gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Pt/γ-Al2O3Pellets with Internal Step-Distribution of Catalyst: Experiments and Theory (1996)

Step-type Pt/γ-Al2O3catalyst pellets were prepared by coimpregnation and sequential impregnation of hexachloroplatinic and citric acids. A diffusion–adsorption model based on Fickian diffusion and Langmuir adsorption was formulated. The parameters of the model were determined from separate experiments. Adsorption constants were obtained in the absence of diffusional resistances, while effective diffusivities were obtained in the absence of adsorption or desorption. In order to extend the Langmuir adsorption equations to the multicomponent system, two new parameters were introduced, which accounted for solution effects and steric hinderances. Catalyst distribution inside the pellet and the effects of various impregnation parameters were predicted satisfactorily by the multicomponent diffusion–adsorption model. The platinum distribution of pellets prepared by the two impregnation techniques was similar, although sequential impregnation gave thinner catalyst step widths.
Hybrid Design of Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Systems Based on Various Submodule Circuits (2014)

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become the most promising converter technology for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. However, similar to any other voltage-sourced converter-based HVDC system, MMC-HVDC systems with the half-bridge submodules (SMs) lack the capability of handling dc-side short-circuit faults, which are of severe concern for overhead transmission lines. In this paper, two new SM circuit configurations as well as a hybrid design methodology to embed the dc-fault-handling capability in the MMC-HVDC systems are proposed. By combining the features of various SM configurations, the dc-fault current path through the freewheeling diodes is eliminated and the dc-fault current is enforced to zero. Several MMC configurations based on the proposed hybrid design method and various SM circuits, that is, the half-bridge, the full-bridge, the clamp-double, and the five-level cross-connected SMs, as well as the newly proposed unipolar-voltage full-bridge and three-level cross-connected SMs, are investigated and compared in terms of the dc-fault-handing capability, semiconductor power losses, and component requirements. The studies are carried out based on time-domain simulation in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment for various SM configurations and dc-fault conditions. The reported study results demonstrate the proposed hybrid-designed MMC-HVDC system based on the combination of the half-bridge and the proposed SM circuits is the optimal design among all evaluated systems in terms of the dc-fault-handing capability, semiconductor power losses, and component requirements.
Mechanism of Coloration of Human Lenses Induced by Near-Ultraviolet-Photo-Oxidized 3-Hydroxykynurenine (With 1 color plate) (1990)

Tha absorption spectra of human cataractous lenses, classified into four groups on the basis of coloration, were measured by a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere that is able to detect diffuse reflectance of solid materials. The results revealed that pale-yellow cataractous lenses showed a characteristic absorption spectrum with a peak near 365 nm, coincident with that of 3-hydroxykynurenine, and that brunescent cataractous lenses with high pigmentation showed an absorption spectrum with a peak over 400 nm, coincident with that of xanthommatin, a dimerized compound of 3-hydroxykynurenine. Depending on the coloration of the lens, the position of maximum absorption shifted from 365 to 410 nm and the optical density increased at visible regions. The changes in absorption spectra of pale-yellow lens homogenates were studied in the presence or absence of 3-hydroxykynurenine and by near-ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Brown pigments were formed in the insoluble proteins of lens homogenates by 48 h of exposition of the samples with 3-hydroxykynurenine to UV irradiation. The absorption spectra of the brown pellets detected by an integrating sphere corresponded well to those of pellets which were obtained from the homogenates of intact human brunescent cataractous lenses. These results strongly suggest that 3-hydroxykynurenine and UV irradiation are involved in the brown pigmentation of human cataractous lenses by formation of xanthommatin.
Advanced multiple-beam equalization radiography in chest radiology: a simulated nodule detection study. (1988)

