gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adjustable Speed Drive with a Brushless DC Motor (1971)

The brushless dc motor described consists of a synchronous motor with a rotor position sensor and a three-phase bridge inverter. The commutation in the inverter circuit is performed by the induced voltage of the armature windings. In this situation, since auxiliary commutation devices such as capacitors, inductors, and auxiliary thyristors are not required, the simplest inverter circuit is obtained. However, the commutation ability decreases at low speed and starting difficulty results. A novel starting procedure is described whereby the chopping of the rectifier output voltage is accomplished by control of the delay angle. In order to obtain a rapid interruption of the main circuit current, an auxiliary thyristor antiparalleled to the smoothing reactor is used. Finally, a new method of speed sensing that eliminates the need of a tachogenerator is proposed. Speed stabilization with an accuracy about 5 percent in a speed range of 10:1 is perforned with this new control system.
A multidimensional nonlinear edge-preserving filter for magnetic resonance image restoration (1995)

The paper presents a multidimensional nonlinear edge-preserving filter for restoration and enhancement of magnetic resonance images (MRI). The filter uses both interframe (parametric or temporal) and intraframe (spatial) information to filter the additive noise from an MRI scene sequence. It combines the approximate maximum likelihood (equivalently, least squares) estimate of the interframe pixels, using MRI signal models, with a trimmed spatial smoothing algorithm, using a Euclidean distance discriminator to preserve partial volume and edge information. (Partial volume information is generated from voxels containing a mixture of different tissues.) Since the filter's structure is parallel, its implementation on a parallel processing computer is straightforward. Details of the filter implementation for a sequence of four multiple spin-echo images is explained, and the effects of filter parameters (neighborhood size and threshold value) on the computation time and performance of the filter is discussed. The filter is applied to MRI simulation and brain studies, serving as a preprocessing procedure for the eigenimage filter. (The eigenimage filter generates a composite image in which a feature of interest is segmented from the surrounding interfering features.) It outperforms conventional pre and post-processing filters, including spatial smoothing, low-pass filtering with a Gaussian kernel, median filtering, and combined vector median with average filtering.
Dopaminergic Agents in Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep: Response and Complications of Extended Treatment in 49 Cases (1993)

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurosensorimotor disorder that presents with paresthesias, sleep disturbances and, in most cases, periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS). Although many treatments have been described, interest has recently been focused on dopaminergic mechanisms of etiology and treatment. The dopamine agonists L-dopa/carbidopa, bromocriptine mesylate or both were initiated in 49 patients with RLS/PLMS who sought consultation at a sleep disorders center. This retrospective study describes the symptoms, time course of response and complications in 36 men and 13 women with a mean age of 53.9 years. Only 47 of the patients were available for extended follow-up. The most common presenting complaints were the sensation of restless legs and sleep maintenance insomnia lasting over 20 years. In the extended follow-up group of 47, four failed to respond to L-dopa or bromocriptine, five discontinued treatment because of side effects and two reported loss of therapeutic effect within the first month. Between month one and six, only three additional subjects discontinued treatment. At a mean follow-up of 283 days (SD 316), 33 patients continued on L-dopa/carbidopa at a mean bedtime dose of 160 mg L-dopa (SD 300). Treatment-emergent morning leg restlessness developed in eight patients, seven of whom required daytime medication for relief. Other side effects, generally nausea, occurred in only eight of 43 patients. Psychiatric side effects of dyskinesia were not seen. The > 70% long-term response is comparable to other studies in the literature.
Operational Transconductance Amplifier With Class-B Slew-Rate Boosting for Fast High-Performance Switched-Capacitor Circuits (2018)

In this paper, a technique for slew-rate (SR) boosting suitable for switched-capacitor circuits is proposed. The proposed technique makes use of a class-B auxiliary amplifier that generates a compensating current only when high SR is demanded by large signals. The proposed architecture employs simple circuitry to detect the need for a large output current by employing a highly sensitive pre-amplifier followed by a class-B amplifier. The functionality of the class-B transconductance amplifier is dictated by a predefined hysteresis, and operates in parallel with the main amplifier. The proposed solution demands small static power (under 20% of main amplifier power) due to its class-B nature. The experimental results in a 40-nm CMOS technology show more than 45% reduction in slew time, and a 28% shorter slew time for 1% settling time when used in a typical 4.5 bit/stage block commonly used in pipelined analog-to-digital converters. Compared with the core amplifier, HD3 at 500 MHz reduces by more than 10 dB when the SR boosting circuit is activated.
Temporal expression of different pathways of 1-arginine metabolism in healing wounds. (1990)

