gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
O/W Lipid Emulsions for Parenteral Drug Delivery. I. Pharmacokinetics of the Oil Particles and Incorporated Sudan II. (1994)

The potential usefulness of oil in water (O/W) lipid emulsions as parenteral drug delivery system for lipophilic drugs was examined in tumor-bearing rats. A model lipophilic drug, sudan II (PCoct = 226000), was formulated in five lipid emulsions consisting of soybean oil and various surfactants. Compared with HCO-60 micellar and plasma solutions of sudan II, the blood concentration of sudan II was markedly elevated by administration as a lipid emulsion. However, the distribution of sudan II to the liver, lungs, spleen, and adipose tissue was not altered, and that to the brain, heart, kidneys, muscle, and tumor was slightly decreased. To understand these results, pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a newly derived compartmental model, and moreover, the organ distribution clearance was analyzed. It was suggested that the oil particles deliver the incorporated drug selectively to the liver, lungs, and spleen, and the speed of delivery could be surpressed by using HCO-60. However, in the case of sudan II, its rapid release from the oil particles after i.v. injection prevented a drastic alteration in the distribution of sudan II. The simulation studies suggested that a considerable decrease in the release rate or an increase in partition coefficient (experimentally more than 10(8) would be required for delivery.
<title>Predictor approach to closed-loop phase-diversity wavefront sensing</title> (2000)

We present a novel and fast method for utilizing wavefront information in closed-loop phase-diverse image data. We form a 2D object-independent error function using the images at different focus positions together with OTFs of the diffraction limited system. Each coefficient in an expansion of the wavefront is estimated quickly and independently by calculating the inner produce of a corresponding predictor function and the error function. This operation is easy to parallelize. The main computational burden is in pre- processing, when the predictors are formed. This makes this method fast and therefore attractive for closed loop operation. Calculating the predictors involves error function derivatives with respect to the wavefront parameters, statistics of the parameters, noise levels and other known characteristics of the optical system. The predictors are optimized so that the RMS error in the wavefront parameters is minimized rather than consistency between estimated quantities with image data. We present simulation results that are relevant to the phasing of segmented mirrors in a space telescope, such as the NGST.
Localization of a domain in the FimH adhesin of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae capable of receptor recognition and use of a domain-specific antibody to confer protection against experimental urinary tract infection. (1997)

The FimH subunit of type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli has been implicated as an important determinant of bacterial adherence and colonization of the urinary tract. Here, we sought to localize the functionally important domain(s) within the FimH molecule and to determine if antibodies against this domain would block adherence of type 1-fimbriated E. coli to the bladder mucosa in situ and in vivo in an established mouse model of cystitis. We generated translational fusion proteins of disparate regions of the FimH molecule with an affinity tag MalE, and tested each of the fusion products in vitro for functional activity. The minimum region responsible for binding mouse bladder epithelial cells and a soluble mannoprotein, horseradish peroxidase, was contained within residues 1-100 of the FimH molecule. We validated and extended these findings by demonstrating that antibodies directed at the putative binding region of FimH or at synthetic peptides corresponding to epitopes within the binding domain could specifically block type 1 fimbriae-mediated bacterial adherence to bladder epithelial cells in situ and yeast cells in vitro. Next, we compared the ability of mice passively immunized intraperitoneally with antisera raised against residues 1-25 and 253-264 of FimH or 1-13 of FimA to resist bladder colonization in vivo after intravesicular challenge with type 1-fimbriated E. coli. Only the antibody directed at the putative binding region of FimH (anti- s-FimH1-25) significantly reduced E. coli bladder infections in the experimental mouse model of urinary tract infections. Similar results were obtained when the mice were actively immunized with synthetic peptides corresponding to residues 1-25 and 253-264 of FimH or 1-13 of FimA. The mechanism of protection was attributed, at least in part, to inhibition of bacterial adherence to the bladder surface by s-FimH1-25-specific antibody molecules that had filtered through the kidneys into the urine. The level of FimH antibodies entering the bladder from the circulatory system of the immunized mice was found to be markedly enhanced upon bacterial challenge. The potential broad spectrum activity of the protective FimH antibody was indicated from its serologic cross-reactivity with various urinary tract bacterial isolates bearing type 1 fimbriae. These findings could be relevant in the design of an efficacious and broadly reactive FimH vaccine against urinary tract infections.
Determination of optimal sizes for a first and second level SRAM-DRAM on-chip cache combination (2002)

