gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Artificial neural networks activation function HDL coder (2009)

The sigmoid and hyperbolic tangent functions are usually used as the activation functions in Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The exponential nature of these functions make them difficult for hardware implementation. Hence, several different methods for approximating them in hardware are proposed. In this work, we present a MATLAB toolbox called the ldquoSigTan HDL Coderrdquo, that generates synthesizable HDL Code which approximates these functions in hardware according to the specific user requirements. The HDL code is platform independent and can be used for FPGA as well as ASIC implementations. Input parameters to the system are the approximation error, input range, and the approximation method. Three different user-selectable methods for approximating the functions are programmed in the toolbox. All implemented approximation methods avoid the use of multipliers for their implementation, as multipliers are expensive hardware components in terms of area and speed.
Improved Drilling Economics and Enhanced Target Acquisition through the Application of Effective Geomagnetic Referencing (2011)

Abstract For a deepwater operator facing the challenges of directional drilling and wellbore stability, surveying with high spread costs in excess of USD 1 million per day, any approach which promises to reduce or eliminate cost and risk has great potential benefit. This paper showcases how careful planning, a fit-for-purpose survey program, and, most importantly, an effective, real-time geomagnetic referencing service (GRS) can significantly improve the operator's ability to hit both geological and financial targets. The authors describe recent breakthrough improvements in the accuracy of GRS techniques and present a case study to illustrate the benefits of this approach for the industry, especially in deepwater operations. Each magnetic survey tool has an associated degree of uncertainty in the accuracy of data acquired. This error is cumulative, increasing with depth as a well is being drilled. In three dimensions, this area of uncertainty takes an elliptical form around the projected well path, a zone of possible well positions known as the ellipse of uncertainty (EOU). In high-angle wells, the EOU may grow so large that it exceeds the dimensions of the geological target, decreasing the driller's level of confidence and increasing the risks and potential costs of missing the target. Therefore, the development of more accurate yet cost-effective surveying techniques has become increasingly critical. The authors will describe a survey approach that meets this challenge by incorporating breakthroughs in real-time GRS and which offers the producer the following benefits: Achieving planned geological targetsSaving the cost of running gyroscopic surveysAvoiding costly post-gyro well path corrections by staying on-path in real timePreventing stuck pipe, lost time, and other risks often associated with gyro surveys The example case to be discussed illustrates how to realize all of the above benefits.
Visualization of the Aneurysm Wall (2014)

Unruptured intracranial aneurysm wall and its variation in thickness can be visualized with 7.0-T MRI. Aneurysm wall thickness variation can now be further studied as a risk factor for rupture in prospective studies.
Does the Basketball Market Believe in the 'Hot Hand,'? (1989)

Most people who watch basketball believe\nin the "hot hand": Players who make a shot\nare more likely to hit the next shot than\nplayers who miss a shot (i.e., shots are positively\nautocorrelated rather than independent).\nAlmost everyone in the sample studied\nby Thomas Gilovich, Robert Vallone,\nand Amos Tversky (1985), including several\nsuccessful professionals, believed in the hot\nhand.
Molecular Donor–Acceptor Compounds as Prospective Organic Electronics Materials (2006)

The π-electronic functionalities of molecular donor ( D )–acceptor ( A ) compounds have been attracting subjects for the solid state science as well as for the prospective technological exploitation in organic electronics. In this review, it is shown that the novel neutral–ionic valence instability in the charge-transfer (CT) complexes is closely related to valuable electric properties such as the current-induced resistance switching, quantum phase transition, gigantic dielectric response, and relaxor ferroelectricity. Furthermore, the displacive-type ferroelectricity has recently been developed on the D A combinations in the hydrogen-bonded co-crystals. It is also discussed that the intermolecular CT mechanism in the molecular D A compounds is promising to advance the potential of organic field-effect transistors (FETs) that are envisioned as key components in future organic electronics.
A Composable Array Function Interface for Heterogeneous Computing in Java (2014)

Heterogeneous computing has now become mainstream with virtually every desktop machines featuring accelerators such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). While heterogeneity offers the promise of high-performance and high-efficiency, it comes at the cost of huge programming difficulties. Languages and interfaces for programming such system tend to be low-level and require expert knowledge of the hardware in order to achieve its potential.
Plasma molding over surface topography: Energy and angular distribution of ions extracted out of large holes (2002)

Plasma molding over surface topography was investigated by measuring the energy and angular distribution of ions extracted from a hole in contact with a high density plasma. Holes with diameter larger than as well as smaller than the local sheath thickness were studied in argon or deuterium gas. When the hole diameter (10 μm) was much less than the sheath thickness, the plasma was not perturbed by the presence of the hole. The ion energy distribution (IED) had multiple peaks due to ions sampling the time-varying potential while crossing the sheath. The ion angular distribution (IAD) was Gaussian, peaking at zero angle with respect to the surface normal. These results agree with reported studies. At the other extreme, when the hole diameter (1270 μm) was larger than the sheath thickness, plasma “leaked” into the hole. The IED had a single peak since ions now experience an average sheath potential. The IAD was quite broad extending beyond 30° off normal. When the hole diameter (508 μm) was comparable to the sheath thickness, the shape of the IED and IAD was in-between the two extremes mentioned above. The IAD became more isotropic with increasing power, suggesting that the plasma leaked only partly through the hole (the plasma–sheath meniscus was located inside the hole). For all cases, increasing pressure resulted in lower ion energy in argon plasmas due to ion–neutral collisions. Increasing pressure had little effect on the ion energy for deuterium plasmas, for hole diameter less than 508 μm. This is due to the smaller ion–neutral collision cross section for deuterium.
RIPK1 mediates a disease-associated microglial response in Alzheimer’s disease (2017)

Dysfunction of microglia is known to play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigated the role of RIPK1 in microglia mediating the pathogenesis of AD. RIPK1 is highly expressed by microglial cells in human AD brains. Using the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic mouse model, we found that inhibition of RIPK1, using both pharmacological and genetic means, reduced amyloid burden, the levels of inflammatory cytokines, and memory deficits. Furthermore, inhibition of RIPK1 promoted microglial degradation of Aβ in vitro. We characterized the transcriptional profiles of adult microglia from APP/PS1 mice and identified a role for RIPK1 in regulating the microglial expression of <i>CH25H</i> and <i>Cst7</i>, a marker for disease-associated microglia (DAM), which encodes an endosomal/lysosomal cathepsin inhibitor named Cystatin F. We present evidence that RIPK1-mediated induction of Cst7 leads to an impairment in the lysosomal pathway. These data suggest that RIPK1 may mediate a critical checkpoint in the transition to the DAM state. Together, our study highlights a non-cell death mechanism by which the activation of RIPK1 mediates the induction of a DAM phenotype, including an inflammatory response and a reduction in phagocytic activity, and connects RIPK1-mediated transcription in microglia to the etiology of AD. Our results support that RIPK1 is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
Tbx20 acts upstream of Wnt signaling to regulate endocardial cushion formation and valve remodeling during mouse cardiogenesis (2013)

Cardiac valves are essential to direct forward blood flow through the cardiac chambers efficiently. Congenital valvular defects are prevalent among newborns and can cause an immediate threat to survival as well as long-term morbidity. Valve leaflet formation is a rigorously programmed process consisting of endocardial epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), mesenchymal cell proliferation, valve elongation and remodeling. Currently, little is known about the coordination of the diverse signals that regulate endocardial cushion development and valve elongation. Here, we report that the T-box transcription factor Tbx20 is expressed in the developing endocardial cushions and valves throughout heart development. Ablation of Tbx20 in endocardial cells causes severe valve elongation defects and impaired cardiac function in mice. Our study reveals that endocardial Tbx20 is crucial for valve endocardial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix development, but is not required for initiation of EMT. Elimination of Tbx20 also causes aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the endocardial cushions. In addition, Tbx20 regulates Lef1, a key transcriptional mediator for Wnt/β-catenin signaling, in this developmental process. Our study suggests a model in which Tbx20 regulates the Wnt pathway to direct endocardial cushion maturation and valve elongation, and provides new insights into the etiology of valve defects in humans.
Quantitative probe of the transition metal redox in battery electrodes through soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (2016)

Most battery positive electrodes operate with a 3d transition-metal (TM) reaction centre. A direct and quantitative probe of the TM states upon electrochemical cycling is valuable for understanding the detailed cycling mechanism and charge diffusion in the electrodes, which is related with many practical parameters of a battery. This review includes a comprehensive summary of our recent demonstrations of five different types of quantitative analysis of the TM states in battery electrodes based on soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy and multiplet calculations. In LiFePO4, a system of a well-known two-phase transformation type, the TM redox could be strictly determined through a simple linear combination of the two end-members. In Mn-based compounds, the Mn states could also be quantitatively evaluated, but a set of reference spectra with all the three possible Mn valences needs to be deliberately selected and considered in the fitting. Although the fluorescence signals suffer the self-absorption distortion, the multiplet calculations could consider the distortion effect, which allows a quantitative determination of the overall Ni oxidation state in the bulk. With the aid of multiplet calculations, one could also achieve a quasi-quantitative analysis of the Co redox evolution in LiCoO2 based on the energy position of the spectroscopic peak. The benefit of multiplet calculations is more important for studying electrode materials with TMs of mixed spin states, as exemplified by the quantitative analysis of the mixed spin Na2−xFe2(CN)6 system. At the end, we showcase that such quantitative analysis could provide valuable information for optimizing the electrochemical performance of Na0.44MnO2 electrodes for Na-ion batteries. The methodology summarized in this review could be extended to other energy application systems with TM redox centre for detailed analysis, for example, fuel cell and catalytic materials.
Bacteriocin release proteins: mode of action, structure, and biotechnological application (1995)

The mechanism by which Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli secrete bacteriocins into the culture medium is unique and quite different from the mechanism by which other proteins are translocated across the two bacterial membranes, namely through the known branches of the general secretory pathway. The release of bacteriocins requires the expression and activity of a so-called bacteriocin release protein and the presence of the detergent-resistant phospholipase A in the outer membrane. The bacteriocin release proteins are highly expressed small lipoproteins which are synthesized with a signal peptide that remains stable and which accumulates in the cytoplasmic membrane after cleavage. The combined action of these stable, accumulated signal peptides, the lipid-modified mature bacteriocin release proteins (BRPs) and phospholipase A cause the release of bacteriocins. The structure and mode of action of these BRPs as well as their application in the release of heterologous proteins by E. coli is described in this review.
Activation of mouse peritoneal macrophages by maintenance in serum-free medium. (1991)

Normal mouse peritoneal macrophages maintained in a serum-free medium for 48-72 h and then stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate, zymosan or bacteria, released large amounts of hydrogen peroxide. Opsonized zymosan and bacteria stimulated greater release than their unopsonized counterparts. Enhanced peroxide production was not a consequence of increased uptake of particles. Addition of serum to the serum-free medium abolished activation. The addition of interferon-gamma to the serum-free medium enhanced the effect of the serum-free treatment of macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice but abolished the effect of serum free treatment of macrophages from CFLP mice. The results are discussed in terms of negative regulation of receptor-oxidase linkage by serum.
Role of gastrointestinal factors in hunger and satiety in man (1992)

It is possible that the amount of food consumed by a free-living person in an affluent society is influenced more by social conditioning and emotional factors than by physiological control. This makes it difficult to investigate the mechanisms of food intake in humans; there are so many possible factors to consider.
Orchestra (2015)

Time slotted operation is a well-proven approach to achieve highly reliable low-power networking through scheduling and channel hopping. It is, however, difficult to apply time slotting to dynamic networks as envisioned in the Internet of Things. Commonly, these applications do not have pre-defined periodic traffic patterns and nodes can be added or removed dynamically.
Susceptibility to Anthrax Lethal Toxin-Induced Rat Death Is Controlled by a Single Chromosome 10 Locus That Includes rNlrp1 (2010)

Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) is a bipartite protease-containing toxin and a key virulence determinant of Bacillus anthracis. In mice, LT causes the rapid lysis of macrophages isolated from certain inbred strains, but the correlation between murine macrophage sensitivity and mouse strain susceptibility to toxin challenge is poor. In rats, LT induces a rapid death in as little as 37 minutes through unknown mechanisms. We used a recombinant inbred (RI) rat panel of 19 strains generated from LT-sensitive and LT-resistant progenitors to map LT sensitivity in rats to a locus on chromosome 10 that includes the inflammasome NOD-like receptor (NLR) sensor, Nlrp1. This gene is the closest rat homolog of mouse Nlrp1b, which was previously shown to control murine macrophage sensitivity to LT. An absolute correlation between in vitro macrophage sensitivity to LT-induced lysis and animal susceptibility to the toxin was found for the 19 RI strains and 12 additional rat strains. Sequencing Nlrp1 from these strains identified five polymorphic alleles. Polymorphisms within the N-terminal 100 amino acids of the Nlrp1 protein were perfectly correlated with LT sensitivity. These data suggest that toxin-mediated lethality in rats as well as macrophage sensitivity in this animal model are controlled by a single locus on chromosome 10 that is likely to be the inflammasome NLR sensor, Nlrp1.
Teratogenic effect of acetohydroxamic acid in clinically normal Beagles (1986)

Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA), a potent urease inhibitor used for treatment of infection-induced struvite urolithiasis, was teratogenic after administration of 25 mg of AHA/kg of body weight/day orally to 5 clinically normal Beagles from the onset of proestrus until parturition. Thirty pups exposed to AHA in utero developed anomalies of the skeletal system, heart, and ventral midline. Cardiac anomalies included atrial septal defects (20%), ventricular septal defects (3%), and atrial and ventricular septal defects (3%). Skeletal anomalies included coccygeal hemivertebrae and fused coccygeal vertebrae (50%), supernumerary vertebrae (67%), supernumerary ribs (50%), duplicated sternebrae (3%), and lumbar hemivertebrae (3%). Defects of the ventral midline of the abdominal wall occurred in 20% of AHA-exposed pups. Other abnormalities included retarded growth, high neonatal mortality, and a decreased number of circulating RBC, compared with those in 30 control pups born to 5 Beagles given a placebo. Adverse effects of AHA in pregnant Beagles were limited to morphologic alterations (Howell-Jolly bodies, spherocytes, and target cells) in a small number of circulating RBC. Slight neutrophilic leukocytosis and monocytosis occurred between 0 and 30 days of pregnancy in dogs given AHA, compared with those in controls. Seemingly, AHA did not influence fertility, conception rate, or length of gestation.
Differences in spatial localization and chromatin pattern during different phases of cell cycle between normal and cancer cells (1997)

We studied differences in chromatin patterns and the spatial localization of centromeres of chromosome 11 during the cell cycle between normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The pericentromeres in both cells were located at the periphery during Gq (quiescent) phase, but moved towards the nuclear center in G1 and mid-S phase. During G2, the pericentromeres of PBL continued to move towards the nuclear center whereas those of HL-60 returned to the periphery. The angle defining the spatial location of two pericentromeres, in reference to the center of the nucleus, increased in PBL cells from a mean of 67 degrees during Gq phase to 106 degrees during G1 phase (P < 0.01), and the two pericentromeres remained wide apart throughout the entire cell cycle. In HL-60, the angle also increased during G1, but then decreased during mid-S and G2 phases. Both cells exhibited pericentromeric signals during Gq that were round and compact, and the entire chromatin was loosely condensed. The signal became more loose and dispersed during the G1 and mid-S phases. The pericentromere signal varied during G2 and was generally rod-like or bipartite with condensation of the entire chromatin or chromosome-like. Our results suggest that subtle but important differences in spatial localization of pericentromeres are present during the interphase between normal PBL and HL-60 cells.
Dynamic programming for trajectory optimization of engine-out transportation aircraft (2012)

The purpose of this communication is to contribute to the development of a new trajectory management capability for an engine-out transportation aircraft. Engine-out is a dramatic situation for flight safety and this study focuses on the design of a management system for emergency trajectories at this special situation. First the gliding characteristics and flying qualities of a transport aircraft with total engine failure are analyzed while gliding range estimation is considered. Then a new representation of the flight dynamics of an engine-out aircraft is proposed where the space variable is chosen as independent parameter instead of the time variable. This allows to propose a new formulation of the corresponding trajectory optimization problem and to develop a reverse dynamic programming solution technique. Simulation results are displayed and new development perspectives are discussed.
MUSICALLY EXPRESSIVE SOUND TEXTURES FROM GENERALIZED AUDIO (2003)

We present a method of musically expressive synthesis-by-analysis that takes advantage of recent advancements in auditory scene analysis and sound separation algorithms. Our model represents incoming audio as a sub-conceptual model using statistical decorrelation techniques that abstract away individual auditory events, leaving only the gross parameters of the sound – the “eigensound” or generalized spectral template. Using these approaches we present various optimization guidelines and musical enhancements, specifically with regards to the beat and temporal nature of the sounds, with an eye towards real-time effects and synthesis. Our model results in completely novel and pleasing sound textures that can be varied with parameter tuning of the “unmixing ” weight matrix. 1.
Sequence Diversity of Flagellin (<i>fliC</i>) Alleles in Pathogenic<i>Escherichia coli</i> (1999)

To study the molecular evolution of flagellin, the protein subunit specifying flagellar (H) antigens, the fliC genes from 15 pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Comparison of fliC sequences of H6 and H7 strains revealed that alleles have a mosaic structure indicating the occurrence of past horizontal transfer of DNA segments between strains. The close similarity of H7 sequences also indicates the exchange of an entire fliC H7 allele between distant clonal lineages. In addition, the ratio of silent substitutions to amino acid replacements suggests that a short segment in the central region of fliC has been under positive selection in the divergence of H6 and H7 alleles. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the fliC sequences of O157:H7 and O55:H7 serotypes are nearly identical and highly divergent from those of E. coli strains expressing H6 and H2 flagellar antigens. A nonmotile clone of sorbitol-fermenting O157 has rapidly accumulated multiple mutations in fliC, presumably as a result of the silencing of flagellin expression.