gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TODO or to bug (2008)

Software development is a highly collaborative activity that requires teams of developers to continually manage and coordinate their programming tasks. In this paper, we describe an empirical study that explored how task annotations embedded within the source code play a role in how software developers manage personal and team tasks. We present findings gathered by combining results from a survey of professional software developers, an analysis of code from open source projects, and interviews with software developers. Our findings help us describe how task annotations can be used to support a variety of activities fundamental to articulation work within software development. We describe how task management is negotiated between the more formal issue tracking systems and the informal annotations that programmers write within their source code. We report that annotations have different meanings and are dependent on individual, team and community use. We also present a number of issues related to managing annotations, which may have negative implications for maintenance. We conclude with insights into how these findings could be used to improve tool support and software process.
La pathologie de la norme : la troublante analyse de Woodrow Wilson par Freud (2013)

L’ouvrage Le Président Thomas Woodrow Wilson – Portrait psychologique est l’œuvre conjointe de Sigmund Freud et du diplomate et écrivain américain William C. Bullitt. L’analyse de la personnalité de Wilson par Freud s’apparente à une œuvre de fiction et transgresse la plupart des limites de l’interprétation que, selon Freud, un psychanalyste devrait respecter. L’ouvrage a été publié de manière posthume en 1967. Devant leur embarras, né du contenu de l’ouvrage et de la nature de la collaboration entre Freud et Bullitt, Anna Freud et Kurt Eissler se sont assurés qu’il ne serait pas réimprimé. Cependant, au-delà des erreurs et des divagations, nous avons trouvé dans cet ouvrage des développements remarquables, révélateurs de la réflexion de Freud sur l’influence conjointe du surmoi et de la pulsion de mort.
Improved Oxygen Sources for Breathing Apparatus (1985)

Research is described which is directed toward the preparation of chemical oxygen sources which exhibited improved O2 storage and reaction characteristics when compared to potassium superoxide (KO2). The initial focus of the research was the preparation of calcium superoxide (Ca(O2)2) by the disproportionation of calcium peroxide diperoxyhydrate. the Ca(O2)2 was characterized by chemical, thermal, and x ray analyses. Several methods for scaling up the Ca(O2)2 syntheis process were studied. The reactivity of Ca(O2)2 toward humidified carbon dioxide (CO2) was evaluated and was compared to that of KO2 under flow test conditions approximating those existing in portable breathing apparatus. The reactivities of mixtures of KO2 and Ca(O2)2 or lithium peroxide towards humidified CO2 were also studied. Finally, an analysis of two commercial, KO2-based, self contained self rescuers was conducted to determine the potential weight and volume savings which would be possible if Ca(O2)2 or a mixture of KO2 and Ca(O2)2 were used as a replacement for KO2.
Stability of intramolecular quadruplexes: sequence effects in the central loop (2009)

Hundreds of thousands of putative quadruplex sequences have been found in the human genome. It is important to understand the rules that govern the stability of these intramolecular structures. In this report, we analysed sequence effects in a 3-base-long central loop, keeping the rest of the quadruplex unchanged. A first series of 36 different sequences were compared; they correspond to the general formula GGGTTTGGGHNHGGGTTTGGG. One clear rule emerged from the comparison of all sequence motifs: the presence of an adenine at the first position of the loop was significantly detrimental to stability. In contrast, adenines have no detrimental effect when present at the second or third position of the loop. Cytosines may either have a stabilizing or destabilizing effect depending on their position. In general, the correlation between the T(m) or DeltaG degrees in sodium and potassium was weak. To determine if these sequence effects could be generalized to different quadruplexes, specific loops were tested in different sequence contexts. Analysis of 26 extra sequences confirmed the general destabilizing effect of adenine as the first base of the loop(s). Finally, analysis of some of the sequences by microcalorimetry (DSC) confirmed the differences found between the sequence motifs.
Refractive-index and thickness sensitivity in surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (1999)

