gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Tyr‐Leu‐Gly, a novel anxiolytic‐like peptide released from bovine α <sub>S</sub> ‐casein (2013)

We found previously that dipeptide YL exhibits orally active anxiolytic activity comparable to diazepam. The YL sequence is often observed in the primary structure of natural food proteins. In the present study, we investigated whether YL and YL analogues are released from bovine αS-casein by gastrointestinal proteases. YLG, corresponding to αS1-casein (aa 91-93), was more effectively released from αS-casein than YL by pepsin-pancreatin digestion, mimicking gastrointestinal enzymatic conditions. Using the synthetic model peptide, we determined that trypsin cleaved the N terminus of YLG, and elastase and carboxypeptidase contributed to cleave the C-terminus. YLG exhibited orally active anxiolytic-like activity in the elevated plus maze and open-field tests in mice. The anxiolytic-like activity of YLG was inhibited by WAY100135, SCH23390 or bicuculline, antagonists of serotonin 5-HT1A, dopamine D1, and GABA(A) receptors, respectively; however, YLG had no affinity for these receptors. The pepsin-pancreatin digest of αS-Casein also exhibited anxiolytic-like activity. Meanwhile, anxiolytic-like activity of α-casozepine, an αS1-casein-derived decapeptide with YL sequence in the N terminus, was blocked by WAY100135, SCH23390, or bicuculline, equally to YLG and YL; however, it was not detected in the pepsin-pancreatic digest. Taken together, we found that YLG is released after pepsin-pancreatic digestion of αS-casein and exhibits potent anxiolytic-like activity via activation of serotonin, dopamine, and the GABA receptor system.
High- and low-field dielectric characteristics of dielectrophoretically aligned ceramic/polymer nanocomposites (2008)

Polymer/ceramic composites with controlled spatial distribution of fillers are synthesized, and the corresponding changes in their properties are studied. Using dielectrophoretic assembly, we create anisotropic composites of aligned BaTiO3 particles in silicone elastomer and study their electrical properties as a function of ceramic volume fraction and composite morphology. These structured composites show an increase in the permittivity compared to composites with the same composition and randomly dispersed (0–3) fillers. This study emphasizes the important role of conductivity, permittivity, and, particularly, local cluster distribution in controlling high-field dielectric behavior. Designed anisotropy in dielectric properties can provide unexampled paradigms for the development of high energy density materials and gain important insights into the mechanisms that control dielectric breakdown strengths and nonlinear conduction at high fields in polymer/ceramic composites.
GAIML: A New Language for Verbal and Graphical Interaction in Chatbots (2008)

One of the aims of the research in the field of the human-computer interaction is the design of a natural and intuitive interaction modalities. In particular, many efforts have been devoted in the development of systems able to interact with the user in natural language. Chatbots are the classical interfaces for natural language interaction. Such systems can be very sophisticated, including support for 3D avatars and speech analysis and synthesis. However, all of them present only a text area allowing the user to input her sentences. No doubt, an interaction involving also the natural language can increase the comfort of the user with respect to common interfaces using only graphical widgets. However, multi-modal communication must be preferred in all those situations when the user and the system have a tight interaction. Typical examples are cultural heritages applications (intelligent museum guides, picture browsing) or systems presenting to the user an information integrated from different sources as in the case of the iGoogle (TM) interface. In this work we present the Graphical Artificial Intelligence Markup Language, an extension of AIML allowing merging of verbal and graphical interaction modalities. A chatbot system, Graphbot, is also presented that is able to support this language. The language is able to define personalized interface patterns that are the most suitable ones in relation to the type of data exchanged between the user and the system during the dialogue.
Notes on almost‐periodicity in topological vector spaces (1986)

A study is made of almost‐periodic functions in topological vector spaces with applications to abstract differential equations.
FINITE AUTOMATA AND MODELS OF SIMPLE FORMS OF BEHAVIOUR (1963)

CONTENTSIntroduction § 1. The behaviour of automata in random environments § 2. Asymptotically optimum sequences of automata. The problem of a pile of books § 3. The behaviour of automata in composite environments § 4. The behaviour of automata with evolving structures in random environments § 5. Games of automata § 6. Zero-sum games of two automataReferences
HmtDB, a genomic resource for mitochondrion-based human variability studies (2011)

HmtDB (http://www.hmtdb.uniba.it:8080/hmdb) is a open resource created to support population genetics and mitochondrial disease studies. The database hosts human mitochondrial genome sequences annotated with population and variability data, the latter being estimated through the application of the SiteVar software based on site-specific nucleotide and amino acid variability calculations. The annotations are manually curated thus adding value to the quality of the information provided to the end-user. Classifier tools implemented in HmtDB allow the prediction of the haplogroup for any human mitochondrial genome currently stored in HmtDB or externally submitted de novo by an end-user. Haplogroup definition is based on the Phylotree system. End-users accessing HmtDB are hence allowed to (i) browse the database through the use of a multi-criterion 'query' system; (ii) analyze their own human mitochondrial sequences via the 'classify' tool (for complete genomes) or by downloading the 'fragment-classifier' tool (for partial sequences); (iii) download multi-alignments with reference genomes as well as variability data.
[Synthesis and antibacterial activity of (S) -5-acetylaminomethyl-3-[(4-substituted-aminomethyl) phenyl] -2-oxazolindinone derivatives]. (2006)

Insertion of methylene group between 4-position of phenyl and morpholinyl group in linezolid derivatives can not increase the antibacterial activity.
Bovine Immunoinhibitory Receptors Contribute to Suppression of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-Specific T-Cell Responses (2015)

Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) is a chronic enteritis in cattle that is caused by intracellular infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. This infection is characterized by the functional exhaustion of T-cell responses to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens during late subclinical and clinical stages, presumably facilitating the persistence of this bacterium and the formation of clinical lesions. However, the mechanisms underlying T-cell exhaustion in Johne's disease are poorly understood. Thus, we performed expression and functional analyses of the immunoinhibitory molecules programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3)/major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle during the late subclinical stage. Flow cytometric analyses revealed the upregulation of PD-1 and LAG-3 in T cells in infected animals, which suffered progressive suppression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses to the M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigen. In addition, PD-L1 and MHC-II were expressed on macrophages from infected animals, consistent with PD-1 and LAG-3 pathways contributing to the suppression of IFN-γ responses during the subclinical stages of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Furthermore, dual blockade of PD-L1 and LAG-3 enhanced M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific IFN-γ responses in blood from infected animals, and in vitro LAG-3 blockade enhanced IFN-γ production from M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Taken together, the present data indicate that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific T-cell exhaustion is in part mediated by PD-1/PD-L1 and LAG-3/MHC-II interactions and that LAG-3 is a molecular target for the control of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific T-cell responses.
Diversification of the Three-Component Coupling of 2-Aminoheterocycles, Aldehydes, and Isonitriles: Efficient Parallel Synthesis of a Diverse and Druglike Library of Imidazo- and Tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-<i>a</i>] Heterocycles (2007)

Due to their diverse range of biological activities, imidazoheterocycles are recognized as privileged structures making these structural motifs attractive targets for library preparation. We report herein the synthesis of a sizable collection of imidazo[1,2- a]heterocycle scaffolds well-suited for divergent library preparation by virtue of amine functional handles with diverse positioning and connectivities. Partial reduction of imidazo[1,2- a]pyrazines to the tetrahydroimidazo[1,2- a]pyrazines and regiospecific Mannich-type bond formation at the C-3 of imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine under mild conditions achieved additional topological and connective diversity within the scaffold collection. Subsequent parallel reaction of the functionalized imidazoheterocycles with polystyrene-tetrafluorophenol esters and sulfonates produced a 7500 compound library in high purity.
Tissue engineering of cardiovascular structures (1997)

Congenital and acquired diseases of the heart valves and great arteries are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Current prosthetic or bioprosthetic replacement devices are imperfect and subject patients to one or more ongoing risks including thrombosis, limited durability, increased susceptibility to infection, and need for reoperations due to lack of growth. Tissue engineering (TE) is a new discipline that offers the potential to create replacement structures from autologous cells and biodegradable polymers. Because TE constructs contain living cells, they may have the potential for growth and self-repair and remodeling. Cardiac valve leaflets and large conduit arteries have been made with the TE approach. These TE structures have functioned in the pulmonary circulation of growing lambs for up to 4 months and have demonstrated 1) structural organization to resemble normal valve and artery, 2) satisfactory physiologic function, 3) lack of thrombus formation, and 4) growth.
Enthalpies of formation and bond energies in lithium, beryllium, and boron derivatives. 2. Dative, single, and triple bonds (1992)

For a set of small XYH(n) singlet-state molecules (where X stands for Li, Be, or B and Y is one of the second-row atoms), we have calculated the enthalpies of formation at the MP4(sdtq)/6-311++G(3df,2p) level by using MP2(full)/6-31G(d,p) fully optimized structures. At this level of theory, the heats of formation are expected to be in the range of the so-called ''chemical accuracy'' (+/- 1 kcal/mol). Some alkyl derivatives of the previous XYH(n) compounds have been studied at the RHF/6-31G(d) level (with fully optimized geometries). The theoretical enthalpies of formation reproduce the available experimental results quite satisfactorily. In addition to compounds with usual dative single bonds, we also describe molecules with covalent (nondative) single B-N and B-O bonds. We use all the available (experimental and theoretical) data to calculate new bond energies for lithium, beryllium, and boron derivatives.
Can Spatiotemporal 3D CNNs Retrace the History of 2D CNNs and ImageNet? (2018)

