gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aquatic biomass as a source of fuels and chemicals (1983)

The Aquatic Species Program (ASP) addresses the development of technologies that produce and utilize plant biomass species which naturally inhabit wetlands or submerged areas. Processes being developed through this program take advantage of the rapid growth rates, high yields, and extraordinary chemical compositions inherently associated with aquatic species. Emphasis is placed on salt tolerant species for cultivation on poorly utilized, low-value lands, where conventional agriculture is not economic. Candidate species are identified from: (1) microalgae-unicellular plants that are natural factories for converting sunlight into high quality oils; (2) macroalgae-large, chemically unique plants that can be easily fermented to methane gas or alcohols; and (3) emergents-plants that grow rooted in waterways and bogs, but are partially exposed above water. Within the next five years, the conditions and resources necessary for sustained systems operations are to be defined, design parameters examined, and experimental facilities developed. Succeeding years are planned to focus on resolving major technical hurdles in systems operations, integration, and component performance. This paper updates the technical progress in this program, describes several aspects of evolving systems concepts, and attempts to provide some perspectives based on potential economics. 16 references, 4 figures, 4 tables.
Visual Risk Factors for Falls in Older People (2001)

The study findings indicate that impaired vision is an important and independent risk factor for falls. Adequate depth perception and distant-edge-contrast sensitivity, in particular, appear to be important for maintaining balance and detecting and avoiding hazards in the environment.
EFFECTS OF DELAYED VISUAL FEEDBACK ON MOTOR CONTROL PERFORMANCE (1990)

The effects of delay of visual feedback on two kinds of sensorimotor tasks were investigated. On the reciprocal tapping task, accuracy of performance decreased for 200, 500, and 767 msec, delay. The number of errors for the 1000-msec. delay is smaller than those for the other three conditions of delay. On the hand-writing task of both Kanji letters and English words, performance showed a large decrement with increasing delay. The most frequent kinds of error were the type of insertion of line elements or letter duplication. It was interesting that the size of written letters increased with lengthening delays of visual feedback.
A Survey of State-of-the-Art Methods on Question Classification (2011)

Abstract. The task of question classification (qc) is to predict the en-tity type of a question which is written in natural language. This is done by classifying the question to a category from a set of predefined cate-gories. Question classification is an important component of question an-swering systems and it attracted a notable amount of research since the past decade. This paper gives a through overview of the state-of-the-art approaches in question classification and provides a detailed comparison of recent works on question classification and discussed about possible extensions to qc problem. 1
Dispersion-imbalanced nonlinear optical loop mirrorwith lumped dispersive elements (1998)

Self switching of optical pulses by a dispersion-imbalanced nonlinear optical fibre loop mirror is analysed. The loop mirror consists of an anomalous-dispersion fibre and a lumped dispersive element, such as a chirped fibre grating, which is required to brake the symmetry of the loop for self-switching operation. It is shown that a higher switching contrast and a smaller switching power can be achieved compared with those for a standard nonlinear optical loop mirror.
RNA-Seq and Microarrays Analyses Reveal Global Differential Transcriptomes of Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R between Bacteroids and Free-Living Cells (2014)

Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R occurs either in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with its host plant, Astragalus sinicus, or free-living in the soil. The M. huakuii 7653R genome has recently been sequenced. To better understand the complex biochemical and developmental changes that occur in 7653R during bacteroid development, RNA-Seq and Microarrays were used to investigate the differential transcriptomes of 7653R bacteroids and free-living cells. The two approaches identified several thousand differentially expressed genes. The most prominent up-regulation occurred in the symbiosis plasmids, meanwhile gene expression is concentrated to a set of genes (clusters) in bacteroids to fulfill corresponding functional requirements. The results suggested that the main energy metabolism is active while fatty acid metabolism is inactive in bacteroid and that most of genes relevant to cell cycle are down-regulated accordingly. For a global analysis, we reconstructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for 7653R and integrated gene expression data into the network using Cytoscape. A highly inter-connected subnetwork, with function enrichment for nitrogen fixation, was found, and a set of hubs and previously uncharacterized genes participating in nitrogen fixation were identified. The results described here provide a broader biological landscape and novel insights that elucidate rhizobial bacteroid differentiation, nitrogen fixation and related novel gene functions.
Basic concepts and new methods of time series analysis in Historical Social Research (1989)

In dem vorliegenden Beitrag geht es darum, die wichtigsten Konzepte und Instrumente der Zeit-Serien-Analyse in einer nicht-rein technischen Form zu präsentieren. Aus dem Grund werden nur die elementarsten mathematischen Operationen benutzt. Beweisführungen und zahlreiche Details müssen dabei vernachlässigt werden. Im ersten Teil der Studie werden die Grundvoraussetzungen des 'Zeit-Serien-Modells' vorgestellt. Im zweiten Teil geht es unter dem Stichwort 'Filtering of Time Series' um die Probleme von Filtermethoden, die in der historischen Forschung sehr wichtig sind. Der Autor diskutiert dabei traditionelle und neue Filtermethoden.
Multiplex quantitative PCR for detection of lower respiratory tract infection and meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis (2010)

The PCR provides increased sensitivity and the multiplex format facilitates diagnosis of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis and the assay enable detection after antibiotic treatment has been installed. Quantification increases the specificity of the etiology for pneumonia.
A Direct Synthesis of Benzothiophene-3-Carboxylic Acid from Benzothiophene (1985)

Abstract The direct synthesis of benzothiophene-3-carboxylic acid from benzothiophene utilizing Friedel-Crafts acylation with trichloroacetyl chloride, followed by basic hydrolysis is presented.
Angiotensin II receptor blockade attenuates the deleterious effects of exercise training on post-MI ventricular remodelling in rats (2000)

Following large anterior MI, losartan attenuated LV dilation and scar thinning. In untreated animals, exercise decreased dilation, but also contributed to scar thinning. Therefore, exercise concurrent with blockade of the renin-angiotensin system may provide optimal therapeutic benefit following large anterior MI.
Image quality of 4∶2∶2 and 4∶2∶0 chroma subsampling formats (2009)

There is a large number of different video compression formats being used for various purposes today. These formats differ between each other in possibility of achieving suitable bitrates while maintaining acceptable image quality. Current video compression standards offers the possibility of different sampling rate for the luminant and the chrominant components of video signal. Because HVS is much more sensitive to changes in luminance than changes in chrominance of an image, compression can be achieved by subsampling the chroma components. This paper presents the measurement of the influence of two different chroma subsampling formats (4∶2∶2 and 4∶2∶0) on image quality after MPEG-2 compression. The obtained results show that 4∶2∶0 subsampling format gives slightly better results for bitrates up to 15 Mbit/s.
Electrodepositing Pt by Modulated Pulse Current on a Nafion-Bonded Carbon Substrate as an Electrode for PEMFC (2007)

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) electrodes were platinized by modulated pulse current electrodeposition. The aim of this study is to look for a way that keeps the advantages but circumvents the disadvantages of electrodeposting Pt for PEMFC electrodes. The capacitance effect of the double layer on the wave pattern of the pulse current was fully considered when choosing the current parameters. An uncatalyzed carbon electrode, on which a layer of Nafion-bonded carbon (NBC) was dispersed in advance, served as a substrate for electrodeposition. The platinized electrode by electrodeposition was assessed by the techniques of cyclic voltammetry, linear-sweep voltammetry, X-ray diffraction, transfer electron microscopy, and so on. The preliminary results show the following: (1) Pt deposition current efficiency in well-modulated pulse current electrodeposition has been markedly improved even to as high as 69.9% compared with 13% in the direct current electrodeposition. (2) It is difficult at the present time to get an electrode with high Pt loadings and good Pt dispersion by pulse electrodeposition because the hydrogen evolution is unavoidable. (3) It is uncertain for Pt deposition current efficiency even though the electrodeposition was conducted under the exact same technique because of the erratic generation and breaking of hydrogen bubbles.
High Thermal Dissipation of Ultra High Power Light-Emitting Diodes by Copper Electroplating (2007)

The thermal management has become increasingly important when comes to device applications using ultra high power light emitting diodes (UHPLEDs). To thermally manage the devices in a most effective fashion, we report a novel packaging technique in which a copper electroplating process is directly applied over the red, green, and blue LED chips. With the copper-encapsulated layer, the operation current subsequently administered to these LED chips can be increased easily from a conventional 350 mA to more than 1050 mA stable at room temperature. This process can be well adapted to AlInGaP-based red LED when its working current can be driven all the way up to 1650 mA. At 350 mA, the relative luminous intensity of these specially packaged red, green, and blue LEDs (RGB LEDs) clearly demonstrate a corresponding enhancement of 53%, 69%, and 23% when compared to those of conventionally packaged LEDs. Furthermore, as the injection current of these LED chips increases to 850 mA, the respective improvement in relative luminous intensity of these RGB LEDs chips becomes 431 %, 83%, and 18%, when compared to those of the conventional packaged devices.
Transmission line and microwave circuit design using DragonWave (1991)

Summary form only given. DragonWave is a commercial software package for simulating the response of linear distributed parameter circuits. It provides for circuit descriptions of ideal lumped and transmission line circuit elements, two, three, and four-port networks, graphical circuit layout, and circuit analysis. Results can be displayed in a Smith chart, XY plot, or tabular form. It also contains the equivalent circuit models for microstrip and stripline components and routines for circuit optimization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Animal Fat Wastes for Biodiesel Production (2011)

Our society is highly dependent on petroleum for its activities. However, petroleum is a finite source and causes several environmental problems such as rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. About 90% is used as an energy source for transportation, heat and electricity generation, being the remaining sources used as feedstocks in the chemical industry (Carlsson, 2009). As demands for energy are increasing and fossil fuels are limited, research is directed towards alternative renewable fuels (Bhatti et al., 2008). High petroleum prices and the scarcity of known petroleum reserves demand the study of other sources of energy. In this context, agroindustrial wastes (animal fats, wood, manure) play an important role as energetic materials. Oils and fats are basically triacylglycerols (TAG) composed of three long-chain fatty acids. These triacylglycerols have higher viscosity and therefore cannot be used as fuel in common diesel engines. In order to reduce viscosity, triacylglycerols are converted into esters by transesterification reaction. By this means, three smaller molecules of ester and one molecule of glycerin are obtained from one molecule of fat or oil. Glycerin is removed as by-product and esters are known as biodiesel (Fazal et al., 2011). Biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as a blending component or a direct replacement for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. Biodiesel consists of a mixture of fatty acid (chain length C14-C22) alkyl esters, derived from a renewable lipid feedstock, such as vegetable oil or animal fat. In the case when methanol or ethanol are used as reactants, it will be a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), respectively. However, methanol is commonly and widely used in biodiesel production due to its low cost and availability. Other alcohols such as isopropanol and butyl may also be used. A key quality factor for the primary alcohol is the water content, which interferes with the transesterification reactions and can result in poor yields and high level of soap, free fatty acids (FFA) and TAG in the final fuel (Demirbas, 2009a; Lam et al., 2010). Biodiesel is a low-emission diesel substitute fuel made from renewable resources and waste lipid. The most common way to produce biodiesel is through transesterification, especially
CD4-modified synthetic peptides containing phenylalanine inhibit HIV-1 infection in vitro. (1994)

Phenylalanine-containing peptides from CD4 were synthesized based on chemical similarity with active CD4(81-92)-benzylated peptides. The synthetic peptide FYIFFVEDQKEEDD blocked the binding of gp120 to CD4 and inhibited 50% human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced syncytia formation at a concentration (IC50) of approximately 40-50 microM and HIV p17 expression with an IC50 of approximately 67 microM. The peptide is not toxic to cells in vitro. Moreover, acute toxicity studies carried out in Swiss mice showed the peptide to be nontoxic at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg. This phenylalanine-substituted CD4 peptide may prove to be useful in the treatment of AIDS.
Multiple-Use High School Gymnasiums: 1. Hillsdale High School San Mateo, California (1957)

(1957). Multiple-Use High School Gymnasiums: 1. Hillsdale High School San Mateo, California. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 8-30.
Replication and expression of Xenopus laevis globin genes injected into fertilized Xenopus eggs. (1983)

Cloned Xenopus adult alpha 1- and beta 1-globin genes were injected into fertilized Xenopus eggs, and the eggs were allowed to develop into swimming tadpoles. The injected DNA replicated during early Xenopus development but did not become methylated de novo. When DNA was modified with Hpa II methylase before injection, methylation was maintained during replication. Although the Xenopus adult globin genes are not normally expressed until metamorphosis, both the unmethylated and in vitro methylated adult alpha- and beta-globin genes were transcribed at low levels, but from the correct promoters, during early development.
Monopulse Radar for Intelligent Cruise Control (1997)

This paper describes a monopulse radar system and its application to intelligent cruise control (ICC) systems. The advantages of monopulse radar are discussed, and a comparison of the monopulse radar system to switched beam systems and mechanically scanned systems is presented. The paper also describes narrow band Doppler radar principles and discusses advantages over wide-band modulation techniques. The unique interference avoidance scheme of the radar system is presented. Radar sensor technology is compared with other sensor technologies and the advantages of radar are also discussed.
Well logging in nontechnical language (2002)

Covers the main types of logs in use today, as well as the more common types of open-hole logs. Contents: Introduction to logging Reading logs Mud logging formation parameters Porosity Resistivity measurements Putting it all together Detailed interpretation Computer-generated & specialty logs.
Association Between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and the Corticosteroid‐Binding Globulin Gene ALA SER<sup>224</sup>Polymorphism (2004)

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by idiopathic fatigue of greater than 6 months' duration with postexertional exacerbation and many other symptoms. A trend toward relative hypocortisolism is described in CFS. Twin and family studies indicate a substantial genetic etiologic component to CFS. Recently, severe corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) gene mutations have been associated with CFS in isolated kindreds. Human leukocyte elastase, an enzyme important in CBG catabolism at inflammatory sites, is reported to be elevated in CFS. We hypothesized that CBG gene polymorphisms may act as a genetic risk factor for CFS. A total of 248 patients with CFS defined by Centers for Disease Control criteria, and 248 controls were recruited. Sequencing and restriction enzyme testing of the CBG gene coding region allowed detection of severe CBG gene mutations and a common exon 3 polymorphism (c.825G-->T, Ala-Ser224). Plasma CBG levels were measured in 125 CFS patients and 198 controls by radioimmunoassay. Total and free (calculated and measured) cortisol levels were ascertained in single samples between 8-10 a.m. The age of onset (mid 30s) and gender ratio (2.2:1, female:male) of the patients were similar to those reported in U.S. epidemiologic studies. A trend toward a preponderance of serine224 homozygosity among the CFS patients was noted, compared with controls (chi2 = 5.31, P = 0.07). Immunoreactive-CBG (IR-CBG) levels were higher in Serine/Alanine (Ser/Ala) than Ala/Ala subjects and higher again in Ser/Ser subjects, this effect was strongest in controls; Ser/Ser: 46.1+/-1.8 (n = 31, P = 0.03) vs. Ser/Ala: 42.4+/-1.0 (n = 56, P = 0.05) vs. Ala/Ala: 40.8+/-1.7 microg/mL (n = 21). Despite higher CBG levels, there was a nonsignificant trend toward lower total and free plasma cortisol in serine allele positive patients, total cortisol: Ser/Ser: 13.3+/-1.4 (n = 34) vs. Ser/Ala: 14.0+/-0.7 (n = 66) vs. Ala/Ala: 15.4+/-1.0 (n = 23). Homozygosity for the serine allele of the CBG gene may predispose to CFS, perhaps due to an effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function related to altered CBG-cortisol transport function or immune-cortisol interactions.
Venous malformation-causative TIE2 mutations mediate an AKT-dependent decrease in PDGFB (2013)

Mutations in the endothelial cell (EC) tyrosine kinase receptor TIE2 cause inherited and sporadic forms of venous malformation. The recurrent somatic mutation L914F and common germline mutation R849W differ in terms of phosphorylation level, as well as sub-cellular localization and trafficking of the receptor. Previous studies have shed light on certain pathogenic properties of R849W, but the mechanisms of action of L914F are unknown. We used global gene expression profiling to study the effects of L914F on ECs. We found that L914F strongly dysregulates genes involved in vascular development, cell migration and extracellular matrix processing, while R849W has weak effects. We also demonstrate, for the first time, that TIE2-mutant ECs are deficient in the production of PDGFB, both in vitro and ex vivo in patient tissues. This defect is mediated by the chronic, ligand-independent activation of AKT by the mutant receptors. Inadequate secretion of the major mural cell attractant likely plays an important role in the development of abnormal vascular channels, contributing to the characteristic paucity of surrounding vascular smooth muscle cells.
A Stepwise Procedure for the Fabrication of the NAM Appliance Using Grayson’s Technique (2016)

Rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients is a challenge for all the concerned members of the cleft team, and various treatment modalities have obtained aesthetic results. Nasoalveolar molding (NAM) has gained wide acceptance and evidence in cleft therapy. Nasal moulding seems to be more beneficial and effective in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. The principle objective of presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM) is to reduce the severity of the initial cleft deformity. This enables the surgeon and the patient to enjoy the benefits associated with repair of cleft deformity that is of minimal severity. For the fabrication of such appliances, an impression of the defect is necessary. Impression making in infants with cleft lip and palate is a challenging task.
Genetic deletion of the Nogo receptor does not reduce neurite inhibition <i>in vitro</i> or promote corticospinal tract regeneration <i>in vivo</i> (2005)

Axon regeneration failure in the adult mammalian CNS is attributed in part to the inhibitory nature of CNS myelin. Three myelin-associated, structurally distinct proteins, Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein, and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, have been implicated in this inhibition. Neuronal Nogo receptor (NgR) binds to each of the three inhibitors and has been proposed to mediate their inhibitory signals by complexing with a signal-transducing coreceptor, the neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR). To assess the contribution of NgR to mediating myelin inhibitory signals and regeneration failure in vivo, we generated and characterized NgR-deficient mice. Nogo transcripts are up-regulated in NgR mutants, indicating that NgR regulates Nogo in vivo. However, neurite outgrowth from NgR-deficient postnatal dorsal root ganglion or cerebellar granule neurons is inhibited by myelin and by a Nogo-66 substrate to the same extent as is from wild-type neurons, whereas p75(NTR)-deficient neurons are less inhibited. The NgR ligand-binding domain promotes neurite outgrowth on Nogo-66, regardless of the genotype of the neurons, indicating that the NgR ligand-binding domain can act independent of NgR. Thus, NgR is not essential for mediating inhibitory signals from CNS myelin, at least in the neurons tested, whereas p75(NTR) plays a central role in this response. Neither NgR-nor p75(NTR)-deficient mice showed enhanced regeneration of corticospinal tract axons in comparison with wild-type controls after spinal dorsal hemisection. Our results thus fail to support a central role for NgR in axonal growth inhibition in vitro or in corticospinal tract regeneration block in vivo.
Performance of polysulfone/carboxylated polysulfone membranes (1994)

Abstract Membranes were made from miscible blends of polysulfone (PSf) and carboxylated polysulfone (CPSf) having an average of 0.45 and 0.87 COOH groups per repeated unit. Membranes made from PSf and CPSf alone showed low separation for NaCl, glucose, polyethylene glycol (PEG) of various molecular weights and bovine albumin, from aqueous solutions under an applied pressure of 50 psig and higher. Membranes made from PSf/CPSf of varied blend composition showed higher separation factors for the above solutes. Highest separation was observed in membranes made from an 80/20 wt% PSf/CPSf 0.45 blend, which yielded a separation factor of 0.60 for NaCl, 0.97 for glucose, 0.98 for PEG and 0.99 for bovine albumin under an applied pressure in the range 50–150 psig. This higher performance is believed to be a result of a synergism between PSf and CPSf 0.45 to give a membrane morphology unique among the PSf/CPSf membranes.