gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collective Intelligence in Action (2008)

There's a great deal of wisdom in a crowd, but how do you listen to a thousand people talking at once? Identifying the wants, needs, and knowledge of internet users can be like listening to a mob. In the Web 2.0 era, leveraging the collective power of user contributions, interactions, and feedback is the key to market dominance. A new category of powerful programming techniques lets you discover the patterns, inter-relationships, and individual profiles-the collective intelligence--locked in the data people leave behind as they surf websites, post blogs, and interact with other users. Collective Intelligence in Action is a hands-on guidebook for implementing collective intelligence concepts using Java. It is the first Java-based book to emphasize the underlying algorithms and technical implementation of vital data gathering and mining techniques like analyzing trends, discovering relationships, and making predictions. It provides a pragmatic approach to personalization by combining content-based analysis with collaborative approaches. This book is for Java developers implementing Collective Intelligence in real, high-use applications. Following a running example in which you harvest and use information from blogs, you learn to develop software that you can embed in your own applications. The code examples are immediately reusable and give the Java developer a working collective intelligence toolkit. Along the way, you work with, a number of APIs and open-source toolkits including text analysis and search using Lucene, web-crawling using Nutch, and applying machine learning algorithms using WEKA and the Java Data Mining (JDM) standard.
Measuring Similarity between Sets of Overlapping Clusters (2010)

The typical task of unsupervised learning is to organize data, for example into clusters, typically disjoint clusters (eg. the K-means algorithm). One would expect (for example) a clustering of books into topics to present overlapping clusters. The situation is even more so in social networks, a source of ever increasing data. Finding the groups or communities in social networks based on interactions between individuals (a measure of similarity) is an unsupervised learning task; and, groups overlap - an individual can be a chess player and a violin player, in which case he would interact with members of both these groups. The problem we address is not that of finding the overlapping clusters, but of comparing two sets of overlapping clusters. Such a task is the basis for comparing two different clusterings, which is important for comparing algorithms with each other or with a ground truth. From the social network point of view, we are particularly interested in quantifying social group evolution - how much the social group structure of a social network changed - by comparing the set of groups at consecutive time intervals. There is significant prior work on comparing sets of disjoint clusters (partitions). When overlap is allowed, the problem becomes considerably more complex owing to the possibility of degeneracies, which we illustrate through examples. We describe three novel definitions of the distance between collections of potentially overlapping sets, and present algorithms for computing those distances. We test our algorithms on diverse data sets: collections composed from social groups in Twitter, Blogosphere and Enron Email data.
Factores condicionantes de la presión fiscal de las entidades de crédito españolas, ¿existen diferencias entre bancos y cajas de ahorros? (2011)

RESUMENEl presente trabajo analiza los factores determinantes del Tipo Impositivo Efectivo (TIE) soportado en el sector bancario español por razón del Impuesto sobre Sociedades, utilizando un panel de datos de 55 bancos y 51 cajas de ahorros durante el período 1993–2004. Los resultados muestran que el TIE soportado por las entidades bancarias es diez puntos porcentuales inferior al tipo de gravamen general. Nuestro análisis pone de manifiesto que esta menor carga impositiva y, en consecuencia recaudación efectiva, está condicionada por el tipo de entidad—banco o caja—y por la composición de su activo y pasivo. De forma concreta, se observa que las entidades de mayor tamaño, menores fondos propios y mayor inmovilizado soportan una menor carga impositiva, mientras que aquellas con rentabilidad económica más alta presentan mayores TIEs. También se constata que las relaciones entre el TIE y sus factores determinantes varían según el tipo de entidad considerada.
CRIS: a test cultivation program for sequential VLSI circuits (1992)