In this paper, an SRAM-DRAM combination memory is used as an on-chip cache memory. The SRAM portion is considered to be the first level cache and the DRAM portion is considered to be the second level cache. Curves are derived for the optimal SRAM and DRAM sizes with memory access time optimized. These curves do vary with the amount of fixed on-chip area available, with different cell size ratios of DRAM to SRAM and with varying DRAM access times. The optimal amount of SRAM, or first level cache, is consistently seen to be much smaller then the general trend toward a large first level cache. For instance, if the on-chip area available for cache could contain 256 K of SRAM then only about 16 K of SRAM should exist along with 2.5 M of DRAM as second level cache for optimal usage of that area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Analysis Using Population Modeling and Informative Prior Distributions (1996)

Abstract We describe a general approach using Bayesian analysis for the estimation of parameters in physiological pharmacokinetic models. The chief statistical difficulty in estimation with these models is that any physiological model that is even approximately realistic will have a large number of parameters, often comparable to the number of observations in a typical pharmacokinetic experiment (e.g., 28 measurements and 15 parameters for each subject). In addition, the parameters are generally poorly identified, akin to the well-known ill-conditioned problem of estimating a mixture of declining exponentials. Our modeling includes (a) hierarchical population modeling, which allows partial pooling of information among different experimental subjects; (b) a pharmacokinetic model including compartments for well-perfused tissues, poorly perfused tissues, fat, and the liver; and (c) informative prior distributions for population parameters, which is possible because the parameters represent real physiological variables. We discuss how to estimate the models using Bayesian posterior simulation, a method that automatically includes the uncertainty inherent in estimating such a large number of parameters. We also discuss how to check model fit and sensitivity to the prior distribution using posterior predictive simulation. We illustrate the application to the toxicokinetics of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene [PERC]), the problem that motivated this work.
Low level sodium ion measurement with the glass electrode (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLow level sodium ion measurement with the glass electrodeEdgar L. Eckfeldt and William E. ProctorCite this: Anal. Chem. 1971, 43, 3, 332–337Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60298a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60298a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Lossless Color Image Compression Algorithm with Adaptive Arithmetic Coding Based on Adjacent Data Probability (2012)

In this paper, we propose a simple loss less algorithm which can compress all types of images with the same high Compression Rate. The algorithm consists of two phases. First, it removes the correlation between pixels with Snake Scan to get residual of data. And then encode the residual of data with an Adaptive Arithmetic Coding. This Adaptive Arithmetic Coding only uses adjacent data to build the probability model. 24 color images provided by Kodak Company were used to test compression rate of this proposed algorithm. The results show the efficiency of this proposed algorithm is better than original Adaptive Arithmetic Coding method.
Buried convex waveguide structure (GaAl) As injection lasers (1981)

A new channeled substrate (GaAl)As double-heterostructure laser with mode control as well as internal current confinement is described. The narrow active region (3–3.5 mm) surrounded by GaAlAs is buried in the etched channel, around which a reverse-biased heterojunction is formed. The threshold current is as low as 20 mA cw, and highly stable fundamental-mode lasing is observed.
Terrestrial laser scanner data processing (2004)

The introduction of new terrestrial laser scanner devices in the survey field has increased the possibility of more accurate and complete 3D models of the acquired objects to be obtained. This happens, above all, in the architectural and archaeological survey field in which the shape of an object is usually remarkably complex. Acquisition with laser scanner devices is, in addition, very fast and cheap and the 3D models that are obtained are very useful for users. However, particular attention must be paid during the analysis, the processing and the modelling phases of the laser scanner data. The acquired data are often characterized by the presence of elevated noise (usually gross errors and outliers) which must be removed with ad hoc techniques before starting with the manipulation of the data. Usually architectural and archaeological objects have a very complex shape and one scan is not enough to obtain the complete description of the object. In these cases, in order to eliminate the shaded areas, two or more scans must be taken from different points of view of the same object. To obtain the final 3D model of the object it is therefore necessary to align and to georefer the single scans using suitable registration techniques. In addition, when it is necessary to align a large series of scans, the use of triangulation algorithms represents the only way to avoid distortions of the 3D model, in complete analogy with the case of long single strips in photogrammetry. All these aspects have been considered and a specific software that is able to correctly process terrestrial laser scanner data has been developed by the authors. The paper presents the algorithms and the solutions adopted in order to prepare the laser scanner data to the
Vaginal ulcers associated with tampon usage. (1980)

