gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Irreversible Inhibition of the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> β-Lactamase by Clavulanate (2007)

Members of the beta-lactam class of antibiotics, which inhibit the bacterial d,d-transpeptidases involved in cell wall biosynthesis, have never been used systematically in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections because of this organism's resistance to beta-lactams. The critical resistance factor is the constitutive production of a chromosomally encoded, Ambler class A beta-lactamase, BlaC in M. tuberculosis. We show that BlaC is an extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) with high levels of penicillinase and cephalosporinase activity as well as measurable activity with carbapenems, including imipenem and meropenem. We have characterized the enzyme's inhibition by three FDA-approved beta-lactamase inhibitors: sulbactam, tazobactam, and clavulanate. Sulbactam inhibits the enzyme competitively and reversibly with respect to nitrocefin. Tazobactam inhibits the enzyme in a time-dependent manner, but the activity of the enzyme reappears due to the slow hydrolysis of the covalently acylated enzyme. In contrast, clavulanate reacts with the enzyme quickly to form hydrolytically stable, inactive forms of the enzyme that have been characterized by mass spectrometry. Clavulanate has potential to be used in combination with approved beta-lactam antibiotics to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extremely drug resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis.
Overstaying their welcome: defective CX3CR1 microglia eyed in macular degeneration (2007)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of blindness in the elderly, is characterized by degeneration of the macula and can lead to loss of fine color vision. Alterations in inflammatory and immune system pathways, which arise from genetic differences, predispose individuals to AMD. Yet the mechanism of disease progression with respect to inflammation is not fully understood. In this issue of the JCI, the study by Combadière and colleagues shows that CX3C chemokine receptor 1-deficient (CX3CR1-deficient) mice have abnormal microglia that accumulate beneath the retina and contribute to the progression of AMD.
ALLELOPATHIC CHEMICALS (1983)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTALLELOPATHIC CHEMICALSNature's herbicides in actionALAN R. PUTNAMView Author Information Michigan State UniversityCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1983, 61, 14, 34–45Publication Date (Print):April 4, 1983Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 4 April 1983https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v061n014.p034Copyright © 1983 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views18Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) SUBJECTS:Bacteria,Manufacturing,Pharmaceuticals,Plants Get e-Alerts
Early experience and validation work with Procedicus VA--the Prosolvia virtual reality shoulder arthroscopy trainer. (1999)

Shoulder arthroscopy is a difficult procedure, commonly used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Until now, the majority of training has been done in theatre, assisting and practising under supervision. Few good simulations exist. Procedicus VA, from Prosolvia Clarus, is a virtual reality simulation of shoulder arthroscopy, with interactive graphics and haptic feedback. The simulator has various modes including anatomy manipulation pathology subacromial decompression. We describe our experience with the simulator, attempting to validate some of the scoring mechanisms, and highlighting some of the pitfalls discovered as the simulator is first trialled by surgeons. This early experience has highlighted both successful aspects of the simulator, and some of the initial pitfalls. Our initial experience confirms the need for close collaboration between virtual programmers and surgical trainers. We are revising the assessment criteria over the coming months.
Systems Engineering and Nanotechnology (2010)

INSIGHT is the magazine of the International Council on Systems Engineering. It is published four times per year and features informative articles dedicated to advancing the state of practice in systems engineering and to close the gap with the state of the art. INSIGHT delivers practical information on current hot topics, implementations, and best practices, written in applications-driven style.
Intraepithelial Infiltration by Mast Cells with Both Connective Tissue-Type and Mucosal-Type Characteristics in Gut, Trachea, and Kidneys of IL-9 Transgenic Mice (1998)

IL-9 transgenic mice were analyzed for the presence of mast cells in different tissues. In these mice, increased mast cell infiltration was found in the gastric and intestinal epithelium as well as in the upper airways and kidney epithelium, but not in other organs, such as skin. IL-9 transgenic mast cells do not show signs of massive degranulation such as that found in IL-4 transgenic mice and are not involved in spontaneous pathologic changes. Gastric mast cells showed a phenotype related to connective-type mast cells, since they were stained by safranin, and strong expression of mouse mast cell protease-4 and -5 was found in this organ. However, they also expressed proteases related to the mucosal cell type, such as mouse mast cell protease-1 and -2. In vitro, although IL-9 by itself did not induce mast cell development from bone marrow progenitors, it strongly synergized with stem cell factor for the growth and differentiation of mast cells expressing the same protease pattern as that observed in IL-9 transgenic mice. Since constitutive stem cell factor expression was observed in vivo, and anti-c-Kit Abs inhibited IL-9 transgenic mastocytosis in the gut, this synergistic combination of factors is likely to be responsible for the mastocytosis observed in IL-9 transgenic mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate that IL-9 induces the in vivo amplification of a nonclassical mast cell subset with a mucosal localization but expressing proteases characteristic of both connective tissue-type and mucosal mast cells.
Direct measurements of the ionization profile in krypton helicon plasmas (2012)

