gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multidrug resistance mediated by the ATP-binding cassette transporter protein MRP (1998)

Resistance to multiple natural product drugs associated with reduced drug accumulation in human tumor cells may be conferred by either the 170 kDa P-glycoprotein or the 190 kDa multidrug resistance protein, MRP. Both MRP and P-glycoprotein belong to the large and ancient ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transport proteins but share only 15% amino acid identify. Unlike P-glycoprotein, MRP actively transports conjugated organic anions such as the cysteinyl leukotriene C4 and glutathione-conjugated aflatoxin B1. Transport of unconjugated chemotherapeutic agents appears to require cotransport of glutathione. MRP and several more recently discovered ABC proteins contain an additional NH2-proximal membrane-spanning domain not found in previously characterized ABC transporters. This domain, whose NH2-terminus is extracytosolic, is essential for MRP-mediated transport activity. This review summarizes current knowledge of the structural and transport characteristics of MRP which suggest that the physiologic functions of this protein could range from a protective role in chemical toxicity and oxidative stress to mediation of inflammatory responses involving cysteinyl leukotrienes.
Production of Pancreatic Beta-Cells from Stem Cells (2010)

Diabetes remains a major burden. More than 200 million people are affected worldwide, which represents 6% of the population. The success achieved over the last decade with islet transplantation suggests that diabetes can be cured by the replenishment of deficient beta cells. These observations are proof-of-concept and have intensified interest in treating diabetes not only by cell transplantation but also by stem cells. Regeneration of beta cells from stem and progenitor cells is an attractive method to restore islet cell mass. Pancreatic stem/progenitor cells have been identified, and the formation of new beta cells from pancreatic duct, acinar and liver cells is an active area of investigation. Protocols for the in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells based on normal developmental processes have generated beta-like cells that produce high levels of insulin, even though at low efficiency and without full responsiveness to extracellular levels of glucose. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can also yield insulin-producing cells following similar approaches. Some agents including glucagon-like peptide-1/exendin-4 can stimulate the regeneration of beta cells in vivo as well as in vitro. Overexpression of embryonic transcription factors in stem cells could efficiently induce their differentiation into insulin-expressing cells. Recent progress in the search for new sources of beta cells has opened up several possibilities for the development of new treatments for diabetes.
Fabrication and microstructure of high coercivity FePt thin films at 400 °C (2006)

L 1 0 phase FePt thin films deposited on MgO (100) single-crystal substrate with good (001) texture were investigated. Epitaxial growth of the FePt (001) films was observed with a deposition temperature of 400 °C. With ultrathin Ag intermediate layers deposited between FePt layers, the film structures changed from an interconnection network to an isolated-island character. The perpendicular coercivity of the FePt film dramatically increased from 6.5 to 32.5 kOe. The improvement of the magnetic properties may be attributed to the formation of island structures by the additive Ag in the FePt films.
Effect of unsteady natural convection on the diameter of drawn polymer optical fiber (2003)

This paper presents experimental results showing the effect various natural convection heating regimes have on the diameter of drawn polymer optical fiber. The airflow, adjacent to the polymer, can be either laminar, oscillatory, or chaotic, depending on the imposed thermal boundary conditions at the furnace and iris walls. When subject to oscillatory and chaotic natural convection, the drawn fiber varies in diameter 2.5 to 10 times more than that measured under laminar heating conditions. Particle image velocimetry shows that unsteady natural convection occurs with the interplay between two asymmetric counter-rotating convective cells. This represents a significant instability mechanism, one that has not been previously identified.
The Quest for an AIDS Vaccine: The State of the Art and Current Challenges (1991)

Despite intense efforts worldwide, using state-of-the-art methods and techniques and despite ever-increasing knowledge about the molecular and structural make-up of HIV, a practical vaccine against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has yet to be developed. The increasing use of recombinant DNA techniques and synthetic peptide technology has allowed many groups to identify at the epitope level the regions of HIV proteins which act as targets for (and stimulate) the immune response. Epitopes which stimulate and bind neutralizing antibodies have been examined in detail and an ever-increasing number of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes are being defined, as are potentially harmful (immunosuppressive or enhancing) domains. It still is not clear which of the different immune responses (or combinations thereof) it will be necessary to stimulate in order to protect from infection. Infected humans develop neutralizing antibodies, ADCC-inducing antibodies and CTL responses against a variety of viral proteins but it is not known which of these can control or prevent infection in vivo. The extensive knowledge of HIV and the immune response it elicits is being used to design and produce a wide variety of putative vaccines, ranging from whole inactivated virus, through recombinant organisms/proteins, to synthetic peptides although each has its inherent advantages and disadvantages. The very nature of HIV makes vaccine development difficult at best. However, recent successes using whole inactivated virus or virus-infected cells in the macaque simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) model system at least show that protection against lethal lentivirus infection can be achieved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Infrared liquid-phase chemiluminescence from reactions of bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate, hydrogen peroxide, and infrared fluorescent compounds (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared liquid-phase chemiluminescence from reactions of bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate, hydrogen peroxide, and infrared fluorescent compoundsM. M. Rauhut, B. G. Roberts, D. R. Maulding, W. Bergmark, and R. ColemanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 3, 330–335Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1975https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00891a014RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1080Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (709 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Optimizing Polymeric Nanoparticle Core Designs for Gene Delivery (2013)

