gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nano-Structured and Micro-Structured Semiconductors for Higher Efficiency Solar Cells (2008)

Hybrid thin-film solar cells are fabricated on the glass substrate using ZnO nanorods, well-aligned single-crystalline Si nanowires (SiNWs), and poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) as well as micro-structured III-V semiconductors . The effect of introducing a solution-processed fullerene as an electron transport layer on the polymer/ZnO nanorod array composite solar cells is investigated . Devices with the fullerene layer exhibit a larger short circuit current density (10.16 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) than those without this layer (9.37 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). For the Si NWs with P3HT:PCBM, the well-aligned SiNWs are fabricated from Si wafer and transferred onto the glass substrate with the P3HT:PCBM. Such SiNWs provide uninterrupted conduction paths for electron transport, enhancing the optical absorption to serve as an absorber, and increase the surface area for exciton dissociation . Our investigations show that Si NWs are promising for hybrid organic photovoltaic cells with improved performance by increasing the short-circuit current density from 7.17 to 11.61 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . III-V semiconductors are also used for thin-film solar cells. InGaP/GaAs two-junction square-based (25 mum times25 mum) cuboid arrays with a height of 6.52 mum were released from GaAs substrates by the epitaxial lift-off process. These InGaP/GaAs cuboid arrays were transplanted to the P3HT film spun on ITO glass substrate. In addition to the significant cost reduction, our method shows the rapid transplantation and the potential for high-efficiency large-area devices fabrication.
Maturation of the murine cecal microbiota as revealed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries (2004)

The maturation of murine cecal microbiota was determined by terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Cecal microbiota in specific pathogen free (SPF) mice aged four to 10 weeks were collected. The cluster of samples in 4-week-old mice was different from those of other ages based on T-RFLP profiles. The majority of clones obtained in this study belonged to the Clostridium coccoides (C. coccoides) group, the Bacteroides group or the Lactobacillus group. Phylogenetic analysis showed characteristic clusters composed of new operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of the C. coccoides and Bacteroides groups. The existence of a large number of yet unidentified bacteria inhabiting the murine cecum was demonstrated by 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. T-RFLP analysis data were more complex and more sensitive than the patterns generated by computer simulation of 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis data. T-RFLP revealed development with maturation of cecal microbiota including unidentified bacteria of SPF mice.
Control of the Immune Response by Pro-Angiogenic Factors (2014)

The progressive conversion of normal cells into cancer cells is characterized by the acquisition of eight hallmarks. Among these criteria, the capability of the cancer cell to avoid the immune destruction has been noted. Thus, tumors develop mechanisms to become invisible to the immune system, such as the induction of immunosuppressive cells, which are able to inhibit the development of an efficient immune response. Molecules produced in the tumor microenvironment are involved in the occurrence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Recently, it has been shown that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) exhibits immunosuppressive properties in addition to its pro-angiogenic activities. VEGF-A can induce the accumulation of immature dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, and inhibit the migration of T lymphocytes to the tumor. Other pro-angiogenic factors such as placental growth factor (PlGF) could also participate in tumor-induced immunosuppression, but only few works have been performed on this point. Here, we review the impact of pro-angiogenic factors (especially VEGF-A) on immune cells. Anti-angiogenic molecules, which target VEGF-A/VEGFR axis, have been developed in the last decades and are commonly used to treat cancer patients. These drugs have anti-angiogenic properties but can also counteract the tumor-induced immunosuppression. Based on these immunomodulatory properties, anti-angiogenic molecules could be efficiently associated with immunotherapeutic strategies in preclinical models. These combinations are currently under investigation in cancer patients.
In Vitro Phytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Flavonoids (2012)

The knowledge of flavonoids involved in plant-plant interactions and their mechanisms of action are poor and, moreover, the structural characteristics required for these biological activities are scarcely known. The objective of this work was to study the possible in vitro phytotoxic effects of 27 flavonoids on the germination and early radical growth of Raphanus sativus L. and Lepidium sativum L., with the aim to evaluate the possible structure/activity relationship. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the same compounds was also evaluated. Generally, in response to various tested flavonoids, germination was only slightly affected, whereas significant differences were observed in the activity of the various tested flavonoids against radical elongation. DPPH test confirms the antioxidant activity of luteolin, quercetin, catechol, morin, and catechin. The biological activity recorded is discussed in relation to the structure of compounds and their capability to interact with cell structures and physiology. No correlation was found between phytotoxic and antioxidant activities.
A Radioassay for Serum Folate: Use of a Two-Phase Sequential-Incubation, Ligand-Binding System (1972)

Abstract A folate binding-protein partially purified from milk was used as the binding ligand for a radioassay for serum folate. The procedure has a sensitivity of approximately 10 to 15 pg of N5-m...
High Sulfation and a High Molecular Weight Are Important for Anti-hepcidin Activity of Heparin (2016)

Heparins are efficient inhibitors of hepcidin expression even in vivo, where they induce an increase of systemic iron availability. Heparins seem to act by interfering with BMP6 signaling pathways that control the expression of liver hepcidin, causing the suppression of SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation. The anti-hepcidin activity persists also when the heparin anticoagulant property is abolished or reduced by chemical reactions of oxidation/reduction (glycol-split, Gs-Heparins) or by high sulfation (SS-Heparins), but the structural characteristics needed to optimize this inhibitory activity have not been studied in detail. To this aim we analyzed three different heparins (Mucosal Heparin, the Glycol split RO-82, the partially desulfated glycol-split RO-68 and the oversulfated SSLMWH) and separated them in fractions of molecular weight in the range 4-16 kD. Since the distribution of the negative charges in heparins contributes to the activity, we produced 2-O- and 6-O-desulfated heparins. These derivatives were analyzed for the capacity to inhibit hepcidin expression in hepatic HepG2 cells and in mice. The two approaches produced consistent results and showed that the anti-hepcidin activity strongly decreases with molecular weight below 7 kD, with high N-acetylation and after 2-O and 6-O desulfation. The high sulfation and high molecular weight properties for efficient anti-hepcidin activity suggest that heparin is involved in multiple binding sites.
Status on the First IEC61850 Based Protection and Control, Multi-Vendor Project in the United States (2007)

The new IEC 61850 substation communication standard is almost two years old. Worldwide, there are already over one hundred substations that have been commissioned and running with this new standard. Several projects in North America have been implemented with IEC 61850 by using products from a single manufacturer. This paper will report on the status of a 500 kV project, which is the first multi-vendor project in the United States to use this new standard. The goal of the project is to utilize the new IEC 61850 standard to its fullest (as practically possible) therefore confirming that the standard is much more than just a communication protocol. Interoperability, one of the major advantages of IEC 61850, will be demonstrated. The focus of the paper is not to describe or explain the theoretical background of the standard itself but rather to show and demonstrate the practical use of an actual multi-vendor project and how the standard applies to protection engineers. In addition, the paper will describe to the relay engineers that an IEC 61850 based system must be considered an integral part of the protection and control system and not just another protocol integration for substation data/automation. The paper will describe the process that was developed and used during this project to configure the IEDs, clients, and the communication infrastructure as defined by the customer. The exchange of IED configuration data between different vendors was achieved by using the IEC 61850 defined substation configuration language (SCL). We will demonstrate how each vendors private tools can export data into a standard format and be integrated into a common product using standard tools as well. The meaning and the purpose of the standard ICD files (IED capability description) and SCD files (substation configuration description) will be explained. One goal of this project is to eliminate or significantly reduce wiring between the relays and between the control house and the breakers. The wire reductions are replaced with the communication infrastructure fulfilling the protection and control applications by exchanging IEC 61850 GOOSE messages over Ethernet (e.g. breaker position and protective trips). The paper will also cover test tools and procedures that were used to find and eliminate problems during the integration of the protection & control system and the new IEC 61850 standard. Lessons learned throughout the project will be discussed
Changes in type I collagen following laser welding (1992)

