gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fungal Pathogen Reduces Potential for Malaria Transmission (2005)

Using a rodent malaria model, we found that exposure to surfaces treated with fungal entomopathogens following an infectious blood meal reduced the number of mosquitoes able to transmit malaria by a factor of about 80. Fungal infection, achieved through contact with both solid surfaces and netting for durations well within the typical post-feed resting periods, was sufficient to cause >90% mortality. Daily mortality rates escalated dramatically around the time of sporozoite maturation, and infected mosquitoes showed reduced propensity to blood feed. Residual sprays of fungal biopesticides might replace or supplement chemical insecticides for malaria control, particularly in areas of high insecticide resistance.
Tandem pinacol coupling–rearrangement of aromatic aldehydes with hydrogen catalyzed by a combination of a platinum complex and a polyoxometalate (2007)

Together with a strongly oxidizing polyoxometalate, H5PV2Mo10O40, PtII(N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)pyrazin-2-ylmethanimine)Cl2 forms a combined catalyst that was active in the tandem pinacol coupling-rearrangement of aryl aldehydes to give mostly the corresponding diarylacetaldehyde in high yields using molecular hydrogen as the reducing agent.
Aggregation Inhibitory Activity of Minor Acetophenones from Paeonia Species (1999)

Two minor acetophenones, 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone ( 2) and 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methylacetophenone (7) from Paeonia species were found to selectively inhibit the aggregation of rabbit platelets induced by arachidonic acid. They were more potent than the major compound, paeonol (1), and 7 also inhibited the formation of TXA2 and PGD 2 from arachidonic acid.
Preparation of Nanoporous Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Films Based on a Template System of Block Copolymers via Ionic Interaction (2010)

A series of well-defined aniline-chain-end-functionalized regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)s (P3HT−NH2) and sulfo-chain-end-functionalized polystyrene (PS−SO3H) have been prepared based on quasi-living Grignard metathesis and living anionic polymerization, respectively. Block copolymers via ionic interaction, (P3HT−NH3+)-b-(PS−SO3−)s, were successfully synthesized, simply by blending P3HT−NH2 with PS−SO3H in toluene. The thermal and optical properties of the block copolymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) spectroscopy. The self-assembly behavior of the (P3HT−NH3+)-b-(PS−SO3−) thin film was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) analysis found the microphase separation of P3HT−NH3+ and PS−SO3− domains as well as the packing behavior of P3HT−NH3+ segments in block copolymer thin films. By exploiting the pH-sensitive ionic interaction, the PS−SO3− domains were selectively etched with ethyl acetate/triethylamine, cleaving the ionic interaction between P3HT−NH3+ and PS−SO3− segments, to obtain the target nanoporous P3HT−NH2 films. The porosity of the films was confirmed by AFM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and GIXS analyses.
Immunochemical mapping of a specific domain on human choriogonadotropin using anti-protein and anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies. (1987)

In an attempt to localize topographic domains specific to native human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), we studied the discontinuous antigenic regions recognized by a monoclonal anti-hCG antibody designated as C8 which binds only to hCG and does not cross-react with either the free hCG-alpha and hCG-beta subunits or other glycoprotein hormones. Using two-site monoclonal immunoradiometric assays (M-IRMAs), we found that C8 antibody and an anti-peptide antibody (FB12) directed to residues 110-116 of hCG-beta did not bind simultaneously to hCG. This observation suggested that C8 binds to residues of hCG-beta included either in the antibody-binding region of FB12 or in close proximity to amino acids 110-116. To further delineate the regions of hCG-beta recognized by C8, we carried out hapten inhibition experiments with synthetic peptides corresponding to various regions of hCG-beta. The peptide corresponding to residues 109-122 and subpeptides (111-122 or 112-122) inhibited the binding of 125I-hCG to C8, whereas weak inhibition was observed with subpeptide 113-122. By studying the binding of C8 to the 1-112 disulfide-bonded part of hCG-beta (hCG-beta core) recombined with hCG-alpha, we were able to confirm that C8 binds to a region including or near to Asp112. M-IRMAs showed that C8 does not bind to the recombinant molecule lacking residues 113-145 of hCG. Taken together, these results indicate that a limited number of residues located on hCG-beta near to Asp112, and most likely the sequence Asp111-Asp112-Pro113, are included in the discontinuous antigenic region recognized by C8. We then attempted to localize residues of hCG-alpha that constitute another part of the determinant which bound to C8. Six synthetic peptides corresponding to various regions of hCG-alpha did not inhibit binding of 125I-hCG to C8. In contrast, M-IRMAs demonstrated that C8 is capable of binding recombinant products composed of the hCG-beta subunit and the alpha subunits from human, equine, and porcine species. These results indicate that C8 recognizes a region of the alpha subunit highly conserved in these three species. Finally, we determined that the discontinuous regions recognized by C8 are partially accessible on the CG/LH-receptor complex.
An analysis of network-based control system using CAN (controller area network) protocol (2002)

