gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low cost through silicon via solution suitable compatible with existing assembly infrastructure and suitable for single die and die stacked packages (2008)

In portable electronics products, where area is at a premium, there has been a move to three dimensional solutions, achieved by either package stacking or die stacking. Package stacking allows the parts to be tested before stacking to maintain high compound yields, but is volume and cost inefficient because each die has its own enclosure. Die stacking using wire bond interconnects is low cost, but is still volume inefficient because die must be either offset or spacer layers included to allow access to the bond pads. Die stacking using wire bonds is also incompatible with high-volume manufacture because of the serial nature of the stacking and interconnect processes. Die stacking using through silicon vias potentially offers the thinnest product solution. Despite many years of endeavour TSVs have failed to achieve widespread commercial acceptance. There are several reasons for this notable amongst which is the high capital cost of the equipment required, the slow etch rate of silicon, which curtails throughput, and the complexity of the additional process steps to fabricate conductive pipes that are insulated from the silicon through which they pass. There are also issues of reliability that have not yet been satisfactorily solved. Points of weaknesses in the design include dielectric and conductive coating of the side walls of a high aspect ratio pipe; the 90 degree bends at the top and base of the pipe that the redistribution layer must traverse and maintain connectivity during thermal cycling; and the difficulty of cleaning the back of the bond pad so the redistribution layer can make an Ohmic contact to it, when the bond pad is the bottom of a long narrow pipe. This paper will present a new through silicon via solution suitable for both single die and stacked die wafer-level packages. So-called dasiavia-through-padpsila interconnects are a novel form of interconnect that superficially resemble a TSV but the differences are important and have profound implications for the product cost and reliability. Unusually, the materials of the package construction are sourced from the automotive industry. This is done to keep costs as low as possible. The process technology is wholly scaleable so the same tool set can be used irrespective of the silicon wafer diameter. The via-through-pad interconnects and stacked package are fabricated at the wafer level to leverage the cost and throughput advantage of wafer-scale processing. Because only tested die are incorporated in the structure, high-compound yield can be realised. Data will be presented showing via-through-pad interconnects are able to surpass by a wide margin, the exacting reliability requirements of the automotive industry, both at the package and board level. Examples of application based on image sensors and muSD cards containing stacks of flash memory will be presented.
Improving the consistency of particle size measurement. (2009)

The principal causes of variability in particle size measurement, particularly in the sub-sieve range of 50 µm to sub 1 µm are summarised. The causes are illustrated with results of measurements from a series of round robins made to test reproducibility under different levels of prescription in the procedure followed. Improvements of over 50% in coefficient of variability for particle size fractions are shown to be possible when clear procedures are laid down for sampling, dispersion and handling even where different equipment constrains the exact procedure adopted. Users are encouraged to develop clear procedures based on the major factors described in the guide for each different powder encountered.
Biospecific Labeling with Undecagold: Visualization of the Biotin-Binding Site on Avidin (1982)

The biotin-binding site on avidin has been labeled with biotin conjugated to undecagold, an organometallic cluster compound containing 11 gold atoms in a core angestroms in diameter. Examination of unstained specimens by scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals the labeled sites directly, without computational averaging or filtering of the images. This approach should be widely applicable for determining the locations of subunits and functional site in biological macromolecules at a resolution at a resolution in range of 15 angstroms.
Arteriovenous Fistulae in Rabbit Kidney Studied by Dye-Dilution Technique and by Angiography (1972)

AbstractThe effects of percutaneous punctures of kidneys of rabbits were studied by nephroangiography and by determination of renal blood flow using a dye-dilution technique. The punctures were made during the actual examination or up to 7 days earlier. At puncture small fistulae immediately were created, often only detectable by the dye-dilution technique. Slight arterial hypertension was registered in one rabbit with fistula, perhaps due to focal ischemia. Various vasoactive drugs were tested in order to increase the diagnostic accuracy at angiography and at the dye-dilution study. Only angiotensin proved to be of advantage. The combination of nephroangiography and blood flow determination using dye-dilution technique in man with fistulae, hemangiomas and tumours should be valuable, especially if angiotensin is employed.
A methodology for developing multi-agent systems (1991)

Summary form only given. The authors have developed a theoretical and practical methodology for designing, implementing and testing systems of interacting agents. They describe the ideas on which the method is based and then say something about the practical tools constructed to develop real systems.
Synthesis, Fluorine-18 Radiolabeling, and Biological Evaluation of<i>N</i>-((<i>E</i>)-4-Fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4′-halophenyl)nortropanes: Candidate Radioligands for In Vivo Imaging of the Brain Dopamine Transporter with Positron Emission Tomography (2010)

