gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation of a Ni(II) binding site by introduction of a histidine cluster in the structure of human glutathione transferase Al-1 (1995)

Two mutant forms of human glutathione transferase (GST) A1-1 with affinity for metal ions were constructed by introduction of His residues by site-directed mutagenesis. A mutant, 2-His, contained the mutations Lys84Gln, Asp85His and Glu88His, and another, 5-His, contained the mutations Tyr79His, Asn80His, Lys84His, Asp85His and Glu88His. The mutant proteins were obtained in good yields (40-150 mg per 3 l culture) by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The mutant enzymes possessed novel binding affinities for Ni(II) and Zn(II) ions, as demonstrated by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The mutant with two novel His residues (2-His mutant) did not bind as tightly to immobilized Ni(II) as did the mutant with five novel His residues (5-His mutant). When tested for affinity to immobilized Zn(II), only the 5-His mutant remained bound to the column. The affinity of the 5-His mutant for Ni(II) ions in solution was determined by binding experiments in an aqueous polymeric two-phase system. Analysis of the binding curve showed two binding sites per enzyme subunit and a dissociation constant of 6.7 +/- 1.6 mu M. The kinetic constants kcat, Km and kcat/Km for the reaction with glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were determined by steady-state kinetic analysis and the parameter values for the mutant forms were found to be indistinguishable from those obtained for the wild-type GST A1-1. The differences in surface charge in the mutant proteins as compared with the wild-type enzyme did not alter the pH dependence of kcat. The results provide an alternative method for purification of fully active recombinant GST A1-1 by the introduction of novel metal binding sites. The data also showed that two His residues are sufficient for Ni(II) binding.
Pharmacodynamic Studies with a Specific α2-Adrenoceptor Agonist (BHT-933) in Man (1982)

We conducted pharmacodynamic studies in man with a specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist BHT-933. The study involved nine male normotensive volunteers each of whom received BHT-933 5 mg or placebo in random order. BHT-933 significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) in supine and standing positions, the greatest effect occurring 3-4 h following drug administration. Supine values: placebo 116/73; BHT-933 99/64. Standing values: placebo 114/79; BHT-933 92/67. Heart rate was uninfluenced by BHT-933 even at the time of maximum fall in BP. Plasma noradrenaline concentration in the supine position was significantly reduced: placebo 2.5 +/- 0.8 nmol/L; BHT-933 1.7 +/- 0.6. The haemodynamic changes accompanying Valsalva's manoeuvre and cold pressor test were uninfluenced by BHT-933. All subjects experienced sedation and dry mouth following BHT-933 with a time course similar to that of the fall in BP. These results are consistent with an effect of BHT-933 on BP control through an action on alpha 2-receptors at the level of the brainstem.
Pharmacologic Inhibition of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Gamma (PI3Kγ) Promotes Infarct Resorption and Prevents Adverse Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction in Mice (2010)

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma inhibition with AS-605240 after AMI leads to enhanced infarct resorption, greater compensatory hypertrophy of the nonischemic myocardium, and more favorable cardiac remodeling and function.
A Redescription of Entamoeba Histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 (Emended Walker, 1911) Separating It From Entamoeba Dispar Brumpt, 19251 (1993)

Explaining the low incidence of invasive disease (10%) in humans infected with Entamoeba histolytica has occupied the attention of generations of both clinical and nonclinical investigators. One possible explanation would be the existence of two morphologically identical species-one an invasive pathogen, the other noninvasive. This was first proposed by Brumpt in 1925, but his explanation was virtually ignored until 1978 when the first of several publications appeared suggesting that E. histolytica did indeed consist of two species. We have reexamined Brumpt's claim in light of recent biochemical, immunological and genetic studies and conclude that the data derived from these investigations provide unequivocal evidence supporting his hypothesis. With this in mind, we redescribe the invasive parasite retaining the name Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 (Emended Walker, 1911), and set it apart from the noninvasive parasite described by Brumpt, Entamoeba dispar Brumpt, 1925.
R&D Status of Fault Current Limiter. (1991)

