gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Surface Treatment on Schottky Barrier Height of p-Type GaN (2003)

The chemical bonding state and atomic composition at the surface of p-type GaN were studied by synchrotron radiation photo-emission spectroscopy. Ga-related oxides existed even after surface treatment using HCl solution, causing pinning of the surface Fermi level (E-F) at 0.62 eV above valence band maximum (E-V). Meanwhile, aqua regia treatment is effective in removing the surface oxide, resulting in the movement of the Fermi level toward E-V (E-F - E-V = 0.30 eV). This resulted from the existence of Ga vacancies underneath the surface oxide. As a result, the slope in the plot of Schottky barrier height with the metal work function was increased. (C) 2003 The Electrochemical Society.
A Polymorphism Exon 1 Variant at the Locus of the Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I (<i>SCARB1</i>) Gene Is Associated with Differences in Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy People during the Consumption of an Olive Oil-Rich Diet (2005)

Our findings show that carriers of the G/A genotype have significant increases in insulin sensitivity after a MUFA-rich diet compared with G/G individuals.
Expression of type I interferon receptor in solid tumors of childhood. (1997)

Interferon alpha (IFN alpha) is used as an antineoplastic agent, both in hematopoietic malignancies and in solid tumors, because of its immunomodulatory action and direct antitumor activity. IFN alpha binds to specific cell-surface receptors that mediate its biologic activity. We studied the expression of IFN alpha receptors in pediatric solid tumors by use of the monoclonal antibody IFNaR3, which specifically recognizes the alpha subunit of the IFN Type I receptor. In three cell lines derived from those tumors, we determined the structure of the receptors by affinity cross-linking and immunoprecipitation techniques, and we determined their ability to mediate an antiproliferative effect. All of the tumor specimens studied by immunocytochemical analysis, including neuroblastomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and rhabdomyosarcomas, stained positive for the IFN alpha receptor antibody, although in some cases immunoreactivity was weak. The three cell lines, derived from a neuroblastoma, a primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and a Ewing's sarcoma, respectively, showed the same pattern of IFN alpha receptor expression, both by affinity crosslinking and immunoprecipitation assays. Treatment with IFN alpha of those cell lines induces growth inhibition in vitro. These results suggest that IFN Type I receptor might be expressed in most solid tumors of childhood and that its structure is identical to the receptor expressed by the majority of hematologic malignancies.
Axonal regeneration from injured dorsal roots into the spinal cord of adult rats (1999)

Injury to the central processes of primary sensory neurons produces less profound changes in the expression of growth-related molecules and less vigorous axonal regeneration than does injury to their peripheral processes. The left L4, L5, and L6 dorsal roots of deeply anaesthetized adult Sprague-Dawley rats were severed and reanastomosed, and in some animals, the ipsilateral sciatic nerve was crushed to increase the expression of growth-related molecules. After between 28 days and three months, the sciatic nerve of most animals was injected with transganglionic tracers and the animals were killed 2-3 days later. Other animals were perfused for electron microscopy. Very few regenerating axons entered the spinal cord of the rats without sciatic nerve injuries. Labelled axons, however, were always found in the spinal cord of rats with sciatic nerve injuries. They often entered the cord around blood vessels, ran rostrally within the superficial dorsal horn, and avoided the degenerating white matter. The animals with a conditioning sciatic nerve crush had many more myelinated axons around the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) and on the surface of the cord. Thus, a conditioning lesion of their peripheral processes increased the ability of the central processes of myelinated A fibres to regenerate, including to sites (such as lamina II) they do not normally occupy. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and meningeal fibroblasts in and around the DREZ may have inhibited regeneration in that region, but growth of the axons into the deep grey matter and degenerated dorsal column was also blocked.
Part 9: Post–Cardiac Arrest Care (2010)

