gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Simple PLL-Based True Random Number Generator for Embedded Digital Systems (2004)

The paper presents a simple True Random Number Generator (TRNG) which can be embedded in digital Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and Field Programmable Logic Devices (FPLDs). As a source of randomness, it uses on-chip noise generated in the internal analog Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) circuitry. In contrast to traditionally used free-running oscillators, it uses a novel method of randomness extraction based on two rationally related synthesized clock signals. The generator has been developed for embedded cryptographic applications, where it significantly increases the system security, but it can be used in a wide range of other applications. The functionality of the proposed solution is demonstrated for the Altera Apex FPLD family, but the same principle can be used for all recent ASICs or FPLDs that include an on-chip reconfigurable analog PLL. The quality of the TRNG output is confirmed by applying special DIEHARD and NIST statistical tests, which pass even for high output bit-rates of several hundreds of Kbits/s.
Continuous Measurement of Cerebral Cortical Blood Flow by Laser—Doppler Flowmetry in a Rat Stroke Model (1989)

Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF), a new method allowing instantaneous, continuous, and noninvasive measurements of microcirculatory blood flow in a small tissue sample, was evaluated for its accuracy in monitoring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the cortical microcirculation after focal cerebral ischemia. Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, n = 19) were subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral and common carotid arteries. Absolute rCBF in a tissue sample of the ischemic hemisphere was measured autoradiographically with [14C]iodoantipyrine as a tracer and compared to rCBF measured by LDF. Additionally, the percent change in rCBF between baseline and ischemic values was compared for both methods. Absolute rCBF values recorded with LDF correlated poorly (r = 0.54) with [14C]iodoantipyrine measurements. In contrast LDF readings expressed as a percentage of ischemic vs. preocclusion readings (relative LDF readings) correlated very well (r = 0.91) with the percent change in [14C]iodoantipyrine measurements. We conclude that LDF does not provide accurate measurements of absolute rCBF values but this method allows accurate measurements of changes in rCBF due to induction of focal cerebral ischemia.
Laminin α1 Chain Synthesis in the Mouse Developing Lung: Requirement for Epithelial–Mesenchymal Contact and Possible Role in Bronchial Smooth muscle Development (1997)

Laminins, the main components of basement membranes, are heterotrimers consisting of alpha, beta, and gamma polypeptide chains linked together by disulfide bonds. Laminins-1 and -2 are both composed of beta1 and gamma1 chains and differ from each other on their alpha chain, which is alpha1 and alpha2 for laminin-1 and -2, respectively. The present study shows that whereas laminins-1 and -2 are synthesized in the mouse developing lung and in epithelial-mesenchymal cocultures derived from it, epithelial and mesenchymal monocultures lose their ability to synthesize the laminin alpha1 chain. Synthesis of laminin alpha1 chain however returns upon re-establishment of epithelial-mesenchymal contact. Cell-cell contact is critical, since laminin alpha1 chain is not detected in monocultures exposed to coculture-conditioned medium or in epithelial-mesenchymal cocultures in which heterotypic cell-cell contact is prevented by an interposing filter. Immunohistochemical studies on cocultures treated with brefeldin A, an inhibitor of protein secretion, indicated both epithelial and mesenchymal cells synthesize laminin alpha1 chain upon heterotypic cell- cell contact. In a set of functional studies, embryonic lung explants were cultured in the presence of monoclonal antibodies to laminin alpha1, alpha2, and beta/gamma chains. Lung explants exposed to monoclonal antibodies to laminin alpha1 chain exhibited alterations in peribronchial cell shape and decreased smooth muscle development, as indicated by low levels of smooth muscle alpha actin and desmin. Taken together, our studies suggest that laminin alpha1 chain synthesis is regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal interaction and may play a role in airway smooth muscle development.
Prediagnostic Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels and Risk of Prostate Cancer (2005)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays important roles in endothelial cell proliferation, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis that may be critical to prostatic carcinogenesis and progression. Plasma VEGF levels were significantly greater in patients with metastatic prostate cancer compared with those with localized disease or healthy controls, and plasma VEGF level at prostate cancer diagnosis was an independent prognostic marker for survival in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. We therefore examined the association between prediagnostic plasma VEGF levels and risk of prostate cancer and disease phenotype. Using plasma samples obtained in 1982 from healthy men enrolled in the Physicians' Health Study, we conducted a nested case-control study among 504 men diagnosed with prostate cancer during 13 years of follow-up and 520 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. Prediagnostic plasma VEGF levels were similar among cases and controls. Plasma VEGF concentration was not associated with subsequent risk of prostate cancer (third versus first tertile OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.80-1.49; P(trend) = 0.65). Furthermore, no association was observed among men with advanced (stage C or D) prostate cancer or among those who died of prostate cancer. Our results indicate that prediagnostic circulating VEGF levels are not associated with prostate cancer development and have limited value in predicting future risk of prostate cancer.
Improving the Dissolution Rate of Poorly Water Soluble Drug by Solid Dispersion and Solid Solution—Pros and Cons (2006)

