gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A<sub>1</sub>and A<sub>2a</sub>receptors mediate inhibitory effects of adenosine on the motor activity of human colon (2009)

Experimental evidence in animal models suggests that adenosine is involved in the regulation of digestive functions. This study examines the influence of adenosine on the contractile activity of human colon. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed A(1) and A(2a) receptor expression in colonic neuromuscular layers. Circular muscle preparations were connected to isotonic transducers to determine the effects of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; A(1) receptor antagonist), ZM 241385 (A(2a) receptor antagonist), CCPA (A(1) receptor agonist) and 2-[(p-2-carboxyethyl)-phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethyl-carboxamide-adenosine (CGS 21680; A(2a) receptor agonist) on motor responses evoked by electrical stimulation or carbachol. Electrically evoked contractions were enhanced by DPCPX and ZM 241385, and reduced by CCPA and CGS 21680. Similar effects were observed when colonic preparations were incubated with guanethidine (noradrenergic blocker), L-732,138, GR-159897 and SB-218795 (NK receptor antagonists). However, in the presence of guanethidine, NK receptor antagonists and N(omega)-propyl-L-arginine (NPA; neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), the effects of DPCPX and CCPA were still evident, while those of ZM 241385 and CGS 21680 no longer occurred. Carbachol-induced contractions were unaffected by A(2a) receptor ligands, but they were enhanced or reduced by DPCPX and CCPA, respectively. When colonic preparations were incubated with guanethidine, NK antagonists and atropine, electrically induced relaxations were partly reduced by ZM 241385 or NPA, but unaffected by DPCPX. Dipyridamole or application of exogenous adenosine reduced electrically and carbachol-evoked contractions, whereas adenosine deaminase enhanced such motor responses. In conclusion, adenosine exerts an inhibitory control on human colonic motility. A(1) receptors mediate direct modulating actions on smooth muscle, whereas A(2a) receptors operate through inhibitory nitrergic nerve pathways.
Shape-changing agents produce abnormally large platelets in a hereditary "giant platelets syndrome (MPS)". (1979)

Geometries of platelets in citrated PRP obtained from normal donors (17) and donors (5) with a hereditary dominant giant platelet syndrome, herein referred to as "Montreal platelet syndrome" (MPS), are compared. The measured geometric axial ratio (rp = thickness/diameter) is used to classify platelet morphologies into three groups: discocytes (rp less than 0.5), disco-echinocytes (rp = 0.5 to 0.9), sphero-echinocytes (rp greater than 0.9). MPS discocytes are normal sized; however, MPS sphero-echinocytes and disco-echinocytes have mean volumes approximately two times larger than normal. It is demonstrated that these larger-than-normal sized MPS platelets can be produced directly from MPS discocytes by treatment with agents known to induce platelet shape change (adenosine diphosphate, thrombin, and incubation at 4 degrees C). Treatment of platelets obtained from normal donors which have been resuspended in MPS PPP and ADP or incubation at 4 degrees C causes the formation of normal-sized disco-echinocytes and sphero-echinocytes. The diameters of MPS disco-echinocytes are identical to the diameters of MPS platelets observed on peripheral blood smear, whereas those of MPS sphero-echinocytes are approximately 20% lower. It is suggested that the appearance of abnormally large platelets in MPS is related to a defect in the mechanism which regulates platelet size and shape during shape change.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLIC SYSTEMS CONTAINING BRIDGEHEAD NITROGEN ATOM. PART XLVI. REACTION N OF 4,5‐DISUBSTITUTED 2‐MERCAPTOIMIDAZOLES WITH α‐HALOGENOKETONES AND 1,2‐DIBROMOETHANE (1983)

Abstract Die Acyloine (I) werden mit Thioharnstoff (II) zu den Imidazolen (III) kondensiert, aus denen die Folgeprodukte (V), (VI) und (VIII) hergestellt werden, 80 die auf fun icide Wirkun geprüft werden.
Kalman Backward Adaptive Predictor Coefficient Identification in ADPCM with PCQ (1980)

