gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Simple, Inexpensive SIMS Apparatus (1973)

A simple secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) apparatus has been constructed. A Superior Electronics, 3K/5U, electron gun has been converted to an ion gun capable of producing a 1 mm diam, 2 keV, 1 μA beam. To achieve wide dynamic range at high resolution in the mass analysis of the secondary ions using a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS), the ion injection energy must be ≲4 eV. Ions sputtered from the target with these low energies are selected with a simple cylindrical mirror analyzer placed in front of the QMS. Single monolayers are easily analyzed using a beam density of 10−7 A/cm2; bulk profile analysis is performed while sputtering with higher beam densities. Signal-to-background ratios in excess of 106 are acheved. Positive SIMS of clean and cesiated GaAs single crystals have been obtained and are discussed. A composition versus depth profile of a GaAs–AlxGa1−x As sandwich structure is also presented.
LAG TIME RELATIONS TO CATCHMENT SHAPE DESCRIPTORS AND HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE (2005)

One of the most important factors for estimating a flood runoff from streams is the lag time. It is well known that the lag time is affected by the morphometric properties of basin which can be expressed by catchment shape descriptors. In this paper, the notion of the geometric characteristics of an equivalent ellipse proposed by Moussa(2003) was applied for calculating the lag time of geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph(GIUH) at a basin outlet. The lag time was obtained from the observed data of rainfall and runoff by using the method of moments and the procedure based on geomorphology was used for GIUH. The relationships between the basin morphometric properties and the hydrological response were discussed based on application to 3 catchments in Korea. Additionally, the shapes of equivalent ellipse were examined how they are transformed from upstream area to downstream one. As a result, the relationship between the lag time and descriptors was shown to be close, and the shape of ellipse was presented to approach a circle along the river downwards. These results may be expanded to the estimation of hydrological response of ungauged catchment.
Soft decoding of BCH codes applied to multilevel modulation codes for Rayleigh fading channels (2002)

8PSK multilevel codes (MLC) designed for fading channels with multistage decoding (MSD) are reported in this paper. Binary block BCH codes of medium length have been chosen to construct powerful MLC 8PSK schemes and an efficient soft decision decoding algorithm has been used in the MSD decoder. Error rate performances have been evaluated by simulations and compared favourably to the cutoff rate limit over Rayleigh channels. The new MSD decoding scheme presents several advantages compared to the usual method based on the Viterbi algorithm. The most interesting one is that the decoding complexity is not dependent of the trellis structure of the block codes, it can thus cope with the codes of medium length that are used to construct very powerful MLC 8PSK codes. Very few computations are necessary when the channel is under good conditions. When the channel is worse, the computation effort can be pre-limited, without important loss of performance. It has however a more complex structure and a variable processing delay. Simulations have been performed to evaluate the performance of the constructed MLC schemes, For the interesting bandwidth efficiencies ranged from 1.5 to 2.6 bits/s/Hz, very good error rate performances have been obtained. Comparison with the known codes and the cutoff rate limit revealed that these new MLC 8PSK codes are very powerful for information transmission over Rayleigh fading channels. The adopted soft decision decoding algorithm can be adapted to different levels of performance/complexity degree, so good performance/complexity trade-offs can be achieved for these MLC/MSD schemes for practical applications.
L<sub>1</sub> regularization approach to structural damage detection using frequency data (2015)

Structural damage often occurs only at several locations that exhibit stiffness reduction at sparse elements out of the large total number of elements in the entire structure. The conventional vibration-based damage detection methods employ a so-called l 2 regularization approach in model updating. This generally leads to the damaged elements distributed to numerous elements, which does not represent the actual case. A new l 1 regularization approach is developed to detect structural damage using the first few frequency data. The technique is based on the sparse recovery theory that a sparse vector can be successfully recovered using a small number of measurement data. One advantage of using frequency data is that the first few frequencies can be measured more accurately and conveniently than mode shapes and other modal properties. A cantilever beam is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Only the first six modal frequencies are required to detect two damaged elements among 90 finite beam elements, which cannot be achieved using the conventional damage detection approach. The effects of measurement number, damage severity, number of damage, and noise level on damage detection results are also studied through a numerical example. The advantage of the new regularization approach over the conventional one is finally interpreted.
Pierce-wiggler electron beam system of 250 GHz gyro-BWO (2003)

A Pierce-wiggler electron-beam-formation system consisting of a conventional Pierce gun and an integral solenoidal-helical magnetic field has been designed and built. The combination magnetic field interacts with the beam and converts part of the axial beam velocity to rotational velocity suitable for use in a 250-GHz gyro-BWO (backward wave oscillator). Measured performance results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Noncemented Total Knee Arthroplasty (1986)

Extensive animal experimentation has proven porous titanium fiber composite to be an effective interface for direct attachment of prosthetic devices via bone ingrowth. Titanium has demonstrated excellent biocompatibility in long-term primate experiments. Utilizing this technology, a cementless total knee system has been developed. A pilot study of 34 knees demonstrated the feasibility of anchoring the tibial component without cement. A totally cementless unconstrained total knee replacement was designed with porous titanium fiber composite interfaces. Retention of the posterior cruciate ligament was an essential part of the design. A large range of sizes was chosen to allow precise fitting of individual patients with distribution of load over the maximum surface available. Early clinical results have been very encouraging. Patients have achieved excellent pain relief, rapid return of function, and range of motion exceeding previous designs.
Cx26 knockout predisposes the mammary gland to primary mammary tumors in a DMBA-induced mouse model of breast cancer (2015)

Down-regulation of the gap junction protein connexin26 (Cx26) is an early event following breast cancer onset and has led to Cx26 being classically described as a tumor suppressor. Interestingly, mutations in theCx26 gene (GJB2) reduce or ablate Cx26 gap junction channel function and are the most common cause of genetic deafness. It is unknown if patients with loss-of-function GJB2 mutations have a greater susceptibility to breast tumorigenesis or aggressive breast cancer progression. To investigate these possibilities, 7, 12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumor development was evaluated in BLG-Cre; Cx26fl/fl mice expressing Cre under the β-Lactoglobulin promoter (Cre+) compared to Cx26fl/fl controlmice (Cre-) following pituitary isograft driven Cx26 knockout. A significantly increased number of DMBA-treated Cre+ mice developed primary mammary tumors, as well as developed multiple tumors, compared to Cre- mice. Primary tumors of Cre+ mice were of multiple histological subtypes and had similar palpable tumour onset and growth rate compared to tumors from Cre- mice. Lungs were evaluated for evidence of metastases revealing a similar percentage of lung metastases in Cre+ and Cre- mice. Together, our results suggest that loss of Cx26 predisposes the mammary gland to chemically induced mammary tumour formation which may have important implications to patients with GJB2 mutations.
Enhanced CRISPR-based DNA demethylation by Casilio-ME-mediated RNA-guided coupling of methylcytosine oxidation and DNA repair pathways (2019)

Here we develop a methylation editing toolbox, Casilio-ME, that enables not only RNA-guided methylcytosine editing by targeting TET1 to genomic sites, but also by co-delivering TET1 and protein factors that couple methylcytosine oxidation to DNA repair activities, and/or promote TET1 to achieve enhanced activation of methylation-silenced genes. Delivery of TET1 activity by Casilio-ME1 robustly alters the CpG methylation landscape of promoter regions and activates methylation-silenced genes. We augment Casilio-ME1 to simultaneously deliver the TET1-catalytic domain and GADD45A (Casilio-ME2) or NEIL2 (Casilio-ME3) to streamline removal of oxidized cytosine intermediates to enhance activation of targeted genes. Using two-in-one effectors or modular effectors, Casilio-ME2 and Casilio-ME3 remarkably boost gene activation and methylcytosine demethylation of targeted loci. We expand the toolbox to enable a stable and expression-inducible system for broader application of the Casilio-ME platforms. This work establishes a platform for editing DNA methylation to enable research investigations interrogating DNA methylomes.
Charaterizing LEDs for Mixture of Colored LED light sources (2006)

Because of advantages such as long lifetime, low power consumption, and no mercury containing, LEDs are widely used in a variety of general-purpose illumination applications. There are two different approaches for generating white light with LEDs. The first one is the combination of phosphors excited by blue or UV LED emission, the other one is mixture of multi-color LEDs Without the power loss in the down conversion process of the white LED using phosphors, a higher efficiency and flexible option can be done with the mixture of multi-color LEDs. Questions arise on how the spectra of the mixture of colored LED designed are for good color rendering performance, more output lumens and better luminous efficiency. A lot of papers discuss the different spectrum combinations of multicolored LEDs which yield light with maximum efficacy, luminous flux and CRI, at the desired corrected color temperature, but most of them use the spectral power distribution of a model LED to calculate the luminous efficacy, luminous flux and CRI, and get the best combination as request. But as most people know, the spectral power distribution of a real LED will vary with ambient temperature, forward current and effect of aging, so simulation of the luminous efficacy, luminous flux and CRI will get some problems in practical. On the other hand, the finding of a better luminous efficacy of the mixture of colored LED can provide the best suggestion when the LED manufacturers try to select commercial LED chips to manufacture colored LED light sources. We setup a system with integrating sphere, spectrometer and four independent PC controlled powermeters, which can get the data of luminous flux, CRI and luminous efficiency of light sources automatically with different input power. Using the database from the system and simulations, we can analyze the optical and color characteristics of the mixture of colored LED light source, even the RGB LED (red, green and blue chips in one package). Then the selection of the combination of the LED chips for the mixture of colored LED light source, for generating more luminous flux, better color rendering index and luminous efficiency should be good.
Image Calculations with a Numerical Frequency-Modulation Atomic Force Microscope (2013)

We investigated the implementation of a numerical tool able to mimic an experimental noncontact atomic force microscope (nc-AFM). Main parts of an experimental setup are modeled and are implemented inside a computer code. The goal was to build a numerical AFM (n-AFM) as versatile, efficient, and powerful as possible. In particular, the n-AFM can be used in the two working regimes, that is, in attractive and repulsive regimes, with settings for a standard AFM cantilever oscillating with a large amplitude (typically, 10 nm) or for a tuning-fork probe with ultrasmall amplitudes (∼0.01 nm). We present various tests to show the reliability of the n-AFM used as a frequency-modulation AFM (FM-AFM). As an example, we calculated FM-AFM images of adsorbed molecular systems, which range from two-dimensional planar molecules to corrugated systems with a three-dimensional molecule. The submolecular resolution of the FM-AFM is confirmed to originate from repulsive Pauli-like interactions between the tip and the sample. The versatility of the n-AFM is finally discussed in the perspective of new functionalities that will be included in the future.
Self-orthogonal quasi-cyclic codes (1967)

A new class of linear block codes, called self-orthogonal quasi-cyclic codes, is defined. It is shown that the problem of designing these codes is equivalent to the problem of designing disjoint difference sets. As a result, several classes of optimal and near-optimal codes can be constructed analytically and other codes can be found by a computer-aided search procedure. A list of codes is given for practical values of minimum distance and efficiency. Two easily implemented decoding algorithms are described, and a Monte Carlo evaluation of the performance of several codes on the binary symmetric channel is presented. This evaluation shows that, when decoded with the better of the two algorithms, these codes perform nearly as well as the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes with the same minimum distance and efficiency in the cases examined. Although these codes must be long relative to the BCH codes, the low cost and lack of complexity of the equipment required to correct large numbers of errors should make them competitive for practical systems.
Online SLAM with any-time self-calibration and automatic change detection (2015)

A framework for online simultaneous localization, mapping and self-calibration is presented which can detect and handle significant change in the calibration parameters. Estimates are computed in constant-time by factoring the problem and focusing on segments of the trajectory that are most informative for the purposes of calibration. A novel technique is presented to detect the probability that a significant change is present in the calibration parameters. The system is then able to re-calibrate. Maximum likelihood trajectory and map estimates are computed using an asynchronous and adaptive optimization. The system requires no prior information and is able to initialize without any special motions or routines, or in the case where observability over calibration parameters is delayed. The system is experimentally validated to calibrate camera intrinsic parameters for a nonlinear camera model on a monocular dataset featuring a significant zoom event partway through, and achieves high accuracy despite unknown initial calibration parameters. Self-calibration and re-calibration parameters are shown to closely match estimates computed using a calibration target. The accuracy of the system is demonstrated with SLAM results that achieve sub-1% distance-travel error even in the presence of significant re-calibration events.
The lung and carbon dioxide: implications for permissive and therapeutic hypercapnia (2002)

Although acute respiratory acidosis may be a sign of impending respiratory failure in spontaneously breathing patients, it is commonly encountered in intubated patients with acute lung injury (ALI). This is especially the case now that limiting tidal volumes and airway pressures have been proven to reduce mortality in ALI, presumably by reducing additional lung injury caused by mechanical ventilation itself 1. A respiratory acidosis arising from lung-protective ventilation strategies has been termed permissive hypercapnia 2–5. As the name indicates, permissive hypercapnia has been regarded as an inconvenient side-effect that must be tolerated in order to realise the mortality benefits of a low lung-stretch strategy.

There is growing evidence that hypercapnic acidosis may itself minimise or reduce lung injury as a result of suppressing inflammatory events. The mechanism(s) for this effect is (are) not entirely known. Nonetheless, there was sufficient suggestive data from cell culture and isolated organ studies over the past two decades for Laffey and Kavanagh 6 not only to support the use of permissive hypercapnia but also to advocate the use of “therapeutic hypercapnia” through the addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the inspired gas. In addition to the possibility of improved outcomes due to anti-inflammatory effects, hypercapnic acidosis has effects on ventilation-perfusion matching that improve gas exchange. Therapeutic hypercapnia has previously been shown to increase arterial oxygenation by this mechanism in normal animals 7, 8 and in a sheep model of Klebsiella pneumonia 9. The only study of changes in gas exchange with permissive hypercapnia in humans with ALI showed an increase in shunt 10. This was most likely due to a reduction in tidal volume used to produce a hypercapnic acidosis than to permissive hypercapnia itself. Thus, the effects of hypercapnic acidosis on ventilation, perfusion, and their regional …
Projecting the Knowledge Graph to Syntactic Parsing (2014)

