gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
History of the Hall Thrusters Development in USSR (2007)

As it is well known two types of the so-called Hall Thrusters had been developed in USSR, namely: the stationary plasma thrusters (SPT) and thrusters with anode layer (TAL). In the SPT and TAL the ions acceleration by an electric field within the gas discharge with crossed electric and magnetic fields and magnetized electrons is realized. Such mechanism of acceleration was proposed and the possibility to realize this mechanism was demonstrated by Askold Zharinov at the Institute of Atomic Energy (IAE) named after Kourchatov during 1959-1961. The TAL development based on the mentioned mechanism was started by team under leadership of A. Zharinov in 1962 at the Tsentral Research Institute of Machinebuilding (TsNIIMASh) and by the end of 1960 th the powerful double stage TAL laboratory models were developed having good enough performance level under specific impulses till 8000 s at least. TSNIIMASh shared the TAL studies with Rocket and Space Corporation Energiya, Bauman High Technology School (BHTSc) and others. Since late1970 th the single stage TAL models were developed having competitive performance level within the power range (0.5-5) kW and all obtained results allowed development of TAL for different missions and for the 1st flight test on board of the US STEX satellite realized in 1998. The SPT development had been started during 1962-1963 also at IAE by team under leadership of another IAE scientist Alexey Morozov. The main idea of Morozov was creation of the electric field within the bulk of plasma with help of the transverse magnetic field and usage of this magnetic field to focus the ion flow during its acceleration. By mid of 1960 th the first so-called E-accelerators (called later on as an SPT) were designed, created and tested. They were able to operate with gaseous propellants (Xe, Kr, Ar) within the discharge voltage range of (100-600) V and discharge powers (1-5) kW with thrust efficiency till 40% and specific impulses (1000-1800) s. Obtained performance level was estimated as prospective enough because it was higher than that one of the other EP types within the mentioned range of specific impulses. Therefore at level of the State Committee of Atomic Energy (SCAE) of USSR it was decided to realize the first SPT flight test and in 1972 SPT was successfully
N-Substituted Colchiceinamides (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTN-Substituted ColchiceinamidesJonathan L. Hartwell, M. V. Nadkarni, and J. LeiterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 12, 3180–3181Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01132a511https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01132a511research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views61Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Two-Photon Spectroscopy in Rb for an Optical Frequency Standard (2015)

We report on the development of an atomic clock for both ground and space applications, based upon the two-photon transition in Rb. Off-the-shelf components allow for a simple architecture that supports 7 × 10 − 13 / τ at 1 second.
A Study on the Effect of Urban Development and Zoning, on the Accumulation of Urban Functions (1988)

This article aims to get information about the effect of urban development and zoning on the accumulation of various urban functions. The sphere of comparison is main junctions in Tokyo-ku-area. As a result, four points as follow are made clear. 1)Office is accumulated in proportion to the level of development. 2)High Floor- area-ratio is more effective of two Places developed at same level. 3)The existence of trank road increase the accumulation, especially office.4)The principle reason for the accumulation of retails, amusements or restaurants is not the urban development, but the number of passengers.
A novel method to estimate Height, Weight and Body Mass Index from face images (2019)

Body Mass Index (BMI) is the most commonly used tool to evaluate an individual's health. It is used to classify a person as underweight, healthy weight, overweight or obese. BMI is co-related with body fat and is a vital indicator of possible diseases that can transpire with higher body fat ranges. Higher body fat is prevalent these days with a higher calorie diet and a low physical activity lifestyle. On the other end of the spectrum, Adult malnutrition is more common and widespread than we are conscious of these days. The BMI can be used as a measure of adult nutritional status, both of individuals and of communities. Given that people have less time in their busy life and most people dont own a weighing machine and/or a measuring tape, we propose a time and cost efficient method of estimating Height, Weight and BMI from a persons face. In this paper, we propose a novel model using Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). We start by detecting the face from an image using the Viola-Jones algorithm. The image is fed to the Feature Extractor model. The extracted features are passed to an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model which gives the predicted Height, Weight and BMI values. We have evaluated our model on the Reddit-HWBMI dataset and Face-to-BMI dataset. We propose a novel dataset, the Reddit-HWBMI dataset which contains 982 subjects with their corresponding Height, Weight, BMI, Gender and Age. The best performance for BMI was given by the XceptionNet model when used as a Feature Extractor. The XceptionNet also performed best for weight, whereas VGG-Face (Resnet model) performed slightly better than XceptionNet for height.
Splicing forgeries localization through the use of first digit features (2014)

One of the principal problems in image forensics is determining if a particular image is authentic or not and, if manipulated, to localize which parts have been altered. In fact, localization is basic within the process of image examination because it permits to link the modified zone with the corresponding image area and, above all, with the meaning of it. Forensic instruments dealing with copy-move manipulation quite always provides a localization map, but, on the contrary, only a few tools, devised to detect a splicing operation, are able to give information about localization too. In this paper, a method to distinguish and then localize a single and a double JPEG compression in portions of an image through the use of the DCT coefficients first digit features and employing a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is proposed. Experimental results and a comparison with a state-of-the-art technique are provided to witness the performances offered by the proposed method in terms of forgery localization.
Manganese(iii) acetate-mediated oxidative coupling of phenylhydrazines with benzene: a novel method for biaryl coupling (2001)

The reaction of phenylhydrazines with benzene in the presence of manganese(III) acetate affords biaryls in good yields. The same reaction was carried out with similar oxidants, such as CoIII, CeIV and PbIV; among these oxidants MnIII acetate shows higher efficiency and selectivity.
Stabilizing Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Green Tea Catechins (1998)

Green tea catechins (GTCs) as a mixture of (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) possess a variety of biological activities. We have previously studied the stability of GTCs either as a mixture or as individual epicatechin derivatives in various pH, demonstrating that GTCs as a mixture in alkaline solutions were extremely unstable and degraded almost completely in a few minutes, whereas in acidic solutions (pH < 4) they were very stable. For the pH ranging from 4 to 7, the stability of GTCs was inversely associated with the pH value of the incubation solutions. The present study examined the effect of ascorbic acid and citric acid on the stability of GTCs incubated in sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 7.42). Ascorbic acid added to the incubation mixture significantly increased the stability of GTCs whereas citric acid exhibited no effect. Four epicatechin derivatives examined demonstrated varying stability, with EGCG and EGC being equally instable and EC and ECG being relatively stable. The addition of ascorbic acid significantly increased the stability of all four derivatives, particularly EGC and EGCG. The present results, although not directly transferable to in vivo conditions, may suggest that the presence of ascorbic acid may stabilize the GTCs in the intestine where the pH is neutral or alkaline before absorption. Keywords: Catechin; epicatechin, epicatechin gallate; epigallocatechin gallate; epigallocatechin; longjing tea
Fiber‐Oriented Liquid Crystal Polarizers Based on Anisotropic Electrospinning (2007)

A novel fiber-oriented scattering polarizer is prepared by infiltrating liquid crystal into an aligned-fiber film (schematically shown in the figure), which is fabricated by using an optimized strategy of anisotropic electrospinning. The new-style polarizer has a high polarizing efficiency, is simple to fabricate and has uniform and controllable optical characteristics. It could be used in flat-panel displays, antiglare sunglasses, photography filters or optical instruments. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2007/c1212_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Molecular approaches to thyroid cancer diagnosis (2014)

Thyroid nodules are common, and the accurate diagnosis of cancer or benign disease is important for the effective clinical management of patients. Molecular markers are a helpful diagnostic tool, particularly for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. In the past few years, significant progress has been made in developing molecular markers for clinical use in fine-needle aspiration specimens, including gene mutation panels and gene expression classifiers. With the availability of next generation sequencing technology, gene mutation panels can be expanded to interrogate multiple genes simultaneously and to provide yet more accurate diagnostic information. In addition, recently several new molecular markers of thyroid cancer have been identified that offer diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic information that might be of value in guiding individualized management of patients with thyroid nodules.
An Integrated Grid Development Environment in Eclipse (2007)

With the proliferation of grid computing, a large number of computational resources are available for solving complex scientific and engineering problems. Nevertheless, it is non-trivial to write, deploy, and test grid applications over heterogeneous and distributed resources. Further complicating matters, programmers may need to manually manage variations in source code due to resource heterogeneity. This paper presents an implementation of an integrated grid development environment that leverages IBM's Eclipse IDE and our application development framework, Worqbench. It provides novel tools to develop and debug grid software. It regards resources as first-class objects in the IDE and allows tight integration between the test beds and the code development process. We discuss how the environment assists programmers in developing grid applications.
Política, corrupción y democracia (1996)

Este ensayo propone una reflexin acerca del fenmeno de la corrupcin dentro de la clase poltica de varios pases europeos. Teniendo en consideracin variables asociadas tanto a las estructuras como a los procesos polticos, explica cmo resurge este fenmeno en los aos en los que se reduce el papel y el tamao del Estado y se regresa a la funcin reguladora del mercado. Se manifiesta en contra de las interprestaciones funcionales del fenmeno de la corrupcin y en favor de la reintroduccin de ticos en la valoracin del fenmeno. Asimismo, el artculo advierte sobre los riesgos que para la democracia implican las reacciones populistas en conytra de la corrupcin.
A 3-dimensional absorbed dose calculation method based on quantitative SPECT for radionuclide therapy: evaluation for (131)I using monte carlo simulation. (2002)

The presented method includes compensation for most parameters degrading the quantitative image information. The compensation methods are based on physical models and therefore are generally applicable to other radionuclides. The proposed evaluation methodology may be used as a basis for future intercomparison of different methods.
Development of a Topical Treatment for Psoriasis Targeting RORγ: From Bench to Skin (2016)

Our work describes a progressive series of assays to demonstrate the potential clinical value of a novel RORγ inverse agonist small molecule with high potency and selectivity, which will enter clinical trials in late 2015 for psoriasis patients.
<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>EbfC, a Novel, Chromosomally Encoded Protein, Binds Specific DNA Sequences Adjacent to<i>erp</i>Loci on the Spirochete's Resident cp32 Prophages (2006)

All examined isolates of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, naturally maintain numerous variants of a prophage family as circular cp32 episomes. Each cp32 carries a locus encoding one or two different Erp outer membrane, surface-exposed lipoproteins. Many of the Erp proteins bind a host complement regulator, factor H, which is hypothesized to protect the spirochete from complement-mediated killing. We now describe the isolation and characterization of a novel, chromosomally encoded protein, EbfC, that binds specific DNA sequences located immediately 5' of all erp loci. This is one of the first site-specific DNA-binding proteins to be identified in any spirochete. The location of the ebfC gene on the B. burgdorferi chromosome suggests that the cp32 prophages have evolved to use this bacterial host protein for their own benefit and that EbfC probably plays additional roles in the bacterium. A wide range of other bacteria encode homologs of EbfC, none of which have been well characterized, so demonstration that B. burgdorferi EbfC is a site-specific DNA-binding protein has broad implications across the eubacterial kingdom.
The Production of Volume Data from Triangular Meshes Using Voxelisation (1996)

Abstract Voxelisation is the term given to the process of converting data from one source type into a three dimensional volume of data values. The techniques known collectively as volume visualisation can then be applied to the data in order to produce a graphical representation of the object. This paper gives a practical approach to the voxelisation of data in the form of triangular meshes, and demonstrates the use of the method on various datasets. Visualisation is achieved by a method also described in the paper.
Realizing temporal XML repositories using temporal relational databases (2002)

This paper addresses development of general storage and retrieval methods for changes of XML documents. In this approach, histories of XML documents are modeled by the TXPath data model, which is a temporal extension of the XPath data model. Given an XML document, changes of the document are modeled by the TXPath data model, and it is then mapped into valid-time relational tables of temporal relational databases. We show the fundamental operations for XML documents, which are based on DOM (Document Object Model), and also show how the operations are mapped into those on valid-time relations. Finally, we can retrieve changes of XML documents using SQL.
Decoherence in a superconducting flux qubit with a<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:math>-junction (2007)

We consider the use of a $\ensuremath{\pi}$ junction for flux qubits to realize degenerate quantum levels without external magnetic field. On the basis of the Caldeira-Leggett model, we derive an effective spin-Boson model and study decoherence of this type of qubits. We estimate the dephasing time by using parameters from recent experiments of superconductor-insulator-ferromagnet-superconductor junctions and show that high critical current and large subgap resistance are required for the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ junction to realize a long coherent time.
Natural Chlorophyll-Related Porphyrins and Chlorins for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2012)

Natural-chlorophyll-related porphyrins, including (2H, Zn, Cu)-protoporphyrin IX (Por-1) and Zn-mesoporphyrin IX (Por-2), and chlorins, including chlorin e₆ (Chl-1), chlorin e₄ (Chl-2), and rhodin G₇ (Chl-3), have been used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). For porphyrin sensitizers that have vinyl groups at the β-positions, zinc coordinated Por-1 gives the highest solar-energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency (h) of up to 2.9%. Replacing the vinyl groups of ZnPor-1 with ethyl groups increases the open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) from 0.61 V to 0.66 V, but decreases the short-circuit current (J(sc)) from 7.0 mA·cm⁻² to 6.1 mA·cm⁻² and the value of h to 2.8%. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations suggest that the higher J(sc) values of Zn-based porphyrin sensitizers result from the favorable electron injection from the LUMO at higher energy levels. In the case of the chlorin sensitizers, the number of carboxyl protons has a large effect on the photovoltaic performance. Chl-2 with two carboxyl protons gives much higher values of J(sc), V(oc), and h than does Chl-1 with three carboxyl protons. Replacing the protons of Chl-1 with sodium ions can substantially improve the photovoltaic performance of Chl-1-based solar cells. Furthermore, the sodium salt of Chl-3 with an aldehyde group at the C7 position shows poorer photovoltaic performance than does the sodium salt of Chl-1 with methyl groups at the C7 position. This is due to the low light-harvesting capability of Chl-3.
Photoacoustic spectroscopy with condensed samples (1976)

A discussion of the photoacoustic spectroscopy of condensed matter is presented with emphasis on the role of the sample and the sample cell in the photoacoustic signal waveform. The spectrometer and sample cell are described, and an experimental evaluation of the system performance is given. Data on various samples are reported, and sample geometry, signal saturation, and scattered light effects are analyzed. The relationship between photoacoustic spectra and absorption and reflection spectra is developed.
Stereoselective Syntheses of the Three Isomers of Ethylene Glycol Bis(tropane-3-carboxylate) (2002)

Three epimers of ethylene glycol bis(tropane-3-carboxylate) (3alpha,3alpha'-, 3alpha,3beta'-, 3beta,3beta'-) have been synthesized by starting from 3-tropinone. 3-Tropinone was converted into the corresponding enol triflate and then subjected to palladium-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation to provide the key intermediate methyl trop-2-ene-3-carboxylate in good yield. Stereoselective routes were developed to afford the three stereoisomers of ethylene glycol bis(tropane-3-carboxylate).
Physical and Mathematical Modelling of Steelmaking Tundish Operations: A Review of the Last Decade (1999&ndash;2009) (2010)

A great number of research articles on the physical and mathematical modelling of tundish operation have been reported in the literature. Mazumdar and Guthrie1) summarized a large portion of these in a review article in ISIJ published in 1999. Because of the growing importance of tundish metallurgy and stringent demands regarding steel quality, a lot of further work has been done on tundish technology from1999 till date. This review summarizes the basics of physical modelling, mathematical modelling and the work of different researchers around the globe in the last decade i.e. 1999 to 2009. Current trends in research have been reviewed and critiqued.
Whole Body Locomotion Planning of Humanoid Robots based on a 3D Grid Map (2006)

This paper proposes a method for a humanoid robot to generate 3D model of the environment using a stereo vision, find a movable space using it and plan feasible locomotion online. The model is generated by an accumulation of 3D grid maps which are made from the range data of the field of view obtained by a correlation based stereo vision. The locomotion is planned by an online whole body pattern generator which can modify robot’s waist height, an upper body posture and so on according to the size of the movable space.
A simple backscattering microscope for fast tracking of biological molecules (2010)

Recent developments in techniques for observing single molecules under light microscopes have helped reveal the mechanisms by which molecular machines work. A wide range of markers can be used to detect molecules, from single fluorophores to micron sized markers, depending on the research interest. Here, we present a new and simple objective-type backscattering microscope to track gold nanoparticles with nanometer and microsecond resolution. The total noise of our system in a 55 kHz bandwidth is ~0.6 nm per axis, sufficient to measure molecular movement. We found our backscattering microscopy to be useful not only for in vitro but also for in vivo experiments because of lower background scattering from cells than in conventional dark-field microscopy. We demonstrate the application of this technique to measuring the motion of a biological rotary molecular motor, the bacterial flagellar motor, in live Escherichia coli cells.
Server noise: Health hazard and its reduction using active noise control (2014)

Noise is everywhere and can be serious problem in industry. It has been observed that noisy working atmosphere inhibits the effective work. Besides resulting in loss of concentration and low work output, noise at workplace also results in serious health problems. In IT industry, which is generally considered to be a white collared workplace, some workers are subjected to the severe server noise. The prolonged exposure to server noise may lead to many adverse health impacts such as headache, fatigue, stress, anxiety, etc. However, the general perception of worker is that he does not require any ear protection. But in long run, continuous exposure to server noise may even lead to early hearing loss which is gradual process and difficult to detect in time. So, it is important to protect a person in server room from noise coming from the server. In this paper, active noise control (ANC) has been applied to the server noise. The noise of the server (installed in the department) is recorded and its noise level is observed to be 65 dB. The prolonged exposure to this much of noise level poses health hazard. The FxLMS algorithm has been used in active noise control system and simulation results show that there is significant improvement in the noise level.