gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Z‐Scheme Photocatalytic Water Splitting on a 2D Heterostructure of Black Phosphorus/Bismuth Vanadate Using Visible Light (2017)

Spontaneously solar-driven water splitting to produce H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> , that is, the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy is a dream of mankind. However, it is difficult to make overall water splitting feasible without using any sacrificial agents and external bias. Drawing inspiration from nature, a new artificial Z-scheme photocatalytic system has been designed herein based on the two-dimensional (2D) heterostructure of black phosphorus (BP)/bismuth vanadate (BiVO<sub>4</sub> ). An effective charge separation makes possible the reduction and oxidation of water on BP and BiVO<sub>4</sub> , respectively. The optimum H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> production rates on BP/BiVO<sub>4</sub> were approximately 160 and 102 μmol g<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> under irradiation of light with a wavelength longer than 420 nm, without using any sacrificial agents or external bias.
0.2 Micron length T-shaped gate fabrication using angle evaporation (1983)

A new technique has been developed to generate sub-half-micron T-shaped gates in GaAs MESFET's. The technique uses a single-level resist and an angle evaporation process. By using this technique, T-shaped gates with lengths as short as 0.2 µm near the Schottky interface have been fabricated. Measured gate resistance from this structure was 6.1 Ω/mm gate width which is the lowest value ever reported for gates of equal length. GaAs single- and dual-gate MESFET's with 0.3 µm long T-shaped gates have also been fabricated. At 18 GHz, maximum available gain of 9.5 dB in the single-gate FET and maximum stable gain of 19.5 dB in the dual-gate device have been measured.
Bridging the gap (2014)

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is the process of 3D printing objects from melted plastic filament. The hot plastic exits a nozzle and fuses with the part just below, adding a layer of material to the object being formed. However, filament can only be deposited on top of an existing surface. Therefore, overhangs require a disposable support structure to be printed, temporarily supporting the threads of plastic that would otherwise hang in empty space. Existing techniques for support generation fall into two categories: The first allow for very reliable prints by enclosing the bottom of the object in a dense structure, at the expense of increased material usage and build times. The second generate thin hierarchical structures connecting to the surface in a sparse number of points. This uses less material, at the expense of reliability: the part might become unstable, the structure itself may become difficult to print, the bottom surface quality degrades. The user therefore has to correct the structure and its parameters for each new object. We propose to exploit the ability of FFF printers to print bridges across gaps. Since bridges are always supported by pillars at their extremities, they are both stronger and more stable than hierarchical tree structures. Our technique first selects the points to support based on overhang and part stability during the entire print process. It then optimizes for a printable scaffolding composed of bridges and vertical pillars, supporting all points. The result is an automated support generation technique using little material while ensuring fine surface quality and stability during the printing process.
South Africa and the global economy: We need to talk about ‘how’ (1994)

Baker, P., Boraine, A. and W. Krafchik (eds) South Africa and the World Economy in the 1990s The Brookings Institution, in association with IDASA and the Aspen Institute published by David Philip, Cape Town: 1993. 263 pages including bibliography and index. Price: R54.95.
Amelioration of thermal stress impacts in dairy cows (2013)

Heat stress negatively impacts on a variety of animal production parameters. Advances in management strategies have alleviated some of the negative impacts of thermal stress on farm animals, but production continues to markedly decrease during heat events in summer, particularly in dairy cattle. In this paper we introduce a Dairy Risk Assessment Program (DRAP). The DRAP is a user-friendly software package designed to assist users in predicting heat loads in dairy cow herds. DRAP was developed over three Australian summers using climatic data (temperature, humidity, solar radiation and wind speed), cow production data (milk yield and milk quality), and physiological data (respiration rate and body temperature). The data were used to develop mathematical algorithms which can predict animal response to climatic variables. This software package is designed to be used by the dairy industry to better manage cows during times of elevated environmental temperatures by equipping producers, managers, and dairy industry personnel with Dairy Heat Load Index (DHLI) values which were calculated based upon site information, stock characteristics, management practices, and mitigation variables specific to their dairy production unit. When a heat event is imminent producers can then introduce management strategies such as providing shade or additional water troughs or implementation of nutritional strategies. Some of these nutritional strategies include dietary chromium picolinate, betaine and antioxidant supplementation or altering the rate of starch fermentation. These nutritional strategies are discussed at some length in this paper.
Hysteresis of the Contact Angle of a Meniscus Inside a Capillary with Smooth, Homogeneous Solid Walls (2016)

A theory of contact angle hysteresis of a meniscus inside thin capillaries with smooth, homogeneous solid walls is developed in terms of surface forces (disjoining/conjoining pressure isotherm) using a quasi-equilibrium approach. The disjoining/conjoining pressure isotherm includes electrostatic, intermolecular, and structural components. The values of the static receding θr, advancing θa, and equilibrium θe contact angles in thin capillaries were calculated on the basis of the shape of the disjoining/conjoining pressure isotherm. It was shown that both advancing and receding contact angles depend on the capillary radius. The suggested mechanism of the contact angle hysteresis has a direct experimental confirmation: the process of receding is accompanied by the formation of thick β-films on the capillary walls. The effect of the transition from partial to complete wetting in thin capillaries is predicted and analyzed. This effect takes place in very thin capillaries, when the receding contact angle decreases to zero.
Distributionally Robust Control of Constrained Stochastic Systems (2015)

We investigate the control of constrained stochastic linear systems when faced with limited information regarding the disturbance process, i.e., when only the first two moments of the disturbance distribution are known. We consider two types of distributionally robust constraints. In the first case, we require that the constraints hold with a given probability for all disturbance distributions sharing the known moments. These constraints are commonly referred to as distributionally robust chance constraints. In the second case, we impose conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) constraints to bound the expected constraint violation for all disturbance distributions consistent with the given moment information. Such constraints are referred to as distributionally robust CVaR constraints with second-order moment specifications. We propose a method for designing linear controllers for systems with such constraints that is both computationally tractable and practically meaningful for both finite and infinite horizon problems. We prove in the infinite horizon case that our design procedure produces the globally optimal linear output feedback controller for distributionally robust CVaR and chance constrained problems. The proposed methods are illustrated for a wind blade control design case study for which distributionally robust constraints constitute sensible design objectives.
In vitro and schematic model eye assessment of glare or positive dysphotopsia-type photic phenomena: Comparison of a new material IOL to other monofocal IOLs (2018)

In vitro and nonsequential ray-tracing evaluations showed that straight optic edges and peripheral nonimaging optic geometry might contribute to positive dysphotopsia. The IOL designs with optic edge curvature and full functional optics demonstrated the lowest level of glare-type photic phenomena. Only clinical studies can confirm whether the differences observed between the IOLs in vitro are clinically significant.
Use and limitations of light microscopy for diagnosing malaria at the primary health care level. (1988)

Recent developments in diagnostic techniques for malaria, particularly DNA probes and sero-immunology, have raised questions as to how these techniques might be used to facilitate malaria diagnosis at the most peripheral levels of the primary health care system. At present, malaria diagnosis is based on the light microscope and is likely to remain so in the immediate future. This article describes how the diagnosis of malaria by light microscopy has been improved over the years, and expresses the need for further improvement while concomitant research into other standardized and simplified techniques for the diagnosis of malaria is vigorously pursued.
Electrospray Nebulisation Interface for Micro-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (1997)

An electrospray nebulisation interface has been developed and evaluated for combining micro-high performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Using a 15 cm×220 µm id packed capillary column with an eluent (methanol) flow rate of 2 µl min –1 , it was possible to introduce the entire column effluent into the plasma. Within the electrospray interface, the solvent was nebulised into nitrogen flowing at 140 ml min –1 by applying +3.1 kV to the gold-coated outlet taper relative to a grounded counter electrode. The spray was subsequently mixed with the nebuliser gas (argon containing 2% oxygen). The influence of adding 20% nitrogen, 2% oxygen and 2 µl min –1 methanol to the nebuliser argon on the background mass spectrum, nebuliser flow rate and rf incident power, respectively, was evaluated. The addition of nitrogen reduced the 40 Ar 16 O + and 40 Ar 012 C + interference ions and lowered the overall background response. The influence of the interface on chromatographic peak broadening was studied using two closely eluting analytes: ferrocene and triphenylarsine. The interface caused a 15.7% decrease in resolution. With a series of organometallic compounds, log–log plots of peak area versus mass injected were linear over three orders of magnitude with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9944. The reproducibility of sample injections, based on manual injection, was better than 6.5% RSD. The system showed detection limits in the low picogram range (1.2 pg for ferrocene, 35 pg for triphenylarsine and 55 pg for tetrabutyltin).
Excited-State Dynamics in Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals (2016)

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted continuous worldwide interest over the last three decades owing to their remarkable and unique size- and shape-, dependent properties. The colloidal nature of these nanomaterials allows one to take full advantage of nanoscale effects to tailor their optoelectronic and physical-chemical properties, yielding materials that combine size-, shape-, and composition-dependent properties with easy surface manipulation and solution processing. These features have turned the study of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals into a dynamic and multidisciplinary research field, with fascinating fundamental challenges and dazzling application prospects. This review focuses on the excited-state dynamics in these intriguing nanomaterials, covering a range of different relaxation mechanisms that span over 15 orders of magnitude, from a few femtoseconds to a few seconds after photoexcitation. In addition to reviewing the state of the art and highlighting the essential concepts in the field, we also discuss the relevance of the different relaxation processes to a number of potential applications, such as photovoltaics and LEDs. The fundamental physical and chemical principles needed to control and understand the properties of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals are also addressed.
Dopamine neuron precursors within the developing human mesencephalon show radial glial characteristics (2009)

Specification and differentiation of neural precursors into dopaminergic neurons within the ventral mesencephalon has been subject to much attention due to the implication of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease and the perspective of generating sources of therapeutically active cells to be used for cell replacement therapy for the disease. However, despite intensive research efforts, little is known about the characteristics of the dopamine neuron progenitors in human. We show that the dopamine neuron determinant LMX1a is expressed in the diencephalic and mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron domains during human development. Within the mesencephalon, LMX1a is expressed in the dopaminergic neurons and their progenitors located in the ventricular zone of the floor plate region. Furthermore, the neural progenitors in the developing human ventral mesencephalon have a radial morphology and express the radial glial markers Vimentin and BLBP. These radial glia are mitotic and act as precursors for the dopaminergic neurons. Finally, we show that progenitors isolated from the human ventral mesencephalon maintain their radial glial characteristics and neurogenic capacity after expansion in vitro, making them a promising future source of cells to be used in cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease.
Ouabain-Like Factors in Human Urine: Identification of a Na-K-ATPase Inhibitor as Vanadium-Diascorbate Adduct (1998)

We investigated endogenous Na-K-ATPase inhibitors, i.e. ouabain-like factors(OLFs), in the urine of salt-loaded healthy subjects. During an intake of > 30g NaCl/day 24h-urines were collected, lyophilized, redissolved and acidified to pH 3.5. With gelchromatography the inhibitory activity eluted in a post-salt fraction FIV from Sephadex G-25. When this fraction was again passed through Sephadex G-10, one of three OLFs eluted in the early subfractions FIV/1-2 close to H-ouabain and cross-reacted strongly with a ouabain antibody (NEN). Two additional OLFs with Mr around 400 eluted in a late subfraction FIV/8 which resolved after reverse-phase HPLC into a more polar OLF- (water phase) and a more apolar OLF-2 (20% acetonitrile). Only the more apolar OLF-2 cross-reacted with digoxin and ouabain antibodies. OLF-1 and OLF-2 purified to single compounds by preparative thin layer chromatography inhibited Na-K-ATPase with IC50 of around 1.5 x 10(-5) M and 1.5 x 10(-4) M, respectively. Identification of OLF-2 was first attempted because most material was available for further processing. Data from mass-spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and infrared spectroscopy characterized OLF-2 as structurally unrelated to ouabain but resembling ascorbic acid derivatives, i.e. vanadium (V) diascorbates (Mr 403) with similar elution times from RP-HPLC as OLF-2. They inhibited the enzyme in its E2-configuration with IC50 of 9 x 10(-5) M and 2 x 10(-6) M for V(IV)- and V(V)-diascorbate, respectively. OLF-1, OLF-2 and V-diascorbate raise intracellular free calcium in inner medullary collecting duct and vascular smooth muscle cells which also contract in vitro. V-diascorbate was also natriuretic in a bioassay. We suggest that V-diascorbates represent one of several OLFs excreted in human urine.
Depth of investigation for small broadband electromagnetic sensors (2005)

Abstract The depth of investigation in electromagnetic (EM) soundings is a maximum depth at which a given target in a given host can be detected by a given sensor. It is of primary interest in EM exploration, particularly for small EM sensors having negligible separation between the transmitter and receiver coils. The depth of investigation is related to many factors, such as sensor sensitivity, precision, operating frequencies, ambient noise level, target and host properties, and the techniques used in data processing and interpretation. Quantitative understanding of the relationships between the depth of investigation and these factors will help users meet their geologic objectives, avoid unnecessary survey expenses, and display meaningful geologic features. Simple equations to estimate the depth of investigation for handheld EM sensors have been derived from analyzing the EM response based on layered half-space models. The results show that the depth of investigation is approximately proportional to the square root of the skin depth in the host for a given detection threshold and conductivity contrast between the target and host. For a given skin depth, the depth of investigation increases with the target conductivity and conductivity contrast and decreases with the detection threshold. Choosing a threshold mainly depends on the S/N ratio of the EM data if the sensor setup, data acquisition methods, and processing techniques are well established. A high threshold such as 20% or 30% is recommended for resistive targets or in areas where environmental noise is high or where terrain conductivity is low (&lt;50 mS/m). In contrast, a threshold as low as 5% or 10% can be used for conductive targets in quiet areas. Field examples are presented to illustrate how to use the depth of investigation in data interpretation and presentation.
Novel Characterization and Live Imaging of Schlemm's Canal Expressing Prox-1 (2014)

Schlemm's canal is an important structure of the conventional aqueous humor outflow pathway and is critically involved in regulating the intraocular pressure. In this study, we report a novel finding that prospero homeobox protein 1 (Prox-1), the master control gene for lymphatic development, is expressed in Schlemm's canal. Moreover, we provide a novel in vivo method of visualizing Schlemm's canal using a transgenic mouse model of Prox-1-green fluorescent protein (GFP). The anatomical location of Prox-1⁺ Schlemm's canal was further confirmed by in vivo gonioscopic examination and ex vivo immunohistochemical analysis. Additionally, we show that the Schlemm's canal is distinguishable from typical lymphatic vessels by lack of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor (LYVE-1) expression and absence of apparent sprouting reaction when inflammatory lymphangiogenesis occurred in the cornea. Taken together, our findings offer new insights into Schlemm's canal and provide a new experimental model for live imaging of this critical structure to help further our understanding of the aqueous humor outflow. This may lead to new avenues toward the development of novel therapeutic intervention for relevant diseases, most notably glaucoma.
Query-page intention matching using clicked titles and snippets to boost search rankings (2009)

Users of text retrieval systems input only a few keywords or sometimes just one keyword to the systems even if they had complex information needs. Due to the lack of query keywords, it becomes hard to return relevant search results that satisfy the demands of each user. Because digital documents, in contrast to queries, are generally composed of many kinds of keywords, it is also difficult to estimate the main topic or grasp the inherent intentions of the documents. In this paper, we present techniques to represent users' search intentions and the intentions that digital documents can satisfy by making use of clicked titles and snippets acquired from a click log analysis. We then present a method to match these intentions to boost search result rankings. Through experiments that use click logs and indexes of a commercial search engine, we verified our method's capability of significantly improving search precision.
QoS management for VoIP networks with edge-to-edge admission control (2002)

This paper presents a QoS management architecture for VoIP networks. Voice quality, specifically MOS (mean opinion score), is continuously and automatically monitored by using an objective voice quality evaluation tool for periodically generated test calls carrying artificial voice signals. Edge-to-edge measurement based admission control is used to maintain packet loss rates for both directional voice flows below a predetermined value under various traffic conditions. A network design method is given to meet target blocking probability and packet loss rate. Simulation is used to evaluate network performance such as blocking probabilities and packet loss rates for the network with edge-to-edge measurement based admission control. It is shown that admission control works well to control packet loss rate under various network conditions.
THREE-BODY RECOMBINATION OF GASEOUS IONS (1960)

The recombination of gaseous ions in the presence of third bodies is assumed to follow a sequence of two bimolecular steps: M + X + [Formula: see text] MX + and MX + + Y − [Formula: see text] XY + M. The termolecular rate constants of the over-all processes are calculated for several ionized gases at various temperatures. For the calculation, the equilibrium internuclear separation and the corresponding binding energy of a complex ion, MX + , are obtained by minimizing the interaction energy between M and X + , which is approximated to the sum of the Lennard-Jones potential for the M–X interaction and the polarization energy between M and X + . The recombination coefficients of some ionized gases at 288 °K and various pressures are calculated and compared with the observed data. The agreement is found to be satisfactory. The limitations of this theoretical approach are discussed.
Parallel Algorithms for Computer Vision on the Connection Machine (1986)

The Connection Machine is a fine-grained parallel computer having up to 64K processors. It supports both local communication among the processors, which are situated in a two-dimensional mesh, and high-bandwidth communication among processors at arbitrary locations, using a message-passing network. We present solutions to a set of Image Understanding problems for the Connection Machine. These problems were proposed by DARPA to evaluate architectures for Image Understanding systems, and are intended to comprise a representative sample of fundamental procedures to be used in Image Understanding. The solutions on the Connection Machine embody general methods for filtering images, determining connectivity among image elements, determining spatial relations of image elements, and computing graph properties, such as matchings and shortest paths.
High serum level of the soluble form of CD30 molecule in the early phase of HIV-1 infection as an independent predictor of progression to AIDS (1994)

Serum levels of sCD30 are increased in the large majority of patients in the early phase of HIV-1 infection and represent an indicator of progression to AIDS independent of other prognostic parameters.