gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Identification System-Based Approach for Assessing the Near-Miss Collision Risk Dynamics of Ships in Ports (2018)

Vessel risk analysis is critical for safe ship navigation and maritime safety management. Near-miss collisions by ships comprise an significant risk, which may be complicated by factors, such as the ship conditions, waterway environment, and driving behavior of any ships encountered. Previous studies have rarely considered how to automatically and adaptively estimate the risk of near-miss collisions for different situations, particularly in port areas. In this paper, we propose an automatic identification system-based approach for adaptively calibrating near-miss collision risk model and assessing a ship's near-miss collision risk by using the vessel's speed and course patterns to obtain a robust estimate of the collision risk. Six measures are employed to determine the hierarchical geographical distribution of the near-miss collision risk for ships in port areas and to identify the high-risk areas. Some predicted high-risk areas were validated as official precautionary areas in the Xiamen Port area. All predicted areas may help the port administration to plan monitoring areas to ensure safe traffic flow in the port.
Photo-ignition of Liquid Fuel Spray and Solid Rocket Fuel by Carbon Nanotube Utilizing a Camera Flash (2011)

Abstract : We have studied the ignition of fuel sprays and solid rocket fuels by the photo-ignition of single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with an ordinary camera flash. Our investigation includes the effects of O2 concentration and the presence of solid oxidizers such as ammonium perchlorate (AP) on the minimum ignition energy (MIE) as well as the duration and temperature of the reaction. We have shown that by mixing CNT with other nanoparticles and powdered material, the ignition parameters such as ignition delay, burn temperature, and burn duration can be adjusted. We believe this approach in photo-ignition of fuel spray and solid fuel provides a suitable method for ignition of liquid rocket engines and solid rocket motors. Among the advantages of this approach are a very low weight and a robust ignition method, and it enables volumetric distributed ignition of fuel sprays and solid fuels. The proposed method is scalable for applications in very small as well as large liquid rocket engines and solid rocket motors.
TOOTH-CARIES EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND MAPPING BY FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTRAL IMAGING FLUORESCENCE (2002)

ABSTRACT A new method for fast diagnosis and mapping of tooth caries is suggested. The method is based on autofluorescence and application of Fourier transform imaging microscopy. This device provides simultaneous fluorescence spectra at all pixels of the examined sample. A cooled CCD detector, directly connected to the spectrometer, collects the imaging interferograms and allows for spectral mapping. The feasibility of this method was evaluated by examining human teeth for caries detection. Images and the corresponding spectra were acquired at various tooth regions. It was found that a distinct spectral feature characterizes the carious regions. Spectral analysis allows for detection of even early stages of caries, while the associated mapping capability allows for morphological characterization. The spatial resolution depends on the specific optical setup used, and in our case it was ca. 1 μm. These findings suggest that this technique may be further developed and applied for clinical detection of initial and well established caries during oral examination and diagnosis. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project was supported by the James Franck program in Laser Matter Interaction. We thank Jean-Claud Petit, of the School of Oral Health Science at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for partial financial support.
Homopolymerization of maleic anhydride. I. Preparation of the polymer (1963)

Abstract Maleic anhydride has been homopolymerized, contrary to accepted beliefs. Polymerization of either molten or dissolved monomer was initiated with the use of gammaradiation and free‐radical initiators. An anhydride having [ η ] = 0.146 dl./g. in acetophenone had a molecular weight of 23,100 (free acid), DP = 199, by the light‐scattering method. The carboxyl group propinquity is responsible for peculiar behavior of aqueous solutions of salts of the poly‐acid.
HipA-Triggered Growth Arrest and  -Lactam Tolerance in Escherichia coli Are Mediated by RelA-Dependent ppGpp Synthesis (2013)

Persistence is a phenomenon whereby a subpopulation of bacterial cells enters a transient growth-arrested state that confers antibiotic tolerance. While entrance into persistence has been linked to the activities of toxin proteins, the molecular mechanisms by which toxins induce growth arrest and the persistent state remain unclear. Here, we show that overexpression of the protein kinase HipA in Escherichia coli triggers growth arrest by activating synthesis of the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) by the enzyme RelA, a signal typically associated with amino acid starvation. We further demonstrate that chemically suppressing ppGpp synthesis with chloramphenicol relieves inhibition of DNA replication initiation and RNA synthesis in HipA-arrested cells and restores vulnerability to β-lactam antibiotics. HipA-arrested cells maintain glucose uptake and oxygen consumption and accumulate amino acids as a consequence of translational inhibition. We harness the active metabolism of HipA-arrested cells to provide a bacteriophage-resistant platform for the production of biotechnologically relevant compounds, which may represent an innovative solution to the costly problem of phage contamination in industrial fermentations.
Abstract 735: Gene Therapy using Fragments of the SCN5A H558R Polymorphism Restores Function of a Brugada Syndrome Mutation (2006)

Brugada Syndrome (BrS) is caused by mutations in the cardiac sodium (Na) channel gene. One such mutation is R282H, which produces a loss of function. We demonstrated that coexpressing the SCN5A pol...
Characteristics of rib waveguides in AlGaAs (1979)

We have studied the properties of isolated and coupled optical rib waveguides (RWG) as a function of rib height and width in GaAs layers on AlGaAs for TE-like and TM-like polarizations. We compare mode shape parameters for isolated RWG to the coupling constant, K, obtained from distributed couplers. The effective index model accurately describes the mode distributions and the coupling constant for single-mode RWG. The model also gives an accurate estimate for anodic oxide loaded strip waveguides. In this model, the relative lateral difference in the effective dielectric constant, Δx, is determined by the depth characteristics (the rib height, layer thicknesses, and compositions) and the free-space wavelength. The lateral confinement of guided modes and K are then determined by Δx, the effective dielectric constant, the waveguide width, the waveguide spacing, and the free-space wavelength. At λ?1.06 μm, ribs of height h?0.05 μm on GaAs waveguiding layers of thickness t?0.75 μm with underlying Al0.1Ga0.9As cladding provide Δx?1.7×10−3 for TE polarization and ?2×10−3 for TM polarization. In such layers K?1/mm for pairs of RWG with 3 μm width and 3 μm spacing. Model Δx results are given for typical layer compositions and typical layer and rib dimensions. Eigensolution results for K are given as a function of Δx for typical rib width and spacing dimensions. For more general application to RWG, to anodic loaded strip guides, and to metal gap guides, scaled K and linearized Δx results are given in dimensionless form. We also report experiments on lateral tapers to widen or narrow the waveguides for control of mode shapes, and on lateral ramps to control the location of the RWG. Tapers introduce negligible loss, but cause some mode conversion if multimoded guides are involved. Ramps introduce negligible loss if they are at sufficiently low angles.
Pre-exposure of infected human endometrial epithelial cells to penicillin in vitro renders Chlamydia trachomatis refractory to azithromycin (2004)

Thus, this study provides evidence at the cellular microbiology level in vitro for mechanisms that could exist in vivo to create sustained, but perhaps clinically inapparent inflammation, which might eventually lead to conditions such as silent pelvic inflammatory disease.
<scp>RNA</scp> Interference in <i>Caenorhabditis Elegans</i> (2003)

RNAi has become an essential tool in C. elegans research. Procedures for RNAi in C. elegans by microinjecting with dsRNA, feeding with bacteria expressing dsRNA and soaking in dsRNA solution are described in this unit.
Brands as symbolic resources for the construction of identity (1998)

The search for self-identity is a key determinant of postmodern consumption so it is essential for marketers to understand the concept and dynamics of self, the symbolic meaning of goods and the role played by brands. Building from the concept of advertising literacy, this paper outlines a model of the dialectical relationship between self-identity and social-identity, the domains of self-symbolism and social-symbolism, and the process of the mediated experience of advertising and the lived experience of products/services. Implications for brand strategy are discussed in relation to trust, deep meaning and the possibilities for mass-market brands to have personal meaning for the individual.
Targeting the Plant Alternative Oxidase Protein to Mitochondria Confers Cyanide-insensitive Respiration (1996)

