gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IDEFICS: a physical model of spray drift from boom sprayers in agriculture (1998)

A random-walk model, IDEFICS, is developed to describe downwind spray deposits from a conventional boom sprayer for chemical crop protection in agriculture. Cumulative spray deposits from a large number of individual drops are calculated downwind from the sprayed crop. The model basically is two-dimensional (2D), but near the nozzle a 3D approach is necessary, to incorporate driving speed and entrained air flow. The model was calibrated with a set of single-nozzle outdoor experiments in a cross wind, with varying nozzle type, liquid pressure, boom height, and driving speed. Weather conditions were measured at the site. The drop size spectrum of the nozzles as well as drop velocity distribution were measured with phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA). Both experiments and model results showed that boom height, average wind speed and nozzle type were the major factors affecting spray drift. The IDEFICS model appears to be a useful tool to investigate spray drift under varying conditions. NOTATION a, b, c constants describing drag coefficient Cd drag coefficient dr roughness length (ca. 0.1 zc) dz zero plane displacement (ca. 0.7 zc)
Gum Arabic−Chitosan Complex Coacervation (2007)

The formation of electrostatic complexes of gum Arabic (GA) with chitosan (Ch), two oppositely charged polysaccharides, as a function of the biopolymers ratio (RGA/Ch), total biopolymers concentration (TBconc), pH, and ionic strength, was investigated. The conditions under which inter-biopolymer complexes form were determined by using turbidimetric and electrophoretic mobility measurements in the equilibrium phase and by quantifying mass in the precipitated phase. Results indicated that optimum coacervate yield was achieved at RGA/Ch = 5, independently of TBconc at the resulting pH of solutions under mixing conditions. High coacervate yields occurred in a pH range from 3.5 to 5.0 for RGA/Ch = 5. Coacervate yield was drastically diminished at pH values below 3.5 due to a low degree of ionization of GA molecules, and at pH values above 5 due to a low solubility of chitosan. Increasing ionic strength decreased coacervate yield due to shielding of ionized groups.
Comparison of BACTEC 9240 and BacT/Alert blood culture systems in an adult hospital (1995)

In a study comparing the BACTEC 9240 (Becton Dickinson, Canada Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) and the BacT/Alert (Organon Teknika, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada) blood culture systems, 6,437 sets of four bottles of 10,412 cultures submitted were deemed acceptable for evaluation. There were 586 clinically significant isolates from 544 positive blood cultures. Of the 544 positive blood cultures, 329 were positive in both systems, 157 were positive in the BACTEC 9240 system alone, and 58 were positive in the BacT/Alert system alone (P < 0.001). These cultures represented 421 bacteremic episodes, of which 290 were detected by both systems, 84 were detected by the BACTEC 9240 system alone, and 47 were detected by the BacT/Alert system alone (P < 0.001). The difference between the two systems in terms of microbial recovery was attributable largely to differences in the ability to grow staphylococci. Of 82 monomicrobial isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 46 were isolated by both systems, 30 were isolated by the BACTEC 9240 system alone, and 6 were isolated by the BacT/Alert system alone (P < 0.0001). A similar pattern was noted in the case of coagulase-negative staphylococci, of which 48 were isolated in both systems, 46 were isolated in the BACTEC 9240 system alone, and 5 were isolated in the BacT/Alert system alone (P < 0.0001). The false-positive rate in the BACTEC 9240 system was 0.5%, and that in the BacT/Alert system was 1.2%. Both systems provided satisfactory service mechanically, and in terms of computer software and costs, both systems were similar. The differences in the recovery of organisms, notably staphylococci, may be due in part to the fact that in the present study the BacT/Alert medium did not contain antimicrobial agent-removing devices, whereas the BACTEC 9240 medium did. Until this difference is resolved, we consider the BACTEC 9240 system to more adequately meet our hospital's requirements.
Numberical Analysis on the Steady-State Rolling of Load-Carrying Tire (2009)

