gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PHP: A BEGINNER'S GUIDE (2008)

Essential Skills--Made Easy!

Learn how to build dynamic, data-driven Web applications using PHP. Covering the latest release of this cross-platform, open-source scripting language, PHP: A Beginner's Guide teaches you how to write basic PHP programs and enhance them with more advanced features such as MySQL and SQLite database integration, XML input, and third-party extensions. This fast-paced tutorial provides one-stop coverage of software installation, language syntax and data structures, flow control routines, built-in functions, and best practices. 

Designed for Easy Learning: 

Key Skills & Concepts--Lists of specific skills covered in the chapter 
Ask the Expert--Q&A sections filled with bonus information and helpful tips 
Try This--Hands-on exercises that show how to apply your skills
Notes--Extra information related to the topic being covered
Tips--Helpful reminders or alternate ways of doing things 
Cautions--Errors and pitfalls to avoid
Self-Tests--Chapter-ending quizzes to test your knowledge
Annotated Syntax--Example code with commentary that describes the programming techniques being illustrated


Table of contents
Part I: Understanding PHP Basics
Chapter 1. Introducing PHP
Chapter 2. Using Variables and Operators
Chapter 3. Controlling Program Flow
Chapter 4. Working with Arrays
Chapter 5. Using Functions and Classes
Part II: Working with Data from Other Sources
Chapter 6. Working with Files and Directories
Chapter 7. Working with Databases and SQL
Chapter 8. Working with XML
Chapter 9. Working with Cookies, Sessions, and Headers
Part III: Security and Troubleshooting
Chapter 10. Handling Errors
Chapter 11. Securing PHP
Chapter 12. Expanding PHP
Part IV: Appendixes
Appendix A. Installing and Configuring Required Software
Appendix B. Answers to Self Test
Index
Optical spectra of Si/Ge-network copolymers: [Si(C6H13)]1−<i>x</i>[Ge(C6H13)]<i>x</i> (1994)

Optical properties of silicon- and germanium-based network copolymers, [Si(C6H13)]1−x- [Ge(C6H13) ]x, have been investigated for various Si/Ge compositions (x). The backbone Si/Ge atoms are coordinated by the three other Si/Ge backbone atoms in the polymers. These Si/Ge copolymers show the absorption spectra which are typical of amorphous semiconductors. Their color continuously traverses the visible range with x, which is due to the change of the band gap (Tauc gap) energy as well as to the presence of localized subgap states. The Si/Ge copolymer shows a broad band of luminescence in the visible region. The luminescence band maximum was observed to shift by ∼0.5 eV with change of the Si/Ge ratio.
Reliability Analysis of III-V Solar Cells Grown on Recycled GaAs Substrates and an Electroplated Nickel Substrate (2013)

This study involved analyzing the reliability of two types of III-V solar cells: (1) III-V solar cells grown on new and recycled gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrates and (2) the III-V solar cells transferred onto an electroplated nickel (Ni) substrate as III-V thin-film solar cells by using a cross-shaped pattern epitaxial lift-off (CPELO) process. The III-V solar cells were grown on new and recycled GaAs substrates to evaluate the reliability of the substrate. The recycled GaAs substrate was fabricated by using the CPELO process. The performance of the solar cells grown on the recycled GaAs substrate was affected by the uneven surface morphology of the recycled GaAs substrate, which caused the propagation of these dislocations into the subsequently grown active layer of the solar cell. The III-V solar cells were transferred onto an electroplated Ni substrate, which was also fabricated by using CPELO technology. The degradation of the III-V thin-film solar cell after conducting a thermal shock test could have been caused by microcracks or microvoids in the active layer or interface of the heterojunction, which resulted in the reduction of the external quantum efficiency response and the increase of recombination loss.
Milk fat globule EGF factor 8 in the serum of human patients of systemic lupus erythematosus (2008)

