gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anomalous Band Gap Behavior in Mixed Sn and Pb Perovskites Enables Broadening of Absorption Spectrum in Solar Cells (2014)

Perovskite-based solar cells have recently been catapulted to the cutting edge of thin-film photovoltaic research and development because of their promise for high-power conversion efficiencies and ease of fabrication. Two types of generic perovskites compounds have been used in cell fabrication: either Pb- or Sn-based. Here, we describe the performance of perovskite solar cells based on alloyed perovskite solid solutions of methylammonium tin iodide and its lead analogue (CH3NH3Sn(1-x)Pb(x)I3). We exploit the fact that, the energy band gaps of the mixed Pb/Sn compounds do not follow a linear trend (the Vegard's law) in between these two extremes of 1.55 and 1.35 eV, respectively, but have narrower bandgap (<1.3 eV), thus extending the light absorption into the near-infrared (~1,050 nm). A series of solution-processed solid-state photovoltaic devices using a mixture of organic spiro-OMeTAD/lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide/pyridinium additives as hole transport layer were fabricated and studied as a function of Sn to Pb ratio. Our results show that CH3NH3Sn(0.5)Pb(0.5)I3 has the broadest light absorption and highest short-circuit photocurrent density ~20 mA cm(-2) (obtained under simulated full sunlight of 100 mW cm(-2)).
Adaptive semantic snaping---a technique for semantic feedback at the lexical level (1990)

This paper describes the implementation of semantic snapping — an interaction technique that provides semantic feedback at the lexical level while dragging a graphical object on the screen. Like conventional snapping, or gravity fields, semantic snapping includes a geometric component where objects in close proximity are drawn together or “snap” into position. However, semantic snapping goes further by allowing non-geometric (semantic) properties of objects to place additional constraints on snapping. Semantic snapping also provides more complex lexical feedback which reflects potential semantic consequences of a snap. This paper motivates the use of semantic snapping and describes how this technique has been implemented in a window-based toolkit. This implementation works in an adaptive manner to provide the best interactive response in situations where semantic tests are very time consuming and strain the limits of acceptable performance.
Bladder distension and activation of the efferent function of sensory fibres: similarities with the effect of capsaicin (1998)

1. The effects of the tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist MEN 11420 (100 nmol kg(-1), i.v.) and isoprenaline (400 nmol kg(-1), i.v.) were compared in a model of distension-induced bladder activity in isovolumetric conditions. MEN 11420 induced a relaxation of the basal tone of the urinary bladder that was dependent on the volume of the viscus: the effect was absent at low volumes (0.2 and 0.5 ml) and it was maximal at high volumes of distension (1 and 2 ml), approaching about 60% of the isoprenaline-induced relaxation. The relaxant effect of isoprenaline was always evident at all volumes of distension. 2. Tetrodotoxin (1-100 microM, intravesically applied) abolished distension-evoked micturition contractions, but did not prevent the relaxant effect of MEN 11420- or isoprenaline on the bladder tone. 3. The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor S-ketoprofen (0.5 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) produced a marked decrease of the bladder tone and a concomitant reduction of bladder motility at 1 ml volume of distension. At 2 ml of distension, S-ketoprofen still decreased the minimal pressure but had no significant effect on other parameters of vesical motility. In S-ketoprofen-pretreated rats, the relaxant effect of MEN 11420 was significant at 2 but not at 1 ml of distension, and that of isoprenaline was reduced by 50% at both 1 and 2 ml. 4. Ruthenium red (10 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) had no effect at a low volume of distension (0.2 ml) or at highest volume (2 ml) but decreased the basal tone and the frequency of bladder contractions at 1 ml of distension. In ruthenium red-pretreated rats, MEN 11420 failed to decrease bladder tone at 1 ml, whereas at 2 ml the effect of MEN 11420 was not different from that observed in controls (43 vs 60% of isoprenaline-induced relaxation, respectively). 5. At both 1 and 2 ml of distension, capsaicin pretreatment (164 micromol kg(-1), s.c. 5 days before) reduced the frequency of micturition contractions but had no effect on the bladder tone. Capsaicin pretreatment prevented the relaxant effect of MEN 11420 on the bladder tone both at 1 and at 2 ml of distension. 6. It is concluded that the release of tachykinins from capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves induced by bladder distension is resistant to tetrodotoxin and to prostaglandin synthesis inhibition. Tachykinins modulate the vesical tone by acting through NK2 receptors.
A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The Worcester DVT Study (1991)

