gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Full-Sphere Angle of Arrival Detection using CMRCLEAN (2017)

Extraneous signals propagating into the quiet zone (QZ) of an antenna measurement chamber pose a large contribution to the error of measurements therein. From the angle of arrival (AoA) of these extraneous signals, the locations of the reflective points, from which these signals originate, can be determined. If the location of a reflection point is known, it can be treated, and thus the level of the extraneous signal can be reduced or even completely mitigated. The combining mode rotation with CLEAN (CMRCLEAN) algorithm has shown that it is capable of detecting the AoA of closely spaced reflective sources, even in the presence of a strong signal such as the main beam illuminating the QZ. In this communication, the CMRCLEAN algorithm is further improved to allow a better discrimination of signals and their amplitude. Furthermore, this communication will show the ability of the improved algorithm to detect reflections from opposing directions, such as those originating from the back wall, which is opposite to the much stronger range illumination.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE KARPLUS CURVE IN RELATION TO THE CONFORMATION OF THE 1,3-DIOXOLANE RING (1962)

The experimental evidence indicates that the Karplus curve, which relates the coupling constant between hydrogens on vicinal carbons and the dihedral angle defined by the hydrogens, is subject to displacement. An upward displacement of 2.2 c.p.s. is required to account for the coupling constants found for the neighboring hydrogens in both 1,3-dioxolane and its 2,2-dimethyl derivative. On this basis, the compounds exist in conformations wherein the cis neighboring hydrogens define dihedral angles of 35° and 41°, respectively.
Delegating signing capability in workflow systems (2010)

Using digital signature to sign an electronic document or a digital form is a straightforward procedure today, but some issues of multiple signatures functionality integrated into a workflow system, such as delegating signing capability, still should be solved. This paper deals with both the issue of multisignature and proxy operation, and document verification through workflow processes and electronic archiving. To provide authenticity and the integrity of electronic documents throughout the document life cycle, fully computerized workflow processes should use digital signature technology. When an electronic document is to be signed and approved by multiple users through a sequential workflow, the workflow process stops when any of the signers is absent. In the digital world, if a person wants to delegate their signing power to another person, many technical challenges arise. This paper proposes a mechanism for delegating digital signing capability during a workflow process taking into account the need for verification of digital signature and document integrity after a document is archived.
The LKB1 Tumor Suppressor as a Biomarker in Mouse and Human Tissues (2013)

Germline mutations in the LKB1 gene (also known as STK11) cause the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, and somatic loss of LKB1 has emerged as causal event in a wide range of human malignancies, including melanoma, lung cancer, and cervical cancer. The LKB1 protein is a serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and other downstream targets. Conditional knockout studies in mouse models have consistently shown that LKB1 loss promotes a highly-metastatic phenotype in diverse tissues, and human studies have demonstrated a strong association between LKB1 inactivation and tumor recurrence. Furthermore, LKB1 deficiency confers sensitivity to distinct classes of anticancer drugs. The ability to reliably identify LKB1-deficient tumors is thus likely to have important prognostic and predictive implications. Previous research studies have employed polyclonal antibodies with limited success, and there is no widely-employed immunohistochemical assay for LKB1. Here we report an assay based on a rabbit monoclonal antibody that can reliably detect endogenous LKB1 protein (and its absence) in mouse and human formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. LKB1 protein levels determined through this assay correlated strongly with AMPK phosphorylation both in mouse and human tumors, and with mRNA levels in human tumors. Our studies fully validate this immunohistochemical assay for LKB1 in paraffin-embedded formalin tissue sections. This assay should be broadly useful for research studies employing mouse models and also for the development of human tissue-based assays for LKB1 in diverse clinical settings.
Electric power system one-line diagram generation with branch and bound algorithm (2012)