Arginine can be metabolized by inflammatory cells through at least two pathways. One is an oxidative l-arginine deiminase (OAD) that results in the formation of citrulline and reactive nitrogen intermediates. The other is arginase, which determines the production of ornithine and urea. The temporal expression of these pathways in an experimental wound model (s.c. implanted polyvinyl alcohol sponges in the rat) was investigated by examining the concentrations of amino acids and of nitrite in fluids obtained from the sponges 6 h to 15 day after implantation. These analyses revealed two distinct periods during which the arginine concentration in the fluids was markedly below plasma levels. During the early period (less than 3 days after sponge implantation) wound fluid contained more citrulline and nitrite than at any other time, suggesting OAD activity. In contrast, ornithine accumulated in the fluids during the late decrease in arginine concentration that extended beyond day 3, during which time the wound fluid also contained a high arginase activity. This time-dependent expression of different pathways of arginine metabolism in wounds was confirmed in sponge cultures containing [guanido-14C]-l-arginine. Cells contained in sponges harvested less than 48 h after implantation metabolized labeled arginine mainly to labeled citrulline, whereas labeled urea was produced during culture of sponges harvested after this time. The low arginine content of wound fluid did not appear to be rate limiting for the expression of OAD in late sponges because no OAD activity was evidenced when 4 mM arginine was added to the cultures. These results indicate that the OAD pathway is expressed in this model predominantly during the early, polymorphonuclear leukocyte-predominant, phase of repair. At this time, the reactive nitrogen intermediates resulting from the metabolism of arginine may mediate some of the events characteristic of early inflammation, including microbiostasis, vasodilation, and inhibition/reversal of platelet aggregation. In turn, the late suppression of this pathway and the catabolism of arginine through arginase may promote macrophage function within wounds.
Ablation of bone and polymethylmethacrylate by an XeCl (308 nm) excimer laser (1989)

One of the main problems in orthopaedics is the surgical removal of hard substances, such as bone and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Such materials are often very difficult to remove without mechanical trauma to the remaining tissue. This study investigated the feasibility of the ultraviolet 308 nm excimer laser in the ablation of these materials. The beam was delivered through a 1 mm-diameter fiber optic at 40 Hz with energy densities at the target surface of 20-80 J/cm2 per pulse. The goal of the study was to establish the ideal dosimetry for removing bone and PMMA with minimum trauma to the adjacent tissue. Histology revealed that the 308 nm laser effectively removed bone leaving a thermal damage zone of only 2-3 microns in the remaining tissue. Increasing the energy per pulse gave correspondingly larger and deeper cuts with increasing zones of thermal damage. The excimer laser was also effective in the ablation of PMMA, creating craters in the substrate with a thermal damage zone of 10-40 microns. The debris from both substrates was evaluated.
Drug Bioavailability (2008)

Preface.Foreword.List of Authors.I. STUDIES OF MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY AND ORAL ABSORPTION.1. Physico-chemical Approaches to Drug Absorption (H. van de Waterbeemd).2. High-throughput Measurement of log D and pKa (J. Comer).3. High-throughput Measurement of Permeability Profiles (A. Avdeef).4. Caco-2 and Emerging Alternatives for Prediction of Intestinal Drug Transport: A General Overview (P. Artursson & S. Tavelin).5. Cell Cultures in Drug Discovery: An Industrial Perspective (A. Ungell & J. Karlsson).6. Use of Animals for the Determination of Absorption and Bioavailability (C. Logan).7. In Vivo Permeability Studies in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Humans (N. Petri & H. Lennernas).II. DRUG DISSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY.8. Gastrointestinal Dissolution and Absorption of Drugs (G. Granero, et al.).9. Aqueous Solubility in Discovery, Chemistry, and Assay Changes (C. Lipinski).10. Factors Influencing the Water Solubilities of Crystalline Drugs (J. McFarland, et al.).III. ROLE OF TRANSPORTERS AND METABOLISM IN ORAL ABSORPTION.11. Transporters in the GI Tract (H. Shin, et al.).12. Hepatic Transport (H. Suzuki & Y. Sugiyama).13. The Importance of Gut Wall Metabolism in Determining Drug Bioavailability (K. Beaumont).14. Modified Cell Lines (C. Crespi).IV. COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO DRUG ABSORPTION AND BIOAVAILABILITY.15. Intestinal Absorption: The Role of Polar Surface Area (P. Artursson & C. Bergstrom).16. Calculated Molecular Properties and Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Absorption Prediction (U. Norinder & M. Haeberlein).17. VOLSURF: A Tool for Drug ADME-properties Prediction (G. Cruciani, et al.).18. Simulation of Absorption, Metabolism, and Bioavailability (M. Bolger, et al.).19. Prediction of Bioavailability (A. Mandagere & B. Jones).20. Towards P-Glycoprotein Structure-Activity Relationships (A. Seelig, et al.).V. DRUG DEVELOPMENT ISSUES.21. Application of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System Now and in the Future (B. Abrahamsson & H. Lennernas).22. Prodrugs (B. Steffansen, et al.).23. Modern Delivery Strategies: Physiological Considerations for Orally Administered Medications (C. Wilson).Index.
Electrospinning Nanofiber on an Insulating Surface with a Patterned Functional Electrolyte Electrode (2018)

