gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
논문 : 한국의 수평적 , 수직적 산업내무역과 국가특성 : OECD 국가와의 무역을 중심으로 (2000)

After Grubel and Lloyd (1975) focused on the IIT problem, a number of authors have investigated this topic in the 1980s and 1990s. This paper followed Greenaway et al. (1994) to identify vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade in Korea and estimated the effects of country-specific factors on the vertical intra-industry trade (IIT). We gave a theoretical description of vertical intra-industry trade and showed the empirical results from a panel estimation by using Korea trade data with OECD countries for 1994∼1997. The theory suggested that country specific factor are important in vertical IIT. Estimation results confirmed the theory in the paper as follows. First, IIT in Korea consists of vertical IIT, not horizontal IIT. The vertical IIT share in IIT is larger than 80%. Second, if the economy size of two trading partners is large, vertical and horzontal IIT tend to large. Third, if the size of two countries are similar, vertical IIT tends to decrease, but horizontal IIT is going to increase. Fourth, the distance between two countries affects IIT reversely, and this negative effects are stronger in the case of horizontal IIT. Last, there is no strong evidence that the discrepancy of per capita income between two trading partners makes the vertical IIT large and make the horizontal IIT small.
Differential activities of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1-encoded Vpu protein are regulated by phosphorylation and occur in different cellular compartments (1994)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific Vpu is an 81-amino-acid amphipathic integral membrane protein with at least two different biological functions: (i) enhancement of virus particle release from the plasma membrane of HIV-1-infected cells and (ii) degradation of the virus receptor CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have previously found that Vpu is phosphorylated in infected cells at two seryl residues in positions 52 and 56 by the ubiquitous casein kinase 2. To study the role of Vpu phosphorylation on its biological activity, a mutant of the vpu gene lacking both phosphoacceptor sites was introduced into the infectious molecular clone of HIV-1, pNL4-3, as well as subgenomic Vpu expression vectors. This mutation did not affect the expression level or the stability of Vpu but had a significant effect on its biological activity in infected T cells as well as transfected HeLa cells. Despite the presence of comparable amounts of wild-type and nonphosphorylated Vpu, decay of CD4 was observed only in the presence of phosphorylated wild-type Vpu. Nonphosphorylated Vpu was unable to induce degradation of CD4 even if the proteins were artificially retained in the ER. In contrast, Vpu-mediated enhancement of virus secretion was only partially dependent on Vpu phosphorylation. Enhancement of particle release by wild-type Vpu was efficiently blocked when Vpu was artificially retained in the ER, suggesting that the two biological functions of Vpu are independent, occur at different sites within a cell, and exhibit different sensitivity to phosphorylation.
Distributed and multiplexed fibre-optic sensor systems (1988)

The unique advantages afforded in a number of application areas by the use of distributed fibre-optic sensor (DFOS) systems have been recognized by many researchers. Approaches described to date can be categorized as being either ‘intrinsic-distributed’ or ‘quasi-distributed’. In the case of intrinsic-distributed sensing, a single length of fibre forms an extended sensor element which senses the measurand field continuously over its entire length, whereas quasi-distributed sensing approaches utilize discrete fibre or non-fibre sensor elements typically arranged in a linear array. More geometrically versatile sensor network topologies can also be formed by multiplexing several discrete ‘point’ sensors with common input/output fibres. This paper reviews this broad and rapidly expanding area of distributed and multiplexed optical fibre sensor technology.
Object combining: a new aggressive optimization for object intensive programs (2005)

Abstract Object combining tries to put objects together that have roughly the same life times in order to reduce strain on the memory manager and to reduce the number of pointer indirections during a program's execution. Object combining works by appending the fields of one object to another, allowing allocation and freeing of multiple objects with a single heap (de)allocation. Unlike object inlining , which will only optimize objects where one has a (unique) pointer to another, our optimization also works if there is no such relation. Object inlining also directly replaces the pointer by the inlined object's fields. Object combining leaves the pointer in place to allow more combining. Elimination of the pointer accesses is implemented in a separate compiler optimization pass. Unlike previous object inlining systems, reference field overwrites are allowed and handled, resulting in much more aggressive optimization. Our object combining heuristics also allow unrelated objects to be combined, for example, those allocated inside a loop; recursive data structures (linked lists, trees) can be allocated several at a time and objects that are always used together can be combined. As Java explicitly permits code to be loaded at runtime and allows the new code to contribute to a running computation, we do not require a closed‐world assumption to enable these optimizations (but it will increase performance). The main focus of object combining in this paper is on reducing object (de)allocation overhead, by reducing both garbage collection work and the number of object allocations. Reduction of memory management overhead causes execution time to be reduced by up to 35%. Indirection removal further reduces execution time by up to 6%. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perforin is a critical physiologic regulator of T-cell activation (2011)

Individuals with impaired perforin-dependent cytotoxic function (Ctx(-)) develop a fatal inflammatory disorder called hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). It has been hypothesized that immune hyperactivation during HLH is caused by heightened infection, defective apoptosis/responsiveness of Ctx(-) lymphocytes, or enhanced antigen presentation. Whereas clinical and experimental data suggest that increased T-cell activation drives HLH, potential abnormalities of T-cell activation have not been well characterized in Ctx(-) hosts. To define such abnormalities and to test these hypotheses, we assessed in vivo T-cell activation kinetics and viral loads after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of Ctx(-) mice. We found that increased T-cell activation occurred early during infection of Ctx(-) mice, while they had viral burdens that were identical to those of WT animals, demonstrating that T-cell hyperactivation was independent of viral load. Furthermore, cell transfer and signaling studies indicated that increased antigenic stimulation, not a cell-intrinsic defect of responsiveness, underlay heightened T-cell activation in vivo. Finally, direct measurement of viral antigen presentation demonstrated an increase in Ctx(-) mice that was proportional to abnormal T-cell activation. We conclude that perforin-dependent cytotoxicity has an immunoregulatory role that is distinguishable from its pathogen clearance function and limits T-cell activation in the physiologic context by suppressing antigen presentation.
An antagonist of the platelet-activating factor receptor inhibits adherence of both nontypeable <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> and <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> to cultured human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke (2016)

WEB-2086 represents an innovative class of candidate drugs for inhibiting PAFr-dependent lung infections caused by the main bacterial drivers of smoking-related COPD.
Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of GM3 Gangliosides Containing Different Sialic Acid Forms and Various Fatty Acyl Chains (2021)

Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids that have been found in the cell membranes of all vertebrates. Their important biological functions are contributed by both the glycan and the ceramide lipid components. GM3 is a major ganglioside and a precursor for many other more complex gangliosides. To obtain structurally diverse GM3 gangliosides containing various sialic acid forms and different fatty acyl chains in low cost, an improved process was developed to chemically synthesize lactosyl sphingosine from an inexpensive l-serine derivative. It was then used to obtain GM3 sphingosines from diverse modified sialic acid precursors by an efficient one-pot multienzyme sialylation system containing <i>Pasteurella multocida</i> sialyltransferase 3 (PmST3) with <i>in situ</i> generation of sugar nucleotides. A highly effective chemical acylation and facile C18-cartridge purification process was then used to install fatty acyl chains of varying lengths and different modifications. The chemoenzymatic method represents a powerful total synthetic strategy to access a library of structurally defined GM3 gangliosides to explore their functions.
Immunoassay of Phytoestrogens in Human Plasma (1999)

Highly sensitive plasma immunoassay methods based on time-resolved fluorometry were developed for plasma enterolactone, genistein, and daidzein. For daidzein and genistein three types of methods and for enterolactone two different methods were developed and validated and the results compared with our gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric reference method. All three compounds may be determined in duplicate in a 2-300 mu plasma sample, even in subjects with low phytoestrogen values.
A Linear Programming Approach to the Cutting-Stock Problem (1961)

The cutting-stock problem is the problem of filling an order at minimum cost for specified numbers of lengths of material to be cut from given stock lengths of given cost. When expressed as an integer programming problem the large number of variables involved generally makes computation infeasible. This same difficulty persists when only an approximate solution is being sought by linear programming. In this paper, a technique is described for overcoming the difficulty in the linear programming formulation of the problem. The technique enables one to compute always with a matrix which has no more columns than it has rows.
Leveraging cognitive factors in securing WWW with CAPTCHA (2010)

Human Interactive Proofs systems using CAPTCHA help protect services on the World Wide Web (WWW) from widespread abuse by verifying that a human, not an automated program, is making a request. To authenticate a user as human, a test must be passable by virtually all humans, but not by computer programs. For a CAPTCHA to be useful online, it must be easy to interpret by humans. In this paper, we present a new method to combine handwritten CAPTCHAs with a random tree structure and random test questions to create a novel and more robust implementation that leverages unique features of human cognition, including the superior ability over machines in recognizing graphics and reading unconstrained handwriting text that has been transformed in precise ways. This combined CAPTCHA protects against advances in recognition systems to ensure it remains viable in the future without causing additional difficulties for humans. We present motivation for our approach, algorithm development, and experimental results that support our CAPTCHA in protecting web services while providing important insights into human cognitive factors at play during human-computer interaction. 1.
Implementation of artificial neural networks on a reconfigurable hardware accelerator (2003)

