gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of spinal cord stimulation on touch-evoked allodynia involve GABAergic mechanisms. An experimental study in the mononeuropathic rat (1996)

There is much evidence that tactile allodynia in rat models of mononeuropathy produced by sciatic nerve constriction is linked to disturbance of spinal GABAergic functions. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) applied to such animals via chronically implanted electrodes may in some of the animals induce a significant increase of the withdrawal threshold in response to innocuous mechanical stimulation with von Frey filaments applied to the paw of the nerve ligated leg. The present study was performed in mononeuropathic animals with definite signs of tactile allodynia, which did not respond to SCS, GABA and the GABAB-agonist baclofen were administered intrathecally, in doses per se insufficient to influence the withdrawal thresholds, together with the previously ineffective SCS. This combination resulted in a marked and long-lasting increase of the thresholds. The GABAA-agonist muscimol given together with SCS also produced a similar, but less prominent threshold increase. The GABAB-antagonist 5-aminovaleric acid (5-AVA) produced a transient suppression of the threshold increase induced by SCS together with either GABA or baclofen. In contrast, the GABAA-antagonist bicuculline had no apparent inhibitory effect on the threshold augmentation produced by SCS combined with GABA or baclofen. It is concluded that SCS may operate by upgrading the spinal GABAergic systems and that its potential for producing pain relief is dependent upon the availability of responsive GABA-containing inhibitory interneurons. Moreover, it seems that the effects of SCS are more linked to the GABAB-than to the GABAA-receptor system.
LED-triggered photoconductive semiconductor switches for nanosecond pulse generation (2016)

Photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) is of interest to the high voltage, pulsed power technology and their applications due to its excellent properties of high hold-off voltage, fast response time, low jitter and robust stability. It is known that optical switches have advantages in electrical insulation and flexibility over electrical switches especially for high voltage pulsed power switching. PCSSs are solid-state switches but optically triggered, and thereby promise low jitter, delay, and free of electromagnetic interference <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</sup> . The traditional optical sources for triggering PCSS are nanosecond solid-state lasers or laser diodes and the lowest optical energy of triggering was reported at about 2 nJ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[2]</sup> . With the recent development of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), triggering of PCSS with LEDs may be possible <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[3]</sup> . We report here a nanosecond pulsed power generation using a LED-triggered PCSS. A GaAs-based PCSS was tested to hold off up to 4.5 kV with a LED-based optical pulse. When the LED was driven by a 16.3-ns pulsed current of 110 A, with a rise time of 7.75 ns, the optical pulse of 0.8 nJ switched the PCSS into a low conductive phase, however, was not sufficient to fully turn on the PCSS (to a linear mode).
The Preparation and Properties of 4-Oxa-17 α-hydroxy-21-acetoxy-Δ<sup>5</sup>-pregnene-3,11,20-trione<sup>1</sup> (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation and Properties of 4-Oxa-17 α-hydroxy-21-acetoxy-Δ5-pregnene-3,11,20-trione1A. H. Soloway and D. K. FukushimaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 21, 5442–5443Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1953https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01117a526RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views41Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (286 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Preservation of the Inner Retina in Retinitis Pigmentosa (1997)

Despite a statistically significant (P < or = .05) loss of cells found in all retinal layers, a large percentage of the inner retinal neurons remained histologically intact. Current experimental therapies, such as photoreceptor transplantation and implantation of a visual prosthesis, are based on the premise that some inner retinal neurons are preserved after death of photoreceptors in RP. Our observations support this assumption.
Immunochemical Studies of the Intramolecular Heterogeneity of the Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) of the Human Digestive System (1973)

Abstract Previous studies have shown that in addition to the tumor-specific site on the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), this molecule also contains a blood group A-like grouping. To study the A-like site on the CEA molecule, we devised a radioimmunoassay in which anti-A antibodies were coupled to either Sepharose or Sephadex beads. The following observations were made. 1) The monosaccharide, n-acetyl-d-galactosamine was capable of inhibiting the interaction between 125I-CEA and a preparation of anti-A antibodies. 2) A glycopeptide (GP-1), containing the tumor-specific antigenic site of the CEA, which was obtained by the enzymatic degradation of the CEA molecule was capable of binding to anti-A antibodies. The ratio, by weight, of GP-1 to n-acetyl-d-galactosamine required to achieve equivalent binding was 10-3 to 10-4 to 1. GP-1 has a molecular weight of about 4000 daltons, and although it contains N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, d-mannose, d-galactose, and l-fucose, the glycopeptide is apparently devoid of N-acetyl-d-galactosamine.
Ultrahigh speed soliton and non-soliton transmission technologies (1999)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text M. Nakazawa, "Ultrahigh speed soliton and non-soliton transmission technologies," in Ultrafast Electronics and Optoelectronics, J. Bowers and W. Knox, eds., Vol. 28 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics (Optica Publishing Group, 1999), paper UThA1. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
BLOCKADE OF ENDOGENOUS NOREPINEPHRINE SYNTHESIS BY ALPHA-METHYL-TYROSINE, AN INHIBITOR OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE. (1965)

