gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HIERARCHICAL FRAMEWORK FOR REAL-TIME TRAFFIC CONTROL (1992)

With the availability of faster computers and communications systems in the traffic control environment and more reliable monitoring and control hardware, better real-time control of traffic should be possible. The intelligent vehicle-highway system program now being proposed and implemented by transportation agencies, practitioners, and researchers will (a) need better real-time control methods for effectiveness in dealing with vehicle traffic and (b) allow the implementation and effectuation of better real-time traffic control. A framework for a hierarchical design of a real-time traffic control system is presented. The goal of the design concept is to respond to and monitor the various stochastic components of the traffic process with appropriate controls, frequencies, and sampling rates. The design is based on the decomposition of the traffic control problem into decision subproblems defined over different time and distance horizons. At the highest level of the hierarchy, the component process is considered that describes how over extended periods of time, travelers become aware of travel times and delays associated with the routes of a network and equilibrate into making routine route choices. At the middle level of the hierarchy, the faster dynamics are considered, for example, those dealing with traffic flows and queues during rush hours or traffic accidents. At the lowest level, the second-by-second dynamics in the traffic process are considered: the stochastic behavior of individual drivers and their responses to traffic controls at individual intersections. The conceptual design of RHODES, a prototype hierarchical traffic control system being developed for the city of Tucson, Arizona, and a comparison of its envisioned attributes with existing systems are described.
Isolation of a small-cell mutant in the blue-green bacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum (1975)

A new type of high-temperature conditional cell division mutant has been isolated in Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain BG1 in which the process of cell division is uncoupled from that of growth at 39 C. This mutant produces abnormally small cells under conditions of nutrient limitation and forms multinucleoid filaments under normal growth conditions.
RTA-Driven Intra-Die Variations in Stage Delay, and Parametric Sensitivities for 65nm Technology (2006)

We report, for the first time, a detailed study of intra-die variation (IDV) of CMOS inverter delay for the 65nm technology, driven by mm-scale variations of rapid thermal annealing (RTA). We find that variation in V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EXT</sub> accounts for most of the IDV in delay and leakage and is modulated by lamp RTA ramp rate. We show a good correlation of inverter delay to mm-scale variation in the predicted reflectivity of the device pattern densities
Interpretable Neural Predictions with Differentiable Binary Variables (2019)

The success of neural networks comes hand in hand with a desire for more interpretability. We focus on text classifiers and make them more interpretable by having them provide a justification-a rationale-for their predictions. We approach this problem by jointly training two neural network models: a latent model that selects a rationale (i.e. a short and informative part of the input text), and a classifier that learns from the words in the rationale alone. Previous work proposed to assign binary latent masks to input positions and to promote short selections via sparsityinducing penalties such as L 0 regularisation. We propose a latent model that mixes discrete and continuous behaviour allowing at the same time for binary selections and gradient-based training without REINFORCE. In our formulation, we can tractably compute the expected value of penalties such as L 0 , which allows us to directly optimise the model towards a prespecified text selection rate. We show that our approach is competitive with previous work on rationale extraction, and explore further uses in attention mechanisms.
[Pharmacology of camptothecin and its derivatives]. (1995)

20 (S) Camptothecin was discovered in the early 60's as a result of the intensive screening of natural products by the NCI. Camptothecin lactone was poorly water soluble and was administered as the sodium salt in phase I trials. Despite some encouraging responses in early studies, continued evaluation of this compound revealed severe and unpredictable toxicities such as haemorrhagic cystitis and diarrhoea. The reversible opening of the lactone ring of a camptothecin is pH-dependent and yields a ring-opened carboxylate form which has greatly reduced activity in vivo and in vitro. Under physiological conditions, the carboxylate form predominates, but the exact position of this equilibrium in vivo also depends on other factors such as protein-binding and differential metabolism and elimination. The site of action of camptothecin is a complex formed by the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase I and DNA, which represents a novel target for cancer chemotherapy. The principal role of topoisomerase I is the relaxation of DNA required for transcription and replication. The transient covalent complexes formed by the linking of the enzyme and the 3' extremity of a nicked DNA strand are stabilised in the presence of camptothecin and involved in collisions with replication forks. The ensuing arrest of the fork is accompanied by the generation of permanent double-strand breaks which are thought to be responsible for the antiproliferative properties of camptothecin. The acquisition of resistance to camptothecin in cell culture appears, in general, to be due to a reduction in content and activity of topo-isomerase I. Single-point mutations of the gene of the enzyme have been detected in a number of these resistant variants. Camptothecin appears to be a poor substrate of P-glycoprotein and its intracellular accumulation is not appreciably reduced in cells expressing the multidrug-resistant phenotype. Several water soluble and active derivatives of camptothecin have been synthetized of which CPT-11 and topotecan are the most advanced in clinical trials. These compounds represent two different approaches to the problem of the poor water solubility of camptothecin lactone. CPT-11 is a soluble prodrug which is converted in vivo to the highly active SN-38, whereas topotecan itself is water-soluble due to the presence of a tertiary amine substitution which is charged at physiological pH. These two compounds present different pharmacological properties in the clinical setting.
Miscible blends of a vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride copolymer with aliphatic polyesters (1983)

