gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two Stages of Curve Detection Suggest Two Styles of Visual Computation (1989)

The problem of detecting curves in visual images arises in both computer vision and biological visual systems. Our approach integrates constraints from these two sources and suggests that there are two different stages to curve detection, the first resulting in a local description, and the second in a global one. Each stage involves a different style of computation: in the first stage, hypotheses are represented explicitly and coarsely in a fixed, preconfigured architecture; in the second stage, hypotheses are represented implicitly and more finely in a dynamically constructed architecture. We also show how these stages could be related to physiology, specifying the earlier parts in a relatively fine-grained fashion and the later ones more coarsely.
Increased Serum Levels of Interleukin-2 and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor in Celiac Disease (1991)

IgA anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were analyzed in serum from 28 children with symptoms of celiac disease and villous atrophy in at least their first small bowel biopsy. We also assayed IL-2 and sIL-2R in 45 healthy children and IgA anti-gliadin antibodies in 145 healthy children. The serum levels of IL-2, sIL-2R, and AGA were significantly increased in celiac patients. The increase of IL-2 and sIL-2R levels suggests indirectly T-cell activation in these patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to compare the diagnostic performances of the three parameters. Such an analysis revealed that only AGA was useful to discriminate between patients with a gluten-free diet (second biopsy negative) and patients receiving a gluten-containing diet (third biopsy positive).
Metamaterial Insulator Enabled Superdirective Array (2007)

Metamaterial EM insulators are shown to suppress mutual coupling between densely packed array elements. This technique allows for array element design in isolation, without consideration of adjacent elements and mutual coupling effects. Suppressing mutual coupling allows for denser packing and enhanced directivity in antenna arrays approaching the superdirective theoretical maximums. Metamaterial isolation walls 0.05lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> thick exhibit 20 dB peak isolations with 10 dB isolation bandwidths of 2-6% and very low losses. These insulators achieve lower than -30 dB coupling levels for 0.2lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> periodicity arrays. A simulated 1.18lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> five element broadside array exhibits a superdirective 65 degree first-null beamwidth with -9.5 dB side-lobes and when physically fabricated, experiment validates theory with a squinted 75 degree first-null beamwidth and only slight degradation of sidelobe levels. The main beam of the metamaterial insulated array is steerable over a full +/-90 degree horizon with little scan loss and no instances of scan blindness, a null can be placed to any angle including broadside, and as narrow as 25 degree peak-to-null separation is possible
Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs and Extrapyramidal Side Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Head-to-Head Comparisons (2010)

Our meta-analysis demonstrates that there are differences between the SGAs in their ability to induce EPS that clinicians consider warrant treatment with antimuscarinic drugs. Even though the differences were relatively small, they might be important for individual patients and should be taken into account in drug choice.
Insufficient nitric oxide bioavailability: a hypothesis to explain adverse effects of red blood cell transfusion (2011)

While transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is effective at preventing morbidity and mortality in anemic patients, studies have indicated that some RBC components have functional defects ("RBC storage lesions") that may actually cause adverse events when transfused. For example, in some studies patients transfused with RBCs stored more than 14 days have had statistically worse outcomes than those receiving "fresher" RBC units. Recipient-specific factors may also contribute to the occurrence of these adverse events. Unfortunately, these events have been difficult to investigate because up to now they have existed primarily as "statistical occurrences" of increased morbidity and mortality in large data sets. There are currently no clinical or laboratory methods to detect or study them in individual transfusion recipients. We propose a unifying hypothesis, centered on insufficient nitric oxide bioavailability (INOBA), to explain the increased morbidity and mortality observed in some patients after RBC transfusion. In this model, variables associated with RBC units (storage time; 2,3-diphosphoglycerate acid concentration) and transfusion recipients (endothelial dysfunction) collectively lead to changes in nitric oxide (NO) levels in vascular beds. Under certain circumstances, these variables are "aligned" such that NO concentrations are markedly reduced, leading to vasoconstriction, decreased local blood flow, and insufficient O(2) delivery to end organs. Under these circumstances, the likelihood of morbidity and mortality escalates. If the key tenets of the INOBA hypothesis are confirmed, it may lead to improved transfusion methods including altered RBC storage and/or processing conditions, novel transfusion recipient screening methods, and improved RBC-recipient matching.
Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetic Acid (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBis(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetic AcidMAX H. HUBACHERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 12, 1949–1951Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01094a030https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01094a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views260Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
On the Mechanism of Platelet Function Inhibition by Acetylsalicylic Acid, (1970)

