gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutation analysis of the Smad6 and Smad7 gene in human ovarian cancers. (2000)

The Smad6 and Smad7 genes are members of the Smad family, involved in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway. Mutations in TGF-beta receptors and their cytoplasmic elements of transduction signals commonly accompany various cancers. Using PCR-SSCP analysis we searched for the presence of Smad6 and Smad7 gene mutations in 30 human ovarian cancers and 4 ovarian cancer cell lines, and found that 12 cases (35.3%) had a polymorphism in intron 2 of the Smad6 gene and that 8 cases (23.5%) had a polymorphism at codon 208 in the Smad7 gene. Because these polymorphisms were not accompanied by amino acid substitution, the present results show that the mutations in the Smad6 and Smad7 genes are unlikely to be involved in human ovarian cancers.
Minicomputer applications in the seventies (1970)

The purpose of this report is to give the reader, by means of specific application examples, an overview of the extreme versatility of the minicomputer. The basic system configurations that will be described may be adapted, by analogy, to many other tasks. In this manner we hope to stimulate the reader to think about ways in which a minicomputer might be able to do a job for him at less cost, in less time, in a more thorough manner, or more reliably than that job could be done-if it could be done at all-without the minicomputer. It is beyond the intended scope of this report to discuss minicomputer architecture, to describe in detail commercially available minicomputers, or to attempt to offer detailed guidelines for the selection of a specific minicomputer model for a system.
siRNA, miRNA, and shRNA: <i>in vivo</i> Applications (2008)

RNA interference (RNAi), an accurate and potent gene-silencing method, was first experimentally documented in 1998 in Caenorhabditis elegans by Fire et al., who subsequently were awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine. Subsequent RNAi studies have demonstrated the clinical potential of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in dental diseases, eye diseases, cancer, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and other illnesses. siRNAs are generally from 21 to 25 base-pairs (bp) in length and have sequence-homology-driven gene-knockdown capability. RNAi offers researchers an effortless tool for investigating biological systems by selectively silencing genes. Key technical aspects--such as optimization of selectivity, stability, in vivo delivery, efficacy, and safety--need to be investigated before RNAi can become a successful therapeutic strategy. Nevertheless, this area shows a huge potential for the pharmaceutical industry around the globe. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that the small RNA molecules, either indigenously produced as microRNAs (miRNAs) or exogenously administered synthetic dsRNAs, could effectively activate a particular gene in a sequence-specific manner instead of silencing it. This novel, but still uncharacterized, phenomenon has been termed 'RNA activation' (RNAa). In this review, we analyze these research findings and discussed the in vivo applications of siRNAs, miRNAs, and shRNAs.
Amnion-Epithelial-Cell-Derived Exosomes Demonstrate Physiologic State of Cell under Oxidative Stress (2016)

At term, the signals of fetal maturity and feto-placental tissue aging prompt uterine readiness for delivery by transitioning quiescent myometrium to an active stage. It is still unclear how the signals reach the distant myometrium. Exosomes are a specific type of extracellular vesicle (EVs) that transport molecular signals between cells, and are released from a wide range of cells, including the maternal and fetal cells. In this study, we hypothesize that i) exosomes act as carriers of signals in utero-placental compartments and ii) exosomes reflect the physiologic status of the origin cells. The primary aims of this study were to determine exosomal contents in exosomes derived from primary amnion epithelial cells (AEC). We also determined the effect of oxidative stress on AEC derived exosomal cargo contents. AEC were isolated from amniotic membrane obtained from normal, term, not in labor placentae at delivery, and culture under standard conditions. Oxidative stress was induced using cigarette smoke extract for 48 hours. AEC-conditioned media were collected and exosomes isolated by differential centrifugations. Both growth conditions (normal and oxidative stress induced) produced cup shaped exosomes of around 50 nm, expressed exosomes enriched markers, such as CD9, CD63, CD81 and HSC70, embryonic stem cell marker Nanog, and contained similar amounts of cell free AEC DNA. Using confocal microscopy, the colocalization of histone (H) 3, heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and activated form of prosenescence and term parturition associated marker p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) (P-p38 MAPK) co-localized with exosome enrich marker CD9. HSP70 and P-p38 MAPK were significantly higher in exosomes from AEC grown under oxidative stress conditions than standard conditions (p<0.05). Finally, mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis identified 221 different proteins involved in immunomodulatory response and cellto-cell communication. This study determined AEC exosome characteristics and their cargo reflected the physiologic status of the cell of origin and suggests that AEC-derived exosomal p38 MAPK plays a major role in determining the fate of pregnancy. Understanding the
Synthesis and properties of renewable nonisocyanate polyurethanes (<scp>NIPU</scp>s) from dimethylcarbonate (2015)

ABSTRACT Novel fully renewable AA‐BB type nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) were synthesized using the transurethanization approach. Dicarbamate monomers were prepared by the reaction of a diamine with an excess of dimethylcarbonate (DMC), in presence of 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) as catalyst. Then, the dicarbamate was reacted with a diol to afford the polymer, in presence of TBD or K 2 CO 3 as catalyst. Several renewable diamines and diols were tested. The two steps were conducted under neat conditions. The obtained materials exhibited T g values varying from −38 to 42 ° C, T m values varying from 42 to 204 °C , and thermal stabilities above 200 ° C. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53 , 1351–1359
An optimal quantum algorithm to approximate the mean and its application\n for approximating the median of a set of points over an arbitrary distance (2011)

We describe two quantum algorithms to approximate the mean value of a\nblack-box function. The first algorithm is novel and asymptotically optimal\nwhile the second is a variation on an earlier algorithm due to Aharonov. Both\nalgorithms have their own strengths and caveats and may be relevant in\ndifferent contexts. We then propose a new algorithm for approximating the\nmedian of a set of points over an arbitrary distance function.\n
Abscisic Acid Promotion of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization Requires a Component of the PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A Complex   (2014)

Legumes can establish intracellular interactions with symbiotic microbes to enhance their fitness, including the interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM fungi colonize root epidermal cells to gain access to the root cortex, and this requires the recognition by the host plant of fungus-made mycorrhizal factors. Genetic dissection has revealed the symbiosis signaling pathway that allows the recognition of AM fungi, but the downstream processes that are required to promote fungal infection are poorly understood. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been shown to promote arbuscule formation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here, we show that ABA modulates the establishment of the AM symbiosis in Medicago truncatula by promoting fungal colonization at low concentrations and impairing it at high concentrations. We show that the positive regulation of AM colonization via ABA requires a PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A (PP2A) holoenzyme subunit, PP2AB'1. Mutations in PP2AB'1 cause reduced levels of AM colonization that cannot be rescued with permissive ABA application. The action of PP2AB'1 in response to ABA is unlinked to the generation of calcium oscillations, as the pp2aB'1 mutant displays a normal calcium response. This contrasts with the application of high concentrations of ABA that impairs mycorrhizal factor-induced calcium oscillations, suggesting different modes of action of ABA on the AM symbiosis. Our work reveals that ABA functions at multiple levels to regulate the AM symbiosis and that a PP2A phosphatase is required for the ABA promotion of AM colonization.
A educaçao ambiental como marco do projeto educativo da cidade (2009)

Este é um texto para debate, e essa condição reflete o caráter motivador de sua elaboração. O tema que aqui é suscitado tem a intenção de contribuir, no âmbito de nossa realidade amazônica, com um tema, que de certo modo, já está bastante avançado em outras cidades do mundo e em algumas do Brasil, inclusive. A temática das �cidades educadoras� já faz algum tempo deixou de ser uma discussão nova para se tornar uma discussão essencial para o desenvolvimento de cidades mais humanas, cuja cidadania demonstra a vitalidade e o poder da participação � no Brasil há dois exemplos emblemáticos: Porto Alegre e Curitiba. Se para nós, de um lado, pensar uma cidade sustentável nos enche de dúvidas e receios, por outro lado, constatamos que a responsabilidade pela vida do planeta, e, portanto a nossa, é uma tarefa coletiva e urgente. Como o título do texto sugere, a educação ambiental é uma ferramenta necessária para a conservação de toda a vida do planeta, e o projeto educativo de cidade é uma estratégia de participação e de construção consciente de uma nova cidadania. A educação ambiental é, pois uma das mais importantes ferramentas do projeto educativo de cidade, pois nele se refletem as vontades dos cidadãos para fazer frente aos desafios educativos da cidade.
Semantic Interoperability of Sensor Data with Volunteered Geographic Information: A Unified Model (2013)

The increasing availability of sensor devices has resulted in important volumes of sensor data, which has raised the issue of making these data fully discoverable and interpretable by applications and end-users. The idea of OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) has addressed this issue by proposing a set of standards to enable accessibility of sensor data over the Web. Similarly, there is a growing interest in volunteered geographic information (VGI). Considering that several researchers have highlighted the potential of this new type of information as a complement to existing, “traditional” data, it becomes important to develop frameworks to support the integration of VGI from several sources and with other types of data. In this paper, we make a first step in this direction by proposing a framework for the semantic interoperability of sensor data and VGI. After having performed an investigation of the types of VGI applications, we have developed a conceptual model of VGI aligned with relevant ISO standards for describing geospatial features. The purpose of this model is to support the generation of common descriptions for VGI applications, which will act as interfaces to higher-level services, such as discovery and reasoning services, in order to be exploited in conjunction with sensor data by client applications. This process is described through architecture for semantic interoperability of sensor data and VGI that we have developed and that we intend to use to set guidelines for future research on integration of VGI in sensor data cyberinfrastructures. We illustrate the possibilities created by the proposed framework with a description of the various services and interfaces required to implement the framework.
The Breadth and Potency of Passively Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Do Not Correlate with the Risk of Infant Infection (2011)

Although a major goal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine efforts is to elicit broad and potent neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), there are no data that directly demonstrate a role for such NAbs in protection from HIV-1 infection in exposed humans. The setting of mother-to-child transmission provides an opportunity to examine whether NAbs provide protection from HIV-1 infection because infants acquire passive antibodies from their mothers prior to exposure to HIV-1 through breastfeeding. We evaluated the characteristics of HIV-1-specific NAbs in 100 breast-fed infants of HIV-1-positive mothers who were HIV-1 negative at birth and monitored them until age 2. A panel of eight viruses that included variants representative of those in the study region as well as more diverse strains was used to determine the breadth of the infant NAbs. From their mothers, infants acquired broad and potent NAbs that were capable of recognizing heterologous circulating HIV-1 variants of diverse subtypes, but the presence of NAbs of broad HIV-1 specificity was not associated with transmission risk. There was also no correlation between responses to any particular virus tested, which included a range of diverse variants that demonstrated different neutralization profiles, including recognition by specific antibodies with known epitope targets. The eight viruses tested exhibited neutralization profiles to a variety of monoclonal antibodies (2F5, PG9, and VRC01) similar to those of viruses present in pregnant women in the cohort. These results suggest that the breadth and potency of the heterologous antibody response in exposed infants, measured against a virus panel comprised of variants typical of those circulating in the population, does not predict protection.
Allopurinol Mouthwashes in the Treatment of 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Stomatitis (1994)

This study was aimed at assessing the efficacy of allopurinol mouthwashes in the treatment of 5-fluorouracil-induced stomatitis. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was thus designed to test its efficacy to treat oral mucositis in advanced cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil-containing chemotherapy. There were 44 patients randomized to receive allopurinol mouthwashes, or placebo, as soon as mucosal lesions were observed during any treatment cycle. Stomatitis was evaluated at the end of each 5-day treatment cycle. Allopurinol mouthwashes resolved stomatitis in 9 of 22 treated patients (40.9%), and diminished its intensity in 10 more patients (45.4%); stomatitis resolved completely in none of the 22 patients, and partially in 3 patients in the placebo group (p < .001 by chi 2 test). Duration of symptoms was also significantly different between the two groups (median: 4 days for the allopurinol group, 7.5 days for the control group; p < .0005 by Student's t-test). In conclusion, our results suggest that allopurinol mouthwashes can be effective to treat 5-fluorouracil-induced stomatitis.
Thermodynamics of High Polymer Solutions (1942)

