gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Female Reproductive Aging Is Marked by Decreased Secretion of Dimeric Inhibin<sup>1</sup> (1999)

The increase in serum FSH that accompanies female reproductive aging occurs before changes in estradiol (E2). A decrease in negative feedback from inhibin A (a product of the dominant follicle and corpus luteum) and/or inhibin B (secreted by developing follicles) may explain the rise in FSH with age. To test the hypothesis that decreases in inhibin A or inhibin B occur at an age at which the first increase in follicular phase FSH is evident, daily blood samples were obtained across the menstrual cycle from younger (<35 yr; n = 23) and older (35-46 yr; n = 21) cycling women. These cross-sectional studies were complemented by longitudinal data in 3 women studied at a 10-yr interval. In the early follicular phase, mean inhibin B was lower in older cycling women (88 +/- 7 vs. 112 +/- 10 pg/mL; P < 0.05) and FSH was higher (13.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 11.2 +/- 0.7 IU/L in older vs. younger, respectively; P < 0.04). In the mid- and late follicular phases, inhibin B was also lower in the older women (117 +/- 9 vs. 146 +/- 10 and 85 +/- 8 vs. 117 +/- 11 pg/mL; P < 0.04), whereas E2 was higher (105 +/- 14 vs. 68 +/- 5 and 240 +/- 27 vs. 163 +/- 9 pg/mL; P < 0.02), and no differences in FSH were observed in the two groups at these times. In women studied longitudinally, FSH and inhibin B varied inversely in the follicular phase. In the early luteal phase, mean inhibin B was lower in the older group (64 +/- 6 vs. 94 +/- 12 pg/mL; P < 0.03), and FSH was higher (12.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 9.7 +/- 0.6 IU/L; P < 0.03). In the mid- and late luteal phases, inhibin B was also lower in older subjects (21 +/- 2 vs. 33 +/- 5 and 22 +/- 2 vs. 36 +/- 6 pg/mL; P < 0.02). No difference in inhibin A, E2, or progesterone was observed across the luteal phase, between the two groups. However, in all subjects studied longitudinally, increased age was associated with a decrease in inhibin A, inhibin B, and progesterone in the absence of changes in E2. Our conclusions were: 1) reproductive aging is accompanied by decreases in both inhibin B and inhibin A; 2) the decrease in inhibin B precedes the decrease in inhibin A and occurs in concert with an increase in E2, suggesting that inhibin B negative feedback is the most important factor controlling the earliest increase in FSH with aging; 3) these studies suggest that the decrease in inhibin B is the earliest marker of the decline in follicle number across reproductive aging.
Sorafenib Plus Valproic Acid for Infant Spinal Glioblastoma (2010)

Spinal glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is rare in children. New therapeutic options should be explored given the poor outcomes reported. We describe the case of an infant with spinal GBM whose condition worsened despite radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor sample showed activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. Targeted pharmacologic therapy with sorafenib plus valproic acid led to decrease in the size of the tumor and improvement of symptoms. We conclude that regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway using sorafenib plus valproic acid warrants further investigation for the management of childhood GBM.
Lasers in neurosurgery (1994)

Lasers have been used in neurosurgery for the past 25 years, undergoing modifications to suit the specific needs of this medical discipline. The present report reviews the current use of lasers in neurosurgical practice and examines the pros and cons of lasers in specific neurosurgical applications. In spite of their advantages, laser use is still not widespread in neurosurgery. One reason is the continued lack of complete control over real-time laser interactions with neural tissue. A greater acceptance and use of lasers by neurosurgeons will depend upon automated control over defined specific parameters for laser applications based upon the type of tissue, the desired effect on tissue, and application to the clinical situation without loss of precision and a lot of expense. This will require the integration of newer lasers, computers, robotics, stereotaxy, and concepts of minimally invasive surgery into the routine management of neurosurgical problems.
Two outbreaks of herpes simplex virus type 1 nosocomial infection among newborns (1986)

Two outbreaks of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection occurred in three newborns at each of two hospitals, and two of the infants in each case died of disseminated HSV-1 infection. Restriction endonuclease profiles of HSV-1 DNAs isolated from the three in each instance were essentially identical, indicating that they were epidemiologically related. In the first instance, each of three infants born in the same hospital at intervals of approximately 2 years or 1 year was infected with HSV-1. In this case, it was suggested that periodically reactivated HSV-1 strains from hospital personnel had been transmitted to three newborns. In the second instance (infants G-36, G-37, and G-38), the radiant warmer that had been occupied by infant G-36, who was infected with HSV-1, was used for infant G-37. Infant G-38 was in another radiant warmer 2 m from the radiant warmer occupied by infant G-37. Therefore, it was suggested that the virus had possibly been transmitted via radiant warmer and by hospital personnel in the two instances.
Neural-Network-Based Adaptive Baseband Predistortion Method for RF Power Amplifiers (2004)

An adaptive baseband predistortion method for RF power amplifier (PA) linearization is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The predistortion component is implemented by a single-input dual-output multilayer perceptron (MLP). Both amplitude-to-amplitude and amplitude-to-phase distortion products are compensated by backpropagation training of the neural network including the response of the PA. Effects of modulator and demodulator imperfections on system performance are examined. Measurements on a system prototype reveal a significant linearity improvement that reaches 25 dB.
Zebra schlieren optics for leak detection (1996)

A modification of schlieren optics was explored as a technique for industrial gas-leak detection. A high-contrast pattern on thin reflecting material was imaged with a zoom lens onto a negative of the same pattern as a method of eliminating the ordinary rays. The geometry of the industrial setting determines the useful spatial frequency of the pattern.
Multiple ErbB-2/Neu Phosphorylation Sites Mediate Transformation through Distinct Effector Proteins (2001)

Amplification of the type I receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB-2 (HER2/Neu) is observed in 20-30% of human mammary carcinomas, correlating with a poor clinical prognosis. We have previously demonstrated that four (Tyr(1144), Tyr(1201), Tyr(1226/1227), or Tyr(1253)) of the five known Neu/ErbB-2 autophosphorylation sites can independently mediate transforming signals. The transforming potential of at least two of these autophosphorylation sites (Tyr(1144) and Tyr(1226/1227)) has been further correlated with their ability to associate with Grb2 and Shc adapter proteins, respectively. To confirm the specificity of these interactions, we have created a series of second site mutants in these phosphorylation sites. The results showed that Grb2 recruitment to site 1144 is absolutely required for transforming signal from this autophosphorylation site, whereas association of Shc-mediated transformation is dependent on conservation of the NPXY motif spanning Tyr(1227). A stretch of amino acid identity around tyrosines 1201 (ENPEYLTP)and 1253 (ENPEYLDL) exists, and mutation of key residues within this motif reveals distinct requirements for an intact protein tyrosine-binding protein (NPXY). We show that DOK-R, a protein tyrosine-binding site-containing protein implicated in Ras signaling, interacts with Neu/ErbB-2 at Tyr(1253) as do two unidentified proteins, p150 and p34, the latter correlating with transformation. Together these data argue that ErbB-2/Neu is capable of mediating transformation through distinct effector pathways.
Thermal conductivity measurement of amorphous dielectric multilayers for phase-change memory power reduction (2016)

In this work, we investigate the temperature-dependent thermal conductivities of few nanometer thick alternating stacks of amorphous dielectrics, specifically SiO2/Al2O3 and SiO2/Si3N4. Experiments using steady-state Joule-heating and electrical thermometry, while using a micro-miniature refrigerator over a wide temperature range (100–500 K), show that amorphous thin-film multilayer SiO2/Si3N4 and SiO2/Al2O3 exhibit through-plane room temperature effective thermal conductivities of about 1.14 and 0.48 W/(m × K), respectively. In the case of SiO2/Al2O3, the reduced conductivity is attributed to lowered film density (7.03 → 5.44 × 1028 m–3 for SiO2 and 10.2 → 8.27 × 1028 m–3 for Al2O3) caused by atomic layer deposition of thin-films as well as a small, finite, and repeating thermal boundary resistance (TBR) of 1.5 m2 K/GW between dielectric layers. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that vibrational mismatch between amorphous oxide layers is small, and that the TBR between layers is largely due to imperfect interfaces. Finally, the impact of using this multilayer dielectric in a dash-type phase-change memory device is studied using finite-element simulations.
Application of functionalised 1,3-dipoles to the synthesis of fused heterocycles (1975)