SummaryAspirin produces alteration of platelet function characterized by loss of secondary aggregation in response to ADP or epinephrine, and inhibition of aggregation by collagen. In addition, platelet factor 3 release by these reagents is reduced. A similar platelet lesion was produced by an acetylating agent, acetic anhydride, supporting earlier concepts that aspirin activity against platelets may be a consequence of acetylation. An attempt to identify specific acetylation of platelets with acetyl-1-14C salicylic acid was unsuccessful. Although platelet uptake of the label was demonstrated, metabolic incorporation of acetate could not be excluded.
Human UGT2B7 catalyzes morphine glucuronidation. (1997)

A human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) catalyzing the glucuronidation of morphine has been identified. A full length cDNA was isolated from a human liver cDNA library and found to be identical to the UGT2B7 form having a tyrosine at position 288. This cDNA was transfected into HK 293 cells, and stable expression was achieved. Cell homogenates and membrane preparations from HK 293 cells expressing UGT2B7 catalyzed the glucuronidation of morphine and other clinically significant opioid agonists, antagonists, and partial agonists. UGT2B7 catalyzed morphine glucuronidation at the 3- and 6-hydroxy positions and also mediated the formation of codeine-6-glucuronide from codeine. This represents the first demonstration of a UGT capable of catalyzing the glucuronidation of both the 3- and 6-positions of opioids. Since humans excrete morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide after morphine administration, it is likely that UGT2B7 is a major isoform in humans responsible for the metabolism of this important drug and its surrogates.
Effects of Surface Blocking Layer of Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> on Nanocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> for CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells (2014)

Sb2S3 layers were inserted at the interface between TiO2 and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite to create CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells using inorganic hole transporting material (CuSCN). The CH3NH3PbI3 layer was spin-coated by a one-drop method onto the nanocrystalline TiO2 layer. The photoenergy conversion efficiencies were improved with Sb2S3 layers (the best efficiency: 5.24%). During the light exposure test without encapsulation, the CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells without Sb2S3 deteriorated to zero efficiency in 12 h and were completely changed from black to yellow because the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 was changed to hexagonal PbI2. With Sb2S3, on the other hand, the CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells became stable against light exposure without encapsulation, which did not change the crystal structure or the wavelength edges of absorption and IPCE. Therefore, it was believed that degradation can occur at the interface between TiO2 and CH3NH3PbI3.
Phosphine-free synthesis of monodisperse CdSe nanocrystals in olive oil (2006)

A new method that uses inexpensive and harmless olive oil as the coordinating solvent and eliminates the need for air-sensitive and toxic trioctylphosphine (TOP), which is commonly used for CdSe nanocrystal synthesis, is presented for the synthesis of highly monodispersed CdSe nanocrystals ranging in diameter between 2.3–6.0 nm which emit over the broad spectral range from 485 to 640 nm with quantum efficiencies of purely band-edge luminescence (FWHM 24–31 nm) as high as 15%.
Preventing ARP cache poisoning attacks: A proof of concept using OpenWrt (2009)

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used by computers to map network addresses (IP) to physical addresses (MAC). The protocol has proved to work well under regular circumstances, but it was not designed to cope with malicious hosts. By performing ARP cache poisoning or ARP spoofing attacks, an intruder can impersonate another host (man-in-the-middle attack) and gain access to sensitive information. Several schemes to mitigate, detect and prevent these attacks have been proposed, but each has its limitations. In this paper we propose a solution to the problem that can be implemented in SOHOs using low-end networking equipment running the OpenWrt firmware. The solution proposed is effective and inexpensive and presents several advantages over other existing prevention methods.
[Vaccination against the tumoral mammary epithelial cells expressing MUC1 mucin]. (1997)

Polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM), encoded by the MUC1 gene, is present at the apical surface of glandular epithelial cells. It is both overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated in the majority of breast tumors, resulting in an antigenically distinct molecule and a potential target for immunotherapy trials. This transmembrane protein is cleaved into the circulation where it is detectable as a tumour marker (CA15.3) by a variety of antibodies, allowing for early detection of recurrences as well as evaluation of treatment efficacy. We shall review here the molecular structure of this protein at the basis for its immunogenicity and discuss preclinical and clinical trials in progress using immunogens based on MUC1. We shall also briefly review the altered immune reactivity in cancer patients.
The Case for Case‐Based Transfer Learning (2011)

Case‐based reasoning (CBR) is a problem‐solving process in which a new problem is solved by retrieving a similar situation and reusing its solution. Transfer learning occurs when, after gaining experience from learning how to solve source problems, the same learner exploits this experience to improve performance and learning on target problems. In transfer learning, the differences between the source and target problems characterize the transfer distance. CBR can support transfer learning methods in multiple ways. We illustrate how CBR and transfer learning interact and characterize three approaches for using CBR in transfer learning: (1) as a transfer learning method, (2) for problem learning, and (3) to transfer knowledge between sets of problems. We describe examples of these approaches from our own and related work and discuss applicable transfer distances for each. We close with conclusions and directions for future research applying CBR to transfer learning.
Protocol validation and implementation: A design methodology using LOTOS and ROOM. (1999)

Formal methods have been proposed as a means of expediting the creation of reliable software. The use of formal methods allows for clear and unequivocal specification of a system's design, and makes possible a form of prototyping that allows for formal validation against system requirements. However, the adoption of formal methods by industry has so far been slow. It is proposed that one of the obstacles to the adoption of formal methods is the difficulty of bridging the gap between a formally-specified system and a working implementation. If this gap is too wide, the advantages of formal specification will be lost in the transition to implementation. The methodology described in this thesis attempts to close this gap by demonstrating how a system may be described using LOTOS (Language Of Temporally-Ordered Specifications) and validated against requirements using two techniques: composition with agent scenarios and temporal logic model checking. The methodology then allows for the derivation of a model in the ROOM (Real-Time Object-Oriented Modelling) notation, which may be automatically converted to an implementation in the C++ programming language. The methodology is illustrated with two small case studies. The first is the GPRS Tunnelling Protocol, used for transmitting protocol data units within the network of the General Packet Radio Service. The second study concerns authentication of users of the POP3 Internet mail protocol and demonstrates inheritance in LOTOS. Together, these case studies illustrate the salient points of the design methodology.
Association of Caffeoyl Coenzyme A 3-O-Methyltransferase Expression with Lignifying Tissues in Several Dicot Plants (1997)

Caffeoyl coenzyme A 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) was previously shown to be associated with lignification in both in vitro tracheary elements (TEs) and organs of zinnia (Zinnia elegans). However, it is not known whether this is a general pattern in dicot plants. To address this question, polyclonal antibodies against zinnia recombinant CCoAOMT fusion protein were raiseed and used for immunolocalization in several dicot plants. The antibodies predominantly recognized a protein band with a molecular mass of 28 kD on western analysis of tissue extracts from zinnia, forsythia (Forsythia suspensa), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and soybean (Glycine max). Western analyses showed that the accumulation of CCoAOMT protein was closely correlated with lignification in in vitro TEs of zinnia. Immunolocalization results showed that CCoAOMT was localized in developing TEs of young zinnia stems and in TEs, xylem fibers, and phloem fibers of old stems. CCoAOMT was also found to be specifically associated with all lignifying tissues, including TEs, xylem fibers, and phloem fibers in stems of forsythia, tobacco, alfalfa, soybean, and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The presence of CCoAOMT was evident in xylem ray parenchyma cells of forsythia, tobacco, and tomato. In forsythia and alfalfa, pith parenchyma cells next to the vascular cylinder were lignified. Accordingly, marked accumulation of CCoAOMT in these cells was observed. Taken together, these results showed a close association of CCoAOMT expression with lignification in dicot plants. This supports the hypothesis that the CCoAOMT-mediated methylation branch is a general one in lignin biosynthesis during normal growth and development in dicot plants.
Allosteric Inhibition of Human Factor XIa: Discovery of Monosulfated Benzofurans as a Class of Promising Inhibitors (2014)

Factor XIa (fXIa) is being recognized as a prime target for developing safer anticoagulants. To discover synthetic, small, allosteric inhibitors of fXIa, we screened an in-house, unique library of 65 molecules displaying many distinct scaffolds and varying levels of sulfation. Of these, monosulfated benzofurans were the only group of molecules found to inhibit fXIa (∼100% efficacy) and led to the identification of monosulfated trimer 24 (IC50 0.82 μM) as the most potent inhibitor. Michaelis-Menten kinetics studies revealed a classic noncompetitive mechanism of action for 24. Although monosulfated, the inhibitors did not compete with unfractionated heparin alluding to a novel site of interaction. Fluorescence quenching studies indicated that trimer 24 induces major conformational changes in the active site of fXIa. Docking studies identified a site near Lys255 on the A3 domain of fXIa as the most probable site of binding for 24. Factor XIa devoid of the A3 domain displayed a major defect in the inhibition potency of 24 supporting the docking prediction. Our work presents the sulfated benzofuran scaffold as a promising framework to develop allosteric fXIa inhibitors that likely function through the A3 domain.
Integrated ICN and CDN Slice as a Service (2018)

In this article, we leverage Network Function Virtualization(NFV) and Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) technologies, proposing a system which integrates ICN (Information-Centric Network) with CDN (Content Delivery Network) to provide an efficient content delivery service. The proposed system combines the dynamic CDN slicing concept with the NDN(Named Data Network) based ICN slicing concept to avoid core network congestion. A dynamic CDN slice is deployed to cache content at optimal locations depending on the nature of the content and the geographical distributions of potential viewers. Virtual cache servers, along with supporting virtual transcoders, are placed across a cloud belonging to multiple-administrative domains, forming a CDN slice. The ICN slice is, in turn, used for the regional distribution of content, leveraging the name-based access and the autonomic in-network content caching. This enables the delivery of content from nearby network nodes,avoiding the duplicate transfer of content and also ensuring shorter response times. Our experiments demonstrate that integrated ICN/CDN is better than traditional CDN in almost all aspects, including service scalability, reliability, and quality of service.
Muscarinic antagonist control of myopia: a molecular search for the M1 receptor in chick. (2004)

Findings in this study suggest that the chick does not possess an M1 receptor. This finding is of primary interest to vision researchers in that it suggests pirenzepine is unlikely to mediate its inhibitory effect on the progression of myopia through an M1 receptor in chick. Alternative mechanisms of action are discussed.
The possible contribution of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in depression (2005)

Although tobacco use and smoking were introduced long ago, it was only recently that the nicotine contained in the tobacco leaves was recognized as an addictive substance acting on the central nervous system (CNS). However, even prior to this recognition, several studies have reported an association between smoking and psychiatric disorders. One of the many observations was that smoking cessation is accompanied by a marked increase in the probability of major depression. In parallel with the discovery of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their extensive expression in the CNS, this association sheds new light on the influence of cholinergic transmission in depression. In this article, we examine the various modes of action of nicotine in the CNS and discuss the mechanisms by which this alkaloid can prevent or precipitate mood disorders, and the possibility of discovering new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of depression.
Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: recommendations from diagnostic clinical guidelines. (2010)

Therapeutic options for Parkinson's disease (PD) are currently limited to symptomatic agents. Levodopa is the most efficacious treatment; however, higher doses and long-term use are associated with adverse effects such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Early treatment of PD with other agents such as dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors can provide symptomatic benefit and delay initiation of levodopa therapy. Early treatment of PD is contingent upon early and accurate diagnosis of the disease, which can be challenging because there are no biomarkers or neuroimaging or other clinical tests available to confirm the diagnosis. PD diagnosis is currently based on the presence or absence of various clinical features and the experience of the treating physician. A definitive diagnosis can be made only after autopsy. Moreover, the signs and symptoms present in early PD can resemble those of a number of other movement disorders, particularly other forms of parkinsonism, such as multiple system atrophy, drug-induced parkinsonism, and vascular parkinsonism, as well as diffuse Lewy body disease and essential tremor. Nevertheless, diagnosis of PD based on clinical features and response to antiparkinsonian medication can be achieved with a fairly high level of accuracy, particularly when made by a physician specializing in movement disorders. This article reviews and summarizes published recommendations for the clinical diagnosis of PD.
Detection and iterative decoding of a 2D alphabetic barcode (2009)

An algorithm dedicated to the detection and decoding of an alphabetic 2D barcode, namely the Alphacode, from a captured image is developed. When the camera is freely handled, images are degraded by several artifacts (motion, acquisition, low resolution...), making recovery of the code a more difficult task. We propose a two-stage strategy. The code structure is first recovered using image processing steps including localization, geometric correction and code grid structure retrieval. The code is then recognized using an iterative structure based on a factor graph representation of the displaying/reading process and making use of the specific structure of the code. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in case of strongly blurred images and shows high improvements in performances compared to the basic processing which is unable to decode reliably.