gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced antibody responses induced by Candida albicans in mice (1982)

Candida albicans may immunopotentiate antibody responses in mice to antigens unrelated to the fungus. This effect occurred best with cell-associated, rather than soluble, antigens. When dead yeasts, cell walls, or a water-soluble candidal polysaccharide were used, immunopotentiation was most dramatic when the antigen and fungal materials were given concomitantly via an intraperitoneal injection. However, mice infected with viable yeasts several days before antigen administration also developed heightened responses to the antigen. The mechanism of the C. albicans-induced adjuvanticity was not defined, but the effect seemed to correlate with induction of inflammation. The presence of C. albicans or other inflammatory agents in the peritoneal cavity caused a more rapid uptake of particulate antigen by the liver. The relationship between this event and immunopotentiation is not known. These studies demonstrate that C. albicans may have profound effects on host immune responses. Because immunological aberrations are commonly found in patients with candidiasis it may be important to determine whether some of these aberrations result from, rather than precede candidiasis.
Carbons from choline present in the phospholipids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2006)

The phospholipid composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in a mineral medium with choline as the carbon source was: phosphatidylethanolamine, 71.6 +/- 1.4%; phosphatidylglycerol, 11.8 +/- 0.4%; diphosphatidylglycerol, 0.8 +/- 0.4%; phosphatidic acid, 2.4 +/- 0.6%; lysophosphatidylethanolamine, 1.6 +/- 0.3%; phosphatidylcholine 7.9 +/- 0.3%; lysophosphatidylcholine, 3.9 +/- 0.7%. The molar ratio between the acidic and the neutral phospholipids was 0.18. Radiolabeling experiments with [methyl-14C]choline or [1,2-14C]choline carried out in cell suspension from bacteria that were grown in the presence of choline as the sole carbon source demonstrated that the carbons of the N-methyl groups of choline contributed to the synthesis of fatty acids while the carbons comprising the backbone of choline were used for the synthesis of glycerol.
New trapdoor-knapsack public-key cryptosystem (1985)

The paper presents a new trapdoor-knapsack public-key cryptosystem. The encryption equation is based on the general modular knapsack equation, but, unlike the Merkle-Hellman scheme, the knapsack components do not have to have a superincreasing structure. The trapdoor is based on transformations between the modular and radix form of the knapsack components, via the Chinese remainder theorem. The security is based on factoring a number composed of 256 bit prime factors. The resulting cryptosystem has high density, approximately 30% message expansion and a public key of 14 Kbits. This compares very favourably with the Merkle-Hellman scheme which has over 100% expansion and a public key of 80 Kbits. The major advantage of the scheme when compared with the RSA scheme is one of speed. Typically, knapsack schemes such as the one proposed here are capable of throughput speeds which are orders of magnitude faster than the RSA scheme.
A Feasibility Study on Feed-forwarding Voltage Reactive-Power Control Method based on Linear Programming for Central Control Center (1997)

Voltage reactive power control (VQC) on power systems becomes difficult when a load increases or decreases rapidly, especially in the morning and at noon. This is caused mainly by two problems. One is delayed operation and the other is noncooperative operation of facilities. To solve these problems, an advanced method for a centralized feed-forwarding control system and algorithms are pre-sented. They are based on two main steps, forecasting power system state for several minutes and dispatching reactive power sources optimally based on stepwise linear programming. The proposed method is evaluated and tested for data of a large scale power system. Results show that the proposed method keeps the voltage constraints well and reduces redundant operation of facilities.
High-Isolation, Low Cross-Polarization, Differential-Feed, Dual-Polarized Patch Antenna Array for a 2.45 GHz Retrodirective System Application (2020)

This paper presents a high-isolation, low cross-polarization, differential-feed, dual-polarized microstrip patch antenna array. By using differential feeding and coupled structure, the array realizes high port isolation, which is suited for the full duplex operating mode with two orthogonal linear polarizations of transmitting and receiving, respectively. Simulations results show isolation is greater than 40 dB at 2-5.2 GHz and greater than 60 dB at 2.42-2.47 GHz. The cross-polarization level is less than -40 dB on both the E and H planes. The proposed array has a simple structure to fabricate and practical for use in the retrodirective system.
A MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONIDIAL DEVELOPMENT IN <i>ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS</i> (1969)

NDIVIDUAL morphological mutants have been studied in many higher organ-' isms such as Drosophila The most remarkable study of this type is the work on bacteriophage T4 In more complex organisms the spectrum of morphological mutants obtainable is very broad (e.g., in Neurospora: GARNJOBST and TATUM 1967) and analysis can only be carried to any depth if attention is confined to a process such as sporulation (reviewed in or to mutants affecting an individual enzyme (e.g., BRODY and TATUM 1966).
Testing web services (2005)

