gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on the Defect Structure of SnO<sub>2</sub>:F Nanoparticles by High-Resolution Solid-State NMR (2011)

In this contribution the preparation and structural characterization of nanoscale fluorine doped tin-oxide (SnO2:F, FTO) is described. By using a microwave assisted polyol approach, nanoparticles with different doping levels are prepared, which show narrow size distribution as measured by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. They were converted into electrically conductive optically transparent films at 500 °C by a specific thermal treatment (500 °C in air followed by 250 °C in forming gas), exhibiting a specific resistivity of (1.9 × 10−1 Ω cm). Solid-state MAS NMR and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to study how F atoms are incorporated into the SnO2:F nanoparticles. Distance constraints were determined by 119Sn{19F} REDOR, fluorine-doping homogeneity by homonuclear dipolar recoupling experiments (SR662). Cross-polarization was used to investigate the immediate environment of the dopant. The experiments were supplemented by first-principles quantum-chemical calculations for possible defect site models. The combined data strongly indicate that F doping is not directly related to an increase in charge-carrier concentration, even though F atoms do occupy O vacancy sites in SnO2:F. For this study we have implemented background compensated NMR 2D pulse-sequences which reliably suppress the fluorine background originating from the NMR probe. Moreover we show that cluster calculations on the basis of the extended embedded ion method (EEIM) can be used to study the structure of diluted defects in crystalline host structures and predict NMR properties.
STIMULATED EMISSION FROM 19 POLYMETHINE DYES-LASER ACTION OVER THE CONTINUOUS RANGE 710–1060 mμ (1968)

Stimulated emission from 19 polymethine dyes pumped by a Q-switched ruby laser is reported in this Letter. High power laser emission (&gt;1 MW) has been obtained over the whole wavelength range from 710 mμ to 1060 mμ.
Donor Myocardial Infarction Impairs the Therapeutic Potential of Bone Marrow Cells by an Interleukin-1–Mediated Inflammatory Response (2011)

Delivery of bone marrow cells (BMCs) to the heart has substantially improved cardiac function in most rodent models of myocardial infarction (MI), but clinical trials of BMC therapy have led to only modest improvements. Rodent models typically involve intramyocardial injection of BMCs from distinct donor individuals who are healthy. In contrast, autologous BMCs from individuals after MI are used for clinical trials. Using BMCs from donor mice after MI, we discovered that recent MI impaired BMC therapeutic efficacy. MI led to myocardial inflammation and an increased inflammatory state in the bone marrow, changing the BMC composition and reducing their efficacy. Injection of a general anti-inflammatory drug or a specific interleukin-1 inhibitor to donor mice after MI prevented this impairment. Our findings offer an explanation of why human trials have not matched the success of rodent experiments and suggest potential strategies to improve the success of clinical autologous BMC therapy.
Proteasome inhibition in cancer is associated with enhanced tumor targeting by the adeno‐associated virus/phage (2012)

Bacteriophage (phage), which are viruses that infect bacteria only, have shown promise as vehicles for targeted cancer gene therapy, albeit with poor efficiency. Recently, we generated an improved version of phage vectors by incorporating cis genetic elements of adeno-associated virus (AAV). This novel AAV/phage hybrid (AAVP) efficiently delivered systemically administered therapeutic genes to various tumor targets by displaying an integrin tumor-targeting ligand on the phage capsid. However, inherent limitations in bacteriophage mean that these AAVP vectors still need to be improved. One of the limitations of AAVP in mammalian cells may be its susceptibility to proteasomal degradation. The proteasome is upregulated in cancer and it is known that it constitutes a barrier to gene delivery by certain eukaryotic viruses. We report here that inhibition of proteasome improved targeted reporter gene delivery by AAVP in cancer cells in vitro and in tumors in vivo after intravenous vector administration to tumor-bearing mice. We also show enhanced targeted tumor cell killing by AAVP upon proteasome inhibition. The AAVP particles persisted significantly in cancer cells in vitro and in tumors in vivo after systemic administration, and accumulated polyubiquitinated coat proteins. Our results suggest that the proteasome is indeed a barrier to tumor targeting by AAVP and indicate that a combination of proteasome-inhibiting drugs and AAVP should be considered for clinical anticancer therapy.
Interactions of microfibrillated cellulose and cellulosic fines with cationic polyelectrolytes (2010)

