gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition, and Health (2019)

Preface Contributors Introduction, A. M. Papas Antioxidant Status in Humans Chemistry of Oxygen Species and Antioxidants, N. Noguchi and E. Niki Determinants of Antioxidant Status in Humans, A. M. Papas Evaluation of Antioxidant Status in Humans, G.J. Handelman and W. A. Pryor Effect of Diet on Antioxidant Status Genetic Variation and Evolutionary Aspects of Diet, A. P. Simopoulos Diet and Antioxidant Status, A.M. Papas Mediterranean Diet: Are Antioxidants Central to Its Benefits?, A. Trichopoulou, P. Lagiou, and A.M. Papas Diet, Antioxidants, and Health - Case Study: The Cretan Experience, A. G. Kafatos Major Dietary and Other Antioxidants Carotenoids, Vitamin A, and Human Health, T.W.M. Boileau, A.C. Moore, and J.W. Erdman, Jr. Vitamin C, S.C. Rumsey, Y. Wang, and M. Levine Vitamin E: Tocopherols and Tocotrienols, A.M. Papas Isoflavone Metabolism and Bioavailability, S. Hendrich, G-J. Wang, H-K. Lin, X. Xu, B-Y. Tew, H-J. Wang, and P.A. Murphy Other Antioxidants, A. M. Papas Physiological Stage and Antioxidant Status Antioxidant Status and Function: Relationships to Aging and Exercise, J.B. Blumberg and A.D. Halpner Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Premature Infants, W.L. Stone Alcoholism, Antioxidant Status, and Essential Fatty Acids, W.E.M. Lands, R.J. Pawlosky, and N. Salem, Jr. Proposed Modes of Action of Antioxidants Antioxidants and Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation, S. Parthasarathy, N. Santanam, and N. Auge
Diabetic macular oedema: a clinical overview (2007)

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working aged-adults in westernised countries. Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is a manifestation of diabetic retinopathy and is the leading cause of the visual impairment that occurs with diabetic retinopathy. There are multiple ways of classifying DMO; however, none appear to be wholly satisfactory. DMO occurs more frequently in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and appears to be more prevalent as the duration of diabetes increases, and as the severity of diabetic retinopathy worsens. There are multiple risk factors in common with diabetic retinopathy, such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia; however, specific factors such as the presence of renal disease appear to be more significantly associated with DMO. Whereas the gold standard for diagnosis of DMO is via clinical examination, there is considerable variability involved, and hence, this has led to the advent of more objective methods of quantifying the degree of retinal thickness, such as optical coherence tomography. Laser photocoagulation appears to be the only universally acceptable treatment of choice to date; however, this is a destructive therapy, and its side effects coupled with the suboptimal efficacy has led to the advent of potential new therapies which will undoubtedly compliment the existing approaches, in the future management of a patient with DMO.
Accelerating the Kinetics of Thiol Self-Assembly on GoldA Spatial Confinement Effect (1998)

The adsorption of alkanethiols onto gold surfaces to form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) occurs more than 10 times faster in a spatially confined environment than on unconfined bare substrates, and the adsorbed layers exhibit higher coverage and two-dimensional crystallinity. The spatially constrained reaction environment is prepared with use of an atomic force microscope tip to displace thiols within a previously formed SAM. During the displacement, the thiol molecules present in the solution above the SAM rapidly assemble onto the exposed nanometer-size gold area that is confined by the scanning tip and surrounding SAM. The accelerated rate is attributed to a change in the pathway for the self-assembly process as the spatial confinement makes it geometrically more probable and energetically more favorable for the initially adsorbed thiols to adopt a standing-up configuration directly in this microenvironment. In contrast, thiols that self-assemble onto gold surfaces in an unconstrained environment initially form a lying-down phase, which subsequently degrades and forms a standing-up phase. Our observations suggest that spatial confinement can provide an effective means to change the mechanism and kinetics of certain surface reactions by sterically preventing alternative reaction pathways and stabilizing particular transition states or reaction intermediates. In addition, the results underlie the development of a new method (“nanografting”) for patterning SAMs laterally with nanometer-level precision.
Imbalancing the DNA base excision repair pathway in the mitochondria; targeting and overexpressing N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase in mitochondria leads to enhanced cell killing. (2003)

The DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway is responsible for the repair of alkylation and oxidative DNA damage. The short-patch BER pathway, beginning with the simple glycosylase N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), is responsible for the removal of damaged bases such as 3-methyladenine and 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine from the DNA after alkylation or oxidative DNA damage. The resulting apurinic site is further processed by the other members in the pathway, resulting in the insertion of the correct nucleotide. If apurinic sites accumulate, they are mutagenic and cytotoxic to the cell. To evaluate its efficacy in sensitizing breast cancer cells to chemotherapy, MPG has been overexpressed in the breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB231. With MPG overexpression, an increase in DNA damage and increased cytotoxicity to methyl methanesulfonate as well as increased apoptosis levels was observed in these cells. Because mitochondrial DNA has been shown to be more sensitive to DNA damage than nuclear DNA, a construct containing mitochondrial-targeted MPG using the human manganese superoxide dismutase mitochondrial-targeting sequence was made. Overexpression of the mitochondrially targeted MPG dramatically increased the breast cancer cells' sensitivity to methyl methanesulfonate. In conclusion, we believe that the increase in sensitivity to DNA damage by overexpression of nuclear MPG is because of an imbalance in the BER pathway, and an even greater increase in cell sensitivity is observed when mitochondrial DNA is targeted.
Capacity evaluation of the UTRA WCDMA interface (2005)

Wide-band code division multiple-access (WCDMA) has been chosen as a basic radio-access technology for UMTS/IMT-2000. This paper provides independent radio subsystem capacity estimates for the UTRA FDD mode for different test environments using simulations. The evaluation methodology follows the recommendations outlined by ETSI SMG2. Environment and CDMA specific features are considered in our system level simulator.
Efficient parallel convex hull algorithms (1988)

Parallel algorithms are presented to identify (i.e. detect and enumerate) the extreme points of the convex hull of a set of planar points using a hypercube, pyramid, tree, mesh-of-trees, mesh with reconfigurable bus, exclusive-read-exclusive-write parallel random-access machine (EREW PRAM), and modified AKS network. It is shown that the problem of identifying the convex hull for a set of planar points given arbitrarily, cannot be solved faster than sorting.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Protein Kinase C Inhibitors: Novel Spirosesquiterpene Aldehydes from a Marine Sponge Aka (=Siphonodictyon) coralliphagum (1994)

Two novel spirosesquiterpene aldehydes, corallidictyals A [1] and B [2], were isolated as a mixture from the marine sponge Aka (= Siphonodictyon) coralliphagum, and their structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic methods. These compounds were identified in a screen for inhibitors of protein kinase C.
A Fast Eigen Solution for Homogeneous Quadratic Minimization With at Most Three Constraints (2013)

We propose an eigenvalue based technique to solve the Homogeneous Quadratic Constrained Quadratic Programming problem (HQCQP) with at most three constraints which arise in many signal processing problems. Semi-Definite Relaxation (SDR) is the only known approach and is computationally intensive. We study the performance of the proposed fast eigen approach through simulations in the context of MIMO relays and show that the solution converges to the solution obtained using the SDR approach with significant reduction in complexity.
The role of the immuno-inflammatory response in patients after cardiac arrest (2011)

Post-cardiac arrest immuno-inflammatory response, reflected mainly in elevated plasma concentration of hs-CRP and Ile-6, is not only correlated with patients' clinical state but also with prediction of survival.
Realization of image smear compensation for multi-mode airborne digital camera system (2007)

Multi-mode Airborne Digital Camera System (MADC) was developed by Institute of Remote Sensing Applications and Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics in 2006. Several finished aerial experiments have already demonstrated that the system has good performance for aerial photography. But the image smear which leads by position change and forward motion of aircraft has adverse effect on the images quality. So finding an effective way to realize image smear compensation is a key technique to improve and develop unceasingly for MADC system. We have designed the external image smear compensation module and written the special image processing soft to compensate the image smear. Some experiments and simulations in laboratory or on the ground have shown that the two ways for image smear compensation are both useful for getting better aerial remote sensing images by MADC system. Aerial experiments will be implemented to verify these methods further.
Indoor Chemistry:  Ozone and Volatile Organic Compounds Found in Tobacco Smoke (2001)

The deliberate generation of ozone in indoor settings has been promoted as a method to reduce the concentration of indoor pollutants. The present study examines the effect of ozone on a subset of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in tobacco smoke. The decays of these compounds were measured in a static room-sized chamber: (1) in the absence of ozone, (2) in the presence of moderate ozone concentrations (< 0.115 ppm), and (3) in the presence of high ozone concentrations (< 1.4 ppm). At moderate ozone concentrations there was little effect on the monitored VOCs. At high ozone concentrations there was a small, unanticipated reduction in the concentration of some of the saturated VOCs, apparently caused by OH radicals produced as a consequence of the ozone/alkene reactions. There was also a much larger reduction in the concentrations of those compounds with unsaturated carbon bonds. However, this reduction was largely matched by an increase in the concentration of a number of aldehydes. Some of these aldehydes are more potent irritants than their precursors. Furthermore, even a relatively small ventilation rate (approximately 0.1 h-1) would produce a greater reduction in the monitored VOCs than that produced by a moderate amount of ozone.
Mitigation of inter-cell interference in the WiMAX system (2007)

The worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) can provide wireless services at high rates even in high mobility, but it can suffer from serious inter-cell interference (ICI) near the cell boundary. To mitigate the ICI problem in the downlink of mobile-WiMAX, we consider combined use of interference avoidance and cancellation techniques in addition to inter-sector coordination, maximizing the user capacity in a seamless manner. To make the proposed scheme realizable, we maximize the geometry capacity. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve the capacity of users near the cell boundary over the conventional schemes and provide flexibility in resource allocation
Characterization of Spray Pyrolyzed Spinel Powders (1983)

硝酸マグネシウムと硝酸アルミニウムの化学量論組成スピネルの水-メタノール溶液を噴霧熱分解して得たスピネル粉末の性状について検討した.合成温度800℃以上で単一相のスピネル粉末が得られ, この粉末は粒子間に数十Åの細孔を有する数百Åの1次粒子が集合して中空の球状粒子を形成し, 更にそれらが集合した最大20μm前後の集合粒子からなる.集合粒子の大きさは, 溶液濃度が低いほど, また溶媒中の水含有量が少ないほど小さくなる傾向を示した.得られた粉末の細孔特性は溶液濃度にほとんど依存しないが, 溶媒中の水/アルコール比に依存し, この値が小さくなるほど比表面積, 細孔容積が増加する. またこの比の値の減少に伴い, 集合粒子は成形により壊れやすくなる.0.3M W50溶液を800℃で噴霧熱分解した結果, 比表面積109m2/gの微細な多孔質のスピネル粉末が得られた.
Automatic Control of Tractor Transmission Ratio and Engine Speed (1984)

ABSTRACT A tractor with a planetary transmission was equipped with an axle torque sensor and with a control handle by which the operator indicated the desired forward speed. A hard-wired control system was developed which used these two input signals and varied both transmission ratio and engine speed to give either the most fuel-efficient operating conditions at the forward speed desired or the highest rate of drawbar work, within the power capabilities of the tractor engine. Both the design features and the performance characteristics of the system are described. Preliminary field tests showed a 5 to 12% decrease in fuel consumption from that obtained by the most efficient of the two professional operators taking part in the tests. The simplicity of the operating principles of this control system is compatible with the practical incorporation of such a system in future tractor designs.
Efficacy of fungi for control of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in irrigated wheat (2001)

