gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic tRNA Acylation by Acid and α-Hydroxy Acid Analogues of Amino Acids (2007)

Incorporation of unnatural amino acids with unique chemical functionalities has proven to be a valuable tool for expansion of the functional repertoire and properties of proteins as well as for structure-function analysis. Incorporation of alpha-hydroxy acids (primary amino group is substituted with hydroxyl) leads to the synthesis of proteins with peptide bonds being substituted by ester bonds. Practical application of this modification is limited by the necessity to prepare corresponding acylated tRNA by chemical synthesis. We investigated the possibility of enzymatic incorporation of alpha-hydroxy acid and acid analogues (lacking amino group) of amino acids into tRNA using aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs). We studied direct acylation of tRNAs by alpha-hydroxy acid and acid analogues of amino acids and corresponding chemically synthesized analogues of aminoacyl-adenylates. Using adenylate analogues we were able to enzymatically acylate tRNA with amino acid analogues which were otherwise completely inactive in direct aminoacylation reaction, thus bypassing the natural mechanisms ensuring the selectivity of tRNA aminoacylation. Our results are the first demonstration that the use of synthetic aminoacyl-adenylates as substrates in tRNA aminoacylation reaction may provide a way for incorporation of unnatural amino acids into tRNA, and consequently into proteins.
The vanadate complex of the calcium‐transport ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, its formation and dissociation (1983)

Vanadate binding to different sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane preparations was determined by measuring bound vanadate colorimetrically and by phosphorylating the vanadate-free enzyme fraction with [gamma-32P] ATP. Colorimetry allowed the study of the dependence of equilibrium vanadate binding on ionized magnesium and the displacing effect of ionized calcium at vanadate concentrations greater than 0.1 mM only. At saturating magnesium concentration the enzyme binds 6-8 nmol vanadate/mg protein and half-maximum saturation is reached at 40 microM. Vanadate is displaced from the enzyme when its high-affinity calcium-binding sites are saturated and conversely calcium is solely displaced from its high-affinity binding sites by vanadate. The phosphorylation procedure allowed the measurement of equilibrium binding as well as the kinetics of vanadate binding and release at vanadate concentrations below 0.1 mM. Half-times of 30s and 3s were observed for vanadate release induced by 0.1 mM and 1 mM calcium respectively. Millimolar concentrations of ATP are required for vanadate displacement. Under equilibrium conditions the enzyme displays an affinity for vanadate of 1.6 X 10(6) M-1. The dependence on the concentration of vanadate of the rate of vanadate binding yielded an affinity of only 1 X 10(4) M-1. Closed vesicles bind vanadate much more slowly than calcium-permeable preparations. The initial rate of calcium-induced vanadate dissociation is accelerated considerably when the vesicles are made calcium permeable. The rate of vanadate dissociation from calcium-permeable vesicles reaches half-maximum values at 1-2 mM calcium indicating that the internal low-affinity calcium-binding sites must first be occupied in order to release bound vanadate. The results suggest that vanadate binding leads to a transition of the external high to internal low-affinity calcium-binding sites.
Sleep-disordered Breathing and Cardiovascular Disease (2008)

