gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in the design and use of immobilised N-heterocyclic carbene ligands for transition-metal catalysis (2009)

N -Heterocyclic carbenes are versatile ligands capable of stabilising catalytically active species. They have thus attracted increasing interest, particularly for the development of recyclable systems. This review covers recent advances made in the field of solid-supported NHC complexes for catalysis.
Extrusion of microcellular polysulfone using chemical blowing agents (1998)

Microporous polysulfone hollow fibers were developed with the help of chemical blowing agents by means of extrusion. Two chemical blowing agents, azodicarbonamide and 5-phenyltetrazol, were selected, and the foam morphology dependent on the concentration of blowing agent was examined by scanning electron micrograph. By means of changing the processing parameters, e.g., temperature and screw speed, the structures of the foam, usable as membrane, can be controlled. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 69: 1753–1760, 1998
Oral Peptide Drug Delivery: Strategies to Overcome Challenges (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Challenges Associated with Oral Peptide Delivery Strategies to Overcome the Barriers of the Gastrointestinal Tract Conclusions
Highly Specific Oxidative Crosslinking of Proteins Mediated by a Nickel-Peptide Complex (1995)

The Ni(II) complex of the tripeptide NH2-Gly-Gly-His-COOH is shown to mediate efficient protein-protein cross-linking in the presence of oxidants such as oxone and monoperoxyphthalic acid. Only proteins that associate specifically in solution are cross-linked under these conditions. Preliminary probes of the mechanism of the reaction suggest that the active intermediate may be a high-valent metal complex that attacks aromatic amino acids.
Effects of Vapor Pressure on GaP LED's (1978)

The pure green emission with high external quantum efficiency of 0.03% is reported in the GaP diodes grown by the temperature difference method under controlled vapor pressure. The emission and photocapacitance spectra show remarkable variations with phosphorus pressure. The concentrations of deep levels are suppressed by an application of the optimum phosphorus pressure. Also, in nitrogen-doped diode, it has become clear that the density and energy of nitrogen levels in GaP depend largely on phosphorus pressure applied.
Trinucleotide Repeat Analysis of Huntington’s Disease gene in Singapore (2001)

The range of CAG repeats in the normal and HD alleles in our population is similar to those reported elsewhere. An accurate sizing can only be obtained with sequencing. For allele sizes in the intermediate range (37-40), sequencing should be carried out to confirm the carrier status of a patient.
Diffraction imaging by prestack reverse‐time migration in the dip‐angle domain (2017)

ABSTRACT Prestack image volumes may be decomposed into specular and non‐specular parts by filters defined in the dip‐angle domain. For space‐shift extended image volumes, the dip‐angle decomposition is derived via local Radon transform in depth and midpoint coordinates, followed by an averaging over space‐shifts. We propose to employ prestack space‐shift extended reverse‐time migration and dip‐angle decomposition for imaging small‐scale structural elements, considered as seismic diffractors, in models with arbitrary complexity. A suitable design of a specularity filter in the dip‐angle domain rejects the dominant reflectors and enhances diffractors and other non‐specular image content. The filter exploits a clear discrimination in dip between specular reflections and diffractions. The former are stationary at the specular dip, whereas the latter are non‐stationary without a preferred dip direction. While the filtered image volume features other than the diffractor images (for example, noise and truncation artefacts are also present), synthetic and field data examples suggest that diffractors tend to dominate and are readily recognisable. Averaging over space‐shifts in the filter construction makes the reflectors‧ rejection robust against migration velocity errors. Another consequence of the space‐shift extension and its angle‐domain transforms is the possibility of exploring the image in a multiple set of common‐image gathers. The filtered diffractions may be analysed simultaneously in space‐shift, scattering‐angle, and dip‐angle image gathers by means of a single migration job. The deliverables of our method obviously enrich the processed material on the interpreter's desk. We expect them to further supplement our understanding of the Earth's interior.
Role of Cumulus Oophorus in Increasing Efficiency of Fertilization in Mouse Oocytes In Vitro. (1994)

