gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Normally-Off SiC VJFETs for 800 V and 1200 V Power Switching Applications (2008)

This paper reports on the development of a normally- off 4H-SiC VJFET power switch technology suitable for drop in replacement in switching-mode power supplies (SMPS). The fabricated devices exhibited a low specific on-resistance (Ron-sp) measured at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> =1 V and V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Gs</sub> =2-5 V. The transistors designed for 800 V applications had R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON-SP</sub> < 2.9 mOmegaldrcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON-SP</sub> < 6.6 mOmegaldrcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at 25degC and 200degC, respectively. The devices designed for 1200 V application had R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON-SP</sub> < 4.3 mOmegaldrcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at 25degC and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON-SP</sub> < 12.8 mOmegaldrcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at 200degC. The total delay time of 73 ns was measured on a 1200 V device when switching from 600 V to 4.9 A with the gate bias ranging from 0 V to 2.75 V. The highest measured off-state drain voltage blocked by a 1200 V device at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GS</sub> =0 V exceeded 1800 V with the total drain leakage of 1 mA.
Comparison of the acoustic properties of six popular stethoscopes (1992)

This study evaluated stethoscope acoustics by using a sound frequency generator and an active artificial ear. Six popular, currently available stethoscopes were compared in their various modes involving bells, diaphragms, etc.: Littmann Classic II, Littmann Cardiology II, Littmann Master Cardiology, Hewlett-Packard Rappaport-Sprague, Tycos Harvey Triple Head, and Allen Medical Series 5A RPS Binaural. The transfer function was measured from 37.5-1000 Hz, the range where nearly all heart and lung sounds are found. Sound in the low-frequency range (37.5-112.5 Hz) was in most cases amplified by the bells and attenuated by the diaphragms; however, there were no significant differences. Both bells and diaphragms attenuated sound transmission in the high range, and this increased with frequency. The Tycos Harvey Triple Head ribbed diaphragm attenuated sound transmission to a significantly greater extent than the other diaphragms (P less than 0.01). The results show that the bell and diaphragm for a given stethoscope usually have different transmission characteristics, particularly at low frequencies. The Littmann Classic II is an exception. The Hewlett-Packard and Tycos Harvey stethoscopes showed the greatest differences in low frequency response between the bell and the diaphragm. While the differences found in sound transmission between stethoscopes were in most cases small, the Littmann Cardiology II, bell and diaphragm, appears to possess the best overall performance by this study design.
Operating Characteristics of GaAs/AlGaAs FET-SEED Smart Pixels (1992)

We have realized monolithic optically addressed integrated circuits. The optical element is a p - i - n multiple quantum well (MQW) device designed for normal incidence operation as both a detector and an optical modulator for 850 nm light. Electronic circuits are realized in GaAs/AlGaAs doped-channel heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs) with buffered FET logic. Experimental data for various types of circuits are shown that demonstrate 2 Gb/s operation under electrical drive, c 50 fJ input optical switching energy at 200 Mb/s, and circuit densities of up to 44 FETs.
Biochemical Characterization of a Flavin Adenine Dinculeotide-Dependent Monooxygenase, Ornithine Hydroxylase from<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, Suggests a Novel Reaction Mechanism (2007)

Pyoverdin is the hydroxamate siderophore produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa under the iron-limiting conditions of the human host. This siderophore includes derivatives of ornithine in the peptide backbone that serve as iron chelators. PvdA is the ornithine hydroxylase, which performs the first enzymatic step in preparation of these derivatives. PvdA requires both flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for activity; it was found to be a soluble monomer most active at pH 8.0. The enzyme demonstrated Michaelis-Menten kinetics in an NADPH oxidation assay, but a hydroxylation assay indicated substrate inhibition at high ornithine concentration. PvdA is highly specific for both substrate and coenzyme, and lysine was shown to be a nonsubstrate effector and mixed inhibitor of the enzyme with respect to ornithine. Chloride is a mixed inhibitor of PvdA with respect to ornithine but a competitive inhibitor with respect to NADPH, and a bulky mercurial compound (p-chloromercuribenzoate) is a mixed inhibitor with respect to ornithine. Steady-state experiments indicate that PvdA/FAD forms a ternary complex with NADPH and ornithine for catalysis. PvdA in the absence of ornithine shows slow substrate-independent flavin reduction by NADPH. Biochemical comparison of PvdA to p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase (PHBH, from Pseudomonas fluorescens) and flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs, from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and hog liver microsomes) leads to the hypothesis that PvdA catalysis proceeds by a novel reaction mechanism.
A microglial hypothesis of globoid cell leukodystrophy pathology (2016)

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), also known as Krabbe's disease, is a fatal demyelinating disease accompanied by the formation of giant, multinucleated cells called globoid cells. Previously believed to be a byproduct of inflammation, these cells can be found early in disease before evidence of any damage. The precise mechanism by which these globoid cells cause oligodendrocyte dysfunction is not completely understood, nor is their cell type defined. This Review outlines the idea that microglial cells are transformed into an unknown and undefined novel M3 phenotype in GLD, which is cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes, leading to disease progression. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Symbolization of Map Projection Distortion: A Review (2001)

One of the most fundamental steps in map creation is the transformation of information from the surface of a globe onto a flat map. Mapmakers have developed and used hundreds of different map projections over the past 2,000 years, yet there is no perfect choice because every map projection uniquely alters some aspect of space during the transformation process. Detailed information about the type, amount, and distribution of distortion is essential for choosing the best projection for a particular map or data set. The distortion inherent in projections can be measured and symbolized much like any other map variable. Methods for symbolizing map projection distortion are reviewed, with each method described and illustrated in graphical form. The symbolization methods are collected under ten separate headings organized from simple to more complex in terms of interpretation. Most of these methods are highly effective at communicating distortion, yet they are rarely used beyond textbooks and technical documentation. Map projections and the distortions they carry need to be better understood by spatial data developers, distributors, and users. Map distortion should be carried along with map data as confidence layers, and the easily accessible distortion displays should be available to help in the selection of map projections. There is a suitably wide array of symbolization methods to match any need from basic education to research.
MODULATION OF THE STRETCH REFLEX DURING VOLITIONAL SINUSOIDAL TRACKING IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE (1991)

Sinusoidal visually-guided wrist tracking, in normal and parkinsonian subjects, was perturbed by torque transients every 90 degrees throughout the movement. Long-latency stretch reflex and volitional EMG amplitude modulations were assessed as functions of the tracking phase. Reflex modulation during tracking, both in wrist flexor and extensor muscles, was found to differ significantly between parkinsonian and normal subjects. In the parkinsonian group, the abnormality consisted of an increased reflex activity during tracking phases in which the muscle was lengthening. At these phases the reflex generated torque is opposite in direction to the volitionally generated torque and the tracking movement. No differences in the unperturbed volitional EMG modulation were observed between groups for this error constrained tracking paradigm. Significant correlations were found between ratings of bradykinesia and the amount of abnormal reflex modulation in the wrist flexor. These data suggest that a component of bradykinesia results from a defective coordination of supraspinal reflex and volitional control systems.
Stress tolerance in the marsh plant <i>Spartina patens</i>: Impact of NaCl on growth and root plasma membrane lipid composition (1998)