Mouse milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8), which is secreted by a subset of activated macrophages, binds to apoptotic cells by recognizing phosphatidylserine and promotes their engulfment. Many apoptotic cells are left unengulfed in the germinal centers of the spleen in MFG-E8(-/-) mice, and these mice develop an autoimmune disease resembling human systemic lupus erythematosus (hSLE). Here, we report that hMFG-E8 bound to phosphatidylserine and an integrin alpha(v)beta(3) complex. Increasing concentrations of MFG-E8 generated a bell-shaped response curve for the efficiency of phagocytosis. That is, in NIH3T3 and MFG-E8(-/-) thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages that do not express MFG-E8, hMFG-E8 enhanced engulfment at low concentrations but inhibited it at high concentrations. On the other hand, hMFG-E8 dose-dependently inhibited the engulfment of apoptotic cells by MFG-E8(+/+) thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages, indicating that an excess of MFG-E8 has an inverse effect on the engulfment of apoptotic cells. To investigate the role of MFG-E8 in human disease, we generated two mAb against MFG-E8 and screened human blood samples for MFG-E8 using an ELISA. We found that some childhood-onset and adult SLE patients carried a significant level of MFG-E8 in their blood samples. These results suggested that the aberrant expression of MFG-E8 is involved in the pathoetiology of some cases of hSLE.
The transcript catalogue of the short-lived fish Nothobranchius furzeri provides insights into age-dependent changes of mRNA levels (2013)

We provide a comprehensive, annotated N. furzeri transcript catalogue and a first transcriptome-wide insight into N. furzeri ageing. This data will serve as a basis for future functional studies of ageing-related genes.
Fiber laser-based light source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy (2007)

We demonstrate an alternative light source for CARS microspectroscopy based on a fiber laser and a photonic-crystal fiber. The light source simultaneously delivers a near-transform-limited picosecond pump pulse at 1033.5 nm and a frequency-shifted, near-transform-limited femtosecond Stokes pulse, tunable from 1033.5 nm to 1400 nm. This corresponds to a range 0 - 2500 cm(-1), so that Raman-active vibrations in this frequency range can be probed. The spectral resolution is 5 cm(-1), given by the spectral width of the pump pulse. The frequency range that can be probed simultaneously is 200 cm(-1)-wide, given by the spectral width of the Stokes pulse. The achievable pulse powers are 50 mW for the pump and 2 mW for the Stokes pulse. The repetition rate is 35 MHz. We demonstrate the capability of this light source by performing CARS microspectroscopy and comparing CARS spectra with Raman spectra.
Exchange of cobalt(<scp>II</scp>) for copper(<scp>II</scp>) in a spirocyclic metallasiloxane compound; X-ray crystal structure of the spirocyclic copper(<scp>II</scp>)siloxane Cu(OSiPh<sub>2</sub>OSiPh<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>-µ-(Lipy<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(py = pyridine) (1991)

Treatment of the spirocyclic cobalt compound C[graphic omitted])2-µ-(Litmeda)2(tmeda = tetramethylethylenediamine) with CuCl2 and pyridine afforded the analogous copper compound [graphic omitted])2-µ-(Lipy2)21 which has been characterised by X-ray crystallography.
Heart Disease in AIDS (2004)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World Health Organization, 36.1 million adults and 1.4 million children were living with HIV at the end of 2000 (1). AIDS deaths since the beginning of the epidemic total 21.8 million. During 2000, some 5.3 million people became infected with HIV, with 3 million deaths from HIV/AIDS. Deaths among those already infected will continue to increase (1). In the United States, about 40,000 new HIV infections occurred in the year 2000, with 688,000 cases of AIDS reported since 1981 (2).
Use of sequential Heidelberg retina tomograph images to identify changes at the optic disc in ocular hypertensive patients at risk of developing glaucoma (2000)

We have identified change in a subset of ocular hypertensive patients which could predate the development of glaucomatous visual field loss. The HRT could be of value in the sequential follow up of those suspected of having glaucoma by identifying eyes at risk of developing glaucoma. However, further refinement of the technique is required to eliminate some of the inherent variability of the analysis method described, and to increase the ability to detect at risk individuals.
Structure−Activity Relationships of Fluorinated Lysophosphatidic Acid Analogues (2005)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1- or 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) displays an intriguing cell biology that is mediated via interactions with seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the nuclear hormone receptor PPARgamma. To identify receptor-selective LPA analogues, we describe a series of fluorinated LPA analogues in which either the sn-1 or sn-2 hydroxyl group was replaced by a fluoro or fluoromethyl substituent. We also describe stabilized phosphonate analogues in which the bridging oxygen of the monophosphate was replaced by an alpha-monofluoromethylene (-CHF-) or alpha-difluoromethylene (-CF(2)-) moiety. The sn-2- and sn-1-fluoro-LPA analogues were unable to undergo acyl migration, effectively "freezing" them in the sn-1-O-acyl or sn-2-O-acyl forms, respectively. We first tested these LPA analogues on insect Sf9 cells induced to express human LPA(1), LPA(2), and LPA(3) receptors. While none of the analogues were found to be more potent than 1-oleoyl-LPA at LPA(1) and LPA(2), several LPA analogues were potent LPA(3)-selective agonists. In contrast, 1-oleoyl-LPA had similar activity at all three receptors. The alpha-fluoromethylene phosphonate analogue 15 activated calcium release in LPA(3)-transfected insect Sf9 cells at a concentration 100-fold lower than that of 1-oleoyl-LPA. This activation was enantioselective, with the (2S)-enantiomer showing 1000-fold more activity than the (2R)-enantiomer. Similar results were found for calcium release in HT-29 and OVCAR8 cells. Analogue 15 was also more effective than 1-oleoyl-LPA in activating MAPK and AKT in cells expressing high levels of LPA(3). The alpha-fluoromethylene phosphonate moiety greatly increased the half-life of 15 in cell culture. Thus, alpha-fluoromethylene LPA analogues are unique new phosphatase-resistant ligands that provide enantiospecific and receptor-specific biological readouts.
Hyperphosphorylation of tau is mediated by ERK activation during anticancer drug-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells (2001)

Phosphorylated tau protein is the major component of paired helical filaments in Alzheimer disease (AD). We have previously shown that abnormal tau phosphorylation was induced in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells by the anticancer drug, paclitaxel, during apoptosis [Guise et al., 1999: Apoptosis 4:47-58]. In the present study, we first demonstrated a shift from fetal tau to hyperphosphorylated tau after incubation with paclitaxel, that showed some similarities with the hyperphosphorylated tau in AD, by using several tau antibodies, N-Term, Tau-1 and AT-8. Tau phosphorylation occurred independently of caspase-3 activation. We next showed that a sustained activation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) induced both tau phosphorylation and apoptosis during paclitaxel treatment (1 microM). The inhibition of ERK activation by using the pharmacological MEK1/2 inhibitor, PD98059 (50 microM), or an antisense strategy, reduced tau phosphorylation and neuronal apoptosis (P < 0.001), indicating a link between ERK activation, tau phosphorylation and apoptosis. Doxorubicin (0.2 microM), an anticancer drug whose mechanism of action is independent of microtubules, also induced ERK activation, tau phosphorylation and apoptosis. Moreover, doxorubicin induced some morphological features of neurodegeneration such as loss of neurites and disorganization of the cytoskeleton in apoptotic neuroblastoma cells. Altogether, our results suggest that tau phosphorylation plays a significant role in apoptosis enhancing disruption of microtubules that in turn leads to formation of apoptotic bodies, suggesting that neurodegeneration and apoptosis are related.
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for batroxobin, a thrombin-like snake venom enzyme. (1987)

Determination of the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for batroxobin, a thrombin-like enzyme from Bothrops atrox, moojeni venom, allowed elucidation of the complete amino acid sequence of batroxobin for the first time for a thrombin-like snake venom enzyme. The molecular weight of batroxobin is 25,503 (231 amino acids). The amino acid sequence of batroxobin exhibits significant homology with those of mammalian serine proteases (trypsin, pancreatic kallikrein, and thrombin), indicating that batroxobin is a member of the serine protease family. Based on this homology and enzymatic and chemical studies, the catalytic residues and disulfide bridges of batroxobin were deduced to be as follows: catalytic residues, His41, Asp86, and Ser178; and disulfide bridges, Cys7-Cys139, Cys26-Cys42, Cys74-Cys230, Cys118-Cys184, Cys150-Cys163, and Cys174-Cys199. The amino-terminal amino acid residue of batroxobin, valine, is preceded by 24 amino acids. This may indicate that the amino-terminal hydrophobic peptide (18 amino acids) is a prepeptide and that the hydrophilic peptide (6 amino acids), preceded by the putative prepeptide, is a propeptide.
Intradiscal Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Lumbar and Cervical Disc Problems (1980)

Forty-two intradiscal injections were performed in 29 patients having lumbar disc disease, 19 of whom had nonradiating back pain and 10 of whom had back and leg pain. Discograms were abnormal for 27 patients, but myelograms were abnormal for only four. Twenty-two injections (52%) gave relief of pain for a minimum of one month, but only 14 (33%) for at least three months. Of the 29 patients, six (21%) have obtained relief lasting six months to several years and have not required surgery. Twenty injections were performed in 14 patients having cervical disc disease, 11 of whom had neck and arm pain and three of whom had discogenic neck pain. Contrast and anesthesia discograms were abnormal for all patients, but myelograms were abnormal for only four. Thirteen injections (65%) gave relief of pain for a minimum of one month, but only three (15%) for at least three months. Of the 14 patients, three (21%) have obtained relief lasting six months to several years and have not required surgery.
183GHz 13.5mW/pixel CMOS regenerative receiver for mm-wave imaging applications (2011)

Terahertz and mm-Wave-based imagers have recently gained interest for imaging in security screening and bio-imaging applications. For these applications to become practical, the core pixel circuits employed in an imaging array must meet challenging constraints that originate from the system level design and the needs of constructing large array structures on-chip. The most critical of these constraints is that the pixel must consume very low power, as an array will inflate the total power by n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , where n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> is the total number of pixels in a square (n x n) array. Pixel circuit area is the 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> major constraint, as the single pixel area will be also inflated by n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . This area constraint is critical because the cost-effective pixel array should ideally fit on a wafer to facilitate monolithic fabrication and avoid the need for complicated mechanical assembly of multiple array sections. A third system-level constraint similar to that experienced in CMOS image sensor arrays is the challenge of routing large numbers of analog signals between each pixel in the array and the sampling ADC.
Quantitative MRI in patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of demyelination (1999)

Quantification of changes detected by T2-weighted brain MRI at the earliest clinical stages is strongly predictive of the subsequent development of CDMS as well as the clinical course and level of disability 10 years later.
Reinvestigation and extension of the aluminum chloride induced reactions of resorcinol and hydroquinone with 3,6-dichloropyridazine (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReinvestigation and extension of the aluminum chloride induced reactions of resorcinol and hydroquinone with 3,6-dichloropyridazineWilliam J. Coates and Alexander McKillopCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 19, 5418–5420Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00306a026https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00306a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views283Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Isotopic dependence of the lattice constant of diamond (1991)

We report measurements of lattice constants of single-crystal synthetic diamonds that cover the range of isotopic compositions from almost-pure $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ to almost-pure $^{13}\mathrm{C}$. These provide a demonstration of an effect of isotopic composition on the lattice constant of this material. The results are consistent with a linear dependence ${\mathit{a}}_{0}$(C,25 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C,x)=3.567 15-0.000 53x \AA{}, where x is the atom fraction of $^{13}\mathrm{C}$. This corresponds to a fractional change between the end compositions of \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{a}}_{0}$/${\mathit{a}}_{0}$=-1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$, which is less than the smallest value in a range of theoretical estimates that have been published previously. The synthetic diamonds yielded (400) Bragg peaks with widths in the range 12--17 arc sec that are not perceptibly dependent on the isotopic composition.
Action of tumor-inhibitory gum tragacanth on potassium permeability of ascites tumor cells and partial characterization of the cytotoxic component. (1972)

Summary Electrolyte balance was examined in ascites tumor cells treated with the surface-combining mitotic inhibitor gum tragacanth. Potassium and sodium levels remained normal during treatment with physiological doses of the agent, thus precluding imbalance of these ions as an explanation of the tumor-inhibitory effect. Incorporation of amino acids into protein also remained unaffected. Washing and centrifugation of treated cells resulted in a dose-dependent loss of potassium and gain of H2O, indicating that tragacanth sensitizes the membrane to mechanical damage. Both this membrane alteration and the tumor-inhibitory effect are observed whether or not ascitic fluid is present in the treatment medium. In contrast, the nature of the reaction at the cell surface, as revealed by periodic acid-Schiff staining, is strongly dependent on ascitic fluid protein; in its absence the agent apparently penetrates into the peripheral area of the cell, and in a form which no longer distinguishes native inhibitory tragacanth from its heat-deactivated control. Fractionation of phosphate-buffered saline suspensions of the gum by centrifugation showed the tumor-inhibitory component to be located exclusively in the soluble portion, but both portions affected membrane function. Further purification of the soluble portion on DEAE-cellulose showed tumor-inhibitory activity to be related to negative charge.
Design of on-body antenna for Wireless Body Area Network (2012)

In this paper, a patch antenna for 2.45 GHz ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) band Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications is proposed. To enhance specific absorption rate (SAR), an electrically coupled LC resonator is introduced. The overall dimensions of the proposed antenna are 54 × 45 × 2.4 mm3 and it has a gain of over 1 dBi for the entire 2.45 GHz ISM band. The proposed antenna has an enhanced F/B ratio and specific absorption rate, compared with those of a conventional patch antenna.
Spatial Light Modulators: Processing Light in Real Time (1997)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Pierre R. Barbier and Garret Moddel, "Spatial Light Modulators: Processing Light in Real Time," Optics & Photonics News 8(3), 16-21 (1997) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Contrasting Modes of Evolution Between Vertebrate Sweet/Umami Receptor Genes and Bitter Receptor Genes (2005)

Taste reception is fundamental to diet selection in many animals. The genetic basis underlying the evolution and diversity of taste reception, however, is not well understood. Recent discoveries of T1R sweet/umami receptor genes and T2R bitter receptor genes in humans and mice provided an opportunity to address this question. Here, we report the identification of 20 putatively functional T1R genes and 167 T2R genes from the genome sequences of nine vertebrates, including three fishes, one amphibian, one bird, and four mammals. Our comparative genomic analysis shows that orthologous T1R sequences are relatively conserved in evolution and that the T1R gene repertoire remains virtually constant in size across most vertebrates, except for the loss of the T1R2 sweet receptor gene in the sweet-insensitive chicken and the absence of all T1R genes in the tongueless western clawed frog. In contrast, orthologous T2R sequences are more variable, and the T2R repertoire diverges tremendously among species, from only three functional genes in the chicken to 49 in the frog. These evolutionary patterns suggest the relative constancy in the number and type of sweet and umami tastants encountered by various vertebrates or low binding specificities of T1Rs but a large variation in the number and type of bitter compounds detected by different species. Although the rate of gene duplication is much lower in T1Rs than in T2Rs, signals of positive selection are detected during the functional divergences of paralogous T1Rs, as was previously found among paralogous T2Rs. Thus, functional divergence and specialization of taste receptors generally occurred via adaptive evolution.