gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and magnetism in amorphous rare-earth–transition-metal thin films. II. Magnetic anisotropy (1979)

Amorphous thin films of GdxCo1−x, HoxCo1−x, GdxFe1−x, and YxFe1−x (0.1&lt;x&lt;0.7) possess an anisotropic microstructure when prepared by vapor or sputter deposition onto room-temperature substrates. The structure consists of mutually parallel columnar regions of high density that are surrounded by a network of low-density material of 10–30 Å thickness. This structure is produced by geometrical shadowing of the incident vapor atoms by the growing film. If separate vapor sources are used to deposit each alloy constituent, compositional inhomogeneities are also formed by shadowing effects. These produce an in-plane magnetic anisotropy that may be eliminated by deposition onto rotating substrates. Annealing at temperatures between 250 and 400 °C, deposition in oxygen-contaminated environments, or bias-sputter deposition produces compositional inhomogeneities at the surface of the columns. Development of this inhomogeneity is accompanied by production of an easy axis of magnetization perpendicular to the film surface in Gd-Co alloys, and development of a diffuse diffraction maximum at 0.38 Å−1. Upon annealing at 500 °C, this diffuse ring is transformed into a set of closely spaced Bragg maxima that correspond to Gd2O3 crystallites. All of the films exhibit large biaxial tensile stresses in the as-deposited state. These are reduced by deposition in oxygen and by bias-sputter deposition. Tensile stress and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are linearly correlated in Gd-Co alloys, but the magnetostrictive contribution to perpendicular anisotropy is only 0.01 of the observed value.
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibition: Preclinical and Clinical Development of Synthetic Lethality (2011)

The hereditary forms of breast cancer identified by BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a defect in homologous DNA repair and demonstrate a dependence on alternate DNA repair processes by base excision repair, which requires poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1). siRNA and deletion mutations demonstrate that interference with PARP-1 function results in enhanced cell death when the malignancy has a defect in homologous recombination. These findings resulted in a plethora of agents in clinical trials that interfere with DNA repair, and these agents offer the potential of being more selective in their effects than classic chemotherapeutic drugs. An electronic search of the National Library of Medicine for published articles written in English used the terms "PARP inhibitors" and "breast cancer" to find prospective, retrospective and review articles. Additional searches were done for articles dealing with mechanism of action. A total of 152 articles dealing with breast cancer and PARP inhibition were identified. PARP inhibition not only affects nonhomologous repair, but also has several other nongenomic functions. Mutational resistance to these agents was seen in preclinical studies. To date, PARP-1 inhibitors were shown to enhance cytotoxic effects of some chemotherapy agents. This new class of agents may offer more therapeutic specificity by exploiting a DNA repair defect seen in some human tumors with initial clinical trials demonstrating antitumor activity. Although PARP inhibitors may offer a therapeutic option for selected malignancies, the long-term effects of these agents have not yet been defined.
Towards a Formalization of Teamwork with Resource Constraints (2004)

Despite the recent advances in distributed MDP frameworks for reasoning about multiagent teams, these frameworks mostly do not reason about resource constraints, a crucial issue in teams. To address this shortcoming, we provide four key contributions. First, we introduce EMTDP, a distributed MDP framework where agents must not only maximize expected team reward, but must simultaneously bound expected resource consumption. While there exist single-agent constrained MDP (CMDP) frameworks that reason about resource constraints, EMTDP is not just a CMDP with multiple agents. Instead, EMTDP must resolve the miscoordination that arises due to policy randomization. Thus, our second contribution is an algorithm for EMTDP transformation, so that resulting policies, even if randomized, avoid such miscoordination. Third, we prove equivalence of different techniques of EMTDP transformation. Finally, we present solution algorithms for these EMTDPs and show through experiments their efficiency in solving application-sized problems.
Asphalt Justice: A Critique of the Criminal Justice System in America (2000)

In this book, John Raymond Cook challenges the current criminal justice emphasis on incarceration and punishment and encourages instead a focus on rehabilitation and treatment. Cook argues that the failure to encourage treatment and rehabilitation is extremely shortsighted and serves only to postpone societal ills. He examines the prison experience as a psychological experience and suggests that restructuring the prison environment to focus on changing the behavior of criminals will ultimately be more cost effective and more beneficial to society. Approaching the problem of crime in a coordinated and systematic way will produce more results than the current reliance on political posturing and media sound bites. Recent formulation of crime policy often seems driven by statistically rare and exceptional events, and the new laws passed in response to sensational events have actually resulted in an ever-growing and increasingly violent criminal underclass. Similarly, the trend toward incarceration and extreme punishment as the primary means of correction has led to unfortunate consequences. Overcrowding, massive prison construction, and the siphoning of funds from the rest of the public sector are all "get tough" byproducts. This study proposes solutions to current systemic problems aimed at those interested in trying to develop plans or treatment strategies within correctional settings.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1972)

Machine learning (ML) is transforming all areas of science. The complex and time-consuming calculations in molecular simulations are particularly suitable for an ML revolution and have already been profoundly affected by the application of existing ML ...Read More
Current status of therapy for breast cancer worldwide and in Japan (2010)

The results of clinical trials conducted in Europe and North America have been incorporated into treatment strategies for breast cancer in Japan. Despite the use of similar treatment regimens, why has mortality from breast cancer been increasing in Japan? Procedures for surgical treatment and sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer do not differ between Japan and Western countries, but the strategies for radiotherapy differ slightly. Hormonal therapy is now selected on the basis of scientific evidence, and similar regimens are used in Japan and Western countries. As for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, an anthracycline plus cyclophosphamide and taxane-based regimens are standard treatments in Japan and Western countries. In 2009, however, the results of two large clinical studies designed to determine whether intravenous or oral treatment was superior for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy were reported in Japan. Both studies showed that relapse-free survival and overall survival (OS) at 5 years after surgery were similar for a combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil and for tegafur/uracil. Many chemotherapeutic agents that are used to treat recurrent or metastatic breast cancer have not yet been approved in Japan. As for molecular targeted therapy, some agents that target the human epidermal growth factor receptor family have been approved in Japan, whereas angiogenesis inhibitors have not. The results of many clinical trials have been incorporated into clinical practice in Japan, therefore, the outcomes of breast cancer therapy have surpassed those in other countries. Many pivotal clinical trials have been conducted outside Japan. Treatment regimens that have been developed on the basis of these studies might be suitable for the management of breast cancer in Western women, but not for Japanese women because of differences in genetic factors, physique, body mass index, pharmacokinetics, and drug metabolism. Such regimens should be modified on the basis of the characteristics of breast cancer in Japan to develop treatment that is optimally suited for Japanese women. In particular, local studies of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and optimal dose levels and treatment intervals should be carefully performed. The establishment of treatment regimens optimally suited for Japanese patients with breast cancer could put the brakes on the trend towards increasing mortality from breast cancer in Japan.
Individual brain structure and modelling predict seizure propagation (2017)

See Lytton (doi:10.1093/awx018) for a scientific commentary on this article.Neural network oscillations are a fundamental mechanism for cognition, perception and consciousness. Consequently, perturbations of network activity play an important role in the pathophysiology of brain disorders. When structural information from non-invasive brain imaging is merged with mathematical modelling, then generative brain network models constitute personalized in silico platforms for the exploration of causal mechanisms of brain function and clinical hypothesis testing. We here demonstrate with the example of drug-resistant epilepsy that patient-specific virtual brain models derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging have sufficient predictive power to improve diagnosis and surgery outcome. In partial epilepsy, seizures originate in a local network, the so-called epileptogenic zone, before recruiting other close or distant brain regions. We create personalized large-scale brain networks for 15 patients and simulate the individual seizure propagation patterns. Model validation is performed against the presurgical stereotactic electroencephalography data and the standard-of-care clinical evaluation. We demonstrate that the individual brain models account for the patient seizure propagation patterns, explain the variability in postsurgical success, but do not reliably augment with the use of patient-specific connectivity. Our results show that connectome-based brain network models have the capacity to explain changes in the organization of brain activity as observed in some brain disorders, thus opening up avenues towards discovery of novel clinical interventions.
Error Probability for Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access Communications - Part I: Upper and Lower Bounds (1982)

Upper and lower bounds on the average probability of error are obtained for direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communications systems with additive white Gaussian noise channels. The bounds, which are developed from convexity properties of the error probability function, are valid for systems in which the maximum multiple-access interference does not exceed the desired signal and the signature sequence period is equal to the duration of the data pulse. The tightness of the bounds is examined for system with a small number of simultaneously active transmitters. This is accomplished by comparisons of the upper and lower bounds for several values of the system parameters. The bounds are also compared with an approximation based on the signal-to-noise ratio and with the Chernoff upper bound.
Smooth upgrade of existing passive optical networks with spectral-shaping line-coding service overlay (2005)

A simple and cost-effective upgrade of existing passive optical networks (PONs) is proposed, which realizes service overlay by novel spectral-shaping line codes. A hierarchical coding procedure allows processing simplicity and achieves desired long-term spectral properties. Different code rates are supported, and the spectral shape can be properly tailored to adapt to different systems. The computation can be simplified by quantization of trigonometric functions. DC balance is achieved by passing the dc residual between processing windows. The proposed line codes tend to introduce bit transitions to avoid long consecutive identical bits and facilitate receiver clock recovery. Experiments demonstrate and compare several different optimized line codes. For a specific tolerable interference level, the optimal line code can easily be determined, which maximizes the data throughput. The service overlay using the line-coding technique leaves existing services and field-deployed fibers untouched but fully functional, providing a very flexible and economic way to upgrade existing PONs.
A Maximum-Entropy-Inspired Parser (1999)

We present a new parser for parsing down to Penn tree-bank style parse trees that achieves 90.1 % average precision/recall for sentences of length 40 and less, and 89.5 % for sentences of length 100 and less when trMned and tested on the previously established [5,9,10,15,17] &amp;quot;stan-dard &amp;quot; sections of the Wall Street Journal tree-bank. This represents a 13 % decrease in er-ror rate over the best single-parser results on this corpus [9]. The major technical innova-tion is tire use of a &amp;quot;ma~ximum-entropy-inspired&amp;quot; model for conditioning and smoothing that let us successfully to test and combine many differ-ent conditioning events. We also present some partial results showing the effects of different conditioning information, including a surpris-ing 2 % improvement due to guessing the lexical head&apos;s pre-terminal before guessing the lexical head. 1
High-performance sub-quarter-micrometer PMOSFET's on SOI (1993)

PMOS transistors with effective channel lengths down to 0.15 mu m have been fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) films. Gate oxide thicknesses of 5.5 and 10 nm are used. These P/sup +/ gate PMOS devices exhibit excellent short-channel behavior, low-source-drain resistance, and remarkably large current drive and transconductance. for T/sub ox/=5.5 nm, saturation transconductances of 274 mS/mm at 300 K and 352 mS/mm at 80 K are achieved, which are the highest reported values for this oxide thickness. The result is attributed to low series resistance, forward-bias body effect, and the reduction of body charge effect.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mapping Broadly Reactive Norovirus Genogroup I and II Monoclonal Antibodies (2014)

Noroviruses are responsible for most acute nonbacterial epidemic outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. To develop cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for rapid identification of genogroup I and II (GI and GII) noroviruses (NoVs) in field specimens, mice were immunized with baculovirus-expressed recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) corresponding to NoVs. Nine MAbs against the capsid protein were identified that detected both GI and GII NoV VLPs. These MAbs were tested in competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to identify common epitope reactivities to GI and GII VLPs. Patterns of competitive reactivity placed these MAbs into two epitope groups (groups 1 and 2). Epitopes for MAbs NV23 and NS22 (group 1) and MAb F120 (group 2) were mapped to a continuous region in the C-terminal P1 subdomain of the capsid protein. This domain is within regions previously defined to contain cross-reactive epitopes in GI and GII viruses, suggesting that common epitopes are clustered within the P1 domain of the capsid protein. Further characterization in an accompanying paper (B. Kou et al., Clin Vaccine Immunol 22:160-167, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00519-14) revealed that MAb NV23 (epitope group 1) is able to detect GI and GII viruses in stool. Inclusion of the GI and GII cross-reactive MAb NV23 in antigen detection assays may facilitate the identification of GI and GII human noroviruses in stool samples as causative agents of outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis worldwide.
A Product of the Chemical Reduction of o-Benzenediacetonitrile (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Product of the Chemical Reduction of o-BenzenediacetonitrileC. F. Huebner, Ellen M. Donoghue, Patricia L. Strachan, Peter Beak, and Ernest WenkertCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 12, 4465–4469Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01059a083https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01059a083research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stereoselective Syntheses of Alcohols, XXIV. Synthesis of 2,6‐Dideoxy‐<scp>L</scp>‐hexoses (1987)

Abstract Addition of the Z ‐ and E ‐γ‐alkoxyallylboronates 3 and 6 to O ‐benzyllactaldehyde led to various 3,4,5‐trioxygenated 1‐hexenes of arabino, xylo, ribo , and lyxo configuration. The extent of asymmetric induction amounted to 82:18 ( arabino/xylo ) in the addition of 3 and to 40:60 ( ribo/lyxo ) on addition of 6 . The factors which determine the direction and extent of asymmetric induction are discussed, pointing to Cornforth‐type conformations in the transition state. Individual members of the 3,4,5‐trioxygenated hexenes were converted into 2,6‐dideoxy‐ L ‐hexoses of arabino, ribo , and lyxo configuration.
<title>Design of the rf-MEMS voltage-tunable capacitor for wide tunable range</title> (2001)

In this paper, we have proposed and designed the new structure of a RF-MEMS voltage tunable capacitor, which have two-movable parallel plates using electrostatic method and can be fabricated by the MEMS technology. Capacitance of the designed voltage tunable capacitor has from 1.0pF to 1.48pF as the applied bias voltage from 0.5V to 2.48V. And the results of the simulation data for designed tunable capacitor are shown by the graph. The effective area and the distance of the capacitor plates are 335x335micrometers <SUP>2</SUP> and 1micrometers for 1pF.
The Epidermis in Wound Healing (2003)

New biological techniques and a revival of interest in both acute and chronic wound healing have led to an enormously improved understanding of the cellular and chemical complexities of the healing process. Exciting developments in the evolution of epidermal biology are creating new opportunities for research and clinical applications in wound heal
Predicting success in college: A longitudinal study of achievement goals and ability measures as predictors of interest and performance from freshman year through graduation. (2002)

The authors examined the role of achievement goals, ability, and high school performance in predicting academic success over students’ college careers. First, the authors examined which variables predicted students’ interest and performance in an introductory psychology course taken their first semester in college. Then, the authors followed students until they graduated to examine continued interest in psychology and performance in subsequent classes. Achievement goals, ability measures, and prior high school performance each contributed unique variance in predicting initial and long-term outcomes, but these predictors were linked to different educational outcomes. Mastery goals predicted continued interest, whereas performance-approach goals predicted performance. Ability measures and prior high school performance predicted academic performance but not interest. The findings support a multiple goals perspective.
Single Monitor Stereoradiological Television System Using PLZT Electrooptic Shutters (1976)

A new family of materials consisting of lead lanthanium zirconate titanate (PLZT) has evolved from recent advances in ferroelectric ceramics. PLZT electrooptic ceramics may be used as electronically triggered high-contrast optical shutters in lightweight stereoscopic viewing devices. A PLZT electrooptic shutter stereoradiology system in which dual x-ray tubes are used to generate stereo pairs of fluoroscopic images is presented. This system requires only a single television monitor for stereoscopic viewing by one or more observers. The viewer which contains the optical shutters is compact, light-weight, and can be attached easily to normal eyeglasses.
Diazonium Borofluorides. V. A Study of Arylcopper Complexes (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiazonium Borofluorides. V. A Study of Arylcopper ComplexesW. M. Whaley and E. B. StarkeyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 5, 793–795Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01209a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01209a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views53Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Broadband Electroabsorption Modulators Design Based on Epsilon-Near-Zero Indium Tin Oxide (2014)

In this paper, we propose a compact silicon (Si) electroabsorption modulator based on a slot waveguide with epsilon-near-zero indium tin oxide materials. In order to integrate the device with low-loss Si strip waveguides, both butt-coupling and evanescent-coupling schemes are investigated. For both cases, our electroabsorption modulator demonstrates a high extinction ratio and a low insertion loss over a wide optical bandwidth.