gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immersion Lithography Ready for 45 nm Manufacturing and Beyond (2007)

Enhanced resolution capability, defined in Rayleigh's criterion as: R = (k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> *lambda)/NA (1); where R = minimum resolution, lambda = exposure wavelength, and k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> = process dependent factor is the key motivation for the transition to immersion lithography, and the continued push for higher numerical apertures (NA). Regardless of the imaging enhancements made possible by immersion lithography though, this technology would not have been implemented in volume manufacturing if two potential showstoppers identified early on, overlay and defectivity performance, were not successfully overcome. Fortunately, intense collaboration between scanner and track suppliers, resist vendors, and IC manufacturers has yielded significant progress in the critical areas of immersion defectivity and overlay. As a result, immersion lithography is experiencing rapid adoption into mainstream semiconductor manufacturing. Hyper-NA immersion scanners, such as the Nikon NSR-S609B (NA=1.07), began shipping in early 2006 for use in 55 nm production and 45 nm process development. These systems are already being used successfully for 56 nm NAND flash manufacturing. Aggressive industry integration continues, and scanners such as the NSR-S610C (NA=1.30) are fully capable of delivering the critical performance metrics required for 45 nm half-pitch production and beyond. Current areas of industry investigation now focus on the feasibility and practicality of extending immersion lithography to 32 nm applications using new lens and resist materials, as well as exploring alternative immersion fluids to push immersion lithography as far as possible.
Genome-Specific Gas-Phase Fractionation Strategy for Improved Shotgun Proteomic Profiling of Proteotypic Peptides (2008)

Gas-phase fractionation (GPF) is an efficient and straightforward method to increase proteome coverage. In this report, optimal m/z ranges were calculated based on genomic complexity and experimental data. Then, theoretical precursor ion densities were calculated in silico from various organisms' genomes and found to corroborate the empirical selection of m/z ranges based on ion density mapping. According to both calculations, the choice of m/z range for most efficient GPF coverage in the lower m/z range should be very narrow and increase as m/z value increases. Next, a systematic LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to confirm this observation. The behavior of data-dependent precursor ion selection and the origin of the observed variability was investigated under three different scan modes of an LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer. Finally, GPF combined with data-dependent analysis was compared to a targeted, pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring analysis of proteotypic peptides that should be, based on empirical observation of LC-ESI-MS/MS data, detectable. The result of the latter experiment supported our conclusion that data-dependent analysis using rational gas-phase fractionation was sufficient for comprehensive proteomic analysis of the proteotypic peptides in an unfractionated cell lysate.
Interactions between the Outer Membrane Ferric Citrate Transporter FecA and TonB: Studies of the FecA TonB Box (2003)

Both induction of transcription of the ferric citrate transport genes and transport of ferric citrate by the Escherichia coli outer membrane receptor FecA require energy derived from the proton motive force (PMF) of the inner membrane. The energy is transduced to FecA by the inner membrane complex, TonB, ExbB, and ExbD. Region 160 of TonB and the conserved TonB box of other TonB-dependent receptors are implicated as sites of interaction. In the present study, the postulated TonB box (D(80)A(81)L(82)T(83)V(84)) of FecA was deleted in frame, with a subsequent loss of both FecA functions. DALTV of FecA could be functionally replaced with the core TonB boxes of FhuA (DTITV) and FepA (DTIVV). Each residue of the TonB box of FecA was sequentially replaced with cysteine residues, and only the D80C replacement showed a loss (reduction) of both FecA functions. A physical interaction between TonB and FecA was demonstrated using both in vivo site-specific disulfide bond cross-linking and nonspecific formaldehyde (FA) cross-linking. Pairwise combinations of FecA (DALTV)/Cys substitutions were cross-linked via disulfide bond formation with TonBQ160C, TonBQ162C, and TonBY163C. Unexpectedly, this cross-linking was not enhanced by substrate (ferric citrate). In contrast, the TonB-FecA interaction was enhanced by ferric citrate in the FA-cross-linking assay. Energy derived from the PMF was not required for the TonB-FecA interaction in either the disulfide- or FA-cross-linking assay. TonB/CysExbB/ExbD(D25N) was still able to cross-link with the FecA (DALTV)/Cys derivatives in a tonB tolQ background, even though ExbD25N renders the TonB/ExbBD complex nonfunctional (V. Braun, S. Gaisser, C. Herrmann, K. Kampfenkel, H. Killmann, and I. Traub, J. Bacteriol. 178:2836-2845, 1996). TonB cross-linked to FecA via FA was not inhibited by either carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone or 1 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol, which dissipate the electrochemical potential of the cytoplasmic membrane and disrupt both FecA functions. The studies shown here demonstrate the significance of the TonB box for FecA functions and are consistent with the view that it is the structure and not the sequence of the TonB box that is important for activity. Demonstrated here for the first time is the physical interaction of TonB and FecA, which is enhanced by ferric citrate.
Mice Lacking Functional STAT1 Are Highly Susceptible to Lethal Infection with Lassa Virus (2013)

