gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zur Phasenanalyse von Mangandioxyd (1962)

Abstract Phasenänderungen, welche bei der Reduktion von Mangandioxydmodifikationen auftreten, werden im allgemeinen mit röntgenographischen Methoden studiert. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß man auch durch elektrochemische Messungen Einblick in die Zustandsdiagramme erhalten kann. Mit Hilfe der elektro‐chemischen Methoden kann man unterscheiden, ob homogene oder heterogene Systeme der Oxyde vorliegen; ferner kann man die Grenzen dieser Phasenbereiche genau festlegen. Allerdings gelingt nicht die Charakterisierung der einzelnen Phasen, da die für diese Aufgaben notwendigen thermodynamischen Daten, wie freie Bildungsenthalpie bzw. Enthalpie und Entropie, fehlen. Doch kann man durch Kombination der elektrochemischen Messungen mit den röntgenographischen Daten die Phasen charakterisieren und aus den elektrochemischen Messungen deren energetische Daten erhalten. In den Rahmen dieser ersten Untersuchung wurden einbezogen: synthetisches durch anodische Oxydation gewonnenes γ‐MnO 2 , β‐MnO 2 (als Mineral Pyrolusit genannt), und zwar als wasserfreies Naturprodukt (kaukasischer Braunstein) sowie wasserhaltiges β‐MnO 2 , das durch Tempern aus dem ebenfalls benutzten synthetischen γ‐MnO 2 hergestellt wurde. Zusammenfassend läßt sich sagen: γ‐MnO 2 , ein Oxyd mit großer Phasenbreite, wird in dem Bereich MnO 2 ≃ MnO 1,6 in homogener Phase reduziert. Das dabei entstehende α‐MnO(OH) ist mit dem γ‐MnO 2 strukturgleich. Bei β‐MnO 2 tritt homogene Reduktion nur in einem schmalen Phasenbereich auf. Dann bildet sich ein Gleichgewicht zwischen den beiden Phasen β‐MnO 2 und γ‐MnO(OH) aus und die Zellspannung ist in diesem Bereich unabhängig von dem Sauerstoffgehalt. Dabei liegen die Gleichgewichtszellspannungen der Reduktionsprodukte des wasserhaltigen β‐MnO 2 bei höherem Sauerstoffgehalt etwa 60 bzw. 100 mV höher als die Gleichgewichtszellspannungen der Reduktionsprodukte des wasserfreien β‐MnO 2 . Für das Auftreten dieser Potentialdifferenz wird eine Deutung vorgeschlagen, die das in die Struktur eingebaute Wasser berücksichtigt.
Communication Between Magnetic Tunnel Junctions Using Spin-Polarized Current for Logic Applications (2010)

We investigated spin-polarized current controlled magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) connected with a nano-magnetic channel using micromagnetic simulations. A spin polarized current is used to switch the MTJ and form a domain wall in the nanochannel that is captured at a notch in the channel. A current can then be applied along the nanochannel to drive the domain wall to the other MTJ. The nanochannel design was optimized by varying MTJ pillar size, nanochannel width, material, and notch sizes. Both in-plane and perpendicular anisotropy were simulated. Perpendicular anisotropy was found to be the most beneficial by alleviating the dominate effect of shape anisotropy. Four different nanochannels were connected to a single MTJ with perpendicular anisotropy and a domain wall formed in each channel. This allows fan out to be realized and consequently more complex logic functions. The current densities to switch the MTJ elements and drive the domain wall were found to be on the order of 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 6 × 109 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , respectively.
Oligophosphan‐Liganden, XXIX. Chelatphosphan‐stabilisierte Rhodium(I)‐Komplexe mit terminalen Phosphido‐Liganden: Synthese, Reaktionen und Elektronenstruktur (1988)

Abstract Die Umsetzung von (bupp 2 ph 4 )RhCl [bupp 2 ph 4 = ( t Bu)‐P(CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 PPh 2 ) 2 ] mit LiPR 2 (R = Phenyl, Cyclohexyl) ergibt die Phosphido‐Derivate (bupp 2 ph 4 )RhPPh 2 ( 1a ) und (bupp 2 ph 4 )RhPCy 2 ( 1b ). 1a und 1b reagieren mit MeCl und MeI unter Freisetzung von MePR 2 zu (bupp 2 ph 4 )RhX (X = Cl: 2 ; X = 1:3). HCl liefert HPR 2 und (bupp 2 ph 4 )Rh(H)Cl 2 ( 4 ). HBF 4 protoniert die R 2 P‐Liganden von 1a,b , wobei [(bupp 2 ph 4 )‐RhP(H)Ph 2 ][BF 4 ] ( 5a ) und [(bupp 2 ph 4 )RhP(H)Cy 2 ][BF 4 ] ( 5b ) entstehen. Die Komplexe [(bupp 2 ph 4 )RhP(Me)R 2 ][OSO 2 F] mit R = Ph ( 6a ) und R = Cy ( 6b ) werden durch Alkylierung von 1a,b mit MeOSO 2 F erhalten. BF 3 und BPh 3 ergeben die Addukte (bupp 2 ph 4 )Rh(Bph 3 )PR 2 (R = Ph: 7a ; R = Cy; 7b ) und (bupp 2 ph 4 )Rh(BPh 3 )PCy 2 ( 8 ). Aus 1a und CH 2 N 2 resultiert das Dreiring‐Derivat equation image Ph 2 ( 9 ). Die Reaktion von 1b mit Schwefel führt unter Spaltung der Rh–PCy 2 ‐Bindung und teilweiser Oxidation des Chelatliganden zu Ph 2 P‐ equation image (η 2 ‐S 2 PCy 2 ) ( 10 ). Tellur lagert sich an die Metall‐PCy 2 ‐Bindung von 1b unter Bildung des vierfach koordinierten Gerüst‐flexiblen Komplexes equation image ( 11 ) an. Durch H 2 ‐Addition werden die Derivate (bupp 2 ph 4 )Rh(H)(HPR 2 ) (R = Ph: 12a ; R = Cy: 12b ) erhalten. Am Modell‐Komplex (H 3 P) 3 RhPH 2 durchgeführte MO‐Rechnungen ergeben eine aus geprägte Begünstigung desjenigen P 3 Rh–PH 2 ‐Rotamers, in welchem die P 3 Rh‐ und H 2 P‐Bausteine coplanar angeordnet sind. Die Stabilisierung dieser Geometrie geht auf merkliche P(p)–Rh(p)‐π‐Wechselwirkungen zurück.
Soller slit design and characteristics (2012)

For X-ray absorption spectroscopy, either in transmission mode with concentrated samples or for dilute samples in fluorescence mode, it is advantageous to improve the signal-to-noise ratio by implementing a slit apparatus. Several investigations into the improvement of measurements when slits and filters are employed have been reported; however, these have always been for a particular design and are not transferable between dissimilar systems. A generalized approach to Soller slit design will be presented which enables a target level of noise rejection to be achieved by varying the number, size and placement of the filter and Soller slit assembly. A procedure for determining the reduction in efficiency of the Soller slits with respect to misalignment with the sample will also be discussed.
Lipase-catalyzed Stereoselective Hydrolysis of 2-Acyloxy-3-chloropropyl<i>p</i>-toluenesulfonate (1986)

Lipase-catalyzed stereoselective hydrolysis of 2-acyloxy-3-chloropropyl p-toluenesulfonate (1) was investigated. From the screening tests, lipases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, Mucor species, Rhizopus delemar and Rhizopus japonicus were found to hydrolyze (R,S)-1 stereoselectively to afford (R)-1 and (S)-2-hydroxy-3-chloropropyl p-toluenesulfonate (2). Among these enzymes, the lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to possess the highest hydrolytic activity and stereoselectivity in more than 99% e.e.
Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Muscle Type-Dependent and Age-Dependent Protein Carbonylation in Rat Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria (2008)

Carbonylation is a highly prevalent protein modification in skeletal muscle mitochondria, possibly contributing to its functional decline with age. Using quantitative proteomics, we identified mitochondrial proteins susceptible to carbonylation in a muscle type (slow- vs fast-twitch)-dependent and age-dependent manner from Fischer 344 rat skeletal muscle. Fast-twitch muscle contained twice as many carbonylated mitochondrial proteins than did slow-twitch muscle, with 22 proteins showing significant changes in carbonylation state with age, the majority of these increasing in their amount of carbonylation. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that these proteins belong to functional classes and pathways known to be impaired in muscle aging, including cellular function and maintenance, fatty acid metabolism, and citrate cycle. Although our studies do not conclusively link protein carbonylation to these functional changes in aging muscle, they provide a unique catalogue of promising protein targets deserving further investigation because of their potential role in aging muscle decline.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Drug Permeation Through Silicone Elastomers (II) Effect of Penetrant Lipophilicity (1986)

