gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Some rheological properties of molten polytetrafluoroethylene (1970)

Abstract Measurements of melt viscosity on samples of polytetrafluoroethylene of different molecular weight were carried out at 360°C by means of tensile creep tests in the linear viscoelasticity range. The apparent activation energy for viscous flow in the range between 330° and 380°C was estimated to be 20 kcal/mole. A value of about 7,500 was also determined for the average molecular weight between entanglement points ( M e ), from the equilibrium compliance ( D e ). Melt viscosity data were compared with zero strength time ( ZST ) values and a linear correlation was found on a bilogarithmic scale. The dependence of ZST on the applied stress and temperature was also studied and the results are discussed on the basis of Bueche's theory on the creep at rupture above the glass transition temperature.
Assessment of agonism at G‐protein coupled receptors by phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid in human embryonic kidney 293 cells (2001)

Several different molecular species of phosphatidic acid (PA) bind to a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) to induce activation of the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42/p44 MAPK) pathway in HEK 293 cells. PA is active at low nanomolar concentrations and the response is sensitive to pertussis toxin (which uncouples GPCRs from G(i/o)). The de-acylated product of PA, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which binds to members of the endothelial differentiation gene (EDG) family of receptors also stimulated p42/p44 MAPK in a pertussis toxin sensitive manner, but with an approximately 100 - 1000 fold lower potency compared with the different molecular species of PA. RT - PCR using gene-specific primers showed that HEK 293 cells express EDG2 and PSP24, the latter being a lipid binding GPCR out with the EDG cluster. We conclude that PA is a novel high potency GPCR agonist.
Phenolic Extraction Curves for White Wine Aged in French and American Oak Barrels (1983)

Barrels made by the same cooperage firm from French and American wood were put into a study to measure total and non-flavonoid phenolics extraction over time. This experiment was conducted over three fill and empty cycles of the barrel, using white wine. The residence time in the barrels was short, 12 and 16 weeks for the first and second fills, respectively; while the third fill barrels9 aging time was six months. The differences between the French and American woods are dramatic on the first fill, but become less dramatic each fill thereafter. The data, when graphed, show a power curve for the first and second fill barrels indicating diffusion kinetics, but by the third fill, the plot is linear, indicating hydrolysis kinetics. The tasting data show that in spite of the analytical similarities after the first fill, tasters could distinguish between French and American wood even through the third fill.
Selective Privacy in a Web-Based World: Challenges of Representing and Inferring Context. (2010)

There is a growing awareness and interest in the issues of accountability and transparency in the pursuit of digital privacy. In previous work, we asserted that systems needed to be “policy aware ” and able to compute the likely compliance of any digital transaction with the associated privacy policies (law, rule, or contract). This paper focuses on one critical step in respecting privacy in a digital environment, that of understanding the context associated with each digital transaction. For any individual transaction, the pivotal fact may be context information about the data, the party seeking to use it, the specific action to be taken, or the associated rules. We believe that the granularity of semantic web representation is well suited to this challenge and we support this position in the paper.
Fast image reconstruction for Compton camera using stochastic origin ensemble approach (2010)

In this study, the authors have implemented and tested a new image reconstruction algorithm for the Compton camera based on the stochastic origin ensembles with Markov chains. The algorithm uses list-mode data, is parallelizable, and can be used for any Compton camera geometry. SOE algorithm clearly outperforms list-mode ML-EM for simple Compton camera geometry in terms of reconstruction time. The difference in computational time will be much larger when full Compton camera system model, including resolution recovery, is implemented and realistic Compton camera geometries are used. It was also shown in this article that while correctly reconstructing the relative distribution of the activity in the object, the SOE algorithm tends to underestimate the intensity values and increase variance in the images; improvements to the SOE reconstruction algorithm will be considered in future work.
Die-package stress interaction impact on transistor performance (2012)

Shifts in transistor performance due to mechanical stress resulting from interaction of die, packaging, test socketing, and board mount are discussed. Mechanical stress induced transistor drive current shifts are measured indirectly using ring oscillator frequencies. P and N effects are extracted independently using appropriately weighted oscillators, and P/N shifts in opposite directions agree with numerical models, which also predict significant differences between stress states associated with packaged-die test and the final usage configuration. The shifts show systematic variation across the die, raising concerns for predictable circuit performance. An example is SRAM caches, where die-package interactions may degrade VCCmin. The results highlight the need to fully characterize these stress effects in both the test and final usage configurations. These shifts, while significant, can be managed through a combination of package technology, circuit techniques, process optimization, and strategic product floor planning.
Acidic pH conditions mimicking degenerative intervertebral discs impair the survival and biological behavior of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (2012)

This study was designed to examine the survival and biological behavior of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) under an intervertebral disc (IVD)-like acidic environment. Human ADMSCs isolated from two age groups were cultured under four different pH levels (pH 7.4, 7.1, 6.8 and 6.5) which mimicked the standard condition and the normal, mildly degenerated and severely degenerated IVD. Cell viability was measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate-Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining, and cell proliferation was measured by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The expression of aggrecan, collagen-I, collagen-II, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), p53 and caspase-3 at the mRNA level was examined by realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of aggrecan, collagen-I, collagen-II, MMP-2 and TIMP-3 at the protein level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Acidic pH inhibited the viability and proliferation, and the expression of aggrecan, collagen-I and collagen-II of ADMSCs from both age groups. ADMSCs harvested from young and mature donors exhibited similar responses to the acidic pH, although cells from young donors appeared less sensitive to the low pH levels. The results demonstrated that acidic pH in IVD may be an important deleterious factor for ADMSC-based IVD regeneration. ADMSCs harvested from young donors may be more suitable to be utilized for the implantation into degenerated IVD, and the implantations may be more effective at an early stage of IVD degeneration when the pH of matrix acidity is higher than 6.8.
Independent versus Cooperative Binding in Polyethylenimine–DNA and Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lysine)–DNA Polyplexes (2013)

The mechanism of polyethylenimine-DNA and poly(L-lysine)-DNA complex formation at pH 5.2 and 7.4 was studied by a time-resolved spectroscopic method. The formation of a polyplex core was observed to be complete at approximately N/P = 2, at which point nearly all DNA phosphate groups were bound by polymer amine groups. The data were analyzed further both by an independent binding model and by a cooperative model for multivalent ligand binding to multisubunit substrate. At pH 5.2, the polyplex formation was cooperative at all N/P ratios, whereas for pH 7.4 at N/P < 0.6 the polyplex formation followed independent binding changing to cooperative binding at higher N/Ps.
Frequency of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) non-reducing bacteria in pasteurized milk (1999)

2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) is a dye largely used for enumeration of microbial colonies in solid culture media, being a key component of the dry rehydratable film system used for microbiological analysis of food. This dye is colorless in the oxidized form and red when reduced by microorganisms, due to formation of formazan. In this study, TTC was added to Plate Count Agar (PCA) for enumeration of microorganisms in thirty four pasteurized milk samples, with the aim to verify the frequency of microorganisms that are unable to reduce TTC. Milk samples were decimally diluted in saline and pour-plated in PCA plus 0.015% TTC. Colonies were counted after 24h and 48 h of incubation at 35oC. From a total of 50,574 colonies, 19,665 (38.88%) did not reduce TTC in 48h. It was observed that 571 (6.36%) colonies that were colorless in 24h became red in 48h. From those that didn't reduce TTC in 48h, 233 were purified and Gram stained. 229 (98.71%) of them were Gram positive cocci and bacilli. The results show that there is a high percentage of microorganisms unable to reduce TTC in pasteurized milk, which cannot be detected by laboratory procedures based on the formation of red colonies.
Organization of Carotenoid‐Phospholipid Bilayer Systems. Incorporation of Zeaxanthin, Astaxanthin, and their C<sub>50</sub> Homologues into Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine Vesicles (1986)

Abstract Four carotenoids (zeaxanthin 1 , astaxanthin 2 , and their C 50 synthetic isoprene‐homologues 3 und 4 ) have been incorporated into bilayer unilamellar vescles of dimyristoylphospatidylcholine as proved by coelution on a Sepharose column. The incorporation into the bilayer proper has been proved by the sensitivity to phase transition of UV/VIS spectra and circular dichroism. The UV/VIS absorptions of the carotenoids are typical of a lipidic environment. At the temperature of phase transition occur both intermolecular phenomena (aggregation of carotenoid molecules) and intramolecular changes (conformational change). The relative solubilities of the various carotenoids in this phospholipid membrane can be fitted with molecular parameters (length of the lipophilic carotenoid segment vs. lipid bilayer thickness).
Prognosis of Diastolic and Systolic Orthostatic Hypotension in Older Persons (1999)

The presence of diastolic OH 1 minute and systolic OH 3 minutes after standing up predict vascular death in older persons. They differ from each other in their prevalence and in several associates, suggesting different pathophysiologic backgrounds. Clinicians should prescribe vasodilating and volume-depleting medications with caution for elderly persons with diastolic OH 1 minute after standing up. Appropriate treatment of hypertension might be the best means to manage the different types of OH with poor vascular prognoses.
Applications of Advances in Molecular Biology and Genomics to Clinical Cancer Care (2002)

Genetics technologies, methods, and discoveries are being integrated rapidly into medical and nursing practices in a variety of ways. The purpose of this article is to familiarize nurses with how new genetic technologies and discoveries are being incorporated into various phases of clinical oncology practice. The scope of this article is broad to provide an overview of the of ways in which cancer prevention, surveillance, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, treatment, and gene therapy are evolving due to advances in the molecular biology of cancer. We use specific examples to demonstrate the use of genetic information to achieve these objectives and to illustrate principles and strategies that may be applied to a variety of cancers.
Matteucci Effect: Its Interpretation and Its Use for the Study of Ferromagnetic Matter (1964)

A brief description of an Ampère electrodynamic experiment is given and some connection with it is indicated in such effects as those of: Wiedemann, Matteucci (MS), and Hall. Experimental arrangements and procedures in the MS study of ferromagnetics is described. The essential differences in the MS of different ferromagnetics are cited. An interpretation of the MS has been based on the well-known effect of the exchange energy in ferromagnetic metals dependent on the interatomic distances instead of a phenomenological interpretation in terms of the magnetostriction.
<title>Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography for thick tissue imaging</title> (1995)

Continuous-wave ultrasonic modulation of scattered laser light has been used to image objects in tissue-simulating turbid media for the first time. We hypothesize that the ultrasound wave focused into the turbid media modulates the laser light passing through the ultrasonic focal spot. The modulated laser light collected by a photomultiplier tube reflects the local mechanical and optical properties in the focal zone. Buried objects in 5-cm thick tissue phantoms are located with millimeter resolution by scanning and detecting alterations of the ultrasound-modulated optical signal. Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography separates the conflict between signal and resolution in purely optical imaging of tissue and does not rely on ballistic or quasi-ballistic photons but on the abundant diffuse photons. The imaging resolution is determined by the focused ultrasonic wave. This technique has the potential to provide a noninvasive, nonionizing, inexpensive diagnostic tool for diseases such as breast cancer.
Mammalian Sperm DNA Susceptibility to <i>In Situ</i> Denaturation Associated with the Presence of DNA Strand Breaks as Measured by the Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Assay (1995)

Sperm from four mammalian species were analyzed by the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay (TdTA) using flow cytometry. The SCSA quantitates the susceptibility of sperm nuclear DNA to in situ acid denaturation, while the TdTA quantitates the presence of endogenous DNA strand breaks in sperm nuclear chromatin. Correlations were seen between the percentage of sperm cells showing susceptibility to in situ acid denaturation and the percentage of cells showing the presence of DNA strand breaks for humans (r = 0.56, P = 0.004), rams (r = 0.84, P < 0.001), bulls (r = 0.78, P < 0.001), and stallions (r = 0.65, P < 0.001). No significant differences were seen when using fresh or frozen samples for either assay. These results suggest that sperm cells that are more susceptible to in situ DNA denaturation may have a greater number of accessible endogenous DNA strand breaks. We hypothesize that the DNA strand breaks produced in the normal transition from a somatic cell histone complex to a protamine complex are not ligated properly, resulting in residual DNA strand breaks and altered chromatin structure. Alternatively, altered chromatin structure could lead to the accessibility of the endogenous DNA strand breaks.
On the Performance of a Medium Access Control Scheme for the Reconfigurable Wireless Networks (2005)

In this paper, we propose a MAC protocol for an ad-hoc network architecture, termed by us the Reconfigurable Wireless Networks, and investigate its performance. We discuss the access synchronization and the construction of network connections features of the MAC protocol. Using event-driven simulation, we evaluate the throughput and the blocking probability of the scheme, demonstrating its behavior for different parameters of the mobility, traffic, and propagation models.
Preparation and Characterisation of Alginate Coated Chitosan Microspheres for Bacterial Vaccines. (2010)

Tetanus toxoids vaccine is widely used to prevent tetanus. As it has a short biological half-life, a long acting tetanus toxoids formulation is desirable to improve patient compliance. The chitosan microspheres were prepared by an emulsion polymerization method using glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. All microspheres were spherical and smooth with the mean particle size in the range of 30–38 μm. Drug release from the chitosan microspheres displayed a biphasic pattern characterized by an initial fast release, followed by a slower release. The released amount was decreased with an increase in the glutaraldehyde concentration. The time required for complete degradation of microspheres was increased from 144 to 264 h when the glutaraldehyde concentration increased from 0.1 to 0.7 ml. Biodistribution studies indicated that the degree of uptake by the M-cells of the peyer's patches in the gut was higher than that of the other organs. All these results demonstrated that tetanus toxoids loaded chitosan microspheres can be used for passive M-cell targeting.
The In-Flight Estimation and Indication of Cumulative Fatigue Damage to Helicopter Gears, (1984)

Estimates of the safe fatigue life of helicopter transmission components may be made if in-service load data together with transmission fatigue data, represented as the number of cycles to failure as a function of tooth load, are available. Instrumentation has been developed to provide in-flight estimation and indication of the proportion of safe fatigue life expended for critical gears in single or twin-engine helicopter transmission systems. In addition, basic transmission load data in the form of totalized times spent in a number of continuous torque bands are continually updated and stored during flight. The basic load data together with values of life expenditure for critical gears for the current flight can be automatically printed out after flight. This technique opens the way towards fatigue life monitoring of individual transmissions. The special demands of the life estimating system are evaluated and in particular the very significant effects of errors in mean torque estimation are assessed. Originator supplied keywords include: Fatigue life; Gearboxes; Gears; Helicopters; Transmissions(mechanical); Microcomputers; Computer programming; Computerized simulation; computer printouts; Australia. (Author).
NAMD: Biomolecular Simulation on Thousands of Processors (2002)

NAMD is a fully featured, production molecular dynamics program for high performance simulation of large biomolecular systems. We have previously, at SC2000, presented scaling results for simulations with cutoff electrostatics on up to 2048 processors of the ASCI Red machine, achieved with an object-based hybrid force and spatial decomposition scheme and an aggressive measurement-based predictive load balancing framework. We extend this work by demonstrating similar scaling on the much faster processors of the PSC Lemieux Alpha cluster, and for simulations employing efficient (order N log N) particle mesh Ewald full electrostatics. This unprecedented scalability in a biomolecular simulation code has been attained through latency tolerance, adaptation to multiprocessor nodes, and the direct use of the Quadrics Elan library in place of MPI by the Charm++/Converse parallel runtime system.
New Method for Evaluating Electric Field at Junctions of DRAM Cell Transistors by Measuring Junction Leakage Current (2009)

A new method for the analysis of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) data-retention characteristics is developed. We extend a 1-D model of the bias dependence of the electric field in a p-n junction in DRAM to a 2-D model. The validity of the new model is confirmed by simulations and experiments. We then find that the electric-field strength in DRAM can be easily evaluated by measuring the substrate-bias dependence of the off-state leakage current of DRAM by using a test element group. The simulated electric-field strength does not always correspond to actual situations, so our method is very useful to monitor the electric-field strength in an actual device. Furthermore, we experimentally confirm that the electric field in DRAM strongly affects the tail- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ret</sub> , which is the worst case of the retention-time distribution. We confirmed that the relationship between the tail- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ret</sub> and the electric-field strength in DRAM is constant even if gate length changes. On the other hand, we confirmed that the tail- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ret</sub> becomes lower with an increasing number of defects around the p-n junction in DRAM even if the electric-field strength does not change. At the development stage, comparing data of electric-field strength and tail- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ret</sub> measured in preproduction samples to those in previous products, we can determine which method is more effective to increase tail- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ret</sub> :lowering the electric-field strength or reducing the number of defects in devices. Our method for evaluating an electric field is applicable to all generations of DRAM, so it will be a powerful tool for the design of DRAMs with an adequate retention time.
Ground‐Water Training in Barcelona, Spain (1969)

Abstract Water‐supply problems in Spain have become acute during the past decade owing to expansion of industry, construction of modern houses and apartments, and development of a tourist industry. A training program in ground‐water hydrology and geology was established three years ago in Barcelona to help supply personnel who would be able to cope with these problems. Training is also given to foreign nationals, a total of nine countries having been represented to date. Part of the success of the school rests on the fact that a large variety of ground‐water problems exist in the vicinity of Barcelona. Students obtain a firsthand knowledge of sea‐water intrusion, aquifer‐testing techniques, agricultural and municipal degradation of water quality, and drilling and exploration techniques within a wide variety of rock types.
Near-field optoelectronic detector probes based on standard scanning force cantilevers (1995)

Near-field probes have been developed, based on standard, i.e., commercially available, Si cantilever probes for scanning force microscopy (SFM), which directly convert the optical near-field signal into an electrical signal using Schottky contacts. With these optoelectronic probes it is possible to realize very compact near-field microscopes. The probes are inserted into a SFM and measure the topography and the optical near-field signal simultaneously. The qualitative analysis of the light-sensitive areas of the probes and the detection of the optical near field is described. Finally, subwavelength resolution is demonstrated when a polished glass surface is investigated.