The purpose of this study is to determine whether current video datasets have sufficient data for training very deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with spatio-temporal three-dimensional (3D) kernels. Recently, the performance levels of 3D CNNs in the field of action recognition have improved significantly. However, to date, conventional research has only explored relatively shallow 3D architectures. We examine the architectures of various 3D CNNs from relatively shallow to very deep ones on current video datasets. Based on the results of those experiments, the following conclusions could be obtained: (i) ResNet-18 training resulted in significant overfitting for UCF-101, HMDB-51, and ActivityNet but not for Kinetics. (ii) The Kinetics dataset has sufficient data for training of deep 3D CNNs, and enables training of up to 152 ResNets layers, interestingly similar to 2D ResNets on ImageNet. ResNeXt-101 achieved 78.4% average accuracy on the Kinetics test set. (iii) Kinetics pretrained simple 3D architectures outperforms complex 2D architectures, and the pretrained ResNeXt-101 achieved 94.5% and 70.2% on UCF-101 and HMDB-51, respectively. The use of 2D CNNs trained on ImageNet has produced significant progress in various tasks in image. We believe that using deep 3D CNNs together with Kinetics will retrace the successful history of 2D CNNs and ImageNet, and stimulate advances in computer vision for videos. The codes and pretrained models used in this study are publicly available <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
Robust computation of optical flow in a multi-scale differential framework (2002)

The authors developed an algorithm for computing optical flow in a differential framework. The image sequence is first convolved with a set of linear, separable spatiotemporal filters similar to those that have been used in other early vision. The brightness constancy constraint can then be applied to each of the resulting images, giving in general, an overdetermined system of equations for the optical flow at each pixel. There are three principal sources of error: (a) stochastic due to sensor noise, (b) systematic errors in the presence of large displacements, and (c) errors due to failure of the brightness constancy model. The analysis of these errors leads to development of an algorithm based on a robust version of total least squares. Each optical flow vector computed has an associated reliability measure which can be used in subsequent processing. The performance of the algorithm on the data set used by J. Barron et al. (1992) compares favorably with other techniques. In addition to being separable, the filters used are also causal, incorporating only past time frames. The algorithm is fully parallel and has been implemented on a multipleprocessor machine.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Localization of human adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene sequences to the q12→q13.11 region of chromosome 20 by in situ hybridization (1989)

The gene for human adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme constitutively expressed in all tissues investigated so far and deficient in some cases of severe combined immune deficiency, was previously assigned to chromosome 20 by syntenic analysis, using somatic cell hybrids and quantitative enzyme studies on patients with chromosome abnormalities. Attempts at regional localization of ADA through indirect approaches have so far resulted in uncertainties, as well as apparent inconsistencies. In situ hybridization of high-resolution somatic and pachytene chromosomes using a 3H-labeled cDNA probe of the ADA gene localized the gene to 20q12----q13.11. Rearrangements involving this region have been reported in various human hematological malignancies; in this regard, possible implications of the physical proximity of the ADA gene locus to that of SRC, an oncogene previously localized to the same region of chromosome 20, are briefly discussed.
Characterization of insulin/IGF hybrid receptors: contributions of the insulin receptor L2 and Fn1 domains and the alternatively spliced exon 11 sequence to ligand binding and receptor activation (2007)

The IR (insulin receptor) and IGFR (type I insulin-like growth factor receptor) are found as homodimers, but the respective pro-receptors can also heterodimerize to form insulin-IGF hybrid receptors. There are conflicting data on the ligand affinity of hybrids, and especially on the influence of different IR isoforms. To investigate further the contribution of individual ligand binding epitopes to affinity and specificity in the IR/IGFR family, we generated hybrids incorporating both IR isoforms (A and B) and IR/IGFR domain-swap chimaeras, by ectopic co-expression of receptor constructs in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and studied ligand binding using both radioligand competition and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays. We found that IR-A-IGFR and IR-B-IGFR hybrids bound insulin with similar relatively low affinity, which was intermediate between that of homodimeric IR and homodimeric IGFR. However, both IR-A-IGFR and IR-B-IGFR hybrids bound IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity, at a level comparable with homodimeric IGFR. Incorporation of a significant fraction of either IR-A or IR-B into hybrids resulted in abrogation of insulin- but not IGF-I-stimulated autophosphorylation. We conclude that the sequence of 12 amino acids encoded by exon 11 of the IR gene has little or no effect on ligand binding and activation of IR-IGFR hybrids, and that hybrid receptors bind IGFs but not insulin at physiological concentrations regardless of the IR isoform they contained. To reconstitute high affinity insulin binding within a hybrid receptor, chimaeras in which the IGFR L1 or L2 domains had been replaced by equivalent IR domains were co-expressed with full-length IR-A or IR-B. In the context of an IR-A-IGFR hybrid, replacement of IR residues 325-524 (containing the L2 domain and part of the first fibronectin domain) with the corresponding IGFR sequence increased the affinity for insulin by 20-fold. We conclude that the L2 and/or first fibronectin domains of IR contribute in trans with the L1 domain to create a high affinity insulin-binding site within a dimeric receptor.
A new <i>Escherichia coli</i> metabolic competency: growth on fatty acids by a novel anaerobic β‐oxidation pathway (2003)