The goal of immediate post-cardiac arrest care is to optimize systemic perfusion, restore metabolic homeostasis, and support organ system function to increase the likelihood of intact neurological survival. The post-cardiac arrest period is often marked by hemodynamic instability as well as metabolic abnormalities. Support and treatment of acute myocardial dysfunction and acute myocardial ischemia can increase the probability of survival. Interventions to reduce secondary brain injury, such as therapeutic hypothermia, can improve survival and neurological recovery. Every organ system is at risk during this period, and patients are at risk of developing multiorgan dysfunction. The comprehensive treatment of diverse problems after cardiac arrest involves multidisciplinary aspects of critical care, cardiology, and neurology. For this reason, it is important to admit patients to appropriate critical-care units with a prospective plan of care to anticipate, monitor, and treat each of these diverse problems. It is also important to appreciate the relative strengths and weaknesses of different tools for estimating the prognosis of patients after cardiac arrest.
Mechanically alloyed Mg/sub 2/Si/sub 1-x/Sn/sub x/ solid solutions as thermoelectric materials (2002)

Mg/sub 2/Si/sub 1-x/Sn/sub x/ solid solutions with (0/spl les/x/spl les/0.4) were prepared by mechanical alloying and subsequent hot-pressing. It was found that the alloying process during milling develops in one of two different directions. The first one leads to the nominal composition with only a small amount of iron impurities resulting from wear of the milling media. In the second route-which only occurs in the presence of Sn-an abrasive phase is formed and the Fe content may increase up to 50 at%. The Fe is bound in FeSi and consequently, the solid solution has a lack of Si. The hot-pressing was performed at a temperature smaller than the peritectic temperature of the quasibinary Mg/sub 2/Si-Mg/sub 2/Sn system. A decomposition of the solid solutions occurs, which suggest changes on the miscibility gap in published phase diagrams. However, some transport measurements on the multiphase materials were performed, which revealed lower mobility values and lattice thermal conductivities compared to values published in the literature for single crystalline materials. The mobility of our materials was found to be independent from composition whereas the thermal conductivity decreases with increasing Sn content.
Effect of Ultraviolet Light on Mengovirus: Formation of Uracil Dimers, Instability and Degradation of Capsid, and Covalent Linkage of Protein to Viral RNA (1974)

UV irradiation of purified mengovirus resulted in a very rapid inactivation of the infectivity of the virions (D(37) [37% survival dose] = 700 ergs/mm(2)) which correlated in time with the formation of uracil dimers in the viral RNA. During the first 2 min of irradiation, an average of 1.7 uracil dimers were formed per PFU of virus inactivated. Hemagglutination activity of the virions began to decrease only after a lag period of about 5 min and at a much lower rate (D(37) = 84,000 ergs/mm(2)). This decrease coincided in time with the appearance of altered proteins in the capsid and a structural change in the capsid. Although 10- to 20-min irradiated virions appeared intact in the electron microscope and sedimented at 150S in sucrose density gradients, the RNA of the virions became accessible to RNase and extractable by low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the virions broke down upon equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl gradients. During longer periods of irradiation (30 to 60 min), a progressively greater proportion of the virions were converted to 14S protein particles and 80S ribonucleoprotein particles composed of intact viral RNA and about 30% of the capsid proteins, alpha, beta, and gamma. Empty capsids were not detectable at any time during 60 min of irradiation, by which time disruption of the virions was complete. Irradiation of complete virions also resulted in an increased sedimentation rate of the viral RNA and in the covalent linkage to the viral RNA of about 1% of the total capsid protein in the form of heterogeneous low-molecular-weight polypeptides. The two observations seem to be causally related, since irradiation of isolated viral RNA did not result in an increase in sedimentation rate of the RNA, even though uracil dimer formation in viral RNA occurred at about the same rate and to the same extent whether intact virions or viral RNA were irradiated.
A case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): treatment with local application of alcohol and interleukin 2 (IL-2). (2004)

A case of an inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma due to liver cirrhosis is presented. Surgical treatment was not clinically warranted. So we decided to induce tumor necrosis by intratumoral injections of 10 mL of ethanol followed by two treatments with 9 x 10(6) U Chiron interleukin-2 with an interval of 1 month. This ethanol-interleukin-2 cycle was repeated three times with intervals of 6 months. Interleukin-2 injections were given by a fine needle, under ultrasound control in the periphery and in the center of the tumor. The initial size of the tumor was 55-60 mm. During the follow-up period of 2 years the tumor size remained relatively unchanged. The patient died due to gastric hemorrhage. The treatment elicited no adverse clinical effects. The clinical status improved greatly after this treatment. Local interleukin-2 application after alcohol-induced tumor ablation might be an alternative if surgical treatment is not warranted.
Statistics of Penetration Depth of Photons Re-emitted from Irradiated Tissue (1989)

