gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clean air, clear market. Making emissions trading work: The role of a computer-assisted auction (1993)

Creating a new commodity presents the chance to develop new markets in which to trade it. In many cases, existing markets can be adapted easily; in other cases it proves worthwhile to develop new forms that reflect special characteristics of the commodity and those who trade it. In the case of the sulfur dioxide (SO[sub 2]) emission allowances created by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, a number of standard market forms already have been adopted. While these will prove useful for handling some transactions, a new Market Clearing Auction (MCA) offers buyers and sellers a centralized marketplace for trading SO[sub 2] emission allowances. The MCA, which was developed by the brokerage firm Cantor Fitzgerald, is a computer-assisted [open quotes]smart[close quotes] auction designed to replicate the outcome of an efficient market in emission allowances, and accepts bids and offers for any possible combination of allowances. Orders can be submitted for streams of allowances. Orders can be submitted for streams of allowances covering more than one year. The auction then determines the combination of bids and offers that maximizes the gains from trades in the market, and establishes uniform market clearing prices for each allowance issue (1995, 1996, and somore » on). Once executed, trades are settled on a cash-forward basis; that is, allowances are delivered and payments are made at future dates.« less
Development of a 7-function hydraulic underwater manipulator system (2009)

A 7-function underwater manipulator which is teleoperated by master-slave type is systemically developed. It is mainly comprised of master controller, connection box, slave arm, pressure compensator, valve pack and hydraulic power unit. The slave arm is operated by the master arm, which is fixed on the master controller used to operate, configure, and diagnose the manipulator system and is a miniature replica of the slave arm. The movement of the smaller master arm is replicated by the larger slave arm. The pressure compensator provides hydraulic pressure compensation such that the compensated pressure is slightly higher than the ambient water pressure. A closed position loop is utilized to the control of each slave arm function except the jaw, integrating fault and error diagnosis. The valve pack, communication and power supply are also analyzed. The developed underwater manipulator is dexterous, accurate and reliable.
Choledochal Cyst Associated with Cystic Duct Dilatation: Report of Three Cases (2005)

Traditionally, it has been accepted that choledochal cysts are cystic dilatations of the extrahepatic duct. The association of this anomaly with cystic dilatations of cystic duct is extremely rare. Here in three cases of choledochal cysts with cystic duct dilatations, unusual variant of choledochal cyst are described. In all three cases, MRCP showed that the dilated cystic duct communicates with a common duct through a wide opening.
Synchronous and baroceptor-sensitive oscillations in skin microcirculation: evidence for central autonomic control (1997)

To determine whether skin blood flow is local or takes part in general regulatory mechanisms, we recorded laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF; left and right index fingers), blood pressure, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), R-R interval, and respiration in 10 healthy volunteers and 3 subjects after sympathectomy. We evaluated 1) the synchronism of LDF fluctuations in two index fingers, 2) the relationship with autonomically mediated fluctuations in other signals, and 3) the LDF ability to respond to arterial baroreflex stimulation (by neck suction at frequencies from 0.02 to 0.20 Hz), using spectral analysis (autoregressive uni- and bivariate, time-variant algorithms). Synchronous LDF fluctuations were observed in the index fingers of healthy subjects but not in sympathectomized patients. LDF fluctuations were coherent with those obtained for blood pressure, MSNA, and R-R interval. LDF fluctuations were leading blood pressure in the low-frequency (LF; 0.1 Hz) band and lagging in the respiratory, high-frequency (HF; approximately 0.25 Hz) band, suggesting passive "downstream" transmission only for HF and "upstream" transmission for LF from the microvessels. LDF fluctuations were responsive to sinusoidal neck suction up to 0.1 Hz, indicating response to sympathetic modulation. Skin blood flow thus reflects modifications determined by autonomic activity, detectable by frequency analysis of spontaneous fluctuations.
EGFR mutation-based phase II multicenter trial of gefitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts): Results of West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group trial (WJTOG0403) (2006)

7073 Background: Recently several retrospective analyses have reported that somatic activating mutations in the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain underlie responsiveness to gefitinib. In the present study, we have prospectively assessed whether these specific mutations in EGFR gene affect the clinical outcomes of NSCLC pts treated with gefitinib. Method: Pts with a histologically confirmed, recurrent or metastatic NSCLC that harbored EGFR mutations were eligible for the study. Direct sequencing using DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tumor specimens to detect mutations in EGFR (exons 18, 19 and 21) was performed in a central laboratory. Eligible pts with measurable lesions, ECOG PS of 0–2, adequate organ functions and less than 2 prior chemotherapy regimens were treated with gefitinib 250 mg orally once daily. The primary objective of this study was to determine the objective response rate of single-agent gefitinib in NSCLC pts with EGFR mutations. With the target activity level of 50% and the lowest response rate of interest set at 25%, 23 eligible patients were required with an 80% power to accept the hypothesis and a 5% significance level to reject the hypothesis. Allowing for a 10% loss to follow-up rate, a total of 25 patients with EGFR mutations were planned to enroll. Results: Between March 2005 and December 2005, 104 patients were recruited from fifteen study centers in Japan and screened for the presence of EGFR mutations. EGFR mutations were detected in 28 pts (27%). Twenty-five of the 28 pts have been enrolled onto this study; 12 pts had deletional mutations in exon 19 and 13 pts had missense mutations (L858R) in exon 21. Of the 25 pts with EGFR mutations: adenocarcinoma (24), female (17), never smoker (18), and PS 0–1 (22). Median age was 69 years (range, 54 to 89 years). Previous therapy included surgery in 9 pts (36%), chemotherapy in 7 pts (28%), and radiotherapy in 1 pts (4%). Conclusions: Efficacy and safety data will be mature in March 2006 and will be presented at the ASCO meeting. These are the first prospective studies targeted at NSCLC pts harboring EGFR mutations. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Slip Prediction Using Visual Information (2006)

This paper considers prediction of slip from a distance for wheeled ground robots using visual information as input. Large amounts of slippage which can occur on certain surfaces, such as sandy slopes, will negatively affect rover mobility. Therefore, obtaining information about slip before entering a particular terrain can be very useful for better planning and avoiding terrains with large slip.
Multiple Imputation of Industry and Occupation Codes in Census Public-use Samples Using Bayesian Logistic Regression (1991)

Abstract We describe methods used to create a new Census data base that can be used to study comparability of industry and occupation classification systems. This project represents the most extensive application of multiple imputation to date, and the modeling effort was considerable as well—hundreds of logistic regressions were estimated. One goal of this article is to summarize the strategies used in the project so that researchers can better understand how the new data bases were created. Another goal is to show how modifications of maximum likelihood methods were made for the modeling and imputation phases of the project. To multiply-impute 1980 census-comparable codes for industries and occupations in two 1970 census public-use samples, logistic regression models were estimated with flattening constants. For many of the regression models considered, the data were too sparse to support conventional maximum likelihood analysis, so some alternative had to be employed. These methods solve existence and related computational problems often encountered with maximum likelihood methods. Inferences pertaining to effects of predictor variables and inferences regarding predictions from logit models are also more satisfactory. The Bayesian strategy used in this project can be applied in other sparse-data settings where logistic regression is used because the approach can be implemented easily with any standard computer program for logit regression or log-linear analysis.
Model-Based Testing with AsmL .NET (2003)

Abstract. We present work on a tool environment for model-based testing with the Abstract State Machine Language (AsmL). Our environment supports semi-automatic parameter generation, call sequence generation and conformance testing. We outline the usage of the environment by an example, discuss its underlying technologies, and report on some applications conducted in the Microsoft environment. 1
Advanced Magnetic Microwires (2007)

Abstract The most relevant aspects of magnetic amorphous microwires are collected in this chapter from production and processing methods to micromagnetic magnetization reversal processes, including selected technological applications finally paying particular attention to the actual search for novel microwire materials. After a first general review of the present state of the art in Section 1, the fabrication of amorphous and nanocrystalline microwires by rapid solidification techniques and subsequent processing is described in Section 2, including important characteristics such as mechanical stress distribution. Section 3 reviews the most interesting magnetic features of positive magnetostriction, Fe‐based microwires with bistable magnetic behavior such as: domain structure, magnetization reversal mechanism and its dynamics, magnetoelastic behavior, magnetostatic interactions in arrays of bistable microwires, and applications. Section 4 is devoted to the circular magnetization process and magnetoimpedance effect of nonmagnetostrictive microwires, the microwave properties, and their applications. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the latest results obtained in the search for novel microwires with new and/or optimized properties: nanocomposite and multilayer microwires.
Cyclization/Hydrogermylation of Functionalized 1,6-Dienes Catalyzed by Cationic Palladium Complexes (1999)

A 1:1 mixture of the palladium phenanthroline complex (phen)Pd(Me)Cl and NaBAr4 (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; Ar = 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2) catalyzed the reaction of 4,4-disubstituted 1,6-dienes with trialkylgermanes at 80 °C in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) to form R3GeCH2-substituted cyclopentanes in good yield with high trans selectivity.
Formal property verification by abstraction refinement with formal, simulation and hybrid engines (2001)

We present RFN, a formal property verification tool based on abstraction refinement. Abstraction refinement is a strategy for property verification. It iteratively refines an abstract model to better approximate the behavior of the original design in the hope that the abstract model alone will provide enough evidence to prove or disprove the property.
T-Cell Subsets Required for Intravesical BCG Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer (1993)

Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been shown in prospective randomized clinical trials to be the treatment of choice for superficial bladder cancer. In this investigation we evaluated the role of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in the antitumor response. Monoclonal antibodies to thy 1.2, CD8, CD4 and an isotype control were injected intravenously to deplete T cell populations. After depletion (verified by flow cytometry), BCG therapy was initiated. The results demonstrate that the depletion of either CD4 or CD8 T cell subsets eliminated BCG-mediated antitumor activity. Footpad delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was aborted only in CD4 depleted mice; it was essentially unchanged in CD8 depleted mice. However, the presence of DTH was not sufficient for induction of BCG-mediated antitumor activity. Exogenous IL-2 at levels sufficient to induce lymphokine activated killer cell activity did not substitute for CD4 cells. There was no evidence for the induction of protective immunity to the tumor after BCG therapy. These results demonstrate the requirement for T lymphocytes in BCG-mediated antitumor activity and further demonstrate that the presence of both CD4 and CD8 subsets are required. CD8 depletion experiments suggest that the presence of CD4-mediated DTH is not sufficient for the induction of antitumor activity. Furthermore, these data suggest that BCG-mediated antitumor activity is a localized phenomenon that does not induce protective immunity.
Attachment of Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells to extracellular matrix: role of a laminin binding protein related to the 37/67 kDa laminin receptor in the development of plasma membrane polarization (1992)

Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells have been extensively used as a model for the study of epithelial polarization. The contacts between the cell and extra-cellular matrix (ECM) provide a signal for the polarization of apical membrane markers. In order to study the molecular basis of these contacts, MDCK cells extracts in Triton X-100 were affinity-purified on laminin, yielding polypeptides of 100-110 and 36 kDa, but only the second one could be enzymatically iodinated from the cell surface. This protein was also recognized by an antibody against the 37/67-kDa laminin/elastin family of proteins. Different polypeptides were purified by the same method on type I collagen. An antibody developed against the polypeptides purified on laminin recognized also a 67-kDa protein, blocked 125I-laminin binding to a population of high affinity (1.5 nM KD) binding sites and caused a significant decrease in cell attachment and spreading to laminin or endogenous ECM. This antibody did not interfere with MDCK cell attachment to fibronectin or collagen matrices, but still impaired cell spreading. An apical MDCK plasma membrane protein (184 kDa), fully polarized in untreated cells, was partially mispolarized after treatment with anti-36 kDa antibody. These results are consistent with a model of various ECM receptors operating together in these cells, and show an important role of a non-integrin 36-kDa laminin binding protein related to the 67-kDa laminin receptor family in cell attachment, spreading and polarization.
Synthesis, physical, and thermal properties of linear poly(dialkoxyphosphinyl‐<i>s</i>‐triazine)s (1988)

Abstract A novel class of linear poly(dialkoxyphosphinyl‐ s ‐triazine)s were prepared by interfacial or solution polycondensation reactions of various diamines such as ethylenediamine, hexamethy‐lenediamine or bis(4‐aminocyclohexyl)methane with 2‐dialkoxyphosphinyl‐4,6‐dichloro‐ s ‐triazines. The latter were synthesized by reacting cyanuric chloride with an equimolar amount of trialkyl phosphite. The phosphorous‐containing polymers were characterized by inherent viscosity measurements as well as by infrared (IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H‐NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal properties of polymers were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Pyrolysis of all polymers was exothermic. Polymers were stable up to 150–200°C both in nitrogen and air atmosphere. They afforded 16–42% char yield at 700°C under anaerobic conditions.
Acinetobacter baumannii Secretes Cytotoxic Outer Membrane Protein A via Outer Membrane Vesicles (2011)

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen that causes a high morbidity and mortality rate in infected patients, but pathogenic mechanisms of this microorganism regarding the secretion and delivery of virulence factors to host cells have not been characterized. Gram-negative bacteria naturally secrete outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that play a role in the delivery of virulence factors to host cells. A. baumannii has been shown to secrete OMVs when cultured in vitro, but the role of OMVs in A. baumannii pathogenesis is not well elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the secretion and delivery of virulence factors of A. baumannii to host cells via the OMVs and assessed the cytotoxic activity of outer membrane protein A (AbOmpA) packaged in the OMVs. A. baumannii ATCC 19606(T) secreted OMVs during in vivo infection as well as in vitro cultures. Potential virulence factors, including AbOmpA and tissue-degrading enzymes, were associated with A. baumannii OMVs. A. baumannii OMVs interacted with lipid rafts in the plasma membranes and then delivered virulence factors to host cells. The OMVs from A. baumannii ATCC 19606(T) induced apoptosis of host cells, whereas this effect was not detected in the OMVs from the ΔompA mutant, thereby reflecting AbOmpA-dependent host cell death. The N-terminal region of AbOmpA(22-170) was responsible for host cell death. In conclusion, the OMV-mediated delivery of virulence factors to host cells may well contribute to pathogenesis during A. baumannii infection.
A Concise Account of Recent S<sub>N</sub>2′ Grignard Coupling Reactions in Organic Synthesis (2005)

Over the past few decades studies on controlling the chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivities of allylic substitution reactions have been well documented in the literature and the SN2′ Grignard coupling reaction has emerged as a very powerful tool in selective carbon-carbon bond formation. This review focuses on all the recent synthetic developments in this special class of reactions.
Antagonism between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitors Indinavir and Saquinavir In Vitro (1997)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors are a promising class of antiretroviral agents that compromise enzymatic function through substrate mimicry. The in vitro susceptibility of a panel of HIV-1 clinical isolates demonstrating various drug resistance phenotypes to combinations of the HIV-1 protease inhibitors saquinavir and indinavir was determined. Antiviral effect was assessed by an HIV-1 p24 antigen reduction assay in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells after harvesting of cell-free supernatant fluids at peak antigen production (days 4-7). Drug interactions were determined by median-dose-effect analysis, with the combination index (CI) calculated at several inhibitory concentrations (IC50, IC75, IC90, IC95, IC99). The interactive effects ranged from synergy at low efficacy doses to antagonism at higher doses against a pan-susceptible clinical isolate of HIV-1. Against a zidovudine-resistant isolate as well as a multidrug-resistant isolate, the combination of saquinavir and indinavir demonstrated antagonism at all doses.
PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW DETERMINATION WITH SELECTIVE REBREATHING OF CO<sub>2</sub> (1985)

A new CO2-based non-invasive method for pulmonary blood flow has been developed. Selective rebreathing of CO2 was obtained in an open-circuit system by measuring the expired instantaneous CO2 flux in the expired air and by mixing pure CO2 into the inspired air. The time course of the inspired PCO2 was altered so that end-tidal PCO2 changed as a linear function of time (ramp). Pulmonary blood flow was computed as the ratio between the rate of change in net CO2 elimination (or uptake) and the concomitant rate of change of estimated arterial CO2 content. In comparison to simultaneously determined cardiac output by means of the O2 Fick method, the proposed CO2 ramp method underestimated cardiac output by some 20 per cent in 22 supine sedated patients with valvular heart disease. Differences in PCO2 between end-tidal gas and the gas in perfused alveoli are thought to be the main cause of this underestimation.
6.1: <i>Invited Paper</i> : Digital PV Link for a Next‐Generation Video Interface, and Its System Architecture (2000)

Abstract This paper describes a high‐level protocol with a packet format for video data. It not only improves data transmission, but also enhances system performance by enabling various kinds of data handling at different processing locations. From the viewpoint of the system architecture, this protocol makes it possible to mix various types of system such as PCs and other electronic devices with high‐performance video data processing hardware. The functions of this protocol and its performance are explained with the compatibility of both software and hardware.
Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by a novel S‐nitrosothiol is abolished by haemoglobin and red blood cells <i>in vitro</i>: implications for anti‐thrombotic therapy (2000)

1. S-Nitrosothiols are nitric oxide (NO) donor drugs that have been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma (PRP) in vitro and to inhibit platelet activation in vivo. The aim of this study was to compare the platelet effects of a novel S-nitrosated glyco-amino acid, RIG200, with an established S-nitrosothiol, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in PRP, and to investigate the effects of cell-free haemoglobin and red blood cells on S-nitrosothiol-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation. 2. The effects of GSNO and RIG200 in collagen (2.5 microg ml(-1))-induced platelet aggregation in PRP and whole blood were investigated in vitro. Both compounds were found to be powerful inhibitors of aggregation in PRP, and RIG200 was significantly more potent (IC(50)=2.0 microM for GSNO and 0.8 microM for RIG200; P=0.04). 3. Neither compound inhibited aggregation in whole blood, even at concentrations of 100 microM. Red blood cell concentrations as low as 1% of the haematocrit, and cell-free haemoglobin (> or = 2.5 microM), significantly reduced their inhibitory effects on platelets. 4. Experiments involving measurement of cyclic GMP levels, electrochemical detection of NO and electron paramagnetic resonance of haemoglobin in red blood cells, indicated that scavenging of NO generated from S-nitrosothiols by haemoglobin was responsible for the lack of effect of S-nitrosothiols on platelets in whole blood. 5. These studies suggest that scavenging of NO by haemoglobin in blood might limit the therapeutic application of S-nitrosothiols as anti-platelet agents.
Induction of HLA-DP4–Restricted Anti-Survivin Th1 and Th2 Responses Using an Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cell (2011)

DP4-restricted anti-survivin Th1 and Th2 immunity with sufficient functional avidity can be induced from cancer patients. The development of strategies to concurrently induce both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses against survivin is warranted for optimal anti-survivin cancer immunotherapy.
Sol-gel preparation of AlPO4–SiO2 glasses with high surface mesoporous structure (2006)

Transparent and colorless amorphous silica–aluminum phosphate gels and glasses along the composition line, xAlPO4–(1−x)SiO2 were prepared via the sol-gel route using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), aluminum lactate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as precursors. The glass-forming range was significantly extended, compared with that accessible by previously reported routes. After calcination at 600 °C, the amorphous AlPO4–SiO2 material exhibits an attractive mesoporous structure with surface areas as high as 582 m2 g−1. With increasing gel-processing and conversion temperature, the average degree of P/Al connectivity increases, while the Q3 silicon units present in the gels are gradually converted to Q4 units. After sample calcination above 600 °C for 8 h, the NMR results indicate that the structure of the prepared materials is composed of AlPO4- and SiO2-nanodomains.