gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ToggleFinder: accurate RTL power estimation for large designs (2005)

Power estimation at the register transfer level (RTL) often suffers from inadequate accuracy when applied to large designs. We address this issue by a multi-mode estimation methodology with two major techniques. Firstly, we use a power mode classification scheme to refine the power-consuming behaviors of a large design. Secondly, we incorporate a functional weighting scheme for easy power characterization. The combination of these two techniques jointly contributes to higher accuracy. The proposed methodology has been realized as a practical tool that can fit into the commercial design flow. Experimental results of an in-house large design with 132K gates and other smaller ones show that the estimation error can be reduced down to only 3% for typical functional patterns.
Inhibition of the Cardiac Angiogenic Response to Surgical FGF-2 Therapy in a Swine Endothelial Dysfunction Model (2003)

Background— Discrepancy exists between the potent effects of therapeutic angiogenesis in laboratory animals and the marginal results observed in patients with advanced coronary artery disease. In vitro and small animal data suggest that angiogenesis may depend on locally available nitric oxide (NO), but the impact of endothelial dysfunction on therapeutic angiogenesis in the myocardium has been unclear. We compared the effects of clinically applicable angiogenesis methods in swine in which endothelial dysfunction was experimentally induced to that observed in normal swine. Methods and Results— Miniswine were fed either a regular (N=13) or hypercholesterolemic diet (N=13) for 20 weeks. Hypercholesterolemic swine showed coronary endothelial dysfunction on videomicroscopy. Animals from both groups received 100 μg of perivascular sustained-release fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 in the lateral myocardial territory, previously made ischemic by placement of an ameroid constrictor around the circumflex artery. After 4 weeks of FGF-2 therapy, lateral myocardial perfusion was significantly lower in hypercholesterolemic than in normocholesterolemic swine, both at rest and during pacing (0.44±0.04 versus 0.81±0.15 mL/min/g at rest, respectively; P =0.006; and 0.50±0.06 versus 0.71±0.10 mL/min/g during pacing; P =0.02). Hypercholesterolemic swine showed no net increase in perfusion from FGF-2 treatment. Endothelial cell density and FGF receptor-1 expression were significantly lower in the lateral territory of hypercholesterolemic versus normocholesterolemic animals. Conclusions— The cardiac angiogenic response to FGF-2 treatment using clinically applicable methods was markedly inhibited in hypercholesterolemic swine with coronary endothelial dysfunction. These findings suggest that coronary endothelial dysfunction is major obstacle to the efficacy of clinical angiogenesis protocols and constitutes a target toward making angiogenesis more effective in patients with advanced coronary disease.
Selective Cleavage of Cysteine Peptides (1971)

Abstract The cysteine peptides such as IV were cyclized to thiazolidone peptides through the corresponding S-chlorocarbonyl derivatives. In some peptides such as XXII, however, no cyclized products were isolated because of decomposition of the S-chlorocarbonyl intermediates. By the mild alkaline hydrolysis of the thiazolidone peptide the carboxylic acid from the N-terminal amino acid or peptide and 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carbonyl derivatives were isolated as a result of the selective cleavage of the peptide bond in which an amino group of cysteine residue participated. This cleavage reaction was applied to several cysteine peptides. The same results were observed whenever the corresponding thiazolidone peptides were formed.
Self-focusing HIFU source for large therapy volumes (2002)

In medical thermo-therapy with ultrasound, extended focusing sources generate small focal spots with ultrasonic intensities high enough to generate fine tissue necroses. These focal spots are scanned over the target tissue volume. Scanning time in the therapeutic procedure can be reduced by the lateral enlargement of these spots. Multielement ultrasonic sources do this job on the basis of expensive multichannel electronics. The authors' HIFU system, however, bases on a single element 60 mm diameter piezoelectric source mounted onto a spherical lens with a focal distance of 70 mm and a focal width (-6 dB) of 1.5 mm. Center frequency is 1.7 MHz. This system, source and lens together, is diced into 4 sectors and remounted at radial non-symmetric locations. Computer simulations under the condition that the prefocal spots were not enlarged defined the proper location of the sectors. The asymmetry with respect to the location is /spl plusmn/0.4 mm. The resulting theoretical acoustic field pattern for one-channel driving electronics shows a focus split into 4 peaks representing the broadening into a width of about 3 mm. This system will generate a clear time reduction for the therapeutic procedure without increasing technological and electronic expenditure.
Provocation of experimental aortic inflammation and dilatation by inflammatory mediators and <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> (2001)

