gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced viral production and infection of bacterioplankton during an iron‐induced phytoplankton bloom in the Southern Ocean (2009)

We followed the viral response to Fe‐enrichment over 3 weeks during the second iron‐enrichment experiment (EisenEx) in the Southern Ocean. Although viral abundance increased in a rather constant way during the course of the experiment inside the patch, the production of bacterial viruses and the fraction of infected cells in bacterioplankton exhibited pronounced maxima on days 7 and 21. In contrast, these parameters remained fairly constant outside the Fe‐fertilized patch. Viral production was also stimulated directly after the Fe‐enrichment. Within the Fe‐replete patch, viral abundance and production was on average 2‐ and 3‐fold, respectively, higher than outside the patch. On average 40% of the bacteria contained viruses in a lytic stage inside the Fe‐replete patch compared to 21% outside the patch. About 11‐12% of the bacteria contained a viral genome inducible with mitomycin C in both inside and outside the patch. Randomly amplified polymorphic desoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction analysis suggested the development of a specific viral community in the patch. Although short‐term stimulation of viral production was likely due to increased bacterial activity, the long‐term stimulation was likely also influenced by an increased encounter rate between bacterial viruses and hosts. Viral lysis was responsible for most of the bacterioplankton mortality in the patch. Overall, most of the bacterial carbon production entered the detrital or dissolved organic matter pool via the viral shunt in the patch.
An ultra-low-power-consumption high-speed GaAs quasi-differential switch flip-flop (QD-FF) (1996)

The developed GaAs static flip-flop operates at a data rate of 10 Gb/s with a power consumption of 2.8 mW at a supply voltage of 0.6 V. The power consumption at 10 Gb/s is 1/3 that of the lowest reported value for D-FFs. A divider using the QD-FF configuration operates at a clock frequency of 16 GHz with a power consumption of 2.4 mW at a supply voltage of 0.6 V. The power-delay product is about one-third that of the lowest reported value for dividers.
Origins of 1/<i>f</i> noise in indium antimonide photodiodes (1997)

1/f noise in indium antimonide (InSb) photodiodes has been measured as function of temperature, gate bias, diode voltage, junction area, and photon flux in order to identify the dominant noise mechanisms. Since these parameters varied the relative contributions of the various current mechanisms, the diode current mechanism responsible for 1/f noise was isolated. It was found that 1/f noise is independent of photocurrent and diffusion current but is linearly related to surface generation current. It is proposed that 1/f noise in reverse-biased InSb photodiodes is a result of modulation of the surface generation current by fluctuations in the surface potential.
Photocurrent multiplication in hydrogenated amorphous silicon staircase photodiode films (1996)

The available multiplication of photocurrent was observed in the a-Si:H/a-Si1−xCx:H staircase photodiode film which was fabricated by a high-vacuum plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition on a heavily doped n-type silicon substrate. It was found that the saturated maximum gain is about 6 for the staircase photodiode having three conduction band steps. The fabrication process and device characteristics are reported in this letter.
Primary Teratoma of the Lesser Sac: Lesser Sac Teratoma (2012)

Germ cell tumors predominantly involve the gonads but may rarely be found outside of the gonads, primarily in midline structures. We describe the case of a 27-year-old male with an asymptomatic 8 cm teratoma located within the lesser sac of his omentum. This is the fourth case of a teratoma located within the lesser sac of the omentum, which provides the opportunity to make some comparisons. Finally, we discuss some of the etiologic theories behind extragonadal germ cell tumors and how they relate to teratomas in the lesser sac.
Application of FRET probes in the analysis of neuronal plasticity (2013)

