gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of pyrimidines and a computational study toward their structure and reactivity (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of pyrimidines and a computational study toward their structure and reactivityWerner A. W. Stolle, August E. Frissen, Antonius T. M. Marcelis, and Henk C. Van der PlasCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 11, 3000–3007Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00037a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00037a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views507Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Increased Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Thrombospondin-1 in Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis: Possible Role of the Hepatic Stellate Cell (1999)

Transforming growth factor-beta1 and thrombospondin-1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in patients with congenital hepatic fibrosis. One potential source of these fibrogenic proteins is the hepatic stellate cell.
Purification and Characterization of Novel Denitrosylases from Yeast and Mammals (2012)

<p>S-nitrosylation, the prototypic mechanism of redox-based signal transduction, involves the covalent attachment of a nitrogen monoxide group to a Cys-thiol side chain. S-nitrosylation of proteins has been demonstrated to affect a broad range of functional parameters including enzymatic activity, subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions and protein stability. The primary focus of my dissertation was to solve a problem of great importance in the field of S-nitrosylation, which is, to identify denitrosylase(s) i.e., enzymes that remove NO groups from S-nitrosothiols. Recent progress in elucidating the cellular regulation of S-nitrosylation has led to the identification of two physiologically relevant denitrosylating activities that remove the NO group from S-nitrosylated substrates. Thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase (Trx system) functions as an NADPH-dependent denitrosylase across a broad range of S-nitrosylated proteins (SNO-proteins). S-nitroso-glutathione reductase (GSNOR), which is highly conserved across phylogeny, metabolizes GSNO utilizing NADH as a reducing coenzyme, thereby shifting equilibria between GSNO and SNO-proteins. This dissertation describes the discovery of two novel denitrosylases: one from yeast and the other from mammals. Using technique of column chromatography we have purified these novel denitrosylases to homogeneity and have demonstrated a principal contribution of these enzymes towards S-nitrosothiol metabolism.</p>
Excess risk of colon cancer associated with a polymorphism of the APC gene? (1998)

Identification of these genes and mutant alA­eleshas resulted in opportunities and challenges for practitioners. For example, alA­eles of the APC gene are responsible for the inherited syndrome familial polyposis, characterized by multiple adenomatous polyps of the colon at an early age. Diagnosis of the condition depended upon the appear ance of multiple colonie polyps and led to prophylactic colectomy, usually in the twenties, to prevent colon cancer in the forties. Frequent colonoscopy of all at-risk family members, starting in the early teens and continuing into the twenties, was the preferred screening ap proach. Diagnosis of the condition was usually possible well before the risk period for cancer. Nevertheless, many individuals who had not inherited the family's mutant alA­ele also had to undergo years of colonoscopy before a negative diagnosis could be confirmed. Genebased diagnosis now allows determination of which at-risk individuals in a familial adenomatous polyposis family have inherited the mutant alA­ele, freeing those who have not inherited the family alA­ele from the burden of frequent colonoscopy. More recently, attenuated APC alA­e les have been identified (2). In these families, at-risk carriers of the mutant alA­ele are at high risk of colon cancer somewhat later in life but may show only one or a few colon polyps and are thus not so easily diagnosed by colonoscopy. This makes genetic diagnosis a much more important issue to relieve what is now a long-term screening burden for those who are not carriers. In addition to strongly predisposing alA­eles, it is likely that weakly predisposing alA­eles of a number of genes may soon be found. Many of these may be much more frequent in the population than the strongly predisposing alA­eles and, indeed, may account for a significant fraction of the epidemiologists' estimate of ~20% of cancer being due to familial factors. This next generation of genetic analysis promises even more challenges. Because the penetrance of this class of alA­eles is expected to be low, the increase in cancer incidence attributable will likewise be modest and will require carefully controlled, large-scale studies to con firm its existence and determine its magnitude. Several recent articles (3-6) focus attention on the issue of risk of colon carcinoma associated with inheritance of what may be such a low-penetrance alA­ele of the APC gene. The alA­ele, I1307K, is thus far found only among Ashkenazi Jews. The common alA­ele of this poly morphism carries a T at nucleotide 3920, whereas the infrequent I1307K alA­ele carries an A at this position, resulting in conversion of an A3TA4 sequence to an A8 sequence and an isoleucine-to-lysine
Upregulation of Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Fetal Brain of the Gaucher Mouse (2006)

