gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silane pyrolysis rates for the modeling of chemical vapor deposition (1987)

The pyrolysis of silane (SiH4) is the initial step in the silicon component of film formation for a wide variety of electronic materials. Modeling of such film-deposition processes requires the use of appropriate rate constants for this reaction. We report in this communication the widely ignored yet extremely important corrections that must be employed to properly account for the pressure dependence of this reaction. The Rice, Ramsperger, Kassel, and Marcus theory is employed to calculate rate constants, in the manner elaborated in the communication that follows, and quantitative examples are given for the errors introduced by the use of incorrect reaction rates.
A fault‐tolerant combinational circuit with fault diagnosis capability—To mask and detect the loss of any one connection between gate circuits (2003)

Abstract We will produce a fault‐tolerant circuit with fault diagnosis function by using neuron‐MOS transistors. As to the fault range, we hypothesize a single disconnection fault in the wiring between gates. First, the inverter, AND gate, and OR gate are fault‐tolerant implemented and the fault‐tolerant logic gates with fault diagnosis mode are designed. Then, we will show that after optimally combining these fault‐tolerant logic gates by the configuration of multiplication standard form, any fault‐tolerant combinational circuit with fault diagnosis function can be obtained by multiplexing the result using interwoven logics. An ideal fault‐tolerant combinational circuit with both fault masking function and fault detection function can be realized. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 67–80, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/scj.10081
N-alkylation of some secondary styryl enamides (1985)

The preparation of some secondary styryl enamides of both the Z- and E-configuration, and their exclusively N-alkylation through their anions is described. Partial configurational inversion is observed under certain conditions during the alkylation of the diastereoisomeric N-(2-phenyl-1-methylethenyl)ethanamides. Two further examples of the photoequilibration of a secondary enamide, and the preparation and N-benzylation of N-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)toluene-p-sulphonamide are also described.
Selective Bacterial Adherence to Oral Epithelial Surfaces and Its Role as an Ecological Determinant (1971)

The possible relationship between the ability of Streptococcus species to adhere to oral epithelial cells and their natural distribution on epithelial surfaces within the mouth was studied. Strains of S. salivarius and S. sanguis, which are present in significant proportions on oral epithelial surfaces, were found to possess a definite capacity to adhere to epithelial cells obtained from cheek scrapings of humans, hamsters, and germ-free rats. In contrast, strains of S. mutans, which are found in only minor proportions, if at all, on oral epithelial surfaces exhibited feeble or no adherence to oral epithelial cells. S. salivarius cells attached well to human cheek cells over the range of pH 5 to 8. Its adherence was not found to be markedly influenced by saliva or by growth in sucrose broth. Several other types of bacteria were examined which also exhibited widely different abilities to attach to human cheek cells. Mixtures of streptomycin-labeled strains were introduced into the mouths of volunteers for study of the adherence of Streptococcus species to oral epithelial surfaces in vivo. Labeled S. salivarius and S. sanguis were recovered in high proportions from cheek and tongue surfaces, whereas the proportions of labeled S. mutans recovered from these surfaces were low in comparison to the original mixture. These data indicate that a correlation exists between the relative adherence of various Streptococcus species and their proportional distribution found naturally on oral epithelial surfaces. The ability of bacteria to adhere to surfaces is proposed as a critical ecological determinant affecting their colonization in environments with open surfaces exposed to bathing fluids.
A Genetic Screen for Novel Components of the Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway That Interact With the yan Gene of Drosophila Identifies split ends, a New RNA Recognition Motif-Containing Protein (2000)

