gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and models for copper mediated nucleophilic aromatic substitution. 2. Single catalytic species from three different oxidation states of copper in an Ullmann synthesis of triarylamines (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanisms and models for copper mediated nucleophilic aromatic substitution. 2. Single catalytic species from three different oxidation states of copper in an Ullmann synthesis of triarylaminesAnthony James PaineCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 5, 1496–1502Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00239a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00239a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4648Altmetric-Citations223LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Instant messaging: a new target for hackers (2005)

Instant messaging is exploding as a means of personal and corporate communications. Individuals chat via IM; companies rely on beefed-up versions of the technology, with its real-time capabilities, for collaborative design work; and e-businesses use IM to provide live, immediate customer service to shoppers. Meanwhile, the technology is finding its way onto mobile devices, including PDAs and smart phones. However, as IM becomes more popular, particularly for businesses, it has also increasingly become the target of attacks, such as those using malicious code and phishing. Some security experts say IM is following the same patterns shown during the development of e-mail attacks. These include the use of tricks to encourage victims to click on virus-laden attachments or hyperlinks to Web pages that upload applets to either infect visitors with malware or drop unwanted software on their computers. The most dangerous part about the attacks is their speed of propagation, caused by IM's real-time capabilities. Traditional antivirus technology, in which vendors typically need 24 hours to find remedies for new malicious code, may be too slow to prevent many IM attacks from spreading rapidly.
The Preparation of Sulfinic Acids. (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Sulfinic Acids.William E. Truce and Anna M. MurphyCite this: Chem. Rev. 1951, 48, 1, 69–124Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60149a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60149a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1243Altmetric-Citations81LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Combination Therapy in Rhuematoid Arthitis (1995)

Journal Article Combination Therapy in Rhuematoid Arthitis Get access M. R. EHRENSTEIN M. R. EHRENSTEIN Bloomsbury Rheumatology Unit, Arthur Stanley HouseTottenham Street, London WIP 9PG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rheumatology, Volume 34, Issue 6, June 1995, Pages 580–581, https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/34.6.580 Published: 01 June 1995 Article history Accepted: 13 February 1995 Published: 01 June 1995
Early detection and differential serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae infections under experimental conditions (2019)

Mycoplasma hyorhinis (MHR) and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae (MHS) are common opportunistic pathogens in the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of swine. The identification of the specific species involved in clinical cases using conventional diagnostic methods is challenging. Therefore, a recombinant chimeric polypeptide based on the seven known variable lipoproteins (A-G) specific of MHR and a cocktail of surface proteins detergent-extracted from MHS cultures were generated and their suitability as antemortem biomarkers for serodiagnosis of MHR- and MHS-infection were evaluated by ELISA. M. hyorhinis and MHS ELISA performance, evaluated using serum samples collected over a 56-day observation period from pigs inoculated with MHR, MHS, M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare, or Friis medium, varied by assay, targeted antibody isotype, and cutoffs. The progressions of MHR and MHS clinical diseases were evaluated in relation to the kinetics of the isotype-specific antibody response in serum and bacterial shedding in oral fluids during the observation period. In pigs inoculated with MHR, bacterial DNA was detected in one or more of the 5 pens at all sampling points throughout the study, IgA was first detected at DPI 7, one week before the first clinical signs, with both IgA and IgG detected in all samples collected after DPI 14. The peak of MHS shedding (DPI 8) coincided with the onset of the clinical signs, with both IgA and IgG detected in all serum samples collected ≥ DPI 14. This study demonstrated, under experimental conditions, that both ELISAs were suitable for early detection of specific antibodies against MHR or MHS. The diagnostic performance of the MHR and MHS ELISAs varied depending on the selected cutoff and the antibody isotype evaluated. The high diagnostic and analytical specificity of the ELISAs was particularly remarkable. This study also provides insights into the infection dynamics of MHR-associated disease and MHS-associated arthritis not previously described.
SiC via fabrication for wide-band-gap high electron mobility transistor/microwave monolithic integrated circuit devices (2008)

A process for achieving high yield of SiC through wafer via holes without trenching or micromasking and with excellent electrical connection after subsequent metal plating across full wafers was developed for use in high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) using an inductively coupled plasma etch. Consideration was given to the choice of wafer platen, hard mask, gas chemistry, surface treatments, and plasma parameters in order to achieve an acceptable etch rate while at the same time minimizing trenching and micromasking that can harm via yield. In addition, the issue of wafer thickness variation and etch nonuniformity leading to punch through of Au pads at the bottom of the vias was addressed by the addition of a metal layer to the front side of the wafer. The etch rate achieved for 25% of a 2 in. diameter wafer is approximately 3800 Å/min while demonstrating acceptable levels of trenching and micromasking with little or no Au punch through. The final process has been demonstrated to achieve &gt;95% yield across a full 2 in. diameter, 100 μm thick wafer with a high density of vias.
The Effects of Over-Compressing ASTM F959 Direct Tension Indicators on A325 Bolts Used in Shear Connections (1999)

Direct tension indicators (DTIs) are one alternative method that is commonly used to verify that high-strength bolts have been properly tensioned during installation. This research attempts to resolve question concerning the use of bolts which may have been over tensioned, as evidenced by DTIs which were completely flattened to zero DTI gaps. A variety of bolt and DTI combinations were tested to determine how far the nuts could rotate before the bolt fractured. Sets of bolts and buts could rotate before the bolt fractured. Sets of bolts and nuts with DTIs were then tensioned to the point of incipient failure and tested in single and double shear. These tests indicated there was no significant decrease in the single and double shear strengths of these over-tensioned bolts. In addition, a series of tests compared the performance of the DTIs manufactured per ASTM F959-90 to those manufactured per ASTM F959-96. These tests indicated that the F959-96 DTIs exhibit less variability and indicate higher preloads at the specified DTI gaps compared to those manufactured to F959-90
CAR-T cell therapy and its application in clinical cancer treatment (2017)

Immunotherapy is regarded as the most significant method for cancer treatment in recent years. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) technology, one form of target immunotherapy, has made a great breakthrough in hematological malignancies treatment and also a few progress in solid tumor treatment. This article reviews the history and mechanism of CAR-T, as well as the advantages and limitations of CAR-T in clinical cancer treatment. Then the review mainly discussed the clinical trial progress of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumor treatment. A primary obstacle of CAR-T therapy is the heterogeneity in solid tumors. With an increasing number of solid tumor surface antigens being discovered, different varieties of CARs have been designed to treat solid tumors and have made some progress in clinical trial. In the end, this review puts forward a possible development direction of CAR-T.
Biomimetic Synthesis of CaCO<sub>3</sub> Particles with Specific Size and Morphology (2007)

Calcium carbonate particles with different morphologies were fabricated by the precipitation reaction of sodium carbonate with calcium chloride in the absence and presence of the copolymer poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) (PSMA) at 80oC, respectively. The as-prepared products were characterizedwith SEM, XRD, Infrared and BET surface areas. The results showed that the pH of solution and the concentration of PSMA and CaCO3 significantly influenced the morphologies of CaCO3 particles. Various crystal morphologies of calcium carbonate, such as plates, rhombohedras, rods, ellipsoids, dumbbells, peanuts, spheres etc., could be obtained depending on the experimental conditions.
Environmental effects of marine fishing (1995)

Abstract Some effects of fisheries on the associated biological systems are reviewed and management options and their inherent risks are considered. In addition to the effects on target species, other sensitive groups impacted by fishing are considered including marine mammals, turtles, sea birds, elasmobranchs and some invertebrates with low reproductive rates. Other impacts discussed include the destruction of benthic habitat, the provision of unnatural sources of food and the generation of debris. Management options are considered including the designation of marine protected areas, risk aversion, and the burden of proof. A balanced consideration of the risks and consequences of ‚Type 1’︁ and ‚Type II’︁ errors is advocated.
Capel Lofft and “self-formation” (1885)

Capel Lofft and “self-formation” Get access Hubert A. Holden, M.A., LL.D. Hubert A. Holden, M.A., LL.D. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s6-XII, Issue 288, 4 July 1885, Pages 13–14, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s6-XII.288.13d Published: 04 July 1885
The Alzheimer s plaques tangles and memory deficits may have a common origin part I a calcium deficit hypothesis (1998)

Review of the literature reveals that several biochemical events implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are calcium dependent processes. These processes include normal processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein, dephosphorylation and degradation of tau, neurotransmitter release and memory formation. Since all of these processes appear to be inactivated during progression of AD, we propose that a "deficit" of intracellular calcium levels may occur in the early phase of the disease. We also propose several experiments to test this hypothesis. The hypothesis predicts that presenilins most likely act as calcium channels in vivo and that their gene mutations may cause the disease by diminishing the Ca2+ channeling function.
Slip-Induced Directional Order in Fe-Ni Alloys. II. Experimental Observations (1967)

The results of an extensive investigation into the nature of slip-induced directional order in Fe-Ni alloys near the 75% Ni composition are reported in this paper. Single crystal rods of 4–79 moly-Permalloy were swaged in the [111] and [001] orientations, as were crystals of the following orientations subjected to plane strain compression: (001) [100], (001) [110], (110) [001], (110) [1̄12], (110) [1̄10], (111) [1̄12], (112) [1̄10] and (112) [1̄1̄1]. Magnetic torque measurements show that all crystals developed a uniaxial anisotropy upon deformation, with the easy magnetic direction in good agreement with our previous theoretical deductions. In the [001] swaged crystal, deviation of the observed easy axis from the calculated value was rationalized in terms of unequal participation of the expected slip systems. In all cases of plane strain compression, the induced anisotropy constant rose to a maximum value, and then decreased, as the thickness reduction was increased. In one experiment, crystals of a 2%Mo-76% Ni-22%Fe alloy received a long-range-ordering treatment at 475°C for 190 h prior to plane strain compression in the (110) [1̄12] orientation. The anisotropy energy reached a maximum value of 460 000 erg/cm3, the highest value of slip-induced anisotropy thus far reported in Fe-Ni alloys. As for the anisotropy decrease at large reductions, reorientation of slip-induced atom pairs as a result of lattice rotation, is undoubtedly a factor. However, this explanation is not valid for the (110) [1̄12] orientation, which remained stable even after 98% reduction. A more widely applicable mechanism is advanced, whereby the decrease in anisotropy is attributed to randomization of the atom pairs through slip across antiphase ordered domain boundaries, both those grown-in and those created by intersecting slip. Additional observations have been made of the crystallographic texture and magnetic squareness in cold-formed polycrystalline Permalloy tapes, which are currently used as magnetic memory elements in storage devices. The results are satisfactorily explained in terms of slip-induced directional-order theory. Implications of seeded single crystals to these results are discussed.
High-Temperature Creep and Threshold Stress of Precipitation-Hardened Al-0.7 at%Mn Alloy (1991)

In order to examine the validity of Srolovitz’s attractive interaction theory in dispersion-hardened alloys, high-temperature creep behavior of Al-0.7 at%Mn alloy has been studied in a wide stress range covering both sides of the calculated Orowan stress. It has been found that there is a clear threshold stress for creep deformation at the highest test temperature of 723 K. The stress is approximately equal to the stress estimated from the attractive-interaction hardening, σv, which is nearly equal to the Orowan stress in this alloy. TEM observation also suggests that the interaction between dislocations and Al6Mn particles is of attractive type. Further, it has been shown that the threshold stresses reported so far in dispersion-hardened alloys are well explained by the attractive interaction. Stress dependence of steady-state creep rate is very different between the high and low stress regions, the stress exponent, n, being 14–21 and 4, respectively. The stress dependence of n is commonly observed in dispersion-hardened alloys. Their boundary stress increases with decreasing temperature, and the activation energy for creep deformation, Qc, in the high stress region is much higher than that for self-diffusion in pure Al, while the value of Qc in the low stress region is nearly equal to the activation energy for pipe diffusion. These values of n and Qc are discussed on the basis of available theories.
Considering Functional Spreadsheet Operator Usage Suggests the Value of Example Driven Modelling for Decision Support Systems (2008)

Most spreadsheet surveys both for reporting use and error focus on the practical application of the spreadsheet in a particular industry. Typically these studies will illustrate that a particular percentage of spreadsheets are used for optimisation and a further percentage are used for 'What if' analysis. Much less common is examining the classes of function, as defined by the vendor, used by modellers to build their spreadsheet models. This alternative analysis allows further insight into the programming nature of spreadsheets and may assist researchers in targeting particular structures in spreadsheet software for further investigation. Further, understanding the functional make-up of spreadsheets allows effective evaluation of novel approaches from a programming point of view. It allows greater insight into studies that report what spreadsheets are used for since it is explicit which functional structures are in use in spreadsheets. We conclude that a deeper understanding of the use of operators and the operator's relationship to error would provide fresh insight into the spreadsheet error problem. Considering functional spreadsheet operator usage suggests the value of Example Driven Modelling for Decision Support Systems
Genetics of the serine cycle in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1: identification of sgaA and mtdA and sequences of sgaA, hprA, and mtdA (1994)

In a previous paper, we reported identification of the 5' part of hprA of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, which encodes the serine cycle enzyme hydroxypyruvate reductase (L. V. Chistoserdova and M. E. Lidstrom, J. Bacteriol. 174:71-77, 1992). Here we present the complete sequence of hprA and partial sequence of genes adjacent to hprA. Upstream of hprA, the 3' part of an open reading frame was discovered, separated from hprA by 263 bp. This open reading frame was identified as the gene encoding another serine cycle enzyme, serine glyoxylate aminotransferase (sgaA). Cells containing an insertion mutation into sgaA were unable to grow on C1 compounds, demonstrating that the gene is required for C1 metabolism. Sequencing downstream of hprA has revealed the presence of another open reading frame (mtdA), which is probably cotranscribed with hprA. This open reading frame was identified as the gene required for the synthesis of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Our data suggest that this enzyme plays an integral role in methylotrophic metabolism in M. extorquens AM1, either in formaldehyde oxidation or as part of the serine cycle.
Generation of Squeezed States by Parametric Down Conversion (1986)

Squeezed states of the electromagnetic field are generated by degenerate parametric down conversion in an optical cavity. Noise reductions greater than 50% relative to the vacuum noise level are observed in a balanced homodyne detector. A quantitative comparison with theory suggests that the observed squeezing results from a field that in the absence of linear attenuation would be squeezed by greater then tenfold.
Monochromatic x-ray backlighting of wire-array <i>z</i>-pinch plasmas using spherically bent quartz crystals (2003)

X-ray backlighting systems are being developed to diagnose z-pinch, inertial confinement fusion capsule, and complex hydrodynamics experiments on the 20 MA Sandia Z machine. The x-ray backlighter source is a laser-produced plasma created using the Z-Beamlet laser, a 2 TW, 2 kJ Nd:glass laser recently constructed at Sandia. As an alternative to point-projection radiography, we are investigating a different geometry [S. A. Pikuz et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 740 (1997)] that uses spherically bent crystal mirrors to simultaneously obtain high spatial resolution and a narrow spectral bandwidth. Backlighting systems using the Si Heα line (1.865 keV) and the Mn Heα line (6.15 keV) are discussed. These systems are capable of spatial resolutions in the 5–10 μm range, a field of view as large as 5 mm by 20 mm, and a spectral bandwidth comparable to the width of the emission line used for backlighting.
Carbohydrate metabolism in plants (1984)

Carbohydrate metabolism in plants , Carbohydrate metabolism in plants , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Patency Results of Percutaneous and Surgical Revascularization for Femoropopliteal Arterial Disease (1994)

To estimate the patency results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and bypass surgery in the treatment of femoropopliteal arterial disease, a Medlars search of the English-language medical literature was performed. Inclusion required that studies 1) report original data, 2) report patency with a life table or Kaplan-Meier analysis with the number at risk or standard errors, 3) define patency as hemodynamic improvement, 4) report the distribution of covariates, and 5) not duplicate other published material. Using a method based on the proportional-hazards model and the actuarial life-table approach, the results were adjusted for differences in case-mix of the study populations and patency was predicted for subgroups at various levels of risk for failure. The unadjusted pooled life tables yielded five-year patencies of 45% (+/- 2%) for angioplasty, 73% (+/- 2%) for bypass surgery using a vein graft, and 49% (+/- 3%) for bypass surgery using a polytetrafluoroethylene graft. Adjusted five-year primary patencies after angioplasty varied from 12% to 68%, the best results being for patients with claudication and stenotic lesions. Adjusted five-year primary patencies after surgery varied from 33% to 80%, the best results being for saphenous vein bypass performed for claudication. The authors conclude that pooling life-table data without adjustment for covariates can be misleading. Indication, lesion type, vein graft availability, and site of the distal graft anastomosis need to be considered in predicting patency results of revascularization for femoropopliteal arterial disease.