gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photocontrol of Thermally Induced Reorientation of Amorphous Composite Film with Photo-Crosslinkable Polymer Liquid Crystal and Non-Liquid Crystalline Rodlike Monomer (2002)

Photocontrol of Thermally Induced Reorientation of Amorphous Composite Film with Photo-Crosslinkable Polymer Liquid Crystal and Non-Liquid Crystalline Rodlike Monomer, Kawatsuki, Nobuhiro, An, Ming Xing, Hasegawa, Takako, Yamamoto, Tohei, Sakai, Takeya
Enzymatic Interesterification in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (1988)

An enzymatic reaction with supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) as the reaction medium was investigated. Lipase could catalyze the batch type reaction of hydrolysis and interesterification (acidolysis) in SCCO2 at 50°C and 29.4 MPa. The time course of interesterification was influenced by the water content as well as by the kind of reaction medium. The initial velocities of hydrolysis and interesterification were greater in SCCO2 than in n-hexane when the water content increased. A part of this difference in reaction velocity was supposed to be due to water, a modifier of the solvent, the solubility of which in SCCO2 was estimated to be a hundred times that in n-hexane.
Generic Approach for Dispersing Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes:  The Strength of a Weak Interaction (2004)

A generic noncovalent approach for dispersing high concentrations of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in organic as well as aqueous solutions of synthetic block copolymers is presented. It is suggested that a weak, long-ranged entropic repulsion among polymer-decorated tubes acts as a barrier that prevents the tubes from approaching the attractive part of the intertube potential. The method opens a new route for utilization of block copolymers as compatibilizers for SWNT, improving the incorporation of de-agglomerated SWNT into target polymeric matrixes.
PARAMAGNETISM OF THE PHOSPHORESCENT STATE (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPARAMAGNETISM OF THE PHOSPHORESCENT STATEGilbert N. Lewis and M. CalvinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 7, 1232–1233Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01223a513https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01223a513research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views202Altmetric-Citations72LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Greatly improved neurological outcome after spinal cord compression injury in AQP4-deficient mice (2008)

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a water channel protein expressed in astrocytes throughout the CNS. In brain, AQP4 facilitates water balance and glial scar formation, which are important determinants of outcome after injury. Here, we provide evidence for AQP4-dependent spinal cord swelling following compression injury, resulting in remarkably improved outcome in AQP4-null mice. Two days after transient T6 spinal cord compression injury, wild-type mice developed more severe hindlimb weakness than AQP4-null mice, as assayed by the Basso open-field motor score, inclined plane method and footprint analysis. Basso motor scores were 1.3 +/- 0.5 (wild-type) versus 4.9 +/- 0.6 (AQP4-null) (SE, P < 0.001). Improved motor outcome in AQP4-null mice was independent of mouse strain and persisted at least 4 weeks. AQP4-null mice also had improved sensory outcome at 2 days, as assessed by spinal somatosensory evoked responses, with signal amplitudes approximately 10 microV (uninjured), 1.7 +/- 0.7 microV (wild-type) and 6.4 +/- 1.3 microV (AQP4-null) (P < 0.01). The improved motor and sensory indices in AQP4-null mice corresponded to remarkably less neuronal death and myelin vacuolation, as well as reduced spinal cord swelling and intraparenchymal spinal cord pressure measured at T6 at 2 days after injury. AQP4 immunoreactivity at the injury site was increased in grey and white matter at 48 h. Taken together, our findings indicate that AQP4 provides a major route for excess water entry into the injured spinal cord, which in turn causes spinal cord swelling and elevated spinal cord pressure. Our data suggest AQP4 inhibition or downregulation as novel early neuroprotective manoeuvres in spinal cord injury.
Ultrasonic heating of <i>V</i> <i>i</i> <i>c</i> <i>i</i> <i>a</i> <i>f</i> <i>a</i> <i>b</i> <i>a</i> roots (1975)

Irradiation of Vicia faba root tips with 2.3-Mhz ultrasound at 10 W/cm2 causes a small but measurable heating of the tips and an immediate reduction in root growth rate. Roots exposed to comparable temperature increments without ultrasound show no reduction in growth, thus leading to the conclusion that the mechanism responsible for the biological effects of ultrasound on roots is nonthermal. From the time course of ultrasonic heating of the roots it appears that the thermal conductivity of the root material is comparable to that of water, and the acoustic absorption coefficient of the root tissue is higher than that of mammalian tissues. Subject Classification: 80.40; 35.75.
Characterization of liver X receptor expression and function in human skin and the pilosebaceous unit (2007)

The nuclear receptors liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and liver X-receptor beta (LXRbeta) have a well documented role in cholesterol homeostasis and lipid metabolism within tissues and cells including the liver, small intestine and macrophages. In keratinocytes, LXRs have been shown to up-regulate differentiation in vitro via increased transcription of proteins of the AP1 complex and to down-regulate proliferation in vivo. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the location and possible role of LXRs within human skin and its associated glands and appendages. Using RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we have demonstrated expression of LXRalpha and LXRbeta mRNA and proteins in whole human skin as well as within a range of primary and immortalized human cell lines derived from human skin, hair follicle and sebaceous glands. Furthermore, we have shown that synthetic LXR specific agonists GW683965 and TO901317 significantly inhibit cell proliferation in primary epidermal keratinocytes, immortalized N/TERT keratinocytes and the immortalized SZ95 sebocyte line, and significantly increase lipogenesis in SZ95 sebocytes. In addition, we showed that the synthetic agonist TO901317 significantly reduced hair growth, in vitro.
Performance comparison of alternative wideband CDMA systems (2002)

This paper compares the forward link performance of a direct spread CDMA system with a spreading bandwidth of 3.6864 MHz and a multicarrier system consisting of 3 carriers each with spreading bandwidth of 1.2288 MHz. These systems are under consideration for the forward link of the next generation CDMA cellular/PCS systems. This paper summarizes performance comparison results of the two systems for a data rate of 9.6 kbps with the IMT-2000 vehicular and pedestrian channel models. Performance results are given for speeds of 3 and 30 km/h. The results indicate that the two systems have comparable performance for the above data rate and the IMT-2000 channel models.
폴리아크릴산 - 폴리에칠렌글리콜 IPN 공중합체 마트릭스의팽윤 및 약물방출 (1994)

The interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polyacrylic acid (PAA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) were synthesized via crosslinking of PEG and simultaneous free radical polymerization of PAA. The equilibrium swelling of the IPNs matrices, ranged from 40% to 95%, was varied to a great extent as compared with PAA homopolymer due to the interpolymer interaction between PAA and PEG. The drug release kinetics of drug loaded matrices was significantly affected by the charge of drugs as well as interpolymer complexation.
5 DNA Supercoiling and Unusual Structures (1990)

I. INTRODUCTION What are the structural consequences of DNA supercoiling? Until recently, the importance of the problem was generally underestimated because the available data gave relatively low absolute values for the degree of DNA supercoiling inside the cell. Many people, I concluded, considered the dramatic changes in DNA structure at high levels of supercoiling as physicochemical tricks that were not directly relevant to biology. The only excuse for continuing the studies stemmed from the hope that the phenomena observed under those artificial conditions pointed to the ability of DNA to form unusual structures, other than the canonical Watson-Crick double helix, under the action of special proteins. The attitude has changed after the recent demonstration that a high local degree of supercoiling can occur as a consequence of the double-helical nature of DNA (Giaever and Wang 1988; Wu et al. 1988). We now understand that the overall degree of DNA supercoiling in the cell is much less relevant from a biological viewpoint and that the local transient degree of supercoiling may be much higher than the most ambitious physicochemist could ever dream of. Thus, we have to study the structural consequences of DNA supercoiling to understand the biological significance of DNA topology and to elucidate the structural potential of DNA. Supercoiling may be introduced into linear DNA provided both ends are fixed so that the DNA strands cannot rotate with respect to one another. Throughout this chapter, however, we restrict ourselves to the case of closed circular DNA, which is commonly...
Neurotransmitters decrease the calcium conductance activated by depolarization of embryonic chick sensory neurones. (1981)

Several neurotransmitters including noradrenaline (NA), gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin (5‐HT), and also certain peptides, decrease the duration of the Na+‐Ca2+ action potential recorded in cell bodies of embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion neurones maintained in cell culture. To determine if these agents decreased action potential duration by affecting Ca2+ channels (inward current) or K+ channels (outward current) membrane currents were recorded in voltage‐clamped sensory neurone somata. 1. Depolarization produced a prominent inward Na+ current and a smaller and slower inward Ca2+ current (ICa). The inactivation of ICa was not simply dependent on membrane potential but apparently required prior entry of Ca2+. Two components of outward current, voltage‐activated and Ca2+‐activated, were evident in most cells. 2. The effect of NA, and also of GABA and 5‐HT, was shown to result from a direct effect on ICa because: NA decreased the TTX‐resistant tail current recorded at EK and also the inward current recorded in the presence of 125 mM‐TEA and TTX (in which Na+ and K+ currents were blocked). 3. The decrease in ICa is most likely due to an effect on the number of available Ca2+ channels and/or the single Ca2+ channel conductance rather than to a shift in either the kinetics of channel activation or the Ca2+ equilibrium potential. 4. No effect of the several transmitters on the voltage‐dependent Na+ and K+ currents was observed. 5. Implications of ICa modulation for the phenomenon of presynaptic inhibition are discussed.
Microdissection of the fragile X region. (1990)

We have microdissected and cloned the region around the fragile site at Xq27.3 on the human X chromosome. All of the clones tested map to the Xq27-Xq28 region, and detailed mapping on a panel of somatic cell hybrids indicates that the microdissected library contains sequences derived from both sides of the fragile X mutation. Some of these clones give signals in rodent DNA. This library demonstrates the power of microdissection for the identification of potential coding sequences near a disease locus and provides a promising resource for the identification of the fragile X mutation.
Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review (2013)

In concert with the development of new materials in the last decade, the need for toxicological studies of these materials has been increasing. These new materials include a group of rare earths (RE). The use of RE nanotechnology is being considered in some green applications, to increase their efficiency by using nano-sized RE compounds, and therefore hazard evaluation and risk assessment are highly recommended. This review was conducted through an extensive contemplation of the literatures in toxicology with in vitro and in vivo studies. Major aspects reviewed were the toxicological evaluations of these elements and metallic compounds at the molecular and cellular level, animal and human epidemiological studies and environmental and occupational health impacts on workers. We also discuss the future prospect of industries with appliances using RE together with the significance of preventive efforts for workers' health. To establish a safe and healthy working environment for RE industries, the use of biomarkers is increasing to provide sustainable measure, due to demand for information about the health risks from unfavorable exposures. Given the recent toxicological results on the exposure of cells, animals and workers to RE compounds, it is important to review the toxicological studies to improve the current understanding of the RE compounds in the field of occupational health. This will help to establish a sustainable, safe and healthy working environment for RE industries.
Automated Feature Model-Based Generation of Refinement Transformations (2009)

Model-driven application engineering builds on the concept of model transformations. To weave additional refinement parts into an application model, so-called refinement transformations are used. In many cases these refinement parts are highly variable and configurable. Such a configuration could depend on application specific features. Today, application developers need to define refinement transformations manually, including all possible configuration combinations. Due to the high number of possible initial requirements such a development method is costly and means significant effort. Therefore configurable refinements should be embedded in an overall model-driven application development process. Currently there is a lack of automated support for integrating these configuration decisions into the development process of refinement transformations. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for automated feature model-based generation of refinement transformations. To express application features, we consider configurations specified by extended feature diagrams. In addition, we provide a running example giving insight into the application of the presented approach.
Photoclick Chemistry: A Bright Idea (2021)

At its basic conceptualization, photoclick chemistry embodies a collection of click reactions that are performed via the application of light. The emergence of this concept has had diverse impact over a broad range of chemical and biological research due to the spatiotemporal control, high selectivity, and excellent product yields afforded by the combination of light and click chemistry. While the reactions designated as "photoclick" have many important features in common, each has its own particular combination of advantages and shortcomings. A more extensive realization of the potential of this chemistry requires a broader understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the specific reactions. This review discusses the features of the most frequently employed photoclick reactions reported in the literature: photomediated azide-alkyne cycloadditions, other 1,3-dipolarcycloadditions, Diels-Alder and inverse electron demand Diels-Alder additions, radical alternating addition chain transfer additions, and nucleophilic additions. Applications of these reactions in a variety of chemical syntheses, materials chemistry, and biological contexts are surveyed, with particular attention paid to the respective strengths and limitations of each reaction and how that reaction benefits from its combination with light. Finally, challenges to broader employment of these reactions are discussed, along with strategies and opportunities to mitigate such obstacles.
State-of-the-art Type II antimonide-based superlattice photodiodes for infrared detection and imaging (2009)

Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice (SL), a system of multi interacting quantum wells was first introduced by Nobel Laureate L. Esaki in the 1970s. Since then, this low dimensional system has drawn a lot of attention for its attractive quantum mechanics properties and its grand potential for the emergence into the application world, especially in infrared detection. In recent years, Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photo-detectors have experienced significant improvements in material quality, structural designs and imaging applications which elevated the performances of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors to a comparable level to the state-of-the-art Mercury Cadmium Telluride. We will present in this talk the current status of the state-of-the-art Type II superlattice photodetectors and focal plane arrays, and the future outlook for this material system.
Design and Evaluation of an Personalized Mobile Tourist Application (2010)

Mobile applications supporting tourists with travel information can make use of information about the user's location, time and personal preferences to provide personalized recommendations. This could be a solution to the problem of displaying information and navigating on small mobile devices, as it allow tourists to receive information that fit very well with their current situation and needs. However, filtering of information introduce new challenges in terms of facilitating user control and transparency. In this thesis we have developed and evaluated a personalized mobile tourism applications based on collaborative filtering that have tried to meet these challenges. The design of this application is based on experience from similar projects and research on interaction design in recommender systems. The user evaluation of our system suggests that our approach is feasible, but more research must be done to predict the acceptance of this application among tourists.
Steady‐State Pharmacokinetic Properties of Pramipexole in Healthy Volunteers (1997)

Pramipexole is a dopamine receptor agonist that has proved effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The pharmacokinetic properties of pramipexole at steady-state concentrations were studied in 16 healthy men and women at four dose levels throughout the range recommended for Parkinson's patients. Plasma and urine samples collected within the four dose intervals were assayed for concentrations of pramipexole, using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total oral clearance for all participants was 419 mL/min. The mean volume of distribution and elimination half-life for all participants was 486 +/- 93.2 L and 12.9 +/- 3.27 hours. Concentrations of pramipexole were proportional to dose, although the drug's pharmacokinetic properties differed between men and women. The area under the concentration-time curve for each dose level was 35% to 43% greater in women, mainly because of a 24% to 27% lower oral clearance. The mean creatinine clearance in men and women was 112 +/- 12.8 mL/ min/1.73 m2 and 80.9 +/- 15.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The renal clearance of pramipexole accounts for approximately 80% of oral clearance, and there was a significant correlation between renal and creatinine clearances. The influence of gender could not be distinguished from the influence of age and the resulting reduced creatinine clearance, but the measurement of pharmacokinetic properties produced linear results in both men and women.
Intervention strategies to reduce the risk of zoonotic infection with avian influenza viruses: scientific basis, challenges and knowledge gaps (2013)

A range of measures has been recommended and used for the control and prevention of avian influenza. These measures are based on the assessment of local epidemiological situations, field observations and other scientific information. Other non-technical factors are (or in some cases should be) taken into account when developing and recommending control measures. The precise effects under field conditions of most individual interventions applied to control and prevent avian influenza have not been established or subjected to critical review, often because a number of measures are applied simultaneously without controls. In most cases, the combination of measures used results in control or elimination of the virus although there are some countries where this has not been the case. In others, especially those with low poultry density, it is not clear whether the link between the adoption of a set of measures and the subsequent control of the disease is causative. This article discusses the various measures recommended, with particular emphasis on stamping out and vaccination, examines how these measures assist in preventing zoonotic infections with avian influenza viruses and explores gaps in knowledge regarding their effectiveness.
Optimization methods for MR image reconstruction (2019)

The development of compressed sensing methods for MR image reconstruction led to an explosion of research on models and optimization algorithms for MRI. Roughly 10 years after such methods first appeared in the MRI literature, the US FDA approved the commercial use of certain compressed sensing methods, making compressed sensing a clinical success story for MRI. This review paper summarizes several key models and optimization algorithms for MR image reconstruction, including both the type of methods that have FDA approval for clinical use, as well as more recent methods being considered in the research community that use data-adaptive regularizers. One impetus for this paper is that off the shelf optimization methods have rarely been the best choice for solving optimization problems in MR image reconstruction, due to the large volume of MRI data collected by clinical systems and practical time constraints on processing time. Instead, special purpose algorithms have been devised that exploit the structure of the system model and regularizers used in MRI; this paper strives to collect such algorithms in a single survey. Many of the ideas used in optimization methods for MRI are also useful for solving other inverse problems.