gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of anti-C5a antibodies on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function: chemotaxis, chemiluminescence, and lysosomal enzyme release. (1989)

Previous investigation has demonstrated that in vivo complement activation can produce acute lung injury. Complement component C5a has been implicated as a key factor in this damage. In addition, C5a is thought to play a central role in mediating polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function. Studies suggest that administering antibodies to C5a might play a role in attenuating lung injury in animal models of sepsis. To evaluate further the effects of anti-C5a antibodies, we compared the effects of anti-human C5a des-Arg monoclonal (MAb) and polyclonal (PAb) antibodies on PMN functions including chemotaxis, chemiluminescence, and lysosomal release. PMN chemotaxis was assayed in Boyden chambers using 0.5% zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) as a source of C5a and 0.5% normal human serum (NHS) as a control. PMN chemiluminescence was measured by scintillation counting using ZAS as a stimulant and NHS as control. In addition, the lysosomal marker enzyme beta-D-glucuronidase was spectrophotometrically determined to assess lysosomal release. The PMN chemotactic response to ZAS was completely abolished with MAb and PAb anti-C5a antibodies (p less than 0.01). Control antibodies had no effect on ZAS-stimulated chemotaxis. The anti-C5a MAb markedly inhibited PMN chemotaxis at concentrations ranging from 20 to 0.2 microgram/ml, and was approximately 30 times more potent than the PAb. ZAS-stimulated PMN chemiluminescence was markedly decreased in response to monoclonal antibodies to C5a. In contrast, the control antibody did not inhibit ZAS-stimulated PMN chemiluminescence. Anti-C5a antibodies also significantly attenuated the release of the lysosomal enzyme beta-D-glucuronidase from ZAS-stimulated PMN. Anti-C5a antibody treatment did not cause a significant lytic effect when incubated with PMN, as demonstrated by the absence of the cytoplasmic marker lactate dehydrogenase in the supernatant. These studies suggest that in states of complement activation, MAbs and PAbs may decrease PMN functions including chemotaxis, chemiluminescence, and lysosomal enzyme release.
Nanomaterials and the environment: uses, methods and measurement (2007)

Nanotechnology has emerged as a field of science and engineering which offers many new product possibilities and potential solutions for a variety of problems. Nanomaterials come in many shapes and forms and contribute to potential products that do everything from sense analytes on a molecular level to function as self cleaning surfaces. With new and significant applications, it is likely that nanomaterial containing products may replace many of the products we use on a daily basis, leading to an increased presence of these materials in the environment. This will result in new needs and requirements from detection tools. It is likely that the analytical methods used to monitor nanomaterials in the environment will be very different than those used in risk assessment and exposure studies. This paper briefly outlines the history, impacts, and uses of nanomaterials and discusses possible methods of detection and quantification for environmental samples. The discussions in this article are specific to those matrices relating to wastewaters and sludge.
Fully monolithic CMOS nickel micromechanical resonator oscillator (2008)

A fully monolithic oscillator achieved via MEMS-last integration of low temperature nickel micromechanical resonator arrays over finished foundry CMOS circuitry has been demonstrated with a measured phase noise of −95 dBc/Hz at a 10-kHz offset from its 10.92-MHz carrier (i.e., output) frequency. The use of a side-supported flexural-mode disk resonator-array to boost the power handling of the resonant tank is instrumental to allowing adequate oscillator performance despite the use of low-temperature nickel structural material. Because the fabrication steps for the resonator-array never exceed 50°C, the process is amenable to not only MEMS-last monolithic integration with the 0.35 μm CMOS of this work, but also next generation CMOS with gate lengths 65 nm and smaller that use advanced low-k dielectric material to lower interconnect capacitance.
Acid Catalyzed Reaction of 1-Octene and 2-Octene with Formaldehyde (1972)

Prins reaction, known as acid catalyzed condensation of formaldehyde with an olefin, gives rather complex mixture of products, mainly composed of 1, 3-dioxanes and tetrahydropyranols, with minor amount of tetrahydrofuran derivatives, unsaturated alcohol and alcohol derived from hydration of the starting olefin. In this paper authers investigated the Prins reaction of both 1-octene and 2-octene. The products were isolated by fractional distillation and were purified by gaschromatography. On the reaction of 1-octene, the major products were found to be 4-hexyl-1, 3-dioxane and both cis- and trans-3-pentyl-tetrahydropyranol-4. The minor products consisted of 3-pentyltetrahydrofuran, 2-octanol and trans-3-nonene-l-ol. On the other hand, with the reaction of 2-octene, the major products were found to be 4-pentyl -5-methyl-1, 3-dioxane, 4-methyl-5-pentyl-1, 3-dioxane and the stereoisomer of 3-methyl-5-butyl-tetrahydropyranol-4. The minor products consisted of 2-methyl-4-butyltetrahydrofuran, 2-octanol and 2-methyl-3-octene-1-ol. The conformation of isomeric dioxanes and tetrahydropyranols were determind by NMR.
Use of Jackknife Resampling Techniques to Estimate the Confidence Intervals of fMRI Parameters (2001)

The jackknife resampling technique for data analysis produced reliable distributions and statistical parameters. The jackknife estimates were shown to be stable, even from a small initial sample size. This method may be used in lieu of test-retest analysis.
Neurokinin A‐induced contraction of guinea‐pig isolated trachea: potentiation by hepoxilins (1992)

1. Hepoxilin A3 (8R and 8S isomers) (HxA3), hepoxilin A3-C (8R and 8S isomers) (HxA3-C) and trioxilin A3 (8S isomer) (TrXA3, the stable derivative of HxA3) were tested for their effects on helicoidal strips of guinea-pig isolated tracheae. 2. None of the compounds (10(-9)-10(-6) M) tested had a direct effect on resting tension of trachea. 3. HxA3 (8S) and HxA3-C (8R) (10(-8) M) produced a significant leftward shift of the log concentration-response curves to neurokinin A (NKA) (EC50 (nM), control = 29.0 +/- 2.8, HxA3 (8S) = 21.7 +/- 3.7, HxA3-C (8R) = 13.8 +/- 3.8, n = 6 for each). Also the maximal response to NKA was significantly increased when the tissues were exposed to these hepoxilins (% of the maximal response to NKA, control = 100, HxA3 (8S) = 114.5 +/- 5.3, HxA3-C (8R) = 139.0 +/- 6.2, n = 6 for each). The threshold concentrations for both hepoxilins was 10(-8) M and their effects were dose-related. 4. Stereochemical specificity was observed. The 8S-isomer of HxA3 was active in potentiating the NKA-induced contraction of the trachea while the 8R isomer was inactive. In contrast, the 8R isomer of HxA3-C was active while the 8S isomer was inactive. The trihydroxy metabolite of the active isomer of HxA3 (8S), i.e. TrXA3 (8S) (10(-6) M), was inactive in potentiating the NKA-induced contraction of the trachea. 5. It is concluded that hepoxilins sensitize the guinea-pig isolated trachea to the potent bronchoconstrictor, NKA.
An Efficient Codification to Solve Distribution Network Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction Problem (2008)

Evolutionary algorithms have been used to try to solve distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction problem with a certain degree of success. But some problems, specially related to a codification that is able to represent and work with a complex multiconstraint and combinatorial problem such as this one, have prevented the use of the full potential of these algorithms to find quality solutions for large systems with minor computational effort. This paper proposes a solution to this problem, with a new codification and using an efficient way for implementing the operator of recombination to guaranty, at all times, the production of new radial topologies. The algorithm is presented and tested in a real distribution system, showing excellent results and computational efficiency.
The design of a low energy FPGA (1999)