Abstract A copolymer of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride containing 13.5% by weight of the latter has been solution blended with four aliphatic polyesters: poly(ϵ‐caprolactone), poly(2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propylene adipate), poly(1,4‐cyclohexanedimethylene succinate), and poly(2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propylene succinate). Each blend was examined visually and by differential scanning calorimetry. All blends with the copolymer form a single miscible amorphous phase at all compositions and all temperatures except for the latter mentioned polyester, which exhibits liquid–liquid phase separation at temperatures above a measured cloud point curve. Information about interactions between the components in each blend is estimated from melting point data and discussed.
Ingredients and foods associated with adverse reactions in dogs and cats (2013)

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Determination of urinary <i>S</i>‐sulphocysteine, xanthine and hypoxanthine by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (2004)

Molybdenum cofactor and isolated sulphite oxidase deficiencies are two related rare autosomal recessive diseases characterized by severe neurological abnormalities, dislocated lens and mental retardation. Determination of three biochemical markers S-sulphocysteine (SSC), xanthine (XAN) and hypoxanthine (HXAN) in urine is essential for a definitive diagnosis and identification of the exact defect. We developed a rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of SSC, XAN and HXAN in urine. The analysis was carried out in the negative-ion selected-reaction monitoring mode. The turnaround time for the assay was 7 min. Linear calibration curves for the three biomarkers were obtained in the range of 12-480 micromol/L. The intra- and inter-day assay variations were <2.5%. Mean recoveries of SSC, XAN and HXAN added to urine at two significantly different concentrations were in the range 94.3-107.3%. At a normal SSC urine excretion value of 3.2 micromol/mmol creatinine, the signal-to-noise ratio was 337:1. This stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method is specific, rapid and simple, and provides definitive diagnosis for molybdenum cofactor and isolated sulphite oxidase deficiencies in very small volumes of urine. We have identified seven new cases of isolated sulphite oxidase deficiency from four Saudi families and one Sudanese family.
Breeding of edible fungi with emphasis on the variability among French genetic resources of<i>Agaricus bisporus</i> (1995)

Our laboratory (INRA) has developed breeding programs for several species of edible fungi. For example, "sporeless" strains were obtained by mutagenesis for Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius, a hybrid strain of Lepista nuda has been marketed, and genetic variability has been studied in Tuber melanosporum. At present, the largest program concerns Agaricus bisporus, for which a collection of about 200 French isolates from 44 sites has been gathered. High genetic polymorphism appeared even within each site. Nine genetically different isolates from the same site were studied in experimental culture. Variability was observed for color of the cap, susceptibility to bacterial blotch, and the elevated basidial spore number trait. A single isolate, Bs 261, gave sporocarps having a majority of tetrasporic basidia, and spores which, for the most part, were homokaryotic. This strain was interfertile with typical bisporic strains. The resulting hybrids were either bisporic or tetrasporic, according to which homokaryon of Bs 261 was used. More investigations will be necessary to understand the presence of a rare tetrasporic strain in a bisporic population and also to study the relationship between Bs 261 and the tetrasporic strains of the previously described A. bisporus var. burnettii. Key words: edible fungi, Agaricus bisporus, genetic resources, breeding, basidial spore number, tetrasporic trait.
Large-Stokes-Shifted Infrared-Emitting InAs–In(Zn)P–ZnSe–ZnS Giant-Shell Quantum Dots by One-Pot Continuous-Injection Synthesis (2019)

Infrared-emitting materials with a large Stokes shift and minimal reabsorption are technologically important for luminescent solar concentrators and for bioimaging applications. Here, we describe the synthesis of new InAs–In(Zn)P–ZnSe–ZnS quaternary giant-shell quantum dots that possess efficient photoluminescence in the near-infrared region. We employ a convenient one-pot, continuous-injection approach to achieve the controlled growth of thick In(Zn)P shells around small InAs nuclei. The In(Zn)P shell absorbs strongly across the visible spectrum from 400 to 780 nm and transfers the excitation to the InAs core for emission at 873 nm, hence providing a significant Stokes shift and minimal absorption–emission spectral overlap. Density functional theory calculations reveal a conduction band delocalization and a quasi-type-II band alignment that are responsible for the significant spectral red shifts during shell growth, despite a tiny core size of ca. 3 nm. The resulting quantum dots are neutral colored, contain no regulated heavy metals, and are broadly useful in consumer optoelectronic products and biological applications.
Counter Torque Quartz Fiber Adaptation of the Curie-Chéneveau Type Magnetic Balance (1960)

A mechanically simple magnetic balance having sufficient sensitivity to measure diamagnetic susceptibilities has been developed using a permanent magnet. Its operation is based on the twisting of a quartz or Vycor fiber in a direction such as to overcome the effects of the magnetic field. The magnetic field strength is dependent on the position of the magnet with respect to the sample and can be varied by using different magnet settings.
Leading Community College Distance Education (2005)

Technological, demographic, and competitive changes in distance education (DE) pose complex leadership and strategic issues for community colleges. Leaders must establish institutional and academic objectives, develop financial and technological strategies, and organize, market, and evaluate DE initiatives. Their objectives and strategies should anticipate and help shape the developing competitive environment in which their colleges operate. This qualitative case study examined DE administrative and staff leadership roles, organization structures, and strategies at three Midwestern community colleges with expanding DE programs. Leadership teams were small. New roles and organizational structures were evolving, and the colleges were maintaining strong video delivery while developing online courses and programs.
Honey: A Therapeutic Agent for Disorders of the Skin (2016)

Problems with conventional treatments for a range of dermatological disorders have led scientists to search for new compounds of therapeutic value. Efforts have included the evaluation of natural products such as honey. Manuka honey, for example, has been scientifically recognised for its anti-microbial and wound healing properties and is now used clinically as a topical treatment for wound infections. In this review, scientific evidence for the effectiveness of honey in the treatment of wounds and other skin conditions is evaluated. A plethora of <i>in vitro</i> studies have revealed that honeys from all over the world have potent antimicrobial activity against skin relevant microbes. Moreover, a number of <i>in vitro</i> studies suggest that honey is able to modulate the skin immune system. Clinical research has shown honey to be efficacious in promoting the healing of partial thickness burn wounds while its effectiveness in the treatment of non-burn acute wounds and chronic wounds is conflicted. Published research investigating the efficacy of honey in the treatment of other types of skin disorders is limited. Nevertheless, positive effects have been reported, for example, kanuka honey from New Zealand was shown to have therapeutic value in the treatment of rosacea. Anti-carcinogenic effects of honey have also been observed <i>in vitro</i> and in a murine model of melanoma. It can be concluded that honey is a biologically active and clinically interesting substance but more research is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of its medicinal value in dermatology.
Experimental Investigation of Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) Film Thickness Behavior at High Speeds (2010)

At very high speeds, elastohydrodynamic (EHD) films may be considerably thinner than is predicted by classical isothermal regression equations such as that due to Dowson and Hamrock. This may arise because of viscous dissipation, shear thinning, frictional heating or starvation. In this article, the contact between a steel ball and a glass disc over an entrainment speed ranging from 0.05 m s−1 to 20 m s−1 was studied. Two sets of tests were performed. In the preliminary testing, the disc was driven at speeds of up to 20 m s−1 and the ball was driven by tractive rolling against the disc, its speed being determined using a magnetic method. After all possible explanations for the reduction in film thickness at high speeds were considered, it was shown that the results, which fall well below classical predictions, are consistent with inlet shear heating at the observed sliding speeds. Another set of tests was then performed, with both disc and ball driven separately, so that the accuracy of the shear heating theory for different types of oils and at different sliding conditions could be assessed. It was found that the thermal correction factor predicts the trend of film thickness behavior well for the oils tested and is particularly accurate at certain slide–roll ratios (depending on the type of oil). Experimental data were also used to obtain improved coefficients for the correction factor for different types of oil to achieve better prediction of film thickness at high speed throughout the whole range of slide–roll ratios.
1,3-Selenazol-4-one Derivatives Inhibit Inducible Nitric Oxide-Mediated Nitric Oxide Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV-2 Cells (2003)

Activated microglia extensively produce nitric oxide (NO) by inducing expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). NO plays a deleterious role in brain inflammation and neuronal death. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 1,3-selenazol-4-one derivatives (Sz-A, B, C, D and E) on NO production and iNOS expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 cells, a murine microglia cell line. Among these compounds, Sz-B and C remarkably inhibited LPS-induced NO production relative to that of Sz-A, D, and E at 5 microM in BV-2 cells. Sz-B and C dose-dependently inhibited NO production at 1, 5, and 10 microM without toxicity to BV-2 cells. Sz-B and C also dose-dependently suppressed iNOS expression at the same concentrations in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. This result suggests that Sz-B and C inhibit iNOS-mediated NO production in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. Structurally, Sz-B and C bear an ethyl or methyl group at the 5 positions of the 4-selenazolone skeletons, which could play an important role in inhibiting iNOS-mediated NO production.
Late myocardial ischemia with ST-segment elevation after negative dobutamine stress echocardiography in a patient with normal coronary arteries (2009)

