gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Error log analysis: statistical modeling and heuristic trend analysis (1990)

Most error-log analysis studies perform a statistical fit to the data assuming a single underlying error process. The authors present the results of an analysis that demonstrates that the log is composed of at least two error processes: transient and intermittent. The mixing of data from multiple processes requires many more events to verify a hypotheses using traditional statistical analysis. Based on the shape of the interarrival time function of the intermittent errors observed from actual error logs, a failure-prediction heuristic, the dispersion frame technique (DFT), is developed. The DFT was implemented in a distributed system for the campus-wide Andrew file system at Carnegie Mellon University. Data collected from 13 file servers over a 22-month period were analyzed using both the DFT and conventional statistical methods. It is shown that the DFT can extract intermittent errors from the error log and uses only one fifth of the error-log entry points required by statistical methods for failure prediction. The DFT achieved a 93.7% success rate in predicting failures in both electromechanical and electronic devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ocular Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery: A Direct Sub-Tenon's Approach (1990)

We describe a new technique in which ocular anesthesia is obtained by dissection of the superior quadrants, as in strabismus or retinal surgery, followed by direct infusion of the retrobulbar space with local anesthetic agent, using a blunt 19-gauge cannula. In 112 cases of cataract surgery in which we used this direct sub-Tenon's approach, we found it to be a safe, simple, and effective method of achieving rapid ocular anesthesia.
Recent developments on multi-beam antennas at Boeing (2014)

Over the last decade, there has been considerable development of multi-beam antenna capability spanning multiple frequency bands and multiple technologies. The paper will discuss the different antenna technologies: The conventional multi-spot reflectors, array-fed reflectors with beam-forming, and direct radiating phased arrays. The different techniques of beam-forming: analog, digital-onboard and ground based beam-forming, will be discussed. Typical examples using the different technologies will be discussed.
Monodisperse Au Nanoparticles for Selective Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO (2013)

We report selective electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide on gold nanoparticles (NPs) in 0.5 M KHCO3 at 25 °C. Among monodisperse 4, 6, 8, and 10 nm NPs tested, the 8 nm Au NPs show the maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) (up to 90% at -0.67 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE). Density functional theory calculations suggest that more edge sites (active for CO evolution) than corner sites (active for the competitive H2 evolution reaction) on the Au NP surface facilitates the stabilization of the reduction intermediates, such as COOH*, and the formation of CO. This mechanism is further supported by the fact that Au NPs embedded in a matrix of butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate for more efficient COOH* stabilization exhibit even higher reaction activity (3 A/g mass activity) and selectivity (97% FE) at -0.52 V (vs RHE). The work demonstrates the great potentials of using monodisperse Au NPs to optimize the available reaction intermediate binding sites for efficient and selective electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO.
Chemical Sensors – from Molecules, Complex Mixtures to Cells – Supramolecular Imprinting Strategies (2003)

Methods of modern chemistry are a powerful tool in generating functional materials suitable as chemically sensitive layers to be combined with a variety of transducer principles. Molecular pits in polymers are formed by molecular imprinting, by suitable double-imprinting e.g. PAHs can be detected down to the sub-μg/l level. The resulting selectivity patterns depend both on the polymerization temperature and the template/mononomer composition. Organic contaminants in water can be either directly assessed in liquid phase or separated from the matrix by a porous Teflon membrane. Thus the detection limits can be reduced to the ppm-level due to the a much lower noise level in gaseous phase. Even complex processes such as engine oil degradation can be followed by suitably imprinted polymers. Pits on the nm- to μm scale are reached by surface templating polymers with microorganisms. The resulting layers show reversible, antibody-like interactions and thus are optimal sensor layers. The successful on-line detection of tobacco mosaic viruses (TMV) can be achieved by these surface imprinted layers.
Use of urine samples from healthy humans, nephritis patients or other animals as an alternative to foetal calf serum in the culture of Leishmania (L.) donovani in vitro (1999)

