gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antiviral Activity of Alkaloids from Cynanchum komarovii (2007)

With the aim of searching antiviral substances to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), alkaloid extracts from the alcohol extract of Cynanchum komarovii were isolated through gel chromatograph. 7-Demethoxytylophorine (antofine, 1) was present as the primary content of the alkaloid, another four alkaloids, 6-hydroxyl-2, 3-dimethoxyphenanthroindolizidine (2), 7-demethoxytylophorine N-oxide (3), 14-hydroxyantofine N-oxide (4) and 2, 3-dimethoxy-6-(3-oxobutyl)-7, 9, 10, 11, 1la,12-hexahydrobenzo [f] pyrrolo [1, 2-b] isoquinoline (5) were obtained at lower levels in the extract. Among them, the known alkaloid (2) was isolated from Cynanchum komarovii for the first time. A half-leaf method was used to assess the inhibitory activity of the five alkaloids against TMV. It was found that the alkaloids 1 and 2 exhibited excellent antiviral activity and the both alkaloids were responsible for the antiviral activity of the alkaloid extracts from the alcohol extract of Cynanchum komarovii. The presence of free nitrogen in tertiary amine and phenanthrene ring were essential for high antiviral activity.
New derivatives of 2-carboxychromanone-4 as potential antiinflammatory drugs. I. Cis-and trans-beta-2,4-dihydroxybenzoylacrylic acids and their derivatives. (1975)

Proof is presented that the product of the reaction of resorcin and maleic anhydride in the presence of aluminum chloride in ethylene chloride solutions is cis-beta-2,4-dihydroxybenzoylacrylic acid (I). Cis and trans acids (I and II) were isomerized to 2-carboxy-7-hydroxychromanone-4(III). Reactions of acetylation of compounds I, II and III were studied.
Impurity effects on the mechanical behavior of GaAs crystals (1992)

Effects of In, Zn, and Si impurities on the mechanical behavior of GaAs are investigated. Experimental results are interpreted in terms of the impurity effect on the dislocation velocity and of dislocation locking due to impurities which have been clarified by previous experiments. It is shown that in the temperature range lower than about 600 °C the impurity effect on the dislocation mobility in glide motion plays a dominant role in determining the mechanical strength, while in the higher temperature range dislocation locking by impurities controls the strength. Thus, Si impurity is the most effective in enhancing the strength in the low-temperature range while In impurity is so in the high-temperature range. The dislocation processes which take place during plastic deformation of any impurity-doped GaAs crystals in the low-temperature range are essentially the same as those taking place in highly pure crystals of other kinds of semiconductors such as Ge and Si.
Cross-Bar Design of Nano-Vacuum Triode for High-Frequency Applications (2012)

In this letter, a new nano-vacuum triode based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been designed. The use of CNTs as emitters with their extremely high aspect ratio and their characteristics to be patterned in specific emitting areas allowed the realization of a cross-bar geometry for which the transconductance is maximized and the grid-cathode capacitance is reduced. This allowed us to achieve a device cutoff frequency of 156 GHz, which is well beyond the state of the art.
Optimal signature extraction and information loss (1987)

Signature files seem to be a promising access method for text and attributes. According to this method, the documents (or records) are stored sequentially in one file ("text file"), while abstractions of the documents ("signatures") are stored sequentially in another file ("signature file"). In order to resolve a query, the signature file is scanned first, and many nonqualifying documents are immediately rejected. We develop a framework that includes primary key hashing, multiattribute hashing, and signature files. Our effort is to find the optimal signature extraction method. The main contribution of this paper is that we present optimal and efficient suboptimal algorithms for assigning words to signatures in several environments. Another contribution is that we use information theory, and study the relationship of the false drop probability F d and the information that is lost during signature extraction. We give tight lower bounds on the achievable F d and show that a simple relationship holds between the two quantities in the case of optimal signature extraction with uniform occurrence and query frequencies. We examine hashing as a method to map words to signatures (instead of the optimal way), and show that the same relationship holds between F d and loss , indicating that an invariant may exist between these two quantities for every signature extraction method.
Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores activates a maitotoxin-sensitive nonselective cationic current in beta-cells. (1994)