Abstract We derive some statistical properties of photons emitted from bulk tissue that has been irradiated by a continuous beam of laser light. The properties include the distribution and moments of the depth reached by a photon, conditional on its having reached the surface at a (dimensionless) distance, ϱ, from the point of entry of the beam into the tissue. Theoretical predictions are made on the basis of a lattice random-walk model and are checked by simulations of the light penetration problem for a more realistic continuum model.
Serum response factor: master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and contractile apparatus (2006)

Serum response factor (SRF) is a highly conserved and widely expressed, single copy transcription factor that theoretically binds up to 1,216 permutations of a 10-base pair cis element known as the CArG box. SRF-binding sites were defined initially in growth-related genes. Gene inactivation or knockdown studies in species ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to mice have consistently shown loss of SRF to be incompatible with life. However, rather than being critical for proliferation and growth, these genetic studies point to a crucial role for SRF in cellular migration and normal actin cytoskeleton and contractile biology. In fact, recent genomic studies reveal nearly half of the >200 SRF target genes encoding proteins with functions related to actin dynamics, lamellipodial/filopodial formation, integrin-cytoskeletal coupling, myofibrillogenesis, and muscle contraction. SRF has therefore emerged as a dispensable transcription factor for cellular growth but an absolutely essential orchestrator of actin cytoskeleton and contractile homeostasis. This review summarizes the recent genomic and genetic analyses of CArG-SRF that support its role as an ancient, master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and contractile machinery.
Constant-beamwidth and constant-powerwidth wideband robust Capon beamformers for acoustic imaging (2004)

The standard Capon beamformer (SCB) is sensitive to the mismatch between the assumed and actual array steering vector, which occurs often in practice. Recently a robust Capon beamformer (RCB) was proposed by extending the SCB to the case of uncertain array steering vectors. In certain applications such as acoustic imaging, it is desirable that the beamwidth is constant across the frequency bins. This prevents future corrections for different frequencies and contributes to consistent sound pressure level (SPL) estimation, which means that for an acoustic wideband monopole source with a flat spectrum the acoustic image for each frequency bin stays the same. However, the beamwidth of RCB decreases with frequency, which can lead to inconsistent imaging results across the frequencies. In this paper two beamformers are proposed, namely a constant-beamwidth robust Capon beamformer (CBRCB) and a constant-powerwidth robust Capon beamformer (CPRCB), as extensions of RCB for consistent wideband acoustic imaging. Both CBRCB and CPRCB are more robust against array steering vector errors and finite sample size problems than SCB and have better resolution and interference suppression capability than data-independent beamformers. Moreover, they both can be efficiently implemented. The effectiveness of CBRCB and CPRCB is demonstrated via a number of simulated and experimental examples.
Influence of the Cross Sectional Shape of Board-integrated Optical Waveguides on the Propagation Characteristics (2002)

The influence of the cross s ectional shape of highly multimode optical step-index waveguides on the attenuation is analyzed by an advanced ray tracing method, which is able to take mode coupling and additional losses due to surface roughness into account. Straight waveguides with trapezoidal crosssections, characterized by different tilt angles are investigated and their static propagation characteristic is compared to that of a waveguide with a rectangular cross-section.
Grass–herbivore interactions altered by strains of a native endophyte (2006)