The solid dispersions with poloxamer 188 (P188) and solid solutions with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVPK30) were evaluated and compared in an effort to improve aqueous solubility and bioavailability of a model hydrophobic drug. All preparations were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, intrinsic dissolution rates, and contact angle measurements. Accelerated stability studies also were conducted to determine the effects of aging on the stability of various formulations. The selected solid dispersion and solid solution formulations were further evaluated in beagle dogs for in vivo testing. Solid dispersions were characterized to show that the drug retains its crystallinity and forms a two-phase system. Solid solutions were characterized to be an amorphous monophasic system with transition of crystalline drug to amorphous state. The evaluation of the intrinsic dissolution rates of various preparations indicated that the solid solutions have higher initial dissolution rates compared with solid dispersions. However, after storage at accelerated conditions, the dissolution rates of solid solutions were lower due to partial reversion to crystalline form. The drug in solid dispersion showed better bioavailability in comparison to solid solution. Therefore, considering physical stability and in vivo study results, the solid dispersion was the most suitable choice to improve dissolution rates and hence the bioavailability of the poorly water soluble drug.
Drug Resistance to Cytotoxic Nucleoside Analogues (2003)

Nucleoside analogues are widely used for the treament of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Their activity is based on the interference with cellular targets involved in the metabolism of physiological nucleosides and DNA synthesis. Unfortunately, various resistance mechanisms decrease the activity of these drugs, reducing their clinical efficacy. Here, we review different resistance mechanisms responsible for decreased in vitro and in vivo nucleoside analogue activity, and some of the strategies proposed to circumvent constitutive or acquired drug resistance.
A comparison of problem-based learning and conventional teaching in nursing ethics education (2010)

The aim of this study was to compare the learning effectiveness of peer tutored problem-based learning and conventional teaching of nursing ethics in Taiwan. The study adopted an experimental design. The peer tutored problem-based learning method was applied to an experimental group and the conventional teaching method to a control group. The study sample consisted of 142 senior nursing students who were randomly assigned to the two groups. All the students were tested for their nursing ethical discrimination ability both before and after the educational intervention. A learning satisfaction survey was also administered to both groups at the end of each course. After the intervention, both groups showed a significant increase in ethical discrimination ability. There was a statistically significant difference between the ethical discrimination scores of the two groups (P < 0.05), with the experimental group on average scoring higher than the control group. There were significant differences in satisfaction with self-motivated learning and critical thinking between the groups. Peer tutored problem-based learning and lecture-type conventional teaching were both effective for nursing ethics education, but problem-based learning was shown to be more effective. Peer tutored problem-based learning has the potential to enhance the efficacy of teaching nursing ethics in situations in which there are personnel and resource constraints.
A Small Package With 46-dB Isolation Between Tx and Rx Antennas Suitable for 60-GHz WPAN Module (2012)

A small package suitable for the mobile terminals of the 60-GHz wireless personal area network is proposed. Two antennas for Tx and Rx are integrated in the package. The antenna provides the end-fire radiation from the side face of the substrate. The package is mounted on the edge of a printed circuit board by using the ball grid array assembly. The antenna is composed of a post-wall waveguide and a slab waveguide with metal sidewalls. The gain and beamwidth are determined by the size of the slab waveguide. The sidewalls are for the design of the beamwidth in the -plane and for realizing the high isolation between Tx and Rx antennas. The beamwidths of the fabricated antenna were measured to be 47° and 46° in the - and -plane at 60 GHz, respectively. The gain more than 7.8 dBi was measured in the frequency range from 59 to 66 GHz. The package was fabricated for the evaluation of the isolation. The measured average isolation level between Tx and Rx antenna was 46.0 dB in the frequency range above. The antenna characteristics and isolation level are sufficient for the 60-GHz WPAN system.
New Friction Correlation for Cements From Pipe and Rotational-Viscometer Data (1990)

Summary This paper presents the results of 24 discrete slurries tested on a pipe flow loop while data were taken simultaneously with a flow-through rotational viscometer. Each slurry was pumped through four different pipe sizes at rates from low laminar to high turbulent flow regimes. Test slurries varied from very thixotropic to highly dispersed and from lightweight to dense. Analysis of pipe-flow data showed a correlation best described by a Bingham-plastic model. Standard flow properties calculated from the rotational-viscometer data were correlated to flow properties derived from the pipe-flow data. These results could be used to calculate pipe pressure losses with improved accuracy. Correlations for estimating friction losses of cement slurries in laminar and turbulent flow regimes and for predicting laminar/turbulent transition were developed. Results of these correlations are compared with the findings of previous investigators. An example illustrates the use of these correlations.
Depression: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience (2002)

