gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adriamycin cardiomyopathy in the rabbit: an animal model of low output cardiac failure with activation of vasoconstrictor mechanisms (1985)

Chronic administration of intravenous adriamycin (1 mg . kg-1 twice weekly for 8 weeks) to rabbits resulted in a cardiomyopathy which was similar to that occurring in patients with adriamycin cardiotoxicity. We studied systemic and renal haemodynamics and the activation of vasoconstrictor mechanisms reflected by changes in plasma renin activity (PRA), noradrenaline (NA) and vasopressin (AVP) levels during the development of heart failure in this animal model. By 8 weeks cardiac failure was clearly established. At postmortem all animals had dilated hearts, pleural and pericardial effusions, ascites and hepatic congestion. Heart weights were increased (8.1 +/- 0.7 g in treated animals n = 9 vs 6.0 +/- 0.2 g in controls n = 9 p less than 0.05). Cardiac output (measured by thermodilution) fell at 8 weeks from 799 +/- 61 ml . min-1 to 624 +/- 44 ml . min-1 (n = 6 p less than 0.05) with a parallel fall in mean blood pressure from 85 +/- 2 mmHg to 75 +/- 4 mmHg. Total peripheral resistance rose in four of the six rabbits. Renal blood flow fell from 108 +/- 4 ml . min-1 to 61 +/- 6 ml . min-1 (p less than 0.05) by 8 weeks. Renal vascular resistance increased in all animals. PRA increased from 5.1 +/- 0.5 ng AI . ml-1 . h-1 to 11.6 +/- 2.6 ng AI . ml-1 . h-1 by 4 weeks (p less than 0.05) and remained elevated thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An integrated photocatalytic/enzymatic system for the reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol in bioglycerol–water (2014)

A hybrid enzymatic/photocatalytic approach for the conversion of CO2 into methanol is described. For the approach discussed here, the production of one mol of CH3OH from CO2 requires three enzymes and the consumption of three mol of NADH. Regeneration of the cofactor NADH from NAD(+) was achieved by using visible-light-active, heterogeneous, TiO2-based photocatalysts. The efficiency of the regeneration process is enhanced by using a Rh(III)-complex for facilitating the electron and hydride transfer from the H-donor (water or a water-glycerol solution) to NAD(+). This resulted in the production of 100 to 1000 mol of CH3OH from one mol of NADH, providing the possibility for practical application.
Adsorption of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes on Monolithic Carbon Aerogels from Dry Air Flows (2007)

Monolithic carbon aerogels were obtained by carbonization of organic aerogels prepared by polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde under different conditions. Some carbon aerogels obtained were further CO2-activated. Samples were characterized by gas adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. Benzene, toluene and xylenes were adsorbed from dry air by using carbon bed columns, obtaining the breakthrough curves. There was no correlation between the amount adsorbed at the breakthrough point and the volume of micropores narrower than 0.7 nm. Conversely, a good linear relationship between the amount adsorbed at the breakthrough point and the total micropore volume up to a mean micropore width of around 1.05 nm was found. In addition, the height of the mass transfer zone decreased with the mean width of the total micropores up to a value of around 1.05-1.10 nm. One of the best adsorbents obtained showed the lowest height of the mass transfer zone and one of the highest amounts adsorbed at the breakthrough point, either per mass or volume unit. However, it had a lower elastic modulus and compressive strength than other monolithic carbon aerogels, although its compressive strength (3 MPa) was still high enough to use it in carbon bed columns. The sample with the best mechanical properties was a poorer adsorbent. Regeneration of the exhausted adsorbents allowed the recovery of the hydrocarbons adsorbed without any appreciable loss of adsorption capacity of the carbon bed.
The application of force-sensing resistor sensors for measuring forces developed by the human hand (2004)

Most attempts to measure forces developed by the human hand have been implemented by placing force sensors on the object of interaction. Other researchers have placed sensors just on the subject's fingertips. In this paper, a system is described that measures forces over the entire hand using thin-film sensors and associated electronics. This system was developed by the authors and is able to obtain force readings from up to 60 thin-film sensors at rates of up to 400 samples/s per sensor. The sensors can be placed anywhere on the palm and/or fingers of the hand. The sensor readings, together with a video stream containing information about hand posture, are logged into a portable computer using a multiplexer, analogue-to-digital converter and software developed for the purpose. The system has been successfully used to measure forces involved in a range of everyday tasks such as driving a vehicle, lifting saucepans and hitting a golf ball. In the latter case, results are compared with those from an instrumented golf club. Future applications include the assessment of hand strength following disease, trauma or surgery, and to enable quantitative ergonomic investigations.
Ultrafast photonic ATM switch based on time-division broadcast-and-select network (2002)

A description is presented of the hardware implementation and a design example is given of an ultrafast photonic asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) (ULPHA) switch. Experimental results are presented of the generation and the self-routing switching of ultrafast optical cells. For hardware implementation, new cell coder and buffer configurations are proposed, and for the design example, it is shown that this switch can achieve 102 Gb/s throughput. In addition, the generation of 16 bit, 20 Gb/s optical cells and a demonstration of 4 bit, 20 Gb/s cell selection using a wavelength multiplexing technique are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of oxygen transport membranes for coal-based power generation (2011)

Praxair is developing an Advanced Zero Emission Coal Fired Power Plant (Advanced Power Cycle) that enables carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) at a “levelized” cost of electricity below the U.S. Department of Energy’s target for CO2 capture from coal fired power plants. The power cycle utilizes a gasifier, partial oxidation units, power recovery turbines and an oxygen fired boiler to yield a process that meets the DOE’s goal of <35% increase in cost of electricity with CCS. Through the use of Praxair’s reactively driven Oxygen Transport Membrane (OTM) technology, the parasitic load of the oxygen supply system to both the partial oxidation reactors and boiler is reduced by approximately 75%. The Advanced Power Cycle uses coal gasification to produce a gaseous fuel that is then combusted in an oxygen fired supercritical boiler. Low cost oxygen is made available by integrating Praxair’s OTMs into the boiler and, depending on the gasifier selected, into a post gasification partial oxidation system to convert tars and methane to CO and hydrogen. Praxair has completed a detailed techno-economic analysis of the performance of the Advanced Power Cycle (APC) and achieved significant breakthroughs in the OTM architecture and gas separation layer chemistry to achieve the commercial flux targets under phase 1 of a cooperative research agreement with the United States Department of Energy (DOE). Phase 2 of this agreement, currently underway, is focused on developing a detailed cost estimate of key components of the cycle as well as developing fabrication cost estimates of the membranes. While the APC is targeted at coal based CCS, the key components of the APC can offer benefits to integrated gasification fuel cell cycles, natural gas combined cycle plants as well as other processes. These additional processes represent opportunities to demonstrate key components of the APC prior to demonstrating the technology in its entirety. These opportunities not only allow investment dollars to be leveraged for additional benefits but also allow critical performance and reliability to be gained at commercial scale in an industrial environment–a critical hurdle that must be crossed for any new technology to be implemented at utility scale. Praxair is encouraged by the progress made to date and believes that great progress has been made in the area of materials and cycle development. The newly developed materials and membrane architecture have met commercial flux targets while demonstrating robust performance. The APC holds great promise to address the needs of CCS, while minimizing the cost of compliance.
On the Sample Complexity of Reinforcement Learning (2003)

This thesis is a detailed investigation into the following question: how much data must an agent collect in order to perform "reinforcement learning" successfully? This question is analogous to the classical issue of the sample complexity in supervised learning, but is harder because of the increased realism of the reinforcement learning setting. This thesis summarizes recent sample complexity results in the reinforcement learning literature and builds on these results to provide novel algorithms with strong performance guarantees. We focus on a variety of reasonable performance criteria and sampling models by which agents may access the environment. For instance, in a policy search setting, we consider the problem of how much simulated experience is required to reliably choose a "good" policy among a restricted class of policies II (as in Kearns, Mansour, and Ng [2000]). In a more online setting, we consider the case in which an agent is placed in an environment and must follow one unbroken chain of experience with no access to "offline" simulation (as in Kearns and Singh [1998]). We build on the sample based algorithms suggested by Kearns, Mansour, and Ng [2000]. Their sample complexity bounds have no dependence on the size of the state space, an exponential dependence on the planning horizon time, and linear dependence on the complexity of II. We suggest novel algorithms with more restricted guarantees whose sample complexities are again independent of the size of the state space and depend linearly on the complexity of the policy class II, but have only a polynomial dependence on the horizon time. We pay particular attention to the tradeoffs made by such algorithms.
Development of Mass Spectrometer Using Two Rotating Electric Fields for Separation of High-Mass Ions (2016)

We developed a mass spectrometer with a novel mass-separation mechanism using two rotating electric fields (REFs). This mass spectrometer realizes a wide mass range with the continuous separation of ion beams. In principle, it has no limitation on the mass range. It can be operated stably for the detection of high-mass ions. To estimate the mass-separation ability, we directly introduced the mass spectrometer, which consists of two REFs, to a Ga focused ion beam column. The mass spectra of Ga isotopes were obtained by sweeping the frequencies of the REFs. The peaks of the Ga isotopes were clearly separated on the mass spectra. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2016.161]
Dietary Butyrate Inhibits NMU-Induced Mammary Cancer in Rats (2000)

Butyrate has been proposed as an antineoplastic agent, leading to the inhibition of tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study was to examine butyrate, supplied as tributyrin (Tbn) or as a natural component of anhydrous milk fat (AMF), on the development of nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Diets were 1) semipurified rodent diet (AIN-93) with high fat [20% sunflower seed oil (SSO), control], 2) SSO diet with Tbn added at 1%, 3) SSO diet with Tbn added at 3%, and 4) 19% AMF with 1% SSO diet, which contained butyrate equivalent to the 1% Tbn diet. These diets were fed ad libitum from weaning at 21 days of age, and at 24 days of age each rat was injected with nitrosomethylurea (50 mg/kg body wt i.p.). At any one period, there was a relative risk increase of 88% (p < 0.05) that rats in the SSO diet group would develop a mammary tumor compared with those in the AMF diet group. The addition of 1% and 3% Tbn to SSO diets reduced the tumor incidence by 20% and 52%, respectively, in comparison to SSO alone (p < 0.05). There was a linear inverse relationship between Tbn concentration and rats developing a tumor. From 89 days to the end of the experiment, rats fed the diet containing 3% Tbn showed a significantly lower multiplicity of palpable tumors (50% less at Day 118, p < 0.05) than SSO-fed rats. These results indicate that although the AMF diet was effective, particularly early in reducing mammary tumorigenesis, the 3% Tbn diet produced a sustained reduction of tumor multiplicity relative to the control (SSO) group. An inhibitory influence of butyrate on mammary tumorigenesis against a background of high polyunsaturated fat diet has been demonstrated in this animal model of breast cancer.
On mesh refinement and accuracy of numerical solutions (2005)

Abetract-This paper investigates mesh refinement and its relation with the accuracy of the boundary element method (BEM) and the finite element method (FEM).TO this end an isotropic homogeneous spherical volume conductor, for which the analytical solution is available, wag used.The numerical results obtained with the BEM and FEM were compared with the results of the andytical solution.The results show that the accuracy of the numerical solutions is improved by enriching a mesh only if the enriched mesh not only incorporates a greater number of nodes but also follows more closely the actual geometry of the volume conductor involved.
Background paper on harmonizing approaches to women's health in Africa - dialogue with African ambassadors to the United States (2006)

A conceptual framework for women's health in the region is discussed to gain a broad-based understanding of the issues discussed at the meeting. The life cycle approach to women's health, the basic tenets, and principles of the International Conference on Population and Development, and the Millennium Development Goals provide key themes for the report. Global initiatives for safe motherhood and prevention of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis present opportunities for addressing major health problems affecting millions of women in Africa. The report identifies the major causes of women's ill health as well as underlying reasons for the disproportionate burden of disease and disability among women in Africa. It also analyzes relationships between gender equity, health, and development.
A technology-independent approach to custom analog cell generation (1991)

STAT (schematic to artwork transistor), a set of software tools designed to generate full-custom layouts of analog cells from arbitrary schematic topologies in any IC technology, is described. The system enables the circuit designer to annotate the schematic with component matching and symmetry relationships. Software subroutines are then used to generate device artwork. The placement program implements algorithms in which groups of related components are placed first so that annotated layout constraints are preserved. A novel placement method is offered which recognizes that analog schematic topologies often reflect desirable layout configurations. A flexible multilayer cell-level router has been developed to complete the device interconnection. The STAT system functions in either a polygon or symbolic layout environment. The symbolic layout allows design-rule and technology changes to be made easily and is designed to interface with a commercial compaction program to produce the final layout.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Perception thresholds for lateral vibration at the hand, seat, and foot (2006)

In many occupational and leisure environments, the human body is exposed to oscillatory motions of handles, seats and floors which give rise to complex patterns of sensations. Knowledge of differences in sensitivity to the perception of vibration at the hand, seat and foot would assist the identification of sources of discomfort caused by vibration. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of vibration frequency (8 to 315 Hz for the hand and foot, 2 to 315 Hz for the seat) and input location (the hand, seat and foot) on thresholds for perception of vertical vibration. Perception thresholds were determined with 36 males aged 20 to 30 years divided into three groups of 12 subjects; each group received vertical vibration at either the hand, the seat, or the foot. At frequencies less than 50 Hz, sensitivity to vertical vibration at the seat was the greatest and sensitivity to vertical vibration at the hand was least (p<0.04). The differences in median sensitivity between the three locations were greatest at low frequencies: at 50 Hz the ratios of perception thresholds (ms-2 r.m.s) for the three inputs were about 1.0 (seat):1.5 (foot):2 (hand); at 10 Hz the ratios were 1.0 (seat):3 (foot):5 (hand). A similarity in the shapes of the threshold contours at frequencies greater than 80 Hz suggests the same psychophysical channel mediated high frequency thresholds at the hand, seat and foot.
Syringe, pen, inhaler - the evolution of insulin therapy. (2001)

