gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Binding, and Antinociceptive Properties of 2-<i>exo</i>-2-(2‘-Substituted 5‘-pyridinyl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes. Epibatidine Analogues (2001)

A convenient, high-yield synthesis of 7-tert-butoxycarbonyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (5), which involved the addition of tributyltin hydride to 7-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-p-toluenesulfonyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (4) followed by elimination of the tributyltin and p-tolylsulfonyl groups using tetrabutylammonium fluoride was developed. The addition of 2-amino-5-iodopyridine to 5 under reductive Heck conditions provided 7-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-exo-(2'-amino-5'-pyridinyl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (6). Compound 6 was the key intermediate used to prepare epibatidine analogues where the 2'-chloro group on the pyridine ring was replaced with a fluorine (1b), bromine (1c), iodine (1d), hydroxy (1e), amino (1f), dimethylamino (1g), trifluoromethanesulfonate (1h), and hydrogen (1i) group. (+)- and (-)-Epibatidine and compounds 1b-d and 1i all possess similar binding affinities at the alpha(4)beta(2) nAChR receptors labeled by [(3)H]epibatidine. Compound 1f has affinity similar to nicotine, whereas compounds 1e, 1g, and 1h have much lower affinity. The binding affinity appears to be dependent upon the electronic nature of the substituent. However, other factors are also involved. None of the compounds possesses appreciable affinity for the alpha(7) nAChR labeled by [(125)I]iodo-MLA. With the exception of 1f and 1g, all the epibatidine analogues are full agonists (tail flick test) in producing antinociception after intrathecal injection in mice.
Full-color skin imaging using RGB LED and floating lens in optical coherence tomography (2010)

The cosmetic industry has witnessed significant growth in recent years. Conventional hand-held skin cameras allow for 2D inspection of the skin surface. This paper proposes a new model for full-color 3D imaging of the skin tissue using fiber-based optical coherence tomography (OCT). Compared to laser or LD sources, RGB LED was found more suitable and thus chosen in the low-coherence interferometry due to its wider bandwidth. A floating objective lens was used to confocalize the R, G and B imaging planes and to derive a full-color image of the capillary system in the skin tissue. The skin imaging system can be miniaturized to form a new hand-held model using an RGB integrated source, a micro-interferometer module and a high-speed beam steering device. Non-invasive, full-color and hand-held skin imaging contributes to advances in the fields of skin science, dermatology and cosmetology.
Dorsal-ventral patterning of the spinal cord requires Gli3 transcriptional repressor activity (2002)

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays a critical role in organizing cell pattern in the developing spinal cord. Gli proteins are thought to mediate Shh signaling, but their role in directing neural tube patterning remains unclear. Here we identify a role for Gli3 transcriptional repressor activity in patterning the intermediate region of the spinal cord that complements the requirement for Gli2 in ventral regions. Moreover, blocking all Gli responses results in a complete dorsalization of ventral spinal cord, indicating that in addition to the specific roles of Gli2 and Gli3 in the neural tube, there is functional redundancy between Gli proteins. Finally, analysis of Shh/Gli3 compound mutant mice substantiates the idea that ventral patterning may involve a mechanism independent, or parallel, to graded Shh signaling. However, even in the absence of graded Shh signaling, Gli3 is required for the dorsal-ventral patterning of the intermediate neural tube. Together these data raise the possibility that Gli proteins act as common mediators integrating Shh signals, and other sources of positional information, to control patterning throughout the ventral neural tube.
Redescription of Janaria mirabilis, a Calcified Hydroid from the Eastern Pacific (1984)

Redescription of Janaria mirabilis, a calcified hydroid from the Eastern Pacific by Stephen D. Cairns and J. Laurens Barnard. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., 83(1): 1-11, 1984. Janaria mirabilis is redescribed and illustrated based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the corallum, SEM of critical-point-dried decalcified specimens, and histology of decalcified specimens. Three types of gastrozooids are distinguished and the gonozooids were found to be superficial stalked structures, not ampullate as previously suggested. The resemblance of J. mirabilis to certain bryozoans is discussed and it is also compared to the other two Recent calcified hydractiniids now known. J. mirabilis is considered an important evolutionary link between the hydractiniid hydroids and the stylasterid hydrocorals in that both probably had a common ancestor in the Paleocene. The commonly occuring vesicles of J. mirabilis are hypothesized to be symbionts of some kind. Twenty new records of J. mirabilis, including 118 specimens, are reported, extending its distribution south to Panama.
Dark current in quantum well infrared photodetectors (1993)

