gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
III–V FET channel designs for high current densities and thin inversion layers (2010)

III–V FETs are being developed for potential application in 0.3–3 THz systems and VLSI. To increase bandwidth, we must increase the drive current I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</inf> = qn <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> v <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">inj</inf> W <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> per unit gate width W <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> , requiring both high sheet carrier concentrations n <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> and high injection velocities v <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">inj</inf> . Present III–V NFETs restrict control region transport to the single isotropic Γ band minimum. As the gate dielectric is thinned, I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</inf> becomes limited by the effective mass m*, and is only increased by using materials with increased m* and hence increased transit times. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> The deep wavefunction also makes Γ -valley transport in low-m*materials unsuitable for < 22-nm gate length (L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> ) FETs. Yet, the L-valleys in many III–V materials <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> have very low transverse m <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</inf> and very high longitudinal mass m <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> . L-valley bound state energies depend upon orientation, and the directions of confinement, growth, and transport can be chosen to selectively populate valleys having low mass in the transport direction <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3,4</sup> . The high perpendicular mass permits placement of multiple quantum wells spaced by a few nm, or population of multiple states of a thicker well spaced by ∼10–100 meV. Using combinations of Γ and L valleys, n <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> can be increased, m* kept low, and vertical confinement improved, key requirements for <20-nm L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> III–V FETs.
The Internet Gopher Protocol (a distributed document search and retrieval protocol) (1993)

The Internet Gopher protocol is designed for distributed document search and retrieval. This document describes the protocol, lists some of the implementations currently available, and has an overview of how to implement new client and server applications. This document is adapted from the basic Internet Gopher protocol document first issued by the Microcomputer Center at the University of Minnesota in 1991.
Qualitative evaluation of dependency graph representativeness (2019)

<p>Background: Enterprise application and open source software (OSS) platform and infrastructure projects are often today agile time-boxed projects. To enable project scaling, microservices software architecture (MSA) is considered to enable autonomous cross-functional teams. MSA results to loosely coupled services which communicate via well-designed APIs. Previous research on automated extraction of Microservice Dependency Graphs (MDGs) could provide means of reducing this documentation effort. Aims: The aim of the study was to look at the MDG representativeness of a Spinnaker OSS project micro-services-based software architecture and MDG, providing assessment of possibilities in using MDGs for documenting microservices-based software architectures. Method: The study uses a qualitative approach to evaluate the MDG representativeness of software architecture description. Evaluation is done through assessment of limitations, issues and future development possibilities. Results: MDG of Spinnaker OSS is extracted with an automation tool and contrasted to the software architecture as described on OSS project documentation. Compile-time MDG description and runtime focused documented software architecture lead to limitations in MDG rpresentativiness. Conclusions: Focusing on a particular OSS microservices project, the MDG extraction through static code analysis limits to compile-time information. Limitations in capturing inter-service communication at runtime to describe key architectural views of software architecture lead to a need to look for complementing approaches.</p>
Band Gap Engineering of Chemical Vapor Deposited Graphene by<i>in Situ</i>BN Doping (2012)

Band gap opening and engineering is one of the high priority goals in the development of graphene electronics. Here, we report on the opening and scaling of band gap in BN doped graphene (BNG) films grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition method. High resolution transmission electron microscopy is employed to resolve the graphene and h-BN domain formation in great detail. X-ray photoelectron, micro-Raman, and UV-vis spectroscopy studies revealed a distinct structural and phase evolution in BNG films at low BN concentration. Synchrotron radiation based XAS-XES measurements concluded a gap opening in BNG films, which is also confirmed by field effect transistor measurements. For the first time, a significant band gap as high as 600 meV is observed for low BN concentrations and is attributed to the opening of the π-π* band gap of graphene due to isoelectronic BN doping. As-grown films exhibit structural evolution from homogeneously dispersed small BN clusters to large sized BN domains with embedded diminutive graphene domains. The evolution is described in terms of competitive growth among h-BN and graphene domains with increasing BN concentration. The present results pave way for the development of band gap engineered BN doped graphene-based devices.
Expression of S100A6 and S100A4 in Matched Samples of Human Colorectal Mucosa, Primary Colorectal Adenocarcinomas and Liver Metastases (2002)

The observed differential expression of S100A6 and S100A4 suggests that S100A6, rather than S100A4, is associated with human colorectal adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis and invasion/metastasis.
Secured Vehicle Toll Payment System Using NFC (2018)

