gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human bone contains type III collagen, type VI collagen, and fibrillin: type III collagen is present on specific fibers that may mediate attachment of tendons, ligaments, and periosteum to calcified bone cortex. (1991)

We evaluated the distribution of Type III collagen, Type VI collagen, and fibrillin in human bone, using monoclonal antibodies (MAb) of proven specificity. All three molecules are present in developing and remodeling bone. Type III collagen is present in discrete fiber bundles throughout the bone cortex but is concentrated at the Haversian canal surface and in the fibers at the bone-periosteal interface. The collagen fibrils in these bundles are of uniform diameter. Type III-containing collagen fibers are detected at all ages examined, from 30 fetal weeks to 80 years. Type VI collagen is present in fetal bone in discrete fibrils separate from Type III collagen, and becomes restricted to the margins of bone cells and the bone surface by 7 years. The distribution of fibrillin resembles that of Type III collagen in the fetus, but at 7 years is absent from the interior of the cortex except for the canaliculi and cement lines, and remains concentrated in discrete fibers at the bone surface.
Identification of Altered Metabolic Pathways in Plasma and CSF in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease Using Metabolomics (2013)

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) currently affects more than 5 million Americans, with numbers expected to grow dramatically as the population ages. The pathophysiological changes in AD patients begin decades before the onset of dementia, highlighting the urgent need for the development of early diagnostic methods. Compelling data demonstrate that increased levels of amyloid-beta compromise multiple cellular pathways; thus, the investigation of changes in various cellular networks is essential to advance our understanding of early disease mechanisms and to identify novel therapeutic targets. We applied a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomics approach to determine global metabolic changes in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the same individuals with different AD severity. Metabolic profiling detected a total of significantly altered 342 plasma and 351 CSF metabolites, of which 22% were identified. Based on the changes of >150 metabolites, we found 23 altered canonical pathways in plasma and 20 in CSF in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) vs. cognitively normal (CN) individuals with a false discovery rate <0.05. The number of affected pathways increased with disease severity in both fluids. Lysine metabolism in plasma and the Krebs cycle in CSF were significantly affected in MCI vs. CN. Cholesterol and sphingolipids transport was altered in both CSF and plasma of AD vs. CN. Other 30 canonical pathways significantly disturbed in MCI and AD patients included energy metabolism, Krebs cycle, mitochondrial function, neurotransmitter and amino acid metabolism, and lipid biosynthesis. Pathways in plasma that discriminated between all groups included polyamine, lysine, tryptophan metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; and in CSF involved cortisone and prostaglandin 2 biosynthesis and metabolism. Our data suggest metabolomics could advance our understanding of the early disease mechanisms shared in progression from CN to MCI and to AD.
Distributed MOS varactor biasing for VCO gain equalization in 0.13 μm CMOS technology (2004)

The paper describes work done on a LC-VCO to linearize its frequency-voltage (Kvco) characteristic in order to extend its versatility. The technology used is a standard 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS supplied by 1.2 V. The optimization is made on the varactor stage of the resonator and gives a nearly constant Kvco (140/spl plusmn/10 MHz/V from 2.36 GHz to 2.44 GHz), in spite of the MOS varactor non-linear characteristic, with still a good pushing (9 MHz/V) and constant phase noise (-126 dBc/Hz at 3 MHz offset).
Image-space Point Cloud Rendering (2008)

Point-based rendering approaches have gained a major interest in recent years, basically replacing global surface reconstruction with local surface estimations us- ing, for example, splats or implicit functions. Crucial to their performance in terms of rendering quality and speed is the representation of the local surface patches. We present a novel approach that goes back to the orig- inal ideas of Grossman and Dally to avoid any object- space operations and compute high-quality renderings by only applying image-space operations. Starting from a point cloud including normals, we render the lit point cloud to a texture with color, depth, and normal information. Subsequently, we apply several filter operations. In a first step, we use a mask to fill back- ground pixels with the color and normal of the adjacent pixel with smallest depth. The mask assures that only the desired pixels are filled. Similarly, in a second pass, we fill the pixels that display occluded surface parts. The resulting piecewise constant surface representation does not exhibit holes anymore and is smoothed by a standard smoothing filter in a third step. The same three steps can also be applied to the depth channel and the normal map such that a subsequent edge detection and curva- ture filtering leads to a texture that exhibits silhouettes and feature lines. Anti-aliasing along the silhouettes and feature lines can be obtained by blending the textures. When highlighting the silhouette and feature lines dur- ing blending, one obtains illustrative renderings of the 3D objects. The GPU implementation of our approach
Revisiting Liver Anatomy and Terminology of Hepatectomies (2013)

