gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A programmable built-in self-diagnosis for embedded SRAM (2004)

In this work we present a built-in self-diagnosis (BISD) module, an integrated solution for the fault diagnosis of embedded memories. The BISD methodology proposed includes a built-in self-test block and an additional circuitry to perform the on-chip failure analysis in order to detect the main defects. The fault diagnosis system developed is aimed to the maturation of the technology as well as to the diagnosis of circuits in case of sudden yield drop. The fault diagnosis is a key factor for the technology maturation. New technologies require a certain time to get stability before being used for massive production. On the other hand, problems of sudden yield drop can occur also when the technology is stable. In this case a fast recovery on yield is required. This BISD module is highly re-configurable, its main characteristics are the programmability with different test algorithms, the flexibility with respect to memory sizes and address scrambling and the reconfigurability with respect to the part of the array to diagnose. The BISD block has been implemented in a 0.13 /spl mu/m flash technology with a 512Kbit SRAM, it has an area overhead of 13% and its maximum operation frequency is 150MHz.
Biological control of leafminers on greenhouse marigolds (1988)

In greenhouse marigolds grown for seed, a parasitic wasp suppressed leafminers for two months after establishment
Fiber Optics and Integrated Optics Techniques for Signal Processing. (1977)

This report introduces some new device concepts based on the technologies of fiber optics and integrated optics, and discusses the potential uses of these devices in signal processing. Analog-to-digital converters, delay-line devices (including transversal filters), pseudorandom sequence generators, rf spectrum analyzers, and switching networks are described and analyzed in some detail. Applications for these devices in the improvement of signal processing for radar, electronic warfare, communications, and multisensor data collection systems are investigated. It is concluded that the new optical technologies offer the potential for substantial reduction in size, weight, and power and improvement in performance and/or cost over present or alternative techniques for a variety of systems which process broadband (greater than 100-MHz bandwidth) signals. (Author)
The Restructured Wharton MBA: Inventing a New Paradigm (1991)

On Tuesday, February 12, 1991, the faculty of the Wharton School approved a plan to design and test a new paradigm for its MBA curriculum—the most far-reaching restructuring of its MBA program since the 1960s.\nThe new graduate program, which will initially be launched with 130 students in two experimental cohorts this fall, not only creates a new framework for the MBA program. It also creates a mechanism for continuous innovation that will ensure that Wharton remains on the leading edge of management education in years to come.
Delayed Disease Onset and Extended Survival in the SOD1<sup>G93A</sup>Rat Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis after Suppression of Mutant SOD1 in the Motor Cortex (2014)

Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease with unknown etiology, characterized by a progressive loss of motor neurons leading to paralysis and death typically within 3-5 years of onset. Recently, there has been remarkable progress in understanding inherited forms of ALS in which well defined mutations are known to cause the disease. Rodent models in which the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) mutation is overexpressed recapitulate hallmark signs of ALS in patients. Early anatomical changes in mouse models of fALS are seen in the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and lower motor neurons, and selective reduction of toxic mutant SOD1 in the spinal cord and muscle of these models has beneficial effects. Therefore, much of ALS research has focused on spinal motor neuron and NMJ aspects of the disease. Here we show that, in the SOD1(G93A) rat model of ALS, spinal motor neuron loss occurs presymptomatically and before degeneration of ventral root axons and denervation of NMJs. Although overt cell death of corticospinal motor neurons does not occur until disease endpoint, we wanted to establish whether the upper motor neuron might still play a critical role in disease progression. Surprisingly, the knockdown of mutant SOD1 in only the motor cortex of presymptomatic SOD1(G93A) rats through targeted delivery of AAV9-SOD1-shRNA resulted in a significant delay of disease onset, expansion of lifespan, enhanced survival of spinal motor neurons, and maintenance of NMJs. This datum suggests an early dysfunction and thus an important role of the upper motor neuron in this animal model of ALS and perhaps patients with the disease.
Dynamic Element Matching to Prevent Nonlinear Distortion From Pulse-Shape Mismatches in High-Resolution DACs (2008)

This paper shows analytically and experimentally that properly-designed dynamic element matching (DEM) eliminates pulse shape, timing, and amplitude errors arising from component mismatches as sources of nonlinear distortion in high-resolution DACs. A set of sufficient conditions on the DEM encoder that ensure this effect, and a specific segmented DEM encoder that satisfies the sufficient conditions are presented. Unlike most previously published DEM encoders, the new DEM encoder's complexity does not grow exponentially with the number of bits of DAC resolution, so it is practical for high-resolution Nyquist-rate DACs. These analytical results are demonstrated experimentally with a 0.18 mum CMOS 14-bit DAC IC that has a sample rate of 100 MHz and worst case, single and two-tone spurious-free dynamic ranges of 83 dB and 84 dB, respectively, across the Nyquist band.
Cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes (1975)

