gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serum HER2 Levels are Increased in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure (2006)

Serum HER2 levels are increased in chronic heart failure patients. Further research is necessary to determine whether HER2 plays a role in the pathophysiology of heart failure.
Mechanisms of leukotriene‐induced contractions of guinea pig airways: Leukotriene C<sub>4</sub> has a potent direct action whereas leukotriene B<sub>4</sub> acts indirectly (1983)

The leukotrienes (LT's) are a group of arachidonic acid derivatives implicated as mediators of allergic bronchoconstriction and acute inflammation. Tracheal spirals and strips of lung parenchyma from guinea pigs were used under non-flow conditions to characterize the contractions caused by LTA4, LTB4 and LTC4. Cumulative administrations of leukotrienes desensitized the lung strip, whereas non-cumulative dose-response relationships for the leukotrienes and histamine were reasonably parallel. Half maximal contractions of the lung strips were obtained at a final bath concentration of 1 nM for LTC4 and 300 nM for LTA4 or LTB4, as compared with 6 000 nM for histamine. In the trachea, LTC4 was approximately 100 times more potent than LTA4 and histamine. Leukotrienes B4 and C4, but not acetylcholine or histamine, elicited release of the bronchoconstrictive thromboxane A2 from the lung under non-flow conditions. Indomethacin blocked the contractile response to LTB4, whereas the contractile effect of LTC4 remained unaltered. The beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol and the LTC4 antagonist FPL 55712 attenuated the contraction, but not the release of thromboxane A2, induced by LTC4. Changing to a perifusion technique rendered the lung strips less sensitive to the direct action of LTC4, and released thromboxane A2 now contributed significantly to the contractile response. In addition, the perifusion experiments indicated that LTB4 released histamine as well. We conclude that the chemoattractant LTB4 is an indirectly acting bronchoconstrictor, whereas the slow reacting substance LTC4 contracts the airway muscle by a predominantly direct mechanism. The exquisite bronchoconstrictive activity of LTC4 may be unrelated to its ability to induce formation of thromboxane A2.
Process Based Stochastic Modelling of Deep Marine Reservoirs (2007)

Deep marine deposits are an important reservoir type. While existing object and trend based stochastic modelling approaches can capture some of the heterogeneity, the limited quantities of data result in a very broad spread of possible model outcomes. Furthermore, such modelling approaches fail to honour the key factors that control the distribution of reservoir sand, namely accommodation, sediment supply and basin topography.<br><br>A new simplified process based modelling tool capable of rapidly recreating the flow and deposition of hundreds of flow events is presented. The model accounts for seabed topography, gravity, friction, kinematics, ocean currents, sedimentation and erosion rates. Individual events start in a confined feeder channel and experience a hydraulic jump where the flow stalls and widens into a lobe. This method is combined with stochastic elements for inclusion of reservoir uncertainty and conditioning to well data.<br><br>The geometry of a deep marine deposit is modelled by generating many individual events and stacking them on top of each other, thereby mimicking the actual sequence of deposition. Intermediate deposition of clay rich material, from hemipelagic material and numerous small clay rich mass failure events, are also modelled. The model has been successfully tested on a synthetic and real seabed data.<br>
A Genome-wide Association Study of Dupuytren Disease Reveals 17 Additional Variants Implicated in Fibrosis (2017)

Individuals with Dupuytren disease (DD) are commonly seen by physicians and surgeons across multiple specialties. It is an increasingly common and disabling fibroproliferative disorder of the palmar fascia, which leads to flexion contractures of the digits, and is associated with other tissue-specific fibroses. DD affects between 5% and 25% of people of European descent and is the most common inherited disease of connective tissue. We undertook the largest GWAS to date in individuals with a surgically validated diagnosis of DD from the UK, with replication in British, Dutch, and German individuals. We validated association at all nine previously described signals and discovered 17 additional variants with p ≤ 5 × 10<sup>-8</sup>. As a proof of principle, we demonstrated correlation of the high-risk genotype at the statistically most strongly associated variant with decreased secretion of the soluble WNT-antagonist SFRP4, in surgical specimen-derived DD myofibroblasts. These results highlight important pathways involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, including WNT signaling, extracellular matrix modulation, and inflammation. In addition, many associated loci contain genes that were hitherto unrecognized as playing a role in fibrosis, opening up new avenues of research that may lead to novel treatments for DD and fibrosis more generally. DD represents an ideal human model disease for fibrosis research.
Adaptive digital image watermarking using variable size of blocks in frequency domain (2003)