Repeated administration of the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-methyl-tyrosine to guinea pigs decreased catecholamine levels in brain stem, caudate nucleus, heart and spleen to undetectable levels. Serotonin was unaffected. That the catecholamine decrease was a consequence of inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase was shown by the following: tissue concentrations of norepinephrine failed to rise following monoamine oxidase inhibition and decarboxylase inhibitors failed to block the α-methyl-tyrosine effect; the conversion of tyrosine-C14 to norepinephrine was inhibited whereas that from dopa-H3 was not; and there was a normal uptake of exogenous norepinephrine by heart and spleen in animals pretreated with α-methyl-tyrosine. Preliminary studies of the pharmacologic consequences of blockade of norepinephrine synthesis indicate impairment of motor activity and mild sedation in cats and guinea pigs and a reduction of the tyramine and norepinephrine pressor responses in guinea pigs and rats.
The U.S. Proposal for an Intellectual Property Chapter in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (2012)

This article takes advantage of the breach in the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiation’s secrecy to contribute to a new and growing collection of published scholarship on leaked proposals for international intellectual property agreements as they are being negotiated. We begin with the general provisions of the agreement, which define its relationship to the multilateral system. We then progress to analysis of some of the most important copyright, patent and data protection, and enforcement sections of the proposal, before providing some concluding observations. Our ultimate conclusion is that the U.S. proposal, if adopted, would upset the current international framework balancing the interests of rights holders and the public. It would heighten standards of protection for rights holders well beyond that which the best available evidence or inclusive democratic processes support. It contains insufficient balancing provisions for users, consumers, and the public interest.
TRANSDUCTION OF DENDRITIC CELL PROGENITORS WITH A RETROVIRAL VECTOR ENCODING VIRAL INTERLEUKIN-10 AND ENHANCED GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN ALLOWS PURIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY TOLEROGENIC ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS1,2 (1999)

DCp retrovirally transduced to express both vIL-10 and EGFP can be rapidly identified and sorted to high levels of purity. The availability of highly enriched preparations of vIL-10-transduced DC facilitates studies of their immunoregulatory function and may enhance their therapeutic potential in transplantation or autoimmune disease.
Cytoskeletal tropomyosins: choreographers of actin filament functional diversity (2013)

The actin cytoskeleton plays a central role in many essential cellular processes. Its involvement requires actin filaments to form multiple populations with different structural and therefore functional properties in specific subcellular locations. This diversity is facilitated through the interaction between actin and a number of actin binding proteins. One family of proteins, the tropomyosins, are absolutely essential in regulating actin's ability to form such diverse structures. In this review we integrate studies from different organisms and cell types in an attempt to provide a unifying view of tropomyosin dependent regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
Improved survivability with multi-layer dynamic routing (1995)

The article deals with the integrated design and analysis of a telecommunications network to achieve specified levels of survivability under various failure modes and conditions. The main goal of the article is: given a criterion for network survivability, develop a unified theory for network planning at different "layers" of the network, and for coordinated restoration methods after a failure. While most of the discussion relates to modern circuit-switching architectures, for completeness, asynchronous transfer mode technology is also considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Uzbekistan and validity of two different systems for genotyping (2002)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been classified into seven genotypes, designated A-G. The HBV genotype has a characteristic geographical distribution. The Republic of Uzbekistan is located in the heart of Asia and has been considered to be a region with high endemicity of hepatitis viruses. However, the present distribution of hepatitis virus infection in this region is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of HBV genotypes and to elucidate the validity of two genotyping systems in Uzbekistan. Fifty-four patients with hepatitis B surface antigen were investigated. HBV genotypes were determined by two methods: one based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) targeting to S region, and another on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using monoclonal antibodies to pre-S2 region. Seven (13%) and 47 (87%) of the 54 subjects were classified into genotypes A and D, respectively. Dual infection of two viral populations of the same genotype was observed in one subject. No significant difference of ALT level (203.3 +/- 244.7 vs. 190.6 +/- 39.5) and HBeAg (42.9% vs. 42.6%) were found between genotypes A and D. In this study, the validity of the genotyping systems in this region was confirmed.
Streamlining the histogram equalization of digital images by using decimation approach (2016)

