gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The importance of supersaturated carbon concentration and its distribution in catalytic particles for single-walled carbon nanotube nucleation (2006)

The carbon concentration in catalytic metal particles during the initial stages of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) nucleation is studied by thermodynamics modelling and molecular dynamics simulation. Highly supersaturated carbon concentrations are necessary for nucleating the initial small carbon structures (e.g., islands) on the particle surface. A lower, but still supersaturated, concentration is required to enlarge the carbon island, with the required carbon concentration decreasing with increasing island size. This decrease in carbon concentration explains the widely observed phenomenon that only one carbon nanotube is nucleated per catalyst particle in catalytic chemical vapour deposition experiments. It is also shown that an inhomogeneous distribution of carbon in the catalyst particle can lead to the formation of several SWNTs from each particle, as formed in arc discharge and laser ablation experiments.
Synthesis of C- and N-functionalised derivatives of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triyltriacetic acid (NOTA), 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayltetra-acetic acid (DOTA), and diethylenenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA): bifunctional complexing agents for the derivatisation of antibodies (1990)

Using (2S)-lysine as a precursor, the syntheses of aminobutyl derivatives of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacyclododecane, and 3-azapentane-1,5-diamine are described. Transformation into their reactive maleimide derivatives is described and alternative strategies for synthesising the title complexing agents involving nitrogen functionalisation are defined.
Vagal Stimulation Modulates Inflammation through a Ghrelin Mediated Mechanism in Traumatic Brain Injury (2011)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) releases a cascade of inflammatory cytokines. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) and ghrelin have known anti-inflammatory effects; furthermore, ghrelin release is stimulated by acetylcholine. We hypothesized VNS decreases post-TBI inflammation through a ghrelin-mediated mechanism. TBI was created in five groups of mice: sham, TBI, TBI/ghrelin, TBI/VNS, and TBI/VNS/ghrelin receptor antagonist (GRa). Serum and tissue ghrelin, and serum TNF-α were measured. Ghrelin increased following VNS 2 h post-TBI compared to sham or TBI. At 6 h, TBI and TBI/VNS/GRa had increased TNF-α compared to sham while TBI/VNS and TBI/ghrelin had TNF-α level comparable to sham. The highest ghrelin was measured in stomach where TBI decreased ghrelin in contrast to an increase by VNS. In conclusion, VNS increased serum ghrelin and decreased TNF-α following TBI. This was abrogated with GRa. Our data suggests that ghrelin plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory effects of VNS following TBI.
Generationengerechtigkeit im Gesundheitswesen (2003)

In Deutschland vollzieht sich ein grundlegender Wandel, der sowohl den Umfang als auch die Altersstruktur der Bevölkerung betrifft. Dieser Umbruch ist auf die steigende Lebenserwartung und den anhaltenden Geburtenrückgang zurückzuführen und hat nachhaltige Veränderungen vor allem für die umlagefinanzierten Versicherungssysteme zur Folge. In der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV) bedeutet die Umlagefinanzierung, dass die heutigen Beitragszahler die Leistungen für die Kranken finanzieren. Im Gegensatz zu privaten Krankenversicherungen, die nach dem Äquivalenzprinzip finanziert werden, bemessen sich die Beiträge zu den gesetzlichen Krankenkassen bis zur Bemessungsgrenze nach dem Leistungsfähigkeitsprinzip, und zwar unabhängig vom Risikoprofil und damit auch unabhängig von den zu erwartenden Leistungsansprüchen des Beitragszahlers. In einer alternden Gesellschaft nimmt die Anzahl der Versicherten im Rentenalter in der GKV zu, das bedeutet, dass innerhalb der GKV eine intergenerationelle Umverteilung von den Erwerbstätigen zu den Rentner vorgenommen wird. Mehr Generationengerechtigkeit bei der Finanzierung der Gesundheitskosten erfordert deshalb eine stärkere Kapitaldeckung von Leistungen im medizinischen Bereich. Daneben ist es notwendig, stärkere Anreize für Investitionen in die Präventivmedizin zu setzen, um den Anstieg der Gesundheitsausgaben im Alter zu senken.
Aqueous Film-Coating Vaporization Efficiency (1983)

A steady-state condition is achieved during most of an aqueous film-coating cycle, i.e., the rate of application of moisture to the tablet bed is equal to its rate of evaporation. A mathematical model was developed for the steady-state condition to describe the efficiency of evaporation of the aqueous solvent for any set of drying conditions (inlet air flow rate, temperature, and humidity) and spray rate of coating suspension. The model was tested utilizing a series of different coating conditions and coating compositions. A vaporization efficiency, Es, was defined as a means to assess a reproducible coating end point. Es values for each coating formula fell within a narrow range. The hydroxypropyl cellulose coating system had a significantly lower Es value due to the higher tackiness that occurs with this polymer during film formation.
ADRENERGIC NEURONE BLOCKADE AND OTHER ACUTE EFFECTS CAUSED BY N‐BENZYL‐N′N″‐DIMETHYLGUANIDINE* AND ITS ORTHO‐CHLORO DERIVATIVE (1963)

N-Benzyl-N'N"-dimethylguanidine sulphate (BW 467C60) and its ortho-chloro derivative (BW 392C60) had adrenergic neurone blocking and sympathomimetic effects resembling those of bretylium and guanethidine in cats, dogs and monkeys, but they were more potent in blocking adrenergic mechanisms in the cat. BW 467C60 was more active than its chloro derivative. Each compound inhibited release of noradrenaline during stimulation of the splenic nerve of cats, and increased smooth muscle responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline. Pressor responses to standard doses of tyramine were also increased except when large doses of BW 467C60 or BW 392C60 were given. The adrenergic neurone block by BW 467C60 was inhibited by dopamine, cocaine and amphetamine in situations in which these amines inhibit the effects of bretylium and guanethidine. In contrast to guanethidine, BW 467C60 and BW 392C60 did not lower the pressor amine content of the iris of cats 24 hr after administration of single doses of the compounds. BW 467C60 depressed the slope of curves relating the frequency of stimuli applied to the cervical sympathetic nerves and the resulting contraction of the nictitating membrane, but the effects of the lower rates of stimulation were preferentially inhibited. Large intravenous doses of BW 467C60 and BW 392C60 blocked autonomic cholinergic mechanisms and caused neuromuscular paralysis of voluntary muscle. These effects were brief, in contrast to the adrenergic neurone blockade. Both BW 467C60 and BW 392C60 were well absorbed from the alimentary tract. In contrast to guanethidine, BW 467C60 did not cause diarrhoea in guinea-pigs.
Electroporation of RNA into Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2003)

The cytoplasmic regulation of gene expression has received increased attention in recent years. In order to assess directly the in vivo impact of regulatory elements on the translational efficiency and stability of an mRNA in higher eukaryotes, a variety of methods that deliver RNA directly to the cytoplasm have been developed to avoid any potential complications associated with transcription, pre-mRNA processing, or nucleocytoplasmic transport. Studies in yeast, however, have been largely limited to DNA-based constructs, either as episomes or as genomically integrated genes. Moreover, certain types of mRNAs can not be generated in vivo, e.g., uncapped messages or poly(A)− mRNAs. In vitro translation lysates have been developed for yeast (, , ). However, lysates derived from higher eukaryotes do not reflect the full cytoplasmic regulation observed in vivo. For studies focusing on posttranscriptional regulation in yeast, an RNA-based delivery system provides an in vivo approach to the analysis of posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms. Electroporation has been used as a DNA delivery method for a wide range of prokaryotes () and eukaryotes (). Electroporation of intact yeast has already proven useful for the introduction of DNA (), protein (), and small molecules (,). The procedure for electroporation of yeast detailed below was originally described by Everett and Gallie ().
VARTTA: A Visual Analytics System for Making Sense of Real-Time Twitter Data (2020)

Through social media platforms, massive amounts of data are being produced. As a microblogging social media platform, Twitter enables its users to post short updates as “tweets” on an unprecedented scale. Once analyzed using machine learning (ML) techniques and in aggregate, Twitter data can be an invaluable resource for gaining insight into different domains of discussion and public opinion. However, when applied to real-time data streams, due to covariate shifts in the data (i.e., changes in the distributions of the inputs of ML algorithms), existing ML approaches result in different types of biases and provide uncertain outputs. In this paper, we describe VARTTA (Visual Analytics for Real-Time Twitter datA), a visual analytics system that combines data visualizations, human-data interaction, and ML algorithms to help users monitor, analyze, and make sense of the streams of tweets in a real-time manner. As a case study, we demonstrate the use of VARTTA in political discussions. VARTTA not only provides users with powerful analytical tools, but also enables them to diagnose and to heuristically suggest fixes for the errors in the outcome, resulting in a more detailed understanding of the tweets. Finally, we outline several issues to be considered while designing other similar visual analytics systems.
The Silica Balance in the World Ocean: A Reestimate (1995)

The net inputs of silicic acid (dissolved silica) to the world ocean have been revised to 6.1 +/- 2.0 teramoles of silicon per year (1 teramole = 10(12) moles). The major contribution (about 80 percent) comes from rivers, whose world average silicic acid concentration is 150 micromolar. These inputs are reasonably balanced by the net ouputs of biogenic silica of 7.1 +/- 1.8 teramoles of silicon per year in modern marine sediments. The gross production of biogenic silica (the transformation of dissolved silicate to particulate skeletal material) in surface waters was estimated to be 240 +/- 40 teramoles of silicon per year, and the preservation ratio (opal accumulation in sediment/gross production in surface waters) averages 3 percent. In the world ocean the residence time of silicon, relative to total biological uptake in surface waters, is about 400 years.
Preparation and Properties of a Cephalosporin Acetylesterase Adsorbed onto Bentonite (1975)

A cephalosporin acetylesterase produced by Bacillus subtilis was immobilized by adsorption onto bentonite. The immobilized enzyme (E(I)) and the soluble enzyme (E(S)) exhibited Michaelis-Menton kinetics with 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA): K(m) = 2.8 x 10(-3) M and K(m) = 3.2 x 10(-3) M, respectively. Similar kinetics were observed with 7-(thiophene-2-acetamido)cephalosporanic acid (cephalothin), but the K(m) value measured with E(I) (3.7 x 10(-3) M) was less than one-half that measured with this substrate and E(S). The reduction in K(m) value was correlated with the ability of bentonite to adsorb cephalothin. The reaction products, acetate and deacetyl-7-ACA, were weak competitive inhibitors of E(S) and E(I). The K(i) values for E(I) were 5.0 x 10(-2) M for acetate and 3.6 x 10(-2) M for deacetyl-7-ACA. Similar values were measured with E(S) and these substrates. E(I) retained about 80% of its initial activity after 3 weeks of storage in solution at 25 C. However, the enzyme dissociated from the bentonite particles during the deacetylation reaction. This dissociation was minimized by cross-linking E(I) with glutaraldehyde or bis-dimethyladipimidate, or by adding Al(OH)(3) to the suspension. With the latter addition, E(I) was stabilized so that it could be reused nine times before one-half of the initial activity was lost.
Quality Assessment of Panorama Video for Videoconferencing Applications (2005)

New video-conference devices based on omnidirectional multi-camera systems have been emerging in the last few years. These devices require innovative and automated video quality assessment in the earlier stages of their design in order to guarantee competitive product development and quality monitoring. Current quality assessment techniques are not adequate since they are mostly tailored to single video cameras. Even if these techniques are capable of assessing the quality of each video stream separately, the overall quality of a composite video stream generated with the outputs of multiple cameras stitched together presents strong deviations from the results of subjective quality tests. In this paper, we present new strategies for assessing the quality of composite video streams with specific emphasis on the following problems: noticeable calibration differences between adjacent cameras, concentration of motion in limited regions of the panoramic scene, combined vignetting problems, non-uniformity of the surfaces in the seam region between two adjacent cameras. Combining different features from high and low level vision, we evaluate the proposed perceptual quality metric using a set of customized test sequences and verify its correlation with subjective quality tests
Cache bursts: A new approach for eliminating dead blocks and increasing cache efficiency (2008)

Data caches in general-purpose microprocessors often contain mostly dead blocks and are thus used inefficiently. To improve cache efficiency, dead blocks should be identified and evicted early. Prior schemes predict the death of a block immediately after it is accessed; however, these schemes yield lower prediction accuracy and coverage. Instead, we find that predicting the death of a block when it just moves out of the MRU position gives the best tradeoff between timeliness and prediction accuracy/coverage. Furthermore, the individual reference history of a block in the L1 cache can be irregular because of data/control dependence. This paper proposes a new class of dead-block predictors that predict dead blocks based on bursts of accesses to a cache block. A cache burst begins when a block becomes MRU and ends when it becomes non-MRU. Cache bursts are more predictable than individual references because they hide the irregularity of individual references. When used at the L1 cache, the best burst-based predictor can identify 96% of the dead blocks with a 96% accuracy. With the improved dead-block predictors, we evaluate three ways to increase cache efficiency by eliminating dead blocks early: replacement optimization, bypassing, and prefetching. The most effective approach, prefetching into dead blocks, increases the average L1 efficiency from 8% to 17% and the L2 efficiency from 17% to 27%. This increased cache efficiency translates into higher overall performance: prefetching into dead blocks outperforms the same prefetch scheme without dead-block prediction by 12% at the L1 and by 13% at the L2.
Redox regulation of proteasome function (2017)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) were initially regarded mainly as metabolic by-products with damaging properties. Over the last decade, our understanding of their role in metabolism was drastically changed and they were recognized as essential mediators in cellular signaling cascades, as well as modulators of biochemical pathways. Proteostasis is highly affected by the various levels of intracellular and extracellular free radicals with either mild or severe outcomes. As part of the proteostatic network, the proteasome system is equally affected by redox alterations. This short review summarizes the effects of oxidative stress on proteasome status while it also recapitulates conditions and processes where redox alterations signal changes to proteasome expression, assembly and function.
Multiple fiber Bragg grating interrogation based on a spectrum-limited Fourier domain mode-locking fiber laser (2008)

A novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system based on a spectrum-limited Fourier domain mode-locking (SL-FDML) fiber laser is proposed. Multiple FBGs cascaded in a long fiber are utilized as both the sensors in the system and the wavelength-selected components in the SL-FDML fiber laser. Both wavelength-division multiplexing and spatial-division multiplexing techniques are demonstrated for interrogation of multiple FBGs by mapping the wavelength measurement to the time measurement and by adjusting the driving frequency of the SL-FDML fiber laser. The proposed FBG sensing system, employing techniques of the wavelength- and spatial-domain interrogation of multiple FBGs, can be used in remote and quasi-distributed multipoint sensing.
Extracellular HMGB1 as a Proinflammatory Cytokine (2004)

High mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1, formerly known as HMG-1), a highly conserved ubiquitous protein, has been for a long time described as a nuclear DNA-binding protein involved in nucleosome stabilization and gene transcription. Recent discoveries indicate that HMGB1 is released from activated innate immune cells or necrotic cells and functions as an important mediator of endotoxemia, sepsis, arthritis, and local inflammation. Therapeutic agents that inhibit HMGB1 release or action confer significant protection against endotoxemia, sepsis, and arthritis in animal models and thus hold potential for the clinical management of various inflammatory diseases.
Seasonal prediction of tropical cyclone activity over the North Indian Ocean using the neural network model (2015)

Se desarrolla un modelo de red neuronal para predecir el nmero estacional de ciclones tropicales (CT) que se desarrollan en el Ocano ndico septentrional despus de la estacin del monzn (octubre a diciembre). Se analizan la frecuencia de los CT y las variables climticas de gran escala derivadas de la base de datos de reanlisis del NCEP/NCAR con resolucin de 2.5 2.5 para el periodo 1971-2013. Se utilizaron datos del periodo 1971-2002 para desarrollar el modelo, y ste se prob con datos de muestreo independientes del periodo 2003-2013. Se eligieron cinco variables climticas de gran escala (altura geopotencial a 500 hPa,
Pairwise Interactions between Neuronal α7Acetylcholine Receptors and α-Conotoxin PnIB (2000)

This work uses alpha-conotoxin PnIB to probe the agonist binding site of neuronal alpha(7) acetylcholine receptors. We mutated the 13 non-cysteine residues in CTx PnIB, expressed alpha(7)/5-hydroxytryptamine-3 homomeric receptors in 293 HEK cells, and measured binding of each mutant toxin to the expressed receptors by competition against the initial rate of (125)I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding. The results reveal that residues Ser-4, Leu-5, Pro-6, Pro-7, Ala-9, and Leu-10 endow CTx PnIB with affinity for alpha(7)/5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptors; side chains of these residues cluster in a localized region within the three-dimensional structure of CTx PnIB. We next mutated key residues in the seven loops of alpha(7) that converge at subunit interfaces to form the agonist binding site. The results reveal predominant contributions by residues Trp-149 and Tyr-93 in alpha(7) and smaller contributions by Ser-34, Arg-186, Tyr-188, and Tyr-195. To identify pairwise interactions that stabilize the receptor-conotoxin complex, we measured binding of receptor and toxin mutations and analyzed the results by double mutant cycles. The results reveal a single dominant interaction between Leu-10 of CTx PnIB and Trp-149 of alpha(7) that anchors the toxin to the binding site. We also find weaker interactions between Pro-6 of CTx PnIB and Trp-149 and between both Pro-6 and Pro-7 and Tyr-93 of alpha(7). The overall results demonstrate that a localized hydrophobic region in CTx PnIB interacts with conserved aromatic residues on one of the two faces of the alpha(7) binding site.
Myristoleic acid, a cytotoxic component in the extract from <i>Serenoa repens</i>, induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostatic LNCaP cells (2001)

It was demonstrated that the extract from S. repens and myristoleic acid induces mixed cell death of apoptosis and necrosis in LNCaP cells. These results suggest that the extract and myristoleic acid may develop attractive new tools for the treatment of prostate cancer.
An exploratory randomised double-blind and placebo-controlled phase 2 study of a combination of baclofen, naltrexone and sorbitol (PXT3003) in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (2014)

EudraCT Number: 2010-023097-40. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01401257. The Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products issued in February 2014 a positive opinion on the application for orphan designation for PXT3003 (EMA/OD/193/13).
Clinging to collectivism? Some ethnographic shop-floor evidence from the British lock industry 1979-98 (1999)

The Thatcher government came to power in 1979 with an agenda to transform Britain into an 'enterprise economy'. The chosen means were both legislative reform in the field of industrial relations and economic policies aimed at a labour-market 'shakeout'. In this context we consider how far the public rhetoric of 'human resource management' and 'new individualism' are reflected in the attitudes of union members in one large lock company over a fifteen-year period, revealing that, notwithstanding the harsh climate, union salience has increased. We also attempt to build upon recent work in challenging simplistic dichotomies between collectivism and individualism (Storey and Bacon, 1993). Our aim is to provide an ethnographically 'thick description' (Geertz, 1993: 6) of one workplace assailed by the external forces of 'Thatcherism' and the 'enterprise culture'. The study demonstrates the resilience of a collectivist mentality (Waddington and Whitston, 1997), under certain distinctive circumstances, and qualifies arguments that unions should move towards a more client-centred, servicing model (Cave, 1994).
Characterization and Modeling of Subfemtofarad Nanowire Capacitance Using the CBCM Technique (2009)

The experimental characterization of gate capacitance in nanoscale devices is challenging. We report an application of the charge-based capacitance measurement (CBCM) technique to measure the gate capacitance of a single-channel nanowire transistor. The measurement results are validated by 3-D electrostatic computations for parasitic estimation and 2-D self-consistent sp <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> s* d <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> tight-binding computations for intrinsic gate capacitance calculations. The device simulation domains were constructed based on SEM and TEM images of the experimental device. The carefully designed CBCM technique thus emerges as a useful technique for measuring the capacitance and characterizing the transport in nanoscale devices.