gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Average wholesale price for prescription drugs: is there a more appropriate pricing mechanism? (2002)

This paper defines the average wholesale price (AWP), which has become an important benchmark for prescription drug pricing and reimbursement.The paper briefly explains the AWP's various uses in the pricing of prescription drugs, highlights some of the problems that have emerged as a result of the way it is reported and used, and explores some of the possibilities for reform. The paper also contains a glossary of commonly used terms, as well as an appendix that lists the state Medicaid reimbursement formulas.
Joint estimation of AVO and kinematic parameters (1998)

Conventional amplitude‐versus‐offset (AVO) analysis such as linear fitting of isotime samples after NMO correction does not give reliable results in the presence of interfering reflections or velocity errors. For this reason we propose a new method that is able to remove interference effects on the AVO of the target reflection and minimize the effects of residual moveout. The method is based on the minimization of the difference between observed data and a model that includes theoretical descriptions of the AVO and traveltimes. This minimization is carried out jointly with respect to AVO and kinematic parameters (velocities and traveltimes) and requires the a priori knowledge of the propagating wavelet. The kinematic parameters are given by the NMO equation extended to the fourth‐order term and the AVO is described as a linear combination of a set of orthogonal functions. The AVO functions are derived from a statistical model of reflection amplitude in the presence of velocity error. Applications to synthetic and real data demonstrate the ability of the method to attenuate distortion effects on the AVO of the primary reflection by interfering coherent noise. The real data example pertains to a marine case where the primary event is contaminated by multiple reflections generated in the water layer and by another event, reflected from an interface deeper than the target, that merges with the examined reflections at the far‐offsets. This causes a subtle tuning that distorts the AVO of the target. Our method attenuates the effects of the multiples and discriminates the ‘double event’ nature of the target reflection at the far‐offsets.
Supramolecular complexes of podand ligands with xenon (2014)

Abstract Formation of stable complexes between xenon and podand polyoxyethylene ligands was ascertained. The complexation process was studied by 129Xe NMR titration, NMR diffusiometry and heteronuclear NOE measurements. The ligands studied form a 1:1 complexes with Xe(0). Their stability constants depend on the ligand structure, i.e., polyoxyethylene chain length, number of complexating polyether units and the topology of the anchoring centre.
Long-Range Segregation Phenomena in Shape-Selected Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Chemical State Effects (2013)

A study of the morphological and chemical stability of shape-selected octahedral Pt0.5Ni0.5 nanoparticles (NPs) supported on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is presented. Ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were used to monitor the mobility of Pt0.5Ni0.5 NPs and to study long-range atomic segregation and alloy formation phenomena under vacuum, H2, and O2 environments. The chemical state of the NPs was found to play a pivotal role in their surface composition after different thermal treatments. In particular, for these ex situ synthesized NPs, Ni segregation to the NP surface was observed in all environments as long as PtOx species were present. In the presence of oxygen, an enhanced Ni surface segregation was observed at all temperatures. In contrast, in hydrogen and vacuum, the Ni outward segregation occurs only at low temperature (<200-270 °C), while PtOx species are still present. At higher temperatures, the reduction of the Pt oxide species results in Pt diffusion toward the NP surface and the formation of a Ni-Pt alloy. A consistent correlation between the NP surface composition and its electrocatalytic CO oxidation activity was established.
Manolos, Marriage, and Mantras (2008)

Abstract Critical readings of “chick lit” are typically limited to a framework that understands the popular fiction genre as a sign or symptom of “postfeminism” in the U.S. In its readings of chick lit in general, and of South Asian American chick lit as a particular women of color subgenre, this essay steps away from the framework of postfeminism that so dominates academic and popular discussions of chick lit, and instead uses critical race and transnational feminist critique to foreground questions of race, nation, empire, and political economy. Beginning with transnational and critical race feminisms in this way illuminates not only the operations of chick lit and the middle-class neoliberal subjects it produces, but also interrogates the ways in which hegemonic feminisms in the U.S. (as exemplified by chick-lit criticism) continue to disregard such questions. We analyze South Asian American chick-lit novels through sites—consumption, marriage, and realism—that are central to neoliberal subject-making, and that highlight the ways in which the novels work to produce a (trans)national, racialized, feminine subject embedded within neoliberalism, heteronormativity, and racism. At the same time, we explore contradictions in the production of such subjectivities, thus underscoring ways in which capital and neoliberalism are incomplete formations, and reimagining the possibilities and limitations for representations of subjectivity in the context of neoliberal capitalism and globalization.
Utilizing dynamic laser speckle to probe nanoscale morphology evolution in nanoporous gold thin films (2016)

