gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Block-VN: A Distributed Blockchain Based Vehicular Network Architecture in Smart City (2017)

In recent decades, the ad hoc network for vehicles has been a core network technology to provide comfort and security to drivers in vehicle environments. However, emerging applications and services require major changes in underlying network models and computing that require new road network planning. Meanwhile, blockchain widely known as one of the disruptive technologies has emerged in recent years, is experiencing rapid development and has the potential to revolutionize intelligent transport systems. Blockchain can be used to build an intelligent, secure, distributed and autonomous transport system. It allows better utilization of the infrastructure and resources of intelligent transport systems, particularly effective for crowdsourcing technology. In this paper, we proposes a vehicle network architecture based on blockchain in the smart city (Block-VN). Block-VN is a reliable and secure architecture that operates in a distributed way to build the new distributed transport management system. We are considering a new network system of vehicles, Block-VN, above them. In addition, we examine how the network of vehicles evolves with paradigms focused on networking and vehicular information. Finally, we discuss service scenarios and design principles for Block-VN.
Gas Production, 5. Examples of Complex Gas Production Plants (2011)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Methanol Production from Natural Gas 1.1. Methanol Production Based on Catalytic Autothermal Reforming 1.2. Comparison of Conventional Steam Reforming and Combined Reforming Processes for Methanol Production 2. Hydrogen Production Based on Heavy Residues 3. Combined Cycle Power System Based on Coal 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Fundamentals 3.3. Installations and Design Studies
Expression and purification of active protein kinase Cd (PKCd) kinase domain from E. coli (2006)

PKC isozymes can be divided into three subfamilies based on structural and enzymatic differences: conventional, novel and atypical. PKCδ is a member of the subfamily of novel PKC's. In an effort to obtain X‐ray crystal structure of this nPKC family target, we expressed and purified a recombinant PKCδ kinase domain construct in E. coli. Here we show that the recombinant kinase domain has activity, is monomeric by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), and can auto‐phosphorylate heterogeneously within the cell during expression. PKCδ kinase domain (317–676) was expressed in BL21 cells with a C‐terminal 6‐His tag, and purified +/− ATP to >95% following a four‐step protocol. The purified product eluted as a single, monomeric peak during SEC. Multiple phosphorylations (avg 5–7) were observed by ESI‐MS for both of the +/− ATP preparations; indicating that all phosporylation events most likely occur during expression. In addition, both +/− ATP preparations displayed substrate inhibition with the PKC‐specific FARK inhibitor peptide, while NMR saturation transfer difference (STD) binding experiments showed that AMP‐PNP binds and competes with bisindolylmaleimide for the same active site of PKCδ (317–676). Although, the construct proved difficult to crystallize, we have successfully produced a method for purification of a PKCδ kinase domain from E. coli suitable for assay development, and selectivity studies with other nPKC family members.
Self-Assembly of Ordered Nanowires in Biological Suspensions of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (2008)

We investigate the self-assembly of ordered nanowires from length-purified single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in aqueous suspensions of the biological surfactant sodium deoxycholate. Macroscopically straight and nearly periodic linear arrangements of aligned individual SWCNTs are found to self-assemble in two-dimensional geometries from nanotube suspensions that are otherwise stable in the bulk, which we attribute to a dominance of surface effects under strong confinement. Directed self-assembly is explored through surface patterning, opening up new potential routes to nanotube manipulation for optical diagnostics and applications that require ordered arrangements of mutually aligned SWCNTs. The stability of these structures to thermal fluctuations and changes in solution chemistry are surveyed with near-infrared fluorescence microscopy.
Algorithms for constraint-satisfaction problems: a survey (1992)

A large number of problems in AI and other areas of computer science can be viewed as special cases of the constraint-satisfaction problem. Some examples are machine vision, belief maintenance, scheduling, temporal reasoning, graph problems, floor plan design, the planning of genetic experiments, and the satisfiability problem. A number of different approaches have been developed for solving these problems. Some of them use constraint propagation to simplify the original problem. Others use backtracking to directly search for possible solutions. Some are a combination of these two techniques. This article overviews many of these approaches in a tutorial fashion.
Selective Blockade of Dopamine D3 Receptors Enhances while D2 Receptor Antagonism Impairs Social Novelty Discrimination and Novel Object Recognition in Rats: A Key Role for the Prefrontal Cortex (2011)

Dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists exert pro-cognitive effects in both rodents and primates. Accordingly, this study compared the roles of dopamine D(3) vs D(2) receptors in social novelty discrimination (SND), which relies on olfactory cues, and novel object recognition (NOR), a visual-recognition task. The dopamine D(3) receptor antagonist, S33084 (0.04-0.63 mg/kg), caused a dose-related reversal of delay-dependent impairment in both SND and NOR procedures in adult rats. Furthermore, mice genetically deficient in dopamine D(3) receptors displayed enhanced discrimination in the SND task compared with wild-type controls. In contrast, acute treatment with the preferential dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist, L741,626 (0.16-5.0 mg/kg), or with the dopamine D(3) agonist, PD128,907 (0.63-40 μg/kg), caused a dose-related impairment in performance in rats in both tasks after a short inter-trial delay. Bilateral microinjection of S33084 (2.5 μg/side) into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats increased SND and caused a dose-related (0.63-2.5 μg/side) improvement in NOR, while intra-striatal injection (2.5 μg/side) had no effect on either. In contrast, bilateral microinjection of L741,626 into the PFC (but not striatum) caused a dose-related (0.63-2.5 μg/side) impairment of NOR. These observations suggest that blockade of dopamine D(3) receptors enhances both SND and NOR, whereas D(3) receptor activation or antagonism of dopamine D(2) receptor impairs cognition in these paradigms. Furthermore, these actions are mediated, at least partly, by the PFC. These data have important implications for exploitation of dopaminergic mechanisms in the treatment of schizophrenia and other CNS disorders, and support the potential therapeutic utility of dopamine D(3) receptor antagonism.
Design of a novel LED lens cap and optimization of LED placement in a large area direct backlight for LCD-TVs (2006)

A novel cone-shaped lens cap for High Brightness Light Emitting Diodes (HB-LEDs) is proposed for improving brightness and high uniformity of the direct LED Backlight Units (BLUs) for large area LCD-TVs. Combining the designed lens cap with red, green and blue (RGB) chips on a Metal Core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB), the LED module with the proposed cap is able to provide a compact white light source with unique features such as instant color variability and lower power usage, etc [1] [2]. The cone shape of the proposed lens cap is designed to emit only a small portion of light upward along the optical axis of the lens, while most of the light rays to the sides, providing a uniform luminance distribution and the high brightness on the backlight. In addition, a small, local square reflective box is designed and coupled to enclose the proposed LED module[3] [4] [5], the inner surfaces of which are attached with reflective films to increase the level of light mixing in the larger, global reflector box. With the structure of the LED module well designed, the placement of the LED modules in the BLU is next optimized via the method of optimization algorithm (OA). In the process of OA executions, the locations of the LED modules are the design factors to be optimized with chosen enclosure dimensions and number of LEDs to maximize brightness and uniformity of the entire BLU. Moreover, in the OA process, the software TRACEPRO is utilized to compute brightness and uniformity of the BLU with certain combination of the aforementioned design and control parameters considered. With the theoretically-optimized placement of the LED modules in hand, experiments based on a realistic BLU built in the laboratory are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed LED module and associated optimized locations. The results indeed identify the attributes of the BLU, which make it possible to achieve excellent backlight performance using a direct illumination approach from the light source of "Cone-Shaped Lens Cap of LEDs".
Analyte Loss Due to Membrane Filter Adsorption as Determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (2000)

The phenomenon of membrane filter adsorption in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is investigated utilizing 16 brands of filters representing 3 polymeric materials: cellulose acetate (CA), nylon, and polyvinylidene difluoride in a variety of diameters (3, 4, 7, 13, and 25 mm). Sixteen compounds commonly encountered in drug preparations are selected as sample analytes and classified as acidic, basic, and neutral in chemical behavior. Six mobile phase/sample solvent mixtures are included: 3 with methanol-water and 3 with acetonitrile-water as major constituents. When using methanol as the mobile phase organic component, CA, nylon, and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filters exhibit negligible to moderate adsorption levels with regard to the neutral and basic drug compounds. The acidic drug test compounds are adsorbed by 50% of all 3 filter materials tested in methanol-water. In acetonitrile, neutral compounds are affected by 31.4%, basic compounds are affected by 47.0%, and acidic compounds are affected by 53.6% of the nylon and PVDF filters. CA is incompatible with acetonitrile and is excluded from the study with this solvent.
ASC/TMS1, a caspase‐1 activating adaptor, is downregulated by aberrant metylation in human melanoma (2003)

ASC/TMS1 is an adaptor protein activating caspase-1 that stimulates processing of proIL-1beta and proIL-18. ASC was reported to be aberrantly methylated and silenced in human breast cancers. In our present study, ASC expression was examined in 12 melanoma cell lines by Western blot analysis and in 18 benign melanocytic nevi and 32 melanoma tissues by immunohistochemical staining. ASC expression was absent or reduced in 7 of 12 (58.3%) cell lines and in 20 of 32 (62.5%) melanoma tissues, whereas all 18 benign melanocytic nevi showed intensive ASC expression. To investigate whether ASC silencing in melanoma is involved in aberrant methylation, methylation specific PCR was carried out. Five of ten (50%) melanoma tissues exhibited methylation in CpG island of ASC companied with reduced ASC expression. Six of twelve (50%) melanoma cell lines showed aberrant methylation in the ASC gene, and 4 of the 6 (66.7%) methylation positive cell lines exhibited reduced ASC expression. We characterized methylation patterns in melanoma cell lines by using bisulfite genomic sequencing, and found that the degree of aberrant methylation correlated with the level of reductive ASC expression. Treatment with demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine resulted in both demethylation of the ASC gene and the upregulation of ASC expression in the methylation positive melanoma cell lines. Our study shows that ASC is downregulated in melanoma, and that its suppression is partially mediated by aberrant methylation.
Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Isoxazoles via Base-Promoted Cyclocondensation of Stable Nitrile Oxides with Active Methylene Compounds (2007)

Base-promoted cyclocondensation of ortho-disubstituted benzonitrile oxides with active methylene compounds provides a concise route to highly functionalized isoxazole derivatives.
Type 1 fimbriae and extracellular polysaccharides are preeminent uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> virulence determinants in the murine urinary tract (2002)

Escherichia coli is the leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Despite the association of numerous bacterial factors with uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), few such factors have been proved to be required for UTI in animal models. Previous investigations of urovirulence factors have relied on prior identification of phenotypic characteristics. We used signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) in an unbiased effort to identify genes that are essential for UPEC survival within the murine urinary tract. A library of 2049 transposon mutants of the prototypic UPEC strain CFT073 was constructed using mini-Tn5km2 carrying 92 unique tags and screened in a murine model of ascending UTI. After initial screening followed by confirmation in co-infection experiments, 19 survival-defective mutants were identified. These mutants were recovered in numbers 101- to 106-fold less than the wild type in the bladder, kidneys or urine or at more than one site. The transposon junctions from each attenuated mutant were sequenced and analysed. Mutations were found in: (i) the type 1 fimbrial operon; (ii) genes involved in the biosyn-thesis of extracellular polysaccharides including group I capsule, group II capsule and enterobacterial common antigen; (iii) genes involved in metabolic pathways; and (iv) genes with unknown function. Five of the genes identified are absent from the genome of the E. coli K-12 strain. Mutations in type 1 fimbrial genes resulted in severely attenuated colonization, even in the case of a mutant with an insertion upstream of the fim operon that affected the rate of fimbrial switching from the 'off' to the 'on' phase. Three mutants had insertions in a new type II capsule biosynthesis locus on a pathogenicity island and were impaired in the production of capsule in vivo. An additional mutant with an insertion in wecE was unable to synthesize enterobacterial common antigen. These results confirm the pre-eminence of type 1 fimbriae, establish the importance of extracellular polysaccharides in the pathogenesis of UTI and identify new urovirulence determinants.
Evaluation of SPLICE on the Aurora 2 and 3 tasks (2002)

