gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Mental Retardation Protein PAK3 Contributes to Synapse Formation and Plasticity in Hippocampus (2004)

Mutations of the gene coding for PAK3 (p21-activated kinase 3) are associated with X-linked, nonsyndromic forms of mental retardation (MRX) in which the only distinctive clinical feature is the cognitive deficit. The mechanisms through which PAK3 mutation produces the mental handicap remain unclear, although an involvement in the mechanisms that regulate the formation or plasticity of synaptic networks has been proposed. Here we show, using a transient transfection approach, that antisense and small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of PAK3 or expression of a dominant-negative PAK3 carrying the human MRX30 mutation in rat hippocampal organotypic slice cultures results in the formation of abnormally elongated dendritic spines and filopodia-like protrusions and a decrease in mature spine synapses. Ultrastructural analysis of the changes induced by expression of PAK3 carrying the MRX30 mutation reveals that many elongated spines fail to express postsynaptic densities or contact presynaptic terminals. These defects are associated with a reduced spontaneous activity, altered expression of AMPA-type glutamate receptors, and defective long-term potentiation. Together, these data identify PAK3 as a key regulator of synapse formation and plasticity in the hippocampus and support interpretations that these defects might contribute to the cognitive deficits underlying this form of mental retardation.
Micromachined Particles for Detecting Metal-Ion Concentration in Fluids (2006)

A remote microfluidic metal-ion sensor is developed using an electrochemical system integrated with a compact photovoltaic cell power supply. The sensor is designed to detect the sum of metal ions in a remote environment. The sensor uses electrodeposition to remove ions from the fluid around the sensor and deposit them on an electrode at the tip of a cantilever. The electrodeposited mass changes the resonant frequency of the cantilever, which can be determined upon read-out. The sensor is designed to be dropped in liquids or flow through microfluidic systems and can be used in parallel with many other similar sensors. The photovoltaic cells are directly integrated on the device and are capable of producing tens of microwatts of power at about 15% efficiency with laser excitation. However, the sensor operates at power levels of 50 nW with small voltages and currents using only scavenged daylight or room light. The complete device is integrated into a total volume below 0.046 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , which is more than two orders of magnitude smaller than other remote electrically-powered sensors reported to date. Although it is expected that multiple devices will be used in parallel to gain statistical data, individual particles detect metal-ion concentration within 24% of the actual concentration, making them suitable for safety testing and endpoint monitoring among other applications
Flow Mark Reduction of Metallic Colored PP (2000)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Blending polypropylene (PP) with materials such as rubber or filler creates compound PP, which is widely used in auto parts because of its balanced physical properties, formability, and cost performance. Recently non-painting of parts, namely coloring the raw materials, is being investigated as a method of reducing the cost of exterior parts which have conventionally been painted to match body colors, which are mostly metallic now. However flow marks often form in long injection molded parts such as the side protection molding, causing remarkable decreases in exterior appearance quality. This research investigates the influence of metallic coloring of PP material (blending PP and metallic pigment) factors on flow marks, as well as countermeasures for those causes of flow marks. PP and metallic pigment characteristics were the factors investigated to evaluate flow mark level. As a result, flow marks are less likely to occur when PP has low melt viscosity and wide molecular weight distribution, and when the metallic pigment has small mean particle diameter and low concentration. Based on the results of this research, we were able to manufacture a non-painted metallic color side protection molding, thus lowering costs, improving environmental conservation (reducing volatile organic compounds (VOC) and recycling), and better protecting door surfaces from scratches.</div>
BAD BIDS ARE NO BARGAIN (1994)

SUBTITLE: IF YOU GIVE SERVICE PROVIDERS ADEQUATE INFORMATION, THEY CAN GIVE YOU RELIABLE BIDS FOR SERVICE: DO YOU NEED TO IMPROVE YOUR BID PROCESS?
Hookworm disease in children (1989)

The Children's Service, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Address for reprints: MacArthur Center for Molecular Parasitology and Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, School of Medicine, P. O. Box 3333, 700 LEPH, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510.
Stereochemical effects on the mass spectrometric behavior of native and derivatized trisaccharide isomers: comparisons with results from molecular modeling (1999)