Polymeric nanoparticles offer extraordinary promise as gene delivery vehicles, and recent advances in their designs have allowed for targeted deliveries with multi-stage releases of payloads. Despite these advances, delivery efficiency can still be improved. Namely, the core of a multilayered particle may be designed in such a way as to facilitate unloading once within the cell, with minimized electrostatic binding and waste of genes following endocytotic burst. Through creating a core particle that is semi-stable, further layers may functionally stabilize the polymeric complex until intracellular delivery is achieved, at which point the semistable configuration may promote payload release.
Two instruments based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) to measure accurate ammonia concentrations in the atmosphere (2012)

Abstract. We present two Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments built at RIVM: the RIVM DOAS and the miniDOAS. Both instruments provide virtually interference-free measurements of NH3 concentrations in the atmosphere, since they measure over an open path, without suffering from inlet problems or interference problems by ammonium aerosols dissociating on tubes or filters. They measure concentrations up to at least 200 μg m−3, have a fast response, low maintenance demands, and a high up-time. The RIVM DOAS has a high accuracy of typically 0.15 μg m−3 for ammonia for 5-min averages and over a total light path of 100 m. The miniDOAS has been developed for application in measurement networks such as the Dutch National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML). Compared to the RIVM DOAS it has a similar accuracy, but is significantly reduced in size, costs, and handling complexity. The RIVM DOAS and miniDOAS results showed excellent agreement (R2 = 0.996) during a field measurement campaign in Vredepeel, the Netherlands. This measurement site is located in an agricultural area and is characterized by highly variable, but on average high ammonia concentrations in the air. The RIVM-DOAS and miniDOAS results were compared to the results of the AMOR instrument, a continuous-flow wet denuder system, which is currently used in the LML. Averaged over longer time spans of typically a day, the (mini)DOAS and AMOR results agree reasonably well, although an offset of the AMOR values compared to the (mini)DOAS results exists. On short time scales, the (mini)DOAS shows a faster response and does not show the memory effects due to inlet tubing and transport of absorption fluids encountered by the AMOR. Due to its high accuracy, high uptime, low maintenance and its open path, the (mini)DOAS shows a good potential for flux measurements by using two (or more) systems in a gradient set-up and applying the aerodynamic gradient technique.
A novel Affibody bioconjugate for dual-modality imaging of ovarian cancer (2014)

An Affibody based dual imaging probe (PET and optical imaging) has been successfully developed. Dendrimer PAMAM G0 was used as a platform to assemble an NIRF dye, a metal chelator, and Affibody for dual modality imaging of ovarian cancer. Excellent tumor imaging quality was achieved in both modalities in the living tumor mice models.
Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Trazodone and Related Compounds in Drug Raw Materials (1994)

Abstract Liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of trazodone and 10 related compounds are described. An octylsilane column was used with a mobile phase of tetrahydrofuran–methanol–acetonitrile–0.5% trifluoroacetic acid (6 + 2 + 6 + 27) and detection at 248 nm. Minimum quantifiable amounts of the related compounds were less than 0.05% based on coefficients of variation of less than 10%. Total impurities in 5 raw drug materials were less than 1 %.
Enzymatic profile of Pseudomonas maltophilia (1982)

An enzymatic profile of 20 strains of Pseudomonas maltophilia was undertaken with conventional plate tests, API ZYM, and 4-methylumbelliferyl-conjugated substrates. All strains produced DNase, RNase, arbutinase, esterases and lipases, mucinase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, alkaline pyrophosphate diesterase, phosphoamidase, beta-glucosidase, leucine arylamidase, and acetatase and were hemolytic for horse, sheep, and rabbit blood. The majority of strains produced chitinase, hyaluronidase, albuminase, valine arylamidase, trypsin, alpha- and beta-glucosidases, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. API ZYM and 4-methylumbelliferyl-conjugated substrate assays are rapid, simple, specific, and sensitive and may be useful as diagnostic aids in the identification of P. maltophilia and other pseudomonads.
A reconfigurable multimode interference splitter for sensing applications (2007)

A reconfigurable multimode interference (MMI) coupler is demonstrated. The device operates by modifying the phase of the multiple images that are formed around the midpoint of the MMI section. This modifies the properties of the following set of images, and light can be directed to a specific output waveguide, which is therefore ideal to develop a reconfigurable MMI coupler. In our device the phase change is achieved by current injection, and therefore minimizing current spreading is crucial for optimal operation. A zinc in-diffusion process has been implemented to selectively define p-n regions and effectively regulate current spreading by controlling the depth of the zinc doping. Using this process, a reconfigurable 3 dB MMI coupler has been fabricated. Our experimental results revealed that the device can be easily set to a perfect 3 dB splitter using only 0.7 mA of current injection. In addition, the device can be adjusted all the way from a 90:10 to a 30:70 splitting ratio. The results are very encouraging since, to our knowledge, this degree of tuning of the optical power has never been experimentally demonstrated in MMI devices. Furthermore, this concept can easily be applied to a wide variety of semiconductor photonic switches that operate on MMI effects. © 2007 IOP Publishing Ltd.
<i>The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927-71</i>, by William Whitson with Chen-Hsia Huang (1974)

"The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927-71, by William Whitson with Chen-Hsia Huang." Canadian Journal of History, 9(1), pp. 119–120
Application of scalable visual sensitivity profile in image and video coding (2008)

Computational visual attention models have facilitated various aspects of the evolution in visual communication systems. In this paper, we apply the proposed computational model for scalable visual sensitivity profile (SVSP) to image/video processing. SVSP generates a hierarchy of saliency maps that simulate the bottom-up and top-down attention of the human visual system (HVS). It can detect the most significant visual information in a picture and spatially prioritize the information to augment the visual quality, such as in noise-shaping and region-of-interest (ROI) coding of JPEG2000. Furthermore, ROI scalable video coding (SVC) also benefits from the proposed SVSP due to its hierarchical nature, as multiple perceptually prioritized ROIs can be extracted by simply segmenting the SVSP in multiple thresholds in a scalable manner. It can be applied to automatically evaluate the quality for ROI scalability, and thus has the potential to reduce the workload of subjective tests for ROI SVC algorithms in the current MPEG activities. Extensive experiments are conducted to show the performances that justify the effectiveness of the proposed SVSP model.
Application of Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions in the Crystallization Separation (1996)

The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) has been applied to separate the hydrocarbon mixture. The RESS experiments for the naphthalene and phenanthrene mixture using supercritical carbon dioxide have been carried out to study the influence of various RESS conditions on separation as well as on morphology. High pre- and postexpansion temperatures enhanced the naphthalene composition of the precipitate more than the preexpansion solution composition. By diluting the preexpansion mixture with pure CO2 and then increasing the postexpansion temperature, an increase in the size of the particles precipitated from mixtures was found. Increasing continuously the phenanthrene composition of the preexpansion mixture solution, the shape of the crystals changed from flat-sheet (pure naphthalene) to needlelike (pure phenanthrene). Most of the experiments were carried out at the extraction temperature of 308.2 K and at the pressure of 14.0 MPa. The highest naphthalene composition of particles precipitated from the saturated fluid mixture (0.883 mole fraction of naphthalene) reached a 0.960 mole fraction of naphthalene at a higher postexpansion temperature than that of the eutectic.
Anticoccidial activity of Curcuma longa L. in broilers (2010)

Comparative efficacy of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) crude powder and salinomycin sodium on the occurrence of coccidiosis and growth performance of broiler was evaluated. A total of 90, day-old chicks were randomly divided into six groups. From first day onward, ration was supplemented with 1, 2 and 3 % turmeric powder in groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively, group 1 received salinomycin sodium @ 12 g 50 kg-1 feed while groups 5 and 6 were kept as infected un-medicated and uninfected un-medicated controls. First five groups were infected with Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts @ 1,00,000/chick at the age of 20 days. Body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio were investigated throughout the experimental period, and bloody diarrhea and oocysts excretions were investigated at the first and the second week after infection. Maximum coccidiostatic effect was observed with turmeric (3%) showing mild bloody diarrhea as compared to other infected groups receiving turmeric containing rations. This effect was comparable with a standard coccidiostat i.e., salinomycin sodium. Similarly, the weight gain in the groups treated with salinomycin sodium (2280g) and 3% turmeric (2293g) were also significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of infected control group (1955g). In the groups treated with ration supplemented with 3% turmeric powder and salinomycin sodium, the peak excretion of oocysts was delayed about 1 or 2 days relative to the control infected group. Concentration-dependent coccidiostatic effect of turmeric suggested that further studies should be carried out to determine the possible maximum safe levels of turmeric with least toxic effects to be used as coccidiostat.
Citreoviridins from <i>Aspergillus terreus</i> (1980)

Citreoviridin A (1a), one of the most dangerous mycotoxins, has ben found in extremely high concentration in the mold Aspergillus terreus. This fungus, one of the commonest organisms occurring in soil and on grain and sugar-containing foodstuffs, is also utilized in biotechnology. Compound (1a) is accompanied by similar metabilites.
A novel method to measure abrasion of solid tires (2016)

Peripheral velocity, floor surface, contact pressure and patch area, acceleration and deceleration, camber angle, turning and contact slip, and type of rubber compounds are key determinants of tire life. However, there is no accepted method to measure tire wear against the factors mentioned above. At present, tire life is determined through field tests. Other methods include the use of a drum-type apparatus with bonded abrasive paper or abrasive particles between the tire and the drum. The limitations of these methods include the time requirement and inaccuracies in data to enable accurate analysis of tire life. As a result, the tire manufacturers find it difficult to specify the tire life with adequate degree of certainty to the customers. This gives rise to the need for a standard method to assure the life of tires for the benefit of the customers and to conduct tests to help improve tire performance. The proposed apparatus has the facility to change the operating speed, surface and the load at which the tires are tested. The overall designed length, width and height of the machine are respectively 3,000 mm, 1,150 mm and 3,350 mm. Computer-based simulation results for design evaluation suggest that the stress and strain are within allowable limits under typical loading conditions. Prototype tests proved that wear of samples are in congruence with DIN 53516. It also proved that heat buildup is present when compared with drum test results. Construction and testing of the apparatus and calibration of it are proposed as future work.
In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry (1990)

Probes for In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry (M.E. Lewis and F. Baldino, Jr.). Detection of Messenger RNAs by In Situ Hybridization with Nonradioactive Probes (B. Bloch). In Situ Hybridization in Cells and Tissue Sections: A Study of Myelin Gene Expression during CNS Myelination and Remyelination (C.A. Jordan). The Use of In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry to Study Gene Expression in Mouse Neurological Mutants (G.D. Frantz and A.J. Tobin). In Situ Hybridization as a Means of Studying the Role of Growth Factors, Oncogenes, and Proto-Oncogenes in the Nervous System (M. Murray). The Use of In Situ Transcription in the Study of Gene Expression (J. Eberwine, I. Zangger, R. Van Gelder, C. Evans, and L. Tecott). In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry at the Electron Microscopic Level (J.-J. Soghomonian). Quantitative Analysis of In Situ Hybridization Using Image Analysis (A.J. Smolen and P. Beaston-Wimmer). Appendix. Index.
Identification of harmonic sources by a state estimation technique (1989)

A reverse power flow procedure is described to identify the sources of harmonic signals in electric power systems. Methods have been reported elsewhere to analyze the propagation of these harmonics signals throughout the network. Here the reverse problem of how to identify the source (and potentially the type) of harmonic signals is considered. Line and bus data at several points in the network are used with a least-squares estimator to calculate the injection spectrum at buses suspected of being harmonic sources. When energy at harmonic frequencies is found to be injected into the network at a bus, that bus is identified as a harmonic source.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Australian Wholesale Telecommunications Reforms (2018)

The Australian telecommunications market has been reshaped with the introduction of the National Broadband Network (NBN), arguably a short-term renationalisation of the fixed-access telecommunications infrastructure. The NBN rollout commenced in 2009 and is expected to be completed by 2021. The telecommunications market has evolved rapidly as the NBN has taken shape and it is anticipated that the telecommunications industry will seek a period of certainty following the NBN’s completion. This paper considers what the government of the day should do with the NBN after the NBN is built and fully operational in 2022. It discusses four options for the ownership of NBN Co beyond 2022 and describes arguments for and against each option. Telecommunications provides an essential service, is central to the nation’s participation in the global digital economy, and the management of telecommunications infrastructure is a national priority.