The overall aim of this work was to produce and characterize different types of cellulosic fines and microfibrillated cellulose; to study their interactions with high molar mass cationic polyelectrolytes; and to demonstrate novel examples of their utilization. The work was performed, and its results discussed mainly from papermaking point of view, but the results are also well applicable in other fields of industry. \n Cellulosic fines are an essential component of papermaking fiber suspension. Microfibrillated cellulose can be considered as a sub fraction of cellulosic fines, produced by disintegration and dispergation of wood fibers to fibrillar level. High molar mass cationic polyelectrolytes are commonly used to improve fines retention in consolidating fiber network. Thus, their interactions with fines have a significant role in modern papermaking. As the different fractions obviously have unique characteristics, it can be surmised that their interactions with polyelectrolytes are dissimilar. \n Four fines fractions, three fiber fractions and four microfibrillated cellulose fractions were produced. Their physical and chemical characteristics were determined among others by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, atomic force microscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, ultracentrifugation and turbidimetry were used. Six different cationic polyacrylamides and one cationic starch were used as flocculants. The adsorption of the polyelectrolytes on the cellulosic fractions was measured by polyelectrolyte titration method. The flocculation behavior of these components was studied with multiple light scattering apparatus and focused beam reflectance measurement device. \n This work shows that, since the different fines fractions have specific properties, they have individual flocculation and adsorption behaviors with high molar mass cationic polyelectrolytes. It was also shown that the retention and adsorption of clay particles is dependent on the properties of the fiber fraction. In addition, by optimum combination microfibrillar cellulose and cationic starch it is possible to enhance the strength properties of paper without simultaneously deteriorating the drainability of the pulp suspension.
Metal Laser Sintering for Rapid Tooling in Application to Tyre Tread Pattern Mould (2012)

SLS1, DMLS2 and SLM3 belong to the family of additive manufacturing technologies (we will use term Metal Laser Sintering technologies or MLS abbreviation further in text due to simplicity) that build the geometry of the part by solidification of metal powders using laser power (Kruth et al., 2005; Khaing, 2001).What particularly distinguishes them from other additive technologies is the possibility to produce fully functional metal parts. This feature as well as the ability to create highly complex geometrical shapes, which are often not possible, or at least very difficult to make by conventional manufacturing processes, promote these technologies as perfect candidates for moulding and rapid tooling (RT) (Simchi et al., 2003; Pessard et al. 2008). This is why MLS technologies attract a great attention of mouldmakers for more than a decade. On the other side, the whole range of features of the parts that are manufactured by MLS technologies such as high price of metal powder, porosity, chemical reactivity, then the limitations regard to geometric accuracy, available materials, size of building chambers and necessity for additional post‐processing create a barrier for the application of these technologies in manufacturing of moulds.
Properties and metabolism of the aqueous cytoplasm and its boundaries (1984)

The nucleoplasm, the interiors of cytoplasmic membrane-bound organelles, and the aqueous cytoplasm make up the aqueous compartments of animal cells. The extent to which these compartments are concentrated solutions of macromolecules, metabolites, ions, and other solutes is a matter of some importance to current thinking about cell structure and function. This paper will focus on the aqueous cytoplasm. It will show that the composition and metabolic activities of the cytosol, obtained by methods of cell disruption and fractionation, bear almost no resemblance to those of the aqueous cytoplasm in intact cells. The consequences of this to contemporary views on cell structure and function are considered. A closely related topic concerns the physical properties of the dominant component of these compartments, water: Are these properties the same as those of water in aqueous solutions, or are they altered as a result of interaction with cell architecture? Available evidence strongly suggests that at least a large fraction of the total cell water exhibits properties that markedly differ from those of pure water. Selected examples of these studies will be reviewed, and the roles of cell water will be discussed, notably as they relate to metabolism and cell ultrastructure. Although dimly perceived at present, it appears that living cells exhibit an organization far greater than the current teachings of cell biology reveal.
The sweat test. (1987)

integrating them, and beginning to answer the very questions that are raised in this article-that is, what is the need for protection, what is the need for work, who should carry this out, and how should it be supervised?
Surface topography evolution and fatigue fracture in polysilicon mems structures (2003)

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the micromechanisms of surface topography evolution and fatigue fracture in polysilicon MEMS structures. The initial stages of fatigue are shown to be associated with stress-assisted surface topography evolution and the thickening of SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> layers that form on the unpassivated polysilicon surfaces and crack/notch faces. The differences in surface topography and oxide thickness are characterized as functions of fatigue cycling before discussing the micromechanisms of fatigue fracture.
Stress relaxation in the GaN∕AlN multilayers grown on a mesh-patterned Si(111) substrate (2005)

300 × 300 μ m 2 crack-free GaN∕AlN multilayers of 2μm in thickness have been successfully grown on the Si(111) substrate patterned with the SixNy mesh by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition. The in-plane stress exhibits a U-shape distribution across the “window” region, supported by the Raman shift of the GaN E2(TO) mode. This indicates a stress relaxation abruptly occurring near the edge of the window region due to the freestanding surface (11¯01) or (112¯2). The in-plane stress is almost relaxed at the corner of the window region due to three freestanding surfaces (11¯01), (112¯2), and (101¯1). The maximum in-plane stress is located near the surface of the multilayers at the center of the window region, supported by the Raman measurements and the failure observations. The role of the SixNy mesh in the stress relaxation is discussed.
Fabric reinforced polyacrylamide gels for electroblotting (1985)

