gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive web sites: an AI challenge (1997)

The creation of a complex web site is a thorny problem in user interface design. First, different visitors have distinct goals. Second, even a single visitor may have different needs at different times. Much of the information at the site may also be dynamic or time-dependent. Third, as the site grows and evolves, its original design may no longer be appropriate. Finally, a site may be designed for a particular purpose but used in unexpected ways. Web servers record data about user interactions and accumulate this data over time. We believe that AI techniques can be used to examine user access logs in order to automatically improve the site. We challenge the AI community to create adaptive web sites: sites that automatically improve their organization and presentation based on user access data. Several unrelated research projects in plan recognition, machine learning, knowledge representation, and user modeling have begun to explore aspects of this problem. We hope that posing this challenge explicitly will bring these projects together and stimulate fundamental AI research. Success would have a broad and highly visible impact on the web and the AI community. 1
[Comparison of three kinds of diagnostic criteria for neurosis]. (1991)

In order to compare utilizable value of three kinds of neurotic criteria, we made of diagnosis study of 139 neurotics by criteria of neurotic epidemiological investigation. The diagnostic criteria of Chinese expert Xu Youxin' for several types of neurosis and diagnosis criteria of the Chinese medical association for neurosis respectively. The result showed that consistent rate of diagnosis used three kinds of diagnostic criteria was 73.38 per cent. It suggested that criteria studied was acceptive, especially for neurosis diagnosis of the Chinese medical association. A further study is needed which is useful to improve its sensitivity and specifity for diagnosis of neurosis.
Inhibition of Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Negative Mice by Sesame Oil (2006)

Diet has profound effects on the development of atherosclerosis. Fatty acid composition, antioxidants, and other components such as lignans have major effects on the atherosclerotic process. Sesame oil has both mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid constituents in equal proportions. In addition, it also has high levels of numerous antioxidants and inducers of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. The objective of this study was to determine the anti-atherosclerotic effects of sesame oil. In this study, male low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) -/- mice were fed atherogenic diet or atherogenic diet reformulated with the same level of sesame oil (sesame oil diet). Plasma lipids and atherosclerotic lesions were quantified after 3 months of feeding. Sesame oil-containing diet significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesion formation and plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol levels in LDLR -/- mice. These findings suggest that sesame oil could inhibit atherosclerosis lesion formation effectively, perhaps because of the synergistic actions of fatty acid and nonsaponifiable components.
Enhanced nonlinear imaging through scattering media using transmission matrix based wavefront shaping (2016)

Despite the tremendous progresses in wavefront control through or inside complex scattering media, several limitations prevent reaching practical feasibility for nonlinear imaging in biological tissues. While the optimization of nonlinear signals might suffer from low signal to noise conditions and from possible artifacts at large penetration depths, it has nevertheless been largely used in the multiple scattering regime since it provides a guide star mechanism as well as an intrinsic compensation for spatiotemporal distortions. Here, we demonstrate the benefit of Transmission Matrix (TM) based approaches under broadband illumination conditions, to perform nonlinear imaging. Using ultrashort pulse illumination with spectral bandwidth comparable but still lower than the spectral width of the scattering medium, we show strong nonlinear enhancements of several orders of magnitude, through thicknesses of a few transport mean free paths, which corresponds to millimeters in biological tissues. Linear TM refocusing is moreover compatible with fast scanning nonlinear imaging and potentially with acoustic based methods, which paves the way for nonlinear microscopy deep inside scattering media.
Relationship between chloride and nitrate and its effect on growth and mineral composition of avocado and citrus plants (1997)

