gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acid generation efficiency: EUV photons versus photoelectrons (2016)

EUV photoacid generation efficiency has been described primarily in terms of the EUV photon absorption by the PAG or the resist matrix and the production of low energy photoelectrons, which are reported as being ultimately responsible for the high quantum efficiencies reported in EUV resists (<1). Such observation led to a number of recent studies on PAGs with variable electron affinity (EA) and reduction potential (Ered) presumably conducive to a differential EUV photoelectron harvesting efficiency. However, such studies either did not disclose the PAG chemical structures, replaced the EUV source with an e-beam source, or lacked a fundamental discussion of the underlying physical mechanisms behind EUV PAG decomposition. In this work, we report the EUV photospeed of a methacrylatebased resist formulated with a battery of openly disclosed isostructural sulfonium PAGs covering a wide range of EA’s and Ered’s, to unveil any preferential photoelectron scavenging effect. In parallel, several iodonium PAGs are also tested in order to compare the direct EUV photon absorption route to the photoelectron-based decomposition path. Contrarily to what has been widely reported, we have found no direct correlation whatsoever between photospeed and the calculated EA’s or experimental Ered’s for the isostructural sulfonium PAGs studied. Instead, we found that iodonium PAGs make more efficient use of the available EUV power due to their higher photoabsorption cross-section. Additionally, we determined a cation size effect for both PAG groups, which is able to further modulate the acid generation efficiency. Finally, we present a formal explanation for the unselective response towards photoelectron harvesting based on the stabilization of the PAG cation by bulky substituent groups, the spatial and temporal range of the transient photoelectron and the differences in electron transfer processes for the different systems studied.
Characterization of Mono‐ and Polyclonal Antibodies Against Highly Purified Choline Acetyltransferase: A Monoclonal Antibody Shows Reactivity in Human Brain (1992)

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) from porcine brain was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography, and the highly purified enzyme was subsequently used for immunization of mice and rabbits. After fusion of mouse spleen cells, 32 cultures producing monoclonal antibodies directed against ChAT were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with immunoaffinity-purified ChAT. Of these original 32, the most active 11 cultures were cloned and used for ascites production. The 11 clones generated monoclonal antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig) M class (three), the IgG1 subclass (seven), and the IgG2b subclass (one). The isoelectric points of the antibodies of the IgG class were different in each case. The monoclonal antibodies exhibited different binding characteristics in the above ELISA and on western blots. Two monoclonal antibodies demonstrated excellent immunohistological results with neurons of rat brain and spinal cord. One of them reacted well immunohistochemically with neurons of human brain and also recognized partially purified human placenta ChAT in the ELISA.
Liver regeneration induced by a designer human IL‐6/ sIL‐6R fusion protein reverses severe hepatocellular injury (2000)

The cytokine IL-6 plays a significant role in liver regeneration in conjunction with additional growth factors (HGF, TNF-alpha, and TGF-alpha). Many IL-6 effects depend on a naturally occurring soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). Here, the chimeric protein hyper-IL-6, constructed from the human IL-6 protein fused to a truncated form of its receptor, was found to have superagonistic IL-6 properties, and as such, enhanced liver cell regeneration. Hyper-IL-6 reversed the state of hepatotoxicity and enhanced the survival rates of rats suffering from fulminant hepatic failure after D-galactosamine administration. The hyper-IL-6 protein has a significant potential for use in the treatment of severe human liver diseases.
Preparation of the bis(trimethylsilyl)amido lanthanide chlorides [{Ln[N(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(µ-Cl)(thf)}<sub>2</sub>](thf = tetrahydrofuran), and the crystal and molecular structures of the gadolinium and ytterbium complexes (1989)

Reaction of LnCl3 with 2 equivalents of LiL [L = N(SiMe3)2] in tetrahydrofuran (thf) at –5 °C yields [{LnL2Cl(thf)}2] for Ln = Eu, Gd, or Yb or [YL2Cl(thf)2] for Ln = Y. X-Ray crystal structure analysis of the compounds of Gd and Yb confirms the formation of halide-bridged dimers. In the M2Cl2 bridging unit the M–Cl bond lengths differ slightly and the angle at the metal (ca. 74°) is much smaller than at chlorine (ca. 106°). The metal co-ordination geometries are irregular but can be best described as distorted trigonal bipyramidal with the bridging chlorines spanning one axial and one equatorial site. The bond lengths M–Cl and M–N indicate a Gd–Yb radius difference of ca. 0.07 Å, but the M–O distances differ by 0.093 Å. Variable-temperature n.m.r. studies of [{EuL2Cl(thf)}2] and [{YbL2Cl(thf)}2] show that there is free rotation about Ln–N and Ln–O bonds at room temperature. These rotations are frozen out at low temperatures to give a solution structure having higher symmetry (C2h) than that found in the crystal.
Electrochemical Generation of Superoxide in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids (2001)

We have demonstrated that superoxide ion can be generated electrochemically in room-temperature ionic-liquid solvents. In the absence of impurities, cyclic voltammetry showed that the super oxide ion is stable in these solvents. Similar superoxide ion chemistry has previously been demonstrated in volatile and environmentally suspect aprotic solvents such as dimethyl formamide and acetonitrile. However, ionic liquids are nonvolatile and should minimize the problems of secondary solvent waste. It is proposed that the resultant superoxide ion can be used to perform low-temperature oxidation of wastes. Low-temperature oxidation of waste solvents can provide a much needed alternative to high-temperature waste incinerators, whose use is greatly complicated by regulatory requirements and locating suitable sites. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Modulation of Astrocytic Mitochondrial Function by Dichloroacetate Improves Survival and Motor Performance in Inherited Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2012)

Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Astrocytes expressing the ALS-linked SOD1(G93A) mutation display a decreased mitochondrial respiratory capacity associated to phenotypic changes that cause them to induce motor neuron death. Astrocyte-mediated toxicity can be prevented by mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, indicating a critical role of mitochondria in the neurotoxic phenotype. However, it is presently unknown whether drugs currently used to stimulate mitochondrial metabolism can also modulate ALS progression. Here, we tested the disease-modifying effect of dichloroacetate (DCA), an orphan drug that improves the functional status of mitochondria through the stimulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity (PDH). Applied to astrocyte cultures isolated from rats expressing the SOD1(G93A) mutation, DCA reduced phosphorylation of PDH and improved mitochondrial coupling as expressed by the respiratory control ratio (RCR). Notably, DCA completely prevented the toxicity of SOD1(G93A) astrocytes to motor neurons in coculture conditions. Chronic administration of DCA (500 mg/L) in the drinking water of mice expressing the SOD1(G93A) mutation increased survival by 2 weeks compared to untreated mice. Systemic DCA also normalized the reduced RCR value measured in lumbar spinal cord tissue of diseased SOD1(G93A) mice. A remarkable effect of DCA was the improvement of grip strength performance at the end stage of the disease, which correlated with a recovery of the neuromuscular junction area in extensor digitorum longus muscles. Systemic DCA also decreased astrocyte reactivity and prevented motor neuron loss in SOD1(G93A) mice. Taken together, our results indicate that improvement of the mitochondrial redox status by DCA leads to a disease-modifying effect, further supporting the therapeutic potential of mitochondria-targeted drugs in ALS.
Human fatty acid synthase: Structure and substrate selectivity of the thioesterase domain (2004)

Human fatty acid synthase is a large homodimeric multifunctional enzyme that synthesizes palmitic acid. The unique carboxyl terminal thioesterase domain of fatty acid synthase hydrolyzes the growing fatty acid chain and plays a critical role in regulating the chain length of fatty acid released. Also, the up-regulation of human fatty acid synthase in a variety of cancer makes the thioesterase a candidate target for therapeutic treatment. The 2.6-A resolution structure of human fatty acid synthase thioesterase domain reported here is comprised of two dissimilar subdomains, A and B. The smaller subdomain B is composed entirely of alpha-helices arranged in an atypical fold, whereas the A subdomain is a variation of the alpha/beta hydrolase fold. The structure revealed the presence of a hydrophobic groove with a distal pocket at the interface of the two subdomains, which constitutes the candidate substrate binding site. The length and largely hydrophobic nature of the groove and pocket are consistent with the high selectivity of the thioesterase for palmitoyl acyl substrate. The structure also set the identity of the Asp residue of the catalytic triad of Ser, His, and Asp located in subdomain A at the proximal end of the groove.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Leukemogenesis of ATL: Emergent Evidence of a Significant Role for HBZ in HTLV-1-Induced Pathogenesis (2011)