Abstract Rationale Epidemiologic studies on the consequences of sleep-disordered breathing invariably use the apnea–hypopnea index as the primary measure of disease severity. Although hypopneas constitute a majority of disordered breathing events, significant controversy remains about the best criteria used to define these events. Objectives The current investigation sought to assess the most appropriate definition for hypopneas that would be best correlated with cardiovascular disease. Methods A community sample of middle-aged and older adults was recruited as part of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Full-montage polysomnography was conducted and hypopneas were defined using different thresholds of oxyhemoglobin desaturation with and without arousals. Prevalent cardiovascular disease was assessed based on self-report. Logistic regression analysis was used to characterize the independent association between the hypopnea index and prevalent cardiovascular disease. Measurements and Main Results Using a sample of 6,106 adults with complete data on cardiovascular disease status and polysomnography, the current study found that hypopneas associated with an oxyhemoglobin desaturation of 4% or more were associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease independent of confounding covariates. The adjusted prevalent odds ratios for quartiles of the hypopnea index using a 4% desaturation criterion were as follows: 1.00 (&lt;1.10 events/h), 1.10 (1.01–3.20 events/h), 1.33 (3.21–7.69 events/h), and 1.41 (&gt;7.69 events/h). Hypopnea measures based on less than 4% oxyhemoglobin desaturation or presence of arousals showed no association with cardiovascular disease. Conclusions Hypopneas comprise a significant component of sleep-disordered breathing in the general community. By varying the criteria for defining hypopneas, this study demonstrates that hypopneas with a desaturation of at least 4% are independently associated with cardiovascular disease. In contrast, no association was observed between cardiovascular disease and hypopneas associated with milder desaturations or arousals.
The Effect of Chronic Fluvoxamine Treatment on Overnight Melatonin Secretion in Medicated Chronic Schizophrenic Patients (1997)

Overnight melatonin levels were measured in five male schizophrenic patients on steady antipsychotic treatment following the addition of fluvoxamine. Melatonin secretion increased in the first week of treatment and progressively decreased after 3 weeks. The findings are consistent with the development of tolerance in the processes underlying melatonin secretion. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Water in the LCROSS Ejecta Plume (2010)

Several remote observations have indicated that water ice may be presented in permanently shadowed craters of the Moon. The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission was designed to provide direct evidence. On 9 October 2009, a spent Centaur rocket struck the persistently shadowed region within the lunar south pole crater Cabeus, ejecting debris, dust, and vapor. This material was observed by a second "shepherding" spacecraft, which carried nine instruments, including cameras, spectrometers, and a radiometer. Near-infrared absorbance attributed to water vapor and ice and ultraviolet emissions attributable to hydroxyl radicals support the presence of water in the debris. The maximum total water vapor and water ice within the instrument field of view was 155 ± 12 kilograms. Given the estimated total excavated mass of regolith that reached sunlight, and hence was observable, the concentration of water ice in the regolith at the LCROSS impact site is estimated to be 5.6 ± 2.9% by mass. In addition to water, spectral bands of a number of other volatile compounds were observed, including light hydrocarbons, sulfur-bearing species, and carbon dioxide.
Ma petite chérie: what are you looking at? (2012)

We present a telepresence system with a reduced scale face-shaped display for supporting intimate telecommunication. In our previous work, we have developed a real-size face shaped display that tracks and reproduces the remote user's head motion and face image. It can convey user's nonverbal information such as facial expression and gaze awareness. In this paper, we examine the value and effect of scale reduction of such face-shaped displays. We expect small size face displays retain the benefit of real-size talking-head type telecommunication systems, and also provide more intimate impression. It is easier to transport or put on a desk, and it can be worn on the shoulder of the local participants so that people bring it like a small buddy. However, it is not clear how such reduced-size face screen might change the quality of nonverbal communication. We thus conducted an experiment using a 1/14 scale face display, and found critical nonverbal information, such as gaze-direction, is still correctly transmitted even when face size is reduced.
DiscoverySpace (2016)

Complex software offers power for experts, yet overwhelms new users. Novices often do not know how to execute tasks, what they want to achieve, or even what is possible. To address this, we introduce the DiscoverySpace interface for executable action suggestions. DiscoverySpace is a prototype extension panel for Adobe Photoshop that suggests task-level action macros to apply to photographs based on visual features. DiscoverySpace harvests these one-click actions from the online Photoshop user community. A between-subjects study indicated that action suggestions may help novices maintain confidence, accomplish tasks, and discover features. This work demonstrates how interfaces can leverage user-generated content to help novices navigate complex software.
Current status of polycrystalline thin-film PV technologies (2002)

