gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cobalt in Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Single-Atom Catalyst for High-Sulfur Content Lithium–Sulfur Batteries (2019)

Because of their high theoretical energy density and low cost, lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising next-generation energy storage devices. The electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries largely depends on the efficient reversible conversion of Li polysulfides to Li<sub>2</sub>S in discharge and to elemental S during charging. Here, we report on our discovery that monodisperse cobalt atoms embedded in nitrogen-doped graphene (Co-N/G) can trigger the surface-mediated reaction of Li polysulfides. Using a combination of operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and first-principles calculation, we reveal that the Co-N-C coordination center serves as a bifunctional electrocatalyst to facilitate both the formation and the decomposition of Li<sub>2</sub>S in discharge and charge processes, respectively. The S@Co-N/G composite, with a high S mass ratio of 90 wt %, can deliver a gravimetric capacity of 1210 mAh g<sup>-1</sup>, and it exhibits an areal capacity of 5.1 mAh cm<sup>-2</sup> with capacity fading rate of 0.029% per cycle over 100 cycles at 0.2 C at S loading of 6.0 mg cm<sup>-2</sup> on the electrode disk.
Fast and Accurate Refined Nyström-Based Kernel SVM (2016)

In this paper, we focus on improving the performance of the Nyström based kernel SVM. Although the Nyström approximation has been studied extensively and its application to kernel classification has been exhibited in several studies, there still exists a potentially large gap between the performance of classifier learned with the Nyström approximation and that learned with the original kernel. In this work, we make novel contributions to bridge the gap without increasing the training costs too much by proposing a refined Nyström based kernel classifier. We adopt a two-step approach that in the first step we learn a sufficiently good dual solution and in the second step we use the obtained dual solution to construct a new set of bases for the Nyström approximation to re-train a refined classifier. Our approach towards learning a good dual solution is based on a sparse-regularized dual formulation with the Nyström approximation, which can be solved with the same time complexity as solving the standard formulation. We justify our approach by establishing a theoretical guarantee on the error of the learned dual solution in the first step with respect to the optimal dual solution under appropriate conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that (i) the obtained dual solution by our approach in the first step is closer to the optimal solution and yields improved prediction performance; and (ii) the second step using the obtained dual solution to re-train the model further improves the performance.
Cloning and Characterization of CD300d, a Novel Member of the Human CD300 Family of Immune Receptors (2012)

Herein we present the cloning and molecular characterization of CD300d, a member of the human CD300 family of immune receptors. CD300d cDNA was cloned from RNA obtained from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and RT-PCR revealed the gene to be expressed in cells of myeloid lineage. The cloned cDNA encoded for a type I protein with a single extracellular Ig V-type domain and a predicted molecular mass of 21.5 kDa. The short cytoplasmic tail is lacking in any known signaling motif, but there is a negatively charged residue (glutamic acid) within the transmembrane domain. CD300d forms complexes with the CD300 family members, with the exception of CD300c. Contrary to other activating members of the CD300 family of receptors, surface expression of CD300d in COS-7-transfected cells required the presence of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif-bearing adaptor (FcεRγ). Accordingly, we found that CD300d was able to recruit FcεRγ. Unexpectedly, we could not detect CD300d on the surface of cells expressing FcεRγ, suggesting the existence of unknown mechanisms regulating the trafficking of this molecule. The presence of other CD300 molecules also did not modify the intracellular expression of CD300d. In fact, the presence of CD300d decreased the levels of surface expression of CD300f but not CD300c. Our data suggest that the function of CD300d would be related to the regulation of the expression of other CD300 molecules and the composition of CD300 complexes on the cell surface.
Targeted gene delivery into α<sub>9</sub>β<sub>1</sub>‐integrin‐displaying cells by a synthetic peptide (1999)

We have investigated the usefulness of two small synthetic peptides comprising either a linear or a cyclic PLAEIDGIEL domain and a DNA-binding moiety of 16 lysine residues to mediate gene transfer selectively into alpha9beta1-integrin-displaying cells. Such specific gene delivery could only be achieved with the peptide containing the cyclic PLAEIDGIEL domain. However, inclusion of the cationic liposome Lipofect-AMINE into the peptide/DNA complexes resulted for both peptides in efficient gene transfer with significant targeting specificity. Naturally, the integrin alpha9beta1 is present only in a few highly specialised tissues and abundant throughout the human airway epithelia in vivo. Targeting gene vectors to this integrin therefore appears a useful approach to gene therapy of lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis. As the integrin alpha9beta1 is associated with tissue differentiation during foetal development and may cause resurgence of the foetal phenotype in colon cancers, such vectors may also be applicable for prenatal and cancer gene therapy.
Toward an Understanding of the Hydrolysis of Mg−PP<sub>i</sub>. An <i>ab Initio</i> Study of the Isomerization Reactions of Neutral and Anionic Mg−Pyrophosphate Complexes (1996)

Ab initio calculations were performed to study the stability of various pyrophosphate species in the gas phase: H4P2O7, H3P2O7-, H2P2O72-, HP2O73-, P2O74-, and their complexes with Mg2+. It is found that the metal cation allows the existence of highly charged anions in the gas phase. We also study the isomerization reactions Mg·H2P2O7 → (H2PO4·Mg·PO3), (Mg·HP2O7)- → (HPO4·Mg·PO3)-, and (Mg·P2O7)2- → (PO4·Mg·PO3)2-, at the self-consistent-field (SCF) and second-order perturbation (MP2) levels of the theory, using a 6-31+G** basis set with diffuse and polarization functions. Other basis sets, including one of valence triple ζ plus polarization (vTZP) quality, were employed to check for the convergence of the results. It is found that the same mechanism occurs for the isomerizations of the three species: one of the P−O bridging bonds of the reactant is longer than the other, and the route to the products proceeds through its elongation. This asymmetry is induced by the metal cation in the case of the evenly charged anions. In all cases the metal cation coordinates the transition states and the leaving groups. The structures found for the complexes (H2PO4·Mg·PO3), (HPO4·Mg·PO3)-, and (PO4·Mg·PO3)2- are different from those reported previously, the metal cation being enclosed by the two phosphates. The activation barrier increases with the charge of the anion, from ΔG°⧧ = 5.6 kcal/mol for the neutral complex Mg·H2P2O7, to ΔG°⧧ = 10.4 kcal/mol for the monoanion (Mg·HP2O7)-, to ΔG°⧧ = 13.5 kcal/mol for the dianion (Mg·P2O7)2-. The positive value found for the energy of the isomerization (Mg·P2O7)2- → (PO4·Mg·PO3)2-, ΔG°⧧ = 1.8 kcal/mol, predicts the synthesis to be spontaneous in the gas phase, opposite of what occurs in the aqueous solution. This result supports the view that the hydration energy makes a large contribution to the energy of hydrolysis. The gas-phase hydrolysis reaction H2O + Mg2+ + H2P2O72- → Mg2+ + H2PO4- + H2PO4- is also studied as a multistep reaction, involving the isomerization of H2O + (Mg·H2P2O7) → H2O + (PO3·Mg·H2PO4) as an intermediate step. It is found that the equilibrium in the gas phase yields H2PO4·Mg·H2PO4 as the final species; an energy input is required for separating the metal cation from the phosphate anions.
Use of microelectrode arrays to determine concentration profiles of redox centers in polymer films (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of microelectrode arrays to determine concentration profiles of redox centers in polymer filmsIngrid. Fritsch-Faules and Larry R. FaulknerCite this: Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 10, 1118–1127Publication Date (Print):May 15, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 May 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00034a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00034a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views159Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Preparation of block copolymers of polystyrene and poly (t-butyl acrylate) of various molecular weights and architectures by atom transfer radical polymerization (2000)

Block copolymers of polystyrene and poly(t-butyl acrylate) were prepared using atom transfer radical polymerization techniques. These polymers were synthesized with a CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine catalyst system and had predictable molecular weights based on the degree of polymerization, as calculated from the initial ratio of monomer to initiator. The final polydispersities were low (1.10 < Mw /Mn < 1.3) for all the homopolymers and block copolymers. Polymers of various chain architectures were prepared, ranging from linear AB diblocks to three-armed stars composed of AB diblocks on each arm. The key to controlled synthesis with this catalyst system was the choice of the solvent, temperature, and concentrations of catalyst and deactivator. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2274–2283, 2000
Multicenter Evaluation of the BDProbeTec ET System for Detection of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> in Urine Specimens, Female Endocervical Swabs, and Male Urethral Swabs (2001)

The performance of the Becton Dickinson BDProbe Tec ET System Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Amplified DNA Assays (BD Biosciences, Sparks, Md.) was evaluated in a multicenter study. Specimens were collected from 2,109 men and women, with or without symptoms, attending sexually transmitted disease, family planning, and obstetrics and gynecology clinics. Both swab and urine samples were collected, and the results obtained from 4,131 specimens were compared to those from culture and the LCx nucleic acid amplification test (Abbott Industries, Abbott Park, Ill.). PCR and cytospin of the culture transport medium with chlamydia direct fluorescent antibody staining were used to adjudicate chlamydia culture-negative results. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated both with and without use of the amplification control (AC), with little apparent difference in the results. Without the AC result, sensitivity for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae were 92.8 and 96.6%, respectively, for cervical swabs and 80.5 and 84.9% for urine from women. C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae sensitivities were 92.5 and 98.5%, respectively, for male urethral swabs and 93.1 and 97.9% for urine from men. This amplified DNA system for simultaneous detection of chlamydial and gonococcal infections demonstrated superior sensitivity compared to chlamydia culture and has performance characteristics comparable to those of other commercially available nucleic acid-based assays for these organisms.
Sediment Microbial Activity Tests for the Detection of Toxicant Impacts (1985)

Sediments are a major factor influencing the fate and concentration of some toxicants. The use of sediment microbial activity in water quality assessment could enhance our ability to understand the impact of many toxicants. Sediments from six diverse lake sites were spiked with arsenic species, and effects on microbial activity were assessed with a test battery measuring dehydrogenase (TTC), acridine orange direct counts (AODC), formazan crystal production (INT), phosphatase, proteolysis, total direct counts (DC), direct viable counts (DVC), and total plate counts (TPC). Individual tests were modified for use in sediments. Oxygen, sediment age and volume, incubation time, diluent type, nutrient amendment, and agitation were studied as major variables. Phosphatase and TTC activity were higher in microaerobic sediment microcosms. DVC accurately detected microbial activity in water but not in sediments. INT assays revealed that sediments contain higher percentages of dormant bacteria than overlying waters. Arsenic generally failed to suppress enzyme activity in nutrient-stimulated sediments. TTC, phosphatase, and INT activity showed variable responses to arsenic additions, depending on test conditions. Proteolysis was suppressed by arsenite under aerobic conditions after one month. Sediment bacterial isolates were not sensitive to arsenate, but they were very susceptible to arsenite. Important test modifications enabling accurate assessment with these assays include both sediment and nutrient concentrations, diluent type, and incubation condition. The activity test sequence described here demonstrates the diversity of microbial community response to model toxicants. The use of several microbial activity tests best defines the degree of stimulation or inhibition in sediment toxicology. The diverse and complex nature of typical sediments requires careful pretesting before accurate activity assays can be run.
Real-space observation of<i>π</i>-bonded chains and surface disorder on Si(111)2×1 (1986)

Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to confirm the \ensuremath{\pi}-bonded chain structure of the Si(111)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface. Both the amplitude and voltage dependence of the vertical corrugation exclude the buckling model for the structure of this surface. Spectroscopic measurements of the tunneling current versus voltage identify a band gap for the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface states. Spatial images of disorder-related states are obtained by tunneling at energies inside of this band gap.
Characterization of a novel eukaryotic ATP/ADP translocator located in the plastid envelope of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> L. (1997)

Recently, we have sequenced a cDNA clone from Arabidopsis thaliana L. encoding a novel putative ATP/ADP translocator (AATP1). Here, we demonstrate that the radioactively labeled AATP1 precursor protein, synthesized in vitro, is targeted to envelope membranes of isolated spinach chloroplasts. Antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide of AATP1 recognized a single polypeptide of about 62 kDa in chloroplast inner envelope preparations. The cDNA coding for the AATP1 protein was functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. In both expression systems, increased rates of ATP transport were observed after reconstitution of the extracted protein into proteoliposomes. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the functional expression of an intrinsic plant membrane protein in E. coli. To yield high rates of ATP transport, proteoliposomes had to be preloaded with ADP, indicating a counter-exchange mode of transport. Carboxyatractyloside did not substantially interfere with ATP transport into proteoliposomes containing the plastidic ATP/ADP translocator. An apparent KM for ATP of 28 microM was determined which is similar to values reported for isolated plastids. The data presented here strongly support the conclusion that AATP1 represents a novel eukaryotic adenylate carrier and that it is identical with the so far unknown plastidic ATP/ADP translocator.
MAPK-Activated Protein Kinase 2 Contributes to Clostridium difficile-Associated Inflammation (2012)

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) results in toxin-induced epithelial injury and marked intestinal inflammation. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation correlate with CDI disease severity, but regulation of the inflammatory response is poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrated that C. difficile toxin TcdA activates p38 kinase in tissue culture cells and mouse ilium, resulting in interleukin-8 (IL-8) release. Here, we investigated the role of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase (MK2 kinase, pMK2), a key mediator of p38-dependent inflammation, in CDI. Exposure of cultured intestinal epithelial cells to the C. difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB resulted in p38-dependent MK2 activation. Toxin-induced IL-8 and GROα release required MK2 activity. We found that p38 and MK2 are activated in response to other actin-disrupting agents, suggesting that toxin-induced cytoskeleton disruption is the trigger for kinase-dependent cytokine response. Phosphorylated MK2 was detected in the intestines of C. difficile-infected hamsters and mice, demonstrating for the first time that the pathway is activated in infected animals. Furthermore, we found that elevated pMK2 correlated with the presence of toxigenic C. difficile among 100 patient stool samples submitted for C. difficile testing. In conclusion, we find that MK2 kinase is activated by TcdA and TcdB and regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Activation of p38-MK2 in infected animals and humans suggests that this pathway is a key driver of intestinal inflammation in patients with CDI.
An Adaptive Blind Spread Spectrum Digital Watermarking Algorithm Based on DWT (2009)

An adaptive blind spread spectrum digital watermarking algorithm based on DWT is proposed. The algorithm selects the medium-low frequency sub-bands as embedded space from the Y component of the image decomposed by DWT. It computes the adaptive intensity factors of watermarking in term of HVS characteristics and realizes adaptive embedding and blind extraction of watermarking by chaos modulation and Hamming coding for the binary image of watermarking. The experimental results show that the algorithm has strong robustness for common image processing.
Down syndrome and dementia: A randomized, controlled trial of antioxidant supplementation (2011)

Individuals with Down syndrome over age 40 years are at risk for developing dementia of the Alzheimer type and have evidence for chronic oxidative stress. There is a paucity of treatment trials for dementia in Down syndrome in comparison to Alzheimer disease in the general (non-Down syndrome) population. This 2-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessed whether daily oral antioxidant supplementation (900 IU of alpha-tocopherol, 200 mg of ascorbic acid and 600 mg of alpha-lipoic acid) was effective, safe and tolerable for 53 individuals with Down syndrome and dementia. The outcome measures comprised a battery of neuropsychological assessments administered at baseline and every 6 months. Compared to the placebo group, those individuals receiving the antioxidant supplement showed neither an improvement in cognitive functioning nor a stabilization of cognitive decline. Mean plasma levels of alpha-tocopherol increased ~2-fold in the treatment group and were consistently higher than the placebo group over the treatment period. Pill counts indicated good compliance with the regimen. No serious adverse events attributed to the treatment were noted. We conclude that antioxidant supplementation is safe, though ineffective as a treatment for dementia in individuals with Down syndrome and Alzheimer type dementia. Our findings are similar to studies of antioxidant supplementation in Alzheimer disease in the general population. The feasibility of carrying out a clinical trial for dementia in Down syndrome is demonstrated.
Stream Schedulers and User Message Interleaving for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (2017)

The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a message-oriented
transport protocol supporting arbitrarily large user messages. This
document adds a new chunk to SCTP for carrying payload data. This
allows a sender to interleave different user messages that would
otherwise result in head-of-line blocking at the sender. The
interleaving of user messages is required for WebRTC data channels.
Whenever an SCTP sender is allowed to send user data, it may choose
from multiple outgoing SCTP streams. Multiple ways for performing this
selection, called stream schedulers, are defined in this document. A
stream scheduler can choose to either implement, or not implement,
user message interleaving.
Association of hydrogen metabolism with methanogenesis in Lake Mendota sediments (1977)

Lake Mendota sediments were studied to determine the role of H2 in sediment methanogenesis. H2 was generally not detectable in sediment. The addition of H2 to sediment significantly increased methanogenensis. The amount of methane produced was proportional to the concentration of hydrogen added. H2 addition stimulated the reduction of CO2 to methane, but did not significantly stimulate the conversion of methanol or the methyl position of acetate to methane. Various organic compounds also stimulated sediment methanogenesis. Formate, ethanol, and glucose were shown to serve as electron donors for CO2 reduction to methane. The addition of formate to sediment resulted in H2 evolution. H2 was not deith the phenomenon of interspecies hydrogen transfer. The results indicate that hydrogen is an important intermediate and a rate-limiting factor in sediment methanogenesis.
Cross-domain Detection via Graph-induced Prototype Alignment (2020)

Applying the knowledge of an object detector trained on a specific domain directly onto a new domain is risky, as the gap between two domains can severely degrade model's performance. Furthermore, since different instances commonly embody distinct modal information in object detection scenario, the feature alignment of source and target domain is hard to be realized. To mitigate these problems, we propose a Graph-induced Prototype Alignment (GPA) framework to seek for category-level domain alignment via elaborate prototype representations. In the nutshell, more precise instance-level features are obtained through graph-based information propagation among region proposals, and, on such basis, the prototype representation of each class is derived for category-level domain alignment. In addition, in order to alleviate the negative effect of class-imbalance on domain adaptation, we design a Class-reweighted Contrastive Loss to harmonize the adaptation training process. Combining with Faster R-CNN, the proposed framework conducts feature alignment in a two-stage manner. Comprehensive results on various cross-domain detection tasks demonstrate that our approach outperforms existing methods with a remarkable margin. Our code is available at https://github.com/ChrisAllenMing/GPA-detection.