gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Environment and Human Satisfaction (1975)

The symposium bearing the above title was the product of a rather unusual collaboration, being jointly organized by a town planner (Professor Graham Ashworth) and a psychiatrist (H. L. Freeman). was held on the occasion of a visit to the University of Salford in May 1974 by its Chancellor, H. R. H. Prince Philip, who showed his personal interest in the subject by giving the opening address. The speakers included two prominent figures in this discipline from North America, Oscar Newman and Daniel Cappon; and the closing paper was given by the Minister of State, Department of the Environment, Mr. Charles Morris, M.P. Presented here are all the papers delivered at the symposium except one, by Professor Terence Lee, which has been published elsewhere. Since most of mankind lives in urban settlements, one might have expected the sciences of the mind to have seen the study of urban processes as a very high priority. In fact, though, the whole subject has been almost totally neglected; and there is a lack not only of valid scientific data but even of properly defined concepts to use in trying to obtain relevant information. For the time being, therefore, any practical proposals may have to derive more from common sense than from scientific knowledge. But as Eliot Slater (1975) has remarked, It is not the way of mankind to submit to ignorance. . . . Even when one doesn't know anything about
Recent advances in solution-processed inorganic nanofilm photodetectors (2013)

As important opto-electronical devices, nanofilm photodetectors constructed from inorganic low-dimensional nanostructures have drawn prime attention due to their significance in basic scientific research and potential technological applications. This review highlights a selection of important topics pertinent to inorganic nanofilm photodetectors processed via solution strategies. This article begins with a description of the advantages and drawbacks of nanofilm-based photodetectors versus 1D nanostructure-based ones, and then introduces rational design and controlled syntheses of various nanofilms via different wet-chemical routes, and then mainly focuses on their optoelectronic properties and applications in photodetectors based on the different types of nanofilms. Finally, the general challenges and the potential future directions of this exciting research and technology area are presented.
An effective parse tree representation for tartarus (2013)

Recent work in genetic programming (GP) has highlighted the need for stronger benchmark problems. For benchmarking planning scenarios, the artificial ant problem is often used. With a limited number of test cases, this problem is often fairly simple to solve. A more complex planning problem is Tartarus, but as of yet no standard representation for Tartarus exists for GP. This paper examines an existing parse tree representation for Tartarus, and identifies weaknesses in the way in which it manipulates environmental information. Through this analysis, an alternative representation is proposed for Tartarus that shares many similarities with those already used in GP for planning problems. Empirical analysis suggests that the proposed representation has qualities that make it a suitable benchmark problem.
Probabilistic relevance relations (1998)

The intuition behind the construction of Bayesian networks and other graph-based representations of joint probability distributions from expert judgments is based on the assumed relationship between "connectedness" in the graphical model and "relatedness" among the variables involved. We show that several plausible definitions of relatedness do not adhere to such an equivalence. We then provide a definition of probabilistic relatedness that is closely related to connectedness in the graphical model and prove that the two concepts are equivalent whenever the model uses only propositional variables and assuming every combination of value assignment to these variables is feasible. We conjecture that the equivalence established holds also when these restrictions are lifted.
Retaining the operational status of a space mission during the loss of the main control system using virtualization (2014)

Availability and reliability are crucial requirements in space mission operations. In the event that the primary control system becomes non-operational, a backup system needs to take over operations. This might be due to a planned maintenance or an unexpected failure of the primary system. Usually, the backup system is an exact mirror of the primary system. However, there are issues with this approach, which is the topic of this paper. Setting up a redundant system as a perfect mirror of the primary one is costly. Also, procurement of new, redundant hardware might be difficult because vendor support might have finished by the time the need and funding for a backup system is identified. The configuration of a backup system needs to be kept in line with the configuration of the primary system and it needs to be validated appropriately. Handing over operations to the backup system needs to minimize the impact on operations. We analyze these issues in more detail and extract a set of requirements for redundant mission control systems, both from an architectural and an operational perspective. Based on this analysis we propose an approach with a high-level infrastructure architecture that relies on modern technologies and we analyze how this architecture solves the issues identified before.
Ylli, a Non–LTR Retrotransposon L1 Family in the Dimorphic Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (2002)

