gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Faceting ionic shells into icosahedra via electrostatics (2007)

Shells of various viruses and other closed packed structures with spherical topology exhibit icosahedral symmetry because the surface of a sphere cannot be tiled without defects, and icosahedral symmetry yields the most symmetric configuration with the minimum number of defects. Icosahedral symmetry is different from icosahedral-shaped structures, which include some large viruses, cationic-anionic vesicles, and fullerenes. We present a faceting mechanism of ionic shells into icosahedral shapes that breaks icosahedral symmetry resulting from different arrangements of the charged components among the facets. These self-organized ionic structures may favor the formation of flat domains on curved surfaces. We show that icosahedral shapes without rotational symmetry can have lower energy than spheres with icosahedral symmetry caused by preferred bending directions in the planar ionic lattice. The ability to create icosahedral shapes without icosahedral symmetry may lead to the design of new functional materials. The electrostatically driven faceting mechanism we present here suggests that we can design faceted polyhedra with diverse symmetries by coassembling oppositely charged molecules of different stoichiometric ratios.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (2007)

Diagnosis and treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is rapidly changing. Cellular pathways that involve the polycystins are being mapped and involve the primary cilium, intracellular calcium and cAMP regulation, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. With the use of new imaging approaches, earlier diagnosis of hepatic cystic disease is possible, and measurement of kidney and cystic growth as well as kidney blood flow is possible over relatively short periods. PKD gene type, gender, proteinuria, and the presence of hypertension relate to the rate of kidney growth in ADPKD. On the basis of risk factors for progression to ESRD and the pathogenic roles that intracellular cAMP and mTOR play in cystogenesis, novel therapies are now being tested, including maximal inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system, inhibition of renal intracellular cAMP using vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists, and somatostatin analogues, as well as inhibitors of mTOR. This review addresses the current understanding of the pathogenesis and the natural history of ADPKD; accuracy and reliability of diagnostic approaches in utero, childhood, and adulthood; the value of reliable magnetic resonance imaging to measure disease progression early in the course of ADPKD; and novel therapeutic approaches that are being evaluated in ADPKD.
Highly efficient protein <i>trans</i>‐splicing by a naturally split DnaE intein from <i>Nostoc punctiforme</i> (2006)

Protein trans-splicing by the naturally split intein of the gene dnaE from Nostoc punctiforme (Npu DnaE) was demonstrated here with non-native exteins in Escherichia coli. Npu DnaE possesses robust trans-splicing activity with an efficiency of > 98%, which is superior to that of the DnaE intein from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 (Ssp DnaE). Both the N- and C-terminal parts of the split Npu DnaE intein can be substituted with the corresponding fragment of Ssp DnaE without loss of trans-splicing activity. Protein splicing with the Npu DnaEN is also more tolerant of amino acid substitutions in the C-terminal extein sequence.
Privacy management system using social networking (2007)

The worldwide growth of e-services has brought to the forefront the importance of private data management for an organization. However, the advancement of computer and networking technologies has made privacy management very challenging. In this paper, we expose the limitations of existing privacy management systems, and present a privacy management system that exploits social network analysis, which can automatically discover the privacy-related workflow models, and support automated privacy management within an organization.
Noncovalent Immobilization of a Pyrene-Modified Cobalt Corrole on Carbon Supports for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution in Aqueous Solutions (2016)

Efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are the determinants of the realization of a hydrogen-based society, as sluggish OER and ORR are the bottlenecks for the production and utilization of H2, respectively. A Co complex of 5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-10-(4)-(1-pyrenyl)phenylcorrole (1) bearing a pyrene substituent was synthesized. When it was immobilized on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), the 1/MWCNT composite displayed very high electrocatalytic activity and durability for both OER and ORR in aqueous solutions: it catalyzed a direct four-electron reduction of O2 to H2O in 0.5 M H2SO4 with an onset potential of 0.75 V vs normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), and it catalyzed the oxidation of water to O2 in neutral aqueous solution with an onset potential of 1.15 V (vs NHE, η = 330 mV). Control studies using a Co complex of 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (2) demonstrated that the enhanced catalytic performance of 1 was due to the strong noncovalent π–π interactions between its pyrene moiety and MWCNTs, which were considered to facilitate the fast electron transfer from the electrode to 1 and also to increase the adhesion of 1 on carbon supports. The noncovalent immobilization of molecular complexes on carbon supports through strong π–π interactions appears to be a simple and straightforward strategy to prepare highly efficient electrocatalytic materials.
The flavour of milk and dairy products: II. Cheese: contribution of volatile compounds (1997)

