gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fibrin Gel Improves the Survival of Transplanted Myoblasts (2011)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent muscular dystrophy in children and young adults. Currently, there is no cure for the disease. The transplantation of healthy myoblasts is an experimental therapeutic strategy, since it could restore the expression of dystrophin in DMD muscles. Nevertheless, this cellular therapy is limited by immune reaction, low migration of the implanted cells, and high early cell death that could be at least partially due to anoikis. To avoid the lack of attachment of the cells to an extracellular matrix after the transplantation, which is the cause of anoikis, we tested the use of a fibrin gel for myoblast transplantation. In vitro, three concentrations of fibrinogen were compared (3, 20, and 50 mg/ml) to form a fibrin gel. A stiffer fibrin gel leads to less degradability and less proliferation of the cells. A concentration of 3 mg/ml fibrin gel enhanced the differentiation of the myoblasts earlier as a culture in monolayer. Human myoblasts were also transplanted in muscles of Rag/mdx mice in a fibrin gel or in a saline solution (control). The use of 3 mg/ml fibrin gel for cell transplantation increased not only the survival of the cells as measured after 5 days but also the number of fibers expressing dystrophin after 21 days, compared to the control. Moreover, the fibrin gel was also compared to a prosurvival cocktail. The survival of the myoblasts at 5 days was increased in both conditions compared to the control but the efficacy of the prosurvival cocktail was not significantly higher than the fibrin gel.
Gain and lasing of optically pumped metastable rare gas atoms (2012)

Optically pumped alkali vapor lasers are currently being developed in several laboratories. The objective is to construct high-powered lasers that also exhibit excellent beam quality. Considerable progress has been made, but there are technical challenges associated with the reactivity of the metal atoms. Rare gas atoms (Rg) excited to the np(5)(n+1)s (3)P(2) configuration are metastable and have spectral properties that are closely similar to those of the alkali metals. In principle, optically pumped lasers could be constructed using excitation of the np(5)(n+1)p←np(5)(n+1)s transitions. We have demonstrated this potential by observing gain and lasing for optically pumped Ar(*), Kr(*) and Xe(*). Three-level lasing schemes were used, with He or Ar as the collisional energy transfer agent that established the population inversion. These laser systems have the advantage of using inert reagents that are gases at room temperature.
Monolithically integrated high-speed light source using 1.3-µm wavelength DFB-DC-PBH laser (1986)

The first monolithic high-speech light source, consisting of an InGaAsP/InP DFB laser, metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors, and a monitoring photodiode, has been fabricated. Small-signal modulation bandwidth up to 4 GHz was successfully achieved. The device design, fabrication procedures, and operating characteristics for the integrated light source are described.
InGaN‐based 518 and 488 nm laser diodes on <i>c</i>‐plane GaN substrate (2010)

Abstract We succeeded in fabricating InGaN‐based laser diodes (LDs) with a wavelength of 518 and 488 nm under continuous wave (cw) operation. The both LDs structures were grown on conventional c ‐plane GaN substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The threshold current and threshold voltage were 45 mA and 5.5 V at 518 nm, 30 mA and 4.5 V at 488 nm, respectively. The lifetime test of these LDs was carried out under high driving temperature up to 80 °C in cw operation. Lifetime was estimated to be over 5000 h with an optical output power of 5 mW at 80 °C in 515–518 nm LDs from 1000 h operation, and was estimated to be over 10,000 h with an output power of 60 mW at 60 °C in 488 nm LDs from 2000 h operation.
Physical Carrier Sensing and Spatial Reuse in Multirate and Multihop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (2006)

Physical carrier sensing is an effective mechanism of medium access control (MAC) protocols to reduce collisions in wireless networks, and the size of the carrier sensing range has a great impact on the system performance. Previous studies have shown that the MAC layer overhead plays an important role in determining the optimal carrier sensing range. However, variable transmission ranges and receiver sensitivities for different channel rates and the impact of multihop forwarding have been ignored. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of these factors as well as several other important factors, such as SINR (signal to interference plus noise ratio), node topology, hidden/exposed terminal problems and bidirectional handshakes, on determining the optimum carrier sensing range to maximize the throughput through both analysis and simulations. The results show that if any one of these factors is not addressed properly, the system performance may suffer a significant degradation. Furthermore, considering both multirate capability and carrier sensing ranges, we propose to use bandwidth distance product as a routing metric, which improves end-to-end throughput by up to 27% in the simulated scenario.
SNMP Management of Urban Areas Remote Monitoring via Open Platform Proxy-IP (2015)

