gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The trithorax protein partner menin acts in tandem with EZH2 to suppress C/EBP  and differentiation in MLL-AF9 leukemia (2013)

Trithorax and polycomb group proteins antagonistically regulate the transcription of many genes, and cancer can result from the disruption of this regulation. Deregulation of trithorax function occurs through chromosomal translocations involving the trithorax gene MLL, leading to the expression of MLL fusion proteins and acute leukemia. It is poorly understood how MLL fusion proteins block differentiation, a hallmark of leukemogenesis. We analyzed the effect of acute depletion of menin, a close partner of MLL that is critical for MLL and MLL-AF9 recruitment to target genes, on MLL-AF9 leukemia cell differentiation using an in vivo model. We performed cDNA microarray analysis of menin-regulated genes from primary leukemia cells to determine menin-regulated pathways involved in suppressing MLL-AF9 leukemia cell differentiation. We found that menin binds the promoter of the polycomb gene Ezh2, and promotes its expression. EZH2 interacts with the differentiation-promoting transcription factor C/EBPα and represses C/EBPα target genes. Menin depletion reduces MLL binding to the Ezh2 locus, EZH2 expression, and EZH2 binding and repressive H3K27 methylation at C/EBPα target genes, thereby inducing the expression of pro-differentiation C/EBPα targets. In conclusion, our results show that in contrast to its classical role antagonizing trithorax function, the polycomb group protein EZH2 collaborates with trithorax-associated menin to block MLL-AF9 leukemia cell differentiation, uncovering a novel mechanism for suppression of C/EBPα and leukemia cell differentiation, through menin-mediated upregulation of EZH2.
Moderating Black Powder Chemistry for the Synthesis of Doped and Highly Porous Graphene Nanoplatelets and Their Use in Electrocatalysis (2013)

Inspired by black powder explosion, a mixture of sugar and nitrate is diluted with inert molten salt, such that their rapid reaction is moderated, allowing capturing of the intermediacy product: highly porous N-doped graphene nanoplates. The methodology is extended to S-doped porous carbon sheets by replacing the nitrate with sulfate. These MS-derived carbons show promising performances towards electrocatalysis and capacitive energy storage.
Pharmacological Characterization of a Novel ENaCα siRNA (GSK2225745) With Potential for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis (2013)

Lung pathology in cystic fibrosis is linked to dehydration of the airways epithelial surface which in part results from inappropriately raised sodium reabsorption through the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). To identify a small-interfering RNA (siRNA) which selectively inhibits ENaC expression, chemically modified 21-mer siRNAs targeting human ENaCα were designed and screened. GSK2225745, was identified as a potent inhibitor of ENaCα mRNA (EC(50) (half maximal effective concentration) = 0.4 nmol/l, maximum knockdown = 85%) and protein levels in A549 cells. Engagement of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway was confirmed using 5' RACE. Further profiling was carried out in therapeutically relevant human primary cells. In bronchial epithelial cells, GSK2225745 elicited potent suppression of ENaCα mRNA (EC(50) = 1.6 nmol/l, maximum knockdown = 82%). In human nasal epithelial cells, GSK2225745 also produced potent and long-lasting (≥72 hours) suppression of ENaCα mRNA levels which was associated with significant inhibition of ENaC function (69% inhibition of amiloride-sensitive current in cells treated with GSK2225745 at 10 nmol/l). GSK2225745 showed no evidence for potential to stimulate toll-like receptor (TLR)3, 7 or 8. In vivo, topical delivery of GSK2225745 in a lipid nanoparticle formulation to the airways of mice resulted in significant inhibition of the expression of ENaCα in the lungs. In conclusion, GSK2225745 is a potent inhibitor of ENaCα expression and warrants further evaluation as a potential novel inhaled therapeutic for cystic fibrosis.Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e65; doi:10.1038/mtna.2012.57; published online 15 January 2013.
Benzimidazole/Amine‐Based Compounds Capable of Ambipolar Transport for Application in Single‐Layer Blue‐Emitting OLEDs and as Hosts for Phosphorescent Emitters (2007)

A bolt from the blue? Compounds like that shown containing benzimidazole and arylamine units exhibit intriguing ambipolar carrier-transport properties and can be used to fabricate single-layer blue-emitting electroluminescent devices with very promising performances (see picture, ITO=indium tin oxide). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z704113_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Ergonomic considerations in natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES): A case study (2012)

Surgical technique evolved from traditional open surgery to laparoscopic surgery, offering patients reduced pain and quick recovery. Recently, a new approach called natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has emerged. In NOTES, procedures may be transvaginal, transgastric, or transrectal or transesophageal. NOTES procedures present new ergonomic challenges to surgeons due to visualization and tissue manipulation challenges. An ergonomic analysis of NOTES cholecystectomy was conducted. As there is currently no standardization for performing NOTES, this analysis presents the results as a case study. Results showed NOTES procedures impose unique limitations on the surgeon’s ability to perform surgical tasks autonomously, requiring collaboration and coordination amongst the surgical team members.
Snail as a Potential Target Molecule in Cardiac Fibrosis: Paracrine Action of Endothelial Cells on Fibroblasts Through Snail and CTGF Axis (2013)

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to myocardium induces death of cardiomyocytes and destroys the vasculature, leading to cardiac fibrosis that is mainly mediated by the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and the collagen deposition. Snail involvement in fibrosis is well known; however, the contribution of Snail to cardiac fibrosis during I/R injury and its underlying mechanisms have not been defined. We showed that I/R injury to mouse hearts significantly increases the expression of Snail. An in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation (Hy/Reoxy) experiment showed that the cell source of Snail induction is endothelial cells rather than cardiac fibroblasts (cFibroblasts) or cardiomyoblasts. When Snail was overexpressed in endothelial cells, they underwent endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) but showed very poor capacity for collagen synthesis. Instead, reoxygenation- or Snail overexpression-mediated EndMT-like cells noticeably stimulated transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts via secretion of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). The injection of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, a selective Snail inhibitor, remarkably suppressed collagen deposition and cardiac fibrosis in mouse I/R injury, and significantly improved cardiac function and reduced Snail and CTGF expression in vivo. Our findings suggested a new mechanism of cell-to-cell communication between EndMT-like cells and fibroblasts for fibrosis induction and implicated Snail as a potential target molecule in cardiac fibrosis after I/R injury.
POLYSULFONE COATING FOR HOLLOW FIBER ARTIFICIAL LUNGS OPERATED AT HYPOBARIC AND HYPERBARIC PRESSURES (1996)

High, K. M.; Snider, M. T.; Panol, G. R.J.; Richard, R. B.; Gray, D. Author Information
Epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis in northwest Greece, 1982-2001. (2003)

The incidence and prevalence of PsA in Northwest Greece was roughly half that reported in studies from the US and Northern Europe. This frequency tended to increase in the last decade.
Chemically crosslinked protein dimers: Stability and denaturation effects (1995)

Nine single substitution cysteine mutants of staphylococcal nuclease (nuclease) were preferentially crosslinked at the introduced cysteine residues using three different bifunctional crosslinking reagents; 1,6-bismaleimidohexane (BMH), 1,3-dibromo-2-propanol (DBP), and the chemical warfare agent, mustard gas (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; mustard). BMH and mustard gas are highly specific reagents for cysteine residues, whereas DBP is not as specific. Guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) denaturations of the resulting dimeric proteins exhibited biphasic unfolding behavior that did not fit the two-state model of unfolding. The monofunctional reagent, epsilon-maleimidocaproic acid (MCA), was used as a control for the effects of alkylation. Proteins modified with MCA unfolded normally, showing that this unusual unfolding behavior is due to crosslinking. The data obtained from these crosslinked dimers was fitted to a three-state thermodynamic model of two successive transitions in which the individual subunits cooperatively unfold. These two unfolding transitions were very different from the unfolding of the monomeric protein. These differences in unfolding behavior can be attributed in large part to changes in the denatured state. In addition to GuHCl titrations, the crosslinked dimers were also thermally unfolded. In contrast to the GuHCl denaturations, analysis of this data fit a two-state model well, but with greatly elevated van't Hoff enthalpies in many cases. However, clear correlations between the thermal and GuHCl denaturations exist, and the differences in thermal unfolding can be rationalized by postulating interactions of the denatured crosslinked proteins.
Laboratory diagnosis of<i>Clostridium difficile</i>infection. An evaluation of tests for faecal toxin, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactoferrin and toxigenic culture in the diagnostic laboratory (2009)

Faecal samples from 1007 patients suspected of having diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile infection are investigated for the presence of toxins A and B and for the presence of C. difficile-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Toxigenic culture is performed on all samples and is used as the 'gold standard' for the purpose of the study. A marker for intestinal inflammation, faecal lactoferrin, is used on any samples that give a positive result in any of the above tests. Part of the study also involves an assessment of six commercial toxin kits to detect the presence of C. difficile toxins in faecal samples. This study revealed that the commercial toxin detection kits used can give rise to false-positive and false-negative results and that all demonstrated poor sensitivity when compared to the gold standard of toxigenic culture. Testing of faecal samples for GDH can be useful as a negative screening method as the results of this test show high correlation with culture. Faecal toxin testing can then be performed on all GDH-positive samples (GDH positivity is independent of toxigenicity in strains of C. difficile). The combined use of GDH and toxin testing, coupled with toxigenic culture, revealed that some patients with diarrhoea who harboured toxigenic strains of C. difficile were faecal toxin-negative. Lactoferrin appears to be a useful marker for the presence of inflammatory diarrhoea.
Aqueous fractionation improves the nutritional value of wheat distillers grains for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (2011)

Fractionation of wheat wet distillers grains (WWDG) was performed to reduce non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and increase protein content. WWDG was collected from two ethanol plants, and protein was extracted by the addition of water, autoclaving to precipitate protein and drying in a forced air oven at 55 °C to create WWDG–protein concentrate (WWDG–PC). This process increased crude protein (CP) and decreased NSP in the WWDG–PC (P < 0.05). Dry matter and energy digestibility of WWDG–PC in rainbow trout were increased by fractionation (P < 0.05). A 56-day growth trial was performed to determine the effect of feeding WWDG–PC on growth performance of rainbow trout. Rainbow trout (n = 18/tank; body weight = 231 g; 3 tanks/treatment) were fed diets containing 0, 75, 150, 225 or 300 g kg−1 WWDG–PC. All diets were formulated to contain 386 g kg−1 digestible CP and 17.6 MJ kg−1 digestible energy. There was no significant linear or quadratic relationship between inclusion rate and growth, feed intake or feed conversion, indicating that at inclusion levels of up to 300 g kg−1 of WDDG–PC does not reduce the growth performance of rainbow trout.
Influence of the fused silica surface dehydroxylation on the adhesion of epoxyacrylate protective coatings used for optical fibers (1998)

Measurements have been made of the adhesion of liquid and UV-cured epoxyacrylates to a fused silica surface. The fused silica surface was dehydroxylated in the 200-900°C temperature range. Also, the contact angles of water, diiodomethane and formamide on the fused silica surface were measured. Using the contact angle results, the 'harmonic mean' method and the acid-base interactions approach, the dispersion (Lifshitz-van der Waals) and electron donor and electron acceptor components of the fused silica surface as well as epoxyacrylate polymer surface free energy were calculated. It was found that, probably because of the physically adsorbed water, the hydroxylated surface of the fused silica is basic and that the adhesion of the epoxyacrylate polymer to this surface depends on its basicity.
Relationships Among Cell Wall Constituents, Calcium and Texture During Cucumber Fermentation and Storage (1983)

ABSTRACT Demethylation of pectin was the major change in cell wall constituents which occurred during controlled fermentation of cucumbers. The average degree of polymerization of the pectin was 402 residues. This did not change until 6 months after brining. Galactose, xylose, glucose, mannose, and arabinose were present in order of decreasing abundance in the mesocarp cell walls. These noncellulosic neutral sugars did not change during cucumber fermentation and storage. Mesocarp firmness increased when pectin was demethylated, but the firmness subsequently decreased. Calcium chloride at 20 and 40 mM prevented firmness loss compared to fresh cucumbers during 11 months of storage.
'Đầu tiên là công việc đối với con người': Vì dân-một tư tưởng lớn của Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh (2012)

Di chuc của Chủ tịch Hồ Chi Minh la một si sản, một gia trị vo gia với rất nhiều tư tưởng lớn, trong đo tư tưởng vi dân, vi con người la một tư tưởng ma từ khi khởi đầu sự nghiệp cach mạng cho đến tận ngay cuối đời, Người đa luon trung thanh va ra sức thực hiện. Coi đây la cong việc đầu tien, vi nước cũng chinh la vi dân, trong Di chuc, Người yeu cầu chung ta hết sức quan tâm đến đời sống của nhân dân, hết sức cham nom đến đời sống của nhân dân va co hoạch thật tốt để khong ngừng nâng cao đời sống cho mọi tầng lớp nhân dân. Người khong chỉ yeu cầu cham lo cho tất cả những người đa dũng cảm hy sinh một phần xương mau của minh, ma con lo cho cả người đa hy sinh vi độc lập, tự do của dân tộc. Vi dân, Người con can dặn chung ta hết sức coi trọng việc dưỡng thế hệ cach mạng cho đời sau, phải co kế hoạch thiết thực để bồi dưỡng, cất nhắc va giup đỡ phụ nữ nhằm thực hiện cho được cuộc cach mạng đưa đến quyền binh đẳng thực sự cho phụ nữ. Vi dân, Người con yeu cầu chung ta sửa đổi chế độ giao dục, phat triển cong tac vệ sinh, y tế
Light‐Controlled Actuation, Transduction, and Modulation of Magnetic Strength in Polymer Nanocomposites (2014)

Remotely controlled actuation with wireless sensorial feed‐back is desirable for smart materials to obtain fully computer‐controlled actuators. A light‐controllable polymeric material is presented, in which exposure to light couples with a change in magnetic properties, allowing light signal conversion into non‐volatile magnetic memory. The same material can serve, additionally, both as actuator and transducer, and allows the monitoring of its two‐way elastic shape‐changes by magnetic read‐out. In order to tune the macroscopic magnetic properties of the material, both the reorientation of i) shape anisotropic ferrimagnetic nano‐spindles and ii) a mechanically and magnetically coupled liquid‐crystalline elastomer (LCE) matrix are controlled. These materials are envisioned to have great potential for the development of innovative functional objects, for example, computer‐controlled smart clothing, sensors, signal encoding, micro‐valves, and robotic devices.
Double heterojunction GaAs-GaAlAs bipolar transistors grown by MOCVD for emitter coupled logic circuits (1983)

Double heterojonction N-p-N GaAlAs-GaAs-GaAlAs bipolar transistors (DHBT's) have been developed using MOCVD growth. We have investigated the influence of growth conditions on the d.c. characteristics of DHBT's. Devices with 0.2 µm base thichness and p = 2.10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> exihibited common emitter current gain, β, of up to 5500. The recombination current has been reduced such as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\beta \simeq 1</tex> for current densites as low as 2.10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The offset voltage <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta V_{CE}</tex> appearing in <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ic(V_{CE})</tex> characteristics of simple-heterojunction bipolar transistors is eliminated for some of DHBT's. Reverse current gains, β <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</inf> of 15 are demontrated. DHBT' have been fabricated with a diffused structure on semi insulating substrate for ECL circuits including the implantation of the resistors. A reduction of the base collector junction area is obtained with emitter-collector interchangeability. Simulation results have shown that the propagation delay time of an ECL inverter using DHBT's with 4 microns line lithography is less thant 300 ps with a speed-power product of 70 fJ.
Understanding the injured hand : management of the first 48 hours : wound care (2010)

Correct positioning of the injured hand in the first 48 hours after injury is critical to ensure that optimal mobility of the hand is preserved. With the cooling-off regimen indicated in burns, dressings must be in contact with the burnt skin, with added dressings to keep those in place, limiting hand mobility for that period. The extensor collateral ligaments are the weakest at preserving mobility, and shortening of the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangial joints (MCP joints), proximal interphalangial joints (PIP joints) and distal interphalangial joints (DIP joints) occurs very quickly with incorrect positioning of the hand. Collateral ligament shortening is an irreversible condition, leading to major loss of hand function and adding to the development of contractures on either side of the hand, depending on which ligaments are damaged. The ideal position for the MCP joints is at a 90° angle, if the flat hand is taken as the 0° starting point (Figure 1 and 2). For the PIP and DIP joints, 10-15° flexion is needed for optimal protection and preservation of hand functionality.
Circulatory antigen of Heymann nephritis. II. Isolation of a 70,000 MW antigen from normal rat serum which cross-reacts with Heymann nephritis antigen. (1986)

Antigens cross-reactive with crude Heymann antigen, FXIA and purified antigen, gp600, were isolated from rat serum by immunoaffinity chromatography using polyclonal anti-gp600 antibodies. The eluted antigens predominantly contained a 70,000 molecular weight (MW) polypeptide. An antiserum was raised against this preparation which, when tested against rat serum by Protein A immunoblotting, showed that the antibodies were directed to 70,000 MW antigens. By immunodiffusion in gel, the antiserum produced three precipitin lines against the antigen preparation, three lines against FXIA and a single line against gp600. All three lines of the serum antigen were continuous with the three lines of FXIA showing complete identity of the isolated serum antigens with FXIA. One of the three common lines of the serum antigen and FXIA was in continuity with the line of gp600 showing cross-reaction of gp600 with the isolated 70,000 MW antigen. Testing of Western blots of gp600 and FXIA against this antiserum by protein A immunoblotting showed reaction with the 70,000 MW subunit of gp600 and FXIA indicating cross-reaction of the serum antigen with 70,000 MW antigen of FXIA and gp600. The antiserum reacted with structures in the glomerulus by indirect immunofluorescence. Patchy brush border staining was visible. When injected into an isolated perfused kidney, these antibodies localized in fine granular pattern along the glomerular capillary wall by direct immunofluorescence. Ultrastructural immunogold technique revealed that the 70,000 MW antigen was located in the brush border and in the GBM-endothelial interface. These results demonstrate that the 70,000 MW antigen present in rat serum is also present in the glomerular capillary wall.
CCXCII.—Chemical reactivity and conjugation. Part II. The reactivity of the 2-methyl group in the 4-quinazolone series (1925)

I. M. Heilbron, F. N. Kitchen, E. B. Parkes and G. D. Sutton, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1925, 127, 2167 DOI: 10.1039/CT9252702167
Structure and Stability of Patterned Self-Assembled Films of Octadecyltrichlorosilane Formed by Contact Printing (1997)

The structures of thin films of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) formed by contact printing and adsorption from solution on Al and SiO2/Si surfaces have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry, reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The structures of the OTS films were found to be strongly influenced by the method of preparation used. The films formed by contact printing for 30 s with an OTS “ink” are composed of close-packed, predominantly all-trans alkyl chains aligned nearly perpendicular to the surface, while films formed by adsorption of OTS for 30 s from a solution of comparable concentration are made up of sparsely adsorbed and more randomly oriented chains. Large changes in the film structure (from conformationally disordered, poorly oriented to well-packed, highly oriented hydrocarbon chains) were observed as the reaction time was increased for samples prepared by immersion in an OTS-containing solution (e.g. 15−30 min in a 1 mM solution). On the other hand, films prepared by contact printing reached or exceeded full monolayer mass coverages after only 30 s of substrate contact with an elastomeric stamp inked with a 10 mM solution of OTS in hexane. The OTS films formed by contact printing are stable at the high temperatures and aggressive reaction conditions necessary for their use as molecular resists in directing the selective deposition of metal and ceramic thin films by MOCVD and sol-gel methods, respectively. In this paper we show how such factors as the OTS ink concentration and stamp contact time influence the patterning of OTS thin films by microcontact printing. We find that reactive spreading and island formation of OTS domains in regions of the pattern not in contact with the stamp limit the fidelity of the patterning carried out at dimensions less than a few microns. We discuss several aspects of the physical processing which mediate these effects and propose possible methods for eliminating or greatly reducing them.