gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Functional Specifications of a Localized Wayfinding Verbal Aid for Blind Pedestrians: Simple and Structured Urban Areas (2005)

Abstract We propose functional specifications for a localized verbal wayfinding aid for blind pedestrians, in simple and structured urban areas. A user-centered design approach, that is, the analyses of route descriptions produced by blind pedestrians, allowed first to evidence verbal guidance rules and then to elaborate route descriptions of unfamiliar paths; their efficiency was confirmed. We found that specific database features are streets, sidewalks, crosswalks, and intersections and that guidance functions consist of a combination of orientation and localization, goal location, intersection, crosswalks, and warning information as well as of progression, crossing, orientation, and route-ending instructions; they have to be provided between 5 to 10 meters before an intersection, after crossing, at middle block, and after entering a street. Last, verbal guidance is possible in simple and structured urban areas, with no localization aid, and is optimal within 5 meters' precision. The outcomes and limits of the requirements of the navigational aid evidenced are discussed.
Protective function of taurine in glutamate‐induced apoptosis in cultured neurons (2008)

Previously, we showed that taurine protects neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity by inhibiting the glutamate-induced increase of [Ca2+](i). In this study, we report that taurine prevents glutamate-induced chromosomal condensation, indicating that taurine inhibits glutamate-induced apoptosis. We found that Bcl-2 was down-regulated while Bax was up-regulated by glutamate treatment, and these changes were prevented in the presence of taurine. We have also shown that taurine inhibits glutamate-induced activation of calpain. Furthermore, calpastatin, a specific calpain inhibitor, also prevented glutamate-induced cell death. Here we propose the mechanisms underlying glutamate-induced apoptosis and taurine's inhibition of glutamate-induced apoptosis to be as follows: glutamate stimulation induces [Ca2+](i) elevation, which in turn activates calpain; activation of calpain leads to a reduction of Bcl-2:Bax ratios; with decreased Bcl-2:Bax ratios Bax homodimers form, Bax homodimerization, and translocation to the mitochondria result in the release of cytochrome c; released cytochrome c in turn activates a downstream caspase cascade leading to apoptosis. The antiapoptotic function of taurine is due to its inhibition of glutamate-induced membrane depolarization.
Induction of Host Immune Responses Using<i>Salmonella</i>‐Vectored Vaccines (2007)

In this chapter the author focuses on minimizing antibody-mediated immune responses to the antigenically diverse Salmonella cell surface antigens while attempting to enhance antibody-mediated immune responses to immunologically related or cross-reactive surface antigens. The first genetic alteration investigated was a deletion of the gene for phosphomannose isomerase ( pmi ). The second type of genetic alteration involves the use of the arabinose-dependent araC P BAD regulatory cassette fused to the fur gene. In many recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine strains, the protective antigen encoded by a cloned gene on a plasmid vector is retained in the cytoplasm of the Salmonella cell such that cells in the immunized animal or human host have to kill the Salmonella to liberate this cytoplasmic antigen. For a number of years, the authors have endeavored to develop strategies to design and construct a vaccine containing recombinant, attenuated Salmonella to induce protective immunity to pneumococcal disease, and they also aim at making this a low-cost vaccine suitable for the oral immunization of newborns and infants that would induce protective immunity to most S. pneumoniae serotypes. The authors selected six different protective antigens to express and deliver by the vaccine comprising recombinant, attenuated Salmonella to induce protective immunity to most serotypes. Significant progress has been achieved during the past 25 years since the first description of the construction and use of a vaccine containing recombinant, attenuated Salmonella . Ultimately, the validation of some of these new technologies will necessitate full testing with agriculturally important animals or human clinical trials.
Probabilistic planning vs replanning (2007)

