gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lymphatic Vessel Density and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Expression Correlate with Malignant Behavior in Human Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors (2004)

Metastatic dissemination of tumor cells to regional lymph nodes is a common early feature of many human cancers including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In contrast, lymph node metastasis is more variably observed in pancreatic endocrine tumors. The objective of this study was to assess the lymphatic system of human pancreatic endocrine tumors and correlate this to clinical behavior. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies to two recently identified markers of lymphatic endothelium, namely, LYVE-1 and podoplanin, and to the lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C. As has been reported previously, we observed that in the normal pancreas, islets of Langerhans are devoid of intra-islet lymphatics, but that lymphatics are present in connective tissue in association with ducts and blood vessels. We found that both benign and malignant pancreatic endocrine tumors contain intratumoral lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessel density was related to the size of the tumor in benign tumors and to the presence of liver metastasis but not to lymph node metastasis in malignant tumors. VEGF-C was expressed in tumor cells: 4 of 19 (21%) benign tumors were positive, whereas 6 of 9 (67%) borderline tumors and 9 of 11 (82%) carcinomas were positive. These findings strongly suggest that lymphangiogenesis occurs in pancreatic endocrine tumors and that lymphatic invasion and the development of metastases are associated with VEGF-C expression.
Hardware Acceleration of OpenSSL Cryptographic Functions for High-Performance Internet Security (2010)

The transport layer security (TLS) protocol is currently the predominant method of implementing Internet security. This paper proposes an FPGA-based embedded system integrating hardware that accelerates the cryptographic algorithms used in the SSL/TLS protocol. OpenSSL, an open source implementation of the SLL v3 and TLS v1 protocol, is deployed in the proposed embedded system powered with a Nios-2 embedded soft-core processor. Nios2-Linux RTOS is applied, which serves to provide Ethernet connectivity, multitasking, and support for the OpenSSL library. Key cipher functions used in SSL-driven connections, which include AES-256 symmetric encryption, SHA-2 hashing, RSA-2048 publickey cryptography, are accelerated in hardware. The embedded cryptosystem is prototyped completely on an Altera Stratix II FPGA development board. Experimental results show significant improvements in performance of the SSL transactions when the proposed embedded cryptosystem is deployed in the networking system.
[Radiologic and ultrasound detection of gallstones]. (1993)

Ultrasonography (US) is the method of choice for evaluation of gallbladder stones with an accuracy of 96%. Number, size and calcification can be assessed by virtue of US reflection and attenuation. If more than five stones are present, the accuracy decreases. To determine the calcium content of stones more precisely, computed tomography can be used. This allows an assessment of the success rate of lithotripsy and chemolysis. Oral cholecystography is an alternative method of similar accuracy as US. It provides additional information about the patency of the cystic duct. In the presence of ductal stones, the accuracy of US decreases to 30%, mainly because of overlying bowel gas. Since 8 to 16% of all cases of cholecystolithiasis are accompanied by choledocholithiasis and since this entails a change in treatment, intravenous cholecystocholangiography with an accuracy of more than 90% is the method of choice in this case. Additionally, it provides knowledge on the biliary anatomy preoperatively. It does not, however, replace US, because opacification of the gallbladder is limited with this method. If intravenous cholecystocholangiography fails in case of impaired liver function, transcholecystic cholangiography or, in cases of dilated ducts, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography can be used. Plain film radiography is not a suitable technique, since only 10 to 15% of all gallstones calcify.
Hardware-based Parallel Simulation of Flexible Manufacturing Systems (2001)

This research explores a hardware-based parallel simulation mechanism that can dramatically improve the speed of simulating flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) by applying appropriate enabling hardware technologies. The hardware-based parallel simulation refers to running a simulation on a multi-microprocessor integrated circuit board, called the simulator, which is specifically designed for the purpose of simulating a specific FMS. The board is composed of a collection of micro-emulators capable of mimicking the operation of equipment in FMS such as machining centers, transporters, and load/unload stations. To design possible architectures for the board, a mapping technology is applied by making use of the physical layout information of an FMS. Under such a mapping method, the simulation model is decomposed into a cluster of micro emulator on the board where each workstation is represented by one micro emulator. Three potential architectures for the proposed simulator, namely, the bus-based architecture, the shared-memory based architecture, and the parallel I/O port based architecture, are studied. To provide a suitable parallel computing platform, a prototype simulator based on the combination of the shared-memory and the parallel I/O port architecture is physically built.
Extracellular Matrix Revisited: Roles in Tissue Engineering (2016)