This paper presents an algorithm for automatic one-line diagram generation for power distribution systems. These systems are large and their mathematical graph representations consist of (up to) thousands of vertices (substations, junctions, pole switches) and edges (i.e. power lines). Their succinct visualization is essential in SCADA applications where a well constructed one-line diagram enables dispatchers to perform their daily tasks more efficiently (e.g. fault restoration). The algorithm proposed in this paper is optimized for the power system domain. It is based on the classical divide and conquer algorithm as it divides the large graphs into smaller, more manageable parts, which are separately drawn by the branch and bound algorithm and combined into complete one-line diagrams. The algorithm was tested both on test networks and real life feeders with multiple feed-in points and interconnects.
Molecular modelling of malaria calmodulin suggests that it is not a suitable target for novel antimalarials (1993)

The recent cloning and sequencing of many calmodulin genes permits alignment of DNA and protein sequences, as well as structural comparison based on homology modelling. The crystal structure of calmodulin places the four Ca(2+)-binding domains in a dumbbell-like configuration, with a large hydrophobic cleft in each half of the molecule. Calmodulin from Plasmodium falciparum has a high level of sequence identity (89%) with its mammalian counterpart. However, a lower degree of sequence conservation is observed among calmodulins from other lower eukaryotes. Potentially important differences in calmodulin sequences involve amino acids with side-chains forming the hydrophobic clefts as well as in the central helix; these differences could alter interactions with small hydrophobic molecules such as chloroquine and with enzymes modulated by calmodulin. Our modelling studies suggest that neither of the antimalarials examined (chloroquine and quinine) bind tightly to calmodulin. We conclude that the differences between host and parasite calmodulins are insufficient to merit this protein being chosen as a realistic target for antimalarial drug design. By contrast, our sequence comparisons reveal that the fungal calmodulins are significantly divergent from those of higher eukaryotes suggesting that at least in these species, calmodulin might be a target for novel antimycotic drugs.
2-[3-[2-[(2<i>S</i>)-2-Cyano-1-pyrrolidinyl]-2-oxoethylamino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline:  A Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Dipeptide-Derived Inhibitor of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (2005)

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are expected to become a new type of antidiabetic drugs. Most known DPP-IV inhibitors often resemble the dipeptide cleavage products, with a proline mimic at the P1 site. As off-target inhibitions of DPP8 and/or DPP9 have shown profound toxicities in the in vivo studies, it is important to develop selective DPP-IV inhibitors for clinical usage. To achieve this, a new class of 2-[3-[[2-[(2S)-2-cyano-1-pyrrolidinyl]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxopropyl]-based DPP-IV inhibitors was synthesized. SAR studies resulted in a number of DPP-IV inhibitors, having IC(50) values of <50 nM with excellent selectivity over both DPP8 (IC(50) > 100 microM) and DPP-II (IC(50) > 30 microM). Compound 21a suppressed the blood glucose elevation after an oral glucose challenge in Wistar rats and also inhibited plasma DPP-IV activity for up to 4 h in BALB/c mice. The results show that compound 21a possesses in vitro and in vivo activities comparable to those of NVP-LAF237 (4), which is in clinical development.
Application of High-Performance Computing to Numerical Simulation of Human Movement (1995)

We have examined the feasibility of using massively-parallel and vector-processing supercomputers to solve large-scale optimization problems for human movement. Specifically, we compared the computational expense of determining the optimal controls for the single support phase of gait using a conventional serial machine (SGI Iris 4D25), a MIMD parallel machine (Intel iPSC/860), and a parallel-vector-processing machine (Cray Y-MP 8/864). With the human body modeled as a 14 degree-of-freedom linkage actuated by 46 musculotendinous units, computation of the optimal controls for gait could take up to 3 months of CPU time on the Iris. Both the Cray and the Intel are able to reduce this time to practical levels. The optimal solution for gait can be found with about 77 hours of CPU on the Cray and with about 88 hours of CPU on the Intel. Although the overall speeds of the Cray and the Intel were found to be similar, the unique capabilities of each machine are better suited to different portions of the computational algorithm used. The Intel was best suited to computing the derivatives of the performance criterion and the constraints whereas the Cray was best suited to parameter optimization of the controls. These results suggest that the ideal computer architecture for solving very large-scale optimal control problems is a hybrid system in which a vector-processing machine is integrated into the communication network of a MIMD parallel machine.
Resolution independent deformable model (2004)

