gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real and misflagged duplicate question detection in community question-answering (2018)

COMMUNITY question-answering (cQA) sites are websites that people visit to ask or answer questions.Some of these questions are asked repeatedly (although differently worded), resulting in a duplicate effort on the part of the answerers, and unnecessary waiting on the part of the askers.A solution to both of these problems is to automatically detect such duplicate questions and reuse the answer to the historical question to answer the new one.Much research has been done to automatically identify duplicate questions in cQA archives.In this thesis we present an extensive overview of the different approaches that have been taken in this space.We identify a clear need for a benchmark dataset of community question-answering data with duplicate question labels, construct it, and present an analysis of the quality of the labels, which are provided by the community.Next, we use the dataset in a duplicate question detection task.We investigate the usefulness of three deep learning models, and draw conclusions on the effects of the characteristics of different datasets on the performance of the models.Finally, we introduce the task of misflagged duplicate question detection.Misflagged duplicates are questions that are erroneously flagged as duplicates by the community.We apply several classification models to the task, and show that misflagged duplicate question detection is even more complex than regular duplicate question detection, but that good results can still be obtained.A particular focus is placed on meta data features, because of the typical high lexical similarity of misflagged duplicates.For regular duplicate question detection, we obtain mixed results, but for misflagged duplicate detection, meta data features that capture user authority, question quality, and relational data between questions, do indeed outperform pure text-based methods.iii For Bella.
Suppression of survivin expression inhibits in vivo tumorigenicity and angiogenesis in gastric cancer. (2003)

Survivin plays an important role in cancer development. We aim to show here that suppression of survivin expression or function by antisense and dominant-negative (DN) mutant can inhibit gastric cancer carcinogenesis and angiogenesis in vivo. Plasmid constructs expressing survivin antisense and DN mutant replacing the cysteine residue at amino acid 84 with alanine (Cys84Ala) were prepared and introduced into BCG-823 and MKN-45 gastric cancer cells to establish stable transfectants. We showed that both antisense and DN mutant stable transfectants exhibited abnormal morphology, with decreased cell growth and increased rate of spontaneous apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe. Furthermore, in nude mice xenografts, these cells exhibited decreased de novo gastric tumor formation and reduced development of angiogenesis. Results from these studies strongly suggest that survivin is a promising target for gastric cancer treatment.
Foaming Behavior of Polymer-Coated Colloids: The Need for Thick Liquid Films (2017)

The current study examined the foaming behavior of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)-silica composite nanoparticles. Individually, the two components, PVP and silica nanoparticles, exhibited very little potential to partition at the air-water interface, and as such, stable foams could not be generated. In contrast, combining the two components to form silica-PVP core-shell nanocomposites led to good "foamability" and long-term foam stability. Addition of an electrolyte (Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) was shown to have a marked effect on the foam stability. By varying the concentration of electrolyte between 0 and 0.55 M, three regions of foam stability were observed: rapid foam collapse at low electrolyte concentrations, delayed foam collapse at intermediate concentrations, and long-term stability (∼10 days) at the highest electrolyte concentration. The observed transitions in foam stability were better understood by studying the microstructure and physical and mechanical properties of the particle-laden interface. For rapidly collapsing foams the nanocomposite particles were weakly retained at the air-water interface. The interfaces in this case were characterized as being "liquid-like" and the foams collapsed within 100 min. At an intermediate electrolyte concentration (0.1 M), delayed foam collapse over ∼16 h was observed. The particle-laden interface was shown to be pseudo-solid-like as measured under shear and compression. The increased interfacial rigidity was attributed to adhesion between interpenetrating polymer layers. For the most stable foam (prepared in 0.55 M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), the ratio of the viscoelastic moduli, G'/G″, was found to be equal to ∼3, confirming a strongly elastic interfacial layer. Using optical microscopy, enhanced foam stability was assessed and attributed to a change in the mechanism of foam collapse. Bubble-bubble coalescence was found to be significantly retarded by the aggregation of nanocomposite particles, with the long-term destabilization being recognized to result from bubble coarsening. For rapidly destabilizing foams, the contribution from bubble-bubble coalescence was shown to be more significant.
Four novel RET germline variants in exons 8 and 11 display an oncogenic potential in vitro (2010)

The molecular analyses revealed an oncogenic potential for all the novel germline RET variants. Therefore, the prevalence of exon 8 genomic variations with an oncogenic potential may be higher than previously thought, and the analysis of this exon should be considered after the exclusion of mutations in the classical hotspots. In addition, on the basis of these functional data, it is advisable to extend the genetic screening to all the first-degree relatives of the MTC patients, and to perform a strict follow-up of familial carriers.
Activator effect of coinjected enhancers on the muscle-specific expression of promoters in zebrafish embryos (1997)

