gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>APC</i> Mutations and Other Genetic and Epigenetic Changes in Colon Cancer (2007)

Relationships between adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations, BRAF V600E mutations, and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colon cancer have not been explored. In addition, controversies exist about the proportion of tumors with APC mutations in the mutation cluster region (MCR); how commonly APC, Ki-ras, and p53 mutations occur in the same tumor; and whether APC mutations occur in sporadic microsatellite-unstable tumors. The APC gene was therefore sequenced in 90 colonic adenocarcinomas previously evaluated for CIMP, microsatellite instability, BRAF, Ki-ras, and p53. APC mutations were inversely related to BRAF mutations (P = 0.0003) and CIMP (P = 0.02) and directly related to p53 and Ki-ras mutations (P = 0.04). Slightly more than half of APC mutations occurred outside of the MCR, and frameshift mutations were more likely than nonsense mutations to occur in the MCR (21 of 28 versus 12 of 40, P = 0.0003). APC mutations were found in sporadic microsatellite-unstable tumors and were more likely to be frameshifts in short nucleotide repeats (P = 0.007). The occurrence of APC, Ki-ras, and p53 mutations together in the same tumor was uncommon (11.1%). In conclusion, an analysis restricted to the MCR will miss more than half of APC mutations as well as mischaracterize their mutational spectrum. The conventional wisdom that most colon cancers contain APC, Ki-ras, and p53 mutations is incorrect. Microsatellite instability may precede acquisition of APC mutations in sporadic microsatellite-unstable tumors. The relationships of APC mutations to other genetic and epigenetic alterations add to the already impressive genetic heterogeneity of colon cancer.
Follistatin and Follistatin Like‐3 Differentially Regulate Adiposity and Glucose Homeostasis (2011)

Transforming growth factor-β superfamily ligands, including activin and myostatin, modulate body composition, islet function, and glucose homeostasis. Their bioactivity is controlled by the antagonists follistatin (FST) and FST like-3 (FSTL3). The hypothesis tested was that FST and FSTL3 have distinct roles in regulating body composition, glucose homeostasis, and islet function through regulation of activin and myostatin bioactivity. Three genetic mutant mouse lines were created. FSTL3 knockout (FSTL3 KO), a mouse line producing only the FST288 isoform (FST288-only) and a double mutant (2xM) in which the lines were crossed. FST288-only males were lighter that wild-type (WT) littermates while FSTL3 KO and 2xM males had reduced perigonadal fat pad weights. However, only 2xM mice had increased whole body fat mass and decreased lean mass by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR). Fasting glucose levels in FSTL3 WT and KO mice were lower than FST mice in younger animals but were higher in older mice. Serum insulin and pancreatic insulin content in 2xM mice was significantly elevated over other genotypes. Nevertheless, 2xM mice were relatively insulin resistant and glucose intolerant compared to FST288-only and WT mice. Fractional islet area and proportion of β-cells/islet were increased in FSTL3 KO and 2xM, but not FST288-only mice. Despite their larger size, islets from FSTL3 KO and 2xM mice were not functionally enhanced compared to WT mice. These results demonstrate that body composition and glucose homeostasis are differentially regulated by FST and FSTL3 and that their combined loss is associated with increased fat mass and insulin resistance despite elevated insulin production.
Assessment of an Advanced Image-Based Technique to Calculate Virtual Monoenergetic Computed Tomographic Images From a Dual-Energy Examination to Improve Contrast-To-Noise Ratio in Examinations Using Iodinated Contrast Media (2014)

With regard to optimized iodine CNR, it is more efficient to perform dual-energy scans and compute virtual monoenergetic images at 40 keV using the Mono+ technique than to perform low kilovolt scans. Given the improved CNR, the Mono+ algorithm could be very useful in improving both detection and differential diagnosis of abdominal lesions, specifically low-contrast lesions, as well as in other anatomical regions where improved iodine CNR is beneficial.
Computerized typesetting of complex scientific material (1966)

The successful development of computerized typesetting has been a process of striking a balance between input coding and capacity to program the variety of decision-making steps which characterize the typesetting process. The most frequent of these decisions---justification---has proved most adaptable to computer handling. Even hyphenation, with its variety of rules, has been handled via the computer with varying degrees of success. But composition for scientific journals creates special needs both for input coding and for computer processing in the handling of non-text elements such as special characters, tables, mathematical expressions, and graphic data in the form of chemical structures. Spacing considerations and character selection become much more complex and involve many decisions which are a matter of choice, not rule.
Comparison of high-resistivity silicon surface passivation methods (2007)