many performances of vehicle are related to the dynamic mechanical characteristics of tire, such as control stability, safety of running and braking, dynamics and trafficability characteristics, and so on. A finite element model of steady-state rolling analysis of tire was developed to study the dynamic performance of tire by using ABAQUS software based on the treatment data of the TYSYS software. The regulars of the contract press and contract area with road of tire under three different conditions of traction, rolling and braking were obtained. The effect of friction coefficient on the contact surface of tire with road was studied. The effect of slip angle on the transverse force and aligning torque under different inner presses and loads were also investigated, respectively. Finally, the law of longitudinal force varied with longitudinal slip ratio under different inner presses and loads was analyzed. Results indicated that the contact shear stress increases when the friction coefficient increases; the friction coefficient has little effect on the effective rolling radius of tire; firstly, the transverse force increases greatly when slip angle increases. However, it tends to be invariable when the slip angle is larger than 15°. It is similar to the law of longitudinal force varied with longitudinal slip ratio.
Active Integrated Antenna Supporting Linear and Circular Polarizations (2017)

A patch antenna and class B power amplifier are integrated for size reduction and high power added efficiency (PAE) through harmonic suppression. Harmonic suppressing slits are etched on the patch such that both linear and circular polarizations are supported. The mechanism of the slits is explained, and both components are characterized and examined for performance validation. Measured results show that the harmonic suppression leads to up to 5% improvement in PAE and that the antenna's radiation pattern is not disturbed by the added harmonic suppressing slits for all supported polarizations.
Red Electroluminescence from an Organic Europium Complex with a Triphenylphosphine Oxide Ligand (2000)

An Eu-complex, europium tris(dibenzoylmethide) (triphenylphosphine oxide), was newly synthesized and utilized as a light-emitting material in electroluminescent devices. The complex was easily deposited as transparent and homogeneous thin films by vacuum sublimation,and was successfully applied to electroluminescent devices with a stacked structure of indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/hole transporting layer/Eu-complex layer/hole blocking layer/electron transporting layer/cathode. The devices with this structure gave off pure red light with luminance as high as 320 cd/m 2 . The hole-blocking layer was essential to obtain pure red light from this Eu-complex. Without the hole-blocking layer, holes passed through the Eu-complex layer and entered into the electron transporting layer, leading to yellow emission.
Vapor deposition of copper-manganese interconnects (2016)

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of copper and manganese can produce interconnects scaled down to below 10 nm, while enhancing their conductivity and lifetime. CVD using similar super-conformal processes can enable very narrow through-silicon-vias, as well as tiny and robust flexible wires between chips. Silica insulating layers can be made by a super-conformal and rapid atomic layer deposition (ALD) process.
Results from modeling and simulation of chemical downstream etch systems (1996)

This report summarizes modeling work performed at Sandia in support of Chemical Downstream Etch (CDE) benchmark and tool development programs under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with SEMATECH. The Chemical Downstream Etch (CDE) Modeling Project supports SEMATECH Joint Development Projects (JDPs) with Matrix Integrated Systems, Applied Materials, and Astex Corporation in the development of new CDE reactors for wafer cleaning and stripping processes. These dry-etch reactors replace wet-etch steps in microelectronics fabrication, enabling compatibility with other process steps and reducing the use of hazardous chemicals. Models were developed at Sandia to simulate the gas flow, chemistry and transport in CDE reactors. These models address the essential components of the CDE system: a microwave source, a transport tube, a showerhead/gas inlet, and a downstream etch chamber. The models have been used in tandem to determine the evolution of reactive species throughout the system, and to make recommendations for process and tool optimization. A significant part of this task has been in the assembly of a reasonable set of chemical rate constants and species data necessary for successful use of the models. Often the kinetic parameters were uncertain or unknown. For this reason, a significant effort was placed on model validation to obtain industry confidence in the model predictions. Data for model validation were obtained from the Sandia Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry (MBMS) experiments, from the literature, from the CDE Benchmark Project (also part of the Sandia/SEMATECH CRADA), and from the JDP partners. The validated models were used to evaluate process behavior as a function of microwave-source operating parameters, transport-tube geometry, system pressure, and downstream chamber geometry. In addition, quantitative correlations were developed between CDE tool performance and operation set points.
Study on Wear of Case-hardening Steels (1988)

