gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution computer simulation of the dynamics of isoelectric focusing using carrier ampholytes: Focusing with concurrent electrophoretic mobilization is an isotachophoretic process (2006)

Focusing of four hemoglobins with concurrent electrophoretic mobilization was studied by computer simulation. A dynamic electrophoresis simulator was first used to provide a detailed description of focusing in a 100-carrier component, pH 6-8 gradient using phosphoric acid as anolyte and NaOH as catholyte. These results are compared to an identical simulation except that the catholyte contained both NaOH and NaCl. A stationary, steady-state distribution of carrier components and hemoglobins is produced in the first configuration. In the second, the chloride ion migrates into and through the separation space. It is shown that even under these conditions of chloride ion flux a pH gradient forms. All amphoteric species acquire a slight positive charge upon focusing and the whole pattern is mobilized towards the cathode. The cathodic gradient end is stable whereas the anodic end is gradually degrading due to the continuous accumulation of chloride. The data illustrate that the mobilization is a cationic isotachophoretic process with the sodium ion being the leading cation. The peak height of the hemoglobin zones decreases somewhat upon mobilization, but the zones retain a relatively sharp profile, thus facilitating detection. The electropherograms that would be produced by whole column imaging and by a single detector placed at different locations along the focusing column are presented and show that focusing can be commenced with NaCl present in the catholyte at the beginning of the experiment. However, this may require detector placement on the cathodic side of the catholyte/sample mixture interface.
Multiple Receptors as Targets of Cry Toxins in Mosquitoes (2011)

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces inclusions that are composed of proteins known as crystal proteins or Cry toxins. Due to their high specificity and their safety to humans and the environment, these Cry toxins are considered to be valuable alternatives to chemical pesticides in insect control programs. It is believed that Cry toxin-induced membrane pore formation is responsible for insect toxicity. The molecular mechanism of pore formation involves recognition and subsequent binding of the toxin to membrane receptors. This binding is accompanied by toxin oligomerization and transfer of domain I helices of the toxin to the lipid-water interface. This toxin insertion creates pores that lyse the cells. Several receptors from lepidopteran, coleopteran, and dipteran insects have been well characterized. This paper provides an overview of the understanding of the interactions between Cry toxin and multiple receptors in mosquitoes, in particular Aedes aegypti and reviews the manner by which the receptors were identified and characterized, with a focus on three proteins, cadherin, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase-N.
Conical-cavity fiber optic sensor for temperature measurement in a steel furnace (1993)

An integrating-cavity sensor for temperature measurement of the steel sheet in a continuous annealing furnace is described. The sensor includes a fiber optic cable for transmission of the infrared radiation from the sensor head within the furnace to the double-wavelength detection unit located outside the furnace. The sensor head includes a reflecting conical cavity positioned above the steel sheet to increase, and thus stabilize, the effective infrared emissivity of the sheet surface as well as to reduce spurious reflections from other sources within the furnace. The fiber optic cable is both decentered and tilted with respect to the cavity axis to minimize straight-reflection losses through the fiber cable gate. Preliminary results after in-furnace installation are described.
395. Boron–nitrogen compounds. Part XI. The reaction of some boron–nitrogen compounds with organic isocyanates (1964)

H. Beyer, J. W. Dawson, H. Jenne and K. Niedenzu, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 2115 DOI: 10.1039/JR9640002115
Short-chain Carboxylic Acid Concentration in Human Gingival Crevicular Fluid (1997)