The transient expression of reporter gene constructs in embryos provides a powerful tool to characterise cis-acting transcriptional elements of the genes involved in development. In the present study, we have analysed the expression pattern of several muscle-specific and ubiquitous regulatory sequences in microinjected zebrafish embryos. By using a fast and reproducible coinjection strategy, the mosaic expression of lacZ reporter gene was monitored in wholemount embryos injected with sequences containing putative enhancer elements and a carp myosin heavy chain promoter/lacZ reporter construct. We have found that a 0.9-kb myosin heavy chain (MyHC) proximal promoter containing several putative myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) binding sites is sufficient to restrict lacZ expression to the skeletal muscle fibres of prim-6 stage zebrafish embryos. Expression of a rat-derived foetal myosin light chain enhancer (MyLC) and different fragments of a carp beta-actin regulatory region together with the MyHC promoter were compared by accumulating the type, number and spatial distribution of beta-galactosidase-expressing cells on an expression map. beta-galactosidase activity increased similarly whether the MyLC enhancer was ligated to the promoter/ reporter construct directly or when coinjected as a separate fragment whilst skeletal muscle specificity was retained. The coinjection of two different forms of the beta-actin regulatory elements also showed a marked effect on the MyHC promoter activity. The coinjection of putative enhancers with minimal promoter constructs and subsequent analysis of the transient expression pattern in the developing embryos provides a rapid and simple technique to identify cis acting activator elements of genes expressed in the vertebrate embryo.
Exploring Integral Image Word Length Reduction Techniques for SURF Detector (2009)

Speeded up robust features (SURF) is a state of the art computer vision algorithm that relies on integral image representation for performing fast detection and description of image features that are scale and rotation invariant. Integral image representation, however, has major draw back of large binary word length that leads to substantial increase in memory size. When designing a dedicated hardware to achieve real-time performance for the SURF algorithm, it is imperative to consider the adverse effects of integral image on memory size, bus width and computational resources. With the objective of minimizing hardware resources, this paper presents a novel implementation concept of a reduced word length integral image based SURF detector. It evaluates two existing word length reduction techniques for the particular case of SURF detector and extends one of these to achieve more reduction in word length. This paper also introduces a novel method to achieve integral image word length reduction for SURF detector.
Lipid excipients Peceol and Gelucire 44/14 decrease P-glycoprotein mediated efflux of rhodamine 123 partially due to modifying P-glycoprotein protein expression within Caco-2 cells. (2007)

In this study we utilized established methodologies to assess the inhibitory effect of the excipients on the Pgp-mediated efflux of the probe, Rh123 and tested the hypothesis that long-term treatment of Caco-2 cells with the lipid excipients, Peceol(c) and Gelucire(c) 44/14, decreased Pgp protein expression. The results suggest a new mechanism which may contribute to the improved bioavailability seen for drugs formulated with lipid-based excipients.
Constitutive gain‐of‐function mutants in a nucleotide binding site–leucine rich repeat protein encoded at the <i>Rx</i> locus of potato (2002)

Rx in potato encodes a protein with a nucleotide binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeats (LRR) that confers resistance against Potato virus X. The NBS and LRR domains in Rx are present in many disease resistance proteins in plants and in regulators of apoptosis in animals. To investigate structure-function relationships of NBS-LRR proteins we exploited the potential of Rx to mediate a cell death response. With wild-type Rx cell death is elicited only in the presence of the viral coat protein. However, following random mutagenesis of Rx, we identified mutants in which cell death is activated in the absence of viral coat protein. Out of 2500 Rx clones tested there were seven constitutive gain-of-function mutants carrying eight independent mutations. The mutations encoded changes in the LRR or in conserved RNBS-D and MHD motifs of the NBS. Based on these findings we propose that there are inhibitory domains in the NBS and LRR. The constitutive gain-of-function phenotypes would be due to deletion or modification of these inhibitory domains. However activation of Rx is not simply release of negative regulation by the LRR and adjacent sequence because deleted forms of Rx that lack constitutive gain of function mutations are not active unless the protein is overexpressed.
Tiotropium in Asthma Poorly Controlled with Standard Combination Therapy (2012)

In patients with poorly controlled asthma despite the use of inhaled glucocorticoids and LABAs, the addition of tiotropium significantly increased the time to the first severe exacerbation and provided modest sustained bronchodilation. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00772538 and NCT00776984.).
Fast effective heuristics for the graph bisectioning problem (1990)