Abstract Electrodes in traditional electrospinning processes have been used to directly collect nanofibers, or to induce a modified electric field to collect aligned nanofibers. In this context, many studies have been carried out to overcome the limitations of simple metal electrodes. In this study, a sub‐millimeter‐scale electrospun nanofiber patterning technique is proposed, which uses a functional electrolyte as a collector electrode between an electrospun nanofiber and a collector substrate. Adhesion between nanofibers and substrate is promoted by using polydopamine solution as a functional electrolyte. In this method, after the electrospinning process is completed, the electrolyte used as the collector electrode is evaporated so that the nanofiber and the substrate are in direct contact, without any trace of the metal electrode. Nanofibers can also be patterned on a thick insulator using this fabrication method. This fabrication method combines the advantages of conventional wet‐electrospinning and electrospinning techniques with metal electrodes in terms of nanofiber patterning.
Structures of Escherichia coli DNA mismatch repair enzyme MutS in complex with different mismatches: a common recognition mode for diverse substrates (2003)

We have refined a series of isomorphous crystal structures of the Escherichia coli DNA mismatch repair enzyme MutS in complex with G:T, A:A, C:A and G:G mismatches and also with a single unpaired thymidine. In all these structures, the DNA is kinked by approximately 60 degrees upon protein binding. Two residues widely conserved in the MutS family are involved in mismatch recognition. The phenylalanine, Phe 36, is seen stacking on one of the mismatched bases. The same base is also seen forming a hydrogen bond to the glutamate Glu 38. This hydrogen bond involves the N7 if the base stacking on Phe 36 is a purine and the N3 if it is a pyrimidine (thymine). Thus, MutS uses a common binding mode to recognize a wide range of mismatches.
High-temp SCR competes with DLN combustors (1996)

This article describes recent installations which confirm the viability of high-temperature selective catalytic reduction for a broad range of gas turbines. The zeolite-based catalysts offers several advantages over both vanadia/titania SCRs and dry low-NO{sub x} combustors. Selective catalytic reduction systems (SCR) have provided efficient, reliable service in hundreds of installations worldwide. These systems can lower NO{sub x} emissions by 80 to 90% with a useful catalyst life of more than five years. But conventional SCR technology is limited in one very important way: the typical vanadia/titania catalyst works only in a temperature range of approximately 575 to 800 F. Any higher, the catalyst undergoes irreversible changes, losing conversion efficiency and active life. High-temperature SCR technology was introduced commercially in the late 1980s to overcome the limitations of precious-metal designs. The zeolite-based catalysts, which have been applied to gas turbines as large as 36 MW, offer comparable NO{sub x} reduction at operating temperatures up to 1,125 F. They open up new system design options for gas-turbine facilities. Applications for high-temperature SCR include simple-cycle gas turbines, cogeneration plant retrofits, and stationary engines.
Selective Formation of Inverted Opals by Electron‐Beam Lithography (2004)

Lateral control of the fabrication of selectively inverted opals using polymer–silica composites is reported. Poly(methyl methacrylate)–SiO2 composite opals obtained by chemical vapor deposition can be patterned by electron-beam lithography and developed to produce silica inverse opals with well-defined extrinsic defects (see Figure).
Attitudes toward computers: A study of post-secondary students in Singapore (2006)

10.1080/10494820600616406
CD4+CD25+ Regulatory Lymphocytes Induce Regression of Intestinal Tumors in <i>ApcMin/+</i> Mice (2005)