Lassa fever (LF) is a potentially lethal human disease that is caused by the arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV). Annually, around 300,000 infections with up to 10,000 deaths occur in regions of Lassa fever endemicity in West Africa. Here we demonstrate that mice lacking a functional STAT1 pathway are highly susceptible to infection with LASV and develop lethal disease with pathology similar to that reported in humans.
Sensory feedback by peripheral nerve stimulation improves task performance in individuals with upper limb loss using a myoelectric prosthesis (2015)

OBJECTIVE: Tactile feedback is critical to grip and object manipulation. Its absence results in reliance on visual and auditory cues. Our objective was to assess the effect of sensory feedback on task performance in individuals with limb loss. APPROACH: Stimulation of the peripheral nerves using implanted cuff electrodes provided two subjects with sensory feedback with intensity proportional to forces on the thumb, index, and middle fingers of their prosthetic hand during object manipulation. Both subjects perceived the sensation on their phantom hand at locations corresponding to the locations of the forces on the prosthetic hand. A bend sensor measured prosthetic hand span. Hand span modulated the intensity of sensory feedback perceived on the thenar eminence for subject 1 and the middle finger for subject 2. We performed three functional tests with the blindfolded subjects. First, the subject tried to determine whether or not a wooden block had been placed in his prosthetic hand. Second, the subject had to locate and remove magnetic blocks from a metal table. Third, the subject performed the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP). We also measured the subject’s sense of embodiment with a survey and his self-confidence. MAIN RESULTS: Blindfolded performance with sensory feedback was similar to sighted performance in the wooden block and magnetic block tasks. Performance on the SHAP, a measure of hand mechanical function and control, was similar with and without sensory feedback. An embodiment survey showed an improved sense of integration of the prosthesis in self body image with sensory feedback. SIGNIFICANCE: Sensory feedback by peripheral nerve stimulation improved object discrimination and manipulation, embodiment, and confidence. With both forms of feedback, the blindfolded subjects tended toward results obtained with visual feedback.
Social Networks as Health Feedback Displays (2005)

Social networks have thus far served primarily as analytic tools for social scientists. By leveraging pervasive computing, this new research transforms social-network models into behavioral feedback displays. These ambient displays, which reflect data on remote and face-to-face interaction gathered by wireless sensor networks, were intended to raise awareness of social connectedness as a dynamic and controllable aspect of well being. An interdisciplinary health technology research group at Intel recently developed and tested prototypes in the homes of older adults and their caregivers. This article reviews the psychological rationale for the project and highlights some reactions of participants to the displays.
Processing of voided urine for prostate cancer RNA biomarker analysis (2015)

Urinary RNA can be readily isolated and amplified for prostate cancer biomarker analysis. Individual patients had unique set of transcripts derived from their tumor.
Integration Challenges and Opportunities of Nanoelectronic Devices (2009)

It is critically important for us to carefully assess potential of individual new materials/devices and technologies with respect to integration capability, and also cost point of view. This talk will review progress made in high mobility channel for high performance devices, new nonvolatile memory and possible integration of optical interconnect toward 3 D integration and discuss which set of criteria would be necessary for the future screening of novel materials and devices.
Susceptibility genes for end-organ damage. New strategies to understand diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy (1998)

apparent underlying risk factors may develop different
Cataract, macular characteristics and assessing lens opacities (2014)

