gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HEAT TRANSFER TO FLUIDIZED SOLIDS (1951)

Tumor cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to convert from a benign to a malignant phenotype. Our recent focus has been signaling pathways that promote EMT in response to collagen. We have shown that human pancreatic cancer cells respond to collagen by up-regulating N-cadherin, which promotes tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Initial characterization showed that knocking down c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase prevented N-cadherin up-regulation and limited tumor growth and invasion in a mouse model for pancreatic cancer. The current study was designed to understand the pathway from collagen to N-cadherin up-regulation. Initiation of the signal requires two collagen receptors, alpha2beta1 integrin and discoidin domain receptor (DDR) 1. Each receptor propagates signals through separate pathways that converge to up-regulate N-cadherin. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-related protein tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) is downstream of DDR1, whereas FAK is downstream of alpha2beta1 integrin. Both receptor complexes rely on the p130 Crk-associated substrate scaffold. Interestingly, Rap1, but not Rho family guanosine triphosphatases, is required for the response to collagen I.
The infection of human dendritic cells with recombinant avipox vectors expressing a costimulatory molecule transgene (CD80) to enhance the activation of antigen-specific cytolytic T cells. (2001)

Human dendritic cells (DCs) express MHC class I and II molecules and several T-cell costimulatory molecules that contribute to their efficiency as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Whereas most human DC populations uniformly express some costimulatory molecules such as B7-2 (CD86), previous studies have shown a wide variation in the expression of B7-1 (CD80) among different human DC preparations. In the studies reported here, we demonstrate that replication-defective avipox vectors expressing B7-1 can be used to rapidly and efficiently infect human DCs and can enhance the efficacy of human DCs to activate specific human T-cell populations. This has been demonstrated both in systems using peptide as a source of signal 1 and in systems using recombinant avipox vector to deliver signal 1. The antigen used in these studies was the tumor-associated human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). An immunodominant 9-mer CTL epitope for CEA (designated CAP-1) has been previously characterized (K. Y. Tsang et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (Bethesda), 87: 982-990, 1995). The source of signal 1 used in these studies was (a) the CAP-1 peptide; (b) recombinant avipox-CEA; or (c) the dual transgene recombinant avipox-CEA/B7-1. These studies demonstrate that CEA-specific T cells are more efficiently activated using as APCs peptide-pulsed DCs infected with avipox-B7-1, as compared with peptide-pulsed DCs infected with wild-type vector, or with uninfected peptide-pulsed DCs. Greater activation of CEA-specific T cells was also obtained using as APCs DCs that were infected with avipox-CEA/B7-1 as compared with the use of DCs infected with avipox-CEA. A CEA tetramer was also used to isolate high- and low-tetramer-binding CEA-specific T-cell populations. Although both high- and low-tetramer-binding T cells had the ability to lyse CEA peptide-pulsed targets, only the high-tetramer-binding T cells had the ability to lyse colon carcinoma cells expressing CEA, which suggests the existence of tetramer-binding populations with different T-cell receptor (TCR) affinities. The demonstrated safety of recombinant avipox vectors in humans and the previously demonstrated ability to administer them multiple times without host immune response limitations indicate that these vectors expressing B7-1 have a potential use in enhancing the efficacy of human DC immunotherapy protocols using either peptide or recombinant vector to deliver signal 1.
Identifying Natural Volatile Compounds That Control Gray Mold (<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>) during Postharvest Storage of Strawberry, Blackberry, and Grape (1997)

Botrytis-inoculated fruit were treated with three levels of naturally occurring volatile compounds in capped bottles and rated for Botrytis development and evidence of phytotoxicity during 7 days of storage at 2 °C followed by 3−6 more days at 22 °C for strawberry and 7 days at 15 °C for blackberry and grape. Hexanal, 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-6-nonenal, (E)-3-nonen-2-one, methyl salicylate, and methyl benzoate exhibited potential as postharvest fumigants for control of Botrytis on strawberry at the lowest level tested. Ten compounds were evaluated on blackberry and grape. None caused phytotoxic responses as with strawberry, while nearly all of the compounds inhibited Botrytis at all three test levels. Strawberry, blackberry, and grape metabolized (E)-2-hexenal with reduction of the aldehyde to an alcohol and saturation of the carbon−carbon double bond adjacent to the carbonyl, but strawberry yielded more esters as major products. Keywords: Fragaria × ananassa; Rubus; Vitis vinifera; metabolism; antifungal; (E)-2-hexenal
American Diabetes Association Indications for Statins in Diabetes (2009)

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of care for diabetes state that statin therapy should be initiated in individuals with diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors with a target LDL cholesterol of <100 mg/dl. Furthermore, a possible target LDL of <70 mg/dl is stated in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this mini-review, we examine the evidence that exists regarding LDL cholesterol–based treatment goals in individuals with diabetes. From our review of the current literature, it is evident that the majority of clinical trials were designed using a fixed dose of statins and not in an LDL cholesterol–based “treat-to-target” approach (thus differing from the common design of blood glucose control trials). This leads us to reassess the current guidelines with special emphasis on the very-low-risk and very-high-risk individuals with diabetes, where the evidence is less robust. We conclude that in this subset of individuals with diabetes, statin therapy should be based on the existing evidence and prescribed in a fixed-dose manner.

Published yearly, the ADA standards of clinical care portray the principle guidelines of diabetes care based on the constantly evolving body of evidence for the treatment of patients with diabetes. The 2008 standards of care state the following for statin use in diabetic individuals (1): 

1. Statin therapy should be added to lifestyle therapy, regardless of baseline lipid levels, for diabetic patients a ) with overt cardiovascular disease (CVD) (A: level of evidence as described in the ADA evidence-grading system [Table 1]); the primary goal is an LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dl (<2.6 mmol/l) (A); a lower LDL cholesterol goal of 70 mg/dl (1.8 mmol/l), using a high dose of a statin, is an option (E); and b ) without CVD who are over the age of 40 years and have one or more other CVD risk factor. The …
Improvement of Impact Strength of Polystyrene by Compounding with Styrene-Grafted Ethylene Propylene Elastomeric Copolymers (1966)

Abstract Ethylene propylene copolymers having good elastomeric properties lend themselves very well to improving impact strength of fragile polymeric materials, such as polystyrene. In order to obtain good results, the percentage of copolymer to be added should be chosen in such a way that the strength of the resulting mixture is as high as possible, but compatible, however, with the practically useful values of the hardness and of the modulus of elasticity, which decrease regularly with an increase in the percentage of elastomer. The best results, for an equal percentage of elastomer, are obtained when the polystyrene is mixed with polystyrene grafted on the ethylene propylene copolymer, rather than with the ethylene propylene copolymer alone. This we attribute to the improved dispersion of the elastomer in the polystyrene matrix that is found in case of the use of the graft polymer. Thus, formation of vitreous and elastomeric microphases, rather than of macrophases, occurs, and there is a better adhesion between these. The use of a graft polymer prevents, in practice, the phenomena of migration and sorting of the phases, and guarantees the maintenance over a period of time of a microphasic structure. The use of a saturated elastomer, such as that used by us, permits, additionally, an improvement in the resistance to aging, in comparison with the traditional materials consisting of mixtures of polystyrene and unsaturated elastomers.
True information television (TITV) breaks Shannon bandwidth barrier (1990)

Concepts from artificial intelligence and learning theory are proposed for use in a knowledge-based true information TV (TITV) system. In a knowledge-based TV system a store of images is learned prior to transmission. In learn mode an image from a television camera is stored into an encoding list which is then copied to a retrieval list at the receiver. The resulting transmission bandwidth is not dependent on screen size, resolution, or scanning rate but rather only on novelty and movement. The moving portion of the input image is compared with previously learned image sections to generate superpixel codes for transmission. A superpixel may contain any size image section, from single pixel to entire images. Digital superpixel transmission promises near-perfect images for high-definition TV (HDTV) at orders of magnitude lower bandwidth and, if desired, in a virtually unbreakable encryption code.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mutations within DR2 independently reduce the amount of both minus- and plus-strand DNA synthesized during duck hepatitis B virus replication (1996)

The initial aim of this study was to examine the role of complementarity between the plus-strand primer and the minus-strand DNA template for translocation of the plus-strand primer in hepadnaviral replication. We show that when a 5-nucleotide substitution was placed in either DR1 or DR2, translocation of the primer at a detectable level did not occur. Placing the mutation in both DR1 and DR2 did not restore primer translocation, which indicates that complementarity is not the sole determinant for primer translocation. These mutants, in which primer translocation has been inhibited, have been additionally informative. The mutation in DR1 led to efficient synthesis of plus-strand DNA, albeit primed in situ. In contrast, the mutation in DR2 resulted in a reduction in the amount of plus-strand DNA synthesized per unit of minus-strand DNA. These findings were interpreted as indicating that a mutation at DR2, the primer acceptor site, can inhibit both primer translocation and in situ priming. Lastly, we show that mutations within DR2 can result in a reduction in the synthesis of minus-strand DNA and that this reduction is occurring at an early phase of the process. We speculate that this reduction in the amount of minus-strand DNA synthesized could be due to an inhibition of the template switch during minus-strand DNA synthesis.
Iterative Algorithms for Ptychographic Phase Retrieval (2011)

Ptychography promises diffraction limited resolution without the need for high resolution lenses. To achieve high resolution one has to solve the phase problem for many partially overlapping frames. Here we review some of the existing methods for solving ptychographic phase retrieval problem from a numerical analysis point of view, and propose alternative methods based on numerical optimization.
A multi-band multi-beam software-defined passive radar. Part I: System design (2012)

This paper presents the design and development of a software-defined passive bistatic radar system that can operate at any carrier frequency, bandwidth and signals over a large frequency spectrum up to 6 GHz with transmitters-of-opportunity at spatially-diverse locations. An inexpensive open-source software-defined-radio technology is used to develop a fully-synchronized multi-channel digital receiver system. A number of phased array antennas with different configurations are built to cover a wide frequency spectrum and polarizations. Digital beamforming, adaptive filtering and digital signal processing techniques are employed for target detection and tracking in all directions. Measurement results are given at the end to validate the design. (4 pages)
Unusual Physical and Chemical Properties of Cu in Ce<sub>1</sub><sub>-</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Cu<i><sub>x</sub></i>O<sub>2</sub>Oxides (2005)

The structural and electronic properties of Ce(1-x)Cu(x)O(2) nano systems prepared by a reverse microemulsion method were characterized with synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and density functional calculations. The Cu atoms embedded in ceria had an oxidation state higher than those of the cations in Cu(2)O or CuO. The lattice of the Ce(1)(-x)Cu(x)O(2) systems still adopted a fluorite-type structure, but it was highly distorted with multiple cation-oxygen distances with respect to the single cation-oxygen bond distance seen in pure ceria. The doping of CeO(2) with copper introduced a large strain into the oxide lattice and favored the formation of O vacancies, leading to a Ce(1-x)Cu(x)O(2-y) stoichiometry for our materials. Cu approached the planar geometry characteristic of Cu(II) oxides, but with a strongly perturbed local order. The chemical activities of the Ce(1-x)Cu(x)O(2) nanoparticles were tested using the reactions with H(2) and O(2) as probes. During the reduction in hydrogen, an induction time was observed and became shorter after raising the reaction temperature. The fraction of copper that could be reduced in the Ce(1-x)Cu(x)O(2) oxides also depended strongly on the reaction temperature. A comparison with data for the reduction of pure copper oxides indicated that the copper embedded in ceria was much more difficult to reduce. The reduction of the Ce(1-x)Cu(x)O(2) nanoparticles was rather reversible, without the generation of a significant amount of CuO or Cu(2)O phases during reoxidation. This reversible process demonstrates the unusual structural and chemical properties of the Cu-doped ceria materials.
Biotechnological potential of microbial consortia and future perspectives (2018)

Design of a microbial consortium is a newly emerging field that enables researchers to extend the frontiers of biotechnology from a pure culture to mixed cultures. A microbial consortium enables microbes to use a broad range of carbon sources. It provides microbes with robustness in response to environmental stress factors. Microbes in a consortium can perform complex functions that are impossible for a single organism. With advancement of technology, it is now possible to understand microbial interaction mechanism and construct consortia. Microbial consortia can be classified in terms of their construction, modes of interaction, and functions. Here we discuss different trends in the study of microbial functions and interactions, including single-cell genomics (SCG), microfluidics, fluorescent imaging, and membrane separation. Community profile studies using polymerase chain-reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), and terminal restriction fragment-length polymorphism (T-RFLP) are also reviewed. We also provide a few examples of their possible applications in areas of biopolymers, bioenergy, biochemicals, and bioremediation.
Sodium Channel Blockers Identify Risk for Sudden Death in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation and Right Bundle Branch Block but Structurally Normal Hearts (2000)

The data demonstrated a similar incidence of potentially lethal arrhythmias in patients displaying transient versus persistent ST-segment elevation and right bundle branch block, as well as the effectiveness of sodium channel blockers to unmask the syndrome and, thus, identify patients at risk.
Exposure of polyethylene particles induces interferon-γ expression in a natural killer T lymphocyte and dendritic cell coculture system<i>in vitro</i>: A preliminary study (2014)

Two major issues in total joint arthroplasty are loosening of implants and osteolysis caused by wear particle-induced inflammation. Wear particles stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators from macrophages and other cells. Although the biological response of macrophages to wear debris is well established, the role of other cell types such as natural killer T lymphocytes (NKT) and dendritic cells (DCs) is limited. Here we show that ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles stimulate NKT cells to secrete Interferon-γ (IFN-γ); coculture with DCs further enhanced IFN-γ secretion. Furthermore, UHMWPE particles did not stimulate NKT cells to secrete IL-4, while the NKT cell natural ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) treatment in the coculture system significantly enhanced both IFN-γ and IL-4 expression by NKT cells. Comparatively, NKT cells and/or DCs exposed to polymethylmethacrylate particles did not stimulate IFN-γ or IL-4 expression. Mouse bone marrow derived macrophage polarization by lipopolysaccharide and conditioned medium from NKT cells and/or DCs exposed to UHMWPE particles increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), but reduced arginase-1 expression in macrophages. The current findings indicate that UHMWPE particles stimulate NKT cells/DCs to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines; this pathway is a novel therapeutic target to mitigate wear particle induced peri-prosthetic osteolysis.
Correction. Potential Bile Acid Metabolites. 2. 3,7,12-Trisubstituted 5β-Cholanic Acids (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCorrection. Potential Bile Acid Metabolites. 2. 3,7,12-Trisubstituted 5β-Cholanic AcidsFrederic ChangCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 12, 2603Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2003Published inissue 1 June 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00325a601https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00325a601research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views34Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Route hitting probability for a class of ad hoc routing protocols (2008)

We compute the probability that a path is discovered by a class of reactive routing protocols which we denote as random reactive protocols. These reactive protocols do not flood the network, but attempt to find a path from the source to the destination by sending a packet to a destination chosen randomly. Several protocols, including VRR or AODV-NF can be included in this class. We compute the route hitting probability for such packet, namely the probability that the packet will encounter a node which has a path to the destination. We analytically model the performance of a route discovery scheme which does not rely on flooding to find the connection destination, and show that such system is theoretically promising.
Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC)-Method of Moments. A User-Oriented Computer Code for Analysis of the Electromagnetic Response of Antennas and Other Metal Structures. Part 1: Program Description-Theory. Part 2: Program Description-Code. Volume 1. Revised (1981)

The Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC-2) is a computer code for analyzing the electromagnetic response of an arbitrary structure consisting of wires and surfaces in free space or over a ground plane. The is accomplished by the numerical solution of integral equations for induced currents. The solution includes Numerical Green's Function for partitioned-matrix solution and a treatment for lossy grounds that is accurate for antennas very close to the ground surface. The excitation may be an incident plane wave or a voltage sour wire, while the output may include current and charge density, electric or magnetic field in the vicinity of structure, and radiated fields. Other options compute the maximum coupling between antennas and facilitate Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC-2) Numerical analysis Antenna response Electromagnetic radiation. structure input. Hence the code may be used for antenna analysis, EMP, or scattering studies. Part 1 of the document includes the equations on which the code is based and a discussion of the approximations and numerical methods used in the numerical solution. Some comparisons to demonstrate the range of accuracy of approximations are also included. Details of the coding and a User's Guide are provided as parts 11 and 111, respectively.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of intracytoplasmic alkaline phosphatase in HeLa TCRC-1 cells. (1981)

The ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase has been examined in cells of a HeLa subline (TCRC-1) that are monophenotypic for Regan isoenzyme expression. Enzyme activity was demonstrated at the cell surface plasma membrane and in certain lysosomes as revealed by the lead citrate method. The regular direct immunoperoxidase procedure utilizing antibodies in IgG or Fab' form showed the same distribution patterns of alkaline phosphatase. However, when the cell surface antigen was blocked in advance with specific unlabeled antibodies and direct immunocytochemistry performed in the presence of saponin, intracellular alkaline phosphatase antigen was observed in the perinuclear space, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. The results appeared to be concordant with the current concept that membrane glycoproteins are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum, modified in the Golgi apparatus and then transported to the cell surface. Intracellular alkaline phosphatase was observed predominantly in some cell populations especially mitotic cells, suggesting that the enzyme protein was synthesized in and around the mitotic phase. Accordingly, this technique of differential membrane immunocytochemistry appears to provide an opportunity to follow ectopic gene expression as a function of cell cycle and enzyme induction.
Effect of Temperature Variation on FT-IR Spectrometer Stability (1997)

The effect of temperature variation on Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer response stability is investigated for wavenumbers from 10,000 to 100 cm −1 with the use of a temperature measurement and data acquisition system on the spectrometer optical bench. Spectrometer response instability is correlated with local temperature variation for two FT-IR spectrometer systems, with the use of various infrared source, beamsplitter, and detector combinations. The data obtained show that detector responsivity variation and beamsplitter misalignment associated with thermal instability of the spectrometer optical bench are responsible for the observed response instability. Response variation of up to 4% per °C temperature variation is observed. Variations of the laboratory environment and spectrometer purge gas supply temperatures are shown to affect spectrometer thermal stability directly.