gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Performance of Maximum Likelihood Inverse Reinforcement Learning (2012)

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) addresses the problem of recovering a task description given a demonstration of the optimal policy used to solve such a task. The optimal policy is usually provided by an expert or teacher, making IRL specially suitable for the problem of apprenticeship learning. The task description is encoded in the form of a reward function of a Markov decision process (MDP). Several algorithms have been proposed to find the reward function corresponding to a set of demonstrations. One of the algorithms that has provided best results in different applications is a gradient method to optimize a policy squared error criterion. On a parallel line of research, other authors have presented recently a gradient approximation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the reward signal. In general, both approaches approximate the gradient estimate and the criteria at different stages to make the algorithm tractable and efficient. In this work, we provide a detailed description of the different methods to highlight differences in terms of reward estimation, policy similarity and computational costs. We also provide experimental results to evaluate the differences in performance of the methods.
SymJS: automatic symbolic testing of JavaScript web applications (2014)

We present SymJS, a comprehensive framework for automatic testing of client-side JavaScript Web applications. The tool contains a symbolic execution engine for JavaScript, and an automatic event explorer for Web pages. Without any user intervention, SymJS can automatically discover and explore Web events, symbolically execute the associated JavaScript code, refine the execution based on dynamic feedbacks, and produce test cases with high coverage. The symbolic engine contains a symbolic virtual machine, a string-numeric solver, and a symbolic executable DOM model. SymJS's innovations include a novel symbolic virtual machine for JavaScript Web, symbolic+dynamic feedback directed event space exploration, and dynamic taint analysis for enhancing event sequence construction. We illustrate the effectiveness of SymJS on standard JavaScript benchmarks and various real-life Web applications. On average SymJS achieves over 90% line coverage for the benchmark programs, significantly outperforming existing methods.
MFAP4 deficiency alleviates renal fibrosis through inhibition of NF‐κB and TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathways (2020)

Renal fibrosis, which is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in the renal tubulointerstitium, can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The role of microfiber-associated protein 4 (MFAP4), which is an ECM protein that interacts with elastin and collagen, in renal fibrosis has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the role of MFAP4 in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis and the underlying mechanism using in vivo and in vitro models. The MFAP4<sup>-/-</sup> mice were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) to elucidate the role of MFAP4 in renal fibrosis in vivo. Compared to the wild-type mice, the MFAP4<sup>-/-</sup> mice exhibited decreased protein expression of p-p65 and p-IKBα and ECM deposition after UUO. The MFAP4<sup>-/-</sup> mice exhibited attenuated nuclear translocation of p65 (the hub subunit of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway), suppressed activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad pathways, and downregulated expression of fibronectin, collagen I, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. The knockdown of MFAP4 mitigated the TGF-β-induced upregulated expression of fibronectin, collagen I, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). Compared to the HK-2 cells transfected with sh-MFAP4, the HK-2 cells co-transfected with sh-MFAP4 and Ad-MFAP4 exhibited severe inflammatory response and increased fibrosis-related proteins expression. Mechanistically, the knockdown of MFAP4 inhibited the activation of NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways and downregulated the expression of fibrosis-related proteins. The findings of this study indicate that MFAP4 is involved in UUO-induced renal fibrosis through regulation of NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad pathways.
Complexity measure of encryption keys used for securing computer networks (2002)

The best way to secure and to obtain safe electronic payment systems through computer networks is with encryption. The strength of the encryption technique is mainly depending upon the encryption key. One of the basic criteria to evaluate the strength of the key is the complexity measure. In this paper, the Ziv-Lempel (1976) complexity for binary random sequences, as well as for finite sequences employed to generate the encryption keys, is examined. The complexity versus the sequence length is investigated, and a comparison with the lower bound is carried out. The obtained results show many interesting points. First, the random sequence satisfies the lower bound for all different lengths. Second, the Ziv-Lempel complexity for linear feedback shift register (LFSR) sequences depends on both the initial condition and on the characteristic polynomial of the LFSR. Third, the complexity depends on the length of the sequence.
The sesquiterpenoid nootkatone and the absolute configuration of a dibromo derivative (2003)

