gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conversion of a phase‐ to a rate‐coded position signal by a three‐stage model of theta cells, grid cells, and place cells (2008)

As a rat navigates through a familiar environment, its position in space is encoded by firing rates of place cells and grid cells. Oscillatory interference models propose that this positional firing rate code is derived from a phase code, which stores the rat's position as a pattern of phase angles between velocity-modulated theta oscillations. Here we describe a three-stage network model, which formalizes the computational steps that are necessary for converting phase-coded position signals (represented by theta oscillations) into rate-coded position signals (represented by grid cells and place cells). The first stage of the model proposes that the phase-coded position signal is stored and updated by a bank of ring attractors, like those that have previously been hypothesized to perform angular path integration in the head-direction cell system. We show analytically how ring attractors can serve as central pattern generators for producing velocity-modulated theta oscillations, and we propose that such ring attractors may reside in subcortical areas where hippocampal theta rhythm is known to originate. In the second stage of the model, grid fields are formed by oscillatory interference between theta cells residing in different (but not the same) ring attractors. The model's third stage assumes that hippocampal neurons generate Gaussian place fields by computing weighted sums of inputs from a basis set of many grid fields. Here we show that under this assumption, the spatial frequency spectrum of the Gaussian place field defines the vertex spacings of grid cells that must provide input to the place cell. This analysis generates a testable prediction that grid cells with large vertex spacings should send projections to the entire hippocampus, whereas grid cells with smaller vertex spacings may project more selectively to the dorsal hippocampus, where place fields are smallest.
A new family of resonant rectifier circuits for high frequency DC-DC converter applications (2003)

A family of rectifiers suitable for operation at high frequencies is presented. These rectifiers use naturally occurring component parasitics to control diode switching thereby minimizing parasitic ringing and improving rectification efficiency by reducing the flow of harmonic currents. The input impedance of the resonant rectifier is linear, which makes possible an accurate adjustment of the rectifier to present the proper load impedance to an inverter. When a resonant rectifier is coupled to a resonant inverter in this manner, a fully resonant DC-to-DC converter is produced. With these circuits it is possible to achieve a very low input/output ripple and EMI since voltages and currents seen by the filters are confined to a very narrow frequency range compared to conventional squarewave converters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
SU-G-BRC-05: Conundrum for VMAT Cranial Multiple Lesions Treated with HD120 MLC (2016)

Purpose: To commission a custom 6MV-SRS-AAA Eclipse beam model for VMAT multiple lesions cranial SRS treatment on a Varian TrueBeam STx. Methods: Six clinical plans were created using a customized beam model with dosimetric-leaf-gap(DLG) optimized for clinical treatments. Each plan had 4–6 non-isocentric targets with size from 0.2 to 7.1cc. All fields were measured with EBT3 film in the coronal plane in a solid water phantom and with an AS1000 EPID using gantry rotation. In addition, an end-to-end test was performed with coronal and sagittal films in an anthropomorphic phantom verifying dosimetry and localization accuracy. Portal dose distributions were generated with a custom portal dosimetry algorithm(PDIP). Measured dose distributions were compared with calculations using average dose difference (DD), and gamma function, γ. Using a 1.25mm grid, the γ criteria, local DD ≤ 3% and 2mm distance-to-agreement, were applied in regions with dose 50% of maximum. Results: The respective DD and γ for all films were <±2% and >94.2%. The portal dose γ scores for all the plans were >94.9%. However, local regions with underdose >10%, were observed when targets were treated with the 5mm leaves. The same plans re-optimized with two isocenters such that all lesions were under the 2.5mm leaves did not show this effect. The DD and localization error of the end-to-end test were within 3.4% and 1.0mm respectively. Conclusion: The custom AAA beam model is capable of calculating acceptable dosimetry for targets using only the 2.5 mm leaves. This restricts lesions to within ±4cm of isocenter. The observed underdose beneath the 5mm leaves is attributed to a limitation in Eclipse that uses a single DLG representing the DLG's of both 2.5mm and 5mm leaves. If lesions are >4cm from isocenter, a multiple isocenter technique should be considered to allow the use of only the 2.5mm leaves.
Powdery Mildew Resistance in Cucumber (2003)