The N-(E)-fluorobutenyl-3beta-(para-halo-phenyl)nortropanes 9-12 were synthesized as ligands of the dopamine transporter (DAT) for use as (18)F-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents. In vitro competition binding assays demonstrated that compounds 9-12 have a high affinity for the DAT and are selective for the DAT compared to the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. MicroPET imaging with [(18)F]9-[(18)F]11 in anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys showed high uptake in the putamen with lesser uptake in the caudate, but significant washout of the radiotracer was only observed for [(18)F]9. PET imaging with [(18)F]9 in an awake rhesus monkey showed high and nearly equal uptake in both the putamen and caudate with peak uptake achieved after 20 min followed by a leveling-off for about 10 min and then a steady washout and attainment of a quasi-equilibrium. During the time period 40-80 min postinjection of [(18)F]9, the ratio of uptake in the putamen and caudate vs cerebellum uptake was > or = 4.
Security schemes for the OLSR protocol for ad hoc networks (2005)

Jury: Mme Ana Cavalli, M. François Baccelli, M. François Morain, M. Paul Mühlethaler, M. Guy Pujolle, M. Ahmed Serhrouchni
Ticket Pricing (1997)

Price discrimination among ticket service classes is analyzed when aggregate demand is known and individual preferences are private information. Serving customers in cheap second‐class seats limits the seller's ability to extract surplus from expensive first‐class seats because some switch to the lower class. Discrimination is greatest in the class with the largest variance in demand prices. The seller's incentives to limit substitution by altering the between‐class quality spread and the pricing of complementary (concession) goods are also analyzed. These issues depend on comparing “marginal” with “average” customers, parallel to the provision of public goods. Finally, when capacity limitations require sequential servicing of buyers in “batches” (for example, theatrical productions), intertemporal price discrimination requires prices to decline over time, so customers with the greatest demand prices buy higher‐priced tickets to earlier performances rather than wait for later performances. The rational policy can generate queues for early performances.
Image compression using integrated lossless/lossy methods (1991)

A new compression scheme is described that aims at improving the fidelity of reconstructed images through the parallel application of both lossless and lossy compression techniques. The purpose of the scheme is to obtain compression ratios higher than those obtained by lossless compression schemes and at the same time produce reconstructed images with better fidelity than those normally obtained with lossy techniques. Tests so far have shown that the integrated lossless/lossy (IL/L) compression scheme consistently improves the fidelity of reconstructed images compared to well-known image compression algorithms. Specifically, the new scheme gives better fidelity (20% to 55% reduction in mean square error) than the DCT algorithm under equal compression ratios.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Continuous time-domain monitoring of cerebral autoregulation in neurocritical care (2014)

Integration of various brain signals can be used to determine cerebral autoregulation in neurocritical care patients to guide clinical management and to predict outcome. In this review, we will discuss current methodology of multimodal brain monitoring focusing on secondary 'reactivity indices' derived from various brain signals which are based on a 'moving correlation coefficient'. This algorithm was developed in order to analyze in a time dependent manner the degree of correlation between two factors within a time series where the number of paired observations is large. Of the various primary neuromonitoring sources which can be used to calculate reactivity indices, we will focus in this review on indices based on transcranial Doppler (TCD), intracranial pressure (ICP), brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Furthermore, we will demonstrate how reactivity indices can show transient changes of cerebral autoregulation and can be used to optimize management of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP).
Progressive wave absorber (1972)

(1972). Progressive wave absorber. Journal of Hydraulic Research: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 153-169.
Cell cycle-dependent modulation of telomerase activity in tumor cells. (1996)

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that is thought to add telomeric repeats onto the ends of chromosomes during the replicative phase of the cell cycle. We tested this hypothesis by arresting human tumor cell lines at different stages of the cell cycle. Induction of quiescence by serum deprivation did not affect telomerase activity. Cells arrested at the G1/S phase of the cell cycle showed similar levels of telomerase to asynchronous cultures; progression through the S phase was associated with increased telomerase activity. The highest level of telomerase activity was detected in S-phase cells. In contrast, cells arrested at G2/M phase of the cell cycle were almost devoid of telomerase activity. Diverse cell cycle blockers, including transforming growth factor beta1 and cytotoxic agents, also caused inhibition of telomerase activity. These results establish a direct link between telomerase activity and progression through the cell cycle.
Modern History and Politics -- State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East by Roger Owen (1995)

