gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New method for determining the optical properties of thin films by reflectometry (2000)

The thickness and complex refractive indices of the thin films on a silicon wafer during lithographic imaging are critical factors affecting the processing of integrated circuits. The inorganic materials involved, such as the silicon substrate and inorganic anti-reflection coatings, are usually well characterized or present few difficulties. The optical properties of organic materials, such as photoresists and anti-reflection coatings have been more difficult to determine with confidence. In general, for each material on the substrate, three values need to be determined; they include the thickness and the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index at the exposure wavelength. Single measurements of reflectance or ellipsometric parameters do not provide sufficient degrees of freedom for determining these three unknowns. Typically, this problem is resolved by collecting reflectance or ellipsometric data over a range of wavelengths. However, because n and k functions of wavelength, two additional unknowns are present for each additional wavelengths. This problem is typically resolved by fitting n and kn to various spectral functions in order to reduce the number of unknowns. Unfortunately, the functional forms used are frequently inappropriate for the organic materials of interest. The essence of the new method is the use of data from coatings having different thicknesses in order to provide the degrees of freedom necessary for a solution. This is achieved at a single wavelength and thereby avoids the spectral model fits that are frequently fraught with problems. The new method is demonstrated by determining thicknesses and n and k values at the exposure wavelength for a photoresist and an anti-reflection coating designed to be used with 193 nm exposures. The optical properties of two 248 nm anti-reflection coatings are also determined over a spectral range.
Hydrophilic and Antibacterial Modification of Poly(lactic acid) Films by γ-ray Irradiation (2019)

To improve the hydrophilicity and imparting antibacterial properties to poly(lactic acid), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and silver particles (AgNPs) were simultaneously introduced onto the surface of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films by γ-ray irradiation. The morphology and structure of the modified films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The interaction between PAA and AgNPs was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirming the coordination between AgNPs and the oxygen atom on the carboxylic group of PAA. The contact-angle (CA) measurements and antibacterial tests showed that the modified PLA films with a low silver content (PLA-<i>g</i>-PAA-Ag) exhibited excellent hydrophilicity as well as antibacterial activity compared with the neat PLA film.
Energy band-gap bowing parameter in an Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i> N alloy (1987)

Optical measurements are performed near the fundamental absorption edge for single-crystal AlxGa1−x N epitaxial layers in the composition range of 0≤x≤0.4. The dependence of the energy band gap on composition is found to deviate downwards from linearity, the bowing parameter being b=1.0±0.3 eV. The origin of the large bowing is discussed in terms of the pseudopotential of Al and Ga based on the pseudopotential of the Heine–Abarenkov type. With increasing x the absorption edges broaden, which is attributed to the increase of the compositional nonuniformity.
Hepatitis B in prisons. (1986)

Prisoners have been thought to be at high risk of contracting hepatitis B. Prevalence studies throughout the world show a similar hepatitis B marker rate of 28 to 51%. Seroconversion studies have shown a 0.8 to 1.4% incidence in male prisoners. These results are far less than the predicted 5 to 10% annual attack rate for a similar non-incarcerated population. Cost considerations prevent universal vaccination of prisoners, but IV drug abusers and female prisoners seem to be at especially high risk and should be targeted for immunization now. Prisoners who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and who are also "e" antigen positive or delta antibody positive should be segregated.
Phonon Wave Heat Conduction in Thin Films and Superlattices (1999)

Heat conduction in thin films and superlattices is important for many engineering applications such as thin-film based microelectronic, photonic, thermoelectric, and thermionic devices. Past modeling efforts on the thermal conductivity of thin films were based on solving the Boltzmann transport equation that treats phonons as particles. The effects of phonon interference and tunneling on the heat conduction and the thermal conductivity of thin films and superlattices remain to be explored. In this work, the wave effects on the heat conduction in thin films and superlattices are studied based on the consideration of the acoustic wave propagation in thin film structures and neglecting the internal scattering. A transfer matrix method is used to calculate the phonon transmission and heat conduction through these structures. The effects considered in this work include the phonon interference, tunneling, and confinement. The phonon dispersion is considered by introducing frequency-dependent Lamb constants. A ray-tracing method that treats phonons as particles is also developed for comparison. Sample calculations are performed on double heterojunction structures resembling Ge/Si/Ge and n-period superlattices similar to Ge/Si/n(Si/Ge)/Ge, It is found that phonon confinements caused by the phonon spectra mismatch and by the total internal reflection create a dramatic decrease of the overall thermal conductance of thin films. The phonon interference in a single layer does not have a strong effect on its thermal conductance but for superlattice structures, the stop bands created by the interference effects can further reduce the thermal conductance. Tunneling of phonon waves occurs when the constituent layers are 1–3 monolayer thick and causes a slight recovery in the thermal conductance when compared to thicker layers. The thermal conductance obtained from the ray tracing and the wave methods approaches the same results for a single layer. For superlattices, however, the wave method leads to a finite thermal conductance even for infinitely thick superlattices while the ray tracing method gives a thermal conductance that decreases with increasing number of layers. Implications of these results on explaining the recent thermal conductivity data of superlattices are explored.
Generative Rules for Music Performance: A Formal Description of a Rule System (1991)

This is a detailed technical presentation of performance rules resulting from a project in which music performance has been analyzed by means of an analysis-by-synthesis procedure (Sundberg et al. 1983). The rules have been developed in cooperation with Johan Sundberg and Lars Fryd6n. Lars Fryd6n is the musical expert, Johan Sundberg has contributed mostly to the cognitive aspects and, in an early stage of the project, to programming, and the author has been responsible for the organization and formulation of the final programming. The project has been extensively described and discussed in previous articles (see References). The purpose of the rules is to convert the written score, complemented with chord symbols and phrase markers, to a musically-acceptable performance. They are currently implemented in the programming language Lisp on a Macintosh computer (Friberg and Sundberg 1986) and the software is available on request. The rules operate on the parameters listed in Table 1. Two different tone articulation models are used. The first model uses only off-time duration (DRO), as defined in Fig. 1. The second model is more complete and uses a four-point envelope (T1-T4 and LI-L4) to shape each tone individually (see Fig. 16). Whenever possible, the resulting deviations from the rules are additive. This means that each tone may be processed by several rules, and the deviations made from each rule will be added successively to the parameters of that tone. The order in which the rules are applied is in general not critical except for the synchronization rules and the amplitude envelope rules which have to be applied last. The mixed intonation rule must also be applied after all other intonation rules. The sound parameters that are manipulated by the rules are listed in Table 1. For technical reasons, the rules will be presented in this article in an order based on the resulting parameter changes. There are five groups of rules: (1) single parameter rules,
V2V-PoseNet: Voxel-to-Voxel Prediction Network for Accurate 3D Hand and Human Pose Estimation from a Single Depth Map (2017)

Most of the existing deep learning-based methods for 3D hand and human pose estimation from a single depth map are based on a common framework that takes a 2D depth map and directly regresses the 3D coordinates of keypoints, such as hand or human body joints, via 2D convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The first weakness of this approach is the presence of perspective distortion in the 2D depth map. While the depth map is intrinsically 3D data, many previous methods treat depth maps as 2D images that can distort the shape of the actual object through projection from 3D to 2D space. This compels the network to perform perspective distortion-invariant estimation. The second weakness of the conventional approach is that directly regressing 3D coordinates from a 2D image is a highly non-linear mapping, which causes difficulty in the learning procedure. To overcome these weaknesses, we firstly cast the 3D hand and human pose estimation problem from a single depth map into a voxel-to-voxel prediction that uses a 3D voxelized grid and estimates the per-voxel likelihood for each keypoint. We design our model as a 3D CNN that provides accurate estimates while running in real-time. Our system outperforms previous methods in almost all publicly available 3D hand and human pose estimation datasets and placed first in the HANDS 2017 frame-based 3D hand pose estimation challenge. The code is available in https://github.com/mks0601/V2V-PoseNet_RELEASE.
Sensory VR (2018)

We present two proof of concept sensory experiences designed for virtual reality (VR). Our experiences bring together smell, sound, taste, touch, and sight, focusing on low-cost, non-digital materials and on passive interactions. We also contribute a design rationale and a review of sensory interactions, particularly those designed for VR. We argue that current sensory experiences designed for VR often lack a broader consideration of the senses, especially in their neglect of the non-digital. We discuss some implications of non-digital design for sensory VR, suggesting that there may be opportunities to expand conceptions of what sensory design in VR can be.
Risk of Cancer in Relatives of Prostate Cancer Probands (1995)

Even among families that were specifically selected because of the presence of prostate cancer, risks for cancer at other sites appeared not to be increased. Therefore, hereditary prostate cancer appears to be a relatively site-specific disease, and it does not seem to be a part of other hereditary cancer syndromes.
Writer Identification in Handwritten Documents (2007)

