gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Use of Multiplied Pressures for Automatic Altitude Adjustments (1922)

The efficient performance of an airplane requires that certain adjustments be made as the density of the air through which the airplane passes changes. The safety of the over-dimensioned aircraft engine depends upon careful manipulation of spark advance and throttle opening and a proper control of a variable pitch propeller, if the maximum performance of the supercharged engine is to be obtained. It is evident that there is a real need for satisfactory devices to make such adjustments automatically. Discussed here is a method of automatic compensation which deserves consideration in the design of such devices. Existing schemes for automatic compensation all depend upon some contrivance which functions primarily because of changes in atmospheric pressure. In these devices a leak in the supposedly tight chamber means utter failure. The elimination of this source of danger is one of the aims of the method of altitude compensation described here. The change suggested is to make the source of operation the difference between atmospheric pressure and some multiple of atmospheric pressure instead of the difference between the atmospheric pressure and that of the gas confined in a tight chamber. The design of a device based on this method of altitude compensation is given.
Reducing MOSFET 1/f noise and power consumption by "Switched biasing" (1999)

"Switched Biasing" is proposed as a new circuit technique that exploits an intriguing physical effect: cycling a MOS transistor between strong inversion and accumulation reduces its intrinsic 1/f noise. The technique is implemented in a 0.8µm CMOS sawtooth oscillator by periodically off-switching of the bias currents during time intervals that they are not contributing to the circuit operation. Measurements show a reduction of the 1/f noise induced phase noise by more than 8 dB, while the power consumption is reduced by more than 30% as well.
Spark Ignition and Pre-Chamber Turbulent Jet Ignition Combustion Visualization (2012)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Natural gas is a promising alternative fuel as it is affordable, available worldwide, has high knock resistance and low carbon content. This study focuses on the combustion visualization of spark ignition combustion in an optical single cylinder engine using natural gas at several air to fuel ratios and speed-load operating points. In addition, Turbulent Jet Ignition optical images are compared to the baseline spark ignition images at the world-wide mapping point (1500 rev/min, 3.3 bar IMEPn) in order to provide insight into the relatively unknown phenomenon of Turbulent Jet Ignition combustion. Turbulent Jet Ignition is an advanced spark initiated pre-chamber combustion system for otherwise standard spark ignition engines found in current passenger vehicles. This next generation pre-chamber design simply replaces the spark plug in a conventional spark ignition engine. Turbulent Jet Ignition enables very fast burn rates due to the ignition system producing multiple, widely distributed ignition sites, which consume the main charge rapidly. This high energy ignition results from the partially combusted (reacting) pre-chamber products initiating combustion in the main chamber. The distributed ignition sites enable relatively small flame travel distances enabling short combustion durations and high burn rates. Multiple benefits include extending the knock limit and initiating combustion in very dilute mixtures (excess air and/or EGR), with dilution levels being comparable to other low temperature combustion technologies (HCCI), without the complex control drawbacks.</div></div>
Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activities of Copolymers with Cationic and Hydrophobic Groups: A Comparison of Block and Random Copolymers (2011)

Random and diblock copolymers of 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate are prepared by ATRP. As mimics of cationic antimicrobial peptides, the random and diblock copolymers show similar antimicrobial activities. In contrast, the diblock copolymers have much lower hemolytic activities than the random copolymers. The cell selectivity (HC(50)/MIC, where HC(50) is the concentration to lyse 50% of human red blood cells and MIC is the minimum concentration to inhibit bacterial growth) of the diblock copolymers are 150 to 27,500 times higher than that of random copolymers with similar compositions.
A 1.5-V DRAM for battery-based applications (1989)

Circuit techniques for 1.5-V CMOS DRAMS to be used in battery-based applications are presented. A three-level word pulse and a plate pulse are used to maintain the stored voltage in a memory cell, in spite of the minimized data-line voltage swing for reducing power dissipation. A 3.4- mu m/sup 2/ data-line shielded stacked capacitor (STC) cell is also proposed to enhance signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the memory cell array. The 1.5-V read/write operation is observed successfully through a 2-kbit test device. The data-holding time and alpha -particle-induced soft error rate of the device indicate that the possible performances for the 1.5-V DRAM are comparable to those for the existing 5-V DRAMs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid initiate rapid and dramatic increases of IL-6 mRNA expression and IL-6 secretion in murine peritoneal macrophages (1995)

Two different inhibitors of endosomal calcium ATPase activity, cyclopiazonic acid and thapsigargin, were shown to release a common intracellular calcium pool in normal, murine macrophages. Furthermore, the release of this pool was accompanied by increased calcium uptake from the extracellular medium. The activity of these inhibitors was linked to an important biologic response, because both cyclopiazonic acid and thapsigargin induced rapid and dramatic increases in IL-6 mRNA expression and secretion. Compared with control cultures, macrophages treated with these inhibitors increased IL-6 mRNA expression approximately 10-fold by 15 min and approximately 20-fold by 2 h, as determined using quantitative competitive-reverse transcribed-PCRs. The increased mRNA expression was coupled to translation and secretion of this monokine since cyclopiazonic acid and thapsigargin induced significant increases in IL-6 secretion as early as 2 h, and up to approximately 70-fold increases by 20 h, when compared with control cultures. Taken together, these results demonstrate that both cyclopiazonic acid and thapsigargin generate potent intracellular signals that initiate rapid and dramatic production of IL-6. Both thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid increased IL-6 mRNA expression at 15 min in the absence of Ca2+ influx from the extracellular medium. These results suggest that events associated with endosomal Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibition contribute to the activation of normal macrophages as defined by increased monokine secretion.
Position estimation for an autonomous mobile robot in an outdoor environment (1992)

The position estimation problem for an autonomous land vehicle navigating in an unstructured mountainous terrain is solved. A digital elevation map (DEM) of the area is assumed to be given. It is also assumed that the robot is equipped with a camera that can be panned and tilted, a compass, and an altimeter. No recognizable landmarks are assumed to be present, and the robot is not assumed to have an initial estimate of its position. The solution structures the problem as a constrained search paradigm by searching the DEM for the possible robot location. The shape and position of the horizon line in the image plane and the known camera geometry of the perspective projection are used as parameters. Geometric constraints are used to prune the search space significantly. The algorithm is made robust to errors in the imaging process by accounting for worst case errors. The approach is tested using real terrain data of areas in Colorado and Texas.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tables of Taylor distributions for circular aperture antennas (1960)

Tables of the circular aperture distributions described in the preceding paper by Taylor are given. Steps in the design process are illustrated by examples.
Grey and white matter SPECT neuroimaging: iterative reconstruction using a high resolution anatomical image to correct for 3-D detector response, attenuation, and scatter (2003)

In the presence of a 3-D detector response, attenuation, scatter, and noise, an iterative reconstruction algorithm (IRA) for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) neuroimaging overcomes major limitations of applying standard filtered back-projection (FBP) reconstruction to projection data which have been degraded by convolution of the true radioactivity distribution with a 3-D detector response: the nonuniformity within the grey (or white) matter voxels which results even though the true model is uniform within these voxels; a significantly lower ratio of grey/white matter voxel values than in the true model; and an inability to detect an altered radioactivity value within the grey (or white) matter voxels. The IRA permits the detection of subtle variations in both grey and white matter radioactivity distribution. These results indicate that the IRA implicitly performs accurate partial voluming, attenuation, and scatter corrections. The presence of noise, however, is a partially limiting factor. Thus, the IRA provides the potential for quantitative SPECT imaging of diseases involving both grey and white matter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biosynthesis of Malonate in Roots of Soybean Seedlings (1981)

