gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies in Polyphenol Chemistry and Bioactivity. 4.<sup>1</sup> Synthesis of Trimeric, Tetrameric, Pentameric, and Higher Oligomeric Epicatechin-Derived Procyanidins Having All-4β,8-Interflavan Connectivity and Their Inhibition of Cancer Cell Growth through Cell Cycle Arrest<sup>1</sup> (2002)

We report an improved synthesis of bis(5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-benzyl)epicatechin 4beta,8-dimer (3) from 5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-benzylepicatechin (1) and 5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-benzyl-4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)epicatechin (2) by replacing the previously employed Lewis acid, titanium tetrachloride, with the clay mineral Bentonite K-10. Under the same conditions, the benzyl-protected all-4beta,8-trimer, -tetramer, and -pentamer were obtained regioselectively from their lower homologues, albeit in rapidly decreasing yields. Reaction of 2 with an organoaluminum thiolate generated from 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and trimethylaluminum followed by acetylation produced 3-O-acetyl-4-[(2-benzothiazolyl)thio]-5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-benzylepicatechin (12). Medium-sized protected oligomers with 4beta,8-interflavan linkages are obtained in improved yields by using this compound as the electrophile and silver tetrafluoroborate as activator and are isolated by reversed-phase HPLC. Their deprotection by ester saponification followed by hydrogenolysis yielded the free procyanidins, which were characterized as their peracetates. The synthetic procyanidins are identical by normal-phase HPLC with fractions isolated from cocoa. The principle of chain extension by two members was demonstrated using a dimeric electrophile obtained by self-condensation of compound 12. Both the synthetic and natural pentamer 32 inhibit the growth of several breast cancer cell lines. Using the MDA MB 231 line, it was established that this outcome is based on the induction of cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. Subsequent cell death is more likely necrotic rather than apoptotic. Control experiments demonstrate that the polyphenol itself, rather than hydrogen peroxide potentially formed by its autoxidation, is the causative agent.
Syk Tyrosine Kinase Is Linked to Cell Motility and Progression in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck (2007)

Syk, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is an important component of immunoreceptor signaling in hematopoietic cells. It has been implicated in key regulatory pathways including phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma) activation in B cells and integrin signaling in platelets and bronchial epithelial cells. Recently, potential roles in cancer have been reported. In breast cancers, reduced Syk expression was associated with invasion, and its overexpression in cell lines was shown to inhibit cell motility. In contrast, Syk has been shown to mediate chemomigration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Its role in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) has not yet been investigated. Syk mRNA and protein expression was detected in 6 of 10 SCCHN cell lines. When Syk was transfected into Syk-negative cells (SIHN-011A), chemomigration was enhanced in vitro and this was associated with activation of PLCgamma1. Conversely, abrogation of Syk activity by pharmacologic inhibition or small interfering RNA in HN6 cells with high levels of endogenous expression inhibited migration, haptotaxis, and engagement with matrix proteins; this was accompanied by decreased levels of phosphorylated AKT. Similar effects were seen in Syk-positive CAL 27 cells but not in Syk-negative SIHN-011A cells. Immunoprecipitation suggested co-association of Syk with epidermal growth factor receptor and GRB-2. Syk expression in SCCHN patient tissues was examined by semiquantitative real-time PCR (n = 45) and immunohistochemistry (n = 38) in two independent cohorts. Higher levels of Syk expression were observed in tumors and lymph node metastases relative to normal tissues. High Syk expression significantly correlated with worse survival and may be of prognostic value in SCCHN due to its potential role in cell migration and invasion.
Hard Transparent Arrays for Polymer Pen Lithography (2016)

Patterning nanoscale features across macroscopic areas is challenging due to the vast range of length scales that must be addressed. With polymer pen lithography, arrays of thousands of elastomeric pyramidal pens can be used to write features across centimeter-scales, but deformation of the soft pens limits resolution and minimum feature pitch, especially with polymeric inks. Here, we show that by coating polymer pen arrays with a ∼175 nm silica layer, the resulting hard transparent arrays exhibit a force-independent contact area that improves their patterning capability by reducing the minimum feature size (∼40 nm), minimum feature pitch (<200 nm for polymers), and pen to pen variation. With these new arrays, patterns with as many as 5.9 billion features in a 14.5 cm(2) area were written using a four hundred thousand pyramid pen array. Furthermore, a new method is demonstrated for patterning macroscopic feature size gradients that vary in feature diameter by a factor of 4. Ultimately, this form of polymer pen lithography allows for patterning with the resolution of dip-pen nanolithography across centimeter scales using simple and inexpensive pen arrays. The high resolution and density afforded by this technique position it as a broad-based discovery tool for the field of nanocombinatorics.
A simple space vector PWM scheme to operate a three-level NPC inverter at high modulation index including over-modulation region, with neutral point balancing (2005)

