gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies (2008)

The increased understanding of the genes and pathogenic mechanism of the LGMDs will improve diagnostic processes and prognostic accuracy, and promote therapeutic strategies. European and global LGMD patient registries will increase current knowledge on natural history and facilitate translational research.
Indium Assisted Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Array Thermal Interface Materials (2006)

The state-of-the-art thermal interface materials (TIMs) for electronic cooling is briefly reviewed with an emphasis on the emerging trend of employing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for enhanced thermal conduction across interfaces. Previous studies on CNT TIMs, however, indicated that despite the high thermal conductivities of CNTs themselves, heat conduction is limited by the direct contact interface between CNTs and the target surface. This has greatly limited the practical application of CNT TIMs. In this study, we thermally welded a thin indium layer between the CNT surface and the target surface, and observed an order of magnitude increase in thermal conductance ~10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6 </sup> W/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> middot K across the interface compared with direct contact interface. With vacuum and cryogenic temperature compatibility, indium assisted CNT TIMs may find their future applications in areas from electronic chip cooling, cryogenic pumps, to thermal management in spacecrafts
Core Decompression With Bone Grafting for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head (2001)

Although core decompression is one of the more popular procedures for treating avascular necrosis, considerable controversy exists concerning its safety and effectiveness. The current authors review the results of a prospective study of 406 hips in 285 patients treated by one surgeon with core decompression and bone grafting. Patients were followed up for 2 to 14 years. The outcome was determined by the change in the Harris hip score, quantitative radiographic measurements, and need for total hip replacement. These hips were compared with 55 hips in 39 patients treated non-operatively and with historic controls. Five complications occurred after 406 procedures including two fractures that resulted from falls during the first postoperative month. Of the 312 hips in 208 patients with a minimum 2-year followup, 36% of hips (113 hips in 90 patients) required hip replacement at a mean of 29 months: 18 of 65 hips (28%) with Stage I disease; 45 of 133 hips (34%) with Stage II disease; three of 13 hips (23%) with Stage III disease; and 45 of 92 hips (49%) with Stage IV disease. Before femoral head collapse (Stages I and II combined) hip replacement was performed in 10 of 77 hips (14%) with small lesions (A), 33 of 68 hips (48%) with intermediate lesions (B), and 20 of 48 hips (42%) with large lesions (C). Results as determined by changes in Harris hip scores and radiographic progression were similar. Patients who underwent core decompression and bone grafting have a very low complication rate. In patients treated before femoral head collapse, the outcome is significantly better than in patients who received symptomatic treatment. The results are correlated with the stage and the size of the necrotic lesion.
Delay Quantization Error in Phased Array Images (1981)

Time quantization errors in phased array systems can cause increased sidelobe amplitude, thereby limiting the dynamic range of the ultrasound system. A simulation program predicting the position and amplitude of these anomalous quantization error grating lobes has been developed to study the effects of transmitted pulse length on the ampli- tude of these anomalous lobes. Three parallel processing techniques for decreasing these sidelobe amplitudes while smoothing the speckle pat- tern are investigated.
Cancer, the outlaw cell (1978)

Completely revised and updated! Contains new information from leading scientists on some of the most promising aspects of cancer research and clinical treatment. Shows how basic concepts of biology and medicine influence experimental study of cancer cells in the laboratory test tube. Examines and appraises non-surgical modes of therapy used in cancer treatment. Beginning with an overview and ending with a controversial chapter on immunotherapy, this new edition includes information on the genetic basis of cancer and the immune response, angiogenesis, and the chemotherapy of cancer. Offers a clear, non-technical perspective on a topic of crucial importance.
Kir2.4: A Novel K<sup>+</sup>Inward Rectifier Channel Associated with Motoneurons of Cranial Nerve Nuclei (1998)

