gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancements in travelling wave ion mobility resolution (2011)

The use of ion mobility separation to determine the collision cross-section of a gas-phase ion can provide valuable structural information. The introduction of travelling-wave ion mobility within a quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer has afforded routine collision cross-section measurements to be performed on a range of ionic species differing in gas-phase size/structure and molecular weight at physiologically relevant concentrations. Herein we discuss the technical advances in the second-generation travelling-wave ion mobility separator, which result in up to a four-fold increase in mobility resolution. This improvement is demonstrated using two reverse peptides (mw 490 Da), small ruthenium-containing anticancer drugs (mw 427 Da), a cisplatin-modified protein (mw 8776 Da) and the noncovalent tetradecameric chaperone complex GroEL (mw 802 kDa). What is also shown are that the collision cross-sections determined using the second-generation mobility separator correlate well with the previous generation and theoretically derived values.
Comparison of normalization methods for character recognition (2002)

Image size normalization is a crucial preprocessing stage in the development of robust object recognizers. A new method of image size normalization based on multirate filter theory is proposed. Comparisons with ratio-based normalization and simple scaling are made. The effect of each normalization method on handwritten digit recognition is evaluated. Recognition incorporates global and local features extracted from normalized digit images and used with a neural network and K-nearest neighbor classifier performance evaluation is based on recognition accuracy, reject versus error graph, figure of merit and processing time required by each method. Multirate-based normalization yields better recognition performance at the cost of increased computation, whereas ratio-based normalization and simple scaling method require less processing time with reduced recognition performance.
T cell mechanisms in the immunopathogenesis of viral hepatitis B and C (1997)

Considerable evidence suggests that immune mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of both hepatitis B and C. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to viral antigens are important mechanisms that may be responsible for the hepatocyte damage in hepatitis B and C. CD4+ T cell proliferative responses to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in terms of stimulation index are correlated with hepatitis activity. These responses can be demonstrated in both adult and paediatric patients, and are more vigorous in patients with acute self-limited hepatitis B than in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Patients with hepatitis C also had a significant CD4+ T cell response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens. These responses are also vigorous in acute hepatitis C with recovery than in those cases that evolve to chronic hepatitis C. In terms of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, antigenic peptides derived from HBcAg, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and polymerase have been demonstrated as the targets for CTL recognition in hepatitis B patients. Multiple CTL epitopes within both HBsAg and HBcAg can be detected by sensitizing target cells with synthetic peptides. Similar to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, multispecific, HCV-specific CTL responses can coexist with an extensive quasispecies of viral variants. The mechanisms of viral persistence in both hepatitis B and C are not yet clarified.
Development of container handling in the Port of Rotterdam (2010)

During the last 60 years, the Port of Rotterdam has grown to be one of the major container ports in the world. The city of Rotterdam has changed from a fishing harbour to a Mainport in the last 600 years. The port facilities including the waterways, terminals and hinterland connections as well as the operating methods and handling techniques, have constantly adapted to the changing requirements over the years. The present position of the Port has been acquired through developments of design and construction techniques that cope with increasing loads and growing ship dimensions and through investments in infrastructure, information technology and logistics, all with due consideration for the environment. This paper describes the evolution of container handling in the Port of Rotterdam since the arrival of the first container in Rotterdam in 1966 up to the present.
Adaptive Control of Blood Pressure (1983)

Stochastic adaptive controllers have been developed for automatic control of blood pressure during infusions of cardiostimulatory or vasoactive drugs. An adaptive algorithm based upon a minimum variance control law is presented. A more advanced algorithm obtained by augmenting the performance measure to include the rate of charge of the control signal is also presented. An autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) model, representing the dynamics of the system, and a recursive least-squares parameter estimation technique are used for both algorithms. A series of experiments was performed in dogs, utilizing an electronically activated drug infuser. Stable control was achieved, even when the circulatory state of the animal underwent major changes, using either algorithm. On the basis of theoretical considerations and experimental results, we expect that these adaptive controllers will significantly improve the performance of drug infusion systems in clinical applications.
Controlled-release tablet formulation of isoniazid. (1992)

Guar (GG) and Karaya gums (KG) alone and in combination with hydroxy-propylmethylcellulose (HPMC) were evaluated as release retarding materials to formulate a controlled-release tablet dosage form of isoniazid (1). In vitro release of 1 from tablets followed non-Fickian release profile with rapid initial release. Urinary excretion studies in normal subjects showed steady-state levels of 1 for 13 h. In vitro and in vivo data correlated (r = 0.9794). The studies suggested the potentiality of GG and KG as release retarding materials in formulating controlled-release tablet dosage forms of 1.
A study of surface modification and anchoring techniques used in the preparation of monolithic microcolumns in fused silica capillaries (2006)

Based on a survey of the literature on pretreatment of fused silica capillaries, 3 etching procedures and 11 silanization protocols based on the vinylic silane 3-((trimethoxysilyl)propyl) methacrylate (gamma-MAPS) were found to be most representative as a means of ensuring attachment of in situ prepared vinylic polymers. These techniques were applied to fused silica capillaries and the success in establishing the intended surface modification was assessed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to characterize the chemical state of the surface, providing information regarding presence of the reagent bound to the capillary. Wetting angles were measured and correlated with the XPS results. An adherence test was done by photopolymerization of a 2 mm long plug of 1,6-butanediol dimethacrylate in the prepared capillaries and evaluation of its ability to withstand applied hydraulic pressure. SEM was also performed in cases where the plug was released or other irregularities were observed. Finally, the roughness of the etched surface, considered to be of importance, was assessed by atomic force microscopy. Alkaline etching at elevated temperature provided a surface roughness promoting adhesion. The commonly used silanization protocols involving water in the silanization or washing steps gave inadequate surface treatment. The best silanization procedure was based on toluene as a solvent.
STRATEGIES OF VIRUS PERSISTENCE (1985)

Viruses have evolved a wide range of strategies by which they persist in the population, in the individual, and in cells in culture. Within the population, antigenic variation is an important means by which some viruses continue to cause disease, but population density and viruses transmissibility also contribute to virus survival. In the individual host, many viruses perist by avoiding the immune response of the host through integration into cellular DNA or latent infection of nerve cells. Alternatively, the host immune response may be rendered ineffective by replication of the virus within lymphoreticular cells, or formation of infectious virus-antibody complexes. Finally, viruses are found to persist in cell cultures in vitro by limited growth in a cell subpopulation, (carrier culture), continuous multiplication without maturation (intracytoplasmic persistence) or integration into the host cell chromosome (latent infection).
Combining SURF with MSER for image matching (2013)

Many local features such as Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) have been widely utilized in image matching due to their notable performances. However, the original SURF algorithm ignores the geometric relationship among SURF features. To overcome this drawback, an improved method combining SURF with Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER) for image matching is proposed in this paper. By combining SURF features into groups and measuring the geometric similarity among features, the discriminative power of the grouped features has been significantly increased. Simulations show that the proposed method outperforms the original SURF algorithm both in match ratio and repeatability.
Nanograined half-Heusler semiconductors as advanced thermoelectrics: an ab-initio high-throughput statistical study (2014)

Nanostructuring has spurred a revival in the field of direct thermoelectric energy conversion. Nanograined materials can now be synthesized with higher figures of merit (ZT) than the bulk counterparts. This leads to increased conversion efficiencies. Despite considerable effort in optimizing the known and discovering the unknown, technology still relies upon a few limited solutions. Here we perform ab-initio modeling of ZT for 75 nanograined compounds obtained by filtering down the 79,057 half-Heusler entries available in the AFLOWLIB.org repository according to electronic and thermodynamic criteria. For many of the compounds the $ZT$s are markedly above those attainable with nanograined IV and III-V semiconductors. About 15% of them may even outperform ZT~2 at high temperatures. Our analysis elucidates the origin of the advantageous thermoelectric properties found within this broad material class. We use machine learning techniques to unveil simple rules determining if a nanograined half-Heusler compound is likely to be a good thermoelectric given its chemical composition.
Bayesian Analysis in Expert Systems (1993)

We review recent developments in applying Bayesian probabilistic and statistical ideas to expert systems. Using a real, moderately complex, medical example we illustrate how qualitative and quantitative knowledge can be represented within a directed graphical model, generally known as a belief network in this context. Exact probabilistic inference on individual cases is possible using a general propagation procedure. When data on a series of cases are available, Bayesian statistical techniques can be used for updating the original subjective quantitative inputs, and we present a set of diagnostics for identifying conflicts between the data and the prior specification. A model comparison procedure is explored, and a number of links made with mainstream statistical methods. Details are given on the use of Dirichlet prior distributions for learning about parameters and the process of transforming the original graphical model to a junction tree as the basis for efficient computation.
The sperm penetration assay predicts the litter size in pigs (2009)

The prediction of sperm fertility is of paramount importance for breeding animals. Multiple laboratory approaches have been developed for this purpose, but they have yielded equivocal results. The objective of this study was to develop and standardize to a method for predicting fertility in vivo in boars using the in vitro penetration assay. To increase the sensitivity and reduce false-negative results of the assay, each step in the procedure was standardized and quality control was applied. Maximum penetration of hamster zona-free oocytes and immature porcine oocytes was obtained using heparin-treated sperm cells. Hamster zona-free oocytes showed a significantly higher penetration than immature porcine oocytes. To eliminate interassay variability, two frozen bull semen samples were applied. All possible variables related to the female were excluded. The SPA (sperm penetration assay using zona-free oocytes) result showed significant correlation with historic average litter size but had no significant correlation with farrowing rates. To determine the normal range for the SPA, lower limits of the sperm fertility index were established as 1.2 for the small litter sizes (<8 piglets) and 2.5 for the large litter sizes. The overall accuracy was 92 and 96% respectively, for the small and large litter sizes. Our laboratory has standardized the procedure for the SPA, resulting in greatly increased sensitivities for small and large litter sizes. The protocol increases the ability to discriminate between good and poor fertility groups and it was highly effective at ranking 24 boars by litter size into large and small litter groups.
Thermo‐Chromium: A Contactless Optical Molecular Thermometer (2017)

The unparalleled excited-state potential-energy landscape of the chromium(III)-based dye [1]<sup>3+</sup> ([Cr(ddpd)<sub>2</sub> ]<sup>3+</sup> ; ddpd=N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dipyridin-2-yl-pyridin-2,6-diamine) enables a strong dual emission in the near infrared region. The temperature dependence of this dual emission allows the use of [1]<sup>3+</sup> as an unprecedented molecular ratiometric thermometer in the 210-373 K temperature range in organic and in aqueous media. Incorporation of [1]<sup>3+</sup> in biocompatible nanocarriers, such as 100 nm-sized polystyrene nanoparticles and solutol micelles, provides nanodimensional thermometers operating under physiological conditions.
Revised Model for <i>Enterococcus faecalis fsr</i> Quorum-Sensing System: the Small Open Reading Frame <i>fsrD</i> Encodes the Gelatinase Biosynthesis-Activating Pheromone Propeptide Corresponding to Staphylococcal AgrD (2006)

Gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone (GBAP) is an autoinducing peptide involved in Enterococcus faecalis fsr quorum sensing, and its 11-amino-acid sequence has been identified in the C-terminal region of the 242-residue deduced fsrB product (J. Nakayama et al., Mol. Microbiol. 41:145-154, 2001). In this study, however, we demonstrated the existence of fsrD, encoding the GBAP propeptide, which is in frame with fsrB but is translated independently of fsrB. It was also demonstrated that FsrB', an FsrD segment-truncated FsrB, functions as a cysteine protease-like processing enzyme to generate GBAP from FsrD. This revised model is consistent with the staphylococcal agr system.
Theory of induced-polarization logging in a borehole (1986)

Abstract Currently, there is interest by the petroleum well-logging industry in the potential use of induced polarization (IP) measurements to improve formation evaluation in shaly sands. Shell Development Company has constructed an experimental four-electrode IP and resistivity logging tool to obtain downhole measurements in shaly sands. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding and interpretation of the dynamic (i.e., time-dependent) response of this type of downhole IP logging device. A low-frequency (e.g., 32 Hz or less) electric current oscillating at a single fixed frequency is applied between a pair of current electrodes in a borehole. The resulting voltages induced between pairs of potential measuring electrodes in the borehole are calculated by solving the time-dependent Maxwell's equations. Inductive electromagnetic (EM) coupling contributions to apparent (e.g., measured) IP phase angles are automatically taken into account. The model is applied to the study of normal logging arrays for which the voltage measuring electrodes are interior to the current electrodes. The model responses are calculated for normal arrays in both infinitely thick noninvaded formations and infinitely thick invaded formations. EM coupling contributions to apparent IP phase angles have an approximately universal dependence on a scaling parameter defined here. The scaling relationship permits the quantitative estimate of EM coupling effects for specific tool parameters (i.e., electrode spacings and frequencies) and formation characteristics (i.e., apparent conductivities). Therefore, scaling relationships of this type should be useful in the design of IP tools. An inverse method, developed for determining true formation IP phase angles and resistivities from apparent values measured by an IP tool, utilizes data from multiple pairs of voltage-measuring electrodes and exploits the fact that, for the systems of interest, the inverse resistivity and IP problems can be “decoupled.” The assumption that IP phase angles have a logarithmic dependence on frequency over a decade frequency interval leads to a nonlinear relationship between percent frequency effect (PFE) and IP phase angle. This nonlinear relationship agrees well with experimental data.
Leveraging WTO accession to design strategy of economic reform for new Iraq (2004)

Despite significant progress towards establishing institutional foundations of a market-based economy made over the last year in Iraq, the transition is far from complete. The challenge remains huge: It concerns the choice of institutional structures that would offer incentives to maximize microeconomic efficiency, assure the allocation of resources to their best use and prevent easy policy reversals. Ultimately, it concerns the choice of policies assuring maximization of national economic welfare rather than of rents for a few privileged. The note proposes leveraging the WTO strategy to design strategy of structural reforms and drawing on the experience of recent entrants to the European Union to design institutional setting for the development and implementation of the strategy.
A minimax utilization routing algorithm in networks with single-path routing (2002)

We consider the routing problem in networks with single-path routing and multicasting services. In such networks, all the single-destination traffic is transmitted over exactly one path between the origin and the destination and the multiple-destination traffic (if applicable) is transmitted over exactly one tree rooted at the origin. Examples of such networks are the conventional circuit-switched telephone networks, virtual-circuit based packet networks such as the X.25 networks, networks supporting Switched Multi-megabit Data Service (SMDS), networks supporting frame relay service (FRS), and the recently proposed B-ISDNs based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). We consider the problem of choosing a route/tree between every origin and its single/multiple destination(s) in a network so as to minimize the maximum link utilization. We consider the formulation of this problem as a linear integer programming problem. The emphasis of this paper is (i) to consider routing for single-destination and multiple-destination (multicast) traffic in a uniform way, (ii) to develop a near-optimal quasi-static algorithm to solve the problem, and (iii) to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of using the minimax criterion as a surrogate objective of other performance measures, e.g. the average packet delay. The basic approach to the algorithm development is Lagrangean relaxation. We also show that the routing decisions made by the minimax utilization routing (MUR) algorithm are within 2% of an optimal solution where the objective is to minimize the average packet delay. We also discuss issues of implementing the MUR algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mutational dynamics of the SARS coronavirus in cell culture and human populations isolated in 2003 (2004)

Our results show that the SARS-CoV is well adapted to growth in culture and did not appear to undergo specific selection in human populations. We further assessed that the putative origin of the SARS epidemic was in late October 2002 which is consistent with a recent estimate using cases from China. The greater sequence divergence in the structural and antigenic proteins and consistent deletions in the 3'--most portion of the viral genome suggest that certain selection pressures are interacting with the functional nature of these validated and putative ORFs.
Power and energy management of multiple energy storage systems in electric vehicles (2008)

This dissertation contributes to the problem description of managing power and energy of\nmultiple energy sources for electric vehicle power system architectures. The area of power\nand energy management in the application domain of electric vehicles is relatively new and encompasses several different disciplines. Primarily, the challenges in electric vehicles having multiple energy storage systems lies in managing the energy expenditure, determining the proportional power splits and establishing methods to interface between the energy systems\nso as to meet the demands of the vehicle propulsion and auxiliary load requirements.\nIn this work, an attempt has been made to provide a new perspective to the problem\ndescription of electric vehicle power and energy management. The overall approach to the problem borrows from the basic principles found in conventional management\nmethodology. The analogy between well-known hierarchical management concepts and\npower and energy management under timing constraints in a general task-graph is exploited to form a well-defined modular power and energy management implementation structure.\nThe proposed methodology permits this multidisciplinary problem to be approached\nsystematically. The thesis introduces a modular power and energy management system (MPEMS). Operation of the M-PEMS is structured as tri-level hierarchical process shells. An Energy Management Shell (EMS) handles the long-term decisions of energy usage in relation to the longitudinal dynamics of the vehicle while processes within a Power Management Shell (PMS) handles the fast decisions to determine power split ratios between multiple\nenergy sources. Finally, a Power Electronics Shell (PES) encompasses the essential power\ninterfacing circuitry as well as the generation of low-level switching functions.\nThis novel framework is demonstrated with the implementation of a power and\nenergy management system for a dual-source electric vehicle powered by lead acid batteries and ultracapacitors. A series of macro simulations of the energy systems validated against practical tests were performed to establish salient operating parameters. These parameters were then applied to the M-PEMS design of a demonstrator vehicle to determine both the\ngeneral effectiveness of a power and energy management scheme and to support the validity\nof the new framework. Implementation of the modular blocks that composes the entire\nsystem architecture is described with emphasis given to the power electronics shell\ninfrastructure design. The modular structure approach is design-implementation oriented,\nwith the objective of contributing towards a more unified description of the electric vehicle power and energy management problem.
Current status of antitumor therapy with monoclonal antibodies. (1987)

The potential power of monoclonal antibodies arises from their ability to recognize single antigenic determinants in a complex mixture of molecules or cells. The possibilities for cancer therapy are apparent. But to what extent has the potential been realized? What problems have arisen in clinical trials?