gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Measurement of Toothbrush Wear (1989)

Toothbrushes wear out and progressively lose their ability to clean as the bristles abrade and become curled and matted. To study the factors that influence this process, we developed a quantitative measure of bristle splaying (wear index) and a method for judging and ranking the overall state of brush deterioration (wear rating) and used these to determine the effects of the individual user, brush design, time in use, and bristle material. Wear index is the average increase in brush-head dimensions normalized for maximum bristle length, and is dimensionless. Wear rating is a subjective means of classifying the increasing severity of deterioration on a scale of 0 to 3. The wear characteristics of a variety of commercial and experimental brushes with different design features were determined. Test variables were time in use, brush design (e.g., geometry and size of the brush head), and bristle composition. Time of use, the individual user, and bristle composition were found to have the strongest influences on splaying, and brush design was found to have the least influence. The wear index offers a quantitative means of comparing brushes of different dimensions at various stages of splaying. The wear rating, although qualitative, is a quick means of ranking brushes in various stages of deterioration. The two methods correlate (R2 = 0.87), and both are sensitive to several factors that affect brush durability. Therefore, these methods appear to be suitable not only for research, but also for quality control, the setting of standards, and for substantiation of advertising claims.
Planarization for reverse-tone step and flash imprint lithography (2006)

Understanding the dynamics of thin film planarization over topography is a key issue in the reverse-tone step and flash imprint lithography (SFIL-R) process. Complete planarization of a film over large, isolated topography poses an enormous challenge, since the driving force for planarization, the capillary pressure, continuously weakens as the film becomes more planar. For SFIL-R, only a specific degree of planarization (DOP) needs to be achieved before pattern transfer is possible. This paper presents the derivation of an inequality statement describing the required extent of planarization for successful pattern transfer. To observe how this critical DOP value (DOPcrit), and its corresponding leveling time (Tcrit) vary with materials and topographic properties, finite difference simulation was utilized to model planarization of a thin film over isolated topography after the spincoating process. This model was verified experimentally for various film thickness to substrate height ratios using interferometry to monitor silicon oil planarization over isolated trenches and lines. Material and topographic parameters were shown to not have a dramatic impact on DOPcrit; however, the critical leveling time increased considerably at DOPcrit values above 60 percent.
Inhibition of carboxypeptidase A by aldehyde and ketone substrate analogs (1984)

DL-2-Benzyl-3- formylpropanoic acid ( XIVb ) is a competitive inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A with an apparent Ki of 0.48 microM at pH 7.5 in 50 mM Tris buffer-0.5 M in sodium chloride with O-(trans-p- chlorocinnamoyl )-L-beta-phenyllactate as substrate. At pH 7.5 in deuterium oxide, DL-2-benzyl-3- formylpropanoic acid exists as an equilibrium mixture of 75% free aldehyde and 25% hydrated aldehyde. The species that binds to the enzyme may be either the free aldehyde or the hydrate. Therefore, the Ki of the species bound is significantly less than the observed Ki of 0.48 microM. The alcohol and dioxolane analogues of this aldehyde, DL-2-benzyl-4-hydroxybutanoic acid (XI) and 2-benzyl-4,4-(ethylenedioxy)butanoic acid ( XXVII ), are only weak inhibitors with Ki's of 0.54 mM and 2 mM, respectively. The ketone, (+/-)-3-(p- methoxybenzoyl )-2- benzylpropanoic acid [(+/-)-I; Sugimoto , T., & Kaiser, E. T. (1978) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 7750-7751], was found to have a Ki of 180 microM, experimentally indistinguishable from that of the diastereomeric mixture of its alcohol analogue 2-benzyl-4-hydroxy-4-(p-methoxyphenyl)butanoic acid (III), Ki = 190 microM. The ketone (I) is not detectably hydrated (less than 2%) at pH 7.5 in deuterium oxide. These results suggest that the hydratable aldehyde DL-2-benzyl-3- formylpropanoic acid may mimic an intermediate resembling the transition state for amide hydrolysis by carboxypeptidase A while the nonhydratable ketone does not do so.
The Nonuniform Discrete Short Time Fourier Transform - A New Tool for Electrical Power Components' Monitoring (2008)

This paper presents a new discrete short time Fourier transform (DSTFT) implementation algorithm, called nonuniform discrete short time Fourier transform (NDSTFT) for real time estimation of power components according to the IEEE Standard 1459-2000. The proposed NDSTFT algorithm is capable of detecting the spectrum of each finite short time section of the power signals at arbitrarily located specified frequencies and is able to perform sample by sample processing, thus, suitable for real time implementation in uniprocessor system. The NDSTFT based power components estimation algorithm has been implemented in real time by means of a Texas Instruments TMS320VC5416 digital signal processor. Fast and accurate estimation of power components has been observed utilizing the developed scheme.
ENHANCED TUMOR GROWTH ELICITED BY L-TYPE AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 1 IN HUMAN MALIGNANT GLIOMA CELLS (2008)

LAT1, the major transporter of system L, is frequently expressed at higher levels in high-grade gliomas than in low-grade gliomas and brain tissues, and it may play an important role in enhancing the rates of tumor cell proliferation and growth in vivo.
Relationships among Performance Scores of Four Diagnostic Decision Support Systems (1996)

The production of a correct diagnosis for a given case is not related to the number of diagnoses suggested by the DDSS and, across different DDSSs, is not consistently related to other measures of performance. These data indicate that multiple measures are needed to fully describe the performance of a DDSS.
Effects of offsets on bipolar integrated circuit mixer even order distortion terms (2002)

Second order intermodulation products and other spurions signals in bipolar double-balanced mixers can be generated due to device mismatches. The creation of these spurs is analyzed theoretically and by simulation. Guidelines are presented that show the maximum acceptable mismatch to meet a given spurious rejection specification.
A New Electromechanical Binding/Dynamometer for Actively Controlled Snow Ski Binding Systems (1987)

This paper describes the design and performance evaluation of a second generation integral binding/dynamometer. To reduce cross-sensitivity, the dynamometer consists of seven elastic elements that are designed to offer minimal mechanical coupling. Through judicious location of the elements and interconnection of strain gages fixed to the elements, the dynamometer signals indicate the generalized loading (that is, six load components) between the boot and ski. Dynamometer elements are contained within the housing of the binding. The housing is fixed to the ski using a technique that makes the dynamometer readings immune to ski flexure. Accuracy checks of the dynamometer under a variety of loadings have documented its ability to consistently resolve forces to within 10% and moments to within 5%. The binding mechanism can be activated either manually or electrically. Electrical actuation is accomplished by means of a solenoid; manual operation is facilitated by locating manual controls to the front rather than the rear of the boot. To insure that the binding releases when the solenoid is energized, a special mechanism isolates the force, which the solenoid must overcome, from the variable contact forces developed between the boot and binding. By means of laboratory testing under loading typical of release conditions, the reliability of the mechanism to decouple the boot from the ski has been established.
Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly (2000)

AF is a common complication of acute MI in elderly patients and independently influences mortality, particularly when it develops during hospitalization.
Analysis of cis-acting elements present in the CD20/B1 antigen promoter (1991)

A genomic clone spanning a large portion of the 5' untranscribed region of the CD20 gene was isolated. Deletion analysis of subcloned fragments identified several regulatory elements. A major positive cis-acting element was localized between base pairs -290/-186. A second positive regulatory element was localized between -454/-280 and negative regulatory elements were present in the region between bp -828/-454. The sequence -280/-186 conferred B cell-specific expression on a heterologous, TATA box containing c-fos promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with overlapping oligonucleotide probes spanning -280/-186 revealed that a 25-bp probe (-225/-201) bound a nuclear protein present in B cell lines expressing the CD20/B1 antigen but not in Jurkat (T cell), U937 (promonocytic), U251 (glioma), or HeLa cells. To confirm the functional significance of this sequence, a trimer of this region was subcloned into the c-fos promoter containing CAT plasmid. Expression was observed only in BJA-B and HS-Sultan cells but not in CD20/B1- cell lines. This sequence element is also important in phorbol ester-induced CD20 expression in the pre-B cell line BP-697. These results partially characterize several regulatory elements present in the CD20 promoter that are likely important in the B cell-specific expression of the CD20 gene.
Purification and characterization of glyoxylate synthetase from greening potato‐tuber chloroplasts (1993)

Glyoxylate synthetase catalyzing the condensation of two formate molecules into glyoxylate was purified to homogeneity by AcA-34, Sepharose CL-6B and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. A 150-fold purification with a specific activity of 25 mumol . mg protein-1 x 5 min-1 was obtained by this procedure. The reaction product was identified as glyoxylate. The enzyme was a tetramer having a molecular mass of 160 kDa with a subunit molecular mass of 40 kDa. The enzyme could be activated 3-4-fold by the addition of 0.3 mM Fe2+ and 0.4 mM tetrahydrofolic acid to the reaction mixture. The requirement for Fe2+ and tetrahydrofolic acid was confirmed from the inhibition of enzyme by O-phenanthroline and alpha-aminopterin, respectively. The presence of a bound folate in the enzyme was indicated by the fluorescence emission at 450 nm and turbidity development in a Lactobacillus casei growth test. Fluorescence emission at 450 nm upon excitation at 280 nm indicated that the bound folate and the aromatic amino-acid residues of the enzyme were in close vicinity. The enzyme was maximally active at 25 degrees C and exhibited a pH optimum at 7.0. The concentration of substrate was optimal at 5.0 mM and Km for substrate was found to be 1.4 mM. Activation by Fe2+ did not alter the Km but caused an increase in Vmax. The enzyme contained about 14-16 disulfide linkages, of which two were found to be reduced by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol. The presence of excess 2-mercaptoethanol in the enzyme was inhibitory, indicating that the two disulfide linkages reduced by 2-mercaptoethanol were essential for activity. This was also confirmed by the inhibition of enzyme activity when reduced enzyme was treated with O-phthalaldehyde, which formed a thioisoindole derivative with reduced thiol groups at the active site.
Some transformations of color information from lateral geniculate nucleus to striate cortex (2000)

We have recorded the responses of single cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and striate cortex of the macaque monkey. The response characteristics of neurons at these successive visual processing levels were examined with isoluminant gratings, cone-isolating gratings, and luminance-varying gratings. The main findings were: (i) Whereas almost all parvo- and konio-cellular LGN cells are of just two opponent-cell types, either differencing the L and M cones (L(o) and M(o) cells), or the S vs. L + M cones (S(o) cells), relatively few striate cortex simple cells show chromatic responses along these two cardinal LGN axes. Rather, most are shifted away from these LGN chromatic axes as a result of combining the outputs (or the transformed outputs) of S(o) with those of L(o) and/or M(o) cells. (ii) LGN cells on average process color information linearly, exhibiting sinusoidal changes in firing rate to isoluminant stimuli that vary sinusoidally in cone contrast as a function of color angle. Some striate cortex simple cells also give linear responses, but most show an expansive response nonlinearity, resulting in narrower chromatic tuning on average at this level. (iii) There are many more +S(o) than -S(o) LGN cells, but at the striate cortex level -S(o) input to simple cells is as common as +S(o) input. (iv) Overall, the contribution of the S-opponent path is doubled at the level of the striate cortex, relative to that at the LGN.
Phase-Locked Responses to Pure Tones in the Inferior Colliculus (2005)

In the auditory system, some ascending pathways preserve the precise timing information present in a temporal code of frequency. This can be measured by studying responses that are phase-locked to the stimulus waveform. At each stage along a pathway, there is a reduction in the upper frequency limit of the phase-locking and an increase in the steady-state latency. In the guinea pig, phase-locked responses to pure tones have been described at various levels from auditory nerve to neocortex but not in the inferior colliculus (IC). Therefore we made recordings from 161 single units in guinea pig IC. Of these single units, 68% (110/161) showed phase-locked responses. Cells that phase-locked were mainly located in the central nucleus but also occurred in the dorsal cortex and external nucleus. The upper limiting frequency of phase-locking varied greatly between units (80-1,034 Hz) and between anatomical divisions. The upper limits in the three divisions were central nucleus, >1,000 Hz; dorsal cortex, 700 Hz; external nucleus, 320 Hz. The mean latencies also varied and were central nucleus, 8.2 +/- 2.8 (SD) ms; dorsal cortex, 17.2 ms; external nucleus, 13.3 ms. We conclude that many cells in the central nucleus receive direct inputs from the brain stem, whereas cells in the external and dorsal divisions receive input from other structures that may include the forebrain.
Using Citation Network Analysis in Educational Technology. (2012)

Previous reviews in the field of Educational Technology (ET) have revealed some publication patterns according to authors, institutions, and affiliations. However, those previous reviews focused only on the rankings of individual authors and institutions, and did not provide qualitative details on relations and networks of scholars and scholarly works. This insufficient landscape of the field has led the authors to become interested in discovering the relational patterns and network attributes in the scholarly works through a citation network analysis. The purpose of the study reported in this article was to introduce a citation network analysis in ET to promote interdisciplinary collaboration with neighboring fields. The distinctive features of citation network analysis derive from the utilization of a social network analysis approach to examining relational and network attributes in the citation data. The comparison of the citation network analysis of ET to that of human performance technology (HPT) and human resource development (HRD) fields are discussed and implications are elaborated for future research.
Trait physiology and crop modelling to link phenotypic complexity to underlying genetic systems. (2004)

New tools derived from advances in molecular biology have not been widely adopted in plant breeding because of the inability to connect information at gene level to the phenotype in a manner that is useful for selection. We explore whether a crop growth and development modelling framework can link phenotype complexity to underlying genetic systems in a way that strengthens molecular breeding strategies. We use gene-to-phenotype simulation studies on sorghum to consider the value to marker-assisted selection of intrinsically stable QTLs that might be generated by physiological dissection of complex traits. The consequences on grain yield of genetic variation in four key adaptive traits – phenology, osmotic adjustment, transpiration efficiency, and staygreen – were simulated for a diverse set of environments by placing the known extent of genetic variation in the context of the physiological determinants framework of a crop growth and development model. It was assumed that the three to five genes associated with each trait, had two alleles per locus acting in an additive manner. The effects on average simulated yield, generated by differing combinations of positive alleles for the traits incorporated, varied with environment type. The full matrix of simulated phenotypes, which consisted of 547 location-season combinations and 4235 genotypic expression states, was analysed for genetic and environmental effects. The analysis was conducted in stages with gradually increased understanding of gene-to-phenotype relationships, which would arise from physiological dissection and modelling. It was found that environmental characterisation and physiological knowledge helped to explain and unravel gene and environment context dependencies. We simulated a marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding strategy based on the analyses of gene effects. When marker scores were allocated based on the contribution of gene effects to yield in a single environment, there was a wide divergence in rate of yield gain over all environments with breeding cycle depending on the environment chosen for the QTL analysis. It was suggested that knowledge resulting from trait physiology and modelling would overcome this dependency by identifying stable QTLs. The improved predictive power would increase the utility of the QTLs in MAS. Developing and implementing this gene-to-phenotype capability in crop improvement requires enhanced attention to phenotyping, ecophysiological modelling, and validation studies to test the stability of candidate QTLs.
Evaluation of thiophosphoric acid alkaloid derivatives from Chelidonium majus L. ("Ukrain") as an immunostimulant in patients with various carcinomas. (1991)