State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East, by Roger Owen. London and New York: Routledge Press, 1992. xvi + 290 pages. Bibl. to p. 295. Index to p. 302. $55 cloth; $18.95 paper. Reviewed by Don Peretz This book, the first in a forthcoming series on the Middle East, presents an overview of and general introduction to some of the major processes in the region's recent political and social history. The level of sophistication and will appeal to knowledgeable scholars of the region as well as to those with little or no previous background. The area covered includes the Arab East and North Africa, Iran, Israel, and Turkey from the end of the Ottoman period to the early 1990s. Owen believes that the structures supporting politics in these countries and regions a stability and a logic that permit systematic analysis (p. 290). The book is divided into two parts--a historical discussion of the emergence of the present nationstate system and the contemporary political institutions of its members; and an of several principal themes: the politics of economic restructuring, the politics of religion, the influence of the military, and the problems of establishing democratic institutions. The author relies heavily on secondary sources for the substantive data that form the foundation of his own unique interpretations and insights. Thus, he frequently cites other authorities to introduce thoughts concerning recent developments in the region. These include I. William Zartman and John Waterbury on Morocco and Egypt, Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett on Iraq, Feroz Ahmad and Caglar Keydar on Turkey, Yehoshua Porath on the Palestinians, Yoram Peri on Israel, and Raymond Hinnebusch on Syria. The book is valuable, however, less for the historical account and data on contemporary politics, than for its thought-provoking analysis. It would serve well as a companion piece to more thorough and detailed political/historical surveys. Part II offers a comparative examination of the various themes mentioned above--economy, religion, the military, political parties, and democracy. The discussion of economic restructuring underscores how attempts to alter statist systems of economic management have varied. The similarities and differences in coping with economic reform are presented in case studies of Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey. Owen selects examples of regimes that have attempted adjustments on the supply side, rather than those dealing with short-term stabilization programs focusing on the demand side. The discussion of religion and politics examines the diversity of theologies and systems of religious law to the extent that they provide motives and programs for political action. …
Predicting Source Code Quality with Static Analysis and Machine Learning (2014)

This paper is investigating if it is possible to predict source code quality based on static analysis and machine learning. The proposed approach includes a plugin in Eclipse, uses a combination of peer review/human rating, static code analysis, and classification methods. As training data, public data and student hand-ins in programming are used. Based on this training data, new and uninspected source code can be accurately classified as “well written” or “badly written”. This is a step towards feedback in an interactive environment without peer assessment.
The Need for Special Foods and Sugar Substitutes by Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus (1978)

The need for special dietary products marketed for use by individuals with diabetes mellitus and the safety and efficacy of certain nutritive sweetener substitutes for sucrose are reviewed. Special foods for individuals with diabetes mellitus are not necessary to achieve the dietary objectives recommended by leading United States and European authorities. They can be achieved conveniently and at minimum expense through enlightened choices of commonly available food items. At present, specific and unique characteristics of food products with special therapeutic properties for diets of diabetic individuals cannot be delineated or defined on rational nutritional grounds. Such terms as "diet", "dietetic", and "diabetic" on food labels have no uniform meaning for consumers, and diabetologists have observed that patients tend to consume such foods without regard to their energy content. Some consumers regard the reduced-calorie and low-calorie prepared food products as convenient in diets for weight reduction and diabetes although their use in dietary management of diabetes has no therapeutic basis other than weight reduction and maintenance. When fed as pure substances to fasted subjects, the nonglucose carbohydrate nutritive sweeteners, fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol, are absorbed relatively slowly and produce less postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response than sucrose or glucose. Adequate studies of their long-term effectiveness when ingested as part of mixed meals have not been conducted. Although these sucrose substitutes are generally considered safe, the significance of recent information on possible carcinogenicity of oral xylitol in long-term feeding studies has not been fully evaluated. In view of the lack of certain essential information on the long-term effectiveness of various diets in preventing or mitigating the chronic debilitating complication of diabetes, suggestions for future research are included.
Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes : dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial (2002)

\n\t\t\t\t\t<b>Objectives:</b> To evaluate whether a course teaching flexible intensive insulin treatment combining dietary freedom and insulin adjustment can improve both glycaemic control and quality of life in type 1 diabetes.<br /><br /><b>Design:</b> Randomised design with participants either attending training immediately (immediate DAFNE) or acting as waiting list controls and attending &ldquo;delayed DAFNE&rdquo; training 6 months later.<br />Setting: Secondary care diabetes clinics in three English health districts.<br /><br /><b>Participants: </b>169 adults with type 1 diabetes and moderate or poor glycaemic control.<br /><br /><b>Main outcome measures:</b> Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), severe hypoglycaemia, impact of diabetes on quality of life (ADDQoL).<br /><br /><b>Results:</b> At 6 months, HbA1c was significantly better in immediate DAFNE patients (mean 8.4%) than in delayed DAFNE patients (9.4%) (t=6.1, P&lt;0.0001). The impact of diabetes on dietary freedom was significantly improved in immediate DAFNE patients compared with delayed DAFNE patients (t=&minus;5.4, P&lt;0.0001), as was the impact of diabetes on overall quality of life (t=2.9, P&lt;0.01). General wellbeing and treatment satisfaction were also significantly improved, but severe hypoglycaemia, weight, and lipids remained unchanged. Improvements in &ldquo;present quality of life&rdquo; did not reach significance at 6 months but were significant by 1 year.<br /><br /><b>Conclusion:</b> Skills training promoting dietary freedom improved quality of life and glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes without worsening severe hypoglycaemia or cardiovascular risk. This approach has the potential to enable more people to adopt intensive insulin treatment and is worthy of further investigation.<br />\n\t\t\t\t
Many-membered Carbon Rings. XVII. A Paracyclophane Possessing Two gem-Dimethyl Groups<sup>1,2</sup> (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMany-membered Carbon Rings. XVII. A Paracyclophane Possessing Two gem-Dimethyl Groups1,2A. T. Blomquist and F. JaffeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 13, 3405–3408Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01546a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01546a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views58Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Distributed Flooding-Based Storage Algorithms for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks (2009)

In this paper we propose distributed storage algorithms for large-scale wireless sensor networks. Assume a wireless sensor network with n nodes that have limited power, memory, and bandwidth. Each node is capable of both sensing and storing data. Such sensor nodes might disappear from the network due to failures or battery depletion. Hence it is desired to design efficient schemes to collect data from these n nodes. We propose two distributed storage algorithms (DSA's) that utilize network flooding to solve this problem. In the first algorithm, DSA-I, we assume that the total number of sensors is known to each sensor in the network. We show that this algorithm is efficient in terms of the encoding and decoding operations. Furthermore, every node utilizes network flooding to disseminate its data throughout the network using a mixing time of approximately O(n). In the second algorithm, DSA-II, we assume that the total number of nodes is not known to every sensor; hence dissemination of the data does not depend on n. The encoding operations in this case take O(C mu <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), where mu is the mean degree of the network graph and C is a system parameter. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms through analysis and simulation. We show that the performance of the proposed algorithms matches the derived theoretical results.
Compressive sensing based machine learning strategy for characterizing the flow around a cylinder with limited pressure measurements (2013)

Compressive sensing is used to determine the flow characteristics around a cylinder (Reynolds number and pressure/flow field) from a sparse number of pressure measurements on the cylinder. Using a supervised machine learning strategy, library elements encoding the dimensionally reduced dynamics are computed for various Reynolds numbers. Convex L1 optimization is then used with a limited number of pressure measurements on the cylinder to reconstruct, or decode, the full pressure field and the resulting flow field around the cylinder. Aside from the highly turbulent regime (large Reynolds number) where only the Reynolds number can be identified, accurate reconstruction of the pressure field and Reynolds number is achieved. The proposed data-driven strategy thus achieves encoding of the fluid dynamics using the L2 norm, and robust decoding (flow field reconstruction) using the sparsity promoting L1 norm.
Study of Surface Carbon Formed on Working Anodes of SOFCs Running on Methane (1997)

Surface carbon formed on Ni-cermet anodes in working SOFCs operating on methane has been characterised using Temperature Programmed Oxidation (TPO), and electrochemical measurements. It is found that the quantity of carbon deposited on the anode is significantly reduced by: lowering the operating temperature, increasing the steam/methane ratio, and introducing small quantities of additives such as molybdenum into the anode. TPO has revealed that three types of surface carbon species are formed during high temperature reaction of methane. Each of these species has been found to form at different rates on the Ni anode.