gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystallographic, Molecular Modeling, and Biophysical Characterization of the Valine<sup>β</sup><sup>67</sup> (E11) → Threonine Variant of Hemoglobin<sup>,</sup> (1996)

The crystal structure of the mutant deoxyhemoglobin in which the beta-globin Val67(E11) has been replaced with threonine [Fronticelli et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 1235-1242] has been determined at 2.2 A resolution. Prior to the crystal structure determination, molecular modeling indicated that the Thr67(E11) side chain hydroxyl group in the distal beta-heme pocket forms a hydrogen bond with the backbone carbonyl of His63(E7) and is within hydrogen-bonding distance of the N delta of His63(E7). The mutant crystal structure indicates only small changes in conformation in the vicinity of the E11 mutation confirming the molecular modeling predictions. Comparison of the structures of the mutant beta-subunits and recombinant porcine myoglobin with the identical mutation [Cameron et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 13061-13070] indicates similar conformations of residues in the distal heme pocket, but there is no water molecule associated with either of the threonines of the beta-subunits. The introduction of threonine into the distal heme pocket, despite having only small perturbations in the local structure, has a marked affect on the interaction with ligands. In the oxy derivative there is a 2-fold decrease in O2 affinity [Fronticelli et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 1235-1242], and the rate of autoxidation is increased by 2 orders of magnitude. In the CO derivative the IR spectrum shows modifications with respect to that of normal human hemoglobin, suggesting the presence of multiple CO conformers. In the nitrosyl derivative an interaction with the O gamma atom of Thr67(E11) is probably responsible for the 10-fold increase in the rate of NO release from the beta-subunits. In the aquomet derivative there is a 6-fold decrease in the rate of hemin dissociation suggesting an interaction of the Fe-coordinated water with the O gamma of Thr67(E11).
Preparation and Some Physicochemical Properties of Pyrodextrins of Ragi, Wheat, Jowar and Rice Starches (1982)

Abstract Ragi ( Eleusine coracana ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), jowar ( Sorghum vulgare ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) starches (moisture content 8% ± 2%) were dextrinized in the absence of any added catalyst at 200°C ± 5°C. The changes in the physicochemical properties of dextrins during pyrodextrinization process were investigated. The results of the present investigation revealed that the progressive increase in the solubility, reducing power and alkali lability values while considerable decrease in β‐amylolysis limit and iodine affinity values of pyrodextrins could be correlated to the initial hydrolysis, increase in the degree of branching during transglycosidation and elaboration of thermal degraded products during the pyrodextrinization of starches.
State of Detonation Stability Theory and Its Application to Propulsion (2006)

We present an overview of the current state of detonation stability theory and discuss its implications for propulsion. The emphasis of the review is on the exact or asymptotic treatments of detonations, including various asymptotic limits that appear in the literature. The role that instability plays in practical detonation-based propulsion is of primary importance and is largely unexplored, hence we point to possible areas of research both theoretical and numerical, that might help improve our understanding of detonation behavior in propulsion devices. We outline the basic formulation of detonation stability theory that starts from linearized Euler equations, describe the algorithm of solution, and present an example that illustrates typical results.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Stimulates Luteal Function in Rhesus Monkeys Immunized against the β-Subunit of Ovine Luteinizing Hormone* (1983)

Active immunization against the β-subunit of ovine (o) LH (oLHβ) reduced fertility in rhesus monkeys significantly without interfering with ovulation and regular menstrual cycles. In immunized monkeys, there was an absence of corpus luteum rescue (CG-induced prolongation of progesterone production by the corpus luteum). In addition, progesterone production during the luteal phase was significantly reduced and menstrual cycles were shortened in immunized animals. Therefore, we suspected that an additional mechanism for the infertility was 1) a shortened luteal phase in which the corpus luteum regresses before endogenous CG is available, or 2) an insufficient luteal phase in which the corpus luteum does not respond to a gonadotropic stimulus. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we treated eight immunized and seven nonimmunized monkeys with human (h) CG for 5 days, beginning on day 17 of the cycle. During the luteal phase of the pretreatment cycles, plasma progesterone levels were significantly lower in immunized monkeys. Treatment with hCG increased progesterone to the same concentration in both groups, even though most of the hCG in the immunized animals was antibody bound. In addition, the overall cycle length was shorter in untreated immunized animals due to shorter luteal phases. In these animals, the cycle was lengthened by hCG-administration so that they were not significantly different from that in nonimmunized controls during the treatment cycles. These observations indicate that the corpora lutea of immunized monkeys are not insensitive to stimulation by hCG. Estradiol and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone levels were similar for both experimental groups, indicating that follicular steroidogenesis was not impaired by the oLHβ-antibodies. Plasma FSH concentrations were elevated during the follicular phase in immunized monkeys. These results suggest that oLHβ-antibodies induced short luteal phases in rhesus monkeys. The short luteal phases are associated with an increase in FSH concentrations during the first half of the cycle, which may in turn result in impaired folliculogenesis. The corpora lutea produce reduced amounts of progesterone, but are not unresponsive to hCG.
Genome-Wide Identification of Human FOXP3 Target Genes in Natural Regulatory T Cells (2010)