Thin-film solar cell technologies based on CdTe and CIS have made significant technical progress. Most of the improvements have occurred at the level of solar cells, modules, systems, and reliability testing in both CdTe and CIS. Total-area efficiencies of 14.7% for a thin-film CdTe solar cell deposited on a low-cost, sodalime glass fabricated by Golden Photon, Inc. was verified by NREL. Siemens Solar Industries has fabricated a world-record, aperture-area efficiency of 11.1% and a power output of 40.6 W for a thin-film CIGSS module. Solar Cells, Inc. has fabricated a large-area, thin-film CdTe module with an aperture-area efficiency of 9.1% and power output of 61.3 W; Golden Photon, Inc., has also fabricated a power module with an aperture-area efficiency of 9.2% and power output of 31.0 W. Key research issues for CdTe and CIS are discussed in this paper. Several polycrystalline thin-film arrays based on CdTe and one based on CIGSS have been deployed worldwide. Stability data indicated by both thin-film CIS and thin-film CdTe modules and systems are encouraging. Many companies worldwide are actively pursuing early commercialization efforts based on both speciality products and power modules.
A 1.65 GHz Lithium Niobate A1 Resonator with Electromechanical Coupling of 14% and Q of 3112 (2019)

This paper reports on the demonstration of a 1.65 GHz A1 mode lithium niobate resonator with a high electromechanical coupling (k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) of 14%, a high-quality factor ( Q) of 3112, and a near spurious-free response. The 1.65 GHz resonance has been achieved by exploiting the high phase velocity of the first-order antisymmetric (A1) Lamb wave mode in a Y-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) thin film, while spurious mode suppression is accomplished with electrode optimization. The performance demonstrated herein marks the first time that a new resonator technology outperforms surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators and thin-film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) regarding the figure of merit (FoM) in the 1-6 GHz frequency range. Thus, the A1 mode lithium niobate resonator in this work promises a new platform for the fifth-generation (5G) front-end filtering.
Ryanodine receptors of pancreatic β‐cells mediate a distinct context‐dependent signal for insulin secretion (2002)

The ryanodine (RY) receptors in beta-cells amplify signals by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). The role of CICR in insulin secretion remains unclear in spite of the fact that caffeine is known to stimulate secretion. This effect of caffeine is attributed solely to the inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterases (cAMP-PDEs). We demonstrate that stimulation of insulin secretion by caffeine is due to a sensitization of the RY receptors. The dose-response relationship of caffeine-induced inhibition of cAMP-PDEs was not correlated with the stimulation of insulin secretion. Sensitization of the RY receptors stimulated insulin secretion in a context-dependent manner, that is, only in the presence of a high concentration of glucose. This effect of caffeine depended on an increase in [Ca2+]i. Confocal images of beta-cells demonstrated an increase in [Ca2+]i induced by caffeine but not by forskolin. 9-Methyl-7-bromoeudistomin D (MBED), which sensitizes RY receptors, did not inhibit cAMP-PDEs, but it stimulated secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. The stimulation of secretion by caffeine and MBED involved both the first and the second phases of secretion. We conclude that the RY receptors of beta-cells mediate a distinct glucose-dependent signal for insulin secretion and may be a target for developing drugs that will stimulate insulin secretion only in a glucose-dependent manner.
VEGA: a verification tool based on genetic algorithms (2002)

While modern state-of-the-art optimization techniques can handle designs with up to hundreds of flip-flops, equivalence verification is still a challenging task in many industrial design flows. This paper presents a new verification methodology that, while sacrificing exactness, is able to handle larger circuits and give designers the opportunity to trade off CPU time with confidence on the result. The proposed methodology is able to fruitfully support an exact verification tool, dramatically increasing the confidence on the validity of an optimization process. A prototypical tool has been developed and preliminary experimental results that support this claim are shown in the paper.
Lessons from Reading Recovery Lessons. (1996)

Arising out of one reading clinician's journey through the training year in Reading Recovery, this paper articulates the content of the lessons learned and explores their implications for clinical reading practice. The lessons learned that are discussed in the paper are: (1) make no excuses for the learner or for yourself; (2) expect learning and teach doggedly; (3) watch your language (using the prompts and cues that are consistent with the overall philosophy and goals of Reading Recovery); (4) guard your lesson time as a valuable commodity; and (5) do everything possible to connect reading and writing. The paper concludes that Reading Recovery teachers learn, just like their students, that learning to do something complex requires focused attention, clear and consistent guidelines, practice, and the support of others. (RS) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Lessons from Reading Recovery Lessons.
Electronic effects in iridium C–H borylations: insights from unencumbered substrates and variation of boryl ligand substituents (2010)

Experiment and theory favour a model of C-H borylation where significant proton transfer character exists in the transition state.
Design and Performance Analysis of Downlink in Space Communications System for Lunar Exploration (2010)

This paper designs a data link between a Lunar Orbiter (LO) and an Earth Station (ES), and analyzes the downlink performance of a space communications system for lunar exploration, conforming to the recommendations by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS). The results provided in the paper can be useful references for the design of reliable communication link for the Korean lunar exploration in the near future.
Effects of Sintering on the Properties of La<sub>0.6</sub>Sr<sub>0.4</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>0.8</sub>O<sub>3−δ</sub> Perovskite Hollow Fiber Membranes (2010)

La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF) hollow fiber membrane precursors were prepared by spinning a starting suspension containing 68.75 wt % LSCF powders, 6.25 wt % polyethersulfone (PESf), and 25.0 wt % N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) at room temperature using deionized water and tape water as the internal and external coagulants, respectively. High temperature sintering was carried out in a range of 1200−1500 °C to study the influences of the sintering process on the properties of the LSCF hollow fiber membranes including the microstructure, crystalline phase, mechanical strength, as well as the oxygen permeability. Mechanical strength of the LSCF hollow fibers increased with increasing sintering temperature and reached a maximum of 115 MPa at 1500 °C sintering temperature. To obtain gastight LSCF hollow fiber membranes, the sintering temperature must be higher than 1250 °C, and the sintering time must be longer than 2 h. However, higher than 1350 °C sintering temperature would facilitate the formation of sulfate impurity phases, resulting in noticeable reduction of oxygen permeation flux. The optimum sintering temperature should be around 1300 °C, and the sintering time should be within the range of 2−4 h to obtain the gastight and high flux LSCF hollow fiber membranes.
The Florida Banditti, 1783 (1945)

East Florida was ill at ease on receiving, in the spring of 1783, news of the retrocession of the province to Spain. The necessity of abandoning homes in a land to which government and people alike were attached, together with the uncertainties, vexations, and difficulties of finding new homes elsewhere presented to all a dark picture of the future. In the midst of these apprehensions some of the settlers at least were troubled by the depredations of a group of lawless men whom Governor Patrick Tonyn described as banditti.
The role of fats and oils in cosmetics (1972)

Abstract The earliest emollients in the history of cosmetics were the naturally occurring animal fats and vegetable oils. These provided soothing and smoothing action on the skin and grooming effects on head and beard hair. For the most part, odor problems limited the interest in oils derived from fish. With the increasing sophistication of users and increasing understanding of the technology of these materials, the short‐comings of natural fats and oils were overcome in several ways: (a) increased stability through use of antioxidants; (b) reduced odor through improved processing; (c) improved stability and diversification through chemical modification; (d) increased diversity through preparation of derivatives, and (e) substitution of mineral oil. Today the most important single cosmetic use of an unmodified natural fat or oil is that of castor oil as the base for lipsticks. Other unmodified oils have largely minor specialty uses, particularly in higher‐priced cosmetics. These include almond oil, apricot kernel oil, sesame oil, safflower oil, wheat germ oil, avocado oil, turtle oil and mink oil. Cocoa butter is used to some extent in suntan products. Reconstituted fractionated coconut oil is widely used. Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids are increasing in importance. Hydrogenation has produced stable oils useful in cosmetics. Alkyl esters and monoglycerol esters of fatty acids offer a wider range of properties than the original oils. Improvements in the naturally occurring fats and oils have made it possible for them to compete in some characteristics, and current interest in “natural” cosmetics may turn the attention of the cosmetic chemist back to improved versions of the classical raw materials.
Identification of a Locus Involved in Systemic Dissemination of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> (2001)

