gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-pulsating lasers with quantum well saturable absorber (1995)

Self-pulsations are induced in broad area diode lasers by including an extra layer functioning as a saturable absorber. The absorption of this layer and its coupling to the photon field can be tuned via the layer thickness and its distance to the active layer. In the case of an Al0.13GaAs bulk active layer a GaAs absorber of 4 nm thickness at a distance of 0.2 μm induces stable oscillations with frequencies of 300–700 MHz in a current range just above the threshold.
Optics Education In People's Republic Of China (1989)

The situations of Optics Education in People's Republic of China are introduced. Included are the educational programs of Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Optical Engineering, te number of universities and institutes that offered optics degree programs, the research orientations for graduate students of Master's degrees in Optical Sciences and Optical Engineering, and requirements for admission to the M.S. program
The dynamics of chromosome movement in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1989)

Nuclear DNA movement in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was analyzed in live cells using digital imaging microscopy and corroborated by the analysis of nuclear DNA position in fixed cells. During anaphase, the replicated nuclear genomes initially separated at a rate of 1 micron/min. As the genomes separated, the rate of movement became discontinuous. In addition, the axis defined by the segregating genomes rotated relative to the cell surface. The similarity between these results and those previously obtained in higher eukaryotes suggest that the mechanism of anaphase movement may be highly conserved. Before chromosome separation, novel nuclear DNA movements were observed in cdc13, cdc16, and cdc23 cells but not in wild-type or cdc20 cells. These novel nuclear DNA movements correlated with variability in spindle position and length in cdc16 cells. Models for the mechanism of these movements and their induction by certain cdc mutants are discussed.
COGENT: Cognitive Agent for Cogent Analysis (2015)

Timely, relevant, and accurate intelligence analysis is critical to the national security, but it is astonishingly complex. This paper provides an intuitive overview of Cogent, a cognitive assistant that facilitates a synergistic integration of analyst’s imaginative reasoning with agent’s critical reasoning to draw defensible and persuasive conclusions from masses of evidence, in a world that is changing all the time. It presents Cogent’s design goals characterizing a new generation of structured analytical tools, introduces the evidence-based analysis concepts on which it is grounded, illustrates a sample session with its current version, and summarizes the cognitive assistance provided to its user.
Automated matching of temporally sequential CT sections (2004)

In the evaluation of patient response to therapy through measurements on thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans, the selection of anatomically equivalent sections in temporally sequential scans is required. We developed an automated method based on normalized mutual information (NMI) to expedite the selection of anatomically equivalent sections. The method requires as input two temporally sequential CT scans from the same patient. A specified section from the baseline scan is then compared with the sections of a follow-up scan. Each section in the follow-up scan is successively translated and rotated relative to the baseline section, and NMI is calculated. The section in the follow-up scan that yields the highest NMI with respect to the baseline section is selected as the matching section. The method was applied to a database of 22 pairs of temporally sequential CT scans from mesothelioma patients. Five observers manually selected their choice of the best anatomically matched section for each of three predetermined sections in the 22 baseline scans, and the range of selected sections was recorded. The automated method was applied to the same baseline sections to determine the computer-based anatomically matched sections in the corresponding follow-up scan. The automated process was performed using both original CT sections and sections automatically segmented so that only intrathoracic pixels contributed to NMI calculations. The accuracy of the automated method was quantified on a section-by-section basis by comparison with the range of sections selected by the observers. The automated method without segmentation selected equivalent sections within the observers' range for 54 of the 66 matching tasks (81.8%). An 11% improvement was achieved when thoracic segmentation was performed as a pre-processing step.
Observation of avalanche propagation by multiplication assisted diffusion in <i>p</i>-<i>n</i> junctions (1990)

We have investigated for the first time the propagation of the avalanche multiplication over the area of p-n junctions reverse biased above the breakdown voltage. The multiplication process spreads from the point where the avalanche is triggered to the whole junction area with a speed proportional to the final steady-state value of the avalanche current. The values of the propagation speed suggest that the phenomenon is due to diffusion of carriers assisted by avalanche multiplication. This effect strongly affects the rise of the avalanche current and turns out to limit the performance of single photon avalanche diodes.
Response of elevator activity during mastication to treatment of functional disorders (1984)

