gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mercury(<scp>II</scp>)‐ and Palladium(<scp>II</scp>)‐Catalyzed [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangements [New Synthetic Methods (46)] (1984)

Abstract Mercury(II) and palladium(II) salts have found broad applications as catalysts for [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangements leading to formation of CO, CN, CS, and CC σ bonds. Increases in reaction rate are often very large (10 10 – 10 14 at 1 M catalyst concentration) and allow many previously difficult transformations to be conducted at or near room temperature, often with attendant increases in stereoselectivity and decreases in by‐product formation. The mechanism of these catalyzed transformations is briefly discussed, and evidence is summarized to suggest that many follow a cyclization‐induced rearrangement mechanism.
Focused ion beam high resolution grayscale lithography for silicon-based nanostructures (2014)

Nanofabrication techniques providing a fine control over the profile of silicon structures are of great importance for nanophotonics, plasmonics, sensing, micro- and nano fluidics, and biomedical applications. We report on the applicability of focused ion beam for the fine grayscale lithography, which yields surface profiles that are customized at nanoscale. The approach is based on a correlation between the ion beam irradiation dose of inorganic resist and the mask etching rate in the reactive ion etching. An exceptional property of this method is the number of gray tones that are not limited by the resist characteristics. We apply the process to fabricate unique periodic nanostructures with a slope angle varying across the structure and a period as small as 200 nm.
Balancing performance and flexibility with hardware support for network architectures (2003)

The goals of performance and flexibility are often at odds in the design of network systems. The tension is common enough to justify an architectural solution, rather than a set of context-specific solutions. The Programmable Protocol Processing Pipeline (P4) design uses programmable hardware to selectively accelerate protocol processing functions. A set of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and an associated library of network processing modules implemented in hardware are augmented with software support for function selection and composition, and applied to processing-intensive portions of a user-programmable protocol stack. The system is sufficiently flexible to support protocol stacks that are dynamically altered in reaction to changing network conditions or user needs.The P4 can be transparently inserted into a conventional protocol architecture, such as that of TCP/IP. This experimental demonstration shows that the P4's programmability can be used to significantly improve the performance of TCP/IP under operating conditions where the protocol would perform poorly without augmentation. Generalizing from these experiments, the P4 is shown to have many applications as an open platform for implementing adaptive and programmable networks, and has illustrated new security issues that arise in FPGA-based architectures.The P4 and closely-related systems, such as network processors, are attractive architectural solutions to balancing performance and flexibility.
Planning of WDM networks: methods, routing node modeling and applications (2002)

This paper introduces the wavelength-division multiplexing technique in the transport network. The different optical routing node (F-OXC, /spl lambda/-OXC with and without wavelength translation) functionalities are defined and criteria to use each of them are proposed. Results are discussed on a real test case based on the Pan-American Optical Network. First, the major benefits of the wavelength translation are underlined and results are presented where only a limited number of nodes with wavelength translation is needed. Second, the advantage of introducing fiber crossconnect to implement the protection scheme at the multiplex level are illustrated.
Electro‐Assisted Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO and Formaldehyde by (TOA)<sub>6</sub>[α‐SiW<sub>11</sub>O<sub>39</sub>Co(_)] Polyoxometalate (2015)

Abstract We report here on the multiproton‐multielectron electrochemical reduction of CO 2 in homogeneous solution by using (TOA) 6 [α‐SiW 11 O 39 Co(_)] (TOA = tetraoctyl ammonium; _ = vacant position in the coordination sphere of Co) as an electrocatalyst. First, the electrochemical behavior of (TOA) 6 [α‐SiW 11 O 39 Co(_)] was analyzed in detail by cyclic voltammetry in dichloromethane, studying the influence of the presence of protons and/or CO 2 . These preliminary results were further used to optimize the conditions of electrolysis in terms of reduction potentials. Analysis of the electrolysis products in the gas and liquid phases show the formation of CO and HCHO without formation of H 2 . Our results tend to show that the (TOA) 6 [α‐SiW 11 O 39 Co(_)] polyoxometalate is a catalyst for CO 2 electroreduction, with unique selectivity.
External Vibration Multi-Directional Ultrasound Shearwave Elastography (EVMUSE): Application in Liver Fibrosis Staging (2014)

Shear wave speed can be used to assess tissue elasticity, which is associated with tissue health. Ultrasound shear wave elastography techniques based on measuring the propagation speed of the shear waves induced by acoustic radiation force are becoming promising alternatives to biopsy in liver fibrosis staging. However, shear waves generated by such methods are typically very weak. Therefore, the penetration may become problematic, especially for overweight or obese patients. In this study, we developed a new method called external vibration multi-directional ultrasound shearwave elastography (EVMUSE), in which external vibration from a loudspeaker was used to generate a multi-directional shear wave field. A directional filter was then applied to separate the complex shear wave field into several shear wave fields propagating in different directions. A 2-D shear wave speed map was reconstructed from each individual shear wave field, and a final 2-D shear wave speed map was constructed by compounding these individual wave speed maps. The method was validated using two homogeneous phantoms and one multi-purpose tissue-mimicking phantom. Ten patients undergoing liver magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) were also studied with EVMUSE to compare results between the two methods. Phantom results showed EVMUSE was able to quantify tissue elasticity accurately with good penetration. In vivo EVMUSE results were well correlated with MRE results, indicating the promise of using EVMUSE for liver fibrosis staging.
Multiple Organ System Defects and Transcriptional Dysregulation in the Nipbl+/− Mouse, a Model of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (2009)

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a multi-organ system birth defects disorder linked, in at least half of cases, to heterozygous mutations in the NIPBL gene. In animals and fungi, orthologs of NIPBL regulate cohesin, a complex of proteins that is essential for chromosome cohesion and is also implicated in DNA repair and transcriptional regulation. Mice heterozygous for a gene-trap mutation in Nipbl were produced and exhibited defects characteristic of CdLS, including small size, craniofacial anomalies, microbrachycephaly, heart defects, hearing abnormalities, delayed bone maturation, reduced body fat, behavioral disturbances, and high mortality (75-80%) during the first weeks of life. These phenotypes arose despite a decrease in Nipbl transcript levels of only approximately 30%, implying extreme sensitivity of development to small changes in Nipbl activity. Gene expression profiling demonstrated that Nipbl deficiency leads to modest but significant transcriptional dysregulation of many genes. Expression changes at the protocadherin beta (Pcdhb) locus, as well as at other loci, support the view that NIPBL influences long-range chromosomal regulatory interactions. In addition, evidence is presented that reduced expression of genes involved in adipogenic differentiation may underlie the low amounts of body fat observed both in Nipbl+/- mice and in individuals with CdLS.
Collaborative Ranking: A Case Study on Entity Linking (2011)

In this paper, we present a new ranking scheme, collaborative ranking (CR). In contrast to traditional non-collaborative ranking scheme which solely relies on the strengths of isolated queries and one stand-alone ranking algorithm, the new scheme integrates the strengths from multiple collaborators of a query and the strengths from multiple ranking algorithms. We elaborate three specific forms of collaborative ranking, namely, micro collaborative ranking (MiCR), macro collaborative ranking (MaCR) and micro-macro collaborative ranking (MiMaCR). Experiments on entity linking task show that our proposed scheme is indeed effective and promising. 1
Strength of Terfenol-D (1989)

The strength of the magnetostrictive material, Terfenol-D, Tb0.27Dy0.73Fe2.0, has been evaluated by measuring the modulus of rupture as a function of the Fe stoichiometry of the compound. It is shown that the strength improves markedly as the Fe concentration decreases from the stoichiometric value of 2.0 in the compound. The increased strength results from the increasing volume fraction of the rare-earth metal phase produced in the Terfenol-D matrix by the solidification process at lower Fe concentrations.
Effect of carbon source on the cellulosomal subpopulations of Clostridium cellulovorans (2005)

Clostridium cellulovorans produces a cellulase enzyme complex called the cellulosome. When cells were grown on different carbon substrates such as Avicel, pectin, xylan, or a mixture of all three, the subunit composition of the cellulosomal subpopulations and their enzymic activities varied significantly. Fractionation of the cellulosomes (7-11 fractions) indicated that the cellulosome population was heterogeneous, although the composition of the scaffolding protein CbpA, endoglucanase EngE and cellobiohydrolase ExgS was relatively constant. One of the cellulosomal fractions with the greatest endoglucanase activity also showed the highest or second highest cellulase activity under all growth conditions tested. The cellulosomal fractions produced from cells grown on a mixture of carbon substrates showed the greatest cellulase activity and contained CbpA, EngE/EngK, ExgS/EngH and EngL. High xylanase activity in cellulose, pectin and mixed carbon-grown cells was detected with a specific cellulosomal fraction which had relatively larger amounts of XynB, XynA and unknown proteins (35-45 kDa). These results in toto indicate that the assembly of cellulosomes occurs in a non-random fashion.
Temperature Effects on the Phosphorescence of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Poly(methylmethacrylate) (1969)

Temperature effects on the phosphorescence lifetimes and phosphorescence intensities of naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, biphenyl, and the perdeuterated analogs of these four molecules were measured with the use of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMM) as a rigid solvent matrix. The phosphorescence lifetimes of these molecules decreased by only 13%–37% upon warming from 77°K to room temperature. On the basis of direct measurements of the permeability of PMM to oxygen, we conclude that oxygen quenching is not responsible for the observed temperature effects on the phosphorescence lifetimes. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that the rate constants for both radiative and nonradiative decay vary with temperature, we show that our results are consistent with an analysis that assumes that only the non-radiative rate constant is temperature dependent. On the basis of this analysis, we estimate an activation energy of 500 ± 100 cm−1 for the thermally activated nonradiative decay mode.
Identification of an Essential <i>Francisella tularensis</i> subsp. <i>tularensis</i> Virulence Factor (2008)

Francisella tularensis, the highly virulent etiologic agent of tularemia, is a low-dose intracellular pathogen that is able to escape from the phagosome and replicate in the cytosol. Although there has been progress in identifying loci involved in the pathogenicity of this organism, analysis of the genome sequence has revealed few obvious virulence factors. We previously reported isolation of an F. tularensis subsp. tularensis strain Schu S4 transposon insertion mutant with a mutation in a predicted hypothetical lipoprotein, FTT1103, that was deficient in intracellular replication in HepG2 cells. In this study, a mutant with a defined nonpolar deletion in FTT1103 was created, and its phenotype, virulence, and vaccine potential were characterized. A phagosomal integrity assay and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 colocalization revealed that DeltaFTT1103 mutant bacteria were defective in phagosomal escape. FTT1103 mutant bacteria were maximally attenuated in the mouse model; mice survived, without visible signs of illness, challenge by more than 10(10) CFU when the intranasal route was used and challenge by 10(6) CFU when the intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intravenous route was used. The FTT1103 mutant bacteria exhibited dissemination defects. Mice that were infected by the intranasal route had low levels of bacteria in their livers and spleens, and these bacteria were cleared by 3 days postinfection. Mutant bacteria inoculated by the subcutaneous route failed to disseminate to the lungs. BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice that were intranasally vaccinated with 10(8) CFU of FTT1103 mutant bacteria were protected against subsequent challenge with wild-type strain Schu S4. These experiments identified the FTT1103 protein as an essential virulence factor and also demonstrated the feasibility of creating defined attenuated vaccines based on a type A strain.
Necessary and sufficient condition for k crosstalk attacks localization in all-optical networks (2004)

An all-optical network (AON) is a network in which data does not undergo optical-to-electrical and electrical-to-optical conversion within the network. Transparency and non-regeneration features make attack detection and localization in AONs difficult. Among all attack methods, crosstalk attack has higher damage capability. In this paper, we make the following contributions. (1) We provide the crosstalk attack model and monitor model. (2) Based on these models, we prove necessary and sufficient conditions for k-crosstalk attacks diagnosable network. The key ideas used in our solution are to employ the status of connections as diagnostic data. (3) We propose an efficient monitor placement policy, a test connection setup policy, and a routing policy for such network. These conditions will lead to efficient k-attack detection and diagnosis algorithms.
Precise positioning of spacecrafts by multi-frequency VLBI (2014)

Multi-Frequency VLBI (MFV) is one of the most powerful methods for precise positioning of spacecrafts. The system transmits three carrier waves at S-band and one wave at X-band. These frequencies are set to resolve the cycle ambiguity of carrier wave at X-band from two group delays between carrier waves and one phase delay of the carrier wave at S-band. The procedure to resolve the cycle ambiguity is proposed in this article. Some conditions about frequency variation and prediction of position and the ionosphere are also clarified for resolving the cycle ambiguity. The dedicated recording system for MFV is developed. A preliminary observation of MFV is carried out with this system by using Lunar Prospector. As a result of the experiment, residual phases from predicted ones are within ±2π, and the RMS of the residual for the period of several seconds is about 4 degrees. This result supports realization of the MFV.
Nanostructured TiO<sub>2</sub> Films with 2 eV Optical Gap (2005)

Nanostructured TiO2 (ns-TiO2) films obtained by supersonic cluster beam deposition possess highly porous, defective structures, and allow efficient incorporation of carbon- containing molecules during thermal treatment. Carbothermal reduction modifies the electronic structure of the ns-TiO2, narrowing the optical gap to 2 eV. This is within the range of visible solar radiation (see Figure), allowing more efficient photoconversion.
Induction of L-histidine decarboxylase in a human mast cell line, HMC-1. (1998)

Histamine is an important mediator in allergic reactions, gastric acid secretions, and neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Basophils and mast cells are the main sources of histamine, which is formed from L-histidine by histidine decarboxylase (HDC). However, the regulatory mechanism of HDC in these cells remains unclear. We examined the regulation of HDC activity and gene expression using a unique human mast cell line, HMC-1, after stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or ionomycin. HDC activity was increased from 52.1+/-0.4 (mean+/-standard deviation) to 154+/-6.9, or 105.6+/-6.2 pmol/min/mg protein (n = 3), 4 hours after stimulation with PMA (10 ng/mL) or ionomycin (10[-6] M). Although actinomycin D had no effect on this increase, cycloheximide completely inhibited the increase caused by these stimuli. The population of HMC-1 cells containing HDC protein was increased after stimulation with either PMA or ionomycin as evaluated by immunocytochemical analysis with anti-HDC antibody as a marker. HMC-1 constitutively expressed HDC mRNA, and its level was not increased with these stimuli. These results suggest that the increase of HDC activity in HMC-1 induced by PMA or ionomycin is regulated at the translational level.
Influence of Volume Expansion on Renal Diluting Capacity in the Rat (1974)

1. The functional capacity of Henle's loop was examined during hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic extracellular fluid volume expansion. To eliminate a possible role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the alteration of free water excretion, rats with congenital diabetes insipidus were used. The infusion of hypotonic saline resulted in a progressive rise in free water clearance (CH2O) throughout the range of urine flow (V) attained. Similar results were obtained in rats treated chronically with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA). The infusion of isotonic saline (sodium chloride, 154 mmol/l) produced an initial rise in CH2O until V represented 10% of the filtered load, after which CH2O appeared to reach a plateau. The limitation of CH2O was more marked when hypertonic saline was infused. Medullary and papillary non-urea solute (NUS) concentration rose progressively with the increasing concentration of the saline solution infused. 2. The greater fractional sodium excretion (FENa) after acute isotonic and hypertonic volume expansion is probably the result of inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct, although inhibition in the ascending limb cannot be entirely excluded. The depression of CH2O as a function of V seen during acute isotonic or hypertonic volume expansion can be attributed in part to enhanced water back-diffusion from the collecting duct consequent to the increasing medullary and papillary interstitial NUS concentration, even in the absence of ADH. 3. Chronic expansion of extracellular fluid volume by DOCA administration did not modify the response to hypotonic saline infusion.
Genetic and physical mapping of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome on chromosome 1q42-43. (1996)

The Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a severe autosomal recessive condition, features of which are partial oculocutaneous albinism, increased susceptibility to infections, deficient natural killer cell activity, and the presence of large intracytoplasmic granulations in various cell types. Similar genetic disorders have been described in other species, including the beige mouse. On the basis of the hypothesis that the murine chromosome 13 region containing the beige locus was homologous to human chromosome 1, we have mapped the CHS locus to a 5-cM interval in chromosome segment 1q42.1-q42.2. The highest LOD score was obtained with the marker D1S235 (Zmax = 5.38; theta = 0). Haplo-type analysis enabled us to establish D1S2680 and D1S163, respectively, as the telomeric and the centromeric flanking markers. Multipoint linkage analysis confirms the localization of the CHS locus in this interval. Three YAC clones were found to cover the entire region in a conting established by YAC end-sequence characterization and sequence-tagged site mapping. The YAC contig contains all genetic markers that are nonrecombinant for the disease in the nine CHS families studied. This mapping confirms the previous hypothesis that the same gene defect causes CHS in human and beige pheno-type in mice and provides a genetic framework for the identification of candidate genes.
On the emulation of software faults by software fault injection (2002)

This paper presents an experimental study on the emulation of software faults by fault injection. In a first experiment, a set of real software faults has been compared with faults injected by a SWIFI tool (Xception) to evaluate the accuracy of the injected faults. Results revealed the limitations of Xception (and other SWIFI tools) in the emulation of different classes of software faults (about 44% of the software faults cannot be emulated). The use of field data about real faults was discussed and software metrics were suggested as an alternative to guide the injection process when field data is nor available. In a second experiment, a set of rules for the injection of errors meant to emulate classes of software faults was evaluated. The fault triggers used seem to be the cause for the observed strong impact of the faults in the target system and in the program results. The results also show the influence in the fault emulation of aspects such as code size, complexity of data structures, and recursive versus sequential execution.
Identification of Prognostic Biomarkers by Combined mRNA and miRNA Expression Microarray Analysis in Pancreatic Cancer (2018)

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause for cancer-related death, and early diagnosis is one key to improve the survival rate of this disease. Molecular biomarkers are an important method for diagnostic use in pancreatic cancer. We used data from three mRNA microarray datasets and a microRNA dataset (GSE16515, GSE15471, GSE28735, and GSE41372) to identify potential key genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and microRNAs (DEMs) were identified. Functional, pathway enrichment, and protein-protein interaction analyses were performed on common DEGs across all datasets. The target genes of the DEMs were identified. DEMs targets that were also DEGs were further scrutinized using overall survival analysis. A total of 236 DEGs and 21 DEMs were identified. There were a total of four DEGs (ECT2, NR5A2, NRP2, and TGFBI), which were also predicted target genes of DEMs. Overall survival analysis showed that high expression levels of three of these genes (ECT2, NRP2, and TGFBI) were associated with poor overall survival for pancreatic cancer patients. The basic expression of DEGs in pancreas stood lower level in various organ tissues. The expression of ECT2 and NRP2 was higher in different pancreatic cancer cell lines than normal pancreas cell line. Knockout of ECT2 by Crispr Cas9 gene editing system decreased proliferation and migration ability in pancreatic cancer cell line MiaPaCa2. In conclusion, we think that data mining method can do well in biomarker screening, and ECT2 and NRP2 can play as potential biomarker or therapy target by Crispr Cas9 in pancreatic cancer.
<scp>SILAC</scp>‐based quantitative proteomic analysis of gastric cancer secretome (2012)

We report here the largest cancer secretome described to date. The novel biomarkers identified in the current study are excellent candidates for further testing as early detection biomarkers for gastric adenocarcinoma.
Computational manga and anime (2013)

Traditional manga (comic) and anime (cartoon) creation are painstaking processes. Even computers are utilized for the content creation, computers are mainly utilized as a naive digital canvas. With the increasing computing power and decreasing cost of CPU & GPU, more computing resource can be exploited cost-effectively for intelligent and semi-automatic creation of aesthetics content.