gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serotypes of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> from outbreaks of food poisoning and from routine foods (1977)

A provisional serotyping scheme was used to type cultures of Bacillus cereus from 84 outbreaks of food poisoning in seven countries; 283 of the 337 (84%) cultures tested were typable. In 35 of the 61 outbreaks associated with a vomiting-type syndrome, foods, clinical specimens or both yielded H-serotype 1 only. Type 1 strains together with other sterotypes were isolated in seven outbreaks. In 14 outbreaks types 3, 4, 5, 8 or a mixture of serotypes were present. Untypable strains were isolated in five outbreaks. Two of the nine diarrhoeal-type outbreaks yielded serotype 1 only. Types 2, 6, 8, 9, 10 and a mixture of type 12 and an untypable strain appeared to be responsible for one outbreak each. Although 16 of the 18 recognized serotypes were present among cultures of B. cereus from various routine foods, only 156 of the 400 (39%) isolates tested were typable.
SmartBall™: A New Approach in Pipeline Leak Detection (2008)

Early detection of leaks in hazardous materials pipelines is essential to reduce product loss and damage to the environment. Small undetected leaks can result in very high clean-up costs and have the potential to grow to more serious failures. There are a variety of methods that can detect leaks in pipelines, ranging from manual inspection to advanced satellite based imaging. Typically, most operators opt for a combination of CPM where available, and direct observation methodologies including aerial patrols, ground patrols and public awareness programs that are designed to encourage and facilitate the reporting of suspected leaks. Permanent monitoring sensors based on acoustic or other technologies are also available. These methods can be costly, and none can reliably detect small leaks regardless of their location in the line. SmartBall is a radical new approach that combines the sensitivity of acoustic leak detection with the 100% coverage capability of in-line inspection. The free-swimming device is spherical and smaller than the pipe bore allowing it to roll silently through the line and achieve the highest responsiveness to small leaks. It can be launched and retrieved using conventional pig traps, but its size and shape allow it to negotiate obstacles that could otherwise render a pipeline unpiggable. The SmartBall technology was originally developed and successfully implemented for the water industry, and now refined for oil and gas pipelines over 4-inches in diameter. SmartBall has been proven capable of detecting leaks in liquid lines of less than 0.1 gallons per minute where conventional CPM methods can detect leaks no smaller than 1% of throughput. Development work is continuing to reduce the detection threshold still further. Whereas traditional acoustic monitoring techniques have focused on longitudinal deployment and spacing of acoustic sensors, the SmartBall uses only a single acoustic sensor that is deployed inside the pipeline. Propelled by the flow of product in the pipeline, the device will record all noise events as it traverses the length of the pipeline. This allows the acoustic sensor to pass in very close proximity to any leak whereby the sensor can detect very small leaks, whose noise signature can be clearly distinguished from any background noise.
The Complete Analysis of Wood Polysaccharides Using HPLC (1991)

Abstract The paper describes an analytical method whereby the chemical composition of the polysaccharide fraction of woody materials, including the uronic acids and carbohydrate acid degradation products, can be completely determined. Sealed vessels, termed bombs, are used during the high temperature acid hydrolysis of the materials to retain volatile constituents that would otherwise be lost. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is used for all of the analyses. The sample preparation procedures are simple and easily adopted into a routine. To demonstrate the reproducibility of the method, triplicate samples of Quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) and White fir ( Abies concolor ) were analyzed. No significant peaks in the chromatograms were left unidentified.
Diagonally Subgraphs Pattern Mining (2004)

In this paper we present an efficient algorithm, called DSPM, for mining all frequent subgraphs in large set of graphs. The algorithm explores the search space in a DFS fashion, while generating candidates in advance to each mining phase just like the Apriori algorithm does. It combines the candidate generation and anti monotone pruning into one efficient operation thanks to the unique mode of exploration. DSPM efficiently enumerates all frequent patterns by using diagonal search, which is a general scheme for designing effective algorithms for hard enumeration problems. Our experiments show that DSPM has better performance, from several aspects, than the current state of the art - gSpan algorithm.
Buspirone, an Anxiolytic Drug That Stimulates Respiration (1989)

The recently released drug buspirone is an anxiolytic agent that appears not to have the sedating effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines, both known to have respiratory depressant effects. Because of its increasing clinical use, we desired to study the effects of buspirone on respiratory control. We therefore determined central neural respiratory responses, measured from phrenic nerve activity, after intravenous administration in paralyzed, vagotomized, and glomectomized cats whose end-tidal PCO2 and body temperature were kept constant. The responses were compared to the effects of the sedating tranquilizer diazepam. Buspirone had a dose-dependent stimulatory effect on respiratory output primarily through an increase of tidal activity but with an increase of frequency in some animals. Associated with this was a shift of the apneic threshold to a lower level of PCO2 without a change of slope or shape of the CO2 response curve. In contrast, diazepam led to a depression of respiration and a shift of the apneic threshold to a higher PCO2. The findings indicate that buspirone does not have the typical neural respiratory depressant actions of diazepam but instead stimulates respiration. Although the findings will need to be shown to apply to human beings, they suggest that buspirone may be a useful drug to treat anxiety in patients without causing undesirable respiratory depression.
Fibrinogen and fibronectin binding cooperate for valve infection and invasion in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> experimental endocarditis (2005)