This is the second of a series of three papers on the flavour of milk and dairy products (see also Nursten 1 and McSweeney 2 ) It deals with the odour components of the flavour of the whole range of cheeses, considering the different chemical classes in turn, methyl ketones, fatty acids, phenols, sulphur compounds, terpenes, al‐dicarbonyls and related compounds, esters, amines ond other nitrogen containing compounds and lactones. The sensorily important flavour volatiles are tabulated. Off‐flavours are also given some attention.
Rectal Indomethacin Is Protective against Pancreatitis after Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2018)

Rectal administration of indomethacin is an effective approach to prevent the incidence of PEP in both high- and average-risk populations undergoing ERCP. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed to further investigate the optimal timing for the administration of indomethacin.
Organization and promoter activity of the mouse syndecan-1 gene (1993)

Syndecan-1, the prototype of a family of heparan sulfate-containing integral membrane proteoglycans, associates extracellularly with a variety of matrix molecules and growth factors and intracellularly with the actin cytoskeleton. Expressed constitutively on epithelia in mature tissues and in a developmentally regulated manner on epithelial and induced mesenchymal cells during embryogenesis, syndecan-1 appears to be involved in controlling the shape and organization of cells and tissues. To better understand the function and regulation of syndecan-1, we determined the structure of the mouse syndecan-1 gene (Synd-1). Synd-1 is approximately 19.5 kilobases in size and is organized into five exons that appear conserved in other family members. Exon 1 encodes the signal peptide; exon 2, the N-terminal glycosaminoglycan attachment region; exon 3, the bulk of the extracellular domain; exon 4, the protease-susceptible site; and exon 5, the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains which are highly homologous between syndecan family members. Synd-1 has three transcriptional start sites, two polyadenylation sites, and is not alternatively spliced to produce its 2.6- and 3.4-kilobase mRNA species. Upstream sequences have promoter activity and contain TATA and CAAT boxes as well as a variety of other potential binding sites for transcription factors, including Sp1 (GC box), NF-kappa B, MyoD (E box), and Antennapedia. The structure of the promoter region suggests that control of Synd-1 expression is both constitutive and developmentally regulated. Because Synd-1 exons encode discrete functional domains of the syndecan-1 protein that are conserved throughout the syndecan family, all syndecan genes are likely derived from a common ancestor.
A Polymer Electrolyte Hydrogen Pump Hydrogenation Reactor (2010)

Decene and acetone were hydrogenated over Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au catalysts in a polymer electrolyte hydrogen pump (PEHP) reactor. Water was oxidized over a Pt mesh anode and protons were pumped to the catalysts supported on porous carbon cathodes in contact with an organic liquid phase. The protons are reduced at the cathode to adsorbed hydrogen atoms which hydrogenate adsorbed olefins and carbonyl groups by heterogeneous catalysis. At low current density decene hydrogenation over Pd and Pt increased with the current density to the 1/2 power, indicating the surface reaction of adsorbed hydrogen with adsorbed decene was the rate limiting step. At high current density the reaction rate decreased linearly with current density, indicating adsorbed hydrogen inhibited decene adsorption and decene adsorption was the rate limiting step. Decene hydrogenation at 50 °C was 100 times slower over Ni, Cu, Ag, and Au catalysts compared to Pd and Pt. Acetone hydrogenation over Pt increased linearly with proton current density and was 10 times slower than decene hydrogenation. Acetone and decene hydrogenation rates at 50 °C were almost the same over Cu catalysts. Data were fit with modified Langmuir−Hinshelwood kinetics; the rate limiting steps were identified as the first hydrogen addition to adsorbed decene and the second hydrogen addition to adsorbed acetone.
A New Nucleic Acid Prodrug Responsive to High Thiol Concentration: Synthesis of 2′‐<i>O</i>‐Methyldithiomethyl‐Modified Oligonucleotides by Post‐Synthetic Modification (2015)

This unit describes the synthesis of 2'-O-methyldithiomethyluridine-containing oligonucleotides, which can be deprotected to yield the parental oligoribonucleotides under high concentrations of glutathione similar in cytoplasm. The 2'-O-methyldithiomethyl group is sensitive to reductive conditions, so that it is incompatible to 3'-O-phosphoramidite modification in nucleosides. Thus, a novel post-synthetic approach to obtain 2'-O-methyldithiomethyluridine-containing oligonucleotides was developed, in which 2'-O-(2,4,6-trimethoxybenzylthiomethyl)uridine-modified oligonucleotides are readily converted by treatment with dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate to the 2'-O-methyldithiomethyluridine-modified oligonucleotides. The 2'-O-methyldithiomethyluridine-modified oligonucleotides are readily and cleanly converted to the parental oligonucleotides under high thiol conditions, such as 10 mM glutathione and dithiothreitol.
Catalytic effects on the oxidation of benzyl alcohol by montmorillonite-supported metal nitrates (1996)

Effets catalytiques au cours de l'oxydation de l'alcool benzylique par le nitrate de fer supporte sur montmorillonite desaluminee. Des reactifs supportes (Clayfen et Claycop) ont ete prepares par impregnation de montmorillonite K10 par des nitrates de Fe 3 + et de Cu 2 +. Ces nitrates metalliques sont presque amorphes aux rayons X et se trouvent donc sur le support sous forme d'hydrates tres disperses, qui ont ete utilises comme reactifs pour l'oxydation de l'alcool benzylique. En raison de sa forte acidite de Bronsted l'argile utilisee comme support catalyse la decomposition du nitrate finement disperse; cette decomposition est une etape intermediaire de l'oxydation de l'alcool. La capacite de ces nitrates supportes pour l'oxydation de l'alcool benzylique depend de la teneur en oxygene de l'atmosphere dans le reacteur. Sous oxygene les nitrates metalliques peuvent etre utilises en quantite sous-stœchiometrique. En diminuant la teneur en nitrate sur l'argile, une partie de la surface est liberee, et en presence de solvants aromatiques, l'alkylation apparait alors comme reaction secondaire.
Effects of Platycodin D on Proliferation, Apoptosis and PI3K/Akt Signal Pathway of Human Glioma U251 Cells (2014)

Effects of platycodin D (PD) on the proliferation, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway of human glioma U251 cells were investigated. Glioma U251 cells were treated with PD at final concentrations of 0, 16.3, 40.8, 81.6, 163.2 μM, and inhibition rate, early and late apoptotic rate, apoptotic index, expression of apoptosis-related proteins and phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were evaluated. The results showed that compared with the control group, PD could increase the proliferation inhibition rate of U251 cells in a dose- and time -dependent manner; PD could also elevate the early and late apoptotic rate, apoptotic index and the level of pro-apoptotic proteins of glioma U251 cells, such as Bax and cleaved caspase-3, but lower the level of apoptosis inhibitory protein, such as Bcl-2; PD could increase the ratio of G0/G1 phase U251 cells, and lower the proportion of Sphase U251 cells and the ratio of G2/M phase U251 cells; PD could reduce the ratio of p-Akt/Akt. The results indicate that PD can inhibit the proliferation, induce the apoptosis and cause the cell cycle arrest in human glioma U251 cells, which may be related to the inhibition of PD on the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Alphabet skills (2009)

The whole concept of learning to read can seem mysterious and full of controversy. Educationists talk about ‘reading behaviours’ and ‘pre-reading skills’ when they discuss children's response to picture books. On the other hand, parents usually regard reading as the process by which children get meaning from words rather than pictures.
Nanoparticle-based artificial RNA silencing machinery for antiviral therapy (2012)

RNA interference is a fundamental gene regulatory mechanism that is mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Here we report that an artificial nanoparticle complex can effectively mimic the function of the cellular RISC machinery for inducing target RNA cleavage. Our results show that a specifically designed nanozyme for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can actively cleave HCV RNA in a sequence specific manner. This nanozyme is less susceptible to degradation by proteinase activity, can be effectively taken up by cultured human hepatoma cells, is nontoxic to the cultured cells and a xenotransplantation mouse model under the conditions studied, and does not trigger detectable cellular interferon response, but shows potent antiviral activity against HCV in cultured cells and in the mouse model. We have observed a more than 99% decrease in HCV RNA levels in mice treated with the nanozyme. These results show that this nanozyme approach has the potential to become a useful tool for functional genomics, as well as for combating protein-expression-related diseases such as viral infections and cancers.
On the efficacy of GPU-integrated MPI for scientific applications (2013)

Scientific computing applications are quickly adapting to leverage the massive parallelism of GPUs in large-scale clusters. However, the current hybrid programming models require application developers to explicitly manage the disjointed host and GPU memories, thus reducing both efficiency and productivity. Consequently, GPU-integrated MPI solutions, such as MPI-ACC and MVAPICH2-GPU, have been developed that provide unified programming interfaces and optimized implementations for end-to-end data communication among CPUs and GPUs. To date, however, there lacks an in-depth performance characterization of the new optimization spaces or the productivity impact of such GPU-integrated communication systems for scientific applications.
Privacy preserving cloud data access with multi-authorities (2013)

Cloud computing is a revolutionary computing paradigm which enables flexible, on-demand and low-cost usage of computing resources. Those advantages, ironically, are the causes of security and privacy problems, which emerge because the data owned by different users are stored in some cloud servers instead of under their own control. To deal with security problems, various schemes based on the Attribute-Based Encryption have been proposed recently. However, the privacy problem of cloud computing is yet to be solved. This paper presents an anonymous privilege control scheme AnonyControl to address not only the data privacy problem in a cloud storage, but also the user identity privacy issues in existing access control schemes. By using multiple authorities in cloud computing system, our proposed scheme achieves anonymous cloud data access and fine-grained privilege control. Our security proof and performance analysis shows that AnonyControl is both secure and efficient for cloud computing environment.
Polymorphie von Arzneistoffen: Eine wirtschaftliche Herausforderung? (1997)

The following contribution discusses the importance of polymorphism and pseudopolymorphism of drug substances regarding to the aspects of pharmaceutical technology and economy. Particular attention is drawn to the patent situation in this field demonstrated by those drug substances with the highest turnover worldwide. A concept for an efficient proceeding for polymorphic studies is proposed. With respect to the increasing economic significance of solid-state properties of drug substances, a reference to the actual situation in USA is given and a reinforced cooperation in Europe is inspired.
Acquisition Protocols and Correction Methods for Estimation of the Heart-to-Mediastinum Ratio in <sup>123</sup>I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine Cardiac Sympathetic Imaging (2013)

The use of an LME collimator appears to be acceptable for cardiac (123)I-MIBG imaging as an alternative to an ME collimator, and the application of a 15% energy window is recommended when an LME collimator is used. Empiric correction is also expected to improve exchangeability between H/M ratios calculated with ME and LME collimators. Neither the use of an LEHR collimator nor the use of IDW correction is recommended.
Evaluation of distribution of panoramic video sequences in the eXplorative television project (2012)

In this paper, a scalable solution is presented for distributing panoramic video sequences to multiple viewers at high resolution and quality levels. In contrast to traditional broadcast scenarios, panoramic video enables the content consumer to manipulate the camera view direction and viewport size. By segmenting the panoramic input video into a set of separate sequences, transporting them over standard delivery channels and recombining them at end user side, bandwidth utilization is optimized and the quality of the video that is visualized is increased. The proposed solution, called the segmentation approach, is thoroughly explained and evaluated versus a single-stream solution with regards to several metrics, including bandwidth utilization, encoding speed, objective quality levels and seeking performance.
Question Time: Workplace Revolution Is Upon Us (2007)

