gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Divergent Structure of the Human Synexin (Annexin VII) Gene and Assignment to Chromosome 10 (1994)

The human synexin (annexin VII) gene occurs as a single copy at chromosome 10q21.1-21.2 and substantially deviates in size and in the location of splice junctions from the other two well-characterized members of the annexin gene family, lipocortin I (annexin I) and calpactin I (annexin II). The synexin gene contains 14 exons, including an alternatively spliced cassette exon, and spans approximately 34 kb of DNA. Only five of the fourteen splice junctions are conserved compared to other annexins, and the differences are particularly pronounced in the exons that encode the C-terminal third and fourth conserved repeats in the gene product. Although parallels between exons and protein domains were not apparent, we did observe clustering of splice junctions corresponding to either the unique N-terminal domain or the conserved C-terminal tetrad repeat domain, which is common to all annexins. Furthermore, a complete analysis of the 5' flanking region of the annexin VII gene revealed an entirely different set of cis-acting and enhancer elements compared to other annexin genes. We conclude that the annexin VII gene may have arisen by a divergence from the evolutionary pathway taken by both annexins I and II.
3D input devices and interaction concepts for optical tracking in immersive environments (2003)

In this poster abstract we present an interaction concept and input devices for optical tracking in virtual immersive environments. Requirements to input devices for immersive environments will be based on a document, outlining major requirements for VR-systems. A preliminary testing of the usability will be discussed. We conclude this abstract by presenting our interim findings.
Discovering and exploiting program phases (2003)

Understanding program behavior is at the foundation of computer architecture and program optimization. Many programs have wildly different behavior on even the largest of scales (that is, over the program's complete execution). During one part of the execution, a program can be completely memory bound; in another, it can repeatedly stall on branch mispredicts. Average statistics gathered about a program might not accurately picture where the real problems lie. This realization has ramifications for many architecture and compiler techniques, from how to best schedule threads on a multithreaded machine, to feedback-directed optimizations, power management, and the simulation and test of architectures. Taking advantage of time-varying behavior requires a set of automated analytic tools and hardware techniques that can discover similarities and changes in program behavior on the largest of time scales. The challenge in building such tools is that during a program's lifetime it can execute billions or trillions of instructions. How can high-level behavior be extracted from this sea of instructions? Some programs change behavior drastically, switching between periods of high and low performance, yet system design and optimization typically focus on average system behavior. It is argued that instead of assuming average behavior, it is now time to model and optimize phase-based program behavior.
Reinforcement of an epoxy resin by single walled nanotubes (2000)

The anisotropic shape and the very high stiffness of carbon nanotubes make them good candidates for the reinforcement of various materials. For instance polymer-nanotubes blends could be used as a new material but also as a matrix for carbon fibre composites in order to improve their mechanical properties, in particular under compressive loading. In this study, we have prepared several SWNTs-epoxy blends containing various SWNTs weight percentages (from 0 to 35%). Blends are themselves composite materials, observed and characterized by SEM, TEM and X-ray diffraction. Two methods are used to evaluate their stiffness: Vickers microindentation and three points bending tests. We observe a linear increase of the Young’s modulus with the weight percentage of SWNTs. For comparison SWNTs purified by a cross flow filtration process have also been used. The obtained results are discussed.
Vascular Smooth Muscle Growth: Autocrine Growth Mechanisms (2001)

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit several growth responses to agonists that regulate their function including proliferation (hyperplasia with an increase in cell number), hypertrophy (an increase in cell size without change in DNA content), endoreduplication (an increase in DNA content and usually size), and apoptosis. Both autocrine growth mechanisms (in which the individual cell synthesizes and/or secretes a substance that stimulates that same cell type to undergo a growth response) and paracrine growth mechanisms (in which the individual cells responding to the growth factor synthesize and/or secrete a substance that stimulates neighboring cells of another cell type) are important in VSMC growth. In this review I discuss the autocrine and paracrine growth factors important for VSMC growth in culture and in vessels. Four mechanisms by which individual agonists signal are described: direct effects of agonists on their receptors, transactivation of tyrosine kinase-coupled receptors, generation of reactive oxygen species, and induction/secretion of other growth and survival factors. Additional growth effects mediated by changes in cell matrix are discussed. The temporal and spatial coordination of these events are shown to modulate the environment in which other growth factors initiate cell cycle events. Finally, the heterogeneous nature of VSMC developmental origin provides another level of complexity in VSMC growth mechanisms.
Pharmacokinetics of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Patients with Intra-Abdominal Disease: A Structured Review (2012)

Most of the available data demonstrate that drug volume of distribution can be increased significantly in the presence of intra-abdominal disease. Drug clearance is likely to vary in line with renal or hepatic function. Thus, dose optimization is important to prevent development of antibiotic resistance or therapeutic failure. However, further research is necessary to determine the clinical outcome of individualized dosing on the basis of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies.
Convulsive Disorders (1991)

Status epilepticus (SE) remains one of the most serious disorders affecting the central nervous system. Recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of the brain damage produced by SE make even more apparent the need to quickly terminate this condition, prevent its recurrence, and treat its complications. Intracellular calcium concentrations rise, prompting a cascade of excitotoxic consequences. Therapy for SE currently consists of agents which stop seizures (benzodiazepines, phenytoin, barbiturates). This review discusses their use in SE.
Evaluation of Different Methodologies to Determine the Molecular Weight of Petroleum Fractions (2011)

The correct characterization of petroleum fractions is crucial to correctly describe the processes in which they are involved. Most of the properties required to complete the characterization of these mixtures can be determined by well established methods. However, in the case of molecular weight, it is frequently determined by empirical correlations because of the scarcity of reliable methods. This work aims at evaluating the suitability of different techniques to calculate the molecular weight of petroleum mixtures. Cuts from three different crude oils within the whole range of boiling temperatures were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and high temperature gas chromatography (HT-GC). The former is a direct methodology to obtain the molecular weight. The latter, however, requires a process calculation as it yields the distillation curve, which must be converted into composition distribution. In this work, this calculation was performed by means of two continuous distribution models of different complexity. The molecular weight values obtained by GPC and HT-GC-based models were in good agreement, despite their different approach.
Context-phonebook extending mobile phone applications with context (2001)

Today people use mobile phones to make calls and to receive calls anytime and anywhere. This gives the user a lot of freedom but also introduces that the phone can interrupt the user always and everywhere. In our work we implemented a phonebook that contains additionally to the phone number also context information, such as details on the users connection status, availability preferences, or location.
The Invisible Problem: The Incidence of Olfactory Impairment following Traumatic Brain Injury (2015)

Background and aims: As many as 50–60% of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) admitted to rehabilitation facilities may have olfactory impairment (OI). These incidence estimates are derived from studies conducted internationally and there is no comparable data available in the Australian context. The primary aim of this study was to identify the incidence of OI following TBI in a consecutive sample of adults admitted to the Epworth Hospital Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program in Victoria, Australia. A secondary aim was to investigate whether age, duration of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) and presence of facial fractures made a significant contribution to the prediction of severity of OI. Method: The sample comprised 134 adults (mean age 39.09 years, SD 18.36), the majority of whom had sustained moderate to severe injury (PTA mean 21.57 days, SD 18.78). OI was measured using the Pocket Smell Test (PST) and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Results: Seventy-three participants (54.48%) demonstrated OI on the PST whereas 89 (66.42%) demonstrated OI on the UPSIT. Age, PTA duration, and presence of facial fractures predicted 10.3% of the variance in severity of OI. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of adults admitted for rehabilitation following TBI has OI. Accurate assessment and appropriate management of post-traumatic OI must be incorporated into rehabilitation programs.
Application of Limulus Test (G Pathway) for the Detection of Different Conformers of (1.RAR.3)-.BETA.-D-Glucans. (1993)

The reactivity of factor G mediated coagulation pathway in limulus amebocyte lysate which is triggered by (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans is thought to depend on the structure of the glucans, especially on the ultrastructure: triple helix, single helix and random coil. We used Sonifilan (SPG) and grifolan (GRN) as parent compounds to compare the reactivities of these three conformers. Under a neutral condition, alkaline treated SPG (SPG-OH, single helix) and polycarboxylated SPG (PC-SPG, random coil) showed significantly stronger reactivity than untreated SPG (triple helix). After the alkaline treatment, all three conformers showed comparable reactivities. It is suggested that the pretreatment of the glucan preparations by sodium hydroxide is quite important to compare quantitatively the reactivity of the glucans by limulus test, and comparing the data of untreated and alkaline treated glucans would provide information about their conformations. Using this approach, it was found that after heat treatment at around 150 degrees C, the conformation of GRN was changed to rich in the triple helix, and that following sodium hydroxide treatment and dialysis of GRN, the conformation of GRN was changed to single helix rich conformer. About half of the single helix conformer was gradually changed to triple helix conformer over one week at 4 degrees C.
Magnetoresistance oscillations in double ferromagnetic tunnel junctions with layered ferromagnetic nanoparticles (2000)

Tunnel magnetoresistance in double tunnel junctions with layered ferromagnetic nanoparticles was investigated. The sample comprises two ferromagnetic electrodes (CoFe/Fe) separated by an Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ insulating layer in which layered Co/sub 80/Pt/sub 20/ nanoparticles are embedded. The nanoparticles are ellipsoidal with an average diameter of 3.7 nm, and composes a well-defined layer. At 10 K, we observed magnetoresistance oscillation with respect to the bias voltage. The observed TMR oscillation, with a period of 1.6 mV, accompanied oscillations of the conductance. We consider that the conductance oscillation may originate from the single electron charging effect.
Techniques for the determination of the polarization properties of precipitation (1979)

Experimental techniques related to the use of a polarization diversity radar and a short transmission link are discussed. The equipment, operated at 16.5 GHz, located at Ottawa, Ontario, is for the observation of rain and other hydrometeors. Components related to the radar's polarization capability include the antenna and polarizer, a dual‐channel receiving system with power and correlation detection, and a 12‐gate video processor. There is a discussion of calibrations, errors, and extraneous effects.
Evolution with Temperature of Crystalline and Amorphous Phases in Porcelain Stoneware (2008)

Porcelain stoneware tile is a ceramic building material characterized by high technological properties, especially regarding water absorption, chemical and frost resistance, bending strength and abrasion resistance. Because mineralogy is one of the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of porcelain stoneware, a complete determination and quantification of the mineral and amorphous phases is of special importance in the study of porcelain stoneware tiles. In the present work, a reference industrial composition (50% kaolinitic clay, 40% feldspar, and 10% quartz) of porcelain stoneware tiles fired at different temperatures (400°–1400°C) was characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction combined with quantitative full‐phase analysis using the Rietveld method, including amorphous content. The green composition contained albite, microcline, and muscovite as fluxing agents, which start to decompose at low temperatures (400°–800°C range) and are completely dissolved above 1200°C. The mullite phase is formed from 1100° to 1230°C and at the latter temperature, quartz particles start to dissolve. Studies of mineralogical evolution have revealed that the high heating rate (45°–50°C/min) required in ceramic tile manufacture leads to significant differences in comparisons with whiteware ceramics fired at a lower heating rate (10°C/min). Thus, the formation of mullite in porcelain stoneware occurs at higher temperatures (1100°C) whereas the transformation of β‐quartz to β‐cristobalite does not take place. The experimental results of this study show that qualitative mineralogical analysis, based on the intensity of a particular diffraction peak for each crystalline phase, is a suitable methodology to obtain preliminary knowledge of mineralogical changes with temperature.
Cyclic AMP plays a critical role in C3a-receptor–mediated regulation of dendritic cells in antigen uptake and T-cell stimulation (2008)

The biochemical basis for complement acting directly on antigen-presenting cells to enhance their function in T-cell stimulation has been unclear. Here we present evidence that engagement of C3a receptor (C3aR) on the surface of dendritic cells (DCs) leads to alterations in the level of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a potent negative regulator of inflammatory cytokines. C3aR activation-induced depression of cAMP was associated with enhanced capacity of DCs for antigen uptake and T-cell stimulation. Conversely, C3aR-deficient DCs showed elevation of cAMP and impaired properties for antigen uptake and immune stimulation. Similarities in the phenotype of C3-deficient and C3aR-deficient DCs suggest that local production of C3 with extracellular metabolism to C3a is an important driver of DC alterations in cAMP. The finding of a link between complement and adaptive immune stimulation through cAMP offers new insight into how innate and adaptive immunity combine to generate efficient effector and memory responses.
Control-flow speculation through value prediction for superscalar processors (1999)

In this paper, we introduce a new branch predictor that predicts the outcomes of branches by predicting the value of their inputs and performing an early computation of their results according to the predicted values. The design of a hybrid predictor comprising our branch predictor and a correlating branch predictor is presented. We also propose a new selector that chooses the most reliable prediction for each branch. This selector is based on the path followed to reach the branch. Results for immediate updates show a significant improvement with respect to a conventional hybrid predictor for different size configurations. In addition, the proposed hybrid predictor with a size of 8 KB achieves the same miss ratio as a conventional one of 64 KB. Performance evaluation for a dynamically-scheduled superscalar processor, with realistic updates, shows a speed-up of 11% despite its higher latency (up to 4 cycles).
Lactate-pyruvate interconversion in blood: implications for in vivo tracer studies (1994)

We have evaluated lactate and pyruvate kinetics in whole blood or plasma by the addition of [1-13C]lactate (n = 5) or [1-13C]pyruvate (n = 5) and application of compartmental modeling to the resulting data. Pyruvate and lactate concentrations and tracer-to-tracee ratios were measured at frequent intervals for 45 min. Pyruvate and lactate tracer-to-tracee ratios equilibrated almost completely within 3-4 min in whole blood, whereas there was no isotopic exchange in plasma. The average rate of interconversion between unlabeled lactate and pyruvate was four to five times (pyruvate to lactate) and three to four times (lactate to pyruvate) the net production rate of lactate. We conclude that there is a very rapid interconversion between lactate and pyruvate in blood that has to be considered in the interpretation of in vivo tracer studies.
High Optical Absorption of Indium Sulfide Nanorod Arrays Formed by Glancing Angle Deposition (2010)