Escherichia coli uses fatty acids as a sole carbon and energy source during aerobic growth by means of the enzymes encoded by the fad regulon. We report that this bacterium can also grow on fatty acids under anaerobic conditions provided that a terminal respiratory electron acceptor such as nitrate is available. This anaerobic utilization pathway is distinct from the well-studied aerobic pathway in that (i). it proceeds normally in mutant strains lacking various enzymes of the aerobic pathway; (ii). it functions with fatty acids (octanoate and decanoate) that cannot be used by wild-type E. coli strains under aerobic conditions; and (iii). super-repressor mutants of the fadR regulatory locus that block aerobic growth on fatty acids fail to block the anaerobic pathway. We have identified homologues of the FadA, FadB and FadD proteins required for aerobic fatty acid utilization called YfcY, YfcX and YdiD, respectively, which are involved in anaerobic growth on fatty acids. A strong FadR binding site was detected upstream of the yfcY gene consistent with microarray analyses, indicating that yfcYX expression is negatively regulated by FadR under aerobic growth conditions. In contrast, transcriptional regulation of ydiD appears to be independent of FadR, and anaerobic growth on fatty acids is not under FadR control. These three genes are conserved in the available genome sequences of pathogenic E. coli, Shigella and Salmonella strains.
A comparison between interactions of triglyceride oil and mineral oil with proteins and their ability to reduce cleanser surfactant‐induced irritation (2015)

Sunflower seed oil reduces surfactant-induced in vivo skin irritation more than mineral oil. This is possibly due to stronger interaction of polar oil with proteins, thus protecting it from surfactant binding.
The Acute Cervical Disk (1975)

Acute cervical disk herniations represent one facet of the broad spectrum of cervical disk degeneration. It is productive of symptoms through mechanical compression and biochemical inflammation of the nerve roots and spinal cord. The majority of patients will respond to a conscientiously applied course of conservative treatment. In those individuals who fail to respond to conservative treatment in terms of pain relief or in whom a significant neurologic deficit occurs surgical decompression of the neural elements should be undertaken.
[Insights into pediatric allergic rhinitis in China]. (2011)

变应性鼻炎（AR）是影响儿童身心健康、学习成绩和生活质量的主要鼻部疾病，患病率高，具有较大的社会影响。10年来，国际儿童哮喘和变应性疾病研究项目（International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood，ISAAC）报告了全球变应性鼻炎、哮喘和特应性湿疹的患病情况在近7年间呈总体上升趋势，其中不同国家和地区6～7岁儿童变应性鼻炎的患病率波动于2.2%～24.2%，13～14岁儿童的患病率波动于4.5%～45.1%。
HLA and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) polymorphisms in ocular Behçet’s disease (1999)

The role of HLA-B*51 and other major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in Behçet's disease (BD) remains unknown. We have performed HLA and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) polymorphism analysis in BD and evaluated their contribution to ocular disease. In this study, 102 patients and 115 controls of Middle Eastern descent were investigated by HLA and B*51 subtyping using novel primers, and by LT alpha NCo 1 and TNF 308 promoter polymorphism analysis. The frequency of the HLA-B*51 family of alleles was raised in patients compared to controls (66% vs. 15%, Pc=2.5x10(-12), OR=10.9). The odds ratio (OR) of this group of alleles for subgroups of patients was as follows: non-ocular patients 7.8, all ocular patients 12.6, blind patients >22. HLA-B*51 subtyping detected B*5101, 07, 08 and 09 alleles, with a similar frequency among patients and controls. HLA-Cw*1602 was associated with B*5108, but was not an independent risk factor for disease. The LT alpha (TNFB*2) allele was associated with HLA-B*51 among patients and the frequency of this allele was significantly higher among completely blind patients compared to both non-ocular patients (P=0.048, OR >3.6) and to healthy controls (P=0.022, OR >4.3). The rare TNF-2 polymorphism at the TNF -308 promoter position was associated with HLA-B*50 (not B*51), and was not associated with BD. Thus, in this population the HLA*B51 family of alleles is a strong risk factor for BD, and in particular the development of ocular disease. HLA-B*51 subtyping did not define new markers for BD. A primary role for TNF gne polymorphisms in BD was not identified, but co-expression of the TNFB*2 allele with HLA-B*51 may contribute to severity of ocular disease.