A statistical mechanical treatment of high polymer solutions has been carried out on the basis of an idealized model, originally proposed by Meyer, which is analogous to the one ordinarily assumed in the derivation of the ``ideal'' solution laws for molecules of equal size. There is obtained for the entropy of mixing of n solvent and N linear polymer molecules (originally disoriented), ΔS=−k[(n/β) ln v1+N ln v2] where v1 and v2 are volume fractions and β is the number of solvent molecules replaceable by a freely orienting segment of the polymer chain. This expression is similar in form to the classical expression for equal-sized molecules, mole fractions having been replaced by volume fractions. When the disparity between the sizes of the two components is great, this expression gives entropies differing widely from the classical values, which accounts for the large deviations of high polymer solutions from ``ideal'' behavior. The entropy of disorientation of a perfectly arranged linear polymer is found to be of the order of R cal. per chain segment. After introducing a suitable heat of mixing term, partial molal free energies are computed, and the calculations are compared with experimental data for all concentrations. Phase equilibria have been calculated in the region of partial miscibility. The theory predicts, in agreement with experiment, that the critical composition for partial miscibility lies at a low concentration of polymer. Low intrinsic viscosities of polymers dissolved in poor solvents are attributed to the tendency for the molecule to assume a more compact configuration in such an environment.
A Study on Optimal BAR in Array Head Reading (2017)

Two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR), which combines shingled magnetic recording (SMR) with 2-D signal processing attracts attention from the hard disk drive industry. SMR is a magnetic recording system in order to increase the track density by writing tracks without the guard band. Therefore, the influences of writing and reading intertrack interferences (ITIs) deteriorate the quality of reproducing waveforms. Additionally, degradation of track due to overwriting and crosstalk from the adjacent tracks due to the width of reader sensitivity. The equalization using 2-D finite impulse response filter for the waveforms from three adjacent tracks is proposed as a method to reduce the influence of reading ITIs. In this paper, we evaluate the bit aspect ratio (BAR) in TDMR read/write channel under a specification of 4 Tb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> using bit error rate of the low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding and iterative decoding system obtained by computer simulation. The results show that the suitable BAR in array head reading is 2.0.
Quantized Feedback Information in Orthogonal Space–Time Block Coding (2004)

This work considers how the presence of quantized channel information obtained from a feedback link may be utilized for determining a transmit weighting matrix that improves the performance of a predetermined orthogonal space-time block (OSTB) code. To reduce the effects of feedback delay, quantization errors and feedback channel bit errors, methods based on vector quantization for noisy channels are used in the design of the feedback link. The resulting transmission scheme and feedback link take the imperfect nature of the channel information into account while combining the benefits of conventional beamforming with those provided by OSTB coding.
Bone metabolic disorder during steroid therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases. (1985)

炎症性腸疾患に対するsteroid療法中に生じる種々の副作用のうち,骨代謝におよぼす影響をみる目的で,経時的にmicrodensitometry法によって骨の変化を観察した.MCI(metacarpal index),△GSmin,ΣGS/D(bone mineral content)を指標にすると,prednisoloneの投与量が多くなるにつれて,骨粗鬆化に陥入する傾向がみられた.同時に血清Ca,P,ALP,副甲状腺ホルモン・PTH-N端末についても経時的に測定したところ,血清CaとP値はprednisoloneの投与量の少い時期でも異常値を呈する場合がみられた.ste-roid療法中に活性型ビタミンD・1α-OH-D3(α-D3)を1目量0.5μg投与することによって,prednisoloneの投与量が4000mg以下であれば骨粗鬆化を防止したり,改善させる傾向がみられた,以上の成績より,steroid剤投与中の骨代謝に及ぼす影響に留意すると共に,長期投与になる場合の1α-OH-D3の併用投与の重要性が強調された.
Science, technology, maths and engineering = STEM (2019)

