gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microelectronic cooling using the Nottingham effect and internal field emission in a diamond (wide-band gap material) thin-film device (1999)

We propose a method for heat dissipation in microelectronic devices which uses internal field emission through the interface of a composite thin-film device {i.e., metal [semiconductor (S)]/ chemical vapor deposition doped diamond [wide-band gap (WBG) material]} in conjunction with a heat sink. These composite thin-film devices are of micron to submicron dimensions and composed of materials which can be integrated with existing semiconductor technology. As distinct from conventional field emission into vacuum and thermionic devices, the relatively high metallic (S) work function (&gt;2 eV) is here circumvented by use of internal field emission through a Schottky barrier at a metal/diamond (WBG) interface. It is the large band gap in these materials which introduces a filtering effect on the injected electrons which allows one to restrict the tunneling of electrons through the Schottky barrier from states below the Fermi energy, εF. For applied fields below a certain value, the average energy of the field-emitted electrons is greater than the average energy of the electrons which replace them, leading to the so-called Nottingham cooling. It has recently been shown that the replacement electrons have an energy up to 100 meV or more lower than εF, enhancing the cooling process by field emission. Using a kinetic field emission formalism, a tip density of 107/cm2, a local electron gas temperature of 500 K, and a tip radius of 50 nm (blunt tip), an average cooling rate per area of 1.6 W/cm2 can be achieved. Higher tip densities lead to average heat dissipation rates which can scale up to 100 W/cm2 or higher, rates competitive with or exceeding other techniques for thermal dissipation (i.e., thermoelectric and thermionic).
Periarticular osteoporosis in osteoarthritis of the knee. (1998)

A significant decrease in periarticular subchondral BMD is present in female patients with relatively mild OA of the knee whether or not they had osteoporosis based on a spine BMD measurement.
Evidence That Hydrogen Sulfide Is a Genotoxic Agent (2006)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced by commensal sulfate-reducing bacteria, which are often members of normal colonic microbiota, represents an environmental insult to the intestinal epithelium potentially contributing to chronic intestinal disorders that are dependent on gene-environment interactions. For example, epidemiologic studies reveal either persistent sulfate-reducing bacteria colonization or H2S in the gut or feces of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. However, a mechanistic model that explains the connection between H2S and ulcerative colitis or colorectal cancer development has not been completely formulated. In this study, we examined the chronic cytotoxicity of sulfide using a microplate assay and genotoxicity using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE; comet assay) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and HT29-Cl.16E cells. Sulfide showed chronic cytotoxicity in CHO cells with a %C1/2 of 368.57 micromol/L. Sulfide was not genotoxic in the standard SCGE assay. However, in a modified SCGE assay in which DNA repair was inhibited, a marked genotoxic effect was observed. A sulfide concentration as low as 250 micromol/L (similar to that found in human colon) caused significant genomic DNA damage. The HT29-Cl.16E colonocyte cell line also exhibited increased genomic DNA damage as a function of Na2S concentration when DNA repair was inhibited, although these cells were less sensitive to sulfide than CHO cells. These data indicate that given a predisposing genetic background that compromises DNA repair, H2S may lead to genomic instability or the cumulative mutations found in adenomatous polyps leading to colorectal cancer.
A Mobile Game to Collect and Improve Position of Images (2009)

Photocaching, an online mobile game, is a system to collect and improve position of images at the same time. It is based on the human computation concept which means everyone involved is contributing, improving and deciding the results. We developed a system to rate the descriptiveness of images as well as some methods to improve position. Analysis on data collected from the game so far verified the system and methods.
Linking Gut to Skin : the Microbiome and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases (2016)

Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the IBD-associated skin diseases psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), take a prominent place in modern healthcare. And while our knowledge about the separate diseases is growing, the link between these diseases of the gut and skin, is still underexplored. In this thesis, our aim was to explore the gut-skin axis, focusing on clinical and microbial factors. 

The main results in this thesis showed that IBD, in particular Crohn’s disease, might have a more severe disease course and a more severe intestinal microbial dysbiosis when concurrent with a skin disease (psoriasis or HS). In contrast, the skin disease has a mild phenotype. Furthermore, psoriasis patients without IBD show similar intestinal microbial signatures to that of IBD patients, supporting the presence of a microbial gut-skin connection. This was not demonstrated in HS patients. 