Many plants support symbiotic microbes, such as endophytic fungi, that can alter interactions with herbivores. Most endophyte research has focused on agronomically important species, with less known about the ecological roles of native endophytes in native plants. In particular, whether genetic variation among endophyte symbionts affects herbivores of plant hosts remains unresolved for most native endophytes. Here, we investigate the importance of native isolates of the endophyte Epichloë elymi in affecting herbivory of the native grass host, Elymus hystrix. Experimental fungal isolate-plant genotype combinations and endophyte-free control plants were grown in a common garden and exposed to natural arthropod herbivory. Fungal isolates differed in their effects on two types of herbivory, chewing and scraping. Isolates exhibiting greater sexual reproduction were associated with greater herbivore damage than primarily asexual isolates. Endophyte infection also altered patterns of herbivory within plants, with stroma-bearing tillers experiencing up to 30% greater damage than nonstroma-bearing tillers. Results suggest that intraspecific genetic variation in endophytes, like plant genetic variation, can have important 'bottom-up' effects on herbivores in native systems.
Frequency and Time Standards (1955)

Improvements in astronomical time measurement techniques and in the definition of time have kept pace with developments in frequency standards. Quartz crystal frequency standards are described, including Essen rings, bars, GT-cut plates, and contoured AT-cut plates. Stable oscillator circuits for quartz-crystal frequency standards are described, including the Meacham bridge-stabilized circuit, the Gouriet-Clapp circuit, and the Lea quartz-resonator-servo circuit. A discussion of the present status of atomic and molecular frequency standards includes the ammonia absorption cell, ammonia oscillator (MASER), and cesium atomic-beam apparatus. Instrumentation for precision frequency measurement is outlined, and a current listing of standard-frequency broadcast stations is included.
Formate dehydrogenase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. Purification and spectroscopic characterization of the cofactors. (1991)

NAD(+)-coupled formate dehydrogenase has been purified to near-homogeneity from the obligate methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. The inclusion of stabilizing reagents in the purification buffers has resulted in a 3-fold increase in specific activity (98 microM/min/mg; turnover number 600 s-1) and as much as a 25-fold increase in yield over previously reported purification protocols. The enzyme, (molecular weight 400,000 +/- 20,000) is composed of four subunit types (alpha, 98,000; beta, 56,000; gamma, 20,000; delta, 11,500) apparently associated as 2 alpha beta gamma delta protomers. The holoenzyme contains flavin (1.8 +/- 0.2), iron (46 +/- 6), inorganic sulfide (38 +/- 4), and molybdenum (1.5 +/- 0.1). The flavin is optically similar to the common flavin cofactors, but it is chromatographically distinct. Anaerobic incubation of the enzyme with formate, NADH, or sodium dithionite, resulted in approximately 50% reduction of the iron and elicited an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum (approximately 2.5 spins/protomer) from which the spectra of five distinct EPR-active centers could be resolved in the g = 1.94 region. Four of these spectra were characteristic of [Fe-S]x clusters. The fifth (gave = 1.99; approximately 0.1 spins/protomer) was similar to that observed for the molybdenum cofactor of xanthine oxidase, and it exhibited the expected hyperfine splitting when the enzyme was enriched with 95Mo (I = 5/2). Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that all of the iron in the enzyme became reduced upon the addition of a redox mediator, proflavin, to the dithionite reduced enzyme at pH 8.0. Nevertheless, a decrease in the EPR-active spin concentration in the g = 1.94 region of the spectrum occurred and was attributed to the reduction of the molybdenum center to the EPR-silent Mo(IV) state (S = 1). The fully reduced enzyme also exhibited a new species with an S = 3/2 ground state (1-2 spins/protomer). Addition of 50% ethylene glycol to the fully reduced enzyme revealed no new species, but caused an increase in the EPR-detectable spin quantitation to 5-6 spins/protomer. This suggests that cluster spin-spin interactions may occur in both the partially and fully reduced native enzyme.
Ba(Zr<sub>0.1</sub>Ce<sub>0.7</sub>Y<sub>0.2</sub>)O<sub>3–δ</sub> as an Electrolyte for Low‐Temperature Solid‐Oxide Fuel Cells (2006)

The applicability of the proton conductor Ba(Zr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2)O3–δ (BZCY7) as an electrolyte material for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is investigated. The electrolyte material exhibits ionic conductivities (see figure) among the highest known for electrolytes viable for SOFC applications, and the chemical and thermal stability of BZCY7 appear adequate under a range of SOFC operating conditions. Several BZCY7-based single cells are fabricated using a modified dry-pressing method and show encouraging performance characteristics.
Weighted Vote-Based Classifier Ensemble for Named Entity Recognition (2011)

