gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tensor-valued diffusion encoding for diffusional variance decomposition (DIVIDE): Technical feasibility in clinical MRI systems (2019)

Microstructure imaging techniques based on tensor-valued diffusion encoding have gained popularity within the MRI research community. Unlike conventional diffusion encoding-applied along a single direction in each shot-tensor-valued encoding employs diffusion encoding along multiple directions within a single preparation of the signal. The benefit is that such encoding may probe tissue features that are not accessible by conventional encoding. For example, diffusional variance decomposition (DIVIDE) takes advantage of tensor-valued encoding to probe microscopic diffusion anisotropy independent of orientation coherence. The drawback is that tensor-valued encoding generally requires gradient waveforms that are more demanding on hardware; it has therefore been used primarily in MRI systems with relatively high performance. The purpose of this work was to explore tensor-valued diffusion encoding on clinical MRI systems with varying performance to test its technical feasibility within the context of DIVIDE. We performed whole-brain imaging with linear and spherical b-tensor encoding at field strengths between 1.5 and 7 T, and at maximal gradient amplitudes between 45 and 80 mT/m. Asymmetric gradient waveforms were optimized numerically to yield b-values up to 2 ms/μm2. Technical feasibility was assessed in terms of the repeatability, SNR, and quality of DIVIDE parameter maps. Variable system performance resulted in echo times between 83 to 115 ms and total acquisition times of 6 to 9 minutes when using 80 signal samples and resolution 2×2×4 mm3. As expected, the repeatability, signal-to-noise ratio and parameter map quality depended on hardware performance. We conclude that tensor-valued encoding is feasible for a wide range of MRI systems-even at 1.5 T with maximal gradient waveform amplitudes of 33 mT/m-and baseline experimental design and quality parameters for all included configurations. This demonstrates that tissue features, beyond those accessible by conventional diffusion encoding, can be explored on a wide range of MRI systems.
Moderate consumption of Cabernet Sauvignon attenuates A� neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2006)

Recent studies suggest that moderate red wine consumption reduces the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical dementia. Using Tg2576 mice, which model AD-type amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) neuropathology, we tested whether moderate consumption of the red wine Cabernet Sauvignon modulates AD-type neuropathology and cognitive deterioration. The wine used in the study was generated using Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Fresno, California, and was delivered to Tg2576 in a final concentration of approximately 6% ethanol. We found that Cabernet Sauvignon significantly attenuated AD-type deterioration of spatial memory function and Abeta neuropathology in Tg2576 mice relative to control Tg2576 mice that were treated with either a comparable amount of ethanol or water alone. Chemical analysis showed the Cabernet Sauvignon used in this study contains a very low content of resveratrol (0.2 mg/L), 10-fold lower than the minimal effective concentration shown to promote Abeta clearance in vitro. Our studies suggest Cabernet Sauvignon exerts a beneficial effect by promoting nonamyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein, which ultimately prevents the generation of Abeta peptides. This study supports epidemiological evidence indicating that moderate wine consumption, within the range recommended by the FDA dietary guidelines of one drink per day for women and two for men, may help reduce the relative risk for AD clinical dementia.
A 66-kilodalton heat shock protein of Salmonella typhimurium is responsible for binding of the bacterium to intestinal mucus (1992)

Salmonella typhimurium infections have increased during the last few years. However, the interplay of virulence factors in S. typhimurium pathogenesis is still poorly understood, particularly with regard to the mechanisms and components of the bacterium which are involved in its interaction with the intestinal mucus. We have observed that S. typhimurium is aggregated by incubation with colonic mucus (guinea pig model). To quantify this phenomenon, an aggregation assay was established. By using this assay, it was found that the aggregation profile of S. typhimurium strains freshly isolated from patients (age 9 and older) with salmonellosis correlated with the severity of the disease. An isolate with high aggregation behavior was chosen for characterization of the bacterial component involved in binding to colonic mucus material. The component of S. typhimurium responsible for aggregation was purified and characterized as a 66-kDa protein which was able to completely inhibit mucus-mediated bacterial aggregation. This protein was recognized by monoclonal antibodies against the 65-kDa heat shock protein (HSP) of Mycobacterium leprae. The 66-kDa protein of S. typhimurium was inducible by incubating the bacteria at 50 degrees C and was secreted into the supernatant, from which it could be isolated in both dimeric and polymeric forms. The monoclonal anti-HSP 65, as well as a polyclonal antibody against the 66-kDa protein of S. typhimurium, caused dose-dependent inhibition of the aggregation of S. typhimurium by crude mucus preparations. This is the first report showing that a bacterial HSP is involved in mucus-mediated interaction of pathogens with the host.
Photocurrent enhancement in thin‐film silicon solar cells by combination of anti‐reflective sub‐wavelength structures and light‐trapping textures (2015)