Members of the Kir2 subfamily of inwardly rectifying K+ channels characterized by their strong current rectification are widely expressed both in the periphery and in the CNS in mammals. We have cloned from rat brain a fourth subfamily member, designated Kir2.4 (IRK4), which shares 53-63% similarity to Kir2.1, Kir2.2, or Kir2.3 on the amino acid level. In situ hybridization analysis identifies Kir2.4 as the most restricted of all Kir subunits in the brain. Kir2. 4 transcripts are expressed predominantly in motoneurons of cranial nerve motor nuclei within the general somatic and special visceral motor cell column and thus are uniquely related to a functional system. Heterologous expression of Kir2.4 in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells gives rise to low-conductance channels (15 pS), with an affinity to the channel blockers Ba2+ (Ki = 390 microM) and Cs+ (Ki = 8.06 mM) 30-50-fold lower than in other Kir channels. Low Ba2+ sensitivity allows dissection of Kir2.4 currents from other Kir conductances in hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs) in rat brainstem slices. The finding that Ba2+-mediated block of Kir2.4 in HMs evokes tonic activity and increases the frequency of induced spike discharge indicates that Kir2.4 channels are of major importance in controlling excitability of motoneurons in situ.
Total intravenous anaesthesia techniques for ambulatory surgery (2009)

TIVA is well tolerated and simple. It is associated with less postoperative nausea and vomiting than inhalational anaesthesia and has no residual paralyses as are possible with locoregional techniques. Propofol with remifentanil seems to be the dominating TIVA technique, delivered either by conventional pumps or by target control systems.
[Cloning and the expression of the DNA promotor fragments of Bacillus thuringiensis in Escherichia coli cells]. (1981)

The promoter-containing fragments of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleria 69-6 DNA have been cloned on the pGA24 vector in Escherichia coli cells. The recombinant plasmids make cells resistant to tetracycline in a wide range. The level of tetracycline-resistance does not depend on the length of a foreign insertion. New polypeptides are synthesized on the template of the recombinant plasmids in vitro. The data point out the presence in Bac. thuringiensis DNA of many genes which are able to express in E. coli cells.
A laboratory EXAFS spectrometer in transmission dispersive mode (1994)

A laboratory spectrometer designed for routine extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements in dispersive mode is described. Factors determining energy range and resolution are detailed. An empirical energy calibration procedure is proposed. EXAFS spectra obtained for copper and zirconium metal foil and molecular complex ZrOCl2 compare favorably with data obtained using a conventional synchrotron facility.
[Identification of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses by restriction analysis]. (1991)

The restriction endonucleases Bam HI, Pst I, Sla I were used to study DNA of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of bollworm, two NPV isolates of cabbage moth, NPV of black arches moth isolated from a natural population of caterpillars. The mean molecular sizes of virus genomes were calculated. Genotypic differences between two isolates of cabbage moth NPV were demonstrated. Heterogeneity of a natural isolate of black arches moth NPV was established.
pH-Responsive Poly(<scp>d</scp>,<scp>l</scp>-lactic-<i>co</i>-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles with Rapid Antigen Release Behavior Promote Immune Response (2015)

In the quest to treat intracellular infectious diseases and virus infection, nanoparticles (NPs) have been considered to be efficient tools for inducing potent immune responses, specifically cellular immunity. Antigen processing and presenting by antigen presenting cells (APCs) could influence immune response, especially the priming of T-cell-mediated cellular immunity. Here, we fabricated pH-responsive poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs with rapid antigen intracellular release behavior in APCs. The NPs, which had thin shells and large inner space, contain ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), which could regulate release in endosomes and lysosomes, acting as an antigen release promoter in dendritic cells (DCs), and were coencapsulated with antigen (ovalbumin, OVA). Hydrogen ions (H(+)) in DC endosomes and lysosomes (pH ∼5.0 and 6.5) could react with NH4HCO3 to generate NH3 and CO2, which broke NPs and released antigens. After uptake by DCs, antigens encapsulated in pH-responsive PLGA NPs could escape from lysosomes into the cytoplasm and be cross-presented. Moreover, the NPs induced up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and stimulated cytokine production. Mouse immunization with pH-responsive PLGA NPs induced greater lymphocyte activation, more antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, stronger cytotoxic capacity (IFN-γ and granzyme B), enhanced antigen-specific IgG antibodies, and higher serum IgG2a/IgG1, indicating cellular immunity. The NPs also improved generation of memory T cells to protect against reinfection. Thus, pH-responsive PLGA NPs, which induced strong cellular immune responses and offered antibody protection, could be potentially useful as effective vaccine delivery and adjuvant systems for the therapy of intracellular infectious diseases and virus infection.
BSE situation and establishment of Food Safety Commission in Japan (2006)

Eight major policies were implemented by Japanese Government since Oct. 2001, to deal with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). These are; 1) Surveillance in farm by veterinarian, 2) Prion test at healthy 1.3mi cows/yr, by veterinarian, 3) Elimination of specified risk material (SRM), 4) Ban of MBM for production, sale use, 5) Prion test for fallen stocks, 6) Transparent information and traceability, 7) New Measures such as Food Safety Basic Law, and 8) Establish of Food Safety Commission in the Cabinet Office. At this moment, the extent of SRM risk has only been indicated by several reports employing tests with a limited sensitivity. There is still a possibility that the items in the SRM list will increase in the future, and this indiscriminately applies to Japanese cattle as well. Although current practices of SRM elimination partially guarantee total food safety, additional latent problems and imminent issues remain as potential headaches to be addressed. If the index of SRM elimination cannot guarantee reliable food safety, we have but to resort to total elimination of tissues from high risk-bearing and BSE-infected animals. However, current BSE tests have their limitations and can not yet completely detect highrisk and/or infected animals. Under such circumstances, tissues/wastes and remains of diseased, affected fallen stocks and cohort animals have to be eliminated to prevent BSE invading the human food chain systems. The failure to detect any cohort should never be allowed to occur, and with regular and persistent updating of available stringent records, we are at least adopting the correct and useful approach as a reawakening strategy to securing food safety. In this perspective, traceability based on a National Identification System is required.
Adoptive immunity transferred by naive donor cells immunized in vitro. (1989)

Speedy restoration of immune responsiveness in bone marrow recipients has been the objective of studies in which the donor was immunized so that specific immunologic memory could be transferred adoptively and selectively. Using unrelated rabbits, matched for major histocompatibility antigens but mismatched for their immunoglobulin allotypes, it could be shown that recipients of lymphoid cells from naive donors became B cell chimeras but did not use donor-derived B cells for their antibody responses to test antigens. In contrast, cells from donors primed for such antigens dominated antibody production in recipients in response to specific challenge. Clonal restriction in such adoptive responses was demonstrated. We now show that the induction of effective memory in cells from naive donors can be achieved in vitro during the preparation of donor cells for transfer to the recipient. Early challenge of the recipient enhances expression of the transferred immune response quantitatively and also results in the establishment or preservation of a larger diversity of clones from the donor.
In vitro microsomal metabolism of the leukotriene receptor antagonist, 5-(2-dodecylphenyl)-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid (SK&F 102,081). (1987)

