gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Texture analysis using lacunarity and average local variance (2009)

Texture and spatial pattern are important attributes of images and their potential as features in image classification, for example to discriminate between normal and abnormal status in medical images, has long been recognized. In order to be clinically useful, a texture metric should be robust to changes in image acquisition and digitization. We compared four multi-scale texture metrics accessible in the spatial domain (lacunarity, average local variance (ALV), and two novel variations) in terms of ease of interpretation, sensitivity and computational cost. We analyzed a variety of patterns and textures, using simple synthetic images, standard texture images, and three-dimensional point distributions. ALV is invariant to brightness, but depends on image contrast; it detects the size of a pattern element as a large peak in the plot. Lacunarity shows the periodicity within an image. Normalizing lacunarity removes its dependence on image density, but not on image brightness and contrast, so that comparisons should always be made using histogram equalized images. We extended the treatment to grayscale images directly, which is not equivalent to a weighted sum of the normalized lacunarity of the bit-plane images. Different sampling schemes were introduced and compared in terms of resolution and computational tractability. The plots can be used directly as a texture signature, and parametric features can be extracted from monotonic lacunarity plots for classification purposes.
Well-isolated <i>L</i>1 FePt–SiN<i>x</i>–C nanocomposite films with large coercivity and small grain size (2012)

FePt–SiNx–C films on TiN/CrRu/glass substrate with large coercivity, (001) texture, and small isolated grains were obtained by co-sputtering FePt, Si3N4, and C targets at 380 °C. It was found that when C was doped into the FePt–SiNx films, the out-of-plane coercivity increased while the small in-plane coercivity remained unchanged. Grain size decreased and grain size distribution became more uniform with increasing the C doping concentration. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile showed a uniform depth distribution of Si in the FePt layer. The Si2p XPS spectrum implied the existence of Fe–Si bonds, indicating that SiNx was located at the FePt grain boundaries and was stable against diffusion to the surface, thus favoring grain isolation. Well-isolated FePt (001) granular films with coercivity higher than 21.5 kOe and an average grain size of 5.6 nm were obtained by doping 40 vol. % of SiNx and 20 vol. % of C.
Dependence of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions on primary levels in normal and impaired ears. I. Effects of decreasing <i>L</i>2 below <i>L</i>1 (1995)

The 2f1-f2 distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) is evoked by two primary tones of frequencies f1 < f2, and levels L1 and L2. Previous reports indicate that decreasing L2 below L1 = L2 can; (1) increase DPOAE amplitude in normal ears, and (2) increase the degree to which DPOAE amplitudes are reduced by cochlear trauma. Although both of these factors could be advantageous for clinical applications of DPOAEs, neither has been explored in detail. In the present study, 2f1-f2 DPOAE-amplitude frequency functions were collected from normal and impaired ears of rabbits and humans, with L1 = L2, and with L2 < L1, at each of three values of L1. In rabbits, controlled tonal or noise overexposures were used to produce permanent reductions of DPOAE amplitudes. Comparison of pre- and postexposure DPOAE-amplitude frequency functions demonstrated that the frequency-specific reductions of DPOAEs were enhanced by decreasing L2 below L1. In humans, DPOAE-amplitude frequency functions obtained with the various L1 and L2 combinations were collected from 16 normal ears to provide preliminary normative data for each stimulus-level condition. The L1-L2 that produced the maximum DPOAE amplitude in normal ears was systematically dependent on L1. Thus at most frequencies, decreasing L2 below L1 = L2 substantially reduced mean DPOAE amplitude when L1 > or = 75 dB SPL, but increased mean DPOAE amplitudes at L1 = 65 dB SPL. However, the increase of mean DPOAE amplitude obtained by decreasing L2 below L1 = 65 dB SPL was small, being less than 3.5 dB at most frequencies. More importantly, at L1 = 65 dB SPL, L2 could be decreased considerably below L1 = L2 without reducing mean DPOAE amplitude relative to that at L1 = L2. Inspection of DPOAE-amplitude frequency functions obtained from subjects with mild or moderate sensorineural hearing losses indicated that, in frequency regions of hearing impairment, decreasing L2 below L1 can enhance the degree of reduction of DPOAEs below the corresponding normative amplitudes, without reducing the normative amplitude. It is concluded that decreasing L2 below L1 = L2 has the potential to enhance the performance of DPOAEs in clinical applications.
Robust multi-phase clock generation with reduced jitter (2004)