Breakthroughs in imaging techniques and optical probes in recent years have revolutionized the field of life sciences in ways that traditional methods could never match. The spatial and temporal regulation of molecular events can now be studied with great precision. There have been several key discoveries that have made this possible. Since GFP was cloned in 1992, it has become the dominant tracer of proteins in living cells. Then the evolution of color variants of GFP opened the door to the application of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), which is now widely recognized as a powerful tool to study complicated signal transduction events and interactions between molecules. Employment of fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) allows the precise detection of FRET in small subcellular structures such as dendritic spines. In this review, we provide an overview of the basic and practical aspects of FRET imaging and discuss how different FRET probes have revealed insights into the molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and enabled visualization of neuronal network activity both in vitro and in vivo.
Population genetic consequences of the fragile-X syndrome, based on the X-inactivation imprinting model. (1990)

We have examined the population genetic consequences of the model of Laird (Genetics 117:587-599, 1987) in which the fragile-X syndrome is caused by "imprinting" of a mutant chromosome. The imprinting event in this model results from a block to reactivation of an inactive X chromosome prior to oogenesis. If it is assumed that males carrying the imprinted chromosome never reproduce, the frequencies of females and males carrying the imprinted chromosome are expected to be equal. When a mutation-selection balance is established, there are expected to be somewhat more than twice as many females carrying the nonimprinted fragile X as carry the imprinted fragile-X chromosome, the excess depending on the fertility of fragile-X females. Nonpenetrant (transmitting) males, i.e., those with the nonimprinted fragile-X chromosome, are expected to be present at about the same frequency as are males with the syndrome. More than one-third of the nonimprinted chromosomes in the population are expected to be newly arisen in each generation. We have considered possible alternatives to the model of a mutation-selection balance. Nonimprinted carrier females would need to have 100% fertility excess to avoid postulating a high mutation rate to account for the very high prevalence of the syndrome.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin G is a potent adjuvant for experimental allergen immunotherapy (2012)

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only treatment for allergic diseases that targets allergen-specific T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, which are the cause of the disease. There is an unmet requirement for adjuvants that increase the clinical efficacy of SIT allowing application of lower doses of the allergen, thereby reducing the risk of anaphylactic reactions. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA-4-Ig) has been shown to induce immunological tolerance in autoimmunity and allograft transplantation by blocking T cell co-stimulation and induction of the immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). Previously, we showed that CTLA-4-Ig treatment at the time of allergen inhalation induced tolerance to subsequent allergen exposure in a mouse model of asthma. In this study, we test the hypothesis that CTLA-4-Ig acts as an adjuvant for experimental SIT. We evaluated the adjuvant effects of CTLA-4-Ig on SIT in a mouse model of ovalbumin-driven asthma. We used both wild-type and IDO-deficient mice to assess the role of IDO in the adjuvant effects of CTLA-4-Ig. Co-administration of CTLA-4-Ig strongly increased SIT-induced suppression of airway hyperreactivity (AHR), specific IgE in serum, airway eosinophilia and Th2 cytokine levels. Moreover, we found that CTLA-4-Ig, as an adjuvant for SIT, is equally effective in IDO-deficient and wild-type mice, demonstrating that the effect of CTLA-4-Ig is independent of IDO expression. We show that CTLA-4-Ig acts as a potent adjuvant to augment the therapeutic effects of SIT. As the adjuvant activity of CTLA-4-Ig is independent of IDO, we conclude that it acts by blocking CD28-mediated T cell co-stimulation.
Determination of the diffusion coefficient between corn syrup and distilled water using a digital camera (2007)

A simple technique for determining the diffusion coefficient between two miscible liquids is presented based on observing concentration-dependent ultraviolet-excited fluorescence using a digital camera. The ultraviolet-excited visible fluorescence of corn syrup is proportional to the concentration of the syrup. The variation of fluorescence with distance from the transition zone between the fluids is fit by the Fick’s law solution to the diffusion equation. By monitoring the concentration at successive times, the diffusion coefficient can be determined in otherwise transparent materials. The technique is quantitative and makes measurement of diffusion accessible in the advanced undergraduate physics laboratory.
[Behavior of iron fixed on bovine and phosphorylated casein after hydrolysis produced by digestive proteases]. (1994)