Abstract Twenty‐three different casting solution compositions involving cellulose acetate E‐938‐3 (polymer, P), acetone (solvent, S), and aqueous magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 :H 2 O = 1:8.5) (nonsolvent, N) were studied for making ultrafiltration membranes. These compositions (expressed in weight units) involved N/P ratios of 0.817 to 1.3 and S/P ratios of 3.5 to 5.33. It was found that by adjusting the values of S/P and N/P ratios in the casting solution composition, temperature of the casting solution, temperature of the casting atmosphere, and solvent evaporation period during film formation, a wide variety of cellulose acetate membranes useful for both ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis applications could be obtained. The results of a continuous test run at 50 psig for a period of 250 hr with a typical set of membranes, and their separation characterstics for a group of solutes ranging in molecular weight from 58 to 160,000, are presented.
Automatic Speech Recognition - A Brief History of the Technology Development (2004)

Designing a machine that mimics human behavior, particularly the capability of speaking naturally and responding properly to spoken language, has intrigued engineers and scientists for centuries. Since the 1930s, when Homer Dudley of Bell Laboratories proposed a system model for speech analysis and synthesis [1, 2], the problem of automatic speech recognition has been approached progressively, from a simple machine that responds to a small set of sounds to a sophisticated system that responds to fluently spoken natural language and takes into account the varying statistics of the language in which the speech is produced. Based on major advances in statistical modeling of speech in the 1980s, automatic speech recognition systems today find widespread application in tasks that require a human-machine interface, such as automatic call processing in the telephone network and query-based information systems that do things like provide updated travel information, stock price quotations, weather reports, etc. In this article, we review some major highlights in the research and development of automatic speech recognition during the last few decades so as to provide a technological perspective and an appreciation of the fundamental progress that has been made in this important area of information and communication technology.
Ion-Exchange Membrane Electrodialysis of Saline Water and Its Numerical Analysis (2011)

A computer simulation program was developed for a continuous saline water electrodialysis process. A practical-scale electrodialyzer was operated for concentrating seawater, and its performance was observed. The operating results of the electrodialyzer were computed by using the operating conditions as input for the program. The computed data were generally the same as the observed data. Thus, the program enables the semiquantitative discussion of the performance of a practical-scale electrodialyzer. In addition, (1) the current density distribution; (2) the electric resistances of a membrane pair, a desalting cell, and a concentrating cell; (3) the pressure drops in a desalting cell and a concentrating cell; and (4) the limiting current density of an electrodialyzer are discussed.
Design and monitoring of cold bent lamination-stabilised glass : investigated by applying fibre optic sensors (2015)

Continuously curved, highly transparent façades or roofs are increasingly demanded in architecture. Regularly curved or free-form building envelope shapes represent a rapidly growing market field in construction and project design. For such transparent roof or façade claddings, the necessary durability, strength and safety require laminated safety glass as the principle material. Whereas the faceting of curved surfaces to apply planar glass elements is a frequently used cladding solution, the employment of curved glass modules permits a more precise, smooth achievement of curved envelopes. Recent improvements in the industrialised fabrication of curved glass render the use of such elements increasingly attractive. The two main, but different, production methods to shape these modules are the heat bending and cold bending of glass. Plastic heat bending results in a stable glass shape permitting high curvature. However, any potential optical surface bumps, any remaining irregular local interior stress from production and the limited applicability of toughened glass impose restrictions on the use of heat bent glass. In contrast, elastic cold bending only allows for low curvature but provides high optical surface quality and permits the unrestricted use of toughened glass. Stabilisation of the curved shape of cold bent glass without a retaining substructure can be achieved through the establishment of a shear compound of several elastically bent glass panes via lamination with polymeric interlayers. The bending stress remains in the glass. Despite the potential of this type of cold bent glass for construction purposes, comprehensive research approaches and the necessary stress- and shape-monitoring methods for glass laminates are lacking. Therefore, the characteristic properties and parameters influencing manufacture, the short- and long-term behaviour of cold bent glass, applicable numerical form-finding models and shape- and interior stress-monitoring methods have been investigated in the present work. The testing of real scale cold bent glass specimens with respect to displacement and stress permits the verification of the analyses. Close range photogrammetry has been applied to measure the three-dimensional shape and recovery behaviour of bent laminates. A new method for permanent real-time monitoring of the interior stress in the laminate by applying thin, barely visible, fibre-optical Bragg-grating sensors with transparent adhesive bonding has been developed. Fibre optical sensing has been examined and evaluated and is discussed as a possible monitoring system applicable to multi-layered glass units. Based on the accumulated modelling and testing results, information regarding the behaviour and the design of cold bent lamination-stabilised glass and the potential of fibre-optical monitoring for glass laminates is provided as a working basis in the conclusion to this work.
Circuits and Circuit Disorders of the Basal Ganglia (2007)

