gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Natural outbreak of <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> (GBS) infection in wild giant Queensland grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), and other wild fish in northern Queensland, Australia (2012)

Ninety-three giant Queensland grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), were found dead in Queensland, Australia, from 2007 to 2011. Most dead fish occurred in northern Queensland, with a peak of mortalities in Cairns in June 2008. In 2009, sick wild fish including giant sea catfish, Arius thalassinus (Rüppell), and javelin grunter, Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier), also occurred in Cairns. In 2009 and 2010, two disease epizootics involving wild stingrays occurred at Sea World marine aquarium. Necropsy, histopathology, bacteriology and PCR determined that the cause of deaths of 12 giant Queensland grouper, three wild fish, six estuary rays, Dasyatis fluviorum (Ogilby), one mangrove whipray, Himantura granulata (Macleay), and one eastern shovelnose ray, Aptychotrema rostrata (Shaw), was Streptococcus agalactiae septicaemia. Biochemical testing of 34 S. agalactiae isolates from giant Queensland grouper, wild fish and stingrays showed all had identical biochemical profiles. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of isolates confirmed all isolates were S. agalactiae; genotyping of selected S. agalactiae isolates showed the isolates from giant Queensland grouper were serotype Ib, whereas isolates from wild fish and stingrays closely resembled serotype II. This is the first report of S. agalactiae from wild giant Queensland grouper and other wild tropical fish and stingray species in Queensland, Australia.
<i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of the Activities of the Novel Anticytomegalovirus Compound AIC246 (Letermovir) against Herpesviruses and Other Human Pathogenic Viruses (2011)

AIC246 (letermovir) is a potent anticytomegalovirus drug in clinical development. Here, we report a consistent antiviral efficacy of AIC246 against human cytomegalovirus laboratory strains, clinical isolates, and virus variants resistant to approved drugs. Furthermore, we describe a remarkable selectivity of AIC246 for human cytomegaloviruses compared to that of other alpha-, beta-, or gammaherpesviruses or nonrelated pathogenic viruses, including adeno-, hepadna-, retro-, orthomyxo-, and flaviviruses. Our data confirm and support an excellent and selective anticytomegaloviral activity of AIC246.
Analysis of the asymmetrical shortest two‐server queueing model (1998)

This study presents the analytic solution for an asymmetrical two‐server queueing model for arriving customers joining the shorter queue for the case of Poisson arrivals and negative exponentially distributed service times. The bivariate generating function of the stationary joint distribution of the queue lengths is explicitly determined. The determination of this bivariate generating function requires a construction of four generating functions. It is shown that each of these functions is the sum of a polynomial and a meromorphic function. The poles and residues at the poles of the meromorphic functions can be simply calculated recursively; the coefficients of the polynomials are easily found, in particular, if the asymmetry in the model parameters is not excessively large. The starting point for the asymptotic analysis for the queue lengths is obtained. The approach developed in the present study is applicable to a larger class of random walks modeling asymmetrical two‐dimensional queueing processes.
The Role of Thyroid Hormone as a Biological Amplifier of the Actions of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in the Functional Differentiation of Cultured Porcine Granulosa Cells* (1987)

