gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biomechanics of the Posterior Eye: A Critical Role in Health and Disease (2013)

The posterior eye is a complex biomechanical structure. Delicate neural and vascular tissues of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve head that are critical for visual function are subjected to mechanical loading from intraocular pressure, intraocular and extraorbital muscles, and external forces on the eye. The surrounding sclera serves to counteract excessive deformation from these forces and thus to create a stable biomechanical environment for the ocular tissues. Additionally, the eye is a dynamic structure with connective tissue remodeling occurring as a result of aging and pathologies such as glaucoma and myopia. The material properties of these tissues and the distribution of stresses and strains in the posterior eye is an area of active research, relying on a combination of computational modeling, imaging, and biomechanical measurement approaches. Investigators are recognizing the increasing importance of the role of the collagen microstructure in these material properties and are undertaking microstructural measurements to drive microstructurally-informed models of ocular biomechanics. Here, we review notable findings and the consensus understanding on the biomechanics and microstructure of the posterior eye. Results from computational and numerical modeling studies and mechanical testing of ocular tissue are discussed. We conclude with some speculation as to future trends in this field.
Industrial uses of slag (the use and re-use of iron and steelmaking slags) (2005)

AbstractTraditionally, iron ore has been reduced with coke in a blast furnace and the hot metal product of the blast furnace containing carbon, manganese, silicon, sulphur and phosphorous, was subsequently refined in a steelmaking furnace. During ironmaking as well as during steelmaking, significant amounts of slag are produced. Two decades ago, more than 13 million tonne (mt) of blast furnace slag and 4 mt of steelmaking slag per annum were produced in the USA alone. It is therefore not surprising that many attempts have been made to re-use iron and steelmaking slags. However, these slags are not merely metallurgical waste products but, on the contrary, their compositions and physical properties are judiciously designed to optimise the operations in the respective metallurgical reactors. The variation in composition and properties of blast furnace slags are largely determined by the gangue in the ore and ash in the coke and much progress has been made in the re-use of such slag. With respect to steelmaking slag, emphasis has in recent years been placed on hot metal treatment before refining and ladle treatment after decarburisation. The bulk removal of silicon, phosphorous and sulphur from the hot metal product of the blast furnace by specially designed slags prior to refining in a basic oxygen furnace, has reduced tap-to-tap time, lowered cost and produced steel of much higher quality. The use of synthetic slags in ladle refining techniques subsequent to decarburisation in the basic oxygen furnace has resulted in reduced hydrogen and nitrogen contents and reduced solute impurities. Moreover, inclusion shape and composition control, again by the use of specially designed slags has led to the achievement of much improved mechanical properties of the steel. In these revised process routes, slags of different compositions are produced in the variety of unit processes and hence the re-use of steelmaking slags has become much more complex. Clearly, a thorough understanding of the design and use of these different slags is a prerequisite to the development of re-use strategies. Japanese steelmakers have spearheaded attempts to reduce slag volumes in the individual unit processes and to strive towards 'slagless steelmaking' by recycling slags internally. Steelmaking slag volumes have been reduced on commercial scale from about 140 kg t−1 steel to 60 kg t−1 steel. Moreover, model predictions have shown that in principle, all slag can be recycled and the phosphorous extracted to produce fertiliser. This development is of particular significance since the supply of low-phosphorous iron ores is diminishing at an ever increasing rate.Keywords: SLAGENVIRONMENTIRONSTEELRECYCLINGBLAST FURNACESTEELMAKINGLADLE METALLURGYSLAG SPLASHINGCONSTRUCTION
Coherent Receivers for Practical Optical Communication Systems (2007)

Coherent receivers that utilize electrical signal processing techniques have attracted increased attention over the last couple of years. In this paper, we will discuss some practical aspects of these receivers and present some recent results.
Performance analysis of mimo systems with antenna selection over quasi-static fading channels (2003)