We propose a parametric deformable model that automatically adapts its topology and that recovers accurately image components with a complexity independent from the resolution of the input image. The main idea is to equip the image space with a metric that expands interesting features in the image depending on their geometry.
Structure of ferric pseudobactin: a siderophore from a plant growth promoting Pseudomonas (1981)

Both plant growth promoting Pseudomonas B10 and its yellow-green, fluorescent iron transfer agent (siderophore) pseudobactin enhance the growth of the potato and control certain phytopathogenic microorganisms. The structure of the little compound has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods using counter data. The structure consisted of a linear hexapeptide, L-Lys-D-threo-beta-OH-Asp-L-Ala-D-allo-Thr-L-Ala-D-N delta-OH-Orn, in which the N delta-OH nitrogen of the ornithine was cyclized with the C-terminal carboxyl group, and the N epsilon-amino group of the lysine was linked via an amide bond to a fluorescent quinoline derivative. The iron-chelating groups consisted of a hydroxamate group derived from N delta-hydroxyornithine, an alpha-hydroxy acid derived from beta-hydroxyaspartic acid, and an o-dihydroxy aromatic group derived from the quinoline moiety. The combination of metal-chelating ligands and the alternating L- and D-amino acids was unusual. The little compound crystallized as a single coordination isomer with the lambda absolute configuration. The present study is the first structural determination of a fluorescent siderophore. In the crystal structure, ferric pseudobactin formed a dimer, which constituted the asymmetric unit. The asymmetric unit also contained 26 water molecules. The molecules in the dimer were related by a pseudo-2-fold symmetry axis. Red-brown crystals of ferric pseudobactin (C42H57N12O16Fe . 13H2O), obtained from pyridine-acetic acid buffer solution equilibrated with water, conformed to space group I2 with a = 29.006 (23) A, b = 14.511 (13) A, c = 28.791 (21) A, and beta = 96.06 (5) degrees at -135 (2) degrees C. For eight molecules per unit cell, the calculated density was 1.38 g/cm3; the observed density was 1.40 g/cm3. The structure was refined by least-squares methods with anisotropic thermal parameters for all nonhydrogen atoms to a final R factor of 0.08 (8989 observed reflections).
Field trials using Altosid^[○!R]10F growth regulator against Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera : Culicidae) of Tokushima, Japan (1987)

The efficacy of Altosid^[○!R]10F (A 10 F; a slow release formulation containing 10% methoprene) was tested against Culex pipiens pallens larvae and pupae living in four highly polluted ditches in Tokushima. Diluted A 10 F was sprayed on the water surface so that the concentration of methoprene was 0.86-2.27ppm to standing water or 0.34-0.71g/m^2 to the area of water surface. The control effect was evaluated by measuring the corrected emergence inhibition rate (CEIR). The effect of methoprene appeared in pupae and 4th instar larvae collected 0.5hr after spraying and CEIR reached 96-100% in the pupae collected after 24hr. The larvae were immersed in sprayed ditches for 2hr. The adults from those larvae were divided into three groups by the time of their emergence; 0-3,3-13,and 13-24hr. The 3-13hr group was most sensitive to A 10 F. When sprayed into gently flowing ditches, methoprene's relative concentration measured by CEIR of immersed larvae remained higher in the margins than at the center of ditch. The CEIRs at three sprayed ditches remained at 82-100% for one week after the first spray. Following the second spray application carried out one week after the first, the CEIRs remained at 81 and 100% for 9 days at Jonan and Tomitabashi, and 88-100% for 16 days at Okinohama I, and sectors of the ditch downstream from the experimental one also showed reduction in mosquito emergence due to A 10 F. The period showing more than 70% CEIR was 10 days after the second spray application at Jonan-1 (78m downstream), 11 days at Jonan-2 (112m downstream), 10 days at Jonan-3 (153m downstream) and 11 days at Jonan-4 (191m downstream). High CEIRs persisted for 16 days after the second spray application at Okinohama-1 (84m and 37m downstream from the application sites). A similar high level was registered on day 54.
Biochar as a Fuel: 1. Properties and Grindability of Biochars Produced from the Pyrolysis of Mallee Wood under Slow-Heating Conditions (2009)

