gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma based accelerators. Present status of the experimental investigations. (1990)

Plasma based particle accelerators have potentiality to produce much higher gradient of acceleration fields compared with the one in the conventional accelerators, if the high power laser and the plasma are combined together. The accelerators can be divided into major three categories, depending on the accleration principle: 1) Potential acceleration, 2) Cross field acceleration (CFA) or VpxB acceleration, and 3) Synchronized acceleration. In the potential acceleration, the energy of the particles is decided by the potential difference between two points, even in the travelling wave frame, and this system is a “limited acceleration” scheme. The cross field acceleration is the mechanism which is newly found in the plasma, and is possible to have higher acceleration efficiency. The charged particles are accelerated very efficiently along the wave front, but across the static magnetic field. The particle energy is decided mainly by the wave width and this is an “unlimited acceleration” scheme. The VpxB accelerator and the Surfatron are typical examples of this scheme. The energy in the synchronized acceleration is proportional to the acceleration duration with a power of α which is less than unity. This is a “quasi-limited acceleration” scheme. The synchrotron and the cyclotron are typical examples. The present status of the experimental investigations on the advanced accelerators with plasma, and some of them without plasma, are reviewed, including new accelerators which use new accelertion principle such as the cross field acceleration.
Deuterium retention in tungsten used in ASDEX Upgrade: comparison of tokamak and laboratory studies (2014)

Deuterium (D) retention in tungsten (W) materials, i.e. two types of W coatings and solid bulk W, used as outer divertor target in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), was investigated and compared with laboratory experiments. The D concentration in the W coatings was larger than in solid bulk W because W coatings generally have higher inherent defect density, which is consistent with laboratory data. No clear blistering was found on the solid bulk polycrystalline-W, which could be due to its technically-machined surface. The amount of D retained in the solid bulk W tile of AUG showed a nearly square-root dependence on the incident fluence, suggesting that a diffusion-limited trapping process plays a dominant role for the D accumulation. The overall retention behaviour in AUG W materials was reasonably within the range of the predictions based on laboratory studies.
Neurons in the rat brain and spinal cord labeled after pseudorabies virus injected into the external urethral sphincter (1996)

Male Sprague-Dawley rats, with their pelvic and hypogastric nerves transected, were infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV) injected into the external urethral sphincter. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 2.5, 3, and 4 days postinfection. Spinal cord and brain tissue were sectioned and processed by immunohistochemical techniques with antisera against PRV and choline acetyl transferase (CAT). At 2 days postinfection, virus-labeled neurons were found in the ventrolateral divisions of Onuf's nucleus and in the dorsal gray commissure (DGC). At progressively later incubation times, labeled neurons were found in the intermediolateral regions, the superficial layer of the dorsal horn, and the brainstem, in particular, the pontine micturition center. PRV/CAT-positive neurons were only found in Onuf's nucleus. Preganglionic neurons in the L6-S1 intermediolateral regions were CAT positive but PRV negative, thus suggesting that they are interneurons, not sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. After 4 days, virus had spread to neurons in the paraventricular, preoptic, and even cortical regions. The distribution of these PRV-labeled brain neurons strongly resembled that obtained after the injection of PRV into the urinary bladder (Nadelhaft et al. [1992] Neurosci. Lett. 143:271-274). In both cases, neurons were labeled in the DGC in the spinal cord. The data therefore suggest that neurons in the DGC may be involved in the integrated control of the bladder and the external urethral sphincter.
New intraoperative brachytherapy techniques for positive or close surgical margins (1989)

Tumors attached or adjacent to critical structures can often not be completely resected or resected with adequate surgical margins. Sites involving major blood vessels, the paravertebral spaces, or critical abdominal structures often present technical difficulties for standard brachytherapy procedures using I-125 or Ir-192 implants. These techniques allow for a high-dose delivery to the tumor bed with minimal normal tissue toxicity. A relatively simple and accurate method is described using I-125 seeds in Vicryl suture threaded through Gelfoam. These permanent implant procedures with radioactive I-125 seeds effectively treat small residual tumors or suspicious margins where standard brachytherapy techniques may be unsatisfactory and technically difficult to perform.
Stage implementation of RFID in hospitals (2010)

