gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The constant occurrence of nonreducing disaccharides in hydrolyzed inulin (1930)

It was demonstrated in a previous article that inulin from dahlia tubers yielded upon hydrolysis in aqueous solution with sulphuric acid a sugar mixture consist- ing of 91.8 per cent fructose, 3 per cent glucose, and 5.2 per cent of a group of nonreducing difructose anhydrides. It is now shown that inulin from wild chicory, dandelions, burdock, goldenrod, and Jerusalem artichoke yields the same percentage of these disaccharides, and that extensive fractional crystalliza- tion fails to alter this percentage.
A helium-purged beam path to improve soft and softer X-ray data quality (2004)

The construction principles and a detailed description of a helium-purged beam path implemented at the Elettra diffraction beamline are reported, together with evidence for the beam path's superiority for collecting softer X-ray diffraction data in a wide range of wavelengths.
A Novel Encoding Scheme for Cross-Talk Effect Minimization Using Error Detecting and Correcting Codes (2014)

In this paper a new bus encoding method presented for reducing crosstalk effects, which can avoid crosstalk and provide error- correcting as well. This method find a subset from cross talk avoidance code (CAC) to provide error correction which allows to reduce the crosstalk- induced delay with buses implementing an error detecting/correcting code. Here we propose Fibonacci representation of single error correcting codes using Hamming code to avoid crosstalk induced delay. Extra wires for checking bus are never required in the proposed method and it can also improve bus performance and reduce power dissipation. We give algorithms for obtaining optimal encodings and present a particular class of error free codes. Conversely other bus encoding techniques have been used to prevent crosstalk but don't correct error. 
On the size-dependent disintegration of small unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles in rat plasma. Evidence of complete loss of vesicle structure (1984)

The destruction of small unilamellar egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles in rat plasma was monitored by measuring release of encapsulated 125I-poly(vinylpyrrolidone) or carboxyfluorescein and by determining transfer of radiolabelled phosphatidylcholine to plasma lipoproteins by means of gel filtration. The susceptibility of the vesicles to the destructive action of plasma increased with decreasing vesicle size, as observed by incubating plasma with individual fractions constituting the small-vesicle peak on Sepharose CL-2B. This results in selective destruction of small vesicles when heterogeneous vesicle populations are incubated with plasma. Samples of homogeneous vesicle populations were incubated with a wide range of plasma concentrations, which resulted in extents of solute and phospholipid release ranging from 10 to 90%. When the extents of solute release were plotted against the extents of lipid release a linear, virtually 1:1, relationship was found, for both carboxyfluorescein and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as the solute. This suggests that the release of solutes from small unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles as a result of their interaction with plasma (lipo)proteins involves the total destruction of a fraction of the vesicles, the magnitude of which is determined by the vesicle: plasma ratio. Our results argue against a previously presented view suggesting that the interaction between such vesicles and plasma results in the formation of pores through which encapsulated solutes diffuse at Mr-dependent rates [Kirby & Gregoriadis (1981) Biochem. J. 199, 251-254]. The discrepancies between the two studies in observations as well as in interpretation are discussed.
Circulating microRNAs in hematological diseases: principles, challenges, and perspectives (2013)

The complex microRNA (miRNA) network plays an important role in the regulation of cellular processes such as development, differentiation, and apoptosis. Recently, the presence of cell-free miRNAs that circulate in body fluids was discovered. The ability of these circulating miRNAs to mirror physiological and pathophysiological conditions as well as their high stability in stored patient samples underlines the potential of these molecules to serve as biomarkers for various diseases. In this review, we describe recent findings in miRNA-mediated cell-to-cell communication and the functions of circulating miRNAs in the field of hematology. Furthermore, we discuss current approaches to design biomarker studies with circulating miRNAs. This article critically reviews the novel field of circulating miRNAs and highlights their suitability for clinical and basic research in addition to their potential as a novel class of biomarkers.
Role of asparagine 1134 in glucosidic bond and transglycosylation specificity of reuteransucrase from <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i> 121 (2006)

Glucansucrases from lactic acid bacteria convert sucrose into various alpha-glucans that differ greatly with respect to the glucosidic bonds present (e.g. dextran, mutan, alternan and reuteran). This study aimed to identify the structural features of the reuteransucrase from Lactobacillus reuteri 121 (GTFA) that determine its reaction specificity. We here report a detailed mutational analysis of a conserved region immediately next to the catalytic Asp1133 (putative transition-state stabilizing) residue in GTFA. The data show that Asn1134 is the main determinant of glucosidic bond product specificity in this reuteransucrase. Furthermore, mutations at this position greatly influenced the hydrolysis/transglycosylation ratio. Changes in this amino acid expands the range of glucan and gluco-oligosaccharide products synthesized from sucrose by mutant GTFA enzymes.
Cathodic Detection of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using Iodide-Modified Gold Electrode in Alkaline Media (2006)

