gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Antitumor Mechanism of 1‐(2‐Deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐4‐thio‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl)‐cytosine: Effects of Its Triphosphate on Mammalian DNA Polymerases (2001)

The mechanism of action of the antitumor nucleoside analog 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4-thio-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (4'-thio-FAC) was investigated. 4'-Thio-FAC inhibited cellular DNA synthesis, but not RNA and protein syntheses. We observed potent inhibitory action of the triphosphate of 4'-thio-FAC (4'-thio-FACTP) against DNA polymerase alpha, whereas it showed moderate inhibition of DNA polymerase beta and little inhibition of DNA polymerase gamma. The kinetic analysis showed that the inhibition mode of 4'-thio-FACTP towards DNA polymerase alpha was mixed type, implying a chain-terminating effect of 4'-thio-FACTP. The triphosphate of 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine (gemcitabine), a known antitumor nucleoside, did not show potent inhibition of these three DNA polymerases. Thus, the effect of the diphosphate of gemcitabine on ribonucleotide reductase was suggested to be more important for the antitumor action of gemcitabine. From these findings, the main target enzymes of 4'-thio-FAC and gemcitabine appear to be different. We found a synergistic effect of the two drugs in an in vitro model, which supports the above idea.
A Highly Photostable Hyperbranched Polyglycerol‐Based NIR Fluorescence Nanoplatform for Mitochondria‐Specific Cell Imaging (2016)

Considering the critical role of mitochondria in the life and death of cells, non‐invasive long‐term tracking of mitochondria has attracted considerable interest. However, a high‐performance mitochondria‐specific labeling probe with high photostability is still lacking. Herein a highly photostable hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG)‐based near‐infrared (NIR) quantum dots (QDs) nanoplatform is reported for mitochondria‐specific cell imaging. Comprising NIR Zn‐Cu‐In‐S/ZnS QDs as extremely photostable fluorescent labels and alkyl chain (C 12 )/triphenylphosphonium (TPP)‐functionalized hPG derivatives as protective shell, the tailored QDs@hPG‐C 12 /TPP nanoprobe with a hydrodynamic diameter of about 65 nm exhibits NIR fluorescence, excellent biocompatibility, good stability, and mitochondria‐targeted ability. Cell uptake experiments demonstrate that QDs@hPG‐C 12 /TPP displays a significantly enhanced uptake in HeLa cells compared to nontargeted QDs@hPG‐C 12 . Further co‐localization study indicates that the probe selectively targets mitochondria. Importantly, compared with commercial deep‐red mitochondria dyes, QDs@hPG‐C 12 /TPP possesses superior photostability under continuous laser irradiation, indicating great potential for long‐term mitochondria labeling and tracking. Moreover, drug‐loaded QDs@hPG‐C 12 /TPP display an enhanced tumor cell killing efficacy compared to nontargeted drugs. This work could open the door to the construction of organelle‐targeted multifunctional nanoplatforms for precise diagnosis and high‐efficient tumor therapy.
Analytical Documentation of the Artificial Insemination Programme of BRAC (2006)

This paper intends to have feedback of the stakeholders of BRAC artificial insemination (AI)\nprogramme that could be useful for the programme. The findings show that implementers have\nto compete with other service provides in discriminatory manner. Unfair price war, violation of\nbilateral deal and of existing breeding policy by the government have been identified as the\nmajor challenges of BRAC for transferring the AI technology to the beneficiaries.\nOrganizational and academic recognition are the main drivers of the AI volunteers to work for\nBRAC as social entrepreneur to enhance their social and economic status. Despite having\nchallenges, BRAC has been performing well compared to government and other service\nproviders in the AI market due to high conception rate, skill AI workers, doorstep service,\nclose monitoring, .and strict management. However the extent of challenges of BRAC may be\nexplored further all over the operating areas to take necessary measures by the programme for\nsustainability.
[The variance of pathogenic organisms of purulent ulcerative keratitis]. (2002)

The survey of pathogens in purulent ulcerative keratitis and their resistance patterns to antibiotics helps in clinical treatment.
Simultaneous Geometric and Radiometric Adaptation to Dynamic Surfaces With a Mobile Projector-Camera System (2008)

Existing geometric and radiometric compensation methods for direct-projected augmented reality focus on static projection surfaces rather than dynamic surfaces (with varying geometry in time). We aim at providing an effective framework for projecting a sequence of augmented reality images onto dynamic surfaces without geometric and radiometric distortion. We present our design of a special pattern image for simultaneous geometric and radiometric compensation and evaluate two different techniques for embedding the pattern image into augmented reality images. The validity of the proposed method is examined through a variety of experiments with a mobile projector-camera system.
Validation of Transcranial Doppler with CT Angiography in Cerebral Ischaemia: A Preliminary Pilot Study in Singapore (2008)

TCD in our neurovascular laboratory shows a satisfactory agreement with cranial CTA in evaluating patients with cerebral ischaemia. TCD can provide additional real-time dynamic findings complementary to information provided by CTA.
Genetic influences on the adjuvanticity of muramyl dipeptide <i>in vivo</i>. (1982)

The possibility that the adjuvanticity of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) is under genetic control in mice was examined. It was observed that MDP markedly enhances the secondary antibody response of BALB/c mice to bovine albumin but has little enhancing effect on C57BL/10Sn (B10) mice under the same conditions. This strain difference was not abolished by variations in the amount of MDP, the immunization protocol, the assay method, or the antigen used. An analysis of inbred and congenic strains showed that the responsiveness to MDP was influenced by at least two genes, one inside and one outside of the major histocompatibility complex. Mice with the C57BL background and/or the H-2b genome responded weakly to the adjuvant action of MDP, whereas those with the BALB/c or C3H background and/or H-2d or H-2k haplotypes responded more strongly. It is anticipated that the analysis of the mechanism of adjuvanticity of MDP will be facilitated by the use of mice that differ in their response to the adjuvant action of MDP.
Association of variant ABCG2 and the pharmacokinetics of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer patients (2007)

The purpose of the study was to determine if the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib, are substrates for the efflux transporter ABCG2, and to investigate the relevance of the ABCG2 421C>A (Q141K) polymorphism to the pharmacokinetics of gefitinib. Gefitinib and erlotinib transport in vitro was studied using HEK293 cells transfected with wild-type ABCG2 or a Q141K clone. Gefitinib pharmacokinetics was determined in 27 cancer patients. was. ABCG2 421C>A and ABCB1 3435C>T genotypes were determined using direct sequencing. Cells expressing wild-type ABCG2 exhibited lower intracellular accumulation of gefitinib and erlotinib at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 microM, and higher efflux at 1 microM than cells lacking ABCG2 (p < 0.05); no significant difference in cellular efflux and accumulation was observed in the variant cell line at lower concentrations nor in the three cell lines at 10 microM. In the presence of the ABCG2 inhibitor fumitremorgin C, cellular accumulation of gefitinib and erlotinib 1 microM was increased in wild-type (p < 0.05), but not in variant or null cells. Gefitinib accumulation during 28 days of treatment (C(ss,min)/C(1,min)) was higher in patients heterozygous at the ABCG2 421C>A locus than those with a wild-type genotype (median, 5.07 vs. 3.60, p = 0.004). No significant associations were observed between the ABCB1 3435C>T genotype and gefitinib pharmacokinetics. In conclusion, gefitinib and erlotinib are ABCG2 substrates, while they inhibit ABCG2 at higher concentrations. A functional variant of ABCG2 is associated with greater gefitinib accumulation at steady-state and may be relevant to toxicity and antitumor activity of EGFR TKIs.
Physical and Functional Interaction between p53 Mutants and Different Isoforms of p73 (2000)

