gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An experimental chip to evaluate test techniques: chip and experiment design (2002)

An experiment has been designed to evaluate multiple testing techniques for combinational circuits. To perform the experiment, a 25 k gate CMOS Test Chip has been designed, manufactured (5491 devices),and evaluated with over 300 tests. The chip contains five types of CUTs derived from functions in production ASICs.
Observations Supporting Phosphate Removal by Biologically Mediated Chemical Precipitation – A Review (1983)

Chemical precipitation of phosphorus in biological treatment plants may be mediated biologically in at least two ways. First the elevated P-concentrations created by anaerobic phosphate release from bacteria can initiate and accelerate calcium phosphate precipitation. Secondly biological denitrification in fixed biofilms and possibly also in bacterial floes can lead to phosphate precipitation due to the elevated pH-conditions inside the biofilms. In both cases the bulk precipitation conditions must be generally favourable, i.e. the calcium concentration should be reasonably high, roughly above 50 mg/ℓ, and the concentration of precipitation inhibitors low: magnesium, pyrophosphates and bicarbonate (alkalinity). With respect to accelerated bulk precipitation it is also essential that the pH is relatively high, preferably above 7.5. Biologically mediated phosphate precipitation is only two P-removal mechanisms out of several mechanisms. Apart from normal biological P-assimilation phosphate can be removed through polyphosphate accumulation in bacteria and through normal chemical bulk precipitation. The paper gives a survey of the mechanisms. Virtually all the published literature on P-removal in biological treatment plants contain insufficient data to evaluate the alternative P-removal mechanisms. In particular there is a need for agreement on procedures with which to characterize the P-fractions in the sludge in order to determine how much P is removed by the bacteria and by mineral phases. Still much qualitative and quantitative knowledge is required on both the biological and chemical P-removal mechanisms before reasonable optimization strategies and design criteria can be outlined.
The Effect of Valve Type and Drive Line dP/dt on Hemolysis in the Pneumatic Ventricular Assist Device (1994)

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between blood damage and drive line dP/dt and valve type in the pneumatic ventricular assist device. Two mock circulatory loops were assembled using 70-ml Penn State pneumatic ventricular assist devices, one fitted with convexo-concave (CC) valves and one fitted with monostrut (MS) valves. Use of a compliance chamber established three ranges of drive line dP/dt values. Using bovine blood and the methods of generalized estimating equations, it was found that drive line dP/dt was significantly associated with the index of hemolysis (p = 0.00): the lower drive line dP/dt values yielded lower indices of hemolysis. In addition, this association differed between MS and CC valves (p = 0.01); the MS valves consistently yielded a higher index of hemolysis than the CC valves across all drive line dP/dt ranges. However, the relative hemolytic potential of each valve type became much closer at low drive line dP/dt values (2,000-3,000 mm Hg).
In vivo administration of monoclonal antibodies to the CD3 T cell receptor complex induces cell death (apoptosis) in immature thymocytes (1991)

Some thymocytes, upon activation via the TCR complex in vitro, undergo apoptotic cell death. In this report, we examine the cell death induced in the thymus after administration of anti-CD3 or anti-TCR antibodies. We found that shortly after antibody injection, cortical thymocytes undergo apoptosis as characterized by morphologic changes and DNA fragmentation. Anti-CD3 administration led to depletion of nearly all CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, and approximately 50% of CD4+CD8- thymocytes. This depletion predominantly affected cells bearing low levels of CD3, although some depletion also occurred among cells expressing intermediate and high levels. Administration of an anti-TCR antibody also induced apoptosis, but affected significantly fewer thymocytes than anti-CD3. This effect was probably not due to different binding affinities for the two antibodies, because both antibodies show similar dose response effects in an in vitro model of activation-induced apoptosis. This work demonstrates that findings on activation-induced apoptosis in vitro can be extended to the in vivo situation, and further, that the activation of cortical thymocytes, in situ, results in apoptosis and removal of the activated cells. The possible relationships between this activation-induced cell death in immature thymocytes and the process of negative selection of autoreactive T cells is discussed.
A parallel distributed processing approach to VLSI global routing (2002)