The Sauromatum guttatum alternative oxidase has been expressed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe under the control of the thiamine-repressible nmt1 promoter. Alternative oxidase protein and activity were detected both in spheroplasts and isolated mitochondria, indicating that the enzyme is expressed in a functional form and confers cyanide-resistant respiration to S. pombe, which is sensitive to inhibition by octyl-gallate. Protein import studies revealed that the precursor form of the alternative oxidase protein is efficiently imported into isolated mitochondria and processed to its mature form comparable to that observed with potato mitochondria. Western blot analysis and respiratory studies revealed that the alternative oxidase protein is expressed in the inner mitochondrial membrane in its reduced (active) form. Treatment of mitochondria with diamide and dithiothreitol resulted in interconversion of the reduced and oxidized species and modulation of respiratory activity. The addition of pyruvate did not effect either the respiratory rate or expression of the reduced species of the protein. To our knowledge this is the first time that the alternative oxidase has been effectively targeted to and integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane of S. pombe, and we conclude that the expression of a single polypeptide is sufficient for alternative oxidase activity.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients before and during the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era (2001)

The occurrence of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) was studied among 19,598 and 17,016 patients enrolled in the French Hospital Database on human immunodeficiency virus whose CD4 cell counts decreased to < or =200x10(6) cells/L before (1992-1995) or after (1996-1998) the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy, respectively. The incidence of TE decreased from 3.9 cases per 100 person-years in the first period (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.7-4.1) to 1.0 cases per 100 person-years in the second period (95% CI, 0.9-1.1). After adjustment for known risk factors for TE, patients who received cotrimoxazole prophylaxis had a lower risk of TE (adjusted relative hazard, 0.6 and 0.5, respectively, for the first and second periods; P < .001). For patients treated with cotrimoxazole at inclusion, discontinuation of cotrimoxazole increased the risk of TE in both periods (adjusted relative hazard, 4.8 and 4.2, respectively; P < .001). Among patients whose CD4 cell counts increased to > 200 x 10(6) cells/L while undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy, the incidence of TE was 0.1 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI, 0.0-0.2) and was not increased by discontinuation of cotrimoxazole.
A Standard Real-Time Information Architecture for Drilling and Completions (2007)

Abstract BP is looking to implement a standard data architecture for real-time drilling & completions information. This will enable us to make wider use of our collaboration centres through a common approach and will allow us to leverage the developing WITSML standard more effectively in our operations. BP uses many different service organisations to deliver its global drilling & completions agenda. In the past, this has resulted in a lack of standardisation in real-time information flow. We have been unable to share data and expertise readily between different operating centres. Applying a common approach to information access on a global basis will enable us to streamline our operations and make wider use of emerging collaboration technologies. WITSML is now finding greater uptake in our industry and we are seeing new compliant intelligent software tools emerging from different vendors. These will undoubtedly enable us to drill and complete smarter but we need a standard information infrastructure to deploy them widely and consistently. It is these smart tools that will ultimately deliver real value to oil companies. The adoption of a standard D&C information architecture may seem an obvious step but there are very few oil companies that can claim to have delivered it. WITSML is the vehicle to allow this to happen and over the next few years it is likely that there will be much more emphasis on open connectivity between different vendors and services supporting the drilling & completions functions.
Electro-optical properties of barium titanate films epitaxially grown on silicon (2012)

BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (BTO) single crystals exhibit one of the largest Pockels coefficients (r<sub>42</sub> > 1000 pm/V) among oxides. This makes BTO an excellent active material for electro-optical (EO) devices such as switches, modulators or tuning elements. However, in order to harness these properties in silicon photonics circuits, the challenge is to integrate BTO as high quality thin films onto Si substrates. The effective Pockels coefficients can be enhanced in epitaxial films due to their tight relationship with the crystallographic symmetry and microstructure. We report on the EO properties of epitaxial BTO thin films on Si. The growth of BTO layers on Si(001) is performed by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). A thin single-crystalline strontium titanate seed layer is grown on Si, followed by a 130 nm thick BTO layer. Electrodes to provide an electrical field parallel to the surface are patterned on the films using photolithography. Throughout this process, the BTO keeps an epitaxial relationship to the Si-substrate. Considering the tensor nature of the Pockels effect, the optical behavior of the BTO layers upon applying an electrical field is simulated, taking into account the films' crystalline multi-domain structure. An experimental way to access these EO properties is discussed, which utilizes polarization changes of a transmitted laser beam upon applying an electrical field to the film. Simulations of the measurement signals demonstrate the capability of resolving the expected EO response of the samples, which serves as a promising base for future experiments.
Propagating Stall in Compressors With Porous Walls (1975)

A modification is presented to the Emmons/Stenning analysis for predicting stall propagation, taking into account the unsteady flow through the end wall of a cascade row of compressor blades. It is shown that if radial flow from the blade channels is permitted, then the condition for flow instability is changed. The expression obtained for the flow coefficient at which stall occurs indicates an improvement in operating range, with virtually no effect on stall cell speed. Experimental evidence suggests that a mechanism such as that described may be the reason for the delay in stall onset produced by porous wall treatment of axial compressors.
Pulmonary Veins and Bronchial Vessels Undergo Remodeling in Sustained Pulmonary Hypertension Induced by Continuous Air Embolization Into Sheep (1997)

While it is well known that chronic pulmonary hypertension is accompanied by characteristic structural changes in the pulmonary arteries, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the remodeling process also involves the venous side of the circulation. The present paper utilizes a sheep model of sustained pulmonary hypertension induced by continuous air embolization (CAE) into the pulmonary arterial circulation to examine the structure of the pulmonary veins and bronchial vasculature. Morphometric techniques were applied to the pulmonary veins and bronchial vessels following distension of the venous circulation with a barium-sulfate gelatin mixture; this route of filling also resulted in distension of the bronchial vessels. Four and 12 days of CAE resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of muscular pulmonary veins (e.g., percent muscular veins < 75 microns following 12 days CAE = 17.7 +/- 6.9; controls = 0), an approximate doubling in percent venous medial thickness, and a 50% reduction in number of barium-filled peripheral vessels. Examination of the bronchial circulation revealed a striking increase in volume due both to a 50% increase in vessel diameter and a threefold increase in number of small vessels (p < .05). The authors conclude that CAE-induced chronic pulmonary hypertension is associated with remodeling of both the pulmonary veins and bronchial circulation as well as the pulmonary arteries. The mechanisms for these structural alterations are not certain, but may include local release of vasoactive and inflammatory mediators and an increase in bronchopulmonary anastomoses.
Eu <sup>2+</sup> ‐Doped Glass Ceramics Containing BaF <sub>2</sub> Nanocrystals as a Potential Blue Phosphor for UV‐LED (2009)

The Eu 2+ ‐doped glass ceramics containing BaF 2 nanocrystals were prepared and their luminescence properties were investigated. The excitation spectra of Eu 2+ ‐doped glass ceramics showed an excellent overlap with the main emission region of an ultraviolet light‐emitting diode (UV‐LED) centered at 380 nm. The 450 nm emission of Eu 2+ in glass ceramics under the 385 nm excitation was much stronger than that in glass. The Eu 2+ ‐doped glass ceramics containing BaF 2 nanocrystals may be used as a potential blue‐emitting phosphor for UV‐LED.
ANTIVIRAL EFFECT OF ALKYLPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES (1962)

To find chemotherapeutic agents against the virus, 5-alkyluracils, 5-alkyl-isocytosines and 5-alkyl-6-methylisocytosines were synthesized. By the primary screening test on the type-1 strain of adeno virus, 5-ethyluracil, 5-butyluracil and 5-hexyl-6-methylisocytosine selected. Among the three compounds, 5-hexyl-6-methylisocytosine was effective on the type-1 strain of adeno virus for the secondary screening test, while the other two compounds did not show any effect on the virus. The all tested compounds did not show any inhibitory effect on the poliomyelitis virus and vaccinia virus.
The Hidden Biases in Big Data (2013)