Glucose stimulation of beta-cell insulin secretion is initiated by membrane depolarization coupled with an elevation in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Both depolarization-dependent Ca2+ entry and intracellular Ca2+ store release contribute to the sugar-induced rise in [Ca2+]i. Here we show that maneuvers depleting intracellular Ca2+ stores induce membrane depolarization and a sustained nitrendipine-sensitive Ca2+ influx, whereas interventions promoting Ca2+ store refilling produce a hyperpolarization and inhibit Ca2+ influx. Both intracellular Ca2+ store depletion and maitotoxin activated a depolarizing nonselective cation current carried principally by Na+ in the physiological range of membrane potentials. The activation of such a current may form the paradigm by which excitable cells refill depleted intracellular Ca2+ stores by depolarization-driven opening of voltage-activated Ca2+ channels.
Elektrolytische Reduktion höherer Metallchloride in nichtwäßrigen Medien. Alkoholaddukte der Vanadin(II)‐halogenide (1968)

Abstract Durch elektrolytische Reduktion halogenwasserstoffhaltiger alkoholischer Lösungen des VCl 3 und VBr 3 wurden metastabile Lösungen der Vanadin(II)‐halogenide erhalten, durch Umsetzung von VCl 2 · 2 CH 3 OH mit KJ in Methanol auch VJ 2 ‐Lösungen. Aus diesen Lösungen ließen sich eine Reihe kristalliner Alkoholaddukte isolieren: VCl 2 · n CH 3 OH (n = 2, 4); VBr 2 · nCH 3 OH (n = 2, 4, 6); VJ 2 · n CH 3 OH (n = 4, 6). Die Vierer‐ und Sechseraddukte besitzen normalen Paramagnetismus mit μ eff ‐Werten um 3,80 B. M.; die Momente der Zweieraddukte sind stark temperaturabhängig und kleiner als die spin‐only‐Werte für drei ungepaarte Elektronen. Absorptionsspektren der Lösungen zeigten im Bereich von 220–1000 mμ drei Maxima, die d‐d‐Übergängen zugeordnet wurden.
Human Survivors of Disease Outbreaks Caused by Ebola or Marburg Virus Exhibit Cross-Reactive and Long-Lived Antibody Responses (2016)

A detailed understanding of serological immune responses to Ebola and Marburg virus infections will facilitate the development of effective diagnostic methods, therapeutics, and vaccines. We examined antibodies from Ebola or Marburg survivors 1 to 14 years after recovery from disease, by using a microarray that displayed recombinant nucleoprotein (NP), viral protein 40 (VP40), envelope glycoprotein (GP), and inactivated whole virions from six species of filoviruses. All three outbreak cohorts exhibited significant antibody responses to antigens from the original infecting species and a pattern of additional filoviruses that varied by outbreak. NP was the most cross-reactive antigen, while GP was the most specific. Antibodies from survivors of infections by Marburg marburgvirus (MARV) species were least cross-reactive, while those from survivors of infections by Sudan virus (SUDV) species exhibited the highest cross-reactivity. Based on results revealed by the protein microarray, persistent levels of antibodies to GP, NP, and VP40 were maintained for up to 14 years after infection, and survival of infection caused by one species imparted cross-reactive antibody responses to other filoviruses.
Coarticulation in VCV Utterances: Spectrographic Measurements (1966)

In this paper, the formant transitions in vowel + stop consonant + vowel utterances spoken by Swedish, American, and Russian talkers are studied spectrographically. The data suggest a physiological model in terms of which the VCV articulations are represented by a basic diphthongal gesture with an independent stop-consonant gesture superimposed on its transitional portion. This interpretation necessitates reevaluation of the locus theory proposed by the workers of the Haskins Laboratories. Some conclusions about the general nature of the neural instructions behind the VCV gestures are discussed.
Transmit and receive crosstalk cancellation (2010)

In modern mobile communication systems higher bandwidths are required by users. But higher bandwidths mean, that in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) standard where uplink and downlink is separated, the receive band has to be protected against the transmit band. Violation of the receiver is caused by distortion coming from the transmitter, which is insufficiently suppressed by Transmit (TX) duplex filter in the receive (RX) band. Another type of distortion is called passive intermodulation (PIM). Reason for this is material nonlinearity and contact nonlinearity. The aim of this paper is to find a mathematical description of the passive nonlinearities and to reduce them in the digital baseband of the receiver. Two modeling techniques namely linear and nonlinear, the underlying algorithm and implementation of this algorithm on Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulated signals have been discussed and the results are presented. Firstly a brief introduction to intermodulation distortion is provided, followed by an overview of the hardware setup so that the reader can get acquainted to the hardware configuration used. An overview of the algorithm, which is the essence and underlying concept for intermodulation distortion suppression, is discussed, and finally implementation of this algorithm on GMSK signals along with its results is presented.
Synthesis and characterization of ruthenium quinolin-8-olate complexes. Unexpected formation of a κ1-hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate complex (2000)

The complex [Ru(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)Cl2]2 reacted with K[quin] (quin = quinolin-8-olate) to yield the half-sandwich complex Ru(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)(quin)Cl 1. Chloride abstraction from 1 with AgCF3SO3 affords the neutral complex Ru(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)(quin)(κ1O-CF3SO3). The lability of the CF3SO3− ligand in 2 is apparent by the reaction with CH3CN giving [Ru(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)(quin)(CH3CN)]CF3SO33. Refluxing RuTp(COD)Cl in the presence of K[quin] resulted in the formation of Ru(COD)(quin)24 containing no Tp ligand; 4 has also been obtained in good yield by treating [Ru(COD)Cl2]n with K[quin] in boiling methanol. Treatment of either 1 or 3 with 1 equivalent of KTp resulted in the formation of the unusual complex Ru(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)(quin)(κ1N-Tp) (5) featuring a κ1-co-ordinated Tp ligand. However, if 1 is treated with KTp in the presence of AgCF3SO3 the cationic complex [Ru(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)(quin)(κ1-Hpz)]CF3SO36 is obtained containing a pyrazole ligand as a result of B–N bond cleavage. Complexes 1, 4, 5, and 6 have been characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Palladium-catalysed cross double carbonylation of amines and alcohols: synthesis of oxamates (1987)

S. Murahashi, Y. Mitsue and K. Ike, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 125 DOI: 10.1039/C39870000125
On signal transition causality for self-timed implementation of Boolean functions (2002)

The authors discuss the two-rail, two-phase self-timed implementation of Boolean functions which interacts with its environment on the delay-insensitive model with the isochronic-forks assumption. The transition causality of a self-timed implementation is defined as a set of causal relations that hold among signal transitions on the primary input, the primary output, and the internal gates. The authors observe that the transition causalities for most self-timed implementations so far proposed are more that what is truly required. Based on the observation, a new self-timed implementation is presented which achieves a maximum parallelism, and therefore has the potential of operating at the highest possible average speed on the delay-sensitive circuit-environment model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Space-time codes and concatenated channel codes for wireless communications (2002)

Following a brief historical perspective on channel coding, an introduction to space-time block codes is given. The various space-time codes considered are then concatenated with a range of channel codecs, such as convolutional and block-based turbo codes as well as conventional and turbo trellis codes. The associated estimated complexity issues and memory requirements are also considered. These discussions are followed by a performance study of various space-time and channel-coded transceivers. Our aim is first to identify a space-time code/channel code combination constituting a good engineering tradeoff in terms of its effective throughput, bit-error-rate performance, and estimated complexity. Specifically, the issue of bit-to-symbol mapping is addressed in the context of convolutional codes (CCs) and convolutional coding as well as Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem coding-based turbo codes in conjunction with an attractive unity-rate space-time code and multilevel modulation is detailed. It is concluded that over the nondispersive or narrow-band fading channels, the best performance versus complexity tradeoff is constituted by Alamouti's twin-antenna block space-time code concatenated with turbo convolutional codes. Further comparisons with space-time trellis codes result in similar conclusions.
Scanning ion conductance microscopy with distance-modulated shear force control (2007)

A scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) is based on a tapered nanopipette as a nanoscale conductance probe that is scanned over a sample submerged in an electrolyte solution. In conventional SICM scanning the ion current through the pipette aperture is at the nano- and picoampere level and is influenced by both sample topography and local conductance. Here we present an SICM with integrated shear-force distance control that allows measuring the ion current independently of sample topography. The nanopipette is hereby transversally vibrated and the shear forces that arise are detected optically with the help of two periscopes that are partially submerged in the electrolyte. We also present a new imaging mode designed to facilitate shear-force imaging of soft samples. This mode is based on a periodic modulation of the pipette–sample distance combined with triggered sampling, reducing the probability for sample and pipette damage and increasing the image quality. We apply this imaging mode to polycarbonate membranes and mammalian cells.
Protein Secondary Structure Prediction using Parallelized Rule Induction from Coverings (2009)

Abstract—Protein 3D structure prediction has always been an important research area in bioinformatics. In particular, the prediction of secondary structure has been a well-studied research topic. Despite the recent breakthrough of combining multiple sequence alignment information and artificial intelligence algorithms to predict protein secondary structure, the Q3 accuracy of various computational prediction algorithms rarely has exceeded 75%. In a previous paper [1], this research team presented a rule-based method called RT-RICO (Relaxed Threshold Rule Induction from Coverings) to predict protein secondary structure. The average Q 3 accuracy on the sample datasets using RT-RICO was 80.3%, an improvement over comparable computational methods. Although this demonstrated that RT-RICO might be a promising approach for predicting secondary structure, the algorithm’s computational complexity and program running time limited its use. Herein a parallelized implementation of a slightly modified RT-RICO approach is presented. This new version of the algorithm facilitated the testing of a much larger dataset of 396 protein domains [2]. Parallelized RT-RICO achieved a Q3 score of 74.6%, which is higher than the consensus prediction accuracy of 72.9 % that was achieved for the same test dataset by a combination of four secondary structure prediction methods [2]. Keywords—data mining, protein secondary structure prediction, parallelization. P I.
InGaAs FinFETs Directly Integrated on Silicon by Selective Growth in Oxide Cavities (2018)

III-V semiconductors are being considered as promising candidates to replace silicon channel for low-power logic and RF applications in advanced technology nodes. InGaAs is particularly suitable as the channel material in n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), due to its high electron mobility. In the present work, we report on InGaAs FinFETs monolithically integrated on silicon substrates. The InGaAs channels are created by metal⁻organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) epitaxial growth within oxide cavities, a technique referred to as template-assisted selective epitaxy (TASE), which allows for the local integration of different III-V semiconductors on silicon. FinFETs with a gate length down to 20nm are fabricated based on a CMOS-compatible replacement-metal-gate process flow. This includes self-aligned source-drain n⁺ InGaAs regrown contacts as well as 4 nm source-drain spacers for gate-contacts isolation. The InGaAs material was examined by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and the epitaxial structures showed good crystal quality. Furthermore, we demonstrate a controlled InGaAs digital etching process to create doped extensions underneath the source-drain spacer regions. We report a device with gate length of 90 nm and fin width of 40 nm showing on-current of 100 µA/µm and subthreshold slope of about 85 mV/dec.
The Wilderness and Paradise in the History of the Church (1959)

In his now classic “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” read before the American Historical Association in 1893 Frederick Jackson Turner quoted from A New Guide for Emigrants to the West (second edition; Boston, 1837), written by the pioneer Baptist missionary and founder of seminaries, John Mason Peck, who died just a century ago. Peck had distinguished three types of Westerners: the pioneers, the settlers, and “the men of capital and enterprise.” Turner found this typology useful and adapted it in his succession of studies that have helped to shape our understanding of American history.
Evaluation of Equilin 3-Monosulfate and Other Estrogens (1971)

Previous clinical studies rarely provided quantitative evaluations of the relative potency of estrogens. Eight oophorectomized and seven other amenorrheic women with elevated urinary gonadotropins (HPG) were selected, and HPG responses followed during estrogen treatment and withdrawal. The effects of the daily administration of the purified 3-monosulfates of equilin, estrone, rarer components of conjugated estrogens, and diethylstilbestrol were compared. Because of differing sensitivities between individuals, comparative effects were determined in subjects independently. The majority of the comparisons between estrogens were obtained in three oophorectomized women and the remainder from three additional oophorectomized and four other amenorrheic subjects. Diethylstilbestrol and equilin 3-monosulfate were more potent than conjugated estrogens. Estrone 3-monosulfate and other components were less potent than conjugated estrogens. The relative effects may be similar when these are prescribed in various clinical conditions.
Calculation of Characteristic Impedance of Eccentric Rectangular Coaxial Lines (2012)

