gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved modulation techniques for PWM-VSI drives (2002)

PWM-VSI based AC motor drives have two main problems. The inverter is nonlinear which causes instability problems in some specific working points of the AC machine and it emits acoustical noise due to the switching frequency. Nonlinearities like dead-time in the power devices, a load dependent DC link voltage ripple and the voltage drop across the switches are modelled and compensated by improved modulation techniques in order to obtain an ideal inverter. Different feedback and feedforward techniques are proposed. The acoustic noise is reduced by using a random modulation strategy. Measurements show a significant improvement by using feedforward and feedback techniques for linearizing the inverter as well as an improvement in reduction of the acoustic noise emission is achieved by using random modulation. It is concluded that a combination of a random modulation strategy and feedforward/feedback techniques gives an almost ideal AC motor drive system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MRI techniques to monitor MS evolution (2002)

Conventional MRI (cMRI) is limited in its ability to provide specific information about pathology in MS. Measures commonly derived from cMRI include T2 lesions, T1-enhanced lesions, atrophy, and possibly T1-hypointense lesions, which have been extensively investigated in many clinical trials. Better MRI measures are needed to advance our understanding of MS and design ideal clinical trials. This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the major MRI-based methods used to monitor MS evolution and submits that 1) metrics derived from magnetization transfer MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, and proton MRS should be implemented to achieve reliable specific in vivo quantification of MS pathology; 2) targeted multiparametric MRI protocols rather than generic application of cMRI should be used in all possible clinical circumstances and trials; and 3) reproducible quantitative MR measures should ideally be used for the assessment of patients but are essential for clinical trials.
A pitfall in the survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for node- and hormone receptor-positive patients with breast cancer: The paradoxical role of Bcl-2 oncoprotein (Review) (2001)

The survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in node-positive patients with breast cancer compared with surgery alone has been established. The survival benefit differs considerably between hormone receptor-positive and -negative patients, and it is believed that the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy can be increased by hormonal therapy with tamoxifen. In the present review, we discuss the rationale behind the effectiveness of combination treatment with anticancer drugs and tamoxifen in terms of the paradoxical role of Bcl-2 in apoptosis in breast cancer. The survival benefit between receptor-positive and -negative patients was assessed using previous reports of randomized controlled studies for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in node-positive breast cancer. Tamoxifen induces the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2, by its effect on estradiol (E2), via an E2-response element in the promotor region of Bcl-2. The efficicacy of chemoendocrine therapy was assessed in terms of the influence of tamoxifen on the effect of anticancer drugs. Adjuvant chemotherapy, including anthracycline and non-anthracycline based regimens, has an overall survival benefit in node-positive breast cancer, with a 23.5% reduction in the annual odds of recurrence and a 15% reduction in mortality (P<0.00001). A comparison of the reduction of the relative risk indicates that the survival benefit in receptor-negative patients is superior to that in receptor-positive patients by approximately 3-fold. Further, in contrast to receptor-negative patients, there is no additional benefit from paclitaxel over doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) in receptor-positive patients. The possible reasons that the chemotherapy benefit in receptor-positive patients is small and marginal are the following: i) concurrent treatment or pretreatment with tamoxifen can increase plasma E2 levels in premenopausal patients, thereby inducing Bcl-2 in residual cancer cells, which might decrease drug-sensitivity in combination with chemotherapy; ii) induction of Bcl-2 might be involved predominantly in the resistance to taxanes, the cytotoxic action of which targets Bcl-2. Co-treatment or pretreatment with tamoxifen for adjuvant therapy might decrease the efficacy of anticancer drugs, an effect that is mediated by induction of Bcl-2, especially in premenopausal patients with node-positive breast cancer. Treatment with anticancer drugs should be followed by treatment with tamoxifen to produce a survival benefit from combination therapy in receptor-positive patients.
Optical properties of functionalized GaN nanowires (2011)

The evolution of the optical properties of GaN nanowires (NWs) with respect to a sequence of surface functionalization processes is reported; from pristine hydroxylated to finally, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) functionalized GaN NWs. Photoluminescence, Raman, stationary, and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements were applied to investigate the GaN NWs with different surface conditions. A documented surface passivation effect of the GaN NWs induced by the MPTMS functionalization is determined based on our characterization results. A hypothesis associated with the surface band bending and the defect levels near the band edges is proposed to explain the observed experimental results.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Thalamus and Adhesio Interthalamica in Twins With Schizophrenia (2007)

