gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unpredictable Migration of Kirschner Pin: Report of Four Cases (2001)

Pins and wires are among the simplest yet most effective tools used in the management of fractures and dislocations; however, several serious complications resulting from pin migration to vital structures, such as the heart, lungs or spinal cord were reported. Our study also shows the unpredictable nature of pin migration. From May 1998 to May 2000, four patients with humeral neck, patella, or ulnar shaft fractures were included in this study. All of these fractures were treated with Kirschner pin (K-pin) fixation. All fracture fixations were followed up in our outpatient department where we observed the unpredictable nature of K-pin migration. We used a C-arm image intensifier to guide the uneventful removal of the migrated pins. Repetitive daily muscular movement, the force of gravity, capillary action, and respiratory action are all considered to be the causes of pin migration; however, the primary cause remains obscure. Even pre-bent K-pins or threaded Steinmann pins are likely to migrate. Restraining devices may be used to avoid pin migration; however, we found the most effective method of preventing pin migration is by close patient follow-up and immediate pin removal upon achieving fracture union.
Planning and Learning (1998)

This chapter contains sections titled: Models and Planning, Integrating Planning, Acting, and Learning, When the Model Is Wrong, Prioritized Sweeping, Full vs. Sample Backups, Trajectory Sampling, Heuristic Search, Summary, Bibliographical and Historical Remarks
Liquid crystal modified photonic crystal fiber (LC-PCF) fabricated with an un-cured SU-8 photoresist sealing technique for electrical flux measurement (2011)

The optical transmission properties of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) can be manipulated by modifying the pattern arrangement of the air channels within them. This paper presents a novel MEMS-based technique for modifying the optical transmission properties of commercial photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) by selectively filling the voids within the fiber structure with liquid crystals. In the proposed approach, an un-cured SU-8 ring pattern with a thickness of 5 μm is fabricated using a novel stamping method. The PCF is then brought into contact with the SU-8 pattern and an infra-red (IR) laser beam is passed through the fiber in order to soften the SU-8 surface; thereby selectively sealing some of the air channels with molten SU-8. Liquid crystals (LCs) are then infiltrated into the un-sealed holes in the PCF via capillary effects in order to modify the transmission properties of the PCF. Two selectively-filled PCFs are fabricated, namely an inner-ring LC-PCF and a single-line LC-PCF, respectively. It is shown that the two LC-PCFs exhibit significantly different optical behaviors. The practical applicability of the proposed selective-filling approach is demonstrated by fabricating an electric field sensor. The experimental results show that the sensor has the ability to measure electric fields with an intensity of up to 40 kV/cm.
Computer modelling of fallen snow (2000)

In this paper, we present a new model of snow accumulation and stability for computer graphics. Our contribution is divided into two major components, each essential for modelling the appearance of a thick layer of snowfall on the ground.
Increasing the efficiency of photodynamic therapy by improved light delivery and oxygen supply using an anticoagulant in a solid tumor model (2010)

Transitory anticoagulation treatment significantly enhances the antitumor effect of PDT. It is mainly due to the improvement of the light delivery and oxygen supply in tumor, and ultimately the amount of ROS produced during PDT.
Chronic gout: epidemiology, disease progression, treatment and disease burden (2010)

The impact of chronic gout, especially if refractory to treatment, on functionality, productivity, quality of life and health care costs can be substantial and is deserving of future research.
Über Pterinchemie 76. Mitteilung [1] Eine einfache Synthese von Leucovorin (1980)

A Convenient Synthesis of Leucovorin The synthesis of leucovorin, a 5‐formyl‐(6 R or S )‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydropteroyl‐ L ‐glutamic acid (II) is described. The L ‐folic acid was first reduced to (6 R , S )‐tetrahy‐dro‐ L ‐folic acid (I); formylation with methyl‐formate in DMSO gave directly leucovorin (as a diastereomeric mixture) in good yields. To demonstrate, that the formylation occurred regiospecifically at N (5) and not at N (10), N (10)‐nitroso‐(6 R , S )‐tetrahydro‐ L ‐folic acid was formylated under the same conditions. Reductive elimination of the N (10)‐nitrosogroup gave the identical leucovorin as in the previous case. The synthetic leucovorin was biologically as active as the natural product with Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 8043 and Pediococcus cerevisiae ATCC 8081.
<i>In Vivo</i> Enzyme Immobilization by Inclusion Body Display (2010)

A novel strategy for in vivo immobilization of enzymes on the surfaces of inclusion bodies has been established. It relies on expression in Escherichia coli of the polyhydroxybutyrate synthase PhaC from Cupriavidus necator, which carries at its amino terminus an engineered negatively charged alpha-helical coil (Ecoil) and forms inclusion bodies upon high-level expression. Coexpression in the same cell of galactose oxidase (GOase) from Fusarium spp. carrying a carboxy-terminal positively charged coil (lysine-rich coil [Kcoil]) sequence results in heterodimeric coiled-coil formation in vivo and in the capture of the enzyme in active form on the surface of the inclusion body particle. These round-shaped enzyme-decorated microparticles, with sizes of approximately 0.7 mum, can be isolated from lysed cells simply by centrifugation. The cost-effective one-step generation and isolation of enzymes immobilized on inclusion body particles may become useful for various applications in bioprocessing and biotransformation.
Recovery within long-running transactions (2013)

As computer systems continue to grow in complexity, the possibility of failure increases. At the same time, the increase in computer system pervasiveness in day-to-day activities bring along increased expectations on their reliability. This has led to the need for effective and automatic error-recovery techniques to resolve failures. Transactions enable the handling of failure propagation over concurrent systems due to dependencies, restoring the system to the point before the failure occurred. However, in various settings, especially when interacting with the real world, reversal is not possible. The notion of compensations has been long advocated as a way of addressing this issue, through the specification of activities which can be executed to undo partial transactions. Still, there is no accepted standard theory; the literature offers a plethora of distinct formalisms and approaches. In this survey, we review the compensations from a theoretical point of view by (i) giving a historic account of the evolution of compensating transactions; (ii) delineating and describing a number of design options involved; (iii) presenting a number of formalisms found in the literature, exposing similarities and differences; (iv) comparing formal notions of compensation correctness; (v) giving insights regarding the application of compensations in practice; and (vi) discussing current and future research trends in the area.
High-performance 480x12x4 linear CMOS IR multiplexer (1999)

This paper describes a linear CMOS IR multiplexer comprising four spectral bands, each with 480 channels of 12 TDI elements. The multiplexer is designed to interface with high R<SUB>0</SUB>A InSb detectors manufactured by Litton EOS, Tempe, AZ. The requirement to handle a wide range of photocurrents down to 100 fA, yet maintaining a signal bandwidth in excess of 2.5 kHz imposed significant demands on the input buffer amplifier design. In addition, each detector cell incorporates a sample/hold stage to allow snapshot operation mode. These features lead to a challenging layout for the 32 micrometers pitch to be met. To optimize dynamic range, each band may be independently operated with one of three gain settings set by switchable capacitors within the unit cell. Other architectural features of the array include bi- directional scanning, externally controllable integration time and electrical test. The array dissipates less than 50 mW of power and exhibits less than 65 noise electrons at high gain setting. A 0.7 micrometers silicon technology was used. Special design techniques were employed to allow operation at 7.5 V, thereby enhancing dynamic range. IR cameras incorporating the multiplexer are currently being delivered to the customer.
The Welfare of Crustaceans at Slaughter (2008)

The most common methods of slaughtering crustaceans include splitting, spiking, chilling, boiling, gassing, “drowning,” and using chemicals or electricity. As crustaceans do not have a centralized nervous system, unlike vertebrates, they do not die immediately upon destruction of one discrete area, such as the brain. New technologies, including the Crustastun electrical stunning and killing system, may improve the welfare of crustaceans during slaughter, which is critically important as most if not all current techniques are inhumane.
Early loss of heterozygosity on 17q in ovarian cancer. The Abe Ovarian Cancer Genetics Group. (1992)

We have studied 146 ovarian tumours (94 carcinomas, 22 tumours of low malignant potential and 30 benign tumours) for evidence of allele loss on chromosome 17p and 17q sufficient to imply the proximity of a tumour-suppressor gene. We have examined two polymorphic loci (YNZ22.2 and BHP53) on 17p13 and one on chromosome 17q (17q23-qter). Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was detected in 34/63 (54%) informative malignant tumours at YNZ22.2 and 22/47 (47%) at BHP53; on 17q, 45/64 (70%) had LOH. Allele loss was detected in a small number of benign and borderline tumours. There was a statistically significant difference between the patterns of allele loss in serous and endometrioid groups of tumours, and allele loss occurred with significantly greater frequency on 17q than on 17p. Comparison of all malignant tumours presenting with either localized (FIGO stage I/II) or widespread (FIGO stage III/IV) disease showed that, particularly on 17q, allele loss increases in the more advanced stages. The p53 tumour-suppressor gene is implicated in ovarian carcinogenesis, and our findings suggest that an important tumour-suppressor gene may be located in the region 17q23-qter. Loss of function in this gene may be responsible for the frequently observed rapid progression of serous-type adenocarcinomas to an advanced stage.
22.7 4&#x00D7;25.78Gb/s retimer ICs for optical links in 0.13&#x03BC;m SiGe BiCMOS (2015)

To meet increasing demands for server computational power, high-density, multilane links with a data rate exceeding 25Gb/s/lane are needed. An optical transceiver with a retiming capability would significantly enhance the usability of the link by extending the reach. Such optical transceivers should operate without an external clock source since a small form factor is imperative. The optical link we develop has a four-lane configuration that consists of an electrical-to-optical (E/O) converter and an optical-to-electrical (O/E) convertor (Fig. 22.7.1). Both the E/O and O/E convertors are equipped with a per-lane reference-less clock-and-data recovery (CDR) circuit that enables independent operation of each lane. The transceiver pitch is 250μm/lane, which matches the fiber pitch of the optical-fiber array used in the link. Since the jitter added by the CDR should be minimized in retimer applications, an LC-VCO is a preferable choice for clock-signal generation. At this transceiver pitch, however, the coupling through mutual inductances between LC tanks has a significant impact on the CDR characteristics. To address this concern, we analyze the impact of inter-VCO coupling and design the CDR so that the coupling does not affect the CDR performance. Each lane of the E/O convertor consists of a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE), a CDR, and a VCSEL driver with a two-tap feed-forward equalizer (FFE) (Fig. 22.7.1). Each lane of the O/E convertor has a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) stage followed by a limiting amplifier (LA), a CDR, and an electrical-line driver with a two-tap FFE. All the CDRs have an identical design consisting of a flip-flop for the data decision, a selector for bypass-mode operation, a Pottbacker type phase-frequency detector (PFD) [1], a charge pump (CP), a lag-lead filter, and a quadrature LC-VCO (QVCO). During the bypass mode, the CDR loop is set into a power-down mode where the VCO does not oscillate.
<i>APOE4</i> -VLDL Inhibits the HDL-Activated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway via the Phosphoinositol Phosphatase SHIP2 (2006)

Endothelial cell dysfunction and apoptosis are critical in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Both endothelial cell apoptosis and atherosclerosis are reduced by high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Low HDL levels increase the risk of CVD and are also a key characteristic of the metabolic syndrome. The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele also increases the risk of atherosclerosis and CVD. We previously demonstrated that the antiapoptotic activity of HDL is inhibited by APOE4 very-low-density lipoprotein (APOE4-VLDL) in endothelial cells, an effect similar to reducing the levels of HDL. Here we establish the intracellular mechanism by which APOE4-VLDL inhibits the antiapoptotic pathway activated by HDL. We show that APOE4-VLDL diminishes the phosphorylation of Akt by HDL but does not alter phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, or Src family kinases by HDL. Furthermore APOE4-VLDL inhibits Akt phosphorylation by reducing the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase product phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate (PI[3,4,5]P3). We further demonstrate that APOE4-VLDL reduces PI(3,4,5)P3, through the phosphoinositol phosphatase SHIP2, and not through PTEN. SHIP2 is already implicated as an independent risk factor for type II diabetes, hypertension and obesity, which are also all components of the metabolic syndrome and independent risk factors for CVD. Significantly, the association between CVD and type 2 diabetes or hypertension is further increased by the APOE4 allele. Therefore the activation of SHIP2 by APOE4-VLDL, with the subsequent inhibition of the HDL/Akt pathway, is a novel and significant biological mechanism and may be a critical intermediate by which APOE4 increases the risk of atherosclerotic CVD.
Building perception for scheduling and executing a task using multi-agent systems (2002)

Involvement of multi-agent systems for scheduling and executing a complex task autonomously, is addressed in the paper to solve the navigational problems in robotics. Here, a complex task is broken into a number of subtasks and one to one mapping between subtask and agent is determined from the given relationship among various agents. In a dynamic environment the state-space model of the multi-agent system has been designed using the agents' spatial coordinate positions and sensory data to facilitate performing a task through cooperation. The paper proposes an efficient strategy for collision resolution that may occur at an instant of time, while the robots navigate in the common environment. The distributed agent concept has been adopted in the paper to implement the whole scheme in Java.
Properties and Applications of Perovskite-Type Oxides (1992)

This reference offers an overview of the bulk and surface properties of perovskite-like structures, and provides the latest discussions on the applications of these materials and processes. It also introduces ceramic methods for the processing of perovskite-derived high Tc cuprates.;Examining every available procedure for synthesizing high-surface-area perovskite oxides, this book: delineates processing techniques for preparing perovskite-derived high-critical-temperature superconductors; illustrates the relevance of physiochemical methods to investigate bulk and surface structures of perovskite compounds; explicates the importance of surface composition in the context of catalytic behaviour; summarizes methods of changing stoichiometry; shows how to design perovskite oxides for a given purpose; reviews key solid-state properties; and presents the major applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of 1233A (I). (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Endothelial Vulnerability and Endothelial Damage Are Associated with Risk of Graft-versus-Host Disease and Response to Steroid Treatment (2012)

There is accumulating evidence indicating that endothelial factors are involved in the pathogenesis of GVHD. We have recently shown that steroid-refractory, but not sensitive, GVHD is characterized by higher pretransplantation serum levels of angiopoetin-2 (ANG2), a hormone mediating endothelial vulnerability. To evaluate whether endothelial vulnerability is a risk factor for GVHD per se or becomes important only when noticeable GVHD is established, we measured ANG2 along with additional serum markers of endothelial stress, including soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), IL-8 (CXCL8), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), in patients with no, low-grade, or severe GVHD. Patients with refractory GVHD exhibited elevated serum levels of ANG2, sTM, HGF, and IL-8 posttransplantation compared with patients with sensitive GVHD and patients without GVHD. Pretransplantation ANG2 was the only growth factor correlated with the risk of refractoriness and mortality, and then only within the subset of patients who developed grade III-IV GVHD. In contrast, ANG2 was not predictive of GVHD or nonrelapse mortality (NRM) in patients with no GVHD or low-grade GVHD. These findings provide evidence that endothelial function plays an important role in the pathogenesis of steroid refractoriness in ongoing GVHD; however, endothelial vulnerability does not predict incidence of GVHD.
Interaction of gold nanoparticles with proteins and cells (2015)

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) possess many advantages such as facile synthesis, controllable size and shape, good biocompatibility, and unique optical properties. Au NPs have been widely used in biomedical fields, such as hyperthermia, biocatalysis, imaging, and drug delivery. The broad application range may result in hazards to the environment and human health. Therefore, it is important to predict safety and evaluate therapeutic efficiency of Au NPs. It is necessary to establish proper approaches for the study of toxicity and biomedical effects. In this review, we first focus on the recent progress in biological effects of Au NPs at the molecular and cellular levels, and then introduce key techniques to study the interaction between Au NPs and proteins. Knowledge of the biomedical effects of Au NPs is significant for the rational design of functional nanomaterials and will help predict their safety and potential applications.
Syntheses of 9‐(2′‐monoethylphosphonomethoxyethyl)‐8‐[<sup>14</sup>C]guanine ([<sup>14</sup>C]‐EPMG) and 9‐(2′‐phosphonomethoxyethyl)‐8‐[<sup>14</sup>C]guanine ([<sup>14</sup>C]‐PMEG) (1993)

Abstract The synthesis of the title compounds [ 14 C]‐PMEG ( 5 ) and [ 14 c]‐EPMG ( 6 ) are described. Treatment of [ 14 C]guanine with acetic anhydride in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone gave [ 14 C]N‐acetylguanine ( 2 ). Reaction with 2‐(diethylphosphonomethoxy) ethylmethanesulfonate in N,N‐dimethylformamide in the presence of potassium carbonate yielded 2‐N‐acetyl‐9(2′‐diethylphosphonomethoxyethyl)‐8‐[ 14 C]‐guanine ( 3 ). Removal of the acetyl group with aqueous methylamine gave 9‐(2′‐ (diethylphosphonomethoxyethyl)‐8‐[ 14 C]‐guanine ( 4 ). Treatment of the diethylphosphonate ester with sodium hydroxide and acidification with hydrochloric acid gave 9‐(2′‐(monoethylphosphonomethoxyethyl)‐ 8‐[ 14 C]‐guanine ( 5 ). Silation of the diethylphosphonate ester with bromotrimethylsilane and treatment with water produced 9‐(2′‐phosphonomethyloxethyl)‐8‐[ 14 C]guanine ( 6 ).
Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics of Visceral Leishmaniasis Outbreak in a Northern Italian Nonendemic Area: A Retrospective Observational Study (2016)

<i>Background</i>. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by <i>Leishmania infantum</i> is endemic in the Mediterranean area. In the last decades a northward spread of the parasite has been observed in Italy. This paper describes a VL outbreak in Modena province (Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy) between 2012 and 2015. <i>Methods</i>. Retrospective, observational study to evaluate epidemiological, microbiological characteristics, and clinical management of VL in patients referring to Policlinico Modena Hospital. <i>Results</i>. Sixteen cases of VL occurred in the study period. An immunosuppressive condition was present in 81.3%. Clinical presentation included anemia, fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatosplenomegaly. Serology was positive in 73.3% of cases, peripheral blood PCR in 92.3%, and bone marrow blood PCR in 100%. Culture was positive in 3/6 cases (50%) and all the isolates were identified as <i>L. infantum</i> by ITS1/ITS2 sequencing. The median time between symptom onset and diagnosis was 22 days (range 6-131 days). All patients were treated with liposomal amphotericin b. 18.8% had a VL recurrence and were treated with miltefosine. Attributable mortality was 6.3%. <i>Conclusions</i>. VL due to <i>L. infantum</i> could determine periodical outbreaks, as the one described; thus it is important to include VL in the differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin, even in low-endemic areas.
Application of a direct agglutination test for detection of specific anti-Leishmania antibodies in the canine reservoir (1989)

A direct agglutination test (DAT) for detection of visceral leishmaniasis in humans has been developed. In this study, it was evaluated for applicability to detection of infections in dogs, a reservoir species. The reliability of the test was improved by treating the test sera with 0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol and incubating them at 37 degrees C. Sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 98.9% when the test was used on serum samples from 220 dogs, including 26 with parasitologically confirmed canine leishmaniasis, 12 with suspected but unconfirmed leishmaniasis, and 182 with other conditions. The DAT detected specific antibodies in 10 dogs with canine leishmaniasis diagnosed by case history, clinical signs of leishmaniasis, and seropositivity in an immunofluorescence test using either promastigotes or amastigotes, as well as in 2 dogs suspected of having leishmaniasis. The performance of an antigen prepared from a homologous isolate of Leishmania infantum in the DAT was compared with that of an antigen from a laboratory-adapted strain of L. donovani (sensu lato). The homologous antigen compared favorably with the standard antigen, and the results provided further evidence of the potential of the DAT for detection of Leishmania infection in the canine reservoir host. The results of this study, together with those of our previous studies in human visceral leishmaniasis, demonstrate that the DAT is highly suitable for wide-scale epidemiological and ecological field work. This technique could also facilitate diagnosis of leishmaniasis in dogs in veterinary health services.
Dynamic phantom with heart, lung, and blood motion for initial validation of MRI techniques (2011)

A phantom was created and used for testing interventional catheter guiding. The images produced had similar qualities to those found in vivo. This phantom had a high degree of appropriate anthropomorphic and physiological qualities. Ethically, use of this phantom is highly appropriate when first testing new MRI techniques prior to conducting animal studies.