gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Witches and Neighbors: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft (1999)

The mathematical modeling of the microbial ethanol production under strict anaerobic experimental conditions for some bacterial species has been proposed by our research group as the first approximation to the quantification of the microbial ethanol production in cases where other alcohols were produced simultaneously with ethanol. The present study aims to: (i) study the microbial ethanol production by Escherichia coli under controlled aerobic/anaerobic conditions; (ii) model the correlation between the microbial produced ethanol and the other higher alcohols; and (iii) test their applicability in: (a) real postmortem cases that had positive BACs (>0.10 g/L) and co-detection of higher alcohols and 1-butanol during the original ethanol analysis and (b) postmortem blood derived microbial cultures under aerobic/anaerobic controlled experimental conditions. The statistical evaluation of the results revealed that the formulated models were presumably correlated to 1-propanol and 1-butanol which were recognized as the most significant descriptors of the modeling process. The significance of 1-propanol and 1-butanol as descriptors was so powerful that they could be used as the only independent variables to create a simple and satisfactory model. The current models showed a potential for application to estimate microbial ethanol - within an acceptable standard error - in various tested cases where ethanol and other alcohols have been produced from different microbes.
Deprotonation of Benzylic Ethers Using a Hindered Phosphazene Base. A Synthesis of Benzofurans from <i>Ortho</i>-Substituted Benzaldehydes (2000)

The hindered nonionic phosphazene base P(4)-t-Bu efficiently deprotonates o-arylmethoxy benzaldehydes, leading to a direct synthesis of benzofurans. Strong ionic bases such as LDA, LiTMP, and KH failed.
Coördination Compounds of Boron Bromide and Boron Iodide. (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCoördination Compounds of Boron Bromide and Boron Iodide.Donald Ray. MartinCite this: Chem. Rev. 1948, 42, 3, 581–599Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60133a003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60133a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views231Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pain management in paediatric oncology (1990)

Tom Devine discusses the nature of pain in the child with cancer and ways of assessing and treating it
Nonlinear and Mixed-Integer Optimization (1995)

Filling a void in chemical engineering and optimization literature, this book presents the theory and methods for nonlinear and mixed-integer optimization, and their applications in the important area of process synthesis. Other topics include modeling issues in process synthesis, and optimization-based approaches in the synthesis of heat recovery systems, distillation-based systems, and reactor-based systems. The basics of convex analysis and nonlinear optimization are also covered and the elementary concepts of mixed-integer linear optimization are introduced. All chapters have several illustrations and geometrical interpretations of the material as well as suggested problems. Nonlinear and Mixed-Integer Optimization will prove to be an invaluable source--either as a textbook or a reference--for researchers and graduate students interested in continuous and discrete nonlinear optimization issues in engineering design, process synthesis, process operations, applied mathematics, operations research, industrial management, and systems engineering.
Liquidity saving in real-time gross settlement systems: An overview (2010)

During the past two decades, Large Value Payment Systems (LVPSs) in many countries have been redesigned so that the payments which they process are settled on a Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) basis. Such systems eliminate inter-bank credit risk in the payment system — which, from the perspective of the Bank of England, is a key feature of the UK’s LVPS, CHAPS, and one which cannot be compromised by any future design changes. But such RTGS systems can require relatively large amounts of liquidity to be available. So some of the more recent RTGS system designs — for instance, TARGET2 (for euro payments) or Japan’s BOJ-Net — have incorporated sophisticated ‘liquidity-saving mechanisms’. These mechanisms have allowed participants in the payment system to save on liquidity needs without reintroducing inter-bank credit risk. To support discussions among participants in CHAPS on possible liquidity-saving mech­anisms, this paper sets out a conceptual framework for thinking about the drivers of liquidity needs in RTGS systems. It then discusses a number of practical liquidity-saving measures, which can meet the good of greater liquidity efficiency without reintroducing credit risk.
Translated mutation in the Nurr1 gene as a cause for Parkinson's disease (2006)

Abstract Multiple genes have been now identified as causing Parkinson's disease (PD). In 2003, two mutations were identified in exon 1 of the Nurr1 gene in 10 of 107 individuals with familial PD. To date, investigators have only focused on screening for these known mutations of the Nurr1 gene. All individuals were recruited from two Parkinson's disease clinics in Canada. Following PCR amplification of each exon of the Nurr1 gene, samples underwent denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) analysis. Ten individuals also underwent direct sequencing as well as any samples where variants were identified. The Nurr1 gene was evaluated for 202 PD individuals, 37% of whom had at least one relative with PD and 100 control non‐PD individuals. Using DHPLC and direct sequencing, we did not detect any sequence variants in exon 1. Variants in amplicon 6 were seen and direct sequencing confirmed a known NI6P polymorphism in intron 6. Novel polymorphisms were also identified in exon 3 and intron 5. A novel mutation was identified in exon 3 in one nonfamilial PD individual. This heterozygous C‐to‐G transversion resulted in a serine‐to‐cysteine substitution and was not identified in any of the other 602 chromosomes screened. Mutations in the Nurr1 gene in our large cohort of familial and sporadic PD individuals are rare. The novel mutation in exon 3 is predicted to affect phosphorylation and functional studies to assess this are underway. This is the first coding mutation identified in the Nurr1 gene for Parkinson's disease. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Reducing Torque Pulsation of Multi-Phase Interior Permanent Magnet Machines (2006)

High torque pulsation is the major disadvantage of most IPM machine configurations. Choosing proper number of stator slots and winding distribution as well as increasing number of phases are among the possible solutions for reducing torque pulsation. In this paper, multi-phase interior permanent magnet motors with fractional-slot stator and double layer winding distribution are studied. It is shown that despite other IPM machines; the introduced multi-phase IPM machines have a very low torque pulsation. Seven and nine-phase IPM machines have been designed using the same method. The approach can be extended to the machines with any number of phases. For comparison purposes, IPM machines with common configuration are also considered. It is shown that the torque pulsation of the proposed IPM machines is significantly lower than the conventional ones. Nonlinear finite element method is used to analyze different machine configuration
Electrochemical transport properties of a cone-shaped nanopore: revisited (2004)

There are reports in the literature that a single cone-shaped nanopore generated in a polymer foil separating two equally concentrated dilute aqueous potassium chloride solutions can reach high and low stationary electrical conductivity states respectively depending on the sign of the applied electrical potential. On the basis of published data it has been argued (D. Woermann, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2003, 5, 1853) that this phenomenon can be understood in terms of a well established model describing the electrochemical transport properties of polyelectrolyte membranes (“model of the membrane with narrow pores”). In the present contribution experimental evidence is presented which gives strong support to these arguments using a model system. Based on the “model of the membrane with narrow pores” a composite membrane is constructed mimicking the structure and electrochemical function of an ensemble of conical nanopores. It is found that the characteristic electrochemical transport property of the composite membrane is that of a cone-shaped nanopore.
Activity of Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells: A Possible <i>in Vitro</i> Model for Postexposure Prophylaxis of Sexual HIV Transmission (2002)

Because prevention of heterosexual HIV transmission is not always possible, it is important to develop effective strategies of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Since in vivo comparison of drug potency is difficult, we developed an in vitro model with cells resembling primary targets during sexual transmission: monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MO-DCs), Langerhans cells (MO-LCs), and resting autologous CD4(+) T cells. Nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs and NNRTIs, respectively) were evaluated for their antiviral activity, when added immediately after infection or at a later time point. In parallel, their immune-suppressive effect was examined by measuring inhibition of mixed MO-DC/allogeneic CD4(+) T cell cultures. Most RTIs potently inhibited HIV replication, even if added 24 hr after infection (representing PEP). The sensitivity to antiretroviral drugs was similar in HIV-infected MO-DCs and MO-LCs, but decreased in cocultures with resting autologous CD4(+) T cells. The NNRTIs efavirenz and UC-781 as well as the NRTIs AZT, 3TC, and d4T showed a similar high potency in MO-DC plus autologous CD4(+) T cell cocultures as compared with CEM T cells, whereas their activity in phytohemagglutinin/interleukin 2 (PHA/IL-2)-activated CD4(+) T cells was lower. The dideoxynucleoside RTI abacavir as well as the phosphonates (R)-PMPA and PMEA were more active in infected MO-DCs as compared with either CEM T cells or PHA/IL-2 activated CD4(+) T cells. Infection in cocultures of MO-DCs and autologous CD4(+) T cells could be aborted in a proportion of the cultures, with high concentrations of PMEA and/or efavirenz, but not with AZT. Suppressive activity in mixed leukocyte cultures was observed only at very high concentrations of RTI. Our data suggest that cocultures of MO-DCs and autologous CD4(+) T cells can be used as a possible in vitro model to explore protocols for PEP after sexual HIV transmission.
Automatic Paraphrase Discovery based on Context and Keywords between NE Pairs (2005)

This study reflects on the difficulties and strategies of blind parents to take care of their children. The situations were related to breastfeeding, bathing, feeding, domestic accidents and administering medication. They use touch, hearing, smelling and the support network, contributing to their autonomy.
PEArL: A Systems Approach to Demonstrating Authenticity in Information Systems Design (2001)

The process of information systems (IS) design has been dominated by the demands inherent in providing a technical solution to a perceived problem or need. Engineering IS design methods applied in order to satisfy the problem situation tend to have a preoccupation with verifying specifications as being mathematically correct. Difficulties arise when the ideas underpinning verification are extended in an attempt to ‘prove’ the validity of a proposed design for an IS. A pure engineering approach does not facilitate a response to the subjective elements within social situations, which experience has shown to be essential in demonstrating the pertinence of new designs to those concerned. We suggest that, by applying interpretivist systems ideas, it is possible to support concerned individuals in reflecting upon crucial aspects of the inquiry, enabling those individuals to judge the relevance or ‘authenticity’ of the learning, according to their own values and beliefs. The elements of participants, engagement, authority, relationships and learning are suggested as being crucial. These make up the mnemonic PEArL, which is offered as an aide-mémoire for those concerned with IS design.
Antimicrobial Resistance: Pharmacokinetics‐Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobial Therapy: It’s Not Just for Mice Anymore (2006)

Since the advent of the modern era of antimicrobial chemotherapy in the 1930s, animal infection models have allowed for the in vivo evaluation of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of experimentally induced infection. Today, animal pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) infection models serve as a cornerstone of the preclinical assessment process for antibacterial agents and dose and dosing interval selection, as decision support for setting in vitro susceptibility breakpoints, and, finally, for the evaluation of the meaning of in vitro resistance. Over the past 15 years, considerable PK-PD data have been derived from infected patients for many classes of antimicrobial agents. These data provide the opportunity to confirm knowledge gained from animal PK-PD infection models.
Advances in Viral Vector-Based TRAIL Gene Therapy for Cancer (2011)

Numerous biologic approaches are being investigated as anti-cancer therapies in an attempt to induce tumor regression while circumventing the toxic side effects associated with standard chemo- or radiotherapies. Among these, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has shown particular promise in pre-clinical and early clinical trials, due to its preferential ability to induce apoptotic cell death in cancer cells and its minimal toxicity. One limitation of TRAIL use is the fact that many tumor types display an inherent resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. To circumvent this problem, researchers have explored a number of strategies to optimize TRAIL delivery and to improve its efficacy via co-administration with other anti-cancer agents. In this review, we will focus on TRAIL-based gene therapy approaches for the treatment of malignancies. We will discuss the main viral vectors that are being used for TRAIL gene therapy and the strategies that are currently being attempted to improve the efficacy of TRAIL as an anti-cancer therapeutic.
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase and Incident Stroke Among Japanese Men and Women (2010)

Serum GGT is associated with risk of total and ischemic strokes for Japanese women, especially never-drinkers.
Measurement Accuracy of a Stand-Alone Oscillometric Central Blood Pressure Monitor: A Validation Report for Microlife WatchBP Office Central (2012)

Central SBP, PP, and DBP can be measured accurately by a stand-alone automatic BP monitor.
Microwave power gain utilizing superconducting resonant energy storage (1978)

Energy stored in a superconducting resonator has been switched to an external load producing a pulse of microwave power. The peak power in the pulse was nine times that of the source feeding the cavity, and the pulse was observed to be phase locked to the source.
Mental health. Nought for their comfort. (1997)

The development of resource centres works against mental health users being seen in GPs' surgeries. The community mental health team needs to be linked to inpatient services. Measuring activity is not a valid way of assessing service quality. Mental health inquiries are useless as learning exercises. The money and time they absorb would be better spent on remedying well-known problems in mental health services.
Capture of Stealth Nanoparticles by the Body’s Defences (2001)

This article highlights and discusses our experience in the design, handling, and biological evaluation of long-circulating nanoparticles based on polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene copolymer nonionic surfactants. A frequently observed but ignored phenomenon following intravenous injection of such polymer-modified long-circulating colloidal systems is their eventual recognition and clearance by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. The pharmacokinetics as well as the tissue distribution of such so-called 'stealth" nanoparticles are also altered after repeated intravenous injection in a time-dependent manner. An understanding of immunological and pathological factors that control the pharmacokinetic and biological behavior of long-circulating particles after single or repeated administration is therefore crucial for the design of a system with an optimal diagnostic and/or therapeutic performance. Therefore, we have also examined and discussed the concept of macrophage recognition of a 'stealth-like nature" and factors that initiate this cascade. A critical discussion of the future of this interesting area of nano-biotechnology/engineering is also provided.
Evaluation of soluble benzene migration in the Uinta Basin (2005)

Abstract Field sampling and mathematical modeling are used to study the long‐distance transport and attenuation of petroleum‐derived benzene in the Uinta Basin, Utah. Benzene concentration was measured from oil and oil field formation waters of the Altamont‐Bluebell and Pariette Bench oil fields in the basin. It was also measured from springs located in the regional groundwater discharge areas, hydraulically down‐gradient from the oil fields sampled. The average benzene concentration in oils and co‐produced waters is 1946 and 4.9 ppm at the Altamont‐Bluebell field and 1533 and 0.6 ppm at the Pariette Bench field, respectively. Benzene concentration is below the detection limit in all springs sampled. Mathematical models are constructed along a north–south trending transect across the basin through both fields. The models represent groundwater flow, heat transfer and advective/dispersive benzene transport in the basin, as well as benzene diffusion within the oil reservoirs. The coupled groundwater flow and heat transfer model is calibrated using available thermal and hydrologic data. We were able to reproduce the observed excess fluid pressure within the lower Green River Formation and the observed convective temperature anomalies across the northern basin. Using the computed best‐fit flow and temperature, the coupled transport model simulates water washing of benzene from the oil reservoirs. Without the effect of benzene attenuation, dissolved benzene reaches the regional groundwater discharge areas in measurable concentration (>0.01 ppm); with attenuation, benzene concentration diminishes to below the detection limit within 1–4 km from the reservoirs. Attenuation also controls the amount of water washing over time. In general, models that represent benzene attenuation in the basin produce results more consistent with field observations.
A new formula for normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) as a function of equivalent uniform dose (EUD) (2007)

To facilitate the use of biological outcome modeling for treatment planning, an exponential function is introduced as a simpler equivalent to the Lyman formula for calculating normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). The single parameter of the exponential function is chosen to reproduce the Lyman calculation to within approximately 0.3%, and thus enable easy conversion of data contained in empirical fits of Lyman parameters for organs at risk (OARs). Organ parameters for the new formula are given in terms of Lyman model m and TD(50), and conversely m and TD(50) are expressed in terms of the parameters of the new equation. The role of the Lyman volume-effect parameter n is unchanged from its role in the Lyman model. For a non-homogeneously irradiated OAR, an equation relates d(ref), n, v(eff) and the Niemierko equivalent uniform dose (EUD), where d(ref) and v(eff) are the reference dose and effective fractional volume of the Kutcher-Burman reduction algorithm (i.e. the LKB model). It follows in the LKB model that uniform EUD irradiation of an OAR results in the same NTCP as the original non-homogeneous distribution. The NTCP equation is therefore represented as a function of EUD. The inverse equation expresses EUD as a function of NTCP and is used to generate a table of EUD versus normal tissue complication probability for the Emami-Burman parameter fits as well as for OAR parameter sets from more recent data.
Luminescent Conjugated Polymer Nanowire Y‐Junctions with On‐Branch Molecular Anisotropy (2008)

Polyfluorene nanowire Y-junctions synthesized by solution-assisted template wetting are shown to exhibit strongly polarized light emission from the branches and stems. It is demonstrated that the Y-junctions can be positioned, and branching angles may be adjusted, by micromanipulation. Nanowire junctions of this type could ultimately facilitate the incorporation of conjugated polymer materials into highly integrated electronic and photonic circuits and systems. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
STATE OF SUSPENSE (2002)

The first major suspension bridge to be built in the United States for almost three decades, the new Carquinez Bridge in California, has a completion date set for the end of October 2003. The construction of this new suspension bridge has come about as a result of Caltrans' review of the seismic resistance of all its major toll bridges following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Many elements of the design and some of the construction techniques being used to build the bridge have never been used before in this continent. The article reviews the design and contracting stages and provides technical details of the bridge when construction is completed. The seismic requirements that require that in a 'functional evaluation event' the damage could not require repair or cause any structural displacement. The designers believe that even if the earthquake effects are greater than predicted, the bridge will remain safe because the flexural ductility of the legs has been designed to considerably exceed what is required.