Biomass as a fuel suffers from its bulky, fibrous, high moisture content and low-energy-density nature, leading to key issues including high transport cost and poor biomass grindability. This study investigates the possibility to pretreat biomass to produce biochar as a solid biofuel to address these issues. Biochars were produced from the pyrolysis of centimeter-sized particles of Western Australia (WA) mallee wood in a fixed-bed reactor at 300 to 500 °C and a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The data show that, at pyrolysis temperatures ≥320 °C, biochar as a fuel has similar fuel H/C and O/C ratios compared to Collie coal that is the only coal being mined in WA. Converting biomass to biochar leads to a substantial increase in fuel mass energy density from ∼10 GJ/ton of green biomass to ∼28 GJ/ton of biochars prepared from pyrolysis at 320 °C, in comparison to 26 GJ/ton for Collie coal. However, there is little improvement in fuel volumetric energy density, which is around 7−9 GJ/m3 in comparison to 17 GJ/m3 of Collie coal. Biochars are still bulky and grinding is required for volumetric energy densification. Biochar grindability experiments show that the fuel grindability increases drastically even at pyrolysis temperature as low as 300 °C. Further increase in pyrolysis temperature to 500 °C leads to only a small increase in biochar grindability. Under the grinding conditions, a significant size reduction (34−66% cumulative volumetric size below 75 μm) for biochars can be achieved after 4 minutes grinding (in comparison to only 19% for biomass after 15 minutes grinding), leading to a significant increase in volumetric energy density (e.g., from ∼8 to 19 GJ/m3 for biochar prepared from pyrolysis at 400 °C). Whereas grinding raw biomass typically results in large and fibrous particles, grinding biochars produces short and round particles. The results in this article indicate that biochar has desired fuel properties and potentially a good solution to address the key issues including high transport cost and poor grindability associated with the direct use of biomass as a fuel.
Motion-compensated video image compression using luminance and chrominance components for motion estimation (2002)

Summary form only given. A variable rate video image compression system using motion-compensated discrete cosine transform (MCDCT) coding is investigated. This paper focuses on the quality improvement achieved by using the luminance component (Y) and both chrominance components (Cr and Cb) for motion estimation. The design of the MCDCT system is based solely on existing technology. The complete system is currently simulated in software. The simulations of the discrete cosine transform processor and the motion estimation processor are based on the technical specifications of existing SGS-Thomson components. The performance of the MCDCT image compression system is evaluated using video images collected from a shuttle mission. The significant error count is shown to be sensitive to the luminance or color distortions in localized areas in an image sequence that are noticeable to viewers, but do not cause significant variations in the SNR measurement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fundamental mode operation of a 19-core phase-locked Yb-doped fiber amplifier (2004)

We demonstrate, theoretically and experimentally, a high power/energy 19-core Yb-doped fiber amplifier that operates in its fundamental in-phase mode. The calculated result using an improved coupled mode theory with gain shows that, with a Gaussian beam as seed, the in-phase supermode dominates. Experimentally, we use a Q-switched single-core fiber laser with single transverse mode as seed, and amplify it with a 5.8 m 19-core fiber. The measured near and far fields are close to the in-phase supermode. The measured M2 factor of the amplified beam is 1.5, which is close to the theoretical value. A pulse energy gain of 20 dB is obtained with the amplified pulse energy up to 0.65 mJ at a repetition frequency of 5 kHz. No appreciable stimulated Brillouin scattering is observed at this power level.
ANTIBODY PATTERNS IN THE SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE LYMPHADENOPATHIC TOXOPLASMOSIS (1987)