The expression of Staphylococcus aureus adhesins in Lactococcus lactis identified clumping factor A (ClfA) and fibronectin-binding protein A (FnBPA) as critical for valve colonization in rats with experimental endocarditis. This study further analyzed their role in disease evolution. Infected animals were followed for 3 d. ClfA-positive lactococci successfully colonized damaged valves, but were spontaneously eradicated over 48 h. In contrast, FnBPA-positive lactococci progressively increased bacterial titers in vegetations and spleens. At imaging, ClfA-positive lactococci were restricted to the vegetations, whereas FnBPA-positive lactococci also invaded the adjacent endothelium. This reflected the capacity of FnBPA to trigger cell internalization in vitro. Because FnBPA carries both fibrinogen- and fibronectin-binding domains, we tested the role of these functionalities by deleting the fibrinogen-binding domain of FnBPA and supplementing it with the fibrinogen-binding domain of ClfA in cis or in trans. Deletion of the fibrinogen-binding domain of FnBPA did not alter fibronectin binding and cell internalization in vitro. However, it totally abrogated valve infectivity in vivo. This ability was restored in cis by inserting the fibrinogen-binding domain of ClfA into truncated FnBPA, and in trans by coexpressing full-length ClfA and truncated FnBPA on two separate plasmids. Thus, fibrinogen and fibronectin binding could cooperate for S. aureus valve colonization and endothelial invasion in vivo.
Disruption of cyclooxygenase-1 gene results in an impaired response to radiation injury (2000)

Prostaglandins may play an important role in regulating normal renewal of gastrointestinal epithelium, epithelial injury repair, and initiation or progression of intestinal neoplasia. Synthesis of prostaglandins is catalyzed by either of two cyclooxygenase isoforms, Cox-1 and Cox-2. Cox-1 is the predominant cyclooxygenase isoform found in the normal intestine. In contrast, Cox-2 is present at low levels in normal intestine but is elevated at sites of inflammation and in adenomas and carcinomas. To determine directly whether prostaglandins synthesized by Cox-1 or Cox-2 regulate crypt epithelial cell fate after genotoxic or cytotoxic injury, we examined apoptosis, prostaglandin synthesis, and crypt stem cell survival after gamma-irradiation in Cox-1(-/-) and Cox-2(-/-) mice. Cox-1(-/-) mice had increased crypt epithelial cell apoptosis and decreased clonogenic stem cell survival compared with wild-type littermates. PGE(2) synthesis was also diminished in Cox-1(-/-) mice compared with wild-type controls in unstressed intestine and after radiation injury. In contrast, apoptosis, stem cell survival, and intestinal PGE(2) synthesis in Cox-2(-/-) mice after irradiation were the same as in wild-type littermates. Crypt stem cell survival after irradiation was inhibited by a highly specific neutralizing antibody to PGE(2), suggesting that this prostaglandin mediates stem cell fate in vivo. These data suggest that prostaglandins synthesized by Cox-1 regulate multiple steps that determine the fate of crypt epithelial cell after genotoxic or cytotoxic injury.
The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling in neurodevelopment and fragile X syndrome. (2012)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), one of the most common genetic causes of autism, results from a loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. At the molecular level, abnormal neurodevelopment is thought to result from dysregulated protein synthesis of key neural synaptic proteins, however recent evidence suggests broader roles for this protein including glutamate signaling, memory, and regulation of the critical serine/threonine regulatory kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). In this review, genetic and molecular features of FXS are detailed in the context of FXS neuropathology. Additionally, potential mechanisms by which FMRP silencing impacts GSK-3 and GSK-3-associated signaling pathways are discussed. As GSK-3 signaling represents a central regulatory node for critical neurodevelopmental pathways, understanding how FXS results from FMRP-mediated GSK-3 dysregulation may provide novel therapeutic targets for disease-modifying interventions for FXS and related ASDs.
A MODEL-BASED APPROACH TO HAIR REGION SEGMENTATION (2003)

Hair regions represent an important external feature in many tasks involving the processing of human faces. Currently, the task of locating the hair region in a facial image requires manual intervention. In this paper we examine the different aspects of the hair region segmentation problem and develop an automatic system for such a problem. The system incorporates the human knowledge on where the hair is usually located in a facial image. Segmentation is performed via the classification of image pixels and is based on both textural and geometrical features. Experiments have shown that the segmentation results are generally satisfactory and are at least comparable to the performance of manual extraction.
Monitoring the key technology trends by combining chance discovery and survival analysis: Study on solar cell patent documents (2010)

