gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of multiblanker electron-beam technology (2000)

A set of multiple electron-beam (e-beam) aperture/blanker chips have been fabricated using silicon microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) techniques. The aperture sizes range from 8 to 4 μm (nominal) squares, and the chip configurations feature either eight individually controlled monopolar blanker electrodes or four bipolar electrode pairs. The chips replace the shapers of a 20 kV AEBLE™ shaped e-beam lithography column. The apertures in the chips convert an incident 150 μm diameter e-beam into multiple beamlets. Each beamlet can be independently blanked off of a 100 μm aperture placed at the following beam crossover. Data are presented that demonstrates the ability to independently blank each beamlet by applying 10 V. Magnified images of the beamlets show square or rectangular shapes with sharp corners, indicating that the apertures were properly fabricated. The degree of electrostatic blanker crosstalk was measured and found to be up to 15% at the crossover plane for different pairs of beamlets, but no observable beam displacement occurred at the image plane. We compared the experimental results to a rough model that estimates the effect of the electrostatic field distribution of one excited blanker electrode on the unblanked beams. The results matched to within 20%.
Structural Differences between Subtype A and B Strains of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (1986)

Differences in the properties of homologous intracellular structural components of eight strains of subtype A and eight strains of subtype B of human respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were examined. The size of the fusion (F) protein cleavage products and the phosphoprotein (P) showed systematic differences between virus strains representing the two subtypes. The apparent mol. wt. in SDS-polyacrylamide gels under reducing conditions was 48,000 (48K) and 46K to 47K for the cleavage product F1 in subtype A and B strains, respectively. The size of the F2 protein was 18K to 20K. The subtype B strains showed a slightly higher mol. wt. of this protein compared to the subtype A strains. The size of the P protein was 36K in subtype A strains, but only 34K in subtype B strains. Variations also occurred in the size of the glycoprotein (G) and the 22K to 24K structural protein. These variations did not correlate with the virus subtypes, but were strain-specific. The size of non-glycosylated forms of the F protein cleavage products was determined by use of material from tunicamycin-treated cells. A 44K to 45K non-glycosylated form of the F1 protein was detected with subtype A virus strains, but the corresponding protein of subtype B strains was not reproducibly identified, presumably due to instability in the absence of glycosylation or altered antigenicity. Monoclonal antibody immunosorbent-bound viral glycoproteins were partially digested with proteases. The pattern of breakdown products of the F1 protein was distinctly different between subtype A and B strains, but it was similar among strains of the same subtype. No subtype-specific pattern was seen in proteolytic digests of monoclonal antibody-bound G protein.
A force-directed macro-cell placer (2000)

In this paper we present a novel force-directed placement algorithm, which is used to solve macro-cell placement problems. A new wire model replaces the traditional clique model and makes possible early awareness of routing congestion. Issues such as cell orientation, overlap elimination, and pad positioning are also considered. Experiments show satisfactory performance and fast run time.
Fabrication of giant magneto resistance sensing devices with vertically grown <inline-formula><math display="inline" overflow="scroll"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Co</mi><mo>∕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mi></mrow></math></inline-formula> nanowires on a substrate (2009)

We describe the fabrication and analysis of a giant magneto resistance (GMR) sensing device with multilayered magnetic nanowires containing alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers on a silicon substrate. Multilayered nanowires with Co and Cu layers were vertically grown using pulsed electrochemical deposition to control the periodic structure of nanolayers in a nanopore template. Lithography-assisted template bonding (LATB) was applied to attach a polymer nanopore membrane and grow nanowires on silicon and polyimide substrates. For magnetic field sensing, the multilayered nanowires were electrically connected to top and bottom electrodes by overgrowing nanowires, and low contact resistance values of GMR sensing devices were achieved. The GMR effect was measured with magnetic field changes perpendicular and parallel to the axis of the nanowires. This simple fabrication process is highly favorable for the development of nanoscale electronics with magnetic nanowires at low cost and would offer large design flexibility.
Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Three Zingiberaceae from S.Tomé e Príncipe (2001)

The essential oil composition of three Zingiberaceae widely used as medicinal aromatic plants from S. Tomé and Príncipe: Aframomum danielli (Hook. f.) K. Schum., Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. was studied. Two samples of the essential oils from fruit of A. danielli and from rhizomes of the other two species, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC, GC-MS, and (13)C-NMR. The essential oil from fruits of A. danielli has been studied for the first time and was characterised by its high content of monoterpenes, with 1,8-cineole (25.5 - 34.4 %) the major constituent, followed by beta-pinene (14.1 - 15.2 %) and alpha-terpineol (9.9 - 12.1 %). Essential oils from the rhizomes of C. longa contained a lower content of ar-turmerone (4.0 - 12.8 %) than those reported in the literature for C. longa from other origins (24.7 - 31.4 %), whereas the results for Z. officinale essential oils were in accordance with the literature data. The essential oils of A. danielli and Z. officinale showed antimicrobial activity against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested, as well as against yeasts and filamentous fungi, using the agar diffusion method.
The Chemokine Fractalkine Inhibits Fas-Mediated Cell Death of Brain Microglia (2000)

Fractalkine is a CX3C-family chemokine, highly and constitutively expressed on the neuronal cell surface, for which a clear CNS physiological function has yet to be determined. Its cognate receptor, CX3CR-1, is constitutively expressed on microglia, the brain-resident macrophages; however, these cells do not express fractalkine. We now show that treatment of microglia with fractalkine maintains cell survival and inhibits Fas ligand-induced cell death in vitro. Biochemical characterization indicates that this occurs via mechanisms that may include 1) activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B pathway, resulting in phosphorylation and blockade of the proapoptotic functions of BAD; 2) up-regulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL; and 3) inhibition of the cleavage of BH3-interacting domain death agonist (BID). The observation that fractalkine serves as a survival factor for primary microglia in part by modulating the protein levels and the phosphorylation status of Bcl-2 family proteins reveals a novel physiological role for chemokines. These results, therefore, suggest that the interaction between fractalkine and CX3CR-1 may play an important role in promoting and preserving microglial cell survival in the CNS.
Functional renormalization-group study of the doping dependence of pairing symmetry in the iron pnictide superconductors (2009)

We use the functional renormalization group to analyze the phase diagram of a four-band model for the iron pnictides subject to band interactions with certain ${A}_{1g}$ momentum dependence. We determine the parameter regimes where an extended $s$-wave pairing instability with and without nodes emerges. For electron doping, the parameter regime in which a nodal gap appears is in correspondence to recent predictions [A. Chubukov et al., arXiv:0903.5547 (unpublished)], however, at very low ${T}_{c}$. Upon hole doping, the $s$-wave gap never becomes nodal: above a critical strength of the intraband repulsion, the system favors an exotic extended $d$-wave instability on the enlarged hole pockets. At half filling, we find that a strong momentum dependence of interband pair hopping yields an extended $s$-wave instability instead of spin-density wave ordering. These results demonstrate that an interaction anisotropy around the Fermi surfaces generally leads to a pronounced sensitivity of the pairing state on the system parameters.
Cloning and sequence analysis of the human brain β‐adrenergic receptor (1987)

Two cDNA clones, lambda-CLFV-108 and lambda-CLFV-119, encoding for the beta-adrenergic receptor, have been isolated from a human brain stem cDNA library. One human genomic clone, LCV-517 (20 kb), was characterized by restriction mapping and partial sequencing. The human brain beta-receptor consists of 413 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 46480. The gene contains three potential glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites. The beta-receptor expressed in human brain was homology with rodent (88%) and avian (52%) beta-receptors and with porcine muscarinic cholinergic receptors (31%), supporting our proposal [(1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 272 276] that adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors are structurally related. This represents the first cloning of a neurotransmitter receptor gene from human brain.
Inverted organic photovoltaic cells (2016)

The advance in lifestyle, modern industrialization and future technological revolution are always at high expense of energy consumption. Unfortunately, there exist serious issues such as limited storage, high cost and toxic contamination in conventional fossil fuel energy sources. Instead, solar energy represents a renewable, economic and green alternative in the future energy market. Among the photovoltaic technologies, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) demonstrate a cheap, flexible, clean and easy-processing way to convert solar energy into electricity. However, OPVs with a conventional device structure are still far away from industrialization mainly because of their short lifetime and the energy-intensive deposition of top metal electrode. To address the stability and cost issue simultaneously, an inverted device structure has been introduced into OPVs, bridging laboratory research with practical application. In this review, recent progress in device structures, working mechanisms, functions and advances of each component layer as well their correlations with the efficiency and stability of inverted OPVs are reviewed and illustrated.
Ultrapyrolysis of automobile shredder residue (1995)

Abstract A fast pyrolysis (Ultrapyrolysis) process was employed to convert automobile shredder residue (ASR) into chemical products. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 700 and 850°C with residence times between 0.3 and 1.4 seconds. Pyrolysis products included 59 to 68 mass% solid residue, 13 to 23 mass% pyrolysis gas (dry) and 4 to 12 mass% pyrolytic water from a feed containing 39 mass% organic matter and 2 mass% moisture. No measurable amounts of liquid pyrolysis oil were produced. The five most abundant pyrolysis gases, in vol%, were CO (18–29), CO 2 (20–23), CH 4 (17–22), C 2 H 4 (20–22) and C 3 H 6 (1–11), accounting for more than 90% of the total volume. The use of a higher organic content ASR feed (58 mass%) resulted in less solid residue and more pyrolysis gas. However, no significant changes were noted in the composition of the pyrolysis gas.
1 μs tunable delay using parametric mixing and optical phase conjugation in Si waveguides (2009)

