gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a Lean Premixed Prevaporized Can Combustor (2006)

Increasingly, more stringent emissions regulations have necessitated new gas turbine combustor designs with low pollutant emissions. Radically different modern designs have been developed to meet these requirements while maintaining high combustion efficiencies and good flame stability. While several published methodologies for conventional combustor design exist, none exist for modern ones. This paper describes the development of a new preliminary design algorithm for a modern lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) combustor. It also introduces a new LPP combustor concept. The approach used is multi-disciplinary in nature, applying empirical and semi-empirical models in the algorithm to capture complex processes such as droplet evaporation, chemical reaction, jet mixing, and heat transfer. The resulting set of procedures allows a designer to quickly define the detailed geometry of the combustor and provides an assessment of its performance. The preliminary design procedures were verified using the advanced numerical techniques of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Reasonable agreement between predictions from the preliminary design and numerical analysis was achieved which indicated that the design procedures have been developed successfully.
Substrate-Triggered Formation and Remarkable Stability of the C−H Bond-Cleaving Chloroferryl Intermediate in the Aliphatic Halogenase, SyrB2 (2009)

Aliphatic halogenases activate O(2), cleave alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) to CO(2) and succinate, and form haloferryl [X-Fe(IV)O; X = Cl or Br] complexes that cleave aliphatic C-H bonds to install halogens during the biosynthesis of natural products by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). For the related alphaKG-dependent dioxygenases, it has been shown that reaction of the Fe(II) cofactor with O(2) to form the C-H bond-cleaving ferryl complex is "triggered" by binding of the target substrate. In this study, we have tested for and defined structural determinants of substrate triggering (ST) in the halogenase, SyrB2, from the syringomycin E biosynthetic NRPS of Pseudomonas syringae B301D. As for other halogenases, the substrate of SyrB2 is complex, consisting of l-Thr tethered via a thioester linkage to a covalently bound phosphopantetheine (PPant) cofactor of a carrier protein, SyrB1. Without an appended amino acid, SyrB1 does not trigger formation of the chloroferryl intermediate state in SyrB2, even in the presence of free l-Thr or its analogues, but SyrB1 charged either by l-Thr (l-Thr-S-SyrB1) or by any of several non-native amino acids does trigger the reaction by as much as 8000-fold (for the native substrate). Triggering efficacy is sensitive to the structures of both the amino acid and the carrier protein, being diminished by 5-24-fold when the native l-Thr is replaced with another amino acid and by approximately 40-fold when SyrB1 is replaced with the heterologous carrier protein, CytC2. The directing effect of the carrier protein and consequent tolerance for profound modifications to the target amino acid allow the chloroferryl state to be formed in the presence of substrates that perturb the ratio of its two putative coordination isomers, lack the target C-H bond (l-Ala-S-SyrB1), or contain a C-H bond of enhanced strength (l-cyclopropylglycyl-S-SyrB1). For the latter two cases, the SyrB2 chloroferryl state so formed exhibits unprecedented stability (t(1/2) = 30-110 min at 0 degree C), can be trapped at high concentration and purity by manual freezing without a cryosolvent, and represents an ideal target for structural characterization. As initial steps toward this goal, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy has been used to determine the Fe-O and Fe-Cl distances and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to confirm that the measured distances are consistent with the anticipated structure of the intermediate.
3D QSAR in modern drug design (2003)

The belief that there is a direct relationship between chemical structure and biological activity of therapeutic agents is fundamental to the field of medicinal chemistry. Indeed, the efforts of early medicinal chemists focused on well-defined structural modifications to active lead compounds as molecules were developed into drugs. The relationship between chemical properties like solvent partitioning and biological activity was recognized over a century ago [1]. Almost 40 years ago, Hansch, Fujita and co-workers invented the field of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) [2]. In this approach hole molecule parameters such as LogPo/w (the partition coefficient for 1-octanol/water partitioning),[3] molar refractivity, shape and topology indices [4], etc. for groups of related compounds are statistically correlated with measures of biological activity to obtain a QSAR equation. This equation relates easy to measure (or predict/calculate) values for molecules to the more difficult to measure biological activities. Once a QSAR is obtained, verified and found to be “predictive,” the biological activity for new chemical entities that may or may not exist can easily be predicted. Numerous success stories from QSAR over the past four decades validate the fundamental relationship between structure and activity.
A Single-Chip Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Transceiver in 0.13-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex> </formula>m SiGe BiCMOS (2015)

