gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combustion characteristics of higher-alcohol/gasoline blends (2000)

An experimental investigation of combustion characteristics of higher-alcohol/gasoline [unleaded test gas 96 (UTG 96)] blends is presented. Lower alcohols (methanol and ethanol) have been used in the past as fuel extenders by mixing them with gasoline, but relatively little work has been reported on higher alcohols (propanol, butanol and pentanol). All these alcohols can be produced from coal-derived syngas. Given the abundant coal reserves in the United States, use of such higher alcohols offers an attractive alternative to alleviate the country's growing needs for transportation fuels. Comparisons of knock limits, indicated mean effective pressure (i.m.e.p.), emissions and fuel characteristics between higher-alcohol/gasoline blends and neat gasoline were made to determine the advantages and disadvantages of blending alcohol with gasoline. All tests were conducted on a single-cylinder Waukesha cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine operating at steady state conditions and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. The data show that higher-alcohol/gasoline blends have a greater resistance to knock than neat gasoline does, as indicated by the knock resistance indicator (KRI) and the (RON+MON)/2 antiknock index (where RON is the research octane number and MON the motor octane number). Ignition delay and combustion interval data show that higher-alcohol/gasoline blends tend to have faster flame speeds.
Spontaneous cardiac calcinosis in BALB/cByJ mice. (2013)

BALB/c mice are predisposed to dystrophic cardiac calcinosis-the mineralization of cardiac tissues, especially the right ventricular epicardium. In previous reports, the disease appeared in aged animals and had an unknown etiology. In the current study, we report a substrain of BALB/c mice (BALB/cByJ) that develops disease early and with high frequency. Here we analyzed hearts grossly to identify the presence and measure the severity of disease and to compare BALB/c substrains. Histologic analysis and fluorescent and immunofluorescent microscopy were used to characterize the calcinotic lesions. BALB/cByJ mice exhibited more frequent and severe calcium deposition than did BALB/c mice of other substrains (90% compared with 3% at 5 wk). At this age, lesions covered an average of 30% of the total ventricular surface area in BALB/cByJ mice, compared with less than 1% in other strains. In bone-marrow-chimeric mice, green fluorescent protein was used as a marker to show that the lesions contain an infiltration of cells of bone marrow origin. Lesion histology showed that calcium deposits were surrounded by fibrosis with interspersed immune cells. Lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes were all present. Internalization of the gap-junction protein connexin 43 was observed in myocytes adjacent to lesions. In conclusion, BALB/cByJ mice exhibit more frequent and severe dystrophic cardiac calcinosis than do other BALB/c substrains. Our findings suggest that immune cells are actively recruited to lesions and that myocyte gap junctions are altered near lesions.
Seamless Connectivity in WLAN and Cellular Networks with Multi Criteria Decision Making (2007)

The evolution of today's wireless and mobile technologies and personalized hand-held devices has increased the challenge to handle the trade-off between mobility, performance and cost. The user simply needs to be Always Best Connected (ABC). To make this happen, different types of criteria reflecting relevant characteristics of wireless and mobile access networks such as WLAN, UMTS and GPRS have to be established and judged. In this paper the criteria are divided into three main groups, performance, cost and accessibility. The criteria are fed into a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tool which is able to deliver a ranking of network links in order to become ABC. Finally, a case study with two different Generic Services (GSs) illustrates the decision making process and its outcomes in different situations.
Shared Aperture Dual Band Printed Antenna (2011)

This paper presents the development of a novel Shared Aperture Dual Band Printed Antenna. The antenna is a planar monopulse printed antenna that integrate in the same radiating surface both an X-band and a Ka-band antenna. It is a multi-layer printed antenna made of a Ka-band slot array superimposed and interlaced to a X-band slot array. The Ka-band slots are on the upper substrate top layer that perform the Ka-band radiating waveguides. Lower levels include Ka-band feeding waveguides, X-band slots interlaced to Ka-band waveguides, X-band feeding waveguides and stripline monopulse comparators. All waveguides are in SIW (Substrate Integrated Waveguide) technology. Antenna simulation and design and prototype measurement results are presented.
A note on multi-image denoising (2009)

