gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Can the President Control the Department of Justice (2018)

As the investigation into President Trump's campaign ties to Russia grows increasingly intense, it is critical to understand how much control the President has over the Attorney General and the Department of Justice. Some critics claim that the President has absolute power to direct federal prosecutors and control their decisions. The President and his lawyers, joined by several scholars, take this claim one step further by arguing that the chief executive could not be guilty of obstruction of justice because his control over all prosecutorial decisions is absolute. This issue last arose during the Nixon Administration. The Department of Justice and the Independent Counsel disagreed about whether the President, as head of the executive branch under Article II, could direct individual prosecutions if he so chose. The Supreme Court in United States v. Nixon left the issue unresolved and has never revisited it. This article addresses the question of presidential power principally from an historical perspective. It argues that the Department of Justice is independent of the President, and its decisions in individual cases and investigations are largely immune from his interference or direction. This does not result from any explicit constitutional or legislative mandate, but is rather based on an evolving understanding of prosecutorial independence and professional norms. American democratic discourse has included the value of independent prosecutions from its inception, and scholars have debated how much this concept influenced the initial structure of American government. In thelate 18th century, federal prosecutors enjoyed a significant degree of independence from the White House, both because of the diffuse local nature of federal prosecutions and the vague and overlapping lines ofauthority. As federal law grew in scope and complexity, there was an increased need to consolidate and rationalize the legal arm of the government. Ultimately the Department of Justice assumed this function under the executive branch. In 1870 when it created the law department, Congress was not overly concerned that partisan politics would infiltrate and undermine the rule of law, because at the time expertise, including professional norms for attorneys, were considered the ultimate protection against partisan corruption. In arguing that professional norms operated as an internal barrier between the Department of Justice and the remainder of the executive branch, this Article contributes to a growing debate about intra-branch checks and balances.
Clinical accuracy of the diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma (1998)

Diagnostic accuracy for melanoma was determined in a dedicated pigmented lesion clinic. We assessed the impact of duration of experience in dermatology and also the relationship between tumour thickness and accuracy of clinical diagnosis. We reviewed the histopathology request forms and reports for all biopsies generated by the Pigmented Lesion Clinic, Western Infirmary, Glasgow during 1992-94 inclusive. The clinic is staffed by two consultants, one senior registrar and one registrar. Diagnostic accuracy, index of suspicion, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were calculated for the clinic overall, and for each grade of staff. One hundred and sixty-three lesions were diagnosed clinically as melanoma. A histopathological diagnosis of melanoma was made for 128 lesions during this period, 113 of which had been correctly diagnosed before surgery. The diagnostic accuracy for two dermatologists each with > 10 years experience in dermatology was 80%, with sensitivity of 91% and positive predictive value of 86%. Diagnostic accuracy rates for two senior registrars (each with 3-5 years experience) and six registrars (each with 1-2 years experience) were 62% and 56%, respectively. Thin and intermediate thickness melanomas generated the greatest inaccuracy irrespective of clinical experience, although registrars failed to recognize melanoma three times more often than the other groups. We report the diagnostic accuracy for melanoma by trained dermatologists to be higher than previously reported. In comparison with trainees, > 10 years experience in dermatology and exposure to more than 10 melanomas per year appears to be associated with greater diagnostic accuracy. Knowledge of the current clinical diagnostic accuracy at varying levels of experience is essential if the impact of training is to be evaluated. As pigmented lesions of virtually all types can be treated within dermatology departments, dermatologists are the appropriate first point of referral for suspected early melanoma.
Using Linux in a Control and Robotics Lab (1998)

How a lab at Queen's University is using Linux to develop programs and control hardware experiments
A Speculative Trace Reuse Architecture with Reduced Hardware Requirements (2006)

Trace reuse is an effective way of improving the performance of superscalar processors by skipping the execution of a sequence of instructions with known input and output values. However, the extra hardware complexity is of special concern when implementing such mechanisms. In this paper, we describe ways to reduce these requirements for Reuse through Speculation on Traces (RST). RST combines instruction and trace reuse with value prediction in an integrated mechanism to provide missing trace inputs when execution reaches the beginning of a trace. Speculatively reused traces do not consume resources in the execution pipeline, as they are not executed. In this paper, we study the effects of constraining reuse tables to effectively reduce the number of reuse candidates and comparisons. We compare our approach to instruction reuse, trace reuse and value prediction. We show that RST reuses more instructions and has better performance than traditional trace reuse, with an average speedup over a baseline without reuse of 1.21.
Localizing Region-Based Active Contours (2008)

In this paper, we propose a natural framework that allows any region-based segmentation energy to be re-formulated in a local way. We consider local rather than global image statistics and evolve a contour based on local information. Localized contours are capable of segmenting objects with heterogeneous feature profiles that would be difficult to capture correctly using a standard global method. The presented technique is versatile enough to be used with any global region-based active contour energy and instill in it the benefits of localization. We describe this framework and demonstrate the localization of three well-known energies in order to illustrate how our framework can be applied to any energy. We then compare each localized energy to its global counterpart to show the improvements that can be achieved. Next, an in-depth study of the behaviors of these energies in response to the degree of localization is given. Finally, we show results on challenging images to illustrate the robust and accurate segmentations that are possible with this new class of active contour models.
Identification and detection of electricity customer behaviour irregularities (2009)

The present case study focusing on TNB, Malaysia's largest power utility, concentrates on load profiles as manifestations of customer behaviour. The main objective here is to base the investigation on comparing the efficacy of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) technique with the newly emerging techniques of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and its OS-ELM variant as means of classification and prediction in this context. Non-technical Losses (NTL) represent a significant proportion of electricity losses in both developing and developed countries. The ELM-based approach presented here uses customer load-profile information to expose abnormal behaviour that is known to be highly correlated with NTL activities. This approach provides a method of data mining for this purpose and it involves extracting patterns of customer behaviour from historical kWh consumption data. The results yield classification classes that are used to reveal whether any significant behaviour that emerges are due to irregularities in consumption. In this paper, ELM and online sequential-ELM (OS-ELM) algorithms are both used to achieve an improved classification performance and to increase accuracy of results. A comparison of this approach with other classification techniques, such as the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, is also undertaken and the ELM performance and accuracy in NTL analysis is shown to be superior.
<title>Critical temperature transitions in laser-mediated cartilage reshaping</title> (1998)

In this study, we attempted to determine the critical temperature [T<SUB>c</SUB>] at which accelerated stress relaxation occurred during laser mediated cartilage reshaping. During laser irradiation, mechanically deformed cartilage tissue undergoes a temperature dependent phase transformation which results in accelerated stress relaxation. When a critical temperature is attained, cartilage becomes malleable and may be molded into complex new shapes that harden as the tissue cools. Clinically, reshaped cartilage tissue can be used to recreate the underlying cartilaginous framework of structures such as the ear, larynx, trachea, and nose. The principal advantages of using laser radiation for the generation of thermal energy in tissue are precise control of both the space-time temperature distribution and time- dependent thermal denaturation kinetics. Optimization of the reshaping process requires identification of the temperature dependence of this phase transformation and its relationship to observed changes in cartilage optical, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties. Light scattering, infrared radiometry, and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) were used to measure temperature dependent changes in the biophysical properties of cartilage tissue during fast (laser mediated) and slow (conventional calorimetric) heating. Our studies using MDSC and laser probe techniques have identified changes in cartilage thermodynamic and optical properties suggestive of a phase transformation occurring near 60 degrees Celsius.
Growth of Hydroxyapatite Crystal in the Presence of Organic Film (2009)

The growth of hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystal in the presence of hexadecylamine was investigated. Due to its high polarity and high charge density, the organic film could increase the ion supersaturation on its surface. Therefore the growth of pure HAp crystals was accelerated. Moreover, the positive headgroups of the organic film could act as recognized nucleation sites and orient the growth of HAp crystals along the direction.
Fuzzy Subtractive Clustering Based Indexing Approach for Software Components Classification (2004)

Software Engineering is not only a technical discipline of its own, but also a problem domain where technologies coming from other disciplines are relevant and can play important role. One important example is knowledge engineering [1], a term that used in a board sense to encompass artificial intelligence, computational intelligence, knowledge bases, data mining, and machine learning. Many of typical software development issues can benefit from these disciplines. For this reason, this paper will employ computational intelligence approach to classify software component repository into similar component cluster groups with the help of Fuzzy Subtractive Clustering algorithm. The center of each cluster will be used to construct the coarse grain classification indexing structure. Subsequent retrieval requirements of software component are compared with all the indexed cluster centers. Any software components belonging to the cluster partition whose center is closest to the required software component will be retrieved for subsequent participation in component selection at fine grain level. This approach not only is suitable for multidimensional data, but also automatically decides the correct model classification.
Preventive effects of glycyrrhizin on estrogen-related endometrial carcinogenesis in mice (2007)