A general synthetic approach to the formation of fused heterocycles, involving cycloadditions with functionalised 1,3-dipoles and subsequent ring closure, is extended to the systems 6–6, 6–6–5, 6–6–5–5, 6–6–6–5, 6–6–5–6, and 6–5–6. The regiochemistry and stereochemistry of the additions are established by specific deuterium labelling, n.m.r. spectroscopy, and chemical methods. A novel ring transformation of a 2,3-dihydrofuran to a pyridazino[4,5-c]pyridazine is described.
Simulation and Analysis of the Impact of Eye Morphology on Iris Recognition (2022)

Eye morphology refers to the biological structure of the human eye. This includes the cornea, aqueous humor, limbus, lens, and iris surface in the anterior portion of the eye. With regards to iris recognition, pupil dilation has been known to affect algorithm performance. This work examines the impacts of other morphological factors such as the three-dimensional shape of the iris surface, corneal refraction, and subtle changes induced by changes of visual focus. Because of the difficulty in obtaining data to measure such factors, a model of the eye is used to create data sets varying each factor. An examination of relevant eye anatomy is presented along with visualizations of iris texture distortions caused by various morphological factors. A detailed examination is made with regard to changing iris shape separate from pupil dilation, corneal refraction, and difficulties in recognition caused by non-planar irises. Finally, work into correcting for corneal refraction effects is presented.
Indexing in large scale image collections: Scaling properties and benchmark (2011)

Indexing quickly and accurately in a large collection of images has become an important problem with many applications. Given a query image, the goal is to retrieve matching images in the collection. We compare the structure and properties of seven different methods based on the two leading approaches: voting from matching of local descriptors vs. matching histograms of visual words, including some new methods. We derive theoretical estimates of how the memory and computational cost scale with the number of images in the database. We evaluate these properties empirically on four real-world datasets with different statistics. We discuss the pros and cons of the different methods and suggest promising directions for future research.
PHARMACEUTICAL APPROACHES RELATED TO SYSTEMIC DELIVERY OF PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE DRUGS: AN OVERVIEW Review Article (2012)

In new era of medication, recently under development of biotechnology and genetic engineering, the industry is capable of producing number of therapeutic peptides and proteins commercially. The research efforts to formulate the immediate and sustained release formulation of protein and peptide based pharmaceuticals which is given to body directly or using polymeric carriers. Disease related to CVS, CNS, GIT, hormones and cancer can be effectively treated by this new class of therapeutic agents. We have primary aimed to improve bioavailability, half life, penetrability and stability. Generally, protein and peptide drugs are administered by parenteral route. Many peptide based pharmaceuticals can’t accomplish their full range of therapeutic benefits when delivered by parenteral route because they are limited by extremely short duration of their biological function. Alternate nonparenteral routes like oral, nasal, pulmonary, ocular, buccal, rectal, vaginal and transdermal have been tried with varying degree of success. Various problems associated with administration of protein and peptide drugs are needed to overcome by different pharmaceutical approaches. Several approaches available for maximizing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are chemical modification, formulation vehicles, mucoadhesive polymeric system, use of enzyme inhibitors, absorption enhancers, penetration enhancers etc. This review summarizes recent approaches in protein and peptide drug delivery system.
Modeling of TCE Diffusion to the Atmosphere and Distribution in Plant Stems (2004)

