gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
‘Mind the Gap’ : The World Bank, Humanitarian Action and Development—A Personal Account (2003)

At the time of the creation of the UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs (UNDHA), now the Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), no-one working in the relief and rehabilitation programs of Liberia, Kurdistan or the former Yugoslavia could be heard to question "where is the Bank?" As the premier, wholesaler of development assistance, better known for the controversy over structural adjustment, its absence was taken for granted. Yet, by the time that East Timor's struggle for independence burst into the world scene, a Bank team was in the vanguard of the recovery wave. Today, for better or worse, the Bank has a major role in Afghanistan reconstruction, is looking to reengage with Sudan, and even has a strategy for constructive engagement with Somalia. And one of the authors, at the time of writing, like other Bank staff in recent peace processes, finds himself an observer and resource person at the Cote d'Ivoire peace talks.
Application of dynamic channel allocation strategies to the GSM cellular network (1997)

We refer to the implementation and the performance of a specific class of dynamic carrier allocation (DCA) strategies which is suitable for being introduced in the pan-European Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) cellular network. One of the main concerns of this work is to verify if and to what extent strategies belonging to this class can offer better performance than fixed channel allocation (FCA) in realistic traffic and propagation conditions. The impact of the introduction in a real network of two of the more promising DCA strategies in the considered class is assessed. In particular, solutions are presented concerning the signaling exchanges entailed by the implementation of each of the considered DCA strategies. A performance evaluation of a realistic cellular network exploiting the above-mentioned DCA strategies is carried out, taking into account all of the main GSM transmission and network aspects. The simulations have been performed by considering a realistic cell layout corresponding to the urban area of Rome, its realistic propagation environment, and a user mobility model based on the building percentages in such an area. The results of the performance evaluation show that, by carefully choosing the values of the parameters characterizing each of the considered DCA strategies, a conspicuous increase in the number of users supported by the cellular network can be achieved.
Photoresponse of silicon with asymmetric area contacts (2016)

We report on high performance metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photosensors based on asymmetric metal pad areas. The reported devices require a single-step metal deposition, and exhibit large photo response even under zero-bias. Moreover the devices offer fast and stable light switching behavior. Device fabrication and electrical characterization results are presented that are further analyzed with TCAD modeling and simulation. Device simulations show that contact asymmetry along with surface recombination and barrier lowering plays an important role in the MSM I-V characteristics.
Use of 4f pulse shaper as an active carrier-envelope phase shifter (2004)

We show that the pulse shaper composed of a spatial light modulator and the 4f optical configuration works as an active carrier-envelope phase shifter. The relative phase shift was measured by the spectral interferometry.
Nonresonant Kerr effect in microporous silicon: Nonbulk dispersive behavior of below band gap χ(3)(ω) (2002)

Although in recent years resonant optical nonlinearities in quantum confined silicon generated significant interest, no experimental work has been dedicated to the nonresonant regime, which is the range of interest for optical switching applications. In this article we report a systematic investigation on the different types of optical nonlinearities which can be activated in quantum-sized silicon. In particular, original measurements of nonresonant nonlinear refraction (Kerr effect) are reported at different wavelengths, spanning the infrared middle-gap range. The dispersive scaling rule and values of the nonlinear refractive index are clearly incompatible with those of three-dimensional semiconductors. Hence the quantum confined density of states plays a key role in determining the frequency dispersion of the nonresonant third-order susceptivity χ(3)(ω). Also, this suggests the need of further investigation of the influence of quantum-size effects (and related density of states modifications) on below-gap χ(3).
A compact high power S-band dual frequency, dual polarised feed (2002)

A simplified approach to the design of a dual circularly polarized diplexing feed covering 2.0=2.3 GHz for satellite control ground stations is described. The system considered is easier to fabricate and has lesser tolerances than the conventional system and avoids concentrated field regions, thus enabling high-power capability to be achieved without being prone to any corona discharges. The system consists of the following components: a circular waveguide dual circular septum polarizer for both uplink and downlink frequencies; a high-power coaxial diplexing T-junction; and a high-power coaxial to waveguide transition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chalcone–Benzoxaborole Hybrid Molecules as Potent Antitrypanosomal Agents (2012)

We report the novel chalcone-benzoxaborole hybrids and their structure-activity relationship against Trypanosoma brucei parasites. The 4-NH(2) derivative 29 and 3-OMe derivative 43 were found to have excellent potency. The synergistic 4-NH(2)-3-OMe compound 49 showed an IC(50) of 0.010 μg/mL and resulted in 100% survival and zero parasitemia in a murine infection model, which represents one of the most potent compounds discovered to date from the benzoxaborole class that inhibit T. brucei growth.
A single cached copy data coherence scheme for multiprocessor systems (1989)

We present and evaluate a snoopy cache memory protocol, the Single Cache Copy Data Coherence (SCCDC), for multiprocessors that allows only a single cache to hold a given share-d data at any time. The simulations presented here indicate that despite its simplicity, the scheme has the potential for good performance comparable with more complex snoopy cache schemes. We have also shown in related work [8] that the existence of only a single copy of data in cache allows efficient access control to shared data by minimizing the overh-ead caused by critical sections. Thus, with low implementation cost, and the efficient support for important operating system functions, the SCCDC scheme appears attractive for multi-user, multi-thread environments where the actual shared rate is modest, and mostly caused by synchronization mechanisms.
Identification of the fetal liver cytochrome CYP3A7 in human endometrium and placenta. (1993)

Placenta and endometrium carry out steroidogenic biotransformation reactions such as 6-beta-hydroxylation of cortisol, a reaction characteristic of the dominant family of cytochromes P450 in human liver, CYP3A. To investigate the possible role in these extrahepatic tissues of the CYP3A microsomal hemoproteins, we analyzed placental and endometrial microsomes on Western blots developed with an anti-human CYP3A antibody. We found an immunoreactive 51,500 D protein that migrated between CYP3A3 (HLp) and CYP3A5 (HLp2) identical with CYP3A7 (HFLa). CYP3A7, a form found prominently in human fetal liver microsomes, was first isolated as a liver 16-alpha-dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate hydroxylase. Northern blot analysis of total RNA isolated from placenta or from endometrium demonstrated a single band that cross-hybridized with a CYP3A7 cDNA. Amplification of the same RNA samples with the use of primers specific for CYP3A7, produced a 552-bp segment that had the predicted size and the same DNA sequence as does liver CYP3A7 cDNA. Hybridizable endometrial CYP3A7 mRNA was detected more frequently (six of seven samples) and in higher amounts (approximately 12-fold higher) in pregnant compared with nonpregnant women (4 of 12 samples). In addition, during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle CYP3A7 expression was sixfold higher than in the one sample from the proliferative phase that had detectable CYP3A7 mRNA. Moreover, the amounts of placental and endometrial CYP3A7 mRNA and protein increased substantially from the first to the second trimester of pregnancy. We conclude that placenta and endometrium express the same P450 as is found in fetal liver. These tissues represent a previously unrecognized and quantitatively important site for 6-beta-hydroxylation and 16-alpha-hydroxylation of specific steroid precursors, possibly for protection of the fetus from the toxic effects of endogenous steroids and foreign substrates.
<title>Silver halide emulsions for Lippmann photography and holography</title> (1992)

The old recipes for Lippmann emulsions are presented as well as processing methods used for Lippmann color photography. These techniques are compared with modern silver halide emulsion preparation used for holography. Western emulsion making as well as the fabrication of the ultra-fine grained emulsions of the Soviet type are described. Processing methods for extremely fine grained emulsions are also presented.
Experiments on Semantic-based Clustering for Cross-document Coreference (2008)

We describe clustering experiments for cross-document coreference for the first Web People Search Evaluation. In our experiments we apply agglomerative clustering to group together documents potentially referring to the same individual. The algorithm is informed by the results of two different summarization strategies and an offthe-shelf named entity recognition component. We present different configurations of the system and show the potential of the applied techniques. We also present an analysis of the impact that semantic information and text summarization have in the clustering process.
Leaching and Adsorption of Gold from Lape-Sumbawa Rocks (Indonesia) by Hypochlorite-Chloride (2015)

In this study, leaching and activated carbon adsorption of gold from Lape-Sumbawa rocks (Indonesia) by hypochlorite-chloride solution have been investigated. The application of hypochlorite-chloride solution may offer an alternative on replacing cyanide for gold extraction. XRD and XRF analysis indicated that the Lape-Sumbawa rock is carbonate sediment. Several variables for gold leaching such as the concentration of HCl and NaOCl as well as solid-liquid ratio have been optimized. The optimum conditions for gold leaching were 1:12 mL of HCl 37% solution (v/v), 1:12 of NaOCl 12% solution (v/v), and 1:20 of solid-liquid ratio (w/v). The gold extraction yield was about 89%. Gold recovery by activated carbon adsorption was about 49.852%.
The Handbook of Phonological Theory (1996)

List of Contributors vii Preface ix 1 Rules v. Constraints 1 David Odden 2 Opacity and Ordering 40 Eric Bakovic' 3 The Interaction Between Morphology and Phonology 68 Sharon Inkelas 4 Quantity 103 Stuart Davis 5 Stress Systems 141 Matthew Gordon 6 The Syllable 164 John A. Goldsmith 7 Tone: Is it Different? 197 Larry M. Hyman 8 Harmony Systems 240 Sharon Rose and Rachel Walker 9 Contrast Reduction 291 Alan C. L. Yu 10 Diachronic Explanations of Sound Patterns 319 Gunnar Olafur Hansson 11 Phonetics in Phonology 348 D. R. Ladd 12 Corpora and Exemplars in Phonology 374 Mirjam Ernestus and R. Harald Baayen 13 The Place of Variation in Phonological Theory 401 Andries W. Coetzee and Joe Pater 14 The Syntax-Phonology Interface 435 Elisabeth Selkirk 15 Intonation 485 Mary E. Beckman and Jennifer J. Venditti 16 Dependency-based Phonologies 533 Harry van der Hulst 17 The Acquisition of Phonology 571 Katherine Demuth 18 Phonology as Computation 596 John Coleman 19 Using Psychological Realism to Advance Phonological Theory 631 Matthew Goldrick 20 Learning and Learnability in Phonology 661 Adam Albright and Bruce Hayes 21 Sign Language Phonology 691 Diane Brentari 22 Language Games 722 Bert Vaux 23 Loanword Adaptation: From Lessons Learned to Findings 751 Carole Paradis and Darlene LaCharite References 779 Index 914
Electrochemical Array Microsystem with Integrated Potentiostat (2006)

This paper presents a single-chip electrochemical array system with a high performance CMOS potentiostat suitable for the implementation of a fully integrated instrument-on-chip microsystem. The chip contains a highly sensitive, range-programmable, amperometric readout amplifier that supports cyclic voltammetry assay techniques. Through post-CMOS fabrication, the surface of the chip provides an Au counter electrode, an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and 3 times 3 array of individually addressable Au working electrodes. The microsystem is configurable and implements self-correction techniques to provide an adaptive interface for variety of electrochemical and current-mode sensors. The chip supports amperometric output from 10pA to 10muA and provides good noise performance to achieve sub-pA resolution
Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: Yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture (1999)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) provide about two-thirds of all energy in human diets, and four major cropping systems in which these cereals are grown represent the foundation of human food supply. Yield per unit time and land has increased markedly during the past 30 years in these systems, a result of intensified crop management involving improved germplasm, greater inputs of fertilizer, production of two or more crops per year on the same piece of land, and irrigation. Meeting future food demand while minimizing expansion of cultivated area primarily will depend on continued intensification of these same four systems. The manner in which further intensification is achieved, however, will differ markedly from the past because the exploitable gap between average farm yields and genetic yield potential is closing. At present, the rate of increase in yield potential is much less than the expected increase in demand. Hence, average farm yields must reach 70-80% of the yield potential ceiling within 30 years in each of these major cereal systems. Achieving consistent production at these high levels without causing environmental damage requires improvements in soil quality and precise management of all production factors in time and space. The scope of the scientific challenge related to these objectives is discussed. It is concluded that major scientific breakthroughs must occur in basic plant physiology, ecophysiology, agroecology, and soil science to achieve the ecological intensification that is needed to meet the expected increase in food demand.
Examination of Prepared Foods in Plastic Packages for <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> (1967)

The incidence of Clostridium botulinum organisms was determined in a variety of plastic-packaged "vulnerable" foods (food requiring little or no heating prior to consumption). A total of 113 foods were examined by use of an enrichment recovery procedure followed by toxin testing in animals. Results of the survey indicate that the incidence of C. botulinum organisms in these vulnerable foods is extremely low. The ability of inoculated food products to support growth and toxigenesis of C. botulinum type E was then tested. The 64 packaged foods were inoculated with type E spores and incubated anaerobically at 30 C for 11 days. A slurry of each food was prepared, smears for fluorescent-antibody testing were made, and animal tests were performed for toxin. If the animal tests were negative, enrichment cultures were prepared from the slurry and incubated at 30 C. On direct examination of the slurries for toxin, only samples of turkey roll and soybean cake supported growth and toxigenesis by C. botulinum type E. However, the enrichment culture method was able to induce growth and toxin production in 60 of the remaining 62 samples.
Reasoning with Uncertainty in Deductive Databases and Logic Programs (1997)

Of all scientific investigations into reasoning with uncertainty and chance, probability theory is perhaps the best understood paradigm. Nevertheless, all studies conducted thus far on the semantics of quantitative logic programming have been restricted to non-probabilistic semantical characterizations. In this paper, we survey the major features and summarize the major results of the various frameworks that we have developed to rectify this situation. In the first part of this paper, we outline a deductive database framework which is expressive enough to represent such probabilistic relationships as conditional probabilities, Bayesian updates, probability propagation and mutual exclusion. We propose a fixpoint theory and a probabilistic model theory, and characterize their inter-relationships. As the aforementioned language is monotonic in nature, we discuss in the second half of this paper three approaches of supporting non-monotonic probabilistic reasoning. In the first approach, we use a non-monotonic negation operator. In the second, we use the Dempster-Shafer rule of combination. Finally, we discuss how empirical probabilities can be supported in monadic deductive databases.
Patternable Solution‐Crystallized Organic Transistors with High Charge Carrier Mobility (2011)

Patternable solution-crystallized organic transistors are developed with very high carrier mobility that exceeds 10 cm2 V−1 s−1. The devices feature a newly synthesized air-stable compound 2,9-didecyldi-naphtho[2,3-b:2’,3’-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (C10-DNTT) and are formed from hot solution. A method of oriented growth is introduced to obtain the single-crystalline films of C10-DNTT, regulating the crystallizing direction and the positions in a single process. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Manganese Porphyrins Catalyze Selective C−H Bond Halogenations (2010)

We report a manganese porphyrin mediated aliphatic C-H bond chlorination using sodium hypochlorite as the chlorine source. In the presence of catalytic amounts of phase transfer catalyst and manganese porphyrin Mn(TPP)Cl 1, reaction of sodium hypochlorite with different unactivated alkanes afforded alkyl chlorides as the major products with only trace amounts of oxygenation products. Substrates with strong C-H bonds, such as neopentane (BDE =∼100 kcal/mol) can be also chlorinated with moderate yield. Chlorination of a diagnostic substrate, norcarane, afforded rearranged products indicating a long-lived carbon radical intermediate. Moreover, regioselective chlorination was achieved by using a hindered catalyst, Mn(TMP)Cl, 2. Chlorination of trans-decalin with 2 provided 95% selectivity for methylene-chlorinated products as well as a preference for the C2 position. This novel chlorination system was also applied to complex substrates. With 5α-cholestane as the substrate, we observed chlorination only at the C2 and C3 positions in a net 55% yield, corresponding to the least sterically hindered methylene positions in the A-ring. Similarly, chlorination of sclareolide afforded the equatorial C2 chloride in a 42% isolated yield. Regarding the mechanism, reaction of sodium hypochlorite with the Mn(III) porphyrin is expected to afford a reactive Mn(V)═O complex that abstracts a hydrogen atom from the substrate, resulting in a free alkyl radical and a Mn(IV)-OH complex. We suggest that this carbon radical then reacts with a Mn(IV)-OCl species, providing the alkyl chloride and regenerating the reactive Mn(V)═O complex. The regioselectivity and the preference for CH(2) groups can be attributed to nonbonded interactions between the alkyl groups on the substrates and the aryl groups of the manganese porphyrin. The results are indicative of a bent [Mn(v)═O---H---C] geometry due to the C-H approach to the Mn(v)═O (dπ-pπ)* frontier orbital.
Health Benefits of Social Capital: A Multilevel Analysis of the Asian Barometer Survey (2003) (2013)

The purpose of this study is to examine the social determinants of health based on the analysis of the Asian Barometer Survey (2003) which consists of cross-national representative populations in ten Asian countries. The study investigates how and to what extent social capital- measured in terms of general trust, political trust, and social network is associated with self-rated health, while controlling for a host of socioeconomic and demographic variables. The results from the multilevel analysis reveal that all three social capital indicators have a consistent and robust effect across different models at the individual level. At the contextual (country) level, however, only the social network variable reaches the conventional level of statistical significance. The current research serves to fill an empirical gap in the extant literature which mostly contains studies on European and North American cases.
Genetic toxicity of malathion: A review (1993)

Mammalian in vivo and in vitro studies of technical or commercial grade malathion and its metabolite malaoxon show a pattern of induction of chromosome damage, as measured by chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronuclei. Experiments with purified (> 99%) malathion gave weak or negative results. In contrast to the cytogenetic effects of technical grade malathion, responses in gene mutation assays were generally negative except for malaoxon, which was positive for mammalian gene mutations in both tested instances. This result also could be a consequence of chromosome level changes, however. Dermal exposure, a common human route, caused cytogenetic damage in test animals at doses near those producing positive results by intraperitoneal injection. Workers who apply technical grade malathion and other pesticides have higher levels of chromosomal damage than unexposed individuals. Because of the inactivity of malathion mixtures in gene mutation assays, malathion has been thought to be of little genotoxic concern. However, the pattern of chromosome damage in animals and mammalian cells in culture (including human) indicates that technical grade malathion and its components have not been adequately studied for genotoxic potential in humans.
LiSense: Monitoring City Street Lighting During Night using Smartphone Sensors (2018)

Adequate illumination of city streets during night hours is essential to ensure road safety. However, even for developed cities, monitoring streetlights still remain a tedious task that relies on manual inspection reports. Existing systems mostly rely on vehicle-mounted camera or sensors fitted at every light post that is not cost-effective and scalable. In contrary, in this paper, we develop a novel cost-effective system LiSense to monitor illumination levels of street lights and detect as well as localize malfunctioning light posts. The system utilizes ambient light and GPS sensors and uses crowdsourcing. Sensor trails collected by our App from 2-wheeler covering 160 km suburban city road detects all malfunctioning street lights more than 96% in accuracy with a mean localization error of 6 meters. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first of its kind approach to monitoring street light condition which is cost-effective, scalable and suitable for developing regions.