The effect of supplementing in-vitro cultures of Leishmania donovani with urine was investigated. The parasites were isolated from Bangladeshi patients with visceral leishmaniasis. The urine samples used were collected from healthy human donors, patients with nephrotic syndrome, diabetic nephritis (DN) or diabetes mellitus, a dog and a cow. Promastigotes from blood-agar cultures were inoculated into RPMI-1640 basal medium with 10% heat-inactivated foetal calf serum (FCS) and/or 1%-20% urine. The parasites were then counted in a haemocytometer, on days 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 14 post-inoculation. From day 4, the numbers of parasites/ml in cultures containing 5% healthy-human urine but no FCS were at least as high as those in cultures containing 10% FCS but no urine (P = 0.191). The wet weights of parasites harvested from mass cultures of the parasites in RPMI-1640 plus 5% healthy-human urine and in RPMI-1640 plus 10% FCS were practically the same. Multiplication of the parasites in the presence of 5% urine from a DN patient was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than that seen with other urine samples at the same concentration or with 10% FCS. The multiplication seen with 8% canine urine was almost the same as with 5% healthy-human urine. Parasites could be maintained in RPMI-1640 plus 5% healthy-human urine for at least 40 days, sub-culturing every 4 days. Urine may be a better and much cheaper stimulant of Leishmania multiplication in vitro than FCS.
TMS: A free‐form text‐management system (1990)

Abstract TMS (Text Management System) is a database management system that supports an access method based on both select and search queries. TMS provides support for variable‐length records with pointer fields within the relation. Pointers can be used to support not only text but data from any media, such as graphics and images. An inverted index based on the variable‐length record structure is used for speedy retrieval of records based on keywords. In this paper, the variable length record management of TMS and the keyword‐based retrieval mechanism are described.
Joining the rings: the preparation of 2- and 3-indenyl-triptycenes, and curious related processes (2007)

The indenyltriptycenes, and , where the 3- or 2-indenyl, respectively, is attached at the 9-position of the triptycene, are attractive prototypes of molecular gearing systems that can also incorporate a brake. These molecules have been prepared from their respective indenylanthracenes, and , by the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of benzyne to the anthracene fragment, and the rotational barriers about the indenyl-triptycenyl single bonds in (12 kcal mol(-1)) and (<9 kcal mol(-1)) have been measured. The precursor anthracenes, and , were prepared by using palladium-catalysed coupling reactions. Unexpectedly, the Heck-type reaction of 9-bromoanthracene, , with indene leads to the formation of 3-indenylanthracene ; moreover, this process is accompanied by a novel palladium-catalysed carbocyclisation reaction leading to the indenophenanthrylene . The addition of benzyne to 9-(3-indenyl)anthracene, , yields the corresponding indenyltriptycene, , and, surprisingly, the anthracenyl methano-bridged phenanthrene . It has been demonstrated that 2-arylindenes can act as 1,3-dienes in the [4 + 2] cycloadditions of benzyne. The products , , and have been characterised by X-ray crystallography.
Enzyme Kinetics for Clinically Relevant CYP Inhibition (2005)

In vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP)-associated metabolic studies have been considered cost-effective for predicting the potential clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs), one of the major attritions in drug development. The breakthroughs during the past decade in understanding the biochemistry of CYP-mediated biotransformation and molecular biology of CYP gene regulation in humans have provided the scientific bases for such endeavors in early drug development. In this review, the enzyme kinetics of CYP inhibitions is described, with the primary focus on the ones proven with clinical relevance, namely the competitive inhibition and mechanism-based inactivation (MBI). Competitive CYP inhibition, the most often detected reversible inhibition, is well understood and has been studied extensively both in vitro and in clinical setting. Recently, MBI has received increasing attention. It has been recognized that MBI could occur more often than anticipated, due in part to the redox cycling-allied enzymatic action of CYPs. As commonly as an irreversible inhibition, MBI would inactivate the target proteins, and thus would be generally considered of high potential for causing clinical DDI. Moreover, the reversible inhibitions other than the competitive, namely noncompetitive, uncompetitive and mixed, were also documented for the important drug-metabolizing CYP members, particularly CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. Finally, the unusual kinetic interactions, which did not follow the Michaelis-Menten (M-M) kinetics, were detected in vitro for the majority of drug-metabolizing CYP members, and manifested for CYP3A4. However, the clinical relevance of the interactions involving the unusual CYP kinetics has not yet been fully understood. Nonetheless, the reversibility and inhibitory potency should be considered as the major determinants of the clinical relevance, particularly in combination with the therapeutic exposure levels. With rapid expansion of knowledge and technology, the evaluation of the clinically relevant CYP-associated DDIs in vitro is not only desirable but also achievable.
Hardware Friendly Probabilistic Spiking Neural Network With Long-Term and Short-Term Plasticity (2013)

This paper proposes a probabilistic spiking neural network (PSNN) with unimodal weight distribution, possessing long- and short-term plasticity. The proposed algorithm is derived by both the arithmetic gradient decent calculation and bioinspired algorithms. The algorithm is benchmarked by the Iris and Wisconsin breast cancer (WBC) data sets. The network features fast convergence speed and high accuracy. In the experiment, the PSNN took not more than 40 epochs for convergence. The average testing accuracy for Iris and WBC data is 96.7% and 97.2%, respectively. To test the usefulness of the PSNN to real world application, the PSNN was also tested with the odor data, which was collected by our self-developed electronic nose (e-nose). Compared with the algorithm (K-nearest neighbor) that has the highest classification accuracy in the e-nose for the same odor data, the classification accuracy of the PSNN is only 1.3% less but the memory requirement can be reduced at least 40%. All the experiments suggest that the PSNN is hardware friendly. First, it requires only nine-bits weight resolution for training and testing. Second, the PSNN can learn complex data sets with a little number of neurons that in turn reduce the cost of VLSI implementation. In addition, the algorithm is insensitive to synaptic noise and the parameter variation induced by the VLSI fabrication. Therefore, the algorithm can be implemented by either software or hardware, making it suitable for wider application.
Electroporation-Mediated Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear (2008)

The mammalian inner ear forms from a thickened patch of head ectoderm called the otic placode. The placodal ectoderm invaginates to form a cup whose edges cinch together to establish a fluid-filled sac called the otic vesicle or otocyst. The progenitor cells lining the otocyst lumen will give rise to sensory and non-sensory cells of the inner ear. These formative stages of inner ear development are initiated during the first week of postimplantation embryonic development in the mouse. The inaccessibility of the inner ear in utero has hampered efforts to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating essential developmental processes. An experimental embryological method to misexpress genes in the developing mammalian inner ear is presented. Expression plasmid encoding a gene of interest is microinjected through the uterine wall into the lumen of the otocyst and electroporated into otic epithelial progenitor cells. Downstream analysis of the transfected embryonic or postnatal inner ear is then conducted to gain insight into gene function.
Purification and characterization of a novel esterase induced by growth of Aspergillus niger on sugar‐beet pulp (1996)

An inducible esterase has been isolated from a liquid culture of Aspergillus niger grown on sugar-beet pulp. The enzyme was active on methyl esters of cinnamic acids, caffeic > p-coumaric > ferulic, and is therefore termed a cinnamoyl esterase. The enzyme was not active on methyl sinapinate, a good substrate for ferulic acid esterase III, which was purified previously from A. niger [Faulds and Williamson (1994) Microbiology 140, 779-787]. With methyl caffeate as substrate the enzyme had temperature and pH optima of 50 degrees C and 6.0 respectively, and a specific activity of 96.9 units per mg of protein. The purified protein (native molecular mass 145 000 Da) gave a single heavily stained band on SDS/PAGE, suggesting the protein was a dimer, and seemed to be heavily glycosylated. Isoelectric focusing gave a single band corresponding to a pl of 4.80. The pure enzyme was free of other carbohydrase activities. The activity of the pure enzyme was inhibited by more than 99% after treatment with the serine-specific protease inhibitor aminoethylbenzenesulphonylfluoride (1 mM) for 12 h. The enzyme was capable of releasing ferulic acid from sugar beet pulp.
<title>Optical filter elements based on waveguide gratings</title> (1993)

