gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Intelligent Welding Manufacturing (2021)

Optimal design of the welding procedure gives the desired welding results under nominal welding conditions. During manufacturing, where the actual welding manufacturing conditions often deviate from the nominal ones used in the design, applying the designed procedure will produce welding results that are different from the desired ones. Adaption is needed to make corrections and adjust some of the welding parameters from those specified in the design. This is adaptive welding. While human welders can be adaptive to make corrections and adjustments, their performance is limited by their physical constraints and skill level. To be adaptive, automated and robotic welding systems require abilities in sensing the welding process, extracting the needed information from signals from the sensors, predicting the responses of the welding process to the adjustments on welding parameters, and optimizing the adjustments. This results in the application of classical sensing, modeling of process dynamics, and control system design. In many cases, the needed information for the weld quality and process variables of our concern is not easy to extract from the sensor’s data. Studies are needed to propose the phenomena to sense and establish the scientific foundation to correlate them to the weld quality or process variables of our concern. Such studies can be labor intensive, and a more automated approach is needed. Analysis suggests that artificial intelligence and machine learning, especially deep learning, can help automate the learning such that the needed intelligence for robotic welding adaptation can be directly and automatically learned from experimental data after the physical phenomena being represented by the experimental data has been appropriately selected to make sure they are fundamentally correlated to that with which we are concerned. Some adaptation abilities may also be learned from skilled human welders. In addition, human-robot collaborative welding may incorporate adaptations from humans with the welding robots. This paper analyzes and identifies the challenges in adaptive robotic welding, reviews efforts devoted to solve these challenges, analyzes the principles and nature of the methods behind these efforts, and introduces modern approaches, including machine learning/deep learning, learning from humans, and human-robot collaboration, to solve these challenges.
Impact of two types of La Niña on boreal autumn rainfall around Southeast Asia and Australia (2017)

The distinct influences of eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) La Niña on rainfall anomalies over Southeast Asia and Australia in boreal autumn (September to November) are explored in this study. Composite results reveal that CP La Niña gives rise to significant and severe flooding over Southeast Asia and Australia, whereas EP La Niña fails to exert any evident impacts on rainfall over this region. This difference can be attributed to the distinct features of cooling sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) between EP and CP La Niña. With a more westward location and stronger intensity of the negative SSTAs during CP La Niña autumn, the highest and lowest SLP anomalies are substantially enhanced and shift westwards too, further causing intense easterly winds over the western Pacific and westerly anomalies over the Indian Ocean driven by this SLP gradient. Subsequently, robust low-level convergence and high-level divergence is observed over the Maritime Continent and Australia, resulting in significant above-normal rainfall anomalies in those regions. In contrast, weak and eastern Pacific–confined cooling SSTAs during EP La Niña produce correspondingly weak low-level convergence over the Maritime Continent conditions that make it hard for significant rainfall anomalies to arise.
Design and Control of a Two-Phase Brushless Exciter for Aircraft Wound-Rotor Synchronous Starter/Generator in the Starting Mode (2015)

The structure and control strategy of a novel two-phase brushless main exciter (ME) are proposed in this paper to solve the excitation problem of the main generator (MG) when the aircraft brushless wound-rotor synchronous starter/generator start up as a motor. Two-phase symmetrical winding is adopted as the field winding of the ME and is supplied with two-phase ac by a two-phase inverter in the starting mode and dc by the traditional generator control unit in the generation mode. In order to make the field current of the MG remain constant during the start-up process, the excitation control method for the two-phase ME in the starting mode is proposed, which contains the feedback control for the two-phase field currents and speed reference control for the excitation frequency. The proposed two-phase ME and excitation control method have the advantages of capability for higher and constant field current for the MG in the starting mode and unchanged structure and control methods in the generation mode. A two-phase ME prototype, based on an original single-phase ME, is designed, manufactured, and tested. Finite-element analysis (FEA)-based simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility and advantages of the novel two-phase brushless ME and excitation control method.
CARBON AND NITROGEN ABUNDANCES IN SELECTED ACHONDRITES (1971)

Total carbon and nitrogen contents are reported for four howardites, three enstatite achondrites and one hypersthene achondrite. The mean value for eucrites is 650 ppm C and howardites 1440 ppm C. The Haraiya eucrite has an anomalously high carbon content The nitrogen contents range between 24 and 66 ppm N. The mean N value for eucrites is 36 ppm N and for the howardites 51 ppm N.
Static PDEs for time-dependent control problems (2006)

We consider two different non-autonomous anisotropic time-optimal control problems. For the min-time-from-boundary problem, we show that the value function is recovered as a viscosity solution of a static Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman partial differential equation\\\ $H\left(\nabla u(\x), u(\x), \x \right) = 1.$ We demonstrate that the space-marching Ordered Upwind Methods (introduced in \cite{SethVlad2} for the autonomous control) can be extended to this non-autonomous case. We illustrate this approach with several numerical experiments. For the min-time-to-boundary problem, where no reduction to a static PDE is possible, we show how the space-marching methods can be efficiently used to approximate individual level sets of the time-dependent value function.
Bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase travels far ahead of ribosomes in vivo (1992)

We show that in Escherichia coli at 32 degrees C, the T7 RNA polymerase travels over the lacZ gene about eightfold faster than ribosomes travel over the corresponding mRNA. We discuss how the T7 phage might exploit this high rate in its growth optimization strategy and how it obviates the possible drawbacks of uncoupling transcription from translation.
The Family of SMF Metal Ion Transporters in Yeast Cells (2000)

Metal ions are vital for all organisms, and metal ion transporters play a crucial role in maintaining their homeostasis. The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Smf transporters and their homologs in other organisms have a central role in the accumulation of metal ions and their distribution in different tissues and cellular organelles. In this work we generated null mutations in each individual SMF gene in yeast as well as in all combinations of the genes. Each null mutation exhibited sensitivity to metal ion chelators at different concentrations. The combination of null mutants DeltaSMF1 + DeltaSMF2 and the triple null mutant Delta3SMF failed to grow on medium buffered at pH 8 and 7.5, respectively. Addition of 5 microm copper or 25 microm manganese alleviated the growth arrest at the high pH or in the presence of the chelating agent. The transport of manganese was analyzed in the triple null mutant and in this mutant expressing each Smf protein. Although overexpression of Smf1p and Smf2p resulted in uptake that was higher than wild type cells, the expression of Smf3p gave no significant uptake above that of the triple mutant Delta3SMF. Western analysis with antibody against Smf3p indicated that this transporter does not reach the plasma membrane and may function at the Golgi or post-Golgi complexes. The iron uptake resulting from expression of Smf1p and Smf2p was analyzed in a mutant in which its iron transporters FET3 and FET4 were inactivated. Overexpression of Smf1p gave rise to a significant iron uptake that was sensitive to the sodium concentrations in the medium. We conclude that the Smf proteins play a major role in copper and manganese homeostasis and, under certain circumstances, Smf1p may function in iron transport into the cells.
Classification of Sleep Disorders (1990)

This review discusses recent developments in classifying the sleep disorders. Several classification systems are presented, and the Diagnostic Classification of the Sleep and Arousal Disorders (DCSAD), published by the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers in 1979, is used as the basis for reviewing their differences. The four main sections of the DCSAD are presented: the disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, the disorders of excessive somnolence, the sleep-wake schedule disorders, and the dysfunctions associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals. Disorders discovered since the publication of the DCSAD are mentioned along with the new nomenclature of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, due to be published in 1990. References are given to the original clinical descriptions and nomenclature.
Design of an analog fuzzy logic controller for a PWM boost converter (2002)

Fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) have been widely used in many applications, However, they are usually implemented digitally by expensive digital signal processors (DSPs), and the performance is restricted by the sampling period. In this paper, an analog FLC implemented by a low-cost device is proposed. Through analog circuitry, the features of an FLC such as membership function shaping, rule inference and defuzzification are realized. The controller is successfully applied to regulate a PWM boost power converter with satisfactory performance.
Biological valorization of low molecular weight lignin (2016)

Lignin is a major component of lignocellulosic biomass and as such, it is processed in enormous amounts in the pulp and paper industry worldwide. In such industry it mainly serves the purpose of a fuel to provide process steam and electricity, and to a minor extent to provide low grade heat for external purposes. Also from other biorefinery concepts, including 2nd generation ethanol, increasing amounts of lignin will be generated. Other uses for lignin - apart from fuel production - are of increasing interest not least in these new biorefinery concepts. These new uses can broadly be divided into application of the polymer as such, native or modified, or the use of lignin as a feedstock for the production of chemicals. The present review focuses on the latter and in particular the advances in the biological routes for chemicals production from lignin. Such a biological route will likely involve an initial depolymerization, which is followed by biological conversion of the obtained smaller lignin fragments. The conversion can be either a short catalytic conversion into desired chemicals, or a longer metabolic conversion. In this review, we give a brief summary of sources of lignin, methods of depolymerization, biological pathways for conversion of the lignin monomers and the analytical tools necessary for characterizing and evaluating key lignin attributes.
Induction of Mucosal Homing Virus-Specific CD8<sup>+</sup>T Lymphocytes by Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (2000)

Induction of virus-specific T-cell responses in mucosal as well as systemic compartments of the immune system is likely to be a critical feature of an effective AIDS vaccine. We investigated whether virus-specific CD8(+) lymphocytes induced in rhesus macaques by immunization with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an approach that is highly effective in eliciting protection against mucosal challenge, express the mucosa-homing receptor alpha4beta7 and traffic to the intestinal mucosa. SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells expressing alpha4beta7 were detected in peripheral blood and intestine of macaques infected with attenuated SIV. In contrast, virus-specific T cells in blood of animals immunized cutaneously by a combined DNA-modified vaccinia virus Ankara regimen did not express alpha4beta7. These results demonstrate the selective induction of SIV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes expressing alpha4beta7 by a vaccine approach that replicates in mucosal tissue and suggest that induction of virus-specific lymphocytes that are able to home to mucosal sites may be an important characteristic of a successful AIDS vaccine.
Scalable k-means++ (2012)

Over half a century old and showing no signs of aging, k -means remains one of the most popular data processing algorithms. As is well-known, a proper initialization of k -means is crucial for obtaining a good final solution. The recently proposed k -means++ initialization algorithm achieves this, obtaining an initial set of centers that is provably close to the optimum solution. A major downside of the k -means++ is its inherent sequential nature, which limits its applicability to massive data: one must make k passes over the data to find a good initial set of centers. In this work we show how to drastically reduce the number of passes needed to obtain, in parallel, a good initialization. This is unlike prevailing efforts on parallelizing k -means that have mostly focused on the post-initialization phases of k -means. We prove that our proposed initialization algorithm k -means|| obtains a nearly optimal solution after a logarithmic number of passes, and then show that in practice a constant number of passes suffices. Experimental evaluation on real-world large-scale data demonstrates that k -means|| outperforms k -means++ in both sequential and parallel settings.
Allorestricted T lymphocytes with a high avidity T‐cell receptor towards NY‐ESO‐1 have potent anti‐tumor activity (2009)

The cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 has been targeted as a tumor-associated antigen by immunotherapeutical strategies, such as cancer vaccines. The prerequisite for a T-cell-based therapy is the induction of T cells capable of recognizing the NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells. In this study, we generated human T lymphocytes directed against the immunodominant NY-ESO-1(157-165) epitope known to be naturally presented with HLA-A*0201. We succeeded to isolate autorestricted and allorestricted T lymphocytes with low, intermediate or high avidity TCRs against the NY-ESO-1 peptide. The avidity of the established CTL populations correlated with their capacity of lysing HLA-A2-positive, NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cell lines derived from different origins, e.g. melanoma and myeloma. The allorestricted NY-ESO-1-specific T lymphocytes displayed TCRs with the highest avidity and best anti-tumor recognition activity. TCRs derived from allorestricted, NY-ESO-1-specific T cells may be useful reagents for redirecting primary T cells by TCR gene transfer and, therefore, may facilitate the development of adoptive transfer regimens based on TCR-transduced T cells for the treatment of NY-ESO-1-expressing hematological malignancies and solid tumors.
Calcium influx factor is synthesized by yeast and mammalian cells depleted of organellar calcium stores (1999)

Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores leads to the entry of extracellular Ca2+ into the cytoplasm, a process termed capacitative or store-operated Ca2+ entry. Partially purified extracts were prepared from the human Jurkat T lymphocyte cell line and yeast in which Ca2+ stores were depleted by chemical and genetic means, respectively. After microinjection into Xenopus laevis oocytes, the extracts elicited a wave of increased cytoplasmic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) that spread from the point of injection across the oocyte. Extracts from cells with replete organellar Ca2+ stores were inactive. The increases depended on extracellular Ca2+, were unaffected by the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) inhibitor heparin or an anti-IP3 receptor antibody and were unchanged when the endoplasmic reticulum was segregated to the hemisphere opposite the injection site by centrifugation. Confocal microscopy revealed that [Ca2+]i increases were most pronounced at the periphery of the oocyte. The patterns of [Ca2+]i increases were replicated by computer simulations based on a diffusible messenger of about 700 Da that directly activates Ca2+ influx. In addition, ICRAC, a Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ current monitored in Jurkat cells by whole-cell patch clamp recordings, was more rapidly activated when active extracts were included in the patch pipette than by the inclusion of a Ca2+ chelator or IP3. These data support the existence in yeast and mammalian cells depleted of Ca2+ stores of a functionally conserved diffusible calcium influx factor that directly activates Ca2+ influx.
Analysis of mass transport during laser welding (1992)

Lasers, though developed only about a quarter century ago, are now being routinely used in automotive, aerospace and other industries to produce superior quality, high speed autogenous welds with narrow heat affected zones in a number of alloys. However, at present lasers cannot be used to successfully weld certain important structural alloys due to a change in weld composition resulting from selective mass transport of certain alloying elements from the laser melted region. The loss of alloying element leads to a degradation in mechanical properties of laser welded structures. Extensive experimental and theoretical research has previously been conducted to develop a better understanding and control of mass transport that takes place during high energy laser welding. In light of the possible use of high energy lasers for deep penetration welding of certain hard to weld structural alloys used in Navy vessels, the approach and results of these mass transport studies has been applied to evaluate the suitability of lasers for welding alloys used by the U.S Navy. Details of the study will be discussed in this paper.
A 5 kW. Crystallographic X-ray Tube with a Rotating Anode (1949)

A 4-windowed crystallographic X-ray tube with a rotating anode has been constructed. The bearings and seals on the rotating shaft are recessed within the vacuum envelope in the body of the anode, an arrangement which gives full accessibility to the window on the driving-belt side. The tube may be used alternatively with a stationary anode plated in segments with a number of metals which enables the characteristic wave-length to be rapidly changed without releasing the vacuum. The focus of the tube is adjustable while the tube is in operation.
Structural origin of the brown color of barbules in male peacock tail feathers (2005)

We report detailed optical measurements and numerical simulations of brown barbules in male peacock tail feathers. Our results indicate that brown coloration is predominantly produced structurally by the two-dimensional (2D) photonic-crystal structure in the cortex layer of a barbule. The constructing strategies of brown coloration revealed by numerical simulations are indeed subtle, which are of great significance in the artificial constructions of mixed structural coloration. It is found that the structural configurations of the 2D photonic-crystal structure such as the lattice constant, the number of periods, and even the interdistance and missing holes between the two melanin layers nearest to the cortex surface, are important in the production of structural brown colors.
Medium-spin states in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Mo</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>99</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1988)

The structure of $^{99}\mathrm{Mo}$ has been investigated via the $^{96}\mathrm{Zr}$(\ensuremath{\alpha},n) reaction at bombarding energies between 10 and 18 MeV. Excitation functions and angular distributions of deexcitation \ensuremath{\gamma} rays have been measured to provide information on the spins of levels deduced in \ensuremath{\gamma}-\ensuremath{\gamma} coincidence measurements carried out at 13 and 16 MeV. Several new medium-spin levels have been evinced from the present measurements and give a clear indication that collective features play an important role in defining the nuclear structure of $^{99}\mathrm{Mo}$ which can be considered as a typical transitional nucleus in the region around A=100.
High temperature thermal energy storage an experimental study (1999)

This experimental study deals with the thermal energy storage based on phase change effects of melting and vaporization in the storage medium. The phase change materials considered are chloride and fluoride salts having a melting point within the 600-1300 °C temperature range. These salts are known to have extremely low Thermal conductivity resulting in a substantially large heat exchanger surface embedded in the storage medium. Thermal performance enhancements of the storage systems can be obtained, however, by introducing an intermediate medium of high thermal conductivity to transfer heat from the salt to the heat exchanger. Liquid sodium Na has been selected for this purpose, on the analogy of pool boilers. The experimental results of this work have successfully demonstrated the effect of reflux evaporation - condensation heat transfer employed. It was shown that a storage system containing NaCl-Na could be operated for a prolonged time at a stable outlet working gas temperature of 780 °C while the storage temperature was as high as 800 °C. The factor that controlled the process of heat discharge was heat and mass transfer occurring on the NaCl-Na interface.
Second-harmonic generation in single-crystal films of an organic material (1994)

Single-crystal films of 2-cyclooctylamino-5-nitropyridine have been prepared by the shear method, and the second-order susceptibility has been measured by second-harmonic generation. Polarization-dependent measurements in an a plate show that the maximum value of deff (~56 pm/V) is approximately 10 times larger than that of LiNbO3 and that the ratio d32/d33 is approximately −4 at a 1064-nm wavelength. This material has a phase-matching direction (type I only) for propagation parallel to the plane of the a plate. The results of these measurements are important for phase-matched second-harmonic generation in waveguides of this material.
Simulations of radical and ion fluxes on a wafer in a Cl2/Ar inductively coupled plasma discharge: Confrontation with GaAs and GaN etch experiments (2010)

A two-dimensional fluid model is used to study an industrial Ar/Cl2 inductively coupled plasma discharge designed to etch III-V samples. The effect of rf power, gas pressure, and chlorine content on the fluxes of reactive species reaching the wafer is numerically investigated. To understand how the etch process is influenced by the discharge conditions, simulation results are confronted with GaAs and GaN etch experiments performed in the same reactor geometry. When the source power is increased, the measured etch rate increase is consistent with the Cl radical and ion fluxes increase shown in the simulation, as well as the ion energy decrease due to the constant value of the wafer-holder power. Increasing the gas pressure results in a moderate increase in the etch rate due to the lower magnitude, lower mean energy, and anisotropy of the ion flux at high pressure. When the chlorine content is increased, the total ion flux decreases while Cl and Cl2 neutral fluxes increase significantly. A good correlation is obtained between calculated fluxes and etch characteristics, analyzed with scanning electron microscope images of etch profiles.