A theoretical comparison of probabilistic planning and replanning techniques, in the context of the planning competition. Our main contribution is a baseline test for probabilistic interestingness, along with some examples of its application. We also attempt an analysis of the latest probabilistic competition problems, and suggest some improvements that could be made for future instances of the competition.
Coated diammonium phosphate effect on soil nitrogen lixiviation and its relation with properties kinetics (1995)

Abstract Slow‐release fertilizers were prepared by coating diammonium phosphate (DAP) with rosin and tricalcium phosphate. The DAP dissolution kinetics in water of these products is of the 1st order, leading to the conclusion that the values of the dissolution rate constants depend on the coating percentage. A glasshouse test with rye grass was carried out in order to evaluate the efficiency of the fertilizers as regards nitrogen (N) uptake by the plant and N lixiviation in high leaching conditions. It has been proved that by using coated products the loss of N was reduced, but the yields of dry matter were still good as was the N uptake by the plant. It has also been proved that losses through lixiviation are lower when the fertilizers are mixed with the soil. Finally it was possible to establish linear correlations between kinetic indices deduced from the solubility of the products in water and indices deduced from the response of the soil‐plant system.
CMOS RF Power Amplifiers for Mobile Communications (2010)

The typical circuit-level challenges for the integration of radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers in a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology are the low supply voltage, the need for a high peak and average efficiency, the power control dynamic range requirements, and the high linearity requirements. Two important mechanisms cause the output power of a power amplifier to be less than its peak value: power control and amplitude modulation. These two mechanisms determine the dynamic range and linearity requirements are discussed in this chapter. The chapter shows that the average efficiency is as important as the efficiency at peak output power. It focuses on polar modulation as a means to linearize a nonlinear switching RF CMOS power amplifier. The chapter describes the main causes of the nonlinearity that occurs in polar-modulated amplifiers. It also describes the design and implementation of a polar-modulated power amplifier (PA) for GSM-EDGE. Controlled Vocabulary Terms CMOS analog integrated circuits; GSM; mobile communication; power amplifiers; radio frequency
Real Time Simulation of Large Scale Water Surface Based On GPU (2009)

Real time simulation of large scale water surface is one of the hot spots in virtual reality. The reality and immersion will be enhanced greatly by photorealism and astonishing water surface in virtual reality scenes. The paper creates a model of dynamic water surface from height map and random disturbing. Texture mapping,color blend and dynamic texture are integrated into this algorithm for the reality of simulated water surface. In order to raise the render speed,the paper utilizes the powerful computation ability of GPU to complete the normal computation,reflection and refraction processes. Compared with the traditional algorithms based on CPU,the experimental results of this algorithm are more photorealistic,and the render speed is much higher,which proves that this algorithm is feasible and superior in render speed.
Device-oriented graphene nanopatterning by mussel-inspired directed block copolymer self-assembly (2013)

Directed self-assembly of a block copolymer is successfully employed to fabricate device-oriented graphene nanostructures from CVD grown graphene. We implemented mussel-inspired polydopamine adhesive in conjunction with the graphoepitaxy principle to tailor graphene nanoribbon arrays and a graphene nanomesh located between metal electrodes. Polydopamine adhesive was utilized for facile and damage-free surface treatment to complement the low surface energy of pristine graphene. Our process minimizes the damage to the ideal graphitic structures and electrical properties of graphene during the nanopatterning process. Multi-channel graphene nanoribbon arrays and a graphene nanomesh were successfully fabricated between metal electrodes.
The Impact of Aluminum-Containing Set Accelerators on Sulfate Resistance of Portland Cement Compositions (2013)

This study contains comparative research of sulfate resistance of ordinary Portland cement pastes with addition of basic aluminum sulfate (hydroxosulfate, Al(OH)1.78(SO4)0.61) and amorphous Al(OH)3. Over 3 months of storing in sodium sulfate solution, the most significant expansion and deterioration occur in case of samples with aluminum hydroxide. During sulfate resistance test, the ratio between aluminum nuclei in AFt (ettringite) and AFm phases was studied by 27Al-MAS NMR, and the impact of aluminum-containing admixtures on this ratio was specified. In accordance with NMR data, in samples with Al(OH)3, the rate of secondary ettringite formation becomes noticeable after one month of storing in sulfate solution. For samples with Al(OH)1.78(SO4)0.61, the rate of elongation and temper of changes in molar ratio between sulfoaluminate phases were comparable with reference samples without admixtures.
Compensation Techniques for Servos with Friction (1993)

