gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitigation of geomagnetically induced currents by variable series reactor (2017)

Geomagnetic disturbances (GMD) drive geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in power networks. GICs are considered DC in nature due to their very low frequency (less than 1 Hz). GICs are known to trigger half-cycle saturation in power transformers. This, in turn, leads to stray flux, unusual swings in active and reactive power, and harmonics. The GIC flow could eventually collapse the entire power network. In this paper, a variable series reactor is proposed to block the GIC continuously without altering the AC systems' normal operation. Simulations are carried out using the SIMULINK software. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed variable reactor method. Moreover, the variable series reactor serves as a fault current limiter and as line-impedance compensation.
Improved precision in CHARMED assessment of white matter through sampling scheme optimization and model parsimony testing (2013)

Through careful optimization of the acquisition and analysis pipeline for the composite hindered and restricted model of diffusion, it is possible to reduce acquisition time for whole brain datasets to a time that is clinically applicable.
GnRH RECEPTORS IN HUMAN GRANULOSA CELLS: ANATOMICAL LOCALIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION BY AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY (1989)

The presence of receptors for GnRH in human ovary has been investigated by quantitative autoradiography. Simultaneous visualization and characterization of specific receptors on frozen sections were obtained on six pairs of human ovaries. Among them only one exhibited a large preovulatory follicle. This dominant follicle exhibited a specific and high affinity binding capacity for 125I-GnRHa exclusively localized on the granulosa cell layer. Analysis of saturation curve indicates a Kd value of 0.22 nM and Bmax of 9.6 fmol/mg protein. In contrast LH-hCG binding sites were present in all antral follicles. These data demonstrate for the first time the presence of high affinity GnRH receptors in human granulosa cells at a late stage of follicular maturation.
Application of Bicenter Bits in Well-Deepening Operations (1991)

Summary This paper describes the design and operational evolution of bicenter fixed cutter bits used to drill and to underream below existing casing for a well-deepening program in south Texas. These bits were required to pass through the casing ID and to drill a hole diameter large enough to allow adequate annular clearance for cementing a liner. The traditional method for deepening these wells required several roller-cone bits and hole openers. Use of bicenter bits decreased the cost of the well deepening by eliminating bit and underreamer trips and increasing rate of penetration (ROP).
Partial nucleotide sequence of South American yellow fever virus strain 1899/81: structural proteins and NS1 (1990)

We have partially cloned and sequenced the genome of a Peruvian yellow fever virus isolate (1899/81) and compared the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of this strain with the previously published sequence of the West African yellow fever virus strain Asibi. In the 3594 base region sequenced, which contains the structural genes (C, M, E), all but the 72 3'-terminal nucleotides of the NS1 gene and 108 nucleotides of the 5' non-coding region, 515 nucleotide substitutions were detected. Nucleotide divergence was lowest in the 5' non-coding region, 2.8%, compared with an average rate of 14.7% in the coding regions. Over 91% of the 512 nucleotide changes in the coding region were silent; 44 amino acid substitutions resulted. The capsid protein was the least conserved, whereas the M protein was the most highly conserved (6.7% and 1.3% divergence, respectively). The envelope protein had 18 amino acid changes (3.7% divergence), one of which created an additional site for potential glycosylation of the 1899/81 virus. NS1 protein divergence (3.9%) was similar to that seen in the E protein. Of the 44 amino acid substitutions found, 34 (77%) were conservative. The highest number of nonconservative differences occurred in the envelope glycoprotein. These changes may significantly affect the antigenic and biological functions of the viruses.
Effective techniques of FMEA at each life-cycle stage (2002)

