gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiological Function of Adrenomedullin and Proadrenomedullin N-Terminal Peptides in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells (2003)

Adrenomedullin (AM) and peptides of the proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP20) family are multifunctional peptides abundantly expressed in the adrenal medulla. These peptides are released by regulated exocytosis along with catecholamines upon stimulation of adrenal chromaffin cells. They are also released gradually during culture, and this release is stimulated by a 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway. The expression and release of AM increase under hypoxia in chromaffin cells. The expression of AM in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells is reduced during neuronal differentiation with nerve growth factor. On the other hand, PAMP20 and PAMP12 suppress catecholamine release and synthesis by interfering with nicotinic cholinergic receptors. AM increases blood flow in the adrenal gland, and causes a gradual release of catecholamine, but does not modify regulated exocytosis upon the stimulation of cells. Current data indicate that the expression of these peptides is regulated by intracellular signaling pathways, and changes under various physiological and pathological conditions. AM and PAMP20 family peptides have distinct physiological functions. PAMP20 and PAMP12 are endogenous peptides that modulate chromaffin cell function in an autocrine manner, whereas AM may mainly regulate vascular cell function in a paracrine manner.
Synthesis and Characterization of Photocurable Elastomers from Poly(glycerol-<i>co</i>-sebacate) (2007)

Elastomeric networks are increasingly being investigated for a variety of biomedical applications including drug delivery and tissue engineering. However, in some cases, their preparation requires the use of harsh processing conditions (e.g., high temperature), which limits their biomedical application. Herein, we demonstrate the ability to form elastomeric networks from poly(glycerol-co-sebacate) acrylate (PGSA) under mild conditions while preserving a wide range of physical properties. These networks presented a Young's modulus between 0.05 and 1.38 MPa, an ultimate strength from 0.05 to 0.50 Mpa, and elongation at break between 42% and 189% strain, by varying the degree of acrylation (DA) of PGSA. The in vitro enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation of the polymer networks was dependent on the DA. The copolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate with PGSA allowed for an additional control of mechanical properties and swelling ratios in an aqueous environment, as well as enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation. Photocured PGSA networks demonstrated in vitro biocompatibility as judged by sufficient human primary cell adherence and subsequent proliferation into a confluent monolayer. These photocurable degradable elastomers could have potential application for the encapsulation of temperature-sensitive factors and cells for tissue engineering.
Fabrication of two-dimensional nanosheets via water freezing expansion exfoliation (2014)

Layered materials, if exfoliated effectively, will exhibit several unique properties, offering great potential for diverse applications. To this end, in this study, we develop a novel, universal, and environmentally friendly method named as 'water freezing expansion exfoliation' for producing two-dimensional nanosheets. This method exploits the expansion in the volume of water upon freezing. When the water freezing expansion condition is reproduced in layered materials, the layers exfoliate to overcome the van der Waals force between them. The expansion process is performed by repeated cycling between 4 °C and −20 °C to effectively exfoliate layered materials of graphite, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), MoS2 and WS2. Systematic characterization of the samples thus obtained using electron microscopy and optical studies substantiate the formation of thin flakes (graphene, h-BN, MoS2, and WS2 nanosheets). The method demonstrated in this study is cost-effective and does not demand sophisticated equipment and stringent high temperature conditions. Given this general applicability, this method holds great promise for exfoliating layered materials that are sensitive to elevated temperature.
[Choroidal neovascularization, experimental and clinical study]. (1991)

As a special lecture at the 95th annual Congress of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society in 1991, we presented experimental studies on choroidal neovascularization (ChNV), and clinical studies on senile disciform macular degeneration (exudative age-related macular degeneration). We produced experimentally ChNV on monkey eyes using intense photocoagulation with krypton laser. We showed the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) played a heavy role as inducer or inhibitor for ChNV at different stages of development or involution of experimental ChNV. Senile disciform macular degeneration is becoming a leading cause of blindness in the elderly in Japan. We examined 473 eyes in 398 cases of this disease during the past 5 years. Nineteen percent were bilaterally affected, males were affected 3 times prevalent than in female, and average age was 67 in years. Predisposing signs were degeneration or atrophy of RPE, hard or soft drusen, and serous detachment of RPE in the macula. In early stage, serous retinal detachment stage appeared and showed good outcome by laser treatment. Subretinal hematoma form showed next better outcome in acute onset and acute course. Advanced form of disciform lesion showed worse outcome. A form (subretinal cystic form) associated with large serous RPE detachment showed the worst outcome and scarcely indicated for laser treatment. We describe clinical features of each form and stages of the disease and clinical course. Early detection, early correct diagnosis and early laser treatment must be essential for prevention of blindness due to this disease.
Memory patterns of acquisition and retention of verbal and nonverbal information in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2008)

Children and adolescents with FASD displayed specific types of verbal memory deficits and these deficits were greater for immediate rather than delayed memory. These data are consistent with previous studies that describe deficits in immediate memory, and suggest that deficits in delayed memory are better accounted for by encoding deficits. Furthermore, their greatest difficulty arose with those items in which the phonological loop was required, which would have facilitated learning though internal recitation and adequate phonological storage. Further research into these distinctions in memory is warranted, as is exploration into educational techniques that could account for delayed encoding in children with FASD.
Three-dimensional optical trapping and evanescent wave light scattering for direct measurement of long range forces between a colloidal particle and a surface (1999)

A novel technique is described to measure weaker long range forces between a single colloidal particle and a flat surface as a function of separation distance. The technique uses a three-dimensional optical trap as a force transducer and evanescent wave light scattering to measure the particle-surface separation distance. The three-dimensional optical trap allows direct manipulation of the particle near the surface, and the measured displacement of the particle from the center of the optical trap determines the force of interaction between the particle and the surface. The particle position is determined by measuring the scattered light from the particle in an evanescent wave created by total internal reflection of a laser beam on the surface. This combination of optical techniques allows forces to be directly measured for smaller particles (∼0.25–5.0 μm) and over a range of forces (∼10−14–10−11 N) than has been previously reported for similar force measurement techniques such as atomic force microscopy and total internal reflection microscopy. The experimental results have been compared with DLVO theory predictions for 1.5 μm silica microspheres interacting with glass in NaCl solutions of known ionic strength.
D-OSKIL: a New Mechanism for Suppressing Stick-Slip in Oil Well Drillstrings (2006)

Limit cycles occurring in oil well drillstrings result from the interaction between the drill bit and the rock during drilling operations. In this paper we propose to use the weight on the bit (WoB) force as an additional control variable to extinguish limit cycles if they occur. In particular we adapt the oscillation killer (OSKIL) mechanism studied in detail in the companion paper [3] to our problem at hand. An approximate analysis based on the bias describing function and completed with some simulations, provides good evidences that the rotational dynamics of the oil well drillstring display such a behavior. Simulations applying the D-OSKIL (D stands for Drilling) mechanism show that the stick-slip oscillations can be eliminated without requiring a re-design of the velocity rotarytable control.
Jet Fuel Hydrocarbons Production from Catalytic Cracking and Hydrocracking of Soybean Oil (2012)

Hydrocarbons representative of jet fuel were produced by both catalytic cracking and one-step catalytic hydrocracking of soybean oil in a lab-scale flow reactor. The yield of kerosene/jet fuel hydrocarbons by catalytic cracking over a commercialized ZSM-5 was as high as 21%. Both temperature and space velocity exhibited irregular effects on the product distribution. Steady state was not attained and significant amounts of tar and coke were generated during the reaction. A bifunctional hydrocracking catalyst with 1.1% ruthenium supported on ZSM-5, prepared by an impregnation method, produced a 16% yield of jet fuel, which is comparable to yields over commercialized sulfided NiMo catalysts while at a much lower pressure of 650 psi. Compared to the catalytic cracking process over ZSM-5, steady-state flow reaction was obtained with less tar and polymerized products.
Direct reconstruction of kinetic parameter images from dynamic PET data (2004)

It is often necessary to estimate the parameters of a compartmental model from PET image data. These kinetic parameters are important because they quantify physiological processes. Existing methods for computing kinetic parametric images work by first reconstructing a sequence of PET images, and then estimating the kinetic parameters for each voxel location in the images. We propose a novel iterative tomographic reconstruction algorithm for directly computing a MAP estimate of the kinetic parameter image directly from dynamic PET sinogram data. This MAP reconstruction process estimates a vector of kinetic parameters at each voxel using explicit models of measurement noise, temporal tracer concentration, and spatial parameter variation. Experimental simulations using a two tissue compartment model show that our method can substantially reduce parameter estimation error.
A novel approach for reconfigurable systems at RAN Level (2003)

Reconfigurability is one of the key technologies for systems beyond 3G. Reconfigurable terminals facilitate seamless roaming between access networks offering different QoS capabilities. The management requirements to control the reconfiguration process of terminals are analyzed. Accordingly, a supporting network element and subsequent software architectural design are proposed. In particular, the components allowing for soft handovers are addressed. In addition, features to shorten the service outage time at mode selection are also described.
The Role of Endocytic L1 Trafficking in Polarized Adhesion and Migration of Nerve Growth Cones (2001)

