gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of root architectural traits in adaptation of wheat to water-limited environments (2006)

Better understanding of root system structure and function is critical to crop improvement in water-limited environments. The aims of this study were to examine root system characteristics of two wheat genotypes contrasting in tolerance to water limitation and to assess the functional implications on adaptation to water-limited environments of any differences found. The drought tolerant barley variety, Mackay, was also included to allow inter-species comparison. Single plants were grown in large, soil-filled root-observation chambers. Root growth was monitored by digital imaging and water extraction was measured. Root architecture differed markedly among the genotypes. The drought-tolerant wheat (cv. SeriM82) had a compact root system, while roots of barley cv. Mackay occupied the largest soil volume. Relative to the standard wheat variety (Hartog), SeriM82 had a more uniform rooting pattern and greater root length at depth. Despite the more compact root architecture of SeriM82, total water extracted did not differ between wheat genotypes. To quantify the value of these adaptive traits, a simulation analysis was conducted with the cropping system model APSIM, for a wide range of environments in southern Queensland, Australia. The analysis indicated a mean relative yield benefit of 14.5% in water-deficit seasons. Each additional millimetre of water extracted during grain filling generated an extra 55 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> of grain yield. The functional implications of root traits on temporal patterns and total amount of water capture, and their importance in crop adaptation to specific water-limited environments, are discussed.
Induction of CB2 receptor expression in the rat spinal cord of neuropathic but not inflammatory chronic pain models (2003)

Cannabinoids have been considered for some time as potent therapeutic agents in chronic pain management. Central and systemic administration of natural, synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids produce antinociceptive and antihyperalgesic effects in both acute and chronic animal pain models. Although much of the existing data suggest that the analgesic effects of cannabinoids are mediated via neuronal CB1 receptors, there is increasing evidence to support a role for peripheral CB2 receptors, which are expressed preferentially on immune cells. As yet, little is known about the central contribution of CB2 in neuropathic pain states. We report here that chronic pain models associated with peripheral nerve injury, but not peripheral inflammation, induce CB2 receptor expression in a highly restricted and specific manner within the lumbar spinal cord. Moreover, the appearance of CB2 expression coincides with the appearance of activated microglia.
Work Values as Moderators of Perceived Leader Behavior-Satisfaction Relationships (1977)

Hypotheses concerning the moderating effects of job involvement and pro-Protestant ethic attitudes on perceived leader behavior-satisfaction relationships were assessed for a sample of production workers (n = 131). Statistically significant moderating effects were not isolated. However, it was noted that job involvement and pro-Protestant ethic attitudes impacted somewhat differently on the perceived leader behavior-satisfaction relationships examined. The relationship between job involvement and pro-Protestant ethic attitudes was discussed.
Incorporation of mitochondrial membrane proteins into liposomes containing acidic phospholipids. (1976)

Cytochrome oxidase, QH2-cytochrome c reductase, and the oligomycin-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase were incorporated into liposomes by a new procedure which yielded unidirectional orientation of the proteins. Cytochrome oxidase was reconstituted in the mitochrondrial orientation and the adenosine triphosphatase in the submitochondrial orientation. Reconstitutions were achieved by incubating the proteins at room temperature with liposomes which contained phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and an acidic phospholipid (cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol, or phosphatidylserine). The incorporation occurred without added detergent or sonication. This incorporation procedure may serve as a model for the insertion of proteins in vivo.
Miniaturized magnetoelastic torque transducers (1999)

Torque transducers based on circumferentially polarized band technology are shown to be scalable downward to accommodate torque measurements to at least low mN/spl middot/m ranges. Shaft diameter for any required torque range is determined by material strength, while band width and separation are selected primarily to meet specific field detector requirements. Experiments verify the theoretically based expectation that the fields arising with the application of torque to property scaled mini-shafts are of similar intensity to those from larger shafts. A torque transducer of simple construction with a 0.79 mm diameter alloy steel shaft having a coercivity greater than 60 Oe, together with Hall effect field detectors exhibits suitable characteristics for torque measurement in the /spl plusmn/25 mN/spl middot/m range.
Archaea in artificial environments: Their presence in global spacecraft clean rooms and impact on planetary protection (2010)

The presence and role of Archaea in artificial, human-controlled environments is still unclear. The search for Archaea has been focused on natural biotopes where they have been found in overwhelming numbers, and with amazing properties. However, they are considered as one of the major group of microorganisms that might be able to survive a space flight, or even to thrive on other planets. Although still concentrating on aerobic, bacterial spores as a proxy for spacecraft cleanliness, space agencies are beginning to consider Archaea as a possible contamination source that could affect future searches for life on other planets. This study reports on the discovery of archaeal 16S rRNA gene signatures not only in US American spacecraft assembly clean rooms but also in facilities in Europe and South America. Molecular methods revealed the presence of Crenarchaeota in all clean rooms sampled, while signatures derived from methanogens and a halophile appeared only sporadically. Although no Archaeon was successfully enriched in our multiassay cultivation approach thus far, samples from a European clean room revealed positive archaeal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals of rod-shaped microorganisms, representing the first visualization of Archaea in clean room environments. The molecular and visual detection of Archaea was supported by the first quantitative PCR studies of clean rooms, estimating the overall quantity of Archaea therein. The significant presence of Archaea in these extreme environments in distinct geographical locations suggests a larger role for these microorganisms not only in natural biotopes, but also in human controlled and rigorously cleaned environments.
CaMKII inhibitors: from research tools to therapeutic agents (2014)

The cardiac field has benefited from the availability of several CaMKII inhibitors serving as research tools to test putative CaMKII pathways associated with cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Successful demonstrations of its critical pathophysiological roles have elevated CaMKII as a key target in heart failure, arrhythmia, and other forms of heart disease. This has caught the attention of the pharmaceutical industry, which is now racing to develop CaMKII inhibitors as safe and effective therapeutic agents. While the first generation of CaMKII inhibitor development is focused on blocking its activity based on ATP binding to its catalytic site, future inhibitors can also target sites affecting its regulation by Ca(2+)/CaM or translocation to some of its protein substrates. The recent availability of crystal structures of the kinase in the autoinhibited and activated state, and of the dodecameric holoenzyme, provides insights into the mechanism of action of existing inhibitors. It is also accelerating the design and development of better pharmacological inhibitors. This review examines the structure of the kinase and suggests possible sites for its inhibition. It also analyzes the uses and limitations of current research tools. Development of new inhibitors will enable preclinical proof of concept tests and clinical development of successful lead compounds, as well as improved research tools to more accurately examine and extend knowledge of the role of CaMKII in cardiac health and disease.
Percent G+C Profiling Accurately Reveals Diet-Related Differences in the Gastrointestinal Microbial Community of Broiler Chickens (2001)

Broiler chickens from eight commercial farms in Southern Finland were analyzed for the structure of their gastrointestinal microbial community by a nonselective DNA-based method, percent G+C-based profiling. The bacteriological impact of the feed source and in-farm whole-wheat amendment of the diet was assessed by percent G+C profiling. Also, a phylogenetic 16S rRNA gene (rDNA)-based study was carried out to aid in interpretation of the percent G+C profiles. This survey showed that most of the 16S rDNA sequences found could not be assigned to any previously known bacterial genus or they represented an unknown species of one of the taxonomically heterogeneous genera, such as Ruminococcus or Clostridium. The data from bacterial community profiling were analyzed by t-test, multiple linear regression, and principal-component statistical approaches. The percent G+C profiling method with appropriate statistical analyses detected microbial community differences smaller than 10% within each 5% increment of the percent G+C profiles. Diet turned out to be the strongest determinant of the cecal bacterial community structure. Both the source of feed and local feed amendment changed the bacteriological profile significantly, whereas profiles of individual farms with identical feed regimens hardly differed from each other. This suggests that the management of typical Finnish farms is relatively uniform or that hygiene on the farm, in fact, has little impact on the structure of the cecal bacterial community. Therefore, feed compounders should have a significant role in the modulation of gut microflora and consequently in prevention of gastrointestinal disorders in farm animals.
Changes in a CSF Antigen Associated with Dementia (1995)

An 85-kDa antigen was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using a monoclonal antibody, 11.57, raised against a fraction of paired helical filaments extracted from Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissues. The antigen is a thermostable protein that is unrelated either to tau or amyloid beta-protein precursor. Its level was measured in lumbar and post-mortem CSF samples and found to be decreased significantly in patients with dementia as compared with non-demented controls. There was no difference in its level between patients with AD and those with non-Alzheimer type dementia. In AD, however, there was a significant relationship between disease progression and the amount of the 85-kDa antigen.
Column-selection-enabled 8T SRAM array with ~1R/1W multi-port operation for DVFS-enabled processors (2011)

In this work, we propose a new multi-port 8T SRAM architecture suitable for DVFS enabled processors. With multi-way caches using 8T SRAM, write-back operations are required to support column selection. While conventional write-back schemes may not have the 1R/1W dual port advantage of 8T SRAM, our proposed local write-back scheme preserves both ports with only minimal limitations. Simulation results show significant IPC enhancements with the proposed cache. Implementation in 45nm technology demonstrates wide-range DVFS (from 120MHZ@0.48V to 710MHz@1V) for the proposed SRAM array.
Transport properties of two‐dimensionally fused zinc porphyrins from linear‐response approach (2010)

