gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The natural course of cutaneous melanoma (2004)

The natural course of cutaneous melanoma (CM) is determined by its metastatic spread and depends on tumor thickness, ulceration, gender, localization, and the histologic subtype of the primary tumor. CM metastasis develops via three main metastatic pathways and occurs as satellite or in-transit metastasis, as regional lymph node metastasis or as distant metastasis at the time of primary recurrence. About 50% of all CM patients with tumor progression firstly develop regional lymph node metastases. In the other 50% the first metastases are satellite or in-transit metastases (about 20%), or immediately distant metastases (about 30%). Development of distant metastasis appears to be an early event in metastatic spread and may in the majority of cases originate from the primary tumor, only few cases may develop secondarily to locoregional metastasis. Reporting of organ involvement in distant metastasis greatly differs between the results of imaging techniques and autopsy results in respect to the metastatic patterns detected, pointing out that there is a need of improved imaging systems. Proliferation, neovascularization, lymphangiogenesis, invasion, circulation, and embolism are important steps in the pathogenesis of CM metastasis, with tumor vascularity as an important independent significant prognostic factor. The expression of chemokine receptors in cancer cells associated with the expression of the respective chemokine receptor ligands in the target sites of the metastasis is an interesting observation which may stimulate the development of new therapeutic strategies.
A multilayer personality model (2002)

Virtual humans have been the focus of computer graphics research for several years now. The amalgamation of computer graphics and artificial intelligence has lead to the possibility of creating believable virtual personalities. The focus has shifted from modeling and animation towards imparting personalities to virtual humans. The aim is to create virtual humans that can interact spontaneously using a natural language, emotions and gestures. This paper discusses a system that allows the design of personality for emotional virtual human. We adopt the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality from psychology studies. To realize the model, we use Bayesian Belief Network. We introduce a layered approach for modeling personality, moods and emotions. In order to demonstrate a virtual human with emotional personality, we integrate the system into a chat application. Thus, the system enables the developer to design and implement personalities and enables the user to interact with them.
Object-oriented type systems (1994)

Object-Oriented Languages and Type Systems The BOPL Language The Rest of this Book Type Checking Type Inference Inheritance Genericity The BOPL Grammar The Workbench.
Error Correction Codes and Signal Processing in Flash Memory (2011)

This chapter is to introduce NAND flash channel model, error correction codes (ECC) and signal processing techniques in flash memory. There are several kinds of noise sources in flash memory, such as random-telegraph noise, retention process, inter-cell interference, background pattern noise, and read/program disturb, etc. Such noise sources reduce the storage reliability of flash memory significantly. The continuous bit cost reduction of flash memory devices mainly relies on aggressive technology scaling and multi-level per cell technique. These techniques, however, further deteriorate the storage reliability of flash memory. The typical storage reliability requirement is that non-recoverable bit error rate (BER) must be below 10-15. Such stringent BER requirement makes ECC techniques mandatory to guarantee storage reliability. There are specific requirements on ECC scheme in NOR and NAND flash memory. Since NOR flash is usually used as execute in place (XIP) memory where CPU fetches instructions directly from, the primary concern of ECC application in NOR flash is the decoding latency of ECC decoder, while code rate and error-correcting capability is more concerned in NAND flash. As a result, different ECC techniques are required in different types of flash memory. In this chapter, NAND flash channel is introduced first, and then application of ECC is discussed. Signal processing techniques for cancelling cell-to-cell interference in NAND flash are finally presented.
Design of missile rudder control system based on digital PWM (2012)

To meet the high requirements of missile rudder control, this paper offer the design of digital servo control system with digital PWM technology. Meanwhile, the structure and control schemes of system are analyzed and the design of software and hardware is explained in the paper. The system with permanent magnet DC motor as servo motor is based on Microchip DsPIC30F5011. The control strategy combining Mixed Fuzzy-PID and traditional PID may serve as primary control algorithm of system. The experimental results show that this control system with the property of high accuracy and realtime capability is efficient and stable, and is more suitable for a type of high speed missile rudder control system.
An Oral Elastic Mandibular Advancement Device for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2000)

Oral mandibular advancement devices are becoming an increasingly important treatment alternative for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The first aim of the study was to determine whether a new oral elastic mandibular advancement device (EMA) prevents pharyngeal airway closure during sleep in patients with OSA. The second aim of the study was to determine if the polysomnographic response to the oral mandibular advancement device was dependent on the site of airway closure. Overnight polysomnograms were performed in 28 untreated OSA subjects with and without EMA. A third polysomnogram was performed in 12 of the subjects to determine the site of airway closure without the device. Site of airway closure above or below the oropharynx was determined by measuring the respective presence or absence of respiratory fluctuations in oropharyngeal pressure during induced occlusions in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 52.6 +/- 28.2 (SD) events/h without the device and 21.2 +/- 19.3 events/h with the device. Nineteen subjects (68%) had at least a 50% reduction in AHI with the device. The change in AHI with the device (AHI without device - AHI with device) was directly related to the AHI without the device. All three subjects with airway closure in the lower pharyngeal airway had a greater than 80% reduction in AHI with the device. Two of the nine subjects with airway closure in the velopharynx had a similar therapeutic response. The results show the effectiveness of EMA in the treatment of OSA. The results also indicate that polysomnographic severity of OSA and the site of airway closure should not be used to exclude patients from this oral device treatment.
On the thermal impact of gas venting and hydrate crystallization (2005)

At the gas venting rates observed in some seafloor localities, heat advection and the latent heat of hydrate crystallization could significantly warm the subsurface, reduce the hydrate stability zone thickness, and decompose previously crystallized hydrate. Effects of heat advection and the latent heat of hydrate crystallization are limited by the duration of time over which venting occurs and ultimately by the time it takes to plug vents with hydrate, however. We examine the connection between gas venting, hydrate crystallization, and subsurface temperature using a new one‐dimensional analytical solution to the steady state heat flow equation with constant hydrate crystallization, and we examine the effects of the duration of venting employing one‐dimensional finite element solutions to the transient heat flow equation that include space‐ and time‐dependent hydrate dissolution and crystallization. We show that if lateral losses of heat are negligible, hydrate crystallization and the advection of heat by gas flow at the more vigorous rates of gas discharge observed on the seafloor could increase the temperature gradient near the surface by more than an order of magnitude and decrease the feed gas hydrate stability zone thickness from ∼570 to <200 m before the vents plug with hydrate. We compute how the chemistry of the venting gas and crystallizing hydrate evolve as a vent plugs with hydrate.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of a New Series of <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-Arylcarbamoyl, 2-(Ar)alkynyl-<i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-arylcarbamoyl, and <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-Carboxamido Derivatives of Adenosine-5‘-<i>N</i>-ethyluronamide as A<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> Adenosine Receptor Agonists (1998)

A new series of 1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-deoxy-N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamide++ +-b earing N-arylureas or N-arylcarboxamido groups at the purine 6 position and N-arylureas combined with halogens or alkynyl chains at the 2 position have been synthesized and tested for affinity at A1 and A2A adenosine receptors in rat brain membranes and at cloned rat A3 receptors expressed in CHO cells. The derivatives contained the 5' substituent found in the potent, nonselective agonist 1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-deoxy-N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamide++ + (NECA). While the carboxamido derivatives (9-13) showed affinity for A1 receptors, the urea derivatives (30-45) showed different degrees of affinity and selectivity for the A3 adenosine receptor subtype. In particular the derivative bearing a p-sulfonamidophenyl-urea at the 6 position, 31 showed a high affinity (Ki = 9 nM) and selectivity for the A3 receptors compared to that of the reference compound 1-[6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-1-deoxy-N-methyl-be ta-D-ribofuranuronamide (IB-MECA). Furthermore, the importance of the stereochemistry in the interaction of these ligands at the rat A3 adenosine receptors has been evaluated by introducing a chiral chain at the 6 position. The introduction of halogens or alkynyl chains at the purine 2 position of selected ureas did not give the expected enhancement of potency at A2A and/or A3 receptors but rather showed a dramatic reduction of A2A affinity, resulting in compounds with good A2A/A3 selectivity. For example, the 2-(3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1-propyn-1-yl)-6-(4-methoxyphenylurea) derivative 61 showed the capability to bind simultaneously to A1 and A3 receptor subtypes, excluding the A2A receptor. Compound 31 was shown to be an agonist, 9-fold more potent than NECA, at A3 receptors in rat RBL-2H3 mast cell membranes through stimulation of binding of [35S]GTP-gamma-S.
Zur Ätiologie der Pupillotonie (1973)

Zunächst sei festgestellt, daß der Ausdruck „Pupillotonie“ lediglich die Bezeichnung für bestimmte eigenartige Abweichungen des Pupillenspieles und der Akkommodation darstellt, ohne daß damit etwas über Verlauf, Sitz und Ursache der jeweiligen Erkrankung ausgesagt wird. Die ersten klinischen Zeichen des Zustandsbildes werden bedauerlicherweise nur selten beobachtet, so daß wir über den genauen Zeitpunkt des Beginnes der Erkrankung meist nur ungenügend unterrichtet sind.
FPGA acceleration of short read mapping based on sort and parallel comparison (2014)

