gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A lateral silicon-on-insulator bipolar transistor with a self-aligned base contact (1987)

A novel lateral bipolar transistor structure in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is presented. The structure allows for a minimum geometry base width yet still provides for a metal contact to the entire base region. Fabricated transistors exhibit a base resistance of less than 20 Ω.
Therapeutic Potential of 4-1BB (CD137) As a Regulator for Effector CD8 <sup>+</sup> T Cells (2001)

A fundamental problem of antitumor immunity is tumor-induced immunosuppression. Tumor cells often down-regulate expression of co-stimulatory molecules, tumor antigens, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on tumor cells, secrete immunosuppressive substance such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) or interleukin-4 (IL-4), and induce apoptosis of effector T cells to escape surveillance. A major goal of antitumor or antivirus immunotherapy is to generate long-lived protective T cells that enable killing of target cells. In this review, we discuss the importance of 4-1BB for development or survival of functionally active effector CD8(+) T cells against tumors, virus infection, and allogeneic immune responses and for potential therapeutic application.
Novel organization of catechol meta-pathway genes in Sphingomonas sp. HV3 pSKY4 plasmid (2006)

Sphingomonas sp. strain HV3 (formerly Pseudomonas sp. HV3), which degrades aromatics and chloroaromatics, harbors a mega-plasmid, pSKY4. A sequenced 4 kb fragment of the plasmid reveals a novel gene organization for catechol meta-pathway genes. The putative meta operon starts with the cmpF gene encoding a 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase. The gene has a 6 bp overlap with the previously characterized ring-cleavage gene, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, cmpE. Downstream of cmpE is a 429 bp open reading frame of unknown function. Gene cmpC, encoding a 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, starts 44 bp further downstream. It has the highest homology to 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenases of dmp and xyl pathways and to XylC from the marine oligotroph Cycloclasticus oligotrophus. The gene organization is different from other known meta pathways. This is the first report of organization of plasmid-encoded meta-pathway genes in the genus Sphingomonas.
Identifying infection in chronic wounds (2012)

There is a myriad of published research and anecdotal information available regarding wound infection, biofilm and antimicrobials. The author reviewed recent literature on chronic wound infections and has provided a concise and simple breakdown aimed at health professionals dealing with chronic wounds to encourage critical appraisal of their current practice and to guide future practice.
THE INFLUENCE OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE HOMOGENATE INFUSED INTO THE UTERUS, ON THE LIFE-SPAN OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM IN THE SHEEP (1967)

Summary. Following the daily intra-uterine infusion of a homogenate prepared from frozen and thawed tissue of 14- or 15-day sheep embryos the length of the oestrous cycle was significantly prolonged. A single intra-uterine infusion, however, had only a slight effect on oestrous cycle length. The substance derived from the embryonic tissue, which presumably must be of a chemical nature, probably acts on the endometrium in an `anti-luteolytic' manner, that is by counteracting the action of the endometrium which otherwise would have resulted in the regression of the corpus luteum. Unlike homogenate prepared from 14- or 15-day sheep embryos similar material obtained from 25-day sheep embryos did not increase cycle length. This indicates that the effect is dependent on the stage of development of the embryo in relation to the uterus. Homogenate prepared from 14-day pig embryos infused into sheep uteri was unable to maintain the corpus luteum, which suggests that the embryonic factor may be species-specific. Repeated intra-uterine infusions of control material consisting of frozen and thawed saline, serum or serum plus white blood cells had no effect on cycle length. Transfer into the sheep uterus of a whole but heat-inactivated 12-14days sheep embryo had no effect on the cycle length.
The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids (1985)

Metabolism is the term employed to embrace the various physical and chemical processes occurring within the tissues upon which the growth and heat production of the body depend and from which the energy for muscular activity, for the maintenance of vital activity and for the maintenance of vital functions is derived (Best & Taylor 1950). The destructive processes by which complex substances are converted by living cells into more simple compounds are called catabolism. Anabolism denotes the constructive processes by which simple substances are converted by living cells into more complex compounds, especially into living matter. Catabolism and anabolism are part of all metabolic processes, the carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The term anabolic refers only to substances that exert an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and are unlikely to cause adverse androgenic effects. They shift the equilibrium between protein synthesis and degradation in the body as a whole in the direction of synthesis, either by promoting protein synthesis or reducing its breakdown. The protein anabolic effect of anabolic steroids is not restricted to single organs but is the result of stimulated biosynthesis of cellular protein in the whole organism.
Analysis of direct wafer bond IGBTs with heavily doped N+ buffer layer (2002)

High-speed IGBTs fabricated using direct wafer bonding and implanted N+ buffer layer are described and analyzed in this paper. The trade-off between on-state voltage drop and turn-off fall time can be controlled by varying the N+ implant dose prior to the wafer bonding process. 800 V IGBTs with switching time less than 100 nanoseconds and V/sub ce(sat)/ as low as 1.4 V at 100 A/cm/sup 2/ have been obtained. This excellent performance is achieved without utilizing any conventional lifetime control techniques.
Series Connected IGCT based High Power Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped Voltage Source Inverter Pole for FACTS Applications (2006)

This paper reports requirements, issues and design considerations for high power three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter pole. Dynamic voltage sharing issues, viability and advantages of series connected 4.5 kV, 4 kA IGCT for high power 12 MVA three-level NPC inverter pole are investigated. IGCT turn-off tests at high DC voltage and rated current are used for snubber design and inverter pole clamp design, and to verify simulation results. Experimental results are presented for a two 12 MVA three-level NPC inverter poles operated as H-bridge with three series connected 4.5 kV, 4 kA IGCT per switch
Trends in early mineralization of murine calvarial osteoblastic cultures: a Raman microscopic study (2002)

Abstract The elucidation of early mineralization of bone is of great interest to the medical world. A clearer understanding of the initial bone formation processes can lead to information regarding the treatment and prevention of bone disorders and fractures and the manufacture of prosthetics. We exploited the mineralizing capabilities of bone cell cultures (osteoblast cultures) to monitor the earliest composition changes during mineral formation using Raman spectroscopy. We observed the first mineralization in 8‐day‐old osteoblasts and identified the mineral species as one that is very similar to that found in fetal bone tissue, a lightly carbonated apatite. Raman spectra show that carbonation, an indicator of bone maturity, appears at the first detectable stage of mineralization in osteoblasts, and increases over time. We also isolated single osteoblasts by growing them on fused‐silica microscope slides. Not only did these cells exhibit abnormal growth patterns, but they also expressed a mineral composition different to a carbonated apatite. Raman spectra of this mineral species have spectral characteristics comparable to those of β‐tricalcium phosphate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated management of priority inversion in Real-Time Mach (2002)

Synchronization and communication are two common sources of priority inversion which may make the behavior of systems unpredictable and unanalyzable. In microkernel-based systems, they are heavily used for building operating system servers and decomposing applications into several tasks. The management of priorities in IPC and synchronization should be integrated using a uniform mechanism since priority inversion occurs if such integration is not supported. Also, a highly preemptable server structure should be provided because the execution in a server may take up too much time. We propose an integrated real-time resource management model, and a real-time server model which solve the above problems. We implemented and evaluated the models in Real-Time Mach using a uniform mechanism. Our approach enables us to build operating system servers and to decompose applications into several tasks without incurring priority inversion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nitric Oxide, the Kidney, and Hypertension (1997)

The acute administration of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitors reduces the renal capacity to excrete sodium under normal or volume expanded conditions and increases renovascular resistances in the absence of changes in systemic blood pressure (BP). This indicates a sensitivity of renal vasculature higher than that of systemic vessels to NO synthesis inhibition. Medullary circulation is the renovascular territory most dependent on NO availability. Thus, alterations in medullary blood flow seems to account for the blunted pressure-natriuresis and sodium retention during acute NO synthesis inhibition. By contrast, during chronic administration of L-arginine analogs, systemic BP rises and overrides initial sodium retention by a resetting of the pressure-natriuresis relationship. This BP increase appears to be dependent on an overexpression of the actions of vasoconstrictor systems due to an imbalance created by the diminished NO production. Prolonged NO synthesis inhibition not only elevates BP, but also produces renal vascular and parenchymal damage. Antihypertensive therapy impedes BP elevation and ameliorates kidney deterioration. Finally, there is evidence of the possibility that a certain alteration in the L-arginine-NO pathway exists in genetic models and in human essential hypertension. In conclusion, according to the data contained in the literature, NO plays a significant role in the regulation of systemic and renal hemodynamics and excretory function, and could participate in the development of hypertension.
Rethinking Viscosupplementation: Ultrasound‐ Versus Landmark‐Guided Injection for Knee Osteoarthritis (2019)

Knee osteoarthritis treatment by viscosupplementation can be optimized by US guidance, ensuring intra-articular needle placement. Using an objective surgical outcome, our study shows that rethinking viscosupplementation to ensure intra-articular delivery improves effectiveness. Patients receiving US-guided knee HA injection were significantly less likely to undergo subsequent knee arthroplasty than patients receiving landmark-guided HA injection.
Intelligent, compact and robust semiconductor circuit breaker based on silicon carbide devices (2008)

A novel semiconductor circuit breaker based on SiC (silicon carbide) is introduced in this paper. It integrates an electronic power circuit breaker consisting of two anti-serial cascodes, a control unit with current, voltage and temperature measurement as well as a power supply, making the switch fully self-sufficient. Each cascode is composed of a high-voltage SiC-JFET (junction field effect transistor) or a SiC-SIT (static induction transistor) and a low-voltage Si (silicon) - MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor), resulting in a normally-off configuration. This new circuit breaker has further advantages over well-known alternatives such as noiseless switches without electric arcs. Highest selectivity minimizes short-circuit currents and thus the stresses on electrical equipment. The integrated current and voltage measurement function allows the effective and apparent power to be determined. The switch can therefore actively influence inrush currents, resulting in better net exploitation. The benefits of using silicon carbide power semiconductors include a significant reduction of forward losses, which are the biggest drawback of electronic switches compared to mechanical ones, and the high ruggedness achieved by their intrinsic short-circuit capability for a period of time sufficient for the control unit to switch the devices off electronically. Its current and temperature measurement capability additionally assures overload protection by tracking the junction temperature within a digital model calculated by the control unit. Measurements at different operating points and in fault cases have been performed on prototypes of this novel semiconductor circuit breaker. The results show conclusively that this approach represents the next step forward to a perfect electronic circuit breaker.
Acceptors/linkers effects on dye sensitized solar cell: Theoretical investigations of structure-property relationship for design of efficient dye sensitizers (2014)

A series of carbazole-based organic dyes such as CzFCA, CzTCA, CzSeCA, CzFRA, CzTRA and CzSeRA with introduction of various linkers (furan, thiophene and selenophen) and acceptor (cyanoacrylic acid and rhodanine-3-acetic acid) groups, were designed and theoretically investigated by density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TD-DFT). The ground state structures and absorption spectra (both in vacuum and solvated form) were optimized by using DFT-B3LYP/6-31G(d,p), TD-B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and PCM-TD-B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) levels of theory. Substitution of linker groups from furan to selenophen, resulted in red-shift of absorption band. CzTRA and CzSeRA exhibited superior electron injection capabilities. The finding of this study can be helpful to obtain dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with superior conversion efficiency.
Wet granulation in a laboratory scale high shear mixer (1990)

The applicability of a 10 litre high shear mixer for wet granulation of dicalcium phosphate, of a dicalcium phosphate/corn starch mixture and three lactose qualities is examined. The effects of wet massing time, impeller speed and chopper speed on granule growth, intragranular porosity, temperature rise and adhesion of moist mass to the bowl are investigated
Reinvestigation of Decay Properties of Nuclei belonging to the <sup>230</sup>U Series using Continuous Radiochemical Separations (1995)

Article Reinvestigation of Decay Properties of Nuclei belonging to the 230U Series using Continuous Radiochemical Separations was published on March 1, 1995 in the journal Radiochimica Acta (volume 68, issue 3).
Design of potent reversible inhibitors for thermolysin. Peptides containing zinc coordinating ligands and their use in affinity chromatography (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDesign of potent reversible inhibitors for thermolysin. Peptides containing zinc coordinating ligands and their use in affinity chromatographyNorikazu Nishino and James C. PowersCite this: Biochemistry 1979, 18, 20, 4340–4347Publication Date (Print):October 2, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 2 October 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00587a012https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00587a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views229Altmetric-Citations112LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Hypoxia‐dependent regulation of PHD1: cloning and characterization of the human PHD1/EGLN2 gene promoter (2004)

The recent identification of hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1, 2, and 3), which modify HIF-1 alpha in an oxygen-dependent manner, provided an important link between oxygen availability and hypoxia-induced gene expression. However, little is known about the regulation of the PHDs. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of PHD1, we cloned the PHD1 gene promoter. Here, we report that the expression of PHD1 is reduced under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, we identified binding sites for aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT/HIF-1 beta) within the PHD1 promoter, and showed that ARNT is associated in vivo with the PHD1 promoter following hypoxia, which implies a role for ARNT in the hypoxia-dependent regulation of PHD1. Taken together, our findings suggest a hypoxia-induced regulatory loop of PHD1 expression, mediated by ARNT.
Fault diagnosis in photovoltaic arrays (2015)

This paper proposes a simple automatic technique for fault diagnosis in photovoltaic (PV) arrays, based on the analysis of the an omalies observed in the I-V characteristic. Firstly, the I-V characteristic of the PV array is simulated using Matlab/Simscape tool for different faulty conditions; which is experimentally validated by generating different faults on a PV string installed at the Renewable Energy Laboratory of the University of Jijel (Algeria). Subsequently, we compare the I-V characteristic of the PV string under different faults scenarios, in order to identify the anomalies. Finally, six categories are generated: Normal operation, connection fault, connection fault with shadow effect, partial shadow fault, a group of fault which include shadow effect with faults on bypass diode (open circuit bypass diode, inversed bypass diode, shunted bypass diode), and a group of fault which include: bypass diode fault, cell fault, module fault, and shadow effect with shunted by pass diode fault. The results show that the technique can accurately detect and localize faults occurring in the photovoltaic string.
Inter‐ and intracellular interactions of Nogo: new findings and hypothesis (2004)

The molecule Nogo has captured the imagination of many as a possible key player, and therefore therapeutic target, in the pathological settings of central nervous system (CNS) injury and degenerative pathology. Found in both glial cells and neurons, the endogenous, physiological role of Nogo is as yet unknown. Recently reported targeted disruption of the Nogo gene did not result in any obvious neuro-anatomical or neurological phenotype. Compared with wild-type mice, Nogo-deficient mice also did not exhibit a truly convincing enhancement in their ability to regenerate CNS neurons upon injury. Does the molecule have any important physiological function at all? Other recent discoveries of new interacting partners of Nogo at the mitochondria and the CNS paranode suggest intriguing links to the modulation of apoptosis and developmental organization or signalling at the axoglial junction.
2.5D through silicon interposer package fabrication by chip-on-wafer (CoW) approach (2014)

In this paper, the fabrication process and results of 2.5D through silicon interposer (TSI) package using polymer based RDL and chip-on-wafer (CoW) stacking-first approach is presented. The through silicon interposer is fabricated on a 300 mm silicon substrate with Cu filled vias of aspect ratio of 1:10. Fine-pitch Cu RDL using semi-additive process and polymer based dielectric is used to form the 3 layer of rerouting layer on front-side. Chips with micro-bumps are flip chip assembled onto the under bump metallization (UBM) of the 12 inch interposer substrate using thermal compression bonding via chip-on-wafer (CoW) format on the thick interposer substrate A wafer level molding process is used to form the over-mold encapulation over the assembled chips. The over-mold encapsulation is mechanically thinned down to reduce the warpage of the molded interposer and temporary bonded to a silicon carrier. Mechanical-grinding and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is used to expose the Cu vias from the backside. Cu-RDL process is used to form the backside re-routing layer and UBM for solder bumps. The completed interposer wafer is then diced into singulated packages for assembled to printed circuit board (PCB).
The Relationship Between Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and Motor Neuron Disease (1989)

We argue against the dominant status assigned to conventional microscopy in the categorization of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and ALS. As an example we criticize the emphasis that has been placed on correlating the presence of Lewy bodies with the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. In essence, we submit that Parkinson's disease can exist without Lewy bodies, and Lewy bodies can exist without Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, we consider that the newer techniques available to histology have led to an important concept that constitutes a shared feature for Alzheimer's disease. Parkinson's disease and ALS; they are all characterized by the deposition of cytoskeletal debris in tissue, so they may perhaps be collectively termed the "Cytoskeletal Disorders".
Conserved Wetlands in the Downeast Region of Maine (2011)

This map shows the amount of conserved wetlands in the Downeast region of Maine. Conserved and unconserved wetlands as well as lakes, rivers, and streams are shown.
Cloning and substrate specificity of a human phenol UDP-glucuronosyltransferase expressed in COS-7 cells. (1988)

A rat kidney phenol UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA was used to isolate a human liver phenol UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA by screening of a human liver cDNA library in the expression vector lambda gt11. The 2.4-kilobase cDNA contained an open reading frame of 1593 base pairs coding for a protein of 531 residues. The human liver cDNA was subcloned into the vector pKCRH2. Transfection of this recombinant plasmid into COS-7 cells allowed the expression of a protein of approximately 55 kDa. The enzyme synthesized was a glycoprotein, as indicated by a reduction in molecular mass of approximately 3 kDa after biosynthesis in the presence of tunicamycin. The expressed enzyme rapidly catalyzed the glucuronidation of 1-naphthol, 4-methylumbelliferone, and 4-nitrophenol. The use of a related series of simple phenols provided an outline description of the substituent restrictions imposed upon the phenolic structures accepted as substrates. The glucuronidation of testosterone, androsterone, and estrone was not catalyzed by this cloned UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.