We present a syntactic parser training paradigm that learns from large scale Knowledge Bases.
Thalidomide and its analogues inhibit lipopolysaccharide-mediated Iinduction of cyclooxygenase-2. (2001)

We investigated the effect of thalidomide, a compound with immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic properties, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis in murine macrophages. Thalidomide caused a dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-mediated induction of PGE(2) synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. The induction of Cox-2 protein and mRNA by LPS was also suppressed by thalidomide. Based on the results of nuclear run-off assays and transient transfections, treatment with LPS stimulated Cox-2 transcription, an effect that was unaffected by thalidomide. Thalidomide decreased the stability of Cox-2 mRNA. A series of structural analogues of thalidomide also inhibited LPS-mediated induction of Cox-2 and PGE(2) synthesis. Taken together, these data provide new insights into the antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory properties of thalidomide.
Dispersion considerations in ultrafast CPA systems (1998)

A basic assumption underlies many designs for chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) of ultrashort pulses. This assumption is that a Taylor's series expansion of the dispersive delay is well behaved in the sense that each phase order in the expansion produces an effect on the pulse that is significantly smaller than the effect of the previous order. This work investigates this assumption both qualitatively and quantitatively. We show quantitatively that the requirements for achieving sub-20-fs pulses are much more stringent than for 100-fs pulses. We find that when the basic assumption holds, a chirped pulse amplification (CPA) system may be designed by zeroing each order in succession, but that zeroing may not work well for some systems that are not well behaved. For these cases minimizing the overall dispersion becomes necessary. We discuss some common optical components including bulk materials, expanders, and compressors and show that they generally satisfy the basic assumption. Finally, we discuss the problem of optimizing a CPA system in the laboratory, and describe a new polarization-gate (PC) frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) arrangement that is based on thin-film polarizers and that allows accurate measurements of the phase as well as the intensity with minimal dispersive effects.
Cladding Thickness of Fuel Elements by X-Rays (1958)

Abstract The paper is based on a feasibility study to determine the suitability of various techniques for the non-destructive measurement of cladding thickness on uranium fuel elements. The techniques studied were: 1—the attentuation of the characteristic X-ray fluorescence from the uranium base metal by the cladding material, and 2—Compton scattering of X-rays from the cladding surface. The cladding materials used in the investigation were aluminum, 304 stainless steel and zirconium, providing a wide range of both atomic number and density.
A Fair Listen-Before-Talk Algorithm for Coexistence of LTE-U and WLAN (2016)

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in operating long-term evolution (LTE) in unlicensed bands (i.e., LTE-U). However, since LTE and wireless local area networks (WLANs) are designed to operate in different bands, they have no coexistence mechanism, which leads to significant performance degradation. In particular, since LTE does not sense channel vacancy prior to transmissions, the LTE interference severely affects the WLAN operation. To address this problem, we propose a fair listen-before-talk (F-LBT) algorithm for coexistence of LTE-U and WLAN in unlicensed bands. F-LBT jointly considers the total system throughput and the fairness between LTE-U and WLAN and then allocates an appropriate idle period for WLAN. Evaluation results demonstrate that F-LBT can improve the total system throughput while providing the fairness between LTE-U and WLAN.
Security Assurance Aggregation for IT Infrastructures (2007)

In the development of more extensive information systems, IT security becomes increasingly important. The need for a tool to measure current security assurance level is therefore vital in order to maintain and improve the overall security of deployed systems. In this paper, we discuss several security assurance aspects and the role of aggregation in this context. Then, we introduce a general method to combine security assurance information into system wide values. This method takes into account the fact that the relations in complex systems are non-linear and also the appearance of emergent properties. Furthermore, using patterns to simplify the process of the system security assurance assessment is presented as an enhancement.
Thermostable exoshells fold and stabilize recombinant proteins (2017)

The expression and stabilization of recombinant proteins is fundamental to basic and applied biology. Here we have engineered a thermostable protein nanoparticle (tES) to improve both expression and stabilization of recombinant proteins using this technology. tES provides steric accommodation and charge complementation to green fluorescent protein (GFPuv), horseradish peroxidase (HRPc), and Renilla luciferase (rLuc), improving the yields of functional in vitro folding by ~100-fold. Encapsulated enzymes retain the ability to metabolize small-molecule substrates, presumably via four 4.5-nm pores present in the tES shell. GFPuv exhibits no spectral shifts in fluorescence compared to a nonencapsulated control. Thermolabile proteins internalized by tES are resistant to thermal, organic, chaotropic, and proteolytic denaturation and can be released from the tES assembly with mild pH titration followed by proteolysis.