gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
124I-Labeled anti-prostate stem cell antigen affinity-matured A11 minibody (2010)

The use of intact antibodies as molecular imaging agents has some disadvantages, such as large size, poor tumor penetration, and immunogenicity (1-4). To minimize these problems, various formats of antibody fragments have been designed with the variable regions of the light chain (VL) and the heavy chain (VH) (1, 5, 6). Monovalent single-chain Fv (scFv) constructs (molecular weight, 25–30 kDa) represent the smallest antibody fragments, which are generated with VL and VH connected by a flexible linker. Although monovalent scFv fragments exhibit efficient tumor penetration, they are cleared rapidly from blood and can demonstrate poor antigen binding. For example, the β half-life of monovalent scFv in plasma is only 0.5–2.0 h (in contrast to 48–72 h for intact antibodies) (1). Bivalent antibodies such as diabodies (molecular weight, 55–60 kDa) and minibodies (molecular weight, ~80 kDa) are ideal for tumor targeting because of their compact sizes and better antigen binding compared to monovalent scFv fragments (1, 7). Diabodies are dimeric molecules consisting of two scFv fragments connected with a short linker. Minibodies are formed by the fusion of scFv fragments with the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) CH3 domain. However, decreased antigen binding remains an issue for most antibody fragments compared with intact antibodies (1, 6, 8).In previous studies, Olafsen et al. produced a humanized anti–prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) intact antibody (hu1G8) and evaluated the antibody as an imaging agent (3). 124I-Labeled hu1G8 has been shown to specifically accumulate in LAPC-9 prostate tumor xenografts; however, it takes 1 week to reach the maximal tumor/background signal. To improve the antibody pharmacokinetics for imaging use, Leyton et al. engineered several antibody fragments on the basis of the hu1G8 sequence (7). The hu1G8 minibody (scFv-CH3 dimer; molecular weight, 80 kDa) is one of the fragments, and shows rapid blood clearance kinetics ( MICAD chapter on 124I-anti-PSCA 2B3 minibody). However, the apparent affinity of the hu1G8 minibody is only 5 nmol, representing a nine-fold loss compared with the apparent affinity of the intact hu1G8 antibody (46 nmol) (7). To increase the hu1G8 minibody affinity, Lepin et al. generated three affinity-matured minibody variants (A11, A2, and C5) with molecular evolution associated with yeast display, a powerful strategy for antibody affinity maturation (1). This strategy enables selection of scFv fragments with higher affinity from a yeast library generated with error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Lepin et al. demonstrated that the A11 variant has a higher affinity to PSCA than the parental hu1G8 minibody and exhibits more favorable pharmacokinetics for tumor imaging than other variants (1).
A novel matrix converter topology with simple commutation (2002)

The matrix converter is very simple in structure and has powerful controllability. However, the commutation problem and complicated PWM method keep it from being utilized in industry. This paper discloses a novel matrix topology with advantages over the usual matrix converter topology. Firstly, it has the same performance as a conventional matrix converter in terms of voltage transfer ratio capacity, four quadrant operation, unity input power factor, no DC capacitor and pure sine waveforms with only high order harmonics in both line and load side. Secondly, the PWM method utilized for the conventional inverter can be used, which can largely simplify its control complexity. Thirdly, all the switches at the line side turn on and turn off at zero current; the converter does not have any commutation problems as required by the conventional matrix converter. Theoretical analyses and simulation results are provided to verify its feasibility.
Fecal and Urinary Excretion of Six Iodothyronines in the Rat* (1987)

Fecal and urinary excretion rates of six iodothyronines were assessed in the rat maintained under normal steady state physiological conditions, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of control of normal thyroid hormone economy and metabolism. Groups of young adult male rats were injected with trace doses of T4, T3, rT3, 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2), 3',5'-T2, or 3'-monoiodothyronine, each labeled with 125I, and feces and urine were collected separately for up to 10 days. Pooled fecal pellets were homogenized in saline, extracted in ethanol, evaporated under vacuum, and reconstituted in NaOH. Fecal extracts and urine were chromatographed on Sephadex G25 columns under conditions providing quantitative separations of components of interest. A new technique was also developed, based on a model of the in vitro extraction and measurement process, to correct chromatographic results for possible variable recoveries and possible artifactious degradation of radioactively labeled components. No iodothyronines or their conjugates were excreted in urine; all radioactivity was in the form of iodide. In feces, about 30% of the [125I]T3 injected was excreted as T3; and 24% of the [125I]T4 injected was excreted as T4, plus 4% as T3. Together, these results imply that about 24% of endogenous T4 production is excreted as T4 and 76% is irreversibly metabolized; and for T3, about 30% of endogenous T3 production is excreted as T3 and 70% is degraded. For the nonhormonal iodothyronines, about 6% of injected monoiodothyronine, 3% of injected 3',5'-T2, 2% of injected 3,3'-T2, and less than 1% of injected rT3 were excreted in feces as such, indicating that these substances are nearly completely deiodinated in vivo. Very little (1-7%) iodide was excreted as such in feces, which also were devoid of measurable conjugates. An open question is whether the substantial wastage of thyroid hormones in feces represents poor hormone economy in the usually accepted sense or a functional property of overall thyroid hormone regulation.
Combined power control and transmission rate selection in cellular networks (2003)

Emerging multimedia services in cellular radio systems introduce a variable transmission rate, which raises the problem of controlling transmission rates in a spectrally efficient way. We formulate the problem into a combined power and rate control, for which we suggest two different algorithms. In the first one, we derive an algorithm applying the Lagrangian relaxation technique. In the other method, called selective power control we extend a fixed rate power control algorithm to solve the problem. Computational experiments carried out on a CDMA system indicate that the proposed algorithms give satisfying performance in terms of system throughput, outage probability and transmission power consumption.
TIGIT-positive circulating follicular helper T cells display robust B-cell help functions: potential role in sickle cell alloimmunization (2015)

T follicular helper cells are the main CD4(+) T cells specialized in supporting B-cell responses, but their role in driving transfusion-associated alloimmunization is not fully characterized. Reports of T follicular helper subsets displaying various markers and functional activities underscore the need for better characterization/identification of markers with defined functions. Here we show that a previously unidentified subset of human circulating T follicular helper cells expressing TIGIT, the T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory domains, exhibit strong B-cell help functions. Compared to the subset lacking the receptor, T follicular helper cells expressing this receptor up-regulated co-stimulatory molecules and produced higher levels of interleukins (IL-21 and IL-4) critical for promoting B-cell activation/differentiation. Furthermore, this subset was more efficient at inducing the differentiation of B cells into plasmablasts and promoting immunoglobulin G production. Blocking antibodies abrogated the B-cell help properties of receptor-expressing T follicular helper cells, consistent with the key role of this molecule in T follicular helper-associated responses. Importantly, in chronically transfused patients with sickle cell anemia, we identified functional differences of this subset between alloimmunized and non-alloimmunized patients. Altogether, these studies suggest that expression of the T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyro-sine-based inhibitory domains not only represents a novel circulating T follicular helper biomarker, but is also functional and promotes strong B-cell help and ensuing immunoglobulin G production. These findings open the way to defining new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in modulating humoral responses in alloimmunization, and possibly vaccination, autoimmunity and immune deficiencies.
Mutual Fund Industry Handbook : A Comprehensive Guide for Investment Professionals (2005)

Foreword. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1: Introduction to the Industry. Chapter 2: A Brief History of Mutual Funds in the United States. Chapter 3: Overview of Industry Structure. Chapter 4: The Mutual Fund-Product Definition. Chapter 5: The Investment Management Front Office. Chapter 6: The Investment Management Back Office. Chapter 7: Fund Accounting, Audit, Legal, and Other Support Functions. Chapter 8: Fund Distribution: The Broker Channel. Chapter 9: The Direct, Bank, and Institutional Channels. Chapter 10: Cross-Channel Issues: Advertising and Retirement Investing. Chapter 11: The Transfer Agent, Part 1-Shareholder Record Keeping. Chapter 12: The Transfer Agent, Part 2-Customer Service. Chapter 13: Other Service Providers. Chapter 14: Going Abroad: Open-End Funds Outside the United States. Chapter 15: Going Forward: Issues and Challenges. Notes. Index.
Controlling increases in the volume and intensity of medical services. (1993)

In their efforts to contain healthcare costs, employers are attempting to control volume and intensity (VI) of services growth. A new volume performance standard described in this article would allow employers to set annual VI growth targets with their network sponsors.
KAVRAMLARIN ANLATIMINDA BAŞVURULAN SOMUTLAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMİNİN MAZMUN KAVRAMININ ANLATIMINDA KULLANILMASI (2019)

The symbol and symbol that emerged for the first time in myths are the concretizations that the human mind uses to understand and explain the abstract. In this article, whether or not there is a concrete definition of the concept of mazmun, how this concept is used in poetry and how the poets embody the mazmuns is investigated with the help of divan. For this purpose, thirty-six divans of classical Turkish poetry were examined and the word m mazmun larda was scanned in the divans, and it was tried to reveal with which concrete entities the poets made the concept of mazmun visible. As a result of this study, what exactly is the concept of mazmun in the mind of the poet is investigated. In particular, when the concept of mazmun is embodied by the message and the meaning to be conveyed, it is found that the mazmun is hidden in the envelope rather than the envelope.By identifying the concretizations used in the expression of the Mazmuns, it will be possible to understand and define the Mazmun which is an important poetic element of classical Turkish poetry
Expression of oxytocin receptor in human pregnant myometrium (1996)