To characterize thyroid hormone action on the ovary, the direct effects of T4 or T3 were investigated in vitro using a monolayer culture system of porcine granulosa cells. Monolayer cultures were maintained for 6 days in 4% serum-supplemented medium in the absence or presence of porcine FSH (20 ng/ml), with or without graded doses of T4 or T3. Combined treatment with FSH and T4 (10(-7) M) induced morphological alternation resembling epithelioid cells, while FSH alone or T4 alone failed to bring about the epithelioid morphology. Concomitant treatment with FSH and T4 (10(-7) M) markedly increased FSH-stimulated induction of [125I]iodo-human CG binding to cultured granulosa cells obtained from small follicles. The combined treatment with FSH and T4 (10(-7) M) also resulted in a significant increase in progesterone and estrogen secretion by the cultured cells relative to treatment with FSH alone. Increases in progesterone, 17 beta-estradiol, and estrone secretion caused by the combined treatment with FSH and T4 (10(-7) M) were further augmented in response to the addition of exogenously provided substrate pregnenolone, testosterone, and androstenedione, respectively. Furthermore, aromatase activity assessed by the release of [3H]water from [1 beta-3H, 4-14C]androstenedione was significantly higher in cells treated concomitantly with FSH and T4 (10(-7) M) than that in cells treated with FSH alone. All the stimulatory effects of T4 (10(-7) M) on the morphological and functional differentiation of cultured granulosa cells were also found in combined treatment with FSH and T3 (10(-9) M). Either treatment with higher or lower concentrations of T4 or T3 gave attenuated effects, and T4 or T3 alone without FSH was incapable of exhibiting these stimulatory effects. These findings suggest that thyroid hormones synergize with FSH to exert direct stimulatory effects on granulosa cell functions, including morphological differentiation, LH/human CG receptor formation and steroidogenic enzyme (3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase) induction. Hence, decreases in ovarian functions during the states of hypo- or hyperthyroidism may account for diminished responsiveness of the granulosa cells to FSH.
The current status of docetaxel for metastatic breast cancer. (2002)

Docetaxel (Taxotere) has been intensively investigated for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, where it has proved to be one of the most active agents. Initial phase II studies in anthracycline-resistant metastatic breast cancer demonstrated impressive response rates that have been confirmed in phase III randomized trials. Docetaxel remains the only single agent to demonstrate a survival benefit in anthracycline-resistant patients. More recently, the combination of docetaxel with capecitabine (Xeloda) has demonstrated additional improvement in survival over docetaxel alone in a randomized phase III trial. In patients previously treated with an alkylating agent, docetaxel is the only single drug to demonstrate improved efficacy over doxorubicin in a randomized trial. Docetaxel has been investigated in combination with the anthracyclines doxorubicin and epirubicin in randomized trials. The docetaxel-containing regimens have consistently demonstrated improvement over the non-docetaxel-containing regimens. The efficacy and safety of weekly docetaxel has extended the line of investigation for combinations with agents normally administered on a weekly basis, such as vinorelbine [Navelbine], gemcitabine [Gemzar], and trastuzumab [Herceptin], with promising findings. In addition, the results of the triple-drug combination of docetaxel, a platinum salt (cisplatin or carboplatin), and trastuzumab have resulted in impressive response rates and time to progression in a population of metastatic breast cancer patients with HER2/neu-positive tumors. The consistent demonstration of a high level of efficacy with manageable toxicity ensures the continued widespread investigation of docetaxel in metastatic breast cancer.
P2P M-commerce in pervasive environments (2002)

Pervasive environments are characterized by the presence of wireless devices ranging from sensors to mobile PDA-phones to laptops. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) information sharing in such environments presents a tremendous opportunity for people and devices to exchange information such as music, pictures, documents and stock tickers with peers. Information that has a monetary value introduces a whole new set of problems for P2P interaction in pervasive environments. In this work, we present the design of a middleware that attempts to solve these problems using concepts of the Contract Net Protocol, Semantic Service Discovery and secure transaction protocols.
A <sup>1</sup>H NMR Study of the DNA Binding of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes (1998)