Friction compensation is a broad area that has recently been surveyed in [3]. The survey considers over 250 references from the journals of controls, tribology, lubrication engineering, acoustics and general engineering and physics and is perhaps 20 times too large to fit in this conference paper and its companion. Rather than trating one or a few topics to the neglect of many others; this paper is composed as an outline of topics literature references important for the analysis and compensation of servos with friction.
Determination of Trace Tellurium in Geochemical Samples by Hydride Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (2005)

A method for the determination of trace tellurium in geochemical samples by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry with baking pretreatment of samples for Te enrichment is developed. Under the optimized experimental condition, the detection limit for Te is 0.005 μg/g with linear range of 0.025~10 μg/g. The method has been applied to the determination of trace Te in national geochemical standard reference samples and the results are in good agreement with certified values with precision of 5.03%~9.24%RSD (n=8).
The<i>Salmonella enterica</i>Serovar Typhi<i>tsx</i>Gene, Encoding a Nucleoside-Specific Porin, Is Essential for Prototrophic Growth in the Absence of Nucleosides (2005)

The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi tsx gene encodes a porin that facilitates the import of nucleosides. When serovar Typhi is grown under anaerobic conditions, Tsx is among the outer membrane proteins whose expression increases dramatically. This increase in expression is due, at least in part, to increased transcription and is dependent on Fnr but not on ArcA. A mutant derivative of serovar Typhi strain STH2370 with a deletion of the tsx gene is an auxotroph that requires either adenosine or thymidine for growth on minimal medium. In contrast, an otherwise isogenic nupG nupC double mutant, defective in the inner membrane nucleoside permeases, is a prototroph. Because anaerobic growth enhances the virulence of serovar Typhi in vitro, we assessed the role that the tsx gene plays in pathogenicity and found that the serovar Typhi STH2370 Deltatsx mutant is defective in survival within human macrophage-like U937 cells. To understand why the Deltatsx mutant is an auxotroph, we selected for insertions of minitransposon T-POP in the Deltatsx genetic background that restored prototrophy. One T-POP insertion that suppressed the Deltatsx mutation in the presence of the inducer tetracycline was located upstream of the pyrD gene. The results of reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that addition of the inducer decreased the rate of pyrD transcription. These results suggest that the Tsx porin and the balance of products of the tsx and pyrD genes play critical roles in membrane assembly and integrity and thus in the virulence of serovar Typhi.
T-lymphocyte response in a guinea pig model of tuberculous pleuritis (1993)

The ability to induce tuberculous pleuritis in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs was investigated as a model of human disease. A pleural effusion of 5 to 10 ml was obtained 6 to 7 days after the bilateral pleural injection of a suspension of heat-killed M. tuberculosis cells. Histological lesions were indicative of granulomatous pleuritis. Comparative studies of T lymphocytes obtained from pleural fluid and peripheral blood revealed increased antigen-driven lymphoproliferation and E rosette formation in pleural effusion lymphocytes. The CD2+ T-lymphocyte population appeared to be expanded or concentrated in pleural fluid, suggesting a compartmentalization of antigen-reactive T lymphocytes. These data demonstrate that experimental tuberculous pleuritis with effusion, closely resembling the human disease, can be produced in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs.
Functional Properties of Pea (Pisum sativum, L.) Protein Isolates Modified with Chymosin (2011)

