gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical hidden Markov models with general state hierarchy (2004)

The hierarchical hidden Markov model (HHMM) is an extension of the hidden Markov model to include a hierarchy of the hidden states. This form of hierarchical modeling has been found useful in applications such as handwritten character recognition, behavior recognition, video indexing, and text retrieval. Nevertheless, the state hierarchy in the original HHMM is restricted to a tree structure. This prohibits two different states from having the same child, and thus does not allow for sharing of common substructures in the model. In this paper, we present a general HHMM in which the state hierarchy can be a lattice allowing arbitrary sharing of substructures. Furthermore, we provide a method for numerical scaling to avoid underflow, an important issue in dealing with long observation sequences. We demonstrate the working of our method in a simulated environment where a hierarchical behavioral model is automatically learned and later used for recognition.
Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial systems with low dislocation density (1978)

The growth of heteroepitaxial layers causes stress across the interface which in a certain range of layer thickness may he relaxed by the formation of misfit dislocations at the interface. Systematic investigations of such misfit structures by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have previously heen conducted only on systems with a relatively large misfit parameter f, i.e. with a high dislocation density. However, this case presents difficulties in the analysis because of the complexity of the dense structures. Interfaces containing a low density of misfit dislocations, e.g. heteroepitaxial systems with low misfit, should consequently be investigated. High voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) enables us to study specimens of several μm in thickness and offers decisive advantages over 100 kV TEM: i) generally, specimens can he prepared by thinning the substrate only, ii) thick foils are mechanically stable, which allows the preparation of specimens with an electron transparent area of several mm 2 . We report here new results on the initial formation of misfit dislocation structures in the heteroepitaxial system Ge on GaAs (f = 0.074%).
Raman study of lithium coordination in EMI‐TFSI additive systems as lithium‐ion battery ionic liquid electrolytes (2006)

Abstract Raman spectroscopy was performed on various mixtures of the ionic liquid salt, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium‐bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMI‐TFSI). When EMI‐TFSI is used in combination with a lithium salt, it could be a potential electrolyte for lithium‐ion or lithium metal batteries. The Raman spectra of EMI‐TFSI, EMI‐TFSI 0.5 M Li‐TFSI, EMI‐TFSI 0.5 M Li‐TFSI 2 M vinylene carbonate (VC) and EMI‐TFSI 0.5 Li‐TFSI 2 M ethylene carbonate (EC) were collected and compared. A comparison of the peak positions of the δ s CF 3 mode at 742 cm −1 demonstrates that when carbonate additives are present, the lithium ion is no longer interacting with the TFSI anion. Instead, it is coordinated with the carbon–oxygen double bond of the carbonates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Localization of Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Tobacco (1987)

The PR1 family of pathogenesis-related proteins from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves is induced by a variety of pathogenic and chemical agents and is associated with resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. The majority of the PR1 proteins did not copurify with mesophyll protoplasts (the major cell type of the leaf) isolated from tobacco mosaic virus-infected N. tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc leaves. However, these isolated protoplasts were capable of synthesizing and selectively secreting the PR1 proteins. Using monoclonal antibodies for immunofluorescence microscopy, we localized these proteins to the extracellular spaces predominantly in regions adjacent to viral lesions as well as in xylem elements of infected leaves.
Polarized ethylenes. IV. Synthesis of polarized ethylenes using thioamides and methyl dithiocarboxylates and their application to syntheses of pyrazoles, pyrimidines, pyrazolo[3,4‐<i>d</i>]pyrimidines, and 5‐aza[2.2.3]cyclazines (1990)

Abstract Polarized ethylenes having both electron‐donating (an amino or a methylthio group) and electron‐accepting (cyano, carbamoyl, methyl ester) groups on the adjacent two olefinic carbon atoms were prepared by the condensation of S‐alkylthioamidinium salts or methyl dithiocarboxylates with the corresponding active methylene compounds in good yields. These polarized ethylenes were alternatively synthesized by the reaction of thioamides or methyl dithiocarboxylates with tetracyanoethylene oxide in good yields. Reactions of these polarized ethylenes with hydrazine or guanidine derivatives occurred smoothly to give the corresponding pyrazole and pyrimidine derivatives in good yields. The synthesis of 5‐aza[2.2.3]cyclazine derivatives using polarized ethylenes is also described.
Mobile Direction Assisted Predictive Base Station Switching for Broadband Wireless Systems (2007)

Many broadband wireless access (BWA) systems, such as IEEE 802.16e, support high-mobility users traveling at vehicular speeds. BWA systems capable of high data rates and low bit-error rates typically require micro-cell or pico- cell deployments. High-mobility users usually need to perform frequent handovers in smaller cell structures, which could drastically increase system overhead and thus degrade the overall network performance. This paper presents a new handover decision algorithm for BWA systems, called predictive base station switching (PBSS). PBSS makes use of the mobile speed and direction information to reduce the number of handovers without degrading the received signal level. It is demonstrated via simulation results that PBSS performs better than existing algorithms based on signal levels and distance information, even when the mobile stations move randomly or when accurate direction and speed information is unavailable.
Low-loss high-extinction polarizers fabricated in LiNbO_3 by proton exchange (1988)

TE-pass integrated optical polarizers have been fabricated in X-cut LiNbO3 by using titanium indiffusion in conjunction with proton exchange. The polarizers, which are designed to operate at λ = 0.8–0.85 μm, exhibit an excess insertion loss of 0.2 dB and a measurement-limited polarization-extinction ratio of >50 dB. These values represent a significant improvement over previously published results.
Polymorphisms in alcohol metabolizing enzyme genes and alcoholic cirrhosis in Japanese patients: A multivariate analysis (1995)

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrognase (ALDH), and P450IIE1 are the primary enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and then to acetate. Genetic polymorphisms have been reported in ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2, and the 5′-flanking region of P450IIEI. In this study, we used multivariate analysis to determine which genetic polymorphisms in alcohol metabolizing enzymes were independently associated with the development of alcoholic cirrhosis. Thirty-four noncirrhotic alcoholic patients, including 27 with fatty liver and 7 with nonspecific changes, and 46 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis were studied. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the ADH2 and P450IIE1 genes were detected by digestion of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA with Mae III and Rsa I, respectively. In the ALDH2 gene, RFLPs were detected by differences in the MboII site after PCR amplification. By multivariate analysis of four significant factors including total alcohol intake, ADH, ALDH, and P450IIE1 using the multiple logistic regression model, genotype ADH2 2 /ADH2 2 (P = .029) and genotype c1/c1 of P450IIE1 (P = .013) were found to be independently associated with alcoholic cirrhosis. The odds ratios for ADH2 2 /ADH2 2 genotype and the type A genotype of P450IIE1 (c1/c1) were 4.600 and 4.006, respectively. These results suggest that ADH2 and P450IIE1 gene polymorphisms may be independently associated with the development of alcoholic liver cirrhosis in Japan. (HEPATOLOGY 1995; 22:1136-1142.).
Developing component architectures for distributed scientific problem solving (1998)

Component programming models offer rapid construction for complex distributed applications, without recompiling and relinking code. This survey of the theory and design of component based software illustrates their use and utility with a prototype system for manipulating and solving large, sparse systems of equations.
Organometal Halide Perovskites: Bulk Low-Dimension Materials and Nanoparticles (2015)

