gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects on electrochemical performances for host material caused by structure change of modifying material (2014)

High ionic conductive lithium niobium oxides were selected as the modifying material to investigate the effects on the electrochemical performances for host material LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 caused by the structure change of the modifying material at various calcination temperatures and modifying amounts. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that the structure of the modifying material was single LiNbO3 phase after being calcined at 500 °C and changed to LiNbO3-Li3NbO4 mixture phases at 600 and 700 °C, and further changed to single Li3NbO4 phase at 800 °C. Electrochemical tests displayed that both LiNbO3 and Li3NbO4 phases of modifying material could contribute to the improvement of the cycle performances for the host material, but the improvement degree of Li3NbO4 phase was more evident. The cycle performances and high rate performances of the modified host material (calcined at 700 °C) electrodes were improved with the right modifying amount.
Influence of substrate roughness on structure and mechanical property of TiAlN coating fabricated by cathodic arc evaporation (2011)

The aim of the present research was to investigate the influence of different substrate roughness on structure and mechanical properties of Titanium Aluminium Nitride (TiAlN) coatings. Tungsten carbide rectangular block was used as substrate. Different surface roughness was achieved by using grinding discs with different grain sizes and diamond polishing powder, and TiAlN coatings were deposited on these substrates under the same preparation technique and parameters. Morphologies of substrates and coatings, crystal structure, thickness and mechanical properties of coatings were investigated using optical microscope, AFM, XRD, CSM scratch tester and tribometer. It was shown that surface morphology of cathodic arc TiAlN coating was mainly affected by the morphology of the substrate surface and the coating growth process. The influence of substrate roughness on crystal structure and thickness of the coatings could be ignored. With the decreasing of the substrate roughness, the adhesion force between coating and substrate increased. Three stresses model was applied to interpret this result. The wear resistance of the coating was also improved with decreasing the substrate roughness.
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) mediates CD154 expression in megakaryocytes (2008)

Platelets are an abundant source of CD40 ligand (CD154), an immunomodulatory and proinflammatory molecule implicated in the onset and progression of several inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Heretofore considered largely restricted to activated T cells, we initiated studies to investigate the source and regulation of platelet-associated CD154. We found that CD154 is abundantly expressed in platelet precursor cells, megakaryocytes. We show that CD154 is expressed in primary human CD34+ and murine hematopoietic precursor cells only after cytokine-driven megakaryocyte differentiation. Furthermore, using several established megakaryocyte-like cells lines, we performed promoter analysis of the CD154 gene and found that NFAT, a calcium-dependent transcriptional regulator associated with activated T cells, mediated both differentiation-dependent and inducible megakaryocyte-specific CD154 expression. Overall, these data represent the first investigation of the regulation of a novel source of CD154 and suggests that platelet-associated CD154 can be biochemically modulated.
Metal oxide gas sensors decorated with carbon nanotubes (2016)

Gas sensors made from carbon nanotubes without their doping and functionalization have serious shortcomings. Analysis of physics and techniques of decoration (functionalization) of carbon nanotubes using organic polymers, doping with impurities, metallic nanoparticle/nanoclusters is carried out. The development of metal oxide nanocomposite sensors decorated with carbon nanotubes is very promising for realization of detectors of different important gases with dramatically improved response, better time characteristics and smaller consumed power.
Apple, LC50 Values for Methomyl (Lannate 1.8 L) on Eggs of Pest and Beneficial Insects and Mites, 1981 (1982)

Abstract Egg masses laid by summer generation Piatynota spp. females were collected on Aug 18 from Red Delicious trees in a commercial apple orchard in Nelson Co., VA and brought back to the laboratory for study. Treatment rates ranged from 0.47 litre (16 oz) to 0.06 litre (2 oz) of Lannate 1.8 L/378.5 litres (100 gal) plus a water control. The leaf clusters bearing Piatynota spp. egg masses were dipped in the respective treatment solutions and were maintained in 50-dram clear plastic vials until egg hatch. One egg mass was used per vial and four, one-vial replicates were used per treatment. Data were recorded as percent hatch. Apple leaves bearing eggs of P. ulmi were collected from a research orchard in Winchester, VA on Aug 4 and were transported to the laboratory. Irregular-sized Teaf sections containing mite eggs were cut out with scissors and affixed to double-coated Scotch tape on a microscope slide. Ten eggs were used per slide and three replicates were used per treatment. Prepared slides were dipped in methomyl treatments which ranged from a rate of 0.95 litres (32 oz) to 8.52 litres (288 oz) of Lannate 1.8 L/378.5 litres (100 gal) water plus a water control. When eclosion ceased, data were recorded as percent hatch. Adult L. pomonella, reared from field collected larvae-infested apples, oviposited on waxed paper in the laboratory. Sections (7 mm diameter) of the paper with egg(s) in situ were removed with a paper punch and stuck on double-stick Scotch tape on a microscope slide. Ten eggs were affixed to each slide and three slides were used per treatment.
Plasma/Corona Treatment of Silicones (2005)

There is considerable current interest in plasma and corona treatment of silicones. It is well established that a thin, silica-like layer is created on the surface by such treatments. Much fresh insight has emerged concerning the role of low-molecular-weight materials in the hydrophobic recovery of treated elastomers. Even if these diffusible species are removed before treatment, hydrophobic recovery still occurs above a threshold energy implying that they are produced in situ by the treatment. A particularly significant new direction in the plasma treatment field is plasma polymerization of organosilicon monomers using atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD).
DNA sequence analysis of spontaneous mutations in the SUP4-o gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1988)

A collection of 196 spontaneous mutations in the SUP4-o gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed by DNA sequencing. The classes of mutation identified included all possible types of base-pair substitution, deletions of various lengths, complex alterations involving multiple changes, and insertions of transposable elements. Our findings demonstrate that at least several different mechanisms are responsible for spontaneous mutagenesis in S. cerevisiae.
Dynamic Human Body Modeling Using a Single RGB Camera (2016)

In this paper, we present a novel automatic pipeline to build personalized parametric models of dynamic people using a single RGB camera. Compared to previous approaches that use monocular RGB images, our system can model a 3D human body automatically and incrementally, taking advantage of human motion. Based on coarse 2D and 3D poses estimated from image sequences, we first perform a kinematic classification of human body parts to refine the poses and obtain reconstructed body parts. Next, a personalized parametric human model is generated by driving a general template to fit the body parts and calculating the non-rigid deformation. Experimental results show that our shape estimation method achieves comparable accuracy with reconstructed models using depth cameras, yet requires neither user interaction nor any dedicated devices, leading to the feasibility of using this method on widely available smart phones.
Full-body multi-primitive segmentation using classifiers (2014)

During human-robot interaction, the robot observes a continuous stream of time-series data capturing the behaviour of the human and any changes in the environment. For applications such as imitation learning, intention and gesture recognition, the time-series data is typically segmented into action or motion primitives, requiring accurate and online temporal segmentation. This paper casts the time-series segmentation problem into a two-class classification problem, labelling each data point as either a segment edge or a within-segment point, and applies several common classifiers to a set of full body motion data. The support vector machine combined with principal component analysis dimensionality reduction were found to perform best, with a classification F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> score of 91% when applied to novel exemplars. The proposed approach can also generalize to motions unseen during training, achieving a classification F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> score of 83% when applied to novel motions.
Nitric oxide mediating NANC inhibition in opossum lower esophageal sphincter (1991)

