gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Migration and trapping of extrinsic charge carriers in polymer films (1969)

The behaviour of thin polymer films charged by a negative corona discharge in air can be described quantitatively in terms of diffusional migration and trapping of extrinsic charge carriers injected into the material. Up to a field strength of about 105 V cm–1 charge migration is characterized by a field-independent mobility. At higher fields the mobility becomes an approximately linear function of field strength. In the polymers investigated mobilities range from 10–9 to 10–13 cm2 V–1 s–1, corresponding to diffusion coefficients of 10–10 to 10–14 cm2 s–1. Mobilities increase with the solvent content of the polymer and with temperature. The temperature dependence of mobility is adequately described by an Arrhenius equation with activation energies between 10 and 40 kcal mol–1. Charge trapping is indicated by a persistent residual potential which is a function of the injected charge density, the film thickness and the mobility of the charges. The inherent trapping capability of the material is characterized by a trapping frequency. In a few cases, cross sections of the charge traps could be estimated and were of molecular magnitude (5–13 Å).
Negative differential conductance observed in electron field emission from band gap modulated amorphous-carbon nanolayers (2006)

Amorphous-carbon (a-C)-based quantum confined structures were synthesized by pulsed laser deposition. In these structures, electrons are confined in a few nanometer thick sp2 rich a-C layer, which is bound by the vacuum barrier and a 3nm thick sp3 rich a-C base layer. In these structures anomalous field emission properties, including negative differential conductance and repeatable switching effects, are observed when compared to control samples. These properties will be discussed in terms of resonant tunneling and are of great interest in the generation and amplification of high-frequency signals for vacuum microelectronics and fast switching devices.
Robustness in automotive electronics: An industrial overview of major concerns (2017)

Different perspectives about the concept of Robustness in Automotive Electronic are provides by leading edge semiconductor manufacturer. Xilinx contribution is related to the development and evaluation of Software Test Libraries suitable for in-field testing of the interconnect blocks in large SoCs. Infineon (IFX) section is discussing safety and security concerns of On-Line FLASH Memory Repair. STMicroelectronics is providing guidelines for the development and integration of Core Self-Test libraries.
Ceramide, a target for antiretroviral therapy (2004)

Studies of ceramide metabolism and function in a wide range of biological processes have revealed a role for this lipid in regulating key cellular responses. Our research on the role of sphingolipids in HIV entry has led to the hypothesis that modulation of ceramide levels in target cells affects their susceptibility to HIV infection by rearranging HIV receptors. Cellular ceramide levels were modulated by application of pharmacological agents such as N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR, fenretinide), by treatment with sphingomyelinase (Smase), or by exogenous addition of long-chain ceramide, and determined after metabolic incorporation of [3H]sphingosine. Infectivity assays were performed by using a HeLa-derived indicator cell line, TZM-bl, CD4+ lymphocytes, and monocytes. We observed a dose-dependent inhibition by 4-HPR of infection of TZM-bl cells by a broad range of HIV-1 isolates at low micromolar concentrations with an IC50 of <1 microM for most isolates tested. Nearly complete inhibition was seen at 5 microM, a dose that enhanced ceramide levels by 50-100%, yet was nontoxic to the cells. Treating cells with other pharmacological agents that enhanced ceramide levels, with Smase, or exogenous addition of long-chain ceramide also resulted in inhibition of HIV-1 infection. Enhancing ceramide levels in CD4+ lymphocytes and in monocyte-derived macrophages with 4-HPR or Smase significantly reduced infectivity without toxicity. The minimal toxicity of normal cells exposed to 4-HPR should make the drug exceedingly suitable as an anti-HIV therapeutic.
Deep convolutional neural networks for accurate somatic mutation detection (2019)