Short-chain carboxylic acids (e.g., lactic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid) are metabolic by-products of bacterial metabolism which can accumulate in the gingival crevice. It is of no small consequence, therefore, that 1- to 5-mM concentrations of these acids exhibit significant biological activity, including the ability to alter cell proliferation and gene expression in cells of importance to the periodontium. This communication reports on the in vivo concentrations of propionic and butyric acid in the gingival crevices of periodontal subjects with severe and mild disease. The results indicated that severely diseased subjects exhibited a > 10-fold increase in the mM concentration of these acids when compared with mildly diseased subjects (mean propionic acid-severe = 9.5 +/- 1.8 mM, and mild = 0.8 +/- 0.3 mM; mean butyric acid-severe = 2.6 +/- 0.4 mM, and mild = 0.2 +/- 0.04 mM). These differences (mean +/- SE) were significant (p < 0.0001). The propionic and butyric acid concentrations were below detection limits in healthy sites of mildly diseased subjects. The propionic and butyric acid concentrations also associated significantly with clinical measures of disease severity (e.g., pocket depth, attachment level) and inflammation (e.g., subgingival temperature, % of sites bleeding when probed), and with the total microbial load (all p < 0.05). Taken together, these data suggest that short-chain carboxylic acids play a mediating role in periodontal disease pathogenesis.
Immobilisation of catalase on the surface of biodegradable starch-based polymers as a way to change its surface characteristics (2004)

In this study, a specific enzyme catalase was immobilised onto the surface of two different biodegradable materials, starch cellulose acetate (SCA) and starch polycrapolactone (SPCL) blends. This immobilisation was achieved by several different routes, mainly by covalent binding and an adsorption method using as activation agents epichlorohydrin, cyanogen bromide (CNBr), and aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The effect of the coupling pH of the enzyme-support reaction was determined in terms of activity recovery (%). The catalase immobilised on SCA showed higher activity recovery (%) for all the methods used as compared with results obtained with SPCL. The immobilisation process using epichlorohydrin as an activation agent and polyethylenimine as a spacer-arm enhanced the stability and the half-lives at pH 7.0, 30 degrees C, for immobilised catalase on both SCA and SPCL. The half-lives were respectively, 1162 and 870 h compared with other treatments and free enzyme (480 h). The free glycerol present in the immobilisation medium was also a factor that contributed toward the better performance regarding the long-term stability at 30 degrees C and neutral pH. The extension of the morphological modifications on the surface of the materials was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In general, the results indicated that the chemical modification with epichlorohydrin could provide a simple and rather efficient technique to modify the starch-based materials' surface that might be useful in several biomedical applications.
More Data on the Addiction Severity Index (1992)

The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) is a semistructured interview that collects data from substance abusers in seven problem areas: medical, employment, legal, alcohol, other drug use, family-social functioning, and psychological status. In each area, the clients provide an estimate of the seriousness of the problem and their need for treatment. It has been demonstrated in a number of studies to be reliable, valid, and useful in monitoring treatment changes and in matching substance-abusing clients to treatments. This study investigates the usefulness of the ASI with male and female substance abusers who suffer a concurrent major psychiatric disorder (N = 152). Data on the independence of the problem scales, their internal consistency, interrater reliability, and concurrent validity are presented. It is concluded that: a) the problem areas are independent from each other, underscoring the need for multidimensional assessment; b) interviewer severity ratings provide information in addition to that provided by clients; c) the reliability of the composite scores is generally adequate, with the exception of the legal and family-social scales; and d) further examination of the employment scores is required.
Receptor-Mediated Transport of Lactoferrin into the Cerebrospinal Fluid via Plasma in Young Calves (2003)

Milk, especially colostrum, contains different kinds of macromolecules abundantly, such as immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactoferrin (Lf), transferrin (Tf), and growth factors. These are essential for the development and maintenance of health, which greatly depends on the absorption and transportation of macromolecules to the target organs. To evaluate the macromolecular transport, and concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), colostrum was fed to newborn calves followed by milk and milk replacer, and maintained up to the 4th week under farm conditions. Plasma and CSF were collected at different times, and were analyzed for Lf, Tf, IgG and iron concentrations. Lf, Tf and IgG concentrations were steeply increased in plasma and CSF after colostrum feeding, and fluctuating patterns were observed during the experiments. Furthermore, intraduodenal administration of bovine Lf alone in young calf experiments revealed that the Lf concentration reached a peak at 4 hr, and was 7 and 4 times higher than preadministration in plasma and CSF, respectively. To explore the transport mechanism of Lf into CSF in young calves, epithelial membranes of the choroid plexus were prepared and a binding assay for Lf receptors (Lf-R) was carried out with 125I-Lf. The saturation kinetics revealed that the Bmax of epithelial membranes was 26.15 nmol/mg protein with a Kd of 0.11 microM, which also showed that Lf-R is saturable and specific. Scatchard plot transformation showed the presence of a single type of Lf-R in the choroid plexus. These results suggest that Lf is transported into the CSF through receptor mediated transcytosis in young calves, and that Lf may play an important role(s) in brain function.
Synthese, Reaktivität und Ligandeigenschaften von 1,4‐Dihydro‐1,4‐diboranaphthalin‐ und 2,3‐Benzo‐1,4‐dihydro‐1,4‐diborafulven‐Derivaten (1990)

