gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bivens and its Progeny: The Scope of a Constitutional Cause of Action for Torts Committed by Government Officials (1977)

This rationale was followed by a number of lower federal courts in varying contexts during succeeding years.
Radio resource management of D2D communication (2014)

Device-to-Device (D2D) is considered as a promising technique to improve resource utilization and provide new application in future wireless networks. This paper addresses the problem of radio resource allocation for D2D communication. Basically, resource allocation can be carried out in centralized or distributed manner. In this paper we discuss the mechanisms of distributed resource allocation and propose a new medium access mechanism to reduce collision probability. The collision probability is shown to be lower than that of the widely adopted CSMA/CA mechanism both analytically and numerically.
Role of Metal Oxides in the Thermal Degradation of Poly(vinyl chloride) (1998)

Thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) has been studied in the presence of metal oxides by a thermogravimetric method. It follows a two-step mechanism. In the first step chlorine free radical is formed as in the case of pure PVC, and in the second step chlorine free radical replaces oxygen from metal oxide to form metal chloride and oxygen free radical. Subsequently, the oxygen free radical abstracts hydrogen from PVC. Formation of metal chloride is the rate-controlling step. The metal chlorides formed during the thermal degradation either volatilize or decompose simultaneously to lower metallic chlorides depending on the boiling point or the volatilization temperature.
The ecology of the <i>mudhif</i> (2008)

If Eco Architecture is a matter of designing with nature then the Sumerian mudhif is a paradigmatic example. It was first built in the marshes of what is now southern Iraq, over 5000 years ago, and constructed entirely of reeds, to form huge parabolic arches over which reed mats were tied to form walls, curving over into roofs whilst the flat end walls had reed lattice panels for the admission of daylight and air. The mudhif was built and used, by the Marsh Arabs of the region, until 1993 when Saddam Hussein began to drain and dam the marshes, in an attempt to destroy the life and culture of those Arabs. But after his defeat in 2003, the Arabs dug up his dykes, canals and damns, re-flooded the marshes and began to resume their ancient way of life.
Automatic 3D Segmentation of the Breast in MRI (2011)

Breast cancer is currently the most common diagnosed cancer among women and a significant cause of death. Breast density is considered a significant risk factor and an important biomarker influencing the later risk of breast cancer. Therefore, ongoing epidemiological studies using MRI are evaluating quantitatively breast density in young women. One of the challenges is segmenting the breast in order to calculate total breast volume and exclude non-breast surrounding tissues. This thesis describes an automatic 3D breast volume segmentation based on 3D local edge detection using phase congruency and Poisson surface reconstruction to extract the total breast volume in 3D. The boundary localization framework is integrated on a subsequent atlas-based segmentation using a Laplacian framework. The 3D segmentation achieves breast-air and breast-chest wall boundary localization errors with a median of 1.36 mm and 2.68 mm respectively when tested on 409 MRI datasets.
Carbalkoxythiophanones (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbalkoxythiophanonesEdmond E. Moore and Marjorie B. MooreCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 5, 910Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01209a507https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01209a507research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views56Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Organic elemental analysis (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganic elemental analysisT. S. Ma and C. Y. WangCite this: Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 5, 144–152Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00296a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00296a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views108Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Borate melt structure: Temperature‐dependent B–O bond lengths and coordination numbers from high‐energy X‐ray diffraction (2018)

Abstract Borate melts containing <20 mol% Na 2 O have been studied using high‐energy synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. Temperature dependencies of the mean B–O bond lengths are shown to vary strongly with soda content, by comparison to previous measurements on liquid B 2 O 3 and Na 2 B 4 O 7 . Whereas in liquid B 2 O 3 linear thermal expansion of the BØ 3 units is observed, with coefficient α BO = 3.7(2) × 10 −6 K −1 , this expansion is apparently slightly suppressed in melts containing <20 mol% Na 2 O, and is dramatically reversed at the diborate composition. These effects are interpreted in terms of changes in the mean B–O coordination number, where the reaction BØ 4 − + BØ 3 ⇌ BØ 3 + BØ 2 O − shifts to the right with increasing temperature. The empirical bond‐valence relationship is used to convert measured bond lengths, r BO , to coordination numbers, n BO , including a correction for the expected thermal expansion. This method is more accurate and precise than direct determination of n BO from peak areas in the radial distribution functions. Gradients of Δ n BO /Δ T = −3.4(3) × 10 −4 K −1 close to the diborate composition, and Δ n BO /Δ T = −0.3(1) × 10 −4 K −1 for a 13(3) mol% Na 2 O melt are observed, in reasonable agreement with Raman spectroscopic observations and thermodynamic modeling, with some quantitative differences. These observations go toward explaining isothermal viscosity maxima and changes in fragility across the sodium borate system.
Demonstration of single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator on human platelet membrane (1989)

