gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Anti-angiogenic drugs]. (2009)

Angiogenesis, the formation of neo-vessels, is a physiological event but is involved in various pathological conditions including cancers. Thus, the establishment of effective anti-angiogenic treatment has long been a goal. The recent development of bevacizumab, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against VEGF, as the first anti-angiogenic drug, validated the clinical benefit of the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Thereafter, various drugs targeting VEGF-mediated signals have been developed to control tumor angiogenesis. Anti-angiogenic therapy is now considered a major step forward in cancer treatment at the clinical level.
A discrete resizing and concurrent power combining structure for linear CMOS power amplifier (2010)

We propose a new method of power combining for a parallel-combining-transformer (PCT)-based CMOS linear power amplifier (PA). The power cell in parallel paths is divided into three sub-cells to implement device resizing for discrete power control. Concurrent power combining of sub-power-cells utilizes the maximum available transformer efficiency even at the low-power mode, boosting overall PA efficiency. When all sub-power-cells are enabled, the PA exploits output power of 30.7 dBm with PAE of 35.8%. Power back-offs of 6 dB and 12 dB are achieved by discretely turning off sub-cells, showing output power of 25 dBm and 19 dBm with PAE of 19.8% and 10.5%, respectively. With 802.11g WLAN modulated signal used for linearity test, the PA shows 21-dBm output power satisfying -25-dB EVM requirements consuming 560 mA from 3.3 V power supply.
Bifunctional Abietadiene Synthase:  Mutual Structural Dependence of the Active Sites for Protonation-Initiated and Ionization-Initiated Cyclizations (2003)

Abietadiene synthase from grand fir catalyzes two sequential, mechanistically distinct cyclizations, of geranylgeranyl diphosphate and of copalyl diphosphate, in the formation of a mixture of abietadiene isomers as the committed step of diterpenoid resin acid biosynthesis. Each reaction is independently conducted at a separate active site residing in what were considered to be structurally distinct domains typical of terpene cyclases. Despite the presence of an unusual 250-residue N-terminal insertional element, a tandem pair of charged residues distal to the insertion was shown to form a functional part of the C-terminal active site. Because abietadiene synthase resembles the ancestral plant terpene cyclase, this observation suggests an early evolutionary origin of catalytically important positively charged residues at the N-terminus of enzymes of this general class. A series of N- and C-terminal truncations of this enzyme were constructed and characterized, both alone and as mixtures of adjacent polypeptide pairs, to assess the proposed domain architecture, the function of the insertional element, and the role of presumptive interdomain contacts. These studies indicated a requirement for the insertional element in functional folding and allowed definition of the minimum primary structure of N- and C-terminal active site peptides. Most importantly, the results showed that, although the two active sites of abietadiene synthase are catalytically independent, substantial contact between the two regions is essential for the functional competence of this enzyme. Thus, the two cyclization sites of abietadiene synthase cannot be dissected into catalytically distinct domains, and, therefore, abietadiene synthase is unlikely to have arisen by fusion of two previously independent genes.
Enhancing HSDPA Performance Via Automated and Large-Scale Optimization of Radio Base Station Antenna Configuration (2008)

The rapid deployment of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) calls for automated optimization in network planning. In this paper, we study HSDPA performance improvement by means of optimizing base station antenna configuration. We consider networks with mixed HSDPA and Release 99 (R99) services that share the power resource of the cells. We present an optimization framework to capture the relationship between antenna configuration, service coverage, power sharing between R99 and HSDPA, and HSDPA performance, taking into account the influence of cell size and user distribution on HSDPA user throughput. The cost function is targeted at improving the average HSDPA user throughput. The engine of our computational machinery is a simulated annealing algorithm that is able to search and improve antenna configurations effectively and time-efficiently. We report the benefit of our approach for a realistic planning scenario for the city of Lisbon. The experiment demonstrates that automated optimization leads to significantly better HSDPA throughput.
Experimental studies of wall interactions of adsorbed spin-polarized<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Xe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>131</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>nuclei (1990)

We have made a quantitative study of nuclear spin relaxation of $^{131}\mathrm{Xe}$ atoms adsorbed on the surface of glass cells. By using highly asymmetric glass cells we have increased the wall-induced quadrupole splitting of the nuclear-spin sublevels of $^{131}\mathrm{Xe}$ atoms by almost two orders of magnitude over previously reported values. These large surface interactions were used to extract quantitative information about the electric-field gradients experienced by the nuclei of $^{131}\mathrm{Xe}$ atoms adsorbed on the glass surface and about the activation energies for surface adsorption. The experimental results indicate that the electric-field gradients at any surface site are nearly isotropic. The residual nonzero mean value of the fluctuating field gradient has cylindrical symmetry about the normal direction to the surface. The mean-field gradient along the surface normal direction is only 2.3% as large as the rms value. We find that silicone wall coatings, which slow down the relaxation of $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nuclear spins, speed up the relaxation of $^{131}\mathrm{Xe}$ nuclear spins. This may be due to the nuclear quadrupole interactions of $^{131}\mathrm{Xe}$ atoms dissolved in the relatively thick silicone wall coatings. Measurements of the temperature dependence of the coherent wall interaction show that the activation energy (\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.03 eV) for the coherent wall interaction in well-cured, hydrogen-free cells is about three times smaller than the activation energy (\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.10 eV) in hydrided cells.
Intentional affect: an alternative notion of affective interaction with a machine (2009)

Affective Computing envisages truly effective human-machine interactions as being affect-sensitive. The field is both motivated and influenced by an understanding of emotion in an environment, that of person to person, that differs from its eventual application, person to machine. Analysing data obtained in a potential application environment -- computer-assisted learning - we highlight the limitations of such an understanding and propose an alternative stance to affect, that of intentional affective interaction.
Three-dimensional x-ray metrology for block copolymer lithography line-space patterns (2013)

We report on the development of a new measurement method, resonant critical-dimension small-angle x-ray scattering (res-CDSAXS), for the characterization of the buried structure of block copolymers (BCP) used in directed self assembly (DSA). We use resonant scattering at the carbon edge to enhance the contrast between the two polymer blocks and allow the determination of the three-dimensional shape of the native lamella in a line–space pattern by CDSAXS. We demonstrate the method by comparing the results from conventional CDSAXS to res-CDSAXS on a 1:1 DSA BCP sample with a nominal 50-nm pitch. The res-CDSAXS method provides substantially improved uncertainty in the fit of the line shape and allows the determination of the buried structure.
Generalized product theorems for torsion invariants with applications to flat bundles (1972)

This note announces generalizations of the product theorems for Wall invariants and Whitehead torsions due to Gersten [5], Siebenmann [7, Chapter VII], and Kwun and Szczarba The generalized product theorems are described in 1 and 2. The applications are found in 3.
Yeast Protein Geranylgeranyltransferase Type-I:  Steady-State Kinetics and Substrate Binding (1997)

Protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I (PGGTase-I) catalyzes alkylation of the cysteine residue in proteins containing a consensus C-terminal CaaX sequence ending in Leu or Phe by the C20 hydrocarbon moiety in geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). A kinetic study of the alkylation reaction was conducted with a continuous assay based on the fluorescence enhancement that accompanies geranylgeranylation of dansyl-GCIIL. The kinetic constants k(cat) = 0.34 +/- 0.01 s(-1), K(M)(G) = 0.86 +/- 0.05 microM for GGPP, and K(M)(D) = 1.6 +/- 0.1 microM for dansyl-GCIIL were calculated from initial rates measured at varying concentrations of the substrates. Inhibitor studies were conducted with dead-end inhibitors for GGPP and the peptide substrate. Double reciprocal plots for the peptide mimic Cys-AMBA-Leu gave a competitive pattern when plotted against varying concentrations of dansyl-GCIIL and an uncompetitive pattern against GGPP. Similar plots for 1-phosphono-(E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol, a dead-end inhibitor for GGPP, gave a competitive double reciprocal plot for varied concentrations of GGPP and induced potent substrate inhibition by dansyl-GCIIL when dansyl-GCIIL was the varied substrate. The dissociation constant (K(D)) for the PGGTase-I x GGPP complex was 120 +/- 20 nM. These results are consistent with an ordered binding mechanism for PGGTase-I where GGPP adds before peptide.
Structure of chordae tendineae in the left ventricle of the human heart (1998)

The bicuspid (mitral) valve complex of the human heart consists of functional units which include the valve leaflets, chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles. The mechanical properties of these functional units depend to a large extent on the link between the muscle and the valve. This link is usually arranged in a branching network of avascular tendinous chordae composed of collagen and elastic fibres, which transmit contractions of the papillary muscle to the valve leaflets. In order to perform their function efficiently, the chordae have to possess a high degree of elasticity, as well as considerable strength and endurance. Human chordae tendineae originating from the left ventricles were obtained from 7 embalmed cadavers and 6 postmortem subjects of various ages. Samples washed in saline were fixed or postfixed in 9 % formol saline. Observations were made by illuminating the chordae along their axes. The reflected images originating from the superficial collagenous layers of the relaxed chordae showed a striped pattern 11 microm in width. Scanning electron and light microscopy of the chordae confirmed an undulating pattern of collagen fibrils arranged in bundles of planar waves in register and around the entire circumference of the chorda. The dimensions of the waves correlated with those of the striped reflected pattern. The observed undulating arrangement of the collagen fibrils appears to produce an inherent built-in elasticity which is likely to be of considerable advantage for a tissue which is under continuous repetitive stress. The chordae were covered by endocardium composed of a superficial layer of smooth squamous endothelial cells and an underlying dense layer of elastic fibres. It is suggested that the relaxed striped chordae, consisting of undulating collagen fibrils, straighten when the chordae become stretched by papillary muscle contraction, thereby mitigating the peak stress developed during muscle contraction. On relaxation the elastic tissue tends to return the collagen to its wavy configuration. It is also suggested that the regular wavy pattern of collagen seen in young individuals gradually changes with age by elongation of the wave pattern which eventually becomes randomised. In addition, with increasing age, substantial cushions of connective tissue appear below endocardium while the dense collagenous core has a reduced cross-sectional area which may lead to stretching and eventual rupture of the chordae.
<i>T‐box</i> gene products are required for mesenchymal induction of epithelial branching in the embryonic mouse lung (2002)

The regulation of signaling pathways is a prerequisite for coordinating the induction between mesenchymal and epithelial tissues during morphogenesis. Mesenchymal FGF10 is known to be an important paracrine factor regulating the branching morphogenesis of the bronchial epithelium. By using antisense oligonucleotides (AS ODNs) and in vitro culture of embryonic lungs, we demonstrate that the transcription factors Tbx4 and Tbx5 are critical for the expression of mesenchymal FGF10. Treatment of embryonic lung cultures with AS ODNs to Tbx4 and Tbx5 reduces the level of these transcripts, suppresses Fgf10 expression in the mesenchyme, and completely eliminates the formation of new lung branches. If FGF10 is locally replaced in these AS ODN-treated lungs, epithelial branching is restored. These studies provide evidence that the production of branching signals by the lung mesenchyme is mediated by T-box genes.
Mathematical Modeling of Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (2008)

Fuel cells are predicted to be the power delivery devices of the future. They have many advantages such as the wide fuel selection, high energy density, high efficiency and an inherent safety which explains the immense interest in this power source. The need for advanced designs has been limited by the lack of understanding of the transport processes inside the fuel cell stack. The reactant gases undergo many processes in a fuel cell that cannot be observed. Some of these processes include convective and diffusional mass transport through various types of materials, phase change and chemical reaction. In order to optimize these variables, an accurate mathematical model can provide a valuable tool to gain insight into the processes that are occurring.\nThe goal of this dissertation is to develop a mathematical model for polymer electrolyte-based fuel cells to help contribute to a better understanding of fuel cell mass, heat and charge transport phenomena, to ultimately design more efficient fuel cells. The model is a two-phase, transient mathematical model created with MATLAB. The model was created by using each fuel cell layer as a control volume. In addition, each fuel cell layer was further divided into the number of nodes that the user inputs into the model. Transient heat and mass transfer equations were created for each node. The catalyst layers were modeled using porous electrode equations and the Butler-Volmer equation. The membrane model used Fick's law of diffusion and a set of empirical relations for water uptake and conductivity. Additional work performed for this dissertation includes a mathematical model for predicting bolt torque, and the design and fabrication of four fuel cell stacks ranging in size from macro to micro scale for model validation. The work performed in this dissertation will help improve the designs of polymer electrolyte fuel cells, and other polymer membrane-based fuel cells (such as direct methanol fuel cells) in the future.
Concurrent computing by sequential staging of tasks (1989)

Described is a new approach to parallel formulation of scientific problems on shared-memory multiprocessors such as the IBM ES/3090 system. The class of problems considered is characterized by repetitive operations applied over the computational domain D. In each such operation, some fields of interest are extrapolated or advanced by an amount of Δτ. The integration variable τ may be time, distance, or iteration sequence number, depending on the problem under consideration. An extensively studied approach to parallel formulation of such computational problems is based on domain decomposition, which attempts to partition the domain of integration into many pieces, then construct the global solution from these local solutions. Thus, domain decomposition methods are confined to D alone at a single τ level. An inquiry into the possibilities of formulating parallel tasks in τ, or more significantly in the D × τ domain, opens up new horizons and untapped opportunities. The aim of this paper is to detail an approach to exploit this τ domain parallelism that will be referred to as sequential staging of tasks (SST). Concurrency is realized by means of ordering the tasks sequentially and executing them in a partially overlapped or pipelined manner. The SST approach can yield remarkable speedup for jobs requiring intensive paging I/O, even when a single processor is available for executing multiple tasks. Noteworthy features of the SST method are demonstrated and highlighted by using results obtained from computer experiments performed with a numerical solution method of the Poisson equation and migration of seismic reflection data.
Perovskite solar cells: must lead be replaced – and can it be done? (2018)

Perovskite solar cells have recently drawn significant attention for photovoltaic applications with a certified power conversion efficiency of more than 22%. Unfortunately, the toxicity of the dissolvable lead content in these materials presents a critical concern for future commercial development. This review outlines some criteria for the possible replacement of lead by less toxic elements, and highlights current research progress in the application of low-lead halide perovskites as optically active materials in solar cells. These criteria are discussed with the aim of developing a better understanding of the physio-chemical properties of perovskites and of realizing similar photovoltaic performance in perovskite materials either with or without lead. Some open questions and future development prospects are outlined for further advancing perovskite solar cells toward both low toxicity and high efficiency.
Self-Organization of 2-Acylaminopyridines in the Solid State and in Solution (2010)

Aggregation of 2-acylaminopyridines and their 6-methyl derivatives in chloroform solution was studied by (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N NMR spectroscopies. The results were compared with (13)C and (15)N CPMAS NMR and IR spectral as well as with X-ray structural data. Intermolecular interactions in solution and in solid state were found to have a similar nature. Relatively strong N(amide)-H···N(pyridine) intermolecular hydrogen bonds enable dimerization to take place. Steric interactions in N-pivaloyl- and N-1-adamantylcarbonyl as well as that caused by the 6-methyl group hinder formation of the dimeric aggregates stabilized by the N(amide)-H···N(pyridine) intermolecular hydrogen bonds. In general, the DFT optimized geometries of the aggregates in chloroform solution are in agreement with the X-ray crystal structures. Wavenumbers of the stretching vibration band of the C═O group were also found indicative of the type of hydrogen bond present in the solid state.
Outcomes Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in the United States (2013)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01737528.
G-CSF and GM-CSF in Neutropenia (2015)

G-CSF and GM-CSF are used widely to promote the production of granulocytes or APCs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved G-CSF (filgrastim) for the treatment of congenital and acquired neutropenias and for mobilization of peripheral hematopoietic progenitor cells for stem cell transplantation. A polyethylene glycol-modified form of G-CSF is approved for the treatment of neutropenias. Clinically significant neutropenia, rendering an individual immunocompromised, occurs when their number is <1500/μl. Current guidelines recommend their use when the risk for febrile neutropenia is >20%. GM-CSF (sargramostim) is approved for neutropenia associated with stem cell transplantation. Because of its promotion of APC function, GM-CSF is being evaluated as an immunostimulatory adjuvant in a number of clinical trials. More than 20 million persons have benefited worldwide, and >$5 billion in sales occur annually in the United States.
Rationale for Using Multiple Regression Analysis with Complex Interferences (1992)

Non-specificities and interferences may become complex when they involve the analyte as well as other interfering substances. These non-specificities and interferences are known as analyte-dependent and multi-interferent interferences. Multiple regression analysis has proven valuable in analysing this type of interference, but the theoretical foundation for using multiple regression analysis to study the basic mechanisms of interference has not been explicitly demonstrated. Graph theory can depict and model the basic mechanisms of interferences and the possible interactions. The relationship between the analyte, the interferents, and the response of the instrument to these entities can be approximated by a polymial of order three, which includes partial derivatives and cross-terms. The partial derivatives relate to the different interactions found with the graph theory model. Further, the partial derivatives can be associated with the coefficients in the multiple regression analysis when the respective values of the three variables (analyte, interferent one, and interferent two) are multiplied by one another. One can decide to retain or discard the coefficient of a variable, based on the statistical significance of the coefficient. The respective interactions in the graphic model can then be assembled and the framework of the interference mechanism established.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Dihydropyridines by Four-Component Reactions of Aromatic Aldehydes, Malononitrile, Arylamines, and Acetylenedicarboxylate (2010)

A practical and efficient procedure for the preparation of the polysubstituted dihydropyridines was developed through a unique four-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, arylamines, and acetylenedicarboxylate in ethanol in the presence of triethylamine as a base promoter. This four-component reaction is atom-efficient, high-yielding, and applicable to a wide variety of four-component reactions.
On-line Parameter Estimation Method for IPMSM Based on Decoupling Control (2010)

This paper proposed on-line parameter estimation method to compensate the magnetic cross-saturation effect on the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) control system for electric vehicle. The decoupling control model for IPMSM with magnetic saturation compensation based on SVPWM (Space Vector PWM) method is established. Though comparing the simulation results between model with saturation compensation of parameter estimation and ones without saturation compensation, it is verified that the control performance with saturation compensation is more stable and more accurate than that of without compensation over speed operating region especially at higher speed. The on-line parameter estimation method based on decoupling control improves the system following-up performance, robustness and the control accuracy effectively.