This paper summarizes the preliminary results of two independent clinical trials conducted with the preparation "Ukrain", containing thiophosphoric acid alkaloid derivatives from the plant Chelidonium majus L. (greater celandine), in order to investigate whether it has immunopotentiating properties in cancer patients. A total of twenty-seven patients with various malignancies were treated with "Ukrain" given intravenously in a dose of 10 mg every three days. In all patients the cellular and humoral immune response was studied. There was an increase in both total T-cells and T-helper lymphocytes, a decrease in T-suppressor cells, and normalization of the helper/suppressor (HIS) ratio. A significant increase in erythrocyte-rosette-forming T-cells and NK cells was also demonstrated. Serum immunoglobulin levels, complement components (C3 and C4), and acute phase proteins were not significantly enhanced. Restoration of cellular immunity was accompanied by an improvement in the patients' performance status and in the clinical course of the disease. The treatment was generally well tolerated. The present study shows that some therapeutic benefit from the use of Chelidonium majus ("Ukrain") as an immunostimulant in cancer patients can be achieved.
Coronary surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass. (1995)

<b>Background:</b> Spirometry is a commonly used low-cost method of lung function assessment. However, as it requires patients’ cooperation it is considered difficult to perform in a primary care setting. The aim of this study was to 1) evaluate the correctness and types of errors made during spirometry with the use of the mobile device 2) assess factors which play a role in performing spirometry correctly. <b>Methods:</b> 10,936 spirometries in 9855 patients were performed by 673 primary care professionals in all regions of Poland between September 2019 and September 2020. A mobile phone-linked portable device (AioCare™, HealthUp) was used. The most common spirometry errors according to the ATS/ERS criteria were assessed. Stepwise logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with technically correct spirometry. <b>Results:</b> 5347 (49%) spirometry examinations met both accuracy and repeatability criteria. The most common errors were: BEV error (28.1%), plateau error (26.6%), FET<6 sec (23%). Patients >40 years and males were more likely to perform plateau error (OR 1.49; 95%CI: 1.38-1.60; OR 0.88; 95%CI: 0.82-0.94 respectively). The most important factor influencing the possibility of performing correct examination was the physician’s age > 40 years (OR 1.32; 95%CI: 1.21-1.45). Male (OR 0.80; 95%CI: 0.74-0.86) and smoking patients (OR 0.79; 95%CI: 0.73-0.85) were less likely to perform a technically correct spirometry. <b>Conclusions:</b> Medical professionals need further training to improve their skills in performing spirometry. Although the use of mobile-linked device is thought to be technically demanding, older physician’s age was associated with better spirometry quality compared to younger physicians.
Long-term feature averaging for speaker recognition (1977)

The potential benefits of long-term parameter averaging for speaker recognition were investigated. Parameters studied were pitch, gain, and reflection coefficients. Parameter variability was computed over various averaging lengths from one frame averaging (in effect, no averaging) to 1000 frame averaging (about 70 s of speech). It was demonstrated that the between-to-within speaker variance ratio, measured over several speakers, was significantly increased by performing long-term averaging of the parameter sets. The reflection coefficient averages for k <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and k <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> , respectively, were shown to produce the highest variance ratios.
Three-dimensional model-based stenosis quantification of the carotid arteries from contrast-enhanced MR angiography (2002)

A model-based technique for quantitative analysis of three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is presented. The model consists of a deformable B-spline representation of the central vessel axis and the vessel wall. An efficient interaction mechanism to initialize the models in a three-dimensional setting is devised. Two novel image features are introduced in order to deform the central vessel axis and the vessel wall model respectively. A segmental optimization scheme for deforming the B-spline vessel wall model is introduced. Finally, the paper presents results on clinical contrast enhanced (CE) MRA of 19 carotid arteries. Percentages of stenosis obtained with the authors' technique are compared to those of two experts using caliper measurements on Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) CE MRA, and Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) as standard of reference.