Gaucher disease is caused by a deficiency of glucocerebrosidase. Patients with Gaucher disease are divided into three major phenotypes: chronic nonneuronopathic, acute neuronopathic, and chronic neuronopathic, based on symptoms of the nervous system, the severity of symptoms, and the age of disease onset. The characteristics of patients with acute neuronopathic- and chronic neuronopathic-type Gaucher disease include oculomotor abnormalities, bulbar signs, limb rigidity, seizures and occasional choreoathetoid movements, and neuronal loss. However, the mechanisms leading to the neurodegeneration of this disorder remain unknown. To investigate brain dysfunction in Gaucher disease, we studied the possible role of inflammation in neurodegeneration during development of Gaucher disease in a mouse model. Elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, were detected in the fetal brains of Gaucher mice. Moreover, the levels of secreted nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the brains of Gaucher mice were higher than in wild-type mice. Thus, accumulated glucocerebroside or glucosylsphingosine, caused by glucocerebrosidase deficiency, may mediate brain inflammation in the Gaucher mouse via the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species.
Histopathology of arthritis induced in rats by active immunization to mycobacterial antigens or by systemic transfer of t lymphocyte lines. a light and electron microscopic study of the articular surface using cationized ferritin (1987)

We analyzed the histopathologic findings of arthritis in 3 rat models: adjuvant arthritis induced by active immunization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) antigens, arthritis produced by passive transfer of an intrinsically arthritogenic line of anti-MT T lymphocytes, and bystander arthritis produced by intraarticular injection of a foreign antigen, ovalbumin, into rats with T lymphocyte line cells specific for the ovalbumin antigen. The histopathology of the tibiotarsal and knee joints was studied by light microscopy and the articular surface of the cartilage by electron microscopy after labeling with cationized ferritin. The lesions in the 3 models of arthritis were compared. In active adjuvant arthritis, inflammatory lesions and cartilage destruction were found as early as 9 days after immunization, and persisted for as long as 11 months. Similar, but somewhat milder, lesions were found in arthritis produced by transfer of anti-MT T lymphocytes. Inflammatory signs were present at 4 days, when there was no evidence of joint edema. Severe inflammatory lesions were found in arthritis induced by transfer of anti-ovalbumin T lymphocytes that was followed by ovalbumin injection into the knee. Pathologic changes were found to be similar in all 3 models. Thus, the changes could be attributed to the action of T lymphocytes, irrespective of whether the target antigen was intrinsic to the joint.
Ray model of light scattering by flake pigments or rough surfaces with smooth transparent coatings (2004)

We derive expressions for the intensity and polarization of light singly scattered by flake pigments or a rough surface beneath a smooth transparent coating using the ray or facet model. The distribution of local surface normals is used to calculate the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). We discuss the different distribution functions that can be used to characterize the distribution of local surface normals. The light-scattering model is validated by measurements of the BRDF and polarization by a metallic flake pigmented coating. The results enable the extraction of a slope distribution function from the data, which is shown to be consistent over a variety of scattering geometries. These models are appropriate to estimate or predict the appearance of flake pigment automotive paints.
Development of a mixer-viscometer for studying rheological behavior of settling and non-settling slurries (2016)

Slurry transport has become a subject of interest in several industries, including oil and gas. The importance of slurry/solid transport in the oil and gas industry is evident in areas of cuttings transport, sand transport and, lately, hydrates. There is therefore a great need to develop instrumentation capable of characterizing fluids with high solid content. Presence of solids in fluids makes the rheological characterization of these systems difficult. This is because available rheometers are designed with a narrow gap and cannot prevent solids from settling. The main aim of this paper is to present a step-by-step procedure of converting torque and shaft speed into viscosity information by applying the Couette analogy, equivalent diameter and inverse line concepts. The use of traditional impeller geometries such as cone and plate may be challenging due to their narrow gap and inability to prevent settling. Therefore, the use of non-conventional impeller geometry is imperative when dealing with settling slurries and suspensions. The most challenging task using complex geometry impeller is data interpretation especially when dealing with complex rheology fluids. In this work, an autoclave is transformed into a mixer-type viscometer by modifying its mixing, cooling and data acquisition systems. Mathematical models relating the measured torque to shear stress and the measured shaft speed to shear rate were developed and expressed in terms of the equivalent diameter. The shear rate and shear stress constants were expressed in terms of equivalent diameter and measureable parameters such as impeller speed and torque. The mixer-type viscometer was calibrated using four Newtonian and four Power-Law fluids to determine the rheological constants (equivalent diameter, shear rate and shear stress constants). The concept of inverse line was used to identify the laminar flow regime. The calibrated instrument was used to characterize two Power-Law fluids. This procedure can be extended to any rheological model. Methods developed in this work can be used to characterize fluids with high solid content. This is particularly important when dealing with complex rheology slurries such as those encountered in food processing, oil and gas and pharmaceuticals.
Kinetics of Iodination (1970)

Abstract The effects of varying polarity of solvent on the hydroxyl pK and on the rates of iodination of tyrosine and monoiodotyrosine have been studied by spectrophotometric techniques. When methanol replaces water to 50% (v/v), ΔpKa for the hydroxyl group is +0.74 for tyrosine and +1.29 for monoiodotyrosine. The pKa of the hydroxyl group of each compound correlates well with the dielectric constant of the solvent. When the observed rates of iodination of the two phenolic derivatives are corrected for varying iodide and hydrogen ion concentrations in the system according to appropriate pre-equilibria, increasing concentrations of methanol decrease the rate constant of iodination of tyrosine more than that of monoiodotyrosine. The data for tyrosine again correlate well with theoretical considerations of the dielectric constant of the solvent, but the data for monoiodotyrosine do not. It is concluded that the nonpolar environment favors diiodination relative to monoiodination, which may have biological significance in the case of the nonpolar internal environment of thyroglobulin.
Crack-free fully epitaxial nitride microcavity using highly reflective AlInN∕GaN Bragg mirrors (2005)

We report the growth over 2 in. sapphire substrates of crack-free fully epitaxial nitride-based microcavities using two highly reflective lattice-matched AlInN∕GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). The optical cavity is formed by an empty 3λ∕2 GaN cavity surrounded by AlInN∕GaN DBRs with reflectivities close to 99%. Reflectivity and transmission measurements were carried out on these structures, which exhibit a stopband of 28 nm. The cavity mode is clearly resolved with a linewidth of 2.3 nm. These results demonstrate that the AlInN∕GaN system is very promising for the achievement of strong light–matter interaction and the fabrication of nitride-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers.
Determination of the Existence of LoS Blockage and Its Application to UWB Localization (2006)

The presence of a line-of-sight (LoS) blockage is one of the major causes of error for ultra-wideband (UWB) localization. LoS blockage degrades the accuracy of the time of arrival (ToA) estimation of the direct path signal by making the multipath structure complex. Furthermore, propagation through the obstructing material introduces excess propagation delay, which causes ranging errors. In this paper, a hypothesis test approach to determine the existence of a LoS blockage in UWB propagation is proposed. Once the non-LoS is identified, the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is used for ToA-based positioning. This ML localization algorithm is applied to a set of indoor propagation measurements made in an office building
Liver Injury Suppressing Compounds from Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i>) (2001)

To evaluate the protective activity of fruits against liver injury, 22 different fruits were fed to rats with liver damage caused by D-galactosamine, a powerful liver toxin. As measured by changes in the levels of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), avocado showed extraordinarily potent liver injury suppressing activity. Five active compounds were isolated and their structures determined. These were all fatty acid derivatives, of which three, namely, (2E,5E,12Z,15Z)-1-hydroxyheneicosa-2,5,12,15-tetraen-4-one, (2E,12Z,15Z)-1-hydroxyheneicosa-2,12,15-trien-4-one, and (5E,12Z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxoheneicosa-5,12-dien-1-yl acetate, were novel.
Gaussian-Cauchy mixture modeling for robust signal-dependent noise estimation (2014)

We introduce an adaptive Gaussian-Cauchy mixture modeling for the likelihood of pairwise mean/standard-deviation scatter points found when estimating signal-dependent noise. The maximization of the likelihood is used to identify the noise-model parameters, following an adaptive mixture parameter that controls the balance between the Gaussian and the heavy-tailed Cauchy. This renders the estimation robust with respect to outliers, typically present in large quantities among the scatter points from images dominated by texture. The modeling is directly suited to describing also observations subject to clipping, i.e. under- or over-exposure. Experiments on a dataset of badly exposed and highly textured images demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive Gaussian-Cauchy mixture likelihood for the accurate estimation of the noise standard-deviation curve.
Maternal Cocaine Use During Early Pregnancy as a Risk Factor for Congenital Urogenital Anomalies (1989)

To study the association of maternal cocaine use during early pregnancy with the occurrence of congenital urogenital anomalies, we analyzed data from the population-based Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control Study. We identified 276 and 791 case-babies with urinary and genital anomalies, respectively, who were live born and stillborn to residents of metropolitan Atlanta from 1968 through 1980. There were 2835 and 2973 respective control-babies born without birth defects randomly selected through birth certificates. Maternal cocaine use during early pregnancy was defined as reported use at any time from 1 month before the pregnancy began through the first 3 months of pregnancy. We found a statistically significant association of reported cocaine use with an increased risk for urinary tract defects (crude odds ratio, 4.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 17.24) and no statistically significant association with genital organ defects (odds ratio, 2.26; confidence interval, 0.67 to 7.62). The findings from this study were consistent with a previously reported association of maternal cocaine use and urinary tract anomalies in animal and clinical studies.
Idiopathic Heinz Body Anaemia: Hb‐Bristol (β67 (E11) Val→Asp) (1970)

S ummary . It is shown that the haemolytic anaemia in the original patient with ‘idiopathic Heinz body anaemia’ is due to the presence of 36% unstable haemoglobin: Hb‐Bristol (β67 (E11) Val→Asp). This haemoglobin has a low oxygen affinity which accounts for the normal development of this patient in spite of the presence of permanent severe anaemia. The relative rates of synthesis of β Bristol ‐ to β A ‐chains were identical, indicating that the reduced amount of Hb‐Bristol found in the haemolysate is due to precipitation of the abnormal protein. The inability to separate this haemoglobin by electrophoresis is due to interaction of the abnormal aspartic acid with the adjacent histidine at β63 (E7).
Capsid protein VP4 of poliovirus is N-myristoylated. (1987)

Poliovirus was labeled in vivo with [3H]myristic acid. Analysis of the capsid polypeptides revealed that the [3H]myristic acid residues copurified with VP4, the smallest and internal capsid protein of the virion. Evidence is presented showing unambiguously that the N-terminal glycine residue of VP4 is N-myristoylated. A previous analysis of the tryptic peptides of VP4 [Dorner, A. J., Dorner, L. F., Larsen, G. R., Wimmer, E. & Anderson, C. W. (1982) J. Virol. 42, 1017-1028] had shown that the N-terminal blocking group exists on all VP4 molecules as well as on VP0 and P1, two precursor polypeptides to VP4 in poliovirus. The possible function of the myristic acid residue in VP4 and in its precursor in poliovirus proliferation is discussed.
The virtual human as a multimodal interface (2005)

This paper discusses the main issues for creating interactive virtual environments with virtual humans emphasizing the following aspects: creation of virtual humans, gestures, interaction with objects, multimodal communication.
EX VIVO ANALYSIS OF IRRADIATED FINGERNAILS: CHEMICAL YIELDS AND PROPERTIES OF RADIATION-INDUCED AND MECHANICALLY-INDUCED RADICALS (2010)

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the radicals underlying the radiation-induced signal (RIS) in fingernails was conducted in an attempt to identify properties of these radicals that could be used for biodosimetry purposes. A qualitative analysis of RIS showed the presence of at least three components, two of which were observed at low doses (<50 Gy) and the third required higher doses (>500 Gy). The low dose signal, obtained by reconstruction, consists of a 10 gauss singlet at g = 2.0053 and an 18 gauss doublet centered at g = 2.0044. Based on the initial slope of the dose-response curve, the chemical (radical) yields of the radicals giving rise to the singlet and doublet were 327 (+/-113) and 122 (+/-9) nmol J-1 (standard error, SE), respectively. At doses below 50 Gy, the singlet signal is the dominant component. Above this dose range, the signal intensity of the singlet rapidly dose-saturates. At doses <50 Gy, there is a small contribution of the doublet signal that increases in its proportion of the RIS as dose increases. A third component was revealed at high dose with a spectral extent of approximately 100 gauss and displayed peaks due to g anisotropy at g = 2.056, 2.026, and 1.996. The total radical yield calculated from the initial slope of the dose-response curve averaged 458 +/- (116) nmol J-1 (SE) in irradiated nail clippings obtained from six volunteers. Such high yields indicate that nails are a strong candidate for biodosimetry at low doses. In a comparison of relative stabilities of the radicals underlying the singlet and doublet signals, the stability of the doublet signal is more sensitive to the moisture content of the nail than the singlet. This differential in radical stabilities could provide a method for removing the doublet signal under controlled exposures to high humidities (>70% relative humidity). The decay of the singlet signal in RIS varies with exposure of a nail clipping to differing ambient humidities. However, long exposures (>6 h) to relative humidities of 72-94% results in singlet intensities that approach 7.0 +/- (3.2)% (standard deviation) of the original intensities in an irradiated nail. This result suggests the existence of a subpopulation of radicals underlying the singlet signal that is relatively insensitive to decay under exposure of nails even to high humidities. Therefore, exposures of an irradiated nail clipping under controlled humidities may provide a method for estimating the exposure dose of the nail that is based on the intensity of the signal of the humidity insensitive radical population underlying the singlet signal.