This paper demonstrates the use of dynamic laser speckle autocorrelation spectroscopy in conjunction with the photothermal treatment of nanoporous gold (np-Au) thin films to probe nanoscale morphology changes during the photothermal treatment. Utilizing this spectroscopy method, backscattered speckle from the incident laser is tracked during photothermal treatment and both the characteristic feature size and annealing time of the film are determined. These results demonstrate that this method can successfully be used to monitor laser-based surface modification processes without the use of ex-situ characterization.
Aircraft Turbine Engine Fuel Corrosion Inhibitors and Their Effects on Fuel Properties (1974)

Abstract : This report discusses the effects of corrosion inhibitors on the thermal stability, filterability, and lubricity of aircraft turbine engine fuels.
A Comparison of Engine Knock Metrics (2012)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The objective of this work is to compare and contrast standard metrics that are used to quantify engine knock phenomena. Several methods found in the literature were investigated, and the fundamental bases for the methods were elucidated. A new knock onset metric was developed and compared to the commonly used threshold value exceeded metric. The standard knock intensity metrics were categorized based on the underlying signal (pressure, heat release), domain of analysis (time or frequency), and the calculation method (single-valued or integral). Each category was evaluated based on the fundamental advantages and disadvantages of that category. Single-value methods were found to be inadequate because they are prone to biases due to wave interference and beating. Heat release-based metrics were found to be redundant and be based on flawed assumptions. The time- or frequency-domain integration of the pressure oscillation energy were found to be the most reliable indicator of knock intensity.</div></div>
Identification of blood‐protein carriers of the CA 19‐9 antigen and characterization of prevalence in pancreatic diseases (2011)

The current best serum marker for pancreatic cancer, CA 19-9, detects a carbohydrate antigen on multiple protein carriers. Better knowledge of the protein carriers of the CA 19-9 antigen in various disease states may lead to improved diagnostic tests. To identify proteins that carry the CA 19-9 antigen, we immunoprecipitated the CA 19-9 antigen from pooled sera and identified the associated proteins using MS. Among the high-confidence identifications, we confirmed the presence of the CA 19-9 antigen on Apolipoprotein B-100 by antibody arrays and Western blot and on kininogen, ARVCF, and Apolipoprotein E by antibody arrays. We characterized the frequency and levels of the CA 19-9 antigen on the four proteins across various patient groups (pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, and healthy controls) using antibody arrays. Nearly, 10-25% of the subjects showed elevations of the antigen on each protein, but the elevations were not associated with disease state or total CA 19-9 levels. These results contribute to our knowledge of the carrier proteins of an important functional glycan and the rate at which the glycan is displayed. This work also demonstrates a strategy for using the complementary methods of MS and antibody microarrays to identify protein carriers of glycans and assess the diagnostic value of measuring glycans on individual proteins.
A novel strategy for increasing wall thickness of coronary venules prior to retroperfusion (2006)

The sudden exposure of veins to arterial pressures during coronary venous retroperfusion may cause rupture of small venules. Our rationale is to first occlude the coronary vein, which will cause an increase in pressure intermediate to arterial and venous values, and hence lead to remodeling and increased wall thickness of the veins prior to retroperfusion. To accomplish this objective, five pigs were subjected to left anterior descending (LAD) vein ligation while six pigs served as sham. Myocardial tissue samples were obtained from the area adjacent to the LAD vein at four transmural locations of the left ventricular free wall: epicardial surface, subepicardium, midmyocardium, and endocardium. Arterioles and venules from the experimental and sham control groups were photographed, and the following measurements were made: inner and outer circumferences, inner and outer areas, major and minor diameters, and intima-media thickness. Each vessel was categorized in four different orders according to lumen diameter. Our results show that intima-media thickness was larger in the experimental group in all four regions of the heart and in all four orders of the vessels, although venules from the epicardial region showed the largest increase in thickness. The intima-media thickness-to-radius ratio was also larger in the experimental group and decreased from epicardial to endocardial region of the heart and from order 1 to order 4 of the vessels. The present study provides a rationale for the development of coronary retroperfusion strategy that avoids vessel rupture and hemorrhage in the postcapillary venules.
PREDICTION OF THE STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OP POLYCRYSTALLINE a-IRON CONTAINING HARD SPHERICAL PARTICLES (1971)

The stress-strain behavior of polycrystalline a-iron containing hard spherical particles has been successfully predicted with relationships based on particle-dislocation interaction mechanisms.The yielding behavior obeyed a modified Orowan type relationship, as proposed by Ashby.The work hardening rates were in close agreement with the rates predicted by a model based on the generation of secondary dislocations at the particles, also proposed by Ashby.The objective of this study was to utilize these relationships, which were developed to predict the flow properties of single crystals containing hard particles, to predict the flow properties of polycrystals containing hard particles.Alloys with second phase volume fractions of 0.73 to 6.14% and particle diameters of 125oA to 230oA were examined.The distribution of the particle diameters and randomness of the particle dispersion were examined with carbon extraction replicas.The volume fraction of second phase was determined with the aid of the electron beam microprobe analyzer.The matrix structure was studied with optical and electron transmission microscopy and the grain orientation randomness was examined with the x-ray Laue back reflection technique.. .
Reversible Lipid Accumulation and Associated Division Arrest of Mycobacterium avium in Lipoprotein-Induced Foamy Macrophages May Resemble Key Events during Latency and Reactivation of Tuberculosis (2013)

During the dormant phase of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis persists in lung granulomas by residing in foamy macrophages (FM) that contain abundant lipid bodies (LB) in their cytoplasm, allowing bacilli to accumulate lipids as intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions (ILI). An experimental model of FM is presented where bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages are infected with M. avium and exposed to very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) as a lipid source. Quantitative analysis of detailed electron microscope observations showed the following results. (i) Macrophages became foamy, and mycobacteria formed ILI, for which host triacylglycerides, rather than cholesterol, was essential. (ii) Lipid transfer occurred via mycobacterium-induced fusion between LB and phagosomes. (iii) Mycobacteria showed a thinned cell wall and became elongated but did not divide. (iv) Upon removal of VLDL, LB and ILI declined within hours, and simultaneous resumption of mycobacterial division restored the number of mycobacteria to the same level as that found in untreated control macrophages. This showed that the presence of ILI resulted in a reversible block of division without causing a change in the mycobacterial replication rate. Fluctuation between ILI either partially or fully extending throughout the mycobacterial cytoplasm was suggestive of bacterial cell cycle events. We propose that VLDL-driven FM constitute a well-defined cellular system in which to study changed metabolic states of intracellular mycobacteria that may relate to persistence and reactivation of tuberculosis.
Field emission studies on well adhered pulsed laser deposited LaB6 on W tip (2006)

Lanthanum hexaboride films have been deposited on a tungsten tip by pulsed laser deposition technique. The field emission studies have been performed in the conventional field emission geometry. The Fowler-Nordheim plot obtained from the current-voltage characteristic is found to be linear in accordance with the quantum mechanical tunneling phenomenon. A current density of 1.2×104A∕cm2 is drawn from the deposited tip. The field enhancement factor is calculated to be 5537cm−1, indicating that the field emission is from nanoscale protrusions present on emitter surface. The emission current-time plots show the very good stability of the emitter.
Design of Distributed Multi-Edge Type LDPC Codes for Two-Way Relay Channels (2011)

