gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Key technologies for 500-MHz VLSI test system ultimate (1988)

This paper describes key technologies needed for constructing ULTIMATE, including an 8-ps resolution timing generator, a formatter with a realtime waveform control function, a 2.5-ps resolution standard comparator, and a miniaturized 3-GHz 59-pole channel selector. Almost all the pin-electronics hardware has been integrated on 12 kinds of LSIs, 8 of which are 2.5K-gate and 400-gate ultra-high speed bipolar gate arrays. ULTIMATE realizes ±55 -ps overall timing accuracy by the timing calibration method which combines a standard comparator-based method and a TDR-based method.
Novel self-aligned W/TiN/TiSi2 contact structure for very shallow junctions and interconnections (1989)

This letter describes a novel structure for very large scale integrated contact and interconnect technology that involves selective deposition of W on self-aligned TiN/TiSi2. The TiN layer serves to protect reaction between WF6 and TiSi2 and underlying Si during W deposition as well as to promote adhesion of W layer and minimize contact resistance. The selective deposition of W on TiN, very difficult with conventional hydrogen reduction process, is accomplished by employing a recently developed silane reduction process. The structure prevents silicon consumption leading to the encroachment commonly found in tungsten deposited directly on silicon in very shallow junctions. It is demonstrated that such a structure results in low contact resistance and junction leakages and is applicable to subhalf-micron devices. Tungsten with low resistivity of 8–9 μΩ cm can be achieved at room temperature with the resulting drop by a factor of 3–4 at liquid-nitrogen temperature making the structure more attractive for low-temperature application.
Vitamin D receptor: molecular signaling and actions of nutritional ligands in disease prevention (2008)

The human vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a key nuclear receptor that binds nutritionally derived ligands and exerts bioeffects that contribute to bone mineral homeostasis, detoxification of exogenous and endogenous compounds, cancer prevention, and mammalian hair cycling. Liganded VDR modulates gene expression via heterodimerization with the retinoid X receptor and recruitment of coactivators or corepressors. VDR interacts with the corepressor hairless (Hr) to control hair cycling, an action independent of the endocrine VDR ligand, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). We report novel dietary ligands for VDR including curcumin, gamma-tocotrienol, and essential fatty acid derivatives that likely play a role in the bioactions of VDR.
Arterial Lactate Concentration at the End of Liver Transplantation Is an Early Predictor of Primary Graft Dysfunction (2018)

As a reflection of both hypoperfusion and tissue damage, the assay of arterial LCEOT ≥5 mmol/L appears to be a strong predictor of early graft outcomes and may be used as an endpoint in studies assessing the impact of perioperative management. Its accessibility and low cost could impose it as a reliable parameter to anticipate postoperative management and help clinicians for decision-making in the first PODs.
CATIA V5-Based Parametric Aircraft Geometry Modeler (2013)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Current transport aircraft are mature systems, thus require increased fidelity at the beginning of the design process to allow further optimization. Furthermore, a desire exists to explore unconventional aircraft configurations at the conceptual level. This has motivated the development of a tool which effectively manages the trade-off between high-fidelity levels, flexibility and short turn-around times. This paper presents a CATIA V5-based parametric aircraft geometry modeler developed by Bombardier Aerospace. The aim of the tool is to provide consistent high-fidelity geometric data early in the conceptual aircraft design process.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The intended near-term use of the modeler is two-fold: during the early design phase, the modeler computes geometric data such as areas, volumes, ESDU aircraft parameters, etc. In the competitive analysis domain, the tool provides a high-quality three-dimensional model with manageable effort. In both cases, the engineer is presented with a fully parametric three-dimensional CATIA V5 aircraft model. In the medium-term, use by expert departments is envisioned. </div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Moreover, the geometrical data extracted from CATALIST can be saved into a standard database and fed to various analysis codes to compute aircraft performance characteristics. As aircraft models are in native CATIA V5 format, this fits seamlessly into the established design process at Bombardier Aerospace. Additionally, this approach allows critical analyses to be performed earlier in the conceptual design phase.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Aircraft exterior and interior modules are in use today along with systems modules and a basic structural representation. An overview of the key features of the tool is presented along with sample applications. Tool usability and modeling quality have been extensively validated with selected regional aircraft and business jets from Bombardier.</div></div>
Characterizing complex product architectures: Regular Paper (2004)

Due to the large-scale nature of complex product architectures, it is necessary to develop some form of abstraction in order to be able to describe and grasp the structure of the product, facilitating product modularization. In this paper we develop three methods for describing product architectures: (a) the Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM), (b) Molecular Diagrams (MD), and (c) Visibility-Dependency (VD) signature diagrams. Each method has its own language (and abstraction), which can be used to qualitatively or quantitatively characterize any given architecture spanning the modular-integrated continuum. A consequence of abstraction is the loss of some detail. So, it is important to choose the correct method (and resolution) to characterize the architecture in order to retain the salient details. The proposed methods are suited for describing architectures of varying levels of complexity and detail. The three methods are demonstrated using a sequence of illustrative simple examples and a case-study analysis of a complex product architecture for an industrial gas turbine. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 35–60, 2004
Pertubation with lignocaine as a new treatment of dysmenorrhea due to endometriosis: a randomized controlled trial (2012)

