gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Framework for Measuring the Credit Risk of a Portfolio: The "ExVaR" Model (1997)

This paper proposes a new framework for the quantitative evaluation of the credit risk of a portfolio by extending the concept of value at risk. In practice, the risk evaluation period is set individually for each transaction in the portfolio and a simulation is carried out on the movements of default probabilities, interest rates, and collateral asset prices as well as on the realization of defaults of counterparties. The result fixes the cash flow along the simulated path and leads to the present value of the total cash flows. By repeating this procedure many times, we obtain the probability distribution of the present value, by which we can evaluate the price and the risk of the portfolio. This framework enables us comprehensively and objectively to measure the risk taking into account the diversification/concentration effect, the collateral effect, and the correlation between credit risk factors and market risk factors. After presenting the methodology, the paper calculates the risk of hypothetical test portfolios. They are used to discuss the applicability of the framework to practical uses.
A robust data embedding using perceptual adaptive watermark (2002)

In this paper, a new watermarking method to embed robust data against JPEG compression and noise without degrading an image quality is proposed. To guarantee that embedded data are invisible, the proposed method adaptively determines a different size of watermark for each frequency coefficient using human visual system models. The position to be watermarked is chosen in low frequencies using a Pn-sequence to prevent the embedded data from being removed or changed. Experimental results show that the proposed method is better than previous works in terms of bit error of a detected data against JPEG compression.
Evaluation of Pb(Zr, Ti)O<sub>3</sub> Films Derived from Propylene-Glycol-Based Sol-Gel Solutions (2000)

Crack-free PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 (PZT) films up to almost 1 µm thick have been prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si substrates from stable propylene-glycol (diol)-based sol-gel solutions by a single coating. We have studied the film thickness dependence of various properties such as microstructure, crystal orientation, ferroelectric properties, and leakage current density for the PZT single-coated films. It was found that the 0.22-µm-thick PZT single-coated film was a dense film with (111)-orientation and exhibited good ferroelectric properties. In order to thicken the PZT dense film, we have studied a sol-gel technique involving multiple coatings of 0.22-µm-thick layers. Finally, the 0.66- and 1.10-µm-thick PZT multicoated films have been prepared on platinized silicon substrates by three and five coatings of 0.22-µm-thick layers. Various properties of the multicoated films have also been evaluated.
Routine assay for the detection of immune complexes of known immunoglobulin class using solid phase C1q. (1976)

A new, sensitive and quantitative technique for the routine estimation of immune complexes has been devised. The assay involved the binding of immune complexes to Clq linked to the surface of plastic tubes; the amount of immune complex bound is then determined by adding radiolabelled anti-human IgG. Immune complexes were detected in twelve out of thirty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The test should prove useful in the diagnosis of immune complex diseases and will be valuable in the evaluation of disease activity.
Erythrocyte binding protein homologues of rodent malaria parasites (1997)

Erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites requires specific molecular interactions between the merozoite and erythrocyte surface receptors. A well-conserved, functionally important family of erythrocyte binding proteins is the EBP family. The EBP family includes the Plasmodium vivax, P. knowlesi Duffy binding protein (DBP) family and the P. falciparum erythrocyte binding antigen-175 (EBA-175). The EBP are transmembrane proteins, characterized by two conserved cysteine-rich domains, expressed in the micronemes of invasive merozoites. Oligonucleotide primers matching the region encoding the carboxyl cysteine-rich domain of the EBA-175 were used in a polymerase chain reaction to identify homologous genes in P. berghei and P. yoelii yoelii, leading to the isolation of a P. berghei partial genomic clone. This clone contained a 323 bp region that had high deduced amino acid sequence similarity to the amino acid sequences of the carboxyl cysteine-rich domains of the DBP family and EBA-175. The P. berghei carboxyl cysteine-rich domain was followed by a putative transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, demonstrating an exon-intron structure at the 3' end homologous to P. vivax dbp and P. falciparum eba-175. The carboxyl cysteine-rich domain is also highly conserved among P. berghei, P. y. yoelii, P. chabaudi and P. vinckei and is encoded by a single copy gene. Antisera prepared against the carboxyl cysteine-rich domain of the rodent malaria EBP homologues reacted with a 120 and 128 kDa protein doublet on Western blots of P. berghei parasite antigen and showed an apical localization pattern within merozoites by indirect immunofluorescence assays.
Feedback Regulation of Bile Acid Synthesis in Primary Human Hepatocytes: Evidence That Cdca Is the Strongest Inhibitor (2003)

