gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A CASE STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS ON AN EXPANSIVE SOIL SUBGRADE (1984)

Several problems encountered with pavements on expansive soils in Queensland led in 1968 to the construction of seven experimental pavements on a lightly trafficked road on an expansive soil subgrade at Macalister on the Darling Downs, an area where these problems have been particularly acute. The objectives of the ensuing performance study were to investigate the effects of pavement configuration and moisture conditions on the performance of these pavements. The influence of varying pavement thickness and paved shoulder width were of particular interest. Since 1969, the performance of the pavements has been monitored by periodic visual assessments and measurements of pavement deflection and subgrade moisture changes. The paper summarizes the findings of the performance of the pavements over a twelve year period. It is shown that the pavement stiffness within the central region of the pavements has remained essentially constant. However, edge effects are quite substantial with loss in stiffness evident up to two metres from the seal edge. Based on the available evidence, a performance model for lightly trafficked roads in similar areas is proposed.
The influence of the H2∕Ar ratio on surface morphology and structural defects in homoepitaxial 4H-SiC films grown with methyltrichlorosilane (2007)

Characterization of surface morphology and crystal defects is reported for homoepitaxial 4H-SiC films grown at high rates (35–40μm∕h) using methyltrichlorosilane (CH3SiCl3), as single precursor. The ratio of hydrogen to argon (H2∕Ar) in the carrier gas was varied to determine the effect of hydrogen on the surface morphology and the crystalline defects. Due to hydrogen’s reaction with the graphite heater, adjusting the H2∕Ar ratio effectively changed the C∕Si ratio in the gas phase; thereby, influencing surface roughness and dislocation density. Low H2∕Ar ratios of 0.1 and 0.125 produced smooth surfaces without step bunching. Higher H2∕Ar ratios of 0.2 and 0.33 enhanced the conversion of basal plane dislocations into threading edge dislocations and reduced the density of basal plane dislocations to approximately 600cm−2. However, at these H2∕Ar ratios, macrosteps formed on the surface and the roughness increased. Micropipes from substrate dissociated into closed-core threading screw dislocations in the films grown with H2∕Ar ratio in the range of 0.1–0.2. At H2∕Ar ratio of 0.33, micropipes propagated into the film, generating hollow-core threading screw dislocations.
680 nm CW operation at room temperature by AlGaAs double heterojunction lasers (1983)

Room temperature CW operation has been realized in the spectral range of 680-700 nm by AlGaAs double heterojunction (DH) lasers with novel structures. In order to reduce the compressive stress in the active layer, the GaAs substrate was removed after growing DH layers with a thick AlGaAs buffer layer. Furthermore, magnesium was used as the dopant for aluminum-rich p-cladding layer instead of germanium or zinc to obtain high conductivity. This laser is named the stress-free <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</tex> -channeled substrate inner stripe laser (the SF-VSIS laser). Low-threshold currents (45-120 mA) and the fundamental transverse and single longitudinal mode have been obtained under room temperature CW operation below 700 nm. The shortest CW wavelength is 683 nm at present.
Atmospheric-pressure plasma sources: Prospective tools for plasma medicine (2010)

Plasma-based treatment of chronic wounds or skin diseases as well as tissue engineering or tumor treatment is an extremely promising field. First practical studies are promising, and plasma medicine as an independent medical field is emerging worldwide. While during the last years the basics of sterilizing effects of plasmas were well studied, concepts of tailor-made plasma sources which meet the technical requirements of medical instrumentation are still less developed. Indeed, studies on the verification of selective antiseptic effects of plasmas are required, but the development of advanced plasma sources for biomedical applications and a profound knowledge of their physics, chemistry, and parameters must be contributed by physical research. Considering atmospheric-pressure plasma sources, the determination of discharge development and plasma parameters is a great challenge, due to the high complexity and limited diagnostic approaches. This contribution gives an overview on plasma sources for therapeutic applications in plasma medicine. Selected specific plasma sources that are used for the investigation of various biological effects are presented and discussed. Furthermore, the needs, prospects, and approaches for its characterization from the fundamental plasma physical point of view will be discussed.
Enhanced Augmented/Mixed Reality and Process Safety Applications (2019)