Synthesis, Reactivity, and Ligand Properties of 1,4‐Dihydro‐1,4‐diboranaphthalene and 2,3‐Benzo‐1,4‐dihydro‐1,4‐diborafulvene Derivatives The chlorine derivative 1a of 1,4‐dihydro‐1,4‐diboranaphthalene and 2a of 2,3‐benzo‐1,4‐dihydro‐1,4‐diborafulvene are obtained by treating 1,2‐bis(trimethylstannyl)benzene ( 3 )with (EtCBCl 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) and 1,2‐bis(dichloroboryl)benzene ( 5 ) with 1,1‐bis(trimethylstannyl)‐2‐methyl‐1‐propene ( 6 ), respectively. The dimethyl derivatives 1b and 2b react with the Fe(CO) 3 complex fragment to yield the iron complexes 7b and 8b , in which the iron is bound to the heterocycle of 1b and 2b , respectively. The X‐ray structure analyses of 7b , 8b , and 2b are described.
Cytokine-mediated modulation of integrin, ICAM-1 and CD44 expression on human uveal melanoma cells in vitro (1995)

Adhesion molecules are likely to play a role in the process of tumour progression. We investigated the expression of integrins, ICAM-1, and CD44 and the influence of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on expression of these molecules on four uveal melanoma cell lines. The in vitro integrin expression was quite variable. The alpha V and beta 1 subunits were expressed on all cell lines, and none of the cell lines showed any alpha 3, beta 2, or beta 4 expression. Other integrin subunits showed a more variable pattern. ICAM-1 and CD44 were strongly expressed on all cell lines. IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha upregulated alpha 1, alpha 2, and alpha 3 expression, and did not alter alpha 4, alpha 5, alpha 6, beta 2, alpha v beta 3, and beta 4 expression. The effects on alpha V and alpha V beta 5 were variable. ICAM-1 was upregulated by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, but not by IFN-alpha. Cytokine treatment hardly changed CD44 expression. In one case a comparison was made between expression on cultured cells and on tissue sections of the tumour of origin. Differences in expression were observed for the integrin subunits alpha 2, alpha 3, and alpha 5. This study shows that integrins and ICAM-1 expression on uveal melanoma cells in vitro are susceptible to cytokine treatment, but that the effects on integrin expression are cytokine and cell line dependent. Furthermore, some differences in integrin expression between cells in vivo and in vitro exist.
Status and Perspectives of Multiferroic Magnetoelectric Composite Materials and Applications (2016)

Multiferroic magnetoelectric (ME) composites are attractive materials for various electrically and magnetically cross-coupled devices. Many studies have been conducted on fundamental understanding, fabrication processes, and applications of ME composite material systems in the last four decades which has brought the technology closer to realization in practical devices. In this article, we present a review of ME composite materials and some notable potential applications based upon their properties. A brief summary is presented on the parameters that influence the performance of ME composites, their coupling structures, fabrications processes, characterization techniques, and perspectives on direct (magnetic to electric) and converse (electric to magnetic) ME devices. Overall, the research on ME composite systems has brought us closer to their deployment.
Structural models of bioactive glasses from molecular dynamics simulations (2009)

