gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two‐dimensional <sup>1</sup>H‐NMR study of the spatial structure of neurotoxin II from <i>Naja naja oxiana</i> (1993)

The spatial structure of neurotoxin II from the venom of the central Asian cobra Naja naja oxiana was determined by two-dimensional 1H-NMR techniques and computational analysis. Nearly complete proton resonance assignments for 61 amino acid residues have been made using two-dimensional (2D) homonuclear total correlated spectroscopy, 2D homonuclear double-quantum-filtered correlated spectroscopy and 2D homonuclear NOE spectroscopy (NOESY) experiments. The cross-peak volumes in NOESY spectra spin-spin coupling constants of vicinal protons NH-C alpha H and C alpha H-C beta H and the observation of slow deuterium exchange of amide protons were used to define local structure and a set of constraints for distance geometry program DIANA. The average root-mean-square deviations are 53 pm for backbone heavy atoms and 118 pm for all heavy atoms of 19 final neurotoxin II conformations. The spatial structure is characterized by a short double-stranded (residues 1-5 and 13-17) and a triple-stranded (residues 22-30, 33-41 and 50-54) antiparallel beta-sheets.
Development and validation of a computational model of the knee joint for the evaluation of surgical treatments for osteoarthritis (2014)

A three-dimensional (3D) knee joint computational model was developed and validated to predict knee joint contact forces and pressures for different degrees of malalignment. A 3D computational knee model was created from high-resolution radiological images to emulate passive sagittal rotation (full-extension to 65°-flexion) and weight acceptance. A cadaveric knee mounted on a six-degree-of-freedom robot was subjected to matching boundary and loading conditions. A ligament-tuning process minimised kinematic differences between the robotically loaded cadaver specimen and the finite element (FE) model. The model was validated by measured intra-articular force and pressure measurements. Percent full scale error between FE-predicted and in vitro-measured values in the medial and lateral compartments were 6.67% and 5.94%, respectively, for normalised peak pressure values, and 7.56% and 4.48%, respectively, for normalised force values. The knee model can accurately predict normalised intra-articular pressure and forces for different loading conditions and could be further developed for subject-specific surgical planning.
Biodegradability of Plastics (2009)

Plastic is a broad name given to different polymers with high molecular weight, which can be degraded by various processes. However, considering their abundance in the environment and their specificity in attacking plastics, biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms and enzymes seems to be the most effective process. When plastics are used as substrates for microorganisms, evaluation of their biodegradability should not only be based on their chemical structure, but also on their physical properties (melting point, glass transition temperature, crystallinity, storage modulus etc.). In this review, microbial and enzymatic biodegradation of plastics and some factors that affect their biodegradability are discussed.
hTom34: A Novel Translocase for the Import of Proteins into Human Mitochondria (1997)

Most mitochondrial proteins are nuclear encoded, synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes, and imported into the mitochondria. We have identified and characterized a 309 amino acid human protein with a molecular weight of 34 kDa that functions as a subunit of the translocase for the import of such proteins. hTom34 (34-kDa Translocase of the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane) is displayed on the surface of mitochondria and is resistant to extraction under alkaline conditions. Antibodies raised against hTom34 specifically inhibit in vitro import of the mitochondrial precursor protein preornithine transcarbamylase into mitochondria isolated from rat liver. Based on trypsin digestion experiments, the receptor has a large (27 kDa) C-terminal domain exposed to the cytosol. This novel component of the protein import machinery possesses a 62 residue motif conserved with the Tom70 family of mitochondrial receptors but otherwise appears to have no counterpart so far characterized in the mitochondria of any other species.
Summary of Informal Discussions (1960)

nic for mammalian viruses made possible more precise quantitation of single virus particles and study of their kinetics than had before been pos sible. It also opened up possibilities of precise genetic experiments, since viruses could easily be cloned and abnormal mutants readily recognized and isolated. In our laboratory, methods for growing single cells into isolated, countable colo nies make possible the same operations for study of the host cell, with and without exposure to the virus, so providing precise and convenient means for studying viral effects on single cell morphol ogy, reproduction, biochemistry, and genetics. The discussions of Dulbecco and Rubin, among others, have demonstrated the power of these methods and the many new kinds of experimen tation which they make possible. Developments in cellular genetics and genetic biochemistry largely drawn from the simpler mi croorganisms have in the last 20 years provided us with enormously increased insight into the man ner in which genetic elements in the cells are replicated and how their informational content is transmitted to other components of the cell so as to regulate the biochemical behavior which the cell can display. The major formulations of ge netics and their biochemical concomitants which have been elucidated in recent years have been found to be applicable to every living form where they have been carefully examined. The univer sality of these genetic principles appears then to justify their application in the present problem of the role of mammalian viruses in cancer, at least as a guide for possible interpretation of experiments already carried out and for planning new attacks on these systems. The virus or virus nucleic acid as a self-replicating particle within the cell is virtually, by definition, a genetic ele ment of that particular system. Therefore, it would appear useful to examine its manifesta tions by means of the practical and conceptual tools which have been found to yield such illu minating results in studies of other self-replicat ing cellular constituents. It goes without saying, of course, that dogmatism in this field is likely to be as unfortunate as in any other field of sci ence. Thus, while studies of bacterial cell systems and bacterial viruses and their interactions fur nish us with many important models which can hardly help being extraordinarily useful in our analysis of mammalian virus and cancer action, we must be prepared to find many significant differences, at least in degree, but possibly also in kind, in the case of the multicellular animal. A number of these important differences have already been discussed in the course of this ses sion. The possibility of interaction between var ious specialized animal cells raises a whole new order of complexity in the search for an under standing of the changes introduced into such systems by viruses. Dr. Beard's beautiful experi
Anti-VEGF Therapy With Bevacizumab for Anterior Segment Eye Disease (2011)

Besides the widely accepted use of bevacizumab in cancer therapy and chorioretinal neovascularization, the initial, striking, short-term response and patients' high tolerance of local bevacizumab therapy offer encouraging results for the potential role of anti-VEGF agents in treating anterior segment neovascular disorders. Controlled prospective trials are needed to establish the long-term safety, efficacy, and dosing guidelines for the use of anti-VEGF agents in anterior segment neovascularization.
HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins regulate Notch‐1 expression and cooperate to induce transformation (2003)

Notch receptor signaling has been implicated in cellular transformation. Notch-1 receptor expression is increased during the progression from cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN) to invasive cervical carcinoma. Moreover, the main cellular localization of Notch-1 protein changes from cytoplasmic to nuclear with the transition from CIN III to microinvasive carcinoma. Since the E6 and E7 proteins encoded by human papilloma virus (HPV) are a causative agent of cervical carcinoma, this study determined whether E6 and E7 protein expression causes the observed upregulation in Notch-1 expression. Mouse and human primary cell lines were transfected with HPV16 E6 and E7 and Notch-1 expression and activity were analyzed. We show that Notch-1 expression and activity are upregulated by E6 and E7 independently. This was due to both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. A protein involved in Notch processing, Presenilin-1 (PS-1), was also upregulated by E6 and E7. In the presence of E6 and E7, Notch-1 protein expression is localized in the cytoplasm. Downregulation of Notch-1 expression in a human cervical carcinoma cell line expressing E6/E7 caused striking inhibition of proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. These data suggest that E6- and E7-mediated upregulation of Notch signaling may contribute to disruption of regular cell growth in cervical cancer.
Large-Scale Synthesis of the Anti-Cancer Marine Natural Product (+)-Discodermolide. Part 2:  Synthesis of Fragments C<sub>1</sub><sub>-</sub><sub>6</sub> and C<sub>9-14</sub> (2003)

Kilogram-scale syntheses of fragments C1-6 (6) and C9-14 (4) of (+)-discodermolide from common precursor 3 are described. Improved procedures for each step of both fragments were developed by minimizing or eliminating the formation of byproducts that were isolated and characterized in Smith's synthesis.
As Seen by the Other … : Perspectives on the Self in the Memories and Emotional Perceptions of Easterners and Westerners (2002)

The experiment reported investigated the phenomenological consequences of Easterners' and Westerners'perspectives on the self Two findings are consistent with the notion that Asians are more likely than Westerners to experience the self from the perspective of the generalized other First, Eastern participants were more likely than Western participants to have third-person (as opposed to first-person) memories when they thought about situations in which they would be at the center of a scene. Second, Easterners and Westerners engaged in different sorts of projections when they read the emotional expressions of other people. Westerners were more biased than Easterners toward egocentric projection of their own emotions onto others, whereas Easterners were more biased than Westerners toward relational projection, in which they projected onto others the emotions that the generalized other would feel in relation to the participant. Implications for how phenomenological experiences could reinforce different Eastern and Western ideologies about the self and the group are discussed.
Where sociality and relatedness diverge: the genetic basis for hierarchical social organization in African elephants (2009)

