gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Power penalty due to optical reflections in erbium-doped fiber preamplifier (1993)

The effect of optical reflections in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) is investigated primarily as they are used for preamplifying the received signal in a digital transmission system. Both an increase in amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) due to its multiple reflection and an increase in relative noise intensity (RIN) due to interferometric phase-to-intensity-noise conversion are considered as sources of degradation of the receiver sensitivity. The power penalty is calculated and confirmed experimentally.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>R</i> <i>e</i> <i>c</i> <i>h</i> <i>e</i> <i>r</i> <i>c</i> <i>h</i> <i>e</i> <i>s</i>/<i>A</i> <i>c</i> <i>o</i> <i>u</i> <i>s</i> <i>t</i> <i>i</i> <i>q</i> <i>u</i> <i>e</i>, <i>V</i> <i>o</i> <i>l</i>. 5 (1980)

First Page
Mycoplasmas Stimulate Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 through Selective Activation of CD4 <sup>+</sup> T Lymphocytes (1993)

Because mycoplasma infection has often been observed in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we investigated the influence of mycoplasmas on HIV replication in vitro. Replication of HIV-1 assessed by reverse transcriptase activity and the p24 antigen level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was enhanced by the stimulation with the cell lysates of human mycoplasmas such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. genitalium, and M. fermentans. The most drastic increase of HIV-1 replication was shown in M. pneumoniae, which induced an approximately 10-fold higher replication level than phytohemagglutinin. Stimulation with the mycoplasmas accompanied the induction of blastotransformation of CD4+ but not CD8+ T lymphocytes in PBMCs and the most predominant alterations were induced by the stimulation with M. pneumoniae among the species examined. Production of IL-2 was significantly increased by stimulation with all three species of Mycoplasma used. These results suggest that mycoplasmas induce vigorous replication of HIV-1 through the activation of CD4-positive T lymphocytes.
A path planner for autonomous driving on highways using a human mimicry approach with Binary Decision Diagrams (2015)

This paper considers the problem of path planning for autonomous ground vehicles on highways with regular traffic. The goal is to select a desired trajectory from a set of parameterized candidate trajectories such that some criterion is optimized. This selection is subject to avoiding collisions, respecting the traffic rules, and eliciting smooth behavior for passenger comfort. The desired trajectory is fed as a state reference to a path follower which uses Model Predictive Control (MPC) to compute the steering and braking actions. This work proposes a human mimicry approach for the path planning problem by considering a Binary Decision Diagram (BDD). The binary decision diagram applies a tree search algorithm coupled with a truth table decision process. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the real-time feasibility and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Experimental Relationships between Surface Roughness, Glossiness and Color of Chromatic Colored Metals (2004)

This paper describes the establishment of an evaluation method for metal surface texture. The evaluation parameters used for surface texture were roughness, glossiness and color. Seven sample materials were studied: aluminum alloys (A2017, A5052), stainless steel (SUS304) and copper alloys (tough pitch copper C1100, brass C2801, phosphor bronze C5191 and nickel silver C7541). The surfaces of all specimens were polished using waterproof abrasive papers. The correlation of the surface texture parameters for all specimens was investigated experimentally. The surface roughness of specimens was evaluated using the arithmetical mean roughness “Ra”. The method for evaluating surface color was assessed by using CIELAB color space. The CIELAB color space is one of a uniform color space defined by CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) in 1976. The results indicated that as surface roughness value “Ra” decreased, as the glossiness value “Gs(60°)” increased exponentially. The lightness value “L*” of the CIELAB color space decreased, as surface roughness value “Ra” decreased. Thus, the relationship between the lightness value “L*” and surface roughness value “Ra” showed an inverse correlation with the glossiness value “Gs(60°)” and surface roughness value “Ra”. Moreover, the surface color showed that the blue hue increased, as the surface roughness value “Ra” decreased for all seven types of materials.
A Comparison of Epidural 1% Ropivacaine and 0.75% Bupivacaine for Lower Abdominal Gynecologic Surgery (1993)

A randomized double-blind study was performed to compare ropivacaine and bupivacaine in epidural anesthesia for intraperitoneal surgery. Forty-four patients undergoing epidural anesthesia for intraperitoneal lower abdominal gynecologic surgery received 20 mL of either 1% ropivacaine or 0.75% bupivacaine via an epidural catheter. There was no difference between the two drugs in the onset, extent, and duration of sensory and motor block. Satisfactory conditions for surgery were produced in the same number of patients in each group. The cardiovascular changes and the overall incidence of adverse reactions were similar for both drugs. It is concluded that ropivacaine is an effective and safe alternative to bupivacaine when used in epidural anesthesia for lower abdominal, intraperitoneal surgery. (Anesth Analg 1993;76:1274-8)
Data-Driven Modeling, Fault Diagnosis and Optimal Sensor Selection for HVAC Chillers (2007)

Chillers constitute a significant portion of energy consumption equipment in heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The growing complexity of building systems has become a major challenge for field technicians to troubleshoot the problems manually; this calls for automated ldquosmart-service systemsrdquo for performing fault detection and diagnosis (FDD). The focus of this paper is to develop a generic FDD scheme for centrifugal chillers and also to develop a nominal data-driven (ldquoblack-boxrdquo) model of the chiller that can predict the system response under new loading conditions. In this vein, support vector machines, principal component analysis, and partial least squares are the candidate fault classification techniques in our approach. We present a genetic algorithm-based approach to select a sensor suite for maximum diagnosabilty and also evaluated the performance of selected classification procedures with the optimized sensor suite. The responses of these selected sensors are predicted under new loading conditions using the nominal model developed via the black-box modeling approach. We used the benchmark data on a 90-t real centrifugal chiller test equipment, provided by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, to demonstrate and validate our proposed diagnostic procedure. The database consists of data from sixty four monitored variables of the chiller under 27 different modes of operation during nominal and eight faulty conditions with different severities.
Electron transfer in ruthenium-modified cytochromes c. .sigma.-tunneling pathways through aromatic residues (1993)

The rates of intramolecular electron-transfer (ET) reactions from the ferroheme to bis(2,2'-bipyridine)(imidazole)-ruthenium(II1) complexes bound to genetically engineered histidines (58 and 66) on the surface of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c (cyt c) have been measured by using a laser flashquench technique. The crystal structure of\nthe wild-type protein indicates that the ET pathways involve aromatic side chains: Ru(His58)cyt c includes\na bridging tryptophan at position 59, and Ru(His66)cyt c has a tyrosine at 67. A variant in which the bridging\nTyr67 in the His66 mutant had been replaced with a phenylalanine also was examined. The Fe^2+ → Ru^(3+)ET\nrate constants (25 °C, pH 7.0) are as follows: 5.2(5) × l0^4 (ΔE° = 0.69(5)), Ru(His58)cyt c; 1.0(1) × 10^6\n(ΔE° = 0.72(5)), Ru(His66)cyt c; and 3.1(3) × l0^6 s^-1 (ΔE° = 0.77(5) eV), Ru(His66Phe67)cyt c. The experimentally derived electronic coupling constants [H_AB(His66)= 0.014; H_AB(HiS66)= 0.060 cm-1 are in closer agreement with the lengths of a-tunneling pathways than with the direct donor-acceptor distances, and there is no indication that the u orbitals of intervening groups enhance any of these couplings. Maximum ET rates in the modified cytochromes drop by 2 orders of magnitude for every 6.3-A increase in the a-tunneling length. Analysis of the results also suggests that an internal water molecule in Ru(His66Phe67)cyt c plays a role in linking the Ru(His66) group to the heme.
Reciprocal resource sharing in P2P environments (2005)

Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems enable users to share resources in a networked environment without worrying about issues such as scalability and load balancing. Unlike exchange of goods in a traditional market, resource exchange in P2P networks does not involve monetary transactions. This makes P2P systems vulnerable to problems including the free-rider problem that enables users to acquire resources without contributing anything, collusion between groups of users to incorrectly promote or malign other users, and zero-cost identity that enables nodes to obliterate unfavorable history without incurring any expenditure. Previous research addresses these issues using user-reputation, referrals, and shared history based techniques. Here, we describe a multi-agent based reciprocity mechanism where each user's agent makes the decision to share a resource with a requesting user based on the amount of resources previously provided by the requesting user to the providing user and globally in the system. A robust reputation mechanism is proposed to avoid the differential exploitations by the free-riders and to prevent collusion. Experimental results on a simulated P2P network addresses the problems identified above and shows that users adopting the reciprocative mechanism outperform users that do not share resources in the P2P network. Hence, our proposed reciprocative mechanism effectively suppresses free-riding.
mirAct: a web tool for evaluating microRNA activity based on gene expression data (2011)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators in the complex cellular networks. The mirAct web server (http://sysbio.ustc.edu.cn/software/mirAct) is a tool designed to investigate miRNA activity based on gene-expression data by using the negative regulation relationship between miRNAs and their target genes. mirAct supports multiple-class data and enables clustering analysis based on computationally determined miRNA activity. Here, we describe the framework of mirAct, demonstrate its performance by comparing with other similar programs and exemplify its applications using case studies.
Sensory hypersensitivity predicts repetitive behaviours in autistic and typically-developing children (2018)

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between sensory hypersensitivity and restricted interests and repetitive behaviours associated with autism spectrum disorder and their typically-developing peers. Furthermore, the aims included the examination of the relationship across sensory modalities and various types of restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. Data were collected from the parents of 114 children: 49 of whom were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and 65 typically-developing children. Parents completed the Sensory Profile 2 - Child Version and the Repetitive Behaviours Questionnaire, Second Edition. The results suggested that sensory hypersensitivity is strongly related to the core autism spectrum disorder symptom of repetitive behaviours. This relationship was not specific to autism spectrum disorder; repetitive behaviours significantly increased with sensory hypersensitivity in typically-developing individuals as well. This effect was consistent across all modalities in both autism spectrum disorder and typically developing groups; group differences were observed in the oral and tactile modalities. Furthermore, sensory hypersensitivity was significantly predictive of repetitive behaviours in all participants, autism spectrum disorder and typically-developing, and importantly, autism spectrum disorder diagnosis did not add any predictive influence above and beyond sensory hypersensitivity. Finally, sensory hypersensitivity was significantly predictive of all subdomains of repetitive behaviours, including repetitive motor movements, rigidity and adherence to routine, preoccupation with restricted patterns of interest and unusual sensory interests, and diagnosis added no predictive ability beyond sensory hypersensitivity.
A novel synthesis of isothiocyanates from ammonium dithiocarbamates using triphenylphosphine-carbon tetrachloride. (1989)

アミン類からイソチオシアン酸エステル[1]を合成するため, 第一級アミンをトリエチルアミン存在下で二硫化炭素と反応させてジチオカルバミン酸アンモニウム塩[2]としたのち, トリフェニルポスフィン(TPP)-四塩化炭素系試剤[3]で処理すると, きわめて緩和な条件下で[1]が高収率で得られることを見いだした。このさいアミンから ohe-potで[1]を得る直接法と, いったん[2]を単離する間接法 (二段階法) の両法を試みたところ, 脂肪族アミンでは前法を, 芳香族アミンでは後法を用いた方が好結果を与えた。さらに反応条件の収率におよぼす要因を検討し下記の結果を得た。1)反応は用いた溶媒の極姓にいちじるしく影響を受けアセトニトリルのような極性め高い溶媒中で速やかに進行し高収率で[1]を与える。2)溶媒の量を減少させる(高基質濃度)ほど収率は向上する。3)反応温度を上昇させるにしたがって紋率は低下する。4)TPP/CCl4比を大にすると収率は高くなる。これらの結果から, 本反応による[1]の生成は主として[3]からの中間体[4]または[5]に[2]が求核攻撃してカルバミン酸のホスホニウム塩[6]となり, ついでホスフィンスルフィドを脱離する機構で進行すると推論した。
A system testability 'top-down' apportionment method (2002)

The authors present a top-down approach to specifying testability requirements which involves system-level analyses, tradeoffs, and allocation to lower hardware indenture levels. This approach provides guidelines, algorithms, and procedures for computing, assessing, and allocating testability within a new system design. Testability figures of merit (TFOM) used to describe and quantify testability, as applied to a given system, in precise and measurable engineering terms are presented. Testability allocation methods (TAM) to apportion system testability requirements cost effectively through lower levels of indenture to the replaceable unit level and generate subsystem-level requirements are also given. This allocation process starts with the overall testability requirements of a system and prescribes the distribution of these requirements among the various units constituting the system. The TAM problem is formulated as an optimization problem and solved using the augmented Lagrangian method. The complex interactions between the TFOMs and system performance (reliability, availability, maintainability, and life-cycle cost) are derived using analytical, heuristic, experimental, and historical data. A special case where BIT (built-in test) is the resource to be allocated leads to the top-down BIT prioritization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An integrated information system for quality management (2002)

The current information system use in quality management and ISO 9000 certification process is typically utilized in administration and documentation. The existing software do not satisfy the technical information needs for ISO 9000. There is a need for tools that can help management to decide on technical aspects such as proper corrective and preventive actions or design verification and validation activities. This paper analyzes the information requirements of ISO 9000 standards and identifies the areas where a decision support system can be used. Further, it proposes a conceptual framework for company‐wide information management, while it explains the modular approach to the system development by introducing and empirically testing the prototype model for a corrective and preventive actions module. The proposed system will provide the conceptual structure for a quality assurance information system within organizations.
Sparse Multi-Output Gaussian Processes for Medical Time Series Prediction (2017)

