gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenation effect on electrical and optical properties of GaAs epilayers grown on Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1991)

Hydrogenation effects on electrical and optical properties in GaAs epilayers grown on Si substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition have been investigated. In as-grown GaAs layers on Si substrates, typically four deep levels at 0.81, 0.68, 0.57, and 0.53 eV below the conduction band were observed by deep level transient spectroscopy. After hydrogen plasma exposure at 250 °C for 2.5 h, the 0.68 eV level disappeared. In addition, the reverse leakage current in the hydrogenated sample decreased by three orders of magnitude compared to the untreated sample. These effects persist after dehydrogenation process with a 5 min, 400 °C anneal. The results indicate that the hydrogenation for GaAs-on-Si has some benefits to its device application.
Charge-density-wave origin of the dip-hump structure in tunnel spectra of the BSCCO superconductor (2007)

Differential conductance $G$ as the function of the bias voltage $V$ across the tunnel junction between a normal metal and an inhomogeneous superconductor with charge density waves (CDW's) has been calculated by spatial averaging over random domains with varying superconducting- and normal-state properties. For these materials, irregularly distorted CDW patterns with spatially scattered values of various parameters were earlier shown to manifest themselves in a great body of experimental data. The results of the calculations were applied to explain the well-known dip-hump structure in the $G(V)$ dependence for ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ and other high-${T}_{c}$ cuprates.
Effects of the lipid environment, cholesterol and bile acids on the function of the purified and reconstituted human ABCG2 protein (2012)

The human ABCG2 multidrug transporter actively extrudes a wide range of hydrophobic drugs and xenobiotics recognized by the transporter in the membrane phase. In order to examine the molecular nature of the transporter and its effects on the lipid environment, we have established an efficient protocol for the purification and reconstitution of the functional protein. We found that the drug-stimulated ATPase and the transport activity of ABCG2 are fully preserved by applying excess lipids and mild detergents during solubilization, whereas a detergent-induced dissociation of the ABCG2 dimer causes an irreversible inactivation. By using the purified and reconstituted protein we demonstrate that cholesterol is an essential activator, whereas bile acids are important modulators of ABCG2 activity. Both wild-type ABCG2 and its R482G mutant variant require cholesterol for full activity, although they exhibit different cholesterol sensitivities. Bile acids strongly decrease the basal ABCG2-ATPase activity both in the wild-type ABCG2 and in the mutant variant. These data reinforce the results for the modulatory effects of cholesterol and bile acids of ABCG2 investigated in a complex cell membrane environment. Moreover, these experiments open the possibility to perform functional and structural studies with a purified, reconstituted and highly active ABCG2 multidrug transporter.
Where mathematics, insurance and finance meet (2002)

(2002). Where mathematics, insurance and finance meet. Quantitative Finance: Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 402-404.
Microbial conversions of alkanes and fatty acids (1984)

Abstract Alkanes are attacked readily by a wide variety of microorganisms. The most frequently encountered mode of oxidation is for one of the terminal methyl groups to be oxidized, through the alkanol, then the alkanal, to the corresponding fatty acid. Alkanes may be attacked subterminally also, and various ketones as well as the corresponding secondary alcohols can be produced. Subsequent degradation of these ketones occurs via introduction of oxygen into the chain to give a corresponding ester, which is then hydrolyzed to give a primary alkanol 2 carbon atoms shorter than the original alkane. The fatty acids arising by either route of oxidation, or by gratuitous introduction to the microbial system, may be oxidized by: (a) β‐oxidation to give a number of acetyl‐CoA units—intermediates of the process cannot be isolated from this pathway due to the tightly coupled nature of the substrates to the enzymes; (b) α‐oxidation; or (c) oxidation at the other end of the molecule. In the latter case, ω‐ and ω—1‐hydroxyfatty acids can be produced. ω‐Hydroxyfatty acids are subsequently oxidized to give dicarboxylic acids, which can be isolated, sometimes in high yield, by use of appropriate microbial mutants lacking in certain of the key metabolizing enzymes. With some yeasts, the fatty acids, including the ω‐hydroxyfatty acids, can be esterified to various sugars to give a series of glycolipids. In some cases, wax esters are formed between fatty acid and alkanol; these wax esters can include diunsaturated molecules having a close chemical similarity to those of sperm whale and jojoba oils. Various recent innovations have occurred using isolated enzyme systems which can be used in transesterification reactions to convert cheap triacylglycerols into high value added commodities such as cocoa butter.
Pine Silviculture (2005)