Differentiation of oligosaccharide isomers by mass spectrometry (MS) is a challenging task. For native, permethylated and peracetylated trisaccharides, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI/TOF) MS and liquid secondary ionization (LSI) MS experiments can produce complementary results that are useful for molecular mass and sugar sequence determination and isomer differentiation. Linear MALDI/TOF-MS analysis of native and derivatized oligosaccharides usually produces cationized molecular ions. Characterization by LSI-MS and tandem mass spectrometry (LSI-MS/MS) typically may yield only low-abundance protonated molecular ions but produces dominant B-type ions by elimination of ROH (R = Me, Ac) from the C-1 position at the reducing end and distinctive sequence-related fragments. Results for four milk trisaccharides, two neutral (fucosyllactoses) and two sialylated (sialyllactoses), are presented to demonstrate the utility of microscale permethylation and gas-to-solid phase peracetylation for high sensitivity structural elucidation. For the pairs of carbohydrates investigated in this study by LSI-MS, LSI-MS/MS and linear MALDI/TOF-MS, the fragmentation patterns of the native, permethylated and peracetylated isomer pairs are shown to differ markedly as a consequence of their limited dissimilarities. In addition, the tendency of sialylated carbohydrates to form lactones upon peracetylation has been exploited to take advantage of the variation in the extent of lactonization with orientation of the sialic acid moiety relative to the adjacent sugar rings. Lactone formation is favored for 3'-sialyllactose compared with its 6'-isomer; Hyperchem was employed to indicate the relative stabilities of the molecular and fragment ions and to visualize the molecules in 3D (rather than to obtain absolute conformational energy values). The relative conformational energies of lactonized and non-lactonized ions were calculated using the Hyperchem software; their values support the trends observed by MS.
Pipelining high-radix SRT division algorithms (2007)

This paper shows various ways to pipeline popular SRT division algorithms. Different logic gate families and circuit structures are used to explore possible overheads introduced in each implementation. Simulation results are compared to find out the fastest possible architecture and comparisons are explored from parasitically extracted AMI C5N 0.5 mum layouts.
Correlation of quinolone MIC and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and induction of the SOS response in Escherichia coli (1990)

The effects of nalidixic acid and four fluoroquinolones on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in the presence and absence of 20 mg of chloramphenicol per liter were examined by comparing the killing kinetics, MIC, morphological response, and maximum concentration to induce recA in Escherichia coli. All agents demonstrated paradoxical killing kinetics, in that above an optimum concentration the rate of bactericidal action was slower. Filamentation of E. coli AB1157 was observed with all quinolones up to the optimum bactericidal concentration. Addition of chloramphenicol reduced the bactericidal activity, inhibited filamentation, and abolished recA induction, but it had no effect on DNA synthesis inhibition by any of the agents. Excellent correlation was obtained between the concentration required to inhibit DNA synthesis by 50%, the MIC, the maximum concentration to induce recA, and the optimum bactericidal concentration. Evidence from this study and previously published data suggest that the primary mechanism of action of quinolones is independent of the SOS response and does not require active protein synthesis; however, induction of recA and SOS responses is consequential and enhances cell death.
Photorespiratory 2-phosphoglycolate metabolism and photoreduction of O2 cooperate in high-light acclimation of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 (2009)

In cyanobacteria, photorespiratory 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG) metabolism is mediated by three different routes, including one route involving the glycine decarboxylase complex (Gcv). It has been suggested that, in addition to conversion of 2PG into non-toxic intermediates, this pathway is important for acclimation to high-light. The photoreduction of O2 (Mehler reaction), which is mediated by two flavoproteins Flv1 and Flv3 in cyanobacteria, dissipates excess reductants under high-light by the four electron-reduction of oxygen to water. Single and double mutants defective in these processes were constructed to investigate the relation between photorespiratory 2PG-metabolism and the photoreduction of O2 in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The single mutants Δflv1, Δflv3, and ΔgcvT, as well as the double mutant Δflv1/ΔgcvT, were completely segregated but not the double mutant Δflv3/ΔgcvT, suggesting that the T-protein subunit of the Gcv (GcvT) and Flv3 proteins cooperate in an essential process. This assumption is supported by the following results: (1) The mutant Δflv3/ΔgcvT showed a considerable longer lag phase and sometimes bleached after shifts from slow (low light, air CO2) to rapid (standard light, 5% CO2) growing conditions. (2) Photoinhibition experiments indicated a decreased ability of the mutant Δflv3/ΔgcvT to cope with high-light. (3) Fluorescence measurements showed that the photosynthetic electron chain is reduced in this mutant. Our data suggest that the photorespiratory 2PG-metabolism and the photoreduction of O2, particularly that catalyzed by Flv3, cooperate during acclimation to high-light stress in cyanobacteria.
Syntheses of (<i>Z,E</i>)-5,7-Dodecadienol and (<i>E</i>,<i>Z</i>)-10,12-Hexadecadienol, Lepidoptera Pheromone Components, via Zinc Reduction of Enyne Precursors. Test of Pheromone Efficacy against the Siberian Moth (2002)