Selection of ideal laser parameters for tissue welding is inhibited by poor understanding of the mechanism. We investigated structural changes in collagen molecules extracted from rat tail tendon (> 90% type I collagen) after tissue welding using an 808 nm diode laser and indocyanine green dye applied to the weld site. Mobility patterns on SDS-PAGE were identical in the lasered and untreated tendon extracts with urea or acetic acid. Pepsin incubation after acetic acid extraction revealed a reduction of collagen alpha and beta bands in lasered compared with untreated specimens. Circular dichroism studies of rat tail tendon showed absence of helical structure in collagen from lasered tendon. No evidence for covalent bonding was present in laser-treated tissues. Collagen molecules are denatured by the laser wavelength and parameters used in this study. No significant amount of helical structure is regenerated on cooling. We conclude that non-covalent interactions between denatured collagen molecules may be responsible for the creation of tissue welding.
Decomposition of phenolic peresters. II. tert-Butyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyperbenzoate and tert-butyl 5-methyl 3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyperbenzoate (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDecomposition of phenolic peresters. II. tert-Butyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyperbenzoate and tert-butyl 5-methyl 3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyperbenzoateJohn T. Barbas and J. E. LefflerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 25, 7270–7272Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00858a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00858a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views42Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fused hollow cathode cold atmospheric plasma (2000)

A fused hollow cathode (FHC) plasma source is introduced. The system of radio-frequency (rf) generated hollow cathodes with flowing gas forms an integrated electrode source which operates in the pressure range from 1 Torr to atmospheric pressure. The diameter of the source is 3.5 cm. However, the construction perfectly enables further scaling up. The forward rf power to sustain the discharge at atmospheric pressure can be as low as 2 W. The discharge is stable, volume filling, silent, with no streamers. The FHC atmospheric plasma source is very promising for surface processing, specially on temperature sensitive substrates, and may substantially save costs by avoiding investments into the vacuum equipment.
Theory of eddy current inversion (1993)

The inverse eddy current problem can be described as the task of reconstructing an unknown distribution of electrical conductivity from eddy-current probe impedance measurements recorded as a function of probe position, excitation frequency, or both. In eddy current nondestructive evaluation, this is widely recognized as a central theoretical problem whose solution is likely to have a significant impact on the characterization of flaws in conducting materials. Because the inverse problem is nonlinear, we propose using an iterative least-squares algorithm for recovering the conductivity. In this algorithm, the conductivity distribution sought minimizes the mean-square difference between the predicted and measured impedance values. The gradient of the impedance plays a fundamental role since it tells us how to update the conductivity in such a way as to guarantee a reduction in the mean-square difference. The impedance gradient is obtained in analytic form using function-space methods. The resulting expression is independent of the type of discretization ultimately chosen to approximate the flaw, and thus has greater generality than an approach in which discretization is performed first. The gradient is derived from the solution to two forward problems: an ordinary and an ‘‘adjoint’’ problem. In contrast, a finite difference computation of the gradient requires the solution of multiple forward problems, one for each unknown parameter used in modeling the flaw. Two general types of inverse problems are considered: the reconstruction of a conductivity distribution, and the reconstruction of the shape of an inclusion or crack whose conductivity is known or assumed to be zero. A layered conductor with unknown layer conductivities is treated as an example of the first type of inversion problem. An ellipsoidal crack is presented as an example of the second type of inversion problem.
A fast algorithm for subspace clustering by pattern similarity (2004)

Unlike traditional clustering methods that focus on grouping objects with similar values on a set of dimensions, clustering by pattern similarity finds objects that exhibit a coherent pattern of rise and fall in subspaces. Pattern-based clustering extends the concept of traditional clustering and benefits a wide range of applications, including large scale scientific data analysis, target marketing, Web usage analysis, etc. However, state-of-the-art pattern-based clustering methods (e.g., the pCluster algorithm) can only handle data sets of thousands of records, which makes them inappropriate for many real-life applications. Furthermore, besides the huge data volume, many data sets are also characterized by their sequentiality, for instance, customer purchase records and network event logs are usually modeled as data sequences. Hence, it becomes important to enable pattern-based clustering methods i) to handle large datasets, and ii) to discover pattern similarity embedded in data sequences. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm that offers this capability. Experimental results from both real life and synthetic datasets prove its effectiveness and efficiency.
Fractionally spaced CMA equalizers under periodic and correlated inputs (2002)

CMA fractionally spaced equalizers (CMA-FSEs) have been shown, under certain conditions, to be globally asymptotically convergent to a setting which provides perfect equalization. Such a result relies heavily on the assumptions of a white source and no channel noise (as is the case in much of the literature's analysis of CMA). Herein, we relax the white source assumption and examine the effect of source correlation on CMA. Analytic results are meshed with examples showing CMA-FSE source correlation effects. Techniques for finding all stationary and saddle points on the CMA-FSE error surface are presented using recent developments in the algebraic-geometry community.
Flexible ATE module with reconfigurable circuit and its application [to CMOS imager test] (2003)

