gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal Parameters for Locality-Sensitive Hashing (2012)

Locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) is the basis of many algorithms that use a probabilistic approach to find nearest neighbors. We describe an algorithm for optimizing the parameters and use of LSH. Prior work ignores these issues or suggests a search for the best parameters. We start with two histograms: one that characterizes the distributions of distances to a point's nearest neighbors and the second that characterizes the distance between a query and any point in the data set. Given a desired performance level (the chance of finding the true nearest neighbor) and a simple computational cost model, we return the LSH parameters that allow an LSH index to meet the performance goal and have the minimum computational cost. We can also use this analysis to connect LSH to deterministic nearest-neighbor algorithms such as <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$k$</tex> </formula> - <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$d$</tex></formula> trees and thus start to unify the two approaches.
An FPGA-based coprocessor for the parsing of context-free grammars (2002)

This paper presents an FPGA-based implementation of a co-processing unit able to parse context-free grammars of real-life sizes. The application fields of such a parser range from programming language syntactic analysis to very demanding natural language applications where parsing speed is an important issue.
In Vivo Assessment of Tumor Vascularity Using Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in Murine Models of Colon Cancer (2013)

Neoangiogenesis plays an essential role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Using murine models of colorectal cancer and confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), the aim of this study was to optimize methodology and develop a robust scoring system to distinguish vascular characteristics of neoplastic colonic tissue from normal colon. Tumors were induced in mice using standard protocols with either azoxymethane (AOM) or azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS). In vivo imaging studies were performed with colonoscopy to identify visible lesions followed by CLE with either fluorescein sodium to assess microarchitecture or fluorescein-isothiocyanate linked to dextran (FITC-D) to visualize blood vessels. Qualitative and quantitative morphometric measures detected by CLE were developed that included a 10-point scoring system to characterize abnormal blood vessel features. Tumor vessels differed significantly from normal vessels in loss of vessel co-planarity, vessel dilation, sprouting, irregular vessel pattern, and dye extravasation from vessels (each parameter p<0.0001). An overall score of 4 or more was significantly associated with tumor vessels compared to normal colonic blood vessels (p<0.0001). Fourier analysis of blood vessel patterns also showed striking differences between neoplastic and normal blood vessels. We propose a simple 10-point scoring system to distinguish neoplastic from normal vessels based on CLE. This methodology and scoring system could provide quantitative measures of neoplastic angiogenesis to advance our understanding of tumor biology and cancer risk assessment and monitor responses to therapy.
Advances in polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel keratoprostheses: Protection against ultraviolet light and fabrication by a molding process (1997)

Our goal was to: 1) modify poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels intended for use in a synthetic cornea to absorb ultraviolet light and 2) develop molding procedures for the fabrication of the device. Two ultraviolet light-absorbing monomers were incorporated by copolymerization. The resulting hydrogels protected against ultraviolet light, were not toxic to corneal fibroblasts, and the protection did not diminish during prolonged aqueous exposure. A novel keratoprosthesis molding procedure was developed that made use of the phase transition properties of mixtures of poly(vinyl-trifluoroacetate) and acetonitrile. In this procedure the keratoprosthesis was shaped and a fibrous skirt was bonded to it in a single operation. Composite keratoprostheses were designed and prepared for in vivo testing. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A novel AlGaN/GaN based enhancement-mode high electron mobility transistor with sub-critical barrier thickness (2015)

Power-switching devices require low on-state conduction losses, high-switching speed, high thermal stability, and high input impedance. Using gallium nitride (GaN) based field-effect transistors, these properties for switching devices can be satisfied. GaN-based High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) are emerging as promising candidates for high-temperature, high-power (power electronics) and radio-frequency (RF) electronics due to their unique capabilities of achieving higher current density, higher breakdown voltage, higher operating temperatures and higher cut-off frequencies compared to silicon (Si). Conventional GaN HEMTs with an aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) barrier are of depletion-mode (d-mode) or normally-on which require a negative polarity power supply to turn off. On the other hand, enhancement-mode (e-mode) or normally-off AlGaN/GaN HEMTs are attracting increasing interest in recent years because no negative gate voltage is necessary to turn off the devices. This leads to the advantage of simple circuit design and low stand-by power dissipation. For power electronics applications, power switches which incorporate e-mode devices provide the highly desirable essential fail-safe operation.

In this research, a new high performance normally-off GaN-based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) that employs an ultrathin sub-critical 3nm Al_0.25Ga_0.75N barrier layer and relies on an induced two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) for operation was designed, fabricated and characterized. The device consists of source and drain Ohmic contacts nominally overlapped by the gate contact and employs a gate dielectric. With no or low gate-to-source voltage (V_GS), there is no two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channel at the AlGaN/GaN interface to allow conduction of current between the drain and source contacts as the AlGaN barrier thickness is below the critical thickness required for the formation of such channel. However, if a large enough positive bias voltage V_GS is applied, it causes the formation of a quantum well at the AlGaN/GaN interface into which electrons from the source and drain Ohmic regions are attracted (by the positive gate voltage), effectively creating a 2DEG channel, and so the structure is a normally-off field effect transistor.

Normally-off GaN MOS-HEMT devices were fabricated using plasma enhanced chemical vapour-deposited (PECVD) silicon dioxide (SiO_2) as the gate dielectric. They demonstrated positive threshold voltages (V_th) in the range of +1V to +3 V, and very high maximum drain currents (I_DSmax) in the range of 450mA/mm to 650mA/mm, at high gate voltage (V_GS) of around 6 V. The devices also exhibited breakdown voltages in the range of 9V and 17V depending on the gate dielectric thickness, making them suitable for realising high current low voltage power devices required, for instance, for buck converters for mobile phones, tablets, laptop chargers, etc.
Association of a Polymorphism in the P2X<sub>7</sub>Gene with Tuberculosis in a Gambian Population (2002)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ligation of P2X(7) receptors expressed on human macrophages that are infected with mycobacteria induces cell death and subsequent loss of intracellular bacterial viability. Marked heterogeneity observed in cell donor ATP responsiveness suggests that this antimycobacterial mechanism may be genetically regulated. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified in a putative 1.8-kb promoter region upstream of P2RX7 exon 1 were screened for associations with clinical tuberculosis. The frequencies of these promoter SNPs and a polymorphism in P2RX7 exon 13 at position 1513 were compared among >300 Gambian patients with tuberculosis and >160 ethnically matched control subjects by sequence-specific oligonucleotide hybridization and ligation detection reaction analysis. A significant protective association against tuberculosis was found for 1 promoter SNP, at nucleotide position -762 (odds ratio [OR] for variant C allele, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.89; P=.003; OR for CC genotype, 0.545; 95% CI, 0.318-0.934; P=.027). This association supports a role for ATP/P2X(7)-mediated host regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
High-resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopy of blood plasma for metabolic studies (1994)

Although spin-echo techniques are often used to obtain 1H-NMR spectra of serum or plasma samples, they do not provide reliable quantitative analyses of metabolites. We present a standardized procedure, optimized for sensitivity, for using single-pulse 1H-NMR spectroscopy to analyze deproteinized plasma. The detection limit for various metabolites ranges between 2 and 40 mumol/L. The method allows quantitative analysis of many compounds of interest in studies of inborn errors of metabolism, including betaine and dimethylglycine, which cannot be measured easily with other techniques. For lactate, tyrosine, threonine, and alanine, we obtained results that correlated well with those obtained by established techniques. We also present a library containing resonance positions of 38 compounds occurring in plasma samples in health and disease, including 14 as-yet-unidentified resonances. As an example of the diagnostic power of the technique we show a spectrum of a plasma sample from a patient with 5-oxoprolinuria (pyroglutamic aciduria; McKusick 266130), an enzymatic defect in glutathione biosynthesis.
Increase in NAD but not ATP and GTP concentrations in rat liver by dehydroepiandrosterone feeding. (2002)

Dehydroepiandrosterone (5-androsten-3beta-ol-17-one; DHEA), the main circulating steroid in humans, has been described to exert varied beneficial effects including antiobesity, anti-aging and anticancer action when used at pharmacological doses in experimental animals. To elucidate the mechanism of the pleiotropic effects of DHEA, we studied the effect of this steroid on concentrations of NAD and adenine and guanine nucleotides in rat liver. Administration of DHEA at 0.3% in the diet for 7 consecutive days caused an increase in liver NAD and NADP, but was without effect on NADH concentrations. This indicates a shift of the redox couple (NAD/NADH) towards oxidation in the DHEA-treated rats. Moreover, there was no change in adenine and guanine nucleotide concentrations, which disproves the hypothesis that the DHEA anticancer actions are due to a decrease in the availability of nucleosides for DNA synthesis. The findings indicate that an increase in liver NAD pool and/or altered redox status, but no changes in adenine or guanine nucleotide content, may be involved in the pleiotropic effects of DHEA.
Integrated buck LED driver with application specific digital architecture (2013)

This paper describes the design and the implementation of a digital controller for LED driver. By utilizing a simple comparator for sampling the output current a relay base controller has been dimensioned. Using a 5bit DPWM and the relay controller the low frequency limit cycle oscillations can be avoided.
Doing Bodies Differently? Gender, Youth, Appearance and Damage (2003)

Feminist writers have identified young women's engagement with their appearances as a source of alienation from their bodies. There are now concerns that 'feminization' of youth behaviour will lead to similar difficulties for young men, and this papers sets out to examine whether they too are experiencing levels of identity damage from this. The contemporary context of identity construction will be briefly considered. That for boys and girls practices of consumption can offer group affiliations but can lead also to exclusion and isolation is discussed. That boys are under pressure to produce bodies that are sporty, strong and 'hard' is then argued. The paper concludes that there are similarities in the pressures on boys and girls to 'do looks', but that the failure to do this and the experience of being excluded and/or devalued that this may produce may have more to do with class, 'race' and poverty than with gender.
New Approaches to Cystic Fibrosis (2001)

Better understanding of the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis—how the chain of causality moves from gene to tissue to organ-has led to therapeutic approaches that attack virtually every stage of this process. Within the coming decade, it is realistic to anticipate that the disease will be controlled via somatic gene therapy in children and young adults. Farther down the road, but already technically feasible, lies the possibility of real prevention through genetic intervention in utero or soon after birth.
Ultraviolet Hologram Recording in Dichromated Gelatin (1970)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text T. P. Sosnowski and H. Kogelnik, "Ultraviolet Hologram Recording in Dichromated Gelatin," Appl. Opt. 9, 2186-2187 (1970) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
The role of signal transducers and activators of transcription in colon cancer (2007)

A family of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors, Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs), convey signals from numerous cytokines and growth factors to the nucleus. Their expression and their activity have been shown to be perturbed in a variety of malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Among the STAT family members, oncogenic STAT3 has been shown to be constitutively activated or overexpressed in colon cancers. In contrast, the expression levels of STAT1 have been found to be reduced in transformed intestinal epithelial cells, consistent with tumor suppressor properties of STAT1. We showed that transformation of intestinal epithelial cells with KRasV12 is sufficient to downregulate the expression of STAT1. Because both STAT1 and STAT3 are important regulators of genes that are involved in cell survival (BCL-x, survivin, caspases) and cell proliferation (c-Myc, p21, cyclin D1), their deregulation significantly impacts the homeostasis of intestinal tissues. The critical role of STATs in oncogenesis and in inflammation merits further investigation of targeted inhibitors of STATs activity that could be used alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy.
Tuning the Synthesis of Ternary Lead Chalcogenide Quantum Dots by Balancing Precursor Reactivity (2010)

We report the synthesis and characterization of composition-tunable ternary lead chalcogenide alloys PbSe(x)Te(1-x), PbS(x)Te(1-x), and PbS(x)Se(1-x). This work explores the relative reaction rates of chalcogenide precursors to produce alloyed quantum dots (QDs), and we find the highly reactive bis(trimethylsilyl) (TMS(2))-based precursors allow for the homogeneous incorporation of anions. By varying the Pb to oleic acid ratio, we demonstrate size control of similar composition alloys. We find the resulting QDs are Pb-rich but the Pb/anion ratio is size- and composition-dependent in all alloyed QD as well as in PbSe, PbTe, and PbS QDs and is consistent with the reaction rates of the anion precursors. A more reactive anion precursor results in a lower Pb/anion ratio.
NKR-P1A stimulation of arachidonate-generating enzymes in rat NK cells is associated with granule release and cytotoxic activity (1997)

NKR-P1A protein has been implicated in the triggering of NK-mediated natural killing contributing to target cell recognition by NK cells. The aim of the present work was to assess whether NKR-P1A receptor triggering also induced arachidonic acid (AA) generation and to determine the possible role of this event on granule release and cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that activation of fresh peripheral blood rat NK cells by cross-linking with the anti-NKR-P1A 3.2.3 mAb induced calcium-dependent AA release, which is due to the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), and diacylglycerol/monoacylglycerol lipase. We also documented the presence of a type II sPLA2 activity in the supernatant fluids from NKR-P1A-activated rat NK cells, suggesting that AA and lysophospholipids could be mobilized from the outside of the cell. The involvement of AA-generating enzymes in NKR-P1A-induced cytotoxic functions was also investigated. Treatment of effector cells with arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone, a cPLA2 inhibitor; p-bromophenacylbromide, a sPLA2 inhibitor; or RHC80267, a diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, led to a partial inhibition of the redirected lysis against P815 target cells as well the granule content release induced by NKR-P1A cross-linking. A complete abolishment of these events was observed when the cells were simultaneously incubated with all three inhibitors. Taken together, our results support a crucial role for the arachidonate-generating enzymes in the induction of lytic activity of NK cells directly or by leading to generation of additional mediators that can play a role in the context of NK cell activation and cytotoxic functions.
Ultra-fast Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry via temporal filtering (2021)

Heralded single photons (HSPs) generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) are useful resource to achieve various photonic quantum information processing. Given a large-scale experiment which needs multiple HSPs, increasing the generation rate with suppressing higher-order pair creation is desirable. One of the promising ways is to use a pump laser with a GHz-order repetition rate. In such a high repetition rate regime, however, single-photon detectors can only partially identify the pulses. Hence, we develop a simple model to consider that effect on the spectral purity, and experimentally demonstrate a high-visibility Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between two independent HSPs generated by SPDC with 3.2 GHz-repetition-rate mode-locked pump pulses. The observed visibility of 0.88(3) is in good agreement with our theoretical model.
Interferon-Lambda as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cancer Treatment (2010)

The discovery that type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) inhibited tumor cell growth was welcomed initially with great excitement as it rapidly became a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug to treat several forms of cancer. In time, this enthusiasm diminished as severe toxicity associated with IFN-alpha administration, resistance to the therapy, or less than optimal responses became evident in cancer patients, thus restricting its clinical use and reducing its potential as an anticancer drug. The recent discovery of a third type of IFN [IFN-lambda/interleukin (IL)-29/IL-28], which shares the same biological properties of type I IFNs, opens the door for evaluating the therapeutic potential of IFN-lambda as it uses a distinct receptor complex whose expression, unlike type I IFN receptors, is restricted to cells of specific lineage. It is unclear whether the mechanism by which type III IFNs restrict tumor cell proliferation is different or the same from the one utilized by type I IFN. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence as described in this review suggests that, in contrast to IFN-alpha therapy, IFN-lambda therapy could be less toxic and suitable for certain types of malignancies as not all cells are responsive to this cytokine.
Endothelial receptor-mediated binding of glucose-modified albumin is associated with increased monolayer permeability and modulation of cell surface coagulant properties. (1989)

Advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) of proteins accumulate in the vasculature with diabetes and aging, and are thought to be associated with vascular complications. This led us to examine the interaction of AGE-BSA as a prototype of this class of nonenzymatically glycosylated proteins subjected to further processing, with endothelium. Incubation of 125I-AGE-BSA with cultured bovine endothelium resulted in time-dependent, saturable binding that was half-maximal at a concentration of approximately 100 nM. Although unlabeled normal BSA was not a competitor, unlabeled AGE-BSA was an effective competitor of 125I-AGE-BSA-endothelial cell interaction. In addition, AGE modification of two alternative proteins, hemoglobin and ribonuclease, rendered them inhibitors of 125I-AGE-BSA binding to endothelium, although the native, unmodified forms of these proteins were not. At 37 degrees C, binding of 125I-AGE-BSA or gold-labeled AGE-BSA was followed by internalization and subsequent segregation either to a lysosomal compartment or to the endothelial-derived matrix after transcytosis. Exposure of endothelium to AGE-BSA led to perturbation of two important endothelial cell homeostatic properties, coagulant and barrier function. AGE-BSA downregulated the anticoagulant endothelial cofactor thrombomodulin, and induced synthesis and cell surface expression of the procoagulant cofactor tissue factor over the same range of concentrations that resulted in occupancy of cell surface AGE-BSA binding sites. In addition, AGE-BSA increased endothelial permeability, resulting in accelerated passage of an inert macromolecular tracer, [3H]inulin, across the monolayer. These results indicate that AGE derivatives of proteins, potentially important constituents of pathologic vascular tissue, bind to specific sites on the endothelial cell surface and modulate central endothelial cell functions. The interaction of AGE-modified proteins with endothelium may play an important role in the early stages of increased vascular permeability, as well as vessel wall-related abnormalities of the coagulation system, characteristic of diabetes and aging.
Two-section gain-levered tunable distributed feedback laser with active tuning section (1994)

A composite cavity semiconductor laser structure that consists of two active (gain) sections is analyzed. One of the sections has a grating corrugation, while the other is flat. The operation of the device is enhanced by utilizing the gain-lever effect. A round-trip analysis is combined with the rate equations pertinent for this structure to study the characteristics of the device. The performance of the device is compared to that of a similar case without the gain lever. It is shown that, utilizing the gain-lever effect, improved operation in terms of tuning range, modulation efficiency, and output power control can be obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Localized States at the Conduction-Band Edge of Amorphous Silicon Nitride Detected by Resonance Photoemission (1984)

The Si ${L}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I},\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$ absorption edge in amorphous silicon nitride ($a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{x}:\mathrm{H}$) exhibits a Fano-type antiresonance just below threshold for $x=1.20 \mathrm{and} 1.40$. At the same energy the valence-band photoemission cross section is resonantly enhanced in these samples for those features that carry an appreciable Si-$3s$-derived partial density of states. We argue that the Fano resonance involves Si-Si antibonding states at the bottom of the conduction bands that become localized as their number decreases with increasing nitrogen content compared to that of Si-N bonds.