We demonstrate continuously tunable optical delays as large as 1.1 micros range for 10 Gb/s NRZ optical signals based on four-wave mixing (FWM) process in silicon waveguide. The large delay range is made possible by a novel wavelength-optimized optical phase conjugation scheme, which allows for tunable dispersion compensation to minimize the residual group-velocity dispersion (GVD) for the entire tuning range.
The Capability of Skin Conductance to Monitor Pain Compared to Other Physiological Pain Assessment Tools in Children and Neonates (2013)

Background: In some European countries and the US it is mandatory to assess and treat pain. In Pubmed there are more than 240 papers when searching for “skin conductance” and “pain”.\nAims: The aim is to review the utility of the skin conductance responses (SCR)/sec to assess pain in infants and children.\nStudy design: Two searches in Pubmed, where one includes the key words “skin conductance”, “pain”, and “children”. Search two included “skin conductance”, “pain”, and “infants”. The finds in these searches are discussed and compared with other physiological pain assessment tools.\nOutcome measures: Search one; regarding children, included twelve papers, and search two, regarding infants, included 20 papers.\nResults: All the found papers show that the SCR/sec increases during defined painful procedures. Postoperatively, at intensive care units, and at neonatal units, the SCR/sec shows high sensitivity to monitor pain, but a lower specificity. The the SCR/sec is the most accurate means to assess pain when compared to the HR and peripheral oxygen saturation.\nHR is influenced from respiratory rhythm, changes in blood volume status, drugs acting on the blood circulation, environmental temperature, and emotional stress, and is therefore less specific to pain than the SCR/sec which only is influenced from emotional stress. For infants and children, variation for SCR/sec is low compared to HR and peripheral oxygen saturation when the patients are at the same pain/discomfort level.\nConclusions: The SCR/sec could be adjunctive warning tool for when to validate possible pain.\nCopyright 2013 Storm H. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
An Absolute Requirement for P-Selectin in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Leukocyte Recruitment in Cremaster Muscle (1998)

Objective: To systematically examine a role for P-selectin in a model of striated muscle ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Methods: Ischemia was induced in the cremaster muscle of mice by occluding the main feeding arteriole for 30 minutes. Blood flow was then restored to allow for 60 minutes of reperfusion and leukocyte kinetics were assessed during the control period (before I/R) and at 5, 30, and 60 minutes of reperfusion. To study a role for P-selectin in this model, three different approaches were used: Wildtype animals received fucoidin (10 mg/kg, iv), an anti-P-selectin antibody (RB40.34; 20 mg/animal, iv) at 25 minutes of ischemia, or I/R was induced in P-selectin-deficient mice. Results: Ischemia/reperfusion induced a rapid and significant increase in leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and emigration in wild-type mice. The I/R-induced increase in leukocyte rolling was transient, inasmuch as it was reduced by approximately 50% at 30 minutes of reperfusion, and returned to control levels by 60 minutes. Both fucoidin and an anti-P-selectin antibody completely prevented the I/R-induced increase in leukocyte rolling. The P-selectin-deficient animals exhibited absolutely no baseline leukocyte rolling, adhesion, or emigration. Furthermore, I/R did not induce any increase in leukocyte recruitment in the Pselectin-deficient animals over the first 60 minutes of reperfusion. Conclusion: The results from this study clearly illustrate that P-selectin is absolutely critical in both baseline and I/R-induced leukocyte infiltration in the murine-striated muscle.
[Evaluation of a compact device for capnometry of main-stream type compared with one of side-stream type in a postoperative care unit]. (2006)

We conclude that the main-stream system is a better monitor of postoperative respiratory condition.
Molecular and biochemical detection of fengycin- and bacillomycin D-producing <i>Bacillus</i> spp., antagonistic to fungal pathogens of canola and wheat (2007)

Bacillus species are well known for their ability to control plant diseases through various mechanisms, including the production of secondary metabolites. Bacillus subtilis DFH08, an antagonist of Fusarium graminearum, and other Bacillus spp. that are antagonists of common fungal pathogens of canola were screened for peptide synthetase biosynthetic genes of fengycin and bacillomycin D. Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers identified B. subtilis strains DFH08 and 49 for the presence of the fenD gene of the fengycin operon. Bacillus cereus DFE4, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains DFE16 and BS6, and B. subtilis 49 were identified for the presence of the bamC gene of the bacillomycin D synthetase biosynthetic operon. Both fengycin and bacillomycin D were detected in the culture extract of strain Bs49, characterized through MALDI-TOF-MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization - time of flight - mass spectrometry), and their antifungal activities demonstrated against F. graminearum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This study designed and used specific PCR primers for the detection of potential fengycin- and bacillomycin D-producing bacterial antagonists and confirmed the molecular detection with the biochemical detection of the corresponding antibiotic produced. This is also the first report of a B. cereus strain (DFE4) to have bacillomycin D biosynthetic genes. Bacteria that synthesize these lipopeptides could act as natural genetic sources for genetic engineering of the peptide synthetases for production of novel peptides.
Acoustic positioning using a tetrahedral ultrashort baseline array of an acoustic modem source transmitting frequency-hopped sequences (2007)

