gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxygen Transfer at Hydraulic Structures (1978)

The shortcomings of existing equations for the prediction of oxygen transfer at hydraulic structures are illustrated, particularly with reference to free overfall weirs. The effect of all important hydraulic variables is reviewed together with water quality effects, in particular the effect of dissolved salts. Modeling according to the Froude law of similarity, the oxygen transfer expressed as a deficit ratio, is shown to vary as a simplified function of the scale. Equations are submitted describing the oxygen transfer in an hydraulic jump and at a free overfall weir. The latter equation is shown to correlate successfully both model studies and measurements at a number of prototype structures and, further, its application to a variety of situations such as spillway jets, multiple jet weirs and cascade of pools is described. An equation to estimate the optimum pool conditions for oxygen transfer is presented.
All about MAX: a male adult voxel phantom for Monte Carlo calculations in radiation protection dosimetry (2003)

The MAX (Male Adult voXel) phantom has been developed from existing segmented images of a male adult body, in order to achieve a representation as close as possible to the anatomical properties of the reference adult male specified by the ICRP. The study describes the adjustments of the soft-tissue organ masses, a new dosimetric model for the skin, a new model for skeletal dosimetry and a computational exposure model based on coupling the MAX phantom with the EGS4 Monte Carlo code. Conversion coefficients between equivalent dose to the red bone marrow as well as effective MAX dose and air-kerma free in air for external photon irradiation from the front and from the back, respectively, are presented and compared with similar data from other human phantoms.
Toward interoperable data synchronization with COSMOS (2002)

COSMOS (Co-Operative State Machines for Object Synchronization) is a method for specifying the behavior of a synchronizable data store by modeling the data store as a state machine. Such a model can be used to define a standard for interoperable data synchronization systems, defining the sequence of messages sent and received during synchronization without constraining the implementation of a conforming system. COSMOS models can be collected, studied and categorized, allowing a synchronization scheme with the properties appropriate for a given application to be selected from a catalog. Alternatively, for pre-existing synchronization systems built without a common standard, COSMOS models can serve as a specification for an adapter allowing the systems to interoperate.
Iodine ion milling of indium-containing compound semiconductors (1984)

The effects of reactive I+ ion beams, derived from a source of solid elemental I, on In-containing compound semiconductors have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The results are compared with the effects produced by beams of Ar+ and Xe+ inert gas ions. It is shown that the surface accumulation of metallic In due to the disproportionation normally associated with ion milling of these materials can be eliminated by the use of I+ ion beams. Transmission electron microscope specimens in cross-sectional configuration are used to demonstrate the excellent results which may be obtained by I+ ion milling of InP and InSb.
Support apparatus for dynamic testing Patent (1967)

Hydraulic support equipment for full scale dynamic testing of large rocket vehicle under free flight conditions
Regulation of human lung fibroblast phenotype and function by vitronectin and vitronectin integrins (2001)

Myofibroblasts, characterised by high expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), are important and transient cells in normal wound healing but are found in increased number in various pathological conditions of the lung including asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanisms that regulate the myofibroblast phenotype are unknown but are likely to involve signals from the extracellular matrix transmitted via specific integrins. Vitronectin is a glycoprotein released during inflammation and has been shown to regulate the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells via alpha v and beta 1 integrins. In the current study we have examined whether vitronectin influences the phenotype and function of normal human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1). Incubation of HFL-1 cells with vitronectin induced a concentration-dependent reduction in alpha-SMA expression. By contrast, function-blocking monoclonal antibodies to the vitronectin integrins alpha v, beta 1, alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 induced the expression of alpha-SMA and its organization into stress fibers. Expression of alpha-SMA induced by all function-blocking monoclonal antibodies was abrogated by inhibition of protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, but the effects of inhibition of other signalling pathways was integrin dependent. Exposure to other extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, collagen or their integrins did not influence expression of alpha-SMA. The expression and organization of alpha-SMA induced by exposure to function-blocking antibodies was translated into an augmented capacity of HFL-1 cells to contract fibroblast populated collagen gels. By contrast, contraction of collagen gels following incubation with vitronectin was not significantly different to control. This study has shown that vitronectin influences the phenotype and behaviour of HFL-1 cells by downregulating the expression of alpha-SMA and reducing their contractile ability. By contrast, occupancy of specific integrins by function-blocking antibodies upregulated the expression of alpha-SMA and induced the formation of functional stress fibers capable of contracting collagen gels. These results suggest that vitronectin modulates the fibroblast-myofibroblast phenotype, implying an important role in the remodelling process during lung development or response to injury.
Noninvasive molecular imaging of c-Myc activation in living mice (2010)

The cytoplasmic Myc protein (c-Myc) regulates various human genes and is dysregulated in many human cancers. Phosphorylation mediates the protein activation of c-Myc and is essential for the function of this transcription factor in normal cell behavior and tumor growth. To date, however, the targeting of Myc as a therapeutic approach for cancer treatment has been achieved primarily at the nonprotein level. We have developed a molecular imaging sensor for noninvasive imaging of c-Myc activity in living subjects using a split Firefly luciferase (FL) complementation strategy to detect and quantify the phosphorylation-mediated interaction between glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) and c-Myc. This sensor system consists of two fusion proteins, GSK 35-433-CFL and NFL-c-Myc, in which specific fragments of GSK3beta and c-Myc are fused with C-terminal and N-terminal fragments of the split FL, respectively. The sensor detects phosphorylation-specific GSK3beta-c-Myc interaction, the imaging signal of which correlates with the steady-state and temporal regulation of c-Myc phosphorylation in cell culture. The sensor also detects inhibition of c-Myc activity via differential pathways, allowing noninvasive monitoring of c-Myc-targeted drug efficacy in intact cells and living mice. Notably, this drug inhibition is detected before changes in tumor size are apparent in mouse xenograft and liver tumor models. This reporter system not only provides an innovative way to investigate the role of functional c-Myc in normal and cancer-related biological processes, but also facilitates c-Myc-targeted drug development by providing a rapid quantitative approach to assessing cancer response to therapy in living subjects.
Enhanced Video Compression Based on Effective Bit Depth Adaptation (2019)

This paper presents a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based effective bit depth adaptation approach (EBDA-CNN) for video compression. It applies effective bit depth down-sampling before encoding and reconstructs the original bit depth using a deep CNN based up-sampling method at the decoder. The proposed approach has been integrated with the High Efficiency Video Coding reference software HM 16.20, and evaluated under the Joint Video Exploration Team Common Test Conditions using the Random Access configuration. The results show consistent coding gains on all tested sequences, with an average bitrate saving of 6.4%, based on Bjøntegaard Delta measurements using PSNR.
Second life (2010)

Second Life (SL) is a virtual world where people interact and socialize through virtual avatars. Avatars behave similarly to their human counterparts in real life and naturally define a social network. However, not only human-controlled avatars participate in the social network. Automated avatars called bots are common, difficult to identify and, when malicious, can severely detract from the user experience of SL. In this paper we study the SL social network and the role of bots within it. Using traces of avatars in a popular SL region, we analyze the social graph formed by avatar interactions. We find that it resembles natural networks more than other online social networks, and that bots have a fundamental impact on the SL social network. Finally, we propose a bot detection strategy based on the importance of the social connections of avatars in the social graph.
A Model for the Three-Dimensional Structure of Human Plasma Vitronectin from Small-Angle Scattering Measurements (2004)

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were used to characterize vitronectin, a circulatory protein found in human plasma that functions in regulating cell adhesion and migration, as well as proteolytic cascades that affect blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and pericellular proteolysis. SAXS measurements were taken over a 3-fold range of protein concentrations, yielding data that characterize a monodisperse system of particles with an average radius of gyration of 30.3 +/- 0.6 A and a maximum linear dimension of 110 A. Shape restoration was applied to the data to produce two models of the solution structure of the ligand-free protein. A low-resolution model of the protein was generated that indicates the protein to be roughly peanut-shaped. A better understanding of the domain structure of vitronectin resulted from low-resolution models developed from available high-resolution structures of the domains. These domains include the N-terminal domain that was determined experimentally by NMR [Mayasundari, A., Whittemore, N. A., Serpersu, E. H., and Peterson, C. B. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 29359-29366] and the docked structure of the central and C-terminal domains that were determined by computational threading [Xu, D., Baburaj, K., Peterson, C. B., and Xu, Y. (2001) Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 44, 312-320]. This model provides an indication of the disposition of the central domain and C-terminal heparin-binding domains of vitronectin with respect to the N-terminal somatomedin B (SMB) domain. This model constructed from the available domain structures, which agrees with the low-resolution model produced from the SAXS data, shows the SMB domain well separated from the central and heparin-binding domains by a disordered linker (residues 54-130). Also, binding sites within the SMB domain are predicted to be well exposed to the surrounding solvent for ease of access to its various ligands.
The operational principle of a new amorphous silicon based p-i-i-n color detector (1997)

The operational principle of a new type p-i-i-n color sensor is described with the aid of numerical modeling. The modeling results account for the color detection mechanism recently presented that this kind of structure exhibits [T. Neidlinger, M. B. Schubert, G. Schmid, and H. Brummack, in Amorphous Silicon Technology—1996, edited by E. A. Schiff et al. (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 1996), p. 147]. By band gap engineering the experimental red response is maximized at larger reverse bias voltage whereas the green response has its maximum at low reverse bias voltage. The numerical modeling qualitatively reproduces the characteristic shape of the steady-state current-voltage curves at different illumination wavelengths. At low and at high reverse bias voltages the influence of the internal variables and parameters is identified and leads to the experimentally observed response. The potential profile of the p-i-i-n structure is of crucial importance to the color detection mechanism. At larger wavelengths the large potential drop across the two highly defective front layers assists recombination in the back part of the device, which thus leads to the drop in the red response at low reverse voltage. For the voltage-dependent shift in spectral sensitivity it is important that photogenerated carriers under green bias illumination are lost by recombination in the front part of the device.
Establishment of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor‐resistant cancer cell lines and therapeutic strategies for overcoming the resistance (2012)

Acquired resistance is a major obstacle for conventional cancer chemotherapy, and also for some of the targeted therapies approved to date. Long-term treatment using protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and imatinib, gives rise to resistant cancer cells carrying a drug-resistant gatekeeper mutation in the kinase domain of the respective target genes, EGFR and BCR-ABL. As for the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors (PI3Kis), little is known about their acquired resistance, although some are undergoing clinical trials. To address this issue, we exposed 11 human cancer cell lines to ZSTK474, a PI3Ki we developed previously, for a period of more than 1 year in vitro. Consequently, we established ZSTK474-resistant cells from four of the 11 cancer cell lines tested. The acquired resistance was not only to ZSTK474 but also to other PI3Kis. None of the PI3Ki-resistant cells, however, contained any mutation in the kinase domain of the PIK3CA gene. Instead, we found that insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was overexpressed in all four resistant cells. Interestingly, targeted knockdown of IGF1R expression using specific siRNAs or inhibition of IGF1R using IGF1R-TKIs reversed the acquired PI3Ki resistance. These results suggest that long-term treatment with PI3Kis may cause acquired resistance, and targeting IGF1R is a promising strategy to overcome the resistance.
Optimization of picosecond laser structuring for the monolithic serial interconnection of CIS solar cells (2012)

ABSTRACT We report on the optimization of selective picosecond laser structuring for the monolithic serial interconnection of (Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 ) CIS thin film solar cells. We introduce a quantitative value to compare the energy efficiency of the different investigated laser processes, the specific ablation energy, which indicates the required energy to remove a certain volume of the specific material. We have examined the structuring efficiencies for induced laser ablation processes for a modification of the beam profile (elliptical and flat‐top beam shaping) and for the application of different laser wavelengths (1064 and 532 nm). Application of induced laser processes (often referred as “lift‐off”) decreases the specific ablation energy dramatically by nearly one order of magnitude. Modifications of the beam profile such as elliptical and flat‐top beam shaping are nearly halving the energy per ablated volume relative to a circular beam. The application of a laser wavelength 532 nm decreases the specific ablation energy compared with 1064 nm significantly for processes involving the CIS layer. We finally demonstrate that with a picosecond laser power of only 2 W, the molybdenum back contact (P1, glass side) and the ZnO front contact (P3, ZnO on CIS) can be structured with a process speed of up to 4 m/s. About 2 µm thick CIS layer (P2) is structured by standard direct laser ablation at higher energy densities with 200 mm/s. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DDH Treatment with Pavlik Harness: Weekly Ultrasound Monitoring for Stability (2000)

Normal development of the infantile hip joint relies upon the congruent and stable relationship of the femoral head and the acetabulum. Treatment with dynamic bracing for instability of the hip joint is accepted, but the duration of treatment required and the timing of follow up is of current debate. The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of Pavlik Harness treatment in children with early presenting ultrasonographically unstable and dislocated hips, independently of morphological appearance of the joint. Children suspected of having or to be high risk for DDH were assessed by clinical and ultrasound examination. Ultrasonographically unstable and dislocated hips were treated in the Pavlik harness and reviewed weekly with ultrasound. Once reduction had been maintained for six consecutive weeks weaning from the harness over the following 5 weeks was started. Thirty three children (37 hips) were treated. The mean follow up time was 2.9 years (6 weeks - 5.3 years). Six hips failed to remain reduced. There was no statistically difference in age at commencement of Pavlik harness treatment between the successful and unsuccessfully treated groups (p>0.1). Evaluation of the duration of splintage required to achieve reduction of the hip compared against the age of the child at the commencement of splintage revealed no statistically significant correlation (p>0.1) to be present. Early treatment of hip instability within the first weeks of life, even with an apparent normal morphology of the acetabular socket, results in normal joint development, decreasing the need for prolonged compliance with treatment. It may also reduce the incidence of late presentation, without increasing the rate of complications (0 in our series).
Treatment of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy with Denosumab (2012)

