gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Graded electron affinity electron source (1996)

We describe a new electron source using electric field and low electron affinity semiconductor materials to bring charge to potential energy levels near the vacuum level while still in the solid. The basic idea involves moving some of the potential barrier from the surface to the bulk, and distributing the barrier over a thin layer below the surface. In so doing, the emission physics is changed fundamentally from a quantum mechanical tunneling process largely controlled by surface properties to a classical transport process largely controlled by the band structure of a wide bandgap semiconductor. The composition of the thin layer below the surface would be graded such that the conduction band minimum changes from an energy close to the substrate Fermi level to an energy significantly closer to the vacuum level. Electrons from the substrate would be drawn into the graded composition layer with an electric field produced by a pointed emitter structure and extraction gate similar to that used in field emitter arrays. Relative to a conventional field emitter array, the new source is expected to require lower extraction fields and exhibit improved emission uniformity, stability, and noise. The I–V characteristics are not Fowler–Nordheim and may include a saturation effect at high current densities that could be engineered to improve reliability and uniformity. The group III nitrides can be grown with a continuous range of composition that provides the range of electron affinity needed to produce the proposed electronic structure.
Retrograde Tunnel: A Method for the Fixation of Long‐Term Pediatric Central Venous Catheters (1991)

The fashioning of a subcutaneous tunnel has become an integral part of the placement of central venous catheters (CVC). Several methods have been described, but the long-term CVCs in pediatric practice pose special problems, particularly that of the patients continually testing the CVC's fixation. A polyurethane CVC is used that has not been previously described in pediatric usage and a retrograde tunneling technique has been developed which affords immediate and secure fixation.
Performance evaluation of gait recognition using the largest inertial sensor-based gait database (2012)

This paper presents the largest inertial sensor-based gait database in the world and its application to a statistically reliable performance evaluation for gait-based recognition problem. Whereas existing gait databases include at most a hundred subjects, we construct a much larger gait database for both accelerometer and gyroscope which includes 736 subjects (382 males and 354 females) with ages ranging from 2 to 78 years. Because a sufficiently large number of subjects for each gender and age group are included in this database, we can analyze the dependence of gait recognition performance on gender or age groups. The results with the latest existing recognition method provide several novel insights, such as the trade-off of gait recognition performance among age groups derived from the maturity of walking ability and physical strength. Moreover, the evaluation for the recognition performance improvement with a larger number of subjects was reliably confirmed in the experiments. As for sensor data type, acceleration is better than angular velocity for gait recognition performance. Compared to unnormalized distance (such as Euclidean distance), normalized distance (such as normalized cross correlation-based distance) works significantly better for angular velocity.
Maltotetraose Production Using Pseudomonas stutzeri Exo‐α‐Amylase in a Membrane Recycle Bioreactor (1991)

ABSTRACT For a continuous process using maltotetraose (G 4 )‐forming amylase in a membrane recycle bioreactor (MRB), the enzyme was partially purified to specific activity 21.5 IU/mg protein. The enzyme was stable enough to convert starch into G 4 in batch and MRB systems. Optimum conditions in the MRB using hollow fiber with 1,000 molecular weight cut‐off were: substrate concentration 1.0% (w/v), enzyme concentration 70 IU/L reactant, and residence time 83 min. Productivity at steady state under optimized conditions was 0.99 g/L/hr. Excessive residence time decreased product purity by further conversion of G 4 to lower molecular weight compounds due to endo‐acting activity of the enzyme.
Biological clock in total darkness: The<i>Clock</i>/<i>MOP3</i>circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat (2001)

Blind subterranean mole rats retain a degenerated, subcutaneous, visually blind but functionally circadian eye involved in photoperiodic perception. Here we describe the cloning, sequence, and expression of the circadian Clock and MOP3 cDNAs of the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel. Both genes are relatively conserved, although characterized by a significant number of amino acid substitutions. The glutamine-rich area of Clock, which is assumed to function in circadian rhythmicity, is expanded in Spalax compared with that of humans and mice, and is different in amino acid composition from that of rats. We also show that MOP3 is a bona fide partner of Spalax Clock and that the Spalax Clock/MOP3 dimer is less potent than its human counterpart in driving transcription. We suggest that this reduction in transcriptional activity may be attributed to the Spalax Clock glutamine-rich domain, which is unique in its amino acid composition compared with other studied mammalian species. Understanding Clock/MOP3 function could highlight circadian mechanisms in blind mammals and their unique pattern as a result of adapting to life underground.
Batch-micromachined, high aspect ratio Si mirror arrays for optical switching applications (2002)

Arrays of bulk micromachined, high aspect ratio vertical Si mirrors were designed, fabricated, and characterized for optical switching applications. These 50 /spl mu/m tall vertical mirrors were fabricated by the deep etch-shallow diffusion process. This is accomplished by first dry etching Si microstructures using an electron cyclotron resonance source, followed by a shallow B diffusion to fully convert the etched microstructures to a p/sup ++/ layer. A second dry etching step was then used to remove the thin p/sup ++/ layer around the bottom of the resonant elements, followed by bonding to glass and selective wet etch. The roughness on the sidewall surface of these vertical mirrors was minimized by using optimized lithography and etch conditions, as well as by diffusion and oxidation of the Si surface. The released Si mirrors have only 5 nm surface roughness along the sidewalls, indicating these mirrors are suitable for optical applications. Electrostatic comb drive was applied to actuate the mirrors supported by folded and serpentine beams. For 800 /spl mu/m long, 3 /spl mu/m wide, and 50 /spl mu/m thick folded suspension beams, a lateral mirror movement of 34 /spl mu/m was achieved by a driving voltage of 30 V. A resonant frequency of 987 Hz was obtained for similar devices at atmospheric pressure.
On relevance weights with little relevance information (1997)

The relationsh~p between the Robertson/Sptxck Jones relevancxi mighting formula and the Croft/Harper version for no relevanee information is d~ussed. A method of avoiding the negative weighta sometimes implied by the Cr&/Harper version is propowx$ which turna out to involve a return to the original Sparck Jones inverse collection frequency weight. The paper then goes on to propose a new way of using small amounts of relevanee information in the e9tim* tion of relevance weiglh Some experiments using TREC data are reported.
The squalestatins, novel inhibitors of squalene synthase produced by a species of Phoma. II. Structure elucidation. (1992)

Three novel fungal metabolites 1-3 isolated from cultures of a Phoma sp. C2932, are potent and selective inhibitors of squalene synthase. Their structures have been determined by a combination of spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic and chemical methods; these natural products incorporate the highly functionalised bicyclic core, [1S-(1 alpha, 3 alpha, 4 beta, 5 alpha, 6 alpha, 7 beta]-4,6,7-trihydroxy- 2,8-dioxabicyclo-[3.2.1]octane-3,4,5-tricarboxylic acid.
Uncertainty weight selection for H-infinity and mu-control methods (2002)

The authors give some insight into H/sub infinity /-weight selection from a process control perspective, with emphasis on uncertainty modeling. They study how to transform parametric gain-delay uncertainties into frequency-dependent weights specifying norm-bounded uncertainties. They postulate a parametric gain delay uncertainty set as the true uncertainty. They then try to minimize an uncertainty set generated by a complex additive perturbation which covers the true set. In addition, mu -optimal controllers are designed for the example problem considered. Simulation results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Visually Augmented Navigation for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> As autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are becoming routinely used in an exploratory context for ocean science, the goal of visually augmented navigation (VAN) is to improve the near-seafloor navigation precision of such vehicles without imposing the burden of having to deploy additional infrastructure. This is in contrast to traditional acoustic long baseline navigation techniques, which require the deployment, calibration, and eventual recovery of a transponder network. To achieve this goal, VAN is formulated within a vision-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) framework that exploits the systems-level complementary aspects of a camera and strap-down sensor suite. The result is an environmentally based navigation technique robust to the peculiarities of low-overlap underwater imagery. The method employs a view-based representation where camera-derived relative-pose measurements provide spatial constraints, which enforce trajectory consistency and also serve as a mechanism for loop closure, allowing for error growth to be independent of time for revisited imagery. This article outlines the multisensor VAN framework and demonstrates it to have compelling advantages over a purely vision-only approach by: 1) improving the robustness of low-overlap underwater image registration; 2) setting the free gauge scale; and 3) allowing for a disconnected camera-constraint topology. </para>
An Improved Convolutional Neural Network on Crowd Density Estimation (2016)

In this paper, a new method is proposed for crowd density estimation. An improved convolutional neural network is combined with traditional texture feature. The data calculated by the convolutional layer can be treated as a new kind of features.So more useful information of images can be extracted by different features.In the meantime, the size of image has little effect on the result of convolutional neural network. Experimental results indicate that our scheme has adequate performance to allow for its use in real world applications.
Nimr Horizontal Drilling: A Case History (1993)

Abstract The recent technological advances in horizontal drilling techniques and design optimization have enabled Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) to develop a number of its fields by horizontal drain holes. More than 70 horizontal wells have been drilled and completed in the different fields within the PDO concession area (table-1). About 40% of the horizontal wells to date have been drilled in the Nimr oil field, in the Eastern Flank (Fig.1), where drilling a horizontal well today is cheaper and faster than drilling a vertical well less than three years ago. Cost effective casing design, drilling fluid optimization and the application of improved deviation and cementing techniques have resulted in significant drilling and completion cost reduction and more efficient performance. The increased recovery of the heavy and viscous oil, delayed water breakthrough, improved PIF (Productivity Improvement Factor), and reduced skin damage are some of the more immediate benefits. While in the long run, it is planned to replace vertical drain holes by horizontals at a ratio of more than two to one resulting in accelerated oil production and reduced surface facilities congestion. Moreover, reservoir studies have showed a potential increase in the recovery factor that should generate wider applications for horizontal wells. This paper reviews the different steps of the horizontal well design improvement, the milestones that have been achieved in both drilling and completion techniques, the future development drilling plans of the field and the potential applications for other fields with similar geological and reservoir characteristics. It also highlights the problems that had been encountered in both the drilling and the production phases and the techniques used to overcome them. The successful application of horizontal well technology in the Nimr field has only been possible through the multi-disciplinary efforts of Drilling Engineering, Production Chemistry and Petroleum Engineering staff.
Usefulness of Clinical Performance Examination for Graduation Certification of Nursing Students (2008)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to testify whether clinical performance examination (CPX) was useful to evaluate comprehensive performance for nursing students just prior to graduation. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed to examine the usefulness. A total of 61 nursing students whose requirement credits were completed for graduation from a C University in G-city, at December, 5, 2007. Data were analyzed by Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and Spearman's rank Correlation Coefficient. Results: This study showed that both of the finals scores with paper and pens and the clinical practicum scores were not correlated with the CPX scores (r=-.031, p=.811; r=.028, p=.831). Consistency of scores between faculties and standardized patients was moderate (r=.752, p=.000). Conclusion: CPX was considered as a different and innovative evaluation from previous testing systems to test the various aspects of performance including knowledge, skill and attitude. Therefore, CPX under high raters' consistency was useful to test nursing students's final performance. Further study would be needed to develop the standard of CPX system.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-insulin-like growth factor-I axis dysfunction in patients with fibromyalgia. (1997)

Many, but not all, patients with FM have low levels of IGF-I that cannot be explained by clinical associations. These results suggest that low IGF-I levels in patients with FM are a secondary phenomenon due to hypothalamic-pituitary-GH axis dysfunction.
Inhibition of ERK Promotes Collagen Gel Compaction and Fibrillogenesis to Amplify the Osteogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Three-Dimensional Collagen I Culture (2008)

Tissue morphogenesis remains one of the least understood problems in cell and developmental biology. There is a disconnect between the mechanisms that apply to two-dimensional (2D) cultures and those seen in vivo. Three-dimensional (3D) culture presents a complex stimulus triggering cellular responses that are only partially understood. We compared 2D and 3D cultures of human mesenchymal stem cells in the presence of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059, to determine the role of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) in collagen-induced differentiation. 3D collagen I culture enhanced and accelerated the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Contrary to 2D results, the addition of PD98059 induced a significant amplification of osteogenic gene expression and matrix mineralization in 3D cultures. The inhibition of ERK altered cell-mediated compaction, proliferation, and resulted in the development of distinct tissue microstructure. Therefore, we suggest that the ability to reorganize collagen in 3D is an important step in ERK-mediated osteogenic differentiation. This work aims to propose a correlation between osteogenic differentiation and hMSC-directed collagen I remodeling. We present a potential mechanistic link (ERK) through which the three dimensionality of an engineered tissue acts to differentially induce and maintain cellular phenotype during tissue development.
Molecular abnormalities of mdm2 and p53 genes in adult soft tissue sarcomas. (1994)

Genetic alterations in the p53 and mdm2 genes have been reported to occur in soft tissue sarcomas. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and potential clinical value of detected molecular abnormalities and altered patterns of expression of mdm2 and p53 genes in adult soft tissue sarcomas. A cohort of 211 soft tissue sarcomas from adults that were both clinically and pathologically well characterized was analyzed. Monoclonal antibodies directed against mdm2 and p53 proteins were used to measure overexpression of these proteins in the nuclei of cells from sections of these tumors. Seventy-six of 207 tumors had abnormally high levels of mdm2 proteins and 56 of 211 tumors overexpressed p53 protein. Twenty-two cases had abnormally high levels of both mdm2 and p53 proteins based upon immunoreactivity with these antibodies. There was a striking statistically significant correlation between the overexpression of p53 and mdm2 proteins in the same tumor and poor survival (P < 0.05) of the patients. A group of 73 soft tissue sarcomas was chosen for analysis using Southern blots, single strand conformation polymorphisms, and direct DNA sequencing to confirm mdm2 gene amplifications and p53 mutations and correlate these with the results of the immunoreactivities. The overexpression of p53 and mdm2 proteins in the nuclei of tumor cells did not always correlate well with gene amplification at the mdm2 locus or mutation at the p53 gene. The possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed.
Evaluation of the prognostic role of centromere 17 gain and HER2/topoisomerase II alpha gene status and protein expression in patients with breast cancer treated with anthracycline-containing adjuvant chemotherapy: pooled analysis of two Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG) phase III trials (2013)