Field plots of irrigated spring and winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in southeastern Idaho, were infested with the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and later treated with spores of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin or Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown and Smith at rates of 2.5 or 5 × 1013 spores/ha. Small plots (1.4 to 6.6 m2) were treated with a backpack sprayer in 1995-1998 and large plots (470 m2) were treated using an overhead irrigation system in 1997 and 1998. In 1995, Russian wheat aphid densities rose to an average of over 120 Russian wheat aphids per tiller in control plots compared to an average of less than 30 Russian wheat aphids per tiller in all fungus-treated plots 33 days after the first treatment. Smaller, significant reductions were observed within 14 days of treatment with B. bassiana in 1996 and 1997. Low Russian wheat aphid infestation rates, averaging less than 1 Russian wheat aphid per tiller, made significant differences impossible to detect. Significant reductions in both Russian wheat aphid densities and the percentage of tiller infestation were observed in large-plot experiments two weeks after application of a high rate of B. bassiana in spring (1997) and winter wheat (1998). Fungus-treated Russian wheat aphids suffered 32-83% mycosis when field-treated tillers were incubated in the laboratory. Persistence of fungal inocula of either species, measured by estimating CFUs obtained from washed leaf segments, decreased by 10- to 1000-fold within 3 to 5 days.
Uniportal Endoscopic Superior Thoracic Sympathectomy (2000)

We consider thoracoscopic sympathectomy to be a simple, safe, and effective method for treating palmar hyperhidrosis. It is an effective method for treating patients with palmar hyperhidrosis, with a shorter operation time, fewer hospital days, and a better cosmetic result, as compared with the open approaches.
p-type doping of MoS<sub>2</sub> thin films using Nb (2014)

We report on the first demonstration of p-type doping in large area few-layer films of (0001)-oriented chemical vapor deposited MoS2. Niobium was found to act as an efficient acceptor up to relatively high density in MoS2 films. For a hole density of 3.1 × 1020 cm−3, Hall mobility of 8.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 was determined, which matches well with the theoretically expected values. X-ray diffraction scans and Raman characterization indicated that the film had good out-of-plane crystalline quality. Absorption measurements showed that the doped sample had similar characteristics to high-quality undoped samples, with a clear absorption edge at 1.8 eV. Scanning transmission electron microscope imaging showed ordered crystalline nature of the Nb-doped MoS2 layers stacked in the [0001] direction. This demonstration of substitutional p-doping in large area epitaxial MoS2 could help in realizing a wide variety of electrical and opto-electronic devices based on layered metal dichalcogenides.
A Simulation on a Micropump Using Inertia Effect of the Fluid (2003)

For fluid microactuators and microfactory, the authors have proposed a novel high output micropump using inertia effect of fluid which has a pipeline element in place of an outlet check valve and verified the effectiveness with a fabricated micropump. To increase the output power and to miniaturize the size, the paper establishes a simple mathematical model with lumped parameters and verifies the effectiveness comparing the simulation and experimental results. Also, the optimal pump structure is investigated through simulations.
Use of Cerny Epoxides for the Accelerated Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans (2003)

[reaction: see text]. 1,6:2,3-Dianhydrohexopyranoses (Cerny epoxides) are versatile intermediates for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Complex heparan and chondroitin sulfate disaccharide synthons can be assembled from a single common precursor in a short sequence of steps.
Mining a software developer's local interaction history (2004)

Although shared software repositories are commonly used during software development, it is typical that a software developer browses and edits a local snapshot of the software under development. Developers periodically check their changes into the software repository; however, their interaction with the local copy is not recorded. Local interaction histories are a valuable source of information and should be considered when mining software repositories. We discuss the benefits of analyzing local interaction histories and present a technique and prototype implementation for their capture and analysis. As well, we discuss the implications of local interaction histories and the infrastructure of software repositories.
250 W single-crystal fiber Yb:YAG laser (2012)

We demonstrate an Yb:YAG single-crystal fiber laser with 251 W output power in continuous-wave and an optical efficiency of 44%. This performance can be explained by the high overlap between pump and signal beams brought by the pump guiding and by the good thermal management provided by the single-crystal fiber geometry. The oscillator performance with a reflectivity of the output coupler as low as 20% also shows high potential for power amplification.
Arginine residues as stabilizing elements in proteins (1992)

Site-specific substitutions of arginine for lysine in the thermostable D-xylose isomerase (XI) from Actinoplanes missouriensis are shown to impart significant heat stability enhancement in the presence of sugar substrates most probably by interfering with nonenzymatic glycation. The same substitutions are also found to increase heat stability in the absence of any sugar derivatives, where a mechanism based on prevention of glycation can no longer be invoked. This rather conservative substitution is moreover shown to improve thermostability in two other structurally unrelated proteins, human copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from Bacillus subtilis. The stabilizing effect of Lys----Arg substitutions is rationalized on the basis of a detailed analysis of the crystal structures of wild-type XI and of engineered variants with Lys----Arg substitution at four distinct locations, residues 253, 309, 319, and 323. Molecular model building analysis of the structures of wild-type and mutant CuZnSOD (K9R) and GAPDH (G281K and G281R) is used to explain the observed stability enhancement in these proteins. In addition to demonstrating that even thermostable proteins can lend themselves to further stability improvement, our findings provide direct evidence that arginine residues are important stabilizing elements in proteins. Moreover, the stabilizing role of electrostatic interactions, particularly between subunits in oligomeric proteins, is documented.
Syntheses, structural and conformational assignments, and conversions of pyridine and triazolopyridine nucleosides (1976)

Regioselective and stereoselective routes to 2- and/or 4-substituted vic-triazolo(4,5-b)pyrid-5-ones have been established, and series of 4- and 2-β-D-ribofuranosyl derivatives have been prepared as candidate substrates for, and potential inhibitors of, the enzymes of polynucleotide synthesis. Structural assignments were made by comparison of spectroscopic properties (pmr, uv) with those of appropriate model compounds, and on the bases of proton chemical shift and coupling constant patterns in the ribose moieties, it is proposed that 4-β-D-ribofuranosyl-vic-triazolo(4,5-b)pyrid-5-ones adopt conformations with 'high anti' sugar–base torsional angles. A facile ribofuranose → ribopyranose conversion is observed with a 2-β-D-ribofuranosyl-vic-triazolo(4,5-b)pyrid-5-one.
Nonlinear coherent four-wave mixing in optical microscopy (2000)

An analysis of the imaging properties of nonlinear coherent four-wave mixing optical microscopes is presented. The generation and propagation of coherent signals are considered under conditions of high numerical aperture with a model that circumvents the need to use the slowly varying envelope approximation. Calculations of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering signals show that diffraction effects play a prominent role in the spatial distribution of the coherent signal intensity. It is emphasized that, unlike for fluorescence microscopy, the detected signal is not a straightforward convolution of a point-spread function and the object but is shaped by the complex interplay of object size and coherent buildup dynamics.
CD19-dependent B lymphocyte signaling thresholds influence skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in the tight-skin mouse (2002)

The tight-skin (TSK/+) mouse, a genetic model for human systemic sclerosis (SSc), develops cutaneous fibrosis and autoantibodies against SSc-specific target autoantigens.Although molecular mechanisms explaining the development of fibrosis and autoimmunity in SSc patients or TSK/+ mice remain unknown, we recently demonstrated that SSc patients overexpress CD19, an important regulatory molecule expressed by B lymphocytes.B cells from CD19-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to transmembrane signals, while B cells overexpressing CD19 are hyperresponsive and generate autoantibodies.In this study, TSK/+ B cells also exhibited a hyperresponsive phenotype with decreased surface IgM expression, enhanced serum Ig production, and spontaneous autoantibody production.Moreover, CD19 tyrosine phosphorylation was constitutively augmented in TSK/+ B cells.CD19-mediated [Ca 2+ ] i responses, Vav phosphorylation, and Lyn kinase activity were similarly enhanced.Studies of TSK/+ mice deficient in CD19 expression demonstrated that CD19 deficiency significantly decreased skin fibrosis in TSK/+ mice.Additionally, CD19 loss in TSK/+ mice upregulated surface IgM expression and completely abrogated hyper--globulinemia and autoantibody production.CD19 deficiency also inhibited IL-6 production by TSK/+ B cells.Thus, chronic B cell activation resulting from augmented CD19 signaling in TSK/+ mice leads to skin sclerosis possibly through IL-6 overproduction as well as autoimmunity.
Reflection optical encoders as three-grating moiré systems (2000)

Reflection optical encoders are studied as three-grating moiré systems. An analysis is made of the differences that may appear between it and the standard case in which an optical encoder is regarded as a two-grating system.