gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Search for Element 87 by Analysis of Positive Rays (1929)

The methods used in previous attempts to discover eka-caesium are briefly examined and their limitations pointed out. Estimates are given for the sensitivity of detection and identification of element 87 by atomic weight determinations, radioactive means, physiological effects, x-ray and optical spectrum analysis. Predictions of spectral values by Moseley's Law and an empirical relation give: ${V}_{i}=4.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ volts, $7^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}=21340\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $7^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}=19670\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ separately determined 1675\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, principal series resonance lines 8720\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200A and 7600\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200A. The large uncertainty is due to uncertainty in the iso-electronic Ra II spectrum. No absorption lines were found in the sun's spot spectrum, although possible, as element 87 should be less highly ionized than Cs. A tungsten filament heated to 1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-1300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K converts into ions all caesium atoms which strike the tungsten surface and ekacaesium should behave the same way. By this means, first investigated by Langmuir and Kingdon, and Ives, an intense homogeneous source of positive ions is secured. This positive ion source was incorporated into a tube similar to Dempster's mass spectrograph in method of focussing and ray analysis, and positive ions were looked for of mass number 223 or 224. Chemical separation of caesium and any admixed ekacaesium was made from pollucite and lepidolite ores from Oxford Country, Maine. Eka-caesium was not existent to an extent greater than 3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ part of the caesium from pollucite or greater than 7.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ part of the caesium from lepidolite.Vapor Pressure of K, Rb, Cs.---${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$ was detected, but no ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$ or any intermetallic alkali compounds or doubly charged atomic ions were found. From this it is concluded that the vapor pressure determinations of Cs, Rb, and K by Langmuir, Kingdon, and Killian are the most accurate available. Attention is called to possible uses of a positive ion source of the type utilized in the present investigation, for separation of isotopes and determinations of isotope intensity ratios.
A new ring transformation: conversion of 6-p-chlorophenyl-3-methyl-5-nitrosoimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole into 8-p-chlorophenyl-8-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,4-oxadiazolo[3,4-c][1,4-]thiazine by the action of mineral acids (1992)

6-p-Chlorophenyl-3-methyl-5-nitrosoimidazo[2;1-b]thiazole 1 by treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid in dioxane at room temperature gave 8-p-chlorophenyl-8-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,4-oxadiazolo[3,4-c][1,4]thiazine 2, containing a new condensed ring system the molecular structure of which was ascertained by physical methods (1H and 13C NMR, electron impact-mass and IR spectra, and XRD).
Overexpression of BcbZIP134 negatively regulates the biosynthesis of saikosaponins (2019)

Chaihu, the dried roots of several Bupleurum species, are widely used as herbal drugs. Triterpene saponins, as saikosaponins (SSs) in Chaihu, exhibit a wide range of pharmacological actions, including significant anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-tumor and antiviral activities. To explore the regulatory biosynthesis of SS in Bupleurum chinense roots, we screened putative transcription factor (TF) genes from transcriptome data. Here, we report one of the bZIP TF genes, named BcbZIP134, which belongs to bZIP G subfamily. The expression of BcbZIP134 was elevated in MeJA-treated adventitious roots of B. chinense. No obvious differential expression of BcbZIP134 was detected in tissues (root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit) of B. chinense. Overexpressing BcbZIP134 in B. chinense hairy roots revealed that the content of the main SS monomers a, c and d were decreased compared to control hairy roots. Furthermore, the contents of a few other minor SS monomers were also affected when compared to the controls. The results indicate that BcbZIP134 may play a negative regulatory role in SS biosynthesis. Chaihu, the dried roots of several Bupleurum species, are successfully and widely used as herbal drugs. Triterpene saponins, as saikosaponins (SSs) in Chaihu, exhibit a wide range of pharmacological actions, including significant anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-tumor and antiviral activities. To explore the regulatory biosynthesis of SS in B. chinense roots, we screened putative transcription factor (TF) genes from transcriptome data. Here, we report one of the bZIP TF genes, named BcbZIP134, which encodes a predicted 410 amino acid protein belonging to bZIP G subfamily. The expression of BcbZIP134 was elevated in MeJA-treated adventitious roots of B. chinense, and no obvious differential expression of BcbZIP134 was detected in tissues (root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit) of B. chinense. Overexpressing BcbZIP134 in B. chinense hairy roots revealed that the content of the main SS monomers a, c and d were decreased compared to control hairy roots. Furthermore, the contents of a few other minor SS monomers were also affected when compared to the controls. The results indicate that BcbZIP134 may play a negative regulatory role in SS biosynthesis.
N-Acetylated amino sugars: the dependence of NMR 3J(HNH2)-couplings on conformation, dynamics and solvent (2007)

