gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Multilayer Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Neural Network for Grammatical Error Correction (2018)

We improve automatic correction of grammatical, orthographic, and collocation errors in text using a multilayer convolutional encoder-decoder neural network. The network is initialized with embeddings that make use of character N-gram information to better suit this task. When evaluated on common benchmark test data sets (CoNLL-2014 and JFLEG), our model substantially outperforms all prior neural approaches on this task as well as strong statistical machine translation-based systems with neural and task-specific features trained on the same data. Our analysis shows the superiority of convolutional neural networks over recurrent neural networks such as long short-term memory (LSTM) networks in capturing the local context via attention, and thereby improving the coverage in correcting grammatical errors. By ensembling multiple models, and incorporating an N-gram language model and edit features via rescoring, our novel method becomes the first neural approach to outperform the current state-of-the-art statistical machine translation-based approach, both in terms of grammaticality and fluency.
Oxygen, Reactive Oxygen Species and Tissue Damage (2004)

The diatomic molecule of oxygen contains two uncoupled electrons and can therefore undergo reduction, yielding several different oxygen metabolites, which are collectively called Reactive Oxygen Species or ROS. They are invariably produced in aerobic environments through a variety of mechanisms, which include electron "leakage" during biologic oxidations, action of flavin dehydrogenases and specific membrane associated secretion, as well as by physical activation of oxygen by irradiation, e.g. UV sun-light. Organisms have developed efficient protective mechanisms against excessive accumulation of ROS, which include superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical, since all these metabolites are highly reactive and affect almost every kind of organism, either directly or through conversion into other derivatives, notably NO-derived radicals or RNS. Depending on their tissue concentration they can either exert beneficial physiologic effects (control of gene expression and mitogenesis) or damage cell structures, including lipids and membranes, proteins and nucleic acids, leading to cell death. In this brief overview we summarize the present state-of-the-art, restricting the discussion to the role of ROS in physiology and pathology, not taking into account RNS. Discussion will focus on basic chemical and biochemical features of ROS, underlining how ROS can promote severe diseases, including neoplastic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This brief discussion should clarify the present huge interest in ROS, in the perspective to develop new and specific therapeutic approaches.
Design and Analysis of a Kaplan Turbine Runner Wheel (2017)

The demand for renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar and wind has been rapidly growing over the last few decades due to the increasing environmental issues and the predicted scarcity of fossil fuels. Among the renewable energy sources, hydropower generation is one of the primary sources which date back to 1770s. Hydropower turbines are in two types as impulse and reaction where Kaplan turbine is a reaction type which was invented in 1913. The efficiency of a turbine is highly influenced by its runner wheel and this work aims to study the design of a Kaplan turbine runner wheel. First, a theoretical design was performed for determining the main characteristics where it showed an efficiency of 94%. Usually, theoretical equations are generalized and simplified and also they assumed constants of experienced data and hence a theoretical design will only be an approximate. This was confirmed as the same theoretical design showed only 59.98% of efficiency with a computational fluids dynamics (CFD) evaluation. Then, the theoretically proposed design was further analysed where pressure distribution and inlet/outlet tangential velocities of the blades were analysed and corrected with CFD to improve the efficiency of power generation. The original design could be improved to achieve an efficiency of 93.01%. In general, the blades' inlet/outlet angles showed a significant influence on the turbine's power output. Finally, a comparison of the optimised and theoretical design is presented.
Transport and Subcellular Localization of Polyamines in Carrot Protoplasts and Vacuoles (1988)