This paper analyses an architecture of network-based control system and deals with its application using the CAN protocol. It is difficult to determine an optimal network architecture for a specific system. We propose an architecture of the network-based control system applicable to a specific AGV system with a manipulator arm. The fixed number of periodic messages to be occurred is pre-defined in this system. To determine whether the proposed system architecture is effective or not, we perform a traffic analysis for the real-time communication of all messages. Through simulation, the range of transmission speed is found satisfying the required conditions, and the number of possible sensors to be added is investigated for improving the system performance, when the sampling periods of analog sensors are determined under a fixed condition that the transmission speed is over 500 Kbits/sec.
Activity of the medaka translation elongation factor 1α‐A promoter examined using the <i>GFP</i> gene as a reporter (2000)

The translation elongation factor 1alpha (EF-1alpha) is known to have several isoforms, which are expressed in a tissue- and stage-specific manner. Two genes encoding EF-1alpha exist per haploid genome in the medaka. In the present study, the promoter activity of the 5'-flanking region of the medaka EF-1alpha-A gene, an isoform of EF-1alpha, was characterized using transgenic techniques. First, using CAT gene as a reporter, it was revealed that about 1.8 kbp 5'-flanking sequence from the transcription initiation site of EF-1alpha-A was sufficient for high-level promoter activity. Second, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene fused to this region was introduced into medaka eggs using the microinjection method. Three germline transgenic individuals (one male and two female) were mated with non-transgenic medaka to obtain F1 offspring. In the case of embryonic and adult F1 transgenic individuals, GFP fluorescence was observed in almost all the tissues examined (e.g. kidney, liver, heart, gill, ovary, and testis), except for the skeletal muscle. In the case of F2 transgenic embryos derived from F1 transgenic males and non-transgenic females, the fluorescence was observed from the early gastrula stage. On the other hand, in the case of F2 transgenic embryos derived from F1 transgenic females and non-transgenic males, the fluorescence was observed even at the 1-cell stage, suggesting that this region is transcriptionally active during oogenesis. The usefulness of the EF-1alpha-A promoter as a tool for introducing foreign proteins into oocytes is discussed.
Largely improved fracture toughness of an immiscible poly(<scp>l</scp>-lactide)/ethylene-co-vinyl acetate blend achieved by adding carbon nanotubes (2015)

Through the bridging effect of CNTs, the fracture toughness of the immiscible PLLA/EVA blend was greatly improved.
3-D Printing Implementation of an X-band Eaton Lens for Beam Deflection (2016)

In this letter, a 3-D Eaton lens with gradient refractive index (GRIN) distribution for beam deflection at X-band is designed, fabricated, and measured. The ideal 90° beam bending of Eaton lens is verified by the numerical simulation with the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. The practical refractive index of the lens is realized by controlling the mixing ratio of a polymer to air void. The dimensions of unit cell are designed with effective medium theory and verified by the full-wave simulation software ANSYS HFSS. A polymer jetting 3-D printing method is applied to implement the Eaton lens. The radiation pattern and near-field distribution of the lens are measured using an X-band waveguide as the feed, and the experimental results agree well with the simulated results.
Complexes of Ga<sup>3+</sup>and In<sup>3+</sup>with the N,N″-bis(butylamide) derivative of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid: stability constants and nuclear magnetic resonance studies in aqueous solution (1995)

Potentiometric titrations showed that the sum of the first three protonation constants of diethylene-triaminepentaacetate N,N″-bis(butylamide)(L1) decreases by units when compared to the diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (dtpa), and that the complexes of Ga3+ and In3+ of L1 have stability constants 6.1–6.3 long units lower than those of dtpa. The decreased basicity of the bis (amide) derivative thus correlates with the lower stability of its complexes. However, at pH 7.4 the lower overall basicity of L1 compared to dtpa partly compensates the lower stability of its complexes. thus causing their conditional stability constants to be comparable to those of the dtpa complexes. The efficacy of L1 in binding Ga3+ and In3+ under physiological conditions is discussed by comparing pM values at pH 7.4, showing That this compound can withstand the competition of transferring for biological media relevant to medical applications. The 13C and 1H N M R shifts were measured for the complexes of Al,3+, Ga3+, and Y3+ with L1and compared with 13C and are hexadentate, possibly of octahedral geometry, and form various structuraly isomers, whereas those of In3+ and Y3+, with a single structural isomer of eight-co-ordination, are very similar to the lanthanide complexes. The complexes of Al3+ and Ga3+ of L1 have considerable populations of isomers with bound amide groups, whereas the single structural isomer of the complexes of In3+ and Y3+ with both amide groups co-ordinated yield a variety of enantimoers in solution.
Different pattern of codon recognition by mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs. (1980)

Analysis of an almost complete mammalian mitochondrial DNA sequence has identified 23 possible tRNA genes and we speculate here that these are sufficient to translate all the codons of the mitochondrial genetic code. This number is much smaller than the minimum of 31 required by the wobble hypothesis. For each of the eight genetic code boxes with four codons for one amino acid we find a single specific tRNA gene with T in the first (wobble) position of the anticodon. We suggest that these tRNAs with U in the wobble position can recognize all four codons in these genetic code boxes either by a "two out of three" base interaction or by U.N wobble.
Virtual fault simulation of distributed IP-based designs (2000)

Fault simulation and testability analysis are major concerns in design flows employing intellectual-property (IP) protected virtual components. In this paper we propose a paradigm for the fault simulation of IP-based designs that enables testability analysis without requiring IP disclosure, implemented within the JavaCAD framework for distributed design As a proof of concept, stuck-at fault simulation has been performed for combinational circuits containing virtual components.
Shifting the process mean to minimize surplus components and unacceptable products in selective assembly (2011)

We consider a product assembled from two components such that its quality characteristic is the clearance between the mating components. Random assembly of mating components may lead to an unacceptably large number of rejected products, i.e. those which do not satisfy a given clearance specification. In such a situation, selective assembly should be effective in reducing the rejection rate. Most previous studies have focused on equal width and equal probability partitioning schemes in selective assembly. When there is a large difference between the variances of the two component dimensions, equal width partitioning will result in a large number of surplus components and equal probability partitioning will result in some rejected products. Some authors have proposed a method of manufacturing the component with smaller variance at two (or more) shifted means to cope with this difficulty. This paper deals with the problem of determining the optimal mean shift for both equal width and equal probability partitioning schemes. Some numerical results are given which show that using the optimal mean shift can considerably reduce the number of surplus components in equal width partitioning and may enable us to ensure that all products satisfy the clearance specification in equal probability partitioning. We also show some advantages and disadvantages of equal width and equal probability partitioning schemes.
Suspension Culture of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Controlled, Stirred Bioreactors (2012)

Therapeutic and industrial applications of pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives require large cell quantities generated in defined conditions. To this end, we have translated single cell-inoculated suspension cultures of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs; including human induced pluripotent stem cells [hiPS] and human embryonic stem cells [hESC]) to stirred tank bioreactors. These systems that are widely used in biopharmaceutical industry allow straightforward scale up and detailed online monitoring of key process parameters. To ensure minimum medium consumption, but in parallel functional integration of all probes mandatory for process monitoring, that is, for pO₂ and pH, experiments were performed in 100 mL culture volume in a "mini reactor platform" consisting of four independently controlled vessels. By establishing defined parameters for tightly controlled cell inoculation and aggregate formation up to 2×10⁸ hiPSCs/100 mL were generated in a single process run in 7 days. Expression of pluripotency markers and ability of cells to differentiate into derivates of all three germ layers in vitro was maintained, underlining practical utility of this new process. The presented data provide key steps toward scalable mass expansion of human iPS and ES cells thereby enabling translation of stem cell research to (pre)clinical application in relevant large animal models and valuable in vitro assays for drug development and validation as well.
N-octyl-beta-thioglucoside enhances the transdermal permeation of ketotifen. (2006)

The ability of octyl-β-thioglucoside (OTG), to enhance the skin permeation of ketotifen fumarate was assessed across the rat skin model. OTG at 0.2% w/v enhanced the transdermal flux of ketotifen by 80 fold from 1.28 ′ 0.12 μmol/cm 2 to 102.40 ′ 10.36 μmol/cm 2 . The penetration enhancing effect of OTG was concentration dependent up to 2% w/v in PBS buffer. The flux at 2% w/v concentration of OTG and flux across the tape stripped (no stratum corneum) skin were not significantly different (∼184 μmol/cm 2 , P = 0.0.64). The nonionic nature as well as its ability to interact with both lipid and protein domains of the stratum corneum is most likely the reason for its potent transdermal penetration enhancer characteristics.
Long-term human bone marrow cultures (1980)

Pronlonged in vitro growth of murine bone marrow has been achieved using a flask culture system. We report the adaption of the technique to the growth of human bone marrow. In this system, CFU-GM and CFU-E are maintained for 4–9 wk. Morphologically recognizable granulopoiesis occurs for 4–6 wk and erythropoiesis for 1.5–2.5 wk. Functional T lymphocytes are maintained for at least 5 wk. The adherent population is composed of macrophages, fibroblast-like cells, and flat pavement- like cells. Fat-containing cells are not prominant. This culture system provides a means to study human hematopoietic cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro, as well as to examine interactions between stromal cells and hematopoietic and lymphoid progenitors.
Relating Clinical Trials to Psychiatric Practice: Part I: The Case of a 13-Year Old on Aripiprazole and Fluoxetine (2003)

SHELDON H. PRESKORN, MD, is Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, and Medical Director, Psychiatric Research Institute, Wichita, Kansas. He has more than 25 years of drug development research experience at all levels (i.e., preclinical through Phase IV) and has been a principal investigator on over 150 clinical trials including every antidepressant marketed in the United States over the last 15 years. Dr. Preskorn maintains a website at <http://www.preskorn.com> where readers can access previous columns and other publications.
Salmonella enterica induces and subverts the plant immune system (2014)

Infections with Salmonella enterica belong to the most prominent causes of food poisoning and infected fruits and vegetables represent important vectors for salmonellosis. Although it was shown that plants raise defense responses against Salmonella, these bacteria persist and proliferate in various plant tissues. Recent reports shed light into the molecular interaction between plants and Salmonella, highlighting the defense pathways induced and the means used by the bacteria to escape the plant immune system and accomplish colonization. It was recently shown that plants detect Salmonella pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the flagellin peptide flg22, and activate hallmarks of the defense program known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Interestingly, certain Salmonella strains carry mutations in the flg22 domain triggering PTI, suggesting that a strategy of Salmonella is to escape plant detection by mutating PAMP motifs. Another strategy may rely on the type III secretion system (T3SS) as T3SS mutants were found to induce stronger plant defense responses than wild type bacteria. Although Salmonella effector delivery into plant cells has not been shown, expression of Salmonella effectors in plant tissues shows that these bacteria also possess powerful means to manipulate the plant immune system. Altogether, these data suggest that Salmonella triggers PTI in plants and evolved strategies to avoid or subvert plant immunity.
Interpretation of MIMO Channel Characteristics in Rectangular Tunnels From Modal Theory (2008)

We develop a modal approach for analyzing multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channel propagation in a tunnel with lossy walls. We use parametric methods to study the effects of the number of modes and of the separation among antennas. We evaluate the performance of the MIMO channel in terms of capacity as a function of range and tunnel size.
Strategies and Principles of Distributed Machine Learning on Big Data (2016)

The rise of big data has led to new demands for machine learning (ML) systems to learn complex models, with millions to billions of parameters, that promise adequate capacity to digest massive datasets and offer powerful predictive analytics (such as high-dimensional latent features, intermediate representations, and decision functions) thereupon. In order to run ML algorithms at such scales, on a distributed cluster with tens to thousands of machines, it is often the case that significant engineering efforts are required—and one might fairly ask whether such engineering truly falls within the domain of ML research. Taking the view that “big” ML systems can benefit greatly from ML-rooted statistical and algorithmic insights—and that ML researchers should therefore not shy away from such systems design—we discuss a series of principles and strategies distilled from our recent efforts on industrial-scale ML solutions. These principles and strategies span a continuum from application, to engineering, and to theoretical research and development of big ML systems and architectures, with the goal of understanding how to make them efficient, generally applicable, and supported with convergence and scaling guarantees. They concern four key questions that traditionally receive little attention in ML research: How can an ML program be distributed over a cluster? How can ML computation be bridged with inter-machine communication? How can such communication be performed? What should be communicated between machines? By exposing underlying statistical and algorithmic characteristics unique to ML programs but not typically seen in traditional computer programs, and by dissecting successful cases to reveal how we have harnessed these principles to design and develop both high-performance distributed ML software as well as general-purpose ML frameworks, we present opportunities for ML researchers and practitioners to further shape and enlarge the area that lies between ML and systems.
Automatic learning of text-to-concept mappings exploiting WordNet-like lexical networks (2005)

A great jump towards the advent of the Semantic Web will take place when a critical mass of web resources is available for use in a semantic way. This goal can be reached by the creation of semantic meta-data in the publication workflow, or by the development of systems and applications able to associate semantics to resources (i.e., annotating them) automatically. Those applications should analyze the content of a web page and should be able to associate some ontology classes to it. One particular issue in this context is to define a suitable relationship between each concept of the ontology and some words (or, more in general, strings) which are expected to appear in resources dealing with that concept, playing the role of "triggers" suggesting the relevance of a given text fragment to a concept.We hereby propose an approach that, starting from a set of textual representations created by experts (synsets), is able to automatically widen their lexical coverage by computing new, larger synsets, increasing the capability of a semantic application to correctly recognize the ontology classes a document is related to. In such approach, the initial textual representations are integrated and augmented by exploiting lexical networks like WordNet, which contain syntactic information connected through semantic relationships. Some algorithms are proposed to avoid misleading terms and consequently to perform sense disambiguation in WordNet.
Coronary angioplasty using new 6 french guiding catheters (1991)

Coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed with specially constructed 6-French guiding catheters with an internal lumen of 0.051 inches. In 154 patients these guiding catheters were used in a variety of configurations in conjunction with miniature balloon-on-a-wire dilatation catheters in 1.5 to 3.5 mm sizes to perform PTCA. Overall patient success was 94%. PTCA was attempted in 24 totally occluded arteries with a success rate of 83% and 174 stenoses with a success rate of 97%. 6 French guiding catheters can be used to successfully perform PTCA.