gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Introduction (1977)

One of the most striking impressions when travelling in Spain is the mixture of old and new. Gleaming new factories and blocks of flats stand within a few miles of villages virtually unchanged for hundreds of years. The most up-to-date industrial processes exist side by side with the use of the Roman plough and traditional threshing methods. One can hardly fail, also, to be conscious of the abruptness with which change has hit many parts of Spain. Blocks of flats stand starkly on the edge of towns, surrounded by fields, with none of the subtle gradations from town to countryside which characterise a slower rate of change. Complementary to this is the common sight in Central Spain of unoccupied houses in villages and even on occasion whole villages left empty while their previous occupants seek a new style of life in the towns.
High figure-of-merit SOI power LDMOS for power integrated circuits (2014)

The structural modifications in the conventional power laterally diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (LDMOS) are carried out to improve the breakdown voltage, on-resistance, gate-charge and figure-of-merits of the device with reduced cell pitch. The modified device has planer structure implemented on silicon-on-insulator which is suitable for low to medium voltage power integrated circuits. The proposed LDMOS consists of two gate electrodes placed vertically in two separate trenches build in the drift region and single source and drain contacts are taken on the top. The trench structure reduces the electric field inside the drift region and allow increased drift layer doping concentration leading to higher breakdown voltage, lower specific on-resistance, reduced gate-drain charge, and substantial improvement in the figure-of-merits. Using two-dimensional simulations, the performance of the proposed LDMOS is optimized and results are compared with the conventional LDMOS. Our simulation results show that the proposed device exhibits 110% higher breakdown voltage, 40% reduction in cell pitch, 19% lower specific on-resistance, 30% lower gate-to-drain charge leading to 5.5 times improvement in Baliga's figure-of-merit and 43% reduction in dynamic figure-of-merit over the conventional device.
The effect of alkali ion migration on the adhesion of sputtered chromium metallizations to glass (1986)

Alkali ion migration has been identified as a mechanism for the loss of adhesion of magnetron sputtered, chromium metallizations to glass. The onset of this mechanism of adhesion loss has been correlated with the power dissipated during the magnetron sputter deposition. It is proposed that the combination of substrate heating and electric fields produced during magnetron sputter deposition leads to alkali–ion migration to the chromium–glass interface, which affects the film adhesion. The concentration of alkali at the interface was measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that for 7740 Pyrex glass, the concentration of sodium at the interface was greatly increased over that at the substrate surface prior to sputter deposition. As a further test of this mechanism of adhesion loss, the adhesion of chromium films to glass was modified by the application of static electric fields to heated sputter coated specimens. Again, sodium was found to accumulate at the interface of poorly adhering films.
Studies in the Root and Shoot Growth of the Strawberry. I. (1926)

(1925). Studies in the Root and Shoot Growth of the Strawberry. I. Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 149-169.
Complementary classification approaches for protein sequences (1996)

We have studied five methods of protein classification and have applied them to the 768 groups of related proteins in the PROSITE catalog. Four of these methods are based on searching a database of blocks, and the other uses the frequently occurring motifs found in the protein families combined with a fingerprint technique. Our experimental results show that the block-based methods perform well when taking into account the probability of amino acids occurring in a block. Furthermore, the five methods give information that is complementary to each other. Thus, using the five methods together, one can obtain high confidence classifications (if the results agree) or suggest alternative hypotheses (if the results disagree). We also list those proteins whose current families documented in the PROSITE catalog differ from those suggested by our results. There are remarkably few of them, which is a testimony to the quality of PROSITE.
An Implantable, Synchronous Pacemaker for the Long-Term Correction of Complete Heart Block (1963)

An implantable, synchronous cardiac pacemaker for long-term correction of complete heart block has been developed. It has been successfully used in dogs for periods up to eight months. The performance of the pacemaker during normal sinus rhythm and atrial arrhythmias is illustrated with electrocardiograms. After implantation of the pacemaker, the dogs have returned to completely normal activity and have tolerated all physical exercises well. [see figure in the PDF file]
Catecholamine regulation of the prefrontal cortex (1997)