This paper describes low-frequency measurements and comparative analysis of methods used for surface passivation of high-resistivity silicon (HR-Si). A number of substrates are evaluated; n-type and p-type HR-Si, with and without surface passivation by means of polysilicon or Ar-ion implantation. Additionally, a selection of samples is prepared with a layer of ferroelectric material. Substrate characteristics are extracted from measurements of the samples, allowing comparison of passivation methods and evaluation of the influence of the ferroelectric film. The study shows all passivation methods successful in removing any bias-dependence of substrate properties. Further, the high-temperature processing of the ferroelectric film is observed increasing the extracted substrate conductivity by about 70% for the Ar-ion implanted samples, and about 50% for the p-type samples passivated by poly-Si. The effective substrate conductivity of the n-type samples passivated by RTA-crystallised poly-Si appears unaffected.
A prototype of a new inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometer providing temporally resolved, multi-element detection of short signals generated by single particles and droplets (2012)

A prototype inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ICPTOFMS) for time resolved measurements of transient signals in the microsecond regime is described in this work. Analytical figures of merit for the prototype are given for both liquid nebulization and single droplet introduction and are compared to a conventional quadrupole-based ICPMS using the same ICP source and vacuum interface. Quasi-simultaneous detection at a time resolution of 33 μs of the prototype ICPTOFMS allows multi-isotope monitoring of short signals (200–500 μs duration) generated from individual droplets and particles. The capabilities of the instrument for the analysis of single nanoparticles are studied using microdroplets consisting of a multi-element standard solution and containing 114 nm Au particles. The detection efficiencies for Ag and Au, calculated from the response of individual droplets and particles, are similar to those of the quadrupole-based instrument and amount to 1.3 × 10−6 ions per atom and 3.1 × 10−6 ions per atom, respectively. The sizes of the smallest detectable Ag, Au and U metallic nanoparticles are estimated to be 46 nm, 32 nm and 22 nm, respectively. Furthermore, time shifts of the signals of different elements within single droplets were observed. These new results demonstrate the advantage of the temporal resolution of the instrument for studying processes taking place in the plasma on the μs-time scale.
ANALYSIS OF GUIDED MODES IN ASYMMETRIC LEFT-HANDED SLAB WAVEGUIDES (2006)

The guided modes in a left-handed material (LHM) asymmetric slab waveguide are studied in this paper. Dispersion properties of electromagnetic guided waves are discussed by introducing three normalized parameters. The guidance conditions of guided modes in waveguide are determined by using a graphical method. Then we put emphasis on the surface wave modes with respect to different waveguide parameters and structures. The power flux in LHM asymmetric waveguide according to the Poynting vector is investigated in the end.
RRAM-based Spiking Nonvolatile Computing-In-Memory Processing Engine with Precision-Configurable In Situ Nonlinear Activation (2019)

This work presents a hybrid CMOS-RRAM integration of spiking nonvolatile computing-in-memory (nvCIM) processing engine (PE) that includes a 64Kb RRAM macro and a novel in situ nonlinear activation (ISNA) module. We integrate the computing controller and nonlinear activation function on-chip to compute convolutional or fully-connected neural network. ISNA merges A/D conversion and activation computation by leveraging its nonlinear working region. This eliminates the need for additional circuits to realize nonlinearity and reduces area by 43.7× w.r.t. the ADC scheme. The activation precision of ISNA can be configured from 1 to 8 bits to balance throughput, accuracy and power efficiency. The measurement of 4-layer LeNet shows such optimization improves 23.1% of computing speed via compromising a 2.5% relative accuracy drop. The proposed nvCIM PE achieves 16.9 TOPS/W power efficiency and a maximum spike frequency of 99.24 MHz.
Alkali metal ion transport through thin bilayers (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlkali metal ion transport through thin bilayersRobert T. Hamilton and Eric W. KalerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 6, 2560–2566Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100369a063https://doi.org/10.1021/j100369a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views204Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
ON IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF TREE MACHINES (1995)

In this paper we introduce a class of trees, called generalized compressed trees. Generalized compressed trees can be derived from complete binary trees by performing certain ‘contraction’ operations. A generalized compressed tree CT of height h has approximately 25% fewer nodes than a complete binary tree T of height h. We show that these trees have smaller (up to a 74% reduction) 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional VLSI layouts than the complete binary trees. We also show that algorithms initially designed for T can be simulated by CT with at most a constant slow-down. In particular, algorithms having non-pipelined computation structure and originally designed for T can be simulated by CT with no slow-down.
Active Intracellular Transport of Nanoparticles: Opportunity or Threat? (2007)

Active transport mechanisms, relying on motor proteins or polymerization of cytoskeletal filaments, play a central role in the uptake of nanoparticles by cells. While active transport can enhance the effectiveness of nanoparticle therapeutics, it also contributes to the toxicity of nanoparticles released to the environment. In work published in an article in this issue, Galya Orr and colleagues investigated the role of active transport in the interaction of different types of silica particles with alveolar epithelial cells, which are found on the inner surface of the lung.
Optimized Thermoelectric Properties of Sb-Doped Mg<sub>2(1+<i>z</i>)</sub>Si<sub>0.5–<i>y</i></sub>Sn<sub>0.5</sub>Sb<sub><i>y</i></sub>through Adjustment of the Mg Content (2011)