During the course of a random sequencing project of the genome of the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, we have identified sequences that were repeated in the genome and that matched the reverse transcriptase (RT) sequence of non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons. Extension of sequencing on each side of this zone of homology allowed the definition of an element over 6 kb long. The conceptual translation of this sequence revealed two open reading frames (ORFs) that displayed several characteristics of non-LTR retrotransposons: a Cys-rich motif in the ORF1, an N-terminal endonuclease, a central RT, and a C-terminal zinc finger domain in the ORF2. We called this element Ylli (for Y. lipolytica LINE). A total of 19 distinct repeats carrying the 3' untranslated region (UTR) and all ending with a poly-A tail were detected. Most of them were very short, 17 being 134 bp long or less. The number of copies of Ylli was estimated to be around 100 if these short repeats are 5' truncations. No 5' UTR was clearly identified, indicating that entire and therefore active elements might be very rare in the Y. lipolytica strain tested. Ylli does not seem to have any insertion specificity. Phylogenetic analysis of the RT domain unambiguously placed Ylli within the L1 clade. It forms a monophyletic group with the Zorro non-LTR retrotransposons discovered in another dimorphic yeast Candida albicans. BLAST comparisons showed that ORF2 of Ylli is closely related to that of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum L1 family, TRE.
Defects in Semiconductors: Some Fatal, Some Vital (1998)

REVIEW The role of defects as essential entities in semiconductor materials is reviewed. Early experiments with semiconductors were hampered by the extreme sensitivity of the electronic properties to minute concentrations of impurities. Semiconductors were viewed as a family of solids with irreproducible properties. Scientific efforts overcame this idiosyncrasy and turned the art of impurity doping into today's exceedingly useful and reproducible technology that is used to control precisely electrical conductivity, composition, and minority-carrier lifetimes over wide ranges. Native defects such as vacancies and self-interstitials control basic processes, foremost self- and dopant diffusion. The structural properties of dislocations and higher dimensional defects have been studied with atomic resolution, but a thorough theoretical understanding of their electronic properties is incomplete. Reactions between defects within the host lattices are increasingly better understood and are used for gettering and electrical passivation of unwanted impurities. Metastable defects such as DX centers and the EL2-related arsenic antisite are briefly discussed. The recent development of isotopically controlled semiconductors has created new research opportunities in this field.
Erikson 의 심리사회적 발달단계 이론에서 나타난 생성감에 관한 연구 (1997)

The objective of this artical is to suggest behavioral criteria that can be used for assessing the status of self-concept and ego development in Erikson`s last three psychosocial stage. The strength of Erikson`s theory has been in its contribution to the understanding of human development through a continumm of psychosocal stages. To parallel an earlier artical examing Erikson`s first five stages, generativity may be conceived in terms of 7 interrelated: cultural demand, inner desire, generativity concern, belief in the species, commitment, generative action, and personal narration. This artical contains a review together with some considerations concerning studies on identity of midlife, centering around the studies on adult development. Recently, midlife is regarded as a period of development with the changes of life-cycle and life styles. However, the history of the studies of generativity vs. stagnation in the midlife is comparatively short. Mainly, Epigenetic Scheme by Erikson(1950) bulit a theretical base for the study on adult development. The following points are suggested by the above mentioned studies: 1. there is a common developmental process in adult life. 2. It is also observed that there are some critical periods in psychological development such as middle age crisis and adult transition. On the other hand, the developmental studies on adult identity is gradually increasing from 1980. The above studies reveal some important view points psychological changes in adulthood in its totality.
Progress in Silicon Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (2007)

Silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are nowadays a solid-state alternative to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in single-photon counting (SPC) and time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) over the visible spectral range up to 1- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mu</i> m wavelength. SPADs implemented in planar technology compatible with CMOS circuits offer typical advantages of microelectronic devices (small size, ruggedness, low voltage, low power, etc.). Furthermore, they have inherently higher photon detection efficiency, since they do not rely on electron emission in vacuum from a photocathode as do PMTs, but instead on the internal photoelectric effect. However, PMTs offer much wider sensitive area, which greatly simplifies the design of optical systems; they also attain remarkable performance at high counting rate, and offer picosecond timing resolution with microchannel plate models. In order to make SPAD detectors more competitive in a broader range of SPC and TCSPC applications, it is necessary to face several issues in the semiconductor device design and technology. Such issues will be discussed in the context of the two possible approaches to such a challenge: employing a standard industrial high-voltage CMOS technology or developing a dedicated CMOS-compatible technology. Advances recently attained in the development of SPAD detectors will be outlined and discussed with reference to both single-element detectors and integrated detector arrays.
Ca+2 homeostasis and cytoskeletal rearrangement operated by sphingosine 1-phosphate in C2C12 myoblastic cells. (2002)

Eukaryotic organisms are influenced by gravitational forces in their environment. The low gravitational forces endured by organisms in space alter cellular processes in cultured mammalian cells. Endothelial cells represent an interesting model to study because of their crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, from atherosclerosis to inflammation to any situation characterized by dysregulated angiogenesis. We therefore cultured human endothelial cells derived from the umbilical vein in Rotating Wall Vessels (RWV) that simulate microgravity on earth. Under these experimental conditions, cells are viable and no increase in apoptotic rate was observed. They grow reproducibly faster than controls up to 8 days from seeding. Because endothelial proliferation is crucial in angiogenesis, we evaluated other steps required for new blood vessels to form. We found no variations in the levels of metalloproteases and an increased synthesis of their inhibitors (TIMP), suggesting that hypogravity does not induce a pro-angiogenic phenotype. Since i) alterations of blood pressure have been observed in astronauts and ii) endothelial cell synthesize vasoactive molecules, we evaluated the synthesis of nitric oxide and prostacyclin, both potent vasodilators and inhibitors of platelet aggregation. We observed that human endothelial cells grown in hypogavity synthesize higher amounts of prostacyclin and nitric oxide than controls. More studies are ongoing to understand the molecular basis of these events and their role in altering the physiology of the vascular tree.
Difluorodiazine<sup>1,2,3</sup> (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDifluorodiazine1,2,3Charles B. Colburn, Frederic A. Johnson, Al Kennedy, Keith McCallum, Loretta C. Metzger, and Charles O. ParkerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 24, 6397–6398Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1959https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01533a016RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views88Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (242 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Electric Field Energy Harvesting Powered Wireless Sensors for Smart Grid (2012)

In this paper, a new energy harvesting technology using stray electric field of an electric power line is presented. It is found that energy can be harvested and stored in the storage capacitor that is connected to a cylindrical aluminum foil wrapped around a commercial insulated 220 V power line. The average current flowing into 47 <TEX>${\mu}F$</TEX> storage capacitor is about 4.53 <TEX>${\mu}A$</TEX> with 60 cm long cylindrical aluminum foil, and it is possible to operate wireless sensor node to transmit RF data every 42 seconds. The harvested average power is about 47 <TEX>${\mu}W$</TEX> in this case. Since the energy can be harvested without removing insulating sheath, it is believed that the proposed harvesting technology can be applied to power the sensor nodes in wireless ubiquitous sensor network and smart grid system.
Harvesting, Coupling, and Control of Single-Exciton Coherences in Photonic Waveguide Antennas (2016)

We perform coherent nonlinear spectroscopy of individual excitons strongly confined in single InAs quantum dots (QDs). The retrieval of their intrinsically weak four-wave mixing (FWM) response is enabled by a one-dimensional dielectric waveguide antenna. Compared to a similar QD embedded in bulk media, the FWM detection sensitivity is enhanced by up to 4 orders of magnitude, over a broad operation bandwidth. Three-beam FWM is employed to investigate coherence and population dynamics within individual QD transitions. We retrieve their homogenous dephasing in a presence of low-frequency spectral wandering. Two-dimensional FWM reveals off-resonant Förster coupling between a pair of distinct QDs embedded in the antenna. We also detect a higher order QD nonlinearity (six-wave mixing) and use it to coherently control the FWM transient. Waveguide antennas enable us to conceive multicolor coherent manipulation schemes of individual emitters.
Condensations of enol ethers of .beta.-dicarbonyl compounds with dimethylsulfonium methylide and dimethyloxosulfonium methylide (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCondensations of enol ethers of .beta.-dicarbonyl compounds with dimethylsulfonium methylide and dimethyloxosulfonium methylideConstance M. Harris, Joseph J. Cleary, and Thomas M. HarrisCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 1, 72–77Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00915a015https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00915a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views264Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Crystal Perfection of Silicon Single Crystals Grown by the Magnetic‐Field‐Applied Czochralski Method (1986)

Silicon single crystals that had various oxygen concentrations and that had been grown by the magnetic‐field‐applied Czochralski (MCZ) method were investigated by two‐step annealing to examine the defect generation associated with oxygen precipitation. The crystallinity of the crystals was characterized by x‐ray anomalous transmission, IR absorption, x‐ray section topography, and selective etching techniques and compared with that of conventional CZ crystals. Oxygen precipitation and defect generation were not found in MCZ crystals with oxygen concentrations less than . In MCZ crystals with oxygen concentrations more than , the density of defects such as oxygen precipitates, dislocation loops, and stacking faults was much less than in CZ crystals.
Pharmacological options for acute heart failure syndromes: current treatments and unmet needs (2005)

Although acute heart failure represents a major burden on public health worldwide, there has been little research in this field and many treatment strategies are based on clinical experience rather than on evidence from randomized trials. Goals of acute treatment include stabilization of haemodynamics and symptomatic relief. Therapeutic options include digoxin, diuretics, nitrovasodilators, and positive inotropic agents, each of which is associated with clinical limitations. Although digoxin appears to be beneficial in some patients, its role in management of acute heart failure remains uncertain. Diuretics are well established as a mainstay of therapy and provide rapid symptomatic relief, but recent evidence links high-dose diuretic use with adverse outcomes. Nitrovasodilators can improve haemodynamics, but problems with this drug class include tachyphylaxis and dose-related side effects. Positive inotropic agents are useful for increasing cardiac index in patients with low-output heart failure, but there are concerns that inotrope use is associated with a worsened prognosis. It is hoped that the novel therapies that are currently emerging, including the natriuretic peptide nesiritide and the calcium sensitizer levosimendan, will address some of the currently unmet treatment needs without the limitations of current treatments.
Conclusion (1989)

Au terme de cette recherche, qu’en est-il de l’intuition du rapport étroit qu’ont entretenu le folklore et la Révolution nationale ? Le folklore intéresse l’Instruction publique, la Jeunesse, l’Agriculture, l’Équipement national, la Propagande... Larges zones si l’on tient compte que la plus prestigieuse ou significative est la science folklorique, qui se charge des inventaires, par enquêtes interposées. Il est légitimé par la science à deux niveaux : national avec le Musée national des Arts ...
Effects of Invasive Alien Plants on Fire Regimes (2004)

Plant invasions are widely recognized as significant threats to biodiversity conservation worldwide. One way invasions can affect native ecosystems is by changing fuel properties, which can in turn affect fire behavior and, ultimately, alter fire regime characteristics such as frequency, intensity, extent, type, and seasonality of fire. If the regime changes subsequently promote the dominance of the invaders, then an invasive plant-fire regime cycle can be established. As more ecosystem components and interactions are altered, restoration of preinvasion conditions becomes more difficult. Restoration may require managing fuel conditions, fire regimes, native plant communities, and other ecosystem properties in addition to the invaders that caused the changes in the first place. We present a multiphase model describing the interrelationships between plant invaders and fire regimes, provide a system for evaluating the relative effects of invaders and prioritizing them for control, and recommend ways to restore preinvasion fire regime properties.
Numerical solution of inverse scattering for near-field optics (2007)

A novel regularized recursive linearization method is developed for a two-dimensional inverse medium scattering problem that arises in near-field optics, which reconstructs the scatterer of an inhomogeneous medium located on a substrate from data accessible through photon scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. Based on multiple frequency scattering data, the method starts from the Born approximation corresponding to weak scattering at a low frequency, and each update is obtained by continuation on the wavenumber from solutions of one forward problem and one adjoint problem of the Helmholtz equation.
Depth Profiling of Perhydoropolysilazane Thin Film Using Multi Anode XPS Technique (2009)

The depth profiling of perhydoropolysilazane(PHPS) thin films on Si wafers were investigated by multi anode x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) which has four x-ray anodes such as Mg, Zr, Ag and Ti . As the excitation energy of x-ray become higher, the information depth is more deepened. So it is possible to non-destructive depth profiling analysis of PHPS films by using multi anode XPS. It was found that the PHPS films to convert to silica occur not only on surface but also in sample inside by means of thermal treatment.
OSPFv2 Routing Protocols Extensions for Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON) Routing (2010)

The ITU-T has defined an architecture and requirements for operating an Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON)