gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cocaine Analog Coupled to Disrupted Adenovirus: A Vaccine Strategy to Evoke High-titer Immunity Against Addictive Drugs (2011)

Based on the concept that anticocaine antibodies could prevent inhaled cocaine from reaching its target receptors in the brain, an effective anticocaine vaccine could help reverse cocaine addiction. Leveraging the knowledge that E1(-)E3(-) adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vectors are potent immunogens, we have developed a novel vaccine platform for addictive drugs by covalently linking a cocaine analog to the capsid proteins of noninfectious, disrupted Ad vector. The Ad-based anticocaine vaccine evokes high-titer anticocaine antibodies in mice sufficient to completely reverse, on a persistent basis, the hyperlocomotor activity induced by intravenous administration of cocaine.
Enhanced photocatalytic performance of direct Z-scheme BiOCl–g-C3N4 photocatalysts (2014)

Novel BiOCl–g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts were synthesized by a one-step chemical bath method. The composites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission microscopy (HRTEM), UV-visible light diffusion reflectance spectrometry (DRS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The results indicated that BiOCl was dispersed on g-C3N4 to form heterojunction structures with high specific surface areas. BiOCl–g-C3N4 showed higher photocatalytic activity than pure g-C3N4 and BiOCl for rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. The enhanced performance was induced by the high separation efficiency of photoinduced carriers. The active species trapping and quantification experiments indicated that the photoinduced charges transfer via a direct Z-scheme.
Inhibition of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1/2 Family by Psoralen and Coumarin Derivatives (2017)

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), one of 19 ALDH superfamily members, catalyzes the NAD<sup>+</sup>-dependent oxidation of aldehydes to their respective carboxylic acids. In this study, we further characterized the inhibition of four psoralen and coumarin derivatives toward ALDH2 and compared them to the ALDH2 inhibitor daidzin for selectivity against five ALDH1/2 isoenzymes. Compound 2 (K<sub>i</sub> = 19 nM) binds within the aldehyde-binding site of the free enzyme species of ALDH2. Thirty-three structural analogs were examined to develop a stronger SAR profile. Seven compounds maintained or improved upon the selectivity toward one of the five ALDH1/2 isoenzymes, including compound 36, a selective inhibitor for ALDH2 (K<sub>i</sub> = 2.4 μM), and compound 32, which was 10-fold selective for ALDH1A1 (K<sub>i</sub> = 1.2 μM) versus ALDH1A2. Further medicinal chemistry on the compounds' basic scaffold could enhance the potency and selectivity for ALDH1A1 or ALDH2 and generate chemical probes to examine the unique and overlapping functions of the ALDH1/2 isoenzymes.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Risk factors, screening, and early detection (2014)

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with over 38000 deaths in 2013. The opportunity to detect pancreatic cancer while it is still curable is dependent on our ability to identify and screen high-risk populations before their symptoms arise. Risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer include multiple genetic syndromes as well as modifiable risk factors. Genetic conditions include hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, Lynch Syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome, hereditary pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and ataxia-telangiectasia; having a genetic predisposition can raise the risk of developing pancreatic cancer up to 132-fold over the general population. Modifiable risk factors, which include tobacco exposure, alcohol use, chronic pancreatitis, diet, obesity, diabetes mellitus, as well as certain abdominal surgeries and infections, have also been shown to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer development. Several large-volume centers have initiated such screening protocols, and consensus-based guidelines for screening high-risk groups have recently been published. The focus of this review will be both the genetic and modifiable risk factors implicated in pancreatic cancer, as well as a review of screening strategies and their diagnostic yields.
Nanotweezers consisting of carbon nanotubes operating in an atomic force microscope (2001)

We have developed nanotweezers consisting of carbon nanotubes that will operate in an atomic force microscope. The two nanotubes were attached on the metal electrodes patterned on a conventional Si tip and their fixations were made by carbon deposition. These processes were made under the view of a scanning electron microscope. The application of a dc voltage to the two nanotube arms induces their movement to approach each other. The numerical simulation by taking into account the balance between the electrostatic attraction and the bending moment of the nanotubes well explains the motion of the nanotube arms.
Experimental Study of an Airfoil Heat Pipe Subjected to an Impingement of Hot Gases (2012)

