gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
the Influence of Ctla-4 Gene Polymorphisms on Liver Transplant Outcomes (2006)

Abstract Background: The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) gene encodes for a membrane bound (mCTLA-4) and a soluble sCTLA-4 isoform, which are both involved in regulation of T cell function. The CTLA-4 +49A/G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) influences expression of mCTLA-4; +6230G/A SNP affects the production of soluble sCTLA-4. Aim: To examine whether these functional SNPs influence the rate of rejection after liver transplantation. Patients and methods: Liver graft recipients (n = 483) were genotyped for both SNPs, and haplotypes were reconstructed. Association with rejection was tested by the log rank test using the Kaplan-Meier method with time to the first acute rejection episode as outcome. Multiple analysis of SNPs together with demographic factors was performed by Cox regression. Results: Three haplotypes were observed in the cohort: +49A/+6230A, +49A/+6230G, and +49G/+6230G. The +49A/+6230G haplotype was significantly and dose dependently associated with acute rejection (p = 0.01). Of the demographic factors tested, only underlying liver disease was significantly associated with rejection. Adjusted for underlying liver disease, each additional +49A/+6230G haplotype allele resulted in a significantly higher risk of acute rejection (risk ratio 1.34 (95% confidence interval 1.04-1.72); p = 0.02). Patients who lacked this haplotype had the lowest, carriers an intermediate, and homozygotes the highest risk of acute rejection. Conclusion: The CTLA-4 +49A/+6230G haplotype, which encodes for normal mCTLA-4 expression but reduced sCTLA-4 production, is a co-dominant risk allele for acute rejection after clinical liver transplantation. This implies that even under immunosuppression, CTLA-4 is critically involved in the regulation of the human immune response to allogeneic grafts.
Synthesis of Pyridazine Derivatives. VIII. Nucleophilic Substitution of 3, 6-Dichloro-4-methylpyridazine. (1957)

In the reaction of 3, 6-dichloro-4-methylpyridazine (I) with hydrazine hydrate, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, or potassium hydrogen sulfide, monosubstituted compounds were obtained. The position of methyl group in those compounds and the relationship among them were cleared up. Examination was also made on whether substitution in (I) occurred in 3- or in 6-position according to the change of conditions. 6-Chloro-8-methyl-s-triazolo [4, 3-b] pyridazine and 6-chloro-7-methyl-s-triazolo [4, 3-b]-pyridazine were prepared from 3-hydrazino-4-methyl-6-chloropyridazine and 3-hydrazino-5-methyl-6-chloropyridazine, and were derived to their 6-hydrazino derivatives.
Defending the Right to Be Fully Human (2008)

Senator Lyn Allison's speech when accepting the AHOY 2008 award at the CAHS Convention dinner on May 3, 2008, is presented. She calls for the need to defend the right to be fully human in the context of the rights of Aboriginal people and immigrants, reproductive health rights for women and the right for voluntary euthanasia.
Design of Ideal Cascades of Gas Centrifuges with Variable Separation Factors (1976)

A method of designing ideal cascades in which the separation factor varies with stage number is presented and applied to centrifuges as separating units. The centrifuge is characterized by a performance function, which gives the separative power, optimized with respect to all internal variables, as a function of cut and throughput. For centrifuges with certain types of performance functions, variable-α ideal cascades can provide a product at a lower cost than the conventional ideal cascade in which the separation factor is independent of stage number.
Sources of Internal Scattering of Electrons in a Cylindrical Mirror Analyser (CMA) (1996)

A number of possible sources of internal scattering of electrons in a single-pass Varian cylindrical mirror analyser (CMA) have been identified and their relative contributions to the electron spectral background evaluated. These sources include: the inner surfaces of the outer cylinder; the input and output apertures of the inner cylinder; thefield trimmers between the two cylinders; the walls of the exit aperture in front of the electron detector; the outersurfaces of the inner cylinder. A theory/experiment comparison of the above sources has verified that the two most significant of these are the walls of the exit aperture and the field trimmers. The other sources contribute only negligibly to the total signal of internally scattered electrons. Simple modifications of the spectrometer and its detector show a large reduction in the internal scattering signal. A simple experimental measurement for determining the relative contribution of the various internal scattering sources is suggested. This measurement is recommended instead of the commonly used peak-to-background ratios as a diagnostic tool for detecting and evaluating all the above-mentioned sources of internal scattering of electrons in a CMA.
Measurement of passive ankle stiffness in subjects with chronic hemiparesis using a novel ankle robot (2011)