We report the first absorption-based single-chip transceiver for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in silicon. The chip is implemented in a 0.13-μm SiGe BiCMOS process technology. The transmitter generates and delivers a continuous-wave microwave signal with a frequency range from 895 to 979 MHz and the receiver adopts a direct-conversion architecture. Based on the single-chip transceiver and a printed-circuit-board-based planar resonator, an EPR spectrometer is assembled and tested. The spectrometer successfully measures the EPR response from samples including 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl powder, Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> nanoparticles, and Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> nanoparticles.
Urine color, osmolality and specific electrical conductance are not accurate measures of hydration status during postexercise rehydration. (1999)

Urine color, SEC and osmolality are poor indicators of hydration status measured from the balance between fluid intake and urine output up to 6 hrs postexercise.
Pulmonary Nodules at Chest CT: Effect of Computer-aided Diagnosis on Radiologists’ Detection Performance (2004)

Use of the CAD system improved the board-certified radiologists' and residents' detection of pulmonary nodules at chest CT.
Influence of Fat Content on Uptake and Depuration of the Off-flavor 2-Methylisoborneol by Channel Catfish (<i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>) (1992)

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) of different tissue fat contents (0.5–11.0%) were held in water containing approximately 0.5 μg/L of the off-flavor compound 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) for various times. A new analytical method was developed to quantify tissue burdens of MIB. Fish showed significant bioconcentration of MIB after 2 h and equilibrium by 24 h. The fatter fish (> 2.5% muscle fat) accumulated nearly three times more MIB than lean fish (< 2%). Purging fish in MIB-free water indicated that leaner fish depurate faster (8 h) than fatter fish (48 h). Fat content had more influence in determining the time for return to acceptable flavor than initial MIB concentration. Managing catfish production to harvest leaner fish could minimize the impact of off-flavor on fish producers.
Monocytes and macrophages as nanomedicinal targets for improved diagnosis and treatment of disease (2013)

The important role of monocytes and macrophages in diseases like cancer and atherosclerosis has started to get uncovered in the last decade. In addition, subsets of these cell types are believed to participate in the initiation and aggravation of several diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disease. For this reason, monocytes and macrophages have recently been identified as interesting targets for both diagnosis and treatment of the aforementioned pathologies. Compared with free therapeutic or imaging agents, nanoparticle formulations provide several advantages that improve the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of these agents. In addition, the possibility of surface functionalization creates numerous ways to optimize nanoparticle delivery. Recent advances in nanomedicine have led to the development of multifunctional nanoparticles that allow simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of monocytes and macrophages with high specificity. Relying on the inherent ability of monocytes and macrophages to easily take up foreign particles, the use of nanoparticles provides a precious opportunity for the management of several inflammatory diseases.
α-Zirconium phosphonates: versatile supports for N-heterocyclic carbenes (2009)

alpha-Zirconium phosphonates derivatised with N-heterocyclic carbenes provide a versatile platform for organocatalysis and metal-catalysed transformations, including the ring-opening polymerisation of cyclic esters, and olefin metathesis and hydroformylations by surface-bound ruthenium, rhodium and iridium complexes.
Distributed MIMO in multi-cell wireless systems via finite-capacity links (2008)

Infrastructure networks, such as cellular systems, are expected to benefit from both multicell processing (cooperation at the base station level) and relaying (cooperation at the user level). This paper provides a brief review of recent results concerning the analysis of such technologies, under the practical assumption that both multicell processing and user cooperation are enabled by error-free but limited-capacity inter-base station and inter-user links, respectively. The focus is on non-fading uplink and downlink channels based on Wyner-type cellular models. The analytical treatment enhances the insight into the potential and the limitations imposed by capacity constraints on the performance gains provided by cooperative (distributed MIMO) techniques.
Stent Coating With Titanium-Nitride-Oxide for Reduction of Neointimal Hyperplasia (2001)

TiNOX coating significantly reduces neointimal hyperplasia in stainless steel stents. The antiproliferative effect was similar for both TiNOX coatings, suggesting that the electrochemical properties are more important for attenuation of neointimal proliferation than the observed differences in platelet adhesion and fibrinogen binding.
The sugar dataset - A multimodal hyperspectral dataset for classification and research (2016)

The sugar dataset is a multimodal hyperspectral dataset of sugar and sugar related substances. The substances that were used for the creation of dataset are: - Sugar Ester S170 - Sugar Ester S770 - Sugar Ester S1570 - Sugar Ester P1570 - D-Mannitol - D-Sorbitol - D-Glucose - D-Galactose - D-Fructose All of the substances were hyperspectrally recorded using different sensors, namely: - Canon EOS 70D - ASD FiledSpec 3 - Neo VNIR-1600 - Neo VNIR-1800 - Neo SWIR-320m-e - Neo SWIR-384 - Nuance Ex The different sensors cover different wavelength ranges as well as different wavelength resolutions. This creates a unique dataset, that not only takles the question of hyperspectral classification, but also enable the research on topics like high dimensional data exploration, sensor invariant classification and dimensionality reduction.
Hash Map Inlining (2016)

