gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maintenance Energy Demand and Starvation Recovery Dynamics of<i>Nitrosomonas europaea</i>and<i>Nitrobacter winogradskyi</i>Cultivated in a Retentostat with Complete Biomass Retention (1999)

Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradskyi (strain "Engel") were grown in ammonia-limited and nitrite-limited conditions, respectively, in a retentostat with complete biomass retention at 25 degrees C and pH 8. Fitting the retentostat biomass and oxygen consumption data of N. europaea and N. winogradskyi to the linear equation for substrate utilization resulted in up to eight-times-lower maintenance requirements compared to the maintenance energy demand (m) calculated from chemostat experiments. Independent of the growth rate at different stages of such a retention culture, the maximum specific oxygen consumption rate measured by mass spectrometric analysis of inlet and outlet gas oxygen content always amounted to approximately 45 micromol of O2 mg-1 of biomass-C x h-1 for both N. europaea and N. winogradskyi. When bacteria were starved for different time periods (up to 3 months), the spontaneous respiratory activity after an ammonia or nitrite pulse decreased with increasing duration of the previous starvation time period, but the observed decrease was many times faster for N. winogradskyi than for N. europaea. Likewise, the velocity of resuscitation decreased with extended time periods of starvation. The increase in oxygen consumption rates during resuscitation referred to the reviving population only, since in parallel no significant increase in the cell concentrations was detectable. N. europaea more readily recovers from starvation than N. winogradskyi, explaining the occasionally observed nitrite accumulation in the environment after ammonia becomes available. From chloramphenicol (100 microg x ml-1) inhibition experiments with N. winogradskyi, it has been concluded that energy-starved cells must have a lower protein turnover rate than nonstarved cells. As pointed out by Stein and Arp (L. Y. Stein and D. J. Arp, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1514-1521, 1998), nitrifying bacteria in soil have to cope with extremely low nutrient concentrations. Therefore, a chemostat is probably not a suitable tool for studying their physiological properties during a long-lasting nutrient shortage. In comparison with chemostats, retentostats offer a more realistic approach with respect to substrate provision and availability.
Directly digital flow controller with rapid response time and high precision (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirectly digital flow controller with rapid response time and high precisionT. W. Hunter and G. M. HieftjeCite this: Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 2, 209–212Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50024a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50024a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views36Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Threshold voltage variations with temperature in MOS transistors (1971)

Variations with temperature in the threshold voltage of n- and p-channel MOS transistors are obtained by calculation as well as measurement, with the results comparing quite closely. The amount of voltage change per °C under normal operating conditions is found to be dependent upon the channel doping concentration. The calculations show that for either n- or p-channel devices the voltage change per °C is -4 mV/°C for an impurity concentration of 3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">16</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> and -2 mV/°C for an impurity concentration of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . This information is important because if the MOS transistor is subjected to a changing temperature environment, the accompanying threshold voltage change may be intolerable.
A Galileo E6-B/C Receiver: Signals, Prototype, Tests and Performance (2016)

Galileo satellites are transmitting the E6-B/C signals reserved for the Galileo Commercial Service (CS), which aims at providing precise point positioning (PPP) and authentication services, mainly for professional users, through a 492-bps signal and encrypted spreading codes. IfEN GmbH developed and tested a full CS E6-B/C receiver whose results are presented in this paper. This paper mainly covers four aspects: the Galileo E6-B/C signals, the Galileo CS receiver prototype, the testing campaign and the test results. The first part of the paper focuses on the CS signal definition. While most elements of the CS signal are in the public domain, there is no single reference that provides a full description of all the information required to process the E6-B/C (un-encrypted) signals in a receiver. This paper presents a comprehensive description of the E6-B/C signal frequencies, power, modulation, primary and secondary codes, data coding scheme and message structure. It must be noticed that the full data structure will partly depend on the future high accuracy service providers and its access may be controlled. While the Galileo Commercial Services will foreseeably be access-controlled, the signals will be partly openly accessible, so that receivers can freely use the 3 frequencies of Galileo (E1, E5 and E6). The second part of the paper describes the Galileo E6-B/C receiver prototype, based on IFEN's NTR receiver. The receiver incorporates E1, E5ab and E6 front-ends and is able to process GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, BDS, SBAS and IRNSS signals. Some receiver specificities related to the E6-B/C signals are also described, as the handling of encrypted codes, the record and storage of sample streams for remote authentication based on encrypted spreading codes, or on-the-fly CS encryption key handling. The third part of the paper presents the test campaign carried out by IFEN GmbH. This part presents an overview of the test scenarios, which included both simulated and real data testing, in static and dynamic (urban, suburban) scenarios. The fourth part of the paper addresses the test results obtained with the CS receiver prototype. The paper finalizes by presenting some conclusions and proposing further work.
Cell-specific β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity in cultures and field populations of eukaryotic marine phytoplankton (2008)