Abstract As the oil and gas industry undergoes a digital transformation, the massive volume and variety of information being ingested at increasing velocity necessitates new methods of data interaction for decision making. Additionally, effective management of safety risks and flawless operational execution in an evolving oil and gas industry requires innovative applications of digital technology. By superimposing contextually-relevant digital information on the physical world, augmented and mixed reality (AR/MR) technologies have tremendous potential to meet these challenges by providing a more intuitive way to interact with data, train personnel, and ensure process safety. However, a major challenge with AR and MR technologies is the limited processing power and capability of available hardware. A cloud-based software platform has been developed to overcome computational limitations of AR and MR devices, enabling interaction with significantly more complex 3D content. Additionally, this enhanced AR/MR software platform enables real-time connectivity across different hardware architectures – such as smartphones and Microsoft HoloLens devices – creating powerful new capability for remote collaboration. This unique software platform transforms consumer-grade AR and MR devices into powerful industrial tools useful for a variety of oil and gas applications. This study will illustrate the functionality enhancements provided by this software platform and how it greatly increases the application potential of AR and MR, including a case study on adoption of this enhanced AR/MR technology for process safety using threat response drill (TRD) scenarios. Enhanced AR and MR provides full-scale virtual TRD scenarios that enable practical demonstration of operational readiness and proactive risk management. Crew response capability and human performance can be collaboratively evaluated with gamified AR/MR techniques, allowing for multiple outcomes based on user inputs through multiple interaction modalities, enabled by the underlying software platform. Enhanced AR/MR enabled by this software platform can drive major improvements in process safety and ultimately help reduce CAPEX, increase efficiency, and mitigate risk across the oil and gas industry.
Silicon oxynitride gate dielectrics for scaled CMOS (1992)

In this paper, we present an overview of silicon oxynitride gate dielectrics. We discuss the motivation for using this alternative gate dielectric and describe various techniques by which oxynitrides can be fabricated. The interactions between processing conditions and electrical performance are reviewed, and the tradeoffs between optimization of electrical performance and device reliability are presented. We also discuss some of the reasons for the unique behavior of these dielectrics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cellulose aerogels: Highly porous, ultra-lightweight materials (2008)

Abstract Cellulosic aerogels are intriguing new materials produced by supercritical drying of regenerated cellulose obtained by solvent exchange of solid Lyocell moldings. From N -methylmorpholine- N -oxide (NMMO) solutions with cellulose contents between 1 and 12%, dimensionally stable cellulose bodies are produced, in which the solution structure of the cellulose is largely preserved and transferred into the solid state, the material having densities down to 0.05 g cm -3 and surface areas of up to 280 m 2 g -1 . In this study, several aspects of cellulosic aerogel production are communicated: the stabilization of the cellulose solutions against degradation reactions by agents suitable for later extraction and drying, a reliable extraction and drying procedure by supercritical carbon dioxide, the advantages of DMSO/NMMO in this procedure as a solvent/non-solvent pair, and some data on the physical properties of the materials.
Receptor Methylation Controls the Magnitude of Stimulus-Response Coupling in Bacterial Chemotaxis (2002)

Motile prokaryotes employ a chemoreceptor-kinase array to sense changes in the media and properly adjust their swimming behavior. This array is composed of a family of Type I membrane receptors, a histidine protein kinase (CheA), and an Src homology 3-like protein (CheW). Binding of an attractant to the chemoreceptors inhibits CheA, which results in decreased phosphorylation of the chemotaxis response regulator (CheY). Sensitivity of the system to stimuli is modulated by a protein methyltransferase (CheR) and a protein methylesterase (CheB) that catalyze the methylation and demethylation of specific glutamyl residues in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptors. One of the most fundamental unanswered questions concerning the bacterial chemotaxis mechanism is the quantitative relationship between ligand binding to receptors and CheA inhibition. We show that the receptor glutamyl modifications cause adaptation by changing the gain (magnitude amplification) between attractant binding and kinase inhibition without substantially affecting ligand binding affinity. The mechanism adjusts receptor sensitivity to background stimulus intensity over several orders of magnitude of attractant concentrations. The cooperative effects of ligand binding appear to be minimal with Hill coefficients for kinase inhibition less than 2, independent of the state of glutamyl modification.
Multi-chip modules testing and DFT (2002)

Among the most challenging problems of the Multi-Chip Module (MCM) technology are achieving acceptable MCM assembly yields and meeting product qualify requirements. Both of these problems can be significantly reduced by adopting adequate testing approaches, which guarantee the quality of incoming bare (unpackaged) dies prior to module assembly, ensure the structural integrity and performance of the assembled MCMs, and help isolating defective parts prior to the repair process. This paper presents a structured testability approach that helps resolving the above problems. This approach can be adopted during MCM design and utilized during the manufacturing process.
3-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1<i>H</i>)-ylsulfonyl)benzoic Acids: Highly Potent and Selective Inhibitors of the Type 5 17-β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase AKR1C3 (2012)