An adaptive digital image watermarking system considering of the human visual system (HVS) is presented in the frequency domain. The digital watermarks are embedded in selected discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of variable size of blocks. To accommodate the HVS characteristics, the image is divided into variable size of blocks, where each block contains only homogeneous regions. The watermark is inserted by significantly changing the selected DCT coefficients of the block that has great variance or by slightly changing for the stationary block. It is shown that the proposed method has good robustness against several image processing operations without significant degradation of image quality by simulation using various test images.
The SARS-coronavirus nsp7+nsp8 complex is a unique multimeric RNA polymerase capable of both de novo initiation and primer extension (2011)

Uniquely among RNA viruses, replication of the ~30-kb SARS-coronavirus genome is believed to involve two RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activities. The first is primer-dependent and associated with the 106-kDa non-structural protein 12 (nsp12), whereas the second is catalysed by the 22-kDa nsp8. This latter enzyme is capable of de novo initiation and has been proposed to operate as a primase. Interestingly, this protein has only been crystallized together with the 10-kDa nsp7, forming a hexadecameric, dsRNA-encircling ring structure [i.e. nsp(7+8), consisting of 8 copies of both nsps]. To better understand the implications of these structural characteristics for nsp8-driven RNA synthesis, we studied the prerequisites for the formation of the nsp(7+8) complex and its polymerase activity. We found that in particular the exposure of nsp8's natural N-terminal residue was paramount for both the protein's ability to associate with nsp7 and for boosting its RdRp activity. Moreover, this 'improved' recombinant nsp8 was capable of extending primed RNA templates, a property that had gone unnoticed thus far. The latter activity is, however, ~20-fold weaker than that of the primer-dependent nsp12-RdRp at equal monomer concentrations. Finally, site-directed mutagenesis of conserved D/ExD/E motifs was employed to identify residues crucial for nsp(7+8) RdRp activity.
The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE‐R): a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening (2006)

The ACE-R accomplishes standards of a valid dementia screening test, sensitive to early cognitive dysfunction.
Anti-inflammatory Properties of Macrolides (2006)

From the Division of Infectious Diseases Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA. The Concise Reviews of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (CRPIDS) series is generously sponsored each month by the Merck Vaccine Division. The topics, authors and contents are chosen and approved independently by the Editorial Board of CRPIDS. CONTENTS Anti-inflammatory Properties of Macrolides Tigecycline: A Single Antibiotic for Polymicrobial Infections EDITORIAL BOARD Co-Editors:Margaret C. Fisher, MD, and Gary D. Overturf, MD Editors for this Issue:Michael Cappello, MD, and Leonard Krilov, MD Board Members Michael Cappello, MD Ellen G. Chadwick, MD Janet A. Englund, MD Leonard R. Krilov, MD Charles T. Leach, MD Kathleen McGann, MD Jennifer Read, MD Jeffrey R. Starke, MD Geoffrey A. Weinberg, MD Leonard Weiner, MD Charles R. Woods, MD
Crystallization and grain growth behavior of CoFeB and MgO layers in multilayer magnetic tunnel junctions (2009)

The relationship between crystallization, grain growth behavior, and the diffusion of B out of CoFeB has been investigated in annealed film stacks of sputtered CoFeB∣MgO using a combination of two dimensional x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS). The analysis shows grain growth in MgO layers. It shows crystallization at approximately 350°C, and subsequent grain growth in CoFeB layers with annealing. The orientations of the grains of MgO and CoFe are definitively shown to be (002) in the out-of-plane direction. The MgO lattice is seen to have an in-plane tensile stress, while CoFe lattice is shown to have an in-plane compressive stress. CoFe grains are observed to be smaller than MgO grains, rather than being of equal size as previously understood. The physical process of B diffusion into MgO has also been investigated using PEELS and is determined that the diffusion of B through MgO is mediated through vacancies and defect states by the formation of BOx complexes.
Application of cycleave PCR to the detection of a point mutation (F167Y) in the β<sub>2</sub>‐tubulin gene of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> (2011)

The cycleave real-time PCR method is suitable for accurate detection of the codon 167 point mutation. The frequency of this mutation in the β2 -tubulin gene represents the resistance frequency in F. graminearum populations to carbendazim.
An Evaluation of an Integrated V/STOL Display Concept (1967)

This paper is concerned with the evolution and evaluation of an integrated electronic display for V/STOL flight. Such design considerations as vehicle dynamics, handling qualities, and mission requirements are discussed. Data are presented on the performance improvements obtained with a representative display when compared with conventional instruments in two simulated tasks.
Effect of square-edged intraocular lenses on neodymium:YAG laser capsulotomy rates in the United States (2007)

After the introduction of square-edged IOLs, Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy rates decreased, but not by as much as predicted. The additional cost to the Medicare system was more than US $30 million higher than the model predicted.
Chemical Compatibility of High-Temperature Superconductors with Other Materials (1988)

In any application, the new oxide superconductors will have to coexist in intimate contact with other materials. However, the copper-oxygen bonds common to all presently known oxide superconductors with Tc above 40K are relatively weak. This means that elements that form much stronger bonds with oxygen, such as Si, will be chemically unstable when in contact with the copper-oxide superconductors. In this paper, we will establish procedures and guidelines that will enable workers to choose materials that will not react chemically with the oxide superconductors. These should enable researchers working in all applications areas to avoid unnecessary empirical searches for suitable substrate or host materials by eliminating the most thermodynamically unfavorable choices. In particular, we have determined which of the elemental metals should be most stable in contact with the copper-oxide semi-conductors, and examined schemes for integrating these superconductors into Si devices.
Highly Efficient Visible‐Blind Organic Ultraviolet Photodetectors (2005)

Highly efficient organic UV photodetectors that are not sensitive to visible radiation (“visible-blind”) but to UV-A radiation are fabricated using an organic donor–acceptor couple. High external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) comparable to commercial GaN devices, but covering the entire UV-A range (see Figure), make these devices promising for environmental and biomedical UV-sensing applications. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2005/c1622_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Fast online incremental learning with few examples for online handwritten character recognition (2015)

An incremental learning strategy for handwritten character recognition is proposed in this paper. The strat-egy is online and fast, in the sense that any new char-acter class can be instantly learned by the system. The proposed strategy aims at overcoming the problem of lack of training data when introducing a new character class. Synthetic handwritten characters generation is used for this purpose. Our approach uses a Fuzzy Inference Sys-tem (FIS) as a classifier. Results have shown that a good recognition rate (about 90%) can be achieved using only 3 training examples. And such rate rapidly improves reach-ing 96 % for 10 examples, and 97 % for 30 ones.
Estimation of True Dispersivity in Field Scale Permeable Media (2002)

Abstract Simulation studies (Solano et al.1; Stalkup2) show that oil recovery for enriched gas drives depends on the amount of dispersion in reservoir media. But the true value of dispersion, expressed as dispersivity, at the field scale, is unknown. This work investigates three types of dispersion in permeable media to obtain realistic estimates of dispersive mixing at the field scale. The dispersivity from single-well tracer tests (SWTT), also known as echo dispersivity, is the dispersivity that is unaffected by fluid flow direction. Layering in permeable media tends to increase the observed dispersivity in well-to-well tracer tests, also known as transmission dispersivity, but leaves the echo dispersivity unaffected. A collection of SWTT data is analyzed to estimate echo dispersivity at the SWTT scale. The estimated echo dispersivities closely match a published trend with length scale in dispersivities obtained from groundwater tracer tests. This unexpected result—it was thought that transmission dispersivity should be greater than echo dispersivity—is analyzed with numerical simulation. A third type of dispersive mixing is local dispersivity, or the mixing observed at a point as tracer flows past it. Numerical simulation results show that the local dispersivity is always less than the transmission dispersivity and greater than the echo dispersivity limits. It is closer to one limit or the other depending on the amount and type of heterogeneity, the autocorrelation structure of the medium's permeability, and the lateral (vertical) permeability. The agreement between the SWTT echo dispersivities and the field trend suggests that the field data are measuring local dispersivities. All dispersivities appear to grow with length.
Listeria pneumonia. A case report. (1989)

A 42-year-old man with an atypical pneumonia. He had chest pain and a dry cough for 3 weeks, was dull at the left base clinically, and had left lower zone consolidation on chest radiography. The pneumonia spread despite oral ampicillin and cloxacillin. Blood culture grew Listeria monocytogenes and white cell count showed a monocytosis. He responded to intravenous penicillin and gentamicin with complete X-ray clearance.
Crystal-oscillator-based device for remote power-line temperature sensing (1979)

In cold climates icing of overhead power-line conductors can be a major problem, and in warm climates the thermal limit of the conductor may be exceeded. A crystal-oscillator system is described here that remotely senses the conductor temperature and communicates it back to a control centre via the p.l.c. system.
Predicting Failures in Power Grids (2010)

Here we develop an approach to predict power grid weak points, and specifically to efficiently identify the most probable failure modes in static load distribution for a given power network. This approach is applied to two examples: Guam's power system and also the IEEE RTS-96 system, both modeled within the static Direct Current power flow model. Our algorithm is a power network adaption of the worst configuration heuristics, originally developed to study low probability events in physics and failures in error-correction. One finding is that, if the normal operational mode of the grid is sufficiently healthy, the failure modes, also called instantons, are sufficiently sparse, i.e. the failures are caused by load fluctuations at only a few buses. The technique is useful for discovering weak links which are saturated at the instantons. It can also identify generators working at the capacity and generators under capacity, thus providing predictive capability for improving the reliability of any power network.
Mechanisms of unexpected reduction in hole concentration in Al-doped 4H-SiC by 200 keV electron irradiation (2008)

The hole concentration in Al-doped p-type 4H-SiC was found to be significantly reduced by electron irradiation when compared to the hole concentration in Al-doped p-type Si; this is an unexpected result. The temperature dependence of the hole concentration p(T) in Al-doped 4H-SiC irradiated with 200 keV electrons at various fluences was measured. Only substitutional C atoms in SiC can be displaced by irradiation with 200 keV electrons. The reduction in p(T) by the electron irradiation was found to be mainly due to a decrease in Al acceptors and not due to an increase in defects (e.g., C vacancies) located around the middle of the bandgap in SiC. Based on the analysis of p(T), two types of acceptor species were detected and the density and energy level of each acceptor species were determined. An equation describing the fluence dependence of each acceptor density is proposed. The results suggest that for the 200 keV electron irradiation, a substitutional C atom bonded to an Al acceptor was more easily displaced than a substitutional C atom bonded to four Si atoms.
Quantitative measurement of paramyxovirus fusion: differences in requirements of glycoproteins between simian virus 5 and human parainfluenza virus 3 or Newcastle disease virus (1995)

To compare the requirements for paramyxovirus-mediated cell fusion, the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoproteins of simian virus 5 (SV5), human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were expressed individually or coexpressed in either homologous or heterologous combinations in CV-1 or HeLa-T4 cells, using the vaccinia virus-T7 polymerase transient expression system. The contribution of individual glycoproteins in virus-induced membrane fusion was examined by using a quantitative assay for lipid mixing based on the relief of self-quenching (dequenching) of fluorescence of the lipid probe octadecyl rhodamine (R18) and a quantitative assay for content mixing based on the cytoplasmic activation of a reporter gene, beta-galactosidase. In these assays, expression of the individual F glycoproteins did not induce significant levels of cell fusion and no cell fusion was observed in experiments when cells individually expressing homologous F or HN proteins were mixed. However, coexpression of homologous F and HN glycoproteins resulted in extensive cell fusion. The kinetics of fusion were found to be very similar for all three paramyxoviruses studied. With NDV and HPIV-3, no cell fusion was detected when F proteins were coexpressed with heterologous HN proteins or influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). In contrast, SV5 F protein exhibited a considerable degree of fusion activity when coexpressed with either NDV or HPIV-3 HN or with influenza virus HA, although the kinetics of fusion were two- to threefold higher when the homologous SV5 F and HN proteins were coexpressed. Thus, these data indicate that among the paramyxoviruses tested, SV5 has different requirements for cell fusion.
Activation of mouse peritoneal adherent cells with N-acyl muramyl dipeptide derivatives (1985)

The effect of N-acyl derivatives of muramyl dipeptide (N-acetyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) on the activation of peritoneal adherent cells (PAC) in vivo and on the stimulation of nonspecific host resistance against Escherichia coli infection was examined in comparison with the effect of 6-O-stearoyl muramyl dipeptide. N-acyl muramyl dipeptide derivatives increased the release of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by PAC from mice treated 1 day before upon stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate, and their activities did not depend on the chain length or kinds of fatty acids introduced. The results obtained using N-stearoyl muramyl dipeptide analogs indicated that the acyl moiety combined to muramic acid played a more important role in the ability of PAC to release H2O2 than did the peptide moiety. PAC from mice treated with N-stearoyl muramyl dipeptide, N-(3-hydroxy-2-docosylhexacosanoyl) muramyl dipeptide, and 6-O-stearoyl muramyl dipeptide 1 day before, including 20 to 42% polymorphonuclear leukocytes, released large amount of H2O2, and most of the H2O2 released was due to the attribution of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The cytostatic activity of PAC from mice treated with these three compounds reached a maximum on day 3 after injection, and the cytolytic activity of PAC was induced by N-stearoyl muramyl dipeptide on day 3 and by 6-O-stearoyl muramyl dipeptide on day 1 after injection. In contrast to the above results, N-acyl muramyl dipeptide derivatives did not stimulate nonspecific host resistance against E. coli infection in mice when compared to 6-O-stearoyl muramyl dipeptide.
Innovation Activities in the Service Sector: Empirical Evidence from Portuguese Firms (2011)

This research aims to analyze the degree of importance of investment and expenditure on innovation activities for entrepreneurial innovative capability, in the scope of Portuguese services firms. The literature review considers three main approaches regarding service innovation: assimilation, demarcation and synthesis. A conceptual model was proposed and several research hypotheses were empirically tested using secondary data, belonging to the 4th CIS 4, supervised by EUROSTAT. The method used will be the logistic regression model. According to the results obtained, the greater the financial investment in acquisition of machinery, equipment and software, in internal research and development, in acquisition of external knowledge, in marketing activities and other procedures, the greater the propensity for firms to innovate in terms of services. This study highlights the contributions that innovation activities can provide in what regards the development of innovation process, giving special emphasis to their service innovation.
L‐dopa and dopamine enhance the formation of aggregates under proteasome inhibition in PC12 cells (2005)

The formation of inclusion bodies in dopaminergic neurons is associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In order to clarify the role of dopamine/L-dopa in the formation of protein aggregates, we investigated dopamine/L-dopa-related aggregation using an experimental inclusion model. The inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by alpha-methyltyrosine dramatically decreased MG132-induced aggregate formation. In addition, the inhibition of TH caused the upregulation of proteasomes in cultured cells and the dopamine/L-dopa induced non-enzymatic polymerization of ubiquitin. This inhibition did not affect cell viability. These results suggest that dopamine/L-dopa might enhance aggregate formation, and that intracellular aggregates may not be toxic to cells.