gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mathematical aspects of impedance imaging (1987)

The mathematical problem of reconstructing the unknown variable conductivity of an isotropic medium from a knowledge of boundary currents and voltages is an active area of mathematical research. In terms of impedance imaging the analytical problem is essentially the question 'is there only one conductivity distribution which could have produced this set of measurements?' In mathematical parlance this is an 'identification problem' or 'inverse problem' for an unknown coefficient in an elliptic partial differential equation. Recent results have come close to settling the analytical problem. Kohn and Vogelius have shown that the piece-wise analytic conductivity distributions can be identified by boundary measurements and Sylvester and Uhlmann have shown that a smooth conductivity can be identified in the three-dimensional case and, provided the conductivity is close enough to uniformity, in the two-dimensional case also. The practical numerical problem of designing a numerical algorithm is far from completely understood. Mathematically the problem is one of solving a non-linear functional equation. A common numerical technique for tackling this type of problem is to employ the Newton-Raphson method. This approach is considered in this paper and compared with some of the algorithms appearing in the bioengineering literature. It is observed that, to varying degrees, these methods approximate the Newton-Raphson method.
Tie2 is tied at the cell-cell contacts and to extracellular matrix by Angiopoietin-1 (2009)

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) binds to and activates Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Ang1-Tie2 signal has been proposed to exhibit two opposite roles in the controlling blood vessels. One is vascular stabilization and the other is vascular angiogenesis. There has been no answer to the question as to how Tie2 induces two opposite responses to the same ligand. Our group and Dr. Alitalos group have demonstrated that trans-associated Tie2 at cell-cell contacts and extracellular matrix (ECM)-anchored Tie2 play distinct roles in the endothelial cells. The complex formation depends on the presence or absence of cell-cell adhesion. Here, we review how Ang1-Tie2 signal regulates vascular maintenance and angiogenesis. We further point to the unanswered questions that must be clarified to extend our knowledge of vascular biology and to progress basic knowledge to the treatment of the diseases in which Ang1-Tie2-mediated signal is central.
Correct pronunciation and the Millennium (1997)

ANTHEA FRASER GUPTA reflects on accents, pronunciation, spelling reform, and linguistic moralizing from England in 1775 to present-day Singapore
Contrasting Effects of IG20 and Its Splice Isoforms, MADD and DENN-SV, on Tumor Necrosis Factor α-induced Apoptosis and Activation of Caspase-8 and -3 (2001)

We identified a novel cDNA (IG20) that is homologous to cDNAs encoding a protein differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells (DENN-SV) and human MADD (MAPK-activating death domain-containing protein). Furthermore, we show that the above variants most likely result from alternative splicing of a single gene. Functional analyses of these variants in permanently transfected HeLa cells revealed that IG20 and DENN-SV render them more susceptible or resistant to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced apoptosis, respectively. All variants tested could interact with TNF receptor 1 and activate ERK and nuclear factor kappaB. However, relative to control cells, only cells expressing IG20 showed enhanced TNF-alpha-induced activation of caspase-8 and -3, whereas cells expressing DENN-SV showed either reduced or no caspase activation. Transfection of these cells with a cDNA encoding CrmA maximally inhibited apoptosis in HeLa-IG20 cells. Our results show that IG20 can promote TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and activation of caspase-8 and -3 and suggest that it may play a novel role in the regulation of the pleiotropic effects of TNF-alpha through alternative splicing.
Word of mouth: understanding and managing referral marketing (1998)

Marketing practitioners and theorists routinely cite the power of the personal referral on customer behaviour. However, relatively few companies have tried to harness the power of word of mouth (WOM). Scholars have been pondering WOM over 2400 years, although modern marketing research into WOM started only relatively recently, in the post-war 1940s. WOM can be characterized by valence, focus, timing, solicitation and degree of management intervention. Most recent WOM research has been conducted from a customer-to-customer perspective, even though WOM is found in other contexts such as influence, employee and recruitment markets. Marketing research into WOM has attempted to answer two questions. What are the antecedents of WOM? What are the consequences of WOM? This paper integrates that research into a contingency model and attempts to identify researchable gaps in our knowledge.
Steam Reforming of Ethanol on Ni/CeO<sub>2</sub>: Reaction Pathway and Interaction between Ni and the CeO<sub>2</sub> Support (2013)

The steam reforming of ethanol on a Ni-based CeO2-supported catalyst was studied using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and mass spectroscopy (MS) with a focus on the structural characterization of the catalysts, chemical identification of the reaction pathway, and understanding of the interaction between Ni and the CeO2 support. Ethoxy, acetate, carbonate, and hydroxyl species are identified by DRIFTS as surface intermediates that appear during the reaction process. The oxidation of ethoxy to acetate and the decomposition of acetate are two key steps in the steam reforming process. The CeO2 support facilitates the oxidation of ethoxy to acetate below 350 °C. Above 350 °C, the Ni metal catalyzes dissociation of the C–C bond in acetate to form carbonate and methyl, something that the CeO2 support is not able to do. The Ce(III) sites produced by the reduction of ceria in ethanol help to dissociate water forming the surface hydroxyl groups, which react with the methyl groups to produce CO2 and inhibited the methyl groups’ progress to CH4. Post-reaction transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the Ni/CeO2 catalyst reveal two types of carbon configurations: encapsulating carbon and filamentous carbon. A water-rich atmosphere favors formation of carbon filaments, which do not deactivate the catalyst.
Cytotoxicity of the alkyl-linked lipoidal amine 4-aminomethyl-1-[2,3-(di-n-decyloxy)-n-propyl]-4-phenylpiperidine (CP-46,665) in cells from human tumors and leukemias. (1985)

The alkyl-linked lipoidal amine 4-aminomethyl-1-[2,3-(di-n-decyloxy)-n-propyl]-4-phenylpiperidine (CP-46,665) inhibited the in vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine into blasts of eight leukemias and cells of nine different solid tumors of human origin. This activity was well correlated with trypan blue dye exclusion, which was tested to assess cell membrane damage. Scanning electron microscopy revealed loss of cell surface features and severe cell membrane destruction after incubation with CP-46,665. These effects on thymidine uptake and single cell viability were accompanied by a clear loss of the reproductive capacities of human tumor and leukemic cells as measured in a human tumor stem cell assay after incubation with CP-46,665. The above-mentioned cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of CP-46,665 were dependent on dosage and incubation time. Destruction of leukemic blasts was often completed with greater than or equal to 5 micrograms/ml after an incubation of greater than or equal to 48 hr or greater than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml after an incubation of greater than or equal to 24 hr. Cells from solid tumors usually required a slightly higher drug concentration and longer incubation period for maximum killing. The alkyl-linked lipoidal amine CP-46,665 often showed considerably greater efficacy than did the alkyl-linked phospholipid rac-1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine tested in comparison. In contrast to both drugs, 2-lysophosphatidylcholine showed only minor activity within the same dose range.
Factorization of solutions of convolution equations II (1991)

STRUPPA 0. Let C=(Rn), be the vector space of complex valued C functions on Rn.
Enhanced coupling efficiency in solid-phase peptide synthesis by microwave irradiation (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnhanced coupling efficiency in solid-phase peptide synthesis by microwave irradiationHui Ming Yu, Shui Tein Chen, and Kung Tsung WangCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 18, 4781–4784Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00044a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00044a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1797Altmetric-Citations153LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Binding of Anti-Inflammatoryα-Melanocyte-Stimulating-Hormone Peptides and Proinflammatory Cytokines to Receptors on Melanoma Cells (1994)

alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH1-13), a peptide derived from proopiomelanocortin, has remarkable anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities. This peptide and a tripeptide that forms the COOH-terminal portion of the molecule (alpha-MSH11-13; Lys Pro Val) inhibit inflammation when given centrally or peripherally. Because of the similarity in their actions, the tripeptide has been presumed to be the amino acid message sequence underlying the effects of alpha-MSH1-13. To test the possibility that the two peptides occupy the same receptors, competitive binding experiments were performed with B16 mouse melanoma cells that are known to have alpha-MSH1-13 receptors. In these experiments, alpha-MSH11-13 did not inhibit binding of a radiolabelled alpha-MSH1-13 analog. This finding suggests that alpha-MSH1-13 and alpha-MSH11-13 exert their anti-inflammatory/antipyretic/anticytokine effects via stimulation of separate receptors. Because alpha-MSH inhibits the effects of several cytokines including inflammation caused by interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, the capacity of these cytokines to compete for alpha-MSH binding sites was tested. There was no evidence that these proinflammatory cytokines bind to alpha-MSH receptors on murine melanoma cells. Although further tests with host cells involved in inflammation are required, the latter result is the first evidence that the mechanism of anticytokine action of alpha-MSH does not depend upon peptide/cytokine competition for binding sites.
Prognostic value of pretreatment albumin&ndash;globulin ratio in predicting long-term mortality in gastric cancer patients who underwent D2 resection (2017)

Pretreatment AGR is a significant and independent predictive factor of prognosis.
Real-Time Glucose Estimation Algorithm for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Using Autoregressive Models (2010)

The performance measured with both clinical and numerical accuracy metrics illustrates the improved accuracy of the proposed algorithm compared with values presented in the literature. A significant improvement in hypoglycemia detection was also observed.
Thermospheric responses to gravity waves: Influences of increasing viscosity and thermal diffusivity (2005)

A gravity wave anelastic dispersion relation is derived that includes molecular viscosity and thermal diffusivity to explore the damping of high‐frequency gravity waves in the thermosphere. The time dependence of the wave amplitudes and general ray trace equations are also derived. In the special case that the thermal structure is isothermal and the Prandtl number ( Pr ) equals 1, exact linear solutions are obtained. For high‐frequency gravity waves with ω Ir / N ≪ 1 an upward propagating gravity wave dissipates at an altitude given by ≃ z 1 + H ln(ω Ir /2H∣ m ∣ 3 ν 1 ), where H is the density scale height, N is the buoyancy frequency, ν 1 is the viscosity at z = z 1 , and ω Ir and m are the gravity wave intrinsic frequency and vertical wave number, respectively. Thus high‐frequency gravity waves with large vertical wavelengths dissipate at the highest altitudes, resulting in momentum and energy inputs extending to very high altitudes. We find that the vertical wavelength of a gravity wave with an initially large vertical wavelength decreases significantly by the time it dissipates just below where it begins to reflect. The effect of diffusion on a gravity wave is similar to the effect of shear in the sense that as the molecular viscosity and thermal diffusivity increase due to decreasing background density, the intrinsic frequency plus m ν/H decreases and the vertical wave number increases in order to satisfy the dispersion relation for Pr = 1. We also briefly explore the results with different Prandtl numbers using numerical ray tracing. Gravity waves in a Pr = 0.7 environment dissipate just a few kilometers below those in a Pr = 1 environment when H = 7 km, showing the utility of the analytic, Pr = 1 solutions.
Size distribution of the straight-chain structures in type I and II kerogens (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSize distribution of the straight-chain structures in type I and II kerogensAssem O. Barakat and Teh Fu YenCite this: Energy Fuels 1988, 2, 2, 181–185Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef00008a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00008a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reply to "Behavior of electric susceptibility and electroclinic coefficient near the chiral smectic<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>transition" (1978)

Very near the chiral smectic-$A$---smectic-$C$ phase transition, the correlation length of the fluctuations in the smectic-$A$ phase is larger than the pitch of the helical structure within the fluctuations. Above this temperature regime near the transition, the electroclinic coefficient is a good approximation to the generalized susceptibility of the chiral smectic system. Present indications are that this temperature regime is on the order of 20 mK in extent.
Intensification of Paraxylene Production using a Simulated Moving Bed Reactor (2010)

Multifunctional reactors, which combine a reaction step and a separation step in one single unit, constitute an important advance in design of sustainable processes to save energy and reduce environmental impact. They allow reductions of recycle flows and size units in order to have more safety and less expansive processes. This paper deals with separation by adsorption and reaction coupled in a Simulated Moving Bed reactor (SMBR) for paraxylene (PX) production. In the current industrial process, the major part of the separation step comes from a recycle flow where the C<sub>8<sub/> aromatics are isomerized. The SMBR, by decreasing this recycle stream, may reduce the energy needed to treat and convert the raffinate into a rich PX stream. As separation takes place in the liquid phase, the first part of this paper establishes the feasibility of liquid phase isomerization of xylene. Tests in a fixed bed reactor validate the use of a HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. Paradiethylbenzene (paraDEB), the classical desorbent used in xylene separation, isomerizes into orthodiethylbenzene and metadiethylbenzene so it is replaced by toluene. Experimental data permit one to estimate the parameters used in a simple analytical model implemented in a classical True Moving Bed model. This TMBR model permits to find the various operating regimes of such a SMBR. The conditions found allow a 40% reduction of the recycle flow without any productivity loss. With this lower recycle flow, a reduction of investment and operating costs is expected on the global PX production process thanks to the SMBR process.
The Structural Design of Air and Gas Ducts for Power Stations and Industrial Boiler Applications (1995)

Note: The first edition of this book is out of print in all formats. A new edition is now available.
The principle of LAMP method-A simple and rapid gene amplification method- (2004)

So far nucleic acid test (NAT) has been employed in various fields, including infectious disease diagnoses. However, due to its complicated procedures and relatively high cost, it has not been widely utilized in many actual diagnostic applications. We have therefore developed a simple and rapid gene amplification technology, Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) method, which has shown prominent results of surpassing the performance of the conventional gene amplification methods. LAMP method acquires three main features: (1) all reaction can be carried out under isothermal conditions; (2) the amplification efficiency is extremely high and tremendous amount of amplification products can be obtained; and (3) the reaction is highly specific. Furthermore, developed from the standard LAMP method, a rapid LAMP method, by adding in the loop primers, can reduce the amplification time from the previous 1 hour to less than 30 minutes. Enormous amount of white precipitate of magnesium pyrophosphate is produced as a by-product of the amplification, therefore, direct visual detection is possible without using any reaction indicators and detection equipments. We believe LAMP technology, with the integration of these features, can rightly apply to clinical genetic testing, food and environmental analysis, as well as NAT in different fields.
Preparation of cyclic alkenylmagnesium reagents via an iodine/magnesium exchange (2004)

The reaction of various cyclic alkenyl iodides with i-PrMgCl.LiCl produces the corresponding alkenylmagnesium reagents under mild conditions. After reaction with various electrophiles, like allylic halides, disulfides, aldehydes and acid chlorides, the expected products are obtained in 53-91% yield. Remarkably, the mild conditions of the I/Mg-exchange tolerate the presence of sensitive diene functionalities.
Suppression of Delamination at Ply Drops in Tapered Composites by Ply Chamfering (2006)

The design of structures is often optimized by gradually decreasing the thickness as the load carrying requirement on the components decreases. Such structures in composites are made of tapered laminates involving dropping of plies. However, these structures are often prone to early delamination initiation, which leads to premature failure of the component and therefore limits its useful life. In the past, many routes to circumvent this problem have been evolved, such as the use of adhesive film layers or interleaving the dropped plies between continuous ones. In this work, a novel technique of ply edge chamfering has been developed and employed in the specimen fabrication. Comparisons have been drawn between similarly configured specimens, with and without chamfered ply drops. Static and fatigue test results have shown remarkable improvements, both in terms of complete suppression of delamination around ply drops and in realizing 14.5–77.6% higher strength levels in tapered composite test coupons. The experimental data along with their comparative cases are presented.
Multilocus Sequence Typing versus Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> Isolates (2005)

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli strains are emerging pathogens. Molecular typing of ESBL-producing E. coli is useful for surveillance purposes, to monitor outbreaks and track nosocomial spread. Although pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the current "gold standard" for bacterial molecular typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) may offer advantages. Forty ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were selected at random from a cohort of intensive care unit patients who had active surveillance perirectal cultures done. PFGE identified 19 unique PFGE types (PT) among the 40 isolates; MLST identified 22 unique sequence types. MLST had greater discriminatory ability than PFGE for ESBL-producing E. coli. Simpson's indices of diversity for PFGE and MLST were 0.895 and 0.956, respectively. There were five clonal complexes (CCs) (isolates with differences of no more than two loci) that each contained multiple PT, but each PT was found in only one CC, indicating genetic consistency within a CC. MLST has clear utility in studies of ESBL-producing E. coli, based on a greater discriminatory ability and reproducibility than PFGE and the ability to a priori define genetically related bacterial strains.
Design and modeling of finite and low-profile, ultra-wideband phased-array antennas (2010)

The physical phenomena that determine the bandwidth of wideband connected phased arrays are identified by examining time domain responses of the total voltage or current at the input terminals of a radiator in the array. The paper demonstrates that achieving the widest possible bandwidth from a phased array requires minimization or cancellation of the following: (1) signals traveling into the observation port from neighboring elements, (2) reflections from discontinuities in the geometry of the radiating element, (3) reflections from the edge of a finite connected array, and (4) reflections from the ground plane. An investigation of currents on various connected arrays demonstrates that shaping the radiating element to minimize reflections from the end of the array and interactions with neighboring sources is an important first step toward wideband phased array designs. Of particular interest are self-complementary radiators. The use of high impedance substrates is further demonstrated as a means to obtain ultra widebandwidth when self-complementary radiators are placed above a conducting ground plane. Finally, advanced finite element methods are briefly described for the efficient and accurate analysis of both infinite and finite ultra wideband arrays.