Accurate detection of somatic mutations is still a challenge in cancer analysis. Here we present NeuSomatic, the first convolutional neural network approach for somatic mutation detection, which significantly outperforms previous methods on different sequencing platforms, sequencing strategies, and tumor purities. NeuSomatic summarizes sequence alignments into small matrices and incorporates more than a hundred features to capture mutation signals effectively. It can be used universally as a stand-alone somatic mutation detection method or with an ensemble of existing methods to achieve the highest accuracy.
Multimodal biometric user-identification system for network-based applications (2003)

The authors describe the design and development of a prototype of a multimodal biometric system for the automatic identification of an individual. Unlike in other proposed multimodal biometric systems, biometric features are acquired from the same image, using a low-cost scanner, at the same time. It makes the system suitable for home and for many network-based applications. After the pre-processing phase, the hand-geometry, finger and palm-print features invariant to hand translation and rotation on the scanner are extracted. Fusion at the matching-score level is obtained by means of the total similarity measure. In the decision module, three rules are used to establish identity. The system was tested on a database of 130 persons. The test performance, FAR=0% and FRR=0.2%, suggests that the system can be used in medium/high-security Internet environments.
Metal filled polymers properties and applications (1987)

LiH has great potential as a high capacity hydrogen storage material (12 wt.%), however its thermodynamic stability has so far precluded practical application. Temperatures near 700 °C are required for hydrogen release and uptake. Herein, we report on a novel method to realise hydrogen uptake and release under milder temperature conditions without using any catalyst or alloying. Through nanoconfinement within the pores (2–20 nm) of high surface area graphite (HSAG) LiH displayed remarkable hydrogen storage properties and was able to release 1.9 wt.% of hydrogen from 200 °C. Reversibility was also achieved under the moderate conditions of 300 °C and 6 MPa hydrogen pressure. This demonstrates that the properties of LiH are particle size dependent and thus leads to new possibilities to realise the potential of LiH as a practical high capacity hydrogen storage material.
Varied interactions between proviruses and adjacent host chromatin. (1986)

Retroviruses integrated at unique locations in the host genome can be expressed at different levels. We have analyzed the preintegration sites of three transcriptionally competent avian endogenous proviruses (evs) to determine whether the various levels of provirus expression correlate with their location in active or inactive regions of chromatin. Our results show that in three of four cell types, the chromatin conformation (as defined by relative nuclease sensitivity) of virus preintegration sites correlates with the level of expression of the resident provirus in ev+ cells: two inactive proviruses (ev-1 and ev-2) reside in nuclease-resistant chromatin domains and one active provirus (ev-3) resides in a nuclease-sensitive domain. Nuclear runoff transcription assays reveal that the preintegration sites of the active and inactive viruses are not transcribed. However, in erythrocytes of 15-day-old chicken embryos (15d RBCs), the structure and activity of the ev-3 provirus is independent of the conformation of its preintegration site. In this cell type, the ev-3 preintegration site is organized in a nuclease-resistant conformation, while the ev-3 provirus is in a nuclease-sensitive conformation and is transcribed. In addition, the nuclease sensitivity of host sequences adjacent to ev-3 is altered in ev-3+ 15d RBCs relative to that found in 15d RBCs that lack ev-3. These data suggest that the relationship between preintegration site structure and retrovirus expression is more complex than previously described.
Integrated waveguide slot antennas (2004)

Waveguide slot antennas integrated on microwave laminate are presented, and single and dual slot antennas are described, which operate at 10 GHz.
Bufferbloat: Dark Buffers in the Internet (2011)