Summary form only given. Web services present a promising software technology, which provides application-to-application interaction. They are based on communication protocols, service descriptions, and service discovery and are built on top of existing Web protocols and based on open XML standards. Web services are described using Web Services Description Language (WSDL), and the universal description, discovery, and integration directory provide a registry of Web services descriptions. Testing Web services is important for both the Web service provider and the Web service user. This paper proposes a technique for testing Web services using mutation analysis. The technique is based on applying mutation operators to the WSDL document in order to generate mutated Web service interfaces that are used to test the Web service. For this purpose, we define mutant operators that are specific to WSDL documents. Our empirical results have shown the usefulness of this technique.
Competitive model to classify unknown data into hierarchical clusters through unsupervised learning (2002)

We present a multi layer competitive model to classify unknown data into hierarchical clusters through unsupervised learning. The first layer of the model, which is a Winner-Takes-All type competitive network within N reference vectors, is an extended learning vector quantization whose distance measure is given by discriminant function of the Bayes decision. The extended LVQ is referred to learning Bayesian quantization (LBQ). LBQ organizes reference vectors which correspond to prototypes of input data through unsupervised learning. The second layer of the model includes N LBQs as its subnetworks. The a-th reference vector in the first layer connects to the a-th LBQ in the second layer. The a-th LBQ works as a secondary LBQ if and only if the a-th neuron excites. When input data consists of several clusters which include several subclusters, the presented model organizes the prototypes of the clusters as the reference vector in the first layer and those of the subclusters as the reference vector in the second layer hierarchically.
Patterns of antigenic diversity and the mechanisms that maintain them (2007)

Many of the remaining challenges in infectious disease control involve pathogens that fail to elicit long-lasting immunity in their hosts. Antigenic variation is a common reason for this failure and a contributor to the complexity of vaccine design. Diversifying selection by the host immune system is commonly, and often correctly, invoked to explain antigenic variability in pathogens. However, there is a wide variety of patterns of antigenic variation across space and time, and within and between hosts, and we do not yet understand the determinants of these different patterns. This review describes five such patterns, taking as examples two bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis), two viruses (influenza A and HIV-1), as well as the pathogens (taken as a group) for which antigenic variation is negligible. Pathogen-specific explanations for these patterns of diversity are critically evaluated, and the patterns are compared against predictions of theoretical models for antigenic diversity. Major remaining challenges are highlighted, including the identification of key protective antigens in bacteria, the design of vaccines to combat antigenic variability for viruses and the development of more systematic explanations for patterns of antigenic variation.
LPG: a planner based on local search for planning graphs with action costs (2002)

We present LPG, a fast planner using local search for solving planning graphs. LPG can use various heuristics based on a parametrized objective function. These parameters weight different types of inconsistencies in the partial plan represented by the current search state, and are dynamically evaluated during search using Lagrange multipliers. LPG's basic heuristic was inspired by Walksat, which in Kautz and Selman's Blackbox can be used to solve the SAT-encoding of a planning graph. An advantage of LPG is that its heuristics exploit the structure of the planning graph, while Black-box relies on general heuristics for SAT-problems, and requires the translation of the planning graph into propositional clauses. Another major difference is that LPG can handle action costs to produce good quality plans. This is achieved by an anytime process minimizing an objective function based on the number of inconsistencies in the partial plan and on its overall cost. The objective function can also take into account the number of parallel steps and the overall plan duration. Experimental results illustrate the efficiency of our approach showing, in particular, that for a set of well-known benchmark domains LPG is significantly faster than existing Graphplan-style planners.
Identification and Characterization of a Nuclear Interacting Partner of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (NIPA) (2003)

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphomas characterized by the expression of CD30. More than half of these lymphomas carry a chromosomal translocation t(2;5) leading to expression of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK). NPM-ALK is capable of transforming fibroblasts and lymphocytes in vitro and of causing lymphomas in mice. Previously, we and others demonstrated phospholipase C-gamma and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase as crucial downstream signaling mediators of NPM-ALK-induced oncogenicity. In this study, we used an ALK fusion protein as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen identifying NIPA (nuclear interacting partner of ALK) as a novel downstream target of NPM-ALK. NIPA encodes a 60-kDa protein that is expressed in a broad range of human tissues and contains a classical nuclear translocation signal in its C terminus, which directs its nuclear localization. NIPA interacts with NPM-ALK and other ALK fusions in a tyrosine kinase-dependent manner and is phosphorylated in NPM-ALK-expressing cells on tyrosine and serine residues with serine 354 as a major phosphorylation site. Overexpression of NIPA in Ba/F3 cells was able to protect from apoptosis induced by IL-3 withdrawal. Mutations of the nuclear translocation signal or the Ser-354 phosphorylation site impaired the antiapoptotic function of NIPA. In NPM-ALK-transformed Ba/F3 cells, apoptosis triggered by wortmannin treatment was enhanced by overexpression of putative dominant-negative NIPA mutants. These results implicate an antiapoptotic role for NIPA in NPM-ALK-mediated signaling events.
Disposition of nicotine and eight metabolites in smokers and nonsmokers: Identification in smokers of two metabolites that are longer lived than cotinine (1990)

