gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expired‐breath ethanol measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: implications for transurethral surgery (1991)

If ethanol is added to the irrigant used during transurethral prostatic resection, the absorption of fluid can immediately be detected by measuring the ethanol concentration in the expired breath. To evaluate this method further, we studied the influence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the agreement between expired-breath and blood-ethanol concentrations. In 14 men with a mean age of 62 years (range 55-68), the concentrations of ethanol in whole blood and end-expired breath were measured at 12 exactly timed intervals before, during, and after an intravenous infusion of 0.6 g.kg-1 ethanol for 60 min. The pulmonary function was normal in seven of the subjects (control group) whereas the other seven suffered from severe COPD (study group). The results show that the accuracy and precision of breath-alcohol analysis to predict the blood-ethanol level were poorer during the infusion of ethanol than afterwards. However, at all times of sampling the estimation of blood-ethanol concentration indirectly by analysis of breath was not significantly different for COPD patients and the control group. We conclude that ethanol monitoring of irrigant absorption can be used successfully in patients with COPD.
Mapping the Landscape of the Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Stable Signal Peptide Reveals Novel Functional Domains (2007)

The stable signal peptide (SSP) of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus surface glycoprotein precursor has several unique characteristics. The SSP is unusually long, at 58 amino acids, and contains two hydrophobic domains, and its sequence is highly conserved among both Old and New World arenaviruses. To better understand the functions of the SSP, a panel of point and deletion mutants was created by in vitro mutagenesis to target the highly conserved elements within the SSP. We were also able to confirm critical residues required for separate SSP functions by trans-complementation. Using these approaches, it was possible to resolve functional domains of the SSP. In characterizing our SSP mutants, we discovered that the SSP is involved in several distinct functions within the viral life cycle, beyond translocation of the viral surface glycoprotein precursor into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. The SSP is required for efficient glycoprotein expression, posttranslational maturation cleavage of GP1 and GP2 by SKI-1/S1P protease, glycoprotein transport to the cell surface plasma membrane, formation of infectious virus particles, and acid pH-dependent glycoprotein-mediated cell fusion.
Quantum key distribution with 1.25 Gbps clock synchronization (2004)

We have demonstrated the exchange of sifted quantum cryptographic key over a 730 meter free-space link at rates of up to 1.0 Mbps, two orders of magnitude faster than previously reported results. A classical channel at 1550 nm operates in parallel with a quantum channel at 845 nm. Clock recovery techniques on the classical channel at 1.25 Gbps enable quantum transmission at up to the clock rate. System performance is currently limited by the timing resolution of our silicon avalanche photodiode detectors. With improved detector resolution, our technique will yield another order of magnitude increase in performance, with existing technology.
Heme oxygenase induction mediates the photoimmunoprotective activity of UVA radiation in the mouse (1999)

In contrast to the immunosuppressive potential of UVB (280-320 nm) radiation in experimental animals and humans, UVA (320-400 nm) radiation at environmentally relevant doses appears to be immunologically inert. However, such exposure to UVA radiation has been observed unexpectedly to induce resistance to UVB-induced immunosuppression in mice, by a mechanism resulting in the inactivation of cis-urocanic acid (UCA), an epidermal immunosuppressive UV photoproduct. In this study in mice, we show that the immunoprotective activity of UVA radiation, against the effects of both UVB radiation and cis-UCA, can be attributed to the induction of cutaneous heme oxygenase (HO; EC 1.14.99.3). Cell-mediated immune function was assessed in vivo by the contact hypersensitivity response induced to oxazolone at an unirradiated skin site, and HO enzyme activity was measured in cutaneous microsomal preparations from treated mice. There was a progressive increase in HO enzyme activity for at least 3 days after UVA irradiation. However HO activity, both constitutive and UVA radiation-induced, was sensitive to the effects of injecting mice with the specific HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (Sn [IV] protoporphyrin IX; SnPP). We observed, in addition, that in SnPP-injected mice, the immunoprotective effect of UVA radiation against either UVB radiation or cis-UCA was abrogated. Because SnPP injection did not affect normal contact hypersensitivity responsiveness but did inhibit the constitutive HO enzyme activity, it appeared that only the inducible HO was active in modulating immune function. This finding indicates that UVA-induced HO activity is a major player in the skin defenses against UVB immunosuppression.
A single-layer PDMS-on-silicon hybrid microactuator with multi-axis out-of-plane motion capabilities-part II: fabrication and characterization (2005)

This paper reports on fabrication and characterization of a new electrostatic microactuator that achieves out-of-plane multi-axis motion with a single silicon device layer. The multi-axis motion with the simple actuator design is possible by incorporating a three-dimensional (3-D) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microstructure. This paper develops a new device processing method named "Soft-Lithographic Lift-Off and Grafting (SLLOG)" to fabricate the previously designed PDMS-on-silicon hybrid actuator structure. SLLOG is a low-temperature (less than 150/spl deg/C) process that allows replica molded PDMS microstructures to be integrated in silicon micromachined device patterns. The fabricated actuator is characterized using laser vibrometry. The experimental results demonstrate actuation motions achieved in three independent axes with fast dynamic response reaching a bandwidth of about 5 kHz. The fabricated PDMS-on-silicon actuator yields a vertical displacement up to 5 /spl mu/m and rotational motions with a 0.6-/spl deg/ tilting angle at a 40-V peak-to-peak ac actuation voltage.
Cloning and characterization of MgtE, a putative new class of Mg2+ transporter from Bacillus firmus OF4 (1995)

The MM281 strain of Salmonella typhimurium which possesses mutations in each its three known Mg2+ transport systems and requires 100 mM Mg2+ for growth was used to screen a genomic library from the gram-positive alkaliphilic bacterium Bacillus firmus OF4 for clones that could restore the ability to grow without Mg2+ supplementation. Of the clones obtained, five also conferred sensitivity to Co2+, similar to the phenotype of mutants with mutations in the S. typhimurium corA Mg2+ transport locus. All five contained identical inserts by restriction analysis. Using 63Ni2+ as a surrogate for the unavailable 28Mg2+, the plasmid insert was shown to restore cation uptake with properties similar but not identical to those of the S. typhimurium CorA Mg2+ transporter. Sequence analysis of one clone identified a single open reading frame with multiple possible initiation sites. Deletion and mutation analysis identified a minimum open reading frame of 939 bp encoding a polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 34 kDa. Disruption of the open reading frame eliminated cation influx activity and restored resistance to Co2+. This putative transporter, designated MgtE, has no sequence similarity to any known protein including CorA and appears to represent a new class of Mg2+ transport system.
Towards a pragmatic human migraine model for drug testing: 2. Isosorbide-5-mononitrate in healthy individuals (2016)

Background A model for the testing of novel anti-migraine drugs should preferably use healthy volunteers for ease of recruiting. Isosorbide-5-mononitrate (5-ISMN) provokes headache in healthy volunteers with some migraine features such as pulsating pain quality and aggravation by physical activity. Therefore, this headache might respond to sumatriptan, a requirement for validation of any model. The hypothesis of the present study was that sumatriptan is effective in 5-ISMN-induced headache in healthy individuals. Methods In a double-blind, randomised, crossover design, 30 healthy volunteers of both sexes received 5-ISMN 60 mg on two separate days, each day followed by oral self-administered placebo or sumatriptan 50 mg. Headache response and accompanying symptoms were registered in a questionnaire by the participants themselves. Results 5-ISMN induced a reproducible headache in all 30 participants. The headache had several migraine-like features in all participants and 20 individuals developed a migraine-like attack. Median peak headache score was 5 on both experimental days ( p = 1.00). There was no reduction, but instead an increase in headache intensity 2 hours after sumatriptan ( p = 0.003). Difference in area under the headache score curve (AUC) 0-4 hours between sumatriptan and placebo was not significant ( p = 0.30). Conclusion 5-ISMN is a very powerful inducer of migraine-like headache in healthy individuals but the headache does not respond to sumatriptan. The model is not useful for future drug testing.
Investigation of dimension effects of FD-S-SOI MOSFET in nanoscale (2012)

Continuous scaling in MOSFET devices degrade the performance of the devices as a result leakage currents and short channel effects (SCEs) are major problems. To overcome these problems a device Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) MOSFET has been developed. Again the Fully Depleted (FD) SOI MOSFETs also suffer from the SCEs in sub-65 nm technology regime, then to overcome this Strain engineering came to the picture. In this paper we have taken an FD-SOI-MOSFET with Strain engineering for three different channel lengths (100 nm, 60 nm and 30 nm) and we show how the strain engineering also fails below 30 nm channel length. We also examined the short channel parameters like DIBL, I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</inf> , HCE, SS, Electric Field, Surface Potential, Transconductance and Gain for the FD-Strained-SOI MOSFET with varying the channel length.
Non-canonical translation in RNA viruses (2012)

Viral protein synthesis is completely dependent upon the translational machinery of the host cell. However, many RNA virus transcripts have marked structural differences from cellular mRNAs that preclude canonical translation initiation, such as the absence of a 5' cap structure or the presence of highly structured 5'UTRs containing replication and/or packaging signals. Furthermore, whilst the great majority of cellular mRNAs are apparently monocistronic, RNA viruses must often express multiple proteins from their mRNAs. In addition, RNA viruses have very compact genomes and are under intense selective pressure to optimize usage of the available sequence space. Together, these features have driven the evolution of a plethora of non-canonical translational mechanisms in RNA viruses that help them to meet these challenges. Here, we review the mechanisms utilized by RNA viruses of eukaryotes, focusing on internal ribosome entry, leaky scanning, non-AUG initiation, ribosome shunting, reinitiation, ribosomal frameshifting and stop-codon readthrough. The review will highlight recently discovered examples of unusual translational strategies, besides revisiting some classical cases.
A 0.3-V all digital crystal-less clock generator for energy harvester applications (2012)

