gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Very high-responsivity evanescently coupled photodiodes integrating a short planar multimode waveguide for high-speed applications (2003)

We report an evanescently coupled photodiode that utilizes a short planar multimode waveguide. Very high responsivity (> 1 A/W) with polarization dependence less than 0.5 dB, 48-GHz bandwidth, and 11-mA saturation current were achieved.
Avalanche ionization and dielectric breakdown in silicon with ultrafast laser pulses (1998)

Experimental evidence is presented demonstrating avalanche ionization as the dominant mechanism for dielectric breakdown in silicon with ultrafast laser pulses at above-gap photon energies. Data are presented for pulses between 80 fs and 9 ns at 786 nm and 1.06 \ensuremath{\mu}m. Associated electric fields range from 0.3 to 40 MV/cm. Avalanche ionization coefficients range from ${10}^{10}$ to ${10}^{14} {\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and are discussed in relation to semiempirical dc ionization theory and recent ac Monte Carlo calculations. Correlation is obtained between electron collision times and associated ionization rates.
Shot-noise detection of ultrasound-tagged photons in ultrasound-modulated optical imaging (2003)

We propose a new detection method for ultrasound-modulated optical tomography that allows us to perform parallel speckle detection with optimum shot-noise sensitivity, using a CCD camera. Moreover, we show that making use of a spatial filter system allows us to fully filter out speckle decorrelation noise. This method is confirmed by a test experiment.
LOW ENERGY POINT REFLECTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (1997)

No abstract received.
Synthesis, Structure and Reactions of Glycosyl Azides (1993)

Abstract Recent progress in synthetic methods and structure determination has resulted in several new developments in the chemistry of glycosyl azides. A review on these synthetically useful intermediates was published by Micheel and Klemer1 more than 30 years ago but newer treatments2,3 of related topics scarcely take notice of these compounds despite their definite importance as precursors to glycosyl amines and heterocyclic derivatives such as 1,2,3-triazoles.
Synthesis and solution properties of poly(<i>trans</i>‐5‐ethylproline). A slow mutarotating substituted polyproline (1983)

Abstract An optically active polypeptide, poly( trans ‐5‐ethylproline) (PT5EP) was synthesized and its solution properties were observed to investigate the conformational changes with various conditions. The trans ‐5‐ethyl substitution on polyproline showed noticeable perturbed effects on the conformations of the polypeptide as well as mutarotation of the polypeptide in solution. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra suggested that the polypeptide existed in a poly( L ‐proline) form‐I‐type helix and mutarotated slowly to an intermediate conformation in which some of the amide bonds had rotated to a trans conformation. In trifluoroethanol (TFE) solution the polymer took more than 20 days to change from a form‐I‐type helix conformation, in which CD bands for D ‐PT5EP are at 199.5 ± 1.0 (positive), 115.5 ± 0.5 (negative), and around 238 nm (positive), to an intermediate conformation. Upon addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to a TFE solution, the polymer was transformed to form‐II‐type polymers. Even a greater change in conformation was observed in a solution of TFA or in LiClO 4 ‐TFE. The overall change of the intensity ratio R CD of positive to negative CD bands of D ‐PT5EP was from 0.6–0.7 to 30. Reverse mutarotation toward the original form I was observed when n ‐butyl alcohol, water, or THF was added to a solution containing the form II polymer. A blue shift of the UV spectra and a change in the NMR spectrum also supported the concept of this conformational change.
Heterobimetallics of Nickel−Iron Dinitrosyl:  Electronic Control by Chelate and Diatomic Ligands (2000)