Strips from opossum lower esophageal sphincter were prepared and mounted in organ baths for recording of isometric tension. Nonadrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory responses were evoked by transmural field stimulation. The relaxant responses to field stimulation were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a substance known to inhibit the formation of nitric oxide (NO). At a concentration at 10(-4) M of L-NNA, most preparations contracted during field stimulation, and this response was abolished by atropine (10(-6) M). L-Arginine (10(-5) M) shifted the concentration-response curve for L-NNA to the right. Relaxant responses to VIP (10(-9) to 10(-6)M) and sodium nitroprusside (10(-9) to 10(-5) M) were unaffected by preincubation with L-NNA (10(-5) to 10(-4) M) or L-arginine (10(-5) M). The inhibition of NANC-relaxation was apparently not due to an influence on release of a NANC transmitter different from NO, since L-NNA had no preserving effects on responses to field stimulation in preparations treated with scorpion venom. We conclude that involvement of a NO-generating process from L-arginine seems mandatory for NANC responses in the isolated lower esophageal sphincter.
Microbial aggregates within tissues infect a diversity of corals throughout the Indo-Pacific (2014)

Coral reefs are highly diverse ecosystems where symbioses play a pivotal role. Corals contain cell-associated microbial aggregates (CAMA), yet little is known about how widespread they are among coral species or the nature of the symbio tic relationship. Using histology, we found CAMA within 24 species of corals from 6 genera from Hawaii, American Samoa, Palmyra, Johnston Atoll, Guam, and Australia. Prevalence (%) of infection varied among coral genera: Acropora, Porites, and Pocillopora were commonly infected whereas Montipora were not. Acropora from the Western Pacific were significantly more likely to be infected with CAMA than those from the Central Pacific, whereas the reverse was true for Porites. Compared with apparently healthy colonies, tissues from diseased colonies were significantly more likely to have both surface and basal body walls infected. The close association of CAMA with host cells in numerous species of apparently healthy corals and lack of associated cell pathology reveals an intimate agent-host association. Furthermore, CAMA are Gram negative and in some corals may be related to chla mydia or rickettsia. We propose that CAMA in adult corals are facultative secondary symbionts that could play an important ecological role in some dominant coral genera in the Indo-Pacific. CAMA are important in the life histories of other animals, and more work is needed to understand their role in the dis tribution, evolution, physiology, and immunology of reef corals.
Human Catechol- <i>O</i> -Methyltransferase Haplotypes Modulate Protein Expression by Altering mRNA Secondary Structure (2006)

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a key regulator of pain perception, cognitive function, and affective mood. Three common haplotypes of the human COMT gene, divergent in two synonymous and one nonsynonymous position, code for differences in COMT enzymatic activity and are associated with pain sensitivity. Haplotypes divergent in synonymous changes exhibited the largest difference in COMT enzymatic activity, due to a reduced amount of translated protein. The major COMT haplotypes varied with respect to messenger RNA local stem-loop structures, such that the most stable structure was associated with the lowest protein levels and enzymatic activity. Site-directed mutagenesis that eliminated the stable structure restored the amount of translated protein. These data highlight the functional significance of synonymous variations and suggest the importance of haplotypes over single-nucleotide polymorphisms for analysis of genetic variations.
Performance of Philips Audio Fingerprinting Under Additive Noise (2007)

We present a theoretical analysis of the Philips audio fingerprinting method under Gaussian white noise distortion for correlated stationary Gaussian sources. Prior analyses were for white Gaussian sources, which do not model realistically real audio signals. Our approach relies on formulating the unquantized fingerprint as a quadratic form, which affords a systematic way to compute the model parameters. We provide closed-form analytical upper bounds for the probability of bit error of the hash, and we apply these expressions to real audio signals.
Sampling Rate and Performance of DC/AC Inverters with Digital PID Control—A Case Study (2021)

The huge influence of the sampling rate on the performance of the digital PID control of a voltage source inverter (VSI) is revealed. It is shown that an appropriately chosen continuous-time model of a digital controller with the PWM power converter behaves like the actual discrete-time system, which allows for a simple controller analysis and design. The variable structure nature of the inverter with both the RC rectifier and an abruptly changing resistive load with two modes of operation within the sampling period is directly taken into account. Two simulation models, a discrete-time PWM and a continuous-time, of an inverter are presented, which are used to tune the PID controller and to evaluate the control performance. The behavior of the system in both modes is explained on the basis of the root loci and frequency characteristics. The results obtained for three sampling rates: 12.8, 25.6, and 51.2 kHz, are presented and compared with an actual VSI experiment. A comparison with other results obtained for this VSI shows that properly tuned PID control outperforms the more sophisticated solutions based on the coefficient diagram method (CDM) and the passivity based control (PBC).
Review of Chemometrics Applied to Spectroscopy: 1985-95, Part I (1996)

INTRODUCTION Chemometrics can generally be described as the application of mathematical and statistical methods to 1) improve chemical measurement processes, and 2) extract more useful chemical information from chemical and physical measurement data. Recent advances in this discipline have led to a new breed of analytical tools– microprocessor controlled “intelligent” instrumentation. and data analysis systems. Chemometrics represents in the broadest sense the penetration of serious mathematical science into the realm of the chemist. Prior to the introduction of a formal subdiscipline of chemistry, termed chemometrics, chemists applied as much mathematics as they had available for research and problem solving, but in general, the use of statistical experimental design and data analysis were relegated to the engineer or the specialist statistician; chemists did chemistry, and life was simple. The current trend in scientific thinking across disciplines involves a multivariate approach. The world is not so simple as was once postulated, in fact it is common for scientists to approach problems realizing that there are deeply hidden relationships between variables that can be wrestled from an experiment only by the use of newer data analysis techniques; thus chemometrics becomes a necessity, not the luxury it once might have been. The purpose of this three-part review is to summarize the use of chemometrics in spectroscopy over the past 10 years. A survey of basic chemometric resources and techniques as applied to mass spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and infrared spectroscopy (Near-IR and mid-IR) will be reviewed. General techniques will be covered in Part 1 of this review, with a special emphasis on sample selection for calibration (teaching) sets and qualitative techniques. Part 2 of this review will cover quantitative analysis; with part 3 covering the more advanced chemometric methods, in greater detail.
The Oxygen Revolution (1998)

Perhaps the most fundamental shift in the evolution of Earth's surface and atmosphere was the oxygen “revolution,” an event stretching over the Proterozoic eon when molecular oxygen levels in the atmosphere rose and carbon dioxide levels decreased. (Hereinafter, for brevity, we refer to molecular oxygen, which is O2, simply as oxygen.) In consequence, the fundamental chemical nature of the atmosphere and its interactions with life changed drastically. Life helped precipitate the drastic increase in oxygen levels and, as a result, was set on a radical new course. Earth's atmosphere today is not the sedate carbon dioxide atmosphere in chemical equilibrium with the surface, as on Mars and Venus. Instead, it is an atmosphere far from equilibrium, held in a precarious chemical state by the biosphere. As Margulis and Sagan (1986) express it, the modern biosphere hums “with the thrill and danger of free oxygen.”
Alzheimer's disease: The amyloid hypothesis on trial (2016)

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is complex. The amyloid hypothesis has directed research efforts for many years, but it has recently been questioned after failed drug trials. Here, we review the evidence for and against and suggest that it might be premature to abandon the amyloid hypothesis.
Pervanadate activation of intracellular kinases leads to tyrosine phosphorylation and shedding of syndecan-1 (1996)

