gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct in vivo evidence of CD4+ T cell requirement for CTL response and memory via pMHC-I targeting and CD40L signaling (2012)

CD4(+) T cell help contributes critically to DC-induced CD8(+) CTL immunity. However, precisely how these three cell populations interact and how CD4(+) T cell signals are delivered to CD8(+) T cells in vivo have been unclear. In this study, we developed a novel, two-step approach, wherein CD4(+) T cells and antigen-presenting DCs productively engaged one another in vivo in the absence of cognate CD8(+) T cells, after which, we selectively depleted the previously engaged CD4(+) T cells or DCs before allowing interactions of either population alone with naïve CD8(+) T cells. This protocol thus allows us to clearly document the importance of CD4(+) T-licensed DCs and DC-primed CD4(+) T cells in CTL immunity. Here, we provide direct in vivo evidence that primed CD4(+) T cells or licensed DCs can stimulate CTL response and memory, independent of DC-CD4(+) T cell clusters. Our results suggest that primed CD4(+) T cells with acquired pMHC-I from DCs represent crucial "immune intermediates" for rapid induction of CTL responses and for functional memory via CD40L signaling. Importantly, intravital, two-photon microscopy elegantly provide unequivocal in vivo evidence for direct CD4-CD8(+) T cell interactions via pMHC-I engagement. This study corroborates the coexistence of direct and indirect mechanisms of T cell help for a CTL response in noninflammatory situations. These data suggest a new "dynamic model of three-cell interactions" for CTL immunity derived from stimulation by dissociated, licensed DCs, primed CD4(+) T cells, and DC-CD4(+) T cell clusters and may have significant implications for autoimmunity and vaccine design.
Annealing effect of high-TC superconducting Y(Ba1-xSrx)2Cu3O7-y ceramics. (1987)

Y(Ba1-x-xSrx)2Cu3O7-y (0≤x≤1.0) were prepared. The temperature dependences of resistivity and ac susceptibity were measured. The annealing effect for the ceramics has been investigated. Single phase ceramics are obtained in the range of 0≤x≤0.6. The Tc decreases linearly with increasing x. The Tc scarecely changed regardless of annealing conditions, except quenching from higher temperature than 500°C.
A semantic and syntactic text simplification tool for health content. (2010)

Text simplification is a challenging NLP task and it is particularly important in the health domain as most health information requires higher reading skills than an average consumer has. This low readability of health content is largely due to the presence of unfamiliar medical terms/concepts and certain syntactic characteristics, such as excessively complex sentences. In this paper, we discuss a simplification tool that was developed to simplify health information. The tool addresses semantic difficulty by substituting difficult terms with easier synonyms or through the use of hierarchically and/or semantically related terms. The tool also simplifies long sentences by splitting them into shorter grammatical sentences. We used the tool to simplify electronic medical records and journal articles and results show that the tool simplifies both document types though by different degrees. A cloze test on the electronic medical records showed a statistically significant improvement in the cloze score from 35.8% to 43.6%.
Silicon and the State: French Innovation Policy in the Internet Age (2004)

In the early 1990s, French officials viewed with some concern the emerging and innovative high-technology sectors of the U.S. and British marketplace. Fearful of falling too far behind, the French government implemented a vast array of policies --from tax incentives for investing in risky high-tech start-ups to new standards for electronic signatures --designed to promote the commercialization of new economy technologies in France. The efforts have turned French innovation policy on its head. Traditional government and bank-financed research and development were replaced by private venture capital. Professionals in France's technical elite --long accustomed to a secure career track in prestigious laboratories and industrial conglomerates --began moving into risky entrepreneurial ventures. New technologies, once developed exclusively by France's national champions of the marketplace, such as Ariane, Airbus, and Renault, began to be commercialized by technology start-ups. Efforts to promote the new economy, however, have proved politically and socially contentious. Many French policymakers and public intellectuals fear that regulatory liberalization might threaten or undermine state sovereignty. Gunnar Trumbull investigates France's experience in adapting to the requirements of innovation in the new information and communications technology (ICT) sectors by focusing on events over a six-year period, from 1996 to 2002. This short stretch of time proved a crucible for French leaders and businesspeople: it saw dramatic efforts at regulatory reform; a boom in technology start-ups, venture capital, and initial public offerings; the spread of the Internet; and then a collapse in the Internet market, accompanied by a broader economic decline. The new challenges of the ICT revolution were confronted, and new policies and practices were tested and stressed. The author describes France's new technology policy as both boldly new and familiarly French. He commends the French state for continuing to play a central role in shaping France's new economy and argues that the new reforms actually reinforce the role and autonomy of the state. Acknowledging that the government's solutions have not been elegant, Trumbull asserts that they nonetheless offer a workable accommodation of French values to the requirements of competitiveness in the new economy sectors and provide a model for others. Silicon and the State provides important new insight into the way France has worked to reconcile its traditions of state engagement and social solidarity with the challenges the country faces from new economy technologies.
Interactions between crystalline medicinals and porous clay. (1986)

The physicochemical properties of drug molecules in a mixture with montmorillonite or pillar interlayer montmorillonite (PILM) were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The DSC and IR data indicated that benzoic acid was converted to ionic species by heating to 400K in PILM200 and PILM400 mixtures, whereas benzoic acid molecules partially existed in an amorphous state in both montmorillonite and PILM600 mixtures.The decomposition rate of aspirin in the montmorillonite mixtures was studied at 40°C and 0, 31.3 and 79% relative humidities (RH). Asprin was decomposed rapidly at 0% RH as compared with 79% RH in the PILM mixtures. This result indicates that the aspirin did not react with the bulk water but with active water adsorbed on the internal pore surfaces of PILM.
Reaction of Butadiene with Ethylene. II.<sup>1</sup> New Catalytic Systems in Synthesis of 1,4-Hexadiene (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of Butadiene with Ethylene. II.1 New Catalytic Systems in Synthesis of 1,4-HexadieneMasao Iwamoto and Sadao YuguchiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 12, 4290–4291Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01350a537https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01350a537research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views338Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Fuels and Chemicals Processing: An Overview (2013)

A major goal/challenge in catalysis research is to design stable catalysts that selectively form targeted products in high yields. This chapter presents a brief overview of recent progress towards this goal including: (1) fundamental concepts, (2) current approaches to heterogeneous catalyst design and discovery, (3) catalytic materials and synthesis methods, (4) in situ characterization, (5) modern kinetic and computational tools, and (6) emerging catalytic applications for fuels and chemicals from renewable (e.g., biomass) and alternative abundant (e.g., natural gas) feedstocks. In the final section, perspectives and anticipated advances in catalyst synthesis, in situ characterization, and kinetics and computational tools for the design of heterogeneous catalysts are presented. Further, we also briefly highlight concepts that incorporate environmental, health, and safety (EHS), risk, and life cycle assessment (LCA) analyses to guide catalyst design. The literature covering these topics is immense and it would be nearly impossible to include all available references in a single publication such as this. Therefore, only a selected number of references are cited herein to illustrate the most relevant aspects in the design of heterogeneous catalysts for fuels and chemicals processing.
JIRiSS - an Eclipse plug-in for Source Code Exploration (2006)

JIRiSS (Information Retrieval based Software Search for Java) is a software exploration tool that uses an indexing engine based on an information retrieval method. JIRiSS is implemented as a plug-in for Eclipse and it allows the user to search Java source code for the implementation of concepts formulated as natural language queries. The results of the query are presented as a ranked list of software methods or classes, ordered by the similarity to the user query. In addition to that, JIRiSS includes other advanced features like automatically generated software vocabulary, advanced query formulation options including spell-checking as well as fragment-based search.
Apramycin, a unique aminocyclitol antibiotic (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTApramycin, a unique aminocyclitol antibioticSean O'Connor, L. K. T. Lam, Noel D. Jones, and Michael O. ChaneyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 12, 2087–2092Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00874a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00874a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views538Altmetric-Citations92LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Speculative execution and branch prediction on parallel machines (1993)

Several recent studies on the limits of parallelism have reported that speculative execution can substantially increase the amount of exploitable parallelism in programs, especially non-numerical programs. This is true even for parallel machines models which allow multiple flows of control. However, most architectural techniques for speculation and branch prediction are geared toward conventional computers with a single flow of control, and little has been done in studying speculation models and techniques for parallel machines with multiple threads of control.
Metallocene/carbon hybrids prepared by a solution process for supercapacitor applications (2013)

Efficient and scalable solution-based processes are not generally available to integrate well-studied pseudocapacitive materials (i.e., metal oxides and conducting polymers) with other components such as porous carbon, mainly because these classes of pseudocapacitive systems have poor solubilities in solvents and exhibit no specific interactions with the other component. Here we report, for the first time, the integration of a metallocene polymer, polyvinylferrocene (PVF), with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via a simple solution process for supercapacitor applications. The solution processability of the PVF/CNT hybrid is due to the high solubilities of PVF in organic solvents and the unique ability of the metallocene/carbon system to form stable dispersions through the π–π stacking interactions between the two components. The nanostructure and electrochemical properties of the hybrid can be manipulated systematically by adjusting the composition of the dispersion. The hybrid with the optimized composition exhibits unusually high capacitance (1452 F g−1) and energy density (79.5 W h kg−1) obtained in a standard two-electrode configuration, outperforming previously reported pseudocapacitive materials.
[Study on mechanism underlying the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by Keshiling]. (2006)

KSL possesses the anti-inflammation function.
Fungemia in Children Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: New Epidemiologic Patterns, Emerging Pathogens, and Improved Outcome with Antifungal Therapy (1995)

We characterized 27 episodes of fungemia in 22 children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Fungemia in these patients presented as a community-acquired infection in the setting of outpatient total parenteral nutrition or intravenous antibiotic therapy through a chronically indwelling central venous catheter (CVC). Fungemia developed only in patients with CVCs (P < .001). Non-albicans Candida species, Torulopsis glabrata, Rhodotorula rubra, and Bipolaris spicifera constituted 52% of all causes. Fungemia was detected early, within a median of 2.4 days after the onset of new fever, which permitted prompt administration of amphotericin B (mean dosage, 0.7 mg/[kg.day]; median duration, 19 days). CVCs were removed in 23 (85%) of the episodes. We conclude that fungemia in HIV-infected children often presents as a community-acquired infection, is frequently due to newly emerging opportunistic fungi, and can be managed, with a high level of success (95% survival with no posttherapeutic sequelae), by early diagnosis, prompt initiation of amphotericin B therapy, and removal of the CVC.
Lentinan potentiates immunity and prolongs the survival time of some patients. (1997)

For the selection of patients responding well to lentinan, we performed two immunological analysis of patients. Flow cytometric analysis was obtained from peripheral blood lymphocytes; the patients who had greater than 2.5 ratio of [CD11(-) CD8(+)/CD11(+) CD8(+) after treatment]/[CD11(-) CD8(+)/CD11(+) CD8(+) before treatment] at 10 days after lentinan administration showed prolonged survival. The analysis of the- levels of soluble factors such as IL-6, sIL-6R, TNF-alpha, G-CSF, sICAM-1, IAP, and PGE2 and the decreasing levels of G-CSF, IL-6, and PGE2 after lentinan administration had a statistically significant correlation with the ratio of [CD4(+) CD29(+)/CD4(+) CD29(-) after treatment]/[(CD4(+) CD29(+)/CD4(+)CD29(-) before treatment]. The decrease in IL-6, G-CSF, and PGE2 levels after lentinan administration indicated an increase in immunine potential. From these results, we belive that patients with over 2.5-fold increase in [CD11(-) CD8(+)/CD11(+) CD8(+) after treatment]/[CD11(-) CD8(+)/CD11(+) CD8(+) before treatment] and showing a decrease in IL-6, G-CSF, and PGE2 levels after lentinan administration should continue treatment with lentinan for a long period.
Handwritten character recognition using gradient feature and quadratic classifier with multiple discrimination schemes (2005)

In the research of statistical approach for handwritten character recognition, directional element feature (DEF) and modified quadratic discriminant function (MQDF) have been extremely successful and widely used in practical applications. In this paper, we apply several state-of-the-art techniques of handwritten character recognition on this baseline system to improve the recognition accuracy. In feature extraction stage, gradient feature is extracted to replace DEF, which provides higher resolution on both magnitude and angle of the directional strokes in character image. In classification stage, the performance of MQDF classifier is enhanced by multiple discrimination schemes, including minimum classification error (MCE) training on the classifier parameters and modified distance representation for similar characters discrimination. All these techniques we use lead to improvement on the character recognition rate. The performance of the improved recognition system has been evaluated by both handwritten digit recognition and handwritten Chinese character recognition experiments, in which very promising results are achieved.
Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 Gene Expression in Neurons Contributes to Ischemic Brain Damage (1997)

Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), a rate-limiting enzyme for prostanoid synthesis, is induced during inflammation and participates in inflammation-mediated cytotoxicity. Cerebral ischemia is followed by an inflammatory reaction that plays a role in the evolution of the tissue damage. We studied whether COX-2 is induced after cerebral ischemia and if so, whether such expression contributes to ischemic brain damage. The middle cerebral artery was occluded in rats, and the ischemic area was sampled for analysis 3-96 hr later. COX-2 mRNA was determined by the competitive reverse-transcription PCR. COX-2 mRNA was upregulated in the ischemic hemisphere, but not contralaterally, beginning 6 hr after ischemia. The upregulation reached a maximum at 12 hr, at which time a fivefold induction of the message occurred. Twenty-four hours after ischemia, the concentration of prostaglandin E2 was elevated in the injured brain by 292 +/- 57% (n = 6). COX-2 immunoreactivity was observed in neurons at the medial edge of the ischemic area. Administration of the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 attenuated the elevation in prostaglandin E2 in the postischemic brain and reduced the volume of the infarct by 29 +/- 6% (p < 0.05). Thus, cerebral ischemia leads to upregulation of COX-2 message, protein, and reaction products in the injured hemisphere. The data implicate COX-2 in the mechanisms of delayed neuronal death at the infarct border and provide the rationale for neuroprotective strategies employing COX-2 inhibitors.
Acupuncture for patients with chronic neck pain (2006)

Acupuncture is widely used by patients with neck pain, but there is a lack of information about its effectiveness in routine medical care. The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of acupuncture in addition to routine care in patients with chronic neck pain compared to treatment with routine care alone. We performed a randomized controlled multicentre trial plus non-randomized cohort in general practices in Germany. 14,161 patients with chronic neck pain (duration >6 months). Patients were randomly allocated to an acupuncture group or a control group receiving no acupuncture. Patients in the acupuncture group received up to 15 acupuncture sessions over three months. Patients who did not consent to randomization received acupuncture treatment. All subjects were allowed to receive usual medical care in addition to study treatment. Neck pain and disability (NPAD Scale by Wheeler) after three months. Of 14,161 patients (mean age 50.9+/-13.1 years, 68% female) 1880 were randomized to acupuncture and 1886 to control, and 10,395 included into the non-randomized acupuncture group. At three months, neck pain and disability improved by 16.2 (SE: 0.4) to 38.3 (SE: 0.4); and by 3.9 (SE: 0.4) to 50.5 (SE: 0.4), difference 12.3 (p<0.001) in the acupuncture and control group, respectively. Treatment success was essentially maintained through six months. Non-randomized patients had more severe symptoms at baseline and showed higher neck pain and disability improvement compared to randomized patients. Treatment with acupuncture added to routine care in patients with chronic neck pain was associated with improvements in neck pain and disability compared to treatment with routine care alone.
Formation of Ultrafine Metal Particles by Gas Evaporation Technique. I. Aluminium in Helium (1973)

The appearance of smoke was studied by a video tape recorder. A typical smoke consisted of inner zone, inner front, outer zone and outer front. Smoke particles collected at different parts were studied by electron microscopy. They were large and often showed clear-cut habits in the inner front, while they were small and uniform in the inner and outer zones. The particle size varied with the gas pressure, evaporation temperature and position of collecting particles. The particles grow remarkably by coalescence where no metal vapour exists. All the experimental results on the size can be explained with an empirical rule that particles become larger when the nucleation starts in vapour of higher density.
An Evaluation Approach for Dynamics-Aware Applications Using Linked Data (2010)

One possible threat to linked data quality is the lack of knowledge about the dynamics in dependent remote datasets. Linked data consuming applications often need to be aware of changes in these datasets in order to update local data dependencies. Dataset dynamics recently emerged as an active research topic and methods for the detection, propagation, and description of the dynamics in linked datasets are being developed. It is, however, difficult to compare these methods on a quantitative and qualitative level due to the lack of appropriate benchmarks and evaluation infrastructures. Therefore we have implemented a reusable infrastructure for the evaluation of applications that are concerned with linked dataset dynamics. Our contributions comprise a vocabulary for the description of timely-ordered changes in linked datasets and an extensible tool-set for extracting and simulating these changes. We also provide two example datasets and explain their usage in the evaluation of our own tool dealing with dynamic datasets. We consider these contributions as a first step towards a reference benchmark for measuring the performance of solutions dealing with issues resulting from dataset dynamics, such as low and high-level change detection or efficient and scalable notification mechanisms.