gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of mutation of an amino acid residue near the catalytic site on the activity of <i>Bacillus stearothermophilus</i>α‐amylase (1993)

Site-directed mutagenesis of a thermostable alpha-amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus was performed to assess the role of amino acid residues near the catalytic site in catalysis. Asn329 is presumed to be adjacent to the proposed catalytic residue Asp331. Its mutation to Lys, which is found at the corresponding position in pullulanase, resulted in the loss of 99.7% of the activity, while the mutation to Asp or Val did not drastically reduce the activity. The mutation to Val altered the temperature/activity profile so that the activity was reduced to 25% of wild-type alpha-amylase at 60 degrees C but was over twofold greater at 5 degrees C. This effect could be ascribed to a decrease in the activation enthalpy by 32%. The mutation to Asp or Lys altered the pH/activity profile concomitant with possible changes in the ionization state of the groups introduced. These results show the feasibility of altering and possibly improving the enzyme activity by mutagenesis of residues near the catalytic groups.
“Polarity” considered as a phenomenon of gradation of materials (1905)

In my paper' entitled "An Attempt to Analyze the Phenomena of 'Polarity' in Tubularia" I offered an interpretation of certain experiments carried out by Stevens and myself.2In another 'In all cases where comparisons are made the pieces came from the same colony.'Its more watery parts are thrown off.2Generally supposed to come mainly from the egg, but which may also in pan come from the sperm.
Protected Sphingosine from Phytosphingosine as an Efficient Acceptor in Glycosylation Reaction (2014)

A convenient, simple, and high-yielding five-step synthesis of a sphingosine acceptor from phytosphingosine is reported, and its behavior in glycosylation reactions is described. Different synthetic paths to sphingosine acceptors using tetrachlorophthalimide as a protecting group for the sphingosine amino function and different glycosylation methods have been explored. Among the acceptors tested, the easiest accessible acceptor, unprotected on the two hydroxyl groups in positions 1 and 3, was regioselectively glycosylated on the primary position, the regioselectivity depending on the donor used.
Validation of Serological Correlate of Protection for Meningococcal C Conjugate Vaccine by Using Efficacy Estimates from Postlicensure Surveillance in England (2003)

Meningococcal C conjugate (MCC) vaccines were licensed on the basis of serological correlates of protection without efficacy data. The original correlate of protection was established by using a serum bactericidal antibody assay (SBA) with human complement (hSBA), with titers > or =4 predicting protection. However, the antibody data supporting licensure were largely generated by SBA with rabbit complement (rSBA), which gives higher titers than hSBA. While rSBA titers > or =128 reliably predict protection, as measured by hSBA, sera with rSBA titers in the range of 8 to 64 may not have hSBA titers > or =4. For rSBA titers in this equivocal range, a fourfold rise pre- to postvaccination with the MCC vaccine and/or a characteristic booster response to a polysaccharide challenge was proposed as a correlate of protection. To validate this proposed rSBA correlate, age-specific efficacy estimates for MCC vaccines obtained from postlicensure surveillance in England were compared with the efficacy predicted by the percentage of individuals in these age groups with rSBA titers above different cutoffs at 4 weeks and at 7 to 9 months after vaccination with the MCC vaccine. The average time since vaccination in the cohorts in whom efficacy was measured ranged from 8 to 10 months. The rSBA cutoff of > or =128 was shown to significantly underestimate efficacy, with rSBA cutoffs of > or =4 or > or =8 at 4 weeks postvaccination with the MCC vaccine being the most consistent with observed efficacy. When the levels obtained 7 to 9 months postvaccination with the MCC vaccine were used, all rSBA cutoffs significantly underestimated efficacy, suggesting that continuing protection is less dependent on the SBA level at the time of exposure but is more reliant on immunologic memory.
Improving Personalization Solutions through Optimal Segmentation of Customer Bases (2008)

On the Web, where the search costs are low and the competition is just a mouse click away, it is crucial to segment the customers intelligently in order to offer more targeted and personalized products and services to them. Traditionally, customer segmentation is achieved using statistics-based methods that compute a set of statistics from the customer data and group customers into segments by applying distance-based clustering algorithms in the space of these statistics. In this paper, we present a direct grouping-based approach to computing customer segments that groups customers not based on computed statistics, but in terms of optimally combining transactional data of several customers to build a data mining model of customer behavior for each group. Then, building customer segments becomes a combinatorial optimization problem of finding the best partitioning of the customer base into disjoint groups. This paper shows that finding an optimal customer partition is NP-hard, proposes several suboptimal direct grouping segmentation methods, and empirically compares them among themselves, traditional statistics-based hierarchical and affinity propagation-based segmentation, and one-to-one methods across multiple experimental conditions. It is shown that the best direct grouping method significantly dominates the statistics-based and one-to-one approaches across most of the experimental conditions, while still being computationally tractable. It is also shown that the distribution of the sizes of customer segments generated by the best direct grouping method follows a power law distribution and that microsegmentation provides the best approach to personalization.
Optimization of the inter-domain structure of galectin-9 for recombinant production (2013)

We previously developed a stable form of galectin-9, an immunomodulatory animal lectin with a truncated linker peptide (G9Null), to overcome the protease sensitivity of wild-type galectin-9. G9Null is highly resistant to proteolysis, while the modification marginally improved the low solubility of the wild-type protein. To increase its solubility, we further modified the remaining linker region of G9Null. A 10-amino acid deletion with a single amino acid substitution resulted in an ∼400% increase in solubility and yield without an adverse effect on its biological activity. This mutant protein might be useful for large-scale recombinant production needed for evaluation of the therapeutic potential of galectin-9.
A l-nCi/g sensitivity transuranic waste assay system using pulsed neutron interrogation (1980)

We have developed a pulsed thermal neutron interrogation system and have demonstrated a sub-1-nCi/g assay sensitivity for high density TRU wastes contained in 200-liter barrels. We detect prompt fission neutrons, resulting in greatly enhanced sensitivity compared to techniques in which delayed fission neutrons are detected. We observe a linear assay response over at least three orders of magnitude in /sup 235/U (or /sup 239/Pu) mass. We also have measured a flat (to +-10%) interrogation flux profile throughout the volume of a 200-liter barrel filled with 200 kg of sand and vermiculite, which indicates flatness of response to fissile material at different locations within the barrel.
Asymmetric carbonate ion-selective cellulose acetate membrane electrodes with reduced salicylate interference (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric carbonate ion-selective cellulose acetate membrane electrodes with reduced salicylate interferenceKang Shin. Lee, Jae Ho. Shin, Sang Hyun. Han, Geun Sig. Cha, Doo Soon. Shin, and Hai Dong. KimCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 21, 3151–3155Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00069a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00069a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views205Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Autonomous driving (2015)

Self-driving vehicles are able to drive on their own as long as the requirements of their autonomous systems are met. If the system reaches the boundary of its capabilities, the system has to de-escalate (e.g. emergency braking) or hand over control to the human driver. Accordingly, the design of a functional handover assistant requires that it enable drivers to both take over control and feel comfortable while doing so -- even when they were "out of the loop" with other tasks. We introduce a process to hand over control from a full self-driving system to manual driving, and propose a number of handover implementation strategies. Moreover, we designed and implemented a handover assistant based on users' preferences and conducted a user study with 30 participants, whose distraction was ensured by a realistic distractor task. Our evaluation shows that car-driver handovers prompted by multimodal (auditory and visual) warnings are a promising strategy to compensate for system boundaries of autonomous vehicles. The insights we gained from the take-over behavior of drivers led us to formulate recommendations for more realistic evaluation settings and the design of future handover assistants.
Contribution of current perpendicular to the plane to the giant magnetoresistance of laterally modulated spin values (1997)

Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effects up to 10% have been observed in Co/Cu/FeNi spin valve structures grown onto step bunched vicinal Si(111) substrates misoriented towards [11-2]. The step bunching is activated using a simple thermal treatment which leads to surfaces where terraces alternate with facets at the nanometer scale. GMR of the spin valve structures is investigated with the current applied parallel or perpendicular to the steps. An in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is induced in each magnetic layer with the easy axis parallel to the steps. This results in square GMR behavior when the field is applied along the easy axis. Specific features observed when the field is applied along the hard axis are also shown to be the consequence of this anisotropy. When the initial misorientation angle of the substrate becomes higher than 4°, we observe an enhancement of the room-temperature GMR when the current is applied perpendicular to the steps. The origin of this enhancement is discussed based on the temperature dependence of this effect.
Primary Diastolic Heart Failure (2002)

Diastolic heart failure is defined clinically when signs and symptoms of heart failure are present in the presence of preserved left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction >45%). The incidence and prevalence of primary diastolic heart failure increases with age and it may be as high as 50% in the elderly. Age, female gender, hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and increased body mass index are risk factors for diastolic heart failure. Hemodynamic consequences such as increased pulmonary venous pressure, post-capillary pulmonary hypertension, and secondary right heart failure as well as decreased cardiac output are similar to those of systolic left ventricular failure, although the nature of primary left ventricular dysfunction is different. Diagnosis of primary diastolic heart failure depends on the presence of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Assessment of diastolic dysfunction is preferable but not mandatory. It is to be noted that increased levels of B-type natriuretic peptide does not distinguish between diastolic and systolic heart failure. Echocardiographic studies are recommended to exclude hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, infiltrative heart disease, primary valvular heart disease, and constrictive pericarditis. Myocardial stress imaging is frequently required to exclude ischemic heart disease. The prognosis of diastolic heart failure is variable; it is related to age, severity of heart failure, and associated comorbid diseases such as coronary artery disease. The prognosis of severe diastolic heart failure is similar to that of systolic heart failure. However, cautious use of diuretics and/or nitrates may cause hypotension and low output state. Heart rate control is essential to improving ventricular filling. Pharmacologic agents such as angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers are used in selected patients to decrease left ventricular hypertrophy. To decrease myocardial fibrosis, aldosterone antagonists have a potential therapeutic role. However, prospective controlled studies will be required to establish their efficacy in primary diastolic heart failure.
Gas Transfer and In Vitro and In Vivo Blood Compatibility of a Fluorinated Polyimide Membrane With an Ultrathin Skin Layer (1996)

The authors have synthesized fluorinated polyimides to develop a novel membrane oxygenator combining excellent gas transfer and blood compatibility. Gas exchange membranes of fluorinated polyimides prepared by a dry/wet process showed an asymmetric structure and consisted of an ultrathin and defect-free skin layer supported by a porous substructure. The asymmetric polyimide membranes never incurred plasma leakage because of the defect-free skin layer of the membrane surface. The calculated, apparent defect-free skin layer thickness of the asymmetric membrane was approximately 20 nm. Carbon dioxide and oxygen transfer rates through the membranes were dramatically enhanced because of the ultrathin skin layer and were 96 and 64 times larger than those determined in currently available oxygenator polymer membranes, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). For the evaluation of in vitro blood compatibility, platelet adhesion and plasma protein adsorption on the polyimide membranes were measured by using scanning electron microscopic examination and an amino acid analyzer. Deformation and aggregation of platelets adherent to the membranes were not observed, and the number of platelets was 1.6 micrograms/cm2, which was one-sixth less than the value measured in PDMS. For in vivo evaluation, the polymer tubes were implanted in the femoral vein of a mongrel dog for 7 days. Thrombus formation and fibrin were found on the surface of PDMS. However, thrombus formation was not observed on the polyimide. These results indicate that the fluorinated polyimides show excellent blood compatibility and are a promising membrane material for an oxygenator.
Can Pb-Free Halide Double Perovskites Support High-Efficiency Solar Cells? (2016)

The methylammonium lead halides have become champion photoactive semiconductors for solar cell applications; however, issues still remain with respect to chemical instability and potential toxicity. Recently, the Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiX<sub>6</sub> (X = Cl, Br) double perovskite family has been synthesized and investigated as stable nontoxic replacements. We probe the chemical bonding, physical properties, and cation anti-site disorder of Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiX<sub>6</sub> and related compounds from first-principles. We demonstrate that the combination of Ag(I) and Bi(III) leads to the wide indirect band gaps with large carrier effective masses owing to a mismatch in angular momentum of the frontier atomic orbitals. The spectroscopically limited photovoltaic conversion efficiency is less than 10% for X = Cl or Br. This limitation can be overcome by replacing Ag with In or Tl; however, the resulting compounds are predicted to be unstable thermodynamically. The search for nontoxic bismuth perovskites must expand beyond the Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiX<sub>6</sub> motif.
Pump wavelength tuning of a near-infrared optical parametric oscillator (1992)

Optical parametric conversion in a potassium titanyl phosphate crystal with a tunable alexandrite laser was investigated as a function of pump wavelengths in the 700-800-nm region. Threshold energies and slope efficiencies for a doubly resonant oscillator configuration were measured for pump wavelengths of 744, 766, and 780 nm. Phase-matching conditions and a theoretical analysis using Sellmeier's equations provide good agreement with experimentally measured values of signal and idler wavelengths as a function of the pump wavelengths.
Increasing the Accuracy of Crowdsourced Information on Land Cover via a Voting Procedure Weighted by Information Inferred from the Contributed Data (2018)

Simple consensus methods are often used in crowdsourcing studies to label cases when data are provided by multiple contributors. A basic majority vote rule is often used. This approach weights the contributions from each contributor equally but the contributors may vary in the accuracy with which they can label cases. Here, the potential to increase the accuracy of crowdsourced data on land cover identified from satellite remote sensor images through the use of weighted voting strategies is explored. Critically, the information used to weight contributions based on the accuracy with which a contributor labels cases of a class and the relative abundance of class are inferred entirely from the contributed data only via a latent class analysis. The results show that consensus approaches do yield a classification that is more accurate than that achieved by any individual contributor. Here, the most accurate individual could classify the data with an accuracy of 73.91% while a basic consensus label derived from the data provided by all seven volunteers contributing data was 76.58%. More importantly, the results show that weighting contributions can lead to a statistically significant increase in the overall accuracy to 80.60% by ignoring the contributions from the volunteer adjudged to be the least accurate in labelling.
Detectors for in vivo range and dose verification in proton therapy (2016)

Particle detection instrumentation to address the in vivo verifications of proton dose and range is under development as part of a proton therapy research program focused on patient quality assurance. For in vivo proton range verification, a collimated gamma detector array is under construction to indirectly measure the position of the Bragg peak for each proton beam spot to within 1–2 mm precision. For dose flux verification, a proton fluence detector based on the technology of the Micromegas is under construction. This detector has an active area of about 100 cm 2 , coordinate resolution of better than 1 mm, and handling of incident proton beam fluxes of 10 9 –10 13 particles/s.
Technology Transfer Program at California–Baja California International Border (1996)

The technology transfer program between California and Baja California, Mexico, was developed as a result of a Letter of Intent signed in 1993 with the goal of exchanging information in the areas of transportation planning, mass transportation, technology transfer, personnel exchange, and a cross-border library. Since then, a number of courses, field visits, seminars, and other activities in the areas of transportation have been successfully carried out. In the process a number of challenges have been overcome, including different languages, customs, and an international border. Recent challenges, including political turnovers, a limited audience, and general versus specialized staff have manifested themselves, and proposed strategies to address them are presented. A new approach to technology transfer was recently approved by FHWA and the Baja California state government. It is divided into the following five global areas: (a) institutional development and management, (b) traditional and innovative funding mechanisms, (c) highway-related technologies, (d) advanced U.S. technologies, and (e) regulatory frameworks. Three focus groups will be identified for selective training in these areas. They consist of upper management decision makers, middle management and higher-level engineers and planners, and mid-level engineers and other technical personnel. Several activities have been implemented under this approach; some are continuing, including a pilot personnel exchange, and others are planned for the future.
Polymorphisms within Novel Risk Loci for Type 2 Diabetes Determine β-Cell Function (2007)

The HHEX and SLC30A8 genes encode for proteins that were shown to be required for organogenesis of the ventral pancreas and for insulin maturation/storage, respectively. Therefore, the major alleles of type 2 diabetes candidate SNPs within these genetic loci represent crucial alleles for beta-cell dysfunction and, thus, might confer increased susceptibility of beta-cells towards adverse environmental factors.
Lightweight mirror technology using a thin facesheet with active rigid support (1998)

The next generation of space telescopes will require primary mirrors that push beyond the current state of technology of mirror fabrication. These mirrors are large, up to 8 meters in diameter, have low mass per unit area, less than 15 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP> and must maintain diffraction limited performance at cryogenic temperatures. To meet these requirements, have developed an active mirror that has a thin membrane as the optical surface, which is attached to a stiff lightweight support structure through a set of screw-type actuators. This system allows periodic adjustments with the actuators to maintain the surface figure as measured from star light. The optical surface accuracy and stability are maintained by the active system, so the support structure does not have to be optically stable and can be made using light weight carbon fiber laminates to economically provide stiffness. The key technologies for implementing this technology are now in place. We have performed two critical demonstrations using 2-mm glass membranes--diffraction limited optical performance of a 0.5-m diameter mirror and launch survival of a 1-m diameter mirror. We have also built and tested a prototype actuator that achieves 25 nm resolution at cryogenic temperatures. We are now building a 2-m mirror as a prototype for the Next Generation Space Telescope. This mirror will have mass of only 40 kg, including support structure, actuators and control electronics. It will be actively controlled and interferometrically measured at 35 K.
Fluorinated Alcohols: Effective Solvents for Uncatalysed Epoxidations with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide (2001)

Buffered aqueous hydrogen peroxide in combination with fluorinated alcohols (trifluoroethanol at reflux temperature or hexafluoro-2-propanol at room temperature) oxidises a variety of alkenes to the corresponding epoxides in high rates and fairly high yields, without the need for any catalyst.