gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Behavior of Nonporous Ni/NiCl[sub 2] Electrodes in Chloroaluminate Melts (2000)

The electrochemical behavior of nonporous electrodes was studied using an cell in which the capacities of the cell were limited by the electrode. The limiting mechanism of the electrode was found to be associated with formation of on the surface of the nickel electrode. This phenomenon limits the mass‐transfer processes of the nonporous electrode and thus its area capacity density. Based on the results of these investigations, an electrochemical model of the electrode reactions was developed which predicts the performance characteristics of porous electrodes for various conditions of operation. Modifying the electrolyte with the NaBr, NaI, and sulfur additives was found to produce higher nickel utilization and lower impedance values due to doping effects, which is believed to open up the lattice for better mass transport. Solubility of the nickel chloride in sodium‐chloroaluminate melts as a function of temperature and additives was also determined. The solubility measurements indicated that the solubility of nickel chloride in the chloroaluminate melt is strongly dependent on the operational temperature of the cell and the chemical additives present in the electrolyte. The results of this study clearly indicate the importance of the chemical additives, basicity of the melt, and the lower operating temperature of the cell for improved performance and cycle life. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
An experimental study of micron-scale droplet aerosols produced via ultrasonic atomization (2004)

In the last 10 years, laser-driven fusion experiments performed on atomic clusters of deuterium have shown a surprisingly high neutron yield per joule of input laser energy. Results indicate that the optimal cluster size for maximizing fusion events should be in the 0.01–1 μm diameter range, but an appropriate source of droplets of this size does not exist. In an attempt to meet this need, we use ultrasonic atomization to generate micron-scale droplet aerosols of high average density, and we have developed and refined a reliable droplet sizing technique based on Mie scattering. Harmonic excitation of the fluid in the MHz range yields an aerosol of droplets with diameters of a few microns. The droplet diameter distribution is well-peaked and the relationship between average droplet size and forcing frequency follows an inviscid scaling law, predictable by dimensional analysis and consistent with the linear theory for Faraday excitation of an infinitely deep fluid.
Synthesis of 8-(ω-Hydroxyalkyl)-, 8-(ω-Hydroxyalk-1-enyl)-, and 8-(ω-Hydroxyalk-1-ynyl)adenines Using the <i>tert</i>-Butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl Group, a New and Versatile Protecting Group of Adenine (2000)

The synthesis of 12 analogues of adenine substituted at C-8 by an omega-hydroxyalkyl, omega-hydroxyalk-1-enyl, or omega-hydroxyalk-1-ynyl chain of various length has been carried out in five or six steps starting from adenine. The analogues were obtained using a new protecting group of adenine, the tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl group. 9-tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-adenine is more soluble than adenine in organic solvents. It was prepared regiospecificaly in two steps from adenine and was amenable to C-8 iodination under basic conditions and to subsequent introduction of the various carbon chains at C-8 by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (Stille or Sonogashira). The protecting group was removed under acidic conditions, thus demonstrating its versatility.
Expression of Neurospora crassa β‐tubulin, target protein of benzimidazole fungicides, in Escherichia coli (1999)

β-Tubulin of a wild-type Neurospora crassa strain was expressed using pET-16b, pET-29a(+), and pET-32a(+) expression vectors in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain. Yield of the expressed soluble protein was estimated to be about 0.1 mg ml−1 culture broth. The β-tubulins with S-Tag expressed by pET-29a(+) and pET-32a(+) bound to the S-protein Agarose by affinity binding but the thrombin and enterokinase treatments did not release β-tubulin, suggesting that the protease cleavage sites connecting S-Tag and β-tubulin were not exposed to approach of the proteases. The β-tubulin expressed by pET-16b did not bind to nickel resin, suggesting that its His-Tag was folded into the protein core. The protein expressed by pET-32a(+) was bound to the nickel resin and purified by the column chromatography. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Arithmetic coding into fixed-length codewords (1994)

Arithmetic coding is known to be optimal in compressing strings of independent symbols, the probabilities of which are given. However the method has some disadvantages that the present variant tries to overcome. The idea here is to apply arithmetic coding piecewise, by cutting the process regularly. The result consists of fixed-length sequences of bits, representing variable-length substrings of the source. For implementation reasons, the bit sequences are composed of machine words, allowing one to use basic arithmetic efficiently. The compression gain approaches the optimum when the sequence size is increased.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Selenate and Selenite Uptake and Translocation in Bean Plants (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) (1993)

