gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Preparation of 2-Isoxazolines from <i>O</i>-Propargylic Hydroxylamines via a Tandem Rearrangement-Cyclisation Reaction (2006)

A method for the conversion of O-propargylic hydroxyl­amines into 2-isoxazolines in 60-84% yield is described. For 3-alkylpropargyl or 3-arylpropargyl hydroxylamines this was achieved by heating a methanolic solution of the hydrochloride salt in the presence of K2CO3. In the case of the 3-unsubstituted compounds, the hydrochloride salts were first converted to the free bases, which rearranged upon heating in methanol. In one case, the methodology was extended to enable the direct transformation of a O-propargyl phthalimide into a 2-isoxazoline in 65% yield by treatment with methyl hydrazine at room temperature over 19 hours.
Synthesis and application of new CO2-soluble vinyl pivalate hydrocarbon stabilisers via RAFT polymerisation (2011)

We describe the synthesis of novel, highly CO2-soluble stabilisers that overcome the current limitation requiring use of fluorinated or siloxane based materials for synthesis and processing. A series of homopolymers and copolymers with targeted molecular weight (∼10 kg mol−1) of vinyl pivalate and vinyl acetate were prepared by xanthate mediated RAFT polymerisation and a range of comonomer ratios have been characterised by GPC, NMR and DSC. In addition, detailed phase behaviour studies using a variable volume view cell were used to determine the relative solubility in scCO2. The stabilisers were applied to scCO2 dispersion polymerisations to determine their efficacy and SEM was primarily used to gauge the stabiliser effect upon the microparticle morphology of the polymer product.
The peroxidase–cyclooxygenase superfamily: Reconstructed evolution of critical enzymes of the innate immune system (2008)

The authors have reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of the main evolutionary lines of mammalian heme containing peroxidases. The sequences of intensively investigated human myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase, which participate in host defence against infections, were aligned together with newly found open reading frames coding for highly similar putative peroxidase domains in all kingdoms of life. The evolutionary relationships were reconstructed using neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods. It is demonstrated that this enzyme superfamily obeys the rules of birth-and-death model of multigene family evolution and contains proteins with a variety of function that could be grouped in seven subfamilies. On the basis of occurrence and the fact that two main enzymatic activities are related with these metalloproteins, they propose the name peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily for this widely spread group of heme-containing oxidoreductases. Well known structure-function relationships in mammalian peroxidases formed the basis for the critical inspection of all subfamilies. The presented data unequivocally suggest that predecessor genes of mammalian heme peroxidases have segregated very early in evolution. Before organisms developed an acquired immunity, their antimicrobial defence depended on enzymes that were recruited upon pathogen invasion and could produce antimicrobial reaction products. Thus, these peroxidatic heme proteins evolved to important components in the innate immune defence system. This work shows that even in certain prokaryotic organisms, genes encoding putative antimicrobial enzymes are found providing a group of bacteria with an evolutionary advantage over the others.
<title>Fiber-Optic Sensing In Cryogenic Environments</title> (1980)

To overcome the hazards of electrical sensors in explosive environments, passive optical sensors using fiber-optic communication to a remote monitoring station are being seriously studied. Development of three passive optical sensors to measure liquid-level, pressure, and temperature in cryogenic propellant tanks is described. Characteristics together with results obtained from an experimental model incorporating those sensors and operating with liquid nitrogen as the test fluid are identified.
AutoPhase: Compiler Phase-Ordering for High Level Synthesis with Deep Reinforcement Learning (2019)

The performance of the code generated by a compiler depends on the order in which the optimization passes are applied. In high-level synthesis, the quality of the generated circuit relates directly to the code generated by the front-end compiler. Choosing a good order--often referred to as the phase-ordering problem--is an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we evaluate a new technique to address the phase-ordering problem: deep reinforcement learning. We implement a framework in the context of the LLVM compiler to optimize the ordering for HLS programs and compare the performance of deep reinforcement learning to state-of-the-art algorithms that address the phase-ordering problem. Overall, our framework runs one to two orders of magnitude faster than these algorithms, and achieves a 16% improvement in circuit performance over the -O3 compiler flag.
Perception of Speech Rate as a Function of Vocal Intensity and Frequency (1981)

The study was designed to examine the possibility that vocal frequency and vocal intensity influence the perception of speech rate. One 30-second segment of spontaneous speech was used to produce nine stimulus segments that factorially varied three levels of vocal frequency and three levels of vocal intensity but were identical in speech rate. The segments were recorded backwards in pairs such that the first member of each pair was the original segment and the second was the altered segment. Eighty-eight judges were then asked to compare the speech rate of the second member of each pair with that of the first in terms of a seven-point scale that varied from "much slower" to "much faster." The results indicate that vocal frequency and intensity both separately and jointly influenced the perception of speech rate.
Visual Representations of Meta-Information (2009)

We conducted two studies that investigated display characteristics related to color (hue, saturation, brightness, and transparency) and contrast with a background for displaying information qualifiers (termed meta-information) such as uncertainty, age, and source quality. Level of detail (or granularity) of the meta-information and task demands were also manipulated. Participants were asked to rank and rate colored regions overlaid on different map backgrounds based on the level of meta-information the regions displayed. Results from Study 1 indicated that participants could appropriately rank and rate levels of meta-information across saturation, brightness, and transparency conditions, and results from Study 1 and Study 2 showed that the natural direction of ordering is complex and dependent on the relevance of different information to the task and the contrast of the overlay region with the background.
Commentary: World Financial Market Turmoil and Global Economic Prospects (1998)

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On the biosynthesis of asperlicin and the directed biosynthesis of analogs in Aspergillus alliaceus. (1988)

Feeding of 14C-labeled amino acids to resting cells of Aspergillus alliaceus strongly supported the intuitive hypothesis that asperlicin is biosynthesized from tryptophan, anthranilate and leucine. The resting cell system was used also to prepare 25 asperlicin analogs via directed biosynthesis in presence of analogs of tryptophan and leucine.
Platinum‐based adjuvant chemotherapy for early‐stage epithelial ovarian cancer: single or combination chemotherapy? (2010)

Combination therapy is administered more often than carboplatin; especially in those with younger age, better PS and nonmucinous histology. Recurrence and death rates were similar with both treatments. Well-designed trials are needed to identify the optimum chemotherapy regimen in this group.
LEARNING PATIENT-SPECIFIC MODELS FROM CLINICAL DATA (2007)

A key purpose of building a model from clinical data is to predict the outcomes of future individual patients. This work introduces a Bayesian patient-specific predictive framework for constructing predictive models from data that are optimized to predict well for a particular patient case. The construction of such <i>patient-specific models</i> is influenced by the particular history, symptoms, laboratory results, and other features of the patient case at hand. This approach is in contrast to the commonly used <i>population-wide models</i> that are constructed to perform well on average on all future cases.The new patient-specific method described in this research uses Bayesian network models, carries out Bayesian model averaging over a set of models to predict the outcome of interest for the patient case at hand, and employs a patient-specific heuristic to locate a set of suitable models to average over. Two versions of the method are developed that differ in the representation used for the conditional probability distributions in the Bayesian networks. One version uses a representation that captures only the so called <i>global structure</i> among the variables of a Bayesian network and the second representation captures additional <i>local structure</i> among the variables. The patient-specific methods were experimentally evaluated on one synthetic dataset, 21 UCI datasets and three medical datasets. Their performance was measured using five different performance measures and compared to that of several commonly used methods for constructing predictive models including naïve Bayes, C4.5 decision tree, logistic regression, neural networks, k-Nearest Neighbor and Lazy Bayesian Rules. Over all the datasets, both patient-specific methods performed better on average on all performance measures and against all the comparison algorithms. The <i>global structure</i> method that performs Bayesian model averaging in conjunction with the patient-specific search heuristic had better performance than either model selection with the patient-specific heuristic or non-patient-specific Bayesian model averaging. However, the additional learning of local structure by the <i>local structure</i> method did not lead to significant improvements over the use of global structure alone. The specific implementation limitations of the local structure method may have limited its performance.
Expression of the CD15 differentiation antigen (3-fucosyl-<i>N</i>-acetyl-lactosamine, LeX) on putative neutrophil adhesion molecules CR3 and NCA-160 (1990)

The expression of the carbohydrate antigen 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine (CD15, LeX) on human neutrophil glycoproteins has been studied by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting by using monoclonal antibody MC2. The antigen is expressed on membrane glycoproteins of approximate molecular mass 165 and 105 kDa. These glycoproteins include the complement receptor and adhesion molecule, CR3, in which the beta-chain (CD18, 105 kDa) shows much greater expression than the alpha-chain (CD11b, 165 kDa). Most of the 165 kDa CD15 antigen is accounted for by expression on the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related molecule NCA160. Other members of this family, NCA95, NCA90 and NCA55, which are also found in neutrophils, do not express the CD15 antigen. There is a marked increase in the surface expression of CD15, CR3 and the antigen recognized by anti-CEA antibodies upon activation of neutrophils by the chemotactic peptide N-formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine.
X-ray scattering study of interfacial roughness correlation in Mo/Si multilayers fabricated by ion beam sputtering (2000)

Specular and diffuse x-ray scattering are used to probe the mesoscopic structure of interfaces within two 30-period Mo/Si superlattices, grown on silicon and glass substrates by ion beam sputtering. The data are evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of a distorted-wave Born approximation, which includes a correlating behavior of interface roughness in both the lateral and vertical directions. Different initial conditions of the substrate’s surface result in distinguishable characters of roughness replications in the direction of growth. The average value, lateral correlation and fractal dimension of roughness are found to be different in the two samples, which leads to differences in the reflective properties of multilayer mirrors.
ANEMIA OF CANCER (1996)

Cancer patients frequently develop anemia, due either to the cancer itself or to the effects of cancer-related therapy. Recent years have brought insights into both the pathogenesis of the anemia of cancer and the extent to which erythropoietin regulation participates in this process. Although transfusion therapy was the mainstay of therapy for symptomatic anemia in the past, clinical trials have demonstrated that recombinant human erythropoietin can alleviate both anemia and transfusion requirements in many cancer patients and may prove to have an important role in the treatment of cancer-related anemia in the future.
Radiosensitization of hypoxic tumor cells by dodecafluoropentane: a gas-phase perfluorochemical emulsion. (2002)

One method to make hypoxic, radioresistant cells more radiation sensitive has been to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of normal blood using liquid perfluorochemical emulsions combined with breathing high pO2 gases. We investigated the ability of dodecafluoropentane (DDFP) to sensitize the moderately radiation-resistant Morris 7777 hepatoma based on our previous inability to modify the radiation response of this tumor. DDFP is used in very small quantities compared with perfluorchemicals reported previously. Rats under isoflurane anesthesia were administered EF5 3 h before irradiation to monitor the pretreatment level of tissue hypoxia. At -40 min, DDFP was administered i.v. at 3.5 ml/kg over 30 min. At -10 min, the rats were either continued with air (for controls) or switched to carbogen. The tumors were then irradiated and processed for evaluation of radiation response. Tumor-cell survival for DDFP treatment with air-breathing animals was not significantly different from controls treated without DDFP. Carbogen alone provided minimal sensitization. DDFP plus carbogen caused dramatic radiosensitization, and the radiation response of cells from these tumors was the same as a completely aerobic radiation response. DDFP plus carbogen appears to completely reverse the hypoxic cell radioresistance in this tumor model.
Dehydrotomatine Content in Tomatoes (1998)

A variety of methods are used to analyze tomato glycoalkaloids. Because no single method has gained wide acceptance,the extraction and analysis of tomatine by HPLC with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was previously optimized for standard and transgenic tomatoes and processed tomato products. In the course of these studies it was discovered that commercial tomatine contained a second glycoalkaloid, which was named dehydrotomatine. This study demonstrates that the HPLC-PAD assay can be used to measure both the dehydrotomatine (DT) and α-tomatine (TMT) content of parts of the tomato plant and of low- and high-tomatine red and green tomatoes. Both the absolute concentration of dehydrotomatine and the percent dehydrotomatine in the mixture of the two extracted glycoalkaloids, defined as [DT/(DT + TMT) × 100], varied widely. The DT content of red tomatoes ranged from 0.05 to 0.42 mg/kg of fresh weight. The corresponding range for green tomatoes was from 1.7 to 45 mg/kg. The percent DT for the tomato plant parts was about 7 for fresh and senescent leaves and calyxes, 10 for green fruit, 14 for small stems and flowers, and 23 for roots and large stems. The corresponding values for 15 different tomato varieties ranged from ∼3 to 10%. This study demonstrates the advantages of the highly sensitive HPLC-PAD method for DT and TMT. The possible significance of these findings for plant and food sciences is discussed. Keywords: Dehydrotomatine analysis; HPLC-PAD; pulsed amperometric detection; α-tomatine analysis; tomatoes; tomato plants; transgenic tomatoes
<i>In situ</i> identification of polyphosphate‐ and polyhydroxyalkanoate‐accumulating traits for microbial populations in a biological phosphorus removal process (2001)

Polyphosphate- and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-accumulating traits of predominant microorganisms in an efficient enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process were investigated systematically using a suite of non-culture-dependent methods. Results of 16S rDNA clone library and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted, group-specific oligonucleotide probes indicated that the microbial community consisted mostly of the alpha- (9.5% of total cells), beta- (41.3%) and gamma- (6.8%) subclasses of the class Proteobacteria, Flexibacter-Cytophaga (4.5%) and the Gram-positive high G+C (HGC) group (17.9%). With individual phylogenetic groups or subgroups, members of Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis in the beta-2 subclass, a novel HGC group closely related to Tetrasphaera spp., and a novel gamma-proteobacterial group were the predominant populations. Furthermore, electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used to validate the staining specificity of 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for intracellular polyphosphate and revealed the composition of polyphosphate granules accumulated in predominant bacteria as mostly P, Ca and Na. As a result, DAPI and PHA staining procedures could be combined with FISH to identify directly the polyphosphate- and PHA-accumulating traits of different phylogenetic groups. Members of Accumulibacter phosphatis and the novel gamma-proteobacterial group were observed to accumulate both polyphosphate and PHA. In addition, one novel rod-shaped group, closely related to coccus-shaped Tetrasphaera, and one filamentous group resembling Candidatus Nostocoidia limicola in the HGC group were found to accumulate polyphosphate but not PHA. No cellular inclusions were detected in most members of the alpha-Proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group. The diversified functional traits observed suggested that different substrate metabolisms were used by predominant phylogenetic groups in EBPR processes.
Observation of discrete resistance levels in large area graded gap diodes at low temperatures (1986)

We have investigated the low-temperature properties of a GaAs n-i-n diode where the intrinsic region consists of a linearly graded gap of AlGaAs, and is surrounded by lightly doped GaAs regions. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics are strongly asymmetric and are dominated by the graded cap. Unstable I-V characteristics are obtained in forward bias. Random switching is seen between resistance levels. This is ascribed to single electron events at traps near the abrupt heterojunction of the graded gap—the first such observation in a large area device.
Using a MaxEnt Classifier for the Automatic Content Scoring of Free-Text Responses (2011)

Criticisms against multiple‐choice item assessments in the USA have prompted researchers and organizations to move towards constructed‐response (free‐text) items. Constructed‐response (CR) items pose many challenges to the education community—one of which is that they are expensive to score by humans. At the same time, there has been widespread movement towards computer‐based assessment and hence, assessment organizations are competing to develop automatic content scoring engines for such items types—which we view as a textual entailment task. This paper describes how MaxEnt Modeling is used to help solve the task. MaxEnt has been used in many natural language tasks but this is the first application of the MaxEnt approach to textual entailment and automatic content scoring.
Obstacle Avoidance Strategy and Implementation for Unmanned Ground Vehicle Using LIDAR (2017)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Regarding safety, obstacle avoidance has been considered as one of the most important features among ADAS systems for ground vehicles. However, the implementation of obstacle avoidance functions to commercial vehicles are still under progress. In this paper, we demonstrate a complete process of obstacle avoidance strategy for unmanned ground vehicle and implement the strategy on the self-developed Arduino based RC Car. In this process, the sensor LIDAR was used to detect the obstacles on the fore-path. Based on the measured LIDAR data, an optimized path is automatically generated with accommodation of current car position, obstacle locations, car operation capability and global environmental restrictions. The path planning is updated in real time while new or changing obstacles being detected. This algorithm is validated by the simulation results with the RC car. The comparison will be discussed at the end of this paper. The successful implementation of the proposed strategy demonstrates the feasibility of this obstacle avoidance methodology, which can be applied to commercial autonomous vehicle.</div></div>
A near-term design for the SeaView multilevel database system (2003)

The SeaView formal security policy model admits a range of designs for a multilevel secure relational database system. The requirement for a near-term implementation suggests that the design should utilize existing technology to the extent possible. Thus the design uses an existing database management system ported to an existing TCB (trusted computing base) environment. A preprocessor translates key constructs of the SeaView multilevel relational data model to those of the standard relational model used by the commercial database system. The underlying reference monitor enforces mandatory and basic discretionary controls with A1 assurance. By combining single-level data into a multilevel view, it is possible to use a commercial database system and classify data at the relation level to implement the SeaView model, with element-level classification.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
토양오염 위해성평가를 위한 국가별 노출인자 비교분석 및 국내 노출인자 연구 (2007)

토양매체중의 오염물질들은 다양한 경로를 통해 인체나 생태계에 노출되어 위해성 문제를 유발하고 있다. 토양위해성평가(Soil Risk Assessment)는 토양오염물질로 인한 악영향의 개연성을 정량적으로 평가하는 과정으로, 유해성 확인(Hazard Identification), 용량-반응평가(Dose-Response Assessment), 노출평가(Exposure...
Use of Smart Card Data to Define Public Transit Use in Seoul, South Korea (2008)

In South Korea, use of the smart card to pay public transit fares has grown since its introduction in 1996. The proportion of smart card use in Seoul, South Korea, is more than 90% for buses and 75% for Metro. In 2004, the Seoul metropolitan government introduced a new smart card system that has a distance-based fare system, which requires the input of detailed user data, such as boarding time and Global Positioning System–based vehicle location. To investigate the reliability of smart card data, the number of users of every Metro station in Seoul, gathered from smart card data, was directly compared with data obtained from the Seoul Metro Company. By using two simple manipulations to include daily variations and the number of cash users, smart card data appear to be statistically similar to the surveyed data obtained from the Seoul Metro Company. By analyzing the line-specific proportions of smart card use rather than the average smart card use, the accuracy of the results is improved. From the results, it can be seen that smart card data show potential as a basis for describing the characteristics of public transit users, such as the number of transfers, boarding time, hourly trip distribution of the number of trips for different transit modes, and travel time distribution for all transit modes and user types.