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a heterogeneous, connective network composed of fibrous glycoproteins that coordinate in vivo to provide the physical scaffolding, mechanical stability, and biochemical cues necessary for tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. This review highlights some of the recently raised aspects of the roles of the ECM as related to the fields of biophysics and biomedical engineering. Fundamental aspects of focus include the role of the ECM as a basic cellular structure, for novel spontaneous network formation, as an ideal scaffold in tissue engineering, and its essential contribution to cell sheet technology. As these technologies move from the laboratory to clinical practice, they are bound to shape the vast field of tissue engineering for medical transplantations.
Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry on Sol−Gel-Derived 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Film (2002)

This work presents a novel method for direct desorption/ ionization of analytes from sol-gel-derived film. 2,5-Dihydroxy benzoic acid (DHB), a common MALDI matrix, was incorporated into a sol-gel polymeric structure. The sol-gel-derived DHB thin film can assist the mass analysis of analytes by laser desorption/ionization, with a matrix interference-free background in the mass spectra. The sol-gel-derived film can function as an energy absorber during laser irradiation because it contains DHB molecules. Furthermore, laser irradiation with normal laser power (70-110 microJ) is not likely to generate any background ions from this sol-gel-DHB derived film. The samples were prepared straightforwardly. After a thin film was formed on a Parafilm membrane from the sol-gel-derived DHB solution coating, the sample solution was directly added to the top of the film, for laser desorption/ ionization mass analysis. The analyte signals were homogeneously obtained on the sol-gel-derived DHB film. Experimental results show that the optimum concentrations of DHB incorporated in the sol-gel solution were between 7,500 ppm and 10,000 ppm, providing a matrix interference-free background. Analytes, including small proteins, peptides, amino acids, and small organics, were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. However, a higher laser power (> 110 microJ) than normal was required to desorb small proteins from the sol-gel-derived DHB film. Therefore, a few matrix ions desorbed from the thin film were generated during laser irradiation. The detection limit for both small molecules and proteins, using this sol-gel-assisted laser desorption/ ionization (SGALDI) mass spectrometry (MS), was as low as 81 fmol. However, a mass spectrometer with cutoff-mass selection could detect 8.1 fmol of cytochrome c. The largest analyte observed by the SGALDI-MS in this study was myoglobin.
Cell Wall Composition in Juvenile and Adult Leaves of Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) (2006)

Many leaf characteristics vary with position along the culm in maize (Zea mays L.) due to the existence of vegetative phase change and heteroblasty. The objective of this work was to determine if differences in cell wall composition exist among developmental phases and between Cg1, a developmental mutant, and wild-type maize. In one experiment, the middle third of fully elongated leaf blades from lower and upper regions of the shoot was harvested (midribs removed) and analyzed for several cell wall components. Averaged over five inbreds (De811, Ia5125, Mo17, P39, and Wh8584), lower leaf blades had higher levels of xylose and lower levels of total uronosyls, glucose, arabinose, and galactose (P < 0.05) than did upper leaf blades. With the exception of glucose, upper and lower leaves of Cg1 plants varied in the same manner as their near-isogenic siblings, except cell walls of Cg1 plants were more "juvenile" than cell walls of wild-type siblings at the same leaf stage. These data support the hypothesis that Cg1 delays but does not eliminate the transition from juvenile-vegetative to adult-vegetative phase. In a second experiment, juvenile (leaves 3 and 5), transition (leaf 7), and adult (leaves 9 and 11) leaves from inbreds B73 and De811 were harvested and analyzed as in the first experiment. As leaf number rose, total cell wall content of sample dry matter, total neutral sugars, glucose, xylose, and ester-linked monomers of p-coumaric acid and total ferulates including ferulate dimers increased linearly while total uronosyls acids, arabinose, and galactose declined linearly (P < 0.05). Glucose and xylose are major cell wall components released from cellulose and xylans after acid hydrolysis. Pectin, a minor component of grass cell walls, is composed of galacturonosyls, arabinose, and galactose. Secondary cell wall deposition increased between leaves 3 and 11 in a heteroblastic series, due to either increased cell wall content concomitant with decreased cell lumen size, changes in proportion of cell types (i.e., sclerenchyma), or a combination of these factors.
Ruthenium(II) Sensitizers with Heteroleptic Tridentate Chelates for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (2011)