Two major issues which must be addressed in the VLSI layout methodology are placement and routing. Traditionally, these two issues are handled separately to reduce the computational complexity. But these two issues are interrelated as routability must be guaranteed for placement in addition to the geometrical constraints. The authors propose a distributed processing approach for solving this integrated routing-placement problem. The distributed processing network is roughly based on the Hopfield model and is designed to minimize an objective function similar to that used for the traveling salesman problem. Minimization of the objective function provides cell placements such that the total net span is minimized. The idea is based on the notion of slicing the slice sequencing in a hierarchical fashion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cell Wall Metabolism in Ripening Fruit (1983)

A beta-1,4-xylanase has been purified from the mixture of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes found in a commercial preparation from cultures of Trichoderma viride. Purification from the desalted enzyme mixture is accomplished either by preparative isoelectric focusing or in two-column chromatographic steps. The xylanase has maximal activity at pH 5.0 and a molecular weight of approximately 13,000 daltons. The enzyme loses activity when heated to above 45 degrees C. The xylanase degrades xylans from larch and pear cell walls in an apparently endo-fashion.
The Cytotoxicity of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Bis(thiosemicarbazones) and Their Metal Complexes in Murine and Human Tumor Cells (2000)

A number of thiosemicarbazones have been tested previously and herein are included three bis(thiosemicarbazones) for comparison to the previous derivatives. In general the uncomplexed thiosemicarbazones were more potent in the cytotoxic screens than the bis(thiosemicarbazone) except in the murine L1210 and the human colon SW480 screens. Mode of action studies have only demonstrated slight differences in the effects of the two types of compounds on nucleic acid metabolism. The symmetrical and unsymmetrical bis(thiosemicarbazones) complexes of copper, nickel, zinc, and cadmium have been examined to compare them to the heterocyclic N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazones metal complexes. These new derivatives demonstrated excellent activity against the growth of suspended lymphomas and leukemias although it should be pointed out that generally they were not as active as the copper complexes of N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazones. Nevertheless, selected bis(thiosemicarbazones) complexes were active against the growth of human lung MB9812, KB nasopharynx, epidermoid A431, glioma UM-86, colon SW480, ovary 1-A9, breast MCK-7, and osteosarcoma Saos-2. In human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells the complexes preferentially inhibited DNA and purine syntheses over 60 min. The regulatory enzyme of the de novo purine pathway, IMP dehydrogenase, appeared to be a major target of the complexes. However, minor inhibition of the activities of DNA polymerase alpha, PRPP-amido transferase, ribonucleotide reductase, and nucleoside kinases occurred over the same time period. No doubt these effects of the complexes on nucleic acid metabolism were additive since the d[NTP] pool levels were reduced after 60 min as was DNA synthesis. The symmetrical and unsymmetrical bis(thiosemicarbazones) and their metal complexes did not cause as severe DNA fragmentation as the heterocyclic N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazone metal complexes; furthermore, their metabolic effects in the tumor cell were more focused on a single synthetic pathway.
Novel hysteretic control method for multiphase voltage regulators (2008)

The faster dynamic response is one of the big challenges for the future microprocessor voltage regulators (VR). The hysteretic control method is one of the fastest control methods but it’s hard to be used in multiphase VR because of the difficulty to achieve the constant switching frequency and the interleaving operation among the phases. To resolve this, the novel hysteretic control method is proposed. By slowly adjusting the hysteretic band width through the phase locked loop (PLL), the duty cycle is synchronized with an external fixed frequency clock reference. By phase shifting this external clock reference for each phase, the interleaving among the paralleled phases can be easily implemented. On the other hand, slow hysteretic band width changing will make this controller perform as the conventional hysteretic control during the transient for the fast dynamic response. After the transient, each phase will be pulled back to interleaving status through its band width adjustment. The analysis and design guide of the proposed control is provided and it is verified with the hardware.
Prosthetic heart valves with silver-coated sewing cuff fabric: early morphological features in two patients. (2002)