In this paper the characteristic impedance for coaxial lines with a rectangular inner and outer conductor, concentric, eccentric and with rotated structure, has been obtained by using the Equivalent Electrodes Method (EEM). Our results have been compared with those reported in the literature, obtained by other analytical and numerical methods, and those obtained by using the COMSOL Multiphysics software package and a very good agreement with those results has been found. Streszczenie. W artykule przedstawiono obliczenia impedancji charakterystycznej linii koncentrycznej z prostokątnym przewodnikiem usytuowanym centrycznie i ekscentrycznie. Obliczenia wykonano z wykorzystaniem metody ekwiwalentnych elektrod EEM. (Obliczenia impedancji charakterystycznej linii koncentrycznej z ekscentrycznym przewodem prostokątnym)
Design and Testing of a Linear Generator for Wave-Energy Applications (2011)

A linear-generator topology is proposed for wave-energy applications. The main significance of the generator topology is that the relative position of the magnets, copper, and steels has been chosen so that there are no magnetic attraction forces between a stator and a permanent-magnet (PM) translator. The lack of magnetic forces and the modular nature of the generator topology make the manufacture and assembly of the generator easier than a conventional iron-cored PM linear generator. Analytical modeling techniques are described with a genetic-algorithm optimization method. The proposed topology is implemented to an Archimedes-wave-swing wave-energy converter. A 50-kW prototype has been built to prove the concept, and the no-load- and load-test results are presented.
Topoisomerase poisons activate the transcription factor NF-kappaB in ACH-2 and CEM cells (1996)

The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is involved in T cell activation and enhances HIV-1 gene expression. It is activated in response to numerous stimuli, including oxidative stress. Oxidative stress damages membrane lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. We have shown previously that oxidative DNA damage generated by photosensitization could trigger activation of NF-κB. We now show that a series of topoisomerase poisons (actinomycin D, camptothecin, daunomycin and etoposide) also activate NF-κB (NFKB1/RelA dimer) in ACH-2 and CEM cells. This activation is inhibited by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. In ACH-2 cells latently infected by HIV-1, camptothecin, daunomycin and etoposide are able to enhance virus production. Since topoisomerase poisons cause the formation of single-and double-strand breaks in DNA, these lesions might be capable of triggering NF-kB activation. Indeed, DNA damaging agents generating adducts (trans-platin and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide) and/or crosslinks in DNA (cis-platin and mitomycin C) do not or only weakly activate NF-κB in T cell lines.
An improved detection technique for direct-sequence code acquisition in a Rayleigh fading mobile channel (2002)

A novel differentially coherent (DC) detection scheme for rapid code acquisition is proposed for a direct-sequence (DS) spread-spectrum system in a nonselective Rayleigh fading mobile channel. The scheme processes the received signal at baseband by a complex differential decoder and, then, performs a coherent partial correlation of the differentially-decoded (DD) output and the DD version of a local DS code to form the detection statistic. Its detection performance is analyzed based on a central-limit-theorem type of argument, and verified by extensive simulation. Parallel acquisition systems employing the DC detector and the conventional noncoherent I-Q detector are compared by mean acquisition time performance. It is shown that the DC acquisition system significantly outperforms the noncoherent I-Q acquisition system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Demonstration of proteins in electrophoresis gels using radioactive stains (1984)

Abstract We describe the use of 35 S‐labelled stains for the detection of submicrogram amounts of protein in SDS polyacrylamide gels. Many stains used to detect protein can be rendered radioactive, and proteins can be detected by radiofluorography due to stain binding in the absence of visible color. Of the stains tested. [ 35 S]Ponceau Red S and [ 35 S]Serva Blue R gave the best results. The potential utility of protein detection with radioactive stains is discussed.