gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Value of Information and Long Horizontal Wells in the Appraisal and Development Studies of a Brazilian Offshore Heavy-Oil Reservoir (2005)

Abstract Recent exploration efforts in the Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, have resulted into important discoveries of what is known as "offshore heavy oil" (API gravities below 18 and reservoir viscosities above 20 cp). Actually, these accumulations have been known since the beginning of the development of the Basin, in the 80s, but they were never given a chance of development due to the technology challenges involved. The maturation of lighter oil fields, associated with recent technology developments (1,2,3), has boosted the interest for these heavy oil resources set aside for many years. This paper describes a case history concerning the strategy for the appraisal of a large offshore shallow carbonate 12 API reservoir, at 100m water depth. To justify the investments in obtaining static and dynamic information of the reservoir behavior, a preliminary development plan based on long horizontal wells was established. The value of the new information (VOI) was estimated through the assessment of the impact that uncertain reservoir and production attributes could have on the development plan. Uncertainty analysis based on reservoir simulation allowed the identification of the main variables affecting the project: reservoir oil viscosity, permeability and effective footage of the horizontal well. This analysis revealed the best strategy for the appraisal of the well planning and led to the approval of a 2000m horizontal well. On a second stage of the study, after the successful drilling and testing of the well, another VOI study was carried out, aiming at the evaluation of the benefits of a one-year extended well test, which is planned to start in 2007. At this stage, the main reservoir uncertainty was the aquifer support, which could relief the need for sea water injection (besides this there are other production uncertainties as flow assurance, performance of the pumping system and oil water separation). This paper describes the simulation model building process, the difficult task of assigning scarcely sampled rock and fluid properties, the uncertainty study and the use of quality maps for placing the wells. Simulations results have shown the importance of the well footage and its effectiveness in contacting the reservoir rock.
Prospectus of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and phosphorus availability in agricultural soils: A review (2012)

Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) offer an ecologically acceptable mean for converting insoluble phosphate to soluble forms making them available for plants to absorb. Several bacterial strains (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhizobium and Enterobacter) and fungal strains (Aspergillus and Penicillium) have so far been recognized as powerful phosphate solubilizers. Insoluble phosphates are converted into available forms by phosphate solubilizing microorganisms via the process of acidification, chelation, exchange reactions and production of organic acid. Though phosphorus is found to be a limiting factor in many soils, application of PSMs as biofertilizers or bioconverters for solubilizing fixed phosphorus has not yet been successfully practiced. In this context, isolation, identification and characterization of soil PSMs are considered to be effective in broadening the spectrum of phosphate solubilizers available for field application.

	 

	Key words: Phosphate solubilization, insoluble phosphate, organic acid, Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs).
Robustness of a Mixed-Order Ambisonics Microphone Array for Sound Field Reproduction (2012)

Spherical microphone arrays can be used to capture and reproduce the spatial characteristics of acoustic scenes. A mixed-order Ambisonics (MOA) approach was recently proposed to improve the horizontal spatial resolution of microphone arrays with a given number of transducers. In this paper, the performance and robustness of an MOA array to variations in microphone characteristics as well as self-noise was investigated. Two array processing strategies were evaluated. Results showed that the expected performance benets of MOA are achieved at mid to high frequencies, and that robustness to various errors was similar to that of HOA arrays with both strategies. The approach based on minimizing the error of the reproduced spherical harmonic functions showed better performance at high frequencies for the MOA layout.
The systemic amyloidoses (2003)

It appears that all amyloidogenic precursors undergo some degree of misfolding that allows them to populate an immediate precursor pool from which they rapidly aggregate. Depending on the particular protein, a variety of mechanisms appear operative, some of which involve nonphysiologic proteolysis, defective physiologic proteolysis, mutations involving changes in thermodynamic or kinetic properties, and pathways that are yet to be defined. Whatever the particular process, the result is a tendency toward oligomeric aggregation followed by the assembly of higher order structures that become insoluble under physiologic conditions. Detailed analyses have been described for transthyretin (senile systemic amyloidosis and familial amyloid polyneuropathy), immunoglobulin light chains (light-chain amyloid), beta2 microglobulin (dialysis-related amyloid), and apolipoprotein A1, and are in process for others. SUMMARY Therapies have been proposed based on precursor stabilization (transthyretin), elimination of the synthesizing cell (light-chain amyloid), fibril disruption and immunization to induce host-mediated aggregate clearance (Alzheimer disease, light-chain amyloid, prions), and aggressive therapy of a primary inflammatory process (amyloid A). During the next decade, the value of these therapies, and others, suggested by studies on the basic properties of cells and proteins, will become clear.
On the Problems of Efficacy of Separation of IgM and IgG byDifferent Methods (1979)

Using ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and ion exchange, an attempt was made to completely separate immunoglobulin IgM and IgG present in pooled human serum of blood group O. The quality of separation was studied by testing IgG fractions for the presence of IgM by a sensitive detection method. It is demonstrated by rheophoresis that small amounts of IgM always remain detectable in the IgG fraction. This is of clinical importance because conclusions on the presence of specific antibody of different Ig classes are usually drawn under the assumption of complete separation. The control of the efficacy of the separation process using a sensitive detection method for Ig of different classes is recommended.
Channel-Lining Residues of the AMPA Receptor M2 Segment: Structural Environment of the Q/R Site and Identification of the Selectivity Filter (2001)

In AMPA receptor channels, a single amino acid residue (Q/R site) of the M2 segment controls permeation of calcium ions, single-channel conductance, blockade by intracellular polyamines, and permeation of anions. The structural environment of the Q/R site and its positioning with regard to a narrow constriction were probed with the accessibility of substituted cysteines to positively and negatively charged methanethiosulfonate reagents, applied from the extracellular and cytoplasmic sides of the channel. The accessibility patterns confirm that the M2 segment forms a pore loop with the Q/R site positioned at the tip of the loop (position 0) facing the extracellular vestibule. Cytoplasmically accessible residues on the N- and C-terminal sides of position 0 form the ascending alpha-helical (-8 to -1) and descending random coil (+1 to +6) components of the loop, respectively. Substitution of a glycine residue at position +2 with alanine strongly decreased the permeability of organic cations, indicating that position +2 contributes to the narrow constriction. The anionic 2-sulfonatoethyl-methanethiosufonate reacted with a cysteine at position 0 only from the external side and with cysteines at positions +1 to +4 only from the cytoplasmic side. These results suggest that charge selectivity occurs external to the constriction (+2) and possibly involves interactions of ions with the negative electrostatic potential created by the dipole of the alpha-helix formed by the ascending limb of the loop.
Induction of the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein by transforming growth factor‐β (1991)

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) mediates many immunosuppressive effects on immune cells and can inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 (IL 1). However, TGF-beta 1 can stimulate the production of IL 6 and platelet-derived growth factor, indicating that TGF-beta 1 initiates complex effects on the production of cytokines. In this report we show that treatment of peripheral blood monocytes with TGF-beta 1 leads to the induction of a recently described IL 1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP). The effect of TGF-beta 1 was both dose and time dependent. TGF-beta 1 induced de novo synthesis of IRAP, as Northern blotting experiments indicated a rapid and transient induction of the mRNA encoding IRAP. The induction of IRAP suggests a potential mechanism by which some of the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta 1 are mediated.
Genome-wide association studies in ADHD (2009)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, is a common and highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder that is seen in children and adults. Although heritability is estimated at around 76%, it has been hard to find genes underlying the disorder. ADHD is a multifactorial disorder, in which many genes, all with a small effect, are thought to cause the disorder in the presence of unfavorable environmental conditions. Whole genome linkage analyses have not yet lead to the identification of genes for ADHD, and results of candidate gene-based association studies have been able to explain only a tiny part of the genetic contribution to disease, either. A novel way of performing hypothesis-free analysis of the genome suitable for the identification of disease risk genes of considerably smaller effect is the genome-wide association study (GWAS). So far, five GWAS have been performed on the diagnosis of ADHD and related phenotypes. Four of these are based on a sample set of 958 parent-child trio's collected as part of the International Multicentre ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study and genotyped with funds from the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN). The other is a pooled GWAS including adult patients with ADHD and controls. None of the papers reports any associations that are formally genome-wide significant after correction for multiple testing. There is also very limited overlap between studies, apart from an association with CDH13, which is reported in three of the studies. Little evidence supports an important role for the 'classic' ADHD genes, with possible exceptions for SLC9A9, NOS1 and CNR1. There is extensive overlap with findings from other psychiatric disorders. Though not genome-wide significant, findings from the individual studies converge to paint an interesting picture: whereas little evidence-as yet-points to a direct involvement of neurotransmitters (at least the classic dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways) or regulators of neurotransmission, some suggestions are found for involvement of 'new' neurotransmission and cell-cell communication systems. A potential involvement of potassium channel subunits and regulators warrants further investigation. More basic processes also seem involved in ADHD, like cell division, adhesion (especially via cadherin and integrin systems), neuronal migration, and neuronal plasticity, as well as related transcription, cell polarity and extracellular matrix regulation, and cytoskeletal remodeling processes. In conclusion, the GWAS performed so far in ADHD, though far from conclusive, provide a first glimpse at genes for the disorder. Many more (much larger studies) will be needed. For this, collaboration between researchers as well as standardized protocols for phenotyping and DNA-collection will become increasingly important.
A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning (2021)

With the widespread use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and applications in our everyday lives, accounting for fairness has gained significant importance in designing and engineering of such systems. AI systems can be used in many sensitive environments to make important and life-changing decisions; thus, it is crucial to ensure that these decisions do not reflect discriminatory behavior toward certain groups or populations. More recently some work has been developed in traditional machine learning and deep learning that address such challenges in different subdomains. With the commercialization of these systems, researchers are becoming more aware of the biases that these applications can contain and are attempting to address them. In this survey, we investigated different real-world applications that have shown biases in various ways, and we listed different sources of biases that can affect AI applications. We then created a taxonomy for fairness definitions that machine learning researchers have defined to avoid the existing bias in AI systems. In addition to that, we examined different domains and subdomains in AI showing what researchers have observed with regard to unfair outcomes in the state-of-the-art methods and ways they have tried to address them. There are still many future directions and solutions that can be taken to mitigate the problem of bias in AI systems. We are hoping that this survey will motivate researchers to tackle these issues in the near future by observing existing work in their respective fields.
DIRECT OVERWRITE TECHNOLOGY USING EXCHANGE-COUPLED MULTILAYERS (1991)

The direct overwrite methods on magneto-optical discs by light power modulation and especially the initializing process in the method using quadrilayered film are reviewed. This process is investigated further here. It is shown that decrease in the coercivity of the middle layer of exchange-coupled triple layers depends on magnitude of its hysteresis loss and that the initializing process is easier to occur at higher temperature than the ambient temperature.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF PHYSICIAN DIRECTORY INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET PHYSICIAN DIRECTORY INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET (2004)

Although most health plans now make their physician directories available online to consumers, many of these Web sites contain inaccurate, out-of-date, or confusing information. This report of a consensus panel convened by the National Committee for Quality Assurance explores the necessary elements of a high-quality electronic directory. Panel members included: directory providers, consumer groups, traditional health plans, Internet-based health plans, physicians and physician organizations, state regulators, and large public and private purchasers. Their recommendations fall into five categories: physician descriptors and characteristics (name, gender, contact information, years in practice, languages spoken, specialty(ies), education, training, plan and hospital affiliations, acceptance of Medicare/Medicaid); physician expertise and knowledge (licensure and board certification, disciplinary actions, malpractice history); patient access (location, acceptance of new patients in all plans); relationship with patients; and performance measures. The panel further recommended that directories clarify their sponsorship and sources and maximize the searchability of information. ABSTRACT: Although most health plans now make their physician directories available online to consumers, many of these Web sites contain inaccurate, out-of-date, or confusing information. This report of a consensus panel convened by the National Committee for Quality Assurance explores the necessary elements of a high-quality electronic directory. Panel members included: directory providers, consumer groups, traditional health plans, Internet-based health plans, physicians and physician organizations, state regulators, and large public and private purchasers. Their recommendations fall into five categories: physician descriptors and characteristics (name, gender, contact information, years in practice, languages spoken, specialty(ies), education, training, plan and hospital affiliations, acceptance of Medicare/Medicaid); physician expertise and knowledge (licensure and board certification, disciplinary actions, malpractice history); patient access (location, acceptance of new patients in all plans); relationship with patients; and performance measures. The panel further recommended that directories clarify their sponsorship and sources and maximize the searchability of information.
Expression and purification of lacticin Q by small ubiquitin-related modifier fusion in Escherichia coli (2012)

