gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plassey borer, Chilo tumidicostalis hampson damage in sugarcane (2007)

Quantitative reduction in canes, juice, bagasse and qualitative deterioration in juice of sugarcane at different intensities of damage by Plassey borer was determined. An average decrease in cane weight, juice weight and bagasse weight in damaged canes over healthy ones was recorded to the tune of 28.0, 29.6 and 24.0%, respectively with 1 to 8 damaged internodes; the maximum decrease being 28.0% of cane weight, 42.5% of juice weight in canes with 7 damaged internodes and 33.3% of bagasse weight in canes with 5 damaged internodes. Damage intensity with 6 damaged internodes was found to cause the maximum deterioration in juice quality followed by 8 damaged internodes. A maximum reduction in brix, pol, sucrose, glucose, and CCS was 14.1, 19.5, 18.4, 58.1 and 20.4%, respectively. An average reduction of 9.7% in brix, 13.7% in pol, 12.6% in sucrose, 42.9% in glucose and 13.9% in CCS was observed under different damage intensities. The variations in the level of deterioration in juice quality and the weight of canes, juice and bagasse were attributed to variations in number of larvae feeding the internode's tissues.
Iron by Direct Reduction (2000)

Abstract Lepinski, J.A. (Midrex Direct Reduction Corp.). Direct reduction is the process of converting iron ore into metallic iron without melting. Direct reduced iron (DRI) is used as a high quality feed material in electric arc furnace steelmaking, oxygen steelmaking, ladle metallurgy, blast furnace ironmaking, and foundries. Normally 90 to 95% of the iron in DRI is in the metallic form. Carbon is normally present in the DRI to balance any remaining iron oxide, and the level of residual elements is very low. The reduction of iron oxide proceeds from hematite to magnetite to wustite to iron. Some of the iron may combine with carbon to form cementite; DRI having high percentages of cementite is sometimes called iron carbide. The most common reductants are reformed natural gas and coal. The main commercially proven direct reduction processes are discussed. Hot briquetted iron (HBI), a densified form of DRI, is more resistant to reoxidation and corrosion. Vol. 14, pp. 855–872, 7 refs. to April 1994.
Bilirubin Ameliorates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats (2002)

Many possible treatments for pulmonary fibrosis have been investigated, but except for some current clinical trials, none have succeeded in clinical trials. On the basis of the antioxidant action of bilirubin (BIL), we examined the effects of hyperbilirubinemia on the development of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The animals' plasma BIL level was kept within 3 and 10 mg/dl by repeated intravenous infusion of a high dose of BIL. We studied the inhibitory effects of hyperbilirubinemia on BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis through histopathologic and biochemical analyses. Mortality of rats with BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis was significantly lower in the three groups with hyperbilirubinemia. The ameliorating effect of hyperbilirubinemia on pulmonary fibrosis was shown by lung histology, as well as by a decreased lung content of hydroxyproline and reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentration of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1). The number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes in BALF was also decreased in the groups with hyperbilirubinemia. Furthermore, oxidative metabolites of BIL in urine were present at significantly higher levels in BLM-treated rats with hyperbilirubinemia than in those without hyperbilirubinemia. These data suggest that the antioxidative action of BIL can attenuate BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, partly by inhibiting lung inflammation and production of TGF-beta1.
On improving the accuracy and reliability of GPS/INS-based direct sensor georeferencing (2007)

Due to the complementary error characteristics of the Global Positioning System\n(GPS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS), their integration has become a core\npositioning component, providing high-accuracy direct sensor georeferencing for\nmulti-sensor mobile mapping systems. Despite significant progress over the last decade,\nthere is still a room for improvements of the georeferencing performance using\nspecialized algorithmic approaches. The techniques considered in this dissertation include:\n(1) improved single-epoch GPS positioning method supporting network mode, as\ncompared to the traditional real-time kinematic techniques using on-the-fly ambiguity\nresolution in a single-baseline mode; (2) customized random error modeling of inertial\nsensors; (3) wavelet-based signal denoising, specially for low-accuracy high-noise\nMicro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) inertial sensors; (4) nonlinear filters,\nnamely the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and the Particle Filter (PF), proposed as\nalternatives to the commonly used traditional Extended Kalman Filter (EKF).\nThe network-based single-epoch positioning technique offers a better way to\ncalibrate the inertial sensor, and then to achieve a fast, reliable and accurate navigation\nsolution. Such an implementation provides a centimeter-level positioning accuracy\nindependently on the baseline length. The advanced sensor error identification using the\nAllan Variance and Power Spectral Density (PSD) methods, combined with a\nwavelet-based signal de-noising technique, assures reliable and better description of the\nerror characteristics, customized for each inertial sensor. These, in turn, lead to a more\nreliable and consistent position and orientation accuracy, even for the low-cost inertial\nsensors. With the aid of the wavelet de-noising technique and the customized error model,\naround 30 percent positioning accuracy improvement can be found, as compared to the\nsolution using raw inertial measurements with the default manufacturer’s error models.\nThe alternative filters, UKF and PF, provide more advanced data fusion techniques and\nallow the tolerance of larger initial alignment errors. They handle the unknown nonlinear\ndynamics better, in comparison to EKF, resulting in a more reliable and accurate\nintegrated system. For the high-end inertial sensors, they provide only a slightly better\nperformance in terms of the tolerance to the losses of GPS lock and orientation\nconvergence speed, whereas the performance improvements are more pronounced for the\nlow-cost inertial sensors.
Precomputation Methods for Hash-Based Signatures on Energy-Harvesting Platforms (2015)

Energy-harvesting techniques can be combined with wireless embedded sensors to obtain battery-free platforms with an extended lifetime. Although energy-harvesting offers a continuous supply of energy, the delivery rate is typically limited to a few Joules per day. This is a severe constraint to the achievable computing throughput on the embedded sensor node, and to the achievable latency obtained from applications running on those nodes. In this paper, we address these constraints with precomputation. The idea is to reduce the amount of computations required in response to application inputs, by partitioning the algorithm in an offline part, computed before the inputs are available, and an online part, computed in response to the actual input. We show that this technique works well on hash-based cryptographic signatures, which have a complex key generation for each new message that requires a signature. By precomputing the key-material, and by storing it as run-time coupons in non-volatile memory, there is a drastic reduction of the run-time energy needs for a signature, and a drastic reduction of the run-time latency to generate it. For a Winternitz hash-based scheme at 84-bit quantum security level on a MSP430 microcontroller, we measured a run-time energy reduction of 11.9 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math></inline-formula> and a run-time latency reduction of 23.5 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math></inline-formula> .
Cardiac architectural changes with hypertrophy induced by excess growth hormone in rats. (1988)

We have shown that excess growth hormone (GH) causes left ventricular hypertrophy in rats. To further characterize cell growth of this model, combined light and electron microscopic morphometric studies were done on 5- and 1-micron sections of the perfusion fixed left ventricle (LV) in 6 control (C) and 5 GH-stimulated rats. Total ventricular weight, LV weight and right ventricle weight were increased 45, 46, and 43%, respectively, in the rats after a few weeks of GH stimulation. However, neither the ratio of LV to body weight, nor right ventricle to body weight were significantly different between the two groups. Nuclei (n)/volume decreased by 25% in GH due to a decreased number of n/area (819 +/- 80 versus 718 +/- 52/mm2, p less than 0.05) and an increased n length (16.9 +/- 1.7 versus 19.7 +/- 0.5 micron, p less than 0.01). As the volume fraction of myocytes was the same in GH and C, the volume of myocytes/n increased (16.5 +/- 1.9 in C to 20.8 +/- 1.1 x 10(3) micron3 in GH, p less than 0.01). Since no change was found in cross-sectional area of myocytes (242 +/- 26 in C versus 244 +/- 23 micron2 in GH, p greater than 0.50) cell length/nucleus increased by 26% (68.5 +/- 8.6 in C versus 86.0 +/- 7.8 micron in GH, p less than 0.01). The average area of mid-LV wall increased by 35% in GH compared with C (p less than 0.01), but wall thickness was unchanged (2.1 +/- 0.4 in C versus 2.2 +/- 0.2 mm in GH, p greater than 0.20) as LV cavity radius increased (1.85 +/- 0.5 in C to 2.50 +/- 0.6 mm in GH, p = 0.06). With decreased developed pressure of LV in GH, systolic circumferential wall stress was unchanged (55.3 +/- 21.1 in C versus 57.2 +/- 22.5 x 10(3) dyne/cm2 in GH, p greater than 0.50). We conclude that left ventricular hypertrophy of this model is associated with cavity dilation and increased myocyte cell length; this adaptive response tends to minimize the effects of increased volume load on wall stress.
Heterosexual transmission of HIV (1992)

To the Editor. —Diverse cellular and immune factors in sexual fluids and the coital environment have been postulated to influence the sexual transmission of HIV type 1. 1 The differences between male-to-female and female-to-male transmission that were documented recently by Padian et al 2 suggest to us that an additional coital factor, vaginal pH, could also significantly influence the sexual transmission of HIV. Free virus and/or infected lymphocytes and macrophages (principal host cells for HIV) are thought to be the infectious unit(s) transmitted during coitus. Each can be found in semen and in vaginal secretions of HIV-infected individuals. Free virus and lymphocytes are both inactivated at low pH, as illustrated in the Figure. For free virus, inactivation occurs within minutes. 3 Vaginal secretions from healthy reproductive-aged women are characteristically acidic (pH values of 3.4 to 6.0) and thus present a hostile environment for HIV particles and infected lymphocytes. For this
Investigations on poly(vinyl chloride). IV. Effects of metal chlorides on the thermal decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride) (1977)

Abstract The effects of various metal oxides upon the thermal decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were previously reported. In this work, 23 metal chlorides were investigated to determine their effects on the thermal decomposition of PVC by pyrolysis–gas chromatography at 500°C. Each metal chloride exhibits influences on the course of thermal decomposition of PVC almost similar to the corresponding metal oxide except for a few elements; the metal chlorides from acidic metal oxides accelerate the thermal decomposition of PVC, but the metal chlorides from basic metal oxides do not. On comparing the effects of metal oxides and metal chlorides on the thermal decomposition of PVC, most metal chlorides were found to accelerate the thermal decomposition of PVC more than the corresponding metal oxides, owing to ease of addition of the chlorine atoms released from metal chloride to the dehydrochlorinated chains. It is concluded from these results that the thermal decomposition of PVC containing metal salts is markedly influenced by the ease with which chlorine atoms are released from the corresponding metal chloride.
Synthesis, properties and applications of one- and two-dimensional gold nanostructures (2014)

The controlled synthesis of gold nanocrystals has been the subject of intensive studies for decades because the properties and functions of gold nanomaterials are highly dependent on their particle size, shape, and dimensionality. Especially, anisotropic gold nanocrystals, such as nanowires, nanobelts, nanoplates and nanosheets, have attracted much attention due to their striking properties and promising applications in electronics, catalysis, photonics, sensing and biomedicine. In this review, we will summarize the recent developments of onedimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) gold nanostructures. Various kinds of synthetic methods for preparation of these 1D and 2D gold nanocrystals will be described. Moreover, we will also briefly introduce the properties and potential applications of these 1D and 2D gold nanocrystals.
Motion planning for mobile robot navigation using combine Quad-Tree Decomposition and Voronoi Diagrams (2010)

This paper presents a novel method for mobile robot navigation by visual environments where there are obstacles in the workspace. The method uses a path selection mechanism that creates innovative paths through the workspace and learns to use trajectory that are more assured. This approach is implemented on motion robots which verified the shortest path via Quad-tree Decomposition (QD) and then used Voronoi Diagrams (VD(S)) algorithm we called (Q&V) algorithm. Based on the experimental data, we claim the robot's trajectory planned by Q&V algorithm is the better find and control the roadmap is completely modeled and hasn't the localization errors. We show that even small modeled obstacles can cause large used from the preplanned path. Our complementary approach of path selection decreases the risk of path following and increases the predictability of robot's behavior.
Lithium aluminum hydride induced stereomutation of secondary phosphine oxides (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLithium aluminum hydride induced stereomutation of secondary phosphine oxidesWilliam B. Farnham, Robert A. Lewis, Roger Kenneth Murray Jr., and Kurt MislowCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 19, 5808–5809Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00722a082https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00722a082research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views409Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ionized Zn doping of GaAs molecular beam epitaxial films (1975)

Molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaAs with an ionized Zn beam as dopant is reported. In the normal molecular beam epitaxy, the sticking coefficient of Zn is nearly zero and Zn has not been used as a dopant. By ionizing the Zn atoms, a sticking coefficient of ∼0.03 was obtained, and this value is much larger than that of any other p-type dopants for GaAs except for Ge which is amphoteric.
Effects of surfactants Sb and Bi on the incorporation of zinc and carbon in III/V materials grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (2006)

The incorporation of both dopants and background impurities during the organometallic vapor phase epitaxial (OMVPE) growth of GaAs, GaInP, and GaP has been significantly altered by the use of the surfactants Sb and Bi. Sb and Bi are isoelectronic with the group V host elements, and so produce no independent doping. This paper demonstrates that the incorporation of Zn can be increased by an order of magnitude in GaP to a value of approximately 1020cm−3, the highest value reported to date. Additionally, these same surfactants lead to significant decreases in carbon contamination during growth. At high growth temperatures the reduction can be as large as 100× in GaP. The surfactants also result in marked decreases in autodoping due to S and Si from the substrate. A marker that may help identify the mechanism for these effects is H incorporation. Both Sb and Bi surfactants give rise to increased concentrations of H in the GaP layers. Similar effects are observed in GaInP. However, in GaAs, no H is detected in the layers. One possible explanation for these phenomena is that Sb or Bi increases the surface H concentration. The increased H would have two possible effects on the incorporation of dopants and impurities. (1) Passivation of the Zn acceptor by formation of a neutral Zn-H complex would lead to increased incorporation for thermodynamic reasons. (2) Allowing increased desorption of C, S, and Si from the surface by increased formation of volatile hydrides leads to decreased incorporation levels. These results suggest a simple and effective method of controlling the incorporation of dopant and impurity atoms by adding a minute amount of surfactant during OMVPE growth.
Supine Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy in Double-S Position (2018)

This position is effective, safe, easy, and quick to prepare and allows for combined anterograde/retrograde operations.
Low-dose acetaminophen induces early disruption of cell-cell tight junctions in human hepatic cells and mouse liver (2017)

Dysfunction of cell-cell tight junction (TJ) adhesions is a major feature in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Liver TJs preserve cellular polarity by delimiting functional bile-canalicular structures, forming the blood-biliary barrier. In acetaminophen-hepatotoxicity, the mechanism by which tissue cohesion and polarity are affected remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that acetaminophen, even at low-dose, disrupts the integrity of TJ and cell-matrix adhesions, with indicators of cellular stress with liver injury in the human hepatic HepaRG cell line, and primary hepatocytes. In mouse liver, at human-equivalence (therapeutic) doses, dose-dependent loss of intercellular hepatic TJ-associated ZO-1 protein expression was evident with progressive clinical signs of liver injury. Temporal, dose-dependent and specific disruption of the TJ-associated ZO-1 and cytoskeletal-F-actin proteins, correlated with modulation of hepatic ultrastructure. Real-time impedance biosensing verified in vitro early, dose-dependent quantitative decreases in TJ and cell-substrate adhesions. Whereas treatment with NAPQI, the reactive metabolite of acetaminophen, or the PKCα-activator and TJ-disruptor phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, similarly reduced TJ integrity, which may implicate oxidative stress and the PKC pathway in TJ destabilization. These findings are relevant to the clinical presentation of acetaminophen-hepatotoxicity and may inform future mechanistic studies to identify specific molecular targets and pathways that may be altered in acetaminophen-induced hepatic depolarization.
CDMA downlink system capacity enhancement through generalized RAKE reception (2002)

The benefit of generalized RAKE reception to downlink system capacity is studied. System capacity is evaluated for certain cell and user outage probabilities. Fast fading, noise correlation, power control, and soft handoff are all included in our study. The site selection diversity transmission (SSDT) approach to power allocation between soft handoff links is shown to be optimal in the sense that it minimizes total transmit power to a given user. Numerical results show that G-RAKE receivers can improve system capacity by as much as 30-45% in a highly dispersive channel.
The use of reflectance confocal microscopy for monitoring response to therapy of skin malignancies (2012)

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a new non-invasive imaging technique that enables visualizing cells and structures in living skin in real-time with resolution close to that of histological analysis. RCM has been successfully implemented in the assessment of benign and malignant lesions. Most importantly, it also enables monitoring dynamic changes in the skin over time and in response to different therapies, e.g., imiquimod, photodynamic therapy, and others. Given the often traumatic nature of skin cancer that affects both the physiology and the psychology of the patients, it is crucial to have methods that enable monitoring the response to treatment but that minimize the distress and discomfort associated with such process. This article provides a very brief overview of the fundamentals of RCM and then focuses on its recent employment as a monitoring tool in skin cancer and other pathologies that may require frequent follow-up.
Primary prevention, smoking, and smoking cessation (2000)

Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer, and most lung cancers have historically occurred among current cigarette smokers or recent quitters. The relative risk of developing lung cancer declines in former smokers to approximately twice that of never smokers after 20 years of cessation, but it remains elevated indefinitely. As an increasing fraction of those who have ever smoked become former smokers, the absolute risk of lung cancer in the population will decline; and an increasing fraction of lung cancer cases will occur among former smokers.Data from the 12-year follow-up of American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study I are used to estimate lung cancer death rates for smokers, never smokers, and former smokers by duration of cessation. These estimates are combined with population-based estimates of smoking status by birth cohort to generate models of lung cancer death rates for current and former smokers.Modeled estimates of lung cancer death rates suggest that, in the near future, the majority of lung cancer cases will be occurring among former smokers.Former smokers already have acted on the advice of their physicians to reduce their lung cancer risk; however, they will generate an increasing fraction of the cancers that are seen. Approaches must be developed for these former smokers to alter their risk if lung cancer death rates are going to continue to be affected. Additional primary preventive strategies, including chemoprevention, offer hope to these former smokers, as do secondary preventive efforts, such as screening.
Diacylamine – perfekte Acylierungsmittel für die Peptidsynthese (1988)

Abstract Eine Reihe von neuen Diacylaminen mit N ‐geschützten Aminosäuren wurde synthetisiert. Diese Diacylamine, aus ortho ‐substituierten Benzoylgruppen bestehend, sind perfekte Acylierungsmittel bei der Peptidsynthese. Dabei zeigen 2,6‐Dichlorbenzoyl‐Verbindungen (DCB‐Methode) die besten Eigenschaften. Unsere DCB‐Methode der Peptidsynthese zählt zu den „milderen”︁ Methoden und ist der DCC‐NSU‐Methode ähnlich. In einem entsprechenden Test wurde keine Racemisierung gefunden.
Fabrication and Characterization of Sub-100 µm Diameter Gallium Phosphide Solid Immersion Lens Arrays (2005)

Fabrication and testing of a sub-100 µm gallium phosphide solid immersion lens is described with suitable sphericity (<160 nm deviation) to a marginal ray angle of 42° for NA up to 2.2 inside the material.