Organometal halide perovskites (hybrid perovskites) contain an anionic metal–halogen-semiconducting framework and charge-compensating organic cations. As hybrid materials, they combine useful properties of both organic and inorganic materials, such as plastic mechanical properties and good electronic mobility related to organic and inorganic material, respectively. They are prepared from abundant and low cost starting compounds. The perovskite stoichiometry is associated with the dimensionality of its inorganic framework, which can vary from three to zero, 3D consisting of corner-sharing MX6 octahedra, and 0D consisting of isolated octahedra. Small-sized organic cations can fit into the MX6 octahedra of the 3D framework and in all dimensions organic cations surround the inorganic framework. Regarding the low dimensionality in the material, this refers to at least one of its dimensions being shorter than approximately 100 nanometers. These materials should be considered as genuine nanomaterials or as bulk materials depending on whether they have three or less than three dimensions on the nanoscale, respectively. In principle, hybrid perovskite nanoparticles can be prepared with different shapes and with inorganic framework dimensionalities varying from 0D to 3D, and this also applies to the bulk material. This report is mainly focused on the unique properties of organometal halide perovskite nanoparticles.
WIDEBAND CONICAL MONOPOLE ANTENNA WITH INTEGRATED STOPBAND FILTER (2012)

This paper presents a conical monopole antenna with two C-shaped slots to provide a frequency stopband to suppress interference. Compared to previous work reported in the literature, the antenna provides increased gain suppression to vertically polarised signals within the notch-band of up to 41.5dB in four speciflc directions. It also yields omni-directional radiation patterns at frequencies throughout the operating band, outside the rejection band. The four null directions in vertically polarised plane at the notched band frequency are explained by an analysis of simplifled equivalent current sources. The efiect of difierent length of slots has been investigated. Two methods to control the stop band directions are also discussed.
Mapping adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate binding sites on type I and type II adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinases using ribose ring and cyclic phosphate ring analogs of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate (1981)

A series of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate (cAMP) derivatives containing modifications or substitutions in either the 2',3',4', or 5' position or the phosphate were examined for their abilities to activate type I isozymes of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK I) from rabbit or porcine skeletal muscle and type II isozymes of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK II) from bovine brain and heart. The studies revealed that the activation of both PK I and PK II isozymes requires a 2'-hydroxyl group in the ribo configuration, a 3' oxygen in the ribo configuration, and a charged cyclic phosphate. The two isozymes appeared to differ in those portions of their respective cAMP-binding sites that are adjacent to the 4' position of the ribose ring and the 3' position, 5' position, and phosphate portion of the cyclic phosphate ring.
Internet Routing Anomaly Detection and Visualization (2005)

Diagnosing inter-domain routing problems in the Internet is hard. BGP, the defacto inter-domain glue, is designed for routing, not diagnosis. It is extremely chatty - the most minor connectivity change produces hundreds of BGP messages and a major peering loss can generate millions - and making sense of the deluge of data remains challenging. We have developed statistical techniques to extract the large-scale structure of BGP events and visualization techniques to display that structure in operationally meaningful ways. These tools can be used to detect routing anomalies in real-time. We show case studies of routing instabilities at a Tier-1 ISP and a large institutional network, automatically diagnosed by our tools. We present drawbacks in using BGP events alone to understand inter-domain routing, and discuss how to solve them through the integration of additional data sources.
Physarorubinic acid, a polyenoyltetramic acid type plasmodial pigment from the slime mold <i>Physarum polycephalum</i> (myxomycetes) (1997)

Abstract The polyenoyltetramic acid physarorubinic acid ( 2 ) has been isolated from microplasmodia of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum . The structure was elucidated by means of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The stereochemistry was proven by synthesis of the tetramic acid unit and application of circular dichroism. It was shown that plasmodia of a white mutant strain also contain yellow pigments.
Comparison of boars and castrates for bacon production. 1. Growth data, and carcass and joint composition (1982)

ABSTRACT An experiment was performed to determine whether quality differences between boars and castrates when used for bacon production are true castration effects or due to the greater leanness of boars. Sixty-four commercial hybrid male pigs, half of which were castrated at 10 days of age, were given different levels of feeding so that at 87 kg live weight there was a 2-mm difference in P 2 fat thickness between two groups of 16 boars and two groups of 16 castrates. The leanest group of castrates and the fattest group of boars had similar fat thickness and carcass composition. This design allowed the separation of castration and feeding treatment (carcass composition) effects. Skin thickness and weight (boars greater) and kidney weight (boars heavier) were much more influenced by castration than feeding treatment. Other effects that were more influenced by castration, although less strongly, were killing-out proportion (boars lower because of testes), leg and loin length (boars shorter), joint weight distribution (boars lighter in flank) and lean weight distribution (boars slightly less lean in leg, and more in foreloin and belly). Lean to bone ratio in the side was influenced less by castration than by feeding treatment but boars had more intermuscular fat in relation to subcutaneous fat than castrates. The lean content of the leg was closely related to that of the side, and there were different relationships in boars and castrates.
Possible repurposing of seasonal influenza vaccine for prevention of Zika virus infection (2016)