The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a widely used analytical tool, it is especially useful in the conduct of reliability, maintainability, and safety analyses. Such analyses are commonly used to identify failures of significant consequence and those affecting system performance. The author investigated about 100 FMEA applications. That investigation revealed that the FMEA technique is useful in virtually every stage of the modern industrial process. Although FMEAs were most frequently used in the initial design and development stages of a project, they were also of value in the manufacturing stage. In support of manufacturing, FMEAs contributed in deriving the optimum construction method and schedule. Even after construction of the plant, FMEAs were again found to add value in the analyses of day-to-day plant operations and maintenance activities, or the use stage. The continuous application of the FMEA process over the life-cycle of a project is ensured by the preparation of the individual FMEA worksheets for each stage. Examples of such worksheets are presented and discussed in this paper FMEAs are evaluated by either of two methods: criticality or risk priority number (RPN). The criticality method is used primarily at the design, development, and construction stages; whereas, the RPN method is favored at the manufacturing and use stages. The elements which comprise the Criticality and RPN method are also presented in this paper.
Ferroelectric system dynamics simulated by a second-order Landau model (2017)

By using a second-order time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau model, we simulate the dynamic polarization hysteresis behavior of a ferroelectric system subjected to a sinusoidal electric field. We examine polarization hysteresis loop structure as a function of both field amplitude and field frequency. The relationship between the latter and hysteresis loop area, i.e., hysteresis dispersion, is calculated. Departing from previous work that established that the considered model produces experimentally expected hysteresis dispersion in the low-frequency regime, we demonstrate that (i) this model also produces experimentally expected hysteresis dispersion in the high-frequency regime; (ii) this dispersion implies, in agreement with experimental observations, that system relaxation is characterized by an effective characteristic time which is inversely proportional to field amplitude when the latter is sufficiently high; and (iii) the considered model predicts a symmetry-breaking transition that depends on both field frequency and field amplitude.
Vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor are critical for control of the innate immune response to colonic injury (2007)

The data point to a critical role for the VDR and 1,25(OH)2D3 in control of innate immunity and the response of the colon to chemical injury.
Experience with building a commodity Intel-based ccNUMA system (2001)

Commercial cache-coherent nonuniform memory access (ccNUMA) systems often require extensive investments in hardware design and operating system support. A different approach to building these systems is to use Standard High Volume (SHV) hardware and stock software components as building blocks and assemble them with minimal investments in hardware and software. This design approach trades the performance advantages of specialized hardware design for simplicity and implementation speed, and relies on application-level tuning for scalability and performance. We present our experience with this approach in this paper. We built a 16-way ccNUMA Intel system consisting of four commodity four-processor Fujitsu® Teamserver™ SMPs connected by a Synfinity™ cache- coherent switch. The system features a total of sixteen 350-MHz Intel® Xeon™ processors and 4 GB of physical memory, and runs the standard commercial Microsoft Windows NT® operating system. The system can be partitioned statically or dynamically, and uses an innovative, combined hardware/software approach to support application-level performance tuning. On the hardware side, a programmable performance-monitor card measures the frequency of remote-memory accesses, which constitute the predominant source of performance overhead. The monitor does not cause any performance overhead and can be deployed in production mode, providing the possibility for dynamic performance tuning if the application workload changes over time. On the software side, the Resource Set abstraction allows application-level threads to improve performance and scalability by specifying their execution and memory affinity across the ccNUMA system. Results from a performance-evaluation study confirm the success of the combined hardware/software approach for performance tuning in computation-intensive workloads. The results also show that the poor local-memory bandwidth in commodity Intel-based systems, rather than the latency of rem ote-memory access, is often the main contributor to poor scalability and performance. The contributions of this work can be summarized as follows: • The Resource Set abstraction allows control over resource allocation in a portable manner across ccNUMA architectures; we describe how it was implemented without modifying the operating system. • An innovative hardware design for a programmable performance-monitor card is designed specifically for a ccNUMA environment and allows dynamic, adaptive performance optimizations. • A performance study shows that performance and scalability are often limited by the local-memory bandwidth rather than by the effects of remote-memory access in an Intel-based architecture.
Arc terminator an alternative to arc-proofing (2002)

This paper describes the basic concepts, the device and the methodology used to prevent the increase in pressure within a piece of metal-clad switchgear due to an uncontrolled open arcing fault condition. It defines significant parameters such as current, pressure and arcing time. It also discusses the tests that have been performed, the test methods that were used and the results that were achieved. An appendix containing available ratings and specifications is also included.
A beta-spectrin isoform from Drosophila (beta H) is similar in size to vertebrate dystrophin. (1990)

Spectrins are a major component of the membrane skeleton in many cell types where they are thought to contribute to cell form and membrane organization. Diversity among spectrin isoforms, especially their beta subunits, is associated with diversity in cell shape and membrane architecture. Here we describe a spectrin isoform from Drosophila that consists of a conventional alpha spectrin subunit complexed with a novel high molecular weight beta subunit (430 kD) that we term beta H. The native alpha beta H molecule binds actin filaments with high affinity and has a typical spectrin morphology except that it is longer than most other spectrin isoforms and includes two knoblike structures that are attributed to a unique domain of the beta H subunit. Beta H is encoded by a different gene than the previously described Drosophila beta-spectrin subunit but shows sequence similarity to beta-spectrin as well as vertebrate dystrophin, a component of the membrane skeleton in muscle. By size and sequence similarity, dystrophin is more similar to this newly described beta-spectrin isoform (beta H) than to other members of the spectrin gene family such as alpha-spectrin and alpha-actinin.
THE CULTURE OF DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA BUTCHER—A EURYHALINE ORGANISM (1960)

Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher was found to be a euryhaline organism which grew at salinities ranging from 3.75 to 120‰. All the conservative elements of sea water, with the exception of chlorine, were found necessary for growth of the alga. The minimum requirement for sodium was much greater than that for any other element, and it was not possible to substitute other monovalent cations for the minimum requirement. Also, the alga could tolerate high concentrations of sodium chloride. The potassium and sulphur concentrations of the medium could be reduced to very low levels. Dunaliella could also tolerate high concentrations of these two elements. The addition of lithium to the medium inhibited the growth of the alga. High concentrations of sodium could partially eliminate the inhibition due to lithium. The minimum concentrations of calcium and magnesium necessary for growth approached the concentrations found in fresh waters. Calcium and magnesium were inhibitory at high concentrations, but the inhibition at high concentrations could be prevented if a Mg/Ca ratio of 4 was maintained over a wide range of concentrations in the medium.
Spectroscopy and energy transfer mechanism of Tb<sup>3+</sup> strengthened Er<sup>3+</sup> 27μm emission in PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal (2018)

The use of Tb3+ co-doping for the enhancement of Er3+: 4I11/2 → 4I13/2 mid-infrared emissions can conquer the self-termination bottleneck and provide possible applications in medical surgery, dentistry, remote atmospheric sensing, light detection, and the optical parametric oscillator. The effect of Tb3+ co-doping on the fluorescence emission properties and mutual energy transfer mechanisms were investigated. It was found that Tb3+ greatly increased Er3+ 2.7μm emission by depopulating the Er3+: 4I13/2 level while having little influence on the Er3+: 4I11/2 level, leading to a greater population inversion. The energy transfer efficiency from Er3+: 4I13/2 to Tb3+: 7F0 is as high as 90.27%, and the Er3+: 4I11/2 → 4I13/2 fluorescence lifetime ratio (τ(4I11/2)/ τ(4I13/2)) of the Er3+/Tb3+: PbF2 crystal was calculated to be 422.79%, indicating that Tb3+ ion is an excellent deactivator with which the self-termination bottleneck effect was effectively suppressed. All of these factors imply that Er3+/Tb3+: PbF2 crystal may be a promising material for 2.7μm laser applications.
Distinct sequence elements in a napin promoter interact in vitro with DNA‐binding proteins from <i>Brassica napus</i> (1991)

