gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spread of epidemic disease on networks (2002)

The study of social networks, and in particular the spread of disease on networks, has attracted considerable recent attention in the physics community. In this paper, we show that a large class of standard epidemiological models, the so-called susceptible/infective/removed (SIR) models can be solved exactly on a wide variety of networks. In addition to the standard but unrealistic case of fixed infectiveness time and fixed and uncorrelated probability of transmission between all pairs of individuals, we solve cases in which times and probabilities are nonuniform and correlated. We also consider one simple case of an epidemic in a structured population, that of a sexually transmitted disease in a population divided into men and women. We confirm the correctness of our exact solutions with numerical simulations of SIR epidemics on networks.
Consolidation of Fe-Based Glassy Alloy Powders and Their Magnetic Properties. (2001)

The effects of annealing temperature on the magnetic properties of consolidated Fe-Al-Ga-P-C-B-Si glassy alloy prepared by the pulse-current-sintering method were investigated. A high relative density of 99% combined with good soft magnetic properties was obtained for a sintering temperature of 703 K in the as-sintered state. The flux density under an applied field of 800 A/m (B800), relative permeability at f=1 kHz (μ'1 kHz), and core loss at f=50 Hz and Bm=0.5 T (W5/50) for the sample sintered at 703 K in the as-sintered state were 1.08T, 1,700, and 0.2 W/kg, respectively. B800,μ'1 kHz, and W5/50 were improved to 1.17 T, 2,500, and 0.11 W/kg by annealing at 723K for 3.6ks. It is considered that these improvements were due to stress relaxation of the consolidating process originating in structural relaxation of the amorphous structure.
An internal reference model–based PRF temperature mapping method with Cramer‐Rao lower bound noise performance analysis (2009)

The conventional phase difference method for MR thermometry suffers from disturbances caused by the presence of lipid protons, motion-induced error, and field drift. A signal model is presented with multi-echo gradient echo (GRE) sequence using a fat signal as an internal reference to overcome these problems. The internal reference signal model is fit to the water and fat signals by the extended Prony algorithm and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm to estimate the chemical shifts between water and fat which contain temperature information. A noise analysis of the signal model was conducted using the Cramer-Rao lower bound to evaluate the noise performance of various algorithms, the effects of imaging parameters, and the influence of the water:fat signal ratio in a sample on the temperature estimate. Comparison of the calculated temperature map and thermocouple temperature measurements shows that the maximum temperature estimation error is 0.614 degrees C, with a standard deviation of 0.06 degrees C, confirming the feasibility of this model-based temperature mapping method. The influence of sample water:fat signal ratio on the accuracy of the temperature estimate is evaluated in a water-fat mixed phantom experiment with an optimal ratio of approximately 0.66:1.
[Flaw of demand coverage based method for optimal locations of monitoring stations and modification]. (2010)

The method of locating online sensor on a water distribution system for monitoring water quality was investigated. A flaw of demand coverage method was identified. To overcome this flaw, a demand coverage index based method was proposed in this paper. The demand coverage index method evaluates a node's representativeness by taking both the total amount of demand coverage and its temporal distribution into account. This increases the calculation accuracy and data representativeness. In order to increase the speed of optimization, a genetic algorithm was employed to solve the optimization problem in this work. Two example water distribution systems were employed to evaluate the performances of both methods. It was obtained that more than 85% of node demand can be covered by 7 monitoring stations for the example water distribution system with 95 nodes. Example applications show that results from this method have better representativeness than the one from demand coverage method. An online monitoring network based on optimal locations obtained from demand coverage method can better represent water quality of the distribution systems.
Stability Analysis of an Enhanced Load Sharing Posterior Fixation Device and Its Equivalent Conventional Device in a Calf Spine Model (1999)