1H NMR spectroscopy was used to study the oligonucleotide binding of the Δ enantiomers of [Ru(phen)2L]2+ where the bidentate ligand L is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), dipyrido[3,2-d:2‘,3‘-f]quinoxaline (dpq) or dipyrido[3,2-a:2‘,3‘-c](6,7,8,9-tetrahydro)phenazine (dpqC). The data from one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments of the oligonucleotide−metal complex binding suggest that all three ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes bind in the DNA minor groove. While a minimally intercalated oligonucleotide binding mode may be proposed for Δ-[Ru(phen)3]2+, the NMR data clearly indicate that Δ-[Ru(phen)2dpq]2+ binds the hexanucleotide d(GTCGAC)2 by intercalation, of the dpq ligand, from the minor groove. This demonstrates that metallointercalators can intercalate from the DNA minor groove. Molecular modeling of the metal complex in the intercalation site suggests that Δ-[Ru(phen)2dpq]2+ binds in a “head-on” fashion with the phenanthroline rings in the minor groove and the dpq ligand inserted into the nucleotide base stack. NOESY experiments of the binding of Δ-[Ru(phen)2dpq]2+ with d(GTCGAC)2 and d(TCGGGATCCCGA)2 suggest that intercalation from the minor groove is favored at purine−purine/pyrimidine−pyrimidine sequences for this complex. The syntheses of Δ-[Ru(phen)2dpq]2+ and Δ-[Ru(phen)2dpqC]2+ are reported along with crystal structure of [Ru(phen)2dpq](PF6)2 (monoclinic crystal system, space group P21/c, Z = 4, a = 9.483(2) Å, b = 33.374(6) Å, c = 12.900(3) Å, β = 110.05(2)°, V = 3835(2) Å3).
Changes in Oxygen Consumption in Dog Gingiva during Induction of Experimental Periodontitis (1992)

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in oxygen consumption in dog gingiva during induction of experimental periodontitis. The disease was induced in adult mongrel dogs during a 16-week period by placement of silk ligatures around selected teeth. The oxygen consumption rate of gingival tissue was determined in vivo by a non-invasive technique, tissue reflectance spectrophotometry. Changes in such clinical parameters as gingival index, plaque index, pocket depth, attachment level, and gingival crevicular fluid flow indicated acute inflammatory responses during the first three weeks after ligation, followed by the appearance of chronic inflammation during the remaining 13 weeks. The oxygen consumption rate increased during the first seven days after ligation and stayed near the maximum level for 2-7 weeks; this was followed by a gradual decrease during the final nine weeks. These results suggest that gingival oxygen consumption increases rapidly with the increase of acute inflammation responses and then decreases slightly with the gradual development of chronic inflammation. Positive correlations were observed between the oxygen consumption rate and other clinical indices. Thus, the tissue reflectance spectrophotometry is a new, useful method for objective, quantitative, and non-invasive assessment of gingival oxygen consumption.
CAG‐repeat length and the age of onset in Huntington disease (HD): A review and validation study of statistical approaches (2009)

CAG-repeat length in the gene for HD is inversely correlated with age of onset (AOO). A number of statistical models elucidating the relationship between CAG length and AOO have recently been published. In the present article, we review the published formulae, summarize essential differences in participant sources, statistical methodologies, and predictive results. We argue that unrepresentative sampling and failure to use appropriate survival analysis methodology may have substantially biased much of the literature. We also explain why the survival analysis perspective is necessary if any such model is to undergo prospective validation. We use prospective diagnostic data from the PREDICT-HD longitudinal study of CAG-expanded participants to test conditional predictions derived from two survival models of AOO of HD. A prior model of the relationship of CAG and AOO originally published by Langbehn et al. yields reasonably accurate predictions, while a similar model by Gutierrez and MacDonald substantially overestimates diagnosis risk for all but the highest risk participants in this sample. The Langbehn et al. model appears accurate enough to have substantial utility in various research contexts. We also emphasize remaining caveats, many of which are relevant for any direct application to genetic counseling.
Intensive Sleep Retraining treatment for chronic primary insomnia: a preliminary investigation (2007)

