gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular Pharmacodynamics of the Novel Biaryloxazolidinone Radezolid: Studies with Infected Phagocytic and Nonphagocytic cells, Using<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>,<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>,<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, and<i>Legionella pneumophila</i> (2010)

Radezolid is a novel biaryloxazolidinone in clinical development which shows improved activity, including against linezolid-resistant strains. In a companion paper (29), we showed that radezolid accumulates about 11-fold in phagocytic cells, with approximately 60% of the drug localized in the cytosol and approximately 40% in the lysosomes of the cells. The present study examines its activity against (i) bacteria infecting human THP-1 macrophages and located in different subcellular compartments (Listeria monocytogenes, cytosol; Legionella pneumophila, vacuoles; Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, mainly phagolysosomal), (ii) strains of S. aureus with clinically relevant mechanisms of resistance, and (iii) isogenic linezolid-susceptible and -resistant S. aureus strains infecting a series of phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. Radezolid accumulated to similar levels ( approximately 10-fold) in all cell types (human keratinocytes, endothelial cells, bronchial epithelial cells, osteoblasts, macrophages, and rat embryo fibroblasts). At equivalent weight concentrations, radezolid proved consistently 10-fold more potent than linezolid in all these models, irrespective of the bacterial species and resistance phenotype or of the cell type infected. This results from its higher intrinsic activity and higher cellular accumulation. Time kill curves showed that radezolid's activity was more rapid than that of linezolid both in broth and in infected macrophages. These data suggest the potential interest of radezolid for recurrent or persistent infections where intracellular foci play a determinant role.
Comparison of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses from Germany and the United States, 2014 (2014)

Since 2013, highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus has caused considerable economic losses in the United States. To determine the relation of US strains to those recently causing disease in Germany, we compared genomes and found that the strain from Germany is closely related to variants in the United States.
Effect of samarium doping on electrodeposited CeO<sub>2</sub> thin film (2006)

Abstract Samarium‐doped cerium oxide (CeO 2 :Sm) and undoped cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) thin films were fabricated by electrodeposition on biaxially textured Ni–3% W substrates. The electrodeposited layers were annealed for several hours at temperatures ranging from 910 to 980 °C. The resulting crystalline films were investigated by XRD and SEM. The CeO 2 crystallite size was correlated to the formation of microcrack in CeO 2 and CeO 2 :Sm using the Scherrer equation of XRD analysis. Crack‐free films with an average grain size of about 28 nm were obtained for both Ce 0.92 Sm 0.08 O 2– δ and Ce 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 2– δ films. Sm doping strongly affects the crystallite size, crystal structure, texture, and crack formation in ceria films. The lattice parameter a increases and crystallite size is reduced with increased Sm doping. All electrodeposited films are highly biaxially textured. When compared to Ni‐based substrates, improvements in the out‐of‐plane and in‐plane texture in ceria‐ and Sm‐doped ceria films were achieved. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of Nitrothiophenealdehydes (1962)

2-ニトロ-4-チオフェンアルデヒド(1,mp82゜～83℃),5-ニトロ-2-チオフェンアルデヒド(II,mp74.5゜～75℃)および3-ニトロ-2-チオフェンアルデヒド(III,mp52゜～53℃)を作成した。1は3-チオフェンアルデヒドの直接ニトロ化によって得られ,IIは2-テニルクロリドのニトロ化によって得られる 5-ニトロ-2-テニルクロリドを,硝酸銅水溶液,または二酸化セレンで酸化して得た。また,2-メチルチオフェンのスルホン化,ついでニトロ化によって2-メチル-3-ニトロ-5-チオフェンスルホクロリドを得,その脱スルホン生成物,2-メチル-3-ニトロチオフェンからIIのジアセタートを経てIIIを得ることができた。
Optimizing global CO emission estimates using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation system and surface network observations (2011)

Abstract. We apply a four-dimensional variational (4D-VAR) data assimilation system to optimize carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for 2003 and 2004 and to reduce the uncertainty of emission estimates from individual sources using the chemistry transport model TM5. The system is designed to assimilate large (satellite) datasets, but in the current study only a limited amount of surface network observations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL) Global Monitoring Division (GMD) is used to test the 4D-VAR system. By design, the system is capable to adjust the emissions in such a way that the posterior simulation reproduces background CO mixing ratios and large-scale pollution events at background stations. Uncertainty reduction up to 60 % in yearly emissions is observed over well-constrained regions and the inferred emissions compare well with recent studies for 2004. However, with the limited amount of data from the surface network, the system becomes data sparse resulting in a large solution space. Sensitivity studies have shown that model uncertainties (e.g., vertical distribution of biomass burning emissions and the OH field) and the prior inventories used, influence the inferred emission estimates. Also, since the observations only constrain total CO emissions, the 4D-VAR system has difficulties in separating anthropogenic and biogenic sources in particular. The inferred emissions are validated with NOAA aircraft data over North America and the agreement is significantly improved from the prior to posterior simulation. Validation with the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument version 4 (V4) shows a slight improved agreement over the well-constrained Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics (except for the African continent). However, the model simulation with posterior emissions underestimates MOPITT CO total columns on the remote Southern Hemisphere (SH) by about 10 %. This is caused by a reduction in SH CO sources mainly due to surface stations on the high southern latitudes.
The rapid generation of recombinant functional monoclonal antibodies from individual, antigen-specific bone marrow-derived plasma cells isolated using a novel fluorescence-based method (2013)

Single B cell technologies, which avoid traditional hybridoma fusion and combinatorial display, provide a means to interrogate the naturally-selected antibody repertoire of immunized animals. Many methods enable the sampling of memory B cell subsets, but few allow for the direct interrogation of the plasma cell repertoire, i.e., the subset of B cells responsible for producing immunoglobulin in serum. Here, we describe the use of a robust and simple fluorescence-based technique, called the fluorescent foci method, for the identification and isolation of antigen-specific IgG-secreting cells, such as plasma cells, from heterogeneous bone marrow preparations. Following micromanipulation of single cells, cognate pairs of heavy and light chain variable region genes were recovered by reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). During the PCR, variable regions were combined with a promoter fragment and a relevant constant region fragment to produce two separate transcriptionally-active PCR (TAP) fragments that were directly co-transfected into a HEK-293F cell line for recombinant antibody expression. The technique was successfully applied to the generation of a diverse panel of high-affinity, functional recombinant antibodies to human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 and TNF derived from the bone marrow of immunized rabbits and rats, respectively. Progression from a bone marrow sample to a panel of functional recombinant antibodies was possible within a 2-week timeframe.
A New Patient Record System Using the Laser Card. (1988)

A method of handling medical data in the form of patient records including physical findings such as x-rays has been devised using a laser card coupled to a p.c. for data input and output. A satisfactory software system which encompasses a formalized medical record system dealing with events rather than chronological order of entry has been devised and is now under test in a community health clinic. Future directions of the card research are discussed and expanded upon.
The PageRank Problem, Multiagent Consensus, and Web Aggregation: A Systems and Control Viewpoint (2014)

PageRank is an algorithm introduced in 1998 and used by the Google Internet search engine. It assigns a numerical value to each element of a set of hyperlinked documents (that is, Web pages) within the World Wide Web with the purpose of measuring the relative importance of each page [1]. The key idea in the algorithm is to give a higher PageRank value to Web pages that are visited often by Web surfers. Google describes PageRank as: "PageRank reflects our view of the importance of Web pages by considering more than 500 million variables and 2 billion terms. Pages that are considered important receive a higher PageRank and are more likely to appear at the top of the search results".
Six Amino Acid Changes Confined to the Leucine-Rich Repeat β-Strand/β-Turn Motif Determine the Difference between the <i>P</i> and <i>P2</i> Rust Resistance Specificities in Flax (2001)

