gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of transcription factor mRNA accumulation during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation by tumour necrosis factor-  (1992)

3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiate into cells having the biochemical properties of adipocytes; tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) attenuates this process. Inhibition of differentiation by this cytokine, thought to be mediated at the level of transcription, has been investigated by examining the accumulation of mRNA for six transcription factors and three diversely regulated genes during the first 24 h of the differentiation process. Upon induction of differentiation, a rapid and major accumulation of c-fos and jun-B mRNA, which returned to near basal levels within 4-6 h, was observed. In contrast, c-jun mRNA, although rapidly expressed at the induction of differentiation, remained at relatively constant levels throughout the time-course. Exposure of the cells to 5 nM TNF potentiated the accumulation of all three mRNAs but most significantly that of c-jun (12-fold), which remained elevated for at least 24 h after treatment. In control differentiating cells, krox-20 and fos-B were expressed transiently from 30 min to 2 h, while fra-1 mRNA accumulated over an extended period of 1 to 8 h. Again, TNF enhanced the accumulation of these mRNAs. Accumulation of mRNA for C/EBP, a transcription factor proposed to control the expression of genes involved in the terminally differentiated state, was attenuated after exposure of the cells to TNF. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA was expressed briefly (30 min to 2 h) and again transiently (at 8 h after induction of differentiation). TNF treatment markedly enhanced accumulation of IL-6 message. We propose that an increased cellular content of one or more transcription factors or the suppression of C/EBP may be responsible for the attenuation of differentiation induced by exposure of the cells to TNF.
Mobile Radio Diversity Reception (1969)

This paper examines a particular kind of diversity system, under conditions of multipath fading, when there is interference from either random noise or from an unwanted station. The transmitter sends a pilot wave along with the modulated signal. The receiver's mixer stage heterodynes the signal with the pilot (instead of with a locally generated tone). Doppler phase distortion, which affects the signal and pilot in nearly the same way, cancels out during mixing. The diversity system with N antennas adds the outputs from N such mixers. This kind of diversity tends to add the N signal outputs in phase, while random noise components as well as certain other interferences add powerwise. In the presence of an interfering station, diversity smooths out amplitude fluctuations. It thereby reduces the probability that the interference will override the desired station.
Biomechanical considerations in the treatment of navicular disease (1993)

In recent years much attention has been paid to vascular studies of the navicular bone in health and disease; however, the relative importance of these studies has overshadowed biomechanical factors which may yet prove to be of importance. This paper outlines the pertinent anatomy, and discusses current concepts in the aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease. It describes the treatment regimens which are based on biomechanical considerations and compares the results of some currently employed techniques. All aspects of navicular disease remain controversial. This paper is not intended to review or debate all current information on the subject. It reviews information on only biomechanical considerations in an attempt to focus attention on these aspects of treatment.
Simultaneous assessment of pulsating and total blood in inflammatory skin lesions using functional diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the visible range (2010)

We present a simple and cost-effective optical technique for the simultaneous assessment of pulsating and total blood noninvasively in an inflammatory skin lesion. Acquisitions of diffuse reflectance spectra in the visible range at 6 Hz are used to trace the oscillating components of reflectance. Measurements on erythematous lesions from a UV insult show slow changing signal at about 0.1 Hz and heart-driven regular oscillations at about 1 Hz simultaneously. The results demonstrate the potential of the technique in monitoring both pulsating and steady components of the blood in inflammatory lesions of the skin.
Aerosol Synthesis of Nano and Micro-Scale Zero Valent Nickel Particles From Oxide Precursors (2010)

In this work a novel aerosol method, derived from the batch Reduction/Expansion Synthesis (RES) method, for production of nano / micro-scale metal particles from oxides and hydroxides is presented. In the Aersosol-RES (A-RES) method, an aerosol, consisting of a physical mixture of urea and metal oxide or hydroxides, is passed through a heated oven (1000 °C) with a residence time of the order of 1 second, producing pure (zero valent) metal particles. It appears that the process is flexible regarding metal or alloy identity, allows control of particle size and can be readily scaled to very large throughput. Current work is focused on creating nanoparticles of metal and metal alloy using this method. Although this is primarily a report on observations, some key elements of the chemistry are clear. In particular, the reducing species produced by urea decomposition are the primary agents responsible for reduction of oxides and hydroxides to metal. It is also likely that the rapid expansion that takes place when solid/liquid urea decomposes to form gas species influences the final morphology of the particles.
Utilizing combination therapy for ethnic skin. (2007)

