gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuously Visible Satellite Constellations (1969)

Abstract : The results of this study show that a minimum of six satellites is required in a controlled-orbit constellation to have at least one satellite continuously visible from all points on the earth's surface. The study also examined the number of required satellites for different heights and various minimum elevation angles. To have two satellites visible at all times it is sufficient to double the number required for a single-satellite condition; to have three satellites simultaneously visible it is sufficient to triple the number required for a single-satellite condition. A constellation that is to have at least one visible satellite every place on the earth results in approximately twice the coverage of the earth's surface, but to date no easy method has been found for assuming that this duplication can be used to reduce the number required for having two, or three, mutually visible satellites at one time.
Appreciating the shades of gray: a case for Computer-Aided Nodule Assessment and Risk Yield (CANARY)-based risk stratification of lung adenocarcinomas (2016)

We read with great interest the invited commentary by Drs. Wilson and Pu on our computed tomography (CT)-based quantitative imaging tool for the non-invasive risk stratification of lung adenocarcinomas: Computer-Aided Nodule Assessment and Risk Yield (CANARY) (1). While we are pleased to see the discussion on the scope and relevance of our research, we would like to use this opportunity to respond to the points made by our colleagues and attempt to clarify any misunderstanding about CANARY.
Deposition of MBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-x</sub>thin films by channel-spark method (1995)

Channel-spark pulsed electron beam deposition (CS), a new deposition method based on a simple and inexpensive system, has been used for preparation of high-quality GdBa2Cu3O7-x, Gd1-xEuxBa2Cu3O7-x and YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films epitaxially grown on NdGaO3 and SrTiO3 substrates. Typical critical temperatures for zero DC resistance lie in the intervals 87-89 K for Y-based films and 91.0-92.6 K for Gd- and GdEu-based ones. The transition widths for the best films are less than 0.5 K. The critical current densities reach the values of 3*106 A cm-2 at 77 K, zero field.
Dissociation of a ferric maltol complex and its subsequent metabolism during absorption across the small intestine of the rat (1991)

1. The fate and disposition of [59Fe]-ferric [3H]-maltol after intravenous administration were investigated in anaesthetized rats. Immediate dissociation of ferric iron from maltol took place in the circulation even with high doses of ferric maltol (containing 1 mg elemental iron). In plasma samples withdrawn within 1 min of injection and subjected to gel filtration, 59Fe eluted with the high molecular weight proteins whilst the tritium was associated with low molecular weight material. 2. The rates of elimination of 59Fe and of tritium from the plasma and their ultimate fate were very different. The half life for 59Fe in the plasma was around 70 min and 59Fe appeared mainly in the bone marrow and liver. There was an initial rapid exit of tritium from the plasma with a half life of around 12 min. This was followed either by a plateau or by a rise in tritium levels, involving entry of maltol metabolites into the circulation. These metabolites could be recovered in the urine. 3. Entry of 59Fe and of tritium into the blood plasma after intraduodenal administration of [59Fe]-ferric [3H]-maltol was also very different. At low doses of ferric maltol (containing 100 micrograms elemental iron), the tritium appeared in the plasma in highest amounts within seconds and then decreased whilst there was a slow rise in 59Fe levels. At higher doses of ferric maltol (containing 7 mg elemental iron), levels of 59Fe in the plasma were highest at 5 min and then fell whereas tritium levels rose steadily. Mucosal processing of 59Fe prevented further entry of iron at high dose into the circulation. 4. Initial rates of uptake of [3H]-maltol into isolatcd intestinal fragments were measured over a range of concentrations and revealed that maltol alone could diffuse freely into the tissues whereas maltol complexed to iron showed saturable uptake kinetics similar to those seen with the iron itself. 5. After intestinal uptake, 59Fe and tritium were associated with different subcellular fractions, maltol itself being metabolized to the glucuronide conjugate within the intestinal mucosa. 6. It is concluded that dissociation of metal and ligand takes place before entry into the intestinal mucosa. Iron is then taken up on the endogenous carrier and processed in the normal way whilst maltol enters by diffusion, its rate of entry being limited by the degree of dissociation. It is subsequently metabolized by conjugation and eliminated rapidly from the body in the urine.
Effect of molecular weight distribution on the rheological and mechanical properties of polypropylene (1989)