<ns4:p> The <ns4:italic>in silico</ns4:italic> analysis shows that the envelope glycoproteins E of Zika viruses (ZIKV) isolated in Asia, Africa and South and Central America encode highly conserved information determining their interacting profile and immunological properties. Previously it was shown that the same information is encoded in the primary structure of the hemagglutinin subunit 1 (HA1) from pdmH1N1 influenza A virus. This similarity suggests possible repurposing of the seasonal influenza vaccine containing pdmH1N1 component for prevention of the ZIKV infection. </ns4:p>
A pipelined pseudoparallel system architecture for motion analysis (1981)

Parallel processing has mostly been applied to well-defined and a priori partitioned problems, and not much has been done to introduce parallelism into serial algorithms. This paper introduces a new concept of pseudoparallelism in which the serial algorithm is partitioned into several noninteractive independent subtasks so that parallelism can be used within each subtask level. This novel approach is illustrated by taking motion analysis as an example. Complete details of such a pseudoparallel architecture with a distributed operating system (no master control) have been worked out. Problems encountered in the course of designing such a system are outlined, and necessary justifications provided. A detailed scheme indicating various memory modules, processing elements, and their data-path requirements is included, and ways to provide continuous flow of partitioned information in the form of a synchronized pipeline are described. Finally, the performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated. The basic strategy appears to be useful in designing such parallel systems for other unexplored complex problems.
SoK: Unraveling Bitcoin Smart Contracts (2018)

Albeit the primary usage of Bitcoin is to exchange currency, its blockchain and consensus mechanism can also be exploited to securely execute some forms of smart contracts. These are agreements among mutually distrusting parties, which can be automatically enforced without resorting to a trusted intermediary. Over the last few years a variety of smart contracts for Bitcoin have been proposed, both by the academic community and by that of developers. However, the heterogeneity in their treatment, the informal (often incomplete or imprecise) descriptions, and the use of poorly documented Bitcoin features, pose obstacles to the research. In this paper we present a comprehensive survey of smart contracts on Bitcoin, in a uniform framework. Our treatment is based on a new formal specification language for smart contracts, which also helps us to highlight some subtleties in existing informal descriptions, making a step towards automatic verification. We discuss some obstacles to the diffusion of smart contracts on Bitcoin, and we identify the most promising open research challenges.
Effects of matrix, electrospray solution, and laser light on the desorption and ionization mechanisms in electrospray-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (2010)

Electrospray-assisted laser desorption ionization (ELDI) is a technique which combines laser desorption with subsequent electrospray ionization. It is useful for directly detecting small and large molecules in solid or liquid samples under ambient conditions. In this paper, the detection of the protein molecules desorbed on a dry protein spot by using pulse laser energies of up to 300 microJ was demonstrated. The influences of organic and inorganic matrices, the laser energy, the laser wavelength, and the sample plate material on desorption of protein molecules from sample plates were discussed. In addition, the effects of the composition of the electrospray solution on the ionization of the desorbed protein molecules were studied.
Augmentation of Cognition and Perception Through Advanced Synthetic Vision Technology (2005)

Synthetic Vision System technology augments reality and creates a virtual visual meteorological condition that extends a pilot's cognitive and perceptual capabilities during flight operations when outside visibility is restricted. The paper describes the NASA Synthetic Vision System for commercial aviation with an emphasis on how the technology achieves Augmented Cognition objectives.
The Isoflavone-Rich Fraction of the Crude Extract of the Puerariae Flower Increases Oxygen Consumption and BAT UCP1 Expression in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice (2012)

Puerariae flower extract (PFE) is a crude extract of the Kudzu flower. Previous studies have shown that PFE supplementation exerts anti-obesity and anti-fatty liver effects in high-fat diet-fed mice. In this study, we aimed to identify the PFE components responsible for these effects and to determine their influence on energy expenditure and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression. Experiments were conducted on C57BL/6J male mice classified into 3 groups: (1) high-fat diet-fed (HFD), (2) high-fat diet-fed given PFE (HFD + PFE), and (3) high-fat diet-fed given the PFE isoflavone-rich fraction (HFD + ISOF). All groups were fed for 42 days. The HFD + PFE and HFD + ISOF groups showed significant resistance to increases in body weight, hepatic triglyceride level, and visceral fat compared to the HFD group. These groups also exhibited significant increases in oxygen consumption and UCP1-positive brown adipose tissue (BAT) area. Our results demonstrate that the active ingredients in PFE are present in the ISOF and that these compounds may increase energy expenditure by upregulation of BAT UCP1 expression. These findings provide valuable information regarding the anti-obesity effects of isoflavones.
The Production, Origin and Role of Dehydroepiandrosterone and Δ<sup>5</sup>-Androstenediol as Androgen Prehormones in Hirsute Women<sup>1</sup> (1973)

Blood production rates (PB) of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Δ5-androstenediol (Δ5-diol) were measured in a group of 22 women with hirsutism. The PBDHEA averaged 14.9 mg/day (2½ times normal), and was reflected by differences in plasma DHEA concentrations, when compared with normal women. PBΔ5-diol in the hirsute women averaged 1.27 mg/day and was also 2½-fold elevated; however, since the metabolic clearance rates of Δ5-diol were 2-fold elevated, the plasma Δ5-diol levels in the hirsute group were only slightly high when compared with normal women. The peripheral metabolism of DHEA was investigated by determining its blood transfer constants (ρ) to Δ5-diol, androstenedione (Δ4-dione) and testosterone (T). Circulating DHEA accounted for 1/3 of the total Δ5-diol produced in normal women, and for ½ of the Δ5-diol produced in the hirsute group. DHEA accounted for 6–7% of Δ4-dione in both normal and hirsute women. The ρBBDHEA→T averaged 0.4% in normal women and 0.6% in hirsute women, thus accounting for only 82 μg/day or 8% of the total testosterone production in the latter group. Androstenediol metabolism was similiarly examined by measuring its ρ constants to DHEA, Δ4-dione and T. The ρBBΔ5-dilol→T was 0.023 in normal women, and 0.011 in hirsute women, accounting for only 12–14 Mg of PBT in both groups. Thus, neither DHEA nor Δ5-diol were significant prehormones of testosterone in normal or hirsute women. Adrenal vein catheterizations revealed DHEA concentrations that were 110 times greater than peripheral blood, whereas ovarian venous effluents contained 6-fold gradients of DHEA. Thus, DHEA overproduction in hirsute women was largely adrenal in origin. Androstenediol gradients were noted in ovarian venous samples in 4 of 5 hirsute women.
Acoustic source location in a three-dimensional space using crosspower spectrum phase (2002)

A microphone array can be used to locate a dominant acoustic source in a given environment. This capability is successfully employed to locate an active talker in teleconferencing or other multi-speaker applications. In this work the source location is obtained in two steps: (1) a time difference of arrival (TDOA) computation between the signals of the array; (2) an "optimal" source location based on the interchannel delay estimates and on a geometrical description of the sensor arrangement. The crosspower spectrum phase technique was used for TDOA estimation, while a maximum likelihood approach was followed to derive the source coordinates. Source location experiments in a three-dimensional space were performed by means of an array of 8 microphones. For this purpose both a loudspeaker and a real talker were used to collect data in a large noisy and reverberant room.