gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A NEW PROCEDURE FOR LUMBAR PUNCTURE IN THE MOUSE (INTRATHECAL INJECTION) PRELIMINARY REPORT (1979)

Mice and other small animals are often used in experimental studies on central nervous disorders. If the intrathecal administration of certain sub-stances is required in such experiments, the substances are usually adminis-tered by cisternal puncture under general anesthesia. In work on metabolic aspects of diseases, however, general anesthesia is disadvantageous since it influences cerebral metabolic conditions.The present authors thus developed a technique for intrathecal adminis-tration by lumbar puncture in the mouse under local anesthesia. Although it may appear that correct positioning of a mouse could be difficult under local anesthesia, the authors were able to ensure a satisfactory posture by pulling the bilateral ears and tail gently in the craniocaudal direction. In order to puncture the mid-point of the spinous processes accurately in the mouse, we observed the spinous processes directly through a lumbosacral incision in the skin.In order to test the reliability of our technique, trypan blue and 5% glucose were administered to mice intrathecally.Based on macroautograms obtained at 30 min after intrathecal admin-istration of 25 μl of trypan blue, the intrathecal injection of trypan blue by our technique was judged to be successful in 95% of the twenty mice.Twenty-five μl of 5% glucose was administered intrathecally to mice and the intracerebral water content was estimated at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60min after the administration following decapitation.No marked change in intracerebral water content was observed at 10min after the intrathecal administration, but at 20min a significant rise in water content was found (p<0.05). The water content tended to decrease there-after and at 30min it dropped to the pre-administration level.It is considered therefore that the intrathecally administered glucose affected the intracerebral water content in some definite way, thereby demon-strating the reliability of our method.Compared to cisternal puncture, the present technique for lumbar punc-ture offers several advantages.1) It can be carried out under lacal anesthesia.2) Practically, it is a simpler procedure than cisternal puncture.3) It is reliable, giving a high success rate of over 95%.
Skin capillary network recognition and analysis by means of neural algorithms (2005)

This neural filter system is capable of real-time processing; it recognizes capillaries anywhere in an image, and operates successfully under wide range of lighting and noisy conditions.
An Adaptive Differential Privacy Algorithm for Range Queries over Healthcare Data (2017)

Differential privacy is an approach that preserves patient privacy while permitting researchers access to medical data. This paper presents mechanisms proposed to satisfy differential privacy while answering a given workload of range queries. Representing input data as a vector of counts, these methods partition the vector according to relationships between the data and the ranges of the given queries. After partitioning the vector into buckets, the counts of each bucket are estimated privately and split among the bucket's positions to answer the given query set. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using different workloads over several attributes. The results show that partitioning the vector based on the data can produce more accurate answers, while partitioning the vector based on the given workload improves privacy. This paper's two main contributions are: (1) improving earlier work on partitioning mechanisms by building a greedy algorithm to partition the counts' vector efficiently, and (2) its adaptive algorithm considers the sensitivity of the given queries before providing results.
W-Band finite ground coplanar waveguide (FGGPW) to microstrip line transition (2002)

fA uniplanar transition from finite ground coplanar waveguide (FGCPW) to microstrip line operating at W-Band has been developed. The design is uniplanar and does not require viaholes or wirebonds. The transition, centered at 94 GHz, results in 0.2 dB insertion loss with a bandwidth of 20%. The return loss is better than -17 dB from 85 GHz to 100 GHz. To our knowledge, this simple transition shows state-of-the-art performance, and can be very useful for CPW-probe to microstrip circuit measurements.
Diagnostic nanoparticle targeting of the EGF-receptor in complex biological conditions using single-domain antibodies (2014)

For effective localization of functionalized nanoparticles at diseased tissues such as solid tumours or metastases through biorecognition, appropriate targeting vectors directed against selected tumour biomarkers are a key prerequisite. The diversity of such vector molecules ranges from proteins, including antibodies and fragments thereof, through aptamers and glycans to short peptides and small molecules. Here, we analyse the specific nanoparticle targeting capabilities of two previously suggested peptides (D4 and GE11) and a small camelid single-domain antibody (sdAb), representing potential recognition agents for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We investigate specificity by way of receptor RNA silencing techniques and look at increasing complexity in vitro by introducing increasing concentrations of human or bovine serum. Peptides D4 and GE11 proved problematic to employ and conjugation resulted in non-receptor specific uptake into cells. Our results show that sdAb-functionalized particles can effectively target the EGFR, even in more complex bovine and human serum conditions where targeting specificity is largely conserved for increasing serum concentration. In human serum however, an inhibition of overall nanoparticle uptake is observed with increasing protein concentration. For highly affine targeting ligands such as sdAbs, targeting a receptor such as EGFR with low serum competitor abundance, receptor recognition function can still be partially realised in complex conditions. Here, we stress the value of evaluating the targeting efficiency of nanoparticle constructs in realistic biological milieu, prior to more extensive in vivo studies.
Hypocholesterolemic effects of chitosan in cholesterol-fed rats (1978)

Hypocholesterolemic activity of some brown algae and chitosan, that had been found to be capable of binding bile acid in vitro, was examined in rats. When the diets contained cholesterol and cholate in combination, feeding chitosan, compared with cellulose, at the 5% level for 20 days resulted in a reduction of liver, but not plasma, cholesterol. Whilst in rats fed the diets containing cholesterol alone, chitosan caused a marked decrease in plasma and liver cholesterol, the magnitude of the reduction being comparable with that observed on cholestyramine. This aminosugar showed no demonstrable effects on food intake and growth of rats, but increased fecal excretion of neutral sterols accompanied with a conspicuous depression of microbial transformation of cholesterol to coprostanol. Three brown algae examined herein, Sargassum ringgoldianum, Hijikia fusiforme and Sargassum thunbergii, showed no plasma cholesterol lowering effects. So far as the present data indicate, chitosan appears to be an effective hypocholesterolemic agent.
<title>Advanced strain measurement applications of fiber optic grating sensors</title> (1996)

Fiber optic gratings have the potential to be used to support a wide variety of strain measurement applications. These applications include low cost longitudinal strain measurements at temperature ranges up to 800 degrees C, high performance multiaxis strain sensing and integrated strain measurements over long distances. In many cases these applications may require the unique properties associated with fiber optic sensors and in particular fiber optic gratings including small size, the ability to be embedded in a wide variety of materials, high immunity to electromagnetic interference and ease of multiplexing. This paper reviews and summarizes ongoing efforts to apply fiber optic grating technology to a variety of applications requiring the measurement of strain.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Activated Caspases in Apoptotic Hepatocytes in Rat Liver (2004)

In our study we tested the utility of antibodies that specifically recognize the cleaved large (active) subunits of caspase-3 and caspase-9 for immunohistochemical detection of apoptotic hepatocytes in rat liver sections using archival material from cyproterone acetate (CPA)-treated and control rats. CPA blocks apoptosis of hepatocytes and discontinuation of CPA treatment results in a syncronized wave of hepatocyte apoptosis. By comparing liver sections from CPA-treated and control rats with high and low rates of apoptosis we observed a close correlation between the occurrence of cleaved caspase-positive apoptotic figures and H&E-stained apoptotic bodies when evaluated in parallel sections. Caspase-stained figures were either immuno-positive apoptotic bodies or pre-apoptotic hepatocytes showing cytoplasmic and/or nuclear caspase-staining with otherwise normal cellular appearance. In extension of these observations we developed a double-immunohistochemical staining procedure which enables the detection of caspase-3-positive apoptotic hepatocytes within glutathione-S-transferase-P (GST-P)-positive preneoplastic liver foci. By use of this technique, inhibition of apoptosis by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as detected by counting of H&E-stained apoptotic bodies was found to correlate with a strong reduction of cleaved caspase-positive hepatocytes in GST-P-positive preneoplastic foci. In summary, this study demonstrates that cleaved caspase-positive apoptotic hepatocytes could be reliably identified and quantified both in normal and neoplastically transformed liver tissue.
Linear unbiased data estimation in mobile radio systems applying CDMA (1993)

Data estimation in the uplink of a synchronous mobile radio system applying code-division multiple access (CDMA) is considered. In mobile radio systems applying CDMA, multipath propagation leads to intersymbol interference (ISI) and together with time variance, to cross interference between the signals of different users regardless of whether the user codes are chosen orthogonal or not. A linear unbiased data estimation algorithm is presented that eliminates both ISI and cross interference perfectly by jointly detecting the different user signals, leading to unbiased estimates of the transmitted data symbols. By theoretical analysis and simulation, the performance of the linear unbiased data estimation algorithm is examined under the assumption that the radio channel impulse responses are known at the receiver. The price to be paid for the interference elimination are SNR degradations, which are calculated for typical mobile radio situations in urban areas. The resulting average uncoded bit error probabilities lead to the conclusion that systems applying the linear unbiased data estimation algorithm are well suited for mobile radio applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Infra: structure all the way down: structured data as a visual programming language (2017)

We present Infra, a new baseline medium for representing data. With Infra, arbitrarily-complex structured data can be encoded, viewed, edited, and processed, all while remaining in an efficient non-textual form. It is suitable for the full range of information modalities, from free-form input, to compact schema-conforming structures. With its own equivalent of a text editor and text-field widget, Infra is designed to target the domain currently dominated by flat character strings while simultaneously enabling the expression of sub-structure, inter-reference, dynamic dependencies, abstraction, computation, and context (metadata).
Experience with an approach to comparing software design methodologies (1994)

Introduces a systematic and defined process called "comparison of design methodologies" (CDM) for objectively comparing software design methodologies (SDMs). We believe that using CDM will lead to detailed, traceable, and objective comparisons. CDM uses process modeling techniques to model SDMs, classify their components, and analyze their procedural aspects. Modeling the SDMs entails decomposing their methods into components and analyzing the structure and functioning of the components. The classification of the components illustrates which components address similar design issues and/or have similar structures. Similar components then may be further modeled to aid in more precisely understanding their similarities and differences. The models of the SDMs are also used as the bases for conjectures and analyses about the differences between the SDMs. This paper describes three experiments that we carried out in evaluating CDM. The first uses CDM to compare Jackson System Development (JSD) and Booch's (1986) object-oriented design. The second uses CDM to compare two other pairs of SDMs. The last one compares some of our comparisons with other comparisons done in the past using different approaches. The results of these experiments demonstrate that process modeling is valuable as a powerful tool in analysis of software development approaches.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isospecific polymerization of propylene catalyzed by rac-ethylenebis(indenyl)methylzirconium cation (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsospecific polymerization of propylene catalyzed by rac-ethylenebis(indenyl)methylzirconium cationJames C. W. Chien, Woei Min Tsai, and Marvin D. RauschCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 22, 8570–8571Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00022a081https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00022a081research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2249Altmetric-Citations478LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
FINDING AND CHARACTERIZING UNSTABLE FIXED POINTS BY CONTROLLING SYSTEM DYNAMICS (2000)

We study time series data in order to understand better the underlying dynamics of a system. Unfortunately, many time series do not contain the information we seek in an accessible form, particularly in biological systems which habitually change during the course of an experiment. By using techniques originally developed for controlling chaotic systems, one can enhance the information contained in time series regarding the existance of hidden, unstable periodic orbits. This makes it possible, for example, to track drifts in a system’s dynamics and to construct effective control schemes for stabilizing such orbits. Even when the system is under control, the characteristics of the unstable periodic orbits of the uncontrolled system can be estimated. The important question... may not be decidable on the basis of time series data.-Thomas Schreiber at “Chaos in Brain?”, 10 March 1999 All these questions are completely different if you are able to perturb the system.-ibid. 1
Human perception of fixed pattern noise in pyramidal CMOS image sensor (2004)

We demonstrate a non-orthogonal image sensor architecture, called pyramid architecture in which the 2D sampling co-centric rings replaces the 1D row sampling in the classical imager architectures and the diagonals output busses replaces the classical vertical column busses. As the imager fixed pattern noise (FPN) is distributed on the output busses, the noise in the classical CMOS imagers will be distributed vertically leading to vertical strips. In our imager, this noise strips will be distributed diagonally. It is a well known fact that the human visual system is less sensitive to obliquely ordered contrast than to the orthogonal contrast. This characteristic is a very important feature of the human visual system which is therefore more sensitive to orthogonally distributed noise than to the diagonally generated noise of our pyramidal imager. So our pyramidal imager is benefiting from this limitation of human vision system sensitivity to diagonal contrast to make its inherent noise (FPN) not apparent to the human eye. Moreover, we proposed a scanning scheme in which instead of rolling over to the first ring (or row) at the end of image scanning it bounces off each time it reaches the two edges of the pyramid imager and samples back the image to the starting ring and continues on. This leads to a two scenes of rings’ integration time profiles that after being fused results in foveated dynamic range.
The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male fertility (2013)

Oxidative stress results from the imbalance between production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the protective effect of the antioxidant system responsible for their neutralization and removal. An excess of ROS causes a pathological reaction resulting in damage to cells and tissues. Spermatozoa are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of ROS. Oxidative stress affects their activity, damages DNA structure, and accelerates apoptosis, all of which consequently decrease their numbers, hinders motility and development of normal morphology, and impairs function. This leads to disturbances in fertility or embryo development disorder. The main cellular source of ROS in the semen are immature sperm cells and white blood cells. The increase in the number of leukocytes may be due to infection and inflammation, but can also be secondary to harmful environmental factors, long sexual abstinence, or varicocele. The protective antioxidant system in the semen is composed of enzymes, as well as nonenzymatic substances, which closely interact with each other to ensure optimal protection against ROS. Non-enzymatic antioxidants include vitamins A, E, C, and B complex, glutathione, pantothenic acid, coenzyme Q10 and carnitine, and micronutrients such as zinc, selenium, and copper. It seems that a deficiency of any of them can cause a decrease in total antioxidant status. In vitro and in vivo that studies demonstrate many antioxidants possess a beneficial effect on fertility and, therefore, their use is recommended as supportive therapy for the treatment of infertility in men.
Benchmarking Non-Hardware Balance of System (Soft) Costs for U.S. Photovoltaic Systems Using a Data-Driven Analysis from PV Installer Survey Results (2012)

This report presents results from the first U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored, bottom-up data-collection and analysis of non-hardware balance-of-system costs--often referred to as 'business process' or 'soft' costs--for residential and commercial photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Dynamic Keys Based Sensitive Information System (2008)

Protecting sensitive information systems from security threats such as unauthorised access, information eavesdropping and information interfering, is significant. Most of the natural approaches employ strong authentication or cryptography systems to protect critical data. But those approaches do not stress on the potential amount of risks associated with sensitive information, especially the vulnerability from compromising of long term cryptographic keys and the lack of fine gained access control. Therefore, in this paper, a dynamic key theory based secure sensitive information system is proposed, which integrates dynamic keys with raw data to protect sensitive information; and the system also uses the keys to secure communication and enhance access control. A formal analysis is provided to verify the security of the proposed work. It shows that the proposed system guarantees critical information data security and access control flexibility. In addition, by using two sets of dynamic keys, fraud detection and prevention is achieved in the proposed system.
Non‐Magnetic and Magnetic Supported Copper(I) Chelating Adsorbents as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts and Copper Scavengers for Click Chemistry (2010)

Abstract Novel supported chelating adsorbents bearing diverse multidentate nitrogenated ligands with strong copper(I) affinities are easily prepared in non‐magnetic and magnetic variants using silica and silica‐coated magnetite nanoparticles as suitable supports and the aza‐Michael‐type addition of vinyl sulfones as the ligation tool. These adsorbents are versatile materials with applications in the copper‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry where their complexation abilities enable them to act either as heterogeneous click catalysts when used in their complexed form or as copper(I) scavengers when used in their uncomplexed form. In the first instance, they proved to be robust and efficient heterogeneous catalysts to promote click reactions using extremely low doses and showing negligible copper leaching, particularly in the case of the silica‐based non‐magnetic adsorbents, allowing a simple operational protocol for their rapid and easy removal by filtration or magnetic decantation and showing good recyclability properties. In their uncomplexed form, the non‐magnetic chelating adsorbents are very efficient copper scavengers that are able to remove any traces of metal contamination and that can be applied in tandem with any heterogeneous supported copper(I) catalysts or as stand‐alone copper removing system in any click protocol allowing the isolation of metal‐free clicked compounds.
Gaze Estimation Method Involving Corneal Reflection-Based Modeling of the Eye as a General Surface of Revolution about the Optical Axis of the Eye (2012)

We have proposed a novel geometric model of the eye in order to avoid the problems faced while using the conventional spherical model of the cornea for three dimensional (3D) model-based gaze estimation. The proposed model models the eye, including the boundary region of the cornea, as a general surface of revolution about the optical axis of the eye. Furthermore, a method for calculating the point of gaze (POG) on the basis of our model has been proposed. A prototype system for estimating the POG was developed using this method. The average root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the proposed method were experimentally found to be smaller than those of the gaze estimation method that is based on a spherical model of the cornea.
A polymer/fullerene based photodetector with extremely low dark current for x-ray medical imaging applications (2008)

Organic photodetectors for use in medical x-ray digital imaging applications are fabricated from poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester using a solution-based, temperature assisted deposition protocol. In comparison to bulk heterojunction structures, the proposed protocol leads to much lower dark currents while still offering useful external quantum efficiency values. Devices made by this protocol lead to dark currents of around 50pA∕cm2 at −0.8V, well within the requirements for x-ray digital imaging. When coupled to a scintillating phosphor screen the device yields a linear response of photocurrent to x-ray exposure (from 0to7mGy∕s) for a range of operating biases.