Indium(III) sulfide has recently attracted much attention due to its potential in optical sensors as a photoconducting material and in photovoltaic applications as a wide band gap material. On the other hand, optical absorption properties are key parameters in developing photosensitive photodetectors and efficient solar cells. In this work, we show that indium sulfide nanorod arrays produced by the glancing angle deposition technique have superior absorption and low reflectance properties compared to conventional flat thin film counterparts. We observed an optical absorption value of approximately 96% for nanorods at wavelengths <500 nm in contrast to 79% for conventional thin films of indium sulfide. A superior photoconductivity (PC) response as high as about 40% (change in resistance upon illumination) was also observed in nanorod samples. This is mainly believed to be due to their high optical absorption, whereas only less than 1% PC change was detected in conventional thin films. We give a preliminary description of the enhanced light absorption properties of the nanorods by using the Shirley-George model, which predicts diffusion of light as a function of the roughness of the surface.
Clinical Indicators of Immune Restoration following Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (2002)

The course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is characterized by a progressive decline in immune function. The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has allowed patients to experience a significant degree of immune restoration when compared with the era before the availability of HAART. Multiple studies, which have employed sophisticated in vitro measures of immune function, have demonstrated improvement in CD4(+) lymphocyte (T4) responses to various opportunistic pathogens. In addition, for patients treated during acute HIV infection, HIV-specific T4 responses have been restored. By contrast, there are a limited number of in vivo measures of T4 function available to assess immune recovery following initiation of HAART. The primary measurement is an increase in CD4 lymphocyte count, the significance of which may be underappreciated. Delayed-type hypersensitivity testing to recall antigens and serological response to prophylactic vaccines may also have a role. This review discusses available markers of immune function and offers suggestions regarding their use in HAART recipients.
Quantitative model for the interecho time dependence of the CPMG relaxation rate in iron‐rich gray matter (2001)

A quantitative model is proposed for computing the dependence on the interecho time of the NMR relaxation rate in iron-rich gray matter obtained with a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence. The model consists of representing oligodendrocytes as identical magnetic spheres arranged in a spatially random pattern, and in approximating water diffusion as isotropic and unrestricted. Predictions of the model are calculated numerically using a Monte Carlo technique and, for the weak field limit, using an analytic formula. The model is shown to provide a good fit to experimental measurements of in vitro samples of monkey brain at field levels of 1.0 T and 1.5 T. These field levels are not sufficient to fully determine the model parameters, but it is argued that this may be possible at 3.0 T. The model is potentially of value for multiple-spin-echo MRI studies of iron-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. In particular, the model can be applied to correlate MRI data with the cellular distribution of iron in gray matter. Magn Reson Med 46:159-165, 2001.
Grating-assisted InGaAsP/InP vertical codirectional coupler filter (1989)

We report a novel wavelength selective coupler based upon grating-assisted forward coupling between two, nonidentical, vertically stacked InGaAsP/InP waveguides. Using a 14.4 μm period to provide phase matching between the asynchronous waveguides, we achieve a filter bandwidth (full width at half maximum) of 65 Å and coupling efficiency of ∼65% with a device length of only 1.0 mm.
The effect of sunglasses on ocular exposure to ultraviolet radiation. (1988)

Thirty-two pairs of inexpensive sunglasses were examined for their effectiveness in preventing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from reaching the eyes. The transmission of UVB (290-310 nm) by all of the sunglass lenses was less than 2 per cent. However, in measurements performed with mannikins wearing the sunglasses, up to 14.1 per cent of the incident UVR passed through to the eyes. When the sunglasses were moved 6 mm from the forehead, the per cent reaching the eyes ranged from 3.7 to 44.8 per cent. Although sunglasses are somewhat more effective than untinted prescription eyewear in attenuating ocular exposure, the amount of attenuation is highly variable and depends mainly on their size, shape, and wearing position.
Regulation of MHC Class I Transport by the Molecular Chaperone, Calnexin (p88, IP90) (1994)

Assembled class I histocompatibility molecules, consisting of heavy chain, beta 2-microglobulin, and peptide ligand, are transported rapidly to the cell surface. In contrast, the intracellular transport of free heavy chains or peptide-deficient heavy chain-beta 2-microglobulin heterodimers is impaired. A 90-kilodalton membrane-bound chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), termed calnexin, associates quantitatively with newly synthesized class I heavy chains, but the functions of calnexin in this interaction are unknown. Class I subunits were expressed alone or in combination with calnexin in Drosophila melanogaster cells. Calnexin retarded the intracellular transport of both peptide-deficient heavy chain-beta 2-microglobulin heterodimers and free heavy chains. Calnexin also impeded the rapid intracellular degradation of free heavy chains. The ability of calnexin to protect and retain class I assembly intermediates is likely to contribute to the efficient intracellular formation of class I-peptide complexes.