gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selenium Immobilization in a Pond Sediment at Kesterson Reservoir (1990)

Abstract Kesterson Reservoir, Merced County, CA, a disposal facility for agricultural drain water, became the object of intense scientific investigation following discovery in 1983 that Se‐laden agricultural drain water was having serious effects on the reproductive success of waterfowl. A remedial measure involving permanent flooding with low‐Se water, aimed at taking advantage of low Se solubility under reducing conditions, was proposed as a means of limiting Se movement into groundwater and biota. A field experiment was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed remedial measure, its impact on the quality of shallow groundwater and for quantifying Se immobilization and transport through a newly flooded pond bottom soil. Extensive soil water and groundwater sampling demonstrated that although initial soluble Se concentrations in the top 1.22 m (4 ft) of soil typically ranged from approximately 1000 to 3000 µ g L −1 , Se concentrations declined dramatically after flooding and elevated concentrations below 1.22 m were observed at only one of five sampling sites. Analysis of the temporal and spatial changes in the distribution of dissolved Se and Cl − indicated that 66 to 108% of the initial soluble Se present in the top 1.22 m was immobilized shortly after flooding. These estimates were consistent with the low Se concentrations observed in shallow monitoring wells. The extent to which Se immobilization occurred correlated inversely with average pore water velocity. Data presented suggest that reducing conditions in the newly flooded soils lead to the microbially mediated transformation of selenate to less soluble or mobile forms.
Self‐Storage: A Novel Family of Stimuli‐Responsive Polymer Materials for Optical and Electrochemical Switching (2014)

For most stimuli-responsive polymer materials (SRPMs), such as polymer gels, micelles, and brushes, the responsive mechanism is based on the solubility or compatibility with liquid media. That basis always results in distorting or collapsing the material's appearance and relies on external liquids. Here, a novel kind of SRPMs is proposed. Unlike most SRPMs, liquid is stored within special domains rather than expelled, so it is deforming-free and relying on no external liquid, which is referred to as self-storage SRPMs (SS-SRPMs). The facile and universal route to fabricate SS-SRPMs allows for another novel family of SRPMs. Furthermore, it is validated that SS-SRPMs can drastically respond to outside temperature like switchers, especially for optical and electrochemical responses. Those features hold prospects for applications in functional devices, such as smart optical lenses or anti-self-discharge electrolytes for energy devices.
Comparison of various procedures for progressive collapse analysis of cable-stayed bridges (2012)

Alternate path (AP) method is the most widely used method for the progressive collapse analysis, and its application in frame structures has been well proved. However, the application of AP method for other structures, especially for cable-stayed structures, should be further developed. The four analytical procedures, i.e., linear static, nonlinear static, linear dynamic, and nonlinear dynamic were firstly improved by taking into account the initial state. Then a cable-stayed structure was studied using the four improved methods. Furthermore, the losses of both one cable and two cables were discussed. The results show that for static and dynamic analyses of the cable-stayed bridges, there is large difference between the results obtained from simulations starting with either a deformed or a nondeformed configuration at the time of cable loss. The static results are conservative in the vicinity of the ruptured cable, but the dynamic effect of the cable loss in the area farther away from the loss-cable cannot be considered. Moreover, the dynamic amplification factor of 2.0 is found to be a good estimate for static analysis procedures, since linear static and linear dynamic procedures yield approximately the same maximum vertical deflection. The results of the comprehensive evaluation of the cable failure show that the tread of the progressive failure of the cable-stayed bridges decreases when the location of the failed cables is closer to the pylon.
High-Quality SOI by Bonding of Standard SI Wafers and Thinning by Polishing Techniques Only (1989)

A technology is described for Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) wafer fabrication realized by Van der Waals wafer bonding followed by wafer thinning. The uniqueness of this procedure is that only standard silicon wafer material and standard grinding and polishing techniques, derived from optics and silicon-wafer manufacturing, are applied. Submicron precision concerning flatness and parallelism of a 10 cm diameter wafer pair is achieved. The present SOI layer thickness aimed at is 5 µm but thinner layers are feasible.
Reduction of Line Width and Edge Roughness by Resist Reflow Process for Extreme Ultra-Violet Lithography (2010)

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) has been prepared for next-generation lithography for several years. We can get a sub-22 nut line and space (L/S) pattern by using EUVL, but there are still some problems, such as roughness, sensitivity, and resolution. According to the 2009 international technology roadmap for semiconductors (ITRS), line edge roughness (LER) has to be below 1.3 nm to get a 22 nm node, but it is too difficult to control the linewidth roughness (LWR) because the linewidth is determined by not only the post-exposure bake (PEB) time, temperature, and acid diffusion length, but also the components and the size of the resist. A new method is suggested to reduce the roughness. The surface roughness can be smoothed by applying the resist reflow process (RRP) for the developed resist. We made a. resist profile which has surface roughness by applying an exposure. PEB, and development process for the L/S pattern. The surface roughness was calculated by changing parameters such as the protected ratio of resin. The PEB time was also varied. We checked 1:1 L/S pattern for 22 nm. A developed resist baked at a temperature above the glass transition temperature will flow, and the surface will be smoothed. As a result, LER and LWR will be much smaller after RRP. The result shows that the decreasing ratio of LER clue to REP is larger when the initial LER is large. We believe that the current similar to 5 nm LWR, can be smoothed down to similar to 1 nm by using REP after developing the resist.
Ogden v. Washington National Bank (1926)

In this case one B had on deposit in defendant bank subject to check, $500.B made arrangements to go to a hospital for a serious surgical operation.Desiring to give to her mother, W, the money above mentioned in case of her death, but apparently immediately, B went to the bank in company with W, just before the operation, told the cashier and the bookkeeper of her desire and they marked her account, "In case of death W to check."The operation occurred and B died three days later.W, then, went to the defendant, drew a check for $500, and that amount was placed to her credit and later checked out by her.Plaintiff was B's administrator, and sued defendant to recover the amount of the deposit, although he had in his hands sufficient assets to pay all claims against the estate.Was plaintiff entitled to recover, or did defendant rightfully pay the money to W? Did the operative facts create any legal capacities in W and any correlative legal liabilities in the defendant bank?In order to give a correct answer to this question it will be necessary to consider it from the standpoint at least of gifts, bailments, powers of attorney, assignments, declarations of trust, and contracts.Did the facts create a gift?The trial court of Daviess County held that they did, and the Appellate Court of Indiana held that they created a gift inter vivos. 1 Were these courts right?The earlier Indiana decisions2 and the weight of authority in other jurisdictions 3 do not seem to have gone so far as the decision in the instant case( but there is some authority in other jurisdictions to support it. 4The difficulty concerns delivery.Delivery
Evaluation of Calcium Carbonate Scale Inhibitors for Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (1986)

ABSTRACT The formation of calcium carbonate scale in the perforations and near well bore formation sandstone is one of the major factors affecting production in the Prudhoe Bay field. Previous work (1–11) has shown that squeeze treatments using certain phosphonate scale inhibitors help to control the formation of calcium carbonate scale in low water-cut wells. However, the desorption rate of the phosphonate from the formation may cause the effectiveness of the treatment to be decreased dramatically as the water-cut in the wells increases. It has been observed that scale inhibitor squeeze treatments employing polymer-phosphonate blends appear to last longer in high water-cut wells than those treated only with phosphonate. This study evaluated the effect of various polymers on the desorption rate and inhibitive character of the phosphonate determined by Meyers (1) to be the most effective in inhibiting calcium carbonate scale in Prudhoe Bay. Standard NACE scale inhibitor tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness in preventing scale for the various systems. Flow tests in formation cores were run to determine the feedback rate of the phosphonate from various systems. The core studies were monitored for the amount of phosphonate desorbed as a function of water-cut and total pore volumes of brine flowed through the core. Results showed that a high molecular weight maleic copolymer to be the most effective in decreasing the desorption rate of the phosphonate.
Battery powered neuromuscular stimulator circuit for use during simultaneous recording of myoelectric signals (2009)

Surface Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) requires high stimulation voltages. A step-up transformer in the output stage of the stimulation circuit is often used. In the present technical paper a voltage controlled current source (VCCS) is presented as an alternative to the transformer coupling. Two (master-slave) coupled transconductance amplifiers (TAs)--in series with pre-charged capacitors--are used to drive the output current. After each stimulation pulse the capacitors are recharged to a high voltage by a switch mode power supply (SMPS). A multiplexer in the output stage is used to provide biphasic output. Output rise-time (10-90%) was less than 2 micros at 100 mA output. Biphasic charge balanced stimulation current can be produced with a net current to ground of less than 20 nA, thus virtually separated from ground. The circuit permits recording of the volitional myoelectric signal from the stimulated muscle. It is part of a portable myoelectrically controlled FES system powered by 2 AA batteries and currently used in clinical trials.
TU‐FF‐A2‐01: A Heterogeneity Inclusive Algorithm for Calculation of Central‐Axis Absorbed Dose in Finite‐Size Pencil Beams (2005)

Purpose: To develop algorithms for calculating central‐axis absorbed dose from high‐energy photon beams in heterogeneous media of arbitrarily varying density. Method and Materials: We employ and extend a phenomenological model for the central‐axis absorbed dose in therapeutic photon beams (Nizin, Med. Phys. 26, 1893–1900 (1999)) in order to describe absorbed dose in heterogeneous media. The parameters defined by the model are extracted from beam data for a homogeneous water phantom. For heterogeneous media, the model's parameters are determined by rescaling these for water using the local values of the relative density of the medium. Results: The phenomenological model was generalized for arbitrarily varying density media by introducing a differential equation that modulates the field size dependent normalization factor. This factor is multiplied by the photon fluence, which decays exponentially with the radiological depth. The generalized model was tested using slab geometries where layers of water and lung‐like material alternate. We found very close agreement between absorbed dose calculated using the generalized model and Monte Carlo simulations (Kawrakow et al, NRCC PIRS‐701 (2003)) for finite‐size pencil beams and for a wide range of field sizes for broad beams. Conclusion: Accurate algorithms for calculation of central‐axis absorbed dose in heterogeneous media are proposed. For both narrow and broad photon beams, the model generates results that are in close agreement with Monte Carlo data for slab geometries. Conflicts of Interest: This research was supported by NOMOS Radiation Oncology Division of North American Scientific.
Synthesis of Biotinylated Episilvestrol: Highly Selective Targeting of the Translation Factors eIF4AI/II (2013)

Silvestrol (1) and episilvestrol (2) are protein synthesis inhibitors, and the former has shown efficacy in multiple mouse models of cancer; however, the selectivity of these potent cytotoxic natural products has not been described. Herein, it is demonstrated that eukaryotic initiation factors eIF4AI/II were the only proteins detected to bind silvestrol (1) and biotinylated episilvestrol (9) by affinity purification. Our study demonstrates the remarkable selectivity of these promising chemotherapeutics.
Molecular structure of mammalian neuropeptide Y: analysis by molecular cloning and computer-aided comparison with crystal structure of avian homologue. (1987)

Identification and characterization of the cDNA encoding rat neuropeptide Y revealed the nucleotide sequence coding for a 98-amino acid precursor. The deduced amino acid sequence for rat neuropeptide Y is identical to the human peptide and is highly homologous to avian pancreatic polypeptide. The tertiary structure of avian pancreatic polypeptide has been previously derived from crystallographic data by Blundell and coworkers. The homology between neuropeptide Y and avian pancreatic polypeptide preserves all of the residues essential for the maintenance of the tertiary structure. Thus, it has been possible to compute a three-dimensional model of the mammalian neuropeptide, neuropeptide Y, based on the known structure of the avian homologue. This model suggest that neuropeptide preserves a compact tertiary structure characterized by extensive hydrophobic interactions between an N-terminal polyproline-II-like helix and a C-terminal alpha-helix. The model has been used to identify amino acids residing in key positions within this structure and, thereby, to direct future analysis of neuropeptide Y structure-function relationships.
Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols (2005)

We studied the modulating effects of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid (two common coffee polyphenols) on the in vitro methylation of synthetic DNA substrates and also on the methylation status of the promoter region of a representative gene in two human cancer cells lines. Under conditions that were suitable for the in vitro enzymatic methylation of DNA and dietary catechols, we found that the presence of caffeic acid or chlorogenic acid inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the DNA methylation catalyzed by prokaryotic M.SssI DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and human DNMT1. The IC50 values of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid were 3.0 and 0.75 microM, respectively, for the inhibition of M.SssI DNMT-mediated DNA methylation, and were 2.3 and 0.9 microM, respectively, for the inhibition of human DNMT1-mediated DNA methylation. The maximal in vitro inhibition of DNA methylation was approximately 80% when the highest concentration (20 microM) of caffeic acid or chlorogenic acid was tested. Kinetic analyses showed that DNA methylation catalyzed by M.SssI DNMT or human DNMT1 followed the Michaelis-Menten curve patterns. The presence of caffeic acid or chlorogenic acid inhibited DNA methylation predominantly through a non-competitive mechanism, and this inhibition was largely due to the increased formation of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH, a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation), resulting from the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)-mediated O-methylation of these dietary catechols. Using cultured MCF-7 and MAD-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, we also demonstrated that treatment of these cells with caffeic acid or chlorogenic acid partially inhibited the methylation of the promoter region of the RARbeta gene. The findings of our present study provide a general mechanistic basis for the notion that a variety of dietary catechols can function as inhibitors of DNA methylation through increased formation of SAH during the COMT-mediated O-methylation of these dietary chemicals.
Angiotensin II Activates Collagen Type I Gene in the Renal Cortex and Aorta of Transgenic Mice through Interaction with Endothelin and TGF-β (2001)

