gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sol–Gel Synthesis of Nanophase Yttria‐Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia and Densification Behavior below 1600 K (1993)

The hot‐pressing behavior of nanophase, 3‐mol%‐yttria‐stabilized, tetragonal zirconia (Y‐TZP) was studied in the temperature range 1290 to 1570 K. Powder was sol‐gel synthesized using zirconium tetrachloride and hydrated yttrium chloride precursors. After drying and calcination, the particle size was 40 nm, coarsening to 70 nm upon subsequent annealing at 1273 K. On compact heating at 23‐MPa applied stress, densification initiated near the calcination/annealing temperature. Theoretical density was obtained at densification temperature above 1490 K with particle coarsening consistent with classical coarsening kinetics. Microstructural change accompanying densification involved formation of dense regions 2 to 4 μm in size separated by irregularly shaped porous regions. The observed densification behavior complements calculated densification maps for fine‐particle Y‐TZP.
Hyperthermia and the generation and activity of murine influenza-immune cytotoxic T cells in vitro (1984)

The rate of generation of murine secondary influenza virus-immune cytotoxic T cells in vitro is enhanced under limiting dilution conditions at hyperthermal temperatures (39 versus 37 degrees C). Increased mean values of cytotoxic activity were observed in the presence as well as absence of exogenous helper factors. Elevated cytotoxic activity at 39 degrees C was observed after day 3 to day 5 of culture. The number of autoreactive cytotoxic cells observed was not greater at 39 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. Elevated temperature did not influence target cell lysis or release of isotopes from killed target cells. The results are discussed with a view to the role of fever in augmenting the cellular immune response responsible for the host defense against primary viral infection.
YopJ-Promoted Cytotoxicity and Systemic Colonization Are Associated with High Levels of Murine Interleukin-18, Gamma Interferon, and Neutrophils in a Live Vaccine Model of<i>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</i>Infection (2010)

Several Yersinia species have been utilized as live attenuated vaccines to prime protective immunity against yersiniae and other pathogens. A type III secretion system effector known as YopJ in Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis and YopP in Y. enterocolitica has been shown to regulate host immune responses to live Yersinia vaccines. YopJ/P kills macrophages and dendritic cells, reduces their production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), and promotes systemic colonization in mouse models of intestinal Yersinia infection. Furthermore, YopP activity decreases antigen presentation by dendritic cells, and a yopP mutant of a live Y. enterocolitica carrier vaccine elicited effective priming of CD8 T cells to a heterologous antigen in mice. These results suggest that YopJ/P activity suppresses both innate and adaptive immune responses to live Yersinia vaccines. Here, a sublethal intragastric mouse infection model using wild-type and catalytically inactive yopJ mutant strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis was developed to further investigate how YopJ action impacts innate and adaptive immune responses to a live vaccine. Surprisingly, YopJ-promoted cytotoxicity and systemic colonization were associated with significant increases in neutrophils in spleens and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-18 and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in serum samples of mice vaccinated with Y. pseudotuberculosis. Secretion of IL-18 accompanied YopJ-mediated killing of macrophages infected ex vivo with Y. pseudotuberculosis, suggesting a mechanism by which this effector directly increases proinflammatory cytokine levels in vivo. Mice vaccinated with the wild-type strain or the yopJ mutant produced similar levels of antibodies to Y. pseudotuberculosis antigens and were equally resistant to lethal intravenous challenge with Y. pestis. The findings indicate that a proinflammatory, rather than anti-inflammatory, process accompanies YopJ-promoted cytotoxicity, leading to increased systemic colonization by Y. pseudotuberculosis and potentially enhancing adaptive immunity to a live vaccine.
Carbon Nanotubes Loaded with Magnetic Particles (2005)