Abstract Dielectric films with anti‐reflective sub‐wavelength structures are applied to thin‐film silicon solar cells to improve the light incoupling at the front surface. It is verified that modification of the refractive index of the incident medium using dielectric films with sub‐wavelength structures is beneficial to reduce the average reflectivity of Si solar cells with an anti‐reflective coating based on optical interference. It is also shown that the sub‐wavelength structure must be combined with a proper light‐trapping texture to enhance the absorption within thin‐film silicon solar cells. The effectiveness of dielectric films with sub‐wavelength structures is demonstrated by an increase of the short‐circuit current density of a microcrystalline silicon cell from 29.1 to 30.4 mA/cm 2 in a designated area of 1 cm 2 . The optical interplay between the dielectric films and the light‐trapping textures is also discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Cloning of Mouse Chromosomal Loci Specifically Active in Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells (1988)

Chromosomal loci that are specifically active in embryonal carcinoma stem cells were cloned from the mouse genome by functional selection. P19 cells, a pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line, were transfected with an enhancer trap (a plasmid containing an enhancerless inactive neo gene), and NEO+ transformants were isolated. All of the NEO+ cell lines retained pluripotency and expressed the neo gene. When the cells were induced to differentiate, most of the cell lines continued to express the neo gene, while the neo gene in some cell lines became repressed. From the latter group of cell lines, we have cloned the integrated neo gene plus the flanking cellular DNA sequences. Three of the six cloned DNAs possessed a high NEO+-transforming activity in undifferentiated P19 cells. Among these three, two (015 and 052) were inactive in differentiated P19 cells and NIH 3T3 cells, while the remaining one was active in these differentiated cells. Deletion analysis suggested that both 015 and 052 contain two regulatory elements (promoter and enhancer) of cellular DNA origin. The putative enhancer and promoter are separated by at least 6 kilobases in 015 and 1 kilobase in 052. Therefore, 015 and 052 cloned fragments contain regulatory DNA elements that are specifically active in the embryonal carcinoma stem cells.
Gene sll0033 from Synechocystis 6803 Encodes a Carotene Isomerase Involved in the Biosynthesis of all-E Lycopene (2001)

The function of gene sll0033 from Synechocystis 6803 which is homologous to the bacterial crtI-type phytoene desaturase genes was elucidated as a novel carotene isomerase. Escherichia coli transformed with all genes necessary for the formation of zeta-carotene and expressing a zeta-carotene desaturase synthesized the positional isomer prolycopene (7,9,7',9'Z lycopene) which cannot be cyclized in the subsequent reactions to a- and beta-carotene. Upon cotransformation with sll0033, the formation of all-E lycopene is mediated instead.
Solar‐Powered Plasmon‐Enhanced Heterogeneous Catalysis (2016)

Abstract Photocatalysis uses semiconductors to convert sunlight into chemical energy. Recent reports have shown that plasmonic nanostructures can be used to extend semiconductor light absorption or to drive direct photocatalysis with visible light at their surface. In this review, we discuss the fundamental decay pathway of localized surface plasmons in the context of driving solar‐powered chemical reactions. We also review different nanophotonic approaches demonstrated for increasing solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion in photoelectrochemical water splitting, including experimental observations of enhanced reaction selectivity for reactions occurring at the metalsemiconductor interface. The enhanced reaction selectivity is highly dependent on the morphology, electronic properties, and spatial arrangement of composite nanostructures and their elements. In addition, we report on the particular features of photocatalytic reactions evolving at plasmonic metal surfaces and discuss the possibility of manipulating the reaction selectivity through the activation of targeted molecular bonds. Finally, using solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion techniques as an example, we quantify the efficacy metrics achievable in plasmon‐driven photoelectrochemical systems and highlight some of the new directions that could lead to the practical implementation of solar‐powered plasmon‐based catalytic devices.
A High‐Energy‐Density Multiple Redox Semi‐Solid‐Liquid Flow Battery (2016)

