gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on the synthesis and secretion of interleukin 1. I. A 33,000 molecular weight precursor for interleukin 1. (1985)

Previous studies have suggested that murine interleukin 1 (IL 1) may be synthesized as a high m.w. precursor. Using specific antibodies against murine IL 1, we have analyzed the primary form of IL 1 synthesized by normal peritoneal macrophages and P388D1 cell line macrophages, and in vitro using poly (A)+ RNA from stimulated normal and cell line macrophages. In all cases, the labeled protein immunoprecipitated with the anti-IL 1 antibodies exhibited a m.w. of 33,000 on SDS gels. This 33,000 m.w. protein was not an aggregate of low m.w. IL 1. Addition of excess purified low m.w. IL 1 completely blocked the immunoprecipitation of the 33,000 m.w. protein. When cells were pulsed with [35S]methionine for 1 to 5 hr and then incubated in medium containing unlabeled methionine for 19 hr, labeled low m.w. IL 1 was detected in the culture fluid. If cells were pulsed with [35S]methionine to label the 33,000 m.w. protein and then incubated in the presence of a maximally effective concentration of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, the low m.w. IL 1 was still found in the culture fluid. Our results indicate that IL 1 is synthesized as a 33,000 m.w. precursor that is converted to the low m.w. form that is found in the culture fluid of stimulated murine macrophages.
Single-crystalline AlZnO nanowires/nanotubes synthesized at low temperature (2006)

Single-crystalline AlZnO nanomaterials were synthesized through a proposed alloy-evaporation deposition method at the low temperature of 550°C by thermal chemical vapor deposition. Transmission electron microscopy images show that AlZnO nanowires, or nanowire/nanotube junction structures, can be synthesized where the Al∕(Al+Zn) atomic ratio is determined to be about 2.5 and 12at.%, respectively, by electron energy loss spectrometry. Room-temperature cathodoluminescence measurements show that the AlZnO nanowires exhibit a strong ultraviolet emission, which shifts to a higher energy from 3.29to3.34eV due to Al incorporation.
<i>Babesia divergens</i> , a Bovine Blood Parasite of Veterinary and Zoonotic Importance (2003)

Babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus, and is the main agent of bovine babesiosis in Europe. It is not only a cause of significant loss to the cattle industry; it can also infect immunocompromised humans, causing medical emergencies characterized by rapid fulmination and parasitemias that may exceed 70%. The current emphasis in Europe on sustainable agriculture and extensification is likely to lead to an increase in vector tick populations with increased risk of infection. Despite the veterinary and zoonotic importance of this parasite, relatively little research has been carried out on B. divergens, and many questions regarding the parasite's epidemiology and the host's response remain unanswered. A better understanding of the species' biology and host-parasite interactions may lead to improved control mechanisms and new trends in vaccine and antibabesial drug development. This review provides the first comprehensive summary of B. divergens biology, including its morphology, life cycle, and host specificity, and the current state of knowledge of both human and bovine infections.
Stopped-flow Kinetic Analysis of Replication Protein A-binding DNA (2001)

Replication protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric protein required for many DNA metabolic functions, including replication, recombination, and nucleotide excision repair (NER). We report the pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of RPA-binding DNA substrates using a stopped-flow assay to elucidate the kinetics of DNA damage recognition. The bimolecular association rate, k(on), for RPA binding to duplex DNA substrates is greatest for a 1,3d(GXG), intermediate for a 1,2d(GpG) cisplatin-DNA adduct, and least for an undamaged duplex DNA substrate. RPA displays a decreased k(on) and an increased k(off) for a single-stranded DNA substrate containing a single 1,2d(GpG) cisplatin-DNA adduct compared with an undamaged DNA substrate. The k(on) for RPA-binding single-stranded polypyrimidine sequences appears to be diffusion-limited. There is minimal difference in k(on) for varying length DNA substrates; therefore, the difference in equilibrium binding affinity is mainly attributed to the k(off). The k(on) for a purine-rich 30-base DNA is reduced by a factor of 10 compared with a pyrimidine-rich DNA of identical length. These results provide insight into the mechanism of RPA-DNA binding and are consistent with RPA recognition of DNA-damage playing a critical role in NER.
Postprocessing of late cells for packet video (1996)

