gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accurate and Fully Automatic Hippocampus Segmentation Using Subject-Specific 3D Optimal Local Maps Into a Hybrid Active Contour Model (2014)

Assessing the structural integrity of the hippocampus (HC) is an essential step toward prevention, diagnosis, and follow-up of various brain disorders due to the implication of the structural changes of the HC in those disorders. In this respect, the development of automatic segmentation methods that can accurately, reliably, and reproducibly segment the HC has attracted considerable attention over the past decades. This paper presents an innovative 3-D fully automatic method to be used on top of the multiatlas concept for the HC segmentation. The method is based on a subject-specific set of 3-D optimal local maps (OLMs) that locally control the influence of each energy term of a hybrid active contour model (ACM). The complete set of the OLMs for a set of training images is defined simultaneously via an optimization scheme. At the same time, the optimal ACM parameters are also calculated. Therefore, heuristic parameter fine-tuning is not required. Training OLMs are subsequently combined, by applying an extended multiatlas concept, to produce the OLMs that are anatomically more suitable to the test image. The proposed algorithm was tested on three different and publicly available data sets. Its accuracy was compared with that of state-of-the-art methods demonstrating the efficacy and robustness of the proposed method.
인공수정체 망막박리에 대한 임상적 고찰 (1997)

저자들은 인공수정체 망막박리의 임상적 특성에 대해 알아보고자 20안의 인공수정체 망막박리 환자에 대하여 후향적으로 조사하였다. 연령 및 성별분포는 40대(35%)와 60대(30%)에 호발하였으며 남자(65%)에 많이 발생하였다.동반된 안소견중 후낭파열이 10안(50%)에서 발견되었으며 그 중 2안은 YAG레이저에 의해 이차적 후
낭절개술이 행해진 경우였다.인공수정체 삽입후 ㅏㄹ생한 망막박리는 2년이내에 75%에서 발생하였으며,6개월이내 발생한 경우는 후낭파열군이 정상후낭군보다 다소 높은 빈도를 보였으나,통계적 유의성은 없었다. 망막열공을 발견하지 못한 경우가 전체 20안중 총 7안(35%)이었으며 이중 4안은 후낭의 혼탁 및 동공의 산동이 충분하지 않았던 경우였다. 위축성 원공 및 마제형 열공이 각각 6안(30%)으로 가장 많고,망막의 상부에서 많이 발견되었으며,80%에서 3상한이상 박리되고,황반이 침범된 경우가 75%이었다.해부학적 수술성공율은 85%이었으며,해부학적 유착을 얻지 못한 3안은 모두 증식유리체망막병증이 원인이었다(한안지 38:579~584, 1997).
Liquid crystal spatial light modulator for multispot beam steering (2004)

The advantages of laser communications including high bandwidth, resistance to jamming and secure links have made it a key technology for current and future C4ISR capabilities. Laser Communications between space/air/ground/sea-based assets may require multiple links. One advantage of this redundancy is that the signal is more likely to reach the intended receiver even if the environmental conditions are poor for laser transmission. In addition, multiple links provide simultaneous receipt of information to various assets engaged in activities that may need to be coordinated. That is, multibeam laser communication mimics the "broadcast" advantage of RF communications but with less likelihood of jamming or intercept. Liquid Crystal spatial light modulators are a versatile optical head that can be used for multispot beam steering applications. One advantage of the liquid crystal approach to multibeam laser communication is that the device is a modulator in addition to a mirror, so that one could conceivably send different signal amplitudes to different locations simultaneously. This paper discusses recent improvements to a 5 12x5 1 2 spatial light modulator that is specifically implemented as a multispot beamsteerer. This will include characterization of the device, analysis of its performance, and what improvements should be incorporated into the next generation device.
The Johnson System: Selection and Parameter Estimation (1980)

This paper presents simple criteria which can be used to select which of the three members of the Johnson System of distributions should be used for fitting a set of data. The paper also presents elementary formulas for estimating the parameters for each of the members of the family. Thus, many obstacles to the use of the Johnson System are resolved.
Molecular structure of nicked DNA: a substrate for DNA repair enzymes. (1990)

The molecular structure of a nicked dodecamer DNA double helix, made of a ternary system containing d(CGCGAAAACGCG) + d(CGCGTT) + d(TTCGCG) oligonucleotides, has been determined by x-ray diffraction analysis at 3 A resolution. The molecule adopts a B-DNA conformation, not unlike those found in intact dodecamer DNA molecules crystallized in a somewhat different crystal lattice, despite a gap due to the absence of a phosphate group in the molecule. The helix has a distinct narrow minor groove near the center of the molecule at the AAAA region. This suggests that the internal stabilizing forces due to base stacking and hydrogen-bonding interactions are sufficient to overcome the loss of connectivity associated with the disruption of the covalent backbone of DNA.
Utah Poison Control Center (1999)

Many valuable chemical products, such as those used in the home and garden or in industry and agriculture are potentially toxic to humans and can cause poisoning if misused.Some of these compounds will cause illness if intentionally or accidentally inhaled, swallowed or spilled on the skin or in the eyes.Before using any chemical product, be sure to read and understand the instructions on the container label. WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF POISONINGCall a doctor or call the POISON CONTROL CENTER at 801-581-2151.Outside the Salt Lake City metropolitan area call toll free 1-800-456-7707.Identify yourself.Describe the victim by name, age and sex.Have the package of poison nearby and identify exactly what the victim took and how much.Keep calm.You have enough time to act, but don't delay unnecessarily.
Achieving multigauge behavior in bit-serial SIMD architectures via emulation (2002)

It is shown that the expected benefits of multigauging can be attained without any hardware modification and that additional advantages may be gained from enabling emulations. The authors start with a (physical) bit-serial architecture and build (software) support for multigauge computation on top of its native instruction set. Assumptions about this instruction set are modest and confined solely to its functionality, not its implementation. Multigauge behavior is achieved as a high-level abstraction, which is independent of the physical design. The danger that (hardware-enabled) multigauge behavior might preclude certain types of hardware optimization is avoided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two distinct class A helix-loop-helix transcription factors, E2A and BETA1, form separate DNA binding complexes on the insulin gene E box. (1994)

Mutations in the RIPE3a element have shown it to be crucial for efficient tissue-specific expression of the insulin gene. In order to isolate factors binding to this element, we used a labeled RIPE3 probe to screen an expression library derived from a hamster insulinoma cell line. We isolated a clone encoding beta-cell E-box transcriptional activator1 (BETA 1). This clone is a member of the class A subfamily of the helix-loop-helix superfamily of transcriptional activators, as determined both by sequence analysis and by functional association with a class B member (myogenin). This clone is related to, but distinct from, other clones isolated from the same library which are also capable of binding RIPE3a. Analysis showed these additional clones to be the hamster homologs of E12 and E47 (German, M. S., Blaner, M. A., Nelson, C., Moss, L. G., and Rutter, W. J. (1991) Mol. Endocrinol. 5, 292-299). Antibodies were raised against BETA 1 and against a common epitope of E12 and E47 to determine which proteins were contained in the native RIPE3a binding complex. Using these antibodies, we were able to separate the complex into major and minor fractions which contained either E12/47 or BETA 1, respectively. Thus, these two gene products are found in separate fractions of the tissue-specific binding activity and are therefore both likely to be important in insulin gene regulation.
Ion-beam nanotexturing of buffer layers for near-single-crystal thin-film deposition: Application to YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconducting films (2002)

A method of producing biaxially textured template layers for near-single-crystal-quality film growth on substrates that do not provide a template for oriented crystalline growth is described and compared to existing methods. This technique, ion-beam nanotexturing (ITEX), produces a biaxially textured layer by oblique ion irradiation of an amorphous film surface. Using in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction and ex situ x-ray diffraction, an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) template layer fabricated by ITEX is shown to have the appropriate surface texture for YBa2Cu3O7-δ coated conductor fabrication. A YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film deposited on an ITEX YSZ layer has a critical current of 2.5×105 A/cm2 (77 K, 1 μV/cm). ITEX produces texture rapidly and should be ideally suited for future low-cost manufacturing.
A versatile, efficient digital filter for decimation and interpolation (1993)

The area and power consumption of oversampled data converters are governed largely by the associated digital decimation and interpolation filters. This paper presents an area- and power-efficient programmable digital filter for decimation and interpolation in digital-audio applications. Several architectural and implementation features reduce the complexity of the filter and allow its implementation in a die area of only 3670 mils/sup 2/ (2.37 mm/sup 2/). The filter is first described in the context of decimation for an oversampled A/D converter employing a second-order sigma-delta modulator. Extensions of the filter to accommodate other modulators, as well as to perform interpolation for oversampled D/A conversion, are then discussed.
Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents (1997)

Concern regarding the use of biological agents—bacteria, viruses, or toxins—as tools of warfare or terrorism has led to measures to deter their use or, failing that, to deal with the consequences. Unlike chemical agents, which typically lead to violent disease syndromes within minutes at the site of exposure, diseases resulting from biological agents have incubation periods of days. Therefore, rather than a paramedic, it will likely be a physician who is first faced with evidence of the results of a biological attack. We provide here a primer on 10 classic biological warfare agents to increase the likelihood of their being considered in a differential diagnosis. Although the resultant diseases are rarely seen in many countries today, accepted diagnostic and epidemiologic principles apply; if the cause is identified quickly, appropriate therapy can be initiated and the impact of a terrorist attack greatly reduced.
Kinetic properties of the reconstituted glucose transporter from human erythrocytes. (1981)

The kinetic parameters of D-glucose transport in liposomes reconstituted with the purified glucose transporter were determined. Net uptake and efflux both had Km values of 0.7 to 1.2 mM and Vmax values of 1.6 mumol/mg of protein/min. Equilibrium exchange had a Km of 35 mM and a Vmax of 50 mumol/mg of protein/min. By separating the liposomes from unreconstituted protein using density centrifugation, the Vmax of exchange was increased to 86 mumol/mg of protein/min, about 3 times that of the erythrocyte membrane. Trypsin, which inhibits erythrocyte glucose transport only from the cytoplasmic side, inhibited reconstituted transport activity about 40% when added externally. With internal treatment as well, the inhibition was about 80%. This suggests that the reconstituted transporter is oriented about equally in both directions. Antibody prepared against the purified transporter inhibits transport to a maximum of about 50%, also indicating a scrambled orientation. External trypsin treatment decreased the Km for uptake and increased the Km for efflux, consistent with asymmetric kinetic parameters for the two faces of the transporter. However, the calculated Km values are lower than those reported for erythrocytes. Phloretin and diethylstilbestrol inhibit the reconstituted transporter. However, they bind to liposomes, producing anomalous results under some experimental conditions. When this binding is taken into account, phloretin inhibits completely and symmetrically. The binding accounts for the apparent asymmetric effects of phloretin reported by others. The inhibitory effects of mercuric ions are consistent with action at two classes of binding sites. Treatment with trypsin increases the sensitivity to Hg2+, indicating that the more sensitive site is on the external face of the transporter.
The influence of ionizing radiation on the CLARION 1.2 cochlear implant during radiation therapy. (1999)

The CLARION 1.2 cochlear implant seems to safely withstand approximately 60 Gy of radiation before experiencing functional difficulties. In a clinical situation, the implant would not likely be in the target volume irradiated, and thus the patient's therapeutic cumulative dosage might be higher.
A proposal for the contact hole assist feature printing checker in IML (2005)

Interference Mapping Lithography (IML) is the latest innovation to extend optical imaging solutions to contact hole printing. This approach optimizes the placement of assist features to enhance the process window of the contact hole layer. However, the printing of assist features is a concern of the IML technology. This study presents a checking scheme to analyze the assist feature printing using the aerial image simulation. If the checking method confirms the assist feature printing, the adjustment algorithm optimizes the assist feature design. An example of a 5×5 array pattern is employed to demonstrate the methodologies; which avoid assist feature printing yet still improve the process window by adding the appropriate assist feature design.
Single DNA Molecule Isolation and Trapping in a Microfluidic Device (2007)

This paper presents a systematic method to isolate and trap long single DNA segments between integrated electrodes in a microfluidic environment. Double stranded lambda-DNA molecules are introduced in a microchip and are isolated by electrophoretic force through microfluidic channels. Downstream, each individual molecule is extended and oriented by ac dielectrophoresis (900 kHz, 1 MV m(-1)) and anchored between aluminium electrodes. With a proper design, a long DNA segment (up to 10 microm) can be instantly captured in stretched conformation, opening way for further assays.
Evaluation of an Experimental Animal Model for Testing Antifungal Substances (1972)

Accumulated evidence indicates that infection by fungi capable of causing systemic disease usually results in a relatively strong acquired resistance. The working hypothesis for this study was that an antifungal substance, even one with only slight fungistatic activity, could be an effective chemotherapeutic agent by arresting progression of the infection until acquired resistance became effective. The present study involved establishing and evaluating an experimental animal model (coccidioidomycosis in mice) which could be used to test this hypothesis. This model was reasonably similar to the natural disease. Results with infected nontreated animals indicated that the plot of mortality frequency against survival time did not follow a normal distribution curve. Thus, nonparametric procedures were used for evaluation. Use of this model with an established antibiotic (amphotericin B), with a crude preparation of a new antibiotic (CB-310), and with synthetic organoselenium compounds demonstrated that even low levels of antifungal activity could be detected. The model should be useful not only to test the original hypothesis but also to screen antifungal substances for their potential as chemotherapeutic agents.
übersicht der bisher im Monitoring untersuchten Lebensmittel (2007)

Die folgende Tab. gibt eine Übersicht über die in den Jahren 1995 bis 2007 untersuchten Lebensmittel mit den dazu gehörigen Beprobungsjahren. Die Reihenfolge der Lebensmittelgruppen und die Zuordnung der Einzellebensmittel zu den Lebensmittelgruppen erfolgt in Anlehnung an die in der amtlichen Lebensmittelüberwachung verwendeten Kodierkataloge (ADV-Kataloge).
Bayesian Generalized Linear Models in a Terabyte World (2007)

This paper introduces extremely fast approximate inference schemes for Bayesian treatments of dynamic generalized linear models. The approximations are tailored variants of quadrature EP. The first forward pass of this fixed point iteration algorithm can be interpreted as a one-step unscented Kalman filter. For on-line applications this filter can handle tens of thousands of updates a second on a current day desktop machine.
IC‐P‐088: Effects of 12 months of treatment with the PPAR<i>γ</i> agonist rosiglitazone on brain glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: A <sup>18</sup>F‐FDG PET study (2009)

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) leads to a progressive reduction of brain metabolism, which correlates with disease severity and is detectable with 18F-FDG PET, Rosiglitazone was demonstrated to have a favorable effect on cognitive function in AD1, 2. We assessed the effects of rosiglitazone on brain metabolism over a 12-month period in a pilot double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized parallel group study. Eighty patients with mild-to-moderate AD (MMSE 16-23) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive a daily dose of either rosiglitazone (8 mg extended release), or placebo, and underwent four 18F-FDG PET scans (baseline, 1, 6 and 12 months) and three T1 weighted structural MRI (baseline, 6 and 12 months). Commonly used clinical inventories (ADAS-Cog, CIBIC+), specific cognitive domain tests, APOϵ4 genotype and a variety of plasma biomarkers were also collected. Dynamic PET emission data, and discrete venous blood 18F-FDG samples were used to calculate a cerebral metabolic rate for glucose index (CMRgluI) - a parameter directly proportional to brain glucose metabolism - in brain regions known to be involved in early stages of AD (Posterior Cingulate, Posterior Temporal, Parietal, Frontal, Medial Temporal), and the cerebellum. A GlobalGrey region comprising the whole brain grey matter was also assessed. Individual patient CMRgluI were analyzed using separate mixed-effects models for repeated measures, primary inference being changes at 12 months. Data from 78 patients were used in the analysis of the PET study. GMRgluI change was similar in all brain regions examined, hence the figures below refer to the GlobalGrey. The decline in CMRgluI in the rosiglitazone group was lower than in the placebo group at all points (6.3% vs 13.1%, 2. 6% vs. 7.1% and -1.5% vs 4.7% at 12, 6 and 1 months, respectively). However, group differences did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.17, 0.25 and 0.23 at 12, 6 and 1 months, respectively). No statistically significant differences were seen in the clinical assessments conducted. Subjects treated with Avandia XR showed a trend towards a lower rate of decline in CMRgluI compared to patients treated with placebo, but statistical significance was not reached.
An Approach to Software Testing of Machine Learning Applications (2007)

Some machine learning applications are intended to learn properties of data sets where the correct answers are not already known to human users. It is challenging to test such ML software, because there is no reliable test oracle. We describe a software testing approach aimed at addressing this problem. We present our findings from testing implementations of two different ML ranking algorithms: Support Vector Machines and MartiRank.
Efficient Homologous and Illegitimate Recombination in the Opportunistic Yeast Pathogen Candida glabrata (1999)

The opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata causes significant disease in humans. To develop genetic tools to investigate the pathogenicity of this organism, we have constructed ura3 and his3 auxotrophic strains by deleting the relevant coding regions in a C. glabrata clinical isolate. Linearized plasmids carrying a Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA3 gene efficiently transformed the ura3 auxotroph to prototrophy. Homologous recombination events were observed when the linearized plasmid carried short terminal regions homologous with the chromosome. In contrast, in the absence of any chromosomal homology, the plasmid integrated by illegitimate recombination into random sites in the genome. Sequence analysis of the target sites revealed that for the majority of illegitimate transformants there was no microhomology with the integration site. Approximately 0.25% of the insertions resulted in amino acid auxotrophy, suggesting that insertion was random at a gross level. Sequence analysis suggested that illegitimate recombination is nonrandom at the single-gene level and that the integrating plasmid has a preference for inserting into noncoding regions of the genome. Analysis of the relative numbers of homologous and illegitimate recombination events suggests that C. glabrata possesses efficient systems for both homologous and nonhomologous recombination.
The Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and Proteasome Maturation Protein Axis Mediate Bortezomib Resistance in Multiple Myeloma (2015)

Resistance to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is an emerging clinical problem whose mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We considered the possibility that this could be associated with enhanced proteasome activity in part through the action of the proteasome maturation protein (POMP). Bortezomib-resistant myeloma models were used to examine the correlation between POMP expression and bortezomib sensitivity. POMP expression was then modulated using genetic and pharmacologic approaches to determine the effects on proteasome inhibitor sensitivity in cell lines and in vivo models. Resistant cell lines were found to overexpress POMP, and while its suppression in cell lines enhanced bortezomib sensitivity, POMP overexpression in drug-naive cells conferred resistance. Overexpression of POMP was associated with increased levels of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like (NRF2), and NRF2 was found to bind to and activate the POMP promoter. Knockdown of NRF2 in bortezomib-resistant cells reduced POMP levels and proteasome activity, whereas its overexpression in drug-naive cells increased POMP and proteasome activity. The NRF2 inhibitor all-trans-retinoic acid reduced cellular NRF2 levels and increased the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of bortezomib in resistant cells, while decreasing proteasome capacity. Finally, the combination of all-trans-retinoic acid with bortezomib showed enhanced activity against primary patient samples and in a murine model of bortezomib-resistant myeloma. Taken together, these studies validate a role for the NRF2/POMP axis in bortezomib resistance and identify NRF2 and POMP as potentially attractive targets for chemosensitization to this proteasome inhibitor.
Comparative Adsorption of Lead(II) on Flake and Bead‐Types of Chitosan (2002)

Abstract The adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by chitosan flakes and beads was studied. The chitosan beads were prepared by casting an acidic chitosan solution into alkaline solution. Experiments were carried out as a function of pH, agitation period and initial concentration of Pb 2+ ions. The uptake of Pb 2+ ions from aqueous solution was determined from changes in concentration as measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The maximum uptake of Pb 2+ ions on chitosan beads was greater than that on chitosan flakes. Adsorption isothermal data could be interpreted by the Langmuir equation. The experimental data of the adsorption equilibrium from Pb 2+ ion solutions correlated well with the Langmuir isotherm equation. SEM analyses were also conducted for visual examination of the chitosan flakes and beads. Physical properties including surface area and average pore diameter were characterized by N 2 adsorption experiment.