Hierarchical properties characterize elephant fission-fusion social organization whereby stable groups of individuals coalesce into higher order groups or split in a predictable manner. This hierarchical complexity is rare among animals and, as such, an examination of the factors driving its emergence offers unique insight into the evolution of social behaviour. Investigation of the genetic basis for such social affiliation demonstrates that while the majority of core social groups (second-tier affiliates) are significantly related, this is not exclusively the case. As such, direct benefits received through membership of these groups appear to be salient to their formation and maintenance. Further analysis revealed that the majority of groups in the two higher social echelons (third and fourth tiers) are typically not significantly related. The majority of third-tier members are matrilocal, carrying the same mtDNA control region haplotype, while matrilocality among fourth-tier groups was slightly less than expected at random. Comparison of results to those from a less disturbed population suggests that human depredation, leading to social disruption, altered the genetic underpinning of social relations in the study population. These results suggest that inclusive fitness benefits may crystallize elephant hierarchical social structuring along genetic lines when populations are undisturbed. However, indirect benefits are not critical to the formation and maintenance of second-, third- or fourth-tier level bonds, indicating the importance of direct benefits in the emergence of complex, hierarchical social relations among elephants. Future directions and conservation implications are discussed.
Drug Interaction Effects on Antitumour Drugs (VIII): Prevention of Ifosfamide‐Induced Urotoxicity by Disulfiram and its Effect on Antitumour Activity and Acute Toxicity of Alkylating Agents in Mice (1991)

To reduce the side-effects and to enhance the antitumour activities of antitumour agents, we have been investigating their combined use with routine drugs. In the present study, we examined the effects of disulfiram (DSF) in combination with ifosfamide (IFX). DSF prevented IFX-induced bladder damage in a dose-dependent manner in tumour-free ddY mice when orally administered simultaneously with antitumour agent, but failed to diminish the acute lethal toxicity or leukocytotoxicity of IFX. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) prevented IFX-induced bladder damage when administered simultaneously with IFX or 1 to 5 hr afterwards. The antitumour activity of IFX in ddY-mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180 or in C57BL/6J mice inoculated with EL-4 leukaemia was not impaired when it was given simultaneously with DSF or 3 hr before DDTC. Thus, neither DSF nor DDTC impaired the antitumour effect of IFX and both diminished its adverse effects. The bladder protection of DSF and DDTC appeared resulted from adduct formation with acrolein and not from inhibition of the metabolic activation of IFX.
Fast Charging and High Efficiency Switching-Based Charger With Continuous Built-In Resistance Detection and Automatic Energy Deliver Control for Portable Electronics (2014)

The continuous built-in resistance detection (CBIRD) is proposed in the switching-based charger system to achieve fast charging. Corresponding to built-in resistance (BIR) variation of Li-ion battery and charging current limitation from input energy, the CBIRD dynamically adjusts the transition voltage at the constant current (CC) mode. As a result, the transition timing from CC mode to the constant voltage (CV) mode can be postponed. Rated large charging current and extended period in CC mode effectively reduce charging time. Besides, the proposed automatic energy deliver control (AEDC) technique considers both loading system and battery status simultaneously to manage charging current according to the loading system's requirement and input supply energy for high efficiency charging. The proposed switching-based charger system was fabricated in 0.25 µm CMOS process and occupied 3 mm 2 silicon area. The charger system can save up to 40% of charging time. The charger system achieves 87% of peak power efficiency at a rated 1 A charging current.
无缺陷底片制造与管理——ZTU(无后加工)方案 (1994)

在PCB制造中,设计成的线路在一张感光胶片上绘成图形,形成底片。在几乎所有感光材料的应用中,这张底片在完成后都需要后加工。可能产生的一些缺陷,如底片上黑色(暗)区域的针眼,或底片透明区上的外来物等。这些缺陷的尺寸从0.25mil(6.3μ)以下直至几个mil。若不进行更正,它们将影响到PCB制造中许多不同工序——制内层图形、制外层图形、阻焊涂布、印字符等。最终导致返工或报废。
Immunomagnetic circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detection at small scale : multiphysical modeling, thin-film magnets and cancer screening (2014)

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are the cells that are shed from a primary tumor into the vasculature and circulate in the bloodstream.CTCs may trigger cancer metastasis, which leads to most cancer-related deaths.CTCs are widely studied due to their value in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and oncology studies.The major challenges with CTCs lie in their extremely low concentration in blood, thus requiring an effective enriching system to enable downstream analyses.The immunomagnetic assay has proved to be a promising CTC detection tool with high sensitivity and throughput.Key factors related to the immunomagnetic assay include the capture rate, which indicates the vii sensitivity, and distributions of target cells after capture, which impact the cell integrity and other biological properties.In this dissertation, we build a sedimentation model, a partial viscosity model, and a cell-tracking model to address the principle of the immunomagnetic cell separation.We examine the channel orientations and determine the favorable inverted condition.In addition, we develop a micromagnet approach to modulate the in-channel magnetic field toward enhanced cell detection and distribution.Through numerical studies, we calculate the magnetic field generated by the thin-film micromagnets, determine its effective ranges, and demonstrate its value in optimizing cell distribution.In the experimental demonstration, we present two types of micromagnets based on e-beam Ni deposition and inkjet printing technology, respectively.In the screening experiments, the Ni micromagnet integrated system achieves over 97% capture rate.It shows a 14% increase in capture rate, and a 14% improvement in distribution uniformity compared with plain slides.We also successfully isolate CTCs from metastatic cancer patients with the micromagnet assay.The inkjet-printed patterns yield a similarly high capture rate of 103%.With the pixel permanent magnet array, the inkjet patterns further increase the distribution uniformity for 20%.The proposed models lay the theoretical foundations for future modification of the immunomagnetic assay, and the micromagnet-integrated system provides a promising tool for translational applications in cancer diagnose and clinical cancer management.
Glass Transitions and Crystallization in Milk Powders (1994)

Glass transition temperatures were determined for dehydrated milk products with various water contents and water activities, and state diagrams were established. Crystallization behavior was studied with milk powders stored at various relative humidities. Glass transition temperatures of milk powders containing lactose were close to those of pure lactose. Skim milk powder with hydrolyzed lactose had considerably lower glass transition temperatures. Glass transition temperatures decreased as water content increased. The critical water content and water activity for stability at 24C were predicted using data on glass transition temperature and water sorption. Lactose and milk powders containing lactose had the same critical water activity or storage relative humidity, but slightly different critical water contents. The critical values for skim milk with hydrolyzed lactose were much lower than those for regular milk powders. Loss of adsorbed water, indicating lactose crystallization, was observed in milk powders stored above the critical relative humidity. Glass transition temperatures and state diagrams can be used to evaluate changes during processing and storage of dairy foods.
Design and Synthesis of Benzimidazole-Linked <i>meta</i>-Substituted Benzylidenes/Benzyls as Biologically Significant New Chemical Entities (2013)

Abstract meta-Linked thiazolidinedione (TZD)– and diethyl malonate (DEM)–based benzylidenes and methyl acetoacetate (MAA)–based benzyl moieties linked to the 2-position of N-methyl benzimidazole were synthesized. TZD- and DEM-based compounds were synthesized by condensation of 2,4-thiazolidinedone and DEM respectively with the corresponding 3-substituted benzaldehyde, whereas MAA-based compounds were obtained by halogen displacement with the corresponding 3-substituted phenol. These new chemical entities were designed to provide a balanced agonism at the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha/gamma (PPARα/γ) in the management of type 2 diabetes: a move from glitazones to selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARγMs). Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® to view the free supplemental file. Keywords: Benzimidazolebenzylidenediethylmalonatemethyl acetoacetate2,4-thiazolidinedione ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are thankful to the Punjabi University authorities for providing the necessary research facilities. We are also grateful to the director and Avtar Singh of RSIC, Panjab University, Chandigarh, and director, NIPER, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, for extending the facilities for spectral analysis of the compounds reported in this article. One of the authors (R.M.) is thankful to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, government of India, for providing a research fellowship. Notes a Gold score[ Citation 25 ] of the best docked conformation. b The code written is as given in the reference. Notes. db, double bond; sb, single bond.
A NOTE ON RISK AVERSION AND PREFERENCES (1991)

The relationship between Arrow‐Pratt measures of risk aversion and the standard income and substitution effects in certainty problems is presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship between curvature properties of indifference maps and properties of relative risk aversion. The results are applied to the demand for insurance and in models with asymmetric information.
Optimization of Coaxial Couplers (2007)

A simple and accurate method has been developed to optimize the performance of coaxial couplers for traveling-wave tubes using a 3-D electromagnetic field simulation code. The new technique, which is a combination of numerical and analytical procedures, is presented with a comparison with conventional practice. By using this method, a number of couplers with Sub- Miniature A, Threaded Neill-Concelman, and waveguide output for different tubes were modeled, validated by the experimental cold test data, and optimized. The use of this technique can reduce the optimization time by up to 90% in comparison with the conventional numerical only approach.
1.55 mu m polarization-insensitive high-gain tensile-strained-barrier MQW optical amplifier (1991)

A polarization-insensitive semiconductor optical amplifier was realized at a wavelength of 1.55 mu m. The active layer consisted of a tensile-strained-barrier multiple quantum well (MQW) structure. At a driving current of 150 mA, no dependence of the saturation characteristics on modes was obtained. The saturation output power at which the gain decreases 3 dB is 13.3 dBm. A slightly higher saturation output power of 14 dBm was measured at a driving current of 200 mA. No large difference was observed between transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) modes. A high gain of 27.5 dB at a polarization sensitivity of 0.5 dB and a high saturation output of 14 dBm were realized simultaneously by using a longer device with reduced residual facet reflectivities.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>