This small RCT indicates that pertubation with lignocaine is a non-hormonal treatment option for patients with dysmenorrhea and endometriosis. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01329796.
Network sensitivity to hot-potato disruptions (2004)

Hot-potato routing is a mechanism employed when there are multiple (equally good) interdomain routes available for a given destination. In this scenario, the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) selects the interdomain route associated with the closest egress point based upon intradomain path costs. Consequently, intradomain routing changes can impact interdomain routing and cause abrupt swings of external routes, which we call hot-potato disruptions. Recent work has shown that hot-potato disruptions can have a substantial impact on large ISP backbones and thereby jeopardize the network robustness. As a result, there is a need for guidelines and tools to assist in the design of networks that minimize hot-potato disruptions. However, developing these tools is challenging due to the complex and subtle nature of the interactions between exterior and interior routing. In this paper, we address these challenges using an analytic model of hot-potato routing that incorporates metrics to evaluate network sensitivity to hot-potato disruptions. We then present a methodology for computing these metrics using measurements of real ISP networks. We demonstrate the utility of our model by analyzing the sensitivity of a large AS in a tier~1 ISP network.
Prostaglandin F2 alpha receptors in the human trabecular meshwork. (1998)

Prostanoid FPA receptors exist in human trabecular meshwork cells, as shown by the presence of mRNA, protein, and functional response to PGF2 alpha. This study indicates that functional FP receptors are present in the human trabecular meshwork and that they may be involved in mediating some of the IOP-lowering effects of PGF2 alpha in the eye.
Computed Tomography And Its Modern Applications (1985)

This paper reviews a few of the more recent and most successful applications of medical imaging that have exploited the spatial resolution of computed tomography (CT) systems. Spatial resolution is, at this time, a distinguishing feature of high resolution CT scanners when compared to other medical imaging modalities. The purpose of this paper is to highlight these promising applications of digital imaging in medicine and similar applications of computer graphics, computer communications and bio-engineering that will develop using magnetic resonance and the new technologies that follow. Stereotactic techniques for neurosurgery and more recently orthopaedic surgery are outlined. In addition, techniques for custom structure modelling and prostheses planning and manufacturing are discussed. Finally, emerging issues of computer communications and their application to clinical imaging are introduced.
KEYNOTE - A Statistical Analysis of GPS L1, L2, and L5 Tracking Performance During Ionospheric Scintillation (2015)

GNSS navigation accuracy in the presence of ionospheric scintillation depends critically on tracking loop performance, which can be characterized in terms of the probability of loss-oflock (LOL) and the time for signal reacquisition following LOL events. Due to the relatively recent introduction of the new GPS modernization signals L2C and L5, there have been few statistical studies comparing L1, L2C, and L5 tracking performance under real-world scintillation conditions. While the lower frequency carriers generally experience larger signal fluctuations (due to the well-known frequency dependence of scintillation), the different codes and tracking algorithms employed for the different carrier signals make it difficult to predict their vulnerabilities and potential benefits to the NextGen aviation systems that will leverage these signals. Moreover, different GNSS receiver models employ different tracking algorithms which may exhibit unique strengths and vulnerabilities, depending on the characteristics of the scintillating environment. The most direct way to assess the tracking performance for L1, L2C, and L5 during scintillation is by the statistical analysis of experimental data collected using multiple receiver models during the current solar maximum period.

With funding and support from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Boston College and National Institute for Space Research (INPE) have been collecting GNSS scintillation observations in Brazil since 2012. Both GPS legacy and triple frequency receivers (L1 C/A, L2C and L5) are represented. As part of our ongoing study to assess GNSS signal tracking performance and navigation accuracy during scintillation, in this paper we report on the probability of losing code lock on L1, L2C, and L5 with two widely used GNSS scintillation monitors, the NovAtel GPStation-6 and Septentrio PolaRxS Pro. The approach we have taken is to count the number of scintillation-induced gaps in the high rate (50 Hz) receiver-reported signal amplitudes. Next, we bin these data gaps as a function of the scintillation index S4. The ratio of the number of missing samples to the total number of samples for a given S4 yields the probability of interrupted code tracking as a function of S4. Only high elevation observations are included in the statistics to exclude fluctuations caused by multipath reflections from terrestrial objects.