Oxidative chemisorption and cathodic stripping reductive desorption of iodide have been studied at a smooth polycrystalline gold (Au (poly)) electrode. Potential-dependent surface coverage of iodide has been controlled on the basis of its reductive desoprtion in 0.1 M KOH alkaline media and its quantitative oxidation to aqueous iodates in acidic media. The Au (poly) electrode surface catalyzes the decomposition of H2O2 to O2. Specific adsorption of iodide on the Au electrode inhibits fully the catalytic decomposition and electrochemical oxidation of H2O2 as well as the adsorption of unknown impurities and the oxidative degradation of the electrode surface by H2O2. A quantitative characterization/detection of H2O2 at the iodide-modified Au (poly) electrode in the alkaline media has, thus, been achieved. Performance of the electrode toward the detection of H2O2 with respect to response time and sensitivity as well as operational stability has been evaluated. It has a sensitivity of 0.272 mA cm(-2) mM(-1) in amperometric measurements with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-5) M H2O2, and the response time to achieve 95% of the steady-state current is <20 s. The effect of O2 in the air-saturated solution can be minimized by subtracting the additional current for the O2 reduction. Experimental measurements were based upon cyclic voltametric and amperometric techniques.
A microcontroller based defibrillator analyzer system (2002)

Due to its importance during the cardiac resuscitation work,
routine calibration is needed to ensure the proper performance of a
defibrillator. However, the accuracy of defibrillator testers is not
adequate for this purpose. This paper describes a microcontroller-based
defibrillator analyzer system that has been designed to give the amount
of energy delivered during one defibrillator discharge, this system is
more accurate and gives more parameters to asses the defibrillator
performance than other systems
An investigation into integrating hypertext and messengers (2002)

Messengers constitute a new methodology for network-based operations. This paper investigates the use of messengers as a platform for hypertext generation over the World Wide Web (WWW). A messenger is a program that is executable on any computer on a network that provides the executing environment. There are two main WWW protocols, the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) and the hypertext markup language (HTML). HTTP describes the protocol for the transfer of HTML (and other) documents from servers to the client browsers, while HTML describes the way to mark a hypertext document to achieve the desired display on the browsers screen.
Analysis of the in vitro antiviral activity of certain ribonucleosides against parainfluenza virus using a novel computer aided receptor modeling procedure (1989)

The in vitro antiviral activity of 28 nucleosides against the parainfluenza virus type 3 has been analyzed by using a novel computer aided receptor modeling procedure. The method involves an extensive modification of our earlier work (Ghose, A. K.; Crippen, G. M. J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 333). It presents a more straightforward algorithm for the steps that suffered from subjectivity in the earlier method. The method first determines the possible low-energy conformations of the nucleosides, and assigns a priority value for each conformation of each molecule. It then performs the following steps repeatedly, until it finds an acceptable solution. Starting from the conformation of highest priority, the various energetically allowed conformations of the other molecules are superimposed on it. On the basis of the physicochemical property matching (or overlapping), the best superposition is determined. The superimposed molecules are dissected into a minimum number of parts and the local physicochemical properties at different regions are correlated with their binding data (antiviral activity). A modified version of distance geometry has been used for geometric comparison of the structure of the molecules. On the basis of the virus rating (VR) of 28 ribonucleosides, this procedure hypothesized the minimum-energy conformation of 6-(methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine as a reference conformation and used three physicochemical properties, namely hydrophobicity, molar refractivity, and formal charge density for property matching. The binding-site cavity was divided into seven regions or pockets to differentiate the nature of interaction quantitatively. The model suggests that the 2- and 3-positions of the purine ring and the corresponding atoms of the other rings get some steric repulsion, and nucleosides having a single five-membered heterocyclic ring will better fit this virus. The methylthio group gets a strong attraction from dispersive interaction. Both hydrophilic and dispersive groups are attractive here. Although our calculation supports the previously suggested active conformation of ribavirin, it shows that it is not the global minimum-energy conformation. The difference lies in the orientation of the amide group. The calculated viral rating from this model showed a correlation coefficient of 0.971 with the observed values, and the explained variance and the standard deviation of the fit were 0.880 and 0.125, respectively.
Three dimensional colour pickers (2005)

Colours are three dimensional data. However, all commercial colour pickers project three-dimensional (3-D) colour spaces into two dimensional (2-D) palettes. The projection often results in a set of colours perceptually inappropriate to describe the data they present. This paper initially compares several popular 2-D colour pickers and then describes some novel colour pickers which allow colour selection in 3-D RGB, HSV and Munsell colour spaces. The colour palette is a slice cut off by a translucent plane from 3-D colour solids. The position of the plane tells the user where they are in the colour space, which we believe can facilitate the colour picking process. We also develop a mechanism to generate gradually changing colours between several pre-selected colours through interpolation. Users are allowed to change the interpolation path freely in the colour palette.
Morphology and grafting of oxazoline-functional polymer particles with various carboxylic acids (1998)

