gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Head Acceleration Measurements in Helmet-Helmet Impacts and the Youth Population (2012)

The research presented herein is an analysis of acceleration measurements of the head during helmet-helmet impacts, where a player's helmet impacts another player's helmet, and with a youth population in football. This research is aimed at advancing current understanding of impact biomechanics for two specialized groups. The first study is an observational analysis focusing on helmet-helmet impacts, and the difference in effective mass and head acceleration measurements between the striking player and the struck player. The study involved working with football players outfitted with a sensor integrated into their helmets containing a 6 accelerometer array, capable of measuring linear accelerations and estimating angular accelerations. To evaluate helmet-helmet impacts, video analysis of past NCAA football competitions between Virginia Tech and University of North Carolina (UNC) were utilized to identify these impacts between instrumented players. A force balance was then carried out for the observed impacts and their respective acceleration measurements to compute the effective mass of the players. It was determined that the total mass recruited by the striking player was 28% to 77% more than that of the struck player. The second study focused on documenting the head impact biomechanics of a youth population. To accomplish this objective, unique accelerometer arrays, capable of measuring linear and angular accelerations, were integrated into existing youth football helmets for 7 players on a local team. Acceleration data were collected for every practice and game during the 2011 season to amass a total of 748 impacts. No instrumented player sustained a concussion during the 2011 season. Results of the study indicated impacts of greater magnitudes were more likely to occur in practices, and can be minimized by augmenting practice activities.
Synthesis of Azo-Conjugated Metalladithiolenes and Their Photo- and Proton-Responsive Isomerization Reactions (2003)

A versatile synthetic method of azo-conjugated metalladithiolenes was developed, and new complexes with various central metals and substituent groups were synthesized. Molecular structures of the azo-conjugated metalladithiolenes of Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) with diphenylphosphinoethane as a co-ligand were determined by X-ray crystallography. While the energy of the reversible trans-to-cis photoisomerization is considerably lower than that of azobenzene, the thermal stability of the cis form is much higher than that of the organic azobenzene derivatives showing similar low-energy trans-to-cis photoisomerization. A novel proton response of the azo group occurs, and the combination of photoisomerization and protonation leads to a novel proton-catalyzed cis-to-trans isomerization, the rate of which correlates with the redox potential of the metalladithiolene moiety. The study including other azo-conjugated metalladithiolenes has indicated that the protonation is a common feature for the azo-conjugated metalladithiolenes, but trans-to-cis photoisomerization is strongly dependent on the electronic structure of the trans form or a steric effect in the cis form.
Cloning of GLN4: an essential gene that encodes glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1985)

The structural gene for glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase has been isolated from a gene bank of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomal DNA. Cloning was achieved by complementation of a recently described yeast strain that is auxotrophic for glutamine. A multicopy recombinant plasmid with a 5-kilobase-pair genomic insert conferred sixfold elevation in glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase activity and restored a Gln+ phenotype to strains that were Gln- by virtue of a mutant gln4 allele. Subfragments of the 5-kilobase insert directed integration of URA3 to GLN4. Further experiments established that GLN4 is an essential gene that is located on chromosome XV. RNA blots with a GLN4-specific probe detected a single transcript of approximately 2,900 nucleotides.
Queueing-blocking system with two arrival streams and guard channels (1988)

An approach to the study of a multichannel cutoff priority system for two Poisson arrival streams with distinct arrival rates and the same potential service time distribution is proposed. This approach makes it possible to obtain the state probabilities in simple closed-form expressions. These expressions provide a straightforward way to derive the distribution of the number of busy servers, the queue length distributions, and, above all, a very simple criterion for the stability of the system. The computations can still be carried out for large systems (e.g. 100 servers). The method can easily be extended from the infinite-queue-length case to a system with finite capacity. As applied to cellular radio, the method offers a means of increasing the total carried traffic while improving the perceived service quality.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Line Lacking all the Seed Lipoxygenase Isozymes in Soybean (Glycine max(L.)MERRILL) Induced by gamma-ray Irradiation. (1991)

