gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
$^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$ Elimination Index on Normal Functioning Transplanted Kidney (1995)

Purpose : We analysed renal scans to evaluate renal function of transplanted kidney and to detect various renal transplant complications, measuring the ratio of renal radioactivity at three minutes to that at 20 minutes(elimination index). Material and Methods : The fifty seven renal transplantation recipients were studied. There were 50 normal functioning transplanted kidneys as group I and 7 abnormal function-ing transplanted kidney, including 5 cases of acute renal rejection, 2 cases of acute tubular necrosis as group IIl. The protocol consisted of: (1) 740MBq injection intravenously : (2) sequential imaging for 2min(60two-second images) followed by 30min(30 sixty-second images) : (3) drawing of region of interest(ROI) on renal imaging; (4) time-activity corves were generated from renal ROI after background subtraction, and time of maximum activity() and half time of maximal peak radioactivity() were produced in the renogram curve. (5) EI through Bischof-Delaloye method as determined on the renogram curve. Results : Normal group( I ) shows mean EI of 2.21(95.0% Confidence limit of 2.01-2.87), of 154 sec, of 1,139 sec. Abnormal group(II) shows mean EI of 0.74, of 1,466 sec, of 19,224 sec. The EI, , , BUN and serum creatinine values are significantly different between normal group(I) and abnormal group(II) (p, renal function of transplanted kidney could be easily evaluated and various complications could be detected early.
Fabrication of a focusing grating mirror by electron beam lithography (1990)

A focusing grating mirror (FGM), which is a new computer generated holographic grating with functions of focusing lens and diffraction grating mirror, is proposed and fabricated, we believe, for the first time. A high speed and accurate electron beam writing system, based on a multitask minicomputer, 16-bit D/A converters with 64K-word static memories, and a scanning electron beam microscope, is developed and used to fabricate the FGMs comprising grating corrugations with chirp and bend structures. Excellent properties of the FGM are obtained, giving almost diffraction-limited spot size and the expected wavelength dispersion. The fabricated FGM is combined with a laser diode as an external cavity mirror to confirm the functions of direct optical feedback and wavelength selection, and the fundamental operation of an external-cavity laser is demonstrated.
Measuring Market Inefficiencies in California's Restructured Wholesale Electricity Market (2002)

We present a method for decomposing wholesale electricity payments into production costs, inframarginal competitive rents, and payments resulting from the exercise of market power. Using data from June 1998 to October 2000 in California, we find significant departures from competitive pricing during the high-demand summer months and near-competitive pricing during the lower-demand months of the first two years. In summer 2000, wholesale electricity expenditures were $8.98 billion up from $2.04 billion in summer 1999. We find that 21 percent of this increase was due to production costs, 20 percent to competitive rents, and 59 percent to market power.
Optical signal-to-noise ratio monitoring using uncorrelated beat noise (2005)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new technique for monitoring optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). The noisy signal to be measured is split into two paths. With offset optical bandpass filters and balanced radio-frequency subtraction after detection, the signal is separated from the beat noise. OSNR can then be monitored by analyzing this beat noise. An experiment for a 10-Gb/s system shows that for OSNR in the range of 10-30 dB, the proposed OSNR monitoring scheme produces errors of less than 0.5 dB.
High-Fill-Factor Micromirror Array With Hidden Bimorph Actuators and Tip–Tilt-Piston Capability (2011)

This paper presents the design, fabrication, packaging, and characterization of a novel high-fill-factor micromirror array (MMA) actuated by electrothermal bimorphs. In this paper, 4 × 4 MMA devices with an 88% area fill factor at normal incidence, 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm subaperture size, and single-crystal-silicon-supported mirror plates have been fabricated based on a single silicon-on-insulator wafer, without additional bonding/transfer processes. The bimorph actuators are hidden underneath the mirror plates, which are also protected by silicon walls. The MMA devices can directly be surface mounted onto driving circuit chips or printed circuit boards after fabrication. The subapertures can generate large tip-tilt-piston scanning and can individually be addressed. Static characterizations of the packaged devices show that each subaperture can achieve a piston stroke of ~310 μm and optical deflection angles greater than ±25° in both the x- and y-axes, all at 8-V dc. The preliminary laser-steering optical-phased-array capability of the obtained MMA device has also experimentally been demonstrated. This paper is based on the conference proceedings presented at the 23rd IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS 2010), Hong Kong.
[Determination of chiral purity of synthetic amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography]. (2000)

