gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of IP Media Accelerator (2007)

Multimedia processing is computation intensive and not efficient to be proceeded on current GPP (general purpose processor) based server architectures. In order to enhance the multimedia processing capability of servers, we propose a re-configurable multi-core platform for media and network acceleration. The platform is composed of DSP array and FP-GAs, and is compatible to IBM blade server specification. In this paper, we highlight the design challenge and present the hardware and software design of this accelerator. The prototype of IP Media Server (IMS) is implemented on this platform, which completes the essential functions of voice conference application. The first-stage test results are presented and the perspective of future work is proposed.
Constellation mappings for two-dimensional non-uniform signaling (2002)

We investigate the design of constellation mappings for the transmission of nonuniform memoryless sources over AWGN channels via M-ary modulation schemes. We show that constellation mappings which minimize the average symbol energy and, given this, maximize the decoding probability of the most likely signals, can yield SER and BER performance that is better than Gray encoding maps. We also find that for highly non-uniform sources, 16-QAM can perform better than 2-QAM, in terms of both throughput and BER.
Decoding Algorithms Based on Oscillation for Low-Density Parity Check Codes (2005)

In this paper we focus on the decoding error of the Log-Likelihood Ratio Belief Propagation (LLR-BP) decoding algorithm caused by oscillation. The decoding error caused by the oscillation is dominant in high b/N0 region. Oscillation of the LLR of the extrinsic value in the bit node process (ex-LLR) is propagated to the other bits and affects the whole decoding. The Ordered Statistic Decoding (OSD) algorithm is known to improve the error rate performance of the LLR-BP decoding algorithm. The OSD algorithm is performed by deciding the reliability of each bit based on a posteriori probability. In this paper we propose two decoding algorithms based on two types of oscillations of LLR for LDPC codes. One is the oscillation-based OSD algorithm with deciding the reliability of each bit based on oscillation. The other is the oscillation-based LLR-BP decoding algorithm that modifies ex-LLR based on oscillation. In the oscillation-based LLR-BP decoding algorithm, when ex-LLR oscillates, then we reduce the magnitude of this ex-LLR to reduce the effects on the other bits. Both algorithms improve the decoding errors caused by oscillation. From the computer simulations, we show that paying attention to the oscillation, we can improve the error rate performance of the LLR-BP decoding algorithm.
Human Mucin Genes MUC2, MUC3,MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, andMUC6 Express Stable and Extremely Large mRNAs and Exhibit a Variable Length Polymorphism (1998)

Of the nine mucin genes that have been characterized, only MUC1 and MUC7 have been fully sequenced, and their transcripts can be detected as distinct bands of predicted size by Northern blot analysis. In contrast, the RNA patterns observed for each of the other MUC genes have usually shown a very high degree of polydispersity. This polydispersity has been believed to be one of the typical features of the mucin mRNAs, but until now, its origin has remained unexplained. In the work described in the present paper, we investigated two possible kinds of explanation for this phenomenon: namely that the extensive polydispersity results from a biological mechanism or that it is artifactual in origin. The data obtained, as a result of improving the purification and blotting methods, allowed us to show that in all of the tissues analyzed, each of the genes, MUC2-6, expresses mRNAs that are stable and are of an unusually large size to be found in eukaryotes (14-24 kilobases). Moreover, allelic variations in length of these mucin transcripts were observed. We demonstrate that these variations are directly related to the variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms seen at the DNA level.
Natural disasters and the challenge of extreme events: risk management from an insurance perspective (2006)

