gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical Properties of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math>-Type Germanium (1954)

Measurements of conductivity and Hall effect from 11\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on a set of $n$-type germanium samples covering the range from intrinsic to degenerate are reported. The purity and uniformity of the samples and extensiveness of the data permit a more thorough-going comparison with theory than has been possible in previous work.The theory of mobility is reviewed briefly. The treatment of impurity scattering by Brooks and Herring is presented, and their formula for the impurity mobility is used throughout. An analytical formula for obtaining the mobility from lattice and impurity mobilities is included. The effect of electron-electron collisions on the mobility is considered in a qualitative manner.The principal conclusions concerning the mobility are as follows: (1) Over the range 20.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the lattice mobility varies as ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}1.64}$ rather than the theoretically predicted ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}1.5}$. (2) The impurity mobility increases with temperature less rapidly than the theoretical formula predicts, the exponent of $T$ in the numerator being apparently between 1.0 and 1.5. (3) The Erginsoy formula for neutral impurity scattering appears to fit the experimental data reasonably well for a value of effective mass about one-third the free electron mass. (4) Dislocation scattering is negligible, leading to the conclusion that the density of edge-type dislocations is less than ${10}^{6}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.In fitting the concentration data, the parameters involved are activation energy, acceptor concentration, and effective mass. An effective mass in the neighborhood of one-quarter the free electron mass gives the best fit for all samples. The values of acceptor concentration obtained in this way for this effective mass agree well with those calculated from the low-temperature mobility values. The activation energy obtained for the purer samples is 0.0125 ev, in agreement with the value calculated from the hydrogen-like model for one-quarter the free electron mass.The variation of activation energy with concentration does not agree with that observed by Pearson and Bardeen for $p$-type silicon. The effects which have been proposed to explain the variation are: residual potential energy of attraction between free electrons and ionized donors, screening of trapping centers by the free electrons, polarization of neutral centers by free electrons. It is concluded that a combination of the three effects will probably be required to explain the results.The ratio of Hall to drift mobility is shown to agree with the theoretically predicted value within about 10 percent in the range 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Response of Intestinal Calcium Transport and Bone Calcium Mobilization to 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin Da in Thyroparathyroidectomized Rats<sup>1</sup> (1974)

Nephrectomized vitamin D-defkient rats on a low-calcium diet show the same intestinal calcium transport response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 whether parathyroid hormone is present or not. Additionally, vitamin D-deficient rats on a low phosphorus diet give an intestinal calcium transport response equal to sham-operated controls even 4 days after thyroparathyroidectomy. On the other hand, only a partial mobilization of calcium from body stores in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is noted in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. This response can be restored with exogenous parathyroid extract (10 units every 6 hr). Thus parathyroid hormone has a direct function in mobilization of calcium from body stores in addition to stimulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis. These results strongly support the idea that parathyroid hormone has no direct action on intestinal calcium absorption, but it stimulates this system by stimulating the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(Endocrinology94: 1022, 1974)
Computer-aided measurement (1979)

The ways in which the various roles of the computer (data logging, control, signal processing, interpretation and dynamic modelling) can be combined to provide powerful measurement methods are discussed with the aid of examples. Pitfalls associated with computer power are considered. The influence of the introduction of microcomputers is traced with particular reference to recent applications in scientific and medical measurements.
Proposal of SDM-SCOFDM System with Adaptive Modulation Method over MIMO Channels (2004)

The Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is motivating the world-wide researchers to realize the next generation wireless LANs with the higher channel capacity and higher signal quality. This paper proposes and analyzes the Space Division Multiplexing Single Carrier OFDM (SDM-SCOFDM) system with adaptive modulation (AM) method over MIMO channels. The salient features of the proposed method are to enable the significant reduction of the number of required feedback adaptive modulation information (AMI) bits and the improvement of the PAPR (peak to average power ratio) performance at a cost of little degradation of channel capacity as comparing with the AM aided SDM-OFDM system. We also propose the Carrier-to-Noise Power Ratio (CNR) estimation method for SDM-SCOFDM signals over multi-path fading channels, which can be used for the assignment of the optimal modulation scheme in each transmit antenna. This paper presents the various computer simulation results to verify the proposed method under a typical wireless LAN environment.
Two-dimensional delineation of shallow junctions in silicon by selective etching of transmission electron microscopy cross sections (1992)

The method of junction delineation with thickness fringes in selectively chemical etched transmission electron microscope cross sections is demonstrated on a few examples. Arsenic-doped source and drain regions of metal-oxide-silicon transistors were delineated at a concentration level of about 1×1018 cm−3 both in the as-implanted state and after 900 °C annealing. Calibration was performed with one-dimensional secondary ion mass spectroscopy dopant profiles whereas process simulation was used to examine the experimental two-dimensional results. The lateral extent of the dopant surface concentration at 1×1019 cm−3 under the transistor gate after 900 °C annealing corresponded to the n+/n transition region previously detected by scanning tunneling microscopy. Boron and arsenic junctions were simultaneously delineated in a bipolar transistor.
Signal processor architecture for high-performance real-time applications (2003)

A description is given of the software environment for SPARTA (signal processor architecture for real-time applications). The SPARTA hardware consists of a hybrid system with three different types of computers. The program development environment includes the PLH high-level language (on an IBM VM/CMS mainframe) for generating efficient real-time signal processor code. The runtime (user) interface (on an IBM PC) supports symbolic debugging, dynamic loading and linking, and synchronous switching of control algorithms during real-time program execution. It has been interfaced to the object-oriented AML/2 language interpreter. The real-time environment (on multiple IBM Hermes signal processors) has tasks with multiple entries and exits, linked by a method which is somewhat similar to threaded code, but which has lower overhead (0.1 mu s, nonpreemptive task switch). The real-time kernel also supports multiple threads of tasks categorized as critical or abortable, reflecting their importance to the real-time system. These threads are scheduled by a priority-based, preemptive scheduler, which has 1.3-5.1 mu s total overhead. A SPARTA system with one Hermes signal processor, executing a dozen real-time tasks, has achieved a sample rate of 5 kHz for a fully-coupled PID control, with nonlinear compensation, for the Eaglet II Cartesian robot (five motors achieving 2- mu m linear resolution and 0.02 degrees angular resolution).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Staging and response assessment in lymphomas: the new Lugano classification. (2015)

Staging and response criteria were initially developed for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) over 60 years ago, but not until 1999 were response criteria published for non-HL (NHL). Revisions to these criteria for both NHL and HL were published in 2007 by an international working group, incorporating PET for response assessment, and were widely adopted. After years of experience with these criteria, a workshop including representatives of most major international lymphoma cooperative groups and cancer centers was held at the 11(th) International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma (ICML) in June, 2011 to determine what changes were needed. An Imaging Task Force was created to update the relevance of existing imaging for staging, reassess the role of interim PET-CT, standardize PET-CT reporting, and to evaluate the potential prognostic value of quantitative analyses using PET and CT. A clinical task force was charged with assessing the potential of PET-CT to modify initial staging. A subsequent workshop was help at ICML-12, June 2013. Conclusions included: PET-CT should now be used to stage FDG-avid lymphomas; for others, CT will define stage. Whereas Ann Arbor classification will still be used for disease localization, patients should be treated as limited disease [I (E), II (E)], or extensive disease [III-IV (E)], directed by prognostic and risk factors. Since symptom designation A and B are frequently neither recorded nor accurate, and are not prognostic in most widely used prognostic indices for HL or the various types of NHL, these designations need only be applied to the limited clinical situations where they impact treatment decisions (e.g., stage II HL). PET-CT can replace the bone marrow biopsy (BMBx) for HL. A positive PET of bone or bone marrow is adequate to designate advanced stage in DLBCL. However, BMBx can be considered in DLBCL with no PET evidence of BM involvement, if identification of discordant histology is relevant for patient management, or if the results would alter treatment. BMBx remains recommended for staging of other histologies, primarily if it will impact therapy. PET-CT will be used to assess response in FDG-avid histologies using the 5-point scale, and included in new PET-based response criteria, but CT should be used in non-avid histologies. The definition of PD can be based on a single node, but must consider the potential for flare reactions seen early in treatment with newer targeted agents which can mimic disease progression. Routine surveillance scans are strongly discouraged, and the number of scans should be minimized in practice and in clinical trials, when not a direct study question. Hopefully, these recommendations will improve the conduct of clinical trials and patient management.
An SLA-based resource allocation for IoT applications in cloud environments (2016)

In an IoT cloud, the message broker service allows point to multi-point communication between IoT devices and applications. The service is governed by Service Level Agreements (SLA) that specify, among other requirements, the volume of messages served during an enforcement period. For simplicity, current SLAs do not provide detailed information about message arrival patterns, making enforcement of the SLA a difficult problem for the providers. In this paper, we propose a new, two-step SLA by introducing sub-periods for measurement and control within the total enforcement period. Our proposed SLA retains the simplicity of the current SLA and provides additional controls for the providers to enforce it. We present the conformance of the new SLA as a resource allocation problem for cloud providers and propose a buffering, scheduling and rate limiting mechanism to enforce it. We verify that the solution achieves conformance, analyze the tradeoffs of the solution and evaluate via simulation the effects of system parameters such as capacity, number of sub-periods and enforcement period.
CoSelect: Feature Selection with Instance Selection for Social Media Data (2013)

Feature selection is widely used in preparing high-dimensional data for effective data mining. Attribute-value data in traditional feature selection differs from social media data, although both can be large-scale. Social media data is inherently not independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.), but linked. Furthermore, there is a lot of noise. The quality of social media data can vary drastically. These unique properties present challenges as well as opportunities for feature selection. Motivated by these differences, we propose a novel feature selection framework, CoSelect, for social media data. In particular, CoSelect can exploit link information by applying social correlation theories, incorporate instance selection with feature selection, and select relevant instances and features simultaneously. Experimental results on real-world social media datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework and its potential in mining social media data.
Direct Phase Detecting System (1972)

A system for extracting the phase components of an optical traveling wave field has been constructed. This system consists of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer to capture the wave field as the hologram, a photoelectronic scanning system, and an analog computing circuit. The detected phase signal is immediately displayed on a cathode ray tube as continuous-tone patterns. The method has been confirmed through the experimental results.
Tools, methods, and applications for optophysiology in neuroscience (2013)

The advent of optogenetics and genetically encoded photosensors has provided neuroscience researchers with a wealth of new tools and methods for examining and manipulating neuronal function in vivo. There exists now a wide range of experimentally validated protein tools capable of modifying cellular function, including light-gated ion channels, recombinant light-gated G protein-coupled receptors, and even neurotransmitter receptors modified with tethered photo-switchable ligands. A large number of genetically encoded protein sensors have also been developed to optically track cellular activity in real time, including membrane-voltage-sensitive fluorophores and fluorescent calcium and pH indicators. The development of techniques for controlled expression of these proteins has also increased their utility by allowing the study of specific populations of cells. Additionally, recent advances in optics technology have enabled both activation and observation of target proteins with high spatiotemporal fidelity. In combination, these methods have great potential in the study of neural circuits and networks, behavior, animal models of disease, as well as in high-throughput ex vivo studies. This review collects some of these new tools and methods and surveys several current and future applications of the evolving field of optophysiology.
Distinct amplification of an untranslated regulatory sequence in the egfr gene contributes to early steps in breast cancer development. (2003)

Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) gene is a common feature in breast cancer. We demonstrated recently that the expression of EGFR in breast cancer strongly correlates with the length of a CA simple sequence repeat within the first 2000 bases in intron 1 of the egfr gene [CA simple sequence repeat (CA-SSR) I; H. Buerger et al., Cancer Res., 60: 854-857, 2000]. Using a standardized semiautomated method of microsatellite analysis for loss of heterozygosity detection, we identified an allelic imbalance (AI) at the egfr locus in 55 of 163 primary breast cancer cases. Fine mapping of the chromosomal region at 7p12-15 around the egfr gene using 10 CA-SSR markers showed that mutations of egfr in breast cancer are frequently restricted to the first intron of egfr. Thereby, the simple sequence repeat CA-SSR I in intron 1 was affected in 84% of the patients with AI. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of 23 breast cancer tissues with AI excluded the presence of in-frame deletions between exon 2 and exon 7. For additional characterization of the underlying phenomenon leading to the detection of an AI in microsatellite analysis, a quantitative 5'-nuclease assay for the first CA-SSR I in intron 1 was established. In breast cancer cases with AI the presence of amplifications of this sequence was shown. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a statistically significant worse prognosis for patients with AI in the cancer tissue at the egfr locus compared with patients without AI. Interestingly, 75% of the patients bearing AI of CA-SSR I in the tumor also showed AI at normal, nontumorous breast tissue. Our data strongly support the assumption that distinct amplifications in intronic sequences of the egfr gene, which enhance the basic transcription activity of the gene, represent one of the first steps in breast carcinogenesis. Furthermore, they point to the presence of prognosis-associated markers for breast cancer already in morphological normal breast tissue.
Formation of Malonaldehyde−Acetaldehyde Conjugate Adducts in Calf Thymus DNA (2006)

It has previously been shown that malonaldehyde forms conjugates with acetaldehyde and that these conjugates react with nucleobases forming so-called conjugate adducts. In the current study, it is shown that conjugate adducts are also formed in calf thymus DNA when incubated simultaneously with malonaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The adducts were identified in the DNA hydrolysates by their positive ion electrospray MS/MS spectra and by coelution with the 2'-deoxynucleoside standards and, in the case of adducts exhibiting fluorescent properties, also by LC using a fluorescence detector. In the hydrolysates of double-stranded DNA (ds DNA), two deoxyguanosine and two deoxyadenosine conjugate adducts were detected, and in single-stranded DNA (ss DNA) also, the deoxycytidine conjugate adduct was observed. The guanine base was the major target for the malonaldehyde-acetaldehyde conjugates, and 2'-deoxyguanosine adducts were produced in ds DNA at levels of 100-500 adducts/10(5) nucleotides (0.7-3 nmol/mg DNA). The 2'-deoxyadenosine adducts and the 2'-deoxycytidine adduct were generated in higher amounts when the incubation was performed at pH 6.0 than at pH 7.4, while the opposite formation profile was noted for the 2'-deoxyguanosine adducts, especially in the ss DNA reaction. This observation is exactly in accordance with our previously reported pH-dependent reactivity of the individual nucleosides with malonaldehyde-acetaldehyde conjugates. The findings of this work show that the genotoxic effects observed for malonaldehyde and acetaldehyde could be in part due to the formation of the conjugate adducts.
Stability of cytotoxic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone conjugate (AN-152) containing doxorubicin 14- <i>O</i> -hemiglutarate in mouse and human serum <i>in vitro:</i> Implications for the design of preclinical studies (2000)

