gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of starch-based loose-fill packaging foams (1999)

Regular and waxy corn starches were blended in various ratios with biodegradable polymers including polylactic acid (PLA), Eastar Bio Copolyester 14766 (EBC) and Mater-Bi ZF03U (MBI) and extruded with a C. W. Brabender laboratory twin screw extruder using a 3-mm die nozzle at 150°C and 150 rev/min. Physical characteristics including radial expansion, unit density and bulk density and water solubility index, water absorption characteristics, mechanical properties including compressibility, Young's modulus, spring index, bulk compressibility and bulk spring index and abrasion resistance were investigated as affected by the ingredient formulations, i.e. type of polymers, type of starches, polymer to starch ratio and starch moisture content. A completely randomized factorial blocking experimental design was used. Fifty-four treatments resulted. Each treatment was replicated three times. SAS statistical software package was used to analyze the data. Foams made of waxy starch had better radial expansion, lower unit density and bulk density than did foams made of regular starch. Regular starch foams had significantly lower water solubility index than did the waxy starch foams. PLA-starch foams had the lowest compressibility and Young's modulus. MBI-starch foams were the most rigid. All foams had excellent spring indices and bulk spring indices which were comparable to the spring index of commercial expanded polystyrene foam. Correlations were established between the foam mechanical properties and the physical characteristics. Foam compressibility and Young's modulus decreased as increases in radial expansion and decreases in unit and bulk densities. Their relationships were modeled with power law equations. No correlation was observed between spring index and bulk spring index and foam physical characteristics. MBI-starch foams had the highest equilibrium moisture content. EBC-starch and PLA-starch foams had similar water absorption characteristics. No significant difference existed in water absorption characteristics between foams made of regular and waxy starches. Empirical models were developed to correlate foam water absorption characteristics with relative humidity and polymer content. The developed models fit the data well with relatively small standard errors and uniformly scattered residual plots. Foams with higher polymer content had better abrasion resistance than did foams with lower polymer content.
Role of Fraction 1 Antigen of<i>Yersinia pestis</i>in Inhibition of Phagocytosis (2002)

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, expresses a capsule-like antigen, fraction 1 (F1), at 37 degrees C. F1 is encoded by the caf1 gene located on the large 100-kb pFra plasmid, which is unique to Y. pestis. F1 is a surface polymer composed of a protein subunit, Caf1, with a molecular mass of 15.5 kDa. The secretion and assembly of F1 require the caf1M and caf1A genes, which are homologous to the chaperone and usher protein families required for biogenesis of pili. F1 has been implicated to be involved in the ability of Y. pestis to prevent uptake by macrophages. In this study we addressed the role of F1 antigen in inhibition of phagocytosis by the macrophage-like cell line J774. The Y. pestis strain EV76 was found to be highly resistant to uptake by J774 cells. An in-frame deletion of the caf1M gene of the Y. pestis strain EV76 was constructed and found to be unable to express F1 polymer on the bacterial surface. This strain had a somewhat lowered ability to prevent uptake by J774 cells. Strain EV76C, which is cured for the virulence plasmid common to the pathogenic Yersinia species, was, as expected, much reduced in its ability to resist uptake. A strain lacking both the virulence plasmid and caf1M was even further hampered in the ability to prevent uptake and, in this case, essentially all bacteria (95%) were phagocytosed. Thus, F1 and the virulence plasmid-encoded type III system act in concert to make Y. pestis highly resistant to uptake by phagocytes. In contrast to the type III effector proteins YopE and YopH, F1 did not have any influence on the general phagocytic ability of J774 cells. Expression of F1 also reduced the number of bacteria that interacted with the macrophages. This suggests that F1 prevents uptake by interfering at the level of receptor interaction in the phagocytosis process.
Chemical vapor deposition of ZnO epitaxial films on sapphire (1980)

A chemical vapor deposition system for the growth of epitaxial (112̄0) ZnO films on (011̄2) sapphire, employing the reaction of zinc vapor and carbon dioxide, was investigated. Growth rates as high as 30 μm/h at a substrate temperature of 700-750 °C were achieved. Films grown on substrates with thin presputtered layers exhibited smooth surfaces and improved crystal perfection as determined by SEM, reflection electron diffraction, and acoustic evaluation. Films had high resistivity which eventually degraded on exposure to atmosphere. Surface acoustic wave interdigital transducers were fabricated on lithium-diffused films, and the electromechanical coupling coefficient of 1.39% was measured for a film thickness to wavelength ratio of 0.13.
Investigation of ultrasound image based correction of intraoperative brain shift (2001)

Stereotactic navigational systems are being incorporated into an increasing number of neurosurgical procedures. Preoperatively acquired 3D images are used for planning the procedure, and are also employed in intraoperative navigations to help localize and resect brain lesions. However, as the operation progresses, multiple factors contribute to changes that limit the accuracy of the navigation based on pre-operative images alone. Our method to correct for brain shift involves the use of ultrasound intraoperatively to update patient specific pre-operative MRI scans using a physics based dynamic model. To validate the imaging and modeling process, a phantom was designed that simulates the brain and its shifting patterns resulting from several of the clinical factors present during a brain operation. MRI and ultrasound datasets were acquired for several permutations of phantom parameters. Deformation algorithms were then applied to the phantom data to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach as a method to effectively update the pre-operatively acquired MRI data during an operation.
Heterogeneity of the circulating human CD4+ T cell population. Further evidence that the CD4+CD45RA-CD27- T cell subset contains specialized primed T cells. (1995)

CD27, a member of the TNFR family, is expressed on most but not all peripheral blood CD4+ T cells. The small fraction of CD4+ T cells with a CD27- phenotype exclusively reside within the CD45RA-CD45RO+ subset. We previously provided evidence that CD27- cells are functionally differentiated cells that have lost CD27 expression as a result of persistent antigenic stimulation. We here show that compared with CD4+CD45RA-CD27+ cells, CD4+CD45RA-CD27- lymphocytes have a high expression of the beta 1 integrins VLA-4 and -5 and of the beta 2 integrin CD11b. Molecules implicated in homing of T cells to peripheral lymphnodes like CD31 and CD62L (L-selectin) are poorly expressed on CD27- cells, whereas receptors involved in organ-specific homing, e.g., cutaneous lymphocyte Ag and HML-1 (alpha E beta 7), are present on CD27- rather than CD27+ T lymphocytes. CD27+ and CD27- cells do not differ notably in the expression of activation molecules such as CD25, CD38, and CD70 (CD27 ligand) but CD7 is markedly absent on approximately half of the CD27- cells. Analysis of mutations in the HPRT gene, as measurement for the amount of cell divisions that have occurred in particular T cell populations in vivo, showed that CD45R0+ cells have a 2 to 5 times higher mutant frequency than CD45RA+ cells, whereas CD45R0+CD27- cells do not differ in this respect from CD45R0+CD27+ cells. In line with this latter finding, cells in G2M phase can only be found in the transitional, CD45RAbrightCD45R0bright subset but not in CD45R0+, CD45RA-, or CD27- cells. Our results imply that the CD27- population contains tissue-specific, specialized "primed" T cells that evolve in vivo independently from extensive cellular division.
Unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplantation for inherited metabolic disorders in 159 pediatric patients from a single center: influence of cellular composition of the graft on transplantation outcomes (2008)

Outcomes of 159 young patients with inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) undergoing transplantation with partially HLA-mismatched unrelated donor umbilical cord blood were studied to investigate the impact of graft and patient characteristics on engraftment, overall survival (OS), and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Patients received myeloablative chemotherapy (busulfan, cyclophosphamide, ATG) and cyclosporine-based GVHD prophylaxis. Infused cell doses were high (7.57 x 10(7)/kg) because of the patients' young age (median, 1.5 years) and small size (median, 12 kg). Median follow-up was 4.2 years (range, 1-11 years). The cumulative incidences of neutrophil and platelet engraftment were 87.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.8%-92.4%) and 71.0% (95% CI, 63.7%-78.3%). A total of 97% achieved high (> 90%) donor chimerism. Serum enzyme normalized in 97% of patients with diseases for which testings exist. Grade III/IV acute GVHD occurred in 10.3% (95% CI, 5.4%-15.2%) of patients. Extensive chronic GVHD occurred in 10.8% (95% CI, 5.7%-15.9%) of patients by 1 year. OS at 1 and 5 years was 71.8% (95% CI, 64.7%-78.9%) and 58.2% (95% CI, 49.7%-66.6%) in all patients and 84.5% (95% CI, 77.0%-92.0%) and 75.7% (95% CI, 66.1%-85.3%) in patients with high (80-100) performance score. In multivariate analysis, favorable factors for OS were high pretransplantation performance status, matched donor/recipient ethnicity, and higher infused colony forming units.
Pathological TDP‐43 distinguishes sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with <i>SOD1</i> mutations (2007)

These findings implicate pathological TDP-43 in the pathogenesis of sporadic ALS. In contrast, the absence of pathological TDP-43 in cases with SOD1 mutations implies that motor neuron degeneration in these cases may result from a different mechanism, and that cases with SOD1 mutations may not be the familial counterpart of sporadic ALS.
The Aging Leydig Cell: III. Gonadotropin Stimulation in Men (1981)

To assess the capacity of aging human Leydig cells to respond to intramuscular injection of hCG, six healthy men, 68 to 86 years old, and eight healthy younger subjects, 25 to 42 years old, were studied. After two control specimens, each subject was given hCG (40 IU/kg of body weight intramuscularly) at 0900 hours. Blood specimens were then obtained hourly for 6 hours and at 24, 48, and 72 hours. The younger men had higher control concentrations of testosterone ( P < 0.05). Both groups demonstrated biphasic elevations of circulating testosterone and 170H‐progesterone with a nadir at 5 hours and 6 hours separating the rises. The early (1–6 hours) and late (24, 48, and 72 hours) testosterone and 170H‐progesterone responses to hCG were significantly lower in older men. The older men demonstrated significant estradiol increases at 3, 4, and 6 hours, while the younger group had a significant 2‐hour rise. However, the peak (24‐hour) estradiol rises were significantly greater in the younger men. We conclude that theb aged Leydig cell demonstrates altered early (1–6 hours) and late(24, 48, and 72 hours) responses to intramuscular injection of hCG, as assessed by circulating concentrations of testosterone, 17OH‐progesterone, and estradiol.
Vacuum Backflush--Recycle System for GC Analysis of High-Purity Solvents (1991)

Journal Article Vacuum Backflush—Recycle System for GC Analysis of High-Purity Solvents Get access Mark Klemp, Mark Klemp Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Richard D. Sacks Richard D. Sacks * Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Chromatographic Science, Volume 29, Issue 3, March 1991, Pages 114–121, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/29.3.114 Published: 01 March 1991 Article history Received: 19 July 1990 Published: 01 March 1991
Homogene Katalyse in überkritischem Kohlendioxid (scCO 2 ) : Analogien und Unterschiede zu konventionellen Lösungsmitteln (2001)

Die Hydroformylierung von verschiedenen Substraten und die Stille Kupplung zu einem Makrolid wurden in überkritischem Kohlendioxid als Lösungsmittel untersucht und mit Ergebnissen in konventionellen Lösungsmitteln verglichen. Der Einfluß des Lösungsmittels auf die Hydroformylierung wurde durch eine kinetische Untersuchung über den Einfluß verschiedener Parameter auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit der Hydroformylierung ermittelt. Zusätzlich wurden die Diffusionskoeffizienten mehrerer terminaler Alkene ermittelt.
Synthesis and characterization of congeners of misonidazole for imaging hypoxia. (1987)

Misonidazole is a known hypoxic cell sensitizer that binds covalently in hypoxic cells. Its congeners labeled with 77Br, 75Br, or 18F, are likely candidates for imaging hypoxia. We have synthesized and tested [82Br]-4-bromomisonidazole, [3H]-4-bromomisonidazole, [3H]fluoromisonidazole and [3H]misonidazole as prototype radiopharmaceuticals and have compared their uptake in normal and malignant tissues. The higher lipophilicity of brominated misonidazole increased its concentration in the hypoxic portion of tumors at 2 hr, but high blood levels contributed to excessive background, incompatible with imaging. Hydrogen-3-fluoromisonidazole diffused into tumors at a slower rate than misonidazole but it also cleared from normal tissues so that after 2 hr tumor-to-blood ratios favorable for imaging were achieved. In the compounds that were studied, fluorine at the end of the alkyl chain is more stable in vivo than bromine on the imidazole ring. Our results indicate that [18F] fluoromisonidazole may be a useful tracer for imaging hypoxia at approximately 4 hr after injection.
Inhibitory effect of epinastine on the type II-IV allergic reactions in mice, rats and guinea pigs. (1991)

The inhibitory effect of epinastine (WAL 801 CL, CAS 80012-43-7) on types II, III and IV allergic reactions was studied. Epinastine caused an inhibition of type II allergic reactions: 1. the swelling of rat foot pad induced by a subcutaneous injection of anti-rat rabbit antiserum, and 2. lethality induced by an intravenous injection of anti-SRBC (sheep red blood cells) rabbit serum into guinea pigs (Forssman systemic reaction). The drug also caused an inhibition of the early phase in active Arthus reaction in guinea pigs (type III reactions). However, no significant inhibition was detected in the delayed-hypersensitivity reaction (type IV allergic response) induced by sheep red blood cells or picryl chloride in mice.
Vps33a Mediates RANKL Storage in Secretory Lysosomes in Osteoblastic Cells (2009)

Previous studies have indicated that the amount of RANKL expressed on the cell surface of osteoblasts or bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is considered an important factor determining the extent of osteoclast activation. However, subcellular trafficking of RANKL and its regulatory mechanisms in osteoblastic cells is still unclear. In this study, we showed that RANKL is predominantly localized in lysosomal organelles, but little is found on the cell surface of osteoblastic cells. We also showed that RANKL is relocated to the plasma membrane in response to stimulation with RANK-Fc-coated beads, indicating that the lysosomal organelles where RANKL is localized function as secretory lysosomes. In addition, using a protein pull-down method, we identified vacuolar protein sorting (Vps)33a as interacting with the cytoplasmic tail of RANKL. Furthermore, knockdown of Vps33a expression reduced the lysosomal storage of RANKL and caused the accumulation of newly synthesized RANKL in the Golgi apparatus, indicating that Vps33a is involved in transporting RANKL from the Golgi apparatus to secretory lysosomes. We also showed that suppression of Vps33a affects the cell surface expression level of RANKL and disrupts the regulated behavior of RANKL. These results suggest that RANKL storage in secretory lysosomes is important to control osteoclast activation and to maintain bone homeostasis.
Kinetics of bone growth into cylindrical channels in aluminum oxide and titanium (1972)

Abstract Samples of dense aluminum oxide, dense, porous, and surface‐oxidized titanium of varying surface roughness and containing long cylindrical channels 95–1000 μ in diameter were implanted in vivo in do femurs for periods of 2–8 weeks. The depth of ingrowth of calcified tissue into these channels was determined as a function of time, principally by electron microprobe. The most rapid bone ingrowth was obtained with 500–, 525–, and 1000–μ diameter channels in all the titanium and aluminum oxide samples. However, the fraction of any given channel cross‐section filled with bone was observed to decrease as the channel diameter increased. In these channels, ingrowth depths of more than 2000 μ were often achieved in 4 weeks after which the rate of ingrowth levelled off somewhat. A certain degree of surface rougheness (greater than 20 μ in. a.a.) appeared to be necessary for fixation and ingrowth. Ingrowth of bone into the 95‐μ diameter channels was neglibile even after 18 weeks. The presence of interconnecting fine porosity per se, was found not essential for bone ingrowth nor does it have a major effect on ingrowth kinetics.
The characterization of x-ray photocathodes in the 0.1–10-keV photon energy region (1981)

A method and an instrument are described for the measurement of the absolute quantum yield for front-surface and transmission photocathodes in the 0.1–10-keV photon energy region. The total and the secondary electron photoemission yields have been measured for the Al, Au, CuI, and CsI photocathodes as required for the absolute calibration of the x-ray diode detectors and for the x-ray streak cameras. The relative secondary electron yields have also been measured for the same photocathodes by high resolution electron spectroscopy of the secondary electron energy distributions, which are in good agreement with the absolute yield measurements. The secondary electron yield of CsI is ten to one-hundred times higher than that for Au in the 0.1–10-keV region and with a secondary energy distribution that is appreciably sharper. For these reasons, CsI should be an effective photocathode for sensitive, time-resolved spectroscopy into the picosecond region. It is verified experimentally that the secondary electron quantum yield varies approximately as Em(E), with E as the photon energy and m(E) as the photoionization cross section, and that the primary (fast) electron quantum yield is a small fraction of the total yield and varies approximately as E2m(E). A simple model for x-ray photoemission is described which leads to semiempirical equations for front- and back-surface secondary electron photoemission as based upon an escape depth parameter that may be obtained from yield-versus-photocathode thickness data. The model predictions are in good agreement with experiment.
Theory of giant magnetoresistance in magnetic granular films (1992)

It has been recently found that giant magnetoresistance can also be obtained in metallic films containing magnetic particles. Based on spin-dependent scattering, we propose a model that allows us to explain various features of the magnetoresistance and to predict new features. The model is further extended to include the temperature dependence of the magnetoresistance.
Motor and associative deficits in D2 dopamine receptor knockout mice (2002)

Behavioral abnormalities produced by D2 dopamine receptor gene deletion in mice have been attributed either to resulting Parkinson-like features (i.e. response slowing and response initiation difficulties) or to behavioral deficits contributed by alleles of the originating 129Sv strain. Three strategies were used to address these conflicting hypotheses: (1) we used mice congenic at n10 backcross into the C57BL/6 line to minimize the 129Sv contribution; (2) we compared mice that were wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-), or homozygous (-/-) for the D2 gene with the two most relevant inbred lines (129Sv and C57BL/6) and (3) we used both conventional and novel behavioral assessment methods. Behavioral attributes were expressed in terms of locomotor activity, wall rearing, rotarod performance, operant response acquisition, operant response performance, lick dynamics (force, rhythm), grip strength, and tremor in response to harmaline challenge. Results showed that, compared to controls, the -/- mice exhibited longer duration wall rears, retarded operant response acquisition, increased latencies to move from the operandum to the reward well, and exaggerated response to harmaline. Age was investigated as a variable (10-11 weeks versus 41-44 weeks of age) in the locomotor activity and wall rear assessments. A gene dosage effect (deficits in the +/- mice) on these two variables became apparent in the older mice. Taken together, the results showed that mice without the D2 gene exhibited Parkinson-like behavioral features that were not easily attributed to alleles contributed by the 129Sv strain, but were consistent with basal ganglia dysfunction.
Antibodies Mediating Cellular Cytotoxicity and Neutralization Correlate with a Better Clinical Stage in Children Born to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Mothers (1990)

In children born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers, factors that determine disease outcome and progression are unclear. Also, early diagnosis is hampered by maternally transferred antibodies. Children aged 0-24 months were retrospectively divided into two groups based on HIV seroreactivity or nonreactivity at age 15 months and analyzed for the presence of antibodies that mediate cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and virus neutralization. No difference was seen in the presence of these functional antibodies between groups. The persistently seropositive group was further divided into non-AIDS and AIDS groups according to clinical status at serum collection. The ADCC antibody frequencies were much higher (70%) in the non-AIDS group than in the AIDS group (30%). Of the non-AIDS children, 63% had neutralizing antibodies; no children with AIDS had these antibodies. HIV-specific ADCC and neutralizing antibodies do not seem to protect against transmission of HIV from mother to child but are significantly correlated with a better clinical stage of childhood HIV infection.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of 2-Pyrones (2015)

The present review summarizes the recent progresses in the synthesis of 2-pyrones and the application to the synthesis of marine natural products. Especially, much attention was placed on the transition metal catalyzed synthetic methodologies in this review.