Late complications after pharmacological stress echocardiography are infrequent but potentially dreadful events. We report the case of a 80-year-old woman admitted to hospital for rest chest pain with trivial troponin increase, normal left ventricular function and no significant ECG changes. A dobutamine stress echocardiography was performed for diagnostic purpose, with a negative result. About 30 min after the end of dobutamine infusion, she developed ST-segment elevation in inferior leads associated with chest pain and left ventricular dyssynergy, promptly resolved by sublingual nitrates. Subsequently, angiography documented the absence of significant coronary stenoses. The following clinical course was uneventful. Transient myocardial ischemia was likely due to dobutamine-induced coronary spasm. The case emphasizes the utility of routine, long-lasting monitoring of patients after stress echocardiography, even if negative, to counteract possible late life-threatening complications.
The macrophage/endothelial cell mannose receptor cDNA encodes a protein that binds oligosaccharides terminating with SO<sub>4</sub>-4-GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ or Man at independent sites (1997)

Lutropin (LH) and other glycoproteins bearing oligosaccharides with the terminal sequence SO4-4-GalNAcbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1,4Man- (S4GGnM) are rapidly removed from the circulation by an S4GGnM-specific receptor (S4GGnM-R) expressed at the surface of hepatic endothelial cells. The S4GGnM-R isolated from rat liver is closely related to the macrophage mannose-specific receptor (Man-R) isolated from rat lung both antigenically and structurally. The S4GGnM-R and Man-R isolated from these tissues nonetheless differ in their ability to bind ligands bearing terminal GalNAc-4-SO4 or Man. In this paper, we have explored the structural relationship between the Man-R and the S4GGnM-R by examining the properties of the recombinant Man-R in the form of a transmembrane protein and a soluble chimeric fusion protein in which the transmembrane and cytosolic domains have been replaced by the Fc region of human IgG1. Like the S4GGnM-R isolated from liver, the chimeric fusion protein is able to bind ligands terminating with GalNAc-4-SO4 and Man at independent sites. When expressed in CHO cells the recombinant Man-R is able to mediate the uptake of ligands bearing either terminal GalNAc-4-SO4 or terminal Man. We propose that the Man-R be renamed the Man/S4GGnM receptor on the basis of its multiple and independent specificities.
Learning the Similarity of Documents: An Information-Geometric Approach to Document Retrieval and Categorization (1999)

The project pursued in this paper is to develop from rst information-geometric principles a general method for learning the similarity between text documents. Each individual document is modeled as a memoryless information source. Based on a latent class decomposition of the term-document matrix, a lowdimensional (curved) multinomial subfamily is learned. From this model a canonical similarity function { known as the Fisher kernel { is derived. Our approach can be applied for unsupervised and supervised learning problems alike. This in particular covers interesting cases where both, labeled and unlabeled data are available. Experiments in automated indexing and text categorization verify the advantages of the proposed method. 1 Introduction The computer-based analysis and organization of large document repositories is one of today&apos;s great challenges in machine learning, a key problem being the quantitative assessment of document similarities. A reliable similarity measure...
Direct Selection of IS <i>903</i> Transposon Insertions by Use of a Broad-Host-Range Vector: Isolation of Catalase-Deficient Mutants of <i>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans</i> (1999)

Transposon mutagenesis in bacteria generally requires efficient delivery of a transposon suicide vector to allow the selection of relatively infrequent transposition events. We have developed an IS903-based transposon mutagenesis system for diverse gram-negative bacteria that is not limited by transfer efficiency. The transposon, IS903phikan, carries a cryptic kan gene, which can be expressed only after successful transposition. This allows the stable introduction of the transposon delivery vector into the host. Generation of insertion mutants is then limited only by the frequency of transposition. IS903phikan was placed on an IncQ plasmid vector with the transposase gene located outside the transposon and expressed from isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible promoters. After transposase induction, IS903phikan insertion mutants were readily selected in Escherichia coli by their resistance to kanamycin. We used IS903phikan to isolate three catalase-deficient mutants of the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans from a library of random insertions. The mutants display increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, and all have IS903phikan insertions within an open reading frame whose predicted product is closely related to other bacterial catalases. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the catalase gene (designated katA) and flanking intergenic regions also revealed several occurrences of an 11-bp sequence that is closely related to the core DNA uptake signal sequence for natural transformation of Haemophilus influenzae. Our results demonstrate the utility of the IS903phikan mutagenesis system for the study of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Because IS903phikan is carried on a mobilizable, broad-host-range IncQ plasmid, this system is potentially useful in a variety of bacterial species.