Helicons are efficient plasma sources, capable of producing plasma densities of 1019 m−3 with only 100 s W of input rf power. There are often steep density gradients in both the neutral density and plasma density, resulting in a fully ionized core a few cm wide surrounded by a weakly ionized plasma. The ionization profile is usually not well known because the neutral density is typically inferred from indirect spectroscopic measurements or from edge pressure gauge measurements. We have developed a two photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TALIF) diagnostic capable of directly measuring the neutral density profile. We use TALIF in conjunction with a Langmuir probe to measure the ionization fraction profile as a function of driving frequency, magnetic field, and input power. It is found that when the frequency of the driving wave is greater than a critical frequency, fc≈3flh, where flh is the lower hybrid frequency at the antenna, the ionization fraction is small (0.1%) and the plasma density low (1017 m−3). As the axial magnetic field is increased, or, equivalently, the driving frequency decreased, a transition is observed. The plasma density increases by a factor of 10 or more, the plasma density profile becomes strongly peaked, the neutral density profile becomes strongly hollow, and the ionization fraction in the core approaches 100%. Neutral depletion in the core can be caused by a number of mechanisms. We find that in these experiments the depletion is due primarily to plasma pressure and neutral pumping.
Generation and characterization of site-directed antisera against an amino-terminal segment of a 55 kDa sperm adhesive glycoprotein from zona pellucida of pig oocytes (1993)

ZP3 alpha, a 55 kDa zona pellucida glycoprotein, mediates attachment of boar spermatozoa to zona-encased oocytes. In the study reported here, site-directed antipeptide antibodies were used to probe the topography and biological activity of the amino-terminal domain of this sperm adhesive zona molecule. A synthetic peptide (alpha 8-18) corresponding to an amino-terminal sequence of ZP3 alpha (residues 8-18) was coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) using either m-maleimidobenzoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester or glutaraldehyde. Male rabbits were immunized with peptide-KLH conjugates using Freund's adjuvant, and antibody production was monitored by ELISA. High-titred antipeptide sera were obtained and further characterized. Western blotting experiments using deglycosylated ZP3 alpha and ZP3 beta core proteins demonstrated reactivity of antipeptide sera with homologous protein. Preincubation of antisera with cognate peptide blocked binding to ZP3 alpha thus confirming site-specific binding of antibodies to the targeted sequence in the intact protein. Anti-KLH-alpha 8-18 sera reacted poorly with fully glycosylated ZP3 alpha, but ZP3 alpha immunoreactivity was markedly enhanced by digestion of polylactosamines with endo-beta-galactosidase, chemical deglycosylation or protein unfolding. Finally, zona-encased pig oocytes were preincubated with the antipeptide sera, washed and exposed to boar spermatozoa. Pretreatment with anti-KLH-alpha 8-18 sera significantly diminished attachment of boar spermatozoa to zonae. These studies demonstrate that the amino-terminal domain of pig oocyte zona protein, ZP3 alpha, is partially occluded, in part by carbohydrate, and that site-directed antipeptide sera targeted to this portion of the molecule can interfere with sperm-zona attachment in vitro.
B <sub> <i>x</i> </sub> O: Phases Present at High Pressure and Temperature (1991)

Boron suboxide compounds are of interest because of their low densities coupled with high hardness. In the present study, we have attempted to determine the nature of the B x O phases that occur in the field defined by pressures of zero to 1.5 GPa, temperature between 1200° and 1700°C, and the compositional range 2/3 x 24. Amorphous boron powder and boric acid B 2 O 3 were the starting reactants for all the runs. The processing of the specimens was carried out in a controlled atmosphere furnace, a hot‐pressing assembly, and in a piston—cylinder high‐pressure apparatus within quasi‐hydrostatic and inductively heated cell assemblies. After processing at elevated temperature and pressure, for compositions over the range 2/3 x 6, B 2 O 3 (identical to the hexagonal starting material) and B 6 O ( R 3¯ m ) were the dominant phases present. For the compositions 6 x 24, B 6 O and rhombohedral B were the primary phases identified. In general, the hardness of the processed composites was dominated by the occurrence of B 6 O (approximately equivalent to B 4 C). However, there is some suggestion of particularly high values of hardness on a very localized scale in specimens near the B 22 O composition.
The upper mantle (2007)

The composition of the crust and the upper mantle are the results of a series of melting and fractionation events, including the high-temperature accretion of the planet. Early attempts to estimate upper mantle (UM) chemistry started from the assumption that UM initially was the same as bulk silicate Earth (BSE) and differed from it only by the extraction of the continental crust, or that the most depleted – low in LIL, U, Th, K – midocean-ridge basalts plus their depleted refractory residues – unaltered abyssal peridotites – constitute the entire upper mantle. Traditionally, geochemists have assumed that the lower mantle is undegassed BSE or primitive mantle (PM). Geodynamicists have noted that there are heat flow problems with this model, which they fixed up by putting a large amount of U, Th and K in a lower mantle stealth layer.
Differential effects of 2-oxo acids on pyruvate utilization and fatty acid synthesis in rat brain (1974)

1. The effects of 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate, 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate and 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate on the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1), citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, (EC 6.4.1.2) and fatty acid synthetase derived from the brains of 14-day-old rats were investigated. 2. The pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme activity was competitively inhibited by 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate with respect to pyruvate with a K(i) of 2.04mm but was unaffected by 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate or 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate. 3. The citrate synthase activity was inhibited competitively (with respect to acetyl-CoA) by 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate (K(i)~7.2mm) and 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate (K(i)~14.9mm) but not by 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate. 4. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity was not inhibited significantly by any of the 2-oxo acids investigated. 5. The fatty acid synthetase activity was competitively inhibited (with respect to acetyl-CoA) by 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate (K(i)~930mum) and 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate (K(i)~3.45mm) but not by 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate. 6. Preliminary experiments indicate that 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate and 2-oxo-3-phenylpropionate (phenylpyruvate) significantly inhibit the ability of intact brain mitochondria from 14-day-old rats to oxidize pyruvate. 7. The results are discussed with reference to phenylketonuria and maple-syrup-urine disease. A biochemical mechanism is proposed to explain the characteristics of these diseases.
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus serially passaged in cell culture (2002)

Rapid accumulation of few polyhedra (FP) mutants was detected during serial passaging of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaSNPV) in cell culture. 100% FP infected cells were observed by passage 6. The specific yield decreased from 178 polyhedra per cell at passage 2 to two polyhedra per cell at passage 6. The polyhedra at passage 6 were not biologically active, with a 28-fold reduction in potency compared to passage 3. Electron microscopy studies revealed that very few polyhedra were produced in an FP infected cell (<10 polyhedra per section) and in most cases these polyhedra contained no virions. A specific failure in the intranuclear nucleocapsid envelopment process in the FP infected cells, leading to the accumulation of naked nucleocapsids, was observed. Genomic restriction endonuclease digestion profiles of budded virus DNA from all passages did not indicate any large DNA insertions or deletions that are often associated with such FP phenotypes for the extensively studied Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus and Galleria mellonella nucleopolyhedrovirus. Within an HaSNPV 25K FP gene homologue, a single base-pair insertion (an adenine residue) within a region of repetitive sequences (seven adenine residues) was identified in one plaque-purified HaSNPV FP mutant. Furthermore, the sequences obtained from individual clones of the 25K FP gene PCR products of a late passage revealed point mutations or single base-pair insertions occurring throughout the gene. The mechanism of FP mutation in HaSNPV is likely similar to that seen for Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus, involving point mutations or small insertions/deletions of the 25K FP gene.
Concurrent min-max simulation (1991)

Parametric process variations, which are inherent in the manufacture of complex digital circuits, can cause variations in the timing characteristics of a digital device. These device timing variations can cause catastrophic failures to the intended logical operation of the whole design. Min-max timing simulation is simulation technique which is well suited to verify that a given design functions correctly, even under the influence of parametric process variations. Unfortunately, in the past, min-max timing simulation has been very expensive in simulation CPU time and in the amount of memory consumed. The authors present a technique, concurrent min-max simulation (CMMS), which employs the techniques developed in concurrent fault simulation, to elegantly solve the min-max timing simulation problem. >
Passive Acquisition of Protective Antibodies Reactive with <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> in Newborns via Placental Transfer and Breast‐feeding (2010)

Although acquisition of anti-pertussis antibodies by the newborn via placental transfer has been demonstrated, a subsequent recrudescence of pertussis infection is often observed, particularly in infants. The present study investigated the passive transfer of anti-pertussis IgG and IgA antibodies to term newborns and their ability to neutralize bacterial pathogenicity in an in vivo experimental model using mice intracerebrally challenged with viable Bordetella pertussis. Forty paired samples of maternal/umbilical cord sera and colostrum were obtained. Anti-pertussis antibodies were analysed by immunoenzymatic assay and by Immunoblotting. Antibody neutralizing ability was assessed through intracerebral B. pertussis challenges in mice. Anti-pertussis IgG titres were equivalent in both maternal and newborn sera (medians = 1:225 and 1:265), with a transfer rate of 118%. The colostrum samples had variable specific IgA titres (median = 1:74). The immunoblotting assays demonstrated identical recognition profiles of paired maternal and newborn serum pools but different bacterial recognition intensities by colostrum pools. In the animal model, significant differences were always observed when the serum and colostrum samples and pools were compared with the positive control (P < 0.05). Unlike samples with lower anti-pertussis titres, samples with high titres showed protective capacities above 50%. Pertussis-absorbed serum and colostrum pools protected 30% of mice and purified IgG antibodies protected 65%. Both pooled and single-sample protective abilities were correlated with antibody titres (P < 0.01). Our data demonstrated the effectiveness of anti-pertussis antibodies in bacterial pathogenesis neutralization, emphasizing the importance of placental transfer and breast-feeding in protecting infants against respiratory infections caused by Bordetella pertussis.
Design of user specific intelligent cell phone jammer (2012)

In our day to day life, the usage of cell phones has increased enormously. So at present, silence and security are the need of hour in many places. This can be done by using cell phone jammers which blocks all the signals. This paper describes the design of an enhanced technique for jamming the cell phone signals. Our main objective is to concentrate on a specific band of frequency, which makes the communication possible, by jamming this frequency we effectively blocks out the signals that are responsible for making calls. This method enables the jammer to be more precise and effective, so precise that it can focus on individual network and specific area. The major advancement will be that emergency services can be availed which is very crucial in case of any calamity and also it has a lesser power consumption than existing models. This technique has infinite potentials and sure can this be modified to match all our imaginations.
ايجاد درجات مئينيه لبعض اختبارات القوة كمؤشر لانتقاء الرباعين الشباب لأندية العراق بأعمار (14 – 16) سنة (2019)

أهمية البحث بمعرفة تأثير التمرينات الخاصة باستخدام وسائل مساعدة لتعلم المرحلتين الاساسيتين في تضمن البحث أربع أبواب احتوى الباب الأول على مقدمة البحث وأهميته وتم التطرق إلى اهمية توفير درجات مئينيه كمؤشر لانتقاء الرباعين في فعالية رفع الاثقال بدلالة بعض اختبارات القوة الخاصة لدى لاعبي رفع الاثقال الشباب بأعمار (14-16) سنة. اما مشكلة البحث تكمن في عدم وجود دراسات تبين الدرجات مئينيه لانتقاء الناشئين، لكي تكون دليلاً علمياً أسوة بباقي دول العالم وهدف البحث إيجاد درجات مئينيه لبعض الاختبارات لا اشكال القوة بالاعتماد على بطارية الانتقاء المصممة من قبل (عمر كامل) وبلغت حجم عينة البحث الكلي (65) رباع للفئة العمرية (14-16) سنه، واستنتج الباحث درجات مئينيه للاختبارات الخمسة لعينة البحث. واوصى الباحث اعتماد درجات مئينيه التي توصل أليها الباحث في تقييم الاداء لبعض الاختبارات وتعميمها.
Viscoelastic Cell Mechanics and Actin Remodelling Are Dependent on the Rate of Applied Pressure (2012)

We suggest that slower rates of aspiration pressure enable greater levels of cortical actin distortion. This is partially inhibited by GFP or faster aspiration rates leading to membrane bleb formation and an increase in cell volume. Thus the rate of application of pressure regulates the viscoelastic mechanical properties of living cells through pressure rate sensitive differences in actin dynamics. Therefore cells appear softer when aspirated at a faster rate in contrast to what is expected of a normal viscoelastic material.
Chapter 3 (1977)

Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Natural Killer Cell Adoptive Transfer Therapy (2015)

Natural killer (NK) cells constitute an important component of the initial immunological response against transformed cells. However, chronic exposure to the tumor microenvironment can fundamentally alter the ability of NK cells to sufficiently control tumor progression. Thus, the adoptive transfer of healthy, functional NK cells as an interventional therapy has been an area of great interest for improving patient outcomes. Recent developments in the field have provided a better understanding of what makes the NK compartment effective against malignant cells. Moreover, there are now multiple potential sources of NK cell products for infusion as well as techniques to manipulate these cells to enhance their antitumor functions. This review explores the advantages and disadvantages of various sources of NK cells as well as prospective therapeutic enhancements to adoptively transferred NK cells.