gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The output of pulse-echo ultrasound equipment: a survey of powers, pressures and intensities (1985)

A survey of the powers, pressures and intensities generated by ultrasonic pulse-echo equipment in clinical use has been carried out. Three conventional B-scanners, four linear-array scanners and four mechanically sectored scanners were included in the study. Measurements were made on a total of 22 transducers covering the nominal frequency range 2.25-7.5 MHz. On those instruments where an output power control was provided, two measurements were made: one at the maximum available power and a second at a lower power. On arrays with a variable transmit focus control, measurements were made at all available focus settings. In all, measurements were made on 38 separate focused pulsed ultrasonic fields. The measurements were carried out using a calibrated ultrasonic force balance, and a calibrated polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) membrane hydrophone. A very wide range of maximum powers, pressures and intensities were found. Powers from 0.5-80 mW were measured; spatial-average temporal-peak positive pressures at the transducer varied between 30 kPa and 1.15 MPa, and spatial-peak pulse-average intensities were in the range 3.6 X 10(3)-1.1 X 10(7) Wm-2.
Effects of a Thromboxane Synthetase Inhibitor and a cAMP Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor, Singly and in Combination, on Platelet Behaviour (1986)

The effects of dazoxiben, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, and AH-P 719, a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet behaviour were determined. The levels of cAMP present in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) after stimulating the platelets with AA in the absence and presence of the agents were also measured. AH-P 719, as well as dazoxiben, was more effective as an inhibitor of AA-induced platelet behaviour in PRP from some individuals than in PRP from others, and the effectiveness with which it inhibited platelet behaviour paralleled that of dazoxiben. A combination of both agents was more effective than either agent alone. Both AH-P 719 and dazoxiben increased the level of cAMP in AA-stimulated platelets but again they were more effective in PRP from some individuals than others. A combination of AH-P 719 and dazoxiben always resulted in higher levels of cAMP than either agent alone. These results imply that cAMP is involved in determining the effects of thromboxane synthetase inhibitors on platelet behaviour, and indicate that the anti-thrombotic potential of a combination of a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor and a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor may be greater than that of the individual agents.
Functional Analysis of Developmentally Regulated Chromatin-Hypersensitive Domains Carrying the α <sub>1</sub> -Fetoprotein Gene Promoter and the Albumin/α <sub>1</sub> -Fetoprotein Intergenic Enhancer (1993)

During liver development, the tandem alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP)/albumin locus is triggered at the AFP end and then asymmetrically enhanced; this is followed by autonomous repression of the AFP-encoding gene. To understand this regulation better, we characterized the two early developmental stage-specific DNase I-hypersensitive (DH) sites so far identified in rat liver AFP/albumin chromatin: an intergenic DH-enhancer site and the AFP DH-promoter site. Mutation-transfection analyses circumscribed the DH-enhancer domain to a 200-bp DNA segment stringently conserved among species. Targeted mutations, DNA-protein-binding assays, and coexpression experiments pinpointed C/EBP as the major activatory component of the intergenic enhancer. Structure-function relationships at the AFP DH-promoter site defined a discrete glucocorticoid-regulated domain activated cooperatively by HNF1 and a highly specific AFP transcription factor, FTF, which binds to a steroid receptor recognition motif. The HNF1/FTF/DNA complex is deactivated by glucocorticoid receptors or by the ubiquitous factor NF1, which eliminates HNF1 by competition at an overlapping, high-affinity binding site. We propose that the HNF1-NF1 site might serve as a developmental switch to direct autonomous AFP gene repression in late liver development. We also conclude that the intergenic enhancer is driven by C/EBP alpha primarily to fulfill albumin gene activation functions at early developmental stages. Factor FTF seems to be the key regulator of AFP gene-specific functions in carcinoembryonic states.
ON THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BUBBLE CONTENT IN AIR/HYDRO SYSTEM (1999)

The mechanism of bubble formation in Air/Hydro System was preliminarily investigated before. Some new results ofthe research are discussed in this paper, including additional insight into the mechanism of bubble formation, measurement of bubble content and factors influencing bubble formation. Based on some important experimentalphenomena, the regularity of bubble transport in the system was found. A new method of separating gas from oil ispresented, and a kind of new oil/gas separator was designed. Experimental validation was also performed and the resultsare favorable.
Unreliability of oxygen tension-based indices in reflecting intrapulmonary shunting in critically ill patients (1988)

Measurement of intrapulmonary shunting (Qsp/Qt), a widely used method for monitoring disturbances of pulmonary oxygen transfer in critically ill patients, involves calculation of arterial and mixed venous oxygen contents. In circumstances where mixed venous blood samples are not readily available, oxygen tension-based indices such as the alveolar to arterial oxygen tension differences (P[A-a]O2), arterial oxygen tension to alveolar oxygen tension ratio (PaO2/PAO2), PaO2 to FIO2 ratio (PaO2/FIO2) and respiratory index (RI) are widely utilized to reflect Qsp/Qt. Oxygen content-based indices such as the estimated shunt are not as widely utilized as the oxygen tension indices. In 75 critically ill patients in whom a pulmonary artery catheter was being utilized to augment clinical care, comparisons were made between Qsp/Qt and P(A-a)O2, PaO2/PAO2, PaO2/FIO2, RI, and estimated shunt to determine which index best reflected Qsp/Qt. Correlations between Qsp/Qt and estimated shunt were good (r = .94) and poor for the P(A-a)O2 (r = .62), PaO2/PAO2 (r = .72), PaO2/FIO2 (r = .71), and RI (r = .74). We conclude that there are no real substitutes for venous oxygen contents in critically ill patients. When pulmonary artery blood is not available for analysis, oxygen tension-based indices are unreliable reflectors of Qsp/Qt while the estimated shunt, an oxygen content-based index, provides a more reliable reflection of Qsp/Qt.
Microbiology of Methanogenesis in Thermal, Volcanic Environments (1980)

Microbial methanogenesis was examined in thermal waters, muds, and decomposing algal-bacterial mats associated with volcanic activity in Yellowstone National Park. Radioactive tracer studies with [(14)C]glucose, acetate, or carbonate and enrichment culture techniques demonstrated that methanogenesis occurred at temperatures near 70 degrees C but below 80 degrees C and correlated with hydrogen production from either geothermal processes or microbial fermentation. Three Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum strains (YT1, YTA, and YTC) isolated from diverse volcanic habitats differed from the neotype sewage strain DeltaH in deoxyribonucleic acid guanosine-plus-cytosine content and immunological properties. Microbial methanogenesis was characterized in more detail at a 65 degrees C site in the Octopus Spring algal-bacterial mat ecosystem. Here methanogenesis was active, was associated with anaerobic microbial decomposition of biomass, occurred concomitantly with detectable microbial hydrogen formation, and displayed a temperature activity optimum near 65 degrees C. Enumeration studies estimated more than 10(9) chemoorganotrophic hydrolytic bacteria and 10(6) chemolithotrophic methanogenic bacteria per g (dry weight) of algal-bacterial mat. Enumeration, enrichment, and isolation studies revealed that the microbial population was predominantly rod shaped and asporogenous. A prevalent chemoorganotrophic organism in the mat that was isolated from an end dilution tube was a taxonomically undescribed gram-negative obligate anaerobe (strain HTB2), whereas a prevalent chemolithotrophic methanogen isolated from an end dilution tube was identified as M. thermoautotrophicum (strain YTB). Taxonomically recognizable obligate anaerobes that were isolated from glucose and xylose enrichment cultures included Thermoanaerobium brockii strain HTB and Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum strain 39E. The nutritional properties, growth temperature optima, growth rates, and fermentation products of thermophilic bacterial strains 39E, HTB2, and YTB were determined.
Carbon dioxide-based supercritical fluids as IC manufacturing solvents (2003)

