gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plant classification system for crop /weed discrimination without segmentation (2014)

This paper proposes a machine vision approach for plant classification without segmentation and its application in agriculture. Our system can discriminate crop and weed plants growing in commercial fields where crop and weed grow close together and handles overlap between plants. Automated crop / weed discrimination enables weed control strategies with specific treatment of weeds to save cost and mitigate environmental impact. Instead of segmenting the image into individual leaves or plants, we use a Random Forest classifier to estimate crop/weed certainty at sparse pixel positions based on features extracted from a large overlapping neighborhood. These individual sparse results are spatially smoothed using a Markov Random Field and continuous crop/weed regions are inferred in full image resolution through interpolation. We evaluate our approach using a dataset of images captured in an organic carrot farm with an autonomous field robot under field conditions. Applying the plant classification system to images from our dataset and performing cross-validation in a leave one out scheme yields an average classification accuracy of 93.8 %.
Single crystalline 2D porous arrays obtained by self organization in n-InP (2003)

Self organization is a rather common phenomenon during pore formation in III–V semiconductors. The so called tetrahedron-like pores, the domains of crystallographically oriented pores in n-GaAs, or the macroscopic voltage oscillations in n-InP at high constant current densities are examples of a self organization process. In this paper we will discuss two-dimensional arrays of pores in n-InP with the unique property that they may form a single crystal as a result of a self organization process. The reasons for this long range order and its dependence on the etching conditions will be discussed.
Electromechanical imaging of biological systems with sub-10nm resolution (2005)

Electromechanical imaging of tooth dentin and enamel has been performed with sub-10nm resolution using piezoresponse force microscopy. Characteristic piezoelectric domain size and local protein fiber ordering in dentin have been determined. The shape of a single protein fibril in enamel is visualized in real space and local hysteresis loops are measured. Because of the ubiquitous presence of piezoelectricity in biological systems, this approach is expected to find broad application in high-resolution studies of a wide range of biomaterials.
Personality: Another 'Hidden Factor' is Stress Research (1990)

(1990). Personality: Another 'Hidden Factor' is Stress Research. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 22-24.
Case 37-2004 (2004)

A 52-year-old woman with postmenopausal bleeding was found to have a 12-cm cystic ovarian mass on imaging studies. The cyst was resected and contained a papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma, grade 2 to 3 of 3, arising as a polypoid intracystic mass in a serous tumor containing benign and borderline areas. The discussants review the diagnosis, grading, and treatment of early-stage ovarian cancer.
Amphoteric liposomes are a platform for multi-organ delivery of oligonucleotides (2008)

Oligonucleotides (ONs) such as antisense (ASO) or siRNA have created a need for new technologies that further enable the systemic and targeted delivery of these active principles. Here, we describe amphoteric, fully charge-reversible liposomes as a novel carrier concept that overcomes the limitations in biodistribution of cationic vectors systems while keeping functionality.
Group C Streptococcal Bacteremia: Analysis of 88 Cases (1991)

Eighty-eight cases of group C streptococcal bacteremia were reviewed retrospectively. Most patients had underlying diseases (72.7%), predominantly cardiovascular disease (20.5%) or malignancy (20.5%). The infection originated most often from the upper respiratory tract (20.5%), the gastrointestinal tract (18.2%), or the skin (17.1%). Prior exposure to animals or animal products was reported in 23.9% of cases. The most common clinical manifestations of group C streptococcal bacteremia were endocarditis (27.3%), primary bacteremia (22.7%), and meningitis (10.2%). Of streptococcal isolates, 61.4% were not speciated, 19.3% were Streptococcus equisimilis, 17.1% were Streptococcus zooepidemicus, and two (2.3%) were Streptococcus equi. The isolates were sensitive to most antibiotics, and most patients were treated with beta-lactam agents. Mortality was high (25.0%), especially among older patients and patients with endocarditis, meningitis, and disseminated infection. Group C streptococcal bacteremia does not differ from bloodstream infection caused by other beta-hemolytic streptococci with regard to clinical presentation, treatment, or outcome.
Spatial distribution of fluence rate from upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation: Experimental validation of a computer-aided design tool (2012)

Abstract A commercial computer-aided design tool used by the lighting industry was modified to predict fluence rates for upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. Experimental validation based on more than 1600 measurements and 3 types of commercial ultraviolet fixtures, which was done in an experimental chamber and in a homeless shelter having fixtures in continuous use for over 7 years, showed differences in measured and predicted average upper-room fluence rates of less than 10%. The computer-aided design tool, however, was not very successful at predicting fluence rates at specific room locations, a capability that is needed for mating computational fluid dynamics with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. Although not an objective of this study, it was also found that the three types of fixtures used in this study have surprisingly significant differences in efficiency based on fixture ultraviolet power output and electrical input. One fixture type had an efficiency that was more than five times that of another. For comparison purposes, a standard method for measuring and reporting fixture efficiency is needed. Acknowledgments The authors thank the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) for supporting this work (Project 9450). Thanks also go to David DiLaura for his help in modifying the Visual program for UVGI and the committee that helped plan this research project, which, in addition to the authors, included Robert Angelo, Hilary Boehme, William Chaisson, Charles Dunn, Jr., Randall King, and Paul Minor. Stephen N. Rudnick, DSc, CIH, is Lecturer on Industrial Hygiene Engineering. Melvin W. First, DSc, PE, CIH, is Professor of Environmental Health Engineering, Emeritus. Tim Sears, MIES, is Senior Illuminating Engineer. Richard L. Vincent, FIES, LEED-AP, ASHRAE Member, is Administrative Manager. Philip W. Brickner, MD, is Director of Tuberculosis Studies. Peter Y. Ngai, PE, FIES, LC, is Vice President of Research and Development. John Zhang, MIES, LC. Robert E. Levin, PhD, is Corporate Scientist (Retired). Kenneth Chin is Medical Student. Ronald O. Rahn, PhD, is Adjunct Professor of Environmental Health Science. Shelly L. Miller, PhD, is Associate Professor. Edward A. Nardell, MD, is Associate Professor.
Relationship between chemical structure and biological activity of triazole fungicides against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> (1995)

Abstract The inhibitory activity of commercial and experimental triazole fungicides on the target enzyme, sterol 14α‐demethylase (P450 14DM ), was studied in a cell‐free sterol synthesis assay of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. In order to assess structure‐activity relationships, the inhibitory activities of the compounds on radial growth of the fungus were tested as well. The EC 50 values (concentrations of fungicide inhibiting radial growth of B. cinerea on PDA by 50%) of all triazoles tested ranged between 10 −8 and 10 −5 m. IC 50 values (concentrations of fungicide inhibiting incorporation of [2‐ 14 C]mevalonate into C4‐desmethyl sterols by 50%) generally ranged between 10 −9 and 10 −7 M and correlated with inhibition of radial mycelial growth. However, differences in IC 50 values did not reflect quantitatively the observed differences in EC 50 values, since the ratio between EC 50 and IC 50 increased with decreasing fungitoxicity. For a limited number of compounds the correlation between intrinsic inhibitory activity and fungitoxicity was low. Both in‐vitro tests were used to investigate structure‐activity relationships for stereoisomers of cyproconazole, SSF‐109 and tebucona‐zole. Fungitoxicity and the potency to inhibit cell‐free C4‐desmethyl sterol synthesis correlated for all stereoisomers tested. Mixtures of isomers of tebucona‐zole or cyproconazole were slightly less active than the most potent isomer. The high activity of several commercial triazoles in both experiments implies that poor field performance of triazole fungicides against B. cinerea is due neither to insensitivity of the P450 14DM nor to low in‐vitro sensitivity of the fungus.
AMPHORE - Ein Arbeitsplatz zur Filmdokumentation (1996)

S.67-74
Template Strand Switching by T7 RNA Polymerase (1998)

T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) is able to traverse a variety of discontinuities in the template (T) strand of duplex DNA, including nicks, gaps, and branched junctions in which the 3' end of the T strand is not complementary to the non-template (NT) strand. The products represent a faithful copy of the T strand, with no insertions or deletions. On double-stranded templates having protruding 3' ends the polymerase is able to insert the free 3' end of the NT strand and to utilize this as a new T strand ("turn around transcription"), resulting in the anomalous production of high molecular weight transcripts. The capacity of T7 RNAP to bypass interruptions in the T strand depends upon the stability of the elongation complex. Sequences that are expected to stabilize a local RNA:DNA hybrid (such as the presence of a C6 tract in the T strand) dramatically reduce dissociation of the RNAP while still allowing the enzyme to insert a new 3' end. Similar effects on RNAP release are observed when the enzyme reaches the end of a template (i.e. when synthesizing runoff products), resulting in markedly different yields of RNA product during multiple rounds of transcription.
Retrobulbar magnetic resonance angiography using binomial off‐resonant rectangular (BORR) pulse (2014)

We have successfully revealed orbital vessels in retrobulbar space for the first time using MRA, by using the BORR pulse method. With a clear depiction of the vasculature without the need for contrast enhancement, our method has the potential to provide important diagnostic information for ocular vascular diseases.
Co-Pyrolysis and Co-Gasification of Coal and Biomass in a Pressurized Fixed-Bed Reactor (1998)

The co-processing of coal-biomass mixtures under inert and reducing atmospheres has been studied in a bench scale fixed-bed (‘hot-rod’) reactor. The aim was to look for evidence of synergistic effects during the co-gasification of coal and biomass. Total volatile release, tar and char yields from mixtures of Daw Mill coal and Silver Birch wood (alone and in mixtures of 25, 50 and 75 % by weight), have been determined as a function of temperature (850 and 1000 °C) and pressures (up to 25 bar) under He-pyrolysis and CO2-gasification conditions. The total volatile yields of mixtures have been found to match those calculated theoretically from pure coal and biomass values under all conditions attempted, thus suggesting a lack of synergy in the amount of char produced. However, char reactivity measurements in an atmospheric thermogravimetric analyser (isothermal combustion in air at 500 °C) indicate that chars of coal-biomass mixtures have higher combustion reactivities than would be expected from the reactivities of the raw fuels alone. Similarly, the tar yields from mixtures are also somewhat higher than those predicted from the individual contributions of coal and biomass.
Validation of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 as a therapeutic target for various types of human cancer and as a prognostic marker (2011)

The emphasis in anticancer drug discovery has always been on finding a drug with great antitumor potential but few side-effects. This can be achieved if the drug is specific for a molecular site found only in tumor cells. Here, we find the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) to be highly overexpressed in lung and other cancers, and show that EZH2 is integral to proliferation in cancer cells. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed higher expression of EZH2 in clinical bladder cancer tissues than in corresponding non-neoplastic tissues (P < 0.0001), and we confirmed that a wide range of cancers also overexpress EZH2, using cDNA microarray analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive staining for EZH2 in 14 of 29 cases of bladder cancer, 135 of 292 cases of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and 214 of 245 cases of colorectal cancer, whereas no significant staining was observed in various normal tissues. We found elevated expression of EZH2 to be associated with poor prognosis for patients with NSCLC (P = 0.0239). In lung and bladder cancer cells overexpressing EZH2, suppression of EZH2 using specific siRNAs inhibited incorporation of BrdU and resulted in significant suppression of cell growth, even though no significant effect was observed in the normal cell strain CCD-18Co, which has undetectable EZH2. Because EZH2 expression was scarcely detectable in all normal tissues we examined, EZH2 shows promise as a tumor-specific therapeutic target. Furthermore, as elevated levels of EZH2 are associated with poor prognosis of patients with NSCLC, its overexpression in resected specimens could prove a useful molecular marker, indicating the necessity for a more extensive follow-up in some lung cancer patients after surgical treatment.
Polyelectrolyte Theories and their Applications to DNA (1982)

Machine learning (ML) is transforming all areas of science. The complex and time-consuming calculations in molecular simulations are particularly suitable for an ML revolution and have already been profoundly affected by the application of existing ML ...Read More
Evidence That ThiI, an Enzyme Shared between Thiamin and 4-Thiouridine Biosynthesis, May Be a Sulfurtransferase That Proceeds through a Persulfide Intermediate (2000)

ThiI is an enzyme common to the biosynthetic pathways leading to both thiamin and 4-thiouridine in tRNA. Comparison of the ThiI sequence with protein sequences in the data bases revealed that the Escherichia coli enzyme contains a C-terminal extension displaying sequence similarity to the sulfurtransferase rhodanese. Cys-456 of ThiI aligns with the active site cysteine residue of rhodanese that transiently forms a persulfide during catalysis. We investigated the functional importance of this sequence similarity and discovered that, like rhodanese, ThiI catalyzes the transfer of sulfur from thiosulfate to cyanide. Mutation of Cys-456 to alanine impairs this sulfurtransferase activity, and the C456A ThiI is incapable of supporting generation of 4-thiouridine in tRNA both in vitro and in vivo. We therefore conclude that Cys-456 of ThiI is critical for activity and propose that Cys-456 transiently forms a persulfide during catalysis. To accommodate this hypothesis, we propose a general mechanism for sulfur transfer in which the terminal sulfur of the persulfide first acts as a nucleophile and is then transferred as an equivalent of S(2-) rather than S(0).
NPMc+ AML cell line shows differential protein expression and lower sensitivity to DNA-damaging and p53-inducing anticancer compounds (2011)

Nucleophosmin (NPM), an important regulator in p53 signaling pathway, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In our previous study, we found that hexamethylene bisacetamide inducible protein 1 (HEXIM1) interacted with both wild-type NPM and cytoplasmic-misallocated NPMc(+) mutant, leading to an increase in RNA polymerase II transcription. Here, we examine the protein expression in wild-type NPM (AML2) and NPMc(+) mutant (AML3) AML cell lines. Significant lower levels of NPM, HEXIM1 and p53 proteins are detected in AML3 cells, and such differential protein expression is not regulated at transcriptional or post-translational stages. Effects of several anticancer compounds on cell viability of AML2 and AML3 cells are investigated. Compared to AML3 cells, AML2 cells are more sensitive to the treatment of the DNA-damaging compounds (doxorubicin and etoposide) and a specific p53-inducing compound (nutlin-3). However, no significant difference in cytotoxicity was observed when AML2 and AML3 cells were treated with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, flavopiridol and CYC202. Our results provide a novel insight into the functional impact of the NPMc(+) mutation on protein expression and the potential approaches for selective therapy of AML.
Substrate Integrated Waveguide Loaded by Complementary Split-Ring Resonators and Its Applications to Miniaturized Waveguide Filters (2009)

A substrate integrated waveguide with square complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) etched on the waveguide surface is investigated in this paper. The proposed structures allow the implementation of a forward-wave passband propagating below the characteristic cutoff frequency of the waveguide. By changing the orientations of the CSRRs, which are incorporated in the waveguide surface and can be interpreted in terms of electric dipoles, varied passband characteristics are observed. A detailed explanation for the generation and variations of the passbands has been illuminated. The application of this waveguide and CSRR combination technique to the design of miniaturized waveguide bandpass filters characterized by transmission zeros is then illustrated. Filter design methodology is examined. These proposed filters exhibit high selectivity and compact size due to the employment of the subwavelength resonators and an evanescent-wave transmission. By slightly altering the configuration of the CSRRs, we find that the propagation of the TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sub> mode can be suppressed and filters with improved selectivity and stopband rejection can be obtained. To verify the presented concept, three different types of filters are fabricated based on the standard printed circuit board process. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulation.
Endogenous extracellular matrices enhance human mesenchymal stem cell aggregate formation and survival (2013)

Human mesenchymal stem or stromal cell (hMSC) therapies have promise across a wide range of diseases. However, inefficient cell delivery and low cell survival at injury sites reduce efficacy and are the major barriers in hMSC-based therapy. Formation of three-dimensional (3D) hMSC aggregates has been found to activate hMSC functions from enhancing secretion of therapeutic factors for improving cell migration and survival. As the stromal cells in bone marrow, hMSCs are significant sources of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and growth factors, which form an interactive microenvironment to influence hMSC fate via paracrine and autocrine actions. To date, however, the impact of the extracellular microenvironment on hMSC properties in the aggregates remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of endogenous ECM matrices on hMSC aggregate formation and survival under ischemic stress. The results demonstrated that the preservation of endogenous ECM in the aggregates formed by thermal lifting (termed TLAs) as opposed to the aggregates formed by enzymatically detached hMSCs (termed EDAs) enhanced cell proliferation, multilineage potential, and survival under ischemic stress. The improved cell proliferation and viability in the TLAs is attributed to the incorporation of endogenous ECM proteins in the TLAs and their promitotic and antioxidant properties. The results demonstrate a novel method for the formation of hMSC aggregates via thermal responsive surface and highlight the significant contribution of the ECM in preserving hMSC properties in the 3D aggregates.
A Case of Candida parapsilosis Meningitis in a Patient with Ventriculo-peritoneal Shunt (2003)

Candida species is an uncommon pathogen and usually causes meningitis as a nosocomial infection. We report a case where a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed in a 72-year-old woman with hydrocephalus. Three months later, the patient was referred to the department of neurology due to fever and drowsiness. Candida parapsilosis was cultured in the cerebrospinal fluid as the causative agent of meningitis. Candida species should be considered as a pathogen when meningitis is present in severely ill patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts.
Group I Introns in <i>Staphylococcus</i> Bacteriophages (2013)

The abundance of group I introns, intragenic RNA sequences capable of self-splicing, in Gram-positive bacteriophage genomes, is illustrated by various new group I introns recently described in Staphylococcus phage genomes. These introns were found to interrupt DNA metabolism genes as well as late genes. These group I introns often code for homing endonucleases, which promote lateral transfer of group I introns, thereby enabling spread through a population. Homing endonucleases encoded by group I introns in Staphylococcus phage genomes were predicted to belong to the GIY-YIG, LAGLIDADG, HNH or EDxHD family of endonucleases. The group I intron distribution in Staphylococcus phage genomes exemplifies the homology between these introns as well as the encoded endonucleases. Despite several suggested functions, the role of group I introns in bacteriophages remains unclear or might be nonexistent. However, transcriptome analysis might provide additional information to elucidate the possible purpose of group I introns in phage genomes.
Anion-Templated Rotaxane Formation (2002)

The development of an acyclic chloride anion template in which the chloride anion is coordinatively unsaturated and available for subsequent complexation to various hydrogen bond donating components is described. This template orients a neutral hydrogen bond donating ligand and a pyridinium cation orthogonally to one another. Incorporation of second-sphere interactions between the ligand and the pyridinium cation improved the efficacy of the chloride template. These results were exploited in the construction of a chloride anion-templated [2]rotaxane which, after anion template removal, was studied with regards to its anion recognition properties. Encirclement of the neutral macrocycle around the dumbbell-shaped pyridinium cation in the [2]rotaxane produced a dramatic increase in its selectivity for chloride anions as compared to the noninterlocked cation. This is interpreted as a function of the anion template used to create the [2]rotaxane superstructure.
Multicenter study of noninvasive radiofrequency for periorbital tissue tightening (2003)

A single treatment with this RF tissue tightening (RFTT) device produces objective and subjective reductions in periorbital wrinkles, measurable changes in brow position, and acceptable epidermal safety. These changes were indicative of a thermally induced early tissue-tightening effect followed by additional tightening over a time course consistent with a thermal wound healing response.
Use of pH-Sensitive ISFETs as Sensors for pH in Nonaqueous Solutions and for Proton Solvation (1993)

Abstract Ta2O5– and Si3N4–type pH–sensitive ISFETs were found to respond almost in Nernstian ways to the pH in nonaqueous solutions and to the transfer activity coefficients of proton between different solvents. They responded much faster than the conventional glass electrode. This is of practical importance, because the response of the glass electrodes is unpractically slow in some nonaqueous solutions.