gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Facet Load Transmission as a Hypothesis for Low-Back Pain (1984)

Low-back pain has a complex and multi-faceted etiology. The articular facets have been shown to be load-bearing structures and may be a site for low-back pain. The aim of this paper is to establish the mechanism for the transmission of axial load across a facet joint and to propose a facet-related hypothesis for low-back pain. The mechanism of load transmission was studied by two methods. Lumbar segments were instrumented with an intervertebral load cell (IVLC) to measure disc load so that facet load could be deduced. The applied load was moved 10 mm anteriorly and 12.5 mm posteriorly from the center of the vertebral body. The facets then were separated from the body and loaded axially to determine their stiffness in tension and compression and to observe the failure mode of the joint. It was shown optically that compressive loading of the isolated facet joints was equivalent to spinal extension and tensile loading to spinal flexion. Lastly, a finite element model of a lumbar motion segment was developed to simulate the transmission of facet load and to study the effects of disc degeneration on facet loads. Results of the study on six lumbar segments revealed that the normal facets carried 3-25%. If the facet joint was arthritic, the load could be as high as 47%. Experiments on isolated facet joints revealed that they behaved as a stiffening spring in compression and were weak in tension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
1-Aminomethylbenzocycloalkanes:  Conformationally Restricted Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine Analogues as Functionally Selective 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>Receptor Agonists (2006)

A series of conformationally restricted analogues of the hallucinogenic phenethylamine 1 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, 2C-B) was synthesized to test several hypotheses concerning the bioactive conformation of phenethylamine ligands upon binding to the 5-HT(2A) receptor. These benzocycloalkane analogues were assayed for their receptor binding affinity and ability to activate downstream signaling pathways, and one exceptional compound was selected for testing in an in vivo drug discrimination model of hallucinogenesis. All compounds were examined in silico by virtual docking into a homology model of the 5-HT(2A) receptor. On the basis of these docking experiments, it was predicted that the R enantiomer of benzocyclobutene analogue 2 would be the most potent. Subsequent chemical resolution and X-ray crystallography confirmed this prediction, as (R)-2 proved to be equipotent to LSD in rats trained to discriminate LSD from saline. Thus, we propose that the conformation of 2 mimics the active binding conformation of the more flexible phenethylamine type hallucinogens. In addition, (R)-2 is one of the most potent and selective compounds yet discovered in the in vivo drug discrimination assay. Further, 2 was found to be a functionally selective agonist at the 5-HT(2A) receptor, having 65-fold greater potency in stimulating phosphoinositide turnover than in producing arachidonic acid release. If hallucinogenic effects are correlated with arachidonic acid production, such functionally selective 5-HT(2A) receptor agonists may lack the intoxicating properties of hallucinogens such as LSD.
Is soil water repellency a function of soil order and proneness to drought? A survey of soils under pasture in the North Island of New Zealand (2011)

We conducted a survey of the occurrence of soil water repellency (SWR) in the top 40 mm of soils across 50 sites under pastoral land use in the North Island of New Zealand. The sites represented ten soil orders and covered five classes of proneness to drought. We found at least a moderate persistence of SWR in 35 out of 50 sites (70%) in summer 2009/2010 and a moderate potential persistence of SWR in 49 out of 50 sites (98%) after drying the soils. The soil orders had an influence on the degree and persistence of SWR. Both the degree and persistence of SWR were greatest for the soil orders Podzol, Organic and Recent, and least for the soil order Allophanic. On average, all soil orders had contact angles larger than 94°, with the exception of the soil order Allophanic. We found no relationship between SWR and drought‐proneness. The degree of SWR and its persistence for air‐dried samples were positively correlated with soil carbon and nitrogen contents and negatively with soil bulk density. The persistence of SWR for field‐fresh samples was additionally negatively correlated with the soil water content. We identified a close relationship ( R 2 = 0.84) between the degree and persistence of SWR. The survey results indicate that SWR is at least moderately persistent in a soil with a contact angle larger than 93.8°. Using a water‐drop penetration time of 60 s as the threshold for SWR being moderately persistent, we found that moderately persistent SWR occurred only for volumetric water contents below 45% or a relative saturation of 60%. The latter can be considered to be a generic value of the critical water content for the onset of SWR at the scale of the North Island of New Zealand.
Bio-inspired artificial intelligence: theories, methods, and technologies (2009)

New approaches to artificial intelligence spring from the idea that intelligence emerges as much from cells, bodies, and societies as it does from evolution, development, and learning. Traditionally, artificial intelligence has been concerned with reproducing the abilities of human brains; newer approaches take inspiration from a wider range of biological structures that that are capable of autonomous self-organization. Examples of these new approaches include evolutionary computation and evolutionary electronics, artificial neural networks, immune systems, biorobotics, and swarm intelligenceto mention only a few. This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the emerging field of biologically inspired artificial intelligence that can be used as an upper-level text or as a reference for researchers. Each chapter presents computational approaches inspired by a different biological system; each begins with background information about the biological system and then proceeds to develop computational models that make use of biological concepts. The chapters cover evolutionary computation and electronics; cellular systems; neural systems, including neuromorphic engineering; developmental systems; immune systems; behavioral systemsincluding several approaches to robotics, including behavior-based, bio-mimetic, epigenetic, and evolutionary robots; and collective systems, including swarm robotics as well as cooperative and competitive co-evolving systems. Chapters end with a concluding overview and suggested reading.
Solids flushing, mixing, and water velocity profiles within large (10 and 150 m3) circular ‘Cornell-type’ dual-drain tanks (2004)

The objectives of this research were to evaluate how bottom drain flow rate and water inlet structure affect solids flushing, water mixing, and water velocity profiles within large (i.e., 10 and 150 m3) circular ‘Cornell-type’ dual-drain culture tanks. Results show relatively uniform water mixing was achieved in both ‘Cornell-type’ dual-drain culture tanks when tested at high fish densities (90–98 kg/m3) and at hydraulic exchange rates of one tank volume every 20–32 min. The results of the dissolved oxygen profiles showed that the minimum and maximum dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 10.0 to 10.6 mg/L across the cross-section of the 10 m3 tank and from 9.0 to 11.2 mg/L across the cross-section of the 150 m3 tank when inlet dissolved oxygen levels were 16–18 mg/L. Mixing was not influenced by bottom-drain flow over the range tested, but was influenced by the orientation of the water injection nozzles projecting through the side-wall of the culture tanks. Adjustment of the orientation of the water inlet structure and of the water flow discharged through the bottom-center drain was shown to influence the water rotational velocities throughout the circular tank. Water rotational velocity profiles taken in a vertical plane bisecting the tank indicated that velocities were consistently higher at the tank’s perimeter and that these velocities increased nearly linearly with radial distance from the tank center. Results also show that higher rotational velocities were produced at larger bottom flow rates, i.e., a 12% bottom flow created higher rotational velocities than 6 or 0% bottom flows. Reorienting the direction of the water inlet nozzles also provided a simple method for adjusting rotational water velocities within the culture tank. For example, simply reversing the direction of one of the six 45° flow injection nozzles decreased the rotational velocity about the perimeter of the 10 m3 tank from 17.8 to 13.4 cm/s. Additional studies with arctic char or rainbow trout present at commercial culture densities showed that the rate that settleable solids are flushed from 10 and 150 m3 circular ‘Cornell-type’ dual-drain culture tanks depended strongly on the water flow exiting the bottom-center drain and on the rotational period of the water within the tank. A rotational period of 1.3–1.7 min produced optimal water velocities for flushing solids from the ‘Cornell-type’ dual-drain tank. Also, a water flow through the tank’s bottom-center drain of at least 5–6 L/min for every 1 m2 of tank plan area was found to flush settleable solids within 1–2 min and 3–6 min from 10 and 150 m3 ‘Cornell-type’ dual-drain tanks, respectively.
Enhanced Exfoliation of Organoclay in Partially End‐Functionalized Non‐Polar Polymer (2009)

