gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alveolar carbon monoxide: A comparison of methods of measurement and a study of the effect of change in body posture (1988)

1. We have compared rebreathing, breath-hold and mean alveolar methods of measuring alveolar carbon monoxide (CO), at levels similar to those found in smokers, as a preliminary to using them as indirect measures of carboxyhaemoglobin levels. In the present study alveolar CO levels were raised by rebreathing a 2% CO mixture. 2. Breath-hold CO was measured after breath-hold times of 0-35 s in 5 s increments. Using generalized linear models, the maximum value for breath-hold CO was estimated to occur at 23 s. Breath-hold CO after a 20 and 25 s breath-hold were similar to and significantly greater than those of less than 20 s or greater than 25 s. 3. As expired CO increased, the difference between breath-hold and mean alveolar CO became proportionally larger. On average, breath-hold CO was 24% larger than mean alveolar CO. 4. Rebreathing, breath-hold and mean alveolar CO were compared at four different inspired oxygen concentrations. Expired CO increased significantly with increasing oxygen for all three methods. At end-tidal oxygen levels of less than 25%, breath-hold and rebreathing CO were similar, however, the overall mean difference between the three methods was significant. 5. While rebreathing CO was unaffected by changes in ventilation/perfusion of the lung, induced by change in body posture, both breath-hold and mean alveolar CO showed a significant fall with change from the supine to erect posture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Architecture of an embedded time gateway between PTP and SNTP (2011)

This paper deals with time synchronization in mixed network infrastructures for automation of industrial and electric plants, where old devices, which retrieve time information with the well-known NTP, must coexist with new IEEE1588 PTP compliant devices. Since PTP and NTP use very different time representations and synchronization strategies, an easy integration is quite difficult and requires additional hardware. The paper describes a transparent Time Gateway that is able to interface SNTP devices with a PTP synchronization domain (PTP devices and PTP switches). The Time Gateway has been realized with an embedded system based on an FPGA with a soft processor and an open source operating system. Preliminary experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed architecture, even if some improvements may be needed to match the time synchronization accuracy required by the legacy SNTP devices.
A Compact, Low-Power 40-GBit/s Modulator Driver With 6-V Differential Output Swing in 0.25-$\mu$m SiGe BiCMOS (2011)

This paper presents a high-speed, low-power modulator driver featuring a novel modified breakdown voltage doubler (BVD) topology. Further speed enhancement and reduction of power consumption is achieved by multiple frequency compensation methods. An optimization method combining small and large-signal analyses is presented. The driver was fabricated in a 0.25-μm SiGe BiCMOS technology with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> of up to 180 GHz. It features 13-dB differential gain, a small-signal bandwidth of 33.7 GHz and delivers a single-ended output swing of 3 Vpp (6 Vpp differential) at 40 GBit/s into a 50-Ω load consuming only 1.35 W of DC power.
Aryllithium Compounds Bearing Alkoxycarbonyl Groups: Generation and Reactions Using a Microflow System (2008)

Go with the flow: An effective method for the generation and reaction of aryllithium compounds bearing an alkoxycarbonyl group is developed using microflow systems with very short residence times together with fast mixing and efficient temperature control. A wide range of alkoxycarbonyl groups including ethoxycarbonyl and methoxycarbonyl groups are tolerant of the microflow conditions. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z803205_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Particle Size of Humic Acid (1993)

Abstract The largest humic acid particles that can exist in solutions of the same acidity as most Scandinavian soil and water systems (but at a higher concentration, 1–4 mg/mL) are ≈ 110 nm in their largest dimension; these particles, thus, are of about the same magnitude as large viruses. This is shown by small‐angle neutron scattering at 10°C, pH 5, and 0.10 M ionic strength (NaCl). The mean radii of gyration of humic acids obtained from three different soil samples were found to be of the same magnitude: 21.4, 29.7, and 28.3 nm; the mean molecular masses were 500, 2000, and 1500 kDa. The radius of gyration of the cross section for the particles in solution was found to be constant, 2.1 nm; thus, the humic acid particles might essentially vary only in regard to length. A contrast variation study of one of the samples was found to be consistent with the particles in solution having a cross section with less than average scattering density in its central part. This supports the idea that the particles might contain a central “core” with a different structure than the peripheral parts.
Complete genome of the cellulolytic thermophile <i>Acidothermus cellulolyticus</i> 11B provides insights into its ecophysiological and evolutionary adaptations (2009)

We present here the complete 2.4-Mb genome of the cellulolytic actinobacterial thermophile Acidothermus cellulolyticus 11B. New secreted glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases were identified in the genome, revealing a diverse biomass-degrading enzyme repertoire far greater than previously characterized and elevating the industrial value of this organism. A sizable fraction of these hydrolytic enzymes break down plant cell walls, and the remaining either degrade components in fungal cell walls or metabolize storage carbohydrates such as glycogen and trehalose, implicating the relative importance of these different carbon sources. Several of the A . cellulolyticus secreted cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes are fused to multiple tandemly arranged carbohydrate binding modules (CBM), from families 2 and 3. For the most part, thermophilic patterns in the genome and proteome of A . cellulolyticus were weak, which may be reflective of the recent evolutionary history of A. cellulolyticus since its divergence from its closest phylogenetic neighbor Frankia , a mesophilic plant endosymbiont and soil dweller. However, ribosomal proteins and noncoding RNAs (rRNA and tRNAs) in A . cellulolyticus showed thermophilic traits suggesting the importance of adaptation of cellular translational machinery to environmental temperature. Elevated occurrence of IVYWREL amino acids in A. cellulolyticus orthologs compared to mesophiles and inverse preferences for G and A at the first and third codon positions also point to its ongoing thermoadaptation. Additional interesting features in the genome of this cellulolytic, hot-springs-dwelling prokaryote include a low occurrence of pseudogenes or mobile genetic elements, an unexpected complement of flagellar genes, and the presence of three laterally acquired genomic islands of likely ecophysiological value.
Convergence of the Min-Sum Algorithm for Convex Optimization (2007)

We establish that the min-sum message-passing algorithm and its asynchronous variants converge for a large class of unconstrained convex optimization problems.
Substrate‐inhibited microbiological regeneration of granular activated carbon (1978)

Abstract A kinetic model of the microbiological regeneration of activated carbon is presented for the case where the adsorbate is inhibitory to the microbial‐growth‐associated bio‐oxidation process. The model is used to predict the regeneration time for specified combinations of microbial species (using growth kinetic constants determined in a carbon‐free system) and carbon type (adsorption isotherm). In addition to the foregoing parameters, computer simulations show that the spent carbon adsorbate loading, the carbon mass‐to‐fermentation broth volume ratio and the inoculum size also have a significant effect on the time required for batch in situ regeneration of a carbon column. Experimental results are given for a granular carbon‐phenol‐bacteria (P. putida) system at several operating conditions; the observed regeneration times are in good agreement with predicted values. Once‐regenerated carbon retained 47 percent of the phenol equilibrium adsorption capacity of fresh carbon. No further loss of adsorption capacity was found for carbon which subsequently was regenerated two more times, i.e., for a total of three sequential microbiological regenerations.
Design of photonic crystal waveguides for evanescent coupling to optical fiber tapers and integration with high-Q cavities (2003)

We describe a novel scheme based on evanescent guided-wave coupling for optically interfacing between conventional fiber-optic and planar photonic crystal devices such as waveguides and resonant cavities. By considering the band structure of bulk photonic crystal slabs, we analyze the k space properties of a linear defect waveguide and establish a set of design rules to ensure efficient evanescent coupling with optical fiber tapers. These rules are used to design a waveguide in a square-lattice photonic crystal. The coupling efficiency is calculated with a coupled-mode theory incorporating the finite-difference time-domain-calculated uncoupled modes of the fiber taper and photonic crystal waveguide. On the basis of this coupled-mode theory, 95% power transfer from the fiber taper to the photonic crystal waveguide is possible over a coupling length of 80 lattice periods and with a bandwidth of 1.5% of the center wavelength. The integration of this waveguide with a photonic crystal defect resonant cavity is also presented, thus showing the usefulness of the combined fiber taper and photonic crystal waveguide system for efficient, optical fiber-based probing of optical elements based on planar photonic crystal technologies.
Utilization of Solar Energy for Sludge Drying Beds (1984)

The present work is aimed to assess experimentally solar heated sludge drying beds located in the New Orleans, Louisiana metropolitan area with an appropriately sized solar system designed to operate on a fiberglass-covered drying bed. Another open drying bed was left without solar heating for comparative purposes. Five experimental runs were conducted over a one-year period to account for all weather conditions utilizing aerobically digested waste activated sludge. Compared to conventional beds, the solar beds achieved an average reduction of 50 percent in the drying period required to obtain a total solids concentration of 30 percent and an average reduction of 60 percent in the drying period of sludge to reach a total solids concentration of 60 percent. Sludge of total solids content of more than 90 percent was produced in an average period of 20 days under the solar drying process. System energy effects and economic analysis were also discussed.
B Cell Progenitors Are Arrested in Maturation but Have Intact VDJ Recombination in the Absence of Ig-α and Ig-β (2002)

Ig-alpha and Ig-beta mediate surface expression and signaling of diverse B cell receptor complexes on precursor, immature, and mature B cells. Their expression begins before that of the Ig chains in early progenitor B cells. In this study, we describe the generation of Ig-alpha-deficient mice and their comparative analysis to mice deficient for Ig-beta, the membrane-IgM, and recombination-activating gene 2 to determine the requirement of Ig-alpha and Ig-beta in survival and differentiation of pro-B cells. We find that in the absence of Ig-alpha, B cell development does not progress beyond the progenitor stage, similar to what is observed in humans lacking this molecule. However, neither in Ig-alpha- nor in Ig-beta-deficient mice are pro-B cells impaired in V(D)J recombination, in the expression of intracellular Ig micro-chains, or in surviving in the bone marrow microenvironment. Finally, Ig-alpha and Ig-beta are not redundant in their putative function, as pro-B cells from Ig-alpha and Ig-beta double-deficient mice are similar to those from single-deficient animals in every aspect analyzed.
The Effects of Videogame Playing on the Response Selection Processing of Elderly Adults (1987)

Within an information processing framework, age-related declines in speeded responding are attributed to one or more stages of processing. It was the purpose of this experiment to demonstrate the potential reversibility of this decline in at least one processing stage, response selection. Two groups of elderly participants (57 to 83 years) were pretested on a two-choice reaction time (RT) task under two levels of spatial stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility, a task demand shown to affect response selection. Following the pretest, one group participated in 7 weeks of videogame play, whereas a second group did not. All participants were posttested on the same two-choice RT task. The results of the analysis of covariance revealed that those elderly individuals who played videogames were faster than the control participants under both levels of S-R compatibility. The effect of videogame play, however, was greater for low compatibility. These results are taken as support for a potential to improve response selection through videogame play.
Pro- and prebiotics in pig nutrition - potentialmodulators of gut health? (2001)

The stressful physiological and environmental conditions experienced in particular by young pigs promote the proliferation of pathogens in the digestive tract. Probiotics, such as lactic acid-producing bacteria, Bacillus spp. and yeast have been reported to improve microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract through bacterial antagonisms, competitive exclusion and immune stimulation. Prebiotics which include non-digestible oligosaccharides may control or manipulate microbial composition and/or activity, thereby assisting to maintain a beneficial microflora that suppresses through different regulatory mechanisms the growth of pathogens. The combination of probiotics and prebiotics, also referred to as synbiotics, may improve the survival rate of probiotics during their passage through the digestive tract, thus contributing to the stabilization and/or enhancement of the probiotic effects.
Were price changes during the Great Depression anticipated? (1993)

This paper reassesses whether the large swings in prices during the 1930's were anticipated. We argue that uncertainty about monetary, fiscal, and exchange rate policies induced systematic differences between the rate of price change expected by economic agents at the time and the time series forecasts of inflation. Our analysis of nominal interest rates and ex post inflation strongly supports this view. In fact. our results suggest that the deflation of the early Depression years and the inflation that followed were both largely unanticipated.
Information navigation by clustering and summarizing query results (2005)

We have explored and evaluated a novel approach to information seeking grounded in the idea of summarizing query results through automated document clustering. The user starts with a natural language description of the needed information and navigates the information space through the interaction of the system. We implemented a prototype allowing searches of a significant portion of the entire World Wide Web. In a laboratory experiment, subjects searched the WWW for answers to a given set of questions. Our results indicate that our prototype improved search peformance, presumably through better understanding of query results. In addition, we analyzed interaction patterns and the effects of such parameters as subject skills and task peculiarities.
Synthesis of a Novel Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) Analog Incorporating a Piperazin-2-one Ring (2000)

The synthesis of a Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) analog incorporating a piperazin-2-one ring is described. This conformationally restricted peptidomimetic attempts to retain the key recognition elements of the interaction between TRH and its receptor. The synthesis started from the protected dipeptide 2 and proceeded via the 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl-activated intermediate 3, which was then cyclized, N-acylated, and deprotected to yield the target compound 1.
Checkpoint kinase inhibitor synergizes with DNA‐damaging agents in G<sub>1</sub> checkpoint‐defective neuroblastoma (2010)

Checkpoint kinase inhibitors can enhance the cancer killing action of DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents by disrupting the S/G(2) cell cycle checkpoints. The in vitro and in vivo effects of the Chk1/2 inhibitor AZD7762 when combined with these agents were examined using neuroblastoma cell lines with known p53/MDM2/p14(ARF) genomic status. Four of four p53 mutant lines and three of five MDM2/p14(ARF) abnormal lines were defective in G(1) checkpoint, correlating with failure to induce endogenous p21 after treatment with DNA-damaging agents. In cytotoxicity assays, these G(1) checkpoint-defective lines were more resistant to DNA-damaging agents when compared to G(1) checkpoint intact lines, yet becoming more sensitive when AZD7762 was added. Moreover, AZD7762 abrogated DNA damage-induced S/G(2) checkpoint arrest both in vitro and in vivo. In xenograft models, a significant delay in tumor growth accompanied by histological evidence of increased apoptosis was observed, when AZD7762 was added to the DNA-damaging drug gemcitabine. These results suggest a therapeutic potential of combination therapy using checkpoint kinase inhibitor and chemotherapy to reverse or prevent drug resistance in treating neuroblastomas with defective G(1) checkpoints.
Effects of mechanical stress and scaffold material on osteogenesis and chondrogenesis (2006)

The present study was designed to investigate how mouse bone marrow stromal ST2 cells and rat limb mesenchymal stem cells respond to mechanical stress. Mechanical stress loading culture devices originally developed or commercially available were used to induce quantitative strain to these cells. Differentiation of ST2, estimated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP), was shown to be affected by the amount of the strain. Chondrogenic cell differentiation was enhanced by stretch stimulation through phosphplylation of extracellular-signaling regulated kinases (ERKs). In this study, the effect of synthetic scaffold octacalcium phosphate (OCP) was also determined. OCP implantation enhanced bone regeneration. The results suggest that the differentiation of these skeletal tissue forming cells is under control of the mechanical stresses through the signaling cascade. It is likely that the scaffold plays a role of site scaffolding the cells to assist differentiation.
Editorial: Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Cannabinoid receptor ligands: clinical and neuropharmacological considerations relevant to future drug discovery and development (1996)

There is now convincing evidence for the existence of at least two types of cannabinoid receptor, CB1 and CB2, both coupled to G proteins. CB1 receptors are present in the central nervous system and in certain peripheral tissues where at least some are located at autonomic nerve terminals. CB2 receptors are found only outside the brain, mainly in cells of the immune system. The existence of endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors, both centrally and peripherally, is also generally accepted. These recent discoveries have prompted the development of cannabinoid receptor antagonists and of selective cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists. These compounds are important experimental tools that will help to establish the physiological roles of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands. The availability of such compounds should also facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic uses for cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists.
Femtosecond fiber lasers and amplifiers based on the pulse propagation at normal dispersion (2008)

The applications of ultrafast optical pulses exploded in last two decade since the discovery of a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. Ti:Sapphire lasers are great ultrafast optical pulse sources but they are not suitable for some applications since they are are bulky, expensive, and unreliable. So far, solid-state lasers including Ti:sapphire lasers are dominant as ultrafast pulse sources. However, compact, inexpensive and stable fiber lasers recently started to replace solid-state lasers. Even though fiber lasers have many practical advantages, the performance of fiber lasers is still below that of the solid-state fiber lasers. Among many kinds of fiber lasers, a mode-locked ytterbium (Yb)-doped fiber lasers has been received a broad attention for medical applications such as the biomedical imaging. This thesis summarizes the e ort of the Yb-doped fiber laser performance enhancement utilizing the pulse propagation at high normal dispersion. In this thesis, femtosecond Yb-doped fiber lasers without anomalous dispersion element, so called all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) fiber lasers, are demonstrated based on unique pulse shaping mechanism of the chirped pulse spectral filtering. ANDi fiber lasers represent a new paradigm for femtosecond pulse generation. This new type of a laser is very practical because it avoids the technical challenges of providing anomalous dispersion without loss at 1um. Useful features of the ANDi fiber lasers have been demonstrated experimentally in terms of the pulse energy, the pulse duration, the environmentally stability, and controllable multipulsing states. Pulse energies > 20 nJ with >100 kW peak power and pulse durations <100 fs are experimentally demonstrated. Theoretical studies indicate that further performance improvement is quite possible. The ANDi fiber lasers are not only practical femtosecond lasers, but also great research tools for ultrashort pulse propagation phenomena. Dissipative solitons of complex cubic quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation are demonstrated experimentally from an all-normal dispersion fiber laser. This thesis is not limited to the demonstration of ANDi lasers. It also covers interesting pulse propagation phenomena in fiber lasers and amplifiers. The formation of a second-order dispersion managed soliton, which is referred as an antisymmetric dispersion managed soliton, in a fiber laser with a strong dispersion map is demonstrated. Finally, the thesis describes the chirped-pulse-amplification system performance enhancement with proper nonlinear phase shift and third-order dispersion.
Recent Progress in Piezoelectric Conversion and Energy Harvesting Using Nonlinear Electronic Interfaces and Issues in Small Scale Implementation (2011)

This paper aims at providing an up-to-date review of nonlinear electronic interfaces for energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations using piezoelectric coupling. The basic principles and the direct application to energy harvesting of nonlinear treatment of the output voltage of the transducers for conversion enhancement will be recalled, and extensions of this approach presented. Latest advances in this field will be exposed, such as the use of intermediate energy tanks for decoupling or initial energy injection for conversion magnification. A comparative analysis of each of these techniques will be performed, highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of the methods, in terms of efficiency, performance under several excitation conditions, complexity of implementation and so on. Finally, a special focus of their implementation in the case of low voltage output transducers (as in the case of microsystems) will be presented.