The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway is used reiteratively during the development of all multicellular organisms. While the core RTK/Ras/MAPK signaling cassette has been studied extensively, little is known about the nature of the downstream targets of the pathway or how these effectors regulate the specificity of cellular responses. Drosophila yan is one of a few downstream components identified to date, functioning as an antagonist of the RTK/Ras/MAPK pathway. Previously, we have shown that ectopic expression of a constitutively active protein (yan(ACT)) inhibits the differentiation of multiple cell types. In an effort to identify new genes functioning downstream in the Ras/MAPK/yan pathway, we have performed a genetic screen to isolate dominant modifiers of the rough eye phenotype associated with eye-specific expression of yan(ACT). Approximately 190,000 mutagenized flies were screened, and 260 enhancers and 90 suppressors were obtained. Among the previously known genes we recovered are four RTK pathway components, rolled (MAPK), son-of-sevenless, Star, and pointed, and two genes, eyes absent and string, that have not been implicated previously in RTK signaling events. We also isolated mutations in five previously uncharacterized genes, one of which, split ends, we have characterized molecularly and have shown to encode a member of the RRM family of RNA-binding proteins.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade (2003)

We assessed the blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) achieved with 2 angiotensin (Ang) antagonists given either alone at different doses or with an ACE inhibitor. First, 20 normotensive subjects were randomly assigned to 100 mg OD losartan (LOS) or 80 mg OD telmisartan (TEL) for 1 week; during another week, the same doses of LOS and TEL were combined with 20 mg OD lisinopril. Then, 10 subjects were randomly assigned to 200 mg OD LOS and 160 mg OD TEL for 1 week and 100 mg BID LOS and 80 mg BID TEL during the second week. Blockade of the RAS was evaluated with the inhibition of the pressor effect of exogenous Ang I, an ex vivo receptor assay, and the changes in plasma Ang II. Trough blood pressure response to Ang I was blocked by 35+/-16% (mean+/-SD) with 100 mg OD LOS and by 36+/-13% with 80 mg OD TEL. When combined with lisinopril, blockade was 76+/-7% with LOS and 79+/-9% with TEL. With 200 mg OD LOS, trough blockade was 54+/-14%, but with 100 mg BID it increased to 77+/-8% (P<0.01). Telmisartan (160 mg OD and 80 mg BID) produced a comparable effect. Thus, at their maximal recommended doses, neither LOS nor TEL blocks the RAS for 24 hours; hence, the addition of an ACE inhibitor provides an additional blockade. A 24-hour blockade can be achieved with an angiotensin antagonist alone, provided higher doses or a BID regimen is used.
Integrating an adaptive region-based appearance model with a landmark-free statistical shape model: application to prostate MRI segmentation (2011)

In this paper we present a system for segmenting medical images using statistical shape models (SSM's) which is landmark free, fully 3D, and accurate. To overcome the limitations associated with previous 3D landmark-based SSM's, our system creates a levelset-based SSM which uses the minimum distance from each voxel in the image to the object's surface to define a shape. Subsequently, an advanced statistical appearance model (SAM) is generated to model the object of interest. This SAM is based on a series of statistical texture features calculated from each image, modeled by a Gaussian Mixture Model. In order to segment the object of interest on a new image, a Bayesian classifier is first employed to pre-classify the image voxels as belonging to the foreground object of interest or the background. The result of the Bayesian classifier is then employed for optimally fitting the SSM so there is maximum agreement between the SAM and the SSM. The SAM is then able to adaptively learn the statistics of the textures of the foreground and background voxels on the new image. The fitting of the SSM, and the adaptive updating of the SAM is repeated until convergence. We have tested our system on 36 T2-w, 3.0 Tesla, in vivo, endorectal prostate images. The results showed that our system achieves a Dice similarity coefficient of .84±.04, with a median Dice value of .86, which is comparable (and in most cases superior) to other state of the art prostate segmentation systems. Further, unlike most other state of the art prostate segmentation schemes, our scheme is fully automated requiring no user intervention.
Evaluation of Phosphorus 32 for Intractable Pain Secondary to Prostatic Carcinoma Metastases (1965)