The guided-mode resonance properties of planar dielectric waveguide gratings are presented and explained. It is shown that these structures function as filters producing efficient exchange of energy between forward and backward propagating diffracted waves with smooth lineshapes and arbitrary filter linewidths. Simple expressions based on classical slab waveguide theory give a clear view and quantification of the inherent TE/TM polarization separation and the free-spectral ranges of the filters. Furthermore, the resonance regimes, defining the parametric regions of the guided-mode resonances, can be directly visualized. It is shown that the linewidths of the resonances can be controlled by the grating modulation amplitude and by the degree of mode confinement (refractive-index difference at boundaries). Examples presented of potential uses for these elements include a narrow-line polarized laser, tunable polarized laser, photorefractive tunable filter, and an electro-optic switch. The guided-mode resonance filter represents a basic new optical element with significant potential for practical applications.
Constructing an Autonomic Computing Infrastructure Using Cougaar (2006)

Autonomic computing addresses increasing complexity in computer-based systems by giving these systems the ability to automatically manage many aspects of their own operation. While many aspects of self-management have been examined in isolation, there is a notable lack of an effective autonomic computing infrastructure publicly available with which these techniques could be integrated, compared, and evaluated. We describe an autonomic computing architecture and accompanying implementation infrastructure constructed on top of the cognitive agent architecture, showing that many of its features map naturally to autonomic computing concepts. By implementing a common infrastructure and providing sample applications, autonomic computing research will be better prepared to develop and evaluate self-management techniques
Flow-Based Freeway Travel-Time Estimation: A Comparative Evaluation Within Dynamic Path Loading (2013)

This paper investigates the performance of a flow model in providing efficient travel-time estimation for varying flow patterns of freeway traffic by adopting a two-phase fundamental diagram. The model follows a discrete-packet-based mesoscopic simulation approach that explicitly considers both the anisotropic property of traffic flow in packet state updating and the uniform speed differentiation of vehicle packets at each discrete time step. The measure of travel time is obtained as a link performance resulting from a simplified dynamic network loading process. The spatiotemporal flow propagation on a selected freeway segment is simulated comparatively by incorporating both the proposed model and a linear-travel-time-function-based link performance model. Performance of the flow model in travel-time estimation is sought, considering actual measures obtained by a probe vehicle. The main improvement on estimating the travel-time process is that the employed model considers different speed and acceleration levels on different discrete time intervals and satisfies the anisotropy property by consistently simulating flow propagation within the dynamic network modeling frame. In contrast to the vast data need and computational burden of trajectory-based methods, the employed flow-based model requires only the time-varying inflow profiles to estimate spatially and temporally varying travel times by artificially segmenting freeway routes.
A Digital Predictive Current-Mode Controller for a Single-Phase High-Frequency Transformer-Isolated Dual-Active Bridge DC-to-DC Converter (2016)

This paper presents predictive current-mode control for a single-phase high-frequency transformer-isolated dual-active bridge dc-to-dc converter. The predictive control algorithm increases the bandwidth of the current loop of the converter which enables tracking of the current reference within one switching cycle. The paper further demonstrates that the application of the predictive control algorithm can remove transient dc offset from the current in high-frequency isolation transformer within one switching cycle. Direct control of the converter current protects the transformer from saturation even at transient conditions. The control algorithm has been implemented on an experimental setup and transient tests have been performed to validate controller performance. Since the predictive control algorithm is dependent on the measured value of the leakage inductance of the transformer, a compensator has been implemented to improve the parameter insensitivity of the proposed controller.
Synthesis and polymerization of a macromonomer derived from phosphatidylcholine (1988)