Acoustic communications and positioning are vital aspects of unmanned underwater vehicle operations. The usage of separate units on each vehicle has become an issue in terms of frequency bandwidth, space, power, and cost. Most vehicles rely on acoustic modems transmitting frequency-hopped multiple frequency-shift keyed sequences for command-and-control operations, which can be used to locate the vehicle with a good level of accuracy without requiring extra signal transmission. In this paper, an ultrashort baseline acoustic positioning technique has been designed, simulated, and tested to locate an acoustic modem source in three dimensions using a tetrahedral, half-wavelength acoustic antenna. The position estimation is performed using the detection sequence contained in each message, which is a series of frequency-hopped pulses. Maximum likelihood estimation of azimuth and elevation estimation is performed using a varying number of pulse and various signal-to-noise ratios. Simulated and measured position estimation error match closely, and indicate that the accuracy of this system improves dramatically as the number of pulses processed increases, given a fixed signal-to-noise ratio.
High performance textiles for ballistic protection (2011)

The protective textiles market is growing due to increasingly rigorous requirements for human safety, rising liability concerns and the need for higher levels of clothing performance. This study provides comprehensive analysis of fibres, materials and manufacturing methods used to make protective textiles for use in ballistic protection and safety applications. It provides details about natural and synthetic fibres used for making of ballistic armour, vests and other similar materials. The study not only gives an emphasis on the ballistic protection at military level but it also illustrates its use for civilians.
The Preferential Synthesis of  -Galactosidase in Escherichia coli (1955)

Summary: The induced formation of β-galactosidase in relation to overall protein synthesis in Escherichia coli was examined under conditions where the enzyme inducer was required for growth. There was, initially, a substantial production of β-galactosidase without any detectable increase in total cell protein. This phenomenon has been termed ‘preferential’ β-galactosidase synthesis. The occurrence of preferential β-galactosidase synthesis indicates that β-galactosidase formation is a discrete event in cellular metabolism, and is not necessarily geared to overall cell growth. The data obtained also suggest that the carbon source(s) for preferential β-galactosidase synthesis might be of endogenous origin.
Structural studies of KNiPO<sub>4</sub>at high temperature (1996)

Abstract The structure of the high temperature phases of KNiPO4 has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction and polarised light microscopy. This compound undergoes two phase transitions. At 486°C it undergoes an isomorphous first order phase transition where the Ni2+ ions change their coordination from 5 to 4. At 581°C the crystals transform into a non-polar phase with space group Pnma.
Silicon Photonics Optical Transmitter Technology for Tb/s-class I/O Co-packaged with CPU (2014)

In the near future, Tb/s-class large-capacity input/output (I/O) circuits are considered to be necessary for high-end CPUs used in high-performance computing (HPC) systems and high-performance servers due to the progress in processing performance of the CPUs. A high-performance I/O using optical transmission technology is attracting public attention as a technology to overcome the limitations of a conventional electric I/O in terms of size and power consumption. Particularly, an integrated optical I/O chip based on silicon (Si) photonics technology is a very promising candidate to realize a Tb/s-class large-capacity I/O chip of a size that allows it to be co-packaged with a CPU. This paper describes the current status of progress in Fujitsu Laboratories’ approaches to develop the Si optical transmitter for a large-capacity optical I/O chip. To realize the co-packaging of a large-capacity optical I/O chip in a CPU package, it is essential to realize a Si optical transmitter that ensures stable operation with low power even under drastic fluctuations of operation temperature. Therefore, the authors proposed a novel Si optical transmitter scheme using a highly energy-efficient Si ring modulator to operate stably without a complex wavelength-tuning procedure. A prototype integrated optical transmitter based on this scheme was fabricated and evaluated. The evaluation results showed that an integrated Si optical transmitter chip could operate at 10 Gb/s without any wavelength tuning over a temperature range of 25 to 60°C. Further, supported by successful developments of a compact-size, high-performance laser source using flip-chip bonding technology as well as a 4-ch integrated Si hybrid laser array for wavelength division multiplexing, there are certain prospects for application of a Si optical transmitter for large-capacity optical I/O chips.