gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of imidazole-1-acetic acid-grafted-chitosan (2015)

Chitosan used as target polymer and was modified with imidazole-1-acetic acid. 1-(3-dimethylamino propyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide as initiator and N-hydroxysuccinimide as the coupler,the imidazole-1-acetic acid was grafted to chitosan. A series of imidazole-1-acetic acid modified chitosan( IACS) with different substitution degrees were prepared by using the method of freeze-casting and controlling the amount of Imidazole-1-acetic acid and other conditions. Chemical structure and morphology of IACS were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectrometer( FT-IR),1H-NMR spectroscopy,elemental analysis( EA),field emission scanning electron microscopy( FESEM) and other methods. The results showed that imidazole-1-acetic acid successfully grafted onto the amino groups of chitosan,with increasing of the imidazole-1-acetic acid dosage,the degree of substitution increased(5. 52%-7. 76%),the pore size arranging in 50-150μm,presenting three-dimensional structure. The Zeta value of IACS decreased from + 64. 2 mV to + 24. 2 mV with increase of p H value,which proved that IACS has p H responsibility. Based on the above results,it indicted that IACS could provide a good template for biomineralization and be applied in cartilage tissue engineering.
The Marsh Funnel and Drilling Fluid Viscosity: A New Equation for Field Use (2000)

Summary The flow behavior of a Marsh funnel was numerically simulated for power law fluids and was found to give good agreement with experimental measurements. As a result, the simulation provides a general picture of the meaning of the Marsh funnel time and a correlation enabling this to be converted into a value for effective viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids. For field use, the following equation relates the effective viscosity μe (cp) to the Marsh funnel (quart) time t (seconds) and the density ρ (g/cm−3) μe = ρ (t-25).
Comparative study of turbo decoding techniques: an overview (2000)

We provide an overview of the novel class of channel codes referred to as turbo codes, which have been shown to be capable of performing close to the Shannon limit. We commence with a discussion on turbo encoding, and then move on to describing the form of the iterative decoder most commonly used to decode turbo codes. We then elaborate on various decoding algorithms that can be used in an iterative decoder, and give an example of the operation of such a decoder using the so-called soft output Viterbi (1996) algorithm (SOVA). Lastly, the effect of a range of system parameters is investigated in a systematic fashion, in order to gauge their performance ramifications.
Metabolic Engineering of a Novel Propionate-Independent Pathway for the Production of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate- <i>co</i> -3-Hydroxyvalerate) in Recombinant <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhimurium (2002)

A pathway was metabolically engineered to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), a biodegradable thermoplastic with proven commercial applications, from a single, unrelated carbon source. An expression system was developed in which a prpC strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, with a mutation in the ability to metabolize propionyl coenzyme A (propionyl-CoA), served as the host for a plasmid harboring the Acinetobacter polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis operon (phaBCA) and a second plasmid with the Escherichia coli sbm and ygfG genes under an independent promoter. The sbm and ygfG genes encode a novel (2R)-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and a (2R)-methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase, respectively, which convert succinyl-CoA, derived from the tricarboxylic acid cycle, to propionyl-CoA, an essential precursor of 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV). The S. enterica system accumulated PHBV with significant HV incorporation when the organism was grown aerobically with glycerol as the sole carbon source. It was possible to vary the average HV fraction in the copolymer by adjusting the arabinose or cyanocobalamin (precursor of coenzyme B12) concentration in the medium.
Effects of Sodium Butyrate and Its Synthetic Amide Derivative on Liver Inflammation and Glucose Tolerance in an Animal Model of Steatosis Induced by High Fat Diet (2013)

Our results demonstrated a protective effect of butyrate in limiting molecular events underlying the onset of IR and NAFLD, suggesting a potential clinical relevance for this substance. In particular, its derivative, FBA, could represent an alternative therapeutic option to sodium butyrate, sharing a comparable efficacy, but a better palatability and compliance.
Collective Creation (1972)