Scripting languages like Javascript and PHP are widely used to implement application logic for dynamically-generated web pages. Their popularity is due in large part to their flexible syntax and dynamic type system, which enable rapid turnaround time for prototyping, releasing, and updating web site features and capabilities. The most common complex data structure in these languages is the hash map, which is used to store key-value pairs. In many cases, hash maps with a fixed set of keys are used in lieu of explicitly defined classes or structures, as would be common in compiled languages like Java or C++. Unfortunately, the runtime overhead of key lookup and value retrieval is quite high, especially relative to the direct offsets that compiled languages can use to access class members. Furthermore, key lookup and value retrieval incur high microarchitectural costs as well, since the paths they execute contain unpredictable branches and many cache accesses, leading to substantially higher numbers of branch mispredicts and cache misses per access to the hashmap. This paper quantifies these overheads, describes a compiler algorithm that discovers common use cases for hash maps and inlines them so that keys are accessed with direct offsets, and reports measured performance benefits on real hardware. A prototype implementation in the HipHop VM infrastructure shows promising performance benefits for a broad array of hash map-intensive server-side PHP applications, up to 37.6% and averaging 18.81%, improves SPECWeb throughput by 7.71% (banking) and 11.71% (e-commerce).
Acute and chronic cisplatin nephropathy in rats. (1981)

Cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum-II) is a new class of platinum coordination compounds showing a potent antitumor activity, but it also produces adverse effects on renal function. In this study, cisplatin nephropathy and renal accumulation of platinum were analyzed in rats after acute chronic treatment. A single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (6 mg. per kg.) induced marked focal necrosis in the proximal and distal tubules with a maximal lesion on day 7. The tubular damage was localized mainly in the corticomedullary region, where the concentration of platinum was the highest within the kidney. Repeated treatment with cisplatin (1 mg. per kg., intraperitoneally, twice weekly) for 11 weeks resulted in massive tubular basement membranes. Some glomeruli appeared fibrotic, indicating that chronic treatment with cisplatin could cause irreversible renal damage. The results indicated that the toxicity of platinum was probably a major factor for cisplatin nephropathy.
Asymmetric cyanation of imines via dipeptide-derived organophosphine dual-reagent catalysis (2016)

Over the past few decades, enantioselective phosphine organocatalysis has evolved rapidly into a highly efficient catalytic strategy for a range of useful reactions. However, as restricted by the traditional catalytic modes, some important reactions, such as asymmetric Strecker-type reactions, have thus far been out of reach of this strategy. Reported herein is an application of enantioselective phosphine organocatalysis for asymmetric Strecker-type reactions, enabled by a dual-reagent catalyst system in which the key organophosphorus zwitterion intermediate, generated in situ by mixing a chiral dipeptide-derived multifunctional organophosphine with methyl acrylate, is used as a highly efficient chiral Lewis base catalyst. The high efficiency of this catalytic system is demonstrated in the asymmetric cyanation of isatin-derived ketimines and azomethine aldimines as well as in the kinetic resolution of racemic 3-substituted azomethines. Mechanistic studies provide experimental evidence for the intermediacy of the putative zwitterion and its role as a catalytically active Lewis base.
Band structure and omnidirectional photonic band gap in lamellar structures with left-handed materials (2004)

We theoretically investigate the photonic band structure of one-dimensional superlattices composed of alternating layers of right-handed and left-handed materials (RHM and LHM). The dispersion curves are mainly studied by assuming that the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability are constant in each layer. It is shown that such structures can exhibit new types of electromagnetic modes and dispersion curves that do not exist in usual superlattices composed only of RHM. In particular, we emphasize the possibility of bands that originate from the interface modes localized at the boundary between a LHM and RHM or from confined modes in one type of layers. These waves are evanescent in both or in one constituent of the superlattice. One of the pass bands may lie below the light lines of the constituting material and go down to the static limit of a vanishing frequency omega, even at a value of the wave vector k(//) (parallel to the layers) that is different from zero. For a given value of the wave vector k(//), the dispersion curves omega versus k(z) (where k(z) is the Bloch wave vector of the periodic system along the axis of the superlattice) may exist only in a limited part of the superlattice Brillouin zone and exhibit a zigzag behavior instead of a monotonic behavior as in usual superlattices. With an appropriate choice of the parameters, we show that it is possible to realize an absolute (or omnidirectional) band gap for either transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) polarization of the electromagnetic waves. A combination of two multilayer structures composed of RHM and LHM is proposed to realize, in a certain range of frequency, an omnidirectional reflector of light for both polarizations.
Real-time fluid simulation using discrete sine/cosine transforms (2009)

Recent advances in fluid simulations have yielded exceptionally realistic imagery. However, most algorithms have computational requirements that are prohibitive for real-time simulations. Using Fourier based solutions mitigates this issue, although due to wraparound, boundary conditions are not naturally available, leading to inconsistencies near the boundary. We show that slip boundary conditions can be imposed by solving the mass conservation step using cosine and sine transforms instead of the Fourier transform. Further, we show that measures against density dissipation can be computed using cosine transforms and we describe a new method to compute surface tension in the same domain. This combination of related algorithms leads to real-time simulations with boundary conditions.
Synthesis of throughput-optimized multichip architectures (2002)

An optimization approach to synthesizing DSP (digital signal processing)-specific multichip architectures which maximize throughput is presented. A new integer programming (IP) model is presented that supports simultaneous scheduling, allocation, partitioning, and maximization of throughput. The IP model is used to map a DSP application to a high-speed multichip application-specific architecture. The same model supports a communication delay whenever data are transferred off of one onto the other chip. This research breaks new ground by (1) simultaneously partitioning, scheduling, allocating, and maximizing throughput in practical CPU times, (2) guaranteeing optimal multichip architectures which maximize throughput, minimize area, or minimize latency, (3) supporting interchip communication delay, and (4) providing industry with a DA tool for optimal mapping of DSP applications to high-performance multichip architectures that can readily take advantage of emerging programmable VLSI technologies.
Electron-stimulated desorption of neutral lithium atoms from LiF due to excitation of surface excitons (1991)

We have measured electron-stimulated desorption of neutral lithium atoms from LiF at energies near the band gap of the crystal. The significant contribution to the desorption yield of neutral alkali-metal atoms due to the creation of surface excitons is resolved. These measurements also prove the theoretically expected threshold for desorption at the energy of the bulk exciton.
Two-dimensional all-optical parallel-to series TDM and demultiplexing by spectral-holographic methods (2002)

A two-dimensional all optical processor which multiplexes a rectangular array of parallel incoming signals into a series output transmitted through a single optical fiber is suggested for the first time along with a corresponding 2-dimensional series to parallel transformer. The system uses four-wave interaction in a hologram, both for MUX and deMUX. It can be used for the direct fiber-optical transmission of many time-dependent images, without going through the usual video serialization, as well as for multiple analog or digital, video and audio transmissions, or multiplexing and demultiplexing of any nature.
Metalens-Based Miniaturized Optical Systems (2019)

Metasurfaces have been studied and widely applied to optical systems. A metasurface-based flat lens (metalens) holds promise in wave-front engineering for multiple applications. The metalens has become a breakthrough technology for miniaturized optical system development, due to its outstanding characteristics, such as ultrathinness and cost-effectiveness. Compared to conventional macro- or meso-scale optics manufacturing methods, the micro-machining process for metalenses is relatively straightforward and more suitable for mass production. Due to their remarkable abilities and superior optical performance, metalenses in refractive or diffractive mode could potentially replace traditional optics. In this review, we give a brief overview of the most recent studies on metalenses and their applications with a specific focus on miniaturized optical imaging and sensing systems. We discuss approaches for overcoming technical challenges in the bio-optics field, including a large field of view (FOV), chromatic aberration, and high-resolution imaging.
“What It Took and Took/To Be a Man”: Teaching Timothy Findley and the Construction of Masculinities (1999)

This essay explores some of the institutional and pedagogical implications of a female instructor teaching a course on the construction of masculinities in the fiction of Timothy Findley. It briefly explores some initial institutional resistance to the course, before focussing on pedagogical challenges: e.g., the impact of teaching a theory that holds that gender is performed rather than unproblematically determinate; student engagement with the tension in Findley’s works between essentialized gender characteristics and a performative understanding of gender identities; and the mutually interpretive role of fiction and theory on the course. The essay ends with a pedagogical, institutional meditation on student responses to the ideas presented.
Magnetic Field-Based Positioning Systems (2017)

This paper provides an introductory survey on the various systems that exploit magnetic fields for positioning. Such systems find applications in those scenarios, both indoors and outdoors, where global navigation satellite systems are not available or fail to provide information with the needed accuracy. While the main idea of using electromagnetic fields to provide position information dates back to the past century, new application-led research on this topic has emerged in recent years. Results have expanded the application range of magnetic positioning technologies and form now a domain of knowledge that enables realization of positioning systems applicable to indoor and outdoor environments. This paper provides the main characteristics of different positioning systems with focus on those solutions that are based on low-frequency magnetic fields. Some background theory is presented and positioning results from the literature are analyzed and compared.