Reaction of [PPN][Fe(NO)2(SePh)2] (1) with dimeric [Ni(mu-SCH2CH2SCH2CH2S)]2 in the presence of additional NO2- produced the neutral heterobimetallic [(ON)Ni[(mu-SCH2CH2)2S]Fe(NO)2] complex (2). The X-ray crystal structures of 1 and 2 show distorted tetrahedral iron dinitrosyl groups, assigned according to the Feltham-Enemark notation as [Fe(NO)2]9 The Fe-NO bonds are off linearity by an average of approximately equals 10 degrees for compounds 1 and 2, while a more linear Ni-NO coordination with a Ni-NO distance of 1.644(2) A was found in 2. The v(NO) value of complex 2 is consistent with an assignment for [Ni(NO)]9 of Ni0(NO)+ as is known for analogous phosphine derivatives, P3Ni0(NO)+. EPR signals of g values = 2.02-2.03 confirmed the existence of the odd electron in the chalcogenated [Fe(NO)2]9 compounds. Two [Fe(NO)2]10 complexes coordinated by the nickel(II) dithiolate, (bismercaptoethanediazacyclooctane)nickel(II), (Ni-1), (Ni-1)Fe(CO)(NO)2 and (Ni-1)Fe(NO)2, were prepared for comparison to the Ni0(NO)+ derivative and other monomeric and homodimetallic derivatives of the Fe(NO)2 fragment. While the oxidation level of Fe(NO)2 is the primary determinant of v(NO) values, they are also highly sensitive to ancillary ligands and, thereby, the distal metal influence through the bridging thiolate donor.
Clinically Relevant Dermatology Resources and the Internet: An Introductory Guide for Practicing Physicians (1999)

The number of dermatology sites on the Internet is growing rapidly and the resources they offer are of great benefit to dermatologists and physicians. The mainstay of dermatologic diagnosis is that of visual inspection and gross morphology, therefore, the use of improved imaging techniques, which allow for the rapid collection, electronic transmission, and indexing of images aids in the accurate recognition and interpretation of skin lesions. The graphic nature of the field of dermatology kindly lends itself to the use of the Internet. The enhanced ability to access information,and share expert opinion worldwide will help lessen inappropriate treatment or delayed referral to an appropriate specialist and facilitate the accurate diagnosis of various dermatologic diseases. Concerns about the quality of data are examined and an evaluation scheme proposed. An overview of available resources is presented along with links to additional resources to aid the reader in the identification of additional sites to explore. Sites were selected with the goal of identifying those that provide a broad range of information worthwhile to the dermatologist and general practitioner. Resources including, but not limited to, image atlases, electronic texts, drug databases, case study archives, laboratory testing, and clinical procedures are examined.
Diverse capacity for 2-methylhopanoid production correlates with a specific ecological niche (2013)

Molecular fossils of 2-methylhopanoids are prominent biomarkers in modern and ancient sediments that have been used as proxies for cyanobacteria and their main metabolism, oxygenic photosynthesis. However, substantial culture and genomic-based evidence now indicates that organisms other than cyanobacteria can make 2-methylhopanoids. Because few data directly address which organisms produce 2-methylhopanoids in the environment, we used metagenomic and clone library methods to determine the environmental diversity of hpnP, the gene encoding the C-2 hopanoid methylase. Here we show that hpnP copies from alphaproteobacteria and as yet uncultured organisms are found in diverse modern environments, including some modern habitats representative of those preserved in the rock record. In contrast, cyanobacterial hpnP genes are rarer and tend to be localized to specific habitats. To move beyond understanding the taxonomic distribution of environmental 2-methylhopanoid producers, we asked whether hpnP presence might track with particular variables. We found hpnP to be significantly correlated with organisms, metabolisms and environments known to support plant-microbe interactions (P-value<10(-6)); in addition, we observed diverse hpnP types in closely packed microbial communities from other environments, including stromatolites, hot springs and hypersaline microbial mats. The common features of these niches indicate that 2-methylhopanoids are enriched in sessile microbial communities inhabiting environments low in oxygen and fixed nitrogen with high osmolarity. Our results support the earlier conclusion that 2-methylhopanoids are not reliable biomarkers for cyanobacteria or any other taxonomic group, and raise the new hypothesis that, instead, they are indicators of a specific environmental niche.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of GD3 Oligosaccharides and Other Disialyl Glycans Containing Natural and Non-natural Sialic Acids (2009)

In order to understand the biological importance of naturally occurring sialic acid variations on disialyl structures in nature, we developed an efficient two-step multienzyme approach for the synthesis of a series of GD3 ganglioside oligosaccharides and other disialyl glycans containing a terminal Siaalpha2-8Sia component with different natural and non-natural sialic acids. In the first step, alpha2-3- or alpha2-6-linked monosialylated oligosaccharides were obtained using a one-pot three-enzyme approach. These compounds were then used as acceptors for the alpha2-8-sialyltransferase activity of a recombinant truncated multifunctional Campylobacter jejuni sialyltransferase CstII mutant, CstIIDelta32(I53S), to produce disialyl oligosaccharides. The alpha2-8-sialyltransferase activity of CstIIDelta32(I53S) has promiscuous donor substrate specificity and can tolerate various substitutions at C-5 or C-9 of the sialic acid in CMP-sialic acid, while its acceptor substrate specificity is relatively restricted. The terminal sialic acid residues in the acceptable monosialylated oligosaccharide acceptors are restricted to Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, KDN, and some of their C-9-modified forms but not their C-5 derivatives. The disialyl oligosaccharides obtained are valuable probes for their biological studies.
Fortification of Foods with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (2013)

A $600 million nutritional supplements market growing at 30% every year attests to consumer awareness of, and interests in, health benefits attributed to these supplements. For over 80 years the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption for human health has been established. The FDA recently approved the use of ω-3 PUFAs in supplements. Additionally, the market for ω-3 PUFA ingredients grew by 24.3% last year, which affirms their popularity and public awareness of their benefits. PUFAs are essential for normal human growth; however, only minor quantities of the beneficial ω-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are synthesized by human metabolism. Rather PUFAs are obtained via dietary or nutritional supplementation and modified into other beneficial metabolites. A vast literature base is available on the health benefits and biological roles of ω-3 PUFAs and their metabolism; however, information on their dietary sources and palatability of foods incorporated with ω-3 PUFAs is limited. DHA and EPA are added to many foods that are commercially available, such as infant and pet formulae, and they are also supplemented in animal feed to incorporate them in consumer dairy, meat, and poultry products. The chief sources of EPA and DHA are fish oils or purified preparations from microalgae, which when added to foods, impart a fishy flavor that is considered unacceptable. This fishy flavor is completely eliminated by extensively purifying preparations of n-3 PUFA sources. While n-3 PUFA lipid autoxidation is considered the main cause of fishy flavor, the individual oxidation products identified thus far, such as unsaturated carbonyls, do not appear to contribute to fishy flavor or odor. Alternatively, various compound classes such as free fatty acids and volatile sulfur compounds are known to impart fishy flavor to foods. Identification of the causative compounds to reduce and eventually eliminate fishy flavor is important for consumer acceptance of PUFA-fortified foods.
Chemical modification of metallocene‐based polyethylene–octene elastomer through solution grafting of acrylic acid and its effect on the physico‐mechanical properties (2007)

Abstract In the present work, the metallocene‐based polyethylene–octene elastomer (POE) was chemically modified by solution grafting of acrylic acid in presence of benzoyl peroxide. The relative proportions of graft and gel formation were optimized through %weight gain, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The gel formation in the POE matrix was found to be the prime competitor. The effect of grafting at its maximum level on various physicomechanical properties was thoroughly investigated, using X‐ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Diet‐Dependent Effects of Minimal Enteral Nutrition on Intestinal Function and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Pigs (2011)

Colostrum MEN improves intestinal structure, function, and NEC resistance in preterm pigs but does not protect against gut dysfunction and NEC associated with later full enteral formula feeding.
Growth of AlN and GaN on 6H–SiC(0001) using a helium supersonic beam seeded with ammonia (1997)

We have grown AlN and GaN layers on 4° off-axis 6H–SiC (0001) substrates using He supersonic beams seeded with NH3. The AlN films were used as buffer layers for GaN growth at 800°C. We estimate 39% incorporation of the NH3 molecules impinging on the substrate surface during GaN film growth. High structural quality of the epitaxial GaN layers was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and electron channeling patterns. The GaN films, which had a thickness of ∼105 nm, contained a defect density of ∼2×1010 cm−2.
Properties of Piezoelectric Ceramics Sintered in Reducing Atmosphere (1991)

Antireduction piezoelectric ceramics were fabricated by adding excess 3 at % of divalent metal ion Sr or Ba to the A site and 0.3∼1.0 wt% of MnCO 3 and glass for lead perovskite material. Piezoelectric K p and d 31 , constants of specimens sintered under a reducing atmosphere of P 0 =10 -9 MPa were about 45% and about 200×10 -12 m/V, respectively, and bending strength was about 760 kg/cm 2 . Employing this material, we should be able to fabricate multilayer piezoelectric ceramic devices where Cu or Ni can be used as the internal electrode.
Proof-Carrying Hardware Intellectual Property: A Pathway to Trusted Module Acquisition (2011)

We present a novel framework for facilitating the acquisition of provably trustworthy hardware intellectual property (IP). The proposed framework draws upon research in the field of proof-carrying code (PCC) to allow for formal yet computationally straightforward validation of security-related properties by the IP consumer. These security-related properties, agreed upon a priori by the IP vendor and consumer and codified in a temporal logic, outline the boundaries of trusted operation, without necessarily specifying the exact IP functionality. A formal proof of these properties is then crafted by the vendor and presented to the consumer alongside the hardware IP. The consumer, in turn, can easily and automatically check the correctness of the proof and, thereby, validate compliance of the hardware IP with the agreed-upon properties. We implement the proposed framework using a synthesizable subset of Verilog and a series of pertinent definitions in the Coq theorem-proving language. Finally, we demonstrate the application of this framework on a simple IP acquisition scenario, including specification of security-related properties, Verilog code for two alter- native circuit implementations, as well as proofs of their security compliance.
The transcriptional repressor CDP (Cutl1) is essential for epithelial cell differentiation of the lung and the hair follicle (2001)

The mammalian Cutl1 gene codes for the CCAAT displacement protein (CDP), which has been implicated as a transcriptional repressor in diverse processes such as terminal differentiation, cell cycle progression, and the control of nuclear matrix attachment regions. To investigate the in vivo function of Cutl1, we have replaced the C-terminal Cut repeat 3 and homeodomain exons with an in-frame lacZ gene by targeted mutagenesis in the mouse. The CDP-lacZ fusion protein is retained in the cytoplasm and fails to repress gene transcription, indicating that the Cutl1(lacZ) allele corresponds to a null mutation. Cutl1 mutant mice on inbred genetic backgrounds are born at Mendelian frequency, but die shortly after birth because of retarded differentiation of the lung epithelia, which indicates an essential role of CDP in lung maturation. A less pronounced delay in lung development allows Cutl1 mutant mice on an outbred background to survive beyond birth. These mice are growth-retarded and develop an abnormal pelage because of disrupted hair follicle morphogenesis. The inner root sheath (IRS) is reduced, and the transcription of Sonic hedgehog and IRS-specific genes is deregulated in Cutl1 mutant hair follicles, consistent with the specific expression of Cutl1 in the progenitors and cell lineages of the IRS. These data implicate CDP in cell-lineage specification during hair follicle morphogenesis, which resembles the role of the related Cut protein in specifying cell fates during Drosophila development.
Subresolution assist feature tolerences for contact windows using 193-nm lithography (1998)

