gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum information density scaling and qubit operation time constraints of CMOS silicon based quantum computer architectures (2017)

Even the quantum simulation of simple molecules such as Fe$_2$S$_2$ requires more than 10$^6$ qubits. In order to assess such a multimillion scale of identical qubits and control lines, the silicon platform seems to be one of the most indicated routes as it provides the capability of nanometric, serial and industrial quality fabrication. The maximum amount of quantum information per unit surface and the consequent space constraints on qubit operations are key parameters towards fault-tolerant quantum information processing (QIP) with Si qubits. Such maximum density of quantum information is expressed for the compact exchange-only Si double quantum dot qubit architecture as a function of the CMOS technology node. The size scale optimizing both physical qubit operation time and quantum error correction (QEC) requirements is assessed by reviewing the physical and technological constraints. We determine the workable operation frequency range of a Si-CMOS quantum processor to be within 1 and 100 GHz, which limits its feasibility only to the most advanced nodes. The compatibility with classical control circuitry is discussed, focusing on the cryogenic CMOS operation required to bring the classical controller as close as possible to the quantum processor and to enable interfacing thousands of qubits on the same chip. The operation time range prospected for cryogenic control electronics is found to be compatible with the qubit operation time. By combining the forecast of technology development with operation time and classical circuitry constraints, we derive a maximum quantum information density for logical qubits of 2.8 and 4 Mqb/cm$^2$ for the 10-nm and 7-nm technology nodes respectively for the Steane code. The density is one and two orders of magnitude less for surface and concatenated codes respectively. Such values provide a benchmark for the development of Si-based fault tolerant QIP.
Location Service in Sensor and Mobile Actuator Networks (2010)

In location service problem, mobile actuators send location update messages, whereas stationary sensors send search messages to learn latest position of actuators. The task is to minimize combined update and search message cost, while maximizing success rate of finding target actuator and subsequently routing to it. In the literature, many location service algorithms have been proposed for mobile ad hoc networks, and they can be directly applied to sensor and mobile actuator networks. This chapter reviews research efforts on this topic. It presents a classification of existing location service algorithms. The location update policies are discussed. The chapter also reviews some typical location services that cover a range of design choices. There are three classes of location service: flooding-based, quorum-based, and home-based, each with two subclasses at the second level. Controlled Vocabulary Terms actuators; fault location; home networks; wireless sensor networks
The Acid-catalyzed Condensation of Tertiary Alcohols with Benzaldehyde<sup>1</sup> (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Acid-catalyzed Condensation of Tertiary Alcohols with Benzaldehyde1Frederick R. Duke and Max Q. FreelandCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 6, 1675–1676Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01611a081https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01611a081research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views50Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Overexpression of a cell wall glycoprotein in <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> increases virulence and resistance to a plant PR‐5 protein (2003)

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae is a causal agent for vascular wilt disease in tobacco. It is sensitive to osmotin, a tobacco pathogenesis-related protein (PR-5) that is implicated in plant defense against phytopathogenic fungi. We show that osmotin susceptibility of F. oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae was reduced by overexpression of the heterologous cell wall glycoprotein Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein containing inverted repeats (PIR2), a member of the PIR family of fungal cell wall glycoproteins that protect S. cerevisiae from the toxic action of osmotin. S. cerevisiae PIR2 was targeted to the cell wall of F. oxysporum. Disease severity and fungal growth were increased in tobacco seedlings inoculated with F. oxysporum transformed with PIR2 compared to seedlings infected with untransformed F. oxysporum or that transformed with vector, although accumulation of transcript and protein of defense genes was similar. The results show that fungal cell wall components can increase resistance to plant defense proteins and affect virulence.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Studies of Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HPD) in Normal and Tumor Tissue of Rat (1984)

Fluorescence studies of hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) in normal and tumor tissue of rat were performed with nitrogen laser excitation and optical multi-channel detection. Fifteen types of tissue including inoculated tumor were investigated for rats at different delays after HPD injection. Optimum contrast functions and other criteria for discriminating tumor tissue from normal tissue are discussed. The results should have implications for practical human HPD endoscopy.
Heat of Preferential Adsorption of Surfactants on Porous Solids and Its Relation to Wear of Sliding Steel Surfaces (1962)