The pattern of elevator activity during mastication in temporal and masseter muscles of 37 patients with functional disorders and pain in the masticatory system was studied before and after conventional treatment and compared with a control group of 43 subjects. As compared to controls, patients before treatment chewed with greater relative strength (percent of maximal elevator activity), longer relative contraction times (percent of total duration of chewing cycle) and stronger intermediary activity between strokes. These parameters of muscle coordination are proposed as quantitative estimates of "hyperactivity". Conventional treatment abolished pain, tenderness and other symptoms and signs completely in 18 patients in whom the most significant findings in the muscles under study were reductions in absolute and relative contraction times ascribed to increased stability produced by occlusal adjustment. It is suggested that relatively shorter pauses before treatment impaired blood flow and that their prolongation following treatment improved circulation. During the strong, dynamic contractions of mastication, masseter muscles tended to be more susceptible to hyperactivity than the temporal muscles.
The impact of distribution on support for object-oriented software development (1992)

Object-oriented computing is now an established technology for software development. However, a number of challenges must be met before the topic can claim to be fully mature. One of the most demanding challenges is posed by the move from single workstation environments to the more general case of a distributed system. This paper considers the impact of distribution on object-oriented computing. A number of important issues are raised, such as the need for a broader view of object-oriented computing and the requirement for flexible approaches to invocation. Problems relating to persistence and distribution transparency are also discussed. The importance of underlying system support for distributed object-oriented computing is stressed, and a case study of the Chorus/COOL environment is presented.
Triple‐helical peptides: An approach to collagen conformation, stability, and self‐association (2008)

Peptides have been an integral part of the collagen triple-helix structure story, and have continued to serve as useful models for biophysical studies and for establishing biologically important sequence-structure-function relationships. High resolution structures of triple-helical peptides have confirmed the basic Ramachandran triple-helix model and provided new insights into the hydration, hydrogen bonding, and sequence dependent helical parameters in collagen. The dependence of collagen triple-helix stability on the residues in its (Gly-X-Y)(n) repeating sequence has been investigated by measuring melting temperatures of host-guest peptides and an on-line collagen stability calculator is now available. Although the presence of Gly as every third residue is essential for an undistorted structure, interruptions in the repeating (Gly-X-Y)(n) amino acid sequence pattern are found in the triple-helical domains of all nonfibrillar collagens, and are likely to play a role in collagen binding and degradation. Peptide models indicate that small interruptions can be incorporated into a rod-like triple-helix with a highly localized effect, which perturbs hydrogen bonds and places the standard triple-helices on both ends out of register. In contrast to natural interruptions, missense mutations which replace one Gly in a triple-helix domain by a larger residue have pathological consequences, and studies on peptides containing such Gly substitutions clarify their effect on conformation, stability, and folding. Recent studies suggest peptides may also be useful in defining the basic principles of collagen self-association to the supramolecular structures found in tissues.
Kinetics of compound formation in thin film couples of Al and transition metals (1976)

Intermetallic coumpound formation at metal–metal interfaces was observed for thin film couples of Al and transition metals such as Cr, Ti, Hf, Zr, Co, Ta, Pd, and Pt. The Al–Cr system was investigated in some detail using a conductance method and nuclear backscattering for reaction-rate measurements. The compounds CrAl7 and Cr2Al11 were identified and their growth was found to be diffusion controlled. The temperature dependence of the rate constant for CrAl7 obeyed an Arrhenius plot from 300° to 450 °C with an activation energy of 1.91±0.1 eV. The Al-rich phases of the remaining transition metals were investigated; the compounds either exhibited a planar interface with parabolic growth kinetics or an irregular interface with nonparabolic growth. An empirical relationship involving the melting point and stability of the compounds was proposed to explain the different growth kinetics.
Holographic and speckle interferometry. A discussion of the theory, practice and application of the techniques. (1988)

Holographic and speckle interferometry are optical techniques which use lasers to make non-contracting field view measurements at a sensitivity of the wavelength of light on optically rough (i.e. non-mirrored) surfaces. They may be used to measure static or dynamic displacements, the shape of objects, and refractive index variations of transparent media. As such, these techniques have been applied to the solution of a wide range of problems in strain and vibrational analysis, non-destructive testing (NDT), component inspection and design analysis and fluid flow visualisation. This book provides a self-contained, unified, theoretical analysis of the basic principles and associated opto-electronic techniques (for example Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry). In addition, a detailed discussion of experimental design and practical application to the solution of physical problems is presented. In this new edition, the authors have taken the opportunity to include a much more coherent description of more than twenty individual case studies that are representative of the main uses to which the techniques are put. The Bibliography has also been brought up to date
Development of the GE Quiet Combustor and Other Design Changes to Benefit Air Quality (1988)