Putrescine and spermidine uptake in carrot (Daucus carota L., cv "Tip top") protoplasts and isolated vacuoles was studied. Protoplasts and vacuoles accumulated polyamines very quickly, with maximum absorption within 1 to 2 minutes. The insertion of a washing layer containing 100 millimolar unlabeled putrescine or spermidine did not change this pattern, but strongly reduced the uptake of putrescine and spermidine in protoplasts and in vacuoles. The dependence of spermidine uptake on the external concentration was linear up to the highest concentrations tested in protoplasts, while that in vacuoles showed saturation kinetics below 1 millimolar (K(m) = 61.8 micromolar) and a linear component from 1 to 50 millimolar. Spermidine uptake in protoplasts increased linearly between pH 5.5 and 7.0, while there was a distinct optimum at pH 7.0 for vacuoles. Preincubation of protoplasts with 1 millimolar Ca(2+) affected only surface binding but not transport into the cells. Nonpermeant polycations such as La(3+) and polylysine inhibited spermidine uptake into protoplasts. Compartmentation studies showed that putrescine and spermidine were partly vacuolar in location and that exogenously applied spermidine could be recovered inside the cells. The characteristics of the protoplast and vacuolar uptake system induce us to put forward the hypothesis of a passive influx of polyamines through the plasmalemma and of the presence of a carrier-mediated transport system localized in the tonoplast.
Tranexamic acid in trauma (2013)

Napolitano, Lena M. MD; Cohen, Mitchell J. MD; Cotton, Bryan A. MD, MPH; Schreiber, Martin A. MD; Moore, Ernest E. MD Author Information
Liver repair and hemorrhage control using laser soldering of liquid albumin in a porcine model (2000)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate laser soldering using liquid albumin for welding liver lacerations and sealing raw surfaces created by segmental resection of a lobe. Major liver trauma has a high mortality due to immediate exsanguination and a delayed morbidity and mortality from septicemia, peritonitis, biliary fistulae and delayed secondary hemorrhage. Eight laceration injuries (6 cm long X 2 cm deep) and eight non-anatomical resection injuries (raw surface 6 cm X 2 cm) were repaired. An 805 nm laser was used to weld 53% liquid albumin-ICG solder to the liver surface, reinforcing it with a free autologous omental scaffold. The animals were heparinized to simulate coagulation failure and hepatic inflow occlusion was used for vascular control. For both laceration and resection injuries, eight soldering repairs each were evaluated at three hours. A single suture repair of each type was evaluated at three hours. All 16 laser mediated liver repairs were accompanied by minimal blood loss as compared to the suture controls. No dehiscence, hemorrhage or bile leakage was seen in any of the laser repairs after three hours. In conclusion laser fusion repair of the liver is a quick and reliable technique to gain hemostasis on the cut surface as well as weld lacerations.
Paclitaxel as second and subsequent therapy for metastatic breast cancer: activity independent of prior anthracycline response. (1995)

Paclitaxel's clinically significant activity against metastatic breast cancer extends to patients with many prior chemotherapy regimens. The lack of impact of prior doxorubicin therapy on the likelihood of subsequent response to paclitaxel suggests an important role for this agent in the treatment of refractory metastatic breast cancer.
Metallized Kevlar for Undersea Electromechanical Cables (1984)

As a result of the mismatch of the elongation characteristics of conductors and kevlar strength-members in undersea electromechanical cables, the Naval Air Development Center initiated an investigation of copper-coated kevlar. The metallized kevlar was developed to be used as both conductor and strength-member in e-m cables. Both kevlar 29 and kevlar 49 were evaluated. Three cleaning methods, two electroless coatings, and three thicknesses of electrodeposited copper were applied to each type of kevlar, resulting in twenty variations of material. Tensile tests and dc resistance measurements were made to determine the best process of metallization and best candidate copper-coated kevlar yarn for undersea cables. The effort resulted in strong, conductive kevlar and indicated direction for further development leading to the fabrication of metallized kevlar cables.
Alcohol dehydrogenases from a facultative methylotrophic bacterium (1978)

Alcohol-oxidizing enzymes of the facultative methylotroph PAR were investigated after growth of the bacteria on methanol and ethanol. During methanol growth only a phenazine methosulfate-linked alcohol dehydrogenase was detected. This enzyme had broad specificity for primary alcohols and was also capable of oxidation of secondary alcohols. It had a molecular weight of 112,000, was composed of two subunits of equal molecular weight, and showed an absolute requirement for ammonium ion for activation. During ethanol growth this enzyme was absent and was replaced by a typical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked alcohol dehydrogenase of molecular weight 150,000. The latter enzyme also had broad specificity but could not oxidize methanol. This enzyme was not found during methanol growth. These data show that the organism has two distinctly separate mechanisms for oxidation of alcohols.
Insulin-like growth factor II peptide fusion enables uptake and lysosomal delivery of α-<i>N</i>-acetylglucosaminidase to mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB fibroblasts (2013)

Enzyme replacement therapy for MPS IIIB (mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB; also known as Sanfilippo B syndrome) has been hindered by inadequate mannose 6 phosphorylation and cellular uptake of rhNAGLU (recombinant human α-N-acetylglucosaminidase). We expressed and characterized a modified rhNAGLU fused to the receptor-binding motif of IGF-II (insulin-like growth factor 2) (rhNAGLU-IGF-II) to enhance its ability to enter cells using the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, which is also the receptor for IGF-II (at a different binding site). RhNAGLU-IGF-II was stably expressed in CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells, secreted and purified to apparent homogeneity. The Km and pH optimum of the fusion enzyme was similar to those reported for rhNAGLU. Both intracellular uptake and confocal microscopy suggested that MPS IIIB fibroblasts readily take up the fusion enzyme via receptor-mediated endocytosis that was inhibited significantly (P<0.001) by the monomeric IGF-II peptide. Glycosaminoglycan storage was reduced by 60% (P<0.001) to near background levels in MPS IIIB cells after treatment with rhNAGLU-IGF-II, with half-maximal correction at concentrations of 3-12 pM. A similar cellular uptake mechanism via the IGF-II receptor was also demonstrated in two different brain tumour-derived cell lines. Fusion of rhNAGLU to IGF-II enhanced its cellular uptake while maintaining enzymatic activity, supporting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for treating MPS IIIB.
Derived relations: a unified mechanism for views, snapshots, and distributed data (1981)

In a relational system, a database is composed of base relations, views, and snapshots. We show that this traditional approach can be extended to different classes of derived relations, and we propose a unified data definition mechanism for centralized and distributed databases.

Our mechanism, called DEREL, can be used to define base relations and to derive different classes of views, snapshots, partitioned and replicated data. DEREL is intended to be part of a general purpose distributed relational database management system.
IL-1β induces rod degeneration through the disruption of retinal glutamate homeostasis (2020)

Our study emphasizes the importance of inflammation in the deregulation of glutamate homeostasis and provides a comprehensive mechanism of action for IL-1β-induced rod degeneration.
The GB/SA Continuum Model for Solvation. A Fast Analytical Method for the Calculation of Approximate Born Radii (1997)

Atomic Born radii (α) are used in the generalized Born (GB) equation to calculate approximations to the electrical polarization component (Gpol) of solvation free energy. We present here a simple analytical formula for calculating Born radii rapidly and with useful accuracy. The new function is based on an atomic pairwise rij-4 treatment and contains several empirically determined parameters that were established by optimization against a data set of >10 000 accurate Born radii computed numerically using the Poisson equation on a diverse group of organic molecules, molecular complexes, oligopeptides, and a small protein. Coupling this new Born radius calculation with the previously described GB/SA solvation treatment provides a fully analytical solvation model that is computationally efficient in comparison with traditional molecular solvent models and also affords first and second derivatives. Tests with the GB/SA model and Born radii calculated with our new analytical function and with the accurate but more time-consuming Poisson−Boltzmann methods indicate that comparable free energies of solventlike dielectric polarization can be obtained using either method and that the resulting GB/SA solvation free energies compare well with the experimental results on small molecules in water.
Destruction of nonimmunogenic mammary tumor cells by a fusogenic oncolytic herpes simplex virus induces potent antitumor immunity (2004)