In vivo experiments indicate that the major route of metabolism of SK&F 102,081 [5-(2-dodecylphenyl)-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid] is via omega-oxidation and subsequent beta-oxidation. Therefore, in vitro experiments were designed to characterize the initial reaction of this pathway, omega-hydroxylation. SK&F 102,081 was metabolized by rat hepatic microsomes to two products; mass spectral analysis indicated that these products were the omega (omega) and omega minus one (omega-1) hydroxylated metabolites, 5-[2-(12-hydroxy)dodecylphenyl]-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid and 5-[2-(11-hydroxy)dodecylphenyl]-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid, respectively. NADPH and oxygen were required for the formation of these metabolites. Kinetic analysis of omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylations of SK&F 102,081 indicated that the apparent Km for (omega-1)-hydroxylation (52.6 microM) was approximately 2.5-fold higher than the apparent Km for omega-hydroxylation (22.0 microM). Furthermore, the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, metyrapone, produced differential inhibition of omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylation. In addition, the terminal acetylenic analogue of SK&F 102,081, SK&F 103,600 (5-[2-(11-dodecynyl)phenyl]-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid), produced differential suicide inactivation of SK&F 102,081 omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylations. These studies indicate that the omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylations of SK&F 102,081 are probably carried out by different isozymes of hepatic cytochrome P-450 in the rat. Furthermore, the isozymes that hydroxylate SK&F 102,081 at the omega- and (omega-1)-positions may be similar to those which mediate similar reactions on endogenous compounds such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Seeing into Old Age: Vision Function Beyond Acuity (1999)

Standard visual acuity underestimates the degree of vision function loss suffered by many older individuals under the nonoptimal viewing conditions encountered in daily life. All spatial vision functions show a similar rate of decline with age of the population, but the age at which decline begins varies among measures.
Beamforming techniques for large-N aperture arrays (2010)

Beamforming is central to the processing function of all phased arrays and becomes particularly challenging with a large number of antenna element (e.g. >100,000). The ability to beamform efficiently with reasonable power requirements is discussed in this paper. Whilst the most appropriate beamforming technology will change over time due to semiconductor and processing developments, we present a hierarchical structure which is technology agnostic and describe both Radio-Frequency (RF) and digital hierarchical beamforming approaches. We present implementations of both RF and digital beamforming systems on two antenna array demonstrators, namely the Electronic Multi Beam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt (EMBRACE) and the dualpolarisation all-digital array (2-PAD). This paper will compare and contrast both digital and analogue implementations without considering the deep system design of these arrays.
Modeling infectious disease dynamics in the complex landscape of global health (2015)

Despite some notable successes in the control of infectious diseases, transmissible pathogens still pose an enormous threat to human and animal health. The ecological and evolutionary dynamics of infections play out on a wide range of interconnected temporal, organizational, and spatial scales, which span hours to months, cells to ecosystems, and local to global spread. Moreover, some pathogens are directly transmitted between individuals of a single species, whereas others circulate among multiple hosts, need arthropod vectors, or can survive in environmental reservoirs. Many factors, including increasing antimicrobial resistance, increased human connectivity and changeable human behavior, elevate prevention and control from matters of national policy to international challenge. In the face of this complexity, mathematical models offer valuable tools for synthesizing information to understand epidemiological patterns, and for developing quantitative evidence for decision-making in global health.
Grammar‐based Encoding of Facades (2010)

Abstract In this paper we propose a real‐time rendering approach for procedural cities. Our first contribution is a new lightweight grammar representation that compactly encodes facade structures and allows fast per‐pixel access. We call this grammar F ‐shade. Our second contribution is a prototype rendering system that renders an urban model from the compact representation directly on the GPU. Our suggested approach explores an interesting connection from procedural modeling to real‐time rendering. Evaluating procedural descriptions at render time uses less memory than the generation of intermediate geometry. This enables us to render large urban models directly from GPU memory.
A perspective on economic transition in Czechoslovakia and Eastern Europe : keynote address (1990)

The conference began with a keynote address by the Minister of Finance for the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. He noted that this conference will focus on development problems, on transitions from one economic system to another, transitions from adjustment to growth, transitions from temporary acceleration of growth to sustainable development.
Lettre rectificatrice au sujet des découverte dans la nécropole de Tanis (Égypte) (1939)

Montet Pierre. Lettre rectificatrice au sujet des découverte dans la nécropole de Tanis (Égypte). In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 83ᵉ année, N. 2, 1939. p. 188.
An Inductive Assertion Method for Register Transfer Level Design Verification (1983)