A community-wide study was conducted in 16 short-stay hospitals in metropolitan Worcester, Mass, to examine the incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients hospitalized between July 1, 1985, and December 31, 1986. The average annual incidence of deep vein thrombosis alone was 48 per 100000, while the incidence of pulmonary embolism with or without deep vein thrombosis was 23 per 100 000. The incidence rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism increased exponentially with age. The inhospital case-fatality rate of venous thromboembolism was 12%. Among patients discharged from the hospital, the long-term case-fatality rates were 19%, 25%, and 30% at 1, 2, and 3 years after hospital discharge. Extrapolation of the data from this population-based study suggests that there are approximately 170 000 new cases of clinically recognized venous thromboembolism in patients treated in short-stay hospitals in the United States each year, and 99 000 hospitalizations for recurrent disease. Because of the silent nature of this disease and the low rate of autopsy in the United States, the total incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of venous thromboembolism remain elusive. (<i>Arch Intern Med.</i>1991;151:933-938)
Split Capacitor DAC Mismatch Calibration in Successive Approximation ADC (2010)

Charge redistribution based successive approximation (SA) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has the advantage of power efficiency. Split capacitor digital-to-analog converter (CDAC) technique implements two sets of binary-weighted capacitor arrays connected by a bridge capacitor so as to reduce both input load capacitance and area. However, capacitor mismatches degrade ADC performance in terms of DNL and INL. In this work, a split CDAC mismatch calibration method is proposed. A bridge capacitor larger than conventional design is implemented so that a tunable capacitor can be added in parallel with the lower-weight capacitor array to compensate for mismatches. To guarantee correct CDAC calibration, comparator offset is cancelled using a digital timing control charge compensation technique. To further reduce the input load capacitance, an extra unit capacitor is added to the higher-weight capacitor array. Instead of the lower-weight capacitor array, the extra unit capacitor and the higher-weight capacitor array sample analog input signal. An 8-bit SA ADC with 4-bit + 4-bit split CDAC has been implemented in a 65nm CMOS process. The ADC has an input capacitance of 180fF and occupies an active area of 0.03mm2. Measured results of +0.2/-0.3LSB DNL and +0.3/-0.3LSB INL have been achieved after calibration.
A Fast and Economical Method for Producing of Self-wipe Twin-screw Extruder Modules (2008)

After the extrusion process the remaining of polymers in the extruders cause some problems like degradation and impurity in process, therefore after each batch the extruder should be cleaned. Using self-wipe twin-screw extruder is a method, to solve this problem. Production of self-wipe screw modules is very difficult, time consuming and is not economical. In this research, we have presented a novel, quick and economical method for producing self-wipe modules with desirable profiles.
Formation of 4-Aminopyrimidines via the Trimerization of Nitriles Using Focused Microwave Heating (2005)

A series of substituted aliphatic nitriles have been trimerized to their corresponding pyrimidine structures under solvent-free conditions in the presence of catalytic quantities of potassium tert-butoxide using a focused microwave reactor. Multigram quantities of the corresponding 4-aminopyrimidines have been prepared in high yields and purity following a simple and scaleable protocol.
Immune response to controlled release of immunomodulating peptides in a murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model (2009)

The effects of controlled release on immune response to an immunomodulating peptide were evaluated in a murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis (MS). The peptide, Ac-PLP-BPI-NH(2)-2 (Ac-HSLGKWLGHPDKF-(AcpGAcpGAcp)(2)-ITDGEATDSG-NH(2); Ac = acetyl, Acp = epsilon aminocaproic acid) was designed to suppress T-cell activation in response to PLP(139-151), an antigenic peptide in MS. Poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microparticles containing Ac-PLP-BPI-NH(2)-2 (8+/-4 microm, 1.4+/-0.2% (w/w)) were prepared by a powder-in oil-in water emulsion-solvent evaporation method, sterilized and administered subcutaneously (s.c.) to SJL/J (H-2(s)) mice in which EAE had been induced by immunization with PLP(139-151). Treatment groups received Ac-PLP-BPI-NH(2)-2: (i) in solution by repeated i.v. or s.c. injection, (ii) in solution co-administered with blank PLGA microparticles, (iii) in solution co-administered with Ac-PLP-BPI-NH(2)-2 loaded microparticles, and (iv) as Ac-PLP-BPI-NH(2)-2 loaded microparticles. Administration of Ac-PLP-BPI-NH(2)-2 as an s.c. solution produced clinical scores and maintenance of body weight comparable to i.v. solution, but with reduced overall survival, presumably due to anaphylaxis. Administration as s.c. microparticles provided a somewhat less effective reduction in symptoms but with no toxicity during treatment. Thus, the results suggest that s.c. administration of Ac-PLP-BPI-NH(2)-2 microparticles can provide pharmacological efficacy and reduction in dosing frequency without increased toxicity.
A Study of Relevant Parameters To Predict Sand Production in Gas Wells (2002)

Summary A sensitivity analysis was carried out during a course of study to develop a model for predicting sand production from Gulf Coast gas wells that produce free water. A multiple linear-regression analysis was used to incorporate data from producing gas wells and log-derived properties of reservoir rock in a useable model. This model fits the field data of water-producing gas wells. It will be a risky proposition to analyze each individual parameter related to sand production when designing sand-control measures. This study shows that the combined effects of these parameters are making a significant contribution in the process. The results indicate that the volume of water is not relatable, but the presence of free water (uncondensed from the gas phase) increases the sanding tendencies of most gas wells. As a reservoir depletes, its tendency to produce sand increases; efforts to reduce sanding should be directed toward reducing the drawdown across the completion; and many of the log-derived parameters that show merit in correlating the sanding tendencies of dry gas wells have no value in waterproducing gas wells.
Microfluidic actuation of insulating liquid droplets in a parallel-plate device (2011)

In droplet-based microfluidics, the simultaneous movement and manipulation of dielectric and aqueous droplets on a single platform is important. The actuation forces on both dielectric and aqueous droplets can be calculated with an electromechanical model using an equivalent RC circuit. This model predicts that dielectric droplet actuation can be made compatible with electrowetting-based water droplet manipulation if the oil droplet is immersed in water. Operations such as transporting, splitting, merging, and dispensing of dielectric droplets at voltages less than 100 V are demonstrated in a parallel-plate structure. Such capability opens the way to fully automated assembly line formation of single-emulsion droplets.
Heteroepitaxial Growth of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) on Silicon (1988)

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films have been grown on Si(100) substrates heated at 800°C by vacuum evaporation. X-ray diffraction and reflection high-energy electron diffraction observations reveal the heteroepitaxial growth of cubic YSZ (200) films on Si(100) substrates. The reflection high-energy electron diffraction of the films show that the <011 > and <010 > directions in the plane of cubic YSZ nearly coincide with the <010 > and <011 > directions of the Si substrate, respectively. Accordingly, (200)-oriented cubic YSZ could be exactly (<1%) lattice-matched to (100)-oriented Si substrates.
High-Velocity Vapor Stream in the Vacuum Arc (1933)

The discovery and importance of a high-velocity vapor stream issuing from the cathode region of a vacuum arc led to a summary of the experiments showing the existence of a vapor stream and a review of the theories proposed to account for it. The velocities were determined from: (1) force on the cathode and loss weight by the cathode; (2) force on a vane in front of the cathode, and mass of cathode material deposited on the vane; and (3) energy imparted to vane, and mass of material deposited. Methods (1), (2) and (3) on the copper arc gave vapor velocities from 1 to 2.5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> cm/sec, while method (1) on a mercury arc gave an average of 2.24 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> cm/sec. Sources of error would not change the above values greatly. Several proposed theories are shown to be inadequate; the one possible theory (Risch and Lüdi) is based upon the presence of multiply-charged ions which leave the cathode after neutralization with a high velocity.
Image Denoising Using Multiresolution Analysis and Nonlinear Filtering (2015)