We describe a simple and versatile technique to produce magnetic tubes by filling carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with paramagnetic iron oxide particles ( approximately 10 nm diameter). Commercial ferrofluids were used to fill CNTs with an average outer diameter of 300 nm made via chemical vapor deposition into alumina membranes. Transmission electron microscopy study shows a high density of particles inside the CNT. Experiments using external magnetic fields demonstrate that almost 100% of the nanotubes become magnetic and can be easily manipulated in magnetic field. These one-dimensional magnetic nanostructures can find numerous applications in nanotechnology, memory devices, optical transducers for wearable electronics, and in medicine.
Organic thin-film transistors based on bis(1,2,5-thiadiazolo)-<i>p</i>-quinobis (1,3-dithiole) (2001)

Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) based on the planar stacking sulfur-containing organic compound, bis(1,2,5-thiadiazolo)-p-quinobis(1,3-dithiole) (BTQBT), and grown using the ultrahigh vacuum process of organic molecular-beam deposition have been demonstrated. Effective room-temperature field-effect mobilities as high as (0.044±0.006) cm2/V s and on/off ratios of 103 are achieved. The mobilities depend on the BTQBT growth rate, the gate voltage, and the operating temperature. Coating the gate dielectric with a self-assembled monolayer of octadecyltrichlorosilane leads to a three-fold increase in mobility compared with that of an uncoated dielectric. The planar BTQBT molecules form stacks whose axes are normal to the substrate surface. As a result of its unusual crystal structure, the field-effect mobility of BTQBT OTFTs is remarkably high compared with other planar stacking molecules.
Crystal Structure of Glucooligosaccharide Oxidase from Acremonium strictum (2005)

Glucooligosaccharide oxidase from Acremonium strictum has been screened for potential applications in oligosaccharide acid production and alternative carbohydrate detection, because it catalyzes the oxidation of glucose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose and cello- and maltooligosaccharides. We report the crystal structures of the enzyme and of its complex with an inhibitor, 5-amino-5-deoxy- cellobiono-1,5-lactam at 1.55- and 1.98-A resolution, respectively. Unexpectedly, the protein structure demonstrates the first known double attachment flavinylation, 6-S-cysteinyl, 8alpha-N1-histidyl FAD. The FAD cofactor is cross-linked to the enzyme via the C(6) atom and the 8alpha-methyl group of the isoalloxazine ring with Cys(130) and His(70), respectively. This sugar oxidase possesses an open carbohydrate-binding groove, allowing the accommodation of higher oligosaccharides. The complex structure suggests that this enzyme may prefer a beta-d-glucosyl residue at the reducing end with the conserved Tyr(429) acting as a general base to abstract the OH(1) proton in concert with the H(1) hydride transfer to the flavin N(5). Finally, a detailed comparison illustrates the structural conservation as well as the divergence between this protein and its related flavoenzymes.
Augmentation of protoplasm in drought- and cold-hardened winter wheat (1982)

A 24-h desiccation stress at 40% relative humidity was able to induce the same degree of freezing tolerance as a 4-week cold acclimation at 2 °C does in nine cultivars of winter wheat. These two treatments were also able to elicit similar metabolic changes as indicated by increases of soluble protein and phospholipid contents in shoots. Since the amplitude of these metabolic changes induced by drought and cold stresses were similar, the mechanism or the mechanisms by which these stresses induce freezing tolerance appear to involve the same biochemical modifications.The measured amplitude of these metabolic changes is not always proportional to the net increase of freezing tolerance among those cultivars but depends upon the method used to determine the metabolites. A strong correlation between the amplitude of the increase of soluble proteins and phospholipids and the net increase of freezing tolerance of the cultivars was observed only when the extractions were performed on lyophilized tissues.
Sequence-Specific Detection of MicroRNAs Related to Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma at fM Concentration by an Electroosmotically Driven Nanopore-Based Device (2017)

MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that play a critical role in gene regulation. Recently, traces of cancer-related miRs have been identified in body fluids, which make them remarkable noninvasive biomarkers. In this study, a new nanopore-based detection scheme utilizing a borosilicate micropipette and an assay of complementary γ-peptide nucleic acid (γ-PNA) probes conjugated to polystyrene beads have been reported for the detection of miR-204 and miR-210 related to the clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is induced as the driving force to transport PNA-beads harboring target miRs to the tip of the pore (sensing zone), which results in pore blockades with unique and easily distinguishable serrated shape electrical signals. The concentration detection limit is investigated to be 1 and 10 fM for miR-204 and miR-210, respectively. The EOF transport mechanism enables highly sensitive detection of molecules with low surface charge density with 97.6% detection accuracy compared to the conventional electrophoretically driven methods. Furthermore, resistive-pulse experiments are conducted to study the correlation of the particles' surface charge density with their translocation time and verify the detection principle.
Afferent connections of the lateral agranular field of the rat motor cortex (1983)

Retrograde axonal transport techniques were used to identify the afferent connections of the lateral agranular field (AG1) of the rat frontal cortex. This cytoarchitectonically distinct cortical field forms the bulk of the primary motor cortex (MI) as defined by intracortical microstimulation studies (Donoghue and Wise, '82). Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP into AG1, retrogradely labeled cells are found in the forebrain, thalamus, and brainstem. Within the cerebral cortex labeled neurons are mainly present in the first somatic sensory area (SI), the second somatic sensory area (SII), and the medial agranular field, which lies medial and rostral to AG1. In SI, labeled cells are found primarily in a cytoarchitecturally distinct region called the dysgranular field of SI. Labeled neurons are present in layers II and III, Va, and the deepest part of layer VI in this field and in SII. Labeled cells are also present in layers Va and VI of the densely granular field of SI, which is the part of SI that is strongly activated by cutaneous inputs. Commissural inputs to AG1 arise from layers II-VI of the contralateral AG1 and thalamic inputs arise from the ventrolateral, ventromedial, posterior medial, and central lateral nuclei. Additional afferent fibers originate from neurons in the basal forebrain, the ventral thalamus, the midbrain raphé nuclei, and the locus coeruleus. This combination of inputs to AG1 from somatic sensory and frontal cortical fields, thalamic motor centers, and several other subcortical areas implies that AG1 forms a subdivision of sensorimotor cortex that is important in centrally directed movements as well as those that are guided by somatic sensory feedback.
Surface-Mediated Self-Coupling of Ethanol on Gold (2009)

The transformation of ethanol to its carbonyl compounds, namely acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ketene, occurs on Au(111) with O-containing Au nanoparticles formed as a result of Au atom release upon ozone exposure. The product distribution strongly depends on the surface oxygen coverage. Ethoxy and acetate are identified as two key reaction intermediates during the oxidation of ethanol. The formation of acetaldehyde is due to the deprotonation of ethoxy, which can be further oxidized into acetate. The low-temperature formation of the ester, ethyl acetate, proceeds via the coupling of acetaldehyde with excess surface ethoxy. These reaction pathways appear relevant to heterogeneous processes catalyzed by supported gold nanoparticles, thus providing further insight into the mechanistic origin of gold-mediated oxidation of alcohols.
Novel 1.3/1.55 μm dual-wavelength receiver having embedded fiber circuit for optical subscriber systems (2005)

Summary form only given. We propose and demonstrate a novel dual-wavelength receiver, which has an embedded fiber circuit that demultiplexes 1.3- and 1.55-/spl mu/m signals to separate photodiodes mounted on a single-substrate surface. The circuit contains wavelength separation filters placed in slits fabricated in the fiber path by a conventional cutting saw. Low-circuit loss and high-receiver performance is realized for both WDM signals.
Systematic review of effect of coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> in physical exercise, hypertension and heart failure (2003)

COENZYME Q10 IN PHYSICAL EXERCISE. We identified eleven studies in which CoQ10 was tested for an effect on exercise capacity, six showed a modest improvement in exercise capacity with CoQ10 supplementation but five showed no effect. CoQ10 IN HYPERTENSION. We identified eight published trials of CoQ10 in hypertension. Altogether in the eight studies the mean decrease in systolic blood pressure was 16 mm Hg and in diastolic blood pressure, 10 mm Hg. Being devoid of significant side effects CoQ10 may have a role as an adjunct or alternative to conventional agents in the treatment of hypertension. CoQ10 IN HEART FAILURE. We performed a randomised double blind placebo-controlled pilot trial of CoQ10 therapy in 35 patients with heart failure. Over 3 months, in the CoQ10 patients but not in the placebo patients there were significant improvements in symptom class and a trend towards improvements in exercise time. META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMISED TRIALS OF COENZYME Q10 IN HEART FAILURE. In nine randomised trials of CoQ10 in heart failure published up to 2003 there were non-significant trends towards increased ejection fraction and reduced mortality. There were insufficient numbers of patients for meaningful results. To make more definitive conclusions regarding the effect of CoQ10 in cardiac failure we recommend a prospective, randomised trial with 200-300 patients per study group. Further trials of CoQ10 in physical exercise and in hypertension are recommended.
STAT3 is a Critical Regulator of Astrogliosis and Scar Formation after Spinal Cord Injury (2008)

Signaling mechanisms that regulate astrocyte reactivity and scar formation after spinal cord injury (SCI) are not well defined. We used the Cre recombinase (Cre)-loxP system under regulation of the mouse glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter to conditionally delete the cytokine and growth factor signal transducer, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), from astrocytes. After SCI in GFAP-Cre reporter mice, >99% of spinal cord cells that exhibited Cre activity as detected by reporter protein expression were GFAP-expressing astrocytes. Conditional deletion (or knock-out) of STAT3 (STAT3-CKO) from astrocytes in GFAP-Cre-loxP mice was confirmed in vivo and in vitro. In uninjured adult STAT3-CKO mice, astrocytes appeared morphologically similar to those in STAT3+/+ mice except for a partially reduced expression of GFAP. In STAT3+/+ mice, phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) was not detectable in astrocytes in uninjured spinal cord, and pSTAT3 was markedly upregulated after SCI in astrocytes and other cell types near the injury. Mice with STAT3-CKO from astrocytes exhibited attenuated upregulation of GFAP, failure of astrocyte hypertrophy, and pronounced disruption of astroglial scar formation after SCI. These changes were associated with increased spread of inflammation, increased lesion volume and partially attenuated motor recovery over the first 28 d after SCI. These findings indicate that STAT3 signaling is a critical regulator of certain aspects of reactive astrogliosis and provide additional evidence that scar-forming astrocytes restrict the spread of inflammatory cells after SCI.
The killing fields (1992)

The fact that 'The Killing Fields' is based on a 'true story' guarantees a certain amount of colour supplement-style pre-publicity, which simply collapses text into pre-text.
A Fast Level Set Method for Multi-Material Recovery in Microwave Imaging (2018)

Level set-based methods for microwave imaging can produce better results than linearized approaches but they are usually very slow because they require many iterations of a forward solver. In this paper, we have developed an approach, where we need only a small number of forward solver runs, to reconstruct the microwave images accurately. Our approach is a combination of a level set method and a linearized approach and has a regularization term for stability during level set iterations. We provide a detailed analysis of the method and demonstrate its applicability on synthetically generated data for 2-D microwave imaging. Different objects chosen to represent realistic features are considered to evaluate the performance. This approach is extended to multiple materials. The reconstructed images indicate that the method can produce accurate object localization, and shape and size identification. It can also recover the shape very well even for high contrast and heterogeneous structures.
Optical tomography of the breast using a 32-channel time-resolved imager (2002)

Studies on volunteers are being performed to assess three-dimensional time-resolved optical tomography as a means of detecting and specifying breast disease. The dual-wavelength instrument is employed to generate images of the tissue optical properties.
Thermodynamics of the Binding of a Cationic Lipid to DNA (1997)

The binding of cationic lipids to DNA induces the condensation of complexes of the lipid and polyelectrolyte. This paper presents data on the binding of the simple cationic lipid cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to DNA prior to the condensation process. The complete thermodynamics of the binding of CTAB to both helical and single strand DNA are evaluated with use of isothermal titration calorimetery data and analysis of UV melting transitions. The binding to the helical form involves a two-step process: first, binding to an isolated phosphate site on the DNA strand with a binding constant of 1.5 × 103 M-1, and second, a highly cooperative binding event that seems to involve hydrophobic intereactions between hydrocarbon chains of the bound CTAB. The cooperativity parameter is 56, leading to a cooperative binding constant of 8.7 × 104 M-1. The enthalpies of the two binding events on the helix sites are resolved: −20 kJ/mol for the isolated site and +3.3 kJ/mol for contiguous sites. Binding to the single strand DNA is also quite strong with an estimated equilibrium constant of about 1.3 × 104 M-1. Because CTAB binds both to helical and single strand DNA, biphasic melting transitions are observed. An analysis of the behavior of the melting curves and the thermodynamic data allows reasonable models of the binding processes to be constructed.
Quantification of Lactate Dehydrogenase for Cell Viability Testing Using Cell Lines and Primary Cultured Astrocytes (2017)

Drug discovery heavily relies on cell viability studies to assess the potential toxicity of drug candidates. L-Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that catalyzes the concomitant interconversions of pyruvate to L-lactate and NADH to NAD<sup>+</sup> during glycolysis, and the reverse reactions during the Cori cycle. In response to cellular damage, induced by endogenous cellular mechanisms or as a result of exogenously applied insults, LDH is released from the cytoplasm into the extracellular environment. Its stability in cell culture medium makes it a well-suited correlate for the presence of damage and toxicity in tissues and cells. We herein present protocols for a reproducible and validated LDH assay optimized for several cell types. In contrast to commercially available LDH assays, often associated with proprietary formulations and high cost, our protocols provide ample opportunities for experiment-specific optimization with low variability and cost. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cognitive Radio: From Spectrum Sharing to Adaptive Learning and Reconfiguration (2008)

This paper introduces important cognitive radio developments like spectrum sharing, learning and adaptation algorithms, and the software and hardware architecture to support these functions. A cognitive radio is defined here as a transceiver that is aware of its environment and can combine this awareness with knowledge of its user's priorities, needs, operational procedures, and governing regulatory rules. It adapts to its environment and configures itself in an appropriate fashion. The radio learns through experience and is capable of generating solutions for communications problems unforeseen by its designers. Our spectrum sharing cognitive radio is built upon GNU Radio and uses the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) device as our radio front end platform. We use cyclostationary feature analysis to detect low SNR modulated signals because of its ability to distinguish between modulated signals, interference, and noise in low signal to noise ratios. A parallel algorithm running on a Cell Broadband Engine (Cell BE) is used to attack the associated high computational complexity. A new spectrum sensing scheme, incorporating spectrum monitoring, data transmission, and dynamic channel switching, is designed to fully utilize the idle time of the primary user. Our work is based on the concept of a Cognitive Engine: an intelligent software package that "reads the meters" and "turns the knobs" of any attached software defined radio (SDR) platform. Using an eclectic combination of artificial intelligence techniques including case-based decision theory, multi-objective genetic algorithms, and neural networks, it implements a system of nested cognition loops.
Nicotinic Antagonists Enhance Process Outgrowth by Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells in Culture (1988)

Functional nicotinic cholinergic receptors are found on mammalian retinal ganglion cell neurons in culture. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) can be detected in the medium of many of these retinal cultures, after release presumably from the choline acetyltransferase-positive amacrine cells. The postsynaptic effect of endogenous or applied ACh on the ganglion cells can be blocked with specific nicotinic antagonists. Here it is shown that within 24 hours of producing such a pharmacologic blockade, the retinal ganglion cells begin to sprout or regenerate neuronal processes. Thus, the growth-enhancing effect of nicotinic antagonists may be due to the removal of inhibition to growth by tonic levels of ACh present in the culture medium. Since there is a spontaneous leak of ACh in the intact retina, the effects of nicotinic cholinergic drugs on process outgrowth in culture may reflect a normal control mechanism for growth or regeneration of retinal ganglion cell processes that is exerted by ACh in vivo.