Hypertension is frequently associated with the development of renal vascular fibrosis. This pathophysiologic process is due to the abnormal formation of extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen type I. In previous studies, it has been observed that the pharmacologic blockade of angiotensin II (Ang II) or endothelin (ET) blunted the development of glomerulo- and nephroangiosclerosis in nitric oxide-deficient hypertensive animals by inhibiting collagen I gene activation. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether and how AngII interacts with ET to activate the collagen I gene and whether transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) could be a player in this interaction. Experiments were performed in vivo on transgenic mice harboring the luciferase gene under the control of the collagen I-alpha 2 chain promoter (procol alpha 2[I]). Bolus intravenous administration of AngII or ET produced a rapid, dose-dependent activation of collagen I gene in aorta and renal cortical slices (threefold increase over control at 2 h, P < 0.01). The AngII-induced effect on procol alpha 2(I) was completely inhibited by candesartan (AngII type 1 receptor antagonist) and substantially blunted by bosentan (dual ET receptor antagonist) (P < 0.01), whereas the ET-induced activation of collagen I gene was blocked only by bosentan. In subsequent experiments, TGF-beta (also administered intravenously) produced a rapid increase of procol alpha 2(I) in aorta and renal cortical slices (twofold increase over control at 1 h, P < 0.01) that was completely blocked by decorin (scavenger of the active form of TGF-beta). In addition, decorin attenuated the activation of collagen I gene produced by AngII (P < 0.01). These data indicate that AngII can activate collagen I gene in aorta and renal cortex in vivo by a mechanism(s) requiring participation and/or cooperation of ET and TGF-beta.
A Monoclonal Antibody Specific for the Amino Terminal Cleavage Site of Procollagen Type I (1983)

A monoclonal mouse IgG1 antibody was produced against the aminopropeptide of dermatosparactic sheep procollagen type I by using the hybridoma technique. Radioimmunoassays demonstrated an apparent affinity constant of 10(8) l X mol-1. The antibody reacted with a 19-amino-acid-long sequence spanning the procollagen N-proteinase cleavage site with stronger binding to structures contributed by the aminopropeptide. The antibody showed strong cross-reactions with similar antigens of bovine, human or chick origin but failed to react with the aminopropeptide of procollagen type III. Incubation of chick or sheep procollagen type I with stoichiometric amounts of antibody blocked the release from procollagen molecules of the aminopropeptide by procollagen N-proteinase. Thus, this antibody seems useful for studying various biological problems encountered in the conversion of procollagen.
Panegírico al Dr. Segundo Montes (1990)

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 13, 1990: 79-83
Spatial texture analysis: a comparative study (2003)

In this paper we compare some of the traditional, and some fairly new, techniques of texture analysis on the MeasTex and VisTex benchmarks to illustrate their relative abilities. The methods considered include autocorrelation (ACF), co-occurrence matrices (CM), edge frequency (EF), Law's masks (LM), run length (RL), binary stack method (BSM), texture operators (TO), and texture spectrum (TS). In addition, we illustrate the advantage of using feature selection on a combined set that improves the overall recognition performance.
System Performance of Transmit Diversity Schemes for Interference-Limited Cellular Systems (2007)

This paper compares the system performance of transmit diversity schemes for use in interference-limited cellular systems. We focus on evaluating the performance of Alamouti space time block codes (STBC) and cyclic delay diversity (CDD) codes, which are being actively considered for adoption within the 3 GPP-long-term-evolution (LTE) and 802.16e WiMAX standards. While the performance of transmit diversity schemes has been extensively evaluated in noise-limited scenarios, their performance in co-channel interference (CCI) limited cellular systems has received limited attention so far. As cellular systems adopt frequency reuse of one, co-channel interference from other cells becomes a major limitation to system performance. We present system simulation results comparing the performance of transmit diversity schemes using matched filter reception for a multi-carrier OFDM-based cellular system. In particular, the performance of STBC and CDD schemes is compared with respect to the evolving third generation 3 GPP-LTE standard. Our comparison highlights the spatial as well as the multi-user diversity aspects of these schemes and considers a variety of scenarios that will require their use. Our results show that CDD can significantly improve the system spectral efficiency and cell-edge performance over STBC, when used in combination with frequency-dependent scheduling. For open loop transmission without scheduling, the relative diversity gains of STBC and CDD at link layer depend on the interference scenario considered, while the system performance of these schemes is very similar.
High-performance robotic muscles from conductive nylon sewing thread (2015)

Natural muscles exhibit high power-to-weight ratios, inherent compliance and damping, fast actuation and high dynamic ranges. Unfortunately, traditional robotic actuators have been unable to attain similar properties, especially in a slender muscle-like form factor. Recently, super-coiled polymer (SCP) actuators have rejuvenated the promise of an artificial muscle. Constructed from commercial nylon fishing line or sewing thread and twisted until coils form, these lightweight actuators have been shown to produce significant mechanical power when thermally cycled. In this paper, we develop a thermomechanical and thermoelectric model of SCP actuators, and examine their controllability. With off-the-shelf conductive sewing thread, we show the ability to produce controlled forces in under 30 ms, exceeding human muscle performance. Finally, we use SCP actuators in a robotic hand to demonstrate their applicability as a low-cost, high performance robotic muscle.