gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zinc and phosphorus co-implantation in indium phosphide (1998)

Electrical activation and dopant diffusion in Zn-implanted InP after rapid thermal annealing have been investigated. For an as-implanted Zn concentration of ∼4×1019 cm−3, only ∼7% of the implanted Zn atoms formed electrically active shallow acceptors following a 950 °C/5 s annealing cycle. The low activation was the result of rapid Zn out-diffusion—only ∼14% of the implanted dopant was retained after annealing. A significant enhancement in electrical activation and a reduction in Zn loss were achieved in Zn+P co-implanted samples which yielded a net hole concentration of ⩽6×1018 cm−3 and &gt;50% Zn retention. The saturation of the free hole concentration in Zn+P co-implanted samples was attributed to the formation of Zn interstitial donors and Group-V-related donor-type native defects. For comparison, Zn+Al and Zn+Al+P co-implanted samples were also examined to distinguish the relative influences of implantation-induced disorder and nonstoichiometry on electrical activation and dopant diffusion. For the given implant conditions, we found that nonstoichiometry was the dominant influence.
Detailed characterization of the human aorta‐gonad‐mesonephros region reveals morphological polarity resembling a hematopoietic stromal layer (1999)

The definitive long-term repopulating human hematopoietic stem cell, which seeds the adult blood system, was previously thought to derive from the extra-embryonic yolk sac. However, there is now considerable evidence that in both avian and murine systems, yolk sac hematopoietic cells are largely a transient, embryonic population and the definitive stem cell, in fact, derives from a distinct region within the embryonic mesoderm, the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. In the human embryo, an analogous region has been found to contain a cluster of cells distinct from, but closely associated with, the ventral endothelium of the dorsal aorta, the appearance of which is restricted both spatially and temporally. We have used antibodies recognising hematopoietic regulatory factors to further characterise this region in the human embryo. These studies indicate that all factors examined, including vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor FLK-1, Flt-3 ligand and its receptor STK-1, and stem cell leukemia transcription factor, are expressed by both hematopoietic cells in the cluster and endothelial cells. However, there is some discontinuity in cells directly underlying the cluster. Furthermore, we have identified a morphologically distinct region of densely-packed, rounded cells in the mesenchyme directly beneath the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta, and running along its entire length. In the preumbilical AGM region, directly underlying the hematopoietic cluster, but not at more rostral and caudal levels, this region of mesenchyme expresses tenascin-C, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein known to facilitate cell–cell interactions and migration. This region of cells may therefore provide the microenvironmental support for the intraembryonic development of definitive hematopoietic stem cells, a process in which tenascin-C may play a pivotal role. Dev Dyn 1999;215:139–147. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential high-speed digital micromirror device based fluorescence speckle confocal microscopy (2010)

We report a differential fluorescence speckle confocal microscope that acquires an image in a fraction of a second by exploiting the very high frame rate of modern digital micromirror devices (DMDs). The DMD projects a sequence of predefined binary speckle patterns to the sample and modulates the intensity of the returning fluorescent light simultaneously. The fluorescent light reflecting from the DMD's "on" and "off" pixels is modulated by correlated speckle and anticorrelated speckle, respectively, to form two images on two CCD cameras in parallel. The sum of the two images recovers a widefield image, but their difference gives a near-confocal image in real time. Experimental results for both low and high numerical apertures are shown.
Microfluidic-Based Cell Sorting of <i>Francisella tularensis</i> Infected Macrophages Using Optical Forces (2008)

We have extended the principle of optical tweezers as a noninvasive technique to actively sort hydrodynamically focused cells based on their fluorescence signal in a microfluidic device. This micro fluorescence-activated cell sorter (microFACS) uses an infrared laser to laterally deflect cells into a collection channel. Green-labeled macrophages were sorted from a 40/60 ratio mixture at a throughput of 22 cells/s over 30 min achieving a 93% sorting purity and a 60% recovery yield. To rule out potential photoinduced cell damage during optical deflection, we investigated the response of mouse macrophage to brief exposures (<4 ms) of focused 1064-nm laser light (9.6 W at the sample). We found no significant difference in viability, cell proliferation, activation state, and functionality between infrared-exposed and unexposed cells. Activation state was measured by the phosphorylation of ERK and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, while functionality was assessed in a similar manner, but after a lipopolysaccharide challenge. To demonstrate the selective nature of optical sorting, we isolated a subpopulation of macrophages highly infected with the fluorescently labeled pathogen Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida. A total of 10,738 infected cells were sorted at a throughput of 11 cells/s with 93% purity and 39% recovery.
The phi complex as a neuromarker of human social coordination (2007)

Many social interactions rely upon mutual information exchange: one member of a pair changes in response to the other while at the same time producing actions that alter the behavior of the other. However, little is known about how such social processes are integrated in the brain. Here, we used a specially designed dual-electroencephalogram system and the conceptual framework of coordination dynamics to identify neural signatures of effective, real-time coordination between people and its breakdown or absence. High-resolution spectral analysis of electrical brain activity before and during visually mediated social coordination revealed a marked depression in occipital alpha and rolandic mu rhythms during social interaction that was independent of whether behavior was coordinated or not. In contrast, a pair of oscillatory components (phi(1) and phi(2)) located above right centro-parietal cortex distinguished effective from ineffective coordination: increase of phi(1) favored independent behavior and increase of phi(2) favored coordinated behavior. The topography of the phi complex is consistent with neuroanatomical sources within the human mirror neuron system. A plausible mechanism is that the phi complex reflects the influence of the other on a person's ongoing behavior, with phi(1) expressing the inhibition of the human mirror neuron system and phi(2) its enhancement.
Safety, Effectiveness, and Subjective Experience with Topical Bimatoprost 0.03% for Eyelash Growth (2010)

Bimatoprost was found safe for eyelid application and was associated with enhanced eyelash growth. All subjects noticed favorable changes in the appearance of their eyelashes.
A blockchain-based approach for secure, transparent and accountable personal data sharing (2020)

Data sharing is the key motivation behind today’s communications. Cross-organisation data sharing has become a must in modern systems. These systems mostly rely on trusted third parties to transfer, store and even protect personal data. However, the increased reliance on trusted third parties and the sophistication of cyber attacks expose users to several privacy and security threats. In addition, new regulations, like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), extend the scope of personal data, require more transparency on data collection and processing and impose legal liabilities on organisations affected by data breaches.<br/><br/> This work proposes SeTA a secure, transparent and accountable data sharing framework that relies on two novel technologies: blockchain and Intel’s Software Guard Extensions (SGX). The framework allows data providers to enforce their attribute-based access control policies via encryption. Access control policies along with the attributes required for their evaluation are managed by smart contracts deployed on the blockchain. The transparency and immutability inherited from the blockchain participate in enhancing the evaluation process of the policies conditions against user’s identity attributes . To prove the security of our blockchain-based data sharing protocol, we analyse the protocol using the ProVerif verification tool. We integrate our data sharing protocol with an accountable decryption approach by exploiting SGX. The approach allows generating a tamper-resistant log containing information about each data decryption occurrence. The log works as a proof of data access and can be used for auditability and accountability purposes.
Impact of prior treatment and depth of response on survival in MM-003, a randomized phase 3 study comparing pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (2015)

Pomalidomide is a distinct oral IMiD(®) immunomodulatory agent with direct antimyeloma, stromal-support inhibitory, and immunomodulatory effects. The pivotal, multicenter, open-label, randomized phase 3 trial MM-003 compared pomalidomide + low-dose dexamethasone vs high-dose dexamethasone in 455 patients with refractory or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma after failure of bortezomib and lenalidomide treatment. Initial results demonstrated significantly longer progression-free survival and overall survival with an acceptable tolerability profile for pomalidomide + low-dose dexamethasone vs high-dose dexamethasone. This secondary analysis describes patient outcomes by treatment history and depth of response. Pomalidomide + low-dose dexamethasone significantly prolonged progression-free survival and favored overall survival vs high-dose dexamethasone for all subgroups analyzed, regardless of prior treatments or refractory status. Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that no variable relating to either the number (≤ or > 3) or type of prior treatment was a significant predictor of progression-free survival or overall survival. No cross-resistance with prior lenalidomide or thalidomide treatment was observed. Patients achieving a minimal response or better to pomalidomide + low-dose dexamethasone treatment experienced a survival benefit, which was even higher in those achieving at least a partial response (17.2 and 19.9 months, respectively, as compared with 7.5 months for patients with less than minimal response). These data suggest that pomalidomide + low-dose dexamethasone should be considered a standard of care in patients with refractory or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma regardless of prior treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01311687; EudraCT: 2010-019820-30.
Unsupervised pos-tagging improves parsing accuracy and parsing efficiency (2001)

It is shown that a simple POS-tagger can be used to filter the results of lexical analysis of a widecoverage computational grammar. The reduction of the number of lexical categories not only greatly improves parsing efficiency, but in our experiments also gave rise to a mild increase in parsing accuracy; in contrast to results reported in earlier work on supervised tagging. The novel aspect of our approach is that the POS-tagger does not require any human-annotated data - but rather uses the parser output obtained on a large training set.
MODELING SEGMENTATION VIA GEOMETRIC DEFORMABLE REGULARIZERS, PDE AND LEVEL SETS IN STILL AND MOTION IMAGERY: A REVISIT (2001)

Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) have dominated image processing research recently. The three main reasons for their success are: first, their ability to transform a segmentation modeling problem into a partial differential equation framework and their ability to embed and integrate different regularizers into these models; second, their ability to solve PDEs in the level set framework using finite difference methods; and third, their easy extension to a higher dimensional space. This paper is an attempt to survey and understand the power of PDEs to incorporate into geometric deformable models for segmentation of objects in 2D and 3D in still and motion imagery. The paper first presents PDEs and their solutions applied to image diffusion. The main concentration of this paper is to demonstrate the usage of regularizers in PDEs and level set framework to achieve the image segmentation in still and motion imagery. Lastly, we cover miscellaneous applications such as: mathematical morphology, computation of missing boundaries for shape recovery and low pass filtering, all under the PDE framework. The paper concludes with the merits and the demerits of PDEs and level set-based framework for segmentation modeling. The paper presents a variety of examples covering both synthetic and real world images.
An interconnect energy model considering coupling effects (2002)

This paper presents an analytical interconnect energy model with consideration of coupling effects, including crosstalk and glitch, which are not adequately considered by the conventional (1/2) CV/sup 2/ model. The energy model introduces a new timescale parameter, called the charge time, which represents the correlation time length between two events and is considered to be the counterpart of the Elmore delay. The authors' energy model is more accurate than the (1/2) CV/sup 2/ model with the same time complexity. Experimental results show that their algorithm is several orders of magnitude faster than HSPICE with less than 5% error. In comparison, the error of the (1/2) CV/sup 2/ model can be as high as 100%. The authors further investigate the relationship between interconnect energy and signal correlation and propose a simplified model, which is even faster than their basic model. This paper also discusses ongoing issues of their model, including stability analysis, event propagation, and resistive shielding effects in interconnect energy calculation.
American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists--annual meeting and exposition: drug discovery and development. 15-19 November 1998, San Francisco, CA, USA. (1999)

AAPS is the acronym for the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, a relatively young organization, dedicated to the development of the pharmaceutical sciences in the widest sense, from basic research through discovery and development to regulatory affairs and marketing. The association has a membership of over 10,000 scientists, mostly in the US, but with a worldwide representation. The Annual Meeting and Exposition attract about 7000 delegates, including exhibitors. Despite its wide coverage, however, its strength lies in the development and use of technology rather than basic research. Thus in the search for lead compounds, the use of combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening was more evident than novel chemistry or pharmacology, and there was a preponderance of contract research organizations or service companies in the exposition. Nevertheless, the size of the meeting ensured that there was something of interest to everyone most of the time, and the areas of emphasis served as a guide to future trends in drug discovery and the direction of the industry as we approach the new millennium. Typically, at any one time, the delegate could choose amongst three round-table meetings, three symposia, three podium sessions with short papers, and numerous special interest semi-private gatherings, not to mention 2500 posters spread over six sessions during the week. This report concentrates on those aspects which contributed to novel research, or gave major pointers to future directions. Abstracts for the various papers were available to delegates as hard copy and on CD-ROM, in the form of the first supplement of an as yet unpublished all-electronic journal, to be known as PharmSci.
Isolation and characterization of three chitinases from <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> (1992)

Three proteins which display chitinase activity were purified from the supernatants of Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 grown in minimal medium supplemented with chitin as the sole carbon source. Purification was carried out after protein precipitation with ammonium sulphate, adsorption to colloidal chitin and digestion, and, finally, chromatofocusing. By this procedure, two chitinases of 42 kDa (CHIT42) and 37 kDa (CHIT37) were purified to homogeneity, as judged by SDS/PAGE and gel filtration, whereas a third, of 33 kDa (CHIT33), was highly purified. The isoelectric points for CHIT42, CHIT37 and CHIT33 were 6.2, 4.6 and 7.8, respectively. The three enzymes displayed endochitinase activities and showed different kinetic properties. CHIT33 was able to hydrolyze chitin oligomers of a polymerization degree higher than n = 4, its Km for colloidal chitin being 0.3 mg/ml. CHIT42 and CHIT37 were able to hydrolyze chitin oligomers with a minimal polymerization degree of n = 3, their Km values for colloidal chitin being 1.0 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml respectively. With regard to their lytic activity with purified cell walls of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, a hydrolytic action was observed only when CHIT42 was present. Antibodies against CHIT42 and CHIT37 specifically recognized the proteins and did not display cross-reaction, suggesting that each protein is encoded by a different gene.
Accurate electromagnetic simulation and measurement of millimeter-wave inductors in bulk CMOS technology (2010)

In radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) that use a low resistivity silicon substrate, spiral inductors show advantages in performance and size with respect to transmission lines, even at millimeter-waves (mm-waves). Design guidelines to create mm-wave inductors and equivalent circuit models describing them exist in literature. However, these models need to be parametrized either from test-structure measurement or electromagnetic (EM) simulations. This paper complements previous work by discussing problems that arise when trying to accurately determine the spiral's parameters as inductance and quality factor. Firstly, it provides guidelines for obtaining accurate and consistent results using different kinds of EM simulators. Secondly, the issue of accurately measuring the fabricated inductors by de-embedding test structure parasitics is discussed. The results obtained from measurements are compared to the simulation results of an inductor test structure, confirming the validity of the considerations before.
Towards diagnostic guidelines for biofilm-associated infections (2012)

Biofilms associated with the human body, particularly in typically sterile locations, are difficult to diagnose and treat effectively because of their recalcitrance to conventional antibiotic therapy and host immune responses. The study of biofilms in medicine today requires a translational approach, with examination of clinically relevant biofilms in the context of specific anatomic sites, host tissues, and diseases, focusing on what can be done to mitigate their pathologic consequences. This review, which grew out of a discussion session on clinical biofilms at the 5th ASM Biofilm Conference in Cancun, Mexico, is designed to give an overview of biofilm-associated infections (BAI) and to propose a platform for further discussion that includes clinicians, medical microbiologists, and biofilm researchers who are stakeholders in advancing the scientific pursuit of better diagnosis and treatment of BAI to mitigate their human and healthcare costs. It also highlights the need for better diagnostic markers, which exploit the difference between planktonic and biofilm cells.
Using the temperature coefficient of the resistance (TCR) as early reliability indicator for stressvoiding risks in Cu interconnects (2003)

Comprehensive investigations were carried out to study the correlation between the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and both the microstructure and the stressvoiding behavior of copper dual damascene (DD) interconnects. TCR values have been investigated with regard to median grain size and crystal lattice defects. For narrow submicron lines the TCR was found to decrease exponentially with line width as the grains become smaller. For wide lines the value decreases with the plating thickness since the median grain size in thinner films becomes smaller as well. A change of grain size was observed in samples subjected to different post-plating anneal temperatures. Samples treated at lower temperature contain smaller grains resulting in reduced TCR values and are affected by stress-induced voiding as a consequence of vacancy generation due to recrystallization and grain growth. In contrast, no stressvoiding was observed in the case of high temperature anneals, where the samples show considerable larger grains and thus higher TCR values. A clear correlation was found between lattice defects, the measured TCR and stressvoiding behavior. Samples with a large number of crystal defects are affected by stressvoids due to the recovery of the defects. They show significantly smaller TCR values compared to samples with an intact crystal lattice which are not susceptible to stress-induced voiding. The results demonstrate the capability of TCR measurements to reveal microstructural differences such as median grain size or the density of crystal defects, as the result of different interconnect geometries or process-related influences. The measurement of the temperature coefficient of resistance is not only a powerful method to characterize the microstructural properties of copper interconnects but also shows potential as an early indicator of stressvoiding risks, e.g. during in-line monitoring.
Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels in ovarian cancer patients: a chart review and survey of published data. (1981)

To evaluate the significance of plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with ovarian cancer, a chart review of such patients from May 1974 to August 1978 was undertaken, along with a literature survey in order to consolidate the data for analysis. The data indicate the CEA levels are consistently lower in ovarian cancer than in colorectal cancer and that the assay is not of value in the primary diagnosis of ovarian cancer. It may, however, be of prognostic significance in that advanced disease and undifferentiated tumors which carry the worst prognoses demonstrate elevated CEA levels with higher frequency. CEA levels may also be of value in assessing the response to therapy and in detecting recurrent disease. Patients who demonstrated good clinical responses to therapy showed a drop to low plasma CEA levels while patients with poor responses showed no decrease or a rise in CEA levels. Moreover, CEA rose again after a postoperative drop in patients with recurrent disease before they demonstrated clinical evidence of recurrence. The relationship of plasma levels to tissue levels of CEA and to histologic type of ovarian carcinoma remains unclear.