gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of a variance decomposition method to compare satellite and aerial inventory data: a tool for evaluating wildlife–habitat relationships (2006)

Summary Researchers frequently rely on forest inventories derived for other purposes when characterizing wildlife–habitat associations. When studied populations are remote and inventory coverage is incomplete for one or more data sets, researchers must often choose between the need for greater detail in habitat information and complete coverage of the land base. Forest inventories are often limited to canopy‐level information; however, different aspects of the overstorey and understorey may be important to wildlife. We compared the explanatory power of a forest resource inventory (FRI) and Landsat‐derived inventory to account for variation in vegetation communities available to woodland caribou Rangifer tarandus caribou . Forest canopy and understorey data were collected from stands in the Clay Belt region of Ontario, Canada, and cluster analysis and ordination were used to identify discrete community types. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed strong relationships between forest inventories and vegetation communities derived from field data. The integration of field‐based species and structural data with remote sensing land cover information provided sufficient detail among vegetation communities to identify features of known importance to woodland caribou. Variance decomposition revealed that FRI and Landsat variables had different capacities to explain variation in community composition, and overlap existed in the explanatory power. FRI species factors had greater explanatory power than Landsat habitat classes; however, Landsat structural variables accounted for more variation than FRI structural variables. Synthesis and applications . The results support the use of forest inventory attributes to infer vegetation characteristics in the overstorey and understorey, thus providing a tool for wildlife–habitat management. The need to account for woodland caribou habitat needs in forest management planning can be facilitated by using readily available vegetation descriptions within the FRI and Landsat data sets. This approach to community classification is of particular benefit for characterizing wildlife habitat in remote areas where collection of detailed vegetation information is impractical. When using habitat inventories derived from different data sources, variance decomposition can aid the researcher in identifying how explanatory power is structured within different data sets, quantifying the independent and confounded components of explained variation.
Effect of beam-pointing errors on bistatic SAR imaging (2008)

The purpose is to conduct a research in the energy variation of echo wave and the imaging effect caused by the aero bistatic SAR pointing errors. Based on the moving geometry configuration of aero bistatic SAR, a model of beam pointing errors is built. Based on this, the azimuth Doppler frequency center estimation caused by these errors and the limitation to the beam pointing synchronization error are studied, and then the imaging result of different errors are analyzed. The computer's simulations are provided to prove the validity of the above analysis.
Hypertonic Preconditioning Inhibits Macrophage Responsiveness to Endotoxin (2002)

Hypertonic saline has been shown to modulate cell shape and the response of components of the innate immune response. However, the effect of hypertonic saline on the macrophage remains unknown. We hypothesized that hypertonic preconditioning would impair subsequent inflammatory mediator signaling through a reduction in stress fiber polymerization and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity after LPS stimulation. Rabbit alveolar macrophages were stimulated with 100 ng/ml of LPS. Selected cells were preconditioned with 40-100 mM of NaCl, mannitol, or urea for 4 h and returned to isotonic medium before LPS stimulation. Cellular protein was harvested and subjected to Western blot analysis for the dually phosphorylated active forms of p38 and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2. TNF production was determined by an L929 bioassay, and stress fiber polymerization was evaluated by confocal microscopy. Preconditioning of macrophages with NaCl or mannitol resulted in dose-dependent reduction in ERK 1/2 phosphorylation with no effect on p38 phosphorylation. Urea preconditioning had no effect on either mitogen-activated protein kinase. A dose-dependent attenuation of TNF production was seen with NaCl and mannitol preconditioning (p < 0.05), but not with urea. NaCl and mannitol preconditioning resulted in failure of LPS-induced stress fiber polymerization, whereas urea did not. Extracellular hypertonic conditions (i.e., NaCl and mannitol) have an immunomodulatory effect on macrophages, demonstrated through failure of optimal stress fiber polymerization, ERK 1/2 activity, and TNF production. Intracellular hypertonic conditions (i.e., urea) had no significant effect. Hypertonic saline or mannitol resuscitation, therefore, may help protect against multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome as a result of this reduced proinflammatory responsiveness.
Reactive stroma in human prostate cancer: induction of myofibroblast phenotype and extracellular matrix remodeling. (2002)

The stromal microenvironment in human prostate cancer is altered compared with normal stroma and exhibits features of a wound repair stroma. Reactive stroma is composed of myofibroblasts and fibroblasts stimulated to express extracellular matrix components. Reactive stroma appears to be initiated during PIN and evolve with cancer progression to effectively displace the normal fibromuscular stroma. These studies and others suggest that TGF-beta1 is a candidate regulator of reactive stroma during prostate cancer progression.
FbpA, a novel multifunctional <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> virulence factor (2004)

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular bacterium responsible for severe opportunistic infections in humans and animals. Signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) was used to identify a gene named fbpA, required for efficient liver colonization of mice inoculated intravenously. FbpA was also shown to be required for intestinal and liver colonization after oral infection of transgenic mice expressing human E-cadherin. fbpA encodes a 570-amino-acid polypeptide that has strong homologies to atypical fibronectin-binding proteins. FbpA binds to immobilized human fibronectin in a dose-dependent and saturable manner and increases adherence of wild-type L. monocytogenes to HEp-2 cells in the presence of exogenous fibronectin. Despite the lack of conventional secretion/anchoring signals, FbpA is detected using an antibody generated against the recombinant FbpA protein on the bacterial surface by immunofluorescence, and in the membrane compartment by Western blot analysis of cell extracts. Strikingly, FbpA expression affects the protein levels of two virulence factors, listeriolysin O (LLO) and InlB, but not that of InlA or ActA. FbpA co-immunoprecipitates with LLO and InlB, but not with InlA or ActA. Thus, FbpA, in addition to being a fibronectin-binding protein, behaves as a chaperone or an escort protein for two important virulence factors and appears as a novel multifunctional virulence factor of L. monocytogenes.
Effect of β-Alanine Supplementation on High-Intensity Exercise Performance (2013)

Carnosine is a dipeptide of β-alanine and L-histidine found in high concentrations in skeletal muscle. Combined with β-alanine, the pKa of the histidine imidazole ring is raised to ∼6.8, placing it within the muscle intracellular pH high-intensity exercise transit range. Combination with β-alanine renders the dipeptide inert to intracellular enzymic hydrolysis and blocks the histidinyl residue from participation in proteogenesis, thus making it an ideal, stable intracellular buffer. For vegetarians, synthesis is limited by β-alanine availability; for meat-eaters, hepatic synthesis is supplemented with β-alanine from the hydrolysis of dietary carnosine. Direct oral β-alanine supplementation will compensate for low meat and fish intake, significantly raising the muscle carnosine concentration. This is best achieved with a sustained-release formulation of β-alanine to avoid paresthesia symptoms and decreasing urinary spillover. In humans, increased levels of carnosine through β-alanine supplementation have been shown to increase exercise capacity and performance of several types, particularly where the high-intensity exercise range is 1-4 min. β-Alanine supplementation is used by athletes competing in high-intensity track and field cycling, rowing, swimming events and other competitions.
4-Hydroxypyridazin-3(2<i>H</i>)-one Derivatives as Novel<scp>d</scp>-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitors (2013)

D-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) catalyzes the oxidation of d-amino acids including d-serine, a coagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. We identified a series of 4-hydroxypyridazin-3(2H)-one derivatives as novel DAAO inhibitors with high potency and substantial cell permeability using fragment-based drug design. Comparisons of complex structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank as well as those determined with in-house fragment hits revealed that a hydrophobic subpocket was formed perpendicular to the flavin ring by flipping Tyr224 in a ligand-dependent manner. We investigated the ability of the initial fragment hit, 3-hydroxy-pyridine-2(1H)-one, to fill this subpocket with the aid of complex structure information. 3-Hydroxy-5-(2-phenylethyl)pyridine-2(1H)-one exhibited the predicted binding mode and demonstrated high inhibitory activity for human DAAO in enzyme- and cell-based assays. We further designed and synthesized 4-hydroxypyridazin-3(2H)-one derivatives, which are equivalent to the 3-hydroxy-pyridine-2(1H)-one series but lack cell toxicity. 6-[2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)ethyl]-4-hydroxypyridazin-3(2H)-one was found to be effective against MK-801-induced cognitive deficit in the Y-maze.
Effective Work-Function Modulation by Aluminum-Ion Implantation for Metal-Gate Technology $(\hbox{Poly-Si/TiN/SiO}_{2})$ (2007)

The impact of aluminum (Al) implantation into TiN/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> on the effective work function (EWF) of poly-Si/ TiN/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> is investigated. Al implanted at 5 keV with a dose of 5 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> reduces the flatband voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FB</sub> ) and the EWF of poly-Si/TiN/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> stack by ~150 mV compared with the unimplanted poly-Si/TiN/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> stack. This reduction of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FB</sub> is found to be dose-dependent, which is correlated to the Al concentration at the TiN-SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> interface as evidenced by secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry profiles. The interface dipole created due to the Al presence at the metal-dielectric interface is believed to contribute to the observed V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FB</sub> (or EWF) reduction (or increase). This technique for EWF modulation is promising for further threshold-voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> ) tuning without any process complexities and is quite significant for planar and multiple gate field-effect transistors on fully depleted silicon on insulator.
Skeletal myosin heavy chain function in cultured lung myofibroblasts (2003)

