gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A mechanism for posttranslational modifications of proteins by yeast protein farnesyltransferase. (1995)

Protein farnesyltransferase catalyzes the alkylation of cysteine in C-terminal CaaX sequences of a variety of proteins, including Ras, nuclear lamins, large G proteins, and phosphodiesterases, by farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). These modifications enhance the ability of the proteins to associate with membranes and are essential for their respective functions. The enzyme-catalyzed reaction was studied by using a series of substrate analogs for FPP to distinguish between electrophilic and nucleophilic mechanisms for prenyl transfer. FPP analogs containing hydrogen, fluoromethyl, and trifluoromethyl substituents in place of the methyl at carbon 3 were evaluated as alternative substrates for alkylation of the sulfhydryl moiety in the peptide dansyl-GCVIA. The analogs were alternative substrates for the prenylation reaction and were competitive inhibitors against FPP. A comparison of kcat for FPP and the analogs with ksolv, the rate constants for solvolysis of related p-methoxybenzenesulfonate derivatives, indicated that protein prenylation occurred by an electrophilic mechanism.
Recurrent Sinopulmonary Infection and Impaired Antibody Response to Bacterial Capsular Polysaccharide Antigen in Children with Selective IgG-Subclass Deficiency (1985)

We studied 20 children with recurrent sinopulmonary infections and serum IgG levels within the normal range, who had selective IgG-subclass deficiency. Twelve of the children were IgG2 deficient, five were IgG3 deficient, and three were deficient in both IgG2 and IgG3. IgA deficiency was present in 3 of the 20 patients. In the children with IgG2 deficiency, serum antibody concentrations to the capsular polysaccharide of Hemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) were significantly lower than those in age-matched controls, both before and after immunization with the Hib capsular polysaccharide antigen, which elicits antibody predominantly of the IgG2 subclass. In contrast, their serum antibody titers to the tetanus and diphtheria toxoid protein antigens, which elicit antibody predominantly of the IgG1 subclass, were normal in comparison with those of age-matched controls. These results suggest that impairment of the antibody response to specific microbial antigens predisposes patients with selective IgG-subclass deficiencies to recurrent infections. Thus, as an aid in determining therapy, children with recurrent infections and normal total serum IgG should be evaluated for this condition.
Reduzierung von Reibkräften durch Ultraschallanregung am Beispiel der Bodenbearbeitung (2014)

Reibkräfte sind bei der Bodenbearbeitung für einen wesentlichen Teil des Zugkraftbedarfs verantwortlich. Daher ist die Reduzierung von Reibkräften zwischen Bodenteilchen und Bodenbearbeitungswerkzeugen ein sinnvoller Ansatz zur Verminderung des jeweiligen Zugkraftbedarfs. Die Möglichkeiten zur Reibkraftreduktion durch den Einsatz von Ultraschall werden am Institut für Landmaschinen und Fluidtechnik der Technischen Universität Braunschweig in einem Kooperationsprojekt mit dem Institut für Dynamik und Schwingungen der Leibniz Universität Hannover erforscht.
Thermally Excited Low Frequency Magnetic Noise in CPP Structure MR Heads (2007)

1/f-type of low frequency noise is widely observed in today's state-of-the-art tunneling-magneto-resistive (TMR) and current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP), and giant-magneto-resistive (GMR) heads. In this paper, the 1/f-type magnetic noise arising from the thermally excited low frequency edge magnetization switch of the free layer is studied by micromagnetic simulation. It is found that although the free layer dimension is in the single domain regime, the edge magnetization random switching related to the thermal excitation and insufficient hard bias field on sensor edge can be a significant low frequency noise contributor in TMR/CPP GMR heads. A strong local hard bias (HB) field at sensor edge that pins the free layer edge magnetization is found to be more critical than a strong averaged HB field across the sensor to avoid magnetic 1/f-type noise. The simulation study shows that a high HB field gradient from sensor edge to center is preferred to maintain a low noise sensor while still achieving high sensitivity. This paper will also discuss the roles of free layer thickness, sensor geometry, current field, temperature, and air-bearing surface physical defect in the behavior of this edge flipping noise
Heading angle and offset determination using principal component analysis (1998)

