gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Backward emission angle of microscopic second-harmonic generation from crystallized type I collagen fiber (2011)

A theoretical model that deals with SHG from crystallized type I collagen fiber formed by a bundle of fibrils is established. By introducing a density distribution function of dipoles within fibrils assembly into the dipole theory and combining with structural order (m,l) parameters revealed by quasi-phase-matching (QPM) theory, our established theoretical model comprehensively characterizes both biophysical features of collagen dipoles and the crystalline characteristics of collagen fiber. This new model quantitatively reveals the 3-D distribution of second-harmonic generation (SHG) emission angle (θ,ϕ) in accordance with the emission power. Results show that fibrils diameter d(1) and structural order m, which describes the structural characteristics of collagen fiber along the incident light propagation direction has significant influence on backward∕forward SHG emission. The decrease of fibrils diameter d(1) induces an increase of the peak SHG emission angle θ(max). As d(1) decreases to a threshold value, in our case it is around d(1) = 150 nm when (m,l) = (1,0), θ(max) > 90 deg, indicating that backward SHG emission appears. The SHG may have two symmetrical emission distribution lobes or may have only one or two unsymmetrical emission lobes with unequal emission power, depending on the functional area of (m,l) on d(1).
Increased pigment and lipid content, lipid variety, and cell and population size of the microalgae <i>Chlorella </i>spp. when co-immobilized in alginate beads with the microalgae-growth-promoting bacterium <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> (2002)

Three strains of the freshwater microalgae used for wastewater treatment, Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella sorokiniana co-immobilized separately in alginate beads with the microalgae-growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd, resulted in significant changes in microalgal-population size, cell size, cell cytology, pigment, lipid content, and the variety of fatty acids produced in comparison with microalgae immobilized in alginate without the bacterium. Cells of C. vulgaris UTEX 2714 did not change in size, but the population size within the beads significantly increased. On the other hand, C. vulgaris UTEX 395 cells grew 62% larger, but their numbers did not increase. The population of C. sorokiniana UTEX 1602 increased, but not their cell size. The content of pigments chlorophyll a and b, lutein, and violoaxanthin increased in all microalgal species. The lipid content also significantly increased in all three strains, and the number of different fatty acids in the microalgae increased from four to eight. This study indicates that the microalgae-growth-promoting bacterium induced significant changes in the metabolism of the microalgae.
Relationship between leg muscle capillary density and peak hyperemic blood flow with endurance capacity in peripheral artery disease (2011)

The aim of this study was to determine if skeletal muscle capillary density is lower in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and if capillary density relates to functional limitations. PAD patients with intermittent claudication (IC) have a decreased exercise tolerance due to exercise-induced muscle ischemia. Despite the apparent role diminished arterial flow has in this population, the degree of walking pain and functional limitation is not entirely explained by altered hemodynamics of the affected limbs. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle capillary density is lower in PAD and is related to the functional impairment observed in this population. Sixty-four patients with PAD and 56 controls underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and a gastrocnemius muscle biopsy. A subset of these patients (48 PAD and 47 controls) underwent peak hyperemic flow testing via plethysmography. Capillary density in PAD patients was lower compared with controls (P < 0.001). After adjustment for several baseline demographic imbalances the model relating capillary density to peak oxygen consumption (Vo(2)) remained significant (P < 0.001). In PAD subjects, capillary density correlated with peak Vo(2), peak walking time (PWT), and claudication onset time (COT). Peak hyperemic blood flow related to peak Vo(2) in both PAD and control subjects. PAD is associated with lower capillary density, and capillary density is related to the functional impairment as defined by a reduced peak Vo(2), PWT, and COT. These findings suggest that alterations in microcirculation may contribute to functional impairment capacity in PAD.
<i>HDAC6</i> mutations rescue human tau-induced microtubule defects in <i>Drosophila</i> (2013)