A 0.3 V all digital crystal-less clock generator (CLCG) is presented for a hearing aid application. The all digital CLCG uses frequency difference between the ring oscillator and the digital controlled oscillator (DCO) to create a mapping table under process and temperature variations. The digital loop filter (DLF) adopts a successive-approximation register (SAR) algorithm for fast locking time. Thus, the worse case of locking time is 73 output cycles. For a hearing aid application, the core area of CLCG and hearing aid system are 62 × 78 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 1900 × 1920 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , respectively, in 65 nm CMOS process. The frequency accuracy is 12 MHz ±3.5% in four test chips. The power consumption is 5 μW. In the period jitter, the RMS and peak-to-peak jitters are 326.4 ps and 2.05 ns, respectively. The frequency drift is smaller than ±4.3% from 0 to 100°C. Thus, this work is also used for energy harvester applications.
Synthesis and Metal Ion Complexation Studies of Proton-Ionizable Calix[4]azacrown Ethers in the 1,3-Alternate Conformation (2000)

A series of novel N-chromogenic calix[4]arene azacrown ethers were synthesized as selective extractants of potassium ion. 1,3-Alternate calix[4]arene azacrown ethers were prepared by reacting 25,27-dipropyloxy-26,28-bis(5-chloro-3-oxapentyloxy) calix[4]arenes with p-toluenesulfonamide in the presence of potassium carbonate. The coupling reaction of calix[4]arene azacrown ether with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide in the presence of triethylamine in THF gave the chromogenic calix[4]arene azacrown ether in moderate yield. These compounds show high potassium selectivity over other metal ions as shown by two-phase extraction, bulk liquid membrane, and 1H NMR studies on a ligand-metal complex. It is assumed that the OH of the chromogenic group attached on nitrogen can assist the complexation by encapsulation of the metal.
Analysis of multi-path routing (1999)

In connection-oriented networks, resource reservations must be made before data can be sent along a route. For short or bursty connections, a selected route must have the required resources to ensure appropriate communication with regard to desired quality-of-service (QoS). For example, in ATM networks, the route setup process considers only links with sufficient resources and reserves these resources while it advances toward the destination. The same concern for QoS routing appears in datagram networks such as the Internet, when applications with QoS requirements need to reserve resources along pinned routes. In this paper, we analyze the performance of multi-path routing algorithms and compare them to single-path reservation that might be persistent, i.e., retry after a failure. The analysis assumes that the routing process reserves resources while it advances toward the destination, thus there is a penalty associated with a reservation that cannot be used. Our analysis shows that while multi-path reservation algorithms perform comparably to single-path reservation algorithms, either persistent or not, the connection-establishment time for multi-path reservation is significantly lower. Thus, multi-path reservation becomes an attractive alternative for interactive applications such as World Wide Web browsing.
Parallel operation of a 32*16 symmetric self-electrooptic effect device array (1991)

Free-space optics for digital optical computing or for electrooptic interconnections is considered. Results of an experiment are presented in which 512 symmetric self-electrooptic effect devices (S-SEEDs) were simultaneously operated. In this experiment, simultaneous continuous bistable operation was shown for the 32*16 array of S-SEEDs, as well as simultaneously optical latching of optical data in a random access manner onto the array.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Resveratrol Inhibits Cancer Cell Metabolism by Down Regulating Pyruvate Kinase M2 via Inhibition of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (2012)

Metabolism of cancer cells with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) at its centre stage has assumed a prime significance in cancer research in recent times. Cancer cell metabolism, characterized by enhanced glucose uptake, production of lactate and anabolism is considered an ideal target for therapeutic interventions. Expression of PKM2 switches metabolism in favor of cancer cells, therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the hitherto unknown effect of resveratrol, a phytoalexin, on PKM2 expression and resultant implications on cancer metabolism. We observed that resveratrol down-regulated PKM2 expression by inhibiting mTOR signaling and suppressed cancer metabolism, adjudged by decreased glucose uptake, lactate production (aerobic glycolysis) and reduced anabolism (macromolecule synthesis) in various cancer cell lines. A contingent decrease in intracellular levels of ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), a critical intermediate of pentose phosphate pathway, accounted for a reduced anabolism. Consequently, the state of suppressed cancer metabolism resulted in decreased cellular proliferation. Interestingly, shRNA-mediated silencing of PKM2 inhibited glucose uptake and lactate production, providing evidence for the critical role of PKM2 and its mediation in the observed effects of resveratrol on cancer metabolism. Further, an over-expression of PKM2 abolished the observed effects of resveratrol, signifying the role of PKM2 downregulation as a critical function of resveratrol. The study reports a novel PKM2-mediated effect of resveratrol on cancer metabolism and provides a new dimension to its therapeutic potential.
Using macros & style sheets to aid in document layout (1990)

With the advent of “desktop publishing” and laser printers, writers are increasingly expected to do complicated formatting tasks. For example, technical writing students are required to lay out as well as to write brochures and other documents; Master's and doctoral candidates must follow an intricate set of formatting guidelines formulated by Graduate Studies offices; and authors are frequently called upon to provide publishers with camera-ready copy of book and article manuscripts to save the cost of typesetting.
Estrogen Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and the Genetics of Osteoporosis: A HuGE Review (2005)

Osteoporosis (OMIM166710) is a common skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with increased susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporosis has a complex etiology and is considered a multifactorial polygenic disease in which genetic determinants are modulated by hormonal, environmental, and nutritional factors. Estrogens are known to play an important role in regulating bone homeostasis and preventing postmenopausal bone loss. They act through binding to two different estrogen receptors (ERs), ER alpha (OMIM133430) and ER beta (OMIM601663), which are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Different polymorphisms have been described in both the ER alpha and ER beta genes. Although a large number of association studies have been performed, the individual contribution of these polymorphisms to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis remains to be universally confirmed. Moreover, an important aim in future work will be to define their functional molecular consequences and their interaction with the environment in the causation of the osteoporotic phenotype. A further promising application of these polymorphisms comes from their pharmacogenomic implications, with the possibility of providing better guidance for therapeutic regimens, such as estrogen replacement therapy and selective ER modulators. At the moment, no recommendations for population-based screening can be made.
Thermodynamic Modeling and Energy Analysis of a SOFC-PEMFC Combination in a Gas Turbine Cycle (2010)

This paper studies the performance of a hybrid system that comprises a SOFC (Solid-Oxide-Fuel-Cell) combined with a PEMFC (polymer electrolyte membrane fuel Cell) which is integrated into a Gas Turbine power plant. Detailed modeling, thermodynamic, kinetic, geometric models are developed, implemented and validated for the synthesis/design and operational analysis of the combined hybrid system. In this system, the PEMFC makes use of the internal reforming ability of the SOFC to produce hydrogen which is necessary for the PEMFC operation. The heat released in the SOFC is utilized in the internal reforming process. Different levels of modeling for the SOFC, the PEMFC and the integrated system are presented. The overall system performance is analyzed by employing individual models and further applying thermodynamic laws for the entire cycle. The paper also introduces different methods of using shift reactors where CO reacts with H2O to produce CO2 and H2 to further increase the efficiency of the system by introducing a new factor to control parasitic energy consumption. In addition to this, the paper also suggests cooling the H2 stream before entering the PEMFC stack using the exhaust air of the Gas turbine. The main components of the SOFC+PEMFC system are a SOFC stack, shift reactors, selective oxidizer and a PEMFC stack. The fuel cells are connected in series for fuel feeding. Furthermore, although the efficiency of the SOFC increases with increasing operating pressures, the paper describes that the efficiency of the SOFC-PEMFC combination also varies with changing the temperatures. Energy and entropy balances are performed not only for the whole system but also for each component to evaluate the distribution of irreversibility and thermodynamic inefficiencies. According to the study, around 5% efficiency improvement was obtained with a parallel SOFC-PEMFC system as compared with a stand-alone SOFC. Alternative methods of improving the efficiencies are also introduced.
Sex-Specific Effects of Interventions That Extend Fly Life Span (2004)

Genetic and environmental interventions that extend life span are a current focus in research on the biology of aging. Most of this work has focused on differences among genotypes and species. A recent study on fruit flies shows that life span extension because of dietary restriction can be highly sex-specific. Here we review the literature on sex-specific effects of 56 genetic and 41 environmental interventions that extend life span in Drosophila melanogaster. We found that only one-sixth of the experiments provided statistical tests of differences in response between males and females, suggesting that sex-specific effects have been largely ignored. When measured, the life span extension was female-biased in 8 of 16 cases, male-biased in 5 of 16 cases, and not significantly different in only 3 of 16 cases. We discuss possible explanations for the sex-specific differences and suggest various ways in which we might test these hypotheses. We argue that understanding sex differences in the response to life span-extending manipulations should lead to new insights about the basic mechanisms that underlie the biology of aging in both sexes.