Additionally the influence of environmental factors (such as medication and UV-exposure) on the microbiome composition were analyzed and future developments in microbial research with emphasis on IBD were discussed.
Search and Research (1992)

This chapter explores wrestling in India as a way of life. The term Indian wrestling is translated directly from the Hindi phrase Bharatiya kushti. Kushti (generic wrestling) is regarded as having a uniquely Indian form. In North India, there are two other terms that are used interchangeably when referring to Indian wrestling. The most common of these is pahalwani, which the chapter has taken to signify two important conceptual domains within the larger framework of wrestling as a way of life. On the one hand, pahalwani defines a particular concept of self-structure in terms of somatic principles, and on the other articulates the values and ethics of a distinct ideology. To explore pahalwani, therefore, is to understand how wrestlers make sense of who they are through the medium of their bodies, while the second term is mallayuddha, which may be literally translated as “wrestling combat.”
Analysis of DNase-I-hypersensitive sites at the 3′ end of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (<i>CFTR</i>) (1999)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) exhibits a complex pattern of expression that shows temporal and spatial regulation, although the control mechanisms are not fully known. We have mapped DNase-I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) flanking the CFTR gene with the aim of identifying potential regulatory elements. We previously characterized DHSs at -79.5 and -20.9 kb with respect to the CFTR translational start site and a regulatory element in the first intron of the gene at 185+10 kb. We have now mapped five DHSs lying 3' to the CFTR gene at 4574+5.4, +6.8, +7.0, +7.4 and +15.6 kb that show some degree of tissue specificity. The DHSs are seen in chromatin extracted from human primary epithelial cells and cell lines; the presence of the +15.6 kb site is tissue-specific in transgenic mice carrying a human CFTR yeast artificial chromosome. Further analysis of the 4574+15.6 kb DHS implicates the involvement of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB)/activating transcription factor (ATF) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) family transcription factors at this regulatory element.
N‐polarity GaN on sapphire substrate grown by MOVPE (2006)

Abstract N‐polar GaN was grown on (0001) sapphire using two‐step growth technique by MOVPE. In the growth, the key points were the controlling of the density of nuclei in a buffer layer and promoting lateral growth at high temperature. The grown GaN films had mirror‐like smooth surfaces and were proved to have N‐polarity using convergent‐beam electron diffraction and coaxial impact‐collision ion spectroscopy. The FWHM of this GaN in the ω ‐scan was also much narrower than the previous reports. The density of threading dislocations was much less than for usual Ga‐polar GaN grown with a GaN or AlN buffer layer by MOVPE and MBE. In PL at room temperature, the strong edge emission was observed as Ga‐polarity. The p‐type conduction in Mg‐doped GaN was also realized by the same methods as for Ga‐polarity. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of Outcomes of Phase II Studies and Subsequent Randomized Control Studies Using Identical Chemotherapeutic Regimens (2005)

Promising results from phase II studies frequently do not translate into "positive" phase III studies. Response rates in most phase III studies are lower than those in preceding phase II studies.
Comparison of Bone Density Measurement Techniques: DXA and Archimedes' Principle (1997)

The standard method for determination of density (g/cm3) of bones from small animals has been the application of Archimedes' principle. A recent development has been software for the determination of "density" (g/cm2) of small animal bones with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We compared Archimedes' principle and DXA (Hologic QDR-2000) in the measurement of the densities of whole and hollowed femurs of 5- to 6-month-old retired female breeder rats. In an attempt to ensure detectable treatment differences, rats were used from a low-vitamin D Holtzman and a supplemental-vitamin D Sprague-Dawley colony. Whole femur densities were higher for supplemental-vitamin D colony rats than for low vitamin D rats using both techniques (Archimedes' principle, p < 0.002; DXA, p < 0.005), and the densities from the two techniques were highly correlated (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001). Actual density values were higher for Archimedes' principle than for DXA. Other variables such as femur ash weight and calcium content were also highly correlated to densities with both techniques. Hollowed femur density values were higher than whole femur values with Archimedes' principle but lower with DXA. Colony effects for hollowed femur densities were diminished with Archimedes' principle (p < 0.03) and eliminated with DXA (p < 0.53). Investigation of whole bones is more biologically relevant, and both techniques were effective in detecting differences between whole femurs from low-vitamin D and supplemental-vitamin D colony rats.
Autonomy's responsibility. A gloss on the Wanglie affair. (1991)

In 1990, 87-year-old Helga Wanglie suffered cardiac arrest while being treated for lung disease at a chronic care facility. When she failed to regain consciousness after being resuscitated, a physician suggested the possibility of discontinuing treatment. At this point, her family requested that she be transferred to a hospital for evaluation. After a variety of procedures failed to improve her condition, the attending physician told the family he was no longer willing to prescribe the respirator because it could not serve her personal medical interests and that her unconscious state precluded the possibility of her appreciating life. However, the family insisted that the hospital provide Ms. Wanglie care, and she remained in treatment until she died 13 months later. The dispute between the hospital and the Wanglie family brings into focus the fundamental premises of the doctor-patient-family relationship. The rules for these relationships-described by such terms as "rights," "responsibilities," and "informed consent"--have both private and public dimensions. Mr. Wanglie had a clear right to be fully informed of all medically reasonable treatments and a right to choose or refuse any therapy the physician prescribed. He did not, however, have a right to demand any treatment he wanted.
A novel clean catalytic method for waste-free modification of polysaccharides by oxidation (2004)

