gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning Robust Global Representations by Penalizing Local Predictive Power (2019)

Despite their renowned in-domain predictive power, convolutional neural networks are known to rely more on high-frequency patterns that humans deem superficial than on low-frequency patterns that agree better with intuitions about what constitutes category membership. This paper proposes a method for training robust convolutional networks by penalizing the predictive power of the local representations learned by earlier layers. Intuitively, our networks are forced to discard predictive signals such as color and texture that can be gleaned from local receptive fields and to rely instead on the global structures of the image. Across a battery of synthetic and benchmark domain adaptation tasks, our method confers improved generalization out of the domain. Additionally, to evaluate cross-domain transfer, we introduce ImageNet-Sketch, a new dataset consisting of sketch-like images that matches the ImageNet classification validation set in scale and dimension.
Toward an Understanding of the Behavioral Intention to Use a Groupware Application (2002)

Groupware technologies have become an important part of the business computing and communicating infrastructure in many organizations. However, literature suggests that many groupware applications, especially those requiring significant collaboration and cooperation among users, are still not adequately used (Nunamaker, 1997; Orlikowski, 1993). Their potential benefits are far from being fully realized due to the lack of user acceptance. While there are studies that show the relevance and positive impact of group support systems on group work, very few have looked into users’ perception of the groupware technologies and their motivation to participate (Nunamaker, 1997). Expectancy theory is considered one of the most promising models of individual motivation. This study examines the use of expectancy theory in explaining the behavioral intention (motivation) to use a groupware application. Data gathered from 86 student users in a judgment modeling exercise suggest that the model is a significant predictor of users’ motivation. The successful use of expectancy theory also suggests that it is appropriate for assessing and understanding users’ motivation to use a groupware application and, subsequently, its acceptance and success. Since user acceptance is an essential antecedent of a successful groupware application, the results of this study should be considered thoughtfully when a groupware application is designed, implemented, and operated.
The Interplay between Host Innate Immunity and Hepatitis E Virus (2019)

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection represents an emerging global health issue, whereas the clinical outcomes vary dramatically among different populations. The host innate immune system provides a first-line defense against the infection, but dysregulation may partially contribute to severe pathogenesis. A growing body of evidence has indicated the active response of the host innate immunity to HEV infection both in experimental models and in patients. In turn, HEV has developed sophisticated strategies to counteract the host immune system. In this review, we aim to comprehensively decipher the processes of pathogen recognition, interferon, and inflammatory responses, and the involvement of innate immune cells in HEV infection. We further discuss their implications in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and developing antiviral therapies.
The Development of a Stable Smallpox Vaccine (1955)

Summary 1. Requirements for a heat-stable smallpox vaccine are suggested. 2. Sheep lymph dried from the frozen state retains its potency at 22 and 37°C. better than aqueous, glycerinated or lanolinated suspensions of lymph. Dried crude lymph is not, however, sufficiently stable for use in tropical areas; it is also liable to vary in stability from batch to batch. No better results were obtained by prolonging secondary desiccation. 3. Phenol in low concentration is deleterious to vaccinia virus stored in the dried or liquid state at 22 and 37° C. 4. Dried vaccinia virus stored under nitrogen loses potency more rapidly than when sealed in vacuo , even when precautions are taken to rid the nitrogen of traces of oxygen and moisture. 5. A number of suspending media were examined for their preservative influence on purified vaccinia virus. None was effective in the liquid state, but all protected the virus against the lethal influence of freeze-drying. In the dried state, these media varied in their ability to protect the virus during storage at 22 or 37° C. The best results at both temperatures were obtained with virus freeze-dried in 5% peptone. This medium also protects the virus well at 45° C. Different types of peptone were equally effective. 6. Virus dried in 5% peptone still gave a full quota of successful primary vaccinations of children after storage for 12 months at 22° C., or for 4 months at 37° C. 7. Using partially purified sheep virus dried in 5% peptone, a vaccine can be produced which shows a high degree of resistance to heat, is relatively free from bacterial contamination, and is easy to reconstitute after prolonged storage. These results are highly reproducible.
Regulation of Triglyceride Metabolism. I. Eukaryotic neutral lipid synthesis: “Many ways to skin ACAT or a DGAT” (2006)

Esterification of sterols, fatty acids and other alcohols into biologically inert forms conserves lipid resources for many cellular functions. Paradoxically, the accumulation of neutral lipids such as cholesteryl ester or triglyceride, is linked to several major disease pathologies. In a remarkable example of genetic expansion, there are at least eleven acyltransferase reactions that lead to neutral lipid production. In this review, we speculate that the complexity and apparent redundancy of neutral lipid synthesis may actually hasten rather than impede the development of novel, isoform-specific, therapeutic interventions for acne, type 2 diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis.
AFM characterization and gas sensitivity of SnO_2 thin films (2005)

Nanometer sized SnO_2 thin films were prepared by sol gel method using SnCl_2·2H_2O as the starting material.The influences of different conditions,such as the concentration of raw material,aging time,dip coating speed,heating temperature and heating time,were investigated.The optimum experimental conditions were obtained.The sensitivity of the films was measured at room temperature.The results showed that when the solution(0 1 mol/L) was left for 60 h,the uniform films were deposited at the dip coating rate of(80 mm/min,) then heated at 500 ℃ for 30 min and the mean size of SnO_2 particles was about 2 nm.The gas sensing experiments illustrated that the thin films had good sensitivity and response recovery properties to ethanol and acetone were from 2 to 10 mg/L at room temperature.
Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of Ar2HF at vHF=3: An examination of three-body forces (1997)

The vibrational spectrum of Ar2HF in the 11 320–11 430 cm−1 region is recorded by intracavity laser-induced fluorescence. The intramolecular vibrational state, Σ0, in combination with the intermolecular vibrations, assigned as Πin-plane, Πout-of-plane and Σ1, of the complex have been observed. The Σ0 state correlates adiabatically with j=0 of HF (v=3); the Πin-plane, Πout-of-plane, and Σ1 states correlate adiabatically with j=1 of HF (v=3), respectively. We have determined the vibrational band origins (and rotational constants) of ν0=11 323.784 cm−1 (A=0.120 15, B=0.058 30, C=0.038 94 cm−1), ν0=11 387.730 cm−1 (A=0.122 68, B=0.057 05, C=0.038 42 cm−1), ν0=11 426.815 cm−1 (A=0.120 27, B=0.058 15, C=0.038 71 cm−1) and ν0=11 427.400 cm−1 (A=0.120 26, B=0.058 15, C=0.038 71 cm−1) for Σ0, Πin-plane, Πout-of-plane, and Σ1 states, respectively. The vibrational red shift for the pure HF stretch from vHF=0–3 is 49.023 cm−1. The in-plane and out-of-plane bending frequencies are 63.947 and 103.031 cm−1. The Σ1 state, which may be viewed as the Ar2FH structure is located 103.616 cm−1 above the Ar2HF Σ0 state. The spectral line shapes appear to be well fitted by a Doppler profile with FWHM≈120 MHz, indicating that the predissociation linewidths have a Lorentzian component of less than 10 MHz. These results are compared with those of Farrell and Nesbitt [J. Chem. Phys. 105, 9421 (1996)] for vHF=1. The present experimental data set is also compared with the quantitative predictions by Ernesti and Hutson [Phys. Rev. A 51, 239 (1995)] and therefore serves as a rigorous test for modeling nonadditivity of intermolecular interactions and their vibrational dependence. These comparisons show that the vibrational dependence of three-body terms is accurate in the region of potential minimum. For configurations far from the energy minimum, appreciable discrepancies appear to exist. The vibrational variation of the Πin-plane bending frequency is relatively poorly predicted, which strongly suggests the inadequacy in the present modeling of the intriguing nonadditive forces for this prototypical system.
Characterization of a temperature-sensitive, hexon transport mutant of type 5 adenovirus (1976)

Infection of KB cells at 39.5 degrees C with H5ts147, a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of type 5 adenovirus, resulted in the cytoplasmic accumulation of hexon antigen; all other virion proteins measured, however, were normally transported into the nucleus. Immunofluorescence techniques were used to study the intracellular location of viral proteins. Genetic studies revealed that H5ts147 was the single member of a nonoverlapping complementation group and occupied a unique locus on the adenovirus genetic map, distinct from mutants that failed to produce immunologically reactive hexons at 39.5 degrees C ("hexon-minus" mutants). Sedimentation studies of extracts of H5ts147-infected cells cultured and labeled at 39.5 degrees C revealed the production of 12S hexon capsomers (the native, trimeric structures), which were immunoprecipitable to the same extent as hexons synthesized in wild type (WT)-infected cells. In contrast, only 3.4S polypeptide chains were found in extracts of cells infected with the class of mutants unable to produce immunologically reactive hexon protein at 39.5 degrees C. Hexons synthesized in H5ts147-infected cells at 39.5 degrees C were capable of being assembled into virions, to the same extent as hexons synthesized in WT-infected cells, when the temperature was shifted down to the permissive temperature, 32 degrees C. Infectious virus production was initiated within 2 to 6 h after shift-down to 32 degrees C; de novo protein synthesis was required to allow this increase in viral titer. If ts147-infected cells were shifted up to 39.5 degrees C late in the viral multiplication cycle, viral production was arrested within 1 to 2 h. The kinetics of shutoff was similar to that of a WT-infected culture treated with cycloheximide at the time of shift-up. The P-VI nonvirion polypeptide, the precursor to virion protein VI, was unstable at 39.5 degrees C, whereas the hexon polypeptide was not degraded during the chase. It appears that there is a structural requirement for the transport of hexons into the nucleus more stringent than the acquisition of immunological reactivity and folding into the 12S form.
Rational heterodoxy: Cholesterol reformation of the amyloid doctrine (2012)

According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, accumulation of the amyloid peptide Aβ, derived by proteolytic processing from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), is the key pathogenic trigger in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This view has led researchers for more than two decades and continues to be the most influential model of neurodegeneration. Nevertheless, close scrutiny of the current evidence does not support a central pathogenic role for Aβ in late-onset AD. Furthermore, the amyloid cascade hypothesis lacks a theoretical foundation from which the physiological generation of Aβ can be understood, and therapeutic approaches based on its premises have failed. We present an alternative model of neurodegeneration, in which sustained cholesterol-associated neuronal distress is the most likely pathogenic trigger in late-onset AD, directly causing oxidative stress, inflammation and tau hyperphosphorylation. In this scenario, Aβ generation is part of an APP-driven adaptive response to the initial cholesterol distress, and its accumulation is neither central to, nor a requirement for, the initiation of the disease. Our model provides a theoretical framework that places APP as a regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, accounts for the generation of Aβ in both healthy and demented brains, and provides suitable targets for therapeutic intervention.
Suppression of second-order harmonic distortion in ROF links utilizing dual-output MZM and balanced detection (2012)

We demonstrate a novel approach to eliminate the second-order harmonic distortions (SHD) in radio over fiber (ROF) links utilizing a dual-output Mach-Zehnder modulator and balanced detection. Experimental results are presented for a 5GHz link exhibiting a 35.8dB suppression of the SHD and 5.89dB enhancement of the fundamental power, resulting in a significant improvement of 18dB in the second-order spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR). The error vector magnitude (EVM) performance of the demodulated 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal is effectively improved to be 5.01% when the 16 QAM signal centered at 10GHz together with another signal centered at 5GHz are distributed through the link, simultaneously. Experimental results clearly show that multi-octave operation can be achieved in multi-channel ROF link using the proposed scheme. The link shows excellent potential for low cost ROF links as the simplicity of the system is preserved.
Nitrosoureas Modes of Action and Perspectives in the Use of Hormone Receptor Affine Carrier Molecules (1989)

Mechanisms of DNA adduct formation by antineoplastic 2-chloroethyl-N-nitrosoureas (CNUs) and of DNA damage induced by these compounds are discussed. CNUs are alkylating agents that form DNA-DNA cross-links as well as 2-chloroethylated and 2-hydroxyethylated adducts, the N-7-position of guanine being the predominantly alkylated site. A close correlation exists between the potential of a given compound to induce DNA-DNA cross-links and its antineoplastic effectiveness. However, levels of DNA-DNA cross-linking in bone marrow and extent of myelosuppression as measured in rodents are also closely correlated. The design of new cross-linking analogues capable of directing the antineoplastically relevant activity predominantly to the target tumour appears therefore to be of great promise. Cross-linking agents have been attached to a variety of steroid hormone carrier molecules and the conjugates have been tested in structure-activity studies using hormone-receptor containing animal tumours. These studies have revealed that some hormone-linked antineoplastic agents are highly effective in receptor positive experimental tumours and are superior to mixtures of unlinked alkylating agents with hormones. Indications for a relative enrichment of DNA damaging effects in the tumour tissue and for reduced myelotoxicity have been obtained with specific hormone conjugates.
Exposure to high ambient temperature increases absorption and plasma concentrations of transdermal nicotine* (1996)

Absorption and plasma concentrations of transdermally delivered drugs may be increased during heat exposure. We studied the effects of short-term heat exposure in a sauna bath on the pharmacokinetics of transdermal nicotine, 25 mg/16 hr, in 12 healthy smokers in an open, randomized crossover study that consisted of a control session and a sauna bathing session. In the sauna session the subjects stayed seated in a sauna bath (mean temperature 82 degrees C (180 degrees F); mean relative humidity 28%) for three 10-minute periods separated by two 5-minute breaks. Sauna bathing significantly (p < 0.01 versus control) increased peak plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 1 hour, the amount of nicotine absorbed, and the mean plasma nicotine concentrations during heat exposure. No significant difference in nicotine area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 3 hours was observed. In addition, the combined effects of transdermal nicotine and sauna bathing on hemodynamics, some psychomotor skills, and subjective symptoms were evaluated. We concluded that absorption and plasma concentrations of transdermally delivered nicotine may be increased during exposure to high ambient temperature, probably because of enhanced skin blood flow. However, no adverse symptoms were recorded.
A novel phytyltransferase from <i>Synechocystis</i> sp. PCC 6803 involved in tocopherol biosynthesis (2001)

The deduced polypeptide sequence of open reading frame slr1736 reveals homology to chlorophyll synthase and 1,4‐dihydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid phytyltransferase in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. In tocopherol and plastoquinone biosynthesis, a condensation reaction mechanistically similar to that of these two enzymes is performed. To analyze the function of this novel prenyltransferase, a deletion mutant of slr1736 was generated by homologous recombination. The mutant showed a markedly decreased tocopherol content, while plastoquinone levels remained unchanged. Since the aromatic precursor homogentisic acid accumulated in the mutant, the function of the enzyme was proven to be a novel tocopherol phytyltransferase.
Sleep Loss and It’s Influences (2007)

Sleep deprivation is an extremely common event in today's society, and it results from a wide range of factors, including medical conditions, sleep disorders, shift work, etc. Sleep loss is accompanied by significant and apparent alterations in mood, alertness, and performance. Animal studies suggested that sleep is centrally important for survival, with especially strong implications for thermoregulation, energy balance, and immune function. But only limited data are available on the physiologic effects of chronic sleep loss and its consequences for health. A better understanding of effects of sleep deprivation will be necessary to reduce the risk associated with long term accumulation of sleep debt.
Color-Blind Prophets and Bootstrap Philosophies: Straw Men, Shell Games and Social Criticism (1991)

Ralph Ellison almost always has something useful to say. In "The World and the Jug," his celebrated rebuke of Irving Howe, Ellison offers an eloquent and passionate discussion of the moment in cultural politics when social criticism enacts a relationship between representation as depiction and representation as delegation. For Ellison, Howe's "Black Boys and Native Sons" exemplified the dangers involved if there is too much distance between ideas and images that are crafted at lofty social altitudes and life as it is lived on the cluttered terrain of political and personal struggle. When these ideas and images serve to underwrite structures of legal, political or cultural representation, then culture has become emphatically political, and the Shadow has subsumed the Act.\nEllison's confident insistence on the texture, richness and sheer human opacity of African American life has allowed him to navigate provocatively between the devil of ethnic chauvinism and the deep, blue-eyed sea of American nationalism. His social and cultural criticism consistently reminds us of the political imperative to pay close attention to the powerful complexity that characterizes the lives and experiences of African Americans.
A Detailed Study of the Vapochromic Behavior of {Tl[Au(C<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]}<i><sub>n</sub></i> (2004)

The linear-chain polymer [Tl[Au(C(6)Cl(5))(2)]](n), 1, reacts in the solid state and in solution with different volatile organic compounds such as tetrahydrofuran, acetone, tetrahydrothiophene, 2-fluoropyridine, acetonitrile, acetylacetone, and pyridine. Solid-state exposure of 1 to vapors of the above VOCs produces a selective and reversible change in its color that is perceptible to the human eye and even deeper under UV irradiation, allowing 1 to function as a sensor for these VOCs. Heating the samples exposed to the VOCs for a few minutes at 100 degrees C regenerates the original material without degradation, even after several exposure/heating cycles. The reversibility is further confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction measurements of complex 1 before and after exposure to vapors and again after heating the samples. The products obtained by reactions of complex 1 with the above VOCs as ligands in solution contain extended linear chains of alternating gold and thallium centers with two molecules of the organic ligands attached to each thallium atom. The stoichiometry of these materials has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as [Tl(THF)(2)[Au(C(6)Cl(5))(2)]](n), 3, and [Tl(acacH)(2)[Au(C(6)Cl(5))(2)]](n), 5. Comparison of FT-IR, UV-vis, and luminescence spectra at room temperature and at 77 K of the solid samples of complexes 2-9 with the spectra of complex 1 after its exposure to VOCs suggests interaction occurs between the organic VOCs and thallium in each case. Thermogravimetric analyses data indicate that all the thallium centers in these derivatives of complex 1 are neither fully nor equally coordinatively saturated. The materials formed appear to be intermediates between complex 1 with no VOCs attached and complexes 3-9 which contain two organic ligands coordinated to each thallium. A crystal structure analyses of one of these intermediates, [Tl(THF)(0.5)[Au(C(6)Cl(5))(2)]](n), 1.0.5THF, confirms this. Density functional calculations are in accord with the observed experimental results. Analysis reveals a substantial participation of the metal atoms in transitions that give rise to the observed emissions. Crystallographic data are as follows. For 1.0.5THF: triclinic, P1, a = 8.9296(1) A, b = 11.2457(1) A, c = 21.2465(3) A, alpha = 96.7187(7) degrees, beta = 92.5886(6) degrees, gamma = 98.5911(8) degrees, V = 2090.87(4) A(3), and Z = 2. For 3: monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 26.4163(6) A, b = 12.1619(2) A, c = 28.0813(6) A, alpha = 90 degrees, beta = 161.9823(6) degrees, gamma = 90 degrees, V = 2790.51(10) A(3), and Z = 4. For 5: monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 9.8654(2) A, b = 29.8570(5) A, c = 11.6067(2) A, alpha = 90 degrees, beta = 114.5931(6) degrees, gamma = 90 degrees, V = 3108.64(10) A(3), and Z = 4.
MICROCIRCULATION AND HEMORHEOLOGY (2005)

Major experimental and theoretical studies on microcirculation and hemorheology are reviewed with the focus on mechanics of blood flow and the vascular wall. Flow of the blood formed elements (red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells or leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets) in individual arterioles, capillaries and venules, and in microvascular networks is discussed. Mechanical and rheological properties of the formed elements and their interactions with the vascular wall are reviewed. Short-term and long-term regulation of the microvasculature is discussed; the modes of regulation include metabolic, myogenic and shear-stress-dependent mechanisms as well as vascular adaptation such as angiogenesis and vascular remodeling.