In principle, destruction of tumor cells in vivo by oncolytic agents would release the entire repertoire of tumor antigens in their natural forms, leading to effective antitumor immunity. This goal has been elusive despite extensive testing of numerous strategies. We developed a doubly fusogenic oncolytic herpes simplex virus (Synco-2D) that kills tumor cells by a unique dual mechanism combining direct cytolysis with syncytial formation induced by cell membrane fusion. A single intratumor injection of Synco-2D induced strong antitumor immunity against an otherwise nonimmunogenic murine mammary tumor growing in immune-competent mice. CD8+ T cells were the primary mediators of immunity, contributing to the destruction of both primary and metastatic tumors. We conclude that the fusogenic capacity of Synco-2D enables it to elicit antitumor immunity exceeding that induced by more conventional oncolytic viruses.
On building next generation data centers (2008)

The demand for data center solutions with lower total cost of ownership and lower complexity of management is driving the creation of next generation datacenters The information technology industry is in the midst of a transformation to lower the cost of operation through consolidation and better utilization of critical data center resources. Successful consolidation necessitates increasing utilization of capital intensive always-on data center infrastructure, and reducing the recurring cost of power. A need exists, therefore for an end to end methodology that can be used to design and manage dense data centers and determine the cost of operating a data center.The chip core to the cooling tower model must capture the power levels and thermo-fluids behavior of chips, systems, aggregation of systems in racks, rows of racks, room flow distribution, air conditioning equipment, hydronics, vapor compression systems, pumps and heat exchangers. Earlier work has outlined the foundation for creation of a smart data center through use of flexible cooling resources and a distributed sensing and control system that can provision the cooling resources based on the need. This paper shows a common platform which serves as an evaluation and basis for policy based control engine for such a smart data center with much broader reach -- from chip core to the cooling tower. In this paper, we propose a data center solution, which has three components: Cooling, Power and Compute. These three components collectively improve efficiency and manageability of the data center by supporting greater compaction, flexible building blocks that can be dynamically configured, dynamic optimization, better monitoring and visualization, and policy-based control. Coefficient of performance (COP) of the ensemble is defined that represents an overall measure of the efficiency of performance of energy flow during the operation of a data center.
A 2.6 GHz low phase-noise VCO monolithically integrated with high Q MEMS inductors (2002)

We present a fully-integrated high-performance VCO with on-chip MEMS inductors for the first time. The MEMS inductors have been realized from the proprietary CMOS-compatible MEMS process that we have developed to provide suspended thick metal structures for high Q inductors. Core CMOS VCO circuits including varactors have been designed and fabricated using by a commercially available TSMC 0.18 µm mixed-mode CMOS process. As post-CMOS processes, MEMS inductors have been monolithically integrated on the top of the CMOS core circuits. Low phase noise of -122 dBc/Hz has been achieved at 600 kHz offset from a resonant frequency of 2.6 GHz in the fabricated single chip VCOs.
Enhanced Hydrogen Bonding for the Adsorptive Recovery and Separations of Oxygenated Aromatic Compounds from Renewable Resources (2002)

Chemicals that are available from renewable resources typically contain heteroatoms that make hydrogen bonding a prominent intermolecular interaction. We are examining how hydrogen bonding can be exploited as an adsorption mechanism to facilitate the recovery and separations of oxygenated aromatic compounds from renewable resources. Specifically, we examined the adsorption of compounds that have weak or attenuated hydrogen-bonding abilities. The solvent in our study was hexane, which is commonly used in the food industry to extract chemicals from plant material (e.g., for vegetable oils and flavor extracts). The low dielectric constant of hexane also facilitates the hydrogen-bonding adsorption mechanism. Three polymeric adsorbents of differing basicities were studied, an acrylic ester sorbent (XAD-7, Rohm and Haas), a pyridine sorbent (Reillex 425, Reilly Industries), and a tertiary amine sorbent (IRA-93, Rohm and Haas). Adsorption affinities (related to the adsorption equilibrium constant, Keq) and adsorption enthalpies (−ΔH°) were observed to increase with increasing basicity of the sorbent's binding site. Infrared spectroscopy was used to study the interaction mechanism between the solutes and small-molecule analogues of the binding sites for the three sorbents. These studies support the conclusion that the observed increase in adsorption results from increased hydrogen-bond strengths. These results indicate that, by adjusting the hydrogen-bond accepting abilities of the adsorbent, it is possible to alter adsorption affinities to balance the dual objectives of recovery and selectivity.
Control of Poorly Soluble Drug Dissolution in Conditions Simulating the Gastrointestinal Tract Flow. 1. Effect of Tablet Geometry in Buffered Medium (1996)

The dissolution rate of a solid drug from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is affected by the properties and flow dynamics of the liquid medium surrounding the tablet, as well as by the chemical nature of the drug. In this study, naproxen was used as a poorly soluble model drug. The dissolution medium was buffered with acetate, citrate, or phosphate buffer of varied concentrations and pH. GI flow conditions around a stationary tablet were simulated in a laminar flow device by anchoring the tablet on the floor of its channel having a rectangular cross section. Fresh, buffered solution was passed across the tablet and the effluent was collected for analysis and calculation of the dissolution rate. The dissolution rate was found to vary nonlinearly with the exposed tablet height, reaching a maximum at a tablet height approximately half the channel height. This maximum rate was attributed to an optimal combination of (1) eddy mixing and local turbulence generated by the flow impingement on the bluff object (tablet) and (2) the exposed tablet surface area available for dissolution. This effect was further confirmed by using dye-enhanced visual analysis of flow patterns at varied flow rates and exposed tablet heights. Elevation of the tablet to approximately the channel half-height significantly magnified the dissolution rate increase observed on exposure to buffered medium. Thus, tablet height and exposed surface area are major factors in determining dissolution rate, especially in conditions where the dissolving species reacts with the solvent. These results suggest that standard in vitro dissolution rate methods do not qualitatively indicate incremental changes in rate with altered tablet geometry or dissolution medium.
Small cell lung carcinomas express shared and private tumor antigens presented by HLA-A1 or HLA-A2. (1999)

Tumor-derived peptides presented by MHC class I molecules are targets for tumor rejection by CD8+ CTLs. MHC-restricted CD8+ CTLs are required also for the identification and characterization of tumor antigens that will be useful for immune therapy. For many human solid tumors, however, tumor antigens remain undefined because of the difficulty of generating MHC-restricted, tumor-specific CTLs required for their analysis. CD8+ CTL responses are modulated by CD4+ helper T cells and by antigen-presenting cells. In this study, highly purified CD8+ T cells were mixed with tumor cells in primary cultures in the absence of any other cells to reduce the complexity of CTL generation. Tumor cells were transfected with HLA-A1 or HLA-A2 and used to stimulate partly matched HLA-A1- or HLA-A2-positive CD8+ T cells. Partial MHC class I matching of tumor and CD8+ T cells and omission of other cells in primary culture was highly effective in generating MHC class I-restricted CTL to poorly immunogenic small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs). Cytotoxicity was further enhanced by cotransfection of tumor cells with B7.1 (CD80). ICAM-1 (CD54) was not as effective as costimulation. SCLC cells presented tumor-specific peptides with HLA-A1 and HLA-A2 and were lysed by A1- or A2-restricted CD8+ CTLs. A1- and A2-restricted CD8+ CTLs detected shared tumor antigens on unrelated SCLC tumor lines in addition to private antigens. The use of direct antigen presentation by MHC class I-transfected tumors to MHC class I-matched CD8+ T cells is an effective way to generate MHC class I-restricted CTLs toward poorly immunogenic tumors in vitro, permitting the molecular identification of their tumor antigens.
Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons (2016)

Besides virus dissemination, inflammation of various tissues, especially orchitis, may be potential complications of ZIKV infection with significant implications on disease transmission and male fertility. Interferon treatment should be considered in patients at high risks for ZIKV-associated complications when the potential benefits outweigh the side effects of treatment.