Many plants accumulate malonate, but it was shown earlier that malonate does not accumulate as a deadend product of metabolism in soybean (Glycine max v. Hodgson tissues. The metabolism of malonate in the soybean plant at the whole tissue and enzymic level was followed, and the pathway of malonate biosynthesis in young soybean root tissue was shown to be via acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase.
Sildenafil potentiates the antitumor activity of cisplatin by induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation and angiogenesis (2016)

Sildenafil is the first phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. However, recent studies have been suggesting an antitumor effect of sildenafil. The current study assessed the aforementioned activity of sildenafil in vivo and in vitro in solid-tumor-bearing mice and in a human cell line MCF-7, respectively. Moreover, we investigated the impact of sildenafil on cisplatin antitumor activity. The solid tumor was induced by inoculation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in female mice. The tumor-bearing mice were assigned randomly to control (saline), sildenafil (sildenafil 5 mg/kg/d, PO daily for 15 days), cisplatin (cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg, IP once on the 12th day of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma inoculation), and combination therapy (cisplatin and sildenafil) groups. The tumor volume was measured at the end of the treatment period along with the following parameters: angiogenin, vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, Ki-67, caspase-3, DNA-flow cytometry analysis, and histopathological examination. The study results showed that sildenafil has significantly decreased the tumor volume by 30.4%, angiogenin and tumor necrosis factor-α contents, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Additionally, caspase-3 level significantly increased with sildenafil treatment, whereas Ki-67 expression failed to show any significant changes. Furthermore, the cell cycle analysis revealed that sildenafil was capable of improving the category of tumor activity from moderate to low proliferative. Sildenafil induced necrosis in the tumor. Moreover, the drug of interest showed cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 in vitro as well as potentiated cisplatin antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. These findings shed light on the antitumor activity of sildenafil and its possible impact on potentiating the antitumor effect of conventional chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. These effects might be related to antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and apoptotic activities of sildenafil.
Unique potential of 4-1BB agonist antibody to promote durable regression of HPV <sup>+</sup> tumors when combined with an E6/E7 peptide vaccine (2015)

Antibody modulation of T-cell coinhibitory (e.g., CTLA-4) or costimulatory (e.g., 4-1BB) receptors promotes clinical responses to a variety of cancers. Therapeutic cancer vaccination, in contrast, has produced limited clinical benefit and no curative therapies. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papilloma virus (HPV) drive the majority of genital cancers, and many oropharyngeal tumors. We discovered 15-19 amino acid peptides from HPV-16 E6/E7 for which induction of T-cell immunity correlates with disease-free survival in patients treated for high-grade cervical neoplasia. We report here that intranasal vaccination with these peptides and the adjuvant alpha-galactosylceramide elicits systemic and mucosal T-cell responses leading to reduced HPV(+) TC-1 tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice. We hypothesized that the inability of these T cells to fully reject established tumors resulted from suppression in the tumor microenvironment which could be ameliorated through checkpoint modulation. Combining this E6/E7 peptide vaccine with checkpoint blockade produced only modest benefit; however, coadministration with a 4-1BB agonist antibody promoted durable regression of established genital TC-1 tumors. Relative to other therapies tested, this combination of vaccine and α4-1BB promoted the highest CD8(+) versus regulatory FoxP3(+) T-cell ratios, elicited 2- to 5-fold higher infiltration by E7-specific CTL, and evoked higher densities of highly cytotoxic TcEO (T cytotoxic Eomesodermin) CD8 (>70-fold) and ThEO (T helper Eomesodermin) CD4 (>17-fold) T cells. These findings have immediate clinical relevance both in terms of the direct clinical utility of the vaccine studied and in illustrating the potential of 4-1BB antibody to convert therapeutic E6/E7 vaccines already in clinical trials into curative therapies.
Sources of Cell-to-cell Variability in Canonical Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) Signaling Pathway Inferred from Single Cell Dynamic Images (2011)

The canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway controls a gene network important in the cellular inflammatory response. Upon activation, NF-κB/RelA is released from cytoplasmic inhibitors, from where it translocates into the nucleus, subsequently activating negative feedback loops producing either monophasic or damped oscillatory nucleo-cytoplasmic dynamics. Although the population behavior of the NF-κB pathway has been extensively modeled, the sources of cell-to-cell variability are not well understood. We describe an integrated experimental-computational analysis of NF-κB/RelA translocation in a validated cell model exhibiting monophasic dynamics. Quantitative measures of cellular geometry and total cytoplasmic concentration and translocated RelA amounts were used as priors in Bayesian inference to estimate biophysically realistic parameter values based on dynamic live cell imaging studies of enhanced GFP-tagged RelA in stable transfectants. Bayesian inference was performed on multiple cells simultaneously, assuming identical reaction rate parameters, whereas cellular geometry and initial and total NF-κB concentration-related parameters were cell-specific. A subpopulation of cells exhibiting distinct kinetic profiles was identified that corresponded to differences in the IκBα translation rate. We conclude that cellular geometry, initial and total NF-κB concentration, IκBα translation, and IκBα degradation rates account for distinct cell-to-cell differences in canonical NF-κB translocation dynamics.
Studies in Ultra-Violet and Respiratory Phenomena. III. The Influence of Various Regions of the Spectrum on the Anaerobic Fermentation of Yeast (1935)

E. S. Reynolds, F. Lyle Wynd, Studies in Ultra-Violet and Respiratory Phenomena. III. The Influence of Various Regions of the Spectrum on the Anaerobic Fermentation of Yeast, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Nov., 1935), pp. 853-860
Cloning of the canine ABCA4 gene and evaluation in canine cone-rod dystrophies and progressive retinal atrophies. (2004)

The early, severe cone dysfunction in these diseases distinguish them from other forms of canine Progressive Retinal Atrophy. The development of a research population segregating these diseases presents two large animal models for the heterogenous human diseases termed cone-rod dystrophies. Analysis of the canine ABCA4 homolog gene documented its sequence and identified a set of point mutations that were used to exclude this gene as causal to these canine cone-rod dystrophies.
Dicationic Intermediates Involving Protonated Amides:  Dual Modes of Reactivity Including the Acylation of Arenes (2004)

In the Brønsted superacid CF(3)SO(3)H (triflic acid), amides are able to form reactive, dicationic electrophiles. It is shown that these dicationic intermediates participate in two distinctly different types of electrophilic reactions. The protonated amide increases the reactivity of an adjacent electrophilic group, and the protonated amide group itself shows enhanced reactivity arising from an adjacent cationic charge. In the latter case, several types of amides are even capable of reacting with benzene by Friedel-Crafts acylation. [reaction--see text]
Authoring animated Web pages using “contact points” (1999)

This paper explores how contact points or co-references between an animation and text should be designed in web pages. Guidelines are derived from an eye tracking study. A dynamic HTML authoring tool is described which supports these requirements. An evaluation study is reported in which four designs of animation in web pages were tested.
Adhesion to the yeast cell surface as a mechanism for trapping pathogenic bacteria by Saccharomyces probiotics (2012)

Recently, much attention has been given to the use of probiotics as an adjuvant for the prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal pathology. The great advantage of therapy with probiotics is that they have few side effects such as selection of resistant bacteria or disturbance of the intestinal microbiota, which occur when antibiotics are used. Adhesion of pathogenic bacteria onto the surface of probiotics instead of onto intestinal receptors could explain part of the probiotic effect. Thus, this study evaluated the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria onto the cell wall of Saccharomyces boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains UFMG 905, W303 and BY4741. To understand the mechanism of adhesion of pathogens to yeast, cell-wall mutants of the parental strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 were used because of the difficulty of mutating polyploid yeast, as is the case for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii. The tests of adhesion showed that, among 11 enteropathogenic bacteria tested, only Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Typhi adhered to the surface of Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741. The presence of mannose, and to some extent bile salts, inhibited this adhesion, which was not dependent on yeast viability. Among 44 cell-wall mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, five lost the ability to fix the bacteria. Electron microscopy showed that the phenomenon of yeast-bacteria adhesion occurred both in vitro and in vivo (in the digestive tract of dixenic mice). In conclusion, some pathogenic bacteria were captured on the surface of Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, thus preventing their adhesion to specific receptors on the intestinal epithelium and their subsequent invasion of the host.
Nontypeable<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>Adheres to Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on Respiratory Epithelial Cells and Upregulates ICAM-1 Expression (2006)

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is an important respiratory pathogen. NTHI initiates infection by adhering to the airway epithelium. Here, we report that NTHI interacts with intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expressed by respiratory epithelial cells. A fourfold-higher number of NTHI bacteria adhered to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human ICAM-1 (CHO-ICAM-1) than to control CHO cells (P < or = 0.005). Blocking cell surface ICAM-1 with specific antibody reduced the adhesion of NTHI to A549 respiratory epithelial cells by 37% (P = 0.001) and to CHO-ICAM-1 cells by 69% (P = 0.005). Preincubating the bacteria with recombinant ICAM-1 reduced adhesion by 69% (P = 0.003). The adherence to CHO-ICAM-1 cells of NTHI strains deficient in the adhesins P5, P2, HMW1/2, and Hap or expressing a truncated lipooligosaccharide was compared to that of parental strains. Only strain 1128f-, which lacks the outer membrane protein (OMP) P5-homologous adhesin (P5 fimbriae), adhered less well than its parental strain. The numbers of NTHI cells adhering to CHO-ICAM-1 cells were reduced by 67% (P = 0.009) following preincubation with anti-P5 antisera. Furthermore, recombinant ICAM bound to an OMP preparation from strain 1128f+, which expresses P5, but not to that from its P5-deficient mutant, confirming a specific interaction between ICAM-1 and P5 fimbriae. Incubation of respiratory epithelial cells with NTHI increased ICAM-1 expression fourfold (P=0.001). Adhesion of NTHI to the respiratory epithelium, therefore, upregulates the expression of its own receptor. Blocking interactions between NTHI P5 fimbriae and ICAM-1 may reduce respiratory colonization by NTHI and limit the frequency and severity of NTHI infection.
Selective and non-selective etching of GaN, AlGaN, and AlN using an inductively coupled plasma (1997)

The etching behavior of gallium nitride (GaN) has been systematically examined in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) using Cl/sub 2/ and Ar as the reagents. Design of experiments (DOE) software was used to optimize the etch rate as well as determine any interactions between the parameters (ICP power, DC bias, and pressure). Interactions were found between the ICP power and pressure and also between the ICP power and DC bias. There were no interactions between the DC bias and pressure. Selective etching of GaN relative to AlN and Al/sub 0.28/Ga/sub 0.72/N was achieved at low DC biases. At -20 V, the GaN etch rates were 38 times greater than AlN and a factor of 10 greater than Al/sub 0.28/Ga/sub 0.72/N.
HIV-1 Drug Resistance (2005)

These issues also impact the question of postexposure prophylaxis in the occupational setting; resistance considerations in this context should not be ignored. One special subject, widely practiced at this time, is the use of drugs to prevent mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1. Clearly, there is a need to balance the benefits of prevention of such transmission against the potential for development of resistant strains by use of single antiretroviral agents such as nevirapine. In addition, the simplicity of any given regimen needs to be balanced against the likelihood that resistance may occur. The importance of HIV drug resistance also needs to be considered in relation to its potential pathogenetic impact on other infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Thus, there are now compelling reasons for the introduction of widespread resistance testing wherever ARVs are being used. The introduction of resistance testing must be accompanied by local capacity building and must reflect regional considerations such as the nature of viral subtypes prevalent in any given geographic locale.