A high-throughput screen identified 3-(3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)benzoic acid as a novel, highly potent (low nM), and isoform-selective (1500-fold) inhibitor of aldo-keto reductase AKR1C3: a target of interest in both breast and prostate cancer. Crystal structure studies showed that the carboxylate group occupies the oxyanion hole in the enzyme, while the sulfonamide provides the correct twist to allow the dihydroisoquinoline to bind in an adjacent hydrophobic pocket. SAR studies around this lead showed that the positioning of the carboxylate was critical, although it could be substituted by acid isosteres and amides. Small substituents on the dihydroisoquinoline gave improvements in potency. A set of "reverse sulfonamides" showed a 12-fold preference for the R stereoisomer. The compounds showed good cellular potency, as measured by inhibition of AKR1C3 metabolism of a known dinitrobenzamide substrate, with a broad rank order between enzymic and cellular activity, but amide analogues were more effective than predicted by the cellular assay.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Amines: General, Efficient Iron‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines (2010)

In the iron age: A readily accessible, active iron catalyst serves in the straightforward, catalytic transfer hydrogenation of imines (see scheme). A series of imines are converted into chiral amines in high yields and very good enantioselectivities. This method should find broad application in the search for bioactive chiral amines. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production are stimulated during late pregnancy and early postpartum in the rat (1992)

Platelet count during uncomplicated pregnancy shows considerable patient variation. To gain a better understanding of thrombocytopoiesis during pregnancy, megakaryocytes and platelets were examined during gestation and the early postpartum period, using as a model the rat. Platelet counts and megakaryocyte concentrations and DNA content distributions of timed-pregnant rats were examined at intervals from day 10 of gestation through parturition on day 22 and days 1 through 7 postpartum. Platelet survival was studied in late gestation and the early postpartum. Platelet volume was measured on gestation day 21. Platelet counts were moderately increased on gestation days 17 and 19 through 22, and on days 2 to 3 postpartum. However, the actual rate of platelet production was much higher than the platelet count suggests because the blood volume increased in late gestation to 1.5 times the nonpregnant level. Mean platelet volume and platelet volume distribution width of day 21 gestation rats were not significantly altered. Platelet survival in pregnant rats was not significantly different from that in nonpregnant females. In contrast, megakaryocyte concentration was significantly increased on gestation days 12, 17, and 19 through 21, and 2 to 3 days postpartum. In addition, in late gestation, megakaryocyte DNA content distributions displayed a marked increase in the proportion of high ploidy cells, which peaked 1 day before parturition. At that time, the proportions of 32N (43%) and 64N cells (3%) were, respectively, three and four times nonpregnant values. In contrast to megakaryocyte concentration, megakaryocyte DNA content distributions had returned to the nonpregnant pattern by day 1 postpartum. The changes in megakaryocyte DNA content distribution were accompanied by changes in megakaryocyte size. These data indicate that thrombopoiesis is substantially increased during late pregnancy, and that this increase is accomplished through an increase in megakaryocyte DNA content and size, as well as megakaryocyte number. The more rapid return of megakaryocyte DNA content than of megakaryocyte concentration to nonpregnant levels postpartum suggests that pregnancy-associated hormonal changes which produce an increase in megakaryocyte DNA content and size differ from those which cause an increase in megakaryocyte number.
Evaluation of binarization methods for document images (1995)

This paper presents an evaluation of eleven locally adaptive binarization methods for gray scale images with low contrast, variable background intensity and noise. Niblack's method (1986) with the addition of the postprocessing step of Yanowitz and Bruckstein's method (1989) added performed the best and was also one of the fastest binarization methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Layoffs and Lemons (1991)

We provide theoretical and empirical analyses of an asymmetric-information model of layoffs. When firms have discretion with respect to whom to lay off, the market infers that laid-off workers are of low ability. Assuming that no such negative inference is warranted if workers are displaced in a plant closing, postdisplacement wages should be lower and postdisplacement unemployment spells should be longer for those displaced by layoffs than for those displaced by plant closings, but predisplacement wages should not differ by cause of displacement. Evidence on displaced workers from Current Population Surveys supports all three of our model's predictions.
Solid State Memory Development in IBM (1981)

Memory technology in IBM processors has undergone a 280,000-fold increase in density, a 20,000 times decrease in power per bit, and a 10 to 100 times increase in speed during the last twenty-five years. These improvements have brought many advantages to users of information processing equipment, including a 650-fold reduction in the cost per bit of memory. During this period, processor memory technology evolved from cathode ray storage tubes in the early 1950s, through ferrite cores and thin magnetic films in the 1950s and 1960s, to bipolar and MOSFET semiconductor memories in the late 1960s through the 1970s. This paper describes these developments and the technical innovations that made them possible. It also describes continuing exploratory efforts, including work on magnetic bubbles—the newest solid state memory technology.
Final Report on the First Census of Production of the United Kingdom (1907). (1913)

researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a
Nanoscale strain engineering of giant pseudo-magnetic fields, valley polarization, and topological channels in graphene (2020)