Nowadays, uses for NFC technology have been emerging day by day, the best application of NFC technology is in the contactless payment system. Similarly, due to various advantages of web application such as ease of maintenance and various user-friendly released version, the demand for new web applications supporting distinctive kinds of gadgets and intentions are persistently. Now different technologies such as Bluetooth, NFC, and BLE are being used for initiating the online payment. Considering the parameters such as cost, more reliability, and increased security, NFC technology is a best-fitted option for initiating the online vehicle toll payment system. Thus, the application of Cloud-based web application along with different IoT devices like Smartphone (having NFC feature) and NFC tag (ISO/IEC 14443) is explained in this paper. Paper the online vehicle toll payment system developed by using NFC technology is used for triggering the vehicle toll payment system supported by the web application.
Field bindweed in California (1983)

Biological control is seldom attempted against weeds on cultivated lands, because herbicides generally provide economical, efficient control, and farming practices may interfere with the biological agents. Field bindweed, however, reproduces from seeds that may remain alive in the soil for more than 40 years and from an extensive perennial root system. Control by cultivation or chemicals is difficult, at best. A search for biological control agents therefore seemed warranted. Even if such agents were effective only on field bindweed growing along roadsides and in other uncultivated areas, they would reduce the weed's potential for further invasion of cultivated land. A cooperative U.S. Department of Agriculture and University of California project was begun in 1970 to find biological agents for control of field bindweed.
Chemistry of Diborane and Sodium Borohydride. VII. Reduction of α-Amino Acid Amides with Sodium Borohydride (1970)

Tertiary amides of five amino acids and their derivatives were reduced with sodium borohydride in refluxing pyridine to the corresponding diamines in moderate yields. Effects of substituents at the α-position on α-substituted N, N-dimethylhydrocinnamamide were examined.
The Last C-Terminal Residue of VP3, Glutamic Acid 257, Controls Capsid Assembly of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (2004)

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a nonenveloped virus with an icosahedral capsid composed of two proteins, VP2 and VP3, that derive from the processing of the polyprotein NH(2)-pVP2-VP4-VP3-COOH. The virion contains VP1, the viral polymerase, which is both free and covalently linked to the two double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomic segments. In this study, the virus assembly process was studied further with the baculovirus expression system. While expression of the wild-type polyprotein was not found to be self-sufficient to give rise to virus-like particles (VLPs), deletion or replacement of the five C-terminal residues of VP3 was observed to promote capsid assembly. Indeed, the single deletion of the C-terminal glutamic acid was sufficient to induce VLP formation. Moreover, fusion of various peptides or small proteins (a green fluorescent protein or a truncated form of ovalbumin) at the C terminus of VP3 also promoted capsid assembly, suggesting that assembly required screening of the negative charges at the C terminus of VP3. The fused polypeptides mimicked the effect of VP1, which interacts with VP3 to promote VLP assembly. The C-terminal segment of VP3 was found to contain two functional domains. While the very last five residues of VP3 mainly controlled both assembly and capsid architecture, the five preceding residues constituted the VP1 (and possibly the pVP2/VP2) binding domain. Finally, we showed that capsid formation is associated with VP2 maturation, demonstrating that the protease VP4 is involved in the virus assembly process.
Hole Trapping, Recombination and Space Charge in Irradiated Sandia Oxides (1983)

A computer model for calculating radiation effects in MOS oxides is presented. Good agreement is obtained between theory and photoconductivity experiments (photo-current and flat band shift as a function of total dose) on Sandia radiation hard oxides. It is also shown that doses above 108 rads (delivered by a focused electron beam) are required to produce a significant number of new defect traps.
Molecular Imaging of Pulmonary Disease <i>In Vivo</i> (2009)

Characterization and noninvasive measurement of molecular pathways and biochemistry in living cells, animal models, and humans at the cellular and molecular level is now possible using remote imaging detectors. Positron and single photon emission tomography scanners, highly sensitive cameras for bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging, as well as high-magnetic-field magnetic resonance imaging scanners, can be used to study such diverse processes as signal transduction, receptor density and function, host response to pathogens, cell trafficking, and gene transfer. In many cases, images from more than one modality can be fused, allowing structure-function and multifunction relationships to be studied on a tissue-restricted or regional basis. "Molecular imaging" holds enormous potential for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of pulmonary disease and therapeutic response in intact animal models and humans.
Effects of low-energy back surface gettering on the properties of 1/f noise in n-channel nitrided MOSFETs (2002)