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a leukemia derived from mature CD4(+) T cells and induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Previous studies have revealed many possible molecular and cellular mechanisms of HTLV-1-induced leukemogenesis, but it still remains unknown how HTLV-1 transforms peripheral CD4 T cells in infected individuals. Given the fact that only 2-5% of infected individuals develop ATL, HTLV-1 infection alone is not sufficient for the transformation of infected cells. Host genetic and epigenetic abnormalities and host immunological status should be considered in attempting to understand the mechanism of the oncogenesis of ATL. Nonetheless, it is obvious that HTLV-1 infection dramatically increases the risk of leukemia generation from peripheral CD4 T-cells, in which the incidence of leukemia is quite low. Furthermore, the evidence that all ATL cases retain the HTLV-1 provirus, especially the 3' region, indicates that HTLV-1-encoded genes play a critical role in leukemogenesis. Since increasing evidence indicates that the HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) gene plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1, we will discuss the cellular and molecular mechanism of ATL generation from the virological point of view, particularly focusing on HBZ.
Isolation and Diversity of Actinomycetes in the Chesapeake Bay (1993)

Chesapeake Bay was investigated as a source of actinomycetes to screen for production of novel bioactive compounds. The presence of relatively large populations of actinoplanetes (chemotype II/D actinomycetes) in Chesapeake Bay sediment samples indicates that it is an eminently suitable ecosystem from which to isolate actinomycetes for screening programs. Actinomycetes were isolated from sediment samples collected in Chesapeake Bay with an isolation medium containing nalidixic acid, which proved to be more effective than heat pretreatment of samples. Actinomycete counts ranged from a high of 1.4 x 10 to a low of 1.8 x 10 CFU/ml of sediment. Actinomycetes constituted 0.15 to 8.63% of the culturable microbial community. The majority of isolates from the eight stations studied were actinoplanetes (i.e., chemotype II/D), and 249 of these isolates were obtained in a total of 298 actinomycete isolates. Antimicrobial activity profiles indicated that diverse populations of actinoplanetes were present at each station. DNA hybridization studies showed considerable diversity among isolates between stations, but indicated that actinoplanete strains making up populations at nearby stations were more similar to each other than to populations sampled at distant stations. The diversity of actinoplanetes and the ease with which these organisms were isolated from Chesapeake Bay sediments make this a useful source of these actinomycetes.
Potential impact of emerging semiconductor technologies on advanced power electronic systems (1990)

It is shown that a simple expression for k/sub D/=R/sub on/*C/sub in/ of a power semiconductor device can be used to evaluate the optimum performance feasible from a given material technology. A high-density, high-frequency microelectronic power supply based on synchronous rectifier switching topology is used to illustrate the potential impact of emerging semiconductor technologies on advanced power electronic systems. It is shown that optimum power devices based on wide-energy-bandgap semiconductors such as silicon carbide and diamond provide the basis for power conversion at very high frequencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Kalman Filter Basics (2000)

A Kalman filter is an extremely effective and versatile procedure for combining noisy sensor outputs to estimate the state of a system with uncertain dynamics. For our purposes in this book: The noisy sensors may include GPS receivers and inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes, typically) but may also include speed sensors (e.g., wheel speeds of land vehicles, water speed sensors for ships, air speed sensors for aircraft, or Doppler radar), and time sensors (clocks). The system state in question may include the position, velocity, acceleration, attitude, and attitude rate of a vehicle on land, at sea, in the air, or in space, but the system state may include ancillary “nuisance variables” for modeling correlated noise sources (e.g., GPS Selective Availability timing errors) and time-varying parameters of the sensors, such as scale factor, output bias, or (for clocks) frequency. Selective Availability has been suspended as of May 1, 2000. Uncertain dynamics includes unpredictable disturbances of the host vehicle, whether caused by a human operator or by the medium (e.g., winds, surface currents, turns in the road, or terrain changes), but it may also include unpredictable changes in the sensor parameters.
Quantitative studies on plasmalemmal folds and caveolae of rabbit ventricular myocardial cells. (1980)

