gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural extraction from visual layout of documents (2002)

Most information extraction systems focus on the textual content of the documents. They treat documents as sequences or of words, disregarding the physical and typographical layout of the information.. While this strategy helps in focusing the extraction process on the key semantic content of the document, much valuable information can also be derived form the document physical appearance. Often, fonts, physical positioning and other graphical characteristics are used to provide additional context to the information. This information is lost with pure-text analysis. In this paper we describe a general procedure for structural extraction, which allows for automatic extraction of entities from the document based on their visual characteristics and relative position in the document layout. Our structural extraction procedure is a learning algorithm, which knows how to automatically generalizes from examples. The procedure is a general one, applicable to any document format with visual and typographical information. We also then describe a specific implementation of the procedure to PDF documents, called PES (PDF Extraction System). PES works with PDF documents and is able to extract such fields such as Author(s), Title, Date, etc. with very high accuracy.
Optimization of process parameters for the production of carbonyl reductase by Candida viswanathii in a laboratory-scale fermentor (2007)

The effect of pH, aeration and mixing on the growth and production of carbonyl reductase by Candida viswanathii was investigated in a 6.6-l fermentor. Controlling the pH at 8.0 had a very significant effect on the enzyme production. Aeration and agitation influenced the dissolved oxygen concentration which in turn affected growth as well as enzyme production. A maximum carbonyl reductase activity (53 Umg(-1)) was attained in 24 h under the optimal cultivation conditions of controlled pH at 8.0, aeration rate 1 vvm and an agitation speed of 250 rpm at 25 degrees C. The enzyme activity was twice as high (56 Umg(-1)) in the fermentor as compared to a shake flask. Further, the duration of growth and enzyme production in the fermentor was shortened. Cells cultivated under the optimized conditions were used for the preparative scale reduction of N, N-dimethyl-(3-keto)-2-thienyl-propanamine to (S)-N, N-dimethyl-(3-hydroxy)-2-thienyl-propanamine, a key intermediate in the production of the important antidepressant drug (S)-duloxetine.
Unsaturated and carbocyclic nucleoside analogs: synthesis, antitumor and antiviral activity (1991)

A series of unsaturated analogues of nucleosides were prepared and their cytotoxic, antitumor, and antiviral activities were investigated. Alkylation of cytosine with (E)-1,4-dichloro-2-butene gave chloro derivative 2f, which was hydrolyzed to alcohol 2h. Cytosine, adenine, 2-amino-6-chloropurine, thymine, and (Z)-1,4-chloro-2-butene gave compounds 4c-f, which, after hydrolysis, afforded alcohols 4a, 4b, 4g, and 4h. Alkenes 4d and 4e were cyclized to heterocycles 12 and 13. Alkylation of 2,6-diaminopurine with 1,4-dichloro-2-butyne led to chloro derivative 6a, which was hydrolyzed to alcohol 6b. Allenic isomerization of 6b gave compound 5c. Chloro derivatives 2e-g, 4c-f, 5d, and 6c-e as well as pyrimidine oxacyclopentenes 9c and 9d are slow-acting inhibitors of murine leukemia L1210 of IC50 10-100 microM. The most active were analogues 4c, 4d, 4e, and 6e (IC50 10-20 microM). The corresponding hydroxy derivatives were less active of inactive. Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis with compounds 4c, 4d, 6e, 9c, and 9d follows the order: DNA greater than RNA greater than or equal to protein. Cytotoxic effects of 4c, 6e, and 9d are not reversed with any of the four basic ribonucleosides or 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. Inhibitory activity of cytosine derivative 9c is reversed with uridine and 2'-deoxyuridine but not with the corresponding cytosine nucleosides. Zone assays in several tumor cell lines show that active compounds are cytotoxic agents with little selectivity for tumor cells. Analogue 6c showed 16.7% ILS in leukemia P388/o implanted ip in mice at 510 and 1020 mg/kg, respectively. Cytallene (5b) and 6'beta-hydroxyaristeromycin (10) exhibited significant activity against Friend and Rauscher murine leukemia viruses. The rest of the hydroxy derivatives, with the exception of 4a, were moderately effective or inactive as antiviral agents. None of the chloro derivatives or oxacyclopentenes exhibited an antiviral effect at noncytotoxic concentrations. Z-Olefin 4b and 2-aminoadenallene (5c) are substrates for adenosine deaminase.
Tumor-associated stromal cells as key contributors to the tumor microenvironment (2016)