We analyze the performance of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems with antenna selection over quasi-static fading channels. The basic idea is that, for a given number of receive antennas, M, the receiver uses the best L out of the available M antennas where, typically, L<M. In selecting the best L antennas, we use a pragmatic selection criterion that is optimal in the sense of achieving the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. Due to the mathematical difficulty in quantifying the impact of this antenna selection on the diversity order and coding gain, we perform the analysis under the assumption that maximizing the SNR leads to maximizing the squared Euclidean distance. For full-rank space-time codes, we believe that this is a valid assumption, especially for the worst case codeword pairs that dominate the performance at high SNR. Under this assumption, we show that the diversity order of the underlying space-time code is maintained, whereas the coding gain deteriorates by a value upper bounded by 10log/sub 10/(M/L) dB. We provide semianalytical and simulation results that support our analysis.
Bone morphogenetic proteins: from structure to clinical use (2005)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the transforming growth factor ss superfamily. Family members are expressed during limb development, endochondral ossification, early fracture, and cartilage repair. The activity of BMPs was first identified in the 1960s but the proteins responsible for bone induction were unknown until the purification and cloning of human BMPs in the 1980s. To date, about 15 BMP family members have been identified and characterized. The signal triggered by BMPs is transduced through serine/threonine kinase receptors, type I and II subtypes. Three type I receptors have been shown to bind BMP ligands, namely: type IA and IB BMP receptors and type IA activin receptors. BMPs seem to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis, but their hallmark is their ability to induce bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon formation at both heterotopic and orthotopic sites. This suggests that, in the future, they may play a major role in the treatment of bone diseases. Several animal studies have illustrated the potential of BMPs to enhance spinal fusion, repair critical-size defects, accelerate union, and heal articular cartilage lesions. Difficulties in producing and purifying BMPs from bone tissue have prompted the attempts made by several laboratories, including ours, to express these proteins in the recombinant form in heterologous systems. This review focuses on BMP structure, molecular mechanisms of action and significance and potential applications in medical, dental and veterinary practice for the treatment of cartilage and bone-related diseases.
Thick layer deposition of lead perovskites using diol-based chemical solution approach (1997)

Abstract Lead zirconium titanate (PZT) powders and thin film capacitors were prepared using a diol-based chemical solution deposition method with thicker dielectric coating capability. The completed crystallization into the perovskite phase was determined at processing temperatures between 600∼700°C. Improved film coating thickness, uniformity and conformal coating ability were reported for the integration of thin film capacitors on patterned platinized silicon with a dielectric constant of 970 at 1 MHz and 920 at 200 MHz. Results were also reported for thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and reliability test.
Extended version: GPU Ray-Traced Collision Detection for Cloth Simulation (2015)

National audience
Three-dimensional optical computed-tomography microscope (2005)

We present our recent results on the development of three-dimensional (3-D) optical computed- tomography microscope. The instrument is a novel imaging device for the 3-D visualization and quantitative analysis of absorption-stained biological samples. The first instrument developed by our group at the BC Cancer Research Centre used a digital micromirror device (DMD) as a spatial light modulator to control the angles of illumination. This new embodiment employs an optical scanner instead of the DMD. The optical scanner is placed in the illumination path of the microscope system, conjugate to the field plane. The optical system includes also two high numerical aperture objective lenses, a sample stage, a light source, and a CCD camera. Projections are acquired by illuminating a specimen at a number of selected angles within the numerical aperture of the objective (0 < φ < 135°). A new reconstruction algorithm that employs both transform-based and iterative methods is developed to address the limited-angle reconstruction problem. A transform-based reconstruction is used as an initial starting point for the following iterative reconstruction. A feedback correction of the reconstructed image is made on each iteration step. The algorithm enables to incorporate previously known information about the object into the reconstruction process, and improves the reconstruction accuracy. Microscopic 3-D volume reconstructions of quantitatively absorption-stained cells have been generated. The system enables one to look at multiple optical levels of a specimen, and at more natural tissue architecture, including intact cells. Axial and lateral resolutions were measured to be better than 6 microns.
The bidirectional flux of cholesterol between cells and lipoproteins. Effects of phospholipid depletion of high density lipoprotein. (1986)

The bidirectional surface transfer of free cholesterol (FC) between Fu5AH rat hepatoma cells and human high density lipoprotein (HDL) was studied. Cells and HDL were prelabeled with [4-14C]FC and [7-3H]FC, respectively. Influx and efflux of FC were measured simultaneously from the appearance of 3H counts in cells and 14C counts in medium. Results were analyzed by a computerized procedure which fitted sets of kinetic data to a model assuming that cell and HDL FC populations each formed a single homogeneous pool and that together the pools formed a closed system. This analysis yielded values for the first-order rate constants of FC influx and efflux (ki and ke), from which influx and efflux of FC mass (Fi and Fe) could be calculated. With normal HDL, the uptake and release of FC tracers conformed well to the above-described model; Fi and Fe were approximately equal, suggesting an exchange of FC between cells and HDL. HDL was depleted of phospholipid (PL) by treatment with either phospholipase A2 or heparin-releasable rat hepatic lipase, followed by incubation with bovine serum albumin. PL depletion of HDL had little or no effect on ki, but reduced ke, indicating that PL-deficient HDL is a relatively poor acceptor of cell cholesterol. The reduction in ke resulted in initial Fi greater than Fe and, thus, in net uptake of FC by the cells. This result explained previous results demonstrating net uptake of FC from PL-depleted HDL. In the presence of an inhibitor of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase, the steady state distribution of FC mass between cells and HDL was accurately predicted by the ratio of rate constants for FC flux. This result provided additional validation for describing FC flux in terms of first-order rate constants and homogeneous cell and HDL FC pools.
Vaccinia Virus, a Promising New Therapeutic Agent for Pancreatic Cancer (2015)

