gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporal tracking of 3D coronary arteries in projection angiograms (2002)

A method for 3D temporal tracking of a 3D coronary tree model through a sequence of biplane cineangiography images has been developed. A registration framework is formulated in which the coronary tree centerline model deforms in an external potential field defined by a multiscale analysis response map computed from the angiogram images. To constrain the procedure and to improve convergence, a set of three motion models is hierarchically used: a 3D rigid-body transformation, a 3D affine transformation, and a 3D B-spline deformation field. This 3D motion tracking approach has significant advantages over 2D methods: (1) coherent deformation of a single 3D coronary reconstruction preserves the topology of the arterial tree; (2) constraints on arterial length and regularity, which lack meaning in 2D projection space, are directly applicable in 3D; and (3) tracking arterial segments through occlusions and crossings in the projection images is simplified with knowledge of the 3D relationship of the arteries. The method has been applied to patient data and results are presented.
Management of middle ear myoclonus (1994)

Tinnitus produced by synchronous repetitive contraction of the middle ear muscles (middle ear myoclonus) is a rare condition. We present six cases of middle ear myoclonus in whom different management regimes were successful. In two patients, the tinnitus was controlled by conservative measures. In one patient, whose tinnitus was associated with blepharospasm, significant improvement occurred following botulinum toxin injection into the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi. Three patients were cured by tympanotomy with stapedial and tensor tympani tendon section. The aetiology of this type of myoclonus remains unclear. The diagnosis is based on the history of involuntary and rhythmic clicking or buzzing tinnitus which is invariably unilateral. The primary differential diagnosis is palatal myoclonus whilst other local aural pathologies must be excluded by careful clinical assessment. Surgical section of these muscles via tympanotomy brings guaranteed relief when conservative measures fail.
Memory system reliability improvement through associative cache redundancy (1991)

The development of a VLSI device that provides memory system self-testing and redundancy without incurring the overhead penalties of error-correction coding or page-swapping techniques is described. This device isolates hard errors in system memory by writing a true and complement pattern to each system memory location. Locations from an on-chip fully associative cache are then mapped into the address space in place of faulty locations. Since substitutions take place at the memory word level, this method is more efficient than page swapping. Access to the onchip cache occurs in parallel with access to system memory, so memory access time is not increased, as it is with error detection and correction (EDAC). Analysis shows that this device can extend the mission time of a nonredundant memory system by as much as 35 times.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dependence of the mobility and trap concentration in evaporated copper phthalocyanine thin films on background pressure and evaporation rate (1986)

Current density-temperature measurements performed at constant applied voltage have been made on evaporated copper phthalocyanine thin films, with chamber pressure to deposition rate ratio P/R varying in the range 2.6*104-1.3*109 Pa m-1s. In common with previous measurements these results were interpreted in terms of a space-charge limited mechanism dominated by an exponential distribution of trapping levels. There was a systematic decrease in mobility from 10-6 to 10-8 m2 V-1 s-1 and an increase in trapping concentration from 5*1022 to 6*1024 m-3 as P/R was increased in the stated range, but the temperature parameter characterising the trapping distribution remained constant at approximately 750K. The variations in mobility and in trapping concentration were ascribed to the scattering and trapping effects of incorporated ambient gas molecules, thus indicating that these parameters are particularly sensitive to deposition conditions.
The Monte Carlo method for the solution of charge transport in semiconductors with applications to covalent materials (1983)

This review presents in a comprehensive and tutorial form the basic principles of the Monte Carlo method, as applied to the solution of transport problems in semiconductors. Sufficient details of a typical Monte Carlo simulation have been given to allow the interested reader to create his own Monte Carlo program, and the method has been briefly compared with alternative theoretical techniques. Applications have been limited to the case of covalent semiconductors. Particular attention has been paid to the evaluation of the integrated scattering probabilities, for which final expressions are given in a form suitable for their direct use. A collection of results obtained with Monte Carlo simulations is presented, with the aim of showing the power of the method in obtaining physical insights into the processes under investigation. Special technical aspects of the method and updated microscopic models have been treated in some appendixes.
Background suppression with multiple inversion recovery nulling: Applications to projective angiography (1997)