A method for preventing accumulation of image artifacts due to cell loss in packet video is presented. At each ATM switching node an auxiliary buffer is used to store the overflow traffic of the main switching buffer. The main buffer is served with an absolute priority over the auxiliary buffer. Decoded pictures are normally reconstructed from the cells of the main buffer. The late cells received from the auxiliary buffer are processed and properly added to the current decoded picture. Postprocessing of these cells for the standard video codecs such as H.261 and MPEG is presented. It is shown that although the picture quality due to cell loss is temporarily degraded, it is immediately brought back to its original quality upon the reception of the late cells, as if no loss has occurred.
Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic Implications (2008)

This Special Issue of the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (JAD) provides an overview of animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Very few species spontaneously develop the cognitive, behavioral, and neuropathological symptoms of AD, yet AD research
Progress in Serodiagnosis of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Infection (2007)

One-third of the world population is estimated to have Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Accurate and timely identification of infected individuals is critical for treatment and control. The current diagnostic methods lack the desired sensitivity and specificity, require sophisticated equipment and skilled workforce or take weeks to yield results. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB, TB-HIV co-infection, childhood TB and sputum smear-negative pulmonary TB pose serious challenges. Interest in developing serodiagnostic methods is increasing because detection of antibody is rapid, simple and relatively inexpensive, and does not require a living cell for detection. Three types of tests, namely screening tests to overcome diagnostic delay, specific tests for diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB and other bacteriologically negative cases, and tests for vaccine-induced immunity need critical consideration. Several factors must be considered to develop serodiagnostic methods for TB. Antigen recognition by infected individuals is highly heterogeneous due to stage of disease, differences in HLA types, strain of the bacilli, health of the patient and bacillary load. With advances in molecular biological techniques, a number of novel antigens have been identified. Some of these antigens have proven valuable in detecting specific antibodies in some of the most challenging TB patients. The best example is a fusion protein containing several M. tuberculosis proteins (e.g. CFP-10, MTB8, MTB48, MTB81 and the 38-kDa protein) which showed encouraging results in detecting antibodies in sera of patients, including TB-HIV co-infection. This review presents progress made in the serodiagnosis of TB during the last decade.
Güney Kore ve Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Arasındaki Stratejik Ortaklık (2013)

Birlesik Arap Emirlikleri (BAE) 2009 Aralik ayinda nukleer santral teknolojisi ithalatina iliskin Guney Kore ile stratejik bir ortaklik kurdu. Bu ortaklik sivil nukleer enerji alanindaki is birliginin ve petrol ve gaz gelistiriciligi gibi sivil alandaki diger ekonomik ortakliklarin oncusu konumunda olmustur. Bu ortaklik daha sonra silah ithalati ve deniz korsanligina karsi ortak mucadele gibi askerA® alanlara da genislemistir. Bu sekilde uzun vadeli hedeflerin oldugu ortakliklar kulturel temelli saglikli is birligine dayanmaktadir. Guney Kore ve Birlesik Arap Emirlikleri arasindaki stratejik ortaklik Guney Kore'nin Orta Dogu stratejisinin onemli bir parcasi olmakla birlikte,BAE'nin doguya yonelme politikasinin da onemli bir unsurudur. Onumuzdeki yillarda sadece Guney Kore ve BAE arasinda degil, ayni zamanda Dogu Asya ve Orta Dogu arasindaki iliskileri gelistirmek icin ikili anlasmalarin hem niteliksel hem de niceliksel acidan surdurulmesi en cok onem atfedilmesi gereken konularin basinda gelmektedir.
Enzymic assay of total cholesterol involving chemical or enzymic hydrolysis--a comparison of methods. (1979)

Manual procedures for estimating serum total cholesterol by use of cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) and the phenol--aminophenazone--peroxidase chromogenic system are described, in which cholesteryl esters are hydrolyzed either by use of pancreatic cholesterol ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.13) or saponification by ethanolic potassium hydroxide. Both methods are linear up to a cholesterol concentration of 12 mmol/L and are reproducible (between-run CV, about 1.1%). The chemical hydrolysis method yields results that are about 10% lower than those obtained by enzymic hydrolysis, because of incomplete removal of interfering thiols generated during the saponification of serum. The chemical hydrolysis procedure is much less susceptible to interferences, particularly by bilirubin, but the enzymic hydrolysis system is simpler to perform and therefore has a greater potential for mechanization.
Structural variability and originality of the Bordetella endotoxins (2001)

Structural studies of Bordetella endotoxins (LPSs) have revealed remarkable differences: (i) between their LPSs and those of other bacterial pathogens; (ii) among the LPSs of the seven identified Bordetella species; and (iii) among the LPSs of some Bordetella strains. The lipid As have the "classical" bisphosphorylated diglucosamine backbone but tend to have fewer and species-specific fatty acid components compared to those of other genera. Nevertheless, three strains of B. bronchiseptica have at least three different fatty acid distributions; however, the recently identified B. hinzii and B. trematum LPSs had identical lipid A structures. The B. pertussis core is a dodecasaccharide multi-branched structure bearing amino and carboxylic groups. Another unusual feature is the presence of free amino sugars in the central core region and a complex distal trisaccharide unit containing five amino groups of which four are acetylated and one is methylated. The B. pertussis LPS does not have O-chains and that of B. trematum had only a single O-unit, unlike the LPSs of all the other species of the smooth-type. The O-chain-free cores of non-B. pertussis LPSs were always built on the B. pertussis core model but most were species-specifically incomplete. The LPS structures of three B. bronchiseptica strains were found to be different from each other. The O-chains of B. bronchiseptica and B. parapertussis were almost identical and had some features in common with B. hinzii O-chain. Serological analyses are consistent with the determined LPS structures.
Technique for Image Denoising Based on Adaptive Piecewise Linear Filters and Automatic Parameter Tuning (2006)

A novel technique for image denoising is presented. The proposed approach adopts multipass processing based on a simple piecewise linear filter whose behavior is locally adapted by means of an edge detection algorithm. A method for an automatic parameter tuning when the noise variance is unknown is also presented. Computer simulations and experiments with pictures acquired by digital cameras show that the proposed approach yields very satisfactory results for images corrupted by Gaussian noise
Skin Photoaging and the Role of Antioxidants in Its Prevention (2013)

Photoaging of the skin depends primarily on the degree of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and on an amount of melanin in the skin (skin phototype). In addition to direct or indirect DNA damage, UVR activates cell surface receptors of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in the skin, which leads to a breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix and a shutdown of new collagen synthesis. It is hypothesized that dermal collagen breakdown is followed by imperfect repair that yields a deficit in the structural integrity of the skin, formation of a solar scar, and ultimately clinically visible skin atrophy and wrinkles. Many studies confirmed that acute exposure of human skin to UVR leads to oxidation of cellular biomolecules that could be prevented by prior antioxidant treatment and to depletion of endogenous antioxidants. Skin has a network of all major endogenous enzymatic and nonenzymatic protective antioxidants, but their role in protecting cells against oxidative damage generated by UV radiation has not been elucidated. It seems that skin's antioxidative defence is also influenced by vitamins and nutritive factors and that combination of different antioxidants simultaneously provides synergistic effect.
Hepatitis C: Part II. Prevention counseling and medical evaluation. (1999)

