gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of Organic Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser for Electrical Pumping (2012)

In this letter, we propose a new structure of an organic vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser to be excited electrically. The static and dynamic characteristics of the device are analyzed numerically. We show that the structure can reach the lasing threshold under electrical pump at a current density of 30 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . With electrical pulse injection, the photon density peak rises, and we can apply a current density as high as 100 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Also, the results show that a high interval causes a high peak.
Conjugated Polymer Based Nanoparticles as Dual‐Modal Probes for Targeted In Vivo Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2012)

Abstract A facile strategy is developed to synthesize dual‐modal fluorescent‐magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with surface folic acid by co‐encapsulation of a far‐red/near‐infrared (FR/NIR)‐emissive conjugated polymer (PFVBT) and lipid‐coated iron oxides (IOs) into a mixture of poly(lactic‐ co ‐glycolic‐acid)‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐folate (PLGA‐PEG‐FOL) and PLGA. The obtained NPs exhibit superparamagnetic properties and high fluorescence, which indicates that the lipid coated on IOs is effective at separating the conjugated polymer from IOs to minimize fluorescence quenching. These NPs are spherical in shape with an average diameter of ≈180 nm in water, as determined by laser light scattering. In vitro studies reveal that these dual‐modal NPs can serve as an effective fluorescent probe to achieve targeted imaging of MCF‐7 breast cancer cells without obvious cytotoxicity. In vivo fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging results suggest that the NPs are able to preferentially accumulate in tumor tissues to allow dual‐modal detection of tumors in a living body. This demonstrates the potential of conjugated polymer based dual‐modal nanoprobes for versatile in vitro and in vivo applications in future.
Comprehensive morphometry of subcortical grey matter structures in early‐stage Parkinson's disease (2013)

Previous imaging studies that investigated morphometric group differences of subcortical regions outside the substantia nigra between non-demented Parkinson's patients and controls either did not find any significant differences, or reported contradictory results. Here, we performed a comprehensive morphometric analysis of 20 cognitively normal, early-stage PD patients and 19 matched control subjects. In addition to relatively standard analyses of whole-brain grey matter volume and overall regional volumes, we examined subtle localized surface shape differences in striatal and limbic grey matter structures and tested their utility as a diagnostic marker. Voxel-based morphometry and volumetric comparisons did not reveal significant group differences. Shape analysis, on the other hand, demonstrated significant between-group shape differences for the right pallidum. Careful diffusion tractography analysis showed that the affected parts of the pallidum are connected subcortically with the subthalamic nucleus, the pedunculopontine nucleus, and the thalamus and cortically with the frontal lobe. Additionally, microstructural measurements along these pathways, but not along other pallidal connections, were significantly different between the two groups. Vertex-wise linear discriminant analysis, however, revealed limited accuracy of pallidal shape for the discrimination between patients and controls. We conclude that localized disease-related changes in the right pallidum in early Parkinson's disease, undetectable using standard voxel-based morphometry or volumetry, are evident using sensitive shape analysis. However, the subtle nature of these changes makes it unlikely that shape analysis alone will be useful for early diagnosis.
Application of angular correlation function of clutter scattering and correlation imaging in target detection (1998)

The authors study a correlation imaging method for the detection of targets embedded in clutter environment. The result is based on Monte Carlo simulations. In the simulations, the targets are embedded in a medium consisting of randomly distributed small scatterers and the scattered fields are calculated. The scattered fields are then used for image processing. The incident and scattered directions are chosen to avoid the "memory effect" of clutter scattering. It has been shown that the correlation function of scattered fields due to clutter is small if the memory effect is avoided. The correlation imaging is to calculate the correlation function with focusing on desired locations, Therefore, it can suppress clutter and have finer resolution. The angular correlation (ACF) imaging is used for circular synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and frequency angular correlation (FACF) imaging is used for linear SAR. Numerical results show improvement over the conventional field imaging.
Synthesis and characterization of high molecular weight branched PBA (2001)

Abstract We prepared carboxylic acid group terminated linear polybutylene adipate (PBA) by melt polycondensation of adipic acid with 1,4‐butanediol in the presence of titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TIP) as a catalyst. High molecular weight branched PBAs were synthesized through the branching reaction between the carboxylic acid group terminated PBA and branching agent such as glycerol or pentaerythritol in the presence of TIP. The weight‐average molecular weights of the branched PBAs were found to be in the range of about 100,000–240,000 by gel permeation chromatography. Mechanical properties of the linear and branched PBAs were measured on an Instron tensile tester. The moduli of the branched PBAs had lower values of 320–450 MPa than those of the linear PBAs, whereas the elongations at break of the branched PBAs were in the range of 530–590%, which are much greater than the linear PBAs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2143–2150, 2001
Comparison of HEPA filter test methods in corrosive environments (1980)

An evaluation of the three HEPA filter test methods in corrosive environments was conducted: the dioctyl phthalate (DOP) method (US Standard Method ANSI N-101.1-1972), the sodium chloride method (British Standard 3928:1969), and the soda-fluorescein or uranine method (French Standard AFNOR STD NFX 44-011). The effects of humidity, temperature and oxides of nitrogen (NO/sub x/) on each method was examined. The experimental design used in the evaluation measured and separated both the effect of each variable and any interaction between variables on the test method. Recommendations for changes in the standard methods to reduce erratic online results are presented.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with or without Zoledronic Acid in Early Breast Cancer—A Randomized Biomarker Pilot Study (2013)

In this pilot study, short-term changes in biomarkers suggest potentially relevant interactions between tumor biology, chemotherapy, modification of the bone microenvironment, and the endocrine status of the host. Larger studies with more frequent dosing of zoledronic acid are needed to assess these complex interactions more thoroughly.
On the effective coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of bilayer/trilayer in semiconductor package substrates (2015)

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is a material parameter used to measure the degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature. For single layer films, there exists an explicit definition and well-established technique (Thermomechanical Analysis) to measure the CTE. However, there is no explicit definition of effective CTE for multilayer films/composites composed of multiple materials with different individual CTE's. Definition and calculation of effective CTE of multilayer films/composites are still unexplored fundamental problems. Bilayer and trilayer films are major components in the semiconductor package substrate. Three different effective CTE's located at the top surface, bottom surface and mid-plane of bottom film of bilayers were derived explicitly and compared to finite element modeling. Furthermore, the effective CTE of symmetrical trilayer films was derived explicitly and compared to finite element modeling. It shows that not only the individual CTE's of constituent materials but also the ratios of thicknesses and moduli contribute to the effective CTE behavior. The theoretical and numerical study of effective CTE of bilayer and trilayer fills our knowledge gap of effective CTE of multilayer films/composites and provides better understanding of the thermal-mechanical behavior of semiconductor package substrate. The principles also provide solutions and insights to solve critical issues (i.e. warpage) induced by thermal mismatch strains.
The brain mechanisms underlying walking in complex situations in healthy older adults and persons with Parkinson's disease (2015)

Introduction: The ability to walk safely and independently is a fundamental component of daily living activities. Walking while dual tasking and obstacle negotiation are two tasks that have been used to investigate walking in complex situations. Deficits in cognitive domains and sensory-motor processes associated with aging and neurodegenration impair the ability to successfully assess the environment and react to it. These changes in the ability to walk are modulated via neural circuits. However, the actual neural circuits of the brain involved in the control of locomotion in different challenging situations are still poorly understood. Methods: Two groups of subjects; 20 healthy older adults (mean age 69.7±1.3 yrs, 50% females) and 47 persons with PD (mean age 71.7±1.1 yrs, 32% females) were studied. The protocol included real and imagined walking while negotiating obstacles and dual tasking. Walking conditions were performed while being monitored with fNIRS and imagined walking were assessed in the MR scanner. A repeated measures design (condition x group) was conducted with two levels; within group and between groups. Results: Significant differences in brain activation were observed in the fMRI and fNIRS. Between groups comparison showed that persons with PD had a significantly higher activation in frontal, parietal, occipital, and cerebellum regions during usual walking compared to healthy older adults (p<0.048). Comparison between the walking tasks within each group revealed (1) increased activation during walking while negotiating obstacles in both groups (p<0.023) and (2) increased activation during walking while dual tasking only in healthy older adults (p<0.035). Correlations between brain activation and performance in motor-cognitive tests were found in both groups however, healthy older adults presented inverse correlation and persons with PD positive correlation. Conclusions: These findings indicate that subjects with PD activate larger brain areas than healthy older adults even during usual walking. Perhaps, this increased activation is a compensatory strategy to enhance performance. The increased activation already during usual walking task may limit the ability to increase activation or recruit additional brain areas during the more complex walking tasks and may contribute to the high prevalence of falls and the dual tasking difficulty in persons with PD.
Calorimetric and Diffractometric Evidence for the Sequential Crystallization of Buffer Components and the Consequential pH Swing in Frozen Solutions (2010)

Sequential crystallization of succinate buffer components in the frozen solution has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry (both laboratory and synchrotron sources). The consequential pH shifts were monitored using a low-temperature electrode. When a solution buffered to pH < pK(a)(2) was cooled from room temperature (RT), the freeze-concentrate pH first increased and then decreased. This was attributed to the sequential crystallization of succinic acid, monosodium succinate, and finally disodium succinate. When buffered to pH > pK(a)(2), the freeze-concentrate pH first decreased and then increased due to the sequential crystallization of the basic (disodium succinate) followed by the acidic (monosodium succinate and succinic acid) buffer components. XRD provided direct evidence of the crystallization events in the frozen buffer solutions, including the formation of disodium succinate hexahydrate [Na(2)(CH(2)COO)(2).6H(2)O]. When the frozen solution was warmed in a differential scanning calorimeter, multiple endotherms attributable to the melting of buffer components and ice were observed. When the frozen solutions were dried under reduced pressure, ice sublimation was followed by dehydration of the crystalline hexahydrate to a poorly crystalline anhydrate. However, crystalline succinic acid and monosodium succinate were retained in the final lyophiles. The pH and the buffer salt concentration of the prelyo solution influenced the crystalline salt content in the final lyophile. The direction and magnitude of the pH shift in the frozen solution depended on both the initial pH and the buffer concentration. In light of the pH-sensitive nature of a significant fraction of pharmaceuticals (especially proteins), extreme care is needed in both the buffer selection and its concentration.
RST 기반 내용 조직 능력 진단 도구를 활용한 초중등 학습자 과제 수행 분석 (2019)

The objective of this study was to apply a Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST)-based diagnostic tool to assess the text organizing ability of elementary and middle school students in order to examine how they performed their tasks in each grade. To this end, we developed a diagnostic tool constituted by some tasks and conducted statistical analyses on the scores of 478 elementary and middle school learners for each task and group. Our findings are specifically summarized as follows.
First, the differences between the task scores of elementary and middle school students were statistically significant in all grades. The two tasks for which the scores were markedly low presented greater numbers of “relations” and “types of relations” than the other tasks. We also observed that the lack of nuclei contributed to the difficulty of these tasks.
Second, the analysis of inter-group differences using the overall average scores of students of all genders and grades showed significant inter-group differences across grades. The analysis of the text organizing ability through the differentiation between the ability to distinguish and arrange text indicated the presence of significant inter-group differences across grades. However, these differences were not found across genders.
Third, a detailed analysis of the scores of elementary and middle school students by grade, gender, ability to distinguish text, and ability to arrange text indicated statistically significant differences in scores across grades. However, no interaction effects were found between grade and gender.
Fourth, we found statistically significant differences across grades in terms of ability to distinguish and ability to arrange text. This implies that it would be possible to give feedback on the assessments on each sub-area of text organizing ability depending on the characteristics of each student group.
Despite its findings, this study is limited because it assesses the text organizing ability of students based solely on the arrangements of given sentences. However, this study is significant because, through efforts to validate the diagnostic tool, it has paved the way for a relatively simple, expedient, and valid method of assessing the text organizing ability of a large number of students.
Two unnoticed fragments of Polybius (1973)

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Mechanochemical and solvent-free assembly of zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks (2015)

We develop the first mechanochemical and solvent-free routes for zirconium metal-organic frameworks, making the frameworks UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2 accessible on the gram scale without strong acids, high temperatures or excess reactants. The frameworks form either by milling, or spontaneous self-assembly by simply exposing solid mixtures of reactants to organic vapour. The generated frameworks exhibit high porosity and catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of model nerve agents, on par with their solvothermally generated counterparts.
Node sampling (1998)

Article Free Access Share on Node sampling: a robust RTL power modeling approach Authors: Alessandro Bogliolo DEIS - Università di Bologna - Italy DEIS - Università di Bologna - ItalyView Profile , Luca Benini DEIS - Università di Bologna - Italy DEIS - Università di Bologna - ItalyView Profile Authors Info & Claims ICCAD '98: Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided designNovember 1998 Pages 461–467https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.289071Online:01 November 1998Publication History 9citation131DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations9Total Downloads131Last 12 Months3Last 6 weeks2 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Interaction of atomic hydrogen with native oxides on GaAs(100) (1992)

GaAs (100) covered with its native oxides is exposed to increasing doses of low energy atomic hydrogen in order to test the possibility of using it for surface cleaning at moderate temperatures. Hydrogen molecules are dissociated using a hot filament, and samples are exposed to atomic hydrogen at room temperature and at 300 °C with doses between 100 L and 100 kL of H2. The chemical modifications are characterized by ultraviolet and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Exposures to atomic hydrogen contribute to clean the surfaces at both temperatures. At room temperature, As oxides completely desorb below 30 kL. The substrate is not degraded but one monolayer (ML) of C and Ga oxides remain on the surface upon hydrogenation up to 100 kL. Heating the sample to 300 °C stimulates the reaction of As oxides with the substrate and the desorption of reaction products to a larger extent. Above 10 kL, the thickness of the remaining contaminating layer is inferior to 1 ML. After exposures above 5 kL, superficial As depletion is observed in the substrate before complete cleaning is achieved, however no traces of metallic Ga are detected.
Deterministic Positioning of Colloidal Quantum Dots on Silicon Nitride Nanobeam Cavities (2018)

Engineering an array of precisely located cavity-coupled active media poses a major experimental challenge in the field of hybrid integrated photonics. We deterministically position solution-processed colloidal quantum dots (QDs) on high quality (Q)-factor silicon nitride nanobeam cavities and demonstrate light-matter coupling. By lithographically defining a window on top of an encapsulated cavity that is cladded in a polymer resist, and spin coating the QD solution, we can precisely control the placement of the QDs, which subsequently couple to the cavity. We show rudimentary control of the number of QDs coupled to the cavity by modifying the size of the window. Furthermore, we demonstrate Purcell enhancement and saturable photoluminescence in this QD-cavity platform. Finally, we deterministically position QDs on a photonic molecule and observe QD-coupled cavity supermodes. Our results pave the way for precisely controlling the number of QDs coupled to a cavity by engineering the window size, the QD dimension, and the solution chemistry and will allow advanced studies in cavity enhanced single photon emission, ultralow power nonlinear optics, and quantum many-body simulations with interacting photons.
Uncertainty in Integrated Regional Models (2004)

This paper examines the nature of uncertainty in integrated econometric+input–output (ECIO) regional models. We focus on three sources of uncertainty: (a) econometric model parameter uncertainty; (b) econometric disturbance term uncertainty; and (c) input–output coefficient uncertainty. Through a series of Monte Carlo simulations we analyse the relative importance of each component as well as the question of how their interaction may propagate through the integrated model to affect the distributions of the endogenous variables. Our results suggest that there is no simple answer to the question of which source of uncertainty is most important in an integrated model. Instead, that answer is conditioned upon the focus of the analysis and whether the industry specific or macro level variables are of central concerns.
Learning to recognize names across languages (1996)

The development of natural language processing (NLP) systems that perform machine translation (MT) and information retrieval (IR) has highlighted the need for the automatic recognition of proper names. While various name recognizers have been developed, they suffer from being too limited; some only recognize one name class, and all are language specific. This work develops an approach to multilingual name recognition that allows a system optimized for one language to be ported to another with little additional effort and resources. An initial core set of linguistic features, useful for name recognition in most languages, is identified. When porting to a new language, these features need to be converted (partly by hand, partly by on-line lists), after which point machine learning (ML) techniques build decision trees that map features to name classes. A system initially optimized for English has been successfully ported to Spanish and Japanese. Only a few days of human effort for each new language results in performance levels comparable to that of the best current English systems.
Fractionation of polyethylene (1956)

Abstract Commercial polyethylenes were fractionated at 130°C., 15 degrees above the crystalline melting point of the polymer. Both extraction and precipation techniques were used. The solvent was xylene, and the nonsolvent was triethylene glycol. The inherent viscosities of the fractions were measured and the differential and integral distribution curves were presented. A method of constructing the differential and integral distribution curves was discussed. Using this method, fractionation data can be smoothed out from a linear plot, and the graphic differentiation step in constructing differential distribution curves can be eliminated.