gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role Faculty Scholarship Plays In Producing Economics Ph.D.S From Liberal Arts Colleges (2012)

This paper investigates how faculty scholarship by economics professors at elite liberal arts colleges in the United States is related to the rate at which college graduates eventually earn a Ph.D. in economics. On the surface it appears that faculty scholarship is strongly and positively correlated with producing Ph.D. students. Using a multi-variable regression model that includes several college characteristics, however, what really drives the production of Ph.D. students is enrolling high ability students.
Multi-Agent Cooperation and the Emergence of (Natural) Language (2016)

The current mainstream approach to train natural language systems is to expose them to large amounts of text. This passive learning is problematic if we are interested in developing interactive machines, such as conversational agents. We propose a framework for language learning that relies on multi-agent communication. We study this learning in the context of referential games. In these games, a sender and a receiver see a pair of images. The sender is told one of them is the target and is allowed to send a message from a fixed, arbitrary vocabulary to the receiver. The receiver must rely on this message to identify the target. Thus, the agents develop their own language interactively out of the need to communicate. We show that two networks with simple configurations are able to learn to coordinate in the referential game. We further explore how to make changes to the game environment to cause the "word meanings" induced in the game to better reflect intuitive semantic properties of the images. In addition, we present a simple strategy for grounding the agents' code into natural language. Both of these are necessary steps towards developing machines that are able to communicate with humans productively.
Bistable reflective polarizer-free optical switch based on dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal [Invited] (2011)

The work demonstrates a polarizer-free bistable reflective electro-optical switch that is based on dichroic dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal (DDCLC). Bistable opaque and transparent states can be achieved using the planar and ULH textures of CLC, respectively. In the planar texture, the liquid crystal and dye molecules have a periodic helical structure with axes perpendicular to the substrate surface. They therefore absorb arbitrarily polarized light. In the ULH texture, the liquid crystal and dye molecules twist along the helical axes parallel to the substrate, and allow most of the arbitrarily polarized light to pass. Both the planar and ULH textures of CLC are stable states, and each can be switched to the other by applying a low-frequency (30Hz) electrical field, owing to the electro-hydrodynamic effect. A bistable electro-optical switch has the advantages of being polarizer-free and consuming low power. It can therefore potentially be used in portable information systems.
Synthesis and characterization of multiarm star-branched polyisobutylenes: Effect of arm molecular weight (1997)

A series of star-branched polyisobutylenes with varying arm molecular weights was synthesized using the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane/TiCl4/pyridine initiating system and divinylbenzene (DVB) as a core-forming comonomer (linking agent). The resulting star-branched polymers were characterized with regard to the weight-average number of arms per star molecule (N̄w) and dilute solution viscosity behavior. As the molecular weight of the arm (M̄w, arm) was increased, dramatically longer star-forming reaction times were needed to produce fully developed star polymers. It was calculated that N̄w varied from 50 to 5 as the M̄w, arm was increased from 13,000 to 54,000 g/mol. The radius of gyration, Rg, of the star polymers was observed to increase as M̄w, arm was increased. The solution properties of the star polymers were evaluated in heptane using dilute solution viscometry. It was determined that the stars had a much higher [η] compared to the respective linear PIB arms, but a much lower [η] compared to a hypothetical linear analog of an equivalent molecular weight. The dependence of [η] on temperature for the stars and linear arms was very small over the temperature range 25 to 75°C, with only a very slight decrease with increasing temperature. [η]star was also determined to increase with increasing M̄w, arm, but decrease with increasing M̄w, star. The branching coefficient, g′, calculated for the stars at 25°C, increased as N̄w decreased and agre ed well with literature values for other star polymer systems. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3767–3778, 1997
Dendritic Cell Vaccine and Cancer Treatment: New Patents (2014)

Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy has been used to treat various types of tumors. Although it is already in use in clinical practice, the mechanisms through which it acts need clarification. In addition, the processes used to obtain DCs need to be improved so that more effective treatments can be offered. In this article, we present an update on the application of DC immunotherapy and the patents involved in the process.
Improved Multi-user Interaction in a Smart Environment Through a Preference-Based Conflict Resolution Virtual Assistant (2017)

In this work we will examine and develop a system that can assist people in Activities of Daily Life (ADL). This study focuses on resolving conflicts for the requests from different users' profiles, for instance - elderly, adult and young. The objective of the system is to present a dialogue manager which is able to detect multi-user semantic conflict and to resolve the conflict for improved dialogue informing about its decisions using a system interface avatar. The system is also able to prioritize requests that occurred among the services of multiple home appliances, as well as to deal with conflicting entities involving a single device. We investigated whether the multi-user context awareness by a Virtual Assistant adds value to the Smart Home concept in recognizing multi-user conflicts dynamically. This work has proposed a preference based method for resolving conflict and evaluated the developed system in a smart home environment.
Replica molding of high-aspect-ratio (sub-)micron hydrogel pillar arrays and their stability in air and solvents (2008)