With the advancement of Urban Intelligence and Smart Cities, the importance of remote monitoring and data collection increased. Concerning monitoring, IP-Proxy is an important equipment to perform the interconnection between the sensors and the Internet. In the recent literature, several gateway architectures for network sensors have been proposed to integrate Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet. Most  implementations of WSN gateways retrieve sensors data on the WSN and display the results to customers through the web. The disadvantage of these solutions is that they use specific protocols to connect the sensors, thereby prohibiting the direct interaction between customers and sensor nodes. As an option, the adoption of the SNMP protocol for sensor management has the potential to reduce the gateway complexity of most gateway.  For this reason, this article presents the design and implementation of a low-cost open platform IP-Proxy with the usage and modification of a commercial out-of-the-shelf wireless router, with serial connection to communicate with the sensors, that are connected to an expanded microcontroller Arduino Nano board. The results of the experiments showed that the IP-Proxy can successfully interconnect sensor networks and the Internet, where data can be worldwide broadcasted via Ethernet or WLAN. His features include ease of implementation, integration and robust operation.
Neuronal mechanisms underlying opioid-induced respiratory depression: our current understanding (2021)

Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) represents the primary cause of death associated with therapeutic and recreational opioid use. Within the United States, the rate of death from opioid abuse since the early 1990s has grown disproportionally, prompting the classification as a nationwide "epidemic." Since this time, we have begun to unravel many fundamental cellular and systems-level mechanisms associated with opioid-related death. However, factors such as individual vulnerability, neuromodulatory compensation, and redundancy of opioid effects across central and peripheral nervous systems have created a barrier to a concise, integrative view of OIRD. Within this review, we bring together multiple perspectives in the field of OIRD to create an overarching viewpoint of what we know, and where we view this essential topic of research going forward into the future.
Comparative Carrier Transport Characteristics in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors with Vapor‐Deposited Thin Films and Epitaxially Grown Crystals of Biphenyl‐Capped Thiophene Oligomers (2003)

Abstract Carrier transport characteristics in organic field‐effect transistors were compared for vapor‐deposited thin films and epitaxially grown needle crystals of biphenyl‐capped thiophene oligomers with different lengths of the thiophene units. The hole mobility of the thin films deposited on Si/SiO 2 substrate was improved up to 0.17 cm 2 V –1 s –1 by formation of platelet crystallites with a domain size of a few micrometer. The hole transport in the epitaxial needle crystals grown on the KCl surface depended upon the molecular orientation with respect to the channel direction. The orientation of the needle axis bridging over the source–drain electrodes increased the mobility since π‐electronic interaction through the parallel stack of the linear molecules enhanced the carrier transport along the needle. The deposition condition and electronic energy levels of the oligomers, depending on the length of the thiophene units, also affected their characteristics.
Large-Gap Quantum Spin Hall Insulators in Tin Films (2013)

The search for large-gap quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulators and effective approaches to tune QSH states is important for both fundamental and practical interests. Based on first-principles calculations we find two-dimensional tin films are QSH insulators with sizable bulk gaps of 0.3 eV, sufficiently large for practical applications at room temperature. These QSH states can be effectively tuned by chemical functionalization and by external strain. The mechanism for the QSH effect in this system is band inversion at the Γ point, similar to the case of a HgTe quantum well. With surface doping of magnetic elements, the quantum anomalous Hall effect could also be realized.
Photocatalytic Process Optimizationby Numerical Simulation Based on the RemovalEfficiency of Carbamazepine under DifferentOperating Conditions (2021)

Carbamazepine as a typical ingredient in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) cannot be removed by conventional wastewater treatment processes due to its biorefractory property. In this paper, the effects of photocatalytic operating conditions of wastewater treatment such as stirring speed, composite material dosage, light intensity, and irradiation time on the degradation of carbamazepine by ATC were studied. Considering the aspects of technology, economy, and environment, the photocatalytic process scheme was optimized for carbamazepine wastewater treatment using ATC. The results were analyzed and simulated by response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of various factors and their interactions on the treatment efficiency were analyzed using a multiple quadratic regression equation, by which the optimal process parameters and the process conditions with optimal response were achieved. Under low material dosage (less than 2 g/L), the pair-wise interactions among irradiation time, light intensity, and stirring speed contributed more to the treatment efficiency than medium (2 g/L to 4 g/L) or high (more than 4 g/L) material dosage. The operation cost under low material dosage was relatively low, which shows that material cost is one of the most important factors in the actual photocatalytic process.
Stereotactic radiosurgery of arteriovenous malformations: pathologic changes in resected tissue. (1997)