A practical, clean, single step oxidative modification of polysaccharides by H(2)O(2) catalysed by water soluble iron phthalocyanine, exemplified with starch, allows quantitative preparation of a range of tailor made materials without producing any waste.
Corporate Bond Ratings and Default Rates (1999)

The literature on credit-risk modeling reflects some confusion about how credit-risk models relate to traditional bond ratings. An explanation of how Moody's defines categories and develops bond ratings helps clarify how analysts can use ratings as well as models to analyze credit risk. An important aspect is the historical relationship between default rates and ratings. Although the default rate has been quite volatile over time and the geographical and industrial composition of the issuers and issues that Moody's has been rating has changed considerably since 1920, the relationship between bond rating categories and default rates has remained fairly stable.
Strong increase in total delta-THC in cannabis preparations sold in Dutch coffee shops (2005)

The total concentration of THC has been monitored in cannabis preparations sold in Dutch coffee shops since 1999. This annual monitoring was issued by the Ministry of Health after reports of increased potency. The level of the main psychoactive compound, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is measured in marijuana and hashish. A comparison is made between imported and Dutch preparations, and between seasons. Samples of cannabis preparations from randomly selected coffee shops were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC-FID) for THC, CBD and CBN. In 2004, the average THC level of Dutch home-grown marijuana (Nederwiet) (20.4% THC) was significantly higher than that of imported marijuana (7.0% THC). Hashish derived from Dutch marijuana (Nederhasj) contained 39.3% THC in 2004, compared with 18.2% THC in imported hashish. The average THC percentage of Dutch marijuana, Dutch hashish and imported hashish was significantly higher than in previous years. It nearly doubled over 5 years. During this period, the THC percentage in imported marijuana remained unchanged. A higher price had to be paid for cannabis with higher levels of THC. Whether the increase in THC levels causes increased health risks for users can only be concluded when more data are available on adjusted patterns of use, abuse liability, bioavailability and levels of THC in the brain.
From Single to Dual Robotic Therapy: A Review of the Development Process of iPAM (2006)

Stroke is a common condition in the UK with over 30,000 people per annum are left with significant disability. When severe arm paresis is occurs, functional recovery of the affected arm is often poor. This can have a major impact on physical independence. A contributing factor to the poor recovery relates to lack of intensity of appropriate arm exercise practice. Through the use of robotic technology it may be possible to augment the physical therapist's efforts and maximize the impact of the limited physical therapy resource. At Leeds University a prototype single robot system has been developed that is capable of moving a patient's arm through a set of movements prescribed by a physiotherapist. This system is robust to changes in the biomechanical and physiological properties through a large range of patients. Further development of the system has led to a dual robot system that provides a greater level of control over upper-arm joint co-ordination while offering additional support to the shoulder complex. In order to test the systems safely, two models of the human arm have been produced: 1) a 6 degree of freedom computational model simulating how the robot system could provide therapy to a patient. 2) A mechanical model (Derryck), representing the biomechanical properties of the shoulder and elbow. The prototype single robot system is shown to be capable of administering trajectory following (for Derryck) for a large range of arm parameters
Procedure for the Parallel Preparation of 3-Imidazo[1,2-<i>a</i>]pyridin-3-yl-propionic Acid Derivatives Involving Meldrum's Acid (2005)

We describe here an efficient and versatile method for the preparation of 3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-propionic acids involving, as a key step, a three-component Michael-type reaction. The extended and validated procedure allowed us to prepare various acids with three diversity points. The method was easily adaptable for parallel synthesis and an approximately 2000-membered 3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-propionic acid amide library was prepared in a semiautomated manner.
Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor protects against cytotoxic death in human glioblastoma via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and AKT-dependent pathways. (2000)

We have shown recently that the multifunctional growth factor, scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), and its receptor c-met enhance the malignancy of human glioblastoma through an autocrine stimulatory loop (R. Abounader et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91: 1548-1556, 1999). This report examines the effects of SF/HGF:c-met signaling on human glioma cell responses to DNA-damaging agents. Pretreating U373 human glioblastoma cells with recombinant SF/HGF partially abrogated their cytotoxic responses to gamma irradiation, cisplatin, camptothecin, Adriamycin, and Taxol in vitro. This cytoprotective effect of SF/HGF occurred at least in part through an inhibition of apoptosis, as evidenced by diminished terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling index and reduced DNA laddering. Anti-c-met U1/ribozyme gene transfer inhibited the ability of SF/HGF to protect against single-strand DNA breakage, DNA fragmentation, and glioblastoma cell death caused by DNA-damaging agents, demonstrating a requirement for c-met receptor function. Phosphorylation of the cell survival-promoting kinase Akt (protein kinase B) resulted from SF/HGF treatment of U373 cells, and both Akt phosphorylation and cell survival induced by SF/HGF were inhibited by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors but not by inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase or protein kinase C. Cytoprotection by SF/HGF in vitro was also inhibited by transient expression of dominant-negative Akt. Transgenic SF/HGF expression by intracranial 9L gliosarcomas reduced tumor cell sensitivity to gamma irradiation, confirming the cytoprotective effect of SF/HGF in vivo. These findings demonstrate that c-met receptor activation by SF/HGF protects certain glioblastoma cells from DNA-damaging agents by activating phosphoinositol 3-kinase-dependent and Akt-dependent antiapoptotic pathways.
Semiotic descriptors in fuzzy relational computations (2002)

This paper demonstrates the importance of generalized morphisms of relations in computational semiotics. The paper starts by presenting an overview of the basic theoretical notions concerned with semiotic descriptors and relational morphisms. This is followed by a case study utilizing real life engineering data in which we show how these basic notions can be used computationally in investigation of context dependency of some linguistic engineering constructs.
Transcriptomic Analyses during the Transition from Biomass Production to Lipid Accumulation in the Oleaginous Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (2011)

We previously developed a fermentation protocol for lipid accumulation in the oleaginous yeast Y. lipolytica. This process was used to perform transcriptomic time-course analyses to explore gene expression in Y. lipolytica during the transition from biomass production to lipid accumulation. In this experiment, a biomass concentration of 54.6 g(CDW)/l, with 0.18 g/g(CDW) lipid was obtained in ca. 32 h, with low citric acid production. A transcriptomic profiling was performed on 11 samples throughout the fermentation. Through statistical analyses, 569 genes were highlighted as differentially expressed at one point during the time course of the experiment. These genes were classified into 9 clusters, according to their expression profiles. The combination of macroscopic and transcriptomic profiles highlighted 4 major steps in the culture: (i) a growth phase, (ii) a transition phase, (iii) an early lipid accumulation phase, characterized by an increase in nitrogen metabolism, together with strong repression of protein production and activity; (iv) a late lipid accumulation phase, characterized by the rerouting of carbon fluxes within cells. This study explores the potential of Y. lipolytica as an alternative oil producer, by identifying, at the transcriptomic level, the genes potentially involved in the metabolism of oleaginous species.
(+)-cis-8-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: a potent and highly stereoselective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist (1987)

C1-Methylated derivatives of the potent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 1) were synthesized and tested for central 5-HT and dopamine receptor activity by use of a biochemical test method in rats. cis-8-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8) was found to be a 5-HT receptor agonist. The (+)-enantiomer of 8 had a potency equal to that of 1, whereas (-)-8 and the trans isomer (+/-)-9 were inactive.
Concurrent intracranial and spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (1975)

The authors report the case of a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage in whom an intracranial dural arteriovenous malformation coexisted with a spinal arteriovenous malformation. The latter was considered to be the source of the hemorrhage by clinical and radiographic criteria. It is concluded that patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who show no suitable intracranial source for their bleed in some instances should be investigated for a spinal origin of hemorrhage.
Abstract Simulation Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehicle Verification (2019)

Autonomous vehicle technology has the potential to have a significant impact on the transportation system and urban life. However, the autonomous vehicles must be proven to be at least as safe as human-driven vehicles before they are accepted as a new mode of transportation. Current methods of autonomous vehicle verification such as shadow driving or annotated images based testing are costly, slow and resource intensive. Hence, modeling and simulation is an indispensable asset to achieve verification goals for autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we propose an abstract simulation scenario generation framework for autonomous vehicle verification. The scenes and the related assertions are defined by a matrixbased semantic language and translated into test scenarios in simulation. The framework allows the design of all possible road topologies and the validation of generated scenarios. The scenarios generated in the framework form a ground truth for possible extended tests of rare conditions in other platforms.
Progress in The Tumor Suppressor, ARF (2002)

The INK4a/ARF gene locus on human chromosome 9p21, is one of the most frequent targets of inactivating mutations in the human tumors. Containing two different promoters, INK4a/ARF can encode two distinct proteins in alternative reading frames, p16 INK4a and p14 ARF (the mouse homologues is called p19 ARF ). p16 is a recognized tumor suppressor that induces a G1 cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the phosphorylation of pRb by CDK4/6. While ARF inhibits oncoprotein MDM2, resulting in the stabilization of p53. These activities of ARF promote p53 mediated G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrests or apoptosis. So just like p16, the ARF protein also acts as a tumor suppressor.