gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Nebulizer Type, Position, and Bias Flow on Aerosol Drug Delivery in Simulated Pediatric and Adult Lung Models During Mechanical Ventilation (2010)

BACKGROUND:The effectiveness of aerosol drug delivery during mechanical ventilation is influenced by the patient, ventilator, and nebulizer variables. The impact of nebulizer type, position on the ventilator circuit, and bias flow on aerosol drug delivery has not been established for different age populations. OBJECTIVE:To determine the influence of nebulizer position and bias flow with a jet nebulizer and a vibrating-mesh nebulizer on aerosol drug delivery in simulated and mechanically ventilated pediatric and adult patients. METHOD:Albuterol sulfate (2.5 mg) was nebulized with a jet nebulizer and a vibrating-mesh nebulizer, using simulated pediatric and adult lung models. The 2 nebulizer positions were: (1) jet nebulizer placed 15 cm from the Y-piece adapter, and vibrating-mesh nebulizer attached directly to the Y-piece; and (2) jet nebulizer placed prior to the heated humidifier with 15 cm of large-bore tubing, and vibrating-mesh nebulizer positioned at an inlet to the humidifier. A ventilator with a heated humidifier and ventilator circuit was utilized in both lung models. The adult ventilator settings were VT 500 mL, PEEP 5 cm H2O, respiratory rate 20 breaths/min, peak inspiratory flow 60 L/min, and descending ramp flow waveform. The pediatric ventilator settings were VT 100 mL, PEEP 5 cm H2O, respiratory rate 20 breaths/min, inspiratory time 1 s. We tested bias flows of 2 and 5 L/min. The adult and pediatric lung models used 8-mm and 5-mm inner-diameter endotracheal tubes, respectively. Each experiment was run 3 times (n = 3). The albuterol sulfate was eluted from the filter and analyzed via spectrophotometry (276 nm). RESULTS:Nebulizer placement prior to the humidifier increased drug delivery with both the jet nebulizer and the vibrating-mesh nebulizer, with a greater increase with the vibrating-mesh nebulizer. Higher bias flow reduced drug delivery. Drug delivery with the vibrating-mesh nebulizer was 2–4-fold greater than with the jet nebulizer at all positions (P < .05) in both lung models. CONCLUSION:During simulated mechanical ventilation in pediatric and adult models, bias flow and nebulizer type and position impact aerosol drug delivery.
Tobelite, a new ammonium dioctahedral mica. (1982)

Mineralogical properties of tobelite, a new ammonium-dominant dioctahedral mica, found in the Ohgidani pottery stone deposit at Tobe, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, are described.This mineral, accompanied by quartz, occurs as a hydrothermal alteration product of a biotite andesite dyke. Wet chemical analysis gives a structural formula: ((NH4)0.53K0.19Na0.01 0.27)1.00 (Al1.97Ti0.00Fe3+0.03Mg0.05)2.05(Si3.17Al0.83)4.00O10(OH)2. The low interlayer charge is explained with its poorly crystallized nature. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern is very close to that of synthetic NH4Al2Si3AlO10(OH)2 by Eugster and Munoz (1966), and is satisfactorily indexed on 1M polytype cell having a=5.219Å, b=8.986Å, c=10.447Å and β=101.31°. Space group may be C2⁄m. Tobelite is characterized by its larger unit layer thickness (10.25Å) than that of potassium dioctahedral mica. This material yields an endothermic reaction and absorption bands specific to ammonium in DTA curve and infrared spectrum, respectively. Optically it is biaxial, negative, 2Vcalc.=28°. Refractive indices are α=1.555, β=1.575, γ=1.581, all±0.002.Mineralogical description is made also on tobelite from the Horo pyrophyllite deposit, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, which is well crystallized as compared with the Tobe material and is tentatively determined to be of 2M2 polytype.
Human Papillomavirus and Rising Oropharyngeal Cancer Incidence in the United States (2011)

Increases in the population-level incidence and survival of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States since 1984 are caused by HPV infection.
Implementation of LYSO/PSPMT Block Detector With All Digital DAQ System (2013)