The sensitivities of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy were examined at incident angles of 66-76 deg. The sensitivities were calculated for various refractive indices of liquid samples and for various thicknesses of deposited dielectric thin layers. Furthermore, the sensitivities were confirmed experimentally. The experimentally measured refractive indices and thicknesses were 1.3311-1.3463 and 0-89 nm, respectively. From these results it was demonstrated that the sensing system showed higher sensitivities with smaller incident angles. For example, the sensitivity for a refractive index at a 66 degrees incident angle was seven times larger than that at 76 degrees. It was also demonstrated that the resonant wavelength has a linear relation to the refractive index and the thickness at refractive indices and thicknesses of 1.33-1.345 and 0-100 nm, respectively, except for a 66 degrees incident angle.
46. The oxidation of carbonyl sulphide (1933)

C. E. H. Bawn, J. Chem. Soc., 1933, 145 DOI: 10.1039/JR9330000145
The potential of remote sensing and artificial intelligence as tools to improve the resilience of agriculture production systems (2020)

Modern agriculture and food production systems are facing increasing pressures from climate change, land and water availability, and, more recently, a pandemic. These factors are threatening the environmental and economic sustainability of current and future food supply systems. Scientific and technological innovations are needed more than ever to secure enough food for a fast-growing global population. Scientific advances have led to a better understanding of how various components of the agricultural system interact, from the cell to the field level. Despite incredible advances in genetic tools over the past few decades, our ability to accurately assess crop status in the field, at scale, has been severely lacking until recently. Thanks to recent advances in remote sensing and Artificial Intelligence (AI), we can now quantify field scale phenotypic information accurately and integrate the big data into predictive and prescriptive management tools. This review focuses on the use of recent technological advances in remote sensing and AI to improve the resilience of agricultural systems, and we will present a unique opportunity for the development of prescriptive tools needed to address the next decade's agricultural and human nutrition challenges.
Magnetic tunnel junctions using perpendicularly magnetized synthetic antiferromagnetic reference layer for wide-dynamic-range magnetic sensors (2017)

We developed CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a perpendicularly magnetized synthetic antiferromagnetic (p-SAF) reference layer for magnetic sensor applications. The MTJs exhibited linear tunnel magnetoresistance curves to out-of-plane applied magnetic fields with dynamic ranges more than ±2.5 kOe, which are wider than those in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB-MTJs reported to date. The performance metrics of MTJ sensors, i.e., sensitivity and nonlinearity, depend significantly on the anisotropy field of the free layer. We explained the dependences by a simple model based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth and Slonczewski models, which gives us a guideline to design the sensor performance metrics. These findings demonstrated that MTJs with a p-SAF reference layer are promising candidates for wide-dynamic-range magnetic sensors.
A molecularly cloned, pathogenic, neutralization-resistant simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsmE543-3 (1997)

An infectious molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm was derived from a biological isolate obtained late in disease from an immunodeficient rhesus macaque (E543) with SIV-induced encephalitis. The molecularly cloned virus, SIVsmE543-3, replicated well in macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived macrophages and resisted neutralization by heterologous sera which broadly neutralized genetically diverse SIV variants in vitro. SIVsmE543-3 was infectious and induced AIDS when inoculated intravenously into pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Two of four infected macaques developed no measurable SIV-specific antibody and succumbed to a wasting syndrome and SIV-induced meningoencephalitis by 14 and 33 weeks postinfection. The other two macaques developed antibodies reactive in Western blot and virus neutralization assays. One macaque was sacrificed at 1 year postinoculation, and the survivor has evidence of immunodeficiency, characterized by persistently low CD4 lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood. Plasma samples from these latter animals neutralized SIVsmE543-3 but with much lower efficiency than neutralization of other related SIV strains, confirming the difficulty by which this molecularly cloned virus is neutralized in vitro. SIVsmE543-3 will provide a valuable reagent for studying SIV-induced encephalitis, mapping determinants of neutralization, and determining the in vivo significance of resistance to neutralization in vitro.
Sequence analysis of the NS5A protein of European hepatitis C virus 1b isolates and relation to interferon sensitivity. (1998)

