gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The warpage and stress simulation study of embedded organic substrate (2010)

In recently years, the continued demand for electronic systems and subsystems with more functionality, higher electrical performance, smaller size and lower cost, the conventional packaging and interconnect technologies already can not be met for it's requirement, so system-in-package (SiP) modules have been growing rapidly. As a packaging technology platform, SiP allows a high degree of flexibility, high-density, high-speed, high performance, and multi-function in the package architecture. But, the form factor and electrical performance of system-in-package(SiP) is still continue to be driven by the next generation portable electronics. Recently, many company and research institute addressed embedded active and passive substrate technology development is the one of approach for the requirement. However, there are many electrical and mechanical reliability issues in embedded substrate. A mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) among substrate materials and structure can lead to large warpage, stress, delamination, crack or copper via break in the substrate. Thermal deformations and thermal stresses may occur due to mismatches of the coefficient of thermal expansion, Tg (Temperature of Glass transition), Young's modulus among the substrate materials during assembly process as well as service conditions, which lead to serious quality problems and failure of the products. It were conducted to be analyzed the stress and warpage during thermal cycle loading by Finite Element Method (FEM). At the beginning, a FE model was created; FE calculations were carried out in order to study the different substrate core and prepreg material effect on warpage and stress during thermo-mechanical history. And then, different substrate thickness, embedded component quantity also be conducted to analyze the warpage and stress during thermal history. For interface stress between via and prepreg material of embedded capacitor or die substrate, the CTE of core material which is closed to Cu via CTE (16.3 ppm/°C) generates lower via shear stress. For capacitor component stress, the CTE of core material which is closed to passive (12.3 ppm/°C) & via land (16.3 ppm/°C) generates lower component shear stress. For die stress, the CTE of core material which is closed to die (2.6 ppm/°C) generates lower component shear stress.
Inter-modality registration of NMRi and histological section images using neural networks regression in Gabor feature space (2009)

Image registration is amongst the most prominent problems in image processing and computer vision. Particularly in biomedical applications, automated alignment of image data from different imaging modalities has received great attention, delivering a high value added for analysis and diagnosis by integrating spatial information of two or more assays. In this context, the use of entropy based mutual information between images has been widely propagated to capture the relation between differential intensity distributions. In this work we address the problem of matching two different intensity distributions in a supervised learning scenario: We approximate a function relating both intensity distributions using a regression neural network predicting intensity values of one modality to the other, thereby allowing direct intensity difference registration. Predictions are based on a Gabor space representation of the input image, in order to capture local image structures. In experiments we show that the approach is i) able to learn a function to predict intensity values and ii) the predictions can be used to correctly register images by direct intensity differences minimization. The latter has the advantage of being computationally appealing and more stable concerning the optimization framework, which we exploit in registering histological section and NMRi data of plant specimen.
Swarming by <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> B728a Requires <i>gacS</i> ( <i>lemA</i> ) and <i>gacA</i> but Not the Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Biosynthetic Gene <i>ahlI</i> (1999)

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a, a causal agent of bacterial brown spot on snap beans, swarms with a characteristic dendritic pattern on semisolid (0.4%) agar plates. Filamentation of swarming cells of B728a was not observed. Mutations in either the gacS (formerly lemA) or gacA gene of B728a eliminate the ability of this P. syringae isolate to swarm without obvious effects on bacterial motility. Three field isolates showed a similar dependence on gacS for swarming. Since gacS and gacA mutants are known to be deficient in N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL) production, a mutant was constructed by disruption of the ahlI gene of B728a. This mutant did not make any acyl-HSL detectable by the Agrobacterium traG::lacZ reporter system, yet was unaffected in its ability to swarm. Other phenotypes of gacS and gacA mutations were similarly unaffected in the ahlI mutant.
The Development of a Real-Time Image Guided Micro Electroplating System (2010)

A real-time image guided continuous micro-electroplating system equipped with four elements, such as a Charge-coupled Device camera (CCD camera), a magnifier lens, a micro-stepper motor controller, and micro-electroplating device, is proposed in this paper. To maintain the electroplating quality, the system continuously controls the micro-stepper motor and keeps constant gap distance between the micro-anode and copper specimen. In the process of electroplating, chemical reactions would generate oxygen bubbles automatically thus to deteriorate captured images. To solve the bubble issue, a real-time image of the distance between the copper column tip and the anode captured by a CCD camera is used to determine and adjust the cathode position. Besides, four statistic judging criterions are used and compared to determine the bubble-free images. Based on the processing time and accurate rate, the algorithm using entropy index is proposed in this paper for real-time control. From the experiment results, a real-time image guided micro electroplating system does produce better structure, better uniformity and better finishing surface of the specimens compared to those by previous intermittent electroplating setup.
Expression of Cytokine mRNA in Gastric Mucosa with<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>Infection (1995)

These findings suggest that some cytokines, especially IL-7 and IL-8, play some roles in H. pylori-associated gastritis.
Defective Activation of Granuloma Macrophages From <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>-Infected Nude Mice (1988)

We have previously demonstrated that granuloma macrophages from the foot pads of Mycobacterium leprae-infected nude mice are functionally normal despite heavy intracellular burdens of bacilli. However, unlike peritoneal macrophages, these macrophages fail to restrict the intracellular growth of Toxoplasma gondii when stimulated with recombinant murine gamma interferon (Mu IFN-gamma) and thus appear defective in their response to macrophage-activating factor(s). In further characterizing this defect we have examined tumoristatic capacity, superoxide radical formation, and expression of la antigens on granuloma macrophages before and after treatment with Mu IFN-gamma. By all three criteria, M. leprae-burdened granuloma macrophages failed to become activated by doses of Mu IFN-gamma that readily activate peritoneal macrophages from M. leprae-infected nude mice or normal Balb/c mice. M. leprae-infected granuloma macrophages produced elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in vitro, which was suppressed by indomethacin. However, the inhibition of PGE2 production for 48 hr in vitro did not restore normal responses to Mu IFN-gamma.
Formation of artificial casein micelles. (1983)

The reformation of casein micelles was investigated by dialysis of simulated milk ultrafiltrate or skimmilk at a fixed temperature or by increasing the temperature from 5°C to 37°C. When submicelles were dialyzed at a fixed temperature the micelles were not reformed, but were when the submicelles were dialyzed as the temperature was increased from 5°C to 37°C. The salt content, casein composition and size distribution of the reformed micelles were approximately 70% of original micelles when the submicelles were dialyzed against skimmilk. The submicelles obtained from large micelles reformed into large micelles while submicelles from small micelles reformed into small micelles.
Pluronic lecithin organogel as a topical drug delivery system (2009)

The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the pluronic lecithin organogel containing flurbiprofen for topical application. Different formulations of pluronic lecithin organogels were prepared by using pluronic F127, lecithin, flurbiprofen, isopropyl palmitate, water, sorbic acid, and potassium sorbate. To study the in vitro potential of these formulations, permeation studies were performed with Keshary-Chien diffusion cells. The results of the in vitro permeation studies found that release of flurbiprofen from dialysis membrane-70 was more than excised dorsal rat skin. Gelation temperature study was carried out to determine the temperature where sol-gel transformation takes place. The viscosities of different formulations were determined by using Brookfield Viscometer at 25°C, the viscosity of formulations increases as the lecithin concentration increases. Also the formulations were tested for appearance and feel psychorheologically, pH, and drug content. Interactions between the components of the gel have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffractometry. The optimized formulation subjected to differential scanning calorimetry shows no drug-polymer interaction. To investigate the in vivo performance of the formulations, a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model and skin irritation study was used. The stability studies and freeze-thaw thermal cyclic test were carried out, showing no phase separation of gel, and representing gel stability. Statistical analysis of the data of animal study (anti-inflammatory activity) was done by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's test. The formulation shows a statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity and is non-irritant to skin.
Supervised Variable Clustering for Classification of NIR Spectra (2009)

Spectrometric data involve very high-dimensional observations representing sampled spectra. The correlation of the resulting spectral variables and their high number are two sources of difficulties in modeling. This paper proposes a supervised feature clustering algorithm that provides dimension reduction for this type of data in a classification context. The new features designed by this method are means of the original spectral variables computed on specific ranges of wavelengths and are therefore easy to interpret. Experiments on real world data show that the reduction in redundancy and in number of features leads to better performances obtained using a very low number of spectral ranges.
Modification of Alternative Splicing of Bcl-x Pre-mRNA in Prostate and Breast Cancer Cells: ANALYSIS OF APOPTOSIS AND CELL DEATH (2021)

There is ample evidence that deregulation of apoptosis results in the development, progression, and/or maintenance of cancer. Since many apoptotic regulatory genes (e.g. bcl-x) code for alternatively spliced protein variants with opposing functions, the manipulation of alternative splicing presents a unique way of regulating the apoptotic response. Here we have targeted oligonucleotides antisense to the 5'-splice site of bcl-x(L), an anti-apoptotic gene that is overexpressed in various cancers, and shifted the splicing pattern of Bcl-x pre-mRNA from Bcl-x(L) to Bcl-x(S), a pro-apoptotic splice variant. This approach induced significant apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. In contrast, the same oligonucleotide treatment elicited a much weaker apoptotic response in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Moreover, although the shift in Bcl-x pre-mRNA splicing inhibited colony formation in both cell lines, this effect was much less pronounced in MCF-7 cells. These differences in responses to oligonucleotide treatment were analyzed in the context of expression of Bcl-x(L), Bcl-x(S), and Bcl-2 proteins. The results indicate that despite the presence of Bcl-x pre-mRNA in a number of cell types, the effects of modification of its splicing by antisense oligonucleotides vary depending on the expression profile of the treated cells.
Gas phase studies of the interactions of Fe<sup>2+</sup> with cysteine-containing peptides (1998)

Gas-phase complexes of cysteine-containing peptides and Fe2+ were produced by fast atom bombardment and studied by tandem mass spectrometry. Specific and strong interactions of the iron and sulfur from the thiol group of the cysteine side chain are preserved in the gas phase and are the basis for highly specific fragmentation to give abundant [a(n) - 2H + Fe]+ ions, where n is position of the cysteine residue from the N-terminus of peptide. Metal/peptide complexes containing more than one Cys residue were also investigated; they display similar chemistry upon collisionally activated decompositions, indicating that the Fe2+ ion primarily binds at cysteine sites.
Guest—Host Cross-linked Polyimides for Integrated Optics (1995)

We report on the optical and electrical characterization of aromatic, fluorinated, fully imidized, organic soluble, thermally and photochemically crosslinkable, guest-host polyimides for integrated optics. Refractive indices and optical losses were measured to evaluate the performance of these materials for passive applications. Materials were doped with two high temperature nonlinear optical chromophores, and poled during crosslinking to produce nonlinear optical materials. Measurements of electro-optic coefficient, macroscopic second order susceptibility, and conductivity were performed to assess these materials as potential candidates for active devices.
Advances in functional X-ray imaging techniques and contrast agents (2012)

X-rays have been used for non-invasive high-resolution imaging of thick biological specimens since their discovery in 1895. They are widely used for structural imaging of bone, metal implants, and cavities in soft tissue. Recently, a number of new contrast methodologies have emerged which are expanding X-ray's biomedical applications to functional as well as structural imaging. These techniques are promising to dramatically improve our ability to study in situ biochemistry and disease pathology. In this review, we discuss how X-ray absorption, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray excited optical luminescence can be used for physiological, elemental, and molecular imaging of vasculature, tumors, pharmaceutical distribution, and the surface of implants. Imaging of endogenous elements, exogenous labels, and analytes detected with optical indicators will be discussed.
Modeling the Hepatitis C Virus Epidemic in France (1999)

A backcalculation approach allows a reconstruction of the history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in France and predictions of mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) related to the virus. The model uses information from the literature about the natural history of the disease, epidemiological data about infected subjects in three French cohorts, and mortality data from national statistics. It seeks to determine the annual transition probabilities from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis and the HCV incidence per year in the past. These unknowns are found by fitting the observed deaths from HCC that are attributable to HCV. Optimal values for these unknowns then allow to project the number of HCC deaths attributable to HCV for each year through 2025 (for patients infected before 1996). The model traces the HCV epidemic in France back to around the 1940s. It predicts that HCC mortality related to HCV will continue to increase through 2020 in the absence of treatment, with a 150% increase in the yearly incidence among men and 200% among women. The model also confirms that progression to cirrhosis depends strongly on sex and age. At any age, the annual probability of progression is 10 times greater for men than for women. Moreover, for men aged between 61 and 70 years, this probability is 300 times greater than that for men aged between 21 and 40 years.
Glutamine and Glutamic Acid Supplementation Enhances Performance of Broiler Chickens Under the Hot and Humid Tropical Condition (2015)

Day-old (day 1) commercial broiler chickens were fed i) basal diet (control), ii) basal diet +0.5% AminoGut (AG), or iii) basal diet +1% AG from 1 to 42 d of age under the hot and humid tropical environment. AminoGut is a commercial dietary supplement containing a mixture of L-glutamine (Gln) and L-glutamic (Glu) acid. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the starter (1 to 21 d) and overall (1 to 42 d) periods improved linearly and quadratically with AG supplementation when compared to control. Supplementing birds with AG significantly reduced overall mortality rate. At 21 and 42 d of age, intestinal (duodenum and ileum) villi height and crypt depth showed both linear and quadratic positive responses to AG supplementation. Intestinal amylase activity increased linearly and quadratically on d 21, and linearly only on d 42. In conclusion, Gln and Glu supplementation was beneficial in improving the growth performance and survivability of broiler chickens under the hot and humid tropical environment.
4×10 Gbit/s bidirectional transmission over 2 km of conventional graded-index OM1 multimode fiber using mode group division multiplexing (2016)

We demonstrate 4 × 10 Gbit/s error-free bidirectional transmission over 2 km of conventional OM1 graded-index multimode fiber using OOK modulation and direct detection. We also perform field transmission to show reach and capacity boosts on legacy multimode infrastructure. Such transmission is enabled by selective mode group division multiplexing, based on multi-plane light conversion over 4 mode groups of the multimode fiber.
A phase I study of recombinant human interleukin-4 administered by the intravenous and subcutaneous route in patients with advanced cancer: immunological studies. (1993)

The effects of recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhu IL-4) on immunological parameters in patients receiving increasing doses of IL-4 in a Phase I trial were investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were phenotyped for a variety of lymphocyte markers, but no consistent effects were observed. However, increases in HLA Class II expression on monocytes were detected in four patients. NK and LAK activity were neither induced nor augmented by IL-4 treatment. Slight increases in proliferative responses to mitogens and cytokines were observed in some patients. The latter observations and other clinical studies suggest that a combination of IL-4 with IL-2 may be more effective in Phase II clinical trials.
Efficient Condition-Based Consensus. (2001)

The condition-based approach for consensus solvability (that we have introduced in a previous paper, ACM STOC&apos;01) consists in identifying sets of input vectors for which it is possible to design a protocol solving the consensus problem for n processes despite the occurrence of up to f process crashes. For each value of f these conditions actually define a hierarchy. This paper continues our investigation of this approach. It has three main contributions. It first show that it is possible to define conditions from very simple weight functions. Interestingly any weight function defines an acceptable condition, i.e., a condition that allows to solve the consensus problem. The second contribution is an efficient protocol whose wait-free part has a number of shared memory accesses upper bounded by O(n log 2 (f 1)) (actually, according to the vector and the number of actual crashes, this upper bound is rarely attained). A process that decides by itself, has to write the value it decides in shared memory in order to help decide processes that cannot decide by themselves. The third contribution of the paper is the study of conditions that allow processes to save this write. When this occurs, the only write to shared memory by a process is the initial write of the value it proposes.
Electrowetting-Based Displays: Bringing Microfluidics Alive On-Screen (2006)

We present the use of electrowetting as a technology for very bright and energy-efficient displays. The intrinsic nature of the system as an optical switch provides an excellent starting point upon which a wide variety of display configurations can be based. Here we focus our discussion on reflective displays, in which the main advantages of the technology are best utilized. The properties of the reflective display will be discussed, illustrating the combination of a paper-like optical performance and video-speed switching.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of Co/CoO and Co/Si Core‐Shell Cluster Assemblies Prepared via Gas Phase (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
What is efficiency? (2017)

Chapter 8 is a central critical conceptual section of the book, dealing with the major ethical weapon of mainstream economics – the politically influential concept of economic efficiency, derived from the Pareto principle. It is the distributional value judgment inherent in the notion of ‘Pareto improvement’ that enables the seemingly (misleadingly) technical meaning of ‘efficiency’ to overwhelm alternative ethical drivers of public policy. The chapter draws out the limitations of the Pareto principle in both its strong and weak forms before addressing the controversial subjects of the theory of second best and the compensation principle. The latter expresses what I have called the ‘super strong’ Pareto principle providing the normative justification for the economists’ familiar tool – cost benefit analysis. This tool when applied routinely to policy biases outcomes in favour of the well-off and effectively zero values – in both monetary and non-monetary terms – outcomes that are difficult or impossible to ascribe monetary values to.