gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Succession and disturbance in an endangered red spruce−Fraser fir forest in the southern Appalachian Mountains, North Carolina, USA (2012)

Red spruce-Fraser fir forests are geographically limited to high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains (USA) and are considered to be endangered in the USA. We investigated the successional status and radial growth patterns in the heavily disturbed red spruce Picea rubens Sarg. and Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. forest of Roan Mountain, Tennessee and North Carolina. This study elucidates the complexity of second-growth red spruce development after logging and disturbances by balsam woolly adelgid Adelges piceae Ratz. We documented precise temporal information of stand age, disturbance regimes, recruitment patterns, and the successional trajectory of the spruce-fir forest community. We used radial growth patterns of red spruce samples to detect the frequency and magnitude of disturbance. Red spruce was the oldest dominant canopy species, although Fraser fir had high recruitment rates over the past 80 yr. Changes in forest structure and species richness coincided with stand-wide disturbance events such as balsam woolly adelgid infestation and widespread early twentieth-century logging. The competitive advantage of Fraser fir over red spruce has resulted in an even-aged Fraser fir-dominant forest that occupies a relatively early stage of successional development. This study provides a 130 yr environmental history to assist land managers in the southern Appalachian Mountains as they develop long-term restoration plans for this unique ecosystem.
Flash technique for GaAs concentrator solar cell measurement (1981)

A flash-lamp testing technique for the measurement of GaAs concentrator solar cells is described. This method allows a simple and rapid evaluation of efficiency, series resistance and fill factor of the cell at high concentrations. A comparison with outdoor measurements is also reported.
Intranasal Vaccination Using Interleukin-12 and Cholera Toxin Subunit B as Adjuvants To Enhance Mucosal and Systemic Immunity to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Glycoproteins (2003)

We have investigated the induction of protective mucosal immunity to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolate 89.6 by intranasal (i.n.) immunization of mice with gp120 and gp140 together with interleukin-12 (IL-12) and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) as adjuvants. It was found that both IL-12 and CTB were required to elicit mucosal antibody responses and that i.n. immunization resulted in increased total, immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), and IgG2a anti-HIV-1 antibody levels in serum; increased total, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA antibody expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids; and increased IgA antibody levels in vaginal washes. Levels of anti-HIV-1 antibodies in both sera and secretions were higher in groups immunized with gp140 than in those immunized with gp120. However, only gp120-specific mucosal antibodies demonstrated neutralizing activity against HIV-1 89.6. Taken together, the results show that IL-12 and CTB act synergistically to enhance both systemic and local mucosal antibody responses to HIV-1 glycoproteins and that even though gp140 induces higher antibody titers than gp120, only gp120-specific mucosal antibodies interfere with virus infectivity.
Strength Behavior of Simply Supported Longitudinally Profiled Plates (2001)

This paper presents the basic data for the strength behavior of longitudinally profiled plates(LP plate). The effects of loading conditions, thickness and slenderness ratio of plates are examined by using FEM analysis. The analysis results shown that the strength behavior of LP plate is varied with the loading conditions. The major causes of the reduction in strength are the distribution of deflection and the slenderness ratio of plate. Based on the results, this paper presents some discussions about the strength evaluation of LP plate with considering the equivalent thickness.
Wavelet based human voice identification system (2017)

This paper investigates the use of wavelet transform in order to remove noise from the signals. One of the ongoing research in multimedia applications is speech signal processing. Wavelet denoising technique is attempted to reduce and remove noise from the audio signal. It is therefore required to transform audio signal to wavelet domain by using discrete wavelet transform followed by denoising algorithm. Both soft and hard thresholding of denoising technique is used to compare the performance of human noise identification. Denoising the signal is performed in the transformation domain and improvement in the denoising will be achieved in various families of wavelet transform. There are several types of wavelets such as Haar, Symlets, BiorSplines, Discrete Meyer (Dmey) and Reverse Biothogonal. In this paper, identification of human noise is verified with Dmey and Fejer-Korovkin wavelets. Comparative analysis is done to calculate SNR after the spectral subtraction. The quality of the audio signal is determined by Mean Square Error (MSE) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the denoised signal. The simulation results are performed in Matlab program. From the result analysis, it is shown that the Fejer-Korovkin wavelet filter has a better performance as compared to other type of wavelet transform and can be able to identify and differentiate human voices with others.
Sinn und Form in Goethes „Egmont“ (1999)