It is hoped that the proposal of this anatomical description and this terminology of hepatectomies may find a consensus among the liver surgical community from America, Asia, and Europe.
Thermodynamic sweet spot for high-efficiency, dilute, boosted gasoline engines (2012)

Recent developments in ignition, boosting, and control systems have opened up new opportunities for highly dilute, high-pressure combustion regimes for gasoline engines. This study analytically explores the fundamental thermodynamics of operation in these regimes under realistic burn duration, heat loss, boosting, and friction constraints. The intent is to identify the benefits of this approach and the path to achieving optimum engine and vehicle-level fuel economy. A simple engine/turbocharger model in GT-Power is used to perform a parametric study exploring the conditions for best engine efficiency. These conditions are found in the mid-dilution range, a result of the tradeoff between fluid property benefits of lean mixtures and friction benefits of higher loads. Dilution with exhaust gas is nearly as effective as air dilution when compared using a ‘fuel-to-charge’ equivalence ratio defined as Φ′≡Φ (1-RGF) where RGF is the total residual gas fraction. Optimal brake efficiencies are obtained over a range 0.45 ≤ Φ′ ≤ 0.65 for operation up to 3 bar manifold pressure, yielding peak temperatures under 2100 K and peak pressures under 150 bar. These conditions are intermediate between homogeneous charge compression ignition and spark-ignition regimes, and are the subject of much current research on advanced combustion modes. An engine–vehicle drive train simulation shows that accessing this thermodynamic sweet spot has the potential for vehicle fuel economy gains between 23% and 58%.
Gut Microbiome Profiles Are Associated With Type 2 Diabetes in Urban Africans (2020)

Gut dysbiosis has been associated with several disease outcomes including diabetes in human populations. Currently, there are no studies of the gut microbiome composition in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Africans. Here, we describe the profile of the gut microbiome in non-diabetic adults (controls) and investigate the association between gut microbiota and T2D in urban West Africans. Gut microbiota composition was determined in 291 Nigerians (98 cases, 193 controls) using fecal 16S V4 rRNA gene sequencing done on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Data analysis of operational taxonomic units (OTU) was conducted to describe microbiome composition and identify differences between T2D and controls. The most abundant phyla were <i>Firmicutes, Actinobacteria</i>, and <i>Bacteroidetes</i>. <i>Clostridiaceae</i>, and <i>Peptostreptococcaceaea</i> were significantly lower in cases than controls (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Feature selection analysis identified a panel of 18 OTUs enriched in cases that included <i>Desulfovibrio piger, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, and Eubacterium</i>. A panel of 17 OTUs that was enriched in the controls included <i>Collinsella, Ruminococcus lactaris, Anaerostipes</i>, and <i>Clostridium</i>. OTUs with strain-level annotation showing the largest fold-change included <i>Cellulosilyticum ruminicola</i> (log<sub>2</sub>FC = -3.1; <i>p</i> = 4.2 × 10<sup>-5</sup>), <i>Clostridium paraputrificum</i> (log<sub>2</sub>FC = -2.5; <i>p</i> = 0.005), <i>and Clostridium butyricum</i> (log<sub>2</sub>FC = -1.76; <i>p</i> = 0.01), all lower in cases. These findings are notable because supplementation with <i>Clostridium butyricum</i> and <i>Desulfovibrio piger</i> has been shown to improve hyperglycemia and reduce insulin resistance in murine models. This first investigation of gut microbiome and diabetes in urban Africans shows that T2D is associated with compositional changes in gut microbiota highlighting the possibility of developing strategies to improve glucose control by modifying bacterial composition in the gut.
Parafoil Powered Flight Performance (1972)

The predicted flight performance of a powered parafoil flight vehicle is calculated from solutions which are obtained from the parafoil equations of motion. Flight vehicle total weights of 350, 400, 500, and 540 pounds are considered. Parafoil wing areas of 200 square feet and 400 square feet are considered. Wing loadings include .875, 1.0, 1.25, 1.35, 1.75, 2.0, and 2.7 pounds per square foot. Steady state flight trim angles of attack cover a range from -6 degrees to +80 degrees. The flight performance analyses include level flight, climbing flight, and descending flight. The computed flight parameters include the total velocity, the rate of climb (sink), the angle of climb (descent), and the horsepower required for the type of flight under consideration.
A Tale of Two Cbls: Interplay of c-Cbl and Cbl-b in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Downregulation (2008)

The precise role of Cbl in epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) endocytosis and trafficking remains to be fully uncovered. Here, we showed that mutant EGFR1044, which was truncated after residue 1044, did not associate with c-Cbl and was not ubiquitinated initially in response to EGF but was internalized with kinetics similar to those of wild-type EGFR. This finding indicates that c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitination is not required for EGF-induced EGFR endocytosis. We also showed that the previously identified internalization-deficient mutant receptor EGFR1010LL/AA bound to c-Cbl and was fully ubiquitinated in response to EGF, which indicates that c-Cbl binding and ubiquitination are not sufficient for EGFR internalization. We next investigated EGFR trafficking following EGFR internalization. We found that c-Cbl disassociation from EGFR occurred well in advance of EGFR degradation and that this event was concurrent with the selective dephosphorylation of EGFR at Y1045. This finding suggests that once EGFR is ubiquitinated, continual Cbl association is not required for EGFR degradation. Because EGFR1044 is ubiquitinated and degraded similarly to wild-type EGFR, we examined the role of another prominent Cbl homologue, Cbl-b, and found that Cbl-b was associated with both EGFR and EGFR1044. Further study showed that Cbl-b bound to EGFR at two regions: one in the C-terminal direction from residue 1044 and one in the N-terminal direction from residue 958. Moreover, Cbl-b association with EGFR rose markedly following a decrease in c-Cbl association, corresponding to a second peak of EGFR ubiquitination occurring later in EGFR trafficking. Using RNA interference to knock down both c-Cbl and Cbl-b, we were able to abolish EGFR downregulation. This knockdown had no affect on the rate of EGF-induced EGFR internalization. We found that the two Cbls accounted for total receptor ubiquitination and that while c-Cbl and Cbl-b are each alone sufficient to effect EGFR degradation, both are involved in the physiological, EGF-mediated process of receptor downregulation. Furthermore, these data ultimately reveal a previously unacknowledged temporal interplay of two major Cbl homologues with the trafficking of EGFR.
Correlated Materials Characterization <i>via</i> Multimodal Chemical and Functional Imaging (2018)

Multimodal chemical imaging simultaneously offers high-resolution chemical and physical information with nanoscale and, in select cases, atomic resolution. By coupling modalities that collect physical and chemical information, we can address scientific problems in biological systems, battery and fuel cell research, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, photovoltaics, medicine, and many others. The combined systems enable the local correlation of material properties with chemical makeup, making fundamental questions of how chemistry and structure drive functionality approachable. In this Review, we present recent progress and offer a perspective for chemical imaging used to characterize a variety of samples by a number of platforms. Specifically, we present cases of infrared and Raman spectroscopies combined with scanning probe microscopy; optical microscopy and mass spectrometry; nonlinear optical microscopy; and, finally, ion, electron, and probe microscopies with mass spectrometry. We also discuss the challenges associated with the use of data originated by the combinatorial hardware, analysis, and machine learning as well as processing tools necessary for the interpretation of multidimensional data acquired from multimodal studies.
Application of Kalman Filter to Beidou/GPS Joint-Positioning for Software Receiver (2012)

With the development of Beidou system, the global navigation satellite system would provide more reliable service with more accurate PVT estimation. Joint-positioning method should be considered in order to make full use of the satellites. In this paper, we design a real time interoperable GPS L1 and Beidou B1 software receiver. The framework of the receiver is described and observations of both systems used for joint-processing are obtained from this receiver. As different clocks are used in the RF stage and Sampler, traditional kalman filtering does not work in out platform. An 11-state kalman filtering method is proposed to deal with the clock problem. Two states are added for estimating the error in doppler shift observations and another state is added to indicate time bias between the two systems. Tests using real data as well as simulated data are performed and results show that the proposed kalman filtering method can work under our experimental environment. Observations are modified as if some of the satellite signals are blocked. Tests under this condition reveal the advantages of joint-positioning method. To implement the proposed method in a real time receiver, the computational complexity is also evaluated.
Raman measurements of stress in silicon-on-sapphire device structures (1982)

Spatially resolved (∼1 μm) Raman scattering measurements of the Si optical phonon spectrum have been used to map the stress in silicon-on-sapphire device structures. Devices defined by an isolated island etch technique exhibit a stress relaxation extending about 1.5 μm from the edges of a 6-μm-wide Si stripe. Devices defined by a local oxidation of the Si exhibit a more uniform stress profile.
INTRAOSSEOUS HYPERTENSION AND PAIN IN THE KNEE (1975)

The intraosseous pressure in the femur and tibia near the knee and in the internal saphenous vein at knee level was measured in fifty-three patients with suspected knee lesions. There were four groups: with and without degenerative osteoarthritis and with and without aching rest pain of the knee region. Low intraosseous pressures were found in patients with neither osteoarthritis nor rest pain, and in half the patients with osteoarthritis but without rest pain. Low pressures were found in the tibia, but very high intraosseous pressures were found in the femur in most patients with osteoarthritis and rest pain. Patients with no osteoarthritis but with rest pain mostly had high pressures in both the tibia and the femur.
The Activated NF-κB-Snail-RKIP Circuitry in Cancer Regulates Both the Metastatic Cascade and Resistance to Apoptosis by Cytotoxic Drugs (2009)

Premalignant cells acquire a series of genetic and epigenetic changes that are responsible for cell proliferation in the absence of growth factors. It is not yet defined how the initial steps of the invasive metastatic cascade are acquired. New insights into the initial steps of the metastatic process were revealed by a set of regulators that induced the differentiation program termed "the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)." EMT is regulated by distinct transcription factors such as Snail, Slug and TWIST. Overexpression of Snail in cancer is responsible, in part, for the induction of EMT through the downregulation of E-cadherin and cytokeratins and the induction of mesenchymal protein expression such as vimentin, fibronectin, N-cadherin, metalloproteases, and invasiveness. In contrast, the metastatic suppressor Raf-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is poorly expressed in primary cancers and absent in various metastatic cancers. RKIP inhibits NF-kappaB activity through direct interaction with NIK and TAK1. Snail was shown to suppress RKIP transcription and expression, and Snail is transcriptionally regulated by NF-kappaB. Thus, a circuitry is developed in which overexpression of Snail in tumors inhibits RKIP and induces EMT. In addition, NF-kappaB, Snail, and RKIP have been shown to regulate tumor-cell resistance to apoptotic stimuli. Inhibition of NF-kappaB and Snail and induction of RKIP sensitize resistant tumor cells to apoptosis by various chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, the ratio of Snail over RKIP expression in tumor cells is of prognostic significance and predicts response to cytotoxic therapies. Thus, pharmacological agents regulating the RKIP-NF-kappaB-Snail loop can be used as both sensitizing agents for apoptosis when combined with cytotoxic therapies as well as inhibitors of metastasis.
Verapamil decreases P‐glycoprotein expression in multidrug‐resistant human leukemic cell lines (1994)

We studied the effect of verapamil on Pgp expression (Pgp) in MDR human leukemia cell lines, K562/ADR and CEM VLB100. In the K562/ADR cell line, addition of verapamil to the culture medium (15 microM concentration) resulted in a 3-fold decrease in Pgp expression after 72 hr exposure. The effect of verapamil was reversible, and Pgp expression reached the level of untreated controls 24 hr after discontinuation of verapamil. Similar results were obtained with the human vinblastine-resistant cell line, CEM VLB100. On the contrary, no effect on Pgp expression was observed when the cells were treated with nifedipine or diltiazem (2 other calcium-channel blockers), even at doses that inhibited cell proliferation. The level of Pgp mRNA in the presence of verapamil was measured by Northern blot and was also decreased 2-fold (with the maximum reached within 24 hr), suggesting a transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanism for verapamil. We further established that the effect of verapamil on Pgp expression led to an increase in DNR and VLB accumulation and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that verapamil acts specifically on Pgp expression in these drug-selected leukemic cells. The identification of a potentially novel mechanism of action may provide new insights as to how chemosensitization may be more effectively applied in vivo.
Pasteurization of mother's own milk reduces fat absorption and growth in preterm infants (2007)

Feeding preterm infants pasteurized as compared to raw own mother's milk reduced fat absorption. When the infants were fed raw milk, they gained more in knee-heel length compared to when they were fed pasteurized milk.
Influence of stress on structural properties of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor layers grown on 150 mm diameter Si (111) substrate (2013)

Effects of stress imposed by individual nitride layers on structural properties of an AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility-transistor (HEMT) structure, which was grown on a 150 mm diameter Si (111) substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition employing high-temperature step-graded AlxGa1−xN/AlN buffer layers, were studied using transmission electron microscopy, visible micro-Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. It is revealed that all the nitride layers are more or less tensile strained on the Si (111) substrate; however, strain relaxations occurred at all the heterointerfaces except for the AlGaN/(AlN/)GaN two-dimensional electron gas interface, which is desired for achieving high performance HEMT. The wafer curvature, an important parameter for large area epitaxy of GaN-on-Si, is modeled on the basis of stress distribution within individual layers of the multilayered AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure via the close-form expression developed by Olsen and Ettenberg [J. Appl. Phys. 48, 2543 (1977)]. The evolution of wafer curvature induced by substrate thinning and stress redistribution is predicted by this model, which is further qualitatively confirmed by experimental results.
The isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase from <i>Escherichia coli</i> is highly sensitive to <i>in‐vitro</i> oxidative conditions (1999)

Isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase (IDHK/P) is a homodimeric enzyme which controls the oxidative metabolism of Escherichia coli, and exibits a high intrinsic ATPase activity. When subjected to electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions, the purified enzyme migrates partially as a dimer. The proportion of the dimer over the monomer is greatly increased by treatment with cupric 1,10 phenanthrolinate or 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and fully reversed by dithiothreitol, indicating that covalent dimerization is produced by a disulfide bond. To identify the residue(s) involved in this intermolecular disulfide-bond, each of the eight cysteines of the enzyme was individually mutated into a serine. It was found that, under nonreducing conditions, the electrophoretic patterns of all corresponding mutants are identical to that of the wild-type, except for the Cys67-->Ser which migrates exclusively as a monomer and for the Cys108-->Ser which migrates preferentially as a dimer. Furthermore, in contrast to the wild-type enzyme and all the other mutants, the Cys67-->Ser mutant still migrates as a monomer after treatment with cupric 1,10 phenanthrolinate. This result indicates that the intermolecular disulfide bond involves only Cys67 in each IDHK/P wild-type monomer. This was further supported by mass spectrum analysis of the tryptic peptides derived from either the cupric 1,10 phenanthrolinate-treated wild-type enzyme or the native Cys108-->Ser mutant, which show that they both contain a Cys67-Cys67 disulfide bond. Moreover, both the cupric 1,10 phenanthrolinate-treated wild-type enzyme and the native Cys108-->Ser mutant contain another disulfide bond between Cys356 and Cys480. Previous results have shown that this additional Cys356-Cys480 disulfide bond is intramolecular [Oudot, C., Jault, J.-M., Jaquinod, M., Negre, D., Prost, J.-F., Cozzone, A.J. & Cortay, J.-C. (1998) Eur. J. Biochem. 258, 579-585].