gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting the Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen for Prostate Cancer Therapy (2009)

Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of death for men in Western civilization. Despite the effectiveness of surgical prostatectomy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy, a significant proportion of patients progress to advanced metastatic disease for which there are currently no curative treatment options. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches need to be considered. The prostate-specific membrane antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is highly and specifically expressed on prostate epithelial cells and strongly upregulated in prostate cancer at all stages. These characteristics make it an attractive target for antibody-based imaging and therapies and the first anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen agents have already entered clinical trials. The proposed strategies include targeted toxins and radiotherapeutics as well as immunotherapeutic agents and vaccines.
Transition from Ohmic to ballistic transport in oriented graphite: Measurements and numerical simulations (2008)

In this work we show that the spreading Ohmic resistance of a quasi-two-dimensional system of size $\ensuremath{\Omega}$, thickness $t$, and with a constriction of size $W$ connecting two half-parts of resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ goes as $(2\ensuremath{\rho}/\ensuremath{\pi}t)\text{ln}(\ensuremath{\Omega}/W)$, diverging logarithmically with the size. Measurements in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as well as numerical simulations confirm this relation. Furthermore, we present an experimental method that allows us to obtain the carriers' mean-free path $\ensuremath{\ell}(T)$, the Fermi wavelength $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$, and the mobility $\ensuremath{\mu}(T)$ directly from experiments without adjustable parameters. Measuring the electrical resistance through microfabricated constrictions in HOPG and observing the transition from Ohmic to ballistic regime, we obtain that $0.2\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\lesssim}10\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$, $0.1\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\lesssim}2\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$, and a mobility $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{2}/\text{V}\text{ }\text{s}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\lesssim}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{2}/\text{V}\text{ }\text{s}$ when the temperature $T$ decreases from 270 to 3 K. A comparison of these results with those from literature indicates that conventional, multiband Boltzmann-Drude approaches are inadequate for oriented graphite. The upper value obtained for the mobility is much larger than that for the mobility in graphene samples of micrometer size can have.
Extensive <i>in vivo</i> Human Milk Peptidomics Reveals Specific Proteolysis Yielding Protective Antimicrobial Peptides (2013)

Milk is traditionally considered an ideal source of the basic elemental nutrients required by infants. More detailed examination is revealing that milk represents a more functional ensemble of components with benefits to both infants and mothers. A comprehensive peptidomics method was developed and used to analyze human milk yielding an extensive array of protein products present in the fluid. Over 300 milk peptides were identified originating from major and many minor protein components of milk. As expected, the majority of peptides derived from β-casein, however no peptide fragments from the major milk proteins lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, and secretory immunoglobulin A were identified. Proteolysis in the mammary gland is selective-released peptides were drawn only from specific proteins and typically from only select parts of the parent sequence. A large number of the peptides showed significant sequence overlap with peptides with known antimicrobial or immunomodulatory functions. Antibacterial assays showed the milk peptide mixtures inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . The predigestion of milk proteins and the consequent release of antibacterial peptides may provide a selective advantage through evolution by protecting both the mother's mammary gland and her nursing offspring from infection.
Effects of Jasplakinolide on the Kinetics of Actin Polymerization (2000)

Jasplakinolide paradoxically stabilizes actin filaments in vitro, but in vivo it can disrupt actin filaments and induce polymerization of monomeric actin into amorphous masses. A detailed analysis of the effects of jasplakinolide on the kinetics of actin polymerization suggests a resolution to this paradox. Jasplakinolide markedly enhances the rate of actin filament nucleation. This increase corresponds to a change in the size of actin oligomer capable of nucleating filament growth from four to approximately three subunits, which is mechanistically consistent with the localization of the jasplakinolide-binding site at an interface of three actin subunits. Because jasplakinolide both decreases the amount of sequestered actin (by lowering the critical concentration of actin) and augments nucleation, the enhancement of polymerization by jasplakinolide is amplified in the presence of actin-monomer sequestering proteins such as thymosin beta(4). Overall, the kinetic parameters in vitro define the mechanism by which jasplakinolide induces polymerization of monomeric actin in vivo. Expected consequences of jasplakinolide function are consistent with the experimental observations and include de novo nucleation resulting in disordered polymeric actin and in insufficient monomeric actin to allow for remodeling of stress fibers.
Real-time imaging of semiconductor space-charge regions using high-spatial resolution evanescent microwave microscope (2000)