Abstract The preparation of 0.5 mm fabric reinforced polyacrylamide (FRP) gels is described. After isoelectric focusing, egg white and isoelectric point marker proteins were quantitatively transferred in only 20 min from the FRP gels to nitrocellulose membranes by electroblotting. FRP gels combine the advantages of previously described supports for polyacrylamide gels with penetrability for electric current during blotting. The gels may be conveniently stored and afford operational versatility.
Center Pivot Irrigation Handbook (EC3017) (2017)

Center pivot irrigation has been the most rapidly expanding form of irrigation in the Central Great Plains and across the United States. The amount of land irrigated with sprinkler, gravity and drip or trickle systems was determined for all states in the USA in the Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey1 by the USDA in 2012. Results of the survey for the Great Plains States shows that approximately 85% of the land in Nebraska is irrigated with center pivots and that very little land was irrigated with drip systems in 2012 (Figure 1). The percentage of land irrigated with sprinklers in neighboring states was similar to the percentage in Nebraska. Results for Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming include irrigation from the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains where large surface water projects provide water to farms for gravity irrigation. The percentage of land irrigated with sprinklers is similar to that for Nebraska on the eastern plains of Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming. Virtually all sprinkler-irrigated land in the Great Plains is by center pivots. With widespread use of pivots, it is important to provide techniques to evaluate if pivots are operating as designed and to develop methods to identify issues in producer fields. In this document, we describe the design procedure for center pivots to illustrate how pivots should operate and discuss issues in center pivot performance that we are observing in producer fields. We also present procedures for selecting sprinkler packages and a checklist of things that can help ensure that the system is operating efficiently.
Antibody‐mediated targeting of liposomes to red cells in vivo (1986)

Covalent attachment of anti-rat erythrocyte F(ab')2 to liposomes specifically enhanced their binding to rat erythrocytes in vivo and reduced their uptake by the liver. Furthermore, at least 20-30% of the cell-bound liposomes delivered their contents to the cells. Besides, the liposome binding did not affect the survival time of the target cells at least up to 3 h in the blood circulation. These results demonstrate for the first time that liposomes can be successfully targeted to cells other than liver cells in vivo.
Indium‐111 bleomycin tumor scanning in lymphoma (1975)

Abstract A new radiopharmaceutical, indium‐111 labeled bleomycin (IB), was evaluated as a tumor‐imaging agent in 55 patients with lymphoma. Overall disease activity was correctly identified in 79% of 75 whole‐body scans obtained 48 hours after intravenous administration of IB. Serial scans in 19 patients accurately reflected changes in their disease status. Lymphatic and soft tissue sites of involvement both above and below the diaphragm were most readily identified by scanning. Bone marrow and hepatic involvements were more difficult to detect because of normal tissue background in the considered organs. Five patients manifested diffuse pulmonary uptake of IB and only in one case was it explained. To determine the accuracy of scanning with IB, we evaluated 731 individual sites of potential tumor involvement with these results: true positives 90%, false negatives 10%, false positives 4%, and true negatives 96%. Thus, tumor scanning with indium‐111 bleomycin is an important new technique for the initial staging and serial evaluation of patients with lymphoma.
A Phase 2 Study of Bortezomib in Relapsed, Refractory Myeloma (2021)

BACKGROUND Bortezomib, a boronic acid dipeptide, is a novel proteasome inhibitor that has been shown in preclinical and phase 1 studies to have antimyeloma activity. METHODS In this multicenter, open-label, nonrandomized, phase 2 trial, we enrolled 202 patients with relapsed myeloma that was refractory to the therapy they had received most recently. Patients received 1.3 mg of bortezomib per square meter of body-surface area twice weekly for 2 weeks, followed by 1 week without treatment, for up to eight cycles (24 weeks). In patients with a suboptimal response, oral dexamethasone (20 mg daily, on the day of and the day after bortezomib administration) was added to the regimen. The response was evaluated according to the criteria ofthe European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and confirmed by an independent review committee. RESULTS Of 193 patients who could be evaluated, 92 percent had been treated with three or more ofthe major classes of agents for myeloma, and in 91 percent, the myeloma was refractory to the therapy received most recently. The rate of response to bortezomib was 35 percent, and those with a response included 7 patients in whom myeloma protein became undetectable and 12 in whom myeloma protein was detectable only by immuno-fixation. The median overall survival was 16 months, with a median duration of response of 12 months. Grade 3 adverse events included thrombocytopenia (in 28 percent of patients), fatigue (in 12 percent), peripheral neuropathy (in 12 percent), and neutropenia (in 11 percent). Grade 4 events occurred in 14 percent of patients. CONCLUSIONS Bortezomib, a member of a new class of anticancer drugs, is active in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma that is refractory to conventional chemotherapy.
Nanoscale studies link amyloid maturity with polyglutamine diseases onset (2016)

The presence of expanded poly-glutamine (polyQ) repeats in proteins is directly linked to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease. However, the molecular and structural basis underlying the increased toxicity of aggregates formed by proteins containing expanded polyQ repeats remain poorly understood, in part due to the size and morphological heterogeneity of the aggregates they form in vitro. To address this knowledge gap and technical limitations, we investigated the structural, mechanical and morphological properties of fibrillar aggregates at the single molecule and nanometer scale using the first exon of the Huntingtin protein as a model system (Exon1). Our findings demonstrate a direct correlation of the morphological and mechanical properties of Exon1 aggregates with their structural organization at the single aggregate and nanometric scale and provide novel insights into the molecular and structural basis of Huntingtin Exon1 aggregation and toxicity.
Characterization of Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Utilizing High Absorption Coefficient Metal-Free Organic Dyes (2008)

Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using the organic hole-transporting medium (HTM) 2,2'7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD), and three organic indoline-based sensitizer dyes with high molar extinction coefficients. The cells were characterized by several techniques, including spectral response measurements, photovoltage decay transients, intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS), and charge extraction. The differences in apparent electron lifetime observed for cells fabricated using the three dyes are attributed in part to changes in the surface dipole potential at the TiO2/spiro-MeOTAD interface, which shift the TiO2 conduction band energy relative to the Fermi level of the HTM. These energy shifts influence both the open circuit voltage (as a result of changes in free electron density) and the short circuit current (as a consequence of changes in the overlap between the dye LUMO level and the conduction band). A self-consistent approach was used to derive the positions of the conduction band relative to the spiro-MeOTAD redox Fermi level for cells fabricated using the three dyes. The analysis also provided estimates of the free electron lifetime in spiro-MeOTAD cells. In order to evaluate the possible contribution of the adsorbed dyes to the observed changes in surface dipole potential, their dipole moments were estimated using ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Comparison of the calculated dipole contributions with the experimentally measured shifts in conduction band energy revealed that other factors such as proton adsorption may be predominant in determining the surface dipole potential.
Robust homography-based control for camera positioning in piecewise planar environments (2006)

Abstract. This paper presents a vision-based control for positioning a camera with respect to an unknown piecewise planar object. We introduce a novel homography-based approach that integrates information from multiple homographies to reliably estimate the relative displacement of the camera. This approach is robust to image measurement errors and provides a stable estimate of the camera motion that is free from degeneracies in the task space. We also develop a new control formulation that meets the contradictory requirements of producing a decoupled camera trajectory and ensuring object visibility by only utilizing the homography relating the two views. Experimental results validate the efficiency and robustness of our approach and demonstrate its applicability. 1 Robotic Vision The use of computer vision techniques to control robotic systems has received great popularity in recent times [1]. Images captured by cameras attached to a robot provide ample information about its surroundings that assists it in efficiently
Spin-dependent boundary resistance in the lateral spin-valve structure (2004)

We report the detection of clear spin-valve signal without any spurious magnetoresistive signal in a lateral spin-valve structure consisting of Cu∕Ni−Fe ohmic junction using local current injection. The obtained spin-valve signal is much larger than that of the nonlocal spin-valve configuration because of the efficient spin accumulation. The local current injection experiments with different probe configurations proved that the spin-valve signal is caused by the spin-dependent boundary resistance at the interface between the ferromagnetic voltage probe and the spin-polarized nonmagnetic wire.
Stroke Induces Ependymal Cell Transformation into Radial Glia in the Subventricular Zone of the Adult Rodent Brain (2007)

Adult ependymal cells are postmitotic and highly differentiated. Radial glial cells are neurogenic precursors. Here, we show that stroke acutely stimulated adult ependymal cell proliferation, and dividing ependymal cells of the lateral ventricle had genotype, phenotype, and morphology of radial glial cells in the rat. The majority of radial glial cells exhibited symmetrical division about the cell cleavage plane, and a radial fiber was maintained throughout each stage of cell mitosis. Increases of radial glial cells parallel expansion of neural progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Furthermore, after stroke radial glial cells derived from the SVZ supported neuron migration. These results indicate that adult ependymal cells divide and transform into radial glial cells after stroke, which could function as neural progenitor cells to generate new neurons and act as scaffolds to support neuroblast migration towards the ischemic boundary region.