gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Space-charge-limited current in a film (1989)

Space-charge-limited current is considered in a thin-film n-i-n diode. It is assumed that impenetrable barriers limit the current flow to a film of thickness D. Because the electric field of injected electrons spreads out of the film, the level of injection is substantially higher than in the bulk case described by the classical Mott-Gurney law. As a consequence, the current density in a thin diode can be an order of magnitude larger than in a bulk diode of the same length. It is shown that, in the limit of small D, the total current is independent of D because the decreasing film thickness is exactly compensated by increasing injection. In this limit analytic expressions of the current-voltage characteristics are obtained for several model electrode configurations. The analytic results are confirmed by a numerical simulation of the diode within a drift-diffusion model assuming a field-independent mobility. The numerical results also describe a transition with decreasing D from the Mott-Gurney law to the new law governing space-charge-limited current in a film.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Al-Ge Eutectic Wafer Bonding and Bond Characterization for CMOS Compatible Wafer Packaging (2010)

Most current MEMS packaging applications either use glass frit and anodic bonding or metals such as gold that are not compatible with CMOS front end processing. There is a growing need for a wafer bonding process that is suitable for both MEMS and CMOS fabs. Al-Ge based eutectic bonding not only overcomes most of the drawbacks associated with glass-frit and anodic bonding; it also provides a practical solution for wafer level packaging for CMOS/MEMS applications as both Al and Ge are CMOS and MEMS Fab-friendly materials. In addition to providing a hermetic seal, AlGe bonding provides an electrically conductive path between two substrates. This paper describes a practical AlGe based bonding and post bond characterization process. In addition, a novel post bond hermeticity/ leakage testing process is also described in this paper.
Small cell networks deployment, PHY techniques, and resource management (2013)

Explores state-of-the-art advances in the successful deployment and operation of small cell networks.
COSESS and INSESS: Coherent and incoherent spin echoes in the steady state (1996)

A new fast sequence type, called COSESS/INSESS, is described. The steady state for COSESS is coherent but incoherent for INSESS. COSESS/INSESS combine the contrast behavior of fast imaging with steady-state free precession (FISP) and fast low angle shot (FLASH), respectively, to the robustness of spin-echo (SE) sequences with regard to susceptibility and field inhomogeneities. In contrast to other fast sequences such as rapid spin-echo excitation (RASEE), fast low angle spin echo with short echo time (FATE) or the missing pulse sequence, which also uses a spin echo, COSESS/ INSESS can additionally handle time-dependent disturbances arising from eddy currents, hysteresis or B(zero) instability. The acquisition time is 2 to 3 times longer than with gradient-based steady-state sequences. The principle of echo generation is evaluated and shows a superposition of several subechoes in the spin echo. Different solutions were elaborated to attain a coherent superposition of sub-echo signals for COSESS. Signal and contrast behavior were investigated both by simulations and experiments and demonstrate the performance of COSESS/INSESS.
Surfactant-free Colloidal Particles with Specific Binding Affinity (2017)

Colloidal particles with specific binding affinity are essential for in vivo and in vitro biosensing, targeted drug delivery, and micrometer-scale self-assembly. Key to these techniques are surface functionalizations that provide high affinities to specific target molecules. For stabilization in physiological environments, current particle coating methods rely on adsorbed surfactants. However, spontaneous desorption of these surfactants typically has an undesirable influence on lipid membranes. To address this issue and create particles for targeting molecules in lipid membranes, we present here a surfactant-free coating method that combines high binding affinity with stability at physiological conditions. After activating charge-stabilized polystyrene microparticles with EDC/Sulfo-NHS, we first coat the particles with a specific protein and subsequently covalently attach a dense layer of poly(ethyelene) glycol. This polymer layer provides colloidal stability at physiological conditions as well as antiadhesive properties, while the protein coating provides the specific affinity to the targeted molecule. We show that NeutrAvidin-functionalized particles bind specifically to biotinylated membranes and that Concanavalin A-functionalized particles bind specifically to the glycocortex of Dictyostelium discoideum cells. The affinity of the particles changes with protein density, which can be tuned during the coating procedure. The generic and surfactant-free coating method reported here transfers the high affinity and specificity of a protein onto colloidal polystyrene microparticles.
Molecular construction of Clostridium botulinum type A toxins (1975)