In this paper, the effects of limited hydrolysis on functional properties, as well as on protein composition of laboratory-prepared pea protein isolates, were investigated. Pea protein isolates were hydrolyzed for either 15, 30 and 60 min with recombined chymosin (Maxiren). The effect of enzymatic action on solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties at different pH values (3.0; 5.0; 7.0 and 8.0) was monitored. Chymosin can be a very useful agent for improvement of functional properties of isolates. Action of this enzyme caused a low degree of hydrolysis (3.9-4.7%), but improved significantly functional properties of pea protein isolates (PPI), especially at lower pH values (3.0-5.0). At these pH values all hydrolysates had better solubility, emulsifying activity and foaming stability, while longer-treated samples (60 min) formed more stable emulsions at higher pH values (7.0, 8.0) than initial isolates. Also, regardless of pH value, all hydrolysates showed improved foaming ability. A moderate positive correlation between solubility and emulsifying activity index (EAI) (0.74) and negative correlation between solubility and foam stability (-0.60) as well as between foam stability (FS) and EAI (-0.77) were observed. Detected enhancement in functional properties was a result of partial hydrolysis of insoluble protein complexes.
THE INVESTIGATION OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROORGANISMS AS A SOURCE FOR SILAGE MICROBIOCENOSIS FORMATION USING NGS-SEQUENCING (2015)

The composition of plant and silage microflora affects the fermentation processes in the silage and its final quality. To date, reports about studying fodder plants and silage microbiota by means of molecular genetic methods are few and limited to descriptions of composition and function of some groups of microorganisms. Moreover, the NGS (next generation sequencing) data on diversity of epiphytic microflora and silage microbiocoenosis are not still reported. We first used this approach in studying phyllosphere and silage microbiom, and reported it to be rather rich in composition and abundance that is in contrast with conventional understanding. At that, the pathogenic and non-culturable microbes were detected in the microbiota, including specific inhabitants of mammalian gastrointestinal tract. So using NGS we examined the structure and diversity of bacterial community of Dactylis glomerata L. harvested plants and the biomass ensilaged with chemical preservative AIV 2000 Plus (KEMIRA OYJ Inc., Finland) composed of mixture of formic, propionic and benzoic acids. Assays were carried out on days 3, 7, 14 and 30 of ensilaging. The results showed that the bacterial community of silage from D. glomerata sharply differed from the composition of foliage microorganisms and varied greatly in the course of successive changes which occurred during maturation of silage preserved by mixture of organic acids. The composition of plant microorganisms and silage were found to be very various in contrast with a traditional view. Among foliar microorganisms of D. glomerata there were mostly the bacteria of phylum Proteobacteria (94.1 %), and in the silage the bacteria of phylums Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were main representatives (up to 59.5 % and 74.9 %, respectively). In taxonomic diversity of the order Lactobacillales, mainly involved in ensilaging, there were genera Lactobacillus (up to 39.6%), Enterococcus (up to 36.36 %), Lactococcus (up to 14.4 %), Pediococcus (to 1.45 %) and the family Leuconostocaceae (to 3.52 %). Interestingly, in the silage there were the bacteria of phylum Bacteroidetes, families Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Selenomonadales considered the common inhabitants of the mammals' gastrointestinal tract, and also the uncultured and pathogenic microorganisms. Particularly, these were 15 genera of family Enterobacteriaceae, including genera Klebsiella, Salmonella, Yersinia, etc., among which the dangerous mammalian pathogens are frequent. On days 3 and 7, the phylum Bacteroidetes prevailed (59.53 and 48.91 %, respectively). On days 14 and 30, the phylum Firmicutes was dominant (up to 74.85 %) with the facultative aerobic bacteria of order Lactobacillales mostly found (up to 74.76 %). Using NGS, a total of 70 genera were attributed in the plant phyloshere, and in the silage there were 84 genera on day 3, 96 genera on day 7, 51 genera on day 14, and 69 genera on day 30. Classical microbiology methods are not enough to detect these bacteria among silage microbiota.
Reflection-Resonance-Type Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope (1994)