Both stereotactic radiosurgery and microsurgery are treatment modalities for arteriovenous malformations (AVM), and more recently, multimodality treatment using these approaches has been utilized. We surgically resected AVMs from 33 patients (ages 7-64 years old, mean age 30.4) 1-11 years after radiosurgery. AVM volumes were 0.8-117 cm3 (mean 21.6 cm3), and doses ranged from 4.6-45 GyE (mean 21.2 GyE). AVMs resected were submitted for pathologic review. Each AVM was evaluated for the following radiation changes, and the number of AVMs demonstrating these changes were noted: endothelial proliferation (27), hyaline (18) and calcium (10) in AVM vessel walls, partial (9) or complete (24) thrombosis of some AVM vessels, and necrosis of vessels (15) and adjacent brain tissue (11). A semiquantitative scale (mild, moderate, severe) incorporating the aforementioned changes present in each case classified the extent of radiation-induced change. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.624, p < 0.01) between extent of radiation change and dose of radiation received. There was no absolute radiation dose threshold below which radiation-induced changes were absent. However, all but one patient receiving greater than 20 GyE developed moderate to severe radiation vascular changes and the 3 patients treated with greater than 30 GyE all had severe radiation-induced changes. Radiation changes in AVMs following stereotactic radiosurgery appear to be dose-related. The correlation of dose to extent of radiation change may allow the determination of the optimal dose of radiation to treat AVMs.
Speech parameter estimation using a vocal tract/Cord model (2005)

This paper proposes the use of a vocal cord and tract model for speech coding at bit rates below 4.8 kb/s. For this, a key requirement is the ability to derive model parameters from an input speech signal. Our approach to this problem employs an acoustic analysis front-end, a linked codebook of vocal-tract configurations and related acoustic characteristics, and an optimizing articulatory synthesizer. While the acoustic front-end is relatively straight-forward involving LPC, pitch, and voicing analyses, the codebook design and usage, as well as the specific method for optimizing the model parameters are new. The codebook is intended to provide good starting values for an iterative optimization, thus alleviating the problem of locking on to a locally optimum solution. In a first stage of optimization, the best vocal tract configuration found in the codebook is refined by varying only the vocal tract parameters. Then, in a second stage of optimization, the best match is found between the glottal waveform of the model and the inverse filtered input speech.
The Therapeutic Potential of Angiotensin-(1-7) as a Novel Renin- Angiotensin System Mediator (2006)

In this review, we show Angiotensin-(1-7) as a novel Renin Angiotensin System mediator that antagonizes cardiovascular and proliferative effects of Angiotensin II and exerts complex renal actions. We also speculate the possibility of new drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular, genitourinary and hepatic diseases by interfering with ACE2-Angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas axis.
Deposition of organic electrodes based on wet process for organic devices (2002)

Patterned organic electrodes of charge-transfer complexes were deposited based on a printing method and solution chemistry without a vacuum and high temperature. The deposited organic electrodes showed large work functions, and they were examined as upper electrodes of organic photovoltaic cells. It is found that the charge-transfer complexes can be used as wiring material instead of metals without secondary treatment. In comparison with the cells using the conventional metals, a few different properties were observed for those with organic electrodes. The differences are assignable to the difference between the organic–organic and the organic–inorganic contacts.
Flame Lift-Off on Direct-Injection Diesel Fuel Jets: Oxygen Concentration Effects (2002)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The effects of reductions in the ambient gas oxygen concentration on the flame lift-off length on direct-injection (DI) diesel fuel jets under quiescent conditions were experimentally investigated. Reductions in the ambient (<i>i.e.</i>, in-cylinder) gas oxygen concentration occur in an engine when exhaust gas recirculation is used to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides. Also examined were the effects of the changes in lift-off length observed for various conditions on the total amount of oxygen entrained upstream of the lift-off location, soot formation, and the relationship between fuel vaporization and combustion processes. The research was conducted in a constant-volume combustion vessel using a common-rail fuel injector and a Phillips research grade #2 diesel fuel.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The lift-off length measurements show that lift-off length is inversely proportional to the ambient gas oxygen concentration. They also show that previously observed trends in lift-off length with respect to other parameters [<span class="xref">1</span>,<span class="xref">2</span>] remain the same over the range of ambient gas oxygen concentration considered. Estimates of the total amount of oxygen entrained upstream of the lift-off length show that it does not change with decreasing ambient gas oxygen concentration due to the inverse relationship between lift-off length and oxygen concentration. Furthermore, the oxygen entrainment estimates coupled with total soot incandescence measurements indicate that the link previously shown between soot formation and the amount of fuel and ambient gas that mix upstream of the lift-off length in a fuel jet [<span class="xref">1</span>] holds for reduced oxygen concentration conditions. Finally, the results show that as the ambient gas oxygen concentration decreases and the lift-off length increases, the combustion and soot formation regions in a fuel jet are pushed downstream and stretched out. This latter trend results in less interaction between fuel vaporization and combustion processes in a fuel jet as the oxygen concentration decreases.</div>
Isolation of New Chlorinated Regioisomers of Mono N-Substituted Uracil Derivatives and Synthesis of 3-Substituted 8-Phenylpyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazine-5,7(6H,8H)-diones (1994)