The group, rather than the individual, is the typical focus of the alternative society, and this is reflected in the structure of the new theatre organizations, their manner of working, and their theatre pieces. The collective creation of theatre pieces has become the method of conceiving and developing works in the alternative theatre. Society has become increasingly specialized and competitive. This is reflected in an established theatre based on competition and a theatrical method that focuses on individual specialists, such as playwright, director, and star actor. In reaction to the fragmentation of the established society, which for many has become disorienting, the alternative society has sought wholeness. This is evident in many ways, including its focus on group living and group activities, and in its theatre, which is based on the cooperation of a creative collective. Instead of the two-process method of the traditional theatre—a playwright writing a script in isolation and other artists staging it—the new theatre practices a one-process method, wherein the group itself develops the piece from initial conception to finished performance.
Magnetic properties of rare-earth-iron-boron permanent magnet materials (1985)

Static magnetic measurements have been carried out on single crystals of Nd2Fe14B, Sm2Fe14B, and Y2Fe14B from 4.2 to 590 K. Values of K1 estimated from high field measurements at room temperature are 4.5, −12, and 1.1 MJ/m3 for Nd2Fe14B, Sm2Fe14B, and Y2Fe14B, respectively. Anisotropic behavior of the magnetization versus magnetic field curves in the basal plane has been observed for Sm2Fe14B, indicating large amplitude of the high order coefficients, K2 and K3. In Nd2Fe14B, the magnetization has been found to tilt from the c axis and simultaneously increase in magnitude. Average Fe moment is estimated to be 2.23 μB/Fe at 4.2 K from the saturation magnetization of Y2Fe14B.
A Mimicking-of-DNA-Methylation-Patterns Pipeline for Overcoming the Restriction Barrier of Bacteria (2012)

Genetic transformation of bacteria harboring multiple Restriction-Modification (R-M) systems is often difficult using conventional methods. Here, we describe a mimicking-of-DNA-methylation-patterns (MoDMP) pipeline to address this problem in three difficult-to-transform bacterial strains. Twenty-four putative DNA methyltransferases (MTases) from these difficult-to-transform strains were cloned and expressed in an Escherichia coli strain lacking all of the known R-M systems and orphan MTases. Thirteen of these MTases exhibited DNA modification activity in Southwestern dot blot or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) assays. The active MTase genes were assembled into three operons using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA assembler and were co-expressed in the E. coli strain lacking known R-M systems and orphan MTases. Thereafter, results from the dot blot and restriction enzyme digestion assays indicated that the DNA methylation patterns of the difficult-to-transform strains are mimicked in these E. coli hosts. The transformation of the Gram-positive Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TA208 and B. cereus ATCC 10987 strains with the shuttle plasmids prepared from MoDMP hosts showed increased efficiencies (up to four orders of magnitude) compared to those using the plasmids prepared from the E. coli strain lacking known R-M systems and orphan MTases or its parental strain. Additionally, the gene coding for uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (upp) was directly inactivated using non-replicative plasmids prepared from the MoDMP host in B. amyloliquefaciens TA208. Moreover, the Gram-negative chemoautotrophic Nitrobacter hamburgensis strain X14 was transformed and expressed Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Finally, the sequence specificities of active MTases were identified by restriction enzyme digestion, making the MoDMP system potentially useful for other strains. The effectiveness of the MoDMP pipeline in different bacterial groups suggests a universal potential. This pipeline could facilitate the functional genomics of the strains that are difficult to transform.
Unified Architecture for Large-Scale Attested Metering (2007)

We introduce a secure architecture called an attested meter/or advanced metering that supports large-scale deployments, flexible configurations, and enhanced protection for consumer privacy and metering integrity. Our study starts with a threat analysis for advanced metering networks and formulates protection requirements for those threats. The attested meter satisfies these through a unified set of system interfaces based on virtual machines and attestation for the software agents of various parties that use the meter. We argue that this combination provides a well-adapted architecture for advanced metering and we take a step towards demonstrating its feasibility with a prototype implementation based on the trusted platform module (TPM) and Xen virtual machine monitor (VMM). This is the first effort to use virtual machines and attestation in an advanced meter
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Composed of Three Electrodes: Application to Tooth Bleaching (2009)

Abstract Three‐electrode plasma jet system consisting of a perforated dielectric tube with two outer and one floating inner electrodes was developed and employed for tooth bleaching. Lowered gas breakdown voltage and increased discharge current were achieved by using the floating inner electrode. Optical emission spectra analysis showed that the rotational temperature of the second positive nitrogen bands was ≈290 K and vibrational temperature was ≈2 500 K, which means this plasma is in highly non‐quilibrium state and nonthermal. The presence of excited He, N 2 , N and O in the plasma plume was revealed. The plasma jet was used in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to remove stains from extracted teeth stained by either coffee or red wine. Combining the plasma jet and H 2 O 2 improved the bleaching efficacy by a factor of 3.1 (coffee) and 3.7 (red wine) compared with using H 2 O 2 alone. magnified image
RSVP over ATM Implementation Requirements (1998)

This memo presents specific implementation requirements for running RSVP over ATM switched virtual circuits (SVCs). It presents requirements that ensure interoperability between multiple implementations and conformance to the RSVP and Integrated Services specifications. A separate document [5] provides specific guidelines for running over today's ATM networks. The general problem is discussed in
A 60-ns 16-Mbit CMOS DRAM with a transposed data-line structure (1988)

Low-noise, high-speed circuit techniques for high-density DRAMs (dynamic random-access memories), as well as their application to a single 5-V 16-Mb CMOS DRAM with a 3.3-V internal operating voltage for a memory array, are described. It was found that data-line interference noise becomes unacceptably high (more than 25% of the signal) and causes a serious problem in 16-Mb DRAM memory arrays. A transposed data-line structure is proposed to eliminate the noise. Noise suppression below 5% is confirmed using this transposed data-line structure. A current sense amplifier is also proposed to maintain the data-transmission speed in common I/O lines, in spite of a reduced operating voltage and increased parasitic capacitance loading in the memory array. A speed improvement of 10 ns is achieved. Using these circuit techniques, a 16-Mb CMOS DRAM with a typical RAS access time of 60 ns was realized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An analysis of air photo and radar imagery of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (2016)

Abstract : Imagery of terrain is covered with a closed canopy of tall trees does not show the ground surface, and any information about surface characteristics, such as rock and soil types, structure, drainageways, etc., must come from an examination of the tree canopy surface. An evaluation of stereo aerial photography showed that inferences could be made about general terrain characteristics such as landform, probable structure and rock types, and major drainageways, but it requires experienced and skilled analysts, and stereo imagery. Surface roughness, obstacles, and minor drainageways could not be determined. Lack of vegetation penetration by radar severely limits the quantity and quality of information that can be derived. Keywords: Air photo analysis; Radar analysis; Closed tree canopy; Tropical landforms.
Most-Surely vs. Least-Surely Uncertain (2013)

Active learning methods aim to choose the most informative instances to effectively learn a good classifier. Uncertainty sampling, arguably the most frequently utilized active learning strategy, selects instances which are uncertain according to the model. In this paper, we propose a framework that distinguishes between two types of uncertainties: a model is uncertain about an instance due to strong and conflicting evidence (most-surely uncertain) vs. a model is uncertain about an instance because it does not have conclusive evidence (least-surely uncertain). We show that making a distinction between these uncertainties makes a huge difference to the performance of active learning. We provide a mathematical formulation to distinguish between these uncertainties for naive Bayes, logistic regression and support vector machines and empirically evaluate our methods on several real-world datasets.
Glucocorticoid-related genetic susceptibility for Alzheimer's disease (2003)