Views of the anatomy and function of the basal ganglia and their role in motor and nonmotor disorders have undergone major revisions during the past decades. The basal ganglia are now appreciated as components of parallel, reentrant cortico-subcortical circuits, which originate from individual cortical areas, traverse the basal ganglia and thalamus, and terminate in their respective areas of origin in the frontal lobe. Further research and clinical experience have resulted in new insights and perspectives on the details of the circuitry and on the role of these structures in Parkinson disease and other basal ganglia disorders. On the basis of anatomical and physiological studies and the striking success of focused surgical interventions, it seems appropriate to view these varied clinical disorders as circuit disorders, resulting from pathologic disturbances in neuronal activity throughout specific cortico-subcortical loops.
Human Sodium Phosphate Transporter 4 (hNPT4/SLC17A3) as a Common Renal Secretory Pathway for Drugs and Urate (2010)

The evolutionary loss of hepatic urate oxidase (uricase) has resulted in humans with elevated serum uric acid (urate). Uricase loss may have been beneficial to early primate survival. However, an elevated serum urate has predisposed man to hyperuricemia, a metabolic disturbance leading to gout, hypertension, and various cardiovascular diseases. Human serum urate levels are largely determined by urate reabsorption and secretion in the kidney. Renal urate reabsorption is controlled via two proximal tubular urate transporters: apical URAT1 (SLC22A12) and basolateral URATv1/GLUT9 (SLC2A9). In contrast, the molecular mechanism(s) for renal urate secretion remain unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that an orphan transporter hNPT4 (human sodium phosphate transporter 4; SLC17A3) was a multispecific organic anion efflux transporter expressed in the kidneys and liver. hNPT4 was localized at the apical side of renal tubules and functioned as a voltage-driven urate transporter. Furthermore, loop diuretics, such as furosemide and bumetanide, substantially interacted with hNPT4. Thus, this protein is likely to act as a common secretion route for both drugs and may play an important role in diuretics-induced hyperuricemia. The in vivo role of hNPT4 was suggested by two hyperuricemia patients with missense mutations in SLC17A3. These mutated versions of hNPT4 exhibited reduced urate efflux when they were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Our findings will complete a model of urate secretion in the renal tubular cell, where intracellular urate taken up via OAT1 and/or OAT3 from the blood exits from the cell into the lumen via hNPT4.
The effect of feeding xanthan gum on colonic function in man: correlation with <i>in vitro</i> determinants of bacterial breakdown (1993)

Xanthan gum (15 g/d) was given for 10 d to eighteen normal volunteers. In vivo measurements of stool output, transit time, frequency of defaecation and flatulence were compared with a preceding control period of 10 d. At the end of the control and test periods fresh faecal homogenate from each subject was anaerobically incubated with xanthan gum and control solutions to assess the ability of the bacteria to break down the gum. Xanthan gum was found to be a highly efficient laxative agent causing significant increases in stool output (P < 0.01), frequency of defaecation (P < 0.05) and flatulence (P < 0.01) whilst having variable effects on transit time. Before feeding xanthan gum, faecal samples from twelve of the eighteen subjects could reduce the viscosity of the gum in vitro. This rose to sixteen of the eighteen with significantly greater amounts (P < 0.05) of hydrogen and short-chain fatty acids also being produced, indicating bacterial adaptation in the presence of the substrate. Correlations between the in vivo and in vitro findings did not substantiate claims that the in vivo effect of a given polysaccharide can be predicted from its fermentation characteristics in vitro.
Conservation and Divergence of Light-Regulated Genome Expression Patterns during Seedling Development in Rice and<i>Arabidopsis</i> [W] (2005)

Genome-wide 70-mer oligonucleotide microarrays of rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis thaliana were used to profile genome expression changes during light-regulated seedling development. We estimate that the expression of approximately 20% of the genome in both rice and Arabidopsis seedlings is regulated by white light. Qualitatively similar expression profiles from seedlings grown under different light qualities were observed in both species; however, a quantitatively weaker effect on genome expression was observed in rice. Most metabolic pathways exhibited qualitatively similar light regulation in both species with a few species-specific differences. Global comparison of expression profiles between rice and Arabidopsis reciprocal best-matched gene pairs revealed a higher correlation of genome expression patterns in constant light than in darkness, suggesting that the genome expression profile of photomorphogenesis is more conserved. Transcription factor gene expression under constant light exposure was poorly conserved between the two species, implying a faster-evolving rate of transcription factor gene expression in light-grown plants. Organ-specific expression profiles during seedling photomorphogenesis provide genome-level evidence for divergent light effects in different higher plant organs. Finally, overrepresentation of specific promoter motifs in root- and leaf-specific light-regulated genes in both species suggests that these cis-elements are important for gene expression responses to light.
Improving reliable multicast using active parity encoding services (APES) (1999)

