gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A practical approach to transverse-section gamma-ray imaging (1976)

The object of transverse-section gamma-ray imaging is to display the concentration of radioactive material in a thin transverse slice of the body. The technique is essentially that of reconstructing a density distribution from its projections, and many methods have been developed to perform the reconstruction. This report describes the realization of three such methods, using a small digital computer PDP8 I, and their application to experimental and clinical data obtained from the Aberdeen Section Scanner: (1) simple back projection; (2) the convolution method of Bracewell and Riddle; (3) the linear integral transform method of Radon. The problems of sensitivity variation and attenuation are examined. An approximate attenuation correction procedure is described. The reconstruction method of Bracewell and Riddle was found convenient since then the data were manipulated in a manner where smoothing to reduce statistical noise and correction for absorption could both be readily incorporated.
Distraction Osteogenesis of the Orthopedic Skeleton: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications (2008)

Distraction osteogenesis is a unique biologic process of new bone formation between the surfaces of bone segments that are gradually separated by incremental traction. Depending on the anatomic site where the traction is induced, distraction osteogenesis techniques are divided into callotasis (distraction of fracture callus) and physeal distraction (distraction of the bone growth plate). Callotasis, or gradual stretching of the reparative callus forming around osteotomized bone segments, has been utilized as the predominant method of distraction osteogenesis in experimental models and clinical applications. Although the application of distraction osteogenesis has dramatically increased in the last two decades, it remains one of the most mysterious phenomena of bone biology. Callotasis begins with the development of a reparative callus similar to that observed during bone repair or fracture healing. New bone formation is initiated when a traction force is applied to the bone segments, thereby interrupting the process of fracture healing and placing the callus under tension. As the callus is stretched, new bone is generated parallel to the direction of traction. During this stretching, the soft callus is maintained at the center of the distraction gap while routine fracture healing occurs at the periphery of the regenerate. Therefore, distraction osteogenesis represents a continuum of the individual fracture healing stages that occur simultaneously during the application of tension stress.
The First Tandem, All-exciplex-based WOLED (2014)

Exploiting our recently developed bilayer interface methodology, together with a new wide energy-gap, low LUMO acceptor (A) and the designated donor (D) layers, we succeeded in fabricating an exciplex-based organic light-emitting diode (OLED) systematically tuned from blue to red. Further optimization rendered a record-high blue exciplex OLED with η(ext) of 8%. We then constructed a device structure configured by two parallel blend layers of mCP/PO-T2T and DTAF/PO-T2T, generating blue and yellow exciplex emission, respectively. The resulting device demonstrates for the first time a tandem, all-exciplex-based white-light OLED (WOLED) with excellent efficiencies η(ext): 11.6%, η(c): 27.7 cd A(-1), and η(p): 15.8 ml W(-1) with CIE(0.29, 0.35) and CRI 70.6 that are nearly independent of EL intensity. The tandem architecture and blend-layer D/A (1:1) configuration are two key elements that fully utilize the exciplex delay fluorescence, providing a paragon for the use of low-cost, abundant organic compounds en route to commercial WOLEDs.
Nature of Atomic Bonding and Atomic Structure in the Phase-Change<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>Ge</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>Sb</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>Te</mml:mi><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>Glass (2009)

Using electronic structure calculations, we demonstrate a global valence alternation in the amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5, a prototype phase-change alloy for data storage. The resulting p bonding profoundly influences the local atomic structure, leading to right-angle components similar to those in the crystalline counterpart of this chalcogenide glass. The dominance of p bonding is revealed by (i) distributions of the coordination number (CN) and the bond angle, for truly bonded atoms determined based on the electron localization function, and (ii) a direct evaluation of the p (and s) orbital occupation probability for the CN=3 Ge atoms that form 90 degree bonds with neighbors.
Placebo controlled trial of enteric coated pancreatin microsphere treatment in patients with unresectable cancer of the pancreatic head region (1998)

Weight loss in patients with unresectable cancer of the pancreatic head region and occlusion of the pancreatic duct can be prevented, at least for the period immediately after insertion of a biliary endoprosthesis, by high dose enteric coated pancreatin enzyme supplementation in combination with dietary counselling.
Recovery of missing spectral information in ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data (2012)

In this paper, we present a novel technique to recover the missing spectral information in multiple frequency bands of ultra-wideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data that are either corrupted (due to the presence of interference sources) or nonexistent (because of no transmission in the prohibited frequency bands). Although the spectral information is lost due to the contaminated and missing frequency bands, each backscatter receive data record can be modeled as a linear combination of the spectrally filtered and time-shifted versions of the transmitted waveform. Thus, the target information (range, amplitude, and phase) can be computed based on direct sparse recovery via orthogonal matching pursuit using a dictionary that contains many spectrally filtered and time-shifted versions of the transmitted waveform. On the other hand, the desired receive signal (with full spectral information) can be modeled as a linear combination of the time-shifted versions of the desired transmitted waveform (with full spectrum). Thus, once the target information is computed by the sparse recovery process using the receive data and the dictionary, the desired received signal can be reconstructed using the target information and the desired transmitted waveform. Using both simulation data and SAR data from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) UWB SAR, we show that the proposed technique can successfully recover the information from the missing or corrupted frequency bands. The paper also compares the result to that using the conventional technique that simply zeros out the fast Fourier transform (FFT) bins that correspond to the corrupted frequency bands.
Cooperative Use of MHEG-5 and HyTime (1997)

. The standards MHEG-5 and HyTime are interchange formats for hypermedia information. While they may seem to compete, they actually play separate and complementary roles in a complete and open hypermedia environment. MHEG-5 is used for portable final-form hypermedia presentations. HyTime is used for the long-term, presentation-independent storage of hypermedia documents. Given these tasks, MHEG-5 can be used to encode presentations of HyTime documents. This paper explores these two standards, the cooperative roles they play and their application to the CMIF hypermedia environment architecture. The issues discussed include the semantic overlap between the hypermedia models each standard represents and how the use of each standard affects the cooperative use of the other. KEYWORDS. MHEG-5, HyTime, DSSSL, CMIF, Hypermedia Authoring 1. Introduction MHEG-5 and HyTime are both standards for hypermedia documents, but each functions on a different layer of document processing methodology. MHE...
CYP2D6*4 polymorphism is associated with statin-induced muscle effects (2007)

Statin use is associated with a variety of overtly related muscle symptoms including muscle pain, myalgia, creatine kinase elevations without pain with myolysis and myositis (rhabdomyolysis), a potentially fatal side effect that led to the withdrawal of cerivastatin in 2001. Unintended drug response phenotypes have an impact on patient compliance and sometimes patient health and the assessment of risk on an individual basis could enhance therapeutic benefit. We therefore investigated whether common single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with the expression of broadly grouped atorvastatin-induced muscle events in a case-control study (n=263 samples, n=388 SNPs). Of a number of associations identified in a discovery sample (51 atorvastatin-induced muscle and 55 normal) only those corresponding to the CYP2D6*4 allele were significantly associated in the sample (24 atorvastatin-induced muscle and 133 normal) (Discovery P=0.004, odds ratio=3.6; Validation P=0.036, odds ratio=2.7; total P=0.001, odds ratio=2.5). The frequency of the CYP2D6*4 allele was about 50% in atorvastatin-induced muscle patients but only 28% in controls, similar to that of other patient types (28.5%). The association was independent of various demographic variables and not explained by gross demographic, clinical or population-structure differences among cases and controls. Surprisingly, the CYP2D6*4 allele appeared similarly distributed among controls and patients expressing simvastatin-induced muscle events (n=169, frequency in case participants=49.2%, P=0.067, odds ratio=1.7). Our results suggest that the CYP2D6*4 allele is associated with broadly related muscle events caused by at least two structurally dissimilar HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and as such, may have implications for a better understanding of this statin-wide phenomena.
Highly efficient propane-1,3-dithiol mediated thiol–disulphide interchange: a facile and clean methodology for S–S reduction in peptides (1991)

Propane-1,3-dithiol, at room temperature and in the absence of any promoter, neatly brings about the S–S → 2SH change, and the latter can be isolated as acrylonitrile adducts; the methodology has been tested with several substrates including c-lysozyme, insulin and oxytocin, and spontaneous imidazole promoted S-deprotection was observed in the case of Z-Cys(S-CH2CH2CN)His-OMe.
Reputation-based Intrusion Detection System for wireless sensor networks (2012)

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be used in a broad range of applications from complex military operations to simple domestic environments. This makes security a vital characteristic in WSNs. There have been numerous studies in the field of security in sensor networks, being Intrusion Detection System (IDS) among the most used tools in this area. This study proposes a new IDS design based on reputation and trust of the different nodes of a network for decision-making and analysis of possible sources of malicious attacks.
Pharmacotherapy of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Lessons from the Memory Impairment Study (2005)

Evaluation of: Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M et al.: Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 2379–2388 (2005). A 3-year randomized controlled study comparing donepezil with tocopherol and placebo in 769 subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment showed an overall 16% yearly rate of progression to dementia. This was more common in the subjects carrying the apoE4 allele. There was no sustained difference between the treatment groups over the 3 years of treatment. This study design can be used to test new agents that may modify the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Pattern of callose deposition during the course of meiotic diplospory in Chondrilla juncea (Asteraceae, Cichorioideae) (2016)

Total absence of callose in the ovules of diplosporous species has been previously suggested. This paper is the first description of callose events in the ovules of Chondrilla juncea, which exhibits meiotic diplospory of the Taraxacum type. We found the presence of callose in the megasporocyte wall and stated that the pattern of callose deposition is dynamically changing during megasporogenesis. At the premeiotic stage, no callose was observed in the ovules. Callose appeared at the micropylar pole of the cell entering prophase of the first meioticdivision restitution but did not surround the megasporocyte. After the formation of a restitution nucleus, a conspicuous callose micropylar cap and dispersed deposits of callose were detected in the megasporocyte wall. During the formation of a diplodyad, the micropylar callose cap decreased and the walls of a newly formed megaspores showed scattered distribution of callose. Within the older diplodyad, callose was mainly accumulated in the wall between megaspores, as well as in the wall of the micropylar cell; however, a dotted fluorescence of callose was also visible in the wall of the chalazal megaspore. Gradual degradation of callose in the wall of the chalazal cell and intense callose accumulation in the wall of the micropylar cell were related to the selection of the functional megaspore. Thus, our findings may suggest that callose fulfills a similar role both during megasporogenesis in sexual angiosperms and in the course of meiotic diplospory in apomicts and seems to form a regulatory interface between reproductive and somatic cells.
Down-regulation of NF-kappa B protein levels in activated human lymphocytes by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. (1995)

The effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2)D3], a steroid hormone with immunomodulating properties, on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) proteins was examined in in vitro activated normal human lymphocytes by Western blot analysis. Over a 72-hr period of activation, the expression of the 50-kDa NF-kappa B, p50, and its precursor, p105, was increased progressively. When cells were activated in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3, the levels of the mature protein as well as its precursor were decreased. The effect of the hormone on the levels of p50 was demonstrable in the cytosolic and nuclear compartments; it required between 4 and 8 hr and was specific, as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were ineffective. Besides p50, 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the levels of another NF-kappa B protein, namely c-rel. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the abundance of a specific DNA-protein complex formed upon incubation of nuclear extracts from activated lymphocytes with a labeled NF-kappa B DNA binding motif. Further, 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited the transcriptional activity of NF-kappa B in Jurkat cells transiently transfected with a construct containing four tandem repeats of the NF-kappa B binding sequence of the immunoglobulin kappa light chain gene linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. These observations demonstrate directly that there is de novo synthesis of NF-kappa B during human lymphocyte activation and suggest that this process is hormonally regulated.
How Does Type 1 Diabetes Develop? (2011)

Despite decades of acknowledging that a loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells is central to the disorder now referred to as type 1 diabetes, the specific roles for genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, the immune system, and β-cells themselves in the pathogenic processes underlying the disorder remain unclear (1,2). Looking back over this period, one can identify a handful of conceptualizations that were seminal in their attempt to address this issue, including that posited by Dr. Gian Franco Bottazzo in his 1986 article, “Death of a Beta Cell: Homicide or Suicide?” (3). Bottazzo questioned whether the disorder’s pathogenesis weighed more heavily (or exclusively) on processes related to immune responsiveness (i.e., homicide) or the fragility of β-cells leading to self-destruction (i.e., suicide).

Many reasons exist with respect to why we are in this knowledge void, including the exceedingly complex nature of type 1 diabetes, the likelihood that this disorder may represent a disease with more than one etiology, as well as the complex interplay of genetics, the immune system, and the environment. One limitation in solving important pathogenic questions in type 1 diabetes has likely been suboptimal cross-talk among geneticists, epidemiologists, endocrinologists, and others. Our own approach to overcoming this limitation has been to try to increase collaboration between cell biologists and immunologists as a critical step in closing knowledge gaps regarding the disorder’s pathogenesis. The opinion put forward within this Perspectives article by this group of authors is one where multiple and clearly unique properties of the β-cell appear fundamental to the loss of immune tolerance, accompanied by immune-mediated destruction.

The Bottazzo article (3) was unique in its form of presentation, in that the prose represented the equivalent workings of a legal stenographer recording the debate between two counsels: one for the prosecution (i.e., β-cell homicide) the other representing the …
Analysis, design, and optimization of InGaP-GaAs HBT matched-impedance wide-band amplifiers with multiple feedback loops (2002)

The realization of matched impedance wide-band amplifiers fabricated by InGaP-GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) process is reported. The technique of multiple feedback loops was used to achieve terminal impedance matching and wide bandwidth simultaneously. The experimental results showed that a small signal gain of 16 dB and a 3-dB bandwidth of 11.6 GHz with in-band input/output return loss less than -10 dB were obtained. These values agreed well with those predicted from the analytic expressions that we derived for voltage gain, transimpedance gain, bandwidth, and input and output impedances. A general method for the determination of frequency responses of input/output return losses (or S/sub 11/, S/sub 22/) from the poles of voltage gain was proposed. The intrinsic overdamped characteristic of this amplifier was proved and emitter capacitive peaking was used to remedy this problem. The tradeoff between the input impedance matching and bandwidth was also found.
Evolution of the plasma composition of a high power impulse magnetron sputtering system studied with a time-of-flight spectrometer (2009)

The plasma of a high power impulse magnetron sputtering system has been investigated using a time-of-flight spectrometer. The target materials included high sputter yield materials (Cu, Ag), transition metals (Nb, Cr, Ti), and carbon (graphite); the sputtering gases were argon, krypton, and nitrogen, and two different target thicknesses were selected to consider the role of the magnetic field strength. Measurements for selected combinations of those parameters give quantitative information on the transition from gas-dominated to metal-dominated (self-sputtering) plasma, on the fractions of ion charge states, and in the case of molecular gases, on the fraction of atomic and molecular ions.
Thoracic injuries in US combat casualties (2012)

Epidemiologic study, level IV.
Methylmalonic acidemia controlled with oral administration of vitamin B12. (1976)

A 3-month-old male infant had two episodes of fever, projectile vomiting, dehydration, generalized fine tremors and gross metabloic ketoacidosis. Methylmalonic acid was found in high concentration in both serum and urine, although the concentration of serum vitamin B12 was normal. A therapeutic trial of vitamin B12, administered parenterally, reduced greatly the methylmalonic aciduria. The patient has since been given vitamin B12 supplements continuously, initially 1 mg intramuscularly every other day, then 15 mg/d orally, and the protein in his diet was subsequently restricted. The most effected control of the methylmalonic aciduria was achieved with the combined regimen of oral vitamin therapy and dietary protein restriction. His physical and intellectual development have progressed normally and he has survived several acute respiratory tract infections without recurrence of metabolic acidosis.
A design space exploration methodology supporting run-time resource management for multi-processor Systems-on-chip (2009)

Application specific multi-processor systems-on-chip are currently designed by using platform-based synthesis techniques. In this approach, a wide range of platform parameters are tuned either at design-time or at run-time, to provide the best trade-offs in terms of the selected system figures of merit (such as power and throughput) for a dynamic application-specific workload. Among the design-time (hardware) configurable parameters we can find the memory sub-system configuration (e.g. cache size and associativity) and other architectural parameters such as the instruction-level parallelism of the system processors. Among the run-time (software) configurable parameters we can find the overall degree of task-level parallelism associated with each application running on the chip. Typically, while the design-time exploration is performed in the early development stages for a set of static parameters, the tuning of the run-time parameters is performed dynamically by a run-time management software module after the system has been deployed. In this paper, we introduce a methodology for identifying a hardware configuration which is robust with respect to the variable workload scenario introduced by the run-time management. Moreover, the proposed methodology is aimed at providing useful information about the optimal operating points of the applications in terms of task-level parallelism. The proposed methodology is based on the NSGA-II evolutionary heuristic algorithm assisted by an artificial neural network (ANN). We then introduce a run-time management policy capable to exploit the above information to maximize the performance of the system under power budget constraints. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is able to reduce the overall design space exploration time yet providing a near-optimal solution, in terms of hardware parameters, to enable an innovative and efficient run-time management policy.
Integral and Separable Dimensions in Graph Reading (1997)

Subjects sorted decks of cards depicting pie charts and divided bar graphs on two criteria: the proportion shown in the graph, and the graph's overall size, or scaling. Sorting times and errors were measured. For divided bars, performance was impaired when subjects were required to sort the proportion and the overall scaling varied. No such impairment occurred for pie charts. The results suggest that proportion and scaling are integral dimensions for divided bar graphs, but separable dimensions for pie charts. Subjects can judge angles or slopes with pie charts having different scaling, but must estimate a ratio prior to classification with different-scale divided bars. In sum, showing proportions with divided bar graphs can be problematic if the scaling of the graph varies, but pie charts are not similarly affected.
Adaptive control strategies for variable-speed doubly-fed wind power generation systems (2002)

The paper presents an adaptive control strategy for the brushless doubly-fed machine (BDFM) applied to variable speed wind power generation systems. A 7 kW proof-of-concept laboratory prototype is used to investigate the proposed control algorithm. The paper discusses the use of an adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategy to implement an efficiency maximization loop in parallel with the regular maximum tip-speed-ratio tracker, without the measurement of mechanical quantities. The overall power output of the generation system is increased with a minimal increase in controller cost. A 100 kW case study is included to describe the prospects of the proposed control strategy for a typical wind power/generation site on the Oregon coast.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>