Modeling the dark current in quantum well infrared photodetectors has been a topic of much recent research, but the implications of many of the underlying assumptions have not been clarified. We attempt to justify one such model and to provide physical insight for its success. We compare the dark current expression with experiments on several samples, and show that the model provides a good approximation for a wide range of device parameters including barrier thicknesses from 250 to 700 Å and number of wells from 4 to 32.
A Cell Decomposition Approach to Robotic Trajectory Planning via Disjunctive Programming (2012)

We develop a mixed elastic network model (MENM) to study large-scale conformational transitions of proteins between two (or more) known structures. Elastic network potentials for the beginning and end states of a transition are combined, in effect, by adding their respective partition functions. The resulting effective MENM energy function smoothly interpolates between the original surfaces, and retains the beginning and end structures as local minima. Saddle points, transition paths, potentials of mean force, and partition functions can be found efficiently by largely analytic methods. To characterize the protein motions during a conformational transition, we follow "transition paths" on the MENM surface that connect the beginning and end structures and are invariant to parameterizations of the model and the mathematical form of the mixing scheme. As illustrations of the general formalism, we study large-scale conformation changes of the motor proteins KIF1A kinesin and myosin II. We generate possible transition paths for these two proteins that reveal details of their conformational motions. The MENM formalism is computationally efficient and generally applicable even for large protein systems that undergo highly collective structural changes.
Irradiation for Mold and Mycotoxin Control: A Review (2014)

Abstract The mycotoxin issue requires constant vigilance from economic, regulatory, and scientific agents to minimize its toxicological effects on human and animals. The implementation of good practices to avoid fungal growth and mycotoxin production on agricultural commodities is essential to achieve most restrictive safety standards; however, the contribution of novel technologies that may act on postharvesting and poststorage situations may be equally important. Several methodologies, more or less technologically advanced, may be used for this purpose. In this work, we review the role, contribution, and impact of irradiation technology to control the presence of fungi and mycotoxins in food and in feed. The effect of this technology on the viability of mold spores and on the elimination of mycotoxins is reviewed. A critical evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of irradiation in this context is presented.
Facial expression recognition algorithm based on feature extraction method of LBP (2013)

A facial expression recognition algorithm based on the feature extraction method of LBP was introduced. Firstly,face images were divided into local patches,and the information of facial action units was extracted to compose the compositional features of facial expressions. The coarse position of eyes and mouth was located. Secondly,the feature extraction method of local binary patterns( LBP) was adopted to decompose the images into sub-blocks,and each sub-blocks histogram was attained. Then the LBP histogram of overall features and LBP histogram of local features were combined into the LBP histogram of a whole image. Finally,the LBP histogram of a whole image was sent to an embedded hidden Markov model( EHMM) as an initial vector, and the observation sequence was formatted. Through testing seven basic expressions in JAFFE face database, the experiments show that the algorithm can enhance facial expression recognition effectively.
Parallel Successive Convex Approximation for Nonsmooth Nonconvex\n Optimization (2014)

Consider the problem of minimizing the sum of a smooth (possibly non-convex)\nand a convex (possibly nonsmooth) function involving a large number of\nvariables. A popular approach to solve this problem is the block coordinate\ndescent (BCD) method whereby at each iteration only one variable block is\nupdated while the remaining variables are held fixed. With the recent advances\nin the developments of the multi-core parallel processing technology, it is\ndesirable to parallelize the BCD method by allowing multiple blocks to be\nupdated simultaneously at each iteration of the algorithm. In this work, we\npropose an inexact parallel BCD approach where at each iteration, a subset of\nthe variables is updated in parallel by minimizing convex approximations of the\noriginal objective function. We investigate the convergence of this parallel\nBCD method for both randomized and cyclic variable selection rules. We analyze\nthe asymptotic and non-asymptotic convergence behavior of the algorithm for\nboth convex and non-convex objective functions. The numerical experiments\nsuggest that for a special case of Lasso minimization problem, the cyclic block\nselection rule can outperform the randomized rule.\n
A single-40Gb/s dual-20Gb/s serializer IC with SFI-5.2 interface in 65nm CMOS (2009)

This paper describes the prototype serializer (SER) IC for a 40 Gb/s optical transponder module featuring SFI5.2 input interface and two output modes, dual 20Gb/s and single 40Gb/s, to support SONET OC-768, SDH STM 256 and ITU G.709. The data rate covers from 21.5 to 22.3Gb/s for the dual-20Gb/s mode, and from 39.8 to 44.6Gb/s for the single-40Gb/s mode.
Relative cost and outcomes in the intensive care unit of acute lung injury (ALI) due to pandemic influenza compared with other etiologies: a single-center study (2012)

ALI/ARDS secondary to pandemic influenza infection is associated with more severe respiratory compromise but has lower overall acuity and better survival rates than ALI/ARDS due to other causes. Higher absolute charges in the noninfluenza group are likely due to underlying comorbid medical conditions.
Talking to Themselves: Autoregulation and Quorum Sensing in Fungi (2006)

Extracellular autoinducing compounds in the supernatants of microbial cultures were first recognized for their roles in the induction of genetic competence in gram-positive bacteria ([17][1], [94][2]) and in the regulation of light production in marine vibrios ([60][3]). In 1994, this form of
The online crowd: a contradiction in terms? On the potentials of Gustave Le Bon's crowd psychology in an analysis of affective blogging (2013)

The aim of the article is to investigate whether the concept of the ‘crowd’ as developed by Gustave Le Bon can help us understand the new types of affectively charged collectivities created via spontaneous interaction on various social media platforms. To do this I analyze the case of Eva Dien Brine Markvoort's blog, 65 Red Roses, through the lens of crowd psychology. Initially I make a theoretical distinction between three different types of crowds that prioritize the role of physical co-presence in different ways: the traditional body-to-body crowd based on physical co-presence; the mediated crowd, which has a strong offline dimension but uses media technologies as tools or communication environments; and the online crowd, which I define as the affective unification and relative synchronization of a public in relation to a specific online site. Overall I argue that Eva Markvoort enables collective affective processes that can be identified in the responses on the blog, and that she functions as a crowd facilitator, motivating both linguistic and bodily imitation due to her personal prestige and her image-producing embodiment of an abstract disease and problem. On a theoretical level, I conclude that Le Bon's description of the crowd is productive when trying to transpose insights from crowd psychology into a cultural situation characterized by spontaneous and affective relations online.
Efficacy of the Da Vinci Surgical System in Abdominal Surgery Compared With That of Laparoscopy (2010)

The publications reviewed revealed DVSS to offer certain advantages with respect to Heller myotomy, gastrectomy, and cholecystectomy. However, these results should be interpreted with caution until randomized clinical trials are performed and, with respect to oncologic indications, studies include variables such as survival.
Low-Power Low-Noise 8-Channel EEG Front-End ASIC for Ambulatory Acquisition Systems (2006)

A small-size and very low-power portable electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition system does not only improve the patients' quality of life but also extend the device applications. This paper presents a 300muW 8-channel EEG readout front-end ASIC for the implementation of portable acquisition systems. Each channel of the ASIC consists of an AC coupled chopped instrumentation amplifier, a spike filter (SF) and a variable gain stage (VGA), and achieves 80 nV/radic(Hz) input referred noise density and 130 dB CMRR at 50 Hz, while consuming 8.5 muA from a single 3V supply. ASIC has been implemented in 0.5 mum CMOS technology, core area measures 3mm by 4mm, and is capable of operating more than 7 months from two AA batteries
Protein structure prediction by a data-level parallel algorithm (1989)

We have developed a software system, PHI-PSI, on the Connection Machine that uses a parallel algorithm to retrieve and use information from a database of 112 known protein structures (selected from the Brookhaven Protein Databank) to predict the structures of other proteins. The φ and ψ angles of each amino acid (the angles each amino acid forms with its immediate neighbors) in a protein are used to represent its 3-D structure. PHI-PSI's algorithm is based on the idea of Memory-based reasoning (MBR) [10] and extends it to include a recursive procedure to refine its initial prediction and a “window” of varying sizes to look at different contexts of an input. PHI-PSI has been tested with all the available data. Initial results show that it performs better than distribution-based guesses for most of the φ and ψ angle values.
Silyl Ketene Acetals/B(C6F5)3 Lewis Pair-Catalyzed Living Group Transfer Polymerization of Renewable Cyclic Acrylic Monomers (2018)

This work reveals the silyl ketene acetal (SKA)/B(C₆F₅)₃ Lewis pair-catalyzed room-temperature group transfer polymerization (GTP) of polar acrylic monomers, including methyl linear methacrylate (MMA), and the biorenewable cyclic monomers γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MMBL) and α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MBL) as well. The in situ NMR monitored reaction of SKA with B(C₆F₅)₃ indicated the formation of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs), although it is sluggish for MMA polymerization, such a FLP system exhibits highly activity and living GTP of MMBL and MBL. Detailed investigations, including the characterization of key reaction intermediates, polymerization kinetics and polymer structures have led to a polymerization mechanism, in which the polymerization is initiated with an intermolecular Michael addition of the ester enolate group of SKA to the vinyl group of B(C₆F₅)₃-activated monomer, while the silyl group is transferred to the carbonyl group of the B(C₆F₅)₃-activated monomer to generate the single-monomer-addition species or the active propagating species; the coordinated B(C₆F₅)₃ is released to the incoming monomer, followed by repeated intermolecular Michael additions in the subsequent propagation cycle. Such neutral SKA analogues are the real active species for the polymerization and are retained in the whole process as confirmed by experimental data and the chain-end analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS). Moreover, using this method, we have successfully synthesized well-defined PMMBL-<i>b</i>-PMBL, PMMBL-<i>b</i>-PMBL-<i>b</i>-PMMBL and random copolymers with the predicated molecular weights (<i>M</i><sub>n</sub>) and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD).
Personalized Advertising Strategy for Integrated Social Networking Websites (2008)

