gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An unusual active site identified in a family of zinc metalloendopeptidases. (1992)

An unusual active site has been identified in a family of zinc metalloendopeptidases that includes bacterial protease III and the human and Drosophila insulin-degrading enzymes. All of these enzymes have been characterized as metalloendopeptidases and purified protease III has been shown to contain stoichiometric levels of zinc. However, all three proteases lack the consensus sequence (HEXXH) described in the active site of other zinc metalloendopeptidases. Instead, these proteases contain an inversion of this motif, HXXEH. To determine whether this region could represent the active site in these proteins, the two histidines in protease III were individually mutated to arginine and the glutamate was mutated to glutamine. All three mutants were devoid of proteolytic activity toward an exogenous substrate, insulin, as compared to the wild-type protease. Three lines of evidence indicate that this loss of activity in the mutants is not due to distortion of the three-dimensional structure of the protein: (i) the mutants are secreted into the periplasmic space and chromatograph normally; (ii) all three mutants are expressed at levels nearly identical to wild-type protein and do not appear to have an increased susceptibility to proteolysis in the bacteria; and (iii) the mutants compete equally with wild-type protein in a radioimmunoassay. The purified wild-type and glutamate mutants were found to contain stoichiometric amounts of zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, whereas both histidine mutants had negligible zinc signals. These findings are consistent with this region being the active site in this protein, with the histidine residues coordinating the essential zinc atom and the glutamate involved in catalysis.
Internet Addiction: Metasynthesis of 1996–2006 Quantitative Research (2008)

This study reports the results of a meta-analysis of empirical studies on Internet addiction published in academic journals for the period 1996-2006. The analysis showed that previous studies have utilized inconsistent criteria to define Internet addicts, applied recruiting methods that may cause serious sampling bias, and examined data using primarily exploratory rather than confirmatory data analysis techniques to investigate the degree of association rather than causal relationships among variables. Recommendations are provided on how researchers can strengthen this growing field of research.
Islam-Christianity: Confrontation or Dialogue? (1995)

Under this name, an evening, a public debate, or, most accurately, a friendly meeting between representatives of two world religions took place on 15 December 1989 at the initiative of Fr. Aleksandr Men'.
Linked cycles of oxidative decarboxylation of glyoxylate as protometabolic analogs of the citric acid cycle (2018)

The development of metabolic approaches towards understanding the origins of life, which have focused mainly on the citric acid (TCA) cycle, have languished-primarily due to a lack of experimentally demonstrable and sustainable cycle(s) of reactions. We show here the existence of a protometabolic analog of the TCA involving two linked cycles, which convert glyoxylate into CO<sub>2</sub> and produce aspartic acid in the presence of ammonia. The reactions proceed from either pyruvate, oxaloacetate or malonate in the presence of glyoxylate as the carbon source and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant under neutral aqueous conditions and at mild temperatures. The reaction pathway demonstrates turnover under controlled conditions. These results indicate that simpler versions of metabolic cycles could have emerged under potential prebiotic conditions, laying the foundation for the appearance of more sophisticated metabolic pathways once control by (polymeric) catalysts became available.
The low-power potential of oven-controlled mems oscillators (2013)

It is shown that oven-controlled micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) oscillators have the potential of attaining a higher frequency stability, with a lower power consumption, than temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXOs) and the currently manufactured MEMS oscillators.
Li Insertion and Ion Exchange Reactions in the Ionic Conducting Tl2 (  M  , Ti ) 8 O 16 Phases with Hollandite‐Type Structure (1991)

Ion exchange reactions and Li insertion in the (M is transition metal and ) hollandite‐type structure compounds have been investigated. Several new phases were synthesized at 450°C by an ion exchange reaction using alkali halide salts. A correlation between the ionicity of the M‒O bonds and conductivity was confirmed, but no samples exhibited an ionic conductivity exceeding 10−4 Ω−1 cm−1 at 200°C. For the first time it was shown that Li can be chemically or electrochemically intercalated into hollandite‐type phases as with ranging from 0 to 6. Electrochemical and in situ x‐ray powder diffraction measurements have shown that Li insertion in these compounds proceeds at voltages lower than 1.2V and is partially reversible. Upon lithiation, the material undergoes a reversible phase transition. Because of their low Li intercalation voltages, these materials could possibly be used as anodes, instead of Li metal, in secondary Li cells.
Investigation of Proton and X-Ray Irradiation Effects on Nanocrystal and Floating Gate Memory Cell Arrays (2008)