Both devices provided significant stability of similar magnitudes in flexion, extension, and lateral bending. In axial rotation, the devices only could restore stability to levels similar to those in an intact spine. The dynamic device offers a design that may enhance load sharing without sacrificing construct stability.
Distinct Efficacies for Two Endogenous Ligands on a Single Cognate Gonadoliberin Receptor (1997)

A cDNA encoding a putative gonadoliberin receptor was cloned from the pituitary of the African catfish. Conceptual translation predicts a protein of 379 amino acids which shows typical characteristics of GTP-binding-protein-coupled receptors. The isolated cDNA was stable expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells which were used for studies on gonadoliberin-activated second messenger systems (inositol phosphate production; increase in cAMP and/or intracellular Ca2+). The isolated cDNA encoded a functional receptor, designated catfish gonadoliberin receptor (cfGnRH-R), which had an amino acid sequence similarity of 38% with mammalian gonadoliberin receptors. In contrast to its mammalian counterparts which lack an intracellular carboxy-terminal domain, the cfGnRH-R contains an additional 49 amino acid residues. From the two endogenous gonadoliberins in African catfish, chicken gonadoliberin-II had a several hundredfold higher potency than catfish gonadoliberin to activate cfGnRH-R-associated second messenger systems in transfected HEK 293 cells. This is in line with the previously determined higher gonadotropin-release capacity of chicken gonadoliberin-II in catfish. Stimulation of second messenger systems with chicken gonadoliberin-II, but not with catfish gonadoliberin, resulted in a biphasic effect and chicken gonadoliberin-II led to a higher maximum stimulation than catfish gonadoliberin. Challenging cfGnRH-R simultaneously with chicken gonadoliberin-II and catfish gonadoliberin did not lead to additive effects. In contrast, two types of mutual inhibitory effects were recorded. These data indicate that a single cognate cfGnRH-R couples with distinct efficacies to signal transduction systems upon stimulation by the two endogenous gonadoliberins which, in addition, may interact negatively.
PARTICLE DEPOSITION WITHIN BRONCHIAL AIRWAYS: COMPARISONS USING CONSTANT AND CYCLIC INSPIRATORY FLOWS (1982)

Journal Article PARTICLE DEPOSITION WITHIN BRONCHIAL AIRWAYS: COMPARISONS USING CONSTANT AND CYCLIC INSPIRATORY FLOWS Get access RICHARD B. SCHLESINGER, RICHARD B. SCHLESINGER Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical CenterNew York, NY 10016, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JOSHUA L. GURMAN, JOSHUA L. GURMAN Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical CenterNew York, NY 10016, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MORTON LIPPMANN MORTON LIPPMANN Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical CenterNew York, NY 10016, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 26, Issue 1, 1982, Pages 47–64, https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/26.1.47 Published: 01 January 1982
Expression of NAG-1, a Transforming Growth Factor-β Superfamily Member, by Troglitazone Requires the Early Growth Response Gene EGR-1 (2004)

Troglitazone (TGZ) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) ligands that have been shown to possess pro-apoptotic activity in human colon cancer. Although these compounds bind to PPARgamma transcription factors as agonists, emerging evidence suggests that TGZ acts independently of PPARgamma in many functions, including apoptosis. We previously reported that TGZ induces an early growth response transcription factor (EGR-1) by the ERK phosphorylation pathway rather than by the PPARgamma pathway (Baek, S. J., Wilson, L. C., Hsi, L. C., and Eling, T. E. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 5845-5853). In this report, we show that the expression of the antitumorigenic and/or pro-apoptotic gene NAG-1 (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1) is induced by TGZ and correlates with EGR-1 induction. In cotransfection and gel shift assays, we show that EGR-1-binding sites are located within region -73 to -51 of the NAG-1 promoter and have an important role in the transactivation of TGZ-induced NAG-1 expression. In contrast, PGJ2 induced NAG-1 protein expression, but PGJ2 may not affect the same region that TGZ does in the NAG-1 promoter. The effect of PGJ2 is probably PPARgamma-dependent because a PPARgamma antagonist inhibited the PGJ2-induced expression of NAG-1. TGZ-induced NAG-1 expression was not inhibited by the PPARgamma antagonist. The fact that TGZ-induced NAG-1 expression was accompanied by the biosynthesis of EGR-1 also suggests that EGR-1 plays a pivotal role in TGZ-induced NAG-1 expression. Our results suggest that EGR-1 induction is a unique property of TGZ, but is independent of PPARgamma activation. The up-regulation of NAG-1 may provide a novel explanation for the antitumorigenic property of TGZ.
Time domain characterization of power amplifiers with memory effects (2003)