In this article, we report the search capability of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to construct a weighted vote-based classifier ensemble for Named Entity Recognition (NER). Our underlying assumption is that the reliability of predictions of each classifier differs among the various named entity (NE) classes. Thus, it is necessary to quantify the amount of voting of a particular classifier for a particular output class. Here, an attempt is made to determine the appropriate weights of voting for each class in each classifier using GA. The proposed technique is evaluated for four leading Indian languages, namely Bengali, Hindi, Telugu, and Oriya, which are all resource-poor in nature. Evaluation results yield the recall, precision and F-measure values of 92.08%, 92.22%, and 92.15%, respectively for Bengali; 96.07%, 88.63%, and 92.20%, respectively for Hindi; 78.82%, 91.26%, and 84.59%, respectively for Telugu; and 88.56%, 89.98%, and 89.26%, respectively for Oriya. Finally, we evaluate our proposed approach with the benchmark dataset of CoNLL-2003 shared task that yields the overall recall, precision, and F -measure values of 88.72%, 88.64%, and 88.68%, respectively. Results also show that the vote based classifier ensemble identified by the GA-based approach outperforms all the individual classifiers, three conventional baseline ensembles, and some other existing ensemble techniques. In a part of the article, we formulate the problem of feature selection in any classifier under the single objective optimization framework and show that our proposed classifier ensemble attains superior performance to it.
A Unified Local and Global Model for Discourse Coherence (2007)

NOTE TO READERS: We have recently detected a software bug which affects the results of our standalone entity grid experiments. (The bug was in our syntactic analysis code, which incorrectly failed to label the second object of a conjoint VP; in the phrase “wash the dishes and clean the sink”, ‘dishes ’ would be correctly labeled as O but ‘sink ’ mislabeled as X.) This bug happened to have an unfortunate interaction with the ”This is preliminary information ” preamble mentioned in section 5. The results in table 2 above the line are incorrect; our relaxed entity grid does not outperform the naive grid on the discriminative test. This implies that our argument motivating the relaxed model at the end of section 2 is misguided. The design and performance of the joint model is unaffected. We present a model for discourse coherence which combines the local entitybased approach of (Barzilay and Lapata, 2005) and the HMM-based content model
Digital, matrix and intermediate-frequency scanning (2005)

This paper describes circuit configurations for phased arrays which to some degree circumvent the difficulty of obtaining simple electronically-controlled phase shifters for UHF and Microwave frequencies. These configurations include phase shifters operating at an intermediate (i-f) frequency, frequency-scanning systems, within-pulse scanning, switched-multiple-beam antennas, switched-delay-line phase shifters, and digital-processing delay techniques.
Diamond deposition in acetylene–oxygen flames: nucleation and early growth on molybdenum substrates for different pretreatment procedures (1999)

The nucleation phase of diamond is of great importance for its epitaxial growth, and a detailed understanding of this process is therefore desired for many applications. It is known that in chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of diamond films, the pretreatment of the substrate surface may influence the initial growth period. Reasons for this observation are, however, often unclear, and several nucleation concepts have been discussed. In this study, the nucleation and early growth phase of diamond in combustion CVD was investigated for molybdenum substrates as a function of surface pretreatment. In acetylene–oxygen flames at atmospheric pressure, four different pretreatment procedures were employed including polishing with Al2O3 (no specific pretreatment) or additional polishing with diamond paste, graphite or adamantane. Diamond quality, average crystal size and mechanical stress of the films were analysed as a function of deposition time. Diamond growth was found for all these substrate surface preparations; however, qualitative differences were observed in the nucleation kinetics. Upon polishing with diamond paste, the initial nucleation phase is considerably shortened and the stress of the diamond films decreases monotonically. In the other three cases, diamond growth is observed after an induction period, while film quality and mechanical stress pass a maximum. The latter observation is thought to reflect the formation of a coherent film from isolated and unaligned crystals. The results are in accord with diamond nucleation on an intermediate molybdenum carbide layer.