gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward Three-Dimensional Nanoengineering of Heterogeneous Catalysts (2008)

Cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch systems are widely used to convert synthesis gas to clean hydrocarbon fuel. However, surprisingly little is known about the morphology of the catalysts on the nanoscale. Here we show that scanning transmission electron tomography reveals their true 3-D morphology and provides direct evidence that the support controls the final morphology of the catalyst. Such direct local three-dimensional measurements provide unprecedented insight into catalysis, and can henceforth transform our understanding of these complex materials.
Volume haptization (1993)

The authors describe haptic representation of volume data. Volume visualization is a powerful tool in the field of scientific visualization. However, visual representation of full three-dimensional volume is hard to comprehend because of occlusion. Higher-dimensional and multi-parameter data sets are also difficult to present by visual image. The authors propose methods for presentation of volume data by force sensation. A six degree-of-freedom force reflective master manipulator is used for haptization. The manipulator is combined to real-time visual image of volume data. Methods of haptic representation of scalar, vector, and tensor data are discussed. Recognition performance tests of scalar and multiparameter volume data are examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro by antibiotic peptide dermaseptin S4 (2011)

To study the inhibition of the antibiotic peptide Dermaseptin S4(DS4) to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) replication in vitro,PRRSV cultured in Marc-145 was taken as research object,and three different administrations were respectively applied(DS4 administration and PRRSV infection at the same time,DS4 administration before PRRSV infection,and DS4 administration after PRRSV infection).The colorimetry of MTT was adopted to determine TC0 and TCID50.Among three administrations of DS4,direct inactivation(DS4 administration and PRRSV infection at the same time) displayed the best inhibition against PRRSV in vitro,and the inhibitory effect was equivalent to that of lamivudine.There was a positive correlation between the inhibitory effect and DS4 concentration(R2=0.998 3).
Structure−Activity Relationships of Boronic Acid Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV. 1. Variation of the P<sub>2</sub>Position of X<sub>aa</sub>-boroPro Dipeptides (1996)

A series of prolineboronic acid (boroPro) containing dipeptides were synthesized and assayed for their ability to inhibit the serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). Inhibitory activity, which requires the (R)-stereoisomer of boroPro in the P1 position, appears to tolerate a variety of L-amino acids in the P2 position. Substitution at the P2 position which is not tolerated include the D-amino acids, alpha,alpha-disubstituted amino acids, and glycine. Specificity against DPPII and proline specific endopeptidase is reported. A correlation between the ability to inhibit DPPIV in cell culture and in the human mixed lymphocyte reaction is demonstrated. A synthesis of prolineboronic acid is reported as well as conditions for generating the fully unprotected boronic acid dipeptides in either their cyclic or acyclic forms.
3D nanostructures by stacking pre-patterned fluid-supported single-crystal Si membranes (2011)

The fabrication of complex three-dimensional (3D) structures at sub-100 nm resolution presents a difficult challenge. 3D photonic crystals that contain waveguides, resonant cavities, filters or other devices, and require deep-sub-100 nm dimensional control, are a particular example of this challenge. Multilayer 3D structures can be formed by stacking and bonding thin membranes that have been patterned in advance. This approach enables the full panoply of 2D planar-fabrication techniques to be employed. Membranes containing patterns that are not perfectly regular will exhibit in-plane distortion unless their intrinsic stress is zero. To minimize the effects of intrinsic stress we float individual membranes on the surface of a liquid. Thin single-crystal Si membranes on an oxide substrate are first patterned and then removed by etching the oxide in hydrofluoric acid. The freed Si membranes readily float on the liquid surface, aided by the hydrophobic nature of H-terminated Si. The authors describe methods for cleaning, patterning, manipulating, bonding and stacking such freely floating membranes.
<i>N</i>‐Iodosuccinimide: A Highly Effective Regioselective Reagent for Iodoesterification of Alkenes (2013)

Abstract A rapid, convenient, and efficient method has been achieved for regioselective iodoesterification of alkenes with aliphatic and aromatic acids, and protected amino acids in the presence of N ‐iodosuccinimide (NIS) in nearly quantitative yields. Optically enriched iodohydrins have been achieved by LiAlH 4 (LAH) reduction of diastereoisomeric iodo esters.
Heterocyclic compounds. VIII. Studies on oxazolophenoxazines (1976)

5H-Oxazolo[4,5-b]phenoxazine (5) was synthesized by the reaction of 3-amino-2-hydroxyphenoxazine hydrochloride (2) with formamide. A series of styryl-oxazolophenoxazines (9) were prepared by condensation of 2-methyl-5-acetyloxazolo[4,5-b]phenoxazine methiodide (8) with aromatic aldehydes. By contrast, 2-aryl-oxazolophenoxazines (14) were synthesized by reaction of 3-aminophenoxaz-2-one (1) with the appropriate aldehydes in the presence of an acid–base catalyst. The biological activities of some of these compounds were tested.
Viscosity, yield stress, remolded strength, and liquidity index relationships for sensitive clays (1988)

The rheological behavior of some sensitive clays has shown that there are positive relationships between plastic viscosity, yield stress, remolded shear strength, and liquidity index. Based on the various correlations, remolded strength values can be predicted for soils with a liquidity index as high as 6. For a liquidity index varying from 2 to 5, the remolded undrained shear strength and plastic viscosity vary from about 90 to 5 Pa and from 200 to 7 mPa∙s respectively. It has been observed that most sensitive clays behave either as a Bingham or a Casson fluid, the latter behavior being related to less sensitive clays of higher pore-water salinities. Increasing the salt content from 0.5 to 30 g/L modified the rheological behavior of a single test soil from that of a Bingham to that of a Casson type of fluid. Such modification in the pore-water salinity illustrates how soils can have similar plastic viscosity and similar remolded strength but different yield stresses. The range of viscosity measured for sensitive clays is very different from that of values obtained from back analysis of subaerial or submarine slides where viscous flow can be expected. Key words: sensitivity, clays, viscosity, yield stress, shear strength, salinity, liquidity index, submarine slide, landslide.
TEM‐Based Metrology for HfO<sub>2</sub> Layers and Nanotubes Formed in Anodic Aluminum Oxide Nanopore Structures (2008)

Nanotubes are fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) into nanopore arrays created by anodic aluminum oxide (AAO). A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methodology is developed and applied to quantify the ALD conformality in the nanopores (thickness as a function of depth), and the results are compared to existing models for ALD conformality. ALD HfO2 nanotubes formed in AAO templates are released by dissolution of the Al2O3, transferred to a grid, and imaged by TEM. An algorithm is devised to automate the quantification of nanotube wall thickness as a function of position along the central axis of the nanotube, by using a cylindrical model for the nanotube. Diffusion-limited depletion occurs in the lower portion of the nanotubes and is characterized by a linear slope of decreasing thickness. Experimentally recorded slopes match well with two simple models of ALD within nanopores presented in the literature. The TEM analysis technique provides a method for the rapid analysis of such nanostructures in general, and is also a means to efficiently quantify ALD profiles in nanostructures for a variety of nanodevice applications.
Crosstalk Alleviation for Dynamic PLAs (2002)

The dynamic PLA style has become popular in designing high performance microprocessors because of its high speed and predictable routing delay. However like all other dynamic circuits, dynamic PLAs have suffered from the crosstalk noise problem. In this paper, we propose two techniques to alleviate crosstalk noise for dynamic PLAs. The first technique makes use of the fact that depending on the ordering of product lines, some crosstalk does not cause errors in outputs. A proper ordering can greatly reduce the number of lines affected by crosstalk noise. For those product lines which can be affected by crosstalk, we attempt to reduce the parallel length by re-ordering the input and output lines. We have performed experiments on a large set of MCNC benchmark circuits. The results show that after re-ordering, 86.7% of product lines become crosstalk immune and need not be considered for crosstalk prevention.
Very low phase noise RF quadrature oscillator architecture (2001)

An architecture for RF quadrature oscillators is presented, which, according to simulations, shows a figure of merit some 20 dB higher than that of other quadrature oscillators. The new quadrature oscillator compares favourably even with a state-of-the-art design of the popular negative-resistance differential oscillator.
Comparison of bioleaching behaviors of different compositional sphalerite using Leptospirillum ferriphilum, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus caldus (2009)

Two sphalerite samples with different iron/sulphur (Fe/S) ratios, Shuikousan ore (Fe/S 0.2) and Dachang ore (Fe/S 0.52), were processed using three microbial species, Leptospirillum ferriphilum, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus caldus. Following 20 days of bioleaching in shake flask cultures, a higher zinc (Zn) extraction (96%) was achieved with Shuikousan ore than with Dachange ore (72%). The extraction efficiency increased when elemental S was added to Dachang ore to attain the same Fe/S ratio as that for Shuikousan ore. Following the addition of S, the redox potential, pH and total dissolved Fe for Dachang ore demonstrated similar behaviors to those of Shuikousan ore. Acidithiobacillus caldus and L. ferriphilum became the dominant species during the bioleaching of sphalerite with a high Fe/S ratio. In contrast, the dominant species were A. ferrooxidans and A. caldus during the bioleaching of sphalerite with a low Fe/S ratio. These results show that the Fe/S ratio has a significant influence on the bioleaching behavior of sphalerite and the composition of the microbial community.
A STUDY OF THIXOTROPIC β-FeOOH BY MÖSSBAUER EFFECT (1976)

Using colloidal β-FeOOH particles, thixotropic behaviour has been studied by the Mössbauer effect. These rod like particles show superparamagnetic behaviour in the sol and gel phase and the anisotropy energy density was estimated. The hyperfine parameters of βFeOOH in the frozen sol and the gel phase were compared with those obtained for the dried sample of β-FeOOH. The difference in the temperature dependence of the relative area above 240 K was related to the melting temperature of the dispersed medium. For the dried β-FeOOH samples the Debye temperature was determined.
<b>Prolog and natural language analysis</b> . By Fernando C.N. Pereira and Stuart M. Shieber (CSLI Lecture Notes 10.) Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1987. Pp. viii, 266. (1988)

From the Publisher:
A concise and practical introduction to logic programming and the logic-programming language Prolog, both as vehicles for understanding elementary computational linguistics and as tools for implementing the basic components of natural-language-processing systems.
Hypodermoclysis: Infusion Technique (2001)

Hypodermoclysis, the subcutaneous infusion of fluids, is a useful and easy hydration tech- nique suitable for mildly to moderately dehydrated adult patients, especially the elderly. The method is considered safe and does not pose any serious complications. The most fre- quent adverse effect is mild subcutaneous edema that can be treated by local massage or systemic diuretics. Approximately 3 L can be given in a 24-hour period at two separate sites. Common infusion sites are the chest, abdomen, thighs and upper arms. The preferred solution is normal saline, but other solutions, such as half-normal saline, glucose with saline or 5 percent glucose, can also be used. Potassium chloride can be added to the solu- tion bag if needed. Hyaluronidase can also be added to enhance fluid absorption. Hypo- dermoclysis can be administered at home by family members or a nurse; the technique should be familiar to every family physician. (Am Fam Physician 2001;64:1575-8.) O A patient informa- tion handout on hypodermoclysis, writ- ten by the authors of this article, is provided on the AFP Web site.
Acid Tolerance of <i>Leuconostoc mesenteroides</i> and <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> (1990)

