gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DER KETENE (1970)

Abstract Malonsäurechloride, ‐anhydride, ‐phenylester und ‐anilide reagieren mit CO‐Doppel‐ und CN‐Dreifachbindungen.sowie mit 1,3‐CH‐aciden Verbindungen unter Bildung heterocyclischer Systeme, wobei als intermediär auftretende Zwischenstufen Ketencarbonsäurederivate postuliert und spektroskopisch nachgewiesen werden.
Expression and function of P2X purinoceptors in rat histaminergic neurons (2003)

(1) The pharmacology of ATP responses and the expression pattern of seven known subunits of the P2X receptor were investigated in individual histaminergic neurons of the tuberomamillary nucleus (TM). (2) ATP (3-1000 micro M) evoked fast non-desensitizing inward currents in TM neurons. 2-methylthioATP (2MeSATP) displayed the same efficacy but a lower potency, EC(50)s 84 micro M versus 48 micro M, when compared with ATP. Adenosine-diphosphate (ADP), uridine-triphosphate (UTP) and alpha beta methylene-ATP (alphabeta-meATP) were inactive. (3) ATP-mediated whole cell currents were potentiated by acidification of the recording solution (pH 7.5 and 6.6 were compared). (4) Single-cell RT-PCR (scRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the P2X(2) receptor is expressed in all PCR-positive neurons. Each of the P2X(1), P2X(3), P2X(4), P2X(5) and P2X(6) mRNAs were detected in less than 35% of the cells. (5) Suramin antagonized ATP responses with an IC(50) of 4.2 micro M and pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS, 1 micro M) reduced ATP responses to 43% of control, when antagonists were pre-applied 90s before the agonist. Cibacron blue (3 micro M) given together with ATP potentiated control responses by 67%, but inhibited it to 10% after pre-application. (6) 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl) adenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP) antagonized ATP responses with an IC(50) of 7 micro M. (7) Pharmacological properties of ATP responses together with scRT-PCR data suggest that P2X(2) is the major purinoceptor on the soma of TM neurons, however the presence of heteromeric P2X(2/5) receptors in some neurons cannot be excluded.
Active site and complete sequence of the suicidal methyltransferase that counters alkylation mutagenesis. (1985)

The inducible resistance to alkylation mutagenesis and killing in Escherichia coli (the adaptive response) is controlled by the ada gene. The Ada protein acts both as a positive regulator of the response and as a DNA repair enzyme, correcting premutagenic O6-alkylguanine in DNA by suicidal transfer of the alkyl group to one of its own cysteine residues. We have determined the DNA sequence of the cloned ada+ gene and its regulatory region. The data reveal potential sites of ada autoregulation. Amino acid sequence determinations show that the active center for the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase is located close to the polypeptide COOH terminus and has the unusual sequence -Pro-Cys-His-, preceded by a very hydrophobic region. These same structural features are present at the active site of thymidylate synthase, suggesting a common chemical mechanism for activation of the cysteine.
Carboxylic and Polyethyleneimine‐Bound FAD Derivatives (1978)

Alkylation at N‐1 of the FAD adenine ring with 3,4‐epoxybutanoic acid gave 1‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐carboxypropyl)‐FAD. Dimroth rearrangement of the latter afforded N 6 ‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐carboxypropyl)‐FAD. Coupling of the two carboxylic FAD derivatives to polyethyleneimine gave the corresponding soluble macromolecular FAD analogues. Fluorescence and circular dichroism determinations at neutral pH showed for the N‐1 carboxylic derivative an open conformation, while for the corresponding N 6 derivative a stacked one as for FAD. All the synthesized derivatives have been shown to reactivate Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase and hog kidney d ‐amino acid oxidase apoenzymes, affording holoenzymes whose activity relative to that of the corresponding natural holoenzymes ranged from 3 to 15% for the N‐1 derivatives and from 20 to 97% for the N 6 derivatives. Investigations by ultraviolet difference spectra on the interaction with apo‐ d ‐amino acid oxidase showed substantial similarities between the N 6 carboxylic derivative and FAD in the binding to the apoenzyme, while a completely different behaviour was observed for the N‐1 carboxylic derivative. The d ‐amino acid oxidase apoenzyme, the holoenzyme and the glutaraldehyde‐treated holoenzyme were entrapped each in cellulose triacetate fibres together with the polyethyleneimine N 6 derivative and beef liver catalase; the operational stability of the three recycling systems with dl ‐alanine as substrate was shown to be respectively 6, 5 and 12 times higher than the one found for the entrapped natural holoenzyme system.
Reinforcement learning using a recurrent neural network (1994)

Reinforcement learning methods that do not take into account previous states cannot deal with domains which have perceptually indistinguishable states that require different actions. This paper presents a neural network approach to the problem that uses William and Zipser's RTRL (1989) network to incorporate temporal information. In addition, an off-line technique to speed up learning is discussed. The techniques have been successfully applied to a simple navigation task.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of Steroid-Liposome on Immunohistopathology of IgA Nephropathy in ddY Mice (2001)

Immunopathological studies were performed to determine whether glomerular injuries in ddY mice, a spontaneous animal model for IgA nephropathy, are influenced by treatment with a newly developed liposome loaded with prednisolone phosphate (PSL-liposome). The newly synthesized novel cationic lipid 3,6-dipentadeciroxy-1-amizino-benzene (TRX-20) was employed to obtain selective affinity to the anionic cell surface and extracellular matrices in glomerular mesangial lesions. ddY mice were treated intravenously with 1.0 mg/kg of PSL-liposome once a week for 16 weeks (from 45 weeks to 61 weeks of age). ddY mice were also intravenously treated with 1.0 mg/kg of ordinary PSL once a week for the same duration. On immunofluorescence, depositions of IgA and C3 in the glomerular mesangial areas and capillary walls of PSL-liposome-treated ddY mice were markedly decreased as compared with those of ordinary PSL-treated and untreated control ddY mice. The mean intensity of IgA and C3 in glomeruli of PSL-liposome-treated ddY mice was decreased as compared with that in ordinary PSL-treated and untreated control ddY mice. Glomerular mesangial expansion in PSL-liposome-treated ddY mice was milder than that found in ordinary PSL-treated ddY mice or untreated control ddY mice. It appears that treatment with PSL-liposome is effective in improving glomerular IgA and C3 depositions and glomerular expansion in IgA nephropathy of ddY mice.
Fast secret key generation in static wireless networks: A virtual channel approach (2013)

Physical layer secret key generation exploits the inherent randomness of wireless channels. However, for wireless channels with long coherence time, key generation rate can be extremely low due to lack of randomness in channels. In this paper, a novel key generation scheme is proposed for a general wireless network where channels are static and each transmitter is equipped with two antennas. It integrates opportunistic beamforming and frequency diversity to achieve fast secret key generation. In this scheme, channel fluctuations are first induced by controlling amplitude and phase of each symbol in the training sequence on each antenna. Thus, key generation rate is significantly increased. However, the induced channel fluctuations lead to correlation between the legitimate channel and the eavesdropping channel, which compromises key secrecy. To this end, frequency diversity is then exploited to ensure that key secrecy grows with the key size. The secret key generation scheme is investigated in both narrowband and wideband systems, and its performance is evaluated through both theoretical analysis and simulations. Performance results have validated randomness and secrecy of secret keys and also illustrate that the proposed scheme can generate secret keys at a rate of 2Kb/s for narrowband systems and 20Kb/s for wideband systems.
Full-span structural compilation of DSP hardware (2005)

Most current silicon compilers rely on an underlying hardware function-library, thereby restricting the user to producing structural assemblies of library components. Although this gives the systems designer the power to implement function directly in silicon, it precludes the use of arbitrary cell functions that might be more suited to his application than the existing set. Moreover, should a new process become available, the cell-library must be redesigned and laid-out according to new rules, by a circuit and layout expert. An advance in structural silicon compilation, SECOND, is reported, which promises to impart flexibility and portability to cell-libraries. Through the automatic generation of layout from logical descriptions, cell-libraries may be maintained in process-independent form, and incorporate not only new components, but also new processes with ease. Implementations of user-specified chips may be in custom or semi-custom form - only physical assembly procedures differ.
Dopamine Receptor Signaling (2004)

The D1-like (D1, D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, D4) classes of dopamine receptors each has shared signaling properties that contribute to the definition of the receptor class, although some differences among subtypes within a class have been identified. D1-like receptor signaling is mediated chiefly by the heterotrimeric G proteins Galphas and Galphaolf, which cause sequential activation of adenylate cyclase, cylic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and the protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor DARPP-32. The increased phosphorylation that results from the combined effects of activating cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and inhibiting protein phosphatase 1 regulates the activity of many receptors, enzymes, ion channels, and transcription factors. D1 or a novel D1-like receptor also signals via phospholipase C-dependent and cyclic AMP-independent mobilization of intracellular calcium. D2-like receptor signaling is mediated by the heterotrimeric G proteins Galphai and Galphao. These pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins regulate some effectors, such as adenylate cyclase, via their Galpha subunits, but regulate many more effectors such as ion channels, phospholipases, protein kinases, and receptor tyrosine kinases as a result of the receptor-induced liberation of Gbetagamma subunits. In addition to interactions between dopamine receptors and G proteins, other protein:protein interactions such as receptor oligomerization or receptor interactions with scaffolding and signal-switching proteins are critical for regulation of dopamine receptor signaling.
Dynamics of Self-Organized Delay Adaptation (1999)

Adaptation of interaction delays is essential for the functioning of many natural and technical systems. We introduce a novel framework for studying the dynamics of delay adaptation in systems which optimize coincidence of inputs. For the important case of periodically modulated input we derive conditions for the existence and stability of solutions which constrain the set of mechanisms for reliable delay adaptation. Using numerical examples we show that our approach is applicable to more general than periodic input patterns such as Poissonian point processes with coordinated rate fluctuations.
ChemInform Abstract: MgCl<sub>2</sub>‐Accelerated Addition of Functionalized Organozinc Reagents to Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carbon Dioxide. (2010)

Abstract The reactivity of functionalized arylzinc and benzylzinc reagents is significantly improved in the presence of MgCl 2 .
Early warning signals also precede non‐catastrophic transitions (2012)

Synthesis The quickly expanding literature on early warning signals for critical transitions in ecosystems suggests that critical slowing down is a key phenomenon to measure the distance to a tipping point in ecosystems. Such work is broadly misinterpreted as showing that slowing down is specific to tipping points. In this contribution, we show why this is not the case. Early warning signals based on critical slowing down indicate a broader class of situations where a system becomes increasingly sensitive to perturbations. Ecosystem responses to external changes can surprise us by their abruptness and irreversibility. Models have helped identifying indicators of impending catastrophic shifts, referred to as ‘generic early warning signals’. These indicators are linked to a phenomenon known as ‘critical slowing down’ which describes the fact that the recovery rate of a system after a perturbation decreases when the system approaches a bifurcation – such as the classical fold bifurcation associated to catastrophic shifts. However, contrary to what has sometimes been suggested in the literature, a decrease in recovery rate cannot be considered as specific to approaching catastrophic shifts. Here, we analyze the behavior of early warning signals based on critical slowing down in systems approaching a range of catastrophic and non‐catastrophic situations. Our results show that slowing down generally happens in situations where a system is becoming increasingly sensitive to external perturbations, independently of whether the impeding change is catastrophic or not. These results highlight that indicators specific to catastrophic shifts are still lacking. More importantly, they also imply that in systems where we have no reason to expect catastrophic transitions, slowing down may still be used in a more general sense as a warning signal for a potential decrease in stability.
Molecular Biology of Serotonin Receptors (1991)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Across- versus within-class comparative advertising: Insights into prestige class anchoring (1999)

Advertising manipulations show that across-class comparisons with a leader in a more prestigious class result in an increase in perceived value for the sponsoring advertiser. Such results provide suggestive insights into the viability of across-class advertising when contrasted to an alternative advertising framework (within-class comparisons). This study develops the theory and results of across-class associations and addresses its limitations and areas in need of inquiry. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental determination of the transient characteristics of seismograph apparatus (1937)

Abstract A method of experimentally determining the transient response of seismometer, amplifier, and oscillograph is described. In the apparatus employed the earth motion is replaced by a transient wave generator and the seismometer by an equivalent electrical circuit. Comparison of these laboratory data with field records has shown that accurate predictions can be made from laboratory tests.
Room temperature oxidation kinetics of Si nanoparticles in air, determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (2004)

The air oxidation kinetics of low coverages of ∼5nm Si nanoparticles, deposited by pulsed excimer laser ablation (KrF, 248 nm) in He, have been characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A simple model, based on the evolution of the Si 2p spectral components during oxidation, has been developed to determine the nanoparticle oxide thickness. It is found that the short-term oxide thickness is greater, and the long-term room-temperature air oxidization rate of these nanoparticles is less, than those reported for bulk a-Si and c-Si. The results are also consistent with an earlier transmission electron microscope observation of the oxidation of larger Si particles at higher temperatures. The greater short-term oxide thickness may be attributed to surface defects on the prepared Si nanoparticles, and lower long-term oxidation rate is due to the nonlinear decrease of oxygen diffusion in spherical systems.
Nitric oxide mediates protective effect of endothelin receptor antagonism during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (2004)

Endothelin (ET) receptor antagonism protects from ischemia-reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that the cardioprotective effect is related to nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Buffer-perfused rat and mouse hearts were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. At the onset of ischemia, the rat hearts received vehicle, the dual endothelin type A/type B (ETA/ETB) receptor antagonist bosentan (10 microM), the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 100 microM), the combination of bosentan and L-NMMA or the combination of bosentan, L-NMMA, and the NO substrate L-arginine (1 mM). Hearts from wild-type and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-deficient mice received either vehicle or bosentan. Myocardial performance, endothelial function, NO outflow, and eNOS expression were monitored. Bosentan significantly improved myocardial function during reperfusion in rats and in wild-type mice, but not in eNOS-deficient mice. The functional protection afforded by bosentan was inhibited by L-NMMA, whereas it was restored by L-arginine. Myocardial expression of eNOS (immunoblotting) increased significantly in bosentan-treated rat hearts compared with vehicle hearts. Recovery of NO outflow during reperfusion was enhanced in the bosentan-treated rat heart. The endothelium-dependent vasodilator adenosine diphosphate increased coronary flow by 18 +/- 9% at the end of reperfusion in the bosentan group, whereas it reduced coronary flow by 7 +/- 5% in the vehicle group (P < 0.001). The response to the endothelium-independent dilator sodium nitroprusside was not different between the two groups. In conclusion, the dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonist bosentan preserved endothelial and cardiac contractile function during ischemia and reperfusion via a mechanism dependent on endothelial NO production.
Studies on a tumor-retarding agent produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. (1951)

Summary Preparations having the ability to inhibit the growth of Sarcoma 180 in mice have been extracted from the culture filtrate and mycelial pads of Aspergillus fumigatus . Chemical and electrophoretic data indicate that the active principle or principles may be basic proteins.
Mixed hematopoietic chimerism following bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies (1987)

Twenty-nine of 172 patients (17%) who received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) from histocompatible sibling donors for hematologic malignancies were mixed hematopoietic chimeras; ie, they had a mixture of donor and host hematopoietic or lymphohematopoietic cells at greater than or equal to 14 days after transplantation. Twenty-four of the 29 mixed chimeras (83%) have remained in continuous complete remission for up to 116 months (greater than 9 years) following BMT. Four of the 29 patients (14%) have had recurrent leukemia, and 7 of the 29 (24%) have had moderate or severe graft-v-host disease (GVHD). Twelve of these 29 patients have persisted as stable mixed chimeras for greater than or equal to 2 years after BMT, whereas other patients converted to all donor-type hematopoiesis. The incidence of mixed chimerism was independent of the pretransplant regimen, the donor or recipient age (less than 20 v greater than 20 years), remission status (first complete remission of acute leukemia and first chronic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia v later stages of disease), and type of leukemia. Our data indicate that mixed hematopoietic chimerism is not rare after BMT for hematologic malignancies and that its presence is compatible with long-term disease-free survival. Prospective studies of mixed chimerism after BMT are warranted to achieve better understanding of its biologic importance.
WiFi position estimation in industrial environments using Gaussian processes (2008)

The increased popularity of wireless networks has enabled the development of localization techniques that rely on WiFi signal strength. These systems are cheap, effective, and require no modifications to the environment. In this paper, we present a WiFi localization algorithm that generates WiFi maps using Gaussian process regression, and then estimates the global position of an autonomous vehicle in an industrial environment using a particle filter. This estimate can be used for bootstrapping a higher-resolution localizer, or for cross-checking and localization redundancy. The system has been designed to operate both indoors and outdoors, using only the existing wireless infrastructure. It has been integrated with an existing laser-beacon localizer to aid during initialization and for recovery after a failure. Experiments conducted at an industrial site using a large forklift-type autonomous vehicle are presented.
CASP2: Report on ab initio predictions (1997)

Submissions in the ab initio category included predictions of secondary structure, three-dimensional coordinate sets, modes of oligomerization, and residue and secondary structure segment contact patterns. For secondary structure prediction, four groups showed sustained success according the the criterion Q3 > or = 68 (Q3 = % of residues correctly assigned to the categories helix, strand, and other). The best program, Rost's PHD, scored over this threshold in 13 of its 16 assessable attempts. For the prediction of full three-dimensional coordinates, no group could claim sustained success in prediction of generally correct structures over a range of targets. However, satisfactory predictions were achieved in one case, pig NK-lysin (target 42), a 78-residue protein with three disulfide bridges. For the prediction of contacts, Olmea, Pazos, and Valencia have developed specialized methods for residue-residue proximity patterns, and Gerloff, Joachimiak, Cohen, and Benner for segment contacts.
Protein Tyrosine Kinase Panel As a Tool for Anticancer Drug Design (2009)

The discovery of the pharmaceutical potential of small molecule inhibitors of oncogenic protein tyrosine kinases is one of the directions in target therapy in oncology. Presently, investigations aiming at developing new therapeutically important inhibitors have to be based on a combination of computational and experimental approaches including biochitalicical, cell-based or in silico screening and the study of the three-dimensional structure of the kinase active center, in complex with an inhibitor, using crystallography and X-ray analysis or molecular modeling. This work is an example of a combination of inhibitor experimental search with the computational analysis of the potential mechanism of the inhibitors' action, which allowed to propose the 2-hydroxyphenol group as a scaffold for the design of new tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Cyclische Diazoverbindungen, I. Herstellung und Umsetzungen von Diazirinen (1961)

Abstract Die Isohydrazone des Cyclohexanons, Heptanons‐(4), Acetons und Acetophenons werden hergestellt. Sie lassen sich mit Silberoxyd zu Diazirinen dehydrieren, denen die von Curtius und von v. Pechmann für Diazoalkane angenommene Dreiringstruktur zukommt; in ihren Eigenschaften unterscheiden sie sich jedoch erheblich von den linearen Diazoalkanen. Sie können zu Isohydrazonen reduziert und mit Grignard‐Reagenz in alkylierte Diaziridine (Alkyl‐isohydrzone) übergeführt werden.