In multiresolution analysis, image is analyzed at different resolutions of pixels. The features in an image appear at different resolutions in different forms. Hence separation of features in the image is possible. In denoising problems, signal and noise can be separated in the process and hence elimination of noise becomes easier. It is proposed in this paper that when a nonlinear median filter is used in multiresolution environment, once in full resolution and then with half resolution, denoising becomes more perfect. This technique is a non linear processing and is found to be useful in reducing not only impulse noise but also Gaussian and Speckle noise. Further, it is also proposed that use of a nonlinear adaptive median filter produces more pleasing image with better denoising. It is also shown that the proposed method is useful for color image denoising too.
Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs) and Bone Repair (2013)

Adult bone marrow microenvironment is comprised of various stromal elements including, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, reticular cells and osteoblasts (Weiss 1976). These cell populations, not only provide environmental cues to support the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), but also play a pivotal role in regulating skeletal tissue homeostasis. Friedenstein and colleagues were the fi rst to report the isolation of a population of stem/progenitor stromal cells located within rodent bone marrow (Friedenstein 1976). These stem/progenitor stromal cells were identifi ed by their capacity to form clonogenic adherent fi broblast clusters, containing 50 or greater cells in number when cultured in vitro, denoted as colony forming unit-fi broblasts (CFU-F) (Friedenstein 1976). Since these initial seminal fi ndings, human studies have also confi rmed that multipotential MSC or bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) reside within the bone marrow spaces (Gronthos et al. 2003b; Pittenger et al. 1999). The developmental potential of MSC encompasses many of the stromal populations found in skeletal tissues such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, myoblasts and tendon/ligament fi broblasts (Fig. 5.1).
Consistent overhead byte stuffing (1997)

Byte stuffing is a process that transforms a sequence of data bytes that may contain 'illegal' or 'reserved' values into a potentially longer sequence that contains no occurrences of those values. The extra length is referred to in this paper as the overhead of the algorithm.To date, byte stuffing algorithms, such as those used by SLIP [RFC1055], PPP [RFC1662] and AX.25 [ARRL84], have been designed to incur low average overhead but have made little effort to minimize worst case overhead.Some increasingly popular network devices, however, care more about the worst case. For example, the transmission time for ISM-band packet radio transmitters is strictly limited by FCC regulation. To adhere to this regulation, the practice is to set the maximum packet size artificially low so that no packet, even after worst case overhead, can exceed the transmission time limit.This paper presents a new byte stuffing algorithm, called Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing (COBS), that tightly bounds the worst case overhead. It guarantees in the worst case to add no more than one byte in 254 to any packet. Furthermore, the algorithm is computationally cheap, and its average overhead is very competitive with that of existing algorithms.
Two Cases of Transfusion-Transmitted<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> (2012)

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular bacterium most commonly acquired from tick bites. High seroprevalence rates in endemic regions suggest that transfusion transmission of A phagocytophilum would be a common event; however, only 2 cases have previously been reported. The exact cause of this discrepancy is not known. Whole blood leukocyte-reduction methods used by many blood centers are thought to reduce the risk of transfusion transmission of many pathogens, including A phagocytophilum. We report 2 additional cases of transfusion-transmitted A phagocytophilum in which leukocyte reduction of all transfused units failed to prevent microbial transmission.
Automated Determination of Uric Acid, with Use of a Uricase—Peroxidase System (1971)

Abstract An automated colorimetric procedure is described for the determination of serum and urine uric acid with improved specificity. Hydrogen peroxide, formed when uric acid is oxidized by uricase, oxidatively couples with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone and N,N-dimethylaniline, in the presence of peroxidase, to produce a stable, sensitive indamine dye. The method is reproducible, and the results correlate well with those obtained by a manual spectrophotometric uricase procedure. Also, the automated procedure is resistant to many added reducing substances that cause positive interferences in alkaline phosphotungstate methods.
Fabrication of self-assembled multilayer heterostructure of poly(<i>p</i>-phenylene vinylene) and its use for an electroluminescent diode (1995)

