gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of proton-activated implantable markers for proton range verification using PET (2013)

Proton beam range verification using positron emission tomography (PET) currently relies on proton activation of tissue, the products of which decay with a short half-life and necessitate an on-site PET scanner. Tissue activation is, however, negligible near the distal dose fall-off region of the proton beam range due to their high interaction energy thresholds. Therefore Monte Carlo simulation is often supplemented for comparison with measurement; however, this also may be associated with systematic and statistical uncertainties. Therefore, we sought to test the feasibility of using long-lived proton-activated external materials that are inserted or infused into the target volume for more accurate proton beam range verification that could be performed at an off-site PET scanner. We irradiated samples of ≥98% (18)O-enriched water, natural Cu foils, and >97% (68)Zn-enriched foils as candidate materials, along with samples of tissue-equivalent materials including (16)O water, heptane (C7H16), and polycarbonate (C16H14O3)n, at four depths (ranging from 100% to 3% of center of modulation (COM) dose) along the distal fall-off of a modulated 160 MeV proton beam. Samples were irradiated either directly or after being embedded in Plastic Water® or balsa wood. We then measured the activity of the samples using PET imaging for 20 or 30 min after various delay times. Measured activities of candidate materials were up to 100 times greater than those of the tissue-equivalent materials at the four distal dose fall-off depths. The differences between candidate materials and tissue-equivalent materials became more apparent after longer delays between irradiation and PET imaging, due to the longer half-lives of the candidate materials. Furthermore, the activation of the candidate materials closely mimicked the distal dose fall-off with offsets of 1 to 2 mm. Also, signals from the foils were clearly visible compared to the background from the activated Plastic Water® and balsa wood phantoms. These results indicate that markers made from these candidate materials could be used for in vivo proton range verification using an off-site PET scanner.
Diurnal Variations in Blood Chemical Items in Sprague-Dawley Rats. (1995)

Diurnal variations in 23 blood chemical items were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes at 6 weeks of age. Blood samples were obtained every two hours. One to three periodic components detected by the maximum entropy method from the observed time-series and the optimum fitting parameters were calculated by the least squares method. The fitting curves were compared with the observed data for the evaluation of systematic and fluctuating parts of the time domain as circadian variations. The periodic components were detected from all the blood chemical items examined. This suggests that all items have systematic parts as basic rhythmic changes. The optimum fitting curves corresponded to the observed time-series in the following items: glucose, total protein, A/G ratio, alkaline phosphatase, Na, K, Cl and BUN of both sexes and total cholesterol, triglyceride, cholinesterase, CPK, inorganic phosphorus, direct and total bilirubin, creatinine and uric acid in males. Others showed insufficient correspondence to many fluctuating parts. This randomness was more frequently seen in females than in males.
Prosthetic mesh repair of large hernias at the site of colonic stomas. (1980)

Using a new method for repair of large hernias at the colonic stoma site, the old abdominal incision is reopened and prosthetic mesh sutured in place aseptically. The colon is led off and secured to the lateral part of the abdominal wall creating a flap valve that makes recurrence unlikely.
Defense of trust management vulnerabilities in distributed networks (2008)

Establishing trust among distributed network entities has been recognized as a powerful tool to secure distributed networks such as MANETs and sensor networks. Similar to most security schemes, trust establishment methods themselves can be vulnerable to attacks. In this article we investigate the benefits of introducing trust into distributed networks, the vulnerabilities in trust establishment methods, and the defense mechanisms. Five attacks against trust establishment methods are identified, and defense techniques are developed. Effectiveness of the attacks and the defense is demonstrated in the scenarios of securing routing protocols and detecting malicious nodes in MANETs.
(±)-<i>erythro</i>-γ,δ-Dihydroxycarboxylic Acid Lactones from a β-Lithiopropionate Equivalent and α-Chloroaldehydes (1989)