Two Clostridium botulinum type A toxic fractions, named large (L) and medium (M) toxins, were eluted from Sephadex G-200. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation resolved L toxin (2.5 X 10(8) to 3.0 X 10(8) mean lethal doses per mg of N) into two fractions, 19S and 16S. The same procedure performed at pH 8resolved it into three fractions; the heavier two were both nontoxic and hemagglutinin positive, and the lightest on (7S) was toxic. M toxin (12S) (4.5 X 10(8) to 5.0 X 10(8) mean lethal doses per mg of N) was homogeneous in electrophoresis and centrifugation at pH 6. The latter procedure performed at pH 8 dmonstrated that it dissociated into uniform 7S components. The nontoxic component of M toxin was free from hemagglutinin. M toxin alone was demonstrated in culture by sucrose density gradient centrifugation at pH 6. Dialysis of the culture supernatant resulted in partial formation of 16S toxin. Centrifugation of the crystalline toxin in 1 MNaCl demonstrated 16S toxin only. The toxic components of L, M, and crystalline toxins were antigenically identical. The nontoxic components of the crystalline and L toxins, consisting of two distinct antigens, were antigenically identical; that of M toxin was identical with one of these two antigens.
Preparation of Polyborosiloxane as a Precursor for Borosilicate Fibers (1989)

A precursor for borosilicate fibers was prepared by a new method via polyborosiloxane (PBS) prepared by condensation polymerization of silicon tetraacetate (STA) with boron trialkoxide (BTA). A spinnable polymer was obtained from PBS by partial alkoxylation, subsequent hydrolysis, and aging for various time periods.
68 kbit capacity 16 &#181;m-period magnetic bubble memory chip design with 2 &#181;m minimum features (1976)

A bubble propagating structure that operates well on a 14 μm to 18 μm propagate period with a nominal 2 μm minimum feature size has been designed. The structure consists of only 1 discrete permalloy feature per circuit period. Sixty-eight kbit-capacity memory chips based on such structures have been designed, built, characterized, packaged and the packages have been characterized. The chip is organized as a set of minor (storage) loops with separate write and read major lines. The bubble manipulating functions, of which the replicate and transfer gates are the most critical, have also been designed with 2 μm minimum features. The design is adequate to provide a 14 Oe bias field margin range with drive fields of about 35 Oe, using a bubble garnet material with approximately 170 Oe free bubble collapse field. Sixty-eight kbit single loop shift register type chips designed using similar propagating structures, however, provide over 20 Oe bias field margin ranges with drive fields of about 35 Oe.
Drawover anesthesia. A review of equipment, capabilities, and utility under austere conditions. (1992)

Anesthesia care may be required under austere conditions during military operations and natural disasters. Drawover anesthesia devices that provide inhalational anesthetic agents in air or an air/oxygen mixture are useful in these circumstances. This equipment must be portable, rugged, lightweight, and capable of functioning with an absolute requirement for compressed gas supplies. The historical experience, available equipment and literature on this subject are reviewed.
The Muggletonian Message: E. P. Thompson, William Blake and Intellectual Radicalism (2000)

I read Witness Against the Beast: William Blake and the Moral Law (Cambridge University Press) soon after it was published in 1993, and following the death that same year of its author, veteran radical historian and anti-nuclear campaigner E P Thompson. I found the book a source of strength because it dealt with themes and issues I was grappling with as the Greedy 1980s gave way to the Economic Rationalism of the 1990s, corporate banditry, and as post-Cold War intellectuals heaped scorn on anyone who still took socialism and/or Marxism seriously. For me Thompson’s book was a statement of radical affirmation: it was about the passing on of radical faith across generations and centuries; it was about how the no-names of history, those people and outfits not listed amongst history’s winners, may, in a sense, be the real winners.
Hydro Electric Power and Water Issues (1999)

The water issues in the Snowy Mountains Scheme epitomise the water issues facing Australia and indeed the world. This paper gives a broad world background before describing the scheme and its operation in detail. Water issues associated with the scheme are briefly described as is the fiftieth birthday of the start of the scheme.
Robotic system for analytical method development with on-line quantification and a graphical interface (1999)

A robotic system that automates method development and performs simultaneous multiple-method, routine sample analysis was jointly developed between Rhône-Poulenc Agriculture Limited (RPAL) and Middlesex University. The system consists of 21 discrete workstations of varying complexity. Three different types were used: those that were ready to use and did not require modification, those that required modification, and those that were purpose-built. In order to achieve such a system, many of the discrete processes in the analytical laboratory were automated in separate work cells. A programmable logic controller and serial interfaces are used to control and communicate with a distributed controlling computer system. A small industrial robot mounted on a six meter length of track functions as a pick- and place-manipulator for the workstations. The control system gives the analyst full control of all the parameters associated with each workstation. A graphical user interface (GUI) allows analysts to use the system with minimal training and to graphically represent the process in a familiar form. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lab Robotics and Automation 11: 289–298, 1999
Stop using the Ashworth Scale for the assessment of spasticity (2009)

The validity and reliability of the AS is insufficient to be used as a measure of spasticity.
Sensitized Transparent Photobase Additive For 193 nm Lithography. (2000)

This paper reports on the use of trimethyl sulfonium hydroxide as a base additive for 193nm applications, which is found to stabilize the latent image as well as act as a photodecomposable base. Delay time stability (exposure to post-exposure bake) of formulations consisting of trimethylsulfonium hydroxide is compared to that of a non-photodecomposable base (diethanolamine) in both methacrylate- and cycloolefin-based 193nm resists. Resist formulations made using the trimethylsulfonium base were delay-stable for more than one hour, while the reference formulation with diethanolamine showed T-top formation within 10 minutes delay time under the same conditions. The trialkylsulfonium hydroxide base additives were found to be photodecomposable by measuring the acid produced upon exposure. Compared to a non-photodecomposable base containing resist, the photodecomposable base containing resist produced more acid in the exposed areas under identical PAG/BASE molar ratios.
Preparation of Succinimidyl and Pentafluorophenyl Active Esters of 5- and 6- Carboxyfluorescein (1997)

A mixture of 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein was activated with 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride in the presence of either N-hydroxysuccinimide or pentafluorophenol to give the corresponding succinimidyl and pentafluorophenyl esters. The regioisomeric mixtures were separated to give the 5- and 6-succinimidyl and pentafluorophenyl active esters in > 98% purity.
Small intestinal efflux mediated by MRP2 and BCRP shifts sulfasalazine intestinal permeability from high to low, enabling its colonic targeting (2009)

Sulfasalazine is characterized by low intestinal absorption, which essentially enables its colonic targeting and therapeutic action. The mechanisms behind this low absorption have not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of efflux transporters in the intestinal absorption of sulfasalazine as a potential mechanism for its low small-intestinal absorption and colonic targeting following oral administration. The effects of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitors on sulfasalazine bidirectional permeability were studied across Caco-2 cell monolayers, including dose-response analysis. Sulfasalazine in vivo permeability was then investigated in the rat jejunum by single-pass perfusion, in the presence vs. absence of inhibitors. Sulfasalazine exhibited 19-fold higher basolateral-to-apical (BL-AP) than apical-to-basolateral (AP-BL) Caco-2 permeability, indicative of net mucosal secretion. MRP2 inhibitors (MK-571 and indomethacin) and BCRP inhibitors [fumitremorgin C (FTC) and pantoprazole] significantly increased AP-BL and decreased BL-AP sulfasalazine Caco-2 transport in a concentration-dependent manner. No effect was observed with the P-gp inhibitors verapamil and quinidine. The IC50 values of the specific MRP2 and BCRP inhibitors MK-571 and FTC on sulfasalazine secretion were 21.5 and 2.0 microM, respectively. Simultaneous inhibition of MRP2 and BCRP completely abolished sulfasalazine Caco-2 efflux. Without inhibitors, sulfasalazine displayed low (vs. metoprolol) in vivo intestinal permeability in the rat model. MK-571 or FTC significantly increased sulfasalazine permeability, bringing it to the low-high permeability boundary. With both MK-571 and FTC present, sulfasalazine displayed high permeability. In conclusion, efflux transport mediated by MRP2 and BCRP, but not P-gp, shifts sulfasalazine permeability from high to low, thereby enabling its colonic targeting and therapeutic action. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of intestinal efflux acting in favor of oral drug delivery.
Self-Assembling of Novel Fullerene-Grafted Donor–Acceptor Rod−Coil Block Copolymers (2008)

Fullerene-grafted rod−coil block copolymers, designed for being used as active polymer layers in donor–acceptor bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices, have been synthesized. The copolymer synthesis was monitored by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, size exclusion chromatography and infrared absorption spectroscopy, while the material properties were explored by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, UV–vis absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Structural properties of bulk materials and thin films were investigated to study the influence of the coil block molecular weight as well as that of the grafted fullerenes on the molecular self-assembling process. The results show that the rod homopolymer is in the crystalline state at ambient temperature and undergoes a phase transition into a smectic-type liquid-crystalline phase at 55 °C. The rod−coil microphase separation enhances interlamellar ordering but destabilizes the intralamellar order, leading to the appearance of a liquid-crystalline phase for the non-fullerene-grafted copolymer at ambient temperature. Adding the fullerene moieties considerably affects the polymer assembling through the growth of fullerene nanocrystals. The latter hinder the formation of the lamellar phase by pinning the coil segments. The identification of the major driving forces that control the molecular self-assembling process allows us to suggest different alternative strategies that can be used as guidelines for the design of new photovoltaic polymer self-assembling materials.
Online optical marker-based hand tracking with deep labels (2018)

Optical marker-based motion capture is the dominant way for obtaining high-fidelity human body animation for special effects, movies, and video games. However, motion capture has seen limited application to the human hand due to the difficulty of automatically identifying (or labeling) identical markers on self-similar fingers. We propose a technique that frames the labeling problem as a keypoint regression problem conducive to a solution using convolutional neural networks. We demonstrate robustness of our labeling solution to occlusion, ghost markers, hand shape, and even motions involving two hands or handheld objects. Our technique is equally applicable to sparse or dense marker sets and can run in real-time to support interaction prototyping with high-fidelity hand tracking and hand presence in virtual reality.
Amelioration of Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis by Pretreatment with a Pathogenic Peptide in Liposome and Anti-CD40 Ligand Monoclonal Antibody (2000)

We have defined a peptide K2 (ADKDVVVLTSSRTGGV) that corresponds to residues 201-216 of bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein and induces experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU)4 in H-2Ak-carrying mice (H-2Ak mice). In this study, we attempted to ameliorate EAU in the H-2Ak mice without nonspecific suppression of T cell responses. Preceding s.c. administration of liposomes including K2 (liposomal K2) specifically inhibited subsequent generation of T cell response to K2. The same result was obtained with a combination of OVA323-339 peptide and the OVA-specific TCR-transgenic T cells. It was suggested that the inhibition was mainly attributed to peripheral anergy induction of T cells specific for the peptide Ag, although specific cell death might also be involved in the inhibition. Pretreatment with liposomal K2 also considerably abolished IFN-gamma production but not IL-4 production. The specific inhibitory effect of the pretreatment with liposomal peptide was augmented by a simultaneous administration of anti-CD40 ligand (anti-CD40L) mAb. Moreover, it was shown that the pretreatment with liposomal K2 reduced both the incidence and severity of the subsequent K2-induced EAU, and the simultaneous administration of anti-CD40L mAb augmented this preventive effect by liposomal K2. Our findings demonstrate that the s.c. administration of liposomal pathogenic peptide and anti-CD40L mAb can be applied to preventing autoimmune diseases without detrimental nonspecific suppression of T cell responses.
Enhanced ground segmentation method for Lidar point clouds in human-centric autonomous robot systems (2019)