This paper discusses a novel approach to cultivating a test for combinational and sequential VLSI circuits described hierarchically at the transistor, gate, and higher levels. The approach is based on continuous mutation of a given input sequence and on analyzing the mutated vectors for selecting the test set. The approach uses hierarchical simulation technique in the analysis to drastically reduce the memory requirement, thus allowing the test generation for large VLSI circuits. The algorithms are at the switch level so that general MOS digital designs can be handed, and both stuck-at and transistor faults are handle accurately. The approach has been implemented in a hierarchical test generation system, CRIS, that runs under UNM on SPARC workstations. CRIS has been used successfully to generate tests with high fault coverage for large combinational and sequential circuits.
Spatial contextual classification and prediction models for mining geospatial data (2002)

Modeling spatial context (e.g., autocorrelation) is a key challenge in classification problems that arise in geospatial domains. Markov random fields (MRF) is a popular model for incorporating spatial context into image segmentation and land-use classification problems. The spatial autoregression (SAR) model, which is an extension of the classical regression model for incorporating spatial dependence, is popular for prediction and classification of spatial data in regional economics, natural resources, and ecological studies. There is little literature comparing these alternative approaches to facilitate the exchange of ideas. We argue that the SAR model makes more restrictive assumptions about the distribution of feature values and class boundaries than MRF. The relationship between SAR and MRF is analogous to the relationship between regression and Bayesian classifiers. This paper provides comparisons between the two models using a probabilistic and an experimental framework.
Salt removal from water by continuous ion exchange using thermal regeneration (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSalt removal from water by continuous ion exchange using thermal regenerationTah Ben Hsu and Robert L. PigfordCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1989, 28, 9, 1345–1351Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00093a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00093a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views137Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A simple synthesis of L-.gamma.-carboxyglutamate and derivatives thereof (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA simple synthesis of L-.gamma.-carboxyglutamate and derivatives thereofSamuel Danishefsky, Ellen Berman, Lane A. Clizbe, and Masahiro HiramaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 15, 4385–4386Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00509a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00509a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views419Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Selective steroid halogenations directed by proximity and substituent effects (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelective steroid halogenations directed by proximity and substituent effectsR. Breslow, R. Corcoran, J. A. Dale, S. Liu, and P. KalickyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 6, 1973–1974Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00813a073https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00813a073research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views358Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Latchup immunity and well profile design by a deep carbon-doped layer (2002)

We show that good latchup immunity and RF characteristics can be achieved by a deeply buried carbon-doped layer on p substrate. The inserted layer stack allows more flexible design of well doping profiles, thus reducing sheet resistances and parasitic capacitances, while maintaining CMOS device performance and design flexibility.
Myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation and function in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (2011)

To assess the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the peripheral blood of patients with glioma and to define their heterogeneity and their immunosuppressive function. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy control subjects and from patients with newly diagnosed glioma were stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and T cells assessed for intracellular expression of interferon (IFN)–γ. Antibody staining of PBMCs from glioma patients and healthy donors (CD33, HLADR, CD15, and CD14) followed by 4-color flow cytometry analysis–defined MDSC levels in the peripheral blood. To assess the role of MDSCs in suppressing T cell IFNγ production, PBMCs were depleted of MDSCs using anti-CD33 and anti-CD15 antibody-coated beads prior to T cell stimulation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to assess plasma arginase activity and the level of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Patients with glioblastoma have increased MDSC counts (CD33+HLADR−) in their blood that are composed of neutrophilic (CD15+; >60%), lineage-negative (CD15−CD14−; 31%), and monocytic (CD14+; 6%) subsets. After stimulation, T cells from patients with glioblastoma had suppressed IFN-γ production when compared with healthy, age-matched donor T cells. Removal of MDSCs from the PBMCs with anti-CD33/CD15–coated beads significantly restored T cell function. Significant increases in arginase activity and G-CSF levels were observed in plasma specimens obtained from patients with glioblastoma. The accumulation of MDSCs in peripheral blood in patients with glioma likely promotes T cell immune suppression that is observed in this patient population. Increased plasma levels of arginase and G-CSF may relate to MDSC suppressor function and MDSC expansion, respectively, in patients with glioma.
Receptor-Mediated Mechanism Controlling Tissue Levels of Bioactive Lipid Oxidation Products (2015)

Our study demonstrates the mechanisms of recognition, scavenging, and clearance of pathophysiologically active products of lipid oxidation in vivo, thereby contributing to tissue protection against products of oxidative stress.
An Automatic Capillary Immunoassay System for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens (2005)

Microbial contamination of food products by pathogenic bacteria is a major concern of oursociety. The current practice for preventing microbial contamination relies on rapid identification andeffective control of specific pathogens in food products from farm to fork as well as in environmentaland medical settings. Since current food processing and distribution systems operate at very highspeed, it is extremely important to develop new, rapid methods for the detection of pathogens in foodproducts, a critical step in ensuring the safety of our food supply.<br><br>In this study, an automatic immunoassay system was developed for rapid, specific, and sensitivedetection of foodborne pathogens using E. coli O157:H7 as a model target. The system wasinterfaced to a PC and operated under Windows environment. The core of the system was to use anantibody-modified capillary column as a bio-separator to separate the target pathogen from thesample with other bacteria and/or concentrate the target pathogen, as well as a bio-reactor to hostthe immunological and enzymatic reactions. The results indicated that the proposed device with theabsorptiometric mode could detect E. coli O157:H7 as low as 100 CFU/mL in 1 h with no negligibleinterference from E. coli K12, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes.
Complex Formation between the Postsynaptic Scaffolding Protein Gephyrin, Profilin, and Mena: A Possible Link to the Microfilament System (2003)

Gephyrin is an essential component of the postsynaptic cortical protein network of inhibitory synapses. Gephyrin-based scaffolds participate in the assembly as well as the dynamics of receptor clusters by connecting the cytoplasmic domains of glycine and GABA(A) receptor polypeptides to two cytoskeletal systems, microtubules and microfilaments. Although there is evidence for a physical linkage between gephyrin and microtubules, the interaction between gephyrin and microfilaments is not well understood so far. Here, we show that neuronal gephyrin interacts directly with key regulators of microfilament dynamics, profilin I and neuronal profilin IIa, and with microfilament adaptors of the mammalian enabled (Mena)/vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) family, including neuronal Mena. Profilin and Mena/VASP coprecipitate with gephyrin from tissue and cells, and complex formation requires the E-domain of gephyrin, not the proline-rich central domain. Consequently, gephyrin is not a ligand for the proline-binding motif of profilins, as suspected previously. Instead, it competes with G-actin and phospholipids for the same binding site on profilin. Gephyrin, profilin, and Mena/VASP colocalize at synapses of rat spinal cord and cultivated neurons and in gephyrin clusters expressed in transfected cells. Thus, Mena/VASP and profilin can contribute to the postulated linkage between receptors, gephyrin scaffolds, and the microfilament system and may regulate the microfilament-dependent receptor packing density and dynamics at inhibitory synapses.
Research on software security and compatibility test for mobile application (2014)

The intelligent device and mobile applications has been the growth rapidly. The mobile device and related applications has widely used increasingly. The security and compatibility concern for mobile application is mounting as well. This paper analyzed attributes of security and compatibility corresponding to mobile software testing. The software quality features for security and compatibility is given based on the software quality model. The test methods for security and compatibility are proposed according to test model and requirements for mobile applications. The relevant properties with testing techniques and methods are detailed introduced, which indicates that the test method could be effective for mobile software applications.
Free energy calculations for peptides via deterministic global optimization (1999)

The αBB algorithm is a deterministically based global optimization method that has been successfully used to locate the global minimum energy conformations of peptide systems. The goal of this procedure is to identify the native conformation of a given peptide by identifying the structure possessing the global minimum potential energy. However, a rigorous conformational search should locate the structure exhibiting the global minimum free energy. In this work, novel methods are developed for locating free energy global minimum conformations and clusters of peptides. These methods are based on an harmonic approximation for entropic effects, which requires the ability to generate a dense ensemble of distinct low energy local minima. Two approaches, both based on the general concepts of the αBB branch and bound framework, are used to generate these ensembles. In performing these calculations, potential-energy contributions were modeled using an all-atom force field. In addition, hydration effects were also considered by utilizing a solvent-accessible volume of hydration shell model. The free energy analysis was applied to both the unsolvated and solvated forms of met- and leu-enkephalin. It was found that both methods produce dense, Boltzmann-type, distributions of low-energy metastable states. The inclusion of entropic effects was also found to influence the prediction of free energy global minima. In addition, a statistical treatment of the thermodynamics of folding showed that the transition temperature, which signified a collapse from high energy, extended structures to a ground-statelike ensemble, could be identified.
Down‐regulation of microglial cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by lipocortin 1 (1999)

1. Activated microglial cells are believed to play an active role in most brain pathologies, during which they can contribute to host defence and repair but also to the establishment of tissue damage. These actions are largely mediated by microglial secretory products, among which are prostaglandins (PGs) and nitric oxide (NO). 2. The anti-inflammatory protein, lipocortin 1 (LC1) was reported to have neuroprotective action and to be induced by glucocorticoids in several brain structures, with a preferential expression in microglia. In this paper we tested whether the neuroprotective effect of LC1 could be explained by an inhibitory effect on microglial activation. 3. We have previously shown that bacterial endotoxin (LPS) strongly stimulates PGE2 and NO production in rat primary microglial cultures, by inducing the expression of the key enzymes cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), respectively. 4. Dexamethasone (DEX, 1-100 nM) and LC1-derived N-terminus peptide (peptide Ac2-26, 1-100 microg ml(-1)) dose-dependently inhibited the production of both PGE2 and NO from LPS-stimulated microglia. The inhibitory effects of DEX on NO and of the peptide on NO and PGE2 synthesis were partially abrogated by a specific antiserum, raised against the N-terminus of human LC1. The peptide Ac2-26 did not affect arachidonic acid release from control and LPS-stimulated microglial cultures. 5. Western blot experiments showed that the LPS-induced expression of COX-2 and iNOS was effectively down-regulated by DEX (100 nM) and peptide Ac2-26 (100 microg ml(-1)). 6. In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that LC1 may foster neuroprotection by limiting microglial activation, through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.
Role of Fluorophore Charge on the In Vivo Optical Imaging Properties of Near-Infrared Cyanine Dye/Monoclonal Antibody Conjugates (2015)

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores have several advantages over visible-light fluorophores, including superior light penetration in tissue and lower autofluorescence. We recently demonstrated that a new class of NIR cyanine dyes containing a novel C4'-O-alkyl linker exhibit greater chemical stability and excellent optical properties relative to existing C4'-O-aryl variants. We synthesized two NIR cyanine dyes with the same core structure but different indolenine substituents: FNIR-774 bearing four sulfonate groups and FNIR-Z-759 bearing a combination of two sulfonates and two quaternary ammonium cations, resulting in an anionic (-3) or monocationic (+1) charge, respectively. In this study, we compare the in vitro and in vivo optical imaging properties of monoclonal antibody (mAb) conjugates of FNIR-774 and FNIR-Z-759 with panitumumab (pan) at antibody-to-dye ratios of 1:2 or 1:5. Conjugates of both dyes demonstrated similar quenching capacity, stability, and brightness in target cells in vitro. However, FNIR-Z-759 conjugates showed significantly lower background in mice, resulting in higher tumor-to-background ratio. Thus, FNIR-Z-759 conjugates appear to have superior in vivo imaging characteristics compared with FNIR-774 conjugates, especially in the abdominal region, regardless of the dye-mAb ratio. These results suggest that zwitterionic cyanine dyes are a promising class of fluorophores for improving in vivo optical imaging with antibody-NIR dye conjugates.
Implementing a Shared Governance Model in the Perioperative Setting (2000)

This article examines the existing literature about shared governance, particularly as it applies to the perioperative setting, and chronicles the process of implementing a shared governance model in one hospital's surgical services department. The goal of the implementation was to improve the department's efficiency and morale by transferring decision-making responsibilities to the staff level. Progress in the first 18 months of the project has been challenging, but results have been encouraging.