gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operational Evaluation of a New High Sensitivity Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (1972)

A new dosimeter is described which is capable of routine exposure measurements down to less than 1 mR. This dosimeter consists of a dispersion of Calcium Sulphate: Dysprosium thermoluminescent dosimetry phosphor in Teflon (P.T.F.E.). The principal features of this dosimeter are its high sensitivity and relatively low fading of the stored signal. A detailed evaluation of the precision at various exposure levels is presented, which shows a standard deviation of ± 15 at 1 mR, ± 6 at 10 mR and ± 3.5% at 100 mR. The background signal from an unirradiated, freshly annealed dosimeter is 1 mR equivalent. The response has been measured from 1 mR to 5000 R, and the glow curve structure and linearity are shown. The fading has been measured and can be made as low as 10% in the first day and 20% in the first week by readout with a suitable pre-heat cycle. The re-use capability has been studied and the dosimeter shows less than 5% overall change in sensitivity on successive re-use cycles. The response to other environmental effects such as ultra-violet light, mechanical vibration, ultrasound and sunlight is generally small, of the order of a few mR equivalent, however precautions are described which should be observed for good results at extremely low levels. Possible applications of this dosimeter to short-term personnel dosimetry are reviewed.
Heparan Sulfate Domain Organization and Sulfation Modulate FGF-induced Cell Signaling (2010)

Heparan sulfates (HSs) modulate various developmental and homeostatic processes by binding to protein ligands. We have evaluated the structural characteristics of porcine HS in cellular signaling induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), using CHO745 cells devoid of endogenous glycosaminoglycans as target. Markedly enhanced stimulation of cell signaling, measured as phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and protein kinase B, was only observed with the shortest HS chains isolated from liver, whereas the longer chains from either liver or intestine essentially prolonged duration of signals induced by FGF2 in the absence of polysaccharide. Structural analysis showed that contiguous sulfated domains were most abundant in the shortest HS chains and were more heavily sulfated in HS from liver than in HS from intestine. Moreover, the shortest chains from either source entered into ternary complexes with FGF2 and FGF receptor-1c more efficiently than the corresponding longer chains. In addition to authentic HSs, decasaccharide libraries generated by chemo-enzymatic modification of heparin were probed for effect on FGF2 signaling. Only the most highly sulfated decamers, previously found most efficient in ternary complex formation (Jastrebova, N., Vanwildemeersch, M., Rapraeger, A. C., Giménez-Gallego, G., Lindahl, U., and Spillmann, D. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 26884-26892), promoted FGF2 cellular signaling as efficiently as short HS chains from liver. Together these results suggest that the effects of HS on FGF2 signaling are determined by both the structure of the highly sulfated domains and by the organization/availability of such domains within the HS chain. These findings underpin the need for regulation of HS biosynthesis in relation to control of growth factor-induced signaling pathways.
Sort vs. hash revisited (1994)

Efficient algorithms for processing large volumes of data are very important both for relational and new object-oriented database systems. Many query-processing operations can be implemented using sort- or hash-based algorithms, e.g. intersections, joins, and duplicate elimination. In the early relational database systems, only sort-based algorithms were employed. In the last decade, hash-based algorithms have gained acceptance and popularity, and are often considered generally superior to sort-based algorithms such as merge-join. In this article, we compare the concepts behind sort- and hash-based query-processing algorithms and conclude that (1) many dualities exist between the two types of algorithms, (2) their costs differ mostly by percentages rather than by factors, (3) several special cases exist that favor one or the other choice, and (4) there is a strong reason why both hash- and sort-based algorithms should be available in a query-processing system. Our conclusions are supported by experiments performed using the Volcano query execution engine.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in tissue fluids from the lamb (1991)

Heparinized samples of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lymph from intestinal, prescapular and popliteal lymph nodes were collected from young lambs in order to characterize and compare the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in extracellular fluids with those from the circulation. Prior to collection and analysis, the superiority of heparin for plasma preparation was established over EDTA and citrate or the use of serum, according to the extent of IGF-I and IGF-II binding achieved in the high molecular mass IGFBP region in vitro. The IGFBPs were characterized by ligand blotting and competitive binding techniques using radiolabelled IGF-I, IGF-II and the truncated IGF analogue, des(1-3)IGF-I, as well as by ligand blotting of fractions after Superose 6 chromatography of incubations of fluids with labelled factors. This combined analysis demonstrated an IGF-II-specific binding protein at approximately 250 kDa that was present in plasma and each lymph type and presumably represented the soluble type-2 IGF receptor; a complex of 130 kDa containing 52 kDa and 46 kDa binding proteins that was labelled by all three IGF peptides was particularly evident in plasma and intestinal lymph and was probably a complex between IGFBP-3 and the acid-labile subunit; and a group of binding proteins that chromatographed as IGF complexes at approximately 50 kDa. This last group contained IGFBP bands of 52, 46, 32, 28 and 23.5 kDa in plasma and all lymphs as well as an IGF-II-specific band of 22 kDa in prescapsular and popliteal lymphs. CSF differed qualitatively from plasma and lymph in that the 52/46 kDa IGFBP bands were undetectable in this fluid; the 35 kDa band was the predominant binding protein, and neither this nor the 28, 23.5 and 22 kDa proteins bound des(1-3)IGF-I to any significant extent. The 52, 46 and 28 kDa bands in plasma and lymph did bind this ligand. Immunoblots using antisera against bovine IGFBP-2 showed binding at 35 kDa in all fluids as well as several bands at lower molecular masses. Taken together these results show not only marked differences in the binding protein profiles of sheep plasma, lymph and CSF, but both qualitative and quantitative differences between intestinal, prescapular and popliteal lymphs. We speculate that the differences between lymphs may result from tissue-specific release of binding proteins into extracellular fluid.
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs)-SIN1 association mediates ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation and skin cell survival (2013)

Taken together, these results strongly suggest that DNA-PKcs-mTORC2 association is required for UVB-induced Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation and cell survival, and might be important for tumor cell transformation.
Kinetic and mechanistic aspects of propene oligomerization with ionic organozirconium and -hafnium compounds: crystal structures of [Cp*2MMe(THT)]+[BPh4]- (M = zirconium, hafnium) (1992)

In N,N-dimethylaniline the ionic complexes [Cp*2MMe(THT)]+[BPh4]- (M = Zr, Hf) oligomerize propene to low molecular weight oligomers. At room temperature for M = Zr a rather broad molecular weight distribution is obtained (C6 to C24), whereas for M = Hf only one dimer (4-methyl-1-pentene) and one trimer (4,6-dimethyl-1-heptene) are formed. With an increase in reaction temperature the product composition shifts to lower molecular weights, but the specific formation of head-to-tail oligomers is retained. The oligomers are formed by β-Me transfer from the growing oligopropene alkyl chain to the metal center. The molecular weight distributions of the oligomers produced at temperature between 5 and 45 °C are satisfactorily described by the Flory-Schulz theory. This allows the calculation of ratios of rate coefficients for propagation (kp) and termination (kt). Values for (ΔG‡p - ΔG‡t)298K were calculated as -1.9 (3) and -1.4 (4) kcal·mol-1 for [Cp*2ZrMe(THT)]+[BPh4]- and [Cp*2HfMe(THT)]+[BPh4]-, respectively. Both complexes crystallize in the space group Pna21 with a = 31.31 (1) Å, b = 11.844 (4) Å, c = 11.084 (4) Å, V = 4110 (2) Å3, and Z = 4 for [Cp*2ZrMe(THT)]+[BPh4]- and a = 31.32 (1) Å, b = 11.857 (1) Å, c = 11.029 (1) Å, V = 4096 (1) Å3, and Z = 4 for [Cp*2HfMe(THT)]+[BPh4]-. A molecular modeling study based on the molecular structures using the ALCHEMY software package suggests that the conformations with the β-Me group in the plane between the Cp* rings are more stable than the conformations with the β-Me group pointing toward one of the Cp* ligands. Inactivation of the catalysts is caused by two different mechanisms. At room temperature allylic C-H activation of monomer and isobutene (formed by a minor β-H transfer termination) gives inactive (meth)allyl compounds, [Cp*2M(η3-C3H5)]+ and [Cp*2M(η3-C4H7)]+ (M = Zr, Hf). At elevated temperatures (>45 °C) catalytically inactive zwitterionic complexes Cp*2M+-m-C6H4-BPh3- (M = Zr, Hf) are formed through aromatic C-H activation. Reactivation of the inactive (meth)allyl complexes can be achieved by addition of hydrogen to the oligomerization mixtures.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Polidocanol in the Form of Foam Compared With Liquid Form in Sclerotherapy of the Greater Saphenous Vein: Initial Results (2003)

