gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of substituents and benzyne generating bases on the orientation to and reactivity of haloarynes (2004)

The reaction of 1,4-dichlorobenzene with NaNH 2 in liquid ammonia gave 4-chlorobenzyne which was trapped by the ammonia solvent to give a 63:37 mixture of 4-chloro and 3chloroaniline, respectively, which is in contrast to an earlier report that 4-chlorobenzyne undergoes regioselective amination at carbon-1. Furthermore, 4-halofluorobenzenes (X=Cl, Br, and I) reacted with LDA to eliminate the less basic halogen atom, i.e. the better leaving group, to give 4-fluorobenzyne, which reacted with LDA to give a 70:30 mixture of 4-fluoro-and -N,Ndiisopropyl-3-fluoroaniline, respectively. Attempts to trap 4-fluorobenzyne in the LDA-mediated reactions with furan gave mainly the aforementioned anilines plus a small amount of 6fluorooxabenzonorbornadiene. However, 4-halofluorobenzenes (X = I, Br, Cl, F) when treated with tert-BuLi in furan at -70 C eliminated fluoride ion to give the corresponding 4halobenzyne, which were trapped by furan to the 6-halo derivatives of oxabenzonorbornadiene in high yields. In the case of 3-halofluorobenzenes, 3-haloarynes are generated in the normal way by the loss of the better leaving halogen atom and were also trapped with furan to give corresponding 5-halooxabenzonorbornadienes. An explanation in terms of the relative base strengths of LDA and t-BuLi and influence of solvent on the aryne generation is presented.
Effects of Total Parenteral Nutrition with Nucleoside and Nucleotide Mixture on D‐Galactosamine‐Induced Liver Injury in Rats (1988)

The effect of a nucleoside-nucleotide mixture on liver injury of rats induced by D-galactosamine was studied by examining changes in function and histopathology of the liver. Animals with liver damage received total parenteral nutrition with glucose and amino acids supplemented with a nucleoside-nucleotide mixture containing inosine, cytidine, GMP, uridine and thymidine, or with uridine which inhibits galactosamine injury, or with liver cell extract containing flavin adenine dinucleotide and nucleic acid derivatives. As control, animals with liver damage received total parenteral nutrition with glucose and amino acids only. The serum GOT and GPT concentrations were significantly lower in the group supplemented with nucleoside-nucleotide mixture than those in other groups. A large dose (1.2 g/kg) of uridine inhibited liver injury, but a lower dose (0.14 g/kg) did not have any effect, whereas nucleoside-nucleotide mixture containing the same amount of uridine inhibited the injury. Liver cell extract also did not improve liver function. Thus infusion of a physiological and balanced mixture of nucleosides or nucleotides may improve liver function in rats with liver injury.
Direct Conversion of Blast Furnace Gas to Dimethyl Ether over Cu-ZnO-Ga2O3/.GAMMA.-Al2O3 Hybrid Catalyst: Optimum Mass Ratio of the Catalyst. (1997)

The objective of this study is to develop a catalyst in a packed-bed reactor for direct synthesis of dimethyl ether ((CH3)2O, DME) from blast furnace offgas (CO-CO2-H2-N2, BFG). Physically-admixed (hybrid) catalysts of Cu-ZnO-Ga2O3 for CH3OH synthesis and γ-Al2O3 for its dehydration were experimentally studied, in which the influence of mixing ratio of the two catalysts on both yield and selectivity of DME was mainly examined for the same catalyst mass. The results showed that the developed hybrid catalyst is very effective in producing DME directly from BFG without equilibrium limit of methanol. Interestingly, the yield of DME had a significant dependence of mixing ratio, and the hybrid catalyst with only 5 mass% γ-Al2O3 showed the highest yield with 99.3 % selectivity of DME+methanol. This implies that methanol formation governs the rate of this series reaction (BFG→CH3OH→DME) due to fast dehydration of methanol to DME.
An efficient entropy-based network anomaly detection method using MIB (2014)