This paper studies the problem of determining the optimum degree distribution for distributed LDPC codes in two-way relay channels. Based on the framework of multi-edge type (MET) LDPC codes, we propose a methodology to asymptotically optimize the code's ensemble when different segments within the distributed codeword have been transmitted through different channels and experience different SNRs. An average noise threshold is formulated to compute the convergence threshold of the distributed LDPC codes under density evolution and acts as the performance gap between the optimized distributed codes and the theoretical limit. We demonstrate that the optimized distributed LDPC code using our proposed method performs asymptotically within a fraction of a dB away from the theoretical limit.
The Effect of Metallurgical Variables on the Electrocatalytic Properties of PtCr Alloys (1987)

In the two cases the pO 2-remains constant, but as for c~ > 0.25 the shape of the curve in Fig. 2 shows the independence of the pO ~-with Co, the first case has to be eliminated and the pO ~-is given by pO ~-= pK2 -2 log S(NaFeO2)
Cannulation of the Internal Jugular Vein ‐ 500 Cases (1982)

Five hundred consecutive cases of internal jugular vein catheterization are presented. The success rate varied from 88% to infants under 1 year of age to 99% in adults. There were 16 arterial punctures (3.2%). In one patient surgical removal of a haematoma was necessary. No pneumothorax occurred. Compared to other techniques for central venous catheterization, the internal jugular vein approach gives a high incidence of correct catheter positions and few complications, and is thus recommended.
Ueber eine neue Klasse von Alkoholen (1857)

Wasserstoff 5,17 4,89.P i s a n i fand auch, dafs das anissaure Ammoniak sich bei dem Erhitzen geradezu zu Ammoniak und gewohnlicher Anissaure spaltet.
Characterisation of murine MICL (CLEC12A) and evidence for an endogenous ligand (2008)

Inhibitory receptors are required for the control of cellular activation and they play essential roles in regulating homeostasis and immunity. We previously identified a human inhibitory C-type lectin-like receptor, MICL (CLEC12A), a heavily glycosylated monomer predominantly expressed on myeloid cells. Here we characterise the murine homolog of MICL (mMICL), and demonstrate that the receptor is structurally and functionally similar to the human orthologue (hMICL), although there are some notable differences. mMICL is expressed as a dimer and is not heavily glycosylated; however, like hMICL, the receptor can recruit inhibitory phosphatases upon activation, and is down-regulated on leukocytes following stimulation with selected TLR agonists. Using novel monoclonal antibodies, we demonstrate that, like the human receptor, mMICL is predominantly expressed by myeloid cells. However, mMICL is also expressed by B cells and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, and NK cells in the bone marrow. Finally, we show that mMICL recognises an endogenous ligand in a variety of murine tissues, suggesting that the receptor plays a role in homeostasis.
Identification and characterization of Bimgamma, a novel proapoptotic BH3-only splice variant of Bim. (2002)

BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-only proteins of the Bcl-2 family play an essential role in apoptosis. In this study, a novel human BH3-only protein, Bcl-2-interacting mediator (Bim)gamma, was identified during our study of regulation of prostate cancer cell death by Bcl-2 family proteins. Bimgamma shares the highest amino acid sequence homology to BimEL and BimL, two proapoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 proteins derived from alternative mRNA splicing. Genomic studies indicate that Bimgamma is a novel splice variant of Bim and is generated as a result of the retention of a 126-bp intron of the bim gene. Bimgamma mRNA displays a tissue-specific expression pattern distinct from those of the other Bim isoforms. Subcellular fractionation studies indicate that Bimgamma is localized both in intracellular membranes and cytosol. Interestingly, Bimgamma mRNA, similar to the BimEL protein, is up-regulated in the majority of the prostate cancer cell lines studied, whereas several other proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, including Bax, Bak, and Bad, are down-regulated in prostate cancer cells. Functional studies indicate that Bimgamma inhibits clonal growth in prostate cancer cells and promotes apoptosis, which is inhibited by overexpressing Bcl-2. Because both Bimgamma and BimEL are proapoptotic BH3-only proteins and both are up-regulated in prostate cancer cells, they may play a unique role in prostate cancer development.
Servocontrolled generator to measure respiratory impedance from 0.25 to 26 Hz in ventilated patients at different PEEP levels (1995)

Assessing respiratory impedance (Zrs) in ventilated patients over a wide frequency band, ranging from breathing rates to typical forced oscillation frequencies, during end-expiratory pauses at different positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) is of potential interest to assess a patient's respiratory mechanics. Zrs measurements under these conditions are not possible with the present variants of the forced oscillation technique. The aim of this work was to design a forced oscillation generator operating from spontaneous breathing frequencies whilst withstanding PEEP. To this end, we constructed a generator based on a servocontrolled loudspeaker. This allowed the loudspeaker cone to remain at its resting position regardless of the external PEEP applied. The system was optimized by using a mechanical analogue. The clinical applicability of the servocontrolled generator was assessed by measuring Zrs in mechanically-ventilated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients during end-expiratory pauses at different transrespiratory pressures. The forced oscillation generator designed may be easily applicable in practice since it is small and light. The system is able to withstand transrespiratory pressures of up to 17 hPa and allows the application of forced oscillation of sufficient amplitude ( > 2 hPa peak-to-peak, 0.25-26 Hz) to obtain reliable respiratory resistance and reactance data. The servocontrolled generator permits the assessment of respiratory mechanics over a wide frequency band ranging from breathing frequencies to the most typical forced oscillation frequencies during end-expiratory pauses at PEEPs within the conventional range.
A Log-Tabel Based Algorithm For Implementing Microprocessor Time-Overcurrent Relays (1982)

The difficulties that arise in implementing the time-overcurrent relay characteristic on microprocessor systems are due mainly to two factors. Firstly, data acquisition is usually linear whereas curve scales are logarithmic. Secondly, we have to calculate the main variable, namely the normalized fault current given as the ratio of the measured line current to the preset pickup value in a system in which the latter quantity should preferably be adjustable.
Effect of Pulverization on Dehydration Behavior of Crystals of GK-128, a Serotonin3 Receptor Antagonist (1996)

The effect of pulverization on the dehydration behavior of 2-[(2-methylimidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzo[i]thiochromen-1-one monohydrochloride hemihydrate (GK-128), a newly developed serotonin3 receptor antagonist, was studied using powder X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetry (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystalline forms of GK-128 obtained by pulverizing with a jet mill and an agale mortar were each confirmed to be the same as that of intact GK-128, since the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the two prepared samples were identical with that of intact GK-128. However, after pulverization by jet mill, the dehydration temperature of GK-128 was markedly lowered and the DSC endothermic peak due to dehydration disappeared. The activation energy for dehydration, calculated by the Ozawa method using TG data, decreased with decreasing particle size and/or crystallinity of GK-128 crystals, e.g., the activation energies for dehydration of intact and jet-milled GK-128 were 128.1 and 75.9 kj/mol, respectively. The results of comparison of powder X-ray diffraction patterns of pulverized GK-128 and intact GK-128 and of determination of the crystal structure of GK-128 suggested that water molecules could be removed easily along the c-axis of GK-128 crystals.
High Glucose Causes Upregulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Alters Prostanoid Profile in Human Endothelial Cells (2003)

Thus, high glucose, via PKC signaling, induces oxidative stress and upregulation of COX-2, resulting in reduced NO availability and altered prostanoid profile.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICAL STUDIES OF POTENTIAL RELEVANCE TO PENICILLIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, THE SYNTHESIS OF DL‐2‐PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLENIC ACID AND OF DL‐2‐(2,6‐DIMETHOXYPHENYL)‐PENICILLENIC ACID (1974)

Abstract Natrium‐methylchlormalonaldehyd (I) reagiert mit Alkoholen zu den Acetalen (II), deren Alkalisalze mit Ammoniak zu den Aminosäureacetalen (III) umgesetzt werden.