gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transformerless Onboard Charger for Electric Vehicles with 800 V Power System (2019)

The powertrains of new electric vehicles are characterized by increasing drive power and charging power requirements. Because of increasing currents and wire cross sections the step from 400 V to 800 V power systems seems to be inevitable in the medium term. This will probably allow DC fast charging with about 350 kW and offers some interesting possibilities for AC onboard chargers as well. This publication describes the design of an onboard charger demonstrator for 22 kW AC charging according to IEC 61851-1 “Mode 2”. Silicon carbide power devices and coupled filter inductors are used in a single stage transformerless topology. This design results in a charging system with a power density of about 7 kW/l.
Exploring the physiological effects of double‐cone coil TMS over the medial frontal cortex on the anterior cingulate cortex: an H<sub>2</sub><sup>15</sup>O PET study (2007)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) using a double-cone coil over the medial frontal cortex has the potential to clarify the function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in cognition, emotion and mood disorders. Following demonstration of disruption of performance on psychological tasks closely linked to cingulate function using this TMS technique, the current study aimed to directly measure the regional distribution of physiological effects of stimulation in the brain with H2(15)O PET. Experiment 1 assessed the effect of increasing numbers of pulse trains of TMS on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Experiment 2 assessed the capacity of medial frontal TMS to modulate brain activity associated with the Stroop task using medial parietal TMS as a control site of stimulation. SPM99 analyses, using the ACC as a region of interest, revealed clusters of increased rCBF during medial frontal TMS in Brodmann area 24 and reduced rCBF in more ventral ACC, the latter occurring in both experiments. In a whole-brain analysis, striking changes in rCBF were observed distal to the ACC following medial frontal TMS. Although TMS reliably affected Stroop task performance in early trials, there was no interaction between TMS and Stroop condition in rCBF. Our results suggest that medial frontal TMS using the double-cone coil can affect ACC activity. However, a number of more distal cortical areas were also affected in these experiments. These additional changes may reflect either 'downstream' effects of altered cingulate cortex activity or direct effects of the coil.
Noise in Marine Seismic Data (2010)

Marine seismic is a well established method to search for subsurface hydrocarbon deposits. However, the method is often limited by various sources of noise, of which flow and swell noise are the dominating types. This study takes advantage of 3-D direct numerical simulations of fluid flow combined with real life, and full scale measurements of flow and swell noise acquired on purpose built seismic streamer cables in the ocean, to study the mechanisms responsible for flow noise generation. The combined knowledge obtained by the simulations and the measurements are then put to use in order to come up with practical methods to reduce noise in seismic data. Two different paths are followed: The first is in the form of a software de-noising algorithm developed and implemented as a module in a commercial seismic processing software package. It works in the frequency domain by statistically comparing neighboring traces, and attenuates amplitudes that are found to be abnormal. The module is in daily use, and has successfully been applied to attenuate various types of noise found in both land, and marine seismic data. The second path followed to reduce the amount of noise in seismic data is to use so-called superhydrophobic surfaces. This is in the form of a coating material that can be applied to seismic streamers to reduce both drag and flow noise. The flow noise reduction capabilities of superhydrophobic surfaces is a new discovery, which holds great promise.
Hyperhidrosis (2016)

Abstract Hyperhidrosis is a debilitating pathophysiological condition characterized by excessive sweating. It is classified as primary focal or secondary. Primary focal hyperhidrosis affects symmetrical areas of the body, and tends to involve palms, soles of the feet, axillae, and craniofacial regions, although other areas may be affected. Clinical evaluation of the patient with hyperhidrosis requires a careful history. Physical examination and investigations should exclude underlying disease processes causing secondary hyperhidrosis. Treatment is directed towards the individual patient’s needs. For axillary hyperhidrosis, intradermal administration of botulinum toxin A has proven efficacious, although treatments may need to be repeated. In severe palmar/plantar hyperhidrosis, endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy is an established and effective procedure, but surgery should be reserved for patients in whom less invasive treatments have proved ineffective. Clinicians should be aware of the specific deleterious side-effects and potential complications of surgery, including compensatory hyperhidrosis, which in some patients can outweigh the potential benefits of intervention.
Characterisation of the DNA-binding profile of barley HvCBF1 using an enzymatic method for rapid, quantitative and high-throughput analysis of the DNA-binding activity (2002)