Abstract We found that enhanced exfoliation of clay up to 20 wt.‐% in non‐polar polybutadiene (PB) if the PB was blended with a relatively small fraction of hydroxyl‐terminated PB (HTPB). The choice of an intermediate polymer composition to enhance exfoliation was motivated by theoretical predictions of end‐functionalizing effects of Balazs, Farmer, and coworkers. A combination of X‐ray diffraction and rheological measurements were used to optimize HTPB content for enhanced exfoliation. We also observed the competition of the kinetic and thermodynamic processes during the ripening of the exfoliated clay structure. magnified image
<title>Proximity effect of conductors in optical waveguide devices: coupling to plasmon-polariton modes</title> (2000)

The proximity effect of finite-width conductors on the operation of optical waveguide devices has been assessed. It is shown that the proximity effect is caused by the coupling of modes supported by a dielectric waveguide to plasmon- polariton modes supported by the conductor of finite width. The effect is thoroughly described for the first time and its wavelength dependency is determined. The results stress the importance of careful conductor layout in optoelectronic and electro-optic waveguide devices.
Swine Generated by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Have Increased Incidence of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) (2007)

While somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been successful in several species, many pregnancies are lost and anomalies are found in fetal and perinatal stages. In this study SCNT and artificial inseminations (AI) populations were compared for litter size, average birth weight, piglets alive at birth, stillborn, mummies, dead at the first week, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and large for gestational age (LGA). Twenty-three SCNT litters (143 individuals) were compared to 112 AI litters (1300 individuals). Litter size average was 11.5 for AI and 6.2 for SCNT. Litter weight and average birth weight adjusted by litter size were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in AI than in SCNT litters. The SCNT population had a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the number of IUGRs per litter with LSmeans 7.2 +/- 1.4 versus 19.4 +/- 3.5 and means 8.0 +/- 10.8 versus 15.5 +/- 24.5 for AI and SCNT, respectively. Additionally, there was a trend for higher postnatal mortality and stillbirths in the SCNT population. These findings demonstrate that there are some differences between SCNT-derived and AI litters. SCNT-derived pigs are excellent models to study epigenetic factors and genes involved in IUGRs, and to develop effective means to improve fetal growth in humans and animals.
Nanotechnologies and controlled release systems for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA (2009)

Antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA have enormous potential for the treatment of a number of diseases, including cancer. However, several impediments to their widespread use as drugs still have to be overcome: in particular their lack of stability in physiological fluids and their poor penetration into cells. Association with or encapsulation within nano- and microsized drug delivery systems could help to solve these problems. In this review, we describe the progress that has been made using delivery systems composed of natural or synthetic polymers in the form of complexes, nanoparticles or microparticles.
Sugar Alcohols, Salt Stress, and Fungal Resistance: Polyols—Multifunctional Plant Protection? (2002)

The traditional use of polyols as osmotica in plant culture media is based on the assumption that polyols are not taken up or metabolized by cells. In reality, polyols are significant photosynthetic products and efficiently utilized metabolites in a large number of plants. In addition to these metabolic roles, initial interest in polyols focused primarily on their function as osmoprotectants. This was hypothesized to be due to their ability to act as compatible solutes. More recent research, however, indicates much broader roles for polyols in stress responses based on their significant antioxidant capacity. These include protection against salt and photooxidative stress as well as a potential role in plant pathogen interactions.
Incremental deployment for traffic engineering in hybrid SDN network (2015)