The tumor microenvironment is a heterogeneous population of cells consisting of the tumor bulk plus supporting cells. It is becoming increasingly evident that these supporting cells are recruited by cancer cells from nearby endogenous host stroma and promote events such as tumor angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as mediate mechanisms of therapeutic resistance. In addition, recruited stromal cells range in type and include vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and bone-marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. During normal wound healing and inflammatory processes, local stromal cells change their phenotype to become that of reactive stroma. Under certain conditions, however, tumor cells can co-opt these reactive stromal cells and further transition them into tumor-associated stromal cells (TASCs). These TASCs express higher levels of proteins, including alpha-smooth muscle actin, fibroblast activating protein, and matrix metalloproteinases, compared with their normal, non-reactive counterparts. TASCs are also known to secrete many pro-tumorigenic factors, including IL-6, IL-8, stromal-derived factor-1 alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, tenascin-C, and matrix metalloproteinases, among others, which recruit additional tumor and pro-tumorigenic cells to the developing microenvironment. Here, we review the current literature pertaining to the origins of recruited host stroma, contributions toward tumor progression, tumor-associated stromal cells, and mechanisms of crosstalk between endogenous host stroma and tumor cells.
Oxidation reactions catalyzed by manganese peroxidase isoenzymes from <i>Ceriporiopsis subvermispora</i> (1995)

A total of 11 manganese peroxidase isoenzymes (MnP1-MnP11) with isoelectric points (pIs) in the range of 4.58-3.20 were isolated from liquid- and solid-state cultures of the basidiomycete Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, these isoenzymes showed different requirements for Mn(II) in the oxidation of vanillylacetone, o-dianisidine, p-anisidine and ABTS, whereas oxidation of guaiacol by any isoenzyme did not take place when this metal was omitted. Km values for o-dianisidine and p-anisidine in the absence of Mn(II) are in the range of 0.5-1.0 mM and 4.5-42.0 mM, respectively. Oxalate and citrate, but not tartrate, accelerate the oxidation of o-dianisidine, both in the presence and in the absence of Mn(II). MnPs from this fungus are able to oxidize kojic acid without externally added hydrogen peroxide, indicating that they can also act as oxidases. In this reaction, however, the requirement for Mn(II) is absolute.
Transplantation tolerance induced by intranasal administration of HY peptides (2004)

Induction of antigen-specific tolerance to transplantation antigens is desirable to control host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host reactions. Following molecular identification of a set of minor histocompatibility (H) antigens, we have used selected HY peptide epitopes for this purpose. Intranasal administration of individual major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted HY peptides induces indefinite survival of syngeneic male skin grafts and allows engraftment of male bone marrow. Tolerance involves linked suppression to additional HY epitopes on test grafts. Long-term tolerance also requires suppression of emerging thymic emigrants. It does not involve deletion. HY peptide-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expand on re-exposure to male antigen; these expansions are smaller in tolerant than control mice and fewer HY-specific cells from tolerant females secrete interferon gamma and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Significantly, CD4(+) cells from peptide-pretreated females fail to make IL-2 responses to cognate peptide, limiting expansion of the HY-specific CD8(+) populations that can cause graft rejection. Consistent with this, tolerance induction by HY peptide is abrogated by coadministration of lipopolysaccharide. IL-10 does not appear to be critically involved because tolerance is inducible in IL-10-deficient mice. Adoptive transfer of tolerance into naive neonatal recipients by splenocytes from long-term tolerant donors provides evidence for involvement of regulatory cells.
[Meta-analysis of post-transfusion necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates]. (2013)

Blood transfusion can increase the risk of NEC in neonates. The clinical application of this conclusion should be cautious due to limited reports. High-quality randomized control trials are still needed for the further proof of the association between blood transfusion and neonatal NEC.
76-NM 3-dB gain-band hybrid fiber amplifier without gain-equalizer (1999)

Wideband fiber amplifiers are key devices for the advanced wideband optical network systems in the third telecommunications window (around 1.5 μm) [1-3].
Report on Nitrogen (1941)

Journal Article Report on Nitrogen Get access A L Prince A L Prince Associate Referee Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Volume 24, Issue 2, 1 May 1941, Pages 264–268, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/24.2.264 Published: 19 February 2020
Segmentation of light and dark hair in dermoscopic images: a hybrid approach using a universal kernel (2010)

The main challenge in an automated diagnostic system for the early diagnosis of melanoma is the correct segmentation and classification of moles, often occluded by hair in images obtained with a dermoscope. Hair occlusion causes segmentation algorithms to fail to identify the correct nevus border, and can cause errors in estimating texture measures. We present a new method to identify hair in dermoscopic images using a universal approach, which can segment both dark and light hair without prior knowledge of the hair type. First, the hair is amplified using a universal matched filtering kernel, which generates strong responses for both dark and light hair without prejudice. Then we apply local entropy thresholding on the response to get a raw binary hair mask. This hair mask is then refined and verified by a model checker. The model checker includes a combination of image processing (morphological thinning and label propagation) and mathematical (Gaussian curve fitting) techniques. The result is a clean hair mask which can be used to segment and disocclude the hair in the image, preparing it for further segmentation and analysis. Application on real dermoscopic images yields good results for thick hair of varying colours, from light to dark. The algorithm also performs well on skin images with a mixture of both dark and light hair, which was not previously possible with previous hair segmentation algorithms.
Readers Are Survivors: A Middle School Student/Parent/Teacher Book Discussion Group (2003)

Preview this article: Readers Are Survivors: A Middle School Student/Parent/Teacher Book Discussion Group, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/vm/10/4/voicesfromthemiddle2489-1.gif
Quantum Algorithms for Fixed Qubit Architectures (2017)

Gate model quantum computers with too many qubits to be simulated by available classical computers are about to arrive. We present a strategy for programming these devices without error correction or compilation. This means that the number of logical qubits is the same as the number of qubits on the device. The hardware determines which pairs of qubits can be addressed by unitary operators. The goal is to build quantum states that solve computational problems such as maximizing a combinatorial objective function or minimizing a Hamiltonian. These problems may not fit naturally on the physical layout of the qubits. Our algorithms use a sequence of parameterized unitaries that sit on the qubit layout to produce quantum states depending on those parameters. Measurements of the objective function (or Hamiltonian) guide the choice of new parameters with the goal of moving the objective function up (or lowering the energy). As an example we consider finding approximate solutions to MaxCut on 3-regular graphs whereas the hardware is physical qubits laid out on a rectangular grid. We prove that the lowest depth version of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm will achieve an approximation ratio of at least 0.5293 on all large enough instances which beats random guessing (0.5). We open up the algorithm to have different parameters for each single qubit $X$ rotation and for each $ZZ$ interaction associated with the nearest neighbor interactions on the grid. Small numerical experiments indicate that an enveloping classical algorithm can be used to find the parameters which sit on the grid to optimize an objective function with a different connectivity. We discuss strategies for finding good parameters but offer no evidence yet that the proposed approach can beat the best classical algorithms. Ultimately the strength of this approach will be determined by running on actual hardware.
Towards User Defined Privacy in Location- Aware Platforms. (2002)

The basic concept of the “Wireless Internet” is a system by which users are offered easy and efficient access to the Internet from small, convenient handheld devices. It is predicted that this will open a huge market for location-aware services. But Internet subscribers are already concerned about their privacy. Therefore location-aware services will only succeed if the privacy of the user can be guaranteed. In this paper we present a privacy architecture that enables subscribers of a location-aware infrastructure to define their own privacy policy. Key advantages of our concept are: (a) user defined access rights for privacy relevant infrastructure components and (b) a privacy document signed by both sides so that non-repudiation and enforcement of the privacy policy become feasible.
Deposition of SiO<sub>2</sub> Films from ArF Laser Photolysis of SiH<sub>4</sub>/N<sub>2</sub>O Mixtures (1991)

Deposition of SiO 2 thin films by the ArF excimer laser photolysis of mixtures of SiH 4 and N 2 O has been studied in the low substrate temperature range of 30-400°C. The structural properties of the oxide layers were studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. The refractive index of films agreed with that of stoichiometric SiO 2 in the substrate temperature range of 150-400°C. The deposition conditions were studied as a function of the substrate temperature, the deposition time, the laser repetition rate, the total pressure, and the N 2 O/SiH 4 flow ratio. The maximum growth rate was ∼70 Å/min at a substrate temperature of 400°C, a total pressure of 2 Torr, a repetition rate of 50 Hz, and a N 2 O/SiH 4 flow ratio of ∼800.
Effect of Blending Ratio of Amphoteric and Anionic Latex on Print Quality of Coated Paper. (2002)

Effectiveness of amphoteric latexes was studied to solve the problems of binder migration and un-even binder distribution in coating layers. The addition of amphoteric latex was effective in improving rheological properties of coating color in alkaline region through strong interaction with other coating components. As a result, coated papers made with amphoteric latex showed better printing qualities, such as paper gloss and surface smoothness.
Modification of Ser59 in the unique N-terminal region of tyrosine kinase p56lck regulates specificity of its Src homology 2 domain. (1995)

During T-cell activation, Ser59 in the unique N-terminal region of p56lck is phosphorylated. Mutation of Ser59 to Glu59 mimics Ser59 phosphorylation, and upon CD4 crosslinking, this mutant p56lck induces tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins distinct from those induced by wild-type p56lck. Mutant and wild-type p56lck have similar affinities for CD4 and similar kinase activities. In glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, the p56lck Src homology 2 (SH2) domain with the SH3 domain and the unique N-terminal region (including Ser59) has a different binding specificity for phosphotyrosyl proteins than the SH2 domain alone. Either deletion of the unique N-terminal region or mutation of Ser59 to Glu59 in the fusion protein reverts the phosphotyrosyl protein binding specificity back to that of the SH2 domain alone. These results suggest that phosphorylation of Ser59 regulates the function of p56lck by controlling binding specificity of its SH2 domain.
New Method for Measurement of Guanidinosuccinic Acid in Serum and Urine (1974)

Abstract We describe a new method for measurement of guanidinosuccinate in serum and urine. To separate it from interfering guanidino compounds, it is adsorbed on and eluted from an anion-exchange column. The modified method requires less serum and is considerably faster than previous ones.
Marked Amine and Amine Metabolite Changes in Norrie Disease Patients with an X‐Chromosomal Deletion Affecting Monoamine Oxidase (1990)

Urinary and plasma amines and amine metabolites were quantified in two individuals with Norrie disease resulting from a deletion in chromosomal region Xp11.3, recently reported to be associated with absence of the gene encoding monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and nondetectable MAO-A activity in fibroblasts and MAO-B activity in platelets. Marked (four-to 100-fold) elevations in levels of urinary phenylethylamine, o-tyramine, and m-tyramine (which are preferential substrates for MAO-B) and marked reductions (90%) in levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (a deaminated metabolite of norepinephrine, a preferential substrate for MAO-A) in urine and plasma confirmed the presence of a systemic, functionally significant reduction in the activities of both MAO isozymes. The magnitude of these changes, which are equivalent to those found in subjects taking MAO-inhibiting antidepressants, suggests that early initiation of dietary and drug restrictions may be clinically important in these and other patients with X-chromosomal mutations involving MAO. These findings further support the proposition that the MAOA and MAOB genes are located in close proximity on the X chromosome. Negligible changes in the metabolites of dopamine and serotonin raise the possibility that other metabolic pathways are of importance for their production, that dietary or intestinal bacterial sources contribute substantially to the presence of these amine metabolites in urine, or both.
Kinematic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Upper Cervical Spine Using a Novel Positioning Device (1999)

The new positioning device allows magnetic resonance imaging of the upper cervical spine during flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending. To assess the relationship between C0-C1 and C1-C2 in flexion and extension, separate reference values for men and women are recommended.
Delayed, spontaneous hypothermia reduces neuronal damage after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats (2000)

Rats resuscitated from asphyxial cardiac arrest develop delayed, mild to moderate, prolonged hypothermia that is neuroprotective.
The nature of cell death in piecemeal necrosis: Is order emerging from chaos? (1987)

Electron microscopic studies of acidophilic or Councilman-like bodies in the liver show that they are manifestations of apoptosis. The morphology and biochemistry of apoptosis suggest a process of active cellular self-destruction rather than degeneration. The incidence of apoptosis indicates that it is normally involved in the regulation of organ size and, in addition, may be triggered by specific pathological stimuli. Cell death produced in vitro by various types of cell-mediated immune injury occurs by apoptosis The occurence of apoptosis in hepatic disease is illustrated and discussed. That it constitutes the only clearly identifiable mode of cell death in most types of acute and chronic hepatitis and in primary biliary cirrhosis is in accord with current concepts of the pathogenesis of these conditions. Furthermore, the morphological features of apoptosis may explain long-standing enigmas in the histology of hepatitis--the cryptic nature of the cell death in piecemeal “necrosis” and the apparent drop-out of large numbers of hepatocytes in many cases of acute hepatitis without overt evidence of necrosis. Apoptosis represents rapid budding of a cell to form numerous globules, the largest of which appear to be acidophilic bodies. All apoptotic fragments are quickly removed by adjacent cells without evident inflammation, permitting the process to occur inconspicuously.
Stepwise Phase Difference Restoration Method for Sound Source Localization using Multiple Microphone Pairs (2007)

We propose a new methodology of sound source localization named SPIRE (stepwise phase difference restoration) that is able to localize sources even if they are neighboring in a reverberant environment. Localizing sound sources in reverberant environments is difficult, because the variance of the direction of an estimated sound source increases in reverberant environments. The major feature of our proposed method is restoration of a microphone pair's phase difference (M1) by using the phase difference of another microphone pair (M2) under the condition that the distance between MTs microphones is longer than the distance between M2's microphones. This restoration process makes it possible to reduce the variance of an estimated sound source direction and to solve the spatial aliasing problem that occurs with the M1's phase difference. The experimental results in a reverberant environment (reverberation time=about 300 ms) indicate that our proposed method can localize sources even if they are neighboring (even if the difference in the sources' directions equals 10 degree).
Definition of HLA‐C alleles using sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR‐SSOP) (1995)

Many new HLA-C locus alleles have recently been identified by DNA sequencing, and a molecular based method for their detection using PCR with sequence specific primers has been reported. However, other methods may be more appropriate for the identification of C locus alleles in larger studies. Here we describe one such system, based on PCR sequence specific oligonucleotide probes, (SSOP) for C locus typing. Advantages of SSOP typing compared to SSP are that it is easier to detect new alleles, more cost effective and less time consuming. We have developed a DNA typing method to identify the broad C locus antigens (including those not yet defined serologically) using a minimum of probes with one amplification. We use a C locus specific sense primer in exon 2 and a consensus antisense primer in exon 3, in a two-step PCR, giving a product of 710 bp. Probes were designed with similar melting temperatures (54-56 degrees C) that would identify as many alleles as possible. The method was established using DNA from B lymphoid cell lines of known C locus type, mostly 10th workshop homozygous cell lines, plus as many other sequenced cell lines as possible. The system was able to correctly identify their C locus types using only 26 probes. DNA was tested from a panel of serologically typed individuals which included many different heterozygous combinations. We found a high concordance of results, with all discrepancies being additional antigens identified by molecular typing, filling in serological blanks. We can identify all common heterozygote combinations using this method.