Abstract The effect of molecular weight distribution on the Theological and mechanical properties of a series of polypropylenes is evaluated. The polypropylenes tested were produced by controlled chemical degradation in a single‐screw plasticating extruder. Measured properties include shear, extensional and intrinsic viscosity, melt flow index, extrudate swell, melting and crystallization temperatures, impact strength, flexural modulus, and tensile stress.
Identification of Trichloroethanol Visualized Proteins from Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gels by Mass Spectrometry (2006)

Proteins visualized by 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (TCE) on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels are efficiently identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS. In a previous study, a method was developed that placed TCE in the polyacrylamide gel so that protein bands can be visualized without staining in less than 5 min. A visible fluorophore is generated by reaction of TCE with tryptophan that allows for protein visualization. In this study, MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS are used to identify randomly selected Escherichia coli proteins. The identification of TCE visualized proteins is compared to the identification of Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) stained proteins from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of E. coli proteins. This study demonstrated that TCE visualized proteins are compatible with protein identification by MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprinting. For 10 randomly selected spots, TCE visualization lead to statistically significant identification of 5 proteins and CBB visualization lead to identification of 6 proteins. TCE visualized proteins are also shown to be well suited for protein identification using LC-MS/MS. In 16 spots selected for MS/MS analysis, TCE samples lead to the identification of 79 peptides; while CBB samples lead to the identification of 65 peptides. TCE samples also supported the identification of more proteins. The low stoichiometry of labeling of tryptophan residues does not require inclusion of this modification for database searches. In addition to being a rapid visualization technique compatible with MS, TCE visualization utilizes rapid washing conditions for sample preparation of proteins spots excised from polyacrylamide gels.
Spectroscopic determination of flatband potentials for polycrystalline titania electrodes in nonaqueous solvents (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSpectroscopic determination of flatband potentials for polycrystalline titania electrodes in nonaqueous solventsGareth Redmond and Donald FitzmauriceCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 7, 1426–1430Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100109a029https://doi.org/10.1021/j100109a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2039Altmetric-Citations364LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A text-to-speech-based digital public address system for campus broadcasting and language listening training (2013)

This paper proposes a digital public address (PA) system which is capable of multi-zone and text-to-speech (TTS) broadcasting functions for campus broadcasting and language listening training/exam. The proposed digital PA system can achieve environmental broadcasting requirement which means different broadcasts for different zones at the same time. On the other hand, it cannot cause noise to other zones. Two languages are provided for TTS broadcasting to achieve high quality and stable voice broadcast to the target zones.
Oral mucositis: A challenging complication of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiochemotherapy. Part 2: Diagnosis and management of mucositis (2003)

Conventional care of patients with mucositis is currently essentially palliative, with good oral hygiene, narcotic analgesics, and topical palliative mouth rinses.
Tension of Viscose and Nylon Yarns While Running (1959)

Experimental data on the viscoelastic properties of filament yarns hitherto published cannot be directly used in an analysis of the mechanical behavior of a yarn which is being worked on a textile machine. This is because the experiments to which such data pertain have left out of consideration the hysteris effect of a yarn which is being worked on a textile machine. The authors have made experiments-taking the hysteris effect into consideration -to see how the tension of a running yarn is affected by external forces. The experiments made are: (1) Static experiment-to see how the tension of a running yarn changes with changes in draft force and in the running speed of the yarn. (2) Dynamic experiment-to see how the tension of a running yarn, when elongated periodically, changes with changes in draft force, in the running speed of the yarn and in the amplitude of elongation which the yarn receives periodically. The samples used in both experiments were viscose filament yarns and nylon filament yarns.
Mathematical modeling of the dynamic yarn path depending on spindle speed in a ring spinning process (2015)

This paper presents a mathematical model to predict the distribution of yarn tension and the balloon shape as a function of spindle speed in the ring spinning process. The dynamic yarn path from the delivery rollers to the winding point on the cop has been described with a non-linear differential equation system. These equations have been integrated with a Runge–Kutta method using MATLAB software. Since the numerical solution of the equations strongly depends on initial values, an algorithm of sensitivity analysis has been developed to predict the right choice of initial values in order to find a stable solution. For model validation purposes, the yarn tension has been measured between delivery rollers and yarn guide. Furthermore, a high-speed camera has been used to capture the balloon shape at different spindle angular velocities in order to compare the theoretically determined balloon shape with the one that actually occurs on the machine.
Comparison of exhaled breath condensate from nasal and oral collection. (2003)