With the increasingly widespread application of computer network, it has become a critical task to detect anomalous behaviors in the field of network security. In this paper we develop an entropy-based statistical approach that determines and reports entropy contents for variables in the Management Information Base. The change of the entropy value indicates that a massive network event or an anomaly may occur. We give the analysis on a real data set provided by a large-size network company. Both our theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the method is effective and efficient for network anomaly detection.
Hydroxylamine derivatives for regulation of spermine and spermidine metabolism (2013)

The biogenic polyamines spermine, spermidine, and their precursor putrescine are present in micro-to-millimolar concentrations in all cell types and are vitally important for their normal growth. High intracellular content of spermine and spermidine determines the multiplicity of the cellular functions of the polyamines. Many of these functions are not well characterized at the molecular level, ensuring the ongoing development of this field of biochemistry. Tumor cells have elevated polyamine level if compared with normal cells, and this greatly stimulates the search for new opportunities to deplete the intracellular pool of spermine and spermidine resulting in decrease in cell growth and even cell death. O-Substituted hydroxylamines occupy their own place among chemical regulators of the activity of the enzymes of polyamine metabolism. Varying the structure of the alkyl substituent made it possible to obtain within one class of chemical compounds highly effective inhibitors and regulators of the activity of all the enzymes of putrescine, spermine and spermidine metabolism (with the exception of FAD-dependent spermine oxidase and acetylpolyamine oxidase), effectors of the polyamine transport system, and even actively transported in cells "proinhibitor" of ornithine decarboxylase. Some principles for the design of specific inhibitors of these enzymes as well as the peculiarities of cellular effects of corresponding O-substituted hydroxylamines are discussed.
Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates by Neutralization Assays: Performance Criteria for Selecting Candidate Antibodies for Clinical Trials (1997)

A collaborative study was organized to identify monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that may be broadly and potently neutralizing for a panel of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) low-passaged adult and pediatric primary isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Five laboratories evaluated a coded panel of seven human MAbs to HIV-1 subtype B envelope V3, CD4 binding region, gp41, and other conformationally sensitive determinants. Each laboratory measured neutralizing activity of the MAbs against the laboratory isolate HIV(MN) and a panel of 9 subtype B primary isolates. Antibodies were classified as suitable candidates for future clinical studies if they could neutralize at least half of the 9 primary isolates at a concentration of < or = 25 microg/mL for 90% viral inhibition. The study identified three MAbs that met stated performance criteria: IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5. These results may provide a rationale for examining the clinical efficacy, either singly or in combination, of the three MAbs.
Real-Time Body Tracking with One Depth Camera and Inertial Sensors (2013)

In recent years, the availability of inexpensive depth cameras, such as the Microsoft Kinect, has boosted the research in monocular full body skeletal pose tracking. Unfortunately, existing trackers often fail to capture poses where a single camera provides insufficient data, such as non-frontal poses, and all other poses with body part occlusions. In this paper, we present a novel sensor fusion approach for real-time full body tracking that succeeds in such difficult situations. It takes inspiration from previous tracking solutions, and combines a generative tracker and a discriminative tracker retrieving closest poses in a database. In contrast to previous work, both trackers employ data from a low number of inexpensive body-worn inertial sensors. These sensors provide reliable and complementary information when the monocular depth information alone is not sufficient. We also contribute by new algorithmic solutions to best fuse depth and inertial data in both trackers. One is a new visibility model to determine global body pose, occlusions and usable depth correspondences and to decide what data modality to use for discriminative tracking. We also contribute with a new inertial-based pose retrieval, and an adapted late fusion step to calculate the final body pose.
Enhanced component carrier selection and power allocation in LTE-advanced downlink systems (2013)