Short read mapping is a process to align the short reads, which are fixed-length fragments of the target genome, to a given reference genome to identify the mutations in the target genome. Because of the rapid development of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies, faster short read mapping is required. In this paper, we propose an FPGA system for the short read mapping based on sort and parallel comparison of seeds. Seeds are fixed-length sub-strings in the short reads used to map the short read to the reference genome efficiently. In our system, (1) seeds are sorted using bucket sort, and the seeds in a bucket are compared in parallel with the candidate locations on the reference genome, (2) in this comparison, one nucleotide substitution, insertion, and deletion are allowed to achieve higher mapping rate, and (3) two stage search by reconfiguration is used to achieve higher performance. The mapping rate and search time by this approach outperforms existing systems.
In Situ Temperature Jump High-Frequency Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Experiments:  Enhanced Sensitivity in Liquid-State NMR Spectroscopy (2006)

We describe an experiment, in situ temperature jump dynamic nuclear polarization (TJ-DNP), that is demonstrated to enhance sensitivity in liquid-state NMR experiments of low-γ spins 13C, 15N, etc. The approach consists of polarizing a sample at low temperature using high-frequency (140 GHz) microwaves and a biradical polarizing agent and then melting it rapidly with a pulse of 10.6 μm infrared radiation, followed by observation of the NMR signal in the presence of decoupling. In the absence of polarization losses due to relaxation, the enhancement should be ε† = ε(Tobs/Tμwave), where ε† is the observed enhancement, ε is the enhancement obtained at the temperature where the polarization process occurs, and Tμwave and Tobs are the polarization and observation temperatures, respectively. In a single experimental cycle, we observe room-temperature enhancements, ε†, of 13C signals in the range 120−400 when using a 140 GHz gyrotron microwave source, Tμwave = 90 K, and Tobs = 300 K. In addition, we demonstrate that the experiment can be recycled to perform signal averaging that is customary in contemporary NMR spectroscopy. Presently, the experiment is applicable to samples that can be repeatedly frozen and thawed. TJ-DNP could also serve as the initial polarization step in experiments designed for rapid acquisition of multidimensional spectra.
Determination of the longitudinal profile of a focused Nd:YAG Gaussian beam from second-harmonic generation in a thin KTP crystal (1994)

We present an original experiment describing a focused Gaussian laser beam by using second-harmonic generation (SHG) in a thin strip of a nonlinear optical material, in this case KTP doubling of an Nd:YAG laser at 1.064 µm. The dependence of the SHG efficiency on the fundamental beam radius allows the determination of beam parameters by harmonic-power measurements. The characterization of a telescope shows the good precision of this method in radii in the range of 10-100 µm. The average accuracy is 4% for the radius determination and 1.5% for the beam-waist localization.
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS OF OUTCOME AFTER RADICAL CYSTECTOMY FOR BLADDER CANCER: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF A HOMOGENEOUS PATIENT COHORT (1999)

Tumor stage and nodal involvement are the only independent predictors of survival to be used to select the optimal therapy after radical cystectomy, stratify patients in controlled trials and evaluate new prognostic factors.
Enterprise frameworks for workflow management systems (2002)

Abstract This paper proposes an enterprise framework for workflow management (WFM) systems based on the Workflow Management Coalition generic architecture. In addition, it presents one smaller object‐oriented framework for task scheduling. This framework is obtained by refining one of the packages of the overall framework. The task scheduling framework was designed following the concept of model framework as in Catalysis. This sort of framework can be used as a template to generate code components within an application domain. According to this approach we can develop WFM components that can interoperate within a well‐defined enterprise framework. This paper also presents the process of developing interoperable code components from model frameworks. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi-site left ventricular pacing as a potential treatment for patients with postero-lateral scar: insights from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and invasive haemodynamic assessment (2011)

Multi-site LV pacing increased acute response by 16% vs. single-site pacing. This was particularly beneficial in patients with postero-lateral scar identified on CMR.
A Quantitative Review of Mortality and Developmental Disability in Extremely Premature Newborns (1998)

The prevalence of disabilities had not changed among EI or ES survivors with increasing survival. However, increasing survival of these infants has resulted in a steadily increasing prevalence of children with disabilities.
Electrochemical oscillations and bistability during anodic dissolution of vanadium electrode in acidic media—part I. Experiment (2011)