At least six rust resistance specificities (P and P1 to P5) map to the complex P locus in flax. The P2 resistance gene was identified by transposon tagging and transgenic expression. P2 is a member of a small multigene family and encodes a protein with nucleotide binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains and an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) homology domain, as well as a C-terminal non-LRR (CNL) domain of approximately 150 amino acids. A related CNL domain was detected in almost half of the predicted Arabidopsis TIR-NBS-LRR sequences, including the RPS4 and RPP1 resistance proteins, and in the tobacco N protein, but not in the flax L and M proteins. Presence or absence of this domain defines two subclasses of TIR-NBS-LRR resistance genes. Truncations of the P2 CNL domain cause loss of function, and evidence for diversifying selection was detected in this domain, suggesting a possible role in specificity determination. A spontaneous rust-susceptible mutant of P2 contained a G-->E amino acid substitution in the GLPL motif, which is conserved in the NBS domains of plant resistance proteins and the animal cell death control proteins APAF-1 and CED4, providing direct evidence for the importance of this motif in resistance gene function. A P2 homologous gene isolated from a flax line expressing the P resistance specificity encodes a protein with only 10 amino acid differences from the P2 protein. Chimeric gene constructs indicate that just six of these amino acid changes, all located within the predicted beta-strand/beta-turn motif of four LRR units, are sufficient to alter P2 to the P specificity.
Generalized Segmented Bit-Flipping Scheme for Successive Cancellation Decoding of Polar Codes With Cyclic Redundancy Check (2019)

As a new flavor for the successive cancellation decoding of polar codes, bit-flipping technology can be used to improve the frame error rate performance of polar codes at moderate code lengths. In this paper, a generalized segmented scheme of bit-flipping technology is taken into full consideration, in which several segmented decoding patterns are described. First, the basic ones considering single-error-correcting and multiple-error-correcting are described, where a fully protected CRC is used. Second, with a constructed critical set for the segmented scheme, the improved version of the above basic patterns is fully discussed. Unfrozen bits corresponding to the critical set called critical information bits are divided into several parts and protected by cyclic redundancy check codes. Third, for a better performance of the segmented scheme, a segmented strategy indicating the positions of segments is effectively designed by analyzing the effect of positions of cyclic redundancy check and the error probability of each bit. At last, the frame error rate performance and the average computational complexity of the segmented decoding patterns are analyzed at matching average computational complexity or under equivalent frame error rate for different rates of polar codes. By proper design, the simulation results in additive white Gaussian noise channel demonstrated that the segmented decoding patterns can efficiently improve the error-correction performance of the flip-based scheme at different rates of polar codes while keeping a lower complexity.
Spectral analysis of heart rate variability under mental stress (1989)

It has been claimed that an increase in the 0.1-Hz component in power spectra of heart rate variability indicates an increased sympathetic tone. We tested 135 middle-aged unmedicated men (mean age 44 +/- 7 years) with two types of mental tasks, a reaction-time test and a mental arithmetic test, to determine whether the results were comparable with those from tilt tests. Although both tasks significantly increased the heart rate and blood pressure, to the same extent as the tilt tests, energy in the 0.1-Hz band decreased during the reaction-time test (from 899 +/- 641 to 482 +/- 430; P less than 0.01) yet was unchanged during the mental arithmetic test. We conclude that the response of the 0.1-Hz component is a task-specific phenomenon.
Reliable Estimation of Individual Treatment Effect with Causal Information Bottleneck (2019)

Estimating individual level treatment effects (ITE) from observational data is a challenging and important area in causal machine learning and is commonly considered in diverse mission-critical applications. In this paper, we propose an information theoretic approach in order to find more reliable representations for estimating ITE. We leverage the Information Bottleneck (IB) principle, which addresses the trade-off between conciseness and predictive power of representation. With the introduction of an extended graphical model for causal information bottleneck, we encourage the independence between the learned representation and the treatment type. We also introduce an additional form of a regularizer from the perspective of understanding ITE in the semi-supervised learning framework to ensure more reliable representations. Experimental results show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art results and exhibits more reliable prediction performances with uncertainty information on real-world datasets.
Modeling Accident Duration and Its Mitigation Strategies on South Korean Freeway Systems (2010)