Patents provide objective and rich information on technology, so it becomes a valuable source to monitor. The fact that the technological information in patents is almost stored in text format makes the monitoring task a hard work. The purpose of this study is to introduce a new approach which combines chance discovery, one of a text mining techniques, and survival analysis to explore the emergence of technology terms and to identify their potential. This study applies the chance discovery to extract technological terms which are important but occur infrequently. Moreover, this study conducts longitudinal analysis by employing survival analysis on the occurrence time for the extracted technological terms. The hazard rate is used as an indicator to identify the potential of the terms. This study collected solar cell patent documents from both of issued and applied databases to perform the proposed approach. The patents of 2001 to January 2005 serves as experimental sample to calculate the hazard rates of extracted technological terms and those from July 2005 to 2008 are for validity testing. The results reveal that there is a high correlation between the hazard rate and the patent numbers for extracted technological terms.
Alkylated 2,6-Bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,6-dihydrobenzo[1,2-<i>b</i>:4,5-<i>b</i>′]dithiophenes: New Soluble n-Channel Organic Semiconductors for Air-stable OFETs (2009)

Abstract New solution-prosessable n-channel organic semiconductors were developed based on a 2,6-bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,6-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene core. The OFETs showed n-channel transistor characteristics under ambient conditions with electron field-effect mobility up to 6.3×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1.
High Contrast Polarizers For The Near Infrared. (1990)

Corning has extended the performance of its PolarcorTm near infrared glass polarizers to contrast ratios k1 /k2 of over 10,000. These polarizers offer broader bandwidth, higher transmittance, higher temperature resistance, better durability, and improved contrast (extinction) when compared to plastic and wire grid polarizers. Acceptance angle, cost, and compactness are significantly better than crystal polarizers. Applications include optical isolators, Faraday rotators, magneto-optic devices, fiber optic sensors, Kerr effect devices and optical data storage devices. Polarcor contains elongated, submicron silver metal particles aligned along a common axis. These particles preferentially absorb the polarization component of light which is aligned with the elongation axis of the particles. The mechanism is believed to be resonant absorption by the silver conduction electrons. Careful process control allows the polarizer performance to be optimized at various laser lines, although a wide bandwidth provides polarization over a range of wavelengths. The polarization results from a very thin layer on the surface of the polarizer, thus allowing high contrast from a very thin package. Recent advances in processing have resulted in increases in the contrast ratio from 500 to over 10,000 while maintaining k1 values of 87-91%, depending on wavelength. The corresponding values of Ho and Hgo are 38-41% and 7.6-8.5x10<sup>-5</sup>, respectively. Performance may be improved by application of high efficiency anti-reflective coatings. This paper reports on a characterization study of the performance of newly developed Polarcor high contrast polarizers optimized for applications from 725-1550 nm.
The Mode of Action of Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub>, F<sub>2α</sub>and Prostacyclin on Vesicourethral Smooth Muscle (1986)

Interactions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and prostacyclin (PGI2) with Ca2+ on the isometric contraction of rabbit detrusor muscle strips were studied using two types of Ca2+ antagonists of different mechanisms of action: verapamil and sodium nitroprusside (NP). The effects of PGI2 on vesicourethral smooth muscle and their relationship with cholinergic, adrenergic receptors and nervous activity were also investigated. PGE2 and F2 alpha (3 X 10(-8) to 3 X 10(-5) M) caused dose-dependent contraction of the strips. Pretreatment of the strips with verapamil (10(-7) to 10(-5)M) significantly inhibited PGs-induced contraction in a dose-dependent manner, whereas NP(10(-7) to 10(-5)M) failed to suppress the contraction. Relaxation of the preparations once contracted by PGE2 and F2 alpha (3 X 10(-6)M) was induced completely by addition of verapamil (10(-5)M), and incompletely by NP(10(-5) to 10(-3)M). Washing of the strips with Ca2+-free solution containing 0.01 mM EGTA completely eliminated spontaneous activity and diminished basal tension, but replenishment of Ca2+ (0.5 to 10 mM) to the medium caused dose-related contraction and spontaneous activity of the strips. Addition of PGE2 and F2 alpha to the Ca2+-free medium enhanced Ca2+-induced contraction and spontaneous activity during Ca2+ replenishment, which were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with verapamil (10(-7) to 10(-5)M) in a dose-dependent manner, but not affected by NP (10(-7) to 10(-5)M). In Ca2+-free medium containing 0.1 mM EGTA, PGE2 and F2 alpha caused a slight degree of tension increase of the strips dose-dependently at the higher concentration exceeding 3 X 10(-6)M. PGI2 (10(-9) to 3 X 10(-4)M) caused dose-dependent contraction of the strips from the bladder body, base and the urethra. The contractile action of PGI2 was greatest on the bladder body, less on the base and minimal on the urethra. The effect of PGI2 was less potent than those of PGE2 and F2 alpha. The PGI2-induced contraction was slow in onset, short lasting, and not affected by pretreatment with phentolamine, propranolol, atropine, hexamethonium, hemicholinium-3 and tetrodotoxin. The interactions of PGI2 with Ca2+ were similar to those of PGE2 and F2 alpha.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Improvement in Adhesion Behavior of Aluminum Due to Surfaces Treatment with Arc Discharge (2014)