Colorectal cancer in humans results from sequential genetic changes in intestinal epithelia commencing with inactivation of the APC tumor suppressor gene. Roles for host immunity in epithelial tumorigenesis are poorly understood. It has been previously shown that CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes inhibit colitis-associated epithelial tumors in Rag-deficient mice. Here we show that addition of CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes in ApcMin/+ mice reduces multiplicity of epithelial adenomas. Interleukin-10 was required in regulatory cells for therapeutic effect. Recipients of regulatory cells showed increased apoptosis and down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 within tumors coincident with tumor regression. These data suggest a role for regulatory lymphocytes in epithelial homeostasis in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal polyposis. Similarities with cancer of the breast, prostate, lung, and other sites raise the possibility of broader roles for regulatory lymphocytes in prevention and treatment of epithelial cancers in humans.
Classical wave localization and spectral gap materials (2005)

Abstract In the study of classical waves, i.e., electromagnetic and elastic waves, wave localization and spectral gap materials are two of the most important developments over the past two decades. While the main subject matter of this volume is on spectral gap materials, it is the purpose of this article to attempt a qualitative overview of the two subjects, in terms of the underlying physics.
The soul of ActiveCube (2004)

ActiveCube is a novel user interface that allows intuitive interaction with computers. ActiveCube allows users to construct and interact with three-dimensional (3D) environments using physical cubes equipped with input/output devices. Spatial, temporal, and functional consistency is always maintained between the physical object and its corresponding representation in the computer. In this article we detail the design and implementation of our system. We describe the method we used to realize flexible 3D modeling by controlling the recognition signals of each face in each cube. We also explain how we integrated additional multimodal interaction options via a number of sophisticated I/O devices and the inclusion of a second microprocessor in our cubes. We argue that ActiveCube, with its current real-time multimodal and spatial capabilities, is ready to enable a large range of interactive entertainment applications that were impossible to realize before.
Prefix Parallel Adder Virtual Implementation in Reversible Logic (2007)

This paper demonstrates a simplified approach for reversible logic synthesis based on direct translation of the circuit VHDL description into virtual Fredkin gates. We investigate the size and speed of such a reversible logic implementation of the Brent-Kung Parallel Prefix Adder (PPA) in comparison to a standard logic implementation. Using the Altera Corporation's Quartic II synthesis and simulation tool, we show that our virtual reversible logic implementation follows the O(log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> n) delay and O(n) cost of the standard logic implementation.
The Thermal Isomerization of C-Phenyldicarbaundecaborate(12) (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Thermal Isomerization of C-Phenyldicarbaundecaborate(12)Philip M. Garrett, Fred N. Tebbe, and M. Frederick. HawthorneCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 22, 5016–5017Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1964https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01076a065RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (245 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Quantitative characterization of pore stuffing and unstuffing for postporosity plasma protection of low-k materials (2014)

The problem of k-value degradation (plasma damage) is a key issue for the integration, and it is becoming more challenging as the dielectric constant of low-k materials scales down. One way to circumvent this issue is temporarily conversion of low-k material from a porous to a dense state by filling the pores with a sacrificial polymer after the deposition and curing of the low-k material. A detailed process scheme for the pore stuffing and postetch polymer removal of PMMA is described in this work. The filling temperature was optimized according to the molecular weight of the PMMA. To remove the polymer after plasma-etching in a purely thermal environment, a temperature of at least 430 °C had to be applied. Annealing assisted by variable frequency microwaves could remove the polymer already at 380 °C and with a He–H2 afterglow plasma the polymer could be removed at 280 °C. Laser annealing allowed the removal at a stage temperature of 200 °C with an only surface-limited heating of about 500 °C and higher to prevent the FEOL structures from damage. This work presents the results of the detailed study of stuffing and unstuffing processes, discusses mechanisms, and provides background for a robust stuffing and polymer removal process for the plasma damage reduction in porous low-k dielectrics.
Ethene/Ethane and Propene/Propane Separation via the Olefin and Paraffin Selective Metal–Organic Framework Adsorbents CPO-27 and ZIF-8 (2013)

Two types of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been synthesized and evaluated in the separation of C2 and C3 olefins and paraffins. Whereas Co2(dhtp) (=Co–CPO-27 = Co–MOF-74) and Mg2(dhtp) show an adsorption selectivity for the olefins ethene and propene over the paraffins ethane and propane, the zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 behaves in the opposite way and preferentially adsorbs the alkane. Consequently, in breakthrough experiments, the olefins or paraffins, respectively, can be separated.