gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Hi-Per strut front suspension (2011)

The aim of this master thesis has been to develop a front suspension of Hi-Per design suitable for a mid- or full size standard car. A Hi-Per suspension is a variant of the MacPherson strut suspension, with the difference of a steered knuckle and a rigid damper strut. In a MacPherson suspension the whole damper and knuckle assembly is steered, limiting the position of the steering axis by the body mounts of the strut.\nThe designed suspension should fit into the same interface as a suspension of MacPherson type and should be applicable for three different models with different ride heights. The vehicles featuring the new Hi-Per suspension shall have an increased track width making an unchanged MacPherson suspension unsuitable with respect to kingpin offset based phenomena such as torque steer or influence of road disturbances.\nThe base for the Hi-Per design was an available MacPherson vehicle and previous Saab vehicle models, of which one features a Hi-Per suspension design.\nWithin the thesis, solutions available on the market today has been investigated and benchmarked as well as previous solutions within Saab. This has together with the free thinking of the designers hopefully form the best solution possible for the new Hi-Per design.\nThe focus of the suspension has been to achieve a high level of commonality, at the same time as design requirements of packaging and kinematics are fulfilled together with maintenance and assembly improvements. Within the thesis a large effort has been used for packaging in CAD, at the same time as the geometry is verified by kinematic multi body simulations. This was done in order to fulfil wheel parameters and static design factors of the suspension.\nWithin this thesis a complete pre-study has been performed. This pre-study has resulted in a design proposal, based on the simulation results incorporating Saab vehicle- and suspension requirements. The CAD-models have been designed with regards to clearance during bump, rebound and steering. The models have been designed with similar wall thickness and geometries as the existing Saab Hi-Per solution.\nThe recommendations of this thesis are to continue working with the design proposal with regards to compliance calculations and more specific CAD-designs. There has not been any FE-analysis performed on the parts. Therefore there is a need to further investigate the CAD-models with regards to compliance calculations.\nKey words: Vehicle suspensions, Hi-Per, MacPherson, Torque steer, Product development, Mechanical engineering, Automotive
Long Bone Panoramas From Fluoroscopic X-Ray Images (2004)

This paper presents a new method for creating a single panoramic image of a long bone from several individual fluoroscopic X-ray images. Panoramic images are useful preoperatively for diagnosis, and intraoperatively for long bone fragment alignment, for making anatomical measurements, and for documenting surgical outcomes. Our method composes individual overlapping images into an undistorted panoramic view that is the equivalent of a single X-ray image with a wide field of view. The correlations between the images are established from the graduations of a radiolucent ruler imaged alongside the long bone. Unlike existing methods, ours uses readily available hardware, requires a simple image acquisition protocol with minimal user input, and works with existing fluoroscopic C-arm units without modifications. It is robust and accurate, producing panoramas whose quality and spatial resolution is comparable to that of the individual images. The method has been successfully tested on in vitro and clinical cases.
Validation of 3D EM Reconstructions: The Phantom in the Noise (2015)

Validation is a necessity to trust the structures solved by electron microscopy by single particle techniques. The impressive achievements in single particle reconstruction fuel its expansion beyond a small community of image processing experts. This poses the risk of inappropriate data processing with dubious results. Nowhere is it more clearly illustrated than in the recovery of a reference density map from pure noise aligned to that map-a phantom in the noise. Appropriate use of existing validating methods such as resolution-limited alignment and the processing of independent data sets ("gold standard") avoid this pitfall. However, these methods can be undermined by biases introduced in various subtle ways. How can we test that a map is a coherent structure present in the images selected from the micrographs? In stead of viewing the phantom emerging from noise as a cautionary tale, it should be used as a defining baseline. Any map is always recoverable from noise images, provided a sufficient number of images are aligned and used in reconstruction. However, with smaller numbers of images, the expected coherence in the real particle images should yield better reconstructions than equivalent numbers of noise or background images, even without masking or imposing resolution limits as potential biases. The validation test proposed is therefore a simple alignment of a limited number of micrograph and noise images against the final reconstruction as reference, demonstrating that the micrograph images yield a better reconstruction. I examine synthetic cases to relate the resolution of a reconstruction to the alignment error as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio. I also administered the test to real cases of publicly available data. Adopting such a test can aid the microscopist in assessing the usefulness of the micrographs taken before committing to lengthy processing with questionable outcomes.
Pseudomonas 2.0: genetic upgrading of P. putida KT2440 as an enhanced host for heterologous gene expression (2014)

The rationally modified P. putida strain allowed for the better functional expression of implanted genes by directly improving the metabolic currency that sustains the gene expression flow, instead of resorting to the classical genetic approaches (e.g., increasing the promoter strength in the DNA constructs of interest).
Crystal Structure and Characterization of the Dinuclear Cd(II) Complex [Cd(H2O)2(ο-HOC6H4COO)2]2 (2004)