N-Acetylated amino sugars are essential components of living organisms, but their dynamic conformational properties are poorly understood due to a lack of suitable experimental methodologies. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is ideally suited to these conformational studies, but accurate equations relating the conformation of key substituents (e.g., the acetamido group) to NMR observables are unavailable. To address this, density functional theory (DFT) methods have been used to calculate vicinal coupling constants in N-acetylated amino sugars and derive empirical Karplus equations for (3)J(H(N)H(2)) of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc). The fitted Karplus parameters were found to be similar to those previously derived for peptide amide groups, but are consistently larger in magnitude. Local intramolecular interactions had a small effect on the calculated J-couplings and comparison with experimental data suggested that DFT slightly overestimated them. An implicit solvation model consistently lowered the magnitude of the calculated values, improving the agreement with the experimental data. However, an explicit solvent model, while having a small effect, worsened the agreement with experimental data. The largest contributor to experimentally-determined (3)J(H(N)H(2))-couplings is proposed to be librations of the amide group, which are well approximated by a Gaussian distribution about a mean dihedral angle. Exemplifying the usefulness of our derived Karplus equations, the libration of the amide group could be estimated in amino sugars from experimental data. The dynamical spread of the acetamido group in free alpha-GlcNAc, beta-GlcNAc and alpha-GalNAc was estimated to be 32 degrees , 42 degrees and 20 degrees , with corresponding mean dihedral angles of 160 degrees , 180 degrees and 146 degrees , respectively.
Anomalous sidelobes and birefringence apodization in acousto-optic tunable filters (1993)

Integrated-optic acousto-optic filters have large asymmetric sidelobes that have not been explained in previous publications. We show that this is caused by waveguide birefringence nonuniformity. For the devices described here, the dominant cause of the nonuniformity is a thermal gradient associated with the generation and absorption of the surface acoustic wave. When the thermal birefringence gradient is included in the coupled-mode model, asymmetric sidelobes in good agreement with observations are predicted. In addition, we show that waveguide inhomogeneities also lead to birefringence nonuniformity and can be used to tailor the birefringence to supress sidelobes in a two-section acousto-optic filter.
Evaluation of Security Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks (2005)

Ad hoc and wireless sensor networks have recently emerged as successful technologies in a number of application domains. The need to build security services into them remains however a considerable challenge as the hardware used often shows serious processing and energy limitations. This work evaluates the impact of a number of security mechanism on sensor nodes and the network as a whole. Hence a number of actual measurements were undertaken in a real sensor platform in order to accurately establish energy consumption for various encryption algorithms; as well the baseline scenario obtained when none of these is used. Measurements have shown that integrity code length added to application messages using some cryptography algorithms and MAC (message authentication code) is acceptable for a sensor node with 128 kB of ROM memory and 4 kB of RAM (MICA2). We also were able to check that power consumption of the encryption process does not in itself cause representative impact, since it is in the micro-joules range.
Active versus Passive Malware Collection (2013)

An exploration of active and passive malware honeypots reveals that the two systems yield vastly different malware collections and that peer-to-peer file sharing is an important, but often overlooked, malware source.
Moisture sorption behavior of selected bulking agents used in lyophilized products. (2000)