Neurons from the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathy patients contain neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Tau normally stabilizes microtubules (MTs); however, tau hyperphosphorylation leads to loss of this function with consequent MT destabilization and neuronal dysfunction. Accordingly, MT-stabilizing drugs such as paclitaxel and epothilone D have been shown as possible therapies for AD and related tauopathies. However, MT-stabilizing drugs have common side effects such as neuropathy and neutropenia. To find previously undescribed suppressors of tau-induced MT defects, we established a Drosophila model ectopically expressing human tau in muscle cells, which allow for clear visualization of the MT network. Overexpressed tau was hyperphosphorylated and resulted in decreased MT density and greater fragmentation, consistent with previous reports in AD patients and mouse models. From a genetic screen, we found that a histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) null mutation rescued tau-induced MT defects in both muscles and neurons. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the tubulin-specific deacetylase activity of HDAC6 indicates that the rescue effect may be mediated by increased MT acetylation. These findings reveal HDAC6 as a unique potential drug target for AD and related tauopathies.
Neuron-glia communication in the control of oligodendrocyte function and myelin biogenesis (2006)

During the development of the central nervous system the reciprocal communication between neurons and oligodendrocytes is essential for the generation of myelin, a multilamellar insulating membrane that ensheathes the axons. Neuron-derived signalling molecules regulate the proliferation, differentiation and survival of oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, neurons control the onset and timing of myelin membrane growth. In turn, signals from oligodendrocytes to neurons direct the assembly of specific subdomains in neurons at the node of Ranvier. Recent work has begun to shed light on the molecules and signaling systems used to coordinate the interaction of neurons and oligodendrocytes. For example, the neuronal signals seem to control the membrane trafficking machinery in oligodendrocytes that leads to myelination. These interconnections at multiple levels show how neurons and glia cooperate to build a complex network during development.
High efficiency solid-state photovoltaic device due to inhibition of interface charge recombination (2001)

The performance of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells based on spiro-MeOTAD was considerably improved by controlling charge recombination across the interface of the heterojunction. This was achieved by blending the hole conductor matrix with a combination of 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP) and Li[CF3SO2]2N. Open circuit voltages Uoc over 900 mV and short circuit currents Isc up to 5.1 mA were obtained, yielding an overall efficiency of 2.56% at AM1.5 illumination. These values have been fully confirmed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratories for a device with an active area of 1.07 cm2, signifying a dramatic improvement compared to previously reported values for a similar device.
The safety and efficacy of immunizing foxes (Vulpes vulpes) using bait containing attenuated rabies virus vaccine. (1980)

Foxes given ERA rabies vaccine baits were challenged at one, six, 12 and 24 months later and showed a resistance to challenge in 80%, 78%, 60% and 44% of individuals respectively. All animals showing seroconversion following vaccination, resisted challenge at 24 months, suggesting that successful vaccination by the oral route could confer a relatively long term duration of immunity. The trials showed that fox pups did not immunize as easily as adult foxes using ERA rabies vaccine baits. Back-passage studies and the consumption of ERA injected mice by foxes failed to show any reversion of the vaccine virus to a virulent state. The fox and mouse are shown to be highly susceptible to rabies street virus, while the domestic species tested are consisderably more resistant. Monkeys were found to be intermediate in susceptibility to the virus. Safety tests carried out on various species of wildlife showed only the mouse to be susceptible to infection from ingesting the vaccine in the form of a bait. ERA rabies vaccine was shown to be safe in monkeys even when high titred virus was administered by the oral route.
Improved nutritional value of fish feed with plant protein ingredients by means of organic acid salts and solid state fermentation (2011)