Sera from six patients at various stages of acute lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis were tested using nine different types of test currently available for the serological diagnosis of the disease. A diagnosis was made on positive serology in three of the patients. The antibody patterns of two of these patients were studied over a period of six months and the third was studied over two months. A diagnosis was made on lymph node morphology in the other three cases. Two serum samples were tested from each of these patients. The results obtained suggest that a rationalisation of the types of test used should be encouraged and that an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for parasite-specific IgG and an antibody class capture ELISA for parasite-specific IgM are sufficient to confirm the diagnosis of acute lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis.
Computer-aided design: aerodynamics (1979)

In recent years, there have been rapid advances in the development of theoretical methods in aerodynamics, particularly for transonic flow calculations. Many papers have been written on this topic. It is however appropriate that there should now be a paper that concentrates not so much on the methods themselves but on the use of the methods for computer-aided design. One could say that the most striking development in the UK in the past two-three years has been that the methods are no longer merely within the preserve of the research establishments; they are being actively used by the aircraft industry in the design of actual aircraft projects. Any air of scepticism about their value has been dispelled. The designers are now appreciating through their own experience that with the aid of a powerful computer and indeed in some cases, a computer of only modest capacity, they can specify a shape for the first wind tunnel model of a new project with much more confidence that the test results will show that the shape is near what is required to achieve their design objectives. It is already being claimed that in this way, the time-scale of the design cycle is being shortened considerably. Also, the computer and the theoretical methods are being used increasingly in the interpretation of the test data. The forecasting of the full-scale characteristics on the basis of the model test data is developing into more of a science and less of an art based on past experience.
Revisiting the notion of type 1 diabetes being a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease (2013)

In humans there is limited support for T1D being primarily an autoimmune disease; instead available findings support the view that T1D can be regarded as an innate inflammatory disease affecting the entire pancreas, but with its main clinical manifestations emanating from the loss of the insulin-producing cells.
A myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide induces typical chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in H‐2<sup>b</sup> mice: Fine specificity and T cell receptor Vβ expression of encephalitogenic T cells (1995)

A predominant response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was recently observed in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). To study the possible pathogenic role of T cell response to MOG in MS, we have investigated the encephalitogenic potential of MOG. Synthetic MOG peptides, pMOG 1-21, 35-55, 67-87, 104-117 and 202-218, representing predicted T cell epitopes, were injected into C57BL/6J and C3H.SW (H-2b) mice. The mice developed significant specific T cell responses to pMOG 1-21, pMOG 35-55 and pMOG 104-117. However, pMOG 35-55 was the only MOG peptide which could induce neurological impairment. The highly reproducible disease was chronic, with ascending paralysis and neuropathology comparable with those observed in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin basic protein or proteolipid protein, except that in H-2b mice the disease was consistently non-remitting. These features differ markedly from those which we recently observed in PL (H-2u) mice with pMOG 35-55-induced disease. In PL mice, pMOG 35-55-induces atypical chronic relapsing EAE, the expression and progression of which are unpredictable. Hence, in different mouse strains, the same MOG peptide can induce typical EAE characterized by ascending paralysis, or atypical EAE with unpredictable clinical signs. pMOG 35-55-specific T cells from H-2b mice recognized an epitope within amino acids 40-55 of the MOG molecule, and pMOG 40-55-reactive T cell lines were encephalitogenic upon transfer into syngeneic recipients. The encephalitogenic pMOG 35-55-reactive C57BL/6J T cell lines expressed V beta 1, V beta 6, V beta 8, V beta 14 and V beta 15 gene segments, and the pMOG 35-55-reactive C3H.SW T cell lines expressed V beta 1, V beta 2, V beta 6, V beta 8, V beta 10, V beta 14, and V beta 15 gene segments. However, in both mouse strains, the utilization of the V beta 8 gene product was predominant (40-43%). The highly reproducible encephalitogenic activity of pMOG 35-55 strongly suggests a pathogenic role for T cell reactivity to MOG in MS and supports the possibility that MOG may also be a primary target antigen in the disease.