Fibrinolytic activity was found to be associated with sonicated platelet membranes after separation from cytosol by differential centrifugation. This fibrinolytic activity was attributed to the presence of a plasminogen activator, which was immunochemically identified as urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA) by antibody neutralization assay, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. The molecular weight (mol wt) of this uPA was 54,000 and was present as the single chain form, although a small amount was detected in a higher mol wt complex indicative of a uPA-inhibitor complex. Treatment of membrane preparations with Triton X-100, 3 mol/L KCl, and 0.1 mol/L glycine, (pH 2.3), but not 10 mmol/L ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), removed the uPA from the membrane. This suggests that uPA is a peripheral membrane protein and that metal ions do not mediate protein-membrane association. Immunofluorescent staining revealed the presence of uPA on the outer surface of the platelet in preparations of intact unstimulated platelets. Thus, uPA is associated with the outer leaflet of the platelet membrane and may be involved with the acceleration of thrombus degradation observed with platelet-rich thrombi.
Versatile cyclisation reactions using selenoboranes (1993)

Tris(phenylseleno)borane and tris(methylseleno)borane reacted with terminal acetylenes to afford (Z)-vinyl selenides. This reaction was initiated by oxygen and the intermediates were vinyl radicals. This radical reaction could be applied to the intramolecular free radical cyclisation of enynes and some heterocycles and carbocycles were synthesised. This novel method could be also employed in the synthesis of α-kainoid derivatives.
Effects of Dissolved Gas on Emulsions, Emulsion Polymerization, and Surfactant Aggregation (1996)

The presence of dissolved gas is shown to have a key role in emulsion stability and emulsion polymerization. The observations have implications for hydrophobic interactions, as well as chemical and biological reactivity. Hydrophobic and micellar surfaces may present favorable adsorption surfaces for dissolved gas as gas hydrates (i.e. clathrates) and/or submicrobubbles, and that concentrating the dissolved gas can lead ultimately to cavitation as the two such surfaces approach.
Pulmonary mechanics and energetics of normal, non‐ventilated low birthweight infants (1990)

Pulmonary mechanics and energetics were determined in 33 healthy low birthweight infants (less than 1,500 g, 28-34 weeks gestation) who had never received ventilatory support. Tidal volume, dynamic pulmonary compliance, pulmonary resistance, pressure-volume relationships, and tidal flow-volume measurements were obtained by pneumotachography and the esophageal balloon technique. Standardized data collection and software data analysis by least mean squares technique yielded data at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 weeks postnatally, as a function of gestational age (less than 30, 30-32, and greater than 32 weeks gestation). Relatively stable values were obtained for tidal volume and minute ventilation (normalized for body weight); these were associated with values of peak-to-peak esophageal pressure significantly (P less than 0.001) increasing from 4.4 +/- 0.3 SEM cmH2O at 0.5 weeks to 8.1 +/- 0.8 SEM cmH2O at 4 weeks of age. Dynamic pulmonary compliance ranged from 2.0 to 2.4 mL/cmH2O in the first 4 weeks of life. When normalized for weight, compliance decreased with age, which may suggest a slower pulmonary maturation as compared to increase of body weight. Mean pulmonary resistance decreased from 62.9 cmH2O/L/s at less than 30 weeks gestation to 32.5 cmH2O/L/s at greater than 32 weeks gestation, 0.5 weeks postnatally. Pulmonary resistance peaked at 2 weeks postnatally (P less than 0.05), at all gestational ages, then decreased. Changes in pulmonary mechanics resulted in increasing resistive work of breathing. Our findings suggest a postnatal retardation of pulmonary and airway growth, relative to gestation maturation. These data can provide an objective base of comparison for data in sick, low birthweight neonates.
Molecular determinants of the p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> values of Asp and Glu residues in staphylococcal nuclease (2009)