Mg2Si1–xSnx compounds are low-cost and environmentally friendly thermoelectric materials expected to be applied as power generators in the intermediate temperature range. Optimization of the thermoelectric properties of Mg2Si1–xSnx compounds can be accomplished by the precise control and adjustment of the Mg content. A series of Mg2(1+z)Si0.5–ySn0.5Sby (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.015 and 0 ≤ z ≤ 0.15) compounds with controlled Mg content were synthesized by a two-step solid-state reaction method, followed by a spark plasma sintering technique. On the basis of optimized thermoelectric properties via doping with Sb, the effect of a variable content of Mg spanning from understoichiometry to overstoichiometry has been systematically explored. The results indicate that when the actual Mg content exceeds the stoichiometric amount, the dominant point defects in Mg2(1+z)Si0.49Sn0.5Sb0.01 compounds are interstitial Mg and Si/Sn vacancies. At the same time, the electron concentration is enhanced with increasing content of Mg. However, when the actual Mg content is substoichiometric, the point defects consist mainly of Mg vacancies that tend to counteract the doping effect of Sb. Thus, the electron concentration of the nominal Mg2Si0.49Sn0.5Sb0.01 compound (in reality a 2 mol % deficiency of Mg) is markedly lower compared with the Mg2.10Si0.49Sn0.5Sb0.01 compound, which actually had a 2 mol % excess of Mg. Furthermore, a modest overstoichiometry of Mg enhances the power factor and improves the dimensionless figure of merit. The highest value of ZT = 1.25 at 800 K among the compounds was obtained on Mg2.20Si0.49Sn0.5Sb0.01, which had an actual Mg excess of 5.5 mol %. The study suggests that point defects, such as interstitial Mg and Si/Sn vacancies, which are created by an overstoichiometric content of Mg, have a positive effect on the electron concentration and thermoelectric properties of n-type Mg2Si1–xSnx-based compounds. This research has also established an essential foundation for further optimization of the thermoelectric properties of Mg2Si1–xSnx compounds.
Pinning Effect on Punched-Out Dislocations in Silicon Wafers Investigated Using Indentation Method (1997)

The mechanical strength of silicon wafers was investigated using the indentation method. Sizes of rosette patterns L , generated during annealing at 900° C for 30 min, were measured for as-grown floating zone (FZ) and Czochralski (CZ) silicon wafers. It was found that (1) the rosette size L of FZ wafers was larger than that of CZ wafers and (2) L decreases in proportion to the -2/3 power of interstitial oxygen concentration ([Oi]) for CZ wafers ([ Oi]=3.7–15.5×10 17 atoms/cm 3 ). From the experimental results, it was concluded that the wafers, in which [Oi] was larger than approximately 2×10 17 atoms/cm 3 , had the ability to pin on dislocation movements. The pinning effect on dislocations by oxide precipitates or stacking faults was also investigated using the indentation method. It was found that precipitates, of which the density was approximately 1×10 9 /cm 3 and the average size was lower than approximately 500 nm, did not affect the rosette sizes L . On the other hand, stacking faults, of which the density was approximately 1×10 7 /cm 3 and the average size was approximately 50 µ m, have shown the pinning effect.
Enhanced electron field emission properties from hybrid nanostructures of graphene/Si tip array (2014)

High efficiency with excellently stable electron field emitters based on monolayer graphene coated on well-aligned Si tip (graphene/SiT) arrays fabricated by a simple transfer method is demonstrated.
Elafin and Its Precursor Trappin-2 Still Inhibit Neutrophil Serine Proteinases when They Are Covalently Bound to Extracellular Matrix Proteins by Tissue Transglutaminase (2005)

Elafin and its precursor trappin-2 (also called pre-elafin) are potent protein inhibitors of neutrophil serine proteases such as leukocyte elastase and proteinase 3. Trappin-2 has unique conserved sequence motifs rich in Gln and Lys residues. These motifs are substrates for transglutaminases that may enable trappin-2 to be cross-linked to extracellular matrix proteins, thus anchoring the inhibitor at its site of action. We have used Western blotting and ELISA-based assays to demonstrate that both elafin and trappin-2 can be conjugated to various extracellular matrix proteins in vitro by a type 2 transglutaminase. Cross-linked elafin and trappin-2 still inhibited their target proteases. Surface plasmon resonance studies allowed the determination of the kinetic constants governing the interaction of fibronectin-bound elafin and trappin-2 with neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. Both inhibitors were potent inhibitors when cross-linked to fibronectin by transglutamination, with equilibrium dissociation constants Ki for their interaction with target proteases of 0.3 nM (elastase−elafin), 20 nM (proteinase 3−elafin), 0.3 nM (elastase−trappin-2), and 12 nM (proteinase 3−trappin-2). The conjugated inhibitors reacted more slowly with their target enzymes than did the soluble inhibitors, perhaps due to their immobilization, with association rate constants of 2−7 × 105 M-1 s-1 for elastase and 1−4 × 104 M-1 s-1 for proteinase 3. We believe this is the first demonstration that transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking of serine protease inhibitors to proteins preserves their inhibitory capacities.
A database application generator for the www (1998)

