gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electricity from photovoltaic solar cells: Flat-Plate Solar Array Project final report. Volume VII: Module encapsulation (1986)

The Flat-Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project, funded by the U.S. Government and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was formed in 1975 to develop the module/array technology needed to attain widespread terrestrial use of photovoltaics by 1985. To accomplish this, the FSA Project established and managed an Industry, University, and Federal Government Team to perform the needed research and development.\n\nThe objective of the Encapsulation Task was to develop, demonstrate, and qualify photovoltaic (PV) module encapsulation systems that would provide 20-year (later increased to 30-year) life expectancies in terrestrial environments, and which would be compatible with the cost and performance goals of the FSA Project. The scope of the Encapsulation Task included the identification, development, and evaluation of material systems and configurations required to support and protect the optically and electrically active solar cell circuit components in the PV module operating environment. Encapsulation material technologies summarized in this report include the development of low-cost ultraviolet protection techniques, stable low-cost pottants, soiling resistant coatings, electrical isolation criteria, processes for optimum interface bonding, and analytical and experimental tools for evaluating the long-term durability and structural adequacy of encapsulated modules. Field testing, accelerated stress testing, and design studies have demonstrated that encapsulation materials, processes, and configurations are available that will meet the FSA cost and performance goals. Thirty-year module life expectancies are anticipated based on accelerated stress testing results and on extrapolation of real-time field exposures in excess of 9 years.
Field-emission displays (2015)

AccessScience is an authoritative and dynamic online resource that contains incisively written, high-quality educational material covering all major scientific disciplines. An acclaimed gateway to scientific knowledge, AccessScience is continually expanding the ways it can demonstrate and explain core, trustworthy scientific information that inspires and guides users to deeper knowledge.
Oral but Not Parenteral Aspirin Upregulates COX-2 Expression in Rat Stomachs (2006)

ASA given p.o. caused damage in the stomach, together with the up-regulation of COX-2 expression, and this expression may be due to the topical irritative action, rather than being a result of PG deficiency. The expression of COX-2 after indomethacin is associated with gastric hypermotility due to PG deficiency.
A Virtual Color Reconstruction System for Real Heritage with Light Projection (2003)

Abstract: This paper presents a new Mixed Reality system for controlling the real object’s color appearance with a simple projection method. This system illuminates the real object with the color light of four test patterns in advance and then, it estimates what color should be applied for color correction. This approach reconstructs the object’s color into the other one without defusing the painterly brushwork. It is possible to visualize the restoration for real color-deteriorated heritage arts and to provide a new fun for amateur painter as like a famous one. In this paper, we explain the experimental result for changing the color appearance of real heritages, painting and bronze bell-shaped vessel.
Structure and function of the Ah receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Species difference in molecular properties of the receptors from mouse and rat hepatic cytosols. (1986)