This work presents the design of an energy efllcient FPGA architecture. Significant reduction in the energy consumption is achieved by tackling both circuit design and architecture optimization issues concurrently. A hybrid interconnect structure incorporating Nearest Neighbor Connections, Symmetric Mesh Architecture, and Hierarchical connectivity is used. The energy of the interconnect is also reduced by employing low-swing circuit techniques. These techniques have been employed to design and fabricate an FPGA. Preliminary analysis show energy improvement of more than an order of magnitude when compared to existing commercial architectures.
Conduction Mechanism of Leakage Current Observed in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistors and Poly-Si Thin-Film Transistors (1992)

It has been confirmed that the leakage current observed in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistors and polycrystalline thin-film transistors (poly-Si TFTs) corresponds to activation energies of the current. Two new models of the conduction of leakage current have been proposed on the basis of this correspondence. These models consist of two types of steps: the first step is the thermal emission of an electron occurring in the neighborhood of the drain electrode, and the second step is the tunneling of an electron through a trap state in the band gap. These models have enabled us to explain the conduction mechanism of the leakage current in various devices.
Stable and improved generative adversarial nets (GANS): A constructive survey (2017)

In this paper, we present a general and applicable adversarial training framework based on a comprehensive survey, not limited to straightforward GANs related works, also including shallow neural networks and reinforcement learning. Concentrating on challenging face synthesis task, we summarize a stable training pipeline: 1) booting training procedure with noise injection; 2) fixing weights of fully connected layer in generator to improve performance further; 3) involving Markov decision module to dynamically choose learning rates of discriminator and generator respectively. Finally in experiments, we highlight a mutual evaluation criterion over entropy score based on a pre-trained classifier and manual voting.
Anaphylactic release of mucosal mast cell protease and its relationship to gut permeability in Nippostrongylus-primed rats. (1984)

The systemic secretion of rat mucosal mast cell protease (RMCPII) was examined in Nippostrongylus-primed rats injected intravenously with N. brasiliensis whole worm antigen. The secretory response in primed rats was both time- and dose-dependent whereas no RMCPII was present in the sera of naive rats challenged with antigen. RMCPII was detected in the sol and gel phases of intestinal perfusates, the release of enzyme into the gut lumen occurring very rapidly after challenge in immune rats. Mucosal permeability, assessed by measuring the passage of Evan's blue from the blood into the gut lumen was both time- and dose-dependent and reflected the combined capillary and epithelial permeability. Although the release of RMCPII into the gut lumen occurred more rapidly than the intraluminal accumulation of Evan's blue, these two events were highly correlated. There were, in addition significant correlations between the systemic and enteric secretion of RMCPII and the enteric accumulation of Evan's blue. These results indicate that RMCPII may have a role in altering intestinal mucosal permeability during systemic anaphylaxis in the rat.
Machine Learning of Extraction Patterns from Unannotated Corpora: Position Statement (2000)

One of the principal challenges of information extraction is the efficient customization of a system to a new extraction task. In many cases, extraction is performed by matching the input text against a set of patterns, so the core problem is one of finding the set of patterns for the new task. These patterns may be stated in terms of individual tokens, sequences of basic syntactic constituents such as noun and verb groups, or in terms of syntactic relationships among constituents; the comments here apply equally to any approach, although the mechanisms required will differ. Some extraction tasks may require substantial intersentential inference in addition to intrasentential pattern recognition; we do not address such tasks here.
Introduction (2007)

The history of criminal justice in the later Middle Ages is important for (at least) two reasons. First, because official justice was present across many areas of life – a major component in the power of states and ruling classes, a significant presence in cities (lawyers, police, court officials, public punishments), a source of material for fiction-writers and painters – and this makes it vital for a wider understanding of the period. Secondly, because of the range of social situations and problems that judicial records give us access to: not just the everyday conflict of insult and injury, but also the oppression of ethnic minorities (Jews, slaves), the frequency of domestic violence, the oppression of servants in urban households, the criminal responsibility of children and the insane, as well as the more colourful cases of skilful thieves, sacrilegious sex and inventive tricksters. The combination of the exotic and the quotidian in one source is hard to resist.
Expression Levels of the Yeast Alcohol Acetyltransferase Genes<i>ATF1</i>,<i>Lg-ATF1</i>, and<i>ATF2</i>Control the Formation of a Broad Range of Volatile Esters (2003)

