gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acetaminophen and the Risk of Renal and Bladder Cancer in the General Practice Research Database (2001)

We conducted a nested, matched case-control study in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) to assess whether acetaminophen use is associated with renal or bladder cancer. We matched 109 cases of renal cancer and 189 cases of bladder cancer with up to 4 controls each by age, sex, general practice, duration of drug history in the GPRD, and index date. We found that use of acetaminophen from 1 to 5 years before the index date was associated with an increased risk of renal cancer, with a direct relation between risk and number of prescriptions and an adjusted odds ratio of 2.3 (95% CI 1.0-5.3) for subjects with 20 or more prescriptions. There was no evidence for an increase in risk of bladder cancer with acetaminophen use. We found no association between use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and either renal or bladder cancer. These results support previous findings from our group and are consistent with a slight increase in the risk of renal cancer, but not bladder cancer, with heavy acetaminophen use.
Vehicle-Trailer Handling Dynamics and Stability Control ─ an Engineering Review (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presented an engineering review on the state of the art in the research and development of vehicle-trailer handling dynamics and stability controls. The issues and potential technical solutions were identified in various areas and the unique characteristics of vehicle-trailer as a combined system were investigated and compared to a single-unit vehicle system. Many approaches taken in modeling, analysis, simulation and testing were examined, and various control methods, actuations and control implementations were evaluated. As a result of this study, further research areas were also identified. While it is important to maintain the stability of a trailer, thus the stability of a vehicle-trailer combination, it remains one of the major challenges in designing an appropriate control law to balance effectively the requirements between stability and handling performance, which often set conflicting objectives.</div>
Morphology and Reproduction of Polysiphonia yendoi Segi (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) in Korea (1999)

The vegetative and the reproductive morphology of Polysiphonia yendoi Segi were studied. The plant has a creeping base and erect filaments. Rhizoids arise as out growth from basal pericentral cells cut off by a cross-wall. Axial segment produces four pericentral cells in alterrtate sequence, and is ecorticated. Branches are not associated with trichoblasts in origin and arise exogenously in alternate manner at regular intervals of about six segments apart. The carpogonial branch is three-celled. Two sterile groups as well as post-fertilization process are essentially same as those in the other species of the genus. The fertile segment (suprabasal cell) of female trichoblast always produces five pericentral cells of which the fifth aces as the supporting cell. Spermatangia are produced on the trichoblast derived from an axial cell. Tetrasporangia are restricted to the third of the five Pericentral cells. Each tetrasporangial mother cell (pericentral cell) cuts off two pre-sporangial cover cells, followed by a tetrasporangial intial and a stalk cell.
Cache-enabled small cell networks: modeling and tradeoffs (2015)

We consider a network model where small base stations (SBSs) have caching capabilities as a means to alleviate the backhaul load and satisfy users' demand. The SBSs are stochastically distributed over the plane according to a Poisson point process (PPP) and serve their users either (i) by bringing the content from the Internet through a finite rate backhaul or (ii) by serving them from the local caches. We derive closed-form expressions for the outage probability and the average delivery rate as a function of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), SBS density, target file bitrate, storage size, file length, and file popularity. We then analyze the impact of key operating parameters on the system performance. It is shown that a certain outage probability can be achieved either by increasing the number of base stations or the total storage size. Our results and analysis provide key insights into the deployment of cache-enabled small cell networks (SCNs), which are seen as a promising solution for future heterogeneous cellular networks.
Invasive ants alter the phylogenetic structure of ant communities (2009)

Invasive species displace native species and potentially alter the structure and function of ecological communities. In this study, we compared the generic composition of intact and invaded ant communities from 12 published studies and found that invasive ant species alter the phylogenetic structure of native ant communities. Intact ant communities were phylogenetically evenly dispersed, suggesting that competition structures communities. However, in the presence of an invasive ant species, these same communities were phylogenetically clustered. Phylogenetic clustering in invaded communities suggests that invasive species may act as strong environmental filters and prune the phylogenetic tree of native species in a nonrandom manner, such that only a few closely related taxa can persist in the face of a biological invasion. Taxa that were displaced by invasive ant species were evenly dispersed in the phylogeny, suggesting that diversity losses from invasive ant species are not clustered in particular lineages. Collectively, these results suggest that there is strong phylogenetic structuring in intact native ant communities, but the spread of invasive species disassembles those communities above and beyond the effect of simple reductions in diversity.
REACTIVE POWER SUPPLIED BY PV INVERTERS - COST-BENEFIT-ANALYSIS (2007)