To develop a rational approach for the formulation of lyophilized products, six bulking agents commonly used in freeze-dried formulations were lyophilized under identical conditions, and their moisture sorption behavior, before and after lyophilization, were determined as a function of relative humidity at 25 degrees C. The bulking agents evaluated were mannitol, anhydrous lactose, sucrose, D(+)-trehalose, dextran 40 and povidone (PVP K24). The materials were also characterized for their crystal and thermal properties by powder X-ray diffraction, DSC and TG after exposure to various relative humidity conditions. Mannitol was crystalline and non-hygroscopic both before and after lyophilization with total moisture contents of 0.1 to 0.3% w/w between 10 and 60% RH. Anhydrous lactose, sucrose and trehalose were crystalline prior to lyophilization with moisture contents of 0.86, 0.15 and 9.2%, respectively, and the crystalline materials were relatively non-hygroscopic. Upon lyophilization, they converted to the amorphous form and had moisture contents of 1.6, 2.5 and 1.2%, respectively. The amorphous materials sorbed moisture rapidly upon exposure to increasing relative humidity conditions. The amorphous lactose converted to its crystalline hydrate form at 55% RH after sorption of an additional 10% moisture. This conversion to the crystalline hydrate form was accompanied by desorption of practically all the moisture sorbed by the amorphous form. Similarly, lyophilized sucrose converted to its crystalline form after the sorption of additional 4.5% moisture at 50% RH, and the lyophilized trehalose sorbed additional 10% moisture prior to its conversion to a crystalline hydrate form at 50% RH. Dextran and povidone were amorphous and hygroscopic both before and after lyophilization and they sorbed as much as 10-20% moisture at 50% RH. It is well established that different drugs, especially proteins, need different levels of moisture for optimal stability. The results of the present study show that moisture contents of lyophilized cakes may be varied and optimized by the selection of suitable excipients.
FOXO transcription factors are mechanosensitive and their regulation is altered with aging in the respiratory pump (2008)

The mechanical regulation of the forkhead box O (FOXO) subclass of transcription factors in the respiratory pump and its implication in aging are completely unknown. We investigated the effects of diaphragm stretch on three FOXO isoforms, Foxo1, Foxo3a, and Foxo4, in normal mice at different ages. We tested the hypotheses that 1) FOXO activities are regulated in response to diaphragm stretch and 2) mechanical properties of aging diaphragm are altered, leading to altered regulation of FOXO with aging. Our results showed that stretch downregulated FOXO DNA-binding activity by a mechanism that required Akt and IKK activation in young mice but that these pathways lost their mechanosensitivity with age. This aberrant regulation of FOXO with aging was associated with altered viscoelasticity, compliance, and extensibility of the aged diaphragm. Curiously, the dramatic decrease of the nuclear content of Foxo1 and Foxo3a, the two isoforms associated with muscle atrophy, with aging correlated with higher basal activation of Akt and IKK signaling in diaphragms of old mice. In contrast, the stability of Foxo4 in the nucleus became dependent on JNK, which is strongly activated in aged diaphragm. This finding suggests that Foxo4 was responsible for the FOXO-dependent transcriptional activity in aging diaphragm. Our data support the hypothesis that aging alters the mechanical properties of the respiratory pump, leading to altered mechanical regulation of the stretch-induced signaling pathways controlling FOXO activities. Our study supports a mechanosensitive signaling mechanism that is responsible for regulation of the FOXO transcription factors by aging.
Mast cell activation enhances airway responsiveness to methacholine in the mouse. (1993)

Mast cell-deficient mutant mice and their normal littermates were used to determine whether activation of mast cells by anti-IgE enhances airway responsiveness to bronchoactive agonists in vivo. Pulmonary conductance was used as an index of airway response as the mice were challenged with increasing intravenous doses of methacholine (Mch) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Mast cell activation with anti-IgE enhanced pulmonary responsiveness to Mch in both types of normal mice (P < 0.0001 by analysis of variance) but not in either genotype of mast cell-deficient mouse. Additionally, anti-IgE pretreatment of genetically mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice whose mast cell deficiency had been repaired by infusion of freshly obtained bone marrow cells or bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells from congenic normal mice led to significant (P < 0.0001) enhancement of Mch responsiveness. 5-HT responsiveness was not significantly influenced by anti-IgE pretreatment in any of the mice studied. The data support the hypothesis that IgE-mediated activation of mast cells enhances pulmonary responsiveness to cholinergic stimulation.
Peripheral Administration of Human Adrenomedullin and Its Binding Protein Attenuates Stroke-Induced Apoptosis and Brain Injury in Rats (2011)

Stroke is a leading cause of death and the primary medical cause of acquired adult disability worldwide. The progressive brain injury after acute stroke is partly mediated by ischemia-elicited inflammatory responses. The vasoactive hormone adrenomedullin (AM), upregulated under various inflammatory conditions, counterbalances inflammatory responses. However, regulation of AM activity in ischemic stroke remains largely unknown. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of a specific AM binding protein (that is, AMBP-1) in mammalian blood. AMBP-1 potentiates AM biological activities. Using a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we found that plasma levels of AM increased significantly, whereas plasma levels of AMBP-1 decreased significantly after stroke. When given peripherally early after MCAO, exogenous human AM in combination with human AMBP-1 reduced brain infarct volume 24 and 72 h after MCAO, an effect not observed after the treatment by human AM or human AMBP-1 alone. Furthermore, treatment of human AM/AMBP-1 reduced neuron apoptosis and morphological damage, inhibited neutrophil infiltration in the brain and decreased serum levels of S100B and lactate. Thus, human AM/AMBP-1 has the ability to reduce stroke-induced brain injury in rats. AM/AMBP-1 can be developed as a novel therapeutic agent for patients with ischemic stroke.
A nickel-phyllosilicate core–echinus catalyst via a green and base additive free hydrothermal approach for hydrogenation reactions (2017)

We report a new hydrothermal and basic-additive free process for synthesizing a core(single-crystalline HBEA zeolite)-echinus(nickel phyllosilicate) catalyst, which exhibits excellent reactivity and stability for hydrogenation reactions. Desilication and dealumination processes generate substantial SiO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> ions and exposed Si-OH groups to form nickel phyllosilicate on the external and internal surfaces of zeolite.
Advances in Local Drug Release and Scaffolding Design to Enhance Cell Therapy for Diabetes (2015)

Islet transplant is a curative treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes. However, challenges, including poor tissue survival and a lack of efficient engraftment, must be overcome. An encapsulating or scaffolding material can act as a vehicle for agents carefully chosen for the islet transplant application. From open porous scaffolds to spherical capsules and conformal coatings, greater immune protection is often accompanied by greater distances to microvasculature. Generating a local oxygen supply from the implant material or encouraging vessel growth through the release of local factors can create an oxygenated engraftment site. Intricately related to the vascularization response, inflammatory interaction with the cell supporting implant is a long-standing hurdle to material-based islet transplant. Modulation of the immune responses to the islets as well as the material itself must be considered. To match the post-transplant complexity, the release rate can be tuned to orchestrate temporal responses. Material degradation properties can be utilized in passive approaches or external stimuli and biological cues in active approaches. A combination of multiple carefully chosen factors delivered in an agent-specialized manner is considered by this review to improve the long-term function of islets transplanted in scaffolding and encapsulating materials.
New Concept for Drilling Hydraulics (2005)

Abstract The feasibility of a new concept for drilling and lining of a well has been investigated. The patented concept is based on the use of a dual channel drill string, where one of the channels is used for the return flow from the well. A sliding piston in the annular downhole section of the well, is used for force and pressure control. The concept is suited for drilling with a liner, which optionally can be expanded in place in the same run. The concept has special advantages for improved downhole pressure control, and for safe and efficient drilling of reservoirs with challenging pressure zones.The concept is also expected to provide solutions for cost efficient drilling, especially for sub-sea wells.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST HUMAN T CELL ADHESION MOLECULES—MODULATION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES (1992)

The cytotoxic T cell is thought to be a primary effector of allograft rejection. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the interaction between cytotoxic T cells and target cells involves cell surface adhesion molecules that result in conjugate formation, with subsequent antigen recognition, T cell activation, and target cell lysis. Experiments have also demonstrated the ability of monoclonal antibodies with specificity for two human T cell adhesion molecules, lymphocyte function associated (LFA) antigen-1 (LFA-1, CD11a, alpha-chain/CD18, beta-chain) and LFA-2 (CD2), to inhibit conjugate formation in vitro. Studies in a nonhuman primate model were undertaken to determine whether the in vivo administration of monoclonal antibodies with specificity for the alpha chain of LFA-1 (CD11a) or with specificity for CD2 could modulate in vivo T cell function. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) received 10 daily intravenous infusions of either anti-CD11a, anti-CD2 or both anti-CD11a and anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies. Antibody administration was well tolerated and resulted in high levels of circulating murine monoclonal antibody in the peripheral circulation. Nearly all the animals generated antimurine antibodies that were specific for both idiotypic and nonidiotypic determinants of the infused mouse protein. Circulating lymphocytes and T cells were not depleted by treatment with anti-CD11a or anti-CD2 mAbs; in fact, treatment with the combination of anti-CD11a plus anti-CD2 or anti-CD11a alone led to increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes and T cells. Modulation of the LFA-1 molecule on circulating T cells occurred as a result of treatment with anti-CD11a (or the combination of anti-CD11a plus anti-CD2), whereas treatment with anti-CD2 (or anti-CD11a plus anti-CD2) did not result in modulation of the CD2 antigen despite detectable levels of circulating anti-CD2 mAb. In vivo T cell function was assessed by placement of skin allografts. As compared with treatment with saline or a control mAb, allograft survival was significantly prolonged in animals treated with anti-CD11a or combination treatment but not in animals receiving anti-CD2 alone. We conclude that the in vivo administration of anti-LFA-1 mAb may be useful for the blockade of effector T cell activity during allograft rejection, that saturation of antigen and antigen modulation may be important for efficacy of such antibody effects in vivo, and that monoclonal antibodies with specificity for functionally important T cell surface molecules may alter T cell function in vivo without lymphocyte depletion.
A reduced-complexity sequence detector with soft outputs for partial-response channels (1996)

Data transmission in a binary partial-response channel is often accomplished using a concatenated code consisting of an inner modulation code and an outer error-correcting code (ECC). We consider two inner decoders for such a code, each consisting of a reduced-complexity sequence detector modified to provide an estimate of the reliability of each bit. These reliability values are then used by the outer decoder to achieve improved performance. Although one of these decoders is considerably simpler than the other, their performances were comparable in the cases we considered. Both achieve considerable improvement over a decoder that uses hard-decision decoding of the inner code.
Xenorhabdus gen. nov., a Genus of Entomopathogenic, Nematophilic Bacteria of the Family Enterobacteriaceae (1979)

A new genus, Xenorhabdus, is created to accommodate large, gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, entomopathogenic bacteria which are intimately associated with entomogenous nematodes. The normal habitat of these bacteria is the intestinal lumen of nematodes or the body cavity of host insects into which they have been introduced by the nematodes. The genus is placed in the family Enterobacteriaceae since the bacteria possess most of the important characteristics of this family. Xenorhabdus differs from other genera of Enterobacteriaceae in large cell size, failure to reduce nitrates to nitrites, intimate association with entomogenous nematodes, entomopathogenesis, and immunological characteristics. The type species is Xenorhabdus nematophilus (Poinar and Thomas) comb. nov. (synonym: Achromobacter nematophilus Poinar and Thomas). Xenorhabdus luminescens sp. nov., a bioluminescent, entomopathogenic bacterium isolated from the intestinal lumen of an entomogenous nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, is also described. In addition to their immunological differences, the two species are dissimilar in that X. luminescens is positive for bioluminescence and catalase activity, whereas X. nematophilus is not. The type strain of X. nematophilus is ATCC 19061, and that of X. luminescens is strain Hb (= ATCC 29999).