Abstract A lecithin‐type macromonomer 1 was synthesized from natural egg phosphatidylcholine (lecithin). The macromonomer has an olefinic polymerizable group at the hydrophilic site, and is characterized by its chemical structure resembling lecithin. It could be polymerized in a liposome system by UV irradiation, giving polymers with a maximum molecular weight of 98 000. Polymers with molecular weights above 48 000 form thin and flexible membranes with a few 10 μm in thickness. The polymers can also be redispersed in water and the liposomes can be reconstituted.
Size and shape of the umbra during a lunar eclipse (2004)

During a lunar eclipse, the Moon passes through the shadow of the Earth. The times of start and end of eclipse can be predicted geometrically, as can the times when the
Monolithic (ZnO) Sezawa-mode <i>p</i> <i>n</i>-diode-array memory correlator (1979)

The available bandwidth for a monolithic ZnO pn-diode memory correlator can be significantly increased by employing a thicker ZnO film which adapts the device to the Sezawa mode of operation. Herein we report the first Sezawa-mode pn-diode-array memory correlator and describe its operating characteristics. The device displays a 3-dB bandwidth of 20 MHz at a center frequency of 164 MHz; storage times are on the order of tens of milliseconds.
The Sintering of Supported Metal Catalysts (1975)

Abstract Metal catalysts are commonly employed in the form of metal dispersed as small crystallites on high surface area supports. The use of these supported metal catalysts increases the utilization of the metal as a catalyst since a large fraction of the metal atoms are at the surface of the small metal crystallites. Another important function of the support is to physically separate the small metal crystallites and thereby hinder the agglomeration of the small metal crystallites into larger crystallites. This agglomeration would decrease the number of surface metal atoms per unit mass of metal, and thereby decrease the utilization of the metal and the activity of the catalyst.
Review of Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) and Gateways for Digital Oilfield delpoyments (2012)

The increasing decline in easy oil has led to an increasing need for the optimization of oil and gas processes. Digital oilfields utilize remote operations to achieve these optimization goals and the remote telemetry unit and gateways are very critical in the realization of this objective. This paper presents a review of the RTUs and gateways utilized in digital oilfield architectures. It presents a review of the architecture, their functionality and selection criteria. It also provides a comparison of the specifications of some popular RTUs.
Protective effects of fustin, a flavonoid from Rhus verniciflua Stokes, on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell death (2007)

6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a neurotoxin and is commonly used to generate experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we investigated the signaling molecules involved in the 6-OHDA-induced cell death using a neuronal catecholaminergic cell line (SK-N-SH cells), and the protective effect of fustin, a flavonoid from Rhus verniciflua Stokes, on 6-OHDA-induced neuronal death. 6-OHDA significantly increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)), and p38 phosphorylation. In addition, this ROS increase by 6-OHDA was reduced by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a free radical scavenger, but not by bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), a Ca(2+) chelator. However, the [Ca(2+)](i) increase induced by 6-OHDA was suppressed by NAC. Moreover, pretreatment with NAC or BAPTA significantly prevented the 6-OHDA-induced increases in p38 phosphorylation, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and caspase-3 activity. Although 6-OHDA-increased phosphorylation of p38 was prevented by NAC or BAPTA, inhibition of p38 by SB203580 did not suppress ROS, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, or caspase-3 activity increases, and only partially prevented 6-OHDA-induced cell death, thus demonstrating that p38 activation is a component of a signaling pathway leading to the initiation of 6-OHDA-induced cell death, which acts in parallel with an ROS-Ca(2+)-Bcl-2-caspase-3 pathway. Moreover, fustin not only suppressed 6-OHDA-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner but also blocked 6-OHDA-induced increases in ROS, [Ca(2+)](i), Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activity, and p38 phosphorylation. These results suggest that fustin exerts neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-induced cell death.