Many players in the hospital environment may be impacted. This includes patients, doctors, nurses, technicians, administrators, and other hospital personnel. Insurance and government agencies may be impacted as well. Different levels of training of hospital personnel will be required based on the degree of interaction with the RFID system. References to costs, Return On Investment, change management, ethical and legal considerations are also made to help the reader understand the benefits and implications of the technology in the hospital environment.
Comorbidity and Ventricular and Vascular Structure and Function in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (2012)

Comorbidities influence ventricular-vascular properties and outcomes in HFpEF, yet fundamental disease-specific changes in cardiovascular structure and function underlie this disorder. These data support the search for mechanistically targeted therapies in this disease.
Magnetometry based on sharpened high T/sub c/ GBJ Fraunhofer patterns (1997)

At EUCAS'95, we reported on the large enhancement of the sharpness of the diffraction pattern exhibited by YBCO grain boundary junctions on bicrystal substrates. This effect results from large focusing effects of the superconducting electrodes; the geometry used is a small square washer (630/spl times/630 /spl mu/m/sup 2/) with the junction in the center. For such devices, the Fraunhofer pattern is contracted around the value B/sub n//spl ap/0 where B/sub n/ is the perpendicular magnetic field applied to the washer. A FWHM of the Fraunhofer pattern of 155 mG has been observed leading to a field response of 176 A/T or 50 V/T corresponding to voltage and current biasing modes respectively. A white noise level of 3 pT//spl radic/Hz mas measured. Although a field modulation was applied to remove some of the "1/f" noise, an unusual telegraphic noise appearing as jumps of about 20 nT still remained. This is probably associated to vortex hopping between pinning sites in the vicinity of the junction. We propose a possible way for removing such large perturbations. These devices are to be used in active shielding systems and will be very useful in SQUID systems to be operated in an open environment.
Re-Inventing Infectious Disease: Antibiotic Resistance and Drug Development at the Bayer Company 1945–80 (2016)

This paper analyses how research on antibiotic resistance has been a driving force in the development of new antibiotics. Drug resistance, while being a problem for physicians and patients, offers attractive perspectives for those who research and develop new medicines. It imposes limits on the usability of older medicines and simultaneously modifies pathologies in a way that opens markets for new treatments. Studying resistance can thus be an important part of developing and marketing antibiotics. The chosen example is that of the German pharmaceutical company Bayer. Before World War Two, Bayer had pioneered the development of anti-infective chemotherapy, sulpha drugs in particular, but had missed the boat when it came to fungal antibiotics. Exacerbated by the effects of war, Bayer's world market presence, which had been considerable prior to the war, had plummeted. In this critical situation, the company opted for a development strategy that tried to capitalise on the problems created by the use of first-generation antibiotics. Part and parcel of this strategy was monitoring what can be called the structural change of infectious disease. In practice, this meant to focus on pathologies resulting from resistance and hospital infections. In addition, Bayer also focused on lifestyle pathologies such as athlete's foot. This paper will follow drug development and marketing at Bayer from 1945 to about 1980. In this period, Bayer managed to regain some of its previous standing in markets but could not escape from the overall crisis of anti-infective drug development from the 1970s on.
IV.<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>strain-specific activation of signal transduction cascades related to gastric inflammation (2001)

Helicobacter pylori strains that possess the cag pathogenicity island induce more severe gastritis and augment the risk of developing peptic ulcer disease and distal gastric cancer. A specific mechanism by which cag(+) strains may enhance gastritis is strain-selective regulation of interleukin (IL)-8 production. On contact with gastric epithelial cells, H. pylori activates multiple signal transduction cascades that regulate IL-8 secretion, including nuclear factor-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and these events are dependent on genes within the cag island. An independent effect of cag-mediated cellular contact is translocation and phosphorylation of H. pylori proteins within the host epithelial cell. The redundancy of intracellular signaling cascades activated by H. pylori and the divergent epithelial cell responses induced by components of the cag island may contribute to the ability of this organism to persist for decades within the gastric niche.
Solarization is an Effective Soil Disinfestation Technique for Strawberry Production (1993)