We compared the radiation tolerance of nanocrystal and floating gate memories, fabricated with the same technology. We investigated the effects of 5-MeV proton and 10-keV X-ray irradiations, focusing on the charge loss, the permanent degradation of the electrical characteristics, and the data retention. We also presented a first order model of the charge loss and the permanent threshold voltage shift. The model and the experimental results show that nanocrystal memories feature improved radiation robustness against total ionizing dose. Nanocrystal memories can withstand a radiation dose 3 and 10 times larger than floating gate memories, in terms of charge loss and data retention, respectively.
Excitation Energy Transfer (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Distinction between Radiative and Nonradiative Transfer Radiative Energy Transfer Nonradiative Energy Transfer Determination of Distances at a Supramolecular Level Using FRET FRET in Ensembles of Donors and Acceptors FRET between Like Molecules: Excitation Energy Migration in Assemblies of Chromophores Overview of Qualitative and Quantitative Applications of FRET Bibliography
Progress toward the Development of a Safe and Effective Agent for Treating Reentrant Cardiac Arrhythmias:  Synthesis and Evaluation of Ibutilide Analogues with Enhanced Metabolic Stability and Diminished Proarrhythmic Potential (2001)

A series of ibutilide analogues with fluorine substituents on the heptyl side chain was prepared and evaluated for class III antiarrhythmic activity, metabolic stability, and proarrhythmic potential. It was found that fluorine substituents stabilized the side chain to metabolic oxidation. Many of the compounds also retained the ability to increase the refractoriness of cardiac tissue at both slow and fast pacing rates. The potential for producing polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in the rabbit model was dependent on the chirality of the benzylic carbon. The S-enantiomers generally had less proarrhythmic activity than the corresponding racemates. One compound from this series (45E, trecetilide fumarate) had excellent antiarrhythmic activity and metabolic stability and was devoid of proarrhythmic activity in the rabbit model. It was chosen for further development.
Range and Specific Ionization of Alpha-Particles (1938)

A study of the specific ionization of polonium alpha-particles near the end of their range with a shallow ionization chamber and linear pulse amplifier has resulted in an accurate determination of the single particle specific ionization curve and the range energy relation in this region. The method used is to compare the average single particle ionization in chambers of different depths and from the differences to obtain the ionization of particles of residual range less than the depth of the chambers. The single particle specific ionization curve differs from earlier determinations and shows the necessity of a correction to the accepted values of absolute mean range of all alpha-particle groups. The value suggested for the mean range of Th C\ensuremath{'} (at 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 760 mm) is 8.570\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007 cm; for Po it is 3.842\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006 cm. It is shown that extrapolated ranges obtained from ionization measurements differ from those obtained from number distance curves; an empirical relation is suggested to convert such values to mean range. A corrected range energy relation for alpha-particles extending down to zero range is obtained by combining the results of the present investigations with earlier determinations.
IKONOS ACCURACY WITHOUT GROUND CONTROL (2002)

The ground-to-image relationship of an IKONOS image is described by its nominal RPC camera geometry supplemented with bias and drift parameters. Experimental data shows that the RMS bias is 4-meters and the RMS drift is 50 PPM. Residual errors after bias and drift correction are 0.5 meters RMS. A mathematical model to estimate ground coordinates from block-adjusted imagery is developed. Experimental results for this point measurement process will be presented at the conference. 1.
20.2: Stereoscopic 3D Display Using Patterned Retarder (2008)

Abstract We have developed a new wide viewing angle technology for 3D display with glasses. To utilize the circular light which made by combining patterned HW plate and QW plate, we can break the limitation of view angle for stereoscope display with linear patterned polarizer.
Isolation and Characterization of High Temperature-Resistant Germination Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (2006)

Temperature is a primary environmental cue for seed germination of many weeds and vegetables. To investigate the mechanism of germination regulation by temperature, we selected five high temperature (thermoinhibition)-resistant germination mutants (TRW lines) from 20,000 T-DNA insertion lines of Arabidopsis. Segregation analyses indicated that each of the five lines had single locus recessive mutations. The seeds of TRW134-15 and TRW187 showed reduced sensitivity to ABA and also to the gibberrellin biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol. Genetic and nucleotide sequencing analyses indicated that TRW187 is a new allele of abi3 (abi3-14). TRW71-1 exhibited a maternal effect for both thermoinhibition-resistant and transparent testa phenotypes, and genetic analysis revealed that the mutation was allelic to tt7 (tt7-4 sib). Interestingly, the seeds of reduced dormancy mutants rdo1, rdo2, rdo3 and rdo4 were also thermoinhibition tolerant, and all the TRW seeds showed reduced dormancy. Like rdo3, TRW13-1 had shorter siliques and slightly shorter stems than the wild type. The mutation of TRW13-1 was mapped to the bottom arm of chromosome 1 where rdo3 has also been mapped, but the two mutants are not allelic. We designated TRW13-1 as thermoinhibition-resistant germination 1 (trg1). We also mapped the ABA-insensitive mutation of TRW134-15 to the bottom arm of chromosome 5 and named it trg2. These results show that both embryo/endosperm and maternal factors contribute to germination inhibition at supraoptimal temperatures in Arabidopsis. In addition, we confirm the role of ABA in thermoinhibition of seed germination and a link between seed physiological dormancy and response to high temperature.
Data-Parallel Spatial Join Algorithms (1994)

Efficient data-parallel spatial join algorithms for bucket PMR quadtrees and R-trees, common spatial data structures, are given. The domain consists of planar line segment data (i.e., Bureau of the Census TIGER/Line files). Parallel algorithms for map intersection and a spatial range query are described. The algorithms are implemented using the scan model of parallel computation on the hypercube architecture of the Connection Machine.
Phrase Dependency Machine Translation with Quasi-Synchronous Tree-to-Tree Features (2013)

Recent research has shown clear improvement in translation quality by exploiting linguistic syntax for either the source or target language. However, when using syntax for both languages (“tree-to-tree” translation), there is evidence that syntactic divergence can hamper the extraction of useful rules (Ding and Palmer 2005 ). Smith and Eisner ( 2006 ) introduced quasi-synchronous grammar, a formalism that treats non-isomorphic structure softly using features rather than hard constraints. Although a natural fit for translation modeling, its flexibility has proved challenging for building real-world systems. In this article, we present a tree-to-tree machine translation system inspired by quasi-synchronous grammar. The core of our approach is a new model that combines phrases and dependency syntax, integrating the advantages of phrase-based and syntax-based translation. We report statistically significant improvements over a phrase-based baseline on five of seven test sets across four language pairs. We also present encouraging preliminary results on the use of unsupervised dependency parsing for syntax-based machine translation.
Epidemic Clonal Groups of <i>Escherichia coli</i> as a Cause of Antimicrobial-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections in Canada, 2002 to 2004 (2009)

The extent to which clonal spread contributes to emerging antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli is incompletely defined. To address this question within a recent, nationally representative strain collection, three established drug-resistant E. coli clonal groups (i.e., clonal group A, E. coli O15:K52:H1, and sequence type 131 [ST131]) were sought among 199 E. coli urine isolates recovered from across Canada from 2002 to 2004, with stratification by resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TS) and fluoroquinolones (FQs). The isolates' clonal backgrounds, virulence genotypes, and macrorestriction profiles were assessed. The three clonal groups were found to account for 37.2% of isolates overall, but accounted for 0% of TS-susceptible (TS-S) and FQ-susceptible (FQ-S) isolates, 20% of TS-resistant (TS-R) and FQ-S isolates, 60% of TS-S and FQ-R isolates, and 68% of TS-R and FQ-R isolates (P < 0.001). E. coli ST131, the most prevalent clonal group, accounted for 23.1% of isolates overall and for 44% of the FQ-R isolates. Nearly all ST131 isolates were FQ-R (96%) but, notably, cephalosporin susceptible (98%). Although the distinctive virulence profiles of the FQ-R clonal group isolates were less extensive than those of the susceptible isolates, they were significantly more extensive than those of the other FQ-R isolates. These findings indicate that among the E. coli urine isolates studied, resistance to TS and FQs has a prominent clonal component, with the O15:K52:H1 clonal group and especially E. coli ST131 being the major contributors. These clonal groups appear to be more virulent than comparably resistant isolates, possibly contributing to their success as emerging multi-drug-resistant pathogens.
Generation mechanism of hydroxyl radical species and its lifetime prediction during the plasma-initiated ultraviolet (UV) photolysis (2015)

Through this work, we have elucidated the mechanism of hydroxyl radicals (OH(•)) generation and its life time measurements in biosolution. We observed that plasma-initiated ultraviolet (UV) photolysis were responsible for the continues generation of OH(•) species, that resulted in OH(•) to be major reactive species (RS) in the solution. The density and lifetime of OH(•) species acted inversely proportional to each other with increasing depth inside the solution. The cause of increased lifetime of OH(•) inside the solution is predicted using theoretical and semiempirical calculations. Further, to predict the mechanism of conversion of hydroxide ion (OH(-)) to OH(•) or H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and electron, we determined the current inside the solution of different pH. Additionally, we have investigated the critical criterion for OH(•) interaction on cancer cell inducing apoptosis under effective OH(•) exposure time. These studies are innovative in the field of plasma chemistry and medicine.
Unique patterns of regulation of nitric oxide production in fibroblasts (1995)