Taking photographs under low light conditions with a hand-held camera is problematic. A long exposure time can cause motion blur due to the camera shaking and a short exposure time gives a noisy image. We consider the new technical possibility offered by cameras that take image bursts. Each image of the burst is sharp but noisy. In this preliminary investigation, we explore a strategy to efficiently denoise multi-images or video. The proposed algorithm is a complex image processing chain involving accurate registration, video equalization, noise estimation and the use of state-of-the-art denoising methods. Yet, we show that this complex chain may become risk free thanks to a key feature: the noise model can be estimated accurately from the image burst. Preliminary tests will be presented. On the technical side, the method can already be used to estimate a non parametric camera noise model from any image burst.
Oral passive IgY-based immunotherapeutics (2013)

This commentary summarizes the laboratory investigations and clinical trials published recently involving per-oral application of IgY supplemented food for specific orogastrointestinal disease prevention and control purposes. The prolonged use and misuse of conventional antibacterial drugs has spawned antibiotic resistant microbes prompting scientists to search for other germ-killing options. In particular, the use of IgY as a novel mode of immunotherapy using oral chicken immunoglobulin (IgY) to confer passive immunity has gained much interest as an inexpensive non-antibiotic alternative for the prophylaxis and treatment of a wide variety of infectious diseases. The stability of IgY in the orogastrointestinal tract and its safety profile has been well-documented. IgY has been used in the treatment or prevention of dental caries, periodontitis and gingivitis, gastritis and gastric ulcer, oral thrush and infant rotavirus diarrhea. The recent clinical trials on IgY with encouraging results has catapulted into the market novel nutraceutical or health supplements for therapeutic or prophylactic intervention based on the consumption of mono-specific or mixed IgY formulations. With recent trends in consumer preference for natural materials to alleviate health concerns, the increasing healthcare costs and the recent advances in drug delivery systems, IgY is likely to shift from its mainly functional food status toward pharmaceuticalization in the foreseeable future.
Topics in Multi-User Information Theory (2008)

This survey reviews fundamental concepts of multi-user information theory. Starting with typical sequences, the survey builds up knowledge on random coding, binning, superposition coding, and capacity converses by introducing progressively more sophisticated tools for a selection of source and channel models. The problems addressed include: Source Coding; Rate-Distortion and Multiple Descriptions; Capacity-Cost; The Slepian–Wolf Problem; The Wyner-Ziv Problem; The Gelfand-Pinsker Problem; The Broadcast Channel; The Multiaccess Channel; The Relay Channel; The Multiple Relay Channel; and The Multiaccess Channel with Generalized Feedback. The survey also includes a review of basic probability and information theory.
n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (2016)

DNA telomere shortening associates with the age-related increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Reducing oxidative stress, could modify telomere erosion during cell replication, and CVD risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) on telomere length was studied in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in CKD. Eighty-five CKD patients were randomized to: n-3 fatty acids (4 g); CoQ (200 mg); both supplements; or control (4 g olive oil), daily for 8 weeks. Telomere length was measured in neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at baseline and 8 weeks, with and without correction for cell counts. Main and interactive effects of n-3 fatty acids and CoQ on telomere length were assessed adjusting for baseline values. F₂-isoprostanes were measured as markers of oxidative stress. There was no effect of n-3 fatty acids or CoQ on neutrophil or PBMC telomere length. However, telomere length corrected for neutrophil count was increased after n-3 fatty acids (p = 0.015). Post-intervention plasma F₂-isoprostanes were negative predictors of post-intervention telomere length corrected for neutrophil count (p = 0.025).The effect of n-3 fatty acids to increased telomere length corrected for neutrophil count may relate to reduced oxidative stress and increased clearance of neutrophils with shorter telomeres from the circulation. This may be a novel mechanism of modifying CVD risk in CKD patients.
A 36–80 GHz High Gain Millimeter-Wave Double-Balanced Active Frequency Doubler in SiGe BiCMOS (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This letter presents a high conversion gain double-balanced active frequency doubler operating from 36 to 80 GHz. The circuit was fabricated in a 200 GHz <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm f}_{\rm T}$</tex></formula> and <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm f}_{\max}$</tex></formula> 0.18 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula>m SiGe BiCMOS process. The frequency doubler achieves a peak conversion gain of 10.2 dB at 66 GHz. The maximum output power is 1.7 dBm at 66 GHz and <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">${-}3.9$</tex></formula> dBm at 80 GHz. The maximum fundamental suppression of 36 dB is observed at 60 GHz and is better than 20 dB from 36 to 80 GHz. The frequency doubler draws 41.6 mA from a nominal 3.3 V supply. The chip area of the active frequency doubler is 640 <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula>m <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>424 <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula>m (0.272 mm<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$^{2}$</tex></formula>) including the pads. To the best of authors' knowledge, this active frequency doubler has demonstrated the highest operating frequency with highest conversion gain and output power among all other silicon-based active frequency doublers reported to date. </para>
Urinary prostate protein glycosylation profiling as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer (2014)

The UGM shows high potential as PCa biomarker, particularly in the diagnostic gray zone. Further research is needed to validate these findings.
Modulus decomposition of compressional and shear velocities in sand bodies (1993)

Abstract The advent of borehole shear slowness measurements in sonically slow formations has lead to breakthroughs in the subsurface profiling of geological bodies. In sand bodies, compressional and shear velocities depend predictably on porosity, mineralogy, grain contacts, and fluid saturation. An interpretation is best performed by decomposing the velocities into moduli that are intrinsic measures of the rock frame and pore fluid compressibilities. Careful experiments on pure materials (i.e., pure quartz sandstones) demonstrate two simplifying constitutive relationships. First, the bulk and shear frame moduli are simple functions of the porosity. A comparison of the measured shear frame modulus to the prediction for the pure material distinguishes sand from shale. Second, the ratio of the bulk and shear frame moduli is a constant 0.9 independent of the porosity. The measured velocities are directly inverted to yield the bulk modulus of the pore fluid. The fluid saturation effects are so dramatic at high porosity that not only gas but oil may also be distinguished from water. The relationships are tested in several case studies where the results are encouraging. Finite-frequency effects may complicate the interpretation where filtrate invasion is significant. Attenuation provides further information because compressional absorption is particularly sensitive to gas saturation. A potential application of the modulus decomposition may be to quantify, in amplitude versus offset seismics proximal to the wellbore, the fractional change in shear frame modulus from the fractional change in pore fluid modulus.
<i>In vitro</i> antitumor properties of a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, P276-00 (2007)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) and their associated pathways represent some of the most attractive targets for the development of anticancer therapeutics. Based on antitumor activity in animal models, a variety of Cdk inhibitors are undergoing clinical evaluation either as a single agent or in combination with other approved drugs. In our anticancer drug discovery program, a novel series of flavones have been synthesized for evaluation against the activity of Cdk4-D1. This enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein, thus inhibiting its function. We have identified a series of potent Cdk4-D1 inhibitors with IC(50) below 250 nmol/L. In this report, we have described the properties of one of the best compound, P276-00 of the flavone's series. P276-00 shows 40-fold selectivity toward Cdk4-D1, compared with Cdk2-E. The specificity toward 14 other related and unrelated kinases was also determined. P276-00 was found to be more selective with IC(50)s <100 nmol/L for Cdk4-D1, Cdk1-B, and Cdk9-T1, as compared with other Cdks, and less selective for non-Cdk kinases. It showed potent antiproliferative effects against various human cancer cell lines, with an IC(50) ranging from 300 to 800 nmol/L and was further compared for its antiproliferative activity against cancer and normal fibroblast cell lines. P276-00 was found to be highly selective for cancer cells as compared with normal fibroblast cells. To delineate its mechanism of action, the effect of P276-00 on cell cycle proteins was studied in human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and human non-small cell lung carcinoma (H-460). A significant down-regulation of cyclin D1 and Cdk4 and a decrease in Cdk4-specific pRb Ser(780) phosphorylation was observed. P276-00 produced potent inhibition of Cdk4-D1 activity that was found to be competitive with ATP and not with retinoblastoma protein. The compound also induced apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells, as evidenced by the induction of caspase-3 and DNA ladder studies. These data suggest that P276-00 has the potential to be developed as an anti-Cdk chemotherapeutic agent.
Sequence of peptides from Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutamine synthetase. N-terminal peptide and ATP-binding domain. (1988)

