gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Substituted Ethers Derived from Ethylene Chlorohydrin (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSubstituted Ethers Derived from Ethylene ChlorohydrinShirley Powell. Lingo and Henry R. HenzeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 6, 1574–1576Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01875a069https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a069research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views143Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Film formation and paper coating with poly ([beta]-hydroxyalkanoate), a biodegradable latex (1993)

An aqueous latex of a poly ([beta]-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) coated on paper imparted water imperviousness without changing mechanical properties. Hot-pressed films biodegraded faster than solvent cast films. The PHA coating on paper degraded totally in activated sludge within 12 days, leaving the cellulose matrix relatively untouched. Blends of PHA latexes with sodium carboxymethl cellulose, polystyrene latex, carboxylated styrenel butadiene latex, natural rubber latex, carboxylated styrenel butadiene latex; natural rubber latex, and starch powders form satisfactory films at room temperature.
Growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus in Milk. 2. Characteristics of Purine Nucleotides, Pyrimidine Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acid Synthesis (1986)

Lactobacillus bulgaricus incorporated exogenous guanine only into guanine nucleotides and not into adenine nucleotides. Lactobacillus bulgaricus lacks the ability to interconvert adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides. Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides from orotic acid was depressed by addition of guanosine monophosphate or adenosine monophosphate. Some step in pyrimidine biosynthesis from orotic acid may be negatively regulated by the intracellular amount of purine nucleotides. Lactobacillus bulgaricus could not grow in milk from which orotate was removed. This indicates that the activity of de novo pyrimidine synthesis is very low in this organism. When the intracellular amount of purine or pyrimidine base was limited, ribonucleic acid synthesis was markedly depressed, resulting in cell elongation, whereas deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was not so much affected.
Effective Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer in Normal and Mutant Human Melanocytes (2002)

Melanocytes represent the second most important cell type in the skin and are primarily responsible for the pigmentation of skin, hair, and eyes. Their function may be affected in a number of inherited and acquired disorders, characterized by hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation, consequent aesthetic problems, and increased susceptibility to sun-mediated skin damage and photocarcinogenesis. Nevertheless, the possibility of genetically manipulating human melanocytes has been hampered so far by a number of limitations, including their resistance to retroviral infection. To address the problem of human melanocyte transduction, we generated a melanocyte culture from a patient affected with ocular albinism type 1 (OA1), an X-linked pigmentation disorder, characterized by severe reduction of visual acuity, retinal hypopigmentation, and the presence of macromelanosomes in skin melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The cultured patient melanocytes displayed a significant impairment in replication ability and showed complete absence of endogenous OA1 protein, thus representing a suitable model for setting up an efficient gene transfer procedure. To correct the genetic defect in these cells, we used a retroviral vector carrying the OA1 cDNA and exploited a melanocyte-keratinocyte coculturing approach. Despite their lower replication rate with respect to wildtype cells, the patient melanocytes were efficiently transduced and readily selected in vitro, and were found to express, process, and properly sort large amounts of recombinant OA1 protein. These results indicate the feasibility of efficiently and stably transducing in vitro not only normal neonatal, but also mutant adult, human melanocytes with nonmitogenic genes.
Hot electron induced punchthrough (HEIP) in p-channel SOI MOSFET's (2002)

Summary form only given. Due to their paramount importance for the development of high performance and low power/low voltage SOI CMOS technologies, SOI MOSFET short channel effects and subthreshold characteristics have been studied extensively and are now both well understood and fairly well controlled. The same is true for hot carrier effects and reliability of n-channel SOI MOSFETs. However, as with the bulk CMOS case, hot carrier studies of p-channel SOI MOSFETs have lagged behind, with only a few reports available in the open literature (Tsuchiya et al. 1994; Renn et al, 1998). This is rather surprising, since an important hot carrier induced short channel effect, hot electron induced punchthrough (HEIP), has been found to be the worst case condition in predicting the lifetime of bulk p-channel devices (Koyanagi et al. 1987). In this paper an investigation of the HEIP in p-channel SOI MOSFETs is carried out. It is found that, much like the bulk case, hot electron trapping in the gate oxide near the drain causes an effective drain extension, thereby causing a corresponding punchthrough voltage reduction. A logarithmic time dependence of this reduction is observed, in good agreement with a simple one-dimensional analytical model.
Aluminiumalkyle mit Heteroatomen. XVI. Untersuchungen zur Struktur von Dialkylaluminium(N‐alkyl/aryl‐N‐silyl)amiden (1987)