Motility of the nerve growth cone is highly dependent on its dynamic interactions with the microenvironment mediated by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). These adhesive interactions can be spatially regulated by changing the density and avidity of CAMs on the growth cone. Previous studies have shown that L1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of CAMs, is endocytosed at the central domain of the growth cone followed by centrifugal vesicular transport and reinsertion into the plasma membrane of the leading edge. The present paper focuses on the functional significance of endocytic L1 trafficking in dorsal root ganglia neurons in vitro. We demonstrate that the rate of L1-based neurite growth has a positive correlation with the amount of endocytosed L1 in the growth cone, whereas stimulation of neurite growth via an N-cadherin-dependent mechanism does not increase L1 endocytosis. A growth cone that migrates on an L1 substrate exhibits a steep gradient of L1-mediated adhesion (strong adhesion at the growth cone's leading edge and weak adhesion at the central domain). This gradient of L1 adhesion is attenuated after inhibition of L1 endocytosis in the growth cone by intracellular loading of a function-blocking antibody against alpha-adaptin, a subunit of the clathrin-associated AP-2 adaptor. Inhibition of L1 endocytosis by this antibody also decreased the rate of L1-dependent growth cone migration. These results indicate that the growth cone actively translocates CAMs to create spatial asymmetry in adhesive interactions with its environment and that this spatial asymmetry is important for growth cone migration.
Childhood Psychosis or Mental Retardation: A Diagnostic Dilemma. I. Psychiatric and Psychological Aspects (1963)

A relatively large percentage of children seen at a mental retardation clinic demonstrated psychotic symptoms. The entire group with psychotic manifestations, 62 in all, were reviewed in order to clarify the diagnosis of childhood psychosis or mental retardation. The 1961 British criteria for childhood psychosis were used and are advocated by the authors. Childhood psychosis was the primary diagnosis in 38 cases, and psychosis secondary to brain damage in 24 cases. Onset of the condition under the age of three years and a poor prognosis for social recovery were characteristic of the entire group.Obvious emotional disorder was present in 21 mothers and 14 fathers. There was a continuum in terms of number of psychotic symptoms, level of intelligence and presence of organic signs. It is concluded that there is an overlap between the entities of childhood psychosis and mental retardation.
Electrical activation of high-concentration aluminum implanted in 4H-SiC (2004)

High-dose aluminum-ion (Al+) implantation into 4H-SiC (0001) and (112¯0) has been investigated. The dependences of the electrical properties on the implanted Al+ dose and on the annealing time were examined by Hall-effect measurements. A low sheet resistance of 2.3kΩ∕◻ (0.2μm deep) was obtained in a (0001) sample by implantation of Al+ with a dose of 3.0×1016cm−2 at 500°C and a subsequent high-temperature anneal at 1800°C for a short time of 1min. In the case of (112¯0) samples, even room-temperature implantation resulted in a low sheet resistance of 2.3kΩ∕◻ (0.2μm-deep) after anneal at 1800°C. The Hall data are compared with the calculated values determined by using the doping-concentration dependent ionization energy of Al acceptors. The experimentally obtained free-hole concentrations agree well with the theoretically expected values. Hole mobilities are not as high as the empirical mobilities obtained in Al-doped epitaxial layers. The differences in the electrical properties between the experimental data and expected values are discussed.
Common genetic variants in pre-microRNAs were associated with increased risk of breast cancer in Chinese women (2008)

Small, noncoding RNA molecules, called microRNAs (miRNAs), are thought to function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNAs may change their property through altering miRNA expression and/or maturation, and thus they may have an effect on thousands of target mRNAs, resulting in diverse functional consequences. However, it remains largely unknown whether miRNA SNPs may alter cancer susceptibility. We evaluated the associations of selected four SNPs (rs2910164, rs2292832, rs11614913, and rs3746444) in pre-miRNAs (hsa-mir-146a, hsa-mir-149, hsa-mir-196a2, and hsa-mir-499) with breast cancer risk in a case-control study of 1,009 breast cancer cases and 1,093 cancer-free controls in a population of Chinese women and we found that hsa-mir-196a2 rs11614913:T>C and hsa-mir-499 rs3746444:A>G variant genotypes were associated with significantly increased risks of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.48 for rs11614913:T>C; and OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.02-1.51 for rs3746444:A>G in a dominant genetic model) in a dose-effect manner (P for trend was 0.010 and 0.037, respectively). These findings suggest, for the first time, that common SNPs in miRNAs may contribute to breast cancer susceptibility. Further functional characterization of miRNA SNPs and their influences on target mRNAs may provide underlying mechanisms for the observed associations and disease etiology.
Fast and high quality model based iterative reconstruction for computed tomography (2009)

Recently it has been shown that model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) can greatly improve the quality of computed tomography. This research focuses on two aspects of MBIR algorithm: reducing the computation of reconstruction and improving reconstructed image quality. In order to make MBIR practical for daily clinical application, it is critical to reduce the total time required for reconstruction. To this end, we have developed several fast reconstruction algorithms. First, we have proposed the functional substitution method that can solve the 1D optimization problem in one step, so that the computation for each voxel update is significantly reduced. Second, we have developed a non-homogeneous iterative coordinate descent (NHICD) algorithm which can speed convergence of the iterative MBIR algorithms by focusing computation on the voxels of greatest importance. Third, we have proposed a multi-resolution framework that can speed targeted reconstructions by allocating computation based on a voxel's contribution to the region of interest. Fourth, we have developed the edge-localized ICD algorithm that can reconstruct high-resolution images at a computational cost similar to a low-resolution reconstruction. The edge-localized ICD works by concentrating computation on the regions of the image containing fine details, such as edges. In addition to speeding reconstruction, we have also developed a variety of methods to improve image quality for MBIR through the introduction of more accurate system and prior models. First, we improved the uniformity and isotropy of MBIR images by developing a novel method to calculate the coefficients of the prior model. Second, we introduced a kinetic model for MBIR which can reduce motion artifacts through the use of a kinetic parameter reconstruction algorithm.
A NONSPECIFIC INCREASE IN PERMEABILITY IN ESCHERICHIA COLI PRODUCED BY EDTA (1965)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Simulating Synthesis of Metal Nanorods, Nanoplates, and Nanoframes by Self-Assembly of Nanoparticle Building Blocks (2009)

A general synthesis strategy to prepare metal nanostructures by self-assembly was proposed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. In this simulating synthesis strategy, the metal nanostructures were generated by the self-assembly of the amorphous nanoparticles with the attractive forces of the nanoparticle−nanoparticle interactions by the annealing MD method at high temperatures, and finally, the resulting amorphous metal nanostructures were cooled to 10 K, which could resemble the nanoparticle self-assembly in experiment. By using the simulating synthesis, we obtained the full atomistic models of the shape-controlled metal nanostructures, including Au, Ag−Au, and beaded Ag−Cu nanorods, triangular and hexagonal Ag nanoplates, triangular Ag−Au and hexagonal Au, cubic hollow Fe, and Ag−Au nanoframes. It is found that these models are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover, we predicted a new metal nanostructure, Au nanoporous framework architecture, which has not been reported in experiment, by self-assembly of the Au nanoparticles. The predicted architecture possesses three-dimensional periodic inner-connecting channels and cavities. It is believed that our simulating synthesis approach will help facilitate the preparation and design of novel metal nanostructures in experiment.
Defect clusters and annealing in self-ion-irradiated nickel (1977)

Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffuse scattering have been used to study defect clusters in 4-MeV self-ion-irradiated (total doses of 2.5×1013 and 5.0×1013 ions/cm2) nickel. The distribution of defect clusters as a function of the ion penetration depth was measured directly in the electron microscope using a transverse sectioning technique. For an ion dose of 2.5×1013 cm−2, the average cluster radius of 32±2 Å at the damage peak depth (0.82 μm) was 20% larger than the average radius near the crystal surface. The fraction of point defects created in the displacement cascades that survived in the form of defect clusters was found to be about 1% for these doses. Annealing at 125, 250, and 450 °C gave a monotonic decrease in the number of point defects stored in the form of loops.
Direct demonstration of the human suppressor inducer subset by anti-T cell antibodies. (1983)

Prior studies indicated that sera of patients with active juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) contain anti-T cell antibodies reactive with the T4+ inducer population. More important, depletion of this T cell subset with JRA anti-T cell antibodies (JRA+ T cells) and C abrogated T5/T8+ suppressor T cell function. In the present study, we utilized Ig-coated plate techniques and JRA anti-T cell antibodies to fractionate the T4+ population into T4+JRA+ and T4+JRA- subsets and characterize the individual T4+ inducer subset. It was shown that whereas only the T4+JRA- population responded maximally to the soluble antigens, TT and mumps, both T4+JRA+ and T4+JRA- subsets proliferated equally well to mitogens and alloantigens. Furthermore, B cell immunoglobulin production induced by T4+JRA- T cells was approximately twice that induced by the reciprocal T4+JRA+ subset. In contrast, the T4+JRA+ subset alone activated T8+ T cells to become suppressor effector cells. These results suggest that the T4+JRA+ subset is the inducer of suppressor subpopulation whereas the T4+JRA- subset functions maximally as the inducer of B cells. It is believed that the suppressor inducer population may have a central role in the immunoregulatory network in man.
A Convenient Enantioselective Synthesis of (<i>S</i>)-α-Trifluoromethylisoserine (2005)

[reaction: see text] This report describes two straightforward synthetic methodologies to obtain alpha-CF3-isoserine, a new alpha,alpha-disubstituted beta-amino acid, from alpha-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid. The routes involve the synthesis of five-membered cyclic sulfates (using sulfuryl chloride) or sulfamidates (using the Burgess reagent) from the corresponding chiral diols, which are obtained by a catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) reaction.