gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Colitis induced by proteinase-activated receptor-2 agonists is mediated by a neurogenic mechanism (2003)

Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR 2 ) activation induces colonic inflammation by an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that PAR 2 agonists administered intracolonically in mice induce inflammation via a neurogenic mechanism. Pretreatment of mice with neurokinin-1 and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists or with capsaicin showed attenuated PAR 2 -agonist-induced colitis. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a differential expression of a marker for the type-1 CGRP receptor during the time course of PAR 2 -agonist-induced colitis, further suggesting a role for CGRP. We conclude that PAR 2 -agonist-induced intestinal inflammation involves the release of neuropeptides, which by acting on their receptors cause inflammation. These results implicate PAR 2 as an important mediator of intestinal neurogenic inflammation.Key words: trypsin, proteinase-activated receptor-2, colitis, neurogenic inflammation, substance P, neurokinin-1 receptors, calcitonin-gene-related peptide.
A Multibranch Search Tree-Based Multi-Keyword Ranked Search Scheme over Encrypted Cloud Data (2020)

In the interest of privacy concerns, cloud service users choose to encrypt their personal data before outsourcing them to cloud. However, it is difficult to achieve efficient search over encrypted cloud data. Therefore, how to design an efficient and accurate search scheme over large-scale encrypted cloud data is a challenge. In this paper, we integrate bisecting k -means algorithm and multibranch tree structure and propose the α -filtering tree search scheme based on bisecting k -means clusters. The novel index tree is built from bottom-up, and a greedy depth first algorithm is used for filtering the nonrelevant document cluster by calculating the relevance score between the filtering vector and the query vector. The α -filtering tree can improve the efficiency without the loss of search accuracy. The experiment on a real-world dataset demonstrates the effectiveness of our scheme.
Self‐Propelled Polymer‐Based Multilayer Nanorockets for Transportation and Drug Release (2013)

Nanotransporters: Self-assembled polymer multilayer nanorockets based on a template-assisted layer-by-layer technique can self-propel by chemical power, namely hydrogen peroxide degradation. They can perform drug loading, targeted transportation, and triggered drug release by an external physical stimuli in a controlled manner. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Stirling Employability E-Mentoring Project (SEEM): A disciplinary focus on employability (2009)

The SEEM mentoring scheme has been established to provide undergraduate students in GEES disciplines with a source of support to help their career planning and ultimately improve their transition into employment. Alumni graduates working in GEES- relevant employment sectors are recruited as mentors. The scheme is based in an academic department and builds on existing links between staff, graduates and students, to provide a strong discipline-specific context and to tie in with careers activities embedded in the curriculum. Central to the promotion and management of SEEM is its web site with application forms, confidentiality agreements and guidelines for mentees and mentors in electronic format. Email is the main form of communication. Career profiles of all mentors are available on the web site in a database designed to help students select a suitable mentor. The first phase of the voluntary scheme was open to all students in their 3rd year. Participation was high amongst Honours students (34%). However, there was no participation from non-Honours students. The failure rate of mentee-mentor relationships was low (1 in 10). The brief given to mentees and mentors was kept deliberately flexible. Topics to be included were: career choices and paths, the functioning of organisations and businesses, a typical working day, applying for jobs, employer expectations, application of graduate skills in the work place and enhancing employability. At the end of the 3-month mentoring period, feedback received from mentees and mentors was overall very positive and constructive and resulted in a number of suggestions for future improvement to the scheme. The long-term viability of employability mentoring schemes is discussed in the context of longer established UK schemes.
Palladium/cadmium-sulfide Schottky diodes for hydrogen detection (1976)

The barrier height of a Pd-CdS Schottky diode is reported to decrease markedly when exposed to hydrogen. This effect is believed to be due to the decrease in Pd work function. It makes a good simple hydrogen detector (even at 298 °K) over the range 500–5000 ppm H2.
Flip chip on board mounting processes using anisotropic conductive adhesives and eutectic solder (2002)

In this study, flip chip on board evaluations were carried out using Taguchi design of experiments. Simple but high yield procedures for rework of flip chip on board using anisotropic conductive adhesives and anisotropic conductive films were developed. Underfill and encapsulation processes for flip chip on board using eutectic solder bumps were also evaluated. The flip chips were assembled on test vehicles for temperature cycling and high temperature/high humidity tests. The reliability performance of the three processes-gold bumps with anisotropic conductive film, anisotropic conductive adhesive, and eutectic solder with underfill-is also discussed in this paper.
Subtype of muscarinic receptor coupled to the attenuation of hormone-stimulated cAMP accumulation in NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells. (1993)

The subtype of muscarinic receptor which mediates cAMP attenuation is not established. Therefore, several selective muscarinic antagonists were used to characterize the subtype of muscarinic receptor coupled to the inhibition of hormone-stimulated cAMP accumulation using NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells. These cells were prelabeled with [2-3H]-adenine, washed, and resuspended in a culture medium containing the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (0.5 mM). The labeled cells were preincubated with the different antagonists 12-15 min. before they were challenged with agonists. The formation of [3H]-cAMP was activated by PGE1 (1 microM) or forskolin (1 microM). In all cases, [3H]-cAMP formed was separated and measured. Carbachol (100 microM) and McN-A343 (10 mM) were used as standard muscarinic agonists. These studies gave the following results: a) McN-A343 (10 mM), an M1 receptor agonist, was only a partial agonist causing 40% inhibition of cAMP accumulation indicating that this effect was not mediated by an M1 receptor; b) The M1-selective antagonist, pirenzepine, exhibited low affinity (pA2 6.2) further suggesting that an M1 receptor was not coupled to the attenuation of cAMP accumulation; c) Two selective M2 antagonists (AF-DX 116 and methoctramine) and M3 antagonist (HHSiD) were used to further characterize these muscarinic receptors. The order of all antagonists based on their affinities (pA2 values) could be arranged in the following order: atropine (9.0) > methoctramine (7.6) > HHSiD (6.9) > AF-DX 116 (6.6) > pirenzepine (6.2). HHSiD exhibits the same degree of affinity to M2 receptors of other tissues as it does to those of NG cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Two major human allergenic sites on ragweed pollen allergen antigen E identified by using monoclonal antibodies. (1986)

Murine monoclonal antibodies specific for antigen E (AgE), the major allergen isolated from short ragweed pollen, have been produced and characterized. These monoclonal antibodies, when coupled to Sepharose and used as immunoadsorbents, specifically bound AgE when a crude pollen extract was passed through the column. Three antigenic sites (A, B, and C) on AgE were identified by using five of these monoclonal antibodies in both inhibition and double-bind solid-phase ELISA. These three antigenic sites appear to be nonoverlapping and nonrepeated, that is, present only once on each AgE molecule. Site C on AgE could readily be bound by the monoclonal antibody specific for that site, but only when AgE was in solution or "presented" by an anti-site A or anti-site B antibody. Site C appears to be only marginally available for binding when AgE is directly adsorbed to polyvinyl chloride microtiter wells. The majority of monoclonal antibodies isolated after immunization of BALB/c mice were specific for site A on AgE. In addition, the binding to AgE of pooled BALB/c polyclonal, hyperimmune antisera against AgE was blocked approximately 80% by a monoclonal antibody directed against site A, but was only blocked approximately 20% by an anti-site B monoclonal antibody. This suggests that site A on AgE is the predominant antigenic site in the BALB/c immune response and that site B represents a less dominant site. The binding of IgE in pooled human serum from ragweed-allergic individuals is blocked approximately 50% by a monoclonal antibody directed to site A on AgE and also approximately 50% by a monoclonal antibody directed against site B. A series of individual human short ragweed allergic antisera also showed significant, although varied, inhibition of IgE binding to AgE by both anti-site A and anti-site B monoclonal antibodies. Simultaneous addition of anti-site A and anti-site B was somewhat additive and inhibited up to 80% of the binding of human IgE specific for AgE. The conclusion from these data is that site A and site B defined by two murine monoclonal antibodies represent two very major allergenic sites in the human response to this molecule.
Microtubular organization and its involvement in the biogenetic pathways of plasma membrane proteins in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. (1991)

We characterized the three-dimensional organization of microtubules in the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Microtubules formed a dense network approximately 4-microns thick parallel to the cell surface in the apical pole and a loose network 1-micron thick in the basal pole. Between the apical and the basal bundles, microtubules run parallel to the major cell axis, concentrated in the vicinity of the lateral membrane. Colchicine treatment for 4 h depolymerized 99.4% of microtubular tubulin. Metabolic pulse chase, in combination with domain-selective biotinylation, immune and streptavidin precipitation was used to study the role of microtubules in the sorting and targeting of four apical and one basolateral markers. Apical proteins have been recently shown to use both direct and transcytotic (via the basolateral membrane) routes to the apical surface of Caco-2 cells. Colchicine treatment slowed down the transport to the cell surface of apical and basolateral proteins, but the effect on the apical proteins was much more drastic and affected both direct and indirect pathways. The final effect of microtubular disruption on the distribution of apical proteins depended on the degree of steady-state polarization of the individual markers in control cells. Aminopeptidase N (APN) and sucrase-isomaltase (SI), which normally reach a highly polarized distribution (110 and 75 times higher on the apical than on the basolateral side) were still relatively polarized (9 times) after colchicine treatment. The decrease in the polarity of APN and SI was mostly due to an increase in the residual basolateral expression (10% of control total surface expression) since 80% of the newly synthesized APN was still transported, although at a slower rate, to the apical surface in the absence of microtubules. Alkaline phosphatase and dipeptidylpeptidase IV, which normally reach only low levels of apical polarity (four times and six times after 20 h chase, nine times and eight times at steady state) did not polarize at all in the presence of colchicine due to slower delivery to the apical surface and increased residence time in the basolateral surface. Colchicine-treated cells displayed an ectopic localization of microvilli or other apical markers in the basolateral surface and large intracellular vacuoles. Polarized secretion into apical and basolateral media was also affected by microtubular disruption. Thus, an intact microtubular network facilitates apical protein transport to the cell surface of Caco-2 cells via direct and indirect routes; this role appears to be crucial for the final polarity of some apical plasma membrane proteins but only an enhancement factor for others.
Antimicrobial Therapy of Experimental Intraabdominal Sepsis (1975)

Septic complications of colonic perforation involve miltiple bacteria derived from the intestinal flora. This type of mixed intraabdominal infection was produced experimentally by insertion of a standardized inoculum of rat colonic contents into the peritoneal cavity of male Wistar rats. The respective roles of coliforms and anerobic bacteria were then studied by use of selective antimicrobial therapy (with gentamicin and clindamycin). Untreated rats had a two-stage disease. Initally, there was an acute peritonitis associated with a 37% mortality rate; all animals that survived developed indolent intraabdominal abscesses. Treatment with gentamicin reduced the acute mortality rate to 4%, but 98% of the survivors had abscesses. Clindamycin acute mortalherapy was associated with a 35% mortality rate, but the incidence of intraabdominal abscess was only 5%. A combination of gentamicin and clindamycin yielded the salutary effects of each agent--7% mortality and 6% incidence of abscesses. These studies, in concert with bacteriological findings, suggest that coliforms caused early mortality while anaerobes were primarily responsible for the late complication of intraabdominal abscess formation.
Electro-Optic Testing of Ultrafast Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices (1995)

Rapid progress in the speed of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits has been creating a great need for new testing tools which have a capability of subpicosecond temporal resolution. Since early 1980s, ultrafast lasers and optoelectronic technologies have spawned a variety of novel measurement techniques whose bandwidth approaches the terahertz regime. One of the most promising optical techniques to meet this demand is electro-optic sampling (EOS) [1]-[4]. In the past 10 years, the EOS technique has become a laboratory standard. It will now move from in-house technique to widespread engineering use. In this paper, we review recent developments in electro-optic measurement techniques for characterization and diagnosis of ultrafast electronic and photonic devices and report application results.
Bootstrapping accountability in the internet we have (2011)

Lack of accountability makes the Internet vulnerable to numerous attacks, including prefix hijacking, route forgery, source address spoofing, and DoS flooding attacks. This paper aims to bring accountability to the Internet with low-cost and deployable enhancements. We present IPA, a design that uses the readily available top-level DNSSEC infrastructure and BGP to bootstrap accountability. We show how IPA enables a suite of security modules that can combat various network-layer attacks. Our evaluation shows that IPA introduces modest overhead and is gradually deployable. We also discuss how the design incentivizes early adoption.
The effects of LY293558, an AMPA receptor antagonist, on acute and chronic morphine dependence (1997)

In rodents, noncompetitive and competitive NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to attenuate and, in some cases, reverse tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine. However, the ability of these same excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor antagonists to modulate morphine dependence is controversial, and very little is known about the role of AMPA receptors in morphine dependence. LY293558, a novel, systemically active, competitive AMPA receptor antagonist and the NMDA receptor antagonists, MK-801 and/or LY235959, were evaluated in tolerant or dependent CD-1 mice. In mice rendered tolerant by morphine injection or pellet implantation, continuous s.c. infusion of LY293558 (60 mg/kg per 24 h) or MK-801 (1 mg/kg per 24 h) attenuated the development of tolerance. Neither LY293558 nor MK-801 produced analgesia or altered the ED50 value of morphine. Continuous s.c. infusion of LY293558 (60 mg/kg per 24 h), MK-801 (1 mg/kg per 24 h) or LY235959 (12 mg/kg per 24 h) attenuated the development of acute (3 h) morphine dependence (i.e., decreased naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping). In contrast, continuous s.c. infusion of LY293558 (60 mg/kg per 24 h) or LY235959 (12 mg/kg per 24 h) did not significantly attenuate the development of chronic dependence produced by morphine pellet implantation. These data indicate that the development of morphine tolerance is more sensitive to modulation by EAA receptor antagonists than is the development of morphine dependence as assessed by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping.
An activity-dependent brain microstimulation SoC with integrated 23nV/rtHz neural recording front-end and 750nW spike discrimination processor (2010)

This paper describes an activity-dependent intracortical microstimulation system-on-chip (SoC) that can convert extracellular neural signals recorded from one brain region to electrical stimuli delivered to another brain region in real-time. The system integrates an analog recording front-end with input noise voltage of 2.6μV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rms</sub> in 10.5kHz bandwidth, 5.5μW 10b SAR ADC, 750nW digital spike discrimination processor, and a charge-balanced constant-current stimulating back-end that can deliver up to 94.5μA with 6b resolution when triggered by neural activity. Electrical performance characterization and biological measurement results from a prototype chip fabricated in 0.35μm 2P/4M CMOS are presented.
A new technique of heterogenous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, stick-ELISA. I. Description of the technique. (1978)

A new quantitative technique is described to perform hererogenous enzyme-linded immunosorbent assay using polysterene sticks as solid phase (Stick-ELISA). Advantage of the technique is a combination of economic antigen and conjugate requirements, rapid and thorough washing procedures, and part adaption to general automation devices present in most hospital laboratories which render the technique equally ideal for small and large series in routine serodiagnosis.
Identification of plant extracts with potential antidiabetic properties: effect on human peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR), adipocyte differentiation and insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake (2009)

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin sensitizing drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes. The primary target of the TZDs is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma, a key regulator of adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis. Currently prescribed TZDs are full PPARgamma agonists, and their use is associated with several side effects. Partial PPARgamma agonists appear to be associated with fewer side effects but may still confer the desired insulin sensitizing action. Extracts from common medicinal/food plants were tested in a screening platform comprising a series of bioassays, including tests for PPARgamma, alpha and delta transactivation, adipocyte differentiation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, allowing identification of plants containing potentially interesting PPAR agonists. Twenty-two plant extracts out of 133 were found to increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and 18 extracts were found to activate PPARgamma, 3 to activate PPARalpha and gamma, 6 to activate PPARdelta and gamma, and 9 to activate PPARgamma, alpha and delta. Among the 24 different plant species tested in the platform, 50% were shown to contain compounds capable of activating PPARgamma and stimulating insulin-dependent glucose uptake with no or little effect on adipocyte differentiation warranting further studies and characterization.
Reduced Memory CD4+ T-Cell Generation in the Circulation of Young Children May Contribute to the Otitis-Prone Condition (2011)

Otitis-prone children have suboptimal circulating functional T-helper memory and reduced IgG responses to S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae after colonization and after AOM; this immune dysfunction causes susceptibility to recurrent AOM infections.
Antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in human sera induce cell-mediated lysis of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells. (1987)

The capacity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody-positive sera from homosexually active men without acquired immune deficiency syndrome to lyse the HIV-infected T cell lines MOLT-4f and CCRF-CEM (CEM) in cooperation with lymphocytes from normal donors was investigated. Twenty-seven HIV antibody-positive sera, most of which enhanced the killing of HIV-infected MOLT-4f and CEM target cells by normal mononuclear cells were studied in detail. HIV antibody-positive sera resulted in lysis at dilutions as high as 1/10,000. HIV antibody-negative sera did not augment lysis of infected target cells. In addition, lysis of uninfected targets was not enhanced in the presence of HIV antibody-positive sera. Because fractionation of the HIV antibody-positive sera on a protein A affinity column resulted in recovery of the activity from the IgG fraction, the extra cytotoxic activity mediated by nonimmune cells in the presence of immune sera appears to be antibody-dependent. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effector cells were in the nonrosetting fraction of lymphocytes and expressed Leu-11 (cluster designation (CD)15) antigens, which is characteristic of cells participating in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity reactions. The antibody specificity of the sera, determined by radioimmunoprecipitation, provides evidence that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can occur even when there are no detectable antibodies directed against gag proteins. Sera which lacked detectable antibodies to the envelope protein gp120 by radioimmunoprecipitation did not mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Cryptate mediated nucleophilic 18F-fluorination without azeotropic drying (2011)

SAX-resin adsorbed [18F]fluoride can be dried with non-aqueous solvents and eluted with [K(+) is a subset of 2.2.2]OH(-) in CH3CN. The reactivity of [K(+) is a subset of 2.2.2]F(-) generated by the new method is comparable to that of [18F]fluoride obtained by azeotropic drying. The described procedure facilitates the automated production of 18F-radiopharmaceuticals in general, and may also simplify the use of microfluidic devices for 18F-radiotracer production.