gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Soliton transmission control in time and frequency domains (1993)

Soliton transmission control techniques in both the time and frequency domains designed to enable ultra-long-distance soliton transmission are described in detail. Soliton transmission control in the time domain, which can be realized by synchronous modulation, is a retiming technique which removes jitter and nonlinear interaction between adjacent solitons. In addition, a transfer function reduces noise and the noise power eventually converges to a low level for any transmission distance. Soliton transmission control in the frequency domain, which can be realized with a bandpass optical filter, stabilizes the soliton pulse. A million-kilometer transmission experiment confirms the usefulness of these techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thermal properties of carbon nanotube array used for integrated circuit cooling (2006)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), owing to their exceptionally high thermal conductivity, have a potential to be employed in micro- and optoelectronic devices for integrated circuit (IC) cooling. In this study we describe a photothermal metrology intended to evaluate the thermal conductivity of a vertically aligned CNT array (VCNTA) grown on a silicon (Si) substrate. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, with nickel (Ni) as a catalyst, was used to grow CNT. The experimentally evaluated thermal conductivity of the VCNTA and the thermal contact resistance at the interface between the VCNTA and the “hot” surface was found to be in a satisfactory agreement with theoretical predictions. The measured effective thermal resistance is measured to be 0.12∼0.16cm2∙K∕W. This resistance was compared to the measured resistance of commercially available thermal grease. Based on this comparison, we conclude that, although the thermal resistance of CNTs might not be as low as it might be desirable, there exists a definite incentive for using VCNTA of the type in question for IC cooling.
Reducing cellular autofluorescence in flow cytometry: An in situ method (1997)

Cellular autofluorescence affects the sensitivity of flow cytometric assays by interfering with detection of low level specific fluorescence. These detection limits increase with use of protocols, such as thermocycling and fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), that can increase intrinsic cellular fluorescence to 5,000–20,000 fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) equivalents. In order to improve signal to noise ratios when using FITC labeled probes in these procedures, we employed a method using the polyanionic azo dye, trypan blue, to reduce intracellular autofluorescence. Dyes such as these are commonly used in immunofluorescent microscopy to reduce background fluorescence. By using this method, we realized an approximately 5-fold increase in signal to noise ratio (S/N) in the direct detection of RNA target probes using flow cytometry. Trypan blue aided in the resolution of dim surface antibodies, internal markers and probes, and functions to reduce background autofluorescence after thermocycling and hybridization. This technique is rapid and easily applicable for reducing intracellular autofluorescence, and can be used in single and dual color applications. Cytometry 30:151–156, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improving ASR processing of ungrammatical utterances through grammatical error modeling (2011)

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) of non-native utterances with grammatical errors is problematic. A new method which makes it possible to better recognize such utterances is presented in the current paper. It can be briefly summarized as follows: extract error patterns automatically from a learner corpus, formulate rewrite rules for these syntactic and morphological errors, build finite state grammars (FSGs), and use these FSGs as language models in ASR systems. All rules used in isolation and in different combinations yield lower word error rates (WERs).
LensGesture (2013)

We present LensGesture, a pure software approach for augmenting mobile interactions with back-of-device finger gestures. LensGesture detects full and partial occlusion as well as the dynamic swiping of fingers on the camera lens by analyzing image sequences captured by the built-in camera in real time. We report the feasibility and implementation of LensGesture as well as newly supported interactions. Through offline benchmarking and a 16-subject user study, we found that 1) LensGesture is easy to learn, intuitive to use, and can serve as an effective supplemental input channel for today's smartphones; 2) LensGesture can be detected reliably in real time; 3) LensGesture based target acquisition conforms to Fitts' Law and the information transmission rate is 0.53 bits/sec; and 4) LensGesture applications can improve the usability and the performance of existing mobile interfaces.
What is the optimal serum lithium level in the long‐term treatment of bipolar disorder – a review? (2008)

In the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder clinicians should initially aim for serum lithium levels of 0.6-0.75 mmol/L, while higher levels may benefit patients with predominantly manic symptoms.
A Comparative Study Of Advanced Signal Processing Techniques For Detection Of Coronary Artery Disease (2005)

Previous studies have indicated heart sounds contain information for the detection of partially occluded coronary arteries. In this study, recordings of diastolic heart sound segments were analyzed by using three advanced signal processing techniques; the Autoregressive (AR), the Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA), and the Minimum-Norm (Eigenvector) methods. In order to enhance the diastolic heart sounds and eliminate background noise, the Adaptive Line Enhancer (ALE) method was used as a preprocessor. These advanced signal processing techniques were used to estimate the model parameters. The poles of the AR, ARMA and Minimum-Norm methods were used to diagnose patients as diseased or normal-Results showed that normal and abnormal records were correctly identified in 32 of 38 (36 patient) cases.
Bacteria, plasmids, and phages: An introduction to molecular biology (1984)

Bacteria, plasmids, and phages; an introduction to molecular biology , Bacteria, plasmids, and phages; an introduction to molecular biology , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
Characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus and immunogenicity of its surface components in mice. (1977)

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus grown in chick embryo cells and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation was shown to have a density of 1.195 g/cm3 in sucrose density gradients. Under the conditions used, CsCl centrifugation caused disruption of the virus and less than 5% of input infectivity could be recovered from the virus peak at 1.23 g/cm3. As in other fiaviviruses, three polypeptides (V1, V2, V3) were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in radioactively labelled purified TBE virus. After disruption of TBE virus with Nonidet P-40, Tween-80/Tri-(n-butyl)-phosphate or sodium deoxycholate, a 120--130 S nucleoprotein could be separated by rate zonal centrifugation from more slowly sedimenting haemagglutinins. Immunization of mice with these haemagglutinins showed that they induced haemagglutination inhibiting, neutralizing and complement fixing antibodies. A pronounced increase in immunogenicity could be observed by the use of Al(OH3) as an adjuvant.
Characterization, surface modification, and evaluation of Egyptian dolomite ore as an extender pigment for paint (2002)

Dolomite is of immense importance for industrial applications. It is occuring in many locations in Egypt. Complete investigation and identification of the ore has been performed via chemical analysis and spectro‐photometric measurements using X‐ray fluroscence, X‐ray diffraction and electron microscope. The X‐ray diffraction pattern indicated that Egyptian dolomite is a crystalline material and electron microscope analysis showed that it has a lameller shape. Egyptian dolomite sample was evaluated as an extender pigment according to standard international specifications and proved to be excellent one for coating applications. Surface modification of dolomite ore particles has been carried out using stearic acid in cyclohexane. The modification concerned with the determination of adsorption isotherm, sediment volume, sedimentation rate, and dispersion properties to determine monolayer surface coverage of the ore particles. The unmodified and modified dolomite samples have been incorporated in anticorrosive primer formulations. The painted films were tested and examined in the laboratory accelerated corrosion test. Promising results were achieved and the films showed high performance as efficient extender pigment for coating applications that can replace satisfactorily its similar imported pigments.
Antiviral drug development for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infections. An overview. (1988)

During 1987, a new era in the approach to treatment of severe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-I infections was entered. The increased availability of zidovudine and its licensure in many countries have resulted in its widespread use. With these developments have come a multitude of new questions. How long will clinical benefit be sustained? Will zidovudine be useful in asymptomatic HIV carriers and in other HIV-related conditions? How can the diversion of zidovudine to unproven indications be averted so that properly controlled clinical trials are conducted? Can better treatment regimens be developed to enhance the therapeutic/toxic ratio of zidovudine? What are the proper roles of governments in assuring patient access to zidovudine? How should newer anti-HIV drugs be compared with zidovudine? Will combinations of zidovudine and other active agents be useful? To address many of these issues in the United States, the Federal Government has established an AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) program. Over 3,000 patients have been enrolled in AIDS Clinical Trials Group trials, which span the spectrum from asymptomatic to advanced HIV-I infections. In addition, drug development and screening programs have been established to evaluate new compounds and regimens. Although control of AIDS will be a long and arduous journey, an important beginning has been made.
Sleep Habits of Long Island Rail Road Commuters (1999)

Postage-paid, mail-back questionnaires (n=21,000) were distributed to riders of the LIRR during the westbound morning rush hour (6-9 A.M. ) over six consecutive weekdays in March of 1994.Twenty-two volunteers distributed questionnaires at 15 different stations, encompassing rides of 30-90 minutes.Commuters were asked to complete and return the questionnaire.Questions regarding sleep were selected and formatted to match those of previous community-based studies and covered a range of sleep issues. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Answers pertaining to sleep quality and symptom prevalence were arranged using a 5-point Likert frequency scale (1=Never, 2=Rarely, 3=Moderately, 4=Very often, 5=Always) and a "Don't Know" category.The "don't know" category was coded as missing data and ranged between 0.2% and 3.7% of any item.Additional demographic and general medical information was gathered.Responses could be anonymous.The project received NYU Institutional Review Board and LIRR management approval.Once collected, questionnaires were given identifying numbers.Obvious errors and omissions such as commute times and place were identified, corrected when possible, or excluded from the database.When appropriate, categories "never" and "sometimes" were combined and con-Study Objectives: We addressed the issue of how commuting affects sleep habits, and its association with general health and potential sleep disorders in individuals on a large, U.S. commuter rail system.Design: Postage-paid mail back questionnaires were distributed to commuters over 6 consecutive weekdays.The questionnaire incorporated previously validated questions regarding sleep habits.Setting: Questionnaires were dispensed at 15 different rail stations.Participants: 21,000 commuters accepted the questionnaire.Measurements and results: Data was analyzed by total group and length of commute.A total of 4715 (22%) questionnaires were returned.Over 50% of the sample reported difficulty with sleep and wakefulness while only 3% sought professional help.Sleep apnea was suspected in 4.2% of male and 1% of female respondents and was associated with increased reports of excessive daytime sleepiness, and history of hypertension, diabetes and obesity.Total nocturnal sleep time was significantly less in those subjects with long commutes.Seventy percent of respondents reported napping during the commute.Length of commute was associated with hypertension.Conclusion: Commuting long distances negatively impacts one's ability to capture adequate sleep.Data suggests that there may be significant numbers of respondents with unrecognized sleep disorders which further impact on general health.
Biphasic tissue Doppler waveforms during isovolumic phases are associated with asynchronous deformation of subendocardial and subepicardial layers (2005)

Subendocardial and subepicardial layers of the left ventricle (LV) are characterized with right- and left-handed helical orientations of myocardial fibers. We investigated the origin of biphasic deformations of the LV wall during isovolumic contraction (IVC) and relaxation (IVR). In eight open-chest adult pigs, strain rates were measured along the right- and left-handed helical directions in the LV anterior wall by implanting 16 sonomicrometry crystals. Sonomicrometry strain rates were compared with the longitudinal subendocardial strain rates obtained by tissue Doppler imaging. During ejection and diastolic filling, shortening and lengthening occurred synchronously along the right- and left-handed helical directions. However, during IVC and IVR, the deformations were dissimilar in the two directions. Transmural shortening during IVC occurred along the right-handed helical direction and was accompanied with transient lengthening in the left-handed helical direction. Conversely, during IVR, the LV lengthened along the left-handed helical direction and shortened in the right-handed helical direction. Peak subendocardial strain rates obtained by tissue Doppler imaging during IVC and IVR correlated with corresponding sonomicrometry strain rate values obtained along the right- and left-handed helical directions (r = 0.81, P < 0.001 and r = 0.70, P = 0.001, respectively). Our data suggest that brief counterdirectional movements occur within the LV wall during IVC and IVR. Shortening along the right-handed helical direction is accompanied with reciprocal lengthening in the left-handed helical direction during IVC and vice versa during IVR. The results support an association between asynchronous deformation of subendocardial and subepicardial muscle fibers and the biphasic isovolumic movements observed with high-resolution tissue Doppler imaging.
Absence of P<sup>2</sup>‐purinoceptors in hippocampal pathways (1989)

1. Many apparent actions of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) are mediated by adenosine produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of the nucleotide. Previously described actions of ATP in the CNS have been partly due to this phenomenon. In the present study analogues of ATP, which are not hydrolysed to adenosine, were used to seek responses to activating nucleotide (P2) receptors in the hippocampus. The analogues used were L-adenosine-5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)-triphosphonate and 2-methylthioadenosine-5'-(beta,gamma-difluoromethylene)-triphosphonat e. 2. Neither of the stable nucleotides had any effect on orthodromically evoked synaptic potentials in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. Adenosine and ATP had inhibitory actions that could be prevented by the P1-receptor blocker 8-phenyltheophylline. 3. The stable nucleotides had no consistent effects on the firing rate of single neurones in stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region, although adenosine and ATP produced a xanthine-sensitive inhibition. 4. Adenosine selectively reduced the sensitivity of CA1 neurones to microiontophoretically applied carbachol whereas stable nucleotides did not. 5. It is concluded that there are neither P2x- nor P2y-receptors for adenine nucleotides on rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells at the Schaffer collateral and commissural terminals in stratum radiatum.
PD-L1 reverses depigmentation in Pmel-1 vitiligo mice by increasing the abundance of Tregs in the skin (2018)

Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a ligand of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) that functions as an immune checkpoint by down-regulating immune responses. To determine whether PD-L1 is a therapy target in vitiligo treatment, Pmel-1 vitiligo mice were treated with a PD-L1 fusion protein. Treatment with this fusion protein significantly reversed/suppressed depigmentation development in adult Pmel-1 mice. Mechanistically, enrichment of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the skin was detected after PD-L1 fusion protein treatment in Pmel-1 mice. Furthermore, Tregs abundance was also increased in both the spleen and circulation of Pmel-1 mice treated with PD-L1. These data indicate that PD-L1 protein therapy inhibits the immune response and reverses depigmentation development in Pmel-1 vitiligo mice.
Respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory illnesses: possible influence of other agents. The Group Health Medical Associates. (1993)

Acute lower respiratory illnesses were prospectively investigated in a cohort of 1246 healthy infants who were enrolled at birth in the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study and followed through the first 3 years of life. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection was documented by culture, antigen detection or both in 276 episodes. In 21 (7.6%) of these 276, other viruses were simultaneously detected. Further serologic studies of 50 episodes in which RSV had been found increased the apparent viral codetection rate to 24%. When culture results for Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were also considered, the rate of codetection was found to be 10.9% (30 of 276); this increased to 28% for the subgroup of episodes (14 of 50) that was further studied serologically. Illnesses associated with more than one agent were not significantly different from those involving RSV alone, with respect to month of onset, age at illness, illness type or duration of illness. We conclude that when RSV has been detected in previously healthy infants, routine searches for the concomitant presence of other viruses are usually not warranted.
A Waveguide Gas Laser (1971)

This letter describes a new type of gas laser. The laser light is guided in a hollow dielectric waveguide which also serves to confine the discharge. Operation of such a laser with He–Ne mixtures at 6328 Å is reported and some characteristics of the laser operation are described.
Control of the <i>exo</i> and <i>endo</i> Pathways of the Diels-Alder Reaction by Antibody Catalysis (1993)

Catalytic antibodies that control the reaction pathways of the Diels-Alder cycloaddition have been generated. One antibody catalyzes the favored endo and the other the disfavored exo pathway to yield the respective cis and trans adducts in enantiomerically pure form. A comparison of the x-ray structure of the hapten with the calculated geometry of the transition structure showed that [2.2.2] bicyclic compounds are excellent mimics of the transition state of the Diels-Alder reaction. To achieve catalysis and the high degree of stereoselectivity shown here, the antibody must simultaneously control the conformation of the individual reactants and their relation to each other. In the case of the disfavored process, binding energy must be used to reroute the reaction along a higher energy pathway. The rerouting of reaction pathways has become a major focus of antibody catalysis and other disfavored reactions can be expected to be catalyzed so long as the energy barrier is not extreme. The energy requirements needed for absolute control of all of the stereoisomers of many Diels-Alder reactions fall in the energy range (approximately 20 kilocalories per mole) deliverable by antibody binding.
A hole accelerator for InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (2014)

The quantum efficiency of InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been significantly limited by the insufficient hole injection, and this is caused by the inefficient p-type doping and the low hole mobility. The low hole mobility makes the holes less energetic, which hinders the hole injection into the multiple quantum wells (MQWs) especially when a p-type AlGaN electron blocking layer (EBL) is adopted. In this work, we report a hole accelerator to accelerate the holes so that the holes can obtain adequate kinetic energy, travel across the p-type EBL, and then enter the MQWs more efficiently and smoothly. In addition to the numerical study, the effectiveness of the hole accelerator is experimentally shown through achieving improved optical output power and reduced efficiency droop for the proposed InGaN/GaN LED.
[Neural mechanisms for the clinical syndromes of Parkinson's disease]. (1997)

The structural organization and neuronal circuit of the basal ganglia were reviewed, and the neural mechanisms for the clinical syndromes of Parkinson's disease were discussed. Dopamine depletion in parkinsonian patients causes an increase in neuronal activities in the globus pallidus internal segment and the substantia nigra pars reticulata, resulting in an inhibition of neurons in the thalamus and pedunculopontine nucleus, and developing akinesia and rigidity. Distorted integral information processes in the striatum and different involvement patterns of the two pathways of the information flow, the direct and indirect pathways, may cause diversity of the extrapyramidal syndromes in basal ganglia diseases. Also discussed was an instructional role of dopamine in generating a relevant voluntary movement by modulating the striatal neurons.
A MENAGERIE OF INTERFACE STRUCTURES IN COPOLYMER SYSTEMS (1990)

Diblock copolymer macromolecules may be viewed as giant amphiphiles. Such molecules readily self-assemble into a wide variety of structures which exhibit intermaterial dividing surfaces of approximately constant mean curvature. Order-disorder transitions in bulk materials result in ordered microdomain structures of BCC spheres, hexagonally packed cylinders and stacked lamella. An additional structure, the ordered bicontinuous double-diamond (OBDD) is also shown to occur as a cubic phase between the cylindrical and lamellar morphologies. The interface structure of the OBDD resembles a recently discovered family of constant mean curvature surfaces which include the Schwarz D minimal surface. Another interface structure which approximates Scherk's First Surface is a 90 twist boundary between grains of lamella. Blending of diblock copolymer with homopolymer provides a versatile binary system which displays a critical micelle concentration, spherical and cylindrical micelles, lamellar vesicles as well as ordering transitions depending on composition. The penetration of homopolymer into one side of the near-interface region accounts for the observed variations in interface curvature in blends from that of the pure diblock. Confining geometries, such as external surfaces, thin films and microdroplets can influence interface structures. Chaotic bicontinuous as well as parallel surface structures such as concentric spherical shells are shown to occur in microdroplets of a diblock copolymer which forms lamellar microdomains in the bulk.