We have conflated "speed" with "band width." As Stuart Chesire wrote in "It's the Latency, Stupid" (http://rescomp.stanford.edu/~cheshire/rants/Latency.html), "Making more bandwidth is easy. Once you have bad latency, you're stuck with it." Bufferbloat is the existence of excessively large (bloated) buffers in systems, particularly network communication systems. Bufferbloat is now (almost?) everywhere. Today's routers, switches, gateways, broad band gear, and so on have bloated buffer sizes to where we often measure latency in seconds, rather than microseconds or milliseconds.
Data-Oblivious Algorithms for Privacy-Preserving Access to Cloud Storage (2014)

of “ Data-Oblivious Algorithms for Privacy-Preserving Access to Cloud Storage ” by Olga Ohrimenko, Ph.D., Brown University, May 2014 Cloud storage has emerged as the next generation of data storage where users can remotely store their data and leave its management to a third party, e.g., Amazon S3, Google Drive or Microsoft Azure. However, the fact that users no longer have physical possession of their data raises new challenges in terms of data privacy. Storing the data in encrypted form is a key component in maintaining privacy against the storage provider. However, encryption alone is not enough since information may be leaked through the pattern in which users access the data. In this thesis, we describe algorithms that allow data-oblivious access to remotely stored data. That is, access patterns of such algorithms depend only on the size of the outsourced data and algorithm input, but not their content. Hence, such algorithms reveal nothing about the data they are processing. We start by describing a general method that obliviously simulates user requests to outsourced data of size n and adds O(log n) overhead in the average case, succeeding with very high probability. This method assumes a private workspace of size O(n ) on the user side, for any given fixed positive constant , and does not maintain a state between data requests. We then show how to deamortize our method to achieve O(log n) overhead in the worst case. Our deamortization technique is general and can be applied to several existing oblivious simulations. The next oblivious simulation technique presented in this thesis improves over the O(log n) solution and demonstrates an interplay between system parameters such as latency, bandwidth, and the size of the user’s private memory. We show that if a user exchanges messages of size O(n log n) with the storage provider, for some constant c ≥ 2, and has access to private memory of the same size, then our method can achieve O(1) access overhead in the worst case with very high probability. Finally, we study application-specific access patterns and look at how to make them oblivious without using the general oblivious simulation methods mentioned above. In particular, we show how one can access and perform a computation in an oblivious fashion on an externally stored graph. We also show that a number of classic graph drawing algorithms can be efficiently implemented in this framework while maintaining user privacy.
High Optical Feedback-Tolerance of Distributed Reflector Lasers with Wire-like Active Regions for High Speed Isolator-Free Operation (2009)

Optical feedback-tolerance of distributed-reflector (DR) laser with a wirelike distributed-feedback section and distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) section was investigated. Isolator-free 2.5-Gb/s-10-km transmissions and low RIN were demonstrated under −13.5-dB optical back-reflection with a power penalty of 2-dB.
Cooperative interaction between interferon (IFN) stimulus response element and kappa B sequence motifs controls IFN gamma- and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated transcription from the murine IP-10 promoter. (1993)

The transcriptional regulation of the murine IP-10 gene in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon gamma (IFN gamma)-treated macrophages was investigated by analysis of regions of the gene that flank the transcription start site. A series of sequence fragments were placed 5' to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene and ability to mediate transcription of CAT in response to IFN gamma or LPS treatment was studied following transient transfection in the macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7. Analysis of larger constructs identified a potential negative regulatory site for IFN gamma response in the region between nucleotide positions -2002 and -930 and a positive regulator for LPS response in the region between bases -930 and -676. A 227-base fragment spanning positions -228 to -2 was the minimal sequence able to mediate LPS- and IFN gamma-dependent transcription of CAT. Deletion of 24 bases, which included a highly conserved IFN stimulus response element (ISRE) from the -228 construct, abolished response to IFN gamma. A 33-base fragment containing the IP-10 ISRE was able to confer both IFN gamma and LPS sensitivity upon a heterologous promoter. The ability of LPS to stimulate CAT via the ISRE was apparently mediated by intermediate expression of endogenous IFN alpha/beta. Elimination of bases -204 to -102 abolished sensitivity to LPS. This region contains two kappa B binding sites. Site-directed mutagenesis of key nucleotides in the ISRE and the two kappa B sites demonstrated that optimal response to IFN gamma required both the ISRE and one of the two kappa B sites, whereas optimal response to LPS required either both kappa B sites or one kappa B site and the ISRE. IFN gamma or LPS treatment induced sequence-specific binding activity for the ISRE and the two kappa B sites. These results indicate that the 230 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site are important for transcriptional control of the IP-10 gene in response to IFN gamma and LPS. The three defined regulatory elements function in distinct fashion for each of the two stimuli; optimal response to either IFN gamma or LPS requires cooperation between at least two sites.
Endothelin, endothelin receptors, and endothelin antagonists (1994)

Endothelin is a peptide with potent biologic effects in vascular and nonvascular cells. Its effects are mediated by two receptors, ETA and ETB, and possibly also by a third receptor, ETC. In vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelin causes profound contraction and also has proliferative effects, mainly through activation of ETA but also through ETB receptors. Activation of endothelin receptors on vascular smooth muscle explains the profound vasoconstriction observed in isolated blood vessels as well as with infusion of the peptide in vivo. Endothelial cells can express ETB receptors linked to the formation of nitric oxide or prostacyclin. Activation of these receptors leads to the transient vasodilation observed with intravascular infusion of the peptide. In vascular smooth muscle, activation of endothelin receptors stimulates phospholipase C, with concomitant formation of inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol. These events lead to the release of intracellular calcium and initiation of contraction. In addition, endothelin can activate voltage-operated calcium channels via Gi proteins, thereby increasing influx of extracellular calcium. The later phenomenon may explain the ability of calcium antagonists to inhibit endothelin-induced contractions. Normally, circulating endothelin levels, as well as production of the peptide in isolated blood vessels, are rather low due to the absence of stimuli and the presence of potent inhibitory mechanisms. Important stimulators of endothelin production are thrombin, angiotensin II, arginine vasopressin, and transforming growth factor-beta, as well as certain cytokines and physicochemical factors such as hypoxia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Poly (lactide -co- glycolide) Fiber: An Overview (2014)

Co-polymers of lactide and glycolide, referred to as PLGA, have generated tremendous interest because of their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechanical strength. Various polymeric devices like microspheres, microcapsules, nanoparticles, pellets, implants, and films have been fabricated using these polymers. They can be transformed by spinning into filaments for subsequent fabrication of desirable textile structures. Spinning may be accomplished by various routes. The fibers may be fabricated into various forms and may be used for implants and other surgical applications such as sutures. They are also easy to formulate into various delivery systems for carrying a variety of drug classes. The present article presents a review on the production of PLGA fiber by various methods, along with correlations between structure and properties of the fibers. The applications of these fibers in biomedical domains are also discussed.
Synthesis of Thin, Oriented Zeolite A Membranes on a Macroporous Support (2008)

Abstract Continuous, thin, oriented zeolite A membranes are produced by a two‐step synthesis on macroporous α ‐Al 2 O 3 supports. In the first step , zeolite A nano‐cubes with ∼350‐nm edges are prepared as a native impurity phase in zeolite Y synthesis dispersions, the support surface is pre‐modified with a cationic polymer having a selective affinity for zeolite A. The thus‐treated support is contacted with a colloidally stable dispersion of zeolite A and Y mixture in water, which results in selective, dense‐packed deposition of the zeolite A cubes with one face aligned to the average support surface. In a second step of hydrothermal epitaxial growth, the seed layer grows epitaxially into a continuous, meso‐defect free, ∼1 µm thick zeolite A layer, already after 1 h of treatment. This microstructure of the membrane compares very favorably to what is commonly obtained. The pH value of the zeolite mixture suspension is found to have a major influence on seed layer morphology, and thereby, on the quality and orientation of zeolite A membrane after short synthesis times. The final zeolite A membrane thickness and morphology is controlled by varying secondary growth synthesis time. The approach presented is thought to be of generic use for the preparation of oriented zeolite membranes.
Characterization of Hairy-Spored Streptomycetes: II. Twelve Additional Cultures (1977)

