gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Thermal Stability of DNA Fragments With Tandem Mismatches at a d(CXYG)d(CY'X'G) Site (1996)

Temperature-Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE) was employed to determine the thermal stabilities of 28 DNA fragments, 373 bp long, with two adjacent mismatched base pairs, and eight DNAs with Watson-Crick base pairs at the same positions. Heteroduplex DNAs containing two adjacent mismatches were formed by melting and reannealing pairs of homologous 373 bp DNA fragments differing by two adjacent base pairs. Product DNAs were separated based on their thermal stability by parallel and perpendicular TGGE. The polyacrylamide gel contained 3.36 M urea and 19.2 % formamide to lower the DNA melting temperatures. The order of stability was determined in the sequence context d(CXYG).d(CY'X'G) where X.X' and Y.Y" represent the mismatched or Watson-Crick base pairs. The identity of the mismatched bases and their stacking interactions influence DNA stability. Mobility transition melting temperatures (T u) of the DNAs with adjacent mismatches were 1.0-3.6 degrees C (+/-0.2 degree C) lower than the homoduplex DNA with the d(CCAG).d(CTGG) sequence. Two adjacent G.A pairs, d(CGAG).d(CGAG), created a more stable DNA than DNAs with Watson-Crick A.T pairs at the same sites. The d(GA).d(GA) sequence is estimated to be 0.4 (+/-30%) kcal/mol more stable in free energy than d(AA).d(TT) base pairs. This result confirms the unusual stability of the d(GA).d(GA) sequence previously observed in DNA oligomers. All other DNAs with adjacent mismatched base pairs were less stable than Watson-Crick homoduplex DNAs. Their relative stabilities followed an order expected from previous results on single mismatches. Two homoduplex DNAs with identical nearest neighbor sequences but different next-nearest neighbor sequences had a small but reproducible difference in T u value. This result indicates that sequence dependent next neighbor stacking interactions influence DNA stability.
A novel concept for a rock-breaking machine I. Theoretical consideration and model experiments (1980)

Abstract This is the first of two papers describing the ‘Max’ static rock-breaker. This part introduces the basic ideas and early work, and then gives the theory of the rock-breaking process, which is based upon the use of fracture mechanics. The theoretical predictions obtained from the analysis are then compared with results obtained from a scale model breaker (6.7 mm diameter hole) working in PMMA. It is concluded that the theory gives a very satisfactory description of the process. In particular, the breaking force is shown to be proportional to h3/2, h being the hole depth, and also, as would be expected, to the factor (GE)1/2, where G is the fracture energy and E is the Young modulus of the material being broken. It should be emphasized that the breaking force is independent of other common rock strength parameters, such as the tensile or compressive strengths.
Introduction to Piezoelectric Actuators and Transducers (2003)

Certain materials produce electric charges on their surfaces as a consequence of applying mechanical stress. The induced charges are proportional to the mechanical stress. This is called the direct piezoelectric effect and was discovered in quartz by Piere and Jacques Curie in 1880. Materials showing this phenomenon also conversely have a geometric strain proportional to an applied electric field. This is the converse piezoelectric effect. The root of the word "piezo" means "pressure"; hence the original meaning of the word piezoelectricity implied "pressure electricity." Piezoelectricity is extensively utilized in the fabrication of various devices such as transducers, actuators, surface acoustic wave devices, frequency control and so on. In this chapter we describe the piezoelectric materials that are used, and various potential applications of piezoelectric materials.
Hormone Therapy in Prostate Cancer (2013)

The role of nuclear medicine diagnostic bone scanning is well established in prostate cancer. This case provides an insight into the specific role that bone scanning plays in monitoring response to hormone therapy and an example of significant global skeletal response. The case highlights the remarkable efficacy of timely hormone therapy in high-grade prostate cancer with widespread bony metastasis. In addition, the range of hormone therapy currently available for clinical application in the management of metastatic prostate cancer is detailed. Finally, the case represents an incidental diagnosis of prostate cancer after evaluation of nonspecific symptoms.
Combination of structural and state analysis for partial scan (2002)