An experimental study was performed to an airfoil heat pipe. The airfoil was subjected to a jet impingement of hot gases at the leading edge. The airfoil was also tested first with air and later with water as the working fluid. The experimental result shown that the heat pipe spread better the heat input from the leading edge at very high heat input rate than the air filled airfoil design. The case material was brass, the porous media was nickel foam with 1.70 mm thickness and average pore size of 590 × 10−6 m. Distilled water was used as the working fluid. The experimental data indicate the proposed design can reduce the temperature at the leading edge surface. The temperature reduction in the leading edge airfoil heat pipe was approximately 33 percent compared with the air filled airfoil. The phase change mechanism inside the heat pipe was the key factor to spread better the localized energy input and thus reducing the temperature distribution on the leading edge.
Unbounded cache model for online language modeling with open vocabulary (2017)

Recently, continuous cache models were proposed as extensions to recurrent neural network language models, to adapt their predictions to local changes in the data distribution. These models only capture the local context, of up to a few thousands tokens. In this paper, we propose an extension of continuous cache models, which can scale to larger contexts. In particular, we use a large scale non-parametric memory component that stores all the hidden activations seen in the past. We leverage recent advances in approximate nearest neighbor search and quantization algorithms to store millions of representations while searching them efficiently. We conduct extensive experiments showing that our approach significantly improves the perplexity of pre-trained language models on new distributions, and can scale efficiently to much larger contexts than previously proposed local cache models.
Is there a role for immunotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer? (2018)

Although the prognosis and prediction of therapeutic benefit for breast cancer patients overexpressing the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) have dramatically changed with the administration of anti-HER2-targeted therapies, HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer is still an incurable disease. Thus, new and better therapeutic options are urgently needed. Among them, are the agents stemming from the field of immunology that have been the focus of impressive scientific progress and new therapeutic opportunities seem to emerge "every day" in a variety of tumor types.
Directing Matter and Energy: Five Challenges for Science and the Imagination (2007)

The twin aspects of energy and control (or direction) are the underlying concepts. Matter and energy are closely linked, and their understanding and control will have overwhelming importance for our civilization, our planet, our science, and our technology. This importance ranges even beyond the large portfolio of BES, both because these truly significant Grand Challenges confront many other realms of science and because even partial solutions to these challenges will enrich scientists’ collective imagination and ability to solve problems with new ideas and new methods.
Neosporosis-Like Abortions in a Herd of Dairy Cattle (1989)

Twenty-nine cows from a 240-cow drylot Holstein dairy in north-central New Mexico aborted over a period of approximately 5 months. Nine aborted fetuses were necropsied, and all but 1 of the fetuses were between 5 and 7 months of gestation. Microscopic examination of fetal tissues revealed focal necrotizing encephalitis and nonsuppurative myocarditis in 7 of the 9 fetuses. Additional lesions observed in some fetuses were focal hepatic necrosis, nonsuppurative myositis, focal necrotizing placentitis, focal nonsuppurative pneumonia, and focal nonsuppurative nephritis. A few groups of Neospora caninum-like protozoan organisms were observed adjacent to necrotic foci in the brain of 2 fetuses and in the kidney of a third fetus. No other cause of abortion was detected.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF <sup>125</sup>I-LABELLED FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE IN THE RAT HYPOTHALAMUS (1976)

Autoradiographic localization of iodine-125-labeled follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the rat hypothalamus is reported. In each of 6 adult male rats given iodine-125-labeled FSH the main site of labeling was the ventromedial hypothalamus. All 6 rats showed localized labeling over the suprachiasmatic nuclei the subfornical organ and the ependyma of the lateral ventricles. In those treated with labeled FSH the grain density over the ventromedial areas was 3-5 times the background density and an analysis of variance showed the mean count to differ from that over the corpus callosum (p less than .001). Further analysis of variance showed that the overall variation in means from the 25 sites in this region was significant (p less than .001). The results indicated that labeling was most intense in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus and medial part of the median eminence close to the site of attachment of the pituitary stalk.
Experimental solar spectral irradiance until 2500 nm: results and influence on the PV conversion of different materials (2006)