After 3 h, selenate uptake by roots of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender resulted in more than 50% of the Se absorbed being conveyed to the aerial organs. This distribution was sensitive to respiratory inhibitors and when roots were soaked in a solution supplied with hydroxylamine, the level of Se decreased by about 80% in the whole plant, suggesting that selenate uptake requires energy. Addition of glucose to the nutrient medium resulted in slightly decreased uptake and distribution. Under the same growth conditions and 3 h incubation with selenite, a major part of the Se had accumulated in the roots, while a small fraction was conveyed towards the aerial organs. This percentage was decreased by about 20% when plants were transferred to a solution supplied with hydroxylamine, suggesting that part of the selenite entered the roots passively. Addition of glucose to the nutrient solution, resulted in enhanced levels of Se in the whole plant. Application of plant growth substances affected Se transport. When roots were incubated in abscisic acid (ABA), selenate uptake was affected, while foliar spraying of gibberellin A3 (GA3) enhanced selenite uptake and translocation.
Generation of Raman radiation in a long stimulated-Raman-scattering medium (1976)

An experimental study was made of the generation of stimulated Raman radiation excited in a long gaseous medium. The use of such medium made it possible to increase considerably the efficiency of excitation of high-order anti-Stokes components, to obtain strong Raman radiation at low gas pressures, and to construct a multifrequency Raman laser with a uniform distribution of the intensity between the spectral components.
Relapse of ulcerative colitis in a patient with Takayasu arteritis treated with tocilizumab and tacrolimus―successful induction with infliximab: a case report (2022)

Background: Takayasu arteritis (TAK) was first reported in 1908 by ophthalmologist Mikito Takayasu. TAK is a rare form of vasculitis that primarily affects young women. Although the disease has been reported all over the world, it is not generally described as a systemic (extra-intestinal) complication in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). TAK is definitely one such complication because the rate of co-occurrence is much higher than the rate of coincidence. We report a case of ulcerative colitis (UC) with TAK in which colitis recurred despite the use of tocilizumab (anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody), tacrolimus, and prednisolone for TAK. Tocilizumab is a new potent biologic agent and the other two drugs have conventionally been used for IBD including UC. Case Description: A 42-year-old woman was transferred to our institution for treatment of moderately severe relapse of UC. UC was diagnosed at the age of 11, and the patient had a severe relapse at the age of 18. TAK was diagnosed at the age of 35. Tocilizumab together with tacrolimus and prednisolone maintained remission of TAK for more than 4 years. A plant-based diet (PBD) (lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet) was not enough to induce remission. Therefore, the standard induction therapy with infliximab [anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α antibody] (300 mg) was administered. Clinical remission was achieved 5 days after the first infusion, and an endoscopic remission was confirmed after the third infusion. The patient’s baseline PBD score, which evaluates adherence to the PBD, was 19, and it decreased to 9 because of a busy life due to her father’s illness. This dietary change toward an unhealthy diet together with anxiety over the patient’s father’s condition seemed to be a critical factor in the current relapse. Conclusions: Relapse of UC in a patient with TAK treated with tocilizumab and tacrolimus was reported. Infliximab successfully induced remission.
Mapped Clock Oscillators as Ring Devices and Their Application to Neuronal Electrical Rhythms (2008)

The mapped clock oscillator (MCO) is a second-order, Winfree-type oscillator generating two instantaneous clock variables (amplitude and phase) that are mapped to an observable output variable (voltage) via a static nonlinearity. Two fundamental classes of ring devices are presented. Their respective dynamics give rise to two oscillator forms--the labile clock and the clock--which can be coupled together in various configurations to create higher-order systems with sufficient complexity to capture the dynamics of neuronal assemblies. To demonstrate the applicability of MCOs in modelling neuronal rhythms, a hippocampal network model of four coupled oscillators was constructed and shown to exhibit rhythmic activity of varying complexity, depending on model parameters. The dynamics of the network were quantified through estimation of the maximum lyapunov exponent and the correlation dimension. Synthesis of complex neuronal rhythms may have therapeutic implications. The modular and efficient design of the MCO should facilitate the process of implementing coupled MCO networks in electronic hardware as potential neural prostheses for treating dynamic diseases such as epilepsy.
Practical Considerations when using the Two-Load Method to Determine the Transmission Loss of Mufflers and Silencers (2013)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The two-load method is commonly used to determine the transmission loss of a muffler or silencer. Several practical measurement considerations are examined in this paper. First of all, conical adapters are sometimes used to transition between impedance tubes and the muffler. It is demonstrated that the effect of adding the adapter can be quite significant at low frequencies especially if the adapter is short in length. The effect of changing the length of the adapter was examined via measurement and plane wave theory. Secondly, the effect of selecting the reference microphone was examined experimentally. It was found that measurements are improved by selecting a downstream reference. Finally, the effect of using different frequency response function estimation algorithms (<i>H</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>H</i><sub>2</sub> and <i>H</i><sub>v</sub>) was compared sans flow. This had little effect on the measurement.</div></div>
Terrain constrained path planning for long-haul cables (2019)

A method for path planning for a long-haul submarine optical fiber cable connecting two locations on the surface of the Earth is presented. Previous work on path planning takes account of the laying cost of the cable including material, labor, and its survivability, with consideration of risk of future cable break arising from laying of the cable in sensitive and risky areas, such as, in particular, earthquake prone areas. Previous work has also taken account of variation in the cost per unit length to optimize shielding (and associated increased costs) in higher risk areas. The key novelty here is to take account of the important requirement to reduce the likelihood of capsize of a remotely operated cable laying vehicle as it buries the cable in an uneven terrain. This instability risk depends on the direction of the path and slope of the terrain and is included here in the laying cost. Minimization of the cable laying cost and the expected number of potential cable repairs are the two objectives used to formulate the multi-objective optimal control problem. Using a Pareto approach, we solve the problem via dynamic programming and a computationally efficient algorithm based on the Ordered Upwind Method. Numerical results are consistent with an intuitive assessment of path quality, e.g., we can observe that the algorithm avoids high slope areas when better solutions are clearly available. Pareto optimal solutions and an approximate Pareto front are obtained to provide insight and guidance for cable path design that considers trade-offs between cost effectiveness (that includes consideration for stability of the remotely operated cable laying vehicle) and seismic resilience.
O‐Methyltransferase Is Shared between the Pentose Phosphate and Shikimate Pathways and Is Essential for Mycosporine‐Like Amino Acid Biosynthesis in <i>Anabaena variabilis</i> ATCC 29413 (2014)

The parent core structure of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) is 4-deoxygadusol, which, in cyanobacteria, is derived from conversion of the pentose phosphate pathway intermediate sedoheptulose 7-phosphate by the enzymes 2-epi-5-epivaliolone synthase (EVS) and O-methyltransferase (OMT). Yet, deletion of the EVS gene from Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 was shown to have little effect on MAA production, thus suggesting that its biosynthesis is not exclusive to the pentose phosphate pathway. Herein, we report how, using pathway-specific inhibitors, we demonstrated unequivocally that MAA biosynthesis occurs also via the shikimate pathway. In addition, complete in-frame gene deletion of the OMT gene from A. variabilis ATCC 29413 reveals that, although biochemically distinct, the pentose phosphate and shikimate pathways are inextricably linked to MAA biosynthesis in this cyanobacterium. Furthermore, proteomic data reveal that the shikimate pathway is the predominate route for UV-induced MAA biosynthesis.
Solution Structure of the Endonuclease Domain from the Master Replication Initiator Protein of the Nanovirus Faba Bean Necrotic Yellows Virus and Comparison with the Corresponding Geminivirus and Circovirus Structures<sup>,</sup> (2007)

Nanoviruses are a family of plant viruses that possess a genome of multiple circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) components and are strikingly similar in their replication mode to the plant geminiviruses and to the circoviruses that infect birds or mammals. These viruses multiply by rolling circle replication using virus-encoded multifunctional replication initiator proteins (Rep proteins) that catalyze the initiation of replication on a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) intermediate and the resolution of the ssDNA into circles. Here we report the solution NMR three-dimensional structure of the endonuclease domain from the master Rep (M-Rep) protein of faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV), a representative of the nanoviruses. The domain comprises amino acids 2-95 (M-Rep2-95), and its global fold is similar to those previously described for the gemini- and circovirus Rep endonuclease domains, consisting of a central 5-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet covered on one side by an alpha-helix and irregular loops and on the other, more open side of the domain, by an alpha-helix containing the catalytic tyrosine residue (the catalytic helix). Longer domain constructs extending to amino acids 117 and 124 were also characterized. They contain an additional alpha-helix, are monomeric, and exhibit catalytic activity indistinguishable from that of M-Rep2-95. The binding site for the catalytic metal was identified by paramagnetic broadening and maps to residues on the exposed face of the central beta-sheet. A comparison with the previously determined Rep endonuclease domain structures of tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), a geminivirus, and that of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Rep allows the identification of a positively charged surface that is most likely involved in dsDNA binding, and reveals common features shared by all endonuclease domains of nanovirus, geminivirus, and circovirus Rep proteins.
Finite element analysis of weakened roots restored with composite resin and posts (2009)

Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to investigate the influence of different post systems on the stress distribution of weakened teeth under oblique-load application. A maxillary central incisor root obtained from a sound tooth was weakened by partial removal of dentin inside the root canal. Seven two-dimensional numerical models, one from the sound tooth and six from the weakened root restored with composite resin and post systems were created as follows - ST: sound tooth; CPC: cast CuAl post and core; SSP: stainless steel post + composite core; GP: fiberglass + composite core; CP: carbon fiber + composite core; ZP: zirconium dioxide post + composite core; TP: titanium post + composite core. The numerical models were considered to be restored with a leucite-reinforced all-ceramic crown and received a 45 masculine occlusal load (10 N) on the lingual surface.All the materials and structures were considered linear elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic, with the exception of fiberglass and carbon fiber posts which assumed orthotropic behavior. The numerical models were plotted and meshed with isoparametric elements, and the results were analyzed using von Mises and Sy stress criteria. When compared with the sound tooth, FEA revealed differences in stress distribution when post systems were used. Among the restored teeth, the use of CPC, SSP, ZP, and TP resulted in higher stress concentration in the post itself when compared to GP and CP. Therefore, results from the FEA images suggested that the use of non-metallic post systems could result in improved mechanical behavior for the weakened restored teeth.
Line Emission Penetration Phosphors: Preparation and Cathodoluminescent Properties (1976)

The preparation of three rare earth phosphors with onionskin barrier layers is described. The new materials are lanthanum oxysulfides and oxysulfates activated with terbium and in some cases coactivated with europium. When these phosphors with high dead voltage, and green emission are mixed with a commercial phosphor, such as , a penetration phosphor results which has four distinct colors as a function of voltage in CRT displays. The emission from this phosphor system is at all times narrow band.
On Suspending and Resuming Dataflows (2007)

Consider a long-running, resource-intensive query Q running on a database management system (DBMS). Suppose another task T with much higher priority arrives, and we need to process T as quickly as possible and with all available resources. Ideally, the system should suspend the execution of Q, quickly release all resources held by Q, and start T using all resources. Query Q can be resumed once T finishes execution, ideally without losing any significant fraction of the work that Q had done prior to suspend. Beyond supporting mixed-priority DBMS workloads, suspend/resume of queries, or dataflows in general, is important in many other settings: Utility and grid: Dataflows now run frequently on computational utilities and grids composed of autonomous resources. When the owner of resources wants to use them, dataflows running on these resources must release control quickly, and migrate to other resources. Software rejuvenation: Benefits of software rejuvenation, the practice of rebooting enterprise computing systems regularly, are now recognized widely. Reboot is critical when performance degrades due to resource exhaustion caused by resource leaks. Suspend and resume is important in this setting because (1) the challenge of predicting completion times accurately makes it difficult to schedule task completion to match a rejuvenation schedule; (2) when performance degrades, it may not be cost-effective to wait for all dataflows to complete before rebooting.
Alkali-metal hexa-alkoxides of niobium and of tantalum (1968)

Reactions of niobium and tantalum penta-alkoxides with corresponding alkali-metal alkoxides have been studied and a number of double alkoxides of the type MM′(OR)6 have been isolated (M = Li, Na, or K; M′= Nb or Ta; and R = Me, Et, Pri, or But). Tantalum derivatives can be purified by sublimation in a few cases whereas the niobium ones decompose to penta-alkoxides. Conductivities have been measured and molecular weights determined.
Extracellular Matrix Changes in Human Corneas After Radial Keratotomy (1998)

Extracellular matrix and basement membrane alterations were identified in human corneas after radial keratotomy. Ten normal and five radial keratotomy autopsy corneas (two at 6 months post surgery, and three at 3 years post surgery) were studied by immunofluorescence with antibodies to 28 extracellular matrix and basement membrane components. Outside of radial keratotomy scars, all studied components had a normal distribution. Of stromal extracellular matrix, only type III collagen accumulated around the scars. The basement membrane around epithelial plugs had a normal composition except for type IV collagen. Its alpha1-alpha2 chains, normally present only in the limbal basement membrane, appeared around all plugs. alpha3 and alpha4 chains were very weak or absent in these areas, contrary to nonscarred areas. This basement membrane pattern was similar to the normal limbal but not to the central corneal pattern. Keratin 3 also had a limbal-like, suprabasal expression in the plug epithelium. The stroma around the scars accumulated tenascin-C, fibrillin-1, types VIII and XIV collagen, all of which were absent from normal corneal basement membrane and extracellular matrix. Only tenascin-C showed less staining in anterior scars 3 years post surgery than 6 months post surgery, but still persisted in posterior scars. Incomplete scar healing was evident even 3 years post radial keratotomy. It was manifested by the accumulation of abnormal extracellular matrix in the anterior and posterior scars and by the limbal-like pattern of type IV collagen isoforms in the basement membrane around epithelial plugs.
Mechanisms to ensure a reliable packet combining operation in DS/SSMA radio networks with retransmission diversity (2002)

Five simple mechanisms to assure a reliable packet combining operation in a two-way link (ARQ) spread-spectrum radio network are outlined. These schemes will either enable a receiver to distinguish a new packet from a retransmitted copy of another packet intended for the same user, or eliminate the need for such a requirement. As examples, performance of both slotted and unslotted DS/SSMA in conjunction with packet combining are presented. Sensitivity of the system performance to the packet header failure rate and the feedback channel error probability are quantified.