gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐11 labelling of MADAM in two different positions: a highly selective PET radioligand for the serotonin transporter (2001)

Abstract Imaging by scintigraphy the serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) in the living human brain would be of great value in research on the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. For that reason, and in order to obtain a selective radiotracer applicable to PET, we report here the carbon‐11 labelling of a selective 5‐HTT radioligand: N , N ‐dimethyl‐2‐(2‐amino‐4‐methylphenylthio)benzylamine or MADAM in two different positions: [ p ‐ 11 C‐methyl]MADAM and [ N ‐ 11 C‐methyl]MADAM. The synthesis of Bu 3 Sn‐ADAM and N ‐dimethyl‐MADAM is described. [ p ‐ 11 C‐methyl]MADAM was obtained by a Stille coupling reaction between Bu 3 Sn‐ADAM and [ 11 C]methyl iodide using palladium (0) as a catalyst without (Ia) or with copper chloride as a co‐catalyst (Ib). [ N ‐ 11 C‐methyl]MADAM was obtained by an N ‐methylation reaction between N ‐demethyl‐MADAM and [ 11 C]methyl iodide (II). The carbon‐11 incorporation yield in [ p ‐ 11 C‐methyl]MADAM was 10–30% (Ia and Ib) and in [ N ‐ 11 C‐methyl]MADAM was 75‐80% (II). The final product in each case was obtained in 30 min total synthesis time, including HPLC purification and with >99% radiochemical purity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DyHard-DNN: Even More DNN Acceleration with Dynamic Hardware Reconfiguration (2018)

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated their utility across a wide range of input data types, usable across diverse computing substrates, from edge devices to datacenters. This broad utility has resulted in myriad hardware accelerator architectures. However, DNNs exhibit significant heterogeneity in their computational characteristics, e.g., feature and kernel dimensions, and dramatic variances in computational intensity, even between adjacent layers in one DNN. Consequently, accelerators with static hardware parameters run sub-optimally and leave energy-efficiency margins unclaimed. We propose DyHard-DNNs, where accelerator microarchitectural parameters are dynamically reconfigured during DNN execution to significantly improve metrics of interest. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on a configurable SIMD 2D systolic array and show a 15-65% performance improvement (at iso-power) and 25-90% energy improvement (at iso-latency) over the best static configuration in six mainstream DNN workloads.
Skilled in the art of being idle: reducing energy waste in networked systems (2009)

Networked end-systems such as desktops and set-top boxes are often left powered-on, but idle, leading to wasted energy consumption. An alternative would be for these idle systems to enter low-power sleep modes. Unfortunately, today, a sleeping system sees degraded functionality: first, a sleeping device loses its network “presence” which is problematic to users and applications that expect to maintain access to a remote machine and, second, sleeping can prevent running tasks scheduled during times of low utilization (e.g., network backups). Various solutions to these problems have been proposed over the years including wake-on-lan (WoL) mechanisms that wake hosts when specific packets arrive, and the use of a proxy that handles idle-time traffic on behalf of a sleeping host. As of yet, however, an in-depth evaluation of the potential for energy savings, and the effectiveness of proposed solutions has not been carried out. To remedy this, in this paper, we collect data directly from 250 enterprise users on their end-host machines capturing network traffic patterns and user presence indicators. With this data, we answer several questions: what is the potential value of proxying or using magic packets? which protocols and applications require proxying? how comprehensive does proxying need to be for energy benefits to be compelling? and so on. We find that, although there is indeed much potential for energy savings, trivial approaches are not effective. We also find that achieving substantial savings requires a careful consideration of the tradeoffs between the proxy complexity and the idle-time functionality available to users, and that these tradeoffs vary with user environment. Based on our findings, we propose and evaluate a proxy architecture that exposes a minimal set of APIs to support different forms of idle-time behavior.
Monoclonal antibodies specific fortheouter surface protein A (OspA) ofBorrelia burgdorferi prevent Lymeborreliosis in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice (1990)

Wehaverecently shownthat viable Borrelia burgdorferi organisms induce achronic infection associated witharthritis andcarditis insevere combined immunodefi- ciency (scid) micebutnotinimmunocompetent mice. The disease issimilar tothat found inpatients suffering fromLyme disease. We nowshowthatB.burgdorferi-specific immune mousesera aswell asamonoclonal antibody tothespirochetal outer surface antigen A(31kDa)butnotmonoclonal antibodies specific forthe41-kDa antigenic component oftheperiplasmic flagella areable toprevent (ormitigate) thedevelopment ofthe disease inscid micewhenpassively transferred atthetime ofthe bacterial inoculation. Theidentification ofaB.burgdorferi- associated protective antigen suggests that thecorresponding spirochetal protein should betested asavaccine against Lyme disease.
Improving Statistical Machine Translation Using Word Sense Disambiguation (2007)

