gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applications of Ultrasound to Polymer Synthesis (2011)

As a relatively unexplored technique, the application of ultrasound to chemical systems shows great promise in promoting a wide variety of chemical processes such as the synthesis of proteinaceous microspheres (Zhou et al., 2010), nanoparticle synthesis (Ashokkumar and Grieser, 1999; Didenko and Suslick, 2005), and the degradation of a range of pollutants (Petrier et al., 1992). The wide applications of ultrasound in chemical processes have attracted intense attention in various fields of chemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering. It exploits the effect of acoustic cavitation (Leighton, 1994); microbubbles present in the solution grow and collapse when sound waves pass through a liquid. This results in the generation of radicals, excited state species, enhancement of reaction rates, and excellent mixing of multiphase systems.
Emerging Roles of Meis1 in Cardiac Regeneration, Stem Cells and Cancer (2017)

Studies highlight emerging roles of Meis1 towards development of new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of myocardial injuries, bone failure, and cancer.
Altered expression of type I insulin-like growth factor receptor in Crohn's disease (2005)

The fibrotic and antiapoptotic effects of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are mediated by type I IGF receptor (IGF-1R). IGFs could play a role in intestinal stricturing and in the maintenance of inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). We aimed to describe IGF-1R expression in CD intestinal lesions, to compare it to other intestinal inflammatory diseases and to correlate it with fibrosis and apoptosis. IGF-1R expression and apoptosis (active caspase-3) were studied by immunohistochemistry. Surgical intestinal specimens [17 CD, nine controls, six diverticulitis and four ulcerative colitis (UC)] were used. IGF-1R was expressed transmurally mainly by inflammatory cells (IC) and smooth muscle cells, both in diseased intestine and controls. IGF-1R positive IC were increased in the mucosa and the submucosa of CD (P < 0.007), and in involved areas compared to uninvolved areas (P = 0.03). In UC, the number of IGF-1R positive IC was only increased in the mucosa, and was not different from controls in the submucosa. In diverticulitis, the number of IGF-1R positive IC did not differ from controls. In CD submucosa, IGF-1R expression in IC was inversely correlated with apoptosis in uninvolved areas (P = 0.01). Expression of IGF-1R in submucosal fibroblast-like cells, subserosal adipocytes and hypertrophic nervous plexi was specific for CD. We have shown a transmural altered expression of IGF-1R in CD. This may suggest a role for IGF-1R in the maintenance of chronic inflammation and stricture formation in CD.
Robot-assisted intelligent 3D mapping of unknown cluttered search and rescue environments (2008)

In this paper a unique landmark identification method is proposed for identifying large distinguishable landmarks for 3D visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in unknown cluttered urban search and rescue (USAR) environments. The novelty of the method is the utilization of both 3D (i.e., depth images) and 2D images. By utilizing a scale invariant feature transform (SIFT)-based approach and incorporating 3D depth imagery, we can achieve more reliable and robust recognition and matching of landmarks from multiple images for 3D mapping of the environment. Preliminary experiments utilizing the proposed methodology verify: (i) its ability to identify clusters of SIFT keypoints in both 3D and 2D images for representation of potential landmarks in the scene, and (ii) the use of the identified landmarks in constructing a 3D map of unknown cluttered USAR environments.
The central nervous system in scanning electron microscopy. (1982)

The first decade of scanning electron microscopy of the central nervous system has emphasized study of the ventricular system, especially the circumventricular organs. These are largely non-ciliated areas located in close vicinity to the third and fourth ventricles. Supraependymal cells (neurons and phagocytes) are common here along with tanycytes. Occasionally small blood vessels are exposed. Neurosecretory function is established for some of these organs and suspected for most of them. The subarachnoid space is clearly lined by flat surfaced connective tissues with fenestrations. Free cells which are known to be macrophages are common on the natural surfaces. These tissues react to antigens in the manner of connective tissues elsewhere in the body. The "non-surface" areas of the central nervous system have been examined by various techniques utilizing fracturing, isolation and ultrasonication but an established methodology has not yet emerged.
Molecular Sieving Across Centimeter-Scale Single-Layer Nanoporous Graphene Membranes (2017)

Molecular sieving across atomically thin nanoporous graphene is predicted to enable superior gas separation performance compared to conventional membranes. Although molecular sieving has been demonstrated across a few pores in microscale graphene membranes, leakage through nonselective defects presents a major challenge toward realizing selective membranes with high densities of pores over macroscopic areas. Guided by multiscale gas transport modeling of nanoporous graphene membranes, we designed the porous support beneath the graphene to isolate small defects and minimize leakage through larger defects. Ion bombardment followed by oxygen plasma etching was used to produce subnanometer pores in graphene at a density of ∼10<sup>11</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>. Gas permeance measurements demonstrate selectivity that exceeds the Knudsen effusion ratio and scales with the kinetic diameter of the gas molecules, providing evidence of molecular sieving across centimeter-scale nanoporous graphene. The extracted nanoporous graphene performance is comparable to or exceeds the Robeson limit for polymeric gas separation membranes, confirming the potential of nanoporous graphene membranes for gas separations.
Application of optical amplifiers in a microwave distribution network for phased array antennas (2002)

The analysis presented shows that optical amplifiers have the potential to offer significant advantages if they are used to amplify the microwave signals in the distribution system of large phased array antennas. The advantages are in terms of simplicity and noise performance. The distribution system with one layer of optical amplifiers allows a 42 dB power budget (SNR=113 dBc/Hz). This system can feed about 1100 T/R modules.
An application of oscillation damped motion for suspended payloads to the advanced integrated maintenance system (1990)

Transportation of objects using overhead cranes can induce pendulum motion of the object, which usually must be damped or allowed to decay before the next process can take place. Recent work at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has shown that oscillation damped transport and swing-free stops are possible by properly programming the acceleration of the transporting crane. This paper reviews the theory associated with oscillation-damped trajectories for simply suspended objects and describes a specific, full-scale implementation of the damped oscillation methods for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Advanced Integrated Maintenance System (AIMS). Hardware and software requirements and constraints for proper operation are discussed. Finally, test results and lessons learned are presented. 5 refs., 4 figs.
New Compounds. Diperoxalic Acid (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Compounds. Diperoxalic AcidNicholas Milas and Paul PanagiotakosCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 3, 534Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1946Publication History Published online6 November 2002Published inissue 1 March 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01207a603https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01207a603research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views53Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Murine tendon function is adversely affected by aggrecan accumulation due to the knockout of ADAMTS5 (2011)

The present study examined the effect of ADAMTS5 (TS5) knockout on the properties of murine flexor digitorum longus (FDL) and Achilles tendons. FDL and Achilles tendons were analyzed using biomechanical testing, histology, and immunohistochemistry; further characterization of FDL tendons was conducted using transmission electron microscopy (collagen fibril ultrastructure), SDS-PAGE (collagen content and type), fluorescence-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis for chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan, and Western blotting for aggrecan, versican, and decorin abundance and distribution. FDL tendons of TS5(-/-) mice showed a 33% larger cross-sectional area, increased collagen fibril area fraction, and decreased material properties relative to those of wild type mice. In TS5(-/-) mice, aggrecan accumulated in the pericellular matrix of tendon fibroblasts. In Achilles tendons, cross-sectional area, stress relaxation, and structural properties were similar in TS5(-/-) and wild type mice; however, the TS5(-/-) tendons exhibited a higher tensile modulus and a weakened enthesis. These results demonstrate that TS5 deficiency disturbs normal tendon collagen organization and alters biomechanical properties. Hence, the role of ADAMTS5 in tendon is to remove pericellular and interfibrillar aggrecan to maintain the molecular architecture responsible for normal tissue function.
The structure of baccatin-III, a partially esterified octahydroxy-monoketo-taxane derivative lacking a double bond at C-4 (1970)

D. P. D. C. de Marcano, T. G. Halsall and G. M. Hornby, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1970, 216b DOI: 10.1039/C2970000216B
Nutritional and dietary influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2008)

An abundance of research has investigated causes and treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The research includes identification of suboptimal levels of nutrients and sensitivities to certain foods and food additives. This review gives an overview of this research and provides an up-to-date account of clinical trials that have been conducted with zinc, iron, magnesium, Pycnogenol, omega-3 fatty acids, and food sensitivities. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar and included studies published before April 2008. Although further research is required, the current evidence supports indications of nutritional and dietary influences on behavior and learning in these children, with the strongest support to date reported for omega-3s and behavioral food reactions.
Effects of Decontamination Methods and Culture Conditions on Viability of <i>Mycobacterium ulcerans</i> in the BACTEC System (1998)

We used the BACTEC system to evaluate the effects of several decontamination methods and the addition of antibiotics on the viability of Mycobacterium ulcerans. The effects of polyoxyethylene stearate or egg yolk as supplements were also evaluated to determine their impact on the growth of M. ulcerans. Strains of different geographic origins were subjected to Petroff, reversed Petroff, oxalic acid, and mild HCI treatments. After treatment, the viability of each strain was assessed in the BACTEC system. All of the decontamination methods tested adversely affected bacterial viability. Treatment with mild HCl gave the best results, allowing better growth rates with some strains and causing a delay in growth with others, depending on the geographic origin of the strain. A mixture of polymyxin B, amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, and azlocillin did not significantly inhibit growth. Supplementing BACTEC medium with egg yolk markedly improved the recovery of M. ulcerans following the use of each of the decontamination methods. Our findings demonstrate a detrimental impact on the viability of M. ulcerans by all of the decontamination methods currently in common use. This explains, at least in part, the difficulty often experienced in cultivating this organism from clinical specimens. Egg yolk should be added to enhance the rate of successful primary cultivation of M. ulcerans in the BACTEC system.
[Methodological approach to calculating average growth (increment) rates in epidemiological analysis]. (1987)

In an analysis of dynamic rows with a view to the calculation of the rate of growth (increase) with the use of the geometric mean, it is expedient to utilize not the actual data, but the characteristics of the straight line aligned by the least-square method. The calculation of the average rate of growth (increase) by the actual data is recommended only in case of the monotonous change of the measured characteristic.
Cyber crime puts the drugs business in the shade : forensics (2013)

Cyber crime is spiralling out of control and the extent of the losses suffered, coupled with the reluctance of companies to take ownership or responsibility for the security breaches and resultant financial losses to their clients, have the man-in-the-street wondering if his money is safer under his mattress or buried at the bottom of the garden.
Large-Scale Production of Liposomes by A Microfluidizer (1990)

Liposomes can be produced by a variety of techniques such as sonication, high-pressure homogenization, detergent dialysis, reverse-phase evaporation and ether injection. The Microfluidizer is a high-pressure homogenizer which is capable of making small size multilamellar vesicles. The mean vesicle size of the liposome reduced drastically from 0.64 micron to 0.16 micron after three passes through the Microfluidizer. Additional three passes did not reduce the size further. The polydispersity reduced about 1.25% per pass. The ability to scale up the liposome production from 100 ml to 4000 ml (representing minimal batch sizes for the lab scale and the production scale Microfluidizer) was investigated and found to be satisfactory.
Micromechanical Light Modulators For Data Transfer And Processing (1984)

Electromechanical devices can be used to rapidly modulate light if their mechanical inertias can be made small enough. Their usefulness depends on being able to produce them in large arrays with high yield and at low cost, to integrate them with their drive circuitry, and to achieve a high level of reliability and reproducibility. In recent years micromechanical fabrication techniques have been used to produce arrays of miniature optical modulators on silicon that can operate at frequencies up to ~1 MHz with negligible drive power. They are completely compatible with IC technology and can be integrated with elec-tronic circuits. In large arrays they can transfer data at a high rate for parallel optical readout of microelectronic devices and sensor arrays. Once in optical form the data are ameanable to optical processing. This paper discusses the development of the micromechanical modulator, its features, performance characteristics and limitations and a number of potential applications to data transfer and processing.
Pore-Forming Peptides Induce Rapid Phospholipid Flip-Flop in Membranes (1994)

A kinetic model for pore-mediated and perturbation-mediated flip-flop is presented and used to characterize the mechanism of peptide-induced phospholipid flip-flop in bilayers. The model assumes that certain peptides can bind to and aggregate within the membrane. When the aggregate attains a critical size (M peptides), a channel is created that results in a fast flip-flop of phospholipids. In addition, certain peptides induce flip-flop through perturbation of the membrane without forming a pore. Donor phospholipid vesicles with an asymmetrical distribution of the fluorescent phospholipid 1-oleoyl-2-[12-[(7-nitro-1,2,3-benzoxadiazol-4- yl)amino]dodecanoyl]phosphatidylcholine (NBD-PC) were used to measure the extent of flip-flop by quantitating the decrease in fluorescence as the NBD-PC exchanged from the donor vesicles to acceptor vesicles that contained a quencher of the NBD fluorescence. Flip-flop curves generated at lipid/peptide ratios ranging from 30/1 to 300000/1 could be well-simulated by the model. Pore-forming peptides, such as melittin or the synthetic peptide GALA (WEAALAEALAEALAEHLAEALAEALEALAA), induce rapid phospholipid flip-flop with half-times for flip-flop of seconds at low peptide/vesicle ratios. The deduced pore sizes are M = 10 +/- 2 for GALA and M = 2 - 4 for melittin. The synthetic peptide LAGA (WEAALAEAEALALAEHEALALAEAELALAA) can catalyze flip-flop via bilayer perturbation. In contrast, hydrophobic peptides such as gramicidin A and valinomycin intercalate into the membrane, but induce little flip-flop. Modeling of the kinetics of phospholipid translocation supports pore formation as the key factor in accelerating phospholipid flip-flop. Thus, amphipathic segments from membrane proteins may account for non-energy-dependent phospholipid flip-flop in biological membranes.
Densification studies of Synroc D for high-level defense waste (1983)