In addition to provide major funding for many Internet companies, online advertising creates a disutility to consumers, subsequently reducing market share. However, previous works focus only on the topical relevance of ads and, in doing so, neglect consumer attitudes. From the view of text processing, they focus only on the topic dimension of texts, while paying no attention to the sentiment dimension. This work proposes a feature extraction process to match advertisement and targeted users by extracting features from the userpsilas profile and advertisement specification. First, the proposed platform relies on mine characteristics supplied by a user to his avatar including preferred color, style and feeling. Second, the system selects the best matching advertisement based on the userpsilas variable interests (as expressed on his blog). These features are scored and finally these advertisements are conveyed to the target users by product. Experimental results in several topics demonstrate that the proposed framework works well in detecting a userpsilas potential preferences, and in recommending suitable advertisements.
Real-Time GPS Reference Network Carrier Phase Ambiguity Resolution (1999)

GPS carrier phase ambiguity resolution has been limited
to relatively short inter-receiver distances due to the rapid
error decorrelation process that occurs as a function of
distance. A network of reference stations can however be
used to model errors as a function of user location within
the network coverage area. Using this procedure, the user
can correct its measurements with the error model and
improve Real Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning
performance. In order for this to be optimal however,
network double difference carrier phase ambiguities must
be resolved to integers before network error modeling. This presents a challenge for real-time operations when
the separation between reference stations is long, i.e.
typically 200 km or more. This paper introduces a
sequential least-squares estimation algorithm for real-time
integer ambiguity resolution over such a network.
Various methods for modeling the carrier phase errors
within the network are analyzed and the use of network
constraints for improved ambiguity resolution during the
network and new satellite initialization stages are
investigated and tested. Multiple ambiguity validation
tests are demonstrated and the reliability of the approach
is also presented.
Static caching in Web servers (2002)

This paper studies caching in primary Web servers. We use log files from four Web servers to analyze the performance of various proposed cache policies for Web servers: LRU-threshold, LFU, LRU-SIZE, LRU-MIN, LRU-k-threshold and the Pitkow/Recker (1994) policy. Web document access patterns change very slowly. Based on this fact, we propose and evaluate static caching, a novel cache policy for Web servers. In static caching, the set of documents kept in the cache is determined periodically by analyzing the request log file for the previous period. The cache is filled with documents to maximize cache performance provided document access patterns do not change. The set of cached documents remains constant during the period. Surprisingly, this simple policy results in high cache performance, especially for small cache sizes. Unlike other policies, static caching incur no CPU overhead and does not suffer from memory fragmentation.
Effects of Nimodipine on Posttraumatic Spinal Cord Ischemia in Baboons (1993)

Posttraumatic ischemia appears to be largely responsible for the extension of lesions in acute injury of the spinal cord. In the present study, we have evaluated the putative improvement of axonal function by the calcium channel blocker nimodipine after acute trauma of the spinal cord. Three techniques were used: (1) spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) using a scanographic technique with stable xenon, (2) somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), and (3) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thirteen baboons were used in this study. Acute trauma was achieved by compression of the spinal cord at level L1 by applying pressure for 5 sec with an inflated balloon catheter injected with Ringer's solution. Following the injury, one group (n = 5) received a saline infusion (placebo) for seven days, and a second group (n = 8) received a nimodipine infusion (0.04 mg/kg/h) during the same period of time. SCBF and SEP were first recorded prior to trauma. SCBF, SEPs, and MRI were then recorded on the day of the injury and eight days prior to histologic examination of the spinal cord. In these studies nimodipine significantly improved SCBF. The decrease in SCBF observed at day one and day eight following trauma was significantly reduced in the treated group. Two baboons in the treated group also showed improvement of axonal function as assessed by SEP. No significant difference was observed with MRI, however, histologic study revealed that the lesions were significantly smaller in the treated group. Based on these observations we conclude that a week of nimodipine treatment following spinal cord injury enhances SCBF, limits the size of the spinal cord lesion, and perhaps improves functional recovery.