gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photocatalysis for Water Decomposition by RuO<sub>2</sub>-Dispersed ZnGa<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with d<sup>10</sup> Configuration (2002)

The photocatalytic activity for water decomposition of RuO2-dispersed ZnGa2O4 with an octahedrally coordinated Ga3+ ion was studied in order to examine the photocatalytic properties of p-block metal oxides with d10 configuration. ZnGa2O4 was impregnated with Ru3(CO)12 or Ru(C5H7O2)3 in THF and oxidized to convert them to RuO2. For RuO2-loaded ZnGa2O4, hydrogen and oxygen were stably produced from the initial stage of reaction under Hg−Xe lamp light irradiation. The activity dependence on the calcination temperature of ZnGa2O4, the amount of RuO2 loaded, and the oxidation temperature of RuO2 showed that the dispersion of small RuO2 particles leads to high photocatalytic activity. The electronic structure of ZnGa2O4 was calculated by a plane-wave-based density function theory (DFT). The valence bands were mainly composed of the O 2p orbitals, whereas the conduction bands were formed by hybridzation of Ga 4s4p and Zn 4s4p orbitals. Large dispersion observed in the conduction band indicated the large mobility of photoexcited electrons, which was considered to be responsible for high photocatalytic performance. The feature of electronic structures relating to photocatalysis was discussed in comparison with those of transition metal oxides.
Update on Clinical Inflammometry for the Management of Airway Diseases (2013)

Airway inflammation is a central feature of many airway diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and chronic cough; therefore, it is only logical that it is measured to optimize its treatment. However, most treatment recommendations, including the use of anti-inflammatory therapies such as corticosteroids, are based on assessments of only airflow and symptoms. Over the past 10 years, methods have been developed to assess airway inflammation relatively noninvasively. Quantitative cell counts in sputum and the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide are the most validated tests. Judicious use of currently available drugs, such as corticosteroids, bronchodilators and antibiotics, and other anti-inflammatory therapies guided by sputum eosinophil and neutrophil counts, have been demonstrated to decrease exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ameliorate cough, improve quality of life in patients with these diseases and is cost effective compared with treatment strategies based on guidelines that do not incorporate these measurements. Thus, it is unfortunate that this is not used more widely in the management of airway diseases, particularly in patients with severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who experience frequent exacerbations.
Combined Task and Motion Planning as Classical AI Planning (2017)

Planning in robotics is often split into task and motion planning. The high-level, symbolic task planner decides what needs to be done, while the motion planner checks feasibility and fills up geometric detail. It is known however that such a decomposition is not effective in general as the symbolic and geometrical components are not independent. In this work, we show that it is possible to compile task and motion planning problems into classical AI planning problems; i.e., planning problems over finite and discrete state spaces with a known initial state, deterministic actions, and goal states to be reached. The compilation is sound, meaning that classical plans are valid robot plans, and probabilistically complete, meaning that valid robot plans are classical plans when a sufficient number of configurations is sampled. In this approach, motion planners and collision checkers are used for the compilation, but not at planning time. The key elements that make the approach effective are 1) expressive classical AI planning languages for representing the compiled problems in compact form, that unlike PDDL make use of functions and state constraints, and 2) general width-based search algorithms capable of finding plans over huge combinatorial spaces using weak heuristics only. Empirical results are presented for a PR2 robot manipulating tens of objects, for which long plans are required.
Development of a novel micromachined magnetostatic membrane actuator (2002)

We present work on the development of a new, micromachined magnetostatic membrane actuator. The unique aspects of this actuator lie in its design and fabrication, and in its operational simplicity. A novel micromachining process was developed for embedding micro-sized pieces of a ferromagnetic material (Permalloy, Ni/sub 80/Fe/sub 20/) into a thin, very flexible, silicone elastomer membrane (PDMS, polydimethyl siloxane). This unique design results in a membrane actuator capable of generating significantly larger membrane displacements than that of typical membrane microactuators.
Gabapentin: Discussion (1994)

Gabapentin (GBP, Neurontin) is a novel antiepileptic drug (AED) that was shown to be effective against refractory partial seizures in five placebo-controlled trials. However, a number of patients with complex partial seizures experienced an increase in seizure frequency, suggesting that patients suffering from complex partial seizures are not a homogeneous group. In fact, we found that currently available AEDs are likely to be ineffective when staring is a prominent component of complex partial seizures. The poor response of this group of patients may reflect the fact that staring spells are inhibitory seizures and that the AEDs prescribed for partial seizures appear to facilitate inhibitory mechanisms. GBP resembles phenytoin (PHT) and carbamazepine (CBZ) in depressing segmental and reticular excitatory mechanisms and facilitating segmental inhibitory mechanisms, just as it resembles PHT and CBZ in efficacy against some partial seizures and against secondarily generalized seizures. Perhaps the patients in whom GBP increased seizure frequency had complex partial seizures with staring and were therefore unlikely to benefit from drugs such as GBP, CBZ, and PHT, which enhance inhibitory mechanisms in the brain. These findings suggest that future AED trials would greatly benefit from a categorization of complex partial seizures into nosologically distinct groups.
High Dioxygen Uptake by Hetero-Metal Binuclear Co(II)-Fe(II)-Schiff Base Complexes Systems in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (1992)

Abstract Reactions of N,N′-ethylenenbis(salicylideneiminato)cobalt(II), Co(salen), and its ring-substituted analogues with Fe2+ ion under nitrogen atmosphere in dimethyl sulfoxide readily afforded hetero-metal binuclear Co(II)-Fe(II)-Schiff base complexes, which have much higher uptake for dioxygen than do only the Co(II) Schiff base complexes.
Training signal and receiver design for multipath channel characterization for TV broadcasting (1990)

The problem of multipath propagation in television terrestrial broadcasting can be solved by channel equalization. Such equalization is needed for an enhanced NTSC system and is particularly critical in most HDTV (high-definition television) proposals. Techniques for precisely characterizing a multipath channel are proposed. These characterizations can be used to reduce hardware complexity and to speed up equalizer convergence. In particular, an approach that provides an opportunity to track changing ghosts at a weak signal level (low signal-to-noise ratio) is proposed. A modified pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence and a properly designed correlator are used. The correlator, matched to a modified PN sequence, provides noise rejection that is 24 dB better than that obtained from the use of a single pulse. No long-term averaging is needed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, it has better system convergence speed and makes it possible to track changing ghosts, or it can tradeoff the speed of convergence against the use of vertical blanking interval by sending the ghost cancellation reference signal less frequently.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An optimized MPPT circuit for thermoelectric energy harvester for low power applications (2011)

A novel approach of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method for thermoelectric generator (TEG) is reported in this paper. The maximum power point tracking is achieved by using impedance matching principle. Unlike the existing MPPT methods, the proposed implementation does not require any voltage and current sensors and computations of any nature. The implementation of the MPPT control circuit is carried out using buck-boost DC/DC converter and a simple gating signal generator using only one Op-amp. The proposed method needs the least power consumption of the MPPT control circuit less than 250μW. Experimental tests results obtained from series connected 3xTEGs (24 mm × 6 mm) show an average power harvesting of 5.6mW at ΔT of 24°C. The proposed thermoelectric energy harvester is used to power a battery which subsequently feeds a sensor node. The low power thermoelectric energy harvester system provides an overall power management circuit efficiency of up to 85%. The efficiency calculation takes care of power losses in the MPPT circuit.
Age and Growth of Turbot Psetta maxima in the Black Sea, Turkey (2001)

The age and growth of turbot Psetta maxima in the Black Sea were examined from specimens caught by both coastal fisheries in Trabzon and a trawl net survey of the Trabzon Fisheries Research Institute from December 1997 to July 1999. The number of otoliths available for examination was 641 pairs of otoliths. We counted the number of otolith opaque and hyaline zones and measured the otolith and ring radii. Monthly changes in the ratio of the number of opaque edges and marginal growth rate indicated that a single ring was formed once a year for both sexes. The relations of back-calculated standard length(cm) L(t) to age t(years old) expressed using the Bertalanffy growth equation were represented as L(t)=54.8{1-e- 0.481(t + 0.011)} and L(t)=45.0{1-e- 0.597(t+0.011)} for female and male, respectively. The estimate of growth coefficient did not differ from those of turbot in the Gulf of Lion and in a release-recapture experiment in the Black Sea, but were nearly twice as large as that in the Gulf of Pomerania.
Neural tree density estimation for novelty detection (1998)

In this paper, a neural competitive learning tree is introduced as a computationally attractive scheme for adaptive density estimation and novelty detection. The learning rule yields equiprobable quantization of the input space and provides an adaptive focusing mechanism capable of tracking time-varying distributions. It is shown by simulation that the neural tree performs reasonably well while being much faster than any of the other competitive learning algorithms.
The leukotrienes: a new group of biologically active compounds (1981)

Abstract
Increasing Volume of Distribution to the Brain with Interstitial Infusion: Dose, Rather Than Convection, Might Be the Most Important Factor (1996)

The volume of distribution in tissue (Vt) that can be achieved by direct interstitial infusion of therapeutic agents into brain is limited. The maintenance of a pressure gradient during interstitial infusion to establish fluid convection has been shown to increase the Vt of small, medium, and large molecules. We have used monocrystalline iron oxide nanocompounds, superparamagnetic particles of sizes the same order of magnitude as virions, to investigate the effect of dose, the volume of infusate, and the time of infusion on the distribution of large molecules in rodent brain. Our initial study in rats (n = 6) replicated the results of a previously described report of convection-enhanced delivery in cats. At a constant rate and concentration, the Vt increased in a linear fashion, proportional to the increases in time, volume, and dose. When using a constant rate and a constant concentration, however, it is unclear which variable or variables (dose, volume, infusion time) have the greatest influence on this effect. Therefore, we assessed each variable independently (n = 12). When the iron dose was increased from 5.3 to 26.5 micrograms, there was a three- to fivefold increase in the Vt, depending on the volume and time of infusion (2 Microliters/20 min, 24 microliters/20 min, or 24 microliters/120 min) (P < 0.001). When the volume of infusate was increased from 2 to 24 microliters, at an infusion time of 20 minutes and a dose of either 5.3 or 26.5 micrograms, there was a 43 or 52% decline in the Vt, respectively (P = 0.018). When the time for the infusion of 24 microliters was increased from 20 to 120 minutes, there was a 79% increase in the Vt at a dose of 26.5 micrograms but no change in the Vt at a dose of 5.3 micrograms. The effect associated with infusion time was not significant (P = 0.113). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to document the distribution of monocrystalline iron oxide nanocompounds in vivo, and histochemical staining for iron was used to document the distribution of monocrystalline iron oxide nanocompounds in tissue sections. The Vt for both methods was calculated by computer image analysis, and the correlation between magnetic resonance and histological volumes was determined (r2 = 0.93). On the basis of this model, we suggest that dose, rather than convection, might be the most important variable in maximizing the Vt and improved distribution might be achieved by administering an increased concentration of agent.
Heterologous corneal endothelial cell transplantation: human corneal endothelial cell transplantation in Lewis rats (1992)

A heterologous corneal endothelial transplantation was attempted using human endothelial cells and a Lewis rat penetrating keratoplasty model. Cultured human endothelial cells were seeded to a Lewis rat cornea, which was denuded of its endothelium. When grafted into the syngeneic Lewis rat, the graft remained clear for at least five days, and then became opaque and edematous because of immune rejection reaction. In contrast, corneas denuded of their endothelium became opaque and edematous immediately after transplantation. These results demonstrate that transplanted endothelial cells have enough antigens to induce rejection reaction even though they have the functional capacity to deturge the cornea.
Area-scaling of organic solar cells (2009)

We report on the performance of organic solar cells based on pentacene/C60 heterojunctions as a function of active area. Devices with areas of 0.13 and 7 cm2 were fabricated on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass. Degradation of the performance with increased area is observed and analyzed in terms of the power loss density concept. The various power loss contributions to the total series resistance (RSA) are measured independently and compared to the values of the series resistance extracted from the current-voltage characteristics using a Shockley equivalent circuit model. The limited sheet resistance of ITO is found to be one of the major limiting factors when the area of the cell is increased. To reduce the effects of series resistance, thick, electroplated, metal grid electrodes were integrated with ITO in large-area cells. The metal grids were fabricated directly onto ITO and passivated with an insulator to prevent electrical shorts during the deposition of the top Al electrode. By integrating metal grids onto ITO, the series resistance could be reduced significantly yielding improved performance. Design guidelines for metal grids are described and tradeoffs are discussed.
Information Reduction in Holograms for Visual Display* (1968)

The information on a hologram is reduced when the hologram is recorded on only an array of small areas on the photographic plate. When looking at such a hologram the observer has the annoying sensation of observing the object through a screen. A method is shown for eliminating this “screen-effect”. The relation between the information reduction and loss of resolution is given. The number of resolvable points on the hologram needed for a reconstruction of given resolution is also computed. Apart from a numerical factor, the formula is identical to one derived for integral photography.
THERMIONIC SPACE POWER REACTOR SYSTEM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. Annual Summary Report, May 1, 1962-April 30, 1963 (1963)

Activities in a program to test and develop prototype fission-heated thermionic cells for space uses are reported. During the period, in-reactor tests were conducted on two W-clad U-bearing fuel emitters and one unclad type. Fuel emitter proof tests were also conducted which demonstrated 1000-hr operational capability of W-clad systems. Output power density and the temperature of heat rejection were found to have major effects on the weight- performance characteristics of the system. Advances in techniques related to W vapor deposition are reported. Descriptions of the fuel-emitter development, cell design and development, and testing of out-of-pile and in-pile cells are included. Operation of the clad-type test cells at design power and temperature led to selection of these cells for planned long-duration in-pile tests. (J.R.D.)
Wind energy DC supply-based induction generator with static VAr compensator and AC voltage regulator (2005)

A three-phase induction machine-based wind power generation scheme is proposed. This scheme uses a low-cost diode bridge rectifier connected to the induction machine via the AC load voltage regulator (AC-LVR) to transfer DC power with voltage regulation. The AC-LVR is used to regulate smoothly the DC load voltage of the diode bridge rectifier circuit connected to the three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG). The excitation to the three-phase SEIG is supplied by the static VAr compensator (SVC). This simple method for obtaining a full variable-speed wind turbine system by applying a back-to-back power converter to a wound rotor induction generator is useful for wind power generation with a wide speed variation. The dynamic performance responses and the experimental results of a 5-kW 220-V three-phase SEIG directly connected to a diode bridge rectifier at various loads are presented. Moreover, The steady-state simulated and experimental results of the PI closed-loop feedback voltage regulation scheme prove the practical effectiveness of these simple methods for a wind turbine system.
Learning from Bacteriophages - Advantages and Limitations of Phage and Phage-Encoded Protein Applications (2012)

The emergence of bacteria resistance to most of the currently available antibiotics has become a critical therapeutic problem. The bacteria causing both hospital and community-acquired infections are most often multidrug resistant. In view of the alarming level of antibiotic resistance between bacterial species and difficulties with treatment, alternative or supportive antibacterial cure has to be developed. The presented review focuses on the major characteristics of bacteriophages and phage-encoded proteins affecting their usefulness as antimicrobial agents. We discuss several issues such as mode of action, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, resistance and manufacturing aspects of bacteriophages and phage-encoded proteins application.
A thermal emitter with selective wavelength: Based on the coupling between photonic crystals and surface plasmon polaritons (2009)

A thermal emitter with selective wavelength has been demonstrated in which the dielectric layers formed one-dimensional photonic crystals are sandwiched between two Ag films. The top Ag film is perforated periodically with hexagonal hole array. The selected thermal radiation of the photonic crystals resonates between two metal films and surface plasmon polaritons are generated on the top Ag and converted to light radiation. It is found that when leakage modes adjacent to the optic band gap of photonic crystals meet the resonant modes of surface plasmom polaritons, an enhanced thermal emission with maximum intensity can be obtained. The hybrid photonic and plasmonic thermal emitters are selective, which should be very useful for the creation of high power infrared light sources.
Analysis of Thermal Diodes Enabled by Junctions of Phase Change Materials (2015)

Materials designed to undergo a phase transition at a prescribed temperature have been advanced as elements for controlling thermal flux. Such phase change materials can be used as components of reversible thermal diodes, or materials that favor heat flux in a preferred direction; however, a thorough mathematical analysis of such diodes is thus far absent from the literature. Herein, it is shown mathematically that the interface of a phase change material with a phase invariant one can function as a simple thermal diode. Design equations are derived for such phase change diodes, solving for the limits where the transition temperature falls within or outside of the temperature gradient across the device. Criteria are derived analytically for the choice of thermal conductivity of the invariant phase to maximize the rectification ratio. Finally, the model is applied to several experimental systems in the literature, providing bounds on observed performance. This model should aid in the development of materials capable of controlling heat flux.
An efficient augmented-context-free parsing algorithm (1987)

This paper introduces an efficient on-line parsing algorithm, and focuses on its practical application to natural language interfaces. The algorithm can be viewed as a generalized LR parsing algorithm that can handle arbitrary context-free grammars, including ambiguous grammars. Section 2 describes the algorithm by .extending the standard LR parsing algorithm with the idea of a &quot;graph-structured stack&quot;. Section 3 describes how to represent parse trees efficiently, so that all possible parse trees (the parse forest) take at most polynomial space as the ambiguity of a sentence grows exponentially. In section 4, several examples are given. Section 5 presents several empirical results of the algorithm&apos;s practical performance, including comparison with Earley&apos;s algorithm. In section 6, we discuss how to enhance the algorithm to handle augmented context-free grammars rather than pure context-free grammars. Section 7 describes the concept of on-line parsing, taking advantage of left-to-right operation of our parsing algorithm. The on-line parser parses a sentence strictly from left to right, and starts parsing as soon as the user types in the first word, without waiting for the end of line. Benefits of on-line parsing are then discussed. Finally, several versions of on-line parser have been implemented, and they are mentioned in section 8
Salivary peroxidase activity in whole saliva of patients with insulin‐dependent (type‐1) diabetes mellitus (1996)

In this study, salivary peroxidase activity was measured in a group of 10 patients with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) who had a tendency towards periodontitis. In healthy subjects (N : 10), mean salivary peroxidase activity was 0.0025 +/- 0.001 IU/ml, while in this group of type I diabetic patients it was 0.051 +/- 0.015 IU/ml, a significantly higher level (p < 0.001). Approximal plaque index (API), modified sulcus bleeding index (mod SBI) and pocket depths were assessed clinically. The values for mod SBI and API were 60% and 68% respectively for the diabetic patients while for the control group mod SBI was measured 0.0% and the value for API was 10.67% (p < 0.001). The administration of this simple and practical test may provide an early marker of a tendency towards periodontitis in IDDM patients.