The existence of nontrivial Berry phases associated with two inequivalent valleys in graphene provides interesting opportunities for investigating the valley-projected topological states. Examples of such studies include observation of anomalous quantum Hall effect in monolayer graphene, demonstration of topological zero modes in "molecular graphene" assembled by scanning tunneling microscopy, and detection of topological valley transport either in graphene superlattices or at bilayer graphene domain walls. However, all aforementioned experiments involved nonscalable approaches of either mechanically exfoliated flakes or atom-by-atom constructions. Here, we report an approach to manipulating the topological states in monolayer graphene via nanoscale strain engineering at room temperature. By placing strain-free monolayer graphene on architected nanostructures to induce global inversion symmetry breaking, we demonstrate the development of giant pseudo-magnetic fields (up to ~800 T), valley polarization, and periodic one-dimensional topological channels for protected propagation of chiral modes in strained graphene, thus paving a pathway toward scalable graphene-based valleytronics.
A Coherent Unsupervised Model for Toponym Resolution (2018)

Toponym Resolution, the task of assigning a location mention in a document to a geographic referent (i.e., latitude/longitude), plays a pivotal role in analyzing location-aware content. However, the ambiguities of natural language and a huge number of possible interpretations for toponyms constitute insurmountable hurdles for this task. In this paper, we study the problem of toponym resolution with no additional information other than a gazetteer and no training data. We demonstrate that a dearth of large enough annotated data makes supervised methods less capable of generalizing. Our proposed method estimates the geographic scope of documents and leverages the connections between nearby place names as evidence to resolve toponyms. We explore the interactions between multiple interpretations of mentions and the relationships between different toponyms in a document to build a model that finds the most coherent resolution. Our model is evaluated on three news corpora, two from the literature and one collected and annotated by us; then, we compare our methods to the state-of-the-art unsupervised and supervised techniques. We also examine three commercial products including Reuters OpenCalais, Yahoo! YQL Placemaker, and Google Cloud Natural Language API. The evaluation shows that our method outperforms the unsupervised technique as well as Reuters OpenCalais and Google Cloud Natural Language API on all three corpora; also, our method shows a performance close to that of the state-of-the art supervised method and outperforms it when the test data has 40% or more toponyms that are not seen in the training data.
Recent advances in open tubular capillary liquid chromatography (2019)

This review covers advances and applications of open tubular capillary liquid chromatography (OT-LC) over the period 2007-2018. Under the right conditions OT-LC columns have the potential to offer superior column efficiency, higher overall peak capacity, and higher column permeability compared to packed capillary and monolithic columns. However, such advantages are highly dependent upon column format and dimensions, and to date in liquid chromatography the advantages of open tubular format columns have been most widely discussed and applied in the field of proteomics. In this review we have focused on the wider variety of separation mechanisms and applications which can be achieved following the modification of the inner wall of the capillary with a thin-layer stationary phase. In particular the latest advances in stationary phase development and formation, together with new column formats and dimensions are reviewed. Detection options for OT-LC are also discussed and recent advances in this area highlighted. Finally, this review summarises existing applications of OT-LC and illustrates the future potential for this technique.
Improving the thermostability of the neutral protease of <i>Bacillus stearothermophilus</i> by replacing a buried asparagine by leucine (1991)

Amino acids buried in the hydrophobic interior of a protein with polar side chain atoms, which are not involved in hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions, have an adverse effect on protein stability. Replacing such residues by hydrophobic ones may render a protein more stable. Asparagine 241, which is buried in the neutral protease of Bacillus stearothermophilus, was replaced by leucine by site-directed mutagenesis. This mutation increased the stability of the protein by 0.7 +/- 0.1 degree.
The cryptic life style of adenoassociated virus (1995)

Although 80-90% of adults are seropositive for antibodies against the human parvovirus adeno-associated virus (AAV), infection has not been associated with either symptoms or disease. In cell culture, AAV infection is not productive unless there is a coinfection with a helper virus, either adenovirus or any type of herpes virus; in the absence of a helper virus coinfection the viral genome is integrated into the genome, usually at a specific site on chromosome 19q13.3-qter. The integrated genome can be activated and rescued by subsequent super infection by a helper virus. The high frequency of site-specific integration by AAV and the lack of associated disease have encouraged the use of AAV as a vector for gene therapy. This review will focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment of, and rescue from, the latent state and their relevance to use of AAV as a vector.
Protecting Privacy Credentials from Phishing and Spyware Attacks (2007)

Privacy credentials, such as user identification and passwords are vulnerable to phishing and spyware attacks. Through a combination of policy, monitoring, and enforcement these attacks can be mitigated.