Memory effects in power amplifier nonlinearity are frequently an impediment to amplifier linearization. In this paper, memory effects in a cellular phone power amplifier are characterized via time domain measurements, with waveforms including steps, triangular waveforms and CDMA signals. Memory effects found with different waveforms are shown to be consistent, and in agreement with measurements made with sinusoids in two-tone tests. The results are analyzed by considering gain modulation by a parameter varying at the baseband frequency in response to the signal envelope. For pseudorandom input signals, such as for CDMA, cross-correlation of gain residues with the signal envelope yields an impulse response associated with the memory effects.
Estimating Road Traffic Congestion from Cell Dwell Time using Neural Network (2007)

In this study, we investigated an alternative method to estimate the degree of road traffic congestion based on a new measurement metric called cell dwell time (CDT) using simple feedforward backpropagation neural network. CDT is the duration that a cellular phone is registered to a base station before handing off to another base station. As a vehicle with cellular phone traverses along the road, cell handoffs occur and the values of CDT vary. Our assumption is that the values of CDT relate to the degree of traffic congestion and that high CDTs indicate congested traffic. In this study, we measured series of CDTs while driving along arterial roads in Bangkok metropolitan area. Human judgment of traffic condition was recorded into one of the three levels indicating congestion degree -free flow, moderate, or highly congested. Neural network was then trained and tested using the collected data against human perception. The results showed promising performance of congestion estimation with accuracy of 79.43%, precision ranging from 73.53% to 85.19%, and mean square error of 0.44.
Adaptation, learning and storage in analog VLSI (2002)

Adaptation and learning are key elements in biological and artificial neural systems for computational tasks of perception, classification, association, and control. They also provide an effective means to compensate for imprecisions in highly efficient analog VLSI implementations of parallel application-specific processors, which offer real-time operation and low power dissipation. The effectiveness of embedded learning and adaptive functions in analog VLSI relies on careful design of the implemented adaptive algorithms, and on adequate means for local and long-term analog memory storage of the adapted parameter coefficients. We address issues of technology, algorithms, and architecture in analog VLSI adaptation and learning, and illustrate those with examples of prototyped ASIC processors.
MEMS silicon-based resistojet micro-thruster for attitude control of nano-satellites (2011)

This paper presents a miniaturized resistojet thruster device with an integrated thin-film heater, capable of delivering thrusts in the micronewton-millinewton range. Its small size (25 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm), low mass (162 mg), low power and propellant consumption make it very attractive for attitude control of nano-satellites (mass 1-10 kg). Based on the pressure measurements with the fabricated devices, thrust is calculated to be in the 20 μN - 1 mN range, depending on the propellant flow rate. By heating the propellant flow to 350 °C, thrust was increased, resulting in a 30% reduction in propellant consumption.
Computer-Aided Construction of Coal Molecular Structure Using Construction Knowledge and Partial Structure Evaluation (1997)

A computer-aided construction of molecular structure model for coal organic materials is proposed in this paper. In this method, the chemical fragments of coal organic materials are obtained by using the structural data of typical Japanese bituminous Akabira coal. First, some partial structures are selected from candidates of the structure, which are constructed by connecting input fragments based on construction knowledge from basic chemical experiments and practical experiments. Next, the partial structures are narrowed down to an appropriate one in terms of three-dimensional conformation by using partial structure evaluation. We found that this method can derive molecular structures more scientifically and in more time-saving way than the handmade structures.
Anisotropic dewetting in ultra-thin single-crystal silicon-on-insulator films (2008)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2008.
Antioxidant availability of turmeric in relation to its medicinal and culinary uses (2004)