Summary: The main goal of the vision part of a guidance system is to output the heading angle and the offset of the vehicle. In this research, this task was addressed as a pose recognition problem where each combination of heading angle and offset was considered a pose. A set of poses (images) was collected and used as a training set. The training stage of the algorithm used the principal component analysis (Hotelling Transform) to output a low-dimensional eigenspace on which each pose was represented by its projections. Given a new image, the pose (heading angle and offset) recognition was done by projecting the image onto the eigenspace and determining the closest training image projection.
Monte Carlo calculations of LANL graphite pile response functions (1996)

A Graphite Pile was built at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the early 1950`s to measure emission rates from neutron radiation sources using a BF{sub 3} proportional counter. The Pile was originally calibrated with a primary standard {sup 226}Ra/Be neutron source. The BF{sub 3} counter is inserted in the center of the Pile 138.5 cm above the ground surface, while neutron source position varies from 21 cm to 81 cm below the BF{sub 3} counter. In the past, it was assumed that neutrons emitted by a source would be totally thermalized by the time they reached the detector. Also, the detection efficiency was used for other neutron sources and the differences in energy spectra were not taken into account. Detailed Monte Carlo calculations were performed to determine Pile response functions for source-to-detector distances of 21 cm, 31 cm, 51 cm, and 81 cm. These response functions are then folded to energy spectra of ten different neutron sources: {sup 252}Cf, {sup 241}Am/F, {sup 241}Am/B, {sup 241}Am/Be, {sup 241}Am/Li, {sup 238}Pu/Li, {sup 239}Pu/Be, {sup 226}Ra/Be, Po/Be, and {sup 242}Cm/Be, whose neutron spectra are known. Results show that detection efficiencies are about 2.5 E-3 at the shortest distance (21 cm), and for differentmore » sources they can differ by 40% at that distance. Conversely, at the largest distance (81 cm), Pile response functions are relatively flat with respect to neutron energy. Moreover, detection efficiencies differ only by about 5%, but the absolute efficiency is about 2.0 E-4.« less
Energy-Efficient Base Station Operation With Base Station Sharing in Wireless Cellular Networks (2013)

본 논문은 기지국 공유가 가능한 셀룰러 네트워크에서 에너지 효율화를 위한 기지국 운영 방안에 관한 것이다. 기지국 운영에 따른 에너지 사용 비용과 기지국 공유에 따라 나타나는 서비스 사업자 간의 트래픽 교환을 함께 고려하기 위하여 에너지와 트래픽에 대한 비용 모델을 수립하여 에너지 비용 최소화에 관한 최적화 문제로 나타낸다. 최적해를 구하기 위하여 게임 이론을 기반으로 정보교환을 기반으로 각각의 서비스 사업자가 독립적으로 기지국을 운영할 수 있는 방안을 제시한다. 또한 제안된 방안이 항상 유일한 Nash equilibrium을 가지며 최적화 문제의 해가 됨을 보인다. 모의실험을 통하여 제안된 기지국 운영방안이 에너지 비용 절감을 이룰 수 있음을 보이고, 다양한 파라미터와 에너지 비용 절감 간의 상관관계를 논의한다.
<i>Nitrosopumilus maritimus</i> genome reveals unique mechanisms for nitrification and autotrophy in globally distributed marine crenarchaea (2010)

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea are ubiquitous in marine and terrestrial environments and now thought to be significant contributors to carbon and nitrogen cycling. The isolation of Candidatus "Nitrosopumilus maritimus" strain SCM1 provided the opportunity for linking its chemolithotrophic physiology with a genomic inventory of the globally distributed archaea. Here we report the 1,645,259-bp closed genome of strain SCM1, revealing highly copper-dependent systems for ammonia oxidation and electron transport that are distinctly different from known ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Consistent with in situ isotopic studies of marine archaea, the genome sequence indicates N. maritimus grows autotrophically using a variant of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutryrate pathway for carbon assimilation, while maintaining limited capacity for assimilation of organic carbon. This unique instance of archaeal biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant ectoine and an unprecedented enrichment of multicopper oxidases, thioredoxin-like proteins, and transcriptional regulators points to an organism responsive to environmental cues and adapted to handling reactive copper and nitrogen species that likely derive from its distinctive biochemistry. The conservation of N. maritimus gene content and organization within marine metagenomes indicates that the unique physiology of these specialized oligophiles may play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen.
Modeling and characterization of a CMOS sensor with surface trenches for high-pressure applications (2011)

This paper reports on the systematic characterization and modeling of a CMOS-based sensor for high-pressure applications. The sensor consists of an anodically bonded silicon-glass stack comprising an n-type Wheatstone bridge as the piezoresistive stress-sensing element. Surface trenches introduced into the silicon close to the Wheatstone bridge significantly increase the pressure sensitivity of the device. Pyrex (PX) and SD2 glass substrates are compared in this study with respect to the sensor performance. The sensors were characterized for the first time at temperatures between -40°C and 125°C and hydrostatic pressures up to 600 bar. Experimental results are compared with a theoretical sensor model based on finite element (FE) simulations. The extracted sensitivities at 25°C are 20.7 μV/V/bar and 9.68 μV/V/bar for sensors built on PX and SD2 substrates, respectively. Long-term measurements reveal an insignificant signal drift.
AMI Communication Requirements to Implement Demand-Response: Applicability of Hybrid Spread Spectrum Wireless (2011)

While holistically defining the smart grid is a challenge, one area of interest is demand-response. In 2009, the Department of Energy announced over $4 billion in grant and project funding for the Smart Grid. A significant amount of this funding was allotted to utilities for cost sharing projects to deploy Smart Grid technologies, many of whom have deployed and are deploying advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). AMI is an enabler to increase the efficiency of utilities and the bulk power grid. The bulk electrical system is unique in that it produces electricity as it is consumed. Most other industries have a delay between generation and consumption. This aspect of the power grid means that there must be enough generation capacity to meet the highest demand whereas other industries could over produce during off-peak times. This requires significant investment in generation capacity to cover the few days a year of peak consumption. Since bulk electrical storage doesn't yet exist at scale another way to curb the need for new peak period generation is through demand-response; that is to incentivize consumers (demand) to curtail (respond) electrical usage during peak periods. Of the various methods proposed for enabling demand-response, this paper will focus on the communication requirements for creating an energy market using transactional controls. More specifically, the paper will focus on the communication requirements needed to send the peak period notices and receive the response back from the consumers.
MKP-3, a Novel Cytosolic Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase That Exemplifies a New Class of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase (1996)

MKP-1 (also known as CL100, 3CH134, Erp, and hVH-1) exemplifies a class of dual-specificity phosphatase able to reverse the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family members by dephosphorylating critical tyrosine and threonine residues. We now report the cloning of MKP-3, a novel protein phosphatase that also suppresses MAP kinase activation state. The deduced amino acid sequence of MKP-3 is 36% identical to MKP-1 and contains the characteristic extended active-site sequence motif VXVHCXXGXSRSXTXXXAYLM (where X is any amino acid) as well as two N-terminal CH2 domains displaying homology to the cell cycle regulator Cdc25 phosphatase. When expressed in COS-7 cells, MKP-3 blocks both the phosphorylation and enzymatic activation of ERK2 by mitogens. Northern analysis reveals a single mRNA species of 2.7 kilobases with an expression pattern distinct from other dual-specificity phosphatases. MKP-3 is expressed in lung, heart, brain, and kidney, but not significantly in skeletal muscle or testis. In situ hybridization studies of MKP-3 in brain reveal enrichment within the CA1, CA3, and CA4 layers of the hippocampus. Metrazole-stimulated seizure activity triggers rapid (<1 h) but transient up-regulation of MKP-3 mRNA in the cortex, piriform cortex, and some amygdala nuclei. Metrazole stimulated similar regional up-regulation of MKP-1, although this was additionally induced within the thalamus. MKP-3 mRNA also undergoes powerful induction in PC12 cells after 3 h of nerve growth factor treatment. This response appears specific insofar as epidermal growth factor and dibutyryl cyclic AMP fail to induce significant MKP-3 expression. Subcellular localization of epitope-tagged MKP-3 in sympathetic neurons reveals expression in the cytosol with exclusion from the nucleus. Together, these observations indicate that MKP-3 is a novel dual-specificity phosphatase that displays a distinct tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and regulated expression, suggesting a unique function in controlling MAP kinase family members. Identification of a second partial cDNA clone (MKP-X) encoding the C-terminal 280 amino acids of an additional phosphatase that is 76% identical to MKP-3 suggests the existence of a distinct structurally homologous subfamily of MAP kinase phosphatases.
Statins and autoimmune diseases (2005)

Besides the well-known lipid-lowering effect, statins display nonlipid-lowering pharmacological activities. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that statins have direct anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and plaque-stabilizing effects via a number of mechanisms. A direct immunomodulatory effect has been also demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. In addition to traditional risk factors, systemic inflammation, immune-mediated responses and thrombophilia have been suggested to play a major role in sustaining the premature atherosclerosis in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating mechanisms of statins as demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo experimental models, providing new insights for the use of statins in treating systemic autoimmune diseases both for their anti-atherosclerotic activity and for their pleiotropic effects on inflammation, haemostasis and the immune responses.
Group-asymmetrical PWM controller for dimmable fluorescent lamp ballast without striation and thermostat effect (2005)

A signal process for eliminating striation and thermostat effect in a fluorescent lamp by group-asymmetrical pulse-width-modulation (GAPWM) control strategy is explored. The proposed GAPWM can make the odd harmonic energies of the lamp sharing on all the harmonics in low-level dimmer so as to eliminate striation and thermostat effect. Dimmer by signal process instead of hardware approach can make the control strategy easy to implement. A prototype of 80 W GAPWM fluorescent lamp ballast is examined for assessing the theoretical investigation and practicality. The GAPWM ballast can operate at ZVS and increase lighting efficiency up to 20% compared with the traditional one. Besides, it can make the fluorescent lamp without striation and thermostat effect during a wide dimming range from 100% to 1% of the full luminance
Rapid Development: Taming Wild Software Schedules (1996)

From the Book:
Corporate and commercial software development teams all want solutions for one important problem--how to get their high-pressure development schedules under control. In Rapid Development, author Steve McConnell addresses that concern head-on with overall strategies, specific best practices, and valuable tips that help shrink and control development schedules and keep projects moving.
Inside, you'll find: 
The best rapid-development strategies that can be applied to any project Candid discussions of great and not-so-great rapid-development practices--estimation, prototyping, forced overtime, motivation, teamwork, rapid-development languages, risk management, and many others A list of classic mistakes to avoid for rapid-development projects, including creeping requirements, shortchanged quality, and silver-bullet syndrome Case studies that vividly illustrate what can go wrong, what can go right, and how to tell in which direction your project is headed 
Rapid Developement is the real-world guide to more efficient applications development
Resource selection for domain-specific cross-lingual IR (2004)

An under-explored question in cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) is to what degree the performance of CLIR methods depends on the availability of high-quality translation resources for particular domains. To address this issue, we evaluate several competitive CLIR methods - with different training corpora - on test documents in the medical domain. Our results show severe performance degradation when using a general-purpose training corpus or a commercial machine translation system (SYSTRAN), versus a domain-specific training corpus. A related unexplored question is whether we can improve CLIR performance by systematically analyzing training resources and optimally matching them to target collections. We start exploring this problem by suggesting a simple criterion for automatically matching training resources to target corpora. By using cosine similarity between training and target corpora as resource weights we obtained an average of 5.6% improvement over using all resources with no weights. The same metric yields 99.4% of the performance obtained when an oracle chooses the optimal resource every time.
Interfacial Barrier Effects in III-V Photoemitters (1971)