Abstract Two rootstocks of avocado (Persea americana Mill.), the salt‐tolerant ‘Degania‐113’ and the salt‐sensitive ‘Smith’, and two rootstocks of citrus, the salt‐tolerant ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan) and the salt‐sensitive ‘Troyer’ citrange (Poncirus trifoliata x Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck), were grown in a sandy soil and irrigated daily with nutrient solutions containing various chloride concentrations. Increasing the concentration of chloride resulted in elevated chloride levels in all avocado plant parts, and toxic symptoms that were more pronounced in the ‘Smith’ than in the ‘Degania‐113’ avocado rootstock. When leaves of both rootstocks had accumulated similar chloride levels and showed scorching damage, the leaves of ‘Degania‐113’ abscised, while those of ‘Smith’ did not. High chloride reduced the total dry matter yield of the root more than that of the shoot, decreasing the “root: shoot”; dry weight ratio in both rootstocks. Addition of nitrate to the irrigation water reduced chloride accumulation in the plant and alleviated its adverse effects. Accumulation of nitrogen in the plant exceeded that of chloride in all cases. High nitrate reduced phosphorus levels in the plant and caused chlorosis in young leaves. High chloride partially reversed this effect. Citrus rootstocks responded similarly, but leaves of the chloride‐sensitive ‘Troyer’ accumulated more chloride than ‘Cleopatra’. High chloride resulted in scorching damage in the leaves and branches of ‘Troyer’, but not in ‘Cleopatra’. Nitrate reduced chloride accumulation and toxic symptoms as well as boron levels in the leaves. The results of this study suggests that water containing high chloride levels may be used to irrigate avocado and citrus orchards, provided that nitrate is supplied continuously at a molar concentration equivalent to half that of chloride. Our results also suggest that a nitrate supplement applied to citrus will reduce the undesirable uptake of boron. The difference in mode of resistance to chloride between avocado and citrus rootstocks is discussed.
Activation of CaMKIIδC Is a Common Intermediate of Diverse Death Stimuli-induced Heart Muscle Cell Apoptosis (2007)

Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is expressed in many mammalian cells, with the delta isoform predominantly expressed in cardiomyocytes. Previous studies have shown that inhibition of CaMKII protects cardiomyocytes against beta(1)-adrenergic receptor-mediated apoptosis. However, it is unclear whether activation of CaMKII is sufficient to cause cardiomyocyte apoptosis and whether CaMKII signaling is important in heart muscle cell apoptosis mediated by other stimuli. Here, we specifically enhanced or suppressed CaMKII activity using adenoviral gene transfer of constitutively active (CA-CaMKII(deltaC)) or dominant negative (DN-CaMKII(deltaC)) mutants of CaMKII(deltaC) in cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes. Expression of CA-CaMKII(deltaC) promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis that was associated with increased mitochondrial cytochrome c release and attenuated by co-expression of Bcl-X(L). Importantly, isoform-specific suppression of CaMKII(deltaC) with the DN-CaMKII(deltaC) mutant similar to nonselective CaMKII inhibition by the pharmacological inhibitors (KN-93 or AIP) not only prevented CA-CaMKII(deltaC)-mediated apoptosis but also protected cells from multiple death-inducing stimuli. Thus, activation of CaMKII(deltaC) constitutes a common intermediate by which various death-inducing stimuli trigger cardiomyocyte apoptosis via the primary mitochondrial death pathway.
Preloading Collet Latch (1992)

Vibration-resistant fastener replaces pinned or threaded fastener. Collet latch preloads joined components. When mechanism fully locked, actuating lever 90 degrees from starting position and held by locking tab engaged in ratchet notch. Latch connected or disconnected almost instantly, without tools.
Aqueous humor TGF-β2 levels in patients with open-angle glaucoma: A meta-analysis. (2015)

The analysis of pooled data showed that aqueous humor TGF-β2 levels are elevated in patients with OAG and POAG.
Hematopoietic cells as hepatocyte stem cells (2005)

The authors reviewed 77 published reports available before August 1, 2005 that examined the ability of hematopoietic cells to generate hepatocytes in the liver. A list of these publications and a synopsis of each are available on-line. We interpret the evidence provided by this data set to suggest that one or more types of hematopoietic cells may rarely acquire the hepatocyte phenotype in the liver (frequency < or =10(-4)), although the nature of the hematopoietic cells involved and the mechanisms responsible for acquisition of a hepatocyte phenotype are still controversial. Hematopoietic stem cells do not appear to be direct precursors of hepatocytes, which, instead, can be generated from cells of the macrophage-monocyte lineage. Fusion between hepatocytes and transplanted hematopoietic cells has been substantiated as a mechanism by which hepatocytes that carry a bone marrow tag are generated, but direct transdifferentiation of hematopoietic cells has not been demonstrated. In conclusion, hematopoietic cells contribute little to hepatocyte formation under either physiological or pathological conditions, although they may provide cytokines and growth factors that promote hepatocyte functions by paracrine mechanisms. Cells of the endodermal hepatocyte lineage are far more potent generators of hepatocytes than are hematopoietic cells.
Specific Mutations in <i>KRAS</i> Codons 12 and 13, and Patient Prognosis in 1075 <i>BRAF</i> Wild-Type Colorectal Cancers (2012)

KRAS codon 12 mutations (in particular, c.35G>T), but not codon 13 mutations, are associated with inferior survival in BRAF wild-type colorectal cancer. Our data highlight the importance of accurate molecular characterization in colorectal cancer.
Ferromagnetic microdisks : novel magnetic particles for biomedical applications (2005)

In this report we propose a concept of magnetically soft disk-shaped particles with a number of properties useful for biomedical applications. The microdisks of permalloy (Py) Fe20-Ni80 alloy with diameter of 1 and 2 micrometers and variable thickness of 20 – 60 nm were fabricated using thin film sputtering techniques combined with electron-beam and optical lithography. The analysis of the experimental data and micromagnetic simulations shows that the magnetization reversal is accomplished via nucleation, displacement and annihilation of the magnetic vortex state. The disks demonstrate zero remanence and independent behavior of the assembly of disks, e.g. no agglomeration. A high magnetic moment equal to the saturation magnetization for the material can be achieved by applying a relatively small field. Furthermore, due to the collective resonant behavior of the spins, there are additional possibilities for the detection of the particles by using dynamic permeability measurements. The resonance frequency is found to be size dependent and can be tailored by choosing the appropriate geometrical aspect-ratio.
Overtone absorption in macromolecules for polymer optical fibers (1988)

Abstract The development of polymer optical fibers (POF) leads to the fundamental question about the lowest loss attainable with organic polymers. In the present paper, we address this question with experimental and theoretical work on vibrational overtone absorption of different molecular bonds, which is the dominant loss contribution in POF's. The investigations, the first of their kind for several bonds, show good agreement between experiment and theory for the experimentally accessible CH‐, CD‐, and OH‐vibrations. Applied to CF‐, CCl‐, and (CO)‐ vibrations, the calculations lead to the conclusion that in the most important wavelength region 600 – 900 nm fully halogenated polymers show a negligible loss contribution due to overtone absorption. In these cases, the theoretical lower loss limit should be a few dB/km.
ALGAL DIVERSITY OF RIVER MEENACHIL IN KERALA, INDIA (2016)

River Meenachil is one of the important river in Kottayam district which emerges from Western Ghats with a total length of 78 km and has a catchment area of 1272sq.km with a myriad of ecological, anthropological and biodiversity whereabouts. However, the algal diversity in the river is an unexplored area and hence the present study. The present study is an attempt to record the algal diversity among selected sites during the pre-monsoon and monsoon period during 2014. The specimens were preserved at the site itself and brought to the laboratory and observed under microscope for identification. A total of 16 algal genera were observed in the study.  Interestingly, the phytoplankton was more abundant in the pre- monsoon when compared with the monsoon period. As the river host diverse algal species more conservation efforts with involvement of local people are the need of the hour.
Assembly of Dithiocarbamate-Anchored Monolayers on Gold Surfaces in Aqueous Solutions (2008)

Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) can be formed by the in situ condensation of polar alkylamines with CS 2, and assembled into dithiocarbamate-anchored monolayers (DAMs) on Au substrates in aqueous solutions. Primary and secondary amines can both be used to prepare DTCs, but have significant differences in their reactivities and product stabilities. Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy provides a convenient method for monitoring in situ DTC formation as well as the formation of potential byproducts. The kinetics of DAM assembly on Au substrates as measured by second harmonic generation (SHG) indicated first-order rate processes and saturation coverages similar to those of alkanethiols on Au. However, the rate of adsorption did not change with DTC concentration in a manner expected of Langmuir kinetics, and is attributed to the competitive adsorption of alkylammonium counterions to the freshly oxidized Au substrate. These analyses establish a practical range of conditions for preparing DAMs from polar amines using in situ DTC formation.
Electrochemical and IR Spectroelectrochemical Studies of the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide by [Ir<sub>2</sub>(dimen)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>(dimen = 1,8-Diisocyanomenthane) (1996)

The electrocatalytic reactions of carbon dioxide that are catalyzed by [Ir2(dimen)4]2+ (dimen = 1,8-diisocyanomenthane) were studied with cyclic voltammetry and infrared spectroelectrochemistry. The hexafluorophosphate (PF6-) salt and the tetraphenylborate (B(C6H5)4-) salt are electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction. Infrared spectroelectrochemistry allowed the identification of the carbon dioxide reduction products and provided information about the mechanism(s) of the reduction. Bicarbonate and formate were identified as the electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reaction products by comparing the infrared bands observed by spectroelectrochemistry with authentic samples of tetrabutylammonium formate, tetrabutylammonium oxalate, and tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate. Formate arises from a net two-electron reduction of carbon dioxide that produces free formate and a formate complex of [Ir2(dimen)4]2+. Bicarbonate results from the reaction of hydroxide (produced when residual water is reduced to hydrogen) with carbon dioxide.
Waxy Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: monocellular algal mutants defective in amylose biosynthesis and granule-bound starch synthase activity accumulate a structurally modified amylopectin (1992)

Amylose-defective mutants were selected after UV mutagenesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Two recessive nuclear alleles of the ST-2 gene led to the disappearance not only of amylose but also of a fraction of the amylopectin. Granule-bound starch synthase activities were markedly reduced in strains carrying either st-2-1 or st-2-2, as is the case for amylose-deficient (waxy) endosperm mutants of higher plants. The main 76-kDa protein associated with the starch granule was either missing or greatly diminished in both mutants, while st-2-1-carrying strains displayed a novel 56-kDa major protein. Methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of wild-type algal storage polysaccharide revealed a structure identical to that of higher-plant starch, while amylose-defective mutants retained a modified amylopectin fraction. We thus propose that the waxy gene product conditions not only the synthesis of amylose from endosperm storage tissue in higher-plant amyloplasts but also that of amylose and a fraction of amylopectin in all starch-accumulating plastids. The nature of the ST-2 (waxy) gene product with respect to the granule-bound starch synthase activities is discussed.
Reconstructing Practice in Teacher Education through Artmaking. (2007)

______________ Teacher educators are often challenged to demonstrate the same kinds of constructivist educational practices in their own teaching they so often recommend for public school educators. We report here on our efforts to reconstruct our university teaching practice through experiments with artmaking as a pedagogical strategy. Two case illustrations are provided which describe the contexts, process and outcomes of these efforts. We discuss our experiences with these “experiments ” in practice as they suggest ways in which artmaking may function to enrich university coursework in teacher education, and as it has functioned to renew and deepen our work as teacher educators.
The Enigmatic <i>Escherichia coli fadE</i> Gene Is <i>yafH</i> (2002)

The identity of the gene encoding acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase is a major remaining mystery of the Escherichia coli fatty acid degradation (fad) regulon. Our prior genome array analyses showed that transcription of the yafH gene is controlled by the FadR regulatory protein. We now report direct experimental proof that yafH and fadE are the same gene.
Sector and Sphere: the design and implementation of a high-performance data cloud (2009)

Cloud computing has demonstrated that processing very large datasets over commodity clusters can be done simply, given the right programming model and infrastructure. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of the Sector storage cloud and the Sphere compute cloud. By contrast with the existing storage and compute clouds, Sector can manage data not only within a data centre, but also across geographically distributed data centres. Similarly, the Sphere compute cloud supports user-defined functions (UDFs) over data both within and across data centres. As a special case, MapReduce-style programming can be implemented in Sphere by using a Map UDF followed by a Reduce UDF. We describe some experimental studies comparing Sector/Sphere and Hadoop using the Terasort benchmark. In these studies, Sector is approximately twice as fast as Hadoop. Sector/Sphere is open source.
Interfacial Tension in Binary Polymer Blends in the Presence of Block Copolymers. 2. Effects of Additive Architecture and Composition (2003)

The effect of the macromolecular architecture and composition of block copolymer additives on the reduction of the interfacial tension between two immiscible homopolymers is investigated. A series of (polyisoprene)2(polystyrene), I2S, graft copolymers with constant molecular weight and varying composition are utilized as additives in polystyrene/polyisoprene blends. The interfacial tension decreases with the addition of small amounts of copolymer and reaches a plateau at higher copolymer concentration. The interfacial tension at interfacial saturation depends on copolymer composition exhibiting a minimum, which is lower than that using a symmetric diblock with the same molecular weight. Moreover, the interfacial tension at saturation depends on the side of the interface the copolymer is introduced; adding it to the polyisoprene phase is much more efficient than adding it to polystyrene. This is due to the asymmetric architecture of the copolymer and points to the fact that a local equilibrium can only be attained in such systems: the copolymer reaching the interface from one homopolymer phase probably does not diffuse to the other phase. The fact that this behavior is not a kinetic effect is verified using (polystyrene)2(polyisoprene), S2I, grafts, which show the mirror image behavior. The effectiveness of the interfacial modifiers is, thus, controlled by the unfavorable interactions, which drive the additive toward the interface, and the possibility of micelle formation, which hinders its activity.
Magnesium - its role in CKD. (2013)

Magnesium containing compounds present promising oral phosphate binders for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the impact of magnesium in CKD patients still remains unclear in clinical routine practice. Therefore, this publication provides a practicable overview of knowledge about the physiological role of magnesium in general and in particular in CKD patients. Prevalence of hypomagnesaemia is high in the general population and especially in intensive care unit patients, but often not being detected. Magnesium deficiency increases the risk for several diseases, like diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Moderate hypermagnesaemia, however, seems to have beneficial effects on vascular calcification and mortality rates in CKD patients. On the other hand, higher serum magnesium levels are reported to be linked to lower PTH levels and results on the effects on bone are controversial. In addition, low magnesium levels are associated with low bone mass, osteoporosis and vascular calcification. In dialysis patients serum magnesium levels are dependent mainly on the dialysate magnesium concentration. To confirm the potential delay of arterial calcification and improved survival outcomes by long-term intervention with magnesium powered randomized studies are required in dialysis patients. Since a recent trial revealed that a phosphate binder containing a combination of magnesium carbonate and calcium acetate was as effective as the polymer-based agent sevelamer hydrochloride and had an equally good tolerability profile, it is time for a re-examination of the role of magnesium in CKD patients.
Respiratory muscle ultrasonography: methodology, basic and advanced principles and clinical applications in ICU and ED patients—a narrative review (2020)

Respiratory muscle ultrasound is used to evaluate the anatomy and function of the respiratory muscle pump. It is a safe, repeatable, accurate, and non-invasive bedside technique that can be successfully applied in different settings, including general intensive care and the emergency department. Mastery of this technique allows the intensivist to rapidly diagnose and assess respiratory muscle dysfunction in critically ill patients and in patients with unexplained dyspnea. Furthermore, it can be used to assess patient-ventilator interaction and weaning failure in critically ill patients. This paper provides an overview of the basic and advanced principles underlying respiratory muscle ultrasound with an emphasis on the diaphragm. We review different ultrasound techniques useful for monitoring of the respiratory muscle pump and possible therapeutic consequences. Ideally, respiratory muscle ultrasound is used in conjunction with other components of critical care ultrasound to obtain a comprehensive evaluation of the critically ill patient. We propose the ABCDE-ultrasound approach, a systematic ultrasound evaluation of the heart, lungs and respiratory muscle pump, in patients with weaning failure.