Japanese studies have defined the discrete 2209-2248 amino acid region of the non-structural 5A protein (NS5A(2209-2248)) of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (HCV 1b) isolates as the interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR). European studies did not confirm these results since most of the ISDR sequences harboured an intermediate profile. Recently, a direct interaction between the NS5A protein, involving the ISDR, and the interferon-induced protein kinase (PKR) has been reported and presented as a possible explanation of HCV interferon resistance. In the present study, the entire NS5A amino acid sequence from 11 resistant and eight sensitive strains from European HCV 1b isolates was inferred from direct sequencing. The previously described important amino acid stretches and positions in NS5A were compared between the resistant and sensitive groups. Although some variations were observed, no clear differences could be directly correlated with the interferon sensitivity. However, sensitive strains were different, owing to more amino acid changes when compared to a consensus sequence from all strains. The carboxy-terminal region and especially the previously reported NS5A/V3 region showed most of the variations. Moreover, the conformational analysis of NS5A by secondary structure prediction allowed the differentiation of most sensitive strains from resistant ones. It was concluded that other regions different from ISDR were involved in resistance to interferon maybe via the interaction between NS5A and PKR.
Advanced ray-optical wave propagation modelling for urban and indoor scenarios including wideband properties (2003)

Ray-optical propagation models are often utilized for the prediction of the field strength (and delay spread) in mobile radio networks. However, the practical usage of these deterministic models is limited by their high computational demands. A new method for the acceleration of ray-optical models is presented in this paper. It is based on a single preprocessing of the database in which the mutual visibility relations between the walls and the edges of the buildings are determined. The propagation model is implemented for urban and indoor scenarios, and comparisons with measurements show the gain in computation efficiency as well as in achieved prediction accuracy.
Retrieving software objects in an example-based programming environment (1991)

Example-based programming is a form of software reuse in which existing code examples are modified to meet current task needs. Example-based programming systems that have enough exampIes to be useful present the problem of finding relevant examples. A prototype system named CODEFINDER, which explores issues of retrieving software objects relevant to the design task, is presented. CODEFINDER supports human-computer dialogue by providing the means to incrementally construct a query and by providing associative cues that are compatible with human memory retrieval principles.
Beyond structured dialogues: factoring out grounding (1998)

Structured dialogue models are currently the only tools for easily building spoken dialogue systems. This approach, however, requires the dialogue designer to completely specify all dialogue behavior between the user and system, including how information is grounded between the user and the system. In this paper, we advocate factoring out the grounding behavior from structured dialogue models by using a general purpose dialogue manager that accounts for this behavior. This not only simplifies the specification of dialogue, but also allows more powerful mechanisms of grounding to be employed, which cannot be implemented within the framework of structured dialogues.
Regulator of G Protein Signaling 6 (RGS6) Protein Ensures Coordination of Motor Movement by Modulating GABAB Receptor Signaling (2011)

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from inhibitory interneurons located within the cerebellar cortex limits the extent of neuronal excitation in part through activation of metabotropic GABA(B) receptors. Stimulation of these receptors triggers a number of downstream signaling events, including activation of GIRK channels by the Gβγ dimer resulting in membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic sites. Here, we identify RGS6, a member of the R7 subfamily of RGS proteins, as a key regulator of GABA(B)R signaling in cerebellum. RGS6 is enriched in the granule cell layer of the cerebellum along with neuronal GIRK channel subunits 1 and 2 where RGS6 forms a complex with known binding partners Gβ(5) and R7BP. Mice lacking RGS6 exhibit abnormal gait and ataxia characterized by impaired rotarod performance improved by treatment with a GABA(B)R antagonist. RGS6(-/-) mice administered baclofen also showed exaggerated motor coordination deficits compared with their wild-type counterparts. Isolated cerebellar neurons natively expressed RGS6, GABA(B)R, and GIRK channel subunits, and cerebellar granule neurons from RGS6(-/-) mice showed a significant delay in the deactivation kinetics of baclofen-induced GIRK channel currents. These results establish RGS6 as a key component of GABA(B)R signaling and represent the first demonstration of an essential role for modulatory actions of RGS proteins in adult cerebellum. Dysregulation of RGS6 expression in human patients could potentially contribute to loss of motor coordination and, thus, pharmacological manipulation of RGS6 levels might represent a viable means to treat patients with ataxias of cerebellar origin.
Hochmolekulare Olefin‐Mischpolymerisate hergestellt unter Verwendung von Ziegler‐Mischkatalysatoren (1961)