Soybean seeds contain three lipoxygenase isozymes which are re, sponsible for the generatlon of grassy beany flavors. Double mutant soybeans lacking both L-1 and L-3, and L-2 and L-3, respectively were already obtained, but neither double mutant soybean seeds lacking both L-1 and L-2 nor triple mutant soybean seeds lacking all the isozymes have been obtained. In this study we successfully induced a line lacking all the lipoxygenases by gamma-ray irradiation. The soybeans lacking all the lipoxygenases went through two generations without displaying any physiological abnormalities, and we concluded that the induced trait charcterized by the lack of all the isozymes is a truly inherited trait.
Hard x-ray holographic microscopy using refractive prism and Fresnel zone plate objective (2005)

An optics for hard x-ray holographic microscopy has been developed and preliminary experiments have been done at SPring-8 undulator beamline 20XU. The optical system consists of an x-ray objective lens (Fresnel zone plate) and a wave front-division-type interferometer with prism optics. The illuminating x-ray beam is coherent with parallel radiation, and the spatially coherent area is much larger than the aperture of the objective lens. The refractive prism is placed behind the back focal plane of the objective lens in order to configure the wavefront-dividing interferometer. Half of the illuminating radiation is used for illuminating an object, and the other half is used for forming a reference wave. The magnified image of the object is generated at an image plane, and the reference wave is superimposed on the magnified image of the object. The recorded interferogram includes both amplitude and phase information of the object. The spatial resolution is determined by the numerical aperture of the objective lens. Therefore, in principle, this method enables holographic imaging at nanometer scale to be carried out in the hard x-ray region.
Iron Uptake Mechanisms of Pathogenic Bacteria. (1996)

鉄 (イオン) はほとんどの生物の生存と増殖に不可欠な元素である。しかし, 宿主生体における鉄は大部分が結合型やヘム鉄として存在し, 細菌が自由に利用できる遊離鉄は極めて少ない。これは有害な活性酸素の生成防止と共に細菌感染症に対する非特異的生体防御機構の一つとなっている。それ故, 宿主生体中で増殖し得る病原菌は何らかの巧妙な鉄獲得系を保持している筈である。鉄欠乏下に発現する2つの鉄獲得系が明かにされている: 1) Fe3+に高親和性の輸送キレート剤, シデロフォア (siderophore, siderochrome とも呼ばれる) を産生し, トランスフェリンやラクトフェリンに結合している鉄を奪い取り, そのコンプレックスに特異的なレセプターを介して鉄を取り込む系; 2) トランスフェリン, ラクトフェリン, ヘムに結合している鉄をそれぞれに特異的なレセプターを介して直接利用する系。この能力は細菌の生体内増殖を可能にするので, 病原性 (強化) 因子の一つと考えられている。近年, 分子生物学的あるいは分子遺伝学的手法を用いて, これら鉄獲得系の発現調節機構や病原性強化における役割が個々の病原菌についてより詳細に解明されつつある。さらに, 鉄獲得に関与する遺伝子群と共に鉄獲得に直接関係のない病原因子遺伝子の発現も鉄欠乏に呼応して増加し, これに係わる統括的 (global) 調節因子の存在が明かにされた。病原菌の鉄獲得機構の解明は感染症防御のための新たな手段, 戦略を提供する可能性を秘めている。
Spacecraft Conceptual Design for Returning Entire Near-Earth Asteroids (2012)

In situ resource utilization (ISRU) in general, and asteroid mining in particular are ideas that have been
around for a long time, and for good reason. It is clear that ultimately human exploration beyond low-Earth
orbit will have to utilize the material resources available in space. Historically, the lack of sufficiently capable
in-space transportation has been one of the key impediments to the harvesting of near-Earth asteroid
resources. With the advent of high-power (or order 40 kW) solar electric propulsion systems, that impediment
is being removed. High-power solar electric propulsion (SEP) would be enabling for the exploitation of
asteroid resources. The design of a 40-kW end-of-life SEP system is presented that could rendezvous with,
capture, and subsequently transport a 1,000-metric-ton near-Earth asteroid back to cislunar space. The
conceptual spacecraft design was developed by the Collaborative Modeling for Parametric Assessment of
Space Systems (COMPASS) team at the Glenn Research Center in collaboration with the Keck Institute for
Space Studies (KISS) team assembled to investigate the feasibility of an asteroid retrieval mission. Returning
such an object to cislunar space would enable astronaut crews to inspect, sample, dissect, and ultimately
determine how to extract the desired materials from the asteroid. This process could jump-start the entire
ISRU industry
Metformin directly acts on mitochondria to alter cellular bioenergetics (2014)