Nootkatone, or (4R,4aS,6R)-4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,4a-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)naphthalen-2(3H)-one, C(15)H(22)O, a sesquiterpene with strong repellent properties against Formosan subterranean termites and other insects, has the valencene skeleton. The dibromo derivative (1S,3R,4S,4aS,6R,8aR)-1,3-dibromo-6-isopropyl-4,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalen-2-one, C(15)H(24)Br(2)O, has two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, which differ in the rotation of the isopropyl group with respect to the main skeleton. The C-Br distances are in the range 1.950 (4)-1.960 (4) A. Both independent molecules form zigzag chains, with very short intermolecular carbonyl-carbonyl interactions, having the perpendicular motif and O...C distances of 2.886 (6) and 2.898 (6) A. These chains are flanked by intermolecular Br...Br interactions of distances in the range 4.067 (1)-4.218 (1) A. The absolute configuration of the dibromo derivative was determined, from which that of nootkatone was inferred.
Comparing RTL and behavioral design methodologies in the case of a 2M-transistor ATM shaper (1999)

This paper describes the experience and the lessons learned during the design of an ATM traffic shaper circuit using behavioral synthesis. The experiment is based on the comparison of the results of two parallel design flows starting from the same specification. The first used a classical design method based on RTL synthesis. The second design flow is based on behavioral synthesis. The experiment has shown that behavioral synthesis is able to produce efficient design in terms of gate count and timing while bringing a threefold reduction in design effort when compared to RTL design methodology.
Reflectance confocal microscopy accurately discriminates between benign and malignant melanocytic lesions exhibiting a ‘dermoscopic island’ (2012)

Reflectance confocal microscopy appears as a promising tool not only to enhance the early diagnosis of melanoma but also to avoid unnecessary excisions of lesions with a dermoscopic island.
Design of a Multiple Degree of Freedom, Force Reflective Hand Master/Slave with a High Mobility Wrist (1989)

The Center for Engineering Design (CED) at the University of Utah has developed a force reflective, teleoperated multiple degree of freedom hand and high mobility wrist. This hand/wrist teleoperation system is targeted to perform dexterous manipulation and assembly tasks in an effort to approach the capabilities of a human. A first-stage prototype of this hand/wrist master/slave system, which is scheduled for laboratory demonstration in February of 1989, has nine actuated degrees of freedom in both the hand master and hand slave. This paper discusses elements of the design of this hand/wrist master and slave with particular emphasis on servo system and actuator development. The progress and status of the development of the master/slave system is summarized. Issues relating to the design of the teleoperation system that were confronted during the initial stages of the design are addressed. Development of the piston actuators and servovalves is discussed in detail. A companion paper discusses aspects related to the mechanical design of the master and slave.
1 : 2 HOST-GUEST BINDING BY DOUBLE γ-CYCLODEXTRIN (1985)

Abstract A double γ-cyclodextrin host bridged with a disulfide bond included two molecules of methyl orange with an association constant (1.06×1011 M−2) which is the largest value ever reported for 1 : 2 (host : guest) bindings of γ-cyclodextrin, demonstrating the collaboration of the two cyclodextrin parts on guest binding.
An electron microscopic study of<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>(Coward strain) (1971)

Electron microscopic studies have confirmed that the Coward strain of C. neoformans porduces true hyphae characterized by branching and septa. The fungal bodies which possess capsules are indistinguishable from those of typical C. neoformans.
Ideas for Establishing Lesson-Study Communities (2004)

Many educators in the United States have recently become interested in lesson study, a professional development approach popular in Japan, as a promising source of ideas for improving education (Stigler and Hiebert 1999). Numerous schools and school districts have attempted to use lesson study to improve their teaching practice and student learning (Council for Basic Education 2000; Germain- McCarthy 2001; Lewis 2002; Research for Better Schools 2002; Stepanek 2001; Weeks 2001).
Preparation Of TiC Free Ti<sub>3</sub>SiC<sub>2</sub> With Improved Oxidation Resistance By Substitution Of Si With AI (2004)

AbstractTi3SiC2 combines many of the merits of both metals and ceramics and has potential in diverse high temperature applications. However, TiC always exists as an impurity phase, which is deleterious to the high-temperature oxidation resistance of Ti3SiC2. Although many attempts have been made, it is difficult to eliminate TiC from Ti3SiC2 due to the close structural relations between the two compounds. In this paper we describe our innovative work to prepare TiC free Ti3SiC2 by the substitution of a small amount of Si with Al. The substitution of Si with Al resulted in the formation of aTi3Si1, AlxC2 solid solution. The mechanical properties of the Al doped Ti3SiC2 are close to those of Ti3SiC2, but the oxidation resistance is significantly improved due to the formation of a protective Al2O3 layer during high- temperature oxidation.Keywords: Ti3SiC2Elimination of TiCMechanical propertiesOxidation resistance
Analytical microsystem for organic gas detection based on SAW devices (1994)