Fate of chlorinated solvents in phytoremediation has been delineated by many discoveries made in recent years. Plant uptake, metabolism, rhizosphere degradation, accumulation, and volatilization were shown to occur to differing degrees for many organic contaminants including chlorinated solvents. Among these mechanistic findings, recent research confirmed that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) volatilize from stems and that the resulting diffusive flux to the atmosphere is related to exposure concentration and to height up the stem. A comprehensive model was developed based upon all identified fate and transport mechanisms for VOCs, including translocation in the xylem flow and diffusion. The dispersion and diffusion in the radial direction were considered as one process (effective diffusion) as the two could not be investigated individually. The mechanism-based model mathematically indicates an exponential decrease of concentrations with height. While an analytic solution for the comprehensive model was not attained, it can serve as a starting point for other modeling efforts. The comprehensive model was simplified in this work for practical application to experimentally obtained data on trichloroethylene (TCE) fate. Model output correlated well with experimental results, and effective diffusivities for TCE in plant tissues were obtained through the model calibrations. The simplified model approximated TCE concentrations in the transpiration stream as well as TCE volatilization to the atmosphere. Xylem transport, including advection, dispersion, and diffusion through cell walls with subsequent volatilization to the atmosphere, is a major fate for VOCs in phytoremediation.
THE GROWTH AND COLLAPSE OF VAPOR BUBBLES (1954)

A theory is developed which describes the behavior of a
vapor bubble in a liquid. Its physical basis is the assumption that the heat transfer effects which accompany the evaporation occurring at the bubble wall when the bubble grows, 0r the condensation that occurs
there when the bubble collapses, are dynamically important. The basic equations of hydrodynamics are shown to reduce, for the problem under consideration, to a dynamic equation which describes the behavior of the bubble wall, and a heat convection equation for the liquid which is coupled to the dynamic equation by a boundary condition at the bubble
surface. A solution for the heat problem is obtained under the assumption that significant temperature variation in the liquid occurs only in a thin thermal boundary layer surrounding the bubble wall. An estimate
of the correction to the temperature solution is also derived. Once the temperature at the bubble wall is given, the vapor pressure within the bubble is known and the dynamic problem becomes determinate.

The theory is applied to the cases of the growth of a vapor
bubble in a superheated liquid, and the collapse of a vapor bubble in a liquid below its boiling temperature at the external pressure. The simplifying physical assumptions made in the course of the investigation
are justified for the specific example of vapor bubble behavior in water.

A comparison of the theory with experiment is given for the
observable range of bubble growth in superheated water, and the agreement is found to be very good.
Complex Association of Protein C Gene Promoter Polymorphism With Circulating Protein C Levels and Thrombotic Risk (1999)

The allele and haplotype frequency of the -1654 C/T and -1641 A/G protein C (PC) gene promoter polymorphisms was determined and analyzed according to circulating PC concentrations in 394 healthy subjects aged 20 to 60 years. The CG haplotype was associated with a lower PC concentration in both homozygous and heterozygous subjects compared with noncarriers. The TA allele had the reverse effect, but only in homozygotes. The distribution of the CG and TA alleles was significantly different in 242 patients, aged 17 to 60 years, with venous thromboembolism. The CG allele increased the risk of thrombosis, with an OR of 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04 to 1.87). The TA allele was protective in subjects aged <45 years, with an OR of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.44 to 1.04). TA was also significantly associated with older age at the first thrombosis. This study confirms the link between the PC gene promoter and circulating PC levels, and suggests a complex effect on the risk of thrombosis.
Vapour pressure and heat of dilution of aqueous solutions (1926)

E. P. Perman and T. Lovett, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1926, 22, 1 DOI: 10.1039/TF9262200001
Detecting Selective Protein Binding Inside Plasmonic Nanopores: Toward a Mimic of the Nuclear Pore Complex (2018)