The attractiveness of gas turbines in cogeneration facilities and combined-cycle (Brayton-Rankine) power plants is linked to high specific work; power per unit mass flow. Manufacturers have, over the years, increased gas turbine firing temperature to increase specific work, hence combined-cycle efficiency. High firing temperatures, insofar as they are related to high adiabatic stoichiometric flame temperatures, have brought higher NOx emissions along with high efficiency. Furthermore, efforts to combat smoke have also driven flame temperatures higher. As combustors evolved to produce higher firing temperatures, and design matured in order to lower smoke emissions and control these NOx emissions, dynamic pressure oscillation activity within the combustor, noise, has increased; increasing wear and necessitating more frequent maintenance. Many different concepts were built and tested as described in this paper and others are in research. At this point, the staged combustor operates in the lean/lean and premixed modes and the multi-nozzle quiet combustor operating with diluent injection offer more immediate prospects for achieving the NOx levels demanded today with natural gas and distillate oils.
Catalytic function of tyrosine residues in para-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase as determined by the study of site-directed mutants. (1991)

The role of protein residues in activating the substrate in the reaction catalyzed by the flavoprotein p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase was studied. X-ray crystallography (Schreuder, H. A., Prick, P.A.J., Wieringa, R.K., Vriend, G., Wilson, K.S., Hol, W.G. J., and Drenth, J. (1989) J. Mol. Biol. 208, 679-696) indicates that Tyr-201 and Tyr-385 form a hydrogen bond network with the 4-OH of p-hydroxybenzoate. Therefore, site directed mutants were constructed, converting each of these tyrosines into phenylalanines. Spectral (visible and fluorescence) properties, reduction potentials, and binding constants are very similar to those of wild type, indicating that there are no major structural changes in the mutants. In the absence of substrate, the mutants and wild type exhibit similar pH-dependent changes in the FAD spectrum. However, the enzyme-substrate complex of Tyr-201----Phe lacks an ionization observed in both wild type and Tyr-385----Phe, which preferentially bind the phenolate form of substrates. Tyr-201----Phe shows no preference, indicating that Tyr-201 is required to ionize the substrate. The mutants have less than 6% the activity of the wild type enzyme. The effects on catalysis were studied by stopped flow techniques. Reduction of FAD by NADPH is slower by 10-fold in Tyr-201----Phe and 100-fold in Tyr-385----Phe. When the reduced Tyr-201----Phe-p-hydroxybenzoate complex reacts with oxygen, a long-lived flavin-C(4a)-hydroperoxide is observed, which slowly eliminates H2O2 with very little hydroxylation. Thus, the role of Tyr-201 is to activate the substrate by stabilizing the phenolate. Tyr-385----Phe reacts with oxygen to form 25% oxidized enzyme, and 75% flavin hydroperoxide, which successfully hydroxylates the substrate. This mutant also hydroxylates the product (3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate) to form gallic acid.
J. KnoxJr., Material implication and “if… then.”International logic review—Rassegna Internazionale di logica (Bologna), vol. 2 no. 3 (1971), pp. 90–92. (1972)

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Genetic and Pharmacological Targeting of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-γ Reduces Atherosclerosis and Favors Plaque Stability by Modulating Inflammatory Processes (2008)

These data identify PI3Kgamma as a new target in atherosclerosis with the potential to modulate multiple stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation, such as fatty streak constitution, cellular composition, and final fibrous cap establishment.
Ultra-thin chips for high-performance flexible electronics (2018)

Abstract Flexible electronics has significantly advanced over the last few years, as devices and circuits from nanoscale structures to printed thin films have started to appear. Simultaneously, the demand for high-performance electronics has also increased because flexible and compact integrated circuits are needed to obtain fully flexible electronic systems. It is challenging to obtain flexible and compact integrated circuits as the silicon based CMOS electronics, which is currently the industry standard for high-performance, is planar and the brittle nature of silicon makes bendability difficult. For this reason, the ultra-thin chips from silicon is gaining interest. This review provides an in-depth analysis of various approaches for obtaining ultra-thin chips from rigid silicon wafer. The comprehensive study presented here includes analysis of ultra-thin chips properties such as the electrical, thermal, optical and mechanical properties, stress modelling, and packaging techniques. The underpinning advances in areas such as sensing, computing, data storage, and energy have been discussed along with several emerging applications (e.g., wearable systems, m-Health, smart cities and Internet of Things etc.) they will enable. This paper is targeted to the readers working in the field of integrated circuits on thin and bendable silicon; but it can be of broad interest to everyone working in the field of flexible electronics.
Comparing passwords, tokens, and biometrics for user authentication (2003)

For decades, the password has been the standard means for user authentication on computers. However, as users are required to remember more, longer, and changing passwords, it is evident that a more convenient and secure solution to user authentication is necessary. This paper examines passwords, security tokens, and biometrics-which we collectively call authenticators-and compares these authenticators and their combinations. We examine their effectiveness against several attacks and suitability for particular security specifications such as compromise detection and nonrepudiation. Examples of authenticator combinations and protocols are described to show tradeoffs and solutions that meet chosen, practical requirements. The paper endeavors to offer a comprehensive picture of user authentication solutions for the purposes of evaluating options for use and identifying deficiencies requiring further research.
Metagenes Associated with Survival in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (2011)

NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) comprises about 80% of all lung cancer cases worldwide. Surgery is most effective treatment for patients with early-stage disease. However, 30%-55% of these patients develop recurrence within 5 years. Therefore, markers that can be used to accurately classify early-stage NSCLC patients into different prognostic groups may be helpful in selecting patients who should receive specific therapies.A previously published dataset was used to evaluate gene expression profiles of different NSCLC subtypes. A moderated two-sample t-test was used to identify differentially expressed genes between all tumor samples and cancer-free control tissue, between SCC samples and AC/BC samples and between stage I tumor samples and all other tumor samples. Gene expression microarray measurements were validated using qRT-PCR.Bayesian regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to determine metagenes associated with survival. We identified 599 genes which were down-regulated and 402 genes which were up-regulated in NSCLC compared to the normal lung tissue and 112 genes which were up-regulated and 101 genes which were down-regulated in AC/BC compared to the SCC. Further, for stage Ib patients the metagenes potentially associated with survival were identified.Genes that expressed differently between normal lung tissue and cancer showed enrichment in gene ontology terms which were associated with mitosis and proliferation. Bayesian regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that gene-expression patterns and metagene profiles can be applied to predict the probability of different survival outcomes in NSCLC patients.
Comparative Study of Secure vs. Non-secure Transport Protocols on the SIP Proxy Server Performance: An Experimental Approach (2010)

The wide scale deployment of Internet combined with several advancements in hardware and software technologies created opportunities for several Internet based applications such as Voice Over IP (VoIP) that involves the delivery of voice, video and data to the end user. SIP, the Session Initiation Protocol, is a signaling protocol for Internet conferencing, telephony, presence, events notification and instant messaging. The SIP Proxy Server is a call control software package that enables service providers to build scalable, reliable Voice over IP networks today and it provides a full array of call routing capabilities to maximize network performance in both small and large packet voice networks. The SIP Proxy Server can perform a digest authentication of SIP Register, invite requests, and can encrypt SIP requests and responses using Transport Layer Security (TLS). For secure communication, user authentication, confidentiality and integrity of signaling message and SIP session establishment are essential. TLS is used for the secured SIP signaling and Secure Real Time Protocol (SRTP) for secured SIP session establishment. This paper is focused on evaluating the performance impacts of SIP proxy servers when secured (TLS) over non-secured transport protocols (TCP/UDP) are used to transport SIP messages. Several experiments were conducted in a lab environment to evaluate key performance parameters such as Call setup time, Mean number of calls, Memory utilization, CPU utilization and queue size.
An Investigation Of The Effects Of Speakers' Vocal Characteristics On Ratings Of Confidence And Persuasion (2005)

This experiment furthered previous research on perceptions of speakers as a function of various vocal characteristics. A low relevance passage was recorded by male and female speakers, simulating voices of orotund, thin, thoaty, flat, breathy, as well as rate and pitch variations, so as to determine effects on persuasiveness and confidence. Main effects were found regarding gender across all vocal characteristics. While an orotund voice produced predominately positive effects of ratings of speakers' confidence and persuasiveness, a breathy effect elicited negative ratings. The male speaker was judged more harshly than the female speaker when the vocal characterization departed from the norm.
Infection with Herpes-Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 (1973)

The Infected HostThe effects of HSV on the host can best be appreciated by analysis of both the epidemiologic and the clinicopathological aspects of the infection. In this way, the modes of spread and acquisition of the virus and its distribution in various body sites can be examined in relation to the clinical responses elicited in various kinds of hosts (newborns, immunologically compromised persons, etc.).Epidemiologic PatternsStudies in the "second" period of HSV research (around 1920 to about 1960) brought into relief three important points: that patients experiencing either initial or recurrent HSV infections often fail to have . . .
Theory of the Narrow Sandwich Seal (1978)

An approximate theoretical treatment of the narrow sandwich seal provides the necessary correction factor for calculating true thermal expansion mismatch between seal members from the observed birefringence. The shape factor, which physically represents the extent to which the Poisson strain is developed in the narrow direction, is a strong function of the aspect ratio (width/thickness) of the core member. Its value is 0 to 1 for aspect ratios of 0 to >20. The effect of the thickness ratio (of the seal members) and elastic moduli on the shape factor is relatively small. It is found that large errors can arise in the calculated value of the thermal expansion differential if the shape factor is not taken into account.