gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiparameter Correction Equation for Goldmann Applanation Tonometry (2010)

The GAT correction factor can consider the combined effect of variations in corneal thickness, curvature, age, and IOP. The factor could significantly reduce the reliance of IOPG measurements on corneal stiffness parameters.
Structural basis for the nucleic acid binding cooperativity of bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein: the (Lys/Arg)3(Ser/Thr)2 (LAST) motif. (1992)

To identify the functional residues of the N-terminal B region of bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein involved in its cooperative binding to single-stranded nucleic acids, a process dependent on homotypic protein-protein interaction, we have studied the interaction of the protein with synthetic peptides containing different portions of this domain. Gel-permeation chromatography showed that a 6-acryloyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene (acrylodan)-labeled fluorescent peptide corresponding to the first 17 residues of gene 32 protein formed a complex with whole protein. The fluorescence was blue-shifted 14 nm upon interaction with intact protein, and somewhat less so (7-11 nm) with cleavage products of the protein lacking B domains. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of whole and truncated protein was quenched by this peptide and by the nonderivatized peptide. The peptide bound tightly to truncated protein at both 0.015 and 0.44 M Na+, with a stoichiometry of 1:1. Similar tryptophan quenching or acrylodan blue shifts were obtained with peptides corresponding to residues 1-9 and 3-8, but not residues 1-4, 5-9, or 5-17, indicating that the essential amino acids are contained within positions 3-8, Lys-Arg-Lys-Ser-Thr-Ala. Several other DNA binding proteins contain a LAST motif with documented involvement of these residues in nucleic acid interaction. The amino acid and coding sequence of residues 110-114, a region proposed to be involved in nucleic acid binding, is virtually identical to that of residues 3-7. Based on these observations, we have formulated a model for the cooperative interactions of gene 32 protein with single-stranded nucleic acids.
Enhancement of Human Antigen-Specific Memory T-Cell Responses by Interleukin-7 May Improve Accuracy in Diagnosing Tuberculosis (2008)

Children and immunocompromised adults are at an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB), but diagnosis is more challenging. Recently developed gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) release assays provide increased sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of latent TB, but their use is not FDA approved in immunocompromised or pediatric populations. Both populations have reduced numbers of T cells, which are major producers of IFN-gamma. Interleukin 7 (IL-7), a survival cytokine, stabilizes IFN-gamma message and increases protein production. IL-7 was added to antigen-stimulated lymphocytes to improve IFN-gamma responses as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Antigens used were tetanus toxoid (n = 10), p24 (from human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], n = 9), and TB peptides (n = 15). Keyhole limpet hemocyanin was used as a negative control, and phytohemagglutinin was the positive control. IL-7 improved antigen-specific responses to all antigens tested including tetanus toxoid, HIV type 1 p24, and TB peptides (ESAT-6 and CFP-10) with up to a 14-fold increase (mean = 3.8), as measured by ELISA. Increased IFN-gamma responses from controls, HIV-positive patients, and TB patients were statistically significant, with P values of <0.05, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively. ELISPOT assay results confirmed ELISA findings (P values of <0.01, 0.02, and 0.03, respectively), with a strong correlation between the two tests (R(2) = 0.82 to 0.99). Based on average background levels, IL-7 increased detection of IFN-gamma by 39% compared to the level with antigen alone. Increased production of IFN-gamma induced by IL-7 improves sensitivity of ELISA and ELISPOT assays for all antigens tested. Further enhancement of IFN-gamma-based assays might improve TB diagnosis in those populations at highest risk for TB.
Increased DNA synthesis of uninvolved psoriatic epidermis is maintained in vitro (1985)

Clinically uninvolved psoriatic epidermis shows increased DNA synthesis in vivo. We have studied the DNA synthesis of cultured keratinocytes from uninvolved psoriatic skin. Trypsinized epidermal cells were plated on plastic dishes pre-coated with bovine collagen type I. In initial studies, normal human serum was found to be superior to fetal bovine in supporting the growth of human epidermal keratinocytes. Furthermore, keratinocyte cultures established in the presence of normal human serum produced large keratin proteins (68,000 daltons) indicating that the terminal steps in cell differentiation can occur in vitro. In subsequent experiments keratinocyte cultures were grown in medium supplemented with 10% normal human serum. Confluent cultures of keratinocytes from uninvolved psoriatic epidermis had an increased DNA synthesis determined both as the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and as the autoradiographic labelling index. The DNA synthesis of both normal and psoriatic keratinocyte cultures increased in response to incubation in medium with 10% psoriatic serum. The ability of keratinocytes from uninvolved psoriatic epidermis to maintain an increased DNA synthesis suggests the presence of an inherent defect within the population of epidermal keratinocytes in psoriasis. Such a culture system can be used as an in vitro model for the study of psoriasis.
Cross-layer features in convolutional neural networks for generic classification tasks (2015)

Recent works about convolutional neural networks (CNN) show breakthrough performance on various tasks. However, most of them only use the features extracted from the topmost layer of CNN instead of leveraging the features extracted from different layers. As the first group which explicitly addresses utilizing the features from different layers of CNN, we propose cross-layer CNN features which consist of the features extracted from multiple layers of CNN. Our experimental results show that our proposed cross-layer CNN features outperform not only the state-of-the-art results but also the features commonly used in the traditional CNN framework on three tasks - artistic style, artist, and architectural style classification. As shown by the experimental results, our proposed cross-layer CNN features achieve the best known performance on the three tasks in different domains, which makes our proposed cross-layer CNN features promising solutions for generic tasks.
Quantum key distribution using transverse spin wave-optical interactions (2011)

We describe a frequency-coded scheme to implement the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol using spin wave (SW)-optical interactions. The interaction of SWs with optical coherent states allows TE↔TM mode conversion with simultaneous change of frequency and polarization while introducing a phase difference between the two modes. To implement the BB84 protocol, key bits are encoded as relative phases between the TE and TM modes. The proposed scheme offers a higher key rate, due to a modulation frequency as high as 25 GHz, which also relaxes the specifications on the optical filter at the receiver. In addition, SW-optical interactions yield the added security of truly single-sideband modulation.
Pedaling the Piano: A Brief Survey from the Eighteenth Century to the Present (1993)

Before World War II, most composers notated relatively few pedal indications, usually to create unsuspected effects. Mutations (Veranderungen) on the early pianos and the uses of hand stops, knee levers, and pedals are discussed based on information from extant instruments, composers' autographs, and comments in tutors by such teachers as Johann Milchmeyer and Louis Adam. Pedaling techniques and uses of the damper, una corda, and sostenuto pedals on the changing instruments of the 19th and 20th c. are described, with particular attention to compositions of Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin, Brahms, Debussy, Villa-Lobos, Boulez, Cage, and Stockhausen.
Single-Donor Islet Transplantation and Long-term Insulin Independence in Select Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (2014)

We have identified clinically relevant differences defining the achievement of insulin independence after single-donor transplantation. Based on these differences, a preoperative insulin requirement of less than 0.6 U/kg per day and receiving more than 5,646 islet equivalents (IEQ)/kg have a sensitivity of 84% and 71% and specificity of 50% and 50%, respectively, for insulin independence after single-donor islet transplantation. With ideal patient selection, this finding could potentially increase single-donor transplantation success and may be especially relevant for presensitized subjects or those who may subsequently require renal replacement.
Expression of the OGG1-type 1a (nuclear form) protein in cancerous and non-cancerous human cells. (2000)

The human OGG1 gene encodes 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase. By RT-PCR analysis, five novel type 1 transcripts, in addition to eight known types (OGG1-types 1a to 1c and 2a to 2e), were identified. Among them, only the type 1a isoform contains both a nuclear localization signal and the entire DNA binding motif, suggesting the involvement of type 1a in chromosomal DNA repair. By Western blot analysis using a monoclonal antibody prepared by immunizing the whole type 1a protein, a 39 kDa type 1a protein was detected in lung cancer cell lines and peripheral lymphocytes. The type 1a protein was expressed at a similar level, irrespective of its polymorphic types characterized by distinct repair activity. By an immunocytochemical study, the majority of type 1a protein was localized in the nucleus. These results indicate that OGG1-type 1a protein is involved in the repair of 8-hydroxyguanine in chromosomal double-stranded DNA and constitutively expressed in cancerous and non-cancerous human cells.
MEASUREMENTS OF INTERFACE PRESSURE BETWEEN BODY SITES AND THE SURFACES OF FOUR SPECIALISED AIR MATTRESSES (1994)

Four specialised air mattresses had interface pressure measured under six body sites prone to pressure sores in 10 subjects, supine and sitting. The mattresses were the Clinirest (SSI) and FirstStep (KCI) continuous airflow mattress overlays, and Airwave (Pegasus) and Nimbus (Huntleigh) alternating pressure air mattresses. On the mattress overlays, average supine interface pressures were 2.33 kPa (scapula), 4.15 kPa (elbow), 1.94 kPa (sacrum) and 2.79 kPa (buttock), although they were higher at the occiput (7.97 kPa) and heel (11.7 kPa). The alternating pressure air mattresses had an average minimum interface pressure close to zero for three sites, rising to 4.28 kPa under the heel. Average maximum interface pressures were 8.61 kPa (occiput), 5.21 kPa (scapula), 4.90 (elbow), 4.85 kPa (sacrum), 4.61 kPa (buttock) and 13.2 kPa (heel). No accepted scientific method exists for comparing the two types of mattress. Our data suggest a clinical benefit at the occiput and heel (supine) in using an alternating pressure air mattress and a benefit in using a continuous airflow mattress overlay at other sites.
Photothrombotic Ischemia: A Minimally Invasive and Reproducible Photochemical Cortical Lesion Model for Mouse Stroke Studies (2013)

The photothrombotic stroke model aims to induce an ischemic damage within a given cortical area by means of photo-activation of a previously injected light-sensitive dye. Following illumination, the dye is activated and produces singlet oxygen that damages components of endothelial cell membranes, with subsequent platelet aggregation and thrombi formation, which eventually determines the interruption of local blood flow. This approach, initially proposed by Rosenblum and El-Sabban in 1977, was later improved by Watson in 1985 in rat brain and set the basis of the current model. Also, the increased availability of transgenic mouse lines further contributed to raise the interest on the photothrombosis model. Briefly, a photosensitive dye (Rose Bengal) is injected intraperitoneally and enters the blood stream. When illuminated by a cold light source, the dye becomes activated and induces endothelial damage with platelet activation and thrombosis, resulting in local blood flow interruption. The light source can be applied on the intact skull with no need of craniotomy, which allows targeting of any cortical area of interest in a reproducible and non-invasive way. The mouse is then sutured and allowed to wake up. The evaluation of ischemic damage can be quickly accomplished by triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride or cresyl violet staining. This technique produces infarction of small size and well-delimited boundaries, which is highly advantageous for precise cell characterization or functional studies. Furthermore, it is particularly suitable for studying cellular and molecular responses underlying brain plasticity in transgenic mice.
Rene' 142: A High Strength, Oxidation Resistant DS Turbine Airfoil Alloy (1992)

Rene'142 is a high strength, nickel base Directionally Solidified (DS) Turbine alloy, which is now operational in commercial and military jet engines. Rene'l42 is directionally solidified with columnar grain boundaries; this process is less expensive than the directionally solidified single crystal (no grain boundaries) process, due to easier mold making, faster casting, less expensive inspection and higher yields. Rene'142 has rupture strength equivalent to single crystal Rene'N4, PWA 1480, and CMSX-3.
Comparison between a vertical equilibrium model and a three-dimensional multiphase flow model for CO2 sequestration in geologic formations (2014)

Comparison between a vertical equilibrium model and a three-dimensional multiphase flow model for CO2 sequestration ingeologic formations
<i>Helicobacter pylori rocF</i> Is Required for Arginase Activity and Acid Protection In Vitro but Is Not Essential for Colonization of Mice or for Urease Activity (1999)

Arginase of the Helicobacter pylori urea cycle hydrolyzes L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. H. pylori urease hydrolyzes urea to carbon dioxide and ammonium, which neutralizes acid. Both enzymes are involved in H. pylori nitrogen metabolism. The roles of arginase in the physiology of H. pylori were investigated in vitro and in vivo, since arginase in H. pylori is metabolically upstream of urease and urease is known to be required for colonization of animal models by the bacterium. The H. pylori gene hp1399, which is orthologous to the Bacillus subtilis rocF gene encoding arginase, was cloned, and isogenic allelic exchange mutants of three H. pylori strains were made by using two different constructs: 236-2 and rocF::aphA3. In contrast to wild-type (WT) strains, all rocF mutants were devoid of arginase activity and had diminished serine dehydratase activity, an enzyme activity which generates ammonium. Compared with WT strain 26695 of H. pylori, the rocF::aphA3 mutant was approximately 1, 000-fold more sensitive to acid exposure. The acid sensitivity of the rocF::aphA3 mutant was not reversed by the addition of L-arginine, in contrast to the WT, and yielded a approximately 10, 000-fold difference in viability. Urease activity was similar in both strains and both survived acid exposure equally well when exogenous urea was added, indicating that rocF is not required for urease activity in vitro. Finally, H. pylori mouse-adapted strain SS1 and the 236-2 rocF isogenic mutant colonized mice equally well: 8 of 9 versus 9 of 11 mice, respectively. However, the rocF::aphA3 mutant of strain SS1 had moderately reduced colonization (4 of 10 mice). The geometric mean levels of H. pylori recovered from these mice (in log(10) CFU) were 6.1, 5.5, and 4.1, respectively. Thus, H. pylori rocF is required for arginase activity and is crucial for acid protection in vitro but is not essential for in vivo colonization of mice or for urease activity.
Design Criteria and Selection of Downhole Tools for Conducting Interference Tests in Horizontal Wells (1994)

ABSTRACT Since horizontal drilling practices have become well established, operatorsare focusing on improving completion techniques as well as formation evaluationmethods. Interference pressure testing is on method of formation evaluationthat is a major step in understanding the fluid flow behavior of horizontalwells. The measurement of transient pressure data during interference testingof horizontal wells presents specific design considerations that do not arisein the vertical wells. Multiple interference tests provide valuable informationabout reservoir characteristics such as areal average transmissibility storage, and degree of communication between wells. The key to achieving a successfulinterference test is to take care of the horizontal wellbore from thebeginning. This includes the design and selection of downhole tools as well asthe development of planning and operational stages on a well-by-well basis.This is because no two horizontal wells are alike. This paper presents designcriteria and selection of downhole tools and planning and operational steps forconducting interference tests along the horizontal portion of the well. Thepaper also discusses some of the factors that must be considered beforeembarking on the job. Factors that must be considered include well geometry(lateral length), flow regimes, test durations, type of completion, andwellbore hardware. An example of a simulated interference test designcalculations in a horizontal well is given. The judicious design andutilization of downhole equipment will result in a successful and meaningfulinterference pressure data. INTRODUCTION As horizontal well technology continues to gain ground, the next major areaof concern becomes that of obtaining meaningful transient pressure test data.One type of data is interference pressure tests. The term "Interference test"is used to describe the test whereby a detectable pressure drop is measured ata point (in the same or adjacent well) because of production or injection atanother point. That is the test involves more than one point or well in thesimilar reservoir. Generally an active well is produced while the bottom holepressure at a shut-in observation well is measured for several hours or daysdepending onto the anticipated reservoir properties and well spacing. Themeasured pressure history is then analyzed to estimate the inner well formationpermeability and porosity. In the case of horizontal well the interference testwill involve the production of one section of the horizontal part of the wellwhile the bottom-hole shut-in pressure is measured on another part of the holethat is not contributing to flow.
Stereo from uncalibrated cameras (2003)

The problem of computing placement of points in 3-D space, given two uncalibrated perspective views, is considered. The main theorem shows that the placement of the points is determined only up to an arbitrary projective transformation of 3-space. Given additional ground control points, however, the location of the points and the camera parameters may be determined. The method is linear and noniterative, whereas previously known methods for solving the camera calibration and placement problem to take proper account of both ground-control points and image correspondences are unsatisfactory in requiring either iterative methods or model restrictions. As a result of the main theorem, it is possible to determine projective invariants of 3-D geometric configurations from two perspective views.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polarographische Bestimmung von <i>m</i>‐Dinitrio‐, <i>s</i>‐Trinitrobenzol und Tetranitromethan (1949)

Abstract Bei der vorliegenden Untersuchung handelte es sich darum, eine einfache Methode aufzufinden, um das bei der Nitrierung von m‐Dinitrobenzol (m‐DNB) entstehende s‐Trinitrobenzol (s‐TNB), sowie das dabei als Nebenprodukt anfallende Tetranitromethan (TNM) quantitativ nebeneinander zu bestimmen.
Invaginated vein graft as nerve conduit: An experimental study (1994)

Vein grafts have been used for nerve repair in experimental and clinical studies. However, some concerns about their collapsability and the presence of valves which could block axonal growth have been put forth. We propose a modification to eliminate these potential problems by turning the vein inside out, obtaining an "invaginated" vein graft. We performed an experimental study on 61 adult Wistar rats, divided into 3 groups: control (non-operated) (n = 11); immediate repair, with 3 subgroups: invaginated vein graft (n = 10), vein graft (n = 10), and nerve graft (n = 10); and delayed repair, with 2 subgroups: invaginated vein graft (n = 10) and nerve graft (n = 10). Delayed repair was performed 3 to 4 weeks following division of the nerve. Electromyographical (EMG) assessment was performed in all operated animals at 2, 4, and 6 months after immediate reconstruction, and at 1 and 4 months after delayed repair. At the end of the study, all nerves were excised and a morphometric analysis was performed. We conclude that vein grafts are as useful as nerve grafts in immediate and delayed nerve repair, as there were no significant functional or histologic differences. We found no significant differences between invaginated vein grafts and non-invaginated vein grafts. However, electrophysiological results were slightly superior in the former. Regenerated axons were small, grouped in minifascicles with thin myelin sheaths. The venous adventitia did not interfere with axonal growth.
PuVAE: A Variational Autoencoder to Purify Adversarial Examples (2019)

Deep neural networks are widely used and exhibit excellent performance in many areas. However, they are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that compromise networks at inference time by applying elaborately designed perturbations to input data. Although several defense methods have been proposed to address specific attacks, other types of attacks can circumvent these defense mechanisms. Therefore, we propose Purifying Variational AutoEncoder (PuVAE), a method to purify adversarial examples. The proposed method eliminates an adversarial perturbation by projecting an adversarial example on the manifold of each class and determining the closest projection as a purified sample. We experimentally illustrate the robustness of PuVAE against various attack methods without any prior knowledge about the attacks. In our experiments, the proposed method exhibits performances that are competitive with state-of-the-art defense methods, and the inference time is approximately 130 times faster than that of Defense-GAN which is a state-of-the art purifier method.
Transposition of <i>Ac</i> From the <i>P</i> Locus of Maize Into Unreplicated Chromosomal Sites (1987)

We have analyzed donor and target sites of the mobile element Activator (Ac) that are altered as a result of somatic transposition from the P locus in maize. Previous genetic analysis has indicated that the two mitotic daughter lineages which result from Ac transposition from P differ in their Ac constitution at the P locus. Both lineages, however, usually contain transposed Ac elements which map to the same genetic position. Using methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes and genomic blot analysis, we identified Ac elements at both the donor P locus and Ac target sites and used this assay to clone the P locus and to identify transposed Ac elements. Daughter lineages were shown to be mitotic descendants from a single transposition event. When both lineages contained Ac genetic activity, they both contained a transposed Ac element on identical genomic fragments independent of the genetic position of the target site. This indicates that in the majority of cases, Ac transposition takes place after replication of the donor locus but before completion of replication at the target site.