We show for the first time that incorporating the predictions of a word sense disambiguation system within a typical phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) model consistently improves translation quality across all three different IWSLT Chinese-English test sets, as well as producing statistically significant improvements on the larger NIST Chinese-English MT task— and moreover never hurts performance on any test set, according not only to BLEU but to all eight most commonly used automatic evaluation metrics. Recent work has challenged the assumption that word sense disambiguation (WSD) systems are useful for SMT. Yet SMT translation quality still obviously suffers from inaccurate lexical choice. In this paper, we address this problem by investigating a new strategy for integrating WSD into an SMT system, that performs fully phrasal multi-word disambiguation. Instead of directly incorporating a Senseval-style WSD system, we redefine the WSD task to match the exact same phrasal translation disambiguation task faced by phrase-based SMT systems. Our results provide the first known empirical evidence that lexical semantics are indeed useful for SMT, despite claims to the contrary.
Identification of binding sites for transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-2 in the promoter region of the human heme oxygenase 1 gene. (1994)

Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism and its activity is induced by many agents, including its substrate heme, heavy metals, UV radiation, and other injurious oxidant conditions. We examined the presence of several regulatory elements in the promoter region of the human HO-1 gene which could possibly account for its induction in response to diverse agents or influences. Heme treatment increased both HO activity and HO-1 mRNA in the human erythroleukemic cell line K562. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays of nuclear protein extracts from heme-treated and control cells with specific oligonucleotide probes containing binding sites for known transcription factors, including AP-1, AP-2, Sp1, NF-kappa B, CTF/NF1, TFIID, OKT1, and CREB, and oligonucleotides containing serum-, metal-, and glucocorticoid-responsive elements demonstrated a specific and marked increase in the NF-kappa B and AP-2 transcription factors and, to a lesser extent, an increase in AP-1. No significant increase in other transcription factors over the control, untreated cells was observed. DNase I footprint assays using purified transcription factors revealed the presence of NF-kappa B and AP-2 binding sites in the proximal part of the promoter region of the human HO-1 gene. Moreover, nucleotide sequence analysis of the HO-1 promoter region showed that the protected regions encompassed NF-kappa B and AP-2 consensus binding sites. The presence of regulatory sequences for the binding of transcription factors such as NF-kappa B and AP-2, whose activation is associated with the immediate response of the cell to an injury, may be an indication of the important role which HO-1 may play in defense mechanisms against tissue injury.
Atom probe analysis of planar multilayer structures (2000)

Atom probe field ion microscopy has been used to analyze a planar-deposited layered structure in plan view. The specimens were prepared with a newly developed method that involves a combination of photolithography and focused ion-beam milling. A multilayer structure consisting of {Ta/CoFe/(Cu/CoFe)15/Ru/(CoFe/Ru)5/Ru/NiFe} was sputter deposited for use as a test stack. The corresponding thicknesses of these layers were 7/13(3/3)/50/(3/1)/50/150 nm. The nanometer-scale periodicity of the Cu/CoFe stack is readily apparent in transmission electron microscopy images of a field ion specimen fabricated from this material, suggesting that the specimen preparation procedure does not lead to destruction of the multilayer structure. Atom probe analysis of the bulk NiFe layer and the Ru/NiFe interface revealed the distribution of impurity atoms in the film, and these may affect the magnetic properties of the multilayers. Whereas a uniform distribution of C, N and Ar was observed, segregation of O was observed in the NiFe layer within ∼0.25 nm of the interphase interface, with a concentration greater than 20 times that found in the bulk of the NiFe layer.
Biobased carbon content quantification through AMS radiocarbon analysis of liquid fuels (2018)

Increased production and use of renewable hydrocarbons has created a need for accurate quantification of the biobased carbon content of hydrocarbon fuels. The blend percentages of conventional biofuels (such as biodiesel and ethanol) can be quantified by numerous methods such as gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Distinguishing the biobased content of a purely hydrocarbon fuel, however, is more difficult. In this study, a single-blind trial was conducted to assess the accuracy and precision of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon analysis of the biobased carbon content of hydrocarbon fuels. Test samples with known biobased carbon contents ranging from 0 to 10 wt% were sent to four labs for analysis by ASTM D6866-16 Method B. Blank correction of the test results was found to improve measurement accuracy through the reduction of lab-specific systematic error. Favorable precision, accuracy, and a limit of detection were determined. This study strongly supports radiocarbon analysis by AMS as an accurate and reliable method for quantifying the biobased carbon content of hydrocarbon transportation fuels.
Room acoustic design, measurement, and simulation techniques to reduce hospital noises within patients' environment (2016)

Hospitalized patients and clinical staff identify noise as a major stressor. Environmental hospital noise raises ambient noise levels significantly above ideal levels. Options to reduce hospital noise include methods to modify noise, such as closing doors, adjusting hospital equipment, hospital personnel behaviors, and clinical alarms such as wireless communication devices for staff and future “smart” algorithms for patient-specific alarm thresholds. This study utilizes the beamforming techniques to localize and examines basic characteristic of sound field through measurements and simulation of noise in an environment that affects the patient’s audio perception, and collects evidence for impact of noise intensity on patient hearing toward reduction of the noise sources in hospital rooms. The profiles of noise levels for their time and frequency domain as being reflected, absorbed, or refracted within typical patient’s room are determined. The difference in applications of various architectural solutions to mitigate noise in hospitals within patient environment is estimated. The results contribute toward architectural room acoustic design solution(s) to reduce acoustic disruption of sleep or rest with adequate information and reproducible data to accelerate design decision-making process while providing practical solutions such as geometric modification to room architectural elements as compared to theoretical offerings by the research community.
Decoding double-error-correcting Reed-Solomon codes (1995)

The decoding of double-error-correcting (DEC) Reed-Solomon (RS) codes is considered. It is shown that by modifying a well known decoding algorithm for DEC RS codes and solving the error-locator polynomial by Berlekamp's method for solving quadratic equations, efficient hardware architectures can be derived. Furthermore, these architectures are particularly suited to implementation over the dual basis. As an example, the architecture of a (15, 11) RS codec is described. The approaches discussed here also lend themselves to the decoding of double-error-correcting/triple-error-detecting RS codes and allow for reduced decoding times compared with alternative approaches to decoding these codes.
Adaptive Noise Cancellation for Two Frequency Radar Using Frequency Doubling Passive RF Tags (2013)

The use of an adaptive noise-cancellation technique has been explored in order to separate multiple sources of motion for a two-frequency Doppler radar system. A 2.45-GHz fundamental Doppler radar system was used together with a harmonic Doppler radar receiver to measure and identify two moving reflectors; one with a harmonic tag and one without. While the tagged motion alone was detected by the harmonic receiver, least mean squares and normalized least mean squares algorithms were applied to the fundamental receiver output to filter out the tagged-related motion content and successfully isolate the information content associated with only the non-tagged motion. Simulations were performed to study the effect of various parameters on the performance of the algorithms, and experiments were conducted to validate the feasibility of the method.
Insights into the Pathogenesis of Asthma Utilizing Murine Models (2004)

Asthma is a common syndrome in children and adults. Despite the increasing prevalence and socioeconomic burden, the underlying pathophysiology remains poorly defined in a large percentage of asthmatics. Animal models and, in particular, murine models of allergic airway disease have helped to reveal some of the potential underlying mechanisms and have played an important role in identifying the importance of T cells and TH2 cytokines in development of allergen-induced inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. In addition, other cell types including mast cells and eosinophils have been implicated in the development of some aspects of the disease. To further understand this complex syndrome, the development of animal models which mimic elements of this chronic airway disease is essential.
Experimental results on Bayesian algorithms for interpreting compliant tactile sensing data (2002)

The successful operation of a remote compliant tactile sensor requires that the shape of the surface membrane be accurately reconstructed from noisy data. To solve this problem, the reconstructed approximation to the shape of the membrane should depend smoothly on the data, but for an idealized fingertip, it is shown that it does not. Furthermore, experiments conducted on a prototype compliant fingertip show that a least-squares solution to the problem of determining the membrane shape behaves poorly in the presence of noise. A solution based on specific probabilistic assumptions is presented and the Bayes' theorem is used to compute a maximum a posteriori estimate. While application of this technique is problematic unless the conditional density function is unimodal, a novel condition that will guarantee unimodality, and hence a certain robustness, is presented. This result is applied to interpret tactile sensing data for the prototype fingertip.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Attention modification program in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. (2009)

Research suggests that individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) show an attention bias for threat-relevant information. However, few studies have examined the causal role of attention bias in the maintenance of anxiety and whether modification of such biases may reduce pathological anxiety symptoms. In the present article, the authors tested the hypothesis that an 8-session attention modification program would (a) decrease attention bias to threat and (b) reduce symptoms of GAD. Participants completed a probe detection task by identifying letters (E or F) replacing one member of a pair of words. The authors trained attention by including a contingency between the location of the probe and the nonthreat word in one group (Attention Modification Program; AMP) and not in the other (attention control condition; ACC). Participants in the AMP showed change in attention bias and a decrease in anxiety, as indicated by both self-report and interviewer measures. These effects were not present in the ACC group. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that attention plays a causal role in the maintenance of GAD and suggest that altering attention mechanisms may effectively reduce anxiety.
Regulation of the Escherichia coli tna operon: nascent leader peptide control at the tnaC stop codon (1997)