The permeation of testosterone analogs through silicone membranes was studied. The variation in the lipophilicity of testosterone molecules was accomplished by the addition or elimination of methyl group and the formation of ester. Furthermore, the effects of replacing one of the CH3 groups on the dimethylsiloxane unit in the silicone polymer chains by a polar CH2CH2CF3, group, which changes polymer characteristics and thus affects the membrane permeability, was investigated as well. It was found that potential which might prevent flocculation altogether. This can lead to caking. The lowest concentration effective in prevent ing coagulum formation should be used.Suspensions made from a fluid aluminum hydroxide concentration were easy to redisperse after six weeks of storage. The sedimentation volume was 0.64. Addition of 0.2% xanthan gum raised the sedimentation volume to a value of 1.0. There was no evidence of coagulum formation in this system.
Dietary fatty acids and breast cancer invasion and metastasis (1994)

This review presents the evidence for the hypothesis that dietary linoleic acid and its metabolic derivative arachidonic acid enhance the metastatic process in breast cancer. Key biochemical events are eicosanoid biosynthesis and protein kinase C activation, both of which are involved in tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis. It is concluded that the utilization of appropriate dietary interventions and pharmacological inhibitors offers a promising approach to suppress metastasis.
Dopant redistribution during gate oxidation including transient enhanced diffusion in oxidizing ambient (2002)

Dopant redistribution during gate oxidation is investigated, where the enhancement of the diffusion due to implantation damage and that due to oxidation occur simultaneously. Dopant profiles after the gate oxidation are measured for various oxidation times, and they are compared to the profiles after the N/sub 2/-annealings. From the results, it is concluded that, for typical gate oxidation conditions (oxide thickness less than 100 /spl Aring/), the enhancement due to oxidation is small, and the dopant redistribution is initially dominated by the damage-enhanced diffusion.
A theoretical and experimental comparison of continuous and pulsed arterial spin labeling techniques for quantitative perfusion imaging (1998)

Under ideal conditions, continuous arterial spin labeling (ASL) techniques are higher in SNR than pulsed ASL techniques by a factor of e. Presented here is a direct theoretical and experimental comparison of continuous ASL and pulsed ASL, using versions of both that are amenable to multislice imaging and insensitive to variations in transit times (continuous ASL with a delay before imaging, and QUIPSS II (Quantitative Imaging of Perfusion Using a Single Subtraction-second version)). Perfusion image quality for comparable imaging time was nearly identical for both single-slice and multislice imaging. The measured raw signal was approximately 25% higher with continuous ASL, but the SNR per unit time was identical.
WNK pathways in cancer signaling networks (2018)

Here we describe how WNKs and associated proteins interact with and influence PI3K-AKT, TGF-β, and NF-κB signaling, as well as its unanticipated role in the regulation of angiogenesis.
Evaluation of mRNA expression of human drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in chimeric mouse with humanized liver (2005)

The hepatic mRNA expression of human drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in chimeric mise with almost-completely humanized liver (replacement index: 71-89%) was investigated. The mRNAs of 58 human phase I enzymes, 26 human phase II enzymes, 23 human transporters, and five mouse Cyps were measured in the chimeric mice with humanized liver generated using hepatocytes from a Japanese donor. The mRNA expression of 52 human phase I enzymes, which includes 20 human CYPs, 26 human phase II enzymes and 21 human transporters was ascertained in the chimeric mouse liver. Among them, the expression of the target mRNAs vital for liver function such as the metabolism and secretion of endogenous compounds appeared to be maintained. The central value for the expression ratio in all target genes in chimeric mouse liver to the donor liver was 0.46, which was lower than the substitution rate of chimeric mouse liver by donor liver. The ratio of mouse Cyp mRNA expression of chimeric mouse liver to that of control mouse liver was 0.19 or less, except for that of Cyp2b10. There were good correlations between the mRNA expression levels of human hepatic albumin gene, the values of the rate of replacement of mouse liver by human liver, and the human blood albumin concentration in the chimeric mice. The chimeric mice with humanized liver may be a useful tool for the evaluation of drug-drug interactions such as the inhibition and induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters.
Spatially Uniform ReliefF (SURF) for computationally-efficient filtering of gene-gene interactions (2009)