PHYSICIANS are often faced with the serious problem of intractable pain in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. The hormonal treatment, either by orchiectomy or external estrogens, is the most widely used therapy for inoperable carcinoma of the prostate since the discovery of endocrine influence on prostatic cancer by Huggins<sup>1</sup>in 1941. However, some patients, after a period of symptomatic relief, fail to respond to the conservative therapy of castration and estrogens used alone or in combination. External radiation, bilateral adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy, and chordotomy have been used to relieve the incapacitating pain. The studies made by Lawrence and Tobins,<sup>2</sup>who used radioactive phosphorus on neoplastic tissues, stimulated interest in this method of therapy as a possible means of improving palliation in advanced malignancy. In recent years,<sup>32</sup>P has received increased recognition for palliation in these cases, particularly where bony metastases are present.<sup>3-5</sup>In this series,
<i>Rhodiola crenulata</i> Induces Death and Inhibits Growth of Breast Cancer Cell Lines (2008)

Diverse compounds from many different chemical classes are currently targeted in preclinical analyses for their ability to act as both chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. Phenolic phytochemicals from Rhodiola crenulata has such potential. This Rhodiola species is a perennial plant that grows in the Tundra, Siberia, and high-elevation regions of Tibet. The phenolic secondary metabolites isolated from R. crenulata were recently analyzed in a preclinical setting for their ability to treat lymphosarcomas and superficial bladder cancers. However, the effects of R. crenulata have yet to be examined for its implications in breast cancer prevention or for its chemotherapeutic abilities. Therefore this study investigated the effects of R. crenulata on breast cancer both in vivo and in vitro. Experiments using aggressive human-derived MDA-MB-231 and mouse-derived V14 breast cancer cell lines demonstrated that phenolic-enriched R. crenulata extract was capable of inhibiting the proliferation, motility, and invasion of these cells. In addition, the extracts induced autophagic-like vesicles in all cell lines, eventually leading to death of the tumor cell lines but not the immortal or normal human mammary epithelial cells. Finally, an in vivo experiment showed that phenolic-enriched dietary R. crenulata is effective in preventing the initiation of tumors and slowing down the tumor growth in mice bearing tumor grafts, thereby further demonstrating its possible potential for treatment of breast cancer progression and metastasis.
Optimizing method search with lookup caches and incremental coloring (1992)

International audience
An Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Substituted 2-Aminothiophenes via Three-Component Gewald Reaction Catalyzed by l-Proline (2010)

An efficient one-pot procedure for the direct catalytic synthesis of substituted 2-aminothiophenes catalyzed by l-proline under mild reaction conditions has been developed. A variety of functionalized 2-aminothiophene scaffolds were assembled in high yields by this catalytic protocol. Low catalyst loading, simple procedure, and high yields are the important attributes of this methodology.
Continuous inspection needed to tame pipeline corrosion (1994)

As the majority of the gas pipelines in the United States approach or exceed their expected service life, a great deal of concern is rising over the maintenance and inspection procedures. This paper reviews some of the methods of cathodic protection and causes of corrosion in pipelines. It then goes on to describe types of inspection equipment and the advantages and disadvantages of each type.
VAGAL TONE AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION OF EMOTION (1994)

On the basis of current knowledge of neuroanatomy and our previous research with cardiac vagal tone, we have proposed the vagal circuit of emotion regulation. The vagal circuit of emotion regulation incorporates lateral brain function with the regulation of the peripheral autonomic nervous system in the expression of emotion. The vagus and the vagal circuit do not function independently of other neurophysiological and neuroendocrine systems. Research on brain activity (see Dawson, in this volume; Fox, in this volume) and research on adrenocortical activity (see Stansbury & Gunnar, in this volume) demonstrate that EEG and cortisol are related to emotion states and to individual differences similar to those that we have investigated. The vagal circuit emphasizes not only the vagus but also the lateralization of specific brain structures in emotion regulation. The emphasis of the vagal circuit on right-brain-stem structures stimulates several testable hypotheses regarding the function of specific structures in the right brain in emotion regulation. These speculations are consistent with other reports (see Dawson, in this volume; Fox, in this volume) describing asymmetrical EEG activity during expressed emotions. Moreover, the vagal circuit does not exist independently of the brain structures and peptide systems regulating cortisol (see Stansbury & Gunnar, in this volume). Areas in the brain stem regulating vagal activity are also sensitive to the peptides that regulate cortisol (e.g., vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone). In this essay, we have provided information regarding the relation between vagal tone and emotion regulation. A review of research indicates that baseline levels of cardiac vagal tone and vagal tone reactivity abilities are associated with behavioral measures of reactivity, the expression of emotion, and self-regulation skills. Thus, we propose that cardiac vagal tone can serve as an index of emotion regulation. Historically, the vagus and other components of the parasympathetic nervous system have not been incorporated in theories of emotion. Recent developments in methodology have enabled us to define and accurately quantify cardiac vagal tone. Theories relating the parasympathetic nervous system to the expression and regulation of emotion are now being tested in several laboratories.
Fault diagnosis method for power distribution systems based on multi-source information (2017)

Considering that the information uploaded by fault indicator devices is often lost or wrong in actual operation, a fault diagnosis method for distribution networks based on multi-source information is developed in this paper. The multi-source information includes information from distribution automation terminals and the customer electric information acquisition system (CEIAS). Firstly, using the information uploaded from the remote terminal unit of distribution automation system, the fault hypothesis set is formed based on the immune algorithm. Then the fault hypothesis set is further judged by the information collected from CEIAS to get the correct fault section and the incorrect alarms. The correct conclusion can also be obtained by using this method in case of that the key information is incorrect or there are many incorrect or missing alarms at the same time. The validity and accuracy of the proposed method are verified by the simulation of F1 feeder in IEEE RBTS BUS-2 distribution system.
The gridded back contact and its effect on solar cell performance (1981)

The effect of using gridded back contacts on silicon solar cells made with Al baked surface field (BSF) was experimentally investigated and found to result in a significant increase in conversion efficiency due to higher short-circuit current. An increase of 5 to 8% was noted for thin cells while a smaller increase was observed for standard thickness cells. Several possible explanatory mechanisms are suggested and summarized, including stress relief, incomplete BSF formation, improved back surface recombination velocity, and improved optical reflection off the back silicon-air interface.
An efficient real-time traffic scheduling algorithm in wireless networks (2004)

In this paper, based on the classic WRR (weighted round robin) discipline, we propose an efficient real-time traffic scheduling algorithm for WLAN (wireless local area networks). Our algorithm operates at link layer level, and is coupled closely with DCF (distributed coordinate function). Through that, the HOL (head of line) blocking problem is alleviated. With compensation for mobile users experiencing burst channel error, we achieve long-term fairness approximately. Extensive simulations are performed using NS (network simulator). The results show that our algorithm is simple, and improves the channel utilization and data throughput effectively. The average packet delay is also decreased.
Dynamics of the mammalian sperm head: modifications and maturation events from spermatogenesis to egg activation. (2009)

Mammalian spermatozoa have complex structures. The structure-function relationship of sperm has been studied from various viewpoints. Accumulated evidence has shown that the sperm components undergo sequential changes from the beginning of spermatogenesis to the time of fertilization/embryogenesis. Structural analyses have been performed using various new techniques of light and electron microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry in combination with specific probes such as antibodies against sperm components. Recently developed gene-manipulation techniques have accelerated investigations on the events that govern the relationship between the structure and the molecular components of sperm. In addition, animal models with gene manipulations have been shown to exhibit various morphological and functional abnormalities that lead to infertility. In humans, male infertility is caused by a number of factors, such as the external environment, nutrient changes, genotoxins, and mutagens. These factors affect not only the development of germ cells during spermatogenesis but also the functions of mature sperm, ultimately impairing fertilization or embryogenesis. Typical phenotypes of impaired fertilization or embryogenesis are visible in conditions such as azoospermia, oligozoospermia, and teratozoospermia, which have been induced in model animals with gene deficiencies. Thus, comparative analyses of the phenotypes expressed by model animals carrying gene mutations and infertile human patients should be performed in relation to the normal (natural) fertilization process to clarify the etiology of infertility due to male factors. In this book, I discuss the events that occur in the normal sperm head and govern the structure-function relationship from the time of spermatogenesis to that of fertilization or egg activation. In this regard, I describe dynamic modifications and maturation events that occur in sperm-head components and compare the outcomes of these events with the outcomes of their failure.
Characterization and targeting of the murine alpha2-antiplasmin gene. (1997)