Plasmalemmal folds and caveolae were investigated by qualitative and quantitative analysis of electron micrographs obtained by freeze fracture and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles whose mean sarcomere lengths ranged from 1.64 to 2.28 micron. In passively extended muscles, folds were observed at sarcomere lengths of 2.3 micron and could be shown by extrapolation to become completely extended at a maximum sarcomere length of 2.8 micron. It was concluded that the plasmalemma does not contribute to resting tension in the physiological range of sarcomere lengths. Caveolae are present in both the external plasmalemmal envelope and T-tubular plasmalemma. They show no preferential distribution with respect to underlying myofibrillar striations or membrane folds and are nearly devoid of membrane particles in freeze-fractured material. The surface density of caveolar necks (4.0/micron2 apparent plasmalemmal area) is only 16-20% of that reported for frog skeletal muscle. Caveolae augment plasmalemmal area by 21-32%, assuming two or three caveolae per neck, respectively. Caveolar membrane does not serve as a reservoir of membrane to be recruited into external plasmalemma, at least over the physiological range of sarcomere lengths. In heart muscle they do not account for the T-tubular access resistance, and their function in this tissue remains unknown.
Axial stress and its effect on relative strength of polarization-maintaining fibers and preforms (1985)

A method is given for the calculation of axial stress in polarization-maintaining optical fiber and preform. Detailed calculations are presented for circular side-lobe (CSL) and bow-tie fibers and preforms. The axial-stress results explain why preforms are more fragile than fibers in these designs. On the other hand, the stress analysis also shows that these fibers are more crack resistant at the surface than conventional single-mode fibers. To reduce the fragility of the fiber, it is suggested that a larger drawing tension be used during the fiber pulling process.
Activin-A and Bmp4 Levels Modulate Cell Type Specification during CHIR-Induced Cardiomyogenesis (2015)

The use of human pluripotent cell progeny for cardiac disease modeling, drug testing and therapeutics requires the ability to efficiently induce pluripotent cells into the cardiomyogenic lineage. Although direct activation of the Activin-A and/or Bmp pathways with growth factors yields context-dependent success, recent studies have shown that induction of Wnt signaling using low molecular weight molecules such as CHIR, which in turn induces the Activin-A and Bmp pathways, is widely effective. To further enhance the reproducibility of CHIR-induced cardiomyogenesis, and to ultimately promote myocyte maturation, we are using exogenous growth factors to optimize cardiomyogenic signaling downstream of CHIR induction. As indicated by RNA-seq, induction with CHIR during Day 1 (Days 0-1) was followed by immediate expression of Nodal ligands and receptors, followed later by Bmp ligands and receptors. Co-induction with CHIR and high levels of the Nodal mimetic Activin-A (50-100 ng/ml) during Day 0-1 efficiently induced definitive endoderm, whereas CHIR supplemented with Activin-A at low levels (10 ng/ml) consistently improved cardiomyogenic efficiency, even when CHIR alone was ineffective. Moreover, co-induction using CHIR and low levels of Activin-A apparently increased the rate of cardiomyogenesis, as indicated by the initial appearance of rhythmically beating cells by Day 6 instead of Day 8. By contrast, co-induction with CHIR plus low levels (3-10 ng/ml) of Bmp4 during Day 0-1 consistently and strongly inhibited cardiomyogenesis. These findings, which demonstrate that cardiomyogenic efficacy is improved by optimizing levels of CHIR-induced growth factors when applied in accord with their sequence of endogenous expression, are consistent with the idea that Nodal (Activin-A) levels toggle the entry of cells into the endodermal or mesodermal lineages, while Bmp levels regulate subsequent allocation into mesodermal cell types.
[Immobilization of proteins and cell fragments using a new method of microencapsulation]. (1983)

Cytochrome c, hemoglobin, urease and liver microsomes were microencapsulated in aqueous solution by use of a new method. The membrane of the microcapsules consist of a symplex, which is formed predominantly by electrostatic interactions between a polymeric polyanion and a polymeric polycation. The membrane is characterized by high mechanical stability and is a barrier for globular substances with molecular weights larger than 12000, but permeable for substances with lower molecular weight. The microcapsules contain the protein or microsomes and additionally the polymeric polyanion in the liquid interior. Structure and function of microencapsulated proteins and microsomes are preserved. The developed method of microencapsulation opens new possibilities for the application of biomacromolecules, particularly for extracorporal detoxification.
STAR: An active biquadratic filter section (1975)

This paper describes a thin-film hybrid integrated circuit (HIC) which is specifically manufactured to realize cascadable biquadratic active RC filter sections. The HIC consists of an RC network with one operational amplifier. This network is interconnected by a printed wiring board to realize Friend's Single Amplifier Biquad (SAB) and other filter sections. Design equations, components, predistortion method, and laser trimming are all discussed.
TUTUKLU ÇOCUKLAR ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA: ÇOCUKLARIN SUÇA YÖNELMESİNDE ETKİLİ OLAN TOPLUMSAL NEDENLER VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ (2010)

Bu araştırmada 18 yaş altı çocukların aile yapısı, ailenin göç etmiş olması, ailenin konut ve demografik özellikleri, arkadaş çevresi, okul çevresi ve boş zamanların değerlendirilme şekli gibi faktörlerin suça yönelmelerine etki edip etmediğinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Erzurum il sınırları içerisinde herhangi bir suç isnadıyla Erzurum E Tipi Kapalı Ceza İnfaz Kurumu’na getirilmiş ve kurumda tutuklu olarak bulunan 18 yaş altı toplam 18 çocuk oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma, idareci, infaz koruma memurları ve kurumda gönüllü olarak çalışan öğretmen eşliğinde kurumdaki tutuklu çocuklar üzerinde anket uygulaması şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda aile yapısının, ailenin göç etmiş olmasının, ailenin konut ve demografik özelliklerinin, arkadaş ve okul çevresinin ve boş zamanların değerlendirilme şeklinin suça yönelmeye etkisinin olduğu bulunmuştur.
Relation between blood pressure and pulse wave velocity for human arteries (2018)

Continuous monitoring of blood pressure, an essential measure of health status, typically requires complex, costly, and invasive techniques that can expose patients to risks of complications. Continuous, cuffless, and noninvasive blood pressure monitoring methods that correlate measured pulse wave velocity (PWV) to the blood pressure via the Moens-Korteweg (MK) and Hughes Equations, offer promising alternatives. The MK Equation, however, involves two assumptions that do not hold for human arteries, and the Hughes Equation is empirical, without any theoretical basis. The results presented here establish a relation between the blood pressure <i>P</i> and PWV that does not rely on the Hughes Equation nor on the assumptions used in the MK Equation. This relation degenerates to the MK Equation under extremely low blood pressures, and it accurately captures the results of in vitro experiments using artificial blood vessels at comparatively high pressures. For human arteries, which are well characterized by the Fung hyperelastic model, a simple formula between <i>P</i> and PWV is established within the range of human blood pressures. This formula is validated by literature data as well as by experiments on human subjects, with applicability in the determination of blood pressure from PWV in continuous, cuffless, and noninvasive blood pressure monitoring systems.
Measuring the VC-Dimension of a Learning Machine (1994)

A method for measuring the capacity of learning machines is described. The method is based on fitting a theoretically derived function to empirical measurements of the maximal difference between the error rates on two separate data sets of varying sizes. Experimental measurements of the capacity of various types of linear classifiers are presented.
Hybrid fixation modular tibial prosthesis (1991)

A prosthetic tibial component has been developed with design features for hybrid fixation and modular assembly. The surface beneath the tibial tray has been specifically adapted for acrylic cement fixation, and an in-bone anchorage assembly incorporates porous surfaces for ingrowth stabilization in the proximal tibia. This combination affords the component the immediate stability of cement fixation and the potential long-term stability of biological fixation. A disassembly capability allows the component to be removed from the tibia without destructive bone loss. Mechanical testing has identified no structural failures with a 420-kg (six times body weight) load applied eccentrically to an unsupported tray for 10 million cycles and no evidence of fretting wear. Strain gauge testing has identified a nearly physiological loading pattern in the proximal tibia. A review of 44 knees at 12- to 18-month follow-up revealed a stable radiographic appearance.