Stereo-based Piecewise Linear Compensation for Environments (SPLICE) is a general framework for removing distortions from noisy speech cepstra. It contains a non-parametric model for cepstral corruption, which is learned from two channels of training data. We evaluate SPLICE on both the Aurora 2 and 3 tasks. These tasks consist of digit sequences in five European languages. Noise corruption is both synthetic (Aurora 2) and realistic (Aurora 3). For both the Aurora 2 and 3 tasks, we use the same training and testing procedure provided with the corpora. By holding the back-end constant, we ensure that any increase in word accuracy is due to our front-end processing techniques. In the Aurora 2 task, we achieve a 76.86% average decrease in word error rate with clean acoustic models, and an overall improvement of 62.63%. For the Aurora 3 task, we achieve a 75.06% average decrease in word error rate for the high-mismatch experiment, and an overall improvement of 47.19%.
Non-Autoregressive Machine Translation with Auxiliary Regularization (2019)

As a new neural machine translation approach, Non-Autoregressive machine Translation (NAT) has attracted attention recently due to its high efficiency in inference. However, the high efficiency has come at the cost of not capturing the sequential dependency on the target side of translation, which causes NAT to suffer from two kinds of translation errors: 1) repeated translations (due to indistinguishable adjacent decoder hidden states), and 2) incomplete translations (due to incomplete transfer of source side information via the decoder hidden states). In this paper, we propose to address these two problems by improving the quality of decoder hidden representations via two auxiliary regularization terms in the training process of an NAT model. First, to make the hidden states more distinguishable, we regularize the similarity between consecutive hidden states based on the corresponding target tokens. Second, to force the hidden states to contain all the information in the source sentence, we leverage the dual nature of translation tasks (e.g., English to German and German to English) and minimize a backward reconstruction error to ensure that the hidden states of the NAT decoder are able to recover the source side sentence. Extensive experiments conducted on several benchmark datasets show that both regularization strategies are effective and can alleviate the issues of repeated translations and incomplete translations in NAT models. The accuracy of NAT models is therefore improved significantly over the state-of-the-art NAT models with even better efficiency for inference.
Aerobactin genes in Shigella spp (1984)

Aerobactin, a hydroxamate iron transport compound, is synthesized by some, but not all, Shigella species. Conjugation and hybridization studies indicated that the genes for the synthesis and transport of aerobactin are linked and are found on the chromosome of Shigella flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. The genes were not found in S. dysenteriae. A number of aerobactin synthesis mutants and transport mutants have been isolated. The most common mutations are deletions of the biosynthesis or biosynthesis and transport genes. The Shigella aerobactin genes share considerable homology with the E. coli ColV aerobactin genes. On the ColV plasmid and in the Shigella chromosome, the aerobactin genes are associated with a repetitive sequence which has been identified as IS1.
Detection of listeriolysin, the thiol-dependent hemolysin in Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, and Listeria seeligeri (1989)

The listeriolysin gene from a weakly hemolytic but virulent strain of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 1/2a was cloned in Escherichia coli K-12. Recombinants were identified on the basis of their cross-reactivities to hyperimmune antisera raised against streptolysin O and listeriolysin. Low levels of hemolytic activity were detected in crude lysates of strains harboring the listeriolysin gene. In DNA hybridization studies with five DNA probes that encoded the listeriolysin gene and surrounding sequences, highly homologous listeriolysin genes were found to be present in the species L. monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, and Listeria seeligeri. Immunoblotting performed with affinity-purified antibody to listeriolysin allowed the detection of this protein in supernatants of all three species. This study demonstrates for the first time that listeriolysin is produced by L. seeligeri and documents the genetic homology between the various listeriolysins produced by Listeria spp. Sequences unique to the species L. monocytogenes were found to be located downstream of the listeriolysin gene. Furthermore, the restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected with probes flanking the hlyA gene may be useful epidemiological markers in identifying and distinguishing virulent Listeria strains from each other.
Electrophoretically deposited reduced graphene oxide platform for food toxin detection (2013)

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) due to its excellent electrochemical properties and large surface area, has recently aroused much interest for electrochemical biosensing application. Here, the chemically active RGO has been synthesized and deposited onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate by the electrophoretic deposition technique. This novel platform has been utilized for covalent attachment of the monoclonal antibodies of aflatoxin B1 (anti-AFB1) for food toxin (AFB1) detection. The electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-visible studies reveal successful synthesis of reduced graphene oxide while the XPS and FTIR studies suggest its carboxylic functionalized nature. The electrochemical sensing results of the anti-AFB1/RGO/ITO based immunoelectrode obtained as a function of aflatoxin concentration show high sensitivity (68 μA ng(-1) mL cm(-2)) and improved detection limit (0.12 ng mL(-1)). The association constant (ka) for antigen-antibody interaction obtained as 5 × 10(-4) ng mL(-1) indicates high affinity of antibodies toward the antigen (AFB1).
Amperometric Microcell for Enzyme Activity Measurements (1998)

A small-volume cell was developed for enzyme activity measurements. The cell contained a detector chip, which was prepared using photolithographic and electrochemical techniques. The enzyme-catalyzed reaction takes place in a thin film inside the cell, and the concentration changes are followed in time with an amperometric detector. The combination of the thin-layer reaction medium and surface detection allows achievement of high sensitivity with very low sample volumes. The cell can be prepared as an inexpensive single-shot test device. The analytical performance of the cell was checked with several enzymes of clinical importance. Demonstration measurements were made with robust glucose oxidase. Then, an analytical procedure was worked out for the measurement of putrescine oxidase activity, an indicator for premature rupture of the amniotic membrane. Finally, two different reaction schemes were investigated for the activity determination of the myocardial infarction marker, creatine kinase.
ML-based Visualization Recommendation: Learning to Recommend Visualizations from Data (2020)

Visualization recommendation seeks to generate, score, and recommend to users useful visualizations automatically, and are fundamentally important for exploring and gaining insights into a new or existing dataset quickly. In this work, we propose the first end-to-end ML-based visualization recommendation system that takes as input a large corpus of datasets and visualizations, learns a model based on this data. Then, given a new unseen dataset from an arbitrary user, the model automatically generates visualizations for that new dataset, derive scores for the visualizations, and output a list of recommended visualizations to the user ordered by effectiveness. We also describe an evaluation framework to quantitatively evaluate visualization recommendation models learned from a large corpus of visualizations and datasets. Through quantitative experiments, a user study, and qualitative analysis, we show that our end-to-end ML-based system recommends more effective and useful visualizations compared to existing state-of-the-art rule-based systems. Finally, we observed a strong preference by the human experts in our user study towards the visualizations recommended by our ML-based system as opposed to the rule-based system (5.92 from a 7-point Likert scale compared to only 3.45).
New Three-Dimensional High-Density Stacked-Surrounding Gate Transistor (S-SGT) Flash Memory Architecture Using Self-Aligned Interconnection Fabrication Technology without Photolithography Process for Tera-Bits and Beyond (2004)

New three-dimensional Stacked-Surrounding Gate Transistor (S-SGT) flash memory architecture can achieve the cell area of 3.88F 2 per bit using the 0.2 µm design rule. The new architecture is realized by stacking two select transistors and two memory cells vertically on each pillar located in a two-dimensional array matrix. Each gate and each interconnection of this new architecture are fabricated by the vertical self-alignment process and horizontal self-alignment process simultaneously using HTO conformal deposition and reactive ion etching (RIE) without using the photolithography process. The new three-dimensional S-SGT flash memory architecture is applicable to high-density nonvolatile memories as large as tera-bits and beyond.