gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
BIT Unfair: An Illustration of the Backlash against International Arbitration in Latin America, A (2012)

With the survival of BITs at fulcrum, the Second Circuit recently decided a highly publicized and notorious case applying international arbitration in Chevron Corp. v. Republic of Ecuador. This comment will discuss Chevron and its effects within the wider corpus of BIT international arbitration to provide an illustration of the current debate and status of the BIT framework. The purported benefits BITs provide to signatory countries exist theoretically, and to test these theoretical underpinnings, this comment will discuss Chevron for the purpose of providing real context to a predominately academic debate. Chevron shall demonstrate that theoretical effects and practical effects are not equivalent and, possibly, why the current crisis in BIT arbitration exists. This comment takes the position that, despite the great potential of BITs, the continued survival of the BIT regime depends on evenhanded and fair judicial application, considerations ignored in Chevron.
Photovoltaic performance of hybrid ITO/PEDOT：PSS/n-SnS/Al solar cell structure (2016)

The present paper discusses the performance of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/n-SnS/Al structured solar cells fabricated by thermal evaporation.The performance characterizing parameters such as the open circuit voltage,short circuit current density,series resistance,parallel resistance,ideality factor and the overall efficiency were found to be dependent on the SnS grain size in the nano-meter regime and incident light intensity.The experimental work directly reconfirms the theoretical results and ideas raised in the literature by early researchers.
(<i>Z</i>)- and (<i>E</i>)-2-((Hydroxymethyl)cyclopropylidene)methyladenine and -guanine. New Nucleoside Analogues with a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity (1998)

New nucleoside analogues 14-17 based on a methylenecyclopropane structure were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity. Reaction of 2,3-dibromopropene (19) with adenine (18) led to bromoalkene 20, which was benzoylated to give N6,N6-dibenzoyl derivative 23. Attempts to convert 20 or 23 to bromocyclopropanes 21 and 22 by reaction with ethyl diazoacetate catalyzed by Rh2(OAc)4 were futile. By contrast, 2,3-dibromopropene (19) afforded smoothly (E)- and (Z)-dibromocyclopropane carboxylic esters 24 + 25. Alkylation of adenine (18) with 24 + 25 gave (E)- and (Z)-bromo derivatives 21 + 22. Base-catalyzed elimination of HBr resulted in the formation of (Z)- and (E)-methylenecyclopropanecarboxylic esters 26 + 27. More convenient one-pot alkylation-elimination of adenine (18) or 2-amino-6-chloropurine (30) with 24 + 25 afforded (Z)- and (E)-methylenecyclopropane derivatives 26 + 27 and 31 + 32. The Z-isomers were always predominant in these mixtures (Z/E approximately 2/1). Reduction of 26 + 27 and 31 + 32 with DIBALH afforded (Z)- and (E)-methylenecyclopropane alcohols 14 + 16 and 33 + 34. The latter were resolved directly by chromatography. Compounds 14 + 16 were converted to N6-(dimethylamino)methylene derivatives 28 and 29 which were separated and deprotected to give 14 and 16. Reaction of 33 and 34 with HCO2H led to guanine analogues 15 and 17. The 1H NMR spectra of the Z-analogues 14 and 15 are consistent with an anti-like conformation of the nucleobases. By contrast, 1H NMR and IR spectra of bromo ester 21 are indicative of syn-conformation of adenine. Several Z-(hydroxymethyl)methylenecyclopropanes exhibited in vitro antiviral activity in micromolar or submicromolar range against human and murine cytomegalovirus (HCMV and MCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Analogues 14, 15, and 33 were the most effective agents against HCMV (IC50 1-2.1, 0.04-2.1, and 0.8-5.6 microM), MCMV (IC50 2.1, 0.3, and 0.3 microM) and EBV in H-1 (IC50 0.2, 0.3, and 0.7 microM) and Daudi cells (IC50 3.2, 5.6, and 1.2 microM). Adenine analogue 14 was active against HBV (IC50 2 microM), VZV (IC50 2.5 microM), and HHV-6 (IC50 14 microM). Synadenol (14) and the E-isomer (16) were substrates of moderate efficiency for adenosine deaminase from calf intestine. The E-isomer 16 was more reactive than Z-isomer 14. The deamination of 14 effectively stopped at 50% conversion. Synadenol (14) was also deaminated by AMP deaminase from aspergillus sp.
Electrode–electrolyte interfaces in lithium-based batteries (2018)