Myofibroblasts are unique contractile cells with both muscle and nonmuscle properties. Typically myofibroblasts are identified by the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA); however some myofibroblasts also express sarcomeric proteins. In this study, we show that pulmonary myofibroblasts express three of the eight known sarcomeric myosin heavy chains (MyHCs) (IIa, IId, and embryonic) and that skeletal muscle myosin enzymatic activity is required for pulmonary myofibroblast contractility. Furthermore, inhibition of skeletal myosin activity and myofibroblast contraction results in a decrease in both ASMA and skeletal MyHC promoter activity and ASMA protein expression, suggesting a potential coupling of skeletal myosin activity and ASMA expression in myofibroblast differentiation. To understand the molecular mechanisms whereby skeletal muscle genes are regulated in myofibroblasts, we have found that members of the myogenic regulatory factor family of transcription factors and Ca(2+) - regulated pathways are involved in skeletal MyHC promoter activity. Interestingly, the regulation of skeletal myosin expression in myofibroblasts is distinct from that observed in muscle cells and suggests that cell context is important in its control.
Familial presenile dementia with psychosis associated with cortical neurofibrillary tangles and degeneration of the amygdala (1992)

We report a family in which 13 members in three generations had the presenile (age 42 to 66 years) onset of dementia with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. An early symptom in eight individuals was prominent antisocial psychotic or belligerent behavior, often leading to the initial clinical diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. Duration of illness was longer than is usual in Alzheimer's disease (AD), ranging from 14 to 26 years in six members. Three affected siblings and a cousin have come to autopsy, and all had neurofibrillary tangles without senile plaques in several regions of the neocortex, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus. The hippocampus was free of both neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in all four, but in three there was neuronal loss with gliosis in the CA1 region of Ammon's horn bilaterally. There also was neuronal loss and neurofibrillary tangles in the nucleus basalis. The neurofibrillary tangles were tau-2 and Alz-50 positive and were composed of paired helical filaments ultrastructurally. The disease in this kindred appears to be a unique hereditary disorder that is distinct from familial AD.
Efficient BitTorrent handshake obfuscation (2012)

During the last decade, large scale media distribution populated peer-to-peer applications. Faced with ever increasing volumes of traffic, legal threats by copyright holders, and QoS demands of customers, network service providers are urged to apply traffic classification and shaping techniques. These highly integrated systems require constant maintenance, introduce legal issues, and violate both the net neutrality and end-to-end principles.
Role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in brain stem circulation during hypotension (1997)

The basilar artery and its branch arterioles dilate actively in response to a marked decrease in blood pressure and maintain cerebral blood flow (CBF) to the brain stem. We tested the hypothesis that ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels play a role in the autoregulatory responses of the brain stem circulation in vivo. In anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, local CBF to the brain stem was determined with laser-Doppler flowmetry, and diameters of the basilar artery and branch arterioles were measured through a cranial window during stepwise hemorrhagic hypotension. During topical application of 10(-6) and 10(-5) mol/l of glibenclamide, a selective KATP-channel blocker, the lower limit of CBF autoregulation shifted upward to 60-75 from 30-45 mmHg in the vehicle group. Glibenclamide significantly impaired the dilator response of small arterioles (baseline diameter 45 +/- 2 microns) throughout hypotension (P < 0.03) but did not impair the dilatation of the basilar artery (247 +/- 3 microns) or large arterioles (99 +/- 4 microns). Thus KATP channels appear to play an important role in the regulation of CBF to the the brain stem during hypotension by mediating the compensatory dilatation of small arterioles. In contrast, these channels may not be a major regulator of the vascular tone of larger arteries during hypotension.
Calcium, calcium channels, and calcium channel antagonists (1990)

Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels are an important pathway for Ca2+ influx in excitable cells. They also represent an important site of action for a therapeutic group of agents, the Ca2+ channel antagonists. These drugs enjoy considerable use in the cardiovascular area including angina, some arrhythmias, hypertension, and peripheral vascular disorders. The voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels exist in a number of subclasses characterized by electrophysiologic, permeation, and pharmacologic criteria. The Ca2+ channel antagonists, including verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem, serve to characterize the L channel class. This channel class has been characterized as a pharmacologic receptor, since it possesses specific drug-binding sites for both antagonists and activators and it is regulated by homologous and heterologous influences. The Ca2+ channels of both voltage- and ligand-regulated classes are likely to continue to be major research targets for new drug design and action.
Automating large-scale data quality verification (2018)

