gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel and effective PECVD SiO/sub 2//SiN antireflection coating for Si solar cells (1993)

It is shown that sequential plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of SiN and SiO/sub 2/ can produce a very effective double-layer antireflection (AR) coating. This AR coating is compared with the frequently used and highly efficient MgF/sub 2//ZnS double layer coating. The SiO/sub 2//SiN coating improves the short-circuit current (J/sub SC/) by 47%, open-circuit voltage (V/sub OC/) by 3.7%, and efficiency (Eff) by 55% for silicon cells with oxide surface passivation. The counterpart MgF/sub 2//ZnS coating gives similar but slightly smaller improvement in V/sub OC/ and Eff. However, if silicon cells do not have the oxide passivation, the PECVD SiO/sub 2//SiN gives much greater improvement in the cell parameters, 57% in J/sub SC/, 8% in V/sub OC/, and 66% in efficiency, compared to the MgF/sub 2//ZnS coating which improves J/sub SC/ by 50%, V/sub OC/ by 2%, and cell efficiency by 54%. This significant additional improvement results from the PECVD deposition-induced surface/defect passivation. The internal quantum efficiency (IQE) measurements showed that the PECVD SiO/sub 2//SiN coating a absorbs fair amount of photons in the short-wavelength range (<500 nm); however, the improved surface/defect passivation more than compensates for the loss in J/sub SC/ and gives higher improvement in the cell efficiency compared to the MgF/sub 2//ZnS coating.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Direct Injection Ignition Assisted Alcohol Engine (1988)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An experimental, direct injection (DI), alcohol-fueled, engine combustion system has been developed for application to diesel engines used in medium duty trucks. A single cylinder version of a 6.6L, 6-cylinder DI diesel engine was designed, built and tested. The baseline diesel engine had a helical port with a moderate swirl ratio of 2.74, a 16.3:1 compression ratio, and a multi-spray fuel injection system. The engine was converted to operate on ethanol and methanol fuels with provisions for spark or glow plug ignition assist. Compression ratio was increased to 19.3:1. A higher rate inline fuel injection pump and larger hole area nozzles were installed to accommodate the larger fuel volume flow rates with alcohol fuels. An experimental high energy, multi-strike ignition system was used to directly ignite one of four fuel-spray plumes. Combustion initiated from the first plume ignited the remaining three plumes via a proposed process of flame propagation from the initial ignition site followed by compression ignition of the peripheral regions of the plumes not yet in contact with the flame. Parametric studies were conducted to optimize ignition and injection system variables, and to examine the effect of increasing combustion chamber temperature levels via heated inlet air. The DI alcohol engine produced a 9 to 15% increase in full load BMEP, and a 1 to 1.5% reduction in energy consumption based on the EPA 13-mode transient cycle relative to the baseline DI diesel engine.</div>
Alterations in Carbohydrate Metabolism in Canine Lymphoma (1990)

Following an overnight fast, blood samples were obtained from 14 dogs with previously untreated lymphoma before and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes following an intravenous challenge with 500 mg/kg dextrose. Samples were assayed for glucose, lactate, and insulin concentrations and compared statistically with ten control dogs of similar weight and age undergoing an identical dextrose challenge. Dogs with lymphoma had similar glucose tolerance curves when compared with controls. Lactate concentrations were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) at baseline and all time periods of the glucose tolerance test in dogs with lymphoma when compared with controls. Rise in lactate concentrations over baseline levels in the first 30 minutes of the glucose tolerance test were significantly higher in dogs with lymphoma (P = 0.011). Insulin concentrations were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) at baseline and at the 5-, 45-, 60-, and 90-minute time periods of the glucose tolerance test in dogs with lymphoma. Rise in insulin concentrations over baseline in the first 5 minutes of the glucose tolerance test were also significantly greater in dogs with lymphoma (P = 0.021). These results indicate carbohydrate metabolism is altered in dogs with lymphoma. Many of these alterations parallel those observed in human patients suffering from cancer cachexia making canine lymphoma a potential model for further study of the pathogenesis and therapy of cancer cachexia.
Persistence of phosphor glow in microchannel plate image intensifiers (1985)

Image intensifier tubes using microchannel plate amplification stages and phosphor output stages are being increasingly used in various detection applications. In this paper we report measurements of the decay times of what we attribute to be the P20 phosphors in various image intensifiers. We find that the long tail on the decay curve of the phosphor following illumination can be a limitation for certain observations. In addition, the background level of phosphor glow (which is seen by the subsequent detection system as a light signal) continues to build with continuing illumination.
Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of TiN, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and HfO<sub>2</sub> on Silicon Nitride with inhibition on Amorphous Carbon (2018)

The demand for transistors and memory devices with smaller feature sizes and increasingly complex architectures furthers the need for advanced thin film patterning techniques. A prepatterned, sacrificial layer can be used as a template for bottom-up fill of new materials which would otherwise be difficult to pattern using traditional top-down lithographic methods. This work investigates initial growth of TiN, TiO2, and HfO2 thin films during thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto a high density, amorphous carbon (aC) sacrificial layer. ALD of TiN by TiCl4/NH3 at 390 °C, TiO2 by Ti(OCH3)4/H2O at 250 °C, and HfO2 by HfCl4/H2O at 300 °C on as-deposited aC films resulted in uninhibited, continuous thin film growth. We find that carbon surface reduction and passivation using a H2 plasma resulted in delayed film coalescence for TiN, TiO2, and HfO2 on the aC. After 200 TiN cycles on H2 plasma-treated aC, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry shows Ti levels below the detection limit (8 × 1013 at/cm2), whereas SiO2 or Si3N4 substrates show TiN growth of ∼6 nm, corresponding to a selectivity of ∼200:1. Exposing plasma-treated aC to H2O induces nucleation for TiN ALD, consistent with favorable nucleation on hydroxyl sites. Therefore, the H2O co-reagent in TiO2 and HfO2 ALD contributes to loss of selectivity compared to TiN ALD using NH3. We confirm scaling of selectivity to sub-50 nm patterns using 45 nm aC/Si3N4 line/space patterns, where 3.5 nm TiO2 and 5.8 nm TiN films are deposited on Si3N4 with minimal particle formation on aC, with selectivity loss primarily on feature corners and edges. We conclude that improved scaling of selectivity to nanometer scale patterns can be achieved by optimizing surface loading and extent of plasma exposure, and by further understanding shape effects in nanoscale surface plasma modification.
Increased activity of a beta-galactosyltransferase in tissues of rats bearing prostate and mammary adenocarcinomas. (1982)

The levels of UDP-galactose: N-acetylglucosamine(beta 1-4)galactosyltransferase activity (GalT-4) were determined in the sera, in solid tumors, and in corresponding cell cultures of rats bearing two lines of prostate adenocarcinomas (PA-2 and PA-3), and in the sera of rats bearing other transplanted and autochthonous adenocarcinomas. Sera and tissues from normal (tumor-free) rats were used as controls. Prostate adenocarcinoma cell cultures had five times greater levels of enzyme activity than did tumor cell infiltrated lymph nodes from animals bearing the prostate adenocarcinomas. The levels of activity in the cells of both prostate tumor lines were equivalent, even though they metastasize through different routes. Serum levels of galactosyltransferase activity were detected in the blood, and in rats bearing a mammary adenocarcinoma with extensive necrosis of the tumor mass (tumor mass greater than 22.0 g/200 g body weight). The increase was three times the control value. The sera of L-W rats bearing prostate tumors (PA-2 and PA-3) were inactive with the GalNAc-containing acceptor, Gm2 (GalNAc beta 1-4(NeuAc alpha 2-3)Gal beta 1-4Glc-Cer) but active with either free GlcNAc (Km = 0.25 mM) or LcOse3Cer (GlcNAc beta 1-3 Gal beta 1-4Glc--Cer; GlcNAc--R).
Extracting straight road structure in urban environments using IKONOS satellite imagery (2002)