The structure of a new binuclear cadmium (II) complex, [Cd(H2O)2(Sal)2]2 (Sal= salicylate), has been determined by X-ray crystallography. It was also characterized by elemental analysis, its IR spectrum and thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/c, with lattice parameters a = 15.742(3) A, b = 12.451(3) A, c = 7.7225(15) A, beta = 96.07(3)degrees and Z = 4. Two cadmium (II) ions are bridged by two mu(2)-carboxy oxygen atoms. Each cadmium atom lies in a distorted capped octahedron coordination geometry. The thermal gravimetry (TG) data indicate that there are four discrete decomposition steps with two endothermic peaks and one exothermic peak. The final thermal decomposition product is CdO.
Implementation of a Variable Cluster Self Organising Algorithm for High Speed Unsupervised Pattern Classification (Lost in {0,1} <sup> N </sup> space) (1990)

Traditional neural networks for pattern classification use linear decisions to partition a multivalued high dimensional pattern space. This paper shows that the properties of binary space ({0, 1}N space) make it well suited for these tasks and a simple training algorithm is given. A simple measure of network ordering is used to allow a variable number of clusters and continuous learning.
Transparent light-harvesting materials (2015)

AccessScience is an authoritative and dynamic online resource that contains incisively written, high-quality educational material covering all major scientific disciplines. An acclaimed gateway to scientific knowledge, AccessScience is continually expanding the ways it can demonstrate and explain core, trustworthy scientific information that inspires and guides users to deeper knowledge.
Current methods for assaying angiogenesis<i>in vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i> (2004)

Summary Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from an existing vasculature, is essential in normal developmental processes and in numerous pathologies, including diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis and tumour growth and metastases. One of the problems faced by angiogenesis researchers has been the difficulty of finding suitable methods for assessing the effects of regulators of the angiogenic response. The ideal assay would be reliable, technically straightforward, easily quantifiable and, most importantly, physiologically relevant. Here, we review the advantages and limitations of the principal assays in use, including those for the proliferation, migration and differentiation of endothelial cells in vitro , vessel outgrowth from organ cultures and in vivo assays such as sponge implantation, corneal, chamber, zebrafish, chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and tumour angiogenesis models.
Chemical Development of ZD9331:  Synthesis of a Bromomethylquinazolinone Avoiding a Nonselective Radical Bromination (2006)

An efficient regiospecific synthesis of ZD9331 Pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) Bromide (4) has been accomplished via ZD9331 Quinacetate HCl (15) avoiding a nonselective bromination. The original route used a radical bromination on a substrate with three methyl groups, which generated a range of bromomethyl derived compounds that carried through to the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). A strategy, based on the Zinin reaction, was developed to synthesize the required bromomethyl compound in a regioselective manner. This approach was successfully scaled to manufacture a tonne of material.
Immunological Technique for Protein Isolation (1960)

Carefully coagulated antibody or antigen-antibody complexes may be used as specific adsorbents for antigen, and the antigen may be released subsequently by increasing the acidity. No cross adsorption appears to take place. The procedure may prove useful for the isolation of tissue-specific proteins (including those in disease states), toxins, or viruses.
Design of Fano Broadband Reflectors on SOI (2010)

We report here the design of Fano resonance broadband reflectors based on two-dimensional photonic crystals on silicon-on-insulator. The impact of vertical confinements and buffer configurations was investigated with a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique. Spectral red- and blue-shifts were obtained by controlling the effective buffer layer indices, with very good agreement between experimental and simulation results.
SU‐FF‐T‐311: LINAC Dosimetry: Benchmark Data Set Uncertainty (2006)

Purpose: Determine sources of error in the collection of a Benchmark Data set for LINAC dosimetry and provide methods of error correction that will ensure the highest possible accuracy of the dosimetric data. Method and Materials: Guided by the measurement requirements for the Benchmark Datasets, the sources of experimental error can be divided into 3 sources: 1) discretization and volume averaging errors; 2) Stochastic errors; and 3) Systematic or artifactual errors. Measurements will be made in a 3D water phantom scanning system and in a water‐equivalent solid phantom that will allow the insertion of heterogeneous components. Results: We present theoretical analyses of the expected errors associated with ion chamber, radiochromic film, and diode measurements and provide specific techniques that will enable high spatial resolution of dose gradients resulting from beam limiters and dose perturbations in and around heterogeneity interfaces, such as air/tissue, lung/tissue, bone/tissue. These techniques include de‐convolution of chamber response and a 3D correction matrix of a film scanner. Conclusion: Theoretical limits of spatial resolution in LINAC dosimetry are achievable and demonstrable using dosimetric tools available today. These tools and methods will be used to collect accurate Benchmark Dosimetry data for future research in Monte Carlo techniques for treatment planning as well as automated software tools that will enable systematic QA of modern treatment planning systems. Conflict of Interest: This project has been funded in part with Federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No, HHSN261200522014C, NCI grants R01‐CA‐100636, and by Sun Nuclear Corporation.
A Scalable Hierarchical Architecture for Large Scale Multi-User Virtual Environments (2006)

In this paper, we introduce a communication infrastructure based on using a hierarchical client-server model for facing the problem of Large Scale Collaborative Virtual Environments. Basically, we use a hierarchy of servers and, when the capacity of a server is reached, a new server is created as a son of the first one. The load is then distributed among the servers. We discuss and present the aspects of the proposed model and we also present efficient manners of solving problems inherent to client-server model. We specifically discuss techniques for grouping users, the allocation of users among servers, and definition of mixing and filtering operations. This paper also addressed the "shot in the crowd" problem, with a proposal of a solution
A simulation environment for construction site planning (2002)

This paper presents the design of a simulation environment for the modelling, visualisation and optimisation of construction site layouts. This construction site workspace application aims to support the site planning task by analysing space and risk on the site and generating automated site layouts which satisfy a combination of cost, efficiency and safety criteria. The construction site simulation environment forms part of an EU funded project called DIVERCITY (Distributed Virtual Workspace for enhancing Communication within the Construction Industry). This is concerned with the development of virtual simulation prototypes to support the client briefing, design review, and construction planning stages of the construction process. The site analysis module comprises a safety analysis component, a space analysis component, and an optimisation component. The safety analysis component is a generic model for the graphical and numerical representation of risk/hazard spaces. The space analysis component represents and classifies the various spaces on the construction site according to their relative importance in terms of accessibility and visibility. The optimisation component takes safety and space analysis information, and performs site layout optimisation according to travelling distance minimisation, risk minimisation, and space use maximisation criteria.
AIDS in Asia: the gathering storm. (1994)

For more about the East-West Center, see <a href="http://www.eastwestcenter.org/">http://www.eastwestcenter.org/</a>
Therapeutic tricyclic antidepressant drug monitoring in younger and older depressive patients. (2007)

The present study shows the evaluation of clinical state and serum level of tricyclic antidepressants in thirty-eight depressive younger and elderly patients during 8-week observation. We observed no statistically significant differences, neither in psychometric scale scores nor in drug serum levels in both groups of patients.
<title>Overview of high-speed multiple quantum well optical modulator devices and their applications at Lockheed Martin Sanders</title> (1998)

We review GaAs Fabry-Perot vertical cavity electro-optical devices constructed at Lockheed Martin Sanders, with particular attention to spatial light modulators and discuss a number of their applications. Our manufacturing processes enable the construction of large format, highly-uniform optical modulator and smart pixel arrays integrated with silicon CMOS VLSI circuitry. These devices can be used for a wide variety of applications including: optical computing for target recognition and signal processing, optical data routing, optical interconnect systems, and optical memory storage and access.
Solid-state single photon sources: the nanowire antenna (2009)

We design several single-photon-sources based on the emission of a quantum dot embedded in a semiconductor (GaAs) nanowire. Through various taper designs, we engineer the nanowire ends to realize efficient metallic-dielectric mirrors and to reduce the divergence of the far-field radiation diagram. Using fully-vectorial calculations and a comprehensive Fabry-Perot model, we show that various realistic nanowire geometries may act as nanoantennas (volume of approximately 0.05 lambda(3)) that assist funnelling the emitted photons into a single monomode channel. Typically, very high extraction efficiencies above 90% are predicted for a collection optics with a numerical aperture NA=0.85. In addition, since no frequency-selective effect is used in our design, this large efficiency is achieved over a remarkably broad spectral range, Deltalambda=70 nm at lambda=950 nm.
Optimal layout decomposition for double patterning technology (2011)

Double patterning technology (DPT) is regarded as the most practical solution for the sub-22nm lithography technology. DPT decomposes a single layout into two masks and applies double exposure to print the shapes in the layout. DPT requires accurate overlay control. Thus, the primary objective in DPT decomposition is to minimize the number of stitches (overlay) between the shapes in the two masks. The problem of minimizing the number of stitches in DPT decomposition is conjectured to be NP-hard. Existing approaches either apply Integer Linear Programming (ILP) or use heuristics. In this paper, we show that the problem is actually in P and present a method to decompose a layout for DPT and minimize the number of stitches optimally. The complexity of the method is O(n1.5 log n). Experimental results show that the method is even faster than the fast heuristics.
Animal models of human respiratory syncytial virus disease (2011)

Infection with the human pneumovirus pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, notably among infants and the elderly. Laboratory animal studies permit detailed experimental modeling of hRSV disease and are therefore indispensable in the search for novel therapies and preventative strategies. Present animal models include several target species for hRSV, including chimpanzees, cattle, sheep, cotton rats, and mice, as well as alternative animal pneumovirus models, such as bovine RSV and pneumonia virus of mice. These diverse animal models reproduce different features of hRSV disease, and their utilization should therefore be based on the scientific hypothesis under investigation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the strengths and limitations of each of these animal models. Our intent is to provide a resource for investigators and an impetus for future research.
Kerr self-cleaning of femtosecond-pulsed beams in graded-index multimode fiber (2016)

We observe a nonlinear spatial self-cleaning process for femtosecond pulses in graded-index (GRIN) multimode fiber (MMF). Pulses with ∼80 fs duration at 1030 nm are launched into GRIN MMF with 62.5 μm core. The near-field beam profile at the output end of the fiber evolves from a speckled pattern to a centered, bell-shaped transverse structure with increasing pulse energy. The experimental observations agree well with numerical simulations, which show that the Kerr nonlinearity underlies the process. This self-cleaning process may find applications in ultrafast pulse generation and beam-combining.
Fabrication and Characterization of 3D-Printed Highly-Porous 3D LiFePO4 Electrodes by Low Temperature Direct Writing Process (2017)

LiFePO₄ (LFP) is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. In this study, low temperature direct writing (LTDW)-based 3D printing was used to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) LFP electrodes for the first time. LFP inks were deposited into a low temperature chamber and solidified to maintain the shape and mechanical integrity of the printed features. The printed LFP electrodes were then freeze-dried to remove the solvents so that highly-porous architectures in the electrodes were obtained. LFP inks capable of freezing at low temperature was developed by adding 1,4 dioxane as a freezing agent. The rheological behavior of the prepared LFP inks was measured and appropriate compositions and ratios were selected. A LTDW machine was developed to print the electrodes. The printing parameters were optimized and the printing accuracy was characterized. Results showed that LTDW can effectively maintain the shape and mechanical integrity during the printing process. The microstructure, pore size and distribution of the printed LFP electrodes was characterized. In comparison with conventional room temperature direct ink writing process, improved pore volume and porosity can be obtained using the LTDW process. The electrochemical performance of LTDW-fabricated LFP electrodes and conventional roller-coated electrodes were conducted and compared. Results showed that the porous structure that existed in the printed electrodes can greatly improve the rate performance of LFP electrodes.
High dynamic range imaging on mobile devices using fusion of multiexposure images (2013)

Because the real world scenes have a high dynamic range which exceeds the range of the imaging devices, the captured images sometimes contain under-exposed and saturated regions. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective method to achieve high dynamic range (HDR) rendering results from three multiexposure images comprising under-, normal-, and over-exposure. First, we generate the weight function, for the fusion of multiexposure images, according to the brightness. Then, we employ the bilateral filter-based retouching to enhance image details, especially in the dark regions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method produces clear details in images and achieves natural HDR rendering results on mobile imaging devices.
Early Failures in Total Knee Arthroplasty (2001)

Total knee arthroplasty is a predictable operation. Unfortunately, there is a subset of patients who do not do well and require revision surgery within the first 5 years. The purpose of the current study was to analyze the mechanisms of failure in patients who had revision surgery within 5 years of their index arthroplasty. Between 1986 and 1999, 440 patients with total knee arthroplasties were referred for revision surgery. An analysis of patients in whom the arthroplasties failed within 5 years of the index arthroplasty and the reasons for early failure were documented. Of the 440 patients who had revision surgery, 279 (63%) had revision surgery within 5 years of their index arthroplasty: 105 of the 279 patients with early failures (38%) had revision surgery because of infection; 74 (27%) had revision surgery because of instability; 37 (13%) had revision surgery because of failure of ingrowth of a porous-coated implant; 22 (8%) had revision surgery because of patellofemoral problems; and 21 (7%) had revision surgery because of wear or osteolysis. Only eight of the 279 patients with early failures (3%) had revision surgery because of aseptic loosening of a cemented implant. The remaining 12 patients had revision surgery because of miscellaneous problems. Host factors may prevent infection from ever being eradicated totally. The two other major patterns of failure in this series were failure of cementless fixation and instability. If all of the arthroplasties in the patients in this early failure group would have been cemented routinely and balanced carefully, the total number of early revisions would have decreased by approximately 40%, and the overall failures would have been reduced by 25%.