In this study, we determined the internal cellular pH response of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum to the external pH created by the microorganisms themselves or by lactic or acetic acids and their salts added to the growth medium. Growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides stopped when its internal pH reached 5.4 to 5.7, and growth of L. plantarum stopped when its internal pH reached 4.6 to 4.8. Variation in growth medium composition or pH did not alter the growth-limiting internal pH reached by these microorganisms. L. plantarum maintained its pH gradient in the presence of either 160 mM sodium acetate or sodium lactate down to an external pH of 3.0 with either acid. In contrast, the DeltapH of Leuconostoc mesenteroides was zero at pH 4.0 with acetate and 5.0 with lactate. No differences were found between d-(-)- and l-(+)-lactic acid for the limiting internal pH for growth of either microorganism. The comparatively low growth-limiting internal pH and ability to maintain a pH gradient at high organic acid concentration may contribute to the ability of L. plantarum to terminate vegetable fermentations.
Refining the digital spectrum (2002)

It is well known that the digital spectrum is distorted, if the sampling window does not enclose an integer number of the discrete periods of the signal components, i.e., if the discrete signal is truncated. This phenomenon is known as "spectrum leaking". This paper presents an algorithm, based on the analysis of the spectral leakage, to obtain the true amplitude, phase and frequency of the signal components, based on their distorted values. The paper also includes some demonstrative examples of the algorithm performance.
Analysis of Uplink Intercarrier Interference in OFDMA Femtocell Networks (2014)

The femtocell has been considered to be a promising and cost-effective technology to enhance cellular coverage and capacity. However, in the uplink of orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)-based femtocell systems, the signals from macrocell users (MUs) generally arrive at the femtocell base station (FBS) asynchronously because their transmissions are scheduled to be synchronized at the macrocell base station (MBS). When the timing misalignment caused by the asynchronous reception at the FBS is greater than the cyclic prefix length, intercarrier interference (ICI) will arise in demodulation. In this paper, a performance analysis of uplink OFDMA femtocell network is presented. First, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of MU arrival time is derived. Evaluation shows that the derived CDF is accurate and agrees with simulation results. With the CDF, a closed-form expression of probability mass functions (PMFs) of relative delay of MU signal and probability of ICI occurrence for two synchronization schemes are developed. Based on the PMF of relative delay, ICI power averaged over MU locations for the macrocell using fractional power control is derived for the two synchronization schemes. This new theoretical result helps analyze the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the femtocell, femtocell capacity, and symbol error rate (SER). The theoretical analysis provides a solid evaluation of the effects of ICI for different FBS locations on system performance. It is shown that the performance analysis is quite agreeable with computer simulation. Theory and simulation results show that the system performance of the femtocell using first MU arrival time for synchronization is close to that of no ICI and better than that of using the earliest permissible arrival time.
Cold air performance of a 12.766-centimeter-tip-diameter axial-flow cooled turbine. 2: Effect of air ejection on turbine performance (1977)

An air cooled version of a single-stage, axial-flow turbine was investigated to determine aerodynamic performance with and without air ejection from the stator and rotor blades surfaces to simulate the effect of cooling air discharge. Air ejection rate was varied from 0 to 10 percent of turbine mass flow for both the stator and the rotor. A primary-to-air ejection temperature ratio of about 1 was maintained.
Basil: A Source of Aroma Compounds and a Popular Culinary and Ornamental Herb* (1999)

Basil, one of the most popular culinary herbs in North America is sold as a fresh-cut and dried processed product. There are over 40 cultivars available (De Baggio and Belsinger 1996), with many developed specifically for the fresh and/or ornamental markets. The popular cultivars for the fresh market and garden have dark green leaves and white flowers, with a rich spicy pungent aroma due to the presence of linalool/ methylchavicol/1,8-cineole. Lesser known cultivars vary in growth habit, size, and color, and can contain a wide range of aromas including, lemon, rose, camphor, licorice, woody, and fruity. The popularity of basil has led to an infusion of many introductions into the marketplace. For example, new cultivars, both All-American selections, include the new fusarium resistant lemon basil, ‘Sweet Dani’, a tall (65–70 cm), up-right plant with an intense lemon aroma (Morales and Simon 1997) and ‘Siam Queen’, an attractive plant with purple flowers on a dense dark green foliage. This paper will address the diversity of basil in the North American market and potential new uses for the natural products of this species. DIVERSITY IN BASIL The genus Ocimum, Lamiaceae, collectively called basil, has long been acclaimed for its diversity. Ocimum comprises more than 30 species of herbs and shrubs from the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, but the main center of diversity appears to be Africa (Paton 1992). It is a
Utopian Communalism: A Comparison of 19th and 20th Century Phenomena in the United States (1973)