Two new for Ru: Unprecedented RuII sensitizers are coordinated by two tridentate ligands, a tricarboxyterpyridine, and a dianionic bis(pyrazolyl)pyridine derivative with an extended π-conjugated auxochrome (see picture, Ru magenta, N blue, O red, F green, S yellow, C gray). This new generation of thiocyanate-free RuII sensitizers offers solar conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells up to η=10.7 %. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Fat Overload With a 10% Soybean Oil Emulsion (1976)

A 10% soybean oil emulsion (Intralipid) has been demonstrated to be an effective means of delivering an adequate caloric intake via a peripheral vein. This emulsion has generally been considered safe and free of significant complications. This is a report of a child who initially thrived on this intravenously administered fat emulsion, then suddenly developed a lifethreatening intolerance to the infusion, which appeared to be the "fat overload syndrome." This syndrome, seen frequently with earlier fat emulsions, has not been reported previously as a complication of the 10% soybean oil emulsion.
Recent progress in the application of plant lectins to glycoprotein chemistry (1989)

Abstract
Identification of a Region within the Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme Required for Nuclear Targeting and Phosphorylation (1997)

The ubiquitin-activating enzyme exists as two isoforms: E1a, localized predominantly in the nucleus, and E1b, localized in the cytoplasm. Previously we generated hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged cDNA constructs, HA1-E1 (epitope tag placed after the first methionine) and HA2-E1 (epitope tag placed after the second methionine) (Handley-Gearhart, P. M., Stephen, A. G., Trausch-Azar, J. S., Ciechanover, A., and Schwartz, A. L. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 33171-33178), which represent the native isoforms. HA1-E1 is exclusively nuclear, whereas HA2-E1 is found predominantly in the cytoplasm. Using high resolution isoelectric focusing and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we confirm that these epitope-tagged constructs HA1-E1 and HA2-E1 represent the two isoforms E1a and E1b. HA1-E1/E1a exists as one non-phosphorylated and four phosphorylated forms, and HA2-E1/E1b exists as one predominant non-phosphorylated form and two minor phosphorylated forms. We demonstrate that the first 11 amino acids are essential for phosphorylation and exclusive nuclear localization of HA1-E1. Within this region are four serine residues and a putative nuclear localization sequence (NLS; 5PLSKKRR). Removal of these four serine residues reduced phosphorylation levels by 60% but had no effect on nuclear localization of HA1-E1. Each serine residue was independently mutated to an alanine and analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis; only serine 4 was phosphorylated. Disruption of the basic amino acids within the NLS resulted in loss of exclusive nuclear localization and a 90-95% decrease in the phosphorylation of HA1-E1. This putative NLS was able to confer nuclear import on a non-nuclear protein in digitonin-permeabilized cells in a temperature- and ATP-dependent manner. Thus the predominant requirement for efficient phosphorylation of HA1-E1/E1a is a functional NLS, suggesting that E1a may be phosphorylated within the nucleus.
3D auxetic warp-knitted spacer fabrics (2013)

Auxetic fabrics have gained an increasing attention in the auxetic material area in recent years. Especially, auxetic fabrics fabricated based on both weft-knitted and warp-knitted structures have made some important progress. However, all the knitted auxetic fabrics reported so far are fabricated based on 2D knitted structures, although some of the weft-knitted auxetic fabrics are finally formed into 3D forms. This paper reports a novel kind of 3D auxetic fabric fabricated based on a warp-knitted spacer structure with adoption of a special geometrical configuration which is formed with parallelograms. The auxetic behavior of these fabrics is discussed in terms of tensile direction, geometrical parameter, and repeated extension. The shape fitting ability on a spherical surface is also demonstrated. The results shows that the 3D auxetic fabrics have auxetic behavior in all the fabric plane directions and the highest auxetic effect is obtained when stretched in the weft direction of the fabric. The 3D auxetic fabrics also display an excellent shape fitting ability, which makes them very attractive for various applications where fitting to the human body's shape is highly required, such as bra cups, protectors for knees and elbows, shoes covers, etc.
Optical transport networks (1993)

The key technologies required for the development of optical transport networks, namely, optical fiber transmission and digital transport, which includes transmission signal multiplexing, transport nodes, and network operation functions, are highlighted. The trends in transport technology, the impact of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), the role of telecommunications management networks, and network integrity enhancement techniques are elucidated. It is demonstrated that these technologies have brought about a great change in transport network design and performance. Further innovations are required to fully realize a high-performance computer communication network, a cost-effective nationwide B-ISDN, and local networks for video distribution. These include the realization of an optical access transport network and the extension of trunk network capabilities which will be possible with optical path layer technologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Studies on the Synthesis of Antiulcer Agents. V. Synthesis and Antiulcer Activity of Dihydrobenzofuranone Derivatives (1989)

In the preceding paper, we reported that 1-[3-[3-oxospiro [benzofuran-2 (3H), 1'-cyclopropan]-5-yl] acryloyl] piperidine (1a) and 4-[3-[3-oxospiro [benzofuran-2 (3H), 1'-cyclopropan]-5-yl] acryloyl] morpholine (1b) have potent antiulcer activities. In this paper, propionic acid derivatives (2, 3) and oxyacetic acid derivatives (4, 5, 10) were prepared by converting the acryloyl moiety into propionyl and oxyacetyl groups, and tested for antiulcer activities. As a result, [3-oxospiro [benzofuran-2 (3H), 1'-cyclopropan]-5-yloxy]-acetamide (4j) exhibited significant antiulcer activities.
AUTOMATIC CO-VERIFICATION OF FPGA DESIGNS IN SIMULINK (2005)

Verification of DSP systems is an error-prone and timeconsuming process, because many manual steps are required to create a prototype. Rapid prototyping is an emerging key design methodology, which allows designers of DSP systems to quickly verify their algorithms by co-simulation. Our rapid prototyping system automates the creation of hardware prototypes defined by just a single input source in GenericC. To verify the feasibility of the design in hardware, prototypes are generated for a Xilinx Virtex-II FPGA, which is part of the RTS-DSP board from ARC Seibersdorf research. Matlab Simulink serves as platform for simulation and hardware cosimulation and thus accesses the prototype. An SRRC filter in co-simulation successfully demonstrates the potential of the rapid prototyping system. The time required for creation of a prototype is reduced by at least one order of magnitude compared to manually coded prototypes. Although area and speed rates of a prototype are typically worse than compared to hand-coded prototypes we show that it is possible to build a one-button rapid prototyping system.
Focusing-curved subwavelength grating couplers for ultra-broadband silicon photonics optical interfaces (2014)

We report on the design and characterization of focusing-curved subwavelength grating couplers for ultra-broadband silicon photonics optical interfaces. With implementation of waveguide dispersion engineered subwavelength structures, an ultra-wide 1-dB bandwidth of over 100 nm (largest reported to date) near 1550 nm is experimentally achieved for transverse-electric polarized light. By tapering the subwavelength structures, back reflection is effectively suppressed and grating coupling efficiency is increased to -4.7 dB. A compact device footprint of 40 µm × 20 µm is realized by curving the gratings in a focusing scheme.
Direct activation of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter by natural plant flavonoids (2004)

