gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal encoding using narrow-band linear frequency modulated signals in synthetic aperture ultrasound imaging (2005)

In this paper a method for spatio-temporal encoding is presented for synthetic transmit aperture ultrasound imaging (STA). The purpose is to excite several transmitters at the same time in order to transmit more acoustic energy in every single transmission. When increasing the transmitted acoustic energy, the signal to noise ratio will increase. However, to focus the data properly using the STA approach, the transmitters have to be separated from each other. This is done by dividing the available spectrum into several subbands with a small overlap. Separating different transmitters can be done by bandpass filtering. Therefore, the separation can be done instantaneously without the need for further transmissions, unlike spatial encoding relying on Hadamard or Golay coding schemes, where several transmissions have to be made before the decoding can be done. Motion artifacts from the decoding can, thus, be avoided. To further increase the transmitted energy, the excitation waveforms are designed as linear frequency modulated (FM) signals. This makes it possible to maintain the full excitation amplitude during most of the transmission. The design of the separation filters will also be discussed. The method was tested using the experimental ultrasound scanner RASMUS and evaluated using a reference setup with a linear FM excitation waveform and STA beamforming. The point spread function (PSF) was measured on a wire phantom in water. A wire phantom with an attenuating medium was also measured, where the proposed method achieved approximately 2 cm improvement in penetration depth. The signal to noise ratio was also measured, where the gain was approx. 7 dB in comparison to the reference.
Field Evaluation of Traditionally Used Plant-Based Insect Repellents and Fumigants Against the Malaria Vector <I>Anopheles darlingi</I> in Riberalta, Bolivian Amazon (2007)

Inexpensive insect repellents may be needed to supplement the use of impregnated bed-nets in the Amazon region, where the primary malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi (Root), is exophilic and feeds in the early evening. Three plants that are traditionally used to repel mosquitoes in Riberalta, Bolivian Amazon, were identified by focus group, and then they were tested against An. darlingi as well as Mansonia indubitans (Dyar & Shannon)/Mansonia titillans (Walker). Cymbopogon citratus (Staph), Guatemalan lemongrass, essential oil at 25% was used as a skin repellent, and it provided 74% protection for 2.5 h against predominantly An. darlingi and 95% protection for 2.5 h against Mansonia spp. Attalea princeps (name not verified) husks, burned on charcoal in the traditional way provided 35 and 51% protection against An. darlingi and Mansonia spp., respectively. Kerosene lamps, often used to light rural homes, were used as a heat source to volatilize 100% Mentha arvensis (Malinv ex. Bailey) essential oil, and they reduced biting by 41% inside traditional homes against Mansonia spp., although they were ineffective outdoors against An. darlingi. All three plant-based repellents provided significant protection compared with controls. Plant-based repellents, although less effective than synthetic alternatives, were shown by focus groups to be more culturally acceptable in this setting, in particular para-menthane-3, 8, idol derived from lemon eucalyptus, Corymbia citriodora (Hook). Plant-based repellents have the potential to be produced locally and therefore sold more cheaply than synthetic commercial repellents. Importantly, their low cost may encourage user compliance among indigenous and marginalized populations.
Auditory-Pointing Task Performance of Children Aged 6;0 (1992)

An Auditory-Pointing Span task was developed and then trialled with 43 language-normal, prep children aged 6;0 and with 8 language-disabled children. The language-disabled group performed below the prep mean. There were also differences in the factors underlying the two groups' performance. The Auditory-Pointing Span task appears to be a useful item in a battery of language tests.
Studies on non-sesquiterpenoid constituents of Gaillardia pulchella. II. Less lipophilic substances, methyl caffeate as an antitumor catecholic. (1984)

