gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Xpert <sup>®</sup> MTB/RIF Assay: Development, Evaluation and Implementation of a New Rapid Molecular Diagnostic for Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance (2011)

Global TB control efforts have been severely hampered by the lack of diagnostic tests that are accurate, simple to use and can be applied at the point of clinical care. This has been further compounded by the widespread inability to test for drug resistance. The Xpert(®) MTB/RIF assay is a rapid molecular assay that can be used close to the point of care by operators with minimal technical expertise, enabling diagnosis of TB and simultaneous assessment of rifampicin resistance to be completed within 2 h. Moreover, this can be accomplished using unprocessed sputum samples as well as clinical specimens from extrapulmonary sites. We review in detail the development of this assay, its evaluation within the laboratory, its utility among adult and pediatric TB suspects, its use as a screening tool for HIV-associated TB and studies of its implementation at the district and sub-district levels in resource-limited settings. Following endorsement by the WHO in 2010, we consider the next steps in the implementation of the assay and its potential impact in high burden settings.
Protein Incorporation in Giant Lipid Vesicles under Physiological Conditions (2009)

Life's construction zone: Proteins were incorporated into giant vesicles (GVs) under physiological conditions by using electroformation. The figure shows these fluorescently labeled GVs in which proteins are encapsulated. Our method opens doors to investigating the membrane properties of native, intracellular membranes. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Effectiveness of palivizumab: evaluation of outcomes from the 1998 to 1999 respiratory syncytial virus season (2000)

Only 2.3% of children receiving palivizumab prophylaxis were hospitalized with RSV lower respiratory infection. This compares favorably with the rates observed in the pivotal trial (IMpact-RSV trial in 1996 to 1997), in which prophylaxis reduced hospitalization from 10.6% in the placebo group to 4.8% in those children receiving prophylaxis.
Mechanics of precisely controlled thin film buckling on elastomeric substrate (2007)

Stretchable electronics has many important and emerging applications. Sun et al. [Nature Nanotech. 1, 201 (2006)] recently demonstrated stretchable electronics based on precisely controlled buckle geometries in GaAs and Si nanoribbons on elastomeric substrates. A nonlinear buckling model is presented in this letter to study the mechanics of this type of thin film/substrate system. An analytical solution is obtained for the buckling geometry (wavelength and amplitude) and the maximum strain in buckled thin film. This solution agrees very well with the experiments, and shows explicitly how buckling can significantly reduce the thin film strain to achieve the system stretchability.
Focusing long- and short-wavelength velocity errors with RTM (2017)

Focusing strategies can significantly improve seismic images when velocity errors remain during migration. Gather alignment strategies provide a robust approach at recovering long-wavelength errors and improving low-frequency content of the stacked image. Common-shot image alignment is an effective approach at recovering higher-frequency information in the stacked image but is susceptible to cycle-skipping. Combining these two approaches leads to a broad-band recovery of frequency content lost in a brute stack. Presentation Date: Wednesday, September 27, 2017 Start Time: 11:00 AM Location: Exhibit Hall C, E-P Station 3 Presentation Type: EPOSTER
Dual contribution of embryonic ventral blood island and dorsal lateral plate mesoderm during ontogeny of hemopoietic cells in <i>Xenopus laevis</i>. (1983)

The early embryonic development of hemopoietic cells in Xenopus laevis was examined. Either dorsal lateral plate (DLP) or ventral blood island (VBI) mesoderm was reciprocally transplanted between cytogenetically distinct (2N or 3N) stage 14 to 19 (neural fold) embryos. F-DNA content of circulating erythrocytes was assayed at stages 40, 41, 43, 45, and 49. The F-DNA content of cells in the thymus and mesonephros was assayed at stage 49. F-DNA values were used to distinguish between donor or host origin of hemopoietic cells in individual animals. The results demonstrated that DLP mesoderm gave rise to a population of stem cells that colonized the thymus and mesonephros, but not the blood. VBI mesoderm gave rise to a population of stem cells that colonized the blood and thymus, but not the mesonephros. These experiments show that there are two stem cell compartments in the amphibian embryo, separated in both space and time.
A low cost 77 GHz monolithic transmitter for automotive collision avoidance systems (2002)

The design, integration and testing of a 77-GHz GaAs monolithic transmitter specifically optimized for low-cost, large-volume automotive collision avoidance systems are reported. Greater than +15 dBm of output power has been achieved at the output waveguide interface across a 1-GHz bandwidth using monolithic chips exclusively. This module, due to its small size, light weight and low production cost, is a significant advance in MM-wave technology from traditional waveguide hybrid approaches and it now makes collision avoidance radars affordable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
PpINH1, an invertase inhibitor, interacts with vacuolar invertase PpVIN2 in regulating the chilling tolerance of peach fruit (2020)

Sucrose metabolism, particularly the decomposition of sucrose by invertase, plays a central role in plant responses to cold stress. Invertase inhibitors (INHs) evolved in higher plants as essential regulators of sucrose metabolism. By limiting invertase activity, INHs keep cellular sugar levels elevated, which provides enhanced protection to plants under stress. Our results showed that the expression of <i>PpVIN2</i>, the only vacuolar invertase (VIN) gene in peach fruit sensitive to chilling temperatures, increases significantly during cold storage, while VIN enzyme activity increases more modestly. We also found that peach fruit transiently overexpressing <i>PpINH1</i> had decreased VIN activity. Interactions of PpINH1 and PpVIN2 with recombinant proteins were shown by yeast two-hybrid assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, as well as in vitro. During cold storage, trehalose-treated peach fruit had significantly increased <i>PpINH1</i> expression, decreased VIN enzyme activity, and significantly higher sucrose content than did untreated fruit. As a result, the treated fruit had enhanced resistance to chilling injury. Collectively, our data show that the post-translational repression of VIN enzyme activity by PpINH1 helps maintain sucrose levels in peach fruit during cold storage, thereby improving resistance to chilling injury.
Synthesis and characterization of novel polymers derived from gluconolactone (2001)

Abstract A novel synthesis of vinyl monomers derived from D ‐gluconolactone, an interesting precursor obtained from D ‐glucose, is reported. The derivatization of D ‐gluconolactone is carried out by first reacting methacrylic acid with a diamine in water, followed by in situ amidation of the sugar compound. Three monomers containing different lengths of alkylamido groups between vinyl and sugar residues, have thus been obtained and homopolymerized with various free‐radical initiators. The resulting polymers were analysed by viscometry and were found to exhibit polyelectrolyte behaviour. Their structures were confirmed by NMR and consist of a predominantly syndiotactic structure. Copolymerization of the gluconamidoalkyl ammonium methacrylates with other hydrophilic monomers such as methacrylamide and vinylpyrrolidone was also achieved. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Calcitonin controls bone formation by inhibiting the release of sphingosine 1-phosphate from osteoclasts (2014)

The hormone calcitonin (CT) is primarily known for its pharmacologic action as an inhibitor of bone resorption, yet CT-deficient mice display increased bone formation. These findings raised the question about the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism of CT action. Here we show that either ubiquitous or osteoclast-specific inactivation of the murine CT receptor (CTR) causes increased bone formation. CT negatively regulates the osteoclast expression of Spns2 gene, which encodes a transporter for the signalling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). CTR-deficient mice show increased S1P levels, and their skeletal phenotype is normalized by deletion of the S1P receptor S1P3. Finally, pharmacologic treatment with the nonselective S1P receptor agonist FTY720 causes increased bone formation in wild-type, but not in S1P3-deficient mice. This study redefines the role of CT in skeletal biology, confirms that S1P acts as an osteoanabolic molecule in vivo and provides evidence for a pharmacologically exploitable crosstalk between osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
Challenges and Limitations of Gene Expression Profiling in Mechanistic and Predictive Toxicology (2001)

RNA and protein expression profiling technologies have revolutionized how toxicologists can study the molecular basis of adverse effects of chemicals and drugs. It is expected that these new technologies will afford efficient and high-throughput means to delineate mechanisms of action and predict toxicity of unknown agents. To reach these goals, a more thorough understanding of the constraints of the methodology is needed to design genome-scale studies and to interpret the vast amount of data collected. This paper addresses some of the limitations and uncertainties of gene expression profiling in mechanistic and predictive toxicology with respect to the expectations of toxicogenomics. The challenges associated with interpreting information from large-scale gene expression experiments in vivo is also discussed.
Construction of a Three-sided Immersive Telecollaboration System (2003)

The so-called "blue-c" is a novel three sided immersive projection system, which has been especially designed to support telecollaborative teamwork [4].Therefore, special projection screens are used, which can be switched to a transparent state electrically.The user is captured with sixteen cameras in total, standing outside of the projection room.These images are then processed to create a 3D representation of the user, which can be projected in a second installation.The whole installation has been engineered and implemented at the ETH Zurich [9].A special active stereo projection system, based on LCD projectors with additional shutters proved to work very well at a very competing price.The paper describes the background of the decisions made and the problems that had to be overcome.
Successful application of angular scatterometry to process control in sub-100-nm DRAM device (2004)

As DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) device continuously decreases in chip size, an increased speed and more accurate metrology technique is needed to measure CD (critical dimension), film thickness and vertical profile. Scatterometry is an optical metrology technique based on the analysis of scattered (or diffracted) light from periodic line and space grating and uses 2θ angular method (ACCENT Optical Technologies CDS-200). When a light source is irradiated into the periodic pattern, the scattered intensity signal of zero-th order as a function of incident angle is measured. By analyzing these scattered signals, various parameters of the periodic pattern such as CD, vertical profile, mapping of substrate structure, film thickness and sidewall angle can be determined. Advantages of scatterometry are that drastic decreased measuring time and acquirement of CD, vertical profile, film thickness and sidewall angle by just one measurement. In this paper we will discuss various applications of scatterometry to sub-100nm DRAM structures of straight line and space and curved line and space patterns. Details of the correlation with CD-SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) of standard metrology tool and repeatability of measured CD values will be discussed. As diverse applications, results of in-field, in-wafer and wafer-to-wafer CD monitoring, STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) depth monitoring and matching of vertical profile with V-SEM (Vertical SEM) will be also presented.
Fragment C Domain of Tetanus Toxin Mitigates Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity and Its Motor Consequences in Mice (2016)

Here we demonstrate that Hc-TeTx can provide significant protection against acute methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity and motor impairment, suggesting its therapeutic potential in methamphetamine abusers.
Compressive Optical Imaging: Architectures and Algorithms (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Compressive Sensing Architectures for Compressive Image Acquisition Algorithms for Restoring Compressively Sensed Images Experimental Results Noise and Quantization Conclusions Acknowledgments References
Optical Properties of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math>-Type Indium Arsenide in the Fundamental Absorption Edge Region (1961)

The optical properties of InAs in the fundamental absorption edge region have been studied experimentally as a function of impurity content over a temperature range extending from 18\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The addition of donor impurities moves the absorption edge to higher energies and changes its shape in accordance with the theory of Burstein. For nondegenerate material the energy dependence of absorption coefficients larger than ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}=3.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8} (E\ensuremath{-}0.35)$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at room temperature and is in good agreement with calculations by Stern based on a nonparabolic conduction band. Absorption coefficients below ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ depend exponentially upon energy down to at least 3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, a result which has not yet been explained. The addition of acceptor impurities to the purest material available moves the absorption edge to lower energies by an amount which increases with the acceptor concentration. When 2.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ acceptor atoms are added, the absorption edge measured at 100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is shifted by 0.013 ev. The temperature dependence of the forbidden energy gap was found to be linear from 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with a temperature coefficient of -2.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ev/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Below 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the change of the energy gap with temperature becomes smaller and nonlinear. It is estimated that lattice dilation accounts for only one-fourth of the total variation of the energy gap with temperature. The radiative lifetime of added carriers in intrinsic material at room temperature was calculated from the optical constants by the method of van Roosbroeck and Shockley and was found to be 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ sec.
Ir(I)/HCl Catalyzed Head-to-Tail Homocoupling Reactions of Vinylsilanes (2012)

Novel homocoupling reactions of vinylsilanes, catalyzed by a mixture of Ir(I) and HCl, were developed. This process leads to exclusive formation of head-to-tail vinylsilane dimers in high yields at room temperature. Synthetic attributes of transformations of the resulting head-to-tail vinylsilane dimers and polymerization of bis(vinylsilane) were investigated.
Drug evaluation: apratastat, a novel TACE/MMP inhibitor for rheumatoid arthritis. (2006)

Wyeth Research was developing apratastat (TMI-005), one in a series of dual TNFalpha-converting enzyme and matrix metalloprotease-13 inhibitors, for the potential treatment of inflammation, especially rheumatoid arthritis. By January 2005, apratastat had entered a phase II clinical trial; however, in October 2006, Wyeth reported that it had terminated development of the drug because of lack of efficacy in this trial.
Chromatofocusing Fails To Separate hFSH Isoforms on the Basis of Glycan Structure (2008)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) glycosylation is regulated by feedback from the gonads, resulting in an array of glycans associated with FSH preparations derived from pools of pituitary or urine extracts. FSH glycosylation varies due to inhibition of FSHbeta N-glycosylation, elaboration of 1-4 branches possessed by mature N-glycans, and the number and linkage of terminal sialic acid residues. To characterize FSH glycosylation, FSH isoforms in pituitary gland extracts and a variety of physiological fluids are commonly separated by chromatofocusing. Variations in the ratios of immunological and biological activities in the resulting FSH isoform preparations are generally attributed to changes in glycosylation, which are most often defined in terms of sialic acid content. Using Western blotting to assess human FSHbeta glycosylation inhibition revealed 30-47% nonglycosylated hFSHbeta associated with four of six hFSH isoform preparations derived by chromatofocusing. Glycopeptide mass spectrometry assessment of glycan branching in these isoforms extensively characterized two N-glycosylation sites, one at alphaAsn52, the critical glycan for FSH function, and the other at betaAsn24. With two to four N-glycans per FSH molecule, many combinations of charges distributed over these sites can provide the same isoelectric point. Indeed, several glycans were common to all isoform fractions that were analyzed. There was no trend showing predominantly monoantennary glycans associated with the high-pI fractions, nor were predominantly tri- and tetra-antennary glycans associated with low-pI fractions. Thus, differences in receptor binding activity could not be associated with any specific glycan type or location in the hormone. FSH aggregation was associated with reduced receptor binding activity but did not affect immunological activity. However, as gel filtration indicated sufficient heterodimer was present in each isoform preparation to generate complete inhibition curves, the near total loss of receptor binding activity in several preparations could not be explained by aggregation alone, and the mechanism remains unknown.
Measurement of the three‐dimensional microscope point spread function using a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor (2002)

We present a technique to measure the wavefront in the exit pupil of a microscope to determine the microscope's three-dimensional point spread function (PSF) experimentally. The wavefront yields the microscope PSF through a Fourier transform that models propagation of light from the exit pupil to the image plane. A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is used to measure the wavefront shape by recording lateral displacements of a grid of focused spots created by a lenslet array. The displacement of each spot is related to the local wavefront slope. Thus, with appropriate sampling across the exit pupil, the entire wavefront can be reconstructed. This technique does not require the use of a sub-resolution object to obtain the three-dimensional microscope PSF. Consequently, larger, brighter fluorescent objects may be imaged, thereby reducing the requirements for detector sensitivity and leading to a three-fold increase in the axial range over which the PSF is measured. The Shack-Hartmann technique results in a description of the PSF as a continuous function whose sampling is not dependent on the size of the CCD pixels. The Shack-Hartmann sensor is not limited by the numerical aperture of the objective and can easily be calibrated to measure the PSF at any wavelength.
Multiple target detection for an antenna array using outlier rejection methods (1993)

When there are multiple targets in a Gaussian noise background, single target detection methods can cause missed detections. The missed detections result because targets are present in the data used to estimate the covariance. Range bins containing targets differ from target-free range bins and are considered to be outliers. Different outlier rejection methods for multivariate data are developed. These methods include single outlier detection via hypothesis testing and multiple outlier detection using model order methods. Range bins detected as outliers are removed from the covariance estimate and target detection is performed. Simulation results for the various outlier rejection methods are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fahrerlose Transportsysteme (2011)

gen, Mikro verfil mungen und die Ein speiche rung und Ver ar beitung in elek tro nischen Syste men.
Silicon clathrates and carbon analogs: high pressure synthesis, structure, and superconductivity (2009)

Compounds with cage-like structures of elemental silicon and carbon are comparatively reviewed. Barium containing silicon clathrate compounds isomorphous with type I gas hydrates were prepared using high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions, and found to become superconductors. The application of HPHT conditions to Zintl binary silicides have produced a number of silicon-rich cage-like structures including new clathrate structures; most of them are superconductors. Carbon analogs of silicon clathrates can be prepared by 3D polymerization of C(60) under HPHT conditions, which are new allotropes of carbon with expanded framework structures. The crystal chemistry and characteristic properties of some related compounds are also reviewed.
Effects of clinical combinations of antileukemic drugs on DNA ligase from human thymocytes and normal, stimulated, or leukemic lymphocytes. (1988)

Human DNA ligase was purified from different kinds of immunocompetent cells: thymocytes, normal and stimulated lymphocytes, blasts from ALL (Burkitt and non-T, non-B) and ANLL (M1, M2, and M5). Based upon the protocol for the treatment of these leukemias, the purified enzymes were assayed in the presence of routinely used combinations of antileukemic drugs. At the range of concentration tested (between 0.1 and 5 microM) some drugs taken separately were totally inactive on the enzyme from the different sources. For those being inhibitory, when used in combination their effect was always different from what was observed when the compound was tested alone. Some combinations were more effective in inhibiting the enzyme from leukemic than from normal cells (vincristine + cyclophosphamide + prednisone in ALL and rubidazone + Ara-C, Ara-C + m-AMSA, in ANLL). However, some combinations of drugs are without effect on ligase from leukemic cells at this dose range (vincristine + rubidazone + Ara-C + prednisone and adriamycin + asparaginase + Ara-C in ALL or etoposide + Ara-C, adriamycin + cyclophosphamide in ANLL). This is the first direct observation of the effect of cytostatic drugs on DNA ligase, a key enzyme of the DNA replication and repair process. The clinical consequences of these observations are discussed in an attempt to selectively inhibit replication, thereby division, of cancer cells.