A series of synthetic beta-heterocyclic and beta-naphthyl alanine and aromatic substituted phenylalanine were separated by reversed-phase HPLC as diastereomeric derivatives obtained after derivatization with (1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-L-valinamide (FDNP-Val-NH2). The separation was performed with gradient elution. The mobile phase A was acetonitrile containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and mobile phase B was 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. According to the hydrophobicity of the side chain of the amino acids, 6 different linear gradient programs were selected and all gradients completed in 20 minutes. Good resolution was obtained for neutral amino acids. All L-L diastereomer of neutral amino acids (the first letter refers to the configuration of amino acid) were eluted faster than the D-L diastereomer with retention times less than 16 minutes. In the same gradient eluting system, the hydrophobic parameter (pi value) and the position of the substituent in benzene ring of phenylalanine also influence the retention time of diastereomers. Usually the retention time of the phenylalanine with a large pi value was longer than that with a small one. Among the three phenylalanines containing the same substituent, compounds with the substituent in 2-postion gave the shortest retention time. In the case of basic amino acids, the D-L diastereomers eluted prior to the L-L diastereomers and showed rather poor resolution. The chiral purity (ee) of the optical active amino acids (synthetic DL-amino acids after resolution by different enzymes) were calculated with the equation as follows: ee = [[A(L- or D-) - A(D- or L-)]/[A(L-) + A(D-)]] x 100% (L- or D-), A: peak area; L-, D-: amino acid diastereomer.
Characterization of a Heat-Shock Process for Reduction of the Nucleic Acid Content of <i>Candida utilis</i> (1971)

A process for reducing the nucleic acid content of Candida utilis NRRL Y900 has been developed. The optimal process consists of heating the cells suspended in spent medium initially at pH 4.0 for various times at three different temperatures. Initially a heat-shock at 68 C for 1 to 3 sec is performed followed by incubation for 1 hr at 45 to 50 C and for a 2nd hr at 52 to 55 C. The distribution of degradation products has been characterized. Initially 90% of the nucleic acids were in a polymerized form (extractable by hot perchloric acid). After 30 min, much of this material was hydrolyzed but remained within the cell (extractable by cold perchloric acid). After 2 hr, most of the hydrolysis products leaked into the surrounding medium with only a small amount of low-molecular-weight material remaining within the membrane. Predominantly 3'-mononucleotides accumulated within the cell and eventually leaked from the cell.
Profile of IGF-binding proteins secreted by intestinal epithelial cells changes with differentiation (1994)

Previous reports have shown that gastrointestinal epithelial cells produce insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGF-BP), which modulate the actions of IGF. This study aims to examine the relationship between differentiation and IGF-BP secretion by human intestinal epithelial cells and the effect of growth factors on their production. Caco-2 cells were cultured in serum-free media. IGF-BP secretion into the incubation media was analyzed by Western ligand blotting and immunoblotting. Caco-2 cells produced IGF-BP-2, IGF-BP-3, and IGF-BP-4. Secretion of IGF-BP-2 and IGF-BP-3 increased with differentiation, but IGF-BP-4 secretion diminished. The effect of exogenous growth factors on IGF-BP secretion was maximal at earlier stages of differentiation. IGF-I stimulated mainly IGF-BP-3 production, but epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) stimulated predominantly IGF-BP-4 secretion. Adding an anti-EGF receptor antibody to block autocrine TGF-alpha activity inhibited IGF-BP-4 production but stimulated IGF-BP-2 and IGF-BP-3. In conclusion, the profile of IGF-BP secretion changes with differentiation. IGF-I and EGF (or TGF-alpha) stimulate different types of IGF-BP, with autocrine TGF-alpha activity being a factor affecting IGF-BP production during differentiation.
Festkörperlaser: Diodengepumpten Lasern gehört die Zukunft (2001)

Abstract Die Forschung an Festkörperlasern erlebte nach längerem stiefmütterlichen Dasein Mitte der 80er Jahre eine Renaissance, die bis heute wirkt. Festkörperlaser haben sich in der Zwischenzeit auf dem Weltmarkt mit hohen jährlichen Zuwächsen etabliert. Vor allem diodengepumpte Festkörperlaser zeichnen sich durch kompakte Bauweise, hohe Effizienz, gute Strahlqualität, variable Wellenlängen und unterschiedlichste Betriebsarten aus. Sie sind geeignet für Materialbearbeitung, Chirurgie, Diagnostik, optische Kommunikation, Messtechnik, Ultrakurzpulserzeugung, Displaytechnik, wissenschaftliche Forschung und vieles mehr. Noch gibt es aber nicht für jede Anforderung an Wellenlänge, Leistung und Effizienz einen geeigneten diodengepumpten Laser. Durchstimmbare Lasersysteme und die Erzeugung von Wellenlängen im sichtbaren und ultravioletten Spektralbereich sind aktuelle Herausforderungen für die Forschung an diodengepumpten Lasern.
Control of a Flexible, Hypersonic Scramjet Vehicle Using a Differential Algebraic Approach (2007)

[Abstract] Trajectory Linearization Control (TLC) has been used in recent years to synthesize rigid-body flight controllers with excellent results. However, current scramjet vehicle models feature long, slender fuselages, and integrated engine/airframe configurations resulting in heavily coupled propulsive and aerodynamic forces. In this paper, TLC is combined with a Time-Varying Notch Filter (TVNF) algorithm to develop a nonlinear flight controller for a generic, longitudinal, hypersonic scramjet vehicle (HSV) model with flexible modes. A Frequency Detection Logic Unit (FLDU) detects an excited flexmode online, and identifies the corresponding notch frequency. Under nominal conditions, a self-tuning notch filter is placed in 'standby' mode (well outside the operating bandwidth). Upon notification from the FLDU, the filter enters the operating range with a center frequency corresponding to the detected flexmode, remaining only until the oscillation has attenuated before returning to standby mode.
Detecting Cross-Fades in Interlaced Video With 3:2 Film Cadence (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This letter presents an algorithm for detecting cross-fade scene changes in video carrying 3:2 or mixed film cadence. There are many existing methods for detecting gradual video transitions, but none of the current literature addresses the complication of film cadence. The differences between video and film capture and the mechanics of the telecine transfer process used to convert 24-Hz film to the main international television standards alter the temporal properties in a nonlinear way that makes cross-fades more difficult to detect with existing methods. An algorithm is proposed to address this problem. </para>
A novel regenerative snubber circuit for flyback topology converters (2020)

Switch mode power suppliers based on isolated flyback topology have voltage stresses on semiconductor switches caused by transformer leakage inductance. Those voltage stresses have to be mitigated by implementing active or passive clamp preferably with partial leakage energy recovery. In this paper a new integrated semi-active regenerative (lossless) snubber is proposed. The proposed snubber topology is featured by the snubber inductor integrated into the main transformer thus decreasing component count and saving the PCB space. Partial coupling of snubber inductor with a secondary side makes it possible to recover part of the transformer leakage energy directly to the secondary side with potential to increase snubber efficiency. The operation of the proposed snubber is analyzed and simulation results are presented. Interesting is that with the proposed snubber various side effects can be reached like reduction of RMS current in secondary side, ZCS and ZVS modes for secondary side rectifier and primary main switch along with achieved primary goal – voltage stress limitation and transformer leakage energy recovery.
Higher α-Olefin Polymerization Behavior of a Bis(Phenoxy-Imine)Titanium Complex/<i>i</i>-Bu3Al/Ph3CB(C6F5)4 Catalyst System (2003)

Abstract Catalytic behavior of a bis(phenoxy-imine)Ti complex/i-Bu3Al/Ph3CB(C6F5)4 catalyst system for higher α-olefin polymerization was investigated. The catalyst system exhibited higher activities towards α-olefins having larger molecular sizes and formed ultra-high molecular weight poly(higher α-olefin)s.
Formation of New Type of Porous Carbon by Carbonization in Zeolite Nanochannels (1997)

An attempt was made to prepare porous carbon by using the channels of Y zeolite as a template. Poly(acrylonitrile) and poly(furfuryl alcohol) were carbonized in the zeolite channels and the resultant carbon/zeolite complexes were subjected to acid treatment in order to extract carbon from the zeolite framework. In addition, pyrolytic carbon deposition in the channels was carried out by exposing the zeolite to propylene at high temperature, and then the carbon was liberated in the same manner as above. The morphology and structure of the carbon prepared in the channels were characterized, and the results were discussed in relation to the morphology and structure of the original zeolite template. It was found that the microscopic morphology of the resultant carbons reflects that of the corresponding zeolites. All of these carbons are highly porous, and some of the CVD carbons have BET surface areas as high as >2000 m2/g.
Encoding High Dimensional Local Features by Sparse Coding Based Fisher Vectors (2014)

Deriving from the gradient vector of a generative model of local features, Fisher vector coding (FVC) has been identified as an effective coding method for image classification. Most, if not all, % FVC implementations employ the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to characterize the generation process of local features. This choice has shown to be sufficient for traditional low dimensional local features, e.g., SIFT; and typically, good performance can be achieved with only a few hundred Gaussian distributions. However, the same number of Gaussians is insufficient to model the feature space spanned by higher dimensional local features, which have become popular recently. In order to improve the modeling capacity for high dimensional features, it turns out to be inefficient and computationally impractical to simply increase the number of Gaussians. In this paper, we propose a model in which each local feature is drawn from a Gaussian distribution whose mean vector is sampled from a subspace. With certain approximation, this model can be converted to a sparse coding procedure and the learning/inference problems can be readily solved by standard sparse coding methods. By calculating the gradient vector of the proposed model, we derive a new fisher vector encoding strategy, termed Sparse Coding based Fisher Vector Coding (SCFVC). Moreover, we adopt the recently developed Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) descriptor as a high dimensional local feature and implement image classification with the proposed SCFVC. Our experimental evaluations demonstrate that our method not only significantly outperforms the traditional GMM based Fisher vector encoding but also achieves the state-of-the-art performance in generic object recognition, indoor scene, and fine-grained image classification problems.
Switching the polarity of a bacteriophage integration system (2004)

During lysogenic growth many temperate bacteriophage genomes are integrated into the host's chromosome and efficient integration and excision are therefore an essential part of the phage life cycle. The Streptomyces phage phiC31 encodes an integrase related to the resolvase/invertases and is evolutionarily and mechanistically distinct from the integrase of phage lambda. We show that during phiC31 integration the polarity of the recombination sites, attB and attP, is dependent on the sequences of the two base pairs (bp) where crossover occurs. A loss or switch in polarity of the recombination sites can occur by mutation of this dinucleotide, leading to incorrectly joined products. The properties of the mutant sites implies that phiC31 integrase interacts symmetrically with the substrates, which during synapsis can align apparently freely in either of two alternative forms that lead to correct or incorrect joining of products. Analysis of the topologies of the reaction products provided evidence that integrase can synapse and activate strand exchange even when recombinant products cannot form due to mismatches at the crossover site. The topologies of the recombination products are complex and indicative of multiple pathways to product formation. The efficiency of integration of a phiC31 derivative, KC859, into an attB site with switched polarity was assayed in vivo and shown to be no different from integration into a wild-type attB. Thus neither the host nor KC859 express a factor that influences the alignment of the recombination sites at synapsis.
Pulse Modulator Behavior of the Liquid Metal Plasma Valve (LMPV). (1978)

The LMPV is a mercury-cathode, triggered, closing switch which employs a small area mercury pool and a cooled (-30 C) condensing surface to maintain the conditions for vacuum arc operation. These conditions result in high-voltage capability, fast recovery and high current operation with negligible cathode wear. Therefore, the LMPV was considered to have potential as a high average power closing switch for modulator applications. An LMPV closing switch (LMPVCS) was built at Hughes Research Laboratories and evaluated at ERADCOM at voltages up to 150 kV, currents up to 8 kA peak and 7.5 A average, pulse lengths up to 50 microseconds, and repetition rates up to 250 Hz. The device failed as a result of excessive anode dissipation caused by a long anode fall time on the order of 5 microseconds. Subsequent experimentation has indicated that the fall time is reduced at increased mercury vapor pressures, however, experiments are required to define the relation between the fall time and voltage hold-off capability. (Author)
Molecular Architectures of Trimeric SIV and HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins on Intact Viruses: Strain-Dependent Variation in Quaternary Structure (2010)

The initial step in target cell infection by human, and the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively) occurs with the binding of trimeric envelope glycoproteins (Env), composed of heterodimers of the viral transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41) and surface glycoprotein (gp120) to target T-cells. Knowledge of the molecular structure of trimeric Env on intact viruses is important both for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying virus-cell interactions and for the design of effective immunogen-based vaccines to combat HIV/AIDS. Previous analyses of intact HIV-1 BaL virions have already resulted in structures of trimeric Env in unliganded and CD4-liganded states at ~20 Å resolution. Here, we show that the molecular architectures of trimeric Env from SIVmneE11S, SIVmac239 and HIV-1 R3A strains are closely comparable to that previously determined for HIV-1 BaL, with the V1 and V2 variable loops located at the apex of the spike, close to the contact zone between virus and cell. The location of the V1/V2 loops in trimeric Env was definitively confirmed by structural analysis of HIV-1 R3A virions engineered to express Env with deletion of these loops. Strikingly, in SIV CP-MAC, a CD4-independent strain, trimeric Env is in a constitutively "open" conformation with gp120 trimers splayed out in a conformation similar to that seen for HIV-1 BaL Env when it is complexed with sCD4 and the CD4i antibody 17b. Our findings suggest a structural explanation for the molecular mechanism of CD4-independent viral entry and further establish that cryo-electron tomography can be used to discover distinct, functionally relevant quaternary structures of Env displayed on intact viruses.
Development of Peritoneal Tumor-Targeting Vector by In Vivo Screening with a Random Peptide-Displaying Adenovirus Library (2012)

The targeting of gene transfer at the cell-entry level is one of the most attractive challenges in vector development. However, attempts to redirect adenovirus vectors to alternative receptors by engineering the capsid-coding region have shown limited success, because the proper targeting ligands on the cells of interest are generally unknown. To overcome this limitation, we have constructed a random peptide library displayed on the adenoviral fiber knob, and have successfully selected targeted vectors by screening the library on cancer cell lines in vitro. The infection of targeted vectors was considered to be mediated by specific receptors on target cells. However, the expression levels and kinds of cell surface receptors may be substantially different between in vitro culture and in vivo tumor tissue. Here, we screened the peptide display-adenovirus library in the peritoneal dissemination model of AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. The vector displaying a selected peptide (PFWSGAV) showed higher infectivity in the AsPC-1 peritoneal tumors but not in organs and other peritoneal tumors as compared with a non-targeted vector. Furthermore, the infectivity of the PFWSGAV-displaying vector for AsPC-1 peritoneal tumors was significantly higher than that of a vector displaying a peptide selected by in vitro screening, indicating the usefulness of in vivo screening in exploring the targeting vectors. This vector-screening system can facilitate the development of targeted adenovirus vectors for a variety of applications in medicine.
Traffic flow simulation using CORSIM (2002)

This paper presents an overview of the concept and features of the CORSIM traffic simulation program and the TSIS package that provides an integrated, user-friendly interface and environment for executing CORSIM. The new functions and feature of CORSIM and TSIS in the most recent release are highlighted. Several successful TSIS/CORSIM applications are used to demonstrate that CORSIM is a very effective tool for performing traffic operations analysis and to evaluate new ITS technologies.