Primary human hepatocytes were used to elucidate the effect of individual bile acids on bile acid formation in human liver. Hepatocytes were treated with free as well as glycine-conjugated bile acids. Bile acid formation and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of key enzymes and the nuclear receptor short heterodimer partner (SHP) were measured after 24 hours. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA; 100 micromol/L) significantly decreased formation of cholic acid (CA) to 44% +/- 4% of controls and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) decreased formation of CA to 67% +/- 11% of controls. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA; 100 micromol/L) had no effect. GDCA or glycocholic acid (GCA) had no significant effect on chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) synthesis. Free bile acids had a similar effect as glycine-conjugated bile acids. Addition of GCDCA, GDCA, and GCA (100 micromol/L) markedly decreased cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) mRNA levels to 2% +/- 1%, 2% +/- 1%, and 29% +/- 11% of controls, respectively, whereas GUDCA had no effect. Addition of GDCA and GCDCA (100 micromol/L) significantly decreased sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) mRNA levels to 48% +/- 5% and 61% +/- 4% of controls, respectively, whereas GCA and GUDCA had no effect. Addition of GCDCA and GDCA (100 micromol/L) significantly decreased sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) mRNA levels to 59% +/- 3% and 60% +/- 7% of controls, respectively, whereas GUDCA and GCA had no significant effect. Addition of both GCDCA and GDCA markedly increased the mRNA levels of SHP to 298% +/- 43% and 273% +/- 30% of controls, respectively. In conclusion, glycine-conjugated and free bile acids suppress bile acid synthesis and mRNA levels of CYP7A1 in the order CDCA > DCA > CA > UDCA. mRNA levels of CYP8B1 and CYP27A1 are suppressed to a much lower degree than CYP7A1.
A hardware retargetable distributed layered architecture for mobile robot control (2005)

The MIT mobile robot project has adopted a layered approach to building robust control systems for autonomous mobile robots. We build a complete control system for a very simple task achieving behavior for our robots, then lay additional complete control systems on top of it to achieve higher level tasks. We have this architecture operational on three completely different types of hardware (a general purpose computer, a special purpose multi-processor, and processor-less logic network) and are now working on a fourth, by way of a special purpose silicon compiler for it. Exactly the same high level language specification files are used on three of these four architectures. The control architect is thus freed from even the most global considerations of the target architecture.
An Enhancement of Sleep Mode Operation in IEEE 802.16e Systems (2009)

IEEE 802.16e has specified sleep mode operations depending on different types of power saving class for the purpose of energy saving. To solve the inefficient problem of multiple power saving classes over the same MS, this paper proposes an enhanced method to minimize the energy consumption of the MS as a whole while keeping the QoS requirements satisfied. Performance improvement of the proposed method has been validated in a developed WiMAX simulation platform based on ns-2 network simulator.
Different iterative decoding algorithms for combined concatenated coding and multiresolution modulation (2002)

