gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Classical-Liberal Response to the Crisis of Bioethics (2010)

Motl Brody, a twelve year old Hasidic Jew, died recently in Washington. During his last days, his life and death were the subject of intense media scrutiny, judicial proceedings, and bioethical commentary. His transition from life to death was marked not by the private mourning of friends and family, but by cost-benefit calculations and legal wrangling. The legal, economic, and bioethical considerations are symptoms of a larger conflict between how religious communities and medical science handle the difficult business of death. More than an end-of-life decision, however, Motl’s death reflects a crisis in modern bioethics, a field that has lost its focus and has forgotten ancient lessons about human power and limitations. There is no agreed-on time of death for Motl. His brain died on November 4, 2008, according to doctors, but his heart and lungs continued to pump with the help of a ventilator and numerous drugs until November 16. Because his brain had died, the medical community declared him dead. Because his heart and lungs continued to function, the Orthodox Jewish community believed him to be alive. This conflict over definitions of life and death resulted in legal and ethical struggles that occupied his family and doctors for the last two weeks of his life. Doctors at the hospital asked to be allowed to take him off life support because he had absolutely no chance of recovery, and by some accounts his brain was actually decomposing. His parents, however, wanted the doctors to wait until his bodily systems as a whole shut down.
Procedure for the simultaneous large‐scale isolation of pullulanase and 1,4‐α‐glucan phosphorylase from <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> involving liquid–liquid separations (1978)

A procedure for the simultaneous large-scale isolation of pullulanase and 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae is described. The pullulanase is solubilized from the cell wall by cholate treatment; cells and cell debris are removed by partition in a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-dextran two-phase system and from the upper (PEG) phase of this system the pullulanase is isolated by ultrafiltration and precipitation with N-cetyl,N-,N-,N-trimethyl ammonium bromide to a purity of about 80% with a yield of 70%. The preparations are free of alpha-amylase activity. The cell containing dextran-rich phase is passed through a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer. Then the phosphorylase is separated from the cell debris by partition in a second PEG-dextran system. From the top phase of this system the phosphorylase is isolated by distribution in a PEG-salt two-phase system followed by batch adsorption on carboxymethyl-Sephadex in a yield of 55%, a purity of around 90%, and nearly free of glycosyltransferase activity. All steps in the isolation of the two enzymes can be performed easily in a large scale.
Quantization Networks (2019)

Although deep neural networks are highly effective, their high computational and memory costs severely hinder their applications to portable devices. As a consequence, lowbit quantization, which converts a full-precision neural network into a low-bitwidth integer version, has been an active and promising research topic. Existing methods formulate the low-bit quantization of networks as an approximation or optimization problem. Approximation-based methods confront the gradient mismatch problem, while optimizationbased methods are only suitable for quantizing weights and can introduce high computational cost during the training stage. In this paper, we provide a simple and uniform way for weights and activations quantization by formulating it as a differentiable non-linear function. The quantization function is represented as a linear combination of several Sigmoid functions with learnable biases and scales that could be learned in a lossless and end-to-end manner via continuous relaxation of the steepness of Sigmoid functions. Extensive experiments on image classification and object detection tasks show that our quantization networks outperform state-of-the-art methods. We believe that the proposed method will shed new lights on the interpretation of neural network quantization.
A two-stage algorithm for discontinuity-preserving surface reconstruction (1992)

A two-stage algorithm for visual surface reconstruction from scattered data while preserving discontinuities is presented. The first stage consists of a robust local approximation algorithm (the moving least median of squares (MLMS) of error) to clean the data and create a grid from the original scattered data points. This process is discontinuity preserving. The second stage introduces a weighted bicubic spline (WBS) as a surface descriptor. The WBS has a factor in the regularizing term that adapts the behavior of the spline across discontinuities. The weighted bicubic approximating spline can approximate data with step discontinuities with no discernible distortion in the approximating surface. The combination of robust surface fitting and WBSs removes outliers and reduces Gaussian noise. Either stage by itself would not effectively remove both kinds of noise. Experimental results with the two-stage algorithm are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ueber einige schwefelhaltige Derivate des Toluols (1865)

von der Zusammensetzung " ' ; I S erhalten, die in ihren Eigenschaften bedeutend von einander abweichen.Offenbar entspricht die Formel dicser isomeren Verbindungen dem Sulfhydrat des Benzylalkohols C7Hg0, welshalb ich fur sie den Namen Benzylsulfhydrat gewahlt habe, obgleich dieser schon von V o g t *) eincr GGHsS zusammengesetzten Verbindung beigelegt ist.Zur Unterscheidung der beiden isomeren K6rper bezeichne
A New SQL-like Operator for Mining Association Rules (1996)

