene. By 4 d after immunization, hypermutation was well advanced in the T cell-dependent germinal centers. By contrast, the mutation rate for T cell-independent germinal centers was low, but significantly higher than in NP-specific B cells from nonimmunized transgenic mice. Interestingly, a similar rate of mutation was seen in extrafollicular plasma cells at this stage. It is concluded that efficient activation of hypermutation depends on interaction with T cells, but some hypermutation may be induced without such signals, even outside germinal centers.
Studies of <i>N</i>-Dodecyllactobionamide, Maltose 6‘-<i>O</i>-Dodecanoate, and Octyl-β-glucoside with Surface Tension, Surface Force, and Wetting Techniques (2001)

Three different types of sugar surfactants, octyl-β-glucoside, maltose 6‘-O-dodecanoate, and N-dodecyllactobionamide have been investigated to examine the effect of the structure of the sugar headgroup on the adsorption to liquid/vapor and solid/liquid interfaces using a number of techniques (surface tension, surface force apparatus, MASIF, and wetting). It was found that all the surfactants form monolayers when adsorbed to a hydrophobic interface at high concentrations. Increased headgroup flexibility leads to the adsorption of higher amounts on both the liquid/vapor and solid/liquid interfaces, resulting in a higher van der Waals attraction between two such monolayers. Increased hydrogen bonding within layers of more flexible surfactants is suggested to explain this difference. The most flexible surfactant, N-dodecyllactobionamide, is the least efficient wetting agent with the highest γSL. The behavior of the receding contact angles indicates the importance of intralayer hydrogen bonds between larger and more flexible sugar headgroups.
Neovascular targeting chemotherapy: Encapsulation of paclitaxel in cationic liposomes impairs functional tumor microvasculature (2004)

Cationic liposomes have been shown to be internalized selectively by angiogenic tumor endothelial cells after intravenous injection. Therefore, encapsulation of cytotoxic substances in cationic liposomes is a new approach to target tumor vasculature. It was the aim of our study to quantify the effects of paclitaxel encapsulated in cationic liposomes (MBT-0206) on tumor microvasculature and growth in vivo. Experiments were performed in the dorsal skinfold chamber preparation of Syrian Golden hamsters bearing syngeneic A-Mel-3 melanomas. Tumors were treated with intravenous infusion of MBT-0206 (20 mM) resulting in an effective paclitaxel dose of 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Control animals received conventional paclitaxel in Cremophor EL (Taxol(R); 5 mg/kg b.w.), unloaded cationic liposomes (20 mM) or the solvent 5% glucose, respectively. Using intravital microscopy, tumor growth and effects on intratumoral microvasculature were analyzed. Tumor growth was significantly retarded after treatment with MBT-0206 compared to the treatment with paclitaxel. Analysis of intratumoral microcirculation revealed a reduced functional vessel density in tumors after application of liposomal paclitaxel. At the end of the observation time, vessel diameters were significantly smaller in animals treated with paclitaxel encapsulated in cationic liposomes while red blood cell velocity was less affected. This resulted in a significantly reduced blood flow in vessel segments and a reduced microcirculatory perfusion index in these animals. Histochemical TUNEL stain was vessel-associated after treatment with liposomal paclitaxel in contrast to few apoptotic tumor cells in the control groups. Our data demonstrate that encapsulation of paclitaxel in cationic liposomes significantly increased the antitumoral efficacy of the drug. Remarkable microcirculatory changes indicate that encapsulation of paclitaxel in cationic liposomes resulted in a mechanistic switch from tumor cell toxicity to an antivascular therapy.
Total Synthesis of Pleofugin A, a Potent Inositol Phosphorylceramide Synthase Inhibitor (2018)

X-ray analysis and total synthesis of 1 unambiguously confirmed pleofingin A's absolute configuration. The total synthesis was achieved by convergent assembly of three fragments (12, 14, and 18). This synthetic approach provides access to derivatives of 1 to search for antifungal agents that will be more effective in clinical use.
Land rights and progressive wrongs (2003)

n August 2003, Prime Minister John Howard visited the community of Aurukun and attended the annual Cape York Land and Health Summit held at Uk-aw, the brown-snake story place, on Wik country. Since the community began regulating the availability of alcohol on January 1, 2003, there has been an 80 per cent reduction in the number of people with injuries presenting to the local hospital. The Aurukun community chose to limit alcohol consumption at the canteen, prohibiting takeaways and any importation of alcohol. Thus the village and, most importantly, the homes are free of the binge-drinking parties that are a feature of family and community life in Cape York Peninsula.
Transient and Quasi-Steady Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of a Left Ventricular Assist Device (2004)

