gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer aided construction delay analysis and claims preparation (1995)

Delays are the most common and costly problem encountered on construction projects. Analysing construction delays has become an integral part of the project's construction life. To prepare for litigation, schedule documentation proving responsibility must be prepared. With present methods of tracking projects, the preparation of such schedules can be time consuming and costly. The analysis itself is usually complex and can be aided by a computerized approach. This paper describes the introduction of a computer system for delays claim analysis called computerized delay claims analysis (CDCA). The system utilizes the isolated delay type (IDT) technique. Part of this system can use existing software such as project management, cost control, database management and spreadsheets. In addition to these, an expert system tailored to the specific expertise of construction claims has been used to facilitate the decision making process. CDCA is tested against a real case study of a building project to demonstrate its effectiveness in determining the responsibility of contracting parties with respect to the project's delays. The system is expected to assist in improving the process of delays analysis, thus reducing the cost of claims preparation.
Temperature Sensitivity of SOI-CMOS Transistors for Use in Uncooled Thermal Sensing (2005)

The temperature coefficient of current (TCC) of CMOS transistors implemented on silicon-on-insulator substrates is theoretically and empirically studied for its potential use in uncooled thermal sensing. Modeling and measurements show TCC values in subthreshold of more than 6%/K, better than state of the art microbolometer temperature coefficient of resistance, and less than -0.4%/K in saturation-comparable with metals. Models and measurements are shown for the TCC dependence upon operating point, temperature and channel length. A simple semi-empirical model for the TCC at subthreshold based on long channel approximation is suggested and shown to agree with measurements for channel length down to 0.35 /spl mu/m. The model and measurements show a logarithmic tradeoff between subthreshold current and the TCC, which is important in the design of sensors.
Temperature Dependence of Ferromagnetic Anisotropy (1958)

The temperature dependence of the crystalline anisotropy constants of iron, cobalt, and nickel is discussed. It is shown that Zener's result for iron (i.e., the first anisotropy constant varies as the tenth power of the magnetization) also may be derived from molecular field theory. In cobalt a satisfactory agreement with experiment is obtained by using Zener's results together with the postulate that the intrinsic anisotropy varies with thermal expansion in the manner recently calculated by the author. For nickel the temperature dependence of ${K}_{1}$ seems to require, in addition to the tenth power of the magnetization, a multiplicative factor that is linear in the temperature. No explanation has been found for this latter term.
Coverage Properties of Confidence Intervals for Generalized Additive Model Components (2012)

Abstract. We study the coverage properties of Bayesian confidence intervals for the smooth component functions of generalized additive models (GAMs) represented using any penalized regression spline approach. The intervals are the usual generalization of the intervals first proposed by Wahba and Silverman in 1983 and 1985, respectively, to the GAM component context. We present simulation evidence showing these intervals have close to nominal ‘across‐the‐function’ frequentist coverage probabilities, except when the truth is close to a straight line/plane function. We extend the argument introduced by Nychka in 1988 for univariate smoothing splines to explain these results. The theoretical argument suggests that close to nominal coverage probabilities can be achieved, provided that heavy oversmoothing is avoided, so that the bias is not too large a proportion of the sampling variability. The theoretical results allow us to derive alternative intervals from a purely frequentist point of view, and to explain the impact that the neglect of smoothing parameter variability has on confidence interval performance. They also suggest switching the target of inference for component‐wise intervals away from smooth components in the space of the GAM identifiability constraints.
One-stop-shop tumor imaging: buy hypoxia, get lactate free (2008)

The ability to noninvasively assess physiological changes in solid tumors is desired for its diagnostic and therapeutic potential. In this issue of JCI, Matsumoto and colleagues reveal their development and use of a novel imaging approach, combining pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) with conventional MRI to image squamous cell carcinoma tumor-bearing mice (See the related article beginning on page 1965). This method provides coregistered images of oxygenation and blood volume/flow with the underlying anatomy and concentrations of metabolites such as lactate and choline. This technique, combining functional and anatomic imaging, shows immediate preclinical applicability in monitoring factors that control tumor hypoxia and metabolism and may have future clinical potential for monitoring tumor response to treatment.
A proteolytic enzyme secreted by Proteus mirabilis degrades immunoglobulins of the immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), IgA2, and IgG isotypes (1990)

Proteus mirabilis strains associated with human urinary tract infections have previously been shown to secrete an extracellular metalloproteinase which cleaves serum immunoglobulin A (IgA). The enzyme has now been purified to apparent homogeneity from culture supernatants of P. mirabilis 64676. The protease activity is associated with a 50-kilodalton (kDa) protein. Unlike that of the classic IgA1 proteases, the substrate specificity of the P. mirabilis protease has been found to extend to both sublcasses of IgA, IgG, and the nonimmunoglobulin substrates, secretory component and casein. Cleavage of IgA1 and IgA2 by the P. mirabilis protease yielded fragments on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis whose sizes were consistent with a cleavage site outside the hinge region. Both secretory IgA1 and IgA2 were also cleaved by P. mirabilis protease, although the secretory IgA2 molecule was less readily cleaved than secretory IgA1. Free and IgA-bound secretory components were degraded to some extent by P. mirabilis protease. Cleavage of IgG, however, occurred at the hinge region as a two-stage process. The first stage was pepsinlike and generated an F(ab')2 fragment of 120 kDa and a small pFc fragment detected on nonreduced polyacrylamide gels. In the second stage, the F(ab')2 product was cleaved to yield papainlike Fab and Fc fragments, visualized as a diffuse band of 40 to 50 kDa.
Etching AlAs with HF for Epitaxial Lift-Off Applications (2004)

The epitaxial lift-off process allows the separation of a thin layer of III/V material from the substrate by selective etching of an intermediate AlAs layer with HF. In a theory proposed for this process, it was assumed that for every mole of AlAs dissolved three moles of H 2 gas are formed. In order to verify this assumption the reaction mechanism and stoichiometry were investigated in the present work. The solid, solution and gaseous reaction products of the etch process have been examined by a number of techniques. It was found that aluminum fluoride is formed, both in the solid form as well as in solution. Furthermore, instead of H 2 arsine (AsH 3 ) is formed in the etch process. Some oxygen-related arsenic compounds like AsO, AsOH, and AsO 2 have also been detected with gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The presence of oxygen in the etching environment accelerates the etching process, while a total absence of oxygen resulted in the process coming to a premature halt. It is argued that, in the absence of oxygen, the etching surface is stabilized, possibly by the sparingly soluble AlF 3 or by solid arsenic.
Long-wavelength vertical-cavity lasers (2002)

In this paper we summarize the latest developments in long-wavelength vertical-cavity lasers fabricated by wafer fusion. Record room-temperature pulsed performance was achieved at both 1.3 and 1.52 /spl mu/m wavelengths using novel vertical-cavity laser structures that utilize InP/InGaAsP active layers and AlAs/GaAs quarter-wave mirrors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
System-Level Performance of Interference Suppression Receivers in LTE System (2012)

In wireless networks with smaller cell sizes and dense network deployments the spectral efficiency is limited by inter-cell interference. To improve signal-to-noise-plus-interference-ratio, interference can be mitigated using advanced receivers like an interference rejection combining (IRC) receiver. The performance of a practical IRC-receiver is dependent on the quality of the channel and interference covariance estimation. Interference covariance can be estimated for example by using reference signals. As the interference structure is dependent on several components, such as scheduler decisions made and precoders used by other cells, receiver evaluations are performed on system level. Because of full network system level simulations are very complex and highly computationally intensive, simplifications in modeling are needed. Typically time-frequency resolution can be reduced and only the fast-fading coefficients of the interfering links are generated. The lack of symbol samples requires a model to estimate the losses of realistic IRC receivers. In this paper, we show system level results for practical IRC algorithms.
Cancer vaccine development: Designing tumor cells for greater immunogenicity (2009)

Cancer vaccine development is one of the most hopeful and exhilarating areas in cancer research. For this reason, there has been a growing interest in the development and application of novel immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer with the focus being on stimulating the immune system to target tumor cells specifically while leaving normal cells unharmed. From such research has emerged a host of promising immunotherapies such as dendritic cell-based vaccines, cytokine therapies and gene transfer technology. These therapies seek to counteract the poor immunogenicity of tumors by augmenting the host's immune system with a variety of immunostimulatory proteins such as cytokines and costimulatory molecules. While such therapies have proven effective in the induction of anti-tumor immunity in animal models, they are less than optimal and pose a high risk of clinical infeasibility. Herein, we further discuss these immunotherapies as well as a feasible and efficient alternative that, in pre-clinical animal models, allows for the expression of specific immunostimulatory molecules on the surface of tumor cells by a novel protein transfer technology.
Laser beam induced currents in polycrystalline silicon thin films prepared by interference laser crystallization (2002)

Polycrystalline silicon layers are prepared by interference laser crystallization (ILC) in the superlateral growth regime. To characterize their microscopic photoelectrical properties, light beam induced current (LBIC) is used, employing a focused laser beam for local generation of photocarriers in the layers with spatial resolution of ≈0.4 μm. The results are correlated with surface morphology obtained by atomic force microscopy. In the single pulse ILC, the temperature profiles are optimized by changing the proportion of interfering beam intensities. The typical grains are of triangular shape, with a length of 1.5 μm and width &lt;0.5 μm. The photocurrent response is dominated by variations in the sample thickness. In the multiple pulse ILC, thin films with grains of quadratic shape and of size exceeding 5 μm are obtained by shifting the sample through an interference pattern, thus taking advantage of lateral epitaxial regrowth. Here, by use of a lock–in, LBIC can detect position and local electronic properties of individual grain boundaries. Grain boundaries are clearly identified by 180° shifts of the photocurrent phase close to maxima of photocurrent amplitude. The photocurrent is attributed to local fields at grain boundaries. These fields extend about 1.4 μm into the grains. The barrier height at the boundary is about 110 mV.
Sentiment Analysis on the People's Daily (2014)

We propose a semi-supervised bootstrapping algorithm for analyzing China’s foreign relations from the People’s Daily. Our approach addresses sentiment target clustering, subjective lexicons extraction and sentiment prediction in a unified framework. Different from existing algorithms in the literature, time information is considered in our algorithm through a hierarchical bayesian model to guide the bootstrapping approach. We are hopeful that our approach can facilitate quantitative political analysis conducted by social scientists and politicians.
Isoforms of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase are differentially expressed in normal and diabetic islets of Langerhans (1996)

Glucose-dependent sequestration of Ca2+ into endoplasmic reticulum and its subsequent release play an important role in the control of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which regulates insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. The active uptake of cytosolic Ca2+ into endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by sarco-(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPases (SERCAs). We found, using RT-PCR with isoform-specific primers, that SERCA 2 and SERCA 3 mRNAs are co-expressed in human and rat islets of Langerhans and in the RINm5F beta-cell line. Immunochemical analysis also revealed the existence of two SERCA proteins with molecular masses of 110 and 115 kDa in beta-cell membranes. The 115 kDa protein was identified as SERCA 2b by its reaction with an isoform-specific antibody and the 110 kDa protein most probably corresponds to SERCA 3. The presence of two functionally different SERCA isoforms raises the possibility that they are located in distinct Ca2+ stores. There is evidence that altered Ca2+ handling in the beta-cell may contribute to the decreased insulin secretion seen in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). We therefore investigated SERCA 2 and SERCA 3 mRNA expression by quantitative RT-PCR in islets prepared from Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a non-obese spontaneous model of NIDDM. We found a significant reduction (about 68%) in SERCA 3 isoform expression. Since SERCA 2 expression was not significantly reduced, these genes are independently regulated and probably play distinct roles in islets of Langerhans. The marked decrease of SERCA 3 expression may constitute a defect in Ca2+ signalling in GK rat islets which could be a component of NIDDM.
Phosphorylierungsmittel — Bauprinzip und Reaktionsweise (1964)

Phosphorylierungsmittel übertragen die Gruppe (HO)2P(O) – in freier oder veresterter Form. Zahlreiche Phosphorylierungsmittel lassen sich als P–XYZ-Systeme auffassen; dabei muß das Element oder die Gruppe Z in der Lage sein, die Elektronen der P–X-Bindung aufzunehmen. Außer einer Systematik der P–XYZ-Verbindungen werden viele Beispiele für Phosphorylierungen aus Chemie und Biochemie angegeben.
Compact Models of Dynamic Thermal Networks with Many Heat Sources (2007)

A novel approach, based both on multipoint moment matching and principal component analysis, is proposed for generating passive compact models of dynamic thermal networks with many heat sources. As main result, the generated passive compact dynamic thermal networks both assure a prescribed accuracy and have a number of elements linearly related to the number of heat sources.
Biochemical methane potential (BMP) of solid organic substrates: evaluation of anaerobic biodegradability using data from an international interlaboratory study (2011)

Abstract BACKGROUND: This paper describes results obtained for different participating research groups in an interlaboratory study related to biochemical methane potential (BMP). In this research work, all experimental conditions influencing the test such as inoculum, substrate characteristics and experimental conditions were investigated. The study was performed using four substrates: three positive control substrates (starch, cellulose and gelatine), and one raw biomass material (mung bean) at two different inoculum to substrate ratios (ISR). RESULTS: The average methane yields for starch, cellulose, gelatine and mung bean at ISR of 2 and 1 were 350 ± 33, 350 ± 29, 380 ± 42, 370 ± 36 and 370 ± 35 mL CH 4 g −1 VS added , respectively. The percentages of biotransformation of these substrates into methane were 85 ± 8, 85 ± 7, 88 ± 9, 85 ± 8 and 85 ± 8%, respectively. On the other hand, the first‐order rate constants obtained from the experimental data were 0.24 ± 0.14, 0.23 ± 0.15, 0.27 ± 0.13, 0.31 ± 0.17 and 0.23 ± 0.13 d −1 , respectively. CONCLUSION: The influence of inocula and experimental factors was nearly insignificant with respect to the extents of the anaerobic biodegradation, while the rates differed significantly according to the experimental approaches. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantifying dielectrophoretic collections of sub-micron particles on microelectrodes (2003)

This paper presents a technique for measuring and quantifying the dielectrophoretic collection of sub-micron particles on planar microelectrode arrays. Fluorescence microscopy and video recording is used to measure the number of particles collecting on an electrode as a function of time for various experimental parameters, such as applied electrode voltage and frequency. Video images are processed using analytical methods that take advantage of the geometrical properties of the electrode array to extract quantitative information which is used to characterize the dielectric properties of particles. The time-dependent collection profiles can be characterized by three parameters: the initial dielectrophoretic collection rate, the initial to pseudo-steady-state transition and the rise time. This method can be used as a general technique to characterize the dielectrophoretic properties of populations of sub-micron-scale particles.
멀티미디어 & HCI : Mixed Reality 기술을 이용한 수지침 학습 및 시술지원 시스템 (2000)

손에 놓는 침술인 수지침은 가정에서 널리 활용되고 있으며, 많은 사람들이 자신과 가족의 건강을 위해서 수지침을 배우고 시술한다. 본 논문에서는 MR (Mixed Reality)기법을 적용한 수지침 학습 및 시술지원 시스템을 개발하였다. 본 시스템을 활용하면 수지침을 배운 적이 없는 초보자도 스스로 수지침을 쉽게 배우고 시술하여 자신의 건강을 증진시킬 수 있다. 본 시스템은 수지침 학습단계와 수지침 시술단계로 대별되며, 학습단계에서는 수지침 시술점 정보를 표시하는데 기준이 되는 손가락마디를 추출하고, 시술단계에서는 수지침 시술에 필요한 정보를 실시간으로 제공하여 시술을 돕는다. 본 시스템은 수지침 전문가들에게 사용하기 편하고 매우 효율적이라는 평을 받았다.
Smelling Screen: Development and Evaluation of an Olfactory Display System for Presenting a Virtual Odor Source (2013)

