gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Frequency of Human Enterovirus Species C Circulation in Madagascar (2005)

Four poliomyelitis outbreaks caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses have been reported recently, including one in Madagascar in 2002. In all cases, the viral strains involved were recombinant between poliovirus vaccine strains and nonpoliovirus strains, probably enterovirus species C. Nevertheless, little is known about the circulation and epidemiology of enteroviruses in the regions where these outbreaks occurred. To assess the circulation of enteroviruses (particularly enterovirus species C) in Madagascar, we genetically characterized 55 enterovirus strains isolated between 1994 and 2002. The strains were identified and compared by partially sequencing the region encoding the VP1 capsid protein. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise comparison with prototype enterovirus strains distinguished two different species: 25 isolates belonged to human enterovirus B species, and 30 isolates were identified as coxsackievirus A13, A15, A17, A18, A20, A21, and A24, belonging to the human enterovirus species C. The relatively high frequency and the wide distribution of species C coxsackie A viruses in different regions of Madagascar suggest that they had been silently and widely circulating in the country during the whole study period. The circulation of coxsackie A viruses, combined with the low routine oral polio vaccine coverage, may have played a role in the emergence of the recent outbreak in Madagascar.
Compromise (2015)

The field of African political philosophy as an academic discipline is new, with systematic argumentation expressed in a corpus of written texts having appeared for the first time only in the postwar era. “African” in this context means thought informed by the indigenous mores salient among black peoples in the sub‐Saharan region, which differ from, say, the Islamic religious practices so predominant above the Sahara desert. Although professional African political philosophy has originated only recently, it has invariably drawn on ideas and practices that have been widely held below the Sahara desert for many centuries. Much of the sub‐Saharan project of philosophizing normatively about government consists of mining intellectual resources from traditional black African peoples with an eye to seeing what might be relevant to understanding and advancing justice today.
Cofiring of Thin Zirconia Films During SOFC Manufacturing (2008)

High‐performance solid oxide fuel cells require a thin and gas‐tight electrolyte membrane that must be coated on a porous and relatively rough support. A pretreatment of the delivered submicronmeter electrolyte powder of 8 mol%‐yttria‐stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) yielded a reduced sintering mismatch between the anode substrate made from NiO/8YSZ and the electrolyte coating. Furthermore, it also enhanced the powder packing inside the green film. Constrained sintering usually leads to inadequate film density and an unfavorable pore deformation and orientation. It was demonstrated that these limitations can be resolved by using a coshrinking substrate in a planar cell design. Relative densities of >97% were achieved, which are higher than those for free‐standing layers. Additionally, the camber behavior was investigated in dependence of the temperature program with and without gravity effects, giving an overall suggestion for the cofiring parameters of the electrolyte.
Palm Tocotrienol Supplementation Enhanced Bone Formation in Oestrogen-Deficient Rats (2012)

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the commonest cause of osteoporosis. It is associated with increased free radical activity induced by the oestrogen-deficient state. Therefore, supplementation with palm-oil-derived tocotrienols, a potent antioxidant, should be able to prevent this bone loss. Our earlier studies have shown that tocotrienol was able to prevent and even reverse osteoporosis due to various factors, including oestrogen deficiency. In this study we compared the effects of supplementation with palm tocotrienol mixture or calcium on bone biomarkers and bone formation rate in ovariectomised (oestrogen-deficient) female rats. Our results showed that palm tocotrienols significantly increased bone formation in oestrogen-deficient rats, seen by increased double-labeled surface (dLS/Bs), reduced single-labeled surface (sLS/BS), increased mineralizing surface (MS/BS), increased mineral apposition rate (MAR), and an overall increase in bone formation rate (BFR/BS). These effects were not seen in the group supplemented with calcium. However, no significant changes were seen in the serum levels of the bone biomarkers, osteocalcin, and cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen, CTX. In conclusion, palm tocotrienol is more effective than calcium in preventing oestrogen-deficient bone loss. Further studies are needed to determine the potential of tocotrienol as an antiosteoporotic agent.
HARMONIC GENERATION OF MICROWAVES PRODUCED BY A FIELD-EMISSION CATHODE IN A SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITY (1965)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation H. Zimmer; HARMONIC GENERATION OF MICROWAVES PRODUCED BY A FIELD‐EMISSION CATHODE IN A SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITY. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1 December 1965; 7 (11): 297–298. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1754267 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioApplied Physics Letters Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Fabrication and Characterization of ${\rm Cd}_{0.9}{\rm Zn}_{0.1}{\rm Te}$ Schottky Diodes for High Resolution Nuclear Radiation Detectors (2012)

Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) Schottky diodes with very low reverse leakage current have been fabricated and characterized for high resolution gamma ray detectors. The diodes were made using <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm Cd}_{0.9}{\rm Zn}_{0.1}{\rm Te}$</tex></formula> detector grade crystals grown from zone refined Cd, Zn, and Te (7N) precursor materials using low temperature tellurium solvent method. Various crystallographic defects including Te-inclusions/precipitates were identified and characterized using electron beam induced current (EBIC) measurement and thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy. The EBIC images were correlated with transmission infrared (TIR) images of CZT crystals and the EBIC contrast was attributed to the nonuniformities in spatial distribution of Te inclusions. Characterization by TSC revealed shallow and deep level centers with activation energies 0.25–0.4 eV and 0.65–0.8 eV respectively, which were attributed to intrinsic defects associated with Te inclusions. Pulse height measurements were carried out using <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$^{137}{\rm Cs}$</tex></formula> (662 keV) radiation source and energy resolution of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\sim 1.51}\%$</tex></formula> full width at half maximum (FWHM) was obtained from the as-grown boule.
A Merged Fuzzy Neural Network and Its Applications in Battery State-of-Charge Estimation (2007)

To solve learning problems with vast number of inputs, this paper proposes a novel learning structure merging a number of small fuzzy neural networks (FNNs) into a hierarchical learning structure called a merged-FNN. In this paper, the merged-FNN is proved to be a universal approximator. This computing approach uses a fusion of FNNs using B-spline membership functions (BMFs) with a reduced-form genetic algorithm (RGA). RGA is employed to tune all free parameters of the merged-FNN, including both the control points of the BMFs and the weights of the small FNNs. The merged-FNN can approximate a continuous nonlinear function to any desired degree of accuracy. For a practical application, a battery state-of-charge (BSOC) estimator, which is a twelve input, one output system, in a lithium-ion battery string is proposed to verify the effectiveness of the merged-FNN. From experimental results, the learning ability of the newly proposed merged-FNN with RGA is superior to that of the traditional neural networks with back-propagation learning.
The impact of time to thrombolytic treatment on outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction (2000)

In this single large trial, the beneficial effect of time to thrombolysis on infarct size and ejection fraction was restricted to treatment given within two hours of symptom onset, while the effect on mortality was evident over all time intervals. Reinfarction rate was higher in patients treated with earlier thrombolysis.
Early Reperfusion Hemodynamics Predict Recovery in Rat Hearts: A Potential Approach towards Evaluating Cardiac Grafts from Non-Heart-Beating Donors (2012)

Upon reperfusion of a NHBD heart, early evaluation, at the time of organ procurement, of cardiac hemodynamic parameters, as well as easily accessible markers of metabolism and necrosis seem to accurately predict subsequent contractile recovery and could thus potentially be of use in guiding the decision of accepting the ischemic heart for transplantation.
THE INTERCONVERSION OF CROTYL ALCOHOL AND METHYLVINYLCARBINOL IN AQUEOUS SULFURIC ACID (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE INTERCONVERSION OF CROTYL ALCOHOL AND METHYLVINYLCARBINOL IN AQUEOUS SULFURIC ACIDWilliam G. Young, Kenzie. Nozaki, and Ruth. WarnerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 9, 2564–2565Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01878a521https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01878a521research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views52Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
3D position sensitive CdZnTe spectrometer performance using third generation VAS/TAT readout electronics (2005)

Three-dimensional position-sensitive CdZnTe (CZT) gamma-ray spectrometers employing new VAS3.1/TAT3 ASIC readouts were developed and tested. Each spectrometer is a 1.5times1.5times1 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> CdZnTe crystal with 11 by 11 pixelIated anodes wire-bonded to the readout electronics using an intermediate ceramic substrate with plate-through-via. The signals from the anode pixels and the cathode were all read out through these ASICs. The pixel position provides the lateral coordinates of the interaction, while the cathode to anode signal ratio and the electron drift time are used to obtain the interaction depth. Using the 3-D position information, the variation in weighting potential, electron trapping and material non-uniformity can be accounted for to the scale of the position resolution, ~1.27 mmtimes1.27 mmtimes0.2 mm. The new VAS3.1/TAT3 ASIC has less gain and baseline drift, lower cross-talk noise, more uniform thresholds, better linearity and better timing resolution than our previous VAS2/TAT2 system. For example, the 32 keV K X-ray from a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">137</sup> Cs source was observed for the first time. Two 3-D CZT spectrometers were tested and both achieved better than 1% FWHM energy resolution (at 662 keV, room temperature operation, with an uncollimated source) for single-pixel events. The experimental results for these two 3-D CZT spectrometer systems are presented and discussed
Genetic Variants of Dopamine Receptor D4 and Psychopathology (1999)

There is much evidence to indicate that the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene is involved in psychiatric disorders. We investigated the correlation between DRD4 gene polymorphism and the psychopathology of major psychoses, independently of diagnoses. Some 461 inpatients affected by major psychoses were assessed by the Operational Criteria checklist for psychotic illness and typed for DRD4 variants. The four symptomatologic factors-mania, depression, delusion, and disorganization-were used as phenotype definitions. DRD4 Exon 3 long allele variants were associated with high delusional scores, with the most significant difference between alleles 2 and 7 (p = 0.004). DRD4 variants may, therefore, constitute a liability factor for development of delusional symptomatology in patients with major psychoses.
Regulated in Development and DNA Damage Responses -1 (REDD1) Protein Contributes to Insulin Signaling Pathway in Adipocytes (2012)

REDD1 (Regulated in development and DNA damage response 1) is a hypoxia and stress response gene and is a negative regulator of mTORC1. Since mTORC1 is involved in the negative feedback loop of insulin signaling, we have studied the role of REDD1 on insulin signaling pathway and its regulation by insulin. In human and murine adipocytes, insulin transiently stimulates REDD1 expression through a MEK dependent pathway. In HEK-293 cells, expression of a constitutive active form of MEK stabilizes REDD1 and protects REDD1 from proteasomal degradation mediated by CUL4A-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, silencing of REDD1 with siRNA induces an increase of mTORC1 activity as well as an inhibition of insulin signaling pathway and lipogenesis. Rapamycin, a mTORC1 inhibitor, restores the insulin signaling after downregulation of REDD1 expression. This observation suggests that REDD1 positively regulates insulin signaling through the inhibition of mTORC1 activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that insulin increases REDD1 expression, and that REDD1 participates in the biological response to insulin.
Peptides in the mammalian cardiovascular system (1989)

Ample immunocytochemical evidence is now available demonstrating that several peptides are present in the mammalian cardiovascular system where they are localised to nerve fibres and myocardial cells. The neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, tachykinins and vasoctive intestinal polypeptide) are localised to large secretory vesicles in subpopulations of afferent or efferent nerves supplying the heart and vasculature of several mammals, including man. Although they often exert potent pharmacological effects on the tissues in which they occur their physiological significance has still to be established. They may act directly via specific receptors and/or indirectly by influencing the release and action of other cardiovascular transmitters. In marked contrast, atrial natriuretic peptide is produced by cardiac myocytes and considered to act as a circulating hormone.
Recognizing daily activities with RFID-based sensors (2009)

We explore a dense sensing approach that uses RFID sensor network technology to recognize human activities. In our setting, everyday objects are instrumented with UHF RFID tags called WISPs that are equipped with accelerometers. RFID readers detect when the objects are used by examining this sensor data, and daily activities are then inferred from the traces of object use via a Hidden Markov Model. In a study of 10 participants performing 14 activities in a model apartment, our approach yielded recognition rates with precision and recall both in the 90% range. This compares well to recognition with a more intrusive short-range RFID bracelet that detects objects in the proximity of the user; this approach saw roughly 95% precision and 60% recall in the same study. We conclude that RFID sensor networks are a promising approach for indoor activity monitoring.
The development and potential clinical utility of biomarkers for HDAC inhibitors (2013)

Drug discovery has always been a complex process including many phases from target validation to clinical development. Data from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has estimated that the elimination rate for investigational new drugs entering clinical trials is up to 80%. In recent years, many kinds of biomarkers have been used to predict response in cancer treatment and for evaluation of new drugs. By increasing the understanding of histone deactylase (HDAC) inhibitors cellular mechanism of action, we have elucidated how HDAC inhibitors exert their effect by the use of proper biomarkers. In this paper, we mainly focus on the development and potential clinical utility of HDAC inhibitor biomarkers.
Photothermal guidance for selective photothermolysis with nanoparticles (2004)

Photothermal (PT) technique was applied to optimizing selective photothermolysis of cancer cells and bacteria into which nanoparticles have been incorporated (selective “nanophotothermolysis”). This technique involved first irradiating nanoparticles-penetrated cells with nanosecond pump-laser pulses in the visible spectral ranges. Laser-induced local thermal effects around the nanoparticles in the cancer cells or bacteria were then detected via time-resolved monitoring of temperature-dependent variations of the refractive index. This procedure was accomplished with imaging of a second probe-laser pulse. Analysis of the distinctive temporal shape of the PT response revealed linear and nonlinear phenomena around nanoparticles, such as alteration of local temperature, and bubble-formation-caused cell death accompanied by laser-induced melting and disintegration of particles. The damage threshold was obtained for live cancer cells <i>in vitro</i> depended on the size (range: 2-250 nm) and number of particles, laser energy, and number of pulses. Local heat-based induction of apoptosis and necrosis was controlled in parallel with conventional kits (e.g. trypan blue, Annexin V-propidium iodide) and optical and electron microscopy. The PT technique potentially allowed for the detection of nanoparticles that had been delivered into live cells by direct microinjection, natural diffusion, and selective targeting with antibodies.
A hybrid model for named entity recognition using unstructured medical text (2014)

Named entity recognition (NER) is an essential step in the process of information extraction within text mining. This paper proposes a technique to extract drug named entities from unstructured and informal medical text using a hybrid model of lexicon-based and rule-based techniques. In the proposed model, a lexicon is first used as the initial step to detect drug named entities. Inference rules are then deployed to further extract undetected drug names. The designed rules employ part of speech tags and morphological features for drug name detection. The proposed hybrid model is evaluated using a benchmark data set from the i2b2 2009 medication challenge, and is able to achieve an f-score of 66.97%.
Nonlinear Absorption Properties in Novel Gold Nanostructured Topologies (2003)

The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of different gold metal nanoparticle geometries are reported. The results of nonlinear absorption measurements (as well as optical limiting effects) of both gold nanorods and nanospheres are provided. Gold dendrimer metal nanocomposites were synthesized by first using an amine terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer and later a dansyl chromophore functionalized (PAMAM) dendrimer. The characterization of the nonlinear optical effects in both systems is provided. Another dendrimer morphology containing hydroxy terminated PAMAM G5 was also used as a template to stabilize the gold nanoparticles. These results show that the NLO properties of gold nanoparticles not only depend on the geometry of the metal nanoparticles, but also on the templates used to form the nanocomposites.
SGDLibrary: A MATLAB library for stochastic gradient descent algorithms (2017)

We consider the problem of finding the minimizer of a function $f: \mathbb{R}^d \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ of the finite-sum form $\min f(w) = 1/n\sum_{i}^n f_i(w)$. This problem has been studied intensively in recent years in the field of machine learning (ML). One promising approach for large-scale data is to use a stochastic optimization algorithm to solve the problem. SGDLibrary is a readable, flexible and extensible pure-MATLAB library of a collection of stochastic optimization algorithms. The purpose of the library is to provide researchers and implementers a comprehensive evaluation environment for the use of these algorithms on various ML problems.
Pulsed Compression Technology: A Breakthrough in the Production of Hydrogen (2006)

Production of hydrogen by steam reforming or by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons involves rather high temperatures of 800 – 1400 o C. The required heating of the feed and subsequent recovering of thermal energy of the products entail high capital and operating costs and large sizes of the plants. A fundamentally new chemical reactor concept based on the principle of compressive heating and cooling permits a breakthrough in many chemical processes at high temperatures and pressures in terms of energy efficiency, capital costs and portability. Success of the novel reactor concept is achieved due to reversibility of the heating and cooling processes and integration of all process steps in a single unit. The new pulsed compression reactor suits ideally for production of hydrogen by noncatalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. This paper describes the novel reactor concept, some experimental results obtained and the advantages of the pulsed compression technology.
Monte Carlo simulations of the hydration of substituted benzenes with OPLS potential functions (1993)

Abstract Intermolecular potential functions have been developed for use in computer simulations of substituted benzenes. Previously reported optimized potentials for liquid simulations (OPLS) for benzene and organic functional groups were merged and tested by computing free energies of hydration for toluene, p ‐xylene, phenol, anisole, benzonitrile, p ‐cresol, hydroquinone, and p ‐dicyanobenzene. The calculations featured Monte Carlo simulations at 25°C and 1 atm with statistical perturbation theory. The average difference between the computed results and experimental data for the absolute free energies of hydration is 0.5 kcal/mol. The AM1‐SM2 method is also found to perform well in predicting the free energies of hydration for the substituted benzenes. In addition, the Monte Carlo simulations provided details on the hydration of the substituted benzenes, in particular for the solute–water hydrogen bonding. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.