The objective of this work was to improve the nutritional value of plant protein sources to be used in fish feed by means of organic acid salts and solid state fermentation (SSF). Four studies were conducted to determine the effects of a blend of organic acid salts (OAB) in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), SSF rapeseed meal in different types of diets for Nile tilapia, and thermal-hydro (steam) treatment on nutritional value of fermented rapeseed meal in diets for Nile tilapia.\nThe first study was designed to evaluate the effects of adding an OAB (a mixture of sodium formate and butyrate) to a fish meal-based diet and a diet where 36% of the fish meal protein had been replaced by plant proteins (a mixture of soybean meal and pea protein concentrate). The diets were fed to rainbow trout reared in freshwater. Adding OAB to the plant protein-based diet before extrusion significantly reduced the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat, and most amino acids. Supplementation of OAB after extrusion reduced the digestibility of crude fat both in the fishmeal and plant protein-based diets. Inclusion of OAB in both fishmeal and plant protein-based diets before extrusion significantly increased feed conversion ratio (FCR), and middle intestine to body weight ratio. Partly replacing fishmeal with plant proteins reduced the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat, phosphorous and several amino acids, and increased FCR.\nThe second study was carried out to determine the potential of laboratory-scale aerobic SSF with Aspergillus niger to increase the nutritional quality of rapeseed meal, and to evaluate the potential for use of untreated (RSM) and fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in diets for Nile tilapia. In Exp. 1, three moist diets were produced: a diet based on fish meal and soybean meal (SBM), and two diets in which SBM was fully replaced by RSM or FRSM. In Exp. 2, three extruded diets were produced with the same formulation as used in Exp. 1. Phytic acid and glucosinolates in RSM were reduced, the content of crude protein increased and total amino acids was decreased by SSF. In Exp.1, the growth rate of fish fed the SBM diet was significantly lower than that of tilapias fed the RSM and FRSM diets. FCR of fish fed RSM diet was significantly poorer than that of fish fed the SBM and FRSM diets. Fish fed the RSM diet had significantly higher whole body protein than fish fed the SBM diet. In Exp. 2, the growth rate showed no significant difference among the dietary treatments, while FCR differed among all 3 treatments (SBM
The Effect of Increasing Levels of Fish Oil‐Containing Structured Triglycerides on Protein Metabolism in Parenterally Fed Rats Stressed by Burn Plus Endotoxin (1993)

This report investigates the effect of various levels of medium-chain/fish oil structured triglycerides on protein and energy metabolism in hypermetabolic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (192 to 226 g) were continuously infused with isovolemic diets that provided 200 kcal/kg per day and 2 g of amino acid nitrogen per kilogram per day. The percentage of nonnitrogen calories as structured triglyceride was varied: no fat, 5%, 15%, or 30%. A 30% long-chain triglyceride diet was also provided as a control to compare the protein-sparing abilities of these two types of fat. Nitrogen excretion, plasma albumin, plasma triglycerides, and whole-body and liver and muscle protein kinetics were determined after 3 days of feeding. Whole-body protein breakdown, flux, and oxidation were similar in all groups. The 15% structured triglyceride diet maximized whole-body protein synthesis (p < .05). Liver fractional synthetic rate was significantly greater in animals receiving 5% of nonprotein calories as structured triglyceride (p < .05). Muscle fractional synthetic rate was unchanged. Plasma triglycerides were markedly elevated in the 30% structured triglyceride-fed rats. The 30% structured triglyceride diet maintained plasma albumin levels better than those diets containing no fat, 5% medium-chain triglyceride/fish oil structured triglyceride, or 30% long-chain triglycerides. Nitrogen excretion was lower in animals receiving 30% of nonnitrogen calories as a structured triglyceride than in those receiving 30% as long-chain triglycerides, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = .1). These data suggest that protein metabolism is optimized when structured triglyceride is provided at relatively low dietary fat intakes.
Pitchfork bifurcation polarisation bistability invertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (1995)

Pitchfork bifurcation polarisation bistability has been observed experimentally in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser for the first time. All-optical flipflop operation has been successfully demonstrated by injecting the trigger light inputs having the two orthogonal polarisations.
Modular modeling using Petri nets (1996)