A very flexible multiphase clock generation circuit is proposed. It is aimed for applications where very accurate phase shifts and low jitter is required, such as time-interleaved samplers and multistandard radio receivers. Robustness to supply voltage variation for phase shifts and jitter performance is demonstrated with simulations as well as measurements.
A 70 pJ/Pulse Analog Front-End in 130 nm CMOS for UWB Impulse Radio Receivers (2009)

This paper presents an integrated ultra-low power analog front-end (AFE) architecture for UWB impulse radio receivers. The receiver is targeted towards applications like wireless sensor networks typically requiring ultra energy-efficient, low data-rate communication over a relative short range. The proposed receiver implements pulse correlation in the analog domain to severely relax the power consumption of the ADCs and digital backend. Furthermore a fully integrated prototype of the analog front-end, containing a PLL, programmable clocking generator, analog pulse correlator, a linear-in-dB variable gain amplifier and a 4-bit ADC, is demonstrated. Several design decisions and techniques, like correlation with a windowed LO instead of with a matched template, exploiting the duty-cycled nature of the system, operation in the sub-1 GHz band as well as careful circuit design are employed to reach ultra-low power consumption. The analog front-end was manufactured in 130 nm CMOS and the active circuit area measures 1000 mum times 1500 mum. A maximum channel conversion gain of 50 dB can be achieved. Two symbol rates, 39.0625 M pulses per second (Mpps) and 19.531 Mpps are supported. The AFE consumes 2.3 mA from a 1.2 V power supply when operating at 39.0625 Mpps. This corresponds to an energy consumption of 70 pJ/pulse. A wireless link over more than 10 m in an office-like environment has been demonstrated at 19.531 Mpps with a PER < 1E -3 under direct LOS conditions.
Is it worth the wait? A survey of patients' satisfaction with an oncology outpatient clinic (1997)

Increasing numbers of cancer survivors and the tradition of long-term follow-up in the outpatient clinic has resulted in overcrowded oncology clinics and long waiting times. Little is known about patients' perceptions of their clinic attendance. This survey of 252 oncology patients investigated patients' satisfaction with the clinic, anxiety associated with clinic attendance and the strengths and weaknesses of the oncology service. Results demonstrated high levels of satisfaction. Far from being perceived as anxiety-provoking, the clinic was looked upon as a valuable source of reassurance, 92% of patients reporting they were ‘always’ or ‘usually’ reassured as a consequence of their visit. Qualitative data showed that clinic staff were the most important source of satisfaction. Waiting was overwhelmingly the worst aspect of the clinic, described by 27% of patients as ‘excessively long’. One-fifth of the total sample had attended the clinic for 10 years or more and over a third of this group reported they would be worried at the prospect of being discharged to the care of their geneal practitioners. Despite disadvantages associated with long waits, the clinic was perceived as providing a valuable source of reassurance which a proportion of patients were clearly reluctant to be without.
New Method for Heart Studies (1961)

I have proposed that orthodox electrocardiography be implemented, both for research and medical purposes, by the use of long-period, continuous recording of heart potentials with a portable, self-contained instrument-the electrocardiocorder together with semiautomatic methods for the rapid analysis of the resulting voluminous data. An electronic system to make this concept practical has been developed in our laboratory and typical results are described in this article.
Enhanced multimode fiber link performance using a spatially resolved receiver (2002)

