gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optically Active Mexiletine Analogues as Stereoselective Blockers of Voltage-Gated Na<sup>+</sup>Channels (2003)

Optically active mexiletine analogues were synthesized and evaluated in vitro as use-dependent blockers of skeletal muscle sodium channels. The mexiletine analogues were obtained by replacing either the methyl group on the stereogenic center of mexiletine [1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-amine] with a phenyl group or modifying the phenoxy moiety (by removal of one or both of the methyl groups, or introducing a chlorine atom), or both. The voltage clamp recordings showed that, regardless of the substitution pattern of the aryloxy moiety, all the compounds bearing a phenyl group on the stereogenic center (3a-f) were more active than mexiletine both in tonic and phasic block. This observation was in contrast with what was observed for mexiletine, where the removal of both methyls from the aryloxy moiety caused a dramatic reduction of potency. The most potent congener, (R)-2-(2-methylphenoxy)-1-phenylethanamine [(R)-3b], was 27-fold more potent than (R)-mexiletine in producing a tonic block, i.e., the reduction of peak sodium current in resting conditions after application of the compound. (R)-3b maintained a use-dependent behavior, being 23-fold more potent in condition of high frequency of stimulation (phasic block). Despite what was observed with mexiletine, the stereoselectivity held in phasic block conditions. Stereoselectivity indexes were generally low, ranging from 1 to 4, but except for that of the 2,6-xylyloxy congener 3c, they were higher for the congeners bearing a phenyl ring on the stereogenic center than for mexiletine and its strictly related analogue 1-methyl-2-phenoxyethanamine (1). This finding was in agreement with Pfeiffer's rule. The introduction of a chlorine atom in the 4-position of the aryloxy moiety caused a reduction of potency and a reversal of stereoselectivity as well. On the basis of the model to date accepted for the sodium channel local anesthetic-like molecule receptor, some possible explanations of our observations will be proposed.
Web-based Video Annotation and its Applications (2005)

In this paper, we developed a Web-based video annotation system, named iVAS (intelligent Video Annotation Server). Audiences can associate any video content on the Internet with annotations. The system analyzes video content in order to acquire cut/shot information and color histograms. And it also automatically generates a Web page for editing annotations. Then, audiences can create annotation data by two methods. The first one helps the users to create text data such as person/object names, scene descriptions, and comments interactively. The second method facilitates the users associating any video fragments with their subjective impression by just clicking a mouse button. The generated annotation data are accumulated and managed by an XML database connected with iVAS. We also developed some application systems based on annotations such as video retrieval, video simplification, and video-content-based community support. One of the major advantages of our approach is easy integration of hand-coded and automatically-generated (such as color histograms and cut/shot information) annotations. Additionally, since our annotation system is open for public, we must consider some reliability or correctness of annotation data. We also developed an automatic evaluation method of annotation reliability using the users' feedback. In the future, these fundamental technologies will contribute to the formation of new communities centered around video content.
Behavior of Technetium in the Purex Process (1959)

Technical report. From Abstract : "Predictions of the behavior of technetium in the Purex process and details of the chemistry of technetium for Purex process conditions are given."
Utilization of water/alcohol-soluble polyelectrolyte as an electron injection layer for fabrication of high-efficiency multilayer saturated red-phosphorescence polymer light-emitting diodes by solution processing (2006)