Summary The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Intensive Sleep Retraining, a novel, short duration behavioural therapy in treating chronic primary insomnia. Seventeen consecutive volunteers from the general public (mean age = 39.1 years), meeting selection criteria for chronic primary insomnia participated in the treatment study. The study was performed as a case replication series. Assessment involved sleep diary, actigraph and questionnaire measures of sleep and daytime functioning for a period of 2 weeks prior to, immediately after, and 6 weeks following the treatment. Treatment involved a single night of sleep deprivation, facilitating short sleep latencies (mean: 6.9 min) to a series of 50 brief nap opportunities. Following treatment, Sleep Onset Latency significantly decreased by a mean of 30.5 min (SD = 28.3), Wake Time after Sleep Onset significantly decreased by a mean of 28 min (SD = 34.0), and Total Sleep Time significantly increased by 64.6 min (SD = 45.5). Significant improvements were also seen in the daytime functioning and psychological measures of fatigue and vigour, cognitive sleep anticipatory anxiety and self‐efficacy for sleep. This brief therapy was effective in improving sleep and some daytime functioning and psychological questionnaire measures. These improvements were maintained up to 2 months following the treatment weekend. Further exploration of this brief therapy is needed, with larger, randomized, placebo‐controlled trials over longer follow‐up periods, and in comparison to other traditional therapies for insomnia.
Preparation and properties of superconducting BaPb1−<i>x</i>Bi<i>x</i>O3 thin films by sputtering (1982)

Superconducting thin films of BaPb1−xBixO3 with transition temperature above 9 K were successfully prepared by rf diode sputtering and subsequent annealing. It was found that sputtered films tended to lack Pb and Bi during deposition, so that targets with excess Pb and Bi were used in order to achieve the film stoichiometry. Sufficient oxygen partial pressure during discharge was found to be requisite for obtaining thin films with low resistivity, high Tc, and sharp superconducting transition. The films admit optical transmission to a small extent in the wavelength range from 500 to 700 nm. Based on these results, some aspects of the band structure are discussed.
<title>New Dual Rectangular Photomultiplier Tube For Positron CT.</title> (1982)

A new dual rectangular photomultiplier tube has been developed for the positron CT. It has two independent segments in a single 24mm square glass envelope. The coincidence time resolution with BG0 scintillators equal to 2.9ns in FWHM and 6.2ns in FWTM was obtained for 511 KeV positron annihilation ,γ-rays. The experimental results promise the possibility of a new PCT system design-ing of a high packing ratio and spatial resolution with good optical coupling to small rectangular BGO scintillators.
The SPEAR Injector RF Gun and Linac Performance (2000)

In light of the SPEAR3 upgrade project where the goal is to store up to 500 mA of beam current at 3.0 GeV beam energy, the injector RF gun and linac performance must be optimized in terms of reliability and injection rate. The basic linac system layout has not been changed for the last ten years of operation. A thermionic 1.5-cell standing wave RF gun is the source of bunched beams at 10 Hz. An alpha magnet then compresses the bunch length to a few picosecond, and a travelling-wave beam chopper then allows only 3 or 4 bunches to reach the linac near the end of the RF pulse. This way the beam loading to the linac is minimized and the linac beam to the Booster synchrotron reaches the maximum energy. Some improvements were made over the past few years to achieve the system reliability and stability. The original three klystrons were replaced by one high-power tube. The modulator is presently charged by a switching power supply. The drive amplifier feeding the klystron was based on thermionic triodes; it is a solid-state amplifier now. The gun cathode assembly underwent several iterations. Some feedback controls stabilize the linac beam energy as needed. In this paper the authors describe the modifications mentioned above, the present status, and the plans for the future.
Acute and Chronic Effect of Insulin on Leptin Production in Humans: Studies In Vivo and In Vitro (1996)

