gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of Nb(V) Substitution on the Structure and Optical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Cu<sub>5</sub>(Ta<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Nb<sub><i>x</i></sub>)<sub>11</sub>O<sub>30</sub> Solid Solution (2019)

A family of solid solutions, Cu<sub>5</sub>(Ta<sub>1- x</sub>Nb <sub>x</sub>)<sub>11</sub>O<sub>30</sub> (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4), was investigated as p-type semiconductors for their band gaps and energies and for their activity for the reduction of water to molecular hydrogen. Compositions from 0 to 40 mol % niobium were prepared in high purity by solid-state methods, accompanied by only very small increases in the lattice parameters of ∼0.05% and with the niobium and tantalum cations disordered over the same atomic sites. However, an increasing niobium content causes a significant decrease in the bandgap size from ∼2.58 to ∼2.05 eV owing to the decreasing conduction band energies. Linear-sweep voltammetry showed an increase in cathodic photocurrents with niobium content and applied negative potential of up to -0.6 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> (pH ∼7.3; AM 1.5 G light filter with an irradiation intensity of ∼100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>). The cathodic photocurrents could be partially stabilized by heating the polycrystalline films in air at 550 °C for 1 h to produce surface nanoislands of CuO or using protecting layers of aluminum-doped zinc oxide and titania. Aqueous suspensions of the Cu<sub>5</sub>(Ta<sub>1- x</sub>Nb <sub>x</sub>)<sub>11</sub>O<sub>30</sub> powders were also found to be active for hydrogen production under visible-light irradiation in a 20% aqueous methanol solution with the highest apparent quantum yields for the 10% and 20% Nb-substituted samples. Electronic structure calculations show that the increased photocurrents and hydroen evolution activities of the solid solutions arise near the percolation threshold of the niobate/tantalate framework wherein the Nb cations establish an extended -O-Nb-O-Nb-O- diffusion pathway for the minority carriers. The latter also reveals a novel pathway for enhancing charge separation as a function of the niobium-oxide connectivity. Thus, these results illustrate the advantages of using solid solutions to achieve the smaller bandgap sizes and band energies that are needed for solar-driven photocatalytic reactions.
Temporal gratings and their applications in fiber optics communications and measurements (2003)

We have covered several interesting applications of temporal gratings (TGs). We believe the TG method would offer elegant solutions for problems in high-speed data networks and fiber characterizations and measurements.
Genome Sequence of Streptomyces auratus Strain AGR0001, a Phoslactomycin-Producing Actinomycete (2012)

Streptomyces auratus strain AGR0001 produces neophoslactomycin A, a novel analog of phoslactomycin that possesses potent activity against some phytopathogenic fungi. Here, the draft genome sequence of S. auratus strain AGR0001 is presented, which would provide insight into the biosynthetic mechanism of neophoslactomycin A.
Optimizing Hydronic System Performance in Residential Applications (2013)

Even though new homes constructed with hydronic heat comprise only 3% of the market (US Census Bureau 2009), of the 115 million existing homes in the United States, almost 14 million of those homes (11%) are heated with steam or hot water systems according to 2009 US Census data. Therefore, improvements in hydronic system performance could result in significant energy savings in the US. When operating properly, the combination of a gas-fired condensing boiler with baseboard convectors and an indirect water heater is a viable option for high-efficiency residential space heating in cold climates. Based on previous research efforts, however, it is apparent that these types of systems are typically not designed and installed to achieve maximum efficiency. Furthermore, guidance on proper design and commissioning for heating contractors and energy consultants is hard to find and is not comprehensive. Through modeling and monitoring, CARB sought to determine the optimal combination(s) of components - pumps, high efficiency heat sources, plumbing configurations and controls - that result in the highest overall efficiency for a hydronic system when baseboard convectors are used as the heat emitter. The impact of variable-speed pumps on energy use and system performance was also investigated along with the effects of various control strategies and the introduction of thermal mass.
Learning Feature Pyramids for Human Pose Estimation (2017)

Articulated human pose estimation is a fundamental yet challenging task in computer vision. The difficulty is particularly pronounced in scale variations of human body parts when camera view changes or severe foreshortening happens. Although pyramid methods are widely used to handle scale changes at inference time, learning feature pyramids in deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) is still not well explored. In this work, we design a Pyramid Residual Module (PRMs) to enhance the invariance in scales of DCNNs. Given input features, the PRMs learn convolutional filters on various scales of input features, which are obtained with different subsampling ratios in a multibranch network. Moreover, we observe that it is inappropriate to adopt existing methods to initialize the weights of multi-branch networks, which achieve superior performance than plain networks in many tasks recently. Therefore, we provide theoretic derivation to extend the current weight initialization scheme to multi-branch network structures. We investigate our method on two standard benchmarks for human pose estimation. Our approach obtains state-of-the-art results on both benchmarks. Code is available at https://github.com/bearpaw/PyraNet.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Ethambutol Resistance in Human Isolates of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2000)

Ethambutol (EMB) is a central component of drug regimens used worldwide for the treatment of tuberculosis. To gain insight into the molecular genetic basis of EMB resistance, approximately 2 Mb of five chromosomal regions with 12 genes in 75 epidemiologically unassociated EMB-resistant and 33 EMB-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from human patients were sequenced. Seventy-six percent of EMB-resistant organisms had an amino acid replacement or other molecular change not found in EMB-susceptible strains. Thirty-eight (51%) EMB-resistant isolates had a resistance-associated mutation in only 1 of the 12 genes sequenced. Nineteen EMB-resistant isolates had resistance-associated nucleotide changes that conferred amino acid replacements or upstream potential regulatory region mutations in two or more genes. Most isolates (68%) with resistance-associated mutations in a single gene had nucleotide changes in embB, a gene encoding an arabinosyltransferase involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The majority of these mutations resulted in amino acid replacements at position 306 or 406 of EmbB. Resistance-associated mutations were also identified in several genes recently shown to be upregulated in response to exposure of M. tuberculosis to EMB in vitro, including genes in the iniA operon. Approximately one-fourth of the organisms studied lacked mutations inferred to participate in EMB resistance, a result indicating that one or more genes that mediate resistance to this drug remain to be discovered. Taken together, the results indicate that there are multiple molecular pathways to the EMB resistance phenotype.
Über 1.2.4‐Triazole, VII. Synthese und Reaktivität von 7‐Amino‐<i>s</i>‐triazolo[1.5‐<i>a</i>]pyrimidonen‐(5) (1964)

Abstract Aus 5‐Amino‐1.2.4‐triazolen und 1‐Cyanacetyl‐3.5‐dimethyl‐pyrazol oder Cyanessigester bei 110–115° erhält man 5‐Cyanacetamino‐1.2.4‐triazole (I), die alkalisch oder thermisch zu 7‐Amino‐ s ‐triazolo[1.5‐ a ]pyrimidonen‐(5) (II) cyclisieren. Diese entstehen auch direkt aus 5‐Amino‐1.2.4‐triazolen und Cyanessigester in Gegenwart von Natriumäthylat order durch Erhitzen der Komponenten auf 180–190°. — Die 7‐Amino‐ s ‐triazolo[1.5‐ a ]pyrimidone‐(5) ergeben mit Phosphoroxychlorid nach vorheriger Acylierung der Aminogruppe 5‐Chlor‐Derivate und mit salpetriger Säure 6‐Nitroso‐Verbindungen, die sich acylierend reduzieren lassen. Die 6‐Acetamino‐Derivate sind andererseits aus 5‐Amino‐1.2.4.‐triazolen und Acetaminocyanessigester zugänglich und erleiden mit Acetanhydrid in der Hitze Ringschluß zu 7‐Methyl‐imidazo[4.5‐ e ]‐ s ‐triazolo[1.5‐ a ]‐pyrimidonen‐(5) (XIII). — Beim Erhitzen von 4‐Amino‐2‐Hydraziono‐pyrimidon‐(6) mit Ameisensäure bildet sich unter Umlagerung das isomere 5‐Amino‐ s ‐triazolo[1.5‐ a ]pyrimidon‐(7).
Initiation of Atrial Fibrillation by Ectopic Beats Originating From the Superior Vena Cava (2000)