Multilayer heterostructure thin films of electroactive polymers such as poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV)-precursor and sulfonated polyaniline (SPAn) have been successfully fabricated via a process based on the spontaneous self-assembly of conjugated polyion on a substrate. We have prepared SPAn‖PPV multilayer heterostructure light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using this electrostatic self-assembly technique and discussed the electroluminescent (EL) properties. The SPAn‖PPV monolayer LED emits greenish-yellow light, but the SPAn‖PPV multilayer emits bluish-green light and there is a slight shift between the two spectra of these devices. These results can be interpreted in terms of the confinement effect of carriers in the superlattice structure consisting of a SPAn‖PPV multilayer system.
Structural evidence for enhanced polarization in a commensurate short-period BaTiO3∕SrTiO3 superlattice (2006)

A short-period (BaTiO3)6∕(SrTiO3)5 superlattice was characterized by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The superlattice is epitaxially oriented with the c axes of BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 normal to the (001) surface of the SrTiO3 substrate. Despite the large in-plane lattice mismatch between BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 (∼2.2%), the superlattice interfaces were found to be nearly commensurate. The crystallographic c∕a ratio of the superlattice was measured and the results agree quantitatively with first-principles calculations and phase-field modeling. The agreement supports the validity of the enhanced spontaneous polarization predicted for short-period BaTiO3∕SrTiO3 superlattices.
Clonal Variability in β-Globin mRNA Content in an Interleukin-3–Dependent Bone Marrow Cell Line Transfected With the Erythropoietin Receptor Before and After Stimulation With Erythropoietin (1997)

Unexpected clonal variability was observed in the content of β-globin mRNA in erythropoietin receptor (EpoR)-transfected Ba/F3 cells before and after exposure to erythropoietin (Epo). Of 11 clones selected by virtue of G418 resistance and positive EpoR expression, 5 clones showed high levels of βmajor-globin mRNA before Epo exposure, with subsequent Epo treatment causing little or no increase in globin mRNA. Five clones had undetectable levels of globin mRNA before Epo stimulation, and they did not accumulate globin mRNA when exposed to Epo, exhibiting resistance to the differentiation inducing action of Epo. Only one clone exhibited the expected phenotype, a low level of globin mRNA before exposure to Epo, and a significant Epo-dependent accumulation of globin mRNA. Phosphorylation of tyrosyl residues of the EpoR, Stat5, and JAK2 occurred upon Epo stimulation in clones representing each category. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assays using a Stat5 consensus sequence showed a difference in the nuclear binding component among these clones. These findings indicate that (1) the attainment of EpoR+ Ba/F3 clones with the anticipated sensitivity to both the growth and differentiation inducing actions of Epo is a rare event and (2) STAT5 transcription factors were differently activated by Epo in clones that differed in sensitivity to Epo.
Novel antitumor indolocarbazole compound 6-N-formylamino-12,13-dihydro-1,11- dihydroxy-13-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-5H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4- c]carbazole-5,7(6H)-dione (NB-506): induction of topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage and mechanisms of cell line-selective cytotoxicity. (1995)

A new indolocarbazole antitumor agent, NB-506 [6-N-formylamino-12,13-dihydro-1,11-dihydroxy-13-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) -5H- indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-5,7(6H)-dione], enhanced the DNA cleavage catalyzed by HeLa S3 topoisomerase I at 0.01 microM but not the cleavage by topoisomerase II at 300 microM. It also caused single-strand DNA breakage in intact cells at 0.08 microM and more. Unlike the known topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin, NB-506 intercalated with DNA. However, the binding affinity to DNA and the inhibition against DNA polymerase alpha and RNA polymerase II were marginal compared with those of Adriamycin or actinomycin D. NB-506 inhibited the growth of various tumor cell lines at two micromoles or less, and its cytotoxicity was found to be cell line selective. This selective cytotoxicity of NB-506 was not fully explained by the differences in topoisomerase I activity in these cell lines, but there was some relationship between the amount of NB-506 accumulated in these cell lines and its cytotoxicity toward them. In conclusion, NB-506 is a potent topoisomerase I poison, acting selectively on tumor cell lines accumulating NB-506.