gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Map-based exploration of intrinsic shape differences and variability (2013)

We develop a novel formulation for the notion of shape differences, aimed at providing detailed information about the location and nature of the differences or distortions between the two shapes being compared. Our difference operator, derived from a shape map, is much more informative than just a scalar global shape similarity score, rendering it useful in a variety of applications where more refined shape comparisons are necessary. The approach is intrinsic and is based on a linear algebraic framework, allowing the use of many common linear algebra tools (e.g, SVD, PCA) for studying a matrix representation of the operator. Remarkably, the formulation allows us not only to localize shape differences on the shapes involved, but also to compare shape differences across pairs of shapes, and to analyze the variability in entire shape collections based on the differences between the shapes. Moreover, while we use a map or correspondence to define each shape difference, consistent correspondences between the shapes are not necessary for comparing shape differences, although they can be exploited if available. We give a number of applications of shape differences, including parameterizing the intrinsic variability in a shape collection, exploring shape collections using local variability at different scales, performing shape analogies, and aligning shape collections.
Diterpenoids from <i>Euphorbia peplus</i> (2000)

From a pro-inflammatory active extract of Euphorbia peplus, two new diterpene polyesters based on the pepluane and jatrophane skeletons were isolated, together with four known ingenane and jatrophane diterpenes. The structures were determined on the basis of extensive NMR studies. Ingenol 3-angelate, which was obtained for the first time from this plant, is an irritant toxin with high activity.
The continuing transformation (2000)

The chapters in this latest edition of China Briefing reflect broadly on China's transformation in the twentieth century. The authors not only examine developments in China over the 1997-1999 period, but also place these events in a wider historical perspective by addressing the following questions: Where has China traveled over the course of the century? To what extent has it been transformed, and how? What are the enduring themes or points of continuity, even during a century of great change and transformation? And what are China's prospects for the future?
Protein characterization and targeted disruption of <i>Grg</i>, a mouse gene related to the <i>groucho</i> transcript of the <i>Drosophila enhancer of split</i> complex (1995)

The Grg gene encodes a 197 amino acid protein homologous to the amino-terminal domain of the product of the groucho gene of the Drosophila Enhancer of split complex. Analysis with a polyclonal antisera specific for the Grg protein revealed that Grg is a 25 kd nuclear protein that can participate in specific protein-protein interactions. A null mutation of the Grg gene was constructed by gene targeting. Mice homozygous for this mutation completed embryogenesis and were born, but exhibited varying degrees of post-natal growth deficiency. No dosage-sensitive genetic interaction was detected between the Notch1 and Grg genes in mice heterozygous for a Notch1 mutant allele and homozygous for the Grg null mutation.
<i>STREPTOMYCES</i> SPECIES COMPRISING THE BLUE-SPORE SERIES (1963)

Trejo, W. H. (Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, N.J.) and R. E. Bennett. Streptomyces species comprising the blue-spore series. J. Bacteriol. 85:676-690. 1963.-The objective of this study was to define and delimit the streptomycetes of the blue-spored (Viridochromogenes) series. The series, as defined in this study, includes 11 blue and blue-green species. The green-spored species were excluded on the basis of morphology as well as color. It was proposed that NRRL B-1511 be designated as the neotype strain of Streptomyces viridochromogenes (Krainsky) Waksman and Henrici, and that IMRU 3761 be designated as the neotype for Streptomyces cyaneus (Krassilnikov) Waksman. Evidence was presented to show that physiological criteria cannot be used to differentiate these organisms below the series level. The major characteristics of the Viridochromogenes series are blue to blue-green spores borne in spirals, and chromogenicity (melanin-positive). Reverse color and spore morphology provide a basis for separation below the series level.
Adsorption compressor for acquisition and compression of atmospheric CO2 on Mars (1997)

A flight-prototype zeolite adsorption compressor is being developed as a reliable, efficient, cost-effective means of extracting and compressing atmospheric C02 on the surface of Mars for use as the first stage of a Mars in-sity C02 to 02 chemical conversion process.
Influence of Various Surfactants on Size, Morphology, and Optical Properties of CeO<sub><b>2</b></sub> Nanostructures via Facile Hydrothermal Route (2013)

Different surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB,) assisted cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) nanoparticles were synthesized by using cerium chloride and potassium hydroxide as the starting materials via facile hydrothermal route. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that cubic fluorite-type structure of pure CeO 2 and the average crystallite sizes were calculated to be ~ 12–16 nm. Raman spectra of various surfactants assisted CeO 2 consist of a single triply degenerated F 2 g mode characteristic of the fluorite structure. The elongated spherical-like morphology of SDS assisted CeO 2 samples was observed from the SEM and TEM studies. Optical absorption spectra showed a blue shift by the capped CeO 2 due to the quantum confinement effect. Photoluminescence (PL) emission studies shows that there is a change in the intensity of emission peaks by the capping agents, which indicates that the capping layers did result in size changes or increased surface defect.
Scalable heterogeneous programming tools (2002)

We study the heterogeneous use of two programming paradigms for heterogeneous computing called Cluster-M and HAsC. Both paradigms can efficiently support heterogeneous networks by preserving a level of abstraction which does not include any architecture mapping details. Furthermore, they are both machine independent and hence are scalable. Unlike almost all existing heterogeneous orchestration tools which are MIMD based, HAsC is based on the fundamental concepts of SIMD associative computing. HAsC models a heterogeneous network as a coarse grained associative computer and is designed to optimize the execution of problems with large ratios of computations to instructions. Ease of programming and execution speed, not the utilization of idle resources are the primary goals of HAsC. On the other hand, Cluster-M is a generic technique that can be applied to both coarse grained as well as fine grained networks. Cluster-M provides an environment for porting various tasks onto the machines in a heterogeneous suite such that resource utilization is maximized and the overall execution time is minimized. We illustrate how these two paradigms can be used together to provide an efficient medium for heterogeneous programming. Finally, their scalability is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of Slurries Used for Chemical‐Mechanical Polishing (CMP) in the Semiconductor Industry (2003)

In the chemical‐mechanical polishing applied during the manufacture of semiconductor devices the polishing slurry is of major importance for the processing result and hence, a permanent, strict monitoring of the slurry properties is necessary. For this purpose qualified particle size analysis methods for the characterization of the solid particles used in the CMP slurries are required. Additionally, small amounts of agglomerates and large particles have to be detected.
Capstone Course: HVAC Systems Design at University of Wyoming (2020)

Abstract HVAC SYSTEMS CAPSTONE DESIGN AT UNIVERSITY OF WYOMINGThe architectural engineering program at the University of Wyoming offers four HVAC courses,beginning with the fundamentals of HVAC and culminating in a capstone design course. Thispaper describes the experiences we encountered over the past several years while developing andteaching the HVAC curricula in the Architectural Engineering program. We emphasize theimportance of how such disciplines as thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer andelectricity together create a successful curriculum. In addition, we describe briefly the history ofthe architectural engineering curriculum at University of Wyoming, the capstone design HVACproject, and the HVAC design process.Most importantly, project methodology will be discussed, beginning with system selection (fancoil, VAV terminal box, under floor air distribution system, displacement ventilation and beamsystem), heating and cooling load estimation, systems sizing, airflow distribution,commissioning and culminating with administrative topics. We demonstrate this methodologythrough the use of a comprehensive design project.We discuss the capstone design program from students’ point of view, and the experience earnedin design, integration, and also in written and oral communication skills. Methodology used toevaluate the effectiveness of the capstone design program in term of learning outcomes is alsodescribed.
High SNR Analysis for MIMO Broadcast Channels: Dirty Paper Coding Versus Linear Precoding (2007)

