gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biomaterials and their potential applications for dental tissue engineering (2010)

Engineering oral tissues as a multidisciplinary approach to build complex structures such as bone, teeth or soft dental tissues remains a challenging endeavor which will also require significant additional development of materials chemistry before it will be successful. We will highlight areas of recent success and describe major challenges which the materials chemistry community, in collaboration with clinicians, must still overcome. The isolation of stem cell populations from various sources in the oral cavity and advances in utilizing their differentiation potential has been driving the field forward. So far, bioinert materials have mainly been used as carriers and delivery vehicles, relying on the intrinsic cellular competence to form tissues. As this may not suffice to induce regeneration, there is a need for novel biomimetic scaffolds capable of providing chemical and mechanical cues to promote multiple specific interactions between cells and matrix. These signals can orchestrate processes such as cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, matrix synthesis, mineralization, and/or vasculogenesis. In this review, we give a brief description of oral anatomy and pathology, state-of-the-art treatment methods and their shortcomings. We provide an overview of current strategies to fabricate bioactive matrices, with an emphasis on nanostructured materials, and we suggest design principles for scaffolding systems specifically tailored towards dental tissue regeneration. In this review, we envision future approaches based on these emerging areas that rely on recent developments in tissue engineering and stem cell research. At the interface between material science and biology, cellular response can be controlled by materials chemistry, and potential applications for regenerative strategies are evolving.
Split-core PCB Rogowski coil designs and applications for protective relaying (2004)

Printed circuit board (PCB) Rogowski coils can be designed as non-split-core styles with different shapes such as circular, oval, or rectangular. They can also be designed in split-core style for installation without the need to disconnect a primary or secondary conductor. This paper presents split-core PCB Rogowski coil designs, characteristics, and applications for advanced protection, control, and metering systems.
The importance of nonlinear fluid response in joint density-functional theory studies of battery systems (2013)

Delivering the full benefits of first principles calculations to battery materials demands the development of accurate and computationally-efficient electronic structure methods that incorporate the effects of the electrolyte environment and electrode potential. Realistic electrochemical interfaces containing polar surfaces are beyond the regime of validity of existing continuum solvation theories developed for molecules, due to the presence of significantly stronger electric fields. We present an ab initio theory of the nonlinear dielectric and ionic response of solvent environments within the framework of joint density-functional theory, with precisely the same optimizable parameters as conventional polarizable continuum models. We demonstrate that the resulting nonlinear theory agrees with the standard linear models for organic molecules and metallic surfaces under typical operating conditions. However, we find that the saturation effects in the rotational response of polar solvent molecules, inherent to our nonlinear theory, are crucial for a qualitatively correct description of the ionic surfaces typical of the solid electrolyte interface.
Toward perfect antireflection coatings 2 Theory (2004)

Recently we performed a numerical investigation of antireflection coatings that reduce significantly the reflection over a wide range of wavelengths and angles of incidence, and we proposed some experiments to demonstrate their feasibility. We provide a theoretical description of omnidirectional antireflection coatings that are effective over a wide range of wavelengths.
A Markov random field model-based approach to image interpretation (1992)

An image is segmented into a collection of disjoint regions that form the nodes of an adjacency graph, and image interpretation is achieved through assigning object labels (or interpretations) to the segmented regions (or nodes) using domain knowledge, extracted feature measurements, and spatial relationships between the various regions. The interpretation labels are modeled as a Markov random field (MRF) on the corresponding adjacency graph, and the image interpretation problem is then formulated as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation rule, given domain knowledge and region-based measurements. Simulated annealing is used to find this best realization or optimal MAP interpretation. This approach also provides a systematic method for organizing and representing domain knowledge through appropriate design of the clique functions describing the Gibbs distribution representing the pdf of the underlying MRF. A general methodology is provided for the design of the clique functions. Results of image interpretation experiments on synthetic and real-world images are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Stability of SiNX/SiNX double stack antireflection coating for single crystalline silicon solar cells (2012)

Double stack antireflection coatings have significant advantages over single-layer antireflection coatings due to their broad-range coverage of the solar spectrum. A solar cell with 60-nm/20-nm SiNX:H double stack coatings has 17.8% efficiency, while that with a 80-nm SiNX:H single coating has 17.2% efficiency. The improvement of the efficiency is due to the effect of better passivation and better antireflection of the double stack antireflection coating. It is important that SiNX:H films have strong resistance against stress factors since they are used as antireflective coating for solar cells. However, the tolerance of SiNX:H films to external stresses has never been studied. In this paper, the stability of SiNX:H films prepared by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system is studied. The stability tests are conducted using various forms of stress, such as prolonged thermal cycle, humidity, and UV exposure. The heat and damp test was conducted for 100 h, maintaining humidity at 85% and applying thermal cycles of rapidly changing temperatures from -20°C to 85°C over 5 h. UV exposure was conducted for 50 h using a 180-W UV lamp. This confirmed that the double stack antireflection coating is stable against external stress.
Page Segmentation and Zone Classification: The State of the Art (1999)

Abstract : Page segmentation and zone classification are key areas of research in document image processing, because they occupy an intermediate position between document preprocessing and higher-level document understanding such as logical page analysis and OCR. Such analysis of the page relies heavily on an appropriate document model and results in a representation of the physical structure of the document. The purpose of this review is to analyze progress made in page segmentation and zone classification and suggest what needs to be done to advance the field.
Integration of Point Field Detectors Within Power Electronic Packages to Achieve Multifunctional Sensing (2013)

The spatially varying magnetic field within a power electronics package contains information of the semiconductor junction temperature and the interconnect currents, temperature, displacement, and strain. The design of semiconductor interconnects for point field detector based high bandwidth current and strain sensing is investigated using finite element analysis (FEA) and verified by experimental results. High bandwidth (10MHz) current sensing was achieved by interconnect design based field shaping and concentration. A displacement sensing resolution of 0.6 μm was achieved by eddy current based high frequency field shaping. Design methodologies to achieve this multifunctional integration of sensing are the primary new contribution of this work.
Second harmonic acoustic responses induced in matter by quasi continuous radiofrequency fields (2013)

We subjected conductive matter and tissue to intermittent continuous-wave radiofrequency fields and investigated whether acoustic responses could be recorded. By placing samples in the near-field of the excitation, we observed frequency-domain acoustic responses from tissues responding to CW radiofrequency excitation. Frequency analysis revealed the generation of 2nd harmonic mechanical waves. This discovery of non-linear responses can lead to alternative measurement concepts of CW radiofrequency deposition in matter and tissues. We offer the theoretical mainframe and discuss sensing applications involving the direct measurement of second harmonic responses representative of CW RF energy deposition in matter.
Searching the World-Wide Web: Lycos, WebCrawler and more (1995)

Presentation des logiciels d'indexation permettant de constituer les index dans un environnement Web (World- Wide Web): les differents approches d'indexation, leur acces par CUSI (Configurable Unified Search Engine), l'aspect commercial
A key loss recovery scheme for secure broadcasts in wireless sensor networks (2008)

Authenticity and secrecy of broadcast message content is important in wireless sensor networks deployed for battlefield control, emergency response, and natural resource management. Encryption of broadcast data requires the key to vary in time, typically via a key chain, so that a key compromised at a receiver does not compromise broadcast security for the entire network. An unfortunate consequence of time-varying keys is that a receiver that misses (due to packet loss) one or more keys from the chain cannot decrypt subsequent messages, thereby getting excluded from all broadcasts. In this paper we develop a scheme that allows receivers to recover from one or a few lost keys by having the transmitter probabilistically reuse old keys from the chain. Our scheme makes the broadcast system more robust to packet loss, at the expense of increasing vulnerability to compromised old keys. Analysis of our scheme shows how the trade-off can be controlled by tuning parameters, and a prototype implementation on a MicaZ mote testbed demonstrates the feasibility of our scheme in real sensor network platforms.
The Multivehicle Stereo Event Camera Dataset: An Event Camera Dataset for 3D Perception (2018)

Event-based cameras are a new passive sensing modality with a number of benefits over traditional cameras, including extremely low latency, asynchronous data acquisition, high dynamic range, and very low power consumption. There has been a lot of recent interest and development in applying algorithms to use the events to perform a variety of three-dimensional perception tasks, such as feature tracking, visual odometry, and stereo depth estimation. However, there currently lacks the wealth of labeled data that exists for traditional cameras to be used for both testing and development. In this letter, we present a large dataset with a synchronized stereo pair event based camera system, carried on a handheld rig, flown by a hexacopter, driven on top of a car, and mounted on a motorcycle, in a variety of different illumination levels and environments. From each camera, we provide the event stream, grayscale images, and inertial measurement unit (IMU) readings. In addition, we utilize a combination of IMU, a rigidly mounted lidar system, indoor and outdoor motion capture, and GPS to provide accurate pose and depth images for each camera at up to 100 Hz. For comparison, we also provide synchronized grayscale images and IMU readings from a frame-based stereo camera system.
The <i>eer5</i> mutation, which affects a novel proteasome‐related subunit, indicates a prominent role for the COP9 signalosome in resetting the ethylene‐signaling pathway in Arabidopsis (2008)