Because of the scarcity of spectrum and energy resource, the problems about allocation of these resources become more and more important in recent years. However, inappropriate resource allocation may bring about high intercell interference which has a great effect on the performance of the entire system. Thus, in this paper, considering inter-cell interference, we provide the optimal formulation of the resource allocation problem and divide it into two sub-problems, including the component carrier (CC) selection problem and the power allocation problem. The proposed enhanced data rate component carrier selection (EDR-CCS) scheme not only reduces the intercell interference but also maximizes the UEs' data transmission rates. Regarding the power allocation problem, two schemes (i.e., geometry programming power allocation (GPPA) and constant interference power allocation (CIPA)) are proposed with the target of finding suboptimal solutions to the power allocation problem under the constraints of eNB's maximum transmission power and UEs' transmission rate requirement on the control channel of primary CC (PCC). Simulation results demonstrate that the data rate performance of EDR-CCS scheme is better than that of random CC selection scheme. Furthermore, GPPA scheme can achieve better performance than CIPA scheme since the GPPA scheme can accommodate the variations from inter-cell interference.
Comparative analysis of splicing of the complete set of chloroplast group II introns in three higher plant mutants (1999)

The barley mutant albostrians and the maize mutants crs1 and crs2 are defective in the splicing of various plastid group II introns. By analysing tRNA precursors and several mRNAs not previously examined, the investigation of in vivo splicing defects in these mutants has been completed. The albostrians mutation causes the loss of plastid ribosomes resulting secondarily in a disruption of splicing of all subgroup IIA introns in the chloroplast. Thus MatK, the only putative chloroplast intron-specific maturase of higher plants, might have evolved to function in splicing of multiple introns. We show that in the case of tRNA-Ala(UGC)the first step of splicing is affected, as suggested by the absence of lariat molecules. Thus the plastid-encoded splicing factor lacking in albostrians must participate in the formation of the catalytically active structure. In contrast, a mutation in the nuclear gene crs1 prevents splicing of only one intron but causes specific additional effects as precursor transcripts for tRNA-Ile(GAU), tRNA-Ala(UGC), tRNA-Lys(UUU)and tRNA-Val(UAC), but not tRNA-Gly(UCC), have significantly enhanced steady-state levels in this mutant. Our data provide evidence for a variety of splicing factors and pathways in the chloroplast, some encoded by nuclear and some by chloroplast genes, and possibly for a dual function of some of these factors.
Symmetry breaking in drop bouncing on curved surfaces (2015)

The impact of liquid drops on solid surfaces is ubiquitous in nature, and of practical importance in many industrial processes. A drop hitting a flat surface retains a circular symmetry throughout the impact process. Here we show that a drop impinging on Echevaria leaves exhibits asymmetric bouncing dynamics with distinct spreading and retraction along two perpendicular directions. This is a direct consequence of the cylindrical leaves that have a convex/concave architecture of size comparable to the drop. Systematic experimental investigations on mimetic surfaces and lattice Boltzmann simulations reveal that this novel phenomenon results from an asymmetric momentum and mass distribution that allows for preferential fluid pumping around the drop rim. The asymmetry of the bouncing leads to ∼40% reduction in contact time.
Stahl (1977)

Schon um 550 v. Chr. wurde in Persien von Dichtern die Damaszenerklinge wegen ihrer hervorragenden Eigenschaften besungen. Sie wurde aus einem indischen Stahl mit 1,5 bis 2% Kohlenstoff geschmiedet, einem Stahl, der Wootz genannt wurde. Erst sehr spät, etwa um 1800, gelang es der europäischen „Kriegsindustrie“ Schwertklingen von Damaszenergüte herzustellen! Ihr Geheimnis lag aber nicht so sehr in der Schmiedekunst, sondern im Schmelzen und in der Wärmebehandlung des Wootz, die letztlich zu der ersehnten Stahlzusammensetzung führte [1]. In diesem Kapitel soll jedoch zunächst reines Eisen und dann das Zweikomponentensystem Fe/C diskutiert werden.
A hardware architecture for controlling information flow (1978)

The foundations of capability schemes are critically examined. The context free utilization of capabilities once acquired is shown to be inconsistent with both least privilege norm and information flow requirements. An enhanced Capability Vector mechanism which pre-confines the set of capabilities with which a given capability can be combined is proposed. It is shown that capability vectors dynamically define an information flow structure which is potentially more refined, flexible, and versatile than traditional information classification systems. Based on this property, a Generalized Capability Vector machine which enforces a controlled information flow policy is designed. The proposed machine supports programmable resources which are either statically or dynamically bound to an information class.
Composite Piston Pin, A New Lightweight Design Concept (2015)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In modern car engines, the oscillating masses, the inertia forces of the moving engine parts has to be kept as low as possible. Small oscillating masses are not only the basis for the engine smoothness; they also have a great influence on the reliability and life of the components. The smaller oscillating mass in the crank mechanism minimizes, the weaker the vibrations and reduces friction and wear of the parts.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The contribution of the piston pin to the oscillating mass can be between ten and thirty percent. Mass reduction of the piston pin has a corresponding large effect.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the newly developed MAHLE composite piston pin, an aluminum core is pressed in a steel sleeve. This enables a weight reduction in the piston pin up to twenty percent for gasoline engines and up to thirty percent for diesel passenger car engines.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">As the production of piston pins should be kept simple and economical, the new composite piston pin utilizes a forming process for its manufacturing.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper introduces the design principle, the manufacturing process and properties of the composite piston pin.</div></div>
Coordination of behaviours for mobile robot floor cleaning (2002)

A fuzzy mobile robot area filling system designed to traverse the entire unknown environment is described in this paper. Such a system has a variety of applications such as vacuuming, lawn-mowing, polishing, crop harvesting, etc. It is also suitable for performing waste cleanup in hazardous environments where the area is inaccessible to humans. The robot is able to complete the cleaning task in unknown environments. Low level primitive fuzzy behaviours are integrated and coordinated with a state machine controller to achieve point to point navigation, obstacle avoidance and area filling.
Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS)—A First Example of its Use in Multiplex Genotyping (2001)

Accurate multiplex genotyping of the mutational status of the cystic fibrosis gene with the sensitive and selective SERRS technique is reported. This new assay does not require separation of the various alleles and shows that SERRS is a realistic alternative detection technique for use in modern DNA assays.
Argument Schemes for Legal Case-based Reasoning (2007)

In this paper we use the notion of argument schemes to analyse some leading approaches to case-based reasoning in Law. We identify a set of argument schemes that can express the argument provided by such systems and draw attention to some important differences between the various approaches.
Fabrication of a 77 GHz Rotman Lens on a High Resistivity Silicon Wafer Using Lift-Off Process (2014)

Fabrication of a high resistivity silicon based microstrip Rotman lens using a lift-off process has been presented. The lens features 3 beam ports, 5 array ports, 16 dummy ports, and beam steering angles of ±10 degrees. The lens was fabricated on a 200 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>m thick high resistivity silicon wafer and has a footprint area of 19.7 mm × 15.6 mm. The lens was tested as an integral part of a 77 GHz radar where a tunable X band source along with an 8 times multiplier was used as the RF source and the resulting millimeter wave signal centered at 77 GHz was radiated through a lens-antenna combination. A horn antenna with a downconverter harmonic mixer was used to receive the radiated signal and display the received signal in an Advantest R3271A spectrum analyzer. The superimposed transmit and receive signal in the spectrum analyzer showed the proper radar operation confirming the Rotman lens design.
Effect of urokinase antiserum on plasminogen activators: demonstration of immunologic dissimilarity between plasma plasminogen activator and urokinase (1968)

Antiserum against purified human urokinase was produced by immunization of Hartley strain guinea pigs. The antiserum was capable of neutralizing the plasminogen activator activity of the antigen and of native urokinase in human urine. The antiserum did not inhibit plasminogen activators of bacterial origin, i.e., streptokinase and staphylokinase; neither did it inhibit urokinase from nonprimate mammals, i.e., dog, pig, rabbit, guinea pig, nor tissue activator or tissue culture supernatants from porcine sources. Partial cross-reactivity against urokinase from primates, i.e., rhesus monkey and baboon, was noted as well as with supernatant from rhesus kidney tissue culture. In vitro studies showed lack of immunologic identity between human urokinase and human milk activator or human tissue activator from adrenal sources but demonstrated immunologic identity between human urokinase and the supernatant from human kidney tissue culture. In vivo studies in man failed to show detectable levels of urokinase activity in peripheral venous or renal venous blood under a variety of clinical states and when stimuli such as exercise, electroshock therapy, or nicotinic acid were used to enhance plasminogen activator activity in the plasma. The results establish that human plasma activator, milk activator, and tissue activator from the adrenals are immunologically distinct from human urokinase.
ChinaV: Building Virtualized Computing System (2008)

Virtualization technology has attracted much attention in recent years. This paper describes the vision and mission of ChinaV, which is the national fundamental research program for virtualization technology in China. Furthermore, related topics about single host virtualization, multiple VM management schemes and desktop virtualization will be introduced. We first describe a remote memory virtualization scheme and a VCPU management scheme for efficient use of physical resource. Then we describe a novel live VM migration approach based on deterministic replay with execution trace. Multiple VM management schemes are also introduced for multi-VM virtualization. In desktop virtualization field, we present the LVD, a system that combines the virtualization technology and inexpensive personal computers to realize a lightweight virtual desktop system. All of those schemes and systems are good practices of virtualization solution and they have become a strong foundation of our future work.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors: Potential in cancer therapy (2009)

The role of histone deacetylases (HDAC) and the potential of these enzymes as therapeutic targets for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and a number of other disorders is an area of rapidly expanding investigation. There are 18 HDACs in humans. These enzymes are not redundant in function. Eleven of the HDACs are zinc dependent, classified on the basis of homology to yeast HDACs: Class I includes HDACs 1, 2, 3, and 8; Class IIA includes HDACs 4, 5, 7, and 9; Class IIB, HDACs 6 and 10; and Class IV, HDAC 11. Class III HDACs, sirtuins 1-7, have an absolute requirement for NAD(+), are not zinc dependent and generally not inhibited by compounds that inhibit zinc dependent deacetylases. In addition to histones, HDACs have many nonhistone protein substrates which have a role in regulation of gene expression, cell proliferation, cell migration, cell death, and angiogenesis. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been discovered of different chemical structure. HDACi cause accumulation of acetylated forms of proteins which can alter their structure and function. HDACi can induce different phenotypes in various transformed cells, including growth arrest, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species facilitated cell death and mitotic cell death. Normal cells are relatively resistant to HDACi induced cell death. Several HDACi are in various stages of development, including clinical trials as monotherapy and in combination with other anti-cancer drugs and radiation. The first HDACi approved by the FDA for cancer therapy is suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, vorinostat, Zolinza), approved for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
High frequency of immunophenotype changes in acute myeloid leukemia at relapse: implications for residual disease detection (Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 8361) (2001)

Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) has the potential to allow for sensitive and specific monitoring of residual disease (RD) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The use of MFC for RD monitoring assumes that AML cells identified by their immunophenotype at diagnosis can be detected during remission and at relapse. AML cells from 136 patients were immunophenotyped by MFC at diagnosis and at first relapse using 9 panels of 3 monoclonal antibodies. Immunophenotype changes occurred in 124 patients (91%); they consisted of gains or losses of discrete leukemia cell populations resolved by MFC (42 patients) and gains or losses of antigens on leukemia cell populations present at both time points (108 patients). Antigen expression defining unusual phenotypes changed frequently: CD13, CD33, and CD34, absent at diagnosis in 3, 33, and 47 cases, respectively, were gained at relapse in 2 (67%), 15 (45%), and 17 (36%); CD56, CD19, and CD14, present at diagnosis in 5, 16, and 20 cases, were lost at relapse in 2 (40%), 6 (38%), and 8 (40%). Leukemia cell gates created in pretreatment samples using each 3-antibody panel allowed identification of relapse AML cells in only 68% to 91% of cases, but use of 8 3-antibody panels, which included antibodies to a total of 16 antigens, allowed identification of relapse AML cells in all cases. Thus, the immunophenotype of AML cells is markedly unstable; nevertheless, despite this instability, MFC has the potential to identify RD in AML if multiple antibody panels are used at all time points. (Blood. 2001;97:3574-3580)