The Coastal Plain contains the highest species density of amphibians and reptiles in the United States and Canada. Of the seventy-seven species of salamanders and frogs native to the Coastal Plain (forty-two and thirty-five, respectively), twenty-one (27%) are dependent upon longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests as habitat in their adult or juvenile stages. By the end of the twentieth century, longleaf pine savanna had been reduced to less than 2% of its original coverage and old-growth stands with virgin trees amounted to less than 10,000 acres. One of the main reasons for the extensive loss of longleaf pine forests is silviculture (pine tree farming). This chapter reviews scientific literature dealing with the effects of pine silviculture on amphibians in the longleaf pine forests of the Coastal Plain. It suggests that pine tree farms are false forests and that pine silviculture has played an important role in amphibian population declines documented in the Coastal Plain.
The Synthesis of Benzcyclohepten-6-one<sup>1</sup> (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of Benzcyclohepten-6-one1G. A. Page and D. S. TarbellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 9, 2053–2055Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01105a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01105a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views212Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Selective stimulation of colonic transit by the benzofuran 5HT <sub>4</sub> agonist, prucalopride, in healthy humans (1999)

Prucalopride accelerates colonic transit, partly by stimulating proximal colonic emptying, but does not alter gastric or small bowel transit in healthy human subjects. Prucalopride deserves further study in patients with constipation.
Recovery of glycols, sugars, and Related Multiple -OH Compounds from Dilute-Aqueous Solution by Regenerable Adsorption onto Activated Carbons (1999)

The present research explores the use of adsorption onto activated carbons as a means of recover glycerol, glycols, and sugars from dilute-aqueous solution. Our work is focused on understanding the mechanisms of adsorption onto carbons, assessing the degree of adsorption reversibility with precision, and implementing a bench-scale recovery process that results in a higher product concentration and reduction of the energy load for final purification.
The Multi-Tree Approach To Reliability In Distributed Networks (2005)

Consider a network of asynchronous processors communicating by sending messages over unreliable lines. There are many advantages to restrict all communications to a spanning tree. To overcome the possible failure of k<k edges, we describe a communication protocol which uses k rooted spanning trees having the property that for every vertex v the paths from v to the root are edge-disjoint. A linear algorithm to find two such trees in a 2 edge-connected graph is described. This algorithm has a distributed version which finds the two trees even when a single edge fails during their construction. Finally, a method is given to transform centralized algorithms to distributed, reliable and efficient ones.
Bisoprolol Delays Progression Towards Right Heart Failure in Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension (2011)

In experimental PH, treatment with bisoprolol delays progression toward right heart failure, and partially preserves RV systolic and diastolic function. These promising results suggest a therapeutic role for β-blockers in PH that warrants further clinical investigation.
Imaging and Wear Analysis of Micro-tools Using Machine Vision (2006)

Tool positioning and tool wear or breakage is an integral part of the development of a micromachining center. The nature of worn tools, producing deficiencies in good surface finish and dimension control, is a major concern in machining operations. Current techniques in place for tool location depend on the encoder feedback of the CNC system, with the assumption of accurate tool radius compensation. Additionally, in order to maintain machining quality and to prevent damage to the work-piece, accurate monitoring or early prediction of tool condition is important. These techniques however are insufficient for micro-machining where the tool itself is usually invisible to the human eye. Because the diameter is so small, accuracy is inherently compromised. Furthermore, due to the micron scales of micro-machining, detection as well as determination of tool wear or breakage is quite challenging. This paper reports on the results of an ongoing research project to investigate and develop machine vision applications for micro machining tool location and tool wear monitoring. The determination of an optimal optical setup is reported together with some algorithms for image processing and feature classification. The optical setup utilizes a 3 mega pixel CMOS capturing device mounted on 12X ultra zoom lens. Lighting is achieved by direct, indirect and backlighting. Initial image analysis, utilizing basic Gaussian filters and histogram equalization indicates that lighting is a critical factor in this application. Wear determination is performed by a comparison of the image of an unused tool with that of a used tool using exclusive operators. Although the results seem promising, there is need for finer enhancements on images prior to the application of classification algorithms.
Effect of RyhB Small RNA on Global Iron Use in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2005)