Aluminium Alkyls with Heteroatoms. XVI. Some Investigations on the Structure of Dialkylaluminium (N‐alkyl/aryl‐N‐silyl)amides Due to their four‐membered Al‐‐N ring structure dimeric dialkylaluminium (N‐organyl‐N‐methylsilylamides) are able to form two stereoisomers. The cis/trans‐equilibrium is determined by the bulk of the substituents R 2 and R 3 connected with the nitrogen atom and the aluminium atom, respectively. If both substituents are rather small exclusively the trans‐isomer could be detected which has a planar ring. Holding R 2 small but letting R 3 grow up in volume the cis‐species become more and more favoured. This seems to be based on the fact that the four‐membered ring now exists in an angular form. Bulky substituents R 2 lower the stability of the dimers to such an extent that (at least partial) dissociation is possible even at room temperature. Strong electron donors (pyridine) cleave the ring structure even of the most stable dimers. All structural and stability phenomena are discussed on the basis of n.m.r.‐investigations, mass spectrometric and cryoscopic results.
First use of data fusion and multivariate analysis of ToF‐SIMS and SEM image data for studying deuterium‐assisted degradation processes in duplex steels (2016)

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy are well‐acknowledged tools in materials characterization. The ability to map chemical species on the surface of an investigated sample with often low mass detection limits makes ToF‐SIMS an essential tool in fields where many question marks concerning degradation processes and damage mechanisms exist. The aim of this paper is to describe the power of data fusion of ToF‐SIMS and high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy results employing computational methods for multivariate data analysis such as principal component analysis. As a case study the investigation of hydrogen distribution in an artificially charged duplex stainless steel microstructure is presented aiming on a better understanding of hydrogen embrittlement. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The expanding realm of heterologous immunity: friend or foe? (2006)

Antecedent or current infections can alter the immunopathologic outcome of a subsequent unrelated infection. Immunomodulation by co-infecting pathogens has been referred to as 'heterologous immunity' and has been postulated to play a role in host susceptibility to disease, tolerance to organ transplant, and autoimmune disease. The effect of various infections on heterologous immune responses has been well studied in the context of shared epitopes and cross-reactive T cells. It has been shown that prior infections can modulate protective immunity and immunopathology by forming a pool of memory T cells that can cross-react with antigens from heterologous organisms or through the generation of a network of regulatory cells and cytokines. While it is not feasible to alter a host's history of prior infection, understanding heterologous immune responses in the context of simultaneous unrelated infections could have important therapeutic implications. Here, we outline key evidence from animal and human studies demonstrating the effect of heterologous immunity on the outcome of disease. We briefly review the role of T cells, but expand our discussion to explore other immune mechanisms that may modulate the response to concurrent active infections. In particular, we underscore the role of the innate immune system, polarized responses and regulatory mechanisms on heterologous immune responses.
Introduction (2006)

Abstract The political scenario in Britain and the United States saw much development in the three decades of World War I. However, with the shift in political debate, interest groups and issue-oriented pressure groups were formed and demanded reforms. Intellectuals heavily engaged in politics have also sought opportunities in these movements. Discussions sprang up, including that of the intense and politically controversial debate between the British social pluralists led by Harold Laski, G. D. H. Cole, and R. H. Tawney, and the American national progressives directed by Herbert Croly, Walter Lippmann, and Walter Weyl. They argued on the size, scope, and legitimate role of the central state which was the single most important question facing reformers. This chapter aims to re-establish the centrality of international exchange and provides a unique perspective on the evolution of modern ideological politics in Britain and the United States.
Low Loss Multipole SAW Resonator Filters (1980)

Associated with modern rf communications systems is need to perform complex signal processing. Multipole crystal filter technology performs a unique function in these systems. A new type of low loss multipole filter technology using surface acoustic wave resonators is described in this paper. Previous attempts to fabricate coupled resonator filters with more than four poles were frustrated by low Q in these structures. More recent fabrication techniques, to be described in this paper, have led to high Q surface wave structures. Multipole resonator structures with up to eight poles of selectivity are now possible. Applications for narrowband crystal filters have traditionally been limited to the vhf frequency range. Using surface acoustic waves, the frequency range for these types of filters can be extended to the upper UHF range and perhaps into L-band itself.
Architectural Support for Unlimited Memory Versioning and Renaming (2018)

Data versioning and renaming is a technique to enforce true dependencies and eliminate false dependencies in concurrent out-of-order execution. By extending the addressing to memory to support both a location and a version number, the memory system can match loads with the appropriate stores. With multiple versions of data for a single memory location, Write-after-Read and Write-after-Write dependencies are avoided. In this paper, we present architectural support for O-structures, which provide memory versioning and renaming. We describe a microarchitectural implementation of an O-structure in the cache hierarchy of a multicore processor and demonstrate the need of each feature provided by O-structures. Our evaluation shows that O-structures can be effective in supporting a range of parallel workloads, including irregular, pointer-heavy code.
Chemistry of oats: Protein foods and other industrial products (1975)

