gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Depth‐gradient and photoinitiator‐free photocrosslinking of poly(ethylene oxide) (2012)

Abstract Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) films are photocrosslinked by continuous UV irradiation without photoinitiators. Maximum gel fraction and swelling of the photocrosslinked PEO films reach up to about 38.8% and 2824%, respectively. From NMR analysis, the photocrosslinking mechanism of PEO can be attributed to recombination between methine radicals, which are generated from the polymer chain by hydrogen abstraction. However, the relatively low degree of crosslinking is attributed to more facile photooxidation of the generated radicals and concomitant photo‐scission of the crosslinks. Depth‐gradient crosslinked structure can be formed by inherent UV absorption and successive photoscission of the crosslinked polymer surface, which can be made uniform by adjusting UV energy. The photocrosslinked PEO shows the higher glass transition temperature as much as 7.3°C coupled with significantly enhanced storage modulus and thermal stability. The lower crystallinity causes by the reduced recrystallizability of the crosslinked polymer chains in melt. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Stochastic and systematic patterning failure mechanisms for contact-holes in EUV lithography: Part 2 (2014)

Patterning uncertainty in EUV lithography arises from each lithographic component: the source, the photomask, the optical system, and the photoresist. All contribute to line roughness and contact disuniformity. In extreme cases, feature variability can result in patterning failures such as line microbridging or random missing contact holes. Historically, redundant contact holes (or vias) were placed to overcome the effects of a missing contact. Due to the aggressive CD shrink of feature size, the use of redundant contacts has been progressively decreased. For some types of devices, almost every contact of the billions found on the chip must be electrically active in order for the device to function. In such scenario, lithographic printing failures may cause catastrophic loss of yield, considering that closed contacts can hardly be corrected by smoothing techniques or etching. In this paper, the minimum contact CD which prints without failure – the contact hole printability limit – is studied for 54nm and 44nm pitch dense arrays. We find that the same resist may show dramatically different printability limits depending upon sizing dose and illumination conditions. This analysis will be implemented to estimate, through simulation-assisted experiments, the required exposure dose and aerial image to safely print sub-30nm contact holes.
SOME ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES OF A PARTICULATE FRACTION FROM SONIC LYSATES OF <i>ESCHERICHIA COLI</i> (1956)

Crude lysates of animal, plant, and bacterial cells almost invariably can be shown to contain a particulate fraction from which certain oxidative enzymes can be separated and solubilized only with the greatest difficulty. The particles in this fraction should not be confused with the much more complex and highly organized mitochondria that have been isolated from animal and plant cells. They contain a much smaller, less varied, and more stable aggregate of enzymatic activities than do mitochondria. Indeed it seems very probable that such particles, at least where obtained from plant and mammalian cells, consist largely of varying-sized fragments of an insoluble component of disrupted mitochondria. In the course of our investigation of the mode of antibacterial action of furacin (5-nitro-2furaldehyde semicarbazone) we have had the opportunity to make a fairly extensive survey of such a particulate fraction from cells of Escherichia coli strain ECFS.
Preparation of colloidal silver using various reductants in the presence of copolymers of vinyl alcohol‐<i>N</i>‐vinyl pyrrolidone (1992)

Abstract Colloidal silver was prepared using various reductants such as hydrazine, ascorbic acid, ribose, and hydrogen in aqueous solution in the presence of copolymers of vinyl alcohol‐ N ‐vinyl pyrrolidone. The average particle size of colloidal silver decreased with increasing amount of copolymers added. The reduction by hydrogen provided smaller silver particles compared with the other reductants. The stability of colloidal silver against AlCl 3 increased with increasing amount of copolymers added.
Afghanistan economic update (2009)

Security conditions worsened in the six months' run up to the Presidential elections, but the poll was held as scheduled, on August 20. By the time this report was delivered, the incumbent President Hamid Karzai held an outright lead. However, more than 2,000 objections were lodged with the Electoral Complaints Commission (ECC), which could affect the outcome and in any case looked likely to significantly delay the finalization of the result. The inauguration is supposed to follow 30 days after finalization of results. Despite the global economic crisis and domestic political and security problems, Afghanistan maintained macroeconomic stability in 2008/09. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth for 2008/09, however, decelerated to 2.3 percent, the lowest in the post-Taliban period, due to poor agriculture. A strong rebound is expected for the current year (2009/10) with the main summer harvest bountiful. Prices turned from inflation in 2008/09 to deflation year to date in the current year. Monetary policy is on track, the nominal exchange rate has been stable and international reserves reached a comfortable level at 13 months of imports. Regarding fiscal policy, domestic revenues increased substantially with the implementation of new policy measures associated with the revised income tax law and improvements in customs administration. Progress on structural and policy reforms has been mixed. The government made progress in reforming the revenue component of public financial management and improving the investment climate for enterprises. It introduced, or was in the process of introducing, new laws to regulate the hydrocarbon, mining and banking sectors, and was preparing to establish institutions to fight corruption. Some reforms lagged. The rate of execution of core development expenditures has faltered. Pay and grading reforms, a core part of the reform of the public administration, slipped well behind schedule.
Different specificities of spleen tyrosine protein kinases for synthetic peptide substrates (1990)

20 synthetic peptides, each of which includes a tyrosyl residue flanked by either neutral or acidic amino acids in different proportions and at variable positions, have been employed as model substrates for investigation of the site specificity of three tyrosine protein kinases previously isolated from spleen [Brunati, A. M. & Pinna, L. A. (1988) Eur. J. Biochem. 172, 451-457] and conventionally termed TPK-I, TPK-IIB and TPK-III. Comparison of the phosphorylation efficiencies shows that each tyrosine protein kinase is considerably different from the others in both the stringency and the nature of its specificity determinants. By considering, in particular, the kinetic constants obtained with the pentapeptides AAYAA, EEYAA, AEYAA, EAYAA, with the tetrapeptides AYAA and EYAA and with the tripeptides AYA and EYA, it turns out that N-terminal acidic residue(s) are only essential with TPK-IIB for efficient phosphorylation with multiple residues displaying a synergistic effect. The very similar Km (130 microM) but 14-fold-different Vmax values with YEEEEE vs. EEEEEY indicate that an N-terminal rather than C-terminal location of acidic residues is required for a high phosphorylation rate with, though not for binding to TPK-IIB. Acidic residues decrease the phosphorylation rate with TPK-I, a kinase related to the src family which is immunologically indistinguishable from the lyn TPK; they are nearly ineffective, however, with TPK-III, the least specific of the tyrosine protein kinases, which exhibits appreciable activity toward tripeptides and dipeptides like GAY and AY which are not significantly affected by TPK-I and TPK-IIB. While the peptide substrate specificity of TPK-I is similar to that of TPK-IIA, a spleen tyrosine protein kinase previously considered [Brunati, A. M., Marchiori, F., Ruzza, P., Calderan, A., Borin, G. & Pinna, L. A. (1989) FEBS Lett. 254, 145-149], the remarkable requirement of TPK-IIB alone for acidic peptides may suggest the involvement of this enzyme, which is also unique in its failure to autophosphorylate, in the phosphorylation of the highly conserved and quite acidic phosphoacceptor sites of the src family protein kinases.
In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of T-3912, a novel non-fluorinated topical quinolone (2002)

The in vitro and in vivo activity of T-3912, a novel non-fluorinated topical quinolone, was compared with that of nadifloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin and gentamicin. The in vitro activity of T-3912 against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, ofloxacin-resistant and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, ofloxacin-resistant S. epidermidis, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Propionibacterium acnes was four-fold to 16 000-fold greater than that of other agents at the MIC90 for the clinical isolates. The activity of T-3912 was not influenced by grlA mutation in S. aureus, and the degree of MIC increase of T-3912 for grlA-gyrA double and triple mutants was lowest among the quinolones tested (nadifloxacin, levofloxacin and ofloxacin). The inhibitory activity of T-3912 was compared with other quinolones for DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV of S. aureus SA113. T-3912 showed the greatest inhibitory activity for both enzymes among the quinolones tested. The isolation frequency of spontaneous mutants resistant to T-3912 was < 1.7 x 10(-9) and < 2.0 x 10(-9) for S. aureus SA113 and P. acnes JCM 6425, respectively. Furthermore, resistance to T-3912 could not be clearly detected in the 28th transfer by the serial passage method. T-3912 exhibited more potent bactericidal activity against S. aureus and P. acnes than nadifloxacin and clindamycin in a short time period. T-3912 in a 1% gel formulation showed good therapeutic activity against a burn infection model caused by S. aureus SA113, P. acnes JCM6425 and multidrug-resistant S. aureus F-2161. These results indicate that T-3912 is potentially a useful quinolone for the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections and that its potent bactericidal activity might be able to shorten the treatment period.
Infrared detection of transformer insulation degradation due to accelerated thermal aging (1998)

Regular monitoring of the paper insulation of electrical windings is necessary to ensure safe and reliable operation of oil-paper insulated electrical transformers. The degradation of the paper insulation due to thermal aging yields furanic derivatives which are specific to the paper and cannot be produced by general oxidation of the oil. The concentration of such furan compounds in the oil gives an accurate indication of the condition of the paper insulation. Normally, off-line methods such as HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) are applied to periodically assess the furan concentration within oil samples which have been extracted from the transformer. We report experimental findings on the production of the furan compound FFA (furfuraldehyde) in an oil-paper system subject to accelerated thermal aging. Our approach is based on IR spectroscopy. This technique could lay the basis for the construction of direct online monitoring equipment suitable for monitoring of transformer winding insulation.
All-Transfer Learning for Deep Neural Networks and Its Application to Sepsis Classification (2016)

In this article, we propose a transfer learning method for deep neural networks (DNNs). Deep learning has been widely used in many applications. However, applying deep learning is problematic when a large amount of training data are not available. One of the conventional methods for solving this problem is transfer learning for DNNs. In the field of image recognition, state-of-the-art transfer learning methods for DNNs re-use parameters trained on source domain data except for the output layer. However, this method may result in poor classification performance when the amount of target domain data is significantly small. To address this problem, we propose a method called All-Transfer Deep Learning, which enables the transfer of all parameters of a DNN. With this method, we can compute the relationship between the source and target labels by the source domain knowledge. We applied our method to actual two-dimensional electrophoresis image (TDEI) classification for determining if an individual suffers from sepsis; the first attempt to apply a classification approach to TDEIs for proteomics, which has attracted considerable attention as an extension beyond genomics. The results suggest that our proposed method outperforms conventional transfer learning methods for DNNs.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: From Mechanisms to Applications (2012)

Abstract Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is currently one of the most often used synthetic polymerization methods to prepare well‐defined polymers with complex architecture. This review covers some fundamentals of copper‐based ATRP, presents basic structure–reactivity correlation for initiators and catalyst complexes and discusses the radical nature of reactive intermediates. New ATRP initiating processes with ppm amounts of copper catalysts and various reducing agents are described together with recent electrochemically controlled ATRP and polymerization in aqueous homogeneous and dispersed media. Examples of polymers with precisely controlled architecture are presented together with the effect of variable amounts of catalysts on molecular weight distribution and morphology of nanostructured block copolymers. Some current and forthcoming applications of polymers made by ATRP are presented.
USING LOW-COST GPS RECEIVERS FOR DETERMINING FIELD POSITION OF MECHANIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS (2005)

As the accuracy of GPS receivers improves and the costs decrease, more applications for GPS become feasible.One such application is reporting center-pivot and lateral-move field position. Accurate knowledge of center-pivot orlateral-move position in real time is critical for site-specific irrigation. On center pivots, a traditional resolver can only reportthe location of the first interior tower while a GPS receiver can more precisely show the location of the end of the pivot. Thisadvantage over traditional resolvers becomes more pronounced with longer center pivots. Lateral-move systems do not havea readily available mechanism for reporting their position as they travel over the field. GPS is potentially an ideal methodfor position and alignment reporting on lateral-moves. The resolver on a three tower center pivot was tested using a surveygrade, sub-meter-accuracy GPS receiver. The resolver-reported angular position had errors up to 5 degrees. Fitting a sinecurve and subtracting the modeled errors from the reported measurements corrected these errors to plus or minus one degree.A low-cost GPS receiver was tested in a stationary location on the same center pivot to determine its fitness for reporting fieldposition for mechanized or self-propelled irrigation systems. This low-cost receiver was accurate to within 2.1 m 95% of thetime. However, the remaining 5% of points showed errors up to 6.6 m. Outlying errors this large can present problems forprecision or site-specific irrigation. Suggestions are offered for mitigating these errors.
Vorwort (2007)

Die wirtschaftliche Globalisierung und die Alterung der Bevölkerung stellen die öffentlichen Haushalte wie auch die Systeme der sozialen Sicherung vor enorme Herausforderungen. Vor diesem Hintergrund unternehmen die Autoren der vorliegenden Festschrift, die unterschiedlichen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen entstammen, nicht nur eine Bestandsaufnahme des öffentlichen Handelns, sondern analysieren auch dessen Zukunftsfähigkeit und diskutieren mögliche Anpassungsstrategien. Neben der öffentlichen Haushalts- und Geldpolitik sowie der Finanzierung der Sozialversicherung aus allgemeiner Perspektive bildet die Ausgestaltung der Krankenversicherung den thematischen Schwerpunkt. Die Beiträge hierzu untersuchen die Rolle des Wettbewerbs im Gesundheitswesen, die Nachhaltigkeit von Gesundheitssystemen, die Gesundheitsreform, den Leistungsumfang der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung und schließlich die Effizienz und Effektivität in der Arznei- und Heilmittelversorgung.
Glucocorticoid regulation of transforming growth factor-beta activation in urogenital sinus mesenchymal cells (1992)

The transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-beta s) regulate many aspects of cell proliferation and differentiation. The TGF-beta isoforms are produced by most cell types in the biologically inactive, latent form. The physiological relevance of latent TGF-beta and the regulation of activation to the biologically active form are not well understood. Although expression of TGF-beta messenger RNA is regulated by the steroid hormone family, the mechanisms of hormonal regulation of TGF-beta activation have not been well studied. Fetal rat urogenital sinus organ cultures and derived mesenchymal cell lines (U4F, U4F1) have been established in order to analyze the expression of growth and differentiation regulatory factors which may function in mesenchymal induction of epithelial differentiation. The U4F1 cell line in chemically defined medium upon supplementation with dexamethasone (10 nM-1.4 microM), produced an activity which was growth inhibitory to PC-3 prostatic carcinoma epithelial cells. Analysis of physicochemical properties and purification of activity demonstrated a 25-kDa protein was responsible for activity. The activity cross-reacted to antisera specific for TGF-beta 1, beta 2 and for TGF-beta 2 exclusively, but not with antisera to rat interferon (alpha-beta) or rat interleukin 6. Acid treatment of control (unsupplemented) conditioned medium and cultures supplemented with other steroid hormones produced identical levels of activated TGF-beta as nonacid-treated conditioned medium from dexamethasone supplemented cultures which did not increase levels of activity upon acid activation. Activity from the acid-treated control conditioned medium was neutralized by TGF-beta antibodies. These data suggest latent TGF-beta is produced constitutively by U4F1 mesenchymal cultures in steroid unsupplemented medium and these cultures are induced by dexamethasone to activate identical levels of TGF-beta. These observations may be relevant to understanding diverse aspects of glucocorticoid regulation of tissue function and suggests that TGF-beta may be relevant to paracrine and autocrine growth regulation in the developing urogenital sinus.
TE/TM mode switching of GaAsP strained quantum-well laser diodes (1993)

This paper demonstrates TE/TM mode switching in GaAsP/AlGaAs tensilely strained quantum-well laser diodes (LDs) with multiple electrodes. The quantum-well layers are grown by low-pressure metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. For a 250-micrometers -long cavity, the threshold current density of this LD wafer at room temperature is about 1.6 kA/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. With a long cavity these LDs operate in the TM mode, but the TE mode dominates when the cavity is shorter than 200 micrometers . TE/TM mode switching is obtained in a two-electrode laser with electrodes 150 micrometers and 80 micrometers long. When current is injected into both electrodes this LD oscillates at 790 nm in the TM mode and with a threshold current of 40 mA. When current is injected only into the longer electrode, however, it oscillates at 800 nm in the TE mode and absorption at the region under the shorter electrode increases the threshold current to 80 mA. For both kinds of oscillation the suppression ratio is greater than 10 dB. This LD operates in the fundamental mode over an injection-current range of several milliwatts.
Trace-based compilation for the Java HotSpot virtual machine (2011)

Traditional method-based just-in-time (JIT) compilation translates whole methods to optimized machine code. Trace-based compilation only generates machine code for frequently executed paths, so-called traces, that may span multiple methods.
A reference model for successful Distributed Development of Software Systems (2007)

Distributed development (DD) of software systems is an issue of increasing significance for organisations today, all the more so given the current trend towards globalisation. In this paper we present a reference model which can be used as a reference point for any company wishing to review their own DD scenario. This is particularised in two forms, one as an exemplar model for a global (GSD) development scenario and one as a particularisation of this for intra-national DD scenarios. By drawing from eight case-studies on DD, we present ten general strategies for successful DD together with our reference model which characterises an ideal DD situation.
Traffic-aware stress testing of distributed systems based on UML models (2006)

A stress test methodology aimed at increasing chances of discovering faults related to network traffic in distributed systems is presented. The technique uses the UML 2.0 model of the distributed system under test, augmented with timing information, and is based on an analysis of the control flow in sequence diagrams. It yields stress test requirements that are made of specific control flow paths along with time values indicating when to trigger them. Different variants of our stress testing technique already exist (they stress different aspects of a distributed system) and we focus here on one variant that is designed to identify and to stress test the system at the instant when data traffic on a network is maximal. Using a real-world distributed system specification, we design and implement a prototype distributed system and describe, for that particular system, how the stress test cases are derived and executed using our methodology. The stress test results indicate that the technique is significantly more effective at detecting network traffic-related faults when compared to test cases based on an operational profile.
Energy functions for peptides and proteins. I. Derivation of a consistent force field including the hydrogen bond from amide crystals (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnergy functions for peptides and proteins. I. Derivation of a consistent force field including the hydrogen bond from amide crystalsA. T. Hagler, E. Huler, and S. LifsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 17, 5319–5327Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00824a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00824a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1599Altmetric-Citations578LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts