gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection and Quantitation of HER-2 Gene Amplification and Protein Expression in Breast Carcinoma (2004)

We compared fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemical analysis, immunocytochemical analysis, and relative quantification assays using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as methods for estimating HER-2 gene amplification and protein overexpression infine-needle aspirate (FNA) specimens and paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 49 cases of breast cancer: FISH can be performed successfully on FNA smears. Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical staining intensity of 3+ corresponds to a FISH ratio of more than 2.5. Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical staining of 2+ and 1+ are not necessarily associated with gene amplification. Increased DNA PCR ratios might be seen without amplification, reflecting polysomy. HER-2 messenger RNA relative quantitation scores correlate well with HER-2 gene amplification. Owing to the ease with which it can be performed and interpreted, we conclude that FISH is the test of choice for HER-2 estimation and, when possible, should be performed on whole nuclei, which are readily available in FNA smears or imprint cytology. FISH may be used primarily or to confirm immunohistochemical, immunocytochemical, and PCR results.
Health-Care Utilization, Costs, and the Burden of Disease Related to Eosinophilic Esophagitis in the United States (2014)

Patients with EoE have an estimated annual health-care cost of as much as $1.4 billion in the United States. This represents a remarkable burden of disease for an entity that was essentially unknown two decades ago. These cost data can be used by policy makers to guide resource allocation.
Do dental stem cells depict distinct characteristics? - Establishing their "phenotypic fingerprint". (2014)

Dental tissues provide an alternate source of stem cells compared with bone marrow and have a similar potency as that of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. It has been established there are six types of dental stem cells: Dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, stem cells from apical papilla, periodontal ligament stem cells, dental follicle progenitor cells, oral periosteum stem cells and recently gingival connective tissue stem cells. Most of the dental tissues have a common developmental pathway; thus, it is relevant to understand whether stem cells derived from these closely related tissues are programmed differently. The present review analyzes whether stem cells form dental tissues depict distinct characteristics by gaining insight into differences in their immunophenotype. In addition, to explore the possibility of establishing a unique phenotypic fingerprint of these stem cells by identifying the unique markers that can be used to isolate these stem cells. This, in future will help in developing better techniques and markers for identification and utilization of these stem cells for regenerative therapy.
Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation: Future Directions for Air Disinfection and Building Applications (2013)

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) for air disinfection applications has relied on low-pressure mercury vapor lamps for decades. New design requirements have generated the need for alternatives in some uses. This study describes the current state of UVGI technology and describes future directions for technology development, including the use of lamps produced from nontoxic materials and light-emitting diode lamps. Important applications are discussed such as the use of ultraviolet germicidal lamps in developing countries, in heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems to improve energy efficiency and indoor air quality, and for whole room disinfection.
Transmission of shocks among health care stock index returns (2008)

This article examines the transmission of shocks among different sectors of the health care industry using financial market data in an excess-return model. As suggested by the nature of the reimbursement schemes, we find a significant linkage between the payor and product sectors. A significant and stronger linkage between the payor and provider sector exists. Given its competitive and well-diversified operating environment, the product sector may be better positioned to absorb shocks from the other health care sectors.
<i>Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light</i> (2000)

Historical introduction 1. Basic properties of the electromagnetic field 2. Electromagnetic potentials and polarization 3. Foundations of geometrical optics 4. Geometrical theory of optical imaging 5. Geometrical theory of aberrations 6. Image-forming instruments 7. Elements of the theory of interference and interferometers 8. Elements of the theory of diffraction 9. The diffraction theory of aberrations 10. Interference and diffraction with partially coherent light 11. Rigorous diffraction theory 12. Diffraction of light by ultrasonic waves 13. Scattering from inhomogeneous media 14. Optics of metals 15. Optics of crystals 16. Appendices Author index Subject index.
ChemInform Abstract: The Preparation of 2‐Hydroxyethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3(4H)‐one Derivatives. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on respiratory function in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (1998)