We have previously reported on the inhibitory effect of Glycyrrhizae radix (Gl radix) on mouse endometrial carcinogenesis. The present study was performed to clarify the effects of Gl radix and glycyrrhizin (GL), the main part of Gl radix, on estradiol (E2)-related endometrial carcinogenesis. Both Gl radix and GL exerted a significant decrease in the COX-2, IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha mRNA expressions. GL generated a significant decrease in the incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Accordingly, the preventive effects of Gl radix may be attributable to GL, thus being related with the suppression of COX-2, IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha. Gl radix and GL could therefore be a promising formula for the chemoprevention of human endometrial cancer.
An embryonic stem cell chromatin remodeling complex, esBAF, is an essential component of the core pluripotency transcriptional network (2009)

Distinctive SWI/SNF-like ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling esBAF complexes are indispensable for the maintenance and pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells [Ho L, et al. (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 10.1073/pnas.0812889106]. To understand the mechanism underlying the roles of these complexes in ES cells, we performed high-resolution genome-wide mapping of the core ATPase subunit, Brg, using ChIP-Seq technology. We find that esBAF, as represented by Brg, binds to genes encoding components of the core ES transcriptional circuitry, including Polycomb group proteins. esBAF colocalizes extensively with transcription factors Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog genome-wide, and shows distinct functional interactions with Oct4 and Sox2 at its target genes. Surprisingly, no significant colocalization of esBAF with PRC2 complexes, represented by Suz12, is observed. Lastly, esBAF colocalizes with Stat3 and Smad1 genome-wide, consistent with a direct and critical role in LIF and BMP signaling for maintaining self-renewal. Taken together, our studies indicate that esBAF is an essential component of the core pluripotency transcriptional network, and might also be a critical component of the LIF and BMP signaling pathways essential for maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency.
An evaluation of two configurations of tricalcium phosphate for treating craniotomies (1989)

Biodegradable beta-tricalcium phosphate disks (TCP) of two configurations were inserted into 15-mm-diameter craniotomy wounds and nontreated control sites were evaluated in 60 rabbits. There were no adverse tissue reactions and no apparent difference in the clinical appearance of the 12- and 24-week implanted disks. By 36 weeks and continuing to 48 weeks, the omnidirectional TCP (OTCP) implants were degrading more rapidly than the unidirectional TCP (UTCP) implants, with degradation progressing centripetally and replacement by woven bone and maturing lamellar bone. Host-implant interface of both TCP configurations was a bone bond without interposed soft tissue. TCP disks may be clinically useful for craniotomy repair.
Critic-Based Self-Tuning PI Structure for Active and Reactive Power Control of VSCs in Microgrid Systems (2014)

Traditional proportional integral (PI) control has been extensively used for power control of voltage source converters in microgrid systems. Previous studies show that fixed-gain PI controllers cannot easily adapt to power changes, disturbances, and parameters variation, especially in large microgrids; hence the need for continuous algorithms to adjust the controller gains over the transients cannot be neglected. In this paper, a novel online tuning algorithm for PI controllers is proposed and implemented in a microgrid system. In this algorithm, which is based on the neuro-dynamic programming concept, a fuzzy critic is employed to evaluate the credibility of the control system performance and provide an evaluation signal, which is then used in the gain-tuning process. The PI controller gains are updated in an optimization process based on steepest decent rule so that the evaluation signal produced by the critic is minimized. The developed control structure, which is named critic-based self-tuning PI controller, is tested in a microgrid system with different penetrations of distributed generators and operational scenarios. The simulation results verify that implementation of a heuristic gain-tuning algorithm results in a model-independent controller with increased adaptivity compared with conventional PI control. Furthermore, due to simple learning rules, the convergence time is significantly reduced and the transient response is improved. The proposed gain-tuning algorithm can also be applied to PI controllers in other applications of controllable systems.
A linear source model and a unified rate control algorithm for DCT video coding (2002)

We show that, in any typical transform coding system, there is always a linear relationship between the coding bit rate R and the percentage of zeros among the quantized transform coefficients, denoted by /spl rho/. Based on Shannon's source coding theorem, a theoretical justification is provided for this linear source model. The physical meaning of the model parameter is also discussed. We show that it is directly related to the image content and is a measure of picture complexity. In video coding, we propose an adaptive estimation scheme to estimate this model parameter. Based on the linear source model and the adaptive estimation scheme, a unified rate control algorithm is proposed for various standard video coding systems, such as MPEG-2, H.263, and MPEG-4. Our extensive simulation results show that the proposed rate control outperforms other algorithms reported in the literature by providing much more accurate and robust rate control.
Exploring the Role of Supramolecular Associations in Mechanical Toughening of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (2015)