Abstract Ground segmentation is an important step for any autonomous and remote-controlled systems. After separating ground and nonground parts, many works such as object tracking and 3D reconstruction can be performed. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for segmenting the ground data of point clouds acquired from multi-channel Lidar sensors. The goal of this study is to completely separate ground points and nonground points in real time. The proposed method segments ground data efficiently and accurately in various environments such as flat terrain, undulating/rugged terrain, and mountainous terrain. First, the point cloud in each obtained frame is divided into small groups. We then focus on the vertical and horizontal directions separately, before processing both directions concurrently. Experiments were conducted, and the results showed the effectiveness of the proposed ground segment method. For flat and sloping terrains, the accuracy is over than 90%. Besides, the quality of the proposed method is also over than 80% for bumpy terrains. On the other hand, the speed is 145 frames per second. Therefore, in both simple and complex terrains, we gained good results and real-time performance.
Power Reduction Techniques for LDPC Decoders (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper investigates VLSI architectures for low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoders amenable to low- voltage and low-power operation. First, a highly-parallel decoder architecture with low routing overhead is described. Second, we propose an efficient method to detect early convergence of the iterative decoder and terminate the computations, thereby reducing dynamic power. We report on a bit-serial fully-parallel LDPC decoder fabricated in a 0.13-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\mu{\hbox{m}}$</tex> </formula> CMOS process and show how the above techniques affect the power consumption. With early termination, the prototype is capable of decoding with 10.4 pJ/bit/iteration, while performing within 3 dB of the Shannon limit at a BER of 10<formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$^{-5}$</tex> </formula> and with 3.3 Gb/s total throughput. If operated from a 0.6 V supply, the energy consumption can be further reduced to 2.7 pJ/bit/iteration while maintaining a total throughput of 648 Mb/s, due to the highly-parallel architecture. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed architecture for longer codes, we also report on a bit-serial fully-parallel decoder for the (2048, 1723) LDPC code in 10GBase-T standard synthesized with a 90-nm CMOS library. </para>
Maya 8 for Windows and Macintosh: Visual QuickStart Guide (2007)

Adding sophisticated new tools that give modelers even more control over polygons, an already cool program just got even cooler. Here to take budding 3D artists from 0 to 60 fast in Maya 8 is the eagerly anticipated update to everybody's favorite Maya tome: Maya 8 for Windows and Macintosh: Visual QuickStart Guide! In these pages, best-selling authors Morgan Robinson and Nathaniel Stein use a combination of task-based instruction and strong visual aids to take readers step by step through all of Maya's essentials: navigating the interface, modeling elementary and complex objects, unsurpassed character rigging and posing, mastering deformers, shaders, and renderers, and more. Both beginning users, who want a thorough introduction to the topic, and more advanced users, who are looking for a convenient reference, will find what they need here in straightforward language and through readily accessible examples, peppered with tons of timesaving tips and tricks.i¾
Transparent Conductive Films Fabricated from Polythiophene Nanofibers Composited with Conventional Polymers (2013)

Transparent, conductive films were prepared by compositing poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanofibers with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The transparency, conductivity, atmospheric stability, and mechanical strength of the resulting nanofiber composite films when doped with AuCl3 were evaluated and compared with those of P3HT nanofiber mats. The conductivity of the nanofiber composite films was 4.1 S∙cm−1, which is about seven times less than that which was previously reported for a nanofiber mat with the same optical transmittance (~80%) reported by Aronggaowa et al. The time dependence of the transmittance, however, showed that the doping state of the nanofiber composite films in air was more stable than that of the nanofiber mats. The fracture stress of the nanofiber composite film was determined to be 12.3 MPa at 3.8% strain.