The transcription factor FOXP3 is essential for the formation and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Tregs are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and tolerance. This is demonstrated by a lethal autoimmune defect in mice lacking Foxp3 and in immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome patients. However, little is known about the molecular basis of human FOXP3 function or the relationship between direct and indirect targets of FOXP3 in human Tregs. To investigate this, we have performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis for human FOXP3 target genes from cord blood Tregs using chromatin immunoprecipitation array profiling and expression profiling. We have identified 5579 human FOXP3 target genes and derived a core Treg gene signature conserved across species using mouse chromatin immunoprecipitation data sets. A total of 739 of the 5579 FOXP3 target genes were differentially regulated in Tregs compared with Th cells, thus allowing the identification of a number of pathways and biological functions overrepresented in Tregs. We have identified gene families including cell surface molecules and microRNAs that are differentially expressed in FOXP3(+) Tregs. In particular, we have identified a novel role for peptidase inhibitor 16, which is expressed on the cell surface of >80% of resting human CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Tregs, suggesting that in conjunction with CD25 peptidase inhibitor 16 may be a surrogate surface marker for Tregs with potential clinical application.
New perspectives in research and treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (1998)

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among psychiatrists due to several factors. OCD is not a rare disease as was believed in former times. New epidemiological studies demonstrate that 1–2% of the adult population suffer from OCD. This result was confirmed by several epidemiological studies among different cultural environments which are summarised by Dr Bebbington in this supplement. Thus, OCD figures among the most common of mental disorders. Lately a unique category of disorders has emerged that share some common key features with OCD. These ‘obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders’ and their treatments are characterised in Dr Hollander's paper.
Ginseng: a promising neuroprotective strategy in stroke (2015)

Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in the world. It has been used in the treatment of various ailments and to boost immunity for centuries; especially in Asian countries. The most common ginseng variant in traditional herbal medicine is ginseng, which is made from the peeled and dried root of Panax Ginseng. Ginseng has been suggested as an effective treatment for a vast array of neurological disorders, including stroke and other acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Ginseng's neuroprotective effects are focused on the maintenance of homeostasis. This review involves a comprehensive literature search that highlights aspects of ginseng's putative neuroprotective effectiveness, focusing on stroke. Attenuation of inflammation through inhibition of various proinflammatory mediators, along with suppression of oxidative stress by various mechanisms, including activation of the cytoprotective transcriptional factor Nrf2, which results in decrease in reactive oxygen species, could account for its neuroprotective efficacy. It can also prevent neuronal death as a result of stroke, thus decreasing anatomical and functional stroke damage. Although there are diverse studies that have investigated the mechanisms involved in the efficacy of ginseng in treating disorders, there is still much that needs to be clarified. Both in vitro and in vivo studies including randomized controlled clinical trials are necessary to develop in-depth knowledge of ginseng and its practical applications.
Shape and size effects in the optical properties of metallic nanorods (2006)

The influence of size and geometrical shape on the optical properties of randomly oriented metallic nanorods is investigated using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA). Our calculations provide a benchmark for an accurate characterisation of nanorod suspensions by frequently used optical spectroscopic techniques. Our DDA results confirm the longitudinal plasmon resonance to be primarily affected by the nanorod aspect ratio, and also verify that the quasi-static (dipole) approximation for ellipsoidal particles is only valid for very small sizes. For prolate ellipsoidal and cylindrical nanorods with an identical aspect ratio, the latter exhibit a longitudinal resonance at significantly longer wavelengths. The importance of phase retardation and multipole contributions for larger nanorod dimensions is discussed. Also, we investigate the influence on the optical spectra of electron surface scattering, which arises from the limited size of the nanorods in comparison to the electron mean free path.
T cell subsets and their soluble products regulate eosinophilia in allergic and nonallergic asthma (1991)

Lymphokines derived from activated T cells regulate the proliferation and postmitotic differentiation of eosinophils in vitro. We investigated whether peripheral blood eosinophilia, which is a characteristic feature of both allergic and nonallergic asthma, correlates with T cell activation and lymphokine production in asthmatic patients. Flow cytometric analysis of T cell activation markers revealed that asthmatic individuals are characterized by increased numbers of IL-2R (CD25)-bearing T cell subsets. The absolute number of IL-2R+ T cells correlated with the eosinophilia observed in the asthmatic patients. Purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from allergic and nonallergic asthmatic individuals spontaneously secreted factors that extend the lifespan of eosinophils in vitro. T cells from normal donors displayed this effect only after polyclonal stimulation with anti-CD3 antibody. The eosinophil lifespan-extending factors were also found in sera of asthmatic patients. Identification of these factors was performed by using neutralizing antibodies against IL-3, IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage CSF. In sera, mainly IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage CSF were responsible for prolonged eosinophil survival, whereas granulocyte-macrophage CSF was dominant in T cell supernatants. These results indicate that T cells and secretion of lymphokines play an important regulatory function toward eosinophils, which are thought to represent major proinflammatory effector cells in certain types of asthma.
Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Approaches to the Synthesis of Bioactive 3‐Substituted and 5‐Substituted‐4‐methoxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyrones. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optimierte Implementierung neuronaler Strukturen in Hardware (1999)

In many applications in the field of pattern recognition it is often difficult or nearly impossible to describe the system behavior in an exact mathematical style. Therefore, neural networks seem to be well suited showing significant advantages compared to traditional algorithms. The inherent parallelism of neural networks can’t be used if they are applied to standard sequential processors. This is a real disadvantage in the case of real-time applications. Specialized parallel processors with communication structures inspired by their biological model combine lots of simple processing elements to increase processing speed. Until now these processors had the common problem of being very expensive, inflexible and showed a difficult handling which results in a rare usage. This work describes the design and implementation of a new architecture for speeding up neural calculations in hardware. This new architecture shows a simple handling and its implementation can be done at a very low cost level. Therefore a gate array technique is used, instead of expensive fullcustom technology which allows significant cost reduction, especially for small quantities. Taking into account the limitations of a gate array design this new architecture was designed. It uses no local memory on the chip and requires less busses to external components, compared to traditional designs. This architecture is based on a new communication style which uses elements of both systolic arrays and one dimensional SIMD processing structures. The reduction of communication allows simple programming and the usage of automatic code generation tools. In the framework of this dissertation, the new architecture has been implemented in hardware, based on a low cost sea of gates technology for speeding up neural calculations used within the recall phase of neural networks. This application specific processor is called SAND/1 (simple applicable neural device) and combines four parallel processing elements on one chip. At 50 MHz clock frequency it reaches a peak performance of 200 MCPS (million connections per second), which is equivalent to up to 600 MOPS (million operations per second). For speeding up PC based applications a PCI board was developed that allows parallel usage of up to four SAND chips. Maximum performance of this board is 2.4 GOPS (giga operations per second).
College students and use of K2: an emerging drug of abuse in young persons (2011)

Ever use of K2 in this sample was higher than ever use of many other drugs of abuse that are commonly monitored in adolescents and young adults. Although DEA had banned five synthetic cannabinoids recently, clinicians and public health officials concerned with substance abuse in youth should be aware of and monitor the use of this drug in college students over time.
Precision Synthesis of ω-Branch, End-Functionalized Comb Polystyrenes Using Living Anionic Polymerization and Thiol–Ene “Click” Chemistry (2012)

A combination of living anionic polymerization and thiol–ene “click” chemistry provides an efficient and convenient method for synthesis of well-defined comb polystyrenes with precisely controlled architecture details and a wide selection of functionalities. ω-(p-Vinylbenzyl)polystyrene macromonomer was synthesized by sec-butyllithium-initiated polymerization of styrene followed by termination with 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC). For the synthesis of α-4-pentenyl-ω-(p-vinylbenzyl)polystyrene macromonomer, an unsaturated initiator, 4-pentenyllithium, was used followed by termination with VBC. To ensure successful living anionic polymerization of macromonomers, impurities present in the macromonomers and glass reactors were readily removed by titration with excess sec-butyllithium initiator right before initiation, resulting in polymacromonomers with controlled Mn (74 000, 130 000 g/mol) and narrow Mw/Mn. Living anionic copolymerization of mixtures of both types of macromonomers yielded a well-defined comb-shape precursor with controlled fractions of ω-vinyl branch end groups, which were subsequently subjected to facile and efficient functionalization by photoinitiated thiol–ene “click” reactions with diverse functional groups (−OH, −CO2H, and −C8F17). Characterization by NMR, SEC, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry established their chemical structures and chain-end functionalities, which indicates precisely defined comb polystyrenes with controlled degrees of functionalization.
Deficiency of a Dystrophin-Associated Glycoprotein (Adhalin) in a Patient with Muscular Dystrophy and Cardiomyopathy (1996)

Cardiac muscle is commonly affected in muscular dystrophies.1–4 X-linked Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and Becker's muscular dystrophy are caused by mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin,5,6 a membrane cytoskeletal protein.7 In skeletal and cardiac muscle, dystrophin is associated with a large oligomeric complex of sarcolemmal glycoproteins.8,9 This dystrophin–glycoprotein complex is composed of five glycoproteins (35, 43 doublet, 50, and 156 kd) and two proteins (25 and 59 kd). It spans the sarcolemma to provide linkage between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and laminin, a major component of the extracellular matrix.9,10 In Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophies, the primary deficiency . . .
Providing seamless QoS for multimedia multicast in wireless packet networks (1999)

To support real-time multimedia applications in wireless packet networks, it is an essential challenge to provide seamless Quality of Service (QoS) to mobile users. In this paper, we address the problem of real-time multimedia multicast in cellular networks, and present our solution to avoid large QoS fluctuations during handoffs. Specifically, during a multicast session, a mobile host may experience varying packet delay, delay jitter, and channel error when it moves from one cell to another. It is thus desirable that these location-dependent QoS parameters appear as seamless as possible to mobile hosts. We present protocols to achieve a degree of transmission synchronization among multiple cells, so that the delays and delay jitters of each packet to all subscribing mobile hosts do not vary substantially. In addition, we apply Forward Error Correction (FEC) technique to recover the QoS-mandatory packets from wireless channel errors. We show through analysis and simulation that the mobile hosts will experience brief, smooth, and low packet loss rate handoffs. Keywords: multimedia multicast, wireless packet networks, QoS, handoff, error recovery 1.
Anti-Obesity Activity of the Marine Carotenoid Fucoxanthin (2015)

Nowadays the global tendency towards physical activity reduction and an augmented dietary intake of fats, sugars and calories is leading to a growing propagation of overweight, obesity and lifestyle-related diseases, such diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. In particular, obesity, characterized as a state of low-level inflammation, is a powerful determinant both in the development of insulin resistance and in the progression to type 2 diabetes. A few molecular targets offer hope for anti-obesity therapeutics. One of the keys to success could be the induction of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) and the regulation of cytokine secretions from both abdominal adipose cells and macrophage cells infiltrated into adipose tissue. Anti-obesity effects of fucoxanthin, a characteristic carotenoid, exactly belonging to xanthophylls, have been reported. Nutrigenomic studies reveal that fucoxanthin induces UCP1 in abdominal WAT mitochondria, leading to the oxidation of fatty acids and heat production in WAT. Fucoxanthin improves insulin resistance and decreases blood glucose levels through the regulation of cytokine secretions from WAT. The key structure of anti-obesity effect is suggested to be the carotenoid end of the polyene chromophore, which contains an allenic bond and two hydroxyl groups. Fucoxanthin, which can be isolated from edible brown seaweeds, recently displayed its many physiological functions and biological properties. We reviewed recent studies and this article aims to explain essential background of fucoxanthin, focusing on its promising potential anti-obesity effects. In this respect, fucoxanthin can be developed into promising marine drugs and nutritional products, in order to become a helpful functional food.
Multiwavelength Systematics of OB Spectra (2006)

The systematics of OB spectra are reviewed in the optical domain, dominated by photospheric lines, and in the far ultraviolet (both IUE and FUSE ranges), in which the stellar-wind profiles dominate. First, the two-dimensional (temperature, luminosity) trends in normal spectra are surveyed. Then, the normal reference frame having been established, various categories of peculiar objects can be distinguished relative to it, which reveal several phenomena of structural and/or evolutionary significance. Included are CNO anomalies at both early and late O types, three varieties of rapid rotators, hot and cool Of/WN transition objects, and the recently discovered second known magnetic O star. The importance of both optical and UV observations to understand these phenomena is emphasized; for instance, progress in understanding the structure of the new O-type magnetic oblique rotator is hampered by the current lack of a UV spectrograph. While progress in the physical interpretation of these trends and anomalies has been and is being made, increased attention to modeling the systematics would accelerate future progress in this author's opinion. Finally, preliminary results from a Chandra high-resolution survey of OB X-ray spectra (PI W. Waldron) are presented. They provide evidence that, just as emerged earlier in the UV, systematic morphological trends exist in the X-ray domain that are correlated with the optical spectral types, and hence the fundamental stellar parameters, contrary to prevailing opinion.
Quantization Error in Predictive Coders (1975)

Predictive coders have been suggested for use as analog data compression devices. Exact expressions for reconstructed signal error have been rare in the literature. In fact most results reported in the literature are based on the assumption of Gaussian statistics for prediction error. Predictive coding of first-order Gaussian Markov sequences are considered in this paper. A numerical iteration technique is used to solve for the prediction error statistics expressed as an infinite series in terms of Hermite polynomials. Several interesting properties of predictive coding are thereby demonstrated. First, prediction error is in fact close to Gaussian, even for the binary quantizer. Sencond, quantizer levels may be optimized at each iteration according to the calculated density. Finally, the existence of correlation between successive quantizer outputs is shown. Using the series solutions described above, performance in terms of meansquare reconstruction error versus bit rate can be shown to parallel the theoretical rate distortion function for the first-order Markov process by about 0.6 bits/sample at low bit rates.