Data mining evolved as a collection of applicative problems and efficient solution algorithms relative to rather peculiar problems, all focused on the discovery of relevant information hidden in databases of huge dimensions. In particular, one of the most investigated topics is the discovery of association rules. This work proposes a unifying model that enables a uniform description of the problem of discovering association rules. The model provides SQL-like operator, named MINE RULE, which is capable of expressing all the problems presented so far in the literature concerning the mining of association rules. We demonstrate the expressive power of the new operator by means of several examples, some of which are classical, while some others are fully original and correspond to novel and unusual applications. We also present the operational semantics of the operator by means of an extended relational algebra. 1 Introduction Data Mining is a novel research area that develops tech- Pe...
Structural Studies of the O‐Antigenic Polysaccharide from <i>Escherichia Coli</i> O167 (1997)

The structure of the O-antigenic polysaccharide from Escherichia coli O167:H5 has been investigated. Sugar and methylation analyses, fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy were the main methods used. The structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was found to be: [formula in text]. Oligosaccharide derivatives of the polysaccharide were obtained by HF solvolysis and by a Smith degradation. Furthermore, base treatment of the polysaccharide led to a degraded polymeric material. For the methylated polysaccharide the amide linkage between alanine and the galacturonic acid residue was reductively cleaved with LiBD4 in ethanol, to give, among other things, a 3-O-methyl galactose derivative.
Switching activity analysis for sequential circuits using Boolean approximation method (1996)

We propose an incremental probabilistic approach to calculate the signal probabilities and switching activities of the internal nodes of sequential logic circuits. Spatio-temporal correlations are fully considered by using Multi-Terminal Binary Decision Diagrams (MTBDD) with real number valued terminals. The running time of our approach is short because the depth of the MTBDD does not depend on circuit size but only on the user-specified unrolling number, which is usually 2 or 3. Experimental results show that our approach is 100-times faster than logic simulation and 10-times more accurate than the previous approach which ignores all correlations.
Stochastic rail life cycle cost maintenance modelling using Monte Carlo simulation (2017)

The need for decision support systems to guide maintenance and renewal decisions for infrastructure is growing due to tighter budget requirements and the concurrent need to satisfy reliability, availability and safety requirements. The rail of the railway track is one of the most important components of the entire track structure and can significantly influence maintenance costs throughout the life cycle of the track. Estimation of life cycle cost is a popular decision support system. A calculated life cycle cost has inherent uncertainty associated with the reliability of the input data used in such a model. A stochastic life cycle cost model was developed for the rail of the railway track incorporating imperfect inspections. The model was implemented using Monte Carlo simulation in order to allow quantification of the associated uncertainty within the life cycle cost calculated. For a given set of conditions, an optimal renewal tonnage exists at which the rail should be renewed in order to minimise the mean life cycle cost. The optimal renewal tonnage and minimum attainable mean life cycle cost are dependent on the length of inspection interval, weld type used for maintenance as well as the cost of maintenance and inspection activities. It was found that the distribution of life cycle cost for a fixed renewal tonnage followed a log-normal probability distribution. The standard deviation of this distribution can be used as a metric to quantify uncertainty. Uncertainty increases with an increase in the length of inspection interval for a fixed rail renewal tonnage. With all other conditions fixed, it was found that the uncertainty in life cycle cost increases with an increase in the rail renewal tonnage. The relative contribution of uncertainty of the planned and unplanned maintenance costs towards the uncertainty in total life cycle cost was found to be dependent on the length of inspection interval.
Enhanced Biocompatibility of Polyampholyte Hydrogels (2020)

Tissue-engineered scaffolds encounter many challenges including poor integration with native tissue. Nonspecific protein adsorption can trigger the foreign body response leading to encapsulation and isolation from the native injured tissue. This concern is mitigated with nonfouling polymer scaffolds. This study investigates the long-term biocompatibility of a nonfouling polyampholyte system composed of positively charged [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride monomers and negatively charged 2-carboxyethyl acrylate monomers, cross-linked with triethylene glycol dimethacrylate. This system has previously shown resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption and short-term cell attachment via conjugated proteins. However, longer-term cell survival has not been evaluated with this system. First, the environmental pH was monitored with varying amounts of counter ions present in the hydrogel synthesis buffer. The lowest level (3 M NaOH) and the level that resulted in pH values closest to physiological conditions (6.7 M NaOH) were chosen for further investigation. These two formulations were then compared in terms of their contact angle, qualitative protein adsorption and conjugation capacity, and quantitative cell adhesion, proliferation, and viability. The 3 M NaOH formulation showed higher initial protein conjugation and cell adhesion compared to the 6.7 M NaOH formulation. However, the 3 M NaOH hydrogels had low cell viability after 24 h due to the acidic component release into the culture environment. The 6.7 M NaOH formulation showed a lower initial conjugation and cell adhesion but overcame this limitation by providing a stable environment that maintained cell viability for over 5 days. The 6.7 M NaOH polyampholyte hydrogel formulation shows increased biocompatibility, while maintaining resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption, as demonstrated by the targeted cell adhesion and proliferation. Therefore, this polyampholyte formulation demonstrates strong potential as a tissue-engineered scaffold.
The molecular weight cut‐off of microcapsules is determined by the reaction between alginate and polylysine (1993)

Mammalian cells encapsulated in alginate-polylysine microcapsules are used as artificial organs in cancer research and in biotechnology. These applications require microcapsules with a reproducible mol. wt. cut-off. The high cost of the polycation, polylysine, requires an efficient preparation procedure. This article shows that the overall reported contact time of 5 minutes at ambient conditions should be increased several times in order to reach a maximal binding between the calcium alginate beads and 0.1% (w/v) polylysine solutions. An increase of the polylysine concentration from 0.0125% to 0.8% (w/v) resulted in a faster maximal binding, but the amount of polylysine bound increased also. Immersion of calcium alginate beads with a diameter of 750 mum, prepared from 1 mL alginate, in 30 mL of a 0.8% (w/v) polylysine solution, resulted in a polylysine spill of more than 89%. The time required to reach a maximal binding was related to the reaction temperature. The interaction zone between calcium alginate beads and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled polylysine solutions was visualized with a confocal laser scanning microscope as a function of time. Microcapsules, prepared at 40 degrees C with 0.1% (w/v) polylysine solutions with mol. wts. between 12 and 249.2 kD, were permeable for fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran, mol. wt. 4.7, but not for 40.5 kD. Higher polylysine concentrations resulted in a membrane with a mol. wt. cut-off lower than 4.7 kD.
Form Follows Culture: Symbolic Feng Shui Logo Design in the Greater China Region (2020)

The visual identity of a logo has always been one of the major means of expression of social values, and cultural preferences in a particular society. Hence, each area and region logo’s design aesthetic is a style characterized by a particular cultural influence that introduces its principles and canons. Accordingly, a logo is not just a representation of a company or business, in order to fully serve its purpose, the logo representation must illustrate what the company does as well as be able to echo with the social, cultural and geographical features of the targeted region. In this paper, to respond to the research scholarly interest in the cultural influences on design, the researcher has made an attempt to study the influence of Feng Shui on logo design in the Greater China region. Based on an in-depth visual-based survey on banks’ logo design in the Greater China region, the author identified in this paper one unique design characteristic, namely Symbolic Feng Shui logo design. The result showed that (1) there is substantial cultural values and preference for the logo with the influence and application of Feng Shui. (2) Logos based on concepts and forms (particularly ancient Chinese coins) found in Feng Shui were the most preferred visual representation used by banks in the Greater China region. (3) The Symbolic Feng Shui logo as a unique design language has developed into its distinctive style. It is hoped that this paper will provide insights into an understanding of the impact of traditional culture on modern design, particularly on Feng Shui culture-inspired logo design in the Greater China region.
PET/CT alignment for small animal scanners based on capillary detection (2008)

Small animal PET/CT devices provide anatomical and molecular imaging at the same time, enabling the joint visualization and analysis of both modalities. An accurate PET/CT alignment is required to correctly interpret these studies. A proper calibration procedure is essential for small animal imaging, since resolution is much higher than in human devices. This work presents an alignment phantom and a method that enable a reliable and replicable measurement of the geometrical relationship between PET and CT modules. The phantom can be built with laboratory materials, and is used to estimate the rigid spatial transformation that aligns both modalities. It consists of three glass capillaries located in non-coplanar triangular geometry and filled with FDG, so they are easily identified in both modalities. The method is based on automatic line detection and localization of the corresponding points between the lines on both modalities, which allows calculating the rigid alignment parameters. Different geometric configurations of the phantom (i.e. different angles and distances between capillaries) were tested to assess the repeatability of the calculations. To measure the alignment precision achieved, we attached two additional sodium point sources to the phantom, which were neglected in the registration process. Our results show that the accuracy of the alignment estimation, measured as average misalignment of the Na sources, is below half the PET resolution. The alternative settings for the phantom layout did not affect this result, indicating the low dependency of the alignment calculated with the actual phantom layout. Our approach allows measuring the PET/CT transformation parameters using an in-house built phantom and with low computational effort and high accuracy, demonstrating that the proposed phantom is suitable for alignment calibration of dual modality systems on a real environment.
Automated assay of oxygen radical absorbance capacity with the COBAS FARA II (1995)