Syndecan-1 is a transmembrane haparan sulphate proteoglycan that binds extracellular matrices and growth factors, making it a candidate to act between these regulatory molecules and intracellular signalling pathways. It has a highly conserved transmembrane/cytoplasmic domain that contains four conserved tyrosines. One of these is in a consensus sequence for tyrosine kinase phosphorylation. As an initial step to investigating whether or not phosphorylation of these tyrosines is part of a signal-transduction pathway, we have monitored the tyrosine phosphorylation of syndecan-1 by cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases in intact cells. Tyrosine phosphorylation of syndecan-1 is observed when NMuMG cells are treated with sodium orthovanadate or pervanadate, which have been shown to activate intracellular tyrosine kinases. Initial studies with sodium orthovanadate demonstrate a slow accumulation of phosphotyrosine on syndecan-1 over the course of several hours. Pervanadate, a more effective inhibitor of phosphatases, allows detection of phosphotyrosine on syndecan-1 within 5 min, with peak phosphorylation seen by 15 min. Concurrently, in a second process activated by pervanadate, syndecan-1 ectodomain is cleaved and released into the culture medium. Two phosphorylated fragments of syndecan-1 of apparent sizes 6 and 8 kDa remain with the cell after shedding of the ectodomain. The 8 kDa size class appears to be a highly phosphorylated form of the 6 kDa product, as it disappears if samples are dephosphorylated. These fragments contain the C-terminus of syndecan-1 and also retain at least a portion of the transmembrane domain, suggesting that they are produced by a cell surface cleavage event. Thus pervanadate treatment of cells results in two effects of syndecan-1: (i) phosphorylation of one or more of its tyrosines via the action of a cytoplasmic kinase(s) and (ii) cleavage and release of the ectodomain into the medium, producing a C-terminal fragment containing the transmembrane/cytoplasmic domain.
Beyond Dehydrocoupling: Group 2 Mediated Boron–Nitrogen Desilacoupling (2015)

The alkaline-earth element bis(trimethylsilyl)amides, [Ae{N(SiMe3 )2 }2 (thf)2 ] [Ae=Mg, Ca, Sr], are effective precatalysts for boron-nitrogen bond formation through the desilacoupling of amines, RR'NH (R=alkyl, aryl; R'=H, alkyl, aryl), and pinBSiMe2 Ph. This reactivity also yields a stoichiometric quantity of Me2 PhSiH and provides the first example of a catalytic main-group element-element coupling that is not dependent on the concurrent elimination of H2 .
Introduction to the Principles of NMR (1980)

The idea of resonance is introduced and its spectroscopic value discussed. It is shown how intrinsic nuclear spin leads to a magnetic moment and macroscopically observable magnetization. The dynamics of this magnetization and the associated relaxation mechanisms are described and the manipulation of the spin magnetization is shown.
Android Apps for Absolute Beginners (2014)

This Android book is dedicated to everyone in the
Incidence and Risk Factors for Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in an Ethnically Diverse HIV Type 1-Infected Cohort (2006)

Approximately one-quarter of patients who start HAART experience an IRIS event. The majority are dermatological, in particular genital herpes and warts. Patients with advanced immunodeficiency at HAART initiation are at greatest risk of developing IRIS and should be appropriately screened and monitored.
A STUDY OF THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT (1929)

1. Wide differences in the intensity of incident ultra violet energy are not accurately compensated by corresponding changes in the exposure time, so that the Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law does not hold, strictly, especially for bactericidal action on young, metabolically and genetically active bacteria. In the present series of experiments, however, the energies used at various wave lengths did not differ by so much as to cause a significant error in the reported reactions. 2. The longer wave length limit of a direct bactericidal action on S. aureus was found to be between 302 and 313 mmicro. The shorter limit was not determined because the long exposures required vitiate quantitative results. Bactericidal action was observed at lambda225 mmicro. 3. The temperature coefficient of the bactericidal reaction approaches 1 and thus furnishes empirical evidence that the direct action of ultra violet light on bacteria is essentially physical or photochemical in character. 4. The hydrogen ion concentration of the environment has no appreciable effect upon the bactericidal reaction between the limits of pH 4.5 and 7.5. At pH 9 and 10 evidence of a slight but definite increase in bacterial susceptibility was noted, but this difference may have been due to a less favorable environment for subsequent recovery and multiplication of injured organisms. 5. Plane polarization of incident ultra violet radiation has no demonstrable effect upon its bactericidal action. In a third paper of this group the ratios of incident to absorbed ultra violet energy at various wave lengths and the significance of these relations in an analysis of the bactericidal reaction will be discussed.