gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Next Improvement Potentials for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine - Tailor the Fuel Injection System to the Combustion Needs (2017)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Future diesel engine legislation Tier 4 / Stage V and EU6d demand further improvements to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> while keeping the already low NO<sub>x</sub> emissions levels. For US trucks a more strict limit of 0.2 g/bhp-hr NO<sub>x</sub> emissions need to be achieved. In this trade-off, system costs and complexity of the after-treatment are defining the constraint in which the common rail fuel injection system layout has to be defined. The increase of rail pressure was in the past the major step to control the soot emissions in view of low engine-out NO<sub>x</sub> emissions by applying massive EGR. With the on-going development of NO<sub>x</sub>-aftertreatment by Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), conversion efficiencies of up to 97% allow to reduce the EGR usage and rail pressure usage. In that context, the steepness of injection rate, the nozzle flow rate and the injection pressure are remaining parameters to control the NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. A shallow injection rate in combination with larger nozzle flow rates is beneficial to reduce the NO<sub>x</sub> emissions thanks to a reduced premixing of fuel with air. To study this effect, the latest solenoid injector with improved magnetic actuation is utilized. The influence of the steepness of injection rate is studied on a 6 cylinder heavy-duty Diesel engine on 3 representative part- load points of the WLTC cycle. Depending on the engine-out NO<sub>x</sub> emissions requirements, two scenarios are considered. In case of a strong NO<sub>x</sub> aftertreatment, the shallow injection rate steepness is beneficial for the fuel consumption. In case of less NO<sub>x</sub> aftertreatment, high EGR rates are required and soot emissions can be controlled through the steepness of injection rate.</div></div>
Delay-Rate-Distortion Model for Real-Time Video Communication (2015)

With the increased use of smart phones and mobile tablets, video encoding and streaming over wireless networks become a big concern. Real-time video service requires low end-to-end delay, which mainly consists of video encoding delay, queuing delay, and transmission delay. Previous works either assume video encoding delay to be constant or infinite and neglect it from end-to-end delay. However, encoding time has an effective impact on encoding rate (R) and distortion (D). Hence, the optimal R-D performance based on the assumption of infinite encoding time is neither accurate nor realistic. To achieve the optimal end-to-end performance under low delay constraint, we extend the traditional R-D model to a novel delay-rate-distortion (d-R-D) model, which quantifies the relationship among source coding time, rate, and distortion for IPPPP coding mode in H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC). On the other hand, a delay insensitive video communication application can afford hierarchical bidirectional prediction mode that introduces extra encoding delay than IPPPP mode in H.264/AVC, as it achieves higher encoding efficiency when delay is not a top priority. However, coding efficiency does not always increase with delay, and delay is not unlimited as well. How to maximize coding efficiency in hierarchical B mode with limited encoding time constraint is not a well-addressed problem. With the proposed d-R-D model, we can mathematically formulate this problem and provide a practical solution for the first time.
Speed tracking control via online continuous actor-critic learning (2016)

Due to complex and nonlinear dynamic model, speed tracking control with high precision and robustness is always a hard-deal task for autonomous vehicle control. In recent years, learning methods are gradually used to solve many complex control problems through the observed data from the real control systems. In this paper, a speed tracking controller is designed based on online continuous actor-critic learning. The input of the learning is the current vehicle state defined beforehand and the output is the actual brake or fuel command to track the desired speed. The online learning task is performed on a longitudinal model established based on the collected real vehicle data. An algorithm named continuous actor-critic learning Automaton(Cacla) is used for the policy learning. Simulation results illustrate that the designed controller is competent for tracking the expected speed with satisfied precision.
On the equivalence of the simultaneous and separate MMSE optimizations of a DFE FFF and FBF (1997)