Researchers performing genetic association studies and aiming to discover gene-gene interactions associated with increased disease susceptibility should use SURF in place of ReliefF. For instance, SURF should be used instead of ReliefF to filter a dataset before an exhaustive MDR analysis. This change increases the ability of a study to detect gene-gene interactions. The SURF algorithm is implemented in the open source Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) software package available from http://www.epistasis.org.
Fine-Grained Entity Type Classification by Jointly Learning Representations and Label Embeddings (2017)

Fine-grained entity type classification (FETC) is the task of classifying an entity mention to a broad set of types. Distant supervision paradigm is extensively used to generate training data for this task. However, generated training data assigns same set of labels to every mention of an entity without considering its local context. Existing FETC systems have two major drawbacks: assuming training data to be noise free and use of hand crafted features. Our work overcomes both drawbacks. We propose a neural network model that jointly learns entity mentions and their context representation to eliminate use of hand crafted features. Our model treats training data as noisy and uses non-parametric variant of hinge loss function. Experiments show that the proposed model outperforms previous stateof-the-art methods on two publicly available datasets, namely FIGER(GOLD) and BBN with an average relative improvement of 2.69% in micro-F1 score. Knowledge learnt by our model on one dataset can be transferred to other datasets while using same model or other FETC systems. These approaches of transferring knowledge further improve the performance of respective models.
Electrochromism in Iridium Oxide Films Prepared by Thermal Oxidation of Iridium‐Carbon Composite Films (1987)

Electrochromic iridium oxide films have been prepared by the thermal oxidation of iridium‐carbon composite films (Ir‐C films) obtained by evaporation of Ir from a graphite crucible with an electron gun. The XPS analysis indicates that the Ir‐to‐C ratio in the Ir‐C films lies in a range from 0.061 to 0.165. A change in the transmittance of the Ir‐C films begins when they are heated to 225°C or higher. The x‐ray diffractometry analysis shows that the thermally oxidized iridium oxide films (TOIROF's) are amorphous when they are heated to temperatures up to 300°C and polycrystalline when heated at a temperature of 350°C. The electrochemical measurements show that the degree of electrochromism of the TOIROF's is closely related to those structures. The coloration efficiency of the TOIROF's lies in a range from 13.5 to 15.4 cm2/C at a wavelength of 633 nm. The lifetime test of the TOIROF's has been carried out in electrolyte. Color‐bleach cycles of were recorded without degradation.
Single-shot optical sampling oscilloscope for ultrafast optical waveforms (1998)

We present an all-optical technique for measuring single-shot optical pulse phenomena using a feed-forward pulse replicator and a compact, nonlinear loop mirror called the terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD). By exploiting the fast nonlinearity of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) placed asymmetrically within the loop, a sampling window on the order of a few picoseconds can be used to detect features in low-energy (<pJ) optical waveforms. We successfully demonstrate a sampling system with 10-ps resolution capable of sampling single-shot optical waveforms up to 160 ps in duration. The sampled real-time pulsewidth agrees well with standard, long-range space autocorrelation.
Independent and synergistic interaction of retinal G-protein subunits with bovine rhodopsin measured by surface plasmon resonance (2001)

We have used surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements for the kinetic analysis of G-protein-receptor interaction monitored in real time. Functionally active rhodopsin was immobilized on an SPR surface, with full retention of biochemical specific activity for catalysis of nucleotide exchange on the retinal G-protein α subunit, via binding to immobilized concanavalin A. The binding interactions of bovine retinal αt and β1γ1 subunits with rhodopsin measured by SPR were profoundly synergistic. Synergistic binding of the retinal G-protein subunits to rhodopsin was not observed for guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate-bound Gαt, nor was binding observed with squid retinal Gαq, which is not activated by bovine rhodopsin. The binding affinity (336±171nM; mean value±S.D.) of retinal βγ for rhodopsin in the presence of retinal α subunit measured by SPR confirmed the apparent affinity of 254nM determined previously by nucleotide exchange assays. Binding of β1γ1, β1γ2, and β1γ8-olf dimers to rhodopsin, independently of the α subunit, was readily observable by SPR. Further, these dimers, differing only in their γ subunit compositions, displayed markedly distinct binding affinities and kinetics. The β1γ2 dimer bound with a kinetically determined Kd of 13±3nM, a value nearly identical with the biochemically determined K1/2 of 10nM. The physiologically appropriate β1γ1 displayed rapid association and dissociation kinetics, whereas the other β1γ dimers dissociated at a rate less than 1/100 as fast. Thus rhodopsin interaction with its native signalling partners is both rapid and transient, whereas the interaction of rhodopsin with heterologous Gβγ dimers is markedly prolonged. These results suggest that the duration of a G-protein-coupled receptor signalling event is an intrinsic property of the G-protein coupling partners; in particular, the βγ dimer.
Efficient testing of segmented aspherical mirrors by use of a reference plate and computer-generated holograms II Case study, error analysis, and experimental validation (2004)

Segmented mirrors present unique challenges to fabrication and testing that are absent for monolithic optics. Since traditional asphere tests do not address segmented optics adequately, we validate a previously developed method to test large quantities of segments accurately, quickly, and economically. In this test, the aspheric shape of each segment is controlled to high accuracy by use of computer-generated holograms, and the radius of curvature is tightly controlled by use of the reference plate. In an adjoining paper [Appl Opt43, 5303 (2004)] we developed the theory for this test, and now we present a complete system design and optimization for measuring the 1.4-m segments from a 30-m F/1 primary. A complete tolerance analysis predicts a test accuracy of 4.8-nm rms surface and excellent accuracy for controlling the geometry of the segment. In addition, a laboratory demonstration using 30-cm optics is presented that demonstrated 3.9-nm rms surface accuracy.
PACE - a microprogram evaluation system (1982)

This paper describes PACE (Product Assurance Code Evaluation) System, a tool for evaluating microprograms. PACE incorporates both static analysis and dynamic analysis capabilities and it provides features that enable systematic and comprehensive evaluations of large-scale microcoded systems. The PACE static analysis capability performs a control flow analysis of the code being evaluated, reports various anomalous program constructs, and generates a program flow graph that is subsequently employed by PACE's dynamic analysis procedures. The PACE dynamic analysis capability uses encoded execution trace data to produce microcode test-coverage reports and formatted code-execution traces. The dynamic analysis capability provides quantitative code execution coverage data that enables an assessment of testing thoroughness and is useful in the identification of effective regression test cases.
Watermill: An Optimized Fingerprinting System for Databases under Constraints (2008)

This paper presents a walermarking/fingerprinting system for relational databases. It features a built-in declarative language to specify usability constraints that watermarked data sets must comply with. For a subset of these constraints, namely, weight-independent constraints, we propose a novel watermarking strategy that consists of translating them into an integer linear program. We show two watermarking strategies: an exhaustive one based on integer linear programming constraint solving and a scalable pairing heuristic. Fingerprinting applications, for which several distinct watermarks need to be computed, benefit from the reduced computation time of our method that precomputes the watermarks only once. Moreover, we show that our method enables practical collusion-secure fingerprinting since the precomputed watermarks are based on binary alterations located at exactly the same positions. The paper includes an in-depth analysis of false-hit and false-miss occurrence probabilities for the detection algorithm. Experiments performed on our open source software WATERMILL assess the watermark robustness against common attacks and show that our method outperforms the existing ones concerning the watermark embedding speed.
Mice expressing a “hyper-sensitive” form of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) show modestly enhanced alcohol preference and consumption (2017)

We recently characterized S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing a desensitization-resistant form of the CB1 receptor. These mice display an enhanced response to endocannabinoids and ∆9-THC. In this study, S426A/S430A mutants were used as a novel model to test whether ethanol consumption, morphine dependence, and reward for these drugs are potentiated in mice with a "hyper-sensitive" form of CB1. Using an unlimited-access, two-bottle choice, voluntary drinking paradigm, S426A/S430A mutants exhibit modestly increased intake and preference for low (6%) but not higher concentrations of ethanol. S426A/S430A mutants and wild-type mice show similar taste preference for sucrose and quinine, exhibit normal sensitivity to the hypothermic and ataxic effects of ethanol, and have normal blood ethanol concentrations following administration of ethanol. S426A/S430A mutants develop robust conditioned place preference for ethanol (2 g/kg), morphine (10 mg/kg), and cocaine (10 mg/kg), demonstrating that drug reward is not changed in S426A/S430A mutants. Precipitated morphine withdrawal is also unchanged in opioid-dependent S426A/S430A mutant mice. Although ethanol consumption is modestly changed by enhanced CB1 signaling, reward, tolerance, and acute sensitivity to ethanol and morphine are normal in this model.