Abstract Neben das Hochdruckpolyäthylenverfahren, das von der ICI gefunden wurde, sind in den letzten Jahren Mitteldruck‐ und Niederdruck‐Äthylenpolymerisationsverfahren getreten (Phillips Petroleum, Ziegler). Beim Hochdruckverfahren erfolgt das Kettenwachstum nach einem radikalischen Mechanismus, beim Phillips‐ und Ziegler‐Verfahren nach einem ionischen. Mit Hilfe von Ziegler‐Katalysatoren stellte Natta kristallines Polypropylen her 2 ). Der Umfang der Polypropylen‐Produktion nimmt stark zu. Neben den Homopolymerisaten (Polyäthylen + Polypropylen) haben Olefinmischpolymerisate bis jetzt geringere wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, doch ist mit steigendem Interesse an den Mischpolymerisaten zu rechnen, besonders an den Paaren Äthylen‐Propylen und Äthylen‐Butylen. Aus diesen Paaren läßt sich bei Anwendung verschiedener Ziegler‐Katalysatoren durch Variation des Monomerenverhältnisses und der Polymerisationsbedingungen ein breites Spektrum von Eigenschaften der Mischpolymerisate herstellen. Man kann hochkristalline (harte), mittelkristalline (flexible) und amorphe (kautschukartige) Substanzen herstellen. Durch peroxydische Vernetzung der amorphen Mischpolymerisate erhält man Vulkanisate mit guten gummitechnischen Eigenschaften und ausgezeichneter Oxydationsbeständigkeit. Sulfochlorierte Mischpolymerisate zeigen interessante anwendungstechnische Eigenschaften. Mit Hilfe spezieller Ziegler‐Katalysatoren und bei Anwendung der Methode der Periodenmischpolymerisation ist es möglich, „Blockpolymerisate”︁ aus verschiedenen Olefinen herzustellen.
CYTOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF HISTAMINE BY MAST CELLS (1954)

Experimental solutions known to affect mast cells or to cause liberation of histamine from the tissue were introduced into the peritoneal cavity of rats. Samples of the peritoneal fluid were withdrawn at intervals afterward and assayed for histamine and the condition of the mast cells was subsequently ascertained by microscopic examination of stained spreads of the mesenteries. Intraperitoneal injection of distilled water caused osmotic disruption of the mast cells and the appearance of an appreciable amount of histamine in the peritoneal fluid. Injection of Tyrode solution alone was not particularly damaging to the mast cells and little or no histamine was released. Injection of Tyrode solution containing compound 48/80 resulted in extensive release of granules from mast cells and the appearance of large amounts of histamine in the fluid. Solution of 48/80 failed however to cause histamine release when injected into rats whose subserosal mast cells had previously been destroyed. A series of increasing doses of compound 48/80 had a graded morphological effect upon mast cells and resulted in a graded increase in the amount of histamine that appeared in the peritoneal fluid. It is unlikely therefore that this compound acts by simply lysing the plasma membrane. It is concluded that mast cells in the rat are extraordinarily rich in histamine which is liberated under conditions which cause mast cells to release their granules. The histamine set free by the potent histamine liberator, compound 48/80, appears to come principally from the tissue mast cells.
Exploring interaction with a simulated wrist-worn projection display (2005)