The effects of beclomethasone dipropionate on pulmonary function and arterial blood gas values were investigated in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Six mature mares, diagnosed as having COPD based on clinical signs, cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage and pulmonary function testing, were used. Beclomethasone dipropionate (3750 microg) was administered b.i.d. for a 2 week period with a metered dose inhaler using a mask. Pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gas analyses were performed at weekly intervals, starting before beclomethasone administration and for 4 weeks thereafter. Upper airway endoscopy and nasopharyngeal fungal cultures were performed before and after treatment. Maximal variations in transpulmonary pressure (deltaPL) were elevated in all horses at baseline. Beclomethasone administration resulted in a significant decrease in deltaPL in 5 horses, and deltaPL fell to within the normal range in 4 horses. Two weeks after the end of treatment, deltaPL was at or above baseline values in all horses. Total pulmonary resistance and elastance decreased significantly during treatment and returned to or above baseline values after the administration of beclomethasone was discontinued. At baseline, PaO2 range was 53-90 mmHg. In 4 horses with pronounced laboured breathing, PaO2 increased with treatment. One horse became reluctant to inhale the beclomethasone after one week, and only a transient improvement in respiratory function was noted in this animal. One horse developed a mild lower airway infection 24 h after the beginning of treatment, but no other possible side effects were noticed. Pharyngeal fungal cultures were negative before and after treatment. It can be concluded from the results of this study that inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate causes a marked improvement of respiratory function in horses with COPD.
Sequential power amplifiers with adaptable combiners (2009)

This paper discusses design aspects of sequential power amplifiers (SPAs). After derivation of theoretical performance limits, an optimum practical realisation is suggested, using an FPGA-circuit at the input and an adaptable directional coupler as the signal combiner at the output. Design trade-offs between the optimum coupling and the output power capability of the involved amplifiers are outlined. Using SPAs efficiencies of more than 50% can be achieved under up 10 dB back-off from maximum power. The combining characteristics of the adaptable combiner are investigated. Off-the-shelf power amplifiers may be employed, which can be linearized in a conventional manner. The paper closes with measurement results.
Containment of Infection in Tat Vaccinated Monkeys After Rechallenge with a Higher Dose of SHIV89.6P <sub>cy243</sub> (2009)

We previously reported that cynomolgus monkeys vaccinated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 Tat protein controlled infection after challenge with the simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6P(cy243) for up to 2 y of follow-up. To evaluate the breadth of the protective immunity elicited by the Tat protein, the vaccines along with the naïve monkeys were intravenously rechallenged with a fivefold higher dose (50 MID(50)) of the same SHIV-89.6P(cy243). The vaccinated monkeys exhibited a statistically significant and long-lasting reduction of viral replication compared to control monkeys. This effect was associated with a strong anamnestic response to Tat, while responses to Gag and Env were nearly undetectable. Taken together, these data provide further evidence for the usefulness of Tat-based vaccines.
Monoclonal Carcinoembryonic Antigen Antibodies (1985)

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a useful test in clinical oncology. It is of proven value as a tumor marker, as a predictor of metastatic disease, and as a prognostic indicator of clinical remission or relapse. Serial CEA determinations are particularly useful in colorectal cancer, but good correlation with clinical stage and with survival has been observed also in breast carcinoma, gynecological, and other cancers. Potential usefulness is now well demonstrated in the histopathological evaluation of tumors capable of synthesizing CEA. The subject has been extensively reviewed (Westwood 1977; Freedman, 1977; Reynoso and Keane, 1979; Reynoso, 1981). A panel of experts assembled in August of 1977 (Norgaard-Pederson and Axelson, 1978) summarized the then current biochemical, immunological, methodological, and clinical aspects of the field and identified a series of questions to which no answers were then available. Paramount among the unanswered questions was the possible existence of epitopes in CEA molecules specific for cancer. It is the purpose of this chapter to review the contributions of hybridoma methodology to our understanding of the immunobiology of CEA and to analyze the progress so far made with monoclonal antibodies in the continuing goal of developing a cancer-specific CEA assay.
Gratings and zone plates based on sliced multilayer structures (1995)

