gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Power Fiber Lasers: A Review (2014)

In this paper, we summarize the fundamental properties and review the latest developments in high power fiber lasers. The review is focused primarily on the most common fiber laser configurations and the associated cladding pumping issues. Special attention is placed on pump combination techniques and the parameters that affect the brightness enhancement observed in single-mode and multimode high power fiber lasers. The review includes the major limitations imposed by fiber nonlinearities and other parasitic effects, such as optical damage, transverse modal instabilities and photodarkening. Finally, the paper summarizes the power evolution in continuous-wave and pulsed ytterbium-doped fiber lasers and their impact on industrial applications.
<title>Compensated imaging by real-time holography with optically addressed liquid crystal spatial light modulators</title> (1997)

Compensated imaging by real-time holography corrects for aberrations in telescope imaging systems and allows scaling to large apertures using lightweight, low-optical-quality primary mirrors. This application leads to unique requirements for optically addressed liquid-crystal spatial light modulators.
Use of hydrogen bonds to control molecular aggregation. Extensive, self-complementary arrays of donors and acceptors (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of hydrogen bonds to control molecular aggregation. Extensive, self-complementary arrays of donors and acceptorsYves Ducharme and James D. WuestCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 24, 5787–5789Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00259a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00259a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1057Altmetric-Citations142LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Retention of Flame Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foams (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRetention of Flame Properties of Rigid Polyurethane FoamsJ. J. AndersonCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1963, 2, 4, 260–263Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i360008a003https://doi.org/10.1021/i360008a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
CW operation and threshold characteristics of all-monolithic InAlGaAs 1.55-μm VCSELs grown by MOCVD (2002)

We demonstrate an all-monolithic metal-organic chemical vapor epitaxy (MOCVD)-grown 1.55-μm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser operating continuous wave up to 35/spl deg/C. The structure is based on the InAlGaAs-InP material system grown by a single step of MOCVD. Wet oxidation of a strained In/sub 0.4/Al/sub 0.6/As layer is used for the current confinement. The threshold current, threshold voltage and the external quantum efficiency at room temperature are about 1.6 mA, 2.3 V, and 5.4%, respectively.
[Improved preparation of des-alanylB30-insulin (author's transl)]. (1978)

Des-AlaB30-insulin was prepared by incubation of insulin with carboxypeptidase A. The C-terminal alanineB30 of the B-chain was quantitatively liberated without liberating asparagineA21 of the A-chain in ammonium hydrogencarbonate buffer.
The Effect of Different Atomizing Gases and Drying Media on the Crystallization Behavior of Spray-Dried Powders (2010)

Abstract The use of different atomizing gases (N2 and CO2) was found not to alter the calorimetric behavior of the spray-dried powders significantly compared with air-atomized spray-dried powders in a Buchi B-290 (Postfach, Switzerland) mini spray dryer. However, the drying medium (N2 and CO2) was found to influence other powder properties, as seen from the alteration of morphology for the powders. An inert loop was attached to the dryer to recirculate the drying medium (N2 and CO2 gases) and to provide better control over the humidity of the drying medium by condensing the evaporated solvent. The degree of crystallinity of the spray-dried powder was measured using moisture-induced crystallization (a moisture sorption test) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). The sorption peak height was found to be lowest in the case of N2 gas (5 ± 1%, mean ± standard deviation, indicating more crystalline powder) and highest for CO2 gas (9.3 ± 0.1%, indicating more amorphous powder) compared with air (7.4 ± 0.3%). However, the MDSC analysis found that the thermal behavior did not vary significantly. It is suggested that the gases' physical properties seem to be the main cause for some of these alterations in the product behavior. Different atomizing gases and gas media used during the spray-drying process can potentially be used to achieve different product behaviors. Keywords: Atomizing gasCrystallinityDrying mediumInert gasMorphologySorptionSpray-dried powderSpray drying Notes Data from Aftel et al.[ Citation 11 ] *Standard temperature and pressure (STP).
A clonal analysis of neural progenitors during axolotl spinal cord regeneration reveals evidence for both spatially restricted and multipotent progenitors (2007)