Im Schlußmonolog von Goethes Egmont sieht der zum Tode verurteilte Protagonist „die beiden süßten Freuden“ seines Lebens in einem allegorischen Traumbild vereint: „Die göttliche Freiheit, von meiner Geliebten borgte sie die Gestalt, das reizende Mädchen kleidete sich in der Freundin himmlisches Gewand“ (MA 3.1, S. 328). Wo sich für Egmont alles in Wohlgefallen auflöst, sich sein Leben im Rückblick zur Einheit rundet und der Ausblick in die Zukunft dem Geschehen staatspolitischen Sinn verleiht, ergeben sich für die Interpreten die größten Probleme. Denn das Finale beantwortet nicht die beiden Fragen, die das Drama seinen Lesern immer wieder gestellt hat, es formuliert sie vielmehr in exponierter Weise erneut: Wie verhalten sich private Empfindungen und politische Einstellungen zueinander, und wie verbindet sich das Dramenende mit dem vorangegangenen Geschehen?1
Evaluation of treatment effects in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases by MRI and MRS (2006)

Neurodegeneration refers to a large clinically and pathologically heterogeneous disease entity associated with slowly progressive neuronal loss in different anatomical and functional systems of the brain. Neurodegenerative diseases often affect cognition, e.g. Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular dementia, or different aspects of the motor system, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and ataxic disorders. Owing to increasing knowledge about the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration, the development of treatments able to modify the neurodegenerative process becomes possible for the first time. Currently, clinical outcome measures are used to assess the efficacy of such treatments. However, most clinical outcome measures have a low test-retest reliability and thus considerable measurement variance. Therefore, large patient populations and long observation times are needed to detect treatment effects. Furthermore, clinical outcome measures cannot distinguish between symptomatic and disease-modifying treatment effects. Therefore, alternative biomarkers including neuroimaging may take on a more important role in this process. Because MR scanners are widely available and allow for non-invasive detection and quantification of changes in brain structure and metabolism, there is increasing interest in the use of MRI/MRS to monitor objectively treatment effects in clinical trials of neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly volumetric MRI has been used to measure atrophy rates in treatment trials of AD because the relationship between atrophic changes and neuron loss is well established and correlates well with clinical measures. More research is needed to determine the value of other MR modalities, i.e. diffusion, perfusion and functional MRI and MR spectroscopy, for clinical trials with neuroprotective drugs.
Design and Development of Developable BARCs (DBARCs) for Advanced Lithographic Applications (2010)

Developable BARC (DBARC) technology is presently being considered for use in semiconductor device manufacture. The unique ability of a DBARC to offer substrate reflection control without the need for a BARC open etch is attractive for application in two large segments of device manufacture. Firstly, implant lithography may benefit from DBARC technology as these layers cannot withstand a BARC open etch but improved reflection control is needed over existing TARC and dyed resist schemes.The other area of potential interest is to reduce cost of ownership by replacing a conventional BARC with a DBARC thereby eliminating the BARC open etch step in conventional lithographic applications.In this paper, we describe recent improvements in Developable BARC (DBARC) technology for advanced lithography. The general design concepts used to create high performing DBARC materials are reviewed and fundamental characterization data are presented. Thereafter, data on key performance metrics is shared for implant and non-implant applications. For KrF implant applications, the key metrics include CD swing and CD control over varying oxide thickness and active to filed CD bias. In the case of ArF implant, data on performance over topography is included. Based on the implant application data, our DBARC technology is surpassing the capability of a traditional TARC process for both KrF and ArF implant applications. In the non-implant application, we demonstrate our DBARC is competitive with conventional BARC in an aggressive immersion ArF application. In this application the DBARC offers leading edge lithography without the need for a BARC open etch step. This suggests a DBARC may help reduce cost of ownership even in critical applications.
Design of Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Inhibitors (2018)