Multilevel inverters are being increasingly used for high-power medium-voltage applications. Three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) topology is most widely used topology of multilevel inverters. However, at higher modulation index, particularly in over-modulation region, the neutral point fluctuation deteriorates the performance of the inverter. Furthermore, operating the inverter at lower modulation index implies that it is operated at lower voltages only, and the installed DC link capacity is not fully utilized. This paper proposes a simple space vector PWM scheme for operating a three-level NPC inverter at higher modulation indices including over-modulation region, with neutral point balancing. Experimental results are provided.
Analysis and Comparison of ARCH Effects for Shanghai Composite Index and NYSE Composite Index (2009)

In this article, we used ARCH class model to analyze and compare the income fluctuations of Shanghai Stock Market and NYSE, and obtained the characters of fluctuation for two markets and the models which fitted to describe them. At the same time, we also analyzed the fluctuation overflow effect of two markets, validated the character that Chinese stock market was not relatively mature and possessed low international market integration degree, and put forward relative policy advances.
Measurement of the vector analyzing power<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">iT</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>11</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">π</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>Li→ scattering (1991)

The vector analyzing power ${\mathit{iT}}_{11}$ was measured for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{6}$L\ensuremath{\rightarrow}i elastic and inelastic scattering (${3}^{+}$, 2.19 MeV) at 100, 134, 164, and 219 MeV, in an angular range between 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 125\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} using a vector polarized $^{6}\mathrm{LiD}$ target. Sizable spin effects were observed over most of the angular range. The data were compared with a number of theoretical predictions based on different scattering models and nuclear structure input. None of the calculations is able to reproduce the data set; however, it appears that the vector analyzing power ${\mathit{iT}}_{11}$ is mostly sensitive to the nuclear wave function chosen. The angular distribution of ${\mathit{iT}}_{11}$ in ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{6}$Li elastic and inelastic scattering is discussed in terms of nuclear form factors and elementary \ensuremath{\pi}N amplitudes.
Cardiolipin Binding a Light Chain from Lupus-Prone Mice<sup>,</sup> (1998)

Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus react with multiple epitopes on highly conserved molecules such as nucleic acids, cytoskeletal proteins, phospholipids, and phospholipid-binding proteins. Analysis of the heavy- and light-chain variable sequences (VH and VL) has shown that a restricted set of V genes gives rise to these autoantibodies. Several monoclonal antibodies were developed from a strain of mouse prone to lupus (F1 male NZW x BXSB). Two of these antibodies, A1.72 and A1.84, reacted directly with cardiolipin and their VH and VL sequences were analyzed. Surprisingly, these two antibodies had identical light-chain variable sequences despite having substantially different heavy-chain variable sequences. This VL sequence, VL 72/84 was 97% identical with the germ-line sequences with only four single nucleotide substitutions. When this VL sequence was shuffled with the VH sequence of other monoclonal antibodies and expressed as single chain variable fragment (scFv) in Escherichia coli, it imparted cardiolipin-binding activity to the hybrids. Furthermore, the VL 72/84 sequence, when expressed alone without any VH sequence, also bound to cardiolipin. The antibodies and their recombinant fragments were immunoaffinity-purified on cardiolipin liposomes. The dissociation constant of the light chain for cardiolipin was similar to the intact molecule (21 +/- 0.01 vs 20 +/- 0.03 nM). These studies demonstrate that the VL sequence alone, in the absence of any other immunoglobulin domains, can mediate cardiolipin binding, raising the possibility that antigen specificity of certain antibodies may exclusively reside in their light-chain sequences.
6-Endo-trig and 5-exo-trig selective aryl radical cyclisations of N-(o-bromobenzyl) enamides (2000)

Bu3SnH-mediated aryl radical cyclisation of enamide 9 proceeded in a 6-endo-trig manner to give exclusively tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative 12, whereas enamide 10b having a (Z)-phenylthio group at the terminus of the N-vinylic bond gave exclusively the 5-exo-trig cyclisation product 16.
Designing tangible magnetic appcessories (2013)

