gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decreased myofibrillar proteolysis after refeeding requires dietary protein or amino acids (1987)

Previous studies have demonstrated that brief fasting augments and refeeding a complete diet diminishes the breakdown of myofibrillar proteins in rat skeletal muscle. The purpose of the present study was to determine which dietary component(s) was responsible for this effect and to determine the role of insulin and amino acids. Myofibrillar proteolysis was evaluated by measuring the release of 3-methylhistidine by perfused rat muscle of 1-day fasted rats and 1-day fasted rats refed for 4-24 h with a complete, protein-free, or lipid meal. For comparison, tyrosine release by perfused muscle was measured in the absence and presence of cycloheximide to evaluate net and total proteolysis, respectively. Refeeding of either diet increased plasma insulin. Despite this, myofibrillar proteolysis decreased only when protein or amino acids was included in the test meal. On the other hand, the complete or protein-free meal decreased tyrosine release in the absence but not in the presence of cycloheximide, suggesting that either diet enhanced muscle protein synthesis. Most amino acids in plasma and muscle decreased after refeeding the protein-free meal, whereas after the complete meal some amino acids in plasma and muscle increased, whereas other decreased or changed little. These results indicate that decreased myofibrillar proteolysis in muscle after refeeding of food-deprived rats requires dietary protein or amino acids. They also suggest that hormonal and/or nutritional factors other than insulin and amino acids may orchestrate this response. However, a role of amino acids cannot yet be excluded, because it is conceivable that changes in specific amino acids in plasma instead of muscle may signal diminished proteolysis.
Optimization of methods for the genetic modification of human T cells (2015)

CD4(+) T cells are not only critical in the fight against parasitic, bacterial and viral infections, but are also involved in many autoimmune and pathological disorders. Studies of protein function in human T cells are confined to techniques such as RNA interference (RNAi) owing to ethical reasons and relative simplicity of these methods. However, introduction of RNAi or genes into primary human T cells is often hampered by toxic effects from transfection or transduction methods that yield cell numbers inadequate for downstream assays. Additionally, the efficiency of recombinant DNA expression is frequently low because of multiple factors including efficacy of the method and strength of the targeting RNAs. Here, we describe detailed protocols that will aid in the study of primary human CD4(+) T cells. First, we describe a method for development of effective microRNA/shRNAs using available online algorithms. Second, we illustrate an optimized protocol for high efficacy retroviral or lentiviral transduction of human T-cell lines. Importantly, we demonstrate that activated primary human CD4(+) T cells can be transduced efficiently with lentiviruses, with a highly activated population of T cells receiving the largest number of copies of integrated DNA. We also illustrate a method for efficient lentiviral transduction of hard-to-transduce un-activated primary human CD4(+) T cells. These protocols will significantly assist in understanding the activation and function of human T cells and will ultimately aid in the development or improvement of current drugs that target human CD4(+) T cells.
ARTHROPLASTY OF THE KNEE (1954)

If conclusions are to be of any value they must be definite and one cannot draw definite conclusions from less than, say, fifty cases followed up for at least five years. However, few surgeons will ever see fifty patients requiring arthroplasty of the knee, let alone operate of them, even in five years. Accordingly, this account of a new approach to the problem of knee arthroplasty is submitted in the hope that other surgeons may care to try it and thereby learn, and thus be able to teach, tile modifications and improvements that all new techniques seem so surely to need.
Management of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer (1988)

Department of Medical Oncology, Medical Breast Service, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
Case-II diffusion in polymers. I. Transient swelling (1987)

The swelling of a polymer glass by sorption of a small molecule penetrant is considered in a regime characterized by so-called case-II diffusion. Attention is focused on the polymer so that the swelling process can be investigated apart from diffusion. The model of Thomas and Windle (TW) is used to predict the surface swelling as a function of exposure time. This model assumes that the swelling is driven by the osmotic pressure which relaxes to zero as the surface penetrant volume fraction φs approaches its equilibrium value φe. The rate-controlling factor of the swelling process is the viscosity of the polymer η, which decreases with increasing surface sorption according to η=η0 exp(−mφ) where η0 is the viscosity of the unswollen polymer. For large values of M=mφe, φs is very small until a time τ is reached beyond which the swelling then accelerates rapidly towards its equilibrium value. This feature is absent if M&lt;e. The time τ is estimated by asymptotic analysis. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry is used to investigate the surface swelling kinetics of polystyrene by iodohexane. The TW model tends to underestimate the swelling rate when φs is low and to overestimate it when φs is high. Nevertheless, the time for φs to approach its equilibrium value φe is approximated well by the TW model.
Calculus Reform Sparks a Backlash (1996)