Alpha2-Antiplasmin (alpha2-AP) is the main physiological plasmin inhibitor in mammalian plasma. As a first step toward the generation of alpha2-AP deficient mice, the murine alpha2-AP gene was characterized and a targeting vector for homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells constructed. Alignment of nucleotide sequences obtained from genomic subclones allowed location of exons 2 through 10 of the alpha2-AP gene, but failed to identify the 5' boundary of exon 1. Compared to the human gene, exons 2 through 9 in the murine gene have identical size and intron-exon boundaries obeying the GT/AG rule. The 5' boundary of exon 10 is identical in both genes while the 3' non-coding region is 64 bp longer in the human gene. Introns 2, 3, 6 and 8 have similar sizes in the mouse and human genes; intron 1 is 6-fold smaller, introns 5, 7 and 9 are 2- to 3-fold smaller, whereas intron 4 is about 2-fold larger in the mouse gene. Compared to the human 5' flanking sequence, an insertion of a simple repeat region with sequence (TGG)n has occurred. The open reading frame of the mouse alpha2-AP gene encodes a 491-amino-acid protein comprising the experimentally determined NH2-terminus of the mature protein Val-Asp-Leu-Pro-Gly-. A targeting vector, pPNT.alpha2-AP, was constructed by introducing a homologous sequence of 8.3 kb in total in the parental pPNT vector. In pPNT.alpha2-AP, the neomycin resistance expression cassette replaces a 7 kb genomic fragment comprising exon 2 through part of exon 10 (including the stop codon), which represents the entire sequence encoding the mature protein, including the fibrin-binding domain, the reactive site peptide bond and the plasmin(ogen)-binding region. Electroporation of 129R1 embryonic stem (ES) cells with the linearized vector pPNT.alpha2-AP yielded three targeted clones with correct homologous recombination at the 5'- and 3'-ends, as confirmed by Southern blot analysis of purified genomic DNA with appropriate restriction enzymes and probes. These targeted clones will be used to generate alpha2-AP deficient mice.
Search for the double-<i>β</i>decay of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ge</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>76</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1986)

A systematic study of the radioactive background in materials used in Ge-detector fabrication was conducted prior to the construction of an ultralow-background, 135 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ prototype detector. The background from primordial radioactivities in the new system was lower by factors of between 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$ and 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ when compared to commercial low-background detectors. Data were collected for 8089 h with the detector located 1438 m underground, resulting in improved lower limits for the half-lives for both two-neutrino and neutrinoless \ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta} decay of $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$ to the ground state of $^{76}\mathrm{Se}$ and for the neutrinoless \ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta} decay to the first excited state of $^{76}\mathrm{Se}$. The results of four recent theoretical calculations are compared in detail and used to extract limits on 〈${m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$〉, the Majorana mass of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$, and on the amplitudes of the couplings of right-handed Majorana neutrinos. The best combination of the lowest background data from recent experiments results in a new limit ${T}_{1/2}^{0\ensuremath{\nu}}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{23}$ yr, corresponding to 〈${m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$〉2.4 eV neglecting right-handed couplings or 2.8 eV including both right-handed neutrino couplings.