Loss statistics for natural disasters demonstrate, also after correction for inflation, a dramatic increase of the loss burden since 1950. This increase is driven by a concentration of population and values in urban areas, the development of highly exposed coastal and valley regions, the complexity of modern societies and technologies and probably, also by the beginning consequences of global warming. This process will continue unless remedial action will be taken. Managing the risk from natural disasters starts with identification of the hazards. The next step is the evaluation of the risk, where risk is a function of hazard, exposed values or human lives and the vulnerability of the exposed objects. Probabilistic computer models have been developed for the proper assessment of risks since the late 1980s. The final steps are controlling and financing future losses. Natural disaster insurance plays a key role in this context, but also private parties and governments have to share a part of the risk. A main responsibility of governments is to formulate regulations for building construction and land use. The insurance sector and the state have to act together in order to create incentives for building and business owners to take loss prevention measures. A further challenge for the insurance sector is to transfer a portion of the risk to the capital markets, and to serve better the needs of the poor. Catastrophe bonds and microinsurance are the answer to such challenges. The mechanisms described above have been developed to cope with well-known disasters like earthquakes, windstorms and floods. They can be applied, in principle, also to less well investigated and less frequent extreme disasters: submarine slides, great volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts and tsunamis which may arise from all these hazards. But there is an urgent need to improve the state of knowledge on these more exotic hazards in order to reduce the high uncertainty in actual risk evaluation to an acceptable level. Due to the rarity of such extreme events, specific risk prevention measures are hardly justified with exception of attempts to divert earth-orbit crossing meteorites from their dangerous path. For the industry it is particularly important to achieve full transparency as regards covered and non-covered risks and to define in a systematic manner the limits of insurability for super-disasters.
Light controlled cell-to-cell adhesion and chemical communication in minimal synthetic cells (2019)

Decorating GUVs, used as minimal synthetic cell models, with photoswitchable proteins allows controlling the adhesion between them and their assembly into multicellular structures with light. Thereby, the chemical communication between a sender and a receiver GUV, which strongly depends on their spatial proximity, can also be photoregulated.
The Myosin II Inhibitor, Blebbistatin, Ameliorates FeCl3-induced Arterial Thrombosis via the GSK3β-NF-κB Pathway (2017)

Arterial thrombosis and its related diseases are major healthcare problems worldwide. Blebbistatin is an inhibitor of myosin II, which plays an important role in thrombosis. The aim of our study is to explore the effect and potential mechanism of blebbistatin on arterial thrombosis. A ferric chloride (FeCl<sub>3</sub>) solution at a concentration of 5% was used to induce carotid artery thrombosis in mice. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression or activation of non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMMHC IIA), tissue factor (TF), GSK3β and NF-κB. Blebbistatin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced carotid artery thrombosis induced by FeCl<sub>3</sub> solution in mice, inhibited NMMHC IIA expression and impeded TF expression via the GSK3β-NF-κB signalling pathway in mouse arterial vascular tissues. The present study demonstrates that blebbistatin may impede TF expression partly via the Akt/GSK3β-NF-κB signalling pathways in the endothelium in a FeCl<sub>3</sub> model, shedding new insights into the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis and providing new clues for the development of antithrombotic drugs.
PET/CT: artifacts caused by bowel motion (2004)

Physiological bowel motion may result in attenuation differences and subsequent differences in SUVs. Overestimation of fluorodeoxyglucose uptake should not be misinterpreted as disease.
Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction Technique for Ultralow-Dose Computed Tomography of the Lung (2012)

As compared with FBP, MBIR enables significant reduction of the image noise and artifacts and also better detection of noncalcified pulmonary nodules on ULDCT of the lung. Compared with LDCT-FBP images, ULDCT-MBIR images showed significantly reduced objective noise and comparable subjective image noise. Almost all of the noncalcified nodules and all of the calcified nodules could be detected on the ULDCT-MBIR images, when LDCT-FBP images were used as the reference.
A neural network approach for sound event detection in real life audio (2017)