The catecholamines dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine provide an essential modulatory influence on the working memory and attentional functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The following critique reviews evidence that (1) either insufficient or excessive DA D1 receptor stimulation is detrimental to PFC function, while DA stimulation of the D2 family of receptors may contribute to detrimental actions in PFC and (2) that norepinephrine has an important beneficial influence on PFC function through its actions at post-synaptic, alpha 2A adrenergic receptors, but impairs PFC function through actions at alpha 1 adrenergic receptors. Critical levels of catecholamine stimulation may be needed to optimize PFC cognitive function; high levels of catecholamine release during stress may serve to take the PFC 'off-line' to allow faster, more habitual responses mediated by the posterior and/or subcortical structures to regulate behavior. These studies have relevance to our understanding and treatment of disorders with prominent symptoms of PFC dysfunction.
Elimination of Quantitative Trait Loci Equations in an Animal Model Incorporating Genetic Marker Data (1993)

An animal model for BLUP of additive effects at marked quantitative trait loci and breeding values does not require quantitative trait loci equations for animals that were not marker genotyped and do not provide relationship ties among genotyped descendants. An animal model in quantitative trait loci effects and breeding values is equivalent to a previous model in quantitative trait loci effects and residual breeding values. With no marker data, absorption of quantitative trait loci into breeding value equations reduces to the standard animal model for phenotypic data. With marker data on some animals. quantitative trait loci equations for animals without marker data and not providing relationship ties among genotyped descendants can be eliminated. Resulting mixed model equations contain the inverse of a variance-covariance matrix among breeding values and remaining quantitative trait loci effects. which can be computed directly. Quantitative trait loci effects of progeny with parental quantitative trait loci effects eliminated are linked to breeding values of parents. Animals without marker data may be ancestors and nonelite members of the current population. Hence, a substantial fraction of a population may not be genotyped. Then, the number of equations is reduced considerably.
Low-voltage CMOS and BiCMOS triode transconductorsand integratorswith gain-enhanced linearity and output impedance (1994)

CMOS and BiCMOS mode transconductors and integrators achieving a simulated THD of 0.03 % for differential input signals of 0.5 V peak to peak with a supply voltage of 2.5 V are presented. Small phase errors and high gm tunable by a factor of 10 allow the circuits to be used in continuous-time filters working at 100 MHz.
Mark‐Houwink‐Beziehung für Polytetramethylenterephthalat im Vergleich zu Polyethylen‐ und Polyhexamethylenterephthalat (1981)

Abstract Für Polytetramethylenterephthalat wird an Fraktionen—ausgehend von der Molekulargewichtsbestimmung mit der Absolutmethode der Streulichtmessung—die Mark‐Houwink‐Beziehung für das Lösemittel Phenol/1,2‐Dichlorbenzol (1 : 1) bei 25°C ermittelt, die—wie nachgewiesen wird—auch für übliche technische Polytetramethylterephthalat‐Produkte gilt. Zum Vergleich werden die [η]‐M‐Beziehungen für Polyethylenterephthalat und Polyhexamethylenterephthalat bestimmt. Die Werte für den Exponenten der Mark‐Houwink‐Beziehung nehmen in der Reihenfolge α PET < α PTMT < α PHMT zu; d. h. die thermodynamische Güte des Lösemittels Phenol/Dichlorbenzol nimmt mit steigender Anzahl an Methylengruppen der Diolkomponente zu. Aus den an den Fraktionen durchgeführten Viskositäts‐ und Molekulargewichtsmessungen werden die “ungestörten” Knäueldimensionen von Polytetramethylenterephthalat nach Stockmayer‐Fixman berechnet, die früher gefundene Werte bestätigen. Der für Polytetramethylenterephthalat ermittelte Behinderungsparameter zeigt, daß innerhalb der Polyalkylenterephthalatreihe Estergruppen die Polymerkette flexibilisieren, was auch für Polyester aus aliphatischen Dicarbonsäuren und aliphatischen Diolen bekannt ist.
Characteristic of Impact Behavior of Laminated Composite Plates due to Initial Stress (2011)