Prior computational studies of the acid-unfolding behavior of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) suggest that the pK(a) values of its carboxylic groups are difficult to reproduce with electrostatics calculations with continuum methods. To examine the molecular determinants of the pK(a) values of carboxylic groups in SNase, the pK(a) values of all 20 Asp and Glu residues were measured with multidimensional and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in an acid insensitive variant of SNase. The crystal structure of the protein was obtained to describe the microenvironments of the carboxylic groups. Fourteen Asp and Glu residues titrate with relatively normal pK(a) values that are depressed by less than 1.1 units relative to the normal pK(a) of Asp and Glu in water. Only six residues have pK(a) values shifted by more than 1.5 units. Asp-21 has an unusually high pK(a) of 6.5, which is probably the result of interactions with other carboxylic groups at the active site. The most perturbed pK(a) values appear to be governed by hydrogen bonding and not by Coulomb interactions. The pK(a) values calculated with standard continuum electrostatics methods applied to static structures are more depressed than the measured values because Coulomb effects are exaggerated in the calculations. The problems persist even when the protein is treated with the dielectric constant of water. This can be interpreted to imply that structural relaxation is an important determinant of the pK(a) values; however, no major pH-sensitive conformational reorganization of the backbone was detected using NMR spectroscopy.
Optimization of single-mode fiber coupling efficiency with an adaptive membrane mirror (2002)

We propose and demonstrate the use of an adaptive membrane mirror to increase the efficiency of coupling light into optical single-mode fibers. The membrane mirror has an active area of 12 mm in diameter and is electrostatically activated by 37 electrodes. Two optimization algorithms are compared. The first one is a maximization algorithm, while the second one is an evolutionary algorithm. These algorithms are used either to optimize the electrode voltages or to optimize a set of low-order Zernike polynomials describing the membrane deformation.
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic assay for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) quantitation to enable dose adjustment and detect dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency. (2011)

e19562 Background: 5-FU is used in the treatment of 275,000 U.S. cancer patients each year. Patient variability in 5-FU metabolism causes many patients to be under dosed with 5-FU while other patients with slow clearance are overexposed, resulting in 1300 US deaths per year. Monitoring 5-FU levels in individual patients has demonstrated that efficacy and safety can be improved significantly. Wellstat is developing a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic system for monitoring 5-FU levels, giving physicians results in less than 15 minutes. This will enable the rapid detection of 5-FU overexposure due to clearance issues, including DPD deficiency (3-5% of the population) during infusion or following oral administration of capecitabine. Rapid detection of overexposure allows timely intervention with a potential antidote (e.g. uridine triacetate) while real-time detection of suboptimal 5-FU levels allows physicians to safely administer more efficacious doses. Methods: A proprietary monoclonal antibody specific for 5-FU and conjugated with a ruthenium chelate forms the basis of an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay. The concentration of 5-FU is inversely correlated to the generation of light. The assay can use whole blood without centrifugation and can deliver POC results in less than 15 minutes. Results: This ECL assay exhibited exquisite sensitivity (lower detection limit < 5 ng/mL) and a dynamic range to 30,000 ng/mL. The calibrator curve range was 9.6 – 30,000 ng/mL 5-FU with coefficients of variation < 7% for quantitation. Minimal cross-reactivity was observed with capecitabine (0.08%), dihydro-5-FU (2.6%) and uracil (0.9%). Chemotherapies commonly co-administered with 5-FU did not interfere. Conclusions: The assay is capable of accurately monitoring 5-FU in plasma, providing results over a wide dynamic range. The POC analyzer system will permit monitoring of 5-FU during infusion and after oral 5-FU prodrugs, enabling identification of patients overexposed to 5-FU due to DPD deficiency or other clearance problems and allowing for individualized 5-FU treatment with improved efficacy and diminished side effects.
Older Adults' Medication Management in the Home: How can Robots Help? (2013)

Successful management of medications is critical to maintaining healthy and independent living for older adults. However, medication non-adherence is a common problem with a high risk for severe consequences [5], which can jeopardize older adults' chances to age in place [1]. Well-designed robots assisting with medication management tasks could support older adults' independence. Design of successful robots will be enhanced through understanding concerns, attitudes, and preferences for medication assistance tasks. We assessed older adults' reactions to medication hand-off from a mobile manipulator robot with 12 participants (68-79 yrs). We identified factors that affected their attitudes toward a mobile manipulator for supporting general medication management tasks in the home. The older adults were open to robot assistance; however, their preferences varied depending on the nature of the medication management task. For instance, they preferred a robot (over a human) to remind them to take medications, but preferred human assistance for deciding what medication to take and for administering the medication. Factors such as perceptions of one's own capability and robot reliability influenced their attitudes.
[The mode of spot test of plague and pseudotuberculosis agents mix cultures]. (2011)

