gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of an optimized LSO/LuYAP phoswich detector head for the Lausanne ClearPET demonstrator (2006)

This paper describes the LSO/LuYAP phoswich detector head developed for the ClearPET small animal PET scanner demonstrator that is under construction in Lausanne within the Crystal Clear Collaboration. The detector head consists of a dual layer of 8/spl times/8 LSO and LuYAP crystal arrays coupled to a multi-anode photomultiplier tube (Hamamatsu R7600-M64). Equalistion of the LSO/LuYAP light collection is obtained through partial attenuation of the LSO scintillation light using a thin aluminum deposit of 20-35 nm on LSO and appropriate temperature regulation of the phoswich head between 30/spl deg/C to 60/spl deg/C. At 511keV, typical FWHM energy resolutions of the pixels of a phoswich head amounts to (28/spl plusmn/2)% for LSO and (25/spl plusmn/2)% for LuYAP. The LSO versus LuYAP crystal identification efficiency is better than 98%. Six detector modules have been mounted on a rotating gantry. Axial and tangential spatial resolutions were measured up to 4 cm from the scanner axis and compared to Monte Carlo simulations using GATE. FWHM spatial resolution ranges from 1.3 mm on axis to 2.6 mm at 4 cm from the axis.
Guest Editor's Introduction: VHDL and Next-Generation Design Automation (1992)

Sinking particles mediate the transport of carbon and energy to the deep-sea, yet the specific microbes associated with sedimenting particles in the ocean's interior remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we used particle interceptor traps (PITs) to assess the nature of particle-associated microbial communities collected at a variety of depths in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Comparative metagenomics was used to assess differences in microbial taxa and functional gene repertoires in PITs containing a preservative (poisoned traps) compared to preservative-free traps where growth was allowed to continue in situ (live traps). Live trap microbial communities shared taxonomic and functional similarities with bacteria previously reported to be enriched in dissolved organic matter (DOM) microcosms (e.g., Alteromonas and Methylophaga), in addition to other particle and eukaryote-associated bacteria (e.g., Flavobacteriales and Pseudoalteromonas). Poisoned trap microbial assemblages were enriched in Vibrio and Campylobacterales likely associated with eukaryotic surfaces and intestinal tracts as symbionts, pathogens, or saprophytes. The functional gene content of microbial assemblages in poisoned traps included a variety of genes involved in virulence, anaerobic metabolism, attachment to chitinaceaous surfaces, and chitin degradation. The presence of chitinaceaous surfaces was also accompanied by the co-existence of bacteria which encoded the capacity to attach to, transport and metabolize chitin and its derivatives. Distinctly different microbial assemblages predominated in live traps, which were largely represented by copiotrophs and eukaryote-associated bacterial communities. Predominant sediment trap-assocaited eukaryotic phyla included Dinoflagellata, Metazoa (mostly copepods), Protalveolata, Retaria, and Stramenopiles. These data indicate the central role of eukaryotic taxa in structuring sinking particle microbial assemblages, as well as the rapid responses of indigenous microbial species in the degradation of marine particulate organic matter (POM) in situ in the ocean's interior.
Disruption of fungal and bacterial biofilms by lauroyl glucose (2008)

This report is a novel application of the enzymatically synthesized, environmental-friendly nonionic surfactant.
제2공화국의 행정권력에 대한 소고: 정부조직법의 분석을 중심으로 (2011)

제2공화국은 표면적으로 이승만대통령과 자유당의 일당 독재로 점철되어진 대통령중심제의 제1공화국을 ``4.19의거``라는 시민혁명에 의하여 붕괴시키고 민주적 정부체제와 시민 자유권리를 최대한 보장한다는 취지로 의원내각제를 골격으로 발족하였다. 이러한 의원내각제 정부체제의 대의명분은 대통령에게 집중된 행정권력을 약화시키고 분산시켜서 좀 더 민주적인 정치체제를 구현한다는데 있었다. 그러나 그 내면을 살펴보면 정부조직법의 개정을 통하여 의원내각제 하에서 행정수반이 된 국무총리에게 제1공화국의 대통령중심제보다 더 집중되고 강화된 행정권력을 허용하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 체제적 아이러니, 즉 정부형태와 행정권력 집중도 간 괴리는 제2공화국의 출범과 발족을 주도한 정치세력이 의원내각제라는 정부형태를 선택한 이유가 자신들의 정권획득과 권력장악의 유리한 도구로 인식하였기 때문이며, 실제로 권력분산적인 행정부의 구현이나 민주적인 정부체제의 운영이 이들에게 있어 최우선 관심사는 아니었기 때문인 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 결과적으로 제2공화국의 법제와 현실의 괴리에서 보여지듯이 한 시대를 주도하는 정치세력이 강력한 행정권력을 의도하였어도 행정권력의 현실적 사용능력이 그 의도에 항상 부합하는 것은 아니라는 점은 매우 흥미로운 행정사의 한 단편이다.
A Novel Method for Rapid Micropropagation of Pineapple (1995)

A novel micropropagation method for pineapple ( Ananas comosus L.), based on shoot elongation induced in vitro, was demonstrated for two cultivars. Decapitated in vitro plantlets were used as explants. Shoot etiolation was induced by placing explants in a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing NAA (10 μ m ) and incubating in darkness at 28C for 30 to 40 days. The mean number of the regenerated etiolated shoots per explant was 2.6 ± 0.29. The etiolated shoots were placed into N6 medium supplemented with kinetin or BA (25 or 20 μ m , respectively). After 4 to 6 weeks, shoots regenerated along the nodes. The highest regeneration rate was 15 and 13 plantlets per node with 25 μ m kinetin and 20 m m BA, respectively. Regenerated plantlets were rooted on a growth-regulator-free MS medium. Residual shoots of the initial explants could be recycled by rooting on a growth-regulator-free MS medium. This procedure enables the regeneration of several thousand plantlets per year. Chemical names used: naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); benzyladenine (BA).
Antimicrobial Activity of Some 13-Alkyl Substituted Protoberberinium Salts (1997)

Several 13-alkyl substituted analogs of berberine and palmatine were found to be highly active against two types of Staphylococcus aureus (S1 and S2) of different origin. The most active 13-hexylberberine was 8 times more active (against S1) and the same order active (against S2) as kanamycin sulfate. 13-Hexylpalmatine displayed an activity against S. aureus (S1) 4 times greater than that of kanamycin sulfate. The activities of 13-hexylberberine against two types of S. aureus were 64 and 128 times greater than those of the clinically used alkaloid berberine. Additionally two hexyl derivatives possessed antifungal activity.
Analysis of Secondary Storage Fragmentation (1983)

Fragmentation of storage is a common phenomenon in both main storage and secondary storage. Fragmentation in secondary storage not only jeopardizes the allocation of space but also, since secondary storage access time–unlike that in main storage–is typically nonuniform, a decrease in efficiency arising from additional head movement may also result. A fragmented storage exhibits a checkerboard like pattern with free and occupied space alternating one another. Such alternating storage configuration is analyzed using alternating renewal processes. Two main types of storage processing are distinguished: contiguous storage allocation and noncontiguous storage allocation. The latter allows a request to be scattered over different locations while the former requires it to be allocated in a single continuous area. It is found that the reduction in operating efficiency due to fragmentation is quite substantial for both types of processing. The deterioration is especially marked in the former and is strongly affected by 1) the request size and 2) the storage utilization. Expressions for the generating functions of the performance penalties are derived. The results of the model are compared with published measurements and satisfactory agreement is obtained.
Broadband Access and Technology, NOC'99, (1999)

This set brings together two volumes that are also available separately. Volume one considers the investment opportunities made possible by alternative technologies for broadband access. Volume two covers advances in optical network technologies, and explores business opportunities.
Genetic interrelationship among species of the genus <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i> as revealed by small‐subunit rRNA gene sequences (1994)

The phylogenetic interrelationship of species of the genus Zygosaccharomyces was examined by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Comparative analysis of the sequence data revealed the genus to consist of a number of distinct subdivisions. The most prevalent species associated with food spoilage, Z. bailii, Z. bisporus and Z. rouxii, along with Z. mellis were found to form one subdivision. Zygosaccharomyces cidri and Z. fermentati formed a distinct species pair, as did Z. microellipsoides and Z. mrakii. Zygosaccharomyces florentinus formed a separate line displaying no specific relationship with any of the other Zygosaccharomyces species examined. Comparison with nine published ascosporogenous yeast 18S rRNA gene sequences showed that Z. microellipsoides and Z. mrakii were genealogically very close to Torulaspora delbrueckii (both displaying 99.8% 18S rRNA sequence similarity), raising the possibility that these two Zygosaccharomyces species should be moved to the genus Torulaspora. The topologies of trees derived from complete 18S rRNA gene sequences and from individual domains within the gene were compared and the implications of using partial sequence data for inferring phylogenetic relationships discussed.
Tissue‐specific markers in flow cytometry of urological cancers. III. Comparing chromosomal and flow cytometric dna analysis of bladder tumors (1987)

Thirty-seven transitional-cell carcinomas (TCC) of the urinary bladder were analyzed by DNA flow cytometry (FCM). After labelling of the cell suspensions with antibodies to cytokeratin, the cytokeratin-positive cells and the non-epithelial cytokeratin-negative cells could be analyzed separately. After estimation of S- and G2M phase, 3/17 cases (18%) with a normal DNA index showed elevated proliferative levels, among cytokeratin-labelled suspensions only. Of these 17 cases, 14 showed chromosomal abnormalities. The remaining 20 cases were abnormal, irrespective of the technique used. Although immuno-labeling of tumor cells for cytokeratin in FCM increases the sensitivity of this method in detecting aneuploid tumors or tumors with high proliferation fractions, the discriminating power of chromosomal analysis of TCC is greater than FCM.
Magnetostrictive properties of Tb/sub 0.3/Dy/sub 0.7/(Fe/sub 1-x/V/sub x/)/sub 2/ alloys (1997)

Various amounts of vanadium were added into the polycrystalline Terfenol-D alloy, Tb/sub 0.3/Dy/sub 0.7/Fe/sub 2/, to investigate its effect on microstructure, hardness and magnetostrictive properties. The studied Tb/sub 0.3/Dy/sub 0.7/(Fe/sub 1-x/V/sub x/)/sub 2/ alloys were prepared by arc-melting and homogenization. V was found to enter and replace Fe sublattices up to x=0.2. With increasing V content, saturation magnetization and magnetostriction at 2 Tesla (/spl lambda//sub 2T/) decrease slightly up to x=0.1 and enormously at x=0.2, while remanence and coercivity increase. Hardness of the x=0.05 alloy (3.33at% V) is the highest among the alloys studied. The /spl lambda//sub 2T/ value can be maintained at higher than 900 ppm for alloys with x/spl les/0.1 (6.67 at% V). Porosity is high for the x/spl ges/0.1 alloys.
Optoelectronic Fuzzy Logic System (1991)

It is often the case in reasoning problems that propositions are neither entirely true nor entirely false. In fuzzy logic, 1 , 2 the truth values of propositions are not restricted to true or false, but rather may range between zero (absolutely false) and one (absolutely true), allowing a quantitative representation and evaluation of vague propositions. For example, the proposition, "Marsden is a boring speaker" is neither totally true nor totally false, but might have a value 0.30. 3 Many existing Boolean reasoning methods can be extended to include fuzzy truth values. However, since Boolean operators such as AND and OR are undefined on non-Boolean data, analogous fuzzy operators must be defined for these algorithms to be useful. It has been shown that MIN and MAX have desirable properties when used as extensions of AND and OR, respectively. 1
Development of an Adaptive Predictive Braking Enforcement Algorithm (2009)

Predictive enforcement braking is one of the key concepts behind positive train control (PTC) systems. If a train is on the verge of overrunning a target stopping location, such as an authority limit, the system enforces a brake application to stop the train safely short of the limit. The concept depends on an algorithm that can predict the stopping distance of the train. Errors in stopping distance prediction can result in target overruns, target underruns, or unnecessary enforcements, which can negatively impact railroad safety or operations. Due to the uncertainty of many parameters that affect stopping distance, PTC enforcement algorithms have traditionally used a target offset to ensure that no trains overshoot the target. But this can force the algorithm to be overly conservative, resulting in unnecessary or early warnings and enforcements. Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) contracted Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) to research proof-of-concept techniques for improving the accuracy of PTC enforcement algorithms by adapting the algorithm to the characteristics of each specific train. The project included a parametric study of some of the key variables that can affect stopping distance, followed by the development and testing of the adaptive functions.
Differential regulation of P2Y<sub>11</sub> receptor‐mediated signalling to phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase by protein kinase C in HL‐60 promyelocytes (2000)

The regulatory mode of the P2Y(11) purinoceptor-mediated signalling cascades towards phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase was studied in HL-60 promyelocytes. Treatment with the potent P2Y(11) receptor activator dATP evoked an elevated intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) production that was sustained for longer than 30 min. However, the dATP-induced responses were significantly inhibited by the activation of protein kinase C after a short exposure to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). dATP also potently stimulated cyclic AMP production with half maximum effect seen at 23+/-7 microM dATP. In addition, a 5-min pretreatment with PMA enhanced the dATP-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. PMA potentiated the cyclic AMP production when adenylyl cyclase was activated directly by forskolin or indirectly by G protein activation after cholera toxin treatment. dATP also enhanced the forskolin-mediated cyclic AMP generation. Treatment of the cells with 10 microM U-73122, which almost completely blocked the dATP-stimulated IP(3) production and [Ca(2+)](i) rise, had no effect on cyclic AMP accumulation, while 10 microM 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)adenine (SQ 22536), which inhibited the adenylyl cyclase activation, did not effect the dATP-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover. Taken together, the results indicate that P2Y(11) receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase occurs through independent pathways and is differentially regulated by protein kinase C in HL-60 cells.
55 × 86 Gb/s CSRZ-DQPSK transmission over 375 km Using Extended L-band Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (2006)

An 86 Gb/s/ch WDM transmission experiment is successfully demonstrated by using CSRZ-DQPSK format and extended L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. 4.4 Tb/s capacity is achieved in just a single amplifier gain bandwidth without using polarization-multiplexing/interleaveing techniques.
NETHDL: abstraction of schematics to high-level HDL (1990)

This paper discusses NETHDL, a system for automatic generation of high-level RTL models from switch-level circuit netlist descriptions. NETHDL abstracts several difficult constructs into high-level code using a powerful algorithmic translation which does not sacrifice logic accuracy. NETHDL recognizes constructs such as busses, feedback loops, memory elements, registers, blocks of pass-transistor logic and elements containing contention. NETHDL exploits information from its static circuit analyzer to obtain a highly abstracted model with the same functionality as the netlist. It also uses information about the circuit such as structure, hierarchy and functionality in the generation process. New algorithms are proposed and have been implemented. In all exercised circuits, a significant speedup has been obtained in simulator run-time. >
Neugebauer revisited: Random dots in halftone screening (1998)

The Neugebauer equations relate the color of a region of a halftone image to the colors and sizes of the ink dots within the region by considering the color to be a partitive mixture of the colors of the dots, the color of the paper, and the color of the dot overlaps. The amount of each color contributing to the mixture is the percent area covered by the color. In determining the percent area of each color, the Neugebauer equations implicitly assume that the dots of each screen are randomly positioned with respect to the dots of the other screens, and so the percent area of dot overlap is the product of the individual dot percent areas. With digital control of the printing process, however, the screens do not necessarily have statistical independence because the positions of the dots of each screen are completely determined. In this article, the halftone color is explicitly calculated as a function of the dot sizes for a bichromatic print. I define a correlation function that indicates statistical independence of the two screens and show that the Neugebauer equations result for zero correlation. It is shown that the condition for zero correlation depends on the angle between the screens. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 23, 104–113, 1998
BAM: Bottleneck Attention Module (2018)

Recent advances in deep neural networks have been developed via architecture search for stronger representational power. In this work, we focus on the effect of attention in general deep neural networks. We propose a simple and effective attention module, named Bottleneck Attention Module (BAM), that can be integrated with any feed-forward convolutional neural networks. Our module infers an attention map along two separate pathways, channel and spatial. We place our module at each bottleneck of models where the downsampling of feature maps occurs. Our module constructs a hierarchical attention at bottlenecks with a number of parameters and it is trainable in an end-to-end manner jointly with any feed-forward models. We validate our BAM through extensive experiments on CIFAR-100, ImageNet-1K, VOC 2007 and MS COCO benchmarks. Our experiments show consistent improvement in classification and detection performances with various models, demonstrating the wide applicability of BAM. The code and models will be publicly available.
Reevaluation of the Minimum Vitamin A Requirement of Holstein Male Calves Based Upon Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure (1972)

Abstract Forty-one male Holstein calves whose average age was 60 days, live weight 74kg and plasma vitamin A concentration 8.4 μ g/100ml were fed a vitamin A depletion ration plus one of five daily vitamin A acetate intakes equivalent to 4, 12, 16, 64 or 256 μ g of retinol per kilogram of live weight for 16 weeks. Daily ration consumption averaged 3.0 kg/day, and live weight increased .81kg/day. The incidence of diarrhea, the number of treatments for diarrhea, and the number of calves exhibiting convulsions were greater in the calves fed the lowest vitamin A intake of 4 μ g. Average plasma vitamin A concentrations increased .8 μ g/100ml for each 10% increase in vitamin A intake and terminal values increased .9 μ g/ 100ml. Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressures were maintained at a geometric mean of 68mm of saline at vitamin A intakes greater than 29 μ g per kilogram of live weight. For each 10% decrease in vitamin A intake below the 29 μ g intake, CSF pressure increased by 8.6%.
Luminescent Triarylborane-Functionalized Polystyrene:  Synthesis, Photophysical Characterization, and Anion-Binding Studies (2006)

