gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra-high-contrast few-cycle pulses for multipetawatt-class laser technology (2011)

We report the generation of few-cycle multiterawatt light pulses with a temporal contrast of 10(10), when measured as close as 2 ps to the pulse's peak. Tens of picoseconds before the main pulse, the contrast value is expected to spread much beyond the measurement limit. Separate measurements of contrast improvement factors at different stages of the laser system indicate that real contrast values may reach 10(19) and 10(14), when measured 50 and 25 ps before the pulse's peak, respectively. The combination of the shortest pulse duration and the highest contrast renders our system a promising front-end architecture for future multipetawatt laser facilities.
Analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle navigation and height control system based on GPS (2010)

Abstract:
Elementary building blocks of graphene-nanoribbon-based electronic devices (2007)

Graphene nanoribbon junction based electronic devices are proposed in this letter. Nonequilibrium Green’s function calculations show that nanoribbon junctions tailored from single layer graphene with different edge shapes and widths can act as metal/semiconductor junctions and quantum dots can be implemented. In virtue of the possibilities of patterning monolayer graphene down to atomic precision, these structures, quite different from the previously reported two-dimensional bulk graphene or carbon nanotube devices, are expected to be used as the building blocks of the future nanoelectronics.
Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reaction Kinetics on Platinum: Acid vs Alkaline Electrolytes (2010)

The kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on polycrystalline platinum [Pt(pc)] and high surface area carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles (Pt/C) were studied in 0.1 M KOH using rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements. After corrections of noncompensated solution resistance from ac impedance spectroscopy and of hydrogen mass transport in the HOR branch, the kinetic current densities were fitted to the Butler–Volmer equation using a transfer coefficient of , from which HOR/HER exchange current densities on Pt(pc) and Pt/C were obtained, and the HOR/HER mechanisms in alkaline solution were discussed. Unlike the HOR/HER rates on Pt electrodes in alkaline solution, the HOR/HER rates on a Pt electrode in 0.1 M were limited entirely by hydrogen diffusion, which renders the quantification of the HOR/HER kinetics impossible by conventional RDE measurements. The simulation of the hydrogen anode performance based on the specific exchange current densities of the HOR/HER at illustrates that in addition to the oxygen reduction reaction cell voltage loss on the cathode, the slow HOR kinetics are projected to cause significant anode potential losses in alkaline fuel cells for low platinum loadings ( at and ), contrary to what is reported for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
Sorptive Textile Systems Containing Activated Carbon Fibers (1974)

Activated carton fabrics and yarns were shown to effectively sorb gases, vapors, and dissolved solids. Fabrics pre pared by Arons and Macnair (phenotic precursor) and Maggs (viscose precursor) were the most activated of all the materials studied. The yarns had a lower activity but probably can be improved to have comparahly high sorption capacity. Other materials studied included permeable textile systems made by mechanically reinforcing carbon fabrics and yarns with stronger materials. For example, selected fabrics were laminated or quilted between two other fabric layers while the yarns were knitted or woven with other yarns.
New crops for food and industry (1990)

Since plants not only provide food for man and his domestic animals but also pharmaceutical products and raw materials for industry, the development of new crops is of great importance. However, many plant species remain unexploited or are only utilized at a local level. This book provides information on the current research into the use of such crops and on their development in a commercial setting. Written by scientists from many different countries, it covers a wide variety of both temperate and tropical crops, their cultivation, marketing and development, and the socio-economic and environmental factors influencing their utilization.
Enhanced DNA vaccine potency by mannosylated lipoplex after intraperitoneal administration (2006)

These results suggested that in vivo active targeting of DNA vaccine to DCs with Man-lipoplex might prove useful for the rational design of DNA vaccine.
Linear quadratic regulators with eigenvalue placement in a vertical strip (1986)

A computational method is presented for finding the linear quadratic regulator such that the optimal closed-loop system has eigenvalues lying within a vertical strip in the complex plane. The proposed method is suitable for the two-stage optimal design of two-time scale systems.
E-pulse scheme based on higher-order statisticsfor radartarget discrimination in the presence of coloured noise (1996)

The E-pulse technique for radar target discrimination in the presence of any additive Gaussian noise is considered. The noise is coloured Gaussian without making any assumption about its spectrum characteristics. It is shown that the presence of this type of noise leads to very poor results when the original extinction-pulse (E-pulse) technique proposed by Rothwell et al. (1985) is applied. For this reason the incorporation, in the original scheme, of a radar signal processing stage based on higher-order statistical techniques is proposed.
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits intercellular adhesion molecule-1 biosynthesis induced by cytokines in human fibroblasts. (1995)

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the ligand of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1, plays an important role in the interactions of a variety of hemopoietic and nonhemopoietic cells, including leukocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. ICAM-1 is known to be involved in the onset of several diseases such as inflammation, allograft rejection, and so on. In this report, we investigated the effects of dexamethasone, cyclosporin A, FK506, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on the induction of the ICAM-1 gene by cytokines in fibroblasts. PDTC, a potent inhibitor of NF-kappa B, was shown by ELISA and FACS analysis to prevent dramatically the expression of the ICAM-1 gene stimulated by IL-1 alpha, IFN-gamma, and PMA, although the other reagents inhibited it only slightly. Ribonuclease protection assay revealed that PDTC blocked the expression of the ICAM-1 gene at the mRNA level. To elucidate the mechanism of this inhibition, we constructed a series of ICAM-1 promoter deletion mutants linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene and analyzed the effect of PDTC on their activities. Transient transfection analysis indicated that the critical region for inhibition by PDTC is an NF-kappa B binding site-like motif (GGGAGGATTCC, ICAM-1 kappa B) that is located at position-540. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay revealed that PDTC actually inhibits the binding of NF-kappa B (or NF-kappa B-like) protein to the ICAM-1 kappa B site. These findings suggest that PDTC inhibits ICAM-1 gene expression by inhibiting the association of NF-kappa B (or NF-kappa B-like) protein with the ICAM-1 kappa B site.
Application of Protein Microarrays for Multiplexed Detection of Antibodies to Tumor Antigens in Breast Cancer (2008)

There is strong preclinical evidence that cancer, including breast cancer, undergoes immune surveillance. This continual monitoring, by both the innate and the adaptive immune systems, recognizes changes in protein expression, mutation, folding, glycosylation, and degradation. Local immune responses to tumor antigens are amplified in draining lymph nodes, and then enter the systemic circulation. The antibody response to tumor antigens, such as p53 protein, are robust, stable, and easily detected in serum; may exist in greater concentrations than their cognate antigens; and are potential highly specific biomarkers for cancer. However, antibodies have limited sensitivities as single analytes, and differences in protein purification and assay characteristics have limited their clinical application. For example, p53 autoantibodies in the sera are highly specific for cancer patients, but are only detected in the sera of 10-20% of patients with breast cancer. Detection of p53 autoantibodies is dependent on tumor burden, p53 mutation, rapidly decreases with effective therapy, but is relatively independent of breast cancer subtype. Although antibodies to hundreds of other tumor antigens have been identified in the sera of breast cancer patients, very little is known about the specificity and clinical impact of the antibody immune repertoire to breast cancer. Recent advances in proteomic technologies have the potential for rapid identification of immune response signatures for breast cancer diagnosis and monitoring. We have adapted programmable protein microarrays for the specific detection of autoantibodies in breast cancer. Here, we present the first demonstration of the application of programmable protein microarray ELISAs for the rapid identification of breast cancer autoantibodies.
A knowledge‐based system for envisioning network flow (1993)

Abstract This paper proposes a system called NEVIS (network envisioning system), which envisions a network flow by using a knowledge engineering technique based on qualitative reasoning. NEVIS models the network based on queueing theory. For the server that is the major component of the network, its state is defined for each domain knowledge, and the transition between states is defined based on a change of flow by generation of an event. The state transition is estimated by qualitative reasoning. To avoid ambiguity, quantitative information is added so that an accurate result of reasoning is obtained. The function of NEVIS are to estimate the propagation of the effect of the event by introducing a time concept, to generate a display and explanation for the change of state, and to improve the state of the network through an interaction with its user. Those functions help the user's understanding about the operation of the network. The effective use of the network as well as the means to cope with the event can be planned reflecting the request from the user.
Studies on Chemotherapeutics. VII (1959)

Variation in antibacterial action was examined with 2-methylthio-3-hydrazino-quinoxaline and 2-mercapto-3-acetylhydrazinoquinoxaline. In the case of 2-methylthio compound, antibacterial activity disappeared entirely and this indicated that the prototropy of 1, 2-position in quinoxaline is necessary for antibacterial activity. In the case of 3-acetylhydrazino compound, changes in antibacterial spectrum in vitro, as previously described, were found to take place. Triazoloquinoxaline was prepared from 3-acetylhydrazino derivative.
Synthesis of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-azo-1,2,4-triazolium and 3,3′-dimethyl-1,1′-azobenzotriazolium salts (1974)

The synthesis of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-azo-1,2,4-triazolium salts, by oxidation of 4-amino-1,2,4-triazoles followed by quaternisation of the derived tetrazenes with methyl fluorosulphonate, is described. The azotriazolium salts were also obtained by oxidising the methobromides of 4-amino-1,2,4-triazoles with saturated aqueous bromine. No 1,1′-azobenzotriazole was isolated when 1-aminobenzotriazole was oxidised with acidified potassium bromate but the required title salts were obtained by oxidation of 1-aminobenzotriazole methobromide with saturated aqueous bromine.
Global Representation of the Cross Sections for the Production of Fragments of UH Nuclei (1990)

\nWe have examined the fragmentation of relativistic iron, lanthanum, holmium and gold\nnuclei with energies between 500 and 1200 MeV/n incident on targets of polyethylene, carbon,\naluminum, copper and lead. We have determined 1,256 elemental partial cross sections for the\nproduction of fragments from interactions in pure target materials. Deduced values have been\nfound for another 417 cross sections in a hydrogen medium. The dependencies of these cross\nsections on energy, mass and charge have been studied. We have generated a seven parameter\nglobal fit to the cross sections for the heavy targets which fits a significant range of the data with\na standard deviation of 7%. We have also generated a similar global fit to the cross sections for\nthe hydrogen target which fits a slightly smaller range of the data with a standard deviation of\n10%. These representations show that weak factorization can apply, but slightly better fits can\nbe obtained without it. The mean mass losses observed for fragments that have lost a few\nprotons, show that typically three or more neutrons are lost with each proton, producing\nfragment nuclei that must be highly proton rich, and consequently very unstable
Highly efficient broadband polarization retarders and tunable polarization filters made of composite stacks of ordinary wave plates (2014)

By using the formal analogy between the evolution of the state vector in quantum mechanics and the Jones vector in polarization optics, we construct and demonstrate experimentally efficient broadband half-wave polarization retarders and tunable narrowband polarization filters. Both the broadband retarders and the filters are constructed by the same set of stacked standard multiorder optical wave plates (WPs) rotated at different angles with respect to their fast polarization axes: for a certain set of angles this device behaves as a broadband polarization retarder, while for another set of angles it turns into a narrowband polarization filter. We demonstrate that the transmission profile of our filter can be centered around any desired wavelength in a certain vicinity of the design wavelength of the WPs solely by selecting appropriate rotation angles.
Nb$sub 3$Al formation at temperatures lower than 1000$sup 0$C (1975)

A study was made of the possibility of making Nb$sub 3$Al wires by interdiffusion between Al and Nb at relatively low temperatures (lower than 1000$sup 0$C). This method should allow the fabrication of a copper stabilized wire by coworking Nb and Al composites in a copper matrix before the diffusion treatment. Results concerning the diffusion temperature and time dependence of J/ sub c/ and T/sub c/ are presented. While J/sub c/(64 kG) is quite high, of the order of 1.5 x 10$sup 5$ A/cm$sup 2$, T/sub c/ is 15.56$sup 0$K, lower than the usually reported value. X-ray measurements of the lattice parameter are also reported and correlated with the measured value of T/sub c/.
Etudes sur les matières végétales volatiles III. Constitution et synthèse du Carlinoxyde (1935)

Abstract 1. Nous avons pu confirmer l'observation de Gilman, van Ess et Burtner concernant la constitution du carlinoxyde . Ce corps ne posséde pas la structure allénique (I) qui lui avait été attribuée par Semmler et Ascher , mais celle du furyl ‐ benzyl ‐ acétyléne (II); c'est, après l' acide taririque , le deuxiéme corps naturel possédant avec certitude une triple liaison.
The Presence of Midkine and its Possible Implication in Human Ovarian Follicles (2007)

The present findings imply that hypoxic condition, a characteristic of growing follicles, associates with the production of MK. Given that MK is involved in granulosa cell proliferation and estradiol production in developing follicles, MK may play a role as a local regulator in the human ovary.
Retrieve and Refine: Exemplar-Based Neural Comment Generation (2019)

Code comment generation is a crucial task in the field of automatic software development. Most previous neural comment generation systems used an encoder-decoder neural network and encoded only information from source code as input. Software reuse is common in software development. However, this feature has not been introduced to existing systems. Inspired by the traditional IR-based approaches, we propose to use the existing comments of similar source code as exemplars to guide the comment generation process. Based on an open source search engine, we first retrieve a similar code and treat its comment as an exemplar. Then we applied a seq2seq neural network to conduct an exemplar-based comment generation. We evaluate our approach on a large-scale Java corpus, and experimental results demonstrate that our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
On the Diels–Alder Approach to Solely Biomass‐Derived Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Conversion of 2,5‐Dimethylfuran and Acrolein into <i>p</i>‐Xylene (2011)

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a polymeric material with high global demand. Conventionally, PET is produced from fossil-fuel-based materials. Herein, we explored the feasibility of a sustainable method for PET production by using solely bio-renewable resources. Specifically, 2,5-dimethylfuran (derived from lignocellulosic biomass through 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural) and acrolein (produced from glycerol, a side product of biodiesel production) were converted into the key intermediate p-xylene (a precursor of terephthalic acid). This synthesis consists of a sequential Diels-Alder reaction, oxidation, dehydration, and decarboxylation. In particular, the pivotal first step, the Diels-Alder reaction, was studied in detail to provide useful kinetic and thermodynamic data. Although it was found that this reaction requires low temperature to proceed efficiently, which presents a limitation on economic feasibility on an industrial scale, the concept was realized and bio-derived p-xylene was obtained in 34% overall yield over four steps.
Exploiting spatial-temporal-social constraints for localness inference using online social media (2016)

The localness inference problem is to identify whether a person is a local resident in a city or not and the likelihood of a venue to attract local people. This information is critical for many applications such as targeted ads of local business, urban planning, localized news and travel recommendations. While there are prior work on geo-locating people in a city using supervised learning approaches, the accuracy of those techniques largely depends on a high quality training dataset, which is difficult and expensive to obtain in practice. In this study, we propose to exploit spatial-temporal-social constraints from noisy online social media data to solve the localness inference problem using an unsupervised approach. The spatial-temporal constraint represents the correlations between people and venues they visit and the social constraint represents social connections between people. In particular, we develop a Spatial-Temporal-Social-Aware (STSA) inference framework to jointly infer i) the localness of a person and ii) the local attractiveness of a venue without requiring any training data. We evaluate the performance of STSA scheme using three real-world datasets collected from Foursquare. Experimental results show that STSA scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques by significantly improving the estimation accuracy.
Phylogenetic analysis identifies many uncharacterized actin‐like proteins (Alps) in bacteria: regulated polymerization, dynamic instability and treadmilling in Alp7A (2009)

Actin, one of the most abundant proteins in the eukaryotic cell, also has an abundance of relatives in the eukaryotic proteome. To date though, only five families of actins have been characterized in bacteria. We have conducted a phylogenetic search and uncovered more than 35 highly divergent families of actin-like proteins (Alps) in bacteria. Their genes are found primarily on phage genomes, on plasmids and on integrating conjugative elements, and are likely to be involved in a variety of functions. We characterize three Alps and find that all form filaments in the cell. The filaments of Alp7A, a plasmid partitioning protein and one of the most divergent of the Alps, display dynamic instability and also treadmill. Alp7A requires other elements from the plasmid to assemble into dynamic polymers in the cell. Our findings suggest that most if not all of the Alps are indeed actin relatives, and that actin is very well represented in bacteria.
Cytological effects of sulfur and selenium purine analogues on two transplantable hepatomas and on normal renewing cells in mice. (1984)

The effects of 50% lethal doses of three purine analogues, 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside ( MMPR ), 6-thioguanosine (TGR), and 6- selenoguanosine ( SeGR ), on mitotic activity in a slow-growing ( SS1H ) and a fast-growing ( BH3 ) transplantable hepatocellular adenoma in C3H/ StW and BUB mice, respectively, were analyzed statistically. No significant difference in response was found between the two benign hepatomas. MMPR alone effectively reduced mitotic activity in the tumors and did so as efficiently on the first day of treatment as on subsequent days of daily i.p. administrations for up to 10 days. TGR alone and SeGR alone were ineffective in reducing the mitotic index significantly below that of controls. When either TGR or SeGR was injected simultaneously with MMPR , the effect on tumor mitosis resembled that of MMPR alone. The reactions of normal cells of the hosts to these agents were analyzed quantitatively in duodenal epithelium with respect to mitotic activity and to the number of cells present in the crypts. Differences between the two strains of mice were small and, for the most part, not significant. MMPR produced a slight but not significant reduction in duodenal mitotic activity and cell number. TGR alone induced significant decreases in both after 3 and 5 days of treatment. SeGR alone had no effect on the duodena . The effects of a combination of SeGR with MMPR on the duodena differed only slightly from MMPR or SeGR alone, but TGR plus MMPR produced greater inhibition of mitosis than did either administered alone. Our results suggest that MMPR may be a promising chemotherapeutic agent against some types of solid hepatocellular tumors in vivo because it can inhibit mitosis in these tumors effectively, rapidly, and continuously, while its inhibitory effect on normal replicating cells of the host intestine occurs more slowly and only with long-sustained treatment.
A perspective on Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (1987)

This paper is intended to familiarize the reader with the many reasons for undertaking the design and implementation of peer networking on small and intermediate business machines such as the IBM System/36 family. Such networking function was recently announced as IBM's Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN) on Release 5 of the System/36. This paper sets the stage for a companion paper in this same issue, which discusses the implementation experience and details of the System/36 APPN product. In the present paper, the history of System/36 communication is first reviewed, and it is shown how APPN was a natural evolution from earlier function. Then an extensive study of user requirements that was started in 1982 is summarized. The paper concludes with a brief technical tutorial on the structure of the APPN design.