We propose a new olfactory display system that can generate an odor distribution on a two-dimensional display screen. The proposed system has four fans on the four corners of the screen. The airflows that are generated by these fans collide multiple times to create an airflow that is directed towards the user from a certain position on the screen. By introducing odor vapor into the airflows, the odor distribution is as if an odor source had been placed onto the screen. The generated odor distribution leads the user to perceive the odor as emanating from a specific region of the screen. The position of this virtual odor source can be shifted to an arbitrary position on the screen by adjusting the balance of the airflows from the four fans. Most users do not immediately notice the odor presentation mechanism of the proposed olfactory display system because the airflow and perceived odor come from the display screen rather than the fans. The airflow velocity can even be set below the threshold for airflow sensation, such that the odor alone is perceived by the user. We present experimental results that show the airflow field and odor distribution that are generated by the proposed system. We also report sensory test results to show how the generated odor distribution is perceived by the user and the issues that must be considered in odor presentation.
Restoration of the transcription activation function to mutant p53 in human cancer cells. (1996)

The p53 tumor suppressor gene product is a sequence-specific transcription activator frequently mutated in a variety of human malignancies. Typically, tumor-derived p53 missense mutants are defective in DNA binding and this is likely to result in a failure to active p53-regulated genes. Hence, restoring function to mutant p53 represents an attractive target to develop a novel cancer chemotherapeutic agent. We now show that a small chemically modified peptide derived from p53 restores sequence-specific DNA binding to a subset of p53 mutants. Moreover, when microinjected into human colon carcinoma cells this peptide restores the transcription activation function to endogenous mutant p53 protein. This is the first example showing that a small peptide molecule can reverse the effect of several inactivating missense mutations and restore protein function.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND STUDY ON UNBONDED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM (1996)

A nonlinear finite element method is developed to study the behaviors of Unbonded Prestressed Concrete (U.P.C) beam. Through the establishments of various material analysis modes, a program is made to analyse U.P.C test beams by means of finite element method. The results of finite element analysis coincide well with those of test beams. Based on the analysis of some factors which are considered to influence ultimate flexural strength and shearing strength of U.P.C beam, a practical calculation formula is put forward.
ERG responses of rods and cones during dark adaptation. (1978)

We demonstrate the main electrophysiological events during dark adaptation. We correlate simultaneously the separate rod and cone responses, the ERC sensitivity curves, their timing and the biphasic dark adaptation curve.
Biological characteristics of Marek's disease vaccine CVI‐988 clone C (1987)

Biological characteristics of Marek's disease virus (MDV) CVI-988 clone C, of importance for vaccine application, are described. CVI-988 clone C was shown to be nonpathogenic for highly MD-susceptible chickens and slightly more effective than prototype CVI-988 vaccine. During plaque purification and serial cell-culture passages, reductions were observed in the release of 'A' antigen from infected cell cultures, in spreading properties and in virus replication in vivo. Pre-licensing batches of CVI-988 clone C vaccine afforded excellent protection against challenge infection with virulent MDV and highly virulent MDV strains. Groups of chickens with bivalent (HVT/SB-1) vaccine-induced maternal antibodies were equally protected by a double dose of CVI-988 clone C vaccine. Field trials performed in the Netherlands and in the United States confirmed the safety and protective efficacy of monovalent CVI-988 clone C vaccine.
Changes in Management of Atrial Fibrillation since 2010 ESC Guidelines Update (2013)

This article discusses results from a European study, demonstrating that although the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has changed based on updated guidelines, many continue to experience symptoms, highlighting the need to improve the management of this patient population. The Prevention of Thromboembolic Events - European Registry in Atrial Fibrillation [PREFER in AF] is a multicenter study conducted across seven countries in Europe, comprising a prospective, observational disease registry. The study was designed to determine the extent to which publication of the 2010 European Society of Cardiology guidelines has affected clinical behavior in Europe.