It is widely appreciated that eukaryotic marine phytoplankton can hydrolyze a variety of compounds within the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in marine environments. Herein, cultures and field populations of marine phytoplankton were assayed for beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity, a terminal enzyme of chitin degradation. A traditional bulk assay, which can assess hydrolytic rate, but is not cell-specific, was complemented with a cell-specific assay that images the activity associated with single cells using an enzyme labeled fluorescence (ELF) substrate. beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was widespread across various taxa of marine phytoplankton, and activity was observed both under controlled culture conditions and in field populations. The number of cells with enzyme activity varied with the nutritional physiology of the test species in three of the 17 cultures tested. In these three cases the number of cells with activity in the low nutrient medium was higher than in nutrient replete medium. Taken together, these data suggest that a broad group of marine phytoplankton may be a relevant part of chitin-like DOM degradation and should be incorporated into conceptual models of chitin cycling in marine systems.
Studies of the Control of Plasma Aldosterone Concentration in Normal Man (1972)

The peripheral plasma levels of aldosterone, renin activity, potassium, sodium, corticosterone, and cortisol were measured in six normal subjects four times daily-10 a.m., 2 p.m., 5 p.m., 11 p.m.-on 3 consecutive days. A constant daytime activity program was maintained throughout the study. After 5 days on a 10 mEq sodium/100 mEq potassium isocaloric intake, the mean upright 10 a.m. plasma renin activity was 1773+/-186 ng/100 ml per 3 hr and the mean plasma aldosterone, 81+/-14 ng/100 ml. These two parameters fell continuously throughout the day parallel to the fall in plasma cortisol and corticosterone. In response to 2 liters of normal saline infused from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. on 2 consecutive days, plasma aldosterone levels fell significantly to 13+/-5 ng/100 ml at 2 p.m. after the 1st day's infusion and to 6+/-1 ng/100 ml at 2 p.m. after the 2nd. Plasma renin activity demonstrated a parallel fall to 368+/-63 ng/100 ml per 3 hr and 189+/-27 ng/100 ml per 3 hr at 2 p.m. on the 1st and 2nd days, respectively. There was no significant alteration in plasma levels of cortisol, corticosterone, potassium, or sodium on the 2 days of sodium loading in comparison with the control day. In an additional study, five normal supine subjects received 500 ml saline/hr for 6 hr. As in the 2 day study, plasma aldosterone and renin activity had parallel decrements at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hr after the start of the saline infusion. From these studies, it is concluded that plasma renin activity is the dominant factor controlling plasma aldosterone when sodium-depleted normal subjects are acutely repleted.
Probabilistic Relationships between Ground-Motion Parameters and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California (2012)

We use a database of approximately 200,000 modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) observations of California earthquakes collected from USGS “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) reports, along with a comparable number of peak ground‐motion amplitudes from California seismic networks, to develop probabilistic relationships between MMI and peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground acceleration (PGA), and 0.3‐s, 1‐s, and 3‐s 5% damped pseudospectral acceleration (PSA). After associating each ground‐motion observation with an MMI computed from all the DYFI responses within 2 km of the observation, we derived a joint probability distribution between MMI and ground motion. We then derived reversible relationships between MMI and each ground‐motion parameter by using a total least squares regression to fit a bilinear function to the median of the stacked probability distributions. Among the relationships, the fit to peak ground velocity has the smallest errors, though linear combinations of PGA and PGV give nominally better results. We also find that magnitude and distance terms reduce the overall residuals and are justifiable on an information theoretic basis. For intensities MMI≥5, our results are in close agreement with the relations of Wald, Quitoriano, Heaton, and Kanamori (1999); for lower intensities, our results fall midway between Wald, Quitoriano, Heaton, and Kanamori (1999) and those of Atkinson and Kaka (2007). The earthquakes in the study ranged in magnitude from 3.0 to 7.3, and the distances ranged from less than a kilometer to about 400 km from the source.