The HeartQuest continuous flow left ventricle assist device (LVAD) with a magnetically levitated impeller operates under highly transient flow conditions. Due to insertion of the in-flow cannula into the apex of the left ventricle, the inlet flow rate is transient because of ventricular contraction, and the pump's asymmetric circumferential configuration with five rotating blades forces blood intermittently through the pump to the great arteries. These two transient conditions correspond to time varying boundary conditions and transient rotational sliding interfaces in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD was used to investigate the pump's performance under these dynamic flow conditions. A quasi-steady analysis was also conducted to evaluate the difference between the steady and transient analyses and demonstrate the significance of transient analysis, especially for transient rotational sliding interfaces transient simulations. This transient flow analysis can be applied generally in the design process of LVADs; it provides more reliable fluid forces and moments on the impeller for successful design of the magnetic suspension system and motor.
Design of weakly guiding Bragg fibres for chromatic dispersion shifting towards short wavelengths (2001)

The waveguiding in Bragg optical fibres is based on a radial photonic bandgap effect due to their periodic cladding. Even with a weak index contrast, these fibres can be used to strongly bind the electromagnetic field in the core. With an adequate index profile, the resulting field localization allows us to shift the zero-chromatic-dispersion wavelength of the unique mode below 1.3 µm, i.e. into a spectral range where nonlinear phenomena such as solitons or continuum generation become possible, in contrast to standard monomode fibres. A preliminary analysis, performed with the planar Bragg waveguide for simplicity, gives conditions to obtain a fast decrease of the field distribution in the periodic area. These conditions are then used to develop a simple method for determining an adequate geometry of weak-guiding fibres to achieve dispersion shifting. An approximate formula is given for index transition positions in the case of step index profiles. Examples of such profile determinations are presented. The possibility of reducing the zero-dispersion wavelength to 0.8 µm by means of a realistic index profile is proven. The validity of the method is confirmed by first measurements on an experimental Bragg fibre.
Central nervous system remyelination in culture — A tool for multiple sclerosis research (2011)

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which only affects humans. This makes it difficult to study at a molecular level, and to develop and test potential therapies that may change the course of the disease. The development of therapies to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis is a key research aim, to both aid restoration of electrical impulse conduction in nerves and provide neuroprotection, reducing disability in patients. Testing a remyelination therapy in the many and various in vivo models of multiple sclerosis is expensive in terms of time, animals and money. We report the development and characterisation of an ex vivo slice culture system using mouse brain and spinal cord, allowing investigation of myelination, demyelination and remyelination, which can be used as an initial reliable screen to select the most promising remyelination strategies. We have automated the quantification of myelin to provide a high content and moderately-high-throughput screen for testing therapies for remyelination both by endogenous and exogenous means and as an invaluable way of studying the biology of remyelination.
Preparation and Characterization of a Model Bimetallic Catalyst: Co–Pd Nanoparticles Supported on Al2O3 (2002)

Building catalyst models for complex catalytic systems is still a challenging task. In the case of supported bimetallic catalysts, such models can be obtained by taking advantage of nucleation and growth processes during the metal vapor deposition of two metals onto a suitable support (see picture). In this way, the origin of the sometimes surprisingly large changes observed in the adsorption and reaction properties of these systems in comparison to the pure metals can be studied in detail.
Modulation of airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia by selective histamine and 5‐HT receptor antagonists in a mouse model of allergic asthma (1998)

1. Since both histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) can be released by murine mast cells, we investigated the possible role of these autacoids on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophil infiltration and serum-IgE levels in a murine model of allergic asthma. 2. Ovalbumin-sensitized mice were exposed to either ovalbumin (2 mg ml(-1)) or saline aerosols on 8 consecutive days. Starting one day before the challenge, animals were injected i.p. twice a day with a 5-HT-type 1 (5-HT1) or type 2 (5-HT2) receptor antagonist (methiotepine, 1.25 or 2.0 mg kg(-1) and ketanserin, 12 mg kg(-1), respectively) or a histamine-type 1 (H1) or type 2 (H2) receptor antagonist (mepyramine, 12 or 20 mg kg(-1) and cimetidine, 10 or 25 mg kg(-1), respectively). Furthermore, animals were injected with a combination of cimetidine and ketanserin or with an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist (phentolamine, 5 mg kg(-1)). 3. In vehicle-treated ovalbumin-challenged animals airway responsiveness to intravenous injections of methacholine in vivo was significantly (9 fold increase, P<0.01) increased when compared to vehicle-treated saline-challenged animals. Furthermore, ovalbumin challenge of vehicle-treated animals induced a significant increase in both eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (0+/-0, vehicle/saline and 15.0+/-5.9 x 10(4) cells vehicle/ovalbumin, P<0.05) and ovalbumin-specific IgE levels in serum (157+/-69 and 617+/-171 units ml(-1), respectively, P<0.05) compared to saline-challenged mice. Virtually no eosinophils could be detected in saline-challenged animals after all different treatments. 4. Treatment with ketanserin or cimetidine resulted in a partial but significant decrease of the ovalbumin-induced AHR compared to ovalbumin-challenged controls (P<0.05) and reduced eosinophil infiltration after ovalbumin challenge by 60% and 58%, respectively. The combination of cimetidine and ketanserin almost completely abolished AHR whereas eosinophilia was decreased by 49%. No effects of these antagonists were observed on IL-16 levels in BAL fluid or on serum antigen-specific IgE levels. Treatment with either the H1-receptor, the 5-HT1-receptor or the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, did not decrease the observed ovalbumin-induced airway responsiveness or eosinophilia in vehicle-treated animals. Higher doses of either methiotepine (2.0 mg kg(-1)) or mepyramine (20 mg kg(-1)) did decrease ovalbumin-induced eosinophil infiltration (by 67%, P<0.05 and 73%, respectively), whereas no effects of these antagonists were observed on ovalbumin-specific IgE levels in serum. 5. From these data it can be concluded that both histamine and 5-HT play a role in antigen-induced AHR and eosinophilia in the mouse.
Estimation of microscope drift using fluorescent nanodiamonds as fiducial markers (2017)

Fiducial markers are used to correct the microscope drift and should be photostable, be usable at multiple wavelengths and be compatible for multimodal imaging. Fiducial markers such as beads, gold nanoparticles, microfabricated patterns and organic fluorophores lack one or more of these criteria. Moreover, the localization accuracy and drift correction can be degraded by other fluorophores, instrument noise and artefacts due to image processing and tracking algorithms. Estimating mechanical drift by assuming Gaussian distributed noise is not suitable under these circumstances. Here we present a method that uses fluorescent nanodiamonds as fiducial markers and uses an improved maximum likelihood algorithm to estimate the drift with both accuracy and precision within the range 1.55-5.75 nm.
A novel envelope-termination load-pull method for ACPR optimization of RF/microwave power amplifiers (2002)

A novel load-pull method for envelope-termination characterization is presented. The method enables the source and load envelope terminations to be easily evaluated to further optimize the linearity/efficiency tradeoff of RF/microwave power transistors used in digital wireless communication systems with time-varying envelopes. Results are presented for a 53 mm low-voltage LDMOS transistor at 850 MHz. It is shown that the optimal envelope termination may in general be complex, in contrast to the commonly held belief that the envelope-termination must be approximately zero. A simplified Volterra series analysis is used to qualitatively explain how the envelope termination impacts linearity.
The Dominican case (1991)

On August 16, 1978, Antonio Guzmán was inaugurated as president of the Dominican Republic. Although such an event might be taken for granted in many countries, for the Dominican Republic it was the first time that political power was transferred peacefully from one president to another. Before the 1978 election, political office was determined more by force than by electoral procedures. Since that watershed election, the ballot box has determined the nation's political leadership, and irregular seizures of power have been nonexistent. In 1982, national elections were again held and, although there were some discrepancies, the political parties and the military accepted the results. The 1986 elections produced yet another peaceful transfer of power. The most recent elections, on May 15, 1990, were historically symbolic, juxtaposing two long-standing political rivals – Joaquín Balaguer, the incumbent, and Juan Bosch, a man who had been ousted by a military golpe in 1963. Although the elections were very close and there was some question of fraud, Bosch accepted his defeat, and Balaguer was inaugurated president for the fifth time since 1966.