We discuss a fully automatic technique for extracting roads in urban environments. The method has its bases in a vegetation mask derived from multispectral IKONOS data and in texture derived from pan- chromatic IKONOS data. These two techniques together are used to distinguish road pixels. We then move from individual pixels to an object- based representation that allows reasoning on a higher level. Recogni- tion of individual segments and intersections and the relationships among them are used to determine underlying road structure and to then logically hypothesize the existence of additional road network compo- nents. We show results on an image of San Diego, California. The object-based processing component may be adapted to utilize other ba- sis techniques as well, and could be used to build a road network in any
Use of RSS feeds for content adaptation in mobile web browsing (2006)

While mobile phones are becoming more popular, wireless communication vendors and device manufacturers are seeking new applications for their products. Access to the large corpus of Internet information is a very prominent field, however the technical limitations of mobile devices pose many challenges. Browsing the Internet using a mobile phone is a large scientific and cultural challenge. Web content must be adapted before it can be accessed by a mobile browser. In this work we build on the proxy server solution to present a new technique that uses Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds for the adaptation of web content for use in mobile phones. This technique is based in concrete design guidelines and supports different viewing modes. Experimentation shows a significant decrease in the transformed content of about 80% in size facilitating cost-effective web browsing.
Carbohydrate self-recognition mediates marine sponge cellular adhesion (2001)

Sponges (Porifera), the simplest and earliest multicellular organisms, are thought to have evolved from their unicellular ancestors about 1 billion years ago by developing cell-recognition and adhesion mechanisms to discriminate against "non-self." Consequently, they are used as models for investigating recognition phenomena. Cellular adhesion of marine sponges is an event involving adherence of extracellular proteoglycan-like molecules, otherwise known as aggregation factors (AFs). In a calcium-independent process the AFs adhere to the cell surface, and in a calcium-dependent process they exhibit AF self-association. A mechanism which has been implied but not definitely proven to play a role in the calcium-dependent event is self-recognition of defined carbohydrate epitopes. For the red beard sponge, Microciona prolifera, two carbohydrate epitopes, a sulfated disaccharide and a pyruvylated trisaccharide, have been implicated in cellular adhesion. To investigate this phenomenon a system has been designed, by using surface plasmon resonance detection, to mimic the role of carbohydrates in cellular adhesion of M. prolifera. The results show self-recognition of the sulfated disaccharide to be a major force behind the calcium-dependent event. The interaction is not simply based on electrostatic interactions, as other sulfated carbohydrates analyzed by using this procedure did not self-associate. Furthermore, the interaction is completely eradicated on substitution of Ca(2+) ions by either Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions. This physiologically relevant recognition mechanism confirms the existence of true carbohydrate self-recognition, and may have significant implications for the role of carbohydrates in cellular recognition of higher organisms.
Lentivirus-induced lymphoproliferative disease. Comparative pathogenicity of phenotypically distinct ovine lentivirus strains. (1988)

For investigation of the pathogenicity of lentivirus strains, which have distinctly different cytopathic phenotypes in synovial membrane cell culture, plaque-purified, lytic, and nonlytic ovine lentivirus (OvLV) isolates were inoculated intratracheally into two groups of neonatal lambs. Twelve lambs were inoculated with a lytic OvLV isolate and 3 lambs each with two nonlytic OvLV isolates. Five control lambs were inoculated with either virus-free medium or were left uninoculated. In 8 of 12 lambs inoculated with a lytic OvLV isolate mild to severe lesions of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) and pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia developed, 6 of 12 lambs had lesions of pulmonary lymph node follicular hyperplasia, 3 of 9 female lambs had lesions of lymphoproliferative mastitis, 3 of 10 lambs had lesions of lymphocytic/plasmacytic synovitis, and 3 lambs had no lesions. In 3 of 6 lambs inoculated with nonlytic OvLV isolates only mild LIP lesions developed, without concurrent mammary gland or joint lesions. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples from OvLV-diseased lambs contained on average 1.5-fold more numbers of total leukocytes, and 4-fold more numbers of lymphocytes, compared with bronchoalveolar lavage samples of normal lambs. Monoclonal antibodies to ovine lymphocyte surface markers showed that the SBU-T8+ lymphocyte (CD 8 equivalent) was the predominant lymphocyte subset (mean of 65% of total lavaged lymphocytes) in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of 3 diseased lambs. Ovine lentivirus was reisolated from multiple tissues of both groups of OvLV-inoculated lambs, but the percentage of individual tissues infected was greater in lambs inoculated with the lytic viral isolate. Control lambs had no lesions and failed to produce OvLV-specific antibodies or yield OvLV from tissues. All OvLV-inoculated lambs produced either low or undetectable serum virus neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, lambs inoculated with either lytic or nonlytic OvLV produced precipitating antibodies to OvLV glycoprotein and group-specific protein. However, initial detection of precipitating antibodies to OvLV glycoprotein was earlier (mean, 5.8 weeks after inoculation) in OvLV-infected lambs in which severe lymphoproliferative disease developed and delayed (mean, 10.2 weeks after inoculation) in OvLV-infected lambs with mild or no lesions. Together, these results suggest that lentivirus isolates produced disease in a virus strain-dependent manner and suggest that humoral immune responses against OvLV failed to prevent lesion development in lentivirus-infected lambs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adaptive Reliability Chipkill Correct (ARCC) (2013)

Chipkill correct is an advanced type of error correction in memory that is popular among servers. Large field studies of memories have shown that chipkill correct reduces uncorrectable error rate by 4X [11] to 36X [12] compared to SECDED. Currently, there is a strong trade-off between power and reliability among different chipkill correct solutions. For example, commercially available chipkill correct solutions that can detect up to two failed devices and correct one (eg. SCCDCD) or two (eg. Double Chip Sparing) failed devices require accessing 36 DRAM devices per memory request. However, a weaker single chipkill correct single chipkill detect solution only requires accessing 18 devices per memory request and, therefore consumes much lower memory power. In this paper, we present Adaptive Reliability Chipkill Correct (ARCC) - an optimization to be applied to existing chipkill correct solutions to allow them to incur the low power consumption of a lower strength chipkill correct solution while maintaining similar reliability as that of a stronger chipkill correct solution. ARCC is based on the observation that, on average, only a tiny fraction of memory experiences any type of faults during the typical operational lifespan of a server. As such, it proposes relaxing the strength of chipkill correct in the beginning and then adaptively increasing the strength as needed on a page by page basis in order to reap the benefit of lower power consumption during the majority of the lifetime of a memory system. Our evaluation shows that ARCC reduces the power consumption of memory by 36%, on average, when applied to commercial SCCDCD, while keeping the storage overhead the same and maintaining similar reliability.
WITS: A Wireless Sensor Network for Intelligent Transportation System (2006)

Transportation information collection and communication plays a key role in intelligent transportation system (ITS). Unfortunately, most conventional ITSs can only detect the vehicle in a fixed position, and their communication cables and power cables elevate the cost of construction and maintenance. Because of the advantages of the wireless sensor network (WSN) such as low power consumption, wireless distribution, and flexibility without cable restrictions., the usage of WSN in ITSs is expected to be able to overcome the above difficulties. This paper proposes a WSN-based transportation information collection and communication system. Hardware and software WSN modules are designed and prototyped
Security Printing, A Part Of Optical Security Systems Or Vice Versa? (1988)

The increasing need for optical security systems can be perfectly illustrated by reviewing the developments in security printing. The invention of photography in the 19th century forced the production of securities to introduce colour. Colour photography was encountered by the introduction of fine line structures, etc. The hate-love relationship between security printing and optical security systems has been beneficial for both of them in the past. With the invention of lasers and the application of the laser technology in the graphic arts, a merger of security printing and optical security systems has taken place.
Generation of reactive oxygen species in water under exposure to visible or infrared irradiation at absorption bands of molecular oxygen (2012)

It is found that in bidistilled water saturated with oxygen hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are formed under the influence of visible and infrared radiation in the absorption bands of molecular oxygen. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs under the influence of both solar and artificial light sourses, including the coherent laser irradiation. The oxygen effect, i.e. the impact of dissolved oxygen concentration on production of hydrogen peroxide induced by light, is detected. It is shown that the visible and infrared radiation in the absorption bands of molecular oxygen leads to the formation of 8-oxoguanine in DNA in vitro. Physicochemical mechanisms of ROS formation in water when exposed to visible and infrared light are studied, and the involvement of singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals in this process is shown.
Monocular real-time 3D articulated hand pose estimation (2009)

Markerless, vision based estimation of human hand pose over time is a prerequisite for a number of robotics applications, such as learning by demonstration (LbD), health monitoring, teleoperation, human-robot interaction. It has special interest in humanoid platforms, where the number of degrees of freedom makes conventional programming challenging. Our primary application is LbD in natural environments where the humanoid robot learns how to grasp and manipulate objects by observing a human performing a task. This paper presents a method for continuous vision based estimation of human hand pose. The method is non-parametric, performing a nearest neighbor search in a large database (100000 entries) of hand pose examples. The main contribution is a real time system, robust to partial occlusions and segmentation errors, that provides full hand pose recognition from markerless data. An additional contribution is the modeling of constraints based on temporal consistency in hand pose, without explicitly tracking the hand in the high dimensional pose space. The pose representation is rich enough to enable a descriptive human-to-robot mapping. Experiments show the pose estimation to be more robust and accurate than a non-parametric method without temporal constraints.
Nutritional Quality of Raw, Precooked and Canned Albacore Tuna ( <i>Thunnus alalunga</i> ) (1983)

ABSTRACT The nutritional quality of raw, precooked and canned tuna was assessed by determining the total amino acids, in‐vitro protein digestibility, Computed Protein Efficiency Ratio (C‐PER), Tetrahymena Relative Protein Value (RPV), and fluorodinitrobenzene reactive lysine, together with selected vitamin and mineral assays. Amino acid composition, in‐vitro protein digestibility, C‐PER and Tetrahymena RPV remained almost the same for the raw, precooked and canned tuna. The percent retention of FDNB‐reactive lysine was 91% for the precooked tuna and 80–85% for canned tuna. Thiamin retention for the canned tuna was about 5%, while niacin and riboflavin ranged from 71–73% and 49–50% respectively. The values for Cu, Fe, K, and Ca were significantly lower in canned tuna.
Effect of Chymase Inhibition on the Arteriovenous Fistula Stenosis in Dogs (2005)

It was hypothesized that chymase may participate in hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction, as chymase has been known to be an effective enzyme in the conversion of angiotensin I (Ang I) to Ang II and in the latent TGF-beta1 to the active form. An arteriovenous (AV) fistula was created between the brachial artery and vein in dogs. In the AV anastomosis, when the walls of the venous and arterial sides were compared, the eccentric neointimal formation was most evident in the venous wall. Compared with the venous side downstream of the AV anastomosis, a severe neointimal hyperplasia was found in the venous side upstream of the AV anastomosis (intima/media, 153 +/- 25%). The chymase- and TGF-beta-positive mast cells were markedly accumulated in the proliferous neointima and media. In association with the reduction of chymase expression, a marked decrease in Ang II-, AT(1) receptor-, and TGF-beta-positive areas was achieved by NK3201 (a chymase inhibitor) treatment, and the neointima formation (intima/media: region A, 53 +/- 9%, P < 0.001; region B, 54 +/- 14%, P < 0.001) was also significantly suppressed in this group. Although lisinopril treatment also provided some beneficial effects with regard to the prevention of neointimal formation, the degree was less than that seen with chymase inhibition. These findings indicate that mast cell-derived chymase plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of the AV fistula access failure and that chymase inhibition may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction in clinic settings.