Expression of the tryptophanase (tna) operon of Escherichia coli is regulated by catabolite repression and by tryptophan-induced transcription antitermination at Rho-dependent termination sites in the leader region of the operon. Tryptophan induction is dependent on translation of a short leader peptide coding region, tnaC, that contains a single, crucial tryptophan codon. Recent studies suggest that during induction, the TnaC leader peptide acts in cis on the translating ribosome to inhibit its release at the tnaC stop codon. In the present study we use a tnaC-UGA-'lacZ construct lacking the tnaC-tnaA spacer region to analyze the effect of TnaC synthesis on the behavior of the ribosome that translates tnaC. The tnaC-UGA-'lacZ construct is not expressed significantly in the presence or absence of inducer. However, it is expressed in the presence of UGA suppressors, or when the structural gene for polypeptide release factor 3 is disrupted, or when wild-type tRNATrP is overproduced. In each situation, tnaC-UGA-'lacZ expression is reduced appreciably by the presence of inducing levels of tryptophan. Replacing the tnaC UGA stop codon with a sense codon allows considerable expression, which is also reduced, although to a lesser extent, by the addition of tryptophan. Inhibition by tryptophan is not observed when Trp codon 12 of tnaC is changed to a Leu codon. Overexpression of tnaC in trans from a multicopy plasmid prevents inhibition of expression by tryptophan. These results support the hypothesis that the TnaC leader peptide acts in cis to alter the behavior of the translating ribosome.
Entanglement detection in the stabilizer formalism (2005)

We investigate how stabilizer theory can be used for constructing sufficient conditions for entanglement. First, we show how entanglement witnesses can be derived for a given state, provided some stabilizing operators of the state are known. These witnesses require only a small effort for an experimental implementation and are robust against noise. Second, we demonstrate that also nonlinear criteria based on uncertainty relations can be derived from stabilizing operators. These criteria can sometimes improve the witnesses by adding nonlinear correction terms. All our criteria detect states close to Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, cluster and graph states. We show that similar ideas can be used to derive entanglement conditions for states which do not fit the stabilizer formalism, such as the three-qubit $W$ state. We also discuss connections between the witnesses and some Bell inequalities.
Overview of Intelligent Online Banking System Based on HERCULES Architecture (2020)

The online banking transaction system is the application system with the most complex business, the most demanded, and frequent version updates in the software engineering application system. The existing online banking business sub-module is intelligent and faces major challenges in security. Traditional online banking systems cannot meet this capability. This article combines machine learning and online banking business module design to implement a business agent online banking system based on a new architecture. The article first proposes new features and new challenges of the online banking system, discusses the technical problems solved by the intelligent online banking system, and analyzes HERCULES Architecture business intelligent machine learning algorithm model, smart deposits and white-collar loans and other core processes, and then designed and implemented an intelligent online banking system business model, focusing on the issues of the intelligent online banking system, soft load balancing implementation and transaction security, through business implementation The effectiveness of the proposed business agent is verified. The actual use results show that the intelligent online banking of the HERCULES architecture has greatly improved the intelligence and security of the traditional online banking system. Finally, we summarize and analyze the value and innovation of the intelligent online banking system, and look forward to the shortcomings of the system.
A Wet Etching Post-process for CMOS-MEMS RF Switches (2007)

The fabrication of a micromachined radio frequency (RF) switch using the commercial 0.35 mum complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process and a post-process has been implemented. The RF switch, which is capacitive shunt type, is composed of coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines, supported springs and a suspended membrane. The post-process requires only a wet etching sacrificial layer, and to release the suspended membrane. The switching effect of the RF switch depends on the dielectric thickness under the suspended membrane, which the dielectric thickness can be controlled by the etching time. A test-key on the chip is used to monitor the dielectric etching, and to obtain an optimal dielectric thickness of the RF switch. Experimental result shows that the switch had an insertion loss of -1.5 dB at 40 GHz and an isolation of -16 dB at 40 GHz.
Solvent Vapor Annealing: An Efficient Approach for Inscribing Secondary Nanostructures onto Electrospun Fibers (2014)

Solvent vapor annealing (SVA) is originally developed to attain equilibrium nanostructures from microphase-separated block polymer thin films. Interestingly, by carefully choosing a solvent vapor that can selectively mobilize the amorphous chains of a semicrystalline polymer while preserving the integrity of its crystalline structure, this study demonstrates that the SVA method can also be utilized to introduce hierarchical structures onto semicrystalline polymer-based materials. This study on electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers clearly shows that acetone, a poor solvent for PCL, can effectively delocalize the amorphous chains and redeposit them onto the pre-existing crystal edges, giving rise to secondary nanostructures inscribed onto the PCL fibers. In the past decade, various fiber fabrication methods and numerous fiber products are reported. The easy one-step approach reported here provides new insight into the design and fabrication of structurally hierarchical polymeric materials.