Abstract Transport properties, temperature‐dependent phonon‐limited electrical and thermal resistivities in the normal state of two‐dimensionally (2D) infinite‐fused zinc porphyrin with a directly meso ‐ meso ‐, β‐β‐, and β‐β‐linked array structure ZnP ∞ were theoretically calculated using linear‐response approach based on density functional theory (DFT). The calculated transport electron–phonon coupling (EPC) constant using the density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) shows almost equal to the superconducting EPC constant, which is the similar situation within a difference by ca. 10% between them for the transition metals. The calculated electrical and thermal resistivities at 300 K obtained by solving the Boltzmann equation within the lowest‐order variational approximation (LOVA) are only larger by one digit than those of the reference metal Al, expecting to become a fantastic 2D synthetic metal without an injection of conductive carriers from outside, e.g., by doping. The calculated results for the 2D infinite‐fused lithium porphyrin LiP ∞ with the same ground state as the one‐electron oxidative state of ZnP ∞ were also discussed for comparison. This simple approach using the first applied plane‐wave ultrasoft pseudopotentials (US‐PPs) is a usable technique for the prediction of the transport properties of simple metallic materials within the practical temperature range. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
A mini review of NiFe-based materials as highly active oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts (2014)

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrolysis, as an important reaction involved in water splitting and rechargeable metal-air batteries, has attracted increasing attention for clean energy generation and efficient energy storage. Nickel/iron (NiFe)-based compounds have been known as active OER catalysts since the last century, and renewed interest has been witnessed in recent years on developing advanced NiFe-based materials for better activity and stability. In this review, we present the early discovery and recent progress on NiFe-based OER electrocatalysts in terms of chemical properties, synthetic methodologies and catalytic performances. The advantages and disadvantages of each class of NiFe-based compounds are summarized, including NiFe alloys, electrodeposited films and layered double hydroxide nanoplates. Some mechanistic studies of the active phase of NiFe-based compounds are introduced and discussed to give insight into the nature of active catalytic sites, which could facilitate further improving NiFe based OER electrocatalysts. Finally, some applications of NiFe-based compounds for OER are described, including the development of an electrolyzer operating with a single AAA battery with voltage below 1.5 V and high performance rechargeable Zn-air batteries.
Mucoadhesion: a review of characterization techniques (2010)

The challenge of adopting a universal test method that could be used to compare data from different research groups and rank new mucoadhesion candidates has not yet been met.
Modulation by betaine of cellular responses to osmotic stress (1992)

Various solutes were tested to see if they could modify the responses of SV-3T3 cells to hyperosmotic (0.5 osM) conditions, which cause an inhibition of general cell protein synthesis and of the rate of cell proliferation, coupled with an induction of amino acid transport activity. The added solutes were glycerol, proline, taurine, betaine, dimethylglycine and sarcosine. Of these, betaine produced the most dramatic and consistent effects. Addition of 10-25 mM-betaine to the hyperosmotic medium largely prevented the 90% inhibition of cell proliferation that occurred in its absence. Whether it was added initially or after the cells were exposed to hyperosmotic medium, 25 mM-betaine also converted a 50% recovery of the rate of protein synthesis into 100%. Similarly, the same concentrations of betaine prevented a 30% decrease in cell volume and decreased the induction of amino acid transport via system A by 73%. Lower concentrations of betaine produced smaller but still significant changes in these functional responses. With chick-embryo fibroblasts, under identical hyperosmotic conditions, 25 mM-betaine completely counteracted a 75% inhibition of the rate of protein synthesis. At present it is not clear how betaine modulates these effects of hyperosmolarity on cell functions.
Schistosomes: development, reproduction, and host relations (1992)

Relations with vertebrate hosts adult schistosomes and eggs sexual and conjugal biology relations with snail hosts.
MG132 Ameliorates Kidney Lesions by Inhibiting the Degradation of Smad7 in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy (2014)

MG132 alleviates kidney damage by inhibiting Smad7 ubiquitin degradation and TGF-β activation in DN.
CFTR activation: additive effects of stimulatory and inhibitory phosphorylation sites in the R domain (1997)

To investigate the functional significance of individual consensus phosphorylation sites within the R domain of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), serines were eliminated by substituting them with alanine. Included in this analysis were serine-660, -670, -686, -700, -712, -737, -768, -795, and -813, which lie within protein kinase A consensus sequences, and serine-641, which does not. Elimination of single potential phosphorylation sites altered the sensitivity of CFTR (expressed in Xenopus oocytes) to activating conditions in a manner that was highly site dependent. Substitution at serine-660, -670, -700, -795, or -813 significantly increased the half-maximal activation constant (KA) for activation by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, which is consistent with the hypothesis that phosphorylation at any of these sites promotes CFTR activation. The effect of substitution at serine-813 was significantly greater than at the other sites. In contrast, alanine substitution at serine-737 or -768 actually decreased the KA for activation, suggesting that phosphorylation at either of these sites is inhibitory. Substitution at serine-641, -686, and -712 had no significant effect on activation sensitivity. The effects of multiple serine to alanine substitutions were consistent with the notion that phosphorylation at individual sites produced roughly additive effects, suggesting that the effect produced by phosphorylation of any one serine was not dependent on the phosphorylation state of other serines. These results are consistent with the notion that, although none of the phosphorylation sites studied here are absolutely necessary for activation of CFTR, individual sites contribute differently to the gating of the channel.
Successful Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma with a Combination of Oral Valproic Acid, Chemotherapy, Radiation and Surgery (2009)

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most aggressive of thyroid cancers whose treatment is not yet established and mortality is extremely high. Recent in vitro studies have shown that valproic acid (VA), a newly identified histone deacetilase (HDAC) inhibitor, induces apoptosis, modulates differentiation gene expression of thyroid tumors and enhances the sensitivity of anaplastic cancer cell lines to doxorubicin. We report a case of successful treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with a combination of oral valproic acid, chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin and doxorubicin, external and intra-operative radiation and surgery. Tumor volume decreased by 50.7% under CT measurement and 44.6% under sonogram measurement over the course of the treatment. No significant rebound of tumor size was observed between each cycle of chemotherapy. Serial cytology performed via fine needle aspiration (FNA) presented a rapidly changing profile of cell types, starting with anaplastic and proceeding through increasingly well differentiated presentations. Only microscopic remnants of ATC cells were found in the histological examination of the resected thyroid. Ga scintigraphy and whole body PET scan six months after surgery revealed no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. As of Nov. 22, 2008, the patient is alive and disease free two years after diagnosis.
Determination of Double Bond Location in Fatty Acids by Manganese Adduction and Electron Induced Dissociation (2010)

Double bond locations in fatty acids can be determined from characteristic charge-remote fragmentation patterns of alkali metal-adducted fatty acids following high energy collision activated dissociation (CAD). With low energy CAD, several chemical derivatization methods, including ozonization, epoxidation, and hydroxylation, have been used to generate characteristic fragments. However, high energy CAD is not universally available and involves a high degree of scattering, causing product ion loss. Further, derivatization reactions involve side reactions and sample loss. Here, we analyzed metal-adducted fatty acids to investigate the utility of electron induced dissociation (EID) for determining double bond location. EID has been proposed to involve both electronic excitation, similar to high energy CAD, and vibrational excitation. Various metals (Li, Zn, Co, Ni, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Mn) were investigated to fix one charge at the carboxylate end of fatty acids to promote charge-remote fragmentation. EID of Mn(II)-adducted fatty acids allowed determination of all double bond locations of arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid. For Mn(II)-adducted fatty acids, reduced characteristic charge-remote product ion abundances at the double bond positions are indicative of double bond locations. However, other metal adducts did not generally provide characteristic product ion abundances at all double bond locations.
The distribution and binding of zinc in the hippocampus (1984)

Quantitative and qualitative studies suggest that zinc is concentrated in the mossy fiber boutons of the hippocampus and is believed to exist as a chelatable cytosolic pool. These studies were aimed at testing the hypothesis that a zinc-binding protein(s) or an amino acid pool in the cytosol is responsible for the sequestration of zinc. For comparison with the hippocampus, the cerebellum was chosen as a control region since it has been reported to contain lower levels of zinc both quantitatively and qualitatively. Initially, we confirmed that a quantitative difference in the levels of zinc exists between the hippocampus (12.59 +/- 0.85 micrograms of zinc/gm wet weight tissue, X +/- SD) and that this difference is reflected in cytosolic zinc levels. Using Ultrogel AcA 34 gel permeation chromatography, three major zinc-binding species were resolved. Two of these binding species appeared to account for most of the difference observed in the cytosolic levels of the two brain regions. Molecular weight criteria and differential pulse polarography behavior suggest that one of the species is a metallothionein-like protein. Based upon both molecular weight and ion exchange chromatography criteria, the other binding species may be a zinc-glutathione complex. There are no qualitative differences in the zinc-binding species localized in the cytosol of the hippocampus as compared with the cerebellum. However, the amount of binding species, in particular, the metallothionein-like protein and the putative zinc-glutathione complex, is greater in the hippocampus. These findings support the hypothesis that a cytosolic zinc-binding protein(s) may be responsible for the sequestration of zinc observed in the hippocampus.