gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of solutions, techniques and pressure in wound cleansing (2004)

This systematic review updates a previous review published in 2001. Cleansing is a vital component of wound management; however; little attention has been give to the solutions and techniques used for cleansing purposes. The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of different solutions, pressures and techniques used for wound cleansing to prevent infection and promote wound healing.Randomised and clinical controlled trials were identified using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Additional searches of other databases and hand searches of journals and bibliographies was undertaken to identify further trials.All randomised and clinical controlled trials involving adults and/or children whose wounds were cleaned with commercial cleansers, normal saline, water, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide or povidone-iodine were eligible for inclusion. Studies that utilised solutions for preoperative skin cleansing, compared solutions for burns or dental procedures, and those that compared dressings for patients with ulcers were excluded from this review. Outcomes included rate of healing, incidence of infections or levels of bacterial count. Selection of potential articles, assessment of methodological quality and data abstraction was conducted independently by two reviewers. Trials with similar patients, comparisons, and outcomes were pooled. The data were analysed using Cochrane Review Manager 4.2. Where pooling was inappropriate, trials are discussed in a narrative review.Fourteen randomised controlled trials were included that compared various solutions for wound cleansing. The evidence indicates that there is no difference in the infection and healing rates in acute and chronic wounds cleansed with either tap water or normal saline. An irrigation pressure of 13 psi is effective for cleansing wounds and reducing infection without causing tissue trauma.There were no studies comparing common techniques for wound cleansing such as swabbing or scrubbing. Showering postoperative wounds did not demonstrate any difference in infection rates; however, it increased the morale of the patient. Whirlpool therapy was effective in reducing inflammation and pain in surgical wounds.These conclusions are based on the best available clinical evidence. However, there is an urgent need to support these findings with rigorous research as some of the conclusions are based on single studies with limited sample sizes.Solutions for wound cleansing:Pressure for wound cleansing:Techniques for wound cleansing.
Hardware dead time compensation for VSI based electrical drives (2002)

A full hardware modulator board for space vector modulation which allows for dead time effects compensation is presented in this paper. It consists of a fully integrated digital set-up implemented on a programmable logic device. It is based on an adequate modification of the switching sequence generation on the base of the phase stator current signs and of the power modules status. In this paper, a detailed description of the modulator set-up is provided together with some experimental results.
Calibration of a digital phased array for polarimetric radar (2010)

When an active phased array is used for polarimetric radar applications, the system must be calibrated to reflect the fact that polarization of the transmitted and received fields is dependent on the scan angle. This paper discusses the challenges of polarimetric phased array calibration, and demonstrates these techniques using a linear array of eight S-band dual-polarized antennas connected to an active Digital Array Radar (DAR) prototype system. The ability to accurately measure polarimetric scattering matrices is demonstrated after using direct far-field measurements to compensate for polarization errors on receive and target reflection measurements to compensate for transmit polarization errors.
The <scp>ICN</scp> Leadership For Change<sup>™</sup> Programme – 20 years of growing influence (2016)

Nurse leaders can improve the health and well-being of their nations in collaboration with consumers and other key stakeholders. Nurse leaders are critical in improving health systems, their work places and broader societal challenges through sound nursing practice, education, research and evidence-based health and social policy change.
Low frequency phonons in nanoparticles (2006)

The consequence of the phonon confinement on the phonon spectra particularly the low frequency spectra in nanocrystal quantum dots has been investigated. Due to the phonon confinement effect, there appears spheroidal and quadrupolar modes of nanoparticles in the low frequency spectra. The frequency of these modes increases with the decrease of the size of the nanocrystal quantum dot (nanoparticle). The effect of surrounding medium on the phonon spectra of the nanoparticles, which is observed as the broadening of the phonon line shape due to the acoustic mismatch at the surface of the nanoparticles has also been discussed. The effect of density of the surrounding medium on the phonon modes has been discussed and the results on the damping constant and quality factor have been studied.
Efficient DNA sequencing on microtiter plates using dried reagents and Bst DNA polymerase (1993)

Sequenase, Taq DNA polymerase and Bst DNA polymerase were tested for sequencing of DNA on microtiter plates using dried down reagents. Several parameters were investigated to expedite the drying process while minimizing damage to the enzyme. Sequenase did not tolerate drying very well, and frequently generated sequences with weak signals and many sites of premature termination. With Taq DNA polymerase it was possible to obtain sequences of good quality. However, there was considerable variation of results between experiments and between batches of microtiter plates. Bst DNA polymerase generated sequences of excellent quality. It was stable for more than a week in dried-down state at -20 degrees C and at least overnight at room temperature. The method described here using Bst DNA polymerase is well suited for laboratory robots and workstations that typically employ 96-well microtiter plates.
Identification of low molecular weight proteins isolated by 2‐D liquid separations (2004)

Proteins with molecular mass (M(r)) <20 kDa are often poorly separated in 2-D sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition, low-M(r) proteins may not be readily identified using peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) owing to the small number of peptides generated in tryptic digestion. In this work, we used a 2-D liquid separation method based on chromatofocusing and non-porous silica reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to purify proteins for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric (MALDI-TOFMS) analysis and protein identification. Several proteins were identified using the PMF method where the result was supported using an accurate M(r) value obtained from electrospray ionization TOFMS. However, many proteins were not identified owing to an insufficient number of peptides observed in the MALDI-TOF experiments. The small number of peptides detected in MALDI-TOFMS can result from internal fragmentation, the few arginines in its sequence and incomplete tryptic digestion. MALDI-QTOFMS/MS can be used to identify many of these proteins. The accurate experimental M(r) and pI confirm identification and aid in identifying post-translational modifications such as truncations and acetylations. In some cases, high-quality MS/MS data obtained from the MALDI-QTOF spectrometer overcome preferential cleavages and result in protein identification.
Amatoxins as RNA Polymerase II Inhibiting Antibody–Drug Conjugate (ADC) Payloads (2019)

Amatoxins are a group of natural toxins which occur in the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides). They work by inhibiting RNA polymerase II, which results in apoptosis. RNA-polymerase II inhibition is a novel mechanism of action in cancer therapy and offers the possibility of breaking through drug resistance or destroying dormant tumour cells, which could produce major clinical advances. Amanitin, as the most potent member of this toxin family, has been made accessible for cancer therapy by developing it as a payload for antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). This chapter describes the discovery and chemistry of the amatoxins, and the development of the amanitin-ADC technology.
Performance Analysis of Time-Reversal Based Precoding Schemes in MISO-OFDM Systems (2015)

Time-Reversal (TR) precoding schemes are regarded as promising candidates for robust and energy efficient wireless systems. These schemes are characterized by their low computational complexity at the receiver side. In multipath Rayleigh fading channel, this paper presents analytical expressions of the average bit error rate (BER) of TR technique and the Equal Gain Transmission (EGT) scheme in MISO-OFDM systems. It further provides simple and tight upper bounds on the ergodic capacity of these schemes. Hence, these theoretical analyses might be very useful to avoid lengthy simulations. It also provides an interesting conclusion: for large number of transmit antennas, i.e. in Massive MIMO, TR technique outperforms the EGT scheme and its performance approaches that of Maximum Ratio Transmission (MRT) scheme. Hence, it confirms the applicability of TR scheme in the future Massive MIMO systems. Results with LTE-A system parameters are provided in order to corroborate our analysis.
The relation between fetal heart rate accelerations and fetal movements. (1983)

Fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations associated with fetal movements is considered a sign of fetal well-being. Fetal movements as felt by the pregnant woman and visualized by real-time ultrasonography were correlated to FHR accelerations in 52 normal and high-risk pregnant women. All fetal movements felt by the mother or seen in the real-time ultrasonography were associated with large FHR accelerations (more than 15 beats per minute lasting 15 seconds or more) or small accelerations (fewer than 15 beats per minute). The large accelerations were associated with 78.6% of fetal movements felt by the mother and 99.6% of fetal movements seen by real-time ultrasonography. The small accelerations were associated with 52.9% of fetal movements felt by the mother and 82.4% of fetal movements seen by ultrasonography. Mothers felt 75.7% of fetal movements seen by real-time ultrasonography. It was concluded that fetal movements could be verified by existence of large accelerations on the FHR tracing.
Development of an optimized backbone of FRET biosensors for kinases and GTPases (2011)

Biosensors based on the principle of Förster (or fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) have shed new light on the spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling molecules. Among them, intramolecular FRET biosensors have been increasingly used due to their high sensitivity and user-friendliness. Time-consuming optimizations by trial and error, however, obstructed the development of intramolecular FRET biosensors. Here we report an optimized backbone for rapid development of highly sensitive intramolecular FRET biosensors. The key concept is to exclude the "orientation-dependent" FRET and to render the biosensors completely "distance-dependent" with a long, flexible linker. We optimized a pair of fluorescent proteins for distance-dependent biosensors, and then developed a long, flexible linker ranging from 116 to 244 amino acids in length, which reduced the basal FRET signal and thereby increased the gain of the FRET biosensors. Computational simulations provided insight into the mechanisms by which this optimized system was the rational strategy for intramolecular FRET biosensors. With this backbone system, we improved previously reported FRET biosensors of PKA, ERK, JNK, EGFR/Abl, Ras, and Rac1. Furthermore, this backbone enabled us to develop novel FRET biosensors for several kinases of RSK, S6K, Akt, and PKC and to perform quantitative evaluation of kinase inhibitors in living cells.
Determination and detoxification of cyanide content in sorghum for ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (2011)

Sorghum is a promising crop for the animal feed and fuel ethanol production. Presence of cyanide in its biomass, particularly in the tips of young leaves, carries some risk of toxicity to livestock and microbes, especially when at an immature stage of growth, its application may be restricted. The study was carried out at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi with nine forage sorghum cultivars to determine cyanide content and its detoxification and fermentation. The cyanide content in sorghum biomass varied with the development stages and plant height. It ranged from 5.41 to 6.65 mg/100g at heading (50 to 82 cm height) and gradually decreased at flowering stage (82 to 175 cm height) from 2.75 to 3.46 mg/100 g. The minimum cyanide content was observed at milking (1.68 to 2.66 mg/100g) and dough stage (1.49 to 2.75 mg/100g) when the height was 175 to 220 cm.Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, NCIM, 3186 was used to carry out fermentation of sorghum juice and found capable of detoxification and reduction of the cyanide content up to 84.6% improving the ethanol yield and fermentation efficiency by 91.8%. Thus, the utilization of sorghum cultivars at milking and dough stage could be considered safe to be for feed and fuel ethanol production.

	 

	Key words: Cyanide, detoxification, sorghum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ethanol yield.
Activation of the I-394 Laboratory for ITS Operational Testing: Phase I (1998)