Volumetric thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia occur in twin pairs concordant for schizophrenia. These abnormalities may mark the substantial genetic contribution to the illness seen in concordant twin pairs, whereas the adhesio interthalamica is unlikely to be affected in schizophrenia.
Experimental Evaluation of Nonlinear Feedback and Feedforward Control Schemes for Manipulators (1988)

The manipulator trajectory tracking control problem revolves around computing the torques to be applied to achieve accu rate tracking. This problem has been extensively studied in simulations, but real-time results have been lacking in the robotics literature. In this paper, we present the experimental results of the real-time performance of model-based control algorithms. We compare the computed-torque control scheme with the feedforward dynamics compensation scheme. The feedforward scheme compensates for the manipulator dy namics in the feedforward path, whereas the computed-torque scheme uses the dynamics in the feedback loop for lineariza tion and decoupling. The parameters in the dynamics model for the computed-torque and feedforward schemes were esti mated by using an identification algorithm. Our experiments underscore the importance of including the off-diagonal terms of the manipulator inertia matrix in the torque compu tation. This observation is further supported by our analysis of the dynamics equations. The manipulator control schemes have been implemented on the CMU DD arm II with a sam pling period of 2 ms.
[Study on the maturation of cervical vertebra for 208 cases Shanghai adolescents growth] (1998)

OBJECTIVE:To establish a set of normal values of maturation stages of cervical vertebra for Shanghai adolescents and to provide valid reference index for assessing skeletal age while making diagnosis and treatment plan.METHODS:208 Shanghai adolescents from 11 to 15 years of age were investigated by lateral cephalometric radiographs. The growth status and the relationship of C2-C5 cervical vertebra were observed. RESULTS:The anterior and posterior vertical heights and areas of C2-C5 cervical vertebra increased progressively along with the age, the shapes of cervical vertebra bodies varied regularly. Although female goes into the young quick growing period 2 years earlier than male, the shape changes have no difference between gender. The established standard values of maturation stages of cervical vertebra for Shanghai 11-15 years old adolescents revealed that the growth and development of Shanghai adolescents are getting earlier when comparing with that of GuangDong province. CONCLUSION: The morphological variation of cervical vertebra can be used as an indicator of skeletal age to determine adolescents' growth and development status.
Regulation of Trichophyton rubrum proteolytic activity (1989)

Trichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophyte of humans and normally colonizes the superficial layers of the epidermis (stratum corneum). Several proteinases with a possible role in the metabolism of host proteins have been purified from this fungus. The regulation of these enzymes and their role in fungal metabolism were studied at the biochemical level. General proteolytic (azocollytic) activity was repressed when log-phase cultures of T. rubrum were grown in a minimal medium that contained readily metabolized sources of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. When either carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur was deleted from this minimal medium, azocollytic activity was derepressed. In all cases a high-molecular-weight activity (Mr, greater than 200,000) was expressed. A 71,000-Mr proteinase was observed in nitrogen-depleted cultures, and proteolytic species of Mr 124,000 and 27,000 were secreted in sulfur-depleted cultures. The addition of either inorganic (MgSO4, Na2SO3, NaS2O3) or organic (methionine, cysteine) sulfur to the sulfur-depleted medium repressed the expression of azocollytic activity. In contrast, keratinolytic activity was not repressed by carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur but instead was induced when a protein source was included in the minimal medium. Stationary-phase cultures of T. rubrum secreted all proteolytic activities constitutively. Unlike log-phase cultures, the stationary-phase cultures secreted azocollytic, elastinolytic, and keratinolytic activity in minimal medium. These activities fell in the carbon-, nitrogen-, and phosphorous-depleted media but remained high in sulfur-depleted medium. The following model is proposed for the regulation of T. rubrum proteolytic activity. In the initial stages of infection, T. rubrum grows logarithmically. In this state, proteolytic activity is derepressed whenever carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur is lacking in the fungal milieu. The general proteinases produced would act on the nonkeratinous proteins in the stratum corneum. There are probably peptidases, as yet unidentified, that would cleave the peptides generated by the initial proteolysis into amino acids. These amino acids would provide the cell with a source of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Under these conditions, the expression of general proteinases would be repressed, whereas specific keratinases would be induced in this nutrient-rich environment. Disease may occur when the fungus reaches stationary phase, when proteinases are secreted constitutively. These enzymes may directly or indirectly incite a host response, resulting in the inflammatory manifestations of dermatophytosis.
Convenient route to 1,3-disubstituted cyclobutanes. An inexpensive synthesis of 3-oxocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConvenient route to 1,3-disubstituted cyclobutanes. An inexpensive synthesis of 3-oxocyclobutanecarboxylic acidPaul E. Pigou and Carl H. SchiesserCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 16, 3841–3843Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00251a033https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00251a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2404Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhibition of protein kinase C and anti-CD3-induced Ca2+ influx in Jurkat T cells by a synthetic peptide with sequence identity to HIV-1 gp41. (1990)

