gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Skew brownian motion and a one dimensional stochastic differential equation (1988)

It is shown that, if a and b are strictly positive, then the SDE has no measurable solution
Multilevel active registration for kinect human body scans: from low quality to high quality (2017)

Registration of 3D human body has been a challenging research topic for over decades. Most of the traditional human body registration methods require manual assistance, or other auxiliary information such as texture and markers. The majority of these methods are tailored for high-quality scans from expensive scanners. Following the introduction of the low-quality scans from cost-effective devices such as Kinect, the 3D data capturing of human body becomes more convenient and easier. However, due to the inevitable holes, noises and outliers in the low-quality scan, the registration of human body becomes even more challenging. To address this problem, we propose a fully automatic active registration method which deforms a high-resolution template mesh to match the low-quality human body scans. Our registration method operates on two levels of statistical shape models: (1) the first level is a holistic body shape model that defines the basic figure of human; (2) the second level includes a set of shape models for every body part, aiming at capturing more body details. Our fitting procedure follows a coarse-to-fine approach that is robust and efficient. Experiments show that our method is comparable with the state-of-the-art methods for high-quality meshes in terms of accuracy and it outperforms them in the case of low-quality scans where noises, holes and obscure parts are prevalent.
Free Radical Polymerization of Styrene:  Mass Spectrometric Identification of the First 15 Nitroxide-Trapped Oligomers and Estimated Propagation Rate Coefficients (2002)

The first 15 addition products in the free radical polymerization of styrene initiated by AIBN have been trapped using a nitroxide trapping technique. In this experiment, the concentration of trap is maintained at a level sufficiently high to prevent the formation of high polymer yet low enough to allow competitive monomer addition to form the lower members of the propagation series before being trapped to form the oligomeric addition products. These oligomers have been identified and quantified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI−MS) in series with HPLC−UV. The observation of single chromatographic peaks for each oligomer indicates that the rate of formation of branched products is negligible. The results have allowed the first 14 individual propagation rate coefficients, kSn (n = 1−14), to be estimated based on the assumption that the successive trapping rate coefficients are constant. RSn• + S RSn+1•. The results show that at 75 °C kSn increases significantly from n = 1 to n = 3 and then stays constant to n = 7. The value of kSn for n = 3−7 is 6.5 ± 2 × 104 M-1 s-1. In the range n = 7−14, the value decreases steadily by a factor of about 2. The value at n = 14 is significantly higher than the IUPAC recommended value for high polymer of 565 M-1 s-1 at 75 °C. The rate coefficient for the addition of cyanoisopropyl radicals to styrene (n = 0) is 1.0 ± 0.4 × 104 M-1 s-1 at 75 °C.
Differential Immunoreactivity of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Benign, Dysplastic and Malignant Prostatic Tissues (1993)

To investigate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) presence in the prostate, monoclonal antibody (clone EGFR1) immunohistochemical examination of radical prostatectomy specimens was performed (n = 37). All prostatic specimens contained benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and/or dysplasia (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or PIN), as well as prostatic carcinoma (CaP). Areas of dysplasia were further categorized as to the basal cell layer and the luminal cell area. BPH, PIN, and CaP tissues in each specimen were analyzed by a single observer and graded on a scale from 0-4+. Fifteen samples were also analyzed for EGFr content utilizing a Cell Analysis Systems (CAS 200) image cytometer. EGFr immunoreactivity of BPH basal cells was significantly higher than EGFr immunoreactivity in areas of CaP (p < 0.001). EGFr staining of BPH basal cells was also significantly higher than that seen in PIN luminal cells (p < 0.001). Immunoreactivity of EGFr in PIN basal cells was significantly higher than in PIN luminal cells (p < 0.001). EGFr staining of basal cells in BPH tissues was higher than that seen in the PIN basal cell layer but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). The amount of staining present in PIN luminal cells was also significantly greater than in CaP tissues (p = 0.002). Quantitative image analysis utilizing the CAS 200 image cytometer was performed on BPH and CaP areas exclusively. EGFr immunoreactivity in basal cells of the BPH tissues was significantly greater than that seen in CaP tissues (p < 0.001). The decreased EGFr immunoreactivity in CaP may reflect a differentiating role for EGFr in normal tissues. Loss of EGFr influence may be associated with an increased proliferative state in PIN and CaP. Destruction or alteration of the epidermal grwoth factor receptor by a protease, such as prostatic specific antigen, may also explain our findings. At the present time the meaning of the different amounts of EGFr in the various types of prostate tissues is unknown.
Visual Scanning, Pattern Recognition and Decision-making in Pulmonary Nodule Detection (1978)

Eye movements were recorded while four subjects searched a set of 60 films, 24 normal and 36 abnormal for pulmonary nodules. Error rates, scanning patterns and the dwell time of fixation clusters on normal and nodule-containing areas of the film were studied. Using the assumption that prolonged dwell time indicates intensive processing of visual data, a model was developed for nodule detection that includes four steps: orientation, scanning, pattern recognition and decision-making. False-negative errors were divided into three classes: scanning errors, recognition errors and decision-making errors. Of 20 false-negative errors, 30% were considered scanning, 25% recognition and 45% decision-making.
A Formal Approach to the Analysis of Aircraft Protected Zone (2004)

The protected zone represents a region around a given aircraft that no other aircraft should penetrate for the safety of both aircraft, and defines the minimum separation requirements. In this paper, three major components of the protected zone and their interplays are identified: a vortex region, a safety buffer region, and a state-uncertainty region. A systematic procedure is devised for the analysis of the state-uncertainty region. In particular, models of trajectory controls are developed that can be used to represent different modes of pilot and/or autopilot controls, such as path feedback and non-path feedback. Composite protected zones under various conditions are estimated, and effective ways to reduce sizes of protected zones for advanced air traffic management are examined.
Equality for X Chromosomes (1995)

In many species, females possess two X chromosomes and males have one X chromosome. This difference is critical for the initial determination of sex. However, the X encodes many functions required equally in males and females; thus, X chromosome expression must be adjusted to compensate for the difference in dosage between the sexes. Distinct dosage compensation mechanisms have evolved in different species. A common theme in the Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans systems is that a subtle alteration of chromatin structure may impose this modest, but vital adjustment of the X chromosome transcription level.
Multi-carrier mobile TDMA system with active array antenna (1990)

A multi-carrier time division multiple access (TDMA) is proposed for the future mobile satellite communications systems that include a multi-satellite system. This TDMA system employs the active array antenna in which the digital beam forming technique is adopted to control the antenna beam direction. The antenna beam forming is carried out at the base band frequency by using the digital signal processing technique. The time division duplex technique is applied for the TDM/TDMA burst format, in order not to overlap transmit and receive timing.
Wheat Germ Agglutinin (1974)

Abstract Crystalline wheat germ agglutinin was prepared from unprocessed wheat germ by a new purification procedure. Its purity and some of its molecular characteristics were examined by a number of criteria. Sedimentation analysis gave a molecular weight of 17,000 ± 1,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 2.1 S when determined in 0.05 n HCl. At neutral pH, the agglutinin dimerizes with a molecular weight of around 35,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 3.6 S. Amino acid analyses indicate that the protein contains a high amount of glycine and half-cystine; none of the latter is present as cysteine. Three times crystallized agglutinin is devoid of neutral sugars. Equilibrium dialysis experiments using N-acetyl-[1-14C]glucosamine indicate that the agglutinin has 2-binding sites for N-acetylglucosamine per mole of the polypeptide chain with a dissociation constant of 7.6 x 10-4 m. This binding is highly specific. The β-1,4 di- and trisaccharides of N-acetylglucosamine showed higher affinities with apparent dissociation constants of 4.9 and 1.2 x 10-5 m, respectively.
Blending Effects on Polymorphic Crystallization of Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lactide) (2009)

The effects of miscible blending on the crystallization kinetics and crystalline structure of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). It was confirmed that the blends of PLLA and poly(d,l-lactide) (PDLLA) are miscible at all compositions. Due to the dilution effect, the crystallization of PLLA was hindered with the presence of PDLLA. The PLLA/PDLLA blends show the irregular or ring-banded spherulites. The polymorphic behavior of PLLA is influenced by the miscible blending with PDLLA. FTIR and WAXD data indicates that the formation of the α-form crystals of PLLA is favored in the blends. With incorporation of 50 wt % PDLLA, the critical temperature for the formation of α′- and α-form crystals decreases from ∼110 (of neat PLLA) to ∼80 °C. The factors affecting the formation of the PLLA α′- and α-form crystals were discussed from the thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. It was proposed that the formation of the metastable α′-form crystals of PLLA is kinetically preferential, while that of the thermally stable α-form crystals is thermodynamically favored. The blending effects on the crystalline structure of PLLA are ascribed to two factors, that is, the lowered equilibrium melting point and decreased crystallization rate.
Visual tree detection for autonomous navigation in forest environment (2008)

This paper describes a classification based tree detection method for autonomous navigation of forest vehicles in forest environment. Fusion of color, and texture cues has been used to segment the image into tree trunk and background objects. The segmentation of images into tree trunk and background objects is a challenging task due to high variations of illumination, effect of different color shades, non-homogeneous bark texture, shadows and foreshortening. To accomplish this, the approach has been to find the best combinations of color, and texture descriptors, and classification techniques. An additional task has been to estimate the distance between forest vehicle and the base of segmented trees using monocular vision. A simple heuristic distance measurement method is proposed that is based on pixel height and a reference width. The performance of various color and texture operators, and accuracy of classifiers has been evaluated using cross validation techniques.
Superdatabases for composition of heterogeneous databases (2003)

Superdatabases, which are designed to compose and extend databases, are discussed. In particular, superdatabases allow consistent update across heterogeneous databases. The general architecture of superdatabases is summarized, and some sufficient conditions to make the element databases composable are given. The design of a superdatabase capable of gluing the element databases together is described, and an implementation plan is sketched. Related work on many different aspects of heterogeneous databases is summarized and compared with the author's study.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Salicylaldehyde Azines as Fluorophores of Aggregation-Induced Emission Enhancement Characteristics (2009)

A series of salicylaldehyde azine derivatives were found to exhibit interesting aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) characteristics. In good solvent, all these compounds displayed very weak fluorescence, while strong emission was observed when they were placed in poor solvent. Moreover, the AIEE color of these compounds varied from green to red depending on the substituents on azines. Their in situ formation also promises potential applications in fluorescence sensing of hydrazine.
Identification of an endo- -N-acetylglucosaminidase gene in Caenorhabditis elegans and its expression in Escherichia coli (2002)

We report the identification, molecular cloning, and characterization of an endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A search of the C. elegans genome database revealed the existence of a gene exhibiting 34% identity to Mucor hiemalis (a fungus) endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo-M). Actually, the C. elegans extract contained endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. The putative cDNA for the C. elegans endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo-CE) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the Uni-ZAP XR library, cloned, and sequenced. The recombinant Endo-CE expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited substrate specificity mainly for high-mannose type oligosaccharides. Man(8)GlcNAc(2) was the best substrate for Endo-CE, and Man(3)GlcNAc(2) was also hydrolyzed. Biantennary complex type oligosaccharides were poor substrates, and triantennary complex substrates were not hydrolyzed. Its substrate specificity was similar to those of Endo-M and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from hen oviduct. Endo-CE was confirmed to exhibit transglycosylation activity, as seen for some microbial endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases. This is the first report of the molecular cloning of an endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase gene from a multicellular organism, which shows the possibility of using this well-characterized nematode as a model system for elucidating the role of this enzyme.
Diverse Biochemical Properties of Shp2 Mutants (2005)

Mutations in the Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 (PTPN11) underlie half of the cases of the autosomal dominant genetic disorder Noonan syndrome, and somatic Shp2 mutations are found in several hematologic and solid malignancies. Earlier studies of small numbers of mutants suggested that disease-associated mutations cause constitutive (SH2 binding-independent) activation and that cancer-associated mutants are more active than those associated with Noonan syndrome. We have characterized a larger panel of Shp2 mutants and find that this "activity-centric" model cannot explain the behaviors of all pathogenic Shp2 mutations. Instead, enzymatic, structural, and mathematical modeling analyses show that these mutants can affect basal activation, SH2 domain-phosphopeptide affinity, and/or substrate specificity to varying degrees. Furthermore, there is no absolute correlation between the mutants' extents of basal activation and the diseases they induce. We propose that activated mutants of Shp2 modulate signaling from specific stimuli to a subset of effectors and provide a theoretical framework for understanding the complex relationship between Shp2 activation, intracellular signaling, and pathology.
A real-time three dimensional profiling depth from focus method (1994)

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1994.
Estimation of Road Traffic Demand Elasticities for Mexico City, Mexico (2009)

A study was done to estimate price, income, vehicle stock, metro fares, and fuel-efficiency elasticities of the demand for road traffic in Mexico City, Mexico. Dynamic panel generalized method of moments (GMM) models are estimated with annual data from the 16 Mexico City boroughs for 2000 to 2004. The results show that the available instruments in both the difference and system GMM specifications are weak and the estimator is biased. The elasticities are therefore estimated with a static within-groups approach. The estimated medium-run traffic elasticity for fuel prices is -0.117, much smaller than the average estimates reported in the literature, a pattern also found for fuel-demand elasticities in Mexico City. These results suggest that a road user charge equivalent to 10% of the price of fuel would reduce traffic by only about 1.2% but would be effective in increasing government revenue. The results also show that road traffic grows in line with economic development, as the combined effect of income and vehicle stock is close to unity. Traffic elasticities for metro fares are negligible, which suggests little substitution between transport modes. Finally, the positive fuel-efficiency elasticity shows that as vehicles become more fuel efficient, road traffic increases, although less than proportionally.
Histochemical methods for characterizing secretory and cell surface sialoglycoconjugates. (1985)

Paraffin sections of trachea, sublingual gland, and pancreas from rats, mice, and hamsters were stained with peanut agglutinin (PNA) or Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase before or after enzymatic removal of sialic acid. Adjacent sections were oxidized with periodate prior to incubation with sialidase and staining with PNA and DBA. PNA binding demonstrated terminal beta-galactose in secretions, at the basolateral plasmalemma of mouse tracheal serous cells, in or at the surface of zymogen granules, and at the apical and basolateral surface of mouse and hamster pancreatic acinar cells. Sialidase digestion revealed PNA binding, demonstrative of penultimate beta-galactose, in secretions of mucous cells in tracheal and sublingual glands and at the apical glycocalyx of ciliated and secretory cells in the tracheal surface epithelium of all the rodents studied. Sialidase also imparted PNA affinity to endothelium in all three species and to secretions and the basolateral plasmalemma of tracheal serous cells and pancreatic acinar cells in the rat. Periodate oxidation blocked the enzymatic removal of N-acetylneuraminic acid as judged by prevention of staining with the sialidase-PNA procedure. Sites in which periodate prevented sialidase-PNA staining included pancreatic islet cells and at the luminal glycocalyx of ciliated and secretory cells in tracheal surface epithelium in all three rodents, most sublingual mucous cells in the hamster, pancreatic acinar cells in the rat, and endothelium, except that of the rat. Glycoconjugate in other sites remained positive with the periodate-sialidase-PNA sequence. Resistance to periodate was interpreted as evidence for the presence of terminal sialic acid with an O-acetylated polyhydroxyl side chain. DBA binding demonstrated terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine in the secretion of all mucous cells in the hamster trachea and 50-90% of those in the rat, secretion and the basolateral plasmalemma of all glandular serous cells in the mouse trachea, at the apical surface of most secretory cells lining the lumen of the rat and hamster trachea, and cilia of 5-10% of ciliated cells in the rat trachea. Periodate oxidation and sialidase digestion demonstrated N-acetylneuraminic acid and penultimate alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine in cilia in the mouse trachea and sialic acid containing O-acetylated polyhydroxyl side chains subtended by N-acetylgalactosamine in the secretion of all mucous cells in the rat and hamster trachea and of 80-90% of mucous cells in the hamster sublingual gland.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Deadlock detection and resolution in a CODASYL based data management system (1976)

In a multi-task computer system many different types of situations may occur in which productive computation may be brought to a standstill. One of these is deadlock or "deadly embrace". Some of the earliest investigation into this problem was undertaken by Dijkstra [1], Habermann [2] and Havender [3]. A detailed presentation of the deadlock problem and its ramifications may be found in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].Because deadlock is so costly, modern computer system software is designed so that deadlock is either impossible [6, 7] or the probability of its occurrence is minimized at the system level. For example, the INGRES data base management system [7] accomplishes deadlock prevention without compromising data base integrity. Unfortunately, the CODASYL design [8] does not preclude the possibility of deadlock. It leaves the burden of minimizing the probability of its occurrence to the design of the application. There are two parts to the application design: the database design and the software design. Judicious design of both parts can sometimes minimize deadlock. However, deadlock cannot be prevented in all cases. Therefore, deadlock detection and resolution mechanisms are essential for operation in a multi-thread environment. Initially, the CODASYL based data management system employed (DMS 1100 [11]) had very simple deadlock detection and resolution mechanisms. The deadlock detection mechanism was based on the sufficient condition that deadlock exists when the number of transactions registered with the data management system equals the number of transactions locked out of resources. A least number of page alterations criterion was used by the deadlock resolution mechanism to resolve deadlock. That is, the transaction with the least number of altered pages was rolled back in an attempt to resolve deadlock. If this failed to resolve deadlock, the roll back selection process was repeated until deadlock was resolved. It was discovered that these mechanisms seriously degraded throughput on our system and a new approach was needed. This paper contains a description of the deadlock detection algorithm and the deadlock resolution algorithm which was implemented to overcome this defficiency. The former detects deadlock and the latter resolves deadlock in a manner consistent with maximum system throughput.In order to establish a common framework for discussion, the concepts of lock out and deadlock will be defined before proceeding.
Pump-probe nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light (2006)

Specific types of atomic coherences between Zeeman sublevels can be generated and detected using a method based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light. Linearly polarized, frequency-modulated light is employed to selectively generate ground-state coherences between Zeeman sublevels for which $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}m=2$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}m=4$ in $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms, and additionally $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}m=6$ in $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$. The atomic coherences are detected with a separate, unmodulated probe light beam. Separation of the pump and probe beams enables independent investigation of the processes of creation and detection of the atomic coherences. With the present technique the transfer of the Zeeman coherences, including high-order coherences, from excited to ground state by spontaneous emission has been observed.