One of the most practical and economical ways of narrowing the gap between the nutritional affluence in the Western world and protein malnutrition in the underdeveloped world is to initiate large‐scale projects aimed at utilizing readily available protein sources. Current annual oat production on a world‐wide basis is estimated to be 50 million metric tons. This is equivalent to 18.5 billion lb of high quality protein sufficient to meet 1 month's requirement of the entire human population on this planet. Ironic as it may appear, only 10% of this excellent quality protein is currently used for human use despite the reasonable yield potential of the oat crop and its suitability for cultivation over a wide range of climatic regions in the world. It must be acknowledged that the U.S. Department of Agriculture has initiated vigorous programs on oat protein utilization. This has resulted in a number of valuable research disclosures. These and older published data have been reviewed in this article with emphasis on oat milling and oat protein concentration and utilization. Available data on by‐products such as starch, gum, antioxidants, and hulls for furfural are also discussed, as they appear to be important factors to be considered prior to a large‐scale commercial undertaking for oat processing. An oat processing commercial venture has the potential of expanding into a number of other processing operations such as pharmaceutical, biochemical, and adhesive areas. Important literature in these areas has also been emphasized in this review. However, the basic premise remains to be the world‐wide utilization of oats as human food in a form permissible under the prevailing economic and technological conditions. It is advocated that oat flakes, oat grits, oat flour, etc. be used in cereal blends for food for peace programs. Additional possibilities of oat utilization for xylose and xylitol production for sweeteners, abrasives, fuel, and production of lipase for the detergent industry have also been pointed out.
Horizontal-Well Fracturing: Why Is it So Different? (2009)

Technology Update Advances in drilling and fracturing horizontal wells have been two of the main contributors to economic production from very-low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs. In spite of much attention to the subject, several critical questions regarding horizontal-well fracturing remain unanswered. Among these are higher fracturing pressures, large pressure fluctuations, and more frequent screenouts, which has prompted use of much finer proppant at very low concentrations. This article answers some of these questions. Fracture Initiation From Horizontal Wells The state of stress in a borehole gives it a natural tendency for longitudinal (axial) fracture initiation (Fig. 1a). This is a geometrical effect and independent of the in-situ stress orientations (Daneshy 1973). It can occur even when the least in-situ principal stress is parallel with borehole axis. Since the fracture is not perpendicular to the least in-situ principal stress, it takes higher pressure to extend it. As the axial fracture grows, it will eventually reorient itself to become perpendicular to the least in-situ principal stress and the fluid pressure gradually decreases with it. The location of fracture reorientation depends on location and orientation of planes of weakness in the formation. This leaves open the possibility that the fracture may reorient itself more than once, and depending on the orientation and size of the plane of weakness, may temporarily grow in directions other than perpendicular to the least in-situ principal stress. Initiation of a transverse fracture (perpendicular to borehole axis) requires axial forces and stresses (parallel with borehole axis), which is shown in Fig. 1b. In open holes, such stresses can be induced inside open natural fractures, at the packer seats, or at the bottom of the well (if exposed to fluid), each with its own characteristics. This is shown in Fig. 2. Natural fractures are randomly located and distributed along the well. Initiation from natural fractures results in random location, orientation, and spacing between fractures. One way for partial location control is to reduce the spacing between the packers, thus reducing the length of the pressurized interval.
Sympathetic Sprouting Near Sensory Neurons After Nerve Injury Occurs Preferentially on Spontaneously Active Cells and Is Reduced by Early Nerve Block (2006)

Some chronic pain conditions are maintained or enhanced by sympathetic activity. In animal models of pathological pain, abnormal sprouting of sympathetic fibers around large- and medium-sized sensory neurons is observed in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Large- and medium-sized cells are also more likely to be spontaneously active, suggesting that sprouting may be related to neuron activity. We previously showed that sprouting could be reduced by systemic or locally applied lidocaine. In the complete sciatic nerve transection model in rats, spontaneous activity initially originates in the injury site; later, the DRGs become the major source of spontaneous activity. In this study, spontaneous activity reaching the DRG soma was reduced by early nerve blockade (local perfusion of the transected nerve with TTX for the 1st 7 days after injury). This significantly reduced sympathetic sprouting. Conversely, increasing spontaneous activity by local nerve perfusion with K(+) channel blockers increased sprouting. The hyperexcitability and spontaneous activity of DRG neurons observed in this model were also significantly reduced by early nerve blockade. These effects of early nerve blockade on sprouting, excitability, and spontaneous activity were all observed 4-5 wk after the end of early nerve blockade, indicating that the early period of spontaneous activity in the injured nerve is critical for establishing the more long-lasting pathologies observed in the DRG. Individual spontaneously active neurons, labeled with fluorescent dye, were five to six times more likely than quiescent cells to be co-localized with sympathetic fibers, suggesting a highly localized correlation of activity and sprouting.
An efficient memory architecture for motion estimation processor design (2002)