Nuclear extracts obtained from developing seeds of oilseed rape, Brassica napus cv. Svalöv Karat K 20516, were shown to contain several distinct DNA‐binding proteins as evidenced by gel retardation experiments. Four of the proteins were capable of interacting in vitro with oligonucleotide probes containing sequences related to motives in a napin gene promoter and its upstream region. Another protein interacted with an A/T‐rich repeated sequence present at the 3’end of the gene. The proteins appear to be present also in leaf nuclei and do not show any detectable variations that correlate with napin expression during seed development. Thus, analogous with many transcription factors, the DNA‐binding proteins that we have identified are present in both expressing and non‐expressing cells.
A 10b 160MS/s 84mW 1V Subranging ADC in 90nm CMOS (2007)

A 10b 160MS/S subranging ADC with THA is implemented in a 90nm digital CMOS process. Noise averaging and an auto-zeroed comparator are used in the fine converter to achieve low noise and offset at low power dissipation. The prototype converter achieves an ENOB of 9.1b for an 80MHz input and consumes 84mW from a 1V supply
CatSper gene expression in postnatal development of mouse testis and in subfertile men with deficient sperm motility (2003)

The data obtained in this study support a potential role for CatSper in sperm motility and fertility in mouse and human. CatSper is therefore implicated as a potential target to explore the molecular mechanisms of male infertility.
Psychological and Endocrine Responses to Psychosocial Stress and Dexamethasone/ Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Healthy Postmenopausal Women and Young Controls: The Impact of Age and a Two-Week Estradiol Treatment (1999)

In this placebo-controlled double-blind study, psychological and endocrine stress responses were investigated in healthy postmenopausal placebo-treated women (n = 15; 60-75 years; placebo via transdermal patches), healthy postmenopausal estradiol-treated women (n = 13; 60-79 years; 0.1 mg 17beta-estradiol daily via transdermal patches) and young controls (n = 15; 20-31 years; untreated). The aged subjects received estradiol or placebo treatment for 14 days. All subjects were then exposed to the 'Trier Social Stress Test' (TSST) and the dexamethasone (Dex)-human corticotropin-releasing hormone (hCRH) test (100 microgram hCRH after premedication with 1.5 mg Dex). Psychological parameters including perceived stressfulness, mood and subjective well-being were measured by visual analog scales, a mood questionnaire and a mood diary, respectively. Results show that the TSST induced significant increases in adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), free salivary cortisol, total plasma cortisol and heart rates (all p < 0.0001). Regardless of age, comparable hormonal response patterns were observed in the TSST as indicated by similar peak levels and recovery phases. Visual analog scales confirmed that the same amount of stress was experienced by young and elderly subjects. In both age groups, hCRH injection after Dex premedication provoked significant increases in ACTH, free salivary cortisol and total plasma cortisol (all p < 0.0001). In contrast to the psychosocial stressor, elderly women were found to respond with a markedly enhanced cortisol response compared to young controls in the Dex-CRH test (p < 0.025). Additional investigation of morning cortisol profiles could not reveal any age-related differences in basal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Following estradiol treatment, estradiol levels significantly increased only in substituted postmenopausal women (p < 0.001) reaching concentrations typically found in younger women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Corticosteroid-binding globulin levels did not differ significantly between groups. When confronted with the TSST, no response differences emerged between the three groups. However, estradiol treatment appeared to blunt the total plasma cortisol response in the Dex-CRH test, resulting in smaller increases in untreated premenopausal women and estradiol-treated postmenopausal women compared to placebo-treated postmenopausal women (p < 0.02). In sum, no response differences were observed after confrontation with a psychosocial stress test in our sample of healthy elderly subjects. As shown with the Dex-CRH test, our data suggest that the negative feedback of the HPA axis in elderly women is altered. Moreover, the current data suggest that estradiol replacement may modulate HPA feedback sensitivity in humans.
Formation of lipid—protein bilayers by micropipette guided contact of two monolayers (1983)

Bilayers of a few μm 2 area were formed from lipid‐protein vesicles. First, two monolayers are generated from vesicles, which then are brought into local contact by use of a micro‐pipette to form a bilayer. Membrane channels of Matrix—Protein and of Colicin A exhibit normal properties in these bilayers. Apart from avoiding solvents completely and of using characterized vesicles as starting materials there are two main virtues to this strategy: (1) Current resolution is very high, a few tenths of a pA at 150 μs time resolution; and (2) transport processes can be studied in dependence of surface pressure between 28 and 48 mN/m.
Analysis of the distribution of intra-arterial microspheres in human liver following hepatic yttrium-90 microsphere therapy (2000)

The microscopic distribution of microspheres in human liver following hepatic infusion of 32 microm diameter resin microspheres labelled with 90Y as treatment for an 80 millimetre diameter liver cancer has been investigated. Microspheres were found to deposit inhomogeneously in tissues, preferentially lodging in a region approximately 6 mm wide around the periphery of the tumour. A relative concentration of microspheres of 50 to 70 times that of normal hepatic parenchyma and 65 to 94 times that in the tumour centre was measured in this region. The deposition of spheres in the tumour periphery was not uniform, and cluster analysis showed that the spheres could be classified into clusters. The number of microspheres in a cluster was skewed towards low numbers and cluster sizes varied from 20 to 1500 microm. The observed deposition patterns indicate that the vascular tumour periphery will receive much greater radiation doses from radioactive microspheres than both normal tissue and the avascular tumour centre.
Functional Properties of <i>α</i> 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Co-expressed with RIC-3 in a Stable Recombinant CHO-K1 Cell Line (2008)

Heterologous functional expression of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is difficult to achieve in mammalian cell lines, and the reasons have been associated with a lack of expression of the putative chaperone factor RIC-3. Here, we describe the generation and functional and pharmacological characterization of a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cell line co-expressing the human alpha7 nAChR and RIC-3. Stable recombinant cells expressing alpha7 nAChR on the plasma membrane were selected by binding of fluorochrome-conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The presence of functional alpha7 channels was demonstrated by whole cell patch clamp recordings. Nicotine and acetylcholine induced rapid desensitizing currents with 50% effective concentration values of 14 and 37 microM, respectively, with agonist-evoked currents detected in approximately 75% of the cell population. Surprisingly, when tested in a FLIPR (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) Ca(2+) assay, activation of alpha7 nAChRs was measured only when nicotinic agonists were applied either in the presence of the positive allosteric modulator (PAM) PNU-120596 or after pretreatment of cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. No Ca(2+) influx was measured upon addition of agonists alone or together with allosteric potentiators such as 5-hydroxyindole that predominantly increase the apparent peak amplitude without robustly affecting the current desensitization rate, as exemplified by PNU-120596. These results show that functional alpha7 nAChRs can stably be expressed in the non-neuronal CHO-K1 cell line. This recombinant cell system is useful for characterization of alpha7 nAChRs and to study the mechanism of action of chemical modulators, in particular the detection of PAMs capable of slowing receptor desensitization kinetics.
Maximum likelihood acquisition of time and frequency shift in land mobile DS-CDMA systems (2002)

Today code division multiple access based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-CDMA) is one of the most promising multiple access techniques for land mobile communication systems. Systems like IS-95, Globalstar or UMTS will use DS-CDMA. To allow fast network access and high system capacity, these systems use pilot signals. In this paper maximum likelihood acquisition of the time and frequency uncertainty of the received signal is investigated. The purpose is to obtain methods for fast initial synchronization in the presence of multipath propagation, Doppler shift, and noise. The maximum likelihood acquisition detector is derived and approximations, which are better suited for implementations, are given and discussed. Finally, the mean acquisition time of the maximum likelihood acquisition detector is determined and compared with the threshold detector.