The new model St Jude Medical Silzone mechanical heart valve prosthesis, designed to prevent infective endocarditis, was associated with clinical features of endocarditis in these two cases. Significant pannus and thrombus were seen on both prostheses, which likely led to emboli and stroke in the first case. The cause of the paravalvular abscess in the second case has not yet been established. The early failure of these prostheses suggests that patients with this prosthesis be followed up carefully.
Structural and Functional Consequences of Inactivation of Human Glutathione <i>S</i>-Transferase P1-1 Mediated by the Catechol Metabolite of Equine Estrogens, 4-Hydroxyequilenin (2001)

The inactivation mechanism(s) of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (hGST P1-1) by the catechol metabolite of Premarin estrogens, 4-hydroxyequilenin (4-OHEN), was (were) studied by means of site-directed mutagenesis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis, titration of free thiol groups, kinetic studies of irreversible inhibition, and analysis of band patterns on nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The four cysteines (Cys 14, Cys 47, Cys 101, and Cys 169 in the primary sequence) in hGST P1-1 are susceptible to electrophilic attack and/or oxidative damage leading to loss of enzymatic activity. To investigate the role of cysteine residues in the 4-OHEN-mediated inactivation of this enzyme, one or a combination of cysteine residues was replaced by alanine residues (C47A, C101A, C47A/C101A, C14A/C47A/C101A, and C47A/C101A/C169A mutants). Mutation of Cys 47 decreased the affinity for the substrate GSH but not for the cosubstrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). However, the Cys 47 mutation did not significantly affect the rate of catalysis since V(max) values of the mutants were similar or higher compared to that of wild type. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analyses of wild-type and mutant enzymes treated with 4-OHEN showed that a single molecule of 4-OHEN-o-quinone attached to the proteins, with the exception of the C14A/C47A/C101A mutant where no covalent adduct was detected. 4-OHEN also caused oxidative damage as demonstrated by the appearance of disulfide-bonded species on nonreducing SDS--PAGE and protection of 4-OHEN-mediated enzyme inhibition by free radical scavengers. The studies of thiol group titration and irreversible kinetic experiments indicated that the different cysteines have distinct reactivity for 4-OHEN; Cys 47 was the most reactive thiol group whereas Cys 169 was resistant to modification. These results demonstrate that hGST P1-1 is inactivated by 4-OHEN through two possible mechanisms: (1) covalent modification of cysteine residues and (2) oxidative damage leading to proteins inactivated by disulfide bond formation.
A Smart IoT Security System for Smart-Home Using Motion Detection and Facial Recognition (2020)

The Internet of Things (IoT) combines the idea of technology providing value to our daily lives. One major category in which technology benefits us is the concept of security and privacy. Smartphones can act as a security alert system as the smartphone is the most widely-used smart device. Recently, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-integrated smart IoT devices has significantly increased as well. In this paper, we developed a smart IoT security system for the smart-home. In which, a Raspberry Pi acts as a security system with a No Infrared (NoIR) Pi Camera Module to record videos and capture images. Also, a Passive Infrared (PIR) Motion Sensor is used to detect motion. We propose to use motion sensor data and the images gathered from the NoIR Pi Camera Module to predict a security threat using a face recognition classification technique along with our developed algorithm. The system has the capability to notify the user in case of any emergency. The proposed system can detect any security threat with an accuracy of 95.5% and a precision of 91%.
HIV integrase as a target for antiretroviral therapy (2012)