Understanding the relationship between the characteristics of an accident and its duration is crucial for efficient response to and timely clearance of an accident, which can minimize traffic delays and congestion on the freeway. Although about 3,000 traffic accidents occur annually on South Korean freeways, only limited studies have been conducted that comprehensively model traffic accidents, including characteristic attributes such as accident duration. The objective of this study is to analyze the critical factors that affect accident duration by means of an accelerated failure time (AFT) metric model and to develop strategic plans and mitigation measures for reducing accident duration on South Korean freeway systems. In total, 2,940 accident data sets, spanning one year (2004), are used. On the basis of the log logistic AFT metric model and survival analysis, the paper suggests some strategic plans and mitigation measures to reduce accident duration on freeway systems in South Korea. In particular, it is hypothesized that, for accidents that occur at night or in a work zone area or are taxi related, the accident duration can be reduced by, among other measures, adding more roadside facilities, employing better freeway management strategies, changing taxi-related policies, or using any combination of those measures. Overall, analytical modeling of traffic accidents and their characteristic attributes, as demonstrated in this paper, should be used routinely as an aid in the strategic planning and formulation of mitigation measures for reducing accident duration on Korean freeway systems.
Nucleosides and Nucleotides. 158. 1-(3-<i>C</i>-Ethynyl<b>-</b>β-<scp>d</scp>-<i>ribo</i>-pentofuranosyl)- cytosine, 1-(3-<i>C</i>-Ethynyl-β-<scp>d</scp>-<i>ribo</i>-pentofuranosyl)uracil, and Their Nucleobase Analogues as New Potential Multifunctional Antitumor Nucleosides with a Broad Spectrum of Activity (1996)

We previously designed 1-(3-C-ethynyl-beta-D-ribo-pentofuranosyl)uracil (EUrd) as a potential multifunctional antitumor nucleoside antimetabolite. It showed a potent and broad spectrum of antitumor activity against various human tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. To determine the structure-activity relationship, various nucleobase analogues of EUrd, such as 5-fluorouracil, thymine, cytosine, 5-fluorocytosine, adenine, and guanine derivatives, were synthesized by condensation of 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-3-C-ethynyl-alpha,beta-D-ribo-pentofur anose (6) and the corresponding pertrimethylsilylated nucleobases in the presence of SnCl4 or TMSOTf as a Lewis acid in CH3CN followed by debenzoylation. The in vitro tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of these 3'-C-ethynyl nucleosides against mouse leukemia L1210 and human nasopharyngeal KB cells showed that 1-(3-C-ethynyl-beta-D-ribo-pentofuranosyl)cytosine (ECyd) and EUrd were the most potent inhibitors in the series, with IC50 values for L1210 cells of 0.016 and 0.13 microM and for KB cells of 0.028 and 0.029 microM, respectively. 5-Fluorocytosine, 5-fluorouracil, and adenine nucleosides showed much lower activity, with IC50 values of 0.4-2.5 microM, while thymine and guanine nucleosides did not exhibit any activity up to 300 microM. We next evaluated the tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of ECyd and EUrd against 36 human tumor cell lines in vitro and found that they were highly effective against these cell lines with IC50 values in the nanomolar to micromolar range. These nucleosides have a similar inhibitory spectrum. The in vivo antitumor activities of ECyd and EUrd were compared to that of 5-fluorouracil against 11 human tumor xenografts including three stomach, three colon, two pancreas, one renal, one breast, and one bile duct cancers. ECyd and EUrd showed a potent tumor inhibition ratio (73-92% inhibition relative to the control) in 9 of 11 and 8 of 11 human tumors, respectively, when administered intravenously for 10 consecutive days at doses of 0.25 and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively, while 5-fluorouracil showed potent inhibitory activity against only one tumor. Such excellent antitumor activity suggests that ECyd and EUrd are worth evaluating further for use in the treatment of human cancers.
Some Questions about Direct Instruction: Why? To Whom? How? And When? (1998)