A high-resolution evanescent microwave probe (EMP) was used to detect and image depletion regions in solar cell p-n junctions in real time. The EMP uses a microwave resonator operating around 10 GHz that is coupled to a thin wire probe. Unable to travel beyond the waveguide discontinuity, the microwave fields set up evanescent fields in the tip’s vicinity. When coupled to an object nearby, these evanescent fields are modified and change the resonant characteristics of the resonator. The microwave conductivity of the nearby object affects the extent of the modification of the probe’s output which is monitored as the probe is scanned over the object. Using these EMP scans, steady-state and transient expansions/contractions of the p-n junction’s depletion region under dc and pulsed reverse/forward biases are mapped. These experimental data along with the conductivity calibration of the EMP were then used to quantitatively calculate doping concentrations, diffusion lengths, and carrier recombination lifetimes in the junction. Junctions are one of the most crucial building blocks of semiconductor devices and these studies clearly show the ability of the EMP in quantitative and nondestructive evaluations of electronic devices and circuits.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of felodipine in healthy subjects after various single, oral and intravenous doses (1987)

The objective of this single-dose study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic changes in healthy male subjects following the administration of three oral (5, 15, and 40 mg) and two intravenous (1 and 3 mg) doses of felodipine, a new calcium antagonist with a selective effect on the peripheral resistance vessels. Felodipine was rapidly absorbed within 1 h when administered as an oral solution, but underwent extensive presystemic elimination. The systemic availability varied between 10 and 23 per cent. The disposition was adequately described by a two-compartment model: the disposition was essentially dose-independent up to 40 mg orally and 3 mg intravenously. Felodipine produced significant dose-dependent reduction of diastolic blood pressure and a significant reflexogenic increase in heart rate, without having any major effect on systolic blood pressure. These changes indicate that felodipine acts predominantly as an arteriodilator. The decrease in diastolic blood pressure and increase in heart rate were closely correlated with the plasma concentrations of unchanged felodipine, being maximal at 0.5 h and lasting for at least 4 h after the highest dose.
KINE3D: a New 3d Restoration Method Based on a Mixed Approach Linking Geometry and Geomechanics (2006)

We developed a new methodology for 3D restoration by coupling a geometric modelling software and a mechanical finite-element code. This method allows the geologist to impose the displacement on the main faults in order to get an adequate restored geometry and to compute the 3D strain and stress fields within the main blocks based on the unfolding with the mechanical approach. Complex meshing of the solid take into account heterogeneities due to the layering and facies variation. Results are discussed on compressive and extensional contexts, as well as in backward and forward approaches. The compressive case is illustrated by the restoration of a faulted anticline with massive sand and shaly beds. This case has been also restored with 2D surface unfolding processes and we will compare the information that geologists may get from the various methods. The second case concerns the deformation, in a gravity gliding context, of a sandy channel embedded into a shaly matrix. The mixed approach allows to quantify the reorientation of the stress field on the sand/shale boundary.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cottonseed with co‐solvents (1994)

Abstract Extraction of cottonseed lipids with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO 2 ) was conducted with and without a cosolvent, ethanol or 2‐propanol (IPA). At 7000 psi and 80°C, the reduced pressure, temperature and density of SC‐CO 2 was at 6.5, 1.17 and 1.85, respectively; the specific gravity was 0.87. Under these conditions, CO 2 is denser than most liquid extraction agents such as hexane, ethanol and IPA. The extraction of cottonseed with SC‐CO 2 gave a yield of more than 30% (moisture‐free basis). This is comparable to yields obtained by the more commonly used solvent, hexane. The crude cottonseed oil extracted by SC‐CO 2 was visually lighter than refined cottonseed oil. This was substantiated by colorimetric measurements. No gossypol was detected in the crude oil. However, crude oil extracted by SC‐CO 2 , to which less than 5% of ethanol or IPA as co‐solvent was added, contained ca. 200 ppm of gossypol, resulting in the typical dark color of cottonseed crude oil with gossypol. CO 2 extracted a small amount of cottonseed phosphatides, about one‐third of that extracted by pure ethanol, IPA or hexane. A second extraction with 100% ethanol or IPA after the initial SC‐CO 2 extraction produced a water‐soluble lipid fraction that contained a significant amount of gossypol, ranging between 1500 and 5000 ppm. Because pure gossypol is practically insoluble in water, this fraction is believed to be made up of gossypol complexed with polysaccharides and phosphatides.
Dynamic Conditional Random Fields for Jointly Labeling Multiple Sequences (2003)

Conditional random fields (CRFs) for sequence modeling have several advantages over joint models such as HMMs, including the ability to relax strong independence assumptions made in those models, and the ability to incorporate arbitrary overlapping features. Previous work has focused on linear-chain CRFs, which correspond to finite-state machines, and have efficient exact inference algorithms. Often, however, we wish to label sequence data in multiple interacting ways—for example, performing part-of-speech tagging and noun phrase segmentation simultaneously, increasing joint accuracy by sharing information between them. We present dynamic conditional random fields (DCRFs), which are CRFs in which each time slice has a set of state variables and edges—a distributed state representation as in dynamic Bayesian networks—and parameters are tied across slices. (They could also be called conditionallytrained Dynamic Markov Networks.) Since exact inference can be intractable in these models, we perform approximate inference using the tree-based reparameterization framework (TRP). We also present empirical results comparing DCRFs with linear-chain CRFs on naturallanguage data. 1
Water uptake of hydrophilic polymers determined by a thermal gravimetric analyzer with a controlled humidity chamber (2007)