A less lipophilic non-sesquiterpenoid antitumor constituent, methyl caffeate, along with D-fructose, was isolated from the aqueous methanol extract of the dried whole plant of Gaillardia pulchella. Among forty-three synthetic catechol analogues related to methyl caffeate tested for antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180 in mice, acetates of methyl catecholylpropionoid type showed stronger activity than the corresponding catechuic acid and catechualdehyde derivatives as well as simple benzaldehyde (so-called vidrol). None of the catecholic and related compounds tested showed significant antimicrobial activity in vitro.
A gastric resident drug delivery system for prolonged gram-level dosing of tuberculosis treatment (2019)

Multigram drug depot systems for extended drug release could transform our capacity to effectively treat patients across a myriad of diseases. For example, tuberculosis (TB) requires multimonth courses of daily multigram doses for treatment. To address the challenge of prolonged dosing for regimens requiring multigram drug dosing, we developed a gastric resident system delivered through the nasogastric route that was capable of safely encapsulating and releasing grams of antibiotics over a period of weeks. Initial preclinical safety and drug release were demonstrated in a swine model with a panel of TB antibiotics. We anticipate multiple applications in the field of infectious diseases, as well as for other indications where multigram depots could impart meaningful benefits to patients, helping maximize adherence to their medication.
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor antagonists as anti-obesity therapies? Still an open question. (2006)

Ghrelin woas recently de-orphaned as an endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), and is implicated as a short-term meal initiator and a long-term energy balance regulator. Administration of ghrelin causes increases in food intake and body weight in both rodents and humans. Inhibiting its actions with GHS-R anti-sense oligonucleotides, anti-ghrelin antibodies, and peptide antagonists leads to decreased food intake and weight loss in rodents. Despite the much-publicized promise of providing a novel approach for anti-obesity treatment, limited progress has been made in developing small-molecule GHS-R antagonists and no such compound has been advanced to clinical trials. This review will summarize the recent progress in small-molecule GHS-R antagonists and offer some insight into this area of research based on the experience at Abbott Laboratories.
A Lesson Learned (2005)

Editor-in-Chief, Anesthesiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. anesthesiology@uiowa.eduIt was called to my attention by a reader that the article by Nielsen et al. 1that was published in January 2005 issue of Anesthesiology was very similar in design and conclusions to another article, published by the same authors in the October 2004 issue of the Canadian Journal of Anesthesia .2The authors’ comments follow.Editor-in-Chief, Anesthesiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. anesthesiology@uiowa.edu
Highly Loaded Axial Flow Compressors: History and Current Developments (1990)

This paper discusses approaches taken over many years to achieve very high loading levels in axial-flow compressors. These efforts have been associated predominantly with aircraft turbine engines. The objective has been to reduce the size and weight of the powerplant, to increase its simplicity and ruggedness, and, whenever possible, to reduce cost. In the introduction, some fundamentals are reviewed that indicate that increased work per stage can only be obtained at a cost of increased Mach number, increased diffusion, or both. The earliest examples cited are some ambitious development programs of the 1950s and 1960s. Some innovative schemes to increase diffusion limits are described that took place in the 1960s and 1970s. Major advancements in dealing with higher Mach number were made in the 1980s. Finally, a few thoughts directed toward potential future developments are presented.
Sampling Methods for Detection and Monitoring of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (2015)

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is a key pest of citrus due to its role as vector of citrus greening disease or "huanglongbing." ACP monitoring is considered an indispensable tool for management of vector and disease. In the present study, datasets collected between 2009 and 2013 from 245 citrus blocks were used to evaluate precision, sensitivity for detection, and efficiency of five sampling methods. The number of samples needed to reach a 0.25 standard error-mean ratio was estimated using Taylor's power law and used to compare precision among sampling methods. Comparison of detection sensitivity and time expenditure (cost) between stem-tap and other sampling methodologies conducted consecutively at the same location were also assessed. Stem-tap sampling was the most efficient sampling method when ACP densities were moderate to high and served as the basis for comparison with all other methods. Protocols that grouped trees near randomly selected locations across the block were more efficient than sampling trees at random across the block. Sweep net sampling was similar to stem-taps in number of captures per sampled unit, but less precise at any ACP density. Yellow sticky traps were 14 times more sensitive than stem-taps but much more time consuming and thus less efficient except at very low population densities. Visual sampling was efficient for detecting and monitoring ACP at low densities. Suction sampling was time consuming and taxing but the most sensitive of all methods for detection of sparse populations. This information can be used to optimize ACP monitoring efforts.
Transposition in Shigella dysenteriae: isolation and analysis of IS911, a new member of the IS3 group of insertion sequences (1990)