RyhB is a noncoding RNA regulated by the Fur repressor. It has previously been shown to cause the rapid degradation of a number of mRNAs that encode proteins that utilize iron. Here we examine the effect of ectopic RyhB production on global gene expression by microarray analysis. Many of the previously identified targets were found, as well as other mRNAs encoding iron-binding proteins, bringing the total number of regulated operons to at least 18, encoding 56 genes. The two major operons involved in Fe-S cluster assembly showed different behavior; the isc operon appears to be a direct target of RyhB action, while the suf operon does not. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that the suf genes but not the isc genes are important for Fe-S cluster synthesis under iron-limiting conditions, presumably for essential iron-binding proteins. In addition, we observed repression of Fur-regulated genes upon RyhB expression, interpreted as due to intracellular iron sparing resulting from reduced synthesis of iron-binding proteins. Our results demonstrate the broad effects of a single noncoding RNA on iron homeostasis.
Polymer modified textile materials (1988)

This book considers the technological processes which are involved in the manufacture of coated materials, substances which play an important role in modern industry. The quality of textile materials depends on the fibrous component and fabric manufacturing method and most importantly on the preparation applied during the finishing process. Polymeric material deposited on the surface of the textile product, although constituting a small fraction by weight of the total mass, often decide the applicability of the material itself. The polymer coatings industry is huge and the aim of the book is to provide rigorous engineering information for the industry. The entire polymer coatings technology requires knowledge of raw materials, machinery, final product properties, R&D, unit operations, and toxicity and waste utilization and/or disposal. The authors goal was to describe all of the above processes in the context of good engineering practice and produce a book that will be useful to R&D managers and university polymer chemists working in this area.
Route planning with flexible edge restrictions (2012)

In this work, we explore a new type of flexible shortest-path query, in which the query can be dynamically parameterized to constrain the type of edges that may be included in the resulting shortest path (e.g., find the shortest path in a road network that avoids toll roads and low overpasses, respective of the specified vehicle height). We extend the hierarchical preprocessing technique known as Contraction Hierarchies to efficiently support such flexible queries. We also present several effective algorithmic optimizations for further improving the overall scalability and query times of this approach, including the addition of goal-directed search techniques, search space pruning techniques, and generalizing the constraints of the local search. Experiments are presented for both the North American and the European road networks, showcasing the general effectiveness and scalability of our proposed methodology to large-scale, real-world graphs.
Decomposition of Adrenaline and Analogs by some Mineral Acids. V (1958)

On boiling 1-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-dimethylaminoethanol with hydrochloric acid, (I) precipitates out as white crystals melting at 180°, in ca. 45% yield. Basification of the hydrochloric acid mother liquor results in generation of a gas (IV) with amine-like odor and a basic oil separates out. This oil was recrystallized as an oxalate from methanol, forming prismatic crystals (II), m.p. 200°, in ca. 4% yield. The mother liquor left after separation of these crystals was rendered strongly alkaline and crystals that separated out were recrystallized from ligroine to crystalline powder (III), m.p. 148-151°, in ca. 28% yield. (I) was found to be 2-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6, 7-dimethoxynaphthalene, which had been prepared from 2-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6, 7-dimethoxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenone. (IV) was identified as dimethylamine by deriving it to a hydrochloride, and (II) agreed with ω-dimethylamino-3, 4-dimethoxyacetophenone oxalate. (III) was found to be 2, 3, 7, 8-tetramethoxy-5-dimethylaminomethyldibenzo [a, e] cyclohepta-1, 4, 6-triene by agreement of its methiodide with the same derivative prepared earlier from epinephrine.
Hardware for searching very large text databases (1980)

This paper discusses the problem of searching very large text databases. It is shown that conventional techniques for searching current databases cannot be scaled up to larger ones, and that it is necessary to build hardware to search the database in parallel if reasonable search times are expected. The part of the search process requiring the highest bandwidth is scanning the database to detect instances of search terms. Methods of doing this in hardware that have been mentioned in the literature are examined, and design criteria for term matchers are discussed. A new design that uses a nondeterministic finite state automaton to control matching, is introduced, its operation is explained, and the practicality of using it in a real system is discussed.
Selected‐Area Nucleation and Patterning of Diamond Thin Films by Electrophoretic Seeding (1991)

We demonstrate here an electrophoretic process for nucleating and patteming of silicon substrates for CVD of polycrystalline diamond films that is simpler than present methods and far less damaging to the underlying substrate
Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of new squalenoyl amphiphilic gadolinium complexes as nanoparticle contrast agents (2011)