Sequences of seven tryptic peptides derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutamine synthetase have been determined. The amino terminus of yeast enzyme is acetylated and has the following sequence: acetyl-Ala-Glu-Ala-Ser-Ile-Glu-Lys. Neither higher eukaryotic nor bacterial glutamine synthetase contain sequences homologous to this yeast amino terminus. 8-Azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate [( alpha-32P]8-N3ATP) has been used to photolabel the ATP-binding site in yeast glutamine synthetase. Only one 32P-labeled tryptic peptide was obtained as a major fraction and its sequence is Glu-Gly-Tyr-Gly-X-Phe-Glu-Asp-Arg. Similar photolabeling experiments with bovine glutamine synthetase yielded a tryptic peptide whose sequence is Gly-X-Phe-Glu-Asp-Arg, where X is likely Tyr covalently attached by nitrene derived from [alpha-32P]8-N3ADP. Sequences very homologous to this nucleotide-binding site can be found in other eukaryotic enzymes but not in prokaryotic enzymes. In addition, the sequences of two cysteine-containing peptides and three other tryptic peptides were established. Sequences homologous to all these five peptides can be found in mammalian and plant enzymes. The homology between yeast and higher eukaryotic glutamine synthetases was sufficiently strong to suggest that the overall tertiary and quaternary structures of these enzymes must be similar. The sequences presented here, particularly the amino terminus sequence will be valuable in identifying the structural gene of yeast glutamine synthetase, thereby making it possible to study its transcriptional regulation. In addition, the sequences of the cysteine-containing peptides will be useful in determining whether or not the covalent modification of a sulfhydryl group(s) is responsible for the modulation of glutamine synthetase activity.
Improved Credit Based Scheduling Scheme with QOS in IEEE 802.16 WBA Networks (2009)

Packet and flow scheduling algorithms for WiMAX has been a topic of interest for a long time since the very inception of WiMAX networks. WiMAX offers advantages particularly in terms of Quality of service it offers over a longer range atthe MAC level. In our paper, we propose a scheduling scheme that is compatible with 802.16 MAC protocol and can efficiently serve real time bursty traffic with reduced latency and hence improved QOS for real time flows. Simulation results show reduced latency, improved bandwidth utilization and throughput for real time bursty flows compared to the DRR scheme in similar traffic conditions.
Ultrasensitive Rapid Detection of Human Serum Antibody Biomarkers by Biomarker-Capturing Viral Nanofibers (2015)

Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection causes high mortality rates within cancer patients. Due to the low sensitivity of the current diagnosis systems, a new sensitive detection method is needed for its diagnosis. Toward this end, here we exploited the capability of genetically displaying two functional peptides, one responsible for recognizing the biomarker for the infection (antisecreted aspartyl proteinase 2 IgG antibody) in the sera of cancer patients and another for binding magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), on a single filamentous fd phage, a human-safe bacteria-specific virus. The resultant phage is first decorated with MNPs and then captures the biomarker from the sera. The phage-bound biomarker is then magnetically enriched and biochemically detected. This method greatly increases the sensitivity and specificity of the biomarker detection. The average detection time for each serum sample is only about 6 h, much shorter than the clinically used gold standard method, which takes about 1 week. The detection limit of our nanobiotechnological method is approximately 1.1 pg/mL, about 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of the traditional antigen-based method, opening up a new avenue to virus-based disease diagnosis.
Cellular senescence and cancer (1999)

