gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of a similarity measure for estimating ungauged streamflow (2009)

One approach to predicting streamflow in an ungauged catchment is to select an ensemble of hydrological models previously identified for similar gauged catchments, where the similarity is based on some combination of important physical catchment attributes. The focus of this paper is the identification of catchment attributes and optimization of a similarity measure to produce the best possible ungauged streamflow predictions given a data set and a conceptual model structure. As a case study, the SimHyd rainfall‐runoff model is applied to simulate monthly streamflow in 184 Australian catchments. Initial results show that none of 27 catchment attributes can be safely said to consistently give a better ensemble of models than random selection when used independently of other attributes. This is contrary to prior expectations and indicates the sparseness of information within our database of catchments, the importance in this case of prior knowledge for defining important attributes, and the potential importance of combining multiple attributes in order to usefully gauge similarity. Seven relatively independent attributes are then selected on the basis of prior knowledge. The weight with which each of these attributes contributes to the similarity measure is optimized to maximize streamflow prediction performance across a set of 95 catchments. The other 89 catchments are used to independently test the accuracy of streamflow predictions. Using the optimal set of weights led to marked improvement in the accuracy of predictions, showing that the method, while inferior to local calibration, is superior to alternative methods of model regionalization based on regression and spatial proximity. However, there is evidence of nonuniqueness in the optimal solution and the possibility that the attribute weights are somewhat dependent on the catchments used.
A Canadian perspective on the application of satellite remote sensing to regional geobotany (1987)

Abstract In recent years, developments in remote sensing and related technologies have led to a resurgence of interest in the concept of geobotany. Interest in these techniques has been particularly keen in Canada since most active mineral exploration areas are vegetation covered. The spatial accuracy and spectral precision of data from remote sensors have improved substantially to the point where reliable and reproducable analysis can be made of vegetation condition and properties as they relate to a variety of geological controls and influences. This paper establishes the distinction between regional or ‘background’ geobotany and spectral or ‘target’ geobotany. It also describes and illustrates with case examples how techniques of regional geobotany can be applied by geologists, in support of mineral exploration activities, within operational constraints.
Estimating treatment effect heterogeneity in randomized program evaluation (2013)

When evaluating the efficacy of social programs and medical treatments using randomized experiments, the estimated overall average causal effect alone is often of limited value and the researchers must investigate when the treatments do and do not work. Indeed, the estimation of treatment effect heterogeneity plays an essential role in (1) selecting the most effective treatment from a large number of available treatments, (2) ascertaining subpopulations for which a treatment is effective or harmful, (3) designing individualized optimal treatment regimes, (4) testing for the existence or lack of heterogeneous treatment effects, and (5) generalizing causal effect estimates obtained from an experimental sample to a target population. In this paper, we formulate the estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects as a variable selection problem. We propose a method that adapts the Support Vector Machine classifier by placing separate sparsity constraints over the pre-treatment parameters and causal heterogeneity parameters of interest. The proposed method is motivated by and applied to two well-known randomized evaluation studies in the social sciences. Our method selects the most effective voter mobilization strategies from a large number of alternative strategies, and it also identifies the characteristics of workers who greatly benefit from (or are negatively affected by) a job training program. In our simulation studies, we find that the proposed method often outperforms some commonly used alternatives.
Automatic generation of symbolic cells from a net-list description (2003)

A tool capable of synthesizing the symbolic layout of a CMOS cell from its circuit descriptions is presented. The synthesis process is guided by topological constraints on pin and transistor positions, maximum lengths of poly and diffusion wires, and the specification of a preferred layer for each electrical node. The optimization criteria, take into account cell area and aspect ratio, wire length, capacitance to the substrate, and contact and via minimization. The novel placement strategy includes transistor clustering into regions, global region placement by linear ordering, and two-dimensional local transistor placement. The routing combines Steiner trees and Lee algorithms. The program is fast and has been thoroughly tested on small and medium-sized cells.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Experimental demonstration of the coexistence of spin Hall and Rashba effects in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mtext>tantalum/ferromagnet</mml:mtext></mml:math>bilayers (2015)

