gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
American Statecraft and the 1946 Black Sea Straits Controversy (1975)

Journal Article American Statecraft and the 1946 Black Sea Straits Controversy Get access Jonathan Knight Jonathan Knight JONATHAN KNIGHT is assistant professor of political science at the State University of New York at Albany. A contributor to the Canadian Journal of Political Science, Middle Eastern Studies, and the Journal of Contemporary History, he is completing research for a study of the foreign policies of the Truman administration. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 90, Issue 3, Fall 1975, Pages 451–475, https://doi.org/10.2307/2148296 Published: 15 September 1975
The Glucocorticoid Hormone Receptor (1995)

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is present in nearly all mammalian tissues and mediates the cellular response to glucocorticoids. The GR belongs to the superfamily of steroid hormone receptors (Evans, 1988) and was the first transcription factor to be isolated and studied in detail. It is structured in three domains: the N-terminal domain, the DNA binding domain (DBD) and the C-terminal hormone binding domain (HBD).KeywordsGlucocorticoid ReceptorLong Terminal RepeatMouse Mammary Tumor VirusThyroid Hormone ReceptorGlucocorticoid Response ElementThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
In70 of Plasmid pAX22, a <i>bla</i> <sub>VIM-1</sub> -Containing Integron Carrying a New Aminoglycoside Phosphotransferase Gene Cassette (2001)

An Achromobacter xylosoxydans strain showing broad-spectrum resistance to beta-lactams (including carbapenems) and aminoglycosides was isolated at the University Hospital of Verona (Verona, Italy). This strain was found to produce metallo-beta-lactamase activity and to harbor a 30-kb nonconjugative plasmid, named pAX22, carrying a bla(VIM-1) determinant inserted into a class 1 integron. Characterization of this integron, named In70, revealed an original array of four gene cassettes containing, respectively, the bla(VIM-1) gene and three different aminoglycoside resistance determinants, including an aacA4 allele, a new aph-like gene named aphA15, and an aadA1 allele. The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin. Characterization of the 5' and 3' conserved segments of In70 and of their flanking regions showed that In70 belongs to the group of class 1 integrons associated with defective transposon derivatives originating from Tn402-like elements. The structure of the 3' conserved segment indicates the closest ancestry with members of the In0-In2 lineage. In70, with its array of cassette-borne resistance genes, can mediate broad-spectrum resistance to most beta-lactams and aminoglycosides.
Contact Dermatitis Caused by Sesquiterpene Lactones (1998)

Background: Compositae dermatitis involves workers such as gardeners, florists, and farmers, and less commonly people not employed in occupations at risk. Objective: To report a case of contact sensitization caused by Compositae, the source of sensitization being both pesticides and plants. Methods: A 65-year-old man, whose hobby was gardening, was affected by a chronic eczema of the face and the hands for 6 months that reoccurred after using fertilizers and handling plants. Patch tests with the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group standard series, the plants series and pesticides series (Hermal Trolab) were performed. Results: We found the following positive reactions at day 2 and day 3: sesquiterpene lactone mix, 0.1% in petrolatum; arnica tincture, 20% in petrolatum; pyrethrum, 2% in petrolatum; captafol, 0.1% in petrolatum. Conclusion: Pyrethrum and its derivatives are made from Compositae plants; the arnica tincture is obtained from Arnica montana, which is also a member of the Compositae family. In our patient, the clinical manifestations were certainly caused by the exposure to sesquiterpene lactones, confirmed by the positive patch test to sesquiterpene lactone mix.
A parallel measurement system for the extraction of level 3 SPICE parameters (1990)

A fast and cost-efficient system to measure level-3 SPICE parameters is described. The extraction process takes 30 measurements in 18 measurement cycles using six MOSFETs and an oxide capacitor. Many of the measurements are performed in parallel and this significantly reduces the combined measurement and extraction time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Exposure of Human Proximal Tubule Cells to Cd 2+ ,Zn 2+ , and Cu 2+ Induces Metallothionein Protein Accumulation but not Metallothionein Isoform 2 mRNA (1998)

Scott H. Garrett, Seema Somji, John H. Todd, Donald A. Sens, Exposure of Human Proximal Tubule Cells to Cd2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ Induces Metallothionein Protein Accumulation but not Metallothionein Isoform 2 mRNA, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 106, No. 9 (Sep., 1998), pp. 587-595
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor based on D-shaped fiber (2005)

Fiber surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors show great potential for in vivo and in vitro detection. However, current probes based on end-polished fibers suffer from small signal due to their small active region. To overcome this, we propose and demonstrate a D-shaped fiber configuration to increase the detection area. Initial modeling has shown that most of the light can be absorbed by the SERS active layer coated on the polished fiber surface. A several orders of magnitude increase in surface area leads to substantially more detectable Raman scattered photons than those in end-tip configurations. The SERS sensor based on D-shaped fibers has been demonstrated with excellent results using rhodamine 6G.
A study of vector quantization for noisy channels (1990)