This review presents the research progress and future perspectives for understanding/manipulating the electrode–electrolyte interfaces in Li-based batteries.
Dynamic Response of No-Insulation and Partial-Insulation Coils for HTS Wind Power Generator (2014)

In this paper, we present results, experimental and numerical, of the electromagnetic interaction forces between pairs of racetrack coils under time-varying conditions. Three turn-to-turn insulation designs were applied to wind three racetrack coils with GdBCO coated conductor: 1) no insulation (NI); 2) partial insulation (PI) of a polyimide layer every eight turns; and 3) insulation (INS) of a polyimide layer between each, i.e., NI, PI, and INS racetracks. Two racetrack pairs, namely, NI-INS and PI-INS, were tested for their interaction forces, measured with load cell under current-ramping conditions in a bath of liquid nitrogen at 77 K. Good experimental and simulation results validate our equivalent circuit model to compute interaction forces of PI-INS racetrack pair. Overcurrent test of NI and PI coils, where each racetrack coil was charged above critical current (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> ), was also performed to compare coil stability. This result implies that, although the PI winding technique improves the dynamic response, stability will be somewhat compromised.
Cadmium-tin oxide films deposited by rf sputtering from a CdO-SnO2 target (1979)

Cadmium-tin oxide (CTO) films with high conductivity and high transparency were prepared by rf sputtering from a CdO-SnO2 target in an Ar or Ar-O2 atmosphere. The resistivity of CTO films was 6.5×10−4 Ω in the film thickness range of 2500–15000 Å, and the average transmission was 90% over the visible region.
Speed vs. accuracy in simulation for I/O-intensive applications (2002)

This paper presents a family of simulators that have been developed for data-intensive applications, and a methodology to select the most efficient one based on a user-supplied requirement for accuracy. The methodology consists of a series of tests that select an appropriate simulation based on the attributes of the application. In addition, each simulator provides two estimates of application execution time: one for the minimum expected time and the other for the maximum. We present the results of applying the strategy to existing applications and show that we can accurately simulate applications tens to hundreds of times faster than application execution time.
Simplified optical path-averaged rain gauge (1978)

It has previously been shown that the scintillations produced by raindrops falling through a collimated laser beam can be used to measure the drop-size distribution and the rainfall rate, both averaged over the path. We now present a theoretical analysis, verified by observation, showing that the variance of the scintillations detected by a line-detector measured at frequencies near 1 kHz is closely related to rain rate and is nearly independent of drop-size distribution. If only rain rate is desired, the variance type of optical rain gauge has several advantages over the earlier model. It could use a diverging beam, thus eliminating the practical difficulties of maintaining adjustment and pointing of a collimated beam. Furthermore, it is less sensitive to the presence of updrafts and downdrafts along the beam and can thus be used over rough terrain.
Parasitic suppression in large aperture disk lasers employing liquid edge claddings (1976)

A liquid edge cladding system for parasitic suppression in large aperture, high gain disk laser amplifiers has been developed and tested. A near-saturated aqueous solution of Znl(2) was employed for index-matching. Adequate fluorescence absorption was demonstrated using either dissolved NiCl(2) or chrome black oxide coating applied to the disk holder. Application of liquid cladding to a 20-cm aperture disk laser amplifier increased energy storage capability by approximately 20% over conventional solder glass claddings.
Leucocyte cation transport in essential hypertension: its relation to the renin-angiotensin system. (1981)