Modern companies and institutions rely on data to guide every single business process and decision. Missing or incorrect information seriously compromises any decision process downstream. Therefore, a crucial, but tedious task for everyone involved in data processing is to verify the quality of their data. We present a system for automating the verification of data quality at scale, which meets the requirements of production use cases. Our system provides a declarative API, which combines common quality constraints with user-defined validation code, and thereby enables 'unit tests' for data. We efficiently execute the resulting constraint validation workload by translating it to aggregation queries on Apache Spark. Our platform supports the incremental validation of data quality on growing datasets, and leverages machine learning, e.g., for enhancing constraint suggestions, for estimating the 'predictability' of a column, and for detecting anomalies in historic data quality time series. We discuss our design decisions, describe the resulting system architecture, and present an experimental evaluation on various datasets.
A 1V 10-mW monolithic Bluetooth receiver in a 0.35μm CMOS process (2004)

A CMOS Bluetooth receiver is implemented using a single conversion low-IF architecture. A low IF of 600 kHz is employed to minimize the power dissipation in the quadrature IF circuitry, which employs switched-opamp technique to guarantee for 1V operation. Realized in a 0.35/spl mu/m CMOS process ( V/sub TN/ = 0.6 V, V/sub TP/= -0.77 V) and a single 1V supply, the proposed Bluetooth receiver achieves a measured IIP3 of -18dBm, an image rejection of 28 dB, a noise figure of 29 dB and a sensitivity of -70 dBm while consuming a low power dissipation of 10mW.
A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized, controlled trial* (2006)

A mechanical ventilation strategy with a PEEP level set on day 1 above Pflex and a low tidal volume compared with a strategy with a higher tidal volume and relatively low PEEP has a beneficial impact on outcome in patients with severe and persistent ARDS.
An Optimal Frequency Domain Filter for Edge Detection in Digital Pictures (1979)

Edge detection and enhancement are widely used in image processing applications. In this paper we consider the problem of optimizing spatial frequency domain filters for detecting edges in digital pictures. The filter is optimum in that it produces maximum energy within a resolution interval of specified width in the vicinity of the edge. We show that, in the continuous case, the filter transfer function is specified in terms of the prolate spheroidal wave function. In the discrete case, the filter transfer function is specified in terms of the sampled values of the first-order prolate spheroidal wave function or in terms of the sampled values of an asymptotic approximation of the wave function. Both versions can be implemented via the fast Fourier transform (FFT). We show that the optimum filter is very effective for detecting blufred and noisy edges. Finally, we compare the performance of the optimum edge detection filter with other edge detection filters using a variety of input images.
Human P2Y<sub>14</sub>Receptor Agonists: Truncation of the Hexose Moiety of Uridine-5′-Diphosphoglucose and Its Replacement with Alkyl and Aryl Groups (2009)

Uridine-5'-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) activates the P2Y(14) receptor, a neuroimmune system GPCR. P2Y(14) receptor tolerates glucose substitution with small alkyl or aryl groups or its truncation to uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP), a full agonist at the human P2Y(14) receptor expressed in HEK-293 cells. 2-Thiouracil derivatives displayed selectivity for activation of the human P2Y(14) vs the P2Y(6) receptor, such as 2-thio-UDP 4 (EC(50) = 1.92 nM at P2Y(14), 224-fold selectivity vs P2Y(6)) and its beta-propyloxy ester 18. EC(50) values of the beta-methyl ester of UDP and its 2-thio analogue were 2730 and 56 nM, respectively. beta-tert-Butyl ester of 4 was 11-fold more potent than UDPG, but beta-aryloxy or larger, branched beta-alkyl esters, such as cyclohexyl, were less potent. Ribose replacement of UDP with a rigid North or South methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) group abolished P2Y(14) receptor agonist activity. alpha,beta-Methylene and difluoromethylene groups were well tolerated at the P2Y(14) receptor and are expected to provide enhanced stability in biological systems. alpha,beta-Methylene-2-thio-UDP 11 (EC(50) = 0.92 nM) was 2160-fold selective versus P2Y(6). Thus, these nucleotides and their congeners may serve as important pharmacological probes for the detection and characterization of the P2Y(14) receptor.
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of budesonide, a new non-halogenated glucocorticoid with high local activity. (1979)

As part of a study of the local anti-inflammatory activity of corticosteroid 16 alpha, 17 alpha-acetals it was found that on acetalization of 16 alpha-hydroxyprednisolone with n-butyraldehyde the two possible epimers were formed in the ratio of 1: 1. The reaction product was resolved by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. The isolated epimers were studied by NMR and mass spectrometry. The epimeric mixture of this new non-halogenated corticoid, 16 alpha, 17 alpha-(22R,S)-propylmethylenedioxypregna-1,4-diene-11 beta,21-diol-3,20-dione (budesonide), was shown to have a local antiinflammatory potency comparable to that of fluocinolone acetonide in cotton pellet tests in rats. In contrast, its systemic glucocorticoid activity was found to be 4--7 times lower than that of fluocinolone acetonide, however.