gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nifedipine serum concentrations following sublingual and oral doses. (1986)

Although nifedipine is commonly administered sublingually in the clinical setting, a comparison of the serum concentrations obtained by this route vs oral administration has not been previously made. Nifedipine serum concentrations were measured in 6 healthy subjects following sublingual or oral administration of one nifedipine 10 mg capsule. Serum nifedipine concentrations were measured at regular intervals and demonstrated that sublingual administration produced measurable nifedipine concentrations sooner than oral administration. Peak nifedipine serum concentrations were less following sublingual administration (41.9 +/- 24.9 ng/ml) than following oral administration (99.6 +/- 49.8 ng/ml, p less than 0.05). The time to peak nifedipine serum concentration was also longer following sublingual administration than with the oral dose (74 +/- 24 minutes vs 40 +/- 14 minutes, p less than 0.05). Despite these differences, the areas under the serum concentration-time curve of the two routes of administration were similar. These differences in nifedipine concentrations may be an important consideration when choosing the route of administration of nifedipine.
Instantaneous lateral velocity estimation of a vehicle using Doppler radar (2013)

High-resolution image radars open new opportunities for estimating velocity and direction of movement of extended objects from a single observation. Since radar sensors only measure the radial velocity, a tracking system is normally used to determine the velocity vector of the object. A stable velocity is estimated after several frames at the earliest, resulting in a significant loss of time for reacting to certain situations such as cross-traffic. The following paper presents a robust and model-free approach to determine the velocity vector of an extended target. In contrast to the Kalman filter, it does not require data association in time and space. An instant (~ 50 ms) and bias free estimation of its velocity vector is possible. Our approach can handle noise and systematic variations (e.g., micro-Doppler of wheels) in the signal. It is optimized to deal with measurement errors of the radar sensor not only in the radial velocity, but in the azimuth position as well. The accuracy of this method is increased by the fusion of multiple radar sensors.
Analytical Modeling of Non-Linear Propagation in Coherent Systems (2013)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text P. Poggiolini, "Analytical Modeling of Non-Linear Propagation in Coherent Systems," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 2013, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optica Publishing Group, 2013), paper OTh3G.1. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Get Video Citation alert Save article
Wound‐healing evaluation of entrapped active agents into protein microspheres over cellulosic gauzes (2012)

The use of active ingredients in wound management have evolved alongside the pharmaceutical agents and dressings used to deliver them. However, the development of gauzes, dressings with specific properties, still remains a challenge for several medical applications. A new methodology for the controlled release of active components for the healing of burn wounds is proposed herein. Cotton and non-woven bandages have been cationised to promote the attachment of protein microspheres. The active agents, piroxicam and vegetable oil, were entrapped into the microspheres using ultrasound energy. Active agents were released from the microspheres by a change in pH. Wound healing was assessed through the use of standardised burn wounds induced by a cautery in human full-thickness skin equivalents (EpidermFT). The best re-epithelialisation and fastest wound closure was observed in wounds treated with proteinaceous microspheres attached to gauzes, after six days of healing, in comparison with commercial collagen dressing and other controls. Furthermore, the ability of these materials to reduce the inflammation process, together with healing improvement, makes these biomaterials suitable for wound-dressing applications.
Fabrication and photoluminescence of high-quality ternary CdSSe nanowires and nanoribbons (2006)

Ternary alloy CdSSe nanowires and nanoribbons were successfully grown through a one-step thermal evaporation route using Au as a catalyst. The nanostructures obtained are uniform in diameter, and have smooth surfaces. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectra and x-ray diffraction showed that both the nanowires and the nanoribbons have high-quality single-crystalline nature, and their compositions can be determined as CdS(0.6)Se(0.4) and CdS(0.3)Se(0.7), respectively. The mechanisms of formation of these two different nanostructures were discussed. The photoluminescence measurements showed very strong band-edge emission for both samples, which further demonstrates the single-crystal nature of the as-obtained CdSSe alloys. This finding may be extended for fabricating other composition-tunable 1D ternary alloy nanostructures.
δ‐Aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis in <i>Ustilago maydis</i> (2005)

A biosynthetic precursor of tetrapyrroles, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), can be formed via two pathways: enzymatic condensation of glycine and succinyl-CoA by ALA synthase in animal mitochondria and some fungi, and the C5 pathway converting glutamate to ALA in plants, algae, archaea, and most bacteria. The two pathways are distinguishable using specifically radiolabeled compounds. The C1 of glutamate is lost during conversion to succinate in the TCA cycle, and the C2 of glycine is lost during conversion to acetyl-CoA on the way to glutamate. Desalted high-speed supernatants of Ustilago maydis sporidia extracts were assayed using specifically radiolabeled substrates. A significant amount of radiolabel was incorporated into ALA from 2-[14C]glycine. No radiolabel was incorporated into ALA from 1-[14C]glutamate. These results indicate that the basidiomycete yeast, Ustilago maydis, has active ALA synthase.
Visual enhancement of laparoscopic nephrectomies using the 3-CCD camera (2006)

Many surgical techniques are currently shifting from the more conventional, open approach towards minimally invasive laparoscopic procedures. Laparoscopy results in smaller incisions, potentially leading to less postoperative pain and more rapid recoveries . One key disadvantage of laparoscopic surgery is the loss of three-dimensional assessment of organs and tissue perfusion. Advances in laparoscopic technology include high-definition monitors for improved visualization and upgraded single charge coupled device (CCD) detectors to 3-CCD cameras, to provide a larger, more sensitive color palette to increase the perception of detail. In this discussion, we further advance existing laparoscopic technology to create greater enhancement of images obtained during radical and partial nephrectomies in which the assessment of tissue perfusion is crucial but limited with current 3-CCD cameras. By separating the signals received by each CCD in the 3-CCD camera and by introducing a straight forward algorithm, rapid differentiation of renal vessels and perfusion is accomplished and could be performed real time. The newly acquired images are overlaid onto conventional images for reference and comparison. This affords the surgeon the ability to accurately detect changes in tissue oxygenation despite inherent limitations of the visible light image. Such additional capability should impact procedures in which visual assessment of organ vitality is critical.
Challenge for sub-100-nm DRAM gate printing using ArF lithography with combination of moderate OAI and attPSM (2002)

Mask error effects of attenuated PSM wafer CD and process windows were analyzed by simulation, and proven experimentally for dense line applications. Among possible mask errors, mask CD variations dominate wafer CD control like a conventional binary mask, but phase and transmission errors are also significant especially when a defocus condition is applied. There is an apparent trend of MEEF versus mask bias. It is increased as mask bias goes towards the positive direction, i.e., overexposure condition, where process window can be maximized. Therefore mask bias should be chosen carefully on the basis of small MEEF as well as large process window.
Formation of 5- and 6-Aminocytosine Nucleosides and Nucleotides from the Corresponding 5-Bromocytosine Derivatives: Synthesis and Reaction Mechanism (1983)

Abstract An improved method for the synthesis of 5-aminocytidine (3a), 5-amino-2′-deoxycytidine (3b), and their 5′-monophosphates (3c,d) from the corresponding 5-bromo pyrimidines, using liquid ammonia, is described. The respective 6-aminocytosine derivatives (4a,b,c,d), minor products of the amination reaction, were isolated and characterized. A plausible mechanism is proposed to account for the formation of both 5-and 6-substituted products.
Cloning and Analysis of the Planosporicin Lantibiotic Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Planomonospora alba (2013)

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens has renewed focus on natural products with antimicrobial properties. Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized peptide antibiotics that are posttranslationally modified to introduce (methyl)lanthionine bridges. Actinomycetes are renowned for their ability to produce a large variety of antibiotics, many with clinical applications, but are known to make only a few lantibiotics. One such compound is planosporicin produced by Planomonospora alba, which inhibits cell wall biosynthesis in Gram-positive pathogens. Planosporicin is a type AI lantibiotic structurally similar to those which bind lipid II, the immediate precursor for cell wall biosynthesis. The gene cluster responsible for planosporicin biosynthesis was identified by genome mining and subsequently isolated from a P. alba cosmid library. A minimal cluster of 15 genes sufficient for planosporicin production was defined by heterologous expression in Nonomuraea sp. strain ATCC 39727, while deletion of the gene encoding the precursor peptide from P. alba, which abolished planosporicin production, was also used to confirm the identity of the gene cluster. Deletion of genes encoding likely biosynthetic enzymes identified through bioinformatic analysis revealed that they, too, are essential for planosporicin production in the native host. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis indicated that the planosporicin gene cluster is transcribed in three operons. Expression of one of these, pspEF, which encodes an ABC transporter, in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) conferred some degree of planosporicin resistance on the heterologous host. The inability to delete these genes from P. alba suggests that they play an essential role in immunity in the natural producer.
Constitutive Expression of LIGHT on T Cells Leads to Lymphocyte Activation, Inflammation, and Tissue Destruction (2001)

LIGHT, a member of the TNF family of cytokines (homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed on T cells), is induced on activated T cells and mediates costimulatory and antitumor activity in vitro. Relatively little information is available on the in vivo effects of LIGHT expression, particularly within the T cell compartment. In this work, we describe transgenic mice that express human LIGHT under the control of the CD2 promoter, resulting in constitutive transgene expression in cells of the T lymphocyte lineage. LIGHT-transgenic animals exhibit abnormalities in both lymphoid tissue architecture and the distribution of lymphocyte subsets. They also show signs of inflammation that are most severe in the intestine, along with tissue destruction of the reproductive organs. These LIGHT-mediated effects were recapitulated when immune-deficient mice were reconstituted with bone marrow from LIGHT-transgenic donor mice. T cells in the LIGHT-transgenic mice have an activated phenotype and mucosal T cells exhibit enhanced Th1 cytokine activity. The results indicate that LIGHT may function as an important regulator of T cell activation, and implicate LIGHT signaling pathways in inflammation focused on mucosal tissues.
Facile Preparation and Activation of High‐Productivity Single‐Site Nickel Catalysts for Highly Linear Polyethylene (2002)