A rapid and quantitative DNA-binding assay was developed based on the translational fusion of a DNA-binding protein (DBP) with a Neocallimastix patriciarum beta-1,4-D-glucanase, CelD. CelD releases a fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferyl product from 4-methylumbelliferyl cellobioside. This hydrolysis activity was used to quantify the amount of DBP-CelD bound to an immobilised biotin-labelled target sequence. The DNA-binding assay can be performed in a 96-well plate format for high- throughput analysis of putative DBPs. This method was applied to analysis of the binding properties and sequence selectivity of a cold-inducible transcription factor HvCBF1 from barley containing an AP2 DNA-binding domain. A base-scanning approach using degenerate oligonucleotide probes was employed for rapid identification of the conserved core motif of the HvCBF1 binding site. Quantitative analysis of the binding site of HvCBF1 using systematic base substitution revealed that a (G/a) (C/t)CGAC sequence was sufficient to constitute a functional motif, where the lower-case letters represent less efficient bases. The method enables us to provide accurate and quantitative data on a comprehensive DNA-binding profile for a cold-inducible AP2 transcription factor as well as information on environmental parameters potentially influencing the DNA-binding activity. The accurate binding sequence data facilitate identification of candidate genes regulated by HvCBF1 from genome sequence databases.
Amphiphilic carbohydrate‐based mesogens, VI. Synthesis of a series of alkyl 1‐thio‐<scp>D</scp>‐glucopyranosides and their regioselective reductions to 1‐alkylthio‐1‐deoxy‐<scp>D</scp>‐glucitols (1990)

Abstract Alkyl 1‐thio‐α,β‐ D ‐glucopyranosides (hexyl to decyl, 1a – e ) are prepared by reaction of penta‐ O ‐acetyl‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranose with the respective thiols in the presence of diethyl ether — trifluoroborane, followed by deacetylation. 1a – e are converted into their tetra‐ O ‐diethylboryl derivatives 2a – e and reduced with ethyldiboranes(6) in the presence of the catalyst 9‐methylsulfonyloxy‐9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN‐mesylate, MSBBN) to give the mesogenic 1‐alkylthio‐1‐deoxy‐ D ‐glucitols 3a – e after deboronation.
Quantum Gibbs Sampling Using Szegedy Operators (2009)

We present an algorithm for doing Gibbs sampling on a quantum computer. The algorithm combines phase estimation for a Szegedy operator, and Grover's algorithm. For any $ε>0$, the algorithm will sample a probability distribution in ${\cal O}(\frac{1}{\sqrtδ})$ steps with precision ${\cal O}(ε)$. Here $δ$ is the distance between the two largest eigenvalue magnitudes of the transition matrix of the Gibbs Markov chain used in the algorithm. It takes ${\cal O}(\frac{1}δ)$ steps to achieve the same precision if one does Gibbs sampling on a classical computer.
Clonogenic Cells and Stem Cells in Epidermis (1973)

A model for epidermal proliferation of a subpopulation of clonogenic cells is briefly discussed and tested in relation to published results of fractionated irradiation survival for mouse epidermis. It is suggested that since the computed average values for the initial number of clonogenic cells differ by an order of magnitude for the measured values for basal cells in mouse skin, one in ten of the basal cells might be clonogenic. It is pointed out that this explanation is compatible with the observation of hexagonal epidermal units, the central stem cell cycling at a slower rate than the rest. (UK)
Learning viewpoint-invariant face representations from visual experience in an attractor network (1998)

In natural visual experience, different views of an object or face tend to appear in close temporal proximity as an animal manipulates the object or navigates around it, or as a face changes expression or pose. A set of simulations is presented which demonstrate how viewpoint-invariant representations of faces can be developed from visual experience by capturing the temporal relationships among the input patterns. The simulations explored the interaction of temporal smoothing of activity signals with Hebbian learning in both a feedforward layer and a second, recurrent layer of a network. The feedforward connections were trained by competitive Hebbian learning with temporal smoothing of the post-synaptic unit activities. The recurrent layer was a generalization of a Hopfield network with a low-pass temporal filter on all unit activities. The combination of basic Hebbian learning with temporal smoothing of unit activities produced an attractor network learning rule that associated temporally proximal input patterns into basins of attraction. These two mechanisms were demonstrated in a model that took grey-level images of faces as input. Following training on image sequences of faces as they changed pose, multiple views of a given face fell into the same basin of attraction, and the system acquired representations of faces that were approximately viewpoint-invariant.
Growth of functional primary cultures of kidney epithelial cells in defined medium (1980)

Primary cultures of baby mouse kidney epithelial cells can grow without fibroblast overgrowth in a hormone-supplemented serum-free medium (Medium K-1) designed for an established kidney epithelial cell line, MDCK. The five supplements in Medium K-1 are insulin, transferrin, PGE1, T3, and hydrocortisone. Medium K-1 also supports the growth of kidney epithelial cell cultures from a number of animals, including man, without fibroblast overgrowth. Outgrowth of kidney epithelial cells from kidney explants was also observed with Medium K-1. Thus, the medium appears to be selective for epithelial cell growth. The physiological properties of primary cultures of baby mouse kidney epithelial cells were studied in detail. Baby mouse kidney epithelial cells grew at equal rates (0.5 doublings/day) in Medium K-1 and serum-supplemented medium. Medium K-1 also supported the formation of baby mouse kidney epithelial colonies at low cell densities. The dependence of baby mouse kidney epithelial colony formation upon the five factors in Medium K-1 was examined. These studies indicated that the formation of baby mouse kidney epithelial colonies in defined medium depended upon all the five supplements in Medium K-1, in a manner similar, although not identical, to MDCK colonies. Primary cultures of baby mouse kidney epithelial cells grown in Medium K-1 retained kidney cell-associated properties, including the ability to form multicellular domes, a phenomenon associated with transepithelial salt transport. Amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake and the mucosal surface enzyme leucine aminopeptidase were also observed in baby mouse kidney cultures. Similar functions were observed in MDCK monolayers.
Collision-free path planning for a diamond-shaped robot using two-dimensional cellular automata (1997)

This paper presents a new parallel algorithm for collision-free path planning of a diamond-shaped robot among arbitrarily shaped obstacles, which are represented as a discrete image, and its implementation in VLSI. The proposed algorithm is based on a retraction of free space onto the Voronoi diagram, which is constructed through the time evolution of cellular automata, after an initial phase during which the boundaries of obstacles are identified and coded with respect to their orientation. The proposed algorithm is both space and time efficient, since it does not require the modeling of objects or distance and intersection calculations. Additionally, the proposed twodimensional multistate cellular automaton architecture achieves high frequency of operation and it is particularly suited for VLSI implementation due to its inherent parallelism, structural locality, regularity, and modularity.
Phospholipase A2 (2002)

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs). The same reaction also produces lysophosholipids, which represent another class of lipid mediators. So far, at least 19 enzymes that possess PLA2 activity have been identified in mammals. The secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) family, in which 10 isozymes have been identified, consists of low-molecular-weight, Ca2+-requiring, secretory enzymes that have been implicated in a number of biological processes, such as modification of eicosanoid generation, inflammation, host defense, and atherosclerosis. The cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) family consists of 3 enzymes, among which cPLA2alpha plays an essential role in the initiation of AA metabolism. Intracellular activation of cPLA2alpha is tightly regulated by Ca2+ and phosphorylation. The Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) family contains 2 enzymes and may play a major role in membrane phospholipid remodeling. The platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) family represents a unique group of PLA2 that contains 4 enzymes exhibiting unusual substrate specificity toward PAF and/or oxidized phospholipids. In this review, we will overview current understanding of the properties and functions of each enzyme belonging to the sPLA2, cPLA2, and iPLA2 families, which have been implicated in signal transduction.
Metabolic oscillations in an <i>E. coli</i> fermentation (2001)