Abstract This paper describes a database application generator for the WWW called GWB. GWB contains a compact language that adds control structures and database access constructs to HTML, a compiler that translates HTML‐like source templates into ODBC code and utilities for authentication and session management. It is designed to ease the expertise requirement needed for developing Web‐based intranet and internet database applications. This paper surveys the current approaches; describes the language and its support for authentication and session management; and gives an internet application using GWB. This paper also discusses future enhancement in terms of persistent database connections and server‐side client state persistency.
Joint optimization of classifier and feature space in speech recognition (2003)

The author presents a feedforward network which classifies the spoken letter names 'b', 'd', 'e', and 'v' with 88.5% accuracy. For many poorly discriminated training examples, the outputs of this network are unstable or sensitive to perturbations of the values of the input features. This residual sensitivity is exploited by inserting into the network a new first hidden layer with localized receptive fields. The new layer gives the network a few additional degrees of freedom with which to optimize the input feature space for the desired classification. The benefit of further, joint optimization of the classifier and the input features was suggested in an experiment in which recognition accuracy was raised to 89.6%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 160 Gbit/s large-capacity ATM switching system using a dynamic link speed controlled switch architecture (2002)

This paper describes the architecture and implementation of a 160 Gbit/s ATM switch based on CMOS LSI technology. To construct the switch, a new high-speed switch element using dynamic link speed control is proposed. Each element offers 16 2.4 Gbit/s ports and employs the parallel memory accessing technique with bit slice LSI fabrication. The switch element achieves double the throughput of conventional switch elements. Using the proposed switch elements, a 160 Gbit/s throughput large capacity ATM switching system can be realized. The prototype of ATM switching system using proposed switch architecture was developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antimicrobial Synergism--An Elusive Concept (1979)

Journal Article Antimicrobial Synergism—An Elusive Concept Get access Robert C. Moellering, Jr. Robert C. Moellering, Jr. Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts Please address requests for reprints to Dr. Robert C. Moellering, Jr., Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 140, Issue 4, October 1979, Pages 639–641, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/140.4.639 Published: 01 October 1979
Heat dissipation design for a high density-high power chip package (2011)

In this paper several heat dissipation mechanisms are studied in an effort to improve heat dissipation of a high-power packaged chip in its environment. Specifically we examine a cavity-down structure consisting of a copper plate in thermal contact with the back side of the chip. In order to evaluate the thermal performance of the cavity-down approach, three structures are compared via simulation. Heat transport occurs by conduction, radiation and convection. The first depends on material properties, thickness and temperature gradient. The second is only effective if the temperature of the radiator is much higher than that of the absorber and the two are in close proximity. Convection is most effective at high mass flow and large differential temperatures. For the problem at hand we consider, several different thicknesses of the copper heat spreader to optimize conduction within the bounds of the package. In addition, forced air convection is optimized, within the package limitations. Optimum cooling conditions are obtained by parameterization of variables: air flow direction, fan position, and package placement.
L Type Ca<sup>2+</sup> Channel Blockers Prevent Oxaliplatin-Induced Cold Hyperalgesia and TRPM8 Overexpression in Rats (2012)

These data suggest that the L type Ca²⁺ channels/NFAT/TRPM8 pathway is a downstream mediator for oxaliplatin-induced cold hyperalgesia, and that Ca²⁺ channel blockers have prophylactic potential for acute neuropathy.
HFC-23 Emissions reduction at Jiangsu Meilan Chemical Co. Ltd. (2005)

This environmental assessment for the HFC-23 Emissions Reduction Project for China discusses possible environmental risks and proposes measures to mitigate them. The plan anticipating risks and mitigations comprises the following: Hazardous gas emissions from fumes generated by incineration will be controlled by operating the furnace at negative pressure, and diluting gases before they are emitted through an exhaust stack of an acceptable height. Wastewater will be treated before discharge, and runoff prevented from entry into water sources. Solid waste - sludge - will be specially contained, treated, and transported for safe incineration. Other construction waste - concrete, lime, sand, and stone, etc., will be stored at approved collection points and transported to approved municipal landfills. In addition to using low-noise equipment, reduce noise by using sound insulation (mufflers, soundproof rooms), controlling vibrations, and otherwise maintaining equipment.