We have previously shown that a synthetic peptide containing env residues 581-597 from HIV-1 inhibits lymphoproliferation of human PBMC. We have investigated the molecular mechanism(s) by which this HIV-1-derived peptide inhibits CD3-mediated signal transduction. We show that the peptide containing residues 581-597 from the HIV-1 transmembrane protein gp41 specifically inhibited the intracellular Ca2+ influx in Jurkat cells stimulated by the mAb OKT3 whereas it had no effect on the production of inositol triphosphate. In addition, the peptide inhibited protein kinase C (pkC)-mediated phosphorylation of the CD3 gamma-chain in intact cells and directly inhibited partially purified pkC. The inhibition was noncompetitive with respect to the substrates histone and ATP and independent of the regulatory domain of the enzyme. Furthermore, the peptide required internalization for inhibitory activity because no inhibition of lymphoproliferation was observed when cells were treated with peptide at 4 degrees C. Based on these results obtained with the peptide aa581-597, we postulate that the transmembrane protein gp41 of HIV-1 may inhibit pkC activity and thus block pkC-dependent immune function contributing to the immunosuppression of HIV-1-infected individuals.
Miniaturized substrate integrated waveguide filtering crossover (2017)

A miniaturized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filtering crossover is presented. The design concept is to fully exploit the orthogonal degenerate TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">201</sub> and TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">102</sub> modes in a SIW square cavity to realize the cross transmission, then four TE101-mode cavities are coupled to this square oversized cavity to implement the third-order response and more flexibly controlled bandwidth. Benefitting from the employment of the fundamental mode cavities, the footprint of the circuit has been reduced about 35% compared to our previous work. A prototype operating at 20 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured for demonstration, showing excellent agreements between the simulated and measured results.
A new Ni-Zn under bump metallurgy for Pb-free solder bump flip chip application (2010)

We developed an Au/Ni-Zn/Ti under bump metallurgy (UBM) for Pb-free solders. Au/Ni-Zn/Ti and Au/Ni/Ti UBM stacks were deposited on SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Si wafer using conventional magnetron sputtering and Sn solder was electroplated on UBM stacks. Then, Sn solder on UBM were reflowed at 260°C for 15 s and aged at 150°C up to 1000 h. The measurement of film stress using a curvature method showed Ni-Zn films having the very low tensile stress could be obtained by controlling the Ar pressure. Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> intermetallic compound (IMC) was formed on both Ni-Zn UBM and Ni UBM after reflow and IMC thickness increased with aging time. Other IMCs besides Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> were not observed after aging. IMC growth of Ni-Zn UBM was slower than that of Ni. UBM consumption rate of Ni-Zn UBM was also lower than that of Ni UBM. These beneficial results were ascribed to the effect of Zn, which played a role of interdiffusion barrier between Sn and Ni. Our results revealed that Ni-Zn layer is a promising UBM for Pb free solders.
Factors affecting thymic function after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2001)

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is followed by profound immunodeficiency. Thymic function is necessary for de novo generation of T cells after HSCT. Circulating CD45RA(+) naive T-cell levels are predictive of antigen-specific T-cell responses in the absence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). These T cells may not represent recent thymic emigrants, since naive T cells may maintain this phenotype if not antigen-activated. To accurately measure thymic output after HSCT and determine the factors that influence thymic function, T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) were examined in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells from a cross-section of patients following HSCT. TREC levels rose weeks after HSCT and could be detected in patients 6 years after HSCT. TREC levels correlated with the frequency of phenotypically naive T cells, indicating that such cells were not expanded progeny of naive T cells present in the donor graft. Chronic GVHD was the most important factor that predicted low TREC levels even years after HSCT. Patients with a history of resolved GVHD had decreased numbers of TREC, compared with those with no GVHD. Because few adults had no history of GVHD, it was not possible to determine whether age alone inversely correlated with TREC levels. Recipients of cord blood grafts had no evidence of decreased TREC induced by immunosuppressive prophylaxis drugs. Compared with unrelated donor grafts, recipients of matched sibling grafts had higher TREC levels. Collectively, these data suggest that thymopoiesis is inhibited by GVHD. Larger studies will be needed to determine the independent contributions of age and preparative regimen to post-transplant thymopoietic capacity.
Polo kinases regulate <i>C. elegans</i> embryonic polarity via binding to DYRK2-primed MEX-5 and MEX-6 (2008)

