gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydroformylation of Unsaturated Compounds with a Cobalt Carbonyl Catalyst (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydroformylation of Unsaturated Compounds with a Cobalt Carbonyl CatalystHomer. Adkins and George. KrsekCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 9, 3051–3055Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01177a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01177a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1051Altmetric-Citations107LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Patterns of deception: Child victims of Munchausen syndrome by proxy can be subjected to needless hospitalizations, lab tests and even surgery. A new clinical report outlines how pediatricians can recognize and treat cases of abuse in the medical setting. (2007)

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“Pediatricians need to have a high index of suspicion when faced with seemingly inexplicable findings or treatment failures,” according to the new AAP clinical report on Munchausen syndrome by proxy.



A new clinical report outlines a rare, yet “insidious type of child
Quantitative structure-activity relationships of N2-phenylguanines as inhibitors of Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinases (1992)

Quantitative structure-activity relationships of the Hansch-type were developed to account for inhibition of thymidine kinases from Herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV1,2) by N2-phenylguanines. Derivatives with meta and/or para substituents on the phenyl ring display a wide range of overlapping, but not identical, potencies as inhibitors of the enzymes. IC50 values for 36 (HSV1) and 35 inhibitors (HSV2) were used to develop equations using hydrophobic (pi), electronic (sigma, R), and group size (MR) parameters. Equations 1 and 2 with correlation coefficients of 0.797 and 0.805, respectively, were obtained for inhibitors of the types 1 and 2 enzymes. Potencies were correlated positively with pi values of meta substituents but negatively with pi values of para substituents in the phenyl ring. Positive correlations were also obtained with the resonance parameter R of para substituents and with sigma constants of meta substituents. The most potent inhibitor of both enzymes was N2-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]guanine, although HSV2 thymidine kinase was more sensitive to certain compounds than the HSV1 enzyme.
Flexibility impaired by mutations revealed the multifunctional roles of the loop in glutathione synthetase (1993)

The loop from Ile-226 to Arg-241 in the glutathione synthetase (GSHase) from Escherichia coli B is rich in glycine and alanine and too flexible to take a fixed conformation [Yamaguchi, H., Kato, H., Hata, Y., Nishioka, T., Kimura, A., Oda, J., & Katsube, Y. (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 229, 1083-1100; Tanaka, T., Kato, H., Nishioka, T., & Oda, J. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 2259-2265]. To restrict the flexibility, three residues in the loop, Pro-227, Gly-229, and Gly-240, were replaced with alanine and valine residues. Variability in conformations of the mutant loops and shifts in the distribution of conformers between the open and closed states were assessed by steady-state kinetics, X-ray crystallographic structure analysis, and proteolysis with arginyl endopeptidase. Mutant enzymes replaced with a valine residue at the basal positions of the loop (P227V, G240V, and P227V/G240V) were identical with the wild-type enzyme in their crystal structures, except the loop region. The mutant loops retained apparent conformational variability, so as to take the open and closed states and to protect the acyl phosphate intermediate from the decomposition uncoupled from glutathione synthesis, but lost the catalytic activity; Kmapp values for glycine and gamma-Glu-Cys were sensitive to the mutations and drastically increased, and the k0app value was fatally reduced in the P227V/G240V mutant enzyme. The present results suggest that adjustability of the loop to the closed state is required for the recognition of the substrates, gamma-Glu-Cys and glycine, and for the chemical interactions with the bound substrates.
Influence of the radial variation of the magnet pitch in slotless permanent magnet axial flux motors (2002)

The design of slotless axial-flux machines is different from that of conventional radial-flux machines, due to their topology. In particular, the active conductors are subjected to different conditions of magnetic field along their radial length. This is enhanced in machines where the shape of the magnets is different from that of the stator poles. This paper provides a numerical approach (2D FEM) for keeping into account this configuration: the described technique allows accurate evaluation of the instantaneous torque and of the mean torque, as well as all the quantities (such as back EMF, efficiency, and so on) that characterise the machine. The algorithm is validated by means of comparisons with the experimental results from an existing machine.
Introduction of Bacterial Metabolism into Higher Plants by Polycistronic Transgene Expression (2001)

Multiple-gene transformation is required to improve or change plant metabolisms effectively; but this many-step procedure is time-consuming and costing. We succeeded in the metabolic engineering of tobacco plants by introducing multiple genes as a bacteria-type operon into a plastid genome. The tobacco plastid was transformed with a polycistron consisting of three bacterial genes for the biosynthesis of a biodegradable polyester, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Accumulation of PHB in the leaves of the transgenic tobacco indicated that the introduced genes were polycistronically expressed. This "phyto-fermentation" system can be used in plant production of various chemical commodities and pharmaceuticals.
Selected Articles and Documents on International Law and Relations (1952)

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Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Thin Film Zener Diodes from Conducting Polymers and CdSe Nanoparticles (1998)

Ultrathin films have been prepared by self-assembling trioctylphosphine oxide, TOPO, capped n-type 20−40 Å diameter CdSe nanoparticles and 1,6-hexadecanethiol, HDT, onto p-doped semiconducting polymers, chemically deposited poly(3-methylthiophene), PMeT (for Device A), and electrochemically deposited poly(pyrrole), Ppy (for Device B). The semiconducting polymers have, in turn, been electrochemically layered (for Device A) or layer-by-layer chemically assembled (for Device B) onto derivatized conducting substrates. The ultrathin films have been characterized by absorption and emission spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and by electrochemical measurements. By controlling the level of doping into the p-type junction, it was possible to prepare dissymmetrical junctions and observe a rectifying behavior in the forward direction and a Zener breakdown in the reverse direction for Au/PMeT/(HDT/CdSe)3, Device A, and for Au/MEA/Ppy/(HDT/CdSe)3, Device B. Additionally, Au/MeA/PAH/CdSe (PAH = poly(allylamine hydrochloride)), Au/MEA/Ppy/PSS/CdSe (PSS = polystyrene sulfonate), and Au/MEA/Ppy/α-ZrP/CdSe (α-ZrP = α zirconium phosphate) films have been prepared and characterized.
Caspase-1 cleavage of transcription factor GATA4 and regulation of cardiac cell fate (2014)

Caspase-1 or interleukin-1β (IL-1β) converting enzyme is a pro-inflammatory member of the caspase family. An IL-1β-independent role for caspase-1 in cardiomyocyte cell death and heart failure has emerged but the mechanisms underlying these effects are incompletely understood. Here, we report that transcription factor GATA4, a key regulator of cardiomyocyte survival and adaptive stress response is an in vivo and in vitro substrate for caspase-1. Caspase-1 mediated cleavage of GATA4 generates a truncated protein that retains the ability to bind DNA but lacks transcriptional activation domains and acts as a dominant negative regulator of GATA4. We show that caspase-1 is rapidly activated in cardiomyocyte nuclei treated with the cell death inducing drug Doxorubicin. We also find that inhibition of caspase-1 alone is as effective as complete caspase inhibition at rescuing GATA4 degradation and myocyte cell death. Caspase-1 inhibition of GATA4 transcriptional activity is rescued by HSP70, which binds directly to GATA4 and masks the caspase recognition motif. The data identify a caspase-1 nuclear substrate and suggest a direct role for caspase-1 in transcriptional regulation. This mechanism may underlie the inflammation-independent action of caspase-1 in other organs.
Functional nanomaterials through esterification of cellulose: a review of chemistry and application (2018)

As the most abundant biopolymer in nature, cellulose has become a fascinating building block for the design of functional nanomaterials. Owing to the presence of numerous hydroxyl groups, cellulose provides a unique platform for the preparation of new materials via versatile chemical modifications. This critical review aims to present the advances about nanomaterials based on cellulose derivatives with the focus on cellulose esters within the last two decades, including the chemistry and application of these nanostructured materials. This review starts with the introduction on first fundamental aspects about diverse esterification techniques used up to now to modify cellulose. The in situ esterification for the isolation of nanocelluloses and diverse post esterification methods of nanocelluloses for the surface functionalization were highlighted in the following description. Various esterification strategies and further nanostructure constructions have been developed aiming to confer specific properties to cellulose esters, extending therefore their feasibility for highly sophisticated applications, which were summarized with respect to the categories of the introduced ester moieties. Thus, this review assembles and emphasizes the state-of-art knowledge of functional nanomaterials derived from diverse esterified cellulose compounds.
Cellular uPVC: Principles and Applications (1998)

A review is given of the production of rigid PVC foam and its various applications. The principles governing the choice of formulation ingredients and processing conditions are detailed, together with the influence of these variables on foam density and morphology. The effect of foaming on mechanical properties is also discussed.
Intact But Less Accessible Phonetic Representations in Adults with Dyslexia (2013)

Dyslexia is a severe and persistent reading and spelling disorder caused by impairment in the ability to manipulate speech sounds. We combined functional magnetic resonance brain imaging with multivoxel pattern analysis and functional and structural connectivity analysis in an effort to disentangle whether dyslexics' phonological deficits are caused by poor quality of the phonetic representations or by difficulties in accessing intact phonetic representations. We found that phonetic representations are hosted bilaterally in primary and secondary auditory cortices and that their neural quality (in terms of robustness and distinctness) is intact in adults with dyslexia. However, the functional and structural connectivity between the bilateral auditory cortices and the left inferior frontal gyrus (a region involved in higher-level phonological processing) is significantly hampered in dyslexics, suggesting deficient access to otherwise intact phonetic representations.
Rate Distortion Analysis for Spatially Scalable Video Coding (2010)

In this paper, we derive the rate distortion lower bounds of spatially scalable video coding techniques. The methods we evaluate are subband and pyramid motion compensation where temporal redundancies in the same spatial layer as well as interlayer spatial redundancies are exploited in the enhancement layer encoding. The rate distortion bounds are derived from rate distortion theory for stationary Gaussian signals where mean square error is used as the distortion criteria. Assuming that the base layer is encoded by a non-scalable video coder, we derive the rate distortion functions for the enhancement layer, which depend on the power spectral density of the input signal, the motion prediction error probability density function and the base layer encoding performance. We will show that pyramid and subband methods are expected to outperform independently encoding the enhancement layer using motion-compensated prediction, in terms of rate distortion efficiency, when the base layer is encoded at a relatively higher quality or less accurate displacement estimation happens in the enhancement layer.
Optimal generation of transfer functions for direct volume rendering (2003)

Volume rendering implements the visualization of 3D structures without a prior segmentation process. Direct volume rendering is a key imaging technology for visualizing large 3D data sets from scientific or medical applications. Visualization is rendered by transfer functions which assign optical properties such as color, opacity and shading to original values of the data set being visualized. Constructing appropriate transfer functions is a tedious task, generally requiring substantial hand tuning for each new data set and often done by trial and error. This paper introduces a semi-automatic method of transfer function generation which makes volume rendering surfaces more intuitive and less labor intensive. Fundamentally, this method rests on an algorithm that computes the boundary characteristics in a volume and uses this information to guide the user toward opacity function settings which readily display the boundaries.
Nucleophilic substitution in quaternary salts of NN′-linked biazoles and related systems. (1985)

Some reactions of dicationic and monocationic N,N′-linked biazoles and of quaternized 1-(N-azolyl) pyridinium ions with nucleophiles have been studied. Although the pyrrolyl nucleus has been found to be a poor leaving group in these reactions, in other cases nucleophilic attack readily takes place at an azolyl carbon atom, with subsequent elimination of the N-substituent. The 1-methyl-3-(1-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-4-ylio) benzimidazolium dication (1) reacted at room temperature with ammonium, diethylamine, methoxide, hydroxide, and cyanide ions, and with sodium borohydride, giving in all cases the corresponding 2-substituted benzimidazoles in good yield. In the case of the 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-(2-methylpyrazol-1-io)pyridinium dication (6), the reaction with cyanide ion afforded, regioselectively, 5-cyano-1-methylpyrazole, with no trace of the isomeric 3-cyano-1-methylpyrazole.The synthesis of the cations and dications from N-aminoazoles was easily performed. The reaction of 1-aminobenzimidazole with dehydroacetic acid in aqueous hydrochloric acid gave not only the expected 1-benzimidazol-1-yl-2,6-dimethylpyridin-4(1H)-one (9), but also 3-acetyl-1-benzimidazol-1-yl-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one (11). In pyridine, a pyran-2,4-dione intermediate (10), isomeric to (11), was also isolated. The quaternization reactions were easily performed, but high temperatures caused cleavage of the N–N bond.
Interactive access control for autonomic systems (2008)

Autonomic communication and computing is a new paradigm for dynamic service integration over a network. An autonomic network crosses organizational and management boundaries and is provided by entities that see each other just as partners. For many services no autonomic partner may guess a priori what will be sent by clients nor clients know a priori what credentials are required to access a service. To address this problem we propose a new interactive access control : servers should interact with clients, asking for missing credentials necessary to grant access, whereas clients may supply or decline the requested credentials. Servers evaluate their policies and interact with clients until a decision of grant or deny is taken. This proposal is grounded in a formal model on policy-based access control. It identifies the formal reasoning services of deduction, abduction and consistency. Based on them, the work proposes a comprehensive access control framework for autonomic systems. An implementation of the interactive model is given followed by system performance evaluation.
Comparison of the Methods for Analyzing Rate and Pressure Transient Data from Multistage Hydraulically Fractured Unconventional Gas Reservoirs (2019)

Abstract In this study, we provide a detailed review and comparison of the various graphical methods, available in the literature, to interpret/analyze rate and pressure transient data acquired from multistage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells (MHFHWs) completed in unconventional gas reservoirs. The methods reviewed are based on transient matrix linear flow (Ibrahim and Wattenbarger 2006; Nobakht and Clarkson 2012a, 2012b; Chen and Raghavan 2013) and boundary-dominated flow due to the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). The methods for boundary-dominated flow are the contacted volume methods based on the ending times of linear flow (Wattenbarger et al. 1998; Behmanesh et al. 2015) and the material balance methods (FBMs); Agarwal-Gardner method (Agarwal et al. 1999) and conventional method involving plotting rate-normalized pseudo pressure versus pseudo time material-balance time. We delineate the advantages and limitations associated with each method and identify the best methods of interpretation and analysis. Three different production modes; constant rate (CR), constant bottomhole-pressure (CBHP), and variable-rate/bottomhole pressure, are considered. For comparison, various synthetic test data sets generated from a high-resolution spectral gas simulator, which treats nonlinear gas flow rigorously and accurately to simulate rate transient data, is used. Both synthetic noise-free and noisy rate/pressure data sets considering wide ranges of initial reservoir pressure and bottomhole pressure as well as real field data sets are used to compare the methods. For linear flow, the Nobakht-Clarkson method yields the best results, although its use is tedious as it requires an iterative procedure. The Chen-Raghavan method for linear flow seems to provide comparable results to the Nobakht-Clarkson method, but does not require iterative procedure. The Ibrahim-Wattenbarger method for linear flow analysis always overestimates flow capacity as compared to the other methods. For boundary dominated flow, the results show that the Agarwal-Gardner FBM method is quite vulnerable to the error in rate/pressure data, while the conventional FBM method is more robust to noise and provides more accurate estimates of gas in place. Among the methods based on the ending time of linear flow, it was found that unit-impulse method based on Behmanesh et al. (2015) provides best results for predicting gas in place.
Assessment of the adhesive bond properties of allyl 2‐cyanoacrylate (1981)

Abstract The adhesive bond of allyl 2‐cyanoacrylate between steel substrates has been analyzed and compared to that of ethyl 2‐cyanoacrylate. Mechanical strength as well as thermomechanical, calorimetric, thermogravimetric, and dynamic mechanical response was observed. It was demonstrated that the allyl 2‐cyanoacrylate bonds exhibit improved temperature resistance owing to the formation of heat‐induced crosslinks in the adhesive layer, resulting in much improved lap‐shear strengths. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces showed that plastic deformation occurred in the allyl 2‐cyanoacrylate adhesive after thermal aging, while interfacial and brittle failure dominated all other cases.
A Connectionist Approach to the Story of Over (1989)

Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1989), pp. 126-137
Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray diffraction analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin type C (1992)

The Type C staphylococcal enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus strain FRI-909 has been crystallized using a combination of two precipitants, ammonium sulfate and polyethylene glycol 400, with the addition of small amounts of detergent. Two related crystal forms have been obtained, one triclinic, and one tetragonal, both with one toxin molecule per asymmetric unit. These crystals are stable for at least 75 hr in the X-ray beam and diffract to at least 2.2 and 2.6 A, respectively. The triclinic crystals have unit cell parameters a = 38.5 A, b = 43.7 A, c = 36.9 A, and interaxial angles alpha = 99.9 degrees, beta = 95.8 degrees, and gamma = 98.5 degrees. The tetragonal crystals are of space group P4(1)22 with unit cell parameters a = 43.4 A and c = 278.0 A.
On the Mechanism and Rate of Spontaneous Decomposition of Amino Acids (2011)

Spontaneous decarboxylation of amino acids is among the slowest known reactions; it is much less facile than the cleavage of amide bonds in polypeptides. Establishment of the kinetics and mechanisms for this fundamental reaction is important for gauging the proficiency of enzymes. In the present study, multiple mechanisms for glycine decomposition in water are explored using QM/MM Monte Carlo simulations and free energy perturbation theory. Simple CO(2) detachment emerges as the preferred pathway for decarboxylation; it is followed by water-assisted proton transfer to yield the products: CO(2) and methylamine. The computed free energy of activation of 45 kcal/mol, and the resulting rate-constant of 1 × 10(-21) s(-1), can be compared with an extrapolated experimental rate constant of ~2 × 10(-17) s(-1) at 25 °C. The half-life for the reaction is more than 1 billion years. Furthermore, examination of deamination finds simple NH(3)-detachment yielding α-lactone to be the favored route, though it is less facile than decarboxylation by 6 kcal/mol. Ab initio and DFT calculations with the CPCM hydration model were also carried out for the reactions; the computed free energies of activation for glycine decarboxylation agree with the QM/MM result, whereas deamination is predicted to be more favorable. QM/MM calculations were also performed for decarboxylation of alanine; the computed barrier is 2 kcal/mol higher than for glycine in qualitative accord with experiment.