Tangible interaction allows the control of digital information through physical artifacts - virtual data is tied to real-world objects. Sensing and display technologies that enable this kind of functionality are typically complex. This represents a barrier to entry for researchers and also restricts where these interaction techniques can be deployed. Addressing these limitations, recent work has explored how the touch screens on mobile devices can be used as sensing and display platforms for tangible interfaces. This paper extends this work by exploring how magnets can be employed to achieve similar ends. To achieve this, it describes the design and construction of eight magnetic appcessories. These are cheap, robust physical interfaces that leverage magnets (and the magnetic sensing built into mobile devices) to support reliable and expressive tangible interactions with digital content.
Design hydrology and sedimentology for small catchments (1994)

Introduction. Hydrologic Frequency Analysis. Rainfall-Runoff Estimation in Stormwater Computations. Open Channel Hydraulics. Hydraulics of Structures. Channel Flow Routing and Reservoir Hydraulics. Sediment Properties and Sediment Transport. Erosion and Sediment Yield. Sediment Control Structures. Fluvial Geomorphology: Fluvial Channel Analysis and Design. Ground Water. Monitoring Hydrologic Systems. Hydrologic Modeling. Chapter Problems, References, and Appendixes. General Appendix. Subject Index.
Heparan sulfates isolated from adult neural progenitor cells can direct phenotypic maturation (2002)

Multipotent progenitor stem cells that generate both neurons and glia are components of the hippocampus, subventricular zone and olfactory system of adult mammalian nervous system. The lineage choices any stem cell makes are known to be greatly dependent on the constitution of the extracellular matrix to which they are exposed during their development. Here, the adult rat hippocampus was used as a source of cells for clonal culture in order to investigate the effects of the extracellular glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). Neurospheres were readily generated from adult tissue and could be used as a source of cells for further experiments. HS species that promote the actions of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) for embryonic neural progenitors were found to inhibit the actions of this mitogen for adult progenitors. Only HS fractions that promoted the actions of FGF1 had mitogenic effects on these adult cells. The adult cells proved difficult to clone from single cells. However, when endogenous HS was purified from these cells and added back at high concentration to single cells, the clones were capable of generating plentiful neuronal and glial progeny. The adult hippocampal progenitor (AHP) HS is composed of 32 kDa chains bearing 3 sulfated domains. A proportion of primary osteoblast stem cells exposed to the hippocampal HS adopt neuronal phenotypes. Hence, there appears to be a combination of HS-binding extracellular molecules that predispose cells to particular lineages.
Electrochemical Cells and Electrical Conduction of Pure and Doped Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> (1971)

Data concerning the types of charge carrier responsible for electrical conduction in single‐crystal aluminum oxide are reviewed, and explanations are offered for discrepancies in terms of the experimental conditions. Measurements on undoped and Co 2+ and Mg 2+ doped crystals, made using a volume guard to avoid surface and gas conduction, are used to describe Al 2 O 3 as an ionic conductor with Al interstitial ions as the principal charge carriers at high oxygen activity. A defect model is proposed and the mobility of Al i 3+ , the concentration of Al i 3+ in undoped crystals, and the equilibrium constant for defect formation at high temperatures are estimated.
Quality of Service Optimization for Network-on-Chip Using Bandwidth-Constraint Mapping Algorithm (2013)

In this paper, we propose a novel mapping algorithm for providing Quality of Service (QoS) under bandwidth constraints in 3D Network-on-Chip (NoC). The QoS is warranted in such a way that all minimum feasible paths considering the required and available bandwidth are explored by the mapping algorithm. The maximum required bandwidth on the network links for this mapping algorithm is compared with other methods such as NMAP, Onyx and Citrine while applied on two video processing applications i.e. VOPD (Video Object Plane Decoder) and MPEG-4. The available bandwidth of vertical and horizontal links are considered the same and different in the experimental results.
Impingement after total hip arthroplasty related to prosthetic component selection and range of motion. (1997)

This study was designed to define the relationship between different combinations of prosthetic head diameters, neck lengths, and acetabular containment angles, and range of motion before component impingement. Three cadaveric pelves with attached lower limbs were mounted in their correct anatomic position. Acetabular and modular femoral stems were inserted into each of the six hips. For each combination of femoral head diameter, neck length, and acetabular liner overhang, the range of motion to impingement was measured in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, internal rotation, and internal rotation with 90 degrees hip flexion. These experiments suggest that the maximum range of motion before impingement can be attained by increasing the prosthetic head diameter and avoiding longer neck lengths with skirts. Acetabular liners with greater overhang decrease motion in all planes except flexion when the overhang is positioned posteriorly.
Task assignment and scheduling in fault-tolerant distributed real-time systems (2002)