Polo kinases are known key regulators of cell divisions. Here we report a novel, non-cell division function for polo kinases in embryonic polarity of newly fertilized Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. We show that polo kinases, via their polo box domains, bind to and regulate the activity of two key polarity proteins, MEX-5 and MEX-6. These polo kinases are asymmetrically localized along the anteroposterior axis of newly fertilized C. elegans embryos in a pattern identical to that of MEX-5 and MEX-6. This asymmetric localization of polo kinases depends on MEX-5 and MEX-6, as well as genes regulating MEX-5 and MEX-6 asymmetry. We identify an amino acid of MEX-5, T(186), essential for polo binding and show that T(186) is important for MEX-5 function in vivo. We also show that MBK-2, a developmentally regulated DYRK2 kinase activated at meiosis II, primes T(186) for subsequent polo kinase-dependent phosphorylation. Prior phosphorylation of MEX-5 at T(186) greatly enhances phosphorylation of MEX-5 by polo kinases in vitro. Our results provide a mechanism by which MEX-5 and MEX-6 function is temporally regulated during the crucial oocyte-to-embryo transition.
Thermal self-actions of laser beams (1968)

Theoretical and experimental studies of thermal self-defocusing and self-focusing CW laser beams in liquids and solids are given. An analytical theory of thermal self-actions, including aberration phenomena, is developed. Special attention is given to the problem of thermal self-defocusing in liquids with flows (wind or convection). The new effect of continuous light-beam deflection in absorbing moving media is discussed.
Actin Filaments and the Opposing Actions of CaM Kinase II and Calcineurin in Regulating α7-Containing Nicotinic Receptors on Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons (1999)

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing alpha7 subunits have a high relative permeability to calcium and influence numerous calcium-dependent cellular events. On chick ciliary ganglion neurons the receptors are concentrated on somatic spines containing actin filaments. Using conventional whole-cell patch-clamp recording from dissociated ciliary ganglion neurons, we show that responses from alpha7-containing receptors undergo substantial rundown when the receptors are repeatedly challenged with nicotine. Stabilization of actin filaments with phalloidin partially prevents the rundown, whereas collapse of actin filaments with latrunculin A exacerbates it. The rundown depends on calcium influx through the receptors because it requires receptor activation and can be prevented by replacing extracellular calcium with barium or by intracellular dialysis with BAPTA. Thapsigargin and ryanodine each inhibit the rundown, demonstrating further a requirement for calcium release from internal stores. Blockade of calmodulin by calmidazolium or blockade of CaM kinase II with either KN93 or autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide each prevents the rundown; blockade of the phosphatase calcineurin with either cyclosporin A or deltamethrin increases the rundown. The results indicate a balance of calcium-dependent kinase and phosphatase activities in regulating the function of alpha7-containing receptors. Manifestation of the rundown depends in part on the loss of intracellular components via dialysis because little rundown is seen if perforated patch-clamp recording is used to monitor receptor responses even in latrunculin A-treated cells. A membrane-permeable calcineurin inhibitor, however, still decreases the nicotinic response in a calcium-dependent manner, confirming that calcium-dependent phosphoregulation of alpha7-containing receptors occurs in the intact cell.
Micro-droplet arrays for micro-compartmentalization using an air/water interface (2018)

Here we present a water-in-air droplet platform for micro-compartmentalization for single molecule guided synthesis and analysis consisting of a flow-system hosting dense arrays of aqueous microdroplets on a glass surface surrounded by air. The droplets are formed in a few seconds by passing a waterfront over the array of hydrophilic spots surrounded by a hydrophobic coating, thus forming a micro-droplet array (MDA). The droplet volumes are tunable from approximately 50 femtoliter to 20 picoliter by adjusting the size of the hydrophilic spots. MDAs consisting of femtoliter volume droplets were stable for more than 24 hours in air at 37 °C in a reversibly sealed flow-system, thus allowing us to perform assays that require long incubations in the droplets. Using differently fluorescing liquids, it was further shown that droplets can be reformed on the same MDA several times by passing a new liquid plug over the surface, and that fluorescence from one reaction can be washed away with little to no carry-over, hence allowing for multistep reactions to be carried out on the system. The MDA created by an air/water interface supported digital immunoassays as was demonstrated by measuring the Aβ42 peptide in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimers patients and control patients. To demonstrate a two step droplet assay, first, histidine tagged peptides were expressed in the droplets and bound to the droplet-enclosed surface. Subsequently, the his-tagged peptides were detected using enzyme-conjugated antibodies in a second droplet generation step. As such, the chip demonstrates features necessary for library preparations for high throughput screening applications.