The C‐4 salt marsh grass, Spartina patens , thrives in the upper portion of the marsh where soil salinities may be equal to coastal seawater. Spartina patens was grown in hydroponic culture in a greenhouse at 0, 340, and 510 m M NaCl, and measured for growth, tissue cation content, and root plasma membrane (PM) lipid composition. From 0 to 340 and 510 m M , the shoot growth decreased, but root growth was not affected. The Na + content increased in both shoots and roots when plants were grown in salt, while the shoots had a decreased K + content and the roots had a decreased Ca 2+ content. Spartina patens root plasma membrane was isolated with an aqueous polymer two‐phase system. The purity of the plasma membrane was verified with cytochemical tests on membrane enzyme markers. Plasma membrane lipids were stable relative to the membrane protein content. Molar percentages of sterols (including free sterols) and phospholipid decreased with increasing salinity. However, glycolipid showed a statistically significant increase in the total lipid as salinity in the medium was increased from 0 to 510 m M . Even at a salinity of 510 m M , the plasma membrane sterol/phospholipid ratio was unaffected by NaCl. When the plants were grown in NaCl media, the plasma membrane had a decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) content, but the PC/PE ratios were not affected. The plasma membrane molar percentage of sitosterol in total free sterol increased when plants were grown in salt media. The predominant membrane fatty acids were C11 and C14, and the major unsaturated one was C14:1. An increase in growth medium salinity resulted in a decreased root plasma membrane fluidity.
Variations in the Stability of Precipitated Ferric Oxyhydroxides (1971)

The apparent thermodynamic stability of ferric oxyhydroxide precipitates may be described by the activity product pQ = -log[Fe3+] [OH-]3 in solution. Such precipitates in natural waters usually begin as mixed amorphous material and goethite, sometimes including lepidocrocite. In laboratory solutions initially 10-2 molar in Fe2+ or Fe3+ pQ was 37.3 to 43.3. In 24 well waters containing 10-3.33 to 10-5.40 molar Fe2+ and suspended oxyhydroxides, pQ was 37.1 to 43.5. Variations in particle size are probably the major control on absolute and relative stabilities of the oxyhydroxides. H+ leaching of precipitates raises pQ by removing the most soluble material. Measurable crystallization of precipitates occurs within a few hours in 10-2 molar Fe2+ solutions, but may take thousands of years in waters 10-6 molar in Fe2+.
Substrate Specificity of δ Ribozyme Cleavage (1998)

The specificity of delta ribozyme cleavage was investigated using a trans-acting antigenomic delta ribozyme. Under single turnover conditions, the wild type ribozyme cleaved the 11-mer ribonucleotide substrate with a rate constant of 0.34 min-1, an apparent Km of 17.9 nM and an apparent second-order rate constant of 1.89 x 10(7) min-1 M-1. The substrate specificity of the delta ribozyme was thoroughly investigated using a collection of substrates that varied in either the length or the nucleotide sequence of their P1 stems. We observed that not only is the base pairing of the substrate and the ribozyme important to cleavage activity, but also both the identity and the combination of the nucleotide sequence in the substrates are essential for cleavage activity. We show that the nucleotides in the middle of the P1 stem are essential for substrate binding and subsequent steps in the cleavage pathway. The introduction of any mismatches at these positions resulted in a complete lack of cleavage by the wild type ribozyme. Our findings suggest that factors more complex than simple base pairing interactions, such as tertiary structure interactions, could play an important role in the substrate specificity of delta ribozyme cleavage.
Prevention of Renal Injury After Induction of Ozone Tolerance in Rats Submitted to Warm Ischaemia (1999)

On the basis that ozone (O3) can upregulate cellular antioxidant enzymes, a morphological, biochemical and functional renal study was performed in rats undergoing a prolonged treatment with O3 before renal ischaemia. Rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, a medial abdominal incision was performed to expose the kidneys; (2) ischaemia, in animals undergoing a bilateral renal ischaemia (30 min), with subsequent reperfusion (3 h); (3) O3 + ischaemia, as group 2, but with previous treatment with O3 (0.5 mg/kg per day given in 2.5 ml O2) via rectal administration for 15 treatments; (4) O2 + ischaemia, as group 3, but using oxygen (O2) alone. Biochemical parameters as fructosamine level, phospholipase A, and superoxide dismutases (SOD) activities, as well as renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), were measured by means of plasma clearance of p-amino-hippurate and inulin, respectively. In comparison with groups 1 and 3, the RPF and GFR were significantly decreased in groups 2 and 4. Interestingly, renal homogenates of the latter groups yielded significantly higher values of phospholipase A activity and fructosamine level in comparison with either the control (1) and the O3 (3) treated groups. Moreover renal SOD activity showed a significant increase in group 3 without significant differences among groups 1, 2 and 4. Morphological alterations of the kidney were present in 100%, 88% and 30% of the animals in groups 2, 4 and 3, respectively. It is proposed that the O3 protective effect can be ascribed to the substantial possibility of upregulating the antioxidant defence system capable of counteracting the damaging effect of ischaemia. These findings suggest that, whenever possible, ozone preconditioning may represent a prophylactic approach for minimizing renal damage before transplantation.
Enhanced sialylation and in vivo efficacy of recombinant human α-galactosidase through in vitro glycosylation (2013)

Human α-galactosidase A (GLA) has been used in enzyme replacement therapy for patients with Fabry disease. We expressed recombinant GLA from Chinese hamster ovary cells with very high productivity. When compared to an approved GLA (agalsidase beta), its size and charge were found to be smaller and more neutral. These differences resulted from the lack of terminal sialic acids playing essential roles in the serum half-life and proper tissue targeting. Because a simple sialylation reaction was not enough to increase the sialic acid content, a combined reaction using galactosyltransferase, sialyltransferase, and their sugar substrates at the same time was developed and optimized to reduce the incubation time. The product generated by this reaction had nearly the same size, isoelectric points, and sialic acid content as agalsidase beta. Furthermore, it had better in vivo efficacy to degrade the accumulated globotriaosylceramide in target organs of Fabry mice compared to an unmodified version.
Motor Evoked Potentials from the Bladder on Magnetic Stimulation of the Cauda Equina: A New Technique for Investigation of Autonomic Bladder Innervation (1992)

Although neurophysiological techniques have become widely accepted in the diagnostic evaluation of urogenital tract dysfunction, arguments have been forwarded to question their validity. Current techniques merely deal with somatosensory nerves, whereas micturition and sexual functions depend on autonomic motor nerve function as well. This study presents a new technique of motor evoked potentials obtained after magnetic stimulation of the cauda equina. Bladder and pelvic floor motor evoked potentials could be measured with concentric needle electrodes. Mean latency was 35.6 msec. for bladder motor evoked potentials and 10.6 msec. for pelvic floor motor evoked potentials. The technique was easy to perform, and provided consistent and objective data. No harmful side effects were noted.
Constant-Current Adjustable-Waveform Microstimulator for an Implantable Hybrid Neural Prosthesis (2007)

Microstimulation of neural tissue has become a widely-used technique for controlling neuronal responses with local electric fields as well as a therapeutic intervention for nervous system disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. Of those afflicted by neurological diseases, many are or become tolerant to existing pharmaceuticals and are left with little recourse. Little is known about the necessary design criteria or efficacy of a hybrid neural prosthesis. Assessment of the potential clinical value of a hybrid electro-chemical neural prosthesis was performed through in vitro verification using a prototype microstimulator and P19 cell cultures. We constructed a printed circuit board (PCB) microstimulator as a prototype of a CMOS microstimulator ASIC that was subsequently fabricated in the IBM 7RF 0.18 microm process. Measured results for the prototype are described in this work. An output impedance of 237 kOmega, voltage compliance of 11.3 V, and a linear constant-current output up to +/-600 microA make this microstimulator system a viable option for an implantable hybrid neural prosthesis. Hybrid prostheses could uniquely affect neural modulation with linear glutamate release at physiological amplitudes and frequencies.
Unilateral Nephrectomy Induces the Expression of the Wilms Tumor Gene in the Contralateral Kidney of the Adult Rat (1996)

The tumor suppressor gene WT-1 encodes a nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid binding protein that is a transcriptional regulator. This gene is commonly deleted or defective in Wilms tumors and the Denys-Drash syndrome. Recently WT-1 was demonstrated to be essential for the development of the urogenital tract. We determined whether we could induce WT-1 expression in mature kidneys induced to grow by performing contralateral nephrectomy in mature rats.Northern analysis with a 32phosphorus-labeled antisense riboprobe synthesized by in vitro transcription of a 731 bp complementary deoxyribonucleic acid insert spanning exons 1 to 7 of the rat WT-1 in a pT7 Blue vector was used to demonstrate the expression of WT-1 in the developing and adult Sprague-Dawley rat kidney.Transcript levels of WT-1 in the rat kidney decreased from day 0 (day of birth) to day 16, after which WT-1 transcripts were undetectable in the normal rat kidney. Unilateral nephrectomy in the adult male Sprague-Dawley rat (250 to 300 gm.) induced the expression of WT-1 ribonucleic acid in the contralateral kidney to detectable levels by Northern analysis 0.25 hours after nephrectomy. Subsequently levels of WT-1 ribonucleic acid decreased progressively to undetectable by 3 hours after nephrectomy. Expression of this gene was not detected in the normal kidneys of adult rats or sham operated adult rats.These data suggest that the WT-1 gene product is involved in normal renal growth in the adult and developing rat kidney.
Application of high-emission coatings on the inside walls of reheating furnaces. Einsatz von Hochemissions-Coatings an Innenwaenden von Waermeoefen (1990)

The application of high-emission coatings on the inside walls of reheating furnaces has been increasingly recommended recently for higher productivity or energy saving purposes. Theoretical considerations and results of model calculations show that a higher emissivity of the furnace wall makes it possible to increase productivity or to save energy. The significance and magnitude of these advantages is, however, often overestimated in the known literature. Hitherto it has not been possible to clearly demonstrate the positive effect of high-emission coatings in laboratory or production trials. In view of the low percentage increase in productivity or energy saving to be expected from this measure, this is probably due to uncertainties in measurements. (orig./MM).
Exact and Approximate Solutions of Source Localization Problems (2008)

We consider least squares (LS) approaches for locating a radiating source from range measurements (which we call R-LS) or from range-difference measurements (RD-LS) collected using an array of passive sensors. We also consider LS approaches based on squared range observations (SR-LS) and based on squared range-difference measurements (SRD-LS). Despite the fact that the resulting optimization problems are nonconvex, we provide exact solution procedures for efficiently computing the SR-LS and SRD-LS estimates. Numerical simulations suggest that the exact SR-LS and SRD-LS estimates outperform existing approximations of the SR-LS and SRD-LS solutions as well as approximations of the R-LS and RD-LS solutions which are based on a semidefinite relaxation.
Robust Regression via Hard Thresholding (2015)

We study the problem of Robust Least Squares Regression (RLSR) where several response variables can be adversarially corrupted. More specifically, for a data matrix X \in R^{p x n} and an underlying model w*, the response vector is generated as y = X'w* + b where b \in R^n is the corruption vector supported over at most C.n coordinates. Existing exact recovery results for RLSR focus solely on L1-penalty based convex formulations and impose relatively strict model assumptions such as requiring the corruptions b to be selected independently of X. In this work, we study a simple hard-thresholding algorithm called TORRENT which, under mild conditions on X, can recover w* exactly even if b corrupts the response variables in an adversarial manner, i.e. both the support and entries of b are selected adversarially after observing X and w*. Our results hold under deterministic assumptions which are satisfied if X is sampled from any sub-Gaussian distribution. Finally unlike existing results that apply only to a fixed w*, generated independently of X, our results are universal and hold for any w* \in R^p. Next, we propose gradient descent-based extensions of TORRENT that can scale efficiently to large scale problems, such as high dimensional sparse recovery and prove similar recovery guarantees for these extensions. Empirically we find TORRENT, and more so its extensions, offering significantly faster recovery than the state-of-the-art L1 solvers. For instance, even on moderate-sized datasets (with p = 50K) with around 40% corrupted responses, a variant of our proposed method called TORRENT-HYB is more than 20x faster than the best L1 solver.