This study was undertaken to investigate the changes in obesity (OB) gene expression and production of leptin in response to insulin in vitro and in vivo under euglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions in humans. Three protocols were used: 1) euglycemic clamp with insulin infusion rates at 40, 120, 300, and 1,200 mU / m / min carried out for up to 5 h performed in 16 normal lean individuals, 30 obese individuals, and 31 patients with NIDDM; 2) 64-to 72-h hyperglycemic (glucose 12.6 mmol/l) clamp performed on 5 lean individuals; 3) long-term (96-h) primary culture of isolated abdominal adipocytes in the presence and absence of 100 nmol/l insulin. Short-term hyperinsulinemia in the range of 80 to > 10,000 microU/ml had no effect on circulating levels of leptin. During the prolonged hyperglycemic clamp, a rise in leptin was observed during the last 24 h of the study (P < 0.001). In the presence of insulin in vitro, OB gene expression increased at 72 h (P < 0.01), followed by an increase in leptin released to the medium (P < 0.001). In summary, insulin does not stimulate leptin production acutely; however, a long-term effect of insulin on leptin production could be demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. These data suggest that insulin regulates OB gene expression and leptin production indirectly, probably through its trophic effect on adipocytes.
Biotransformation, a Promising Technology for Anti-cancer Drug Development (2013)

With the high morbidity and mortality caused by cancer, finding new and more effective anti-cancer drugs is very urgent. In current research, biotransformation plays a vital role in the research and development of cancer drugs and has obtained some achievements. In this review, we have summarized four applications as follows: to exploit novel anti-cancer drugs, to improve existing anti-cancer drugs, to broaden limited anti-cancer drug resources and to investigate correlative mechanisms. Three different groups of important anti-cancer compounds were assessed to clarify the current practical applications of biotransformation in the development of anti-cancer drugs.
Preparation of 3,2'-annulated 2-phenylpyridines and their cyclopalladation chemistry (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of 3,2'-annulated 2-phenylpyridines and their cyclopalladation chemistryRandolph P. Thummel and Yurngdong JahngCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 1, 73–78Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00377a013https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00377a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views391Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Economics of Mastitis Control (1990)

The frequency of use and the effects of mastitis control practices on SCC and milk yield were investigated. A survey of current management practices was combined with DHI production information to determine the relationship between milk yield, SCC, management practices, and production and producer characteristics under field conditions. The expected negative relationship between SCC and milk, fat, and protein yield was substantiated. The SCC for an individual cow was a better indicator of milk loss than was a bulk tank SCC. Most recommended mastitis control practices were estimated to be economically beneficial; however, using a sanitizer in the washing solution and having a company change the milking machine inflations were not economical. Questions were raised about the economic efficiency and efficacy of treating all cows as opposed to selected cows at drying off.
Assembly of the <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Nonribosomal Peptide Siderophore Pyochelin:  In Vitro Reconstitution of Aryl-4,2-bisthiazoline Synthetase Activity from PchD, PchE, and PchF (1999)

Three Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteins involved in biogenesis of the nonribosomal peptide siderophore pyochelin, PchD, PchE, and PchF, have been expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli and are found to produce the tricyclic acid hydroxyphenyl-thiazolyl-thiazolinyl-carboxylic acid (HPTT-COOH), an advanced intermediate containing the aryl-4,2-bis-heterocyclic skeleton of the bithiazoline class of siderophores. The three proteins contain three adenylation domains, one specific for salicylate activation and two specific for cysteine activation, and three carrier protein domains (two in PchE and one in PchF) that undergo posttranslational priming with phosphopantetheine to enable covalent tethering of salicyl and cysteinyl moieties as acyl-S-enzyme intermediates. Two cyclization domains (Cy1 in PchE and Cy2 in PchF) create the two amide linkages in the elongating chains and the cyclodehydrations of acylcysteine moieties into thiazolinyl rings. The ninth domain, the most downstream domain in PchF, is the chain-terminating, acyl-S-enzyme thioester hydrolase that releases the HPTT-S-enzyme intermediate to the observed tandem bis-heterocyclic acid product. A PchF-thioesterase domain active site double mutant fails to turn over, but a monocyclic hydroxyphenyl-thiazolinyl-cysteine (HPT-Cys) product continues to be released from PchE, allowing assignment of the cascade of acyl-S-enzyme intermediates involved in initiation, elongation, and termination steps.