We are developing, at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, a small-animal positron emission tomograph (PET) scanner that has two new features. Firstly, it uses detector modules that are based on a new digital readout electronics previously investigated and reported by us. Secondly, it can arrange the detector modules into various scanner geometries for different imaging needs. In this paper, we will describe the design and implementation of the detector module and report its performance properties. The detector module has a total detection sensitive area of 5.3 × 5.3 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , an overall energy resolution of 14.1% FWHM at 511 keV, and a block-level coincidence timing resolution of 1.5 ns FWHM. In addition, our preliminary imaging study shows that our small-animal PET scanner can resolve 1.0 mm-diameter rods separated by 2.0 mm.
Resting state inter and intra hemispheric human brain functional connectivity (2013)

Resting-state functional connectivity between neuroanatomical regions has attracted significant attention in recent years. In the process of obtaining the resting-state functional connectivity map of the human brain from blood-oxygen-level-dependent fMRI signals, it is common to average the signals from left and right hemispheres. This averaging can introduce unappreciated complexities and unintended consequences not related to the research question of interest. In this paper, we mathematically demonstrate that measures of functional connectivity obtained by averaging homologous regions from the both hemispheres become undesirably dependent on four inter-hemispheric connectivity measures. We explore this finding in real-world fMRI data from 25 healthy young participants. We show that inter-hemispheric averaging has a mixed effect on the results and may introduce correlation artifacts to the connectivity map. Furthermore, we show mathematically and demonstrate with Monte Carlo simulations of null data that inter-hemispheric averaging will not alter human brain connectivity map at rest only and if only there are no inter-hemispheric correlations.
Room-temperature photoluminescence times in a GaAs/Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As molecular beam epitaxy multiple quantum well structure (1985)

Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements at room temperature of the n=1 heavy hole transition in a GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs multiple quantum well structure reveal a single-exponential decay with τ≊1 ns over a wide range of excitation densities. Time-integrated photoluminescence increases as the square of excitation energy density. These data indicate that the observed decay rate is due to nonradiative recombination. Free carriers, not excitons, govern radiative recombination in this sample.
Confining Phosphanes Derived from Cyclodextrins for Efficient Regio‐ and Enantioselective Hydroformylation (2014)

Two confining phosphane ligands derived from either α- or β-cyclodextrin produce singly P(III) -ligated metal complexes with unusual coordination spheres. High-pressure NMR studies have revealed that rhodium hydride complexes of the same type are also formed under hydroformylation conditions. This unique feature strongly favors the formation of the branched aldehyde at the expense of the linear one with high enantioselectivity in the rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of styrene.
Improvement of Soundex Algorithm for Indian Language Based on Phonetic Matching (2014)

In a system with a large database, there always has been a problem that names may not be spelled well or might not be spelled in a way that one expected. So, data in the database gets degraded. In this case it is required to search the duplicates and merge them in the single entity. In doing so, one problem is that the way in which the strings would be compared. In such cases rather than looking for exact match, approximate string matching would be appreciable. One of the string matching techniques is Phonetic matching which is used to compare the name based on the pronunciation of the words. The similar sounding words could be retrieved from the large database using different phonetic matching algorithm and best known algorithm is Soundex algorithm. Phonetic matching is needed when many people from different culture come together. They either speak with different pronunciation or their writing habits are different. This scenario is very common in India, as we have many different languages like Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Tamil etc. In this research work Soundex algorithm is used for Hindi and Gujarati language and applied on the names along with their variations in order to retrieve the output with minimum false hits.
Quasipermanent magnets of high temperature superconductor: Temperature dependence (1993)

We report on persistent field in quasipermanent magnets of high temperature superconductors. Magnets composed of irradiated Y1+Ba2Cu3O7 trapped field Bt=1.52 T at 77 K and 1.9 T at lower temperature. However, the activation magnet limited Bt at lower temperature. We present data on Jc(H,T) for unirradiated materials, and calculate Bt at various T. Based upon data at 65 K we calculate Bt in unirradiated single grains at 20 K, and find that 5.2 T will be trapped for grain diameter d∼1.2 cm, and 7.9 T for d=2.3 cm. Irradiated grains will trap four times these values.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in alcohol dehydrogenase genes among some Indian populations (2007)

Seven ADH genes, identified until now, located in the long arm of human chromosome 4, produce seven different isozymes involved in the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Of the more than 500 SNPs reported in the coding and non-coding regions of these genes in the world databases, 11 are more extensively studied. Three SNPs, ADH1B Arg47His (Exon3), ADH1B Arg369Cys (Exon9) and ADH1C Val349Ile (Exon8), are functionally validated in terms of phenotype-genotype correlations and are in specific linkage disequilibrium (LD) with non-coding SNPs. However, the frequency of each SNP and configuration of LD varies among populations. The Indian populations studied were conspicuous by the complete absence of African specific allele ADH1B*369Cys, the negligible frequency of East Asian specific ADH1B*47His allele and the presence of a novel SNP ADH1B A3529G (Intron3). The ADH1C*349Ile was the only functional allele polymorphic with a strong LD block in all the populations studied and the high F(st) value observed for the non-coding ADH1B Rsa1 variant was in conformity with world populations.
Characterization of antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody (4F2): different molecular forms on human T and B lymphoblastoid cell lines. (1982)

The monoclonal antibody 4F2 recognizes a disulfide-linked ricin-binding glycoprotein complex (Mr congruent to 125,000) composed of a sialylated heavy subunit (Mr congruent to 85,000 on T cell lines) and an unsialylated light subunit (Mr congruent to 41,000). The antigen (T85,41) recognized by 4F2 on T cell lines is structurally distinct from the antigen (B93, 41) on B cell lines. The heavy subunits, but not the light subunits, from all T cell lines examined were uniformly smaller in size than the heavy subunits from several B cell lines. This reflects differences in carbohydrate rather than protein represent in B93,41 compared with T85,41, because both heavy subunits have a common unglycosylated form (p65) and a common partially glycosylated precursor form (p68). Among non-T, non-B hematopoietic cell lines, the monocytoid line U-937 expressed an antigen that resembles B93,41, whereas the erythroleukemic line K-562 expressed an antigen more similar to T85,41. 4F2 recognizes a protein determinant on the heavy subunit (with or without N-linked glycosylation) and also the unglycosylated heavy subunit retains the ability to associate with light subunit. The light subunit itself contains no detectable N-linked carbohydrate. Unlike the transferrin receptor, synthesis of the antigen recognized by 4F2 on the promyelocytic cell line HL-60 did not diminish upon dimethylsulfoxide-induced differentiation, and thus is not tightly correlated with cell proliferation.
Characterization of common marmoset dysgerminoma‐like tumor induced by the lentiviral expression of reprogramming factors (2014)

Recent generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPSCs) has made a significant impact on the field of human regenerative medicine. Prior to the clinical application of iPSCs, testing of their safety and usefulness must be carried out using reliable animal models of various diseases. In order to generate iPSCs from common marmoset (CM; Callithrix jacchus), one of the most useful experimental animals, we have lentivirally transduced reprogramming factors, including POU5F1 (also known as OCT3/4), SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC into CM fibroblasts. The cells formed round colonies expressing embryonic stem cell markers, however, they showed an abnormal karyotype denoted as 46, X, del(4q), +mar, and formed human dysgerminoma-like tumors in SCID mice, indicating that the transduction of reprogramming factors caused unexpected tumorigenesis of CM cells. Moreover, CM dysgerminoma-like tumors were highly sensitive to DNA-damaging agents, irradiation, and fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, and their growth was dependent on c-MYC expression. These results indicate that DNA-damaging agents, irradiation, fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, and c-MYC-targeted therapies might represent effective treatment strategies for unexpected tumors in patients receiving iPSC-based therapy.
Addressing the influence of instrument surface heat exchange on the measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> flux from open‐path gas analyzers (2008)

Abstract There is a growing concern in the flux community that using the eddy covariance method with open‐path CO 2 analyzers often leads to measurements of an apparent ecosystem CO 2 uptake during off‐season periods, especially in cold climates. Such uptake has not been observed when measurements were made with closed‐path analyzers, chambers, or profile methods, suggesting it is an artifact due in some way to the use of open‐path analyzers. In this study, a series of laboratory tests and field experiments were conducted to determine the magnitude of the instrument surface heat exchange in the open path and its relationship with the measured CO 2 flux. Results showed that (1) the surface of an open‐path instrument became substantially warmer than ambient due to electronics and radiation load during daytime, while at night, radiative cooling moderated temperature increases in the path; (2) high‐frequency temperature measurements inside the path were correlated with vertical wind speed producing sensible heat flux inside the instrument path exceeding the ambient heat flux by up to 14%; (3) enclosing the open‐path instrument eliminated the sensible heat flux in the path, and caused measured CO 2 flux to match a closed‐path reference; (4) using sensible heat flux measured directly inside the open path in the WPL term instead of the ambient sensible heat flux also led to a match in CO 2 flux between open‐path instrument and closed‐path reference; and (5) correcting previously collected open‐path CO 2 flux data was possible by estimating the instrument heating effect with a semi‐empirical model using standard weather variables. Results showed that all proposed techniques led to a significant reduction in apparent CO 2 uptake during off‐season periods and to a reduction of the underestimation of CO 2 release in other periods. Close agreement between the open‐path measurements and closed‐path references was achieved in all cases.
Tumor localization and photosensitization by derivatives of hematoporphyrin: A review (1987)

A mixture of porphyrins derived from hematoporphyrin and termed HPD (hematoporphyrin derivative) has been useful for localization and therapy of neoplastic disease. The fluorescence and photosensitization of tissues which accumulate an HPD fraction have been examined by many research groups, and the clinical applications of these phenomena are now being explored.
Phenylpropargyl Radicals and Their Dimerization Products: An IR/UV Double Resonance Study (2012)

Two C(9)H(7) isomers, 1-phenylpropargyl and 3-phenylpropargyl, have been studied by IR/UV double resonance spectroscopy in a free jet. The species are possible intermediates in the formation of soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The radicals are generated by flash pyrolysis from the corresponding bromides and ionized at 255-297 nm in a one-color, two-photon process. Mid-infrared radiation between 500 and 1800 cm(-1) is provided by a free electron laser (FEL). It is shown that the two radicals can be distinguished by their infrared spectra. In addition, we studied the dimerization products originating from the phenylpropargyl self-reaction. We utilize the fact that the pyrolysis tube can be considered to be a flow reactor permitting us to investigate the chemistry in such a thermal reactor. Dimerization of phenylpropargyl produces predominately species with m/z = 228 and 230. A surprisingly high selectivity has been found: The species with m/z = 230 is identified to be para-terphenyl, whereas m/z = 228 can be assigned to 1-phenylethynyl-naphthalene. The results allow to derive a mechanism for the dimerization of phenylpropargyl and suggest hitherto unexplored pathways to the formation of soot and PAH.
Low Temperature Molten Viologens-Phase Transition and Electrochemical Properties (1999)

The anion exchange reaction of 4,4'-dialyklbipyridinium dibromide (viologen) was carried out to obtain room temperature viologen melts. After anion exchange, melting point was lowered considerably, and the obtained viologen was quite soluble in many organic solvents including the molten salt, 1,3-diethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonylimide) (diEtImTFSI). With increasing the alkyl chain length of viologen, the melting point lowered and reached minimum, 57.4°C, for an alkyl chain length was 6. Since excellent compatibility with organic solvents, these viologens showed larger peak current than that of bromide salt. High peak current was observed also in diEtImTFSI until high concentration (viologen/diEtImTFSI =1/5 by mol). In addition, these viologens became very fluid at melting state and the ionic conductivity reached to 10−3 S/cm in bulk above melting point. The redox response of viologen bulk at melting state indicates the long-range electron transfer reaction.
Theoretical basis for separation of multiple linked gene effects in mapping quantitative trait loci. (1993)

It is now possible to use complete genetic linkage maps to locate major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosome regions. The current methods of QTL mapping (e.g., interval mapping, which uses a pair or two pairs of flanking markers at a time for mapping) can be subject to the effects of other linked QTLs on a chromosome because the genetic background is not controlled. As a result, mapping of QTLs can be biased, and the resolution of mapping is not very high. Ideally when we test a marker interval for a QTL, we would like our test statistic to be independent of the effects of possible QTLs at other regions of the chromosome so that the effects of QTLs can be separated. This test statistic can be constructed by using a pair of markers to locate the testing position and at the same time using other markers to control the genetic background through a multiple regression analysis. Theory is developed in this paper to explore the idea of a conditional test via multiple regression analysis. Various properties of multiple regression analysis in relation to QTL mapping are examined. Theoretical analysis indicates that it is advantageous to construct such a testing procedure for mapping QTLs and that such a test can potentially increase the precision of QTL mapping substantially.
<i>N</i>-Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline Prevents Renal Insufficiency and Mesangial Matrix Expansion in Diabetic <i>db/db</i> Mice (2005)

We have previously reported that N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP), which is a tetrapeptide hydrolyzed by ACE, inhibits the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-induced expression of extracellular matrix proteins via inhibition of the Smad signaling in human mesangial cells. To test in vivo the antifibrotic efficacy of Ac-SDKP, we examined whether long-term Ac-SDKP treatment can prevent renal insufficiency and glomerulosclerosis in diabetic db/db mice. Diabetic db/db mice or nondiabetic db/m mice were treated with Ac-SDKP for 8 weeks using osmotic minipumps. The treatment with Ac-SDKP increased plasma Ac-SDKP concentrations by approximately threefold in both groups but did not affect the blood glucose levels. Histologically, the increased glomerular surface area, mesangial matrix expansion, and overproduction of extracellular matrix proteins in db/db mice were significantly inhibited by Ac-SDKP. Furthermore, Ac-SDKP treatment normalized the increased plasma creatinine value in db/db mice, whereas the albuminuria in Ac-SDKP-treated db/db mice was somewhat decreased as compared with nontreated db/db mice, although the difference was not statistically significant. In addition, the nuclear translocation of Smad3 was inhibited by Ac-SDKP. These results demonstrate that long-term Ac-SDKP treatment ameliorates renal insufficiency and glomerulosclerosis in db/db mice via inhibition of TGF-beta/Smad pathway, suggesting that Ac-SDKP could be useful in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
Optimal placement of mobile sensors for data assimilations (2012)

We explore the theoretical framework as well as the associated algorithms for the problem of optimally placing mobile observation platforms to maximise the improvement of estimation accuracy. The approach in this study is based on the concept of observability, which is a quantitative measure of the information provided by sensor data and user-knowledge. To find the optimal sensor locations, the observability is maximised using a gradient projection method. The Burgers equation is used to verify this approach. To prove the optimality of the sensor locations, Monte Carlo experimentations are carried out using standard 4D-Var algorithms based on two sets of data, one from equally spaced sensors and the other from the optimal sensor locations. The results show that, relative to equally spaced sensors, the 4D-Var data assimilation achieves significantly improved estimation accuracy if the sensors are placed at the optimal locations. A robustness study is also carried out in which the error covariance matrix is varied by 50% and the sensor noise covariance is varied by 100%. In addition, both Gaussian and uniform probability distributions are used for the sensor noise and initial estimation errors. In all cases, the optimal sensor locations result in significantly improved estimation accuracy.
LncRNAs: Proverbial Genomic “Junk” or Key Epigenetic Regulators During Cardiac Fibrosis in Diabetes? (2018)

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical regulators in a multitude of biological processes. Recent evidences demonstrate potential pathogenetic implications of lncRNAs in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM); however, the majority of lncRNAs have not been comprehensively characterized. While the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of lncRNAs remain to be deciphered in DCM, emerging data in other pathophysiological conditions suggests that lncRNAs can have versatile features such as genomic imprinting, acting as guides for certain histone-modifying complexes, serving as scaffolds for specific molecules, or acting as molecular sponges. In an effort to better understand these features of lncRNAs in the context of DCM, our review will first summarize some of the key molecular alterations that occur during fibrosis in the diabetic heart (extracellular proteins and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transitioning), followed by a review of the current knowledge on the crosstalk between lncRNAs and major epigenetic mechanisms (histone methylation, histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and microRNAs) within this fibrotic process.