gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Innervation zone of the vastus medialis muscle: position and effect on surface EMG variables (2013)

The aim of this study was to investigate the position of the innervation zone (IZ) of the vastus medialis (VM) and its effect on the electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and mean frequency estimates. Eighteen healthy subjects performed maximal isometric knee extensions at three knee angles. Surface EMG signals were collected by using a 16 × 8 electrode grid placed on the VM muscle. The position of the IZ was estimated through visual analysis, and traditional bipolar signals were obtained from channels over and away from it; amplitude and mean frequency values were extracted and compared using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. The IZ is shaped as a line running from the proximal-lateral to the distal-medial aspect of the VM muscle. The presence of an IZ under the electrodes lowered the EMG amplitude (P < 0.001, F = 58.11) and increased the EMG mean frequency (P < 0.001, F = 26.47); variations of these parameters due to the knee flexion angle were less frequently observed in EMG signals collected over than away from the IZ. Electrodes placed 'over the belly of the VM muscle' are likely to collect EMG signals influenced by the presence of the IZ, thus hindering the detection of changes in muscle activity.
Fluorine mass balance in electrolytic degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in aqueous solution (2013)

Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) have been widely used in various household products. Because of inactive C–F bond within its structure, most PFCs cannot be biologically degraded and tend to accumulate in the ecosystems once discharged into the environment through sewage effluent etc., necessitating low-cost treatment technologies for PFCs. We have worked on the electrolysis method in which PFCs in water are decomposed at moderate cost, and found that perfluorooctane sulfonate, considered to be the most recalcitrant chemical among PFCs, can be decomposed by electrolysis. The decomposition products, however, remained unknown although we used various advanced analytical techniques (mass spectrometry for analysis of organic substances in liquid and gas samples, and combustion-ion chromatography for total fluorine analysis) to identify the products. The emanation of volatile low-molecular fluorine compounds was suspected. The present report summarizes our trial to identify the unknown decomposition products by analytical instruments cited above, and the application of PIXE/PIGE analysis to track the fluorine compounds lost from the solution by concentrating the gaseous compounds in low temperature (–100°C) activated charcoal.
Bortezomib in the front-line treatment of multiple myeloma (2008)

Front-line therapy for multiple myeloma is rapidly evolving with the development of new, highly active regimens based on novel agents such as bortezomib. Bortezomib-based regimens are demonstrating substantial efficacy both as induction prior to stem cell transplantation and as treatment for patients ineligible for transplant, offering rapid and durable responses with consistently high rates of complete response, a surrogate end point for improved overall survival. Combinations of bortezomib plus established and novel agents, such as melphalan-prednisone, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, thalidomide-dexamethasone and, most recently, lenalidomide-dexamethasone, are proving superior to or more promising than previous standards of care. Importantly, these regimens are demonstrating enhanced activity across the front-line population, including patients with renal impairment, high-risk cytogenetics and advanced bone disease. Impressive Phase 3 results with bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone, bortezomib-dexamethasone and bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone should facilitate the establishment of these highly effective regimens as key therapies for newly diagnosed myeloma.
15 Years of Research on Redirected Walking in Immersive Virtual Environments (2018)

Virtual reality users wearing head-mounted displays can experience the illusion of walking in any direction for infinite distance while, in reality, they are walking a curvilinear path in physical space. This is accomplished by introducing unnoticeable rotations to the virtual environment-a technique called redirected walking. This paper gives an overview of the research that has been performed since redirected walking was first practically demonstrated 15 years ago.
Engineering information on an Analog Signal to Discrete Time Interval Converter (ASDT-IC) (1974)

An electronic control system for nondissipative dc power converters is presented which improves (1) the routinely attainable static output voltage accuracy to the order of + or - 1% for ambient temperatures from -55 to 100 C and (2) the dynamic stability by utilizing approximately one tenth of the feedback gain needed otherwise. Performance is due to a functional philosophy of deterministic pulse modulation based on pulse area control and to an autocompensated signal processing principle. The system can be implemented with commercially available unselected components.
Coatings for Controlled-Release Drug Delivery Systems (1998)

(1998). Coatings for Controlled-Release Drug Delivery Systems. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy: Vol. 24, No. 12, pp. 1139-1154.
Energy-Efficient Data Aggregation Protocol for Location-Aware Wireless Sensor Networks (2008)

The energy is the most critical resource in wireless sensor networks. Many energy efficient techniques have been studied especially in communication protocol. Among these protocols, PEGASIS proposed by Lindsey is the most superior interms of energy efficiency. In PEGASIS, all sensor nodes aggregate and transmit data along the single chain. However, this single chain causes some problems such as delay, unexpected long transmission and non-directional transmission to the sink. To resolve delay problem, PEGASIS cuts the chain into several chains. In this way, the delay can be decreased but there is new problem, wireless interference. In this paper, we propose a new chain construction algorithm to resolve above problems. The proposed algorithm minimizes the delay without the wireless interferences and maximizes the energy efficiency by removing the non-directional transmission when transmitting packets to the sink node on wireless sensor networks. Our simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can minimize the delay without expense of energy consumption.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOTIDES. XI. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF DINUCLEOSIDE MONOPHOSPHATES WITH H THYMIDINE AND 1‐(2′‐DEOXY‐β‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)LUMAZINES AS BUILDING BLOCKS (1980)

Abstract Ausgehend von den Nucleosiden (Ia) bzw. (Ib) werden über die Phosphorylierungsprodukte (Ic) (wird isoliert) bzw. (Id) durch unmittelbare Kondensation mit entsprechenden Komponenten (II) die voll geschützten Dinucleosidphosphate (III) synthetisiert, die schrittweise über die partiell geschützten Derivate (IV) in die freien Titelverbin‐ IKA dungen (V) übergeführt werden.
Infrared Spectroscopic and ab Initio Study of HOOClO<sub>2</sub> (1999)

HOOClO2 was produced by addition of hydrogen atoms to a mixture of O2 and OClO on the surface of growing argon matrixes at 17 K. The compound was identified by infrared spectroscopy utilizing the H to D and 18O2 and 16,18O2 spectral shifts. The matrices were irradiated with the full radiation from a 300-W Xe lamp. HOOClO2 was eliminated by the irradiation, but we were unable to identify the photodecomposition product. Ab initio calculations show that HOO binds to OClO with a bond strength intermediate between a van der Waals interaction and a covalent bond.
Mr Imaging of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Pigs Using Gd-DTPA-Labeled Dextran (1992)

Myocardial infarctions were induced in 12 pigs. In 6 pigs, dextran-(Gd-DTPA)15 (approximately 0.1 mmol Gd/kg b.w.) was injected i.v. 4 to 4.5 hours after coronary artery occlusion. ECG gated MR images were obtained repeatedly before (n = 4) and after (n = 6) contrast medium injection. Relaxation times in blood samples were measured repeatedly. The animals were sacrificed 2 hours after contrast medium administration. The hearts were excised, reexamined in the MR equipment and stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) in order to define areas of infarction. The remaining 6 pigs were sacrificed 6 hours after occlusion without administration of contrast medium. These hearts were only imaged ex vivo. In vivo, the infarctions could not be identified with or without dextran-(Gd-DTPA)15. Ex vivo, without contrast medium, the infarctions had an increased signal intensity, most pronounced in the T2-weighted images. Dextran-(Gd-DTPA)15 caused a prolonged, pronounced shortening of T1 and T2 in blood samples. The infarct demarcation improved in the T1-weighted images after injection of dextran-(Gd-DTPA)15, due to a moderate enhancement in normal myocardium and a stronger enhancement at the periphery of the infarctions, while the central parts of the infarctions were only weakly enhanced.
VLSI chip-set for data compression using the Rice algorithm (1990)

A full custom VLSI implementation of a data compression encoder and decoder which implements the lossless Rice data compression algorithm is discussed in this paper. The encoder and decoder reside on single chips. The data rates are to be 5 and 10 Mega-samples-per-second for the decoder and encoder respectively.
High performance dc SQUID magnetometers with single layer YBa2Cu3O7−<i>x</i> flux transformers (1993)

We have fabricated high-transition temperature superconducting magnetometers involving a flux transformer patterned in a single film of YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) on a 50-mm-diam substrate. This transformer is inductively coupled to a loop that in turn is directly coupled to a dc superconducting quantum interference device, patterned in a single layer of YBCO deposited on a SrTiO3 bicrystal. At 77 K, the lowest magnetic field noise achieved is 31 fT Hz−1/2 at frequencies above 5 Hz, increasing to 39 fT Hz−1/2 at 1 Hz.
Removal of advanced glycation end products in clinical renal failure by peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis (2003)

AGEs (advanced glycation end products) accumulate markedly in the plasma of human subjects with renal failure. We investigated the efficiency of removal of AGEs from the circulation by PD (peritoneal dialysis) and HD (haemodialysis) therapy. Free AGEs were measured by LC-MS/MS in blood plasma before dialysis, in dialysis fluid effusate after a 2-12 h dwell time in the peritoneal cavity of PD subjects, and in the HD dialysate before and after HD therapy. In clinical uraemia, the concentrations of free AGEs in blood plasma were increased up to 50-fold. For example, levels of MG-H1 (methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone) were: normal controls, 110+/-46 nM; PD subjects, 1876+/-676 ( P <0.01); HD subjects, 5496+/-1138 nM ( P <0.001). In PD subjects, the AGE concentration in the effusate increased with increasing dwell time, reaching a maximum at a concentration higher than that in plasma for some AGEs at 4-12 h. This may reflect AGE formation in the peritoneal cavity. In HD, AGE concentrations in HD fluid were decreased markedly from the start to the end of a dialysis session, except that levels of the methylglyoxal-derived AGEs N (epsilon)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine and MG-H1, and of pentosidine, remained 5-fold higher than control levels. Inadequate clearance of free AGEs may be linked to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with renal failure.
New Chemical Scaffolds for Human African Trypanosomiasis Lead Discovery from a Screen of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Drugs (2014)

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. New drugs are needed to treat HAT because of undesirable side effects and difficulties in the administration of the antiquated drugs that are currently used. In human proliferative diseases, protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors (PTKIs) have been developed into drugs (e.g., lapatinib and erlotinib) by optimization of a 4-anilinoquinazoline scaffold. Two sets of facts raise a possibility that drugs targeted against human PTKs could be "hits" for antitrypanosomal lead discoveries. First, trypanosome protein kinases bind some drugs, namely, lapatinib, CI-1033, and AEE788. Second, the pan-PTK inhibitor tyrphostin A47 blocks the endocytosis of transferrin and inhibits trypanosome replication. Following up on these concepts, we performed a focused screen of various PTKI drugs as possible antitrypanosomal hits. Lapatinib, CI-1033, erlotinib, axitinib, sunitinib, PKI-166, and AEE788 inhibited the replication of bloodstream T. brucei, with a 50% growth inhibitory concentration (GI50) between 1.3 μM and 2.5 μM. Imatinib had no effect (i.e., GI50>10 μM). To discover leads among the drugs, a mouse model of HAT was used in a proof-of-concept study. Orally administered lapatinib reduced parasitemia, extended the survival of all treated mice, and cured the trypanosomal infection in 25% of the mice. CI-1033 and AEE788 reduced parasitemia and extended the survival of the infected mice. On the strength of these data and noting their oral bioavailabilities, we propose that the 4-anilinoquinazoline and pyrrolopyrimidine scaffolds of lapatinib, CI-1033, and AEE788 are worth optimizing against T. brucei in medicinal chemistry campaigns (i.e., scaffold repurposing) to discover new drugs against HAT.
Specific and Quantitative Assessment of Naphthalene and Salicylate Bioavailability by Using a Bioluminescent Catabolic Reporter Bacterium (1992)

A bioassay was developed and standardized for the rapid, specific, and quantitative assessment of naphthalene and salicylate bioavailability by use of bioluminescence monitoring of catabolic gene expression. The bioluminescent reporter strain Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44, which carries a transcriptional nahG-luxCDABE fusion for naphthalene and salicylate catabolism, was used. The physiological state of the reporter cultures as well as the intrinsic regulatory properties of the naphthalene degradation operon must be taken into account to obtain a high specificity at low target substrate concentrations. Experiments have shown that the use of exponentially growing reporter cultures has advantages over the use of carbon-starved, resting cultures. In aqueous solutions for both substrates, naphthalene and salicylate, linear relationships between initial substrate concentration and bioluminescence response were found over concentration ranges of 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. Naphthalene could be detected at a concentration of 45 ppb. Studies conducted under defined conditions with extracts and slurries of experimentally contaminated sterile soils and identical uncontaminated soil controls demonstrated that this method can be used for specific and quantitative estimations of target pollutant presence and bioavailability in soil extracts and for specific and qualitative estimations of napthalene in soil slurries.
Tetraaza[14]annulen‐derivate und ihre vorstufen, 3. Katalyse, halbleitereigenschaften und thermostabilität der metallkomplexe (1978)

Abstract The use of low molecular weight, bicyclic, and polymeric tetraaza[14]annulene metal complexes 1–5 of copper(II), cobalt(II), iron(II), and nickel(II) as oxygen activating catalysts in the oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone was examined. In addition semiconducting properties and thermal stabilities of these complexes were investigated.
Fiber-optic diaphragm-curvature pressure transducer (1983)

A novel fiber-optic sensor that determines pressure from diaphragm curvature is discussed. This sensing technique exhibits a high degree of sensitivity and linearity and is less susceptible to environmental perturbations than previous intensity-modulating techniques. Experimental results are presented for a miniature pressure transducer suitable for in vivo medical applications.
Information provision improvement with a geofencing event-bases system (2015)

Nowadays there is a big percentage of the population, specially young users, which are smartphone users and there is a lot of information to be provided within the applications, information provision should be done carefully and should be accurate, otherwise an overload of information will be produced, and the user will discard the app which is providing the information. Mobile devices are becoming smarter and provide many ways to filter information. However, there are alternatives to improve information provision from the side of the application. Some examples are, taking into account the local time, considering the battery level before doing an action and checking the user location to send personalized information attached to that location. SmartCampus and SmartCities are becoming a reality and they have more and more data integrated every day. With all this amount of data it is crucial to decide when and where is the user going to receive a notification with new information. Geofencing is a technique which allows applications to deliver information in a more useful way, in the right time and in the right place. It consists of geofences, physical regions delimited by boundaries, and devices that are eligible to receive the information assigned to the geofence. When devices cross one of these geofences an alert is pushed to the mobile device with the information.
Path directed abstraction and refinement in SAT-based design debugging (2012)

The past decade has seen a disproportionate amount of resources dedicated towards verification as compared to actual design. It is reported that one third of this overhead is due to the resource-intensive task of manual debugging. To relieve this burden, this work introduces the novel concept of path directed debugging within a window-based abstraction/refinement framework. The algorithm divides the error trace into non-overlapping time-windows where each window is analyzed separately. Subsequent windows are replaced with abstracted over-approximations derived from failing paths in the time domain. Using this abstracted model, each solution found is processed through an additional verification step that removes spurious solutions and simultaneously refines the problem. This paper also develops the theory that shows that the proposed approach is complete, a fact that mitigates the incompleteness inherent in past time-window based debugging methods. Experimental results on industrial designs with long error traces show a 55% decrease in peak memory usage resulting in 78% more instances being solved when compared to previous work.
Frequency visualization in large electric power systems (2005)

Frequency is an important parameter in the operation of power systems. Dynamic visualization provides a quick and direct way to view the state of the system. Tools are being developed to help to observe frequency behavior from both simulations and field real-time measurements. Frequency replay from simulation data provides some insights of how the frequency electromechanical waves propagate when major events occur. Several examples are given to show some characteristics of the wave propagation. Visualization from frequency disturbance recorder (FDR) measurement provides a real-time view of the system's status.
Development of a Lateral Flow Assay for Rapid Detection of Bovine Antibody to<i>Anaplasma marginale</i> (2007)

A rapid lateral flow assay for detection of bovine antibody to Anaplasma marginale was developed. The assay used a recombinant peptide of major surface protein 5 as the antigen and a monoclonal antibody specific for bovine IgG(1) conjugated with colloidal gold beads for detection. Serum and anticoagulated blood samples were obtained from cattle in an area where anaplasmosis was endemic. The samples were selected based on positive identification of the organism in blood smears. The unclotted blood samples were used for PCR determination of the presence of A. marginale while the sera were tested by a commercial competitive enzyme immunoassay (CELISA) and by the lateral flow assay (LFA). Similar samples, collected at a Canadian sales barn, were tested by the CELISA and LFA and 10% were tested by PCR for the presence of A. marginale nucleic acid. In addition, stored serum samples from a second endemic area were tested by CELISA and LFA. Of the 114 smear positive samples, all were positive by CELISA and LFA. All samples were also positive by PCR. Samples from Canadian sources (n=524) were negative in the CELISA but 11 sera gave false positive reactions in the LFA. All samples tested were PCR negative. Of 113 samples from herds with anaplasmosis, 53 were positive in the CELISA and 50 were LFA positive.
Biomolecular-Induced Synthesis of Self-Assembled Hierarchical La(OH)CO<sub>3</sub>One-Dimensional Nanostructures and Its Morphology-Held Conversion toward La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>and La(OH)<sub>3</sub> (2009)

Novel hierarchical layer-by-layer self-assembled one-dimensional (1D) La(OH)CO3 nanostructures, with a diameter of around 700 nm and lengths in the range of 6−8 μm, were synthesized by a developed hydrothermal method using La2O3 and glycine as the starting materials. Various experimental conditions, such as the reaction time, temperature, and the molar ratios of the starting reagents, were studied. The obtained 1D La(OH)CO3 nanostructures can be successfully converted to La2O3 and La(OH)3 nanorods via calcination under appropriate conditions. Analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron microscopy were employed to characterize these products, and the possible growth mechanism of 1D La(OH)CO3 nanostructures was explored. The UV−visible diffuse reflectance absorbance spectra indicate that the 1D nanostructures have enhanced UV-light absorbance properties in contrast to the bulk materials. The electrochemical studies show that 1D La(OH)CO3 nanostructures have a stronger ability to promote electron transfer between ascorbic acid (H2A) and the glass−carbon (GC) electrode than the bulk La(OH)CO3. These layer-by-layer self-assembled hierarchical products have possible application as an efficient support matrix for the immobilization of enzymes and some biomolecules. This one-pot method is likely to be useful in the preparation of many other layered structures.