gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A high performance oxygen storage material for chemical looping processes with CO<sub>2</sub>capture (2012)

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a novel combustion technology that involves cyclic reduction and oxidation of oxygen storage materials to provide oxygen for the combustion of fuels to CO2 and H2O, whilst giving a pure stream of CO2 suitable for sequestration or utilisation. Here, we report a method for preparing of oxygen storage materials from layered double hydroxides (LDHs) precursors and demonstrate their applications in the CLC process. The LDHs precursor enables homogeneous mixing of elements at the molecular level, giving a high degree of dispersion and high-loading of active metal oxide in the support after calcination. Using a Cu–Al LDH precursor as a prototype, we demonstrate that rational design of oxygen storage materials by material chemistry significantly improved the reactivity and stability in the high temperature redox cycles. We discovered that the presence of sodium-containing species were effective in inhibiting the formation of copper aluminates (CuAl2O4 or CuAlO2) and stabilising the copper phase in an amorphous support over multiple redox cycles. A representative nanostructured Cu-based oxygen storage material derived from the LDH precursor showed stable gaseous O2 release capacity (∼5 wt%), stable oxygen storage capacity (∼12 wt%), and stable reaction rates during reversible phase changes between CuO–Cu2O–Cu at high temperatures (800–1000 °C). We anticipate that the strategy can be extended to manufacture a variety of metal oxide composites for applications in novel high temperature looping cycles for clean energy production and CO2 capture.
Scalability Problems of Simple Genetic Algorithms (1999)

Scalable evolutionary computation has become an intensively studied research topic in recent years. The issue of scalability is predominant in any field of algorithmic design, but it became particularly relevant for the design of competent genetic algorithms once the scalability problems of simple genetic algorithms were understood. Here we present some of the work that has aided in getting a clear insight in the scalability problems of simple genetic algorithms. Particularly, we discuss the important issue of building block mixing. We show how the need for mixing places a boundary in the GA parameter space that, together with the boundary from the schema theorem, delimits the region where the GA converges reliably to the optimum in problems of bounded difficulty. This region shrinks rapidly with increasing problem size unless the building blocks are tightly linked in the problem coding structure. In addition, we look at how straightforward extensions of the simple genetic algorithm-namely elitism, niching, and restricted mating are not significantly improving the scalability problems.
Bracing for the geomagnetic storms (1990)

As solar activity moves toward an 11 year peak, utility engineers are girding for the effects of massive magnetic disturbances. The nature of the geomagnetic disturbances is examined. The way in which geomagnetically induced current (GIC) affects power systems is explained. Virtually all power equipment, operation, and protection problems due to GIC are traceable to two direct effects: the half-cycle saturation of power transformers and the half-cycle saturation of the current transformers used with protective relay systems. Of the two, the former, with its numerous secondary effects, has been the more serious. As an example, a blackout due to solar disturbances, which happened to the Hydro-Quebec system in Mark 1989, is described. The factors that make power networks especially vulnerable today and the difficulty of predicting episodes are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pharmacokinetics of Lamivudine and Lamivudine-Triphosphate after Administration of 300 Milligrams and 150 Milligrams Once Daily to Healthy Volunteers: Results of the ENCORE 2 Study (2011)

There is interest in evaluating the efficacy of lower doses of certain antiretrovirals for clinical care. We determined here the bioequivalence of plasma lamivudine (3TC) and intracellular 3TC-triphosphate (3TC-TP) concentrations after the administration of two different doses. ENCORE 2 was a randomized crossover study. Subjects received 3TC at 300 and 150 mg once daily for 10 days (arm 1; n = 13) or vice versa (arm 2; n = 11), separated by a 10-day washout. Pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles (0 to 24 h) were assessed on days 10 and 30. Plasma 3TC and 3TC-TP levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Within-subject changes in PK parameters (the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h [AUC(0-24)], the trough concentration of drug in plasma at 24 h [C(24)], and the maximum concentration of drug in plasma [C(max)]) were evaluated by determining the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) adjusted for study arm, period, and intra-individual variation. Regimens were considered bioequivalent if the 90% confidence interval (90% CI) fell within the range of 0.8 to 1.25. A total of 24 subjects completed the study. The GM (90% CI) 3TC AUC(0-24)), expressed as ng·h/ml, for the 300- and 150-mg doses were 8,354 (7,609 to 9,172) and 4,773 (4,408 to 5,169), respectively. Bioequivalence in 3TC PK following the administration of 300 and 150 mg was not demonstrated: the GMRs for AUC(0-24), C(24), and C(max) were 0.57 (0.55 to 0.60), 0.63 (0.59 to 0.67), and 0.56 (0.53 to 0.60), respectively. The GM (90% CI) 3TC-TP AUC(0-24) values (pmol·h/10(6) cells) for the 300- and 150-mg doses were 59.5 (51.8 to 68.3) and 44.0 (38.0 to 51.0), respectively. Bioequivalence in 3TC-TP PK following the administration of 300 and 150 mg was not demonstrated: the GMRs for AUC(0-24), C(24), and C(max) were 0.73 (0.64 to 0.83), 0.82 (0.68 to 0.99), and 0.70 (0.61 to 0.82), respectively. We found that 3TC at 150 mg is not bioequivalent to the standard regimen of 300 mg, indicating that saturation of cytosine phosphorylation pathways is not achieved at a dose of 150 mg.
NMR structural studies of the tight complex between a trifluoromethyl ketone inhibitor and the 85-kDa human phospholipase A2 (1993)

Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) is a slow- and tight-binding inhibitor of the human cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) [Street et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 5935]. 19F and 13C NMR experiments have been carried out to elucidate the structure of the cPLA2.AACOCF3 complex. One mole of AACOCF3 per mole of enzyme is tightly bound in the active site while excess molar equivalents of the inhibitor associate loosely and nonspecifically with hydrophobic regions of the protein. Incubation of the cPLA2.AACOCF3 complex with a 10-fold molar excess of a structurally related inhibitor allows the slow dissociation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex to be followed with 19F NMR. These results establish that the bound inhibitor is in slow exchange with the free ligand and that inhibition of the cPLA2 by AACOCF3 is not due to irreversible modification of the protein. AACOCF3 labeled with 13C at the carbonyl position was used to determine the nature of the bound inhibitor species. A comparison of the 13C NMR chemical shift value obtained from labeled enzyme-inhibitor complex (delta c 101.0 ppm) with the chemical shift values obtained from model compounds suggests that the enzyme-bound inhibitor species is a charged hemiketal. These results are very similar to those obtained previously with alpha-chymotrypsin and a peptidyl trifluoromethyl ketone inhibitor [Liang, T.-C., & Abeles, R. H. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 7603] and, by analogy with the serine proteases, a structural model for the cPLA2.AACOCF3 complex is proposed.
Efficient Energy Sensitization of C<sub>60</sub> and Application to Organic Photovoltaics (2013)

Fullerenes are currently the most popular electron-acceptor material used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) due to their superior properties, such as good electron conductivity and efficient charge separation at the donor/acceptor interface. However, low absorptivity in the visible spectral region is a significant drawback of fullerenes. In this study, we have designed a zinc chlorodipyrrin derivative (ZCl) that absorbs strongly in the visible region (450-600 nm) with an optical density 7-fold higher than a C60 film. ZCl efficiently transfers absorbed photoenergy to C60 in mixed films. Application of ZCl as an energy sensitizer in OPV devices leads to an increase in the photocurrent from the acceptor layer, without changing the other device characteristics, i.e., open circuit voltage and fill factor. For example, C60-based OPVs with and without the sensitizer give 4.03 and 3.05 mA/cm(2), respectively, while both have V(OC) = 0.88 V and FF = 0.44. Our ZCl sensitization approach improves the absorbance of the electron-acceptor layer while still utilizing the beneficial characteristics of C60 in OPVs.
Neurogenic genes control gene expression at the transcriptional level in early neurogenesis and in mesectoderm specification (1995)

The development of the central nervous system in the Drosophila embryo is initiated by the acquisition of neural potential by clusters of ectodermal cells, promoted by the activity of proneural genes. Proneural gene function is antagonized by neurogenic genes, resulting in the realization of the neural potential in a single cell per cluster. To analyse the relationship between proneural and neurogenic genes, we have studied, in specific proneural clusters and neuroblasts of wild-type and neurogenic mutants embryos, the expression at the RNA and protein levels of lethal of scute, the most important known proneural gene in central neurogenesis. We find that the restriction of lethal of scute expression that accompanies the restriction of the neural potential to the delaminating neuroblast is regulated at the transcriptional level by neurogenic genes. These genes, however, do not control the size of proneural clusters. Moreover, available antibodies do not provide evidence for an hypothetical posttranscriptional regulation of proneural proteins by neurogenic genes. We also find that neurogenic genes are required for the specification of the mesectoderm. This has been shown for neuralized and Notch, and could also be the case for Delta and for the Enhancer of split gene complex. Neurogenic genes would control at the transcriptional level the repression of proneural genes and the activation of single-minded in the anlage of the mesectoderm.
Total Synthesis of the Opioid Agonistic Indole Alkaloid Mitragynine and the First Total Syntheses of 9-Methoxygeissoschizol and 9-Methoxy-<i>N</i><sub>b</sub>-methylgeissoschizol (2007)