Macrophage influx into rabbit abdominal aorta, without macrophage activation, is insufficient to cause experimental aortic dilatation. C. pneumoniae antigens appeared to stimulate aortic dilatation, probably by specific activation of macrophages.
Isolation and Determination of Yeasts Utilizing Kerosene as a Sole Source of Carbon (1966)

In order to produce microbial cell substances from petroleum, 83 strains of kerosene-utilizing yeasts, as a sole source of carbon, were isolated from 37 materials in contact with petroleum in the petroleum refinery. They could be distributed in either of 15 cultural groups with their colony appearances. Fifteen representative strains in 15 cultural groups were served for determination and identified with the following species: Candida tropicalis, 9 strains; C. guilliermondii, 2 strains; C. intermedia, 2 strains; C. pulcherrima, 1 strains; Torulopsis pinus, 1 strain. In order to clarify what the ability of hydrocarbon utilization means biologically, 46 standard strains were served for test, of which the following 5 strains could utilize kerosene as a sole source of carbon: Candida albicans IAM 4888; C. arborea IAM 4147; C. lipolytica IAM 4947; C. tropicalis IAM 4862 and IAM 4924. Considering the result, the ability of utilizing kerosene would seem to characterize the genus, but it was not evident that it would characterize the species. C. tropicalis Pk-233 gave the best cell yield among the above strains when kerosene was employed as a sole source of carbon and moreover, in the production of the cells of Pk-233, employing kerosene as a carbon material was compared with employing glucose.
Ragged Red Fibers in Normal Aging and Inflammatory Myopathy (1995)

Ragged red fibers are an important marker for mitochondrial disease. To evaluate the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in the pathogenesis of aging and inclusion body myositis, we studied the frequency of ragged red fibers in muscle biopsy specimens from 15 young and 13 old normal adults, and from 27 patients with inclusion body myositis, polymyositis, or dermatomyositis. Serial transverse cryostat sections were stained with modified Gomori trichrome, modified succinic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase. The frequency of ragged red fibers, determined by measuring the percent number of succinic dehydrogenase-positive ragged red fiber equivalents, was significantly higher in old compared to young normal subjects (0.33 vs. 0.02%, p < 0.0001). With the exception of a single polymyositis biopsy specimen showing a large number of ragged red fibers, the frequency of ragged red fibers in patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis was similar to that of age-matched normal control subjects. The frequency of ragged red fibers was more than 1% in 7 of 8 patients with inclusion body myositis (maximum, 15%). The modified succinic dehydrogenase stain was more sensitive than the modified Gomori trichrome in detecting accumulation of mitochondria in muscle fibers. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was deficient in most ragged red fibers. We conclude that the number of ragged red fibers increases with normal aging and may reflect an age-related decline in muscle mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The frequent occurrence of ragged red fibers in inclusion body myositis suggests that mitochondrial function may be impaired in this disease.
Application of a matrix converter for the power control of a variable-speed wind-turbine driving a doubly-fed induction generator (2002)

A grid-connected wind-power generation scheme using a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) in conjunction with a direct AC-AC matrix converter is proposed. The analysis employs a stator-flux vector-control algorithm and a space vector modulated matrix converter to control the generator rotor current. The system enables optimal speed tracking for maximum energy capture from the wind and high performance active and reactive power regulation. The paper describes the operating principles of this power generation scheme. The matrix converter-based rotor current control scheme is highlighted. Simulation studies of the proposed power generation system were carried out. Results obtained are presented illustrating the good control performance of the system.
Mobilization of sialidase from intracellular stores to the surface of human neutrophils and its role in stimulated adhesion responses of these cells. (1991)