To evaluate the efficacy of AMBER, a multiple-beam equalization system for chest radiography, the authors performed a nodule detection study using an anthropomorphic chest phantom. AMBER and conventional images were compared. The images were read by four observers, and analysis was done by means of modified receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves (free ROC curves [FROC]). The results of the FROC analysis show a significant increase in the detectability of nodules (P less than .001) projected over the mediastinum with the use of AMBER. No significant difference between AMBER and conventional images was noted in detectability of nodules projected over the lung.
Cache-Conscious Automata for XML Filtering (2005)

Hardware cache behavior is an important factor in the performance of memory-resident, data-intensive systems such as XML filtering engines. A key data structure in several recent XML filters is the automaton, which is used to represent the long-running XML queries in the main memory. In this paper, we study the cache performance of automaton-based XML filtering through analytical modeling and system measurement. Furthermore, we propose a cache-conscious automaton organization technique, called the hot buffer, to improve the locality of automaton state transitions. Our results show that (1) our cache performance model for XML filtering automata is highly accurate and (2) the hot buffer improves the cache performance as well as the overall performance of automaton-based XML filtering.
The roles of hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress in the rise and collapse of the natural protective mechanism against vascular endothelial cell dysfunction in diabetes (2007)

Vascular endothelial cell (VEC) dysfunction in diabetes has been associated with hyperglycaemia-induced intra- and extracellular glycation of proteins and to overproduction of glucose-derived free radicals. VEC protect their intracellular environment against an increased influx of glucose in face of hyperglycaemia by reducing the expression and plasma membrane abundance of their glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1). We investigated the hypothesis that glucose-derived free radicals induce this down-regulatory mechanism in VEC, but proved the contrary. In fact, pro-oxidants significantly increased the expression and plasma membrane abundance of GLUT-1 and the rate of glucose transport in VEC while abolishing high-glucose-induced down-regulation of the hexose transport system. The resulting uncontrolled influx of glucose followed by overproduction of glucose-derived ROS further up-regulates the rate of glucose transport, and vice versa. This perpetuating glycoxidative stress finally leads to the collapse of the auto-regulatory protective mechanism and accelerates the development of dysfunctional endothelium in blood vessels.
The Interaction of a High-Fat Diet and Regular Moderate Intensity Exercise on Intestinal Polyp Development in <i>ApcMin/+</i> Mice (2009)

Diet and exercise are two environmental factors that can alter colon cancer risk. The purpose of this study was to determine if regular moderate-intensity treadmill exercise training could attenuate polyp formation in Apc(Min/+) mice fed the Western-style diet. Four-week-old male Apc(Min/+) mice (n = 12 per group) were assigned to AIN-76A Control, AIN-76A Exercise, Western Control, or Western Exercise treatment groups. Mice were weaned to these diets and either subjected to regular moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (18 m/min, 60 min/d, 6 d/wk) or remained sedentary for 6 weeks. Mice fed the Western-style diet consumed approximately 14% more calories and had 42% more epididymal fat compared with mice fed the AIN-76A diet. Exercise had no effect on fat pad mass with either diet treatment. Exercise reduced total intestinal polyp number by 50% and the number of large polyps (>1 mm diameter) by 67% in AIN-76A-fed mice. The Western-style diet increased polyp number by 75% when compared with AIN-76A-fed mice, but exercise did not decrease polyp number or alter polyp size in mice fed the Western-style diet. Markers of systemic inflammation and immune system function were improved with exercise in mice fed the AIN-76A diet. Mice fed the Western-style diet showed more inflammation and immunosuppression, which were not completely ameliorated by exercise. These data suggest that the induction of adiposity, inflammation, and immunosuppression by the Western-style diet may compromise the beneficial effect of moderate-intensity exercise on the intestinal polyp burden in Apc(Min/+) mice.
Targeted mutagenesis of the transcription factor GATA-4 gene in mouse embryonic stem cells disrupts visceral endoderm differentiation in vitro (1995)

Transcription factor GATA-4 belongs to a family of zinc finger proteins involved in lineage determination. GATA-4 is first expressed in yolk sac endoderm of the developing mouse and later in cardiac tissue, gut epithelium and gonads. To delineate the role of this transcription factor in differentiation and early development, we studied embryoid bodies derived from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in which both copies of the Gata-4 gene were disrupted. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated that embryoid bodies formed from wild-type and heterozygous deficient ES cells were covered with a layer of visceral yolk sac endoderm, whereas no yolk sac endoderm was evident on the surface of the homozygous deficient embryoid bodies. Independently selected homozygous deficient cell lines displayed this distinctive phenotype, suggesting that it was not an artifact of clonal variation. Biochemical markers of visceral endoderm formation, such as alpha-feto-protein, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 and binding sites for Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, were absent from the homozygous deficient embryoid bodies. Examination of other differentiation markers in the mutant embryoid bodies, studies of ES cell-derived teratocarcinomas and chimeric mouse analysis demonstrated that GATA-4-deficient ES cells have the capacity to differentiate along other lineages. We conclude that, under in vitro conditions, disruption of the Gata-4 gene results in a specific block in visceral endoderm formation. These homozygous deficient cells should yield insights into the regulation of yolk sac endoderm development and the factors expressed by visceral endoderm that influence differentiation of adjoining ectoderm/mesoderm.
Epitope and Idiotope Mapping Using Monoclonal Antibodies (2003)

Serum from normal individuals contains a repertoire of antibodies even in the absence of apparent immunization. The B-cell compartment of the immune system can recognize not only the antigens of the external environment, but also internal or self-antigens. Normal serum contains natural autoantibodies of the IgM and IgG classes that recognize a wide range of self-antigens, including nuclear antigens, intracellular and membrane components, and circulating plasma proteins (,). Some of the antigens recognized by natural autoantibodies are also the targets of autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases, e.g., thyroglobulin (Tg), neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens, glomerular basement membrane antigens, intrinsic factor, and factor VIII. Despite the presence of autoreactive B- and T-cells in the normal available immune repertoire, autoimmune disease remains a relatively rare event. Autoimmune diseases cannot be diagnosed by the mere finding of increased titers of autoantibodies in serum. The question arises whether the structure, specificity, affinity, idiotypy, and genetics of autoantibodies in healthy subjects differ from those of pathological autoimmunity (,). Determining the fine specificity of autoantibodies may lead to a means of distinguishing natural vs disease-associated autoantibodies.
Evidence for early induction of calmodulin gene expression in lymphocytes undergoing glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis. (1991)

Glucocorticoid treatment of certain lymphoma cell lines and thymocytes activates a self-destructive pathway of programmed cell death referred to as apoptosis. Calcium and calmodulin (CaM) may be important signals in the apoptotic cascade because an early event is a sustained elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ and CaM inhibitors interfere with the death pathway. In the present study, expression of the CaM gene was examined during glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in WEHI7.2 lymphocytes. Steady state levels of CaM mRNA were increased up to 10-fold following a 4-6-h exposure of WEHI7.2 cells to 10(-6) M dexamethasone. This increase was mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor since the response was not observed in WEHI7.418, a variant line which does not express active glucocorticoid receptor. Induction of CaM mRNA was dose-dependent and highly specific for glucocorticoids, as other steroids were unable to elicit the response. A stringent cell specificity was also observed. Pretreatment of WEHI7.2 lymphocytes with cycloheximide did not interfere with dexamethasone-dependent increases in CaM mRNA levels, and studies with actinomycin D demonstrated that the stability of the transcript was not altered by hormone, Finally, a calmodulin inhibitor elicited a protective effect on WEHI7.2 cells following glucocorticoid exposure. These results indicate that CaM mRNA levels were hormonally controlled in WEHI7.2 lymphocytes and support the putative involvement of CaM in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis.
Analytical Modeling of a Linear Variable Filter for Computational Hyperspectral Imaging (2015)

An analytical thin film thickness model calculates the profiles of linear variable filters, which perform spectral filtering. Coupled with an image sensor and using a computational algorithm, this device becomes a LVF-hyperspectral imager.
Bioinspired Approach to Multienzyme Cascade System Construction for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Reduction (2014)

An efficient multienzyme cascade system based on ultrathin, hybrid microcapsules was constructed for converting CO2 to methanol by combining the unique functions of catechol and gelatin. Gelatin was modified with catechol groups (GelC) via well-defined EDC/NHS chemistry, thus endowed with the ability to covalently attach enzyme molecules. Next, the first enzyme (FateDH)-containing CaCO3 templates were synthesized via coprecipitation and coated with a GelC layer. Afterward, GelC was covalently attached with the second enzyme (FaldDH) via Michael addition and Schiff base reactions. Then, GelC induced the hydrolysis and condensation of silicate, and the third enzyme (YADH) was entrapped accompanying the formation of silica particles. After removal of CaCO3 templates, the GelCSi-based multienzyme system was obtained, in which the three enzymes were appropriately positioned in different places of the GelCSi microcapsules, and the amount of individual enzyme was regulated according to enzyme activity. The system exhibited high activity and stability for converting CO2 into methanol. In detail, the system displayed much higher methanol yield and selectivity (71.6%, 86.7%) than that of multienzyme in free form (35.5%, 47.3%). The methanol yield remained 52.6% after nine times of recycling. This study will provide some guidance on constructing diverse scaffolds for applications in catalysis, drug and gene delivery, and biosensors.
Proposal for a New Type Solid State Maser (1956)

The Overhauser effect may be used in the spin multiplet of certain paramagnetic ions to obtain a negative absorption or stimulated emission at microwave frequencies. The use of nickel fluosilicate or gadolinium ethyl sulfate at liquid helium temperature is suggested to obtain a low noise microwave amplifier or frequency converter. The operation of a solid state maser based on this principle is discussed.
Synaptogenesis in the CNS: An Odyssey from Wiring Together to Firing Together (2003)

To acquire a better comprehension of nervous system function, it is imperative to understand how synapses are assembled during development and subsequently altered throughout life. Despite recent advances in the fields of neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity, relatively little is known about the mechanisms that guide synapse formation in the central nervous system (CNS). Although many structural components of the synaptic machinery are pre-assembled prior to the arrival of growth cones at the site of their potential targets, innumerable changes, central to the proper wiring of the brain, must subsequently take place through contact-mediated cell-cell communications. Identification of such signalling molecules and a characterization of various events underlying synaptogenesis are pivotal to our understanding of how a brain cell completes its odyssey from "wiring together to firing together". Here we attempt to provide a comprehensive overview that pertains directly to the cellular and molecular mechanisms of selection, formation and refinement of synapses during the development of the CNS in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
Use of corticosteroids in neuro-oncology (1995)

Glucocorticosteroids (GC) play an important role in the treatment of neuro-oncologic patients. GC are used for the management of malignant brain tumors, either primary of secondary, neoplastic epidural spinal cord compression (NESC), as adjuvant chemotherapy of some central nervous system tumors and perioperatively in brain surgery. GC are believed to exert their influence on brain tumors mainly by reducing the tumor-associated vasogenic edema, probably by decreasing the increased capillary permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Experimental as well as clinical studies applying computed tomography, magnetic resonance and PET have supported these theories. However, other mechanisms have been proposed and investigated, such as a reduction of cerebral blood flow and oncolytic effects, the latter being controversial. The effect of GC is best observed in patients with cerebral metastases and gliomas. Studies on the effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) gave conflicting results. Although some prefer methylprednisolone, dexamethasone is the GC given in the majority of neuro-oncologic patients, at an empirically chosen dosage of 4 mg qid. Dose-effect studies in patients with cerebral metastases as well as in patients suffering from NESC have been performed and lower doses in a twice daily regime may be sufficient. Side-effects may be divided in three groups: those originating from the mineralocorticoid activity, the withdrawal of the drug and the chronic excess GC administration. Steroid myopathy is the most frequent occurring serious side-effect in neuro-oncologic patients. Others include gastrointestinal perforation and hemorrhage, opportunistic infections, steroid diabetes, and skin and facial changes. The most important interaction is that with phenytoin. The influence of dexamethasone on the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is also discussed. New developments in GC treatment include the local administration of dexamethasone.
Engendering Security and Development Discourse: Feminist Scholarship on Gender and Globalization in the Philippines (2002)

In recent years, many feminist writers in the Philippines
 have analysed the nexus between gender, globalization, development and security
 issues. In this paper I draw parallels between Philippine and Western feminist
 insights on gender and globalization. I provide an analysis of Philippine
 feminist writings on development and security issues, and especially their
 critique of the processes of globalisation.
A parallel manipulator as a haptic interface solution for amniocentesis simulation (2002)

The education of surgical students in the practical gesture needs to find new pedagogical tools. Some operations such as amniocentesis, require specific training. The medical simulation allows learning step by step, with an increasing difficulty in the exercises. To improve the realism of the simulation, a haptic feedback is sometimes important. We introduce a novel haptic display specially designed for a pedagogical simulator of amniocentesis. The main problem is to keep the needle free, as in reality, and so to place the interface in the body of the manikin. All the gestures are simulated: ultrasound scanning, the choice of a point of insertion of the puncture, the crossing through the different abdominal tissues. A mechanical model based on a finite element formulation gives a force feedback tensor. The force feedback interface consists of a parallel manipulator with three degrees of freedom (DOF). The interface is operated thanks to a needle connected to the mechanical structure of the manipulator.
Pharmacological reversal of renal cysts from secretion to absorption suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for managing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (2019)

Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) induces a secretory phenotype, resulting in multiple fluid-filled cysts. We have previously demonstrated that VX-809, a corrector of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), reduces cyst growth. Here, we show that in normal mice CFTR is located within the cells and also at the apical and basolateral membranes. However, in polycystic kidney disease (<i>pkd1</i>)-knockout mice, CFTR was located at the plasma membrane, consistent with its role in cAMP-dependent fluid secretion. In cystic mice, VX-809 treatment increased CFTR levels at the apical membrane and reduced its association with the endoplasmic reticulum. Surprisingly, VX-809 treatment significantly increased CFTR's co-localization with the basolateral membrane in cystic mice. Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchanger 3 (NHE3) is present in <i>pkd1</i>-knockout and normal mice and in proximal tubule-derived, cultured <i>pkd1</i>-knockout cells. VX-809 increased the expression, activity, and apical plasma membrane localization of NHE3. Co-localization of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) with the plasma membrane was reduced in cysts in <i>pkd1</i>-knockout mice, consistent with an inability of the cysts to absorb fluid. Interestingly, in the cystic mice, VX-809 treatment increased ENaC levels at the apical plasma membrane consistent with fluid absorption. Thus, VX-809 treatment of <i>pkd1</i>-null mouse kidneys significantly affected CFTR, NHE3, and ENaC, altering the cyst phenotype from one poised toward fluid secretion toward one more favorable for absorption. VX-809 also altered the location of CFTR but not of NHE3 or ENaC in normal mice. Given that VX-809 administration is safe, it may have potential utility for treating patients with ADPKD.
Control flow speculation in multiscalar processors (2002)

The multiscalar architecture executes a single sequential program following multiple flows of control. In the multiscalar hardware, a global sequencer with help from the compiler takes large steps through the program's control flow graph (CFG) speculatively, starting a new thread of control (task) at each step. This is inter-task control flow speculation. Within a task, traditional control flow speculation is used to extract instruction level parallelism. This is intra-task control flow speculation. This paper focuses on mechanisms to implement inter-task control flow speculation (task prediction) in a multi-scalar implementation. This form of speculation has fundamental differences from traditional branch prediction. We look in detail at the issues of prediction automata, history generation and target buffers. We present implementations in each of these areas that offer good accuracy, size and performance characteristics.