A putative LysR-type transcriptional activator, Hre20, was identified previously in an in vivo expression technology screen designed to identify factors which are expressed early during infection by Yersinia enterocolitica (G. M. Young and V. L. Miller, Mol. Microbiol. 25:319-328, 1997). An insertion in hre20, now designated rscR, resulted in increased splenic dissemination of bacteria during infection in a BALB/c mouse model. A nonpolar mutation was generated in rscR, and examination of this strain in the BALB/c mouse model demonstrated that the mutation in rscR was responsible for the increased dissemination to the spleen that was seen in the original experiments. RscR is homologous to the LysR family of transcriptional regulators; thus, a screen was undertaken to identify genes regulated by RscR. A strain containing an insertion in the chromosomal rscR gene and carrying rscR on a plasmid under the control of the inducible araBAD promoter was mutagenized with an mTn5Km-2 transposon containing a promoterless lacZY. Eighteen insertions were identified which appeared to respond to levels of RscR, and these were classified into four allelic groups based on Southern blot hybridization analysis. Representative members were sequenced from three allelic groups. Sequencing revealed insertions in an ORF with no known homologues, a homologue of OmpF of Serratia marcescens, and a locus (designated rscBAC) with similarity to the hmwABC locus of Haemophilus influenzae. The hmwABC locus promotes adherence of H. influenzae to host cells (S. J. Barenkamp and J. W. St. Geme III, Infect. Immun. 62:3320-3328, 1994; J. W. St. Geme III, S. Falkow, and S. J. Barenkamp, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2875-2879, 1993). A strain containing a deletion mutant of rscA, the hmwA homologue, exhibits increased splenic dissemination of bacteria during infection in a BALB/c mouse model, similar to the rscR mutant. This suggests that the phenotype of an rscR mutant is due to the loss of RscA.
Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Human Amniotic Fluid-Derived Cells: A Morphological and Proteomic Approach (2015)

Mesenchymal Stem Cells derived from Amniotic Fluid (AFMSCs) are multipotent cells of great interest for regenerative medicine. Two predominant cell types, that is, Epithelial-like (E-like) and Fibroblast-like (F-like), have been previously detected in the amniotic fluid (AF). In this study, we examined the AF from 12 donors and observed the prevalence of the E-like phenotype in 5, whereas the F-like morphology was predominant in 7 samples. These phenotypes showed slight differences in membrane markers, with higher CD90 and lower Sox2 and SSEA-4 expression in F-like than in E-like cells; whereas CD326 was expressed only in the E-like phenotype. They did not show any significant differences in osteogenic, adipogenic or chondrogenic differentiation. Proteomic analysis revealed that samples with a predominant E-like phenotype (HC1) showed a different profile than those with a predominant F-like phenotype (HC2). Twenty-five and eighteen protein spots were differentially expressed in HC1 and HC2 classes, respectively. Of these, 17 from HC1 and 4 from HC2 were identified by mass spectrometry. Protein-interaction networks for both phenotypes showed strong interactions between specific AFMSC proteins and molecular chaperones, such as preproteasomes and mature proteasomes, both of which are important for cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Collectively, our results provide evidence that, regardless of differences in protein profiling, the prevalence of E-like or F-like cells in AF does not affect the differentiation capacity of AFMSC preparations. This may be valuable information with a view to the therapeutic use of AFMSCs.
On the mass transport mechanism of leaching processes (1962)

Abstract A model is proposed and tested that yields a theoretical leaching curve for the extraction of values from a finely ground ore. The model assumes that small particles follow the eddy currents in an agitated reactor and behave as if they were surrounded by a rigid medium. The leaching curve is obtained by writing the differential equation for diffusion, determining the extent of dissolution for selected times, and multiplying by a particle size distribution function. The results are consistent with experiment, and some essential conclusions are drawn that bear on the design of leaching circuits.