gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lentiviral Vectors in Gene Therapy: Their Current Status and Future Potential (2010)

The concept of gene therapy originated in the mid twentieth century and was perceived as a revolutionary technology with the promise to cure almost any disease of which the molecular basis was understood. Since then, several gene vectors have been developed and the feasibility of gene therapy has been shown in many animal models of human disease. However, clinical efficacy could not be demonstrated until the beginning of the new century in a small-scale clinical trial curing an otherwise fatal immunodeficiency disorder in children. This first success, achieved after retroviral therapy, was later overshadowed by the occurrence of vector-related leukemia in a significant number of the treated children, demonstrating that the future success of gene therapy depends on our understanding of vector biology. This has led to the development of later-generation vectors with improved efficiency, specificity, and safety. Amongst these are HIV-1 lentivirus-based vectors (lentivectors), which are being increasingly used in basic and applied research. Human gene therapy clinical trials are currently underway using lentivectors in a wide range of human diseases. The intention of this review is to describe the main scientific steps leading to the engineering of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors and place them in the context of current human gene therapy.
Can a simple heat treatment help to save Detroit? (1980)

Laws passed and regulations approved by the Congress of the USA in recent years require new automobiles in the USA to conform to standards of NOx emission, impact resistance, and fuel consumption which will test to the limit the technological and manufacturing resourcefulness of the American automobile industry. Radical changes will have to be made in the materials used. Changes in engine design and a reduction in the size of the automobiles will be insufficient. Steel is the cheapest acceptable material for many components, but steel will retain its position in the automobile market only if it can be made much stronger (thus reducing the section thickness and weight) without impairing its ductility, formability, weldability, and low cost. New steels for automobiles have been developed from the laboratory to full-scale production with astonishing speed in the last three years. The most promising of the new steels – ‘dual-phase steels’ – have more than twice the strength of traditional automobile sheet and can be formed using existing presses and dies. An essential step in the processing of this remarkable class of steels is a simple, but unconventional, heat treatment. The history, physical metallurgy, application, and future development of dual-phase steels are reviewed and discussed.
Optimization of the PCR program for RAPD analysis (1992)

Journal Article Optimization of the PCR program for RAPD analysis Get access Kangfu Yu, Kangfu Yu Crop Science Department, University of GuelphGuelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar K.P. Pauls K.P. Pauls Crop Science Department, University of GuelphGuelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 20, Issue 10, 25 May 1992, Page 2606, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.10.2606 Published: 25 May 1992 Article history Received: 18 February 1992 Published: 25 May 1992
Pathophysiological mechanisms of high-intensity focused ultrasound-mediated vascular occlusion and relevance to non-invasive fetal surgery (2014)

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive technology, which can be used occlude blood vessels in the body. Both the theory underlying and practical process of blood vessel occlusion are still under development and relatively sparse in vivo experimental and therapeutic data exist. HIFU would however provide an alternative to surgery, particularly in circumstances where serious complications inherent to surgery outweigh the potential benefits. Accordingly, the HIFU technique would be of particular utility for fetal and placental interventions, where open or endoscopic surgery is fraught with difficulty and likelihood of complications including premature delivery. This assumes that HIFU could be shown to safely and effectively occlude blood vessels in utero. To understand these mechanisms more fully, we present a review of relevant cross-specialty literature on the topic of vascular HIFU and suggest an integrative mechanism taking into account clinical, physical and engineering considerations through which HIFU may produce vascular occlusion. This model may aid in the design of HIFU protocols to further develop this area, and might be adapted to provide a non-invasive therapy for conditions in fetal medicine where vascular occlusion is beneficial.
Hall-Like Effect Induced by Spin-Orbit Interaction (1999)

We study the effect of spin-orbit interaction on the electron-transport properties of a cross-junction structure. It results in spin polarization of left and right outgoing electron waves. Consequently, the incoming electron wave of a certain polarization induces a voltage drop perpendicular to the direct current flow between the source and drain of the four-terminal cross structure investigated. The resulting Hall-like resistance is estimated to be of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}--{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{h/e}^{2}$ for technologically feasible structures. The effect becomes more pronounced in the vicinity of resonances where the Hall-like resistance changes its sign as a function of the Fermi energy.
Potentials Near a Curved Anode Edge in a PEM Fuel Cell: Analytical Solution for Placing a Reference Electrode (2015)

We consider a PEM fuel cell with concentric circular electrodes: the small anode and the large cathode. A model for in-plane distributions of the cathode overpotential ηc and the membrane potential Φ in the anode-free region of the cell is developed. Mathematically, the problem reduces to the axially symmetric Poisson–Boltzmann equation for ηc. An approximate analytical solution shows that |ηc| exhibits rapid decay to zero with the radius, while |Φ| grows to the value of |η0c|, the cathode overpotential in the working domain of the cell. For typical η0c, the radial shape of ηc far from the anode edge only weakly depends on η0c; this effect is analogous to Debye screening in plasmas. The smaller the anode radius, the faster Φ approaches η0c with the distance from the anode. It follows, that a reference electrode for measuring the cathode overpotential in the working area can be placed at a small distance from the curved anode edge.
Dengue Virus and Autophagy (2011)

Several independent groups have published that autophagy is required for optimal RNA replication of dengue virus (DENV). Initially, it was postulated that autophagosomes might play a structural role in replication complex formation. However, cryo-EM tomography of DENV replication complexes showed that DENV replicates on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae invaginations and not on classical autophagosomes. Recently, it was reported that autophagy plays an indirect role in DENV replication by modulating cellular lipid metabolism. DENV-induced autophagosomes deplete cellular triglycerides that are stored in lipid droplets, leading to increased β-oxidation and energy production. This is the first example of a virus triggering autophagy to modulate cellular physiology. In this review, we summarize these data and discuss new questions and implications for autophagy during DENV replication.
Real-Time Detection of Isothermal Amplification Reactions with Thermostable Catalytic Hairpin Assembly (2013)

Catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) is an enzyme-free amplification method that has previously proven useful in amplifying and transducing signals at the terminus of nucleic acid amplification reactions. Here, for the first time, we engineered CHA to be thermostable from 37 to 60 °C and in consequence have generalized its application to the real-time detection of isothermal amplification reactions. CHA circuits were designed and optimized for both high- and low-temperature rolling circle amplification (RCA) and strand displacement amplification (SDA). The resulting circuits not only increased the specificity of detection but also improved the sensitivity by as much as 25- to 10000-fold over comparable real-time detection methods. These methods have been condensed into a set of general rules for the design of thermostable CHA circuits with high signals and low noise.
Template-directed synthesis of metal–organic materials (2014)

This tutorial review details the emergence of template-directed synthesis of metal-organic materials (MOMs) with emphasis upon reports of MOMs in which the template is retained, template@MOMs, and structurally characterized. Such MOMs enable analysis of the nature of the intermolecular interactions that occur between the template and the resulting host framework. The utilization of such understanding can enable template-directed synthesis to serve as a crystal engineering tool for the preparation of new MOMs, especially those that cannot be accessed without the use of a template. We anticipate that this review will guide future research by delineating several rules for identifying appropriate templates and molecular building blocks to afford MOMs with targeted structures and properties.
Conformationally restrained analogs of pravadoline: nanomolar potent, enantioselective, (aminoalkyl)indole agonists of the cannabinoid receptor (1992)

Pravadoline (1) is an (aminoalkyl)indole analgesic agent which is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and, in contrast to other NSAIDs, inhibits neuronally stimulated contractions in mouse vas deferens (MVD) preparations (IC50 = 0.45 microM). A number of conformationally restrained heterocyclic analogues of pravadoline were synthesized in which the morpholinoethyl side chain was tethered to the indole nucleus. Restraining the morpholine diminished the ability of these pravadoline analogues to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. In contrast, mouse vas deferens inhibitory activity was enhanced in [2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(4-morpholinyl)methyl] pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-(4-methoxyphenyl)methano ne (20). Only the R enantiomer of 20 was active (IC50 = 0.044 microM). An optimal orientation of the morpholine nitrogen for MVD inhibitory activity within the analogues studied was in the lower right quadrant, below the plane defined by the indole ring. A subseries of analogues of 20 and a radioligand of the most potent analogue, (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(4-morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo [1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl](1-naphthalenyl)methanone (21) were prepared. Inhibition of radioligand binding in rat cerebellar membranes was observed to correlate with functional activity in mouse vas deferens preparations. Binding studies with this ligand (Win 55212-2) have helped demonstrate that the (aminoalkyl)indole binding site is functionally equivalent with the CP-55,940 cannabinoid binding site. These compounds represent a new class of cannabinoid receptor agonists.
Fluorinated surfactants : synthesis, properties, applications (1994)

This volume in the Surfactant Science series provides coverage of fluorinated surfactants, their basic science and related theories. It highlights diverse aspects of fluorinated surfactants and systems, including liquid-vapour and liquid-liquid interface, solid-liquid interface, solutions of fluorinated surfactants and the structure of micelles and mesophases.
Development of a System for Measurement and Analysis of Tremor Using a Three-axis Accelerometer (2009)

This system using a Wii Remote is capable of analyzing frequency and estimated amplitude of tremor between 3 Hz and 15 Hz.
Activation of Akt and MAPK pathways enhances the tumorigenicity of CD133+ primary colon cancer cells (2010)

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in carcinogenesis, resistance to treatment and may lead to cancer recurrence and metastasis. However, the molecular mechanism of CSC involved in these events needs to be further elucidated. In this study, CD133(+) colon cancer cells were cultured, which showed CSC properties both in vitro and in vivo from metastatic tissue. Upstream molecules in Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were preferentially expressed in these CD133(+) cells, as revealed by a global gene chip. The kinase activities of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 were also significantly upregulated in CD133(+) cells. In addition, the clonogenic growth of CD133(+) cell was reduced greatly by inhibiting the activity of Akt and Erk1/2. The results revealed the Akt and MAPK pathways were involved in the tumorigenesis of CD133(+) colon cancer cells, suggesting that molecules in these two pathways might be potential targets in the future therapy.
Weight-Bearing-Line Analysis in Supramalleolar Osteotomy for Varus-Type Osteoarthritis of the Ankle (2015)

Traditional tibial correction resulted in great variation in the locations of the postoperative mechanical ankle joint axis point. In ankles with the preoperative point more medial than the tibial plafond, the point was insufficiently moved to the lateral side, and the clinical outcomes were less satisfactory.
The Old Sourcebook. By Karl Pruter and J. Gordon Melton. Sects and Cults in American Bibliographical Guides 3. New York: Garland Publishing, 1983. xi + 254 pp. $35.00. (1985)

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A digitally temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (2000)

The base frequency of oscillators used in the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) network or Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver applications needs to be very stable with respect to temperature and supply-voltage variations. One approach to obtain extremely good frequency stability is the use of oven-stabilized crystal oscillators. With this kind of oscillator, a frequency stability versus temperature of a few ppb versus the standard temperature range can be achieved. In this paper, a digitally compensated crystal oscillator is described. The system provides a frequency stability of (/spl Delta/f)/f<1.5 ppm for a temperature range of -40/spl deg/C to 90/spl deg/C compared to about /spl plusmn/20 ppm for a noncompensated crystal. The core of the system is an application-specified integrated circuit (ASIC) fabricated in a standard 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The power consumption for the oscillator running at 13 MHz is 100 mW. The final device equipped with the ASIC, crystal blank, and a few external components fits into a 14/spl times/9/spl times/3 mm/sup 3/ package.
Adoptive Transfer of CD4<sup>+</sup>T Cells Reactive to Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein Aggravates Atherosclerosis (2006)

These data show that adoptive transfer of purified CD4+ T cells from oxLDL-immunized mice accelerates atherosclerosis. They support the notion that Th1 cellular immunity is proatherogenic and identify oxLDL as a culprit autoantigen.
Self-cured phthalonitrile resin via multistage polymerization mediated by allyl and benzoxazine functional groups (2015)

Self-curing allyl-functional phthalonitriles-containing benzoxazine (DABA-ph) has been designed and synthesized. These formed a resin through a curing process involving the sequential polymerization of allyl moieties, ring-opening polymerization of oxazine rings, and ring-forming polymerization of nitrile groups. The introduction of allyl moieties was found to improve the processability as the process started at a lower temperature of 160–200°C than is needed for related resins. After self-curing, the resins exhibited high cross-linking degrees and excellent thermal stabilities. The glass transition temperature ( T g ) was increased compared to similar resins to 380°C with good thermal stability (5% weight loss temperature > 490°C). These outstanding properties suggest the DABA-ph polymers are suitable candidates as matrices for high-performance composites.
Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the fuel and fire of thinking (2013)

International audience
Sour Cherry (<i>Prunus cerasus</i> L) Anthocyanins as Ingredients for Functional Foods (2004)

In the recent years many studies on anthocyanins have revealed their strong antioxidant activity and their possible use as chemotherapeutics. The finding that sour cherries (Prunus cerasus L) (also called tart cherries) contain high levels of anthocyanins that possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties has attracted much attention to this species. Here we report the preliminary results of the induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in sour cherry callus cell cultures. The evaluation and characterization of the in vitro produced pigments are compared to those of the anthocyanins found in vivo in fruits of several sour cherry cultivars. Interestingly, the anthocyanin profiles found in whole fruit extracts were similar in all tested genotypes but were different with respect to the callus extract. The evaluation of antioxidant activity, performed by ORAC and TEAC assays, revealed a relatively high antioxidant capacity for the fruit extracts (from 1145 to 2592 $\mu $ mol TE/100 g FW) and a lower one for the callus extract (688 $\mu $ mol TE/100 g FW).
Small-scale variation of convected quantities like temperature in turbulent fluid Part 2. The case of large conductivity (1959)

The analysis reported in Part 1 is extended here to the case in which the conductivity κ is large compared with the viscosity ν, the conduction ‘cut-off’ to the θ-spectrum then being at wave-number (ε/κ 3 ) ¼ . It is shown, with a plausible and consistent hypothesis, that the convective supply of $\overline {\theta^2}$ -stuff to Fourier components of θ with wave-numbers n in the range (ε/κ 3 ) ¼ [Lt ] n [Gt ] (ε/ν 3 ) ¼ is due primarily to motion on a length scale of order n -1 acting on a uniform gradient of θ of magnitude $[(\overline {\nabla \theta)^2}]^{\frac {1}{2}}$ . The consequent form of the theta;-spectrum within this same wave-number range is $\Gamma (n) = \frac {1}{3}C \chi \epsilon ^{\frac {2}{3}} k^{-3}n^ {-\frac {17} {3}}.$ The way in which conduction influences (and restricts) the effect of convection on the distribution of θ at these wave-numbers beyond the conduction cut-off is discussed.
The 2001 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (2001)

The 23rd Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC) will be held Sunday, 6 May through Wednesday, 9 May 2001 in San Diego, CA. The lineup of events is summarized in Table 1 on page 2. Educational sessions are presented in four subject areas on Sunday. There will be 22 technical paper sessions in four parallel tracks on Monday — Wednesday with 121 papers. In addition, there is a keynote session on Monday morning and three panel discussion sessions on Tuesday afternoon and evening. Exhibits will be open on Monday afternoon and all day Tuesday. There will be a Hospitality Night on Monday and a Happy Hour on Tuesday evening.
Cell‐Cycle position and nuclear protein content (1982)

To determine the change in nuclear protein content as a function of cell cycle position, isolated HeLa nuclei were stained for protein with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and for DNA with propidium iodide (PI) and analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). The resulting FITC versus PI histogram consisted of four definable regions, a G1 region characterized by increasing FITC and relatively constant PI (2C DNA content), an S region characterized by increasing PI with relatively constant FITC, a G2 region characterized by increasing FITC and constant PI (4C DNA content), and a region of G1 FITC staining with near G2 PI staining. The relationship between cell cycle position and these regions of the histogram was confirmed by the two following studies: 1) The distribution of labeled nuclei throughout the histogram was observed after [14C]TdR pulse labeling. 2) Exit of cells from G1 was observed in the histogram after the addition of Colcemid to the HeLa cell cultures. Nuclear protein content did not appear to increase uniformly across the cell cycle (defined by DNA content). Rather, nuclear protein content showed the largest increase during G1. Thus, dual parameter FCM analysis based on nuclear DNA and protein content provides a more complete definition of cell cycle position than DNA content alone.
Electrodynamic explosions in liquids (1985)

This letter reports experimental results which show that electric arc currents through salt water produce explosions by electrodynamic forces rather than by the thermal expansion of gases generated in the arc column. The explosive phenomena can be explained with the aid of longitudinal Ampere forces but not with traditional Lorentz forces. This represents the first experimental evidence indicating that Ampere’s force law may be valid for dense arc plasmas.
Use of prokaryotic-derived probes to identify poly(sialic acid) in neonatal neuronal membranes. (1984)

Three prokaryotic-derived probes to identify and study the temporal expression of polysialosyl units in neuronal tissue have been developed. A polyclonal antibody, a bacteriophage-derived endo-neuraminidase, and an Escherichia coli K1 sialyltransferase are all specific for either recognizing or synthesizing poly(sialic acid) containing alpha-2,8-ketosidic linkages. Polysialosyl immunoreactivity with apparent Mr values of 180,000-240,000 was specific for developing neuronal tissue; it was not detected in neonatal liver or kidney or in adult brain tissue. The developmentally regulated disappearance in poly(sialic acid) is consistent with the probes described here recognizing the polysialosyl carbohydrate units of a neuronal cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM). Treatment of brain extracts with a bacteriophage-derived endo-neuraminidase specific for alpha-2,8-linked polysialosyl units abolished the immunoreactivity. The material solubilized by endo-neuraminidase was isolated, reduced with borotritide, and shown to contain oligomers of sialic acid with three to six sialyl units. Treatment of the 3H-labeled oligosialic acid with exo-neuraminidase quantitatively converted the radioactivity to sialitol, establishing that the brain-derived oligomers were composed solely of sialic acid. A membranous sialytransferase from E. coli K1 that can transfer sialic acid to exogenous acceptors of oligo- or poly(sialic acid) also recognized rat brain membranes, further substantiating the presence of poly(sialic acid) in rat brain. This conclusion was confirmed by using a mutant of E. coli K1 that was defective in the synthesis of poly(sialic acid) and could only transfer sialic acid to exogenous acceptors of oligo- or poly(sialic acid). Sialyl polymer synthesis was restored in the mutant when brain membranes were added as exogenous acceptor.