gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-Chip High-Density Microelectrode System for Electrogenic-Cell Recording and Stimulation (2007)

An electrogenic-cell-activity monitoring system comprising five high-density CMOS-based microelectrode arrays is presented. Each microelectrode array features 11'016 metal electrodes and 126 on-chip channels for recording and stimulation of the cells. The electrodes are sampled at 20 kHz, and the signals are converted to the digital domain using an 8-bit AD converter. Further data processing is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), which provides realtime feedback and sends the essential information to a PC for storage, visualization and further processing. The system enables to continuously measure at up to 630 electrodes on 5 different chips, it performs loss-less data compression to 15%-50% of the original size and it concurrently detects the spikes generated by the cells.
Core selection methods for multicast routing (2002)

Multicast routing is an important topic of both theoretical and practical interest. Several proposed multicast routing algorithms involve the designation of one or more network nodes as the "center" of the routing tree for each multicast group. The choice of this designated router (which we refer to as the "core") influences the shape of the multicast routing tree, and thus influences the performance of the routing scheme. We investigate the relationship between the choice of core and three performance measures. Specifically, we compare various methods of selecting a core with respect to their effect on the bandwidth, delay, and traffic concentration. We conclude that simple methods are adequate for widely distributed groups, but that the addition of group information can be leveraged to improve performance especially when the group is small or exhibits a high degree of locality. We also conclude that core choice can be used to control traffic concentration, in fact traffic concentration effects can be ameliorated by appropriate core choice policies.
A miniature fiber-optic probe for optical particle sizing (1987)

A miniature fiber-optic probe has been developed for in situ particle size measurements. The probe is based on a near-forward scattering technique and makes use of a two-color seheme in which one wavelength is used for the size measurement while the second wavelength is used to monitor the presence of a particle in the center of the scattering volume. Tests of the probe have shown particle size range and sensitivity similar to that observed using fixed lens train systems but with the advantages of portability, ease of remote access, anti inherent alignment stability.
The Promise of Grace (1977)

Almost despair" is what she saidbut never quite.For hidden in the grace of God is the power of God.That power was working through the means of 1.
A Distributional Representation Model For Collaborative Filtering (2015)

In this paper, we propose a very concise deep learning approach for collaborative filtering that jointly models distributional representation for users and items. The proposed framework obtains better performance when compared against current state-of-art algorithms and that made the distributional representation model a promising direction for further research in the collaborative filtering.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Huntingtin Gene (2018)

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in the HTT gene, which encodes for an abnormal polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein (HTT). This review examines the known mechanisms of HTT gene regulation. We discuss HTT expression patterns, features of the HTT promoter, regulatory regions of the HTT promoter with functional significance, and HTT regulators located outside of the proximal promoter region. The factors that influence HTT expression in the brain and the mechanisms of HTT transcriptional regulation are currently poorly understood, despite continuing research. Expanding knowledge of HTT regulation will inform future studies investigating HTT function. Improving understanding of HTT expression and control may also uncover novel therapeutic approaches for HD through the development of methods to modulate mHTT levels.
Experimental and theoretical x‐ray imaging performance comparison of iodine and lanthanide contrast agents (1993)

Contrast agents based on the lanthanide elements gadolinium and holmium have recently been developed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Because of the increased atomic number of these elements relative to iodine, these new compounds, used as x-ray contrast agents, may yield higher radiographic contrast, and hence improved x-ray image quality, relative to conventional iodinated compounds, for clinically useful x-ray spectra. This possibility has been investigated, in independent experimental and theoretical studies, for two x-ray imaging systems: a digital radiographic system, using an x-ray image intensifier (XRII) and charge-coupled device (CCD) detector; and a conventional screen/film system, using a Lanex Regular screen. Iodine, gadolinium, and holmium contrast agents were investigated over a wide range of concentration-thickness products (0.1-0.6 M cm) and diagnostic x-ray spectra (60-120 kVp). A simple theoretical model of x-ray detector response predicts the experimental radiographic contrast measurements with a mean absolute error of 8.0% for the XRII/CCD system and 5.9% for the screen/film system, and shows that the radiographic contrast for these two systems is representative of all XRII and screen/film systems. An index of image quality is defined, and its dependence on radiographic contrast, x-ray fluence per unit dose, and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is shown. Theoretical values of the index, predicted by our model, are then used to compare the performance of the three contrast agents for the two systems investigated. In general, iodine performance decreases steadily with increasing kVp, gadolinium performance has a broad maximum near 85 kVp, and gadolinium outperforms holmium. Gadolinium outperforms iodine for spectra above (and vice versa below) about 72 kVp, depending slightly on spectrum filtration, object thickness, and detector type. Thus, raising the kVp to shorten exposure times or reduce x-ray tube heat loading results in a loss of image quality with iodine, but not with gadolinium. Similarly, beam-hardening artifacts in performing video densitometry with iodine would be reduced with gadolinium. Gadolinium-based contrast agents are thus shown to offer several practical advantages over conventional iodinated contrast agents.
Organoboron compounds. Part IX. Diborinic acids and their derivatives (1970)