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors hold promise as specific immunosuppressive, anti-T cell leukemic, and antiuricopoietic agents. The best inhibitors available that are biologically active have Ki values from 10(-6) to 10(-7) M and fall into two categories: noncleavable nucleosides preferably iodinated at the C-5' position and C-8-substituted guanine or acycloguanosines. More potent inhibition is shown by phosphorylated acyclonucleosides that function as multisubstrate analogs, but these compounds are excluded from cells. The X-ray analysis of the human erythrocytic enzyme is beginning to reveal the nature of the active site and to explain the structure-activity relationships that have been established with analog substrates and inhibitors.
Sampling frequency of fetal heart rate impacts the ability to predict pH and BE at birth: a retrospective multi-cohort study (2015)

Fetal heart rate (FHR) sampling rate used on the bedside is equal or less than 4 Hz. Current FHR analysis methods fail to detect incipient fetal acidemia. In a fetal sheep model of human labour we showed that FHR sampling rates near 1000 Hz are needed to detect fetal acidemia. Trans-abdominal fetal ECG (t-a fECG) sampling FHR at 900 Hz combined with a complex signals bioinformatics approach showed promise in a human cohort. Here we validate this finding in a retrospective human cohort study by comparing the performance of the same bioinformatics approach to predict pH and BE at birth in the cohorts with FHR sampled either at 4 Hz or at 900 Hz.The 4 Hz FHR recording data sets consisted of the open access intrapartum CTG data base with n = 552 subjects used to develop the predictive model and another cohort of prospectively recruited n = 11 labouring women to then validate it. 900 Hz FHR data set comprised two prospectively recruited t-a fECG cohorts of n = 60 and n = 23 subjects. Recruitment criteria were similar across the cohorts. We have determined the goodness of fit (R(2)) and root mean square error (RMSE) as the performance indicators of the model on each cohort.The clinical characteristics of all cohorts were similar (gestational age 280 ± 8 d; gender 50% male; birth body weight 3.5 ± 0.5 kg; pH and BE at birth 7.25 ± 0.1 and -5.7 ± 3.4 mmol L( - 1), respectively; 1' and 5' Apgar scores at birth 8.5 ± 1.4 and 9.4 ± 0.6, respectively). The 4 Hz FHR cohort rendered-for pH and BE-R(2) = 0.26 and 0.2 and RMSE = 0.087 and 3.44, respectively. This could not be confirmed in the validation cohort for neither pH nor BE prediction. The 900 Hz FHR cohort rendered-for pH and BE-R(2) = 0.9 and 0.77 and RMSE = 0.03 and 1.70, respectively, and the pH prediction was validated.In our model, lower FHR sampling rate increased the predicted error range ~3-4 fold. We show that increasing FHR sampling rate to 900 Hz improves prediction of fetal pH and BE at birth. This should improve early identification of babies at risk of brain injury.
Towards a software failure cost impact model for the customer (2010)

While the financial consequences of software errors on the developer's side have been explored extensively, the cost arising for the end user has been largely neglected. One reason is the difficulty of linking errors in the code with emerging failure behavior of the software. The problem becomes even more difficult when trying to predict failure probabilities based on models or code metrics. In this paper we take a first step towards a cost prediction model by exploring the possibilities of modeling the financial consequences of already identified software failures. Firefox, a well-known open source software, is used as a test subject. Historically identified failures are modeled using fault trees. To identify expenses, usage profiles are employed to depict the interaction with the system. The presented approach demonstrates the possibility to model failure cost for an organization using a specific software by establishing a relationship between user behavior, software failures, and cost. As future work, an extension with software error prediction techniques as well as an empirical validation of the model is aspired.
Quantitative Analysis on 2‐Acetyl‐1‐pyrroline of an Aromatic Rice by Stable Isotope Dilution Method and Model Studies on its Formation during Cooking (2002)

A quantitative analysis of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline from aromatic rice samples using a stable isotope dilution method was developed. The compound was extracted from seedlings, roots, and husks at room temperature for 2 h, whereas milled or brown rice samples were extracted at 75 °C. The recovery of 2‐acetyl‐ 1‐pyrroline was linear from 5 to 5000 ng/g with sensitivity of less than 0.1 ng/g. 2‐Acetyl‐1‐pyrroline showed tautomerism with animide form. The results revealed that 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline present in aromatic rice samples did not form during cooking or postharvest processes.
Involvement of ?5?1-integrin and TNF-? in Staphylococcus aureus ?-toxin-induced death of epithelial cells (2007)

Staphylococcus aureus causes suppurative infections which are often associated with tissue destruction and cell death. In the present study, we investigated the molecular and cellular basis of S. aureus-induced apoptosis and death in a human lung epithelial cell line (A549). We found that staphylococcal alpha-toxin is an important mediator of cytotoxicity in these epithelial cells. Specifically, we found that downregulating alpha-toxin production eliminated the cytotoxicity of S. aureus, whereas the addition of alpha-toxin to the cell culture medium significantly increased cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, we found that alpha-toxin-mediated cell death may partially function through alpha5beta1-integrin, because both the beta1-integrin antibody and the ligand fibronectin inhibited the cytotoxicity of alpha-toxin. Furthermore, we found that the overexpression of the inflammatory cytokine interferon (TNF)-alpha is associated with alpha-toxin-induced cell death, because both the TNF-alpha release inhibitor and antibody effectively inhibited the cytotoxicity of alpha-toxin. In contrast, the cytotoxicity of alpha-toxin was enhanced by the inhibition of the MAPK p38 and NF-kappaB pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that the activation of the MAPK p38 and NF-kappaB pathways are stress responses for survival, rather than direct contributes to alpha-toxin-induced cell death, and that the interaction of alpha-toxin with alpha5beta1-integrin and overproduction of TNF-alpha may contribute to destruction of epithelial cells during S. aureus infection.
A new mouse model to explore the initiation, progression, and therapy of <i>BRAF<sup>V600E</sup></i>-induced lung tumors (2007)

Mutationally activated BRAF(V600E) (BRAF(VE)) is detected in approximately 6% of human malignancies and promotes sustained MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway activation. We have designed BRaf(CA) mice to express normal BRaf prior to Cre-mediated recombination after which BRaf(VE) is expressed at physiological levels. BRaf(CA) mice infected with an Adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase developed benign lung tumors that only rarely progressed to adenocarcinoma. Moreover, BRaf(VE)-induced lung tumors were prevented by pharmacological inhibition of MEK1/2. BRaf(VE) expression initially induced proliferation that was followed by growth arrest bearing certain hallmarks of senescence. Consistent with Ink4a/Arf and TP53 tumor suppressor function, BRaf(VE) expression combined with mutation of either locus led to cancer progression.
Muscarinic Receptor Stimulation Induces Translocation of an α-Synuclein Oligomer from Plasma Membrane to a Light Vesicle Fraction in Cytoplasm (2001)

The close correspondence between the distribution of brain alpha-synuclein and that of muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors suggests a role for this protein in cholinergic transmission. We thus examined the effect of muscarinic stimulation on alpha-synuclein in SH-SY5Y, a human dopaminergic cell line that expresses this protein. Under basal conditions, alpha-synuclein was detected in all subcellular compartments isolated as follows: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and two vesicle fractions. The lipid fractions contained only a 45-kDa alpha-synuclein oligomer, whereas the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions contained both the oligomer and the monomer. This finding suggests alpha-synuclein exists physiologically as a lipid-bound oligomer and a soluble monomer. Muscarinic stimulation by carbachol reduced the alpha-synuclein oligomer in plasma membrane over a 30-min period, with a concomitant increase of both the oligomer and the monomer in the cytoplasmic fraction. The oligomer was associated with a light vesicle fraction in cytoplasm that contains uncoated endocytotic vesicles. The carbachol-induced alteration of alpha-synuclein was blocked by atropine. Translocation of the alpha-synuclein oligomer in response to carbachol stimulation corresponds closely with the time course of ligand-stimulated muscarinic receptor endocytosis. The data suggest that the muscarine receptor stimulated release of the alpha-synuclein oligomer from plasma membrane, and its subsequent association with the endocytotic vesicle fraction may have a role in muscarine receptor endocytosis. We propose that its function may be a transient release of membrane-bound phospholipase D2 from alpha-synuclein inhibition, thus allowing this lipase to participate in muscarinic receptor endocytosis.
A Survey and Analysis of Solutions to the Oblivious Memory Access Problem (2000)

Despite the use of strong encryption schemes, one can still learn information about encrypted data using side channel attacks [2]. Watching what physical memory is being accessed can be such a side channel. One can hide this information by using oblivious simulation - hiding the true access pattern of a program. In this paper we will review the model behind oblivious simulation, attempt to formalize the problem and define a security game. We will review the major solutions pro- posed so far, the square root and hierarchical solutions, as well as propose a new variation on the square root solution. Additionally, we will show a new formalization for providing software protection by using an encryption scheme and oblivious simulation.
A noise-robust stochastic gradient algorithm with an adaptive step-size suitable for mobile hands-free telephones (2002)

This paper proposes a new noise-robust adaptive FIR filtering algorithm with an adaptive step-size which takes non-stationarity of speech signals into account. The proposed algorithm controls the step-size based on the reference input signal power and the estimated noise power. Implementation of an acoustic echo canceller based on this algorithm using digital signal processors is also described. Computer simulation results using a real speech signal show that the proposed algorithm improves the ERLE (echo return loss enhancement) by more than 10 dB compared with conventional noise-robust adaptive-step algorithms. The implemented echo canceller achieves 25 dB of the ERLE, which agrees with the computer simulation results.
Convenient Synthesis of Structurally Novel 1,3‐Disubstituted Azetidine Derivatives (2008)

Abstract A convenient synthesis of structurally novel 1,3‐disubstituted azetidine derivatives is described. The approach involves condensation of an azetidine building block with sulfonylated carbamic acid methyl ester, subsequently followed by quenching the imidoyl chloride with amines. Different derivatives were prepared by substituting benzhydrol as well as benzenesulfonamide as part of the core structure.
In vitro neutralization of hepatitis B virus by monoclonal antibodies against the viral surface antigen (1997)

In vitro HBV infection and neutralization were assayed using an anti-preS1 murine monoclonal antibody (1B3) and anti-preS2 (H69K) and anti-S (CS131A) murine-human chimeric antibodies. The 1B3 (IgG1) and H69K (IgG1) was constructed previously and the CS131A was constructed for this study by expressing stably the chimeric heavy and light chains in Chinese hamster ovary cells and purifying from the culture supernatant. Previous study showed that the H69K and CS131A recognize known virus-neutralizing epitopes, while the 1B3 does not. For the assays, adult human hepatocyte primary culture was infected with the adr or ayw subtype of HBV, and the infectivity and subsequent replication was confirmed both by measuring the kinetics of HB-sAg secretion by the infected cells and detecting the intermediate replicative form of HBV DNA in the cells. Next, the hepatocytes were infected with the adr or ayw subtype of the virus that had been preincubated with various concentrations of each of the antibodies and the neutralization of HBV was analyzed. The results showed that the anti-preS2 and anti-S chimeric antibodies exhibited neutralizing activity against both the adr and ayw subtypes of the virus, with approximately 1,000 and 2,000 times higher specific activity than polyclonal hepatitis B immune globulin, respectively, but the anti-preS1 antibody scarcely neutralized the infection. The neutralizing activities of the antibodies were consistent with their epitope specificity and antigenbinding affinity, suggesting that this neutralization assay is specific. The in vitro neutralization assay will be useful for evaluating the neutralizing activity of anti-HBV antibodies before in vivo testing in chimpanzees.