Desialation of cell surfaces has been associated with the initiation or modification of diverse cellular functions. In these studies we have examined the subcellular distribution of sialidase (SE) in human neutrophils as well as the mobilization of this enzyme following neutrophil activation. Separation of subcellular fractions by density gradient centrifugation showed that SE is present not only in neutrophil primary and secondary granule populations, like lysozyme, but also in plasma membrane fractions. Neutrophil activation was associated with a redistribution of SE from secondary granule-enriched fractions to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, SE activity detected on the surface of intact neutrophils with a fluorescent SE substrate increased rapidly after activation with kinetics that matched both the loss of total cell-associated sialic acid and release of free sialic acid from the cells. These activation-dependent events were in each case blocked by incubation of neutrophils with the SE inhibitor, 2-deoxy-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. Aggregation responses of neutrophils as well as adhesion responses to nylon and plastic surfaces were also inhibited by 2-deoxyNANA. Our findings indicate that the activation-dependent desialation of the neutrophil surface is associated with mobilization of an endogenous SE to the plasma membrane and has a role in stimulated adhesion responses of these cells.
Field investigation of the relationship between battery size and PV system performance (2002)

Four photovoltaic-powered lighting systems were installed in a National Forest Service campground in June of 1991. These systems have identical solar cell arrays, loads and charge controllers. The only difference was in the rated capacity of the battery bank for each system. The battery banks all use the same basic battery as a building block with the four systems utilizing either one battery, two batteries, three batteries or four batteries. The purpose of the experiment is to examine the effect of the various battery sizes on the ability of the system to charge the battery, energy available to the load, and battery lifetime. Results show an important trend in system performance concerning the impact of charge controllers on the relation between array size and battery size which results in an inability to achieve the days of battery storage originally designed for.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Study of ligand isomeric complexes of N-furfurylsalicylaldimine (1980)

The ligand isomeric complexes (OC4H3CH2NCHPhOH, A, and OC4H3CHNCH2PhOH, B) of N-furfurylsalicylaldimine with CoIII, NiII CuII, and PdII have been synthesised. The nature of the isomerism was characterised by the 1H n.m.r. spectral data for the azomethine group, CN group frequencies, and electric polarization. The complexes with VIVO, CrIII, MnII, FeIII, PtII, BeII, and ZnII were obtained in the A isomeric form. The 1H n.m.r. spectra of both the isomers of the cobalt(III) complexes indicated a trans configuration. An electric polarization study of nickel(II) complexes also suggested that both isomeric complexes had the trans configuration and that they were linkage isomers containing ligand isomers A and B. The participation of the furan oxygen in co-ordination was indicated in the A isomeric form of complexes with PdII and ZnII. The characterisation of the isomers was supplemented by u.v. spectra.
Sandia SCADA Program -- High Surety SCADA LDRD Final Report (2002)

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are a part of the nation's critical infrastructure that is especially vulnerable to attack or disruption. Sandia National Laboratories is developing a high-security SCADA specification to increase the national security posture of the U.S. Because SCADA security is an international problem and is shaped by foreign and multinational interests, Sandia is working to develop a standards-based solution through committees such as the IEC TC 57 WG 15, the IEEE Substation Committee, and the IEEE P1547-related activity on communications and controls. The accepted standards are anticipated to take the form of a Common Criteria Protection Profile. This report provides the status of work completed and discusses several challenges ahead.
Phase II Comparator Study of Oral Versus Intravenous Topotecan in Patients With Chemosensitive Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2001)

This study found oral topotecan to be similar in efficacy to IV topotecan in the treatment of patients with relapsed SCLC, sensitive to first-line chemotherapy, with less grade 4 neutropenia and greater convenience of administration.
Light-Triggered Reversible Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticle Oligomers for Tunable SERS (2014)