The nationwide movement to reform the teaching of calculus is being criticized by some mathematicians, who argue that new courses water down the subject and coddle students with computers. Their concerns got an airing recently at the winter meetings of the American Mathematical Society and the Mathematical Association of America, held in Orlando, Florida. Yet despite the divisive debate, both sides agree on one point: The reform movement has had a healthy effect on mathematicians' attitudes toward teaching. Computers/Math
Documentation know-how sharing by automatic process tracking (1998)

Some groupware products support office jobs by providing cooperative functions such as workflow management. However, they cannot support documentation jobs because the jobs need individual creativity which is difficult to share. This paper proposes a 'Know-how Sharing Agent' which allows individual creativity used for documentation jobs to be shared. The Know-how Sharing Agent supports document creation by preparing the most exemplary document and its documentation operations. The documentation operations were also saved by the agent automatically when the document was created. This type of agent thus promotes documentation activities by sharing the know-how needed for documentation.
Unique Retrieval of Complex Permittivity and Permeability of Dispersive Materials From Reflection and Transmitted Fields by Enforcing Causality (2007)

The electromagnetic properties of general classes of materials can be obtained by inverting the measured or numerically simulated reflection ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> ) and transmission ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> ) coefficients through a known thickness of a planar slab of the material. The major difficulty is the uncertainty in the change of phase of the transmitted field, if the phase change exceeds 2mpi, m=0,1,2,.... This happens for thick samples as well as for highly dispersive materials. An infinite number of solutions are generated for the imaginary part of the complex wavenumber gamma = alpha + jbeta for different choices of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> . The choice of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> can be made unique by noting that for a causal medium, gamma is an analytic function of frequency and this results in a Kramers-Kronig-type relation between alpha and beta. Since alpha is independent of the choice of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> and, hence, uniquely determined, a Kramers-Kronig reconstruction of beta using alpha will provide a guideline for the correct choice of m. This is a "foolproof" approach even for totally unknown materials since no initial guess is required. Indeed, this approach will work in optics and ultrasonics, and should also be effective for determining the effective refractive index of photonic-bandgap structures that are also highly dispersive.
Intelligent control of object acquisition for power grasp (2002)

An intelligent control architecture is developed for a robotic grasping system capable of acquiring an object into a fully enveloping power grasp. Control of the internal forces of the grasp is provided, along with trajectory control of object position as the object is picked up. Fuzzy control techniques are used for control of internal forces in the power grasp, and an artificial neural network (ANN) provides a means of in-process nonlinear friction estimation. The authors show that inclusion of the ANN improves the tracking accuracy of the object position. The architecture is described, and several experimental studies, using a simulation model of a simple two-link system, demonstrate performance gains realized by using in-process friction estimation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Unconventional Oil and Gas (2014)

Oilsand is a mixture of bitumen, which is an extra heavy oil (>1000 kg·m−3), and mineral matter. This chapter focuses on Canadian oilsands specifically, because it highlights the challenges that are related to bitumen composition and lack of bitumen fluidity. The production of bitumen from oilsands by mining and recovery by extraction, as well as the in situ recovery of bitumen from oilsands deposits, is described. The use of these methods to recover bitumen, as opposed to conventional crude oil recovery, is related to the low fluidity of the bitumen. The characterisation of bitumen, the upgrading of bitumen to fuels and the main conversion processes employed for bitumen upgrading are discussed. Environmental issues, such as the thermal efficiency (CO2 footprint) and water management, are pointed out. At present oil derived from oilsands deposits contributes 2 % of global oil supply and it is likely to increase. Some of the production and upgrading challenges for the future are outlined.
Attenuation of accelerated renal cystogenesis in <i>Pkd1</i> mice by renin-angiotensin system blockade (2017)

The intrarenal renin angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in polycystic kidney disease. We have recently shown in the Pkd1 mouse that Gen 2 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), which suppresses angiotensinogen (Agt) synthesis, is efficacious in slowing kidney cyst formation compared with lisinopril. The aim of this current study was to determine 1) if unilateral nephrectomy accelerates cystogenesis in Pkd1 mice (as previously shown in cilia knockout mice) and 2) whether Agt ASO can slow the progression in this accelerated cystic mouse model. Adult Pkd1 conditional floxed allele mice expressing cre were administered tamoxifen, resulting in global knockout of Pkd1. Three weeks after tamoxifen injection, mice underwent left unilateral nephrectomy. Mice were then treated with Agt ASO (75 mg/kg per week) or aliskiren (20 mg/kg per day)+Agt ASO or control for 8 wk. Unilateral nephrectomy accelerated kidney cyst formation compared with nonnephrectomized mice. Both Agt ASO and Aliskiren+Agt ASO treatments significantly reduced plasma and urinary Agt levels. Blood pressure was lowest in Aliskiren+Agt ASO mice among all treatment groups, and the control group had the highest blood pressure. All mice developed significant kidney cysts at 8 wk after nephrectomy, but Agt ASO and Aliskiren+Agt ASO groups had fewer kidney cysts than controls. Renal pAkt, pS6 levels, and apoptosis were significantly suppressed in those receiving Agt ASO compared with controls. These results indicate that suppressing Agt using an ASO slowed the progression of accelerated cystic kidney disease induced by unilateral nephrectomy in Pkd1 mice by suppressing intrarenal RAS, mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, and cell proliferation.
Biochemical analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein as a quantitative approach to neurotoxicity assessment: advantages, disadvantages and application to the assessment of NMDA receptor antagonist-induced neurotoxicity. (1994)