As smart-phones become more and more popular, there is growing demand on the mobile version of image processing applications. Due to the limitations on the mobile hardware, the computational load and the amount of data transfer should be more efficient. In this paper, we try to improve the implementation of the histogram equalization algorithm by leveraging the decimation approach. The conventional histogram equalization process includes two major steps. First, the original image is full scanned to find its gray-scale distribution. Then, the gray-levels are transferred so that the accumulated number of pixels is proportional to the assigned gray-level. In this paper, we apply the decimation process to the original image before performing the statistical procedure in the first step. The gray-level distribution of the reduced image is applied to determine the transfer curve of gray-level reassignment. The experimental results show that the proposed method is efficient and the difference with respect to the conventional algorithm is very small and invisible to the human eyes.
Ultraviolet Light as a Sterilization Method in Flotation Tanks (1986)

Flotation tanks are widely used in laboratories, clinical settings, commercial facilities, and private homes; they have multiple applications in research, therapy, self-improvement, and recreation. Since the warm saline solution used in tanks is favorable for the proliferation of microorganisms, disinfection/sterilization is an important concern. Evaluations of various techniques for achieving acceptable levels of sterilization have not yet been published. This article describes early results using ultraviolet light and filtration in a laboratory flotation tank.
Br^b, a Platelet Alloantigen Involved in Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (1991)

Serum from a pregnant woman with the May-Hegglin anomaly contained a platelet-specific antibody. The serum reacted in the platelet indirect immunofluorescence test (PIIFT) with 97.6% of random donor platelets and those of the father but not with the mother’s own platelets. This antibody induced a moderate thrombocytopenia in the infant that responded to infusion of intravenous immunoglobulin concentrates. The platelet phenotypes were PLA^1 + . Bak^a+, Br^a+/Br^b- for the mother, PLA^1+, Bak^a+, Br^a-/Br^b+ for the father, and PLA^1+, Br^a+/Br^b+ for the neonate. Analysis of the maternal serum with an immunoassay based on monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigens (MAIPA) and immunoprecipitation techniques demonstrated the absence of antibodies directed against HLA class I antigens and that the antigen recognized was located on the platelet-GpIa/IIa complex. This antigen was present on 113/115 random donor platelets, in 7 of the 7 unrelated May-Hegglin platelets, and only absent in 3/24 Br^a+ individuals, including the mother. No platelet-specific antibody was present in the serum of the 7 unrelated May-Hegglin subjects. The antigen recognized by this platelet-specific antibody thus meets the criteria defining the antithetic allele of Br^a, i.e. the Br^b alloantigen.
Houston Infiltration Abatement Program (1973)

The City of Houston, Texas, has embarked upon a program of infiltration abatement that provides for an orderly approach to the conception, development, and implementation of a plan to eliminate much of the infiltration into their waste collection system. The plan delineates three interlocking functional phases, i.e., a pilot program, an initial implementation program, and a continuing implementation program. Major items of work include flow measurement of both dry-weather and wet-weather flows, smoke testing, television inspection, and methods of line repair. Work completed thus far indicates that it is unfeasible to completely eliminate infiltration in an existing collection system. Therefore, infiltration and its prevention should be considered by relative amounts, or on a cost effective basis.
Elevated Concentrations of Plasma Lipids and Apolipoproteins B, C-III, and E Are Associated With the Progression of Coronary Artery Disease in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Swine (1995)

We reported earlier that a complex familial hypercholesterolemia (c-FHC) phenotype characterized by elevated levels of total plasma cholesterol (TC) and apoB and reduced levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoA-I is associated with the development of spontaneous atherosclerotic lesions in swine. In this study, we investigated concentrations of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins B, C-III, and E in six parental animals of two cholesterol concentration phenotypes and their 32 offspring, which segregated into high, intermediate, and normal cholesterol phenotypes. Subsequently, we compared the extent of atherosclerotic lesion development in coronary arteries to the concentrations of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins in the parents and two offspring per family. Mean concentrations for the high (n = 23), intermediate (n = 13), and normal (n = 2) cholesterol level phenotypes at 4 months of age were TC, 316 +/- 62.2, 159 +/- 17.1, and 105 +/- 12 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol, 275 +/- 63.1, 113 +/- 16.4, and 67 +/- 18.4 mg/dL; HDL-C, 35 +/- 6.1, 41 +/- 5.7, and 33 +/- 6.4 mg/dL; triglycerides, 48 +/- 10.8, 39 +/- 8.0, and 29 +/- 5.7 mg/dL; apoB, 152 +/- 32.5, 80 +/- 7.2, and 48 +/- 5.7 mg/dL; apoC-III, 10 +/- 4.2, 8 +/- 1.7, and 3 +/- 0.1 mg/dL; and apoE, 17 +/- 3.4, 7 +/- 1.7, and 5 +/- 0.7 mg/dL, respectively. Histological analysis of the major coronary arteries from members of the three families showed considerable variation in the severity of lesions, ranging from foci of adaptive intimal thickening consisting of two to six layers of smooth muscle cells to advanced lesions containing necrotic cores, cholesterol clefts, calcification, and hemorrhage (type V). The most extensive lesions occurred only in animals of the high cholesterol phenotype (ie, c-FHC), in which the concentration of TC and apoB progressively increased after 4 months of age, apoC-III, apoE, and triglycerides increased or remained elevated, and HDL-C decreased, except for one animal. Data presented here show that the plasma cholesterol phenotypes in FHC animals are associated with levels of apolipoproteins B, C-III, and E and indicate that the increases in the studied parameters after 4 months of age correlate with the progression of coronary artery disease.
R-Plasmid-mediated Chromosome Mobilization in the Facultative Methylotroph Pseudomonas AMI (1983)

