gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanosensitive ion channels in osteoarthritis pain (2013)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease affecting nearly 5 million of Canadians, with aneconomic impact of over $30 billion each year in direct and indirect costs. Pain is the prominent symptom of OA, yet its underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, leading to a lack of effective pain therapies. OA pain is manifested by a hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli such as joint movement or palpation. Although the mechanical sensitization of pain-sensing nerve fibers, known as nociceptors, innervating the joint has been documented, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this sensitization are currently unknown. The peripheral terminals of nociceptors express mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) that convert mechanical stimuli into depolarizing potentials. Our central hypothesis is that the sensitization of nociceptors to mechanical stimuli in OA can be explained by changes in the properties of these MSCs, whereby their activation threshold is reduced during the disease. Using the monoiodoacetate model of OA in mice, we demonstrate that mice develop chronic mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, cellâattached electrophysiological recordings of nociceptors isolated from OA mice indicate an increase in the current elicited by mechanical stimuli, as well as a reduced activation threshold of MSCs, when compared to naÃ¯ve mice. An understanding of the molecular bases for these changes is presently impossible because the identity of the genes encoding MSCs isunknown. Interestingly, in a previous screen for MSC candidates, we identified five transmembrane proteins of unknown function (TMEMs). Our results indicate these candidates are expressed in sensory neurons and the mRNA of three of them is increased in OA. When expressed in COS-7 cells, two of these candidates, TMEM5B and TMEM1, caused an increase and decrease in cellular mechanosensitivity. This project will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying arthritis pain.
The DNA‐binding activity of an AP2 transcriptional activator HvCBF2 involved in regulation of low‐temperature responsive genes in barley is modulated by temperature (2003)

An HvCBF2 cDNA was isolated from barley leaves. It encoded a protein containing an AP2 DNA-binding domain homologous to C-repeat (CRT)/dehydration-responsive element (DRE) binding factors (CBF/DREB1). In contrast to the previously reported cold-inducible CBF/DREB1 genes, HvCBF2 was expressed in barley leaves under non-stress conditions. Only a transient increase in the HvCBF2 transcript level was observed during cold treatment. Transactivation analysis showed that HvCBF2 was a transcriptional activator, capable of activating expression of a reporter gene driven by a low-temperature and drought-responsive HVA1s promoter in barley leaves. The activity of HvCBF2 as a transcriptional activator was upregulated by low temperature. DNA-binding analysis revealed that HvCBF2 did not bind to the CRT/DRE motif at 30 degrees C. A low, but detectable, binding activity was observed at 25 degrees C and the binding activity gradually increased as the temperature decreased. The binding activity at 0 degrees C was the highest and more than 10 times higher than that at 25 degrees C. The activation and inactivation of HvCBF2 activity were reversible and were achieved in a cell-free system simply by temperature change. Analysis of the binding sequence showed that HvCBF2 bound to a (G/a)(T/c)CGAC core motif, where the lower-case letters are less efficient bases. These data suggest that HvCBF2 is a transcription factor interacting with the core CRT/DRE motif containing a preferred sequence of GTCGAC and its DNA-binding activity is regulated by temperature. This represents a new type of activation mechanism for transcriptional activators.
Marine Biosurfactants, II. Production and Characterization of an Anionic Trehalose Tetraester from the Marine Bacterium Arthrobacter sp. EK 1 (1991)

Within a screening for biosurfactants we could isolate various n-alkanes utilizing marine bacteria which were capable of synthesizing glycolipids. One strain was identified as Arthrobacter sp. EK 1 which produced trehalose lipids. After purification by column and thick layer chromatography the main fraction, an anionic 2,3,4,2'-trehalose tetraester, was obtained. The chain lengths of fatty acids ranged from 8 up to 14, furthermore succinate could be detected. Since the place of substitution of succinate has so far not been cited in literature, a definitive structural elucidation was carried out chemically by hydroboration and by 1H, 2D1H, 13C and 13C-1H correlation NMR measurements. All investigations confirmed the exact position of succinate at C 2 atom of trehalose. After improvement of growth conditions the production of the trehalose tetraester increased up to 4.8 milligrams during a fermentation in 20 l bioreactor under nitrogen limitation.
From hospital information system components to the medical record and clinical guidelines & protocols. (1997)

This paper introduces an ongoing project towards the development of a new generation HIS, aiming at the integration of clinical and administrative information within a common framework. Its design incorporates explicit knowledge about domain objects and professional activities to be processed by the system together with related knowledge management services and act management services. The paper presents the conceptual model of the proposed HIS architecture, that supports a rich and fully integrated patient data model, enabling the implementation of a dynamic electronic patient record tightly coupled with computerised guideline knowledge bases.
<title>Characterization of masses on mammograms: significance of using the rubber band straightening transform</title> (1997)

The rubber-band straightening transform (RBST) was developed for characterization of mammographic masses as malignant or benign. The RBST maps a region surrounding a segmented mass on a mammogram onto the Cartesian plane. In this study, the effectiveness of texture features extracted from the RBST images was compared with the effectiveness of those extracted from the original images. Texture features were extracted from (1) a region of interest (ROI) centered at the mass; (2) a 40-pixel-wide gray-scale region surrounding the perimeter of the mass; and (3) the RBST image. Two types of texture features were extracted; spatial gray level dependence (SGLD) features and run-length statistics (RLS) features. Linear discriminant analysis and leave-one-case- out methods were used for classification in the individual or combined feature spaces. The classification accuracy was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and the area A<SUB>z</SUB> under the ROC curve. CLABROC analysis was used to estimate the statistical significance of the difference between features extracted using the three different approaches. On a database of 255 ROIs containing biopsy-proven masses, the A<SUB>z</SUB> value was 0.92 when combined SGLD and RLS features extracted from RBST images were used for classification. In comparison, the combined texture features extracted from the entire ROIs and the mass perimeter regions resulted in A<SUB>z</SUB> values of 0.83 and 0.85, respectively. The improvement in A<SUB>z</SUB> obtained by using RBST images was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Similar levels of significance were observed when the classification was performed in the SGLD feature space alone or the RLS feature space alone.
A novel method for tailoring the pore-opening size of MCM-41 materials (1999)

X. Song Zhao, G. Q. (Max) Lu and X. Hu, Chem. Commun., 1999, 1391 DOI: 10.1039/A903302E
Phosphorylation and O-Glycosylation Sites of Human Chromogranin A (CGA79–439) from Urine of Patients with Carcinoid Tumors (1998)

Because of their water-soluble properties, chromogranins (CGs) and chromogranin-derived fragments are released together with catecholamines from adrenal chromaffin cells during stress situations and can be detected in the blood by radiochemical and enzyme assays. It is well known that chromogranins can serve as immunocytochemical markers for neuroendocrine tissues and as a diagnostic tool for neuroendocrine tumors. In 1993, large CGA-derived fragments have been shown to be excreted into the urine in patients with carcinoid tumors and the present study deals with the characterization of the post-translational modifications (phosphorylation and O-glycosylation) located along the largest natural CGA-derived fragment CGA79-439. Using mild proteolysis of peptidic material, high performance liquid chromatography, sequencing, and mass spectrometry analysis, six post-translational modifications were detected along the C-terminal CGA-derived fragment CGA79-439. Three O-linked glycosylation sites were located in the core of the protein on Thr163, Thr165, and Thr233, consisting in di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides. Three phosphorylation sites were located in the middle and C-terminal domain, on serine residues Ser200, Ser252, and Ser315. These modified sites were compared with sequences of others species and discussed in relation with the post-translational modifications that we have reported previously for bovine CGA.
Vaccines against Lyme Disease: What Happened and What Lessons Can We Learn? (2011)

This article reviews events that led to the withdrawal of the only vaccine to prevent Lyme disease licensed in the United States. The primary issues that led to the vaccine's withdrawal appear to be a combination of vaccine safety concerns, sparked by a molecular mimicry hypothesis that suggested that the vaccine antigen, outer surface protein A, serves as an autoantigen and hence was arthritogenic; concerns raised by anti-vaccine groups regarding vaccine safety; vaccine cost; a difficult vaccination schedule and the potential need for boosters; class action lawsuits; uncertainty regarding risk of disease; and low public demand. This article reviews lessons learned from these events and proposes that future candidate Lyme disease vaccines are unlikely to be developed, tested, and used within the United States in the near future, thus leaving at-risk populations unprotected.
Protective and Toxic Effects of a Nuclease-Resistant Derivative of Polyriboinosinic.Polyribocytidylic Acid on Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Rhesus Monkeys (1979)

Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, stabilized with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly ICLC), favorably alters the pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in rhesus monkeys by decreasing the number of infected monkey that become detectably viremic and by delaying the onset of viremia in the remaining monkeys. Poly ICLC is known to induce high circulating levels of interferon in primates, and the interferon system is assumed to be the mechanism by which poly ICLC exerts its antiviral effect. Poly ICLC treatment was associated with a few deaths, but only under certain conditions of infection and handling. The death of some infected, treated monkeys in the absence of death in monkeys that were either infected and untreated or treated and uninfected suggests a synergistic toxicity resulting from the combination of infection, handling, and poly ICLC treatment, although other explanations are possible.
Model-based multi-objective reinforcement learning (2014)

This paper describes a novel multi-objective reinforcement learning algorithm. The proposed algorithm first learns a model of the multi-objective sequential decision making problem, after which this learned model is used by a multi-objective dynamic programming method to compute Pareto optimal policies. The advantage of this model-based multi-objective reinforcement learning method is that once an accurate model has been estimated from the experiences of an agent in some environment, the dynamic programming method will compute all Pareto optimal policies. Therefore it is important that the agent explores the environment in an intelligent way by using a good exploration strategy. In this paper we have supplied the agent with two different exploration strategies and compare their effectiveness in estimating accurate models within a reasonable amount of time. The experimental results show that our method with the best exploration strategy is able to quickly learn all Pareto optimal policies for the Deep Sea Treasure problem.
1,3,4‐Benzotriazepinones. Formation and rearrangement (1984)

Abstract Anthranilic hydrazide reacts with orthoesters to produce mixtures of 3 products: 3,4‐dihyro‐5 H ‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐ones ( 1 ), 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐4‐quinazolinones ( 2 ) and 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles ( 4 ). The origin of these materials has been investigated. Product distributions depend on the nature of substituents, solvent and time. In ethanol benzotriazepinones are kinetically favored, but formed reversibly they subsequently rearrange to 2 and 4 . Aminoquinazolinone formation is suppressed in aprotic solvents at moderate temperatures. Earlier failures to obtain 1 are due to its tendency to isomerize. Acid, base and thermal rearrangements have been observed. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of 1, 2 and 4 , and for the rearrangements of the benzotriazepinones. Pyrazolo‐ and imidazotriazepinones have been prepared from the corresponding o ‐aminoazole hydrazides.
Chemometric Labeling of Cereal Tissues in Multichannel Fluorescence Microscopy Images Using Discriminant Analysis (1997)

This paper presents a novel, semiautomatic method for microscopic identification of multicomponent samples, which allows the identification, location, and percentage quantity of each component to be determined. The method involves applying discriminant analysis to a sequence of multichannel fluorescence microscopy images via a supervised learning approach; by selecting groups of pixels that are representative for each component type in a "known" sample, a computer is "taught" how to recognize the behavior (i.e., fluorescence emission) of the various components when illuminated under different spectral conditions. The identity, quantity, and location of these components in "unknown" samples (i.e., samples with the same component types but in different ratios or distributions) can then be investigated. The technique therefore enables semiautomatic quantitative fluorescence microscopy and has potential as a quality control tool. This work demonstrates the application of the technique to artificial and natural samples and critically discusses its quality, potential, and limitations.
The influence of cation, anion and water content on the rate of formation and pore size distribution of zeolite ZSM-5 (2010)

Rapid synthesis and high mesoporosity of ZSM-5 is promoted by altering a fixed molar regime with respect to anion and cation type and water contentonly. This study shows that merely changing the cation and anion types, accompanying the hydroxide and alumina (Al) sources, respectively, has an impact on the characteristics of ZSM-5. Under identical and replicated preparation and testing conditions, the synthesis time, Alincorporation, productyield, acidity, morphology, pore size distribution and catalytic activity were affected. An ion pair combination of Na+/NO3– allowed the formation of ZSM-5 with enhanced mesoporosity within 3 h in a high-water environment, whereas ZSM-5 prepared with the Na+/SO42–combination had enhanced n-hexane cracking activity. Use of a K+/NO3–ion pair combination in a high-water environment resulted in slower time of formation and larger ZSM-5 crystals with extra-frame work Al, loss of acidity, lower surface areas and reduced n-hexane cracking activity. The sulphate anion inhibited the incorporation of Al in ZSM-5 products in low-water environments. Low- water levels increased the time of formation of ZSM-5.
Smartwatch-based biometric gait recognition (2015)

The advent of commercial smartwatches provides an intriguing new platform for mobile biometrics. Like their smartphone counterparts, these mobile devices can perform gait-based biometric identification because they too contain an accelerometer and a gyroscope. However, smartwatches have several advantages over smartphones for biometric identification because users almost always wear their watch in the same location and orientation. This location (i.e. the wrist) tends to provide more information about a user's movements than the most common location for smartphones (pockets or handbags). In this paper we show the feasibility of using smartwatches for gait-based biometrics by demonstrating the high levels of accuracy that can result from smartwatch-based identification and authentication models. Applications of smartwatch-based biometrics range from a new authentication challenge for use in a multifactor authentication system to automatic personalization by identifying the user of a shared device.
NEWS FOCUS (2005)

Norman Glass, credited as the architect of Sure Start, recently claimed that plans to change the scheme effectively amount to its abolition. Is he right? Cate Campbell reports.
Experimental characterization of immersion-cooled devices at elevated ambient temperatures (2008)

Immersion cooling of power electronic equipment can avoid device derating at elevated ambient temperatures and thereby increase power density. In this paper, a test bench is presented that can be used to characterize the heat transfer from fluid-immersed electrical components inside cylindrical volumes. Since the thermal properties of coolants are themselves temperature dependent and vary locally, the temperature on the perimeter of the enclosure must be controlled independently from the power dissipation inside in order to establish realistic operating conditions. Ceramic heater elements enable continuous ambient temperatures up to 120°C. The test bench has been used for the characterization of two different heatsink arrangements and two different coolants (pentaeryt tetraester and fluorpercarbon). Results are presented and compared with a simplified analytical model. Modelling results are furthermore extended to mineral oil, silicone oil, and silicate ester.
Making a day of it: Innovation for enhancing library value (2016)

Suzanne Lewis reports on the 2016 Health Libraries Australia Professional Development Day held on 18 July at Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney. Nine presentations addressed the theme' Innovation for enhancing library value'. The day also afforded good opportunities to network with colleagues and suppliers and celebrate awards and achievements.
Hidden Markov Models of Minimally Invasive Surgery (2000)

A crucial process in surgical education is to evaluate the level of surgical skills. For laparoscopic surgery, skill evaluation is traditionally preformed subjectively by experts grading a video of a procedure performed by a student. By its nature, this process is preformed using fuzzy criteria. The objective of the current study was to develop and assess a skill scale using Discrete Hidden Markov Models (DHMM). Ten surgeons (5 Novice Surgeons--NS; 5 Expert Surgeons--ES) performed a cholecystectomy and Nissen fundoplication in a porcine model. An instrumented laparoscopic grasper equipped with a three-axis force/torque sensor was used to measure the forces/torques at the hand/tool interface synchronized with a video of the tool operative maneuvers. A synthesis of frame-by-frame video analysis and a vector quantization algorithm, defined force/torque signatures for 14 types of tool/tissue interactions. From each step of the surgical procedures, two DHMM were developed representing the performance of 3 surgeons randomly selected from the 5 in the ES and NS groups. The data obtained by the remaining 2 surgeons in each group were used for evaluating the performance scale. The final result was a surgical performance index which represented a ratio of statistical similarity between the examined surgeon's DHMM and the DHMM of NS and ES. The difference between the performance index value, for a surgeon under study, and the NS/ES boundary, was considered to indicate the level of expertise in the surgeon's own group. Using this index, 87.5% of the surgical procedures were correctly classified into the NS and ES groups. The 12.5% of the procedures that were misclassified were preformed by the ES and classified as NS. However, in these cases the performance index values were very close to the NS/ES boundary. Preliminary data suggest that a performance index based on DHMM and force/torque signatures provides an objective means of distinguishing NS from ES. In addition this methodology can be further applied to evaluate haptic virtual reality surgical simulators for improving realism in surgical education.
What Reaching Teaches: Consciousness, Control, and the Inner Zombie (2007)

What is the role of conscious visual experience in the control and guidance of human behaviour? According to some recent treatments, the role is surprisingly indirect. Conscious visual experience, on these accounts, serves the formation of plans and the selection of action types and targets, while the control of ‘online’ visually guided action proceeds via a quasi-independent non-conscious route. In response to such claims, critics such as (Wallhagen [2007], pp. 539–61) have suggested that the notions of control and guidance invoked are unacceptably vague, and that that the image of ‘zombie systems’ guiding action fails to take account of the possibility that there is genuine but unconceptualized, unnoticed, and/or unreportable experience taking place and guiding or controlling the actions. I address both sets of concerns. I try to show that refining and clarifying the key notions of control and guidance leaves the original argument intact, as does the appeal to unconceptualized, unnoticed, or unreportable experiences. The exercise serves, however, to highlight an important complex of considerations concerning the relations between control, agency, and experience. Better understanding these relations is, I suggest, an important source of insights concerning the nature of phenomenal experience.
Association of an apolipoprotein CII allele with familial dementia of the Alzheimer type (1987)

In order to identify the genetic locus responsible for familial dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), we are studying 10 families in which DAT appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Genotypes for a TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the apolipoprotein CII locus were determined for the following groups: affected and unaffected DAT family members, DAT subjects with no family history of the disease, and normal control subjects. The control group included 103 individuals from our study and 123 from the study of Wallis et al. (Hum. Genet., 68 (1984) 286). The frequency of the TaqI fast (F) allele in the affected familial DAT subjects (0.64 ± 0.08) differed significantly from that for the control group (0.39 ± 0.02) (Z = 2.87, P < 0.005). In contrast, the F-allele frequency for the unaffected family members was 0.31 ± 0.09, which was similar to that of the combined control group (Z = 0.78, P > 0.40). Subsequently, genotypes were determined for two other polymorphisms at the Apo CII locus: a BanI RFLP and a BglI RFLP. For these two polymorphisms, the allele frequencies for the familial DAT subjects differed from the unaffected control groups but the differences were smaller and not statistically significant. These data suggest a previously unrecognized association between the Apo CII TaqI F-allele and familial DAT.