gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Involvement of cathepsin D in chemotherapy-induced cytochrome <i>c</i> release, caspase activation, and cell death (2005)

Treatment of cells with chemotherapy drugs activates the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and the caspase protease cascade. Recently, the lysosomal protease cathepsin D has been implicated in apoptosis caused by oxidative stress, inhibition of protein kinase C, and stimulation of the TNFR1 and Fas death receptors. However, the role of cathepsin D in chemotherapy-induced cell death has remained largely unexplored. In this report, we show that treatment of U937 leukemia cells with the chemotherapy drug etoposide (VP-16) results in cathepsin D release into the cytosol within 4 hours after initiation of drug treatment. VP-16-induced cathepsin D release was not inhibited by z-VAD-FMK or pepstatin A, suggesting that it occurred independently of the activities of caspase proteases or cathepsin D. Down-regulation of cathepsin D expression in suspension U937 cells or adherent HeLa cells using cathepsin D small interfering RNA partially inhibited cell death resulting from treatment of cells with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand, or the chemotherapy drugs VP-16, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil. Moreover, cathepsin D down-regulation significantly delayed cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation in response to chemotherapy treatment. Incubation of isolated mitochondria with cathepsin D-treated cytosolic extracts resulted in potent release of cytochrome c, indicating that a cytoplasmic substrate mediates the effects of cathepsin D on mitochondria. Together, these findings show that cathepsin D plays an important role in chemotherapy-induced cell death, and that cathepsin D lies upstream of cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation in the chemotherapy-induced execution pathway.
The Impact of Speed of Processing Training on Cognitive and Everyday Functions (2007)

We combined data from six studies, all using the same speed of processing training program, to examine the mechanisms of training gain and the impact of training on cognitive and everyday abilities of older adults. Results indicated that training produces immediate improvements across all subtests of the Useful Field of View test, particularly for older adults with initial speed of processing deficits. Age and education had little to no impact on training gain. Participants maintained benefits of training for at least 2 years, which translated to improvements in everyday abilities, including efficient performance of instrumental activities of daily living and safer driving performance.
The Perron–Frobenius Theorem and the Ranking of Football Teams (1993)

The author describes four different methods to rank teams in uneven paired competition and shows how each of these methods depends in some fundamental way on the Perron–Frobenius theorem.MSC codes15-0115A48KeywordsPerron–Frobenius theorempaired comparisionsrankingorderings
Electromechanical Energy Conversion Devices Utilizing Both Conventional and Rare-Earth Cobalt Permanent Magnet Materials. (1972)

Abstract : A MAJOR ADVANCE IN THE FIELD OF APPLIED MAGNETISM. The unique properties of these materials promise to revolutionize the design of devices employing permanent magnets. However, as with all new advances in material science, criteria must be established to effectively incorporate the inherent advantages existent within these new materials. Consequently, certain device configurations are not conducive to the incorporation of the new rare-earth cobalt materials. Such a limitation is illustrated in the first design considered; the flux modulation generator which employs conventional Alnico material. The second design discussed in detail is the moving-coil generator employing Co5Sn or Co5Ce material. Both devices may be used to convert mechanical motion into electrical energy and are applicable to improving the power output of existing fluidic generators used to power artillery and rocket fuzing systems. Theoretical predictions are given and alternator configurations are suggested for improving generator performance. (Author)
Clip or Marker Migration 5–10 Weeks after Stereotactic 11-gauge Vacuum-assisted Breast Biopsy: Report of Two Cases (2003)

Two women, aged 50 and 51 years, underwent stereotactic, 11-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy from the cranial approach of small lesions in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast with removal of lesions that were detected with mammography. Postbiopsy mammograms showed the metal clip or marker at the biopsy sites in both patients. Histologic analysis of both lesions indicated atypical hyperplasia. Mammograms obtained prior to surgical excision showed caudal z-axis migration of the clip or marker to be 6.5 cm at 5 weeks and 4.5 cm at 10 weeks, respectively. By ignoring the clip or marker that had migrated to an inaccurate location and by using internal and external breast landmarks to guide presurgical excision needle localization, the biopsy sites were successfully excised in both patients.
Olfactory bulb projections to the parahippocampal area of the rat (1981)