Depression is a disorder of the representation and regulation of mood and emotion. The circuitry underlying the representation and regulation of normal emotion and mood is reviewed, including studies at the animal level, human lesion studies, and human brain imaging studies. This corpus of data is used to construct a model of the ways in which affect can become disordered in depression. Research on the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, and amygdala is reviewed and abnormalities in the structure and function of these different regions in depression is considered. The review concludes with proposals for the specific types of processing abnormalities that result from dysfunctions in different parts of this circuitry and offers suggestions for the major themes upon which future research in this area should be focused.
Identification and Characterization of Human Mitochondrial Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase (2000)

A full-length cDNA clone encoding the human mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (h(mt)TrpRS) has been identified. The deduced amino acid sequence shows high homology to both the mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase ((mt)TrpRS) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to different eubacterial forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS). Using the baculovirus expression system, we have expressed and purified the protein with a carboxyl-terminal histidine tag. The purified His-tagged h(mt)TrpRS catalyzes Trp-dependent exchange of PP(i) in the PP(i)-ATP exchange assay. Expression of h(mt)TrpRS in both human and insect cells leads to high levels of h(mt)TrpRS localizing to the mitochondria, and in insect cells the first 18 amino acids constitute the mitochondrial localization signal sequence. Until now the human cytoplasmic tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (hTrpRS) was thought to function as the h(mt)TrpRS, possibly in the form of a splice variant. However, no mitochondrial localization signal sequence was ever detected and the present identification of a different (mt)TrpRS almost certainly rules out that possibility. The h(mt)TrpRS shows kinetic properties similar to human mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (h(mt)PheRS), and h(mt)TrpRS is not induced by interferon-gamma as is hTrpRS.
Principles of a quantitative assay for bacterial endotoxins in blood that uses Limulus lysate and a chromogenic substrate (1980)

Some factors affecting the use of chromogenic substrates with Limulus lysate for assaying bacterial endotoxins in blood have been assessed. It was found that endogenous amidases, which degrade the substrate, could be inactivated by heating serum at 60 degrees C for 15 min. Endotoxin was found not to be removed from serum during clotting. A potent inhibitor of the activated lysate was found to be anti-thrombin II, but specific absorption of anti-thrombin II from plasma reduced only marginally the inhibition of lysate by plasma. The presence of specific antibody to the endotoxin was found not to affect its ability to activate lysate. Inactivation of endotoxin by serum enzymes was biphasic in unheated serum, and most of the activity was destroyed in 3 h at 37 degrees C or in 24 h at 5 degrees C. The relevance of these findings to the objective quantitation of endotoxin activities is discussed.
α4βδ GABA <sub>A</sub> receptors are high-affinity targets for γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) (2012)

γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) binding to brain-specific high-affinity sites is well-established and proposed to explain both physiological and pharmacological actions. However, the mechanistic links between these lines of data are unknown. To identify molecular targets for specific GHB high-affinity binding, we undertook photolinking studies combined with proteomic analyses and identified several GABA(A) receptor subunits as possible candidates. A subsequent functional screening of various recombinant GABA(A) receptors in Xenopus laevis oocytes using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique showed GHB to be a partial agonist at αβδ- but not αβγ-receptors, proving that the δ-subunit is essential for potency and efficacy. GHB showed preference for α4 over α(1,2,6)-subunits and preferably activated α4β1δ (EC(50) = 140 nM) over α4β(2/3)δ (EC(50) = 8.41/1.03 mM). Introduction of a mutation, α4F71L, in α4β1(δ)-receptors completely abolished GHB but not GABA function, indicating nonidentical binding sites. Radioligand binding studies using the specific GHB radioligand [(3)H](E,RS)-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-5H-benzocyclohept-6-ylidene)acetic acid showed a 39% reduction (P = 0.0056) in the number of binding sites in α4 KO brain tissue compared with WT controls, corroborating the direct involvement of the α4-subunit in high-affinity GHB binding. Our data link specific GHB forebrain binding sites with α4-containing GABA(A) receptors and postulate a role for extrasynaptic α4δ-containing GABA(A) receptors in GHB pharmacology and physiology. This finding will aid in elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind the proposed function of GHB as a neurotransmitter and its unique therapeutic effects in narcolepsy and alcoholism.
Kinect-based augmented reality projection with perspective correction (2011)

This work introduces an augmented reality 3D visualization technique combining object surface information detection through Kinect and perspective-corrected rendering and projection. Virtual scene is first altered and rendered with detected surface information, then mapped and projected onto corresponding surfaces of the object. Compared to traditional augmented reality which requires additional screens, our approach better utilized structural information of an object and enabled direct reference from physical objects used as display, therefore demonstrates better augmented reality experience and potential for more intuitive interaction.
Ensembles of Fuzzy Linear Model Trees for the Identification of Multioutput Systems (2015)

We address the task of discrete-time modeling of nonlinear dynamic systems with multiple outputs using measured data. In the area of control engineering, this task is typically converted into a set of classical regression problems, one for each output, which can then be solved with any nonlinear regression approach. Fuzzy models, in the Takagi-Sugeno form, are popular in this context. We use Lolimot, which is a tree learning method, to build fuzzy linear model trees. In this paper, we propose, implement, and empirically evaluate three extensions of fuzzy linear model trees. First, we consider and evaluate multioutput models. Second, we propose to use ensembles of such models. Third, we investigate the use of a search heuristic based on simulation error (as opposed to one-step-ahead prediction error), specific to the context of modeling dynamic systems. Finally, we perform an empirical evaluation and compare these approaches on six multioutput case studies, using both measured and simulated data, with noise: The case studies include modeling of the inverse dynamics of a robot arm, as well as five additional process-industry systems. Ensembles improve the performance of both single- and multioutput trees, while the heuristic specific to modeling dynamic systems only improves performance very slightly. Multioutput model trees exhibit comparable or worse predictive performance to a set of single-output models, while providing a more compact model. Overall, we can recommend the use of bagging of single-output Lolimot models, learned by using the simulation error as a search heuristic.
Repression of Flowering by the miR172 Target SMZ (2009)

A small mobile protein, encoded by the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) locus, plays a central role in the control of flowering. FT is regulated positively by CONSTANS (CO), the output of the photoperiod pathway, and negatively by FLC, which integrates the effects of prolonged cold exposure. Here, we reveal the mechanisms of regulation by the microRNA miR172 target SCHLAFMUTZE (SMZ), a potent repressor of flowering. Whole-genome mapping of SMZ binding sites demonstrates not only direct regulation of FT, but also of many other flowering time regulators acting both upstream and downstream of FT, indicating an important role of miR172 and its targets in fine tuning the flowering response. A role for the miR172/SMZ module as a rheostat in flowering time is further supported by SMZ binding to several other genes encoding miR172 targets. Finally, we show that the action of SMZ is completely dependent on another floral repressor, FLM, providing the first direct connection between two important classes of flowering time regulators, AP2- and MADS-domain proteins.
Mutations associated with a locus for familial Alzheimer's disease result in alternative processing of amyloid beta-protein precursor (1994)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of amyloid beta-protein (A beta), a molecule produced by post-translational processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP). Mutations within the gene encoding beta APP have been linked to early onset forms of AD, but the pathogenetic mechanism(s) producing the phenotype are unknown. We analyzed the effects on beta APP processing in vitro of a naturally occurring Ala-->Gly mutation at position 692 of beta APP770 (A692G) (Hendriks, L., Duijin, C., Cras, P., Cruts, M., van Hul, W., van Harskamp, F., Warren, A., McInnis, M., Antonarakis, S., Martin, J.-J., Hofman, A., and van Broeckhoven, C. (1992) Nature Genet. 1, 218-221), as well as the effects of five genetically engineered mutations at or near this site. Substitution of glycine or proline for Ala692, or for Phe690, produced relative increases in secretion of A beta and relative decreases in secretion of the p3 peptide(s) arising after alpha-secretase generation of soluble APP (APPs). The Phe690-->Pro substitution also resulted in the synthesis of truncated APPs molecules. The structurally conservative substitutions Ala692-->Val and Phe690-->Tyr did not exhibit these effects. Certain of the substitutions also resulted in the production of a minor peptides, previously undescribed in vitro, beginning at Ala2, Lys16, and Phe19 of A beta. These data show that beta APP mutations carboxyl-terminal to alpha-secretase and beta-secretase cleavage sites can exert strong control over beta APP processing. Increased secretion of A beta may accelerate amyloidogenesis by providing more precursors for aggregation. It is also possible that truncated A beta peptides resulting from several of these mutations may accelerate amyloidogenesis through self-aggregation and/or seeding the fibrillogenesis of longer, more abundant A beta species.
Comparison of multi code link-layer transmission strategies in 3G wireless CDMA (2000)

Within this article we investigate the possibility of using multiple codes within a code-division multiple access system to reduce the losses in a delay bounded transmission for 3G multimedia applications over wireless links with fading. Multiple codes are used to recover from gaps on the wireless link after a fading period by means of ARQ-type retransmissions. One key feature of our work is that even a small number of multiple codes leads to a dramatic reduction of losses regarding delay bounds of multimedia applications.