Although nasal and oral collection method proved again suitable for the collection of exhaled breath condensate, the variability of the results obtained precludes the interchangeable usage of the inflammatory markers assessed here.
Rapid diagnostic assays in the genomic biology era: detection and identification of infectious disease and biological weapon agents (2003)

In this special section of BioTechniques, we examine the role of rapid molecular technologies in the detection and identification of agents of infectious disease (ID) and biological weapons (BWs). Besides the threat posed by the global proliferation of BW technologies, there are numerous emerging and reemerging ID agents with significant public health consequences. Further compounding this already complicated situation are the estimated 600 million international tourists annually, many with the potential to the spread disease globally in a matter of hours. While clinical laboratories have key roles in the detection and identification of potential ID/BW agents, most staff are unfamiliar with these agents because of their rarity and the often laborious conventional methodologies needed to identify them. To meet this challenge, a vast array of rapid assay strategies has been developed for use in clinical diagnostics and environmental detection. Technologies have been developed or adapted to the challenges posed by these agents, permitting detection and identification in several minutes to hours. In particular, the development of improved reagents and detection systems has led to dramatic improvements in the sensitivity and specificity of immunological and nucleic acid-based systems, allowing an ever-increasing range of analytes to be identified and quantitated. In the accompanying articles, we have brought together experts from the many overlapping aspects of this arena in order to present a comprehensive and critical analysis of these technologies.
Analytical and Experimental Characterization of Bonding Over Active Circuitry (2006)

Placing active circuitry directly underneath the bond pads is an effective way to reduce the die size, and hence to achieve lower cost per chip. The main concern with such design is the possible mechanical damage to the underlying circuitry during the wire bonding process. For example, the initial bond force and subsequent ultrasonic vibration may cause cracks within the dielectric layer. The cracks can penetrate through the active circuitry underneath, resulting in electrical failures to the silicon device. In this paper, a finite element based methodology was developed to study the stress behavior of bond pad structures during thermosonic wire bonding. The focus of our analysis is on dielectric layer crack, which was the dominant failure mode observed. The finite element (FE) model is 3-D based and contains the wire ball, the bond pad, and the underpad structure. The model was subjected to various bond force/ultrasound conditions, and the stresses were compared with the percentage of cracked pads in the real life bonding experiments. By using the volume-averaged, incremental first principal stress at the dielectric layer as the stress criterion, we achieved a reasonably good correlation with the experiments. In addition, we found that the dynamic friction at the bond interface is critical in stress distributions at the bond pad. Based on this, we have provided an explanation on how stresses progress during a typical bond force. Furthermore, the stress progression pattern was shown to correlate well with the different crack patterns. The FE model established a baseline upon which more designs with bonding over active circuitry can be analyzed and evaluated for crack resistance to thermosonic wire bonding.
Mediator Expectations and Professional Training: Implications for Teaching Dispute Resolution (1985)

Thus, this study explores the following questions within the context of landlord-tenant disputes: What are mediator role expectations? Do these vary depending on the mediator's professional training? What are the implications for the teaching of disputes resolution?
A graphical user interface for geotomography (2002)

Interest in the process of geotomography is no longer limited to geophysicists and engineers. Commercial use has demonstrated that geotomographic images are of equal interest to geologists, lawyers, and environmental scientists. With such a wide range of users, it has been advantageous to develop imaging software that can be easily operated by all potential users. To facilitate such a goal, a graphical user interface (GUI) has been added to the front end of a geotomographic imaging application package. This paper discusses the evolution of such a GUI, and recognizes combined motivations in the study of geotomographic imaging techniques and in the need for an interactive interface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of Dip‐Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives (2019)

Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
Frequent loss of expression and loss of heterozygosity of the putative tumor suppressor gene DCC in prostatic carcinomas. (1993)