We have measured the spin torques of $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{tantalum}/\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{20}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{60}{\mathrm{B}}_{20}$ bilayers versus Ta thickness at room temperature using a ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique. A significant fieldlike spin torque originating from Ta was identified, which is constant and independent of Ta thickness. Because of this constant torque, the spin Hall coefficient ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{SH}}$ needs to be calculated from the ratio of the symmetric component of the FMR signal to the slope of the antisymmetric component with Ta thickness, from which a value of $\ensuremath{-}0.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ was determined. The saturation magnetization of the CoFeB layers for samples deposited with Ta was found to be smaller than that of a single CoFeB layer, with values of $1.84\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ and $1.92\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ T, respectively. The origin of the fieldlike torque is ascribed to an interface spin-orbit coupling, or Rashba effect, due to the strength and constancy of the torque with Ta thickness. From fitting measured data to a semiclassical diffusion model that includes interface spin-orbit coupling, we have determined the spin diffusion length for \ensuremath{\beta}-tantalum to be 2.5 nm.
Lab-on-a-Disc for Fully Integrated Multiplex Immunoassays (2012)

This paper presents a cost-effective, rapid, and fully automated lab-on-a-disc for simultaneous detection of multiple protein biomarkers in raw samples such as whole blood or whole saliva. For the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, here, a novel centrifugal microfluidic layout was designed to conduct the simultaneous detection of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, cardiac troponin I, and N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide based on a bead-based sandwich type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three reaction chambers are initially interconnected for the common processes such as sample injection, incubation, and washing and then isolated on-demand for the independent processes such as substrate incubation and final detection. The assay performances such as the limit of detection and the dynamic range were comparable with those of the conventional ELISA despite the significant reduction of the minimum sample volume (200 μL), the amount of washing buffer (700 μL), and the total process time (20 min).
Thermal and dynamic mechanical characterization of acrylic bone cements modified with biodegradable polymers (2012)

Abstract In this work, a thermal and a dynamic mechanical study of new formulations self‐curing acrylic bone cements is reported. The basic formulation of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)‐based acrylic bone cements has been modified with biodegradable polyesters such as poly( l ‐lactic acid), poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate), and different kinds of thermoplastic starches. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (dynamic and isothermal conditions), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the influence of the biodegradable polymer in the behavior of the biomedical formulations. DSC assay revealed a strong dependence of the polymerization enthalpy (Δ H cur ) with increasing solid : liquid ratio and a low influence of the nature of the added biodegradable polymer on glass transition. TGA analysis showed the different mechanism of PMMA‐biodegradable polymer interaction depending on the solubilization of the added polymer in methylmethacrylate monomer during curing. DMTA showed the reinforcing capacity of segregated phases of the polymer included in the cement. The solubilization of aliphatic polyesters in the resulting PMMA polymerized phase led to a drop in mechanical stiffness observed from storage modulus ( E ′) profiles. Moreover, tan δ shifts to higher temperatures (4–7°C) during a second scan, confirming the presence of residual monomer content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Reliable messaging using the CORBA Notification Service (2002)

With the growing popularity of the CORBA architecture as a distributed computing infrastructure standard, the need for a reliable CORBA messaging solution is being increasingly felt. The Event Service, which is the first such solution, provides inadequate event delivery guarantees and lacks many important features such as configurable quality of service and filtering. A Notification Service has since been specified to address these shortcomings and to extend the Event Service functionality. This paper briefly looks at the features of the Notification Service and explains in detail the Notification Service support for reliable messaging. The highest event delivery guarantee possible with the CORBA Notification Service is deduced and the delivery semantics provided is examined. A framework for architecting reliable messaging systems using the CORBA Notification Service is proposed. The performance of the Notification Service is analyzed to determine the performance penalty, for increased reliability, and the effect of event size, number of clients and filtering on throughput.
Change in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease: a hospital-based cohort study from Korea (2016)

There are diagnostic uncertainties and difficulties in relation to IBD. Therefore, precise assessment and systematic follow-up are essential in the management of this condition.
XI.—The preparation of 4-nitrophthalimide and derivatives (1931)

L. F. Levy and H. Stephen, J. Chem. Soc., 1931, 79 DOI: 10.1039/JR9310000079
Surface texture metrology for metal additive manufacturing: a review (2016)

A comprehensive analysis of literature pertaining to surface texture metrology for metal additive manufacturing has been performed. This review paper structures the results of this analysis into sections that address specific areas of interest: industrial domain; additive manufacturing processes and materials; types of surface investigated; surface measurement technology and surface texture characterisation. Each section reports on how frequently specific techniques, processes or materials have been utilised and discusses how and why they are employed. Based on these results, possible optimisation of methods and reporting is suggested and the areas that may have significant potential for future research are highlighted.
A background dose proximity effect correction technique for scattering with angular limitation projection electron lithography implemented in hardware (1995)

A background dose proximity effect correction procedure is proposed that utilizes the unique way image contrast is formed in scattering with angular limitation projection electron lithography (SCALPEL(R)). An electron beam is selectively scattered by a thin, high atomic number layer patterned on a membrane mask. Some of the scattered radiation, which is normally blocked at an aperture to form contrast at the wafer, is allowed to pass through the system optics. Nominally dark regions of the mask are therefore allowed to expose the resist on a wafer. However, because the scattered radiation enters the projection system at relatively large angles, it is subjected to system aberrations and is improperly focused at the wafer. This dispersed radiation mimics the natural long range backscatter exposure emanating from the intentionally exposed regions, and ideally results in a constant background exposure in the resist—similar to the GHOST background correction technique used in direct-write applications. However, unlike the direct-write correction, both the primary exposure and the correction exposure are achieved at the same time. Throughput is not reduced by the correction. Although the correction dose profile may not resemble the form of the long range backscatter energy deposition in the resist, the deviations of background exposure are small for mask patterns of practical interest, in comparison with the variation of uncorrected exposures of the same pattern.
Improving a Natural CaMKII Inhibitor by Random and Rational Design (2011)

These results provide improved research tools for studying CaMKII function, and indicate that evolution fine-tuned CaM-KIIN not for maximal potency of CaMKII inhibition, but for lower potency that may be optimal for dynamic regulation of signal transduction.
Novel Insights into Breast Cancer Genetic Variance through RNA Sequencing (2013)

Using RNA sequencing of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), non-TBNC and HER2-positive breast cancer sub-types, here we report novel expressed variants, allelic prevalence and abundance, and coexpression with other variation, and splicing signatures. To reveal the most prevalent variant alleles, we overlaid our findings with cancer- and population-based datasets and validated a subset of novel variants of cancer-related genes: ESRP2, GBP1, TPP1, MAD2L1BP, GLUD2 and SLC30A8. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrated that a rare substitution in the splicing coordinator ESRP2 (R353Q) impairs its ability to bind to its substrate FGFR2 pre-mRNA. In addition, we describe novel SNPs and INDELs in cancer relevant genes with no prior reported association of point mutations with cancer, such as MTAP and MAGED1. For the first time, this study illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in revealing the variation landscape of breast transcriptome and exemplifies analytical strategies to search regulatory interactions among cancer relevant molecules.
Discovery of Functionally Selective 7,8,9,10-Tetrahydro-7,10-ethano-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-<i>a</i>]phthalazines as GABA<sub>A</sub>Receptor Agonists at the α<sub>3</sub>Subunit (2005)

We have previously identified the 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-7,10-ethano-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine (1) as a potent partial agonist for the alpha(3) receptor subtype with 5-fold selectivity in binding affinity over alpha(1). This paper describes a detailed investigation of the substituents on this core structure at both the 3- and 6-positions. Despite evaluating a wide range of groups, the maximum selectivity that could be achieved in terms of affinity for the alpha(3) subtype over the alpha(1) subtype was 12-fold (for 57). Although most analogues showed no selectivity in terms of efficacy, some did show partial agonism at alpha(1) and antagonism at alpha(3) (e.g., 25 and 75). However, two analogues tested (93 and 96), both with triazole substituents in the 6-position, showed significantly higher efficacy for the alpha(3) subtype over the alpha(1) subtype. This was the first indication that selectivity in efficacy in the required direction could be achieved in this series.
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of Dense AIN Sintered with Y <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> Additions (1995)

The secondary phase constitution in two sintered AIN ceramics (1.8% and 4.2% Y 2 O 3 additions) was studied as a function of heat treatment temperatures between 1750° and 1900°C under pure nitrogen atmosphere. The effect of the phase constitution on the physical properties, such as density, thermal conductivity ( K ), and lattice constants, and on the mechanical properties in three‐point bending, was also investigated. Y 3 Al 5 O 12 was found to getter dissolved oxygen from the AIN lattice below 1850°C, but evaporated at 1850°C and above. Y 4 Al 2 O 9 appeared to sublimate below 1850°C in the atmosphere used in this study. Depending on the secondary phase constitution, heat treatment affected thermal conductivity favorably or adversely. Occasionally, samples with similar lattice oxygen contents were found to have different thermal conductivities, suggesting that factors besides dissolved oxygen can also influence K . Lattice parameter measurements indicated that, within the small range of lattice oxygen concentrations in the AIN samples studied, the c‐axis was more sensitive than the a ‐axis to oxygen content.
Nitrate-Induced Changes in Protein Synthesis and Translation of RNA in Maize Roots (1987)

Nitrate regulation of protein synthesis and RNA translation in maize (Zea mays L. var B73) roots was examined, using in vivo labeling with [(35)S]methionine and in vitro translation. Nitrate enhanced the synthesis of a 31 kilodalton membrane polypeptide which was localized in a fraction enriched in tonoplast and/or endoplasmic reticulum membrane vesicles. The nitrate-enhanced synthesis was correlated with an acceleration of net nitrate uptake by seedlings during initial exposure to nitrate. Nitrate did not consistently enhance protein synthesis in other membrane fractions. Synthesis of up to four soluble polypeptides (21, 40, 90, and 168 kilodaltons) was also enhanced by nitrate. The most consistent enhancement was that of the 40 kilodalton polypeptide. No consistent nitrate-induced changes were noted in the organellar fraction (14,000g pellet of root homogenates). When roots were treated with nitrate, the amount of [(35)S]methionine increased in six in vitro translation products (21, 24, 41, 56, 66, and 90 kilodaltons). Nitrate treatment did not enhance accumulation of label in translation products with a molecular weight of 31,000 (corresponding to the identified nitrate-inducible membrane polypeptide). Incubation of in vitro translation products with root membranes caused changes in the SDS-PAGE profiles in the vicinity of 31 kilodaltons. The results suggest that the nitrate-inducible, 31 kilodalton polypeptide from a fraction enriched in tonoplast and/or endoplasmic reticulum may be involved in regulating nitrate accumulation by maize roots.
A combined phase I and II open label study on the effects of a seaweed extract nutrient complex on osteoarthritis (2010)

The seaweed extract nutrient complex when taken orally over twelve weeks decreased the symptoms of osteoarthritis in a dose-dependent manner. It was demonstrated to be safe to use over the study period at the doses tested. The efficacy of the preparation now needs to be demonstrated in a phase III randomized controlled trial (RCT). AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTER: ACTRN12607000229471.
Genetic Classification and Differentiation of <i>Bartonella</i> Species Based on Comparison of Partial <i>ftsZ</i> Gene Sequences (2002)

Currently, 19 species are recognized in the genus Bartonella, 7 of which are involved in an increasing variety of human diseases. Development of molecular tools for detection, identification, and subtyping of strains and isolates has promoted research on Bartonella spp. We amplified and sequenced the portion of the ftsZ gene encoding the N-terminal region of the cell division protein for 13 Bartonella species: Bartonella alsatica, B. birtlesii, B. doshiae, B. elizabethae, B. grahami, B. koehlerae, B. schoenbuchensis, B. taylorii, B. tribocorum, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. arupensis, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. vinsonii, and B. bovis Bermond et al.("B. weissii"). Phylogenetically derived trees revealed four statistically supported groups, indicating that sequencing of the ftsZ gene is a useful tool for identifying evolutionary relationships among Bartonella species. Furthermore, we amplified and sequenced the portion of the ftsZ gene encoding the C-terminal region of the protein for 4 B. bacilliformis isolates, 14 B. clarridgeiae isolates, 14 B. quintana isolates, and 30 B. henselae isolates that were obtained from different geographic regions, hosts, and clinical specimens. B. clarridgeiae and B. quintana sequences were highly conserved, while those of the four B. bacilliformis isolates differed from the type strain at 5 positions. Among B. henselae strains isolated from cats and patients, only two genotypes were detected: Houston and Marseille. Among 80 clinical samples we detected Bartonella spp. in 35 (43.75%) and found the assay to be comparable to that of a combined intergenic-spacer-region- and pap31-based PCR assay. Our results show the usefulness of the portion of the ftsZ gene encoding the C-terminal region for diagnosis of Bartonella infections. More samples should be tested to study its usefulness for epidemiological investigations.
An examination of empirically derived within-die local probabilities of failure (2002)

Given a wide range of circuit densities and types of structures that can be present on a modern day IC, it is not inconceivable that different regions on a die display varying degrees of yield sensitivity to defects. A methodology is developed in this paper that utilizes data derived from in-line defect inspection equipment such that in combination with back-end sort data local probabilities of failure for different regions of the die can be determined. The technique described here is essential to a model free approach towards yield prediction. Other potential applications of this methodology include defect review sampling.
Hypertension, Exercise, and Beta-Adrenergic Blockade (1988)

If an exercise program is to be recommended as an adjunct to pharmacologic beta-blockade for hypertension, blood-pressure-lowering effects are preserved and exercise capacity is less affected with a beta-1-selective agent than with a beta-1-nonselective agent. Antihypertensive medications may be avoided altogether for selected patients who sustain an aerobic exercise program.