There is great interest in the use of decision feedback equalization (DFE) to mitigate the effects of intersymbol interference (ISI) on wireless multipath fading channels. The coefficients of a DFE feedforward filter (FFF) and feedback filter (FBF) are usually adjusted based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion. The equalizer coefficients can be calculated by recursive adaptation or by direct computation based on a channel estimate. The equivalence of the simultaneous and separate MMSE optimization of the FFF and FBF of a finite-length DFE is established.
Broadband Networking ABCs for Managers: ATM, BISDN, Cell/Frame Relay to SONET (1994)

Communications Trends. Elements of Broadband Networks. LANs. LAN Internetworking. Broadband Technologies. Transmission. SONET Elements and Networks. MANs to WANs. Planning Considerations. Appendices. Index.
Effects of an adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor blockade in the nucleus accumbens on locomotion, feeding, and prepulse inhibition in rats (2003)

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) subserves behaviors governed by natural rewards, i.e., feeding or exploration, and has been implicated in control of prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating. The present study sought to determine whether a tonic stimulation of adenosine A(2A) receptors in the rat NAc is involved in control of spontaneous locomotor activity, feeding behavior, and PPI. To this end, bilateral microinfusions of a prodrug (MSX-3) (3 microg and 5 microg in 1 microl per side) of the selective A(2A) receptor antagonist MSX-2 or vehicle (1 microl per side) were administered into the NAc. Results show that blockade of intra-NAc adenosine A(2A) receptors by a high (5 microg), but not by a low (3 microg), dose of MSX-3 increased locomotor activity in an open field, reduced food intake, and delayed intake onset in food-deprived rats examined in a test cage with standard laboratory chow. Furthermore, PPI was significantly disrupted after intra-NAc infusion of 5 microg, but not 3 microg, MSX-3. These findings suggest that locomotor activity as well as intact PPI and feeding behavior rely on tonic activation of intra-NAc A(2A) receptors. The data add further support to the view that adenosine is a tonically active modulator of striatal function through actions on A(2A) receptors.
Container-based MQTT Broker Cluster for Edge Computing (2019)

This paper presents the implementation of an edge-based MQTT broker cluster, by using a lightweight container orchestration framework and a cluster of single board computers. The main goal is to deliver a low-cost, scalable and lightweight messaging solution to support communication between IoT devices in remote areas, where computational resources and network connectivity are limited. An intermediate layer of cluster server is developed to complement and support the collective processing of distributed MQTT brokers. This paper also presents the evaluations of the MQTT broker cluster in terms of message throughput, end-to-end latency and runtime performance of the system. The broker cluster is able to maintain an average latency of less than 10 milliseconds, and a worst-case latency bound of 52 milliseconds, showing that the microservice-based implementation is feasible for many latency demanding applications in the IoT edge-cloud environment.
Novel current-mode background suppression for 2-D LWIR applications (2005)

A new readout circuit involving two-step current-mode background suppression is studied for two-dimensional long-wavelength infrared focal plane arrays (2-D LWIR FPAs). Buffered direct injection (BDI) and a feedback amplifier are used for the input circuit and background suppression circuit, respectively. The readout circuit has been fabricated using a 0.6-/spl mu/m 2-poly 3-metal CMOS process for a 64/spl times/64 LWIR HgCdTe IR array with a pixel size of 50 /spl mu/m/spl times/50 /spl mu/m. The simple pixel circuit has a very small skimming error of less than 0.3% and low noise characteristics for an adequate calibration range and integration time.
Proteomics and integrative omic approaches for understanding host–pathogen interactions and infectious diseases (2017)

Organisms are constantly exposed to microbial pathogens in their environments. When a pathogen meets its host, a series of intricate intracellular interactions shape the outcome of the infection. The understanding of these host-pathogen interactions is crucial for the development of treatments and preventive measures against infectious diseases. Over the past decade, proteomic approaches have become prime contributors to the discovery and understanding of host-pathogen interactions that represent anti- and pro-pathogenic cellular responses. Here, we review these proteomic methods and their application to studying viral and bacterial intracellular pathogens. We examine approaches for defining spatial and temporal host-pathogen protein interactions upon infection of a host cell. Further expanding the understanding of proteome organization during an infection, we discuss methods that characterize the regulation of host and pathogen proteomes through alterations in protein abundance, localization, and post-translational modifications. Finally, we highlight bioinformatic tools available for analyzing such proteomic datasets, as well as novel strategies for integrating proteomics with other omic tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, to obtain a systems-level understanding of infectious diseases.
ChemInform Abstract: Isodidemnine‐1, a Cytotoxic Cyclodepsipeptide Isolated from the Tunicate Trididemnum cyanophorum (Didemnidae). (1987)

Abstract Isodidemnin‐1 is shown to be the major and the most cytotoxic product (against L 1210 leukemia cells) in the dichloromethane extract of the title species.
Cadmium Toxicity in Glutathione Mutants of<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2008)

The higher affinity of Cd(2+) for sulfur compounds than for nitrogen and oxygen led to the theoretical consideration that cadmium toxicity should result mainly from the binding of Cd(2+) to sulfide, thiol groups, and sulfur-rich complex compounds rather than from Cd(2+) replacement of transition-metal cations from nitrogen- or oxygen-rich biological compounds. This hypothesis was tested by using Escherichia coli for a global transcriptome analysis of cells synthesizing glutathione (GSH; wild type), gamma-glutamylcysteine (DeltagshB mutant), or neither of the two cellular thiols (DeltagshA mutant). The resulting data, some of which were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, were sorted using the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) orthology system, which groups genes hierarchically with respect to the cellular functions of their respective products. The main difference among the three strains concerned tryptophan biosynthesis, which was up-regulated in wild-type cells upon cadmium shock and strongly up-regulated in DeltagshA cells but repressed in DeltagshB cells containing gamma-glutamylcysteine instead of GSH. Overall, however, all three E. coli strains responded to cadmium shock similarly, with the up-regulation of genes involved in protein, disulfide bond, and oxidative damage repair; cysteine and iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis; the production of proteins containing sensitive iron-sulfur clusters; the storage of iron; and the detoxification of Cd(2+) by efflux. General energy conservation pathways and iron uptake were down-regulated. These findings indicated that the toxic action of Cd(2+) indeed results from the binding of the metal cation to sulfur, lending support to the hypothesis tested.
[Percutaneous vertebroplasty in the treatment of metastases. Technic and results]. (1989)

The authors studied 20 patients with vertebral metastases. They injected in these metastases orthopaedic cement by a percutaneous technique under local anesthesis. The results are good for 16 patients, nul for 2 patients and we observed 2 complications. The authors conclude that the best indication is the painy somatic lysis of a vertebra without peri-radicular tumor.
Effects of Anti-VEGF Treatment Duration on Tumor Growth, Tumor Regrowth, and Treatment Efficacy (2010)

In diverse preclinical models, continuous VEGF suppression provides maximal benefit as a single agent, combined with chemotherapy, or as maintenance therapy once chemotherapy has been stopped.
New insights into the topology of the scanning ribosome during translation initiation: Lessons from viruses (2016)

Location of the translation initiation codon generally requires scanning of the 43S ribosomal preinitiation complex (43S PIC) from the 5' of the mRNA. Associated RNA helicases can facilitate movement of the 43S PIC by removing secondary structure present in the 5' UTR of mRNA, which is required for codon inspection. The canonical RNA-dependent helicase eIF4A is directly involved in this process, as part of the eIF4F complex (eIF4G + eIF4A + eIF4E) that associates first with mRNA and then recruits the 43S PIC to initiate scanning. The topology and operational mechanism of the scanning PIC are probably the least understood aspects of the initiation step. Recent findings from translation of alphavirus mRNA, together with new biochemical and structural data of the 43S PIC, suggest a role for the ES6S region of 40S as the gateway for mRNA entry during scanning. The presence of eIF4G-eIF4A complex in this region, interacting with the incoming mRNA, supports a model where eIF4A could work ahead of the scanning complex during translation initiation. Here we present additional data supporting this model.
Network-aware source-adaptive video coding for wireless applications (2005)