One of the major limitations of portable computing devices is the small size of their built-in displays. Fortunately, extremely small projection systems are being developed that can be integrated into devices that are small enough to be body-worn, yet can project a large image onto surfaces in the environment. To explore how a user might interact with this near-horizon technology, we created a functional simulation of a wrist-worn projector. We then developed a set of interaction techniques that assume that the wrist-worn computer and projector are equipped with position and orientation sensors, in addition to a touch-sensitive built-in screen. To complement the techniques that rely on the spatial manipulation of the user's forearm and the device itself, we also describe the use of a cursor less watch user interface that minimizes the need for the user to look down at the device's built-in screen. Finally, we present a sample application that illustrates our interaction techniques.
The mosaic of autoimmunity: genetic factors involved in autoimmune diseases--2008. (2008)

Vol 10 January 2008 Genetic Factors in Autoimmune Diseases Thirty years ago we referred to the “Mosaic of Autoimmunity” [1] as the combination of factors associated with the induction of autoimmune diseases. We classified the factors as genetic, immune, hormonal, and environmental. For a specific autoim-mune condition to develop, a particular combination of these factors (like the pebbles or small pieces of glass or ceramics that comprise a mosaic) is required. This scheme may explain several phenomena; for example: a) why one patient with sys-temic lupus erythematosus differs in his/her clinical presentation from another; b) why in the same family the mother may have SLE, her son pemphigus vulgaris, and her daughter juvenile type 1 diabetes mellitus; c) why a patient afflicted with one autoim-mune disease is more prone to develop another [2-6]; d) why a “change” in one component of the immune system (splenectomy or thymectomy for example) can ameliorate one autoimmune dis-ease, yet “switch” the patient’s condition to another autoimmune disease (known as “the kaleidoscope of autoimmunity”) [6-10].Our knowledge of the mosaic – namely, the factors involved in autoimmunity – has grown extensively over the last three
Multiuser Diversity for Successive Zero-Forcing Dirty Paper Coding: Greedy Scheduling Algorithms and Asymptotic Performance Analysis (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Dirty paper coding (DPC) scheme is the capacity achieving transmission technique in multiuser MIMO downlink channels. As a suboptimal solution to DPC, successive zero-forcing DPC (SZF-DPC) has been proposed recently. The zero-interference constraint in designing the precoding matrices limits the number of supportable users. In this correspondence, we propose three low-complexity suboptimal user scheduling algorithms to exploit the multiuser diversity gain in SZF-DPC as the number of users grows. The first algorithm greedily maximizes the true sum rate. The second algorithm is based on eigenvalues. The third algorithm relies on the diagonal elements of the effective channel matrix since eigenvalues and diagonal entries of a Hermitian matrix have a strong relationship. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling algorithms can obtain a significant fraction of sum rate of the optimal solution. Furthermore, the performance analysis is provided to prove that the proposed user selection algorithms can achieve the same asymptotic sum rate as that of DPC. </para>
A novel prediction scheme for lossless compression of audio waveform (2001)

For compression of audio waveform, prediction is one of the important key components. We propose a novel multi-stage adaptive linear predictor (MSALP) for the prediction of high fidelity audio waveform. The MSALP achieves higher prediction gain compared with conventional linear predictor (LP). Besides, the MSALP uses less number of coefficients. The MSALP is embedded into a lossless audio waveform compression system. As a result, the system compression ratio is obviously improved. By selecting known lossless audio waveform compression algorithms, some comparison results are presented.
Leveraging wearables for steering and driver tracking (2016)

Given the increasing popularity of wearable devices, this paper explores the potential to use wearables for steering and driver tracking. Such capability would enable novel classes of mobile safety applications without relying on information or sensors in the vehicle. In particular, we study how wrist-mounted inertial sensors, such as those in smart watches and fitness trackers, can track steering wheel usage and angle. In particular, tracking steering wheel usage and turning angle provide fundamental techniques to improve driving detection, enhance vehicle motion tracking by mobile devices and help identify unsafe driving. The approach relies on motion features that allow distinguishing steering from other confounding hand movements. Once steering wheel usage is detected, it further uses wrist rotation measurements to infer steering wheel turning angles. Our on-road experiments show that the technique is 99% accurate in detecting steering wheel usage and can estimate turning angles with an average error within 3.4 degrees.