A slice of ordinary multilayer structure represents a miniature sample cut out of layered media which can be used as a reflection or a transmission grating. The analysis shows very high flexibility of these gratings. Various properties can be achieved by proper design and choice of layer materials: (a) high angular dispersion due to submicron grating period, (b) high throughput in XUV range due to resonance Bragg effect, (c) high spectral resolution defined by the number of layer pairs in a sample (up to 1000), (d) focusing properties achieved by grading of multilayer period which is introduced in the process of deposition. The present status of research on reflection sliced multilayer grating is presented. If the multilayer coating is deposited onto a wire of submillimeter diameter then the slice of it represents a zone plate if the Fresnel law of layer thickness variation is provided. This sputter slice method is known to be a prospective technology for production of zone plates with increased diffraction efficiency, spectral selectivity and spatial resolution. The physical reason for it is the strong interaction of incident radiation with layered media which takes place in optically thick zone plates. The wave theory of high aspect ratio zone plates is given with the emphasis on practical design. The software capable to simulate diffraction characteristics of realistic zone plates, to calculate and visualize the global field distribution, optimize materials and geometry of zone plate is being developed.
Hand Vein Recognition Based on Multi Supplemental Features of Multi-Classifier Fusion Decision (2006)

As a kind of biometric feature authentication system, hand vein recognition has more merits than others. So it has a vast foreground. In this paper, a new algorithm based on multi supplemental features of multi-classifier fusion decision is proposed. It overcomes the disadvantages of the single feature recognition. Experimental results indicate that the proposed methods can significantly improve the recognition accuracy and reliability compared to the previous hand vein recognition.
Chaotic memristor (2011)

We suggest and experimentally demonstrate a chaotic memory resistor (memristor). The core of our approach is to use a resistive system whose equations of motion for its internal state variables are similar to those describing a particle in a multi-well potential. Using a memristor emulator, the chaotic memristor is realized and its chaotic properties are measured. A Poincaré plot showing chaos is presented for a simple nonautonomous circuit involving only a voltage source directly connected in series to a memristor and a standard resistor. We also explore theoretically some details of this system, plotting the attractor and calculating Lyapunov exponents. The multi-well potential used resembles that of many nanoscale memristive devices, suggesting the possibility of chaotic dynamics in other existing memristive systems.
<b>TSclust</b>: An<i>R</i>Package for Time Series Clustering (2014)

Time series clustering is an active research area with applications in a wide range of fields. One key component in cluster analysis is determining a proper dissimilarity measure between two data objects, and many criteria have been proposed in the literature to assess dissimilarity between two time series. The R package TSclust is aimed to implement a large set of well-established peer-reviewed time series dissimilarity measures, including measures based on raw data, extracted features, underlying parametric models, complexity levels, and forecast behaviors. Computation of these measures allows the user to perform clustering by using conventional clustering algorithms. TSclust also includes a clustering procedure based on p values from checking the equality of generating models, and some utilities to evaluate cluster solutions. The implemented dissimilarity functions are accessible individually for an easier extension and possible use out of the clustering context. The main features of TSclust are described and examples of its use are presented.
HCV Peptide (C5A), an Amphipathic α-Helical Peptide of Hepatitis Virus C, Is an Activator of N-Formyl Peptide Receptor in Human Phagocytes (2011)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5A, a phosphorylated zinc metalloprotein, is an essential component of the HCV replication complex. An amphipathic α-helical peptide (HCV peptide [C5A]) derived from nonstructural 5A membrane anchor domain possesses potent anti-HCV and anti-HIV activity in vitro. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of HCV peptide (C5A) to regulate host immune responses. The capacity of HCV peptide (C5A) in vitro to induce migration and calcium mobilization of human phagocytes and chemoattractant receptor-transfected cells was investigated. The recruitment of phagocytes in vivo induced by HCV peptide (C5A) and its adjuvant activity were examined. The results revealed that HCV peptide (C5A) was a chemoattractant and activator of human phagocytic leukocytes by using a G-protein coupled receptor, namely formyl peptide receptor. In mice, HCV peptide (C5A) induced massive phagocyte infiltration after injection in the air pouch or the s.c. region. HCV peptide (C5A) also acted as an immune adjuvant by enhancing specific T cell responses to Ag challenge in mice. Our results suggest that HCV peptide (C5A) derived from HCV regulates innate and adaptive immunity in the host by activating the formyl peptide receptor.
Adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso em adolescentes com fibrose cística (2017)