A major issue in treating acne in individuals of color is the need to treat and prevent postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), which is common in this population. This subset analysis reports the pigmentary changes in subjects of color with acne who were enrolled in a community-based trial comparing 3 different topical therapeutic regimens. All subjects received combination clindamycin 1%-benzoyl peroxide (BPO) 5% topical gel containing glycerin and dimethicone. Subjects were randomized to receive this combination therapy in addition to either a tretinoin microsphere (RAM) gel at concentrations of either 0.04% or 0.1% or adapalene (AP) gel 0.1%. There was a trend toward better resolution of hyperpigmentation in the subjects receiving the clindamycin-BPO topical gel in combination with RAM gel 0.04%.
Depth related diversity of methanogen Archaea in Finnish oligotrophic fen (2002)

The annual rate of CH 4 release and potential CH 4 production has recently been studied in the Salmisuo fen in eastern Finland but the microbiota responsible for the CH 4 production has not been examined. The diversity of the methane producing Archaea was analysed, at different depths, in the most representative microsite (Eriophorum lawn) of the fen. Methanogen populations were studied using primers amplifying a region of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase gene. PCR products were analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of clone libraries. A representative of each RFLP group was sequenced. The study revealed a change of the methanogen populations with depth. Sequences from the upper layers of the fen grouped in a novel 'Fen cluster' and were related to Methanomicrobiales. Sequences retrieved from the deeper layers of the fen were related to Methanosarcinales via the Rice Cluster-I.
Reaction of [60]fullerene with morpholine and piperidine: preferred 1,4-additions and fullerene dimer formation (1995)

Reactions of an excess of secondary amines with benzene solutions of [60]fullerene in the presence of oxygen lead to dehydrogenated bisadducts and tetraadduct epoxides with a defined 1,4-addition pattern of the amino groups as well as to the first example of an aminated fullerene dimer.
N. Scott Momaday (2005)

Beginning in the mid-1960s and throughout the 1970s, a new generation of American Indian writers surprised the mainstream literary establishment by publishing an unprecedented range of innovative poetry, autobiography, fiction, non-fiction, journalism, and mixed-genre works of undeniably high quality. Neither ''American literature'' nor ''American Indian literature'' would ever mean quite what they had in the past, and the assumed distinctions between these categories - written vs. oral or transcribed, sophisticated vs. primitive, familiar vs. exotic - were increasingly questioned by gifted and diverse Indian writers who not only published in all genres but, importantly, began to produce their own body of relevant scholarship. Although many individuals participated in this explosion of Native writing, it is the Kiowa and Cherokee author N. Scott Momaday who is credited with inaugurating this period as the beginning of a contemporary ''renaissance'' for American Indian literature.
Catalytically Activated Diesel Particulate Traps-New Development and Applications (1986)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The performance of ceramic wall flow Diesel particulate traps with a base metal coating and a combined base and precious metals impregnation are discussed in relation to collection efficiency, soot ignition behaviour and emissions reduction.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Both types of catalytically activated Diesel filters were evaluated in a stationary dynamometer using a passenger car Diesel engine and a heavy duty truck engine.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Lastly the application of catalytic particulate control to a large Diesel engine of a stationary power plant is described.</div>
Treatment of secondary ischemic insults after traumatic brain injury (2000)

Copyright © by 2000 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Antiproliferative Activity Against MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cells by Diamino‐Triazaspirodiene Antifolates (2009)