We find that both receivers the NovAtel GPStation-6 and Septentrio PolaRxS Pro generally experienced a higher probability of losing lock on the lower frequency carriers (L2C and L5), even when quantified in terms of S4 on the same carrier, despite the enhanced codes and advanced tracking techniques available for these modernization signals.
Recent Advances in Adaptive Liquid Crystal Lenses (2019)

An adaptive-focus lens is a device that is capable of tuning its focal length by means of an external stimulus. Numerous techniques for the demonstration of such devices have been reported thus far. Moving beyond traditional solutions, several new approaches have been proposed in recent years based on the use of liquid crystals, which can have a great impact in emerging applications. This work focuses on the recent advances in liquid crystal lenses with diameters larger than 1 mm. Recent demonstrations and their performance characteristics are reviewed, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the reported technologies and identifying the challenges and future prospects in the active research field of adaptive-focus liquid crystal (LC) lenses.
Microstructures and Strengths of Metals and Ceramics made by Photopolymerbased Rapid Prototyping (2018)

Metal and ceramic flexure specimens were fabricated using a photopolymer-based rapid\nprototyping technique. Photosensitive resins (inks) were produced by dispersing 50 - 55 vol%\nmetal or ceramic powders in a photopolymer resin. Laminates 0.2" thick were built up by repeated\napplication oflayers 3 - 10 mils thick followed by curing under a UV flood lamp with photomasks.\nThe layered samples were thermally processed to remove the photopolymer binder and sintered to\nhigh density. Densities, microstructural characterization and flexure strengths are reported for\nsilicon nitride, alumina, zirconia, stainless steel, and tungsten.
Serum desialylated glycoproteins in patients with hepatobiliary dysfunction. (1978)

Abstract Levels of circulating desialylated glycoproteins were measured by means of a rat hepatocyte plasma membrane inhibition assay in 173 patients with hepatobiliary disease and in 18 normal controls. Control levels were 7.58 ± 3.5 S.D. expressed as nanogram equivalents of DTBG per 10μl of serum. Elevations greater than 2 S.D. from the control mean were found in 94% of the patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 85% of the patients with hepatic neoplasms. Elevations of serum desialylated glycoproteins also occurred in the serum of patients with hepatitis and cholestasis, but these elevations were more variable and appeared to correlate with the duration and severity of the disease at the time at which the serum sample was obtained. Elevations also occurred in patients with congestive heart failure and correlated with the duration of failure. In 73 of the patients results of conventional liver function tests as well as of the ABT's were available. There did not appear to be any simple correlation between abnormalities in the conventional tests and elevations of serum desialylated glycoproteins. Measurement of circulating desialylated glycoproteins has the potential of providing a clinically useful means of assessing hepatocellular destruction or abnormal hepatic glycoprotein synthesis, particularly in patients suspected of having cirrhosis or hepatic malignancy.
The effects of a combination of the β agonist clenbuterol and bovine pituitary growth hormone on growth of milk-fed calves (1987)

Clenbuterol, a β adrenergic agonist has been shown to increase nitrogen retention and decrease lipid deposition in cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry and laboratory rodents. Effects on nitrogen retention occur primarily in skeletal muscle (Williams et al 1987) and results suggest that reduced protein degradation is mainly responsible for the increased N retention. Reductions in N excretion were insufficient to account for the increased N retention in muscle and we demonstrated (Williams et al 1987) that increased N retention in skeletal muscle was occurring partly as a result of a nitrogen repartitioning in the body with reduced N retention in the viscera. Growth hormone also stimulates skeletal and muscle growth furthermore the mechanism whereby growth hormone stimulates N retention was considered to act primarily via a stimulation of protein synthesis (Eismann et al 1986). It would therefore appear that clenbuterol and growth hormone both increase N retention but by different mechanisms leading to the possibility of achieving an additive effect from the use of the two compounds in combination. The present experiment was designed to study the effects of clenbuterol and growth hormone individually and in combination on the N balance, creatinine excretion, protein and lipid accretion of veal calves.
Face matching through information theoretical attention points and its applications to face detection and classification (2002)

This paper presents a face matching method through information theoretical attention points. The attention points are selected as the points where the outputs of Gabor filters applied to the contrast-filtered image (Gabor features) have rich information. The information value of Gabor features of the certain point is used as the weight and the weighed sum of the correlations is used as the similarity measure for the matching. To cope with the scale changes of a face, several images with different scales are generated by interpolation from the input image and the best match is searched. By using the attention points given from the information theoretical point of view, the matching becomes robust under various environments. This matching method is applied to face detection of a known person and face classification. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by experiments using the face images captured over years under the different environments.
Calcium pyrophosphate crystal formation in aqueous solutions. (1981)