We have developed a technique to accurately null the longitudinal magnetization (Mz) of background material. This suppression involves first saturating the longitudinal magnetization (Mz) of a region, and then applying several nonselective inversions. The inversions are timed relative to the saturation such that Mz is nulled across a broad range of T1 at a predetermined time after the initial saturation. B1 and B0 inhomogeneity, which could lead to inaccurate suppression, are dealt with by the combination of a multiple tip saturation sequence and four adiabatic inversion pulses. The suppression sequence can be used to form projective angiograms by selectively tagging the imaging region with the saturation pulse. After the inversions are played out, a projection taken through the tag region when Mz is nulled will only contain signal from blood that has flown into the region after the saturation. Since only two dimensions are acquired, the technique can acquire gated projection angiograms in reasonable scan times. Representative inflow MIR angiograms of the carotid arteries and renal arteries show excellent background suppression.
A Current Review of Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostic Assessment (2003)

Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is an acute viral syndrome that presents with fever and an ensuing bleeding diathesis that is marked by high mortality in human and nonhuman primates. Fatality rates are between 50% and 100%. Due to its lethal nature, this filovirus is classified as a biological class 4 pathogen. The natural reservoir of the virus is unknown. As a result, little is understood about how Ebola virus is transmitted or how it replicates in its host. Although the primary source of infection is unknown, the epidemiologic mode of transmission is well defined. A variety of tests have proven to be specific and useful for Ebola virus identification. There is no FDA-approved antiviral treatment for EHF. Incubation ranges from 2 to 21 days. Patients who are able to mount an immune response to the virus will begin to recover in 7 to 10 days and start a period of prolonged convalescence. Supportive management of infected patients is the primary method of treatment, with particular attention to maintenance of hydration, circulatory volume, blood pressure, and the provision of supplemental oxygen. Since there is no specific treatment outside of supportive management and palliative care, containment of this potentially lethal virus is paramount. In almost all outbreaks of EHF, the fatality rate among health care workers with documented infections was higher than that of non-health care workers.
Studies on the Biochemical Action of Ginseng Saponin (1975)

Systematic isolation and purification of the biologically active component of ginseng extract were followed by observing the incorporation of labeled leucine into serum protein at 6 hr after a single intraperitoneal injection in a mouse. Ginseng saponin mixture (fraction 5) exhibited high activity for such incorporation. Seven saponins were isolated from fraction 5 by means of preparative TLC, and assayed. Administration of all these saponins (ginsenoside-Rb2, Rc, Rc2, Rd, Re, and Rg1)except for ginsenoside-Rb1, caused an increase of leucine incorporation over that in control animals. The incorporation rate was directly proportional to the dose in the case of ginsenoside-Rd, which had the highest activity. The increase specific radio-activity of serum protein was not due to a decrease in the pool size of free amino acids in the liver. It was conclusively shown that the active component stimulating serum protein biosynthesis is saponin.
Carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3): a novel gene highly induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors during differentiation of prostate epithelial cancer cells. (1999)

Butyrate and its structural analogues have recently entered clinical trials as a potential drug for differentiation therapy of advanced prostate cancer. To better understand the molecular mechanism(s) involved in prostate cancer differentiation, we used mRNA differential display to identify the gene(s) induced by butyrate. We found that the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line PC-3 undergoes terminal differentiation and apoptosis after treatment with sodium butyrate (NaBu). A novel cDNA designated carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3), which was up-regulated in NaBu-treated PC-3 cells, was identified and characterized. This gene expresses a 2795-bp mRNA encoding a protein with an open reading frame of 421 amino acids. CPA3 has 37-63% amino acid identity with zinc CPs from different mammalian species. It also shares 27-43% amino acid similarity with zinc CPs from several nonmammalian species, including Escherichia coli, yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila. The structural similarity between CPA3 and its closest homologues indicates that the putative CPA3 protein contains a 16-residue signal peptide sequence, a 95-residue NH2-terminal activation segment, and a 310-residue CP enzyme domain. The consistent induction of CPA3 by NaBu in several prostate cancer cell lines led us to investigate the signaling pathway involved in the induction of CPA3 mRNA. Trichostatin A, a potent and specific inhibitor of histone deacetylase, also induced CPA3 mRNA expression, suggesting that CPA3 gene induction is mediated by histone hyperacetylation. We demonstrated that CPA3 induction was a downstream effect of the treatment with butyrate or trichostatin A, but that the induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1) occurred immediately after these treatments. We also demonstrated that the induction of CPA3 mRNA by NaBu was inhibited by p21(WAF1/CIP1) antisense mRNA expression, indicating that p21 transactivation is required for the induction of CPA3 by NaBu. Our data demonstrate that the histone hyperacetylation signaling pathway is activated during NaBu-mediated differentiation of PC-3 cells, and the new gene, CPA3, is involved in this pathway.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPING TURBULENT STRUCTURE IN A TRAPEZOIDAL OPEN CHANNEL FLOW BY USING REYNOLDS STRESS MODEL (1995)

開水路流れは自由水面を有するため閉管路とはその乱流構造を大きく異にする. 特に, このことは開水路を特徴づける縦渦において顕著である. さらにこの縦渦は開水路断面によっても支配される. すなわち, 流路アスペクト比 (河川幅/水深) が小さい長方形断面開水路では, 最大主流方向速度位置の自由水面下への降下現象が認められ, 自由水面に沿って側壁から河川中心に向かう縦渦が認められる. しかし, 台形断面開水路ではこの降下現象は認められず, 縦渦も長方形断面の場合と全く逆向きの流れが認められる. そこでこの台形断面開水路をレイノルズ応力モデル, 境界適合座標を用いて三次元乱流場として数値解析を行い, 実験値と比較検討すると共に縦渦の発達挙動について新たな知見を示した.
Multiscale Mixed-Finite-Element Modeling of Coupled Wellbore/Near-Well Flow (2007)

Abstract An accurate well modeling capability is important for both production and reservoir engineering calculations. Ideally, the models used for these two applications should be related in a logical manner. Multiscale methods allow varying degrees of resolution and can therefore provide a natural linkage between production and reservoir models. In this work, we present a coupled wellbore-reservoir flow model that is based on a multiscale mixed finite element formulation for reservoir flow linked to a drift-flux wellbore flow representation. The model is able to capture efficiently the effects of near-well heterogeneity in the reservoir and phase holdup and pressure variation in the wellbore. The formulation presented here is for oil-water systems. The basic reservoir-wellbore linkage is described and validated through comparison to results from an existing simulator. The multiscale methodology is then applied to a heterogeneous reservoir model. Both vertical and deviated wells are considered. Comparisons of the multiscale solution to the fully resolved (fine-scale) solution demonstrate the high degree of accuracy of the method, for both reservoir and wellbore quantities, as well as its efficiency.
Review: synthetically modified carbohydrates as ligands (2004)

The coordinative properties of synthetically modified carbohydrates to metal cations are reviewed. Such metal complexes are distinct, owing to the structural diversity of the ligands and coordination modes. The influences of complex-formation conditions on chemical properties of modified carbohydrates, as well as on organic reactions (especially diastereoselective ones), are examined. In addition, this manuscript demonstrates the practical importance of the coordination interactions.
A low-cost high-definition wireless sensor system utilizing intersymbol interference (1998)

A new method for wireless interrogation of a passive SAW sensor with multiple reflectors, utilizing the signal interference during overlap of the sensor's response bursts, is introduced. Within this time interval, the amplitude or the phase, respectively, is measured. By varying the frequency of the relatively long interrogation bursts, the amount of interference and destructive interferences (notches) are searched, respectively. So the measurand influencing the sensor or its identification information can be gained. The principle yields high resolution with a low cost interrogating system. The basic principle, calculations of sensitivity, and experimental results for temperature measurements are presented. The hardware effort and the performance of the system are discussed.
DNA–RNA chimeric hammerhead ribozyme to transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA inhibits the exaggerated growth of vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (2000)

The present results demonstrated that our designed DNA-RNA chimeric hammerhead ribozyme to TGF-beta(1) mRNA might be a useful gene therapy agent for hypertensive vascular diseases.
The pharmacological treatment of premature ejaculation (2008)

Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common sexual dysfunction in men that is characterized by a short time to ejaculation, and a lack of control over ejaculation, and is associated with distress for men and their partners. Lack of knowledge about the aetiology of PE and lack of approved treatments might contribute to its under-diagnosis and under-treatment. The organic factors involved in PE are not well understood but serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is important at the level of the central nervous system in the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in ejaculation. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants (paroxetine, fluoxetine and sertraline) and the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine increase ejaculatory control and delay ejaculation in men with PE, suggesting that pharmacological intervention might be useful for PE. These agents are intended for chronic dosing for treating psychiatric disorders because of their pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamic activity, which might result in limitations when used for treating PE. Indeed, these properties might limit the utility of these drugs, whether administered on-demand or chronically, for the episodic treatment requirements of PE. Elevated synaptic 5-HT levels achieved with acute SSRI treatment might be self-limiting because of activation of presynaptic 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors, and chronic 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor desensitization might contribute to an increase in side-effects and withdrawal symptoms. Short-acting SSRIs such as dapoxetine, currently under development for the on-demand treatment of PE, might circumvent these limitations and offer better ejaculatory control and sexual satisfaction for men with PE. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors have also been evaluated for treating PE, as have topical anaesthetics and the narcotic analgesic tramadol.
Field Server Projects (2007)

A field server is a sensor node which can create a wireless sensor network and simultaneously serve as Wi-Fi hotspots in open fields. Since 2001, we have been working on several Research and Development projects to develop field server technology and its applications. So far, three generations of field servers have been developed and are in use in more than a dozen countries for collaborative research and educational applications such as a global sensor network for Earth observation, food safety/IT-agriculture, advanced sensor technology in fields and image monitoring for urban areas. The field servers have proved to be quite robust for field applications. More work is in progress to develop applications for the field server and resolve issues with power consumption and increasing the communication range for certain applications
Novel 4-Aminoquinolines Active against Chloroquine-Resistant and Sensitive <i>P. falciparum</i> Strains that also Inhibit Botulinum Serotype A (2008)

We report on the initial result of the coupling of 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline with steroidal and adamantane constituents to provide small molecules with excellent in vitro antimalarial activities (IC90 (W2) down to 6.74 nM). The same entities also inhibit the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain metalloprotease at low micromolar levels (7-31 microM). Interestingly, structural features imparting increased antimalarial activity also provide increased metalloprotease inhibition, thus allowing for simultaneous compound optimizations against distinct targets.
Triplet-based object recognition using synthetic and real probability models (1996)

We describe a model-based object recognition system that uses a probabilistic model for recognizing and locating objects. For each major view class of each 3D object, a probability model consisting of triplets of visible features, their parametrization, and their frequency of detection is constructed from a set of synthetic training images. These synthetic probability models are used to recognize and locate the 3D object from real 2D camera images. The features captured from the real images are then used to create a new, more accurate probability model.
The <i>Rpi‐blb2</i> gene from <i>Solanum bulbocastanum</i> is an <i>Mi‐1</i> gene homolog conferring broad‐spectrum late blight resistance in potato (2005)

The necessity to develop potato and tomato crops that possess durable resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans is increasing as more virulent, crop-specialized and pesticide resistant strains of the pathogen are rapidly emerging. Here, we describe the positional cloning of the Solanum bulbocastanum-derived Rpi-blb2 gene, which even when present in a potato background confers broad-spectrum late blight resistance. The Rpi-blb2 locus was initially mapped in several tetraploid backcross populations, derived from highly resistant complex interspecific hybrids designated ABPT (an acronym of the four Solanum species involved:S. acaule, S. bulbocastanum, S. phureja and S. tuberosum), to the same region on chromosome 6 as the Mi-1 gene from tomato, which confers resistance to nematodes, aphids and white flies. Due to suppression of recombination in the tetraploid material, fine mapping was carried out in a diploid intraspecific S. bulbocastanum F1 population. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries, generated from a diploid ABPT-derived clone and from the resistant S. bulbocastanum parent clone, were screened with markers linked to resistance in order to generate a physical map of the Rpi-blb2 locus. Molecular analyses of both ABPT- and S. bulbocastanum-derived BAC clones spanning the Rpi-blb2 locus showed it to harbor at least 15 Mi-1 gene homologs (MiGHs). Of these, five were genetically determined to be candidates for Rpi-blb2. Complementation analyses showed that one ABPT- and one S. bulbocastanum-derived MiGH were able to complement the susceptible phenotype in both S. tuberosum and tomato. Sequence analyses of both genes showed them to be identical. The Rpi-blb2 protein shares 82% sequence identity to the Mi-1 protein. Significant expansion of the Rpi-blb2 locus compared to the Mi-1 locus indicates that intrachromosomal recombination or unequal crossing over has played an important role in the evolution of the Rpi-blb2 locus. The contrasting evolutionary dynamics of the Rpi-blb2/Mi-1 loci in the two related genomes may reflect the opposite evolutionary potentials of the interacting pathogens.
RELATIONSHIP OF TREATMENT OF FRESH STRAWBERRIES TO THE QUALITY OF FROZEN FRUIT AND PRESERVES<sup>1</sup> (1991)

ABSTRACT ‘Cardinal’ strawberries were hand picked and stored 1 day at 21°C to enhance softening. Three separate preprocessing experiments were conducted to determine the effects of style of pack, 0.18% calcium (Ca) dips, 0.3% low methoxyl pectin (LMP), 40° Brix sucrose dips, heat of 70°C, vacuum at 172 mm Hg and drying to 70% moisture on quality and firmness of frozen‐then‐thawed and preserved strawberries. The greatest firming effect on frozen‐then‐thawed fruit was due to Ca and pectin. Sliced fruit was firmed more than whole fruit by the Ca and pectin treatments. Drained weight loss was reduced by pectin, Ca, sucrose, heat and vacuum in frozen‐then‐thawed fruit. Drained weight losses were the same or greater among treatments in preserves. The firmness and wholeness of preserves was increased by Ca, vacuum, 40° Brix sucrose, heat and to a lesser extent drying, but individual effects were not additive. The drying treatment reduced color quality.
Alternative splicing of protein 4.1R exon 16: ordered excision of flanking introns ensures proper splice site choice (2000)

Alternative splicing plays a major role in regulating tissue-specific expression of cytoskeletal protein 4.1R isoforms. In particular, expression of the protein's functionally critical spectrin-actin binding domain, essential for maintenance of red cell membrane mechanical properties, is governed by a developmentally regulated splicing switch involving alternative exon 16. Using a model 3-exon 4.1R pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), we explored the sequence requirements for excision of the introns flanking exon 16. These studies revealed that splicing of this alternative exon occurs preferentially in an ordered fashion. The first step is excision of the downstream intron to join exons 16 and 17, followed by excision of the upstream intron. Constructs designed to test the converse pathway were spliced less efficiently and with less fidelity, in part due to activation of a cryptic 5' splice site in exon 16. This downstream-first model for ordered splicing is consistent with the hypothesis that regulated alternative splicing requires cooperation between multiple exonic and/or intronic regulatory elements whose spatial organization is critical for recruitment of appropriate splicing factors. Our results predict that exon 16 splicing is regulated at the first step-excision of the downstream intron-and that cells unable to catalyze this step will exhibit exon 16 skipping. In cells that include exon 16, adherence to an ordered pathway is important for efficient and accurate production of mature 4.1R mRNA encoding an intact spectrin-actin binding domain. (Blood. 2000;95:692-699)