Efficient syntheses of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol, a pheromone component of the Siberian moth, Dendrolimus superans sibiricus, and (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol, a pheromone component of various Lepidoptera pheromones, were accomplished by cis reduction of the corresponding enynols with activated zinc. The most energetic reagent was zinc galvanized with copper and silver (Zn/Cu/Ag) that achieved rapid and high-yield reduction in methanol-water. The stereoselectivity of semi-hydrogenation was > or =98%. A process whereby zinc dust was continuously activated throughout the reduction with an acid was also satisfactory (95-98% cis). Field evaluation of the 1:1 mixture of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol and (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal with the Siberian moth in Russia showed that the rubber septa pretreated with compound and stored at -80 degrees C were as effective as freshly treated septa. Moth responses to septa aged in open air indicated that lure effectiveness declined significantly after 2 weeks of aging. Thus, if rubber septa are used as pheromone dispensers in Siberian moth traps monitoring, they should be replaced biweekly with fresh septa for optimal trap effectiveness.
Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity‐score matched samples (2009)

The propensity score is a subject's probability of treatment, conditional on observed baseline covariates. Conditional on the true propensity score, treated and untreated subjects have similar distributions of observed baseline covariates. Propensity-score matching is a popular method of using the propensity score in the medical literature. Using this approach, matched sets of treated and untreated subjects with similar values of the propensity score are formed. Inferences about treatment effect made using propensity-score matching are valid only if, in the matched sample, treated and untreated subjects have similar distributions of measured baseline covariates. In this paper we discuss the following methods for assessing whether the propensity score model has been correctly specified: comparing means and prevalences of baseline characteristics using standardized differences; ratios comparing the variance of continuous covariates between treated and untreated subjects; comparison of higher order moments and interactions; five-number summaries; and graphical methods such as quantile-quantile plots, side-by-side boxplots, and non-parametric density plots for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups. We describe methods to determine the sampling distribution of the standardized difference when the true standardized difference is equal to zero, thereby allowing one to determine the range of standardized differences that are plausible with the propensity score model having been correctly specified. We highlight the limitations of some previously used methods for assessing the adequacy of the specification of the propensity-score model. In particular, methods based on comparing the distribution of the estimated propensity score between treated and untreated subjects are uninformative.
Novel secondary design for a linear synchronous motor using a split-pole magnet arrangement (2003)

In a linear synchronous motor, with a conventional surface mounted magnet arrangement, the full flux per pole flows through both the back iron and the stator. Here, the authors present a novel design for a split-pole magnet arrangement in which only half the flux per pole is present. Thus the amount of material required in the back iron structure can be halved.
<i>p-</i>(1<i>H</i>-Phenanthro[9,10-<i>d</i>]imidazol-2-yl)- Substituted Calix[4]arene, a Deep Cavity for Guest Inclusion (2004)

The reaction of tetra-p-formyltetra-O-propylcalix[4]arene with phenanthrenequinone in the presence of NH(4)OAc affords compound 2, a new class of calixarene with an expanded aromatic cavity, that could be stabilized by hydrogen-bonded bridges and/or ion pairing, thus preventing collapse into fully stacked pinched cone conformations as depicted. Two partially protonated calixarenes interdigitate in the solid state to give rise to a self-assembled face-to-face dimer, stabilized by pi-pi stacking interactions.
Enriching user profiles using geo-social place semantics in geo-folksonomies (2014)

Geo-folksonomies link social web users to geographic places through the tags users choose to label the places with. These tags can be a valuable source of information about the user’s perception of place and can reflect their experiences and activities in the places they label. By analysing the associations between users, places and tags, an understanding of a place and its relationships with other places can be drawn. This place characterisation is unique, dynamic and reflects the perception of a particular user community that generated the geo-folksonomy. In this work, an approach is proposed to analysing geo-folksonomies that builds on and extends existing statistical methods by considering specific concepts of relevance to geographic place resources, namely, place types and place-related activities, and by building a place ontology to encode those concepts and relationships. The folksonomy analysis and evaluation are demonstrated using a realistic geo-folksonomy data set. The resulting ontology is used to build user profiles from the folksonomy. The derived profiles reflect the association between users and the specific places they tag as well as other places with relevant associated place type and activities. The methods proposed here provide the potential for many interesting and useful applications, including the harvesting of useful insight on geographic space and employing the derived user profiles to enhance the search experience and to identify similarities between users based on their association to geographic places.
A new proposal of switched power oscillator applied as a self-oscillating auxiliary medium open loop power supply (2003)

A new proposal of switched power oscillator with reduced conduction losses, zero voltage and zero current turning on, and zero voltage turning off, is presented in this paper. The proposed topology consists of a boost EIE converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) associated to a self-oscillating LC series resonant circuit. This new self-oscillating power oscillator can be applied as an inverter stage of electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps as well as medium open loop power supply. Circuit description and a simplified design guide line are presented. A power oscillator prototype applied as a self-oscillating auxiliary medium open loop power supply with an output power of 15.7 W has been built and analyzed by simulation and experimentally.
Local initiation of caspase activation in <i>Drosophila</i> salivary gland programmed cell death <i>in vivo</i> (2007)

