gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Throughput Capacity of Hybrid Radio-Frequency and Free-Space-Optical (RF/FSO) Multi-Hop Networks (2007)

The per-node throughput capacity of hybrid radio frequency and free space optics (RF/FSO) networks is studied and the benefit of using this hybrid network architecture over the pure RF wireless networks is evaluated. The hybrid RF/FSO network consists of an RF ad hoc network of n nodes, m of them (so called super nodes) are equipped with an additional FSO transceiver. Every RF and FSO transceiver is able to transmit at a maximum data rate of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W<sub>1</sub></i> and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W<sub>2</sub></i> bits/sec, respectively. All the super node are connected by the FSO links and thus can form a stand-alone FSO network. With a minimum transmit power objective, an upper bound on the per node capacity of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c<sub>1</sub>W<sub>1</sub>√(1/𝓃 log 𝓃)+ c<sub>2</sub>W<sub>2</sub>√(𝓂 log 𝓂)/𝓃</i> is derived. In order to prove that this upper bound is achievable, we design a hybrid routing scheme in which the data traffic is divided into two classes and use different routing strategies: a portion of data will be forwarded with the (partial) support of super nodes in a hierarchical routing fashion, and the rest will be purely routed through RF links in a multi-hop fashion. By properly balancing the load between these two classes of traffic, it is shown that this upper bound is tight when the maximum data rate ratio of FSO and RF transceivers, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W<sub>2</sub>/W<sub>1</sub></i> , grows slower than <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">√𝓃</i> . Under such circumstances, the capacity improvement with the support of FSO nodes, as compared with the results for RF wireless networks in [1], is evaluated. A significant capacity gain will be achieved if <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W<sub>2</sub>/W<sub>1</sub>𝓂 log 𝓂 = Ω(𝓃)</i> . The results characterize the number of super nodes and/or the FSO data rate necessary in order to cause a non-trivial increase in the per-node throughput.
Development of high-damage threshold dispersive coatings (2014)

Whether it is to form an optical cavity, to control dispersion, or merely to transport the laser beam, multilayer mirrors are fundamental components of every ultrafast laser system. The performance of current state of the art ultrafast high-power lasers in terms of pulse energy is often restrained by optical breakdown of multilayer coatings. One way to overcome this problem is to increase the size of the laser beam, but this is usually undesirable, as it rises the costs and the footprint of the laser system. Therefore, increasing the optical resistance of multilayer mirrors is essential to the development of cost- and space-efficient lasers. In turn, this requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind optical damage. In this work, we have studied the ultrafast optical breakdown of dispersive mirrors, as well as that of other multilayer thin-films, in three different regimes: (i) at 500 Hz repetition rate with 30 fs pulses, at a central wavelength of 800nm; (ii) at 11:5MHz repetition rate with 1 ps pulses, at 1030 nm; (iii) at 5 kHz repetition rate with 1:4 ps pulses at 1030 nm. The results from (ii) and (iii) have been compared side by side. In addition, a novel technique for dispersion measurements has been developed. In the femstosecond regime, the samples have been: single layer coatings made of Au; Ag; Nb2O5; SiO2;Ta2O5 and mixtures of Ta2O5 with silica in different concentrations; and different dispersive coatings, consisting of SiO2 as the low-index material and different high-index materials (Nb2O5; Ta2O5; HfO2). We have also given a suggestion as to what is the best approach to increase the damage threshold of thin-film dielectric coatings. The ultrafast optical breakdown of multilayer thin-films has been investigated at MHz repetition rate and high average power. The optical breakdown threshold of three different types of coatings has been measured. All samples have been coated with either TiO2, Ta2O5, HfO2, or Al2O3 as high-index material and with SiO2 as low-index material. The same samples have been measured also at kHz repetition rate. The results obtained in both regimes have been compared. The band gap dependencies of damage threshold in both cases were linear. However, the one retrieved at kHz rate was steeper than its MHz counterpart. This is an interesting finding, which must be investigated further. The developed method for dispersion measurements has been based on the location of resonance peaks in a Fabry-Perot-type of interferometer. By simultaneously processing data obtained at different spacer thicknesses, we were able to obtain superior resolution compared to the conventional method.
An introduction to velocity-based pore-pressure estimation (2006)

Abnormal pore pressures are encountered worldwide, often resulting in drilling problems such as kicks, blow-outs, borehole instability, stuck pipe, and lost circulation. Because of this, a quantitative predrill prediction of pore pressure is required for the safe and economic drilling of wells in overpressured formations. In this paper, the basic concepts used in pore-pressure prediction are defined, and the way in which pore pressure can be estimated using velocity measurements is explained. A predrill estimate of pore pressure can be obtained from seismic velocities using a velocity-to-pore-pressure transform calibrated with offset well data. However, velocities obtained from processing seismic reflection data often lack the spatial resolution needed for accurate pore-pressure prediction, due to assumptions such as layered media and hyperbolic moveout. In the following paper in this section, Chopra and Huffman review the available methods of velocity model building and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. Once suitable velocities are obtained, a velocity-to-pore-pressure transform is required. This article provides the rock physics basis underlying such transforms.
Foam Stability and Physicochemical Properties of Beer (1991)

The surface viscosity of beer was investigated using rotational surface viscometry to obtain information on its role as a factor in beer foam stability. Beer proteins were also studied in relation to surface viscosity, adsorption onto air bubbles, surface tension, and foamability in order to reveal the effects of the proteins on foam stability. The surface viscosity of beer increased with time, where the force-flow curves showed that the surface changed from Newtonian to non-Newtonian. A close correlation was recognized between the velocity of increase in apparent surface viscosity and the ∑ value. Among beer proteins, the 40-kilodalton protein possessed the highest surface viscometric activity, the highest adsorption affinity to air bubbles, the highest surface activity, and a rather high foamability. These results showed that the surface viscosity of beer correlated with the foam stability and that the 40-kilodalton protein had favorable properties—a strong tendency to gather and to remain on the surface of the liquid film of foam and then to stabilize the foam.
Über eine neue allgemeine Synthese von 3,3‐disubstituierten 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1<i>H</i>‐(benzo[b]1,4‐diazepin)‐2‐onen durch Ringerweiterung 3,3‐disubstituierter 1‐(<i>o</i>‐Aminophenyl)‐azetidin‐2‐one (1965)

Abstract Es wird über eine intramolekulare Umamidierung berichtet, welche in guter Ausbeute von den viergliedrigen 3,3‐disubstituierten 1‐( o ‐Aminophenyl)‐azetidin‐2‐onen (V) durch Ringerweiterung zu den siebengliedrigen 3,3‐disubstituierten 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1 H ‐(benzo[b]1,4‐diazepin)‐2‐onen (VII) führt. Neben der Synthese wird über die chemischen und physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften dieser neuen Verbindungen, über deren IR.‐ und NMR.‐Spektren sowie über einige ihrer Umsetzungen ausführlich berichtet. Der mutmassliche Mechanismus dieser Umlagerung wird diskutiert. Diese Synthese stellt zugleich den ersten allgemeinen Weg zur einfachen Darstellung der bis heute noch nicht beschriebenen 3,3‐disubstituierten 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1 H ‐(benzo[b]1,4‐diazepin)‐2‐one (VII) dar.
Pelvic pain following radical retropubic prostatectomy: a prospective study (1997)

Many patients have subacute pelvic pain after RRP but improve over time. Severe chronic pain is unlikely after RRP.
Quantification of Substance P mRNA in Human Immune Cells by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay (2002)

We have applied a newly developed real-time reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR (RT-PCR) assay for quantification of substance P (SP) mRNA expression (the SP real-time RT-PCR assay) in human blood monocyte-derived macrophages, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and microglia isolated from fetal brain. The SP real-time RT-PCR assay had a sensitivity of 60 mRNA copies, with a dynamic range of detection between 60 and 600,000 copies of the SP gene transcript per reaction mixture. The coefficient of variation of the threshold cycle number between the SP real-time RT-PCR assays was less than 1.16%. This assay with an SP-specific primer pair efficiently recognizes all four isoforms of preprotachykinin A (the SP precursor) gene transcripts. In order to use this assay to measure the levels of SP mRNA in the human immune cells quantitatively, we designed a specific probe (molecular beacon) derived from exon 3 of the SP gene. We demonstrated that the real-time RT-PCR quantitatively detected SP mRNA in the human immune cells, among which the microglia isolated from fetal brain had the highest levels of SP mRNA. The SP real-time PCR assay yielded reproducible data, as the intra-assay variation was less than 1%. Thus, it is feasible to apply the real-time RT-PCR assay for quantification of SP mRNA levels in human immune cells, as well as in other nonneuronal cells. Since SP is a major modulator of neuroimmunoregulation, this assay has the potential for widespread application for basic and clinical investigations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Core-shell Hydroxyapatite/chitosan Biocomposite Nanospheres (2010)

新奇核心壳 hydroxyapatite/chitosan biocomposite nanospheres 在多重乳剂被综合。多重乳剂是 w/o/w 乳剂，用象一个内部水的阶段的 diammonium 磷酸盐答案做的，是的环己烷一个油阶段和 chitosan 答案作为一外部水。核心壳范围的形成的机制和 nanospheres 的形态学上的温度的影响被调查。产生核心壳 nanospheres 的直径是 100200 nm， chitosan 壳的厚度是大约 10 nm。并且它断定在不同反应温度，产品的形态学将被改变。核心壳 nanospheres 为新生物医学的材料的开发有潜在的应用程序。
Self-timed field programmmable gate array architectures (1997)

Dynamic hardware systems exploit the in-system reconfigurability of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), but are currently limited by the delay properties of synchronous FPGA architectures.Synchronous circuits are difficult to manipulate dynamically, since this alters their internal delays.The speed-independent properties of self-timed circuits overcome this problem, thus allowing the full benefits of dynamic reconfiguration to be exploited.The general properties of self-timed systems, such as modularity, low power and data dependent delays also provide benefits to less dynamic FPGA systems as well.This thesis introduces a model for self-timed FPGA architectures called STACC (Self-Timed Array of Configurable Cells).STACC architectures replace the global clock of an FPGA with an array of timing cells that provide local self-timed control to a region of logic blocks.STACC differs from previous self-timed FPGA architectures in that it does not disrupt the structure of the logic blocks.The STACC model is used to produced a self-timed version of the Xilinx XC6200 FPGA.Example circuits for the self-timed XC6200 demonstrate the benefits of self-timing for implementing dynamic hardware systems.Evaluation of the architecture shows that the implementation overhead of the timing array is reasonable, and that the self-timed XC6200 has the potential to out-perform the synchronous XC6200 through use of data dependent delays.
Strigolactone signaling is required for auxin-dependent stimulation of secondary growth in plants (2011)

Long distance cell-to-cell communication is critical for the development of multicellular organisms. In this respect, plants are especially demanding as they constantly integrate environmental inputs to adjust growth processes to different conditions. One example is thickening of shoots and roots, also designated as secondary growth. Secondary growth is mediated by the vascular cambium, a stem cell-like tissue whose cell-proliferating activity is regulated over a long distance by the plant hormone auxin. How auxin signaling is integrated at the level of cambium cells and how cambium activity is coordinated with other growth processes are largely unknown. Here, we provide physiological, genetic, and pharmacological evidence that strigolactones (SLs), a group of plant hormones recently described to be involved in the repression of shoot branching, positively regulate cambial activity and that this function is conserved among species. We show that SL signaling in the vascular cambium itself is sufficient for cambium stimulation and that it interacts strongly with the auxin signaling pathway. Our results provide a model of how auxin-based long-distance signaling is translated into cambium activity and suggest that SLs act as general modulators of plant growth forms linking the control of shoot branching with the thickening of stems and roots.
Paclitaxel in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. (1999)

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States. In 1997 it was estimated that more than 41,000 men died of this disease. Treatment of metastatic disease remains palliative, with androgen ablation used as first-line therapy. After failure of androgen ablation, chemotherapy can now be used to induce a remission in many men. Treatment regimens that include paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) have been particularly successful in treating hormone-refractory prostate cancer in the phase II setting. We have conducted a trial of estramustine 280 mg orally three times per day for 14 days combined with etoposide 50 mg/m2/d (in general, one 50-mg tablet twice a day) for 14 days, with paclitaxel 135 mg/m2 over 1 hour on day 2. This regimen is repeated every 21 days for a maximum of six cycles. Patients responding to therapy are then given a break and re-treated at physician discretion. On preliminary analysis, 24 of 38 patients demonstrated a decline in pretreatment prostate-specific antigen of more than 50% (63%). The regimen was well-tolerated and only seven patients demonstrated grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Further analysis is ongoing.
A Bifunctionalized Fluorogenic Tetrasaccharide as a Substrate to Study Cellulases (1997)

Cellulases are usually classified as endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases, but the heterogeneity of cellulose, in terms of particle size and crystallinity, has always represented a problem for the biochemical characterization of the enzymes. The synthesis of a bifunctionalized tetrasaccharide substrate suitable for measuring cellulase activity by resonance energy transfer is described. The substrate, which carries a 5-(2-aminoethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonate group on the non-reducing end and an indolethyl group on the reducing end, was prepared from beta-lactosyl fluoride and indolethyl beta-cellobioside by a chemoenzymatic approach using the transglycosylating activity of endoglucanase I of Humicola insolens as the key step. The bifunctionalized substrate has been used for the determination of the catalytic constants of H. insolens endoglucanase I and cellobiohydrolases I and II; this substrate could be of general use to measure the kinetic constants of cellulases able to act on oligomers of degree of polymerization <5. The data also provide evidence that cellobiohydrolases I and II are able to degrade an oligosaccharide substrate carrying non-carbohydrate substituents at both ends.
Effect of high voltage atmospheric cold plasma on white grape juice quality (2017)

HVACP treatment of white grape juice at 80 kV for 2 min was found to be comparable to thermal pasteurization in all analyzed quality attributes. HVACP has shown the potential to be used as an alternative to thermal treatment of white grape juice. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Influenza A viruses in feral Canadian ducks: extensive reassortment in nature (2004)

The current dogma of influenza accepts that feral aquatic birds are the reservoir for influenza A viruses. Although the genomic information of human influenza A viruses is increasing, little of this type of data is available for viruses circulating in feral waterfowl. This study presents the genetic characterization of 35 viruses isolated from wild Canadian ducks from 1983 to 2000, as the first attempt at a comprehensive genotypic analysis of influenza viruses isolated from feral ducks. This study demonstrates that influenza virus genes circulating in Canadian ducks have achieved evolutionary stasis. The majority of these duck virus genes are clustered in distinct North American clades; however, some H6 and H9 genes are clustered with those from Eurasian viruses. Genes appeared to reassort in a random fashion. None of the genotypes identified remained present throughout all of the years examined and most PA and PB2 genes that crossed over into swine were clustered in one phylogenetic grouping. Additionally, matrix genes were identified that branch very early in the evolutionary tree. These findings demonstrate the diversity of the influenza virus gene pool in Canadian ducks, and suggest that genes which cluster in specific phylogenetic groupings in the PB2 and PA genes can be used for markers of viruses with the potential for crossing the species barrier. A more comprehensive study of this important reservoir is needed to provide further insight into the genomic composition of viruses that crossover the species barrier, which would be a useful component to pandemic planning.
Synthesis of Thienamycin and Related Compounds (1980)

The stereoselective synthesis of an important key intermediate for the synthesrs of (?I-thienamycin ik) and an efficientsyntheticmethod for the synthesis of descysteaminylthienamycin (£1 derivatives have been developed as follows.By 1,3-dlpolar cycloaddition, the nitrile oxide, derived from 3-nitropropanal dimethyl acetal, was added to methyl crotonate to give regio-and stereoselectively trans-4-methoxycarbonyl-
Insulin receptor substrate-1 in osteoblast is indispensable for maintaining bone turnover (2000)

Insulin receptor substrates (IRS-1 and -2) are essential for intracellular signaling by insulin and IGF-I, anabolic regulators of bone metabolism. Mice lacking the IRS-1 gene IRS-1(-/-) showed severe osteopenia with low bone turnover. IRS-1 was expressed in osteoblasts, but not in osteoclasts, of wild-type (WT) mice. IRS-1(-/-) osteoblasts treated with insulin or IGF-I failed to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins, and they showed reduced proliferation and differentiation. Osteoclastogenesis in the coculture of hemopoietic cells and osteoblasts depended on IRS-1 expression in osteoblasts and could not be rescued by IRS-1 expression in hemopoietic cells in the presence of not only IGF-I but also 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). In addition, osteoclast differentiation factor (RANKL/ODF) was not induced by these factors in IRS-1(-/-) osteoblasts. We conclude that IRS-1 deficiency in osteoblasts impairs osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and support of osteoclastogenesis, resulting in low-turnover osteopenia. Osteoblastic IRS-1 is essential for maintaining bone turnover, because it mediates signaling by IGF-I and insulin and, we propose, also by other factors, such as 1,25(OH)(2)D(3).
Simultaneous determination of fluoride and phenolics in water using flow-injection analysis (1999)

The design, development, and testing of a flow-injection analysis (FIA) manifold for the simultaneous determination of two species in water samples are reported. Fluoride is determined potentiometrically, and, following on-line sample dilution and treatment, amperometric analysis of phenolics is performed. The combination FIA system is a rapid, low-cost, highly reproducible method that uses small sample volumes and could be used to provide on-site near-real-time measurements. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lab Robotics and Automation 11: 105–109, 1999
Efficient Large Numbers Karatsuba-Ofman Multiplier Designs For Embedded Systems (2009)

Long number multiplications (n ≥ 128-bit) are a primitive in most cryptosystems. They can be performed better by using Karatsuba-Ofman technique. This algorithm is easy to parallelize on workstation network and on distributed memory, and it-s known as the practical method of choice. Multiplying long numbers using Karatsuba-Ofman algorithm is fast but is highly recursive. In this paper, we propose different designs of implementing Karatsuba-Ofman multiplier. A mixture of sequential and combinational system design techniques involving pipelining is applied to our proposed designs. Multiplying large numbers can be adapted flexibly to time, area and power criteria. Computationally and occupation constrained in embedded systems such as: smart cards, mobile phones..., multiplication of finite field elements can be achieved more efficiently. The proposed designs are compared to other existing techniques. Mathematical models (Area (n), Delay (n)) of our proposed designs are also elaborated and evaluated on different FPGAs devices.
Analysis of Flow Disturbance in a Stenosed Carotid Artery Bifurcation Using Two-Equation Transitional and Turbulence Models (2008)

In this study, newly developed two-equation turbulence models and transitional variants are employed for the prediction of blood flow patterns in a diseased carotid artery where the growth, progression, and structure of the plaque at rupture are closely linked to low and oscillating wall shear stresses. Moreover, the laminar-turbulent transition in the poststenotic zone can alter the separation zone length, wall shear stress, and pressure distribution over the plaque, with potential implications for stresses within the plaque. Following the validation with well established experimental measurements and numerical studies, a magnetic-resonance (MR) image-based model of the carotid bifurcation with 70% stenosis was reconstructed and simulated using realistic patient-specific conditions. Laminar flow, a correlation-based transitional version of Menter's hybrid k-epsilon/k-omega shear stress transport (SST) model and its "scale adaptive simulation" (SAS) variant were implemented in pulsatile simulations from which analyses of velocity profiles, wall shear stress, and turbulence intensity were conducted. In general, the transitional version of SST and its SAS variant are shown to give a better overall agreement than their standard counterparts with experimental data for pulsatile flow in an axisymmetric stenosed tube. For the patient-specific case reported, the wall shear stress analysis showed discernable differences between the laminar flow and SST transitional models but virtually no difference between the SST transitional model and its SAS variant.