Abstract In this work, results are presented concerning solar spectral irradiance measurements performed in Madrid in the wavelength range 250–2500 nm, that is, extending the spectral range far away from the wavelengths where PV semiconductors are active. These data were obtained considering a horizontal receiver surface during selected clear days covering the four seasons of the year. PV materials having different spectral responses (m‐Si, a‐Si, CIGS, CdTe) have been considered to calculate spectral factors (SF) taking as reference the standard solar spectrum AM1.5 defined in standard IEC 60904‐3. From these SFs, the influence of natural solar spectral variations in PV conversion has been established. It is shown, for example, that PV technologies based on a‐Si are highly favored, from the spectral point of view, in spring–summer compared to other technologies having broader spectral responses, which are more favored in autumn–winter. From the experimental measured solar spectra, we have calculated Weighed Solar Spectra (WSS) corresponding to the four seasons of the year and also to the whole year. The WSS represents, for a certain period of time, the solar spectrum weighed over the irradiance level. SFs have been calculated for different WSSs showing spectral gains for the four PV materials during almost the full year. Otherwise, it is also shown in this work how the near‐IR part of the solar spectrum affects the evaluation of the solar resource as a whole when reference solar cells made of different PV materials are used. For typical m‐Si, a‐Si, CIGS, and CdTe solar cells, the ratio of I sc over global irradiance is not constant along a given day showing variations that depend on the season and on the PV material considered. © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundacao Sistema Estadual de Analise de Dados and the DOCPOP system. (1983)

The Fundacao Sistema de Analise de Dados (SEADE) is a non-profit organization related to the Government of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. It collects, organizes and processes data and information on population, education, health, finance, the economy, and agriculture. It conducts research to evaluate the status of social and economic variables and the effects of governmental action. It publishes a number of periodicals, provides reference services to the public, and operates 2 major computerized data bases. A 3rd computerized documentation system, SEADE/DOC, was created in 1982 for material relating to population matters. Between 1978 and 1981, about 600 population research projects and studies were developed by 14 Brazilian institutions which deal with teaching, research, and consultations in the area of population problems. (A list of these institutions is appended). The main objective of SEADE/DOCPOP is to solve the lack of up-to-date information on population in Brazil in computerized services. Other objectives are to improve the flow of population information among the different regions of Brazil, to participate in international population information systems, and to acquire technology and experience in the development and operation of the DOCPOP system in order to allow SEADE to extend the system to other fields. A description of the scope and volume of the documents to be included in SEADE/DOCPOP are contained in the article as well as a description of system design and development. The system should be in operation by July 1983; brief mention is made of future projects.
Experimental evaluation of an autologous tissue heart valve. (1992)

The goal of the autologous tissue heart valve (ATHV) prosthesis project has been the development of a non-antigenic, non-calcifying bioprosthesis of greater durability than heterograft or homograft bioprostheses. It is made in the operating room, at a sterile work bench, during surgery for heart valve replacement. Autologous pericardium is used for valve construction after a five minute immersion in 0.6 per cent glutaraldehyde buffered to pH 7.4 with phosphate. The stent-mounted trileaflet prosthesis can be made in five minutes with a semi-automated method that uses two concentric mating stents that substitute clamping for sewing of the tissue. In vitro testing, to include pulse duplicator, accelerated wear tester, static testing for leakage and tensile strength testing, has been performed with ATHVs made with glutaraldehyde-tanned bovine and ovine pericardium. Transvalvular pressure gradients were measured at 3.3-7.3 mmHg at flow rates of 4-5 l/min. Six valves have been tested beyond 800,000,000 cycles with full opening and closing at differential closing pressures of 125 mmHg. One of the valves developed a 2mm leaflet tear after 26,000,000 cycles but the remaining five survived intact. No fractures were seen in the Dacron covered Delrin stents. Six ATHVs were implanted in juvenile sheep for five months. One animal died after five months of infective endocarditis secondary to an unrecognized deep wound infection and the other five were electively sacrificed at the same time interval. Four valves were fully competent at terminal elective cardiac catheterization and one showed minimal insufficiency attributed to a paravalvular leak. The leaflet tissue was free of generalized calcification in all instances. There was no evidence of leaflet tissue thickening or shrinkage. The mean calcium content at necropsy of the 15 leaflets from the five valves was 8.357 mg/g of tissue. There is experimental evidence that an ATHV made of pericardium treated briefly with glutaraldehyde may achieve the goal of a non-calcifying, more durable bioprosthesis.
The Chemistry of Aryllead(IV) Tricarboxylates. Reaction with β-Diketones (1979)