The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients signifies a need for radically new therapeutic strategies. Tumor-targeted oncolytic viruses have emerged as attractive therapeutic candidates for cancer treatment due to their inherent ability to specifically target and lyse tumor cells as well as induce antitumor effects by multiple action mechanisms. Vaccinia virus has several inherent features that make it particularly suitable for use as an oncolytic agent. In this review, we will discuss the potential of vaccinia virus in the management of pancreatic cancer in light of our increased understanding of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in the disease process as well as our extending knowledge in the biology of vaccinia virus.
Network Design with Fixed and Variable Cost Elements (1973)

A route selection algorithm is presented far designing transportation networks. The algorithm balances fixed construction costs and variable user costs in a network having a fixed set of nodes and a known demand, for internode service. The problem solved is a special case of the fixed-cost, multicommodity transshipment problem in which each commodity has a single, unique source node. The route selection algorithm alternatively applies link elimination and link insertion criteria that converge to a local optimum. Upper and lower bounds on the fixed and variable portions of the globally optimum solution are determined and the sensitivity of the solution is estimated. Unique rules are formulated for identifying links that must or must not appear in the globally optimum solution. The solution procedure has been coded for a digital computer and demonstrated using a representation of Minneapolis-St. Paul having 68 nodes and 476 potential oneway links.
An elastase inhibitor from equine leukocyte cytosol belongs to the serpin superfamily. Further characterization and amino acid sequence of the reactive center. (1988)

Horse leukocyte elastase inhibitor rapidly forms stable, equimolar complexes with both human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G, porcine pancreatic elastase, and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin. Formation of the inhibitor-pancreatic elastase complex results in peptide bond cleavage at the reactive site of the inhibitor so that a small peptide fragment representing the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the inhibitor is released. Sequence analysis of both this peptide, as well as that of an overlapping peptide obtained by enzymatic inactivation of native inhibitor with either Staphylococcus aureus metalloproteinase, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase, or cathepsin B, yields data which indicate that the reactive site encompasses a P1-P1' Ala-Met sequence. However, unlike the human endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor, which also has a Met residue in the P1' position, oxidation of the horse inhibitor only slightly reduces its association rate constant with either of the elastolytic enzymes tested or with chymotrypsin. Comparison of the amino acid sequence at or near the reactive site of the horse inhibitor (P2-P18') with members of the serpin superfamily of proteinase inhibitors indicates that it not only belongs in this class but also represents the first example of a functionally active intracellular serpin.
Development of a screen to identify selective small molecules active against patient-derived metastatic and chemoresistant breast cancer cells (2013)

Short-term culture of patient-derived cells retained more clinically relevant features of breast cancer compared to established cell lines. The low proliferation rate and chemoresistance make patient-derived cells an excellent tool in preclinical drug development.
Effects of Gum Arabic and Pectin on the Emulsification, the Lipase Reaction, and the Plasma Cholesterol Level in Rats (1989)

Journal Article Effects of Gum Arabic and Pectin on the Emulsification, the Lipase Reaction, and the Plasma Cholesterol Level in Rats Get access Masamichi Koseki, Masamichi Koseki Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health, 24–1, Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Keisuke Tsuji, Keisuke Tsuji National Institute of Nutrition, 23–1, Toyama 1-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Yasue Nakagawa, Yasue Nakagawa National Institute of Nutrition, 23–1, Toyama 1-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masako Kawamura, Masako Kawamura National Institute of Nutrition, 23–1, Toyama 1-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Tomio Ichikawa, Tomio Ichikawa National Institute of Nutrition, 23–1, Toyama 1-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masayoshi Kazama, Masayoshi Kazama Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health, 24–1, Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Naofumi Kitabatake, Naofumi Kitabatake Research Institute of Food Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Etsushiro Doi Etsushiro Doi Research Institute of Food Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 53, Issue 12, 1 December 1989, Pages 3127–3132, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1989.10869844 Published: 01 December 1989 Article history Received: 09 May 1989 Published: 01 December 1989
Naturally acquired Duffy-binding protein-specific binding inhibitory antibodies confer protection from blood-stage <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> infection (2008)

Individuals residing in malaria-endemic regions acquire protective immunity after repeated infection with malaria parasites; however, mechanisms of protective immunity and their immune correlates are poorly understood. Blood-stage infection with Plasmodium vivax depends completely on interaction of P. vivax Duffy-binding protein (PvDBP) with the Duffy antigen on host erythrocytes. Here, we performed a prospective cohort treatment/reinfection study of children (5-14 years) residing in a P. vivax-endemic region of Papua New Guinea (PNG) in which children were cleared of blood-stage infection and then examined biweekly for reinfection for 25 weeks. To test the hypothesis that naturally acquired binding inhibitory antibodies (BIAbs) targeting PvDBP region II (PvDBPII) provide protection against P. vivax infection, we used a quantitative receptor-binding assay to distinguish between antibodies that merely recognize PvDBP and those that inhibit binding to Duffy. The presence of high-level BIAbs (>90% inhibition of PvDBPII-Duffy binding, n = 18) before treatment was associated with delayed time to P. vivax reinfection diagnosed by light microscopy (P = 0.02), 55% reduced risk of P. vivax reinfection (Hazard's ratio = 0.45, P = 0.04), and 48% reduction in geometric mean P. vivax parasitemia (P < 0.001) when compared with children with low-level BIAbs (n = 148). Further, we found that stable, high-level BIAbs displayed strain-transcending inhibition by reducing reinfection with similar efficiency of PNG P. vivax strains characterized by six diverse PvDBPII haplotypes. These observations demonstrate a functional correlate of protective immunity in vivo and provide support for developing a vaccine against P. vivax malaria based on PvDBPII.
Design Of A Long Trace Surface Profiler (1987)

The design of a long-trace surface profiler for the non-contact measurement of surface profile, slope error and curvature on cylindrical synchrotron radiation (SR) mirror is pre-sented here. The optical system is based upon the concept of a pencil-beam interferometer with an inherent large depth-of-field. The key feature of the optical system is the zero-path-difference beam splitter, which separates the laser beam into two colinear, variable-separation probe beams. A linear array detector is used to record the interference fringe in the image, and analysis of the fringe location as a function of scan position allows one to reconstruct the surface profile. The optical head is mounted on an air bearing slide with the capability to measure 38 long aspheric optics, typical of those encountered in SR applications. A novel feature of the optical system is the use of a transverse outrigger beam which provides information on the relative alignment of the scan axis to the cylinder optic symmetry axis.
Progress with the CLIC transfer structures (CTS) (1994)

It is foreseen that the transfer structures (CTS) of the drive linac will produce 40 MW, 11.4 ns, 30 GHz rf power pulses for acceleration purposes in the CLIC main linac. At present a real size Cu 30 GHz CTS has been brazed, vacuum tested and and measured RF-wise with the beam simulating wire method. Furthermore a simplified version is ready for power testing with an MIT 33 GHz FEL power source.
Structure‐function analysis of the human integrin VLA‐4 (α4/β1) (1991)

The structure-function relationship of the human integrin VLA-4 (alpha 4/beta 1; CD49d/CD29), has been studied in the human B-cell line Ramos by immunochemical and functional analysis. Ramos cells expressed the 150-kDa non-proteolyzed form of the alpha 4 chain, which could be digested upon mild trypsin treatment to generate the 80- and 65-kDa proteolyzed forms, as well as alpha 4 polypeptides of 55 and 50 kDa. In addition, treatment of Ramos cells with high doses of pronase predominantly yielded the 55- and 50-kDa alpha 4 peptides. The trypsin-generated 80- and 65-kDa alpha 4 polypeptides, but not the 55- and 50-kDa fragments, were able to associate with the beta 1 chain. Distinct anti-VLA-4 mAb against four different alpha 4 epitopes, referred to as epitopes A, B1, B2, and C, recognized the 150-kDa alpha 4 chain both associated or non-associated with the beta 1 chain. The alpha 4 proteolytic forms of 80, 65 and 50 kDa were precipitated by the anti-alpha 4 mAb directed against the four different alpha 4 epitopes. On the other hand, the 55-kDa alpha 4 peptide was present in precipitates from anti-alpha 4 mAb specific for epitopes A, B1 and C, but absent in precipitates from the anti-alpha 4 mAb specific for epitope B2. The different adhesive capacities of the VLA-4 integrin, namely the interaction with a 38-kDa fibronectin fragment containing the CS-1 region of plasma fibronectin (Fn-38), the binding to the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), or the ability to mediate the anti-alpha 4-induced cell aggregation, were not altered on VLA-4 from cells upon mild trypsin treatment, when compared to non-treated cells. However, the 55- and 50-kDa alpha 4 forms generated by high-dose pronase cell treatment, failed to mediate cell interaction with Fn-38 or VCAM-1 ligands, and cell aggregation could not be triggered through VLA-4 under these conditions.