Recombinant E. coli fermentations were observed to undergo regular, reproducible oscillations in oxygen uptake for several hours during a controlled fermentation process. Culture growth slowed during the period of oscillations, delaying induction of recombinant protein production. The oscillations were similar in 10-L and 1,000-L fermentors and also occurred with different feed control algorithms. Both observations support the hypothesis that the oscillations are metabolic in nature. Analysis of amino acid, ATP, and GTP pools suggests that the oscillations result from aberrant regulation of isoleucine biosynthesis leading to repeated starvation events in which protein synthesis and growth are impaired. Both a nutritional solution, isoleucine feeding, and a genetic solution, repair of an ilvG frameshift mutation in E. coli K-12 strains, were found to eliminate the oscillations, further supporting the proposed mechanism for the behavior. These results illustrate the interesting and complicated physiological behavior which can be displayed in metabolic networks and provide another example of surprising problems that can arise in growing recombinant organisms in fermentors.
Skewness and Kurtosis: Important Parameters in the Characterization of Dental Implant Surface Roughness—A Computer Simulation (2011)

The surface roughness affects the bone response to dental implants. A primary aim of the roughness is to increase the bone-implant interface shear strength. Surface roughness is generally characterized by means of surface roughness parameters. It was demonstrated that the normally used parameters cannot discriminate between surfaces expected to give a high interface shear strength from surfaces expected to give a low interface shear strength. It was further demonstrated that the skewness parameter can do this discrimination. A problem with this parameter is that it is sensitive to isolated peaks and valleys. Another roughness parameter which on theoretical grounds can be supposed to give valuable information on the quality of a rough surface is kurtosis. This parameter is also sensitive to isolated peaks and valleys. An implant surface was assumed to have a fairly well-defined and homogenous “semiperiodic” surface roughness upon which isolated peaks were superimposed. In a computerized simulation, it was demonstrated that by using small sampling lengths during measurement, it should be possible to get accurate values of the skewness and kurtosis parameters.
Biologically-Inspired Spike-Based Automatic Speech Recognition of Isolated Digits Over a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (2018)

This paper presents a novel real-time dynamic framework for quantifying time-series structure in spoken words using spikes. Audio signals are converted into multi-channel spike trains using a biologically-inspired leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) spike generator. These spike trains are mapped into a function space of infinite dimension, i.e., a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) using point-process kernels, where a state-space model learns the dynamics of the multidimensional spike input using gradient descent learning. This kernelized recurrent system is very parsimonious and achieves the necessary memory depth via feedback of its internal states when trained discriminatively, utilizing the full context of the phoneme sequence. A main advantage of modeling nonlinear dynamics using state-space trajectories in the RKHS is that it imposes no restriction on the relationship between the exogenous input and its internal state. We are free to choose the input representation with an appropriate kernel, and changing the kernel does not impact the system nor the learning algorithm. Moreover, we show that this novel framework can outperform both traditional hidden Markov model (HMM) speech processing as well as neuromorphic implementations based on spiking neural network (SNN), yielding accurate and ultra-low power word spotters. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate its capabilities using the benchmark TI-46 digit corpus for isolated-word automatic speech recognition (ASR) or keyword spotting. Compared to HMM using Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) front-end without time-derivatives, our MFCC-KAARMA offered improved performance. For spike-train front-end, spike-KAARMA also outperformed state-of-the-art SNN solutions. Furthermore, compared to MFCCs, spike trains provided enhanced noise robustness in certain low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime.
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DYNAMICS IN THE MICROCHANNEL ADSORPTION REACTOR (1999)

A dynamic model for conjugate heat and mass transfer in a microchannel adsorption reactor is developed. The model is based on transient, two-dimensional, and compressible Navier-Stokes equations of motion as the governing conservation equations. Appropriate boundary conditions for the momentum, heat, and mass transfer at the channel wall in the presence of adsorption for the no-slip and slip flows are formulated and incorporated into the generalized single-equation-based framework for solving conjugate problems. The 500- mu m-long parallel-plate channel with spacing between walls 10 mu m and a wall thickness 2 mu m is considered as a prototype of the unit cell of the adsorption microreactor. Air is taken a carrier gas and water vapor as an adsorbable species. The flow conditions are characterized by the Reynolds and Knudsen numbers equal to 130x10-2 and 6.5x10-3, respectively. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is utilized to specify the adsorption desorption equilibrium. The theoretical model developed is validated by comparing the predictions with available theoretical results and experimental data for similar systems. The analysis provides new insights and fundamental understanding of the complex physics of dynamic interactions between heat and mass transfer and adsorption desorption on the microscale. The effects of different boundary conditions on the transient heat and mass transfer with and without surface physicochemical interactions are also investigated and reported.
Impact of nitrogen concentration on the performance of LaAlO<sub>3(1−<i>y</i>/2)</sub>N<sub><i>y</i></sub> films for high-<i>k</i> gate dielectric applications (2005)

A series of LaAlO3(1−y/2)Ny (LAON) films with different nitrogen concentrations have been prepared by pulsed laser deposition on Pt-coated silicon substrates and directly on hydrogen terminated Si (100) substrates using LaAlO3(1−y/2)Ny ceramic targets with y = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1, respectively. All the films as deposited at a substrate temperature of 600°C and in 20 Pa nitrogen ambient have amorphous structures. Their crystallization temperatures are not less than 845°C. For ease of comparison, all the films are deposited under the same deposition conditions and all the films deposited on hydrogen terminated silicon (100) substrates have the same physical thickness of 9 nm. The dielectric constant of the materials as well as the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) and the leakage current density of the Pt/LAON/Si structures as functions of nitrogen concentration of the films were studied systematically and determined. It is found that with a dielectric constant of 33, an EOT of 2 nm and a leakage current density of 11.5 mA cm−2 at 1 V, the LAON films with y = 0.4 exhibited optimal properties for high-k gate dielectric applications. The reasons for the excellent performance of the films with this nitrogen concentration were discussed.
Optics for laser fusion (1975)

To ensure uniform laser-driven implosion of targets, the system's optics must meet narrow tolerances in beam direction and target placement. An illumination system using two beams to achieve nearly uniform irradiance and neutron yields as high as 7 million per shot was developed. The use of two opposing ellipsoidal mirrors in the system increased the 80 deg cone angles of the aspheric focusing lenses to full-cone angles of 144 deg at the fuel pellet. Resulting data for elliptical-mirror illumination and for two-lens illumination are shown. Two closed-circuit television systems permit measurement of target displacements as small as 5 microns from the true focus. (STAR)
Video resampling algorithm for simultaneous deinterlacing and image upscaling with reduced jagged edge artifacts (2013)

Abstract In this paper, we propose a video resampling method for simultaneous deinterlacing and image upscaling. The proposed method is composed of two steps: the initial image magnification step and the edge enhancement step. In order to convert an interlaced image into a display format image, a filtering strategy, which resizes images with arbitrary ratios and reduces the overall computational load, is performed region adaptively using local characteristics such as motion or motionless regions. After the initial step, the proposed jagged edge correction (JEC) method is applied to the initially upscaled images to correct the stair-like artifacts (jagged edges) which are caused by ignoring any edge information in diagonal edge regions during the linear filtering process. Moreover, this method can be very useful for various upscaling applications to improve edge quality since it can be used in combination with other common interpolation techniques, such as cubic spline techniques. Experimental results show that the proposed method substantially reduces the jagged edges of the converted images and provides steep and natural-looking edge transitions.