Online Material: Figures showing the relationship between 0.3 s, 1.0 s, and 3.0 s pseudospectral acceleration and MMI.
Characterization of MYC-Induced Tumorigenesis by in Situ Lipid Profiling (2013)

We apply desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) to provide an in situ lipidomic profile of genetically modified tissues from a conditional transgenic mouse model of MYC-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This unique, label-free approach of combining DESI-MSI with the ability to turn specific genes on and off has led to the discovery of highly specific lipid molecules associated with MYC-induced tumor onset. We are able to distinguish normal from MYC-induced malignant cells. Our approach provides a strategy to define a precise molecular picture at a resolution of about 200 μm that may be useful in identifying lipid molecules that define how the MYC oncogene initiates and maintains tumorigenesis.
Industrial lasers and their applications (1985)

Principles of optics solid state concepts radiometry, photometry, optical device parameters, and specifications light detection devices introduction to the laser laser theory laser beam properties types of lasers using low-power lasers for alignment, gauging and inspection introduction to interferometry holographic and speckle interferometry interaction of high-power laser beams with materials high power laser systems and applications.
Information Equals Amortized Communication (2011)

We show how to efficiently simulate the sending of a message to a receiver who has partial information about the message, so that the expected number of bits communicated in the simulation is close to the amount of additional information that the message reveals to the receiver who has some information about the message. This is a generalization and strengthening of the Slepian Wolf theorem, which shows how to carry out such a simulation with low amortized communication in the case that the message is a deterministic function of an input. A caveat is that our simulation is interactive. As a consequence, we prove that the internal information cost(namely the information revealed to the parties) involved in computing any relation or function using a two party interactive protocol is exactly equal to the amortized communication complexity of computing independent copies of the same relation or function. We also show that the only way to prove a strong direct sum theorem for randomized communication complexity is by solving a particular variant of the pointer jumping problem that we define. Our work implies that a strong direct sum theorem for communication complexity holds if and only if efficient compression of communication protocols is possible.
A TDC-Less 7 mW 2.5 Gb/s Digital CDR With Linear Loop Dynamics and Offset-Free Data Recovery (2011)

A digital clock and data recovery circuit (CDR) employs hybrid analog/digital phase detection to achieve linear loop dynamics and to eliminate the nonlinearity and quantization error of a bang-bang phase detector. The proposed architecture achieves constant jitter transfer bandwidth independent of input data jitter and reduces the sensitivity to digitally-controlled oscillator's frequency quantization error and consecutive identical digits. The hybrid phase detection scheme also helps decouple jitter generation from jitter transfer characteristics of the CDR. The proto-type digital CDR fabricated in 0.13 μm CMOS technology achieves error-free operation (BER <; 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> ) for PRBS data sequences ranging from 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> - 1 to 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31</sup> -1 sequence lengths over 0.5 Gb/s to 3.2 Gb/s data rates. At 2.5 Gb/s, the CDR consumes 7 mW power from a single 1.2 V supply and the recovered clock jitter is 5.7 ps rms.
Electrochemically exfoliated graphene using 9-anthracene carboxylic acid for supercapacitor application (2012)

A green approach for the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite to graphene is reported. After the exfoliation of graphite, the 9-anthracene carboxylate ion (ACA), which was used as an electrolyte, was adsorbed on the surface of graphene through noncovalent interaction. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the exfoliation of graphite to graphene. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses show the formation of single layer graphene. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirm the noncovalent attachment of ACA on the surface of graphene. The 9-anthracene carboxylic acid modified graphene (ACEG) shows good electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 577 F g−1 in 1 M H2SO4. The ACEG electrode shows 83.4% retention in specific capacitance after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. A high coulombic efficiency of 102% is also observed indicating its suitability as energy storage electrode materials.
Neural Function Rebuilding on Different Bodies Using Microelectronic Neural Bridge Technique (2010)

A microelectronic circuit is used to regenerate the neural signals between the proximal end and the distal end of an injured nerve. An experimental scheme is designed and carried out to verify the feasibility of the so-called microelectronic neural bridge (MNB). The sciatic signals of the source spinal toad which are evoked by chemical stimuli are used as source signals to stimulate the sciatic of the controlled spinal toad. The sciatic nerve signals of the source spinal toad, the regenerated sciatic signals in the controlled spinal toad, and the resulting electromyography (EMG) signals associated with the gastrocnemius muscle movements of the controlled spinal toad are displayed and recorded by an oscilloscope. By analyzing the coherence between the source sciatic nerve signals and the regenerated sciatic nerve signals and the coherence between the regenerated nerve signals and the EMG signals, it is proved that the regenerated sciatic nerve signals have a relationship with the source sciatic nerve signals and control shrinkage of the leg of the controlled toad.
Molecular genetic basis for complex flagellar antigen expression in a triphasic serovar of Salmonella. (1991)

Strains of most Salmonella serovars produce either one (monophasic) or two (diphasic) antigenic forms of flagellin protein, but strains capable of expressing three or more serologically distinct flagellins ("complex" serovars) have occasionally been reported. A molecular genetic analysis of a triphasic strain of the normally diphasic serovar Salmonella rubislaw revealed that it has three flagellin genes, including the normal fliC (phase 1) and fljB (phase 2) chromosomal genes encoding type r and type e,n,x flagellins, respectively, and a third locus (herein designated as flpA) that is located on a large plasmid (pRKS01) and codes for a type d flagellin. The coding sequence of the plasmid-borne gene is similar to that of a phase 1 chromosomal gene, but the sequence of its promoter region is homologous to that of a phase 2 chromosomal gene. The irreversible loss of the ability to express a type d flagellin that occurs when the triphasic strain is grown in the presence of d antiserum is caused by deletion of part or all of the flpA gene. Thus, the molecular basis for the unusual serological reactions of the triphasic strain of S. rubislaw and, by inference, other complex serovars of Salmonella is explained. Plasmids of the type carried by the triphasic strain of S. rubislaw provide a mechanism for the generation of new serovars through the lateral transfer and recombination of flagellin genes.
Analysis and Design of a Novel High-Step-Up DC/DC Converter With Coupled Inductors (2017)

A new high step-up interleaved converter is proposed in this paper. This new high step-up converter utilizes the interleaved boost converter to be in series connection with the voltage-double module. The secondary sides of the coupled inductors are in interleaved series connection and shared by two voltage-double modules to accomplish the interleaved energy storage. Then, the input voltage, coupled-inductors, and multiplier capacitors are in series connection with the output to achieve the purpose of high voltage gain. The proposed circuit can be operated at a lower duty cycle to achieve high voltage gain by adjusting the turn ratio of the coupled inductors. The proposed circuit has less elements and the voltage stress of the switches and diodes can be decreased to reduce the cost. The conduction loss can be reduced and the efficiency can be increased when the switch with lower conduction resistance is applied. Finally, a prototype circuit of a 400 W high step-up converter with input voltage of 24 V and output voltage of 400 V is realized. Through simulation and experiments, the validity and property of the proposed converter can be verified.
Enhanced luminescence of Tb3+/Eu3+ doped tellurium oxide glass containing silver nanostructures (2009)

We report on energy transfer studies in terbium (Tb3+)—europium (Eu3+) doped TeO2–ZnO–Na2O–PbO glass containing silver nanostructures. The samples excitation was made using ultraviolet radiation at 355 nm. Luminescence spectra were recorded from ≈480 to ≈700 nm. Enhanced Eu3+ luminescence at ≈590 nm (transition D50−F71) and ≈614 nm (transition D50−F72) are observed. The large luminescence enhancement was obtained due to the simultaneous contribution of the Tb3+–Eu3+ energy transfer and the contribution of the intensified local field on the Eu3+ ions located near silver nanostructures.
Production of radioisotopes by direct electron activation (1998)

High-energy electrons bombarded on materials can induce radioactivity by either directly knocking out neutrons or by first converting a fraction of the electron kinetic energy into electromagnetic energy, with subsequent neutron emission induced by the photons produced. The purpose of this paper was to develop a calculation method for estimating neutron emission and radionuclide production by high-energy (15-25 MeV) electrons directly interacting with a nucleus. The reaction (e,n) is considered using the method of virtual photons. The cross section for electron bombardment of lead, tantalum, rhenium, and tungsten targets is calculated. The electron cross sections are roughly 100 times less than the corresponding photon cross sections. The cross section increases monotonically with incident energy. A traveling wave linear accelerator was used for a qualitative test of the magnitude and energy dependence of the calculated cross sections. Tantalum was bombarded with electrons and the resultant emission of neutrons was inferred from the induced activation of 180Ta. The energy dependence and magnitude of the calculated electron cross sections agree with experiment within experimental uncertainties. It is concluded that accurate estimates of electron activation via the direct process is possible.