Lacticin Q is a broad-spectrum class II bacteriocin with potential as an alternative to conventional antibiotics. The objective of this study was to produce recombinant lacticin Q using a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) fusion protein expression system. The 168-bp lacticin Q gene was cloned into the expression vector pET SUMO and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The soluble fusion protein was recovered with a Ni-NTA Sepharose column (95% purity); 130 mg protein was obtained per liter of fermentation culture. The SUMO tag was then proteolytically cleaved from the protein, which was re-applied to the column. Finally, about 32 mg lacticin Q (≥96% purity) was obtained. The recombinant protein exhibited antimicrobial properties similar to that of the native protein, demonstrating that lacticin Q had been successfully expressed by the SUMO fusion system.
Introduction: medicine’s dilemma at the end of the twentieth century (1999)

This chapter presents some thoughts about the various dilemmas faced by medicine at the end of the 20th century. It recounts experiences as a resident and a physician. It draws attention to the note of uneasiness that underlies present-day medical progress: the more we known about medicine the more questions we encounter about what to do with this information. The chapter addresses the issue of how to draw the line between ‘knowing’ and ‘doing’ in medicine.
Design and heuristics for BDD-based automated termination verification system for rule-based programs (2003)

We present the design and heuristics for TERMINATOR/R, an expert system for automatically verifying the termination of rewrite-rule-based programs by using binary decision diagrams (BDDs) for efficient representation of provability. First, we give a recursive definition of the boolean function that computes the provability based on a partial ordering >(precedence) on the set of function symbols. Then the construction of the BDDs for this function, in which a primitive expression f>g consisting of two operation symbols f and g is associated with the logical variable x/sub fg/, is incorporated into an incremental termination verification procedure. We conduct some experiments to see how the performance of this procedure is affected by heuristic selection of variable orderings, and show that our method and heuristics are useful.
Use of I-131 labeled, murine Fab against a high molecular weight antigen of human melanoma: preliminary experience. (1985)

High molecular weight antigen (HMWA) is a tumor-associated proteoglycan of human malignant melanoma. I-131 labeled Fab fragments of these specific antibodies were used for preliminary feasibility studies for radioimmunodetection and therapy of human subjects who had inoperable metastatic melanoma. Ten patients received tracer doses of 5-13 mCi (185-481 MBq) of I-131 (anti-HMWA) Fab. All patients (8/8) who had melanoma lesions greater than 1 cm by correlative diagnostic methods had one or more lesions that had localization to tumor of the radiolabeled Fab. In all, 17 of 23 (74%) documented metastases were seen. There were no false positives in this series. Two patients who had avid uptake received potentially radiotherapeutic doses of 142 mCi (5,254 MBq) (one patient) and 181 mCi (6,697 MBq) and 193 (7,141 MBq) (total: 374 mCi or 13,838 MBq) (one patient). For both of these patients, whole body imaging studies showed that the localization of the high dose I-131 Fab was predominantly in tumor. The patient who received the larger dose showed a greater than 50% reduction in the size of pelvic and pericaval nodes, with stabilization of disease at the smaller nodal size for a period of three months. On whole body images, the anti-Fab HMWA appears to be more tumor selective than Fab preparations that target the p97 antigen for melanoma, and there is less uptake in liver.
A new oscillation controller design and induction machine stability analysis of volts/Hz based industrial adjustable speed drives (2013)

Open-loop Volts/Hz controlled industrial adjustable speed drives (ASD) can often experience undesirable sustained oscillations. Factors affecting these oscillation states include induction machine (IM) parameters, dead time, dc link capacitor size, IM saturation, output voltage, carrier frequency, and IM speed. Many literatures have discussed the instabilities in light load or low frequency operating conditions. Quite a few methods have been proposed for stabilizing such a system. However, the instability problems at different power levels, have not been completely described. This paper analyzes the causes of this instability for Volts/Hz based industrial ASDs as power levels change. A 2.2kW and 15kW IMs are evaluated to illustrate how the motor parameters affect the system stability. Additionally, a new oscillation mitigation method is introduced to demonstrate its effectiveness in solving the instability problems. It is based on the dynamic current feedback through its magnetic flux current component band pass filtering and proportional control. Theoretical stability analysis before and after the current feedback compensation, simulation studies are presented and verified through a 20hp (15kW), 380V, 50Hz IM ASD experimental system.
Use of halogen-sulfide complexes in the synthesis of indoles, oxindoles, and alkylated aromatic amines (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of halogen-sulfide complexes in the synthesis of indoles, oxindoles, and alkylated aromatic aminesPaul G. Gassman, T. J. Van Bergen, and Gordon. GruetzmacherCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 19, 6508–6509Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00800a088https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00800a088research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views728Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts