gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Haploinsufficiency for Phox2b in mice causes dilated pupils and atrophy of the ciliary ganglion: mechanistic insights into human congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (2004)

Dilp1 is a semi-dominant mouse mutation that causes dilated pupils when heterozygous and is lethal when homozygous. We report here that it is caused by a point mutation that introduces a stop codon close to the start of the coding sequence of the paired-like homeobox transcription factor Phox2b. Mice carrying a targeted allele of Phox2b also have dilated pupils and the two alleles do not complement. Phox2b is necessary for the development of the autonomic nervous system and when absent one of the consequences is that all parasympathetic ganglia fail to form. Constriction of the pupil is a parasympathetic response mediated by the ciliary ganglion and we find that in Phox2b heterozygous mutants it is highly atrophic. The development of other parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia appears to be largely unaffected indicating that the ciliary ganglion is exquisitely sensitive to a reduction in dose of this transcription factor. PHOX2B has been implicated in human disease. Mutations, principally leading to polyalanine expansions within the protein, have been found in patients with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), the cardinal feature of which is an inability to breathe unassisted when asleep. Additionally, some CCHS patients have ocular abnormalities, including pupillary defects, although they principally have constricted rather than dilated pupils. The apparent phenotypic differences observed between mice carrying a loss-of-function mutation of Phox2b and CCHS patients indicate that PHOX2B mutations found in CCHS patients, all of which can produce proteins with intact DNA-binding domains, are gain-of-function mutations that alter rather than abolish protein function.
The Status of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications as a Means of Improving Crash Prevention Performance (2005)

This paper provides the status of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored research on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communications as a means of improving crash prevention performance. A description of Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), the leading wireless technology for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communications is presented. Next a discussion of standards development, including the actions of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to allocate spectrum, the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) to develop standards, and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) common vehicle-to-vehicle safety message set efforts, are given. Potential vehicle safety applications including intersection crash warning and emergency electronic brake lights are discussed. Discussed next are crash prevention benefits. Finally, message security is covered.
Carotenoids: Actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans (2008)

Carotenoids are one of the major food micronutrients in human diets and the overall objective of this review is to re-examine the role of carotenoids in human nutrition. We have emphasized the attention on the following carotenoids present in food and human tissues: beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin; we have reported the major food sources and dietary intake of these compounds. We have tried to summarize positive and negative effects of food processing, storage, cooking on carotenoid content and carotenoid bioavailability. In particular, we have evidenced the possibility to improve carotenoids bioavailability in accordance with changes and variations of technology procedures.
Noncomplexing Tertiary Amines as “Better” Buffers Covering the Range of pH 3−11. Temperature Dependence of Their Acid Dissociation Constants (1999)

Most of a broad series of buffers developed by Good (often called “Good's” or “Good” buffers) have been shown to cause metal ion interference as a result of complexation. A series of tertiary amines, devoid of hydroxy groups or other weak donors on the α, β, or γ carbons, have been developed as “Better” pH buffers which, as a result of steric hindrance, are incapable of forming even weak complexes with metal ions. As a result, they avert interferences of the type often encountered in metal ion studies which require buffer use. The compounds studied are alkyl and alkylsulfonate derivatives of morpholine (3), piperazine (3), ethylenediamine (3), and methylenediamine (1). With the exception of the morpholine derivatives, these compounds have two protonatable sites and, therefore, can be used to buffer two separate pH regions. A series of 10 buffer compounds span the entire range of pH 3−11. The acid dissociation constants for these compounds have now been determined in aqueous solution at 15, 25, 35 and 45 °C, μ = 0.10 M. From these data, apparent enthalpy and entropy values have been calculated to permit application at other temperatures as well. These buffers are recommended for use in all situations in which metal ions are present. All of the reported compounds are now commercially available.
Calculation of absolute protein–ligand binding free energy from computer simulations (2005)

A general methodology for calculating the equilibrium binding constant of a flexible ligand to a protein receptor is formulated on the basis of potentials of mean force. The overall process is decomposed into several stages that can be computed separately: the free ligand in the bulk is first restrained into the conformation it adopts in the bound state, position, and orientation by applying biasing potentials, then it is translated into the binding site, where it is released completely. The conformational restraining potential is based on the root-mean-square deviation of the peptide coordinates relative to its average conformation in the bound complex. Free energy contributions from each stage are calculated by means of free energy perturbation potential of mean force techniques by using appropriate order parameters. The present approach avoids the need to decouple the ligand from its surrounding (bulk solvent and receptor protein) as is traditionally performed in the double-decoupling scheme. It is believed that the present formulation will be particularly useful when the solvation free energy of the ligand is very large. As an application, the equilibrium binding constant of the phosphotyrosine peptide pYEEI to the Src homology 2 domain of human Lck has been calculated. The results are in good agreement with experimental values.
Electronic pH switching of DNA triplex reactions (2015)

Remote electronic control of fast DNA processing reactions such as S–S-ligation is achieved<italic>via</italic>pH switching of triplex structures.
Evaluating laboratory usage in the intensive care unit (1997)

The ability to adjust for patient and institutional variables and to predict the number of blood samples drawn for laboratory tests can allow ICUs to compare their practices with those of other units. When integrated into a continuous quality improvement process, this information can be used to identify and focus on opportunities for improving blood conservation and reducing excessive diagnostic testing.
An open platform for reconfigurable control (2001)

Advances in software technology have the potential to revolutionize control system design. Component-based architectures encourage flexible "plug-and-play" extensibility and evolution of systems. Distributed object computing allows interoperation. Advances are being made to enable dynamic reconfiguration and evolution of systems while they are still running. Technologies are being developed to allow networked, embedded devices to connect to each other and self-organize. This article describes a software infrastructure that gives an open control platform (OCP) for complex systems that coordinates distributed interaction among diverse components and supports dynamic reconfiguration and customization of the components in real time. Its primary goals are to accommodate rapidly changing application requirements, incorporate new technology (such as hardware platforms or sensors), interoperate in heterogeneous environments, and maintain viability in unpredictable and changing environments. The next section describes the current practice in control system implementation and discusses features of a complex control system architecture. It is followed by a description of the desired features a software infrastructure must have to promote new advances in control system design. We then describe an open-control software infrastructure to support these desired features, followed by a brief overview of a first-generation prototype of this infrastructure that has been developed for an autonomous aerial vehicle control.
Low Dose Poly I:C Prevents Diabetes in the Diabetes Prone BB Rat (1998)

Poly I:C, an inducer of IFN-alpha and other cytokines, has been used to study the development of diabetes in both the BioBreeding (BB) diabetes prone rat and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse animal models of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Surprisingly, poly I:C accelerates the disease in the BB rat while inhibiting it in the NOD mouse. Since cytokines can have dose related opposing effects on immune responses, we hypothesized that the paradoxical effect of polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) on diabetes in the two animal models is dose related. Accordingly, we compared the incidence of diabetes and degree of insulitis in diabetes prone BB rats administered saline and poly I:C at doses (0.05 microg/g body weight and 0.1 microg/g body weight) up to 100-fold lower than doses (poly-5 microg/g) previously found to accelerate diabetes. In addition, the non-specific suppressor activity of mononuclear splenocytes from BB rats administered low dose (poly-0.05 microg/g body weight), high dose (poly-5 microg/g body weight), and saline were compared. The development of diabetes was inhibited in rats treated with each dose of poly I:C. The degree of insulitis in poly-I:C treated animals was also less severe. The total white blood cell count and proportion of RT6+ T-cells and each T-cell subset were unaltered by poly I:C. When compared to splenocytes of control animals, splenocytes from poly I:C (0.05 microg/g body weight) treated rats suppressed responder cell proliferation to concanavalin A and alloantigen. However, spleen cells from high dose poly-I:C did not suppress responder cell proliferation to alloantigen. In adoptive transfer studies, the administration of spleen cells from poly-0.05 treated rats decreased the development of diabetes in recipient BB rats. In vitro studies also demonstrated that poly-I:C inhibits the proliferative response of BB rat spleen cells to concanavalin A. The administration of poly-0.05, but not poly-5.0, decreased TNF-alpha mRNA and IL-10 mRNA content in spleen cells. We conclude that poly I:C, at a dose 100 times lower than that required to accelerate diabetes prevents the development of diabetes in BB rates by interfering with the development of insulitis. The induction of suppressor cell activity induced by low dose poly-I:C in vivo and the inhibition of T-cell responses by poly-I:C in vitro suggests that the diabetes sparing activity of poly I:C is mediated by augmented immunoregulatory cell activity. Further studies with poly I:C may be important in increasing our understanding of the pathogenesis of IDDM and provide a means to prevent it.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Derived from Different Cell Sources and their Potential for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine (2013)

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have great potential as a robust source of progenitors for regenerative medicine. The novel technology also enables the derivation of patient-specific cells for applications to personalized medicine, such as for personal drug screening and toxicology. However, the biological characteristics of iPSCs are not yet fully understood and their similarity to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is still unresolved. Variations among iPSCs, resulting from their original tissue or cell source, and from the experimental protocols used for their derivation, significantly affect epigenetic properties and differentiation potential. Here we review the potential of iPSCs for regenerative and personalized medicine, and assess their expression pattern, epigenetic memory and differentiation capabilities in relation to their parental tissue source. We also summarize the patient-specific iPSCs that have been derived for applications in biological research and drug discovery; and review risks that must be overcome in order to use iPSC technology for clinical applications.
A 10 000 fps CMOS Sensor With Massively Parallel Image Processing (2008)

A high-speed analog VLSI image acquisition and pre-processing system has been designed and fabricated in a 0.35 ¿m standard CMOS process. The chip features a massively parallel architecture enabling the computation of programmable low-level image processing in each pixel. Extraction of spatial gradients and convolutions such as Sobel or Laplacian filters are implemented on the circuit. For this purpose, each 35 ¿m × 35 ¿m pixel includes a photodiode, an amplifier, two storage capacitors, and an analog arithmetic unit based on a four-quadrant multiplier architecture. The retina provides address-event coded output on three asynchronous buses: one output dedicated to the gradient and the other two to the pixel values. A 64 × 64 pixel proof-of-concept chip was fabricated. A dedicated embedded platform including FPGA and ADCs has also been designed to evaluate the vision chip. Measured results show that the proposed sensor successfully captures raw images up to 10 000 frames per second and runs low-level image processing at a frame rate of 2000 to 5000 frames per second.
AHP 기반의 중요도 평가를 기반으로 한 QFD를 활용한 Roll 형상 필름제품의 CTQ 분석 (2014)

In this study, critical-to-quality attributes (CTQs) of film products were identified using a quality function deployment (QFD) technique, and the detail operations that should be prioritized for improvement were confirmed. QFD is a method for making product design reflect customers` aesthetics; it allows manufactures to turn the abstract demands of customers into concrete reality. Despite the poor market situation, with a depressed global market and oversupply at low prices, the film industry has bright prospects based on the trend of packaging simplification or growth in high-value-added information technology (IT) industries such as LCD manufacturing. As a reflection of the characteristics of the film industry, this study revised and used two phases of houses instead of the four phases conventionally used to convey the customer`s demands to manufacturing. In total, nine steps were applied in each phase. To determine the priorities of the customer`s demands, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used for consistent evaluation. In the results, customers generally required the usability to be improved. Thus, the in-process quality level needs to be improved.
THREE TIER DATA STORAGE SECURITYIN CLOUD USING FACE FUZZY VAULT (2012)

The well-known buzzword, say Cloud Computing, attracts the attention from both academy and industry across the world, because of its potential in achieving the long-held dream, say Utility Computing and opens a new era for new spawned companies to provide services above this new concept[6],[8]. At the same time hackers have also turned their faces to cloud to breach the security. The best software solution provides utilization of cloud computing and take full advantage of it with best security solutions and assurance. To achieve this goal proposed system provides the following solution, which uses three tier security in cloud environment. Set of biometric features are first extracted from user’s face image, The extracted features are then quantized and mapped to binary representation for feature point matching. The produced features and the secret key (which will restrict unauthorized access) are bound using Face fuzzy vault scheme .During authentication key will be correctly retrieved if face vault matches. Also to prevent data from cloud service provider, data is encrypted while saving it on the cloud using Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability (CIA) values which will categorize data in three rings. While providing data if user is authorized then the concerned password gets extracted from the fuzzy vault and the extracted password will help to decide which user belongs to which data ring.
Fabrication of carbon-nanotube field-emitter array using polymer insulator (2004)

This article reports the fabrication process of a carbon-nanotube (CNT) field-emitter array with the silicon-ladder polymer insulator polyphenylsilsesquioxane (PPSQ), whose feature is heat resistance, high breakdown voltage, and low outgassing. CNT islands are formed with a screen-printing method, polymer-insulator coating is carried out (8 μm in thickness), and the gate electrodes are deposited, followed by patterning of the electrodes. PPSQ insulator is applied reactive ion etching (RIE) to reveal CNT emitters. Because of using mixed gases of CF4 and O2, the etching rate for CNT is half that for PPSQ, there is a margin to stop etching with enough CNT left. After reactive ion etching, emission-current density from the revealed CNT is degraded, so laser activation treatment is applied and the emission current density is boosted by a hundredfold. In the case of the triode mode, the laser condition was chosen to prevent gate damage and to improve emission characteristics. Current density of 3 mA/cm2 is obtained at the driving voltage of 35 V.
A positive selection for plasmid loss inSaccharomyces cerevisiae using galactose-inducible growth inhibitory sequences (1999)

Counter-selections for the loss of introduced plasmid sequences are useful for gene manipulations in yeast. We have used GAL10 promoter-mediated overexpression of GIN sequences, which inhibit the growth of cells, to develop a novel counter-selection system. Yeast cells carrying a GIN sequence grow normally on glucose medium but are unable to grow on galactose medium, whereas derivatives that have lost the GIN sequence are able to grow in the presence of galactose. We constructed autonomously replicating, integrating, and disruption plasmids carrying GIN sequences and tested their use to select for loss of the plasmid. The results showed that the GIN sequences provide a selection for efficient loss of plasmids or integrated constructs from yeast during growth on galactose medium, indicating that this system can be used for plasmid shuffling, gene replacements and marker gene recycling. This counter-selection system has wide application, because any Gal+ strain and a wide variety of marker genes can be used. In addition, counter-selection systems using growth-inhibitory sequences should be applicable to other yeasts and possibly to other organisms.
Why steroids may not always work in alopecia areata: elevated unoccupied glucocorticoid receptors and decreased levels of thioredoxin (2001)

Alopecia areata (AA) patients show a variable response in hair regrowth with glucocorticoid (GC) steroid treatment. The biochemical mechanisms by which GCs stimulate hair growth in patients with AA is unknown, yet clinicians commonly use topical, intralesional, and even oral GC steroid therapy to treat AA. In this study, scalp biopsy specimens were obtained from 15 patients (in each group) with extensive AA, male androgenetic alopecia (AGA), and normal controls (N), and were analyzed for GC receptor (GCR) content. All patients were off therapy at the time they were studied. Tissue samples were assessed for total, occupied, and unoccupied GCR type I and II binding. Results from patients with AA show that the type II GCR is elevated and in an unoccupied state compared to AGA and N patient biopsies (p < 0.01). A factor known to activate the GCR, called thioredoxin (TR), was decreased in AA scalp compared to N and AGA (p < 0.01). Finding elevated unoccupied type II GCR with diminished TR levels indicates inhibition of cellular transcription. This may be important in explaining the variable responses seen with GC treatment for hair regrowth in patients with AA and gives the clinician possible reasons why steroids may not always be effective in treating this difficult hair disease.
Aircraft aerodynamic effects due to large droplet ice accretions (1996)

The effect of large-droplet ice accretion on aircraft control and in particular lateral control is examined. Supercooled large droplet icing conditions can result in the formation of a ridge of ice aft of the upper surface boot. By comparing this ice shape to data acquired with a spanwise protuberance on a different airfoil, it is clear that a ridge of ice aft of the boot can lead to large losses in lift, increases in drag and changes in the pitching moment. This effect is most likely due to the formation of a large separation bubble aft of the ice accretion which grows with angle of attack and eventually fails to reattach, leading to premature airfoil stall. The bubble alters the pressure distribution about the airfoil resulting in a more trailing edge up (negative) hinge moment on the aileron and the resulting change in aileron stick force. This can lead to aileron hinge moment reversal and aileron snatch. In aileron snatch the hinge moments are altered to the extent that the aileron is pulled up by the low pressure over the upper surface of the aileron with sufficient force to induce a rapid roll if a large stick force is not immediately exerted to oppose it. There is evidence in the literature which shows that similar lateral control problems are possible with other types of ice accretions and airfoil types.
Enhancements on the Convex Programming Based Powered Descent Guidance Algorithm for Mars Landing (2008)

In this paper, we present enhancements on the powered descent guidance algorithm developed for Mars pinpoint landing. The guidance algorithm solves the powered descent minimum fuel trajectory optimization problem via a direct numerical method. Our main contribution is to formulate the trajectory optimization problem, which has nonconvex control constraints, as a finite dimensional convex optimization problem, specifically as a finite dimensional second order cone programming (SOCP) problem. SOCP is a subclass of convex programming, and there are efficient SOCP solvers with deterministic convergence properties. Hence, the resulting guidance algorithm can potentially be implemented onboard a spacecraft for real-time applications. Particularly, this paper discusses the algorithmic improvements obtained by: (i) Using an efficient approach to choose the optimal time-of-flight; (ii) Using a computationally inexpensive way to detect the feasibility/ infeasibility of the problem due to the thrust-to-weight constraint; (iii) Incorporating the rotation rate of the planet into the problem formulation; (iv) Developing additional constraints on the position and velocity to guarantee no-subsurface flight between the time samples of the temporal discretization; (v) Developing a fuel-limited targeting algorithm; (vi) Initial result on developing an onboard table lookup method to obtain almost fuel optimal solutions in real-time.
Agonists for G-protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) alter cellular morphology and motility but do not induce pro-inflammatory responses in microglia (2017)

GPR84 mediated signaling causes microglial motility and membrane ruffling but does not promote pro-inflammatory responses. As GPR84 is a known receptor for medium-chain fatty acids, those released from damaged brain cells may be involved in the enhancement of microglial motility through GPR84 after neuronal injury.