Twelve Streptomyces species having hairy spores were examined by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Each species was assigned to one of the three previously proposed subgroups of the hairy-spored group.
Shortened amoebapore analogs with enhanced antibacterial and cytolytic activity (1996)

Amoebapores are cytolytic peptides of Entamoeba histolytica which function by the formation of ion channels in target cell membranes. Three isoforms (amoebapore A, B, and C) exist in amoebic cytoplasmic granules. They are composed of 77 amino acid residues arranged in four alpha-helical domains. In order to analyze the structure-function relationships, 15 synthetic peptides of 24-25 residues were constructed based on the assumption that the third helix is the membrane-penetrating domain and on the previous finding that positively charged residues are significant for activity. Activity of these short versions of amoebapores was determined towards artificial and natural targets, such as liposomes, bacteria, erythrocytes and a human tumor cell line. It was found that some of the novel peptides were highly active and showed a broader activity spectrum compared to the parent molecules.
Feasibility study of a natural crosslinking reagent for biological tissue fixation (1998)

Bioprostheses derived from biological tissues must be chemically modified and subsequently sterilized before they can be implanted in humans. Various crosslinking reagents, including formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, dialdehyde starch, and epoxy compound, have been used to chemically modify biological tissues. However, these synthetic crosslinking reagents are all highly (or relatively highly) cytotoxic. It is therefore desirable to provide a crosslinking reagent suitable for use in biomedical applications that is of low cytotoxicity and that forms stable and biocompatible crosslinked products. This study evaluates the feasibility of using a naturally occurring crosslinking reagent--genipin--to chemically modify biological tissues. Genipin and its related iridoid compounds, extracted from gardenia fruits, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatments of jaundice and various inflammatory and hepatic diseases. In this feasibility study, the cytotoxicity of genipin and the crosslinking characteristics of genipin-fixed biological tissues were investigated. Fresh porcine pericardia procured from a slaughterhouse were used as raw materials. Glutaraldehyde and an epoxy compound (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether), which has been used extensively in developing bioprostheses, were used as controls. It was found that the cytotoxicity of genipin was significantly lower than that of glutaraldehyde and the epoxy compound. The amino acid residues in the porcine pericardium that may react with genipin were lysine, hydroxylysine, and arginine. Additionally, the genipin-fixed tissue had a mechanical strength and resistance against enzymatic degradation comparable to the glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue. This suggests that genipin can form stable crosslinked products. The results of this in vitro study demonstrate that genipin is an effective crosslinking reagent for biological tissue fixation.
Design for Low Power (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Minimizing Power Consumption in Digital CMOS Circuits Overview of Low-Power ULSI Circuit Techniques Multi-Level Pass-Transistor Logic for Low-Power ULSIs High Performance, Energy Efficient Master-Slave Flip-Flop Circuits Power Dissipation in the Clock System of highly pipelined ULSI CMOS Circuits Power-Delay Characteristics of CMOS Adders Delay Balanced Multipliers for Low Power/Low Voltage DSP Core Minimization of Power in VLSI Circuits Using Transistor Sizing, Input Ordering, and Statistical Power Estimation Low-Power Digital Design Power Analysis of a Programmable DSP for Architecture/Program Optimization A Review of Adiabatic Computing 2ND Order Adiabatic Computation with 2N-2P and 2N-2N2P Logic Circuits A Low-Power Microprocessor Based on Resonant Energy Clocked CMOS Adiabatic Logic with Integrated Single-Phase Power-Clock Supply: Experimental Results
Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of the valuable monoterpene ester geranyl acetate (2018)

We constructed a monoterpene ester producing cell factory in S. cerevisiae for the first time, and demonstrated the great potential of this system for the heterologous production of a large group of economically important fragrance compounds.
Eye-Movement Training for Reading in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2005)

The results indicate that a training curriculum that concentrates on eye-movement control can increase reading speed in patients with AMD. This finding is especially interesting, because the training involved little direct practice in reading sentences but instead concentrated on having subjects practice control of eye positions and eye movements.