Ectopic beats initiating PAF can originate from the SVC. A radiofrequency current delivered to eliminate these ectopies is a highly effective and safe way to prevent PAF.
Direct identification of a major autophosphorylation site on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Flt-1 that mediates phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase binding (2001)

Progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanism by which the binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to cognate receptors induces a range of biological responses, but it is far from complete. Identification of receptor autophosphorylation sites will allow us to determine how activated VEGF receptors are coupled to specific downstream signalling proteins. In the present study, we have expressed human VEGF receptors in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system, identified a major autophosphorylation site on the VEGF receptor fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1) by HPLC–electrospray ionization (ESI)–MS, and characterized in vitro interactions between Flt-1 and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3-kinase). Infection of High 5 insect cells with Flt-1 recombinant virus resulted in the expression of a 170kDa glycoprotein, which bound VEGF with a Kd of 2×10−10M in intact insect cells. The overexpressed recombinant Flt-1 receptors exhibited tyrosine kinase activity and were constitutively phosphorylated. Analysis of Flt-1 tryptic peptides by HPLC–ESI–MS with selective phosphate ion monitoring identified a hexapeptide (YVNAFK; where single-letter amino-acid code has been used) containing a phosphotyrosine (pTyr) residue at position 1213. Using synthetic phosphopeptides, this pTyr residue was found to be directly involved in the binding of PI3-kinase in vitro even though it did not fall within a consensus pYM/VXM PI3-kinase binding motif. These results suggest that phosphorylated Flt-1 associates with PI3-kinase at pTyr1213 to mediate the activation of this pathway in VEGF signalling.
Spectral analysis of OFDM signals and its improvement by polynomial cancellation coding (2003)

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, the subcarriers are generated by an inverse discrete Fourier transform. In the literature, the spectra of these subcarriers are often represented by a sequence of sinc functions of the same polarity. This is not consistent with the intercarrier interference (ICI) cancellation properties of polynomial cancellation coding (PCC) or similar self-ICI cancellation schemes in OFDM. This paper shows the spectra of these subcarriers are more accurately represented by a sequence of sinc functions with alternating polarity. It is shown that the spectral rolloff of OFDM signals can be improved by PCC and the resultant OOB power is much reduced.
Putative Population of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Isolated from Mediastinal Tissue during Cardiac Surgery (2012)

Mesenchymal stem cells have been isolated from various adult human tissues and are valuable for not only therapeutic applications but for the study of tissue homeostasis and disease progression. Subcutaneous adipose depots have been shown to contain large amounts of stem cells. There is little information that has been reported to date describing the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from visceral adipose tissue. In this study, we describe a mesenchymal stem cell population isolated from mediastinal adipose depots. The cells express CD44, CD105, CD166, and CD90 and are negative for hematopoietic markers CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR. In addition, the cells have a multilineage potential, with the ability to differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell types. The biological function of visceral adipose tissue remains largely unknown and uncharacterized. However, the proximity of adipose tissue to the heart suggests a potential role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in obesity. In addition, with the ability of fat to regulate metabolic activity in humans, this novel stem cell source may be useful to further study the mechanisms involved in metabolic disorders.
Cell cycle inhibition by the anti-angiogenic agent TNP-470 is mediated by p53 and p21 <sup>WAF1/CIP1</sup> (2000)

Angiogenesis has been demonstrated to be essential for tumor growth and metastasis, and inhibition of angiogenesis is emerging as a promising strategy for treating cancer. Among the most potent inhibitors of angiogenesis is the fumagillin family of natural products. An analog of fumagillin, known as TNP-470 or AGM-1470, has been undergoing clinical trials for treating a variety of cancers. TNP-470 has been shown to block endothelial cell cycle progression in the late G(1) phase. Although the direct molecular target for TNP-470 has been identified as the type 2 methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP2), how inhibition of this enzyme leads to cell cycle arrest has remained unclear. We report that treatment of endothelial and other drug-sensitive cell types leads to the activation of the p53 pathway, causing an accumulation of the G(1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1). The requirement of p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) for the cell cycle inhibition by TNP-470 is underscored by the observation that cells deficient in p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) are resistant to TNP-470. These results shed significant light on the mechanism of cell cycle inhibition by TNP-470 and suggest an alternative method of activating p53 in endothelial cells to halt angiogenesis and tumor progression.
<i>Panax Quinquefolium</i> L. Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelin Release <i>In Vitro</i> (1999)

Endothelial cell damage is considered to be the initial step in the genesis of thrombosis and arteriosclerosis, the common precursors of cardiovascular disorders. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of American ginseng or Panax quinquefolium L. extracts on endothelial cell injury, and investigated effects of ginseng extracts on thrombin-induced endothelin release using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We observed that when endothelial cells pretreated with 1, 10, and 100 micrograms/ml of Panax quinquefolium L. extracts were incubated for 4 and 24 hr with thrombin, the concentration of endothelin was significantly decreased in a concentration dependent, time related manner (at 4 hr, IC50 = 5.1 micrograms/ml; at 24 hr, IC50 = 6.2 micrograms/ml). We further evaluated the effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine (NLA), a nitric oxide (NO) synthetase inhibitor, on the activity of Panax quinquefolium L. extracts. Following pretreatment of cultured endothelial cells with NLA, the inhibition of thrombin-induced endothelin release by Panax quinquefolium L. was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). This result suggests that the pharmacological action of Panax quinquefolium L. is, at least partially, due to NO release. Our data demonstrate that American ginseng may play a therapeutic role in facilitating the hemodynamic balance of vascular endothelial cells.
Direct Observation of Photoinduced Ion Migration in Lead Halide Perovskites (2020)

Abstract Unique optoelectronic, electronic, and sensing properties of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) are underpinned by the complex interactions between electronic and ionic states. Here, the photoinduced field ion migration in HOIPs is directly observed. Using newly developed local probe time‐resolved techniques, more significant CH 3 NH 3 + migration than I − /Br − migration in HOIPs is unveiled. It is found that light illumination only induces CH 3 NH 3 + migration but not I − /Br − migration. By directly observing temporal changes in bias‐induced and photoinduced ion migration in device conditions, it is revealed that light illumination suppresses the bias‐induced ion redistribution in the lateral device. These findings, being a necessary compensation of previous understandings of ion migration in HOIPs based on simulations and static and/or indirect measurements, offer advanced insights into the distinct light effects on the migration of organic cation and halides in HOIPs, which are expected to be helpful for improving the performance and the long‐term stability of HOIPs optoelectronics.
Contextual Text Denoising with Masked Language Models (2019)

Recently, with the help of deep learning models, significant advances have been made in different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art models are vulnerable to noisy texts. We propose a new contextual text denoising algorithm based on the ready-to-use masked language model. The proposed algorithm does not require retraining of the model and can be integrated into any NLP system without additional training on paired cleaning training data. We evaluate our method under synthetic noise and natural noise and show that the proposed algorithm can use context information to correct noise text and improve the performance of noisy inputs in several downstream tasks.
Cell proliferation and cell cycle alterations in oesophageal <i>p53</i>‐mutated cancer cells treated with cisplatin in combination with photodynamic therapy (2010)

Our results show that low CDDP doses (0.25-1 microm) induce cell mortality and cell cycle perturbation, which were more evident when given in combination with PDT, but in contrast to work of other authors no synergistic activity was found. Apoptosis occurred via intrinsic pathways in treated cells, although it did not represent the predominant mode of cell death.
Mechanical characterization of commercially made carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polymethylmethacrylate (1986)