High aspect-ratio hydrogel pillars are attractive in applications, such as tissue engineering, actuation, and sensing. By replica molding from respective partially polymerized precursor solutions, followed by photocross-linking with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), we successfully fabricated three kinds of high-aspect-ratio (up to 12) hydrogel pillar arrays, including poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)-based, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) (PHEMA-co-PNIPA)-based, and poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (PEGDMA) systems. In the dry state, all hydrogel pillars were mechanically robust and maintained their structural integrity. When exposed to water, PHEMA-co-PNIPA conical pillar array was wetted and swollen by water, which drastically decreased its Young's modulus. The combination of reduction in stiffness and capillary force between pillars caused PHEMA-co-PNIPA conical pillars to collapse on the substrate after drying from water in air. In comparison, highly cross-linked PEGDMA conical pillars were not wetted by water and maintained high stability since their Young's modulus exceeded the critical modulus required for pattern collapse by capillary force. When exposed to a lower surface energy solvent, ethanol, however, the PEGDMA conical pillars surface became wettable and the pillars collapsed after drying due to capillary force. Depending on the pillar array geometry, PEGDMA pillars dried from ethanol collapsed either randomly in the case of conical pillar array or in groups of four in the case of more densely packed circular pillars.
Mammalian Autophagy: How Does It Work? (2016)

Autophagy is a conserved intracellular pathway that delivers cytoplasmic contents to lysosomes for degradation via double-membrane autophagosomes. Autophagy substrates include organelles such as mitochondria, aggregate-prone proteins that cause neurodegeneration and various pathogens. Thus, this pathway appears to be relevant to the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, and its modulation may have therapeutic value. Here, we focus on the cell and molecular biology of mammalian autophagy and review the key proteins that regulate the process by discussing their roles and how these may be modulated by posttranslational modifications. We consider the membrane-trafficking events that impact autophagy and the questions relating to the sources of autophagosome membrane(s). Finally, we discuss data from structural studies and some of the insights these have provided.
Dilation of polymers by sorption of carbon dioxide at elevated pressures. 1. Silicone rubber and unconditioned polycarbonate (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDilation of polymers by sorption of carbon dioxide at elevated pressures. 1. Silicone rubber and unconditioned polycarbonateG. K. Fleming and W. J. KorosCite this: Macromolecules 1986, 19, 8, 2285–2291Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00162a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00162a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1382Altmetric-Citations318LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Temperature Effects on Product-Quality-Related Enzymes in Batch CHO Cell Cultures Producing Recombinant tPA (2004)

Culture conditions that affect product quality are important to the successful operation and optimization of bioreactors. Previous studies have demonstrated that enzymes, such as proteases and sialidases, accumulate in batch bioreactors. These enzymes are known to be detrimental to the quality of recombinant glycoproteins. Bioreactor temperature has been used to control cell growth and recombinant protein production rates. However, the effect of culture temperature on the production of proteases and sialidases has not been investigated. In this study, Chinese hamster ovary cells were cultured with a temperature profile that decreased from 37 to 34 degrees C over 8 days and with a constant temperature of 37 degrees C. Analysis of extracellular protease activity indicated that two major proteases were present (50 and 69 kDa). The 50 kDa protease activity decreased similarly with time for both culture conditions. The 69 kDa protease activity increased with time for both culture conditions. The constant-temperature cultures had significantly lower 69 kDa protease levels compared to the ramped-temperature cultures in the early stationary phase. Intracellular sialidase activity was present in both cultures. The intracellular sialidase activity increased dramatically for both culture conditions immediately after the cells were inoculated into fresh medium. The initial peak in intracellular sialidase activity was followed by a first-order decay. The intracellular sialidase activities for the two culture conditions were not significantly different. The production of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator was not significantly different for the two culture conditions. Thus, the previously hypothesized advantages that lower culture temperatures have reduced protease activity and improved productivity do not appear to be universal.
InGaAsP/InP buried crescent laser emitting at 1.3 μm with very low threshold current (1980)

An InGaAsP/InP injection laser is described in which a crescent-shaped InGaAsP active region is completely embedded in InP by the etch-and-fill l.p.c. technique and a double current confinement scheme is incorporated with two reverse-biased p-n junctions on both sides of the active layer. The best laser has the very low threshold current of 28 mA c.w. at room temperature, and shows stable single-mode c.w. operation up to about twice the threshold current.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Delivery of TRAIL Can Eliminate Metastatic Cancer (2009)

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality throughout the world and new treatments are urgently needed. Recent studies suggest that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) home to and incorporate within tumor tissue. We hypothesized that MSCs engineered to produce and deliver tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a transmembrane protein that causes selective apoptosis of tumor cells, would home to and kill cancer cells in a lung metastatic cancer model. Human MSCs were transduced with TRAIL and the IRES-eGFP reporter gene under the control of a tetracycline promoter using a lentiviral vector. Transduced and activated MSCs caused lung (A549), breast (MDAMB231), squamous (H357), and cervical (Hela) cancer cell apoptosis and death in coculture experiments. Subcutaneous xenograft experiments confirmed that directly delivered TRAIL-expressing MSCs were able to significantly reduce tumor growth [0.12 cm(3) (0.04-0.21) versus 0.66 cm(3) (0.21-1.11); P < 0.001]. We then found, using a pulmonary metastasis model, systemically delivered MSCs localized to lung metastases and the controlled local delivery of TRAIL completely cleared the metastatic disease in 38% of mice compared with 0% of controls (P < 0.05). This is the first study to show a significant reduction in metastatic tumor burden with frequent eradication of metastases using inducible TRAIL-expressing MSCs. This has a wide potential therapeutic role, which includes the treatment of both primary tumors and their metastases, possibly as an adjuvant therapy in clearing micrometastatic disease following primary tumor resection.
Content and Molecular-Weight Distribution of Dietary Fiber Components in Whole-Grain Rye Flour and Bread (2009)

Content of dietary fiber and dietary fiber components in whole-grain rye (n = 18) were analyzed. The average total content, when fructan was included, was for dietary fiber 19.9% (range of 18.7-22.2%) and for extractable dietary fiber 7.4% (range of 6.9-7.9%). Arabinoxylan was the main dietary fiber component, with an average total content of 8.6%, followed by fructan (4.1%). During baking of whole-grain rye bread, only small changes in total content of arabinoxylan, arabinogalactan, and beta-glucan occurred, while the content of resistant starch increased and the content of fructan decreased in a baking-method-dependent manner. The molecular-weight distribution of extractable arabinoxylan in the flour was analyzed with a new method and ranged from 4 x 10(4) to 9 x 10(6) g/mol, with a weight average molecular weight of about 2 x 10(6) g/mol. During crisp bread making, only a limited degradation of arabinoxylan molecular weight was detected, while a notable degradation was observed in sour-dough bread. The molecular weight of extractable beta-glucan in the whole-grain rye flour ranged from 10(4) to 5 x 10(6) g/mol, with a weight average molecular weight of 0.97 x 10(6) g/mol. During bread making, the molecular weight of the beta-glucan was substantially degraded.
Synthesen mit Alkendiazoniumsalzen, I. Zur Darstellung von 5‐Ethoxy‐1<i>H</i>‐1,2,3‐triazolen aus 2,2‐Diethoxy‐1‐ethendiazonium‐hexachloroantimonat und primären Aminen (1981)

Abstract Bei der Umsetzung des 2,2‐Diethoxy‐1‐ethendiazonium‐hexachloroantimonats ( 1 ) mit primären Aminen 2 entstehen die 5‐Ethoxy‐1 H ‐1,2,3‐triazole 5 in guten Ausbeuten.
In Vitro and In Vivo Oncogenic Potential of Bovine Leukemia Virus G4 Protein (1998)

In addition to the genes involved in the structure of the viral particle, the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) genome contains a region called X which contains at least four genes. Among them, the tax and rex genes, respectively, are involved in transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of viral transcription. Two other genes, R3 and G4, were identified after cloning of the corresponding mRNAs from BLV-infected lymphocytes. Although the function of the two latter genes is still unknown, they appear to have important roles, since deletion of them restricts viral propagation in vivo. In order to assess the oncogenic potential of the R3 and G4 proteins, we first analyzed their ability to immortalize and/or transform primary rat embryo fibroblasts (Refs). In this assay, the G4 but not the R3 protein cooperated with the Ha-ras oncogene to induce tumors in nude mice. It thus appears that G4 exhibited oncogenic potential in vitro. To extend these observations in vivo, the pathology induced by recombinant viruses with mutations in G4 and in R3 and G4 was next evaluated with the sheep animal model. Viral propagation, as measured by semiquantitative PCR, appeared to be reduced when the R3 and G4 genes were deleted. These observations confirm and extend our previous data underlining the biological function of these genes. In addition, we present the results of a clinical survey that involves 39 sheep infected with six different BLV recombinants. Over a period of 40 months, 83% of the sheep infected with a wild-type virus developed leukemias and/or lymphosarcomas. In contrast, none out of 13 sheep infected with viruses with mutations in G4 or in R3 and G4 developed disease. We conclude that in addition to its oncogenic potential in vitro, G4 is required for pathogenesis in vivo. These observations should help us gain insight into the process of leukemogenesis induced by the related human T-cell leukemia virus type 1.
Off-line NFC Tag Authentication (2012)