Soil solarization, alone and combined with metam sodium (MS), was evaluated as an alternative to methyl bromide and chloropicrin (MBC) fumigation, the standard soil disinfestation technique in the California strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) industry. Tests were conducted in two consecutive annual production cycles in Irvine, Calif., an environment representative of the coastal strawberry production area. Solarization treatments were applied from late July through September for October plantings. Treatments were equally effective in reducing baited populations of Phytophthora cactorum [(Lebert and Cohn) J. Schröt] (1989-90) and P. citricola Sawada (1990-91) when compared to pathogen survival in nontreated soil. Solarization and MBC reduced Verticillium dahliae Kleb inocnlnm in 1989-90, but MBC gave superior control in 1990-91. Solarization significantly controlled annual weeds, but was less effective than MBC. In 1989-90, solarization alone increased strawberry yield 12 % over the yield of nontreated plots; when combined with MS, yield increase was 29%, equivalent to that achieved with MBC fumigation. Treatments were equally effective in increasing yields in the 1990-91 test. Chemical names used: sodium N -methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium), chloropicrin nitrotrichloromethane (chloropicrin).
High-Permeable Membranes and Hypersensitivity-Like Reactions: Role of Dialysis Fluid Contamination (1990)

We have recently observed repeated hypersensitivity-like reactions (skin flush, face and tongue tingling, hypotension, and dispnea) during the first 5 min of dialysis in a small number of our dialysis population treated with high-flux membranes and traditional acetate dialysate. This prompted us to investigate the relationship between these reactions and the presence of contamination of the dialysate fluid. We hypothesized that in the presence of contaminated dialysate fluid and high-flux membranes backfiltration of pyrogens may occur through the membrane into the blood compartment, leading to hypersensitivity-like reactions. These events are more likely to occur at the onset of dialysis due to rapid changes of hydrostatic pressure gradients across the dialysis membranes. 6 out of 48 dialysis patients who experienced hypersensitivity-like reactions were followed for 4 weeks. During the 1st week they were treated with high-permeable membranes and during the 2nd week with cuprophane membranes. The dialysate showed high levels of contamination with bacteria and endotoxin during dialysis with both types of membranes (microbial count 4,123 +/- 2,756 and 1,991 +/- 1,950 colony-forming units/ml; endotoxin 26.2 +/- 8.4 and 23 +/- 4.2 endotoxin units/ml, respectively); however the symptoms occurred only during dialysis with high-flux membranes. This suggests that backfiltration of contaminated dialysate into the blood might have occurred during the early phases of dialysis only when using high-flux membranes, but not when using cuprophane membranes. To test this possibility we introduced a new dialyzer-rinsing device consisting of two simple connection lines which allow to rinse, in a concurrent manner, the dialysate and the blood compartments of the dialyzer with sterile saline solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An 18mW 90 to 770MHz synthesizer with agile auto-tuning for digital TV-tuners (2006)

An 18mW 90-to-770MHz I/Q synthesizer is fabricated in a 1.2V 0.11mum CMOS process. The architecture is optimized to achieve low power and wide tuning range. A divide-by-3.5 7b VCO with an agile auto-tuning block is included. Phase noise is < -100dBc/Hz at 100kHz offset
Free-Radical Polymerization of Dimethyl Vinylbenzylphosphonate Controlled by Tempo (2002)

The free radical polymerization of a phosphonated styrene, dimethyl vinylbenzylphosphonate (VBP), in the presence of stable nitroxide 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl radical (TEMPO), initiated by dicumyl peroxide (DCP) at 125 °C, has been studied. The apparent rate of polymerization Kp[M•] is eight times higher than that of styrene, but the “living” character of the polymerization could not be verified by SEC. So, a macromolecular initiator PS−TEMPO was used in order to follow the evolution of average number molecular weights by 1H NMR. Under these conditions, the “living” character of the polymerization could be checked and various block copolymers (11000/7500; 11000/11000) were prepared. As for vinylbenzyl chloride and other monomers bearing electroattractive groups, the polymerization was shown to be much faster than that of styrene.
High voltage processing of the SLC polarized electron gun (2002)

The SLC polarized electron gun operates at 120 kV with very low dark current to maintain the ultra high vacuum (UHV). This strict requirement protects the extremely sensitive photocathode from contaminants caused by high voltage (HV) activity. Thorough HV processing thus required. An X-ray sensitive photographic film, a nanoammeter in series with the gun power supply, a radiation meter, a sensitive residual gas analyzer and surface X-ray spectrometry were used to study areas in the gun where HV activity occurred. By reducing the electric field gradients, carefully preparing the HV surfaces and adhering to very strict clean assembly procedures, we found it possible to process the gun so as to reduce both the dark current at the operating voltage and the probability of HV discharge. These HV preparation and processing techniques are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A New Performance of the Reaction of PCl3/AlCl3 with Anisoles − One-Pot and Multi-Step Syntheses of a New Fused-Ring System [1,2,3]Benzoxadiphospholo[2,3-b][1,2,3]benzoxadiphosphole (2001)

Anisoles 4 react with AlCl3 and PCl3 to yield the new fused bicyclic system derivatives 5 and 6 as major products in a one-pot procedure. An alternative multi-step synthesis of this system is also reported in which bis(o-methoxyaryl)phosphane oxides 11 are treated with AlCl3 and PCl3; the diarylphosphane oxides 11 are obtained by a new simple method.
Acetylcholine raises excitability by inhibiting the fast transient potassium current in cultured hippocampal neurons. (1986)

The effects of acetylcholine on cultured hippocampal neurons were investigated by using the whole-cell version of the patch-clamp technique. The CA1 region of the hippocampus was excised from brain slices of young rats (12-19 day old), incubated in a papain solution, and dissociated. Neurons were plated on a glial feeder layer. The experiments were conducted mostly on neurons cultured for 2-6 days. Upon depolarization under voltage clamp, these cells exhibited a fast transient outward current (A-current), which was inhibited by 4-aminopyridine (2.5 mM). Acetylcholine (0.1 microM) also inhibited this A-current, as did the muscarinic agonists bethanechol and muscarine. As expected from their inhibition of the A-current, acetylcholine and 4-aminopyridine both increased the amplitude of the action potential and prolonged its duration. We conclude that the inhibition of the A-current constitutes a mechanism by which acetylcholine exerts its excitatory influence on hippocampal neurons.
On Decision Aided Carrier Phase and Frequency Offset Estimation in Coherent Optical Receivers (2013)

We investigate carrier estimation (CE) for coherent optical receivers where the received signal is impaired by additive white Gaussian noise, laser phase noise, and frequency offset. Best practical 4-, 8-, and 16-point constellations are identified. A generalized differential encoding rule for signal constellations is presented. Performance of our complex-weighted decision-aided maximum-likelihood (CW-DA-ML) phase noise and frequency offset estimator is analyzed at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the optimal filter lengths are found. CW-DA-ML CE is put in perspective with respect to two fundamental estimators in the literature: (i) differential frequency estimator followed by block <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> th power phase estimator (DiffFE- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> th CE), and (ii) fast Fourier transform based frequency estimator followed by block <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> th power phase estimator (FFTbE- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> th CE), in terms of laser linewidth tolerance, frequency estimation range and speed, SNR threshold, and cycle slip probability. CW-DA-ML CE is 2.5 and 10.5 times faster than DiffFE- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> th CE in 4 phase-shift keying and 16 quadrature amplitude modulation signals, respectively, at a 1-dB system penalty for a bit-error rate of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> . Our CE has lower cycle slip probability and transmission overhead than DiffFE- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> th and FFTbE- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> th CE. Hence, our CE is shown to be favourable in pilot-assisted (PA) systems. A PA CW-DA-ML CE is introduced and shown to be robust against time-varying frequency offset with minimal training overhead. Analog-to-digital convertor quantization error on our CE performance is also addressed.
Self-checking scheme for very fast clocks' skew correction (2003)