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been used in Indian cooking, and in herbal remedies. Its possible mechanism of action was examined in terms of antioxidant availability during actual cooking conditions and in therapeutic applications using standardized extracts. The assays involve different levels of antioxidant action such as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), radical scavenging abilities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and protection of membranes examined by inhibition of lipid peroxidation besides the content of phenols and total flavonoids. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of two major preparations of turmeric, corresponding to its use in cooking and medicine, showed significant antioxidant abilities. In conclusion, the studies reveal that the ability of turmeric to scavenge radicals, reduce iron complex and inhibit peroxidation may explain the possible mechanisms by which turmeric exhibits its beneficial effects in relation to its use in cooking and medicine.
2,2′-Dihydroxyazobenzene derivatives as reagents for trace metal determination by ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric detection (1990)

2,2′-Dihydroxyazobenzene and five substituted analogues have been examined as pre-column chelating agents for the determination of trace metal ions by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with spectrophotometric detection. Seven metal ions, viz., AlIII, CoIII, CuII, FeIII, MoVI, VV and ZnII, were detected as their azo chelates in the ion-pair RP mode. The optimum conditions, including pH for colour formation, column used, mobile phase parameters and detection wavelength, were investigated for each individual reagent. The method was applied to the determination of Al and Fe in coal fly ash samples. The kinetic nature and the forms of the chelates responsible for the selectivity of RP-HPLC towards metal ions are discussed in terms of “kinetic differentiation” together with ion-pair RP partition phenomena.
A Facile Preparative Method of C-Nucleosides (1992)

Abstract Facile and general preparative method of C-nucleosides has been achieved via 4 steps starting from 2-deoxy-D-ribose. The essential step in this method is the use of radical coupling reaction of 2-deoxy-D-ribofuranosyl radical derivative and some heteroaromatic bases.
Optical interconnect for large-scale systems (2013)

This paper presents a switchless, optical interconnect module that serves as a node in a network of identical distribution modules for large-scale systems. Thousands to millions of hosts or endpoints may be interconnected by a network of such modules, avoiding the need for multi-level switches. Several common network topologies are reviewed and their scaling properties assessed. The concept of message-flow routing is discussed in conjunction with the unique properties enabled by the optical distribution module where it is shown how top-down software control (global routing tables, spanning-tree algorithms) may be avoided.
On a partial differential equation involving the Jacobian determinant (1990)

Let Ω ⊂ ℝ^n a bounded open set and f > 0 in \bar{\mathrm{\Omega }} satisfying \int _{\mathrm{\Omega }}f(x)\:dx = \text{meas}\:\mathrm{\Omega } . We study existence and regularity of diffeomorphismsn u:\bar{\mathrm{\Omega }}\rightarrow \bar{\mathrm{\Omega }} such that \begin{cases} \det \nabla \:u\:\:(x) = f(x),&\:x \in \mathrm{\Omega } \\ u\:(x) = x,&\:x \in ∂\mathrm{\Omega }. \end{cases} Résumé Soit Ω ⊂ ℝ^n un ouvert borné et soit ƒ > 0 dans \bar{\mathrm{\Omega }} satisfaisant \int _{\mathrm{\Omega }}f(x)\:dx = \text{mes}\:\mathrm{\Omega } . On étudie l’existence et la régularité de difféomorphismes u:\bar{\mathrm{\Omega }}\rightarrow \bar{\mathrm{\Omega }} tels que \begin{cases} \det \nabla \:u\:\:(x) = f(x),&\:x \in \mathrm{\Omega } \\ u\:(x) = x,&\:x \in ∂\mathrm{\Omega }. \end{cases}
Converting landfill gas to vehicle fuel: The results of over 30 months of operation (1996)

The Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (Districts) have successfully converted landfill gas to vehicle fuel for over 30 months with the Clean Fuels facility (Clean Fuels). The station has a design capacity equivalent to 1,000 gallons of gasoline per day. The Districts utilize the compressed landfill gas (CLG) produced at the station to run a fleet of 13 vehicles, ranging from passenger vans to large on-road tractors. This paper presents information on the operation, maintenance, theory, and economics of converting landfill gas to vehicle fuel. The compressed natural gas (CNG) industry is expanding rapidly. The US Department of Energy projects the number of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) to grow from 66,000 in 1995 to 85,000 in 1996. A variety of CNG-powered refuse collection vehicles are now available from original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Many industry pundits predict that refuse trucks will be the next major vehicle group after transit buses to convert to CNG. CNG provides the benefit of lower emissions than diesel and gasoline, with typical fuel costs of only 70 to 80 percent of the price of gasoline at retail pumps. The primary economic advantage of CNG over conventional fuels is its tax rate, which can be lowermore » by about $0.30 per gallon of diesel equivalent. The CNG market may offer the landfill gas industry the same opportunity the electrical generation market offered in the 1980s. The Clean Fuels facility is located within the Districts` Puente Hills Landfill complex. Puente Hills is a very large landfill with over 70 million tons of refuse in place. The current fill rate is approximately 10,000 tons per day. The landfill gas flow rate is approximately 27,000 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) at 42 percent methane.« less
Counteracting the Effects of Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents during Neurosurgical Emergencies (2005)

Other clinical experience based on mechanisms of drug action within the coagulation process confirm that single or combined administration of platelet transfusions, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, vitamin K, protamine, desmopressin, and recombinant activated factor VII can treat coagulopathies caused by warfarin, heparin, aspirin, adenosine diphosphate-receptor antagonist, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocking agents, and thrombolysis. Specific interventions and recommended dosages are reviewed.
High Power Silicon Schottky Barrier Diodes with Different Edge Termination Structures (2005)

In this work, the design and fabrication of Au/n-Si Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with various edge termination schemes including a reduce surface field (RESURF) type lateral super-junction (LSJ), polysilicon (poly-Si) floating, and guard rings are presented. A novel method using ion implantation through a poly-Si film for guard ring fabrication is proposed to prevent damage to the silicon surface. Experimental results show that the reverse leakage current of the proposed SBDs is reduced by about two orders and the breakdown voltage is increased by more than 4-fold those of conventional SBDs.
Aliphatic versus Aromatic C−H Activation in the Formation of Abnormal Carbenes with Iridium:  A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study (2007)

The metalation of a series of C2-Me-substituted monoimidazolium and bisimidazolium salts to [Cp*IrCl2]2 is described. The reaction of the monoimidazolium salt provides the species Cp*Ir(aNHC)Cl2, in which the NHC shows an abnormal coordination mode. The use of the bisimidazolium salt provides different reaction patterns depending on the linker length between the two azolium rings. For the methylene-linked bisimidazolium salt, the only compound obtained shows an unusual type of coordination in which the chelating ligand is coordinated through an abnormal NHC and a methylene group resulting from the CH activation of the C2-Me group. For the ethylene-linked bisimidazolium salt, a similar product is obtained, together with the chelating bis-abnormal-NHC species. All compounds have been fully characterized by usual spectroscopic techniques, and X-ray molecular structures are described. The formation of the reaction products, in the case of the methylene linker, has been rationalized by means of DFT calculations with inclusion of solvent effects (PCM). The calculations could not discriminate the nature of the first metalation between direct deprotonation of the ligand by the base and metalation through C−H activation at Ir. However both cases point to a kinetic preference for first metalation at the C2-Me group. The second metalation process is the result of kinetically preferred C−H activation at the C5 position.