The production of integrated circuits (ICs) involves a number of discrete steps which utilize hazardous or regulated solvents and generate large waste streams. ES&H considerations associated with these chemicals have prompted a search for alternative, more environmentally benign solvent systems. Here, the authors describe how an emerging technology for conventional solvent replacement is the use of supercritical fluids based on carbon dioxide (CO/sub 2/). Research work, conducted at Los Alamos in conjunction with the Hewlett-Packard Company, has lead to the development of a CO/sub 2/-based supercritical fluid treatment system for the stripping of hard-baked photoresists. This treatment system, known as supercritical CO/sub 2/ resist remover, or SCORR, uses a two-component solvent composed of a nonhazardous, nonregulated compound, dissolved in supercritical CO/sub 2/. The solvent/treatment system has been successfully tested on metallized Si wafers coated with negative and positive photoresist, the latter both before and after ion-implantation.
Structure of a Transient Network Made up of Entangled Monomolecular Organometallic Wires in Organic Liquids. Effects of an Endcapping Molecule (1999)

Viscoelastic solutions of a family of bimetallic tetracarboxylates (M2R4) in apolar hydrocarbons have been investigated. The small angle scattering (SAS) technique (neutron and X-rays) is used to characterize the structures of the supramolecular assemblies. Copper(II) and rhodium(II) derivatives form very thin molecular rodlike species (rCu2R4 ≈ 8.5 Å) with only one molecule per diameter. With Cu2(Et/C8)4, the wire is long and semirigid, and its cross section is heterogeneous with an organometallic core embedded in an aliphatic shell. The investigation of the topology of the network as a function of the carboxylate type (metal and aliphatic substitution) and concentration is detailed. The monomolecular wires are entangled and coexist with a fraction of much smaller rods. A “composite network model” is proposed to account for the various scattering situations. Birefringence measurements support the existence of bundles of rods in the system. The network is described more as a dispersion of heterogeneities (or junction zones) that are randomly dispersed and connected through the mixture of rods and wires than as coils in good solvent conditions in the manner of polymeric semidilute solutions. Structural effects of an endcapping molecule have been examined through the scattering and birefringence signatures.
Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms in a Mouse Model of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (2007)

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a lethal familial disease characterized by bidirectional VT, polymorphic VT, and ventricular fibrillation. Catecholaminergic polymorphic VT is caused by enhanced Ca2+ release through defective ryanodine receptor (RyR2) channels. We used epicardial and endocardial optical mapping, chemical subendocardial ablation with Lugol's solution, and patch clamping in a knockin (RyR2/RyR2(R4496C)) mouse model to investigate the arrhythmogenic mechanisms in catecholaminergic polymorphic VT. In isolated hearts, spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 54% of 13 RyR2/RyR2(R4496C) and in 9% of 11 wild-type (P=0.03) littermates perfused with Ca2+and isoproterenol; 66% of 12 RyR2/RyR2(R4496C) and 20% of 10 wild-type hearts perfused with caffeine and epinephrine showed arrhythmias (P=0.04). Epicardial mapping showed that monomorphic VT, bidirectional VT, and polymorphic VT manifested as concentric epicardial breakthrough patterns, suggesting a focal origin in the His-Purkinje networks of either or both ventricles. Monomorphic VT was clearly unifocal, whereas bidirectional VT was bifocal. Polymorphic VT was initially multifocal but eventually became reentrant and degenerated into ventricular fibrillation. Endocardial mapping confirmed the Purkinje fiber origin of the focal arrhythmias. Chemical ablation of the right ventricular endocardial cavity with Lugol's solution induced complete right bundle branch block and converted the bidirectional VT into monomorphic VT in 4 anesthetized RyR2/RyR2(R4496C) mice. Under current clamp, single Purkinje cells from RyR2/RyR2(R4496C) mouse hearts generated delayed afterdepolarization-induced triggered activity at lower frequencies and level of adrenergic stimulation than wild-type. Overall, the data demonstrate that the His-Purkinje system is an important source of focal arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic VT.
Reentry into the Cell Cycle of Contact-inhibited Vascular Endothelial Cells by a Phosphatase Inhibitor (2000)

Vascular endothelial cells are unique in that they exit from the cell cycle when they come into contact with each other. Although the phenomenon is called "contact inhibition," little is known about the cellular mechanisms involved. Here we show that the phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate (SOV) induced the reentry of contact-inhibited human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) into the cell cycle and that reentry was associated with activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K)/Akt pathways. SOV stimulated [(3)H]thymidine uptake of contact-inhibited HUVECs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. SOV-induced increase in [(3)H]thymidine uptake was significantly inhibited by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 and by the PI 3-K inhibitor LY294002. SOV also stimulated the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cyclin A, and the activity of CDK2 kinase, whereas it decreased the expression of p27(kip1). In marked contrast, growth media alone did not induce these changes. Furthermore, these SOV-induced changes were abolished by pretreatment with PD98059 and LY294002. SOV stimulated phosphorylation of ERK and Akt in contact-inhibited HUVECs, while growth media alone did not. This phosphorylation was associated with inhibition of phosphatase activity in the cells. Finally, overexpression of high cell density-enhanced protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 inhibited c-fos and cyclin A promoter activity. Taken together, our results suggest that in contact-inhibited HUVECs, increased phosphatase activity suppressed the ERK and PI 3-K/Akt pathways, resulting in exit from the cell cycle by down-regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cyclin A and by up-regulation of p27(kip1).
Übergangsmetallchalkogenverbindungen. Über K<sub>2</sub>MoOS<sub>3</sub> und K<sub>2</sub>WOS<sub>3</sub> und ihre Reaktion mit Selenwasserstoff zu Dithiomonoselenomolybdaten und ‐wolframaten. Röntgenkristallographische Daten von Cs<sub>2</sub>MoOS<sub>2</sub>Se und Cs<sub>2</sub>WOS<sub>2</sub>Se (1970)

Abstract Die Darstellung und Eigenschaften von K 2 MoOS 3 und K 2 WOS 3 werden beschrieben. Bei der Reaktion der Salze mit H 2 Se in Wasser bilden sich in Gegenwart von Cs + ‐Ionen die von uns bereits früher beschriebenen Salze Cs 2 MoOS 2 Se und Cs 2 WOS 2 Se. Diese kristallisieren in der Raumgruppe D ‐Pnma mit Z = 4: equation image .
Investigation of Electroless Co(W,P) Thin Film as the Diffusion Barrier of Underbump Metallurgy (2008)

The plating characteristics of an electroless cobalt–tungsten–phosphorus layer and its capability to serve as a diffusion barrier of underbump metallurgy (UBM) for flip-chip Cu–IC are investigated. Increasing the pH of the plating solution in a range of 7.6–9.0 decreased the rate of deposition, increased the phosphorus content, altered the structure from polycrystalline to amorphous, and decreased the surface roughness of films. The barrier capability of to eutectic solder was evaluated by means of liquid- and solid-state aging tests. In specimens subjected to tests of these two types, a P-rich layer presented in between solder and unreacted , demonstrating the sacrificial barrier behavior of . Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of specimens subjected to liquid-state aging indicated the supersaturated P atoms, and the consequently formed, might aggregate at grain boundaries of the P-rich layer, thus enabling the stuffed-type barrier capability of the layer. TEM, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometer characterizations of specimens subjected to solid-state aging revealed that the reaction of solder and implies a formation of and intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and a mixture of various IMCs in P-rich layer. Our experimental results demonstrated a satisfactory barrier property of electroless , heralding promising applications in UBM structures for flip-chip Cu–IC.
Breaking out of the Browser to Defend Against Phishing Attacks. (2008)

Current approaches to phishing prevention are focused on the web browser and the user’s interaction with it. We present a new approach to allowing users to interact reliably and securely with high-value and sensitive web sites, using protected links – a usercustomizable set of secure bookmarks, that not only identify but also authenticate their targets. By combining visually distinctive display to prevent spoofing, digitally signing these bookmarks to protect them from tampering, and whitelisting of allowed bookmark providers to ensure correctness, we ensure users end up with an intuitive interface for accessing the sites they intend. We have implemented a prototype protected links system, and evaluated its usability with a small study of potential users with positive results. 1
Dissecting the Electrostatic Interactions and pH-Dependent Activity of a Family 11 Glycosidase<sup>,</sup> (2001)

Previous studies of the low molecular mass family 11 xylanase from Bacillus circulans show that the ionization state of the nucleophile (Glu78, pK(a) 4.6) and the acid/base catalyst (Glu172, pK(a) 6.7) gives rise to its pH-dependent activity profile. Inspection of the crystal structure of BCX reveals that Glu78 and Glu172 are in very similar environments and are surrounded by several chemically equivalent and highly conserved active site residues. Hence, there are no obvious reasons why their apparent pK(a) values are different. To address this question, a mutagenic approach was implemented to determine what features establish the pK(a) values (measured directly by (13)C NMR and indirectly by pH-dependent activity profiles) of these two catalytic carboxylic acids. Analysis of several BCX variants indicates that the ionized form of Glu78 is preferentially stabilized over that of Glu172 in part by stronger hydrogen bonds contributed by two well-ordered residues, namely, Tyr69 and Gln127. In addition, theoretical pK(a) calculations show that Glu78 has a lower pK(a) value than Glu172 due to a smaller desolvation energy and more favorable background interactions with permanent partial charges and ionizable groups within the protein. The pK(a) value of Glu172 is in turn elevated due to electrostatic repulsion from the negatively charged glutamate at position 78. The results also indicate that all of the conserved active site residues act concertedly in establishing the pK(a) values of Glu78 and Glu172, with no particular residue being singly more important than any of the others. In general, residues that contribute positive charges and hydrogen bonds serve to lower the pK(a) values of Glu78 and Glu172. The degree to which a hydrogen bond lowers a pK(a) value is largely dependent on the length of the hydrogen bond (shorter bonds lower pK(a) values more) and the chemical nature of the donor (COOH > OH > CONH(2)). In contrast, neighboring carboxyl groups can either lower or raise the pK(a) values of the catalytic glutamic acids depending upon the electrostatic linkage of the ionization constants of the residues involved in the interaction. While the pH optimum of BCX can be shifted from -1.1 to +0.6 pH units by mutating neighboring residues within the active site, activity is usually compromised due to the loss of important ground and/or transition state interactions. These results suggest that the pH optima of an enzyme might be best engineered by making strategic amino acid substitutions, at positions outside of the "core" active site, that electrostatically influence catalytic residues without perturbing their immediate structural environment.
Advanced low-complexity HIPERLAN receiver using combined antenna switching diversity and simple equaliser (2002)

HIPERLAN is an European standard for a high speed (23.5 Mbps) WLAN system. Due to the high bit rate, powerful channel equalisation is required to compensate for intersymbol interference (ISI). On the other hand, a low-complexity receiver is essential for HIPERLAN to compete in the WLAN market. This paper describes a receiver concept which uses combined antenna switching diversity and a simple baseband equaliser. This receiver optimally utilises the HIPERLAN synchronisation sequence. It is shown that the proposed receiver has a robust performance for a wide range of channel delay spreads on the one side, and a very low baseband processing complexity on the other.
Practical Aspects of Modern and Future Permanent Magnets (2014)

The mandate to reduce greenhouse gases will require highly efficient electric machines for both power generation and traction motor applications. Although permanent magnet electric machines utilizing Nd 2 Fe 14 B-based magnets provide obvious power-to-weight advantages over induction machines, the limited availability and high price of the rare earth (RE) metals make these machines less favorable. Of particular concern is the cost and supply criticality of Dy, a key RE element that is required to improve the high-temperature performance of Nd-based magnetic alloys for use in generators and traction motors. Alternatives to RE-based alloys do exist, but they currently lack the energy density necessary to replace Nd-based magnets. Many of these compounds have been known for decades, but serious interest in their development waned once compounds based on RE elements were discovered. In this review, intrinsic and extrinsic materials factors that impact the optimization of both existing and potential future permanent magnets for energy applications are examined in light of new insights gained from renewed examination.
Integration of SPICE with TEK LV511 ASIC design verification system (2002)

The present work involves integration of the simulation stage of design of a VLSI circuit chip and its testing stage. SPICE simulator, TEK LV511 ASIC design verification system and TekWAVES, a test program generator for LV511 were integrated. A software interface, in C language, has been developed between SPICE and the testing tools (TekWAVES and LV511). The functionality of the software interface developed is multifold. It takes input from either SPICE 2G.6 or SPICE 3E.1. The output generated by the software interface can be given as input to either TekWAVES or LV511. A graphical user interface has also been developed with OPENWINDOWS using XView toolkit on SUN workstation. The software interface could be easily linked with VLSI design tools such as MAGIC layout editor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>