BACKGROUND Foamed sclerosing agents have been used with enthusiasm by phlebologists for more than 5 decades. Any type of varicose veins can and has been treated with this technique. Numerous publications have stressed the advantages of foamed sclerosing agents on the basis of empiric and experimental criteria and have described various individual techniques to prepare foams. Until now, however, no comparative study for the treatment of large varicose veins with foam or liquid exists. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this first randomized, prospective, multicenter trial was to study the elimination of reflux, the rate of recanalization, and possible side effects of foam sclerotherapy (FS) compared with conventional liquid sclerotherapy for the greater saphenous vein (GSV). METHODS Eighty-eight patients were randomized into two groups: One group was treated with sclerosing foam (45 patients) and the other with sclerosing liquid (43 cases). Sclerotherapy was performed with direct puncture of the vessel under duplex guidance. The reference sclerosing agent was polidocanol in a 3% solution. The foam was prepared using the Double Syringe System (DSS) method. Only one injection of 2.0 or 2.5 mL liquid or foam was allowed, depending on the diameter of the GSV. Results were assessed according to the protocol. RESULTS Follow-up after 3 weeks showed 84% elimination of reflux in the GSV with DSS foam versus 40% with liquid sclerosant (P < 0.01). At 6 months, six recanalizations were found in the liquid group versus two in the foam group. After 1 year, no additional recanalization was observed with either foam or liquid. Longer term studies are underway. Side effects did not differ between both groups. CONCLUSION The efficacy of sclerosing foam (DSS) compared with sclerosing liquid in therapy of the GSV is superior, a finding that had already gained empirical recognition but for which there has not been any clinical evidence to date.
Steric effects. 7. Additional V constants (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSteric effects. 7. Additional V constantsMarvin ChartonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 12, 2217–2220Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00874a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00874a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1024Altmetric-Citations121LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Improved Blue, Green, and Red Fluorescent Protein Tagging Vectors for S. cerevisiae (2013)

Fluorescent protein fusions are a powerful tool to monitor the localization and trafficking of proteins. Such studies are particularly easy to carry out in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to the ease with which tags can be introduced into the genome by homologous recombination. However, the available yeast tagging plasmids have not kept pace with the development of new and improved fluorescent proteins. Here, we have constructed yeast optimized versions of 19 different fluorescent proteins and tested them for use as fusion tags in yeast. These include two blue, seven green, and seven red fluorescent proteins, which we have assessed for brightness, photostability and perturbation of tagged proteins. We find that EGFP remains the best performing green fluorescent protein, that TagRFP-T and mRuby2 outperform mCherry as red fluorescent proteins, and that mTagBFP2 can be used as a blue fluorescent protein tag. Together, the new tagging vectors we have constructed provide improved blue and red fluorescent proteins for yeast tagging and three color imaging.
Recent developments in ruthenium anticancer drugs (2009)

Interest in Ru anticancer drugs has been growing rapidly since NAMI-A ((ImH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Im)(S-dmso)], where Im = imidazole and S-dmso = S-bound dimethylsulfoxide) or KP1019 ((IndH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Ind)(2)], where Ind = indazole) have successfully completed phase I clinical trials and an array of other Ru complexes have shown promise for future development. Herein, the recent literature is reviewed critically to ascertain likely mechanisms of action of Ru-based anticancer drugs, with the emphasis on their reactions with biological media. The most likely interactions of Ru complexes are with: (i) albumin and transferrin in blood plasma, the former serving as a Ru depot, and the latter possibly providing active transport of Ru into cells; (ii) collagens of the extracellular matrix and actins on the cell surface, which are likely to be involved in the specific anti-metastatic action of Ru complexes; (iii) regulatory enzymes within the cell membrane and/or in the cytoplasm; and (iv) DNA in the cell nucleus. Some types of Ru complexes can also promote the intracellular formation of free radical species, either through irradiation (photodynamic therapy), or through reactions with cellular reductants. The metabolic pathways involve competition among reduction, aquation, and hydrolysis in the extracellular medium; binding to transport proteins, the extracellular matrix, and cell-surface biomolecules; and diffusion into cells; with the extent to which individual drugs participate in various steps along these pathways being crucial factors in determining whether they are mainly anti-metastatic or cytotoxic. This diversity of modes of action of Ru anticancer drugs is also likely to enhance their anticancer activities and to reduce the potential for them to develop tumour resistance. New approaches to metabolic studies, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence microscopy, are required to provide further mechanistic insights, which could lead to the rational design of improved Ru anticancer drugs.
X-ray linear attenuation coefficients in the mammographic range for ultrasonic breast phantom materials. (1982)

X-ray linear attenuation coefficients for simulated fat and glandular parenchyma used in ultrasound breast phantoms were measured at 15.2, 20.3, 30.0, 40.0, and 60.0 keV and values compared with published figures calculated from the experimentally determined elemental composition of excised breast parenchyma. Agreement was excellent. These ultrasonic tissue-mimicking (TM) materials can be used in radiographic or ultrasound phantoms for testing imaging instruments as well as for training personnel.
Too many simple clerical scoring errors: The Rey Figure as an example (2000)

