gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Rhinovirus Outbreak among Residents of a Long-Term Care Facility (1995)

Rhinovirus may cause epidemic, clinically important respiratory illness in nursing homes residents. A large proportion of residents may become ill, and infection may be severe in persons with underlying lung disease.
Phase III Comparison of Doxorubicin and Dacarbazine Given by Bolus Versus Infusion in Patients With Soft-Tissue Sarcomas: A Southwest Oncology Group Study (1991)

Disseminated soft-tissue sarcomas are a group of uncommon malignancies generally treated in a uniform manner. This study questioned the impact of schedule on response rate and toxicity in patients with metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma treated with the two-drug combination doxorubicin and dacarbazine. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either bolus therapy with doxorubicin at a dose of 60 mg/m2 and dacarbazine at a dose of 750 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 (118 patients) or infusional therapy with doxorubicin at 60 mg/m2 and dacarbazine at 750 mg/m2 delivered by continuous intravenous infusion for 96 hours on days 1-4 (122 patients). Chemotherapy was to be repeated every 3 weeks. A unique feature of this cooperative group protocol was a provision for surgical resection of residual disease in patients with a partial response or with stable disease following chemotherapy. Similar overall response rates (17% in both treatment arms) and complete response rates (5% in both treatment arms) were observed. For patients receiving bolus therapy, the median response duration was 19.6 months for those in complete remission and 6.6 months for those in partial remission. For patients receiving infusional therapy, the median response duration was 12.6 months for those in complete remission and 9.3 months for those in partial remission. Examination of dose intensity received when combining treatment arms revealed a weak doxorubicin dose-response relationship. There was no difference in median survival times between the two treatment arms (bolus therapy, 10.6 months; infusional therapy, 10.5 months; logrank P = .97). Analysis of toxic effects favored infusional therapy. Significant reductions in cardiac toxicity (all events, P = .04; clinical events, P = .01) and nausea and emesis (P = .04) were seen in infusional therapy. Of 47 patients eligible for cytoreductive surgery following chemotherapy, 12 received surgery, and of those 12, eight were rendered disease free. The use of a 96-hour continuous intravenous infusion of doxorubicin-dacarbazine was comparable therapeutically with bolus dosing of these two agents and was better tolerated by the patients.
Fast Node Merging With Don't Cares Using Logic Implications (2010)

Node merging is a popular and effective logic restructuring technique that has recently been applied to minimize logic circuits. However, in the previous satisfiability (SAT)-based methods, the search for node mergers required trial-and-error validity checking of a potentially large set of candidate mergers. Here, we propose a new method, which directly identifies node mergers using logic implications without any SAT solving calls. Although the efficiency benefits of the method come at the expense of quality, we further engage the redundancy removal and the wire replacement techniques to enhance its quality. The experimental results show that the proposed optimization method achieves approximately 46 times the speedup while possessing a competitive capability of circuit minimization compared to the state-of-the-art method.
Real-time sound synthesis and propagation for games (2007)

Simulating the complete process of sound synthesis and propagation by exploiting aural perception makes the experience of playing games much more realistic and immersive.
Identification of mouse palmitoyl-coenzyme A Δ9-desaturase (2006)

Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) catalyzes the desaturation of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids in mammalian cells. Currently, there are four known enzymatic isoforms (SCD1-SCD4) in the mouse genome. The physiological roles for multiple SCD isoforms and their substrate specificities are unknown at present. We report here distinct substrate specificities for the mouse SCD isoforms. Each SCD isoform was able to complement the ole1 mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through heterologous expression of transgenic SCD. Fatty acid analysis showed that mouse SCD1, SCD2, and SCD4 desaturate both C18:0 and C16:0, whereas mouse SCD3 uses C16:0 but not C18:0. We identify SCD3 as a mammalian palmitotyl-CoA Delta9-desaturase, and its existence in mouse helps explain distinct physiological roles for each SCD isoform.
Additions and Corrections to my list of the Birds of Australia, 1913 and Check List, Part 1, 1920 (1921)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Simultaneous sources: The inaugural full-field, marine seismic case history from Australia (2012)

SummarySimultaneous (blended) sources have attracted a great deal of attention recently because of their potential to increase significantly the rate at which seismic data can be acquired. The viability of the method was previously demonstrated through the use of small-scale tests on synthetic and field data. In this paper, we present a case history from Australia of the first field-development-scale use of this technology in the world.Concept studies involving simulations of simultaneoussource data from conventional data indicated that the proposed survey design would yield data that were separable into components for each source. The resultant data set contains twice as many traces as its conventional equivalent, and provides improved sampling for important processing steps such as coherent noise attenuation.Simultaneous-source acquisition requires quality control methods that are specific to the technique to ensure that the data are acquired as planned. New QC methods were developed specifically for this project, and showed that no problems related to the simultaneous-source technique were encountered.Data processing involved source separation at an early stage, after which a conventional processing sequence could be used on the resultant, densely-sampled data set. Separation was performed using a sparse inversion technique, which proved very effective. Very little signal leakage was observed, and the interference was almost completely suppressed.Through this case history, we demonstrate the viability of simultaneous sources as an effective marine seismic acquisition method.
Prenatal diagnosis of β‐thalassemia in Southern Punjab, Pakistan (2006)

Pakistan has a large population of more than 150 million people with an overall carrier frequency of approximately 5.6% for beta-thalassemia. Punjab is the largest province of the country having more than 50% of the population. The state of beta-thalassemia is alarming as consanguinity is very high (>81%) and the literacy rate is low in South Punjab. A thalassemia prevention program is the need of the hour in this part of Pakistan. In this study, we initiated awareness, screening, and characterization of the mutations causing beta-thalassemia as well as a genetic counseling program mainly in the districts of Faisalabad and D.G. Khan to establish prenatal diagnosis, a facility previously unavailable in this region for disease prevention. A total of 248 unrelated transfusion-dependent children and the available members of their families were screened to characterize the mutations and identify the carriers. Genetic counseling was provided to these families and prenatal diagnosis offered. In the samples analyzed, 11 beta-thalassemia mutations and three hemoglobin variants were detected mainly by using the Monoplex and Multiplex ARMS-PCR. First-trimester prenatal diagnosis was carried out through chorionic villus sampling (CVS) in seven pregnancies at risk. As a result of our campaign, 145 carrier couples planning to have more children gave their consent to have retrospective prenatal diagnosis in every pregnancy in future. A cooperative trend and a positive attitude toward the prevention of beta-thalassemia were noticed in the families with affected children and in the general population.
Laboratory Investigation of Mixing Hot-Mix Asphalt with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (2005)

This paper presents a laboratory study in which the blending process of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) with virgin mixture was analyzed through controlled experiments. One type of screened RAP was blended with virgin (new) coarse aggregate at different percentages. A blended mixture containing 20% of screened RAP was subjected to staged extraction and recovery. The result from this experiment indicated that only a small portion of aged asphalt in RAP actually participated in the remixing process; other portions formed a stiff coating around RAP aggregates, and RAP functionally acted as "composite black rock." The resulting composite layered structure was desirable to improve the performance of the hot-mix asphalt mixture.
Genotypic and phenotypic changes during culture of a multinucleoside-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain in the presence and absence of additional reverse transcriptase inhibitors (1996)

The observation that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mutations conferring resistance to one reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor may suppress resistance to other RT inhibitors provides a rationale for treating HIV-1 with certain RT inhibitor combinations. We examined phenotypic and genotypic changes during culture of a multinucleoside (zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitibine, and stavudine)-resistant HIV-1 strain with and without additional RT inhibitors (nevirapine and lamivudine). The development of nevirapine or lamivudine resistance by the multinucleoside-resistant strain was not accompanied by a reduction in zidovudine or didanosine resistance.
Assays for heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (1997)

Tests for the presence of heparin-dependent antibodies (heparin-Ig) have evolved in parallel with improved understanding of the pathophysiology of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). The first group of tests relied upon platelet aggregation or activation. Among tests in this group, the serotonin release assay has been reported to demonstrate the best performance characteristics. However, this test has not been widely adopted outside a few specialized laboratories owing to its complexity and need for radioactive materials. As a result, the less sensitive and specific platelet aggregation test is more commonly used for the diagnosis of heparin-Ig. The literature suggests that test sensitivity can be improved by the use of the patient's own platelets, platelets from selected donors known to be reactive in the assay, or washed platelets. Test specificity has been enhanced by the use of two point assays that include neutralization of the reaction by a high dose of heparin. A second group of assays have focused on detection of heparin-dependent binding of immunoglobulins to the platelet membrane. Most of these tests are hampered by the fact that platelets in patients with suspected HIT and in conditions that are in the differential diagnosis of HIT frequently express high levels of platelet-associated immunoglobulin. The most recent tests for heparin-Ig are based on the recognition that patient antibodies are directed against the heparin-PF4 complex. This has led to the development of the PF4/ heparin EIA assay. Because whole platelets are not used in this assay, problems related to under-reactivity or nonspecific reactivity are avoided. In addition, the ability of the test to predict clinical complications may be improved because the test can distinguish IgM from IgG heparin-Ig. Currently the laboratory diagnosis of heparin-Ig remains inexact. The sensitivity and specificity of laboratory assays cannot be firmly established. Much like the diagnosis of the phospholipid syndrome-where use of both the cardiolipin EIA and the lupus anticoagulant test offer overlapping advantages-the combination of the heparin-PF4 EIA plus either a test of platelet activation or a heparin-dependent antibody binding assay may prove to be a more sensitive and specific approach to the diagnosis of heparin-Ig. Despite the progress that has been made in the area of laboratory diagnosis of heparin-Ig, further improvement is needed. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is not rare and may be associated with devastating morbidity as well as mortality. Low-molecular-weight heparins usually cross-react with heparin-Ig. Therapy with Org 10172 appears to be the most promising alternative for patients with HIT. Because the clinical diagnosis is uncertain in sick hospitalized patients, further improvements in laboratory assays for heparin-Ig allowing earlier and more accurate diagnosis of patients at risk for HIT will be welcome.
Provably secure three-party password-based authenticated key exchange protocol using Weil pairing (2005)

The Weil Diffie–Hellman problem discovered by Joux is a new primitive in cryptography. The authors propose the first provably secure three-party password-based authenticated key exchange protocol based on the Weil Diffie–Hellman problem. In the proposed protocol, two communication entities can authenticate each other and establish a session key through the assistance of an authentication server. The proposed protocol requires only four communication steps, which is more efficient than previous solutions. The security of the proposed scheme has been proven in the random oracle model. In addition, the communication steps of the proposed protocol can be reduced to three rounds of transmissions.
Twin-bit silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (sSONOS) memory by inverted sidewall patterning (TSM-ISp) (2003)

We have proposed a new twin-bit silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon memory (TSM)-inverted sidewall patterning (ISP) cell which has twin oxide-nitride-oxides (ONOs) physically separated by the ISP method under one control gate. This TSM-ISP can control the trapped charge distribution and make diffusion barrier of charges, so that program/erase (P/E) endurance and retention can be increased. The trapping nitride is narrow enough to reduce hot-hole erase times. To estimate the new device characteristics, we have devised a special simulation method of silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) by implementing a simple idea in the conventional device simulator, "MEDICI." By placing the floating nodes in nitride with adjusted density, which is supposed to play the role of charge traps in nitride, we can estimate not only the conventional SONOS characteristics, but also the new SONOS characteristics, such as TSM-ISP.
In vivo mechanisms by which tumors producing thrombospondin 1 bypass its inhibitory effects (2001)

Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is a multifunctional protein able to activate TGFbeta and to inhibit angiogenesis in vivo. Although usually thought of as an inhibitor of tumor growth, TSP1 may sometimes be present at high levels during tumor progression, suggesting that tumors can eventually overcome their anti-tumor effects. Using a tet-repressible expression system, we demonstrate that murine TSP1 delayed the onset of tumor growth when produced in the tumor bed by rat fibrosarcoma tumor cells or by stromal fibroblasts coinjected with unmodified C6 glioma tumor cells. Yet upon prolonged exposure to TSP1, tumors came to grow at the same rate in the presence as in the absence of TSP1 and transplantation experiments showed that they had become insensitive to inhibition by TSP1 in both syngeneic and immune compromised hosts. Tumor resistance to TSP1 developed as a result of the in vivo outgrowth of pre-existing tumor cell variants that (1) secreted increased amounts of angiogenic factors that counterbalanced the inhibitory effect of TSP1 on neovascularization and (2) grew more efficiently in the presence of TSP1-activated TGFbeta. These results indicate that prolonged and continuous local delivery of a single multifunctional angiogenesis inhibitor like TSP1 to fast-growing tumors can lead to tumor resistance in vivo by fostering the outgrowth of subpopulations that are a by-product of the genetic instability of the tumor cells themselves.
The clinical approach to small fibre neuropathy and painful channelopathy (2014)

Small fibre neuropathy (SFN) is characterised by structural injury selectively affecting small diameter sensory and/or autonomic axons. The clinical presentation is dominated by pain. SFN complicates a number of common diseases such as diabetes mellitus and is likely to be increasingly encountered. The diagnosis of SFN is demanding as clinical features can be vague and nerve conduction studies normal. New diagnostic techniques, in particular measurement of intraepidermal nerve fibre density, have significantly improved the diagnostic efficiency of SFN. Management is focused on the treatment of the underlying cause and analgesia, as there is no neuroprotective therapy. A recent and significant advance is the finding that a proportion of cases labelled as idiopathic SFN are in fact associated with gain of function mutations of the voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 (encoded by the genes SCN9A and SCN10A, respectively). There is a further group of heritable painful conditions in which gain of function mutations in ion channels alter excitability of sensory neurones but do not cause frank axon degeneration; these include mutations in Nav1.7 (causing erythromelalgia and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder) and TRPA1 (resulting in familial episodic pain disorder). These conditions are exceptionally rare but have provided great insight into the nociceptive system as well as yielding potential analgesic drug targets. In patients with no pre-existing risk factor, the investigation of an underlying cause of SFN should be systematic and appropriate for the patient population. In this review, we focus on how to incorporate recent developments in the diagnosis and pathophysiology of SFN into clinical practice.
Deploying Complex Applications in Unfriendly Distributed Systems with Parrot (2004)

Ordinary applications struggle to benefit from distributed computing. Most applications are designed for the safe confines of a single workstation and are not prepared to encounter the new interfaces and failures that are endemic to distributed systems. To solve this problem, we present Parrot, an interposition agent that connects standard, unmodified applications to distributed systems. Parrot makes use of the debugging interface to trap and modify an application&apos;s system calls. This interface is heavyweight but foolproof: Parrot can operate on any program, script, or multi-process conglomerate. We explore how Parrot can be used to attach a variety of remote I/O protocols and we explain why a new protocol, Chirp, is necessary to support real applications. We present a case study of SP5, a high-energy physics application that requires distributed computing to achieve its production goals. Using Parrot, we successfully deploy SP5 into a fault-prone distributed system.
Enabling a “Use-or-Share” Framework for PAL–GAA Sharing in CBRS Networks via Reinforcement Learning (2019)

By implementing reinforcement learning-aided listen-before-talk (LBT) schemes over a citizens broadband radio service (CBRS) network, we increase the spatial reuse at secondary nodes while minimizing the interference footprint on higher-tier nodes. The federal communications commission encourages “use-or-share” policies in the CBRS band across the priority access license (PAL)–general authorized access (GAA) priority tiers by opportunistically allowing the lower-priority GAA nodes to access unused higher-priority PAL spectrum. However, there is currently no mechanism to enable this cross-tier spectrum sharing. In this paper, we propose and evaluate LBT schemes that allow opportunistic access to PAL spectrum. We find that by allowing LBT in a two carrier, two eNB scenario, we see upward of 50% user perceived throughput (UPT) gains for both eNBs. Furthermore, we examine the use of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -learning to adapt the energy-detection threshold (EDT), combating problematic topologies, such as hidden and exposed nodes. With merely a 4% reduction in primary node UPT, we see up to 350% gains in average secondary node UPT when adapting the EDT of opportunistically transmitting nodes.
A Mechanistic Analysis of the Birch Reduction (2011)

The Birch Reduction is one of the main reactions of organic chemistry. The reaction involves the reaction of dissolving metals in ammonia with aromatic compounds to produce 1,4-cyclohexadienes. Discovered by Arthur Birch in 1944, the reaction occupies 300 pages in Organic Reactions to describe its synthetic versatility. Thus, it is remarkable that the reaction mechanism has been so very controversial and only relatively recently has been firmly established. Perhaps this is not that surprising, since the reaction also has many unusual and esoteric mechanistic facets. Here, I provide a description of how I have applied ever-evolving levels of quantum mechanics and a novel experimental test to understand details of the mechanism and the origins of the selectivities observed in the Birch reduction. The reaction involves an initial radical anion resulting from introduction of an electron from the blue liquid ammonia solution of free electrons formed by the dissolution of Li or related metals. This radical anion is protonated by an alcohol and then further reduced to a carbanion. Finally, the carbanion is protonated using a second proton to afford a nonconjugated cyclohexadiene. The regiochemistry depends on substituents present. With 18 resonance structures in the case of anisole radical anion, prediction of the initial protonation site would seem difficult. Nevertheless, computational methods from Hückel theory through modern density functional calculations do correctly predict the site of protonation. An esoteric test established this mechanism experimentally. The nature of the carbanion also is of mechanistic interest, and the preponderance of the resonance structure shown was revealed from Hückel calculations involving variable bond orders. For the trianion from benzoic acid, parallel questions about structure are apparent, and have been answered. Some mechanistic questions are answered experimentally and some by modern computations. Recently, our mechanistic understanding has led to a variety of synthetic applications. For example, the preparation of alkyl aromatics from benzoic acids makes use of the intermediates formed in these reactions. This Account provides an overview of both experimental techniques and theoretical methodology used to provide detailed mechanistic understanding of the Birch Reduction.
Steroid Series. XX. Reaction of α, β-Epoxyketone with Dimethyl Sulfoxide (1969)

The oxidation of 17β-hydroxy-4β, 5-epoxy-5α-androstan-3-one (I) and its 4α, 5α-isomer (II) with dimethyl sulfoxide gave 4, 17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (IV), 17β-hydroxyandrosta-1, 4-dien-3-one (V), 2, 17β-dihydroxyandrosta-1, 4-dien-3-one (VI) and 2α, 17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (VII). The same reaction of 17β-acetoxy-4β, 5-epoxy-19-nor-5β-androstan-3-one (IIIa) afforded 4, 17β-dihydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one 17-acetate (VIIIa), estra-1, 3, 5 (10)-triene-3, 17β-diol 17-acetate (IX) and estra-1, 3, 5 (10)-triene-2, 3, 17β-triol 17-acetate (X). The corresponding 19-oxosteroid (IIIb) yielded the estrane derivatives (IX and X), while 19-hydroxymethyl steroid (IIIc) gave, in addition to the estrane derivatives (IX and X), 4, 17β, 19-trihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one 17-acetate (VIIIc) and 17β-acetoxy-2β, 19-oxidoandrost-4-en-3-one (XI).