Reactive oxygen species are of interest in biology and medicine because of evidence relating them to aging and disease processes. A relatively simple but sensitive and reliable method for quantifying the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of antioxidants in biological tissues has been automated for use with the COBAS FARA II centrifugal analyzer with a fluorescence-measuring attachment. In this assay, beta-phycoerythrin (beta-PE) is used as an indicator protein, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as a peroxyl radical generator, and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) as a calibrator for antioxidant activity. This assay is unique because the reaction goes to completion so that both inhibition time and inhibition degree are considered in quantifying ORAC (micromoles of Trolox equivalent per liter or per gram of tissue). This method can be used not only for serum but also other tissue and food samples and is suitable for application to a range of nutritional and clinical conditions.
Steady-state performance characteristics of linear reluctance motors (1979)

Theoretical and experimental results are presented for the performance of a linear reluctance motor with a ratio of airgap to pole pitch appropriate for urban transport applications. Results are given for conditions of constant current, voltage, flux or normal force; it is shown that the machine could be used for combined propulsion and magnetic suspension of a vehicle.
Cloning and Expression of Acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus (1997)

We cloned and expressed a cDNA encoding acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of type T from Electrophorus electricus organs. When expressed in COS, HEK, and Chinese hamster ovary cells, the AChET subunits generated dimers and tetramers. The cells produced more activity at 27 than at 37 degrees C. The kinetic parameters of a recombinant enzyme, produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris, were close to those of the natural AChE. Analysis of genomic clones showed that the coding sequence is interrupted by an intron that does not exist in Torpedo and differs in its location from that observed in the mouse. This intron is preceded by a sequence encoding a non-conserved 29-amino acid peptide, which does not exist in Torpedo or mammalian AChEs. According to a three-dimensional model, this non-conserved peptide is located at the surface of the protein, opposite from the entry of the catalytic gorge; its deletion did not modify the catalytic parameters. Sequence analyses and expression of various constructs showed that the gene does not contain any H exon. We also found that splicing of transcripts in mammalian cells reveals cryptic donor sites in exons and acceptor sites in introns, which do not appear to be used in vivo.
Squash Preparation and Frozen Section in Intraoperative Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Tumors (1998)

The squash smear preparation is a fairly accurate and reliable tool in the rapid intraoperative diagnosis of CNS tumors. The accuracy of this technique is nearly as good as that of FS (P value = .9877). With the advent of stereotactic biopsies, the pathologist may have to depend entirely upon cytologic features for a definitive diagnosis.
Ontology Design for Automatic Evaluation of Web User Interface Usability (2017)

The rapid development of the Internet and associated technologies for content delivery has led to a situation where the Web can be accessed on a multitude of different platforms - from desktop computers, laptops and tablets to smart-phones, which have become a crucial part of our lives, raising the question of usability on this plethora of devices. Testing and validating user experience (UX) throughout the whole development process is costly. However, some of this work done by humans could be executed automatically starting in early development. In this paper we address web user interface (UI) automatic evaluation and in particular discuss the ontology design for capturing knowledge of web usability domain for UI evaluation.
Bleaching rapeseed and soybean oils with synthetic adsorbents and attapulgites (1994)

Abstract Efficiencies of synthetic adsorbents and attapulgites in bleaching alkali‐refined rapeseed and soybean oils ranged from 13–53% and 93–97%, respectively. The Freundlich equation was more applicable than the Langmuir equation to the experimental adsorption isotherms of β‐carotene on attapulgites. Bleaching with attapulgites reduced tocopherols by 12.5–29.5% in rapeseed oil and by 18.9–44.8% in soybean oil. Cosmetic‐grade attapulgite was superior to the others in bleaching efficiency, equilibrium amount adsorbed and removal of free fatty acids.
New STS molecular markers for assessment of genetic diversity and DNA fingerprinting in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) (2007)

Molecular markers have been increasingly used in genetic studies of crop species for their applicability in breeding programs. In this work, we report on the development of new sequence-tagged site (STS) markers based on sequence information from several identified hop (Humulus lupulus L.) genes. We demonstrate the usefulness of these STS markers and compare them to SSRs for identifying hop genotypes and estimating genetic diversity in a collection of 68 hop cultivars from around the world. We found 3 individual gene variants (A, B, C) of the chs_H1 gene in this collection. The most frequent gene variant, B (AJ304877), was not detected in Mt. Hood, Glacier, and Horizon (US) cultivars. Gene variant A came from an American germplasm through wild hops. We found length polymorphism in intron 1 of the chs2 gene, and 4 different amplified markers were detected in PCRs. The chs3 gene was found in only one third of the cultivars. None of the variants of the studied CHS genes were found in Humulus japonicus. We detected 5 major gene variants of DNA-binding protein in the collection of H. lupulus cultivars and 2 others in H. japonicus. We also found 3 individual gene variants of an endochitinase gene. The distribution of gene variants did not correlate with any resistance. We proved that developed STS markers can be successfully used for the analysis of genetic diversity and can substitute and supplement SSR markers in hop.