This paper extends Floyd's inductive assertion method to formal verification of register transfer level (RTL) hardware descriptions. An RTL description with imbedded assertions about machine state will be the input to the verifier. The formal semantics of an RTL language for synchronous designs are defined, to make mechanical generation of verification conditions (VC's) possible. These VC's are to be fed to a theorem prover. Proof of all the VC's constitutes complete verification. The semantic rules define how time advances, in addition to how machine variables change. These rules make possible verification of real-time performance as well as logical correctness. Such real-time performance verification is important for some hardware designs. The paper also emphasizes the differences between software and hardware verification. An example is given to illustrate the formal verification method.
ATM and MPLS Theory and Application: Foundations of Multi-Service Networking (2002)

From the Publisher:
Tap into the power of ATM and MPLS technology with this definitive guide. Focusing on practical application over theory, this book combines background information with detailed treatment of all key areas of ATM and MPLS technology -- making this an essential resource. You'll find details on the topologies, protocols, and services used in today's digital communications networks, and read provocative predictions about how ATM and MPLS might evolve. Detailed, informative, and comprehensive, this is the ultimate resource for understanding and working with this essential and powerful networking technology.
Code Tracking Loop Performance Including the Effects of Channel Filtering and Gaussian Interference (2000)

This report addresses the linearized tracking performance
of an early-late type code tracking loop with arbitrary
amplitude symmetric code symbols using BPSK
modulation, such as is common for GPS receivers.
Examples of this type of code symbol include a nonreturn-
to-zero (NRZ), a Manchester, and a Binary Offset
Carrier (BOC) code symbol. Basically any 1 ± valued
symbol falls into this class of code symbols. In addition
to the general code symbol shape, the early-to-late code
correlator spacing can be anywhere from very small to one
code symbol. Since many code tracking systems are faced
with the need to operate in a channel in which the filtering
is not negligible, the analysis takes into account the
filtering effects of the channel, including the transmitter
and the receiver. In particular, it is assumed that the
composite baseband equivalent filter is complex
symmetric. The results apply to any direct sequence code
tracking loop system of the type described here and
include arbitrary Gaussian interference. In this report the
interference is assumed to be composed of the usual white
Gaussian thermal noise, plus an interference process
which is assumed to be caused by an unintentional
interfering signal, and is modeled as a Gaussian random
process.
Efficient diffraction-limited beam combining of semiconductor laser diode arrays using photorefractive BaTiO/sub 3/ (1990)

Beam combining of 820-nm-wavelength laser diodes using two-wave mixing in BaTiO/sub 3/ is reported. Energy transfer efficiencies up to 80% were obtained with an index-guided diode. Efficient beam combining of two injection-locked laser arrays was demonstrated. Nearly 100 mW power in a diffraction-limited beam was obtained on the combined beam. Crystal response time of the order of a few seconds was measured.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Time Resolved Characterization of Diesel Particulate Emissions. 1. Instruments for Particle Mass Measurements (2001)

The measurement of diesel vehicle exhaust particulate mass is currently accomplished using filter collection methods according to the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Such filter methods limit time resolution to a minimum of several minutes, making it impossible to study emissions during transient operating conditions. Extensive testing of five different measurement methods has demonstrated that fast response measurements of diesel exhaust particulate mass concentrations, consistent with CFR filter measurements, are feasible using existing technology. The measurement principles of choice are the real time weighing of exhaust samples as implemented in the tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) and the measurement of light scattering from exhaust particles as implemented in the DustTrak nephelometer. Each of these two instruments has distinctive strengths. The TEOM excels in the area of constant calibration, independent of vehicle. For the DustTrak, this calibration varies by vehicle. On the other hand, the DustTrak has an excellent signal-to-noise ratio, freedom from interference due to other exhaust sample properties, good time resolution, and simplicity. The strengths of the two measurement methods are complimentary, so an obvious suggestion is to integrate them. The nephelometer would obtain a fast response signal, with near real time calibration provided by the microbalance.