In this article a three hierarchy level source coding scheme providing three image qualities, HDTV, EDTV and SDTV, respectively, is taken into account. The proposed system maintains graceful degradation. It is based on a concatenated coding scheme. The inner convolutional code is combined with 64-multiresolution QAM. The outer code is a RS code. The simulation results with perfect channel estimation showed that one can obtain a very high performance in independent Rayleigh/Rician fading channels. However, in a realistic correlative fading channel, the loss due to the non-perfect channel estimation and non-perfect interleaving is about 2-3 dB. In order to improve the system performance, one may apply iterative decoding, where its use for the future receivers may be just an option: this allows one to build higher-quality receivers. Three different iterative decoding algorithms with different complexities are analyzed. They are based on iterative-multistage and -concatenated multistage decoding algorithms calling upon soft output decoding techniques. The simulation results in a Rayleigh fading channel, for the last algorithm showed, that one can obtain up to 2.5 dB gain after only one iteration, and 3 dB after a higher number of iterations, which is quite significant.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Native vegetation of coastal floodplains ? a diagnosis of the major plant communities in New South Wales (2005)

Coastal floodplains are among the most modified landscapes in southeastern Australia. We used available vegetation survey data for coastal alluvium and other unconsolidated Quarternary sediments to construct a diagnosis of the major plant communities and document their flora. We used soil landscape maps and historical portion plans to gain an understanding of the distribution and environmental relationships of the communities. The flora of coastal floodplains includes more than 1 000 native vascular plant taxa and more than 200 introduced taxa. The introduced flora is likely to be considerably larger, given that sampling was biased toward the least disturbed sites. Six major plant communities were diagnosed including a rainforest found north from the Shoalhaven floodplain, a mixed forest of eucalypts and melaleucas found north from Jervis Bay, a casuarina forest (sometimes with melaleuca) found throughout the coast, one open eucalypt forest found principally south from the Hunter region, another open eucalypt forest found north of the Hunter region and a complex of treeless wetland assemblages scattered throughout the coast. The extent and spatial arrangement of these communities varies between floodplains, with landform, rainfall, water regime and soil properties including moisture, fertility and salinity thought to be important factors mediating their distribution patterns. All six assemblages are listed as Endangered Ecological Communities under Threatened Species legislation. The coastal floodplain communities continue to be threatened by land clearing and crop conversion, fragmentation, changes to water flows, flooding and drainage, input of polluted runoff, weed invasion, activation of acid sulphate soils, climate change and degradation through rubbish dumping and other physical disturbances.
Effect of Impaction, Bounce and Reaerosolization on the Collection Efficiency of Impingers (1997)

ABSTRACT The collection efficiency of liquid impingers was studied experimentally as a function of the sampling flow rate with test particles in the bacterial size range. Three impingers were tested: two All-Glass Impingers (AGI-4 and AGI-30), widely used for bioaerosol sampling, and a newly developed slot impinger. The aerosol particles were generated by a Collison nebulizer, and an Aerosizer was used to measure the particle concentrations and size distributions upstream and downstream of each impinger. The effect of the air pressure drop across the impinger on the Aerosizer performance was investigated, and the particle measurement system was modified and calibrated accordingly. While inertial impaction is the dominant particle removal mechanism in impingers, particle bounce and reaerosolization were also found to have significant effects on the impinger collection characteristics. At relatively high flow rates and low levels of collection fluid (corresponding to the collection fluid level after evaporation of most of the liquid during prolonged impingement), the liquid under the impinger jet was observed to be removed by the air pressure and pushed against the container's walls. Particles, such as bacterial or fungal spores, may thus bounce from the bottom of the collection vessel and escape with the effluent air flow or may impact sideways into the liquid that was previously pushed against the walls. It was found that such particle bounce may significantly reduce the collection efficiency of impingers containing a small amount of liquid. When the impingers were operated at a high level of collection fluid and sufficiently high sampling flow rates, it was observed that the bubbles, rising through the liquid, entrained previously collected particles and created new aerosols by bursting at the liquid-air surface. Such particle reaerosolization was also found to reduce the impinger collection efficiency.
Optical applications of dielectric thin films (1970)