Age-related macular degeneration and cataract are very common causes of visual impairment in the elderly. Macular pigment optical density is known to be a factor affecting the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration but its behaviour due to light exposure to the retina and the effect of macular physiology on this measurement are not fully understood. Cataract is difficult to grade in a way which reflects accurately the visual status of the patient. A new technology, optical coherence tomography, which allows a cross sectional slice of the crystalline lens to be imaged has the potential to be able to provide objective measurements of cataract which could be used for grading purposes. This thesis set out to investigate the effect of cataract removal on macular pigment optical density, the relationship between macular pigment optical density and macular thickness and the relationship between cortical cataract density as measured by optical coherence tomography and other measures of cataract severity. These investigations found: 1) Macular pigment optical density in a pseudophakic eye is reduced when compared to a fellow eye with age related cataract, probably due to differences in light exposure between the eyes. 2) Lower macular pigment optical density is correlated with thinning of the entire macular area, but not with thinning of the fovea or central macula. 3) Central macular thickness decreases with age. 4) Spectral domain optical coherence tomography can be used to successfully acquire images of the anterior lens cortex which relate well to slit lamp lens sections. 5) Grading of cortical cataract with spectral domain optical coherence tomography instruments using a wavelength of 840nm is not well correlated with other established metrics of cataract severity and is therefore not useful as presented as a grading method for this type of cataract.
ErbB-2 kinase is required for constitutive stat 3 activation in malignant human lung epithelial cells (1999)

Overexpression of the growth factor receptor ErbB-2/Her2/Neu has been implicated in the development of non-small-cell lung cancer. We have reported that the transformation of human lung epithelial cells by c-erbB-2 also requires an active ErbB-1 (EGF receptor) and the autocrine production of its ligand, TGF-alpha. In this report, we demonstrate that STAT 3 is constitutively activated in these cells by the TGF-alpha-stimulated ErbB-1/-2 heterodimer complex. STAT 3 activation was confirmed by mobility shift assays and nuclear localization. ErbB-1 was required, but not sufficient for the TGF-alpha-induced activation of STATs. Inhibition of ErbB-2 kinase activity by tyrphostin AG825 prevented the constitutive activation of STAT 3 in the TGF-alpha-producing, ErbB-1 expressing cell line. Our results demonstrate a requirement for ErbB-2 kinase activity to establish constitutive STAT 3 activation resulting from an autocrine ErbB-1/ TGF-alpha loop. Int. J. Cancer 83:564-570, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An improved and broadly accurate local approximation to the exchange–correlation density functional: The MN12-L functional for electronic structure calculations in chemistry and physics (2012)

We report a new local exchange-correlation energy functional that has significantly improved across-the-board performance, including main-group and transition metal chemistry and solid-state physics, especially atomization energies, ionization potentials, barrier heights, noncovalent interactions, isomerization energies of large moleucles, and solid-state lattice constants and cohesive energies.
Adhesion of polyimides to metal and ceramic surfaces: an overview (1990)

Abstract Experimental and theoretical results on polyimide-to-metal and -ceramic adhesion are briefly reviewed. In general, the polyimide-on-metal interfaces have stronger interactions vis-a-vis the metal-on-polyimide interfaces. A section is also devoted to adhesion promoters and their effect on the adhesion. Data from the literature imply that one of the reasons for the improvement in adhesion in the case of the polyimide-on-silicon oxide interface using a y-aminopropyltriethoxysilane adhesion promoter is physical in nature. With the adhesion promoter the interfacial region within the polyimide is likely to be less oriented and more entangled than the same system without the adhesion promoter. This subtle effect is illustrative of the understanding that can result from careful locus-of-failure analysis in an adhesion study. Keywords: Adhesion promotersadhesionpolyimidesmetalsceramicsacid-base
Letter (1992)

Dear Editor I am an RSCN Clinical Nurse Specialist for Infant Care, part of a Continuing Care Team in an East End hospital.
Need for Annual Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> in the United States: 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis (2001)

Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed S. pneumoniae antimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997-1998 and 1998-1999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997-1998 were encountered in 1998-1999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance in S. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.
Reductive Dechlorination of PCE and TCE by Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>and ZVMs (2002)

The reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) catalyzed by vitamin B12 was examined when zero valent metals (ZVMs) were used as bulk electron donors in batch reactors. UV-visible spectra showed that zinc reduces vitamin B12 Co(III) to vitamin B12 Co(I) through B12 Co(II) and iron reduces vitamin B12 Co(III) to vitamin B12 Co(II). Thus iron, the most popular ZVM reductant, does not have enough reduction potential toreduce vitamin B12 to the super-reduced vitamin B12(I), which has been shown to be an active species in reductive dechlorination. Dechlorination of PCE and TCE by iron and zinc in the presence of vitamin B12 showed that the zinc and vitamin B12 combination greatly enhances the reaction rates for both PCE and TCE, but iron and vitamin B12 result in an increase in reactivity only for PCE degradation, not for TCE degradation in comparison with metals only. This result indicates vitamin B12(I) is active towards both PCE and TCE degradation while vitamin B12(II) is active only towards PCE. Calculated activation energies for the dechlorination of PCE in the presence of Vitamin B12 showed that vitamin B12 lowered the activation energy about 40-60 kJ mol(-1) for both metals.
Synthetic wavelength stabilization for two-color laser-diode interferometry (1991)