Volatile aroma-active esters are responsible for the fruity character of fermented alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine. Esters are produced by fermenting yeast cells in an enzyme-catalyzed intracellular reaction. In order to investigate and compare the roles of the known Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol acetyltransferases, Atf1p, Atf2p and Lg-Atf1p, in volatile ester production, the respective genes were either deleted or overexpressed in a laboratory strain and a commercial brewing strain. Subsequently, the ester formation of the transformants was monitored by headspace gas chromatography and gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Analysis of the fermentation products confirmed that the expression levels of ATF1 and ATF2 greatly affect the production of ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate. GC-MS analysis revealed that Atf1p and Atf2p are also responsible for the formation of a broad range of less volatile esters, such as propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, pentyl acetate, hexyl acetate, heptyl acetate, octyl acetate, and phenyl ethyl acetate. With respect to the esters analyzed in this study, Atf2p seemed to play only a minor role compared to Atf1p. The atf1Delta atf2Delta double deletion strain did not form any isoamyl acetate, showing that together, Atf1p and Atf2p are responsible for the total cellular isoamyl alcohol acetyltransferase activity. However, the double deletion strain still produced considerable amounts of certain other esters, such as ethyl acetate (50% of the wild-type strain), propyl acetate (50%), and isobutyl acetate (40%), which provides evidence for the existence of additional, as-yet-unknown ester synthases in the yeast proteome. Interestingly, overexpression of different alleles of ATF1 and ATF2 led to different ester production rates, indicating that differences in the aroma profiles of yeast strains may be partially due to mutations in their ATF genes.
Phase 1/2 study of fractionated 131I-rituximab in low-grade B-cell lymphoma: the effect of prior rituximab dosing and tumor burden on subsequent radioimmunotherapy (2008)

The effect of induction therapy with multiple doses of rituximab on the subsequent efficacy and toxicity of anti-CD20 radioimmunotherapy is unknown. We evaluated a novel protocol using 4 weekly infusions of 375 mg/m(2) rituximab followed by 2 fractions of (131)I-rituximab, preceded by a 100-mg/m(2) predose of rituximab, in relapsed indolent B-cell lymphoma. Induction therapy with rituximab significantly increased the effective half-life of (131)I-rituximab (P = .003) and high serum levels of rituximab after induction therapy correlated with increased effective half-life of the radioimmunoconjugate (P = .009). Patients with large tumor burdens experienced significant increases in the effective half-life of (131)I-rituximab between delivery of the first and second fractions (P = .007). Induction therapy with multiple doses of rituximab did not appear to compromise the clinical efficacy or increase toxicity of subsequent (131)I-rituximab radioimmunotherapy. The overall response rate was 94%, with complete response rate 50%. The median time to progression was 20 months, significantly longer than for the last qualifying chemotherapy (P = .001). Fractionation of (131)I-rituximab allowed cumulative whole-body doses of more than 120 cGy, approximately 60% greater than those previously achieved with a single administration of a murine radioimmunconjugate, to be delivered without significant hematologic toxicity.
Improving Testing Efficiency through Component Harvesting (2006)