The bioactive mechanism, by which living tissues attach to and integrate with an artificial implant through stable chemical bonds, is at the core of many current medical applications of biomaterials, as well as of novel promising applications in tissue engineering. Having been employed in these applications for almost 40 years, soda-lime phosphosilicate glasses such as 45S5 represent today the paradigm of bioactive materials. Despite their strategical importance in the field, the relationship between the structure and the activity of a glass composition in a biological environment has not been studied in detail. This fundamental gap negatively affects further progress, for instance, to improve the chemical durability and tailor the biodegradability of these materials for specific applications. This paper reviews recent advances in computer modelling of bioactive glasses based on molecular dynamics simulations, which are starting to unveil key structural features of these materials, thus contributing to improve our fundamental understanding of how bioactive materials work.
Effects of Mutant Thermostable α‐Amylases on Rheological Properties of Wheat Dough and Bread (2003)

ABSTRACT Thermostable mutant α‐amylases (21B, M111, and M77) with various degrees of thermostability were purified from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F and used as improvers for breadmaking. Test baking with the mutant enzymes was conducted using the long fermentation sponge‐dough method. Addition of an appropriate amount of mutant α‐amylases to the ingredients distinctly increased the specific volume of the bread and improved the softness of breadcrumb as compared with the addition of Novamyl (NM), an exo‐type α‐amylase. M77 was the most effective in retarding the staleness of breadcrumb. The softness of breadcrumb during storage, however, was not correlated with the thermostability. All mutant α‐amylases weakened the mixing property of the dough, whereas they strengthened the property of fermented dough. Especially, M77 and NM had different effects on the dough properties, but their bread qualities were similar to each other. The strong tolerance of M77 dough to the long baking process might be due to the production of hydrolyzed starches, oligosaccharides in the range of maltopentaose to maltohexaose, as compared with NM. Therefore, in the light of present findings, these mutant α‐amylases are possible substitutes for NM as bread improvers.
Towards Practical Argumentation-Based Dialogues in Multi-agent Systems (2015)

Although argumentation has been a prominent topic of research in artificial intelligence and in particular agent communication, there has been little work on practical (but provably sound) argumentation approaches integrated with agent programming languages. In this paper, we develop a formally-grounded mechanism for practical argumentation-based dialogues in an agent platform based on a multi-agent programming language. We formalise a protocol to govern such dialogues, where agents use an argumentation-based reasoning mechanism that has been implemented. We prove that dialogues following our protocol always terminate and that ideal solutions are reached under certain conditions. The protocol is simple but was shown to be useful in a multi-agent system application that supports teams of cooperating humans.
The Application of Fourier Transform in the Interpretation of Subsurface Stratigraphy (2014)

General seismic data interpretation involves direct fault and horizon mapping, sequence stratigraphy and seismic modeling to produce structural, stratigraphic and reservoir maps for the delineation, exploration and production of hydrocarbon in oil fields. The first two methods operate on stacked and migrated data, while the third is done without adequate calibration, inadequate display of final stacks, coarse processing and in time domain. Actual hydrocarbon entrapments are rarely detailed well enough to permit reliable location of wells from these studies alone owing to inherent noise. This paper presents the results of the application of time-frequency transform on 3D seismic data over an oil field in Niger Delta. The aim of the study was to develop a robust technique for mapping subtle stratigraphic units which are usually masked after normal data interpretation using spectral algorithm. The discrete Fourier transform applied in the interpretation of the 3D seismic data filters the field data recorded in time, and recovers lost sub-seismic geologic information content in frequency. The algorithm is based on fast Fourier transform technique and was developed within Matlab software. The results of the spectral decomposition yielded frequency maps (slices) at data sampling interval (4ms) over the reservoir window. The maps revealed sub-seismic faults, differences in lithology and better reservoir delimitation. The results gave enhanced structural disposition of the reservoir bed and more detailed indication of the variation of reservoir character with depth. Keywords: Fourier transform, Spectral decomposition
Comparison of Methods for Recovery of Cryptosporidium from Water (1993)

