gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Properties of Photocurable Electroconductive Polymers for Use in Biosensors (1995)

The authors report preparation of a new hydrophilic photocurable electroconductive polymer to be used as a matrix for an enzyme based biosensor. Polymers, prepared by radical terpolymerization, consisted of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) as the water soluble part, m-azidostyrene (AzSt) as the photochemically active center to entrap an enzyme and to fix it on an electrode, and vinylferrocene (VFe) as the charge transfer mediator between an enzyme and an electrode. Ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation to the terpolymer coated on a carbon electrode produced a water swellable cross-linked polymer that was chemically fixed on a carbon electrode. Cyclic voltammetry on a hydrogelated electrode in a phosphate buffered solution exhibited single oxidation/reduction reproducibly, indicating that the formed conducting hydrogel was stable. An increase in VFe content and a decrease in AzSt content of a terpolymer resulted in larger electrochemical responses on normal pulse voltammetry. When glucose oxidase was immobilized in a hydrogel, a dose dependent electrochemical response to glucose was observed.
Measurement of stresses in three orthogonal directions at the residual limb-prosthetic socket interface (1993)

Transducers were developed to measure stresses in three orthogonal directions applied on a below-knee amputee residual limb within a prosthetic socket during walking. Strain-gage measurement techniques were used for all three orthogonal directions. Instrumentation error for four transducers averaged less than 4.2% full-scale output (FSO) for the normal direction and less than 0.9% FSO for shear directions. Measurements from amputee subjects collected during walking trials are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ray tracing through a grid of blobs (2005)

In this paper we describe two ray tracing algorithms for images represented using spherically symmetric basis functions (blobs) on regular grids. The method presented here allows more realistic modeling of the forward projection by considering tube shaped kernels, rather than simple lines. Each kernel is a function of the radial distance r from its center and can vary with the position l along the projection line. The forward projections are computed by convolutions of the kernel with the blob line integrals. Both ray tracing procedures presented incrementally compute the square distance r/sup 2/ for each visited blob enabling the appropriate resolution kernel to be used. The second variant also computes the l coordinate along the line of response axis allowing for longitudinal variations of the resolution kernel to be considered as well as time-of-flight (TOF) modeling.
Investigational hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHI) for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (2018)

HIF-PHI are a new promising class of drugs. The results of large, phase-III clinical studies are awaited to prove their efficacy and safety on cardiovascular events and cancer development in the long term. Their capability of penetrating the ESA market in the future will be influenced also by their selling price. The oral administration of HIF-PHI will be weighed to the 'intra-lines' infusion of ESA in hemodialysis or to the infrequent subcutaneous injections of long-acting ESA.
Oxidative Stress in Parkinson`s Disease (2009)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, age-related movement disorder, whose neuropathology is characterized by degeneration of the afferent pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra. Also associated with PD neuropathology are disrupted iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and intracellular deposition of alpha-synuclein protein in Lewy bodies.
Optimizing space utilization of file systems on PCM-based storage devices (2014)

Phase-change memory (PCM) is a promising candidate as a storage medium to resolve the performance gap between main memory and storage in battery-powered mobile computing systems. However, it is more expensive than flash memory, and thus introduces a more serious storage capacity issue in low-cost solutions. This issue is further exacerbated by the fact that existing file systems are usually designed to trade space utilization for performance over block-oriented storage devices. In this work, we propose a multi-grained block management scheme to optimize the space utilization of file systems on PCM-based storage systems. By utilizing the byte-addressability and fast read/write feature of PCM, a methodology is proposed to dynamically allocate multiple sizes of blocks to fit the size of each file, so as to resolve the space fragmentation issue with minimized space and management overheads. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed scheme, and the results show that the proposed scheme could significantly improve the space utilization of file systems.
Cell interactions influencing murine marrow megakaryocytes: nature of the potentiator cell in bone marrow (1981)

Auxiliary bone marrow cells are required for optimal murine megakaryocyte colony formation in addition to progenitor cells and a colony stimulating activity (CSA) present in WEHI-3 cell conditioned medium. These auxiliary cells are adherent, with a sedimentation rate of 5.8 mm hr-1 and buoyant density of 1.065–1.078 gcm-3. The activity from bone marrow cells is loss at irradiation doses above 900 rad. Bone marrow cells with these characteristics, and supernatants from lung, bone shafts, and peritoneal exudate cells were all active in enhancing megakaryocyte colony incidences in mouse bone marrow cultures above those stimulated by an obligatory activity in WEHI-3 cell conditioned medium. Certain macrophage cell lines (J774, P388D1) could elaborate the activity. This study confirms that a potentiation activity enhances CSA stimulation of megakaryocyte colony formation. The potentiator is elaborated by bone marrow cells in limiting amounts requiring either high cell concentrations or an exogenous source of the activity for optimal colony growth.
Delta relaxation enhanced MR: Improving activation‐specificity of molecular probes through <i>R</i><sub><i>1</i></sub> dispersion imaging (2009)

MR molecular imaging enables high-resolution, in vivo study of molecular processes frequently utilizing gadolinium-based probes that specifically bind to a particular biological molecule or tissue. While some MR probes are inactive when unbound and produce enhancement only after binding, the majority are less specific and cause enhancement in either state. Accumulation processes are then required to increase probe concentration in regions of the target molecule/tissue. Herein, a method is described for creating specificity for traditionally nonspecific probes. This method utilizes MR field-cycling methods to produce MRI contrast related to the dependence of R(1) upon magnetic field. It is shown that the partial derivative of R(1) with respect to magnetic field strength, R(1)', can be used as an unambiguous measure of probe binding. T(1)-weighted images and R(1)' images were produced for samples of albumin and buffer both enhanced with the albumin-binding agent Vasovist. For T(1) images, samples with low concentrations of Vasovist in an albumin solution could not be differentiated from samples with higher concentrations of Vasovist in buffer. Conversely, the R(1)' images showed high specificity to albumin. Albumin samples with a 10-microM concentration of Vasovist were enhanced over buffer samples containing up to 16 times more Vasovist.
Active learning in computer science education using meta-cognition (abstract only) (2012)

Courses that involve problem solving provide an opportunity to incorporate meta-cognition as an active learning strategy, where students reflect on their confidence levels on their solutions to problems. As compared to other typically used active learning strategies, meta-cognition provides concrete and comprehensive feedback about the students' learning. The data about confidence levels is potentially useful to both the instructor and the student: an instructor can utilize the data about confidence levels as a second measure of student learning (this is in addition to the scores obtained); a student gets valuable feedback with regards to his/her own comprehension of the topics when he/she examines the confidence levels. We have incorporated meta-cognition techniques in four computer science courses over two semesters at University of Michigan, Flint, including CS1, and also graduate level courses. By analyzing the data obtained, we are able to infer conclusions about (a) How correlated are the scores obtained to the confidence levels reported (b) Is meta-cognition assisting in learning, and (c) Are students more satisfied with a course that incorporates meta-cognition.
Hydroxamic Acids − An Intriguing Family of Enzyme Inhibitors and Biomedical Ligands (2004)

Abstract This review on hydroxamic acids deals with their efficacy as inhibitors of enzymes including cyclooxygenases, their synthesis, the complexity and structural diversity of their metal complexes, and their ability to act as effective nitric oxide donors. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Enzymatic Characterization of the Pancreatic Islet-specific Glucose-6-Phosphatase-related Protein (IGRP) (2004)

Glucose is the main physiological stimulus for insulin biosynthesis and secretion by pancreatic beta-cells. Glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, an opposite process to glucose utilization. G-6-Pase activity in pancreatic islets could therefore be an important factor in the control of glucose metabolism and, consequently, of glucose-dependent insulin secretion. While G-6-Pase activity has been shown to be present in pancreatic islets, the gene responsible for this activity has not been conclusively identified. A homolog of liver glucose-6-phosphatase (LG-6-Pase) specifically expressed in islets was described earlier; however, the authors could not demonstrate enzymatic activity for this protein. Here we present evidence that the previously identified islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase-related protein (IGRP) is indeed the major islet glucose-6-phosphatase. IGRP overexpressed in insect cells possesses enzymatic activity comparable to the previously described G-6-Pase activity in islets. The K(m) and V(max) values determined using glucose-6-phosphate as the substrate were 0.45 mm and 32 nmol/mg/min by malachite green assay, and 0.29 mm and 77 nmol/mg/min by glucose oxidase/peroxidase coupling assay, respectively. High-throughput screening of a small molecule library led to the identification of an active compound that specifically inhibits IGRP enzymatic activity. Interestingly, this inhibitor did not affect LG-6-Pase activity, while conversely LG-6-Pase inhibitors did not affect IGRP activity. These data demonstrate that IGRP is likely the authentic islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit, and selective inhibitors to this molecule can be obtained. IGRP inhibitors may be an attractive new approach for the treatment of insulin secretion defects in type 2 diabetes.
High-Frequency High-Efficiency $CLL$ Resonant Converters With Synchronous Rectifiers (2010)

This paper proposes a <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CLL</i> resonant dc-dc converter as an option for offline applications. This topology can achieve zero-voltage switching from zero load to a full load and zero-current switching for output rectifiers and makes the implementation of a secondary rectifier easy. This paper also presents a novel methodology for designing <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CLL</i> resonant converters based on efficiency and holdup time requirements. An optimal transformer structure is proposed, which uses a current-type synchronous rectifier (SR) drive scheme. An 800-kHz 250-W <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CLL</i> resonant converter prototype is built to verify the proposed circuit, design method, transformer structure, and SR drive scheme.
New Crystallization Kinetics of Phase Change of Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub>at Moderately Elevated Temperature (2002)

Based on the ellipsometric observation of the phase change of stoichiometric Ge–Sb–Te at moderately elevated temperature, we find that the kinetics of crystallization of Ge–Sb–Te is described by the modified Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) equation, which implies that the first stage of cascaded crystallization of Ge–Sb–Te is a true nucleation-dominated process such that the formation of nuclei is stimulated by preexisting nuclei.
Activation and redistribution of implanted P and B in polycrystalline Si by rapid thermal processing (1985)

Rapid thermal processing (RTP) allows electrical activation of implanted semiconductors to be carried out at high temperature in times so short (∼10 s) that minimal dopant redistribution occurs. Use of RTP to activate implanted species in single-crystal Si is well documented, but relatively little has been reported for poly-Si. In this paper, we present measurements on 0.4 μm thick poly-Si films implanted with n-type (31P+) or p-type (11B+) dopants. RTP was carried out in vacuo (∼1×10−5 Torr) by exposing samples for 5–30 s to the blackbody radiation of a graphite heater at 1150–1300 °C. Dopant activation and redistribution following RTP was measured by spreading resistance and four-point probe. In poly-Si, unlike similarly implanted and rapidly annealed single-crystal Si, we find considerable redistribution for both dopants. For P, significant dopant loss occurred from the uncapped poly-Si surface; however, a thin (600 Å) SiO2 cap prevented this outdiffusion. For B, on the other hand, uncapped poly-Si surfaces exhibited minimal dopant loss. The time evolution of carrier concentration profiles depended both on implant dose and RTP conditions.
Reactions of 3-phenylglycidic esters. V. Reaction of methyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)glycidate with 2-nitroaniline and synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives. (1985)

Stereochemical aspects of the oxirane-ring opening of methyl trans-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-glycidate (1) with 2-nitroaniline (5) were investigated. ZnI2 showed good catalytic activity in this reaction, giving the cis-opening product (6a) predominantly. On the other hand, the reaction on the surface of silica gel proceeded predominantly by trans-opening. Silica gel had rather little effect on the reaction of 1 with 2-nitrothiophenol or 2-nitrophenol. Some 1, 5-benzodiazepine derivatives (18-21), 1-aza analogues of diltiazem, were synthesized from 6a, b for pharmacological evaluation. Some oxidative epimerization of 9a, b was observed during cyclization in boiling xylene in the presence of air. The cerebral vasodilating activity of 21a, the most potent compound in this series, was about 0.5 that of racemic diltiazem. The structure-activity relationships are discussed.
Generation of handwritten characters with Bayesian network based on-line handwriting recognizers (2005)

In this paper, we propose a new character generationmethod from on-line handwriting recognizers basedon Bayesian networks. On-line handwriting recognizersare trained with handwriting samples from many writers.Then, character shapes are generated from given texts bysearching the most probable input point sequences. SinceBayesian network based classifiers have large number ofparameters for modeling components and their relationships,they generate more natural character shapes thanvarious kinds of hidden Markov models.
Dynamic modeling, stability and energy efficiency of a quadrupedal walking machine (2002)

A dynamic model of a quadrupedal walking machine is derived to study the dynamic stability and energy efficiency during walking. The legs are three-axis, cylindrical pantograph legs and the whole system consists of twenty-nine links. The quadruped adopts a wave gait which has at least three feet on the ground. Significant efforts are made to improve the computational efficiency. The CPU time of the complete inverse dynamics, including kinematics, is about 10 msec in an IBM 3090. Dynamic stability and energy efficiency during walking with different hip axis orientations, walking velocity, strokes and duty factors are studied and discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Back seeding of picosecond supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibres (2008)

Supercontinuum generation (SCG) has been the subject of intense investigation during the last few years and its main mechanisms are now well understood. Focus has shifted towards tailoring the spectrum of the supercontinuum for specific applications. We experimentally investigate SCG with picosecond pumping in photonic crystal fibers with two closely spaced zero dispersion wavelengths. We couple parts of the output spectrum of the supercontinuum source back to the input in order to produce a gain of over 15 dB at some wavelengths. We use a variable time delay to optimize the overlap between the pump and the back seeded pulses and investigate how the delay and spectrum of the back seeded pulse affects the resulting supercontinuum spectrum.
Neural state machine for character-scene interactions (2019)

We propose Neural State Machine , a novel data-driven framework to guide characters to achieve goal-driven actions with precise scene interactions. Even a seemingly simple task such as sitting on a chair is notoriously hard to model with supervised learning. This difficulty is because such a task involves complex planning with periodic and non-periodic motions reacting to the scene geometry to precisely position and orient the character. Our proposed deep auto-regressive framework enables modeling of multi-modal scene interaction behaviors purely from data. Given high-level instructions such as the goal location and the action to be launched there, our system computes a series of movements and transitions to reach the goal in the desired state. To allow characters to adapt to a wide range of geometry such as different shapes of furniture and obstacles, we incorporate an efficient data augmentation scheme to randomly switch the 3D geometry while maintaining the context of the original motion. To increase the precision to reach the goal during runtime, we introduce a control scheme that combines egocentric inference and goal-centric inference. We demonstrate the versatility of our model with various scene interaction tasks such as sitting on a chair, avoiding obstacles, opening and entering through a door, and picking and carrying objects generated in real-time just from a single model.
On effectiveness of link padding for statistical traffic analysis attacks (2004)

Traffic analysis attacks aim at deriving mission critical information from the analysis of the traffic transmitted over a network. Countermeasures for such attacks are usually realized by properly "padding" the payload traffic so that the statistics of the overall traffic become significantly different from that of the payload traffic. In this paper, we propose a analytical framework for traffic analysis attacks based on statistical pattern recognition techniques. We study the effectiveness of countermeasures for traffic analysis attacks within our proposed framework. Two basic countermeasure strategies are (a) to pad the traffic with constant interarrival times of packets (CIT) or (b) to pad the traffic with variable interarrival times (VIT). Our experiments show that CIT countermeasures fail when the adversary uses sample variance or sample entropy of packet interarrival times for statistical analysis. On the other hand, VIT countermeasures are effective regardless of which sample statistics are used by the adversary. These observations are validated by analysis of detection rates based on sample distributions of packet interarrival times.
Reduction of 1-Hydroxyimino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazoles by Metal and Baker’s Yeast – Syntheses of Aminocarbazole Derivatives (2004)

1-Hydroxyimino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazoles (1) were reduced with zinc in acetic acid and acetic anhydride and with bakers’ yeast in an aim to synthesize 1-aminocarbazoles, but interestingly the reaction gave hitherto unknown compounds, 2-acetoxy-1-(acetylamino)carbazoles (2) and 6- [acetoxy(hydroxy)methyl]-1-hydroxylaminocarbazoles (3), respectively. A plausible mechanism for the formation of compounds 2 and 3 is proposed. All new compounds were characterised by IR, NMR, mass spectral methods and elemental analysis.
Soy Protein Products: Characteristics, Nutritional Aspects, and Utilization (2001)

This book provides an overview of the key benefits of soy protein products in an easily understood format. Soy protein, flour, concentrates, and isolates have been shown to be versatile food ingredients. The functional properties and nutritional benefits of soy protein products are fully described.
Useful Approximations to Optimum Quantization (1966)

Although the exact formulation for the optimum quantization of random signals is known, the determination of the optimum uniform or nonuniform quantizer can only be done currently by cumbersome computer techniques. In this paper approximate methods are presented which, for a given number of quantization levels, reduce the determination of the optimum quantizer to a one-dimensional problem. Expressions for the resulting distortion are obtained which allow a simple discussion of the merits of nonuniform quantization.
<title>Objective video quality assessment method for freeze distortion based on freeze aggregation</title> (2006)

With the development of the broadband network, video communications such as videophone, video distribution, and IPTV services are beginning to become common. In order to provide these services appropriately, we must manage them based on subjective video quality, in addition to designing a network system based on it. Currently, subjective quality assessment is the main method used to quantify video quality. However, it is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, we need an objective quality assessment technology that can estimate video quality from video characteristics effectively. Video degradation can be categorized into two types: spatial and temporal. Objective quality assessment methods for spatial degradation have been studied extensively, but methods for temporal degradation have hardly been examined even though it occurs frequently due to network degradation and has a large impact on subjective quality. In this paper, we propose an objective quality assessment method for temporal degradation. Our approach is to aggregate multiple freeze distortions into an equivalent freeze distortion and then derive the objective video quality from the equivalent freeze distortion. Specifically, our method considers the total length of all freeze distortions in a video sequence as the length of the equivalent single freeze distortion. In addition, we propose a method using the perceptual characteristics of short freeze distortions. We verified that our method can estimate the objective video quality well within the deviation of subjective video quality.