This work presents an effective method for writer identification in handwritten documents. We have developed a local approach, based on the extraction of characteristics that are specific to a writer. To exploit the existence of redundant patterns within a handwriting, the writing is divided into a large number of small sub-images, and the sub-images that are morphologically similar are grouped together in the same classes. The patterns, which occur frequently for a writer are thus extracted. The author of the unknown document is then identified by a Bayesian classifier. The system trained and tested on 50 documents of the same number of authors, reported an identification rate of 94%.
Enantioselective Fluorogenic Assay of Acetate Hydrolysis for Detecting Lipase Catalytic Antibodies (1999)

An enantioselective fluorogenic assay for the kinetic resolution of chiral alkyl acetates is demonstrated with 7-(3-acetoxybutoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones (R)- and (S)-4 or 7-(3-acetoxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones (R)-4 and (S)-6. The alcohols released by hydrolysis of these acetates are oxidized by horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase to unstable β-(aryloxy)carbonyl compounds, which undergo β-elimination of the strongly fluorescent product umbelliferone (=7-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one; 3) (λem=460±20 nm, λex=360±20 nm). Enantioselectivities are calculated from the reaction rates for each enantiomeric acetate. For a series of representative lipases, the reactivities and enantioselectivities under preparative conditions are predicted accurately. This highly sensitive enantioselective assay detects as little as 10 μg/ml of hydrolytic enzyme, can be carried out in 96-well microtiter plates, and is compatible with cell-culture media. It is, therefore, suited for screening libraries of antibodies for enantioselective lipase catalytic antibodies.
Enhancement of endocytosis due to aminophospholipid transport across the plasma membrane of living cells (1999)

Formation of intracellular vesicles is initiated by membrane budding. Here we test the hypothesis that the plasma membrane surface area asymmetry could be a driving force for vesicle formation during endocytosis. The inner layer phospholipid number was therefore increased by adding exogenous aminophospholipids to living cells, which were then translocated from the outer to the inner layer of the membrane by the ubiquitous flippase. Addition of either phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine led to an enhancement of endocytosis, showing that the observed acceleration does not depend on the lipid polar head group. Conversely, a closely related aminophospholipid that is not recognized by the flippase, lyso-alpha-phosphatidylserine, inhibited endocytosis, and similar results were obtained with a cholesterol derivative that also remains in the plasma membrane outer layer. Thus an increase of lipid concentration in the inner layer enhanced internalization, whereas an increase of the lipid concentration in the outer layer inhibited internalization. These experiments suggest that transient asymmetries in lipid concentration might contribute to the formation of endocytic vesicles.
Synthesis of Aromatic Phosphonic Acids and Their Derivatives. I. The Derivatives of Benzene, Toluene and Chlorobenzenes (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Aromatic Phosphonic Acids and Their Derivatives. I. The Derivatives of Benzene, Toluene and ChlorobenzenesGennady M. Kosolapoff and W. Frederick HuberCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 8, 2020–2021Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01200a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01200a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views451Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Autoimmunity and Traumatic Brain Injury (2015)

HPA seems to contribute to TBI-induced pituitary damage, although major methodological issues need to be overcome and larger studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary data.
Muscle and tendon contributions to force, work, and elastic energy savings: a comparative perspective. (2000)

Muscle-tendon architecture underlies muscle function. Whereas muscles generally contribute most to mechanical work, tendons provide the majority of elastic energy savings. Isometric or eccentric contractions enhance force and further reduce energy cost. However, elastic savings is probably constrained by the need to reduce compliance for accurate control of position.
Smds: Wide-Area Data Networking With Switched Multi-Megabit Data Service (1995)

SMDS is designed to interconnect LANS across widely separated sites. This book explores SMDS from a customer and applications perspective, and focuses on the material contained in the SMDS requirements documents. It brings together into one reference technical material - both existing and new - that specifies how SMDS can be used with commonly deployed data networking protocols.
Macrophages and Age-Dependent Resistance to Herpes Simplex Virus in Mice (1970)

Abstract Peritoneal macrophages transferred from adult CBA mice protected suckling syngeneic mice from intraperitoneal infection with herpes simplex virus. Macrophages from adult mice stimulated with proteose-peptone solution were more effective in providing protection than were unstimulated macrophages. The enhanced resistance provided by stimulated macrophages was associated with more efficient phagocytosis and intracellular destruction of virus, and with greater production of interferon. In contrast to the effects of stimulation on the adult mouse, the suckling mouse did not respond to proteose-peptone inoculation with the production of a population of macrophages that ingested more virus, produced more interferon, or more effectively destroyed virus.
Integration of visual cues for active tracking of an end-effector (2003)

