gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Portable Fourier transform infrared spectroradiometer for field measurements of radiance and emissivity (1996)

A hand-held, battery-powered Fourier transform infrared spectroradiometer weighing 12.5 kg has been developed for the field measurement of spectral radiance from the Earth's surface and atmosphere in the 3-5-µm and 8-14-µm atmospheric windows, with a 6-cm(-1) spectral resolution. Other versions of this instrument measure spectral radiance between 0.4 and 20 µm, using different optical materials and detectors, with maximum spectral resolutions of 1 cm(-1). The instrument tested here has a measured noise-equivalent delta T of 0.01 °C, and it measures surface emissivities, in the field, with an accuracy of 0.02 or better in the 8-14-µm window (depending on atmospheric conditions), and within 0.04 in accessible regions of the 3-5-µm window. The unique, patented design of the interferometer has permitted operation in weather ranging from 0 to 45 °C and 0 to 100% relative humidity, and in vibration-intensive environments such as moving helicopters. The instrument has made field measurements of radiance and emissivity for 3 yr without loss of optical alignment. We describe the design of the instrument and discuss methods used to calibrate spectral radiance and calculate spectral emissivity from radiance measurements. Examples of emissivity spectra are shown for both the 3-5-µm and 8-14-µm atmospheric windows.
Simultaneous dual-mode excitation of piezo-on-silicon micromechanical oscillator for self-temperature sensing (2011)

This paper demonstrates a dual-mode (DM) oscillator which simultaneously excites the fundamental and third-order modes of a micromachined, piezo-on-silicon bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator for real-time self-temperature measurement. By concurrently measuring the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) at 30 MHz (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> ) and 87 MHz (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ), a beat frequency (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> ) with TCF of 162 ppm/°C is extracted. Phase measurements of the third-order harmonic before and after DM excitation show signal degradation close to carrier and improvement far from carrier. This is attributed to the loaded Q of both modes and the introduction of spurious modes near resonance. In addition, the beat frequency linearity is compared over several devices with varying Q, confirming that Q of each individual mode directly affects the oscillator stability and ultimately temperature measurement accuracy.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY OF CO-PRECIPITATED IRON OXIDE CATALYSTS (1997)

ABSTRACT Iron oxide Fischer-Tropsch catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method to incorporate varying amounts of silica (SiO2) and a constant amount of potassium oxide (K2O) promoters. The sol-gel slurries containing different Fe/Si ratios were dried using a spray dryer. The spray-dried materials were calcined at 300°C prior to the use as catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental dot mapping (EDM) techniques, was utilized to characterize the structural morphology for these promoted iron oxide catalysts. The results indicate that the promoters (SiO2, k2O) are evenly distributed throughout the catalysts, and no agglomerated regions of iron, silica or potassium could be observed. Thus, the sol-gel preparation, followed by spray drying produces industrial catalysts of fine particle morphology and a uniform distribution of the promoters.
Zinc oxide nanostructures for electrochemical cortisol biosensing (2014)

In this paper, we report on fabrication of a label free, highly sensitive and selective electrochemical cortisol immunosensors using one dimensional (1D) ZnO nanorods (ZnO-NRs) and two dimensional nanoflakes (ZnO-NFs) as immobilizing matrix. The synthesized ZnO nanostructures (NSs) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selective area diffraction (SAED) and photoluminescence spectra (PL) which showed that both ZnO-NRs and ZnO-NFs are single crystalline and oriented in [0001] direction. Anti-cortisol antibody (Anti-C<sub>ab</sub>) are used as primary capture antibodies to detect cortisol using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The charge transfer resistance increases linearly with increase in cortisol concentration and exhibits a sensitivity of 3.078 KΩ. M<sup>-1</sup> for ZnO-NRs and 540 Ω. M <sup>-1</sup> for ZnO-NFs. The developed ZnO-NSs based immunosensor is capable of detecting cortisol at 1 pM. The observed sensing parameters are in physiological range. The developed sensors can be integrated with microfluidic system and miniaturized potentiostat to detect cortisol at point-of-care.
An Architecture-Independent Unified Approach to FPGA Routing (1993)

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are an inexpensive and flexible low risk design alternative to custom integrated circuits. While FPGA partitioning and technology mapping have been well-studied, FPGA routing has received much less attention. In this paper we propose a unified general framework for FPGA routing, which allows simultaneous optimization of multiple competing objectives under a smooth designer-controlled tradeoff. Our approach is based on a new and general multi-weighted graph formulation, enabling a good theoretical performance characterization, as well as an effective, practical implementation. Our router is architecture-independent, computationally efficient, and performs very well on industrial benchmarks. Finally, our multi-weighted graph formulation is quite general and is directly applicable to many other areas of combinatorial optimization.
MagnetoSuture: Tetherless Manipulation of Suture Needles (2020)