Traffic engineering is a method to balance the flows and optimize the routing in the network. Software defined networking is a new network architecture and we can gain great benefit by migrating the traditional IP network to the SDN-enabled network from the perspective of traffic engineering. However, due to the economical, organizational and technical challenges, migrating to the network with a full deployment of SDN routers is impractical in the short term. It is a desirable choice to deploy SDN incrementally. In this paper, we seek to search for an optimal migration sequence of the legacy routers to SDN-enabled routers so that we can decide where and how many routers to migrate firstly. Our main contribution is that we propose a heuristic algorithm, i.e., genetic algorithm, to seek a migration sequence of the routers that obtains the most of the benefit from the perspective of traffic engineering. We evaluate the algorithm by conducting simulation experiments, making comparison to the greedy migration algorithm and static migration algorithms that we propose. The experiments exhibit that the genetic algorithm, outperforms the other migration algorithms in searching for a migration sequence. When properly deployed, about a migration of 40% of routers reaps most of the benefit.
Robust dual-channel noise power spectral density estimation (2011)

In this paper, we propose a novel noise power spectral density (PSD) estimator which is beneficial for speech enhancement systems with two microphones in diffuse noise environments. The algorithm has a low computational complexity and requires low memory usage. The main advantage is that arbitrary models of the noise field coherence can be employed and a scalable extension of existing single-channel speech enhancement systems to dual channels is also possible. Experiments demonstrate with simulated and measured data that the proposed algorithm outperforms related algorithms in diffuse noise conditions. 1.
Blockade of catecholamine-induced growth by adrenergic and dopaminergic receptor antagonists in Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Yersinia enterocolitica (2007)

The present data demonstrates that the ability of a specific pathogen to respond to a particular hormone is dependent upon the host anatomical region in which the pathogen causes disease as well as the neuroanatomical specificity to which production of the particular hormone is restricted; and that both are anatomically coincidental to each other. As such, the present report suggests that pathogens with a high degree of exclusivity to the gastrointestinal tract have evolved response systems to neuroendocrine hormones such as norepinephrine and dopamine, but not epinephrine, which are found with the enteric nervous system.
IP2 and DC Offset Tuning in Current Mode Output Downconversion Mixers (2006)

This paper describes IP2 and DC offset tuning methods for current mode output downconversion mixers, which are suitable for low-voltage RFIC applications. A prototype of a 1.5 V double-balanced I/Q mixer for cellular applications operating in a 700 MHz - 2200 MHz, frequency range, equipped with the calibration circuits and fabricated in a 0.13 um RF CMOS technology, is presented. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed tuning approach.
Ionospheric modification theory: Past, present, and future (1974)

Ionospheric modification theory is reviewed and the principal phenomena are discussed in the context of present understanding. One fundamental advance has been the recognition that differential heating in collisional plasmas due to the beating of high frequency waves can generate low frequency density fluctuations more effectively than ponderomotive forces. This thermal coupling between the disturbing wave and density fluctuation plays a central role in producing field‐aligned structure. Future applications of ionospheric modification in transequatorial scatter communications and D ‐, E ‐, and F ‐region aeronomy are also discussed.
Alteration in protein profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PTSOX4) coated with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (2013)

Abstract One of the remarkable features of bacterial species is their capacity for rapid growth when the appropriate environmental condition for growth is provided. Some bacteria, during their growth period, encounter stress factors in their natural environments, such as limitation in growth bioavailability, heat shock, heavy metal, etc. One stress factor not studied is the effect of magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles on bacterial growth rate. The effect of magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles on the protein profiles of genetically engineered bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PTSOX4), a strain with biological desulfurization characteristic, was investigated. The magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized using co-sedimentation method, and their morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The topography of magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was detected by X-ray diffraction, and the average nanoparticle size measured was 40 to 50 nm. The bacterial cells were coated with magnetic nanoparticles, and the SEM electrographs of the bacterial cells indicated that the nanoparticles were uniformly coated on the cell surface. Proteins from both uncoated and coated bacterial cells were extracted by sonication and subjected to two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some novel protein bands appeared in the protein profiles of coated bacterial cells; however, some protein bands disappeared. The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis results highlighted the presence of two different polypeptide groups, with molecular weights of 30 to 56 kDa and 56 to 65 kDa.
Biocompatible, Hydrophilic, Supramolecular Carbon Nanoparticles for Cell Delivery (2006)