Modified SAW devices can be used as highly sensitive detectors for gases: coated with a selective sorptive layer, they serve as a frequency determining element of an oscillator circuit. To perform a quantitative and qualitative analysis of organic gas mixtures with polymer coatings as sensitive membranes, it is necessary to use an array of several SAW sensors with different sensitivities towards various gaseous components. In this work, an automatic working, self purging and compact analytical microsystem for organic gas detection is presented. As the central component it contains an array of nine SAW resonators working at an operating frequency of 433.92 MHz. Eight sensor oscillators, one common reference oscillator for temperature compensation and circuits for frequency mixing are mounted within in a compact radial housing (diameter 108 mm). A broad variety of gaseous organic analytes can be detected using this microsystem. Of particular interest are hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds. Together with an automatic pattern recognition a qualitative as well as a quantitative analysis of these gases can be achieved
Static and dynamic light scattering studies of amylose solutions (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStatic and dynamic light scattering studies of amylose solutionsS. G. Ring, K. L'Anson, and V. J. MorrisCite this: Macromolecules 1985, 18, 2, 182–188Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1985https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00144a013RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views599Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (813 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
High power top-surface emitting oxide confined vertical-cavitylaser diodes (1996)

Large area MBE grown vertical-cavity surface emitting laser diodes (VCSELs) for high power emission at ~980 nm wavelength have been fabricated. Top emitting devices of 146 µm active diameter deliver 160 mW at 20% wallplug efficiency and 180 mW maximum output power in a junction-up configuration.
Celastrol Inhibits Dopaminergic Neuronal Death of Parkinson’s Disease through Activating Mitophagy (2019)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, which is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal protein accumulation. No treatment can stop or slow PD. Autophagy inhibits neuronal death by removing damaged mitochondria and abnormal protein aggregations. Celastrol is a triterpene with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Up until now, no reports have shown that celastrol improves PD motor symptoms. In this study, we used PD cell and mouse models to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of celastrol. In the substantia nigra, we found lower levels of autophagic activity in patients with sporadic PD as compared to healthy controls. In neurons, celastrol enhances autophagy, autophagosome biogenesis (Beclin 1↑, Ambra1↑, Vps34↑, Atg7↑, Atg12↑, and LC3-II↑), and mitophagy (PINK1↑, DJ-1↑, and LRRK2↓), and these might be associated with MPAK signaling pathways. In the PD cell model, celastrol reduces MPP<sup>+</sup>-induced dopaminergic neuronal death, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ATP reduction. In the PD mouse model, celastrol suppresses motor symptoms and neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra and striatum and enhances mitophagy (PINK1↑ and DJ-1↑) in the striatum. Using MPP<sup>+</sup> to induce mitochondrial damage in neurons, we found celastrol controls mitochondrial quality by sequestering impaired mitochondria into autophagosomes for degradation. This is the first report to show that celastrol exerts neuroprotection in PD by activating mitophagy to degrade impaired mitochondria and further inhibit dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis. Celastrol may help to prevent and treat PD.
Interaction of metallotexaphyrins with mono- and polysaccharides (2000)

The interactions of two water-soluble metallotexaphyrins, containing coordinated lutetium(III) and gadolinium(III) cations, with uronic acids (D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acids), neutral (amylose, galactan) and anionic (pectate, alginate) polysaccharides were studied using UV–VIS titrations. In the case of polyuronides, strong red shifts in the Soret (9–12 nm) and Q-like (4–9 nm) transitions were observed when solutions of the metallotexaphyrin were subject to titration with increasing ligand concentrations. The interaction with neutral polysaccharides leads to significantly smaller bathochromic shifts in these same bands (1–2 nm). No shift of these bands was observed in the case of interaction with uronic acids. If pectate is replaced by partially C-6 methylated pectinates, the extent of the bathochromic shift was seen to decrease as the extent of methylation increased, becoming minimal in the case of methyl pectate (0.5–1 nm). The origin and magnitude of the observed red shifts is rationalised in terms of the conversion of aggregated forms of the metallotexaphyrin into less aggregated (e.g., monomeric) texaphyrin–polysaccharide species. UV–VIS titrations support the conclusion that polyuronides interact with metallotexaphyrins, presumably by acting as polydentate carboxylic ligands for the Lewis acidic lanthanide(III) metallotexaphyrin centres. In the case of the polyuronides, where near complete conversion to monomers is observed, this decrease in aggregation is thought to reflect binding to carboxylate sites. Such binding interactions are not possible in the case of neutral polysaccharides and methyl pectate and the macrocycles remain highly aggregated. Interaction with uronic acids, however, also does not lead to deaggregation.
Audio streaming on the Internet. Experiences with real-time streaming of audio streams (2002)

