gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alpha<sub>2</sub>-Agonisten in Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin (1993)

The neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline are non-selective adrenergic agonists which interact with both subtypes of alpha- and beta-receptors. Clonidine, an alpha 2-adrenergic drug with a selectivity ratio of 200/1 for alpha 2/alpha 1 has been used in clinical practice for more than 20 years. Although alpha 2-agonists have vasoconstrictor properties, sympatholytic effects on the central nervous system predominate. As a result, the sympathetic outflow from the medullary pressor centres is decreased mediating the hypotensive effects of the alpha 2-agonists. These compounds also exhibit sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, and haemodynamic stabilising properties. The identification of alpha 2-adrenoceptors has yielded information on their biochemical properties, signal transduction, modulation of the sympathetic nervous system and neurotransmission. The classification of alpha 2-receptors based on anatomical locations and identified as presynaptic alpha 2-receptors and postsynaptic alpha 1-receptors proved to be untenable after postsynaptic and extrasynaptic alpha 2-receptor locations had been identified. At least 3 isoreceptors which are heterologously distributed in the brain have been identified. Guanine nucleotide proteins (G proteins) couple the receptor to an effector mechanism (i.e. intracellular messenger cascade, ion channel). More selective for the alpha 2-adrenoceptor than clonidine is dexmedetomidine (1600/1 of alpha 2/alpha 1), a very potent agonist at the alpha 2-adrenoceptor. Imidazole derivatives (like clonidine and dexmedetomidine) also bind to other nonadrenergic receptors ("imidazoline receptors") which may produce some effects (i.e. vagotonia) previously ascribed to alpha 2-adrenoceptors. alpha 2-receptors exist in brain tissue and several peripheral organs and tissues including the liver, eye, kidney, pancreas and platelets. Anaesthetic interest has focussed on reductions in anaesthetic requirements since experimental and clinical studies have shown that alpha 2-agonists expert powerful analgesic and anaesthetic effects. The hypnotic response is probably mediated by activation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the locus coeruleus. Analgesia is induced by modulation of the nociceptive pathway at the level of the dorsal root neuron and other sites not yet unambiguously characterised. Dexmedetomidine reduces the anaesthetic requirements for halothane by more than 90%. Cerebral blood flow and intraocular pressure are reduced by alpha 2-agonists. Epidural, intrathecal, intravenous and transdermal application of clonidine resulted in pain reduction, during and following surgery and in patients with neurogenic or otherwise intractable cancer pain. Administration of alpha 2-agonists induces only minor respiratory effects. Salivary flow is reduced by alpha 2-agonists and gastric and small-bowel motility is decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Glycolytic enzymes of Trypanosoma brucei. Simultaneous purification, intraglycosomal concentrations and physical properties (1986)

We have developed a method for the simultaneous purification of hexokinase, glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, D-glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol kinase from Trypanosoma brucei in yields varying over 8-55%. Crude glycosomes were prepared by differential centrifugation of cell homogenates. Subsequent hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose resulted in six pools containing various mixtures of enzymes. These pools were processed via affinity chromatography (immobilized ATP), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (octyl-Sepharose) and ion-exchange chromatography (CM- and DEAE-cellulose) which resulted in the purification of all nine enzymes. The native enzyme and subunit molecular masses, as determined by gel filtration and gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, were compared with those of their homologous counterparts from other organisms. Trypanosomal hexokinase is a hexamer and differs in subunit composition from the mammalian enzymes (monomers) as well as in subunit size (51 kDa versus 96-100 kDa, respectively). Phosphofructokinase only differs in subunit size (51 kDa for T. brucei versus 80-90 kDa for mammals) but had identical subunit composition (tetrameric). The others all have the same subunit composition as their mammalian counterparts. Except for triosephosphate isomerase, all Trypanosoma enzymes have subunits which are 1-5 kDa larger in size. Together these nine enzymes contribute 3.3 +/- 1.6% to the total cellular protein of T. brucei and at least 90% to the total glycosomal protein. A comparison of calculated intraglycosomal concentrations of the enzymes with the glycosomal metabolite concentrations shows that in the case of aldolase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase, the concentration of active sites is of the same order of magnitude as that of their reactants. A common feature of the glycosomal glycolytic enzymes (with the exception of glucosephosphate isomerase) is that they are highly basic proteins with pI values between 8.8 and 10.2, values which are 1-4 higher than in the case of their mammalian cytosolic counterparts and 3-6 higher than in the case of the various unicellular organisms. It is suggested that both the larger subunit size and the basic character of the T. brucei glycolytic proteins are involved in the routing of the enzymes from their site of biogenesis (the cytosol) towards their site of action (the glycosome).
Fundamentals of two-step etching techniques for ideal silicon-hydrogen termination of silicon(111) (1994)

White deposits are seen to form in highly basic etching solutions which contain NH4F such as 40% NH4F or pH-enhanced buffered HF (BHF) (a mixture of BHF and NH4OH). Surface infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy are used to characterize a hydrogen terminated Si(111) surface and the chemistry of these white deposits; such analyses show significant amounts of nitrogen, nonbonded to silicon, and fluorine in the deposits. The morphology of the flat surface is examined with optical microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. A two-step etching, a 7 min dipping in 1% HF followed by a short dipping (∼3 s) in pH-enhanced 1% HF solution (a mixture of 1% HF and NH4OH, pH=9.25), is proposed to obtain an atomically smooth and impurity-free surface, based on studies with all spectroscopies and microscopies used. The second etching step converts a microscopically rough surface with all defects on Si(111) into an atomically smooth, ideally monohydride-terminated surface within 3 s. Similar results are obtained with a 3 s dipping in pH-enhanced BHF solution (a mixture of BHF and NH4OH, pH=9.25); however, studies with the spectroscopies and microscopies used show that longer treatments with this solution result in the formation of white surface deposits. Possible ways of inhibiting the formation of white surface deposits from cleaning solutions are found to be the use of purer chemicals and shorter last-step cleaning times. For example, an increase of the last-step cleaning duration from 10 to 20 min is observed to increase the substrate area covered by the white deposits from about 1% to 5% for purer 40% NH4F, and from about 20% to 30% for less pure 40% NH4F solutions.
INTRODUCTORY SUMMARY (2011)

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Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Regulates Proliferation and Osteoblastic Differentiation of Calcifying Vascular Cells via Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase And Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathways (2005)

Vascular calcification develops within atherosclerotic lesions and results from a process similar to osteogenesis. One of the paracrine regulators of bone-derived osteoblasts, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), is also present in atherosclerotic lesions. To evaluate its possible role in vascular calcification, we assessed its in vitro effects on proliferation and differentiation in calcifying vascular cells (CVCs), a subpopulation of bovine aortic medial cells. Results showed that IGF-I inhibited spontaneous CVC differentiation and mineralization as evidenced by decreased alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and decreased matrix calcium incorporation, respectively. Furthermore, IGF-I inhibited the AP activity induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, TNF-alpha, or H2O2. It also induced CVC proliferation based on 3H-thymidine incorporation. Results from Northern analysis and tests using IGF-I analogs suggest that IGF-I effects are mediated through the IGF-I receptor. IGF-I also activated both the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. Inhibition of either the ERK or PI3K pathway reversed IGF-I effects on CVC proliferation and AP activity, suggesting a common downstream target. Overexpression of ERK activator also mimicked IGF-I inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced AP activity. These results suggest that IGF-I promotes proliferation and inhibits osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of vascular cells via both ERK and PI3K pathways.
Loss of Lkb1 Provokes Highly Invasive Endometrial Adenocarcinomas (2008)

Mutations in the LKB1 tumor suppressor gene result in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition characterized by hamartomatous polyps of the gastrointestinal tract and a dramatically increased risk of epithelial malignancies at other sites, including the female reproductive tract. Here we show that female mice heterozygous for a null Lkb1 allele spontaneously develop highly invasive endometrial adenocarcinomas. To prove that these lesions were indeed due to Lkb1 inactivation, we introduced an adenoviral Cre vector into the uterine lumen of mice harboring a conditional allele of Lkb1. This endometrial-specific deletion of the Lkb1 gene provoked highly invasive and sometimes metastatic endometrial adenocarcinomas closely resembling those observed in Lkb1 heterozygotes. Tumors were extremely well differentiated and histopathologically distinctive and exhibited alterations in AMP-dependent kinase signaling. Although Lkb1 has been implicated in the establishment of cell polarity, and loss of polarity defines most endometrial cancers, Lkb1-driven endometrial cancers paradoxically exhibit (given their highly invasive phenotype) normal cell polarity and apical differentiation. In human endometrial cancers, Lkb1 expression was inversely correlated with tumor grade and stage, arguing that Lkb1 inactivation or down-regulation also contributes to endometrial cancer progression in women. This study shows that Lkb1 plays an important role in the malignant transformation of endometrium and that Lkb1 loss promotes a highly invasive phenotype.
Cross-Domain Grid Authentication and Authorization Scheme Based on Trust Management and Delegation (2008)

As grid¿s dynamic, distributed and open nature, the issue of mutual trust among grid entities is challenging, not only because of the entities in different domains, but also because the fact that those domains may deploy different security mechanisms. A federal authentication and authorization scheme based upon trust management and delegation is proposed. Different security domains can join in the federation through the interface that our approach provides. The establishment of trust relationship among domains is based on trust negotiation and PKI cross-certification. We make authorization relay on dynamic role translation and on delegation. The Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is adopted by exploiting its AttributeStatement to create Delegation Assertion for grid.
The future of cellular immunotherapy for childhood leukemia (2019)

Several antibody-based or cellular immunotherapy modalities have demonstrated appreciable efficacy in children with relapsed or chemotherapy-refractory leukemia via early-phase clinical trials. Some studies have also identified critical biomarkers of treatment response and resistance that merit further investigation. Continued preclinical and clinical evaluation of novel immunotherapies is imperative to improve cure rates for children with high-risk leukemias.
A UML-based aspect-oriented design notation for AspectJ (2002)

AspectJ is a well-established programming language for the implementation of aspect-oriented programs. It supports the aspect-oriented programming paradigm by providing a special unit, called aspect, which encapsulates crosscutting code. While with AspectJ a suitable aspect-oriented programming language is at hand, no feasible modeling language is available that supports the design of AspectJ programs. In this work, such a design notation for AspectJ programs is presented based on the UML. It provides representations for all language constructs in AspectJ and specifies an UML implementation of AspectJ's weaving mechanism. The design notation eases the perception of aspect-orientation and AspectJ programs. It carries over the advantages of aspect-orientation to the design level.
Epidemiology of Hypertension in the Elderly (2002)

In Western populations, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures rise with advancing age up to the sixth decade of life, whereupon systolic blood pressure continues to increase and diastolic pressure starts to decline. The ensuing widening of pulse pressure is mainly ascribed to stiffening of the arterial vasculature. When hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressure of at least 90 mm Hg, its prevalence amounts to 60%-70% of the population above 60 years of age. About 60% of these hypertensives have isolated systolic hypertension--that is, elevated systolic pressure and normal diastolic pressure. It should be realized, however, that approximately 25% of those labeled hypertensive on the basis of conventional blood pressure measurements have normal blood pressure on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, or so-called white-coat, isolated clinic, or nonsustained hypertension. There is little doubt that elevated blood pressure leads to a number of cardiovascular complications. Whereas diastolic blood pressure has been emphasized for many years, the paradigm has shifted toward systolic blood pressure. In addition, pulse pressure has been shown to be an important predictor of cardiovascular events and death, above and beyond the predictive power of mean blood pressure.
A low-cost memory architecture with NAND XIP for mobile embedded systems (2003)

NAND flash memory has become an indispensable component in mobile embedded systems because of its versatile features such as non-volatility, solid-state reliability, low cost and high density. Even though NAND flash memory is gaining popularity as data storage, it can be also exploited as code memory for XIP (execute-in-place). In this paper, we present a new memory architecture which incorporates NAND flash memory into an existing memory hierarchy for code execution. The usefulness of the proposed approach is demonstrated with real embedded workloads on a real prototyping board.
The Direction of Enolization of Benzoylacetones<sup>1</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Direction of Enolization of Benzoylacetones1James U. Lowe Jr. and Lloyd N. FergusonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 9, 3000–3003Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01020a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01020a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views192Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Novel synthesis of some new pyrimido[1,6‐<i>a</i>]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[1,5‐<i>a</i>]pyrimidine derivatives (2011)

Abstract An easy and efficient route for synthesis of some pyrimido[1,6‐ a ]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]pyrimidine derivatives was described through the reaction of sodium salts of formyl ketones with 6‐aminothiouracil and 5‐aminopyrazole derivatives, respectively. The characterization of the reaction products was confirmed by using elemental analysis and spectral data. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Modeling an enhanced ridesharing system with meet points and time windows (2018)

With the rising of e-hailing services in urban areas, ride sharing is becoming a common mode of transportation. This paper presents a mathematical model to design an enhanced ridesharing system with meet points and users' preferable time windows. The introduction of meet points allows ridesharing operators to trade off the benefits of saving en-route delays and the cost of additional walking for some passengers to be collectively picked up or dropped off. This extension to the traditional door-to-door ridesharing problem brings more operation flexibility in urban areas (where potential requests may be densely distributed in neighborhood), and thus could achieve better system performance in terms of reducing the total travel time and increasing the served passengers. We design and implement a Tabu-based meta-heuristic algorithm to solve the proposed mixed integer linear program (MILP). To evaluate the validation and effectiveness of the proposed model and solution algorithm, several scenarios are designed and also resolved to optimality by CPLEX. Results demonstrate that (i) detailed route plan associated with passenger assignment to meet points can be obtained with en-route delay savings; (ii) as compared to CPLEX, the meta-heuristic algorithm bears the advantage of higher computation efficiency and produces good quality solutions with 8%~15% difference from the global optima; and (iii) introducing meet points to ridesharing system saves the total travel time by 2.7%-3.8% for small-scale ridesharing systems. More benefits are expected for ridesharing systems with large size of fleet. This study provides a new tool to efficiently operate the ridesharing system, particularly when the ride sharing vehicles are in short supply during peak hours. Traffic congestion mitigation will also be expected.
Inhibition of Mitochondrial Function by Interferon (1996)

We showed previously that type I interferon causes a down-regulation of mitochondrial gene expression. We show here that IFN treatment leads to functional impairment of mitochondria. Western blot analysis indicated that interferon treatment reduces the steady-state level of cytochrome b in murine L-929 cells. Interferon produced a reduction in cytochrome c oxidase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activities of isolated mitochondria as well as inhibiting electron transport in isolated mitochondria and in intact cells. Several mitochondrial mRNAs are affected by interferon treatment in human Daudi lymphoblastoid cells, which are highly sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of interferon. Electron transport in Daudi cells was also inhibited by interferon both in intact cells and isolated mitochondria with a dose response identical to that for the antiproliferative response. In contrast, a Daudi strain resistant to the antiproliferative effects of interferon showed no down-regulation of mRNA expression and no inhibition of electron transport. Possibly as a consequence of the inhibitory effect on mitochondrial gene expression, treatment with interferon causes a reduction in cellular ATP levels. The inhibition of cellular growth by interferon may thus be partly a consequence of a reduction in cellular ATP levels.
Estimation of multiple talker locations using randomly positioned microphones (2000)

The talker location estimation technique can be applied to the remote conference system with presence that simultaneously transmits the voice signal and the talker location information to reconstruct the acoustic field, and to the monitor system in which the focus of the television camera is automatically set to the sound source. In this paper, as a new multiple talker location estimation method, a method based on synchronous multiplication is proposed. Unique features of the proposed method include the possibility of detecting the locations of several talkers generating sounds at the same time and the suitability to real-time processing. By means of an experiment, location estimation is carried out for several talkers placed in a two-dimensional manner. It is confirmed that the proposed method is effective for estimation of multiple talker locations. Further, the method is compared with the synchronous addition method. It is demonstrated that the proposed method is superior in regard to the accuracy of the location estimation and separation of multiple talkers. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(4): 41–49, 2001
<i>Salmonella</i> Diversity and Burden in Cows on and Culled from Dairy Farms in the Texas High Plains (2012)

The objective of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of Salmonella carried by dairy cows culled from herds in the Texas High Plains. Feces were collected from a convenience sample of 706 animals culled from nine dairy farms. In addition, individually paired fecal and hide samples were collected from 70 healthy milking cows on three of the dairies. Samples were cultured for Salmonella using routine methods; isolates were serotyped and subjected to a panel of antimicrobial drugs to determine susceptibility. Salmonella was recovered from 32.6% of culled cows. Whole-herd use of a vaccine containing siderophore receptors and porin proteins was associated (p=0.05) with reduced Salmonella prevalence in that the prevalence among herds that practiced whole-herd vaccination was 8.0% compared to 36.8% among herds that did not use this vaccine. The majority (88.6%) of isolates were pansusceptible or resistant to one drug. Of the 3.1% of isolates resistant to more than four drugs, all were Salmonella Newport and were recovered from one dairy. Various serotypes were recovered from individual fecal and hide samples. Salmonella Montevideo was recovered more frequently (p<0.01) from hide samples, whereas Salmonella Cerro was recovered more frequently (p<0.01) from feces. Salmonella was recovered from at least one cow on all dairies. While our study was not a priori designed to address herd-level factors, we found evidence that the whole-herd use of a siderophore receptor and porin protein-containing vaccine might be a useful aid in the control of Salmonella in groups of cattle. As this is a nonrandomized evaluation of an intervention, other herd-level factors that may be correlated with vaccine use, such as biosecurity, might have been responsible for the observed association.