In the latest in our series of Q and A interviews, well-known demographer and KPMG partner, Bernard Salt, lifts the lid on the law firm of the future, how generation Y is driving a revolution and why the 'old fart' baby boomers need to lift their game.
Large-scale surveys and cosmic structure (2003)

These lectures deal with our current knowledge of the matter distribution in the universe, focusing on how this is studied via the large-scale structure seen in galaxy surveys. We first assemble the necessary basics needed to understand the development of density fluctuations in an expanding universe, and discuss how galaxies are located within the dark-matter density field. Results from the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey are presented and contrasted with theoretical models. We show that the combination of large-scale structure and data on microwave-background anisotropies can eliminate almost all degeneracies, and yield a completely specified cosmological model. This is the "concordance" universe: a geometrically flat combination of vacuum energy and cold dark matter. The study of cosmic structure is able to establish this in a manner independent of external information, such as the Hubble diagram; this extra information can however be used to limit non-standard alternatives, such as a variable equation of state for the vacuum.
THODAMINE-CONJUGATED PAPAIN AS A COUNTERSTAIN IN FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY. (1963)

A new method of counterstaining unfixed tissue for fluorescence microscopy is described. The method depends upon the reaction of crude papain, labelled with a fluorescent dye, with nuclear and cytoplasmic constituents of tissue cells.
Differentiation of Genes Coding for <i>Escherichia coli</i> Verotoxin 2 and the Verotoxin Associated with Porcine Edema Disease (VTe) by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (1990)

Two sets of synthetic oligonucleotide primers were used in a polymerase chain reaction adaptation to distinguish the closely related genes for type 2 verotoxin (VT2 or Shiga-like toxin [SLT-II]) and the verotoxin associated with porcine edema disease (VTe or SLT-II variant [SLT-IIv]) in Escherichia coli.
Aligning the RTE 2006 Corpus (2007)

In 2007, the MSR Natural Language Processing Group had the datasets used in the 2006 Recognizing Textual Entailment Challenge hand annotated by three annotators to indicate alignments of words and phrases. This technical report provides information on the format of the tagged files and the annotation process. Guidelines provided to the annotators are included in an appendix. The annotated datasets are available via the Textual Entailment Resource Pool at http://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Textual_Entailment_Resource_Pool
An Empirical Evaluation of Rule Extraction from Recurrent Neural Networks (2018)

Rule extraction from black box models is critical in domains that require model validation before implementation, as can be the case in credit scoring and medical diagnosis. Though already a challenging problem in statistical learning in general, the difficulty is even greater when highly nonlinear, recursive models, such as recurrent neural networks (RNNs), are fit to data. Here, we study the extraction of rules from second-order RNNs trained to recognize the Tomita grammars. We show that production rules can be stably extracted from trained RNNs and that in certain cases, the rules outperform the trained RNNs.
Inversion-mode insulated gate Ga<sub>0.47</sub>In<sub>0.53</sub>As field-effect transistors (1981)

It is demonstrated that inversion-mode n-channel insulated gate field-effect transistors can be made of p-type heteroepitaxially-grown Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</inf> In <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</inf> As layers on semi-insulating InP.
Xenon expenditure and nitrogen accumulation in closed‐circuit anaesthesia (2001)

The high price of xenon has prevented its use in routine, clinic anaesthetic practice. Xenon therefore has to be delivered by closed-circuit anaesthesia. The accumulation of nitrogen is a significant problem within the closed circuit and necessitates flushing, which in turn increases gas expenditure and costs. In previous investigations, nitrogen concentrations between 12% and 16% have been reported in closed-circuit anaesthesia. In order to avoid such nitrogen accumulation, we denitrogenised seven pigs using a non-rebreathing system and connected the animals to a system primed with a xenon/oxygen mixture. In comparison, seven pigs were anaesthetised with xenon using a standard low-flow anaesthetic procedure. Anaesthesia time was 2 h. Nitrogen concentrations in the closed system ranged from 0.08 to 7.04% and were not significantly different from those observed during low-flow anaesthesia. Closed-circuit anaesthesia reduced the xenon expenditure 10-fold compared with low-flow anaesthesia.