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of ligation and tissue penetration for surgical suturing tasks using magnetically actuated suture needles. Manipulation of suture needles in minimally invasive surgery involves using articulated manual/robotic tools for needle steering and controlling needle-tissue or thread-tissue interactions. The large footprints of conventional articulated surgical tools significantly increase surgical invasiveness, potentially leading to longer recovery times, tissue damage, scarring, or associated infections. Aiming to address these issues, we investigate the feasibility of using magnetic fields to tetherlessly steer suture needles. The primary challenge of such a concept is to provide sufficient force for tissue penetration and ligation. In this work, we demonstrate proof-of-concept capabilities using the MagnetoSuture™ system, performing tissue penetration and ligation tasks using <i>ex vivo</i> tissues, customized NdFeB suture needles with attached threads, and remote-controlled magnetic fields. To evaluate the system performance, we conducted experiments demonstrating tetherless recreation of a purse string suture pattern, ligation of an excised segment of a rat intestine, and penetration of rat intestines.
Zinc Ions Inhibit the Qp Center of Bovine Heart Mitochondrial bc1 Complex by Blocking a Protonatable Group (1995)

Bovine heart bc1 complex is reversibly inhibited by zinc ions with an inhibition constant KI of 10(-7) M at pH > or = 7.0. Binding of zinc is at least a factor of 10 tighter than binding of any other metal ion tested. Essentially complete inhibition of ubihydroquinone:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity is observed at concentrations of [Zn2+] > 5 microM. Zinc does not affect the Km for the substrates, ubihydroquinone or cytochrome c, but zinc inhibits reduction of the cytochromes by ubihydroquinone through the QP center. A radioactive binding assay using 65Zn revealed one high affinity binding site per bc1 complex with KD < or = 10(-7) M at pH = 7.0 and 3-4 additional low affinity binding sites (KD > 2 x 10(-6) M). Zinc binding does not depend on the redox state of the high potential chain (iron-sulfur protein and cytochrome c1). Zinc binds 3 times tighter to Fe-S-depleted bc1 complex indicating that the zinc binding site is not on the "Rieske" iron-sulfur protein in contrast to a recent report by Lorusso et al. (Lorusso, M., Cocco, T., Sardanella, A.M., Minuto, M., Bonomi, F., and Papa, S. (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 197, 555-561). Zinc binds to a site which has the same affinity for zinc as for protons. We conclude that the zinc binding site is close to a protonatable group of the bc1 complex with pKa = 7.2 which has not been identified previously. We propose that this group is part of the proton channel at the hydroquinone oxidation center of the bc1 complex.
Isolation, propagation and characterization of primary tubule cell culture from human kidney (Methods in Renal Research) (2007)

Proximal tubule cells (PTC) are the major cell type in the cortical tubulointerstitium. Because PTC play a central role in tubulointerstitial pathophysiology, it is essential to prepare pure PTC from kidney tissue to explore the mechanisms of tubulointerstitial pathology. The authors have successfully refined and characterized primary cultures of human PTC using Percoll density gradient centrifugation as a key PTC enrichment step. The cells obtained by this method retain morphological and functional properties of PTC and are minimally contaminated by other renal cells. In particular, the primary isolates have characteristics of epithelial cells with uniform polarized morphology, tight junction and well-formed apical microvilli. Cytokeratin is uniformly and strongly expressed in the isolates. Brush border enzyme activities and PTC transport properties are retained in the isolates. This method therefore provides an excellent in vitro model for the physiologic study of the human proximal tubule.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Diels‐Alder Reaction Supported on Graphite. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ruthenium as a CO-tolerant hydrogen oxidation catalyst for solid acid fuel cells (2015)

In solid acid fuel cells operating at 250 °C, Ru catalysts are more tolerant to CO than Pt.
Determining the IgG concentrations in bovine colostrum and calf sera with a novel enzymatic assay (2018)

A split TreA assay was validated for measurement of the immunoglobulin content of colostrum and calf sera using both a lab-based format and in a more user-friendly format compatible with on-farm testing.
COVID-19 with Different Severities: A Multicenter Study of Clinical Features (2020)