Packet video transmission over wireless networks is expected to experience bursty packet losses due to noise, interference, multipath effects and the motion of mobile hosts. In order to achieve satisfactory end-to-end video quality in such an environment, we first demonstrate the necessity of adapting to both the source and channel dynamic information at the source encoding side using a combination of adaptive packetization and adaptive intra-updating. We then describe the implementation of an adaptive source encoder which can adaptively adjust its packetization scheme and intra-updating rate according to both the source motion information and channel feedback. Motion information is estimated by an exponential weighted moving average (EWMA) approach and channel feedback is provided by RTCP return packets. Finally, we demonstrate the advantages of exploiting source/channel dynamic information through selected simulation results. However, we show that imperfect channel feedback can sometimes be detrimental to system performance.
1 Einleitung (2018)

Forschungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung, inwieweit durch eine geeignete Druck- und Schwingungsmessung die Beurteilung der wirksamen Spülgasmenge und der daraus resultierenden Spülwirkung bei der sekundärmetallurgischen Behandlung von Stahlschmelzen möglich ist. Da eine direkte Messung der Spülgasmenge in der Spüldüse aufgrund der Umgebungsbedingungen schwer zuverlässig durchführbar ist, können mögliche Leckagen die tatsächliche Rührleistung stark verringern. Anhand eines Laborspülstands werden geeignete Messgrößen für die Bewertung des effektiven Volumenstromes identifiziert und anschließend auf den Einsatz im Stahlwerk übertragen. Für die Bewertung und Dimensionierung der erstellten Modellberechnungen wird die Modellierung des Wasserstoffgehalts der Schmelzen genutzt. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass diese Modellierung von Prozessgrößen auch geeignet ist, um Einflüsse und Eingriffe in den Prozess zu bewerten und somit zur Optimierung von ...
Managing and Reducing Behavioral Health and Performance Risks via Standardized Measures (2016)

Implement a focused, applied research program that delivers operational solutions to reduce risk and protect crew health, performance, and safety.
Characteristics of Phenomena in Powders Type RE<sub>2</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in High Temperature Annealing Conditions (2011)

The paper presents test results and characterizes the structural stability of powders, which form a mixture of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and gadolinium, based on rare earth zirconates. This mixture is provided to create thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) by spraying. The purpose of the tests was to determine the influence of temperature on reactions, occurring between those powders within a temperature range from 25°C to 1500°C, while such conditions were to simulate the conditions, which occur during creation of TBCs and they give an answer to the question concerning mutual reactivity of the powders. The requirements for new materials, provided to spray the TBCs, indicate the necessity to prepare the materials, which do not show tendency towards reactions with the Al2O3, formed during oxidation of Ni (Co) CrAlY, while this reaction is of type bond coat. The tests included differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of powder mixtures. Diffraction analysis was also performed before and after the tests have been finished. The DSC analysis results, obtained at a range of high temperature, did not show any thermal effects, which indicate a low level of mutual reactivity of the powders. However, the DTA analysis suggests presence of such effects at temperature close to 1300°C, and it indicates the necessity to verify exactly the obtained results. Results of the XRD measurement showed that after annealing process already at 1100°C the perovskite oxide of GdAlO3 was present.
Preparation of High Lithium Ion Conductive Glass-Ceramics Solid Electrolytes in the LiTi<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> System by the Mechanochemical Method and their Application as Coating Materials of LiCoO<sub>2</sub> (2008)

Amorphous fine powder in the Li2O-Al2O3-TiO2-P2O5 (LATP) system were prepared directly from a mixture of Li2O, Al2O3, TiO2, and P2O5 as starting materials using a mechanical milling technique at room temperature. LATP glass-ceramics were obtained by heat treatment of the mechanochemically prepared amorphous powder over the crystallization temperature. X-ray diffraction peaks due to LiTi2(PO4)3 and AlPO4 crystals for LATP glass-ceramics were observed. Thus, high lithium ion conducting LATP glass-ceramics solid electrolytes were prepared successfully from the mechanochemically prepared amorphous powder. The LATP glass-ceramic fine particles were investigated as coating materials of LiCoO2 cathode in lithium ion batteries. The LATP glass-ceramics coated LiCoO2 electrode materials exhibited a good charge-discharge performance for charging up to a high voltage (4.5 V vs. Li/Li+).
Requirement of plakophilin 2 for heart morphogenesis and cardiac junction formation (2004)