In this letter, we demonstrate a new spatially resolved photodetection and equalization technique that compensates for differential modal delay in multimode fiber (MMF) links. We experimentally demonstrate in excess of a two-fold bandwidth increase using a simple two-segment photodetector that retains all of the advantages associated with multimode fiber including alignment tolerance. Furthermore, we characterize the MMF output in the far-field demonstrating that the temporal response depends upon spatial coordinate and allowing numerical optimization of the technique.
Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbBr<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Quantum Dots and Bulk Counterparts (2018)

Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite is emerging as a potential emissive material for light emitting devices, such as, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers, which has emphasized the necessity of understanding its fundamental opto-physical properties. In this work, the temperature-dependent photoluminescence of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbBr<sub>3</sub> perovskite quantum dots (QDs), polycrystalline thin film (TF), and single crystal (SC) has been studied. The optophysical properties, such as exciton-phonon scattering, exciton binding energy, and exciton decay dynamics, were investigated. The exciton-phonon scattering of perovskite is investigated, which is responsible for both PL line width broadening and nonradiative decay of excitons. The exciton binding energy of QDs, TF, and SC were estimated to be 388.2, 124.3, and 40.6 meV, respectively. The observed main exciton decay pathway for QDs is the phonon assisted thermal escape, while that for TF and SC was the thermal dissociation due to low exciton binding energy.
Clinical radioimmunodetection, 1978-1988: overview and suggestions for standardization of clinical trials. (1990)

In the last decade of radioimmunodetection studies the radiolabeled antibody preparations used have gradually changed from polyclonal antibodies labeled predominantly with 131I to monoclonal antibodies labeled with diverse radionuclides including 131I, 111In, 123I, and 99mTc. Over this period progressive improvement in tumor imaging has been observed when one compares the best examples of early studies, performed with 131I labeled heterosera, to the best of modern images, obtained with 123I, 99mTc, or 111In labeled monoclonal antibodies. Important findings in 61 clinical studies reviewed include the reports from several centers which demonstrate occult disease in patients with carcinoma of colon, melanoma, and lymphoma, and the improved sensitivity and specificity of radioimmunodetection in comparison to transmission computerized tomography in the lymph nodes and abdomen, in lymphoma and colon cancer, and ovarian cancer. Evaluation of the liver remains a difficult problem with this technique and standard approaches are superior in most reports. The general principle of targeting radioactivity to tumor with radiolabeled antitumor antibody and the feasibility of developing practical clinical methodology which will add new diagnostic information have clearly been established. Toxicity, particularly for index studies, is reassuringly limited. In all the studies with surgical confirmation after i.v. injection, uptake in tumor is in the range of 0.005% injected dose/g tumor, and this low tumor uptake remains the single greatest limitation of the method. A second important problem is the prompt development of human anti-mouse antibody, which reduces the usefulness of follow-up studies. A serious criticism of the information currently available on radioimmunodetection is that the clinical studies reported to date vary greatly in approach and results. The vast majority of studies are early Phase I clinical trials, from which toxicity information and biodistribution data can be derived but which give limited information about impact on clinical management. Standardization in the study design is needed in order to establish the efficacy of radioimmunodetection in adequate and well controlled clinical trials.
Elastomeric Polyether-Ester Block Copolymers (1979)

Physical properties are related to ester-segment structure and concentration in thermoplastic poly ether-ester elastomers prepared by melt transesterification of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol with various diols and aromatic diesters. Diols used were 1,4-benzenedimethanol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, and the linear, aliphatic α,ω-diols from ethylene glycol to 1,10-decane-diol. Esters used were terephthalate, isophthahte, 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylate, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate, and m-terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylate. Ester-segment structure was found to affect many copolymer properties including ease of synthesis, molecular weight obtained, crystallization rate, elastic recovery, and tensile and tear strengths.
Assay of plant sterols by use of cholesterol oxidase. (1979)

