gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Saturated phospholipids are required for nano- to micron-size transformation of cholesterol-containing liposomes upon QS21 addition (2018)

Liposomes containing cholesterol and monophosphoryl lipid A (such as ALFQ and AS01B) are vaccine adjuvants. During construction of the formulations, addition of QS21 to nano-size (50-100 nm) liposomes resulted in extremely large (up to ∼30 µm) liposomes in ALFQ, but AS01B liposomes remained small nano-vesicles. Here, we show that saturation of phospholipid chains is essential for production of large liposomes by QS21.
Modes in diffused optical waveguides of arbitrary index profile (1975)

A method is presented for numerical calculation of the phase constants of the modes of diffused optical waveguides of arbitrary index profile. For a given bulk and surface index, the phase constants can be plotted against diffusion depth. Graphs giving the number of modes supported by a guide with a particular diffusion depth and index change can also be calculated. Examples are given for complementary error function, Gaussian, and exponential profiles, with indices representative of metal-diffused LiNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> guides. It is also shown that, by making certain approximations, the modes of a diffused waveguide may be described by just two quantities, a normalized diffusion depth and a normalized mode index. A single universal chart of these two quantities can be made for any diffusion shape, and all diffused guides with this diffusion shape are described by this chart. Charts are given for complementary error function, Gaussian, and exponential shapes. Careful measurement of effective mode indices of Ni-diffused LiNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> guides fit the universal chart for a complementary error-function shape. A second type of universal chart for each shape relates the number of modes to the diffusion depth and indices of refraction.
A Multielectrode Electrochemical and Scanning Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry Study of Methanol Oxidation on Electrodeposited Pt<i><sub>x</sub></i>Ru<i><sub>y</sub></i> (2004)

Methanol electro-oxidation was studied on a series of electrodeposited PtxRuy catalysts constructed as multielement band electrodes. A combination of electrochemical and scanning differential electrochemical mass spectrometry measurements were performed to evaluate the composition-dependence of methanol oxidation, methanol decomposition, CO2 current efficiency, and the product distribution at 25 and 50 °C. At 25 °C, cyclic voltammetry revealed that the presence of Ru led to enhanced methanol oxidation rates over that of pure Pt. Methanol decomposition showed a similar composition-dependence. Mass spectrometry measurements revealed the evolution of HCOOH and CO2 during methanol oxidation and allowed indirect determination of H2CO produced. Notably, these products were not observed during methanol decomposition. The most active electrode compositions and the highest instantaneous current efficiencies for the formation of CO2 were found to depend on several factors. At 25 °C, the maximum activity was ∼10% Ru, while at 50 °C the most active composition increased to ∼25% Ru. Pure Pt had the highest instantaneous current efficiency for CO2 at both temperatures. The product distribution reflected high CO2 evolution for Pt, with an increasing fraction of the product emerging as H2CO at higher Ru content. Increasing the temperature improved the CO2 current efficiency for all electrode compositions. These results confirm that methanol oxidation occurs though a parallel reaction pathway on PtxRuy electrodes. In addition, the balance between the different reaction pathways depends on several factors, including Ru composition and temperature.
Electromagnetic Wave Interactions with a Metamaterial Cloak (2007)

We establish analytically the interactions of electromagnetic wave with a general class of spherical cloaks based on a full wave Mie scattering model. We show that for an ideal cloak the total scattering cross section is absolutely zero, but for a cloak with a specific type of loss, only the backscattering is exactly zero, which indicates the cloak can still be rendered invisible with a monostatic (transmitter and receiver in the same location) detection. Furthermore, we show that for a cloak with imperfect parameters the bistatic (transmitter and receiver in different locations) scattering performance is more sensitive to eta(t)=square root micro(t)/epsilon(t) than n(t)=square root micro(t)epsilon(t).
Intermittent Failures in Hardware and Software (2014)