Complete regeneration of the spinal cord occurs after tail regeneration in urodele amphibians such as the axolotl. Little is known about how neural progenitor cells are recruited from the mature tail, how they populate the regenerating spinal cord, and whether the neural progenitor cells are multipotent. To address these issues we used three types of cell fate mapping. By grafting green fluorescent protein-positive (GFP(+)) spinal cord we show that a 500 microm region adjacent to the amputation plane generates the neural progenitors for regeneration. We further tracked single nuclear-GFP-labeled cells as they proliferated during regeneration, observing their spatial distribution, and ultimately their expression of the progenitor markers PAX7 and PAX6. Most progenitors generate descendents that expand along the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis, but remain close to the dorsal/ventral (D/V) location of the parent. A minority of clones spanned multiple D/V domains, taking up differing molecular identities, indicating that cells can execute multipotency in vivo. In parallel experiments, bulk labeling of dorsally or ventrally restricted progenitor cells revealed that ventral cells at the distal end of the regenerating spinal cord switch to dorsal cell fates. Analysis of PAX7 and PAX6 expression along the regenerating spinal cord indicated that these markers are expressed in dorsal and lateral domains all along the spinal cord except at the distal terminus. These results suggest that neural progenitor identity is destabilized or altered in the terminal vesicle region, from which clear migration of cells into the surrounding blastema is also observed.
Response of single species biofilms and microcosm dental plaques to pulsing with chlorhexidine (1998)

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pulsing chlorhexidine gluconate, at concentrations commonly used in mouthwashes, on Streptococcus sanguis biofilms and microcosm dental plaques in vitro. Biofilms were grown on bovine enamel and nutrients were supplied in the form of artificial saliva. Pulsing experiments were carried out on steady-state biofilms using 0.05 or 0.2% chlorhexidine solutions delivered twice daily for 1 min. In a separate study, the enamel discs on which the biofilms were formed were pre-treated with chlorhexidine and pulsed directly after inoculation and then at regular intervals. With both concentrations of chlorhexidine used, a c.2 log10 reduction in the viable counts of S. sanguis was achieved with the initial pulse, but as pulsing continued, the bacterial population recovered, albeit not to the previous level. A c.1 log10 reduction in the total viable counts of the microcosm plaques was seen after the first pulse with 0.2% chlorhexidine. The total count then recovered rapidly and, after the fifth pulse, the total viable counts were not significantly different from those before pulsing. The total counts then remained at a similar level throughout the course of the experimental runs. Pre-treatment of the enamel discs with 0.2% chlorhexidine before inoculation produced viable counts of c.10(5) cfu/mm2, a 1 log10 reduction compared with untreated discs. After pulsing with 0.2% chlorhexidine at 8 h, a 3 log10 reduction was seen in the total aerobic and anaerobic counts, but again the viable counts subsequently increased despite twice-daily chlorhexidine pulsing. Regardless of the nature of the biofilm, pulsing initially achieved substantial kills, but the viability of the biofilms subsequently increased despite continued pulsing. Chlorhexidine was effective at reducing the viability of microcosm plaques when it was applied to the substratum before exposure to bacteria and subsequently pulsed on to the biofilms.
Psychology and Economics (1997)

: Because psychology systematically explores human judgment, behavior, and well-being, it can teach us important facts about how humans differ from traditional economic assumptions. In this essay I discuss a selection of psychological findings relevant to economics. Standard economics assumes that each person has stable, well-defined preferences, and that she rationally maximizes those preferences. Section 2 considers what psychological research teaches us about the true form of preferences, allowing us to make economics more realistic within the rationalchoice framework. Section 3 reviews research on biases in judgment under uncertainty; because those biases lead people to make systematic errors in their attempts to maximize their preferences, this research poses a more radical challenge to the economics model. The array of psychological findings reviewed in Section 4 points to an even more radical critique of the economics model: Even if we are willing to modify our familia...
The Precise Structures and Stereochemistry of Trihydroxy-linoleates Esterified in Human and Porcine Epidermis and Their Significance in Skin Barrier Function (2016)

Creation of an intact skin water barrier, a prerequisite for life on dry land, requires the lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation of the essential fatty acid linoleate, which is esterified to the ω-hydroxyl of an epidermis-specific ceramide. Oxidation of the linoleate moiety by lipoxygenases is proposed to facilitate enzymatic cleavage of the ester bond, releasing free ω-hydroxyceramide for covalent binding to protein, thus forming the corneocyte lipid envelope, a key component of the epidermal barrier. Herein, we report the transformations of esterified linoleate proceed beyond the initial steps of oxidation and epoxyalcohol synthesis catalyzed by the consecutive actions of 12R-LOX and epidermal LOX3. The major end product in human and porcine epidermis is a trihydroxy derivative, formed with a specificity that implicates participation of an epoxide hydrolase in converting epoxyalcohol to triol. Of the 16 possible triols arising from hydrolysis of 9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-octadecenoates, using LC-MS and chiral analyses, we identify and quantify specifically 9R,10S,13R-trihydroxy-11E-octadecenoate as the single major triol esterified in porcine epidermis and the same isomer with lesser amounts of its 10R diastereomer in human epidermis. The 9R,10S,13R-triol is formed by SN2 hydrolysis of the 9R,10R-epoxy-13R-hydroxy-octadecenoate product of the LOX enzymes, a reaction specificity characteristic of epoxide hydrolase. The high polarity of triol over the primary linoleate products enhances the concept that the oxidations disrupt corneocyte membrane lipids, promoting release of free ω-hydroxyceramide for covalent binding to protein and sealing of the waterproof barrier.
The Detection of Sleep Onset: Behavioral and Physiological Convergence (1984)

ABSTRACT Reaction time (RT), a behavioral measure of arousal, was used to examine standard criteria (Rechtschaffen & Kales, 1968) for assessing sleep onset (SO) and the sensitivity of changes in respiratory patterns at SO. Following 24 hrs without sleep, RT, respiratory, and EEG measures were used to study SO in 12 subjects. Sleep deprivation (SD) permitted multiple examinations of SO in 2 daytime testing periods. Strong relationships between RT and EEG‐based measures of SO serve to confirm the distinction between wakefulness and stage 1 sleep, and moderate to weak correlations between RT and respiratory indices describe the usefulness of the latter. Behavioral, respiratory and EEG assessments of the shift from wakefulness to sleep were observed to be orderly and rapid in these SD volunteers, suggesting that the detection of SO could be sharpened by adding behavioral and respiratory measures to the usual EEG criteria. The close temporal correspondence among these changes has interesting implications for sleep/waking mechanisms.
Plasma Endothelin Level in the Acute Stage of Bell Palsy (1996)

Endothelin, which has potent vasoconstrictive effects, may contribute to the pathogenesis of the microcirculatory impairment that occurs in patients with Bell palsy, mainly by promoting secondary ischemia.
Radiation from multiple circumferential slots on a conducting circular cylinder (1999)

Electromagnetic wave radiation from multiple circumferential slots on a conducting circular cylinder is theoretically investigated. The Fourier transform/series technique is used to represent the continuous and discrete modes of the scattered field. The mode matching is utilized to constitute a set of simultaneous equations for the discrete modal coefficients. The residue calculus is applied to transform the scattered field integral representations into fast-converging series forms, thereby facilitating the numerical computations. Numerical computations illustrate the behavior of radiation in terms of the slot geometry, the incident mode, and the operating frequency.
A flow cytometric study of DNA staining in situ in exponentially growing and stationary <i>Euglena gracilis</i> (1987)

DNA stainability by different fluorochromes has been compared in exponentially dividing and stationary Euglena cells. With the intercalating fluorochromes, ethidium bromide, acridine orange and DAPI, a decrease of fluorescence intensity of the G1 cells is observed when cells enter stationary stage. However this decrease of fluorescence is not obtained with the nonintercalating fluorochrome Hoechst 33258. If nuclear basic proteins are extracted, however, the intensity of staining by either Hoechst 33258 or ethidium-bromide is comparable in stationary and dividing cells. Therefore, the decrease of fluorescence intensity of the G1 cells observed during the transition from exponential to stationary phase is not due to a loss of DNA but is related to the exposure of chromatin binding sites for ethidium bromide. In Euglena cells, DNA accessibility for intercalating fluorochromes depends upon chromatin structure and consequently upon cell age.
An examination of the effect of an AC pulsed electric field on cell mortality in SWLA-2 hybridomas (2005)

This work describes the initial experimental setup and results involving the percentage cell lysis in SWLA-2 murine hybridomas produced by AC electric field pulses of varying amplitudes and pulse widths. Cells were cultured and separate samples examined at 24 hours. The frequency, pulse width and peak-to-peak voltage were varied. AC electric fields producing at least 1 V across the cell membrane appear to be more effective in producing cell lysis than similar fields producing lower membrane voltages. Additionally, higher frequencies, in the 10 kHz range, appear to be more effective than lower frequencies at membrane voltages above 1 V in producing cell lysis.
Schwann cell remyelination is restricted to astrocyte-deficient areas after transplantation into demyelinated adult rat brain (2000)

The ability to generate large numbers of Schwann cells from a peripheral nerve biopsy makes them potential candidates for the clinical application of cell transplantation to enhance remyelination in human demyelinating disease. Transplant-derived Schwann cell remyelination has previously been demonstrated in the spinal cord but not for demyelinated axons in the brain, a more likely site for initial clinical intervention. We have transplanted Schwann cells from male neonatal rat sciatic nerves into ethidium bromide-induced areas of demyelination in the deep cerebellar white matter of adult female rats. The extent of Schwann cell remyelination 28 days after transplantation was significantly increased in lesions that received direct injections of Schwann cells compared with non-transplanted lesions. Using in situ hybridisation to identify the rat Y chromosome, transplanted male cells were found to co-localise with the P0 immunoreactive area of Schwann cell remyelination. Combined immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation confirmed that many remyelinating Schwann cells were transplant-derived. P0 immunoreactivity and transplanted male cells were found in GFAP-negative, astrocyte-free areas. Transplanted Schwann cells were not identified outside of transplanted lesions, nor did they did not contribute to remyelination of a lesion at a distance from the site of transplantation. Our findings indicate that demyelinated axons in the adult brain can be remyelinated by transplanted Schwann cells but that migration and remyelination are restricted to areas from which astrocytes are absent.
Magnetic motor stimulation : basic principles and clinical experience (1991)

Section I. Basic Biological Investigations on CNS Mechanisms. 1.1 General. Matching focal and non-focal magnetic coil stimulation to properties of human nervous system. Physiological studies of electric and magnetic stimulation of the human brain. Topographic maps of humjan motor cortex in normal and pathological conditions: mirror movements, amputations and spinal cord injuries. Mapping of the motor cortex gyral sites noninvasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects and patients. Studies of sensory and motor cortex physiology: with observations on akinesia in Parkinson's Disease. Selective activation of the epileptic focus by transcranial magnetic stimulation. The firing probability of single motor units following transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy subjects and patients with neurological disease. Magnetic coil stimulation of human visual cortex: studies of perception. Magnetic stimuli applied over motor and visual cortex: influence of coil position and field polarity on motor response, and eye movements. 1.2 Pathways. Cerebellar evoked potentials and motor evoked potentials in the spinal cord of the rat. Corticospinal potentials after electrical and magnetic stimulation in man. CNS activation patterns underlying motor evoked potentials as demonstrated by C-FOS immunoreactivity. 1.3 Safety. The safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation reconsidered: evidence regarding cognitive and other cerebral effects. Repetitive high magnetic field stimulation: the effect upon rat brain. 1.4. Facilitation. Magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex: ipsilateral and contraleteral facilitation effects. Motor evoked potentials facilitated by an additional peripheral nerve stimulation. Influence of peripheral nerve stimulation on the responses in small hand muscles to transcranial magnetic cortex stimulation. Section II. Principles of Magnetic Stimulation. Magnetic nerve stimulation: the effect of waveform on efficiency, determination of neural membrane time constants and the measurement of stimulator output. Optimizing magnetic stimulator design. Magnetic stimulation: technical aspects. Guidelines for energy-efficient coils: coils designed for magnetic stimulation of the heart. The electric field induced during magnetic stimulation. Theoretical and practical performance of magnetic stimulators and coils. Section III. Spinal Cord Evaluation. The electrophysiological assessment of the pyramidal and non-pyramidal tracts of the spinal cord of rats. Assessment of functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats by reticulospinal-mediated motor evoked responses. Reinforcement of motor evoked potentials in patients with spinal cord injury. Section IV. Peripheral Nerve and Roots. Magnetic stimulation of corticonuclear systems and of cranial nerves in man: physiological basis and clinical application. Mechanisms of peripheral nervous system stimulation using the magnetic coil.