We propose and evaluate novel reliable multicast protocols that combine active repair service (a.k.a. local recovery) and parity encoding (a.k.a. forward error correction or FEC) techniques. We show that, compared to other repair service protocols, our protocols require less buffer inside the network, maintain the low bandwidth requirements of previously proposed repair service/FEC combination protocols, and reduce the amount of FEC processing at repair servers, moving more of this processing to the end-hosts. We also examine repair service/FEC combination protocols in an environment where loss rates differ across domains within the network. We find that repair services are more effective than FEC at reducing bandwidth utilization in such environments. Furthermore, adding FEC to a repair services protocol not only reduces buffer requirements at repair servers, but also reduces bandwidth utilization in domains with high loss, or in domains with large populations of receivers.
Laser microprocessing of steel with radially and azimuthally polarized femtosecond vortex pulses (2012)

The use of a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) device to convert a linearly polarized femtosecond laser beam into a radially or azimuthally polarized vortex beam is demonstrated. In order to verify the state of polarization at the focal plane, laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are produced on stainless steel, imprinting the complex vectorial polarization structures and conﬁrming the efﬁcacy of the SLM in producing the desired polarization modes. Stainless steel plates of various thicknesses are micromachined with the radially and azimuthally polarized vortex beams and the resulting cut-outs are analysed. The process efﬁciency and quality of each mode are compared with those of circular polarization. Radial polarization is conﬁrmed to be the most efﬁcient mode for machining high-aspect-ratio (depth/width >3) channels thanks to its relatively higher absorptivity. Following our microprocessing tests, liquid-crystal SLMs emerged as a ﬂexible off-the-shelf tool for producing radially and azimuthally polarized beams in existing ultrashort-pulse laser microprocessing systems.
Hypoxic Regulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase via Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 in Cardiac Myocytes (2000)

The relationship between hypoxia and regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in myocardial tissue is not well understood. We investigated the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) on expression of the inducible NOS (iNOS) in myocardial cells in vivo and in vitro. In situ hybridization in myocardial tissue from rats exposed to hypoxia for 3 weeks demonstrated increased iNOS mRNA expression. Northern analysis of RNA from hearts of those animals and from cells exposed to hypoxia for 12 hours in vitro demonstrated an increase of HIF-1 RNA expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using oligonucleotides containing the iNOS HIF-1 DNA binding site and nuclear extracts from cardiac myocytes showed induction of specific DNA binding in cells subjected to hypoxia. Transient transfection of cardiac myocytes using the murine iNOS promoter resulted in a 3.43-fold increase in promoter activity under hypoxia compared with normoxia. Mutation or deletion of the HIF-1 site eliminated the hypoxic response. As cytokines have been shown to regulate iNOS expression in myocardial cells, cultured neonatal cardiac myocytes were stimulated with interleukin-1beta causing a dramatic induction of iNOS protein expression under normoxia, with further augmentation under hypoxia. Transient transfection of cells stimulated with interleukin-1beta showed an increased iNOS promoter activity under normoxic conditions compared with unstimulated cells, with a further increase in response to hypoxia, which was dependent on HIF-1. These results demonstrate that hypoxia causes an increase in iNOS expression in cardiac myocytes and that HIF-1 is essential for the hypoxic regulation of iNOS gene expression.
Determination of DICD best focus by top-down CD-SEM (2002)

As critical-dimension shrink below 0.18 micrometers , the SPC (Statistical Process Control) based CD (Critical Dimension) control in lithography process becomes more difficult. Increasing requirements of a shrinking process window have called on the need for more accurate decision of process window center. However in practical fabrication, we found that top-down CD-SEM showed its limitations in process window center determination, especially for the best focus. For instance, in some extreme focus situation, resist pattern will show a severe undercutting profile which will affect the DICD reading by top-down CD-SEM with fixed measurement algorithm. This kind of DICD measurement error will finally affect the process window center determination (especially best focus) and in-line DICD monitoring, which will lead to the cost of scrap and loss of time for trouble-shooting. In this paper, we will present a detailed study of DICD best focus determination in case of top-down DICD by experiment and simulation. Further a possible solution to this problem will be described in the latter part of this paper.