gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rhinovirus Infection Induces Expression of Its Own Receptor Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) via Increased NF-κB-mediated Transcription (1999)

Virus infections, the majority of which are rhinovirus infections, are the major cause of asthma exacerbations. Treatment is unsatisfactory, and the pathogenesis unclear. Lower airway lymphocyte and eosinophil recruitment and activation are strongly implicated, but the mechanisms regulating these processes are unknown. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has a central role in inflammatory cell recruitment to the airways in asthma and is the cellular receptor for 90% of rhinoviruses. We hypothesized that rhinovirus infection of lower airway epithelium might induce ICAM-1 expression, promoting both inflammatory cell infiltration and rhinovirus infection. We therefore investigated the effect of rhinovirus infection on respiratory epithelial cell ICAM-1 expression and regulation to identify new targets for treatment of virus-induced asthma exacerbations. We observed that rhinovirus infection of primary bronchial epithelial cells and the A549 respiratory epithelial cell line increased ICAM-1 cell surface expression over 12- and 3-fold, respectively. We then investigated the mechanisms of this induction in A549 cells and observed rhinovirus-induction of ICAM-1 promoter activity and ICAM-1 mRNA transcription. Rhinovirus induction of ICAM-1 promoter activity was critically dependent upon up-regulation of NF-kappaB proteins binding to the -187/-178 NF-kappaB binding site on the ICAM-1 promoter. The principal components of the rhinovirus-induced binding proteins were NF-kappaB p65 homo- or heterodimers. These studies identify ICAM-1 and NF-kappaB as new targets for the development of therapeutic interventions for virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
Assessment of Treatment Response by Total Tumor Volume and Global Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Using Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Patients with Metastatic Bone Disease: A Feasibility Study (2014)

We describe our semi-automatic segmentation of whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI (WBDWI) using a Markov random field (MRF) model to derive tumor total diffusion volume (tDV) and associated global apparent diffusion coefficient (gADC); and demonstrate the feasibility of using these indices for assessing tumor burden and response to treatment in patients with bone metastases. WBDWI was performed on eleven patients diagnosed with bone metastases from breast and prostate cancers before and after anti-cancer therapies. Semi-automatic segmentation incorporating a MRF model was performed in all patients below the C4 vertebra by an experienced radiologist with over eight years of clinical experience in body DWI. Changes in tDV and gADC distributions were compared with overall response determined by all imaging, tumor markers and clinical findings at serial follow up. The segmentation technique was possible in all patients although erroneous volumes of interest were generated in one patient because of poor fat suppression in the pelvis, requiring manual correction. Responding patients showed a larger increase in gADC (median change = +0.18, range = -0.07 to +0.78 × 10(-3) mm2/s) after treatment compared to non-responding patients (median change = -0.02, range = -0.10 to +0.05 × 10(-3) mm2/s, p = 0.05, Mann-Whitney test), whereas non-responding patients showed a significantly larger increase in tDV (median change = +26%, range = +3 to +284%) compared to responding patients (median change = -50%, range = -85 to +27%, p = 0.02, Mann-Whitney test). Semi-automatic segmentation of WBDWI is feasible for metastatic bone disease in this pilot cohort of 11 patients, and could be used to quantify tumor total diffusion volume and median global ADC for assessing response to treatment.
The CD8 T‐cell response during tolerance induction in liver transplantation (2016)

Both experimental and clinical studies have shown that the liver possesses unique tolerogenic properties. Liver allografts can be spontaneously accepted across complete major histocompatibility mismatch in some animal models. In addition, some liver transplant patients can be successfully withdrawn from immunosuppressive medications, developing 'operational tolerance'. Multiple mechanisms have been shown to be involved in inducing and maintaining alloimmune tolerance associated with liver transplantation. Here, we focus on CD8 T-cell tolerance in this setting. We first discuss how alloreactive cytotoxic T-cell responses are generated against allografts, before reviewing how the liver parenchyma, donor passenger leucocytes and the host immune system function together to attenuate alloreactive CD8 T-cell responses to promote the long-term survival of liver transplants.
Post‐Fordist ideologies and education (1991)

(1991). Post‐Fordist ideologies and education. Melbourne Studies in Education: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 35-44.
Solvent-Free Synthesis of Cyanohydrin Derivatives Catalysed by Triethylamine (2005)

A very simple one-step environmentally friendly procedure for the synthesis of O-substituted cyanohydrins from aldehydes and ketones, in the absence of solvent, employing minimum amounts of the corresponding cyanides has been optimised. Aldehydes react more rapidly than ketones using triethylamine as catalyst offering in both cases almost quantitative yields of the corresponding O-trimethylsilyl, O-methoxycarbonyl, O-benzoyl and O-acetyl cyanohydrins.
Prolyl Endopeptidase: Inhibition <i>In Vivo</i> by <i>N</i>‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐Prolyl‐Prolinal (1984)

