gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gasoline Cold Start Concept (gCSC™) Technology for Low Temperature Emission Control (2014)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Stricter emission standards in the near future require not only a high conversion efficiency of the toxic air pollutants but also a substantial reduction of the greenhouse gases from automotive exhaust. Advanced engines with improved fuel efficiency can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions; their exhaust temperature is, however, also low. This consequently poses significant challenges to the emission control system demanding the catalysts to function at low temperatures both during the cold start period and under the normal engine operation conditions. In this paper, we will introduce a gasoline Cold Start Concept (gCSC™) technology developed for advanced stoichiometric-burn gasoline engines to meet future stringent emission regulations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">To improve the low temperature performance of three-way catalysts, a novel Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/CeO<sub>2</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> mixed oxide was developed. Compared to conventional CeO<sub>2</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> mixed oxides with similar compositions, the new material exhibits higher oxygen storage capacity especially at low temperatures and is more thermally durable. The improved thermal stability of the new material further stabilizes and improves the PGM dispersion on the support. As a result, low temperature TWCs based on the new material exhibit a reduced light-off temperature. The improvement becomes obvious when the catalysts are tested on a vehicle with low exhaust temperatures.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">For cold start HC emission control, HC storage components were further improved to increase the HC trapping capacity and HC release temperature. An emission control system combining the improved low temperature TWC and the enhanced HC trapping components demonstrates a noticeable reduction in the tailpipe emissions.</div></div>
Properties of Films of Adsorbed Fluorinated Acids (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProperties of Films of Adsorbed Fluorinated AcidsE. F. Hare, E. G. Shafrin, and W. A. ZismanCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1954, 58, 3, 236–239Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1954https://doi.org/10.1021/j150513a011Request reuse permissionsArticle Views1089Altmetric-Citations280LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (490 KB) Get e-Alerts
DENITRIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE USING WOOD-BASED REACTORS (2006)

Two denitrification reactor designs, utilizing alternate layers of fine and coarse wood particles, were monitoredfor their ability to achieve passive, maintenance-free nitrate removal in agricultural tile drainage. A lateral flow design wastested over a 26-month period on drainage from a cornfield in southern Ontario, and an upflow design was tested over a20-month period on drainage from a golf course, also in southern Ontario. At the cornfield site, flow through the reactoraveraged 7.7 L/min at an average influent NO3 concentration of 11.8 mg N/L, and removal averaged 3.9 mg N/L. At the golfcourse site, flow through the reactor averaged 7.8 L/min at an average influent NO3 concentration of 3.2 mg N/L, and removalaveraged 1.7 mg N/L. Areal removal rates averaged 2.5 g N/m2/d in the cornfield reactor and 0.95 g N/m2/d in the golf coursereactor, and are about an order of magnitude higher than rates reported for other passive treatment systems such asconstructed wetlands even though average operating temperatures were relatively low (7C to 9C). Mass balancecalculations indicate that carbon consumption from denitrification was <2% per year; thus, these reactors have the potentialto operate for a number of years without the need for media replenishment. Both reactors were successful in achievingmaintenance-free operation during all seasonal conditions, including unassisted startup after drought and freeze periods.Reactors such as these have the potential for a range of applications in agricultural settings because of their low cost andlow maintenance characteristics. They are most usefully applied in the treatment of base flows rather than peak flows andcan be readily used in combination with other treatment systems such as constructed wetlands.
Allgemeine Grundsätze der Rechtsbehelfe bei Vertragsverletzungen (1995)

Einer Vertragspartei stehen für den Fall, daß der andere Teil seinen vertraglichen Pflichten nicht nachkommt, die in Art. 2A UCC vorgesehenen Rechtsbehelfe zu, die nach Maßgabe der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen293 vertraglich abgewandelt werden können (§ 2A-501(2) UCC). Damit kommt der bereits erwähnte294 Grundsatz der Nachgiebigkeit des in Art. 2A UCC niedergelegten Rechts zum Tragen.
Design concepts for active phased-array modules (1980)

A review of microwave devices for power generation and low-noise amplification in active array modules is given. Various configurations of active array module are discussed and particularly full attention is given to the use of microwave phase-locked loops to achieve the required gain and accurate phase control. The noise performance and response to pulse-compression waveforms for such loops is also considered. It is suggested that considerable benefits may be obtained by performing phase shifting and signal processing at i.f. or baseband and that this leads to the possibility of optical-fibre interfaces with modules, much simplifying the interconnection problem. The realisation of a phase-locked loop module with phase shift applied at i.f. and constructed in thick-film microstrip form for use at X band is described.
Cu[Au(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(DMSO)<sub>2</sub>:  Golden Polymorphs That Exhibit Vapochromic Behavior (2004)