An enantiospecific method for the synthesis of 4-methoxytryptophan has been developed via a regiospecific Larock heteroannulation and employed for the first total syntheses of 9-methoxygeissoschizol and 9-methoxy-Nb-methylgeissoschizol, as well as the total synthesis of the opioid agonistic alkaloid mitragynine. The asymmetric Pictet-Spengler reaction and a Ni(COD)2-mediated cyclization served as key steps.
Alignment of Biopolymers in Strained Gels:  A New Way To Create Detectable Dipole−Dipole Couplings in High-Resolution Biomolecular NMR (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTAlignment of Biopolymers in Strained Gels: A New Way To Create Detectable Dipole−Dipole Couplings in High-Resolution Biomolecular NMRRobert Tycko, Francisco J. Blanco, and Yoshitaka IshiiView Author Information Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 38, 9340–9341Publication Date (Web):September 8, 2000Publication History Received14 June 2000Revised10 August 2000Published online8 September 2000Published inissue 1 September 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja002133qhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja002133qrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © Not subject to U.S. Copyright. Published 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1929Altmetric-Citations308LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Biopolymers,Coupling reactions,Magnetic properties,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Sequence alignment Get e-Alerts
[Thrombocyte adhesion and aggregation on surfaces coated with human type-I, -III, -IV and -V collagens]. (1984)

Human collagens of type I, III, IV, and V (CI, CIII, CIV, and CV) can be localized in different anatomic structures of the vessel wall. To investigate the role of vascular collagenous components in mural thrombus formation, the authors studied platelet adhesion to the wells of Falcon culture plates coated with: a) monomeric CI, CIII, CIV, and CV; b) fibrillar CI and CIII, and c) amorphous CIV and CV. On monomeric and amorphous CV, only initial attachment takes place, i.e. platelets bind to the surface without subsequent spreading. Platelet adhesion on monomeric and amorphous CIV proceeds more actively: the total level of adhesion is substantially higher than on CV, with up to 75% of adherent platelets spread out and single unspread platelets from suspension attached to the upper surface of spread platelets. On monomeric and fibrillar CI/CIII, formation of large multi-layer (thrombi-like) aggregates, with spread platelets at the basis, takes place along with processes characteristic for adhesion on CIV/CV. On the contrary, only fibrillar but not monomeric CI and CIII induce platelet aggregation in suspension. The data suggest that the ability of CI and CIII to induce platelet aggregation is fully conditioned by the genetic type of collagen and requires a simultaneous multivalent platelet-collagen interaction, which can be achieved by surface immobilization of collagen or formation of fibrillar structures in suspension.
MicroRNA-21 in Pancreatic Cancer: Correlation with Clinical Outcome and Pharmacologic Aspects Underlying Its Role in the Modulation of Gemcitabine Activity (2010)

MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) was reported to be overexpressed and contributes to invasion and gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether miR-21 expression was associated with the overall survival (OS) of PDAC patients treated with gemcitabine and to provide mechanistic insights for new therapeutic targets. miR-21 expression was evaluated in cells (including 7 PDAC cell lines, 7 primary cultures, fibroblasts, and a normal pancreatic ductal cell line) and tissues (neoplastic specimens from 81 PDAC patients and normal ductal samples) isolated by laser microdissection. The role of miR-21 on the pharmacologic effects of gemcitabine was studied with a specific miR-21 precursor (pre-miR-21). Patients with high miR-21 expression had a significantly shorter OS both in the metastatic and in the adjuvant setting. Multivariate analysis confirmed the prognostic significance of miR-21. miR-21 expression in primary cultures correlated with expression in their respective tissues and with gemcitabine resistance. Pre-miR-21 transfection significantly decreased antiproliferative effects and apoptosis induction by gemcitabine, whereas matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression were upregulated. Addition of inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin resulted in decrease of phospho-Akt and prevented pre-miR-21-induced resistance to the proapoptotic effects of gemcitabine. miR-21 expression correlated with outcome in PDAC patients treated with gemcitabine. Modulation of apoptosis, Akt phosphorylation, and expression of genes involved in invasive behavior may contribute to the role of miR-21 in gemcitabine chemoresistance and to the rational development of new targeted combinations.
Design of laser multi-beam generator for plant discrimination (2011)

Optimisation of the optical signal from the laser multi-spot beam generator employed in a photonic based real-time plant discrimination sensor for use in selective herbicide spraying systems is presented. The plant detection sensor uses a three-wavelength laser diode module that sequentially emits identically-polarized laser light beams through a common aperture, along one optical path. Each laser beam enters a multi-spot beam generator which produces 15 parallel laser beams over a 240mm span. The intensity of the reflected light from each spot is detected by a high-speed line scan image sensor. Plant discrimination is based on calculating the slope of the spectral response between the 635nm to 685nm and 685nm to 785nm laser wavelengths. Further optimisation of the optical signal is achieved by minimising the effect of daylight background noise by implementing a custom designed optical band-pass filter. The effectiveness of this filter is experimentally demonstrated.
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (2006)

Converging upon the relatively meager confines of the sella turcica is an impressive assembly of intricate anatomic structures-interfacing elements of neural, endocrine, vascular, osseous, and meningeal origins. That such functionaland morphologic diversity can be so intimately represented in so discrete an area of the neuraxis accounts for the broad histologic spectrum of neoplasia affecting the sellar and parasellar regions. At its center is the pituitary, an organprone to neoplastic transformation and the generation of some of the most clinically spectacular syndromes known to medicine. A sprinkling of embryonic ‘rests’ sequestrated in the vicinity provides the substrate for various maldevelopmental lesions, craniopharyngiomas, and germ cell tumors. Surrounding tissues of glial, meningeal, and mesenchymal type also contribute an assortment of tumor types such that relatively few forms of intracranial neoplasia will escape representation in the sellar and parasellar regions.
Ge segregation and its suppression in GaAs epilayers grown on Ge(111) substrate (1992)

The interdiffusion of the compositional atoms was investigated at heterointerface between a GaAs epilayer and a Ge(111) substrate by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. When a thin AlAs layer is applied initially, diffusion of Ge into the GaAs epilayer was suppressed effectively. An abrupt heterointerface was successfully realized in relatively high temperature growth. The interdiffusion process at the AlAs-Ge heterointerface was clarified in high temperature growth, which was dominated by the temperature-assisted segregation of Ge atoms during the AlAs growth rather than thermal diffusion. The compositional diffusion of Al atoms into the GaAs epilayer was also observed, which was enhanced by the Ge segregation in the structure of GaAs/AlAs/Ge substrate grown at higher temperature.
Effects of stimulated Brillouin scattering on the performance of polarization-maintaining all-fiber ring resonators (1989)

Low-loss, polarization-maintaining, all-fiber ring resonators can exhibit nonlinear propagation effects occurring at relatively low input powers. Observations have been made of stimulated Brillouin scattering with input powers of 65 microW that lead to significant nonlinear variations in the measured value of finesse owing to depletion of the power through the stimulated-Brillouin-scattering process. Variations of measured finesse from 320 to 210 have been observed for a variation in input power of 155 microW. The nature of this variation in resonator finesse with input power has been studied and is shown to depend on the level of the input power when the resonator response is optimized.
The effect of perfluorochemical fluosol-DA (20%) on myocardial infarct healing in the rabbit. (1990)

Although the perfluorochemical Fluosol-DA 20% has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size, its effect on the evolution of infarct healing has not been determined. Rabbits (n = 91) were randomized to ether-oxygenated Fluosol-DA (20 ml/kg) administered intravenously at the time of reperfusion after 30 min of coronary occlusion or no intervention. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after infarction. Infarct size was significantly reduced in Fluosol-DA treated animals when compared with controls at one and three days. Infarct thinning was observed at one and three days in both groups. Left ventricular wall thickness in the infarcted area was greater with Fluosol-DA than control at 7 and 14 days. Increasing amounts of foamy macrophages containing perfluorochemical particles were noted in treated animals at 7 and 14 days. No differences were noted in hydroxyproline content between groups. These studies suggest that Fluosol-DA results in persistence of foamy macrophages without significantly altering infarct topography in the temporary occlusion rabbit model.
Utilising neural network applications to enhance efficiency in the healthcare industry: predicting populations of future chronic illness (2006)

Advanced analytic and forecasting methodologies can enable organisations to more fully leverage the data resources available to them. In the healthcare industry, service providers can use data mining methods to enhance the decision-making process in optimising resource allocation by identifying the sources of future high-cost treatment in a given health plan population. The following paper includes a case study by Healthways Inc. that illustrates how predictive modelling techniques (e.g., neural networks) can help healthcare providers identify the sources of future high resource demand, enabling them to more effectively apply preemptive treatment to mitigate future high-cost treatment of fully developed cases of chronic illness.