p53 is the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor gene in human cancer, whereas its homologue, p73, is rarely mutated. Similarly to p53, p73 can promote growth arrest or apoptosis when overexpressed in certain p53-null tumor cells. It has previously been shown that some human tumor-derived p53 mutants can exert gain of function activity. The molecular mechanism underlying this activity remains to be elucidated. We show here that human tumor-derived p53 mutants (p53His175 and p53Gly281) associate in vitro and in vivo with p73 alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. This association occurs under physiological conditions, as verified in T47D and SKBR3 breast cancer cell lines. The core domain of mutant p53 is sufficient for the association with p73, whereas both the specific DNA binding and the oligomerization domains of p73 are required for the association with mutant p53. Furthermore, p53His175 and p53Gly281 mutants markedly reduce the transcriptional activity of the various isoforms of p73. Thus, human tumor-derived p53 mutants can associate with p73 not only physically but also functionally. These findings define a network involving mutant p53 and the various spliced isoforms of p73 that may confer upon tumor cells a selective survival advantage.
A JIT Compilation-Based Unified SQL Query Optimization System (2016)

In-memory databases are gaining attention as a solution to efficiently support SQL queries on large volume of data, as main memories are becoming cheaper and grow in size. However, their query performance is not well improved on modern hardware with faster CPUs, registers and caches due to the limitation of the classical iterator style query processing model. We propose a unified SQL query optimization system using JIT compilation of OLTP, OLAP, and Stored Procedure workloads for enhanced performance on modern hardware.
Rat brain DNA transcript profile of halothane and isoflurane exposure (2006)

Inhaled anesthetics produce many effects and bind to a large number of brain proteins, but it is not yet clear if this is accompanied by widespread changes in gene expression of the biological targets. Such changes in expression might implicate functionally important targets from the large pool of binding targets. Both rats and isolated primary cortical neurons were exposed to anesthetics and DNA oligonucleotide microarrays were used to detect and quantify transcriptional changes in neural tissue. Using analysis of variance with multiple testing correction, multiple exposures of rats to 0.8 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) halothane only produced significant changes in a few metabolic genes. No significant in-vivo gene transcriptional response to 0.8 MAC isoflurane was detected. The use of primary cortical neurons allowed exposure to 3 MAC anesthetics without evidence of toxicity. Isoflurane altered several genes involved with neurotransmitter transport, signaling and cellular structure, whereas halothane produced few detectable changes in these cultured cells. Selected genes were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Although indicating only a small degree of transcriptional regulation, these data implicate several plausible targets, including synaptic vesicle handling, that might contribute to drug action. In addition, the data show different gene expression profiles for the two inhaled anesthetics, suggesting unique pharmacological targets and mechanisms in each case.
Differential Regulation of Protein- and Polysaccharide-Specific Ig Isotype Production In Vivo in Response to Intact Streptococcus pneumoniae (2006)

Adaptive humoral immunity to extracellular bacteria is largely mediated by antibody specific for both protein and polysaccharide antigens. Proteins and polysaccharides are biochemically distinct, and as a result are processed differently by the immune system, leading to different mechanistic pathways for eventual elicitation of specific Ig isotypes. Much of our current knowledge concerning the parameters underlying anti-protein and anti-polysaccharide Ig responses have come from studies using soluble, purified antigens. However, the lessons learned from these studies are not entirely applicable to the mechanisms underlying physiologic anti-protein and anti-polysaccharide Ig responses to intact bacteria. Specifically, unlike isolated, soluble antigens, intact bacteria are complex particulate immunogens in which multiple protein and polysaccharide antigens, and bacterial adjuvants (e.g. Toll-like receptor ligands) are co-expressed, indeed often physically linked. In this review, data from a series of recent studies are discussed in which heat-killed, intact Streptococcus pneumoniae was used as an immunogen to study the mechanisms underlying in vivo anti-protein and anti-polysaccharide Ig isotype induction. An unexpected role for CD4(+) T cells and dendritic cells for induction of IgG anti-polysaccharide responses by intact bacteria is discussed, and shown to have distinct mechanistic features from those that mediate anti-protein responses. The further role of cytokines, Toll-like receptors, and B cell receptor signaling in mediating these responses, and its implications for the effectiveness of anti-pneumococcal, polysaccharide-based vaccines, is also discussed.
Implementation of parallel motion estimation model for video sequence compression (2008)

Video image compression has been an area where the computational demand is far above the capacity of conventional sequential processing. In this paper, we present a parallel motion estimation model for video sequence compression using distributed computing on a local network. The approach proposed is the decomposition of functions and data on a cluster of workstations using MPI mechanism. Parallel compression is achieved by having a multiple networked personal computer systems that perform compression on different chunks of input frames simultaneously. The method used for video compression is conventional block based motion vector estimation and a refined motion vector approximation that uses less side information for decoding. The implementation result shows that the proposed parallel method has better speedup than sequential algorithm and is very much suitable for real time applications like online video surveillance, video conferencing and telemedicine.
Collaborative decoding using turbo codes (2004)

Cooperative reception allows diversity to be achieved by a group of radios that are not physically connected but that receive independent copies of a message. The receivers achieve diversity by exchanging messages. One such technique is collaborative decoding, in which the receivers iterate between decoding and information exchange. Collaborative decoding has been shown to be effective for convolutional codes. In this paper we investigate the performance of collaborative decoding with turbo codes. We also investigate collaborative detection of a partial-time jammer.
A new method for rapid precise determination of carbon monoxide in blood. (1957)

Abstract A simple, rapid, highly accurate method is described for determination of carbon monoxide content of blood. The chamber of the manometric Van Slyke apparatus is used for decomposition and vacuum extraction. The gas is diluted in a tonometer and analyzed for CO content with an infrared meter of great specificity and good stability, which has been modified for highest accuracy. Theoretically, readings to 0.0025 ml. per 100 ml. CO content are possible with a 3 ml. blood sample. In practice, the S.D. of the variance of 50 paired observations was 0.023 ml. per 100 ml. and the coefficient of variation was 2.1 per cent. The error due to the presence of CO 2 in the extracted gas was shown to be within the limit of accuracy of the technique. At low concentrations of CO, results were the same whether acid ferricyanide or sulfuric acid was used for conversion to methemoglobin; with higher CO concentrations, sulfuric acid led to incomplete decomposition. Saponin should not be used because it contains traces of CO. Blank determinations were shown to be unnecessary. Cold storage of blood up to 24 hours and slight exposure to air of the sample did not affect the results. Results by this method were compared to those obtained by more conventional techniques. A number of applications are illustrated including assessment of smoking habits, the COHb saturation during CO breathing, the CO-Hb equilibration time and dissociation curve, and determination of true blood volume.
Improved current switching symmetry of magnetic tunneling junction and giant magnetoresistance devices with nano-current-channel structure (2008)

The asymmetry of the switching current in magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) and giant magnetoresistance (GMR) spin torque transfer devices was reported in both theory and experiment. This is one of the key challenges for future magnetic random access memory applications. In this work, the switching symmetry was greatly improved by inserting a nano-current-channel (NCC) structure in both MTJ and GMR devices. With the NCC structure, the current induced magnetization switching is nonuniform with initiation cites induced by locally high current density. The critical switching current density in both switching directions was successfully reduced while the degree of switching asymmetry {[(JcP-AP−JcAP-P)∕JcAP-P]×100%} was improved as well.
Kringle-containing fragments of apolipoprotein(a) circulate in human plasma and are excreted into the urine. (1996)

Apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] contains multiple kringle 4 repeats and circulates as part of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Apo(a) is synthesized by the liver but its clearance mechanism is unknown. Previously, we showed that kringle 4-containing fragments of apo(a) are present in human urine. To probe their origin, human plasma was examined and a series of apo(a) immunoreactive peptides larger in size than urinary fragments was identified. The concentration of apo(a) fragments in plasma was directly related to the plasma level of Lp(a) and the 24-h urinary excretion of apo(a). Individuals with low (< 2 mg/dl) plasma levels of Lp(a) had proportionally more apo(a) circulating as fragments in their plasma. Similar apo(a) fragments were identified in baboon plasma but not in conditioned media from primary cultures of baboon hepatocytes, suggesting that the apo(a) fragments are generated from circulating apo(a) or Lp(a). When apo(a) fragments purified from human plasma were injected intravenously into mice, a species that does not produce apo(a), apo(a) fragments similar to those found in human urine were readily detected in mouse urine. Thus, we propose that apo(a) fragments in human plasma are derived from circulating apo(a)/Lp(a) and are the source of urinary apo(a).
Enhanced efficiency of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with periodic textured Ga-doped ZnO transparent contact layer (2007)

GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with indium tin oxide (ITO)/Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) composite oxide films serving as a transparent contact layer (TCL) were demonstrated. In this study, the wall-plug efficiency of LEDs (LED-III) with textured ITO/GZO composite TCL can be markedly improved by 200% and 45% of magnitude as compared to conventional LEDs with Ni∕Au TCL(LED-II) and planar ITO/GZO TCL(LED-I), respectively. Compared to LED-II, this enhancement is due to the enhanced light extraction efficiency of ITO/GZO composite TCL with high transparency. Compared to LED-I, ZnO-based TCL with a higher refractive index (n∼2.0) allows further enhancement of light extraction through the creation of a textured structure on transparent conductive oxide TCL deposited on the top surface of LEDs. In addition, the ITO/GZO composite TCL with a thickness of 550nm is far larger than that of Ni∕Au TCL with a thickness of approximately 15nm. Therefore, in addition to the effect of high transparency, the thicker ITO/GZO TCL with low lateral resistance would also act as a current-spreading layer leading to an enhancement of light extraction.
Significance of TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in human pancreatic cancer. (2006)

5724 Tumor Necrosis Factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a newly identified member of the TNF superfamily. Due to its proinflammatory property, it has been suggested to play pivotal roles in various physiological and pathological conditions including autoimmune disorders, atherogenesis and chronic inflammation. The fibroblast growth-inducible 14 (Fn14) has been recently identified as a TWEAK receptor. Several studies have suggested that TWEAK-Fn14 interaction resulted in the promotion of apoptosis, cell growth as well as angiogenesis. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that TWEAK is expressed in several tumor lines and tissues. They have also demonstrated that TWEAK can stimulate tumor cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, survival and angiogenesis. In addition, it has been reported that the Fn14 gene is activated during tumorigenesis in several organs including liver, breast and brain. These studies have suggested that TWEAK/Fn14 pathway may be a critical regulator in tumorigenesis. In this study, we tried to clarify the importance of TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in human pancreatic cancer. First, we examined the expression of TWEAK and Fn14 in four human pancreatic cancer cell lines including CAPAN2, PK-8, PANC1 and MIAPaCa2 by RT-PCR analysis. TWEAK was expressed in three lines (CAPAN2, PANC1 and MIAPaCa2) and Fn14 was expressed in all four lines. Then, we examined the expression of TWEAK and Fn14 in human pancreatic cancer tissues. Fifty-one tissues were obtained from surgical cases in our department on patient consent. We performed immunohistochemical analysis on these samples using anti-human TWEAK mAb and anti-human Fn14 mAb. As a result, positive staining for TWEAK was detected in 15 (29%) and positive for Fn14 was detected in 31 (61%). These data suggested that TWEAK and Fn14 might play some role in human pancreatic cancer. Finally, we examined the antitumor effect of TWEAK and Fn14 mAb on tumor growth in vitro. Human pancreatic cancer cells were cocultured with anti-TWEAK mAb, anti-Fn14 mAb or control Ig. By 7 days after coculture, the significant inhibition of tumor growth was observed by mAb treatment. Coculture with anti-TWEAK mAb induced 47–53% cell growth inhibition compared to control Ig (CAPAN2, 47%, MIAPaCa, 53%, PANC1, 47%). Similarly, coculture with anti-Fn14 mAb induced 34–52% inhibition (CAPAN2, 45%, MIAPaCa, 34%, PANC1, 52%). Taken together, TWEAK/Fn14 pathway may be functional and important in pancreatic cancer. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that TWEAK and Fn14 was expressed in pancreatic cancer and mAb treatment significantly inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro. Thus, TWEAK and/or Fn14 could be novel molecular targets for anti-cancer therapy in human pancreatic cancer.