The hardware implementations of three different artificial neural networks are presented. The basis for the implementations is the reconfigurable hardware accelerator RAPTOR2000, which is based on FPGAs. The investigated neural network architectures are neural associative memories, self-organizing feature maps and basis function networks. Some of the key implementation issues are considered. In particular, the resource efficiency and performance of the presented realizations are discussed.
Vascularization in Primary Breast Carcinomas: Its Prognostic Significance and Relationship with Tumor Cell Dissemination (2008)

Improved identification of risk groups could be obtained by adding CD34 and CD105 vascular analysis to DTC, vascular invasion, and other primary tumor factors. This may facilitate the selection of candidates for adjuvant systemic therapy.
Study of Pinhole Conductivity at Passivated Carrier-selected Contacts of Silicon Solar Cells (2016)

High-efficiency solar cells are closing the gap to the theoretical efficiency limit by implementing passivated carrier-selective contacts. This work presents a study on charge carrier transport through tunnel oxide passivated contacts. In particular, structural properties of thin oxide layers are investigated with regard to tunnelling processes and local pinhole conduction. Conductive AFM measurements on n-type TOPCon test structures with and without forced oxide degradation have been performed. The current maps allowed for the first time a spatial-resolved imaging and correlation of the expected oxide degradation and spot like areas with increased currents. The areas are assigned to a different local transport process due to pinhole formation. It was found that a raise of the annealing temperature from 800 °C to 950 °C led to an increase of the pinhole density by 3 due to thermal degradation. The results show a promising approach to study the impact of pinholes to the total conductivity of carrier-selective contact.
Design and self-assembly of wide and robust coordination cages (2002)

The self-assembly of a new class of coordination cages formed from two tetrapyridyl-substituted cavitands connected through four square-planar palladium or platinum complexes is reported. The shape of the internal cavity resembles an ellipsoid with a calculated volume of 840 A(3). The four lateral portals have a diameter of about 6 A, large enough to allow the fast entrance/egress of counterions in solution. The platinum cages 3a,e cannot be disassembled using triethylamine as competitive ligand and they are kinetically stable at room temperature, whereas the palladium cages 3b-d, 3f-h are disassembled and kinetically labile under the same conditions. The different solubility properties of the cage components have allowed the extension of this self-assembly protocol to the liquid-liquid interface.
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase is overexpressed in murine neuroblastoma cells resistant to nucleoside analogue inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase: a novel mechanism of drug resistance. (1999)

S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) synthetase (EC 2.5.1.6), which catalyzes the synthesis of AdoMet from methionine and ATP, is the major methyl donor for transmethylation reactions and propylamino donor for the biosynthesis of polyamines in biological systems. We have reported previously that wild-type C-1300 murine neuroblastoma (wMNB) cells, made resistant to the nucleoside analogue (Z)-5'-fluoro-4',5'-didehydro-5'-deoxyadenosine (MDL 28,842), an irreversible inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase (EC 3.3.1.1), express increased AdoMet synthetase activity (M. R. Hamre et al., Oncol. Res., 7: 487-492, 1995). In the present study, immunoblot analyses of AdoMet Synthetase with isoform-specific (MATII) antibodies demonstrated an elevation in the AdoMet synthetase immunoprotein in nucleoside analogue-resistant MNB cells (rMNB-MDL) when compared to wild-type, nonresistant MNB cells. An increase of 2.1-fold was observed in the alpha2/alpha2' catalytic subunit, which differed significantly from the much smaller increment in the noncatalytic beta-subunit of AdoMet synthetase. Densitometric analyses revealed that an increased expression of AdoMet synthetase in rMNB-MDL cells was due to overexpression of the alpha2 (Mr 53,000; 2.6-fold) and alpha2' (Mr 51,000; 1.8-fold) subunits. AdoMet synthetase mRNA expression in rMNB-MDL cells was remarkably greater than wMNB cells, as determined by quantitative competitive reverse transcription-PCR (QC-PCR) analysis. DNA (cytosine) methyl transferase expression, measured by reverse transcription-PCR analysis, was also elevated significantly in rMNB-MDL cells. In contrast, Western blot analyses demonstrated down-regulation (1.6-fold) of AdoMet synthetase in doxorubicin-resistant human leukemia cells (HL-60-R) expressing multidrug resistance protein when compared with wild-type, nonresistant HL-60 cells. The resistance of rMNB-MDL cells to nucleoside analogue inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase correlates directly with overexpression of the alpha2/alpha2' subunits of AdoMet synthetase. Cellular adaptation allows sufficient AdoMet to be synthesized, so that viability of the MNB cells can be maintained even in the presence of high AdoHcy concentrations. This novel mechanism of drug resistance does not appear to require multidrug resistance protein (P-glycoprotein) overexpression.
Metals and materials : science, processes, applications (1995)