This paper presents a novel memory architecture for motion estimation processor design. By means of conditional selection strategy, data items which can be reused are stored in memory banks and arranged in a snake-like way. Both integer and half pixel motion vectors can be obtained by the proposed architecture and an array processor, where memory bandwidth can be minimized and hence I/O pin-count can be reduced a lot. The proposed architecture is then demonstrated by a test chip, whose hardware efficiency of processor elements is 100% when integer motion vector is demanded.
Cytograft Tissue Engineering: A New Paradigm in Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering (2008)

Cytograft Tissue Engineering, Inc. (CA, USA) was founded in 2000 to develop a novel process, termed sheet-based tissue engineering, into a line of products aimed at meeting serious clinical needs. This platform technology differs from other tissue-engineering approaches in that it allows for the production of constructs with high mechanical strength without relying upon foreign materials to provide the mechanical backbone. In addition, this approach is the only one of its kind to have been shown to work with adult human cells. Consequently, completely biological, living and autologous tissues can be produced, offering an unsurpassed potential for providing functional organs while avoiding rejection issues. The founders’ vision was to develop a clinically efficacious product line coupled with a novel commercialization strategy specific to cell-based therapeutics.
Development of enhancer trap lines for functional analysis of the rice genome (2003)

Enhancer trapping has provided a powerful strategy for identifying novel genes and regulatory elements. In this study, we adopted an enhancer trap system, consisting of the GAL4/VP16-UAS elements with GUS as the reporter, to generate a trapping population of rice. Currently, 31 443 independent transformants were obtained from two cultivars using Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA insertion. PCR tests and DNA blot hybridization showed that about 94% of the transformants contained T-DNA insertions. The transformants carried, on average, two copies of the T-DNA, and 42% of the transformants had single-copy insertions. Histochemical assays of approximately 1000 T0 plants revealed various patterns of the reporter gene expression, including expression in only one tissue, and simultaneously in two or more tissues. The expression pattern of the reporter gene in T1 families corresponded well with the T0 plants and segregated in a 3 : 1 Mendelian ratio in majority of the T1 families tested. The frequency of reporter gene expression in the enhancer trap lines was much higher than that in gene trap lines reported previously. Analysis of flanking sequences of T-DNA insertion sites from about 200 transformants showed that almost all the sequences had homology with the sequences in the rice genome databases. Morphologically conspicuous mutations were observed in about 7.5% of the 2679 T1 families that were field-tested, and segregation in more than one-third of the families fit the 3 : 1 ratio. It was concluded that GAL4/VP16-UAS elements provided a useful system for enhancer trap in rice.
Testing of industrial temperature sensors in liquids (1989)

The response of temperature sensors depends on the thermophysical properties, flow rates, temperatures and pressures (for compressible fluids) of fluid in which they are immersed. Analysis indicates that the time of response is inversely proportional to the heat transfer coefficient and to a power of the velocity of the ambient fluid. The paper is concerned with the validity of these relations. Experimentation involved (a) different liquids, (b) different velocities, and (c) different sensors. Extensive testing and curve-fitting of the results is shown not to lead to absolute validation of the relation between the time constant and the head transfer coefficient. The latter was based on a particular correlation. The results are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: MODIFIED BENZOIN CONDENSATION OF TEREPHTHALALDEHYDE WITH BENZALDEHYDE (1976)

Abstract Aus Terephthaldialdehyd (I) erhält man das Cyanhydrin (III) nach einem verbesserten Verfahren über das Bis‐bisulfit‐Addukt (II).
Use of high-field electrical testing for SIMOX BOX metrology (2002)

This abstract describes one of the first attempts to apply high-field electrical testing to obtain BOX metrological information previously obtainable only via traditional physical analysis. The advantages of electrical analysis are several: it has a relatively low turn-around time, and provides high-volume statistical information about many BOX characteristics.
AttSum: Joint learning of focusing and summarization with neural attention (2016)

26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, December 11-16, 2016, Osaka, Japan