gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bacillus subtilis Bacteriophage SPP1 DNA Packaging Motor Requires Terminase and Portal Proteins (2003)

Initiation of headful packaging of SPP1 DNA concatemers involves the interaction of the terminase, G1P and G2P, and the portal protein, G6P. G1P, which specifically recognizes the non-adjacent pacL and pacR subsites and directs loading of G2P to pacC, interacts with G6P. G2P, which has endonuclease, DNA binding, and ATPase activities, interacts with G1P and does it transiently with G6P. The stoichiometry of G1P on the G1P.G2P complex promotes the transition from a G2P endonuclease to an ATPase. G6P does not alter the endonuclease activity of G2P. Both G1P and G6P, which do not have endogenous ATPase activity, synergistically enhance and modulate the ATPase activity of G2P. Based on these results, we propose a model in which the modulation of the ATPase and endonuclease activities of G2P accounts for the role of the terminase in headful packaging.
Expression of the MRP2 Gene-Encoded Conjugate Export Pump in Human Kidney Proximal Tubules and in Renal Cell Carcinoma (1999)

Human kidney proximal tubule epithelia express the ATP-dependent export pump for anionic conjugates encoded by the MRP2 (cMRP/cMOAT) gene (symbol ABCC2). MRP2, the apical isoform of the multidrug resistance protein, is an integral membrane glycoprotein with a molecular mass of approximately 190 kD that was originally cloned from liver and localized to the canalicular (apical) membrane domain of hepatocytes. In this study, MRP2 was detected in human kidney cortex by reverse transcription-PCR followed by sequencing of a 826-bp cDNA fragment and by immunoblotting using two different antibodies. Human MRP2 was localized to the apical brush-border membrane domain of proximal tubules by double and triple immunofluorescence microscopy including laser scanning microscopy. The expression of MRP2 in renal cell carcinoma was studied by reverse transcription-PCR and immunoblotting in samples from patients undergoing tumor-nephrectomy without prior chemotherapy. Clear-cell carcinomas, originating from the proximal tubule epithelium, expressed MRP2 in 95% (18 of 19) of cases. Immunofluorescence microscopy of MRP2 in clear-cell carcinoma showed a lack of a distinct apical-to-basolateral tumor cell polarity and an additional localization of MRP2 on intracellular membranes. MRP2, the first cloned ATP-dependent export pump for anionic conjugates detected in human kidney, may be involved in renal excretion of various anionic endogenous substances, xenobiotics, and cytotoxic drugs. This conjugate-transporting ATPase encoded by the MRP2 gene has a similar substrate specificity as the multidrug resistance protein MRP1, and may contribute to the multidrug resistance of renal clear-cell carcinomas.
Mammalian DIS3L2 exoribonuclease targets the uridylated precursors of let-7 miRNAs (2013)

The mechanisms of gene expression regulation by miRNAs have been extensively studied. However, the regulation of miRNA function and decay has long remained enigmatic. Only recently, 3' uridylation via LIN28A-TUT4/7 has been recognized as an essential component controlling the biogenesis of let-7 miRNAs in stem cells. Although uridylation has been generally implicated in miRNA degradation, the nuclease responsible has remained unknown. Here, we identify the Perlman syndrome-associated protein DIS3L2 as an oligo(U)-binding and processing exoribonuclease that specifically targets uridylated pre-let-7 in vivo. This study establishes DIS3L2 as the missing component of the LIN28-TUT4/7-DIS3L2 pathway required for the repression of let-7 in pluripotent cells.
Willingness to Pay Estimation When Protest Beliefs are not Separable from the Public Good Definition (2010)

Public good attributes that are correlated with protest beliefs but not separable from the good's value, would affect stated preference estimates of the WTP for the public good. Survey data collected to value a program to prevent ecosystem losses on Nevada rangelands, where the majority of land is publicly owned and managed, reveal more than half of the respondents exhibiting some protest belief. Of these, about 60% voted 'yes' to some nonzero bid amount. By treating protest beliefs and opposition to the proposed program as separate concepts, we systematically analyze their determinants and impacts on WTP. In this framework, people with protest beliefs may or may not vote 'no' to all bids and people may, without being protesters, answer 'no' to all dollar amounts. Multinomial logit regression results suggest that factors motivating people to protest and/or oppose the proposed program are so diverse that a single model does not provide a good fit. We estimate nested models and conclude that different underlying processes determine WTP for "protesters" ($34.02) and "non-protesters" ($69.56).
The Bcl-2 Protein Family Is Essential for Platelet Survival In Vivo. (2006)

Abstract Platelets are small, anuclear cytoplasmic fragments that play an essential role in blood clotting and hemostasis. They are produced by megakaryocytes: large, polyploid cells that reside primarily in the bone marrow. Once shed into the blood stream, platelets are consumed either by their participation in hemostatic processes, or their eventual destruction by the reticulo-endothelial system. The latter occurs when platelets have reached the end of their lifespan, which is 9–10 days in human, 4–5 days in mice. Like the other lineages of blood cells, the steady state level of platelets reflects the balance between their production and destruction. Any imbalance can result in bleeding or clotting tendencies, both of which may be life threatening. We have found that a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 protein family is essential for the maintainence of platelet survival in vivo. Mutations in the gene encoding this protein dramatically reduce platelet lifespan in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in thrombocytopenia. Strikingly, no effect on platelet production was observed, allowing us to distinguish the molecular control of platelet survival from that of platelet production. In a complementary approach, we employed a specific small molecule antagonist of the pro-survival Bcl-2-like protein. Treatment with this BH3 mimetic agent triggers features of apoptosis in platelets, dramatically reducing their survival both in vivo and in vitro. Platelet death can be prevented if they are pre-treated with a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor or if platelets are derived from mice lacking an essential downstream mediator of apoptosis. Furthermore, the heritable thrombocytopenia in mice lacking the specific Bcl-2-like protein is corrected when this downstream target is genetically ablated. Thus, the balance between a Bcl-2-like pro-survival protein and its direct downstream pro-apoptotic target critically determines platelet survival, and hence circulating platelet numbers, in vivo. These findings have notable implications for our understanding of platelet biology, strategies to promote platelet survival, and approaches to remove excess platelets that contribute to pro-thrombotic states.
(Adv. Eng. Mater. 10/2011) (2011)

The cover demonstrates a general approach to construct electrical conducting polymer nano-networks which allow cells to attach to the surface and proliferate. By controlling the oxidation polymerization and assembling rate, functionalized poly(3,4-ethylen edioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nano-networks are constructed. They display very low cytotoxicity and enable cell growth on top of the nanostructures. This provide a promising platform for cell engineering. Further details can be found in the article by Hsiao-hua Yu et. al. on page B423.
Nutritional value of brine shrimp cysts as a factitious food for<i>Orius laevigatus</i>(Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) (2005)

Abstract Decapsulated cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana were assessed as a factitious food for rearing the anthocorid predator Orius laevigatus. Developmental and reproductive traits of O. laevigatus reared for a single generation on A. franciscana from three geographical locations or on gamma-irradiated eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella were compared. There was no effect of diet on nymphal survival but nymphal period on E. kuehniella eggs (12.2 days) was 0.7–1.6 days shorter than on the Artemia diets. The predator developed 0.5–1 day faster on cysts from San Francisco Bay (USA) than on cysts from Great Salt Lake (USA) or Macau (Brazil). Fecundity on brine shrimp cysts from different locations was similar to that on flour moth eggs (142–187 eggs/female). The biochemical composition of decapsulated cysts from San Francisco Bay was compared with that of E. kuehniella eggs. Depending on the type of analysis, Artemia cysts contained higher or similar amounts of protein as compared with E. kuehniella eggs, but amino acid patterns were generally similar. Flour moth eggs were almost three times richer in fatty acids than brine shrimp cysts, with some marked differences in fatty acid profiles. Because nutrient imbalances in a diet may be expressed only after several generations of rearing, the predator was cultured for three consecutive generations on A. franciscana cysts from San Francisco Bay. In the third generation on brine shrimp cysts, nymphs took 18% longer to develop, and adults were shorted-lived and about 60% less fecund than those maintained on E. kuehniella eggs. Brine shrimp cysts may be used as a supplement in the mass production of O. laevigatus but may not be a suitable food for long-term culturing of the predator.
New structure Si field emitter arrays with low operation voltage (2002)

New structure sub micron size Si field emitter arrays (FEA's) with low operation voltage, and their unique fabrication technologies suitable for realizing the uniform emitter structures are proposed. Two types of FEA's with "tower" structure, which is close to "ideal" vertical structure, and with "cocktail glass" structure, which is an optimum disk edge type lateral structure, have been fabricated, and field emission at low gate voltage of around 10 V has been demonstrated for both structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biodegradable Hydrogels: Tailoring Properties and Function through Chemistry and Structure (2007)

This chapter provides an overview of the chemistry, design, fabrication, and application of bio-degradable hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue engineering. It describes the various structural classes of degradable hydrogels that exist. The degradation behavior of a biodegradable hydrogel depends significantly on its method of fabrication. The simplest form of the step-growth mechanism related to biodegradable hydrogel fabrication is the straightforward cross-linking of highly multifunctional natural polymers using small, bifunctional cross-linking agents. The chapter focuses on the fabrication and characterization of bulk-degrading, covalently cross-linked hydrogels. It reviews degradable hydrogel chemistries with proven or potential applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. The chapter highlights efforts to develop hybrid hydrogel systems that display the most advantageous properties derived from both natural and synthetic materials. It also describes the chemistries as well as applications that comprise the most common degradable hydrogels.
C-6 Hydroxylated Steroids. III. A New Preparative Method<sup>1</sup> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTC-6 Hydroxylated Steroids. III. A New Preparative Method1John P. Dusza, J. P. Joseph, and Seymour BernsteinCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 11, 4046–4049Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01058a502https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01058a502research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views119Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on intraductal biliary pressure in post-cholecystectomy patients with T-drainage (2003)

TENS decreased basal as well as elevated IDP in the majority of the T-drain patients studied. The effect of TENS persisted after its termination. Elevated IDP is believed to be responsible for pain in patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD). Therefore, we think that TENS can be used effectively and safely as an optional therapeutic method in the treatment of biliary dyskinesia.
ChemInform Abstract: Action of Acid on 6‐Thio‐hexose Derivatives. Synthesis of 1,6‐Epithio‐hexofuranoses. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
XXXIV.—Influence of the nascent state on the combination of dry carbon monoxide and oxygen (1900)

E. J. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1900, 77, 361 DOI: 10.1039/CT9007700361
Histologic Evaluation of Periodontal Implants in a Biologically “Closed” Model (1987)

To study the biologic response, three commercial calcium phosphate implant materials (Calcitite, Periograf, Synthograft) were implanted in cuspid root "windows" in four beagle dogs. No implant material was placed in the fourth cuspid window which served as a control. Following mucoperiosteal flap elevation, windows were chiseled in bone to the root surface which allowed implant particles to contact bone, fibrous connective tissue, cementum and dentin without exposure to the oral environment. Animals were sacrificed after 1, 3, 5 and 6 months. Histologically, all implant materials were well tolerated. At 1 month, implant particles were surrounded by fibrous tissue. Fibrous tissues filled the control defect. At 3 months, implant sites exhibited partial bony repair with connective tissue surrounding implant particles. A ring of osteoid surrounded Synthograft particles. Control defect repair was complete. At 5 and 6 months, implant sites exhibited advanced, though incomplete, bony repair. New bone encompassed the Synthograft particles. It was concluded: Control sites healed most rapidly. Calcitite and Periograft were well tolerated space occupiers. Synthograft was a nidus for bone deposition.
Structure and bonding of the first .eta.2-coordinated tetraphosphido ligand: molecular structure of trans-chlorobis(triphenylphosphine)tetraphosphidorhodium-bis(dichloromethane) (trans-[Rh(P4)(PPh3)2Cl].2CH2Cl2) at 185 K (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure and bonding of the first .eta.2-coordinated tetraphosphido ligand: molecular structure of trans-chlorobis(triphenylphosphine)tetraphosphidorhodium-bis(dichloromethane) (trans-[Rh(P4)(PPh3)2Cl].2CH2Cl2) at 185 KW. Edward Lindsell, Kevin J. McCullough, and Alan J. WelchCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 13, 4487–4489Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00351a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00351a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views155Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine. An unusual nucleoside analogue that permeates the membrane of human erythrocytes and lymphocytes by nonfacilitated diffusion. (1987)

The demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (N3dThd) against the infectivity and the cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus has prompted an investigation of the mechanism by which this nucleoside analogue permeates the cell membrane. As with the transport of thymidine, the influx of N3dThd into human erythrocytes and lymphocytes was nonconcentrative during short incubation times (less than 5 min) which did not allow significant metabolism of this nucleoside. However, in contrast with thymidine transport, the initial velocity of N3dThd influx was strictly a linear function of nucleoside concentration (0.5-10 mM), without evidence of saturability; insensitive to micromolar concentrations of potent inhibitors of nucleoside transport (dipyridamole, 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine, and dilazep); insensitive to a 1000-fold excess of other nucleosides (thymidine, uridine, 2-chloroadenosine); and relatively insensitive to temperature, with Q10 values (37-27 degrees C) of 1.4 and 2.7 for N3dThd and thymidine, respectively, determined in erythrocytes. Although the above results indicate that N3dThd permeates the cell membrane chiefly by nonfacilitated diffusion and not via the nucleoside transporter, millimolar concentrations of this nucleoside analogue were observed to inhibit both zero-trans influx of thymidine and efflux of thymidine from [3H]thymidine-loaded erythrocytes. The partition coefficients (1-octanol:0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.0) of N3dThd and thymidine were determined to be 1.26 and 0.064, respectively. The unusual ability of N3dThd to diffuse across cell membranes independently of the nucleoside transport system may be attributed to the considerable lipophilicity imparted to this molecule by the replacement of the 3'-hydroxyl group of thymidine with an azido moiety.
Assessing dual use embedded security for IMA (2013)

Next generation Systems-of-Systems (SoS) Manned and Unmanned Integrated Modular Avionics (IMAs) designs will be challenged to appropriately address emerging security requirements for enhanced Information Assurance (IA) and Trusted Processing (TP). Improvements in security must be accomplished in concert with appropriate insertion of emerging next generation COTS Open Standards leveraging more highly integrated System-on-Chip (SoC) hardware components. New security extensions also need to comply with industry software domain initiatives including Future Airborne Capability Environment (FACE <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TM</sup> ). At the same time these security extensions need to address mandates for Global Information Grid (GIG) IA and derived protection of Critical Program Information (CPI)/counterfeit components with TP and Trusted Manufacturing (TM) infrastructure. The security threat complexity needs to address exponential pressures in Cyber Warfare with 50-100 Billion interconnected software based devices. It also needs to address the hardware component counterfeit/modification challenges as we move to 10+ Billion transistor chips by 2020 and have further dependence on global supply chain Intellectual Property (IP) and manufacturing. Security is a dual use technology that is receiving focused investment at the university and commercial industry levels. There is a need to be aware of what potential there is for exploiting dual use developments that can be leveraged from investments in cyber security for embedded systems infrastructure. Integrated security initiatives for next generation automobile architecture initiatives like the E-safety Vehicle InTrusion protected Applications (EVITA) project, PREparing SEcuRe Vehicle-to-X Communication Systems (PRESERVE) project, and the AUTomotive Open Systems ARchitecture (AutoSAR) project provide a taxonomy for structuring the dual use assessment. This paper presents a sampling of current university research and future industry initiatives in automotive security for embedded systems and the potential relevance to addressing needs in next generation IMA.
Denosumab: a new option in the treatment of bone metastases from urological cancers (2012)

BONE METASTASES OFTEN CREATE SERIOUS CLINICAL PROBLEMS: they lead to poor performance status due to pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression and intractable pain, commonly referred to as skeletal-related events. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), the RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor for RANK, regulate osteoclastogenesis and may play a key role in bone metastasis. Denosumab (XGEVA; Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds to and neutralizes RANKL, inhibits osteoclast function, prevents generalized bone resorption and local bone destruction, and has become a therapeutic option for preventing or delaying first on-study skeletal-related events in various malignancies. In the context of urological cancer, three main Phase III clinical studies have been published in prostate cancer. This article provides a brief overview of the characteristics of bone metastasis in urological cancers, reviews the mechanisms of bone metastasis, including the RANK/RANKL/osteoprotegerin axis, the current standard of care, zoledronic acid, and describes the efficacy of the novel bone-targeted agent denosumab in bone metastasis. Denosumab is emerging as a key therapeutic option in the treatment of bone metastases from urological cancers.