A new class of highly fluorescent triarylborane polymers has been prepared from trimethylsilyl-substituted polystyrene via a modular approach that involves selective polymer modification reactions with organometallic reagents. The photophysical properties, environmental stability, and the Lewis acidity of the boron sites have been tailored through modifications in the substitution pattern on boron. The photophysical properties are indicative of electronic communication between the chromophores attached to polystyrene, which has been exploited for the efficient probing of fluoride and cyanide in the micromolar concentration range.
Synthese of 4-Aryliminoparabanic Acids and 2-Arylimino-2, 3-dihydro-1, 4-thiazine Derivatives via 2-N, N'-Diarylamidinothiazolium Salts (1974)

1, 3-Dipolar addition reaction of 2- (N, N'-diarylamidino) thiazolium salts with heterocumulenes such as isocyanate and isothiocyanate yielded 4-aryliminoparabanic acid derivatives. On the other hand, action of alkali upon the 2-amidinothiazolium salts afforded 2-arylimino-2, 3-dihydro-1, 4-thiazin-3-one derivatives providing a new ring expansion reaction of thiazolium salts to 1, 4-thiazine derivatives.
Establishment of a Set of Combined Immunodeficient DA/Slc-Foxn1rnu Lystbg Congenic Rat Strains (2004)

The congenitally athymic nude rat is used for studying cancer and transplantation owing to its hairlessness and T-cell defective function caused by the Foxn1(rnu) gene. However, NK cell activity of the nude rat is markedly increased. It is known that NK cells play a major role in rejection of xenografts and in cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Thus, the athymic nude rat with impaired NK cell activity should be a useful model for extensive studies. The DA-Lyst(bg)/Lyst(bg) rat, a model for human Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is characterized by diluted-coat color and impairment of NK cell activity. We planned to establish a combined immunodeficient double mutant rat introgressed with the Foxn1(rnu) and Lyst(bg) genes and a set of congenic strains having an identical genetic backgrounds simultaneously. Based on the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the parental rat strains, the new strains were produced using continuous backcross and diagnosis with molecular genetic techniques. Each disease gene was diagnosed with PCR-RFLP or the long-nested PCR method. Furthermore, we used a marker-assisted congenic strategy based on scanning the genetic backgrounds of the parental rats with 461 rat microsatellite markers. We think that the newly established DA/Slc-Foxn1(rnu)/Foxn1(rnu) Lyst(bg)/Lyst(bg) double mutant will be useful as a severe disease model for human CHS, and the set of DA/Slc-Foxn1(rnu) Lyst(bg) congenic strains which have impaired NK cell activity and/or defective T cell function should be useful for studying in cancer research, xenotransplantation, immune function and other wide-ranging studies.
Localization of a proton-pumping ATPase in rat kidney. (1988)

The distribution of vacuolar H+ATPase in rat kidney was examined by immunocytochemistry using affinity-purified antibodies against the 31-, 56-, and 70-kD subunits of the bovine kidney proton pump. Proximal convoluted tubules were labeled over apical plasma membrane invaginations, and in the initial part of the thin descending limb, apical and basolateral plasma membranes were moderately stained. Thick ascending limbs and distal convoluted tubules were apically stained although the intensity was greater in the distal convoluted tubule. Collecting duct principal cells were virtually unlabeled, but intercalated cells had intense staining with an apical, basolateral or diffuse pattern in the cortex, and exclusively apical staining in the medulla. These results (a) show the presence of an H+ATPase in the apical plasma membrane of the proximal tubule that may contribute to H+ transport in this segment; (b) provide direct evidence that the intercalated cell contains most of the H+ATPase detectable in the collecting duct, supporting its proposed role in H+ transport; (c) demonstrate that subpopulations of cortical intercalated cells have opposite polarities of an H+ATPase, consistent with the presence of both proton- and bicarbonate-secreting cells; and (d) suggest a role for the H+ATPase in acid/base regulation or H+ transport in segments other than the collecting duct and the proximal tubule.