gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inverse Reinforcement Learning in Swarm Systems (2017)

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) has become a useful tool for learning behavioral models from demonstration data. However, IRL remains mostly unexplored for multi-agent systems. In this paper, we show how the principle of IRL can be extended to homogeneous large-scale problems, inspired by the collective swarming behavior of natural systems. In particular, we make the following contributions to the field: 1) We introduce the swarMDP framework, a sub-class of decentralized partially observable Markov decision processes endowed with a swarm characterization. 2) Exploiting the inherent homogeneity of this framework, we reduce the resulting multi-agent IRL problem to a single-agent one by proving that the agent-specific value functions in this model coincide. 3) To solve the corresponding control problem, we propose a novel heterogeneous learning scheme that is particularly tailored to the swarm setting. Results on two example systems demonstrate that our framework is able to produce meaningful local reward models from which we can replicate the observed global system dynamics.
In Search of an API for Scalable Reliable Multicast (1997)

this paper we explore the issues involved with a reliable multicast protocol for the Internet that can scale to millions of receivers. Ideally, we would like a protocol and API for reliable, scalable multicast that would be universally useful to all such multicast applications. Some would argue that scalable reliable multicast must be implemented at the application level, i.e., that it is not possible to offer multicast reliability as a separate service that is not integrated into the application [FLO95]. To a certain extent this argument has merit. The widely varying requirements of different applications for a scalable reliable multicast service are broad enough to prohibit a generalpurpose solution. However, we will show that it is possible to provide a service that offers mechanisms for reliability which are useful to a sizeable category of applications. In this paper, we define an API for reliable, scalable multicast, while only making minimal assumptions about the protocol. Our goal is to have an API that is useful for experimenting with different scalable protocols. The API that we propose could equally use another protocol to achieve reliable multicast. Defining an &quot;on the wire&quot; protocol for scalable reliable multicast is important, and should be addressed in order to allow interoperability. However, our focus here is with the semantics of a scalable reliable multicast service, regardless of the protocol for implementing it. As a point of departure, we will consider especially the reliable multicast used in the MBONE wb whiteboard tool, called SRM [FLO95].1 SRM has been proven to work well for as many as 1000 participants spread all over the world. However, we are not concerned so much with the specifics of this scheme, as with its general properties, i.e., that...
Cremophor Pharmacokinetics in Patients Receiving 3-, 6-, and 24-Hour Infusions of Paclitaxel (1996)

Paclitaxel infusions of 3 and 6 hours can result in sustained plasma Cremophor concentrations sufficient for substantial reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR in vitro. These plasma Cremophor concentrations are not achieved during 24-hour infusions of paclitaxel.
The normal optic nerve head on Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II. (2003)

Estimation of stereometric parameters of a normal disc can be used to indicate an abnormal one. Moorfields regression analysis and discriminant functions have a high specificity in our normal population; however caution must be exercised in interpreting the results for a disc area larger than 3 mm2.
BPDZ 154 Activates Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Channels:<i>In Vitro</i>Studies Using Rodent Insulin-Secreting Cells and Islets Isolated from Patients with Hyperinsulinism (2002)

A novel ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP)) channel agonist, BPDZ 154 (6,7-dichloro-3-isopropylamino-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide), was synthesized, and its effects on insulin-secreting cells were evaluated using electrophysiology, (86)Rb(+) and (45)Ca(2+) efflux, and RIA determinations of insulin secretion. BPDZ 154, an analog of diazoxide, inhibited both glucose-induced insulin secretion from isolated perifused islets and the secretion of insulin induced by glucose and tolbutamide. These effects were mediated by the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels because BPDZ 154 induced a concentration-dependent increase in channel activity that was inhibited by the sulfonylurea tolbutamide and the imidazoline efaroxan. In beta-cells isolated from patients with either nontypical hyperinsulinism (preserved K(ATP) channel function) or from the control areas of the pancreas of patients with focal hyperinsulinism, BPDZ 154 activated K(ATP) channels and was found to be more effective and less readily reversible than diazoxide. By contrast, it was not possible to activate K(ATP) channels by either diazoxide or BPDZ 154 in beta-cells from patients with hyperinsulinism as a consequence of defects in K(ATP) channel function. In beta-cells isolated from a patient with pancreatic insulinoma, K(ATP) channels were readily recorded and modulated by BPDZ 154. These data suggest that BPDZ 154 or BPDZ 154-like compounds may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of certain forms of hyperinsulinism.
Effects of Natural Water Ions and Humic Acid on Catalytic Nitrate Reduction Kinetics Using an Alumina Supported Pd−Cu Catalyst (2006)

Catalytic nitrate reduction was evaluated for the purpose of drinking water treatment. Common anions present in natural waters and humic acid were evaluated for their effects on NO3(-) hydrogenation over a bimetallic supported catalyst (Pd-Cu/gamma-Al2O3). Groundwater samples, with and without powder activated carbon (PAC) pretreatment, were also evaluated. In the absence of inhibitors the NO3- reduction rate was 2.4 x 10(-01) L/min g cat. However, the addition of constituents (SO4(2-), SO3(2-), HS-, CI-, HCO3-, OH-, and humic acid) on the order of representative concentrations for drinking water decreased the NO3- reduction rate. Sulfite, sulfide, and elevated chloride decreased the NO3- reduction rate by over 2 orders of magnitude. Preferential adsorption of Cl- inhibited NO3- reduction to a greater extent than NO2- reduction. Partial regeneration of catalysts exposed to SO3(2-) was achieved by using a dilute hypochlorite solution, however Cu dissolution occurred. Dissolved constituents in the groundwater sample decreased the NO3- reduction rate to 3.7 x 10(-03) L/min g cat and increased ammonia production. Removal of dissolved organic matter from the groundwater using PAC increased the NO3- reduction rate to 5.06 x 10(-02) L/min g cat and decreased ammonia production. Elemental analyses of catalysts exposed to the natural groundwater suggest that mineral precipitation may also contribute to catalyst fouling.
Pathologic Features of Behçet's Disease in the Tubuler Gut (2011)

Behçet's disease (BD) is a vasculitic disorder of relapsing acute inflammation characterized by recurrent oral ulcers, genital ulcers, uveitis, and skin lesions. The disease also affects other organs, including joints, the nervous system, blood vessels, and gastrointestinal (GI) system may also be involved and the lower GI tract is the mostly involved part, leading to severe morbidity. The frequency of GI involvement in BD varies among different ethnic groups. Although 50-60% of Japanese patients have GI disease, these manifestations are rare in patients from Mediterranean countries. The gastrointestinal manifestations of BD usually appear 4.5-6 years after the onset of the oral ulcers. The intestinal lesions are usually resistant to medical treatment and recur after surgery. The elementary lesion is apthous ulcer. Deep, round or oval ulcers with a punched-out appearance tend to perforate easily, so that many patients require urgent operation.
Use of a dual priming oligonucleotide system to detect multiple sexually transmitted pathogens in clinical specimens (2009)

It is the first report about the new DPO-based technique to detect multiple sexually transmitted pathogens in a single assay, which has considerable potential to diagnose the infections accurately and rapidly.
T‐cell depletion with Campath‐1H ‘in the bag’ for matched related allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation is associated with reduced graft‐versus‐host disease, rapid immune constitution and improved survival (2003)

We studied the outcome of 24 peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) graft recipients, who were T-cell depleted (TCD) with either 20 mg (n = 14) or 10 mg (n = 10) Campath-1H in vitro, in comparison with a retrospective cohort of 23 unmanipulated (UM) PBSC recipients. While the neutrophil engraftment was similar, the platelet engraftment occurred earlier in the TCD group (d 11 vs 14). The incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) was 8.7% and 4.4% in the TCD group, respectively, compared with 47.7% and 56.3% in UM group (P < 0.001). In the TCD group, 5/6 chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and 4/18 non-CML patients relapsed (vs 0/6 and 3/17 in UM group, P = 0.06). All four molecular or cytogenetic relapses of CML were disease-free survivors following donor lymphocyte infusion. There was no difference in the incidence of serious infection between the TCD and UM groups and the lymphocyte recovery at 100 d was comparable. In the TCD cohort, the lymphocyte recovery was quicker in the 10 mg Campath-1H group. The non-relapse mortality (19.1%vs 66.3%) and 3 year survival (73.1 vs 19.2) were improved in the TCD group (P = 0.05). Thus elimination of late mortalities related to chronic GVHD and a rapid immune reconstitution, limiting either infection or relapse related deaths, contributed to an improved outcome following T-cell depletion with Campath-1H "in the bag".
Comparative transcriptomic profiling of peripheral efferent and afferent nerve fibres at different developmental stages in mice (2018)

Peripheral nerve injury impairs motor and sensory function in humans, and its functional recovery largely depends on the axonal outgrowth required for the accurate reinnervation of appropriate targets. To better understand how motor and sensory nerve fibres select their terminal pathways, an unbiased cDNA microarray analysis was conducted to examine differential gene expression patterns in peripheral efferent and afferent fibres at different developmental stages in mice. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Enrichment of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed common and distinct features of enrichment for differentially expressed genes during motor and sensory nerve fibre development. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) further indicated that the key differentially expressed genes were associated with trans-synaptic neurexin-neuroligin signalling components and a variety of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. The aim of this study was to generate a framework of gene networks regulated during motor and sensory neuron differentiation/maturation. These data may provide new clues regarding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine the intrinsic capacity of neurons to regenerate after peripheral nerve injury. Our findings may thus facilitate further development of a potential intervention to manipulate the therapeutic efficiency of peripheral nerve repair in the clinic.
Microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of human calicivirus in stools (1983)

A microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for detection of human calicivirus in stool specimens. Seventy-eight stool specimens were tested by RIA. All 17 specimens positive for human calicivirus by electron microscopy (EM) were also positive by RIA. In addition, of 21 specimens obtained from an outbreak of caliciviral gastroenteritis, 11 were positive by RIA but negative by EM. Of 20 specimens positive for rotavirus by EM and 20 nondiarrheic specimens with no virus, 2 and 1, respectively, were positive by RIA but were subsequently shown to be falsely positive by a blocking test. There was no cross-reaction between human and feline caliciviruses. Thus, the test was more sensitive than EM and, with an appropriate blocking test, was specific for human calicivirus. It might be especially useful for screening large numbers of stool specimens.
Understanding short-term BTI behavior through comprehensive observation of gate-voltage dependence of RTN in highly scaled high-κ / metal-gate pFETs (2011)

In this paper, we report the results of extensive RTN trap analysis in high-k / metal-gate pFETs with respect to the response of >1400 traps to gate voltage, and discuss, for the first time, the impact of these results on understanding BTI stress and recovery effects. Our results suggest that the statistical variation in BTI effects in scaled devices may become very large because of the wide range of trap characteristics.
Distinct Functions of Gq and G11 Proteins in Coupling α1-Adrenoreceptors to Ca2+ Release and Ca2+ Entry in Rat Portal Vein Myocytes (1997)

In this study, we identified the subunit composition of Gq and G11 proteins coupling alpha1-adrenoreceptors to increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in rat portal vein myocytes maintained in short-term primary culture. We used intranuclear antisense oligonucleotide injection to inhibit selectively the expression of subunits of G protein. Increases in [Ca2+]i were measured in response to activation of alpha1-adrenoreceptors, angiotensin AT1 receptors, and caffeine. Antisense oligonucleotides directed against the mRNAs coding for alphaq, alpha11, beta1, beta3, gamma2, and gamma3 subunits selectively inhibited the increase in [Ca2+]i activated by alpha1-adrenoreceptors. A corresponding reduction of the expression of these G protein subunits was immunochemically confirmed. In experiments performed in Ca2+-free solution only cells injected with anti-alphaq antisense oligonucleotides displayed a reduction of the alpha1-adrenoreceptor-induced Ca2+ release. In contrast, in Ca2+-containing solution, injection of anti-alpha11 antisense oligonucleotides suppressed the alpha1-adrenoreceptor-induced stimulation of the store-operated Ca2+ influx. Agents that specifically bound Gbetagamma subunits (anti-betacom antibody and overexpression of a beta-adrenergic receptor kinase carboxyl-terminal fragment) had no effect on the alpha1-adrenoreceptor-induced signal transduction. Taken together, these results suggest that alpha1-adrenoreceptors utilize two different Galpha subunits to increase [Ca2+]i. Galphaq may activate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis and induce release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Galpha11 may enhance the Ca2+-activated Ca2+ influx that replenishes intracellular Ca2+ stores.
The Cloud Needs a Reputation System (2015)

Today's cloud apps are built from many diverse services that are managed by different parties. At the same time, these parties, which consume and/or provide services, continue to rely on arcane static security and entitlements models. In this paper, we introduce Seit, an inter-tenant framework that manages the interactions between cloud services. Seit is a software-defined reputation-based framework. It consists of two primary components: (1) a set of integration and query interfaces that can be easily integrated into cloud and service providers' management stacks, and (2) a controller that maintains reputation information using a mechanism that is adaptive to the highly dynamic environment of the cloud. We have fully implemented Seit, and integrated it into an SDN controller, a load balancer, a cloud service broker, an intrusion detection system, and a monitoring framework. We evaluate the efficacy of Seit using both an analytical model and a Mininet-based emulated environment. Our analytical model validate the isolation and stability properties of Seit. Using our emulated environment, we show that Seit can provide improved security by isolating malicious tenants, reduced costs by adapting the infrastructure without compromising security, and increased revenues for high quality service providers by enabling reputation to impact discovery.
Differential regulation of the tomato <i>ETR</i> gene family throughout plant development (1998)

Ethylene perception in plants is co-ordinated by multiple hormone receptor candidates sharing sequence commonalties with prokaryotic environmental sensor proteins known as two-component regulators. Two tomato homologs of the Arabidopsis ethylene receptor ETR1 were cloned from a root cDNA library. Both cDNAs, termed LeETR1 and LeETR2, were highly homologous to ETR1, exhibiting approximately 90% deduced amino acid sequence similarity and 80% deduced amino acid sequence identity. LeETR1 and LeETR2 contained all the major structural elements of two-component regulators, including the response regulator motif absent in LeETR3, the gene encoding tomato NEVER RIPE (NR). Using RNase protection analysis, the mRNAs of LeETR1, LeETR2 and NR were quantified in tissues engaged in key processes of the plant life cycle, including seed germination, shoot elongation, leaf and flower senescence, floral abscission, fruit set and fruit ripening. LeETR1 was expressed constitutively in all plant tissues examined. LeETR2 mRNA was expressed at low levels throughout the plant but was induced in imbibing tomato seeds prior to germination and was down-regulated in elongating seedlings and senescing leaf petioles. NR expression was developmentally regulated in floral ovaries and ripening fruit. Notably, hormonal regulation of NR was highly tissue-specific. Ethylene biosynthesis induced NR mRNA accumulation in ripening fruit but not in elongating seedlings or in senescing leaves or flowers. Furthermore, the abundance of mRNAs for all three LeETR genes remained uniform in multiple plant tissues experiencing marked changes in ethylene sensitivity, including the cell separation layer throughout tomato flower abscission.
Underbalanced drilling guidelines improve safety, efficiency (1994)

Milk kefir is a traditional fermented milk product whose consumption is becoming increasingly popular. The natural starter for kefir production is kefir grain, which consists of various bacterial and yeast species. At the industrial scale, however, kefir grains are rarely used due to their slow growth, complex application, bad reproducibility and high costs. Instead, mixtures of defined lactic acid bacteria and sometimes yeasts are applied, which alter sensory and functional properties compared to natural grain-based milk kefir. In order to be able to mimic natural starter cultures for authentic kefir production, it is a prerequisite to gain deep knowledge about the nature of kefir grains, its microbial composition, morphologic structure, composition of strains on grains and the impact of environmental parameters on kefir grain characteristics. In addition, it is very important to deeply investigate the numerous multi-dimensional interactions among different species, which play important roles on the formation and the functionality of grains.
Characterization of Low-molecular-weight Peptides in Human Parotid Saliva (1995)

The low-molecular-weight components of human saliva remain poorly characterized. Therefore, low-molecular-weight peptides (Mr < 3000) have been purified from human parotid saliva and characterized with respect to their amino acid sequence. From the sequences obtained, it is likely that these peptides are derived from proteolysis of the hydroxyapatite-interactive human salivary proteins, histatins, proline-rich proteins, and statherins. Since human parotid saliva is an amicrobial fluid, much of the low-molecular-weight peptide fraction of this secretion appears to be derived from the proteolytic processing of the larger proteins. Because of their small size, these peptides are likely to be in exchange with dental plaque fluid and may therefore help modulate events such as demineralization/remineralization, microbial attachment, and dental plaque metabolism at the tooth-saliva interface.
Detection of autoantibodies in a quantitative immunoassay using recombinant ribonucleoprotein antigens. (1989)

A human cDNA expression library was screened with anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antibodies from patients with connective tissue diseases. Three cDNA clones were isolated encoding 70 kD, A and B" ribonucleoprotein autoantigens which were expressed as beta-galactosidase fusion proteins. Antigens were purified and used to develop sensitive ELISAs suitable for the routine screening of large series of sera from patients with connective tissue diseases. More than 400 sera were tested both by ELISA and by immunoblotting. The ELISA was found to be at least as sensitive as immunoblotting and very specific. Anti-70 kD antibodies were found in 94% of patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), in 4% of patients with other connective tissue diseases but not in normal controls. Furthermore, the use of recombinant 70 kD antigen enabled us to discriminate between anti-70 kD antibodies present in anti-Sm and in anti-(U1) RNP sera. Recombinant A antigen contained at least two autoantibody-reactive sites; one unique for the A protein and another cross-reactive with anti-B" antibodies. Antibodies reactive with the unique site were found in 83% of MCTD patients, in 4% of patients with other connective tissue diseases and not in normal controls. Antibodies against the cross-reactive B" epitope present on A and B" recombinant antigens, were found in high titres in a small percentage of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, 5%) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA, 2%).
Scalable Fabrication of Polymer Membranes with Vertically Aligned 1 nm Pores by Magnetic Field Directed Self-Assembly (2014)

There is long-standing interest in developing membranes possessing uniform pores with dimensions in the range of 1 nm and physical continuity in the macroscopic transport direction to meet the needs of challenging small molecule and ionic separations. Here we report facile, scalabe fabrication of polymer membranes with vertically (i.e., along the through-plane direction) aligned 1 nm pores by magnetic-field alignment and subsequent cross-linking of a liquid crystalline mesophase. We utilize a wedge-shaped amphiphilic species as the building block of a thermotropic columnar mesophase with 1 nm ionic nanochannels, and leverage the magnetic anisotropy of the amphiphile to control the alignment of these pores with a magnetic field. In situ X-ray scattering and subsequent optical microscopy reveal the formation of highly ordered nanostructured mesophases and cross-linked polymer films with orientational order parameters of ca. 0.95. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging provides direct visualization of long-range persistence of vertically aligned, hexagonally packed nanopores in unprecedented detail, demonstrating high-fidelity retention of structure and alignment after photo-cross-linking. Ionic conductivity measurements on the aligned membranes show a remarkable 85-fold enhancement of conductivity over nonaligned samples. These results provide a path to achieving the large area control of morphology and related enhancement of properties required for high-performance membranes and other applications.
Solid-state Raman laser generating discretely tunable ultraviolet between 266 and 320 nm (2007)

We report a KGd(WO(4))(2) Raman laser pumped by a 532 nm laser that uses the intracavity nonlinear second harmonic and sum-frequency mixing of the Stokes and fundamental fields in beta-barium borate to generate selectable output among eight output wavelengths over the range 266-320 nm. Output pulse energies of up to 0.22 mJ at 10 Hz pulse repetition rate and average output powers up to 48 mW at 5 kHz were achieved.