Abstract A easy‐to‐prepare series of nickel complexes are reported, which, upon activation with near‐stoichiometric alkylating agents, polymerize ethylene with turnover number (TON) of over 10 5 , which brings the catalyst into the range of commercial single‐site catalysts based on early transition metals. However, in contrast to the usual metallocenes, the catalyst shows the same activity in coordinating solvents such as THF and dioxane as it shows in toluene. Moreover, the polymer produced is highly linear, which, together with the long catalyst lifetime, suggests that the combination of the nickel catalyst and a Lewis acid suppresses formation of nickel hydrides.
Oral Therapy for Cholera (1970)

Letters and Comments1 February 1970Oral Therapy for CholeraDAVID R. NALIN, M.D., RICHARD A. CASH, M.D.DAVID R. NALIN, M.D., RICHARD A. CASH, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-72-2-288_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: We read with interest the article by Pierce and associates (1) in your June issue, which corroborates our findings of last year on the practical benefits of oral maintenance therapy for cholera (2). We wish to point out that several points presented as speculations in the discussion were previously confirmed in our initial report.First, our studies indicated that the optimum solution for adults contains (mEq/liter) sodium, 120; potassium, 15; carbon dioxide, 48; chloride, 97; and glucose, 110 mm/liter. The solution used by Pierce and associates is low in sodium (100 mEq/liter) and potassium (10 mEq/liter). We...References1. PIERCEBRADLEY SACKMITRA NRR: Replacement of water and electrolyte losses in cholera by an oral glucose-electrolyte solution. Ann Intern Med 70:1173, 1969 LinkGoogle Scholar2. NALINCASHISLAM DRR: Oral maintenance therapy for cholera in adults. Lancet August 17:370, 1968 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. WATTENMORGANSONGKHLA RFY: Water and electrolyte studies in cholera. J Clin Invest 38:1879, 1959 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. WATTENPHILLIPS RR: Potassium in the treatment of cholera. Lancet November 5:999, 1960 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. GRIFFITHFRESHWATTEN LJR: Electrolyte replacement in pediatric cholera. Lancet June 3:1197, 1967 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. LINDENBAUMAKBARGORDON JRR: Cholera in children. Lancet May 14:1066, 1966 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Pakistan-SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory P.O. Box 128 Dacca 2 East Pakistan PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byIssues and Controversies in the Evolution of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)Oral rehydration and hyponatraemiaMECHANISM FOR CONTROL OF PROLACTIN SECRETIONORAL THERAPY FOR DIARRHŒA 1 February 1970Volume 72, Issue 2Page: 288-289KeywordsCarbon dioxideChloridesCholeraGlucosePotassiumSodium ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1970 PDF downloadLoading ...
Energy thresholds that determine membrane integrity and injury in a renal epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1). Relationships to phospholipid degradation and unesterified fatty acid accumulation. (1988)

This study related ATP levels with membrane damage, lipid abnormalities, and cell death in energy-depleted LLC-PK1 cells. Oxidative phosphorylation was inhibited by antimycin A, and glycolysis was regulated by graded glucose deprivation to achieve stepwise ATP depletion. Over a range of ATP levels down to approximately equal to 5% of normal, over 5 h, cells were altered only minimally, or injured reversibly. Such cells maintained mitochondrial potential, and retained more K+ than cells without an energy source. Over the same duration, cells without an energy source were lethally injured. Treatment with antimycin induced increments of triglycerides and decreases of phospholipids. With severe ATP depletion (approximately equal to 5-10% of normal after 5 h), decrease of phospholipids was marked. Cells in which ATP was not measurable (or was less than 5% of normal) showed comparable phospholipid declines but, in addition, showed massive and progressive increase of unesterified fatty acids. The results identified a low threshold of ATP, at best 5-10% of normal, which preserved viability in LLC-PK1 cells despite major loss of membrane phospholipids. This threshold also determined the ability of cells to maintain their normally low levels of unesterified fatty acids. Failure of energy-dependent mechanisms that normally metabolize unesterified fatty acids may be a correlate of the extent of energy depletion that determines lethal injury.
Characterization of β‐haemolytic Group B <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> in cultured seabream, <i>Sparus auratus</i> L., and wild mullet, <i>Liza klunzingeri</i> (Day), in Kuwait (2002)

Abstract Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from cultured gilthead seabream, Sparus auratus L., and diseased wild Klunzinger's mullet, Liza klunzingeri (Day), in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Gulf. Isolates were catalase negative, β‐haemolytic, Gram‐positive cocci and serogroup B. Experimental infectivity trials with mullet and seabream brain isolates in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., caused 100 and 90% mortality, respectively, within 7 days post‐inoculation indicating virulent S. agalactiae as the bacterial pathogen responsible for the epizootic in Kuwait Bay.
Comparison of Production Process of Adiponitrile (2007)

The reaction principle,reaction process,production cost,environmental protection of adiponitrile production,which has been industrialized in the world,are compared each other in order to find a environment-benign process with low cost and energy consumption and provide reference for domestic development of adipontrile production process.
Synthesis and characterization of SiO2 films deposited using tetraethylorthosilicate/ozone at low processing pressures (10−1 to 10−3) (1992)

High quality, low growth temperature SiO2 thin films are necessary for the fabrication of submicron devices. A new deposition technique for SiO2 films utilizing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber at low processing pressures (10−1 to 10−3 Torr) has been investigated. Ozone is introduced to provide a source of active oxygen. The oxide was characterized by ellipsometry, infrared absorption spectrometry, and etch rate. Films for comparison were grown using TEOS/oxygen and TEOS only. Results indicate that the active oxygen substantially reduces the deposition temperature. It was also found that the growth rate is strongly affected by the processing pressure at these very low pressures. The effect of important parameters (substrate temperature, TEOS/ozone ratio, oxidizing agent, and processing pressure) on the resultant oxide growth rate and properties are addressed. Our findings are compared to results reported in the literature for plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) of SiO2 films grown in a similar pressure range and atmospheric CVD of SiO2 using an ozone ambient.
Curls & Whey: Boosting Black-Box Adversarial Attacks (2019)

Image classifiers based on deep neural networks suffer from harassment caused by adversarial examples. Two defects exist in black-box iterative attacks that generate adversarial examples by incrementally adjusting the noise-adding direction for each step. On the one hand, existing iterative attacks add noises monotonically along the direction of gradient ascent, resulting in a lack of diversity and adaptability of the generated iterative trajectories. On the other hand, it is trivial to perform adversarial attack by adding excessive noises, but currently there is no refinement mechanism to squeeze redundant noises. In this work, we propose Curls & Whey black-box attack to fix the above two defects. During Curls iteration, by combining gradient ascent and descent, we `curl' up iterative trajectories to integrate more diversity and transferability into adversarial examples. Curls iteration also alleviates the diminishing marginal effect in existing iterative attacks. The Whey optimization further squeezes the `whey' of noises by exploiting the robustness of adversarial perturbation. Extensive experiments on Imagenet and Tiny-Imagenet demonstrate that our approach achieves impressive decrease on noise magnitude in l2 norm. Curls & Whey attack also shows promising transferability against ensemble models as well as adversarially trained models. In addition, we extend our attack to the targeted misclassification, effectively reducing the difficulty of targeted attacks under black-box condition.
Hepatocyte Death: A Clear and Present Danger (2010)

The hepatocyte is especially vulnerable to injury due to its central role in xenobiotic metabolism including drugs and alcohol, participation in lipid and fatty acid metabolism, its unique role in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, the widespread prevalence of hepatotropic viruses, and its existence within a milieu of innate immune responding cells. Apoptosis and necrosis are the most widely recognized forms of hepatocyte cell death. The hepatocyte displays many unique features regarding cell death by apoptosis. It is quite susceptible to death receptor-mediated injury, and its death receptor signaling pathways involve the mitochondrial pathway for efficient cell killing. Also, death receptors can trigger lysosomal disruption in hepatocytes which further promote cell and tissue injury. Interestingly, hepatocytes are protected from cell death by only two anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-x(L) and Mcl-1, which have nonredundant functions. Endoplasmic reticulum stress or the unfolded protein response contributes to hepatocyte cell death during alterations of lipid and fatty acid metabolism. Finally, the current information implicating RIP kinases in necrosis provides an approach to more fully address this mode of cell death in hepatocyte injury. All of these processes contributing to hepatocyte injury are discussed in the context of potential therapeutic strategies.
Contrasting Effects of Pyrazinoylguanidine and Hydrochlorothiazide in Patients with Renal Insufficiency (1993)

A single blind crossover study with washout phases showed that pyrazinoylguanidine (PZG) reduced elevated serum concentrations of urea, triglycerides, and cholesterol in patients with renal insufficiency. Pyrazinoylguanidine was saluretic, without affecting serum potassium or glucose concentrations. The onset of PZG's antihypertensive effect occurred within 4 hours. In contrast, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) increased serum concentrations of urea, triglycerides, and glucose, without affecting cholesterol.