An Arabidopsis mutant, eer5-1, which has an enhanced ethylene response in etiolated seedlings, including hypersensitivity and extreme exaggeration of response to ethylene, was isolated and characterized. As with other identified eer mutants, the enhanced response phenotype of eer5-1 was correlated with failure to induce appropriately a subset of ethylene-regulated genes, suggesting that proper ethylene-responsive gene expression is necessary for resetting the ethylene response pathway. eer5-1 represents a mutation that causes an amino acid substitution in a previously uncharacterized gene, which encodes a protein with a PAM [proteasome COP9 initiation factor (PCI/PINT)-associated module] domain similar to those found in components of the COP9 signalosome (CSN). Genetic analysis shows that manifestation of the eer5 mutant phenotype is solely dependent on ethylene signaling, as the ein2-5 eer5-1 double mutant was indistinguishable from ein2-5 in the presence of saturating ethylene concentrations. In contrast, the ein3-1 eer5-1 double mutant displayed characteristics of an enhanced ethylene response, and this suggests that EER5 regulates ethylene signaling independently of EIN3. Analysis of the EER5 protein indicates that it interacts with the C-terminus of EIN2 and with the CSN, suggesting that EER5 serves as a bridge between EIN2 and the modification or degradation of target proteins, including a proposed group of transcriptional repressors, as part of a resetting mechanism during or following ethylene signaling.
Amplifying immunogenicity of prospective Covid-19 vaccines by glycoengineering the coronavirus glycan-shield to present α-gal epitopes (2020)

The many carbohydrate chains on Covid-19 coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its S-protein form a glycan-shield that masks antigenic peptides and decreases uptake of inactivated virus or S-protein vaccines by APC. Studies on inactivated influenza virus and recombinant gp120 of HIV vaccines indicate that glycoengineering of glycan-shields to present α-gal epitopes (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) enables harnessing of the natural anti-Gal antibody for amplifying vaccine efficacy, as evaluated in mice producing anti-Gal. The α-gal epitope is the ligand for the natural anti-Gal antibody which constitutes ~1% of immunoglobulins in humans. Upon administration of vaccines presenting α-gal epitopes, anti-Gal binds to these epitopes at the vaccination site and forms immune complexes with the vaccines. These immune complexes are targeted for extensive uptake by APC as a result of binding of the Fc portion of immunocomplexed anti-Gal to Fc receptors on APC. This anti-Gal mediated effective uptake of vaccines by APC results in 10-200-fold higher anti-viral immune response and in 8-fold higher survival rate following challenge with a lethal dose of live influenza virus, than same vaccines lacking α-gal epitopes. It is suggested that glycoengineering of carbohydrate chains on the glycan-shield of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 or on S-protein vaccines, for presenting α-gal epitopes, will have similar amplifying effects on vaccine efficacy. α-Gal epitope synthesis on coronavirus vaccines can be achieved with recombinant α1,3galactosyltransferase, replication of the virus in cells with high α1,3galactosyltransferase activity as a result of stable transfection of cells with several copies of the α1,3galactosyltransferase gene (GGTA1), or by transduction of host cells with replication defective adenovirus containing this gene. In addition, recombinant S-protein presenting multiple α-gal epitopes on the glycan-shield may be produced in glycoengineered yeast or bacteria expression systems containing the corresponding glycosyltransferases. Prospective Covid-19 vaccines presenting α-gal epitopes may provide better protection than vaccines lacking this epitope because of increased uptake by APC.
Proposal of periodic layered waveguide structures for distributed lasers (1973)

Here new periodic structures are proposed for distributed lasers, utilizing the thickness variation introduced in a multilayer thin-film optical waveguide. Wave propagation in such structures is analyzed. Expressions are derived for the amount of distributed feedback and possible scattering losses. From the coupled-wave equations, the laser-oscillation conditions are set up. Computational results for the GaAs–GaxAl1−xAs and dye lasers are presented. The applicability of the proposed scheme for distributed feedback to semiconductor, dye, and solid-state lasers is discussed.
Configuration management in the HILDA system (2002)

HILDA (high level design assistance) is a prototype of a rule-based configurer that operates in a CAD (computer-aided design) framework. The configurer in HILDA adopts the approach of generalized templates for configuring design models, i.e. it typically requires only one generalized template for each CAD tool instead of one template per design model, as in most other systems. A generalized template relieves the designers of creating and maintaining templates and yet facilitates integration of any arbitrary number of CAD tools. In particular, it supports dynamic changes of design structures in the design process by providing features such as keywords for traversing design hierarchies at run time, multiple rules for representing alternative configuring paths, backtracking for performing depth-first search and a flexible strategy for selecting versions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Towards incremental component compatibility testing (2011)

Software components are increasingly assembled from other components. Each component may further depend on others, and each may have multiple active versions. The total number of configurations --- combinations of components and their versions --- deployed by end users can be very large. Component developers, therefore, spend considerable time and effort doing compatibility testing --- determining whether their components can be built correctly for all deployed configurations. In previous work we developed Rachet to support large-scale compatibility testing of components.
Comparisons between Membrane, Bridge and Cantilever Miniaturized Resistive Vacuum Gauges (2012)

Using bulk micromachining, meander-shaped resistor elements consisting of 20 nm Cr and 200 nm Au were fabricated on 1 μm thick silicon nitride membranes, bridges, and cantilevers. The resistance change as a function of pressure depends strongly on the thermal resistance of the two metal lines connecting the heated resistor to the silicon bulk (cold junction) and on the thermal resistance of the silicon nitride. Relative resistance changes ranging from about 3% (small membrane) to 20% (bridge) per mW of input power were obtained when operating the devices in constant voltage mode. The pressure where maximum sensitivity of these gauges occurs depends on the distance 'd' between the periphery of the heated resistor element and the silicon cold junction. Devices with 'd' ranging from 50 μm to 1,200 μm were fabricated. Assuming that pressures can be reliably measured above the 10% and below the 90% points of the resistance versus pressure curve, the range of these devices is about two orders of magnitude. By integrating two devices, one with d = 65 μm and one with d = 1,200 μm on the same chip and connecting them in series, the range can be increased by about a factor of three. By fabricating the cantilever devices so that they curl upon release, it will be shown that these devices also exhibit larger range due to varying 'd'.
Pseudo-T-even Bacteriophage RB49 Encodes CocO, a Cochaperonin for GroEL, Which Can Substitute for Escherichia coli's GroES and Bacteriophage T4's Gp31 (2001)

Bacteriophage T4-encoded Gp31 is a functional ortholog of the Escherichia coli GroES cochaperonin protein. Both of these proteins form transient, productive complexes with the GroEL chaperonin, required for protein folding and other related functions in the cell. However, Gp31 is specifically required, in conjunction with GroEL, for the correct folding of Gp23, the major capsid protein of T4. To better understand the interaction between GroEL and its cochaperonin cognates, we determined whether the so-called "pseudo-T-even bacteriophages" are dependent on host GroEL function and whether they also encode their own cochaperonin. Here, we report the isolation of an allele-specific mutation of bacteriophage RB49, called epsilon22, which permits growth on the E. coli groEL44 mutant but not on the isogenic wild type host. RB49 epsilon22 was used in marker rescue experiments to identify the corresponding wild type gene, which we have named cocO (cochaperonin cognate). CocO has extremely limited identity to GroES but is 34% identical and 55% similar at the protein sequence level to T4 Gp31, sharing all of the structural features of Gp31 that distinguish it from GroES. CocO can substitute for Gp31 in T4 growth and also suppresses the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the E. coli groES42 mutant. CocO's predicted mobile loop is one residue longer than that of Gp31, with the epsilon22 mutation resulting in a Q36R substitution in this extra residue. Both the CocO wild type and epsilon22 proteins have been purified and shown in vitro to assist GroEL in the refolding of denatured citrate synthase.
Looking just below the eyes is optimal across face recognition tasks (2012)

When viewing a human face, people often look toward the eyes. Maintaining good eye contact carries significant social value and allows for the extraction of information about gaze direction. When identifying faces, humans also look toward the eyes, but it is unclear whether this behavior is solely a byproduct of the socially important eye movement behavior or whether it has functional importance in basic perceptual tasks. Here, we propose that gaze behavior while determining a person's identity, emotional state, or gender can be explained as an adaptive brain strategy to learn eye movement plans that optimize performance in these evolutionarily important perceptual tasks. We show that humans move their eyes to locations that maximize perceptual performance determining the identity, gender, and emotional state of a face. These optimal fixation points, which differ moderately across tasks, are predicted correctly by a Bayesian ideal observer that integrates information optimally across the face but is constrained by the decrease in resolution and sensitivity from the fovea toward the visual periphery (foveated ideal observer). Neither a model that disregards the foveated nature of the visual system and makes fixations on the local region with maximal information, nor a model that makes center-of-gravity fixations correctly predict human eye movements. Extension of the foveated ideal observer framework to a large database of real-world faces shows that the optimality of these strategies generalizes across the population. These results suggest that the human visual system optimizes face recognition performance through guidance of eye movements not only toward but, more precisely, just below the eyes.