Model “supramolecular IPNs” were developed via the formation of a hydrogen-bonded, supramolecular network of 2-ureido-4-[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) telechelic poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) (SPEB) in the presence of photopolymerizable, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). The role of a supramolecular elastomeric phase in mechanical toughening of IPNs was explored through (1) dynamic dissociation and reassociation of the noncovalent, UPy supramolecular associations, and (2) interphase formation. While an ∼4× increase in tensile toughness of the HTPB matrix was observed through incorporation of 10 wt % ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR)—as a conventional elastomeric toughening agent—into HTPB, it was shown that adding the same amount of supramolecular elastomer SPEB to HTPB led to ∼600× enhancement in tensile toughness. Strain rate-dependent mechanical response and fractography studies revealed that this dramatic toughness enhancement was due to dissociation/reassociation of the dynamic UPy linkages in the elastomeric phase that facilitated dilatational yielding of the IPN. This toughness enhancement was only observed in combination with the existence of strong interfacial coupling between the matrix and supramolecular phase as revealed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis. By exploiting noncovalent dynamics and interfacial control in interpenetrating networks, pathways are envisioned toward a new class of tough materials.
Regelungstechnik (1993)

In der Gebäudetechnik sind folgende Tendenzen festzustellen:
<i>DMBT1</i> expression and glycosylation during the adenoma–carcinoma sequence in colorectal cancer (2005)

The gene DMBT1 (deleted in malignant brain tumour-1) has been proposed to play a role in brain and epithelial cancer, but shows unusual features for a classical tumour-suppressor gene. On the one hand, DMBT1 has been linked to mucosal protection, whereas, on the other, it potentially plays a role in epithelial differentiation. Thus its function in a particular tissue is of mechanistic importance for its role in cancer. Because the former function requires secretion to the lumen and the latter function may depend on its presence in the extracellular matrix, we decided to investigate DMBT1 expression, location and its mode of secretion during malignant transformation in colorectal cancer. Using human colorectal PC/AA cell lines and tissue sections from individual patients, we have examined the expression of DMBT1 and its glycosylation in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence leading to the adenocarcinoma phenotype.
Density-Induced Interchange of Anisotropy Axes at Half-Filled High Landau Levels (2002)

We observe density-induced $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ rotations of the anisotropy axes in transport measurements at half-filled high Landau levels in the two dimensional electron system, where stripe states are proposed ( $\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}9/2$, $11/2$, etc.). Using a field effect transistor, we find the transition density to be $2.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at $\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}9/2$. Hysteresis is observed in the vicinity of the transition. We construct a phase boundary in the filling factor magnetic field plane in the regime $4.4<\ensuremath{\nu}<4.6$. An in-plane magnetic field applied along either anisotropy axis always stabilizes the low density orientation of the stripes.
Protein-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Ameliorate Cognitive Dysfunction and Reduce Aβ Deposition in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease (2016)

Transplantation of stem cells into the brain attenuates functional deficits in the central nervous system via cell replacement, the release of specific neurotransmitters, and the production of neurotrophic factors. To identify patient-specific and safe stem cells for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from mouse skin fibroblasts by treating protein extracts of embryonic stem cells. These reprogrammed cells were pluripotent but nontumorigenic. Here, we report that protein-iPSCs differentiated into glial cells and decreased plaque depositions in the 5XFAD transgenic AD mouse model. We also found that transplanted protein-iPSCs mitigated the cognitive dysfunction observed in these mice. Proteomic analysis revealed that oligodendrocyte-related genes were upregulated in brains injected with protein-iPSCs, providing new insights into the potential function of protein-iPSCs. Taken together, our data indicate that protein-iPSCs might be a promising therapeutic approach for AD. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:293-305.
Characterization of the permeability barrier of human skin <i>in vivo</i> (1997)

Attenuated-total-reflectance Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy has been used to rapidly and noninvasively quantify in vivo the uptake of a chemical into the outermost, and least permeable, layer of human skin (the stratum corneum). The objective of the experiment was to develop a general model to predict the rate and extent of chemical absorption for diverse exposure scenarios from simple, and safe, short-duration studies. Measurement of the concentration profile of the chemical in the stratum corneum, and analysis of the data using the unsteady-state diffusion equation, enabled estimation of the permeability coefficient and calculation of the time required to achieve maximal transdermal flux. Validation of the spectroscopic technique employed was established, and quantitation of chemical uptake into the stratum corneum was confirmed independently using trace amounts of radiolabeled chemical in conjunction with liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry. The results presented have pharmacological and toxicological implications, as the technology lends itself both to the prediction of transdermal drug delivery, and the feasibility of this route of administration, and to the assessment of risk after dermal contact with toxic chemicals.