This paper presents and compares two algorithms based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) for sound event detection in real life audio. Both systems have been developed and evaluated with the material provided for the third task of the Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events (DCASE) 2016 challenge. For the first algorithm, we make use of an ANN trained on different features extracted from the down-mixed mono channel audio. Secondly, we analyse a binaural algorithm where the same feature extraction is performed on four different channels: the two binaural channels, the averaged monaural signal and the difference between the binaural channels. The proposed feature set comprehends, along with mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and log-mel energies, also activity information extracted with two different voice activity detection (VAD) algorithms. Moreover, we will present results obtained with two different neural architectures, namely multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) and recurrent neural networks. The highest scores obtained on the DCASE 2016 evaluation dataset are achieved by a MLP trained on binaural features and adaptive energy VAD; they consist of an averaged error rate of 0.79 and an averaged F1 score of 48.1%, thus marking an improvement over the best score registered in the DCASE 2016 challenge.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Bistramide A (2007)

A highly stereoselective and convergent total synthesis of bistramide A is described. The salient feature of this synthesis is the construction of the spiroketal subunit by hydrolysis of dialkylated tosylmethyl isocyanide derivative derived via alkylation of TosMIC with suitably substituted halohydrin derivatives.
Towards the Autonomous Management of Virtual Devices (2009)

Personal computing is experiencing a shift from conventional computer-centric approaches, where the overall user experience and quality of service is determined by the capability of a single device, towards human centric approaches forming implicit devices, also known as virtual devices or virtual appliances. Virtual devices exploit the strengths of a series of strong specific networked appliances for enhanced user experience and quality of service. In this paper we contribute towards the autonomous management of virtual devices, moving away from infrastructure based schemes with heavy user involvement to decentralized and zero touch (i.e. no user involvement) solutions. In doing so, we present the components and methodology behind a policy-driven autonomous framework for the dynamic discovery, selection, and composition of multimodal multi-device services. The framework operates in an ad hoc network setting and introduces a Service Overlay Network (SON) based definition of a virtual device.
Surface‐Confined Single Molecules: Assembly and Disassembly of Nanosize Coordination Cages on Gold (111) (2004)

A cavitand functionalized with four alkylthioether groups at the lower rim, and four tolylpyridine groups on the upper rim is able to bind to a gold surface by its thioether groups, and forms a coordination cage with [Pd(dppp)(CF(3)SO(3))(2)] by its pyridine groups. The cavitand or the cage complex can be inserted from solution into a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-mercaptoundecanol on gold. The inserted molecules can be individually detected as they protrude from the SAM by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The cages can be reversibly assembled and disassembled on the gold surface. AFM can distinguish between single cavitand and cage molecules of 2.5 nm and 5.8 nm height, respectively.
Interaction of apolipoprotein A-I in three different conformations with palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles (2002)

Interactions of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) with cell membranes appear to be important in the initial steps of reverse cholesterol transport. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of three distinct conformations of apoA-I (lipid-free and in 78 A or 96 A reconstituted high density lipoproteins, rHDL) on its ability to bind to, and abstract lipids from, palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine membrane vesicles (small unilamellar vesicles, SUV, and giant unilamellar vesicles, GUV). The molecular interactions were observed by two-photon fluorescence microscopy, and the binding parameters were quantified by gel-permeation chromatography or isothermal titration microcalorimetry. Rearrangement of apoA-I-containing particles after exposure to SUVs was examined by native gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that lipid-free apoA-I binds reversibly, with high affinity, to the vesicles but does not abstract a significant amount of lipid nor perturb the vesicle structure. The 96 A rHDL, where all the amphipathic helices of apoA-I are saturated with lipid within the particles, do not bind to vesicles or perturb their structure. In contrast, the 78 A rHDL have a region of apoA-I, corresponding to a few amphipathic helical segments, which is available for external or internal phospholipid binding. These particles bind to vesicles with measurable affinity (lower than lipid-free apoA-I), abstract lipids from the membranes, and form particles of larger diameters, including 96 A rHDL. We conclude that the conformation of apoA-I regulates its binding affinity for phospholipid membranes and its ability to abstract lipids from the membranes.
Chemical Recycling of Postconsumer Poly(ethylene-terephthalate) Bottles – Depolymerization Study (2013)