The Australian Government has commissioned the Australian Academy of Science, supported by the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering, to develop a Women in STEM Decadal Plan. This will be used to inform the National Strategy to increase women's participation in STEM education and work. I would like to highlight some of the evidence-based recommendations in our submission.
The energy and spectral characteristics of a room-temperature pulsed laser on a ZnS:Fe<sup>2+</sup>polycrystal (2016)

The energy and spectral characteristics of a laser on a ZnS:Fe2+ polycrystal operating at room temperature have been studied. The laser was pumped by a non-chain electro-discharge HF laser with a full-width at half-maximum pulse duration of ~140 ns. The diameter of the pumping radiation spot on the crystal surface was 3.8 mm. The two-sided diffuse doping of a polycrystalline CVD-ZnS sample with the surfaces preliminarily coated by high-purity iron films was performed in the process of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) in an argon atmosphere at a pressure of 100 MPa and temperature of 1290 °С. Increasing the duration of the HIP treatment from 54 h to 72 h made it possible to obtain twice the doping depth, and correspondingly, twice the length of active medium. As a result, the slope laser efficiency with respect to the absorbed energy was raised by a factor of 1.75 as compared to the value obtained in our earlier work with a polycrystalline sample. The generation energy was 25 mJ at a slope efficiency of η slope = 35%. It was established that the generation spectra of the laser with a non-selective resonator have a linear structure with intervals between the neighboring lines of δ λ ≈ 6 ÷ 8 nm, which is spurious for solid-state lasers. The spectral structure observed is not related to the elements inside the resonator, which might form Fabry–Perot interferometers.
IMRT optimization including random and systematic geometric errors based on the expectation of TCP and NTCP (2007)

The purpose of this work was the development of a probabilistic planning method with biological cost functions that does not require the definition of margins. Geometrical uncertainties were integrated in tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) objective functions for inverse planning. For efficiency reasons random errors were included by blurring the dose distribution and systematic errors by shifting structures with respect to the dose. Treatment plans were made for 19 prostate patients following four inverse strategies: Conformal with homogeneous dose to the planning target volume (PTV), a simultaneous integrated boost using a second PTV, optimization using TCP and NTCP functions together with a PTV, and probabilistic TCP and NTCP optimization for the clinical target volume without PTV. The resulting plans were evaluated by independent Monte Carlo simulation of many possible treatment histories including geometrical uncertainties. The results showed that the probabilistic optimization technique reduced the rectal wall volume receiving high dose, while at the same time increasing the dose to the clinical target volume. Without sacrificing the expected local control rate, the expected rectum toxicity could be reduced by 50% relative to the boost technique. The improvement over the conformal technique was larger yet. The margin based biological technique led to toxicity in between the boost and probabilistic techniques, but its control rates were very variable and relatively low. During evaluations, the sensitivity of the local control probability to variations in biological parameters appeared similar for all four strategies. The sensitivity to variations of the geometrical error distributions was strongest for the probabilistic technique. It is concluded that probabilistic optimization based on tumor control probability and normal tissue complication probability is feasible. It results in robust prostate treatment plans with an improved balance between local control and rectum toxicity, compared to conventional techniques.
Development of a rotary valve for pulse-combustion applications. Annual report, June 1986-June 1987 (1987)

Development of a rotary-valve air inlet for pulse-combustor systems in a variety of industrial applications is reviewed. The work focuses on development of a rotary-valve pulse combustor that will operate at input rates of up to 100,000 Btu/hr with computer control capable of synchronizing a motor-driven valve to combustor pressure oscillations. Activities included integrating the valve and combustor, conducting baseline experiments, developing computer control, integrating components, and performing laboratory evaluation.