Small- to medium-scale densification experiments were conducted on Synroc D using graphite dies and metal canisters. Pressures at elevated temperatures were applied both isostatically (HIP) and unidirectionally (HUP). Spray-dried/calcined powders formulated for composite or average sludge compositions exhibited initial packing densities of about 25% theoretical. Final densities were in the range of 95 to 99% theoretical, depending on applied pressure and temperature. In final-stage HUP densification, we have found that porosity varies exponentially with time acording to the well-known expression P + P/sub 0/ exp(-K/sub 0/t). The rate constant (K/sub 0/) has the Arrhenius form K/sub 0/ = Asigma exp(-E/RT) which includes a stress or pressure term. Rate constants are calculated from approximately 20 densification experiments conducted under a wide range of conditions; activation energies in the range of 20 to 35 kcal/mole were calculated for the densification process. HIP densification and leaching results are reported for experiments with a wide range of variables: pressure (3 to 30 ksi), temperature (900 to 1200/sup 0/C), redox calcination method, powder fill density and metal canister material. The results support the conclusion that HUP and HIP densification parameters are very similar and that Synroc-D leaching behavior is essentially independent of density in themore » range of 90 to 100% theoretical.The densification of Synroc D in a collapsible metal-bellows canister has been simulated by means of modeling calculations. Radial buckling tendencies were also evaluated. Results from large-scale HIP experiments are also reported. Up to 50 kg of Synroc D was densified to greater than 99% theoretical density in a metal-bellows canister 36 cm diameter by 24 cm in height. These data were used as a guide to make recommendations for the full-scale HIP densification of Synroc D using metal-bellows canisters.« less
Defibrotide reduces infarct size in a rabbit model of experimental myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion (1989)

1. Defibrotide, a single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide obtained from bovine lungs, has significant anti-thrombotic, pro-fibrinolytic and prostacyclin-stimulating properties. 2. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of defibrotide on infarct size and regional myocardial blood flow in a rabbit model of myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. 3. Defibrotide (32 mg kg-1 bolus + 32 mg kg-1 h-1, i.v.) either with or without co-administration of indomethacin (5 mg kg-1 x 2, i.v.) was administered 5 min after occlusion of the left anterior-lateral coronary artery and continued during the 60 min occlusion and subsequent 3 h reperfusion periods. 4. Defibrotide significantly attenuated the ischaemia-induced ST-segment elevation and abolished the reperfusion-related changes (R-wave reduction and Q-wave development) in the electrocardiogram. In addition, defibrotide significantly improved myocardial blood flow in normal and in ischaemic, but not in infarcted sections of the heart. The improvement in blood flow in normal perfused myocardium, but not in the ischaemic area was prevented by indomethacin. 5. Although the area at risk was similar in all animal groups studied, defibrotide treatment resulted in a 51% reduction of infarct size. Indomethacin treatment abolished the reduction of infarct size seen with defibrotide alone. 6. The data demonstrate a considerable cardioprotective effect of defibrotide in the reperfused ischaemic rabbit myocardium. This effect may be related, at least in part, to a stimulation of endogenous prostaglandin formation. Other possible mechanisms are discussed.
Analysis of Malware behavior: Type classification using machine learning (2015)

Malicious software has become a major threat to modern society, not only due to the increased complexity of the malware itself but also due to the exponential increase of new malware each day. This study tackles the problem of analyzing and classifying a high amount of malware in a scalable and automatized manner. We have developed a distributed malware testing environment by extending Cuckoo Sandbox that was used to test an extensive number of malware samples and trace their behavioral data. The extracted data was used for the development of a novel type classification approach based on supervised machine learning. The proposed classification approach employs a novel combination of features that achieves a high classification rate with a weighted average AUC value of 0.98 using Random Forests classifier. The approach has been extensively tested on a total of 42,000 malware samples. Based on the above results it is believed that the developed system can be used to pre-filter novel from known malware in a future malware analysis system.
A Novel Rate Control Scheme for Low Delay Video Communication of H.264/AVC Standard (2007)

This paper presents a novel rate control scheme for low delay video communication of H.264/AVC standard. A switched mean-absolute-difference (MAD) prediction scheme is introduced to enhance the traditional temporal MAD prediction model, which is not suitable for predicting abrupt MAD fluctuations. Our new model could reduce the MAD prediction error by up to 69%. Furthermore, an accurate linear rate-quantization (R-Q) model is also formulated to describe the relationship between the total amount of bits for both texture and nontexture information and the quantization parameter (QP), so that the negative effect caused by the inaccurate estimation of nontexture bits is removed. By exploring the relationship between peak signal-to-noise ratio and QP value, the proposed linear R-Q model could further optimize QP calculation at the macroblock level. When compared with the rate control scheme JVT-G012 which is adopted by the latest JVT H.264/AVC reference model JM9.8, the proposed rate control algorithm could reduce the mismatch between actual bits and target ones by up to 75%. To meet the low delay requirement, the buffer is better controlled to prevent overflowing and underflowing. The average luminance PSNR of reconstructed video is increased by up to 1.13 dB at low bit rates, and the subjective video quality is also improved