The proliferative lifespan of normal mammalian cells is limited by intrinsic controls, which desensitize the cell-cycle machinery to extrinsic stimulation after a given number of cell divisions. One underlying clock driving this process of 'replicative senescence' is the progressive erosion of chromosome telomeres, which occurs with each round of DNA replication. This appears to trigger growth inhibition via activation of the tumour suppressor gene (TSG) product, p53, and the consequent up-regulation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21WAF1. Other inhibitory pathways are also activated (possibly by additional clocks), including the TSG p16INK4a and the less well-defined complementation group genes. Loss of one pathway can be compensated, after a limited extension of lifespan, by further up-regulation of the others, so that to escape mortality a developing tumour must overcome multiple 'proliferative lifespan barriers' (PLBs) by successive genetic events, each conferring a new wave of clonal expansion. This provides one explanation for the existence of multiple genetic abnormalities in human cancers; furthermore, the diversity in the nature and timing of these PLBs between different cell types may explain the variation in the spectrum of abnormalities observed between the corresponding cancers. Even if all senescence pathways are inactivated, immortalization can only be achieved if erosion of telomeres is halted, before their end-protecting function is lost. This usually requires either activation of telomerase during tumour development, if the cell of origin is telomerase-negative, or up-regulation if the normal cell already has some activity, but not enough to prevent erosion. In either case, cancers often maintain near-critical telomere lengths; hence pharmacological inhibition of telomerase remains an attractive approach to the selective killing of tumour cells.
Common and isolate-restricted antigens of Anaplasma marginale detected with monoclonal antibodies (1984)

Anaplasma marginale-infected erythrocytes were examined for the presence of maturation, isolate-restricted, and isolate-common antigens by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. A panel of 18 monoclonal antibodies was used; none of the antibodies reacted with Anaplasma ovis, Babesia bigemina, babesia bovis, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense, or uninfected bovine erythrocytes. Antigens common to all six A. marginale isolates were detected by nine antibodies. Single isolates from Florida, Southern Idaho, Northern Texas, and Virginia and two isolates from Washington state had four patterns of reactivity with a second panel of nine antibodies. Antigenically distinct stages were not detected, as sequential smears taken daily during acute infection had the same pattern of reactivity. The results demonstrate antigenic heterogeneity among isolates of A. marginale and the presence of common antigens. This information allows grouping of different isolates and, more importantly, provides a method for the identification and isolation of common antigens for diagnostic tests.
New model of the rapid initial oxidation of silicon (1985)

We propose a new model to explain the high initial oxidation rates observed during thermal oxidation of Si in dry O2. We show how the accumulation of fixed positive charge that develops in the SiO2 during thermal oxidation acts to reduce the concentration of holes at the Si-SiO2 interface and thereby reduces the density of broken Si–Si bonds there. It is believed that the density of broken Si bonds is a controlling factor in the oxide growth rate during the early phase of the oxidation process, when the rate is limited by the interfacial reaction mechanism. We also present experimental evidence that is consistent with the model, and is in good agreement with independent observations of the fixed oxide charge.
Simple high-precision method for measuring the specular reflectance of optical components (1994)

We present a simple method to determine precisely the specular reflectance of optical components. The absence of transmissive elements in this method makes a wide spectral range available. High accuracy and precision are achieved with a fast, periodic change between the reference beam and the probe beam. Special efforts were made to eliminate inhomogeneities of beam intensity and detector sensitivity. With our experimental setup we obtain a precision of ±3 × 10(-4) at the wavelength of 10.6 µm and ±3 × 10(-5) at 1.06 µm for a single-bounce-measuring setup.