During cell activation, mitochondria play an important role in Ca2+ homoeostasis due to the presence of a fast and specific Ca2+ channel in its inner membrane, the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter. This channel allows mitochondria to buffer local cytosolic [Ca2+] changes and controls the intramitochondrial Ca2+ levels, thus modulating a variety of phenomena from respiratory rate to apoptosis. We have described recently that SB202190, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), strongly activated the uniporter. We show in the present study that a series of natural plant flavonoids, widely distributed in foods, produced also a strong stimulation of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter. This effect was of the same magnitude as that induced by SB202190 (an approx. 20-fold increase in the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate), developed without measurable delay and was rapidly reversible. In intact cells, the mitochondrial Ca2+ peak induced by histamine was also largely increased by the flavonoids. Stimulation of the uniporter by either flavonoids or SB202190 did not require ATP, suggesting a direct effect on the uniporter or an associated protein which is not mediated by protein phosphorylation. The most active compound, kaempferol, increased the rate of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by 85+/-15% (mean+/-S.E.M., n=4) and the histamine-induced mitochondrial Ca2+ peak by 139+/-19% (mean+/-S.E.M., n=5) at a concentration of 1 microM. Given that flavonoids can reach this concentration range in plasma after ingestion of flavonoid-rich food, these compounds could be modulating the uniporter under physiological conditions.
Structure diversities of ten entangled coordination polymers assembled from reactions of Co(ii) or Ni(ii) salts with 5-(pyridin-4-yl)isophthalic acid in the absence or presence of auxiliary N-donor ligands (2013)

The self-assembly of transition metal salts with 5-(pyridin-4-yl)isophthalate ligand and N-donor ligands affords a series of entangled coordination frameworks based on different metal cluster cores, namely, [Co(L)(H2O)2]·H2O (1), [Ni(L)(H2O)]·H2O (2), [Co4(L)2(SO4)(H2O)5(OH)2]·15.5H2O (3), [Co2(L)2(2,2′-bpy)2]2·H2O (4), [Co2(L)2(phen)2] (5), [Ni(L)(en)(H2O)2]2·2H2O (6), [Ni(L)(dap)]·3H2O (7), [Co(L)(bph)(H2O)2]·H2O (8), [Co(L)(bbm)0.5]·4H2O (9), [Co(L)(bimb)0.5]4·13H2O (10) [L = 5-(pyridin-4-yl)isophthalic acid; 2,2′-bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; en = ethane-1,2-diamine; dap = propane-1,2-diamine; bph = (1E,2E)-1,2-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethylene)hydrazine; bbm = 1,4-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene; bimb = 4,4′-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl]. Their structures were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra and TG analyses and further determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The auxiliary ligands play important roles in the formation of various entangled networks. 1–2 show a 2D layer network and its layers are held together by π–π stacking interactions and other unconventional interactions. Complex 3 displays an unusual Co4 cluster core which is linked by η1,η1,η1,μ3-SO42− and μ3-OH ions. Upon adding chelating ligands, 4–5 show 2D → 2D entangled polymers with polycatenated and polyrotaxane features based on 4,4-sql layers. 6–7 still exhibit layer strutures, although they have chelating ligands, which may be due to the absence of π–π stacking interactions. 8–10 present pillar-layer structures which are supported by different lengths of pillars. Three-fold interpenetration with polycatenated features are observed in 8–9. 10 exhibits a 4-fold interpenetrating 3D structure with large channel running through its net.
Extracting knowledge from expert systems (1983)

Our understanding of how to use large amounts of knowledge to enhance the problem solving capabilities of computer programs is quite limited. Over the past several years a number of knowledge based systems have been developed, and this experience has provided us with a handfull of techniques we can apply in a few domains. What we don't have yet is much of an appreciation of why these techniques work or of the limits of their usefulness In order to take this next step, we need more data. Unfoitunately, the analyses of the expert systems currently being built tend to ignore questions that could provide precisely the data needed. This paper proposes a few questions that it might be worth asking and shows how answers to those questions could begin to give us the understanding we lack.