Biosensors based on plasmonic nanostructures offer label-free and real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions. However, so do many other surface sensitive techniques with equal or better resolution in terms of surface coverage. Yet, plasmonic nanostructures offer unique possibilities to study effects associated with nanoscale geometry. In this work we use plasmonic nanopores with double gold films and detect binding of proteins inside them. By thiol and trietoxysilane chemistry, receptors are selectively positioned on the silicon nitride interior walls. Larger (~150 nm) nanopores are used detect binding of averaged sized proteins (~60 kg/mol) with high signal to noise (>100). Further, we fabricate pores that approach the size of the nuclear pore complex (diameter down to 50 nm) and graft disordered phenylalanine-glycine nucleoporin domains to the walls, followed by titration of karyopherinβ1 transport receptors. The interactions are shown to occur with similar affinity as determined by conventional surface plasmon resonance on planar surfaces. Our work illustrates another unique application of plasmonic nanostructures, namely the possibility to mimic the geometry of a biological nanomachine with integrated optical sensing capabilities.
Sessile serrated adenomas: prevalence of dysplasia and carcinoma in 2139 patients (2010)

1.7% of patients with mucosal polyps had SSAs (with and without dysplasia), more commonly in women and primarily in the right colon. Dysplasia or carcinoma was identified in 15% of patients and significantly disproportionately among women. Based on significant age differences between groups, there appears to be a stepwise progression of dysplasia and carcinoma in SSAs over 10 to 15 years, a period two to three times longer than that for conventional adenomas.
A 15-GHz broad-band /spl divide/2 frequency divider in 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS for quadrature generation (2005)

This letter presents a 0.13-μm CMOS frequency divider realized with an injection-locking ring oscillator. This topology can achieve a larger input frequency range and better phase accuracy with respect to injection-locking LC oscillators, because of the smoother slope of the loop gain phase-frequency plot. Post layout simulations show that the circuit is able to divide an input signal spanning from 7 to 19GHz, although the available tuning range of the signal source limited the experimental verification to the interval 11-15GHz, featuring a 31% locking range. The divider dissipates 3mA from a 1.2-V power supply.
A method for computing infiltration and redistribution in a discretized moisture content domain (2008)

A new one‐dimensional infiltration and redistribution method is proposed as an alternative to the Richards equation (RE) for coupled surface and subsurface models. The proposed method discretizes soil water content into hypothetical hydraulically interacting bins. The entry and propagation of displacement fronts in each bin are simulated by means of explicit infiltration and drainage approximations based on capillary and gravitational driving forces. Wetting front advances within bins create water deficits that are satisfied by capillary‐driven interbin flow. The method inherently provides numerical stability by precluding the need to directly estimate nonlinear gradients through numerical schemes. Comparisons of the performance of this method against RE solutions for theoretical, laboratory, and field data in both well‐drained and high water table conditions are presented. The new method produces infiltration flux estimates with errors less than 10% compared to a widely used RE solution in tests on multiple soil textures with and without high water table conditions while providing unconditionally guaranteed conservation of mass.
Catalytic Polymerization of Diesel Fuel. (1987)

This research program investigated the catalytic modification of the hydrocarbons of diesel fuel to form a high molecular weight product that would be an effective substitute for fog oil. The oligomerization of diesel fuel was performed in a two-step process; the diesel fuel was dehydrogenated to form a more reactive intermediate, and this intermediate was allowed to polymerize to produce the high molecular weight material. These reactions were conducted in two separate continuous fixed-bed catalytic reactors. Experiments on the dehydrogenation reactor demonstrated that olefine could be formed from diesel fuel; however, the yield was low. In the oligomerization reactor when diolefins and alkylated aromatics were added to diesel fuel a high molecular weight product was formed. The dehydrogenation catalyst Cobalt Molybdenum Disulfide, a sulfur tolerant catalyst, was used in the experiments in the combined reactor system and a rare earth substituted SK-500 zeolite was the oligomerization catalyst. A very promising result was obtained in an early experiment when the reactors were combined; roughly 30% - 40% of the diesel was converted to a high molecular weight product. Subsequent reactions were not as successful; a high molecular weight product was obtained, but not enough to produce a reduction in the evaporation rate. We suspect that the poor reaction yield is caused by an ineffective dehydrogenation of the diesel fuel. Keywords: Cobalt compounds.