The cholesterol esterase/cholesterol oxidase enzyme kit can be used for analysis of plant sterols. The results are comparable to those obtained by conventional colorimetric analysis.
Recent trends and future of pharmaceutical packaging technology (2013)

The pharmaceutical packaging market is constantly advancing and has experienced annual growth of at least five percent per annum in the past few years. The market is now reckoned to be worth over $20 billion a year. As with most other packaged goods, pharmaceuticals need reliable and speedy packaging solutions that deliver a combination of product protection, quality, tamper evidence, patient comfort and security needs. Constant innovations in the pharmaceuticals themselves such as, blow fill seal (BFS) vials, anti-counterfeit measures, plasma impulse chemical vapor deposition (PICVD) coating technology, snap off ampoules, unit dose vials, two-in-one prefilled vial design, prefilled syringes and child-resistant packs have a direct impact on the packaging. The review details several of the recent pharmaceutical packaging trends that are impacting packaging industry, and offers some predictions for the future.
Physics and Applications of Bismuth Ferrite (2009)

Abstract BiFeO 3 is perhaps the only material that is both magnetic and a strong ferroelectric at room temperature. As a result, it has had an impact on the field of multiferroics that is comparable to that of yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) on superconductors, with hundreds of publications devoted to it in the past few years. In this Review, we try to summarize both the basic physics and unresolved aspects of BiFeO 3 (which are still being discovered with several new phase transitions reported in the past few months) and device applications, which center on spintronics and memory devices that can be addressed both electrically and magnetically.
64-channel flip-chip-mounted selectively oxidized GaAs VCSEL array for parallel optical interconnects (1999)

We have designed and fabricated a 64 channel optical module using a self-alignment flip-chip packaging technique for 2D GaAs epitaxial-side emitting vertical-cavity surface- emitting laser (VCSEL) array mounting without substrate removal on Si subcarrier. Light emission is obtained through a wet-chemically etched window in the Si subcarrier. The 2D independently addressable selectively oxidized GaAs laser array is arranged in an 8 X 8 matrix with a device pitch of 250 micrometers and each laser is supplied with two individual top contacts. This metallization scheme allows flip-chip mounting junction-side down on Si subcarrier. The VCSEL array chip is placed above the window in the Si subcarrier and is assembled using a self-aligned bonding technique with PbSn solder bumps. Arrays with 4 micrometers active diameter investigated before and after packaging show quite homogeneous optical and electrical continuous wave output characteristics exhibiting threshold currents of less than 1.1 mA and single-mode output powers of 2 mW. Driving characteristics of the lasers in the array are fully compatible to advanced 3.3 V CMOS technology. The modules are used to demonstrate free-space directional transmission applying beam steering.
Improved vessel visualization in MR angiography by nonlinear anisotropic filtering (1997)

This paper deals with a preprocessing technique of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images, applied before maximum-intensity-projection (MIP). The purpose was to recover small low-intensity vessels, visible in individual slices, but lost in MIP images that usually have higher background level than the individual slices. The authors have developed a nonlinear three-dimensional spatial filtering technique (called HD filter) based on anisotropic smoothing. The filter first searches for the local orientation of the vessel. It then performs a nonlinear smoothing in the vessel's local direction so as to avoid blurring its boundaries. Noise level reduction, contrast enhancement, and improved small vessel visibility achieved by this filter are illustrated on dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction MRA images of the lower limbs.
Comparison of Platelet Activation and Membrane Glycoprotein lb and IIb-IIIa Expression after Filtration through Three Different Leukocyte Removal Filters (1990)

We evaluated three filters used for leukocyte removal from platelet concentrates: Imugard IG 500, Pall PL100 and Sepacell PL-10A. Filter performance, platelet activation and expression of membrane glycoproteins lb and Ilb-IIIa were evaluated. Imugard, Pall and Sepacell showed median postfiltration in vitro platelet recoveries of 88, 84 and 80%, and total residual leukocyte counts of 16.1, 7.5 and 0.6 x 10^6/pool of 8 platelet concentrates, respectively. Mean platelet volume was reduced after filtration with all filters. Postfiltration values of glycoproteins lb and Ilb-IIIa, and of activation markers GMP140 and gp 53 were not significantly different from prefiltration values. Filtration through Imugard, Pall and Sepacell did not induce significant platelet activation or modifications of platelet membrane glycoproteins lb and IIb-IIIa.
Effect of Combination between Methotrexate and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors on Transplantable Tumor Model (2014)

Solid Ehrlich carcinoma is an undifferentiated tumor used in tumor studies. Methotrexate is an antimetabolite used in treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases and induction of abortion. Valproic acid is used as anticonvulsant and is under investigation for treatment of cancer. The aim of this work was to study the effect of each of methotrexate and valproic acid alone and in combination on solid Ehrlich tumor in mice. Fifty albino mice were divided into five equal groups: Control untreated group, solid Ehrlich carcinoma, solid Ehrlich carcinoma + methotrexate, solid Ehrlich carcinoma + valproic acid, solid Ehrlich carcinoma + methotrexate + valproic acid. Tumor volume, tissue catalase, glutathione reductase, malondialdehyde, cholesterol and tumor necrosis factor-α were determined. A part of the tumor was examined for histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Methotrexate or valproic acid alone or in combination induced significant increase in tissue catalase and glutathione reductase with significant decrease in tumor volume, tissue malondialdehyde, cholesterol and tumor necrosis factor-α and alleviated the histopathological changes with significant increase in p53 expression and apoptotic index compared to solid Ehrlich carcinoma group. The combination of methotrexate and valproic acid has a better effect than each of methotrexate or valproic acid alone against solid Ehrlich tumor in mice.
Oxidative Perhydroxylation of [<i>closo</i>‐B<sub>12</sub>H<sub>12</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> to the Stable Inorganic Cluster Redox System [B<sub>12</sub>(OH)<sub>12</sub>]<sup>2−/.−</sup>: Experiment and Theory (2010)

It′s radical: A surprisingly simple reaction converts the normally inert prototypical hydridoborate cluster [closo-B12H12]2− not only to [closo-B12(OH)12]2− but also, at less-elevated temperatures, to the new [hypocloso-B12(OH)12].− radical anion (see figure). Both approximately icosahedral closo and hypocloso cluster ions were structurally characterized as the cesium salts and their properties were assessed experimentally and theoretically. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware Software Interface ARM Edition (2016)

The new ARM Edition of Computer Organization and Design features a subset of the ARMv8-A architecture, which is used to present the fundamentals of hardware technologies, assembly language, computer arithmetic, pipelining, memory hierarchies, and I/O. With the post-PC era now upon us, Computer Organization and Design moves forward to explore this generational change with examples, exercises, and material highlighting the emergence of mobile computing and the Cloud. Updated content featuring tablet computers, Cloud infrastructure, and the ARM (mobile computing devices) and x86 (cloud computing) architectures is included. An online companion Web site provides links to a free version of the DS-5 Community Edition (a free professional quality tool chain developed by ARM), as well as additional advanced content for further study, appendices, glossary, references, and recommended reading. Covers parallelism in depth with examples and content highlighting parallel hardware and software topicsFeatures the Intel Core i7, ARM Cortex-A53, and NVIDIA Fermi GPU as real-world examples throughout the bookAdds a new concrete example, Going Faster, to demonstrate how understanding hardware can inspire software optimizations that improve performance by 200XDiscusses and highlights the Eight Great Ideas of computer architecture: Performance via Parallelism; Performance via Pipelining; Performance via Prediction; Design for Moore's Law; Hierarchy of Memories; Abstraction to Simplify Design; Make the Common Case Fast; and Dependability via Redundancy. Includes a full set of updated exercises