The activity of prolyl endopeptidase in homogenates of mouse tissues was determined 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-prolyl-prolinal (1.25 mg/kg), a potent transition state analog inhibitor (K1 = 14 nM) of prolyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26). A more than 85% decrease of enzyme activity was obtained in all tissues. The in vivo degradation of potential prolyl endopeptidase substrates was studied by following the release of sulfamethoxazole from N-benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-prolyl-sulfamethoxazole, a model synthetic substrate of the enzyme. When this substrate was given intraperitoneally, its enzymatic degradation was blocked after administration of the inhibitor in a dose- and time-dependent manner, indicating inhibition of the enzyme in vivo. Of interest is the long duration of the inhibition. After a relatively low inhibitor dose (5 mg/kg) significant inhibition was seen in most tissues even after 6 h. The brain was particularly sensitive to the effect of the inhibitor. Since prolyl endopeptidase readily degrades many proline-containing neuropeptides, the inhibitor should be of value in studies on the role of the enzyme in neuropeptide metabolism.
Evaluation and role of rheological properties in sludge management (1997)

Rheological characterization of sludges represents one of the few examples of fundamentally derivable properties that has also been successfully related to actual sludge treatment processes. In understanding the relevance and utility of sludge rheology for practical applications, an historical perspective is of some initial value, and this paper summarizes previous developments in the rheological characterization of sludges and other non-Newtonian slurries, both from a theoretical and empirical perspective. In both cases, attention is brought to subtleties that must be considered if uniform and consistent rheological descriptions are to be obtained. Causes of the complex and variable rheological properties observed in sludges are then considered, with attention brought to particular aspects of upstream processes where some influence on sludge viscosity might be exerted. Finally, some practical aspects of rheometry are described. Recent research suggests that a variety of methods for sludge characterization and process optimization can be based on rheological measurements. Examples are presented that utilize both complex and relatively simplified technologies for this purpose, and some predictions are attempted of the probable directions for future developments. Internationally, approaches have differed and, while this diverse and competitive environment favors technological advances, the paper concludes by pointing out the need for consistency in rheological methods where fundamentally based parameters or regulatory concerns may be involved.
Deciphering osteoarthritis genetics across 826,690 individuals from 9 populations (2021)

Osteoarthritis affects over 300 million people worldwide. Here, we conduct a genome-wide association study meta-analysis across 826,690 individuals (177,517 with osteoarthritis) and identify 100 independently associated risk variants across 11 osteoarthritis phenotypes, 52 of which have not been associated with the disease before. We report thumb and spine osteoarthritis risk variants and identify differences in genetic effects between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints. We identify sex-specific and early age-at-onset osteoarthritis risk loci. We integrate functional genomics data from primary patient tissues (including articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and osteophytic cartilage) and identify high-confidence effector genes. We provide evidence for genetic correlation with phenotypes related to pain, the main disease symptom, and identify likely causal genes linked to neuronal processes. Our results provide insights into key molecular players in disease processes and highlight attractive drug targets to accelerate translation.
Polysaccharide mimicry of the epitope of the broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibody, 2G12, induces enhanced antibody responses to self oligomannose glycans (2010)

Immunologically, "self" carbohydrates protect the HIV-1 surface glycoprotein, gp120, from antibody recognition. However, one broadly neutralizing antibody, 2G12, neutralizes primary viral isolates by direct recognition of Manalpha1-->2Man motifs formed by the host-derived oligomannose glycans of the viral envelope. Immunogens, capable of eliciting antibodies of similar specificity to 2G12, are therefore candidates for HIV/AIDS vaccine development. In this context, it is known that the yeast mannan polysaccharides exhibit significant antigenic mimicry with the glycans of HIV-1. Here, we report that modulation of yeast polysaccharide biosynthesis directly controls the molecular specificity of cross-reactive antibodies to self oligomannose glycans. Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannans are typically terminated by alpha1-->3-linked mannoses that cap a Manalpha1-->2Man motif that otherwise closely resembles the part of the oligomannose epitope recognized by 2G12. Immunization with S. cerevisiae deficient for the alpha1-->3 mannosyltransferase gene (DeltaMnn1), but not with wild-type S. cerevisiae, reproducibly elicited antibodies to the self oligomannose glycans. Carbohydrate microarray analysis of DeltaMnn1 immune sera revealed fine carbohydrate specificity to Manalpha1-->2Man units, closely matching that of 2G12. These specificities were further corroborated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with chemically defined glycoforms of gp120. These antibodies exhibited remarkable similarity in the carbohydrate specificity to 2G12 and displayed statistically significant, albeit extremely weak, neutralization of HIV-1 compared to control immune sera. These data confirm the Manalpha1-->2Man motif as the primary carbohydrate neutralization determinant of HIV-1 and show that the genetic modulation of microbial polysaccharides is a route towards immunogens capable of eliciting antibody responses to the glycans of HIV-1.
Fatty acid patterns in human adipose tissue (1965)

The sections in this article are: 1 Methods 1.1 Adipose Fatty Acid Analysis Without the Use of GLC 1.2 Adipose Fatty Acid Analysis With GLC 1.3 Obtaining the Sample 2 Results 2.1 Average Values and the Sampling Error 2.2 Adipose Composition in Disease 2.3 Dietary Effects on Adipose Composition 2.4 Rate of Adipose Change Under Influence of Diet 2.5 Effect of Weight Reduction 2.6 Adipose Composition of the Newborn
An On-Site Thermoelectric Cooling Device for Cryotherapy and Control of Skin Blood Flow (2015)

Cryotherapy involves the surface application of low temperatures to enhance the healing of soft tissue injuries. Typical devices embody a remote source of chilled water that is pumped through a circulation bladder placed on the treatment site. In contrast, the present device uses thermoelectric refrigeration modules to bring the cooling source directly to the tissue to be treated, thereby achieving significant improvements in control of therapeutic temperature while having a reduced size and weight. A prototype system was applied to test an oscillating cooling and heating protocol for efficacy in regulating skin blood perfusion in the treatment area. Data on 12 human subjects indicate that thermoelectric coolers (TECs) delivered significant and sustainable changes in perfusion for both heating (increase by (±SE) 173.0 ± 66.0%, P < 0.005) and cooling (decrease by (±SE) 57.7 ± 4.2%, P < 0.0005), thus supporting the feasibility of a TEC-based device for cryotherapy with local temperature regulation.
Viral infection induces cytokine release by beta islet cells. (1992)

Viral infection has been suggested to play a triggering role in the pancreatic beta cell destruction which occurs in insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM). However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown. In this study a human insulinoma cell line has been infected with measles, mumps and rubella viruses since a temporal association is reported between the clinical onset of IDDM and diseases caused by these viruses. The infection with measles and mumps viruses induced the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by the cell line as assessed by a bioassay and up-regulated the expression of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II antigens as evaluated by cytofluorimetric analysis. Stimulation with rubella virus induced the release of IL-6 only and had no effect on HLA antigen expression. These data show for the first time that IL-1 and IL-6 secretion by an insulinoma cell line may occur after viral infection and suggest that cytokine release and increased expression of HLA molecules by beta cells may act to induce the immune response towards beta cells in IDDM.
Copper metabolism in the acute inflammatory process and its possible significance for a novel approach to the therapy of inflammation. (1985)

The concentration and the total content of copper were evaluated in plasma, blood cells, liver and kidney of normal rats and in rats inflamed by intrapleural injection of carrageenan. The experimental disease was followed from zero time up to 10 days after the irritant injection. A statistically significant increase of copper concentration in both plasma and blood cells compartments was measured between zero and 72 h, followed by a prompt return to normal copper levels. On the contrary, copper concentration and total copper content of the liver did not vary throughout the experiment, whereas in the kidney both parameters were found slightly higher than normal 6, 8 and 10 days after the injection of the irritant. These observations are briefly discussed, and proposed as a valuable background to outline new strategies for anti-inflammatory therapy.
Synthesis of 2-fluoroadenine (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of 2-fluoroadenineCalley N. Eaton and George H. Denny Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 3, 747–748Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01255a062https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01255a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views279Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Comparative Analysis of the Ubiquitination Kinetics of Multiple Degrons to Identify an Ideal Targeting Sequence for a Proteasome Reporter (2013)

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the primary pathway responsible for the recognition and degradation of misfolded, damaged, or tightly regulated proteins. The conjugation of a polyubiquitin chain, or polyubiquitination, to a target protein requires an increasingly diverse cascade of enzymes culminating with the E3 ubiquitin ligases. Protein recognition by an E3 ligase occurs through a specific sequence of amino acids, termed a degradation sequence or degron. Recently, degrons have been incorporated into novel reporters to monitor proteasome activity; however only a limited few degrons have successfully been incorporated into such reporters. The goal of this work was to evaluate the ubiquitination kinetics of a small library of portable degrons that could eventually be incorporated into novel single cell reporters to assess proteasome activity. After an intensive literary search, eight degrons were identified from proteins recognized by a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases and incorporated into a four component degron-based substrate to comparatively calculate ubiquitination kinetics. The mechanism of placement of multiple ubiquitins on the different degron-based substrates was assessed by comparing the data to computational models incorporating first order reaction kinetics using either multi-monoubiquitination or polyubiquitination of the degron-based substrates. A subset of three degrons was further characterized to determine the importance of the location and proximity of the ubiquitination site lysine with respect to the degron. Ultimately, this work identified three candidate portable degrons that exhibit a higher rate of ubiquitination compared to peptidase-dependent degradation, a desired trait for a proteasomal targeting motif.
Cyclization of 2-Aminopyridine Derivatives. I. Substituted Ethyl 2-Pyridylaminomethylenemalonates<sup>1,2</sup> (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclization of 2-Aminopyridine Derivatives. I. Substituted Ethyl 2-Pyridylaminomethylenemalonates1,2Gerald R. LappinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 10, 3348–3350Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01190a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01190a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views576Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reductions and Oppenauer Oxidations: An Integrated Approach (1994)

The reaction mechanism of Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley-Oppenauer (MPVO) reactions proceeds in most cases via a cyclic six-membered transition state in which both reductant and oxidant are coordinated to the metal centre of a metal alkoxide catalyst. Thermodynamics gives insight into the strength of reductants and oxidants and yields quantitative information about equilibrium conversions that may be reached in a specific MPVO reaction. In aluminium-catalysed MPVO reactions, ligand exchange dominates the rate of reaction. In lanthanide-catalysed MPVO reactions, ligand exchange is much faster and reaction rates, therefore, are determined by either ligand exchange, hydride transfer, or both. Traditional aluminium catalysts usually show too slow ligand exchange to enable the use of catalytic amounts. Alkali and alkaline-earth metals have very high ligand exchange rates, but low charge density (Na, K) or low coordination number (Li) mostly prevents catalytic use in this case, too. Promising results are reported for lanthanide catalysts and zirconium complexes and their hafnium analogues, in which good Lewis acidic character is combined with excellent ligand exchangeabilities. Metal alkoxide catalysts can be prepared by several methods. Direct synthesis proceeds via metals or anhydrous metal halides. Exchange of the alkoxide group can be achieved by alcoholysis or transesterification. Several heterogeneous systems have been developed, with advantages like easy catalyst handling, workup, and recycling. Here again, lanthanide and zirconium catalysts seem very promising. Various examples of selective reactions are given. Chemo- and regioselectivity were found almost immediately after discovery of the MPVO reactions, especially in the synthesis of steroids and other bio-related compounds. Elegant modern examples show regio- and stereoselectivity in various forms. Recently, highly enantioselective MPV reduction has been reported, in which the catalyst was a chiral lanthanide(III) alkoxide. 1. Introduction 2. Mechanism and Related Reactions 2.1. Reaction Mechanism 2.2. Side Reactions 3. Thermodynamics, Selection of Oxidants and Reductants 4. Metal Alkoxide Catalysts 4.1. Choice of the Metal Ion, the Ligands, and the Solvent 4.2. Preparation and Characterisation 5. Heterogeneous Catalysts 6. Selectivity in MPVO Reactions 6.1. Chemo- and Regioselective MPVO Reactions 6.2. Stereoselective MPVO Reactions 6.3. Enantioselective MPVO Reactions 7. Conclusions
Psychologists and Individual Rights (1974)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsSheldon AckleyCondensed from remarks made at a symposium on “Confidentiality and Individual Rights: Is the APA Code of Ethics an Infringement on the Individual's Right to Know?” at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., September 1971. The author is chairman of the New York Civil Liberties Union and Assistant to the President at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, where he teaches law and social issues.
National Cancer Incidence for the Year 2002 in Korea (2007)

Since the National Cancer Incidence Database was started, the annual percent change of cancer cases increased by 4.8% (4.1% for males, 5.7% for females) during 1999 approximately 2002. This value reflects the increase in prostate cancer for males and breast and thyroid cancer in females during 2002. The timely reporting of improved quality of cancer registration is needed for evidence-based decisions regarding cancer control in Korea.
Synthesis of the Tris-oxazole Ring System of Ulapualides (1990)

Using three molecules of serine, three sequential oxazoline cyclisation-oxidation reactions, i.e. 2→5, 7→9, 10→11, are used to elaborate the novel tris-oxazole ring system found in the ulapualide family, e.g. 1, of marine metabolites.