An estimated 3.9 million Americans are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and most do not know that they are infected. This group includes persons who are at risk for HCV-associated chronic liver disease and who also serve as reservoirs for transmission of HCV to others. Because there is no vaccine to prevent HCV infection and immune globulin is not effective for postexposure prophylaxis, prevention of HCV infection is paramount. Patients who are at risk of exposure to HCV should be advised on steps they might take to minimize their risk of infection. Patients who are infected with HCV should be counseled on ways to prevent transmission of HCV to others and to avoid hepatotoxins. They should also be examined for liver disease and referred for treatment, if indicated.
Depth profiling of <i>Stratum corneum</i> hydration <i>in vivo</i>: a comparison between conductance and confocal Raman spectroscopic measurements (2009)

The high-frequency electrical conductance of tape-stripped human skin in vivo can be used to evaluate the hydration profile of Stratum corneum (SC). Tape-stripping provides access to the underlying SC layers, and the conductance of these layers (as measured by the Skicon instrument) correlates well with their water content, as demonstrated by independent confocal Raman spectroscopic measurements. The correlation shows high inter-individual variance and is not linear over the full measurement range of the instrument, but is helpful to discriminate between dry, normal and highly hydrated SC. The depth profile of hydration in tape-stripped SC corresponds to the one in intact SC only if the barrier function of the skin is not impaired. Thus, conductometry of tape-stripped skin must be used in conjunction with a method that allows to estimate the barrier damage inflicted to SC during the tape-stripping procedure, for example, measurement of the trans-epidermal water loss. The methodology described here is simple, rapid and minimally invasive, and it employs commercially available instrumentation that is cheap, portable and easy to use. This approach is applicable to in vivo estimation of the SC hydration in studies in the areas of dermatology, skin care and transdermal drug delivery.
Evaluation of assistant diagnosis model based on artificial neural network in hepatocellular carcinoma CT imaging (2005)

Objective: To evaluate the validity and reliability of assistant diagnosis model based on artificial neural network(ANN) in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) CT imaging.Methods: The CT imaging of HCC(n=100) and other liver occupational diseases(n=100) were collected and their features were identified for the training database.The ANN for diagnosis of HCC CT imaging was constructed with a back-propagation training algorithm. Based on the emulational operation by ANN,a network diagnosis was made.The validity and reliability of ANN for HCC diagnosis were calculated.Results: The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of ANN for diagnosis of HCC CT imaging were 98%,96% and 97%,respectively,the diagnostic consilient rate was 91% and ksppa value was 0.82(Z=4.8.P0.01).Conclusion: It is suggested that the ANN may be used for clinical diagnosis of HCC.Abstract:Objective:To evaluate the validity and reliability of assistant diagnosis model based on artificial neural network(ANN) in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) CT imaging.Methods:The CT imaging of HCC(n=100) and other liver occupational diseases(n=100) were collected and their features were identified for the training database.The ANN for diagnosis of HCC CT imaging was constructed with a back-propagation training algorithm.Based on the emulational operation by ANN,a network diagnosis was made.The validity and reliability of ANN for HCC diagnosis were calculated.Results:The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of ANN for diagnosis of HCC CT imaging were 98%,96% and 97%,respectively,the diagnostic consilient rate was 91% and ksppa value was 0.82(Z=4.8.P 0.01).Conclusion:It is suggested that the ANN may be used for clinical diagnosis of HCC.
Ring Opening of 4‘,5‘-Epoxynucleosides:  A Novel Stereoselective Entry to 4‘-<i>C</i>-Branched Nucleosides (2003)

Stereoselective synthesis of 4'-alpha-carbon-substituted nucleosides has been accomplished through epoxidation of 4',5'-unsaturated nucleosides with dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) and successive SnCl(4)-promoted ring opening of the resulting 4',5'-epoxynucleosides with organosilicon reagents. [reaction: see text]
Thwarting Electromagnetic Fault Injection Attack Utilizing Timing Attack Countermeasure (2018)

The extent of embedded systems' role in modern life has continuously increased over the years. Moreover, embedded systems are assuming highly critical functions with security requirements more than ever before. Electromagnetic fault injection (EMFI) is an efficient class of physical attacks that can compromise the immunity of secure cryptographic algorithms. Despite successful EMFI attacks, the effects of electromagnetic injection on a processor are not well understood. This includes lack of solid knowledge about how EMFI affects the circuit and deviates it from proper functionality. Also, effects of EM glitches on the global networks of a chip such as power, clock and reset network are not known. We believe to properly model EMFI and develop effective countermeasures, a deeper understanding of the EM effect on a chip is needed. In this thesis, we present a bottom-up analysis of EMFI effects on a RISC microprocessor. We study these effects at three levels: at the wire-level, at the chip-network level, and at the gate-level considering parameters such as EM-injection location and timing. We conclude that EMFI induces local timing errors implying current timing attack detection and prevention techniques can be adapted to overcome EMFI. To further validate our hypothesis, we integrate a configurable timing sensor into our microprocessor to evaluate its effectiveness against EMFI.
Assessment of radiofrequency self‐heating around a metallic wire with MR T1‐based thermometry (2011)

Heat produced by a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequence in the vicinity of a conductive wire (pacemaker, electrodes, or catheter), is a subject of interest for the assessment of patient safety during imaging. For this purpose, the measurement of temperature rises during an MR imaging sequence using MR T1-based thermometry provides several advantages, mainly in its ability to retrieve in situ real-time thermal maps. Recent studies investigated the heat produced by an independent radiofrequency pulse, assessing MR imaging sequence heating using a specific MR thermometry sequence. This study focuses on self-heating for which the radiofrequency pulses used for measuring temperature create the heat. An experimental design was set up to evaluate T1-based thermometry self-heating using a coupled/decoupled wire and to compare it with a reference temperature gathered by an optical fiber device. For the tested experimental set up, T1-based thermometry is in fairly good agreement with optical fiber reference temperature.
John Murray: 'a bold and skilful engineer' (1982)

Between 1832 and 1859 the essential structure of the harbour at Sunderland was completed. A divisive debate over the siting of a dock led to the establishment only of the small and irrelevant Wearmouth Dock in preference to a series of very imaginative schemes. The two piers were further improved and extended and this involved the remarkable feat of the movement of the North Pier lighthouse. The period culminated with the conception and construction of the great South Dock. The dominant figure throughout these events was the resident engineer John Murray.
Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction In Perspective (2019)

Approximately half of the patients with signs and symptoms of heart failure have a left ventricular ejection fraction that is not markedly abnormal. Despite the historically initial surprise, heightened risks for heart failure specific major adverse events occur across the broad range of ejection fraction, including normal. The recognition of the magnitude of the problem of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the past 20 years has spurred an explosion of clinical investigation and growing intensity of informative outcome trials. This article addresses the historic development of this component of the heart failure syndrome, including the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and existing and planned therapeutic studies. Looking forward, more specific phenotyping and even genotyping of subpopulations should lead to improvements in outcomes from future trials.
A Threshold-based Dynamic Resource Allocation Scheme for Cloud Computing (2011)

Compared to traditional distributed computing paradigms, a major advantage of cloud computing is the ability to provide more reliable, affordable, flexible resources for the applications (or users). The need to manage the applications in cloud computing creates the challenge of on-demand resource provisioning and allocation in response to dynamically changing workloads. Currently most of these existing methods focused on the optimization of allocating physical resources to their associated virtual resources and migrating virtual machines to achieve load balance and increase resource utilization. Unfortunately, these methods require the suspension of the cloud computing applications due to the mandatory shutdown of the associated virtual machines. In this paper, we study the resource allocation at the application level, instead of studying how to map the physical resources to virtual resources for better resource utilization in cloud computing environment. We propose a threshold-based dynamic resource allocation scheme for cloud computing that dynamically allocate the virtual resources (virtual machines) among the cloud computing applications based on their load changes (instead of allocating resources needed to meet peak demands) and can use the threshold method to optimize the decision of resource reallocation. The proposed threshold-based dynamic resource allocation scheme is implemented by using CloudSim, and experimental results show the proposed scheme can improve resource utilization and reduce the user usage cost.