Purpose of review Integrase strand transfer inhibitors are the most recent class of antiretroviral agents to be introduced into clinical practice. This review describes the discovery of the first inhibitors and insights into their distinct mechanism of action with potential translational implications. Recent findings HIV replication depends on the successful integration of the viral genetic material into the host cell chromosome. The virally encoded enzyme integrase mediates both the DNA cutting and strand transfer or DNA joining steps which are required for this process. Understanding the mechanistic aspects of integration was critical for the initial discovery of integrase strand transfer inhibitors and the advancement of clinical candidates. The recent adoption of these inhibitors into clinic practice has now proven the therapeutic utility of the class. Integrase inhibitors are characterized by a more rapid decrease in viral load in HIV-1-infected patients initiating therapy and possess prolonged window for intervention in the viral life cycle, thus offering an advantage in the setting of HIV-1 chemoprevention. Summary The distinct biochemical and antiviral mechanism of action of integrase strand transfer inhibitors are directly relevant to understanding the clinical properties which are characteristic of the class and their potential significance for the use of these agents in both treatment and prevention.
Locoregional recurrence in patients with anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal carcinoma (2001)

Anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal carcinoma is a risk factor for locoregional recurrence and decreases cancer-related survival.
33.2: A New Process and Structure for Oxide Semiconductor LCDs (2014)

Abstract A coplanar TFT structure has excellent characteristics in Δ Vp and channel length compared to conventional etch stopper TFT structure in AOS TFT LCD. In this paper, we introduce new 5 mask coplanar structure which reduces two mask steps compared to conventional 7 mask process. And we fabricated 4.5‐inch HD resolution panel in our R&D line with our new structure, and its transmittance is 12.5% improved by eliminating contact hole pattern.
Points to Consider Response with Clinical Protocol, July 6, 1990 (1990)

SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to deficiency of the purine metabolic enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a fatal childhood immunodeficiency disease. Immune reconstitution by transplantation with HLA-identical bone marrow is the treatment of choice. For patients not candidates for bone marrow transplantation, we propose to attempt immune reconstitution by using infusions of autologous T lymphocytes expanded in tissue culture and genetically corrected by insertion of a normal ADA gene using retroviral-mediated gene transfer. The vector is LASN, in which the human ADA gene is promoted by the LTR while the NeoR gene is driven by the SV40 early gene promoter. The packaging line is PA317. The protocol is designed to have two parts. In Part 1, autologous gene-corrected T lymphocytes would be infused repeatedly in low numbers in order to build an immune repertoire of T cells and also to obtain information as to how long gene corrected T cells survive in vivo. In Part 2A, the gene-corrected T cells would be selected in G418 and/or 2′deoxyadenosine and reinfused into the patient at monthly intervals for approximately 6 months. The goals would be essentially the same as in Part 1. In Part 2B, the number of gene-corrected T cells would be escalated in half-log increments to the predicted therapeutic level (probably around 1 × 109/kg). 1–3 × 109/kg gene-corrected cells would be infused several times and the patient would be monitored in order to determine if significant clinical improvement has occurred.
Randomly branched bisphenol A polycarbonates. I. Molecular weight distribution modeling, interfacial synthesis, and characterization (2000)

Randomly branched bisphenol A polycarbonates (PCs) were prepared by interfacial polymerization methods to explore the limits of gel-free compositions available by the adjustment of various composition and process variables. A molecular weight distribution (MWD) model was devised to predict the MWD, G, and weight-average molecular weight per arm (Mw /arm) values based on the composition variables. The amounts of the monomer, branching agent, and chain terminator must be adjusted such that the weight-average functionality of the phenolic monomers (FOH ) was less than 2 to preclude gel formation in both the long- and short-chain branched (SCB) PCs. Several series of SCB and long-chain branched PCs were prepared, and those lacking gels showed molecular weights measured by gel permeation chromatography–UV and gel permeation chromatography–LS consistent with model calculations. In SCB PCs, the minimum Mw /arm that could be realized without gel formation depended on both composition (molecular weight, terminator type) and process (terminator addition point, coupling catalyst) variables. The minimum Mw /arm achieved in the low molecular weight series studied ranged from ∼3300 to ∼1000. The use of long chain alkyl phenol terminators gave branched PCs with lower glass-transition temperatures but a higher gel-free minimum Mw /arm. SCB PCs where Mw /arm was less than ∼Mc spontaneously cracked after compression molding, a result attributed to their lack of polymer chain entanglements. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 560–570, 2000
Differential expression profile prioritization of positional candidate glaucoma genes: the GLC1C locus. (2007)

This study identified a small subset of genes that are most likely to harbor mutations that cause glaucoma linked to GLC1C.
An Integrated Approach to the Bulk III-Nitride Crystal Growth and Wafering (2007)

Recognizing that native substrates are crucial for future development of III-nitride-based devices, this MURI investigated several approaches to III-nitride crystal growth: (1) growth of GaN from the vapor phase, (2) growth of GaN from the Na flux, (3) ammonothermal growth of GaN and (4) growth of AlN by sublimation. While all approaches generated important findings, the latter two processes have been developed the furthest and are currently being pursued commercially. Following basic studies of solubility and transport in the alkaline supercritical ammonia solutions, seeded growth of GaN has been achieved at rates exceeding 20 m/day. The process is commercially appealing due to: simple equipment, scalability, high output volume and low growth temperature. Seeded growth of AlN has been achieved on SiC and AlN seeds. While growth on SiC enabled growth over large areas, it produced defective material with dislocation density in the 108 cm-2 range. In contrast, growth on spontaneously nucleated AlN seeds produced smaller but near perfect crystals with dislocations densities below 103 cm-2. Following these findings, an iterative scheme for gradual crystal expansion was developed, which allowed a diameter expansion of about 5 mm in each step. The quality and properties of grown single crystals were assessed by structural, optical, thermal and electrical characterization techniques.
SYNTHESIS OF 4-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID AND 2,4-DIAMINOBUTYRIC ACID FROM BUTYROLACTONE (1958)

The ring opening of γ-butyrolactone with 1 mole of potassium phthalimide and the hydrolysis of the intermediate product gave 4-aminobutyric acid with an excellent yield. The condensation of 1 mole of potassium phthalimide with 2-bromo-4-butyrolactone gave a 2-phthalimidolactone which can also be opened by treatment with a second molecule of potassium phthalimide. This diphthalimido acid when hydrolyzed gave, with an excellent yield, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid dihydrochloride.
Secure Border Gateway Protocol (S-BGP) — Real World Performance and Deployment Issues (2000)

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is used to distribute routing information between autonomous systems, is an important component of the Internet’s routing infrastructure. Secure BGP (S-BGP) addresses critical BGP vulnerabilities by providing a scalable means of verifying the authenticity and authorization of BGP control traffic. To facilitate widespread adoption, S-BGP must avoid introducing undue overhead (processing, bandwidth, storage) and must be incrementally deployable, i.e., interoperable with BGP. To provide a proof of concept demonstration, we developed a prototype implementation of S-BGP and deployed it in DARPA’s CAIRN testbed. Real Internet BGP traffic was fed to the testbed routers via replay of a recorded BGP peering session with an ISP’s BGP router. This document describes the results of these experiments ‐ examining interoperability, the efficacy of the S-BGP countermeasures in securing BGP control traffic, and their impact on BGP performance, and thus evaluating the feasibility of deployment in the Internet.
III.—On the Rigidity of the Earth, and on Colonel Burrard's Theory of the Himalayas (1913)

In the April number of this Magazine a review appeared of Colonel Burrard's memoir on the origin of the Himalaya Mountains. The writer, Sir T. H. Holland, in it refers to a paper of mine originally published in the Phil. Mag., and subsequently in an amended form as Appendix No. 1, 1905, Indian Survey Papers, professional vol. xviii. I shall be glad to make a few remarks upon the subject. After duly crediting me with having partially anticipated the results now obtained by the Survey, by calculating the deflection of the plumb-line in North India which would follow from my theory of mountain compensation by a ‘root’ extending to a depth of about 29 miles, the reviewer continues— “The variations now observed are, however, more violent than those expected by Mr. Fisher, for the northerly deflections of the plumb-line decrease to zero at a distance of about 15 instead of over 60 miles from the visible foot of the hills.” I would reply that I have not calculated the deflection at 15 miles, and it is not safe to guess a priori what it would be. The numerical calculation for a given distance is tedious, and I could not now undertake it.