Leucocyte cation transport measured when patients received a normal sodium intake and the response of the renin-angiotensin system to changes in sodium intake were studied in 22 patients with essential hypertension. The rate constant for total leucocyte sodium efflux measured during a normal diet was significantly correlated with the plasma renin activity measured during a low sodium diet. Impairment of leucocyte sodium transport was significantly greater in eight patients whose plasma renin activity failed to rise into the normal range during the low sodium diet as compared with the 14 other patients, whose renin system responded normally to sodium restriction. These results provide further suggestive evidence for the hypothesis that there is a circulating sodium transport inhibitor that may be important in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
<title>Atmospheric attenuation reduction through multisensor fusion</title> (1998)

The visualization of a scene of murky atmospheric conditions is improved by fusing multiple images. A key feature of this system is the use of the wavelet domain in the fusion process. Many possible fusion formulas in this domain exist and to find the `best' formula, we formulate an optimization problem. We assume a set of training data consisting of a sequence of images with the presence of atmospheric effects and the corresponding image with no atmospheric effects present (ground truth). Next, we perform a search over the parameter space of our `generic fusion formula' attempting to minimize the error between the original ground truth image and the image created by fusing the noisy data. Using the resulting `best' fusion formula, we have created a system for pixel level fusion. Experimental results are shown and discussed. Possible applications of this system including processing of outdoor security system data, filters for outdoor vehicle image data and use in heads-up displays.
Robust particle filter formulations with application to terrain‐aided navigation (2016)

Summary The work described in this paper is motivated by the need to develop efficient and robust estimation filters with application to terrain‐aided navigation of underwater robotic vehicles. One of the main problems addressed is the development of navigation particle filters that can deal with the scarcity of landmarks and the terrain ambiguity that characterize vast regions of the ocean floor. As a contribution to solve this problem, the paper proposes three novel particle filter algorithms and assesses their estimation efficiency and robustness to non‐informative measurements using two well‐known benchmarking tests. The performance of the new filters in these tests demonstrates their potential to solve a class of nonlinear problems that include, but are not limited to, the type of underwater navigation problem that motivated the present work. Our study concludes by examining the performance of the filters in terms of determining the position and velocity of an autonomous underwater vehicle in the presence of unknown ocean currents. When applied to terrain‐aided navigation, the novel particle filter formulations formulations mitigate filter divergence issues frequently caused by terrain symmetries and are more robust than other well‐known versions when used in scenarios with poor terrain information. The theoretical developments presented and the results obtained in simulations are validated using real data acquired during tests with an autonomous marine robot. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐inflammatory properties of the vagus nerve: potential therapeutic implications of vagus nerve stimulation (2016)

Brain and viscera interplay within the autonomic nervous system where the vagus nerve (VN), containing approximately 80% afferent and 20% efferent fibres, plays multiple key roles in the homeostatic regulations of visceral functions. Recent data have suggested the anti-inflammatory role of the VN. This vagal function is mediated through several pathways, some of them still debated. The first one is the anti-inflammatory hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which is stimulated by vagal afferent fibres and leads to the release of cortisol by the adrenal glands. The second one, called the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, is mediated through vagal efferent fibres that synapse onto enteric neurons which release acetylcholine (ACh) at the synaptic junction with macrophages. ACh binds to α-7-nicotinic ACh receptors of those macrophages to inhibit the release of tumour necrosis (TNF)α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. The last pathway is the splenic sympathetic anti-inflammatory pathway, where the VN stimulates the splenic sympathetic nerve. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) released at the distal end of the splenic nerve links to the β2 adrenergic receptor of splenic lymphocytes that release ACh. Finally, ACh inhibits the release of TNFα by spleen macrophages through α-7-nicotinic ACh receptors. Understanding of these pathways is interesting from a therapeutic point of view, since they could be targeted in various ways to stimulate anti-inflammatory regulation in TNFα-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Among others, VN stimulation, either as an invasive or non-invasive procedure, is becoming increasingly frequent and several clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the potential effectiveness of this therapy to alleviate chronic inflammation.
Effector-Repressor Interactions, Binding of a Single Effector Molecule to the Operator-bound TtgR Homodimer Mediates Derepression (2006)

The RND family transporter TtgABC and its cognate repressor TtgR from Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E were both shown to possess multidrug recognition properties. Structurally unrelated molecules such as chloramphenicol, butyl paraben, 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene, and several flavonoids are substrates of TtgABC and activate pump expression by binding to the TtgR-operator complex. Isothermal titration calorimetry was employed to determine the thermodynamic parameters for the binding of these molecules to TtgR. Dissociation constants were in the range from 1 to 150 microm, the binding stoichiometry was one effector molecule per dimer of TtgR, and the process was driven by favorable enthalpy changes. Although TtgR exhibits a large multidrug binding profile, the plant-derived compounds phloretin and quercetin were shown to bind with the highest affinity (K(D) of around 1 microm), in contrast to other effectors (chloramphenicol and aromatic solvents) for which exhibited a more reduced affinity. Structure-function studies of effectors indicate that the presence of aromatic rings as well as hydroxyl groups are determinants for TtgR binding. The binding of TtgR to its operator DNA does not alter the protein effector profile nor the effector binding stoichiometry. Moreover, we demonstrate here for the first time that the binding of a single effector molecule to the DNA-bound TtgR homodimer induces the dissociation of the repressor-operator complex. This provides important insight into the molecular mechanism of effector-mediated derepression.
Ambiguous Surface Defect Image Classification of AMOLED Displays in Smartphones (2016)

In this paper, we propose a classification approach for ambiguously shaped defects found on the surface of a type of display panel module that is widely used in the field of mobile displays. These types of surface defects are difficult to properly distinguish due to defect similarity and diversity. In such cases, defect types can only be determined using cumbersome human visual inspection. To solve the problem of ambiguous surface defect classification, we introduce a novel filtering method that effectively separates the foreground defective regions from the background, which has structured patterns, local illumination variation, and different light conditions for each of several cameras in an inspection system. Applying the proposed filter method to defect images, we select important features by adopting a wrapper-based feature selection method using a random forest as a learning algorithm. Successful classification results using the presented model are obtained using challenging real-world defect image data gathered from a smart phone display module inspection line in an industrial plant.
KI-Mon: a hardware-assisted event-triggered monitoring platform for mutable kernel object (2013)

Kernel rootkits undermine the integrity of system by manipulating its operating system kernel. External hardware-based monitors can serve as a root of trust that is resilient to rootkit attacks. The existing external hardware-based approaches lack an event-triggered verification scheme for mutable kernel objects. To address the issue, we present KI-Mon, a hardware-based platform for event-triggered kernel integrity monitor. A refined form of bus traffic monitoring efficiently verifies the update values of the objects, and callback verification routines can be programmed and executed for a designated event space. We have built a KI-Mon prototype to demonstrate the efficacy of KI-Mon&apos;s event-triggered mechanism in terms of performance overhead for the monitored host system and the processor usage of the KI-Mon processor.
2002 John Marshall National Moot Court Competition in Information Technology and Privacy Law: Bench Memorandum, 21 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 37 (2002) (2002)

In this moot court competition bench memo, the Supreme Court the state of Marshall has three issues to decide: (1) whether the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the Plaintiff failed to established the requisite elements to evidence a theory of intrusion upon seclusion as defined by the Restatement of Torts; (2) whether the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the Defendant’s statements to third parties were not defamatory but rather opinions or fair comment; and (3) whether the Court of Appeals erred in applying a strict breach of contract analysis to Plaintiff’s claim for deceptive business practices, pursuant to the State of Marshall’s Deceptive Business Practices statute, Marshall Revised Code, 505 MRC 815/2, and holding that the Defendant had no contractual obligation to inform Plaintiff that it employed GPS technology to track its vehicles. Plaintiff was a 21-year-old college sophomore in Capitol City who contacted the defendant in order to rent a rental truck for three days as a local move. He was a student who is receiving an academic scholarship in this college. He was asked to provide information such as name and address when he rented the truck. The rental agreement stated that he would depart with the truck on August 20 and return August 23. The move took longer than anticipated and, as a result, plaintiff parked the rental truck on the night of August 23 in a parking lot in a mall which has a convenience store, a cleaner and an adult bookstore. He attempted to return the truck on August 24 after the closing, so he left the key in the after-hour box before returning to school. In the meantime, defendant received a notice from its corporate office that there is a possible terrorist threat where its rental trucks might be used to carry explosive to Capitol City. Defendant immediately turned on the GPS system tracking the trucks and found plaintiff's rented one parked in front of an adult bookstore. Defendant then contacted plaintiff's reference, who happened to evaluate plaintiff's scholarship eligibility, informing the connection of possible terrorist threat and the location of the truck. Consequently, upon plaintiff's arrival on campus, plaintiff was informed that his scholarship was revoked and he needed to pay more for his rental truck. As a result, plaintiff filed this three count complaint against defendant.
Extensive Reprogramming of Primary and Secondary Metabolism by Fungal Elicitor or Infection in Parsley Cells (1998)

The transcription rates of numerous plant genes have previously been shown to be strongly affected by pathogen infection or elicitor treatment. Here we estimate the extent and complexity of this response by analyzing the patterns of mRNA induction in fungal elicitor-treated parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum) for several representatives from various primary and secondary metabolic pathways, cytosolic as well as plastidic. As a reference, we use the biphasic accumulation curve for the coordinately induced mRNAs encoding the three core enzymes of general phenylpropanoid metabolism, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase. Coincidence with this curve was observed for the mRNA induction kinetics of several, but not all, phenylpropanoid branch pathway-related reactions, whereas seven selected mRNAs from the pentose phosphate, glycolytic and shikimate pathways, including various cytosolic and plastidic isoforms, were induced with great differences in timing. Likewise unique and dissimilar from the reference curve were the induction patterns for various mRNAs encoding enzymes or proteins that are either more distantly or not at all related to phenylpropanoid metabolism. None of over 40 mRNAs tested so far remained unaffected. Using one strongly elicitor-responsive mRNA from carbohydrate metabolism, encoding a cytosolic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, for in situ RNA/RNA hybridization in fungus-infected parsley leaf tissue, we observed again the previously reported, close simulation of metabolic changes in true plant/fungus interactions by elicitor treatment of cultured cells. In addition to demonstrating extensive, highly complex functional, temporal and spatial patterns of changes in gene expression in infected plant cells, these results provide valuable information for the identification of pathogen-responsive promoters suitable for gene technology-assisted resistance breeding.
Characterization and luminescence properties of Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ phosphor for white light-emitting-diode illumination (2006)

Eu 2 + -doped ternary nitride phosphor, Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+, was prepared by the carbothermal reduction and nitridation method. The Rietveld refinement analysis showed that the single phase products were obtained. Two main absorption bands were observed on the diffuse reflection spectra peaking at about 330 and 420nm, so that the resultant phosphor can be effectively excited by InGaN light-emitting diodes. The emission peak position of (Sr1−xEux)2Si5N8:Eu2+ series varied from 618to690nm with increasing Eu2+ ion concentration. The redshift behavior of the emission band was discussed on the basis of the configuration coordination model.
A Novel Implant Electrode Design Safe in the RF Field of MRI Scanners (2017)

Patients with medical implants are often unable to receive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostic treatment, because the conductive leads can concentrate the RF excitation field and generate dangerous heating of nervous tissue. We propose a simple, low-cost solution that minimizes RF heating through the addition of one or more mutually coupled filars to the lead without significant increase in lead diameter. Simulations and measurements at 128 MHz are presented to verify the effect in 3 T MRI machines.