A photoresponsive amphiphilic gold nanoparticle (AuNP) is achieved through the decoration of AuNP with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hydrophobic photoresponsive polymethacrylate containing spiropyran units (PSPMA). Owing to the photoresponsive property of spiropyran units, the amphiphilic AuNPs can easily achieve the controllable assembly/disassembly behaviors under the trigger by light. Under visible light, spiropyran units provide weak intermolecular interactions between neighbored AuNPs, leading to isolated AuNPs in the solution. While under UV light irradiation, spiropyran units in the polymer brushes transform into merocyanine isomer with conjugated structure and zwitterionic state, promoting the integration of adjacent AuNPs through π-π stacking and electrostatic attractions, further leading to the formation of Au oligomers. The smart reversible AuNP oligomers exhibited switchable plasmonic coupling for tuning surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity, which is promising for the application of SERS based sensors and optical imaging.
Microwave dielectric characterisation of 3D-printed BaTiO3/ABS polymer composites (2016)

3D printing is used extensively in product prototyping and continues to emerge as a viable option for the direct manufacture of final parts. It is known that dielectric materials with relatively high real permittivity-which are required in important technology sectors such as electronics and communications-may be 3D printed using a variety of techniques. Among these, the fused deposition of polymer composites is particularly straightforward but the range of dielectric permittivities available through commercial feedstock materials is limited. Here we report on the fabrication of a series of composites composed of various loadings of BaTiO3 microparticles in the polymer acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), which may be used with a commercial desktop 3D printer to produce printed parts containing user-defined regions with high permittivity. The microwave dielectric properties of printed parts with BaTiO3 loadings up to 70 wt% were characterised using a 15 GHz split post dielectric resonator and had real relative permittivities in the range 2.6-8.7 and loss tangents in the range 0.005-0.027. Permittivities were reproducible over the entire process, and matched those of bulk unprinted materials, to within ~1%, suggesting that the technique may be employed as a viable manufacturing process for dielectric composites.
Stable Isotope Ratios of Carbon in Phytoliths as a Quantitative Method of Monitoring Vegetation and Climate Change (1991)

Abstract The 13 C/ 12 C ratios of occluded carbon within opal phytoliths from the northern Great Plains show potential as a basis for paleoclimatic reconstruction. A significant correlation exists between the carbon isotopic composition of a host plant and that of the organic matter in its phytoliths. The 13 C/ 12 C ratios for phytoliths from surface layers of soils along climatic gradients reflect the current proportions of C 3 and C 4 plants. Variations in the δ 13 C values of phytoliths with soil depth are caused by a variety of processes: burial of soil surface by dust, bioturbation, and possible illuviation by percolating water. Also, contributions of phytoliths by dust and roots have unknown isotopic effects. The δ 13 C values of phytoliths from soils increase with decreasing 14 C age, suggesting that the proportion of C 4 plants in this region has increased during the Holocene. Phytoliths of apparent mid-Holocene age suggest exclusive dominance by C 4 plants which agrees with paleoclimatic interpretations of an arid middle Holocene climate.
Spectral sensitivities of the human cones (1993)

Transient chromatic adaptation produced by an abrupt change of background color permits an easier and closer approach to cone isolation than does steady-state adaptation. Using this technique, we measured middle-wave-sensitive (M)-cone spectral sensitivities in 11 normals and 2 protanopes and long-wavelength-sensitive (L-) cone spectral sensitivities in 12 normals and 4 deuteranopes. Although there is great individual variation in the adapting intensity required for effective isolation, there is little variation in the shape of the M- and L-cone spectral-sensitivity functions across subjects. At middle and long wavelengths, our mean spectral sensitivities agree extremely well with dichromatic spectral sensitivities and with the M- and L-cone fundamentals of Smith and Pokorny [Vision Res. 15, 161 (1975)] and of Vos and Walraven [Vision Res. 11, 799 (1971)], both of which are based on the CIE (Judd-revised) 2 degrees color-matching functions (CMF's). But the agreement with the M-cone fundamentals of Estévez [Ph.D. dissertation, Amsterdam University (1979)] and of Vos et al. [Vision Res. 30, 936 (1990)], which are based on the Stiles-Burch 2 degrees CMF's, is poor. Using our spectral-sensitivity data, tritanopic color-matching data, and Stile's pi 3, we derive new sets of cone fundamentals. The consistency of the proposed fundamentals based on either the Stiles-Burch 2 degrees CMF's or the CIE 10 degrees large-field CMF's with each other, with protanopic and deuteranopic spectral sensitivities, with tritanopic color-matching data, and with short-wavelength-sensitive (S-) cone spectral-sensitivity data suggests that they are to be preferred over fundamentals based on the CIE 2 degrees CMF's.
Research retrospect on small molecule protease inhibitors and peptide toxins (2009)

