gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of near-zone fields of a small aperture (1986)

The structure or the near-zone field transmitted through an electrically small aperture in a perfectly conducting plane is investigated. We dwell on two issues that are of importance to engineers analyzing small aperture problems. The first question addressed is how far should one recede from the aperture in order to justifiably use the well-known aperture dipole approximations. Alternatively, how close may a source or a backing object be located without appreciably effecting the aperture quasistatic field distributions. The second consideration is to what distance the radiation emanating from the aperture remains collimated and how strongly is the near-field intensity dependent upon distance. The model used for our calculation is that of a small circular aperture for which the quasistatic aperture field distributions are analytically derivable. It is presumed that this should give an indication of the near-zone field characteristics to be expected in the general case.
IMPACT OF INTERACTIVE TELEVISION AND DISTANCE EDUCATION ON STUDENT EVALUATION OF COURSES: A CAUSAL MODEL (1994)

Path analysis was used in this study to examine the direct and indirect effects of distance, motivation, satisfaction with course content, and satisfaction with an interactive television (ITV) system on student evaluation of community college courses. The sample consisted of 1,520 students enrolled in 31 different courses at 36 sites throughout a large rural state located in the northeastern part of the United States. Analysis of the data revealed that the two satisfaction variables had the largest direct effect on student end‐of‐course evaluation. Motivation had a significant but small effect, and the study found that the distance a student lived from a campus had negligible effects on end‐of‐course evaluation. Thus, this study provides further evidence of the viability of ITV instruction in expanding educational opportunities.
Proteolytic Cleavage of Human p53 by Calpain: a Potential Regulator of Protein Stability (1997)

The p53 tumor suppressor protein is activated in cells in response to DNA damage and prevents the replication of cells sustaining genetic damage by inducing a cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Activation of p53 is accompanied by stabilization of the protein, resulting in accumulation to high levels within the cell. p53 is normally degraded through the proteasome following ubiquitination, although the mechanisms which regulate this proteolysis in normal cells and how the p53 protein becomes stabilized following DNA damage are not well understood. We show here that p53 can also be a substrate for cleavage by the calcium-activated neutral protease, calpain, and that a preferential site for calpain cleavage exists within the N terminus of the p53 protein. Treatment of cells expressing wild-type p53 with an inhibitor of calpain resulted in the stabilization of the p53 protein. By contrast, in vitro or in vivo degradation mediated by human papillomavirus E6 protein was unaffected by the calpain inhibitor, indicating that the stabilization did not result from inhibition of the proteasome. These results suggest that calpain cleavage plays a role in regulating p53 stability.
The state-of-the-art in short-term prediction of wind power. A literature overview (2011)

This Deliverable of ANEMOS.plus (Advanced Tools for the Management of Electricity Grids with Large-Scale Wind Generation) and SafeWind projects presents the state of the art in wind power forecasting. More than 380 references of journal and conference papers have been reviewed. (LN)
Overexpression of DAN gene product in normal rat fibroblasts causes a retardation of the entry into the S phase. (1995)

Differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma (DAN) gene (previously named N03 gene), whose expression is significantly reduced in transformed cells, has recently been demonstrated to have a tumor-suppressive activity in vitro. In order to investigate biological roles of DAN gene product in normal rat fibroblasts (3Y1), marker-selected transfectants that expressed the high amount of DAN gene product were generated from 3Y1 cell lines. These clones did not exhibit morphological changes compared with parental 3Y1 cells; however, they showed a decrease in growth rate and a remarkable reduction in saturation density. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the overexpression of DAN gene product causes the retardation of the entry into the S phase. These results suggest that DAN gene product may have an important role in regulation of the entry of cells into the S phase.
Recent development activities and future plans for EUV lithography in Japan (2005)

EUV lithography is one of the most promising technologies for the delineation of 45-nm half-pitch patterns (hp 45 on the ITRS Roadmap) and below. However, many problems remain to be solved before it can be considered a practical tool. The light source is the most critical issue for obtaining a reasonable throughput, and the next is the fabrication of defect-free multilayer mask blanks. The construction of an aspherical optical system is also a key issue. From an economic standpoint, cost is a crucial concern regarding use of this technology in an industrial environment. In Japan, four consortia are working on the development of EUV lithography: EUVA is investigating the source and the system, including the metrology of an aspherical optical system; the Leading Project is working on the basic technology for a laser-produced plasma source; ASET is developing multilayer masks and resist process technology; and MIRAI is researching actinic defect detection for multilayer mask blanks. This paper describes the recent activities of these consortia and the future plans for EUVL development in Japan.
Authorization in the digital library: secure access to services across enterprise boundaries (2002)

In large scale networked information systems (e.g. the World Wide Web), the community of subjects who may make requests to a service provider such as a digital library will often extend beyond the local community to include individuals about whom little prior knowledge, if any, exists at the provider. This poses challenges for resource protection which do not resist in traditional computing environments. The paper presents a formal framework for secure access to information and services in such systems, where both the size of the user base and a variety of local enterprise dependent representations of user attributes must be considered. In our framework, an individual supplies digital credentials akin to traditional paper credentials with a request for service. To decide whether to grant the request, the recipient interprets the credentials using knowledge about the credential issuers (more precisely, of what conditions must hold for the issuers to have issued the credentials) rather than, or in addition to, specific knowledge about the requester. Our formalism for access control also provides a basis for security oriented smart yellow pages facilities, which are directory services that manage queryable registries of information about service providers and their requirements.
Physics-based classification of targets in SAR imagery using subaperture sequences (1999)

It is well known that radar scattering from an illuminated object is often highly aspect dependent. We have developed a multiaspect target classification technique for SAR imagery that incorporates matching-pursuits feature extraction from each of a sequence of subaperture images, in conjunction with a hidden Markov model that explicitly incorporates the target-sensor motion represented by the image sequence. This approach exploits the aspect dependence of the signal features to facilitate maximum-likelihood identification. We consider SAR imagery containing targets concealed by foliage.
Targeted Activation Tagging of the <i>Arabidopsis NBS-LRR</i> gene, <i>ADR1</i>, Conveys Resistance to Virulent Pathogens (2003)

A transgenic Arabidopsis line containing a chimeric PR-1::luciferase (LUC) reporter gene was subjected to mutagenesis with activation tags. Screening of lines via high-throughput LUC imaging identified a number of dominant Arabidopsis mutants that exhibited enhanced PR-1 gene expression. Here, we report the characterization of one of these mutants, designated activated disease resistance (adr) 1. This line showed constitutive expression of a number of key defense marker genes and accumulated salicylic acid but not ethylene or jasmonic acid. Furthermore, adr1 plants exhibited resistance against the biotrophic pathogens Peronospora parasitica and Erysiphe cichoracearum but not the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Analysis of a series of adr1 double mutants suggested that adr1-mediated resistance against P. parasitica was salicylic acid (SA)-dependent, while resistance against E. cichoracearum was both SA-dependent and partially NPR1-dependent. The ADR1 gene encoded a protein possessing a number of key features, including homology to subdomains of protein kinases, a nucleotide binding domain, and leucine-rich repeats. The controlled, transient expression of ADR1 conveyed striking disease resistance in the absence of yield penalty, highlighting the potential utility of this gene in crop protection.
Effects of catholytes on the mobilization of proteins after capillary isoelectric focusing (1997)

Purified proteins and human plasma proteins were separated by capillary isoelectric focusing and detected by cathodic mobilization, e.g. by replacing the cathodic sodium hydroxide solution by solutions containing another anion. The effect of catholyte anions on the resolution of mobilized proteins was examined. Compared with the chloride or phosphate anion, organic anions having small dissociation constants improved protein resolution, especially in the range of acidic proteins. Among the catholytes examined, acetic acid gave the best resolution for purified proteins and human plasma proteins. Measurement of the changes of electric current during the mobilization process indicated that organic anions with low mobility move slowly towards the anode and retard changes of pH gradient in the capillary. Isoelectric focusing, cathodic mobilization, and direct pH measurement in polyacrylamide gel columns (1.3 mm internal diameter and 38 mm long) also revealed these effects of low mobility anions. In order to visualize the behavior of human plasma proteins in the mobilization step, micro two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was employed. The results indicated that the proteins migrate towards the cathode, preserving their relative positions attained during the isoelectric focusing step.
Current status of vandetanib (ZD6474) in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (2010)

Vandetanib (ZD6474) is an oral small molecule inhibitor of multiple intracellular receptor kinases, including the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) -2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Both VEGFR and EGFR pathways have emerged as instrumental in the growth and metastasis of multiple malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Indeed, inhibitors of each pathway have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in advanced NSCLC. As there is considerable cross talk between these pathways, dual inhibition with such agents has become an attractive strategy, with encouraging Phase II clinical trial data to date. The convenience of one oral agent targeting both pathways is clear, and clinical trials have established the maximum tolerated daily dose of vandetanib, with data from randomized Phase III trials emerging. This report will review completed and ongoing NSCLC clinical trials evaluating vandetanib, and speculate on the future of this agent in NSCLC.
The Complexity of the IGF1 Gene Splicing, Posttranslational Modification and Bioactivity (2014)

The insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I) is an important factor which regulates a variety of cellular responses in multiple biological systems. The IGF1 gene comprises a highly conserved sequence and contains six exons, which give rise to heterogeneous mRNA transcripts by a combination of multiple transcription initiation sites and alternative splicing. These multiple transcripts code for different precursor IGF-I polypeptides, namely the IGF-IEa, IGF-IEb and IGF-IEc isoforms in humans, which also undergo posttranslational modifications, such as proteolytic processing and glycosylation. IGF-I actions are mediated through its binding to several cell-membrane receptors and the IGF-I domain responsible for the receptor binding is the bioactive mature IGF-I peptide, which is derived after the posttranslational cleavage of the pro-IGF-I isoforms and the removal of their carboxy-terminal E-peptides (that is, the Ea, Eb and Ec). Interestingly, differential biological activities have been reported for the different IGF-I isoforms, or for their E-peptides, implying that IGF-I peptides other than the IGF-I ligand also possess bioactivity and, thus, both common and unique or complementary pathways exist for the IGF-I isoforms to promote biological effects. The multiple peptides derived from IGF-I and the differential expression of its various transcripts in different conditions and pathologies appear to be compatible with the distinct cellular responses observed to the different IGF-I peptides and with the concept of a complex and possibly isoform-specific IGF-I bioactivity. This concept is discussed in the present review, in the context of the broad range of modifications that this growth factor undergoes which might regulate its mechanism(s) of action.
Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging of Synovial Tissues Using Red and Near Infra-Red Lasers (1997)

A new laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDI) system was evaluated by comparing it with the well-established radiolabelled microsphere technique for measuring blood flow in the rabbit knee joint capsule. In this study two laser sources (635 and 835 nm) were compared at three scan speeds (50, 10 and 4 ms/pixel). With blood flow to the rabbit hindlimb controlled via a peristaltic pump, the comparison of LDI and microsphere measurement techniques yielded highly significant correlations for both laser sources (r = 0.9; p = 0.0001; 14 measurements in 7 animals). Comparison of the three scan speeds demonstrated acceptable agreement without significant bias between measurements, suggesting that the inevitable narrowing of the bandwidth at the fastest scan speed does not cause significant deterioration of the signal. The flux values obtained with 635 and 835 nm laser sources were linearly related (r = 0.93, p = 0.0001; 66 measurements in 12 animals), although there was a small but significant bias for higher values with the 635-nm laser (mean ratio of flux values 1.06, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.12). These results validate the use of LDI with either wavelength laser for the assessment of joint capsule perfusion.
Diastereoselective Cobalt-mediated Acylation-Cyclization of Allenes (2001)

Allenes with α-oxygen and γ-sulfonamide substituents were synthesized and cyclized to pyrrolidines using an acyl cobalt reagent. The reactions proceeded with very high trans selectivity.
Boundary-scan design principles for efficient LSSD ASIC testing (1990)

A boundary-scan logic design method that depends only on level-sensitive scan design (LSSD) principles has been developed for IBM CMOS application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) products. This technique permits comprehensive testing of LSSD ASICs with high signal input/output (I/O) pin counts, using relatively inexpensive reduced-pin-count automatic test equipment (ATE). This paper describes the LSSD logic structures required, the reduced-pin-count testing and burn-in processes used, and the ASIC product design decisions that must be made to establish a consistent boundary-scan implementation.
Enhanced immunosuppression induced by targeted mutation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (2005)

Purpose of review Blockade of T cell costimulatory pathways has enormous potential as an immunosuppressive strategy to prolong the survival of solid organ transplants. Discovery of the CD28 costimulatory pathway led to the development of both monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins that interrupt CD28 signaling. Subsequent studies in both animal models and humans demonstrated that although these molecules had promise as immunosuppressive agents for solid organ transplantation, they lacked the desired clinical efficacy. Recent advances in the field of immunobiologics allowed for the development of rationally modified agents, such as LEA29Y (belatacept), that more effectively target costimulatory molecules. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of CD28 costimulatory blockade as an immunosuppressive strategy in organ transplantation. Recent findings This review highlights the strategy used to engineer a fusion protein (LEA29Y, belatacept) from its parent compound (cytotoxic T lymphocyte 4-immunoglobulin) that has higher avidity for CD28 ligands and more potent immunosuppressive effects. Summary Before the development of cyclosporine in the early 1980s, the success of transplantation was limited by high rates of rejection and consequent organ loss. Unfortunately, cyclosporine and most subsequently developed immunosuppressive drugs target ubiquitously expressed molecules, causing a myriad of significant side effects unrelated to their primary immunosuppressive effect. Early studies demonstrated complete T cell activation to be critically dependent on signals provided by costimulatory molecules such as CD28 and its ligands B7-1 and B7-2. This provided the impetus for the investigation of agents that block or inhibit these signals with the goal of developing compounds that have less deleterious side effects.
9A9 - Pulsed laser holograms (1966)

The limited coherence of most pulsed lasers is the principle difficulty in making pulsed holograms. This paper describes techniques used for the production of quality holograms of back lighted subjects, using ordinary pulsed lasers. The arrangements used achieve a temporal and spatial matching of the scene and reference beams to the degree required by the laser coherence cell. Techniques are described which prevent the destruction of the spatial match when using a diffusing screen. The use of lenses to permit the recording of large subjects on small holograms with limited pulsed energy is described. The limitations on subject motion are described. Experimental examples of the techniques are illustrated by holographic recordings of bullets in flight. The technique of double exposure holographic interferometry is also illustrated.
A biosensor that monitors cell morphology with electrical fields (1994)

Describes a "whole cell" biosensor that is very useful in the field of animal cell tissue culture and in many ways is akin to the canary in a coal mine. The heart of this method, called ECIS for electric cell-substrate impedance sensing, is a small gold electrode immersed in tissue culture medium. When cells attach and spread on this electrode, the measured electrical impedance changes because the cells constrain the current flow. This changing impedance can be interpreted to reveal useful information about cell behaviors. Since these behaviors, such as spreading and locomotion, involve the coordination of many biochemical reactions, they are extremely sensitive to most external parameters such as temperature, pH, and a myriad of chemical compounds. This broad response to changes in the environment allows this method to serve as a general biosensor. The measurements are easily automated, and the general conditions of the cells can be monitored by a personal computer controlling the necessary instrumentation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Forces exciting vibrations of ship’s hull and superstructure (2005)

The paper presents identification of main excitation forces of vibrations of ship hull and its superstructure, as well as investigation of influence of the analyzed excitation on ship vibration level. The following excitation forces were analyzed: dynamic pressure on the transom deck, propeller-generated hydrodynamic forces, as well as internal and external engine-generated forces. Rigidity and attenuation characteristics of lubricating oil film were taken into account in the analysis of the excitations transmitted by the propulsion system bearings (stern tube bearing, intermediate bearing, engine’s main and thrust bearings). The dynamic characteristics of ship’s power transmission system were also taken into account. Results of the analyzes were verified by comparing results of the computations and measurements.
Autonomous Ground Target Tracking by Multiple Cooperative UAVs (2005)

With the recent advent of moderate-cost unmanned (or uninhabited) aerial vehicles (UAV) and their success in surveillance, it is natural to consider the cooperative management of groups of UAVs. The problem considered in this paper is the optimization of the information obtained by a group of UAVs carrying out surveillance of several ground targets distributed over a large area. The UAVs are assumed to be equipped with ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radars, which measure the locations of moving ground targets as well as their radial velocities (Doppler). In this paper, a cooperative control algorithm is proposed, according to which each UAV decides its path independently based on an information theoretic criterion function. The criterion function also incorporates target detection probability and survival probability for sensors corresponding to hostile fire by targets as well as collision with other UAVs. The control algorithm requires limited communication and modest computation
Growth rate of small lung cancers detected on mass CT screening. (2000)

CT has recently been used in mass screening for lung cancer. Small cancers have been identified but the growth characteristics of these lesions are not fully understood. We identified 82 primary cancers in our 3-year mass CT screening programme, of which 61 were examined in the present study. The volume doubling time (VDT) was calculated based on the exponential model using successive annual CT images or follow-up CT images. All cases were also examined in the hospital by high resolution CT (HRCT). Lesions were divided into three types based on HRCT characteristics: type G (n = 19), ground glass opacity (GGO); type GS (n = 19), focal GGO with a solid central component; and type S (n = 23), solid nodule. 18 (95%) lesions of type G, 18 (95%) of type GS and 7 (30%) of type S were invisible on conventional chest radiographs. The mean size of the tumour was 10 mm, 11 mm and 16 mm for type G, type GS and type S, respectively. Most tumours (80%) were adenocarcinomas; 78% of these were GGO (type G and GS). Mean VDT values were 813 days, 457 days and 149 days for type G, type GS and type S, respectively; these are significantly different from each other (p < 0.05). Our results show that annual mass screening CT for 3 successive years resulted in the identification of a large number of slowly growing adenocarcinomas that were not visible on chest radiographs.