The phosphate groups of the native and phosphorylated casein have the property of sequestering the iron. This metal fixation depends on the casein's degree of phosphorylation. The phosphate groups either, naturally present or chemically binded, are the preferential fixation sites for iron. They modify the affinity constant of the casein respecto to iron. Both, phosphorylation and ironfixation influence negatibily the caseins sensibility to digestive protease. Whichever the enzyme might be, the hydrolysis of the casein with fixed iron produces fixed iron peptides. It seems that iron retention is a function of the number of phosphate groups associated to casein.
Rodlike Colloidal Structure of Short Pendant Chain Perfluorinated Ionomer Solutions (1998)

The colloidal structure of perfluorinated ionomer solutions in polar solvents which are not able to dissolve the neutral polymer analogue is confirmed studying short pendant chain perfluorosulfonated ionomer solutions by small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering. The analysis of the form factor obtained from the "dilute" solution spectra combined with the asymptotic behavior at large q values indicates the existence of rodlike shape aggregates. The radius is found to be 17 Å for aqueous solutions. The effects of the nature of the solvent and of the presence of added salt are studied. The origin of the scattering maximum is attributed to a local ordering between aggregates, and the value of the radius calculated from the peak position using space filling arguments compares well with other determinations. Finally, the study of the evolution of the reduced viscosity against the concentration shows evidence of a strong polyelectrolyte effect.
Linkage analysis of families with hereditary retinoblastoma: nonpenetrance of mutation, revealed by combined use of markers within and flanking the RB1 gene. (1989)

Nonpenetrance of the inherited mutation responsible for retinoblastoma has been reported. By DNA analysis in families with hereditary retinoblastoma, it is possible to identify healthy individuals in whom the mutation is nonpenetrant. This requires the use of DNA markers both within and flanking the retinoblastoma gene. We have analyzed the segregation of several markers in 19 families (69 meioses) with hereditary retinoblastoma. In two families a carrier was identified who showed nonpenetrance of the mutation predisposing to retinoblastoma. The intragenic markers were informative in 15 pedigrees. The use of flanking markers from the same chromosomal region caused an increase of the number of informative families to 18. No crossing-over within the gene was observed. In one family an inherited deletion involving one of the RB1 alleles was detected. Our findings emphasize the use of a combination of both intragenic and flanking markers to obtain both the highest reliability of carrier detection in families with hereditary retinoblastoma and an accurate estimate of the frequency of nonpenetrance.
An efficient layout style for 2-metal CMOS leaf cells and their automatic generation (1991)

We propose a new layout style that enables an automatic layout synthesizer to take full advantage of the second metal layer available from today's technology.
Vehicular engine oil service life characterization using On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) sensor data (2014)

Standardized vehicular On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) systems offer access to information commonly used for fault notification and reactive diagnostic services. Recently, there have been efforts to use OBD data to diagnose and predict faults prior to catastrophic failure events. Engine oil service life, a parameter directly related to engine longevity, is difficult to measure conventionally. We show that the rate of engine coolant temperature rise, readily obtainable through the OBD suite, can serve as a proxy to indicate the remaining engine oil life. We demonstrate consistent results for one vehicle under similar environmental and unloaded engine operating conditions. We also examine the validity of this approach under varying environmental and engine loading conditions with tests on a second vehicle.
Blockchain Application for Central Banks: A Systematic Mapping Study (2020)

Blockchain is a novel technology capturing the attention of Central Banks and a technology with significant disruptive potential. However, a gap in research effort between practitioners and academics seems to have emerged. This paper analyses and maps that gap by exploring trends in peer-reviewed research contributions through thematic categorisation of academic literature on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) use-cases for services, operations and functions performed by central banks. Furthermore, this paper provides summaries of opportunities and challenges for central banks arising from blockchain adaptation to each of those use-cases. To achieve this goal, we utilise a Systematic Mapping Study approach. The paper presents an in-depth assessment of statistical and thematic analysis of research maturity and the types of researchers, with specific emphasis on types of central bank use-cases considered for blockchain adaptation. Our work contributes to an understanding of where the most or least attention is directed, allowing for identification of gaps and opportunities for both academics, practitioners and combinations of each. Results show that the research topic is a comparatively new domain. It confirms the gap between depth and volume of the research provision from industry and academia, with industry leading the trend. Our study also found that the most research-intensive use-cases are those for: 1) Central Bank issued Digital Currency (CBDC), 2) Regulatory Compliance and 3) Payment Clearing and Settlement Systems (PCS) operated by central banks; a comparatively low engagement was found in the areas of 4) Assets Transfer/Ownership and 5) Audit Trail.
Transmembrane segment peptides with double <scp>D</scp>‐amino acid replacements: Helicity, hydrophobicity, and antimicrobial activity (2003)