This paper is a retrospect of our research works on small molecular weight protease inhibitors and peptide toxins, all of them are active peptides. The Lysin active fragment of the double headed mung bean trypsin inhibitor has been intensively studied. The approaches of sequence determination, gene expression and mutagenesis as well as peptide synthesis are used to indicate that the essen- tial core of the inhibitor is composed of two conjugated disulfide loops each with nine-residues, which shares high homology with the cyclic peptide sun flower trypsin inhibitor. Another described inhibitor is the Trichosanthes trypsin inhibitor belonging to the squish family, its gene sequence was first reported in this family. The studied peptide toxins include scorpion toxins and conotoxins. Many novel potassium channel toxins were found from the scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch, in- cluding the calcium dependent BK or SK potassium channel toxins and voltage dependent toxins. Some of them have two deferent functions displaying at separated region, their structure-function relationships were elucidated. The expressed recombinant scorpion chloride toxin has a potential in treatment of malignant gliomas. From 16 species of cone snail 50 novel conotoxin peptides were identified, and 134 novel conotoxin genes were cloned. Three unreported superfamilies were characterized, designated as V, Y, K superfamily, respectively; some new disulfide frame and arrangement, unique motif, D-form residue in the toxin primary structures were found; the genomic structure of A superfamily was analysed, in the intro there is a very conserved sequence at the 3’end which could be used as a primer to clone more new conotoxin genes; the biological function of some conotoxins were elucidated.
Optimal protection assignment for scalable compressed images (2003)

This paper is concerned with the efficient transmission of scalable compressed images over lossy communication channels. Recent works have proposed several strategies for assigning optimal code-rates to elements in a scalable data stream, under the assumption that all elements are encoded onto a common group of network packets. When the size of the data to be encoded becomes large in comparison with the size of the network packets, such schemes require very long channel codes with high computational complexity. In networks with high loss, small packets are generally more desirable than long packets. This paper proposes a strategy for assigning optimal code-rates to elements of the scalable compressed data source, subject to constraints on the packet size, transmission length and code complexity. Our experimental results suggest that the proposed scheme can outperform previously proposed code-rate assignment policies, subject to the above-mentioned constraints, particularly with high loss.
Approach to the patient with infectious colitis (2011)

Once laboratory diagnosis is made, pathogen-specific antimicrobial therapy should be initiated for all forms of infectious colitis other than STEC. For empiric treatment of febrile dysenteric diarrhea invasive bacterial enteropathogens (Shigella, Salmonella, and Campylobacter) should be suspected and adults may be treated empirically with 1000mg azithromycin in a single dose.
Photoresist etching in a hollow cathode reactor (1990)

The submicron photoresist patterning capabilities of hollow cathode and asymmetric diode (‘‘reactive ion etch’’) reactors are compared here. Confined hollow cathodes etch more than 15 times faster than a diode at a given target voltage, at pressures of 2 Pa and below. Etch directionality has been studied using measurements of undercut in deep submicron patterns. Low-pressure hollow cathode etch anisotropy is similar to that obtained in a diode reactor, at all target voltages. At high target voltages both reactor designs result in less than a few percent of total undercut and sidewall bowing using 0.7-μm period, 3-μm-thick structures. This level of bowing is often seen in submicron etched apertures; we show how such bowing is affected by mask sidewall slope, and by the aspect ratio of etched structures. We review theories of sidewall bowing, concluding that electrostatic deflection and ion reflection from mask edges cause most of the sidewall bowing under our low-pressure conditions.