A family of novel amphiphilic gadolinium chelates was successfully obtained by coupling the hydrophilic DOTA ligand [1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane] to squalenoyl moieties. Thanks to the self-assembling properties of their squalenoyl lipophilic moieties, all these derivatives were able to form, without any adjuvant, micellar or liposome-like supramolecular nanoassemblies, endowed with high relaxivities (r(1) = 15-22 mM(-1) s(-1) at 20 MHz and 37 °C). The remarkably high payloads of Gd(3+) ions reached 10 to 17 wt %. Moreover, one of these derivatives interacted with human serum albumin (HSA) forming mixed micelles, which induced a remarkable increase in relaxivity. Liposome-like structures were obtained when the Gd(3+) complex of DOTA was coupled to two squalene units. These liposomal structures were characterized by a high loading of Gd(3+) (about 74,000 gadolinium ions per particle of 100 nm). The supramolecular architecture of these nano-objects has been investigated by electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. Squalenoylation of gadolinium derivatives offers a platform to conceive contrast agents (CAs) in mild conditions (no toxic solvents, no surfactants, no energy input). These new amphiphilic gadolinium chelates could also find potential applications in theranostics, by forming mixed systems with other squalenoylated drugs, or to delineate blood vessels owing to the interaction with HSA.
Massively parallel computation of absolute binding free energy with well-equilibrated states (2009)

A force field formulator for organic molecules (FF-FOM) was developed to assign bond, angle, and dihedral parameters to arbitrary organic molecules in a unified manner including proteins and nucleic acids. With the unified force field parametrization we performed massively parallel computations of absolute binding free energies for pharmaceutical target proteins and ligands. Compared with the previous calculation with the ff99 force field in the Amber simulation package (Amber99) and the ligand charges produced by the Austin Model 1 bond charge correction (AM1-BCC), the unified parametrization gave better absolute binding energies for the FK506 binding protein (FKBP) and ligand system. Our method is based on extensive work measurement between thermodynamic states to calculate the free energy difference and it is also the same as the traditional free energy perturbation. There are important requirements for accurate calculations. The first is a well-equilibrated bound structure including the conformational change of the protein induced by the binding of the ligand. The second requirement is the convergence of the work distribution with a sufficient number of trajectories and dense spacing of the coupling constant between the ligand and the rest of the system. Finally, the most important requirement is the force field parametrization.
Relapsing murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by myelin basic protein. (1983)

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is readily induced in many mammalian species by immunization with CNS tissue or myelin basic protein (MBP) purified from the CNS. EAE has been frequently used as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, EAE generally presents as an acute monophasic disease in the adult animal after immunization with MBP. After recovery, the animal is resistant to rechallenge with encephalitogen (1). Two exceptions to these observations have been reported. McFarlin et al. (2) reported that a variable number of Lewis rats showed signs of a single, mild relapse about a week after recovery from MBP-induced acute EAE. Panitch and Ciccone (3) have reported induction of recurrent EAE in rats immunized with human MBP. Chronic, relapsing EAE has been induced in the mouse; however, an apparent requirement for CNS tissue had been noted (4, 5). Recently, during the course of a series of experiments on the induction of EAE in SJL/J, PL/J, and (SJL/J X PL/J)F1 (SPL F1) mice, it was observed that the F1 mice frequently had paralytic relapses after recovery from MBP-induced symptoms. Experiments were initiated to examine this phenomenon, and the findings are presented below.
Mutant Isolation of the Escherichia coli Quinoprotein Glucose Dehydrogenase and Analysis of Crucial Residues Asp-730 and His-775 for Its Function (1998)

Several mutants of quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) in Escherichia coli were obtained and characterized. Of these, significant mutants were further characterized by kinetic analysis after purification or by site-directed mutagenesis to introduce different amino acid substitutions. H775R and H775A showed a pronounced reduction of affinity for a prosthetic group, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), suggesting that His-775 may directly interact with PQQ. D730N and D730A showed low glucose oxidase activity without influence on the affinity for PQQ, Mg2+, or substrate, but D730R showed reduced affinity for PQQ. The spectrum of tryptophan fluorescence revealed that the local structure surrounding PQQ was not changed by D730N mutation. Based on these data, we assume that Asp-730 may occur close to PQQ and function as a proton (and also electron) donor to PQQ or acceptor from PQQH2. Substitutions of Gly-689, that are located at the end of a unique segment of GDH among homologous quinoprotein dehydrogenases, directed reduction of the affinity for PQQ or GDH activity. Therefore, the unique segment and Asp-730 may play a specific role for GDH, which might be related to the intramolecular electron transfer from PQQ to ubiquinone.