The adoption of a helical conformation in a membrane environment effectively increases the "apparent hydrophobicity" of a peptide segment by satisfying the backbone H-bonding potential, thus stabilizing it in this environment. Here we sought to explore whether destabilizing the helical conformation would have a measurable effect on the apparent hydrophobicity of such segments in both aqueous and membrane-mimetic environments. In order to uncouple peptide hydrophobicity from helicity, we used the prototypic KKAAAAAAAAAAAAWAAAAAAKKKKNH(2) peptide as a template, and performed pairwise DD-scanning mutagenesis over the length of the sequence. Studies on this library of 13 peptides show that the DD replacements at positions near the center of peptide sequence had the most significant effects on the peptides' retention time in high performance liquid chromatography experiments. Decreased retention times correlate well with decreased helicity as measured by CD spectroscopy in the aqueous environment. Trp fluorescence measurements indicated that the peptides displayed a significant red shift in LPC (but not LPG) with peptides having DD replacements near the middle of the peptide sequence, emphasizing the importance of the anionic membrane in promoting peptide insertion. When tested against a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli, antimicrobial activity of the DD-peptides correlated with the apparent hydrophobicity but not with the overall micelle-based helical content of the peptides per se. Further analysis of the DD-positional dependence of the antimicrobial activity suggests that the presence of a local, uninterrupted stretch of helical structure (10-12 residues) may be a prerequisite for peptide biological activity. The overall findings support the notion that one should distinguish between the hydrophobicity of individual residues and the apparent hydrophobicity of the peptide as a whole, as the latter will ultimately have a greater influence on the properties of the full-length species.
Spaces of ideals of distributive lattices II. Minimal prime ideals (1974)

This paper, the second of a sequence beginning with [14], deals with the relationship between a distributive lattice L = ( L ; ∨, ∧, 0) with zero, and certain spaces of minimal prime ideals of L. Similar studies of minimal prime ideals in commutative semigroups [8] and in commutative rings [6] inspired this work, and many of our results are similar to ones in these two articles. However the nature of our situation enables many of these results to be pushed deeper and thus to arrive at a more satisfactory state; indeed with the insight obtained from the simpler lattice situation, one can return to some topics considered in [6], [8] and give complete accounts. We do not do this in the present paper, but leave the details to the reader, see e.g. [15]. Also a study of minimal prime ideals illuminates some topics in the theory of distributive lattices, particularly Stone lattices.
High‐Resolution <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>‐Methyladenosine (m<sup>6</sup>A) Map Using Photo‐Crosslinking‐Assisted m<sup>6</sup>A Sequencing (2014)

N(6) -methyladenosine (m(6) A) is an abundant internal modification in eukaryotic mRNA and plays regulatory roles in mRNA metabolism. However, methods to precisely locate the m(6) A modification remain limited. We present here a photo-crosslinking-assisted m(6) A sequencing strategy (PA-m(6) A-seq) to more accurately define sites with m(6) A modification. Using this strategy, we obtained a high-resolution map of m(6) A in a human transcriptome. The map resembles the general distribution pattern observed previously, and reveals new m(6) A sites at base resolution. Our results provide insight into the relationship between the methylation regions and the binding sites of RNA-binding proteins.
Quantitative Studies of In Vitro Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Plaque Formation by Organic Amines (1975)

The abilities of five, long-chain aliphatic monamines to inhibit the deposition of Plaque formed by Streptococcus mutans on stainless-steel wires were determined. The compounds along with their relative inhibitory potencies that were studied are N-methyltetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, dodecylamine, N-ethyldodecylamine, and octylamine. Activities are compared with critical micelle concentrations, partition coefficients, and quantum mechanical charges on the amine nitrogens.
Improved layout for a resonant 2D micro scanning mirror with low operation voltages (2003)

The Fraunhofer Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Dresden, has been developing resonant Micro Scanning Mirrors for several years. They are designed for large deflection angles at low driving voltages in resonant operation. A couple of changes and optimizations in the layout of the 2-scanner that have improved performance and reliability are presented and discussed. Different variants have been fabricated by bulk-micromachining in bonded silicon-on-insulator-substrates and have been characterized. Mirror plate and gimbal can be rectangular or elliptical, now. New comb structures of the driving electrodes allow optimization of either capacitance, damping or electromechanical stability. Complex insulation structures reduce parasitic capacitance and increase reliability and mechanical stability. Various design variants were fabricated and characterized. Low-frequency devices with characteristic frequencies under 500 Hz reached scan ranges over 45° (±11.2 degrees mechanically) at voltages below 20V. The high-frequency devices with 8.4 kHz / 1 kHz reached 17.5° / 35° at 40 V / 30 V, respectively.
SPLL design to flux oriented of a VSC interface for wind power applications (2005)

Accurate phase information is crucial for most of modern power electronic systems such as VSC connected to the grid. In this paper, it is proposed an algorithm software phase-locked loop (SPLL) to obtain phase and frequency information of the grid voltage. This is based in an algorithm of on-line separation of the grid voltage sequences (DSC), and a discrete traditional PLL. A criterion to tune the SPLL constants from a PLL discrete linearized model is discussed. The SPLL response is evaluated for different grid disturbances and different SPLL parameters. Besides, a VSC connected to the grid through and L filter with the SPLL obtained in this paper has been tested for different configurations of SPLL and different grid perturbations. Conclusions about where to apply the SPLL different configurations are obtained from these last tests.
Activation of Dendritic Cells by Liposomes Prepared from Phosphatidylinositol Mannosides from<i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and Adjuvant Activity In Vivo (2004)

Liposome vesicles could be formed at 65 degrees C from the chloroform-soluble, total polar lipids (TPL) extracted from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) entrapped in TPL liposomes produced both anti-OVA antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were activated to secrete interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor upon exposure to antigen-free TPL liposomes. Three phosphoglycolipids and three phospholipids comprising 96% of TPL were identified as phosphatidylinositol dimannoside, palmitoyl-phosphatidylinositol dimannoside, dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylinositol dimannoside, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin. The activation of dendritic cells by liposomes prepared from each purified lipid component of TPL was evaluated in vitro. A basal activity of phosphatidylinositol liposomes to activate proinflammatory cytokine production appeared to be attributable to the tuberculosteric fatty acyl 19:0 chain characteristic of mycobacterial glycerolipids, as similar lipids lacking tuberculosteric chains showed little activity. Phosphatidylinositol dimannoside was identified as the primary lipid that activated dendritic cells to produce amounts of proinflammatory cytokines several times higher than the basal level, indicating the importance of mannose residues. Although the activity of phosphatidylinositol dimannoside was little influenced by palmitoylation of mannose at C-6, a further palmitoylation at inositol C-3 diminished the induction levels of IL-6 and IL-12. Further, OVA entrapped in palmitoyl-phosphatidylinositol dimannoside liposomes was delivered to dendritic cells for major histocompatibility complex class I presentation more effectively than TPL OVA-liposomes. BCG liposomes containing mannose lipids caused up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and CD40. Thus, the inclusion of pure phosphatidylinositol mannosides of BCG in lipid vesicle vaccines represents a simple and efficient option for targeting antigen delivery and providing immune stimulation.