gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human interferon inhibits the growth of established human breast tumours in the nude mouse (1982)

In this paper we describe a model system for looking at the effects of human interferon, IFN, on an established human tumour. Highly purified human IFN derived from lymphoblastoid cells (HuIFN alpha-Namalwa) strongly inhibited the growth of a human breast cancer growing as a xenograft in nude mice. The effect was dose-dependent, required daily treatment for an optimal effect and was time-dependent, little inhibition being seen before 2 weeks of therapy. With the doses used, however, neither tumour regression nor disappearance were seen and on morphological examination, treated tumours appeared as miniatures of control tumours. The inhibition of the tumour by HuIFN alpha-Namalwa appeared to be due to a direct effect on the human cells as this IFN had little effect on the mouse immune system in vitro as measured by NK cells activity. Also HuIFN therapy had no effect on levels of an interferon induced enzyme, 2-5A synthetase, in the mouse spleen cells but stimulated this enzyme in the human tumour.
1053. The oxidation of organic sulphides. Part X. The co-oxidation of sulphides and olefins (1961)

D. Barnard, L. Bateman, M. E. Cain, T. Colclough and J. I. Cunneen, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 5339 DOI: 10.1039/JR9610005339
Electronic orthotics shoe: Preventing ulceration in diabetic patients (2008)

The improvement in processor performance through continuous breakthroughs in transistor technology has resulted in the proliferation of lightweight embedded systems. Advances in wireless technology and embedded systems have enabled remote healthcare and telemedicine. Continuous and real-time monitoring can discretely analyze how a patient's lifestyle affects his/her physiological conditions and if additional symptoms occur under various stimuli. Diabetes is one of most difficult challenges facing the healthcare industry today. One of the primary afflictions of diabetic patients is peripheral neuropathy (loss of sensation in the foot). As a direct result of this condition, the likelihood of ulcer increases which in many cases leads to to amputation. We have developed a wireless electronic orthotics composed of lightweight embedded systems and non-invasive sensors which can be used by diabetic patients suffering from peripheral neuropathy. Our proposed system monitors feet motion and pressure distribution beneath the feet in real-time and classifies the state of the patient. The proposed system detects the conditions that could potentially cause a foot ulcer. This system enables a continuous feedback mechanism for instance in case of an undesired behavior or condition a preemptive message wirelessly to the patient and the patient's caregiver.
Space shuttle main propulsion system anomaly detection: A case study (2011)

The space shuttle main engine (SSME) is part of the Main Propulsion System (MPS) which is an extremely complex system containing several sub-systems and components, each of which must work precisely in order to achieve a successful mission. A critical component under study is the flow control valve (FCY) which controls the pressure of the gaseous hydrogen between the SSME and the external fuel tank. The FCV has received added attention since a Space Shuttle Mission in November 2008, where it was discovered during the mission that an anomaly had occurred in one of the three FCV's. Subsequent inspection revealed that one FCV cracked during ascent. This type of fault is of high criticality because it can lead to potentially catastrophic gaseous hydrogen leakage. A supervised learning method known as Virtual Sensors (VS), and an unsupervised learning method known as the Inductive Monitoring System (IMS) were used to detect anomalies related to the FCV in the MPS. Both algorithms identify the time of the anomaly in a multi-dimensional time series of temperatures, pressures, and control signals related to the FCV. This discovery corroborates the results of the inspection and also reveals the time at which the anomaly likely occurred. The methods were applied to data obtained from the March 2009 launch of Space Shuttle Discovery to determine whether an anomaly occurred in the same sub-system. According to our models, the FCV sub-system showed nominal behavior during ascent.
Partial purification and biochemical characterization of a T cell suppressor factor produced by human glioblastoma cells. (1985)

The human glioblastoma cell line 308 constitutively secretes a soluble factor with biologic and biochemical characteristics of human monocyte-derived interleukin 1 (IL 1). The 308 cells also produce a 97,000 m.w. factor that inhibits the effects of IL 1 and interleukin 2 (IL 2) on T lymphocytes. By using sequential chromatography on Blue Affigel, hydroxyapatite, and Ultrogel AcA54, the inhibitory factor, termed glioblastoma-derived T cell suppressor factor (G-TsF), was separated from IL 1 and purified 2000-fold with respect to the protein present in the crude 308 cell supernatant. This G-TsF preparation was sensitive to tryptic proteolysis, showed a peak of pI 4.6 on isoelectric focusing, and when labeled with 125I, revealed six protein bands in the range of 30 to 100 kdaltons on SDS gel.
Interferon-Alpha and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Serum of Patients in Various Stages of HIV-1 Infection (1991)

Serum samples of 120 patients in different stages of chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, 11 patients with primary HIV-1 infection (PHI), and 49 HIV-1 seronegative homosexual men were analyzed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), and HIV-1 p24 antigen. Increased levels of IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha were found in some, but not all, cases with PHI. During progressing disease IFN-alpha occurred in serum with increasing frequency and concentration. Raised levels of TNF-alpha were found in all stages of chronic infection, but were less common in patients with AIDS than were raised levels of IFN-alpha. The levels of the two substances were not correlated. There was a correlation between IFN-alpha, but not TNF-alpha, and the occurrence of HIV-1 p24 antigen in serum. These results suggest that IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha are induced by different agents during HIV-1 infection. The findings would be consistent with the hypothesis that IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha are counteracting forces that have important down- and upregulatory effects, respectively, on HIV-1 replication in vivo.
Four-Port Communication Receiver With Digital IQ-Regeneration (2009)

The five(six)-port communication receiver uses one or two additional outputs in comparison with classical homodyne demodulators. This paper demonstrates for the first time the demodulation of RF signals and the regeneration of IQ-signals by means of a four-port receiver. This system comprises a four-port linear junction and two quadratic detectors with a square-law characteristic. A digital signal processing block completes the circuit to regenerate the IQ-signals without any constraint on the system or the signal. In comparison with the five(six)-port technique, the four-port reduces the circuit size, the cost and the power consumption.
Chromosome-wide regulation of euchromatin-specific 5mC to 5hmC conversion in mouse ES cells and female human somatic cells (2012)

DNA cytosine methylation (5mC) is indispensable for a number of cellular processes, including retrotransposon silencing, genomic imprinting, and X chromosome inactivation in mammalian development. Recent studies have focused on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), a new epigenetic mark or intermediate in the DNA demethylation pathway. However, 5hmC itself has no role in pluripotency maintenance in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) lacking Dnmt1, 3a, and 3b. Here, we demonstrated that 5hmC accumulated on euchromatic chromosomal bands that were marked with di- and tri-methylated histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me2/3) in mouse ESCs. By contrast, heterochromatin enriched with H3K9me3, including mouse chromosomal G-bands, pericentric repeats, human satellite 2 and 3, and inactive X chromosomes, was not enriched with 5hmC. Therefore, enzymes that hydroxylate the methyl group of 5mC belonging to the Tet family might be excluded from inactive chromatin, which may restrict 5mC to 5hmC conversion in euchromatin to prevent nonselective de novo DNA methylation.
Endothelium-Specific In Vivo Gene Transfer (1995)

Targeted expression of genetic material within the vascular endothelium is potentially a powerful tool for the investigation of endothelial cell (EC) biology. We developed, optimized, and characterized an efficient somatic transgenic model of EC-specific gene transfer. Rat carotid arteries were infused with adenovirus expressing a beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene. The level and cell-type specificity of recombinant gene expression were measured by assaying beta-gal activity in vessel extracts and by counting transduced cells in histological sections. Toxicity was evaluated by counting total ECs (3 days) and by measuring neointimal formation (14 days). Effects of transduction on the proliferation of vascular cells were measured with bromodeoxyuridine and [3H]thymidine. Maximum recombinant gene expression resulted from infusion of 1 x 10(10) to 1 x 10(11) plaque-forming units (pfu) per milliliter; approximately 35% of luminal ECs were transduced. A high degree of EC specificity (90% to 98% of total transduced cells) was maintained over this range of virus concentrations. More highly concentrated virus resulted in loss of beta-gal expression and a large decrease in luminal EC number (97% decrease, P < .001). Gene transfer at 4 x 10(10) pfu/mL was efficient, preserved EC integrity, and caused minimal neointimal formation. After gene transfer, there were early (3-day) increases in both EC and smooth muscle cell proliferation. At 14 days, only EC proliferation remained elevated (18% versus 1.4% in vehicle-infused arteries, P = .005). This animal model permits efficient highly EC-specific gene transfer. Vascular toxicity is minimal, although the EC proliferative index is elevated. This model will be useful in experiments that elucidate the biological role of EC gene products and define pathways of EC gene regulation and signal transduction in vivo.
Bactericidal activity of propylene glycol, glycerine, polyethylene glycol 400, and polyethylene glycol 1000 against selected microorganisms (2015)

Propylene glycol was effective against three organisms namely S. mutans E. faecalis and E. coli and its bactericidal activity was at 50%, 25% and 50% respectively. PEG 1000 was effective against S. mutans and E. coli at 25%. Hence propylene glycol was effective on more number of organisms of which E. faecalis is a known resistant species. PEG 1000 was bactericidal at a lower concentration but was effective on two organisms only.
Potential of Longitudinal Post-Tensioning for Short-to-Medium Span Timber Bridges (2011)

On the basis of recent developments in post-tensioned multi-storey timber buildings using un bonded tendons, this paper aimed at investigating the potential of implementing a similar technology for innovative solutions for timber bridges. In particular, several technological solutions are proposed for future development, using several different cross sections and longitudinal profiles suitable for short-to-medium bridge spans, with both internal and external longitudinal ten dons, in some cases supplemented by transverse post-tensioning. In addition, a feasibility study of a short-span timber bridge is presented, with longitudinally posttensioned laminated veneer lumber (LVL) hollow core beams as an alternative to the existing concrete solution. The discussion includes a comparison between newly proposed and traditional solutions based on the evaluation of long-term post-tensioning losses, a cost analysis and some considerations on sustainability issues.
Dual Oxidase 2 (Duox2) Regulates Pannexin 1-mediated ATP Release in Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells via Changes in Intracellular pH and Not H2O2 Production (2016)

Human airway epithelial cells express pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels to release ATP, which regulates mucociliary clearance. Airway inflammation causes mucociliary dysfunction. Exposure of primary human airway epithelial cell cultures to IFN-γ for 48 h did not alter Panx1 protein expression but significantly decreased ATP release in response to hypotonic stress. The IFN-γ-induced functional down-regulation of Panx1 was due to the up-regulation of dual oxidase 2 (Duox2). Duox2 suppression by siRNA led to an increase in ATP release in control cells and restoration of ATP release in cells treated with IFN-γ. Both effects were reduced by the pannexin inhibitor probenecid. Duox2 up-regulation stoichiometrically increases H2O2 and proton production. H2O2 inhibited Panx1 function temporarily by formation of disulfide bonds at the thiol group of its terminal cysteine. Long-term exposure to H2O2, however, had no inhibitory effect. To assess the role of cellular acidification upon IFN-γ treatment, fully differentiated airway epithelial cells were exposed to ammonium chloride to alkalinize the cytosol. This led to a 2-fold increase in ATP release in cells treated with IFN-γ that was also inhibited by probenecid. Duox2 knockdown also partially corrected IFN-γ-mediated acidification. The direct correlation between intracellular pH and Panx1 open probability was shown in oocytes. Therefore, airway epithelial cells release less ATP in response to hypotonic stress in an inflammatory environment (IFN-γ exposure). Decreased Panx1 function is a response to cell acidification mediated by IFN-γ-induced up-regulation of Duox2, representing a novel mechanism for mucociliary dysfunction in inflammatory airway diseases.
Studies on inhibition of transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene catalyzed by Fe-only hydrogenase from Clostridium acetobutylicum (2006)

The major enzyme in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 leading to transformation of TNT has been reported to be the Fe-only hydrogenase. In this study, we examine the effect of inhibitors of hydrogenase on TNT reduction by Clostridial extracts. These experiments further demonstrate the major role of hydrogenase in TNT transformation. The C. acetobutylicum hydrogenase is closely related to that of C. pasteurianum; and can be fitted to the X-ray crystal structure with a root mean square deviation of 1.18 angstroms for the Calpha atoms of the generated 3D simulation model. The Hyd1, Hyd2, and Hyd3 antibodies generated against hydrogenase reacted with both the hydrogenase in cell extracts and with C. acetobutylicum hydrogenase expressed in Escherichia coli. Inhibition studies using antibodies against Fe-only hydrogenase from C. acetobutylicum indicated that the transformation of TNT by crude cell extracts was completely inhibited by Hyd2 antibody (to amino acid 415-428) whereas antibodies Hyd1 (to residues 1-16) and Hyd3 (to amino acid 424-448) inhibited less effectively. The TNT transforming activity of the cell extract was retained when Hyd2 antibody pretreated with purified but enzymatically inactive recombinant hydrogenase was added to the extract. Addition of the transition metal Cu2+ to extracts completely inhibited the transformation of TNT suggesting the destruction of [4Fe-4S] centers which are essential for transfer of electrons from the H2-activating site to TNT. Growth of C. acetobutylicum was also inhibited by 0.5 mM Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions. The triazine dye, procion red and the nitroimidazole drug, metronidazole inhibit TNT reduction. The inhibition studies using antibodies, procion red, metronidazole, and transition metals suggest that different portions of hydrogenase are required for effective TNT reduction.
Environmental modulation of the expression of differentiation and malignancy in six human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. (1985)

Cell lines from six human squamous cell carcinomas exhibiting different degrees of differentiation and malignancy were studied under in vitro and in vivo growth conditions. The stability of phenotypic traits of these carcinoma cells and their sensitivity to environmental influences were analyzed to further elucidate the interdependency of differentiation and malignancy expressed under experimental conditions. In conventional (submerged) cultures the cell lines exhibited unique growth patterns with an individual but generally poor expression of differentiation (stratification). In a new organotypical culture assay where the cells grew on lifted collagen gels at the air-medium interface, three-dimensional structures were formed exhibiting organizational features and degrees of differentiation similar to those of the respective tumors. Both in tumors formed after s.c. injection of cells and in transplants (performed with silicone chambers on the dorsal muscle fascia) in nude mice, an enhancement of the individually distinct pattern of differentiation was observed. While anchorage independent growth was an unreliable marker for malignancy, all six lines were tumorigenic after s.c. injection into nude mice. However, the tumor yield (20 to 100%) and latency period (2 to 12 weeks) varied considerably. In contrast all lines exhibited (within 1 to 2 weeks) invasive growth in 100% of animals after transplantation onto the dorsal muscle fascia. All tumors (squamous carcinomas) and invading cells were identified as epithelial and as human by specific antibodies. The two new test systems, the organotypical culture assay in vitro and the transplantation assay in vivo, proved to be reliable and sensitive models also for human squamous carcinoma cells to analyze their differentiative and malignant potential. In comparing the individually maintained degrees of differentiation and malignancy in the different test systems, it was apparent that, opposite to the prevailing opinion, cell lines with the highest differentiation potential were at least as malignant as were the least differentiated ones.
A Lightweight Virtual Machine Image Deduplication Backup Approach in Cloud Environment (2014)

As most clouds are based on virtualization technology, more and more virtual machine images are created within data centers. Depending on the need of disaster recovery, the storage space used for backup would easily sprawl to a TB or PB level with the growth of images. Unfortunately, different images have a large amount of same data segments. Those duplicated data segments will lead to serious waste of storage resource. Although there is a lot of work focus on deduplication storage and could achieve a good result in removing duplicate copies, they are not very suitable for virtual machine image deduplication in a cloud environment. Because huge resource usage of deduplication operations could lead to serious performance interference to the hosting virtual machines. This paper propose a local deduplication method which can speed up the operation progress of virtual machine image deduplication and reduce the operation time. The method is based on an improved k-means clustering algorithm, which could classify the metadata of backup image to reduce the search space of index lookup and improve the index lookup performance. Experiments show that our approach is robust and effective. It can significantly reduce the performance interference to hosting virtual machine with an acceptable increase in disk space usage.
Rapid Cytometric Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Utilizing Adaptive Multidimensional Statistical Metrics (2014)

Flow cytometry holds promise to accelerate antibiotic susceptibility determinations; however, without robust multidimensional statistical analysis, general discrimination criteria have remained elusive. In this study, a new statistical method, probability binning signature quadratic form (PB-sQF), was developed and applied to analyze flow cytometric data of bacterial responses to antibiotic exposure. Both sensitive lab strains (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a multidrug resistant, clinically isolated strain (E. coli) were incubated with the bacteria-targeted dye, maltohexaose-conjugated IR786, and each of many bactericidal or bacteriostatic antibiotics to identify changes induced around corresponding minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC). The antibiotic-induced damages were monitored by flow cytometry after 1-h incubation through forward scatter, side scatter, and fluorescence channels. The 3-dimensional differences between the flow cytometric data of the no-antibiotic treated bacteria and the antibiotic-treated bacteria were characterized by PB-sQF into a 1-dimensional linear distance. A 99% confidence level was established by statistical bootstrapping for each antibiotic-bacteria pair. For the susceptible E. coli strain, statistically significant increments from this 99% confidence level were observed from 1/16x MIC to 1x MIC for all the antibiotics. The same increments were recorded for P. aeruginosa, which has been reported to cause difficulty in flow-based viability tests. For the multidrug resistant E. coli, significant distances from control samples were observed only when an effective antibiotic treatment was utilized. Our results suggest that a rapid and robust antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) can be constructed by statistically characterizing the differences between sample and control flow cytometric populations, even in a label-free scheme with scattered light alone. These distances vs paired controls coupled with rigorous statistical confidence limits offer a new path toward investigating initial biological responses, screening for drugs, and shortening time to result in antimicrobial sensitivity testing.
EBA: an enhancement of the IEEE 802.11 DCF via distributed reservation (2005)

The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs) employs a medium access control (MAC), called distributed coordination function (DCF), which is based on carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). The collision avoidance mechanism utilizes the random backoff prior to each frame transmission attempt. The random nature of the backoff reduces the collision probability, but cannot completely eliminate collisions. It is known that the throughput performance of the 802.11 WLAN is significantly compromised as the number of stations increases. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed reservation-based MAC protocol, called early backoff announcement (EBA), which is backward compatible with the legacy DCF. Under EBA, a station announces its future backoff information in terms of the number of backoff slots via the MAC header of its frame being transmitted. All the stations receiving the information avoid collisions by excluding the same backoff duration when selecting their future backoff value. Through extensive simulations, EBA is found to achieve a significant increase in the throughput performance as well as a higher degree of fairness compared to the 802.11 DCF.
Factoring small 2-groups (2010)

Let <em>G</em> be a finite abelian group and let<em> G = A_1 · · · A_n</em> be a factorization of <em>G</em> into its subsets <em>A_1 , . . . , A_n</em>. For a given <em>G</em> certain choices of the orders<em> |A_1|, . . . , |A_n|</em> guarantee that one of the factors is periodic. In connection with an open problem we determine such choices of orders of factors in<br />two special cases. In these cases <em>|G|</em> is either 2^5 or 2^6 .<br />