A description is given of a method for the determination of the heats of preferential adsorption of various wear reducing agents, including lubricating oil fractions, on different types of solid surfaces covered with either n-heptane or benzene. The surfaces studied are those of silica gel, alumina, activated carbon, and iron. A proportion of the agents is adsorbed from the solutions on the surfaces, the process being accompanied by a heat effect. This heat effect is examined in relation to the wear produced by the lubricants in the Four Ball Machine operated under different loads for 60 min intervals. An attempt is then made to correlate the wear reduction of sliding steel surfaces and the heats of preferential adsorption of the lubricants from two different hydrocarbons on selected solids possessing high specific areas. From the results obtained it is concluded that the heats of adsorption of the lubricant solutions in benzene on iron, wetted with the same solvent, offer the best correlation with their wear reducing action determined by the Four Ball Machine. In general the results indicate that the method used has a great potential use in the field of correlation between the heat of adsorptions and wear for many different combinations of rubbing surfaces and lubricants.
A Novel Pathogen Capturing Device for Removal and Detection (2017)

A simple technique that employs an antibody coated polydimethylsiloxane tube is used for effective capturing of bloodborne and foodborne pathogens. By recirculating the entire sample through the antibody coated tube, accumulation of target pathogens is achieved, thereby delivering a higher concentration of pathogens in a small volume. The described method can provide an effective and economical solution to microbiology techniques that rely on enrichment, thereby expediting diagnostics. Using this method 80.3 ± 5.6% of Staphylococcus aureus with a starting concentration of ~10<sup>7</sup> CFU/mL and 95.4 ± 1.0% of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with starting concentration of ~10<sup>4</sup> CFU/mL were removed from 5 mL blood in a few hours. This concept was extended to live rats with an induced bloodstream S. aureus infection. A reduction of two orders of magnitude in the bacterial load of the rats was observed within a few hours. The same technique was used to capture a food pathogen, Salmonella typhimurium, with starting concentrations as low as ~10<sup>0</sup> CFU, from 100 or 250 mL of culture broth within similar timeframes as above. The feasibility for food pathogen testing applications was additionally confirmed by capturing and detecting S. typhimurium in ground chicken and ground beef.
A restrictive element 1 (RE‐1) in the VIP gene modulates transcription in neuronal and non‐neuronal cells in collaboration with an upstream tissue specifier element (2004)

The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene has been studied extensively as a prototype neuronal gene containing multiple cis-active elements that confer responsiveness to cell lineage, neurotrophic, and activity-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic cues. However, reporter genes containing the presumptive complete regulatory region 5' to the start of transcription do not confer tissue-specific gene expression in vivo. We therefore sought cis-regulatory elements downstream of the transcriptional start that might confer additional tissue-specific and tissue-restrictive properties to the VIP transcriptional unit. We report here a repressor element, similar to the canonical restrictive element-1 (RE-1), located within the first non-coding exon of the human VIP gene. The ability of this element to regulate VIP reporter gene expression in neuroblastoma and fibroblastic cells was examined. Endogenous VIP expression is high in SH-EP neuroblastoma cells, low but inducible in SH-SY5Y cells, and absent in HeLa cells. Endogenous RE-1 silencer factor (REST) expression was highest in SH-EP and HeLa cells, and significantly lower in SH-SY5Y cells. Transient transfection of a VIP reporter gene containing a mutated RE-1 sequence revealed an RE-1-dependent regulation of VIP gene expression in all three cell types, with regulation greatest in cells (SH-EP, HeLa) with highest levels of REST expression. Serial truncation of the VIP reporter gene further revealed a specific interaction between the RE-1 and a tissue-specifier element located 5 kb upstream in the VIP gene. Thus, REST can regulate VIP gene expression in both neuroblastic and non-neuronal cells, but requires coupling to the upstream tissue specifier element.
Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis: A Simple Method for Species Identification in Food (1995)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was applied to meat species identification in marinated and heat-treated or fermented products and to the differentiation of closely related species. DNA was isolated from meat samples by using a DNA-binding resin and was subjected to PCR analysis. Primers used were complementary to conserved areas of the vertebrate mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene and yielded a 359 base-pair (bp) fragment, including a variable 307 bp region. Restriction endonuclease analysis based on sequence data of those fragments was used for differentiation among species. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were detected when pig, cattle, wild boar, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, chicken, and turkey amplicons were cut with AluI, RsaI, TaqI, and HinfI. Analysis of sausages indicates the applicability of this approach to food products containing meat from 3 different species. The PCR-RFLP analytical method detected pork in heated meat mixtures with beef at levels below 1%, and the method was confirmed with porcine- and bovine-specific PCR assays by amplifying fragments of their growth hormone genes. Inter- and intraspecific differences of more than 22 animal species with nearly unknown cytb DNA sequences, including hoofed mammals (ungulates), and poultry were determined with PCR-RFLP typing by using 20 different endonucleases. This typing method allowed the discrimination of game meats, including stag, roe deer, chamois, moose, reindeer, kangaroo, springbok, and other antelopes in marinated and heat-treated products.
Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments: 1. Conceptual model of gas hydrate growth conditioned by host sediment properties (1999)

The stability of submarine gas hydrates is largely dictated by pressure and temperature, gas composition, and pore water salinity. However, the physical properties and surface chemistry of deep marine sediments may also affect the thermodynamic state, growth kinetics, spatial distributions, and growth forms of clathrates. Our conceptual model presumes that gas hydrate behaves in a way analogous to ice in a freezing soil. Hydrate growth is inhibited within fine‐grained sediments by a combination of reduced pore water activity in the vicinity of hydrophilic mineral surfaces, and the excess internal energy of small crystals confined in pores. The excess energy can be thought of as a “capillary pressure” in the hydrate crystal, related to the pore size distribution and the state of stress in the sediment framework. The base of gas hydrate stability in a sequence of fine sediments is predicted by our model to occur at a lower temperature (nearer to the seabed) than would be calculated from bulk thermodynamic equilibrium. Capillary effects or a build up of salt in the system can expand the phase boundary between hydrate and free gas into a divariant field extending over a finite depth range dictated by total methane content and pore‐size distribution. Hysteresis between the temperatures of crystallization and dissociation of the clathrate is also predicted. Growth forms commonly observed in hydrate samples recovered from marine sediments (nodules, and lenses in muds; cements in sands) can largely be explained by capillary effects, but kinetics of nucleation and growth are also important. The formation of concentrated gas hydrates in a partially closed system with respect to material transport, or where gas can flush through the system, may lead to water depletion in the host sediment. This “freeze‐drying” may be detectable through physical changes to the sediment (low water content and overconsolidation) and/or chemical anomalies in the pore waters and metastable presence of free gas within the normal zone of hydrate stability.
Tobramycin inhalation powder for <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infection in cystic fibrosis: The EVOLVE trial (2010)

Tobramycin inhalation solution is used to treat chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of a novel, light-porous particle, dry-powder formulation of tobramycin, which was developed to improve delivery efficiency to the airways and substantially reduce the delivery time. In this randomized, double-blind study, patients with CF (age 6-21 years) received tobramycin inhalation powder (112 mg tobramycin) twice daily (n = 46) or placebo (n = 49) via the T-326 Inhaler for one cycle, followed by two open-label cycles (all patients). Cycles were 28 days on, 28 days off treatment. The primary endpoint was change in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) % predicted from baseline to Day 28 of Cycle 1. The study was terminated early based on positive results in the interim analysis. Tobramycin inhalation powder significantly improved FEV1 % predicted versus placebo at Day 28 (difference 13.3, 95% CI: 5.31-21.28; P = 0.0016). Similar changes in FEV1 were seen in patients switching from placebo to tobramycin inhalation powder in Cycle 2; improvements were maintained over time. Tobramycin inhalation powder also reduced sputum P. aeruginosa density, respiratory-related hospitalization and antipseudomonal antibiotic use versus placebo. The most common adverse event was cough; the frequency of cough was higher in patients receiving placebo (26.5%) versus tobramycin inhalation powder (13.0%) in Cycle 1. Tobramycin inhalation powder was not associated with ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity. Administration time was between 4 and 6 min. In conclusion, tobramycin inhalation powder was effective and well tolerated in CF patients, and may offer an important treatment option to decrease the treatment burden of CF pseudomonas lung infections.
A synthesis of new 3-dialkoxyphosphinylmethyl and 3-dihydroxyphosphinylmethyl cephalosporins. (1988)

The syntheses and the antibacterial activities of new 3-dimethoxyphosphinylmethyl and 3-dihydroxyphosphinylmethyl cephalosporins I-(Z), II-(Z), III-(Z) and III-(E), possessing the chloromethylene or methoxyimino substituent at the α-position to the 7-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido or 7-(thiazol-4-yl)acetamido moiety of the cephem nucleus, are described. The key steps of these syntheses were the Michaelis-Arbusov reaction of the 3-halomethylcephem 1 with trimethyl phosphite and the dealkylation reactions of both the dimethoxyphosphinyl group and the p-methoxybenzyl ester of 7a, b-(Z) by treatment with bromotrimethylsilane to afford 9a, b-(Z).
Transferring Facial Expressions to Different Face Models (2006)

We introduce a facial deformation system that helps the character setup process and gives artists the possibility to manipulate models as if they were using a puppet. The method uses a set of labels that define specific facial features and deforms the rig anthropometrically. We find the correspondence of the main attributes of a generic rig, transfer them to different 3D face models and automatically generate a sophisticated facial rig based on an anatomical structure. We show how the labels, combined with other deformation methods, can adapt muscles and skeletons from a generic rig to individual face models, allowing high quality physics-based animations. We describe how it is possible to deform the generic facial rig, apply the same deformation parameters to different face models and obtain unique expressions. We show how our method can easily be integrated in an animation pipeline. We end with different examples that show the strength of our proposal.
Towards Mobile Query Auto-Completion (2016)

We study the new mobile query auto-completion (QAC) problem to exploit mobile devices' exclusive signals, such as those related to mobile applications (apps). We propose AppAware, a novel QAC model using installed app and recently opened app signals to suggest queries for matching input prefixes on mobile devices. To overcome the challenge of noisy and voluminous signals, AppAware optimizes composite objectives with a lighter processing cost at a linear rate of convergence. We conduct experiments on a large commercial data set of mobile queries and apps. Installed app and recently opened app signals consistently and significantly boost the accuracy of various baseline QAC models on mobile devices.
Construction Scheduling Using Critical Path Analysis with Separate Time Segments (2010)

Project managers today rely on scheduling tools based on the Critical Path Method (CPM) to determine the overall project duration and the activities’ float times. Such data provide important information about the degree of flexibility with respect to the project schedule as well as the critical and noncritical activities, which leads to greater efficiency in planning and control of projects. \n\nWhile CPM has been useful for scheduling construction projects, years of practice and research have highlighted a number of serious drawbacks that limit its use as a decision support tool. The traditional representation of CPM lacks the ability to clearly record and represent detailed as-built information such as slow/fast progress and complete representation of work interruptions caused by the various parties involved. In addition, CPM is based on two unrealistic assumptions: that the project deadline is not restricted and that resources are unlimited. With CPM, therefore, the most cost-effective corrective actions needed in order to recover delays and overruns cannot be determined. This research is based on the view that many of the drawbacks of CPM stem from the rough level of detail at which progress data is represented and analyzed, where activities’ durations are considered as continuous blocks of time.\n\nTo overcome CPM drawbacks, this research presents a new Critical Path Segments (CPS) mechanism, with its mathematical formulation, that offers a finer level of granularity by decomposing the duration of each activity into separate time segments. The CPS mechanism addresses the problems with CPM in three innovative ways: (1) the duration of an activity is represented as a series of separate time segments; (2) the representation of the progress of an activity is enhanced; and (3) an optimization mechanism to incorporate project constraints into the CPS analysis. To demonstrate the ability of the CPS to provide better analysis than the traditional CPM, a number of case studies are used to show its ability to (1) simplify network relationships and accurately calculate floats and critical path(s); (2) achieve better resource allocation and facilitate accurate delay analysis; and (3) overcome problems associated with the use of multiple resource calendars.\n\nThis research represents a change from well-known CPM techniques and has the potential to revolutionize and simplify the analysis of ongoing and as-built schedules. The developed CPS technique is expected to help project managers achieve a better level of control over projects and their corrective actions because it offers better visualization, optimization, and decision support for meeting project goals within the specified constraints.
EVALUATION OF CYCLOSPORINE, MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL, AND BREQUINAR SODIUM COMBINATION THERAPY ON HAMSTER-TO-RAT CARDIAC XENOTRANSPLANTATION (1994)

We examined the effect of CsA, mycophenolate mofetil (MM), and Brequinar sodium (BQR) combination therapy on hamster-to-rat cardiac xenotransplantation survival. Since the mechanism of rejection in concordant cardiac xenotransplantation may be antibody mediated as well as cellularly (CD4) mediated, we also examined the effect of these agents on antidonor antibody levels. In untreated controls, rejection occurred within 4 days, with elevation of cytotoxic antibody titers and severe humoral destruction of the xenografted hearts. It involved both IgM and IgG antibody-mediated humoral immunity. CsA alone (20 mg/kg/day) could not modify this pattern of rejection. High-dose MM (40/20 mg/kg/day)+BQR (12/6 mg/kg 3 times a week) combination therapy achieved slight prolongation of survival and suppressed the elevation of cytotoxic antibody titers relative to controls. While these grafts were rejected within 2 weeks, humoral destruction in the rejected xenografts and antibody deposition were reduced. Combination of CsA (20 mg/kg/day) with BQR (3 or 12 ng 3 times/week) dramatically increased graft survival. When CsA (20 mg/kg/day) was combined with MM (20 mg/kg/day) and BQR (3 mg/kg/day), xenograft survival was significantly prolonged (P < 0.002); however, significant toxicity was observed. Cytotoxic antibody formation was delayed for 1 month in most cases. Histological examination revealed cellular rejection with little evidence of humoral rejection. Thus, combination therapy consisting of CsA and BQR or CsA, MM, and BQR was effective in delaying the rejection of hamster-to-LEW rat concordant cardiac xenografts. The mechanism of prolonged graft survival may involve delayed humoral response and prevention of the cellular response.