By treatment with Grignard reagents esters of the diboronic acids (HO)2B·R′·B(OH)2 are converted into the diborinic acids RB(OH)·R′·B(OH)R, which are isolated in the form of their bis-2-aminoethyl esters. Acidification of the latter enables some of the free diborinic acids to be obtained. The hydrolysis, oxidation, and dehydration of the diborinic acids are described.
Integrating force and vision feedback within virtual environments for telerobotic systems (2002)

Traditional telerobotic systems often provide feedback to the user through a variety of sensing modalities, for example through live video imagery, force reflection, or acoustic signals. When a supervisor guides a robotic task while immersed in a virtual environment, geometric representations of the world are provided as feedback. In this case, the supervisor interacts with the environment by visually observing these virtual objects and directing their motion. At issue is how to appropriately use various sensing modalities provided by disparate sensors in a system of this configuration. This paper focuses on assimilating the disparate feedback provided by force and vision sensors for telerobotic systems guided from within virtual environments. A framework for feedback assimilation is described based on the concept of sensor resolvability. Sensor resolvability is used in two ways, to update the virtual environment and to guide the desired task in the real world. Resolvability selects the appropriate sensing modality to use in updating the virtual environment within which the supervisor is immersed. It is also used to direct semi-autonomous agents that interact directly with the real world to perform the desired task. Experimental results demonstrate the significant advantages of assimilating disparate sensory feedback throughout a telerobotic task using the concept of sensor resolvability.
S-Nitrosoglutathione Is Cleaved by the Thioredoxin System with Liberation of Glutathione and Redox Regulating Nitric Oxide (1996)

In activated human neutrophils a burst of nitric oxide (NO) converts intracellular GSH to S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) which is subsequently cleaved to restore GSH by an unknown mechanism. We discovered that GSNO is an NADPH oxidizing substrate for human or calf thymus thioredoxin reductase (TR) with an apparent Km value of 60 microM and a Kcat of 0.6 x s-1. Addition of human thioredoxin (Trx) stimulated the initial NADPH oxidation rate severalfold but was accompanied by progressive inactivation of TR. Escherichia coli TR lacked activity with GSNO, but with E. coli Trx present, GSNO was reduced without inhibition of the enzyme. Chemically reduced E. coli Trx-(SH)2 was oxidized to Trx-S2 by GSNO with a rate constant of 760 M-1s-1 (7-fold faster than by GSSG) as measured by tryptophan fluorescence. Analysis of this reaction in the presence of oxymyoglobin revealed quantitative formation of metmyoglobin indicative of NO. release. Analysis of GSNO reduction demonstrated that oxidation of NADPH produced a stoichiometric amount of free GSH. These results demonstrate a homolytic cleavage mechanism of GSNO, giving rise to GSH and NO.. GSNO efficiently inhibited the protein disulfide reductase activity of the complete human or calf thymus thioredoxin systems. Our results demonstrate enzymatic cleavage of GSNO by TR or Trx and suggest novel mechanisms for redox signaling.
Peripheral Mechanisms of Somatic Pain (1988)

In the last two decades, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms of pain. Studies correlating subjective magnitude estimations of pain in man with activity in single nerve fibers in experimental animals, and microneurographic recordings in awake humans, have provided convincing evidence for the role of specific nociceptors and labelled lines for signalling pain sensation in the normal skin. The response properties of the different types of nociceptive afferents, both myelinated and unmyelinated, from skin, muscle, and joints make them ideal candidates for signalling pain sensations. Cutaneous inflammation from any cause results in hyperalgesia. Cutaneous hyperalgesia at the site of an injury, i.e., primary hyperalgesia, can be explained by sensitization of nociceptors. This sensitization is likely due to local release of chemical mediators in the inflamed area. The metabolites of arachidonic acid (eicasonoids) and bradykinin appear to play an important role in the sensitization of nociceptors. Similar inflammation-induced changes in response properties of fine articular afferents might explain the pain of acute arthritis. The neuropeptide substance P released from primary afferents may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of arthritis. The mechanism of hyperalgesia in the region surrounding the injury, i.e., secondary hyperalgesia, is less well understood, and probably results from changes both in the peripheral and central nervous systems. While considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms of acute pain, the pathophysiology of most chronic pain states is still unclear. We hope that future studies in experimental animals, and careful psychophysical testing and microneurographic recordings in chronic pain patients, will lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of pain.
Ethyl Glycidate from (S)‐Serine: Ethyl (R)‐(+)‐2,3‐Epoxypropanoate (2003)

Abstract Ethyl glycidate from (S)‐serine: Ethyl (R)‐(+)‐2,3‐epoxypropanoate intermediate: potassium glycidate product: ethyl glycidate intermediate: (S)‐(−)‐2‐Bromo‐3‐hydroxypropanoic acid product: Methyl 2,3‐epoxypropanoate
Public Health Risk from the Avian H5N1 Influenza Epidemic (2004)

Repeated transmission of the avian H5N1 influenza virus to humans during the ongoing avian epidemic has raised concerns that such events might initiate a global pandemic of a highly pathogenic human virus. [We][1] review the current global mechanisms of influenza surveillance, and highlight the need for improved surveillance of animal viruses. We show how risk assessment and surveillance can be enhanced by quantitative analysis, and emphasize that low-level human-to-human transmission is not necessarily indicative of an emerging pandemic. We propose that the appearance of uncharacteristically large clusters of cases is indicative of increased viral transmissibility and hence of when to issue global alerts and implement stringent control measures.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/304/5673/968
Glycolytic pathway affects differentiation of human monocytes to regulatory macrophages (2016)

Cellular metabolic state and individual metabolites have been reported to regulate the functional phenotype of immune cells. Cytokine production by regulatory and inflammatory macrophages is thought to mainly involve fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis, respectively, which fuel mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. However, the association between metabolic pathways and the acquisition of specific macrophage phenotypes remains unclear. This study assessed the relationship between glycolysis and the differentiation of regulatory macrophages. Human monocytes derived from peripheral blood were cultured in vitro in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor to yield regulatory macrophages (M-Mϕs). M-Mϕs had a regulatory macrophage phenotype and produced substantial IL-10 following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. To analyze the role of glycolysis, glycolysis inhibitors (2-deoxy-d-glucose or dichloroacetate) were added during M-Mϕ differentiation. These cells cultured with glycolysis inhibitors produced significantly lower amounts of IL-10, but produced significantly higher amounts of IL-6 compared to M-Mϕs differentiated without glycolysis inhibitors. Such phenotypic change of M-Mϕs differentiated with glycolysis inhibitors was associated with the alteration of the gene expression pattern related to macrophage differentiation, such as CSF1, MMP9 and VEGFA. M-Mϕs differentiated with glycolysis inhibitors seemed to retain plasticity to become IL-10 producing cells. Furthermore, increased level of pyruvate in culture medium was found to partially reverse the effects of glycolysis inhibitors on cytokine production of M-Mϕs. These results indicate the importance of glycolytic pathway in macrophage differentiation to a regulatory phenotype, and pyruvate may be one of the key metabolites in this process.
Effect of halothane, isoflurane, and pentobarbital anesthesia on myocardial irritability in chickens (1990)

The relative myocardial irritant properties of halothane, isoflurane, and pentobarbital were evaluated in chickens. Sixteen adult male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: group-1 chickens were anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, IV), group-2 chickens were anesthetized with halothane (end tidal halothane 1.2%), and group-3 chickens were anesthetized with isoflurane (end tidal isoflurane 2.1%). Birds in any 2 of the 3 treatment groups were tested on any 1 day. Local anesthesia was induced, and blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, and blood gas variables were measured before general anesthesia was induced. Positive-pressure ventilation with an inspired O2 fraction greater than 0.95 was adjusted to result in an end tidal CO2 concentration that reflected a Paco2 similar to that obtained prior to anesthesia and ventilation. All measurements were repeated. The threshold for ventricular fibrillation in response to electrical stimulation of the heart was then determined for all birds. Effects of anesthesia on hemodynamic and blood gas variables were similar in all 3 groups. Compared with halothane or pentobarbital, isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower threshold for electrical fibrillation of the heart.
The estimation of trap-free space-charge-limited current magnitudes in molecularly doped polymers (1997)

Abstract The transient current response of molecularly doped polymers has been numerically simulated for the situation in which a step potential is applied to an ideal injecting contact. Calculated trap-free space-charge-limited currents (TFSCLCs) are found to approach a steady-state magnitude which may be used to construct the single-carrier current-voltage characteristics. The exact TFSCLC response is compared with a modified analytical expression which is commonly applied to analyse experimental data in insulators where the mobility of injected carriers is field dependent. Current-voltage characteristics generated using the exact and modified analytical approaches are found to agree within predetermined accuracy limits over a restricted range of applied electric field. It is demonstrated that the latter field range is dictated by the underlying field dependence of the injected carrier mobility. In this range, the modified analytical expression continues to approximate the exact TFSCLC response in the presence of anomalous carrier diffusion and is successfully used to interpret experimental data for a hydrazone-doped polyester having gold contacts.
Refractively Scanned Interferometers for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (1980)

The advantages of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) over dispersive spectroscopy are by now quite well known. These include high signal throughout, even when operating at high resolution, much greater data gathering speed, inherent line shape and wavenumber accuracy, and the digital nature of the data, which facilitates multiscan averaging, data storage, and spectral manipulation. However, despite their many advantages, FT-IR instruments have not dominated the IR market, and, in fact, accounted for only about 10% of the IR spectrometers sold in 1978. This is a direct result of the one disadvantage of FTIR ... high cost.
Use of Multiple Photosensitizers and Wavelengths During Photodynamic Therapy: A New Approach To Enhance Tumor Eradication (1990)

Several studies have examined the synergism of hyperthermia or chemotherapy agents in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT) to enhance tumor eradication. In our unique approach to treatment, multiple photosensitizers and wavelengths were used: two photosensitizers, Photofrin II and meso-tetra-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-porphine (TPPS4), irradiated at the appropriate therapeutic wavelength for each photosensitizer. EMT-6 mammary tumors were induced in the flanks of BALB/c mice. The mice were assigned to a control group (50 mice) or treatment group (150 mice). All treatment animals and some control animals received photosensitizing drug (5 mg/kg of TPPS4, 5 mg/kg of Photofrin II, or 2.5 mg/kg of both TPPS4 and Photofrin II). All treatment animals and some control animals also received light treatment (630 nm for TPPS4 and/or 658 nm for Photofrin II). The results show that the approach using both drugs and the corresponding therapeutic wavelengths enhanced the effectiveness of PDT. This approach achieved a cure rate of up to 100%, which was, depending on the light intensity used, as much as 40% greater than the rate achieved by the approach using one drug and one wavelength. The results also show that lesser amounts of drug and/or light may be required if both drugs and wavelengths are used, thus lowering the chances of side effects common to PDT. Furthermore, the results indicate that the increased tumor kill is due to a synergistic effect of the two photosensitizers that was tested on the tumor microvasculature in the first few hours after PDT.
Handwritten ZIP code recognition using lexicon free word recognition algorithm (2002)

The paper describes a new approach to ZIP code recognition using a word recognition algorithm, where a numeral string is recognized as a word. The paper also describes an end to end ZIP code recognition system consisting of tilt/slant correction, line segmentation, word segmentation, ZIP code location, as well as the ZIP code recognition. Evaluation tests are performed using address block image samples collected from United States mail pieces. The results of isolated numeral recognition, manually extracted ZIP code recognition, and end to end ZIP code recognition are presented to show and discuss the advantage of the word recognition based numeral string recognition.
Data hiding and security in object-oriented databases (2003)

Hiding is an important characteristic of the object-oriented paradigm. The author shows how hiding can be exploited to support data security and privacy. The model is based on a single type of authorization, that is, the authorization of a user to execute a method on a given object. The rationale of the authorization model is described. A formal definition of the model is presented, and the algorithms for the main authorization functions, such as grant and revoke, are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Photochemical changes in hydrogen-loaded optical fibres with application to Bragg grating formation (1997)

The sensitization to UV-induced refractive-index changes, by hydrogen, of germanosilicate glass is important in the production of in-fibre Bragg gratings. During grating formation fluorescence from germanium lone-pair centres is excited in the core of the fibre by the UV exposure. This fluorescence has been used to monitor photochemical reduction of substituted tetravalent germanium atoms by hydrogen. The photoreduced atoms occupy sites and absorb fluorescent radiation. Together with ions they are responsible for the refractive-index changes exploited in the holographic formation of Bragg gratings in hydrogen-loaded, germanium-doped fibres.
Highly sensitive, single-shot characterization for pulse widths from 04 to 85 ps using electro-optic shearing interferometry (2006)

Single-shot characterization using electro-optic shearing interferometry (EOSI) is shown for pulse widths ranging from their transform limit (0.4 ps) to 200x their limit (85 ps). In EOSI, the spectral phase is reconstructed by interfering two spectrally sheared replicas of the pulse under test, where the shear is produced by applying linear temporal-phase modulation. We present a new reconstruction algorithm for accurately characterizing chirped pulses, even if the pulse extends beyond the linear region of the phase modulation. Furthermore, since EOSI does not rely on nonlinear optical processes, it requires only 1 nJ pulse energies for all pulse widths, corresponding to a single-shot sensitivity 1000x higher than previously demonstrated.