Uses an epistemological framework to consider the role of direct instruction in learning and teaching, asking why, to whom, how, and when it is appropriate. Offers reflections on knowing and knowledge, and on knowledge building in the classroom. Discusses two levels of teaching and the role of direct instruction. Offers an example of talking and writing about literature.
“Too Drunk To Say No” (2010)

Abstract In recent years, both the media and the government in the UK have been increasingly preoccupied with the problem of rape involving alcohol. For example, in order to increase low conviction rates, the government proposed, yet eventually rejected, reforms equating drunkenness with incapacity to consent to sexual intercourse. Research evidence, for example studies by Benedict (1992) or Finch and Munro (2005, 2007), suggests that conviction rates are influenced by an interplay of cultural discourses and legal arrangements. This article uses discourse analysis to identify and critically examine the major discourses which are produced around rape involving alcohol in one major daily newspaper, the Daily Mail. This conservative paper disapproves of women's binge drinking and is unsympathetic to victims of rape involving alcohol. The analysis indicates that its discourses deprecate and delegitimise victims by a) reinvigorating and refashioning old rape myths, b) re-gendering rape involving alcohol as a problem of female drinking rather than male sexual violence, and c) masquerading women's responsibilities and risks as rights. These findings open up the possibility for research into the popularity of these discourses across contemporary culture and their impact on cultural consumers, including those involved in legal decision-making processes. Keywords: rapebinge drinking Daily Mail discoursealcoholmedia
Characterization of self-limiting<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SiH</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cl</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>chemisorption and photon-stimulated desorption as elementary steps for Si atomic-layer epitaxy (1996)

The reactive sticking of ${\mathrm{SiH}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ and the photon-stimulated desorption (PSD) of H and Cl atoms passivating the resulting surface have been investigated as elementary steps in the synchrotron-radiation-excited atomic layer epitaxy (SR-ALE) of Si crystals. The temperature dependence of the amount of Si adatoms delivered to a Ge(100) surface exhibits bistable self-limiting features. Two plateau regimes are observed: (I) below 260 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and (II) between 430 and 500 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. In regime (I) all H and Cl atoms bound to the ${\mathrm{SiH}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ gas molecules are left on the surface. In regime (II), ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and HCl desorption, Si adatom migration and rearrangement promote increasing Si coverage. Time-of-flight mass spectroscopy detected the PSD of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{HCl}}^{+}$ species, and the kinetics of the Cl removal process were found to be first order. More than 90% of the initially present Cl atoms can be removed by PSD, while H atoms are only partially removed. The temperature dependence of the SR-ALE growth rate shows two plateaus corresponding to the two regimes seen in the temperature dependence of Si uptake on a Ge(100) surface. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The relationship between gastric pH and the emptying of solid, semisolid and liquid meals (1993)

Abstract The effect of three different meal constituents, solid, semisolid and liquid, on gastric pH, recorded in the proximal and distal stomach, was evaluated in a prospective study of 20 normal volunteers. The solid and liquid were ingested together as one meal and the semisolid as another. Simultaneous recordings of the rate of gastric emptying of the isotopically labelled meal constituents and the gastric pH were made. The rate of gastric emptying was more rapid for the liquid and semisolid constituents (t 1/2 = 35.6, range 9.8–103.3 min and 47.4, range 33.5–120 min, respectively) than for the solid meal constituent (t 1/2 = 72.0, range 45.0–103.8 min), P < 0.01. Both the combined meal of solid and liquid and the semisolid meal produced a higher pH response in the proximal stomach than in the distal stomach (5.2, range 2.4–6.1 vs 2.9, range 0.8–5.3 and 5.9, range 4.3–6.6 vs 4.3, range 1.1–5.9), P < 0.01. There were significant correlations between the rate of gastric emptying of all three meal constituents and the decline phase in the gastric pH recorded at both the proximal and distal probes, P < 0.01 (Pearson's correlation). The strongest correlations were found between the rate of gastric emptying and the gastric pH recorded in the proximal stomach. The decline phase of gastric pH followed the emptying of semisolid more closely than the emptying of either solid or liquid.