This paper introduces in a first step the capability and availability of reactive power supply by PV inverters. In a second step this potential is studied concerning its economic usability. This is done by a proposed approach of allocating additional costs to reactive power supply and assessing the benefits for network operation. Based on cost-benefit-analyses the paper presents an economic potential of using reactive power from PV inverters for distribution network operation.
An Initial Trial of a Prototype Telepathology System Featuring Static Imaging With Discrete Control of the Remote Microscope (1998)

Routine diagnosis of pathology images transmitted over telecommunications lines remains an elusive goal. Part of the resistance stems from the difficulty of enabling image selection by the remote pathologist. To address this problem, a telepathology microscope system (TelePath, TeleMedicine Solutions, Birmingham, Ala) that has features associated with static and dynamic imaging systems was constructed. Features of the system include near real time image transmission, provision of a tiled overview image, free choice of any fields at any desired optical magnification, and automated tracking of the pathologist's image selection. All commands and images are discrete, avoiding many inherent problems of full motion video and continuous remote control. A set of 64 slides was reviewed by 3 pathologists in a simulated frozen section environment. Each pathologist provided diagnoses for all 64 slides, as well as qualitative information about the system. Thirty-one of 192 diagnoses disagreed with the reference diagnosis that had been reached before the trial began. Qf the 31, 13 were deferrals and 12 were diagnoses of cases that had a deferral as the reference diagnosis. In 6 cases, the diagnosis disagreed with the reference diagnosis yielding an overall accuracy of 96.9%. Confidence levels in the diagnoses were high. This trial suggests that this system provides high-quality anatomic pathology services, including intraoperative diagnoses, over telecommunications lines.
Methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin in human sympathoadrenal system and pheochromocytoma. (1982)

A C T To elucidate the physiological and pathophysiological significance of methionine-and leucine-enkephalin (Met-and Leu-enkephalin, respec- tively) in human sympathoadrenal system, the contents of these peptides in normal human sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla, and pheochromo- cytomas were determined by specific radioimmunoassays combined with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Met-enkephalin-like and Leu- enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (Met-enkephalin-LI and Leu-enkephalin-LI, respectively) were detected by radioimmunoassay in adrenal glands, adrenal me- dulla, stellate ganglia, sympathetic trunks, and celiac ganglia, and their contents in adrenal medulla were highest. Existence of authentic Met-and Leu-enkeph- alin was confirmed by reverse-phase high-perfor- mance liquid chromatography. Met-enkephalin was -74% of Met-enkephalin-LI, whereas Leu-enkephalin was "30% of Leu-enkephalin-LI in human adrenal medulla. The ratio of Met-to Leu-enkephalin was 2.6 in human adrenal medulla, whereas it was higher in sympathetic ganglia or trunks.
Pebbles in the Lower Colorado River, Texas a Study in Particle Morphogenesis (1958)

The Colorado River in its course from central Texas to the Gulf of Mexico carries quartz, chert, and limestone pebbles which can be traced for distances of up to 270 miles from their source. Limestone is so soft that it reaches its limiting roundness in the first few miles and thereafter undergoes no further increase. Harder quartz rounds much more slowly but eventually attains the same high limiting roundness value as limestone. Chert, being brittle, tends to spall and only rounds slightly downstream. A new and more behavioristic measure of equidimensionality, "maximum projection sphericity," is introduced, and a triangular diagram is proposed for analysis of the equant versus disklike versus rodlike aspect of particles, here termed "form." It was hoped that, by limiting the study to pebbles 32-64 mm. in length, the effects of grain size might be eliminated; the data show, however, that, even within this narrow range, particle size has a greater effect on sphericity and form than 200 miles of fluvial transport-larger pebbles tend to have lower sphericity and a rodlike form, while smaller ones are more discoidal. Limestone pebbles remain at constant low sphericity because of their bedding and show no significant change with distance. For quartz, pebbles larger than 54 mm. become more rodlike downstream but show little numerical change in sphericity, hence apparently roll like a rolling pin and wear chiefly on the intermediate axis. Quartz pebbles smaller than 38 mm. show a significant downstream increase in sphericity, chiefly by wear on the long axis, and hence must be carried chiefly in saltation where they bounce randomly along the bottom. Surprisingly, chert pebbles larger than 38 mm. show a striking downstream decrease in sphericity and become more bladed by diminution of the short axis, apparently by preferential splitting parallel with the bedding; but chert pebbles smaller than 38 mm. increase in sphericity in the same manner as do small quartz pebbles. For both quartz and chert, pebbles near the source have similar sphericity and form regardless of size; since large and small sizes wear by opposite mechanisms, there is increasing divergence in sphericity andform between large and small pebbles as they are traced farther from their source. Detailed analysis of the polymodal sphericity frequency distributions reveals the apparent existence of remarkably constant discrete sphericity populations for each rock type. Furthermore, for all rock types the intermediate axis tends to measure very close to halfway between the long and short axes-hence there is a dominance of bladed forms; this is true even for limestone, in which discoidal forms are but slightly more abundant than rodlike forms. Analysis of mean form on the triangular diagram seems to be the most powerful weapon available to attack the problem of particle abrasion. This study shows that sphericity depends most importantly on the inherent abrasional properties of the different rock types, is strongly a function of size as well as distance, and is but little affected by selective sorting.
NMR relaxation in systems with magnetic nanoparticles: A temperature study (2013)

The increase of 1/T2 with temperature is modeled successfully using echo limited motional regime where both diffusion of the protons and nanoparticle cluster size increase with temperature. Both transverse and longitudinal relaxation efficiencies are reduced by PEG coating at all temperatures. If prediction of relaxation rates under different particle concentrations and operating temperatures is possible then the use of MNP in temperature monitoring and hyperthermia applications may be achieved.
An Unbiased Genome-Wide <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Gene Expression Approach To Discover Antigens Targeted by Human T Cells Expressed during Pulmonary Infection (2013)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for almost 2 million deaths annually. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, the only vaccine available against tuberculosis (TB), induces highly variable protection against TB, and better TB vaccines are urgently needed. A prerequisite for candidate vaccine Ags is that they are immunogenic and expressed by M. tuberculosis during infection of the primary target organ, that is, the lungs of susceptible individuals. In search of new TB vaccine candidate Ags, we have used a genome-wide, unbiased Ag discovery approach to investigate the in vivo expression of 2170 M. tuberculosis genes during M. tuberculosis infection in the lungs of mice. Four genetically related but distinct mouse strains were studied, representing a spectrum of TB susceptibility controlled by the supersusceptibility to TB 1 locus. We used stringent selection approaches to select in vivo-expressed M. tuberculosis (IVE-TB) genes and analyzed their expression patterns in distinct disease phenotypes such as necrosis and granuloma formation. To study the vaccine potential of these proteins, we analyzed their immunogenicity. Several M. tuberculosis proteins were recognized by immune cells from tuberculin skin test-positive, ESAT6/CFP10-responsive individuals, indicating that these Ags are presented during natural M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, TB patients also showed responses toward IVE-TB Ags, albeit lower than tuberculin skin test-positive, ESAT6/CFP10-responsive individuals. Finally, IVE-TB Ags induced strong IFN-γ(+)/TNF-α(+) CD8(+) and TNF-α(+)/IL-2(+) CD154(+)/CD4(+) T cell responses in PBMC from long-term latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals. In conclusion, these IVE-TB Ags are expressed during pulmonary infection in vivo, are immunogenic, induce strong T cell responses in long-term latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals, and may therefore represent attractive Ags for new TB vaccines.
Relationship between T and E and M and l (1994)

Test and Evaluation (T and E) and Measurement and Instrumentation (M and I) are two major disciplines with very large followings across the globe. For reasons discussed, a close synergy between these two communities is required to meet the challenge of testing and evaluating complex systems in all fields of human endeavour - from military and civil desires, manufacture and wage through to monitoring real-world conditions in which the systems must survive. The paper sets the scene for a series of some 20 papers by experts invited to speak on the various aspects of M and I and T and E. Through them the importance is shown of the contribution these disciplines can make to the mutual security and prosperity of our nations.
Influence of the Composition of Water/Ethanol Mixtures on the Solubility and Recrystallization of Nevirapine (2010)

When anhydrous nevirapine was recrystallized from ethanol that contained increasing amounts of water, it was found that the amount of water affected not only the solubility but also the solvent inclusion and crystal habit of the precipitated material. This led to the crystallization of a previously unknown nevirapine hemiethanolate from solutions that contained less than 5% water. Adding more than 10% water led to the isolation of the known hemihydrate, and a further increase in water-content caused precipitation of the anhydrous form. It was shown not only that discontinuities in the solubility profile indicate transition from one crystal form to another but also that they occurred at the junction between two distinct crystal forms or crystal habits. A possible explanation for these observations was found in the relationship between the solubility of nevirapine, the solubility parameter of the solvent mixtures, and the change in water activity.
Acute tubular necrosis. An experimental model detailing the biochemical events accompanying renal injury and recovery. (1976)

Male Charles River mice, divided into control or experimental groups, received on Day 0 either sterile 0.3 MNaHCO3 in 0.9 per cent saline (pH7.4) intraperitoneal injection or pteroylglutamic acid (200 mug per body weight), similarly buffered to pH7.6, and were sacrificed on Days 0, 1/4, 1/2, 1,2,3,4,7, and 14. The experimental kidneys demonstrated intratubular deposits of pteroylglutamic acid with edema between Days 1 and 4 with cortical scarring by Day 14. The experimental kidneys reached maximal increases in weight (+90 per cent) on Day 2, RNA (+61 per cent, protein (+67 per cent) on Day 3, and DNA (+25 per cent) on Day 4 before falling to below control levels on Day 14. The control kidneys demonstrated the gradual incremental increases of normal renal growth throughout this period. No change in renal size, protein, RNA, or DNA could be detected in those animals who failed to demonstrate renal tubular damage. It is postulated that the response of the kidney to folic acid administration is a reparative response and not a response directed toward accelerated renal growth.
EMG-based Control for a C5/C6 Spinal Cord Injury Upper Extremity Neuroprosthesis (2007)

The goal of this project is to enhance the benefits of functional electrical stimulation (FES) for individuals with cervical mid-level spinal cord injury (C5-C6 SCI) by providing upper arm function that complements the hand function provided by current FES systems. As a result of stimulation to selected shoulder and elbow muscles, individuals are able to increase their range of motion, their reaching ability, and improve their overall shoulder stability. An approach that provides a natural way of controlling arm stimulation is proposed. The controller extracts information from recorded EMG activity of muscles under retained voluntary control and processes these signals to generate the appropriate stimulation levels for the stimulated paralyzed muscles. One subject with complete C5 paralysis has been implemented with this advanced neuroprosthesis which includes four implanted EMG electrodes and 24 channels of stimulation. Eight of these channels were used for hand grasp and six were used for trunk stimulation to provide posture control, trunk stability and weight relief. The shoulder and elbow implanted stimulation channels include the suprascapular, thoracodorsal and radial nerves (via nerve-cuff electrodes) and the pectoralis major, rhomboids and pronator quadratus muscles (via muscle-based electrodes). The thoracic portion of the pectoralis major was transferred to the scapula to restore the actions of the denervated serratus anterior muscle, essential for reaching tasks and shoulder stability. The four EMG channels implanted include the trapezius, biceps, deltoids and extensor carpi radialis longus. Currently, the EMG control strategy is being refined and tested with the subject including evaluation of the functional benefits of the intervention.
Systematic Identification and Classification of Three-Dimensional Activity Cliffs (2012)

Activity cliffs were systematically extracted from public domain X-ray structures of targets for which complexes with multiple ligands were available, following the concept of three-dimensional (3D) cliffs. Binding modes of ligands with well-defined potency measurements were compared in a pairwise manner, and their 3D similarity was calculated using a previously reported property density function-based method taking conformational, positional, and chemical differences into account. Requiring the presence of at least 80% 3D similarity and a potency difference of at least 2 orders of magnitude as cliff criteria, a total of 216 well-defined 3D activity cliffs were detected in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). These 3D-cliffs involved a total of 269 ligands active against 38 different targets belonging to 17 protein families. For 255 of these compounds, binding modes were available at high crystallographic resolution. All 3D-cliffs were analyzed in detail and assigned to different categories on the basis of crystallographic interaction patterns. In many instances, differences in ligand-target interactions suggested plausible causes for origins of 3D-cliffs. In other cases, short-range interactions seen in X-ray structures were insufficient to deduce possible reasons for cliff formation. The 3D-cliffs described herein further advance the rationalization of activity cliffs at the level of ligand-target interactions and should also be useful for other applications such as the calibration of energy functions for structure-based design. The pool of identified activity cliffs is provided to enable subsequent structure-based analyses of cliffs.
Sulfur Containing Plasma Treatment for the Introduction of Thiol Groups onto Polyethylene Surfaces (1996)

Abstract We propose a novel method of introducing thiol groups onto polymer surfaces of e.g. polyethylene by plasma treatment with sulfur-containing organic compounds. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses of the plasma treated surfaces are presented.
Outlines of Inorganic Chemistry. (1905)

The subject is presented through such experimental work as has long been tested in college and in such relation as to facilitate drawing the deductions essential to a proper comprehension. The consecutive experimental development of the principles on which systematic chemistry rests is considered, together with the electrical phenomena and ions and the constitution of the acids, bases and salts from the ionic point of view, and the thermal relations based on the recognition of equivalents, electrical, chemical and thermal. The molecule in its relation to the atom, in the light of the kinetic theory of gases, in the theories of Van t'Hoff and Werner, the phenomena of solutions, the electrolytic theory of dissociation and the modern conceptions of the ions are all discussed. The elements, their compounds and properties are considered in accordance with the periodic system. Graphic symbols are used because their real functions for co-ordinating facts are