A new concept of multiple redox semi‐solid‐liquid (MRSSL) flow battery that takes advantage of active materials in both liquid and solid phases, is proposed and demonstrated. Liquid lithium iodide (LiI) electrolyte and solid sulfur/carbon (S/C) composite, forming LiI‐S/C MRSSL catholyte, are employed to demonstrate this concept. Record volumetric capacity (550 Ah L −1 catholyte ) is achieved using highly concentrated and synergistic multiple redox reactions of LiI and sulfur. The liquid LiI electrolyte is found to increase the reversible volumetric capacity of the catholyte, improve the electrochemical utilization of the S/C composite, and reduce the viscosity of catholyte. A continuous flow test is demonstrated and the influence of the flow rate on the flow battery performance is discussed. The MRSSL flow battery concept transforms inactive component into bi‐functional active species and creates synergistic interactions between multiple redox couples, offering a new direction and wide‐open opportunities to develop high‐energy‐density flow batteries.
Determination of methionine in peas by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of methionine in peas by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)Philip C. Williams, Samuel L. Mackenzie, and Patricia M. StarkeyCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1985, 33, 5, 811–815Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00065a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00065a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views149Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A two-step approach for offset and position estimation from pseudo-ranges applied to multilateration tracking (2010)

In multilateration tracking, an object, e.g., an airplane, emits a known reference signal, which is received by several base stations (sensors) located at known positions. The receiving times of the signal at the sensors correspond to the times of arrival (TOA) plus an unknown offset, because the emission time is unknown. Usually, for estimating the position of the object, the receiving times are converted to a larger number of time differences of arrival (TDOA) in order to eliminate the unknown offset. To avoid this conversion, the proposed approach directly uses the receiving times. This is achieved by 1. determining the optimal offset from the redundant measurements in closed form and 2. by considering a modified measurement equation. As a result, position estimation can be performed by optimal stochastic linearization.
Glutathione peroxidase 4 protects cortical neurons from oxidative injury and amyloid toxicity (2006)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in membrane lipids are prone to attack by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the resulting lipid peroxidation can cause injury and death of cells. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) is an antioxidant defense enzyme that can directly detoxify lipid hydroperoxides generated by ROS. Overexpression of Gpx4 has been shown to be protective against oxidative damage in several cell lines. We examined in this study the stress response of neurons with increased expression of Gpx4, because neurons are especially vulnerable to oxidative injury as a result of their high content of PUFA. Our results show that primary culture cortical neurons derived from Gpx4 transgenic mice, which had increased expression of Gpx4, had increased cell survival and reduced level of apoptosis after exposure to t-butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. We also studied the protective role of Gpx4 against beta-amyloid toxicity, because beta-amyloid-induced neural toxicity is believed to be mediated through lipid peroxidation. Primary culture cortical neurons from Gpx4 transgenic mice had significantly less cell toxicity than their wild-type counterparts after exposure to Abeta25-35 and Abeta1-40 peptides, and apoptosis induced by Abeta25-35 was attenuated in neurons from Gpx4 transgenic mice. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of Gpx4 protects neurons against oxidative injury and beta-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity.
Transverse single-mode edge-emitting lasers based on coupled waveguides (2015)

We report on the transverse single-mode emission from InGaAs/GaAs quantum well edge-emitting lasers with broadened waveguide. The lasers are based on coupled large optical cavity (CLOC) structures where high-order vertical modes of the broad active waveguide are suppressed due to their resonant tunneling into a coupled single-mode passive waveguide. The CLOC lasers have shown stable Gaussian-shaped vertical far-field profiles with a reduced divergence of ∼22° FWHM (full width at half-maximum) in CW (continuous-wave) operation.
Synthesis of pyrrolidines and pyrrolidinones by the rhodium complex catalyzed cyclization of unsaturated amines (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of pyrrolidines and pyrrolidinones by the rhodium complex catalyzed cyclization of unsaturated aminesJian Qiang Zhou and Howard AlperCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 12, 3328–3331Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00038a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00038a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views373Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Undialyzable Growth Factors for <i>Lactobacillus bifidus</i> var. pennsylvanicus (1974)

Lactobacillus bifidus var. pennsylvanicus requires human milk constituents for growth. All growth factors so far known represent low‐molecular derivatives of d ‐glucosamine (2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐ d ‐glucose). Some higher‐molecular undialyzable sialic acid‐containing oligosaccharides from human milk and some sialo‐glycoproteins from different body fluids have been tested for growth promoting activity. Isolation, purification and some structural properties of the oligosaccharides are described. Without pretreatment by neuraminidase, none of the substances exhibit any growth promoting activity. After incubation with neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae , the activity of the oligosaccharides increased in close correlation to the content of N ‐acetyl‐ d ‐glucosamine to the same extend as ethyl‐2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐ d ‐glucopyranoside, the most active derivative of N ‐acetyl‐ d ‐glucosamine known. The activity of α 1 ‐acid glycoprotein from human serum, urinary glycoprotein and submaxillary mucin was considerably lower, possibly due to the different linkages of sialic acid and their more complex structures. The possible protective effect of sialic acid bound to oligosaccharides and glycoproteins against degradation by bacterial enzymes is discussed.
Haemodynamic changes during vasodepressor syncope in children and autonomic function (1997)

We investigated postural haemodynamic changes in 24 boys and 30 girls, aged 8-16 years, with orthostatic intolerance. During the orthostatic test, nine boys and seven girls (30%) developed a vasodepressor attack (orthostatic-positive group). The orthostatic-positive group had a more marked increase in heart rate (HR) with slightly lower systolic blood pressure than the orthostatic-negative group during standing, with no significant difference in cardiac output (CO). The shift of blood volume from the intrathoracic region to the lower part of the body determined by electrical impedance and plasma catecholamines on rising were identical in the two groups. At the onset of the vasodepressor attack, CO did not change significantly, indicating that sudden arterial vasodilatation was the cause. In a pharmacological study on autonomic function, higher sensitivity of alpha-adrenoceptor in the resistance vessels was found in the orthostatic-positive group, but there was no significant difference in the basal level of cardiac vagal and sympathetic activity and in cardiac beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity between the two groups. The stepwise regression analysis showed that the magnitude of HR increment during standing was the most useful indicator in predicting the occurrence of a vasodepressor attack. These results suggest that low sympathetic activity in the resistance vessels together with an exaggerated rise in HR during upright posture is strongly associated with vasovagal and vasodepressor attacks in children.
Photorefractive polymers with low intrinsic trap density (1997)

Two novel photorefractive polymers are presented, based on the charge transport molecule N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'- bis(3-methylphenyl)-{1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TPD). In one polymer the TPD unit is chemically modified so that it can function both as charge transport and as electro-optic molecule. In the other polymer the TPD is incorporated into the polymeric backbone and provides the charge transport and functions as a host for the dispersed electro-optic molecules. In both types of polymers the trap density is very low, which causing a 900 phase shift between the refractive index grating and the illumination pattern and a rather small photorefractive performance. The trap density can in the case of the bifunctional molecule based polymer be increased by adding small amounts of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-paraphenylene diamine (TMPD) which has a lower ionization energy than the bifunctional molecule. This results in a strong increase of photorefractive performance and simultaneously in a lowering of the phase-shift. The ionization energy of some molecules used in photorefractive polymers is determined using gas-phase ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclovoltammetry. Using these ionization energies the process of the space-charge field formation can be understood on the basis of the components of the photorefractive polymer.
Prevention of adhesion formation in a laparoscopic mouse model should combine local treatment with peritoneal cavity conditioning (2009)

Combining pneumoperitoneum conditioning together with dexamethasone or a barrier resulted in significant adhesion reduction in a laparoscopic mouse model.
The effect of NaF on the electrochemical behavior of the Mg–11Li–3.5Al–1Zn–1Sn–1Ce–0.1Mn electrode in NaCl solution (2015)

The effect of NaF on the electrochemical behaviors of the Mg–11Li–3.5Al–1Zn–1Sn–1Ce–0.1Mn electrode in 0.7 mol L<sup>−1</sup> NaCl solution is investigated by the methods of potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic oxidation, EIS and SEM with EDS analysis.
Spinach Nitrate Reductase (1990)

Initial velocity studies of immunopurified spinach nitrate reductase have been performed under conditions of controlled ionic strength and pH and in the absence of chloride ions. Increased ionic strength stimulated NADH:ferricyanide reductase and reduced flavin:nitrate reductase activities and inhibited NADH:nitrate reductase, NADH:cytochrome c reductase and reduced methyl viologen:nitrate reductase activities. NADH:dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity was unaffected by changes in ionic strength. All of the partial activities, expressed in terms of micromole 2 electron transferred per minute per nanomole heme, were faster than the overall full, NADH:nitrate reductase activity indicating that none of the partial activities included the rate limiting step in electron transfer from NADH to nitrate. The pH optimum for NADH:nitrate reductase activity was determined to be 7 while values for the various partial activities ranged from 6.5 to 7.5. Chlorate, bromate, and iodate were determined to be alternate electron acceptors for the reduced enzyme. These results indicate that unlike the enzyme from Chlorella vulgaris, intramolecular electron transfer between reduced heme and Mo is not rate limiting for spinach nitrate reductase.