gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Replacement of Register with Delay Element for Reducing the Area of Pipelined Circuits (2006)

A new algorithm is proposed to reduce the area of a pipelined circuit using a combination of multi-clock cycle paths, clock scheduling and delay balancing. The algorithm analyzes the circuit and replaces intermediate registers with delay elements under the condition that the circuit works correctly at given target clock-period range with the smaller area. Experiments with a pipelined multiplier verify that the proposed algorithm can reduce the area of a pipelined circuit without degrading performance
Suppression of acute hepatic injury by a synthetic prostacyclin agonist through hepatocyte growth factor expression (2011)

Previous studies have demonstrated that mice disrupted with the cyclooxygenase-2 gene showed much more severe liver damage compared with wild-type mice after liver injury, and prostaglandins (PGs) such as PGE(1/2) and PGI(2) have decreased hepatic injury, but the mechanisms by which prostaglandins exhibit protective action on the liver have yet to be addressed. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of the protective action of PGI(2) using the synthetic IP receptor agonist ONO-1301. In primary cultures of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal liver cells, ONO-1301 did not show protective action directly on hepatocytes, whereas it stimulated expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in nonparenchymal liver cells. In mice, peroral administration of ONO-1301 increased hepatic gene expression and protein levels of HGF. Injections of CCl4 induced acute liver injury in mice, but the onset of acute liver injury was strongly suppressed by administration of ONO-1301. The increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by CCl4 were suppressed by 10 mg/kg ONO-1301 to 39.4 and 33.6%, respectively. When neutralizing antibody against HGF was administered with ONO-1301 and CCl4, the decreases by ONO-1301 in serum ALT and AST, apoptotic liver cells, and expansion of necrotic areas in liver tissue were strongly reversed by neutralization of endogenous HGF. These results indicate that ONO-1301 increases expression of HGF and that hepatoprotective action of ONO-1301 in CCl4-induced liver injury may be attributable to its activity to induce expression of HGF, at least in part. The potential for involvement of HGF-Met-mediated signaling in the hepatotrophic action of endogenous prostaglandins generated by injury-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 induction is considerable.
The geometry and efficacy of cation-π interactions in a diagonal position of a designed β-hairpin (2020)

Cation–π interactions are common in proteins, but their contribution to the stability and specificity of protein structure has not been well established. In this study, we examined the impact of cation–π interactions in a diagonal position of a β-hairpin peptide through comparison of the interaction of Phe or Trp with Lys or Arg. The diagonal interactions ranged from −0.20 to −0.48 kcal/mole. Our experimental values for the diagonal cation–π interactions are similar to those found in α-helical studies. Upfield shifting of the Lys and Arg side chains indicates that the geometries of cation–π interactions adopted in the 12-residue β-hairpin are comparable to those found in protein structures. The Lys was found to interact through the polarized Cɛ, and the Arg is stacked against the aromatic ring of Phe or Trp. Folding of these peptides was found to be enthalpically favorable (ΔH° ∼ −3 kcal/mole) and entropically unfavorable (ΔS°∼ −8 cal mole−1 K−1).
Integrated Photonics for Low-Power Packet Networking (2011)

Communications interconnects and networks will continue to play a large role in contributing to the global carbon footprint, especially in data center and cloud-computing applications exponential growth in capacity. Key to maximizing the benefits of photonics technology is highly functional, lower power, and large-scale photonics integration. In this paper, we report on the latest advances in the photonic integration technologies used for asynchronous optical packet switching using an example photonic integrated switched optical router, the label switched optical router architecture. We report measurements of the power consumed by the photonic circuits in performing their intended function, the electronics required to bias the photonics, processing electronics, and required cooling technology. Data is presented to show that there is room (potentially greater than 10 ×) for improvement in the router packet-forwarding plane. The purpose of this exercise is not to provide a comparison of all-optical versus electronic routers, rather to present a data point on actual measurements of the power contributions for various photonic integration technologies of an all-optical packet router that has been demonstrated and conclude, where the technology can move to reduce power consumption for high-capacity packet routing systems.
Bone morphogenetic protein‐4 regulates its own expression in cultured osteoblasts (2000)

During development, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells to enter into the osteoblastic lineage, and BMPs enhance osteoblastic function. BMPs and noggin, a specific binding protein that blocks BMP actions, are expressed by osteoblastic cells but there is limited information about regulation of BMP synthesis in skeletal cells. We tested for the expression and regulation of BMP-4 in cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells from 22-day fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). BMP-4 caused a short-lived increase in BMP-4 mRNA followed by a marked inhibition of BMP-4 expression. The stimulatory effect was transcriptional, as determined by nuclear run-on assays, whereas the inhibitory effect was transcriptional and posttranscriptional, because longer BMP-4 exposure decreased its rate of transcription and shortened the half-life of BMP-4 mRNA in transcriptionally arrested Ob cells. BMP-2 and BMP-6 also inhibited BMP-4 mRNA levels. Transforming growth factor β1 increased, whereas fibroblast growth factor-2, platelet-derived growth factor BB, and insulin-like growth factor I decreased BMP-4 mRNA in Ob cells. BMP-2 also was expressed by Ob cells and it was downregulated by BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-6. Noggin increased BMP-4 transcripts, suggesting autocrine control of BMP-4 expression. In conclusion, BMP-4 inhibits its own expression in Ob cells, a mechanism to limit BMP availability to osteoblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 182:239–246, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Umbilical Cord Wharton's Jelly: A New Potential Cell Source of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Bone Tissue Engineering (2009)

Although bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) are a main cell source for tissue-engineered bone (TEB), the clinical use of BMSCs is restricted due to the invasive bone marrow aspiration procedure and the decline in available number of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and differentiation potential with increasing age. Umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSCs) are likely to be a promising alternative cell source for TEB due to their higher availability and potential to proliferate and differentiate. To assess this possibility, we studied bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-induced osteogenic differentiation and activation of signaling pathways in UCMSCs and BMSCs. UCMSCs showed a phenotype and differentiation potential similar to that of BMSCs. After 14 days of BMP2 treatment, the overall expression of several osteogenic-specific phenotypes (type I collagen, osteopontin, and osteocalcin) was similar for UCMSCs and BMSCs. The signaling pathway by which BMP2 induced differentiation of both cell types involved the membrane receptor-initiated signals including SMADs, P38, and extracellular regulated kinase. The similar characteristics of BMP2-induced osteogenic differentiation of UCMSCs and BMSCs in vitro would support the use of UCMSCs in TEB.
Complementary Metal Ion Specificity of the Metal-Citrate Transporters CitM and CitH of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2000)

Citrate uptake in Bacillus subtilis is stimulated by a wide range of divalent metal ions. The metal ions were separated into two groups based on the expression pattern of the uptake system. The two groups correlated with the metal ion specificity of two homologous B. subtilis secondary citrate transporters, CitM and CitH, upon expression in Escherichia coli. CitM transported citrate in complex with Mg(2+), Ni(2+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), and Zn(2+) but not in complex with Ca(2+), Ba(2+), and Sr(2+). CitH transported citrate in complex with Ca(2+), Ba(2+), and Sr(2+) but not in complex with Mg(2+), Ni(2+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), and Zn(2+). Both transporters did not transport free citrate. Nevertheless, free citrate uptake could be demonstrated in B. subtilis, indicating the expression of at least a third citrate transporter, whose identity is not known. For both the CitM and CitH transporters it was demonstrated that the metal ion promoted citrate uptake and, vice versa, that citrate promoted uptake of the metal ion, indicating that the complex is the transported species. The results indicate that CitM and CitH are secondary transporters that transport complexes of divalent metal ions and citrate but with a complementary metal ion specificity. The potential physiological function of the two transporters is discussed.
A Current-Mode DC–DC Buck Converter with Efficiency-Optimized Frequency Control and Reconfigurable Compensation (2011)

Large input voltage range and wide output current range are usually needed for dc-dc converters. For these input and output conditions, the converter's efficiency can be maximized by a proposed method, efficiency-optimized switching-frequency (EOF) control. The optimal switching frequency for maximizing the efficiency is generated by the low-complexity and low-power EOF generator. A reconfigurable compensator is developed for improving the load regulation and the transient response. A piecewise-linear current sensor (PLCS) is employed to reduce controller power loss without sacrificing the sensing accuracy. With the aforementioned three proposed methods, a monolithic current-mode dc-dc buck converter is implemented in a 0.35-μm 3.3-V CMOS process. The measured power-loss reductions and efficiency improvements achieve 16 and 15 mW, and 16% and 1%, both in light and heavy loads, respectively. The load regulation and the transient recovery time are improved by 40 mV and 12 μs, respectively, while the PLCS can reduce 3 mW of power loss. Compared with other published converters in 0.35-μm CMOS process, the implemented converter achieves a higher efficiency of 96.3% and smaller chip area of 0.97 mm.
C-SAM: Multi-Robot SLAM using square root information smoothing (2008)

This paper presents collaborative smoothing and mapping (C-SAM) as a viable approach to the multi-robot map- alignment problem. This method enables a team of robots to build joint maps with or without initial knowledge of their relative poses. To accomplish the simultaneous localization and mapping this method uses square root information smoothing (SRIS). In contrast to traditional extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods the smoothing does not exclude any information and is therefore also better equipped to deal with non-linear process and measurement models. The method proposed does not require the collaborative robots to have initial correspondence. The key contribution of this work is an optimal smoothing algorithm for merging maps that are created by different robots independently or in groups. The method not only joins maps from different robots, it also recovers the complete robot trajectory for each robot involved in the map joining. It is also shown how data association between duplicate features is done and how this reduces uncertainty in the complete map. Two simulated scenarios are presented where the C-SAM algorithm is applied on two individually created maps. One basically joins two maps resulting in a large map while the other shows a scenario where sensor extension is carried out.
Apoptosis, Pyroptosis, and Necrosis: Mechanistic Description of Dead and Dying Eukaryotic Cells (2005)

A wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms have been demonstrated to cause eukaryotic cell death, either as a consequence of infecting host cells or by producing toxic products. Pathogen-induced host cell death has been characterized as apoptosis in many of these systems. It is increasingly being
Deep coagulation of dermal collagen with repetitive Er:YAG laser irradiation (2000)

Coagulation of dermal collagen deeper than 200 microm below the epidermal-dermal junction is feasible by using the appropriate settings of a repetitive Er:YAG laser.
Towards Visualization Recommendation Systems (2016)

Data visualization is often used as the first step while performing a variety of analytical tasks. With the advent of large, high-dimensional datasets and significant interest in data science, there is a need for tools that can support rapid visual analysis. In this paper we describe our vision for a new class of visualization systems, namely visualization recommendation systems, that can automatically identify and interactively recommend visualizations relevant to an analytical task. We detail the key requirements and design considerations for a visualization recommendation system. We also identify a number of challenges in realizing this vision and describe some approaches to address them.
Single step molecular characterization of morphologically similar black truffle species (1998)

Species-specific internal ITS primers that amplify polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of different lengths were selected to distinguish the morphologically similar ectomycorrhizal fungi T. melanosporum, T. brumale and T. indicum by aligning their internal transcribed spacer sequences and taking into account any incidence of intraspecific variability. In multiplex PCR experiments, the species-specific primers yielded the expected amplicons on template DNA isolated from the above mentioned species, while there was no amplification in PCR reactions carried out on fungal DNA from competing truffle species and host plants.
Answer Extraction as Sequence Tagging with Tree Edit Distance (2013)

Our goal is to extract answers from pre-retrieved sentences for Question Answering (QA). We construct a linear-chain Conditional Random Field based on pairs of questions and their possible answer sentences, learning the association between questions and answer types. This casts answer extraction as an an-swer sequence tagging problem for the first time, where knowledge of shared structure be-tween question and source sentence is incor-porated through features based on Tree Edit Distance (TED). Our model is free of man-ually created question and answer templates, fast to run (processing 200 QA pairs per sec-ond excluding parsing time), and yields an F1 of 63.3 % on a new public dataset based on prior TREC QA evaluations. The developed system is open-source, and includes an imple-mentation of the TED model that is state of the art in the task of ranking QA pairs. 1
A 0.039 mm<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^2$</tex> </formula> Inverter-Based 1.82 mW 68.6<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$~$</tex> </formula>dB-SNDR 10 MHz-BW CT-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Sigma\Delta$</tex> </formula>-ADC in 65 nm CMOS Using Power- and Area-Efficient Design Techniques (2014)

We present design techniques for the realization of compact, low-power CT- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Sigma\Delta$</tex> </formula> -ADCs in ultra-deep-submicron CMOS: A resonant single-opamp third-order integrator with loss compensation, an inverter-based opamp with digitally assisted biasing and common mode control, a pseudo-differential modulator topology with quasi-1.5-bit quantization, a jitter-noise-reduction DAC with NRZ pulse shape, a mismatch-tolerant IIR quantizer, linearized single-ended FIR-DACs with passive DT compensation, and a rail-to-rail dynamic latched comparator. A highly compact 41.4 fJ/conv.-step, 77 dB-SFDR, 1.1 V ADC has been implemented to prove these concepts. The entire active analog circuitry in this minimalistic third-order modulator consists of only ten CMOS inverters.
Ground target tracking-a historical perspective (2002)

Airborne sensor platforms such as Joint STARS provide a capability for ground surveillance and monitoring target movements. Because of the high target density and maneuverability, high clutter, low visibility due to terrain masking, etc., ground target tracking presents unique challenges not present in tracking other types of targets. This paper reviews major developments in multi-target tracking over the past four decades and discusses how algorithms developed primarily for tracking air targets can be used for tracking ground targets. The similarities and differences between found and air target tracking are first compared. We then discuss how simple target state estimation algorithms such as Kalman filtering have evolved into more complicated algorithms for tracking maneuvering targets. Similarly, we discuss how association algorithms have progressed from nearest neighbor to joint probabilistic data association (JPDA), multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT), and multi-dimensional assignment. The adequacy of these techniques for tracking ground targets is discussed.
Periodontitis as a Biofilm Infection (2001)

Microbial biofilms are a major concern of infections associated with implantable medical devices as well as with many non-implant related chronic infectious diseases in humans. Dental plaque is also a biofilm. Dental plaque is probably one of the best characterized biofilms occurring on the surface of human tissues. This article will examine the impact of biofilm research on concepts of microbial etiology and the treatment implications for periodontitis.
Ultra-Wideband Scanning Antenna Array With Rotman Lens (2017)

An ultra-wideband (6-18 GHz) phased-array antenna with a beam scanning angle of ±28° is proposed. A step-by-step design procedure consisting of beamforming network (BFN), end-launcher feed adapter, and the radiating element is presented. Microstrip Rotman lens has been designed to act as the BFN, and optimized to achieve minimum phase-error over the whole frequency range. In order to satisfy the condition needed for avoiding grating lobes, as well as achieving a wide radiation bandwidth and a high power handling capability, an E-plane double-ridged horn antenna is used as the radiating element. A novel wideband end-launcher coaxial to double-ridged waveguide transition has also been developed for connecting the BFN to the antenna array. Extensive optimization procedures have been applied to the end-launched adapter together with the antenna to achieve the best return loss over the frequency band of operation. The whole system has been simulated using CST full-wave simulator. An excellent agreement between the measurements of the fabricated system and the simulated results is observed.
Active disk meets flash (2013)

Intelligent solid-state drives (iSSDs) allow execution of limited application functions (e.g., data filtering or aggregation)on their internal hardware resources, exploiting SSD characteristics and trends to provide large and growing performance and energy efficiency benefits. Most notably, internal flash media bandwidth can be significantly (2-4x or more) higher than the external bandwidth with which the SSD is connected to a host system, and the higher internal bandwidth can be exploited within an iSSD. Also, SSD bandwidth is projected to increase rapidly over time, creating a substantial energy cost for streaming of data to an external CPU for processing, which can be avoided via iSSD processing. This paper makes a case for iSSDs by detailing these trends, quantifying the potential benefifits across a range of application activities, describing how SSD architectures could be extended cost-effectively, and demonstrating the concept with measurements of a prototype iSSD running simple data scan functions. Our analyses indicate that, with less than a 2% increase in hardware cost over a traditional SSD, an iSSD can provide 2-4x performance increases and 5-27x energy efficiency gains for a range of data-intensive computations.
Fast Heuristics for the Maximum Feasible Subsystem Problem (2001)

Given an infeasible set of linear constraints, finding the maximum cardinality feasible subsystem is known as the maximum feasible subsystem problem. This problem is known to be NP-hard, but has many practical applications. This paper presents improved heuristics for solving the maximum feasible subsystem problem that are significantly faster than the original, but still highly accurate.
Characterization of Central Inhibitory Muscarinic Autoreceptors by the Use of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Knock-Out Mice (2002)

Forebrain muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (mAChRs; M1-M5) are predicted to play important roles in many fundamental central functions, including higher cognitive processes and modulation of extrapyramidal motor activity. Synaptic ACh levels are known to be regulated by the activity of presynaptic muscarinic autoreceptors mediating inhibition of ACh release. Primarily because of the use of ligands with limited receptor subtype selectivity, classical pharmacological studies have led to conflicting results regarding the identity of the mAChR subtypes mediating this activity in different areas of the brain. To investigate the molecular identity of hippocampal, cortical, and striatal inhibitory muscarinic autoreceptors in a more direct manner, we used genetically altered mice lacking functional M2 and/or M4 mAChRs [knock-out (KO) mice]. After labeling of cellular ACh pools with [3H]choline, potassium-stimulated [3H]ACh release was measured in superfused brain slices, either in the absence or the presence of muscarinic drugs. The nonsubtype-selective muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine (0.1-10 microm), inhibited potassium-stimulated [3H]ACh release in hippocampal, cortical, and striatal slices prepared from wild-type mice by up to 80%. This activity was totally abolished in tissues prepared from M2-M4 receptor double KO mice. Strikingly, release studies with brain slices from M2 and M4 receptor single KO mice indicated that autoinhibition of ACh release is mediated primarily by the M2 receptor in hippocampus and cerebral cortex, but predominantly by the M4 receptor in the striatum. These results, together with additional receptor localization studies, support the novel concept that autoinhibition of ACh release involves different mAChRs in different regions of the brain.
Novel T/R switch architectures for MIMO applications (2004)

In this paper, we present new architectures for three kinds of RF switches (DPDT, DP4T, 4P4T) with very simple control logics and high power handling capabilities. Implementation of DPDT, DP4T, and 4P4T switch matrix for multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) applications is demonstrated with measurements. The suggested DPDT, DP4T, and 4P4T switch architectures require only one, two and three control lines, respectively, regardless of semiconductor technology. The developed DPDT switch demonstrates 1.0 dB of insertion loss, 19 dB of isolation, and 31 dBm of input P0.1 dB, 34.5 dBm of input P1 dB in 3/0 V operation at 5.8 GHz. The DP4T, 4P4T switches exhibit 1.8 dB, 2.8 dB of insertion loss, and 23/37 dB, 20/35/55 dB of isolation, respectively, and 31 dBm of input P0.1 dB, 35 dBm of input P1 dB in 3/0 V operation at 5.8 GHz. The MMICs are developed in a commercial 0.25-/spl mu/m GaAs pHEMT process. These switch architectures are preferable for the Si-based processes because the substrate vias are not required due to their generic topologies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the simple architectures for RF switch matrix for MIMO applications.