The utopian communal phenomenon has been present in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The longevity of various religious and secular utopian communal experiments is examined in terms of four organizational factors and the twentieth century communes are considered in terms of four ideals. The main stream of American society has assimilated nothing from these utopian communal experiments.
Genotypic Variability of Soybean Response to <i>Agrobacterium</i> Strains Harboring the Ti or Ri Plasmids (1985)

Twenty four diverse cultivars of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) and three lines of its annual wild progenitor Glycine soja Sieb and Zucc. were tested for their response to Agrobacterium strains harboring either the Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid (pTi) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens or the Ri (root-inducing) plasmid (pRi) from Agrobacterium rhizogenes following uniform wounding and inoculation. Based upon gall weight at 8 weeks postinfection, three G. max cultivars (Biloxi, Jupiter, and Peking) and one G. soja line, Plant Introduction (PI) 398.693B, were judged highly susceptible to A. tumefaciens strain A348 (pTiA6), ten genotypes moderately susceptible, 11 weakly susceptible, and two nonsusceptible. Of 26 genotypes inoculated with strain R1000 (pRiA4b), only seven responded in a clearly susceptible fashion by forming small, fleshy roots at internodal infection sites. Cotyledons excised from 1- or 3-day old seedlings of Peking and Biloxi cultivars also formed galls when infected in vitro with agrobacteria carrying either the Ti or Ri plasmid. Tumor lines established from cotyledon and stem galls induced by A. tumefaciens A348 (pTiA6) exhibited the T-DNA borne traits of phytohormone-independent growth and octopine synthesis. Additionally, DNA isolated from cultured tumors hybridized with labeled T-DNA probe.
Knowledge based fault location in a data communication network (2003)

The architecture of an expert system developed to investigate the potential of expert-system shell technology for diagnosing faults in a computer-communications network to evaluate the fast prototyping capabilities of a shell tool, and to demonstrate the potential to decision makers in the network-maintenance field is described. The demonstration system was constructed using the knowledge engineering environment (KEE) on a Sperry Explorer workstation, and used simulations of the real-world environment in which an operational system would function. The system used many of the KEE paradigms, including object-oriented programming, and rules and methods. An evaluation of the demonstration and of the KEE/Explorer environment is also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of 2,2‐dimethyl‐<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>‐propionitrile‐1‐<sup>13</sup>C and its conversion to triply carbon‐13<sup>2</sup>labeled dowco 429 insecticide (1990)

Abstract A convenient synthesis of triply carbon‐13 labeled 2,2‐dimethyl‐ 13 C 2 ‐propionitrile‐1‐ 13 C is described. The synthetic sequence begins with commercially available propionic acid‐1‐ 13 C and methyl iodide‐ 13 C with the application of a sequential dianion alkylation. The 2,2‐dimethyl‐ 13 C 2 ‐propionitrile‐1‐ 13 C was carried on to triply labeled DOWCO 429 insecticide for use in residue and metabolism studies.
Multiple Sclerosis: Presence of Lymphatic Capillaries and Lymphoid Tissue in the Brain and Spinal Cord (1979)

Thin-walled channels resembling lymphatic capillaries and containing lymphocytes were observed in perivascular spaces throughout the central nervous system of patients with various neurological disorders. This suggests that immunological surveillance in the central nervous system may normally involve lymphocyte circulation through the perivascular compartment. In some old multiple sclerosis plaques, perivascular lymphoid tissue was found which was organized in a manner similar to the antibody-producing medullary region of lymph nodes. This may indicate continuous processing of the putative multiple sclerosis antigen in such lesions.