Around the onset of labor, uterine sensitivity to oxytocin (OT) increases tremendously. Although this is considered to reflect OT receptor (OTR) augmentation in myometrium, neither spatial expression of OTR nor the level of the receptor message during the course of pregnancy have been investigated at the molecular level. We examined the localization and expression of the OTR in human myometrium by means of in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and Northern and Western blotting. In the term pregnant myometrium, OTR expressing smooth muscle cells are observed diffusely and heterogeneously. Some of the smooth muscle cells were expressed high levels of the receptor at the messenger RNA and protein level, and they were surrounded with cells weakly positive for the OTR or negative. The level of OTR transcripts increased according to the course of pregnancy. The receptor messenger RNA level reached over 300-fold at parturition compared with the nonpregnant myometrium. In the myometrium at 32 weeks of gestation and not in labor, a relatively large amount (about 100-fold) of the receptor message was expressed. In the nonpregnant myometrium, significant amount of the receptor protein was revealed by Western blotting. We also found that the receptor protein was augmented at term and after the onset of labor. These findings indicated that the expression of OTR changes dynamically at the transcription and protein level during pregnancy and that its expression is heterogeneous in the term myometrium.
Adiabatic Switching, Low Energy Computing, And The Physics Of Storing And Erasing Information (2005)

A new CMOS logic family allows the design of digital computing circuits that are more energy efJicient than conventional CMOS circuits, and that become increasingly energy efficient the slower they are operated. 7ke properties of the new logic family support Landauer’s thermodynamically motivated conjecture that the only necessarily dissipative opertion in compution is the erasure of information. Also, they suggest that there is an analogous result in switching theory, which bounds below the energy dissipation in circuits containing feedback. In this paper, we sketch the principles of the new logic family, and discuss some intuitive insights which might be useful in constructing a rigorous proof of a switching-theoretic analog of Landuaer’s principle.
Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis of <i>Sma</i> I Digests of Lactococcal Genomic DNA, a Novel Method of Strain Identification (1990)

The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern of SmaI digests of 29 strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and subsp. cremoris were determined. Unrelated strains yielded markedly different patterns of digestion products. Bacteriophage-resistant derivatives of four strains, generated by a method analogous to that used regularly in some cheese factories, yielded patterns that were identical or almost identical to that of the parent strain. It is proposed that a 16-h PFGE run with a pulse time increasing linearly from 1 to 20 s, which separates fragments between 50 and 240 kilobase pairs (kbp) and produces a pattern containing around 15 bands, can be used as a reliable procedure for strain identification in the lactococci. SmaI digests of 24 of the strains were analyzed by PFGE at three different pulse times to determine accurately the sizes of fragments bigger than 8 kbp. The sum of the sizes of all of the fragments in the digest of a strain provided an estimate of the genome size of the strain. For all the strains analyzed, this estimate was within the range of 2.0 to 2.7 Mbp, with no apparent difference between L. lactis subsp. lactis, L. lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains.
Kinetic Characterization of the Glycosyltransferase Module of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> PBP2 (2005)

We report the heterologous overexpression and purification of Staphylococcus aureus PBP2 and demonstrate efficient glycan polymerization from lipid II in vitro. S. aureus PBP2 is the first purified gram-positive class A penicillin-binding protein to show good transglycosylase activity. This enables further studies on this important class of enzymes.
New Antifungal and Cytotoxic Steroidal Saponins from the Bulbs of an Elephant Garlic Mutant (1998)

Saponins in bulbs of a mutant of elephant garlic were investigated, and three new steroidal saponins named yayoisaponins A-C were obtained together with the known dioscin and aginoside. Their structures, including the relative stereochemistry, were elucidated by spectral data interpretation, while the absolute stereochemistry of the sugar moieties was assigned on the basis of a chiral gas chromatographic analysis of the acid hydrolysates. Yayoisaponins A-C and aginoside exhibited not only in vitro cytotoxicity against P388 cells at 2.1 micrograms/ml, but also antifungal activity against Mortierella ramanniana at 10 micrograms/disk.
Job strain in relation to ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability among female nurses (2004)

High job strain among young female nurses is not associated with an unfavorable ambulatory cardiovascular profile. The robust effect of job strain on male health appears to be less apparent for women.
TRPV3 in Drug Development (2016)

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) is a member of the TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) super-family. It is a relatively underexplored member of the thermo-TRP sub-family (Figure 1), however, genetic mutations and use of gene knock-outs and selective pharmacological tools are helping to provide insights into its role and therapeutic potential. TRPV3 is highly expressed in skin, where it is implicated in skin physiology and pathophysiology, thermo-sensing and nociception. Gain of function TRPV3 mutations in rodent and man have enabled the role of TRPV3 in skin health and disease to be particularly well defined. Pre-clinical studies provide some rationale to support development of TRPV3 antagonists for therapeutic application for the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions, itch and pain. However, to date, only one compound directed towards block of the TRPV3 receptor (GRC15300) has progressed into clinical trials. Currently, there are no known clinical trials in progress employing a TRPV3 antagonist.
Modifying enzyme activity and selectivity by immobilization (2012)

Immobilization of enzymes may produce alterations in their observed activity, specificity or selectivity. Although in many cases an impoverishment of the enzyme properties is observed upon immobilization (caused by the distortion of the enzyme due to the interaction with the support) in some instances such properties may be enhanced by this immobilization. These alterations in enzyme properties are sometimes associated with changes in the enzyme structure. Occasionally, these variations will be positive. For example, they may be related to the stabilization of a hyperactivated form of the enzyme, like in the case of lipases immobilized on hydrophobic supports via interfacial activation. In some other instances, these improvements will be just a consequence of random modifications in the enzyme properties that in some reactions will be positive while in others may be negative. For this reason, the preparation of a library of biocatalysts as broad as possible may be a key turning point to find an immobilized biocatalyst with improved properties when compared to the free enzyme. Immobilized enzymes will be dispersed on the support surface and aggregation will no longer be possible, while the free enzyme may suffer aggregation, which greatly decreases enzyme activity. Moreover, enzyme rigidification may lead to preservation of the enzyme properties under drastic conditions in which the enzyme tends to become distorted thus decreasing its activity. Furthermore, immobilization of enzymes on a support, mainly on a porous support, may in many cases also have a positive impact on the observed enzyme behavior, not really related to structural changes. For example, the promotion of diffusional problems (e.g., pH gradients, substrate or product gradients), partition (towards or away from the enzyme environment, for substrate or products), or the blocking of some areas (e.g., reducing inhibitions) may greatly improve enzyme performance. Thus, in this tutorial review, we will try to list and explain some of the main reasons that may produce an improvement in enzyme activity, specificity or selectivity, either real or apparent, due to immobilization.
Modern techniques for condition monitoring of railway vehicle dynamics (2012)

A modern railway system relies on sophisticated monitoring systems for maintenance and renewal activities. Some of the existing conditions monitoring techniques perform fault detection using advanced filtering, system identification and signal analysis methods. These theoretical approaches do not require complex mathematical models of the system and can overcome potential difficulties associated with nonlinearities and parameter variations in the system. Practical applications of condition monitoring tools use sensors which are mounted either on the track or rolling stock. For instance, monitoring wheelset dynamics could be done through the use of track-mounted sensors, while vehicle-based sensors are preferred for monitoring the train infrastructure. This paper attempts to collate and critically appraise the modern techniques used for condition monitoring of railway vehicle dynamics by analysing the advantages and shortcomings of these methods.
Automated Code Generation for Industrial-Strength Systems (2008)

Model-driven engineering proposes to develop software systems by first creating an executable model of the system design and then transforming this model into an implementation. This paper discusses the design of an automatic code generation system that transforms such models into product implementations for highly reliable, industrial-strength systems. It provides insights, practical considerations, and lessons learned when developing code generators for applications that must conform to the constraints imposed by real-world, high-performance systems. Automatic code generation has played a large part in dramatically increasing both the quality and the reliability of software for these systems.
A timing controlled AC-DC converter for biomedical implants (2010)

Many biomedical implants are powered from an external magnetic source [1, 2]. The magnetic source is inductively coupled to a coil inside the implant to induce an AC voltage, which is then further rectified to a DC voltage [1]. In general, higher supply voltages are often required for analog circuits, such as stimulation circuits in neuroprosthetic applications [2, 3], and lower supply voltages are usually needed for the digital blocks [4]. Hence, the rectified DC voltage is typically kept at a higher value for the analog circuits. A linear regulator is then used to convert the rectified DC voltage to a lower supply voltage for the digital circuits, which typically have power dissipation in the range of 2 – 5mW for neuroprosthetic applications [3]. However, this approach is not very power efficient and a more efficient approach is desired due to the limited power received from the weak magnetic coupling [5]. Buck converters [6, 7] and switched-capacitor (SC) converters have higher power efficiency, especially for high load conditions. However, they may not be suitable for biomedical implants due to the limited space inside the implants, which can only accommodate a few small discrete components. Although buck converters that use a bond-wire inductor [8] or an on-chip inductor [9] are possible solutions, an alternative approach based on a direct conversion of the induced AC voltage to a regulated DC voltage is proposed. High conversion efficiency can be achieved using a single small 220nF off-chip capacitor.