Twenty-nine clear-plaque mutants of bacteriophage lambda were isolated from a Shigella dysenteriae lysogen. Three were associated with insertions in the cI gene: two were due to insertion of IS600, and the third resulted from insertion of a new element, IS911. IS911 is 1,250 base pairs (bp) long, carries 27-bp imperfect terminal inverted repeats, and generates 3-bp duplications of the target DNA on insertion. It was found in various copy numbers in all four species of Shigella tested and in Escherichia coli K-12 but not in E. coli W. Analysis of IS911-mediated cointegrate molecules indicated that the majority were generated without duplication of IS911. They appeared to result from direct insertion via one end of the element and the neighboring region of DNA, which resembles a terminal inverted repeat of IS911. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that IS911 carries two consecutive open reading frames which code for potential proteins showing similarities to those of the IS3 group of elements.
Facile preparation of smooth perovskite films for efficient meso/planar hybrid structured perovskite solar cells (2015)

Smooth organolead halide perovskite films for meso/planar hybrid structured perovskite solar cells were prepared by a simple compressed air blow-drying method under ambient conditions. The resultant perovskite films show high surface coverage, leading to a device power conversion efficiency of over 10% with an open circuit voltage up to 1.003 V merely using pristine poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as a hole transporter.
Engineering with Plant Cells (1977)

It is now possible, starting from isolated cells in culture, to regenerate higher plants, including many of importance in agriculture and horticulture. It is also possible to alter the genetic equipment of such cells and to induce the formation of fusion hybrids from them by enzymic removal of their cell walls. From such altered cells and such hybrids new plants can be generated. These technical achievements open up new possibilities in plant breeding and in the exploitation of the chemical potentialities of higher plant cells.
Stress investigation in optical fiber ribbon cable by means of polarization sensitive techniques (1994)

We present experimental results on stress behavior in high-density optical ribbon cables, performed by means of two techniques: polarization mode dispersion and polarization optical time-domain reflectometry. Correlation between them and theoretical estimates demonstrate that in such cables part of the birefringence is deterministic.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibin B in seminal plasma: testicular origin and relationship to spermatogenesis (1998)

In men, inhibin B is the circulating isoform involved in the regulation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. Within the testis, inhibin B may have a role in Sertoli and germ cell interactions, thus secretion into seminal plasma may reflect seminiferous tubule function. Using specific immunoassays, inhibin B was present in seminal plasma in fertile men (n = 105) and in unselected men attending an infertility clinic (n = 174) with a wide range in concentration from undetectable (<15 pg/ml) up to 54,100 pg/ml (geometric mean 280 pg/ml). There was a highly significant correlation between seminal plasma inhibin B concentration and sperm concentration (r = 0.46, P < 0.001), but no correlation with percentages of spermatozoa with progressive motility or normal morphology. Inhibin A and isoforms containing pro and alphaC immunoreactivity were not detectable. In post-vasectomy seminal plasma samples (18 of 20) inhibin B was undetectable, indicating that the testis is the predominant source. In unselected men attending an infertility clinic, inhibin B was undetectable in 17% (present in remainder; maximum concentration 26,200 pg/ml; mean 263 pg/ml), with a highly significant correlation between seminal plasma inhibin B and sperm concentration (r = 0.55, P < 0.0001). In men with oligo/ azoospermia (sperm concentration <20 x 10(6)/ml), seminal plasma inhibin B concentrations were lower in those with elevated plasma FSH concentrations (mean values 42 and 205 pg/ml, P < 0.05). Inhibin alpha and betaB subunits were localized predominantly in Sertoli and Leydig cells, using immunohistochemistry. We conclude that inhibin B of testicular origin is present in normal human seminal plasma, but with a very wide range in concentration, and may reflect the functional state of the seminiferous epithelium.
Minimum detection windows, PI-line existence and uniqueness for helical cone-beam scanning of variable pitch (2004)

The goal of this paper is to study Cone-beam CT scanning along a helix of variable pitch. First the rationale and applications in medical imaging of variable pitch CT reconstruction are explained. Then formulas for the minimum detection window are derived. The main part of the paper proves a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence and uniqueness of PI-lines inside this variable pitch helix. These results are necessary steps toward an exact reconstruction algorithm for helix scanning of variable pitch, generalizing Katsevich's formula on constant pitch exact reconstruction. It is shown through an example that, when the derivative of the pitch function is not convex, or when the pitch function passes a inflection point and begins to slow down, PI-lines may be not unique near the rim of the helix cylinder. The conclusion is that the restriction on the pitch function is weaker, if the object is placed well within the helix cylinder and far from its rim, in order to preserve the uniqueness of PI-lines. If the object is near the rim, the restriction condition on the allowable pitch functions becomes stronger.
Quantitative evaluation of postsurgical inflammation by infrared radiation thermometer and laser flare-cell meter (1994)

Using an infrared radiation thermometer and a laser flare-cell meter, we evaluated intraocular inflammation in 40 patients who had cataract surgery by measuring central corneal temperature, number of cells, and amount of flare in the anterior chamber. Patients were divided into two groups based on duration of surgery: Group A, more than 40 minutes; Group B, less than 40 minutes. In Group A (n = 32), corneal temperature (degrees Celsius) increased by 1.10 +/- 0.57, 0.75 +/- 0.69, 0.41 +/- 0.56, and 0.24 +/- 0.45 on days 1, 2, 14, and 30, respectively. Group B (n = 8) had no significant rise in corneal temperature, but cell count (mean +/- 1 SD) increased to 39.3 +/- 13.6, 36.4 +/- 18.1, 15.5 +/- 16.5, and 4.4 +/- 3.1 on days 1, 2, 7, and 14, respectively. Flare increased to 88.9 +/- 88.9, 45.8 +/- 30.1, 38.3 +/- 25.4, and 18.5 +/- 9.4 on days 2, 7, 14, and 30, respectively. These observations show that the longer the cataract surgery, the greater the inflammation. Although inflammation was evaluated quantitatively by both infrared radiation thermometer and laser flare-cell meter, the latter appears to be more sensitive. Thermometry will only detect the results of very traumatic surgery, with a corresponding breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier.
The Interaction of Maleic Anhydride with Rubber (1939)

Abstract (1) Maleic anhydride is known to react ( a ) with conjugated compounds, e.g. , butadiene, usually producing simple cyclic systems, and ( b ) with unsaturated olefinic substances like styrene and vinyl acetate, producing long-chain heteropolymers. It is now demonstrated that maleic anhydride, under the influence of a little benzoyl peroxide, will react in solution with rubber on heating, yielding a variety of tough, fibrous or resinous products. (2) It is shown that these derivatives are not produced by the action of maleic anhydride alone or of benzoyl peroxide alone, nor are they mixtures of rubber and maleic anhydride polymer. (3) As a result of the reaction, rubber has been found to undergo an increase in weight ranging from a few per cent up to about 120%, according to experimental conditions. The corresponding derivatives differ greatly from rubber in mechanical properties, and range from products which are tough, rubbery and non-tacky, to hard and brittle resins. (4) The effect of varying the quantity of benzoyl peroxide between 1% and 10%, and of using greater excess, is demonstrated. (5) The effect of varying the maleic anhydride/C 5 H 8 ratio between 0.05 and 5 is demonstrated. (6) It is is shown that the nature of the solvent greatly influences the extent of reaction. The use of benzene, toluene, xylene, carbon terachloride, chloroform, decalin, and cyclohexane is discussed. (7) The influence of concentration and the occurrence of gelling have been investigated. (8) The derivatives are very different from rubber in their solubility characteristics.
Soybean Oil as a Summer Spray for Apple: European Red Mite Control, Net CO2 Assimilation, and Phytotoxicity (2003)

Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] oil was applied to apple trees [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] as a summer spray in six studies to determine if it controls European red mites [ Panonychus ulmi (Koch.)], how it affects net CO 2 assimilation (A), and if it causes phytotoxicity. Sprays of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% soybean oil {TNsoy1 formulation [soybean oil premixed with Latron B-1956 (LAT) spreader-sticker at 10 oil: 1 LAT (v/v)]} reduced mite populations by 94%. Sprays of 1% and 2% soybean oil reduced mite populations to three and four mites per leaf, respectively, compared to 25 per leaf on water-sprayed plants. Soybean oil concentrations of 1.0% and 1.5% applied to whole trees reduced A for less than 7 days. Phytotoxicity did not occur when soybean oil was applied with an airblast sprayer at concentrations of 1.0% and 1.5% or with a mist bottle at 2%. Phytotoxicity occurred when soybean oil was applied with a mist bottle at 4% and 6%, which left soybean oil leaf residues of 0.22 to 0.50 mg·cm -2 . No phytotoxicity occurred with 4% SunSpray, which resulted in a mean leaf residue of only 0.13 mg·cm -2 . Spraying 1% soybean oil tended to give better mite control than 1% SunSpray Ultra-Fine oil, but caused greater oil residues and a greater reduction in A.
Aplastic anemia and viral hepatitis. Non-A, Non-B, Non-C? (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To test the hypothesis that the rare, often fatal, syndrome of hepatitis-associated aplasia is associated with hepatitis C virus infection. <h3>Design.</h3> —Case series. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Tertiary referral centers in the United States, Japan, Italy, and Germany. <h3>Patients.</h3> —Twenty-eight patients with onset of aplastic anemia within 90 days after seeking medical attention for jaundice, or having serum transaminase levels 150% or more of normal (hepatitis-associated aplasia patients) and three patients who developed aplastic anemia following liver transplantation for non-A, non-B hepatitis. <h3>Outcome Measures.</h3> —Presence of hepatitis C in serum, bone marrow, and liver samples, detected by the polymerase chain reaction; antibody testing; and percentage of activated peripheral cytotoxic T lymphocytes determined by immunophenotyping. <h3>Results.</h3> —Hepatitis ribonucleic acid was present in the serum samples of 10 (36%) patients with hepatitis-associated aplasia. However, hepatitis C virus viremia was associated with transfusions received after the onset of aplasia: seven (58%) of 12 patients with hepatitis-associated aplasia who had received 21 or more units of blood products at the time of serum sampling were viremic, compared with only three (19%) of 16 patients with hepatitis-associated aplasia who had received 20 or less units of blood products (<i>P</i><.05). Hepatitis C virus was not found in blood and bone marrow samples of three National Institutes of Health case patients tested at the time of diagnosis. None of three livers from non-A, non-B hepatitis patients who developed aplastic anemia after liver transplantation contained hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid. Activated CD8+ T lymphocytes were elevated three- to 20-fold early in the course of hepatitis-associated aplasia. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Our results implicate a novel, non-A, non-B, and non-C agent in both hepatitis-associated aplasia and fulminant hepatitis. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;267:2051-2054)
Texas plant solves foam problems with modified MEA system (1988)

Modifications to the recirculating monoethanolamine (MEA) filtration system have solved foaming problems in the amine sweetening unit of a Longview, Tex., gas plant. Foaming is a problem often encountered in older amine plants but not uncommon to newer plants, particularly those using formulated solvents. Because pure amines do not form stable foams, one or more contaminants must be present in order to form a persistent foam.