Hypertrophy appears to be a universal response of astrocytes, a central nervous system (CNS) cell type, to all forms of brain injury. The hallmark of this response, often termed "reactive gliosis," is the enhanced expression of the major intermediate filament protein of astrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Reactive gliosis traditionally has been examined qualitatively by immunohistochemistry of GFAP. But, the widespread availability of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) now makes it possible to quantify damage-induced expression of GFAP as a potential biomarker of diverse neurotoxic insults. To evaluate this possibility, we administered prototype neurotoxicants to experimental animals and then assessed the effects of these agents on the tissue content of GFAP, as determined by a recently developed sandwich ELISA. We found that assays of GFAP reveal dose-, time-, and region-dependent patterns of neural damage, often at toxicant dosages below those that cause light microscopic evidence of cell loss or damage. No false positives have been seen following exposure to a variety of pharmacological agents at therapeutic dosages. With respect to NMDA receptor antagonists, we find that MK-801 causes a large dose-dependent increase in GFAP that, within the cortex, appears to be restricted to the retrosplenial zone. Among the advantages of the CFAP-based approach re its simplicity, objectivity, cost and the fact that the assay can be automated. Among the disadvantages are the need to perform brain dissections and the requirement for a time-course analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An Adjustable-Threshold Electronic Motor Starting System (1977)

One phase of an ongoing program aimed at developing an all-electronic control system for a home appliance is described. The shortcomings of conventional electromechanical motor-starting systems and problems in the early design stages of a replacement electronic system are discussed. A circuit which automatically adjusts itself to compensate for changing conditions so that it always provides the correct motor starting action is presented. Broader applications of the unique circuit are discussed.
Passive all-optical clock recovery demonstration at 42.66 Gbit/s with Bragg-gratings based Fabry-Perot filter (2007)

In this paper, we present the performance of an all-optical clock recovery device based on a passive Fabry-Perot band-pass filter made-up of Bragg Gratings and followed by an SOA for patterning effect reduction. (2 pages)
Detection of a Few Metallo-Protein Molecules Using Color Centers in Nanodiamonds (2013)

Nanometer-sized diamonds containing nitrogen-vacancy defect centers (NV) are promising nanosensors in biological environments due to their biocompatibility, bright fluorescence, and high magnetic sensitivity at ambient conditions. Here we report on the detection of ferritin molecules using magnetic noise induced by the inner paramagnetic iron as a contrast mechanism. We observe a significant reduction of both coherence and relaxation time due to the presence of ferritin on the surface of nanodiamonds. Our theoretical model is in excellent agreement with the experimental data and establishes this method as a novel sensing technology for proteins.
Incorporation of a time-dependent thermodynamic model and a radiation propagation model into IR 3D synthetic image generation (1992)

A model is presented for generation of synthetic images representing what an airborne or satellite thermal infrared imaging sensor would record. The scene and the atmosphere are modeled spectrally with final bandwidth determined by integration over the spectral bandwidth of the sensor (the model will function from 0.25 to 20 μm). The scene is created using a computer-aided-design package to create objects, assign attributes to facets, and assemble the scene. Object temperatures are computed using a thermodynamic model incorporating 24-h worth of meteorological history, as well as pixel specific solar load (i.e., self-shadowing is fully supported). The radiance reaching the sensor is computed using a ray tracer and atmospheric propagation models that vary with wavelength and slant range. Objects can be modeled as specular or diffuse with emissivities (reflectivities) dependent on look angle and wavelength. The resulting images mimic the phenomenology commonly observed by high-resolution thermal infrared sensors to a point where the model can be used as a research tool to evaluate the limitations in our understanding of the thermal infrared imaging process.
Satellite communications today, tomorrow and in the next decade (1997)

This paper discusses the current Inmarsat Aeronautical Satellite Communications system and the changes brought about due to the Inmarsat III satellites. The effect on low Earth orbit and medium Earth orbit satellite communication systems is discussed along with the future of lower cost data systems. The transition from informal usage of satcom in the cockpit to formal air traffic control is described as is the development of passenger services. (9 pages)
Notes and extracts from the Semitic manuscripts in the John Rylands Library. VI The astronomical tables and calendar of the Samaritans (1939)