The therapy with inhalable insulin can be expected to change the present concepts and the market of subcutaneous insulin dramatically within the next years. Several companies are currently developing formulations of inhalable insulin. In the most advanced concept, insulin is delivered as a dry-powder insulin formulation via a special aerosol device system. The phase III studies evaluating the efficiency of the inhaled insulin are already on their way. The recent phase II studies have shown, that the lung is capable of absorbing new insulin formulation in a dose-dependent and reproducible manner. However, a relatively small number of diabetic patients have been included in these studies, yet. The therapeutic efficacy and safety of the inhaled insulin is comparable to that of the usual subcutaneous insulin treatment regimens. The most important advantage of the new therapy is the enhanced therapeutic comfort of the patient who does not need to inject insulin for meal time glucose control. Generally, in terms of glycemic control, inhalable insulin offers no advantages in type 1 diabetics in comparison to an intensified conventional insulin therapy. However, before a large-scale marketing, several open questions have to be carefully investigated, the most important being the possible long-term effects of insulin inhalation for the lung, since insulin is known to have growth-promoting properties. There is still no available clinical data concerning the efficiency of the inhaled insulin in patients with pulmonary diseases which may cause problems in absorption of inhaled insulin due to the smaller cumulative alveolar surface. In smokers without pulmonary disease seems the inhaled insulin to act stronger and faster. Since therapy with inhalable insulin requires larger doses of insulin in comparison to subcutaneous insulin to achieve the same systemic effect, the costs of this therapy need to be clarified, too.
A new active piggyBac-like element in Aphis gossypii (2011)

Abstract Nine piggyBac-like elements (PLEs) were identified from the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover. All the PLEs shared high sequence similarity with each other. However, eight of the nine PLEs were unlikely to encode functional transposase due to the existence of disruptive mutations within the coding regions. The other one PLE contained major characteristics of members in the piggyBac family, including TTAA target site duplications, inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), and an open reading frame (ORF) coding for a transposase with a putative DDD domain. This one with an intact transposase ORF was named AgoPLE1.1. The predicted transposase shared 47% similarity with that of Trichoplusia ni piggyBac IFP2. Phylogenetic analyses showed that AgoPLE1.1 was most related to the Heliothis virescens PLE1.1 (HvPLE1.1) element, with 45% and 60% similarity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. A functional assay demonstrated that AgoPLE1.1 encoded a functional transposase and was able to cause precise excision in cell cultures. On the other hand, few genomic insertion polymorphisms of AgoPLE1 were observed in the genome of the cotton aphid. These observations suggested that AgoPLE1.1 was a PLE that invaded the cotton aphid genome in recent periods and retained its activity.
Mitochondrial complex I defects in aging. (1997)

According to the 'mitochondrial theory of aging' it is expected that the activity of NADH Coenzyme Q reductase (Complex I) would be most severely affected among mitochondrial enzymes, since mitochondrial DNA encodes for 7 subunits of this enzyme. Being these subunits the site of binding of the acceptor substrate (Coenzyme Q) and of most inhibitors of the enzyme, it is also expected that subtle kinetic changes of quinone affinity and enzyme inhibition could develop in aging before an overall loss of activity would be observed. The overall activity of Complex I was decreased in several tissues from aged rats, nevertheless it was found that direct assay of Complex I using artificial quinone acceptors may underevaluate the enzyme activity. The most acceptable results could be obtained by applying the 'pool equation' to calculate Complex I activity from aerobic NADH oxidation; using this method it was found that the decrease in Complex I activity in mitochondria from old animals was greater than the activity calculated by direct assay of NADH Coenzyme Q reductase. A decrease of NADH oxidation and its rotenone sensitivity was observed in nonsynaptic mitochondria, but not in synaptic 'light' and 'heavy' mitochondria of brain cortex from aged rats. In a study of Complex I activity in human platelet membranes we found that the enzyme activity was unchanged but the titre for half-inhibition by rotenone was significantly increased in aged individuals and proposed this change as a suitable biomarker of aging and age-related diseases.
Reactions of mercuric salts with bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide and benzenesulfenyl chloride (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of mercuric salts with bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide and benzenesulfenyl chlorideTeruaki Mukaiyama, Tadashi Endo, Shinichi Ikenaga, and Kaoru OsonoiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 6, 2242–2245Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01270a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01270a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views161Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts