gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sub-micrometer CoAl2O4 pigment particles — synthesis and preparation of coatings (2000)

Sub-micrometer CoAl2O4 particles are prepared by applying the polyol method. Colloidal particles 50 to 200 nm in size with spherical shape are formed. Their average size can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of the components (metal precursor, water). The resulting suspensions in diethylene glycol can contain up to 10 wt.% CoAl2O4. The colloidal particles are well stabilized against agglomeration even when mixed with water. Based on such colloidal CoAl2O4 suspensions planar substrates (e.g. glass plates) as well as non-planar substrates (e.g. phosphor powder) can be covered homogeneously with thin pigment films. In order to establish the characteristic deep blue body colour of CoAl2O4, additional brief heating (15 min, 600 °C) is necessary. Further characterisation of CoAl2O4 powders as well as suspensions was carried out by diffuse reflection measurements, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction and atomic force microscopy.
Kinetic Investigations To Enable Development of a Robust Radical Benzylic Bromination for Commercial Manufacturing of AMG 423 Dihydrochloride Hydrate (2020)

During development of a radical benzylic bromination, observation of polymerized byproducts and variation in isolated yields warranted an in-depth mechanistic investigation to ensure process understanding and robustness. In situ kinetic studies using multinuclear CryoFree NMR spectroscopy revealed molecular bromine to be the active brominating species and variable time normalization analysis allowed accurate determination of the order of each reagent in this process. These kinetic studies allowed for accurate reaction modeling and were used to demonstrate that adoption of a simple procedural change ensured reliability and reproducibility during manufacturing.
Comparative investigation of PWM current-source inverters for future machine drives using high-frequency wide-bandgap power switches (2018)

Pulse-width-modulated (PWM) current-source inverters (CSIs) in machine drives have received limited research attention since the 1980s because they are generally considered to be inferior to PWM voltage-source inverters (VSIs) in terms of several performance metrics. However, in view of the special features of wide-bandgap (WBG) power semiconductors that distinguish them from today's silicon devices, this paper uses simulation to reexamine the PWM-CSI's key performance metrics including efficiency, electromagnetic interference (EMI), and machine over-voltage at high switching frequencies (e.g., 200kHz) compared with two-level WBG-enabled VSIs under similar operating conditions. Advantages of the CSI compared to the baseline VSI topology are revealed for each of these three performance features. Reverse-voltage-blocking switches based on gallium nitride (GaN) High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) that are key to the operation of PWM-CSIs are discussed and experimentally evaluated.
Ultrathin hybrid films of clay minerals (2007)

Smectites or swelling clay minerals are naturally occurring nanomaterials that can be fully delaminated to elementary clay mineral platelets in dilute aqueous dispersion. This review article gives an overview of the recent progress on how the elementary clay mineral platelets can be reorganized in monolayered or multilayered hybrid nanofilms by layer-by-layer assembly or the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. In the latter case one hybrid layer consists of one layer of elementary clay mineral platelets with a theoretical thickness of 0.96 nm, covered on one side by amphiphilic cations. The organization of the elementary clay mineral platelets and that of the adsorbed amphiphilic cations in the nanofilms has been studied in great detail by ATR-FTIR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, XRD and AFM. The nanofilms carry functional properties, such as chirality, optical nonlinearity and magnetism, which are due to the nature of the amphiphilic cations and to the organization of both the amphiphilic molecules and the elementary clay mineral platelets.
Analysis of a complete homeobox gene repertoire: Implications for the evolution of diversity (2000)

The completion of sequencing projects for various organisms has already advanced our insight into the evolution of entire genomes and the role of gene duplications. One multigene family that has served as a paradigm for the study of gene duplications and molecular evolution is the family of homeodomain-encoding genes. I present here an analysis of the homeodomain repertoire of an entire genome, that of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in relation to our current knowledge of these genes in plants, arthropods, and mammals. A methodological framework is developed that proposes approaches for the analysis of homeodomain repertoires and multigene families in general.
High Porosity DPF Design for Integrated SCR Functions (2012)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Diesel engines are more fuel efficient due to their high thermal efficiency, compared to gasoline engines and therefore, have a higher potential to reduce CO2 emissions. Since diesel engines emit higher amounts of Particulate Matter (PM), DPF systems have been introduced. Today, DPF systems have become a standard technology. Nevertheless, with more stringent NOx emission limits and CO2 targets, additional NOx emission control is needed. For high NOx conversion efficiency, SCR catalysts technology shows high potential. Due to higher temperature at the close coupled position and space restrictions, an integrated SCR concept on the DPFs is preferred. A high SCR catalyst loading will be required to have high conversion efficiency over a wide range of engine operations which causes high pressure for conventional DPF materials. Therefore, a high porosity DPF design has been developed to overcome the trade off between high pressure drop, high wash coat loadings, and sufficient filtration efficiency. Furthermore, the DPF design has been adjusted to a high ash capacity concept. This paper will describe the high porosity DPF material development, including test results and future outlook.</div></div>
Activation of <i>SOX2</i> Expression by BRD4-NUT Oncogenic Fusion Drives Neoplastic Transformation in NUT Midline Carcinoma (2014)

BRD4 is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of different cancers. It is also the target of translocation t(15;19) that accounts for the highly aggressive NUT midline carcinoma (NMC). We discovered that t(15;19) NMC cells display the ability to grow into stem cell-like spheres and express an exceptionally high level of the stem cell marker, SOX2. The BRD4-NUT fusion oncogene resulting from t(15;19) translocation is required for the abnormal activation of SOX2, which drives the stem cell-like proliferation and cellular transformation in NMC cells. SOX2 knockdown phenocopies the effects of BRD4-NUT inhibition, whereas ectopic SOX2 expression rescues the phenotype. The BRD4-NUT-induced abnormal SOX2 activation was observed in multiple NMC cell lines as well as in NMC primary tumors. We further demonstrate that BRD4-NUT oncoprotein recruits p300 to stimulate transcription activation and that inhibition of p300 represses SOX2 transcription in NMC cells. These studies identify this stem cell marker as a novel BRD4-NUT target that supports the highly aggressive transforming activity of t(15;19) carcinomas. Our study provides new mechanistic insights for understanding how alteration of BRD4 function by BRD4-NUT oncogene leads to the highly malignant NMC carcinoma. Because abnormal stem cell self-renewal is frequently observed during tumor formation and metastasis, the aberrant stem cell-like proliferation associated with BRD4 dysregulation observed in NMC carcinoma may have implications for studying the oncogenic mechanism of other BRD4-associated tumors.
Occurrence of cancer at multiple sites: Towards distinguishing multigenesis from metastasis (2008)

A multigenesis view on multi-site cancer (MSCs) may offer explanations for some "unusual metastasis" and has important implications for designing expanded strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers.
Tofacitinib Ameliorates Murine Lupus and Its Associated Vascular Dysfunction (2016)

Tofacitinib modulates the innate and adaptive immune responses, ameliorates murine lupus, and improves vascular function. These results indicate that JAK inhibitors have the potential to be beneficial in SLE and its associated vascular damage.
Characteristics and mechanism of etch process sensitivity to chamber surface condition (2001)

Process variation with chamber surface condition in high density plasma reactors can seriously affect the process performance and productivity of device manufacturing. In this work, the impact of chamber surface coating on polycrystalline-silicon (polysilicon) gate etching with Cl2- and HBr-based plasma has been studied. The dependence of process sensitivity to surface coating on various processing conditions has been characterized and the mechanism of process shift has been analyzed. Based on the experimental results, the root cause of process sensitivity has been attributed to the change of surface recombination rate of free radicals on different chamber surfaces which leads to a variation in reactive neutral density. Under a certain discharge condition, the Cl and Br densities in a clean chamber with anodized aluminum and alumina surfaces are &gt;60% lower than those in a seasoned chamber with silicon oxide deposition, resulting in lower polysilicon and oxide etch rate in the former case. In general, the process sensitivity to chamber surface condition depends on process regime and is higher for those processes where etching is more chemical in nature, such as processes at higher pressure and with Cl2-based chemistry. Processes with higher oxygen concentration and higher source power are also more sensitive due to the accelerating surface oxidation of polysilicon surface in a clean chamber. Approaches to reduce the effect of process sensitivity have been discussed.
M-estimation, convexity and quantiles (1997)

The paper develops a class of extensions of the univariate quantile function to the multivariate case (M-quantiles), related in a certain way to M-parameters of a probability distribution and their M-estimators. The spatial (geometric) quantiles, recently introduced by Koltchinskii and Dudley and by Chaudhuri as well as the regression quantiles of Koenker and Basset, are the examples of the M-quantile function discussed in the paper. We study the main properties of M-quantiles and develop the asymptotic theory of empirical M-quantiles. We useM-quantiles to extend L-parameters and L-estimators to the multivariate case; to introduce a bootstrap test for spherical symmetry of a multivariate distribution, and to extend the notion of regression quantiles to multiresponse linear regression models.
Mucosal Adhesion Properties of the Probiotic<i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>GG SpaCBA and SpaFED Pilin Subunits (2010)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is a well-established Gram-positive probiotic strain, whose health-benefiting properties are dependent in part on prolonged residence in the gastrointestinal tract and are likely dictated by adherence to the intestinal mucosa. Previously, we identified two pilus gene clusters (spaCBA and spaFED) in the genome of this probiotic bacterium, each of which contained the predicted genes for three pilin subunits and a single sortase. We also confirmed the presence of SpaCBA pili on the cell surface and attributed an intestinal mucus-binding capacity to one of the pilin subunits (SpaC). Here, we report cloning of the remaining pilin genes (spaA, spaB, spaD, spaE, and spaF) in Escherichia coli, production and purification of the recombinant proteins, and assessment of the adherence of these proteins to human intestinal mucus. Our findings indicate that the SpaB and SpaF pilin subunits also exhibit substantial binding to mucus, which can be inhibited competitively in a dose-related manner. Moreover, the binding between the SpaB pilin subunit and the mucosal substrate appears to operate through electrostatic contacts and is not related to a recognized mucus-binding domain. We conclude from these results that it is conceivable that two pilin subunits (SpaB and SpaC) in the SpaCBA pilus fiber play a role in binding to intestinal mucus, but for the uncharacterized and putative SpaFED pilus fiber only a single pilin subunit (SpaF) is potentially responsible for adhesion to mucus.
Homeostatic regulation of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells after antigen challenge in the absence of Fas (CD95) (1996)

The role of Fas in the homeostatic regulation of CD8+ T cells after antigen challenge was analyzed in the murine model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Mice homozygous for the lpr mutation and carrying T cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta transgenes specific for the LCMV glycoprotein peptide aa 33-41 in the context of H-2Db were used. Five main results emerged: first, development of lymphadenopathy and of CD4- CD8- double-negative B220+ T cells in lpr mice was not inhibited by the alphabeta TCR transgenes; second, tolerance induction and peripheral deletion of CD8+ T cells induced by LCMV glycoprotein peptide injection was independent of Fas expression; third, clonal down-regulation of Fas-deficient TCR-transgenic CD8+ T cells after acute LCM virus infection was identical to the decline of transgenic T cells expressing Fas; fourth, in vivo activated CD8+ effector T cells from TCR transgenic and TCR-lpr/lpr mice were equally susceptible to activation-induced cell death in vitro; and fifth, transgenic effector T cells from lpr/lpr mice were cleared in the declining phase of the immune response in vivo without giving rise to CD4- CD8- double-negative T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the homeostatic regulation of CD8+ T cells after antigen challenge in vivo is regulated by mechanisms that do not require Fas.
Baseline Fault Detection and Exclusion Algorithm (1993)

This paper provides a status update of the activities of
Working Group 5 (WG-S), Fault Detection and
Isolation (FDI), of RTCA, Inc. Special Committee 159
(SC-159). SC-159 is in the process of developing
Minimum Operational Performance Standards
(MOPS) for airborne navigation equipment using the
Global Positioning System (GPS) augmented with
other systems/equipment/techniques. WG-5 addresses
two areas: 1) Navigation requirements; and 2)
Development of a baseline FDI algorithm. A brief
summary of the navigation requirements is presented,
followed by a detailed overview of the baseline
algorithm. Rather than providing for fault isolation
and reconfiguration, the algorithm uses the fault
exclusion principle. The integrated receiver selects
any set of six measurements which satisfies the
navigation requirements. If the algorithm detects an
alarm, the algorithm simply selects another set of six
measurements that satisfies the requirements. Test
techniques are presented which w-ill allow for statistical
testing of the algorithm such that it can be shown that
the integrated receiver meets the navigation
requirements with a high level of confidence.
Direct contracting: a recipe for savings. (1990)

Hospitals, anxious to maximize patient revenues, and purchasers, just as anxious to contain soaring healthcare costs, are getting together through direct contracting. But the arrangements aren't the answer for all providers. Such efforts are fruitless without adequate financial commitment, cooperation from the medical staff and a reputation for quality. However, if the key ingredients are there, the deals can be sweet indeed.
A New Trench Power MOSFET With an Inverted L-Shaped Source Region (2010)

A new trench power MOSFET with an inverted L-shaped source region is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The fabricated new device has a breakdown voltage of 54 V. The avalanche energy absorption of the new device at unclamped inductive switching is 2.1 times that of the fabricated conventional trench power MOSFET. This is due to the minimized n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -source/p-body junction in the structure. Moreover, the specific on-resistance of the new device is reduced by 30% due to the smaller pitch. The new device is very promising for automotive electric power steering applications.
Engineering a model protein cavity to catalyze the Kemp elimination (2012)

Synthetic cavitands and protein cavities have been widely studied as models for ligand recognition. Here we investigate the Met102 → His substitution in the artificial L99A cavity in T4 lysozyme as a Kemp eliminase. The resulting enzyme had k cat / K M = 0.43 M -1 s -1 and a ( k cat / K M )/ k uncat = 10 7 at pH 5.0. The crystal structure of this enzyme was determined at 1.30 Å, as were the structures of four complexes of substrate and product analogs. The absence of ordered waters or hydrogen bonding interactions, and the presence of a common catalytic base (His102) in an otherwise hydrophobic, buried cavity, facilitated detailed analysis of the reaction mechanism and its optimization. Subsequent substitutions increased eliminase activity by an additional four-fold. As activity-enhancing substitutions were engineered into the cavity, protein stability decreased, consistent with the stability-function trade-off hypothesis. This and related model cavities may provide templates for studying protein design principles in radically simplified environments.
Nitrone spin traps and a nitroxide antioxidant inhibit a common pathway of thymocyte apoptosis (1995)

Oxidative stress has recently been suggested to be a mediator of apoptotic cell death [Buttke and Sandstrom (1994) Immunology Today 15, 7-10], although evidence that this phenomenon is a widespread component of apoptosis is lacking. When rat thymocytes were exposed to the glucocorticoid methylprednisolone (MPS), a progressive increase in intracellular peroxides and a decrease in glutathione (GSH) were observed to accompany the onset of apoptosis. Using Percoll density gradients to isolate subpopulations of thymocytes at different stages of apoptosis, the increase in peroxide content was found to be restricted to apoptotic cells, while a significant depletion of GSH and reduced protein thiol was detected in both pre-apoptotic and fully apoptotic cells. To investigate the biological significance of these redox changes, the free radical spin traps 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO) and 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (TMPO), and the related nitroxide-radical antioxidant 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO) were tested as inhibitors of thymocyte apoptosis. The cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation induced by four different initiators of apoptosis were reduced by each compound. TEMPO inhibition of both etoposide- and MPS-induced thymocyte DNA fragmentation was also found to correlate with an increase in intracellular GSH, providing support for the proposal that its antioxidant properties were responsible for the observed protective activity. We conclude that some form of intracellular oxidation (here measured indirectly by changes in intracellular GSH and peroxide levels) is required during thymocyte apoptosis even when this process is initiated by an agent that does not exert a direct oxidant action.
Design of a Pneumatic Device for Intussusception Reduction in Children (2004)

Intussusception is an obstructive illness where a segment of the intestine gets into another segment of a neighboring one. Usually, it occurs within the first two years of life. In Venezuela, the most common way of resolving this pathology is through surgery which, although effective, represents a greater risk to the child. There are other less invasive reduction techniques such as air, barium and saline solution enemas. The pneumatic device which is used to reduce the intussusception is made with a sphignomanometer connected to a Foley's catheter. For this reason, this study pursued the following objectives: To assess the actual equipment for pneumatic reduction, and to propose modifications to such equipment. The methodology used was developed in two stages. The first one consisted of a need analysis of the actual device, and the second one of the proposed modifications to the pneumatic equipment. Some of the proposed modifications included the use of a pedal for insufflating air, digital reading of air pressure values, and adding a security air exhaust valve, calibrated at 120mmHg. All these modifications were aimed at facilitating patient manipulation and minimizing possible complications. Finally, it was concluded that: 1) The digital pressure messure is more reliable than the aerobic manometer. 2) Operating the device with the foot, facilitates it uses. 3) It is important to introduce the security valve calibrated to 120mmHg. 4) Cosider that the application of this model would benefits the patients and the public health. 5) The pneumatic reduction technique has many advantages over the surgical one. Recommendations: The incorporation of the modifications proposed in this study to the conventional equipment for pneumatic reduction, and to test the proposed equipment in order to assess its effectiveness on both experimental animals and human subjects.
Focusing performance of epoxy- and air-backed polyvinylidene fluoride Fresnel zone plates (1994)

In this paper the focusing performance of epoxy- and air-backed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Fresnel zone plate (FZP) transducers are investigated. This work is motivated by an interest in constructing integrated, polymer FZP transducers for imaging applications on a silicon substrate using integrated circuit fabrication techniques. While it is well known that using an impedance matched backing facilitates broadband transducer performance, to the authors’ knowledge the effects on the acoustic beam patterns of polymer FZPs have not been reported. A model for the ideal zone plate is also presented, and a general pressure transfer function is derived in order to generate theoretical beam profiles. Epoxy- and air-backed, three-zone FZPs were constructed using 111 μm thick PVDF. The devices were tested in an ultrasound scanning tank while operating at 5 MHz. The focal plane profile for the epoxy-backed device was in good agreement with that predicted for the ideal zone plate. In addition, the epoxy backing was found to dampen higher order radial mode excitation. The radial modes are believed to be responsible for the narrow main lobe and elevated side lobes found in the focal plane profile for the air-backed device.
High frequency of GATA2 mutations in patients with mild chronic neutropenia evolving to MonoMac syndrome, myelodysplasia, and acute myeloid leukemia (2012)

Mutations of key transcription factor in myeloid malignancies.
THE PACKING OF PARTICLES <sup>1</sup> (1930)

ABSTRACT It is axiomatic that the mode of packing of very large volumes of particles of uniform shape and size is independent of the size of the particles, provided they are large enough for the effect of electrostatic forces, air films, etc., to be negligible. An apparatus is described, in which equal true volumes of approximately spherical particles, ranging in diameter from 0.2 to 0.0035 inch, pack practically to the same apparent volume. This apparatus was used in studying the packing of mixtures of two and three sues of particles. By plotting the data so obtained in diagrams of a particularly convenient character, it is shown that the apparent volumes of mixtures containing unit real volume of solid fall between limiting values which can be calculated from simple assumptions, and that their deviation from these limits depends in a definite manner upon the diameter ratios of the component particles. The conditions governing the application of the results of the study to ceramic technology are pointed out.