Dimedone (1) and p -methoxyphenyllead triacetate (2) react in chloroform containing pyridine at 40º to give 2,2-bis( p -methoxyphenyl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-,3-dione (3) in high yield. This arylationreaction of ß -diketones has been examined with 2-methylcyclohexane-1,3-dione, 2-methylcyclopentane-1,3-dione, acetylacetone and 2-acetyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-l(2 H )-one, and in all cases synthetically useful yields of arylated products were obtained. The vinylogous ß -diketone, 6 ß -acetylcholest-4-en-3-one, also underwent the reaction to give a mixture of 6 ß -acetyl-6 a -(p-methoxypheny1)-cholest-4-en-3-one (21) and the corresponding 6 ß -aryl compound (22).
Comparative evaluation of new Cookson‐type reagents for LC/ESI‐MS/MS assay of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> in neonatal blood samples (2015)

The screening of vitamin D deficiency in neonatal infants, which is based on the blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3 ] quantification, is important for the early detection, diagnosis and health risk assessment of several diseases. In this study, two new Cookson-type reagents, 4-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (DEAPTAD) and 4-(6-quinolyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione, were designed and synthesized, then compared with the previous reagents, 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) and 4-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (DAPTAD), in terms of sensitivity and specificity in the assay of 25(OH)D3 in neonatal blood samples by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Among the reagents, DEAPTAD was found to be the most promising. The limit of detection (0.38 fmol on the column) of the DEAPTAD-derivatized 25(OH)D3 was 60 and 2 times lower than those of the intact 25(OH)D3 and the PTAD derivative, respectively. 25(OH)D3 was more clearly detected in the plasma sample as the DEAPTAD derivative than the DAPTAD derivative owing to the lower background noise. DEAPTAD derivatization was also useful for the separation of 25(OH)D3 from a potent interfering metabolite, 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 . By using DEAPTAD, a trace amount of 25(OH)D3 in dried blood spots was reproducibly determined without interference from coexisting compounds. Thus, DEAPTAD was proved useful in the measurement of 25(OH)D3 in neonatal blood samples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-invasive in vivo measurement of the tear film using spatial autocorrelation in a live mammal model (2010)

Tear film stability and its interaction with the corneal surface play an important role in maintaining ocular surface integrity and quality of vision. We present a non-invasive technique to quantify the pre-corneal tear film thickness. A cMOS camera is used to record the interference pattern produced by the reflections from multiple layers of the tear film Principles of spatial autocorrelation are applied to extract the frequency of the periodic patterns in the images. A mathematical model is developed to obtain the thickness of the tear film from the spatial autocorrelation image. The technique is validated using micro-fabricated thin parylene films. We obtained repeatable and precise measurement on a live rabbit model (N = 6). We obtained an average value of 10.2µm and standard deviation of, SD = 0.3 (N = 4). We measured one rabbit infected with HSV-1 virus that had a baseline tear film thickness of 4.7µm.
Mono- and dysfunctional nitrogen mustard analogues of the DNA minor groove binder pibenzimol. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and interaction with DNA. (1998)

Two series of mono- and dysfunctional aniline mustards linked to a bisbenzimidazole minor groove binder have been prepared using a new method (polyphosphate ester-mediated direct coupling of appropriate mustard acids with a preformed advanced phenylenediamine intermediate). As the linker chain attaching the mustard was lengthened the binding site size of the compounds to calf thymus DNA remained essentially constant at 2.6 nucleotides, but reversible binding strength declined by a factor of 2. Analogues with longer linker chains alkylated DNA much more rapidly than those with shorter chains, consistent with the electronic factors. The short chain analogues also failed to alkylate a 120 bp HindIII to Bg/II fragment of the gpt gene, as measured by gel electrophoresis cleavage assays. The longer chain analogues (both mono- and dysfunctional mustards) showed patterns of DNA alkylation that varied with chain length. In particular, while most compounds showed substantial N7 alkylation at many guanine residues, the analogue with a (CH2)3 linker chain showed strong alkylation at adenine sites in poly-AT regions. For the longer chain analogues, the bifunctional mustards were substantially (10- to 20-fold) more cytotoxic than the corresponding monofunctional analogues.
Sepsis of vascular catheters. II: <i>In vitro</i> disinfection of colonized tubing (1990)

Preparatory to development of in situ disinfection of implanted catheters, silicone rubber tubing colonized by incubation with Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Klebsiella pneumoniae was used to test the efficacy of various chemicals in vitro. Protocols sterilizing all segments colonized for 24 h (n = 30) were immersion into 50% povidone iodine for 5 and 60 min, 100% povidone iodine for 5, 15, and 60 min, 1.2 x 10(3) ppm chlorine dioxide for 15 and 60 min, and 1.2 x 10(3) ppm chlorine dioxide buffered to pH 5.1 for 60 min. Immersion in up to 2% chlorhexidine, 7.4% formaldehyde, or 6% sodium hypochlorite for up to 60 min failed to sterilize all segments. None of 117 control segments were sterilized. Segments colonized for seven days were sterilized by immersion into 100% povidone iodine for 15 or 60 min. Use of 1.2 x 10(3) ppm chlorine dioxide for 60 min sterilized 97% of segments tested. Lower concentrations and shorter exposure times failed to sterilize all segments. Eighteen silicone rubber catheters, colonized on the outer surface, were all sterilized within 24 h by a chlorine dioxide solution placed in the lumen and diffusing through the wall to kill the bacteria.
[Study of mutation and single nucleotide polymorphism of PDGFRbeta and SHIP gene in acute myeloid leukemia]. (2006)

To investigate the significance of mutation and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of class III receptor tyrosine kinases such as PDGFRbeta and SHIP in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients.Screening of the mutation and SNP of PDGFRbeta and SHIP by genomic PCR, RT-PCR, directly sequencing and Mass-ARRAY system was carried out in 273 AML patients.The mutations of PDGFRbeta R685C and SHIP Q1153L were detected for the first time in AML patients. The positivity ratio was 0.73% and 0.36% respectively.The mutations of PDGFRbeta R685C and SHIP Q1153L may contribute to leukemogenesis of AML.
Reducing congestion at uphill freeway sections by means of a Gradient Compensation System (2012)

Uphill sections have often been identified as capacity bottlenecks in freeway networks. One of the main reasons seems to be that drivers reduce speed when they reach the beginning of an uphill section. With high traffic demand, the deceleration of the first vehicle of a platoon can generate a flow disturbance that amplifies as it propagates upstream, triggering the formation of a traffic jam. This paper presents a proof of concept by exploring whether equipping the leader of a platoon with an in-vehicle Gradient Compensation System (GCS) can improve traffic flow efficiency on uphill sections. The GCS assists the driver in performing the longitudinal driving task at uphill sections. We present the results of a series of traffic simulation experiments in which a platoon of vehicles drive on a single-lane freeway stretch containing an uphill section. The phenomenon of speed reduction is modeled by means of a sub-microscopic traffic simulation program. The results show that if the platoon leader is not equipped with the GCS, its speed drop at the beginning of the uphill section can cause a traffic breakdown, as observed in reality. However, if the platoon leader is equipped with the GCS, the magnitude of the speed drop is reduced, preventing congestion formation.