Acrylic bone cement is significantly weaker and of lower modulus of elasticity than compact bone. It is also weaker in tension than in compression. This limits its use in orthopedics to areas where tensile stresses were minimum. Many authors have shown that addition of small percentages of fiber reinforcement by hand mixing improved the mechanical properties significantly but with variable results. In this investigation we have examined the mechanical properties of machine-mixed, commercially available carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement. Appropriate samples of normal low-viscosity cement and carbon-fiber-reinforced cement were prepared and tested mechanically. Carbon fiber increased the tensile strength and modulus by 30% and 35.8% respectively. The compression strength and modulus, however, increased by only 10.7%. Similarly, bending and shear strengths improved by 29.5% and 18.5%, respectively. Diametral compression strength, which is an indirect measure of tensile strength, however, showed only 6.2% improvement. The maximum temperature rise during polymerization was also reduced significantly by the fiber reinforcement.
Processing waste fats into a fuel oil substitute (1993)

Waste fats have a high energy potential. They also contain impurities. For example, fats used for deep-frying contain high contents of solids, water, and chlorides. The process described in this paper removes the impurities by simple processing such as screening, washing, separating, drying, and filtering. The final quality of processed fat allows its use as a fuel oil substitute, and also as a raw material for chemical production.
Luminescence of La_02Y_18O_3 nanostructured scintillators (2014)

For the first time, transparent La0.2Y1.8O3 nanostructured polycrystalline scintillators were fabricated by sintering nanoparticle powders at high temperatures and their scintillation properties are reported. La0.2Y1.8O3 is a host material that has never been investigated as scintillators for radiation detection. Our observations found that La0.2Y1.8O3 has an intense scintillation luminescence, a detection efficiency higher than that of YAG:Ce and a comparable energy resolution to NaI and CsI scintillators. In addition, La0.2Y1.8O3 is stable and has luminescence decay lifetime in the picosecond range which is favorable for radiation detection. The luminescence of La0.2Y1.8O3 has a large Stokes-shift and a large emission bandwidth, and the luminescence is highly temperature dependent. Different from most doped scintillators, the luminescence of La0.2Y1.8O3 is most likely from the self-trapped excitons. The discovery of La0.2Y1.8O3 scintillators opens a new door for the research of new materials for radiation detection.
Microprogrammed implementation of computer measurement techniques (1972)

Microprogramming has been accepted as a valuable tool in several areas of system design. However, microprogramming has not generally been used as a tool for evaluating the performance of computer systems. This paper describes the implementation of several techniques useful for program monitoring, debugging and system measurement using the microprogramable features of an existing computer system. The measurement system is completely transparent to almost all target programs. Given an existing system with a writable control store, a microprogram measurement system may be the most flexible, inexpensive, reliable, and high-speed means of monitoring the performance of a computer system.
Patterned growth of ultra long carbon nanotubes. Properties and systematic investigation into their growth process (2010)

High aspect ratio carbon nanotube arrays were grown using a hydrogen/water assisted catalytic chemical vapor deposition method using ethylene as precursor which achieves a growth rate of 25 to 30 μm carbon nanotube length per minute. The influence of the growth parameters determining the growth rate and the growth height of the carbon nanotubes arrays was studied in detail. Water and hydrogen concentration were varied systematically and it was found that they have to be in a precise ratio in order to establish ultralong growth together with high quality (no contamination with carbonaceous side products) of the arranged carbon nanotubes. For given growth conditions, the hydrogen content in the feed gas stream controls the carbon nanotube length, the purity level and the number of graphitic walls of carbon nanotubes grown. It was found that water acts as a weak oxidant keeping the mixed aluminium/iron catalyst active for ultrahigh length growth. Its concentration should be established very precisely in the process to achieve a maximum growth rate of carbon nanotubes. Furthermore a straightforward, non-costly mask technique is presented to achieve highly structured carbon nanotube growth. Finally the field emission characteristics of such ultrahigh, well arranged and structured carbon nanotube blocks was studied and this revealed low turn-on electric and threshold field values of 0.34 V μm−1 and 0.71 V μm−1 respectively.