gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Model for Ocular Tear Film Function (1996)

Blepharitis patients have a number of disturbances in their tear film associated with meibomian gland dysfunction that affect evaporation and tear osmolarity. We tested a series of 156 consecutive patients, with a presumed diagnosis of blepharitis, dry eye, or allergic disease, and a series of 72 normals. We compared their tear film characteristics using tear osmolarity, tear volume, tear production (fluorophotometric and Schirmer test), tear turnover (decay constant), tear evaporation, and meibomian gland function evaluated by gland drop-out, expressed lipid viscosity, and volume. Of the 156 patients tested, we found 37 had dry eye, 10 had only allergic disease, 73 had meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye, and 36 had only meibomian gland dysfunction. We created a model of the relative influence some of these factors had on each other using their correlation coefficients. The highest correlations for osmolarity were Schirmer test (-0.44), lipid volume low (-0.44), lipid viscosity high (0.39), gland drop-out (0.39), and tear evaporation (0.36). With regression analysis we accounted for 47% of the total variation in osmolarity, but only 17% of the variation in tear evaporation. We also present our classification system for blepharitis and dry eye patients based on our measurable physiologic parameters.
Design and synthesis of new enzymes based on the lactate dehydrogenase framework (1991)

Analysis of the mechanism and structure of lactate dehydrogenases is summarized in a map of the catalytic pathway. Chemical probes, single tryptophan residues inserted at specific sites and a crystal structure reveal slow movements of the protein framework that discriminate between closely related small substrates. Only small and correctly charged substrates allow the protein to engulf the substrate in an internal vacuole that is isolated from solvent protons, in which water is frozen and hydride transfer is rapid. The closed vacuole is very sensitive to the size and charge of the substrate and provides discrimination between small substrates that otherwise have too few functional groups to be distinguished at a solvated protein surface. This model was tested against its ability to successfully predict the design and synthesis of new enzymes such as L-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase and fully active malate dehydrogenase. Solvent friction limits the rate of forming the vacuole and thus the maximum rate of catalysis.
Discriminative Gaussian mixture models: a comparison with kernel classifiers (2003)

We show that a classifier based on Gaussian mixture models (GMM) can be trained discriminatively to improve accuracy. We describe a training procedure based on the extended Baum-Welch algorithm used in speech recognition. We also compare the accuracy and degree of sparsity of the new discriminative GMM classifier with those of generative GMM classifiers, and of kernel classifiers, such as support vector machines (SVM) and relevance vector machines (RVM). 1.
DESIGN OF A MULTI-LEVEL/ANALOG FERROELECTRIC MEMORY DEVICE (2007)

ABSTRACT Increasing the memory density and utilizing the novel characteristics of ferroelectric devices is important in making ferroelectric memory devices more desirable to the consumer. This paper describes a design that allows multiple levels to be stored in a ferroelectric based memory cell. It can be used to store multiple bits or analog values in a high speed nonvolatile memory. The design utilizes the hysteresis characteristic of ferroelectric transistors to store an analog value in the memory cell. The design also compensates for the decay of the polarization of the ferroelectric material over time. This is done by utilizing a pair of ferroelectric transistors to store the data. One transistor is used a reference to determine the amount of decay that has occurred since the pair was programmed. The second transistor stores the analog value as a polarization value between zero and saturated. The design allows digital data to be stored as multiple bits in each memory cell. The number of bits per cell that can be stored will vary with the decay rate of the ferroelectric transistors and the repeatability of polarization between transistors. It is predicted that each memory cell may be able to store 8 bits or more. The design is based on data taken from actual ferroelectric transistors. Although the circuit has not been fabricated, a prototype circuit is now under construction. The design of this circuit is different than multi-level FLASH or silicon transistor circuits. The differences between these types of circuits are described in this paper. This memory design will be useful because it allows higher memory density, compensates for the environmental and ferroelectric aging processes, allows analog values to be directly stored in memory, compensates for the thermal and radiation environments associated with space operations, and relies only on existing technologies.
Broadband Time-Domain Measurement System for the Characterization of Nonlinear Microwave Devices With Memory (2010)

This paper describes a novel fully calibrated four channel broadband time-domain measurement system for the characterization of nonlinear microwave devices with memory. The hardware architecture of the proposed time-domain measurement system is based on a wideband sub-sampling principle. The sampling heads work at a high strobe signal repetition frequency that can be tuned between 357-536 MHz. We achieve a 40-GHz RF frequency bandwidth and a 160-MHz IF bandwidth. This instrument enables the measurement of carrier and envelope waveforms at both ports of nonlinear microwave devices driven by broadband modulated multicarriers. The test-bench is applied to the cross modulation characterization of a 15-W GaN HEMT CREE <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> -band power amplifier with memory due to different biasing circuit configurations. The amplifier under test is driven by the sum of a large-signal modulated carrier (double-sideband amplitude modulation at 3.6 GHz) and a small single-tone signal at a 110-MHz offset frequency. Our significant contribution comes from the capability of the measurement system to record the time-domain waveforms of several nonadjacent modulated signals on a similar time equivalent scale for different cases of memory effects of the power amplifier under test.
Shared fuse macro for multiple embedded memory devices with redundancy (2002)

Customers designing increasingly complex integrated circuits are turning to ASIC vendors to help bring their products to market faster than their competitors. ASIC designs with large amounts of embedded memory must use fuse-enabled redundancy techniques to maintain price competitive yield. IBM has developed a data compression and shared fuse technique to accommodate large numbers of redundant elements in an ASIC. This technique minimizes or eliminates problems associated with a large number of fuses distributed within many embedded memories on an ASIC.
The influence of bearing grease composition on friction in rolling/sliding concentrated contacts (2015)

This paper presents new results examining the relationship between bearing grease composition and rolling-sliding friction in lubricated contacts. Friction coefficient and lubricating film thickness of a series of commercially available bearing greases and their bled oils were measured in laboratory tribometers. Test greases were selected to cover a wide spectrum of thickener and base oil types, and base oil viscosities. The trends in measured friction coefficients were analysed in relation to grease composition in an attempt to establish the relative influence of individual grease components on friction. Two distinct operating regions with markedly different friction behaviour are identified for each grease. At relatively high speeds the greases behave approximately as their bled/base oils, while in the low speed region the frictional response is very dependent on their thickener type and properties of the lubricating film. Low viscosity, synthetic base oil seems to offer efficiency advantages in the high speed region regardless of thickener used, while the choice of thickener type is significant under low speed conditions.
Impact of Link Layer on Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network (2009)

Most protocols wireless sensor network use the shortest path (distance), the minimal energy or a kind of combination of both as their key component. However, due to some energy or security restrictions, a node might be constrained to backward data to farther nodes instead of forwarding data to an intermediate node located between the source node and the destination. This work investigates on the effect of this ineluctable parameter on major routing protocols. We propose an alternative solution for this problem for LEACH and ARPEES protocols.
Clinical relevance and biology of circulating tumor cells (2011)

Most breast cancer patients die due to metastases, and the early onset of this multistep process is usually missed by current tumor staging modalities. Therefore, ultrasensitive techniques have been developed to enable the enrichment, detection, isolation and characterization of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow and circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. There is increasing evidence that the presence of these cells is associated with an unfavorable prognosis related to metastatic progression in the bone and other organs. This review focuses on investigations regarding the biology and clinical relevance of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer.
Individual prediction of dyslexia by single versus multiple deficit models. (2011)

The overall goals of this study were to test single versus multiple cognitive deficit models of dyslexia (reading disability) at the level of individual cases and to determine the clinical utility of these models for prediction and diagnosis of dyslexia. To accomplish these goals, we tested five cognitive models of dyslexia--two single-deficit models, two multiple-deficit models, and one hybrid model--in two large population-based samples, one cross-sectional (Colorado Learning Disability Research Center) and one longitudinal (International longitudinal Twin Study). The cognitive deficits included in these cognitive models were in phonological awareness, language skill, and processing speed and/or naming speed. To determine whether an individual case fit one of these models, we used two methods: 1) the presence or absence of the predicted cognitive deficits, and 2) whether the individual's level of reading skill best fit the regression equation with the relevant cognitive predictors (i.e., whether their reading skill was proportional to those cognitive predictors.) We found that roughly equal proportions of cases met both tests of model fit for the multiple deficit models (30-36%) and single deficit models (24-28%); hence, the hybrid model provided the best overall fit to the data. The remaining roughly 40% of cases in each sample lacked the deficit or deficits that corresponded with their best-fitting regression model. We discuss the clinical implications of these results for both diagnosis of school-age children and preschool prediction of children at risk for dyslexia.
Acousto-optic tunable filter imaging spectrometer with full Stokes polarimetric capability (2007)

Polarization is an important addition to spectral imaging in detecting and identifying objects of interest, and simple linear polarization measurements are often inadequate. Full polarization analysis can give additional information for discrimination where the polarization state is completely described by the Stokes parameters. An acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) imaging system was built incorporating two liquid-crystal variable retarders (LCVRs) that can provide complete spectral-polarimetric analysis, and it is believed to be the first demonstration of a full Stokes polarimetric AOTF spectral imaging system with no moving parts. It is also shown that a single LCVR cannot provide all the Stokes parameters.
The Role of HER-2 in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis (2005)

The major goal of this Concept award is to define the role for the growth factor receptor, HER2, in breast cancer growth in the bone and its involvement in bone metastasis. To achieve this, the authors proposed three tasks: (1) analysis of an orthotropic model of breast cancer growth in the bone, (2) immunohistochemical analysis of bone resorption and bone resorption markers, and (3) identification of potential HER2 targets involved in bone resorption. The results show that overexpression of HER2 could enhance breast cancer bone metastases. In their pilot study, the authors found that when injected into the tibia of nude mice, breast cancer cells that overexpress HER2 induced osteolytic lesions that were more aggressive than that of the parental cell line expressing low levels of HER2. Thus, HER2 may contribute to an increase in osteolytic activity of breast cancer bone metastases and further experiments may show that HER2 may serve as a therapeutic target for controlling breast cancer bone metastases. During the 1-year funding period of this grant, the authors experienced setbacks in their model system that hindered the completion of tasks outlined in this award. They have remedied these obstacles and are actively pursuing the proposed experiments. Therefore, they would like to ask for a 1-year nonfunded extension of this grant to facilitate the completion of the outlined tasks.
Human Hematopoietic Progenitors Express Erythropoietin (1998)

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a factor essential for erythroid cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The production of EPO by the kidneys in response to hypoxia and anemia is well documented. To determine whether EPO is also produced by hematopoietic cells, we analyzed the expression of EPO in normal human hematopoietic progenitors and in their progeny. Undifferentiated CD34(+)lin- hematopoietic progenitors do not have detectable EPO mRNA. Differentiating CD34(+) cells that are stimulated with recombinant human EPO in serum-free liquid cultures express both EPO and EPO receptor (EPOR). Because CD34(+) cells represent a heterogeneous cell population, we analyzed individual burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) and nonerythroid colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage colonies for EPO mRNA. Only BFU-E colonies were positive for EPO mRNA. Lysates from pooled BFU-E colonies stained positively for EPO by immunoblotting. To further confirm the intrinsic nature of erythroid EPO, we replaced extrinsic EPO in erythroid colony cultures with EPO-mimicking peptide (EMP). We show EPO expression in the EMP-stimulated BFU-Es at both mRNA and protein levels. Stimulation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) with EMP upregulated EPO expression. Furthermore, we found EPO and EPOR mRNAs as well as EPO protein in K562 cells, a human erythroleukemia cell line. Stimulation of K562 cells with EMP upregulated EPO expression. We suggest that EPO of erythroid origin may have a role in the regulation of erythropoiesis.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Invasion Process by Fusarium Moniliforme on Soybean Seed (2010)

Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld was observed as important seed-borne pathogen of soybean (Glycine max) having a great potentiality to cause seed-borne infection after establishing a rapid pathogenesis.The infection process was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Infection hyphae grew directly from the side or near the end of the conidium and entered the seed coat through cuticular cell juncture with or without forming appressorium.After invasion of the fungus, rapid degradation of cell wall occurred followed by intercellular and intracellular development of the fungus.Finally, tissues of the seed lost their integrity and identity and seemed as rotten mass covering with dense mycelium.
Framework of vehicle emission inspection and control through RFID and traffic lights (2011)

Vehicle emissions including carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> ) closely relate to air-ratio called lambda (λ) among all of the engine variables. Higher λ value indicates a significant amount of emissions harmful to our environment is produced and hence engine maintenance, particularly the catalytic converter, is necessary. Mandatory vehicle examination cannot be taken easily for each car, so it is difficult to enforce the vehicle owners on monitoring the health of their engines daily and taking immediate action to fix their vehicle emission problems. Traffic lights considered as “Things” through the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) can be applied because there are numerous traffic lights in an urban area. In addition, cars must stop on red lights so that reliable λ reading can be interrogated wirelessly through radio frequency identification (RFID). Simulation results show that the proposed application can effectively control and reduce vehicle emissions.
Supported employment in Northern Ireland: a gateway towards social inclusion for people with learning disabilities (1998)

Services in Northern Ireland for adults with learning disabilities do not place enough emphasis on supported employment as an option of intervention to meet individual needs. There is strong evidence to suggest that employment often acts as a gateway toward increased self-esteem, ascription to adult status, social inclusion and heightened dignity for adults with learning disabilities. This paper explores the 'need' to implement strategies of support with regard to employment and an historical overview of supported employment as a model of intervention. How Triangle Women's Housing Association Ltd in Northern Ireland has managed and developed this challenge by a user-led initiative in the field of service provision is briefly outlined.
Using Data Fusion and Web Mining to Support Feature Location in Software (2010)

Data fusion is the process of integrating multiple sources of information such that their combination yields better results than if the data sources are used individually. This paper applies the idea of data fusion to feature location, the process of identifying the source code that implements specific functionality in software. A data fusion model for feature location is presented which defines new feature location techniques based on combining information from textual, dynamic, and web mining analyses applied to software. A novel contribution of the proposed model is the use of advanced web mining algorithms to analyze execution information during feature location. The results of an extensive evaluation indicate that the new feature location techniques based on web mining improve the effectiveness of existing approaches by as much as 62%.
Analyzing Ultra-Scale Application Communication Requirements for a Reconfigurable Hybrid Interconnect (2005)

The path towards realizing peta-scale computing is increasingly dependent on scaling up to unprecedented numbers of processors. To prevent the interconnect architecture between processors from dominating the overall cost of such systems, there is a critical need for interconnect solutions that both provide performance to ulta-scale applications and have costs that scale linearly with system size. In this work we propose the Hybrid Flexibly Assignable Switch Topology (HFAST) infrastructure. The HFAST approach uses both passive (circuit switch) and active (packet switch) commodity switch components to deliver all of the flexibility and fault-tolerance of a fully-interconnected network (such as a fat-tree), while preserving the nearly linear cost scaling associated with traditional low-degree interconnect networks. To understand the applicability of this technology, we perform an in-depth study of communication requirements across a broad spectrum of important scientific applications, whose computational methods include: finite-difference, latticebolzmann, particle in cell, sparse linear algebra, particle mesh ewald, and FFT-based solvers. We use the IPM (Integrated Performance Monitoring) profiling layer to gather detailed messaging statistics with minimal impact to code performance. This profiling provides us sufficiently detailed communication topology and message volume data to evaluate these applications in the context of the proposed hybrid interconnect. Overall results show that HFAST is a promising approach for practically addressing the interconnect requirements of future peta-scale systems.
Volatility Characteristics of Blends of Gasoline with Ethyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (ETBE) (1990)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE), a reaction product of ethanol and isobutylene, has been proposed as a high-octane blending component for gasoline. Laboratory studies have been conducted to determine how the addition of ETBE to gasoline affects the volatility characteristics of the fuel, and how the effects of ETBE compare with those of the commonly used oxygenates, ethanol and MTBE. The amount of vapor generated in bench-scale simulated evaporative emissions tests with each of those three oxygenates was also determined.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The vapor pressures of gasoline-ETBE blends decreased linearly as the concentration of ETBE was increased. In contrast, ethanol addition raises the vapor pressure of gasoline, although in a nonlinear fashion. ETBE increased the mid-range volatility of the fuel, in the same way as a pure hydrocarbon of similar vapor pressure and boiling point.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In the simulated evaporative emissions tests, a gasoline-ETBE blend generated much less diurnal and hot soak vapor than a gasoline-ethanol blend.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The results of this study lead to the conclusion that, based on evaporative emissions considerations, the use of ETBE in gasoline is preferable to the use of ethanol, from which ETBE is made.</div>
Laterally Interconnected Self-Organizing Maps in Hand-Written Digit Recognition (1995)

An application of laterally interconnected self-organizing maps (LISSOM) to handwritten digit recognition is presented. The lateral connections learn the correlations of activity between units on the map. The resulting excitatory connections focus the activity into local patches and the inhibitory connections decorrelate redundant activity on the map. The map thus forms internal representations that are easy to recognize with e.g. a perceptron network. The recognition rate on a subset of NIST database 3 is 4.0% higher with LISSOM than with a regular Self-Organizing Map (SOM) as the front end, and 15.8% higher than recognition of raw input bitmaps directly. These results form a promising starting point for building pattern recognition systems with a LISSOM map as a front end. 1 Introduction Hand-written digit recognition has become one of the touchstone problems in neural networks recently. Large databases of training examples such as the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Tech...