Our objective in this study was to assess passive mechanical stiffness in the ankle of chronic hemiparetic stroke survivors and to compare it with those of healthy young and older (age-matched) individuals. Given the importance of the ankle during locomotion, an accurate estimate of passive ankle stiffness would be valuable for locomotor rehabilitation, potentially providing a measure of recovery and a quantitative basis to design treatment protocols. Using a novel ankle robot, we characterized passive ankle stiffness both in sagittal and in frontal planes by applying perturbations to the ankle joint over the entire range of motion with subjects in a relaxed state. We found that passive stiffness of the affected ankle joint was significantly higher in chronic stroke survivors than in healthy adults of a similar cohort, both in the sagittal as well as frontal plane of movement, in three out of four directions tested with indistinguishable stiffness values in plantarflexion direction. Our findings are comparable to the literature, thus indicating its plausibility, and, to our knowledge, report for the first time passive stiffness in the frontal plane for persons with chronic stroke and older healthy adults.
Prostaglandin synthesis via two-component coupling. Highly efficient synthesis of chiral prostaglandin intermediates 4-alkoxy-2-alkyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one and 4-alkoxy-3-alkenyl-2-methylenecyclopentan-1-one (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProstaglandin synthesis via two-component coupling. Highly efficient synthesis of chiral prostaglandin intermediates 4-alkoxy-2-alkyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one and 4-alkoxy-3-alkenyl-2-methylenecyclopentan-1-oneSentaro Okamoto, Yuichi Kobayashi, Hiroshi Kato, Kimihiko Hori, Takashi Takahashi, Jiro Tsuji, and Fumie SatoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 23, 5590–5592Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00258a051https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00258a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views891Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
RNTP-based resource block allocation in LTE downlink indoor scenarios (2013)

In long term evolution (LTE) downlink indoor scenarios, we study an inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) by interacting the relative narrow-band transmit power (RNTP) indicators among evolved NodeBs (eNBs). Assuming the data symbols of each user is only known by one eNB, a novel RNTP-based resource block (RB) allocation scheme is presented and carried out in two steps: 1) Each eNB partitions RBs for celledge and cell-center users, and then transmits such information to other eNBs within RNTP bit maps; 2) Based on the received RNTP bit maps, a novel scheduling algorithm is proposed to allocate RBs for cell-edge and cell-center users in each eNB. Simulation results show that the proposed RNTP-based RB allocation scheme improves the cell-edge users' performance, and yields up a certain overall cell throughput enhancement.
Synthesis and Single-Molecule Imaging of Highly Mobile Adamantane-Wheeled Nanocars (2012)

The synthesis and single-molecule imaging of two inherently fluorescent nanocars equipped with adamantane wheels is reported. The nanocars were imaged using 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) as the chromophore, which was rigidly incorporated into the nanocar chassis via Sonogashira cross-coupling chemistry that permitted the synthesis of nanocars having different geometries. In particular, studied here were four- and three-wheeled nanocars with adamantane wheels. It was found that, for the four-wheeled nanocar, the percentage of moving nanocars and the diffusion constant show a significant improvement over p-carborane-wheeled nanocars with the same chassis. The three-wheeled nanocar showed only limited mobility due to its geometry. These results are consistent with a requisite wheel-like rolling motion. We furthermore developed a model that relates the percentage of moving nanocars in single-molecule experiments with the diffusion constant. The excellent agreement between the model and the new results presented here as well as previous single-molecule studies of fluorescent nanocars yields an improved understanding of motion in these molecular machines.
Bandwidth efficient QAM schemes for Rayleigh fading channels (1991)

Techniques to improve the BER performance of 16-level QAM transmission over Rayleigh fading channels for PCN systems are presented. Simulations were carried out with a carrier frequency of 1.9 GHz, data rate of 64 kbit/s and mobile speed of 30 mph. The residual BER was reduced by over an order of magnitude, by introducing a circular constellation coupled with differential amplitude and phase encoding, compared with a square QAM constellation. When an oversampling and interpolation technique was combined with the circular constellation with differential encoding another order of magnitude reduction in residual BER was obtained. By expanding the number of QAM levels to 64, and on using the two extra bits gained for block coding, the BER was reduced to 10-6 for channel SNRs in excess of 35 dB. Decreasing the data throughput to 48 kbit/s using a rate RS(60, 44, 12) code, 16-level QAM, interleaved over 40 ms, transmitted over a Rayleigh fading channel yielded a BER of 10-6 for channel SNRs above 25 dB
Spectral Asymptotics in the Semi-Classical Limit (1999)

Semiclassical approximation addresses the important relationship between quantum and classical mechanics. There has been a very strong development in the mathematical theory, mainly thanks to methods of microlocal analysis. This book develops the basic methods, including the WKB-method, stationary phase and h-pseudodifferential operators. The applications include results on the tunnel effect, the asymptotics of eigenvalues in relation to classical trajectories and normal forms, plus slow perturbations of periodic Schrödinger operators appearing in solid state physics. No previous specialized knowledge in quantum mechanics or microlocal analysis is assumed, and only general facts about spectral theory in Hilbert space, distributions, Fourier transforms and some differential geometry belong to the prerequisites. This book is addressed to researchers and graduate students in mathematical analysis, as well as physicists who are interested in rigorous results. A fairly large fraction can be (and has been) covered in a one semester course.
Spontaneous Recurrent Seizures in Rats: Amino Acid and Monoamine Determination in the Hippocampus (1994)

Rats subjected to structural brain damage induced by sustained convulsions triggered by systemic administration of pilocarpine (PILO) are a useful model for investigation of the mechanisms essential for seizure generation and spread in rodents. After PILO administration, three distinct phases are observed: (a) an acute period of 1-2 days' duration corresponding to a pattern of repetitive limbic seizures and status epilepticus; (b) a seizure-free (silent) period characterized by a progressive return to normal EEG and behavior of 4-44 days' duration; and (c) a period of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) starting 5-45 days after PILO administration and lasting throughout the animal's life. PILO (320-350 mg/kg intraperitoneally, i.p.) was administered to rats, and the content of hippocampal monoamines and amino acids was measured in the acute, silent, and SRS periods by liquid chromatography. Norepinephrine (NE) level was decreased during all periods whereas dopamine (DA) content was increased. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was increased only in the acute period. Utilization rate measurement of monoamines showed increased NE consumption and decreased DA consumption during all phases. 5-HT utilization rate was increased only in the acute period. Amino acid content showed a decrease in aspartate (ASP) and glutamate (GLU) concentrations associated with increased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level during the acute period. The silent phase was characterized by a decrease in glycine (GLY) and GABA levels and an increase in GLU concentration. The SRS period showed an increase in all amino acid concentrations. These findings show important neurochemical changes in the course of establishment of an epileptic focus after brain damage induced by status epilepticus triggered by pilocarpine.
A passive and adaptive optical equalizer for reconfigurable multiwavelength networks (2000)

Summary form only given. We describe a new concept for an equalizer that is scalable in the number of wavelengths, adapts to time variations in the optical power, and does not require an external power reference. It is a filter whose transmission coefficient decreases with increasing power at each of the wavelengths used by the network. Thus, the strongest wavelength output from an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) will be transmitted less than the weaker ones, making the output power from the EDFA more evenly distributed among the wavelengths. Such an equalizer equalizes the output of an EDFA rather than its gain, and will function with changing input powers.
Poly(lactic Acid) and Chain-Extended Poly(lactic acid)−Polyurethane Functionalized with Pendent Carboxylic Acid Groups (2008)

We have synthesized linear poly(lactic acid) (BHMBA−PLA) possessing a pendent carboxylic acid group via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of l- or d,l-lactide using bis(hydroxymethyl) butyric acid (BHMBA) as initiator and stannous octoate as catalyst. Polymerizations were typically conducted in the bulk for ∼3 h at 130 °C, using a catalyst concentration of 3 × 10-2 wt % Sn. The polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, equipped with a multiangle laser light scattering detector (GPC−MALLS), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY), and heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy (HSQC). Branching, via possible condensation reaction between the pendent carboxylic acid group of the initiator fragment and the hydroxyl chain ends, was investigated and determined to be negligible under our synthesis conditions. Number-average molecular weights by GPC−MALLS (Mn,GPC) and 1H NMR (Mn,NMR) were in good agreement with theoretical values (Mn,theo) calculated assuming a strictly linear structure. The average number of branches per molecule, N̄br, was calculated from NMR data and found to be nearly identical to that of a strictly nonbranched poly(lactide) synthesized using 1,4-butandiol as the initiator. We have chain extended BHMBA−PLA using a diisocyanate, proving its utility in the synthesis of hydrolytically degradable poly(ester−urethane)s containing regularly spaced pendent carboxylic acid groups.
CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup>regulatory T cells in autoimmune arthritis (2009)

CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells can play a critical role in the prevention of autoimmunity, as evidenced by the cataclysmic autoimmune disease that develops in mice and humans lacking the key transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3). At present, however, how and whether Treg cells participate in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which has both systemic manifestations and a joint-targeted pathology that characterizes the disease, remains unclear. In this review, we describe work that has been carried out aimed at determining the role of Treg cells in disease development in RA patients and in mouse models of inflammatory arthritis. We also describe studies in a new model of spontaneous autoimmune arthritis (TS1 x HACII mice), in which disease is caused by CD4(+) T cells recognizing a neo-self-antigen expressed by systemically distributed antigen-presenting cells. We show that TS1 x HACII mice develop arthritis despite the presence of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells that recognize this target autoantigen, and we outline steps in the development of arthritis at which Treg cells might potentially act, or fail to act, in the development of inflammatory arthritis.
First Flight Results on Time-Optimal Spacecraft Slews (2012)

This paper describes the design and flight implementation of time-optimal attitude maneuvers performed onboard NASA’s Transition Region and Coronal Explorer spacecraft. Minimum-time reorientation maneuvers have obvious applications for improving the agility of spacecraft systems, yet this type of capability has never before been demonstrated in flight due to the lack of reliable algorithms for generating practical optimal control solutions suitable for flight implementation. Constrained time-optimal maneuvering of a rigid body is studied first, in order to demonstrate the potential for enhancing the performance of the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer spacecraft. Issues related to the experimental flight implementation of time-optimal maneuvers onboard Transition Region and Coronal Explorer are discussed. A description of an optimal control problem that includes practical constraints such as the nonlinear reaction wheel torque-momentum envelope and rate gyro saturation limits is given. The problem is solved using the pseudospectral optimal control theory implemented in the MATLAB® software DIDO. Flight results, presented for a typical large-angle time-optimal reorientation maneuver, show that the maneuvers can be implemented without any modification of the existing spacecraft attitude control system. A clear improvement in spacecraft maneuver performance as compared with conventional eigenaxis maneuvering is demonstrated.
Steps in CH<sub>4</sub> oxidation on Pt and Rh surfaces: High‐temperature reactor simulations (1993)

Abstract The direct oxidation of CH 4 to H 2 and CO in O 2 and in air at high temperatures over alumina foam monoliths coated with high loadings of Pt and Rh has been simulated using a 19‐elementary‐step model of adsorption, desorption and surface reaction steps with reaction parameters from the literature or from fits to previous experiments. The surface reaction model for Pt is in good agreement with previously reported low‐pressure(0.1 to 1 torr) reactor measurements of CH 4 oxidation rates at temperatures from 600 to 1,500 K and of OH radical desorption during CH 4 oxidation at 1,300 to 1,600 K over polycrystalline Pt foils. The model predictions for both catalysts are also consistent with product selectivities observed over monolithic catalysts in an atmospheric‐pressure laboratory‐scale reactor, and the differences between Pt and Rh can be explained by comparing individual reaction steps on these surfaces. Because of the good agreement between the model and both low‐and atmospheric‐pressure reactor simulations, a complete energy diagram for methane oxidation at low coverages is proposed. The model results show that under CH 4 rich conditions at high temperatures, H 2 and CO are primary products of the direct oxidation of methane via a pyrolysis mechanism.
Electrostatic suspension of dielectrics (1998)

This paper reports the successful electrostatic suspension of dielectric materials. In order to implement a stable suspension, the electrostatic forces exerted on a dielectric are actively controlled on the basis of the measured suspension gap lengths. The principle of electrostatic force generation for dielectrics is different from that for conductors. By utilizing a stator electrode pattern containing many boundaries over which potential differences exist, the suspension characteristics, such as dynamic stability, suspension initiation time and stiffness of lateral motion are greatly improved. The dynamic model of the suspension system and the influence of the resistivity of a dielectric on the closed-loop stability are described, followed by the experimental apparatus and stabilizing controller. As dielectric objects, glass plates have been suspended electrostatically at a gap length of about 0.3 mm. Apart from the structure of the stator electrode, the suspension initiation time is also influenced by air humidity, glass type, supplied voltage and gap length, which have been experimentally explored. Experimental results on the lateral dynamic characteristics are also presented.
Convergence of Implicit Monotone Schemes with Applications in Multiphase Flow in Porous Media (2008)

Phase-based upstreaming, which is a commonly used spatial discretization for multiphase flow in reservoir simulation, naturally gives rise to implicit monotone schemes when implicit time-stepping is used. The nonlinear Gauss–Seidel and Jacobi algorithms are shown to converge to a unique bounded solution when applied to the resulting system of equations. Thus, for one-dimensional problems, we obtain an alternate, constructive proof that such schemes are well-defined and converge to the entropy solution of the conservation law for arbitrary CFL numbers. The accuracy of phase-based upstream solutions is studied for various spatial and temporal grids, revealing the importance of unconditional stability when nonuniform grids and/or variable porosity is involved.