Combining assist features with appropriate off-axis illumination conditions can significantly improve depth of focus and uniformity of critical dimensions of contact windows. It is known that sub-resolution assist features modify the environment of isolated features in a fashion that they appear dense. In recent years the impact of assist features was mostly studied for gate-level lithography. In this paper the placement and dimension control of assist features for contact windows are examined and analyzed using 193 nm lithography in conjunction with a state-of-the-art single layer resist. Our study is primarily done for 160 nm contact windows, and it is based on experimental data obtained from critical dimension measurements with varying focus, exposure dose, and in different environments. Along with optical proximity corrections we use off-axis illumination technique which increases depth of focus of contact windows and improves the overall process latitude. Specifically for this study we have designed a test photomask with different geometries and pattern densities of contact windows with and without assist features to be used at 193 nm wavelength. To study the proximity effects, different sizes of assist features were used as well as the distances of assists from the main feature were varied. The results have shown that while increasing the process latitude for the primary feature using assist slots in combination with off-axis illumination, the resist thickness and contrast are limiting the assist feature dimensions that can be used. Assist features appear to significantly increase critical dimension uniformity of the contact windows when using both conventional and off-axis illumination techniques, and they dramatically increase the common exposure dose latitude for contact windows with densities from near-isolated to dense, decreasing the proximity effects. Assist feature technique combined with quadrupole illumination demonstrates about 0.3 micron improvement in depth of focus for every type contact window pattern used.
Inhibition of Glucose Metabolism Sensitizes Tumor Cells to Death Receptor-triggered Apoptosis through Enhancement of Death-inducing Signaling Complex Formation and Apical Procaspase-8 Processing (2003)

Tumors display a high rate of glucose uptake and glycolysis. We investigated how inhibition of glucose metabolism could affect death receptor-mediated apoptosis in human tumor cells of diverse origin. We show that both substitution of glucose for pyruvate and treatment with 2-deoxyglucose enhanced apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, CD95 agonistic antibody, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Inhibition of glucose metabolism enhanced killing of myeloid leukemia U937, cervical carcinoma HeLa, and breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells upon death receptor ligation. Caspase activation, mitochondrial depolarization, and cytochrome c release were increased under these conditions. Glucose deprivation-mediated sensitization to apoptosis was prevented in MCF-7 cells overexpressing BCL-2. Interestingly, the human B-lymphoblastoid cell line SKW6.4, a prototype for mitochondria-independent death receptor-induced apoptosis, was also sensitized to anti-CD95 and TRAIL-induced apoptosis under glucose-free conditions. Changes in c-FLIP(L) and cFLIPs levels were observed in some but not all the cell lines studied following glucose deprivation. Glucose deprivation enhanced death receptor-triggered formation of death-inducing signaling complex and early processing of procaspase-8. Altogether, these results suggest that the glycolytic pathway may be an important target for therapeutic intervention to sensitize tumor cells to selectively toxic soluble death ligands or death ligand-expressing cells of the immune system by facilitating the activation of initiator caspase-8.
A VLSI demodulator for digital RF network applications: theory and results (1990)

An all-digital demodulator/detector which is suitable for both analog FM and digital phase/frequency modulations is presented. The system uses complex sampling, which employs a single A/D (analog/digital) converter to sample the signal at an intermediate frequency (IF) and produce baseband in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) signals, and a simplified technique for reducing the effect of the I/Q timing misalignment usually associated with this approach. The system also includes two detectors which operate simultaneously to provide noncoherent and differentially coherent detection, as well as automatic gain control (AGC) and automatic frequency control (AFC). The flexibility afforded by the two concurrent detectors in this all-digital system is shown to make it suitable for a wide range of applications. The theory behind the demodulator/detector system is described, and an implementation using a 1.25- mu m bulk CMOS VLSI process is presented. Methods are shown for extending and improving the I/Q sampling misalignment correction technique, as well as for reducing the A/D sampling rate for a given IF frequency. Simulation and experimental results illustrate system performance for both analog and digital modulations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>