Ten cases of vaginal ulcers collected from private gynecologic practices over a 1-year period are presented. The lesions were associated with the prolonged continuous use of vaginal tampons, and all were benign. Nine lesions healed spontaneously when tampon usage was halted. In addition, a similar foreign body consisting of birefractile fibers was found in the biopsies of 4 of these patients. Patient profiles and pathologic findings are described. It is suggested that prolonged continuous tampon usage is associated with the development of vaginal ulcers, and conservative management is recommended.
Neuropathology in Mouse Models of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I, IIIA and IIIB (2012)

Mucopolysaccharide diseases (MPS) are caused by deficiency of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degrading enzymes, leading to GAG accumulation. Neurodegenerative MPS diseases exhibit cognitive decline, behavioural problems and shortened lifespan. We have characterised neuropathological changes in mouse models of MPSI, IIIA and IIIB to provide a better understanding of these events.Wild-type (WT), MPSI, IIIA and IIIB mouse brains were analysed at 4 and 9 months of age. Quantitative immunohistochemistry showed significantly increased lysosomal compartment, GM2 ganglioside storage, neuroinflammation, decreased and mislocalised synaptic vesicle associated membrane protein, (VAMP2), and decreased post-synaptic protein, Homer-1, in layers II/III-VI of the primary motor, somatosensory and parietal cortex. Total heparan sulphate (HS), was significantly elevated, and abnormally N-, 6-O and 2-O sulphated compared to WT, potentially altering HS-dependent cellular functions. Neuroinflammation was confirmed by significantly increased MCP-1, MIP-1α, IL-1α, using cytometric bead arrays. An overall genotype effect was seen in all parameters tested except for synaptophysin staining, neuronal cell number and cortical thickness which were not significantly different from WT. MPSIIIA and IIIB showed significantly more pronounced pathology than MPSI in lysosomal storage, astrocytosis, microgliosis and the percentage of 2-O sulphation of HS. We also observed significant time progression of all genotypes from 4-9 months in lysosomal storage, astrocytosis, microgliosis and synaptic disorganisation but not GM2 gangliosidosis. Individual genotype*time differences were disparate, with significant progression from 4 to 9 months only seen for MPSIIIB with lysosomal storage, MPSI with astrocytocis and MPSIIIA with microgliosis as well as neuronal loss. Transmission electron microscopy of MPS brains revealed dystrophic axons, axonal storage, and extensive lipid and lysosomal storage. These data lend novel insight to MPS neuropathology, suggesting that MPSIIIA and IIIB have more pronounced neuropathology than MPSI, yet all are still progressive, at least in some aspects of neuropathology, from 4-9 months.
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (2013)

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is defined as the presence of an abnormally high bacterial population level in the small intestine. It is associated with various conditions of predisposing small bowel motility disorders and with neuromuscular diseases and bowel stasis resulting from surgery. The most common symptoms associated with SIBO include diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal pain and bloating. Quantitative culture of small intestinal contents and a variety of indirect tests have been used over the years in an effort to facilitate the diagnosis of SIBO. However, in the case of microbiological quantifi cation, there is a lack of clarity on the cut-offs that defi ne a positive culture and technical difficulties associated with transporting and culturing the aspirate. The indirect tests including breath tests based on bacterial metabolism of a variety of substrates have advantages over the direct culture method, in that they are simple to use, cheap and non-invasive, but there is also no breath test specifi cally validated for the diagnosis of SIBO. In conclusion, the accuracy of all current tests remains limited due to the lack of reliability of culture methods and the lack of a standard definition of the normal quantity gut flora in the small bowel. Currently, the ideal approach to treat SIBO is to treat, if possible, the underlying disease include structural problem or small bowel motility disorders, then to modify the gastrointestinal microbiota, usually with antibiotics, in a way that will result in improved symptoms. Furthermore, it can be useful to address nutritional defi ciencies that may be associated with the development of SIBO.
<b>Copolymerization</b> (high polymers, vol. VIII). T<scp>URNER</scp> A<scp>LFREY</scp>, J<scp>R.</scp>, J<scp>OHN</scp> J. B<scp>OHRER</scp>, and H. M<scp>ARK</scp>. Interscience, New Rork, 1952, 269 pp. £6.80. (1953)

This second section of Monomers contains treatments of acrylic acid (19 pp.) and esters of acrylic acid (37 pp.) by John T. Clarke; esters of methacrylic acid other than methyl methacrylate
Identification of candidate material systems for quantum dot solar cells including the effect of strain (2010)