Recent evidence suggests that the main olfactory bulb projects caudally beyond the prepiriform cortex and the cortical amygdaloid nuclei to the region of the piriform lobe called the parahippocampal area. Included within this area is the entorhinal cortex, which is composed of six major subdivisions. Since questions remain as to which of these subdivisions receives centripetal fibers from the bulb, we reexamined these projections using autoradiography and HRP histochemistry and correlated the sites of termination with the cytoarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex. The results indicate that olfactory bulb axons reach all parts of the parahippocampal area, including the cortex which forms the medial and lateral banks of the amygdaloid sulcus (area TR), and both subdivisions of the laterally located entorhinal cortex (28L' and 28L). Also, label is observed over the more medially located fields of the entorhinal cortex, including the cortex posterior to the cortical amygdaloid nucleus (28M'), as well as the ventrolateral parts of medial entorhinal cortex (28M). In addition, evidence of label occurs over the full extent of the transition zone (28i) which separates areas 28L and 28M. These results suggest that the olfactory bulb has a more extensive projection to the parahippocampal area in the rat than previously thought, and may provide at least some input to all of the parahippocampal areas which project to the hippocampal formation.
Coded-aperture imaging of the heart. (1980)

Coded-aperture imaging of the heart combines the advantages of tomography with good sensitivity, high resolution, and accurate size scaling. Since the images are multiplexed, the method may be adapted to small, portable cameras for bed-side use without sacrificing image resolution. A new coded aperture designed especially for cardiac imaging has been constructed and tested. This aperture incorporates significant improvements over previous designs. Longitudinal tomograms are calculated at 1-cm intervals using a modified ART algorithm. Experimental lateral resulution at 140 keV with a portable scintillation camera is 3.8 mm FWHM at 4 cm, and 7.8 mm FWHM at 12 cm. Dpth resolution determined from a sloping line source is 1.1 cm FWHM at 4 cm, and 2.9 cm at 12 cm. The calculated point-source sensitivities in air at 4 cm and 12 cm, respectively, are 20 and 8 cps/microCi. Images of good diagnostic quality have been obtained in phantoms and in a dog model of acute myocardial infarction, using thallium-201, technetium-99m pyrophosphate, and gated ventricular blood-pool imaging with Tc-labeled red blood cells. Preliminary studies in humans confirm the good results in animals.
High-spatial-resolution x-ray microanalysis of Al-2wt.% Cu aluminum thin films (1989)

Aluminum - 2 wt.% copper alloys are commonly used in thin film form as interconnect metallization lines for integrated circuits. Experience has shown that the addition of the Cu to the Al, albeit at a decrease in conductivity, makes the metallizations more resistant to failure by electromigration. However, the mechanism by which Cu increases the resistance to electromigration has never been positively identified. One theory proposes that Cu coats the Al grain boundaries (boundaries are enriched in Cu) and retards grain boundary diffusion thereby reducing electromigration. Another theory suggests that a continuous thin layer of CuAl 2 forms along the boundaries also reducing grain boundary transport and therefore the tendency to electromigrate. Recently, Frear et al. have reported on a detailed set of experiments to examine these theories from a microstructural viewpoint. Here, the details of the high spatial resolution microanalysis done to support the study of Fear, et al. are reported. Al- 2wt.% Cu was magnetron sputtered onto a borosilicate glass (BSG) coated (100) Si wafer. The Al-Cu films were sputtered at room temperature from a single source under an argon atmosphere at a deposition rate of 100 nm/min. Films 400 and 800 nm thick were prepared. The films were annealed under a 15% hydrogen forming gas (reducing) at 425°C for 35 min.
Identification of IgA, IgG, lysozyme, albumin, α‐amylase and glucosyltransferase in the protein layer adsorbed to hydroxyapatite from whole saliva (1983)

IgA, IgG, albumin, lysozyme, alpha-amylase and glucosyltransferase were identified in the saliva coat which forms on hydroxyapatite exposed to whole saliva. It is suggested that these proteins may be involved in binding microorganisms to saliva coated hydroxyapatite in model studies.
One-dimensional GaAs wires fabricated by focused ion beam implantation (1987)

We have developed a novel, simple technique for fabrication of one-dimensional GaAs wires by utilizing only a focused ion beam (FIB) technology. The FIB implantation forms high-resistive regions which confine an n+ channel into a very narrow conductive wire. The minimum width of the GaAs wire fabricated by the present technology is 20 nm. Magnetoconductance of the wires shows a behavior of one-dimensional localization and a conductance fluctuation due to a quantum interference effect. This is the first observation of the quantum interference effect in GaAs wires fabricated only by FIB implantation. Measured magnetoconductances are compared with the existing theories.
The Osprey process—will it fly? (1991)

Investment in the Osprey process has been relatively small to date but is now accelerating rapidly. The challenge of the 1990s will be to prove the economic and production feastbility of the process. Will materials manufactured by the Osprey process, particularly lightweight aluminum alloys and superalloys, meet the stringent requirements of the aerospace and space industries and be approved to fly?
Efficient transmission of halftones via facsimile (1996)

The conventional method for sending halftone images via facsimile machines is inefficient. The previously proposed Tone-Fac algorithm improves the transmission of halftone images. Tone- Fac represents a halftone image by mean gray values of the disjoint blocks and an error image, which records the difference between the desired halftone and the halftone generated using the mean gray values. To improve on ToneFac, we propose additional processing techniques: searching for the error-minimizing gray value for each block; quantization and coding of block values; bit switching, which transforms the error image into a more compressible image; optimal block sizing; and spurious dot filtering, which removes perceptually insignificant dots. The new algorithm is compared to other methods, including adaptive arithmetic coding, and is shown to provide improvement in bit rate. A theoretical consideration of the compression ratio from the ToneFac algorithm is also given.
A coping skills group and peer telephone support had similar effects on role performance, adaptability, and wellbeing in patients with multiple sclerosis (2000)

Schwartz CE. Teaching coping skills enhances quality of life more than peer support: results of a randomized trial with multiple sclerosis patients. Health Psychology1999 May; 18 : 211 –20 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: For patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), is a coping skills group intervention more effective than telephone peer support for improving or maintaining long term psychosocial role performance, adaptability, and wellbeing? Randomised {allocation not concealed}*, unblinded, controlled trial with 2 years of follow up. Boston, Massachusetts, USA Patients were recruited from an MS clinic, newspapers, newsletters, and referrals. Inclusion criteria were neurologist confirmed diagnosis of MS and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score 1–8.5 (minimal neurological problems to requirement of a wheelchair). 136 patients were randomised and 132 patients (mean age 43 y, 74% women, mean duration of MS 8 y, 42% with progressive MS, mean income US$45 000) … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DHealth%2Bpsychology%2B%253A%2B%2Bofficial%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDivision%2Bof%2BHealth%2BPsychology%252C%2BAmerican%2BPsychological%2BAssociation%26rft.stitle%253DHealth%2BPsychol%26rft.aulast%253DSchwartz%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%2BE.%26rft.volume%253D18%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D211%26rft.epage%253D220%26rft.atitle%253DTeaching%2Bcoping%2Bskills%2Benhances%2Bquality%2Bof%2Blife%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Bpeer%2Bsupport%253A%2Bresults%2Bof%2Ba%2Brandomized%2Btrial%2Bwith%2Bmultiple%2Bsclerosis%2Bpatients.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1037%252F0278-6133.18.3.211%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10357502%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1037/0278-6133.18.3.211&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10357502&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F3%2F1%2F20.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000080418700001&link_type=ISI
Action of in situ nitroglycerin on upper anal canal pressure of patients with terminal constipation (1993)

Nitroglycerin (NTG) in situ reduces the pressure of the upper anal sphincter (UAS). We have tested the effects of NTG on the UAS of patients with terminal constipation. We studied two groups of constipated patients. Group 1 consisted of 11 patients (nine females and two males) with hypertonicity of the UAS (> 70 mm Hg); age was 49.5 +/- 15.6 years. Group 2 consisted of 10 patients (nine females and one male) without hypertonicity; age was 40.1 +/- 14.1 years. Group 3 consisted of eight asymptomatic controls (four females and four males); age was 51.7 +/- 6.9 years. After a 10-minute resting pressure recording of the UAS with a water-filled balloon, the probe was pulled through the outside and the UAS was assessed after spreading 5 mg of placebo and then 5 mg of NTG on the balloon. Resting pressure (RP), delay of the pressure decrease (DP), pressure after five minutes either during the NTG (PN5) or placebo (PP5) period, and mean duration of the pressure decrease (MD) were measured. None of the subjects experienced a decrease of PP5 vs. RP. All patients in Group 1 (106.2 vs. 38.4 mm Hg), Group 2 (57.9 vs. 31.4 mm Hg), and controls (62.2 vs. 33.7 mm Hg) experienced a significant decrease of pressure of the UAS (P < 0.005). Delay of the pressure decrease was less than two minutes, with wide interindividual variability of duration of the pressure decrease. Mild side effects--anal pain and transient headache--were reported in five patients. In situ NTG significantly reduced UAS Pressure in all groups. NTG has to be evaluated in anal pathology, especially in patients with hypertonic sphincter terminal constipation or acute hypertonicity of the sphincter due to a fissure.
Landscapes and representation: (re) mapping the Flinders Ranges (2001)

The landscape is itself a text that is open to interpretation and transformation... It is the well-formed world of occupied places as opposed to the world outside of that - the unplaced place. In other words, prior to language, "landscape" is a phenomenon beyond immediate comprehension; it is not until we choose a prospect and map what we see, marking some aspects, ignoring others that landscape acquires meaning. Such interventions include paintings, poems, myths, and literature, in addition to buildings and other interventions upon the land (Corner 1991 p 129).
ChemInform Abstract: ARYL COUPLING REACTIONS OF PYRAZOLO(3,4‐D)PYRIMIDIN‐4‐YL RADICALS (1984)

Abstract Aus den Amino‐pyrazolopyrimidinen (I) erhält man bei der in situ‐Nitrosierung in Gegenwart von Aromaten über diskutierte radikalische Zwischenstufen die Arylverbindungen (III) in Form verschiedener Stereoisomeren.
Roles of Divalent Metal Ions in Oxidations Catalyzed by Recombinant Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Replacement of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase with Other Flavoproteins, Ferredoxin, and Oxygen Surrogates (1995)

Recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 was most active in nifedipine and testosterone oxidation in a system including NADPH-P450 reductase, cytochrome b5 (b5), a semisynthetic phospholipid mixture plus cholate, glutathione, and MgCl2. The MgCl2 effect could be seen with high concentrations of Ca2+ or Sr2+ but not readily when these cations were replaced with monovalent cations. The divalent cation effect was also seen in liver microsomes. Part of the basis of this effect appears to be enhanced rates of b5 reduction, as judged from studies on deletions of reconstitution components and analysis of steady-state spectral studies. Rapid reduction of ferric P450 3A4 to ferrous was dependent upon the presence of substrate, either testosterone or ethylmorphine. When testosterone was present, reduction was also highly dependent upon the presence of b5 and Mg2+. In the case of the substrate ethylmorphine, the need to add b5 and Mg2+ to obtain optimal reduction rates was less pronounced. These patterns are consistent with the dramatic dependence of testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylation on b5 and the lack of dependence of ethylmorphine N-demethylation on b5. Our interpretation is that divalent cations stimulate electron transfer from NADPH-P450 reductase to several acceptors and that substrates and b5 can bind to P450 3A4 to influence its rate of reduction by the reductase. P450 3A4 catalyzed testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylation within Escherichia coli cells. The reactions could be supported by E. coli cytosol or by purified E. coli flavodoxin and NADPH-flavodoxin reductase. Spinach ferredoxin and NADPH-ferredoxin reductase also supported catalytic activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Purification and Characterization of a Salt-extractable Hydroxyproline-rich Glycoprotein from Aerated Carrot Discs (1980)

The salt-extractable hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) of the cell wall of aerated carrot root discs has been studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The predominant proline-labeled protein extractable from the cell wall is rich in hydroxyproline as shown by its specific loss of (3)H from proline labeled in position 4 and its shift in electrophoretic mobility after labeling in the presence of an inhibitor of hydroxyproline synthesis. Unlabeled HRGP can be identified by staining gels for carbohydrate. The HRGP has been purified by ion exchange chromatography and CsCl gradient centrifugation. The HRGP consists of about 50% protein and 50% carbohydrate with an overall molecular weight of 86,000. The amino acid composition of the protein portion consists of 50% hydroxyproline, 19% basic amino acids, 12% serine, and 10% tyrosine. This glycoprotein accumulates in a salt-extractable pool in the cell wall beginning between 10 and 20 hours of aeration and may also become incorporated into the nonextractable portion of the cell wall.
Evaluating the usability and security of a graphical one-time PIN system (2010)

Traditional Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) are widely used, but the attacks in which they are captured have been increasing. One-time PINs offer better security, but potentially create greater workload for users. In this paper, we present an independent evaluation of a commercial system that makes PINs more resistant to observation attacks by using graphical passwords on a grid to generate a one-time PIN. 83 participants were asked to register with the system and log in at varying intervals. The successful login rate was approximately 91% after 3-4 days, and 97% after 9-10 days. Twenty five participants were retested after two years, and 27% of those were able to recall their pattern. We recorded 17 instances of failed attempts, and found that even though participants recalled the general shape of the pass-pattern in 13 of these instances, they could not recall its detailed location or sequence of cells. We conclude that GrIDsure is usable if people have one pass-pattern, but the level of security will depend on the context of use (it will work best in scenarios where repeated observations of transactions are unlikely), and the instructions given to users (without guidance, they are likely to chose from a small subset of the possible patterns which are easily guessed).
Importance of peripheral biopsies in maximising the detection of early prostate cancer in repeat 12‐core biopsy protocols (2006)

A low cancer yield from both peripheral basal and parasagittal basal specimens on repeat biopsy indicates adequate sampling at initial biopsy. The maximum cancer yield in the peripheral mid-zones and apical zones suggests the necessity for concentrated sampling of these zones in repeat biopsy protocols.
LRP-6 is a coreceptor for multiple fibrogenic signaling pathways in pericytes and myofibroblasts that are inhibited by DKK-1 (2013)

Fibrosis of vital organs is a major public health problem with limited therapeutic options. Mesenchymal cells including microvascular mural cells (pericytes) are major progenitors of scar-forming myofibroblasts in kidney and other organs. Here we show pericytes in healthy kidneys have active WNT/β-catenin signaling responses that are markedly up-regulated following kidney injury. Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1), a ligand for the WNT coreceptors low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP-5 and LRP-6) and an inhibitor of WNT/β-catenin signaling, effectively inhibits pericyte activation, detachment, and transition to myofibroblasts in vivo in response to kidney injury, resulting in attenuated fibrogenesis, capillary rarefaction, and inflammation. DKK-1 blocks activation and proliferation of established myofibroblasts in vitro and blocks pericyte proliferation to PDGF, pericyte migration, gene activation, and cytoskeletal reorganization to TGF-β or connective tissue growth factor. These effects are largely independent of inhibition of downstream β-catenin signaling. DKK-1 acts predominantly by inhibiting PDGF-, TGF-β-, and connective tissue growth factor-activated MAPK and JNK signaling cascades, acting via LRP-6 with associated WNT ligand. Biochemically, LRP-6 interacts closely with PDGF receptor β and TGF-β receptor 1 at the cell membrane, suggesting that it may have roles in pathways other than WNT/β-catenin. In summary, DKK-1 blocks many of the changes in pericytes required for myofibroblast transition and attenuates established myofibroblast proliferation/activation by mechanisms dependent on LRP-6 and WNT ligands but not the downstream β-catenin pathway.