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is an essential event in animal development. Spatiotemporal analysis of caspase activation in vivo could provide new insights into programmed cell death occurring during development. Here, using the FRET-based caspase-3 indicator, SCAT3, we report the results of live-imaging analysis of caspase activation in developing Drosophila in vivo. In Drosophila, the salivary gland is sculpted by caspase-mediated programmed cell death initiated by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone). Using a SCAT3 probe, we observed that caspase activation in the salivary glands begins in the anterior cells and is then propagated to the posterior cells in vivo. In vitro salivary gland culture experiments indicated that local exposure of ecdysone to the anterior salivary gland reproduces the caspase activation gradient as observed in vivo. In betaFTZ-F1 mutants, caspase activation was delayed and occurred in a random pattern in vivo. In contrast to the in vivo response, the salivary glands from betaFTZ-F1 mutants showed a normal in vitro response to ecdysone, suggesting that betaFTZ-F1 may be involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and secretion of ecdysone from the ring gland for local initiation of programmed cell death. These results imply a role of betaFTZ-F1 in coordinating the initiation of salivary gland apoptosis in development.
A Versatile Multi-Component One-Pot Thiazole Synthesis (2000)

A new multi-component reaction (MCR) of oxo components, primary amines, thiocarboxylic acids and a special isocyanide yielding 2,4-disubstituted thiazoles is described. This one-pot, one-step reaction is an alternative to current methods of thiazole ring formation and can be applied to combinatorial chemistry as well as in the total synthesis of thiazole containing natural products.
MRI assessment of iron deposition in multiple sclerosis (2011)

Iron deposition in the human brain tissue occurs in the process of normal aging and in many neurodegenerative diseases. Elevated iron levels in certain brain regions are also an increasingly recognized finding in multiple sclerosis (MS). The exact mechanism(s) for this phenomenon and its implication in terms of pathophysiology and clinical significance are still largely unknown and debated. Reliable methods to exactly quantify brain iron are a first step to clarify these issues. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present currently available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for the assessment of brain iron. These include relaxation time mapping, phase imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging, susceptibility mapping, magnetic field correlation imaging, and direct saturation imaging. After discussing their advantages and disadvantages, existing MRI clinical correlations with brain iron concentration in MS are summarized and future research directions are shown.
Inhibition of Histone Methyltransferase, Histone Deacetylase, and <i>β</i>-Catenin Synergistically Enhance the Cardiac Potential of Bone Marrow Cells (2017)

Previously, we reported that treatment with the G9a histone methyltransferase inhibitor BIX01294 causes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to exhibit a cardiocompetent phenotype, as indicated by the induction of the precardiac markers Mesp1 and brachyury. Here, we report that combining the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) with BIX01294 synergistically enhances MSC cardiogenesis. Although TSA by itself had no effect on cardiac gene expression, coaddition of TSA to MSC cultures enhanced BIX01294-induced levels of Mesp1 and brachyury expression 5.6- and 7.2-fold. Moreover, MSCs exposed to the cardiogenic stimulus Wnt11 generated 2.6- to 5.6-fold higher levels of the cardiomyocyte markers GATA4, Nkx2.5, and myocardin when pretreated with TSA in addition to BIX01294. MSC cultures also showed a corresponding increase in the prevalence of sarcomeric protein-positive cells when treated with these small molecule inhibitors. These results correlated with data showing synergism between (1) TSA and BIX01294 in promoting acetylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 and (2) BIX01294 and Wnt11 in decreasing <i>β</i>-catenin accumulation in MSCs. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of observations in the early embryo on the importance of <i>β</i>-catenin signaling and histone modifications for cardiomyocyte differentiation and heart development.
Structures of bacillomycin D and bacillomycin L peptidolipid antibiotics from Bacillus subtilis. (1984)

The complete structures of bacillomycin D and bacillomycin L were revised by FAB mass spectrometry and by Edman degradation of the derivatives resulting from the N-bromosuccinimide reaction. The homologous components of both series of antibiotics were separated by HPLC and the beta-amino acids were identified by capillary gas chromatography.
APRICODD: Approximate Policy Construction Using Decision Diagrams (2000)

We propose a method of approximate dynamic programming for Markov decision processes (MDPs) using algebraic decision diagrams (ADDs). We produce near-optimal value functions and policies with much lower time and space requirements than exact dynamic programming. Our method reduces the sizes of the intermediate value functions generated during value iteration by replacing the values at the terminals of the ADD with ranges of values. Our method is demonstrated on a class of large MDPS (with up to 2 billion states), and we compare the results with the optimal value functions.