In order to realize bulk power transmission with high reliability and high efficiency, electric power companies have made efforts to connect several electric power systems together. In this case, fault current may exceed the rated current of such power devices as a circuit breaker and a power transformer in the case of contingency and they have to be replaced with the devices with the higher rated value, Fault current limiters (FCL) have been expected to be installed in an electric power system to suppress fault current and to prevent the replacement. This paper first reviews the necessity of FCL in electric power system, and R & D status of various types of FCL in the world. The review is focused on superconducting FCL made of AC superconducting wires. Second, the experi mental evaluation of the new superconducting FCL which has been developed by Tokyo Electric Power Co. and Toshiba Corporation is described. The success of the current suppression up to 1,800A is emphasized.
Glycosidases—Properties and Application to the Study of Complex Carbohydrates and Cell Surfaces (1979)

Introduction Isolation and Purification Substrates Action on Complex Carbohydrates Action on Membranes and Cells Concluding Remarks
Highly Efficient Organic Light-Emitting Diode Based on a Hidden Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Channel in a Heptazine Derivative (2013)

Considerable progress in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) has triggered intensive effort to develop efficient solid-state electroluminescent (EL) materials over the past two decades. Among the many classes of materials being investigated, transition metal complexes are highly attractive because phosphorescent OLEDs containing Ir (III), Pt (II) and Os (II) complexes exhibit very high external quantum efficiencies (ηext). This is because such complexes effectively harvest triplet excitons, so their efficiencies are four times higher than that of conventional fluorescent OLEDs. However, phosphorescent OLEDs containing transition metal-based compounds are rather expensive and unsustainable because they contain rare metals. While OLEDs containing Cu (I) complexes that exhibit high ηext comparable to those with transition metal complexes have been examined as an alternative, the relatively low reliability and high driving voltage of such OLED are fundamental problems. Therefore, a novel way to realize high EL efficiency is required. Although fluorescent OLEDs have been assumed to show limited efficiency because of the branching ratio of singlet and triplet excitons of 1:3, the most recent fluorescence-based OLEDs have overcome this limitation using triplet-triplet annihilation and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) [1-2]. In particular, we have developed promising blue and green TADF materials [3-4]. However, the design of efficient orange or red emitters is inherently difficult because the photoluminescence (PL) quantum efficiency tends to decrease as the emission wavelength increases according to the energy gap law.
An embedding method for the numerical solution of the cathode design problem in electrochemical machining (1990)

Abstract An embedding method is considered for the numerical determination of the cathode shape for a given anode shape in a two‐dimensional electrolytic cell. Reference is made to an analytic solution to illustrate the difficulties which have to be overcome by any numerical method applied to this ill‐posed problem. The embedding method searches amongst the direct solutions (i.e. anodes for given cathodes) since these, resulting from a well‐posed problem, are less troublesome to compute. For anodes of the form βG(x), x the transverse direction, the embedding method gives good results for β less than 30–60 percent of the β for which the cathode first contains cusps or becomes triple‐valued. It is shown that the embedding method performs better than some other numerical methods in overcoming the error growth difficulties associated with the illposedness of the problem.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE PYROTECHNIC INFLATOR FOR AUTOMOBILE INFLATABLE RESTRAINT SYSTEMS (1982)

A general computer program was developed that simulates the performance of pyrotechnic inflators designed specifically for automobile inflatable restraint systems. The output format is compatible with the existing NHTSA DEPLOY program and as such, can be used directly in a systems analysis approach to inflatable restraint system design. The simulation has been verified by both existing data and specific inflator tests conducted under this study. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted which illustrates the effectiveness of the simulation and identifies necessary changes for further program improvement.
Slow photons in the fast lane in chemistry (2007)