Chromosomal genes of the facultative methylotroph, Pseudomonas AM1, have been mobilized using the broad host-range plasmid, R68.45. Genes coding for C1 metabolism were transferred at a frequency of 10−5 to 10−4 per donor cell. The genes coding for resistance to cycloserine, phosphonomycin and streptomycin are linked to the methanol dehydrogenase gene, while the marker for thiamin auxotrophy is not.
Image Artifacts by Charge Pocket in Floating Diffusion Region on CMOS Image Sensors (2011)

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (CIS) are widely used in applications such as mobile equipment, PC cameras, and portable digital cameras due to their low power consumption and low cost. Today, CIS pixel sizes are being continuously reduced, down to the 1.0 μm level in 90-nm CMOS, as industrial applications require higher pixel density. The industry requests, however, continued good performance even when the pixel dimensions are further reduced. In particular, dark current in CIS is an important parameter that determines the image performance in low light. The dark current component can change the charge capacity in photo diodes (PD) and hence the output signal as a function of location and time (J. P. Albert, 2001 and H.-S. Philip, 1998). An increase in dark current can also affect the dynamic range due to an increase in shot noise (H.Y.Cheng, 2003). By suppressing the dark current, the fixed pattern noise of the imager and the white pixel-defects can be reduced (K. A. Parulski, 1985). Photo diodes and pixel architecture of image sensors have been optimized to reduce image artifacts and hence dark current. (N. V. Loukianova, 2003; H.I.Kwon, 2004). The key technology feature for high image-quality CMOS image sensor is the formation of a low-leakage buried photodiode with a transfer gate (TG). The buried PD is a promising concept to reduce the dark current. Many researchers reported that the vicinity of the shallow-trench isolation (STI) to the PD is the main source of dark leakage. By designing and characterizing special diode test structures, H. I. Kwon et al. (2004) demonstrated that the dark leakage decreases as the distance between STI and PD increases. Takashi Watanabe et al. (2010) showed that dark current can be improvefd by avoiding charge diffusion injection from the PD to the substrate using an optimized well structure under the PD. The effects of area, perimeter, and corner on lekage were, however, not separately investigated. The buried floating diffusion (FD), on the other side of the pass transistor, was also studied by H.I.Kwon et al. (2004) and K. Mabuchi, et al. (2004). H.I.Kwon et al. (2004) explained that
A New and Practical Synthesis of Cariprazine through the Facile Construction of 2-[trans-4-(3,3-Dimethylureido)cyclohexyl]acetic Acid (2016)

A new, practical, and improved synthetic route to cariprazine is described. The key step is the facile preparation of 2-[4-(3,3-dimethylureido)cyclohexyl]acetic acid in the <i>trans</i> configuration through direct recrystallization. The entire synthetic procedure was accomplished under mild conditions while avoiding tedious purification processes. The <i>trans</i> configuration of cariprazine was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
THE MEVALONATE PATHWAY AND THE SYNTHESIS OF JUVENILE HORMONE IN INSECTS (2004)

The mevalonate pathway in insects has two important peculiarities, the absence of the sterol branch and the synthesis of juvenile hormone (JH), that may have influenced the mechanisms of regulation. The data available on these mechanisms indicate that cholesterol does not play a regulatory role and that JH modulates transcript levels of a number of genes of the mevalonate pathway or can influence the translatability and/or stability of the transcripts themselves. These data suggest that the mevalonate pathway in insects can best be interpreted in terms of coordinated regulation, in which regulators act in parallel to a number of enzymes, as occurs in the cholesterol-driven pathway in vertebrates.