The phase ambiguity in conventional interferometers can be removed by using two laser diodes of different optical frequencies to generate a synthetic wavelength. However, the stability requirements for a two-color interferometric laser gauge that must provide unambiguous determination of the optical fringe order over a large distance can be severe. We derive upper limits on the optical wavelength uncertainty and express them as a function of optical path difference between the object and reference beams, phase measurement errors, and the synthetic wavelength. A simple stabilization arrangement is proposed, involving simultaneous servo control of both lasers with a single Fabry-Perot étalon. The experimental implementation of the proposed system demonstrates its effectiveness for long-term (16-h) stabilized two-color interferometry over a distance of 250 mm, with a 15-mm synthetic wavelength and a repeatability of 40 nm. For periods of < 1000 s, the repeatability was 8 nm.
Floating point CORDIC for matrix computations (2003)

The Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithms provide a VLSI hardware technique for computing the inverse tangents and vector rotations needed by many matrix decomposition algorithms. A novel simplified CORDIC processor composed of floating-point data paths with a fixed-point angle calculation is proposed. This hybrid processor possesses sufficient accuracy for matrix computations such as the QRD, eigenvalue decomposition, and the singular value decomposition. The simplified structure allows for efficient VLSI implementation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Injectable Polysaccharide Hydrogels Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals: Morphology, Rheology, Degradation, and Cytotoxicity (2013)

Injectable hydrogels based on carboxymethyl cellulose and dextran, reinforced with rigid rod-like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and aldehyde-functionalized CNCs (CHO-CNCs), were prepared and characterized. The mechanical properties, internal morphology, and swelling of injectable hydrogels with unmodified and modified CNCs at various loadings were examined. In all cases, gelation occurred within seconds as the hydrogel components were extruded from a double-barrel syringe, and the CNCs were evenly distributed throughout the composite, as observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. When immersed in purified water or 10 mM PBS, all CNC-reinforced hydrogels maintained their original shape for more than 60 days. The maximum storage modulus was observed in hydrogels with 0.250 wt % of unmodified CNCs and 0.375 wt % of CHO-CNCs. CHO-CNCs acted as both a filler and a chemical cross-linker, making the CHO-CNC-reinforced hydrogels more elastic, more dimensionally stable, and capable of facilitating higher nanoparticle loadings compared to hydrogels with unmodified CNCs, without sacrificing mechanical strength. No significant cytotoxicity to NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells was observed for the hydrogels or their individual components. These properties make CNC-reinforced injectable hydrogels of potential interest for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery vehicles or tissue engineering matrices.
Competitive confrontation in consumer services (1989)

Here's an airline service performance you might take for granted: Coach passengers are enjoying their overnight Swissair flight to Geneva. The plane left promptly from JFK, dinner was first rate and was served swiftly and elegantly. What's missing from the sounds in the cabin? The crying of babies. They are sound asleep, cradled in specially designed hammocks called baby baskets. Never resting on its reputation for excellence in service management, Swissair keeps ahead with such innovations. The corporate payoff for such attention to detail is that Swissair continues to be the international airline most travelers prefer. Its flights are filled—at premium prices—because of its carefully designed and rehearsed services.
Particle size measurement in glass powder beds using optical coherence tomography (2008)

Optical coherence tomography was used to collect cross-sectional images of glass powder beds consisting of microspheres with diameters ranging from 8 to 175 µm. Images were formed by a collection of individual interferogram envelopes that give the backscattered light amplitude as a function of the optical path in the glass powder bed. The diameter distribution, for microspheres located near the surface of the beds, is obtained by appropriate peak distance measurements on threshold-selected envelopes after having performed the surface profilometry. The measured distributions are in good agreement with those obtained by laser diffraction. When considering the whole powder volume, the evaluation of the mean light penetration depth inside the powder beds proves to be a useful approach to evaluate the mean particle diameter, although no information is obtained on the actual particle size distribution in this case. Two simplified models are introduced to understand the linear relationship observed between the penetration depth and the mean particle size.