Because glucocorticoid excess increases neuronal vulnerability, genetic variations in the glucocorticoid system may be related to the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We analyzed single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 10 glucocorticoid-related genes in a population of 814 AD patients and unrelated control subjects. Set-association analysis revealed that a rare haplotype in the 5' regulatory region of the gene encoding 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) was associated with a 6-fold increased risk for sporadic AD. Results of a reporter-gene assay indicated that the rare risk-associated haplotype altered HSD11B1 transcription. HSD11B1 controls tissue levels of biologically active glucocorticoids and thereby influences neuronal vulnerability. Our results indicate that a functional variation in the glucocorticoid system increases the risk for AD, which may have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Autonomous Replication in Wide-Area Internetworks (1995)

The number of users connected to the Internet has been growing at an exponential rate, resulting in similar increases in network traffic and Internet server load. Advances in microprocessors and network technologies have kept up with growth so far, but we are reaching the limits of hardware solutions. In order for the Internet's growth to continue, we must efficiently distribute server load and reduce the network traffic generated by its various services. Traditional wide-area caching schemes are client initiated. Decisions on where and when to cache information are made without the benefit of the server's global knowledge of the situation. We introduce a technique--push-caching--that is server initiated; it leaves caching decisions to the server. The server uses its knowledge of network topology, geography, and access patterns to minimize network traffic and server load. The World Wide Web is an example of a large-scale distributed information system that will benefit from this geographical distribution, and we present an architecture that allows a Web server to autonomously replicate Web files. We use a trace-driven simulation of the Internet to evaluate several competing caching strategies. Our results show that while simple client caching reduces server load and network bandwidth demands by up to 30%, adding server-initiated caching reduces server load by an additional 20% and network bandwidth demands by an additional 10%. Furthermore, push-caching is more efficient than client-caching, using an order of magnitude less cache space for comparable bandwidth and load savings. To determine the optimal cache consistency protocol we used a generic server simulator to evaluate several cache-consistency protocols, and found that weak consistency protocols are sufficient for the World Wide Web since they use the same bandwidth as an atomic protocol, impose less server load, and return stale data less than 1% of the time.
Broad-band 180/spl deg/ phase shifters using integrated submillimeter-wave Schottky diodes (2005)

A proof-of-concept broad-band 180/spl deg/ phase shifter operating at 220 GHz and based on planar integrated Schottky diodes is presented. The phase shifter is a monolithic implementation incorporating impedance transformers designed to yield broad-band operation and compensate for amplitude imbalance between bias states of the diodes. The circuit described in this paper has yielded a phase shift of 180/spl deg//spl plusmn/15/spl deg/ over a 55-GHz band with average insertion loss of 5.5 dB. Moreover, the phase shifter is demonstrated and tested as a sideband generator where it has exhibited an average carrier-to-single sideband conversion loss of 10 dB. The circuit architecture is scalable to submillimeter frequencies where phase shifters are often employed for sideband generation and parametric upconversion.
A 1.8-V 1.6-GSample/s 8-b self-calibrating folding ADC with 7.26 ENOB at Nyquist frequency (2004)

This study demonstrates for the first time the significant performance enhancement that calibration brings to folding-interpolating analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The resulting 1.8-V ADC in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS achieves a conversion rate exceeding 1.6 GSample/s, since the amplifier device sizes can be minimized to maximize speed without the restriction of device matching. At 1.6 GS/s, the ADC achieves 0.15 LSB DNL, 0.35 LSB INL, 7.6 effective number of bits (ENOBs) at 100 MHz input, and 7.26 ENOB at Nyquist. At this speed, current consumption from a single 1.8-V supply is 245 mA analog, 185 mA digital, and 90 mA for the LVDS drivers. The ac performance is approximately 1.5 ENOBs higher compared to the same circuit with calibration disabled. The use of best design practices to optimize the ADC linearity prior to introducing calibration resulted in this small required dynamic calibration range, simplifying the calibrator circuitry and resulting in stable continuous performance over time without recalibration. Therefore, the fully on-chip calibration is performed automatically, just one time at power-up.
Desarrollo de la liquidación de la sociedad de gananciales (2010)

espanolSe analiza el proceso integral de la liquidacion de la sociedad de gananciales de forma detallada; es decir, el proceso que se inicia al termino de la ruptura matrimonial y en el que tiene que verificarse una puesta en comun de los bienes habidos durante el matrimonio, a fin de proceder a la distribucion entre ambos miembros. Un proceso complicado y que en algunos casos suele ser bastante complejo si las partes no se ponen de acuerdo y/o dificultan el desarrollo procedimental. EnglishWe analyze in detail the overall process involving the liquidation of the conjugal partnership, i.e. the process begins at the end of the marriage breakdown and a pooling of the assets obtained during the marriage must be verified, so as to distribute them between the two members. It s a complicated process and in some cases is usually quite complex if the parties do not agree and/or hamper the procedural development.
Negative Corona in Freon-Air Mixtures (1947)

In order to gain information as to the importance of negative space charges in coronas, studies of negative corona in freon-air mixtures were undertaken. The mixtures used ranged from ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ to ${10}^{2}$ percent of freon-12 in dry air. The onset potentials of the intermittent corona region were constant in all mixtures, approximately 6 to 7 kv with $\frac{X}{p}$ about 100; only in pure freon it changed to 12,600 volts with $\frac{X}{p}$ about 200. Concentrations of freon up to one percent revealed corona characteristics very similar to those of air. From one to 20 percent mixtures showed rapidly decaying Trichel pulses. Upon analysis this seems due to the formation of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, which are shown to be still stable at values of $\frac{X}{p}\ensuremath{\geqq}200$. As a consequence, negative space charges will be stable in regions much closer to the corona point than in air and will, therefore, be more efficient in suppressing the discharge as is indicated by decaying pulse sizes. At still higher concentrations the more stable ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ formed heavier space charges, inhibiting the formation of large electron avalanches to such an extent that only incipient Trichel bursts were produced. Thus the range of potential of the intermittent corona region was extended to higher values, and the corona current vs. potential curves showed rapidly decreasing slopes with increasing amounts of freon.
The Symmetric Downside-Risk Sharpe Ratio (2005)

The Sharpe ratio, a most useful measure of investment performance, has the disadvantage that it is based on mean-variance theory and thus is valid basically only for quadratic preferences or normal distributions. Hence skewed investment returns can engender misleading conclusions. This is especially true for superior investors with a number of high returns. Many of these superior investors use capital growth wagering ideas to implement their strategies, which means higher growth rates but also higher variability of wealth. A simple modification of the Sharpe ratio to assume that the upside deviation is identical to the downside risk gives more realistic results.
Dodecylresorufin (C12R) Outperforms Resorufin in Microdroplet Bacterial Assays (2016)

This paper proves that dodecylresorufin (C12R) outperforms resorufin (the conventional form of this dye) in droplet microfluidic bacterial assays. Resorufin is a marker dye that is widely used in different fields of microbiology and has increasingly been applied in droplet microfluidic assays and experiments. The main concern associated with resorufin in droplet-based systems is dye leakage into the oil phase and neighboring droplets. The leakage decreases the performance of assays because it causes averaging of the signal between the positive (bacteria-containing) and negative (empty) droplets. Here we show that C12R is a promising alternative to conventional resorufin because it maintains higher sensitivity, specificity, and signal-to-noise ratio over time. These characteristics make C12R a suitable reagent for droplet digital assays and for monitoring of microbial growth in droplets.
Chemotherapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer: Focus on New Agents and Combinations (1999)

BACKGROUND: Although many treatments for advanced gastric cancer have been developed, systemic therapy remains elusive. METHODS: The author reviewed data on recent phase II and III trials of the main new agents and combinations. RESULTS: Chemotherapy appears to improve survival of patients with advanced disease, albeit slightly. New drugs that might improve response rates and survival include the taxanes. CONCLUSIONS: New combinations, including the taxanes, must be designed and evaluated to further improve the outcome for patients with advanced gastric cancer.