gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-order soliton breakup and soliton self-frequency shifts in a microstructured optical fiber (2006)

Ultrashort pulse propagation in a polarization-maintaining microstructured fiber (with 1 μm core diameter and 1.1 m length) is investigated experimentally and theoretically. For an 80 MHz train of 130 fs pulses with average powers up to 13.8 mW launched into the lowest transverse mode of the fiber, the output spectra consist of discrete, multiple solitons that shift continuously to lower energies. The number of solitons and the amount that they shift both increase with the launched power. All of the data are quantitatively consistent with solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, but only when the Raman nonlinearity is treated without approximation, and self-steepening is included. These results remove any ambiguity as to the nature of these multiple solitons; they arise owing to the breakup of high-order solitons in the presence of nonlinear processes beyond self-phase modulation.
Limits of temperature separation in a vortex tube (1994)

The heating and cooling in a vortex tube is attributed to conversion of kinetic energy into heat and to the reverse process. A two-component model yields the upper limit for the temperature increase on the hot side: (Th-To)/T0<or=X( gamma -1)/ gamma , and a lower limit for the temperature reduction on the cold side: Tc>or=T0(1-X)( gamma -1/ gamma ), where gamma =1.4 for air, and X=(p0-pc)/p0 is the normalized pressure drop between the inlet (p0) and the cold exhaust port (Pc) Extensive experimental data for a vortex tube of 18 mm inner diameter with working fluid air all fall between these limits. The model predicts that the inlet velocity reaches the speed of sound for X=0.7. No values X>0.7 could be obtained in these experiments, indicating that the flow always remain subsonic.
Testing association for markers on the X chromosome (2007)

Test statistics for association between markers on autosomal chromosomes and a disease have been extensively studied. No research has been reported on performance of such test statistics for association on the X chromosome. With 100,000 or more single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available for genome-wide association studies, thousands of them come from the X chromosome. The X chromosome contains rich information about population history and linkage disequilibrium. To identify X-linked marker susceptibility to a disease, it is important to study properties of various statistics that can be used to test for association on the X chromosome. In this article, we compare performance of several approaches for testing association on the X chromosome, and examine how departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium would affect type I error and power of these association tests using X-linked SNPs. The results are applied to the X chromosome of Klein et al. [2005], a genome-wide association study with 100K SNPs for age-related macular degeneration. We found that a SNP (rs10521496) covered by DIAPH2, known to cause premature ovarian failure (POF) in females, is associated with age-related macular degeneration.
Optical waveguides and devices (1975)

A variety of practical or potential uses of low-optical-loss waveguides and devices for light modulation, deflection, and switching are reviewed. Emphasis is given to those that most likely will become necessary replacements of the bulk for systems involving signal processing, imaging radar, and optical communications. Both the optical properties and structural characteristics of these waveguides suitable for active and passive device applications will be detailed.
[Alcohol and hypertension in sudden cardiac death, features of the status of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system]. (1987)

The activity of blood plasma renin and the renal cortical layer in persons who had suddenly died, was much lower in those with arterial hypertension than in those without it. A more pronounced increase in the activity of blood plasma renin and the renal cortex was noted in persons with hypertension who had died against a background of alcoholic intoxication as compared to persons without hypertension. In sudden cardiac death of persons without hypertension there was a positive correlation between plasma renin activity and alcohol concentration in the blood. Such a correlation was undetectable in the presence of hypertension. In small alcohol concentrations in the blood higher plasma renin activity values were noted in persons with hypertension than in those without it. Aldosterone concentration in the blood of patients with arterial hypertension and without it did not practically differ. The presence of alcohol in persons without hypertension resulted in a significant increase in aldosterone concentration in sudden cardiac death as compared to those with hypertension. A positive correlation between renin activity and aldosterone concentration was noted in all the groups under study.
Characterization of Thiolconjugated Metabolites of 2-Propylpent-4-enoic Acid 4-eneVPA, a Toxic Metabolite of Valproic Acid, by Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry (1996)

The hepatotoxicity of the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA) is most likely associated with the bioactivation of its metabolite 2-propylpent-4-enoic acid (4-ene VPA), which is known to induce hepatic microvesicular steatosis in rats. This paper presents an on-line liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) identification of new glutathione (GSH)-related conjugates of the reactive metabolites of 4-ene VPA. Bile samples collected from male Sprague–Dawley rats dosed intraperitoneally with 4-ene VPA or its [2H7]-analogue (100 mg kg-1) were injected on to an ODS column interfaced to a LC/MS/MS instrument using electrospray ionization. LC was developed such that no overlapping of peaks occurred among those metabolites which may potentially produce common fragment ions of interest. Subsequent comparison of LC retention times and MS/MS full fragment ion spectra generated for putative metabolites with that of authentic reference compounds made available by chemical synthesis confirmed the presence of the GSH, cysteinylglycine, cysteine and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) conjugates of 2-(2′-carboxypentanyl)oxirane (4,5-epoxy VPA) and (E)-2-propylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid ((E)-2,4-diene VPA), respectively. Quantitatively, the biliary thiol conjugates accounted for 5% of the dose. This observation is novel for 4-ene VPA metabolism in terms of the degradation of GSH conjugates to the corresponding mercapturic acids possibly occurring within the liver as opposed to an inter-organ process which involves the kidney. In addition, the GSH- and NAC-glucuronide di-conjugates of (E)-2,4-diene VPA were also identified as the biliary metabolites with the GSH-glucuronide di-conjugate being 10% of the corresponding mono-GSH conjugate. Taken together, these data clearly indicate that reactive metabolites of VPA can react with hepatic GSH via several different metabolic pathways and may subsequently produce depletion of GSH that leads to toxic consequences.
Molecular Bond Formation between Surfaces:  Anchoring and Shearing Effects (2005)

Specific molecular bonds between apposing surfaces play a central role in many biological structures and functions. They display a widely varying anchoring to the cell surface, and they are subject to forces that affect their binding characteristics due to their hydrodynamic environments. Here, we examine both anchoring and shearing aspects using simplified model systems aimed at gaining insight into the formation of a 2D bond collection under stress using two different surface anchors. The highly specific streptavidin-biotin molecular bond was chosen as the model receptor-ligand pair, and grafted colloids were used as model surfaces. To explore the role of the surface anchor, we grafted biotin onto the particle surface following two different approaches: first, the grafting was performed directly on the particle amine functions; second, a 35-nm-long PEG spacer was used. Hybrid particle classes were brought into contact in a homogeneous shear (between 200 s(-)(1) and 1200 s(-)(1)) using a cone plate geometry. The bond association and dissociation kinetics were given by the time course assemblage of hybrid particles into doublets. We observed saturating kinetics profiles that we interpreted as a linkage-breakage equilibrium, which yielded the on and off rates. We found that the biotin-PEG spacer was needed in order to observe significant binding at any shear rate. We also showed that only the number of collisions per unit time, generated by the shear, affected the on rate of the binding. Neither the exerted forces nor the collision lifetime had any effect. The off rate decreased with shear, possibly because of the shortening of the force duration, which results from the increasing shear rate.
The membrane effects of melittin on gastric and colorectal cancer (2019)

The cytotoxic effects of melittin, a bee-venom peptide, have been widely studied towards cancer cells. Typically, these studies have examined the effect of melittin over extended-time courses (6-24 hours), meaning that immediate cellular interactions have been overlooked. In this work, we demonstrate the rapid effects of melittin on both gastric and colorectal cancer, specifically AGS, COLO205 and HCT-15 cell lines, over a period of 15 minutes. Melittin exhibited a dose dependent effect at 4 hours of treatment, with complete cellular death occurring at the highest dose of 20 μg/mL. Interestingly, when observed at shorter time points, melittin induced cellular changes within seconds; membrane damage was observed as swelling, breakage or blebbing. High-resolution imaging revealed treated cells to be compromised, showing clear change in cellular morphology. After 1 minute of melittin treatment, membrane changes were observed, and intracellular material could be seen expelled from the cells. Overall, these results enhance our understanding of the fast acting anti-cancer effects of melittin.
The Life of John A. Rawlins (Grant’s Chief of Staff). By James Harrison Wilson. New York. The Neale Publishing Company. (1917)

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Polydispersity effects in the system poly(ethylene glycol) + dextran + water (1993)

peer reviewed
A framework for automated heart and lung sound analysis using a mobile telemedicine platform (2010)

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2010.
Superoxide is a mediator of an altruistic aging program in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2004)

Aging is believed to be a nonadaptive process that escapes the force of natural selection. Here, we challenge this dogma by showing that yeast laboratory strains and strains isolated from grapes undergo an age- and pH-dependent death with features of mammalian programmed cell death (apoptosis). After 90-99% of the population dies, a small mutant subpopulation uses the nutrients released by dead cells to grow. This adaptive regrowth is inversely correlated with protection against superoxide toxicity and life span and is associated with elevated age-dependent release of nutrients and increased mutation frequency. Computational simulations confirm that premature aging together with a relatively high mutation frequency can result in a major advantage in adaptation to changing environments. These results suggest that under conditions that model natural environments, yeast organisms undergo an altruistic and premature aging and death program, mediated in part by superoxide. The role of similar pathways in the regulation of longevity in organisms ranging from yeast to mice raises the possibility that mammals may also undergo programmed aging.
Nonresonant MALDI of Oligonucleotides:  Mechanism of Ion Desorption (2001)

Oligonucleotide ions have been detected using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) under nonresonant laser irradiation of the sample. When mass resolution was not limited by adduct attachment to the analyte ions, the nonresonant MALDI spectra demonstrated better resolution than the spectra acquired with resonant ultraviolet irradiation. We found that preparation of thin-film samples on absorbing substrate surfaces was critical for the success of NR-MALDI. The possible acoustic mechanisms of ion formation and desorption are discussed.
A first version of UNCOL (1961)

UNCOL--UNiversal Computer Oriented Language--is being designed as an empirical, pragmatic aid to the solution of a fundamental problem of the digital data processing business: automated translation of programs from expressions in an ever increasing set of problem oriented languages into the machine languages of an expanding variety of digital processing devices. By application of a program called a generator, specific to a given problem language, program statements in this problem language are transformed into equivalent UNCOL statements, independent of any consideration of potential target computers. Subsequently, without regard to the identity of the original problem language, the UNCOL statement of the problem is processed by a program called a translator, which is specific to a given target computer, and the result is an expression of the original problem solution in the machine language of the desired processor. The advantage of this apparent complication over the current procedure of employing a program called a compiler for direct transformation from problem language to machine language is evident when one examines the number of languages and machines involved and the not inconsiderable expense of translation program construction. If there are M problem languages and N machines, then M+N compilers are required and only M+N generators and translators.In order to arrive at sensible specifications for UNCOL, certain limitations in its scope are essential. Accordingly, UNCOL is designed to cope with only those problem language and machine language characteristics that can reasonably be expected to enjoy general use in the next decade. Any broader approach shows promise of leading to elegant, impractical results.A glance at the preliminary specifications for UNCOL shows a language akin to a symbolic assembly language for a register-free, single address, indexed machine. The specific commands are few in number and simple in construction, depending on a special defining capability for the expression of more elaborate instructions. The data referencing scheme is complex, allowing the application of a signed index to the primary address, and permitting both the primary and index parts to be delegated to an indefinite level.Each item of data, either input or calculated, must be described as to type, range precision and the like by special data descriptive syntactical sentences in the language. These descriptions, additionally, provide information concerning ultimate storage allocation as well as indicators of contextual meaning for the explicit commands.Supplementary to the instructions and data descriptions are certain declarative sentences, inessential to the explicit statement of the problem solutions being translated, designed to provide information useful to the translator in the introduction of computational efficiency into the object program.
Noninvasive blood flow measurement using speckle signals from a self-mixing laser diode: <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> experiments (2000)

A semiconductor laser speckle velocimeter that uses the self- mixing effect is studied for noninvasive relative blood flow measure- ments. The random modulation of intensity and spectra of the laser di- ode caused by the backcoupling of the scattered light from the red blood cells into the laser cavity is detected as a speckle signal with a photodi- ode inside the laser package. The autocorrelation of this self-mixing speckle signal gives information on the flow velocity of the blood. The proposed method is elucidated with in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results of these measurements are given together with a discussion of dependence of speckle signal of a self-mixing laser diode (SMLD) on various parameters such as velocity, hematocrit level of blood, and back- ground reflectance of blood suspension. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instru- mentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(00)01009-6)
Photothermal excitation for improved cantilever drive performance in tapping mode atomic force microscopy (2014)

Photothermal excitation is an alternative cantilever drive mechanism for tapping mode atomic force microscopy. It uses a power-modulated laser focused on the cantilever to directly drive its oscillation, producing cantilever tunes that match the thermal response almost perfectly. This enables quantitatively accurate AFM imaging and viscoelastic nanomechanical mapping in all environments. In addition, the clean cantilever tunes are stable with time, even in liquids, and therefore result in exceptional imaging stability. Lastly, the ease of use of photothermal excitation and compatibility with small high-frequency cantilevers allows high-speed imaging in both air and liquid environments. We explain the advantages of photothermal excitation in these contexts, and contrast its benefits to problems associated with the well-established piezoacoustic
Control of post anaesthetic shivering with nefopam hydrochloride in mildly hypothermic patients after neurosurgery (1995)

Postoperative shivering may be prevented by maintaining normothermia intraoperatively or it may be treated using specific drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of nefopam hydrochloride (nefopam) to that of clonidine and meperidine in patients undergoing elective neurosurgical procedures. Three groups of patients were included in the study. Patients in group A (60) received i.v., at random, 20 mg of nefopam, 50 mg of meperidine or 150 micrograms of clonidine in the immediate postoperative period. The incidence of shivering and the time at which shivering ceased were noted, along with central temperature and main haemodynamic changes. Group B (20) received i.v., at random, either 10 mg of nefopam or saline before awakening from anaesthesia. The effects of nefopam on central temperature, oxygen consumption (Vo2), carbon dioxide production (VcO2), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and energy expenditure (EE) were investigated. Group C (10) received i.v. 20 mg of nefopam during surgery: cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored. In group A nefopam stopped shivering in 95% of patients when compared to meperidine and clonidine, which were effective in 32% and 40% of patients respectively. In group B, only 10% of patients receiving nefopam had postoperative shivering, Vo2, VcO2 and EE were significantly lower in patients treated with nefopam than those in the control group. No changes in CSFP, CPP or EEG were observed in group C. In conclusion, nefopam seems to be more effective than clonidine or meperidine in quickly suppressing shivering, without producing significant adverse reactions.
Maybe the world's largest automated assembly system? (2007)

Purpose To examine how a very large order assembly system can be designed and commissioned to achieve a throughput of filling 2,400 order totes/h with medical prescription orders. Design/methodology/approach To combine RFID and bar code scanning, individual pill bottle handling, pill dispensing, pre‐packaged carton dispensing with some computer directed manual operations were key to meeting a goal of automatically filling tens of thousands of line items per day. Findings Combining automated pill dispensing with automated small item order filling and computer directed pick‐to‐light manual item picking results in a single integrated system. A careful design by experienced suppliers is important to achieving successful commissioning in a timely manner. Read/write RFID technology plays an important role in insuring accuracy and traceability of each prescription bottle. Originality/value Shows that complex order filling applications such as the highly regulated medical prescription filling can be automated to obtain improvements in accuracy and through put while reducing direct labor costs.
Simulating Hamiltonian Dynamics (2005)

Geometric integrators are time-stepping methods, designed such that they exactly satisfy conservation laws, symmetries or symplectic properties of a system of differential equations. In this book the authors outline the principles of geometric integration and demonstrate how they can be applied to provide efficient numerical methods for simulating conservative models. Beginning from basic principles and continuing with discussions regarding the advantageous properties of such schemes, the book introduces methods for the N-body problem, systems with holonomic constraints, and rigid bodies. More advanced topics treated include high-order and variable stepsize methods, schemes for treating problems involving multiple time-scales, and applications to molecular dynamics and partial differential equations. The emphasis is on providing a unified theoretical framework as well as a practical guide for users. The inclusion of examples, background material and exercises enhance the usefulness of the book for self-instruction or as a text for a graduate course on the subject.
Pilot Study to Investigate the Effect of a 10-Week Aquatic Exercise Program on Individuals With High Levels of Disability Due to Multiple Sclerosis (2021)

Background and Purpose: Research has suggested that a properly designed and implemented aquatic exercise (AE) program can improve physiological function and quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes in individuals with minimal disability levels due to multiple sclerosis (MS). Minimal research has investigated AE in individuals with higher levels of disability. The purpose of this study was to investigate a 10-week AE program on walking speed and QOL outcomes, specifically the effect of fatigue, in individuals with higher levels of disability due to MS, at an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score between 5.0 and 6.5. Methods: Fifteen females and 4 males with relapsing-remitting MS, mean age 46.4 years ± 10.0, EDSS score 5.9 ± 0.4, and disease duration 10.4 years ± 6.5. The AE group was individually modified and performed 3 times per week for 45 minutes at a rating of perceived exertion of 11 to 13 for 10 weeks. Prior to and upon completion of structured AE intervention, subjects performed the following tests: Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI), and 25-ft Water Walk Test. Results: Improvement in the MSFC ( P = .001) was noted in all 3 MSFC components: 25-ft Water Walk Test ( P = .020), 9-Hole Peg Test ( P = .006), and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test ( P = .005). Improvements in the following subtests of the MSQLI were noted: SF-36 (36-Item Short Form Health Survey) physical and mental component summary (PCS, P = .006) (MCS, P = .009); Modified Fatigue Impact Scale ( P = .006); Pain Effects Scale ( P = .006); Perceived Deficits Questionnaire ( P = .003); and Mental Health Inventory ( P = .040). Discussion and Conclusions: Results suggest that a 10-week AE program for individuals with MS improved walking speed, arm function, memory, mental health, and generic QOL and reduced fatigue, pain, and perceived cognitive impairment in individuals with moderate to severe disability without adverse symptoms.