Several issues related to vector quantization for noisy channels are discussed. An algorithm based on simulated annealing is developed for assigning binary codewords to the vector quantizer code-vectors. It is shown that this algorithm could result in dramatic performance improvements as compared to randomly selected codewords. A modification of the simulated annealing algorithm for binary codeword assignment is developed for the case where the bits in the codeword are subjected to unequal error probabilities (resulting from unequal levels of error protection). An algorithm for the design of an optimal vector quantizer for a noisy channel is briefly discussed, and its robustness under channel mismatch conditions is studied. Numerical results for a stationary first-order Gauss-Markov source and a binary symmetric channel are provided. It is concluded that the channel-optimized vector quantizer design algorithm, if used carefully, can result in a fairly robust system with no additional delay. The case in which the communication channel is nonstationary (as in mobile radio channels) is studied, and some preliminary ideas for quantizer design are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Syntheses and radical polymerizations of methacrylamides derived from optically active amino alcohols (1997)

Abstract Syntheses and radical polymerizations of methacrylamides derived from optically active amino alcohols were carried out. The monomers were prepared by condensation of optically active amino alcohols and methacrylic acid using 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC · HCl). Radical polymerizations of the monomers were carried out in the presence of 2,2‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (3 mol‐%) in methanol and N,N ‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvents, resulting with good yields in polymers with M n 's in the range 17 800–81 000. The monomer reactivity ratios of N ‐(1‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐2‐pentyl)methacrylamide (MA‐Lol) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the copolymerization were estimated to be 0.50 and 2.38, respectively. The lower reactivity of MA‐Lol in comparison with MMA is similar to common methacrylamide derivatives. The hydrophilicity of the polymers was evaluated by the heat of fusion of water using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The determined order poly(MA‐Aol) > poly(MA‐Lol) > poly(MA‐Fol) reflects the bulkiness of the side chains.
A Review of the Schirmer Test for Tear Production (1962)

Schirmer, in his original report<sup>1</sup>on lacrimation, used blotting paper to collect tears elicited by one of the following 3 methods of stimulating lacrimation: (1) inserting the strip of paper itself; (2) irritating the nasal mucosa after the cornea had been anesthetized, and (3) having the patient look into the sun. After considerable study he decided to concentrate on the first method, and since then all subsequent studies have been based on this method. In the few studies reported since then, deRoetth<sup>2-4</sup>used Whatman standard No. 41 filter paper in the form of a strip measuring 35 by 5 mm. At one end, a 5 mm. length of the strip is bent over and inserted over the outer half of the lower lid for 5 minutes. The amount of paper moistened is reported. He showed that in general after the age of 50 years there was a progressive
Methane Release from Igneous Intrusion of Coal during Late Permian Extinction Events (2007)

Unusually large and locally variable carbon isotope excursions coincident with mass extinctions at the end of the Permian Period (253 Ma) and Guadalupian Epoch (260 Ma) can be attributed to methane outbursts to the atmosphere. Methane has isotopic values (δ13C) low enough to reduce to feasible amounts the carbon required for isotopic mass balance. The duration of the carbon isotopic excursions and inferred methane releases are here constrained to <10,000 yr by counting annual varves in lake deposits and by estimating peat accumulation rates. On paleogeographic maps, the most marked carbon isotope excursions form linear arrays back to plausible methane sources: end‐Permian Siberian Traps and Longwood‐Bluff intrusions of New Zealand and end‐Guadalupian Emeishan Traps of China. Intrusion of coal seams by feeder dikes to flood basalts could create successive thermogenic methane outbursts of the observed timing and magnitude, but these are unreasonably short times for replenishment of marine or permafrost sources of methane. Methane released by fracturing and heating of coal during intrusion of large igneous provinces may have been a planetary hazard comparable with bolide impact.
Modeling the Epidermal Growth Factor—Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor L2 Domain Interaction: Implications for the Ligand Binding Process (2002)

Signaling from the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is triggered by the binding of ligands such as EGF or transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and subsequent receptor dimerization. An understanding of these processes has been hindered by the lack of structural information about the ligand-bound, dimerized EGF receptor. Using an NMR-derived structure of EGF and a homology model of the major ligand binding domain of the EGF receptor and experimental data, we modeled the binding of EGF to this EGF receptor fragment. In this low resolution model of the complex, EGF sits across the second face of the EGF receptor L2 domain and EGF residues 10-16, 36-37, 40-47 bind to this face. The structural model is largely consistent with previously published NMR data describing the residues of TGF-alpha which interact strongly with the EGF receptor. Other EGF residues implicated in receptor binding are accounted by our proposal that the ligand binding is a two-step process with the EGF binding to at least one other site of the receptor. This three-dimensional model is expected to be useful in the design of ligand-based antagonists of the receptor.
Can the gel point of a cross‐linking polymer be detected by the <i>G</i>′ – <i>G</i>″ crossover? (1987)

Abstract Dynamic mechanical measurements allow direct determination of the instant at which a network polymer gels. In such an experiment, the evolution of G ′( t ,ω 0 ) and G ″ ( t ,ω 0 ) is measured in small amplitude oscillatory shear as a function of cross‐linking time t . The frequency ω 0 is kept constant throughout. At the beginning of the experiment, G ″ is orders of magnitude larger than G ′, and at completion of reaction, this order is reversed. It recently has been suggested by Tung and Dynes that the gel point (GP) might occur at the time at which G ′ and G ″ cross each other. However, there is much dispute whether GP occurs exactly at the crossover or just somewhere in its vicinity. This study resolves the dispute by modeling the rheological behavior at GP: There is only one class of network polymers for which GP coincides with the crossover. This class of polymers exhibits, when reaching GP, power law relaxation G ( t ) ∼ t − n with a specific exponent value n = 1/2. Examples are stoichiometrically balanced network polymers and networks with excess cross‐linker, however, only at temperatures much above the glass transition. Otherwise, the power law behavior would be masked by vitrification. Power law relaxation seems to be property of polymers at GP in general. However, some polymers have a different exponent value, n ≠ 1/2, in which case the crossover occurs before GP (for n < 1/2) or after GP (for n > 1/2); i.e. the crossover cannot be used for detecting GP. While there are no networks known to us with n < 1/2, recent experiments showed that network polymers that are lean on cross‐linker exhibit power law relaxation with n > 1/2. A new method is suggested for measuring GP of these imbalanced networks.
Correction: Computational Phenotype Discovery Using Unsupervised Feature Learning over Noisy, Sparse, and Irregular Clinical Data (2013)

Inferring precise phenotypic patterns from population-scale clinical data is a core computational task in the development of precision, personalized medicine. The traditional approach uses supervised learning, in which an expert designates which patterns to look for (by specifying the learning task and the class labels), and where to look for them (by specifying the input variables). While appropriate for individual tasks, this approach scales poorly and misses the patterns that we don't think to look for. Unsupervised feature learning overcomes these limitations by identifying patterns (or features) that collectively form a compact and expressive representation of the source data, with no need for expert input or labeled examples. Its rising popularity is driven by new deep learning methods, which have produced high-profile successes on difficult standardized problems of object recognition in images. Here we introduce its use for phenotype discovery in clinical data. This use is challenging because the largest source of clinical data -Electronic Medical Records -typically contains noisy, sparse, and irregularly timed observations, rendering them poor substrates for deep learning methods. Our approach couples dirty clinical data to deep learning architecture via longitudinal probability densities inferred using Gaussian process regression. From episodic, longitudinal sequences of serum uric acid measurements in 4368 individuals we produced continuous phenotypic features that suggest multiple population subtypes, and that accurately distinguished (0.97 AUC) the uric-acid signatures of gout vs. acute leukemia despite not being optimized for the task. The unsupervised features were as accurate as gold-standard features engineered by an expert with complete knowledge of the domain, the classification task, and the class labels. Our findings demonstrate the potential for achieving computational phenotype discovery at population scale. We expect such data-driven phenotypes to expose unknown disease variants and subtypes and to provide rich targets for genetic association studies.
Recombinant AAV Vectors for Enhanced Expression of Authentic IgG (2016)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has become a vector of choice for the treatment of a variety of genetic diseases that require safe and long-term delivery of a missing protein. Muscle-directed gene transfer for delivery of protective antibodies against AIDS viruses and other pathogens has been used experimentally in mice and monkeys. Here we examined a number of variations to AAV vector design for the ability to produce authentic immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules. Expression of rhesus IgG from a single single-stranded AAV (ssAAV) vector (one vector approach) was compared to expression from two self-complementary AAV (scAAV) vectors, one for heavy chain and one for light chain (two vector approach). Both the one vector and the two vector approaches yielded considerable levels of expressed full-length IgG. A number of modifications to the ssAAV expression system were then examined for their ability to increase the efficiency of IgG expression. Inclusion of a furin cleavage sequence with a linker peptide just upstream of the 2A self-cleaving sequence from foot-and-mouth disease virus (F2A) increased IgG expression approximately 2 fold. Inclusion of these sequences also helped to ensure a proper sequence at the C-terminal end of the heavy chain. Inclusion of the post-transcriptional regulatory element from woodchuck hepatitis virus (WPRE) further increased IgG expression 1.5-2.0 fold. IgG1 versions of the two rhesus IgGs that were examined consistently expressed better than the IgG2 forms. In contrast to what has been reported for AAV2-mediated expression of other proteins, introduction of capsid mutations Y445F and Y731F did not increase ssAAV1-mediated expression of IgG as determined by transduction experiments in cell culture. Our findings provide a rational basis for AAV vector design for expression of authentic IgG.
Development of Chitosan/Heparin Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Cytolethal Distending Toxin for Gastric Cancer Therapy (2013)

These findings indicate that chitosan/heparin nanoparticle-encapsulated CdtB could represent a new CdtB delivery strategy for the treatment of gastric cancer.
New Approach to the Inspection of Cooling Holes in Aero-Engines (2006)

The need for improved thermal efficiency of jet engines has led to changes in the design of combustor turbine blades. Modern turbine stage inlet temperatures now exceed the melting point temperatures of turbine blade materials. Super alloys, based on nickel, have been developed for use as blades, guide vanes, afterburners etc. To combat and avert blade failure caused by excessive operating temperatures, film cooling has been incorporated into blade design. In film cooling, cool air is bled from the compressor stage, ducted into internal chambers of the turbine blades, and discharged through small holes in the blade walls. This provides a thin, cool, insulating blanket along the external surface of the turbine blade. Large numbers of shaped holes have allowed designers to maximize the cooling effect. This paper explores a new design for measuring the presence and depth of blind holes in turbine blade. In the paper, we examine the inspection techniques currently in use and present a novel optical technique as an alternative. To precisely control the location of the holes on the turbine blade, an XYZ inspection stage is employed. Using a small collimating tube, a micro-beam illuminates each hole in a pre-programmed fashion. Depending on the level of reflected intensity and when it occurs, the presence of a hole bottom is determined. The optical inspection system consists of a laser, motorized micropositioning stage, collimating tubes, data acquisition software and a customized fixture for manipulating the samples.
EXTENSIBLE INFORMATION BROKERS (2002)

The number and size of information services available on the internet has been growing exponentially over the past few years. This growth has created an urgent need for information agents that act as brokers in the sense that they can autonomously search, gather, and integrate information on behalf of a user. To remain useful, such brokers will have to evolve throughout their lifetime to keep up with evolving and ever-changing information services. This paper proposes a framework named XIB (eXtensible Information Brokers) for building and evolving information brokers. The XIB takes as input a description of required information services and supports the interactive generation of an integrated query interface. It also generates wrappers for each information service dynamically. Once the query interface and wrappers are in place, the user can specify a query and get back a result which integrates data from all wrapped information sources. The XIB depends heavily on XML-related techniques. More specifically, we use DTDs to model the input and output of each service, and XML to represent both input and output values. Based on such representations, the paper investigates service integration in the form DTD integration, and studies query decomposition in the form of XML element decomposition. Within the proposed framework, it is easy to add or remove information services to a broker, thereby facilitating maintenance, evolution and customization of information brokers.
Influence of co-pyrolysis for the mixture of biomass and waste tires on pyrolytic liquid property (2007)

The factors that influence the liquid product obtained from co-pyrolysis of biomass and waste tires and its composition are studied.Results show that the maximum thermal decomposition of biomass and waste tires is both at 330-360℃,which can predict a synergistic effect.With the increment of heating rate the maximum temperature of thermal decomposition moves to the higher region;a lower proportion of biomass can bring a higher yield of liquid product;and a higher temperature can bring a smaller yield of liquid product(maximum yield of liquid can be gotten at a pyrolytic temperature of 350℃).The amount of oxygen is reduced and the aromatic compounds increase comparing to the liquid obtained when single biomass is pyrolyzed.At last the fraction analysis is also made.
Constructive neural-network learning algorithms for pattern classification (2000)

Constructive learning algorithms offer an attractive approach for the incremental construction of near-minimal neural-network architectures for pattern classification. They help overcome the need for ad hoc and often inappropriate choices of network topology in algorithms that search for suitable weights in a priori fixed network architectures. Several such algorithms are proposed in the literature and shown to converge to zero classification errors (under certain assumptions) on tasks that involve learning a binary to binary mapping (i.e., classification problems involving binary-valued input attributes and two output categories). We present two constructive learning algorithms MPyramid-real and MTiling-real that extend the pyramid and tiling algorithms, respectively, for learning real to M-ary mappings (i.e., classification problems involving real-valued input attributes and multiple output classes). We prove the convergence of these algorithms and empirically demonstrate their applicability to practical pattern classification problems. Additionally, we show how the incorporation of a local pruning step can eliminate several redundant neurons from MTiling-real networks.