gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An efficient implementation of the 1D DCT using FPGA technology (2004)

This paper describes and represents different algorithms and efficient implementation of one-dimensional 8 point discrete cosine transform on field programmable gate arrays. One of the main objectives is to minimize the complexity of operations as much as possible while maintaining low delays and high-speed throughput. Distributed arithmetic is a powerful technique that has been used for fast and efficient implementation of 1D DCT on FPGA.
Evidence for Acquisition in Nature of a Chromosomal 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/(alpha)-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase Gene by Different Burkholderia spp (1996)

We characterized the gene required to initiate the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by the soil bacterium Burkholderia sp. strain TFD6, which hybridized to the tfdA gene of the canonical 2,4-D catabolic plasmid pJP4 under low-stringency conditions. Cleavage of the ether bond of 2,4-D by cell extracts of TFD6 proceeded by an (alpha)-ketoglutarate-dependent reaction, characteristic of TfdA (F. Fukumori and R. P. Hausinger, J. Bacteriol. 175:2083-2086, 1993). The TFD6 tfdA gene was identified in a recombinant plasmid which complemented a tfdA transposon mutant of TFD6 created by chromosomal insertion of Tn5. The plasmid also expressed TfdA activity in Escherichia coli DH5(alpha), as evidenced by enzyme assays with cell extracts. Sequence analysis of the tfdA gene and flanking regions from strain TFD6 showed 99.5% similarity to a tfdA gene cloned from the chromosome of a different Burkholderia species (strain RASC) isolated from a widely separated geographical area. This chromosomal gene has 77.2% sequence identity to tfdA from plasmid pJP4 (Y. Suwa, W. E. Holben, and L. J. Forney, abstr. Q-403, in Abstracts of the 94th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1994.). The tfdA homologs cloned from strains TFD6 and RASC are the first chromosomally encoded 2,4-D catabolic genes to be reported. The occurrence of highly similar tfdA genes in different bacterial species suggests that this chromosomal gene can be horizontally transferred.
Sphingosine kinase 2 restricts T cell immunopathology but permits viral persistence (2020)

Chronic viral infections are often established by the exploitation of immune-regulatory mechanisms that result in nonfunctional T cell responses. Viruses that establish persistent infections remain a serious threat to human health. Sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) generates sphingosine 1-phosphate, which is a molecule known to regulate multiple cellular processes. However, little is known about SphK2's role during the host immune responses to viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that SphK2 functions during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Cl 13 (LCMV Cl 13) infection to limit T cell immune pathology, which subsequently aids in the establishment of virus-induced immunosuppression and the resultant viral persistence. The infection of Sphk2-deficient (Sphk2-/-) mice with LCMV Cl 13 led to the development of nephropathy and mortality via T cell-mediated immunopathology. Following LCMV infection, Sphk2-/- CD4+ T cells displayed increased activity and proliferation, and these cells promoted overactive LCMV Cl 13-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Notably, oral instillation of an SphK2-selective inhibitor promoted protective T cell responses and accelerated the termination of LCMV Cl 13 persistence in mice. Thus, SphK2 is indicated as an immunotherapeutic target for the control of persistent viral infections.
Probably Approximately Correct MDP Learning and Control With Temporal Logic Constraints (2014)

We consider synthesis of control policies that maximize the probability of satisfying given temporal logic specifications in unknown, stochastic environments. We model the interaction between the system and its environment as a Markov decision process (MDP) with initially unknown transition probabilities. The solution we develop builds on the so-called model-based probably approximately correct Markov decision process (PAC-MDP) methodology. The algorithm attains an $\varepsilon$-approximately optimal policy with probability $1-δ$ using samples (i.e. observations), time and space that grow polynomially with the size of the MDP, the size of the automaton expressing the temporal logic specification, $\frac{1}{\varepsilon}$, $\frac{1}δ$ and a finite time horizon. In this approach, the system maintains a model of the initially unknown MDP, and constructs a product MDP based on its learned model and the specification automaton that expresses the temporal logic constraints. During execution, the policy is iteratively updated using observation of the transitions taken by the system. The iteration terminates in finitely many steps. With high probability, the resulting policy is such that, for any state, the difference between the probability of satisfying the specification under this policy and the optimal one is within a predefined bound.
New Class of Monoclonal Antibodies against Severe Influenza: Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy in Ferrets (2010)