The functional role of the cumulus oophorus during fertilization was examined. It was found that the sperm concentration necessary for successful fertilization was markedly different between cumulus-intact and cumulus-free oocytes; only 5 sperm/μl were required for the maxi-mum level of fertilization of cumulus-intact oocytes, while 150 sperm/μl were needed for cumu-lus-free oocytes. Fertilization rate did not increase by co-culturing cumulus-free oocytes with detached cumulus cells in the fertilization medium. On the other hand, supplementing the fertili-zation medium with soluble factor(s) vortexed out of cumulus-oocyte complexes significantly improved the rate of fertilization (56% in the treated group vs 36% in controls; P<0.05) when spermatozoa were preincubated in BSA-supplemented medium. No significant effect, however, was observed when spermatozoa were preincubated in protein-free medium. These results strongly suggest that soluble factor(s) sustained in cumulus-oocyte complexes promote fertilization, and the integrity of the three dimensional structure of the cumulus oophorus is important for efficient sperm-egg interaction.
Synthesis of very long chain (up to 36 carbon) tetra, penta and hexaenoic fatty acids in retina (1988)

The synthesis of very long chain (C24 to C36) polyunsaturated (four, five and six double bonds) fatty acids (VLCPUFA) is investigated in bovine retina using [14C]acetate. Saturates on the one hand (mainly palmitate), and polyenes on the other (mainly VLCPUFA), incorporate most of the label found in lipids. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most highly labelled lipid class, since both types of 14C-labelled fatty acids, but especially this novel series of VLCPUFA, are concentrated in this phospholipid. Radioactivity from [14C]acetate is found in very long chain tetra, penta and hexaenoic fatty acids of PC. The labelling of 20:4(n - 6), 20:5(n - 3), 22:5(n - 6) and 22:6(n - 3) is much lower than that of longer polyenes of each of these series, indicating that VLCPUFA are synthesized in situ by successive elongations of the above polyenes, pre-existing in retina lipids. In various subcellular fractions isolated from retinas after incubations with [14C]acetate (including cytosol, microsomes, mitochondria and photoreceptor membranes), the labelling of the VLCPUFA of PC is very high, even at relatively short intervals of incubation. The results suggest that not only the synthesis but also the intracellular traffic among membranes of VLCPUFA-containing species of PC are very active processes in the retina.
Using prediction to facilitate patient flow in a health care delivery chain (2013)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.
A solution to the dynamic range problem of pixel values in color image enhancement (2002)

The whole process of image enhancement is rearranging the pixel values according to different criteria. The commonly used display range for color images is 8 bits per primary per pixel. In the enhanced image, those pixels, with primary values out of the 8-bit range, are simply clipped on the boundary for display. This process loses the details in some areas and present unnatural appearance. The paper proposes a refinement method which can retrieve the details clipped by the constraint of the display range while presenting the details enhanced by the enhancement method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Variants of Validity and their Impact on the Overall Test Space (1998)

Dealing with the question whether or not a given system does sulllce some interesting property one is confronted with the problem, how to navigate appropriately through the available knowledge space to prove or to refute that property under investigation. Moreover it is desireable to get an algorithm which solves that task efficiently. Applied to the area of system validation, we will propose some solution allowing for the reduction of test cases, i.e. of the scale of the knowledge space to be investigated, when validating some target system by testing. The key idea for test case reduction is to exploit certain inheritance properties of the underlying space of input data. In its right perspective, inheritance is induction. Due to the impossibility to create any general induction scheme for deductive justification of inductive reasoning, there arises the necessity of domain-dependent variants.
Fluorescent‐based typing of the two short tandem repeat loci HUMTH01 and HUMACTBP2: Reproducibility of size measurements and genetic variation in the swedish population (1994)

The aim of this study was to investigate the reproducibility of genetic typing of two tetrameric short tandem repeat (STR) loci and the extent of genetic variation in the Swedish population. An automated, fluorescent-based Applied Biosystems 373A sequencer was used for typing of the HUMTH01 and HUMACTBP2 loci (also named SE33). The former locus has seven alleles in the size range of 154-174 bp, while the latter is a complex locus with more than 32 alleles in the range of 227-316 bp. Using different fluorescent dyes, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from the two STR loci were sized in one lane using an internal size standard. In order to compare within- and between-gel reproducibility of fragment size estimates, a control sample was typed three times on each of 20 gels. Within the gel, the standard deviation (SD) of fragment size variability was less than 0.1 bp for four fragment sizes between 158-291 bp. Standard deviations between gels were slightly higher for the two shorter fragment sizes (HUMTH01), while the larger fragments varied between 0.3 and 0.4 bp (HUMACTBP2). The amount of genetic variation was investigated in samples from three Swedish cities (n = 301). Seven alleles were found at HUMTH01 and the observed heterozygosity was 0.77. At the HUMACTBP2 locus more than thirty alleles were found and the observed heterozygosity was 0.96. The observed genotype frequencies at HUMTH01 and HUMACTBP2 did not deviate significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. No indication of a significant excess of homozygotes was found at any of the loci. We conclude that both HUMTH01 and HUMACTBP2 can be reliably typed using the method described. However, the latter locus requires an allelic ladder to be run on each gel.
User Managed Virtual Clusters in Comet (2016)

Hardware virtualization has been gaining a significant share of computing time in the last years. Using virtual machines (VMs) for parallel computing is an attractive option for many users. A VM gives users a freedom of choosing an operating system, software stack and security policies, leaving the physical hardware, OS management, and billing to physical cluster administrators. The well-known solutions for cloud computing, both commercial (Amazon Cloud, Google Cloud, Yahoo Cloud, etc.) and open-source (OpenStack, Eucalyptus) provide platforms for running a single VM or a group of VMs. With all the benefits, there are also some drawbacks, which include reduced performance when running code inside of a VM, increased complexity of cluster management, as well as the need to learn new tools and protocols to manage the clusters.
The Bias-Variance Tradeoff and the Randomized GACV (1998)

We propose a new in-sample cross validation based method (randomized GACV) for choosing smoothing or bandwidth parameters that govern the bias-variance or fit-complexity tradeoff in `soft&apos; classification. Soft classification refers to a learning procedure which estimates the probability that an example with a given attribute vector is in class 1 vs class 0. The target for optimizing the the tradeoff is the Kullback-Liebler distance between the estimated probability distribution and the `true&apos; probability distribution, representing knowledge of an infinite population. The method uses a randomized estimate of the trace of a Hessian and mimics cross validation at the cost of a single relearning with perturbed outcome data. 1 INTRODUCTION We propose and test a new in-sample cross-validation based method for optimizing the biasvariance tradeoff in `soft classification&apos; (Wahba et al 1994), called ranGACV (randomized Generalized Approximate Cross Validation). Summarizing from Wahba et al(199...
FinFET resistance mitigation through design and process optimization (2009)

The intrinsic FinFET device structure can provide an estimated 10-20% reduction in delay relative to planar FETs at the 22 nm technology node due to superior electrostatics. However, FinFETs are more prone to parasitic resistance and capacitance due to the thin body channel and 3-dimensional device architecture. Here we present strategies for minimizing FinFET parasitic resistance, and discuss overall device design optimization. Using FinFETs built at 45 nm node dimensions, we have demonstrated FinFETs with an NFET/PFET external resistance of 230/350 Omega-um.
Cloning, mapping, and expression of the fumarase gene of Escherichia coli K-12 (1983)