<b>Rationale:</b> The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is now a global health concern.<b>Objectives:</b> We compared the clinical characteristics, laboratory examinations, computed tomography images, and treatments of patients with COVID-19 from three different cities in China.<b>Methods:</b> A total of 476 patients were recruited from January 1, 2020, to February 15, 2020, at three hospitals in Wuhan, Shanghai, and Anhui. The patients were divided into four groups according to age and into three groups (moderate, severe, and critical) according to the fifth edition of the Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 issued by the National Health Commission of China.<b>Measurements and Main Results:</b> The incidence of comorbidities was higher in the severe (46.3%) and critical (67.1%) groups than in the moderate group (37.8%). More patients were taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers in the moderate group than in the severe and critical groups. More patients had multiple lung lobe involvement and pleural effusion in the critical group than in the moderate group. More patients received antiviral agents within the first 4 days in the moderate group than in the severe group, and more patients received antibiotics and corticosteroids in the critical and severe groups. Patients >75 years old had a significantly lower survival rate than younger patients.<b>Conclusions:</b> Multiple organ dysfunction and impaired immune function were the typical characteristics of patients with severe or critical illness. There was a significant difference in the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers among patients with different severities of disease. Involvement of multiple lung lobes and pleural effusion were associated with the severity of COVID-19. Advanced age (≥75 yr) was a risk factor for mortality.
Brain Uptake of Myoinositol after Exogenous Administration (2002)

An acute increase in plasma tonicity results in an adaptive increase in brain organic osmolyte content, but this process requires several days to occur. Slow reaccumulation of brain organic osmolytes may contribute to osmotic demyelination. It was investigated whether administration of intravenous myoinositol in rats could speed entry of the osmolyte into the brain. Two groups of animals were studied: normonatremic animals and animals with hyponatremia (105 mmol/L) of 3-d duration. Animals were intravenously administered either 1 M NaCl to induce a 25 to 28 mM increase in serum sodium concentration over 200 min or an infusate that maintained serum sodium concentration. In some animals, myoinositol was administered intravenously over the same time period to raise plasma myoinositol levels by 5 to 10 mM. Brain myoinositol, electrolyte, and water contents were determined at the end of the infusions. In both normonatremic and hyponatremic rats, infusion of hypertonic saline without myoinositol or infusion of myoinositol without hypertonic saline did not increase brain myoinositol levels above control levels. In normonatremic animals, concurrent infusion of hypertonic saline and myoinositol increased brain myoinositol levels by about 50% above control levels. Brain myoinositol content in animals with uncorrected hyponatremia was about 50% of that found in normonatremic controls; concurrent infusion of hypertonic saline and myoinositol increased brain myoinositol to levels similar to those found in normonatremic controls. Intravenous infusion of myoinositol did not alter brain water content compared with animals not infused with myoinositol. In conclusion, systemic infusion of myoinositol can rapidly increase brain myoinositol content, but only when plasma tonicity is concomitantly increased.
Symmetrical Properties of Transistors and Their Applications (1953)

Transistors have certain characteristics which are not present in vacuum tubes. Some of these characteristics may be best classified as symmetrical properties. The first kind of symmetry may be found in the complementary characteristics of the n-p-n and p-n-p transistors. Circuits using both kinds of transistors in combination provide unique advantages in reduction of components and other circuit simplifications. A second kind of symmetry is displayed by single units since the emitter and collector may be interchanged. This symmetry permits a current flow of either direction controlled alike by the base current. This basic property is useful in switching circuits for clamping, phase and frequency comparison, modulation, and so forth. A high efficiency deflection-current circuit for television was developed using this principle.
Minute virus of mice infection modifies cellular transcription elongation (1994)

Our previous observations indicated that upon infection with minute virus of mice (MVM), Ehrlich ascites cells lose a transcription elongation activity which is essential for the readthrough of the MVM attenuator. This was monitored by the ability of extracts from uninfected but not from infected cells to support readthrough of the P4 attenuator when added to partially purified transcription elongation complexes. We have investigated the nature of this change in transcription elongation following MVM infection. In this communication, we show that infection of Ehrlich ascites cells with MVM leads to a general shift in the length of nascent mRNA synthesized in isolated nuclei and separated by sucrose gradients. Furthermore, infection leads to attenuation of transcription of the cellular gene c-fos but not c-myc. We show biochemical evidence to support a model by which, following MVM infection, there is a functional reduction in the activity of a TFIIS-like general transcriptional elongation activity.
Effect of adipose tissue thickness, muscle site, and sex on near-infrared spectroscopy derived total-[hemoglobin + myoglobin] (2017)

Craig JC, Broxterman RM, Wilcox SL, Chen C, Barstow TJ. Effect of adipose tissue thickness, muscle site, and sex on near-infrared spectroscopy derived total-[hemoglobin + myoglobin]. J Appl Physiol 123: 1571–1578, 2017. First published September 21, 2017; doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2017 .—Adipose tissue thickness (ATT) attenuates signals from near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diminishes the absolute quantification of underlying tissues by contemporary NIRS devices. Based on the relationship between NIRS-derived total-[hemoglobin + myoglobin] (total-[Hb + Mb]) and ATT, we tested the hypotheses that the correction factor for ATT 1) is muscle site specific; 2) does not differ between men and women; and that 3) exclusion of the shortest source-detector distance from data analysis increases total-[Hb + Mb]. Fourteen healthy subjects (7 men) rested in a neutral body position (supine or prone) while measurements of total-[Hb + Mb] and ATT were taken at four muscles common to resting and exercise studies: vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), gastrocnemius (GS), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS). ATT averaged 6.0 ± 0.4 mm across all muscles. Every muscle showed a negative slope ( r 2 : 0.6–0.94; P < 0.01) for total-[Hb + Mb] as a function of ATT: VL (−34 μM/mm), RF (−26 μM/mm), GS (−54 μM/mm), and FDS (−33 μM/mm). The projected total-[Hb + Mb] at 0 mm ATT ( y-intercept) was 452, 372, 620, and 456 μM for VL, RF, GS, and FDS, respectively. No differences were found between the sexes within VL, RF, or FDS, but men had a greater projected total-[Hb + Mb] at 0 mm for GS (688 ± 44 vs. 552 ± 40 μM; P < 0.05). Exclusion of the shortest source-detector distance increased total-[Hb + Mb] by 12 ± 1 μM ( P < 0.05). The present findings demonstrate that total-[Hb + Mb] should be corrected for ATT using muscle site-specific factors which are not sex specific, except in the case of GS. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an important tool for physiologists and clinicians. However, adipose tissue greatly attenuates the signals from these devices. Correcting for this attenuation has been suggested based on the strength of the relationship between NIRS-derived measurements and the adipose tissue thickness. We show that this relationship is unique to the muscle site of interest but may not be sex specific. Accurate quantification of underlying tissue mandates researchers correct for adipose tissue thickness.
A New Direction and Its Challenges for Linkage of Agricultural Research and Extension As a Traditional Knowledge Development in Rural Korea: Agricultural Knowledge Systems (2003)

The study uses agricultural knowledge system theory to explore how traditional knowledge applies to the linkage system of agricultural research and extension in rural Korea. By agricultural knowledge system we emphasize the dynamic networks of actors, processes of negotiation, and the diverse ways in which knowledge is constructed and performed. The knowledge systems reflect the idea that the boundaries between knowledge groups are not closed and that there could be considerable overlap between knowledge system. The results of this study are the following : First, we should know that some extension agents clearly value farmer knowledge and try to facilitate farmer-to-farmer communication. Extension plays a significant role in the knowledge-creation process and shaping communities because knowledge processes are embedded in social processes that involve aspects of power, authority, and legitimization. Third, the constructions of agricultural knowledge systems thus include social interactions, communication, and the diverse processes individuals employ create, use, and evaluate multiple types and sources of information through the linkage between agricultural colleges and Rural Development Administration (RDA), establishing the research institution of research and extension linkage, exchange research agent with extension agent, and bottom-up approach. Second, we should know that the focus of traditional knowledge development is rural community development as a community process. Nowadays the sessions of the Intergovernmental Committee of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) cover two lines of inquiry, which are the use of existing standards of intellectual property for the protection of traditional knowledge and that of new legal standards, eventually in the from of sui generis mechanisms of protection.
Metastable states in large angle magnetization rotations (2000)

Large angle rotations were studied in Permalloy thin films and spin valve devices. It is shown that edge effects or inhomogeneities strongly influence the magnetization behavior under certain initial conditions. Complicated intermediate states can form which significantly increase the magnetization response time.
A proposal of time-division, time-compressed multiplexing FM mobile radio system (2002)

A TDMA (time-division multiple access) system which adopts the TCM (time-compression multiplexing) technique is proposed for application to cellular systems. The significant advantages of the TCM over the FDM (frequency-division multiplexing) system when used in the narrowband single channel per carrier are demonstrated with respect to the frequency spectrum efficiency. The intention is to develop a communication format that would be applicable to cellular systems. The application of the time-compression technique to analog signals is fused with the digital technique, and thus a modulation format of cellular or microcell systems that maintains the advantages of analog systems is developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and optimization of a corona discharge ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry (2000)

In this work the possibility of using corona discharge as an ionization source in ion mobility spectrometry has been investigated. The results for both positive and negative polarity in air are consistent with the Townsend formula which states that I/V is a linear function of V. The distribution profile of the corona ions has also been investigated and compared with that of the Ni63 ionization source. Generally, the total ion current obtained from the corona ionization source was greater than that of the Ni63 source by about an order of magnitude, which results in a better sensitivity and a higher signal-to-noise ratio. The positive and negative spectra of air were recorded and the positive spectra of acetone and dimethylmethyl-phosphonate were compared with that of Ni63. In the negative mode, a number of new peaks, apart from those of reactant ions, were observed which are mainly due to nitrogen oxides, formed by corona discharge. This problem was minimized by increasing the interdistance of the electrodes.