Ion nitriding was introduced to improve both abrasive wear and dry-rolling wear of engineering materials. The results showed that addition of boron to ion nitriding results in higher wear resistance compared with normal nitriding, which improved wear properties by 85%. On the basis of observation, a model was established to attain better understanding of the mechanisms of both dry-rolling wear and abrasive wear.
Adaptive rank-one receiver for GSM/DCS systems (2002)

In mobile communication systems the space-time (S-T) channel matrix at the base station (BS) can be parameterized by a reduced set of unknowns with negligible distortion. In this correspondence, it is proposed to estimate the S-T channel under the constraint that the channel matrix is low-rank (the rank of the matrix accounts for the degrees of space and/or time diversity in the S-T channel). Low-rank properties of the S-T channel for a GSM/DCS system (rank is /spl les/2), prompted us to adapt the reduced-rank method for linear regression to estimate a rank-one channel. The proposed estimates coincide (or converge) with the maximum-likelihood (ML) approach when the training sequence is uncorrelated (or when the transmitted symbols are independent, i.e., in stochastic optimization). The beamforming weights and temporal channel are estimated jointly to reduce both cochannel interference (CCI) and intersymbol interference (ISI). The proposed receiver is easily adapted to the front-end architecture of the existing BS with minor modifications. The adaptive version of the algorithm is based on direct matrix inversion, guaranteeing convergence within a GSM burst and tracking time-varying channel and/or asynchronous interference.
Effects of Intramolecular Donor–Acceptor Interactions on Bimolecular Recombination in Small-Molecule Organic Photovoltaic Cells (2013)

To enhance the device performance of bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, recombination processes must be suppressed. Here, we prepared OPV cells using donor materials composed of different electron-rich donor and electron-deficient acceptor units and the acceptor material 6,6-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The effects of the polarization of the donor materials which was induced by the intramolecular donor–acceptor (D–A) interactions on the bimolecular recombination constant of each device were studied using a time-of-flight method. A large D–A interaction decreased the bimolecular recombination constant, increasing the fill factor of the device. An active layer with a large dielectric constant led to a small Coulomb capture radius between the radical cations and anions. Overall, a larger D–A interaction enhanced the device performance of small-molecule OPV cells.
A monitoring/auditing mechanism for SSL/TLS secured service sessions in Health Care Applications1 (2003)

This paper analyzes the SSL/TLS procedures and defines the functionality of a monitoring/auditing entity running in parallel with the protocol, which is decoding, checking the certificate and permitting session establishment based on the decoded certificate information, the network addresses of the endpoints and a predefined access list. Finally, this paper discusses how such a facility can be used for detection impersonation attempts in Health Care applications and provides case studies to show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.
Gut microbiota modulation with norfloxacin and ampicillin enhances glucose tolerance in mice (2008)

Recent data suggest that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in fat accumulation. However, it is not clear whether gut microbiota is involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. To assess this issue, we modulated gut microbiota via antibiotics administration in two different mouse models with insulin resistance. Results from dose-determination studies showed that a combination of norfloxacin and ampicillin, at a dose of 1 g/L, maximally suppressed the numbers of cecal aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in ob/ob mice. After a 2-wk intervention with the antibiotic combination, both ob/ob and diet-induced obese and insulin-resistant mice showed a significant improvement in fasting glycemia and oral glucose tolerance. The improved glycemic control was independent of food intake or adiposity because pair-fed ob/ob mice were as glucose intolerant as the control ob/ob mice. Reduced liver triglycerides and increased liver glycogen correlated with improved glucose tolerance in the treated mice. Concomitant reduction of plasma lipopolysaccharides and increase of adiponectin further supported the antidiabetic effects of the antibiotic treatment in ob/ob mice. In summary, modulation of gut microbiota ameliorated glucose tolerance of mice by altering the expression of hepatic and intestinal genes involved in inflammation and metabolism, and by changing the hormonal, inflammatory, and metabolic status of the host.
Ten years and counting: so what do we know about t(4;14)(p16;q32) multiple myeloma (2006)

Multiple myeloma is a genetically heterogenous disease with a wide variety of characterized genetic aberrations. Until recently, the impact of these aberrations on patient outcome was not known. However, in the last 5-10 years, several genetic markers have been linked to patient outcome. One of the strongest predictors of outcome identified to date is t(4;14)(p16;q32). Although this translocation is tightly linked to chromosome 13 deletions, another poor prognosis marker, it is becoming apparent that the translocation and not the deletion of 13 is the important factor. Unfortunately, despite the known association with outcome, an understanding of the mechanism(s) whereby the translocation contributes to developing and maintaining this aggressive form of myeloma remains elusive.
An assay for X inactivation based on differential methylation at the fragile X locus,FMR1 (1996)

We describe an assay analyzing methylation at the fragile X mental retardation gene, FMR1, to examine patterns of random or non-random X chromosome inactivation. Digestion of genomic DNA with the methylation-sensitive enzyme HpaII cleaves two restriction sites near the CGG repeat of the FMR1 gene if they are unmethylated on the active X chromosome, but fails to digest these sites on the inactive chromosome. Subsequent PCR using primers that flank the sites and the variable CGG repeat within the FMR1 gene amplifies alleles only on undigested, methylated inactive X chromosomes. Amplification of the hypervariable CGG repeat distinguishes alleles in heterozygous samples, while the relative ratio of alleles within a HpaII-digested sample reflects the randomness or non-randomness of inactivation. To demonstrate that methylation of the HpaII sites within the amplified FMR1 fragment correlates strictly with the activity state of the X chromosome, we have tested the validity of this assay by comparing DNA from normal males and females, as well as DNA from mouse/human somatic cell hybrids carrying either active or inactive human X chromosomes. The data demonstrate that this assay provides a reliable means of assessing the inactivation status of X chromosomes in individuals with X-linked disorders or X chromosome abnormalities.
The Role of Dietary n–6 and n–3 Fatty Acids in the Developing Brain (2000)

The dietary requirements for essential fatty acids and the possibility of a specific role for the polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the most controversial areas in infant nutrition. DHA is found in unusually high concentrations in the brain and is selectively accumulated during fetal and infant brain growth. DHA can be synthesised through a complex series of chain elongation-desaturation reactions from alpha-linolenic acid, but the efficiency of this process in young infants is not clear. Clinical studies on the potential benefits to neural development of dietary DHA have yielded conflicting results. Recent studies have provided evidence that plasma DHA is available to developing brain and that DHA is involved in dopamine and serotonin metabolism. These findings should guide clinical studies to more sensitive measures of the functional roles of dietary n-3 fatty acids and to clinical conditions where n-3 fatty acids may have benefit.
Forming process and mechanical properties of fibers-reinforced polymer concrete (2013)

For good vibration alleviating properties, polymer concrete has attracted much attention in the field of elementary machine components. In this article, glass fiber and carbon fiber were applied to improve the mechanical properties of polymer concrete. Seen from the experimental results, as far as compression strength is concerned, fiber-reinforced polymer concrete is better than polymer concrete, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer concrete is better than glass fiber reinforced polymer concrete. However, considering both technical and economical factors, it could be concluded that glass fiber is the proper strengthening fiber for polymer concrete.
Evaluation of amitriptyline in primary fibrositis. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study (1986)

Seventy patients with primary fibrositis satisfying Smythe's criteria were studied in a 9-week double-blind trial comparing 50 mg amitriptyline with placebo. Fifty-nine patients completed the trial: 27 were treated with amitriptyline, and 32 took a placebo. The patients who received amitriptyline improved significantly in their morning stiffness and pain analog scores at 5 and 9 weeks, compared with baseline scores, whereas no changes were noted in these parameters in the placebo group. Fibrocytic point tenderness did not improve significantly in either of the treatment groups. When compared with the placebo group, the amitriptyline group improved significantly with respect to sleep pattern and patient and physician global assessments. Our data indicate that amitriptyline has some therapeutic benefit in patients with primary fibrositis.
Thermomechanical Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate)s Containing Tethered and Untethered Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (2004)

Poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMA) containing both tethered and untethered polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) were examined through the use of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and rheological characterization. The presence of tethered-POSS in entangled copolymers leads to a decrease in the plateau modulus ( ) when compared with PMMA homopolymer. Two untethered-POSS fillers, cyclohexyl-POSS and isobutyl-POSS, were blended with PMMA homopolymer. Both DSC and rheological results suggest a regime at low untethered-POSS loadings (φ ≤ 0.05) in PMMA in which much of the POSS filler resides in the matrix in a nanoscopically dispersed state. This well-dispersed POSS decreases the zero-shear-rate viscosity (η0). Above this regime, an apparent solubility limit is reached, and beyond this point additional untethered-POSS aggregates into crystallites in the PMMA matrix. These crystallites cause both the viscosity and the plateau modulus to increase in a way consistent with classical predictions for hard-sphere-filled suspensions. The principles of time−temperature superposition are followed by these nanocomposites; however, fits to the WLF equation show no strong trend with increasing POSS loading. Isobutyl-POSS was also blended with a POSS−PMMA copolymer containing 25 wt % tethered isobutyl-POSS distributed randomly along the chain. Blends of untethered-POSS with copolymer show a significant increase in η0 for all loadings, greater than that expected for traditional hard-sphere fillers. This is a result of associations between untethered-POSS and tethered-POSS cages in the blend, which retard chain relaxation processes in a way not observed in either the homopolymer blends or the unfilled copolymers. Time−temperature superposition also holds for the filled copolymer system, and these blends show a strong increase in the WLF coefficients, suggesting that both free volume and viscosity increase with filler loading.
STUDIES OF IN SITU BURNING OF EMULSIONS IN NORWAY (1995)

ABSTRACT An experimental program, spanning four years, was initiated in 1990 to study the in-situ burning of emulsions. Its main objectives were to study the in-situ burning of emulsions in dynamic conditions (wind, waves, currents, and ice); to define the limitations and effectiveness of in-situ burning in terms of water content, evaporation, and film thickness of crude oils and emulsions; and to determine the physical processes involved in burning water-in-oil emulsions. Field experiments were conducted in basins cut into sea ice ranging in size from 4 m2 to 300 m2. Small-scale pan burns and emulsion-heating experiments were conducted in the laboratory. The results show that evaporated water-free oil can be easily ignited and burned with a high efficiency, even in the presence of swells and slush ice. When water contents exceeded 25 percent, the emulsions were difficult to ignite using gelled gasoline, and could not be ignited in the presence of moderate swells. However; ignition could be improved by using alternative igniters. Some postulated processes on the burning of stable emulsions have been confirmed: water must be removed from the emulsion surface before ignition can occur, water is released mainly through evaporation, and the temperature in the emulsion slick does not seem to exceed the boiling point of water.
Adversarial Examples for Semantic Image Segmentation (2017)

Machine learning methods in general and Deep Neural Networks in particular have shown to be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. So far this phenomenon has mainly been studied in the context of whole-image classification. In this contribution, we analyse how adversarial perturbations can affect the task of semantic segmentation. We show how existing adversarial attackers can be transferred to this task and that it is possible to create imperceptible adversarial perturbations that lead a deep network to misclassify almost all pixels of a chosen class while leaving network prediction nearly unchanged outside this class.