Two triazaspirodienes, having similar phenoxy propyloxy side chain, were identified as potent mammalian dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors; one having a 6,5‐spiro bicyclic ring system (IC 50 = 2.3 n m ) and the other a 6,6‐spiro bicyclic system (IC 50 = 6.9 n m ). They also showed more than 50% antiproliferative activity against the MCF‐7 breast cancer cells at 20 μ m . This study demonstrated the potential lead of the diamino‐triazaspirodienes in anticancer chemotherapeutical agents’ discovery.
Identification of transactivator and nuclear localization domains in the Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase accessory protein, BMRF1. (1999)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BMRF1 gene product is an essential component of the viral DNA polymerase and is absolutely required for lytic virus replication. In addition to its polymerase accessory protein function, we recently demonstrated that BMRF1 is a transactivator, inducing expression of the essential oriLyt promoter, BHLF1. However, the regions of BMRF1 required for transactivation of BHLF1 are unknown. Here we demonstrate that the carboxy-terminal portion of the BMRF1 protein (amino acids 378404), although not required for DNA binding or polymerase processivity function, is required for transactivator function as well as nuclear localization. Site-directed mutagenesis of this region allowed us to separate the transactivator and nuclear localization motifs of BMRF1. The two DNA-binding domains of BMRF1 are also required for efficient transactivation of the BHLF1 promoter.
Self-Organization of a Heteroditopic Molecule to Linear Polymolecular Arrays in Solution (1998)

Like the proverbial monkey chain one heteroditopic self-complementary molecule, comprising a crown ether unit and a paraquat unit, catches a second such molecule in solution and thus by self-organization forms novel linear oligo- and polymolecular arrays (shown schematically; the crown ether unit is denoted by the ellipse, and the paraquat unit by the rectangle).
Terdentate RuX(CNN)(PP) (X = Cl, H, OR) Complexes:  Synthesis, Properties, and Catalytic Activity in Fast Transfer Hydrogenation (2006)

Terdentate ruthenium(II) complexes of general formula RuX(CNN)(dppb) (X = chloride, hydride, alkoxide; dppb = Ph2P(CH2)4PPh2), where CNN is a deprotonated 2-aminomethyl-6-arylpyridine ligand, have been prepared. The orthometalated derivative RuCl(b)(dppb) (1) has been obtained by reaction of RuCl2(PPh3)(dppb) with N,N-dimethyl-2-aminomethyl-6-(4-methylphenyl)pyridine (Hb) in 2-propanol and in the presence of triethylamine by elimination of PPh3 and HCl. Similarly, RuCl(a)(dppb) (2) and the chiral analogue RuCl(c)(dppb) (3), containing primary amine ligands, have been isolated starting from 2-aminomethyl-6-(4-methylphenyl)pyridine (Ha) and (R)-2,2-dimethyl-1-(6-phenylpyridin-2-yl)propylamine (Hc), respectively. The synthesis of the functionalized pyridines Ha−Hc is here described, whereas the crystal structure of 3 has been determined through an X-ray diffraction experiment. Treatment of 1−3 with sodium or potassium isopropoxide gives the corresponding hydrides RuH(b)(dppb) (4), RuH(a)(dppb) (5), and RuH(c)(dppb) (6) from the ruthenium isopropoxide complexes, via a β-H elimination process. Studies in solution show that the isopropoxides bearing a NH donor group are in equilibrium with the corresponding hydrides (5 and 6). Reaction of 5 with benzophenone leads to the alkoxide Ru(OCHPh2)(a)(dppb) (7), which has been proven to interact with benzhydrol in C6D6, leading to the adduct 7·(HOCHPh2), the alkoxide ligand, and the alcohol being in rapid exchange. Complexes 2 and 3 display a remarkable high catalytic activity for the transfer hydrogenation of ketones to alcohol in 2-propanol using a very small amount of catalyst. With the chiral complex 3 (0.005 mol %) methyl-aryl ketones can be quickly reduced (TOF ranging from 5.4 × 105 to 1.4 × 106 h-1) with an enatiomeric excess up to 88%.
Co-operative Downloading in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks (2005)

Increasing need for people to be "connected"; while at the same time remain as mobile as ever poses several interesting issues in wireless networks. It is conceivable in the near-future that wireless "hotspots" experience flash crowds-like traffic arrival pattern. A common phenomena in the Internet today characterized by sudden and unpredicted increase in popularity of on-line content. In this paper, we propose SPAWN, a cooperative strategy for content delivery and sharing in future vehicular networks. We study the issues involved in using such a strategy from the standpoint of vehicular ad-hoc networks. In particular, we show that not only content server but also wireless access network load reduction is critical. We propose a "communication efficient" swarming protocol which uses a gossip mechanism that leverages the inherent broadcast nature of the wireless medium, and a piece-selection strategy that takes proximity into account in decisions to exchange pieces. We show through simulation that gossip incorporates location-awareness into peer selection, while incurring low messaging overhead, and consequently enhancing the swarming protocol performance. We develop an analytical model to characterize the performance of SPAWN.
Mouse breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp1/Abcg2) mediates etoposide resistance and transport, but etoposide oral availability is limited primarily by P-glycoprotein. (2003)

The breast cancer resistance protein [BCRP (BCRP/ABCG2)] has not previously been directly identified as a source of resistance to epipodophyllotoxins.However, when P-glycoprotein (P-gp)- and Mrp1-deficient mouse fibroblast and kidney cell lines were selected for resistance to etoposide, amplification and overexpression of Bcrp1 emerged as the dominant resistance mechanism in five of five cases. Resistance was accompanied by reduced intracellular etoposide accumulation. Bcrp1 sequence in all of the resistant lines was wild-type in the region spanning the R482 mutation hot spot known to alter the substrate specificity of mouse Bcrp1 (mouse cognate of BCRP) and human BCRP. Transduced wild-type Bcrp1 cDNA mediated resistance to etoposide and teniposide in fibroblast lines and trans-epithelial etoposide transport in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells. Bcrp1-mediated etoposide resistance was reversed by two structurally different BCRP/Bcrp1 inhibitors, GF120918 and Ko143. BCRP/Bcrp1 (inhibition) might thus impact on the antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of epipodophyllotoxins. However, treatment of P-gp-deficient mice with GF120918 did not improve etoposide oral uptake, suggesting that Bcrp1 activity is not a major limiting factor in this process. In contrast, use of GF120918 to inhibit P-gp in wild-type mice increased the plasma levels of etoposide after oral administration 4-5-fold. It may thus be worthwhile to test inhibition of P-gp in humans to improve the oral availability of etoposide.
Equalisation in a multi-carrier code division multiple access multi-rate system (2002)

This paper analyses the feasibility of applying MC-CDMA to the cellular wireless environment of future generations of multi-rate personal communications systems (PCS). An efficient equalisation approach is analysed that incorporates a channel sounding sequence with each transmitted OFDM block. Simulation results for the system are presented using a Walsh-Hadamard code and an equalisation method suitable to a both time and frequency selective PCS environment.
Cellular mechanisms of the 5-HT<sub>7</sub>receptor-mediated signaling (2014)

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter regulating a wide range of physiological and pathological functions via activation of heterogeneously expressed 5-HT receptors. The 5-HT7 receptor is one of the most recently described members of the 5-HT receptor family. Functionally, 5-HT7 receptor is associated with a number of physiological and pathological responses, including serotonin-induced phase shifting of the circadian rhythm, control of memory as well as locomotor and exploratory activity. A large body of evidence indicates involvement of the 5-HT7 receptor in anxiety and depression, and recent studies suggest that 5-HT7 receptor can be highly relevant for the treatment of major depressive disorders. The 5-HT7 receptor is coupled to the stimulatory Gs-protein, and receptor stimulation results in activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) leading to a rise of cAMP concentration. In addition, this receptor is coupled to the G12-protein to activate small GTPases of the Rho family. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms responsible for the 5-HT7 receptor-mediated signaling. We provide detailed overview of signaling cascades controlled and regulated by the 5-HT7 receptor and discuss the functional impact of 5-HT7 receptor for the regulation of different cellular and subcellular processes.
Immunohistochemical Localization of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> β2-Toxin in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Horses (2003)

Clostridia-associated intestinal disease in horses was generally reported to be due to infection with Clostridium perfringens type A, which harbors the cpa-encoded alpha-toxin. A recent study demonstrated a high incidence of beta2-toxigenic C. perfringens in horses suffering or dying from typhlocolitis, suggesting that this novel type of C. perfringens might play an important role in typhlocolitis and possibly other equine intestinal diseases. A retrospective study was conducted to assess the presence of the beta2-toxin in tissues of the equine gastrointestinal tract. Monospecific polyclonal antibodies against recombinant beta2-toxin were produced in rabbits and used to demonstrate the beta2-toxin in sections of the gastrointestinal tract by immunohistochemical methods. Sections from 69 horses were stained and beta2-toxin was observed immunohistochemically in 40 animals. Sections from the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine were positive. Immunopositivity for beta2-toxin was significantly associated with presence of beta2-toxigenic bacteria. This investigation demonstrates local production of beta2-toxin and suggests that immunohistochemistry using antitoxin antibodies represents a useful diagnostic method in those cases where isolation of bacteria and polymerase chain reaction typing is not feasible. Although the association between the presence of beta2-toxin and development of gastrointestinal disease in horses remains uncertain, the findings of this study indicate that the potential causal relationship warrants further investigation.
Radioprotective effects of fucoidan on bone marrow cells: improvement of the cell survival and immunoreactivity (2008)

Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide purified from brown algae including Fucus vesiculosus and has a variety of biological effects including mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Recently, we demonstrated that fucoidan stimulates the antigen-presenting functions of dendritic cells. In this study, we investigated the radioprotective effects of fucoidan on bone marrow cells (BMCs), which are the main cellular reservoir for the hematopoietic and immune system. To evaluate the effects of fucoidan, we assayed cell viability and immune responses. In a viability assay, fucoidan significantly increased the viability of BMCs. Based on the results of flow cytometric analysis, the increased viability of fucoidan-treated BMCs was attributed to the inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, fucoidan altered the production of immune-related cytokines from BMCs and increased the capability of BMCs to induce proliferation of allogeneic splenocytes. Taken together, our study demonstrated that fucoidan has radioprotective effects on BMCs with respect to cell viability and immunoreactivity. These results may provide valuable information, useful in the field of radiotherapy.
Exploiting program dependencies for scalable multiple-path symbolic execution (2010)

This paper presents a new technique, called Symbolic Program Decomposition (or SPD), for symbolic execution of multiple paths that is more scalable than existing techniques, which symbolically execute control-flow paths individually. SPD exploits control and data dependencies to avoid analyzing unnecessary combinations of subpaths. SPD can also compute an over-approximation of symbolic execution by abstracting away symbolic subterms arbitrarily, to further scale the analysis at the cost of precision. The paper also presents our implementation and empirical evaluation showing that SPD can achieve savings of orders of magnitude in the path-exploration costs of multiple-path symbolic execution. Finally, the paper presents a study that examines the use of SPD for a particular application: change analysis for test-suite augmentation.
Watchdog, soothsayer or bloodhound? (1987)

Increasing evidence exists to suggest that the courts are refusing to widen the negligence liability of surveyors any further. In part, as I explained in the previous issue of this journal, — in ‘Fraud and the surveyor’ — any such stance would mirror the apparently rediscovered value of contractual terms in limiting separate tortious liability. But an equally important factor is the greater discernment by the courts of the different functions which may be performed under the general umbrella of ‘surveying’. While nobody would suggest that the courts have ever believed that all surveyors spent their entire lives in gum‐boots wielding theodolites, cases from Yianni v Edwin Evans & Sons (1982) 1/1 SS 72 onwards have sometimes fuelled the belief that insufficient account has been taken of the different backgrounds of individual surveyors, the expertise demanded of various specialisms and the misperceptions of clients or consumers. The three recent cases discussed in this paper indicate judicial awareness that surveying tasks have legitimate boundaries.