In this paper, we introduce a class of Petri nets with input and output transitions called extended controllable-output (ECO) nets. These nets are live and reversible. By appropriate control, it is possible to realize the output transitions in any given ratio while keeping the marking bounded. These properties are highly needed from a manufacturing point of view. Furthermore, we show that the integration of such Petri nets preserves these properties under some fairly weak conditions as the integrated model is also an ECO net.
Review of advances in management of pulmonary hypertension (2019)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by an increased pulmonary artery pressure with subsequent increase in morbidity and mortality. Epidemiologically, one of the common causes of PH among serving soldier is chronic thromboembolic PH. There have been recent reports of PH among divers. There has been a lot of advancement in the management of PH in recent times. We review the management of this condition with special emphasis on recent advances.
Nitrogen and fluorine ion implantation in In<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>N (1995)

Implantation of N+ ions in n-type InxGa1−xN (0.37≤x≤1.0) produces maximum increases in sheet resistance of 50–100 times upon annealing in the range of 400–600 °C. The dominant deep state introduced by implantation and annealing have ionization energies of ∼0.35–0.39 eV and therefore are relatively high in the band gap of the InGaN. There was no evidence for chemical deep levels associated with the implanted N+ or F+. The implant isolation behavior of n-type InGaN appears analogous to that of InP and InGaAs.
On the choice of production functions: the case of US manufacturing industries (1993)

A new CES (Bairam, 1989, 1991) production function that has the Cobb-Douglas and Leontief functions as special cases is considered and estimated. For the nondurable goods and durable-goods sectors in US manufacturing, the translog and CES functions cannot be estimated properly due to multicollinearity, whereas the Cobb-Douglas and new CES functions yield coefficients that have the correct sign and are significant at the 1% or 5% level. Both sectors exhibited increasing returns to scale, though the nondurable-goods sector is more efficient than the other sector. Although the Cobb-Douglas function cannot be rejected, the new CES functions has the maximized value of the log-likelihood function and the advantage that the variable output elasticity with respect to inputs can be tested.
Interleaving planning and execution in a multiagent team planning environment (2000)

Agents in a multiagent system may need to share information and services. For this, they need to be able to interleave deliberative planning with execution of actions. The deliberative planning is needed to decide which actions to perform to achieve an objective, whereas execution of some of the actions is needed to make a more informed decision on the other actions and to access services provided by other agents.HITaP is a planner that interleaves planning and execution: using HITaP an agent can, during planning, gather information by either direct inspection of the domain or by firing queries to other agents and recording their answers. Interleaving planning and execution, as provided by HITaP, plays a crucial role in an agent's ability to construct shared plans with other agents and to manage the negotiation process that leads to agreement with the agent's teammates on these plans. HITaP is implemented and currently used as planning module for agents in the RETSINA multiagent system. These agents cooperate to solve problems in different domains that range from portfolio management to command and control decision support systems
Educação e Diversidade Cultural Algumas reflexões sobre a LDB. (2016)

Uma das grandes questoes de nossa epoca diz respeito ao reconhecimento da diversidade das culturas existentes como o caminho necessario para a superacao das tensoes e conflitos. Tensoes e conflitos ancorados na percepcao das diferencas etnicas, raciais, de genero, nacionais, etc., rumo a construcao e consolidacao de uma sociedade democratica. Nessa perspectiva, o processo educacional, enquanto formacao humana - que inclui mecanismos de socializacao, como a educacao escolar -, tem sido considerado como um campo estrategico no qual tais propostas devem ou deveriam ser estimuladas e desenvolvidas. Porem, nao basta partir de uma ideia para assegurar que as consequencias sejam aquelas esperadas. Paradoxalmente, o reconhecimento da diversidade pode sustentar a intolerância e o acirramento de atitudes discricionarias, especialmente quando a diferenca passa a justificar um tratamento desigual. Discutir, em linhas gerais, esse paradoxo, a luz da nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educacao Nacional, e o objetivo deste texto.
Novel properties of a 0.1- mu m-long split-gate MODFET (1990)

A MODFET with two 30-nm-long gates (separated by 40 nm) has been fabricated using ultrahigh-resolution electron-beam lithography. The proximity of the two gate fingers along with the ability to independently bias them results in the following features: (a) tunability of the threshold voltage, (b) enhancement of the transconductance, especially at low current levels, (c) reduction in short-channel effects, and (d) high-voltage gain and cutoff frequency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multiple-View Self-Maintenance in Data Warehousing Environments (1997)

A data warehouse materializes views derived from data that may not reside at the warehouse. Maintaining these views efficiently in response to base updates is difficult, since it may involve querying external sources where the base data reside. This paper considers the problem of view self-maintenance, where the views are maintained without using all the base data. Without full use of the base data, however, maintaining a view unambiguously is not always possible. Thus, the two critical questions that must be addressed are to determine, in a given situation, whether a view is maintainable, and how to maintain it. We provide algorithms that answer these questions for a general class of views, and for an important subclass, generate SQL queries that test whether a view is self-maintainable and update the view if it is. We improve significantly on previous work by solving the view self-maintenance problem in the presence of multiple views, with optional access to a subset of the base data, and under arbitrary mixes of insertions and deletions. We provide better insight into the problem by showing that view self-maintainability can be reduced to the problem of deciding query containment.
The function and organization of postural adjustments during voluntary pulls made by standing humans (1992)

Summary form only given. Postural adjustments preceding voluntary arm movements generally are assumed to stabilize standing balance relative to the base of support, body joint configuration, or orientation of one or more segments to the inertial reference frame. While this assumption is reasonable and consistent with much biomechanical data, postural adjustments also can contribute directly to the primary voluntary act. This role of postural adjustments has been demonstrated analytically for abrupt pulls made in the horizontal direction of the sagittal plane by freely standing humans. Under the constraints of the experiment, the biomechanical system has two kinematic degrees of freedom, which can be represented by the vertical and anterior-posterior coordinates of the body's center of mass (CMV and CMAP). A model which treats the CMAP as a point mass at the end of an inverted pendulum that rotates about a fixed axis in a gravitational field is presented. The model has three parameters: stiffness of an elastic cord between the CMAP and the external world; the slack that has to be taken out before the cord exerts force on the CMAP; and the diameter of a weighted pulley centered at the axis of rotation, which generates torque that initiates pendulum motion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of Interlayers in Ceramic‐Metal Joints with Thermal Expansion Mismatches (1984)

The internal stress resulting from the thermal expansion mismatch between alumina and steel with and without an interlayer was evaluated. On the basis of the calculation, alumina and steel were bonded using the interlayer method and hot isostatic pressing at 1273 to 1573 K under 100 MPa for 30 min. When a laminated interlayer (niobiumlmolybdenum) was used, a joint with high bonding strength was obtained.
Synthesis and Chemiluminescence of 3-Biphenylyl-4,4-diisopropyl-3-methoxy-1,2-Dioxetanes (1995)

Five 3-biphenylyl-4,4-diisopropyl-3-methoxy-1,2-dioxetanes (5) with a terr-butyldimethylsiloxy group at the appropriate position on the aromatic ring were synthesized and their fluoride-induced chemiluminescence were examined.The bioluminescence and the chemiluminescence of coelenterazine and its analogues (1) have recently received much attention in connection with the bioluminescence mechanism of the jellyfish, Aequoria victoria.l Coelenterazines (1) are first dioxygenated and emit flash light through intermediary dioxetanones (2), which
Spontaneous Smith-Purcell radiation described through induced surface currents (1998)

An analytic solution for the radiated intensity distribution produced by an electron beam passing over a metallic diffraction grating (the Smith-Purcell effect) is derived. The approach is based upon an expression for the current traveling over the grating surface and the method can deal with arbitrary grating profiles. Although collective behavior in the electron beam is neglected, very high power density is predicted if high energy, short electron bunches are employed. The electron beam characteristics of various accelerators are used to illustrate the potential of high energy, accelerator based Smith-Purcell radiation sources.