Flicker noise in backsurface gettered, nitrided n-channel MOSFETs is characterized over a wide range of temperatures and biases. The gettering time ranged from from 10 to 40 minutes. The noise power spectra for devices with different gettering times are compared to the ungettered devices which serve as the control. It is found that flicker noise is reduced by backsurface gettering for short gettering times. A rebound in the noise magnitude is observed for long gettering times. Investigations of the temperature dependencies of the noise power spectra indicates that the low-frequency noise arises from thermal activation of carriers to traps at the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface. Backsurface gettering results in the modification of the energy distribution of the interface traps, probably due to stress relaxation at the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface.
Why δ-Valerolactone Polymerizes and γ-Butyrolactone Does Not (2008)

gamma-Butyrolactone, unlike delta-valerolactone, does not polymerize despite a strain energy of approximately 8 kcal mol-1 which could be relieved by opening the s-cis lactone ester bond to an s-trans ester bond in the polymer. To explain this anomaly, we have applied quantum mechanical methods to study the thermochemistry involved in the ring-opening reactions of gamma-butyrolactone and delta-valerolactone, the conformational preferences of model molecules that mimic their corresponding homopolyesters, and the variation of enthalpy associated to the polymerizability of such two cyclic lactones. The overall results indicate that the lack of polymerizability of gamma-butyrolactone should be attributed to the low strain of the ring, which shows much less geometric distortion in the ester group than delta-valerolactone, and the notable stability of the coiled conformations found in model compounds of poly-4-hydroxybutyrate.
Purification and characterization of porcine liver DNA polymerase γ: utilitzation of dUTP and dTTP during<i>in vitro</i>DNA synthesis (1988)

Porcine liver DNA polymerase gamma has been demonstrated to preferentially incorporate dTMP over dUMP during in vitro DNA synthesis. When polymerase activity was measured in standard reactions containing saturating levels of either dTTP or dUTP, the polymerization rate was slightly faster in the reaction containing dTTP. However, under conditions where both dTTP and dUTP competed, at an equal molar concentration, approximately 3-times more thymine residues were incorporated than uracil residues into DNA. Similarly, preferential incorporation of dTMP was observed on several substrates including poly (dA).oligo p(dT), poly (rA).oligo p(dT) and poly (dA-dT). The discrimination against dUMP incorporation was even more apparent with reduced levels of dUTP. These observations were consistent with the finding that the Km for DNA polymerase gamma was about 3-fold lower for dTTP (0.4 microM) than for dUTP (1.1 microM). On the other hand, the Vmax for these two reactions was very similar. Discrimination against dUMP incorporation was also observed during inhibition of polymerase gamma by dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Dideoxythymidine triphosphate preferentially inhibited dUMP incorporation compared to that of dTMP, whereas ddATP, ddCTP and ddGTP inhibited both reactions equally.
Postsynthesis Modification of a Porous Coordination Polymer by LiCl To Enhance H<sup>+</sup> Transport (2013)

A Ca(2+) porous coordination polymer with 1D channels was functionalized by the postsynthesis addition of LiCl to enhance the H(+) conductivity. The compound showed over 10(-2) S cm(-1) at 25 °C and 20% relative humidity. Pulse-field gradient NMR elucidated that the fast H(+) conductivity was achieved by the support of Li(+) ion movements in the channel.
Effect of deprotonation on absorption and emission spectra of Ru(ii)-bpy complexes functionalized with carboxyl groups (2010)

Changes in the ground and excited state electronic structure of the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) complex induced by functionalization of bpy ligands with carboxyl and methyl groups in their protonated and deprotonated forms are studied experimentally using absorption and emission spectroscopy and theoretically using density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TDDFT). The introduction of the carboxyl groups shifts the metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption and emission bands to lower energies in functionalized complexes. Our calculations show that this red-shift is due to the stabilization of the lowest unoccupied orbitals localized on the substituted ligands, while the energies of the highest occupied orbitals localized on the Ru-center are not significantly affected. Consistent with previously observed trends in optical spectra of related Ru(II) complexes, deprotonation of the carboxyl groups results in a blue shift in the absorption and phosphorescence spectra. The effect originates from interplay of positive and negative solvatochromism in the protonated and deprotonated complexes, respectively. This results in more delocalized character of the electron transition orbitals in the deprotonated species and a strong destabilization of the three lowest unoccupied orbitals localized on the substituted and unsubstituted ligands, all of which contribute to the lowest-energy optical transitions. We also found that owing to the complexity of the excited state potential energy surfaces, the calculated lowest triplet excited state can be either weakly optically allowed (3)MLCT or optically forbidden Ru (3)d-d transition depending on the initial wavefunction guess used in TDDFT calculations.
Reduction in New Metastases in Breast Cancer with Adjuvant Clodronate Treatment (1998)

Clodronate can reduce the incidence and number of new bony and visceral metastases in women with breast cancer who are at high risk for distant metastases.
Constrained adaptation for time delay estimation with multipath propagation (1991)

The problem of estimating the time difference between two sensor outputs in the presence of a multipath propagation is addressed. Two adaptive configurations are proposed. One configuration assumes that the multipath delay is an integral multiple of the sampling interval. The other configuration allows a non-integral delay. In either case, filter coefficients are restricted to take on samples of a sine function only. The role of the adaptive filter is to provide appropriate time shifts to the input signals. Incorporating this constraint on the coefficients, which are adapted by the LMS algorithm, reduces the computations and considerably speeds up the convergence rate. Theoretical derivations and computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme for time delay measurement and to show its ability to accurately track time-varying parameters.
Cycloelimination of β-silylethyl sulphoxides: alkene, alkyne, and vinyl-silane-forming reactions (1982)

The cycloelimination (1)→(3) of trimethylsilyl sulphenate from a β-silylethyl sulphoxide is slightly faster than the corresponding cycloelimination (2)→(3) of sulphenic acid itself. The former type of reaction can be used to form acetylenes [e.g.(24)→(25)]. However, this pathway is only followed when there is no hydrogen on the β-carbon; when there is such a hydrogen, the elimination of sulphenic acid (8)→(10) takes place, because the silyl group substantially speeds up the abstraction of the hydrogen atom adjacent to it.
Bell-Shaped pH−Rate Profile in a Reaction Involving a Pentacoordinated Phosphorus Intermediate (1996)

Kinetics of the nucleophilic monosubstitution of imidazole by p-nitrophenolate (PNP-) in hexaimidazolylcyclotriphosphazene (2) in water: THF 4:1 (5.5 < pH < 7.5) at 24 °C have been studied. The reaction was followed by the disappearance of the PNP- under pseudo-first-order conditions using the initial-rate procedure. A constant excess of KCl is needed in order to avoid medium effects. A bell-shaped curve is obtained when the kobs values (obtained from the leveling or the extrapolation to zero of kobs vs [H2PO4-]T plots) are plotted against the pH. From this plot, a kinetically determined pKa of 5.4 was obtained for 2. From the same plot, a 5.7 L mol-1 s-1 value for the second-order rate constant for the nucleophilic PNP- attack to the protonated species of 2 was found. A two-step mechanism is proposed. The formed pentacoordinated intermediate cleaves to the (p-nitrophenoxy)pentaimidazolyl)cyclotriphosphazene (3) in a general-acid-catalyzed reaction. As expected of the proposed mechanism, a change in the rate-limiting step is observed at pH > 7.0 when the [buffer]T increases and kobs becomes independent of [buffer]. The implications of the present results on the controversial mechanism of hydrolysis of RNA and derivatives are discussed.
Nanoporosity and Exceptional Negative Thermal Expansion in Single‐Network Cadmium Cyanide (2007)

Accentuate the negative: Single-network cadmium cyanide displays isotropic negative thermal expansion behavior of unprecedented magnitude over a large temperature range (see graph of unit cell parameter a versus temperature). Guest molecules in the pores of this framework block the transverse vibrational modes responsible for this behavior, causing the value of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion to increase with guest occupancy. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z704421_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (2015)

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a great treasure of China's ancient history and culture. Written for health professionals, researchers, social scientists and educators, this book elaborates a view that TCM is embodied in diverse and complex human dimensions and meanings in Chinese culture. Encircling Cultural Meaning includes the TCM concept 'Qi', the holistic approach, which embodies culture in medicine. The book identifies intricate human dimensions of TCM in: the life stages of youth, adulthood and old age, as family connections, as identity, as balancing /harmonising life, as complementary and knowledge transmission roles. In particular, TCM is seen through the lens of leadership - as refining human relationships, as self, as moral practice, as good management practice, and as embracing the cultural environment. Underlying these categories, shared meanings are revealed, as well as core values and health beliefs in Chinese culture. The complex human dimensions of TCM are shown to be deeply rooted in social, cultural and historical contexts in the Chinese diaspora. The Spirit of Chinese Culture: its Human Centredness Conceptions of Leadership in Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM for Youth, Adults and the Elderly TCM in Family Connectedness Chinese Identity, Body Image and Gender Balance/Harmony/Knowledge Underlying Beliefs and Roles Social-Cultural Significance The author draws from and extends her PhD research on lived Chinese experiences and conceptions of TCM across diverse individuals, populations, two focus groups in Australia, and three focus groups in Macau and Hong Kong. Encircling Cultural Meaning reveals rich and profound values in Chinese culture manifested at all levels of life, including: the reciprocal care of filial piety, trust, respect, considerations for others, the quest for self understanding, and the strive for peace and harmony. These inner virtues in human relationships offers a soothing refuge and solution to the modern world which is often punctuated with imbalance, the overdependence on material acquisition, distrust, violence, and man's inhumanity towards man.