Recently, we developed a series of cytotoxic peptide conjugates containing 14-O-glutaryl esters of doxorubicin (DOX) or 2-pyrrolino-DOX (AN-201). Serum carboxylesterase enzymes (CE) can partially hydrolyze these conjugates in the circulation, releasing the cytotoxic radical, before the targeting is complete. CE activity in serum of nude mice is about 10 times higher than in human serum. Thus, we found that the t(1/2) of AN-152, an analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) containing DOX, at 0.3 mg/ml is 19. 49 +/- 0.74 min in mouse serum and 126.06 +/- 3.03 min in human serum in vitro. The addition of a CE inhibitor, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), to mouse serum in vitro significantly (P < 0. 01) prolongs the t(1/2) of AN-152 to 69.63 +/- 4.44 min. When DFP is used in vivo, 400 nmol/kg cytotoxic somatostatin analog AN-238 containing AN-201 is well tolerated by mice, whereas all animals die after the same dose without DFP. In contrast, DFP has no effect on the tolerance of AN-201. A better tolerance to AN-238 after DFP treatment is due to the selective uptake of AN-238 by somatostatin receptor-positive tissues. Our results demonstrate that the suppression of the CE activity in nude mice greatly decreases the toxicity of cytotoxic hybrids containing 2-pyrrolino-DOX 14-O-hemiglutarate and brings this animal model closer to the conditions that exist in humans. The use of DFP together with these peptide conjugates in nude mice permits a better understanding of their mechanism of action and improves the clinical predictability of the oncological and toxicological results.
Entry Inhibitors in HIV Therapy (2007)

Entry Inhibitors in HIV Therapy details the current status of this relatively new and very dynamic class of inhibitors, appealing to both the clinician and basic research scientist. A unique overview
Development of a Flow Chart for Identification of Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci in the Clinical Laboratory (2006)

Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) are a heterogeneous group of organisms that are isolated from clinical specimens more often than any group of anaerobic bacteria except Bacteroides species, yet many strains are still difficult or impossible to identify in the diagnostic laboratory. In this study, a total of 124 strains, including 13 reference strains of GPAC species and 111 isolates that had been recovered from clinical specimens previously and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were subjected to biochemical characterization. Based on the results, a short biochemical scheme that involves the minimum essential biochemical tests for accurate identification of clinically important GPAC was developed.
Conditional multi-output regression (2011)

In multi-output regression, the goal is to establish a mapping from inputs to multivariate outputs that are often assumed unknown. However, in practice, some outputs may become available. How can we use this extra information to improve our prediction on the remaining outputs? For example, can we use the job data released today to better predict the house sales data to be released tomorrow? Most previous approaches use a single generative model to model the joint predictive distribution of all outputs, based on which unknown outputs are inferred conditionally from the known outputs. However, learning such a joint distribution for all outputs is very challenging and also unnecessary if our goal is just to predict each of the unknown outputs. We propose a conditional model to directly model the conditional probability of a target output on both inputs and all other outputs. A simple generative model is used to infer other outputs if they are unknown. Both models only consist of standard regression predictors, for example, Gaussian process, which can be easily learned.
Drug Resistance Conferred by Mutations Outside the Active Site through Alterations in the Dynamic and Structural Ensemble of HIV-1 Protease (2014)

HIV-1 protease inhibitors are part of the highly active antiretroviral therapy effectively used in the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. Darunavir (DRV) is the most potent of these inhibitors, soliciting drug resistance only when a complex combination of mutations occur both inside and outside the protease active site. With few exceptions, the role of mutations outside the active site in conferring resistance remains largely elusive. Through a series of DRV-protease complex crystal structures, inhibition assays, and molecular dynamics simulations, we find that single and double site mutations outside the active site often associated with DRV resistance alter the structure and dynamic ensemble of HIV-1 protease active site. These alterations correlate with the observed inhibitor binding affinities for the mutants, and suggest a network hypothesis on how the effect of distal mutations are propagated to pivotal residues at the active site and may contribute to conferring drug resistance.