Together, these results demonstrate that metformin directly acts on mitochondria to limit respiration and that the sensitivity of cells to metformin is dependent on their ability to cope with energetic stress.
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Cancer After Treatment With Bisphosphonates: Incidence and Risk Factors (2005)

The use of bisphosphonates seems to be associated with the development of ONJ. Length of exposure seems to be the most important risk factor for this complication. The type of bisphosphonate may play a role and previous dental procedures may be a precipitating factor.
How to do RF-BiST with virtually no extra circuits for RF-SoC products? (2010)

This paper describes novel RF Built-in Self Test (RFBiST) and RF Built-in-Self-Calibration (RF-BiSC) techniques that can test the performance of RF SoC's using on-chip resources as both test stimuli and response analyzers. Our RFBiST approach is to fully utilize existing on-chip circuitry to prevent adding extra die area, while remaining capable of performing various RF-SoC self-tests. Successful RF-BiST examples include internally measuring RF oscillators with onchip digital signals from an All-Digital Phase Locked Loop (ADPLL). Other RF-BiST examples cover various contributors to Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) such as gain, linearity, and phase noise. Functional RF-BiSTs, such as loop-back methods, can be verified from GSM/EDGE to WLAN SoCs through good correlation with comparable external tests. Additionally, RFBiST/ BiSC with on-chip digital controllers and compensation networks can help drastically reduce the cost of phase and amplitude calibration and the deployment time with improved uniformity for phased-array RADARs, benefiting both future military and commercial RADAR systems considerably.
Polizeilich registrierte Gewalttaten junger Menschen : Grund zu Furcht und Sorge? (2003)

Die vorliegende Darstellung und Beurteilung der polizeilich registrierten Gewalttaten von Jugendlichen unter 18 Jahren erfolgt auf der Grundlage von Daten der Polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik (PKS) für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und für Bayern. Die Bundesdaten geben einen Gesamtüberblick für die Jahre 1993 bis 2001, erlauben jedoch nicht Differenzierungen und Neuberechnungen, die nur auf der Ebene eines Landes durch das Landeskriminalamt möglich sind. Die vorhandenen Analysen zur Kinder- und Jugendkriminalität in München und die vom Kriminologischen Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen e.V. (KFN) an Münchener Schulen durchgeführten Dunkelfeldbefragungen erlauben einen Vergleich von Hell- und Dunkelfelddaten zur Gewaltdelinquenz, wie er in dieser Aussagekraft nur selten vorgenommen werden kann. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass trotz der deutlichen Zunahmen der kriminalstatistisch registrierten (Gewalt-) Kriminalität von Kindern und Jugendlichen in den letzten Jahren - bedingt durch tatsächliche Zunahmen und eine gestiegene Anzeigebereitschaft - nach wie vor nur ein kleiner Teil der Kinder und Jugendlichen polizeilich auffällig wird. Davon abgesehen müssen jedoch die Einrichtung von problem- und täterorientierten, kooperativen Ressorts sowie mehr kriminalpräventive Konzepte und Maßnahmen gefordert werden. (ICI2)
Complement‐dependent induction of DNA synthesis and proliferation of human diploid fibroblasts (1980)

The effects of fresh human serum (FHS) and heat-inactivated human serum (HHS) on the DNA synthesis and proliferation of human diploid fibroblasts were assessed. FHS activated significantly more quiescent fibroblasts to undergo DNA synthesis and proliferation than did HHS. The stimulatory effect occurred consistently over a serum concentration range of 0.1-10%. Using bromodeoxyuridine selective killing techniques, it was shown that this FHS stimulatory effect was on a specific subpopulation of fibroblasts unresponsive to HHS. The involvement of the complement system, and specifically of Cl, was shown by the inability of Clq-depleted FHS to support enhanced DNA synthesis whereas Clq-depleted serum reconstituted with purified Clq was effective. Purified Clq did not restore activity when added to heated serum, nor was it mitogenic when tested in basal medium without serum. The addition of purified Clq to fresh serum inhibited the enhancement of DNA synthesis, and at Clq concentrations of 4 microgram/ml and greater, the fresh serum effects were abrogated. Thus, it appears that binding of the assembled Cl complex to the fibroblast surface was required for FHS-mediated enhancement of fibroblast proliferation, with Clq subcomponent serving as the recognition site. The results from several experiments indicated that antibody was not required for the complement-dependent fibroblast activation. FHS was not cytotoxic, and autologous serum was as effective as allogeneic sera. A 20-fold molar excess of Fab' from pooled human IgG did not alter the FHS effects. FHS from which IgG was more than 99% depleted was still effective. These results suggested an antibody-independent role for complement in the activation of a subpopulation of human diploid fibroblasts.
A broadband VCO using dielectric resonators (2003)

An approach for obtaining broadband negative resistance in designing single-port voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) is described. The circuit uses a varactor in the feedback path to obtain a variable reactance for maximizing the negative resistance. The concept is demonstrated by designing and fabricating a circuit that oscillates in the 3.5-6.5-GHz band, depending only on the selection of the dielectric resonator. Electronic tuning for automatic frequency control is provided by a tuning varactor coupled to the tank circuit. The VCO was used in a prototype broadband downconverter for 4-6-GHz microwave digital radio.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Algicide Constituents from Swinglea glutinosa (2009)

Oscillatoria perornata, a cyanobacterium (blue-green alga), common in catfish production ponds in the southeastern United States, produces the monoterpene 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), which is absorbed into catfish flesh and imparts a "musty" taste, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. Algicides that are currently in the commercial market to control O. perornata have broad-spectrum toxicity toward other beneficial phytoplankton, such as the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum, as well as low biodegradability. As part of our continuing efforts to search for natural-product-based algicides, the ethyl acetate extract of the roots of Swinglea glutinosa was investigated. This report describes isolation and structure elucidation of one novel coumarin, two known coumarins, and nine acridone alkaloids from S. glutinosa root extracts and the evaluation of these compounds for algicidal activity against O. perornata.
The Arabidopsis functional homolog of the p34cdc2 protein kinase. (1991)

The p34cdc2 protein kinase is a key component of the eukaryotic cell cycle, which is required for G1 to S-phase transition and for entry into mitosis. Using a 380-base pair DNA fragment obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification from an Arabidopsis thaliana flower cDNA library as a probe, we isolated and sequenced a cdc2-homologous cDNA from Arabidopsis. The encoded polypeptide has extensive homology with cdc2-like kinases. Furthermore, when expressed in a CDC28ts Saccharomyces strain, it partially restores the capacity to grow at 36 degrees C, indicating that the plant cDNA is a functional homolog of the p34cdc2 kinase. Genomic hybridization demonstrated that there is one copy of the cdc2 gene per Arabidopsis haploid genome. Using RNA gel blot analysis, we found that cdc2 mRNA is present in all plant organs.
A New Endoscopic Simulator (2000)

Trainees need to perform a certain number of endoscopic procedures to achieve competence. Training on simulators is advantageous because it reduces the number of potentially life-threatening critical mistakes. The change in medical practice that limits education time and patient availability, and the increase in medical legal awareness, have contributed to the greater use of simulators in medical training and education. Simulators are of three types: mechanical, animal, and computer based. Progress in computer technology is expected to promote computer-based simulators. At present, the computer-based simulator is helpful in teaching upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, for diagnostic and some therapeutic procedures. It has been used at workshops and live demonstrations performed during endoscopic meetings. It is predicted that with further technological improvement, training on simulators will become obligatory before performing on humans.
Path Generation for Quasi-Monte Carlo Simulation of Mortgage-Backed Securities (2000)

Monte Carlo simulation is playing an increasingly important role in the pricing and hedging of complex, path dependent financial instruments. Low discrepancy simulation methods offer the potential to provide faster rates of convergence than those of standard Monte Carlo methods; however, in high dimensional problems special methods are required to ensure that the faster convergence rates hold. Indeed, Ninomiya and Tezuka (1996) have shown highdimensional examples, in which low discrepancy methods perform worse than Monte Carlo methods. The principal component construction introduced by Acworth et al. (1998) provides one solution to this problem. However, the computational effort required to generate each path grows quadratically with the dimension of the problem. This article presents two new methods that offer accuracy equivalent, in terms of explained variability, to the principal components construction with computational requirements that are linearly related to the problem dimension. One method is to take into account knowledge about the payoff function, which makes it more flexible than the Brownian Bridge construction. Numerical results are presented that show the benefits of such adjustments. The different methods are compared for the case of pricing mortgage backed securities using the Hull-White term structure model.
Analytic Steady-State Accuracy of a Spacecraft Attitude Estimator (2000)

This paper extends Farrenkopf's analysis of a single-axis spacecraft attitude estimator using gyro and angle sensor data to include the angle output white noise of a rate-integrating gyro. Analytic expressions are derived for the steady-state pre-update and post-update angle and drift bias variances and for the state update equations. It is shown that only part of the state update resulting from the angle sensor measurement is propagated to future times.
Dynamic Allocation of Kidneys to Candidates on the Transplant Waiting List (2000)

The crux of the kidney allocation problem is the trade-off between clinical efficiency and equity. We consider a dynamic resource allocation problem with the tri-criteria objective of maximizing the quality-adjusted life expectancy of transplant candidates (clinical efficiency) and minimizing two measures of inequity: a linear function of the likelihood of transplantation of the various types of patients, and a quadratic function that quantifies the differences in mean waiting times across patient types. The dynamic status of patients is modeled by a set of linear differential equations, and an approximate analysis of the optimal control problem yields a dynamic index policy. We construct a large-scale simulation model using data from over 30,000 transplants, and the simulation results demonstrate that, relative to the organ allocation policy currently employed in the United States, the dynamic index policy increases the quality-adjusted life expectancy and reduces the mean waiting time until transplantation for all six demographic groups (two sexes, races, and age groups) under consideration.
Pain behavior and pain coping strategies in low back pain and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome patients (1986)

Pain behavior and pain coping strategies were systematically measured in a group of 32 chronic low back pain (LBP) and 32 myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) syndrome patients. Both groups reported high levels of psychological distress on the SCL-90R. The LBP patients were significantly less active, took more narcotic and sedative-hypnotic medications, and showed higher levels of motor pain behavior (guarding, rubbing, and bracing) than the MPD patients. The LBP patients used attention diversion, and praying or hoping as pain coping skills to a much greater extent than the MPD patients. The relationship of these findings to prior research is described, and future research needs in this area are identified.
Thin films: Past, present, future (1995)

This report describes the characteristics of the thin film photovoltaic modules necessary for an acceptable rate of return for rural areas and underdeveloped countries. The topics of the paper include a development of goals of cost and performance for an acceptable PV system, a review of current technologies for meeting these goals, issues and opportunities in thin film technologies.
Development of TiO<sub>2</sub> containing hardmasks through PEALD deposition (2017)

With the increasing prevalence of complex device integration schemes, tri layer patterning with a solvent strippable hardmask can have a variety of applications. Spin-on metal hardmasks have been the key enabler for selective removal through wet strip when active areas need to be protected from dry etch damage. As spin-on metal hardmasks require a dedicated track to prevent metal contamination, and are limited in their ability to scale down thickness without comprising on defectivity, there has been a need for a deposited hardmask solution. Modulation of film composition through deposition conditions enables a method to create TiO<sub>2</sub> films with wet etch tunability. This paper presents a systematic study on development and characterization of PEALD deposited TiO<sub>2</sub>-based hardmasks for patterning applications. We demonstrate lithographic process window, pattern profile, and defectivity evaluation for a tri layer scheme patterned with PEALD based TiO<sub>2</sub> hardmask and its performance under dry and wet strip conditions. Comparable structural and electrical performance is shown for a deposited vs a spin-on metal hardmask.