gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Linear and rotational magnetic micromotors fabricated using silicon technology (1992)

Different types of sliding, rolling, or rotating micromotors with rare-earth-based permanent magnet rotors are presented. The magnets move synchronously with rotating or traveling magnetic fields generated by 25- mu m-thick gold current lines on silicon substrates. The magnets are guided in channels or openings in the silicon itself or in additional glass layers. For magnets with a typical dimension of 1 mm, forces and torques of 150 mu N and 100 nNm were achieved. Maximum velocities of 24 cm/s and 2000 r.p.m. have been measured. Magnetic clamping to the bottom confines the rotor to the system and allows motor operation at any tilt angle. The noncontact magnetic transmission of forces to drive a ferromagnetic fluid has been demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ballistic Demagnetizing Factor in Uniformly Magnetized Cylinders (1966)

A simple, closed-form expression is obtained for the ballistic demagnetizing factor of a uniformly magnetized cylinder. Detailed comparison is made between the present results and both the previously derived series expansion (in which the radial variation of magnetization is neglected), valid for p(=length/diameter) ≥10, and the numerical extrapolation of the latter to the range 0≤p≤100. An alternate derivation of a result for the magnetometric demagnetizing factor of a uniformly magnetized cylinder is presented. Detailed comparison is made between the demagnetizing factors in the uniformly magnetized cylinder (ballistic, magnetometric) and the demagnetizing factor of an inscribed ellipsoid of revolution.
An example of a divergent perturbation expansion in field theory (1952)

Abstract The convergence of the perturbation expansion for the S -matrix in interaction representation of a three-boson contact interaction is investigated. A lower bound is obtained for the integrals corresponding to irreducible graphs when the total rest mass of the system is insufficient for bare particles to be created. It is shown that in this case the perturbation expansion cannot converge no matter what value the coupling constant has. A discussion is given of the bearing of this result on the general problem of the convergence of perturbation expansions for the S -matrix in renormalized field theories.
A supramolecular endosomal escape approach for enhancing gene silencing of siRNA using acid-degradable cationic polyrotaxanes (2013)

Acid-degradable cationic polyrotaxanes (PRXs) composed of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (DMAE) group-modified α-cyclodextrins (CDs) that were threaded onto a poly(ethylene glycol) capped with a bulky stopper via acid-cleavable 3-sulfanylpropionyl ester linkages (DMAE-COO-PRX) were developed for improving the cytoplasmic transportation of PRX/siRNA polyplexes. In response to acidic pH in endosomes, the ester linkages of the DMAE-COO-PRXs were hydrolyzed and an abundance of DMAE-modified α-CDs was released from the PRXs. Wherein, the released DMAE-modified α-CDs showed endosomal membrane destabilization through the removal of phospholipids from the membrane, resulting in the endosomal escape of siRNA. The confocal fluorescence microscopic observation revealed that the colocalization ratio of siRNAs to endosomes decreased for DMAE-COO-PRX in comparison with disulfide-introduced PRX (DMAE-SS-PRX). As a result, the DMAE-COO-PRX/siRNA showed higher gene silencing activity than DMAE-SS-PRX and linear poly(ethylenimine) (L-PEI) even at low siRNA concentration (10 nM). Therefore, the DMAE-COO-PRXs are an effective candidate as a carrier for cytoplasmic siRNA delivery.
Comparing Gesture and Touch for Notification System Interactions (2009)

We explore some of the characteristics of multimodal input interaction spaces for notification systems within a multi-tasking environment like a command and control center using two promising interaction methods: gestures and touch based input through a laboratory experiment comparing both techniques. Results of our study suggest that gestures are better suited for multi-tasking situations because they are less interruptive than touch interaction to users' primary tasks and are subjectively preferred by users in certain situations.
[Signal transduction mechanisms induced by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and their role in apoptosis regulation]. (1999)

Stimulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) leads to cell proliferation and plays an important role in cancerogenesis. It seems that these effects are a consequence of triggering of various signal transduction pathways involving PI-3K and MAP kinase activation. Surprisingly, under certain circumstances stimulation of EGFR may also result in cell growth arrest and apoptosis induction. It is possible that anti-proliferative effect of EGF depends on STAT protein activation. It has been reported, that STAT upregulates expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, which blocks the cell cycle. Additionally, STAT may increase caspase 1 (ICE) expression, which seems to be necessary for apoptosis induced by EGF. Intracellular mechanisms involved in EGFR proapoptotic activity still remains poorly understood and, because of their potential clinical significance, require further investigation.
Active object-oriented database design using active object/behavior diagrams (2002)

Active object/behavior diagrams are introduced for the conceptual design of active object-oriented databases. They provide a high-level representation of active object-oriented database schemes, eg., ER-diagrams represent conventional database schemes. Object diagrams depict the structure of object types by a set of properties. Behavior diagrams depict the behavior of object types by a set of scales and activities. A behavior diagram specifies which activities may be invoked on instances of an object type and gives necessary pre- and postconditions for activity invocations. Activation scripts specify the active behavior of object types. They define sufficient conditions for activities to activities using events and guards. Events specify when activities are performed. Guards determine the objects for which the activity is executed. During logical design, properties of object diagrams are mapped into instance variables of object types, activities of behavior diagrams into methods, and activation scripts into event-condition-action rules.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Caenorhabditis elegans spermatozoan locomotion: amoeboid movement with almost no actin. (1982)

The pseudopods of Caenorhabditis elegans spermatozoa move actively causing some cells to translocate when the sperm are dissected into a low osmotic strength buffered salts solution. On time-lapse video tapes, pseudopodial projections can be seen moving at 20-45 micrometers/min from the tip to the base of the pseudopod. This movement occurs whether or not the cell is attached to a substrate. Translocation of the cell is dependent on the substrate. Some spermatozoa translocate on acid-washed glass, but a better substrate is prepared by drying an extract of Ascaris uteri (the normal site of nematode sperm motility) onto glass slides. On this substrate more than half the spermatozoa translocate at a velocity (21 micrometers/min) similar to that observed in vivo. Translocating cells attach to the substrate by their pseudopodial projections. They always move toward the pseudopod; changes in direction are caused by changes in pseudopod shape that determine points of detachment and reattachment of the cell to the substrate. Actin comprises less than 0.02% of the proteins in sperm, and myosin is undetectable. No microfilaments are found in the sperm. Immunohistochemistry shows that some actin is localized in patches in the pseudopod. The movement of spermatozoa is unaffected by cytochalasins, however, so there is no evidence that actin participates in locomotion. Fertilization-defective mutants in genes fer-2, fer-4, and fer-6 produce spermatozoa with defective pseudopodial projections, and these spermatozoa are largely immotile. Mutants in the spermatozoa do not translocate. Thus pseudopod movement is correlated with the presence of normal projections. Twelve mutants with defective muscles have spermatozoa with normal movement, so these genes do not specify products needed for both muscle and nonmuscle cell motility.
Size considerations in the design of cells for photoacoustic spectroscopy (1977)

The dependence of photoacoustic spectrometer sensitivity on the physical dimensions of the sample cell was investigated for sizes larger than and smaller than the gas thermal diffusion length. The results depend on the thermal properties of the gas and the sample in agreement with an extension of Parker’s theory of photoacoustic signal generation.
The major <i>Leishmania donovani chagasi</i> surface glycoprotein in tunicamycin-resistant promastigotes. (1990)

Two populations of Leishmania donovani chagasi promastigotes resistant to the lethal effects of tunicamycin (TM), an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, were raised. These parasites exhibited altered patterns of glycosylation when compared to wild-type controls. In particular the major surface glycoprotein gp63 was present in membranes of one population of TM-resistant promastigotes (population 1) primarily in a deglycosylated form, which migrated at a lower Mr than wild-type gp63. The deglycosylated protein was proteolytically inactive on substrate-containing gels, in contrast to glycosylated gp63. Assays of promastigote attachment to human macrophages revealed that, despite a proposed role for gp63 protease activity in binding to macrophage receptors, population 1 TM-resistant promastigotes appeared to attach to the CR3 but not to the mannose-fucose receptor. Control promastigotes bound to both receptors. In contrast, a second population of TM-resistant promastigotes (population 2) did not produce gp63 that could be detected on immunoblots, either in a glycosylated or deglycosylated form. The latter TM-resistant promastigotes bound to neither CR3 nor the mannose-fucose receptor, suggesting that expression of gp63 might be important for promastigotes to bind to CR3. LPG was present in immunoblots of both TM-resistant and control populations suggesting this molecule might not account for the differences in attachment. Surprisingly both TM-resistant promastigote populations contained gp63 mRNA by Northern analysis in apparently equal amounts. We conclude that N-glycosylation is probably necessary for the protease function of gp63, but that neither N-glycosylation nor protease activity of gp63 is necessary for L. donovani chagasi promastigotes to bind to CR3. Furthermore the expression of gp63 protein by TM-resistant promastigotes is dependent upon postranscriptional events.
Characterization of Muscarinic Receptor Involvement in Human Ciliary Muscle Cell Function (1994)

Muscarinic agonist-induced contraction of the ciliary muscle is generally believed to increase aqueous outflow facility and effect accommodation. We used cultured human ciliary muscle cells as a model to study the muscarinic receptor subtype(s) involved in the contractile response of the muscle. Thus, a single cell contraction assay for these muscle cells was developed. And since agonist-induced contraction of smooth muscles is expected to involve the activation of phospholipase C (PLC), we also monitored the PLC activity in these cells. Carbachol caused contraction of the muscle cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner with an estimated EC50 of 1-3 microM. The contractile effect of 100 microM carbachol was antagonized by pretreatment of atropine (1 microM) and 4DAMP (10 nM, antagonist selective for the M1 and M3 receptors) but not by pirenzepine (10 microM, antagonist selective for the M1 receptor), suggesting the involvement of the M3 but not the M1 muscarinic receptor. M3 receptor is also essential for the carbachol-induced PLC activation in the ciliary muscle cells, as indicated by the activity profiles of receptor subtype selective antagonists. For example, the stimulative effect of carbachol (EC50 = 20 microM) was antagonized by pirenzepine (pKi = 6.8), HHSiD (pKi = 7.6), 4DAMP (pKi = 9.5) and methoctramine (pKi < 6). Thus, these results indicate that an M3-like receptor subtype is essential in mediating the muscarinic agonists-induced functional changes, such as PLC activation or muscle contraction, in the ciliary muscle.
Lewy body in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1 is immunoreactive for α-synuclein (1998)

In familial PD, a mutation of the alpha-synuclein gene has been identified. Alpha-synuclein also was revealed in Lewy bodies in idiopathic PD. Lewy bodies in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1 (NBIA 1; Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome) were found to show immunostaining for alpha-synuclein/precursor of non-A beta component of Alzheimer's disease amyloid, indicating that alpha-synuclein is commonly associated with the formation of Lewy bodies in other sporadic and familial neurodegenerative diseases apart from PD.
Improved Synaptic Behavior Under Identical Pulses Using AlO<sub><italic>x</italic></sub>/HfO<sub>2</sub>Bilayer RRAM Array for Neuromorphic Systems (2016)

We analyze the response of identical pulses on a filamentary resistive memory (RRAM) to implement the synapse function in neuromorphic systems. Our findings show that the multilevel states of conductance are achieved by varying the measurement conditions related to the formation and rupture of a conductive filament. Furthermore, abrupt set switching behavior in the RRAM leads to an unchanged conductance state, leading to degradation in the accuracy of pattern recognition. Thus, we demonstrate a linear potentiation (or depression) behavior of conductance under identical pulses using the effect of barrier layer on the switching, which was realized by fabricating an RRAM on top of an Al electrode. As a result, when the range of the conductance is symmetrically controlled at both polarities, a significantly improved accuracy is achieved for pattern recognition using a neural network with a multilayer perceptron.
Inductive Neural Stimulator (1973)

A device has been designed and constructed to cause stimulation of neural tissue by means of an induced electric field. Such a device is interesting because it allows a neural structure to be stimulated without requiring either the surgical exposure of the site of stimulation or requiring that current be passed from the outside to the inside of the living system. Tests have been conducted at stimulation rates of 45 pulses per second (pps) but the system can be adapted to provide rates up to 125 pps.
How 3D Interaction Metaphors Affect User Experience in Collaborative Virtual Environment (2011)

In this paper we presents the results of our experimental study which aims to understand the impact of three interaction 3D metaphors (ray casting, GoGo, and virtual hand) on the user experience in a semi-immersive collaborative virtual environment (the Braccetto System). For each session, participants are grouped in twos to reconstruct a puzzle by an assemblage of cubes. The puzzle to reconstruct corresponds to a gradient of colors. We found that there is a significant difference in the user experience by changing the interaction metaphor on the copresence, awareness, involvement, collaborative effort, satisfaction usability, and preference. These findings provide a basis for designing 3D navigation techniques in a CVE.
Origins of stereoselectivity in evolved ketoreductases (2015)

Mutants of Lactobacillus kefir short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase, used here as ketoreductases (KREDs), enantioselectively reduce the pharmaceutically relevant substrates 3-thiacyclopentanone and 3-oxacyclopentanone. These substrates differ by only the heteroatom (S or O) in the ring, but the KRED mutants reduce them with different enantioselectivities. Kinetic studies show that these enzymes are more efficient with 3-thiacyclopentanone than with 3-oxacyclopentanone. X-ray crystal structures of apo- and NADP(+)-bound selected mutants show that the substrate-binding loop conformational preferences are modified by these mutations. Quantum mechanical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate the mechanism of reduction by the enzyme. We have developed an MD-based method for studying the diastereomeric transition state complexes and rationalize different enantiomeric ratios. This method, which probes the stability of the catalytic arrangement within the theozyme, shows a correlation between the relative fractions of catalytically competent poses for the enantiomeric reductions and the experimental enantiomeric ratio. Some mutations, such as A94F and Y190F, induce conformational changes in the active site that enlarge the small binding pocket, facilitating accommodation of the larger S atom in this region and enhancing S-selectivity with 3-thiacyclopentanone. In contrast, in the E145S mutant and the final variant evolved for large-scale production of the intermediate for the antibiotic sulopenem, R-selectivity is promoted by shrinking the small binding pocket, thereby destabilizing the pro-S orientation.
Calcium regulation in the embryonic chick. III. Calcium and phosphate in serum and allantoic fluid of normal and shell-less embryos. (1987)

Calcium metabolism of chicken embryos was profoundly affected by incubation in shell-less culture, but phosphate metabolism was largely undisturbed. Shell-less embryos exhibited hypocalcemia and hypocalciuria relative to normal embryos but had similar levels of phosphate in serum and allantoic fluid. The concentration of calcium in allantoic fluid declined during incubation in both groups, owing largely to accompanying increases in allantoic volume, but total amounts of calcium in the allantois did not vary with time. Both normal and shell-less embryos maintained higher concentrations of calcium in serum than in allantoic fluid, with shell-less embryos maintaining a larger gradient between serum and allantoic compartments. In contrast, serum and allantoic concentrations of inorganic phosphate increased over time in both normal and shell-less embryos, and both groups maintained generally higher concentrations of inorganic phosphate in the allantoic sac than in serum. Treatment of embryos with parathyroid hormone had no effect on calcium and phosphate metabolism. Embryos maintained in shell-less culture grew more slowly than those incubated normally and consequently had a dry mass about half that of normal embryos on day 18. Shell-less embryos also exhibited abnormalities in fluid balance, which were reflected in their inability to maintain normal allantoic volume and in their higher relative hydration compared to embryos incubated in ovo.
Design techniques for high-frequency CMOS switched-capacitor filters using non-op-amp-based unity-gain amplifiers (1991)

A fully differential non-op-amp-based unity-gain amplifier (UGA) is proposed, whose 3-dB frequency can be as high as 250 MHz in 3.5- mu m p-well CMOS technology. The purpose is to develop a new design concept for high-frequency switched-capacitor (SC) filters which uses balanced non-op-amp type UGAs with tunable gain to replace conventional op-amp-based unity-gain buffers (UGBs). The proposed UGA has a normal gain of unit, but it has a greater bandwidth, better setting behavior, smaller chip area, and less transistors than op-amp-based UGB. The new UGA also has a fully differential balanced configuration. The balanced configuration and proper predistortion by CAD tools can reduce the error due to linear parasitic capacitances. Experimental results prove the capability of the proposed structures in the realization of high-frequency SC filters over the megahertz range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comment on Intraday Bank Reserve Management: The Effects of Caps and Fees on Daylight Overdrafts (1996)

David B. Humphrey, Comment on Intraday Bank Reserve Management: The Effects of Caps and Fees on Daylight Overdrafts, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 28, No. 4, Part 2: Payment Systems Research and Public Policy Risk, Efficiency, and Innovation (Nov., 1996), pp. 909-913
General Anesthetic Binding Sites in Human α4β3δ γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors (GABAARs) (2016)

Extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA<sub>A</sub>Rs),which contribute generalized inhibitory tone to the mammalian brain, are major targets for general anesthetics. To identify anesthetic binding sites in an extrasynaptic GABA<sub>A</sub>R, we photolabeled human α4β3δ GABA<sub>A</sub>Rs purified in detergent with [<sup>3</sup>H]azietomidate and a barbiturate, [<sup>3</sup>H]R-mTFD-MPAB, photoreactive anesthetics that bind with high selectivity to distinct but homologous intersubunit binding sites in the transmembrane domain of synaptic α1β3γ2 GABA<sub>A</sub>Rs. Based upon <sup>3</sup>H incorporation into receptor subunits resolved by SDS-PAGE, there was etomidate-inhibitable labeling by [<sup>3</sup>H]azietomidate in the α4 and β3 subunits and barbiturate-inhibitable labeling by [<sup>3</sup>H]R-mTFD-MPAB in the β3 subunit. These sites did not bind the anesthetic steroid alphaxalone, which enhanced photolabeling, or DS-2, a δ subunit-selective positive allosteric modulator, which neither enhanced nor inhibited photolabeling. The amino acids labeled by [<sup>3</sup>H]azietomidate or [<sup>3</sup>H]R-mTFD-MPAB were identified by N-terminal sequencing of fragments isolated by HPLC fractionation of enzymatically digested subunits. No evidence was found for a δ subunit contribution to an anesthetic binding site. [<sup>3</sup>H]azietomidate photolabeling of β3Met-286 in βM3 and α4Met-269 in αM1 that was inhibited by etomidate but not by R-mTFD-MPAB established that etomidate binds to a site at the β3<sup>+</sup>-α4<sup>-</sup> interface equivalent to its site in α1β3γ2 GABA<sub>A</sub>Rs. [<sup>3</sup>H]Azietomidate and [<sup>3</sup>H]R-mTFD-MPAB photolabeling of β3Met-227 in βM1 established that these anesthetics also bind to a homologous site, most likely at the β3<sup>+</sup>-β3<sup>-</sup> interface, which suggests a subunit arrangement of β3α4β3δβ3.
Deciphering mobile search patterns (2008)

In this paper we study the characteristics of search queries submitted from mobile devices using various Yahoo! one-Search applications during a 2 months period in the second half of 2007, and report the query patterns derived from 20 million English sample queries submitted by users in US, Canada, Europe, and Asia. We examine the query distribution and topical categories the queries belong to in order to find new trends. We compare and contrast the search patterns between US vs international queries, and between queries from various search interfaces (XHTML/WAP, java widgets, and SMS). We also compare our results with previous studies wherever possible, either to confirm previous findings, or to find interesting differences in the query distribution and pattern.
Miniature Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO) on a CMOS Chip (2006)

This paper presents a one-chip temperature control for an OCXO application with a quartz crystal directly mounted on a CMOS chip. The design of this chip can reduce the size of an entire OCXO package dramatically since no separate PCBs are required for the oscillator, controller, and resonator. The reduced package size leads to less power consumption (303 mW at steady state) and a shorter warm-up time (190 seconds at room temperature). The temperature and frequency stabilities are 0.17 degC and 0.7 ppm respectively in the 0 degC to 60 degC external temperature range