Abstract. Although code and component search engines have improved significantly in recent years, and the number of reusable components accessible over the Internet has increased dramatically, the “not invented here syndrome ” and other human factors are still standing in the way of a significant increase in the levels of software reuse. However, it is still possible to use components discovered via search engines on the Internet to improve the efficiency of the development process, even if they are not embedded into final products. By providing an efficient way of obtaining multiple alternative implementations of a given piece of functionally, component search engines greatly reduce the effort involved in using “multi-version programming ” and “back-to-back ” testing techniques to enhance the testing process. These techniques have been proven effective in improving testing efficiency, but the effort involved in creating the multiple versions has hitherto been prohibitive. After explaining how these ideas can be combined with test-driven component harvesting approaches, the paper outlines some test hypothesis that can be used to evaluate their practical usability. 1.
A high-speed lossless embedded compression codec for high-end LCD applications (2008)

Due to the great evolution of LCD panel technology, the memory bandwidth of display media system is significantly increased. Its impact on system cost, EMI of transmission interface, and memory bandwidth almost dominates the performance of entire display media system. To eliminate this effect, a high-speed lossless embedded compression algorithm with pipelining and parallel VLSI architecture is proposed. With associated geometric-based probability model (AGPM), the compact coding flow is constructed by geometric-based binary code and content-adaptive Golomb-Rice code to achieve high-speed capability. The entire codec is implemented by TSMC 0.18-μm 1P6M CMOS technology with Artisan cell library. The processing capability of two-level parallelism achieves Full-HD 1080p@60Hz with RGB components, and the four-level parallelism can further support 120Hz double frame rate (DFR) technique for high-end LCD applications.
Milk-substitutes comparable to rat's milk; their preparation, composition and impact on development and metabolism in the artificially reared rat (1989)

1. Procedures are described to prepare nutritionally adequate rat milk-substitutes by modifying commercially available processed cow's milk, rich in carbohydrate and low in protein and fat compared with rat's milk. 2. Premilk formulas, prepared as intermediates in the preparation of rat milk-substitutes, are rich in protein but low in their concentration of fat, carbohydrate, and minerals when compared with rat's milk. 3. Premilks were supplemented with lactose, vitamins, minerals, fat as oil mixtures, certain amino acids and other constituents to yield rat milk-substitutes which resemble the known composition of rat's milk in their properties and composition. 4. Detailed analyses of the milk-substitutes show them to be comparable to rat's milk in energy content, pH, osmolarity, the concentration of the macronutrients, fat, protein and carbohydrate, and the major minerals. 5. Rat pups were artificially reared from postnatal day 4 or 5 until days 16-18 by fitting them with gastric cannulas through which the milk-substitutes could be infused automatically. 6. The nutritional impact of the milk-substitutes was assessed by a comparison of growth and metabolic characteristics for artificially reared rats with age-matched sucking rats reared by their mother. 7. Indices which were taken to be appropriate included (a) body-weight gain; (b) the concentration in blood of protein, amino acids, ketone bodies, carnitine, glucose, galactose, lactate, insulin, and the electrolytes calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride; (c) the turnover of glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate; (d) the concentration in brain of protein, cholesterol, cerebroside sulphate and the activities of the enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1), 3-oxo-acid-CoA transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) and acetoacetyl-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.16). 8. The studies suggest that milk-substitutes approximating to rat's milk in composition promote acceptable metabolism in the artificially reared rat pup.
Predicting the Nuclear Localization Signals of 107 Types of HPV L1 Proteins by Bioinformatic Analysis (2006)

In this study, 107 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 protein sequences were obtained from available databases, and the nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of these HPV L1 proteins were analyzed and predicted by bioinformatic analysis. Out of the 107 types, the NLSs of 39 types were predicted by PredictNLS software (35 types of bipartite NLSs and 4 types of monopartite NLSs). The NLSs of the remaining HPV types were predicted according to the characteristics and the homology of the already predicted NLSs as well as the general rule of NLSs. According to the result, the NLSs of 107 types of HPV L1 proteins were classified into 15 categories. The different types of HPV L1 proteins in the same NLS category could share the similar or the same nucleocytoplasmic transport pathway. They might be used as the same target to prevent and treat different types of HPV infection. The results also showed that bioinformatic technology could be used to analyze and predict NLSs of proteins.