Using an improved method for evaluating powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca cucurbitae) resistance in cucumber, experiments were conducted for the breeding of varieties resistant to powdery mildew that would be adapted to greenhouse cultivation during the period from winter to spring in Japan. The relationship between the resistance to the pathogen and the ambient temperature was analyzed by spray inoculation of a conidial suspension under controlled conditions. Although the varieties, Asomidori-5-gou and Natsufushinari were resistant at temperatures between 25 to 30ºC, they became susceptible at 15 to 20ºC. The resistance was affected by the duration of the exposure to 30 and 15ºC during the day. To screen resistant varieties and lines independently of the temperature, 295 cucumber accessions were inoculated at 20 and 26ºC. All the accessions tested could be divided into 3 types based on the difference in the resistance response to temperature. Many of the resistant accessions were Chinese varieties and lines. PI197088-5, a progeny of PI197088 which originated in India, displayed the highest level of resistance among all the accessions. Thus PI197088-5, whose resistance is temperature-independent appears to be the most suitable parent for the breeding of powdery mildew-resistant cucumber varieties. The inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in PI197088-5 was analyzed using Natsufushinari (resistant under high temperature conditions) and Sharp 1 (susceptible). As a result it was considered that the powdery mildew resistance in PI197088-5 was due to 2 gene pairs, a recessive gene and an incompletely dominant gene, with the genotype designated as aaBB, while the genotype of Natsufushinari was designated as aabb and that of Sharp 1 as AAbb. The nature of the host-pathogen interaction in PI197088-1 which is the sib-line of PI197088-5 was observed microscopically. The retardation of hyphal growth and development was observed at 2 days after inoculation. Conidia were hardly formed on the epidermis and the number of haustoria in the epidermal cells of PI197088-1 was much lower than that in the susceptible variety Sharp 1. Fluorescence of epidermal cells was observed along the hyphae in PI197088-1 at 6 days after the inoculation, suggesting the existence of a hypersensitive reaction.
Antineoplastic agents. Par 108. Structural biochemistry. Part 23. Synthesis of the dolastatin thiazole amino acid component (gln)Thz (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAntineoplastic agents. Par 108. Structural biochemistry. Part 23. Synthesis of the dolastatin thiazole amino acid component (gln)ThzCedric W. Holzapfel and George R. PettitCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 13, 2323–2327Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00213a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00213a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views743Altmetric-Citations55LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
On the node density limits and rate-delay-energy tradeoffs in ad hoc nanonetworks with minimum energy coding (2012)

Ad-hoc nanonetworks are collections of nanonodes without central controller units, and are the most promising network architectures in nano communications. Derivation of maximum nanonode density can pave the way for determining the capacity of ad-hoc nanonetworks. We consider ad-hoc nanonetworks with minimum energy coding (MEC). Maximum nanonode density for reliable communication in an ad-hoc nanonetwork without any medium access control is derived, and density dependent reliability analysis is conducted. Rate-delay-energy tradeoffs are also investigated with achievable rates, with constant codebook size and constant Hamming distance, separately.
Evidence for unimolecular CO<sub>2</sub>elimination in C–N bond metathesis reactions of basic carbamatozinc complexes Zn<sub>4</sub>O(O<sub>2</sub>CAm)<sub>6</sub>(Am = N-diethylamino, N-piperidyl, N-pyrrolidyl) (2004)

The tetranuclear basic zinc carbamates Zn4O(O2CAm)6(1, Am =N-diethylamino; 2, Am =N-piperidyl; 3, Am =N-pyrrolidyl) were shown by transient FTIR spectroscopy to undergo C-N bond metathesis reactions that result in exchange of the carboxyl group with bulk carbon dioxide and exchange of the amino group with bulk secondary amine (transamination). The net rate for CO2 exchange was measured by monitoring the uptake of 13CO2 and the concomitant release of 12CO2. This revealed a CO2-dependent and CO2-independent component to the CO2 exchange process. The CO2-dependent process was interpreted in terms of preassociation of the incoming CO2 with the complex prior to the N-CO2 bond cleavage process while the CO2-independent process was interpreted in terms of a unimolecular elimination of CO2 from the complex. The transamination reaction gave rates that are independent of the concentration of the incoming amine. Furthermore, the transamination rate for each complex was within a factor of four of the CO2-independent CO2 exchange rate for that complex. These data were interpreted in terms of a common rate-limiting process for CO2 exchange and transamination that involves unimolecular elimination of CO2. Rate-limiting unimolecular dissociation of intact carbamato ligands was eliminated as a possible pathway by showing that ligand exchange dynamics is rapid relative to the overall rate of C-N bond metathesis. The ability of these metal carbamate complexes to undergo facile C-N bond metathesis reactions of this type has implications in heterocumulene metathesis and CO2 fixation chemistry.
The RIPE3b1 Activator of the Insulin Gene Is Composed of a Protein(s) of Approximately 43 kDa, Whose DNA Binding Activity Is Inhibited by Protein Phosphatase Treatment (2000)

Glucose-stimulated and pancreatic islet beta cell-specific expression of the insulin gene is mediated in part by the C1 DNA-element binding complex, termed RIPE3b1. In this report, we define the molecular weight range of the protein(s) that compose this beta cell-enriched activator complex and show that protein phosphatase treatment inhibits RIPE3b1 DNA binding activity. Fractionation of beta cell nuclear extracts by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that RIPE3b1 binding was mediated by a protein(s) within the 37-49-kDa ranges. Direct analysis of the proteins within the RIPE3b1 complex by ultraviolet light cross-linking analysis identified three binding species of approximately 51, 45, and 38 kDa. Incubating beta cell nuclear extracts with either calf alkaline phosphatase or a rat brain phosphatase preparation dramatically reduced RIPE3b1 DNA complex formation. Phosphatase inhibition of RIPE3b1 binding was prevented by sodium pyrophosphate, a general phosphatase inhibitor. We discuss how changes in the phosphorylation status of the RIPE3b1 activator may influence its DNA binding activity.
<title>Stitching interferometer for large plano optics using a standard interferometer</title> (1997)

The manufacture of modern optical components often requires the se of high performance interferometers, usually based on phase-shifting techniques. However, there is currently no commercial phase-shifting interferometer having the capacity to measure large parts, such as those found in inertial confinement lasers and other large systems, with the required high spatial resolution. In order to circumvent the restrictions on the size of standard interferometers, we have designed and built a stitching interferometer for large plano surfaces, using a standard commercial 'small' diameter phase-shifting interferometer. The system is completely automated, using a PC computer to acquire and stitch measurements together to produce the original large surface. The advantages of this technique are low cost, small size, and preservation of spatial resolution. Also, smaller propagation distance means better handling of the smaller spatial periods. One such system has been in actual use for the characterization of large size mirrors since December 1994. In this paper, we shall look at the design of the system and produce, as an example, actual measurements performed on a PHEBUS laser slab polished more than a decade ago. The interferogram shows extraordinary features never seen before in such detail.
Complement C5-inhibitor rEV576 (coversin) ameliorates in-vivo effects of antiphospholipid antibodies (2014)

Activation of the complement cascade is an important mechanism for antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombosis. We examined the effects of rEV576 (coversin), a recombinant protein inhibitor of complement factor 5 activation, on antiphospholipid antibody-mediated tissue factor up-regulation and thrombosis. Groups of C57BL/6J mice (n=5) received either IgG from a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) or control IgG from normal human serum (NHS). Each of these groups of mice had IgG administration preceded by either rEV576, or phosphate buffer control. For each of the four treatment groups, the size of induced thrombus, tissue factor activity in carotid homogenates, anticardiolipin and anti-β2glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) levels were measured 72 h after the first injection. Mice treated with IgG-APS had significantly higher titers of anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-β2GPI at thrombus induction compared with those treated with IgG-NHS. The IgG-APS/phosphate buffer treatment induced significantly larger thrombi and tissue factor activity compared with other groups. Mice treated with IgG-APS/rEV576 had significantly smaller thrombi and reduced tissue factor activity than those treated with IgG-APS/phosphate buffer. The data confirm involvement of complement activation in antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombogenesis and suggest that complement inhibition might ameliorate this effect.
Formulation for the NAVSTAR Geodetic Receiver System (NGRS). (1981)

The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) can be used for geodetic applications. The NAVSTAR Geodetic Receiver System (NGRS) has been developed to demonstrate this capability. A brief description of the NGRS hardware is presented along with the formulation that converts the observations of satellite Doppler frequency to range differences. The sensitivity of the range differences to random error sources is also discussed. (Author)
Respiratory and Allergic Health Effects of Dampness, Mold, and Dampness-Related Agents: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence (2011)

Evident dampness or mold had consistent positive associations with multiple allergic and respiratory effects. Measured microbiologic agents in dust had limited suggestive associations, including both positive and negative associations for some agents. Thus, prevention and remediation of indoor dampness and mold are likely to reduce health risks, but current evidence does not support measuring specific indoor microbiologic factors to guide health-protective actions.
Newtonian Gravity Predictions For Gravity Probe B (2005)

Newtonian gravity and special relativity combine to produce a gravitomagnetic precession of an orbiting gyroscope that is one fourth as large as predicted by General Relativity. The geodetic effect is the same in both cases.
High frequency compensated current-mode ladder filters using multiple output OTAs (2002)