The moisture uptake of several water-soluble polymers at different humidities was investigated with a thermal gravimetric analyzer equipped with a controlled humidity chamber. The water sorption of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salt, poly(ethylene glycol) and silica, which are known as super absorbers, were examined. In addition, various hydrophilic polymeric materials were selected according to their structural features. These included hydroxyl functions on the side chains (e.g. poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)), as well as acidic or basic functionalities (e.g. poly (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) or poly(vinylimidazole)). In addition, poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (P(MeOx)) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (P(EtOx)), which are well-known hydrophilic polymers, were also investigated in this context. More significant weight percent changes were obtained for P(MeOx) (60% at 90% relative humidity (RH)) in comparison to P(EtOx) (35% at 90% RH) as a result of the slight difference in hydrophilicity of the structures. The effect of the chain length on the ability for water uptake was also investigated for both poly(oxazolines). Finally, thermoresponsive polymers with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior (e.g. poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)) were also examined. The measurements for the latter polymers were performed below and above the LCST of each polymer whereby the humidities are varied from 0 to 90% with steps of 10%. Upon increasing humidity, the results revealed relatively high water uptake values (8% and 22% for P(NIPAM) and for P(DMAEMA), respectively) below the LCSTs of the polymers and, contrastingly, a small weight loss above their LCSTs. The present results allow a deeper insight into important structure–property relationships (e.g. the influence of the polymer backbone, functional groups, LCST behavior, etc. on the water-uptake properties), and will in subsequent steps permit the directed design of tailor-made polymers for selected applications.
Automatic localization of vertebral levels in x-ray fluoroscopy using 3D-2D registration: a tool to reduce wrong-site surgery (2012)

Surgical targeting of the incorrect vertebral level (wrong-level surgery) is among the more common wrong-site surgical errors, attributed primarily to the lack of uniquely identifiable radiographic landmarks in the mid-thoracic spine. The conventional localization method involves manual counting of vertebral bodies under fluoroscopy, is prone to human error and carries additional time and dose. We propose an image registration and visualization system (referred to as LevelCheck), for decision support in spine surgery by automatically labeling vertebral levels in fluoroscopy using a GPU-accelerated, intensity-based 3D-2D (namely CT-to-fluoroscopy) registration. A gradient information (GI) similarity metric and a CMA-ES optimizer were chosen due to their robustness and inherent suitability for parallelization. Simulation studies involved ten patient CT datasets from which 50 000 simulated fluoroscopic images were generated from C-arm poses selected to approximate the C-arm operator and positioning variability. Physical experiments used an anthropomorphic chest phantom imaged under real fluoroscopy. The registration accuracy was evaluated as the mean projection distance (mPD) between the estimated and true center of vertebral levels. Trials were defined as successful if the estimated position was within the projection of the vertebral body (namely mPD <5 mm). Simulation studies showed a success rate of 99.998% (1 failure in 50 000 trials) and computation time of 4.7 s on a midrange GPU. Analysis of failure modes identified cases of false local optima in the search space arising from longitudinal periodicity in vertebral structures. Physical experiments demonstrated the robustness of the algorithm against quantum noise and x-ray scatter. The ability to automatically localize target anatomy in fluoroscopy in near-real-time could be valuable in reducing the occurrence of wrong-site surgery while helping to reduce radiation exposure. The method is applicable beyond the specific case of vertebral labeling, since any structure defined in pre-operative (or intra-operative) CT or cone-beam CT can be automatically registered to the fluoroscopic scene.
Sodium nitrite and ascorbic acid: a metal-free combination that controls the free-radical polymerization of tert-butyl methacrylate in water (2002)

Abstract A mixture of sodium nitrite and ascorbic acid is able to control the radical polymerization of tert -butyl methacrylate (tBMA) in water at 80°C. Indeed, sodium nitrite is reduced by the ascorbic acid, and the nitric oxide (NO) which is formed in situ is nothing but a promoter of nitroxyl radicals. The radical polymerization of tBMA is thus basically controlled by a nitroxide-mediated process.
IV. - Correction de textes: En marge de quelques textes récents (1962)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Control of swarms of autonomous robots using Model Driven Development - A state-based approach (2011)

Unmanned vehicular systems are becoming increasingly pervasive in military and civilian applications where the tedious repetitive and hazardous nature of the tasks make them indispensable. A natural progression is to bestow autonomy upon these vehicles. In this case, the resultant robots must be able to deal with unexpected circumstances on their own and, more importantly, in real-time. As a case study we focus on swarms of robots, we define as the capability of robots to keep close to each other in formation, without colliding with neighbors and obstacles. We start by modeling and simulating a possible swarm solution in MathWorks Matlab™ and, then, moving on to change the algorithm in such a way that a controller written as a Finite State Machine (FSM) may be derived. We then use IBM Rational Rose Real-Time™ (RoseRT) to implement such a controller in emulation following the formalism of Model-Driven Development (MDD).
Spam war: Battling ham against spam (2012)

The antispam battlefield is in a complete chaos. The public has become more and more aware of the negative effects of junk mails. The voice against spam has become ever increasing; however, the amount of junk mails that find their way to mail inbox keeps increasing at a quicker pace. Unfortunately, the war against spam is much more complicated and requires multi-solutions. It requires multi-solutions because there is no single definition of spam. Mails that are legitimate to one might be spam to other. Some mails are vague in nature, which can be classified either as ham or spam. So to fight spam successfully, it is not only necessary to stop most of spam without blocking hams, but also be able to take care of the personal habits and preferences. In this paper a research-based analysis of spam is presented with focus on to the technical analysis of various weapons used in spam war and their leverages on the system.
Qué ha sucedido con la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) de las empresas españolas en América Latina tras el boom de los años noventa y la incertidumbre de los primeros años 2000 (2007)

En la segunda mitad de los noventa, un amplio grupo de empresas junto a las principales instituciones financieras espanolas desplegaron su expansion internacional en los paises de America Latina. Espana se situo entre las ocho principales economias del mundo por la cuantia de su Inversion Extranjera Directa (IED), y los flujos orientados hacia las economias latinoamericanas le situaron como el segundo pais inversor directo en la region apenas detras de EEUU. El brusco giro de la economia internacional en el segundo semestre de 2000 ocasionaria el fin de la etapa expansiva 1993-2000. En America Latina el clima economico habia comenzado a cambiar por los efectos negativos de la crisis asiatica y rusa y la retraccion de los capitales financieros internacionales. La atmosfera de incertidumbre, proveniente del ambito internacional, se agravo con la crisis argentina y el aumento del riesgo derivado de la fragilidad externa. La IED internacional toco suelo en 2003 y a partir de ahi inicio una nueva etapa de crecimiento acompanando la recuperacion de la economia internacional. La nueva corriente de IED incorporo a las economias emergentes y a los paises en desarrollo como importantes receptores, pero tambien como nuevos agentes. Las empresas e instituciones financieras espanolas tambien han sido muy activas en sus inversiones directas internacionales en esta etapa, pero ?que lugar han ocupado las economias latinoamericanas? ?Se ha verificado una segunda oleada de la IED espanola en la region?
A New Wideband, High Gain Suspended Substrate Line Planar Array for 12 GHz Satellite T.V. (2006)

A new type of planar antenna using low loss Suspended Substrate Lines (S.S.L.) has been studied for 12 GHz satellite TV reception. The design and optimisation of the S.S.L. feed network and of the antenna element are presented. A 4 × 4 element planar array using this design is described giving better than 2:1 VSWR in the frequency range of 11-13 GHz. Its gain of about 22 dB from 11.6 to 12.6 GHz gives an antenna efficiency lying between 90% and 70% in the above mentioned bandwidth.
Document image enhancement using directional wavelet (2003)

This paper proposes an algorithm to clean up a large collection of historical handwritten documents kept up in the National Archives of Singapore. Due to the seepage of ink over long period of storage, the front page of each document has been severely marred by the reverse side writing. Earlier attempts have been made to match both sides of the page to identify the offending strokes originating from the back so as to eliminate them with the aid of a wavelet transform. Perfect matching, however, is difficult due to document skews, differing resolutions, inadvertently missing out reverse side and warped pages during image capture. An approach is now proposed to do away with double side mapping by using a directional wavelet transform that is able to distinguish the foreground and reverse side strokes much better than the conventional wavelet transform. Experiments have shown that the method indeed enhances the readability of each document significantly over after the directional wavelet operation without the need for mapping with its reverse side.
Painful shoulder joint in rheumatoid arthritis. (1985)

There are many patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who complain of painful shoulder joint. Sixty shoulders of 35 patients with RA were examined about clinical findings, function and plain roentgenograms of their shoulders.The results which were based on the third test plan of shoulder scoreing according to the Japan Shoulder Society were following.1) Most tender points were in bicipital groove or insersion of deltoid muscle.2) Relationship between pain and roentgenographic findings showed that the degree of pain increased correlating to abnormal findings, which seems to progress from narrowing of the gleno-humeral joint space, to cyst formation, to elevation of the humeral head and finally, to destruction of the shoulder joint.3) Limitation of R. O. M. was correlated with abnormal X-P findings.4) X-P changes of carpal bone were clearly correlated with abnormalities of the shoulder roentgenogram.