A variety of fervenulin type products, 3-substituted 8-phenylpyrimido [5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazine-5,7(6H,8H)-diones (18a-i), were synthesized by nitrosative or nitrative cyclization of the aldehyde hydrazones (17a-i) derived from 6-(1-methylhydrazino)-1-phenyluracil (16) with aliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes. The compound (16) was prepared by the reaction of 6-chloro-1-phenyluracil (8) with methylhydrazine. In addi- tion, not only the precursor of (16), 6-chloro-1-phenyluracil (8), but also other new chlorinated regioisomers of mono N-substituted pyrimidine (9) and uracil (14) were isolated and characterized by the reductive dechlorination of them
Complete Nucleotide Sequence of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Multidrug Resistance Plasmid pKP048, Carrying <i>bla</i> <sub>KPC-2</sub> , <i>bla</i> <sub>DHA-1</sub> , <i>qnrB4</i> , and <i>armA</i> (2010)

The Klebsiella pneumoniae multidrug resistance plasmid pKP048 was completely sequenced. This plasmid carries several important resistance determinants, such as bla(KPC-2), bla(DHA-1), qnrB4, and armA, which confer resistance to carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides, respectively. Analysis of the finished 151,188-bp sequence data revealed 163 putative genes, 108 of which were assigned functions such as replication, stable inheritance, antibiotic resistance, a mobile element, conjugal transfer, and a restriction-modification system, showing the strong phylogenetic mosaicism and plasticity of the plasmid.
Mass and Friction Optimization for Natural Motion in Hands-On Robotic Surgery (2016)

In hands-on robotic surgery, the surgical tool is mounted on the end-effector of a robot and is directly manipulated by the surgeon. This simultaneously exploits the strengths of both humans and robots, such that the surgeon directly feels tool–tissue interactions and remains in control of the procedure, while taking advantage of the robot's higher precision and accuracy. A crucial challenge in hands-on robotics for delicate manipulation tasks, such as surgery, is that the user must interact with the dynamics of the robot at the end-effector, which can reduce dexterity and increase fatigue. This paper presents a null-space-based optimization technique for simultaneously minimizing the mass and friction of the robot that is experienced by the surgeon. By defining a novel optimization technique for minimizing the projection of the joint friction onto the end-effector, and integrating this with our previous techniques for minimizing the belted mass/inertia as perceived by the hand, a significant reduction in dynamics felt by the user is achieved. Experimental analyses in both simulation and human user trials demonstrate that the presented method can reduce the user-experienced dynamic mass and friction by, on average, 44% and 41%, respectively. The results presented robustly demonstrate that optimizing a robots pose can result in a more natural tool motion, potentially allowing future surgical robots to operate with increased usability, improved surgical outcomes, and wider clinical uptake.
Comparison of tissue oximeters on a liquid phantom with adjustable optical properties (2016)

The SafeBoosC trial showed that cerebral oximetry combined with a treatment guideline can reduce the the burden of hypoxia in neonates by 50% [Brit. Med. J.350, g7635 (2015)]. However, guidelines based on oximetry by one oximeter are not directly usable by other oximeters. We made a blood-lipid phantom simulating the neonatal head to determine the relation between oxygenation values obtained by different oximeters. We calculated coefficients for easy conversion from one oximeter to the other. We additionally determined the corresponding SafeBoosC intervention thresholds at which we measured an uncertainty of up to 9.2% when varying hemoglobin content from 25μM to 70μM. In conclusion, this paper makes the comparison of absolute values obtained by different oximeters possible.
Real-Time Stress Assessment Using Sliding Window Based Convolutional Neural Network (2020)

Mental stress has been identified as a significant cause of several bodily disorders, such as depression, hypertension, neural and cardiovascular abnormalities. Conventional stress assessment methods are highly subjective and tedious and tend to lack accuracy. Machine-learning (ML)-based computer-aided diagnosis systems can be used to assess the mental state with reasonable accuracy, but they require offline processing and feature extraction, rendering them unsuitable for real-time applications. This paper presents a real-time mental stress assessment approach based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The CNN-based approach afforded real-time mental stress assessment with an accuracy as high as 96%, the sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 97%. The proposed approach is compared with state-of-the-art ML techniques in terms of accuracy, time utilisation, and quality of features.
The concept maps method as a tool to evaluate the usability of APIs (2011)

Application programming interfaces (APIs) are the interfaces to existing code structures, such as widgets, frameworks, or toolkits. Therefore, they very much do have an impact on the quality of the resulting system. So, ensuring that developers can make the most out of them is an important challenge. However standard usability evaluation methods as known from HCI have limitations in grasping the interaction between developer and API as most IDEs (essentially the GUI) capture only part of it. In this paper we present the Concept Map method to study the usability of an API over time. This allows us to elicit the mental model of a programmer when using an API and thereby identify usability issues and learning barriers and their development over time.