Task assignment and scheduling are two important problems for the design of distributed systems. However, due to system complexity and large task numbers, finding optimal solutions is usually very difficult. In this paper, we develop a heuristic algorithm to perform task assignment and scheduling in fault-tolerant distributed real-time systems. In static, the algorithm computes task assignment quickly to find sub-optimal solutions satisfying all requirements. During system operation, the periods of tasks under different fault conditions are dynamically adjusted to adapt to the loss of system resources. Our goal aims at improving system performance by fully utilizing computing resources, including all spare units. Analytical and simulation results are provided to evaluate the efficiency of this algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A discriminative model-constrained EM approach to 3D MRI brain tissue classification and intensity non-uniformity correction (2011)

We describe a fully automated method for tissue classification, which is the segmentation into cerebral gray matter (GM), cerebral white matter (WM), and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and intensity non-uniformity (INU) correction in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes. It combines supervised MRI modality-specific discriminative modeling and unsupervised statistical expectation maximization (EM) segmentation into an integrated Bayesian framework. While both the parametric observation models and the non-parametrically modeled INUs are estimated via EM during segmentation itself, a Markov random field (MRF) prior model regularizes segmentation and parameter estimation. Firstly, the regularization takes into account knowledge about spatial and appearance-related homogeneity of segments in terms of pairwise clique potentials of adjacent voxels. Secondly and more importantly, patient-specific knowledge about the global spatial distribution of brain tissue is incorporated into the segmentation process via unary clique potentials. They are based on a strong discriminative model provided by a probabilistic boosting tree (PBT) for classifying image voxels. It relies on the surrounding context and alignment-based features derived from a probabilistic anatomical atlas. The context considered is encoded by 3D Haar-like features of reduced INU sensitivity. Alignment is carried out fully automatically by means of an affine registration algorithm minimizing cross-correlation. Both types of features do not immediately use the observed intensities provided by the MRI modality but instead rely on specifically transformed features, which are less sensitive to MRI artifacts. Detailed quantitative evaluations on standard phantom scans and standard real-world data show the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. They also demonstrate relative superiority in comparison to other state-of-the-art approaches to this kind of computational task: our method achieves average Dice coefficients of 0.93 ± 0.03 (WM) and 0.90 ± 0.05 (GM) on simulated mono-spectral and 0.94 ± 0.02 (WM) and 0.92 ± 0.04 (GM) on simulated multi-spectral data from the BrainWeb repository. The scores are 0.81 ± 0.09 (WM) and 0.82 ± 0.06 (GM) and 0.87 ± 0.05 (WM) and 0.83 ± 0.12 (GM) for the two collections of real-world data sets-consisting of 20 and 18 volumes, respectively-provided by the Internet Brain Segmentation Repository.
Observation of Catalytic Intermediates in the Suzuki Reaction by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTObservation of Catalytic Intermediates in the Suzuki Reaction by Electrospray Mass SpectrometryAntonios O. Aliprantis and James W. CanaryCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 15, 6985–6986Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00094a083https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00094a083research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2350Altmetric-Citations208LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Magnetoresistive sensors for rotary position encoders (1990)

It is pointed out that a magnetoresistor is very sensitive to flux changes, and may therefore operate with wide tolerances in the air gap between it and the encoder wheel. It may also be designed with a high impedance for low power consumption. A general description of a magnetic encoder and its typical output is given. Encoder wheels and magnetoresistors are discussed. Encoder performance is examined: the continuous output wave from one channel with 40 mV peak-to-peak is shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Seeing schizophrenia from the patient's viewpoint (2011)

Laura French, a BSN student at Lancaster General College of Nursing and Health Sciences in Lancaster, Pa., is an RN supervisor at Quarryville Presbyterian Retirement Community in Quarryville, Pa. The author has disclosed that she has no financial relationships relating to this article.
Fast parallel algorithms for approximate string matching (1992)

Given a text string, a much shorter pattern string, and an integer k, parallel algorithms for finding all occurrences of the pattern string in the text string with at most A ; differences (as defined by edit distance) are discussed.First, a real-time parallel algorithm, which could be implemented on a systolic array using m (the length of the pattern string) very simple processing elements, is proposed.After the algorithm gets started, it outputs the minimum edit distance from the pattern string to a substring of the text string at each time step.Thus, the algorithm is well-suited for real-time searching of text databases or biological nucleic acid sequence databases.Second, several different ways for solving the same problem with different CRCW-PRAM assumptions (priority model, combination model, and common -value model) are developed.This class of algorithms uses 0(m x n) or 0(m x m x n) processors and achieve a time complexity of 0(k).