In this correspondence, we compare the achievable throughput for the optimal strategy of dirty paper coding (DPC) to that achieved with suboptimal and lower complexity linear precoding techniques (zero-forcing and block diagonalization). Both strategies utilize all available spatial dimensions and therefore have the same multiplexing gain, but an absolute difference in terms of throughput does exist. The sum rate difference between the two strategies is analytically computed at asymptotically high SNR. Furthermore, the difference is not affected by asymmetric channel behavior when each user has a different average SNR. Weighted sum rate maximization is also considered. In the process, it is shown that allocating user powers in direct proportion to user weights asymptotically maximizes weighted sum rate.
Biorobotic adhesion in water using suction cups (2008)

Echeneid fish, limpets and octopi use suction cups for underwater adhesion. When echeneid fish use suckers to 'hitch a ride' on sharks (which have riblet-patterned skins), the apparent absence of any pump or plumbing may be an advantage over biorobotic suction cups. An intriguing question is: How do they achieve seemingly persistent leak-free contact at low energy cost over rough surfaces? The design features of their suckers are explored in a biorobotic context of adhesion in water over rough surfaces. We have carried out experiments to compare the release force and tenacity of man-made suction cups with those reported for limpets and echeneid fish. Applied tensile and shear release forces were monotonically increased until release. The effects of cup size and type, host surface roughness, curvature and liquid surface tension have been examined. The flow of water in the sharkskin-like host surface roughness has been characterized. The average tenacity is 5.28 N cm(-2) (sigma = 0.53 N cm(-2), N = 37) in the sub-ambient pressure range of 14.6-49.0 kPa, in man-made cups for monotonically increasing applied release force. The tenacity is lower for harmonically oscillating release forces. The dynamic structural interactions between the suction cup and the oscillating applied forcing are discussed. Inspired by the matching of sharkskin riblet topology in echeneid fish suckers, it was found that biorobotic sealed contact over rough surfaces is also feasible when the suction cup makes a negative copy of the rough host surface. However, for protracted, persistent contact, the negative topology would have to be maintained by active means. Energy has to be spent to maintain the negative host roughness topology to minute detail, and protracted hitch-riding on sharks for feeding may not be free for echeneid fish. Further work is needed on the mechanism and efficiency of the densely populated tiny actuators in the fish suckers that maintain leak-proof contact with minimal energy cost and the feasibility of their biorobotic replication.
Genomic of circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer (2007)

1002 Background: Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is an incurable condition and palliative treatments are selected by considering pre-treatment prognostic and predictive factors. Recently, we reported the detection of CTCs to be predictive of prognosis and treatment efficacy and reasoned they might also be used to assess biological characteristics of the patient’s tumor to improve on treatment selection. Methods: Twenty patients with newly diagnosed MBC were enrolled in a prospective clinical trial designed to assess the baseline value of CTCs, evaluate the expression of selected genes in CTCs, and compare the expression of same biomarkers in the primary tumor (PT) and/or metastatic site (MS), as determined by standard IHC and FISH. CTCs were assessed by CellSearch, and subjected to real-time PCR (qPCR) for the expression of transcripts for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2), notch-1, and mammaglobin (MGB) using commercial primers. Results: Sixteen of patients had =1CTCs. With respect to biomarkers of PT, 17 were ER+, 11 PR+, and 3 HER-2 amplified. Among the 15 patients with MS, the biomarkers were as follows: 9 ER+, 7 PR+, and 2 HER-2 amplified. There were significant associations between the primary and metastatic tumors with respect to the presence of ER (χ 2 = 6.516, P = 0.0107), PR (χ 2 = 5.529, P = 0.0187), and HER-2 (χ 2 = 3.938, P = 0.0472). The qPCR of CTCs detected transcripts: ER in 3 patients (15%); PR in none (0%); MGB and HER-2 in 2 (10%) and 11 patients (55%), respectively. Notch-1 transcripts were detected in 13 patients (65%). CTCs with detectable transcripts of HER-2 were more likely to co-express notch-1 transcripts (χ 2 = 4.295, P = 0.038). Of the 4 samples without detectable CTCs, one was HER-2 positive, and three had notch- 1 transcripts. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a significant concordance in biomarkers expression between the tumor cells of the primary tumors and the metastatic site. Furthermore, it suggests that CTCs differ significantly from those tumor cells with regards to the expression of hormone-receptor and HER-2 status. Thus, CTCs may represent a unique and heterogeneous cell population which phenotype and “homing” properties should be further investigated. [Table: see text]
Reconceptualising socio-economic rights in the transitional justice discipline (2017)

This article questions whether sufficient attention is given to addressing violations of socio-economic rights in the transitional justice context. Economic and Social rights (ESR) are rights associated with areas such as health, education, employment and housing. They are binding international legal standards and their protection extends to some of the most vulnerable groups in society. Transitional justice is the discipline examining the mechanisms through which the wrongs of a prior regime can be addressed when a state moves from illiberal regime to liberal democracy. The discourse has focussed increasing attention on socio-economic dimensions of transitional justice without fully grasping the nature or status of socio-economic rights law. This article uses a legal perspective in order to ask whether theories of prioritisation, judicial incrementalism and deliberative democracy will assist in ensuring pre-transition structural inequalities are addressed as part of the transitional justice paradigm and in accordance with international law requirements. It is argued that the emerging approach of addressing socio-economic rights violations through means of reparation may fail to address the structural inequalities associated with the prior regime. This article proposes that new and alternative structures must be imagined if the transitional justice discipline is to adequately address socio-economic violations in an emerging democracy with a view to establishing long term peace.
Absolute Quantitative Comparison of Instantaneous QRS Equipotentials on a Normal Subject with Dipole Potentials on a Homogeneous Torso Model (1955)

Quantitative results of a critical experiment designed to determine influence of human-body inhomogeneity and applicability of fixed-location dipole hypothesis for ventricular depolarization are presented. Results reflect in pictorial form, conclusions that the fixed-location dipole representation is approximately 95 per cent accurate for the QRS complex at any body-surface point; influence of inhomogeneities on surface potentials is roughly ±10 per cent.
Predicting Plant Communities in the Vicinity of Wheat Crops and Vineyards in Europe using Participatory Modeling (2021)

The risk assessment of pesticide use on non-target terrestrial plants is currently based on standardized greenhouse tests with a limited number of mostly crop plant species. Higher
 tier tests or assessments of any kind (e.g., field, semi-field, landscape studies) are not standardized. In this study we explored an approach to inform such a higher level by collecting
 datasets and information at European scale to characterize the vegetation communities that are likely to grow in the off-field areas of wheat and vine crops. The EUNIS (European
 Nature Information System) habitat classification was used to identify eight man-made habitats considered characteristic of the off-field areas in the European agricultural landscape.
 These habitats are spatially identified on the bases of a modelling process where vegetation plots, taken from the European Vegetation Archive, were used as observations and climate,
 soil, topographic, population density parameters and Remote Sensed Essential Biodiversity Variables as predictors. This modelling results in habitat suitability maps. The habitats are
 also described in terms of species frequencies and abundances, and to plant traits underlying possible vulnerability to pesticide exposure requested from the TRY plant trait database.
 Wheat and vine crop spatial data were derived from EUROSTAT and the QUICKScan methodology was used to combine all these data. We conclude that this method is helpful in
 reaching the objective as described in this paper. Its potential is that it can be extended probabilistically or linked to plant effect models.
Essential Role for Estrogen Receptor β in Stromal-Epithelial Regulation of Prostatic Hyperplasia (2006)

Estrogens, acting via estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta, exert direct and indirect actions on prostate growth and differentiation. Previous studies using animal models to determine the role of ERbeta in the prostate have been problematic because the centrally mediated response to estrogen results in reduced androgen levels and prostatic epithelial regression, potentially masking any direct effects via ERbeta. This study overcomes this problem by using the estrogen-deficient aromatase knockout mouse and tissue recombination to provide new insight into estrogen action on prostate growth and pathology. Homo- and heterotypic aromatase knockout tissue recombinants revealed stromal aromatase deficiency induced hyperplasia in normal prostatic epithelium due to disruption of paracrine interaction between stroma and epithelia. Treatment of tissue recombinants with an ERbeta-specific agonist demonstrated that stimulation of ERbeta elicits antiproliferative responses in epithelium that are not influenced by alterations to systemic androgen levels or the activation of ERalpha. Additionally, work performed with intact aromatase knockout mice demonstrated that the administration of an ERbeta-specific agonist ablated preexisting prostatic epithelial hyperplasia, whereas an ERalpha-specific agonist did not. Therefore, failed activation of ERbeta, resulting from local stromal aromatase deficiency, in conjunction with increased androgen levels, results in increased epithelial cell proliferation and prostatic hyperplasia. These data demonstrate essential and beneficial effects of estrogens that are necessary for normal growth of the prostate and distinguishes them from those that adversely alter prostate growth and differentiation. This highlights the potential of selective estrogen-receptor modulators, rather than aromatase inhibitors, for the management of dysregulated prostate growth.
Nanoparticles and Nanocapsules Created Using the Ouzo Effect: Spontaneous Emulsification as an Alternative to Ultrasonic and High‐Shear Devices (2005)

The preparation of polymeric particles and capsules by means of spontaneous droplet formation and subsequent polymer precipitation or synthesis is well-known. However, spontaneous emulsification is a phenomenon that has often been erroneously interpreted. This Minireview provides new insights into the preparation of metastable liquid dispersions by homogeneous liquid-liquid nucleation, and is based primarily on a recent study by Vitale and Katz (Langmuir, 2003, 19, 4105-4110). This spontaneous emulsification, which they named the Ouzo effect, occurs upon pouring, into water, a mixture of a totally water-miscible solvent and a hydrophobic oil--and optionally some water--thus generating long-lived small droplets, which are formed even though no surfactant is present. Herein, we review and reinterpret the most relevant publications on the synthesis of a variety of dispersions (pseudolatexes, silicone emulsions, biodegradable polymeric nanocapsules, etc.), which we believe have actually been synthesized using the Ouzo effect. The Ouzo effect may also become a substitute for high-shear techniques, which, to date have only been of limited utility on industrial scales.
Tick Histamine Release Factor Is Critical for Ixodes scapularis Engorgement and Transmission of the Lyme Disease Agent (2010)

Ticks are distributed worldwide and affect human and animal health by transmitting diverse infectious agents. Effective vaccines against most tick-borne pathogens are not currently available. In this study, we characterized a tick histamine release factor (tHRF) from Ixodes scapularis and addressed the vaccine potential of this antigen in the context of tick engorgement and B. burgdorferi transmission. Results from western blotting and quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR showed that tHRF is secreted in tick saliva, and upregulated in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks. Further, the expression of tHRF was coincident with the rapid feeding phase of the tick, suggesting a role for tHRF in tick engorgement and concomitantly, for efficient B. burgdorferi transmission. Silencing tHRF by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly impaired tick feeding and decreased B. burgdorferi burden in mice. Interfering with tHRF by actively immunizing mice with recombinant tHRF, or passively transferring tHRF antiserum, also markedly reduced the efficiency of tick feeding and B. burgdorferi burden in mice. Recombinant tHRF was able to bind to host basophils and stimulate histamine release. Therefore, we speculate that tHRF might function in vivo to modulate vascular permeability and increase blood flow to the tick bite-site, facilitating tick engorgement. These findings suggest that blocking tHRF might offer a viable strategy to complement ongoing efforts to develop vaccines to block tick feeding and transmission of tick-borne pathogens.
Regioselective Reaction of Oxiranes with <i>S</i>-Phenyl Thioesters Catalyzed by Quaternary Onium Salts or Crown Ether–Metal Salt Complexes (1989)

Abstract Regioselective addition reactions of 2-substituted oxiranes with S-phenyl thioesters gave 2-aceyloxy-1-phenylthio derivatives in high yield using some 18-crown-6–metal complexes as well as tetrabutylammonium salts as a catalyst under relatively mild conditions.