gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Antigen As Revealed by Direct Radioimmune Assay with 125I-Antibody (1972)

Abstract A two-step direct radioimmune test was used to detect hepatitis B virus associated antigen in human serum or plasma. The procedure involved the use of polypropylene tubes coated with hyperimmune guinea pig serum, and 125I-labeled specific hepatitis B virus antigen immune globulin. The technique appeared to be more sensitive than other immunologic assays, including indirect radioimmune methods based on competition of unlabeled antigen with 125I-labeled antigen. Various blood donor populations were tested for antigen by the direct radioimmune test, by complement fixation, agar gel diffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The increased sensitivity of the radioimmune procedure resulted in the detection of about 3 to 8 times as many positive sera as the above three immunologic methods. The percentages of positive sera by radioimmune assay were: about 1% in volunteer blood donors, about 2% in commercial blood donors and about 40% in hepatitis-implicated patients.
QoS routing in networks with inaccurate information: theory and algorithms (1999)

This paper investigates the problem of routing flows with quality-of-service (QoS) requirements through one or more networks, when the information available for making such routing decisions is inaccurate. Inaccuracy in the information used in computing QoS routes, e.g., network state such as link and node metrics, arises naturally in a number of different environments that are reviewed in the paper. The goal is to determine the impact of such inaccuracy on the ability of the path-selection process to successfully identify paths with adequate available resources. In particular, we focus on devising algorithms capable of selecting path(s) that are most likely to successfully accommodate the desired QoS, in the presence of uncertain network state information for the purpose of the analysis, we assume that this uncertainty is expressed through probabilistic models, and we briefly discuss sample cases that can give rise to such models. We establish that the impact of uncertainty is minimal for flows with only bandwidth requirements, but that it makes path selection intractable when end-to-end delay requirements are considered. For this latter case, we provide efficient solutions for special cases of interest and develop useful heuristics.
Molecular Virology of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): 2006 Update (2006)

Fascinating progress in the understanding of the molecular biology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was achieved recently. The replicon system revolutionized the investigation of HCV RNA replication and facilitated drug discovery. Novel systems for functional analyses of the HCV glycoproteins allowed the validation of HCV receptor candidates and the investigation of cell entry mechanisms. Most recently, recombinant infectious HCV could be produced in cell culture, rendering all steps of the viral life cycle, including entry and release of viral particles, amenable to systematic analysis. In this review, we summarize recent advances and discuss future research directions.
Reaktionen von Bortrihalogeniden mit Tris‐(trimethylsily)‐amin (1976)

Abstract Bortrihalogenide BX 3 (X = F, Cl, Br) setzen sich mit Tris‐(trimethylsilyl)‐amin, (Me 3 Si) 3 N, I, (Me  CH 3 —) je nach den Reaktionsbedingungen und dem verwendeten Halogenid zu MeBX 2 , (Me 3 Si) 2 NBMeX, (Me 3 Si) 2 NBX 2 oder deren Mischungen um; z. B. ergeben BF 3 und I (Me 3 Si) 2 NBF 2 und Me 3 SiF, während aus BBr 3 und I bei 23°C MeBBr 2 und (Me 3 Si) 2 NSiMe 2 Br entstehen. Die Aminoborane (Me 3 Si) 2 NBMe 2 und (Me 3 Si) 2 NBMeBr wurden zusätzlich auf anderem Wege synthetisiert.
Analysis of reconfigurable printed antenna using characteristic modes: FDTD approach (2004)

Low cost antennas that can adjust their radiation patterns in real time are required in the presence of intentional/unintentional co-channel interference. The work described here deals with the development of novel antenna concepts where passive antenna elements are integrated with electronic or MEMS switches.
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors ameliorate retinal damage induced by ischemia in rats. (1996)

The dose effects of two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors: NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and N omega-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), were evaluated in an established rat model of retinal ischemia using morphometry of the inner retina: inner retinal thickness (IRT) measurements and retinal ganglion cell counts (RGCCs) of the posterior and peripheral retina. By IRT and RGCCs of the posterior retina, there were dose dependent beneficial effects of both inhibitors. However, by RGCCs of the peripheral retina, there was no significant beneficial effect by either inhibitor. In addition, L-NMMA at 0.3 mg/kg aggravated the loss of RGC in both the posterior and peripheral retina. An important role and a possible differential site of action of NOS in the pathophysiology of retinal ischemia are implicated.
Exploiting High Millimeter Wave Bands for Military Communications, Applications, and Design (2019)

Military communications networks can leverage much of the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology being investigated and developed for 5G cellular but require special attention to the unique military requirements. This paper highlights the special communications' requirements of specific military local area networks and discusses how higher band mm-wave technology can contribute to high data rates and simultaneously achieve covertness. Adaptive tuning for varying atmospheric absorption meets the military requirements for quickly adjusting covert communication zones to accommodate potentially rapid movements of network nodes, dynamic output power constraints, and changing environmental conditions.
Negative Helium Ions (1958)

Negative helium ions have been produced with an ion source previously used for negative hydrogen ion production. Positive helium ions pass through a charge-exchange tube filled with hydrogen gas and the resulting negative ions are magnetically analyzed. The momentum spectrum indicates peak yields of negative helium ions in excess of 3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ ampere under the conditions of this experiment. The yield of negative helium ions as a function of converter gas density suggests a possible mechanism for the creation of the negative helium ion.
The Diagnostic Value of Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Phenotype in Patients with Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (2016)

The deficiency of alpha-1 protease inhibitor, or alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), predisposes to chronic lung diseases and extrapulmonary pathology. Besides classical manifestations, such as pulmonary emphysema and liver disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) is also known to be associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA or Wegener's granulomatosis). The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency of allelic isoforms of A1AT and their clinical significance among GPA patients. Detailed clinical information, including Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS), incidence of lung involvement, anti-proteinase 3 (PR3) antibodies concentrations, and other laboratory data were collected in 38 GPA patients. We also studied serum samples obtained from 46 healthy donors. In all collected samples A1AT phenotyping by isoelectrofocusing (IEF) and turbidimetric A1AT measurement were performed. Abnormal A1AT variants were found in 18.4% (7/38) of cases: 1 ZZ, 4 MZ, 2 MF, and only 1 MZ in control group (2%). The mean A1AT concentration in samples with atypical A1AT phenotypes was significantly lower (P = 0.0038) than in normal A1AT phenotype. We found that patients with abnormal A1AT phenotypes had significantly higher vasculitis activity (BVAS) as well as anti-PR3 antibodies concentration. We conclude that A1AT deficiency should be considered in all patients with GPA.
The Free Radical Theory of Aging Is Dead. Long Live the Damage Theory! (2013)

The free radical theory of aging posits that aging is caused by accumulation of damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although this concept has been very useful in defining the contribution of oxidative damage to the aging process, an increasing number of studies contradict it. The idea that oxidative damage represents only one of many causes of aging also has limitations, as it does not explain causal relationships and inevitability of damage accumulation. Here, it is discussed that infidelity, heterogeneity, and imperfectness of each and every biological process may be responsible for the inevitable accumulation of by-products and other damage forms. Although ROS are prototypical by-products, their contribution to aging is governed by the metabolic organization of the cell, its protective systems, and genotype. These factors are controlled by natural selection and, like dietary and genetic interventions that extend lifespan, change the composition of cumulative damage and the rates of accumulation of its various forms. Oxidative damage, like other specific damage types viewed in isolation or in combination, does not represent the cause of aging. Instead, biological imperfectness, which leads to inevitable accumulation of damage in the form of mildly deleterious molecular species, may help define the true root of aging. Free radical and other specialized damage theories served their purpose in the understanding of the aging process, but in the current form they limit further progress in this area.
DNA relatedness among strains of the sweet potato pathogen Streptomyces ipomoea (Person and Martin 1940) Waksman and Henrici 1948 (1992)

DNA relatedness among 28 putative strains of Streptomyces ipomoea from geographically diverse locations and the type strain, NRRL B-12321, was determined spectrophotometrically. The data confirm that these 28 strains are not closely related genetically to the plant-pathogenic species Streptomyces scabies (39% DNA relatedness) or Streptomyces acidiscabies (17% DNA relatedness) or any other major blue-spored Streptomyces species (less than 30% DNA relatedness). Of the 29 strains examined, 4 could be clearly distinguished from S. ipomoea on the basis of morphological criteria, i.e., they had gray rather than blue spores and produced melanin pigment, and their low DNA relatedness to authentic S. ipomoea strains confirmed their original misidentification. The remaining 25 S. ipomoea strains exhibited high DNA relatedness among themselves (76 to 100% homology), even though they had been isolated in different locations throughout the United States and Japan. The avirulent type strain, NRRL B-12321, exhibited slightly lower DNA relatedness with the virulent strains of S. ipomoea (85% average DNA relatedness) than was observed among the virulent strains (average of 96% DNA relatedness).
Rapid and Sensitive Assay for Milk Lipase (1966)

Abstract An improved micromethod has been developed for measuring lipase activity in milk by the pH stat technique. The silica-gel procedure measures only 16.8% of the lipase activity observed in milk by the pH stat method. The major factors contributing to this apparent low lipase activity by the silica-gel method were a) incomplete titration of the long chain free fatty acids; b) lack of proportionate response of milk lipase activity to increased concentrations of milk in the assay system; and c) variations in the pH of the lipase assay mixture during the silica-gel incubation period. Compared to the silica-gel method, the pH stat assay had greater sensitivity, accuracy, and rapidity and allowed measurement of the initial reaction velocity. During storage at 4C the lipolytic activity of fresh raw milk was constant up to 24 hr, after which it decreased. Homogenization of raw milk does not appear to affect lipase activity per se.It appears to be a substrate activating phenomenon, in that there is a direct relationship between homogenization pressure and susceptibility of milk fat to lipolysis.
Highly Chiral Muscarinic Ligands:  The Discovery of (2<i>S</i>,2‘<i>R</i>,3‘<i>S</i>,5‘<i>R</i>)-1-Methyl-2-(2-methyl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)pyrrolidine 3-sulfoxide Methyl Iodide, a Potent, Functionally Selective, M<sub>2</sub>Partial Agonist (2006)

By further steric complication of previously studied highly chiral muscarinic agonists, we have obtained a small chiral library of enantiomeric and diasteromeric 1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)pyrrolidine 3-sulfoxides. Binding studies on cloned human muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO cells show that the introduction of a fourth stereogenic center gives undetectable affinity for hm1, hm3, hm4 and hm5 subtypes while leaving a quite modest affinity only for hm2 subtypes. However, functional studies on model M1-M4 muscarinic tissues have shown that three compounds of the series [(-)-5, (-)-7, (+)-8] are endowed with functional activity and behave as M2 selective partial agonists. Among them, compound (2S,2'R,3'S,5'R)-1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)pyrrolidine 3-sulfoxide methyl iodide [(+)-8] is particularly interesting, as it is a potent partial agonist on guinea pig atrium (force) (M2; pD2=7.65, alpha=0.41) while being a poor antagonist on M1, M3, and M4 model tissues (pKb<5).
Line-side reactor-coupled double voltage-fed converter system with ripple-voltage injection (2002)

A novel 36-step voltage converter system without using bulky transformers is proposed. The system consists of line-side interphase reactors, two voltage-fed main converters and an additional single-phase power converter with a single-phase transformer. The proposed system has the features of no bulky input transformers, low switching frequencies of main power converters and less distorted voltage and current waveforms. Thus, the system is suitable for high power applications.
Vitra, el panteón de las formas (2004)

Inaugurado en 1989, el edificio proyectado por el arquitecto Frank O. Gehry acoge la mas importante coleccion de muebles del mundo. Disenadas por relevantes artistas, las piezas estrella de la coleccion permanente son las sillas, convertidas en autenticos iconos del siglo XX.
iGeoRec: A Personalized and Efficient Geographical Location Recommendation Framework (2014)

Geographical influence has been intensively exploited for location recommendations in location-based social networks (LBSNs) due to the fact that geographical proximity significantly affects users’ check-in behaviors. However, current studies only model the geographical influence on all users’ check-in behaviors as a <i>universal </i> way. We argue that the geographical influence on users’ check-in behaviors should be <i> personalized</i> . In this paper, we propose a personalized and efficient geographical location recommendation framework called iGeoRec to take full advantage of the geographical influence on location recommendations. In iGeoRec, there are mainly two challenges: (1) personalizing the geographical influence to accurately predict the probability of a user visiting a new location, and (2) efficiently computing the probability of each user to all new locations. To address these two challenges, (1) we propose a probabilistic approach to personalize the geographical influence as a personal distribution for each user and predict the probability of a user visiting any new location using her personal distribution. Furthermore, (2) we develop an efficient approximation method to compute the probability of any user to all new locations; the proposed method reduces the computational complexity of the exact computation method from <inline-formula><tex-math>$O(|L|n^3)$</tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><tex-math> $O(|L|n)$</tex-math> </inline-formula> (where <inline-formula><tex-math>$|L|$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the total number of locations in an LBSN and <inline-formula><tex-math>$n$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the number of check-in locations of a user). Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the recommendation <i>accuracy </i> and <i>efficiency</i> of iGeoRec using two large-scale real data sets collected from the two of the most popular LBSNs: Foursquare and Gowalla. Experimental results show that iGeoRec provides significantly superior performance compared to other state-of-the-art geographical recommendation techniques.
Potential Hepatitis B Vaccine Formulation Prepared by Uniform-Sized Lipid Hybrid PLA Microparticles with Adsorbed Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (2018)

For the purpose of strengthening the immunogenicity of the hepatitis B vaccine, which contains hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the development of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) microparticles (MPs) modified with the cationic surfactant didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) was attempted. DDAB-PLA MPs with an uniform size of about 1 μm were prepared in a simple and mild way. DDAB-PLA MPs with increased surface charge enhanced antigen adsorption capacity compared to plain PLA MPs. After immunization, DDAB-PLA MPs induced the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which facilitated the following immune responses. DDAB-PLA MPs augmented the expression of co-stimulatory molecules along with the activation of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). DDAB-PLA MP-based vaccine formulations efficiently induced antibody production more than the aluminum-based vaccine and plain PLA MP-based formulation in vivo. Moreover, DDAB-PLA MPs were more likely to generate the polarization of the Th1 response indicating the cytotoxic ability against infectious pathogens. In conclusion, DDAB-PLA MPs could be a potent vaccine formulation to prime robust cellular and humoral immune responses.
Hyperthermia study finds little effect. (1995)

Several foreign studies in hyperthermia treatment for HIV disease have had numerous claims of effectiveness. The IDT/HemoCleanse trial, a new double-heating study, has been implemented to determine the truth of these claims. After several study phases, no major or long-lasting clinical improvements were found. Researchers believe that if hyperthermia is to work at all, it would require at least weekly repeat treatments to have any lasting impact on the disease process. However, hyperthermia is not practical on a repeated basis and, it is expensive with each session costing up to $6,000. Study experiences indicate little justification for further investment in hyperthermia research.
A Study of Thermal Stability of Hydroxyapatite (2021)

High-temperature powder sintering is an integral part of the dense ceramic manufacturing process. In order to find the optimal conditions for producing a ceramic product, the information about its behavior at high temperatures is required. However, the data available in the literature are very contradictory. In this work, the thermal stability of hydroxyapatite prepared by a solid-state mechanochemical method and structural changes occurring during sintering were studied. Stoichiometric hydroxyapatite was found to remain as a single-phase apatite structure with the space group P63/m up to 1300 °C inclusively. A further increase in the sintering temperature leads to its partial decomposition, a decrease in the crystallite size of the apatite phase, and the appearance of significant structural strains. It was shown that small deviations from stoichiometry in the Ca/P ratio upward or downward during the hydroxyapatite synthesis lead to a significant decrease in the thermal stability of hydroxyapatite. An apatite containing almost no hydroxyl groups, which is close to the composition of oxyapatite, was prepared. It was shown that the congruent melting of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite upon slow heating in a high-temperature furnace does not occur. At the same time, the fast heating of hydroxyapatite by laser radiation allows, under certain conditions, its congruent melting with the formation of a recrystallized monolayer of oxyhydroxyapatite. The data obtained in this study can be used when choosing sintering conditions to produce hydroxyapatite-based ceramics.
Chemical Decomposition of Chlorofluorocarbons by Reductive Dehalogenation Using Sodium Naphthalenide (1988)

Abstract All halogen atoms in 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (F-113) were removed in the form of chloride and fluoride ions by the treatment with sodium naphthalenide (1.5 equiv. per halogen atom) in THF at 150 °C for 50 min in the presence of 10 vol% tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether. Similar treatment was also efficacious in the dehalogenation of F-22 and F-12.
Joining and Coating of Intermetallic Compounds to Metallic Materials by Reactive Casting (2003)

A novel method for joining and coating of intermetallic compounds based on an exothermic reaction between droplets and powder is proposed, and its feasibility is experimentally examined using nickel monoaluminide (NiAl) as a demonstration material. In an experiment for joining of NiAl, when an aluminum droplet was dropped onto nickel powder fed into the root gap between two NiAl plates, the droplet and powder exothermically reacted and produced NiAl liquid. The heat generated from the reaction melted the joint part of the NiAl plates, and after solidification joining of the NiAl plates was completed. In an experiment for NiAl coating, a small amount of nickel powder was fed onto a steel surface, followed by supplying an aluminum droplet onto the powder. The nickel and aluminum reacted exothermically and produced a NiAl bead on the steel surface, bringing about strong bonding between the NiAl bead and the steel.
Role of Inflammatory Bone Markers in the Antidepressant Actions of (R)-Ketamine in a Chronic Social Defeat Stress Model (2018)

Our findings demonstrate that inflammatory bone markers may play a role in the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine.
High-efficiency high-power UV generation at 2128 Å in urea (1980)

Urea has been found to be phase matchable for type-1 fifth-harmonic generation by mixing the Nd:YAG laser fundamental and fourth-harmonic radiation at room temperature. A peak power as high as 4.5 MW with an average power of 320 mW was obtained at 2128 Å in a 5 mm long crystal.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemo‐/Regioselective Synthesis of 6‐Unsubstituted Dihydropyrimidinones, 1,3‐Thiazines and Chromones via Novel Variants of Biginelli Reaction. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Epitope mapping reveals the binding mechanism of a functional antibody cross-reactive to both human and murine programmed death 1 (2017)

Of the inhibitory checkpoints in the immune system, programmed death 1 (PD-1) is one of the most promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. The anti-PD-1 antibodies currently approved for clinical use or under development bind to human PD-1 (hPD-1), but not murine PD-1. To facilitate studies in murine models, we developed a functional antibody against both human and murine PD-1, and compared the epitopes of such antibody to a counterpart that only bound to hPD-1. To quickly identify the epitopes of the 2 antibodies, we used alanine scanning and mammalian cell expression cassette. The epitope identification was based on PD-1-binding ELISA and supported by affinity ranking of surface plasmon resonance results. The hPD-1 epitopes of the 2 functional antibodies were also compared with the binding region on hPD-1 that is responsible for PD-L1 interaction. In silico modeling were conducted to explain the different binding modes of the 2 antibodies, suggesting a potential mechanism of the antibody cross-species binding.