Two classes of fumarase-transducing phages, lambda fumA and lambda fumB, were isolated from populations of recombinant phages containing HindIII fragments of Escherichia coli DNA; they were isolated by virtue of their ability to complement the metabolic lesion of a fumarase-negative mutant. The strongly complementing lambda fumA phages contained a 6.2-kilobase HindIII fragment encoding: the fumA gene, located at 35.5 min in the E. coli linkage map and expressing the major fumarase activity; the mannosephosphate isomerase gene, manA; and an unidentified gene, g48. The three genes were located relative to the restriction map of the cloned fragment and the genetic linkage map (terC-g48-fumA-manA-uidAoR), their transcription polarities were defined as anticlockwise in the chromosome, and the molecular weights of the corresponding gene products were established: fumA, 61,500; manA, 42,000; g48, 48,000. Organisms containing the fumA gene sub-cloned in multicopy plasmids overproduced fumarase up to 50-fold. The weakly complementing class of transducing phages, lambda fumB, contained several genes in an 8.2-kilobase HindIII fragment, including one (fumB) that determines a minor fumarase activity. Complementation by fumB was only observed in high-copy situations such as transduction plaques and in strains containing a multicopy plasmid in which 40% of normal fumarase activity was detected. The basis for the complementation by fumB was not defined.
A <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>‐specific gene encoding an immunologically recognized 45 kDa protein (1993)

By screening a Mycobacterium leprae lambda gt11 expression library with a serum from an Ethiopian lepromatous leprosy (LL) patient a clone was isolated (LL4) belonging to hybridization group III of a panel of previously isolated M. leprae clones. Members of this hybridization group encode a serologically recognized 45 kDa protein. The complete DNA sequences of the partially overlapping clones LL4 and L1 (hybridization group III) are presented and these revealed the presence of an open reading frame (ORF) predicting a protein with a molecular size of 42,448 Da. Southern hybridizations on total genomic DNA of M. leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and eight atypical mycobacteria showed that the LL4 DNA fragment is specific for M. leprae DNA even under low-stringency conditions. The M. leprae specificity of LL4 DNA was further confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction using four different sets of primers. Western blotting analyses showed that the M. leprae 45 kDa protein is frequently recognized by antibodies from leprosy patients and that this recognition is specific since no antibodies could be detected in sera of tuberculosis patients. T-cell proliferation assays also demonstrated T-cell recognition by leprosy patients and healthy contacts of the M. leprae 45 kDa protein. The specificity of the LL4 DNA region and the 45 kDa antigen that is encoded by hybridization group III could provide unique tools for the development of M. leprae-specific immunological and DNA reagents.
An advanced multichip module (MCM) for high-performance UNIX servers (2002)

In 2001, IBM delivered to the marketplace a high-performance UNIX®-class eServer based on a four-chip multichip module (MCM) code named Regatta. This MCM supports four POWER4 chips, each with 170 million transistors, which utilize the IBM advanced copper back-end interconnect technology. Each chip is attached to the MCM through 7018 flip-chip solder connections. The MCM, fabricated using the IBM high-performance glass-ceramic technology, features 1.7 million internal copper vias and high-density top-surface contact pad arrays with 100-µm pads on 200-µm centers. Interconnections between chips on the MCM and interconnections to the board for power distribution and MCM-to-MCM communication are provided by 190 meters of co-sintered copper wiring. Additionally, the 5100 off-module connections on the bottom side of the MCM are fabricated at a 1-mm pitch and connected to the board through the use of a novel land grid array technology, thus enabling a compact 85-mm × 85-mm module footprint that enables 8- to 32-way systems with processors operating at 1.1 GHz or 1.3 GHz. The MCM also incorporates advanced thermal solutions that enable 156 W of cooling per chip. This paper presents a detailed overview of the fabrication, assembly, testing, and reliability qualification of this advanced MCM technology.
Bis(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylthiocarbamoylthio)acetic acid (2000)

Bis(N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoylthio)acetic acid, [(CH(3))(2)NC(=S)S](2)CHC(=O)OH or C(8)H(14)N(2)O(2)S(4), exists as a centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded dimer [O.O 2.661 (3) A].
Reliability and validity of systemic lupus activity measure-revised (SLAM-R) for measuring clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (2001)

New clinical scales for semiquantitating disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are widely used in research. They are reliable and valid measures. One of the original scales, the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM), has been modified based on experience with it in multi-observer studies and training of individuals in its use. We tested the psychometric properties of the revised SLAM (SLAM-R). SLAM-R was tested on 30 SLE patients, who fulfilled 1997 revised ACR criteria and were selected to represent a range of disease activity. The patients were evaluated independently by two physicians, who studied the instruction booklet and who had never used SLAM-R, on two occasions 2-4 weeks apart. At the first visit, the physician's global assessment of activity using visual analog scale, anti-dsDNA Ab, C3 and C4 were checked for construct validity. The psychometric properties were analyzed with nested analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient using SAS. All patients were female, the median age was 31 (15-52) y, and the mean score of SLAM-R was 10.5 +/- 5.3 (3-26). Estimates of reliability were 0.78 of inter-rater, 0.61 of inter-visit, 0.76 of physician 1 between visits, and 0.56 of physician 2 between visits. Among subcategories except 'Eye,' the 'Gastrointestinal' category had the highest (0.96) and the 'Neuromotor' category had the lowest inter-rater reliability (0.50). With respect to construct validity, the correlation of SLAM-R scores with the disease activity variables except C4 was high and statistically significant. In conclusion, the SLAM-R is reliable and valid for measuring clinical disease activity in SLE.
Dry-Spun Silk Produces Native-Like Fibroin Solutions (2016)

Silk's outstanding mechanical properties and energy efficient solidification mechanisms provide inspiration for biomaterial self-assembly as well as offering a diverse platform of materials suitable for many biotechnology applications. Experiments now reveal that the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori secretes its silk in a practically "unspun" state that retains much of the solvent water and exhibits a surprisingly low degree of molecular order (β-sheet crystallinity) compared to the state found in a fully formed and matured fiber. These new observations challenge the general understanding of silk spinning and in particular the role of the spinning duct for structure development. Building on this discovery we report that silk spun in low humidity appears to arrest a molecular annealing process crucial for β-sheet formation. This, in turn, has significant positive implications, enabling the production of a high fidelity reconstituted silk fibroin with properties akin to the gold standard of unspun native silk.
Design and evaluation of deep packet inspection system: a case study (2012)

An increasing number of Internet applications and services render network management more troublesome for bandwidth misuse and security concern. As a result, network traffic identification plays an increasingly important role in network management. Deep packet inspection (DPI) is one of the effective approaches. Conventional network devices lookup the header of a packet, but DPI means the network device is required to match a pattern in the payload of a packet. This study proposes a DPI system and WMT (Wu-Manber with trie) algorithm to classify popular network services; The Net-DPIS is developed based on Netfilter framework in Linux kernel. The authors show how to rearrange the rule policies to increase the performance of Net-DPIS. In the results, the authors show that WMT algorithm is faster than WM algorithm; Net-DPIS has higher average accuracy and performance than L7-filter.
Cell‐Free Transcription/Translation from PCR‐Amplified DNA for High‐Throughput NMR Studies (2007)

Quick and clean: Excellent protein yields in cell-free protein synthesis can be obtained by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA templates, provided that the templates are designed for cyclization. This eliminates time-consuming cloning steps and allows one to go from complementary DNA to the protein NMR spectrum in 24 h. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z605237_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Measurement techniques for transmit source clock jitter for weak serial RF links (2011)

Techniques for filtering clock jitter measurements are developed, in the context of controlling data modulation jitter on an RF carrier to accommodate low signal-to-noise ratio thresholds of high-performance error correction codes. Measurement artifacts from sampling are considered, and a tutorial on interpretation of direct readings is included.