Intermittent failures and no fault found (NFF) phenomena are a concern in electronic systems because of their unpredictable nature and irregular occurrence. They can impose significant costs for companies, damage the reputation of a company, or be catastrophic in systems such as nuclear plants or avionics. Intermittent failures in systems can be attributed to hardware failures or software failures. In order to diagnose and mitigate the intermittent failures in systems, the nature and the root cause of these failures have to be understood. In this paper we have reviewed the current literature concerning intermittent failures and have a comprehensive study on how these failures happen, how to detect them and how to mitigate them.
Mineral Volume and Morphology in Carotid Plaque Specimens Using High-Resolution MRI and CT (2005)

Mineral volumes generated from MRI or CT data were highly correlated. CT provided a more detailed depiction of mineralization patterns and provided BMD and BMC in addition to mineral volume. The extent of mineralization as well as the morphology may ultimately be useful in assessing plaque stability.
Optimizing the front-end power solution for automotive ADAS systems (2017)

In this paper the front-end power solution for automotive ADAS electronic systems is analyzed. The increased complexity of electronic systems in ADAS automotive brings new challenges for hardware design, especially with regard to improving the efficiency of the switched-mode power supply while maintaining the overall cost reasonably low and keeping the occupied area on the PCB as small as possible. Four topologies of Noninverting step-up/step-down converter are analyzed. A real-life case is considered and 4 DC-DC converters are designed and simulated to fulfill the requirements. Finally a comparison between the circuits is undertaken. Results are analyzed from the point of view of efficiency, area and price and a decision is reached for the most optimized converter.
The Circadian Pattern of Melatonin and Its Positive Relationship with Progesterone in Women (1986)

To investigate the possible role of melatonin in the regulation of the human menstrual cycle, the circadian pattern of melatonin was determined in the follicular and luteal phases of 10 normal women. Four-hourly sampling was used to derive a melatonin index which described the total exposure to melatonin for 24 h. This sampling procedure adequately represented the circadian melatonin output and demonstrated that pulses of melatonin secretion, inconsistent with a measured half-life of 47 min, did not exist. A significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the melatonin index was found in the luteal phase compared to that in the follicular phase. To investigate the influence of exogenous progestins on the melatonin pattern, repeated 24-h profiles were measured in 8 women taking the 3-phase contraceptive pill. There was a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in the melatonin index associated with an increase in the dose of progestin. These results are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone and suggest that changes in the circadian pattern of melatonin secretion, rising during the luteal phase with a fall before ovulation, may act as a modulator of cyclicity.
Prediction of Speech Intelligibility at High Noise Levels (1958)

Speech intelligibility in noise was measured at noise levels ranging up to 130 db using various speech-to-noise (S/N) ratios. The noise and speech signals were mixed electrically and presented to the listeners over earphones. Five combinations of the following speech and noise spectra were used: speech frequency-emphasis of 0 db and +6 db per octave; random noise spectra with slopes of 0, +6, and −12 db per octave. With S/N ratio held constant, large decrements in intelligibility were observed for all spectra as the noise level was increased within the range studied. Methods of predicting speech intelligibility in noise are evaluated in terms of the results. Three indexes for prediction of speech intelligibility are considered: (1) the over-all S/N ratio, (2) articulation index (AI) computed by the method of French and Steinberg, and (3) AI computed by Beranek's method. The most accurate index of prediction at high noise levels was found to be that of French and Steinberg, when suitably modified according to the present results. The simplest index, the over-all S/N ratio, was found to be reasonably accurate when corrected for high noise levels by a function derived from the test results.
Influence of the Precipitation Agent in the Deposition−Precipitation on the Formation and Properties of Au Nanoparticles Supported on Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (2006)

Au nanoparticles supported on Al2O3 were prepared by deposition-precipitation of HAuCl4 with different precipitation agents NaOH and urea. The samples were investigated by means of different characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that depending on the precipitation agent, the Au particles have a different Au-Au coordination number and size after calcination at 523 K. Whereas the use of NaOH leads to the formation of Au nanoparticles with a Au-Au coordination number of 6.7 and a mean diameter below 2 nm, those prepared with urea have a mean size of 3.1 nm. The Au-Au coordination number could be determined as 8.6. At the smaller particles obtained with NaOH, hints for Au-O interactions were found. For these particles TEM results advise a rather flat lenticular morphology. Different deposition mechanisms depending on the precipitation agent are discussed as the reason for the formation of nanoparticles with different shapes, sizes, and valence states.
Use of Antisera to Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) to Detect Non-FSH Factors in Human Serum which Modulate Rat Granulosa Cell Steroidogenesis* (1985)

We measured the ability of serum from women to stimulate steroidogenesis in cultured granulosa cells. Serum promoted estradiol and progesterone synthesis in proportion to its FHS content measured by RIA [i.e. serum from postmenopausal women (PM) greater than serum from the midcycle at the time of the gonadotropin surge (MC) greater than serum from the first day of the menstrual cycle (D1) greater than serum from a hypophysectomized woman (AP)]. The FSH activity of these sera was reduced but not eliminated when we included excess antisera to ovine or human FSH in the culture medium (i.e. PM greater than MC greater than D1 greater than AP). These antisera completely neutralized the actions of ovine FSH, human FSH, and menopausal gonadotropin (Pergonal) added to serum. In contrast to the stimulation seen with 5% or lower concentrations of serum in the culture medium, we observed that 10-20% serum inhibited FSH-induced androgen aromatization and progesterone accumulation. The degree of stimulation or inhibition of steroidogenesis depended on the number of granulosa cells added to each culture. High initial cell concentrations inhibited the ability of the cells to respond to either serum or PMSG. In addition to factors which stimulate or inhibit FSH-induced steroidogenesis, human serum contains factors distinct from FSH which cause the cells to flatten and adhere more tightly to the culture dishes. Although progesterone synthesis was increased in cells which had flattened on the surface of the culture dishes, this phenomenon was not a prerequisite for serum-induced steroidogenesis. We conclude that serum contains factors immunologically distinct from FSH, possibly of pituitary origin, which induce granulosa cell steroidogenesis. In addition, serum contains inhibitory substances which block hormone-induced steroidogenesis and which tend to obscure the stimulatory effects of FSH. Detection of both factors depends in part on the number of granulosa cells used to innoculate the cell cultures.
Potent analgesic effects of anticonvulsants on peripheral thermal nociception in rats (2003)

1. Anticonvulsant agents are commonly used to treat neuropathic pain conditions because of their effects on voltage- and ligand-gated channels in central pain pathways. However, their interaction with ion channels in peripheral pain pathways is poorly understood. Therefore, we studied the potential analgesic effects of commonly used anticonvulsant agents in peripheral nociception. 2. We injected anticonvulsants intradermally into peripheral receptive fields of sensory neurons in the hindpaws of adult rats, and studied pain perception using the model of acute thermal nociception. Commonly used anticonvulsants such as voltage-gated Na+ channel blockers, phenytoin and carbamazepine, and voltage-gated Ca2+ channel blockers, gabapentin and ethosuximide, induced dose-dependent analgesia in the injected paw, with ED50 values of 0.30, 0.32 and 8, 410 microg per 100 microl, respectively. 3. Thermal nociceptive responses were not affected in the contralateral, noninjected paws, indicating a lack of systemic effects with doses of anticonvulsants that elicited local analgesia. 4. Hill slope coefficients for the tested anticonvulsants indicate that the dose-response curve was less steep for gabapentin than for phenytoin, carbamazepine and ethosuximide. 5. Our data strongly suggest that cellular targets like voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels, similar to those that mediate the effects of anticonvulsant agents in the CNS, may exist in the peripheral nerve endings of rat sensory neurons. Thus, peripherally applied anticonvulsants that block voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels may be useful analgesics.
Educating police for uncertain times: the Australian experience and the case for a ‘normative’ approach (2011)

Abstract Police find themselves operating in difficult times. High expectations and increased accountability do not sit comfortably with rigid organisational and hierarchical rank-based command structures. Competing notions about what policing ought to be are currently being played out. A contest over a ‘service’ or ‘force’ perspective mirrors the political and social unease about how to deal with law and order issues amid the complexity of contemporary life. Struggling to deal with these uncertain times, senior police managers understand the need for a transformational shift in order to keep policing relevant. They recognise that a significant part of that movement is about taking new approaches to training and education. While it is reasonable to say that police do not always comprehend the training and education environment, they do have a stated commitment to professional formation and development. That commitment has waxed and waned and poor choices have been made in the past. But policing has not been well served by education bureaucracies or providers of education services either.
An atlas of two-dimensional materials (2014)

The discovery of graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials together with recent advances in exfoliation techniques have set the foundations for the manufacturing of single layered sheets from any layered 3D material. The family of 2D materials encompasses a wide selection of compositions including almost all the elements of the periodic table. This derives into a rich variety of electronic properties including metals, semimetals, insulators and semiconductors with direct and indirect band gaps ranging from ultraviolet to infrared throughout the visible range. Thus, they have the potential to play a fundamental role in the future of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and the assembly of novel ultrathin and flexible devices. We categorize the 2D materials according to their structure, composition and electronic properties. In this review we distinguish atomically thin materials (graphene, silicene, germanene, and their saturated forms; hexagonal boron nitride; silicon carbide), rare earth, semimetals, transition metal chalcogenides and halides, and finally synthetic organic 2D materials, exemplified by 2D covalent organic frameworks. Our exhaustive data collection presented in this Atlas demonstrates the large diversity of electronic properties, including band gaps and electron mobilities. The key points of modern computational approaches applied to 2D materials are presented with special emphasis to cover their range of application, peculiarities and pitfalls.
The most negative life experiences of college students (1989)

Replicated 1972 study in which college students (N=208) described their most negative life experiences. College students reported negative experiences most frequently involved illness/injury, parents, and death. Interactions with teachers were at bottom of list in current study; previously this experience had been mentioned most frequently. (Author/ABL) Language: en
Affinities of the Nucleocapsid Protein for Variants of SL3 RNA in HIV-1 (2002)

Efficient packaging of genomic RNA into new HIV-1 virus particles requires that nucleocapsid domains of precursor proteins bind the SL3 tetraloop (G317-G-A-G320) from the 5'-untranslated region. This paper presents the affinities of 35 RNA variants of SL3 for the mature 55mer NC protein, as measured by fluorescence quenching of tryptophan-37 in the protein by nucleobases. The 1:1 complexes that form in 0.2 M NaCl have dissociation constants ranging from 8 nM (GGUG) to 20 microM (GAUA). The highly conserved (GGAG) sequence for the wild type is not the most stable (K(d) = 28 nM), suggesting that other selective pressures beyond the stability of the complex must be satisfied. The leading requirement for strong interaction is for G320, followed closely by G318. Replacing either with U, A, or C reduces affinity by a factor of 15-120. NC-domains from multiple proteins combine to recognize unpaired G(2)-loci, where two guanines are in close proximity. We have previously measured affinities of the NC protein for the important stem-loops of the major packaging domain [Shubsda, M. F., Paoletti, A. C., Hudson, B. S., and Borer, P. N. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 5276-82]. Comparison with the present work shows that the nature of the stem also modulates NC-RNA interactions. Placing the G(2)-loci from the apical SL2 or SL1 loops on the SL3 stem increases affinity by a factor of 2-3, while placing the SL4 loop on the SL3 stem reduces affinity 50-fold. These results are interesting in the context of RNA-protein interaction, as well as for the discovery of antiNC agents for AIDS therapy.
A Deep Learning Approach for Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motors in Manufacturing (2017)

Extracting features from original signals is a key procedure for traditional fault diagnosis of induction motors, as it directly influences the performance of fault recognition. However, high quality features need expert knowledge and human intervention. In this paper, a deep learning approach based on deep belief networks (DBN) is developed to learn features from frequency distribution of vibration signals with the purpose of characterizing working status of induction motors. It combines feature extraction procedure with classification task together to achieve automated and intelligent fault diagnosis. The DBN model is built by stacking multiple-units of restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), and is trained using layer-by-layer pre-training algorithm. Compared with traditional diagnostic approaches where feature extraction is needed, the presented approach has the ability of learning hierarchical representations, which are suitable for fault classification, directly from frequency distribution of the measurement data. The structure of the DBN model is investigated as the scale and depth of the DBN architecture directly affect its classification performance. Experimental study conducted on a machine fault simulator verifies the effectiveness of the deep learning approach for fault diagnosis of induction motors. This research proposes an intelligent diagnosis method for induction motor which utilizes deep learning model to automatically learn features from sensor data and realize working status recognition.
CC Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) Desensitization (2010)

CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), the major HIV coreceptor, is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in cell activation and migration in response to chemokines. Blockade of CCR5 is an effective anti-HIV strategy, and potent anti-HIV chemokine analogs such as PSC-RANTES have been developed. These inhibitors act by interfering with receptor trafficking, thereby inducing prolonged intracellular sequestration of CCR5. Like many GPCRs, CCR5 is desensitized following agonist activation. The initial steps in this process are well understood, but later stages, including where CCR5 is sequestered during desensitization, and how anti-HIV chemokine analogs intervene to achieve prolonged sequestration, have yet to be elucidated in detail. In this study we demonstrate that CCR5 cycles to and from the cell surface via the endosome recycling compartment and the trans-Golgi network during desensitization, accumulating in the trans-Golgi network following internalization by both PSC-RANTES and CCL5, the native ligand from which it was derived. In addition, we show that unlike CCR5 sequestered by CCL5, CCR5 sequestered by PSC-RANTES cannot be induced to return to the cell surface by addition of the small molecule CCR5 inhibitor, TAK-779, and that association of PSC-RANTES with CCR5 is more durable than that of native CCL5 during desensitization. Our findings reconcile the previously conflicting descriptions of the location of sequestered CCR5 during desensitization, as well as providing more general insights into potential trafficking routes for endocytosed GPCRs and further elucidation of the unusual inhibitory mechanism of chemokine analogs with potent anti-HIV activity.
Conics and cubics connected with a plane cubic by certain covariant relations (1900)

It is to be expected that the systematic introduction of irrational covariants will enrich geometry with curves and surfaces, not previously observed or discussed, allied to any given fundamental system by projective relations. Well known irrationalities also must be expected often to reappear. In 1888 Dr. HILBERT t remarked the existence of two nets of conics covariantly related to a general curve of third order in a plane. Two additional systems, nets of curves of the second class, can easily be defined by anl equation closely analogous to Hilbert's. These systems of conics and the four cubics whose polars they are prove to be not entirely unknowvn hitherto, for their dually equivalent loci and envelopes form the basis of the one-to-one correspondences upon the point-cubic and the line-cutbic respectively. That only two of every three such correspondences are found here is due to the domain of rationality that is assumed. By employing the irrationality that occurs in HESSE'S canonical fornm of the cubic I ani able to identify Hilbert's two systems of irrational covariant conics and to exhibit their relation to the other two systems just mentioned. As a consequence it is found possible to give explicitly covariant equations of definition for the two cubics which have the same Hessian and for those which have the same Cayleyan as a given fundamental cubic. These results are here derived by the aid of a canonical form of the cubic containing Hesse's irrationality. The desirable invariantive proofs of these results are given by Professor GORDAN in a paper presented by him to the Americani Mathematical Society for publication in its Transactions.4