This paper presents a digital scheme to correct undesired skews between couples of clocks of synchronous systems. Correction is automatically and very fastly performed during system run-time. The proposed scheme is self-checking with respect to a wide set of possible internal (permanent as well as temporary) faults, and is easily scalable to account for different skew tolerance/sensitivity requirements. It is suitable to be implemented in VLSI, very deep submicron technology, as well as using field programmable gate arrays.
Comparison of expression pattern of monoamine oxidase A with histopathologic subtypes and tumour grade of renal cell carcinoma (2012)

Taken together, our results and findings of other studies show that MAO-A expression in high-grade tumours may have a direct role in maintaining a dedifferentiated phenotype and promoting aggressive behaviour. The ability of clorgyline (an MAO-A inhibitor) to counteract oncogenic pathways and promote differentiation suggests that MAO-A inhibitors, which have been used for many years in clinical practise for treating neurological disorders, could be therapeutic options for advanced stages of tumours.
Chemical Composition of the Edible Mushroom <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> Produced by Fermentation (1986)

Pleurotus ostreatus ;Florida' was grown in submerged liquid culture. The biomass yield of the fungus, grown for 3 days in 2-liter fermentors, where the mycelial pellets measuring 5 mm in diameter were formed, was 11.7 g (dry weight)/liter. Comparing the chemical constituents of fruiting bodies produced on cotton straw and mycelial pellets revealed several similarities in total nitrogen, protein, glycogen, fatty acids, RNA, and ash content. Differences were observed in the contents of six amino acids. Although the total fatty acid content was similar, there were more saturated fatty acids in the mycelium. Cell wall composition, typical for basidiomycetes, was observed in both mycelium and fruiting bodies, with laminarin as the main polymer.
Continuous monitoring of cardiac function by 3-dimensional accelerometers in a closed-chest pig model (2015)

Miniaturized 3D accelerometers placed on the heart can assess global and regional function in a closed-chest model. The technique may be used for continuous postoperative monitoring after cardiac surgery.
Reproducible mini-slump test procedure for measuring the yield stress of cementitious pastes (2017)

The mini-slump test is a fast, inexpensive and widely adopted method for evaluating the workability of fresh cementitious pastes. However, this method lacks a standardised procedure for its experimental implementation, which is crucial to guarantee reproducibility and reliability of the test results. This study investigates and proposes a guideline procedure for mini-slump testing, focusing on the influence of key experimental (mixing and testing) parameters on the statistical performance of the results. The importance of preparation of always testing at the same time after mixing, testing each batch once rather than conducting multiple tests on a single batch of material, is highlighted. A set of alkali-activated fly ash-slag pastes, spanning from 1 to 75 Pa yield stresses, were used to validate the test method, by comparison of calculated yield stresses with the results obtained using a conventional vane viscometer. The proposed experimental procedure for mini-slump testing produces highly reproducible results, and the yield stress calculated from mini-slump values correlate very well with those measured by viscometer, in the case of fresh paste of pure shear flow. Mini-slump testing is a reliable method that can be utilised for the assessment of workability of cements.
Basic Control Volume Finite Element Methods for Fluids and Solids (2009)

Governing Equations The Essential Ingredients in a Numerical Solution Control Volume Finite Element Data Structure Control Volume Finite Element Method (CVFEM) Discretization and Solution The Control Volume Finite Difference Method Analytical and CVFEM Solutions of Advection-Diffusion Equations The CVFEM Solution for Plane Stress and Plane Strain Elasticity The CVFEM Solution for the Stream-Function Vorticity Form of the Navier-Stokes Equations Notes for the Extension of CVFEM to Three Dimensions.