Poly(ethylene-terephthalate), PET bottles waste was chemically recycled by glycolysis process. The glycolysis reaction was carried out at three temperatures 170, 180 and 190 °C in different time intervals (1, 3, 6 hours) with a weight ratio of ethylene glycol (EG) to PET 1:18 and the zinc acetate as a transesterification catalyst. The glycolysis reaction leads to formation of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) monomer and various types of PET oligomers. Depolymerization products were further characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). From the results it can be seen that remained PET products i.e. oligomers are thermally very stable and they can be used as intermediates for production of new polymers.
Synthesis of new dibenzo[<i>c</i>.<i>e</i>][1,2]oxaphosphorine 2‐oxide containing diols based on diethanolamine (2011)

Abstract Different approaches were applied to obtain new diol compounds based on dibenzo[c.e][1,2]oxaphosphorine 2‐oxide (DOPO, 1 ) and diethanolamine (DEolA). Of four processes investigated, a four‐step synthesis of 1 containing propionic acid amide of DEolA proved to be the most efficient one. In addition, the intramolecular amine salt of the DOPO derivative with a ring‐opened structure was obtained by reinvestigation of the reaction of DOPO with DEolA and paraformaldehyde. The Atherton–Todd reaction of 1 and DEolA was investigated as well. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:146–153, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com . DOI 10.1002/hc.20763
Ultraviolet fluorescence discovered in New World flying squirrels (<i>Glaucomys</i>) (2018)

Fluorescence of visible wavelengths under ultraviolet (UV) light has been previously detected in a wide range of birds, reptiles, and amphibians and a few marsupial mammals. Here, we report the discovery of vivid UV fluorescence of the pelage in Glaucomys, the New World flying squirrels. Fluorescence in varying intensities of pink was observed in females and males of all extant species (G. oregonensis, G. sabrinus, and G. volans) across all sampled geographic areas in North and Central America and a temporal range of 130 years. We observed fluorescence in museum specimens (n = 109) and wild individuals (n = 5) on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Museum specimens of three co-occurring, diurnal sciurid species (Sciurus carolinensis, S. niger, and Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) were also examined but did not fluoresce. The ecological significance of this trait in the nocturnal–crepuscular flying squirrels warrants further investigation.
Learning syntactic structures with XML (2000)

We present the result of a symbolic machine learning system for the CoNLL-2000 shared task. This system, ALLiS, is based on theory refinement. In this paper we want to show that XML format not only offers a good framework to annotate texts, but also provides a good formalism and tools in order to learn (syntactic) structures.
Risks and benefits of biologic therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases (2007)

Methods of infant pulmonary function testing (IPFT) represent an important diagnostic tool for an assessment of chronic lung disease in infancy (CLDI). We assessed lung function in a cohort of children with a perinatal burden. We tested 74 infants and toddlers (birth weight 1.47±1.11kg [mean±SD]; body length at birth 30.8±16.3cm with CLDI. Age at testing was 1.38±0.69 (median 1.35) yrs; body weight 9.0±2.2kg, body length 76.0±9.7cm. The whole-body plethysmography (to measure FRCp and sReff), tidal breathing analysis (tPTEF%tE), baby resistance/compliance (specific Crs) and rapid thoraco-abdominal compression method (VmaxFRC) were performed. MS Baby Body, VIASYS, USA was used. Standard protocols [1] and proper reference values [2] were used. FRCp equals 115.3±41.2% pred (P<0.02), sReff reached 134.6±93.8% pred (P<0.005). A parameter of tPTEF%tE mildly decreased (23.5±10.6%). Specific compliance rs (Crs/kg) was 14.4±3.9 ml/kPa/kg; V9maxFRC reached 136±69 ml/sec. In infants and toddlers with a perinatal burden peripheral and central airway obstruction with mild (secondary) hyperinflation was found. Mildly increased specific compliance of the respiratory system was also found. No restrictive pattern was detected. Serial IPFT assessments in our cohort is required to validate present data. <b>References:</b> 1Hammer J, Eber E (eds). Pediatric Pulmonary Function Testing, 2005, Basel, Karger. 2Hulskamp G et al: Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1003-9. Supported by the project “Follow-up of children with perinatal burden” of EEA and Norway grants and by the grant NT/11444-5.
Resources: March 2012 (2012)

To help users navigate the information-rich Healthy People 2020 website more easily and increase usage, APHA’s Public Health Education and Health Promotion Section recently created a new guidance tool. Developed by the Section’s Health Communication Working Group, the tool, iHealthyPeople 2020, provides a quick overview of the Healthy People 2020 website. To view the guidance tool, visit [www.healthypeople.gov/2020/connect/tools.aspx][1].

 [1]: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/connect/tools.aspx
Methods of optical resolution (1971)

P. H. Boyle, Q. Rev. Chem. Soc., 1971, 25, 323 DOI: 10.1039/QR9712500323
TIM-3 as a Target for Cancer Immunotherapy and Mechanisms of Action (2017)

Cancer immunotherapy has produced impressive clinical results in recent years. Despite the success of the checkpoint blockade strategies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), a large portion of cancer patients have not yet benefited from this novel therapy. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) has been shown to mediate immune tolerance in mouse models of infectious diseases, alloimmunity, autoimmunity, and tumor Immunity. Thus, targeting TIM-3 emerges as a promising approach for further improvement of current immunotherapy. Despite a large amount of experimental data showing an immune suppressive function of TIM-3 in vivo, the exact mechanisms are not well understood. To enable effective targeting of TIM-3 for tumor immunotherapy, further in-depth mechanistic studies are warranted. These studies will also provide much-needed insight for the rational design of novel combination therapy with other checkpoint blockers. In this review, we summarize key evidence supporting an immune regulatory role of TIM-3 and discuss possible mechanisms of action.
What is the current state of scientific knowledge with regard to seasonal and decadal forecasting? (2012)

Environmental factors, such as the frequency, intensity and duration of extreme weather events, are important drivers of migration and displacement of people. There is therefore a growing need for regional climate predictions for the coming seasons to decades. This paper reviews the current state of the art of seasonal to decadal climate prediction, focusing on the potential sources of skill, forecasting techniques, current capability and future prospects.
Research of Proxy Caching and Prefetching for Streaming Media (2005)

The caching mechanism is widely used in WWW systems,it offers low-delay data delivery and alleviates the network flow or server load by means of proxy server.However,there is the distinct difference between streaming media and data(such as text,image).Also existing techniques for caching text and image objects are not appropriate for caching media streams.Due to the unique features of media objects like huge size and high bandwidth demand, this article surveys a number of caching and prefetching schemes for streaming media. We investigate, classify and compare their advantages and disadvantages of the state-of-the-art solutions. Provide suggestion and reference for our further research.
FEASIBILITY OF A SET-THEORETIC DATA STRUCTURE. A GENERAL STRUCTURE BASED ON A RECONSTITUTED DEFINITION OF RELATION (1968)

Abstract : The paper is motivated by an assumption that many problems dealing with arbitrarily related data can be expedited on a digital computer by a storage structure which allows rapid execution of operations within and between sets of datum names. In order for such a structure to be feasible, two problems must be considered: (1) the structure should be general enough that the sets involved may be unrestricted, thus allowing sets of sets of sets...; sets of ordered pairs, ordered triples...; sets of variable length n-tuples, n-tuples of arbitrary sets; etc.; (2) the set-operations should be general in nature, allowing any of the usual set theory operations between sets as described above, with the assurance that these operations will be executed rapidly. A sufficient condition for the latter is the existence of a well-ordering relation on the union of the participating sets. These problems are resolved in this paper with the introduction of the concept of a 'complex' which has an additional feature of allowing a natural extension of properties of binary relations to properties of general relations.