The disposition of a single intravenous dose of 14C-nicotine was investigated in six cigarette smokers and six nonsmokers. Plasma and urinary elimination of both nicotine and cotinine was faster in smokers than in nonsmokers. In the urine of both smokers and nonsmokers, we identified nicotine and eight metabolites, including two new metabolites: metabolite A (3-hydroxycotinine glucuronide) and metabolite G (demethylcotinine delta 2',3'-enamine). Metabolites A and G were of particular interest because, in smokers, they both persisted longer than cotinine. This property renders them more sensitive than cotinine as potential indicators of passive exposure to cigarette smoke.
The Measure of All Rings—N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (2010)

Quantification and variation of characteristic properties of different ligand classes is an exciting and rewarding research field. N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are of special interest since their electron richness and structure provide a unique class of ligands and organocatalysts. Consequently, they have found widespread application as ligands in transition-metal catalysis and organometallic chemistry, and as organocatalysts in their own right. Herein we provide an overview on physicochemical data (electronics, sterics, bond strength) of NHCs that are essential for the design, application, and mechanistic understanding of NHCs in catalysis.
<i>Herpesvirus hominis</i> : Isolation from Human Trigeminal Ganglion (1972)

Herpesvirus hominis was isolated from the trigeminal ganglion obtained at autopsy from 1 of 22 patients with no clinical evidence of active herpetic disease, and from one patient with malignant lymphoma who died with herpes zoster on the abdomen, pulmonary cytomegalic inclusion disease, and possible oral herpes simplex. Virus was isolated by cocultivation of explants of ganglion with monolayers of Vero green monkey kidney cells and required 3 weeks of culture before viral cytopathic effects were evident. These observations support the concept that latent infection of sensory ganglia may be the source of virus in recurrent herpetic disease in man.
Photomorphogenesis and phyfohormones (1997)

ABSTRACT There are numerous reports of interactions between light and phytohormones. However, the exact nature of this interaction is not well understood. This article considers the possible roles played in the light signal transduction chain by four phytohormones (auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellins and cytokinins). As the involvement of phytohormones in this signalling mechanism is controversial, the major arguments in the debate are reported, including recently published results based on genetic, biochemical and physiological approaches.
Beyond Local Appearance: Category Recognition from Pairwise Interactions of Simple Features (2007)

We present a discriminative shape-based algorithm for object category localization and recognition. Our method learns object models in a weakly-supervised fashion, without requiring the specification of object locations nor pixel masks in the training data. We represent object models as cliques of fully-interconnected parts, exploiting only the pairwise geometric relationships between them. The use of pairwise relationships enables our algorithm to successfully overcome several problems that are common to previously-published methods. Even though our algorithm can easily incorporate local appearance information from richer features, we purposefully do not use them in order to demonstrate that simple geometric relationships can match (or exceed) the performance of state-of-the-art object recognition algorithms.
Species Composition of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates and Environmental Conditions in Cucumber Creek (1995)

An annual survey of the macroinvertebrates of Cucumber Creek in the Ouachita Mountains of southeastern Oklahoma was conducted. Seasonal invertebrate collections and water samples were taken from upstream and downstream sites. The invertebrates were sampled quantitatively by using a Surber net and qualitatively by hand examination of microhabitats at each site. Samples were dominated by insects and yielded 78 macroinvertebrate taxa. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and specific conductance fell within ranges expected in Oklahoma and usually capable of supporting a diverse biota. Species diversity was generally high and pollution-intolerant taxa were present throughout the study period, indicating high water quality in the stream.
WNT4 Acts Downstream of BMP2 and Functions via β-Catenin Signaling Pathway to Regulate Human Endometrial Stromal Cell Differentiation (2012)

Differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells is a prerequisite for successful embryo implantation. Our previous studies in the mouse have shown that bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), a morphogen belonging to the TGFβ superfamily, is essential for this differentiation process. BMP2 is markedly induced in human primary endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) as they undergo differentiation in response to steroid hormones and cAMP. The present study was undertaken to identify the BMP2-mediated molecular pathways in primary cultures of HESCs during decidualization. Using gene expression profiling, we identified wingless-related murine mammary tumor virus integration site 4 (WNT4) as a target of BMP2 regulation during decidualization. Attenuation of WNT4 expression in HESCs by small interfering RNA administration greatly reduced BMP2-induced stromal differentiation. Additionally, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of WNT4 in HESCs markedly advanced the differentiation program, indicating that it is a key regulator of decidualization. The stimulatory effect of WNT4 was accompanied by the accumulation of active β-catenin in the nuclei of decidualizing stromal cells, indicating the involvement of the canonical WNT signaling pathway. Functional inhibition of WNT4/β-catenin pathway by Dickkopf-1, an inhibitor of the canonical WNT signaling, or small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of β-catenin expression, greatly reduced the BMP2- and WNT4-induced decidualization. Gene expression profiling revealed that Forkhead box protein O1, a forkhead family transcription factor and previously reported regulator of HESC differentiation, is a common downstream mediator of both BMP2 and WNT4 signaling. Taken together, these studies uncovered a linear pathway involving BMP2, WNT4/β-catenin, and Forkhead box protein O1 that operates in human endometrium to critically control decidualization.
A model-based method for the prediction of the isotopic distribution of peptides (2008)

The process of monoisotopic mass determination, i.e., nomination of the correct peak of an isotopically resolved group of peptide peaks as a monoisotopic peak, requires prior information about the isotopic distribution of the peptide. This points immediately to the difficulty of monoisotopic mass determination, whereas a single mass spectrum does not contain information about the atomic composition of a peptide and therefore the isotopic distribution of the peptide remains unknown. To solve this problem a technique is required, which is able to estimate the isotopic distribution given the information of a single mass spectrum. Senko et al. calculated the average isotopic distribution for any mass peptide via the multinomial expansion (Yergey 1983), using a scaled version of the average amino acid Averagine (Senko et al. 1995). Another method, introduced by Breen et al., approximates the result of the multinomial expansion by a Poisson model (Breen et al. 2000). Although both methods perform well, they have their specific limitations. In this manuscript, we propose an alternative method for the prediction of the isotopic distribution based on a model for consecutive ratios of peaks from the isotopic distribution, similar in spirit to the approach introduced by Gay et al. (1999). The presented method is computationally simple and accurate in predicting the expected isotopic distribution. Further, we extend our method to estimate the isotopic distribution of sulphur-containing peptides. This is important because the naturally occurring isotopes of sulphur have an impact on the isotopic distribution of a peptide.
Dynamic avalanche behavior of power MOSFETs and IGBTs under unclamped inductive switching conditions (2013)

The ability of high-voltage power MOSFETs and IGBTs to withstand avalanche events under unclamped inductive switching (UIS) conditions is measured. This measurement is to investigate and compare the dynamic avalanche failure behavior of the power MOSFETs and the IGBT, which occur at different current conditions. The UIS measurement results at different current conditions show that the main failure reason of the power MOSFETs is related to the parasitic bipolar transistor, which leads to the deterioration of the avalanche reliability of power MOSFETs. However, the results of the IGBT show two different failure behaviors. At high current mode, the failure behavior is similar to the power MOSFETs situation. But at low current mode, the main failure mechanism is related to the parasitic thyristor activity during the occurrence of the avalanche process and which is in good agreement with the experiment result.
Spatially resolved crack-tip stress analysis in semiconductor by cathodoluminescence piezospectroscopy (2007)

A spatially resolved cathodoluminescence piezospectroscopic analysis is attempted for the high-resolution evaluation of the stress field developed ahead of the tip of an equilibrium crack propagating in a semiconductor. GaN was selected for this assessment as a paradigm semiconductor material. Quantitative measurements of in-plane luminescence probe response function (PRF) were preliminarily performed at different acceleration voltages upon scanning across a straight and atomically sharp interface between GaN and gold metal. Then, based on the knowledge of PRF, the convoluting effect due to the finite size of the electron probe could be corrected and an improved plot of the crack-tip stress field could be retrieved by a computer-aided data restoration procedure. The crack-tip stress intensity factor KI obtained by the cathodoluminescence piezospectroscopic method was compared with that obtained on the same crack path according to high-resolution measurements of crack-tip opening displacement. This study not only shows that a nanometer-scale spatial resolution can be experimentally achieved in a stress analysis of semiconductor materials but also that a stress data treatment based on experimental PRF is a viable approach to greatly reduce the error involved with the finite size of the electron probe.