Digital output signal of a mixed signal device contains analog information which requires post data processing to evaluate a device after acquiring data from it. This data processing typically has been done in a tester controller which is a workstation or PC, but slower bandwidth between data capture module and tester controller degrades test throughput. This data transfer time can be reduced only by custom test module that has capability of localized post data processing. In this paper, reconfigurable test module is presented. It can be configured as a dedicated test apparatus for various DUTs in a short design period. We have configured this module for CMOS imager test and it results in a reduction of four in test time.
Euro â€“ Single Currency of the European Union (2017)

A subject as optimal monetary areas were very challenging. The starting point was made byRobert Mundell which influenced the debate linked to this subject. Economic and Monetary Unionwas a choice, a target and a challenge. Realizing an optimal monetary area become priority whenthe “Werner” report was handled to the official and public agenda. This tentative failed ascircumstances were non-friendly for the integration process. Another tentative started in 1979being comprised in the Delors Report. Based on this document started a new generation ofmonetary integration having as an emblem the Maastricht Treaty. European countries committed to obtain “convergence of their economies”. I pointed outthat an appropriate perception of the subject oblige the analysts refers to a much broader visionthan convergence criteria. One of the main questions I asked myself was whether euro hasfacilitated an appropriate level of convergence between member countries’ economies.
<title>Performance analysis on signaling link changeover: a capacity feasibility study</title> (1997)

Modern out-of-band telephone switching systems often have a distributed architecture, where a number of processors with various functions are connected to each other via a local area network, and the system is connected to the signaling networks by a number of signaling processors with each terminating one high speed link. The capacity of the signaling processor is determined by not only its capability of processing the steady-state load, but also by its ability to meet the performance requirements for the situation of link failure and changeover. A more complicated but not negligible scenario is the double link failure, which is often the result of facility failure. In this paper we present a framework that analyzes the performance during a double changeover and link retrieval from the point of view of feasibility. The fundamental question we try to answer is whether the capacity of the signaling processors are sufficient to meet the message delay requirements for the double changeover.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 25‐HYDROXYPROVITAMIN D3 AND 25Ξ,26‐DIHYDROXYPROVITAMIN D3 (1976)

Abstract Der bekannte (aus Ergosterin erhältliche) Aldehyd (I) wird mit der Grignardverbindung (II) zum Alkohol (IIIa) umgesetzt, dessen Mesylat (IIIb) durch reduktive Eliminierungsreaktion in das Steroid (IV) übergeführt wird.
Life cycle costs for chemical process pumps (1998)

Though construction and startup costs are always a concern, proper investment in equipment and installation will save money down the line. This is particularly important for heavily used items, such as centrifugal pumps, one of the workhouses of the chemical process industries (CPI). By properly sizing and installing a centrifugal pump, the life and efficiency of the pump can be increased. At the same time, maintenance costs can be reduced. When considering a new pump, there are several areas that require attention. The first is the baseplate design. The impeller is another area of concern. The seal chamber, the third area of importance, must be designed for proper heat dissipation and lubrication of seal faces. Lastly, the power end must be considered. Optimum bearing life, effective oil cooling and minimum shaft deflection are all vital. The paper discusses installation costs, operating cost, maintenance cost, seal environment, and extended bearing life.
Algorithms for calculating detector efficiency normalization coefficients for true coincidences in 3D PET (1998)

Accurate normalization of lines of response in 3D PET is a prerequisite for quantitative reconstruction. Most current methods are component based, calculating a series of geometric and intrinsic detector efficiency factors. We have reviewed the theory behind several existing algorithms for calculating detector efficiency factors in 2D and 3D PET, and have extended them to create a range of new algorithms. Three of the algorithms described are 'fully 3D' in that they make use of data from all detector rings for the calculation of the efficiencies of any one line of response. We have assessed the performance of the new and existing methods using simulated and real data, and have demonstrated that the fully 3D algorithms allow the rapid acquisition of crystal efficiency normalization data using low-activity sources. Such methods enable the use of scatter-free scanning line sources or the use of very short acquisitions of cylindrical sources for routine normalization.