Oxazoline-functionalized, crosslinked PMMA-particles, prepared by free radical nonaqueous dispersion polymerization, were grafted with n-decanoic acid and carboxylic acid-terminated polystyrene. Oxazoline groups, separated by an alkylspacer from the PMMA backbone, showed enhanced mobility with respect to the backbone, as evaluated by solid-state NMR spectroscopy using a dipolar filter. As a function of molecular mass of the carboxylic acid, the oxazoline conversion varied from 70 mol % for n-decanoic acid to 1% for monocarboxylate-terminated polystyrene CT-PS with Mn: 15,900 g/mol. Morphological studies, performed by TEM, showed that reaction with acid terminated polystyrene results exclusively in interfacial grafting at the particle surface. At low grafting levels a raspberry-like morphology was obtained, whereas grafting levels exceeding 14 wt % CT-PS resulted in core-shell morphology. Core-shell morphology was also verified by static light scattering using toluene solvent, which is isorefractive to the PMMA core. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1821–1827, 1998
High temperature reversed-phase HPLC using deuterium oxide as a mobile phase for the separation of model pharmaceuticals with multiple on-line spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, 1H-NMR and MS) (2001)

The reversed-phase chromatography of a number of model pharmaceuticals using deuterium oxide (D2O) as the mobile phase at elevated temperatures, including superheated conditions (greater than 100 °C), is described. Following elution the analytes were characterised on-line via a combination of diode array UV, 1H-NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. This combination of spectrometers enabled the on-flow collection of full UV, 1H-NMR, IR and mass spectra for a range of compounds in amounts ranging from 46 to 500 μg on-column. The advantages of the use of D2O alone as mobile phase for chromatography with multiple spectroscopic characterisation of analytes is discussed.
Machine Reading Comprehension: The Role of Contextualized Language Models and Beyond (2020)

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) aims to teach machines to read and comprehend human languages, which is a long-standing goal of natural language processing (NLP). With the burst of deep neural networks and the evolution of contextualized language models (CLMs), the research of MRC has experienced two significant breakthroughs. MRC and CLM, as a phenomenon, have a great impact on the NLP community. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive and comparative review on MRC covering overall research topics about 1) the origin and development of MRC and CLM, with a particular focus on the role of CLMs; 2) the impact of MRC and CLM to the NLP community; 3) the definition, datasets, and evaluation of MRC; 4) general MRC architecture and technical methods in the view of two-stage Encoder-Decoder solving architecture from the insights of the cognitive process of humans; 5) previous highlights, emerging topics, and our empirical analysis, among which we especially focus on what works in different periods of MRC researches. We propose a full-view categorization and new taxonomies on these topics. The primary views we have arrived at are that 1) MRC boosts the progress from language processing to understanding; 2) the rapid improvement of MRC systems greatly benefits from the development of CLMs; 3) the theme of MRC is gradually moving from shallow text matching to cognitive reasoning.
Calibration of two cooperative manipulators via pseudo-closed-loop method (2002)

Calibration of two or more cooperative robots is a basic issue and very important for coordination control. Considering fast, low-cost and even autonomous calibration, the closed-loop calibration method for a single robot is extended to two cooperative robots for establishing the relation between robot base coordinates. For collecting physical date the closed-chain formed by two robot arms must be driven to different points in the space. This is impossible, however, when the relation between base coordinates of the two robot arms have not yet been established. To overcome this difficulty, at every selected point the two robot arms perform an accurate peg-in-hole assembly with the use of a contact force control technique for a single robot system. A rigid peg with a shaft key and a rigid hole with a keyway are grasped tightly by two robots respectively, the clearance between the peg and the hole is very small. So the closed-chain formed after any one peg-in-hole assembly at any point in the space holds the same. In this sense, this method is called the pseudo-closed-loop method. Two identification algorithms are developed, one takes for granted that the closed-chain is very rigid while another takes into account the deformation of the object connecting the endpoints of the two robots. Experiments are conducted with two PUMA industrial robots. Experimental results validate the proposed method.
[Use of chigo seed (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) in human nutrition. I. Antecedents, nutritional potential, and characteristics of the plant and seed]. (1984)

A review of the information in the literature in regard to the utilization of the seed of the "chigo" (Campsiandra comosa, Benth) as human food in Venezuela, is presented. The seed of the "chigo" is used as food by inhabitants in areas of the Orinoco basin. Several types of products are prepared from its flour. The nutritional potential of the seed and some of its characteristics, as well as those of the tree from which it is obtained, are also presented. Based on the carbohydrate and protein content of the seed, and on its amino acid composition, it is considered of interest to proceed with a more detailed study in order to determine its potential for human nutrition and, at the same time, analyze the processing conditions of the seed so as to increase its yield and quality as a food.
Ion collection by a sphere in a flowing plasma: 3. Floating potential and drag force (2004)

The interaction of an ion-collecting sphere at floating potential with a flowing collisionless plasma is investigated using the particle in cell code SCEPTIC. The dependence of the floating potential on the flow velocity for a conducting sphere is found to agree very well with the orbital motion limited approximation, which ignores the asymmetry in the plasma potential. But the charge, even on conducting spheres and at zero flow, is not well represented by using the standard expression for capacitance. Insulating spheres become asymmetrically charged because of ion collection asymmetry, and their total (negative) charge is considerably increased by flow. The collection flux asymmetry is documented for both conducting and insulating spheres and is not greatly different between them. The drag force upon the sphere is obtained from the code calculations. It shows reasonable agreement with appropriate analytic approximations. However, numerical discrepancies up to 20% are found, which are attributed to uncertainties in the analytical values.
Synthesis, bioactivity, and DNA-cleaving ability of desferrioxamine B-nalidixic acid and anthraquinone carboxylic acid conjugates (1995)

Synthesis and in vitro activity of two novel conjugates (4 and 5) of desferrioxamine B, with nalidixic acid (2) and anthraquinone carboxylic acid (3), are described.
Rapid Identification of Major Escherichia coli Sequence Types Causing Urinary Tract and Bloodstream Infections (2014)

Escherichia coli sequence types (STs) 69, 73, 95, and 131 are collectively responsible for a large proportion of E. coli urinary tract and bloodstream infections, and they differ markedly in their antibiotic susceptibilities. Here, we describe a novel PCR method to rapidly detect and distinguish these lineages. Three hundred eighteen published E. coli genomes were compared in order to identify signature sequences unique to each of the four major STs. The specificities of these sequences were assessed in silico by seeking them in an additional 98 genomes. A PCR assay was designed to amplify size-distinguishable fragments unique to the four lineages and was validated using 515 E. coli isolates of known STs. Genome comparisons identified 22 regions ranging in size from 335 bp to 26.5 kb that are unique to one or more of the four predominant E. coli STs, with two to 10 specific regions per ST. These regions predominantly harbor genes encoding hypothetical proteins and are within or adjacent to prophage sequences. Most (13/22) were highly conserved (>96.5% identity) in the genomes of their respective ST. The new assay correctly identified all 142 representatives of the four major STs in the validation set (n = 515), with only two ST12 isolates misidentified as ST95. Compared with MLST, the assay has 100% sensitivity and 99.5% specificity. The rapid identification of major extraintestinal E. coli STs will benefit future epidemiological studies and could be developed to tailor antibiotic therapy to the different susceptibilities of these dominant lineages.
Pulse current trimming of polysilicon resistors (1995)

The practical application of pulse current trimming of polysilicon resistors has been investigated and successfully implemented in large scale integrated circuit production. In-package pulse current trimming of heavily doped polysilicon resistors allows precise control of the final resistor value and can effectively compensate for process variation in polysilicon sheet resistance. The technique requires no additional process complexity, is layout efficient, remarkably accurate, and is quick and inexpensive from a test perspective. Resistance reduction occurring during the trim process is shown to be reversible to a small, but usable, extent for n-type polysilicon. Thermal modeling of the resistor trim process shows that the peak temperature reached within the polysilicon film must exceed the highest temperature encountered during wafer fabrication before any permanent resistance change occurs. As the resistor is further trimmed, the film temperature approaches the melting point of silicon.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prototype modular capsule robots for capsule endoscopies (2013)

Capsule endoscopy allows clinicians to wirelessly examine the small intestine using a capsule equipped with a miniscule camera. However, it has intrinsic limitations such as a lack of controlled capsule locomotion and limited therapeutic functions inside the gastrointestinal (GI) track. Recently, several researches have been conducted to prototype robotic capsules that have a self-propelling mechanism by integrating modern technologies. To routinely use in a clinical setting, several technical challenges, including size constraint of the capsule, locomotion mechanism, and stable power source, should be addressed. In this paper, we introduce a prototype of a modular robotic capsule system, which is designed to distribute the functional burdens among multiple robotic capsule modules. For example, active locomotion can be achieved via a collaborative actuation among multiple modules after self-assembly. This novel design was also supplemented with inductive power transmission techniques to wirelessly power the modules. The presented modular, miniature robotic platform may provide a new paradigm for developing multi-function capsule endoscope, with future implications in minimally invasive surgery.