This and other related research have two primary objectives:\n1. To develop practical operational tools which can be deployed for use in traffic-management and transportationsplanning\nactivities.\n2. To develop a laboratory infrastructure which will facilitate future advances in traffic modeling and other ITS\ninitiatives.\nThe objectives of this particular research project are as follows:\n* A thorough examination and documentation of the 1-394 system's specifications.\n* Diagnosis of the working condition of the 1-394 system.\n* Negotiation and implementation of a repair plan\n* Establishing a communications connection between the ITS Lab and the Traffic Management Center (TMC).\n* Activation of the 1-394 Lab, which will include a user's guide that describes the steps a user should take to access\nvideo, make a connection to the TMC and the 1-394 system, and configure the system for traffic detection and\ndata collection.\nA completed 1-394 Lab would be a unique and valuable tool for obtaining information that loop-detectors have been\nunable to supply. This information includes flow dynamics, incident behavior, capacity, and other traffic-flow\ncharacteristics. This information is vital for fine tuning operational tools and schemes to be deployed in a future\nTMC, and will also provide an information foundation for future research and development.
An Electric Power Generation System for Launch Vehicles (2006)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Launch vehicles that use electric actuators for thrust vector or flight control require a safe, reliable and lightweight source of electrical power. Honeywell, working with NASA Glenn Research Center and Lockheed Martin Space Systems, has developed and successfully tested a turbine-driven electric power generation system which meets these needs.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This Turbine Power Unit (TPU) uses hydrogen and oxygen propellants which react catalytically to drive a shaft-speed turboalternator mounted on foil bearings. A high-reactance permanent-magnet machine (HRPMM) was selected for this application. The power conditioning and control electronics can be located within the TPU housing and the hydrogen fuel can be used to pressurize the bearings and electronics and to regeneratively cool the machine.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A brassboard unit incorporating many of these features was successfully tested at output power levels from 0 to 138 kilowatts (kW). The 270 Vdc system was designed to meet the electromagnetic compliance requirements of MIL-STD-461E and the power quality requirements of MIL-STD-704E. Testing included continuous operation at loads up to 80 kW, load transient tests to verify power quality during steps of up to 120 kW at 300 amps/msec, and restart tests with shutdown intervals ranging from a few milliseconds up to 8 minutes. Testing culminated with a successful flight simulation test.</div>
XX. Properties of slow electrons in polar materials (1950)

Summary Using a variational method we have investigated the properties of the lowest energy levels in a range ħω above the ground level of the system consisting of an electron and a continuous dielectric medium. The latter is supposed to have a single vibrational frequency ω/2π for long longitudinal polarization waves. The interaction between the electron and the medium then depends on three parameters, the static dielectric constante, ∈ the optical refractive index , and ω. The replacement of a crystalline lattice by a continuum is a good approximation if the length b= (ħ/2mω)1/2 is large compared with the lattice distance, a condition which is usually fulfilled.
Ozone in High Concentrations as Cause of Tobacco Leaf Injury (1959)

Evidence obtained by means of rubber strip tests and an ozone recorder indicates the presence of abnormal concentrations of ozone in the atmosphere at times. Excellent correlation was obtained between appearance of "weather fleck" in tobacco and high values for ozone. The great similarity between lesions occurring naturally and those produced by ozone in chambers also indicates that ozone is the probable inciting agent of weather fleck. Varietal differences exist. Study of stomatal action helped to explain variation in leaf injury.
1A-4 Acoustoelectric Detection of Current Flow in a Neural Recording Chamber (2006)

Acoustic pressure (P) traveling in a biologic fluid or tissue generates a local change in electrical conductivity. This acoustoelectric interaction (AE) induces a voltage modulation that depends on local current, resistance, and pressure. We explore the AE signal as a way to enhance traditional electrophysiology or surface recording of neural signals. A thin stretch tube mimicking an enlarged axon and an abdominal segment of a fresh lobster nerve cord were used as test structures for AE detection in a tri-compartment neural recording chamber. Stimulating electrodes passed low frequency current through the structures, while a pair of recording electrodes detected the high frequency AE signal. Ultrasound transducers from 0.5 to 7.5 MHz delivered P up to 2 MPa. The differentially-recorded AE signal was captured on a fast data acquisition board and saved for post processing. In the lobster nerve cord, the AE signal was linear between the tested range of current densities of 9 to 86 mA/cM2 [18 dB/log(J), r 2=0.96] and P of 0.5 to 2 MPa [21 dB/log(P), r 2 =0.96]. In addition, a transverse scan of the structures produced cross-sectional AE images of current flow with remote detection by the recording electrodes. Results were consistent with AE simulations. This study demonstrates that the AF signal can be used to detect and image current flow in a biologic environment with physiologically relevant current densities and acoustic pressures on par with clinical ultrasound imaging
Pulsed excimer laser deposition of ferroelectric thin films (1992)