"Notes and extracts from the Semitic manuscripts in the John Rylands Library. VI The astronomical tables and calendar of the Samaritans" published on Oct 1939 by Manchester University Press.
Rhodium(III)-catalyzed Oxidative Coupling through C–H Bond Cleavage Directed by Phosphinoxy Groups (2013)

A straightforward synthesis of phosphaisocoumarins is achieved by the rhodium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of diarylphosphinic and phenylphosphonic acid derivatives with alkynes. The P-OH groups effectively act as the key function for the regioselective C-H bond cleavage. Related oxidative coupling of phenylphosphine oxides with alkenes can also be conducted smoothly under similar conditions.
Epitope target structures of Fc-mediated effector function during HIV-1 acquisition (2014)

Purpose of review This review analyzes recent studies suggesting that highly conserved epitopes in the HIV-1 Env trimer are targets of potentially protective nonneutralizing antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Recent findings Recent studies in both non-human primates and humans suggest that nonneutralizing antibodies play a role in blocking infection with hybrid simian HIV (SHIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or HIV-1 by Fc-mediated effector function, in particular antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Further, several studies implicate highly conserved epitopes in the C1 region of gp120 as targets of these antibodies. However, these suggestions are controversial, as passive immunization studies do not indicate that such antibodies can block acquisition in non-human primates. Potential reasons for this discrepancy are discussed in the structural context of potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity epitopes on target cells during the narrow window of opportunity when antibodies can block HIV-1 acquisition. Summary Cumulative evidence suggests that, in addition to virus neutralization, Fc-mediated effector responses to highly conserved epitopes in the HIV-1 trimer play distinct as well as overlapping roles in blocking HIV-1 acquisition. Evidence will be discussed as to whether nonneutralizing antibodies specific for epitopes on the HIV-1 Env trimer that become exposed during viral entry contribute significantly to blocking HIV-1 acquisition.
A Low-Friction Variable-Valve Actuation Device Part II: Analysis and Simulation (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A relatively simple, low-friction Variable-Valve-Actuation (VVA) device is presented. The device can be characterized as a four-bar mechanism consisting of a crank, a rocker and a coupler, all supported on a carrier body. Description of the prototype hardware, and the results of the friction measurements are presented in an accompanying paper [<span class="xref">1</span>].</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In the present paper, a kinematic analysis/synthesis and a rigid-body dynamic analysis are outlined. Also included is a flexible-body model where the coupler link, which was suspected to be the most severely stressed member, is modeled as a flexible component. A sensitivity-uncertainty analysis employing the Fourier-Amplitude-Sensitivity-Test (FAST) method is conducted to identify the dominant design parameters, and to predict the variations in mechanism's performance due to the uncertainties in the design parameters.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Dynamometer tests reported in [<span class="xref">1</span>] confirmed the predictions that, due primarily to the rocking motion at the lifter interface, the mechanism consumes much less frictional-energy than a direct-acting non-roller type valvetrain. It is demonstrated that the mechanism can provide late valve opening, early valve closing, and lower lift.</div>
Novel Loss-of-Function<i>putative aminotransferase</i>Alleles Cause Biosynthesis of Capsinoids, Nonpungent Capsaicinoid Analogues, in Mildly Pungent Chili Peppers (Capsicum chinense) (2010)

Capsinoids are a group of nonpungent capsaicinoid analogues produced in Capsicum fruits. They have similar bioactivities to capsaicinoids such as suppression of fat accumulation and antioxidant activity. They are more palatable ingredients in dietary supplements than capsaicinoids because of their low pungency. Previous studies on nonpungent Capsicum annuum cultivars showed that capsinoid biosynthesis is caused by loss-of-function putative aminotransferase (p-amt) alleles. This study showed that three mildly pungent cultivars of Capsicum chinense (Zavory Hot, Aji Dulce strain 2, and Belize Sweet) contain high levels of capsinoid. It was shown that these cultivars have novel p-amt alleles, which contain mutations that differ from those of C. annuum. Sequence analysis of p-amt in Belize Sweet revealed that a 5 bp insertion (TGGGC) results in a frameshift mutation. A transposable element (Tcc) was found in the p-amt of Zavory Hot and Aji Dulce strain 2. Tcc has features similar to those of the hAT transposon family. This was inserted in the fifth intron of Zavory Hot and in third intron of Aji Dulce strain 2. The p-amt alleles harboring Tcc cannot produce an active p-AMT. These mildly pungent cultivars will provide a new natural source of capsinoids.
Fluctuations of biological rhythm. (1991)

A biological body is a soft system as compared with an ordinary mechanical system, and hence it is more reasonable that phenomena occurring in a biological body are not steady but fluctuating. A common rule can be found in various biological fluctuations.