Plakophilins are proteins of the armadillo family that function in embryonic development and in the adult, and when mutated can cause disease. We have ablated the plakophilin 2 gene in mice. The resulting mutant mice exhibit lethal alterations in heart morphogenesis and stability at mid-gestation (E10.5-E11), characterized by reduced trabeculation, disarrayed cytoskeleton, ruptures of cardiac walls, and blood leakage into the pericardiac cavity. In the absence of plakophilin 2, the cytoskeletal linker protein desmoplakin dissociates from the plaques of the adhering junctions that connect the cardiomyocytes and forms granular aggregates in the cytoplasm. By contrast, embryonic epithelia show normal junctions. Thus, we conclude that plakophilin 2 is important for the assembly of junctional proteins and represents an essential morphogenic factor and architectural component of the heart.
Low cost wafer-level 3-D integration without TSV (2009)

Most of the wafer level 3-D technologies are using Through-Silicon Vias (TSV). The main barriers for these approaches are high cost, issues with electrical isolation within the Si via and the need of high investments for new equipment which is not used in WLP up to now. A planar integration technology of ultra-thin bare dice in a Wafer-Level Thin Film technology yield to a high-dense module will be presented here. This Thin Chip Integration (TCI) technology consists of one or more ultra-thin chips which are stacked on a larger sized standard thick chip and which are interconnected by a thin film routing. The wafer level thinning of the ICs to 20 - 40 mum leads to the integration of IC into a redistribution. The ICs are bonded on a carrier chip on wafer-level using Photo-BCB (Cyclotene 4000 from The Dow Chemical Company). A standard thin film multilayer which was developed for a redistribution process is realized in a planar fashion on top of the embedded system. The metallization is based on a Ti:W / Cu tie layer, which is subsequently electroplated. Photo-BCB is used as interlevel low k dielectric. The final metallization opens the possibility to stack a FC on top of the embedded chips. The final module consists of an embedded IC on a CMOS or sensor wafer with a third IC FC-bonded on top. An example of this approach is presented in details including electrical and reliability tests. All steps are done on wafer level enabling a low cost technology which can be manufactured using standard redistribution infrastructure already established in the packaging industry. This unique module concept can lead to new applications that would be not feasible before. It will lead the packaging world to new low cost 3-D packages.
Therapeutic response to CDK4/6 inhibition in breast cancer defined by ex vivo analyses of human tumors (2012)

To model the heterogeneity of breast cancer as observed in the clinic, we employed an ex vivo model of breast tumor tissue. This methodology maintained the histological integrity of the tumor tissue in unselected breast cancers, and importantly, the explants retained key molecular markers that are currently used to guide breast cancer treatment (e.g., ER and Her2 status). The primary tumors displayed the expected wide range of positivity for the proliferation marker Ki67, and a strong positive correlation between the Ki67 indices of the primary and corresponding explanted tumor tissues was observed. Collectively, these findings indicate that multiple facets of tumor pathophysiology are recapitulated in this ex vivo model. To interrogate the potential of this preclinical model to inform determinants of therapeutic response, we investigated the cytostatic response to the CDK4/6 inhibitor, PD-0332991. This inhibitor was highly effective at suppressing proliferation in approximately 85% of cases, irrespective of ER or HER2 status. However, 15% of cases were completely resistant to PD-0332991. Marker analyses in both the primary tumor tissue and the corresponding explant revealed that cases resistant to CDK4/6 inhibition lacked the RB-tumor suppressor. These studies provide important insights into the spectrum of breast tumors that could be treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors, and defines functional determinants of response analogous to those identified through neoadjuvant studies.