Two polymorphs of an [Au(CN)2]-based coordination polymer, Cu[Au(CN)2]2(DMSO)2, one green (1) and one blue (2), have been identified. In polymorph 1, alternation of five-coordinate Cu(II) and [Au(CN)2]- units generates 1-D chains, while 2-D corrugated sheets are obtained in polymorph 2, which contains six-coordinate Cu(II) centers. Both polymorphs form 3-D networks by virtue of aurophilic interactions of 3.22007(5) A and 3.419(3) A, respectively, and show similar weak antiferromagnetic coupling, but have different thermal decomposition temperatures. They both show vapochromic properties and, importantly, despite their significantly different solid-state structures, the vapochromic behavior of the two polymorphs is essentially identical. Upon solvent exchange, both polymorphs convert to the same Cu[Au(CN)2]2(solvent)x complex (solvent = H2O, CH3CN, dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, pyridine, NH3). The Cu[Au(CN)2]2(DMF) and Cu[Au(CN)2]2(pyridine)2 complexes have very similar 2-D square grid structures, comparable to that of 2. The solvent molecules adsorbed by Cu[Au(CN)2]2 bind to the Cu(II) centers, thereby altering the visible spectrum associated with the Cu(II) chromophores and the number and frequency of the nu(CN) as well. The network-stabilizing gold-gold interactions and the flexible coordination sphere of Cu(II) probably facilitate reversible solvent exchange at room temperature.
Secreted form of β-amyloid precursor protein shifts the frequency dependency for induction of LTD, and enhances LTP in hippocampal slices (1997)

The secreted form of beta-amyloid precursor protein (sAPP alpha) is released from neurons in an activity-dependent manner, and has been reported to modulate neuronal excitability in dissociated hippocampal neurons. We now report that sAPP alpha shifts the frequency dependence for induction of long-term depression of synaptic transmission (LTD) in hippocampal slices from adult rats. Whereas low frequency stimulation (1 Hz) of Schaffer collateral axons induced LTD of the post-synaptic response of CA1 neurons in control slices, it did not induce LTD in slices pretreated with sAPP alpha. On the other hand, whereas a 10 Hz stimulation normally induced neither LTD or LTP, it did induce LTD in slices pretreated with sAPP alpha. sAPP alpha potentiated LTP induced by high frequency stimulation. sAPP alpha induced cGMP production in hippocampal slices, and pretreatment of slices with 8-bromo-cyclic GMP mimicked the effect of sAPP alpha on LTD suggesting a role for cyclic GMP in modulation of LTD. The data suggest an important role for sAPP alpha in modulation of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.
Comprehensive molecular screening: from the RT-PCR to the RNA-seq. (2013)

Up to now, the analysis of the mRNA expression in tumoral and non-tumoral has been conducted via RT-PCR. It is considered to be the gold standard for measuring the number of copies of specific cDNA targets. The application of RT-PCR has demonstrated that levels of RNA transcripts stratify patients and predict outcomes in a variety of diseases, providing the basis for several important clinical tests. However, the inherent variability in the quality of any quantitative PCR data makes it difficult to replicate and the analysis is time consuming in the laboratory for the analysis of one gene. Moreover, comparing expression levels across different experiments is often difficult and can require complicated normalization methods. Many techniques have been developed over the years but without good clinical applications. A new, simple and effective way to measure transcriptome composition and to discover new exons or genes is by the RNA-seq. Some advantages of this technique are high reproducibility, the large dynamic range, requirement of less sample RNA, and the ability to detect novel transcripts, alternative splicing, even in the absence of a sequenced genome. However, this RNA-Seq technique will not likely replace current RT-PCR methods, but will be complementary depending on the needs and the resources of the clinic and the laboratory as the results of the RNA-Seq will identify those genes that need to then be examined using RT-PCR methods. The application of the two complementary technologies in the routine analysis of cancer laboratories would be useful in characterizing patients and would assist oncologists in making clinical decisions, as it allows us to identify all molecular characteristics of the tumor.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Has Extensive Oncolytic Activity against Human Sarcomas: Rare Resistance Is Overcome by Blocking Interferon Pathways (2011)

Oncolytic viruses have been tested against many carcinomas of ectodermal and endodermal origin; however, sarcomas, arising from mesoderm, have received relatively little attention. Using 13 human sarcomas representing seven tumor types, we assessed the efficiency of infection, cytolysis, and replication of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and its oncolytically enhanced mutant VSV-rp30a. Both viruses efficiently infected and killed 12 of 13 sarcomas. VSV-rp30a showed a faster rate of infection and replication. In vitro and in vivo, VSV was selective for sarcomas compared with normal mesoderm. A single intravenous injection of VSV-rp30a selectively infected all subcutaneous human sarcomas tested in mice and arrested the growth of tumors that otherwise grew 11-fold. In contrast to other sarcomas, synovial sarcoma SW982 demonstrated remarkable resistance, even to high titers of virus (multiplicity of infection [MOI] of 100). We found no dysfunction in VSV binding or internalization. SW982 also resisted infection by human cytomegalovirus and Sindbis virus, suggesting a virus resistance mechanism based on an altered antiviral state. Quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR analysis revealed a heightened basal expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Pretreatment, but not cotreatment, with interferon attenuators valproate, Jak1 inhibitor, or vaccinia virus B18R protein rendered SW982 highly susceptible, and this correlated with downregulation of ISG expression. Jak1 inhibitor pretreatment also enhanced susceptibility in moderately VSV-resistant liposarcoma and bladder carcinoma. Overall, we find that the potential efficacy of VSV as an oncolytic agent extends to nonhematologic mesodermal tumors and that unusually strong resistance to VSV oncolysis can be overcome with interferon attenuators.
Positioning of vehicle on undulating ground using GPS and dead reckoning (2002)

A method of positioning vehicles on undulating ground is proposed. This method uses GPS data and internal sensor data (fiber optic gyro, roll pitch sensor, and wheel encoders) and improves the positioning accuracy by compensating the error of each sensor data. A prototype of autonomous mower using this positioning method was developed and its positioning performance was evaluated. The experimental results show that the fusion system is more accurate than using only the GPS or internal sensor system. When the accuracy of the GPS is 1 m, the accuracy of the fusion system is 0.2 m; this accuracy is enough to control the vehicles. We expect that the positioning system for vehicle control can be realized using a differential GPS with accuracy of 1 m instead of an expensive kinematic GPS.
Digital signal processing based on inverse scattering transform (2013)

Through numerical modeling, we illustrate the possibility of a new approach to digital signal processing in coherent optical communications based on the application of the so-called inverse scattering transform. Considering without loss of generality a fiber link with normal dispersion and quadrature phase shift keying signal modulation, we demonstrate how an initial information pattern can be recovered (without direct backward propagation) through the calculation of nonlinear spectral data of the received optical signal.
The Relationship of Pellagra to Corn and the Low Availability of Niacin in Cereals (1983)

The poorest inhabitants of an area generally eat the narrowest range of foods, and one staple (which serves as a cheap source of calories) dominates. In turn, the specific type of malnutrition seen in that area depends upon that predominant staple and how it is processed before consumption. Corn, used here in the sense of "Indian corn" or maize, was brought to Europe from America, and over the period 1750-1850 became the typical peasant's staple in many of the areas bordering the Mediterranean. By the end of that period, it had also come to be recognized that pellagra had become a serious, chronic disease in these same countries, flaring up each spring amongst the poorest people living on diets containing much corn and very little animal food (i.e., meat, eggs or dairy products) or wine and being generally in a state of wretchedness. Nothing of the sort was seen in areas where wheat and rice were the staple foods, even when they were highly milled. Most scientists agreed on this association with corn, though not on what was the true cause-and-effect relationship. Research in the present century has shown that pellagra is primarily due to a dietary deficiency of niacin. However, the niacin content of different foods did not tie in well with their pellagra-preventive value. But then it was discovered that a second nutrient, tryptophan, could act as precursor of the vitamin with approximately one sixtieth of the activity of the actual vitamin. The "niacin equivalent" values of foods (calculated from their content of both nutrients) show a much better correlation with their pellagra-preventive value. Thus, mature corn is lower in niacin content than are wheat and rice; also the mixed proteins of corn are lower in their tryptophan content. What is not explained by the calculation of "niacin equivalent" is the general freedom from pellagra of the peasants in Mexico and Central America, where corn has been the staple for millenia and where poverty, the consequent lack of animal foods in the diet, and general misery, have been fully equal to the conditions in Europe. It has been known for 40 years that analytical values for the niacin content of foods depended greatly on the method of extraction used, with the highest values being obtained after treatment with alkali. We have confirmed with rat growth assays that the niacin in corn, wheat and rice is only about one-third available to this species, even after ordinary cooking at neutral pH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Synthesis of Cyclic Peptidomimetics from Aldol Building Blocks (2002)

Aldol products (3-hydroxy acids) with an allyl-protected hydroxy group were converted to amino alcohols by Curtius rearrangement. Combination of the carboxylic acid with the amino alcohols gave the amides 10. Ring-closing metathesis led to the 12-membered lactams 12 as mixtures of E/Z-isomers. The scheme was also transferred to the solid-phase. In this case the macrolactams are formed via cyclorelease. For a pair of E/Z-isomers the solution conformation was determined by ROESY spectroscopy.
Bilirubin-induced cytomorphological changes in guinea-pig leucocytes. (1983)

The in vitro influence of bilirubin on guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells was investigated at concentrations comparable to the conditions of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. In in vitro cultures of granulocytes and macrophages bilirubin manifested itself macroscopically by yellow colouring and microscopically by bilirubin aggregation near the nucleus. The intracellular bilirubin content was determined to be 40 nmol per 3 . 10(7) cells. The deposit of bilirubin was irreversible even after subsequent incubation with albumin. Subsequent incubation in heat-inactivated serum reverses binding of bilirubin to cells. Moreover, adding serum to the bilirubin sample prevents the influx of bilirubin. Simultaneously with the deposition of bilirubin there were conspicuous cytomorphological changes in the granulocytes and macrophages observed. The changes consist in a large number of rigid plasma extensions on the whole cell surface. The morphological changes were also reversible by subsequent incubation with serum and their formation was prevented by addition of serum. Since albumin as a well known bilirubin binding protein could not prevent the deposition of bilirubin or the morphological changes, it is suggested that serum factors can regulate the transport of bilirubin across cell membranes.
Specifying a security policy: a case study (2002)

The objective of this paper is to assist the security administrators, in their attempt to specify, define and formalize security policies suited to a given high risk environment. It is then possible for the administrators to automatically derive consequences of these policies. In particular we want to provide users with the following functionalities: query a given security policy; verify that properties such as consistency and completeness are enforced by a given policy; verify that a given situation does not violate the security policy; investigate interoperability problems between several security policies. In this paper we more precisely focus on the problem of security policies formulization. We want to get a generic approach, being as much domain-independent as possible. In order to achieve the above goals, we have chosen a logic-based approach. It combines a deontic logic to model the concept of permission, obligation and prohibition with a modal logic of action. It also includes the possibility to deal with additional concepts such as role, responsibility and delegation. We illustrate this approach through a case study: a regulation whose purpose is to define means to protect secret data related to the National Defense.
A novel expression system for artificial miRNAs containing no endogenous miRNA precursor sequences. (2007)

Recently, artificial microRNA (miRNA)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) systems have been developed as useful tools to study gene functions. We report an artificial miRNA precursor motif (AMPM) containing several restriction sites in the loop and in the extended stem structures, and generated a vector-based expression system for AMPM under the control of an RNA polymerase II promoter. The AMPM located in the intron or the exon of the selection marker gene mediated silencing of the reporter luciferase gene expression in HeLa cells. Northern blotting and colony formation assays revealed that the AMPM was efficiently and appropriately processed into mature miRNA. The AMPA system also down-regulated endogenous p53 and laminA/C proteins in stable transfectants. Moreover, clustered AMPMs separated by an appropriate spacer, targeting different sites within a single mRNA mediated gene silencing, even if the sequences of the target and the AMPM were partially complementary. This indicates the potential therapeutic utility of clustered AMPMs for highly-mutable targets, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
ENTROPY MEASUREMENT OF LINKOGRAPHY IN PROTOCOL STUDIES OF DESIGNING (2005)

This paper explores the use of information theory to measure linkography in protocol studies of designing. It outlines the ideas behind using Shannon's entropy as a measure of opportunities for idea development in team designing. The entropy measurement can be used to assess a whole design session or it can be used to evaluate the progress of a session by taking incremental measurements. Two cases are used to illustrate this method. The paper concludes that this method is able to assign signatures to design sessions that characterize the opportunities for idea development.
Effects of far infrared rays emitting clothing on recovery after an intense plyometric exercise bout applied to elite soccer players: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (2016)

The aim was to investigate the effects of far infrared (FIR) ray emitting clothes on indirect markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and physical performance recovery after a plyometric bout applied to soccer players. Twenty-one male players (18.9±0.6 years; 70.8±5.01 kg; 178.3±0.06 cm) performed 100 drop-jumps. Six hours after the bout, athletes put on FIR clothes (FIR) (density of 225 g·m(-2), 88% far infrared rays emitting polyamide 66 Emana yarn (PA66) fibre, 12% Spandex, emissivity of 0.88 and power emitted of 341 W/m2µm at 37°C in the 5-20 µm wavelength range, patent WO 2009/077834 A2) (N = 10) or placebo clothes (PLA) (N = 11). Mid-thigh circumferences, creatine kinase (CK), and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed before, immediately after and 24, 48, and 72 h after the bout. Squat (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) heights were measured before and at 24, 48, and 72 h after, while 1RM leg press (maximum strength) was measured before and at 72 h after the plyometrics. No differences between groups were found in mid-thigh circumferences, SJ, CMJ or 1RM. CK increased significantly 24 h after the plyometrics in comparison to before (p < 0.05) in both groups. PLA showed significant DOMS increases at 24, 48, and 72 h, while FIR showed significant increases at 24 and 48 h (p < 0.05). DOMS effect sizes were greater in FIR (moderate at 48 h, ES = 0.737 and large at 72 h, ES = 0.844), suggesting that FIR clothes may reduce perceived DOMS after an intense plyometric session performed by soccer players.