The pathways regulating rat and mouse embryonic and lung fibroblast nitric oxide production were analyzed in an attempt to evaluate the potential role of these cells in nonspecific host defense and inflammation. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) was found to be the strongest single activator in all types of fibroblasts examined. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was synergistic with IL-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in induction of nitric oxide synthesis. These patterns of responsiveness are not observed in macrophages and may be significant in initiation of early host defense processes, before specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-mediated immune responses have become operative. Rat and mouse fibroblasts were also found to produce nitric oxide when primed with IFN-gamma and simultaneously treated with IL-1, TNF-alpha, or LPS. The doses of IFN-gamma effective in priming fibroblasts for nitric oxide production were as low as 1-10 U/ml. Furthermore, effective triggering doses of LPS, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 were 10 ng/ml, 100 U/ml, and 0.2 ng/ml, respectively. These results demonstrate that fibroblasts are activated more readily to produce nitric oxide than interstitial macrophages and may be the major source of this mediator in tissues. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that fibroblasts are heterogeneous with respect to inducible nitric oxide synthase expression with the majority of cells not involved in the response. Fibroblasts were also found to be distinct from macrophages in their sensitivity to the suppressive effects of transforming growth factor-beta, which in fibroblasts inhibited both IFN-gamma plus LPS- and IFN-gamma plus TNF-alpha-induced nitric oxide production. At the stage of growth crisis, a dramatic increase in nitric oxide production was observed in rat fibroblasts in response to IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha that may be directly correlated with cellular senescence. Taken together, our data suggest that mouse and rat fibroblasts are potential effectors in both IFN-gamma-dependent and -independent nitric oxide-mediated processes and that the patterns regulating nitric oxide metabolism in these cells are distinct from those of macrophages.
BAC CGH-array identified specific small-scale genomic imbalances in diploid DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors (2012)

Some of the identified changes appear to be more specific for DMBA-induced mammary tumors and some are similar to those previously reported in ACI rat model for estradiol-induced mammary tumors. The later group of changes is more interesting, since they may represent anomalies that involve genes with a critical role in mammary tumor development. Genetic changes identified in this work are at very small scales and thus may provide a more feasible basis for the identification of the target gene(s). Identification of the genes underlying these chromosome changes can provide new insights to the mechanisms of mammary carcinogenesis.
Detection of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase by flow cytometry: A three color method (1994)

This short communication describes a three-color flow cytometric analysis procedure for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). The method combines CD45-gating principles and a new permeabilization method based on a commercially prepared lysing reagent. While traditional permeabilizing fixatives are often cumbersome to use, distort cell light scatter, and fail to retain the fluorochrome peridin chlorophyll alpha protein (perCP), this simple method retains light scatter and does not affect perCP, making it ideal for three-color analysis. The procedure simply involves staining whole blood or bone marrow with CD45 perCP and an appropriate phycoerythrin (PE) conjugated monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and lysing with FACS lysing solution (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). After washing the cells, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated anti-TdT is added. The cells are washed, fixed with formaldehyde, and acquired on a flow cytometer compensated for three-color analysis. Display of CD45 perCP vs. right angle light scatter (RALS) allows identification of blasts. Dual color expression of anti-TdT FITC and a PE conjugated MoAb identifies TdT expression on blast populations defined by specific lineage associated antigens. This method is not only useful for TdT analysis but may also prove to be a valuable tool for looking at expression of other cytoplasmic antigens in combination with surface antigens on CD45-defined blast populations.
Development of a Mathematical Model for the Complex Seepage Mechanism of Porous Electrode for a Proton Exchange Membrance Fuel Cell (1990)

In this paper, a three-dimensional, complex seepage model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is studied, the corresponding finite element method and numerical simulation are given as well, where species transport, fluid flow, charge transport, heat transfer and electrochemical reaction in the PEMFC are simultaneously addressed. The domain to be studied includes porous gas diffusion layers, catalyst layers, gas channels, bipolar plates, and membrane. The fluid transportation phenomena arising in the whole fuel cell are described by the referred model, different physical parameters and source terms are reflected in different areas. The chemical components, flow characteristics and distributions of temperature in the 3-D space are obtained by resolving the seepage control equation system coupled with electrochemical equations. The induced methods and results can guide the optimal design of PEMFC.
Perceptron Simulation Experiments (1960)

An experimental simulation program, which has been in progress at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory since 1957, is described. This program uses the IBM 704 computer to simulate perceptual learning, recognition, and spontaneous classification of visual stimuli in the perceptron, a theoretical brain model which has been described elsewhere. The paper includes a brief review of the organization of simple perceptrons, and theoretically predicted performance curves are compared with those obtained from the simulation programs, in several types of experiments, designed to study "forced" and "spontaneous" learning of pattern discriminations.
Rebound of plasma viremia following cessation of antiretroviral therapy despite profoundly low levels of HIV reservoir: implications for eradication (2010)

Our data suggest that a significant reduction in the size of viral reservoirs may be achievable in selected individuals who initiate standard ART early in infection. However, given re-emergence of plasma viremia in an individual with an extraordinarily low viral burden, therapeutic strategies aimed at specifically targeting these extremely rare HIV-infected cells with novel interventions may be necessary in order to achieve eradication of virus.