Test generation complexity varies exponentially as the depth of cycles in the S-graph of the circuit. We map the hard-to-reach states obtained from a sequential test generator onto the cycles in the S-graph of the circuit. We then proceed to rank the cycles in terms of the testability gain that would result if the cycle were broken. The primary objective is not to cut all the cycles but to cut those cycles which are preventing the test generator from reaching these hard-to-reach states. To this end, we introduce new measures that combine conventional testability measures such as controllability and observability with the information from hard-to-reach states. We show that this approach overcomes some of the limitations of conventional cycle-cutting. This selective cutting of cycles is shown to yield better results in terms of fault coverage than conventional cycle-cutting.
Improved Error Detection Scheme Using Data Hiding in Motion Vector for H.264/AVC (2013)

The compression of video data is intended for real-time transmission of band-limited channels.
Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. XIV. The effect of nitration of protein A with tetranitromethane and subsequent reduction. (1973)

Protein A from the cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus reacts with the Fc part of certain immunoglobulins from several species. Tetranitromethane has been used for the quantitative nitration of the four tyrosyl residues in protein A. The nitrotyrosines formed were subsequently reduced to the corresponding amino-tyrosyl groups with sodium dithionite. After nitration, protein A lost almost completely its original reactivity towards the Fc fragments of IgG while amino-protein A retained about 40% of its activity, as estimated by quantitative single immunodiffusion tests against normal dog serum. The activity towards rabbit anti-protein A serum was not changed, while neither nitro protein A nor amino protein A agglutinated sensitized sheep red blood cells. The significance of the tyrosines in the active sites of protein A is discussed.
Regionally Optimized Reconstruction for Partially Parallel Imaging in MRI Applications (2008)

Based on the conventional SENSE and GRAPPA, a regionally optimized reconstruction method is developed for reduced noise and artifact level in partially parallel imaging. In this regionally optimized reconstruction, the field-of-view (FOV) is divided into a number of small regions. Over every small region, the noise amplification and data fitting error can be balanced and minimized locally by taking advantage of spatial correlation of neighboring pixels in reconstruction. The full FOV image can be obtained by "region-by-region" reconstruction. Compared with the conventional SENSE, this method gives better performance in the regions where there are pixels with high SENSE g-factors. Compared with GRAPPA, it is better in the regions where all the pixels have low SENSE g-factors. In this work, we applied the regionally optimized reconstruction in four important imaging experiments: brain, spine, breast, and cardiac. It was demonstrated in these experiments that the overall image quality using this regionally optimized reconstruction is better than that using the conventional SENSE or GRAPPA.
Chemopreventive effect of corosolic acid in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (2013)

Anticancer effects of corosolic acid have been demonstrated earlier in human cervix adenocarcinoma and osteosarcoma cells, but the exact underlying molecular mechanisms have not been studied. Hence, an attempt was made to identify the anticancer mechanism of corosolic acid in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells [HepG2]. The anticancer activity of corosolic acid through cell growth inhibition by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptotic fragmentations by fluorescence microscope was evaluated. In addition, the cleavage of PARP, NF-κB, cytochrome c (cyt. C) release, and Bax and Bcl2 expression was analyzed by Western blot. The results clearly indicate that corosolic acid was involved in the alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in the release of cyt. C from mitochondria and increased ROS generation. The corosolic acid treatment causes the induction of apoptosis in a dose dependent manner (IC 50 , 40 μM). In conclusion, corosolic acid had chemopreventive effect on HepG2 cells by apoptosis. Keywords : Corosolic acid, hepatocellular carcinoma, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, lipid peroxidation African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(19), pp. 2733-2742
Effect on Deformation Process of Adding a Copper Core to Multifilament ${\rm MgB}_{2}$ Superconducting Wire (2007)

Using the PIT method, multifilament wire with different packing strategies has been manufactured. In all, three types of wire have been investigated, a 19-filament configuration using ex-situ powder in an Fe-matrix and two 8-filament configurations in an Fe-matrix applying a copper core, one using in-situ and another using ex-situ powder. The effect on the annealing requirements during mechanical processing of adding such a copper core has been investigated. The results show that the number of required annealings drops by about a factor of one half with the addition of a copper core. This finding is supported by numerical simulations of the deformation process which indicate that tensile stresses are concentrated around the middle of the wire during the drawing process. As such, strategic packing of the multifilament configuration can reduce the need for annealing during the mechanical deformation process. It is also found that the multifilament configuration using in-situ powder requires less annealing than the ex-situ counterpart. This is most likely due to the fact that in-situ powder is more readily compacted than ex-situ powder.
Conditional Expression of Type I Interferon-Induced Bovine Mx1 GTPase in a Stable Transgenic Vero Cell Line Interferes with Replication of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (2004)

In some vertebrate species, type I interferon(IFN)-induced Mx gene expression has been shown to confer resistance to some single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses in vitro. Because the bovine species is subject to an exceptionally wide array of infections caused by such viruses, it is anticipated that an antiviral allele should have been retained by evolution at the bovine Mx locus. The identification of such allele may help in evaluating the real significance of the Mx genotype for disease resistance in vivo, in deciphering host-virus molecular interactions involved, or in improving innate disease resistance of livestock through marker-assisted selection. We validated a double transgenic Vero cell clone in which the bovine Mx1 reference allele is placed under control of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer-promoter sequence containing elements from the bacterial tetracycline resistance operon to regulate transcription. In the selected clone, transgene repression was very tight, and derepression by doxycycline led to homogeneous 48-h duration expression of physiologic levels of bovine Mx1. Expression of the transgene caused a dramatic decrease in cytopathic efficiency and a 500-5000-fold yield reduction of the Indiana and New Jersey serotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). To our knowledge, the transgenic clone developed here is the first ever reported that allows conditional expression of an Mx protein, thus providing a valuable tool for studying functions of Mx proteins in general and that of bovine Mx1 in particular. This latter may henceforward be included in the group of Mx proteins with authenticated anti-VSV activity, which offers new research avenues into the field of host-virus interactions.
Two-Crucible Czochralski Process (1985)

Scheme for continuous melt replenishment increases capacity of Czochralski crystal-growing furnace. Replenishing and drawing crucibles of improved Czochralski apparatus connected by heated quartz siphon. When doped silicon added to replenishing crucible, liquid silicon flows into drawing crucible, equalizing two melt levels. Addition of new material automatically controlled in response to optically sensed melt level. Results of this semicontinuous operation higher production speed, lower cost, and good control of crystal quality.
Novel Room Temperature Inorganic Ionic Liquids (2004)

Abstract New inorganic ionic liquids (IIL) consisting of an inorganic polyoxometalate anion with the Keggin structure and a sodium cation, that is Na 13 [Ln(TiW 11 O 39 ) 2 ]· x H 2 O [where Ln = lanthanide (type 1)], Na 5 [MTiW 11 O 39 ]· x H 2 O and Na 6 [MTiW 11 O 39 ]· x H 2 O [where M = transition metal (type 2)], were prepared and their physicochemical properties were investigated. These ionic liquids were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and by elemental analysis. Their melting point, viscosity, conductivity, thermal stability, and miscibility with water and organic solvents were determined. When the temperature is below ambient temperature (about 298 K) these ionic liquids are almost immiscible with water. When the temperature is raised, the solubility of the new ionic liquids increases sharply. The influence of the size and of the charge density of both the cations and anions on these properties was examined. The most remarkable feature of IILs is that water is their indispensable component. The role of the water molecule in ionic liquids is similar to that of crystalline water in hydrated compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
History Of The Laser Gyro (1984)

The ring laser gyro had its beginning with the observation that rotation removed the degeneracy between the clockwise and the counterclockwise traveling waves in a resonant cavity, and that the frequency difference was directly proportional to the angular rotation rate l. The measurement of rotation by the interference of electromagnetic waves in non-resonant or non-reentrant structures was recognized more than a half century earlier in 1897 by Oliver Lodge2. His research apparatus which is shown in Figure 1 consisted of mirrors at the corners of a 1 m x 6 m rectangle, light source, semi-transparent plate, and telescope, and was used in his study of the drag of the ether by rotating steel discs. In his negative comments concerning ether drag, he included the following comment. "Hence if, --, the whole apparatus, lantern, optical frame, telescope, observer and all were mounted on a turntable and caused to rotate, a reversible shift of the bands should be seen. ----The effect would be of an aberrational kind, the opposite light beams being accelerated and retarded by the motion appropriately.----My present optical apparatus mounted on a turntable revolving 4 times a minute should show something, viz.: 1/100th band shift each way. A certain amount of discomfort during the accelerative stages of any speed could hardly be avoided, and even
The <i>Bysl</i> gene product, bystin, is essential for survival of mouse embryos (2006)

Human bystin is a cytoplasmic protein directly binding to trophinin, a cell adhesion molecule potentially involved in human embryo implantation. The present study shows that bystin is expressed in luminal and glandular epithelia in the mouse uterus at peri-implantation stages. In fertilized embryos, bystin was not seen until blastocyst stage. Bystin expression started during hatching and increased in expanded blastocyst. However, bystin apparently disappeared from the blastocyst during implantation. After implantation bystin re-appeared in the epiblast. Targeted disruption of the mouse bystin gene, Bysl, resulted in embryonic lethality shortly after implantation, indicating that bystin is essential for survival of mouse embryos.
Characterization of plants expressing the human β1,4-galactosyltrasferase gene (2015)

Modification of the plant N-glycosylation pathway towards human type structures is an important strategy to implement plants as expression systems for therapeutic proteins. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the overall impact of non-plant glycosylation enzymes in stable transformed plants. Here, we analyzed transgenic lines (Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana) that stably express a modified version of human β1,4-galactosyltransferase ((ST)GalT). While some transgenic plants grew normally, other lines exhibited a severe phenotype associated with stunted growth and developmental retardation. The severity of the phenotype correlated with both increased (ST)GalT mRNA and protein levels but no differences were observed between N-glycosylation profiles of plants with and without the phenotype. In contrast to non-transgenic plants, all (ST)GalT expressing plants synthesized significant amounts of incompletely processed (largely depleted of core fucose) N-glycans with up to 40% terminally galactosylated structures. While transgenic plants showed no differences in nucleotide sugar composition and cell wall monosaccharide content, alterations in the reactivity of cell wall carbohydrate epitopes associated with arabinogalactan-proteins and pectic homogalacturonan were detected in (ST)GalT expressing plants. Notably, plants with phenotypic alterations showed increased levels of hydrogen peroxide, most probably a consequence of hypersensitive reactions. Our data demonstrate that unfavorable phenotypical modifications may occur upon stable in planta expression of non-native glycosyltransferases. Such important issues need to be taken into consideration in respect to stable glycan engineering in plants.
LCL-T Resonant Converter With Clamp Diodes: A Novel Constant-Current Power Supply With Inherent Constant-Voltage Limit (2007)

The LCL-T resonant converter behaves as a constant-current (CC) source when operated at the resonant frequency. The output voltage of a CC power supply increases linearly with the load resistance. Therefore, a constant-voltage (CV) limit must be incorporated in the converter for its use in practical applications wherein the open-load condition is commonly experienced by a CC power supply, such as in an arc welding power supply. A novel LCL-T resonant converter with clamp diodes is proposed in this paper, which has built-in CC-CV characteristics. Since the CC-CV characteristics are inherent to the converter, and complex feedback control is not required, the proposed converter is rugged and reliable. The principle of operation of the converter is explained. Experimental results on a 500-W prototype are presented to demonstrate the inherent CC-CV behavior of the converter. Simple extensions of the topology featuring variable CV limits are described
Disturbance observer based fully digital controlled PWM inverter for CVCF operation (1994)

A new approach for digital feedback control of a PWM inverter is proposed, in which an output DB (deadbeat) control is achieved combined with a disturbance observer. In the proposed scheme, the pole placements of the state observer and the disturbance observer are chosen separately. When the two observers employed the same pole placements, the experimental setup had a tendency to become unstable due to the detection error. By selection of the different pole placements, the disturbance observer quickly estimates the disturbance and feedforward disturbance cancellation is achieved. Then the state observer estimates the state variables at the next sampling instant, and the deadbeat controller is applied to the nominal system. This scheme has advantages in robustness in the practical application. From the view point of UPS applications, the advantages and disadvantages are discussed through simulations and experiments. Compared with other digital control laws, the superiority of the proposed control law is verified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Band offsets of (100) <b> <i>β</i> </b>-(AlxGa1−x)2O3/<b> <i>β</i> </b>-Ga2O3 heterointerfaces grown via MOCVD (2020)

The valence and conduction band offsets at (100) β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3/β-Ga2O3 heterointerfaces with the increasing Al composition are determined via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The (100) β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 thin films with the Al composition of 0.10 &lt; x &lt; 0.52 are grown on (100) β-Ga2O3 substrates by the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method. By examining the onset of inelastic energy loss in core-level atomic spectra, the bandgaps of β-Ga2O3 and β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 alloys with different Al compositions are measured from 4.83 ± 0.12 eV (x = 0) to 5.85 ± 0.08 eV (x = 0.52). The valence band offsets are determined to be −0.06 ± 0.06 eV (x = 0.10), −0.11 ± 0.06 eV (x = 0.33), and −0.19 ± 0.06 eV (x = 0.52). The conduction band offsets of 0.34 ± 0.17 eV (x = 0.10), 0.62 ± 0.17 eV (x = 0.33), and 1.21 ± 0.16 eV (x = 0.52) are determined from the extracted bandgaps of β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 alloys. The determined band alignments at β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3/β-Ga2O3 interfaces reveal the formation of type-II (staggered gap) heterojunctions for all Al compositions investigated. The bowing parameters obtained from the quadratic fitting of both conduction band minimum and valence band maximum values are estimated to be 1.25 eV and 0.005 eV, respectively.
Repeated botulinum toxin injections can improve mobility in patients with spinal cord lesions. (2007)

BTX can improve mobility in patients with SCL. Repeated injections may enhance the effect despite the concern for resistance formation. Further research is needed to support the findings and determine the optimal BTX doses and intervals between injections.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE Bonds and Recognizances: Provide for Increased Bail and for Filing of Separate Police Reports for Incidents of Family Violence (1992)

HB 448 provides for increased bail when an offense involves an act of family violence. If the offense involves serious injury and the arresting officer believes further violence is possible, it is bailable only before a judicial officer. HB 449 provides that a separate report shall be filed whenever a law enforcement officer responds to an incident involving family violence, and outlines the required contents of that report. The Act also provides that the officer shall not base the decision to arrest on the consent or request of the victim and provides guidelines for determining who was the primary physical aggressor. Police departments are required to report all family violence incidents to the Georgia Crime Information Center whether or not an arrest is made.
Realizable Wiener filtering in two dimensions (1982)

The extension of Wiener's classical mean-square estimation theory to a two-dimensional setting is presented. In analogy with the one-dimensional problem, the optimal realizable filter is derived by solution of a two-dimensional, discrete Wiener-Hopf equation using a spectral factorization procedure. Filters are developed for the cases of prediction, filtering, and smoothing, and appropriate error expressions are derived to characterize their performance.