In the scenario of real-time monitoring of hospital patients, high-quality inference of patients' health status using all information available from clinical covariates and lab tests is essential to enable successful medical interventions and improve patient outcomes. Developing a computational framework that can learn from observational large-scale electronic health records (EHRs) and make accurate real-time predictions is a critical step. In this work, we develop and explore a Bayesian nonparametric model based on Gaussian process (GP) regression for hospital patient monitoring. We propose MedGP, a statistical framework that incorporates 24 clinical and lab covariates and supports a rich reference data set from which relationships between observed covariates may be inferred and exploited for high-quality inference of patient state over time. To do this, we develop a highly structured sparse GP kernel to enable tractable computation over tens of thousands of time points while estimating correlations among clinical covariates, patients, and periodicity in patient observations. MedGP has a number of benefits over current methods, including (i) not requiring an alignment of the time series data, (ii) quantifying confidence regions in the predictions, (iii) exploiting a vast and rich database of patients, and (iv) inferring interpretable relationships among clinical covariates. We evaluate and compare results from MedGP on the task of online prediction for three patient subgroups from two medical data sets across 8,043 patients. We found MedGP improves online prediction over baseline methods for nearly all covariates across different disease subgroups and studies. The publicly available code is at https://github.com/bee-hive/MedGP.
A device level negative feedback in the emitter line of SCR-structures as a method to realize latch-up free ESD protection (2003)

The practical goal of this study is to develop an efficient design solution for the control of the holding voltage of thyristor-type structures (ones operating in the left part of S-shape I-V characteristic), thereby making them suitable for use in mixed-signal and in power supply protection circuits. This specific design is applied to the cascoded LVTSCR structures and validated on the basis of ESD test structures and I/O cells. The research objective was to control the avalanche-injection conductivity modulation by the emitter injection of the device level, thereby achieving control of the section of the S-shape I-V curve responsible for the holding voltage.
A xylem‐specific cellulose synthase gene from aspen (Populus tremuloides) is responsive to mechanical stress (2000)

Angiosperm trees accumulate an elevated amount of highly crystalline cellulose with a concomitant decrease in lignin in the cell walls of tension-stressed tissues. To investigate the molecular basis of this tree stress response, we cloned a full-length cellulose synthase (PtCesA) cDNA from developing xylem of aspen (Populus tremuloides). About 90% sequence similarity was found between the predicted PtCesA and cotton GhCesA proteins. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses of PtCesA gene transcripts in various aspen tissues, and PtCesA gene promoter-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion analysis in transgenic tobacco, demonstrated conclusively that PtCesA expression is confined to developing xylem cells during normal plant growth. During mechanical stress induced by stem bending, GUS expression remained in xylem and was induced in developing phloem fibers undergoing tension stress, but was turned off in tissues undergoing compression on the opposite side of the bend. Our results suggest a unique role for PtCesA in cellulose biosynthesis in both tension-stressed and normal tissues in aspen, and that the on/off control of PtCesA expression may be a part of a signaling mechanism triggering a stress-related compensatory deposition of cellulose and lignin that is crucial to growth and development in trees.
Mechanisms of resistance and sensitivity to anti-HER2 therapies in HER2+ breast cancer (2016)

Breast Cancer (BC) is a highly prevalent disease. A woman living in the United States has a 12.3% lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer [1]. It is the most common female cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in women [2]. Of note, amplification or overexpression of Human Epidermal Receptor 2 (HER2) oncogene is present in approximately 18 to 20% of primary invasive breast cancers, and until personalized therapy became available for this specific BC subtype, the worst rates of Overall Survival (OS) and Recurrence-Free Survival (RFS) were observed in the HER2+ BC cohort, compared to all other types, including triple negative BC (TNBC) [3].HER2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. Other family members include EGFR or HER1, HER3 and HER4. HER2 can form heterodimers with any of the other three receptors, and is considered to be the preferred dimerization partner of the other HER or ErbB receptors [4]. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic domain is the result of receptor dimerization and culminates into initiation of a variety of signalling pathways involved in cellular proliferation, transcription, motility and apoptosis inhibition [5].In addition to being an important prognostic factor in women diagnosed with BC, HER2 overexpression also identifies those patients who benefit from treatment with agents that target HER2, such as trastuzumab, pertuzumab, trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and small molecules tyrosine kinase inhibitors of HER2 [6, 11, 127].In fact, trastuzumab altered the natural history of patients diagnosed with HER2+ BC, both in early and metastatic disease setting, in a major way [8-10]. Nevertheless, there are many women that will eventually develop metastatic disease, despite being treated with anti-HER2 therapy in the early disease setting. Moreover, advanced tumors may reach a point where no anti-HER2 treatment will achieve disease control, including recently approved drugs, such as T-DM1.This review paper will concentrate on major biological pathways that ultimately lead to resistance to anti-HER2 therapies in BC, summarizing their mechanisms. Strategies to overcome this resistance, and the rationale involved in each tactics to revert this scenario will be presented to the reader.
A submillimeter-wave planar diode mixer-design and evaluation (2002)

A 345-GHz mixer using a planar GaAs Schottky diode has been designed and tested. The design process used nonlinear and linear numerical mixer analysis as well as scale-model impedance measurements. Using a planar diode eliminates the disadvantages of mechanical instability and labor-intensive assembly associated with conventional whisker-contacted diodes. Test results indicate performance on the same level as that of the best whisker-contacted room-temperature mixers for submillimeter wavelengths.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>