The clerical errors from 325 scored Rey Figure drawings were tabulated using the procedures outlined in the Boston Qualitative Scoring System manual. The error types investigated were avoidable quantitative scoring errors (e.g., addition, using conversion tables, and plotting scores). The three scorers made errors on 18.3%, 22.4%, and 24.7% of the Rey Figures they scored. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 56: 571–574, 2000.
Protocol to Access White Space database: Problem statement (2011)

Governments around the world continue to search for new pieces of
radio spectrum which can be used by the expanding wireless
communications industry to provide more services in the usable
spectrum. The concept of allowing secondary transmissions (licensed or
unlicensed) in frequencies occupied by a primary user is a technique
to unlock existing spectrum for new use. An obvious requirement is
that these secondary transmissions do not interfere with the primary
use of the spectrum. One interesting observation is that often, in a
given physical location, the primary user(s) may not be using the
entire band allocated to them. The available spectrum for a secondary
use would then depend on the location of the secondary user. The
fundamental issue is how to determine for a specific location and
specific time, if any of the primary spectrum is available for
secondary use. Academia and Industry have studied multiple cognitive
radio mechanisms for use in such a scenario. One simple mechanism is
to use a geospatial database that records the primary users
occupation, and require the secondary users to check the database
prior to selecting what part of the spectrum they use. Such databases
could be available on the Internet for query by secondary users. This
document discusses the requirements and the problems that need to be
addressed for enabling the use of white space spectrum by obtaining
information from such a database.
Imatinib and Its Successors – How Modern Chemistry has Changed Drug Development (2008)

Since protein kinases are frequently mutated or otherwise deregulated in human malignancies, they serve as a target for differentiating between tumor cells and normal tissues. Imatinib mesylat (IM), an inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase was introduced in 2001 and has revolutionized the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Since 2005 a second generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors is to follow in Imatinib's footsteps: The development of these new small molecules was promoted by the identification of potential target kinases within the cellular signaling apparatus. Modern biochemical tools provide relevant amounts of these target kinases necessary for high throughput screening (HTS) campaigns and for elucidation of their 3-D structure by crystallography. Supported by computational chemistry the resulting data have enabled rational drug design. In this review low molecular weight inhibitors used for the CML treatment are summarized, pointing out their chemical similarities and differences.
Mechanical Properties of Very Thin Polymer Films (1972)

The uniaxial and biaxial mechanical properties of five thin film polymers have been measured. Parylenes N, C, and M exhibit uniform properties to thicknesses as low as 0.12 μ; the 4.3 μ polyester (Mylar) and the 2.3 μ polycarbonate (Kimfol) show tensile and elongation properties inferior to those measured on thicker sections. Biaxial rupture strengths were found to vary directly with film thickness and inversely with the half-power of the unsupported area. The measured rupture constant is shown to be a function of the tensile strength and ultimate elongation of the material.
Source-controlled channel decoding (2002)

The performance of a channel decoder can be considerably improved if a priori information about the source bits is used. Many source coding schemes for analog signals still have correlation between bits of successive frames. We show that soft-outputs and bit correlations can be converted into a priori values for the next frame and used by a modified Viterbi algorithm, the APRI-SOVA. Gains of several decibels with respect to classical Viterbi decoding are obtained for the mobile GSM coding scheme and PCM transmission schemes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mutations affecting the tRNA-splicing endonuclease activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1988)

Two unlinked mutations that alter the enzyme activity of tRNA-splicing endonuclease have been identified in yeast. The sen1-1 mutation, which maps on chromosome 12, causes temperature-sensitive growth, reduced in vitro endonuclease activity, and in vivo accumulation of unspliced pre-tRNAs. The sen2-1 mutation does not confer a detectable growth defect, but causes a temperature-dependent reduction of in vitro endonuclease activity. Pre-tRNAs do not accumulate in sen2-1 strains. The in vitro enzyme activities of sen1-1 and sen2-1 complement in extracts from a heterozygous diploid, but fail to complement in mixed extracts from separate sen1-1 and sen2-1 haploid strains. These results suggest a direct role for SEN gene products in the enzymatic removal of introns from tRNA that is distinct from the role of other products known to affect tRNA splicing.
Impact of Cercospora Leaf Spot on Root Weight, Sugar Yield, and Purity of<i>Beta vulgaris</i> (1992)

The impact of Cercospora leaf spot, caused by Cercospora beticola, on the yield and quality of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) was studied in one field trial in 1982 and two trials in 1983. Fungicides were applied to cultivars of various disease susceptibilities to obtain different levels of disease severity. Plants were rated for disease severity with a spot-percentage scale according to the number of lesions per leaf at intensities <3% and with standard area diagrams at intensities ≥3% (.)
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (2001)

More experimental animal and cell culture studies are needed to determine the in vivo function of PPT1. SCT currently cannot be recommended as therapy for INCL.