Pseudogout is characterized by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, triclinic [CPPD(T)] and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, monoclinic [CPPD(M)] crystals in articular connective tissues. We studied aqueous solutions over a range of calcium chloride/sodium pyrophosphate concentrations to determine the ionic conditions under which these particular salts form. At 37 degrees C, CPPD(T) forms when [PPi]t greater than or equal to 10(-4), while formation of CPPD(M) occurs at 10(-3) M < [PPi]t less than or equal to 10(-2) M. When [Na+]t > 120 mM, calcium disodium pyrophosphates precipitate. With 1 mM Mg++, CPPD(M) forms at [PPi]t > 10(-3) M, mixed with a calcium magnesium pyrophosphate at [PPi]t greater than or equal to 10(-2) M. We conclude that CPPD(T) and CPPD(M) crystals form in a restricted ratio and range of [Ca++]t and [PPi]t and that other ions, particularly Mg++ and Na+, affect the nature of the crystal products formed.
Modeling and compensation of asymmetric hysteresis in a piezo actuated metrological AFM (2009)

The manipulation of samples in atomic force microscopes (AFMs) is often performed using piezoelectric actuators. In this paper, a metrological AFM with a 3 degree-of-freedom (DOF) stage driven by piezo-stack actuators is considered. The piezo actuators exhibit hysteresis, which can change the system dynamics and/or acts as a non-linear disturbance on the system. This deteriorates the performance of the AFM. The 3 DOF stage exhibits asymmetric hysteresis, which is modeled by extending the Coleman-Hodgdon model. The asymmetry includes a scan range dependent offset and an asymmetry between the trace and retrace directions. Non-linear multi-variable optimization is employed to derive the optimal generic model for all scan ranges. The proposed extended Coleman-Hodgdon model describes the asymmetric hysteresis over all scan ranges with an accuracy of 97%. Based on the model, a feedforward compensation method is developed. Experiments on the metrological AFM show that the application of the hysteresis feedforward largely improves the scanning accuracy.
Production of Furfural by Dilute-Acid Hydrolysis of Wood: Methods For Calculating Furfural Yield (1993)

The production of furfural via dilute-acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials has been under study for many years.Furfiural yield values have been reported to be 4 0 4 0 % of the theoretical value in closed systems and 50-80s when furfural is rapidly removed from the reaction medium.Furfural yield calculations are simple in batch systems since the mass of wood charged is known.However, when continuous units are used, these calculations become difficult because the mass flow of material that is fed to the reactor is often unknown, or not measurable.To overcome this problem, two estimating methods have been developed: 1) an experimental approach based on output streams mass balance and assuming that input = output, and 2) a mathematical methodology leading to the estimation of feed mass flow.Results obtained by means of these methods have been compared with precise values resulting from complete mass balances.To validate the different computing methods proposed, experiments were camed out in a process development unit.The operating conditions within the tubular reactor were: H,SO, concentration: 0.6%; sluny consistency: 6.0-6.6%;reaction temperature: 200-230 C; residence time: 95-105 sec.Results have shown that calculations based on output streams are incorrect.However, those obtained by mathematical estimation are relatively accurate and require short periods of experimental manipulations.
A triaxial force discernment algorithm for flexible, high density, artificial skin (2006)

Artificial skin research has focused on three primary characteristics: high density, flexible sensing arrays, and the ability to decompose all three components of an applied force vector. Previous research has accomplished some but not all of these characteristics. In this paper, we present a new flexible, high density sensor array and a triaxial force discernment algorithm that can be used with commercially available flexible high density sensor arrays. Together, the sensing array and algorithm achieve all three of the critical skin characteristics. With an addition of thin silicone pillar arrays, the triaxial force discernment algorithm provides a direct solution for nearly all possible force directions. Where the solution is ambiguous, our algorithm is able to reduce the uncertainty to a small range of known values. To confirm the validity of the algorithm, a testbed for a single sensing element was developed. Initial results show a resolution of less than 0.01 radians and calculated force components within the uncertainty of the ground truth for most situations. Our approach opens doors for many applications including robotic manipulation, haptic interfaces, human-robot interaction, and medical diagnoses
Information Sharing to Improve Retail Product Freshness of Perishables (2006)

We explore the value of information (VOI) in the context of a retailer that provides a perishable product to consumers and receives replenishment from a single supplier. We assume a periodic review model with stochastic demand, lost sales, and order quantity restrictions. The product lifetime is fixed and deterministic once received by the retailer, although the age of replenished items provided by the supplier varies stochastically over time. Since the product is perishable, any unsold inventory remaining after the lifetime elapses must be discarded (outdated). Without the supplier explicitly informing the retailer of the product age, the age remains unknown until receipt. With information sharing, the retailer is informed of the product age prior to placing an order and hence, can utilize this information in its decision‐making. We formulate the retailer's replenishment policies, with and without knowing the age of the product upon receipt, and measure the VOI as the marginal improvement in profit that the retailer achieves with information sharing, relative to the case when no information is shared. We establish the importance of information sharing and identify the conditions under which substantial benefits can be realized.