Reaction of β-ethylthio-β-lithioacrylate 1A with α-chloroaldehydes furnished predominantly the erythro products 3, which were isolated as γ-lactones 4. At room temperature intermediates 3 are transformed into the (±)-erythro-γ,δ-dihydroxycarboxylic acid γ-lactones 8. Raney nickel treatment provided interesting natural γ-lactone derivatives; thus, from erythro-8c the socalled L-factor erythro-9c was obtained. Similarly, from β-methoxy β-lithioacrylate 10A the (±)-erythro-γ,δ-dihydroxycarboxylic acid δ-lactone erythro-11 was gained.
Electron transfer reactions. Reaction of nitrones with potassium (1987)

Treatment of nitrones (1a–d, 26a,b, 34, 49) with potassium in tetrahydrofuran (THF) gives rise to radical anion (2a–d, 27a,b, 35, 50) and dianion intermediates (3a–d, 28a,b, 36) through electron transfer reactions. These intermediates undergo further transformations to give a variety of products. Thus, the aldehydonitrones (1a–d) give the corresponding aldehydes (10a–c), carboxylic acids (25a–c), and azobenzenes (19a,d), whereas the ketonitrones (26a,b) give deoxygenation products (31a,b). The nitrone 34 gave a mixture of products consisting of benzoic acid (25a), dibenzyl (48), the dimeric product 38, and tetraphenylpyrazine (46), whereas 49 did not give any isolable product. Cyclic voltammetric studies have been employed to measure the reduction potentials for both one-electron and two-electron transfer processes, leading to the radical anions and dianions respectively. These intermediates have been characterized through their electronic spectra and they were quenched by oxygen. Pulse radiolysis of the nitrones 1a–d, 26a,b, 34, and 49 also gave the corresponding radical anions 2a–d, 27a,b, 35, and 50, characterized by their spectra.
Laudatio : Fundamina : A Journal of Legal History (2002)

Extracted from text ... _ LAUDATIO Tempora mutantur. In the current academic climate in which universities see themselves as global entrepreneurs it is difficult to envisage that when Margaret Hewett was a student, Latin was an automatic choice for the best students. This is neither the time nor the place to discuss the merits of the study of Latin, but it is apposite to point out that this Festschrift, dedicated to Margaret Hewett, symbolises the end of the traditional approach to academic studies - a paradigm in today's educational parlance. Ever since the Humanist movement, the liberal arts, and in particular the classics, ..
Three-Port Bidirectional Converter for Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems (2007)

The implementation of a hybrid fuel cell/battery system is proposed to improve the slow transient response of a fuel cell stack. This system can be used for an autonomous device with quick load variations. A suitable three-port, galvanic isolated, bidirectional power converter is proposed to control the power flow. An energy management method for the proposed three-port circuit is analyzed and implemented. Measurements from a 500-W laboratory prototype are presented to demonstrate the validity of the approach
Predicting biodegradation products and pathways: a hybrid knowledge- and machine learning-based approach (2010)

kramer@in.tum.de.
Applicability of LiNbO/sub 3/, langasite and GaPO/sub 4/ in high temperature SAW sensors operating at radio frequencies (2004)

The applicability of LiNbO3, langasite and GaPO4 for use as crystal substrates in high temperature surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors operating at radio frequencies was investigated. Material properties were determined by the use of SAW test devices processed with conventional lithography. On GaPO4, predominantly surface defects limit the accessible frequencies to values of 1 GHz. Langasite SAW devices could be operated up to 3 GHz; however, high acoustic losses of 20 dB/micros were observed. On LiNbO3, the acoustic losses measured up to 3.5 GHz are one order of magnitude less. Hence, SAW sensors capable of wireless interrogation were designed and processed on YZ-cut LiNbO3. The devices could be successfully operated in the industrial-scientific-medical (ISM) band from 2.40 to 2.4835 GHz up to 400 degrees C.
REUSABLE KNOWLEDGE-BASED COMPONENTS FOR BUILDING SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS: A KNOWLEDGE MODELLING APPROACH (1999)

In computer science, different types of reusable components for building software applications were proposed as a direct consequence of the emergence of new software programming paradigms. The success of these components for building applications depends on factors such as the flexibility in their combination or the facility for their selection in centralised or distributed environments such as internet. In this article, we propose a general type of reusable component, called primitive of representation, inspired by a knowledge-based approach that can promote reusability. The proposal can be understood as a generalisation of existing partial solutions that is applicable to both software and knowledge engineering for the development of hybrid applications that integrate conventional and knowledge based techniques. The article presents the structure and use of the component and describes our recent experience in the development of real-world applications based on this approach.
Schemes for Privacy Data Destruction in a NAND Flash Memory (2019)

We propose schemes for efficiently destroying privacy data in a NAND flash memory. Generally, even if privacy data is erased from NAND flash memories, there is a high probability that the data will remain in an invalid block. This is a management problem arising from characteristics of a program operation and an erase operation of NAND flash memories. When updating pages or performing a garbage collection, there is a problem that valid data remains in at least one unmapped memory block. Is it possible to impose an obligation to delete privacy data from an existing NAND flash memory? This paper is the answer to this question. We propose a partial overwriting scheme, an SLC programming scheme, and a deletion duty pulse application scheme for invalid pages to effectively address privacy data destruction issues caused by the remaining data. Such privacy data destruction schemes basically utilize at least one state in which data can be written to programmed cells based on a multi-level cell program operation. Our privacy data destruction schemes have advantages in terms of block management as compared with conventional erasing schemes, and are significantly economical in terms of time and cost. The proposed privacy data destruction schemes may be easily applied to many storage devices and data centers using a NAND flash memory.
Nonintegrating Lentivector Vaccines Stimulate Prolonged T-Cell and Antibody Responses and Are Effective in Tumor Therapy (2009)

Lentiviral vectors (lentivectors) are effective for stimulation of cell-mediated and humoral immunity following subcutaneous and intramuscular immunization. However, lentivector genome integration carries a risk of perturbation of host gene expression. Here, we demonstrate that lentivectors with multiple mutations that prevent integration are also effective immunogens. First, systemic CD8(+) T-cell responses to the model antigen ovalbumin were detected following subcutaneous injection of nonintegrating lentivectors. Transfer of transgenic OT1 T cells demonstrated that antigen presentation persisted for at least 30 days. Furthermore, an enhanced CD8(+) T-cell response, peaking at 7 days, was stimulated by coexpression of p38 MAP kinase or an NF-kappaB activator from the same vector. Second, we demonstrated systemic CD8(+) T-cell and antibody responses to the secreted hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen expressed from a nonintegrating lentivector injected intramuscularly. The induction, specificity, and kinetics of antibody production closely mimicked those of natural HBV infection. In this case, both the vector genome and the immune response were maintained for at least 2 months. Together, our data indicate that nonintegrating lentivectors can be employed to generate effective vaccines.
Decomposition products of pyrazolines formed from 3-alkylthioinden-1-ones and diazomethane (1975)

1-Pyrazoline are formed by the addition of diazomethane to 2-substituted 3-alkylthioinden-1-ones, and on pyrolysis they yield the corresponding 2-substituted 4-alkylthio-1-naphthols and 3-alkylthiomethylinden-1-ones. Diazomethane adds less readily to 3-methoxy-2-phenylinden-1-one and decomposition of the resulting pyrazoline yields only 4-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthol which is partially converted into 2-phenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone during work-up.
Development of a fluorescein analogue, TokyoMagenta, as a novel scaffold for fluorescence probes in red region (2011)

We present a design strategy for fluorescence probes with a high off/on activation ratio in the red wavelength region, based on a novel fluorescein analogue in which the O atom at the 10 position of the xanthene chromophore is replaced with a Si atom. To demonstrate the usefulness of this strategy, we designed and synthesized a red-fluorescent probe for β-galactosidase, and showed that it works in live HEK293 cells.
Proposed mechanisms of cholesterol‐lowering action of plant sterols (2003)

Abstract Plant sterols (or phytosterols) are naturally occurring compounds structurally related to cholesterol with different side chain configurations. To date, numerous studies have shown that dietary intake of plant sterols either in their free form or as fatty acid esters is effective at lowering plasma total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The main mechanism responsible for the cholesterol‐lowering effect of free and esterified plant sterols is the inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Several sites within the intestinal tract have been suggested where this inhibition might take place. Different mechanisms, such as competition with cholesterol for solubilisation in dietary mixed micelles, co‐crystallisation with cholesterol to form insoluble mixed crystals, and interference with the hydrolysis process by lipases and cholesterol esterases are believed to contribute to the lowering of serum cholesterol concentrations by plant sterols. There is also emerging evidence that plant sterols interfere with transport‐mediated processes of cholesterol uptake. The consequence of all these actions, although their individual contribution on the overall effect remains to be established, is that intestinal cholesterol absorption is reduced, while more cholesterol is excreted in the faeces. The aim of this review is to summarise the current understanding concerning the mechanism of action by which plant sterols affect cholesterol metabolism and thus exert their cholesterol‐lowering effect. The review will focus on the gut, e.g. on the physico‐chemical effects at the gastric‐duodenal level, on absorptive site effects, and on intra‐cellular trafficking, i.e. effects at the epithelial cell level.
Smoke seed germination studies and a guide to seed propagation of plants from the major families of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa (2004)

Fynbos is the dominant vegetation of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), one of world's richest regions in terms of its biodiversity and a region in which over two-thirds of the plant species and seven of the plant families are endemics. Many fynbos species from the major families such as the Proteaceae, Ericaceae, Asteraceae and Restionaceae are cultivated as ornamentals or are of importance as floricultural crops. Propagation of fynbos plants from seed is often difficult, as seeds of many species are dormant when shed and require very specific environmental 'messages' or cues before they will germinate. Fire provides the major cues for germination in the wild and these cues have to be simulated when attempting to germinate wildflower seed in the laboratory and nursery. This study reports on the germination response to smoke of 283 species from 39 families of fynbos. In addition seeds of some of the species were subjected to other dormancy breaking treatments and these results, together with results of similar treatments reported in the literature, are included. Results from these germination trials have been used to provide new general guidelines or protocols for germinating fynbos seeds in the nursery or to update the previously published ones.
Annealing control primer system for improving specificity of PCR amplification (2003)

A novel primer designed to improve the specificity of PCR amplification, called the annealing control primer (ACP), comprises a tripartite structure with a polydeoxyinosine [poly(dI)] linker between the 3' end target core sequence and the 5' end nontarget universal sequence. We show that this ACP linker prevents annealing of the 5' end nontarget sequence to the template and facilitates primer hybridization at the 3' end to the target sequence at specific temperatures, resulting in a dramatic improvement of annealing specificity. The effect of this linker is demonstrated by the incorporation of ACP sequences as primers during the amplification of target nucleotide sequence and as hybridization probes in the genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms. This is the first report to show that a poly(dI) linker between two different sequences of ACP forms a bubble-like structure and disrupts or destabilizes DNA duplex formation at certain annealing temperatures.
Calculation and measurement of eigenmodes for a canned switched reluctance machine (2012)

A great disadvantage of switched reluctance machines is the heavy noise emitation, caused by the radial forces in the airgap, which excite the structure to vibrate. Especially the stator vibrations produce heavy noise, when the frequencies of the excited forces correspond to the eigenfrequencies of the stator. Every structure has its characterizing eigenfrequency and the corresponding shape of deformation, the eigenmode. For the development process of an electrical machine design it is important to know both. Not all eigenmodes will be excited by the radial forces due to the excitation of the windings. There are different methods to derive the eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes. The value of the frequencies can either roughly be estimated with analytical models for simple structures or determined with finite-element simulation (FEM) and validated with measurements. In this paper different analytical models are presented and compared with numerical solution and measurements.
Selective progesterone receptor modulators 2: use in reproductive medicine (2008)

Outside pregnancy, selective progesterone receptor modulators are used or have been tested clinically for a number of indications in reproductive medicine: as oral contraceptives, alone or in combination with a progestin, to improve cycle control in users of progestin-only contraceptives, as emergency contraceptives, for the medical treatment of uterine fibroids, in cases of endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome and to improve ovarian stimulation prior to in vitro fertilisation. In the authors' opinion, as of today, few applications outside pregnancy seem worthy of large-scale use: emergency contraception and long-term medical management of uterine fibroids and possibly of endometriosis.
Cranial dural arteriovenous fistula: transarterial Onyx embolization experience and technical nuances (2011)

Transarterial Onyx embolization of cranial DAVFs, particularly using the MMA as a conduit, is a safe and effective curative therapy.
Model-based whitebox fuzzing for program binaries (2016)

Many real-world programs take highly structured and very complex inputs. The automated testing of such programs is non-trivial. If the test input does not adhere to a specific file format, the program returns a parser error. For symbolic execution-based whitebox fuzzing the corresponding error handling code becomes a significant time sink. Too much time is spent in the parser exploring too many paths leading to trivial parser errors. Naturally, the time is better spent exploring the functional part of the program where failure with valid input exposes deep and real bugs in the program. In this paper, we suggest to leverage information about the file format and the data chunks of existing, valid files to swiftly carry the exploration beyond the parser code. We call our approach Model-based Whitebox Fuzzing (MoWF) because the file format input model of blackbox fuzzers can be exploited as a constraint on the vast input space to rule out most invalid inputs during path exploration in symbolic execution. We evaluate on 13 vulnerabilities in 8 large program binaries with 6 separate file formats and found that MoWF exposes all vulnerabilities while both, traditional whitebox fuzzing and model-based blackbox fuzzing, expose only less than half, respectively. Our experiments also demonstrate that MoWF exposes 70% vulnerabilities without any seed inputs.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION OF ORGANOSILICON COMPOUNDS. 102. REACTION OF CHLOROMETHANES WITH ELEMENTAL SILICON. (FORMATION AND STUDY OF LINEAR CARBOSILANES) (1984)

Abstract ′Die Umsetzungen von CH 2 Cl 2 , CHCI, und CCL, mit Si (Ca‐Katalysator) werden in einer Wirbelschicht bei 320°C durchgeführt, um die Si‐reicheren Verbindungen aufzuklären.
A scalable architecture for SIP infrastructure using content addressable networks (2005)

Session initiation protocol (SIP) provides call establishment functions for VoIP. These functions are highly CPU-intensive and hence need to be distributed over multiple servers in order to support the peak workload. Existing approaches to this problem are unfortunately not scalable or fault-tolerant, incurring high maintenance overheads or introducing a single point of failure. This paper presents a proof-of-concept design and analysis of a scalable, robust architecture for SIP infrastructures using a content addressable network (CAN) model, called CASIP (CAN-based SIP). The performance study of CASIP using real implementation of a SIP stack and NS-2 shows that the proposed system distributes the SIP processing (both update and lookup) load over multiple nodes very effectively without incurring much routing and maintenance overhead.
[Correlation between clinical parameters and quantitative analysis of inflammatory infiltrate. Importance in the diagnosis of active periodontal disease]. (1989)

Recent studies have indicated that the destruction in chronic periodontal disease occurs in relatively short periods of time which are followed of prolonged periods of inactivity. These bursts of activity are characterized by an increase in the inflammatory reaction. It has been the purpose of this paper to study the correlation between the clinical measurements of periodontal disease and the histomorphometric quantification of areas of dense inflammatory infiltrate. The results of this study show that the clinical parameters that measure gingival inflammation or loss of periodontal attachment are useful to distinguish pathology from normal (p less than 0.003), but lack sensitivity to detect burst of periodontal disease activity (p greater than 0.05).