Highly efficient multilayer red polymer light-emitting diodes were fabricated by solution process-ing from iridium complex, bis(1-(3-(9,9-dimethyl-fluorene-2-yl)phenyl)isoquinoline-C2,N′) iridium(III)acetylacetonate, doped into polyfluorene as a host and with a water/alcohol-soluble polymer, poly[(9,9-bis(3′-((N,N-dimethyl)-N-ethylammonium)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-4,7-(2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole)]dibromide (PFN) as electron injection layer. The device with the structure ITO∕PEDOT-PSS(50nm)∕PVK(40nm)∕PFO:PBD:Ir(DMFPQ)2acac(2%,75nm)∕PFN(20nm)∕Ba(4.5nm)∕Al(150nm) showed an external quantum efficiency of 18.0% and luminance efficiency of 9.8Cd∕A at a current density of 1.1mA∕cm2, a peak emission at λmax=636nm, and Commission International de I’Eclairage coordinates of (0.665, 0.319). The efficiency remained as high as QE=11.1%, and LE=6.0cd∕A, at a current density of 100mA∕cm2, and a luminance of 6140cd∕m2.
DC–DC Power Converters (1999)

DC–DC power converters employ switched-mode circuitry to change dc voltages and currents with efficiencies approaching 100%. Basic converter circuits can reduce the voltage (buck converter), increase the voltage (boost converter) or both (buck-boost, Cuk, and SEPIC converters). Transformer-isolated circuits include the bridge, forward, and flyback converters. Loss mechanisms include conduction loss arising from resistances or forward voltage drops of the power components, and switching loss generated during the transistor and diode switching transitions. Synchronous rectifiers can be employed to reduce the significant conduction loss caused by diode forward voltage drops in low-voltage applications. The discontinuous conduction mode may arise when the inductor current is sufficiently small, which causes the output voltage to be strongly load-dependent. Voltage-mode control employs pulse-width modulation to regulate the converter output voltage or other quantities through variation of the transistor duty cycle. Another popular technique is current-mode control, in which a circuit eauses the peak transistor current to follow a control reference signal. Averaging methods are commonly employed to model the dynamics and efficiency of dc–dc power converters. The state-space averaging method leads to an equivalent circuit model that predicts the converter small-signal transfer functions. The circuit averaging technique is easily applied to simulate the converter transfer functions, in both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes, using computer programs such as SPICE. 1 Introduction 2 Converter Circuit Topologies 3 Analysis of Converter Waveforms 4 Transformer Isolation 5 Switch Implementation 6 Discontinuous Conduction Mode 7 Current-Mode Control 8 DC-DC Converter Modeling
Xenogenic Transfer of Isolated Murine Mitochondria into Human <i>ρ</i> <sup>0</sup> Cells Can Improve Respiratory Function (2007)

Mitochondrial DNA mutations are the direct cause of several physiological disorders and are also associated with the aging process. The modest progress made over the past two decades towards manipulating the mitochondrial genome and understanding its function within living mammalian cells means that cures for mitochondrial DNA mutations are still elusive. Here, we report that transformed mammalian cells internalize exogenous isolated mitochondria upon simple co-incubation. We first demonstrate the physical presence of internalized mitochondria within recipient cells using fluorescence microscopy. Second, we show that xenogenic transfer of murine mitochondria into human cells lacking functional mitochondria can functionally restore respiration in cells lacking mtDNA. Third, utilizing the natural competence of isolated mitochondria to take up linear DNA molecules, we demonstrate the feasibility of using cellular internalization of isolated exogenous mitochondria as a potential tool for studying mitochondrial genetics in living mammalian cells.
Low-noise photon counting with a radio-frequency quantum-dot field-effect transistor (2004)

We present photon counting experiments with a single-photon detector based on a field-effect transistor gated by a layer of InAs quantum dots. A cryogenic radio-frequency amplifier is used to convert the photon-induced steps in the source-drain current of the transistor into voltage peaks. We measure a maximum photon detection efficiency of 0.14%, corresponding to internal quantum efficiency of 10%. The dark count rate is less than 10−8 ns−1 when the efficiency is 0.045%.
Formation of Ti–Zr–Cu–Ni bulk metallic glasses (1995)

Formation of bulk metallic glass in quaternary Ti–Zr–Cu–Ni alloys by relatively slow cooling from the melt is reported. Thick strips of metallic glass were obtained by the method of metal mold casting. The glass forming ability of the quaternary alloys exceeds that of binary or ternary alloys containing the same elements due to the complexity of the system. The best glass forming alloys such as Ti34Zr11Cu47Ni8 can be cast to at least 4-mm-thick amorphous strips. The critical cooling rate for glass formation is of the order of 250 K/s or less, at least two orders of magnitude lower than that of the best ternary alloys. The glass transition, crystallization, and melting behavior of the alloys were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The amorphous alloys exhibit a significant undercooled liquid region between the glass transition and first crystallization event. The glass forming ability of these alloys, as determined by the critical cooling rate, exceeds what is expected based on the reduced glass transition temperature. It is also found that the glass forming ability for alloys of similar reduced glass transition temperature can differ by two orders of magnitude as defined by critical cooling rates. The origins of the difference in glass forming ability of the alloys are discussed. It is found that when large composition redistribution accompanies crystallization, glass formation is enhanced. The excellent glass forming ability of alloys such as Ti34Zr11Cu47Ni8 is a result of simultaneously minimizing the nucleation rate of the competing crystalline phases. The ternary/quaternary Laves phase (MgZn2 type) shows the greatest ease of nucleation and plays a key role in determining the optimum compositions for glass formation.
From Nanographene and Graphene Nanoribbons to Graphene Sheets: Chemical Synthesis (2012)

Graphene, an individual two-dimensional, atomically thick sheet of graphite composed of a hexagonal network of sp(2) carbon atoms, has been intensively investigated since its first isolation in 2004, which was based on repeated peeling of highly oriented pyrolyzed graphite (HOPG). The extraordinary electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties of graphene make it a promising candidate for practical applications in electronics, sensing, catalysis, energy storage, conversion, etc. Both the theoretical and experimental studies proved that the properties of graphene are mainly dependent on their geometric structures. Precise control over graphene synthesis is therefore crucial for probing their fundamental physical properties and introduction in promising applications. In this Minireview, we highlight the recent progress that has led to the successful chemical synthesis of graphene with a range of different sizes and chemical compositions based on both top-down and bottom-up strategies.
Intense photoluminescence from Ge(Si) self-assembled islands embedded in a tensile-strained Si layer (2006)

The interest in the Ge/Si heterostructures with self-assembled islands is associated with their potential use for Si-based optoelectronic devices. Due to the effective hole 3D confinement a photoluminescence (PL) signal from Ge(Si) islands was observed up to room temperature. However, only holes are effectively localized in Ge(Si) islands, while electrons are only weakly confined in Si on the heterojunction with an island. A weak confinement of electrons is one possible reason for the rather low PL intensity from islands. It is known that the tensile-strained Si layer (e-Si layer) grown on relaxed SiGe buffer is an effective potential well for the electrons. The embedding of Ge(Si) islands in such a e-Si layer will essentially improve the localization of electrons on the heterojunction with an island which can result in the increase of PL signal from islands. In this paper we report on photoluminescence study of structures with Ge(Si) islands embedding between e-Si layer
Learning for Video Compression with Hierarchical Quality and Recurrent Enhancement (2020)

In this paper, we propose a Hierarchical Learned Video Compression (HLVC) method with three hierarchical quality layers and a recurrent enhancement network. The frames in the first layer are compressed by an image compression method with the highest quality. Using these frames as references, we propose the Bi-Directional Deep Compression (BDDC) network to compress the second layer with relatively high quality. Then, the third layer frames are compressed with the lowest quality, by the proposed Single Motion Deep Compression (SMDC) network, which adopts a single motion map to estimate the motions of multiple frames, thus saving bits for motion information. In our deep decoder, we develop the Weighted Recurrent Quality Enhancement (WRQE) network, which takes both compressed frames and the bit stream as inputs. In the recurrent cell of WRQE, the memory and update signal are weighted by quality features to reasonably leverage multi-frame information for enhancement. In our HLVC approach, the hierarchical quality benefits the coding efficiency, since the high quality information facilitates the compression and enhancement of low quality frames at encoder and decoder sides, respectively. Finally, the experiments validate that our HLVC approach advances the state-of-the-art of deep video compression methods, and outperforms the "Low-Delay P (LDP) very fast" mode of x265 in terms of both PSNR and MS-SSIM. The project page is at https://github.com/RenYang-home/HLVC.
Model based approach for context aware and adaptive user interface generation (2004)

User interface design and development for ubiquitous software applications is challenged by the presence of varying contexts. Context comprises of user&apos;s computing platform, the environment in which the user is interacting with the application and user characteristics which comprise of user&apos;s behavior during interaction and user preferences for interface display and interaction. We present a framework for adaptive user interface generation where adaptation occurs when context changes. This framework introduces three new concepts. First, formalization for representing context is introduced. Our design of context specification is unique since it reflects the association of context with level and nature of user interface adaptation. Secondly, user interface generation life cycle is studied and we define a context model on top of task model to introduce the contextual conditions into user interface generation process. Using the context model, user interface designer can specify contextual requirements and its effect on the user interface. Third, context aware adaptation of user interfaces is achieved by mapping context specifications to various levels of user interface generation life cycle. We designed a specification language called rule specification using which the user interface designer can specify the mapping. With the new design of context representation, context model, and rule specification, we demonstrate how changes in contexts adapts task model which in turn adapts the user interface.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUNDS STRUCTURALLY RELATED TO POISON IVY URUSHIOL. PART 7. 4‐, 5‐, AND 6‐(PIPERIDINOMETHYL)‐3‐N‐PENTALDECYLCATECHOLS (1978)

Abstract Veratrol (I) reagiert mit Butyllithium und Alkylhalogeniden zu den Substitutionsprodukten (IIIa) und (IIIb), die zu (IV) chlormethyliert werden.
MLP-Aware Dynamic Instruction Window Resizing in Superscalar Processors for Adaptively Exploiting Available Parallelism (2014)

Single-thread performance has not improved much over the past few years, despite an ever increasing transistor budget. One of the reasons for this is that there is a speed gap between the processor and main memory, known as the memory wall. A promising method to overcome this memory wall is aggressive out-of-order execution by extensively enlarging the instruction window resources to exploit memory-level parallelism (MLP). However, simply enlarging the window resources lengthens the clock cycle time. Although pipelining the resources solves this problem, it in turn prevents instruction-level parallelism (ILP) from being exploited because issuing instructions requires multiple clock cycles. This paper proposed a dynamic scheme that adaptively resizes the instruction window based on the predicted available parallelism, either ILP or MLP. Specifically, if the scheme predicts that MLP is available during execution, the instruction window is enlarged and the window resources are pipelined, thereby exploiting MLP. Conversely, if the scheme predicts that less MLP is available, that is, ILP is exploitable for improved performance, the instruction window is shrunk and the window resources are de-pipelined, thereby exploiting ILP. Our evaluation results using the SPEC2006 benchmark programs show that the proposed scheme achieves nearly the best performance possible with fixed-size resources. On average, our scheme realizes a performance improvement of 21% over that of a conventional processor, with additional cost of only 6% of the area of the conventional processor core or 3% of that of the entire processor chip. The evaluation results also show 8% better energy efficiency in terms of 1/EDP (energy-delay product).
Solubility of metal oxides in organic layers and the possibility of using solutions for the application of oxide coatings (1983)

Metal oxides of varied composition and properties are used in the form of thin coatings in electronics, radio engineering, in semiconductor articles, in the preparation of photocells and radiation receivers, in optical instrument construction, in the preparation of sun-protective and decorative coatings, as well as in other branches of the national economy. The dissolution of metal oxides in organic solvents in the presence of complex-forming reagents has been reported upon. Experiments permit the conclusion that the ability to interact with solutions of complex-forming reagents is characteristic of oxides of all metals, at least all the transition metals, but to different degrees. This depends primarily on the chemical nature of the oxide, the complex-former, and the solvent, as well as on certain external factors. Thus, the phenomenon of solubility of metal oxides in organic solvents can be used for the development of an essentially new technology of preparation of solutions for the application of oxide coatings on solid substrates.
Correlation of ground‐water levels and precipitation on Long Island, New York (1943)

Long Island simulates in a general way an aquifer in the form of an infinite strip confined between parallel boundaries at constant head (sea‐level), over which recharge precipitation is assumedly uniform. The non‐steady flow of water in this idealized system is analyzed assuming provisionally that the effective thickness of saturated beds below sea‐level is great compared to the maximum height of the water‐table above sea‐level. The rate of accretion to the water‐table is assumed to vary discontinuously, supposedly being constant for each of the successive periods (yearly or monthly) and proportional to the average rate of precipitation during that period. The decay of the water‐table profile, beginning with any one of the succession of super‐posed non‐steady states, is shown to follow in general a relation composed of terms varying with time as exp(−t/t o ) in which t o is a function of the effective porosity, the thickness and the transmission‐constant of the aquifer. This exponential curve may be approximated by a parabola which is used to determine values of “effective average rate of precipitation” from published records in annual or monthly precipitation. By the “effective average rate of precipitation” at any time is meant that rate of precipitation which, had it been maintained uninterruptedly throughout the past, would have produced the same water‐table profile as actually existed at that particular time. It is demonstrated that fee effective average rate of precipitation may be determined also simply by cumulating departures from progressive averages of precipitation, multiplying the values thus determined by a known rational coefficient, and adding the appropriate initial value of effective average precipitation.
Mail-order pharmacy use and adherence to diabetes-related medications. (2010)

Compared with patients who obtained medication refills at local pharmacies, patients who received them by mail were more likely to have good adherence. The association between mail-order use and medication adherence should be evaluated in a randomized clinical trial.
Lessons from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): precautionary principle, primary prevention, and the value of community-based body-burden monitoring using breast milk. (2002)

Levels of chemicals in humans (body burdens) are useful indicators of environmental quality and of community health. Chemical body burdens are easily monitored using breast milk samples collected from first-time mothers (primiparae) with infants 2-8 weeks of age. Currently, there is no body-burden monitoring program using breast milk in the United States, although ad hoc systems operate successfully in several European countries. In this article we describe the value of such monitoring and important considerations of how it might be accomplished, drawing from our experiences with pilot monitoring projects. Breast milk has several advantages as a sampling matrix: It is simple and noninvasive, with samples collected by the mother. It monitors body burdens in reproductive-age women and it estimates in utero and nursing-infant exposures, all important to community health. Time-trend data from breast milk monitoring serve as a warning system that identifies chemicals whose body burdens and human exposures are increasing. Time trends also serve as a report card on how well past regulatory actions have reduced environmental chemical exposures. Body-burden monitoring using breast milk should include educational programs that encourage breast-feeding. Finally, and most important, clean breast milk matters to people and leads to primary prevention--the limiting of chemical exposures. We illustrate these advantages with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a formerly obscure group of brominated flame retardants that rose to prominence and were regulated in Sweden when residue levels were found to be rapidly increasing in breast milk. A community-based body-burden monitoring program using breast milk could be set up in the United States in collaboration with the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). WIC has a large number of lactating first-time mothers: It has 6,000 clinics nationwide and serves almost half (47%) the infants born in the United States. Educational programs (e.g., those run by WIC) are needed that encourage breast-feeding, especially in lower-income communities where breast-feeding rates are low and where breast-feeding may help protect the infant from the effects of environmental chemical exposures. Education is also needed about reducing chemical body burdens. A body-burden monitoring program would provide valuable data on time trends, background levels, and community hot spots in need of mitigation and follow-up health studies; develop analytic methods for new chemicals of concern; and archive breast milk samples for future analyses of other agents.