It is supposed to implement the polymerase chain reaction with mix of two pairs of "chromosome" primers "vlm12for'/"IS216rev" and "JS for"/JSrev" species-specific for Y. pestis and Y. psdtbc correspondingly in spot test of plague and pseudotuberculosis. The additional immunodiagnostics is applied to find defective and full-fledged on plague bacteria F1-antigen synthesis in the volume agglomeration reaction and paragglutination with diagnosticums of plasmid-dependent F1 antigen and chromosome FV determined antigen. This mode is characterized by more effectiveness and lesser labor intensiveness. It accelerates the detection of the mix of two agents in bacterial inoculations, organs bioassays and other materials. Also this mode facilitates the analysis of mix cultures of agents of plague and pseudotuberculosis, obtained in "mixed" nidi, the component identification, differentiation and isolation of pure growths of both Yersinia.
Silencing on the Spot. Induction and Suppression of RNA Silencing in the <i>Agrobacterium</i>-Mediated Transient Expression System (2001)

The Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay in intact tissues has emerged as a rapid and useful method to analyze genes and gene products in plants. In many cases, high levels of active protein can be produced without the need to produce transgenic plants. In this study, a series of tools were developed to enable strong or weak induction of RNA silencing and to suppress RNA silencing in the absence of stable transgenes. Transient delivery of a gene directing production of a double-stranded green fluorescent protein (GFP) transcript rapidly induced RNA silencing of a codelivered GFP reporter gene, effectively preventing accumulation of GFP protein and mRNA. RNA silencing triggered by the strong dsGFP inducer was partially inhibited by the tobacco etch virus silencing suppressor, P1/HC-Pro. In the absence of the strong double-stranded GFP inducer, the functional GFP gene served as a weak RNA silencing inducer in the transient assay, severely limiting accumulation of the GFP mRNA over time. The weak silencing induced by the GFP gene was suppressed by P1/HC-Pro. These results indicate RNA silencing can be triggered by a variety of inducers and analyzed entirely using transient gene delivery systems. They also indicate that RNA silencing may be a significant limitation to expression of genes in the Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay but that this limitation can be overcome by using RNA silencing suppressors.
Preclinical Development of a Novel Class of CXCR4 Antagonist Impairing Solid Tumors Growth and Metastases (2013)

The CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays a role in cancer metastases, stem cell mobilization and chemosensitization. Proof of concept for efficient CXCR4 inhibition has been demonstrated in stem cell mobilization prior to autologous transplantation in hematological malignancies. Nevertheless CXCR4 inhibitors suitable for prolonged use as required for anticancer therapy are not available. To develop new CXCR4 antagonists a rational, ligand-based approach was taken, distinct from the more commonly used development strategy. A three amino acid motif (Ar-Ar-X) in CXCL12, also found in the reverse orientation (X-Ar-Ar) in the vMIP-II inhibitory chemokine formed the core of nineteen cyclic peptides evaluated for inhibition of CXCR4-dependent migration, binding, P-ERK1/2-induction and calcium efflux. Peptides R, S and I were chosen for evaluation in in vivo models of lung metastases (B16-CXCR4 and KTM2 murine osteosarcoma cells) and growth of a renal cells xenograft. Peptides R, S, and T significantly reduced the association of the 12G5-CXCR4 antibody to the receptor and inhibited CXCL12-induced calcium efflux. The four peptides efficiently inhibited CXCL12-dependent migration at concentrations as low as 10 nM and delayed CXCL12-mediated wound healing in PES43 human melanoma cells. Intraperitoneal treatment with peptides R, I or S drastically reduced the number of B16-CXCR4-derived lung metastases in C57/BL mice. KTM2 osteosarcoma lung metastases were also reduced in Balb/C mice following CXCR4 inhibition. All three peptides significantly inhibited subcutaneous growth of SN12C-EGFP renal cancer cells. A novel class of CXCR4 inhibitory peptides was discovered. Three peptides, R, I and S inhibited lung metastases and primary tumor growth and will be evaluated as anticancer agents.