The putative tumor suppressor gene DCC has been shown to be frequently lost or expressed at low levels in colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and esophageal carcinomas. In the present study, the DCC gene and its mRNA expression in human and rat prostatic carcinoma cells as well as in prostatic carcinoma tissues were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and polymerase chain reaction-loss of heterozygosity. The DCC gene was present and expressed in normal prostatic cells. However, its expression was decreased or undetectable in all prostatic carcinoma cells from either humans (4 cell lines) or rats (5 cell lines). In patients, 12 of 14 cases (86%) showed reduced DCC expression and 5 of 11 informative cases (45%) showed loss of heterozygosity at the DCC locus. These results demonstrate that loss of DCC expression and loss of heterozygosity at the DCC locus are a frequent feature of prostatic carcinoma cells.
Reagents for Low-Formaldehyde Finishing of Textiles (1981)

The most important reactants for finishing textiles are the N-methylol compounds. They not only crosslink with the cellulose but also split up to form formaldehyde. To decrease the content of formaldehyde on the fabrics finished with N-methylol compounds, a very efficient fog-chamber technique using solutions of special formal dehyde-binding substances was developed, which reduces the liberation of formalde hyde on finished fabrics to levels below 100 ppm, according to the AATCC Sealed Jar Test Method 112—1975. Low-formaldehyde finishing agents can be prepared by etherifying the methylol groups with alcohols. Fabrics finished with N-alkoxymethyl compounds give off less formaldehyde than those finished with the corresponding unetherified methylol compounds. A few examples are demonstrated. Using the basics of statistical experi mental designs, it was possible to optimize a finishing process with a partly etherified dimethylol-4.5-dihydroxyethyleneurea to obtain simultaneously all desired levels of properties, including a low level of formaldehyde release. A new class of crosslinking agents is described with a nonformaldehyde-containing reactive group beside a N-methylol or N-alkoxymethyl group as a second reactive group on the base of 4-hydroxy- and 4-alkoxy-cycloalkyleneureas. The optimum of application conditions to obtain the desired properties was derived from the results of experimental designs. Another class of crosslinking agents for easy-care, antipilling, and hydrophilic finishing of polyester/cotton fabrics, where cotton is equal or less than 50% in the blend, was developed on the base of polyfunctional carbamates. In comparison to the methylol compounds of cyclic ureas, these products show a higher molecular weight. They are ideal for the swelling and crosslinking of cellulose under heat conditions and provide a smooth, pleasing hand to the finished fabric. This class of reactants exhibits lower abrasion loss than glyoxal reactants and shows less development of unpleasant formaldehyde odor on treated fabrics than most of the usual glyoxal-based reactants.
Retrieval of 3D protein structures (2003)

A protein molecule is made of a long chain of amino acid sequences that fold into a complex three-dimensional structure. It is often the geometrical shapes that determine the protein functions. In molecular biology, researchers use sequence alignment and structure matching to compare the similarity among proteins. Considering proteins as 3D structures, we propose a novel algorithm to identify geometry-based features to retrieve similar proteins without having to deal with complex chemical characteristics and biological properties. A Web-based Dali server, which performs well in three-dimensional structure matching, is used as the ground truth to evaluate our algorithm. Our system performs close to the ground truth with much simplicity and efficiency.
De-Ideologized Mass Line, Regime Responsiveness, and State-Society Relations (2017)

Once the primary method of revolutionary leadership, the has reemerged in today's China as a method of public policy making. This study explores and theorizes the implications of mass-line tactics in policy making and state-society relations in contemporary China. At the theoretical level, it argues that the de-ideologized mass line in combination with traditional forms of nonmobilized participation can enhance government responsiveness to the broader public interest. The mass line can complement traditional forms of voluntary participation in that it can allow better representation of social groups who regularly fail to articulate their needs through the existing participation mechanisms and who therefore remain outside of the policy-making process. Empirically, the paper draws on existing Chinese studies, official document analysis, and unstructured interviews with Chinese academics to provide examples for the theoretical argument. This study analyzes the workings of the mass-line tactics in China during the New Healthcare Reform and the formation of the 12th Five-Year Plan. If implemented not as a propaganda tool but as a mechanism of interest articulation and aggregation, the mass line has the potential to offer China alternative routes of democratization.