Adhesive bonding of aluminum requires activating of part surfaces to improve the adhesion process. In the present study, The influence of arc discharge on the adhesion of epoxy, polyurethane and acrylic adhesives to aluminum is investigated whereby the influence of arc discharge parameters (amperage, frequency, work distance and treatment speed) on the improvement of adhesive strength are examined. Changes in surface topography and chemical composition of the surfaces are also identified, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Disperse X-ray analysis (EDX).The results indicated that, two-components epoxy and polyurethane adhesives enable high adhesive strength, in comparison to thermosetting of single component epoxy. Similar behavior was determined for cold setting of two-component acrylic adhesive. Cohesive rupture was found in the two component epoxy and acrylic adhesives to be predominant. The rupture occurred in the layer nearby the aluminum surface whereby the rupture took place cohesively in the center of the adhesive layer in the polyurethane adhesive joint. The adhesion improvement achieved can be attributed to increasing roughness, complete removal of organic layers and reduction of inorganic magnesium oxide layers
Introduction to Radar Signal and Data Processing: The Opportunity (2006)

This paper introduces to the lecture series dedicated to the knowledge-based radar signal and data processing. Knowledge-based expert system (KBS) is in the realm of artificial intelligence. KBS consists of a knowledge base containing information specific to a problem domain and an inference engine that employs reasoning to yield decisions. KBS have been built: some are very complex with thousands rules while others, relatively simple, are designed to tackle very specialised tasks. This lecture series shows that KBS can be successfully applied to radar systems. This paper introduces the Reader to the world of radar and, specifically, to the topics tackled in the subsequent lectures of the series. The paper starts with an introduction (Section 2) to radar (radar evolution from the early days up today, taxonomy of radar and radar equation). Subsequently, Section 3 considers the schematic of a modern radar system. The phased-array radar is the theme of Section 4. Signal processing, one of the main building blocks of modern radar, is introduced in Section 5. The section also introduces to the various forms of adaptivity in time, space and space-time domains for natural and intentional interference mitigation. Data processing, mainly target tracking, (Section 6) is the other relevant building block of radar. An extensive list of references (Section 9) is helpful to the Reader for a deeper insight to the many interesting topics of radar.
Photocrosslinking of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) networks formed by thiol-ene reactions and their influence on cell survival (2015)

Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer has been conventionally used as synthetic rubber. However, the potential of SBS for biomedical applications has only been considered in limited earlier reports. Here, we demonstrate an effective approach to designing a photocrosslinked SBS network. Rheological analysis has been conducted for the investigation of the storage modulus of the resultant network. Crosslinked SBS networks were synthesized and characterized through optical and electron microscope imaging. The crosslink density of the network, calculated from swelling experiments, was 643 mol m(-3), where higher swelling in a hydrophobic medium was observed compared to the swelling measured in water. Cell survival analysis with HeLa cells and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts revealed that these networks are non-toxic, and that they could be considered for a variety of biomedical applications.
UAV-based Multi-cell HAPS Communication: System Design and Performance Evaluation (2020)

Technology advances have enabled unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to stay afloat in the stratosphere for several months as base station platforms with the communication payload powered by solar energy. These UAV-based High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) can provide i) connectivity for remote areas not served by terrestrial networks, ii) global coverage for IoT devices, and iii) services for public safety and transportation industries. At a typical altitude of 20 Km, an HAPS can cover a large service area with a higher throughput and a lower latency compared to satellite links.In this paper, we present a reference design of a New Radio (NR) HAPS communication system comprised of both service and feeder links that can serve multiple cells within a large coverage area. The use of an adaptive antenna array with beam steering enables the system to continuously serve users from the same cell while the aircraft conducts a repetitive flight pattern above the fixed service area. Achievable capacity and coverage of the service link design at a sub-6 GHz carrier frequency are first estimated in a link budget analysis and then evaluated through Monte Carlo simulations. We observe that good spectral efficiency and coverage can be expected for outdoor line-of-sight users in the downlink, while the uplink performance is limited by the transmit power and antenna gain of the user terminal. We also demonstrate that 5G NR in the mmWave band can be used for the feeder link and can satisfy the throughput and availability requirement.