Methods were evaluated for the recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water. Various types of cartridge filter were tested but proved to be inferior to the standard Cuno Micro-Wynd filter. Laboratory scale sand columns were also evaluated. The retention within the column material was satisfactory at low flow rates. However, the system was judged inadequate for monitoring because of the poor retention of oocysts within the column matrix at realistic flow rates. The continuous flow centrifuges tested were shown not to be capable of yielding satisfactory recoveries, although it is considered more refined machines currently available may warrant investigation. The vortex-flow filtration technique using the Membrex Benchmark device gave fairly consistent recoveries of 30-40%. However, the comparatively long process times would militate against the use of this device for monitoring purposes. A cross-flow filtration module was evaluated and gave relatively good recoveries (approximately 40-80%) at moderately high flow rates (0.9-1.01/min) from clean water samples spiked with Cryptosporidium oocysts.
Magellan: Principal Venus science findings (1993)

This is a brief summary of the science findings of the Magellan mission, principally based on data from the radar system. Future plans for Magellan include acquisition of high resolution gravity data from a nearly circular orbit and atmospheric drag and occultation experiments. The Magellan science results represent the combined effort of more than 100 Magellan investigators and their students and colleagues. More extensive discussions can be found in the August and October, 1992 issues of the Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets. The Magellan mission's scientific objectives were to provide a global characterization of landforms and tectonic features; to distinguish and understand impact processes; to define and explain erosion, deposition, and chemical processes; and to model the interior density distribution. All but the last objective, which requires new global gravity data, have been accomplished, or we have acquired the data that are required to accomplish them.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF <scp>D</scp>-ERYTHROSE AND OF <scp>L</scp>-GLYCERALDEHYDE (1955)

D-Glucose is degraded selectively to di-O-formyl-D-erythrose by oxidation with two moles of lead tetraacetate. The ester groups are easily hydrolyzed, giving D-erythrose in an over-all yield of at least 80% of theory. In like manner oxidation of L-arabinose, followed by hydrolysis, affords L-glyceraldehyde. It is suggested that D-erythrose can readily associate intermolecularly, a property previously ascribed among sugars only to the trioses.
Development of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) (1990)

Developmental times (egg to adult) and fecundity of the European house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart), were determined for various temperatures that normally occur in the mite microhabitat in homes. Egg-to-adult developmental times were 122.8 +/- 14.5, 34.0 +/- 5.9, 19.3 +/- 2.5, and 15.0 +/- 2.0 d (means +/- SD) at 16 (61 degrees F), 23 (73 degrees F), 30 (86 degrees F), and 35 degrees C (95 degrees F), respectively. Developmental times of individual life stages were consistent proportions of the total egg-to-adult developmental times regardless of temperature. Duration of the egg and protonymphal and tritonymphal life stages were 20-26% of the total development times and for the larval stage, 28-33%. At 23 degrees C, females lived 31.2 +/- 11.1 d and produced 2.5 +/- 0.7 eggs per day during a reproductive period of 26.2 +/- 10.7 d. By comparison, at 35 degrees C, females produced 3.3 +/- 1.3 eggs per day, but female longevity and the reproductive period were reduced to 15.5 +/- 9.6 and 11.6 +/- 6.4 d, respectively. During a lifetime, females produced 68.4 +/- 30.4 and 48.0 +/- 29.6 eggs at 23 and 35 degrees C, respectively.
RF LDMOS Transistor Plastic Immunity Enhancement in Power Amplifier Module for 5G Applications (2021)

Plastic encapsulation is one of the most common processes in packaging of RF products. It is critical to understand and mitigate the impact of plastic on circuit performance. In this paper, we show that plastic encapsulation increases an LDMOS transistor gate, drain, and gate-drain capacitances by about 3%, 15%, and 45%, respectively. This translates to degradation of power gain, and shifts and rotations in load-pull contours. In addition, losses in the plastic material cause the transistor efficiency to degrade as well. We show two techniques to address the challenges caused by plastic encapsulation. First, an additional die coat is proposed. Second, a novel extended shield between gate and drain metallization is demonstrated. The additional die coat results in improved performance, which is achieved with negligible change to the load-pull contour despite the plastic encapsulation. The extended shield mitigates the increase in gate, drain, and gate-drain capacitances that otherwise result from plastic encapsulation. This is reflected in the large-signal performance, with gain improved by 1.6 dB and efficiency enhanced by almost 2 % points.