Structure and bonding of atoms atomic arrangements in materials structural phases - their formation and transitions defects in solids characterisation of materials the physical properties of materials mechanical behaviour of materials strengthening and toughening modern alloy developments ceramics and glasses plastics and composites corrosion and surface engineering SI units conversion factors constants and physical data.
Articles: Celecoxib, nsaids and the skeleton. (2001)

All health professions' education programs are mandated by their accrediting agencies to include diversity and multicultural content within their curricula. This article reviews literature from the three professions of nursing, social work, and physical therapy that indicates that they accomplish this at different places on the continuum of curricular integration and transformation as identified by Banks. An examination of the complexity of each profession's standards, and a comparison of the depth of cultural competency within each profession is included. Even with the more 'experienced' professions of social work and nursing, there appear to continue to be inconsistencies in the structuring and teaching of multicultural content.
Dimethylpentatetraenylidene (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDimethylpentatetraenylideneW. J. Le Noble, Sanjay Basak, and Sushil SrivastavaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 15, 4638–4639Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00405a084https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00405a084research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective (1997)

From the Publisher:
Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective brings a balanced approach to the study of operating systems by combining a careful examination of theoretical issues with real-world, hands-on problems and examples. Throughout the text, discussions of theory are enhanced with detailed code and algorithmic examples to allow students to see the theory as it has been implemented in modern operating systems.
Analysis of Genome-Wide RNA-Sequencing Data Suggests Age of the CEPH/Utah (CEU) Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines Systematically Biases Gene Expression Profiles (2015)

In human, Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from the CEPH/CEU (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain - Utah) family resource have been extensively used for examining the genetics of gene expression levels. However, we noted that CEU/CEPH cell lines were collected and transformed approximately thirty years ago, much earlier than the other cell lines from the pertaining individuals, which we suspected could potentially affect gene expression, data analysis and results interpretation. In this study, by analyzing RNA sequencing data of CEU and the other three European populations as well as an African population, we systematically examined and evaluated the potential confounding effect of LCL age on gene expression levels and patterns. Our results indicated that gene expression profiles of CEU samples have been biased by the older age of CEU cell lines. Interestingly, most of CEU-specific expressions are associated with functions related to cell proliferation, which are more likely due to older age of cell lines than intrinsic characters of the population. We suggested the results be carefully explained when CEU LCLs are used for transcriptomic data analysis in future studies.
Extraction and Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of the Active Principles from Selected Chinese Herbs and Other Medicinal Plants (2003)

Medicinal herbs have a long history of use in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine and a substantial body of evidence has, over recent decades, demonstrated a range of important pharmacological properties. Western biomedical researchers are examining not only the efficacy of the traditional herbal products but, through the use of a range of bioassays and analytical techniques, are developing improved methods to isolate and characterize active components. This review briefly describes the different extraction methodologies used in the preparation of herbal extracts and reviews the utility of chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of their active components. In particular, applications of gas or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the isolation and characterization of active components of ginseng are critically assessed. The analysis of toxic substances from herb extracts with mass spectrometric techniques is also discussed along with the potential for mass spectrometric methods to investigate the proteomics of herbal extracts.
Radiation Field of a Square, Helical Beam Antenna (1952)

Rigorous formulas have been derived for the field from a square, helical antenna with a uniformly progressing current wave of constant amplitude. These formulas that have the advantage of great simplicity are of direct use for helical antennas in the meter band, where for practical reasons only square helices are used. Further, in connection with corresponding rigorous formulas for the field from a circular, helical antenna with a uniformly progressing current wave of constant amplitude the present formulas may be used for an investigation of the magnitude of the error introduced in Kraus' approximate calculation of the field from a circular, helical antenna by replacing this antenna with an ``equivalent'' square helix. This investigation is carried out by means of a numerical example. The investigation shows that Kraus' approximate method of calculation yields results in fair agreement with the results obtained from the rigorous formulas. A statement to the contrary made recently in the literature is shown to rest on a trivial error.