Published data show strong evidence for the existence of an interfacial barrier on GaInAs photocathodes contrary to the claims made. Thermally assisted emission of photoelectrons over an interfacial barrier of height 1. 1 eV is shown here to explain the data. Energy distribution curves from a barrier-limited InAsP sample show that thermally assisted emission dominates over tunneling emission. The barrier height is shown to increase when Rb is substituted for Cs in the activation layer.
Recent Advances in the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker Green Function Method (2014)

The Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) Green function (GF) method is a technique for all-electron full-potential density-functional calculations. Similar to the historical Wigner-Seitz cellular method, the KKR-GF method uses a partitioning of space into atomic Wigner-Seitz cells. However, the numerically demanding wave-function matching at the cell boundaries is avoided by use of an integral equation formalism based on the concept of reference Green functions. The advantage of this formalism will be illustrated by the recent progress made for very large systems with thousands of inequivalent atoms and for very accurate calculations of atomic forces and total energies.
The earliest EEG signatures of object recognition in a cued-target task are postsensory (2005)

Recent experiments have demonstrated early target minus nontarget differences in the human event-related potential (ERP) during visual object recognition tasks. It is unclear whether these differences reflect high-level visual processes, effectively indexing the speed of object recognition, or whether they arise from postsensory decision processes, leaving the actual time of object recognition uncertain. Here we report three sets of ERP experiments designed to determine what processes underlie the target minus nontarget difference signals seen in visual cued-target paradigms. We demonstrate that the same difference signals are present when the target match is made to word stimuli as well as to object stimuli, suggesting that the disparate mechanisms involved in letter string and object processing are not directly responsible for the signals. We also find that the amplitude of these signals can be reduced by increasing trial difficulty in three different ways: image difficulty, level of semantic categorization, and overall task demands. In many respects, the difference signal is similar to the postrecognition P300. Together, these results suggest that the target minus nontarget difference does not reflect object recognition per se, but rather postsensory decision processes.
A growth-essential <i>Tetrahymena</i> Piwi protein carries tRNA fragment cargo (2010)

Argonaute/Piwi proteins associate with small RNAs that typically provide sequence specificity for RNP function in gene and genome regulation. Here we show that Twi12, a Tetrahymena Piwi protein essential for growth, is loaded with mature tRNA fragments. The tightly bound ~18- to 22-nucleotide tRNA 3' fragments are biochemically distinct from the tRNA halves produced transiently in response to stress. Notably, the end positions of Twi12-bound tRNA 3' fragments precisely match RNAs detected in total small RNA of mouse embryonic stem cells and human cancer cells. Our studies demonstrate unanticipated evolutionary conservation of mature tRNA processing to tRNA fragment small RNAs.
History based distributed filtering - a tagging approach to network-level access control (2002)

Discusses a network-level access control technique that applies the non-discretionary access control model to individual data packets that are exchanged between hosts or subnets. The proposed technique examines the incoming data's integrity properties to prevent applications within a node or subnetwork from so-called subversive channels. It checks outgoing data's secrecy requirements before transmission. Security labels are used to identify data packets as members of different categories and security levels. Additional tags store context information to validate the trustworthiness of a packet's content. Labels and tags of a data packet reflect events that may be relevant to access control throughout its life. As opposed to stateful filtering, which is based on the history of a flow of packets, our approach works on the history of an individual packet. Any state information is part of the packet rather than being stored in all the nodes inspecting the packet; i.e. nodes do not need to create and maintain state information.
Fullwave analysis of reflectarrays on double Iso/Anisotropic layers (2006)

This work presents a fullwave analysis of reflectarrays composed by a rectangular array of square conducting patches impressed on a grounded substrate with two uniaxial anisotropic layers. The analysis is performed in the spectral domain by using the Green’s function technique in combination with the Galerkin method. Numerical results are presented for reflecarrays impressed on iso/anisotropic substrates. For the particular case of reflectearrays on isotropic layers, agreement was oserved with results available in the literature.
[Pathological changes following retrograde infusion of methyl violet in the parotid gland of the miniature pig]. (1999)

Retrograde infusion of 1% methyl violet results in complete atrophy and fibrosis of the parotid gland in the minipig.