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12611000506998 and ACTRN12609001036202.
A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1b on primary progressive and transitional multiple sclerosis (2009)

Inflammation and neurodegeneration may have differential impacts on disease evolution in the different forms of multiple sclerosis. However, a beneficial effect of immunomodulatory drugs should not be ruled out in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Our aim is to investigate the safety and efficacy of interferon beta-1b in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. We conducted a double-blind, stratified, randomized, parallel group, phase II pilot study where patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis or 'transitional' forms of multiple sclerosis received interferon beta-1b at doses of 8 MIU or placebo for 24 months. The main objective of the study was to investigate the safety and tolerability of interferon beta-1b. The primary efficacy variable was the time to neurological deterioration (Expanded Disability Status Scale) confirmed at 3 months. Seventy-three patients were included and three dropped out the study. More patients in the treatment arm had at least one related adverse event (94.4% versus 45.9%; p < 0.001); no other significant differences in safety endpoints were observed. Time to neurological deterioration was not different between trial arms (log-rank test, p = 0.3135). Statistically significant differences favoring treatment were observed for the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite score at several timepoints, T1 and T2 lesion volume changes at 12 and 24 months, mean number of active lesions and proportion of patients with active lesions at 24 months. We conclude that interferon beta-1b is safe and well tolerated in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis and transitional multiple sclerosis. Positive effects of interferon beta on secondary clinical and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes were observed, but a beneficial effect on Expanded Disability Status Scale progression was not demonstrated.
Continuous-wave mode-locked Nd:glass laser pumped by a laser diode (1988)

We have demonstrated a diode-laser-pumped, cw, mode-locked Nd:glass laser oscillator. With a 0.5% output coupler the pump threshold for mode-locked operation was 22.9 mW. The mode-locked pulse width was shorter than 36.5 psec, which was the response time of the fast photodiode and the sampling oscilloscope. Diode-laser-pumped mode-locked operation was also extended to Nd:YAG.
Design of optimal and ideal 2-D concentrators with the collector immersed in a dielectric tube (1983)

In this paper we present a method for designing ideal and optimal 2-D concentrators when the collector is placed inside a dielectric tube for the particular case of a bifacial collector. The method, based on the extreme ray principle of design, avoids the use of differential equations by means of a proper application of Fermat's principle. One advantage of these concentrators is that they allow the size to be small compared with classical CPCs.
Adenylate cyclases involvement in pathogenicity, a minireview. (2013)

Cyclic AMP (cAMP), one of the most important secondary messengers, is produced by adenylate cyclase (AC) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). AC is a widespread enzyme, being present both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although they have the same enzymatic activity (ATP cyclization), the structure of these proteins varies, depending on their function and the producing organism. Some pathogenic bacteria utilize these enzymes as toxins which interact with calmodulin (or another eukaryote activator), causing intense cAMP synthesis and disruption of infected cell functions. In contrast, other pathogenic bacteria benefit of augmentation of AC activity for their own function. Based on sequence analysis ofAC catalytic domain from two pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus anthracis and Bordetellapertussis) with known three-dimensional structures, a possible secondary structure for 1-255 amino acid fragment from Pseudomonas aeruginosa AC (with 80TKGFSVKGKSS90 as the ATP binding site) is proposed.
Buffer layers and transparent conducting oxides for chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)<sub>2</sub>based thin film photovoltaics: present status and current developments (2010)

Abstract The aim of the present contribution is to give a review on the recent work concerning Cd‐free buffer and window layers in chalcopyrite solar cells using various deposition techniques as well as on their adaptation to chalcopyrite‐type absorbers such as Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 , CuInS 2 , or Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 . The corresponding solar‐cell performances, the expected technological problems, and current attempts for their commercialization will be discussed. The most important deposition techniques developed in this paper are chemical bath deposition, atomic layer deposition, ILGAR deposition, evaporation, and spray deposition. These deposition methods were employed essentially for buffers based on the following three materials: In 2 S 3 , ZnS, Zn 1 − x Mg x O. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A via-free microstrip left-handed transmission line (2004)

A via-free microstrip left-handed (LH) transmission line (TL) is proposed, which enables easy and low-cost fabrication of backward wave TLs. Based on the equivalent circuit, dispersion characteristics of the TL are theoretically obtained and the effect of the virtual short capacitance on the LH bandwidth is shown. The balanced/unbalanced CRLH criterion for seamless transition from the backward and forward wave propagation is also derived. The microstrip LH TL is implemented and the backward wave support is confirmed both by full-wave FEM simulations and experiments. A 38-cell TL exhibits a backward to forward scanning leaky-wave antenna capability.