A novel reflection-resonance-type photon scanning tunneling microscope is proposed to measure the sub-wavelength sample profile by detecting the resonant frequency shifts of a probe cavity. Simulation experiments were carried out to confirm the effectiveness of the present proposal and the theoretical estimation shows that the shot-noise-limited lateral resolution as high as 2.3×10 -3 λ can be expected.
Polar-solvent-free colloidal synthesis of highly luminescent alkylammonium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (2015)

A novel synthesis of hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (CH3NH3PbX3, X = Br or I) that does not involve the use of dimethylformamide or other polar solvents is presented. The reaction between methylamine and PbX2 salts is conducted in a high-boiling nonpolar solvent (1-octadecene) in the presence of oleylamine and oleic acid as coordinating ligands. The resulting nanocrystals are characterized by high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of 15-50%, outstanding phase purity and tunable shapes (nanocubes, nanowires, and nanoplatelets). Nanoplatelets spontaneously assemble into micrometer-length wires by face-to-face stacking. In addition, we demonstrate amplified spontaneous emission from thin films of green-emitting CH3NH3PbBr3 nanowires with low pumping thresholds of 3 μJ cm(-2).
The Characteristic of the Performance of the Bypass Diode with Composition Change of the String in Si- PV Module (2010)

Previous studies have been focused on the voltage of Bypass diode and Isc(Short Circuit Current) of the influenced solar cell. The Bypass diode starts working when it gets the reverse applied voltage. Previous studies have only concentrated on Isc of the influenced solar cell and Imp of PV module to explain the bypassing performance. PV module is usually working together with inverter having MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking) function for best performance. bypassing point is regulated by MPPT function of inverter. In this paper, simulation results of Bypass diode in PV module have been analyzed to represent the relationship of the bypassing point with the composition of PV module. From the results, the more cells are connected with each string, the earlier bypassing performance happens under the fixed number of strings. As diode groups increase or irradiation decreases, the bypassing performance starts fast.
Experimental design for gene expression microarrays (2001)

We examine experimental design issues arising with gene expression microarray technology. Microarray experiments have multiple sources of variation, and experimental plans should ensure that effects of interest are not confounded with ancillary effects. A commonly used design is shown to violate this principle and to be generally inefficient. We explore the connection between microarray designs and classical block design and use a family of ANOVA models as a guide to choosing a design. We combine principles of good design and A-optimality to give a general set of recommendations for design with microarrays. These recommendations are illustrated in detail for one kind of experimental objective, where we also give the results of a computer search for good designs.
Development of the Bluetooth version 1.0 specification (2002)

The explosive growth of the digital mobile phone has sharpened the focus of consumer electronics on personal handheld devices. The development of the Bluetooth specification fills a key requirement for this class of device: a versatile, power efficient, short-range wireless connection. This paper provides an overview of the development of the Bluetooth version 1.0 specification, including example usage cases, an introduction to the technology, and the plans for standardization within the IEEE.
General overview of lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, spongosomes and cubosomes (2017)

In recent years, the wider use of nanotechnology has attracted greater attention from scientists in multi-disciplinary fields. Nanotechnological research has come a long way in the past decade, with major advances being made, both in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic potential of nanoparticles. Areas covered: Some of the prominently discussed nanoparticles in this day and age are polymeric micelles, liposomes, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, dendrimers, spongosomes and cubosomes. This review attempts to focus on the conventional advantages and exemplary features that these particles possess, thus making them some of the most ideal vehicles for drug delivery. Expert opinion: Particulate systems, which have been extensively studied in this article, have been employed to enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of various hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug moieties, thus attempting to prolong the blood circulation times and increase their efficacy over unmodified drug molecules. These modification techniques have enabled these drug molecules to be delivered to the pharmacological sites of action at an optimised controlled rate, thus trying to minimise the potential for any toxicity resulting from the non-specific distribution of drug to various organs.