The graph bisectioning problem has several applications in VLSI layout, such as floorplanning and module placement. A sufficient condition for optimality of a given bisection is presented. This condition leads to an algorithm that always finds an optimal bisection for a certain class of graphs. A greedy approach is then used to develop a more powerful heuristic. On small random graphs with up to 20 vertices, one of the greedy algorithms generated the optimal bisection in each case considered. For very large graphs with 300 vertices or more, the algorithm generated bisections with costs within 30% of a lower bound previously derived. An adaptive algorithm that iteratively improves upon a given initial bisection of a graph is presented. Its performance is compared with that of the well-known Kernighan-Lin method on many random graphs with large numbers of vertices. The results indicate that the new adaptive heuristic produces bisections with costs within 2% of those produced by the Kernighan-Lin method (the costs were actually lower in about 70% of the cases) with a three times faster computation speed in most cases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
miR-199a-3p displays tumor suppressor functions in papillary thyroid carcinoma (2014)

Thyroid cancer incidence is rapidly increasing. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC), the most frequent hystotype, usually displays good prognosis, but no effective therapeutic options are available for the fraction of progressive PTC patients. BRAF and RET/PTC are the most frequent driving genetic lesions identified in PTC. We developed two complementary in vitro models based on RET/PTC1 oncogene, starting from the hypothesis that miRNAs modulated by a driving PTC-oncogene are likely to have a role in thyroid neoplastic processes. Through this strategy, we identified a panel of deregulated miRNAs. Among these we focused on miR-199a-3p and showed its under-expression in PTC specimens and cell lines. We demonstrated that miR-199a-3p restoration in PTC cells reduces MET and mTOR protein levels, impairs migration and proliferation and, more interesting, induces lethality through an unusual form of cell death similar to methuosis, caused by macropinocytosis dysregulation. Silencing MET or mTOR, both involved in survival pathways, does not recapitulate miR-199a-3p-induced cell lethality, thus suggesting that the cooperative regulation of multiple gene targets is necessary. Integrated analysis of miR-199a-3p targets unveils interesting networks including HGF and macropinocytosis pathways. Overall our results indicate miR-199a-3p as a tumor suppressor miRNA in PTC.
ReRAM-Based In-Memory Computing for Search Engine and Neural Network Applications (2019)

Resource-constrained computing devices such as those used in IoTs require low-power, high performance, and small size to be enabled to operate efficiently. Resistive random access memory (ReRAM) is a promising technology for building novel in-memory computing architectures, due to its ability to perform storage and computation using the same physical element with low energy and high density. ReRAMbased search engines and neural network (NN) accelerators have grown significantly especially for IoT devices. In this paper, we propose a memristor-based voltage-resistance xnor (VR-XNOR) cell. The advantages of this cell are demonstrated through building a reconfigurable content-addressable memory (CAM) architecture that can support binary-CAM (BCAM) and ternary-CAM (TCAM) and enable approximate search operations. Moreover, the memristor-based VR-XNOR cell is utilized for binarized convolutional neural networks (CNN) with focus on the convolution operation. This is achieved by replacing the convolution module with XNOR-based filter banks. Simulations of the proposed architectures for search engine and feature extraction were carried out using VTEAM model in Cadence Virtuoso Analog Design Environment. The proposed filter bank architecture achieves a 1-ns extraction cycle time over N filters and produces multiple output feature maps in a single processing cycle. The filter uses two memristor devices to realize each XNOR gate and has shown a significant reduction in the number of multiply-add operations.
Animal models of protein allergenicity: potential benefits, pitfalls and challenges (2009)

Food allergy is an important health issue. With an increasing interest in novel foods derived from transgenic crop plants, there is a growing need for the development of approaches suitable for the characterization of the allergenic potential of proteins. There are methods available currently (such as homology searches and serological testing) that are very effective at identifying proteins that are likely to cross-react with known allergens. However, animal models may play a role in the identification of truly novel proteins, such as bacterial or fungal proteins, that have not been experienced previously in the diet. We consider here the potential benefits, pitfalls and challenges of the selection of various animal models, including the mouse, the rat, the dog and the neonatal swine. The advantages and disadvantages of various experimental end-points are discussed, including the measurement of specific IgE by ELISA, Western blotting or functional tests such as the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay, and the assessment of challenge-induced clinical symptoms in previously sensitized animals. The experimental variables of route of exposure to test proteins and the incorporation of adjuvant to increase the sensitivity of the responses are considered also. It is important to emphasize that currently none of these approaches has been validated for the purposes of hazard identification in the context of a safety assessment. However, the available evidence suggests that the judicious use of an accurate and robust animal model could provide important additional data that would contribute significantly to the assessment of the potential allergenicity of novel proteins.
Multichannel estimation of frequency -dependent Q from VSP data (1997)

A Method of estimating attenauation from the first arrivals of VSP data is presented. The motivation is the desire to investigate the effects of scattering on wave propagation, and particularly the apparent attenuation and associated phase delay due to fine layering (the O'Doherty-Anstey effect).



In order to take account of the frequency dependence of the predicted scattering attenuation, and to provide robust statistics for the estimates, a beam-forming method is used to measure the attenuation. This simularaneously estimates the slowness and polarization angle of the different wave modes, and results in attenuation measurements which are largely free of interference from reflected and mode-converted energy. By working in the frequency domain and measuring amplitude decay with depth, the frequency dependence of the attenuation is also accounted for. The beam-forming algorithm works in two passes, the first of which estimates slownesses and polarization angles over a small depth range, while the second uses the information from the first pass over a larger depth range to estimate attenuation.



An approximate error analysis of the method shows that the standard variance of the estimated Q values is proportional to Q2 and the data quality (measured by its spectral coherence), and inversely proportional to the square of the analysis depth range and the square of the frequency. Hence the depth resolution is traded against the stability of the results.



The method is applied to a zero-offset three-component VSP. The data are of good quality, with a bandwidth ranging from 180 Hz in the shallow part to 100 Hz in the deepest part. Stable results were obtained using a 450 m depth range. Above about 50 Hz, there is little evidence of frequency dependence in the attenuation. There is a clear division in depth into layers of higher and lower attenuation, with values of Q typically between 50 and 200. Below 50 Hz, however, attenuation increases rapidly with decreasing frequency throughout the depth range, with values of Q of less than 10 at 15 Hz. This behaviour appears anomalous since on physical grounds we expect very high values of Q at low frequency, and we have no explanation for these observations.
Cell-Surface Estrogen Receptors Mediate Calcium-Dependent Nitric Oxide Release in Human Endothelia (2000)

Physiological doses of estrogen immediately stimulate NO release from human endothelial cells through activation of a cell-surface estrogen receptor that is coupled to increases in intracellular calcium.
Recent developments on Li-ion batteries positive materials (2003)

The recent development of Li-ion battery positive materials was reviewed. Much attention was paid to the transitional metal oxides.The layered LiCoO_2,LiNiO_2 and spinel LiMn_2O_4 were briefly described.Some positive materials,such as lithium cobalt-nickel oxides, modification spinel, pyrite, intercalation lithium vanadium oxides and organo-sulfide were not mature,but had excellent properties and good applied prospect.The structure and electrochemical properties of these positive materials, the investigative actuality and preparation methods were specified.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Styrene Main-Chain Polymer with Pendant Lactose Moiety through Urea Linkage (1999)

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of lactose-based homopolymers from N-lactosyl-N‘-(4-vinylbenzyl)urea or N‘-lactosyl-N,N-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)urea (5a, 5b) is described. Free radical polymerization of these new urea monomers proceeded smoothly in an aqueous solution using potassium persulfate (KPS) and N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) as the initiating system and gave water-soluble homopolymers in good yields. These synthetic lactose-based polymers had molecular weights that ranged from 1.9 × 103 to 5.3 × 106 and low molecular weight polydispersities (Mw/Mn) (1.02−1.77) as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermal stability studies showed that these homopolymers had two-stage degradations related to the lactose moiety and the polystyrene main chain as well as similar Tg's (6a at 134 °C, 6b at 133 °C) as determined by DSC, suggesting that the urea linkage increases the Tg by hydrogen bonding. The present synthetic method is useful for the introduction of biologically important amino sugars into glycopolymers through a urea linkage.
The band gap of ultrathin amorphous and well-ordered Al2O3 films on CoAl(100) measured by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (2009)

The structural and electronic properties of ultrathin insulator Al2O3 films on CoAl(100) have been studied using a combination of scanning tunneling spectroscopy and microscopy. The analysis of the differential conductance yields a band gap of 2.6–2.9eV for amorphous Al2O3. In the case of a well-ordered alumina film, the band gap is increased to 4.5eV. On each of the oxide phases, the barrier height is to a large extent independent of local variations such as the surface corrugations or oxide steps.
Incremental deductive & inductive reasoning for SAT-based bounded model checking (2005)

Bounded model checking (BMC) based on Boolean satisfiability (SAT) methods has recently gained popularity as a viable alternative to BDD-based techniques for verifying large designs. This work proposes a number of conceptually simple, but extremely effective, optimizations for enhancing the performance of SAT-based BMC flows. The key ideas include: (1) a novel idea to combine SAT-based inductive reasoning and BMC; (2) clever orchestration of variable ordering and learned information in an incremental framework for BMC; and (3) BMC-specific ordering strategies for the SAT solver. Our experiments, conducted on a wide range of industrial designs, show that the proposed optimizations consistently provide between 1-2 orders of magnitude speedup and can be extremely useful in enhancing the efficacy of typical SAT-BMC tools.