gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Image Segmentation by Probabilistic Bottom-Up Aggregation and Cue Integration (2007)

We present a parameter free approach that utilizes multiple cues for image segmentation. Beginning with an image, we execute a sequence of bottom-up aggregation steps in which pixels are gradually merged to produce larger and larger regions. In each step we consider pairs of adjacent regions and provide a probability measure to assess whether or not they should be included in the same segment. Our probabilistic formulation takes into account intensity and texture distributions in a local area around each region. It further incorporates priors based on the geometry of the regions. Finally, posteriors based on intensity and texture cues are combined using a mixture of experts formulation. This probabilistic approach is integrated into a graph coarsening scheme providing a complete hierarchical segmentation of the image. The algorithm complexity is linear in the number of the image pixels and it requires almost no user-tuned parameters. We test our method on a variety of gray scale images and compare our results to several existing segmentation algorithms.
Phloroglucinol from picryl chloride (1959)

Abstract The conversion of picryl chloride into phloroglucinol has been studied by a combination of methods for the same or similar substances already presented in the literature. The reduction of picryl chloride to 1,3,5‐triaminobenzene with tin in hydrochloric acid could be reproduced quite well and gave, in combination with the well known hydrolysis of the triamino‐compound, a possible method. Contrary to the literature the reduction of picryl chloride with iron (Béchamp's method or excess of hydrochloric acid) was not satisfactory. A rather elegant method has been found based on the electrolytical reduction of picryl chloride followed by immediate conversion of the 2,4,6‐triamino‐1‐chlorobenzene hydrochloride, so formed, as dissolved in the catholyte, to phloroglucinol, by heating in a slightly alkaline solution containing stannous chloride and hydroxide at temperatures of 140‐160° C.
The role of feedback dynamics in disruption and delay on the nature of disruption and delay (D&D) in major projects (2000)

The idea that small disruptions and delays can cause serious consequences to the life of a major project, well beyond that which might be easily attributed to their direct impact, is well established. Nevertheless, the nature of this ‘delay and disruption’ is still not fully understood. This paper discusses some of the issues and difficulties in gaining a full understanding. In particular it presents the variety of ways in which disruptions occur, and the variety of consequences that may unfold. It also focuses attention on a number of issues that arise when ‘normal’ methods of analysis of complex projects might be used, for example, the analysis and costing of change orders and the use of network analysis. The role of dynamic feedback and the ‘portfolio effect’ is introduced, particularly with reference to project acceleration and changing productivity.
A comprehensive study of the complexity of multiparty interaction (1996)

A multipaq interaction is a set of I/0 actions executed jointly by a number of processes, each of which must be ready to execute its own action for any of the actions in the set to occur, An attempt to participate in an interaction delays a process until all other participants are available. Although a relatively new concept, the multiparty interaction has found its way into a number of distributed programming languages and algebraic models of concurrency.
Photovoltaic Cells (1986)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTPhotovoltaic CellsNew technologies are moving from lab to marketplaceKENNETH ZWEIBELView Author Information Solar Energy Research InstituteCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1986, 64, 27, 34–48Publication Date (Print):July 7, 1986Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 7 July 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v064n027.p034https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n027.p034newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1986 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views22Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Photovoltaics,Solar cells Get e-Alerts
Transfection Efficiency of 25-kDa PEI–Cholesterol Conjugates with Different Levels of Modification (2009)

This report describes lipophilic conjugates of 25-kDa polyethylenimine (PEI) designed to provide better vectors for nucleic acid transfection. Conjugation of cholesterol is known both to improve transfection properties of PEIs and to reduce their cytotoxic effect. However, extensive modification would significantly decrease the polymer overall positive charge, resulting in less efficient condensation and poor delivery of nucleic acids into cells. In this study we tried to find the optimal modification extent of the PEI carrier, 25 kDa PEI, with cholesterol. Conjugates of PEI having a different number of cholesterol residues attached to their amines (5-20% of amines were modified) were synthesized. The conjugates were tested in vitro in transfection experiments, which have been carried out in the presence and in the absence of 10% FBS. Transfection efficiency studies were performed using different types of biologically active nucleic acids: single-stranded oligonucleotide, plasmid expressing vector and small interfering RNA duplex, under conditions close to those routinely applied for each type of delivered nucleic acid. PEI-cholesterol conjugates were applied at concentrations below the level at which the cytotoxic activity was observed. Results of this study demonstrate that efficient transfection and lower toxicity of the compounds is achieved at 1% modification of amino groups of the polymer.
Ground Water Issue Steam Injection for Soil and Aquifer Remediation (1998)

Innovative technologies for subsurface remediation, including in situ techniques based on heating the subsurface to enhance the recovery of organic contaminants, are increasingly being evaluated for use at specific sites as the limitations to the conventionally-used techniques are recognized. The purpose of this Issue Paper is to provide to those involved in assessing remediation technologies for specific sites basic technical information on the use of steam injection for the remediation of soils and aquifers that are contaminated by volatile or semivolatile organic compounds. A related Issue Paper, entitled “How Heat Can Enhance In-Situ Soil and Aquifer Remediation: Important Chemical Properties and Guidance on Choosing the Appropriate Technique” (Davis, 1997), discusses the properties of some organic chemicals commonly found at contaminated sites, how these properties are affected by the presence of the chemical in a porous media, and how heat can enhance the recovery of these chemicals from the subsurface. The Issue Paper also provides information on three general types of heat-based remediation systems, and some guidance on which technique is most appropriate for different soil and aquifer conditions and for different organic chemicals.
Partitioning-based standard-cell global placement with an exact objective (1997)

We present a nexv top-down quadrisection-based global placer for standard-cell layout. The key contribution is a new general gain update scheme for partitioning that can exactly capture detailed placement objectives on a per-net basis.
Calibrated remote measurement of NO2 using the differential-absorption backscatter technique (1974)

A tunable dye laser, operating between 4400 and 4500 Å, was used to monitor NO2 concentrations in a sample chamber 365 m away. The atmosphere in front of and behind the chamber acted as a distributed reflector to send laser light back through the chamber to a receiver near the laser. The laser measurements agreed well with in situ measurements. A single pair of laser pulses allowed the determination of NO2 concentrations with an uncertainty equivalent to 0.05 km ppm.
Ecotope mapping for landscape ecological assessment of habitat and ecosystem (2004)

An ecotope (spatial eco‐space) map that considers topography and bio‐organism‐relevant variables emerges as an important basic framework when landscape‐scale characteristics for ecosystem management and wildlife conservation are needed. A spatio‐geoecological framework based on geographic information systems (GIS) and a vegetation survey were developed for wildlife habitat evaluation of national parks and applied to a representative rugged valley area of Mt. Sorak National Park in Korea. An ecotope map was classified into hundreds of types and dozens of groups by combining biological and geophysical variables. Variables included: forest vegetation type, topographic solar radiation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), elevation, and anthropogenic factors, such as, streams and roads. Layers of GIS variables were produced by field surveys, modeling, satellite images, or digitalization. Vegetation surveys were carried out to identify finer‐scale distribution of vegetation types in the rugged valley area. Digital forest vegetation maps from the Forestry Administrator were then modified using the field‐surveyed vegetation maps. Topographic solar radiation was predicted with a daily topographic radiation model. The NDVI was calculated from the satellite imagery of a Landsat Thematic Mapper. A digital elevation model (DEM) was used and the other layers were digitized using topographical maps with a scale of 1:25 000. The aim of this study is to determine the geoecological factors relating to the spatial pattern of plant community. It was cleared by the spatial pattern of environmental variables and vegetation characteristics by detrended correspondence analysis using plant species and the environmental variables of each plot. The ordination component value of the first axis shows significant regression to some environmental variables. A case study of habitat evaluation was carried out using the resultant ecotope map. The spatial distribution of potential goral habitat and vegetation characteristics were predicted and the impact of human trails on the neighboring vegetation was also examined for restoration planning. The GIS‐based framework developed for wildlife habitat evaluation is useful for natural resource management and human activity control in national parks in Korea.
Thermal conductivity and interfacial resistance in single-wall carbon nanotube epoxy composites (2005)

We report thermal conductivity measurements of purified single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) epoxy composites prepared using suspensions of SWNTs in N-N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and surfactant stabilized aqueous SWNT suspensions. Thermal conductivity enhancement is observed in both types of composites. DMF-processed composites show an advantage at SWNT volume fractions between ϕ∼0.001 to 0.005. Surfactant processed samples, however, permit greater SWNT loading and exhibit larger overall enhancement (64±9)% at ϕ∼0.1. The enhancement differences are attributed to a ten-fold larger SWNT/solid-composite interfacial thermal resistance in the surfactant-processed composites compared to DMF-processed composites. The interfacial resistance is extracted from the volume fraction dependence of the thermal conductivity data using effective medium theory. [C. W. Nan, G. Liu, Y. Lin, and M. Li, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3549 (2004)].
Does Xbrl Benefit Financial Statement Auditing? (2014)

XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is heralded to significantly enhance transparency, efficiency, and accuracy in business information supply chains which can facilitate auditing in firms. We investigate the impact of XBRL on financial statements auditing by using empirical evidence from firms listed in the NYSE and NASDAQ between 2009-2011, the time when the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) XBRL adoption mandate for publicly listed firms took effect. Our results support claims that XBRL can facilitate auditing which is manifested in reduced auditing costs. That is, XBRL adopters are likely to pay reduced audit fees. We also find that this effect is directly related to firm size, with larger firms benefiting more than smaller firms. As XBRL has been in an emerging state for over a decade, our findings offer much needed evidence concerning its economic consequences which can have important implications for accountants, auditors, and XBRL application developers.
Prostaglandin E2 Inhibits Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis through an E-Prostanoid 2 Receptor-Mediated Increase in Intracellular Cyclic AMP (2004)

Prostaglandin E(2) is a potent lipid mediator of inflammation that effects changes in cell functions through ligation of four distinct G protein-coupled receptors (E-prostanoid (EP)1, EP2, EP3, and EP4). During pneumonia, PGE(2) production is enhanced. In the present study, we sought to assess the effect of endogenously produced and exogenously added PGE(2) on FcRgamma-mediated phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens by alveolar macrophages (AMs), which are critical participants in lung innate immunity. We also sought to characterize the EP receptor signaling pathways responsible for these effects. PGE(2) (1-1000 nM) dose-dependently suppressed the phagocytosis by rat AMs of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes, immune serum-opsonized Klebsiella pneumoniae, and IgG-opsonized Escherichia coli. Conversely, phagocytosis was stimulated by pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. PGE(2) suppression of phagocytosis was associated with enhanced intracellular cAMP production. Experiments using both forskolin (adenylate cyclase activator) and rolipram (phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor) confirmed the inhibitory effect of cAMP stimulation. Immunoblot analysis of rat AMs identified expression of only EP2 and EP3 receptors. The selective EP2 agonist butaprost, but neither the EP1/EP3 agonist sulprostone nor the EP4-selective agonist ONO-AE1-329, mimicked the effects of PGE(2) on phagocytosis and cAMP stimulation. Additionally, the EP2 antagonist AH-6809 abrogated the inhibitory effects of both PGE(2) and butaprost. We confirmed the specificity of our results by showing that AMs from EP2-deficient mice were resistant to the inhibitory effects of PGE(2). Our data support a negative regulatory role for PGE(2) on the antimicrobial activity of AMs, which has important implications for future efforts to prevent and treat bacterial pneumonia.
CRISPR-Cas9 gene repair of hematopoietic stem cells from patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (2017)

Gene repair of CD34<sup>+</sup> hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) may avoid problems associated with gene therapy, such as vector-related mutagenesis and dysregulated transgene expression. We used CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated 9) to repair a mutation in the CYBB gene of CD34<sup>+</sup> HSPCs from patients with the immunodeficiency disorder X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD). Sequence-confirmed repair of >20% of HSPCs from X-CGD patients restored the function of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase and superoxide radical production in myeloid cells differentiated from these progenitor cells in vitro. Transplant of gene-repaired X-CGD HSPCs into NOD (nonobese diabetic) SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) γc<sup>-/-</sup> mice resulted in efficient engraftment and production of functional mature human myeloid and lymphoid cells for up to 5 months. Whole-exome sequencing detected no indels outside of the CYBB gene after gene correction. CRISPR-mediated gene editing of HSPCs may be applicable to other CGD mutations and other monogenic disorders of the hematopoietic system.
Single-mode high-peak-power passively Q-switched diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser (1997)

We have demonstrated an efficient, compact, passively Q-switched single-mode diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser that uses Cr(4+):YAG as a saturable absorber. Linear- and ring-cavity configurations were demonstrated. Pulse energies and widths were, respectively, 1.5mJ and 3.9ns for the linear cavity and 2.1mJ and 12ns for the ring cavity.
Antitumor Effect of Intratumoral Administration of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Transduced with Wild-Type <b> <i>p53</i> </b> Gene (2004)

Our results indicate that intratumoral administration of DCs expressing murine wild-type p53 leads to significant systemic immune responses and potent antitumor effects in mutant p53-expressing murine cancer models. These findings raise the possibility of using this strategy of intratumoral injection of p53-expressing DCs for human cancer treatment.
Nanocomposite dielectrics—properties and implications (2005)

The incorporation of nanoparticles into thermosetting resins is seen to impart desirable dielectric properties when compared with conventional (micron-sized particulates) composites. Although the improvements are accompanied by the mitigation of internal charge in the materials, the nature of the interfacial region is shown to be pivotal in determining the dielectric behaviour. In particular, it is shown that the conditions and enhanced area of the interface changes the bonding that may give rise to an interaction zone, which affects the interfacial polarization through the formation of local conductivity.
In Situ Investigations of the Electrodeposition and Electrochromic Properties of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Ultrathin Films by Electrochemical−Surface Plasmon Spectroscopy (2002)

The electropolymerization and optical properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was investigated in detail by a combined electrochemistry and surface plasmon spectroscopy setup. The simultaneous electrochemical−surface plasmon spectroscopy (EC-SPS) technique allowed for characterization of the changing dielectric constant and thickness of an electrodeposited PEDOT film at various stages of the electrodeposition process in situ. Surface plasmon spectroscopy (SPS) was used to investigate the electrochromic properties of PEDOT upon doping and dedoping and its effect on reflectivity at two laser wavelengths. The SPS curves change dramatically when the polymer film was switched to different electrochromic states upon doping and dedoping revealing important property changes on the film dielectric constants and electrochromic behavior. The SPS characterization was found to be consistent with previously observed changes in the bulk absorption (transmission) properties of PEDOT. The importance of this work is in the use of attenuated total reflection phenomena to characterize electrochromism in ultrathin conjugated polymer films.
Usefulness of specific immunotherapy in patients with atopic dermatitis and allergic sensitization to house dust mites: a multi‐centre, randomized, dose–response study (2006)

Allergen-SIT for 1 year with a house dust mite preparation is able to improve the eczema in patients with atopic dermatitis who are sensitized to house dust mite allergens and reduces the need for topical corticosteroids. SIT may be valuable in the treatment of this chronic skin disease.
Effect of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on the Growth of Salmonella typhimurium in an in vitro System (1993)

Previous studies have revealed a reduction of cecal Salmonella carriage from feeding either carbohydrate or short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This in vitro study presents a profile of the relative SCFA content of the ceca when chicks are fed an unmedicated diet with 2.5% carbohydrate. Subsequent incorporation of these acids into culture medium was used to demonstrate their antagonistic activity toward in vitro growth of Salmonella typhimurium. Commonly found concentrations of SCFAs based upon the above findings reduced in vitro Salmonella growth by at least 50%, and 10 x concentrations inhibited growth more than 80%. An explanation of the mechanism(s) involved in growth reduction is offered.
Is occupational noise exposure during pregnancy a risk factor for the inner ear damage of the fetus? (1985)

In Quebec, the occupational health and safety administration has adopted regulations for the pregnant woman. For noise exposure, the permissible limit is 90 dBA-8 h. In our opinion, such an exposure could have an adverse effect on the hearing of the unborn baby, especially in cases of low-frequency noise. An epidemiological study was undertaken to verify this possibility. Pure tone thresholds were obtained from 167 children (4–10 years of age) whose mothers had worked during pregnancy in various noise conditions (65–95 dBA-8 h). The effect of noise exposure during pregnancy was tested on 131 children who had no history of sensorineural or mixed hearing loss, no exposure to firearm noises, and no middle ear problem at the time of the test. Results show a threefold increase in the risk of high-frequency loss when the long term daily exposure (LAeq, 9 m) ranged between 85 and 95 dB.
Nitrofurantoin rechallenge and recurrent toxicity (1997)

Journal Article Nitrofurantoin rechallenge and recurrent toxicity Get access M C Bialas, M C Bialas Welsh Adverse Drug Reactions Scheme and Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H G M Shetty, H G M Shetty Welsh Adverse Drug Reactions Scheme and Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J Houghton, J Houghton Welsh Adverse Drug Reactions Scheme and Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F Woods, F Woods Welsh Adverse Drug Reactions Scheme and Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P A Routledge P A Routledge Welsh Adverse Drug Reactions Scheme and Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK Correspondence to Professor PA Routledge, Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, Wales, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Postgraduate Medical Journal, Volume 73, Issue 862, August 1997, Pages 519–520, https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.73.862.519 Published: 01 August 1997 Article history Accepted: 22 January 1997 Published: 01 August 1997