Kalman backward adaptive predictor coefficient identification is combined with a modified pitch-compensating quantizer (MPCQ) to produce a high-performance adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) system for operation at data rates of 12-16 kbits/s. The Kalman/MPCQ system is compared to an ADPCM system using a Kalman algorithm and robust Jayant qnantization and to a system with a fixed-tap predictor and MPCQ. The performance indicators are signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SNR), sound spectrogram analyses, and formal subjective listening tests. The SNR comparisons indicate that the Kalman/ MPCQ system has the highest SNR, followed by the fixed-tap/MPCQ system, and then the Kalman/robust Jayant system. Subjective listening test results show that the Kalman/MPCQ system is preferred over the fixed-tap/MPCQ system 100 percent of the time and over the Kalman/ robust Jayant system 80 percent of the time. Kalman adaptation thus provides an important perceptual effect not evident in the SNR's. The previously catastrophic effects of transmission errors on backward adaptive prediction are eliminated by simple ADPCM system modifications that do not affect the SNR or subjective quality of the output in the absence of errors for the five sentences studied. The problem of tandeming with a linear predictive coder (LPC) is investigated by using LPC processed speech as input to the three ADPCM systems and by using the output of the three ADPCM systems as input to an LPC analysis algorithm. For the LPC to ADPCM connection, the two systems with the MPCQ produce good quality output speech, while the system with robust Jayant quantization exhibits a fading phenomenon. For the ADPCM into LPC analysis, all three systems produce speech of approximately the same quality, with the fixedtap system being slightly, noisier. Using a distance measure proposed by Itakura, the predictor coefficients computed from the three ADPCM system outputs are compared with the predictor coefficients calculated from the uncontaminated speech. According to this distance measure, the coefficients computed from the Kalman/MPCQ system output are much closer to the desired coefficients than are those computed by the other two systems.
Biological activity of paramyxovirus fusion proteins: factors influencing formation of syncytia (1992)

The fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoproteins of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) were expressed individually or coexpressed in CV-1 cells by using SV40-based vectors and recombinant vaccinia viruses. The extent of detectable fusion in a syncytium formation assay was found to be affected by the expression system used. In addition, when HN was coexpressed with F, it was found that the expression vector system influenced the contribution of HN in forming syncytia. The abilities of the SV5, human parainfluenza virus type 3, and Newcastle disease virus F glycoproteins to cause fusion, when expressed alone or coexpressed with HN, were directly compared by using the SV40-based vector system in CV-1 cells. The F proteins exhibited various degrees of fusion activity independent of HN expression, but the formation of syncytia could be enhanced to different extents by the coexpression of the homotypic HN protein.
Long non-coding RNAs in neurodevelopmental disorders (2013)

Recent studies have emphasized an important role for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) in epigenetic regulation, development, and disease. Despite growing interest in lncRNAs, the mechanisms by which lncRNAs control cellular processes are still elusive. Improved understanding of these mechanisms is critical, because the majority of the mammalian genome is transcribed, in most cases resulting in non-coding RNA products. Recent studies have suggested the involvement of lncRNA in neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders, highlighting the functional importance of this subclass of brain-enriched RNAs. Impaired expression of lnRNAs has been implicated in several forms of intellectual disability disorders. However, the role of this family of RNAs in cognitive function is largely unknown. Here we provide an overview of recently identified mechanisms of neuronal development involving lncRNAs, and the consequences of lncRNA deregulation for neurodevelopmental disorders.
Psychophysical estimate of extrafoveal cone spacing (1987)

In the extrafoveal retina, interference fringes at spatial frequencies higher than the resolution limit look like two-dimensional spatial noise, the origin of which has not been firmly established. We show that over a limited range of high spatial frequencies this noise takes on a striated appearance, with the striations running perpendicular to the true fringe orientation. A model of cone aliasing based on anatomical measurements of extrafoveal cone position predicts that this orientation reversal should occur when the period of the interference fringe roughly equals the spacing between cones, i.e., when the fringe spatial frequency is about twice the cone Nyquist frequency. Psychophysical measurements of the orientation reversal at retinal eccentricities from 0.75 to 10 deg are in quantitative agreement with this prediction. This agreement implies that at least part of the spatial noise observed under these conditions results from aliasing by the cone mosaic. The orientation reversal provides a psychophysical method for estimating spacing in less regular mosaics, complementing another psychophysical technique for measuring spacing in the more regular mosaic of foveal cones [D.R. Williams, Vision Res. 25, 195 (1985); Vision Res. (submitted)].
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 14/2008 (2008)

Back Cover: Magnetic protein carriers have been prepared by coating magnetic nanoparticles on protein microspheres which were produced by sonicating oil in a protein solution. Drugs can be easily loaded in such carriers by dissolution in oil phase before sonication. The loaded drugs can be targeted delivery in an external magnetic field. Further details can be found in the article by Y. Han, * D. Radziuk, D. Shchukin, and H. Moehwald on page 1203.
Proportional fairness-based user pairing and power allocation for non-orthogonal multiple access (2015)

The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been investigated recently as a candidate radio access technology in future mobile networks. It is able to implement power-domain user multiplexing based on successive interference cancellation (SIC). This paper focuses on the user pairing and power allocation problem in the 2-user NOMA system. The optimal solution in closed-form is derived with the proportional fairness objective and is used for the design of the user pair power allocation scheme. The prerequisites for user pairing are also formulated in order to avoid unnecessary comparison of candidate user pairs. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated by system-level simulations and results in higher gains than the search-based transmission power allocation. On the other hand, the computational complexity is reduced by the proposed scheme effectively.
Industrial Gases in Petrochemical Processing (1997)

Offers detailed coverage of the perochemical applications of large-volume industrial gases. The text examines the factors that influence the cost of producing and delivering gases and the economic reasons for choosing specific manufacturing methods. It emphasizes the commercial areas that employ industrial gases as feedstocks.
Mutagenesis, genotoxicity, and repair of 1-methyladenine, 3-alkylcytosines, 1-methylguanine, and 3-methylthymine in<i>alkB Escherichia coli</i> (2004)

AlkB repairs 1-alkyladenine and 3-methylcytosine lesions in DNA by directly reversing the base damage. Although repair studies with randomly alkylated substrates have been performed, the miscoding nature of these and related individually alkylated bases and the suppression of mutagenesis by AlkB within cells have not yet been explored. Here, we address the miscoding potential of 1-methyldeoxyadenosine (m1A), 3-methyldeoxycytidine (m3C), 3-ethyldeoxycytidine (e3C), 1-methyldeoxyguanosine (m1G), and 3-methyldeoxythymidine (m3T) by synthesizing single-stranded vectors containing each alkylated base, followed by vector passage through Escherichia coli. In SOS(-), AlkB-deficient cells, m1A was only 1% mutagenic; however, m3C and e3C were 30% mutagenic, rising to 70% in SOS(+) cells. In contrast, the mutagenicity of m1G and m3T in AlkB(-) cells dropped slightly when SOS polymerases were expressed (m1G from 80% to 66% and m3T from 60% to 53%). Mutagenicity was abrogated for m1A, m3C, and e3C in wild-type (AlkB(+)) cells, whereas m3T mutagenicity was only partially reduced. Remarkably, m1G mutagenicity was also eliminated in AlkB(+) cells, establishing it as a natural AlkB substrate. All lesions were blocks to replication in AlkB-deficient cells. The m1A, m3C, and e3C blockades were completely removed in wild-type cells; the m1G blockade was partially removed and that for m3T was unaffected by the presence of AlkB. All lesions demonstrated enhanced bypass when SOS polymerases were induced. This work provides direct evidence that AlkB suppresses both genotoxicity and mutagenesis by physiologically realistic low doses of 1-alkylpurine and 3-alkylpyrimidine DNA damage in vivo.
Breath Analysis with Broadly Tunable Quantum Cascade Lasers (2013)

With the availability of broadly tunable external cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCLs), particularly bright mid-infrared (MIR; 3-20 μm) light sources are available offering high spectral brightness along with an analytically relevant spectral tuning range of >2 μm. Accurate isotope ratio determination of (12)CO2 and (13)CO2 in exhaled breath is of critical importance in the field of breath analysis, which may be addressed via measurements in the MIR spectral regime. Here, we combine for the first time an EC-QCL tunable across the (12)CO2/(13)CO2 spectral band with a miniaturized hollow waveguide gas cell for quantitatively determining the (12)CO2/(13)CO2 ratio within the exhaled breath of mice. Due to partially overlapping spectral features, these studies are augmented by appropriate multivariate data evaluation and calibration techniques based on partial least-squares regression along with optimized data preprocessing. Highly accurate determinations of the isotope ratio within breath samples collected from a mouse intensive care unit validated via hyphenated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirm the viability of IR-HWG-EC-QCL sensing techniques for isotope-selective exhaled breath analysis.
A 3-bit digitally operated MEMS rotational accelerometer (2017)

This work presents an electrostatically tunable MEMS rotational acceleration switch and its operation as a 3-bit digital rotational accelerometer. The concept of operating electrostatically tunable acceleration switches as digital MEMS accelerometers, as previously demonstrated, has been applied to rotational acceleration switches in this work leading to an ultra-low power potential alternative to MEMS gyroscopes for lower resolution applications like gaming. The sensor consists of a circular proof mass surrounded by a number of electrostatic actuators. Following a simple algorithm to sequentially turn different actuators ON or OFF, a binary search can be performed by a digital controller to find the rotational acceleration. A 3-bit prototype was successfully fabricated and operated with a resolution of 49 rad/s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (limited by the available test setup) and full scale acceleration of 392 rad/s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
[Synthesis and bacteriostatic activity of new thiosemicarbazone derivatives--amino mercaptotriazole Schiff bases]. (1992)

4-amino-3-(furan-2)-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (Ia) and its ten Schiff bases derived from Ia with different aldehydes were synthesized. All the compounds were screened for activity against seven bacteria and three fungi. Most compounds were found to possess different inhibition effect on some bacteria and fungi. The azomethine group of Schiff bases is the active functional group and the substituted groups on the phenyl ring had definite effect on the bacteriostatic and fungistatic activities. 4-(5-Nitrofurfurylideneamino)-3-(furan-2)-5-mercapto-1,2,4-tria zol e (Ik) showed the most powerful antibacterial activity and broad antibacterial spectrum, while 4-salicylideneamino-3-(furan-2)-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole possessed strong activity against fungi.
Morphogenesis of rod cells in the retina of the albino rat: A scanning electronmicroscopic study (1979)

This study presents scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations of topographical changes that occur during morphogenesis of rod cells in the albino rat. Correlative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also utilized. Albino rats ranging in age from birth to three weeks were used for the study. Tissues were prepared by conventional methods for SEM and TEM. At birth, numerous irregularly arranged inner segments extend from the external surface of the sensory retina. They are spherical, smooth surfaced and possess a randomly oriented cilium. The internal morphology of these immature inner segments is comparable to that observed in other vertebrate species. Statistical analysis reveals a rapid increse in the number of rod cells during the first week. This period is characterized by the elongation of inner segments and their associated cilia. Microvilli project from the apices of Müller cells, but not from adjacent inner segments. By day 5, cilia occasionally display small bulbous outer segments. They are more numerous by day 8 and are usually eccentrically positioned at the tips of cilia. By day 11, outer segments are abundant and frequently obscure from view the underlying inner segments and associated cilia. Elongated cylindrical outer segments are present within the posterior retina at the end of the second week. However, rod cell morphogenesis lags in the peripheral retina. Topographical variations between developing photoreceptor cells in mammalian and non-mammalian retinas are discussed.
Large-scale uniform Au nanodisk arrays fabricated via x-ray interference lithography for reproducible and sensitive SERS substrate (2014)

Large-scale Au nanodisk arrays on Si substrate are successfully fabricated via x-ray interference lithography and followed by electron-beam vapor deposition. The Au nanodisk arrays exhibit a significant, uniform, and reproducible surface enhancement on Raman scattering signal, which enables the detection of R6G as low as 10(-8) M with an enhancement factor of 10(6). Importantly, the Au nanodisk arrays SERS-active substrates with uniformly high sensitivity also have high reproducibility and stability. The diameters of the nanodisks and the inter-disk distance can be simply optimized to obtain high enhancement in Raman signal by varying exposure time and development time in XIL process. The electric fields of the Au nanodisks with various diameters and inter-disk distance simulated by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) techniques further confirm that the Raman signal enhancement of Au nanodisks is determined by the diameters of nanodisks and the inter-disk distance of nanodisks. The Au/Ag double-layer bimetal nanodisk arrays are also fabricated which show a significant increase in the Raman signal enhancement than that of the Au nanodisk arrays. XIL nanofabrication appears to be a feasible approach to prepare uniform and reproducible SERS-active substrates with high sensitivity for practical SERS applications.
Developmental Regulation of mRNAs Encoding Rat Brain Kainate/AMPA Receptors: A Northern Analysis Study (1993)

Functionally diverse kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors are generated by assembly of glutamate receptor (GluR)1, 2, and 3 subunits into homomeric and heteromeric channels. We examined GluR1, 2, and 3 gene expression in embryonic, neonatal, and adult rat brain by northern analysis under conditions of high stringency. In the adult, hybridization to a GluR1 riboprobe revealed the presence of an abundant RNA species, 5.2 kb in size, and minor bands of 3.2 and 3.9 kb. GluR2 hybridized to two species, 3.9 and 5.9 kb, of comparable abundance, presumably attributable to alternate splice products. Hybridization to the GluR3 riboprobe showed a major species of 5.2 kb. This pattern of RNA species was invariant over all the brain regions examined. Examination of GluR expression in development revealed that in the postnatal period, GluR1, 2, and 3 mRNAs are regulated as a function of age. In adult rat brain, GluR1 and 2 mRNA expression was highest in hippocampus; GluR3 was expressed at highest density in hippocampus and frontal cortex. The three transcripts were first detected at embryonic day 16 and then exhibited changes in expression levels in a region-specific manner. In hippocampus, all three transcripts exhibited elevated expression in the late neonatal period; in frontal cortex, elevated expression was observed for GluR2 and 3 only. In striatum, all three transcripts were expressed at relatively low levels throughout development, with a modest peak at postnatal day 14. In cerebellum, the GluR1 mRNA level was high from postnatal day 28 to adult.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preparation and Photovoltaic Properties of Screen Printed CdS/Cu<sub><i>x</i></sub>S Solar Cells (1980)

CdS/CuxS solar cells were prepared by using a screen printing method. A low resistivity CdS film was obtained by screen printing CdS pasts on a glass substrate and then sintering it in N2 gas including a small amount of Cd vapor. A CuxS layer was formed on the surface of a CdS film by treating the surface electrochemically in an aqueous solution of CuSO4. An Ag paint electrode or Ni paint electrode was applied to the CuxS layer, which was then heat treated in N2 gas. The spectral responses of the cell suggest that the composition of the CuxS layer was changed to the Cu2S-rich side by this heat treatment. Fabrication of a low resistivity CdS film and heat treatment in N2 gas after applying electrodes were very important factors in obtaining a high efficiency cell. A maximum efficiency of 8.9% was attained for a cell with an active area of 0.90 cm2. The stability of the cell was found to be influenced by the electrode material on the CuxS layer.
A rough morphology of the adsorbed fibronectin layer favors adhesion of neuronal cells (2007)

A range of substrates made of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(methacrylic acid) copolymer (PMMA-PMAA) containing 98 and 80% PMMA (PA98, PA80) and presenting a homogeneous or a patterned surface were used to study fibronectin adsorption and neuronal cell behavior. Fibronectin adsorption showed weak differences regarding the adsorbed amount (evaluated by XPS), but large differences in adsorbed layer morphology as observed by AFM. A fine granular morphology, with dimensions up to 8 nm height and 50-150 nm width, was observed on top of a thin adsorbed layer in the case of PS, PA98, and of a surface made of nanoscale inclusions of the latter in PS. In contrast, the layer adsorbed on PA80, which carries more ionizable groups, showed a higher roughness on the PA80 zones with differences in height up to 30 nm and characteristic lateral dimensions of 400 nm. On substrates of the former category, the cells formed large clusters, revealing poor interactions with the substrate. On PA80, the cells formed large networks with only a few small clusters. The adsorbed layer roughness, resulting from aggregation of fibronectin upon adsorption and from the substrate surface chemical composition, is responsible for neuronal cell spreading and growth. Its effect is not prevented by the presence of inclusions (< 30% of the surface) responsible for smoother areas of adsorbed fibronectin and for protrusions below 40 nm.