A driving force in the rapidly developing field of photonic crystals has been the photonic bandgap, a range of energies where the propagation of light is completely forbidden. The photonic bandgap allows the design of photonic lattices that localize, guide and bend light at sub-micron length scales, providing opportunities for the creation of miniature optical devices and integrated optical circuits to help drive the revolution in photonics. A less well known attribute of photonic crystals is their theoretical ability to slow light to a velocity of zero. This phenomenon can be achieved at the high and low energy edges of photonic stopgaps where the photonic bands are flat and light exists as a standing wave commensurate with the photonic lattice and travels at a group velocity of zero, referred to as “slow photons” herein. It has been shown theoretically that the probability of harvesting slow photons scales inversely with their group velocity. This means that a number of well known photon driven processes and devices in chemistry and physics can be enhanced by capturing this unique property of slow photons. In this paper we will look at slow photons mainly through the eye of chemistry and highlight some recent developments in this exciting and emerging field that demonstrate the potential of slow photons in materials chemistry and nanochemistry.
STUDIES OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF SERUM GONADOTROPHIN (1944)

The ovarian response to an injection of serum gonadotrophin (pregnant mares' serum) given 10 days after hypophysectomy in the immature rat is greatly increased if the ovarian atrophy has been prevented by implanting a tablet of stilboestrol at the time of the operation [Williams, 1940]. The experiments that are described below confirm and amplify this observation. METHODS Animals Immature (40–60 g.) rats of the London Wistar strain bred in this Institute were used for all experiments. Serum gonadotrophin Three samples of gonadotrophin were used: PMS/A 4 was a sample of dried serum which was reconstituted by the addition of water and had a potency of 112 i.u. per ml.; PMS/IV was an extract prepared by the method of Rimington & Rowlands [1941] to the 'initial-powder' stage and contained 13 i.u. per mg.; PMS 10 was an extract whose exact history has been lost—it was only used for one minor experiment
Highly stable hydrophilic surfaces of PDMS thin layer obtained by UV radiation and oxygen plasma treatments (2009)

Abstract Surface modification of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184) was carried out by O 2 plasma and UV in broadband mode/O 2 plasma treatments with different exposure times, and studied in terms of hydrophilic stability. Water contact angle measurements, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used for the analysis of the modified surface and hydrophilic stability of the PDMS films. The results show reasonably good hydrophilic stability in the range of a week with a contact angle of around 70° for O 2 plasma treated samples, whereas a more high hydrophilic stability, with a low contact angle of 65° up to 15 days, was observed for UV/O 2 plasma treated PDMS. FTIR analysis of the samples reveals significant oxidation noted by large presence of Si‐O‐Si, and Si‐OH bonds on the PDMS surface, which improves the affinity with water molecules and increases the hydrophilicy. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterizing and Modeling Coalescence in Inkjet Printing (1998)

In liquid inkjet printing, a critical quality issue is the coalescence of ink on the media surface. This paper describes a technique for quantifying coalescence using an automated print quality analysis system. This technique measures spatial variability of reflectance caused by coalescence. Uniformity is compared in test samples printed with different printing technologies. The technique was used to study the effects of different media coatings on the magnitude of coalescence in inkjet printing. The roles of the surface tension of the ink, the surface energy of the media and the rate of ink absorption by the media are examined for insight into the mechanisms of coalescence.
Interaction of hydrolysis-resistant analogs of cyclic GMP with the phosphodiesterase and light-sensitive channel of retinal rod outer segments. (1985)

cGMP opens cation-selective channels when applied to the cytoplasmic side of excised patches of membrane from retinal rod outer segments (ROS). If the light-sensitive channel in intact rods is gated only by cGMP, it should be possible to find a hydrolysis-resistant analog of cGMP that blocks the normal response to light by holding the channel open independent of the degree of illumination. We have studied the interaction of 8-bromo-cGMP (8-Br-cGMP) and the SP and RP phosphorothioate derivatives of cGMP [(Sp)-cGMP[S] and (RP)-cGMP[S]) with the cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDEase) of ROS, the cGMP-sensitive channel of excised ROS patches, and the light-sensitive channel of intact rods. All three analogs were hydrolyzed by PDEase much more slowly than was cGMP. The maximal rates of hydrolysis of 8-Br-cGMP, (SP)-cGMP[S], and (RP)-cGMP[S] were 7.3, 3.7, and less than 0.2 s-1, respectively, compared with 4000 s-1 for cGMP. These analogs are effective competitive inhibitors of the PDEase, with Ki values of 48, 25, and 90 microM, respectively. The nucleotide-activated conductances of excised patches were half-maximal at concentrations of 1.6, 210, and 1200 microM, respectively, compared with 17 microM for cGMP. Thus, 8-Br-cGMP is a highly potent channel agonist. The effects of these analogs on the dark current and photoresponses of intact rod cells were also measured. A suction electrode monitored membrane current across the ROS, while a patch electrode sealed on the inner segment was used to introduce a cGMP analog and to control membrane potential. All three analogs increased the dark current and markedly slowed the response to light flashes. 8-Br-cGMP increased the dark current of the outer segment as much as 48-fold. After the concentration of this analog had risen sufficiently, little of the current could be shut off by light, as expected of a direct effect on the light-sensitive channel of the plasma membrane. These results are consistent with the notions that (i) the light-sensitive channel of rods is controlled solely by the instantaneous concentration of cGMP and (ii) the cGMP-sensitive channel of excised patches is identical to the light-sensitive channel of intact rods.
<b>CANADIAN GEOPHYSICS:</b> 150 Years (1991)

About 150 alumni of the University of Toronto geophysics division gathered on campus on November 3, 1990 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the founding of Canada’s first geophysical observatory. For two days, lectures were given and reminiscences swapped among the graduates, who came from across Canada and the United States and from Japan and Mexico, about a golden era in a quintessentially Canadian science.
Change of H-reflex and M-wave in Cryotherapy (1998)

理学療法における寒冷療法の効果について安静時，寒冷終了時，15分後のH反射・M波のリクルートメントカーブ（RC）を導出した．RCより，Hmax／Mmax比，H閾値／M閾値比，Hslp／Mslp比を求め，安静時と比較検討した．同一被験者のH反射，M波の各測定時の振幅は低下してした．Hmax／Mmax比，H閾値／M閾値比，Hslp／Mslp比は，各測定時において統計的有意差は認められないものの，安静時と比較して低下する傾向を示した． これらの結果より寒冷刺激は，脊髄運動ニューロンプールの抑制に関与するが，その影響は筋に対する抑制が大きいものと考えられた．
Real Laboratories for Distance Education (2003)

Providing distance laboratory-based courses is becoming critical for distance technical education. In this work, we describe remote laboratories in digital system courses. While the hardware is based on widely used programmable logic, the Internet interfaces include those for remote development, testing and debugging as well as the cooperative work environment. Special attention has been paid to the objectivity of evaluating the remote cooperative work. The web tools for project progress evaluation, self- and group- assessment and the automated hardware support are being developed. Previous work consisted mainly of providing simulated environments or prefabricated circuits. The productivity and accessibility of these tools was greatly enhanced by using off-the-shelf hardware, software and networking elements.
Controlled Polarization Switching in VCSELs by Means of Asymmetric Current Injection (2004)

We have investigated the potential of asymmetric current injection for polarization switching in GaAs-based intracavity contacted vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers using two sets of p- and n-type contacts per device. When using the contacts aligned along the [11~0] crystal direction, the observed laser polarization is parallel to [110], whereas, using the contacts along the [110] crystal direction, the polarization of the laser emission switches to a direction making an angle of 25/spl deg/-90/spl deg/ towards [110]. To overcome this peculiar result, a careful design of the contact layers in the intracavity structure is required.
An evaluation of biofilm development utilizing non‐destructive attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (1991)

Chemical changes that occur within a microbial biofilm during development on a germanium internal reflection element (IRE) were monitored by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spec‐troscopy (ATR/FT‐IR) for 188 h. The amount of protein detected at the IRE/medium interface increased throughout the course of the experiment. Extracellular polysaccharides were mainly produced during the initial stages of biofilm development. These results demonstrate that changes in metabolic activity of surface‐associated bacteria during biofilm development on surfaces exposed to a flowing bulk aqueous phase can be evaluated by ATR/FT‐IR.
Behavior of silk protein at the air–water interface (2012)

The inability to link silk biomacromolecules' activity to their self-assembly and further fiber formation has limited a true implementation of a silk biotechnology. In this paper, we describe the application of video-enhanced drop shape analysis and interfacial shear rheological measurement to characterize the dynamic surface activity and interfacial interactions, as well as molecular structure within the interfacial layer of silk proteins. Quantitative analysis of the dynamic surface tension highlights two major mechanisms: (i) a mixed model at low concentration, and, (ii) a diffusion limited model at higher concentration. Once regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) is adsorbed at the air–water interface, interfacial gel-like structures are formed. The interfacial elastic modulus (G′) of the adsorbed membranes exhibited a non-monotonic concentration dependence with a local maximum value at 1.0 × 10−5 g mL−1, indicating a different surface structure formed in RSF solution. The viscoelastic behavior varies with RSF concentration corresponding to three states of a soft glassy system, i.e. below, above and near the glass transition. A structural model for RSF adsorbed layers at the air–water interface at different bulk concentrations is suggested.
Towards improved hardware component attenuation correction in PET/MR hybrid imaging (2013)

In positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) hybrid imaging attenuation correction (AC) of the patient tissue and patient table is performed by converting the CT-based Hounsfield units (HU) to linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) of PET. When applied to the new field of hardware component AC in PET/magnetic resonance (MR) hybrid imaging, this conversion method may result in local overcorrection of PET activity values. The aim of this study thus was to optimize the conversion parameters for CT-based AC of hardware components in PET/MR. Systematic evaluation and optimization of the HU to LAC conversion parameters has been performed for the hardware component attenuation map (µ-map) of a flexible radiofrequency (RF) coil used in PET/MR imaging. Furthermore, spatial misregistration of this RF coil to its µ-map was simulated by shifting the µ-map in different directions and the effect on PET quantification was evaluated. Measurements of a PET NEMA standard emission phantom were performed on an integrated hybrid PET/MR system. Various CT parameters were used to calculate different µ-maps for the flexible RF coil and to evaluate the impact on the PET activity concentration. A 511 keV transmission scan of the local RF coil was used as standard of reference to adapt the slope of the conversion from HUs to LACs at 511 keV. The average underestimation of the PET activity concentration due to the non-attenuation corrected RF coil in place was calculated to be 5.0% in the overall phantom. When considering attenuation only in the upper volume of the phantom, the average difference to the reference scan without RF coil is 11.0%. When the PET/CT conversion is applied, an average overestimation of 3.1% (without extended CT scale) and 4.2% (with extended CT scale) is observed in the top volume of the NEMA phantom. Using the adapted conversion resulting from this study, the deviation in the top volume of the phantom is reduced to -0.5% and shows the lowest standard deviation inside the phantom in comparison to all other conversions. Simulation of a µ-map misregistration shows acceptable results for shifts below 5 mm for the flexible surface RF coil. The adapted conversion from HUs to LAC at 511 keV within this study can improve hardware component AC in PET/MR hybrid imaging as shown for a flexible RF surface coil. Furthermore, these results have a direct impact on the improvement of the hardware component AC of the examined flexible RF coil in conjunction with position determination.
Preliminary development of a knowledge-based system for building configuration (1991)

A knowledge-based expert system for preliminary design of mediumrise buildings has been implemented with the ability to generate building configurations. The system was developed on GEPSE, a microcomputer-based expert system development tool, which provides an environment in which predicated objects are separate from the rule bases. The inference mechanism utilises forward chaining and metalevel control. It has been shown that, based on the information taken from a user, the system generates a solution in terms of a list of proposed parameters. These parameters for preliminary design are suitable for future coupling to numerical analysis software for structural analysis and design. To further enhance the system capabilities, the knowledge base can be expanded for improved performance and graphics facilities can be incorporated for graphical manipulation and editing.