복합적층판은 다른 금속재료에 비해 높은 비강도, 비강성 등의 우수한 역학적 특성을 지니므로 최근 다양한 분야에서 사용하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 복합적층판은 일반 금속재료에 비해 충격에 약하다는 단점이 있다. 이 점을 해결하기 위한 연구는 많은 연구자들에 의해 다양하게 시도되고 있다. 본 연구는 복합적층판에 초기응력을 도입하여 충격거동 특성을 파악한다. 고전적인 이론식인 Hertz의 접촉법칙과 실험식인 Sun과 Tan의 압입법칙을 포함한 유한요소프로그램을 이용하여 복합적층판의 초기응력에 의한 충격거동 특성을 조사한다. Laminated composite plates have shown their superiority over metals in applications requiring high specific strength, high specific modulus, and so on. Therefore, they have used in various industry. However, they have poor resistance to impact compared to typical metal materials. To resolve this problem by many researchers for a variety of studies have been attempted. This study investigates characteristic of impact behavior of laminated composite plates due to initial stress. Using finite element program which involved the indentation law, we investigate characteristic of impact behavior of laminated composite plates due to initial stress.
High density digital recording using videocassette recorders (1983)

A high density 12 Mbit/s digital recorder using a commercial videocassette recorder (VCR) has been developed for use in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) systems. The recorder design emphasizes low cost, simplicity, and reliability. Partial response (1 - D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) signaling is used to obtain the most efficient use of the available bandwidth. In order to ensure consistent optimum performance of the system without requiring operator intervention, equalization, threshold detection, and gain control are all placed directly under microprocessor control. A clock recovery circuit using a digital phase lock loop designed to track the point of minimum intersymbol interference was developed. The performance of the system as a whole is discussed from the point of view of uncorrected bit error rates (BER's) and the stability of the processor-directed control algorithms.
Optimal security hardening using multi-objective optimization on attack tree models of networks (2007)

Researchers have previously looked into the problem of determining if a given set of security hardening measures can effectively make a networked system secure. Many of them also addressed the problem of minimizing the total cost of implementing these hardening measures, given costs for individual measures. However, system administrators are often faced with a more challenging problem since they have to work within a fixed budget which may be less than the minimum cost of system hardening. Their problem is how to select a subset of security hardening measures so as to be within the budget and yet minimize the residual damage to the system caused by not plugging all required security holes. In this work, we develop a systematic approach to solve this problem by formulating it as a multi-objective optimization problem on an attack tree model of the system and then use an evolutionary algorithm to solve it.
Role of Neutrophil Leukocytes in Cutaneous Infection Caused by<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2000)

Despite the high prevalence of cutaneous infections, little is known about the role of host immune responsiveness during Staphylococcus aureus dermatitis. We have recently described a murine model of infectious dermatitis induced by superantigen-producing S. aureus. To assess the role of neutrophils in staphylococcal dermatitis, mice were given granulocyte-depleting monoclonal antibody prior to and on several occasions following intracutaneous inoculation with staphylococci. The granulocyte-depleted mice that had been intradermally inoculated with S. aureus developed crusted ulcerations which tended not to heal, whereas animals injected with control monoclonal antibody displayed only minor and transient skin lesions. The finding of severe ulcerations in neutropenic mice correlated with a significantly higher burden of bacteria in the blood and skin during the early phase of the infection. Importantly, while mice with an intact granulocyte population showed only limited skin infection, bacteremia occurred in the great majority of the neutrophil-depleted animals. As a consequence, the latter individuals exhibited significantly increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and specific antibodies to staphylococcal cell wall components and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in the serum. Our data point to a crucial protective role of granulocytes in S. aureus dermatitis.
Revised estimates of human cochlear tuning from otoacoustic and behavioral measurements (2002)

We develop an objective, noninvasive method for determining the frequency selectivity of cochlear tuning at low and moderate sound levels. Applicable in humans at frequencies of 1 kHz and above, the method is based on the measurement of stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions and, unlike previous noninvasive physiological methods, does not depend on the frequency selectivity of masking or suppression. The otoacoustic measurements indicate that at low sound levels human cochlear tuning is more than twice as sharp as implied by standard behavioral studies and has a different dependence on frequency. New behavioral measurements designed to minimize the influence of nonlinear effects such as suppression agree with the emission-based values. A comparison of cochlear tuning in cat, guinea pig, and human indicates that, contrary to common belief, tuning in the human cochlea is considerably sharper than that found in the other mammals. The sharper tuning may facilitate human speech communication.
Tensile and Compressive Strengths of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete (1994)

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The mechanism of upstream activation in the rrnB operon of Mycobacterium smegmatis is different from the Escherichia coli paradigm (2005)

Mycobacteria are slow-growing bacteria with a generation time of from 2-3 h up to several weeks. Consistent with the low growth rate, mycobacterial species have a maximum of two rRNA operons, rrnA and rrnB. The rrnA operon is present in all mycobacteria and has between two and five promoters, depending on species, whereas the rrnB operon, with a single promoter, is only found in some of the faster-growing species. The promoter region of the rrnB operon of a typical fast grower, Mycobacterium smegmatis, was investigated. By using lacZ reporter gene fusions it was demonstrated that the rrnB operon contains a highly activating region upstream of the core promoter, comparable to other bacterial rrn operons. However, the results suggest that, unlike the situation in, for example, Escherichia coli, the activating mechanism is solely factor dependent, and that no UP element is involved.
An extremely compact electro-absorption modulator integrated DFB laser module for 100Gbps Ethernet over 75km SMF reach (2008)

One seventh miniaturized EA-DFB laser module with +/-100 ps/nm dispersion tolerance at 25 Gbps was demonstrated. Itpsilas the worldpsilas first module applicable to the small 100 Gbps Ethernet transceiver.
Mitochondrial mislocalization and altered assembly of a cluster of Barth syndrome mutant tafazzins (2006)

None of the 28 identified point mutations in tafazzin (Taz1p), which is the mutant gene product associated with Barth syndrome (BTHS), has a biochemical explanation. In this study, endogenous Taz1p was localized to mitochondria in association with both the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes facing the intermembrane space (IMS). Unexpectedly, Taz1p does not contain transmembrane (TM) segments. Instead, Taz1p membrane association involves a segment that integrates into, but not through, the membrane bilayer. Residues 215-232, which were predicted to be a TM domain, were identified as the interfacial membrane anchor by modeling four distinct BTHS mutations that occur at conserved residues within this segment. Each Taz1p mutant exhibits altered membrane association and is nonfunctional. However, the basis for Taz1p dysfunction falls into the following two categories: (1) mistargeting to the mitochondrial matrix or (2) correct localization associated with aberrant complex assembly. Thus, BTHS can be caused by mutations that alter Taz1p sorting and assembly within the mitochondrion, indicating that the lipid target of Taz1p is resident to IMS-facing leaflets.
Stability of adriamycin-induced DNA adducts and interstrand crosslinks (1995)

The stability of adriamycin-induced DNA adducts and interstrand crosslinks was measured at 37°C by three independent procedures. The loss of [ 14 C]-labelled adducts was described by two first-order decays with half-lives of 7.4 h (60% amplitude) and 39 h (40%). The loss of the drug chromophore also exhibited a biphasic character, with half-lives of 6 h (65%) and -150 h (35%). The decay of transcriptional blockages at an isolated, apparent interstrand GpC crosslinking site was described by two first-order processes, with half-lives of 3 h (65%) and 40 h (35%), whereas the decay of transcriptional blockages at an isolated guanine residue (apparent site of monoadduct) was completely described by a first-order decay with a half-life of 5.3 h. The loss of interstrand crosslinks was measured using a gel electrophoresis assay, and the decay was characterised by a single first-order process with a half-life of 4.7 h. Collectively, these values serve to define a model of the interstrand crosslink with unstable sites of attachment at both ends of the crosslink, with half-lives at either end being -5 and 40 h. The adducts exhibited increasing lability with increasing pH, and were particularly unstable at pH 12, with a half-life of −0.5 h. The adducts were also heat labile, with an overall melting temperature of 67°C (10 mm exposure) and this was also the thermal lability measured at three individual adduct sites probed by exonuclease.
Pathophysiology of isoprostanes in the cardiovascular system: implications of isoprostane‐mediated thromboxane<scp>A</scp><sub>2</sub>receptor activation (2014)

Isoprostanes are free radical-catalysed PG-like products of unsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, which are widely recognized as reliable markers of systemic lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo. Moreover, activation of enzymes, such as COX-2, may contribute to isoprostane formation. Indeed, formation of isoprostanes is considerably increased in various diseases which have been linked to oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), and may predict the atherosclerotic burden and the risk of cardiovascular complications in the latter patients. In addition, several isoprostanes may directly contribute to the functional consequences of oxidant stress via activation of the TxA2 prostanoid receptor (TP), for example, by affecting endothelial cell function and regeneration, vascular tone, haemostasis and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. In this context, experimental and clinical data suggest that selected isoprostanes may represent important alternative activators of the TP receptor when endogenous TxA2 levels are low, for example, in aspirin-treated individuals with CVD. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of isoprostane formation, biochemistry and (patho) physiology in the cardiovascular context.
Antimalarial activity of primaquine operates via a two-step biochemical relay (2019)

Primaquine (PQ) is an essential antimalarial drug but despite being developed over 70 years ago, its mode of action is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that hydroxylated-PQ metabolites (OH-PQm) are responsible for efficacy against liver and sexual transmission stages of Plasmodium falciparum. The antimalarial activity of PQ against liver stages depends on host CYP2D6 status, whilst OH-PQm display direct, CYP2D6-independent, activity. PQ requires hepatic metabolism to exert activity against gametocyte stages. OH-PQm exert modest antimalarial efficacy against parasite gametocytes; however, potency is enhanced ca.1000 fold in the presence of cytochrome P450 NADPH:oxidoreductase (CPR) from the liver and bone marrow. Enhancement of OH-PQm efficacy is due to the direct reduction of quinoneimine metabolites by CPR with the concomitant and excessive generation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, leading to parasite killing. This detailed understanding of the mechanism paves the way to rationally re-designed 8-aminoquinolines with improved pharmacological profiles.
Tree structures construction using key densities (1975)

Storage structure alternatives exist for structuring symbol trees. Sequential structure is used in Trie and linked list structure is used in Doubly Chained Tree. A model of hybrid tree structures is presented which employs storage structures at levels where they are most efficient. The model parameters are determined by the densities of key components. A related hit ratio problem is solved so that these densities can be estimated. Analyses are given to determine appropriate tree structures from the model.
The Current State of Business Intelligence (2007)

Business intelligence (BI) is now widely used, especially in the world of practice, to describe analytic applications. BI is currently the top-most priority of many chief information officers. BI has become a strategic initiative and is now recognized by CIOs and business leaders as instrumental in driving business effectiveness and innovation. BI is a process that includes two primary activities: getting data in and getting data out. Getting data in, traditionally referred to as data warehousing, involves moving data from a set of source systems into an integrated data warehouse. Getting data in delivers limited value to an enterprise; only when users and applications access the data and use it to make decisions does the organization realize the full value from its data warehouse. Thus, getting data out receives most attention from organizations. This second activity, which is commonly referred to as BI, consists of business users and applications accessing data from the data warehouse to perform enterprise reporting, OLAP, querying, and predictive analytics.