We describe and test how information from multiple sources can be combined into a robust visual servoing system. The main objective is integration of visual cues to provide smooth pursuit in a cluttered environment using a minimum or no calibration. For that purpose, voting schema and fuzzy logic command fusion are investigated. It is shown that the integration permits detection and rejection of measurement outliers.
Grotesque Leadership: The Aesthetics of the “Mangled Apricot Hellbeast” (2018)

The grotesque is an aesthetic category, which is to say that it is a name we give to our immediate felt experience of something. In the same way that we might experience a sunset as beautiful or traffic as ugly, I experience Trump’s leadership as grotesque. Looking more broadly, Trump’s leadership is part of a larger trend in leadership that includes leaders such as Boris Johnson in the UK, Silvio Berlusconi in the Italy, and Vladimir Putin in Russia, and which I identify as grotesque leadership.
A CAD-based electronics design rule checker to improve system reliability (2002)

The computer-aided reliability diagnostic system (CARDS) is described. It is an expert-system-based electronics design rule checker that automatically identifies potential reliability and performance problems concurrently with the computer-aided design process. The integration of CARDS into the Mentor Graphics computer-aided engineering system is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quality of experience-enabled social networks (2014)

Social Networks (SNs), such as Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn, have become ubiquitous in our daily life. However, as the number of SN users grows there is higher demand for users' Quality of Experience (QoE). Some users may prefer to subscribe to a higher Quality of Service (QoS) level with their SN provider, e.g. to have higher priority on posting/retrieving, when for instance there are outages like the Twitter outage that happened during the Oscars 2014. In addition some users may wish to filter some posts, e.g. unwanted friendship requests. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture that enables differentiated QoS and information filtering in SNs to improve the users QoE. Our SN runs on top of 3GPP 4G Evolved Packet Core (EPC)-Based systems, and it uses EPC services to enable differentiated QoS. The components of our architecture interact through RESTful web services. Our architecture allows users to filter posts through their own criteria and have priority over other users in posting and/or retrieving.
A new assay for lignin-type peroxidases employing the dye azure B (1992)

The discovery in 1983 of fungal "ligninases" capable of catalyzing the peroxidation of nonphenolic aromatic lignin components has been seen as a major advance in understanding how certain basidiomycete fungi can completely degrade lignin. The ability of these lignin-type peroxidases to covert millimolar concentrations of veratryl alcohol to veratraldehyde, indicated by a change in the A310 of veratraldehyde, has become the standard assay for routine quantitation of LP activity. A new assay based on the oxidation of micromolar concentrations of the dye Azure B is presented. Although it is as simple and rapid as the veratryl alcohol assay, it appears to overcome some of the shortcomings of that assay. In particular, interference from UV- and short-wavelength visible-light-absorbing materials is greatly reduced and assay specificity is improved.
Premature Mortality in Patients with Addison’s Disease: A Population-Based Study (2006)

Compared with the background population, we observed that the risk ratio for death was more than 2-fold higher in patients with Addison's disease. Cardiovascular, malignant, and infectious diseases were responsible for the higher mortality rate.
Iteration-Free Design of Waveguide Slot Array With Cavities (2010)

In the design of large arrays, aperture field distribution control taking the mutual coupling into account is computationally heavy; here iterative design is indispensable especially for the elements in the periphery of the array aperture. This paper presents an iteration-free design for a waveguide slot array by using cavities which stabilize the external mutual coupling of the slots. All cavities have the same dimensions, which realize an active admittance almost equivalent to that of isolated slots in a half-free space. They are almost constant for the slot parameters and also insensitive to the environment of adjacent elements. This suggests that a slot could be designed independently of neighboring slots, irrespective of the position in the array, as if it is isolated in the half-free space. This dispenses with the time-consuming iterative procedure. Uniform and Taylor distributions with dB sidelobes were designed to demonstrate this iteration-free design. A HFSS simulation predicts a high gain of 32.6 dB and a high aperture efficiency of 88.4% using the cavities for the uniform distribution, while measurements for the Taylor distribution using cavities demonstrates that the sidelobe levels are dB and dB in the H-plane and dB in the E-plane.