(a) Objetivo: Conhecer a adesao ao tratamento medicamentoso de adolescentes com fibrose cistica em ambulatorio especializado. (b) Material e metodos: Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, desenvolvido na farmacia ambulatorial de um hospital publico pediatrico em Fortaleza, Brasil. Foi utilizado um formulario para informacoes sobre aspectos sociodemograficos e farmacoterapeuticos. Para conhecer a adesao ao tratamento medicamentoso, foi realizada uma entrevista com 10 pacientes. (c) Resultados: Verificou-se que 60% dos entrevistados sao adolescentes do sexo masculino, com idade media de 13,8 anos. Quanto a escolaridade, 60% tem o ensino fundamental incompleto. O tempo de tratamento medicamentoso variou entre cinco a 16 anos. O numero total de medicamentos prescritos foi, em media, tres medicamentos por paciente, com maximo de cinco medicamentos para um paciente. Nas entrevistas foram captadas 130 unidades de significados, oito categorias tematicas e tres conceitos, chegando a duas ideias essenciais: uso cotidiano de medicamentos e paciente frente ao uso de medicamentos para tratamento de fibrose cistica. (d) Conclusoes: Percebeu-se que o papel do profissional farmaceutico nao se restringe apenas a oferecer medicamentos, mas a orientar os pacientes quanto ao uso racional destes por meio da educacao em saude, contribuindo para a adesao ao tratamento medicamentoso.
Polymerization of acrylamide in inverse microemulsion in the presence of mixtures of oleophilic and hydrophilic surfactants (1996)

Abstract The preparation of single‐phase toluene/sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate(AOT)/water/acrylamide/sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) inverse microemulsions is described and their properties prior to polymerization (macroviscosity as a function of volume fraction Φ aw of the dispersed aqueous (water + acrylamide(AAm) + SDS) phase, and of SDS/AAm mass ratio) are studied. At 20°C three viscosity maxima are observed. At 50°C all three peaks remain, the viscosity of the first and third peak, respectively, is lowered to 5–8 mPa· s while the second, most prominent peak still marks the level of ca. 250 mPa· s. The polymerization of acrylamide in dispersion systems is initiated by water‐soluble ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) and oilsoluble dibenzoyl peroxide (DBP) at 60°C. The polymerization rate of acrylamide for a given [toluene]/[AOT] molar ratio and AAm/water mass ratio monotonically decreases for Φ aw values greater than 20%. The polyacrylamide viscosity molecular mass increases up to a Φ aw value of ca. 30%, irrespective of the nature of initiator. For Φ aw values over 30% the viscosity molecular mass of polyacrylamide seems to level off with some sings of shallow minimum close to Φ aw of 50%.
cGMP‐dependent cone photoreceptor degeneration in the <i>cpfl1</i> mouse retina (2010)

Inherited retinal degeneration affecting both rod and cone photoreceptors constitutes one of the leading causes of blindness in the developed world. Such degeneration is at present untreatable, and the underlying neurodegenerative mechanisms are unknown, even though certain genetic causes have been established. The rd1 mouse is one of the best characterized animal models for rod photoreceptor degeneration, whereas the cpfl1 mouse is a recently discovered model for cone cell death. Because both animal models are affected by functionally similar mutations in the rod and cone phosphodiesterase 6 genes, respectively, we asked whether the mechanisms of photoreceptor degeneration in these two mouse lines share common pathways. In the present study, we followed the temporal progression of photoreceptor degeneration in the cpfl1 retina, correlated it with specific metabolic markers, and compared it with the wild-type and the rd1 situation. Similar to corresponding rd1 observations, cpfl1 cone photoreceptor cell death was associated with an accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), activity of calpains, and phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated protein (VASP). Cone degeneration progressed rapidly, with a peak in cell death around postnatal day 24. Furthermore, cpfl1 cone photoreceptor migration during early postnatal development was delayed significantly compared with the corresponding wild-type retina. The finding that rod and cone photoreceptor degeneration was associated with the same metabolic markers suggests that in both cell types similar degenerative mechanisms are active. This raises the possibility that equivalent neuroprotective strategies may be used to prevent both rod and cone photoreceptor degeneration.
A new synthesis of certain 7-(<i>β-D</i>-ribofuranosyl) and 7-{2-deoxy-<i>β-D</i>-ribofuranosyl) derivatives of 3-deazaguanine via the sodium salt glycosylation procedure (1985)

A facile synthesis of 7-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3-deazaguanine (1) and certain 8-substituted derivatives of 1 via the sodium salt glycosylation method has been developed. Glycosylation of the sodium salt of methyl 2-chloro(or methylthio)-4(5)-cyanomethylimidazole-5(4)-carboxylate (5 and 13b) with 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide (6) gave exclusively methyl 2-chloro(or methylthio)-4-cyanomethyl-1-(2,3, 5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-5-carboxylate (7 and 14a), respectively. Ammonolysis of 7 and 14a provided 6-amino-2-chloro(or methylthio)-3-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazo-[4,5-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one (11 and 17), which on subsequent dehalogenation (or dethiation) gave 1. Similarly, reaction of the sodium salt of 5 and 13b with 1-chloro-2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl-alpha-D-erythro-pentofuranose (8), and ammonolysis of the glycosylated imidazole precursors (9 and 16) gave 6-amino-2-chloro(or methylthio)-3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl) imidazo[4,5-c]-pyridin-4(5H)-one (10a and 15), respectively. Dehalogenation of 10a or dethiation of 15 gave 2'-deoxy-7-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3-deazaguanine (10b). This procedure provided a direct method of obtaining 10b without the contaminating 9-glycosyl isomer 4.
Estimation and Prediction for Stochastic Blockstructures (2001)

A statistical approach to a posteriori blockmodeling for digraphs and valued digraphs is proposed. The probability model assumes that the vertices of the digraph are partitioned into several unobserved (latent) classes and that the probability distribution of the relation between two vertices depends only on the classes to which they belong. A Bayesian estimator based on Gibbs sampling is proposed. The basic model is not identified, because class labels are arbitrary. The resulting identifiability problems are solved by restricting inference to the posterior distributions of invariant functions of the parameters and the vertex class membership. In addition, models are considered where class labels are identified by prior distributions for the class membership of some of the vertices. The model is illustrated by an example from the social networks literature (Kapferer's tailor shop).
ULTRASONIC DETERMINATION OF BODY COMPOSITION (1968)

The object of the study was to determine the feasibility of using ultrasonic techniques to determine the volume of fat, muscle, and bone tissue of the living body. Ultrasonic equipment, including a mechanical scanning and recording device was used to produce cross-sectional maps of a live anesthetized hog, three fresh hams, and three human subjects (endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphis). Thirteen 360 deg. cross-sectional scans on the live hog demonstrated the feasibility of using the technique on live animals. Cross sections of the three hams demonstrated the accuracy of estimating the areas and volumes of the three tissue components from ultrasonic scans. The ultrasonic mapping of the human subjects demonstrated that the technique could be used on all parts of the human body and, in addition, provided an indication of the range of values of individuals of diverse body types.