Abstract Pulsed UV excimer laser ablation was employed to deposit multi-axial, bi-axial and uni-axial ferroelectric compositions of PZT, bismuth titanate and lead germanate respectively. In general, a fluence lower than 2 J/cm2 caused a preferential evaporation of volatile components, resulting in stoichiometric imbalance. However, the fluences beyond 2 J/cm2 enabled the deposition of stoichiometric thin films of multi-component oxide systems. The intrinsic bombardment due to the energetic ablated species during the thin film deposition seemed to influence the composition, structure, orientation and the electrical properties. The electrical characterization of ferroelectric films indicated a dielectric constant of 800–1000, a Pr of 32μC/cm2 and Ec of 130KV/cm for polycrystalline PZT films and the corresponding quantities were measured to be 150, 7 μC/cm2 and 20 KV/cm for in-situ crystallized c-axis preferred oriented bismuth titanate films. Lead germanate thin films oriented along c-axis (003) showed a dielectric constant of 30, a Pr of 2.5 μC/cm2 and Ec of 55 KV/cm.
Fischer indolization and its related compounds. XXIV. Fischer indolization of ethyl pyruvate 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)phenylhydrazone. (1991)

In order to clarify the mechanism of Fischer indolization of 2-methoxyphenylhydrazones, Fischer indolization of ethyl pyruvate 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)phenylhydrazone (2) was carried out with hydrochloric acid in ethanol and zinc chloride in acetic acid. The reactions proceeded smoothly to give N-arylindoles (11-14) and some chlorinated diphenylamine derivatives (8-10) as by-products. Consideration of the indole products revealed that the Fischer indolization proceeded mainly at the unsubstitued phenyl nucleus rather than at the 2-methoxyphenyl nucleus. This result is inconsistent with the previous result that Fischer indolization of diarylhydrazones proceeded at the electron-richer nucleus. The structures of the diphenylamines were determined by chemical means and the mechanism of their formation is discussed.
¿Es realmente doble la doble mayoría? La segunda ronda del debate sobre el sistema de votación en el Tratado Constitucional de la UE (2007)

El sistema de votación del Consejo de la UE ha estado sometido a constante negociación durante los últimos 15 años, a la vista de las sucesivas ampliaciones y desembocando en el Tratado de Niza y el Tratado Constitucional. Este último reemplazó el tradicional sistema de votos ponderados por una doble mayoría del 55% de los Estados miembros y del 65% de la población. El debate debería entenderse fundamentalmente desde la perspectiva del equilibrio de poder entre los países grandes y pequeños en una Unión ampliada. Este documento pretende explicar los efectos de la doble mayoría con unos métodos más rudimentarios pero también más realistas que los cálculos del poder de voto, situándolos además en su contexto político. En él se demostrará que las duras críticas vertidas contra el sistema impuesto por el Tratado de Niza por considerarse complejo y poco eficaz son en gran parte exageradas. Con la mayoría doble impuesta por el Tratado Constitucional el equilibrio de poder entre los Estados miembros quedaría determinado enteramente, en la práctica, por el tamaño de sus poblaciones. El número de Estados muy rara vez desempeñaría algún papel, independientemente de los umbrales impuestos para las poblaciones o los Estados. El resultado es una variación sustancial del equilibrio entre los Estados miembros. Éste fue el aspecto más polémico de las negociaciones sobre el Tratado Constitucional, pero tras su firma apenas ha vuelto a debatirse. Ahora que los tratados van a volver a negociarse vuelve a plantearse esa cuestión, y es probable que Polonia, y también posiblemente la República Checa, formulen propuestas para un modelo distinto. Por tanto, el documento examina también otras opciones, en caso de que se produzca un debate sustancial sobre esta cuestión, así como las posibilidades de que éstas puedan llegar a permitir que se alcance un acuerdo.