Near Field Communication (NFC), a short range wireless technology, has recently experienced a sharp rise in uptake because of its integration with cell phones. NFC-enabled cell phones interact with NFC tags to retrieve information in a single touch. Such tags can be used in variety of applications like smart posters, product identification, access control etc. The integrity of the data stored on these tags is assured by digital signatures. However, this does not guarantee the legitimacy of tags. They may be replaced with counterfeits. At present the NFC Forum does not provide any mechanism to detect duplicate tags. In an offline environment, when there is no shared secret between the tag and the reader, it is very challenging to differentiate between legitimate and counterfeit tags. This paper presents a protocol for the off-line authentication of NFC tags and provides a framework, based on NFC Forum specifications, to support the authentication. The proposal is based on a challenge-response protocol using public key cryptography and a PKI. In order to make the framework compatible with existing NFC Forum devices, a new Tag Authentication Record, designed according to the NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF), is introduced. Our proposed framework successfully differentiates between legitimate and cloned tags which have sufficient resources to perform the required cryptography.
The Role of Direct-Fed Microbials in Conventional Livestock Production (2015)

Supplementation of direct-fed microbials (DFM) as a means to improve the health and performance of livestock has generated significant interest over the past 15+ years. A driving force for this increased interest in DFM is to reduce or eliminate the use of low-dose antibiotics in livestock production. This increased attention toward DFM supplementation has generated an extensive body of research. This effort has resulted in conflicting reports. Although there has been considerable variation in the design of these studies, one of the main causes for this lack of consistency may be attributed to the variation in the experimental immune challenge incorporated to evaluate DFM supplementation. Taking into account the experimental immune challenge, there is strong evidence to suggest that DFM supplementation may have an impact on the immune response, overall health, and performance of livestock.
Determination of Glucose in Dried Serum Samples by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (1999)

FT-IR spectroscopy appears to be an easy and accurate method to determine glucose concentration and could be widely used to simultaneously identify and quantify several metabolites in biological fluids or tissues.
The cachexia of cancer. (1979)

This review examines the contributions made by anorexia, loss of taste, malabsorption and disturbances of intermediary metabolism to the cachexia of cancer. Methods of nutritional assessment are outlined and mention is made of the usefulness of nutritional support as an adjunct to anti-cancer therapies.
Clinical considerations and fitting practices (1995)

In 11 chapters, contributors share their experiences in the various phases of the selection, fitting, and verification of hearing aid instruments, as well as effective patient management strategies. The information provided reflects current practices that have direct clinical value to practitioners.
Carbon Nanotube−Conducting-Polymer Composite Nanowires (2004)

Polypyrrole/carbon nanotube (PPy/CNT) composite nanowires were prepared by a template-directed electrochemical synthetic route, involving plating of PPy into the pores of a host membrane in the presence of shortened and carboxylated CNT dopants (without added electrolyte). Cyclic voltammetric growth profiles indicate that the CNT is incorporated within the growing nanowire and serves as the sole charge-balancing "counterion". Transmission electron microscopy images indicate high-quality straight PPy/CNT nanowires with a smooth and featureless surface and a uniform diameter. The presence of the CNT dopant imparts high conductivity (Ohmic I-V behavior) onto these PPy/CNT nanowires. By combining the attractive properties of CNTs, conducting polymers, and nanowires, the new nanocomposite opens up new opportunities, ranging from chemical sensors to molecular electronic devices.
The notion of similarity in data and pattern spaces (2003)

Abstract. In the recent years, our ability of collecting information rapidly increases and huge databases that change over time in a high frequency have been developed. On the other hand, the data mining techniques used for extracting essential information from raw data are rather complex, thus not synchronized to underlying data changes. There is a need of detecting whether synchronization operations should take place so as to rescue resources. Motivated from the above problem, we introduce the notion of similarity in data and pattern space and examine their relationship. 1