Abstract Heterostructures that include self‐assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) have been suggested as model systems for the realization of novel high efficiency solar cells such as those based on intermediate bands (IBs). The lattice mismatch in the epitaxial growth of these structures, necessary for the formation of SAQDs, introduces strain throughout the structure, making the selection of materials systems with appropriate physical parameters problematic. The model solid theory is used to calculate the energy band edge alignment at Γ point of such quantum dot (QD) heterostructures including the effects of strain. With the modified band gaps due to strain, a materials search was performed for high efficiency QD solar cells among III‐V binaries and ternaries with negligible valence band offsets. This requirement of the valence band offset along with the limited band gap ranges for optimum efficiency results in only a few feasible materials systems being identified. The optimum barrier/dot material system found was Al 0.57 In 0.43 As/InP 0.87 Sb 0.13 grown on lattice matched metamorphic buffer layer, but due to miscibility gap concerns it is suggested that the Al 0.50 In 0.50 As/InAs 0.41 P 0.59 fully strained system may be preferred. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of homeostatic proliferation by regulatory T cells (2005)

Homeostatic proliferation of T cells leads to the generation of effector/memory cells, which have the potential to cause harm to the host. The role of Tregs in the control of homeostatic proliferation is unclear. In this study we utilized mice that either harbor or lack Tregs as recipients of monoclonal or polyclonal T cells. We observed that while Tregs completely prevented cell division of T cells displaying low affinity for self ligands, they had a less marked, albeit significant, effect on cell cycle entry of T cells displaying higher affinity. The presence of Tregs resulted in a lower accumulation of T cells, enhanced apoptosis, and impaired differentiation to a cytokine-producing state. We conclude that Tregs play a major role in the control of homeostatic proliferation.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors—Value of CD34 Antigen in their Identification and Separation from True Leiomyomas and Schwannomas (1995)

The term "gastrointestinal stromal tumor" (GIST) has been applied to mesenchymal tumors that represent neither typical leiomyomas nor schwannomas. In this study we analyzed immunohistochemically 67 histologically benign [< 2 mitoses/10 high-power field (HPF)], six borderline (3-5 mitoses/10 HPF), and 23 malignant GIST (> 5 mitoses/10 HPF) and compared them with 10 typical leiomyomas and 5 schwannomas of the gastrointestinal tract. The benign GISTs with spindle cell pattern (67 cases) were typically negative for muscle cell markers (only 3% positive for desmin and 25% for alpha-smooth muscle actin) and S100 protein, but 70% of the cases were positive for CD34, the myeloid progenitor cell antigen also present in endothelial cells and some fibroblasts. However, none of the cases was positive for CD31 (PECAM-1), a more endothelial cell-specific antigen. The absence of CD31 in GIST separates it from Kaposi's sarcoma, a tumor known to be positive for both CD34 and CD31. Fourteen cases of benign GIST of epithelioid cell type showed an immunophenotypic profile similar to the spindle cell tumors. The small intestinal tumors were more commonly actin positive and less commonly CD34 positive than were the gastric tumors. The malignant spindle and epithelioid GIST showed features essentially similar to those in corresponding benign tumors. In contrast, all typical leiomyomas were positive for muscle cell markers and were negative for CD34 and S100 protein. Gastrointestinal schwannomas were S100-protein positive, and negative for muscle markers and CD34. Our results show that gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors can be immunophenotypically divided in categories that correlate with light microscopically defined diagnostic entities, namely typical leiomyomas, schwannomas, and GIST, most cases of the latter representing tumors of primitive mesenchymal cells that are CD34 positive.
An Extensible Software-based Platform for Reconstruction and Evaluation of CT Images (2004)

A collection of software applications dedicated to clinical x-ray computed tomography (CT) has been developed. These tools are designed for routine and scientific work and represent a complete platform, which is called syngo Explorer. The user can reconstruct, process, and view CT images in a personal computer environment independently of specialized hardware. To manage patient data and to allow full database access, the system uses the syngo platform (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany), which serves as a framework for the management and visualization of Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images. Part of the philosophy behind syngo Explorer is to quickly provide specialized solutions and to be able to respond to user requests at once. Thus, syngo Explorer was built by choosing a modular setup that comprises standard and specific reconstruction algorithms as well as various artifact reduction techniques; it also helps one attain better insights into dose issues. Various raw data formats of commercial CT scanners are supported. Reconstruction algorithms equivalent to those on the manufacturer's scanner console are provided. A non-syngo Windows XP (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash) version of the application is available.