gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TreeQN and ATreeC: Differentiable Tree-Structured Models for Deep Reinforcement Learning (2017)

Combining deep model-free reinforcement learning with on-line planning is a promising approach to building on the successes of deep RL. On-line planning with look-ahead trees has proven successful in environments where transition models are known a priori. However, in complex environments where transition models need to be learned from data, the deficiencies of learned models have limited their utility for planning. To address these challenges, we propose TreeQN, a differentiable, recursive, tree-structured model that serves as a drop-in replacement for any value function network in deep RL with discrete actions. TreeQN dynamically constructs a tree by recursively applying a transition model in a learned abstract state space and then aggregating predicted rewards and state-values using a tree backup to estimate Q-values. We also propose ATreeC, an actor-critic variant that augments TreeQN with a softmax layer to form a stochastic policy network. Both approaches are trained end-to-end, such that the learned model is optimised for its actual use in the tree. We show that TreeQN and ATreeC outperform n-step DQN and A2C on a box-pushing task, as well as n-step DQN and value prediction networks (Oh et al. 2017) on multiple Atari games. Furthermore, we present ablation studies that demonstrate the effect of different auxiliary losses on learning transition models.
Effect of weight reduction on clinical signs of lameness in dogs with hip osteoarthritis (2000)

Results suggest that in overweight dogs with hind limb lameness secondary to hip osteoarthritis, weight reduction alone may result in a substantial improvement in clinical lameness.
Properties of 3-hexulose phosphate synthase and phospho-3-hexuloisomerase of a methanol-utilizing bacterium, 77a. (1977)

The key enzymes, 3-hexulose phosphate synthase and phospho-3-hexuloisomerase, of the pentose monophosphate pathway for formaldehyde fixation were purified from a methanolgrown bacterium 77 a, and their enzymatic properties were investigated. The condensation product between formaldehyde and D-ribulose 5-phosphate by 3-hexulose phosphate synthase was identified as D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate, on the bases of UV-absorption spectrum, pH stability and color reactions with several reagents on thin-layer chromatography. The apparent Km value of 3-hexulose phosphate synthase for each substrate was determined: formaldehyde, 0.74; D-ribulose 5-phosphate, 0.081; D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate, 0.036mM. The apparent Km values of phospho-3-hexuloisomerase for D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate were found to be 0.029 and 0.67mM, respectively. No activity of phospho-3-hexuloisomerase was able to detect in the cell-free extract of methanol-utilizing yeasts, Kloeckera sp. No. 2201 and Hansenula polymorpha DL-1, under the condition tested.
NICE guidelines: management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes (2002)

NICE work if you can achieve it: the latest guidelines for management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes.
Surface modification with self-assembled monolayers for nanoscale replication of photoplastic MEMS (2002)

A release technique that enables to lift microfabricated structures mechanically off the surface without using wet chemistry is presented. A self-assembled monolayer of dodecyl-trichlorosilane forms a very uniform /spl sim/1.5-nm-thick anti-adhesion coating on the silicon dioxide surface, on full wafer scale. The structural layers are formed directly onto the organic layer. They consist here of a 100-nm-thick aluminum film and a high-aspect ratio photoplastic SU-8 structure. After the microfabrication the structure can be lifted off the surface together with the aluminum layer. This generic technique was used to make a variety of novel structures. First, aluminum electrodes that are embedded in plastic are made using lithography, etching and surface transfer techniques. Second, using a patterned monolayer as defined by microcontact printing, resulted in a spatial variation of the surface adhesion forces. This was used to directly transfer the stamped pattern into a metal structure without using additional transfer etching steps. Third, the monolayer's ability to cover surface features down to nanometer scale was exploited to replicate sharp surface molds into metal coated photoplastic tips with /spl sim/30-nm radii for use in scanning probe instruments such as near-field optical techniques. The advantage compared to standard sacrificial layer techniques is the ability of replication at the nanoscale and the absence of etchants or solvents in the final process steps.
Assessment of refractive astigmatism and simulated therapeutic refractive surgery strategies in coma-like-aberrations-dominant corneal optics (2016)

Coma-like corneal aberrations seem to contribute a considerable astigmatic component to RA in eyes with coma-like-aberrations dominant corneal optics. If topography-guided ablation is programmed to correct the corneal HOAs and RA, the astigmatic component caused by the coma-like corneal HOAs will be treated twice and will result in induced astigmatism. Disregarding RA and treating TCA along with the corneal HOAs is recommended instead.
Development of face recognition: An encoding switch? (1985)

Two experiments were designed to examine Carey's (1978) theory that face recognition improves with age because young children (less than 10 years) encode predominantly piecemeal details from unfamiliar faces, whereas older children (greater than or equal to 10 years) and adults rely mainly on configurational information. In Expt 1, children (7-16 years) were tested for ability to recognize unfamiliar faces presented upright and inverted. Performance in the inverted condition was significantly poorer for all age groups. In a second experiment, subjects (4-8 years) were given a forced-choice, face recognition task. The tendency of young children to select incorrectly paraphernalia cues as a basis for identity judgements was found to be dependent on the similarity of the faces paired in each trial. These results suggested that Carey's original data were contaminated by floor effects. It was argued that there is insufficient evidence to endorse Carey's explanation of an encoding switch at age 10 years as a satisfactory account of the development of face recognition.
Effects of an LL-37-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide in an Animal Model of Biofilm <i>Pseudomonas</i> Sinusitis (2009)

High concentrations of LL-37-derived peptide showed in vivo ability to eradicate Pseudomonas biofilms and decrease bacterial counts. However, increasing concentrations of peptide showed proinflammatory and ciliotoxic effects on sinus mucosa.
Radar cross section measurements (1987)

The progress in radar cross section measurements is strongly related to the progress in radar technology. The recent acceleration in radar technology and processing techniques has generated a corresponding acceleration in interest for radar cross section measurements. Historically, early radar cross section measurements were performed to determine the detection range of radar systems, a fundamental objective that still exists. Later measurements, coupled with analytic techniques and computer codes, were performed to extend our understanding of the radar scattering process. At the present time, the availability of broad-band electronics, signal processing techniques, and digital technology results in radar cross section measurement programs which are directed toward exploring the performance of operational waveforms and processing, target discrimination, target detectability in clutter, and radar scattering control. The fundamentals of radar cross section measurements are reviewed. Measurement facilities, including the present research activities on compact range techniques, are then described. Instrumentation radars have benefited from both wide-bandwidth electronics and digital processing capabilities; Fourier transform techniques, in particular, provide both additional information on target scattering, and increase measurement accuracy by isolating the target from radar returns from the measurement facility. The frequency coverage has also extended to include millimeter-wave frequencies. Achievable accuracy is important in any measurement program, and those factors that limit the accuracy of radar cross section measurements are discussed.
Randomized controlled trial of a treatment for anorexia and bulimia nervosa (2002)

Evidence for the effectiveness of existing treatments of patients with eating disorders is weak. Here we describe and evaluate a method of treatment in a randomized controlled trial. Sixteen patients, randomly selected out of a group composed of 19 patients with anorexia nervosa and 13 with bulimia nervosa, were trained to eat and recognize satiety by using computer support. They rested in a warm room after eating, and their physical activity was restricted. The patients in the control group (n = 16) received no treatment. Remission was defined by normal body weight (anorexia), cessation of binge eating and purging (bulimia), a normal psychiatric profile, normal laboratory test values, normal eating behavior, and resumption of social activities. Fourteen patients went into remission after a median of 14.4 months (range 4.9-26.5) of treatment, but only one patient went into remission while waiting for treatment (P = 0.0057). Relapse is considered a major problem in patients who have been treated to remission. We therefore report results on a total of 168 patients who have entered our treatment program. The estimated rate of remission was 75%, and estimated time to remission was 14.7 months (quartile range 9.6 > or = 32). Six patients (7%) of 83 who were treated to remission relapsed, but the others (93%) have remained in remission for 12 months (quartile range 6-36). Because the risk of relapse is maximal in the first year after remission, we suggest that most patients treated with this method recover.
High-performance indoor positioning and pose estimation with time-of-flight 3D imaging (2017)

In recent years, fields such as industrial automation, virtual and augmented reality and autonomous robotics increased the demand for location-awareness of electronic devices. Image sensor based inside-out localization and tracking systems are sufficiently accurate to determine the position and orientation of electronic devices. Without additional sensors however, these systems are impaired in reaching high update-rates, handling fast motions, and tend to be unable to provide localization with low latency. We present a new localization approach in our work, using Time-of-Flight 3D sensors in combination with small reflective markers. This allows to establish high-performance optical localization systems, delivering the position and orientation of a device at a rate of several hundred Hz. A novel Time-of-Flight 3D sensing procedure is introduced, enabling to measure the 3D positions of fast moving targets at unprecedented frame-rates. With this work, we aim to close the gap between indoor positioning and motion tracking, enabling a new class of location-aware devices.
Synthese und1H-NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen neuer Curcuminanaloga (1992)

Synthesis and 1H-NMR Spectroscopic Investigations of New Curcumin Analoga The synthesis of numerous symmetric and non-symmetric curcumin(hetero) analoga (1–3) systematic variation of the conjugated chain and substituents is described. The structure of most compounds is confirmed by 1H-n.m.r.-spectroscopy. All compounds show E-configuration. Conjugation and tautomerism are discussed based on spectroscopic data.
Nucleotide HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors: tenofovir and beyond (2006)

The concept of nucleotides as a novel class of antiretroviral therapeutics has been successfully validated through tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a nucleotide prodrug that exhibits potent and durable clinical efficacy and favourable safety profile both in treatment-naïve and experienced HIV-infected patients. Several novel nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as GS-9148, PMDTA, and PMEO have recently emerged from continuing preclinical drug discovery efforts.
Recent advances in methods of lexical semantic relatedness – a survey (2012)

Abstract Measuring lexical semantic relatedness is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). It is often a prerequisite to many complex NLP tasks. Despite an extensive amount of work dedicated to this area of research, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey in the field. This paper aims to address this issue with a study that is focused on four perspectives: (i) a comparative analysis of background information resources that are essential for measuring lexical semantic relatedness; (ii) a review of the literature with a focus on recent methods that are not covered in previous surveys; (iii) discussion of the studies in the biomedical domain where novel methods have been introduced but inadequately communicated across the domain boundaries; and (iv) an evaluation of lexical semantic relatedness methods and a discussion of useful lessons for the development and application of such methods. In addition, we discuss a number of issues in this field and suggest future research directions. It is believed that this work will be a valuable reference to researchers of lexical semantic relatedness and substantially support the research activities in this field.
The N a + _ H + exchanger is stimulated and cell volume increased in lymphocytes from patients with essential hypertension (1991)

A stimulation of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger has been shown in platelets of hypertensive man and lymphocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats. In the present paper, human mononuclear leukocytes (HML) were investigated in 12 patients with essential hypertension with regard to the activity of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger and HML volume. The swelling of HML in isotonic sodium propionate was determined using a Coulter Channelyzer. Compared with matched normotensives, the cell volume of HML in a physiological buffer was significantly increased in essential hypertension (P less than 0.05). The amiloride-inhibitable rate of cell swelling in isotonic sodium propionate was also increased in HML from hypertensives. Amiloride (400 mumol/l) abolished the difference in cell volume within 1 min. These data show a functional swelling of HML in essential hypertension, probably due to an activation of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger. If also representative of smooth muscle cells, these findings could explain hypertensive vessel wall hypertrophy, in part, as functional cell swelling.
Evaluation of endoscopic vein extraction on structural and functional viability of saphenous vein endothelium (2011)

This study indicates that VirtuoSaph endoscopic SV harvesting technique preserves the structural and functional viability of SV endothelium, but may differentially attenuate the vasomotor function of the saphenous vein graft.
In Vivo Evaluation of a MPC Polymer Coated Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist System (2003)

The aim of this study was the evaluation of the thrombogenicity and the biocompatibility of the SunMedical EVAHEART left ventricular assist system (LVAS) coated with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer compared to a diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating. Four calves were implanted with the MPC polymer-coated LVAS. Eight calves were implanted with DLC coated LVAS. The thrombogenicity and biocompatibility of the pumps were evaluated. At explant, 60.0 +/- 37.2% (5-85%) of the pump surface area was still coated with MPC polymer after the duration of 45.0 +/- 32.0 days. In 1 out of 4 MPC and 2 out of 8 DLC coated pumps, there was a very small amount of thrombus around the seal ring; otherwise the blood contacting surfaces were free of thrombus. Major organs were normal except for a few lesions in kidneys from both groups. The MPC polymer coated EVAHEART LVAS seems to have low thrombogenicity and high biocompatibility similar to the DLC coated system. The current study demonstrated that the MPC polymer coating shows great promise for being used as an antithrombogenic substrate for the LVAS due to its ease of application, significant cost benefit, and reduction in anticoagulation therapy in acute postoperative period.
Protection against Oxidation in Mayonnaise by the Control of Dissolved Oxygen (2005)

各種の食品が, 空気中の酸素によって酸化されることにより風味劣化を起こすことは広く知られている。マヨネーズは水中油型乳化食品であり, 植物油, 卵黄など多価不飽和脂肪酸を含む脂質成分が配合されており, しかも卵黄由来の鉄イオンも豊富に含むため, 酸化による品質劣化が起こりやすい食品である。そこで, 海外で市販されている製品ではEDTAなどの酸化防止剤を配合し酸化劣化を防ぐことが一般的となっている。-・方, 日本でのマヨネーズ製造80年の歴史においては, 製造工程や容器包材において徹底的な酸素遮断を行うことでほぼ品位の安定した製品を作ってきた。しかし, 食品の風味は非常に微妙であり, ごくわずかずつではあるが, やはり若干の酸化劣化は進行している。いつでも, どんな場面でもマヨネーズをよりおいしくお客様に味わっていただきたいと考えた時, 溶存酸素 (DO) に着目した。食品中のDO制御技術は, ビール, コーヒー, 牛乳などの微妙な風味を大切にする飲料分野では導入されている例があるが, マヨネーズなどの高粘性の乳化食品については, 従来技術的に容易ではなく一般的ではなかった。そこで, まず高粘性の乳化食品のDO測定法を検討し, 非破壊蛍光式溶存酸素計を用いることでDO測定を可能とした。次に, 液体原料のDOを予めN2バブリング法にて下げ, 他工程でも酸素巻き込みをさせないことでマヨネーズ充填直後のDOを低い範囲に制御する製造工程を可能とした。こうすることで, マヨネーズなど高粘性の乳化食品においても, DO制御技術により長期保存中の酸化劣化を今まで以上に防げることを確認した。このDO制御技術は, 2002年12月よりキユーピーマヨネーズにおいて導入され, お客様にマヨネーズのおいしさをより楽しんでいただけるようになった。
Líderes da antiética (2018)

Na sombra dos grandes escândalos, gestores podem, sem saber, apoiar atividades fraudulentas cotidianas que favorecem a organização. Como mudar esse cenário?
Density of Substance P, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Somatostatin-Containing Nerve Fibers in the Ageing Small Intestine of the Rats (1987)

Immunoelectron microscopic investigations were carried out to study the substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and somatostatin immunoreactive nerve elements in the wall of the small intestine. In young and old animals a large number of immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in all layers of the small intestine. They were observed closely to the epithelial cells, to the blood vessel basement membrane and to the smooth muscle cells and in some cases they were observed in a synapse with other unlabelled nerve fibers. On the other hand, in the senile animals very few immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed, calculated for a 100 micron2 tissue area. In the senile animals the overall number of nerve fibers was decreased in comparison to the young and old animals and most of them were in degeneration. This change could be the cause of the changes in the senescence-related epithelial transport processes and furthermore, of the modifications of the overall intestinal motility of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in the age-dependent transit rates.
Method of Uninitialized Variable Detecting for C++ Program (2011)

We present a testing approach which is a partially automated, partially manual inspection process that reports defects in C++ source code. In this paper we considered one of the faults type- uninitialized Variable- which the approach can detect. Uninitialized Variable is a common kind of error in programs written in C++, it often causes error result or system collapse. This paper analyses the classical C++ uninitialized variable errors, and describes a detecting method of uninitialized variable errors combining the advantage of ASI technology which based on static analysis.
Characterization of toria germplasm (Brassica campestris ssp oleifera var. toria) (1999)

The short note deals with identification of several promlsmg accessions for different economic traits, viz, days to 50% flowering, maturity, plant height, primary branches per plant, main shoot length, seeds per siliqua, siliqua length/breadth, biological yield, yield per plant, harvest index 1000 seed weight and oil content etc. It revealed that potantial of existing germplasm in developing high yielding genotypes through hybridization followed by selection to combine the desirable traits of different promising accessions.
Synthesis, Stereochemistry and Ligating Properties of Tetraalkyl-Substituted Ethanedithioamides − Evidence for the Lowering of High-Energy Rotation Barriers under the trans Influence of Pt-σ-Bonded Aryl Groups (2002)

The structural and coordinating properties of five tetrasubstituted tetraalkyldithioxamides (R4DTO) have been studied: tetraethyldithioxamide (Et4DTO, 1), tetrabenzyldithioxamide (Bz4DTO, 2), (E,E)-N,N′-dibenzyl-N,N′-diethyldithioxamide [(E,E)-Bz2Et2DTO, 3], (E,Z)-N,N′-dibenzyl-N,N′-diethyldithioxamide [(E,Z)-Bz2Et2DTO, 4], (Z,Z)-N,N′-dibenzyl-N,N′-diethyldithioxamide [(Z,Z)-Bz2Et2DTO, 5]. The solid structure of 4, determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, is characterised by two planar thioamide groups positioned almost orthogonally to each other, connected by a C−C single bond. Each of these dithioxamides showed high-energy barriers to rotation around both the C−N and the central C−C bond. This latter is a chiral torsion, so that R4DTO species exist as pairs of enantiomers. Compounds 3, 4 and 5 slowly isomerised in solution to give equimolar mixtures of the three isomers; the activation enthalpy of the process was 30.0 kcal mol−1. The ligands 1−5 reacted with [Pt(Me2SO)2X2] (X = Cl, Br, Me, Ph) to give chiral chelate complexes [(R4DTO-κ-S,S′)PtX2], but 3 (and also 4 and 5) provided a mixture of three isomeric platinum chelates in which the S,S′-coordinated ligands showed the (E,E), (E,Z) and (Z,Z) conformations. Furthermore, the presence of small amounts of the platinum complexes cis-[Pt(Me2SO)2Ph2] or [(Et4DTO-κ-S,S′)PtPh2] caused the fast isomerisation of large quantities of a given isomerically pure ligand. We have explained the collapse of the R4DTO rotational barriers by assuming that a release of electrons from the metal atom to incoming ligands in the transition state twists these into a partially reduced, dithiolenic form. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Molecular View of 43 S Complex Formation and Start Site Selection in Eukaryotic Translation Initiation (2010)

A central step to high fidelity protein synthesis is selection of the proper start codon. Recent structural, biochemical, and genetic analyses have provided molecular insights into the coordinated activities of the initiation factors in start codon selection. A molecular model is emerging in which start codon recognition is linked to dynamic reorganization of factors on the ribosome and structural changes in the ribosome itself.
Antiviral effects of amantadine and iminosugar derivatives against hepatitis C virus† (2007)

Iminosugar derivatives are potential drugs for treatment of HCV infections.
Technical Note—Converting the 0-1 Polynomial Programming Problem to a 0-1 Linear Program (1974)

Rules are given that permit 0-1 polynomial programming problems to be converted to 0-1 linear programming problems in a manner that replaces cross-product terms by continuous rather than integer variables. Since the difficulty of mixed integer programming problems often depends more strongly on the number of integer variables than on the number of continuous variables, such rules are expected to have advantages in practical applications. In addition, the continuous variables automatically receive integer values, and hence our formulation can also be exploited by methods designed to take advantage of a pure integer structure.
Photo-Mediated Ultrasound Therapy for the Treatment of Corneal Neovascularization in Rabbit Eyes (2020)

PUT can remove CNV safely and effectively.