gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fringing-Induced Drain Current Improvement in the Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor With High- $\kappa$ Gate Dielectrics (2008)

The tunnel field-effect transistor (tunnel FET) is a promising candidate for future CMOS technology. Its device characteristics have been subject to a variety of experimental and theoretical studies. In this paper, we evaluate the influence of using a high-kappa gate dielectric in the tunnel FET compared to a standard silicon oxide with same equivalent oxide thickness, which exhibits a quite different behavior compared to a conventional MOSFET due to its totally different working principle. It turns out that the fringing field effect, while deteriorating conventional MOSFET characteristics, leads to a much higher on-current comparable with actual conventional MOSFETs, a subthreshold slope of the tunnel FET lower than the theoretical limit for conventional MOSFETs, and a massive improved inverter delay, underlining its prospect for future applications. This leads to the conclusion that high-kappa materials with permittivities > 30 can advantageously be used in CMOS technology, giving rise to further technological development.
<i>N</i>-acetylcysteine in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: current status and future prospects (2016)

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely known for its role as a mucolytic and as an antidote to paracetamol overdose. There is increasing interest in the use of NAC in the treatment of several psychiatric disorders. The rationale for the administration of NAC in psychiatric conditions is based on its role as a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione, and its action as a modulating agent of glutamatergic, dopaminergic, neurotropic and inflammatory pathways. Areas covered: This study reviews the available data regarding the use of NAC in different psychiatric disorders including substance use disorders, autism, obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder. Promising results were found in trials testing the use of NAC, mainly as an add-on treatment, in cannabis use disorder in young people, depression in bipolar disorder, negative symptoms in schizophrenia, and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder. Despite initial optimism, recent findings regarding NAC efficacy in autism have been disappointing. Expert opinion: These preliminary positive results require further confirmation in larger samples and with longer follow-ups. Given its high tolerability and wide availability, NAC represents an important target to investigate in the field of new adjunctive treatments for psychiatric conditions.
Reconfigurable 2 $\,\times\,$ 2 Multi-Port Amplifier Using Switching Mode Hybrid Matrices (2014)

This letter presents a new 2 × 2 multi-port amplifier (MPA) structure using switching mode hybrid matrices (SMHM's) that can improve both system reliability and flexibility by controlling signal paths without complicated circuitry. Unlike previously reported MPA structures which have fixed input and output relations, the proposed MPA can select the number of PA's for signal amplification and produce flexible output patterns depending on the mode selection of the switches. For a 2 × 2 structure, the input signal can be amplified by a single PA or two PA's and then be delivered to any one of the two output ports. In addition, the amplified signal by a single PA or two PA's can also be delivered to both output ports with a 90 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> phase difference. To verify the proposed structure, a simplified MPA is tested at 900 MHz ISM band.
Phase and Frequency Estimation: High-Accuracy and Low- Complexity Techniques (2011)

The estimation of the frequency and phase of a complex exponential in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a fundamental and well-studied problem in signal processing and communications. A variety of approaches to this problem, distinguished primarily by estimation accuracy, computational complexity, and processing latency, have been developed. One class of approaches is based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) due to its connections with the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of frequency. This thesis compares several FFT-based approaches to the MLE in terms of their estimation accuracy and computational complexity. While FFT-based frequency estimation tends to be very accurate, the computational complexity of the FFT and the latency associated with performing these computations after the entire signal has been received can be prohibitive in some scenarios. Another class of approaches that addresses some of these shortcomings is based on linear regression of samples of the instantaneous phase of the observation. Linear- regression-based techniques have been shown to be very accurate at moderate to high signal to noise ratios and have the additional benefit of low computational complexity and low latency due to the fact that the processing can be performed as the samples arrive. These techniques, however, typically require the computation of four-quadrant arctangents, which must be approximated to retain low computational complexity. This thesis proposes a new frequency and phase estimator based on simple estimates of the zero-crossing times of the observation. An advantage of this approach is that it does not require arctangent calculations. Simulation results show that the zero-crossing frequency and phase estimator can provide high estimation accuracy, low computational complexity, and low processing latency, making it suitable for real-time applications. Accordingly, this thesis also presents a real-time implementation of the zero-crossing frequency and phase estimator in the context of a time-slotted round-trip carrier synchronization system for distributed beamforming. The experimental results show this approach can outperform a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) implementation of the same distributed beamforming system.
Possibility of using metastable heliumlike ions in generation of ultrasoft x-ray stimulated radiation (1975)

An experimental investigation demonstrated that, in principle, it should be possible to establish a population inversion needed in an x-ray laser by accumulation of metastable heliumlike ions (Li II*, Be III*, B IV*, B V*, etc.) in the 2s state and rapid transfer of these ions to the 2p state. A dense decaying plasma produced by a high-current discharge pulse in lithium vapor was the source of metastable ions. A study was made of the composition, density, and velocity of ions leaving the discharge chamber. X-ray luminescence was due to the 2s2p 1P1→1s2 1S0(λ = 19.9 nm) transition pumped by the 1s2s 1S0→1s2p1P1(λ = 962 nm) radiation produced by an IFP–5000 xenon pulse-discharge lamp.
Visible-Light-Active TiO2-Based Hybrid Nanocatalysts for Environmental Applications (2017)

Photocatalytic nanomaterials such as TiO2 are receiving a great deal of attention owing to their potential applications in environmental remediation. Nonetheless, the low efficiency of this class of materials in the visible range has, so far, hampered their large-scale application. The increasing demand for highly efficient, visible-light-active photocatalysts can be addressed by hybrid nanostructured materials in which two or more units, each characterised by peculiar physical properties, surface chemistry and morphology, are combined together into a single nano-object with unprecedented chemical–physical properties. The present review intends to focus on hybrid nanomaterials, based on TiO2 nanoparticles able to perform visible-light-driven photocatalytic processes for environmental applications. We give a brief overview of the synthetic approaches recently proposed in the literature to synthesise hybrid nanocrystals and discuss the potential applications of such nanostructures in water remediation, abatement of atmospheric pollutants (including NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) and their use in self-cleaning surfaces.
<i>Giardia</i> Cysts in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Italy (2003)

ABSTRACT Reductions in annual rainfall in some regions and increased human consumption have caused a shortage of water resources at the global level. The recycling of treated wastewaters has been suggested for certain domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities. The importance of microbiological and parasitological criteria for recycled water has been repeatedly emphasized. Among water-borne pathogens, protozoa of the genera Giardia and Cryptosporidium are known to be highly resistant to water treatment procedures and to cause outbreaks through contaminated raw or treated water. We conducted an investigation in four wastewater treatment plants in Italy by sampling wastewater at each stage of the treatment process over the course of 1 year. The presence of the parasites was assessed by immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. While Cryptosporidium oocysts were rarely observed, Giardia cysts were detected in all samples throughout the year, with peaks observed in autumn and winter. The overall removal efficiency of cysts in the treatment plants ranged from 87.0 to 98.4%. The removal efficiency in the number of cysts was significantly higher when the secondary treatment consisted of active oxidation with O 2 and sedimentation instead of activated sludge and sedimentation (94.5% versus 72.1 to 88.0%; P = 0.05, analysis of variance). To characterize the cysts at the molecular level, the β - giardin gene was PCR amplified, and the products were sequenced or analyzed by restriction. Cysts were typed as assemblage A or B, both of which are human pathogens, stressing the potential risk associated with the reuse of wastewater.
Intracranial Efficacy and Survival With Tucatinib Plus Trastuzumab and Capecitabine for Previously Treated HER2-Positive Breast Cancer With Brain Metastases in the HER2CLIMB Trial (2020)

In patients with HER2-positive breast cancer with BMs, the addition of tucatinib to trastuzumab and capecitabine doubled ORR-IC, reduced risk of intracranial progression or death by two thirds, and reduced risk of death by nearly half. To our knowledge, this is the first regimen to demonstrate improved antitumor activity against BMs in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer in a randomized, controlled trial.
Simple, high-performance type II β-BaB_2O_4 optical parametric oscillator (1997)

A visible/near-IR optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on type II phase matching in β-BaB2 O4 (BBO) is described. Pumped at 355 nm, this OPO covers 410–2500 nm completely with a single set of standard Nd:YAG cavity optics. The output efficiency is >25%, the linewidth of the OPO is narrower than 1–2 cm-1 without the use of gratings or etalons, and the signal-beam divergence is <400 µrad. Three type I BBO doubling crystals are used to extend the tuning range from 208 to 415 nm. Doubling efficiencies as high as 40% are easily obtained. The reasons for the high doubling and overall system efficiency are discussed.
Analysis and design of high-speed high-efficiency GaAs-AlGaAs double-heterostructure waveguide phase modulator (1991)

A P-p-i-n-N, GaAs-AlGaAs, TE/TM mode phase modulator, which has both the high phase shift efficiency of a p-n homojunction modulator and the high speed associated with a P-i-N modulator, is considered by incorporating p- and n-GaAs buffer layers and utilizing the higher order effects in these layers. The device structure is analyzed by considering the individual contributions of both the electrooptic (linear electrooptic (LEO) and quadratic electrooptic (QEO)) effects and the free carrier (plasma (PL) and bandgap shift (BS)) effects. These effects are studied in detail as a function of the reverse bias, operating wavelength, doping concentration, and intrinsic layer thickness. The results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Serial Bus Structures for Automotive Applications (1983)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The use of serial communications to route control information in an automobile can potentially provide many benefits. Serial data busses have been used in the data processing environment for many years but are unsuitable for use in real time control applications. Recently, Local Area Networks have been developed which provide the functional features required for control applications but are too expensive for use in the automobile. N. V. Philips and Signetics have applied these concepts to develop a Small Area Network capability which can be integrated onto micro-computers and other Integrated circuit devices at low cost, providing the proper cost/ performance tradeoff for their use in the automotive environment.</div>
A Distributed Power Architecture for the System 75 Digital Communications System (1984)

The distributed power architecture for the System 75 Digital Communications System offers performance that would be difficult to achieve with conventional power architectures. With distributed power, each circuit-card shelf is powered by its own off-line switcher (OLS) power units. This limits the effects of a power-unit failure and contributes to increased system reliability. An optional battery reserve system ensures uninterrupted power without an external uninterruptible power system. The result is that System 75 is a low-cost, easy-to-repair digital communications system.
Placement Optimization of Flexible TFT Digital Circuits (2011)

Flexible thin-film transistor (TFT) technology has many advantages over conventional silicon technology such as low cost and short manufacturing time. As the technology advances, large-scale digital circuits can now be implemented using flexible TFT technology. However, transistor mobility changes significantly when TFT are bent, and thus the circuit timing is seriously degraded. A placement optimization of flexible TFT digital circuits is proposed to reduce the timing degradation due to bending effect. Three optimization modes are supported based on different package and bending assumption. So far as we know, this is the first design for flexibility EDA tool.
All dielectric zero-index metamaterials at optical frequencies (2012)

Dielectric metamaterials offer a potential low-loss alternative to plasmonic metamaterials at optical frequencies. However, demonstrations of dielectric metamaterials have so far been limited to microwave and mid-infrared frequencies. In this work, we outline the development of purely dielectric zero-index metamaterials operating at optical frequencies. The metamaterial, formed from silicon rods, exhibits impedance matching with air, resulting in unity transmission at the zero-index point. Design and experimental realization of the metamaterials is presented. The metamaterials can potentially be used for a number of applications including compact lens systems, directional emitters, and transformation optics devices.
Shape2Pose (2014)

As 3D acquisition devices and modeling tools become widely available there is a growing need for automatic algorithms that analyze the semantics and functionality of digitized shapes. Most recent research has focused on analyzing geometric structures of shapes. Our work is motivated by the observation that a majority of man-made shapes are designed to be used by people. Thus, in order to fully understand their semantics, one needs to answer a fundamental question: "how do people interact with these objects?" As an initial step towards this goal, we offer a novel algorithm for automatically predicting a static pose that a person would need to adopt in order to use an object. Specifically, given an input 3D shape, the goal of our analysis is to predict a corresponding human pose, including contact points and kinematic parameters. This is especially challenging for man-made objects that commonly exhibit a lot of variance in their geometric structure. We address this challenge by observing that contact points usually share consistent local geometric features related to the anthropometric properties of corresponding parts and that human body is subject to kinematic constraints and priors. Accordingly, our method effectively combines local region classification and global kinematically-constrained search to successfully predict poses for various objects. We also evaluate our algorithm on six diverse collections of 3D polygonal models (chairs, gym equipment, cockpits, carts, bicycles, and bipedal devices) containing a total of 147 models. Finally, we demonstrate that the poses predicted by our algorithm can be used in several shape analysis problems, such as establishing correspondences between objects, detecting salient regions, finding informative viewpoints, and retrieving functionally-similar shapes.
[The prenatal development of the tectum mesencephali and substantia nigra in man]. (2000)

The development of tectum of the midbrain was studied in situ in human 6-11 wks embryos. Using electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry processes that occur in the anlage of tectum of the midbrain at early stages of formation of dopaminergic populations of cells were followed up. Growth of pallium zone due to migration of cells from ventricular zone and their differentiation is proportional to growth of the terms of embryonal development. Proliferating cells were located not only in ventricular zone. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was found in 6.5 wks embryos in the fraction of cells that migrated from ventricular zone and was observed only during neuroblast migration. Cells migrate along the radial glia fibres in dorsoventral direction. Microgliocytes with short processes near to vessels located in the vicinity of ventricular zone were found in 7 wks embryos for the first time. Peculiarities of morphogenetic processes participating in anlage of tectum of the midbrain and possible role of microgliocytes in development of embryonal nerve tissue are discussed.
Frustrated Organic Solids Display Unexpected Gas Sorption (2006)

Between nonsorptive solvate and desolvate forms of p-tert-butylcalix[5]arene lies a frustrated crystalline region in which there is rapid sorption of gases. From sorption studies, we conclude that the frustrated form is porous and that the intermediate form represents a new type of material that was previously unrecognized by traditional gas sorption trends or ideals for other active systems.
Brazoides A-D, New Alkaloids from Justicia gendarussa Burm. F. Species (2016)

Four new alkaloids, Brazoides A-D, together with three known compounds squalene, β-sitosterol and lupeol, were isolated from leaves of Justicia gendarussa.These structures were established by spectrometric techniques, mainly high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), including comparative analysis with literature values.Structural determination of the compounds, Brazoides A-D, was strengthened by molecular modeling and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to predict the NMR data and compare with the experimental NMR values of these natural products.The new compounds were tested against three human cancer cell lines (glioblastoma, prostate and colon), but none exhibited activity.
Anomalous NMOSFET hot carrier degradation due to trapped positive charge in a DGO CMOS process (2005)

It has been reported that MOSFET hot carrier (HC) performance is degraded by back-end-of-line (BEOL) processing steps such as interlayer dielectric film deposition, passivation, and H/sub 2/ annealing. These effects are associated with the incorporation of additional hydrogen at the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface states to passivate dangling bonds. This paper focuses on an unusual (anomalous) I/sub Dsat/ HC degradation behavior seen on a (DGO) NMOSFET device that was determined to be caused by a dielectric (SiON) contact etch stop process step. This paper presents a novel NMOSFET HC degradation behavior model based on HC injected positive trapped charge that is spatially separated from the normal HC trapped electron charge. This paper shows that this charge separation and positive charge injection creates a secondary impact ionization site that is within the device channel and results in anomalous and accelerated I/sub Dsat/ HC degradation behavior.
Development of a finger-shaped tactile sensor and its evaluation by active touch (2003)

A finger-shaped tactile sensor previously reported in a scaled-up version was miniaturized and its signal processing speed improved. The miniaturized tactile sensor consists of a hemispherical optical waveguide with an elastic cover, a fiber-optics plate (FOP), a position-sensitive detector (PSD), and infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for the light source. When an object comes in contact with the sensor, the elastic cover is depressed and light from the LEDs, which normally maintains total internal reflection within the waveguide, is scattered at the contact location of the waveguide and the cover. The scattered light is transmitted to the PSD through the FOP. The contact location and the normal to the surface of the object are determined from the output of the PSD. The sensor's fundamental characteristics were evaluated through experiments using the miniaturized version. The sensor was installed at the tip of a robotic finger to create an active touch system. By combining tactile sensing and motion control of the finger, the profile of an unseen object was successfully delineated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Herzberg continuum cross section of oxygen in the wavelength region 193.5–204.0 nm and band oscillator strengths of the (0, 0) and (1, 0) Schumann–Runge bands (1984)

Cross sections of oxygen at 300 K have been obtained from photoabsorption measurements at various pressures, from 50 to 760 Torr (1 Torr = 133.3 Pa), at wavelength intervals of 0.0002 nm throughout the region 193.5–204.0 nm with a 6.65-m photoelectric scanning spectrometer equipped with a 2400 line/mm grating and having an instrumental full width at half maximum of 0.0013 nm. The spectral features contributing to absorption in this region are the discrete lines of some Schumann–Runge bands and underlying dissociation continua consisting of the weak Herzberg continuum of O 2 and a pressure dependent continuum involving two molecules of O 2 . Analysis of the pressure dependence of the total continuum cross section in window regions between the discrete lines yields the Herzberg continuum cross section, which decreases monotonically from 1.4 × 10 −21 cm 2 at 193.58 nm to 5.1 × 10 −24 cm 2 at 204.06 nm. At all wavelengths in this region, our values of the Herzberg continuum cross section are smaller than previous laboratory values, much smaller than the values used in many photochemical stratospheric models, and consistent with recent in situ stratospheric cross-section measurements. The acceptance of reduced Herzberg continuum cross sections significantly affects photochemical modelling predictions. Band oscillator strengths f(0, 0) = 2.95 × 10 −10 and f(1, 0) = 3.13 × 10 −9 of the (0, 0) and (1, 0) Schumann–Runge bands have been determined by direct numerical integration of the measured discrete cross section remaining after subtraction of the continua from the total cross section. Improved wavenumber measurements of the (0, 0) and (2, 1) Schumann–Runge bands are given.
Simple gain-flattened erbium-doped fiber amplifier with a wide dynamic range (2002)

In summary, we have demonstrated a hybrid Er-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) with a flat gain over a dynamic range of 15 dB, with a minimum of optical components. This results from careful choices of the spectra and lengths of the constituent Er-doped fibres (EDF)s.