gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time, Pressure, and Temperature Factors in the Safe Use of the Tourniquet (1970)

Abstract Tourniquet haemostasis is a necessary adjunct for surgery of the hand, but it involves certain inherent risks. 1. 1. The pressure factor—Excessive pressures (over 300 mm. mercury in adults, and 250 mm. in children) may result in nerve palsy. The aneroid gauges in general use are not reliable and should be checked with the mercury manometer every morning before surgery. 2. 2. The time factor—Excessive tourniquet time causes “tissue reaction” due to anoxia with post-operative swelling, stiffness and subjective numbness of the hand. 3. 3. Tissue reaction may be minimised by chilling the hand during ischaemia. The hand surgeon should remember that tourniquet haemostatis with ischaemia, however convenient, is potentially lethal to the tissues of the hand. Lacking divine insight, he should not hold back for too long the waters of the Red Sea.
Mature Librarians and the University Faculty: Factors Contributing to Librarians' Acceptance as Colleagues (1993)

In an exploratory study, eighteen mature librarians who are con- sidered colleagues of teaching faculty were interviewed to understand actual instances of acceptance within an institution. Participants demonstrated that performing the role of librarian and exploiting campus governance activities contributed significantly to collegial acceptance and were used to advantage more often than a common interest in research. The most important factor, however, was self-confidence as a librarian. Models and mentors reportedly helped subjects learn to be colleagues with other faculty; library school often did not.
Hospitalizations and Deaths Due to<i>Salmonella</i>Infections, FoodNet, 1996–1999 (2004)

Nontyphoidal Salmonella causes a higher proportion of food-related deaths annually than any other bacterial pathogen in the United States. We reviewed 4 years (1996-1999) of population-based active surveillance data on laboratory-confirmed Salmonella infections from the Emerging Infections Program's Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), to determine the rates of hospitalization and death associated with Salmonella infection. Overall, 22% of infected persons were hospitalized, with the highest rate (47%) among persons aged >60 years. Fifty-eight deaths occurred, for an estimated annual incidence of 0.08 deaths/100,000 population. These deaths accounted for 38% of all deaths reported through FoodNet from 1996 through 1999, and they occurred primarily among adults with serious underlying disease. Although Salmonella infection was seldom listed as a cause of death on hospital charts and death certificates, our chart review suggests that Salmonella infection contributed to these deaths.
Structure and reactivity in reverse micelles (1989)

Introduction (M.P. Pileni). In search of microstructure (B.W. Ninham). Structure of reversed micelles (D. Langevin). Structural changes of reverse micelles and microemulsions by adding solutes of proteins (M.P. Pileni). What can be expected from NMR in reversed micelles? (A. Llor,T. Zemb). Fluorescence quenching in micellar systems (M. van der Auweraer, F.C. de Schryver). Proton transfer in reverse micelles and characterization of the acidity in the water pools (B. Valeur, E. Bardez). Femtosecond reactivity of excess electron in reversed micelles water pool (Y. Gauduel et al.). Photochemistry in reverse micelles (M.P. Pileni). Magnetic-field dependent reactions in reverse micellar systems (U.E. Steiner). Hydrated electrons in reverse micelles (M.P. Pileni). Synthesis and surface reactions of semiconductor crystallite clusters in reverse micelle media (M.L. Steigerwald, L.E. Brus). Microparticle synthesis and characterization in reverse micelles (B.H. Robinson et al.). Polymerization in and of inverse micelles (G. Voortmans, F.C. de Schryver). Enzymatic catalysis in reversed micelles (Yu.L. Khmelnitsky et al.). Some general considerations about the field of protein-containing reverse micelles (P.L. Luisi). Interphase transfer for selective solubilization of ions, amino acids and proteins in reversed micelles (E.B. Leodidis, T.A. Hatton). Protein partitioning between microemulsion phases and conjugate aqueous phases (P.D.I. Fletcher, D. Parrott). Applications of enzyme containing reversed micelles (R. Hilhorst). Reverse micelles as a model for the study of membrane proteins at myelin interlamellar aqueous spaces (C. Nicot, M. Waks). Inverse microlatexes: mechanism of formation and characterization (F. Candau, M. Carver). Subject Index.
Adaptive fuzzy control of nonlinear systems (2006)

Fuzzy logic provides human reasoning capabilities to capture uncertainties that cannot be described by precise mathematical models. An adaptive fuzzy system is a fuzzy logic system equipped with a learning algorithm. A"learning system" possesses the capability to improve its performance over time by interacting with its environment, so an adaptive control system has the ability to improve the performance of the closed-loop system by generating command inputs to the plant and utilizing feedback information from the plant. This thesis proposes a fast approach for system modeling by neuro-fuzzy networks (NFNs), which can successfully model the nonlinear system dynamics and its uncertainties. This algorithm can construct a system model by NFN, i.e., fuzzy rules can be generated automatically in the learning process from training data without partitioning the input space and selecting initial parameters a priori. This thesis presents an adaptive fuzzy control method of nonlinear systems using the NFN controller, which can be constructed by the fast learning algorithm proposed in this thesis. In simulation studies, an inverted pendulum system can track the desired trajectory very well and the control system has good robustness to disturbances using the adaptive control method proposed. The inverted pendulum is controlled by the proposed adaptive fuzzy control method, classical PID control method and nonadaptive fuzzy control method respectively; the control results show that the adaptive fuzzy control system has the best performances among the three control systems in terms of transient and steady-state results.
600 MHz optical signal transmission at the 3 μm band using a fluoride optical fibre and a superconducting detector (1985)

We have demonstrated operation of a transmission system at the 3 μm band. The system consists of a fluoride optical fibre, a superconducting BaPb1−xBixO3 (BPB) detector and a semiconductor Pb-salt diode laser. The low-level optical signal transmitted through the fibre is detected by the BPB detector up to 600 MHz. The observed results suggest that the BPB detector is suitable for use in infra-red optical transmission.
Using Process-Level Redundancy to Exploit Multiple Cores for Transient Fault Tolerance (2007)

Transient faults are emerging as a critical concern in the reliability of general-purpose microprocessors. As architectural trends point towards multi-threaded multi-core designs, there is substantial interest in adapting such parallel hardware resources for transient fault tolerance. This paper proposes a software-based multi-core alternative for transient fault tolerance using process-level redundancy (PLR). PLR creates a set of redundant processes per application process and systematically compares the processes to guarantee correct execution. Redundancy at the process level allows the operating system to freely schedule the processes across all available hardware resources. PLR's software-centric approach to transient fault tolerance shifts the focus from ensuring correct hardware execution to ensuring correct software execution. As a result, PLR ignores many benign faults that do not propagate to affect program correctness. A real PLR prototype for running single-threaded applications is presented and evaluated for fault coverage and performance. On a 4-way SMP machine, PLR provides improved performance over existing software transient fault tolerance techniques with 16.9% overhead for fault detection on a set of optimized SPEC2000 binaries.
Shape sensing for torsionally compliant concentric-tube robots (2016)

Concentric-tube robots (CTR) consist of a series of pre-curved flexible tubes that make up the robot structure and provide the high dexterity required for performing surgical tasks in constrained environments. This special design introduces new challenges in shape sensing as large twisting is experienced by the torsionally compliant structure. In the literature, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are attached to needle-sized continuum robots for curvature sensing, but they are limited to obtaining bending curvatures since a straight sensor layout is utilized. For a CTR, in addition to bending curvatures, the torsion along the robots shaft should be determined to calculate the shape and pose of the robot accurately. To solve this problem, in our earlier work, we proposed embedding FBG sensors in a helical pattern into the tube wall. The strain readings are converted to bending curvatures and torsion by a strain-curvature model. In this paper, a modified strain-curvature model is proposed that can be used in conjunction with standard shape reconstruction algorithms for shape and pose calculation. This sensing technology is evaluated for its accuracy and resolution using three FBG sensors with 1 mm sensing segments that are bonded into the helical grooves of a pre-curved Nitinol tube. The results show that this sensorized robot can obtain accurate measurements: resolutions of 0.02 rad/m with a 100 Hz sampling rate. Further, the repeatability of the obtained measurements during loading and unloading conditions are presented and analyzed.
Variations in the age‐specific curves of human papillomavirus prevalence in women worldwide (2006)

An inverse relationship between age and human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence has been reported in many developed countries, but information on this relationship is scarce in many other parts of the world. We carried out a cross-sectional study of sexually active women from the general population of 15 areas in 4 continents. Similar standardised protocols for women's enrolment, cervical specimen collection and PCR-based assays for HPV testing were used. HPV prevalence in different age groups was compared by study area. 18,498 women aged 15-74 years were included. Age-standardised HPV prevalence varied more than 10-fold between populations, as did the shape of age-specific curves. HPV prevalence peaked below age 25 or 35, and declined with age in Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Argentina, Korea and in Lampang, Thailand and Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. This was not the case in Songkla, Thailand nor Hanoi, Vietnam, where HPV prevalence was low in all age groups. In Chile, Colombia and Mexico, a second peak of HPV prevalence was detected among older women. In the poorest study areas in Asia (Shanxi, China and Dindigul, India), and in Nigeria, HPV prevalence was high across all age groups. The substantial differences observed in age-specific curves of HPV prevalence between populations may have a variety of explanations. These differences, however, underline that great caution should be used in inferring the natural history of HPV from age-specific prevalences.
Nutrient Contents, δ^13 C and δ^15 N during Leaf Senescence in the Mangrove, Kandelia candel (L.) Druce (2002)

Kandelia candel (L.) Druce is the dominant mangrove species in two nature reserves in Northern Taiwan. We characterized the nutrient quality of the leaf litter originating from K. candel and attempted to suggest the extent to which the observed decline of nutrient concentrations in senescing leaves could be attributed to the withdrawal of these nutrients into the main plant before abscission. On a dry weight basis, senescent leaves and leaf litter had significantly lower concentrations of N, P and K and higher concentrations of Na than did younger ones. At one site Ca and Mg contents rose with senescence; at the second site there was no change with age of leaf. Leaf δ^13 C and C: N ratios suggest that withdrawal into the main plant may not be the major cause for the observed decline of C and N during leaf senescence. The δ^13 C values of mature leaves ranged from -26% to -30%c; senescent leaves and leaf litter were 0.6% more negative for δ13 C than fresh leaves at the most seaward site. We attribute this decline of δ13 C to loss of stomatal control during senescence. δ15 N ranged from +4.3% to +9.8% for individual samples with no significant differences among ages of leaves, indicating no important gaseous N losses during senescence. P was probably not limiting to growth at these sites.
Color separation system with angularly positioned light source module for pixelized backlighting (2010)

A color-separation system that angularly positions color LEDs to produce color separation and a lens array to focus this light onto the pixels is proposed. The LED rays from different incident angles are mapped into corresponding sub-pixel positions to efficiently display color image, which can be used to replace the absorbing color filter in the conventional liquid crystal layer. In this paper, the prototype backlight has been designed, fabricated and characterized. The measurement results of this module showed that a gain factor of transmission efficiency three times more than that of conventional color filters efficiency improvement and a larger color gamut are expected.
Safe use of PEEP in patients with severe head injury (1985)

Thirty-three patients with severe head trauma were studied to determine whether the use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) would cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). Changes in ICP induced by PEEP were then correlated with a panel of physiological variables to try to explain these changes. Mean ICP increased from 13.2 +/- 7.7 mm Hg (+/- standard deviation) to 14.5 +/- 7.5 mm Hg (p less than 0.005) due to 10 cm H2O PEEP, but the eight patients with elevated baseline ICP experienced no significant increase. Cardiac output and venous admixture (Qs/Qt) declined significantly, while central venous pressure, peak inspiratory pressure, functional residual capacity, and arterial pCO2 increased significantly due to PEEP. Blood pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure were unchanged. The change in ICP due to PEEP correlated significantly with a combination of cardiac output, peak inspiratory pressure, Qs/Qt, and changes in blood pressure and arterial pCO2 due to PEEP, indicating that the effect of PEEP on ICP could be largely explained by its effect on hemodynamic and respiratory variables. No patient deteriorated clinically due to PEEP. It is concluded that 10 cm H2O PEEP increases ICP slightly via its effect on other physiological variables, but that this small increase in ICP is clinically inconsequential.
Residual activity correction for computing myocardial blood flow from dynamic 13NH3 studies (2011)

2103 Objectives A cardiac perfusion PET study requires at least 2 scans (rest and stress). With 13NH3 (half life of 9.97min), some residual activity from the previous study could still be present in the subsequent scan, potentially introducing overestimation in the quantification of the myocardial blood flow (MBF) [1]. A method to estimate and correct the residual activity for computing MBF is presented. Methods 24 patient rest and adenosine stress 13NH3 datasets were obtained on a Siemens Biograph-64 PET/CT scanner. The acquisition of the stress scan started before the injection, so that the first frame of the dynamic sequence only contains residual activity from the rest. 16 frames (12x10s, 2x30s, 1x60s, 1x360s) were reconstructed. The residual activity is quantified using the value of the blood input function (BIF) and time activity curve (TAC) on the first frame, and corrected by subtracting it from all frames of the TACs and BIF. MBF and CFR values are computed using Siemens syngo.MBF software. Results The time interval between the rest and stress injection is between 19 and 40 min. The mean (±SD) stress flow with and without residual correction is 2.09 ± 0.61 and 2.3 ± 0.65 ml/g/min, with correlation coefficient R2 = 0.969, slope = 0.93, intercept = -0.05. The ratio of MBF with and without residual correction is 90.7% ± 4.9%. The mean first frame residual activity in the myocardium varies between 1,993 to 19,967 Bq/ml. Conclusions Residual activities in the consecutive 13NH3 studies introduce some overestimation of MBF. A first frame subtraction method is shown to correct the residual activity successfully for computing MBF
Thermal reSPonSe TeSTinG of GeoThermal WellS for doWnhole heaT exchanGer aPPlicaTionS (2012)

Accurate prediction of transient subsurface heat transfer is important in sizing downhole heat exchangers (DHEs) and making predictions of their thermal output, but quantification of these processes has been difficult and elusive in practice. As such, current DHE design methods rely on empirical data and rules of thumb. The work described in this paper makes use of so-called in-situ thermal response testing, in conjunction with a newly-adapted analytical solution that describes the coupled conductive and advective heat transport relevant to DHEs. The complex heat transfers within the well bore are described by a lumped thermal resistance parameter. A parameter estimation technique is applied to thermal response test data at a site in southern Oregon to quantify the average rock thermal conductivity, apparent average linear groundwater velocity, and wellbore thermal resistance. An example is given on use of the method to make DHE temperature output predictions over time of operation for an actual heating application.
Genetic variation detected by quantitative analysis of end-labeled genomic DNA fragments. (1994)

The continuing efforts to evaluate specific human populations for altered germinal mutation rates would profit from more efficient and more specific approaches than those of the past. To this end, we have explored the potential usefulness of two-dimensional electrophoresis of DNA fragments obtained from restriction-enzyme-digested genomic DNA. This permits the analysis, on a single preparation, of approximately 2000 DNA fragments varying in size from 1.0 to 5.0 kb in the first dimension and from 0.3 to 2.0 kb in the second dimension. To enter into a genetic analysis, these fragments must exhibit positional and quantitative stability. With respect to the latter, if spots that are the product of two homologous DNA fragments are to be distinguished with the requisite accuracy from spots that are the product of only one fragment, the coefficient of variation of spot intensity should be approximately < or = 0.12. At present, 482 of the spots in our preparations meet these standards. In an examination of preparations based on three Japanese mother/father/child trios, 43 of these 482 spots were found to exhibit variation that segregated within families according to Mendelian principles. We have established the feasibility of cloning a variant fragment from such gels and establishing its nucleotide sequence. This technology should be highly efficient in monitoring for mutations resulting in loss/gain/rearrangement events in DNA fragments distributed throughout the genome.
A Ultra-Wideband Amplitude Modulation (AM) Detector Using Schottky Barrier Diodes Fabricated in Foundry CMOS Technology (2007)

Utility of Schottky diodes fabricated in foundry digital 130-nm CMOS technology is demonstrated by implementing an ultra-wideband (UWB) amplitude modulation detector consisting of a low-noise amplifier (LNA), a Schottky diode rectifier, and a low-pass filter. The input and output matching of the detector is better than -10 dB from 0-10.3 GHz and 0-1.7 GHz, respectively, and almost covers the entire UWB frequency band (3.1-10.6 GHz). The measured peak conversion gain is -2.2dB. The sensitivity over the band for amplitude modulation with the minimum E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> of 6 dB is between -53 and -56 dBm. The power consumption is only 8.5 mW
A 30GHz 155Mbit/s self-calibrating direct transmitter (2006)

This paper describes a 155Mbps self-calibrating direct transmitter for Ka-band satellite communications. It uses an 8-PSK modulation to fit the data rate of 155Mbps into a 72MHz channel bandwidth, and employs an adaptive pre-compensation technique to maximize the LO and image suppressions. An FPGA implements the 8-PSK mapper, the pulse-shaping filters and the pre-compensation, while a DSP adaptively estimates the pre-compensation coefficients. A subharmonic vector modulator brings analog inphase and quadrature signals directly from baseband to the 30GHz carrier. Experimental results show that the adaptive pre-compensation technique can effectively suppress the LO leakage and image
Zinc Supplementation Reconstitutes the Production of Interferon-α by Leukocytes from Elderly Persons (1997)

The elderly are more prone to virus infections and neoplasias than are young adults. During a virus infection, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), proteins with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties, are transiently expressed. We here report that peripheral white blood cells from 16 subjects with a mean age of 72 years yielded less IFN when stimulated with a virus in vitro than those from 16 young adults with a mean age of 28 years. Monocytes are the main source of this IFN. However, yields of another monocyte product, interleukin-6 (IL-6), were greater in cells from the older subjects than from the young adults, so there is no general defect in monocytes from the former. Immunodeficiency in the elderly has been reported to be associated with a deficiency of zinc. When cultures of white blood cells from the elderly were supplemented with 15 microM zinc (the physiologic concentration), they produced IFN in amounts comparable to those from the younger subjects.
Strongly Quantum Confined Colloidal Cesium Tin Iodide Perovskite Nanoplates: Lessons for Reducing Defect Density and Improving Stability (2018)

Within the last several years, metal halide perovskites such as methylammonium lead iodide, CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>, have come to the forefront of scientific investigation as defect-tolerant, solution-processable semiconductors that exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties. The vast majority of study has focused on Pb-based perovskites, which have limited applications because of their inherent toxicity. To enable the broad application of these materials, the properties of lead-free halide perovskites must be explored. Here, two-dimensional, lead-free cesium tin iodide, (CsSnI<sub>3</sub>), perovskite nanoplates have been synthesized and characterized for the first time. These CsSnI<sub>3</sub> nanoplates exhibit thicknesses of less than 4 nm and exhibit significant quantum confinement with photoluminescence at 1.59 eV compared to 1.3 eV in the bulk. Ab initio calculations employing the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof elucidate that although the dominant intrinsic defects in CsSnI<sub>3</sub> do not introduce deep levels inside the band gap, their concentration can be quite high. These simulations also highlight that synthesizing and processing CsSnI<sub>3</sub> in Sn-rich conditions can reduce defect density and increase stability, which matches insights gained experimentally. This improvement in the understanding of CsSnI<sub>3</sub> represents a step toward the broader challenge of building a deeper understanding of Sn-based halide perovskites and developing design principles that will lead to their successful application in optoelectronic devices.