gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The New Immunology — The End of Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy? (1999)

In 1970, almost a decade before molecular biology began to make its mark on immunology, Bretscher and Cohn1 advanced a novel theory to explain how the immune system responds to foreign proteins. Stripped to its core and recast in modern terms, their model holds that the initiation of an immune response requires two signals: signal 1 and signal 2. The effect of these signals is to activate lymphocytes of the helper type, which, when activated, can induce B cells to produce antibodies or prepare cytotoxic T cells for cell killing. The necessary activating signals arise when the helper T cell . . .
From Group to Individual Labels Using Deep Features (2015)

In many classification problems labels are relatively scarce. One context in which this occurs is where we have labels for groups of instances but not for the instances themselves, as in multi-instance learning. Past work on this problem has typically focused on learning classifiers to make predictions at the group level. In this paper we focus on the problem of learning classifiers to make predictions at the instance level. To achieve this we propose a new objective function that encourages smoothness of inferred instance-level labels based on instance-level similarity, while at the same time respecting group-level label constraints. We apply this approach to the problem of predicting labels for sentences given labels for reviews, using a convolutional neural network to infer sentence similarity. The approach is evaluated using three large review data sets from IMDB, Yelp, and Amazon, and we demonstrate the proposed approach is both accurate and scalable compared to various alternatives.
Identification of Hyaluronan-binding Domains of Aggrecan (1997)

Aggrecan, a large cartilage proteoglycan, interacts with hyaluronan (HA), to form aggregates which function to resist compression in joints. The N-terminal region of aggrecan contains two structurally related globular domains, G1 and G2 separated by IGD domain. The G1 domain consists of three subdomains, A, B, and B', structural features characteristic to many other HA-binding proteoglycans. Here, we studied the interaction of aggrecan domains with HA using recombinant proteins expressed in 293 cells, an embryonal kidney cell line. Deglycosylation of the recombinant aggrecan fragment reduced the HA binding activity. We found that both the B and B' subdomains were required for HA binding and that a single module of A, B, or B' was unable to bind HA. The A subdomain increased the HA binding activity of the B-B' region. The G2 domain had no HA binding activity confirming previous reports. Studies of HA-binding properties using a BIAcoreTM biosensor system revealed that the KD of recombinant aggrecan fragment (AgW) consisting of G1, IGD, and G2 was 0.226 microM, whereas the KD of another HA-binding protein, native bovine link protein, is 0.089 microM. In contrast, AgMut11 which lacked subdomain A showed little HA binding activity. AgMut12 consisting of only B-B' had a 3.4-fold lower affinity and AgMut13 containing A-B-B' was 1.5-fold lower than AgW. These results suggest that carbohydrates are essential for high level aggrecan binding to HA and that the A subdomain of aggrecan functions in a cooperative manner with subdomains B and B'.
Realistic channel model considerations in UMTS downlink capacity with space-time block coding (2002)

Space-time block coding-based transmit diversity (STTD) has been adopted by 3GPP as the open loop transmit diversity scheme aiming at improving the FDD downlink capacity. Although the assumption of independent channels corresponding to different transmitting antennas is commonly made when assessing theoretically the resulting improvement, in a practical system the actual correlation between antennas is highly dependent on the antenna separation, the angular spread and the multipath environment. A realistic spatio-temporal channel model is employed in order to quantify the impact of these factors on the actual STTD performance and compare it against the ideal case of independent channels.
Highly efficient red OLEDs using DCJTB as the dopant and delayed fluorescent exciplex as the host (2015)

In this manuscript, we demonstrated a highly efficient DCJTB emission with delayed fluorescent exciplex TCTA:3P-T2T as the host. For the 1.0% DCJTB doped concentration, a maximum luminance, current efficiency, power efficiency and EQE of 22,767 cd m(-2), 22.7 cd A(-1), 21.5 lm W(-1) and 10.15% were achieved, respectively. The device performance is the best compared to either red OLEDs with traditional fluorescent emitter or traditional red phosphor of Ir(piq)3 doped into CBP host. The extraction of so high efficiency can be explained as the efficient triplet excitons up-conversion of TCTA:3P-T2T and the energy transfer from exciplex host singlet state to DCJTB singlet state.
Integration of a distance sensitive wireless communication protocol to hearing protectors equipped with in-ear microphones. (2013)

Using radio communication in noisy environments is a practical and affordable solution allowing communication between workers wearing Hearing Protection Devices (HPD). However, typical radio communication systems have two main limitations when used in noisy environments: first, the background noise is disturbing the voice signal picked-up and transmitted, and second, that voice signal goes to all listeners on the same radio channel regardless of their physical proximity. A new concept of a so-called " Radio Acoustical Virtual Environment" (RAVE) addressing these two issues is presented. Using an intra-aural instantly custom molded HPD equipped with both an in-ear microphone and miniature loudspeaker, undisturbed speech is captured from inside the ear canal and transmitted over the wireless radio to the remote listener. The transmitted signal will only be received by listeners within a given spatial range, such range depending on the user's vocal effort and background noise level. This paper demonstrates the technological challenges to overcome and the methodology involved in the implementation of RAVE.
Sunflower Protein Concentrates and Isolates Prepared from Oil Cakes Have High Water Solubility and Antioxidant Capacity (2010)

Abstract Increasing the applications of industrial by‐products is of great interest. Therefore, in the present study, sunflower oil cake from a local oil manufacturing company was used to obtain soluble protein concentrates and isolates with different content of phenolic compounds. All the extraction procedures evaluated resulted in concentrates and isolates with water solubility higher than 75% but with different chemical composition, color and physicochemical properties (i.e. surface hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and polypeptide composition). Since no extraction process led to a complete extraction of phenolic compounds, all the products exhibited antioxidant activity, which depended on the concentration of such compounds. Phenolic compounds give a dark color to sunflower protein concentrates and isolates; nevertheless their final color tone was more dependent on the conditions used in the preparation process than on the amount of phenolic compounds in the product. The results demonstrate the value of sunflower industrial oil cake as a source of proteins with high water solubility, good physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity.
Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Vision: Spectral Sensitivity and Other Perceptual Parameters of the Female Eye (1992)

From measurements of the mean ommatidial diameter (17.2 microns) and mean interommatidial angle (6.2 degrees) of the eye of female Ae. aegypti (L.), a minimum resolvable angle of 12.3 degrees and an eye parameter of 1.6 microns were calculated. The eye had relatively poor acuity but high overall sensitivity to light. Electroretinographs revealed spectral sensitivity ranging from ultraviolet (323 nm) to orange-red (621 nm), with sensitivity peaks in the ultraviolet (lambda max323-345 nm) and green (lambda max523 nm) wavelengths. The retina is capable of some wavelength discrimination.
A Convenient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance External Standard Tubing (1974)

In NMR work when an external reference is required, the coaxial tubes are normally employed. The commercially available coaxial tubes consist of an inner and an outer tube which are closed at one end. The inner tube is centrally held by two movable glass spacers. There are some disadvantages to this arrangement. First, the inner tube often cannot be held rigidly so that spinning sidebands are present. Second, because of the small diameter of the inner tube at the closed end where the reference solution is situated, it is difficult to clean after use.
Results of In Situ Fusion for Isthmic Spondylolisthesis (1992)

Between 1976 and 1990, we treated 56 isthmic spondylolisthesis patients with an average age of 15 + 4 (range, 4 + 9 to 27 +/- 2) with in situ bilateral transverse process fusions utilizing autogenous iliac bone graft. None of the patients had a decompression or instrumentation placed. Radiographic fusion was determined from standing spot lateral radiographs and either Ferguson AP or standing AP views of the lumbosacral junction. The radiographic fusion patterns were categorized into the following four grades: (A) definitely solid (n = 28, 50%)--solid big trabeculated bilateral fusion masses; (B) possibly solid (n = 10, 18%)--unilateral large fusion mass with contralateral small fusion mass; (C) probably not solid (n = 6, 11%)--small, thin fusion masses bilaterally; (D) definitely not solid (n = 12, 21%)--graft resorption bilaterally or fusion mass with obvious bilateral pseudarthrosis. This fusion pattern is best determined by the Ferguson ("true AP") radiograph of the lumbosacral junction. Despite this surprisingly low fusion rate, overall clinical improvement was noted in > 80% of patients with preoperative symptoms of back pain, leg pain, or hamstring tightness. We recommend this critical assessment of fusion grades to determine fusion success in this patient population.
Silicon Nitride Films Prepared by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) of SiH<sub>4</sub>/NH<sub>3</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> Mixtures: Some Physical Properties (1986)

Experimental data are presented on the effects of varying deposition parameters of SiH 4 /NH 3 gas flow ratio, rf power, deposition pressure and substrate temperature, on the deposition rate, refractive index, hydrogen content and etch rates of PECVD silicon nitride films. BHF etch rate in these films are generally high and this is shown to be associated with the high hydrogen content. N-H and Si-H bond concentrations are measured in the range 1-4×10 22 cm -3 . The substrate temperature dependence of the etch rate exhibits a maximum for films deposited at 150°C. The behaviour is attributed to the incorporation of both hydrogen and oxygen, the effects on the etch rate of which are suggested to act in opposing directions.
Party Switchers and Reelection: A Precinct-Level Analysis (2016)

We use precinct-level data to examine two questions: how an incumbent’s “reelection constituency” changes following a party switch and whether incumbents who switch parties do worse than non-switchers. Our data come from four members of the U.S. House who switched parties between 1995 and 2004. Among this group, one switched parties prior to the enactment of a controversial redistricting plan, and thus we can assess how boundary changes mitigate the negative impact of party switching. We also compare each party switcher’s vote following the switch with that of non-switching incumbents running for reelection that year.
Delivery of Antigens Used for Vaccination: Recent Advances and Challenges (2011)

Pasteur's principle 'isolate, inactivate, inject' was the starting point for the successful development of many vaccines, but now, new ways for antigen discovery and vaccine administration present a challenge. Whereas vaccines against polio, measles and influenza are common for many parts of the world, the development of thermostable vaccines not being injected would ease vaccine distribution in developing countries. This review summarizes the general principles of vaccination and looks at common and novel vaccination targets. It also gives a rationale for using other routes than parenteral administration, such as mucosal or transdermal vaccination, and focuses on novel vaccination vehicles, as well as their formulation and stability aspects. Additionally, the review looks at novel application devices for the administration of vaccines.
New Developments in and Directions for Goal-Setting Research (2007)

Abstract. Goal setting is an “open” theory built on inductive findings from empirical research. The present paper briefly summarizes this theory. Emphasis is then given to findings that have been obtained in the present millennium with regard to (1) the high performance cycle, (2) the role of goals as mediators of personality effects on performance, (3) personality variables as moderators of goal effects on performance, the effect of (4) distal, (5) proximal, and (6) learning goals on performance on tasks that are complex for people, (7) the ways in which priming affects the impact of a goal, (8) the interrelationship between goal setting and affect, and (9) the results of goal setting by teams. Potential directions for research on goal setting in the workplace are suggested with regard to goal abandonment, perfectionism, an employee's age, subconscious goals, and the relationship between goals and knowledge.
Loss in the Elderly (2001)

As the population grows older, sense of loss in the elderly is becoming a more widespread problem. The elderly person often mistakes his or her sense of loss for dementia or the normal aging process. Many elderly people and their families even don’t recognize the symptoms of sense of loss, and don’t know how it can be treated. The elderly people often suffer many kinds of losses, such as bereavements of family members or close friends, the possible loss of their health or the loss of their jobs through retirements (Brunner & Suddarth, 1993; Yoon, 1985). Contrary to young people, the elderly usually suffer from sense of loss more severely which is caused by their alienation, depression, sorrow, desperation and some kind of guiltiness. The sense of loss is one of inevitable experiences the elderly people should undergo, which is closely related to their sense of death(Ahn, 1997; Loss in the Elderly
5 - Vying for Legitimacy: Academic vs. Corporate Culture (2007)