Further studies will be required to establish Denosumab as a major "front line" treatment for this disease and possibly other muscular dystrophies.
Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression of the gene for catalase‐peroxidase (<i>cpeA</i>) from the photosynthetic bacterium <i>Rhodobacter capsulatus</i> B10 (1993)

The gene encoding catalase-peroxidase was cloned from chromosomal DNA of Rhodobacter capsulatus B10. The nucleotide sequence of a 3.7-kb SacI-HindIII fragment, containing the catalase-peroxidase gene (cpeA) and its flanking regions were determined. A 1728-bp open reading frame, coding for 576 amino acid residues (molecular mass 61516 Da) of the enzyme, was observed. A Shine-Dalgarno sequence was found 5 bp upstream from the translational start site. The deduced amino acid sequence coincides with that of the amino terminus and of four peptides derived from trypsin digestion of the purified catalase-peroxidase of R. capsulatus B10. The amino acid sequence of R. capsulatus catalase-peroxidase shows interesting similarities to the amino acid sequences of the hydroperoxidases of Escherichia coli (42.7%) and Salmonella typhimurium (39.9%), the peroxidase of Bacillus stearothermophilus (32.1%) and the catalase-peroxidase of Mycobacterium intracellulare (42.2%). As shown by a cpeA::lacZ fusion in trans in R. capsulatus, the expression of the catalase-peroxidase gene is regulated by oxygen. The promoter of the cpeA gene was localized within 320 bp upstream of the ATG start codon.
Routers with Very Small Buffers (2006)

Internet routers require buffers to hold pack- ets during times of congestion. The buffers need to be fast, and so ideally they should be small enough to use fast memory technologies such as SRAM or all-optical buffering. Unfortunately, a widely used rule-of-thumb says we need a bandwidth-delay product of buffering at each router so as not to lose link utilization. This can be prohibitively large. In a recent paper, Appenzeller et al. challenged this rule-of-thumb and showed that for a backbone network, the buffer size can be divided by √ N without sacrificing throughput, where N is the number of flows sharing the bottleneck. In this paper, we explore how buffers in the backbone can be significantly reduced even more, to as little as a few dozen packets, if we are willing to sacrifice a small amount of link capacity. We argue that if the TCP sources are not overly bursty, then fewer than twenty packet buffers are sufficient for high throughput. Specifically, we argue that O(log W ) buffers are sufficient, where W is the window size of each flow. We support our claim with analysis and a variety of simulations. The change we need to make to TCP is minimal—each sender just needs to pace packet injections from its window. Moreover, there is some evidence that such small buffers are sufficient even if we don't modify the TCP sources so long as the access network is much slower than the backbone, which is true today and likely to remain true in the future. We conclude that buffers can be made small enough for all-optical routers with small integrated optical buffers.
Long‐chain unsaturated alcohols from jojoba oil by sodium reduction (1959)

Summary Jojoba oil is a liquid wax composed essentially of C 20 and C 22 straight‐chain monoethylenic acids and alcohols in the form of esters. Sodium reduction of the wax fatty esters in jojoba oil yielded quantitatively a mixture of unsaturated, long‐chain alcohols from the acid moiety of the jojoba oil. Yields of about 91% were obtained in the laboratory‐scale experiments and 82 to 86 for the pilot‐plant experiments. Analytical data, including detailed infrared spectra information, are given for the resulting product alcohols.
NSTX Electrical Power Systems (1999)

The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) has been designed and installed in the existing facilities at Princeton Plasma Physic Laboratory (PPPL). Most of the hardware, plant facilities, auxiliary sub-systems, and power systems originally used for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) have been used with suitable modifications to reflect NSTX needs. The design of the NSTX electrical power system was tailored to suit the available infrastructure and electrical equipment on site. Components were analyzed to verify their suitability for use in NSTX. The total number of circuits and the location of the NSTX device drove the major changes in the Power system hardware. The NSTX has eleven (11) circuits to be fed as compared to the basic three power loops for TFTR. This required changes in cabling to insure that each cable tray system has the positive and negative leg of cables in the same tray. Also additional power cabling had to be installed to the new location. The hardware had to b e modified to address the need for eleven power loops. Power converters had to be reconnected and controlled in anti-parallel mode for the Ohmic heating and two of the Poloidal Field circuits. The circuit for the Coaxial Helicity Injection (CHI) System had to be carefully developed to meet this special application. Additional Protection devices were designed and installed for the magnet coils and the CHI. The thrust was to making the changes in the most cost-effective manner without compromising technical requirements. This paper describes the changes and addition to the Electrical Power System components for the NSTX magnet systems.