A methodology to synthesize continuous-time current-mode filters using multiple output operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) and based on RLC ladder filter prototypes is introduced. High-frequency compensation techniques are discussed. Experimental results verifying the proposed structures are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IN FREE-RANGING MULE DEER: SPATIAL, TEMPORAL, AND DEMOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES ON OBSERVED PREVALENCE PATTERNS (2005)

We analyzed chronic wasting disease (CWD) prevalence data from mule deer populations in northcentral Colorado, USA, to discern the likely influences of temporal, spatial, and demographic factors on patterns observed in naturally infected populations. In addition to reaffirming spatial heterogeneity among wintering mule deer subpopulations, we report marked differences in CWD prevalence by sex and age groups as well as clear local trends of increasing prevalence over a 7-yr period. Prevalence of CWD differed by age (yearling vs. adult), sex, and geographic area at two different spatial scales (game management unit or population unit winter range) and increased over time at both geographic scales. Disease status (positive or negative) was not independent of age for males (n=285, df=6, chi2=18.4, P=0.005) or females (n=387, df=8, chi2=17.2, P=0.028). Among males, prevalence increased and then declined across age classes, peaking in 5- to 6-yr-old individuals; among females, prevalence showed no definite age-related pattern. Demographic, spatial, and temporal factors all appear to contribute to the marked heterogeneity in CWD prevalence in endemic portions of northcentral Colorado, USA. These factors likely combine in various ways to influence epidemic dynamics on both local and broad geographic scales.
Increasing Trauma Deaths in the United States (2014)

Trauma is now the leading cause of death for individuals 46 years and younger. The largest increase in the number of trauma deaths and the highest crude number of trauma deaths occurred in baby boomers. Policy makers allocating resources should be made aware of the larger impact of trauma on our aging and burgeoning US population.
Light scattering from smectic liquid-crystal waveguides (1976)

Light scattering properties of smectic-A liquid-crystal thin-film waveguides are studied both theoretically and experimentally. A Green’s function analysis of the depolarized light scattering induced by thermal fluctuations in the average molecular alignment is presented. Scattered power distributions and scattering coefficients for mode conversion and for scattering out of the guide are derived. It is shown that the power distributions for scattering from nematic and smectic waveguides differ greatly and that scattering losses in smectic-A liquid-crystal waveguides are several orders of magnitude lower than those encountered in nematic guides. Power loss in these waveguides, due to light scattering arising from thermally induced dynamical distortions of the smectic planes, is calculated to be on the order of 2 dB/cm and is experimentally verified.
An Efficient Elephant Flow Detection with Cost-Sensitive in SDN (2015)

The software defined networking (SDN) allows separating control and data plane, which provides better network management and higher utilization for data center network. Among these topical applications in SDN, such as traffic engineering, QoS and network management, there is significant interest on
Dynamic deformable models for enhanced haptic rendering in virtual environments (2002)

Currently there are no deformable model implementations that model a wide range of geometric deformations while providing realistic force feedback for use in virtual environments with haptics. The few models that exist are computationally very expensive, are limited in terms of shape coverage and do not provide proper haptic feedback. We use dynamic deformable models with local and global deformations governed by physical principles in order to provide efficient and true force feedback. We extend the shape class of Deformable Superquadrics (DeSuq) to provide compact geometric representation using few parameters, while at the same time providing realistic haptic viscoelastic feedback. Dynamics associated with rigid and deformable bodies are modeled by the use of the Lagrange equations. Implementation of these is currently under progress using GHOST/sup TM/ libraries on a PHANToM/sup TM/ haptic device.
Purification and characterization of a naturally processed hepatitis B virus peptide recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (1996)

In vitro studies in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have suggested that hepatocytolysis induced by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is the most important effector pathway in eliminating infected cells. The recognition is implicated in the endogenously processed HBV antigens in the context of HLA class I molecules presented on the liver cell membrane. However, the naturally occurring HBV peptide antigens have not yet been demonstrated. We report here that a naturally processed peptide antigen P2 was isolated from HLA class I molecules of HBV-infected liver cell membrane. The P2 peptide exhibited the activity of sensitizing target cells for lysis by CD8+ CTLs. The P2 sequence (YVNVNMGLK) purified from liver tissue was in concordance with that encoded by the viral genome for the HBV nucleocapsid antigen or HBcAg 88-96. P2 peptide could also be isolated from the EBV-transformed B cells that were transfected by HBcAg-expressing vector. The P2 epitope, sharing the HLA-A11 binding motifs, was recognized by HLA-A11-restricted CD8+ CTLs. The data provided direct evidence that, in hepatitis B patients, antigenic peptides of HBV were processed by hepatocytes, presented with the class I MHC molecules, and recognized by CD8+ CTLs.