These data demonstrate the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of this new class of human monoclonal antibodies in a highly stringent and clinically relevant animal model of influenza and justify clinical development of this approach as intervention for both seasonal and pandemic influenza.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON VARIOUS ARTFICIAL MAGNETIC CONDUCTORS FOR LOW-PROFILE ANTENNA (2006)

Abstract—This paper investigated comparatively the characteristics of four types of artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) surface, including a mushroom-like (electromagnetic band gap) EBG, uniplanar compact EBG (UC-EBG), Peano curve, and Hilbert curve, as a ground plane for a low-profile antenna. The AMC surface structures are designed to have an in-phase reflection property for a plane wave of normal incidence in the vicinity of 2.45 GHz. The bandwidths of the in-phase reflection for the AMC surfaces and return losses, radiation patterns, and gains of the horizontal wire antennas on the AMC ground planes are all measured and compared with each other. The measured data show that all the AMC surfaces act as good ground planes for a lowprofile antenna, yet the bandwidth and gain of the mushroom-like EBG structure are broader and larger, respectively, than those of the other structures.
Clinical impact of molecular genetic diagnosis, genetic counseling, and management of hereditary cancer (1999)

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) is the most common hereditary form of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and may account for 5–10% of the total CRC burden. The discovery of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, inclusive of hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS2, and hMSH6, has enabled the identification of who has and who does not have inordinately increased susceptibility to CRC as well as a litany of extracolonic cancers. Mutation testing has focused on hMSH2 and hMLH1, the most common mutations in HNPCC. The protocol for DNA testing and DNA-based genetic counseling is described in Part I of this study. One hundred ninety-nine bloodline relatives were tested and counseled from five hMLH1 and two hMSH2 families. Their major reason for seeking genetic counseling and DNA testing was to inform their children and other loved ones of their mutation status. Those who sought counseling overestimated their risk for inheriting the mutation and showed a high rate of interest in prophylactic surgery, and many were greatly concerned about insurance discrimination. Knowledge about HNPCC, its molecular genetic diagnosis, surveillance and management opportunities, and genetic counseling implications are still emerging, all in the face of a greater need for physician education regarding all facets of hereditary cancer. Cancer 1999;86:2457–63. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Union Member Orientations and Patterns of Social Integration (1957)

The meaning of membership in trade unions has been a problem of persistent and basic interest to students of the labor movement. With the passing of the struggle for legal and institutional sanction, however, the focus of this interest has shifted from determining why workers join a union to the relationship between member participation in its governing processes and the vitality of the organization. The basic theme of this article is that the degrees of participation in union affairs express differences in members' social class orientations which, in turn, are partly the function of community backgrounds and occupational career patterns. The authors' hypotheses about these relationships were tested among the membership of a local industrial union in Lansing, Michigan. (Author's abstract courtesy EBSCO.)
Rapid Surface Functionalization of Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon by Alkyl Silanols (2017)

Surface functionalization of inorganic semiconductor substrates, particularly silicon, has focused attention toward many technologically important applications, involving photovoltaic energy, biosensing and catalysis. For such modification processes, oxide-free (H-terminated) silicon surfaces are highly required, and different chemical approaches have been described in the past decades. However, their reactivity is often poor, requiring long reaction times (2-18 h) or the use of UV light (10-30 min). Here, we report a simple and rapid surface functionalization for H-terminated Si(111) surfaces using alkyl silanols. This catalyst-free surface reaction is fast (15 min at room temperature) and can be accelerated with UV light irradiation, reducing the reaction time to 1-2 min. This grafting procedure leads to densely packed organic monolayers that are hydrolytically stable (even up to 30 days at pH 3 or 11) and can display excellent antifouling behavior against a range of organic polymers.
A single chip videophone video encoder/decoder (2002)

This paper describes the realization of a single chip CODEC for a video telephone terminal. Several image compression architectures have already been reported. This chip allows implementation of the video sub-system of a consumer video telephone with only 4 chips including this CODEC, a dedicated display controller chip, a standard low-end ST9 microprocessor, and a standard video RAM component. The chip encodes and decodes simultaneously 15 QCIF (144/spl times/176 pixels) images per second, according to the H.261 norm. It is optimized for bit streams in the 48 kb/s to 128 kb/s range, but lower bit rates can be accommodated. The chip also encodes or decodes still CIF (288/spl times/352) images. A flow diagram of the embedded algorithm is presented.
Insulin Administration and Rate of Glucose Appearance in People With Type 1 Diabetes (2008)

These results suggest that meal glucose appearance is independent of prandial insulin concentration in people with type 1 diabetes.
Intravenous Hemostatic Nanoparticles Increase Survival Following Blunt Trauma Injury (2012)

Trauma is the leading cause of death for people ages 1-44, with blood loss comprising 60-70% of mortality in the absence of lethal CNS or cardiac injury. Immediate intervention is critical to improving chances of survival. While there are several products to control bleeding for external and compressible wounds, including pressure dressings, tourniquets, or topical materials (e.g., QuikClot, HemCon), there are no products that can be administered in the field for internal bleeding. There is a tremendous unmet need for a hemostatic agent to address internal bleeding in the field. We have developed hemostatic nanoparticles (GRGDS-NPs) that reduce bleeding times by ~50% in a rat femoral artery injury model. Here, we investigated their impact on survival following administration in a lethal liver resection injury in rats. Administration of these hemostatic nanoparticles reduced blood loss following the liver injury and dramatically and significantly increased 1 h survival from 40 and 47% in controls (inactive nanoparticles and saline, respectively) to 80%. Furthermore, we saw no complications following administration of these nanoparticles. We further characterized the nanoparticles' effect on clotting time (CT) and maximum clot firmness (MCF) using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), a clinical measurement of whole-blood coagulation. Clotting time is significantly reduced, with no change in MCF. Administration of these hemostatic nanoparticles after massive trauma may help staunch bleeding and improve survival in the critical window following injury, and this could fundamentally change trauma care.
<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>Persistence in the Female Mouse Genital Tract: Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Infection Outcome (2001)

It was previously reported that female mice resolve a primary Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection independent of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We now report that although iNOS-deficient (NOS2(-/-)) mice resolve culture-apparent infection in a fashion similar to that of normal control (NOS2(+/+)) mice, they sustain significantly increased rates of disease, as assessed by hydrosalpinx formation. PCR amplification of ompA followed by Southern blot detection of amplicands revealed the presence of chlamydial DNA in the lower genital tracts of both NOS2(-/-) and NOS2(+/+) mice at > or =120 days postinfection and in upper genital tract tissues at >120 days postinfection. However, only NOS2(-/-) mice shed low numbers of viable chlamydiae from the lower genital tract after immunosuppressive treatment at 120 days postinfection. When cultured primary murine lung fibroblasts were activated in the presence of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), inhibition of chlamydial growth occurred in both NOS2(+/+) and NOS2(-/-) cells, but the inhibition was reversible after removal of the cytokine in the NOS2(-/-) primary cell culture only. The iNOS-independent inhibition was microbistatic but was independent of 2,3-indoleamine dioxygenase activity. We conclude that chlamydial DNA and antigens persist in mice subsequent to culture-apparent resolution. In addition, IFN-gamma induces in vivo inhibition of chlamydial growth through microbistatic mechanisms in the absence of iNOS activity, but in the presence of iNOS activity, IFN-gamma is microbicidal and effects eradication.
Audio-Visual Feature Extraction for Semi-Automatic Annotation of Meetings (2006)

In this paper we present the building blocks of our semi-automatic annotation tool which supports multi-modal and multi-level annotation of meetings. The main focus is on the proper design and functionality of the modules for recognizing meeting actions. The key features, identity and position of the speakers, are provided by different modalities (audio and video). Three audio algorithms (voice activity detection, speaker identification and direction of arrival) and three video algorithms (detection, tracking and identification) form the low-level feature extraction components. Low-level features are automatically merged and the recognized actions are proposed to the user by visualizing them. The annotation labels are related but not limited to events during meetings. The user can finally confirm or if necessary, modify the suggestion, and then store the actions into a database
Methods of Synthesis of Dithiocarboxylic Acids and Esters (1983)

The aim of this review is to present a description of the preparative methods for dithiocarboxylic acids and esters reported in the recent literature. 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of Dithiocarboxylic Acids via Organometallic Reagents 2.1. Syntheses Employing Grignard Reagents 2.2. Syntheses Involving Organoalkali Metal or Organocopper Compounds 3. Synthesis of Dithiocarboxylic Acids via Sulphurisation 4. Synthesis of Dithiocarboxylic Acids Involving Nucleophilic Attack on Carbon Disulphide 5. Synthesis of Dithiocarboxylic Acids and Esters Based on Participation of Carbon Disulphide in Friedel-Crafts Reactions 6. Methods for the Preparation of Cyclic Dithiocarboxylic Esters (Dithiolactones) 7. Synthesis of Tetrathiodicarboxylic Acids and Esters 8. Miscellaneous Methods of Synthesis of Dithiocarboxylic Acids and Esters 9. Addendum
Resistance rising (2004)

Resistance risingThe rise in the number and percentage of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections that are methicillin resistant was highlighted at the 42nd annual meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America held in Boston in September 2004 (http:// www.idsociety.org).Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections are more commonly found in individuals who are or have been in a hospital or health care facility, but findings reported in more than 25 poster presentations showed a significant increase in MRSA infections in healthy individuals who have none of the usual risk factors.Kevin Purcell, a health care consultant for Driscoll Children's Hospital in Corpus Christi, Texas, and presenter of one of the posters, told the JCI, "The rate of methicillin resistance in our Staph.aureus isolates slowly increased from 3% in 1990 to 10% in 1999 and then rapidly increased over a 4-year period to 62% in 2003."Also worth noting is that the types of infections being caused by this community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) can vary significantly from population to population.Most presentations showed that CA-MRSA infections occur primarily in the skin or soft tissue, but there was also a rise in the number of cases of CA-MRSA pneumonia, and Loren Miller and colleagues recorded in Los Angeles 14 CA-MRSA cases of necrotizing fasciitis, better-known to the public as flesh-eating bacteria.These infections are particularly unusual because necrotizing fasciitis is usually caused by group A Streptococcus, not by S. aureus.In Purcell's study, 94% of the infections were localized to the skin."We had a much smaller percentage of invasive infections and only 1 case of the necrotizing fasciitis," Purcell said."Our greatest concern was that the skin infections were becoming more and more common.Furthermore, the community-acquired MRSA strains have more of an ability to cause these kinds of infections than the non-MRSA strains."Purcell believes that the data from his and the other studies suggest a real need to think carefully about how antibiotics are used now as compared to a few years ago.CA-MRSA can be treated with several currently used antibiotics but is resistant to first-generation cephalosporins, which, not long ago, were the front-line antibiotics.Most doctors now generally use clindamyo-
Temporal Trends in Event Rates After Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction (1999)

Substantial reductions in risk of CHD death and all-cause mortality occurred over these 4 decades, coincident with improvements in post-MI therapies. The absence of a decline in CHF incidence may be due to improved post-MI survival of individuals with depressed left ventricular systolic function who are at high risk for CHF.
Interleukin 1/Toll-like Receptor-induced Autophosphorylation Activates Interleukin 1 Receptor-associated Kinase 4 and Controls Cytokine Induction in a Cell Type-specific Manner (2014)

IRAK4 is a central kinase in innate immunity, but the role of its kinase activity is controversial. The mechanism of activation for IRAK4 is currently unknown, and little is known about the role of IRAK4 kinase in cytokine production, particularly in different human cell types. We show IRAK4 autophosphorylation occurs by an intermolecular reaction and that autophosphorylation is required for full catalytic activity of the kinase. Phosphorylation of any two of the residues Thr-342, Thr-345, and Ser-346 is required for full activity, and the death domain regulates the activation of IRAK4. Using antibodies against activated IRAK4, we demonstrate that IRAK4 becomes phosphorylated in human cells following stimulation by IL-1R and Toll-like receptor agonists, which can be blocked pharmacologically by a dual inhibitor of IRAK4 and IRAK1. Interestingly, in dermal fibroblasts, although complete inhibition of IRAK4 kinase activity does not inhibit IL-1-induced IL-6 production, NF-κB, or MAPK activation, there is complete ablation of these processes in IRAK4-deficient cells. In contrast, the inhibition of IRAK kinase activity in primary human monocytes reduces R848-induced IL-6 production with minimal effect on NF-κB or MAPK activation. Taken together, these studies define the mechanism of IRAK4 activation and highlight the differential role of IRAK4 kinase activity in different human cell types as well as the distinct roles IRAK4 scaffolding and kinase functions play.
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor promotes brain repair following traumatic brain injury by recruitment of microglia and increasing neurotrophic factor expression (2016)

G-CSF serves as a neurotrophic factor that increases hippocampal neurogenesis (or enhances survival of new-born neurons), and activates astrocytes and microglia. In turn, these activated glia release a plethora of cytokines and neurotrophic factors that contribute, in a poorly understood cascade, to the brain's repair response. G-CSF also acts directly on bone marrow-derived cells to enhance recruitment of microglia to the site of CCI from circulating monocytes to the site of CCI.
Radical insights between science and art (2013)

Mix nine scientists with six artists in a laboratory and what do you get? Insight Radical reveals the results in a new exhibition.
Selective oxidative coupling of methane catalysed over hydroxyapatite ion-exchanged with lead (1994)

Oxidative coupling of methane to ethane and ethene can be effectively catalysed over hydroxyapatite ion-exchanged with lead at reaction temperatures as low at 700 °C, while hydroxyapatite itself catalyses methane oxidation mainly to carbon oxides. The rate of oxygen conversion over the former apatite is almost the same as that with the latter catalyst, suggesting that the oxidation sites on the two apatites are similar. The experimental results suggest that the lead ions on the surface of apatite play an important role in both the activation of methane and stabilization of methyl radicals on the surface.
Synthese und Reaktionen von Pseudoisoindolon‐(1)‐und 2‐Aza‐phenalenon‐Säureaddukten (1970)

Abstract Die Synthese des 3‐Chlor‐phthalimidins ( 8 ) liefert einen bequemen Zugang zum antiaromatischen Pseudoisoindolon‐(1)‐hydrohexachloroantiomonat ( 4a ). Das entsprechende aromatische 2‐Aza‐phenalenon‐hydroperchlorat ( 6 ) kann bei der Einwirkung von wäßriger perchlorsäure auf das Pseudonaphthaldehydsäureamid 17 erhalten werden. Die Elektrophilie von 4a und 6 bzw. entsprechender Vorstufen gegenüber nucleophilen Kohlenstoff‐ und Stickstoffverbindungen wird untersucht.
190-fs passively mode-locked thulium fiber laser with a low threshold (1996)

We report a self-starting passively mode-locked thulium-doped silica fiber laser capable of 190-fs pulses. This practical, compact package is driven by a single 50-mW passively cooled diode laser, has a launched pumppower threshold of 18 mW for mode locking, and produces a 50-MHz train of mode-locked 20-pJ pulses at a wavelength near 1.9 microm.