Molecular properties of cytosolic Ah receptors from livers of Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6N mice were assessed by velocity sedimentation on sucrose gradients and by gel permeation chromatography on Sephacryl S-300. Analyses were done under conditions of both moderate ionic strength (presence of 0.1 M KCl) and high ionic strength (0.4 M KCl). [3H] 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was used as the radioligand. In conditions of moderate ionic strength the receptor from Sprague-Dawley rat liver sedimented at 8.8 +/- 0.05 S, had a Stokes radius of 7.0 +/- 0.21 nm, and an apparent relative molecular mass (Mr) of 257,000 +/- 7,700. In conditions of high ionic strength the Ah receptor from rat hepatic cytosol dissociated to a [3H]TCDD-binding subunit which sedimented at 5.6 +/- 0.58 S, had a Stokes radius of 5.2 +/- 0.24 nm, and an apparent Mr of 121,000 +/- 5,600. The Ah receptor from liver of C57BL/6N mice, in moderate ionic strength conditions, sedimented at 9.4 +/- 0.54 S, had a Stokes radius of 7.1 +/- 0.12 nm, and an apparent Mr of 277,000 +/- 4,800. Whereas the Ah receptor from rat liver readily dissociated into a [3H]TCDD-binding subunit during brief exposure to 0.4 M KCl, the mouse Ah receptor resisted dissociation. When exposed to 0.4 M KCl for 2 h, the mouse Ah receptor remained at the same molecular size that it had exhibited in moderate ionic strength conditions. Prolonged exposure (16 h) to 0.4 M KCl prior to analysis partially converted the mouse Ah receptor into a smaller [3H]TCDD-binding subunit which sedimented at 4.9 +/- 0.07 S, had a Stokes radius of 5.2 +/- 0.19 nm, and an apparent Mr of 105,000 +/- 3,800. The potency of seven different Ah receptor agonists in competing with [3H]TCDD for specific receptor sites was slightly different in mouse cytosol than in rat cytosol. By criteria of size, response to high ionic strength environments, and ligand binding preferences the mouse and rat Ah receptors appear to be similar but not identical molecular species.
Raman-Brillouin electronic density in short-period superlattices (2010)

We analyze and interpret resonant Raman-Brillouin scattering by folded acoustic vibrations in short-period GaAs/AlAs superlattices. Analysis of the spectra and their resonance behavior is performed using a Raman-Brillouin electronic density constructed by combining thousands transitions between electronic eigenstates of the system according to their weight in the light-scattering process. We show that plots of this effective electronic density allow for capturing the essential physics of the electron-phonon interaction and of the resonant light-scattering process in a situation where complex effects are simultaneously present: electronic confinement in the quantum wells and wave-function delocalization due to interlayer coupling, folding of acoustic dispersion and symmetry changes in the deformation fields, resonant selection of optical transitions. Comparison between the measured spectra and those simulated using the Raman-Brillouin quantum model and the photoelastic model are presented. Activation and/or deactivation of the scattering by acoustic vibration doublets and changes in their intensity ratio with excitation energy are directly related to the Raman-Brillouin electronic density distribution along the superlattices axis. Limitations of the photoelastic model are discussed by comparing the steplike variation in the photoelastic coefficient to the Raman-Brillouin electronic density profiles.
Culture, Dissent, and the State: The Example of Commonwealth African Marriage Law (2011)

This is an explosive time for those seeking to define the meaning and\nparameters of marriage. The subject has generated heated debate\nworldwide. In June 2010, the European Court of Human Rights declined\nto extend marriage rights to a gay Austrian couple, but the Court carefully\nlaid the foundation for the recognition of such rights when a European\nconsensus on the issue emerges. In July 2010, Argentina extended to\nsame-sex couples the right to marry, joining nine other countries that\nlegally recognize same-sex couples' right to marry. In August 2010, a\nUnited States district judge struck down a California ban on same-sex\nmarriage. Marriage, as a legal status and a social construct, continues to\nevolve.\nIn recent years, some theorists have questioned the continued salience of\nmarriage as a legal category and advocated a minimal role for the state in\nmarriage regulation. Those challenging marriage as an institution and the\nstate's role in marriage regulation do so for legitimate and compelling\nreasons, primarily related to the role of the institution in perpetuating\nsexism and heterosexism. This Article is the first to explore the\ntransnational applicability of this critique of marriage. In light of this\ncritique, the Article interrogates the role of the state in marriage regulation\nin the particular context of Commonwealth African states. In contrast to\nthose arguing for a limited or nonexistent role for the state in the ordering\nof private, intimate relationships, the Article argues strongly for expanded,\nrather than reduced, state intervention in marriage. Robust state\nregulation will promote equality within individual relationships and\namong relationships, including same-sex relationships.\nThe Article proposes a three-part strategy for promoting equality in\nmarriage. First, states with plural legal systems, such as those in\nCommonwealth Africa, should preserve the plural legal architecture of\nmarriage but integrate the relevant laws by establishing a legislative core\nof rights within marriage. Second, states should promote equality among\nintimate relationships by building on the existing marriage "menu"\noptions, adding options for same-sex couples when the political climate is\nripe for such reform. Third, states should explore traditions and\ncustomary law that support broader understandings of family and\ncaregiving, moving the focus offamily law beyond the heterosexual spousal\ndyad.
Tissue-specific enhancement of uridine utilization and 5-fluorouracil therapy in mice by benzylacyclouridine. (1985)

Benzylacyclouridine (BAU), a potent inhibitor of uridine phosphorylase, delays the disappearance of uridine from plasma, affects the utilization of uridine by selected tissues, and enhances the therapeutic effects of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) in female C57BL/6 mice. A single 30-mg/kg i.v. injection of BAU lengthens the plasma half-life of both a tracer dose of [3H]uridine (3 micrograms/kg) and a pharmacological dose of uridine (250 mg/kg) by 250 and 83%, respectively. This dose of BAU also increases the normal plasma concentration of uridine about 4-fold to 9 microM and sustains these levels for 4 h. Four injections of BAU at 30 mg/kg over 6 h or a single injection at 240 mg/kg increases the plasma concentration of uridine over 10-fold to approximately 50 microM. In addition to affecting the pharmacokinetics of uridine, a 30-mg/kg dose of BAU selectively increases up to 4-fold the ability of normal host tissues to salvage a tracer dose of [3H]uridine for nucleic acid biosynthesis, the uracil nucleotide pool size, and the incorporation of uridine into nucleic acids. However, uridine salvage from plasma by colon tumor 38 is increased only slightly by BAU, while the uracil nucleotide pool size and uridine incorporation into tumor nucleic acids are actually decreased by 15 and 37%. The selective effect of BAU on uridine utilization is reflected in the ability of BAU to modify FUra-induced host toxicity. The dose of FUra required to kill 50% of the treated normal mice (350 mg/kg) is modestly increased by "rescue" regimens consisting of the subsequent administration of repeated injections of either BAU alone (30 mg/kg/injection) or uridine alone (250 mg/kg/injection). However, an increase of 54% is achieved when repeated injections of the combination of BAU and uridine are administered. In C57BL/6 mice bearing advanced transplants of colon tumor 38, the period of tumor growth inhibition resulting from multiple courses of FUra-containing drug regimens can be increased by the delayed administration of BAU alone or BAU combined with uridine.
Heterosexual Transmission of HIV (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Diverse cellular and immune factors in sexual fluids and the coital environment have been postulated to influence the sexual transmission of HIV type 1.<sup>1</sup>The differences between male-to-female and female-to-male transmission that were documented recently by Padian et al<sup>2</sup>suggest to us that an additional coital factor, vaginal pH, could also significantly influence the sexual transmission of HIV. Free virus and/or infected lymphocytes and macrophages (principal host cells for HIV) are thought to be the infectious unit(s) transmitted during coitus. Each can be found in semen and in vaginal secretions of HIV-infected individuals. Free virus and lymphocytes are both inactivated at low pH, as illustrated in the Figure. For free virus, inactivation occurs within minutes.<sup>3</sup>Vaginal secretions from healthy reproductive-aged women are characteristically acidic (pH values of 3.4 to 6.0) and thus present a hostile environment for HIV particles and infected lymphocytes. For this
High-efficiency and high-speed silicon metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors operating in the infrared (1997)

A silicon metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector with high-efficiency and high-speed in the infrared is reported. The high performance is achieved by using a Si-on-insulator substrate with a patterned nanometer-scale scattering reflector buried underneath a 170-nm-thick Si active layer. This scattering reflector causes light to be trapped inside the thin Si active layer, resulting in a fast and efficient carrier-collection by the electrodes. The impulse response of the photodetector, measured by electro-optic sampling at 780 nm wavelength, has a full width at half-maximum of 5.4 ps, corresponding to a 3-dB bandwidth of 82 GHz. At both 633 and 850 nm wavelengths, the responsivities of the photodetector with the buried backside reflector are at least an order of magnitude larger than those without the reflector.
A Review Paper of 3D Surface Reconstruction of Coronary Arteries from Cardiovascular Angiography (2012)

This paper begins with a review of the coronary artery trees extraction techniques within different eras. Next, a review of 3D reconstruction of coronary artery trees approaches is presented in details. A well presentation of the center of gravity approaches is included within the 3D reconstruction review techniques. Finally, the paper discusses the surface reconstruction techniques throughout their development stages. Each stage of the review paper is concluded by a summary. This paper is concluded by a comprehensive summary which discussed the lack of a robust approach in each stage of it. The improvement of a new approach in each stage depends on the lack in that stage and the results which are expected from the work.
Scheduling techniques for real-time applications consisting of periodic task sets (2002)

Scheduling algorithms for applications consisting of hard deadlines are described. A preemptive scheduling algorithm that avoids unnecessary preemptions is presented. Also, a predictive nonpreemptive scheduling algorithm is given that looks at future arrival times of tasks, and schedules them nonpreemptively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ototoxicity assessment of a gentamicin sulfate otic preparation in dogs (1995)

Vestibulotoxic and ototoxic effects often are seen after long-term, high-dose systemic treatment with gentamicin, but toxic effects after topical use have not been reported in animals, to the authors' knowledge. Vestibular and auditory effects of twice daily otic gentamicin treatment for 21 days were evaluated in 10 dogs with intact tympanic membranes and in the same 10 dogs after experimental bilateral myringotomy. Each dog served as its own control; 7 drops of gentamicin sulfate (3 mg/ml in a buffered aqueous vehicle) were placed in 1 ear, and 7 drops of vehicle were placed in the opposite ear. Treatment and control ears were reversed after myringotomy. Vestibular function was evaluated daily by neurologic examination and behavioral assessment. Auditory function was evaluated twice weekly by determination of brain stem auditory evoked potentials. Gentamicin sulfate placed in the ear of clinically normal dogs with intact or ruptured tympanic membranes, in the quantities used in this study, did not induce detectable alteration of cochlear or vestibular function. Serum gentamicin concentration after 21 days of treatment was detectable in only 2 dogs and was an order of magnitude below documented toxic concentrations.
The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase FGFR2b/KGFR Controls Early Differentiation of Human Keratinocytes (2011)

The FGFRs trigger divergent responses, such as proliferation and differentiation, and the cell type as well as the context-dependent signaling are crucial for the functional outcome. The FGFR2b/KGFR is expressed exclusively on epithelial cells and plays a key role in skin homeostasis. Here we analyzed in vitro the role of KGFR in the early differentiation of keratinocytes modulating its expression by KGFR cDNA transient transfection or KGFR siRNA microinjection and inducing a synchronous wave of differentiation in pre-confluent cells. Immunofluorescence, biochemical and molecular approaches demonstrated that KGFR overexpression increased the early differentiation marker keratin 1 at both transcriptional and translational levels, while receptor depletion reduced it. Ligand-dependent receptor activation and signaling were required for this differentiative effect. Overexpression of kinase negative KGFR mutant or Tyr769 KGFR signaling mutant, which is not able to recruit and activate PLC-γ, showed that the receptor kinase activity, but not its PLCγ-mediated signaling, is required for differentiation. Reduction of K1 expression, obtained by AKT inhibition, demonstrated that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in the control of KGFR-mediated keratinocyte differentiation. This in vitro experimental model indicates that FGFR2b/KGFR expression represents a key event regulating keratinocyte early differentiation during the switch from undifferentiated to differentiating cells.
Prothrombin Fragment 1 + 2 and Antithrombin III‐Thrombin Complex in Microalbuminuric Type 2 Diabetic Patients (1994)

In microalbuminuria there is an increased cardiovascular risk not fully explained by the excess of conventional risk factors. To investigate whether or not microalbuminuria is associated with haemostatic abnormalities in Type 2 diabetic patients, we measured the prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, a marker of thrombin generation, and the thrombin-antithrombin complex, a marker of thrombin neutralization. Plasma levels of prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 and thrombin-antithrombin complex were assayed in 17 microalbuminuric patients (albumin excretion rate, AER 20-200 micrograms min-1) and in 17 comparable normoalbuminuric (AER < 20 micrograms min-1) Type 2 diabetic patients. Plasma prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 was significantly higher in microalbuminuric than in normoalbuminuric patients (1.09 +/- 0.06 vs 0.86 +/- 0.04 nM, p = 0.003). Individual values of F1 + 2 were above the upper limit of the normal range in 8/17 microalbuminuric and in none of the normoalbuminuric Type 2 diabetic patients. Plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex values were not significantly different in the two groups and were not correlated with AER. These results suggest that microalbuminuria is associated with a prethrombotic state and a relatively defective thrombin neutralization. Coagulation abnormalities might be part of the cardiovascular risk in microalbuminuric patients.
Highly Accurate Recognition of Human Postures and Activities Through Classification With Rejection (2014)

Monitoring of postures and activities is used in many clinical and research applications, some of which may require highly reliable posture and activity recognition with desired accuracy well above 99% mark. This paper suggests a method for performing highly accurate recognition of postures and activities from data collected by a wearable shoe monitor (SmartShoe) through classification with rejection. Signals from pressure and acceleration sensors embedded in SmartShoe are used either as raw sensor data or after feature extraction. The Support vector machine (SVM) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) are used to implement classification with rejection. Unreliable observations are rejected by measuring the distance from the decision boundary and eliminating those observations that reside below rejection threshold. The results show a significant improvement (from 97.3% ± 2.3% to 99.8% ± 0.1%) in the classification accuracy after the rejection, using MLP with raw sensor data and rejecting 31.6% of observations. The results also demonstrate that MLP outperformed the SVM, and the classification accuracy based on raw sensor data was higher than the accuracy based on extracted features. The proposed approach will be especially beneficial in applications where high accuracy of recognition is desired while not all observations need to be assigned a class label.
Diabetic Gastroparesis: Evaluation and Management (2008)

Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) is a clinical condition that affects many patients with diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by delayed gastric emptying and associated upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in the absence of mechanical obstruction. 1 Delayed gastric emptying in diabetic patients may result in poor glycemic control, poor nutrition, and dehydration, which in turn may lead to poor quality of life, frequent hospitalizations, and loss of productivity. However, diagnosing DGP can be quite challenging, given the nonspecific nature of its symptoms and the associated large differential diagnosis. Likewise, managing DGP is challenging because the diagnosis is often made late, as many medical providers do not recognize DGP prior to the development of complications and refraction to therapy. In addition, randomized controlled studies of therapies currently used to treat DGP are lacking. However, new approaches to diagnosis and management represent a growing area of interest and hope for the many patients with DGP. This article provides a concise and pragmatic approach to the diagnosis and management of DGP.
Structural features that specify tyrosine kinase activity deduced from homology modeling of the epidermal growth factor receptor. (1993)

To identify structural features that distinguish protein-tyrosine kinases from protein-serine kinases, a molecular model of the kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor was constructed by substituting its amino acid sequence for the amino acid sequence of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in a 2.7-A refined crystallographic model. General folding was conserved as was the configuration of invariant residues at the active site. Two sequence motifs that distinguish the two families correspond to loops that converge at the active site of the enzyme. A conserved arginine in the catalytic loop is proposed to interact with the gamma phosphate of ATP. The second loop provides a binding surface that positions the tyrosine of the substrate. A positively charged surface provides additional sites for substrate recognition.