Liquid-crystal self-assembly is used to fabricate carbon nanoparticles specially suited for cell-delivery applications (see figure). The nanoparticles possess high-activity surfaces for easy functionalization and aqueous dispersion, and are shown to be rapidly internalized by mesothelial cells, wherein they show no measurable toxicity relative to crystalline silica used as a positive control.
Absolute Quantitation of Short TE Brain 1H-MR Spectra and Spectroscopic Imaging Data (1993)

A method for determining the concentrations of the materials that produce the well-resolved singlet signals in short TE brain 1H MR spectroscopic examinations is presented. Concentration determination is achieved by a water-referencing procedure. The ratios of the areas of the choline, total creatine, and N-acetyl signals to that of the water signal from the same volume of interest (VOI) are determined using acquisitions with and without water suppression. The tissue concentrations of the molecules producing the three signals can then be determined if the water concentration in the VOI can be found. This is done with a density-weighted MR study. The MR study provides the ratio of the mean MR signal amplitude from the VOI to that from an external standard containing a known water concentration. The method's flexibility is illustrated by using it with two different single-volume localization schemes and spectroscopic imaging. Preliminary evaluations of accuracy and reproducibility are made in phantom, animal, and limited human studies. The method's advantages and limitations are discussed.
Increased Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression on T Cells May Be a Mechanism for Enhanced T cell Response Late After Burn Injury (2006)

This study demonstrates for the first time the potential role of TLR4 expression on memory T cells generated late after burn injury. Although further analysis is required, these data reiterate the importance of adaptive immunity and the complexity of the immune response to burn injury.
Spectral broadening effects of high-power amplifiers in MIMO–OFDM relaying channels (2013)

Abstract The combination of MIMO–OFDM is a very attractive solution for broadband wireless services. Thus, the two prominent fourth-generation (4G) cellular systems, WiMAX and LTE-advanced, have both adopted MIMO–OFDM transmission at the physical layer. OFDM signal however suffers from nonlinear distortions when passed through high-power amplifier (HPA) at the RF stage. This nonlinear distortion introduces out-of-band spectral broadening and in-band distortions on the transmitted signals. 4G cellular standards have placed strict limits on the allowable spectral broadening in their spectrum mask specifications, to insure that data transmission on a given channel is not interfering significantly with an adjacent channel user. In this article, we characterize the out-of-band spectral broadening introduced by HPA when MIMO–OFDM signals are transmitted over multiple relaying channels. Expressions for the power spectral density of MIMO–OFDM signals are derived over multiple relay channels, and the cumulative effects of HPA on the spectrum of the transmitted signals are estimated. It is shown that depending on the number of relays and the relaying configuration employed, it may happen that a transmitted MIMO–OFDM signal with the transmit spectrum mask initially within the allowable set limit at the source node arrives at the destination violating this limit due to the cumulative effects of the multiple HPA’s in a multihop relaying channel.
IEEE 802.11e EDCF performance evaluation (2004)

This paper evaluates the performances of the contention-based channel access mechanism of IEEE 802.11e, called enhanced distributed coordination function (EDCF), compared with the 802.11 legacy MAC in supporting voice, video and data applications through network simulation of a scenario of 802.11e. Then we discuss the effects of Contention Window (CW) and Arbitration Inter-Frame Space (AIFS) on service differentiation and total throughput. We also consider an optional feature of the EDCF, called contention-free burst (CFB). Through our simulation study, we can draw a conclusion that the EDCF with TXOP can provide better-differentiated channel access for different traffic types than EDCF without TXOP especially at high traffic load conditions. But the movements caused by the parameters in CFB seem a lot bouncing and instability when in different application and configuration.