Dynamic instabilities, current oscillations and bistability observed during anodic dissolution of both stationary and rotating disk vanadium electrode in acidic phosphoric media, were reported using both dc and ac techniques. The effect of various experimental conditions, concentration of H3PO4, temperature, disk rotation rate, and external resistance, was analyzed. Systematic studies allowed the construction of bifurcation diagrams, showing the regions of oscillations and bistability, including the complex behaviors like coexistence of both dynamic regimes. Analogous comparative measurements and analyses were performed for other media—sulfuric, nitric, perchloric, and trifluoroacetic acids—also indicating complex dynamic behaviors. These complexities arise not only due to the difficulties with the precise identification of the composition of the passive layer in every acid but are also due to relatively fast dissolution of V electrode, even in the presence of passive layer, which causes permanent drift of the system’s characteristics. Due to these experimental difficulties, theoretical modeling seems to be an appropriate method to analyze the essential nonlinear dynamic properties of the studied system.
Photoinduced reversible formation of a superhydrophilic surface by crystal growth of diarylethene (2016)

When visible light is irradiated onto the melted microcrystalline-surface of a diarylethene having ionic structures by UV irradiation, it induces crystal-growth of the open-ring isomer of the diarylethene; consequently, the surface covered with lumpy crystals shows superhydrophilicity that can be reversibly controlled by alternating irradiation with UV and visible light.
Verification Testing (1982)

A new approach to test pattern generation which is particularly suitable for self-test is described. Required computation time is much less than for present-day automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) programs. Fault simulation is not required. More patterns may be obtained than from standard ATPG programs. However, fault coverage is much higher - all irredundant multiple as well as single stuck faults are detected. Test length is easily controlled. The test patterns are easily generated algorithmically either by program or hardware.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Human Cells and Tissue. Part VI: A Comparative Study of Histopathology and Infrared Microspectroscopy of Normal, Cirrhotic, and Cancerous Liver Tissue (2000)

Infrared spectra of selected regions of normal, cirrhotic, and neoplastic liver tissue samples are reported. Spectra of these tissues may vary for a number of reasons that may or may not be related to the state of health or disease. With the use of histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, the spectral variations are interpreted in terms of the biochemical and pathological processes involved. This paper lays the groundwork for correlation of infrared spectroscopic and pathological/histochemical results for other tissues, to be reported in subsequent communications.
Synthesis of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Amorphous Carbon Nanoparticles as Electrode Material for High Performance Supercapacitor Applications (2013)

Via the green chemistry route, Mn3O4/amorphous carbon nanoparticles have been synthesized. Dextrose was used as the reducing agent, and starch was used as the capping agent. The X-ray diffraction patterns reveal the Hausmannite tetragonal structure of the synthesized Mn3O4 particles. EDAX analysis confirms the presence of carbon and stoichiometry of Mn3O4. Morphological studies reveal the nanospherical nature of the synthesized particles. The FTIR spectra confirm the presence of Mn–O bonds. Mn3O4/AC 500 exhibits highest specific capacitance of 522 F g–1 at a specific current of 1 A g–1, when measured from the charge–discharge process. This value is superior to previous reports on Mn3O4 nanoparticles as an electrode for supercapacitors. Higher energy density of 58.72 W h kg–1 could be observed for Mn3O4/AC 500, which is higher than lead acid batteries and comparable to those for the nickel hydride batteries. These results indicate that Mn3O4/AC 500 is a promising electrode for supercapacitor applications.
Salt of the earth or a drop in the ocean? A pathophysiological approach to fluid resuscitation (2003)

The evolved endocrine response after injury leads to sodium, chloride, and water retention at a time when large volumes of sodium containing fluids are given to maintain the circulation and preserve tissue oxygenation. Sodium, chloride, and water are also retained because of increased systemic vascular permeability to plasma proteins, especially albumin, which sequesters fluid in the interstitial space and causes oedema. Excessive fluid and electrolyte retention and interstitial oedema are associated with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction, and failure. This review attempts an overview of these processes and addresses the question, "Can manipulation of fluid resuscitation influence the inflammatory response to injury and organ function". Results of randomised controlled prospective clinical studies suggest that limiting the sodium and chloride input and optimal use of synthetic colloids, which are well retained in the vascular space, can reduce the inflammatory response to injury and improve organ function.
Induced heat shock mRNAs escape the nucleocytoplasmic transport block in adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. (1987)

Under conditions in which cytoplasmic accumulation of HeLa cell mRNAs has been blocked by adenovirus infection, hsp70 family mRNAs are transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm at near normal efficiency subsequent to heat shock. Heat shock does not reverse the general virus-induced block to host cell mRNA transport. The heat shock mRNAs are translated within the cytoplasm of the infected cell but at substantially reduced efficiency compared with that of uninfected cells. Thus, the hsp70 family of mRNAs can escape the transport block but not the translational block instituted late after adenovirus infection. The beta-tubulin gene family is induced by the viral E1A gene after infection, and its mRNAs also accumulate in the cytoplasmic compartment. Given these two examples, it seems likely that the process of transcriptional induction allows the resulting mRNA to escape the viral block of transport.