This looks to be the year that we reach peak big data hype. From wildly popular big data conferences to columns in major newspapers, the business and science worlds are focused on how large datasets can give insight on previously intractable challenges. The hype becomes problematic when it leads to what I call “data fundamentalism,” the notion that correlation always indicates causation, and that massive data sets and predictive analytics always reflect objective truth. Former Wired editor-in-chief Chris Anderson embraced this idea in his comment, “with enough data, the numbers speak for themselves.” But can big data really deliver on that promise? Can numbers actually speak for themselves?
New techniques for radar coherent range ambiguity resolution (2002)

A new method of target coherent range ambiguity resolution is presented which is substantially different from previously proposed methods. The new target ranging eliminates the generation of target ghosts associated with most conventional techniques. A range-ambiguous radar with a medium to high pulse repetition frequency is assumed. Clutter is assumed to be present in multiple range intervals. The method utilizes constant frequency pulses that change phase pseudo-randomly from pulse to pulse. The phase progression of the received pulses are correlated with a bank of matched filters constructed using phase progressions representative of the different range intervals. Performance degradation of target detection using the pseudo-random phases is also examined. Target detection with strictly pseudo-random phases is found to degrade in comparison to the conventional constant phase methods. A technique that utilizes both constant phase and pseudo-random phases is proposed that performs both detection and target ranging well.
Cancer cell motility-inhibitory protein in the Dunning adenocarcinoma model. (1992)

Cell motility has been associated with metastatic ability in the Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma model. Cancer cell motility promoters but not inhibitors have been described by many investigators. Serum-containing and serum-free media conditioned by the nonmotile, nonmetastatic G Dunning subline inhibited the motility of the highly motile, highly metastatic MAT-LyLu subline. Motility inhibition by the G subline-conditioned serum-free media was lost upon heating to 100 degrees C and by treatment with trypsin. The motility inhibitory protein(s) had a molecular weight exceeding 50,000 as determined by diafiltration. G subline-conditioned RPMI 1640 contained several proteins with molecular weights of between approximately 53,000 and 116,000 when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One of these bands may represent the first inhibitor of cancer cell motility identified.
Cryopreservation in micro‐volumes: Impact upon caco‐2 colon adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and differentiation (2007)

Recent advances in cell-based therapies require new approaches for cell cryopreservation, capable of dealing with large number of samples and providing specific conditions for each cell type. Reduction of sample volume from the commonly used 1 mL to 25 microL in 30-well micro-cryosubstrates improves cryopreservation by allowing automation, data handling and access to individual wells without thawing the whole cryosubstrate. This system was evaluated for the storage of Caco-2 colon adenocarcinoma cells, which differentiate spontaneously after long-term culture. The impact of the cryosample small volume upon post-thawing membrane integrity of the cells and their capacity to proliferate and differentiate was studied. Two different cryoprotectants commonly employed, dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) and glycerol, were evaluated as well as the possibility of decreasing their concentration from the 10% concentration, usually used, down to 3% (v/v). The process automation by pipette robotic addition of the cryoprotectant to the micro-cryosubstrates was also evaluated. The micro-cryosubstrates have proven to be at least as efficient as typical 1 mL cryovials for cryopreservation of Caco-2 cells using either Me(2)SO or glycerol. Compared to the manual process, the automatic addition of glycerol to the micro-cryosubstrates allowed higher cell viabilities after thawing while with Me(2)SO no significant changes were observed. Me(2)SO has shown to be more effective than glycerol in maintaining high post-thaw cell membrane integrity, either in micro-cryosubstrates or cryovials, for any of the concentrations tested. The ability of Me(2)SO in maintaining high cell membrane integrity post-thawing was confirmed by long-term (up to 22 days) proliferation and differentiation studies performed with cells cultured immediately after thawing.