This review is divided into seven sections entitled "Introduction", "Basic theoretical framework", "Readily available materials", "Applications", "Performance and limitations of narrow band interference filters", "Problems in the preparation of optical coatings" and "Probable future developments". In the introductory section the scope of the review is presented and a survey is given of already published reviews which are relevant to the subject. A brief history of the subject is also presented and the reasons for continuing interest in it are discussed. The introduction is concluded by mention of problems which are currently engaging the attention of workers in the field.
Tpr is localized within the nuclear basket of the pore complex and has a role in nuclear protein export (2002)

Tpr is a coiled-coil protein found near the nucleoplasmic side of the pore complex. Since neither the precise localization of Tpr nor its functions are well defined, we generated antibodies to three regions of Tpr to clarify these issues. Using light and EM immunolocalization, we determined that mammalian Tpr is concentrated within the nuclear basket of the pore complex in a distribution similar to Nup153 and Nup98. Antibody localization together with imaging of GFP-Tpr in living cells revealed that Tpr is in discrete foci inside the nucleus similar to several other nucleoporins but is not present in intranuclear filamentous networks (Zimowska et al., 1997) or in long filaments extending from the pore complex (Cordes et al., 1997) as proposed. Injection of anti-Tpr antibodies into mitotic cells resulted in depletion of Tpr from the nuclear envelope without loss of other pore complex basket proteins. Whereas nuclear import mediated by a basic amino acid signal was unaffected, nuclear export mediated by a leucine-rich signal was retarded significantly. Nuclear injection of anti-Tpr antibodies in interphase cells similarly yielded inhibition of protein export but not import. These results indicate that Tpr is a nucleoporin of the nuclear basket with a role in nuclear protein export.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Organization (1998)

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is a dominant circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain controlling the rest-activity cycle and a series of physiological and endocrine functions to provide a foundation for the successful elaboration of adaptive sleep and waking behavior. The SCN is anatomically and functionally organized into two subdivisions: (1) a core that lies adjacent to the optic chiasm, comprises predominantly neurons producing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) colocalized with GABA and receives dense visual and midbrain raphe afferents, and (2) a shell that surrounds the core, contains a large population of arginine vasopressin (AVP)-producing neurons in its dorsomedial portion, and a smaller population of calretinin (CAR)-producing neurons dorsally and laterally, colocalized with GABA, and receives input from non-visual cortical and subcortical regions. In this paper, we present a detailed quantitative analysis of the organization of the SCN core and shell in the rat and place this in the context of the functional significance of the subdivisions in the circadian control of regulatory systems.
Minimal Surfaces and Functions of Bounded Variation (1984)

The problem of finding minimal surfaces, i. e. of finding the surface of least area among those bounded by a given curve, was one of the first considered after the foundation of the calculus of variat
The synthesis of deuterium enriched <i>erythro</i>‐α‐methylnorepinephrine and norepinephrine (1977)

Abstract Norepinephrine‐d 10 , d 11 deuteriochloride and erythro ‐α‐methylnorepinephrine‐d 6 , d 7 hydrochloride for use as mass spectrometric stable isotope internal standards have been synthesized. Trideuteriomethylation of the lithio derivative of 3,4‐dimethoxyacetophenone provided the corresponding 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1‐propanone‐3,3,3‐d 3 . Bromination followed by treatment of the resulting α‐bromoketone with dibenzylamine yielded the α‐dibenzylamino derivative of 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1‐propanone‐3,3,3‐d 3 . Deuterium bromide cleaved the methyl ether groups and introduced three to four additional deuterium atoms in the resulting catechol. Catalytic hydrogenation gave the desired erythro ‐α‐methynorepinephrine enriched with six or seven deuterium atoms.
State of the Art: Dual-Energy CT of the Abdomen (2014)

Recent technologic advances in computed tomography (CT)--enabling the nearly simultaneous acquisition of clinical images using two different x-ray energy spectra--have sparked renewed interest in dual-energy CT. By interrogating the unique characteristics of different materials at different x-ray energies, dual-energy CT can be used to provide quantitative information about tissue composition, overcoming the limitations of attenuation-based conventional single-energy CT imaging. In the past few years, intensive research efforts have been devoted to exploiting the unique and powerful opportunities of dual-energy CT for a variety of clinical applications. This has led to CT protocol modifications for radiation dose reduction, improved diagnostic performance for detection and characterization of diseases, as well as image quality optimization. In this review, the authors discuss the basic principles, instrumentation and design, examples of current clinical applications in the abdomen and pelvis, and future opportunities of dual-energy CT.
Asynchronous Data Path Models (2007)

A token-based model for asynchronous data path is formally defined and three token game semantics, spread token, antitoken and counterflow, are introduced. These semantics are studied and their advantages and drawbacks are highlighted. For analysis and comparison a software tool is developed which integrates these models into a consistent framework. The models are verified by mapping them into Petri nets and employing the existing model checking tools.
Polysialic acid, a unique glycan that is developmentally regulated by two polysialyltransferases, PST and STX, in the central nervous system: From biosynthesis to function (1998)

Polysialic acid is a developmentally regulated carbohydrate composed of a linear homopolymer of alpha-2,8-linked sialic acid residues. This unique glycan is mainly attached to the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) and implicated in many morphogenic events of the neural cells by modulating the adhesive property of N-CAM. Recently, the cDNA that encodes polysialyltransferase, which is responsible for the polysialylation of N-CAM, was successfully cloned from three mammalian species. This review focuses on the molecular cloning of human polysialyltransferase, designated PST. It then describes the number of enzymes actually required for the polysialylation of N-CAM using an in vitro polysialyltransferase assay. Comparisons between PST and another polysialyltransferase, sialyltransferase X (STX), are made and it is demonstrated that both enzymes can independently form polysialic acid in vitro, but that during neural development they coordinately but distinctly synthesize polysialic acid on N-CAM. The role of polysialic acid in the central nervous system is also discussed. Finally, evidence that the two polysialyltransferases, PST and STX, apparently have distinct roles in the development of neural cells is provided by using a neurite outgrowth assay.
Dry Etching of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Thin Films in O<sub>2</sub>/BCl<sub>3</sub>/Ar Inductively Coupled Plasma (2010)

In this study, the etch properties of <TEX>$Al_2O_3$</TEX> thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition were investigated as a function of the <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> content in <TEX>$BCl_3$</TEX>/Ar inductively coupled plasma. The experiments were performed by comparing the etch rates and selectivity of <TEX>$Al_2O_3$</TEX> over the hard mask materials as functions of the input plasma parameters, such as the gas mixing ratio, DC-bias voltage, ratio-frequency (RF) power and process pressure. The highest obtained etch rate was 477 nm/min at an RF power of 700 W, <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> to <TEX>$BCl_3$</TEX>/Ar gas ratio of 15%, DC-bias voltage of -100 V and process pressure of 15 mTorr. The deposition occurred on the surfaces when the amount of <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> added to the <TEX>$BCl_3$</TEX>/Ar gas was too high at a low DC-bias voltage or high process pressure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the chemical reactions on the etched surface.
General noise analysis of nonlinear microwave circuits by the piecewise harmonic-balance technique (1994)

This paper presents a self-consistent set of algorithms for the numerical computation of noise effects in forced and autonomous nonlinear microwave circuits. The analysis relies upon the piecewise harmonic-balance method, and thus retains all the peculiar advantages of this technique, including general-purposeness in the widest sense. The noise simulation capabilities include any kind of forced or autonomous nonlinear circuit operated in a time-periodic large-signal steady state, as well as microwave mixers of arbitrary topology. The limitations of the traditional frequency-conversion approach to noise analysis are overcome. The analysis takes into account the thermal noise generated in the passive subnetwork, the noise contributions of linear and nonlinear active devices, and the noise injected by sinusoidal driving sources of known statistical properties. The nonlinear noise models of two representative families of microwave devices (FET's/HEMT's and Schottky-barrier diodes) are discussed in detail, and several applications are illustrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>