Following the general trend already existing in the Western world, state universities in South Africa, in seeking other sources of income and in meeting policy demands for transformation, have embraced the corporate model as the most efficient system of organising education today, thus opening the door to activities and processes such as commercialisation, applied and contract research, and the development of stronger links with external stakeholders. This paper questions the legitimacy of the commodification of intellectual enquiry. Do financial or ideological considerations justify the adoption of a corporate system in education? Can cost efficiency, which is global in nature and which is accelerating social change, legitimise corporate practices in the university in South Africa without affecting a) its character as a public institution, and b) the role of each individual member? The author argues that claims for legitimacy of the present form of rationalisation of the university serve to institutionalise corporate power in educational institutions, making it ap- pear valid and acceptable. Complex though the term may be, however, the generic meaning of ‘legitimacy’ refers to ‘rights’: the right to claim, the right to question whether correct procedures have been followed, and, ultimately, the right to assess whether a policy or a system serves the good of all concerned. In this sense, in determining the notion of the ‘right thing to do’, any discourse on legitimacy, by taking into account a wide diversity of viewpoints, will deal primarily with values and the recognition of human aspirations.
Fast torque control system of PMSM based on model predictive control (2009)

This paper describes a fast torque control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on model predictive control (MPC). This torque controller selects directly one of the voltage vector of voltage source PWM inverter considering voltage saturation explicitly. To obtain the fast torque response at the transient state and the stable current response at the steady state, the problem with selecting the voltage vector to output is formulated based on MPC. In this paper, real-time implementation method using a look-up table, which is designed beforehand, is discussed and the experimental results are shown.
Study of No-Reference Video Quality Metrics for HEVC Compression (2016)

The paper proposes a No-Reference (NR) quality assessment measurement originally developed for H.264, used for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). In particular, authors present an investigation of NR metrics to objectively estimate the perceptual quality of a set of processed video sequences. The authors take into account typical distortions introduced by the block-based coding approaches like HEVC codec. The underlying processing used for the quality assessment considers the blockiness caused by the boundaries of each coded block and the blurring as a lack of spatial details. The correlation between the NR quality metrics and the well-known and most widely used objective metric, the Video Quality Model (VQM), is performed to validate the quality prediction accuracy based on the provided scores. The Pearson correlation coefficients obtained stand for promising results for different types of videos.
Bradykinin B<sub>1</sub> and B<sub>2</sub> receptors, tumour necrosis factor <i>α</i> and inflammatory hyperalgesia (1999)

The effects of BK agonists and antagonists, and other hyperalgesic/antihyperalgesic drugs were measured (3 h after injection of hyperalgesic drugs) in a model of mechanical hyperalgesia (the end-point of which was indicated by a brief apnoea, the retraction of the head and forepaws, and muscular tremor). DALBK inhibited responses to carrageenin, bradykinin, DABK, and kallidin. Responses to kallidin and DABK were inhibited by indomethacin or atenolol and abolished by the combination of indomethacin + atenolol. DALBK or HOE 140, given 30 min before, but not 2 h after, carrageenin, BK, DABK and kallidin reduced hyperalgesic responses to these agents. A small dose of DABK+ a small dose of BK evoked a response similar to the response to a much larger dose of DABK or BK, given alone. Responses to BK were antagonized by HOE 140 whereas DALBK antagonized only responses to larger doses of BK. The combination of a small dose of DALBK with a small dose of HOE 140 abolished the response to BK. The hyperalgesic response to LPS (1 microg) was inhibited by DALBK or HOE 140 and abolished by DALBK + HOE 140. The hyperalgesic response to LPS (5 microg) was not antagonized by DALBK + HOE 140. These data suggest: (a) a predominant role for B2 receptors in mediating hyperalgesic responses to BK and to drugs that stimulate BK release, and (b) activation of the hyperalgesic cytokine cascade independently of both B1 and B2 receptors if the hyperalgesic stimulus is of sufficient magnitude.
Underwater acoustic MIMO channel capacity (2003)

The underwater acoustic channel is rich in multipath scattering, making it a promising environment for the application of MIMO communications. However, for typical underwater communications channels, there are difficulties associated with the large fractional bandwidths, significant Doppler dispersion and latencies measured in seconds. We use simulated and experimental data to estimate the channel capacity for typical shallow water MIMO channels, and motivate particular beamforming algorithms which cope with the difficult acoustic environment.
Agitation and Falls in Institutionalized Elderly Persons (1990)

The occurrence of falls and the manifestations of three dimensions of agitation (aggressive behaviors, physically nonaggressive behaviors, verbal behaviors) were recorded in 408 nursing home residents during each of the three nursing shifts. Falls occurred most frequently during the busiest shift (the day shift) and least frequently during the night shift when most residents were sleeping and nursing staff were not as busy, a result that confirms previous reports. In comparison to residents who did not fall, residents who fell manifested significantly more physically nonaggressive behaviors, more aggressive behaviors, more verbally agitated behaviors, and overall, a greater total number of agitated behaviors.
Re‐examining Appraisal:Breathing Fresh Air into the Performance Appraisal System (1980)

The world of Human Resources has witnessed many developments in the last 25 years. New technologies and systems have been rolling off the personnel production line at a growing rate, with each new product seen as an important vehicle for securing higher people productivity for organizations. Performance appraisal, as one such product, should have proved itself as a real contributor in this respect. But has it?
The Immunology of Cancer Cells (2013)

RP215 is a monoclonal antibody discovered in 1987 which was later found to react specifically with a carbohydrate-associated epitope detected mainly among immunoglobulin heavy chains from cultured cancer cells.
Design and control of a spherical mobile robot (2003)

This paper describes a type of mobile robot with a spherical shape designed to act as a platform to carry sensing devices or actuators in an environment where the conditions are harsh and the stability of the mechanical platform is critical. A remotely controlled internal unit drives the spherical robot. The paper focuses on the design and motion control of a robot with a spherical shape. The developed control modules are implemented in digital programmable logic devices, using a hardware description language named VHDL. The digital hardware controls multiple devices: a multichannel analogue-to-digital (A/D) converter, a pair of radio-frequency (RF) modules and four radio-controlled (R/C) servos. The robot motion is modelled by a configuration space function using the path curvature. The motion controller was designed to drive the robot to the desired path using control based on the path curvature. Because of the lack of a special steering mechanism, the robot steers only by controlling the displacement of its centre of gravity.
A Robust and Convergent Synthesis of Dipeptide−DOTAM Conjugates as Chelators for Lanthanide Ions:  New PARACEST MRI Agents (2007)

A generally applicable synthetic approach to dipeptide-DOTAM conjugates has been developed which is based on the peralkylation of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) with protected N-iodoacetyl dipeptides. Standardized procedures were used for the alkylation, metalation, and purification of the resultant lanthanide complexes. Using this approach, we have been able to rapidly and reliably prepare and screen five different ligands each with up to six lanthanide ions. This preliminary investigation has identified several paramagnetic compounds with strong chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) properties in water at physiological temperature and pH. Extension of the synthetic approach to a wide variety of amino acids is possible.
Thermochemistry and the Oxidation of Refractory Metals at High Temperature (1970)

Recent developments in the thermochemical data for the condensed oxide phases and volatile oxide species for the refractory metals has made possible an analysis of the several types of high temperature oxidation processes. The analyses show the following factors to be important: (1) the presence or absence of oxide films or scales on the metals, (2) the melting points of the one or more oxide phases, (3) the equilibrium pressures of the several volatile oxides, and (4) the flow rate of reactant gases. The thermochemical predictions are compared to experimental observations for molybdenum and tungsten.