An increasing number of applications include real-time audio streaming over a communication network. Well-known examples are teleconferencing, tele-presentation, Internet Radio live streams and on-demand services. In cooperation with various broadcasters, GMD provides live and on-demand audio services over the Internet. Applications are based on commercial products as well as on own software developments. This paper describes some approaches to provide a real-time audio service over the Internet, discusses problems and experiences and presents an outlook for a streaming service in the future.
Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tubes for Scintillation Imaging (1986)

The Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) was developed mainly for scintillation imaging in the field of high energy physics and medical applications. This PMT consists of a proximity-type photocathode and 11 staged mesh dynodes. For performing two-dimensional detection, two sets of wire anodes arranged in perpendicular with each other performs a read-out of the secondary electrons emitted from the last dynode. The intrinsic spatial spread of 4.3 mm FWHM and resolution of 0.3 mm FWHM were obtained for 4000 photons/pulse with LED by centroid calculation. Also, this PMT features an amplification gain of 10/sup 6/ and a quantum efficiency of 20% allowing for low energy radiation measurements and providing an energy resolution that is nearly the same as that of the conventional PMT. Finally, the authors show the reconstruction of two dimensional/scintillation image with 3'' diameter NaI(T1) crystal.
Injection moulding of long glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6-6: guidelines to improve flexural properties (2007)

Based on a previous optimisation of set-up parameters for injection moulding of polyamide 6-6 (PA 6-6) reinforced with 40 wt% of 10 mm long glass fibre, the aim of this paper is to define suitable guidelines to further improve the mechanical performances of PA 6-6/glass long fibre thermoplastic (LFT) injection mouldings. Different solutions have been considered: screw and non-return valve design modification so as to adapt them to LFT processing, increase of the initial fibre content (up to 50 wt%) and length (up to 25 mm) in the LFT pellets. Using a LFT dedicated plasticating unit has allowed decreasing the fibre breakage amount by about 80% at the nozzle exit, however without improving the flexural properties. Increasing the initial fibre content has logically permitted to improve the flexural properties. Increasing the initial fibre length has not brought any improvement of the properties and has even amplified the structural heterogeneities and anisotropy of the parts. These trends have been explained on the basis of cavity pressure records highlighting significantly different rheological behaviours, and of resulting residual fibre lengths and through-the-thickness fibre orientation profiles modifications.
Real-time Reflection using Ray Tracing with Geometry Field (2006)

A novel method for accurate reflections in real time is introduced using ray tracing in geometry fields, which combine light fields with geometry images. The geometry field of a surface is defined ray space, mapping a ray to its intersection point with the surface, represented as the uv coordinates on the geometry image. It makes intersection tests much more efficient using lookups within a fragment shader, and allows conventional textures to be applied, such as normal maps, to enhance geometric subtleties. Our method can be generalized to also handle refraction and self-reflection. Experimental results demonstrate its capability for accurate reflection for complex scenes in real-time.
Using In-Solution Digestion, Peptide Fractionation, and a Q Exactive Mass Spectrometer to Analyze the Proteome of Clathrin-Coated Vesicles (2014)

The characterization of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), including the effects of genetic or biochemical manipulations on their composition, can be studied by mass spectrometry analysis of HeLa cell fractions enriched for CCVs. This protocol describes the preparation of samples by in-solution proteolytic digest and subsequent peptide fractionation, followed by analysis in a Q Exactive mass spectrometer.
Effects of Regional Charge History and PVT Conditions over Geologic Timescales on Local Refined Reservoir-Scale Models, Using a Petroleum Systems Modeling Approach (2009)

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference. Abstract Herein we present a method of linking a regional charge model to a high-resolution prospect scale model including detailed geometry descriptions. The presented link includes full PVT controlled charge modeling from the regional- to the local high-resolution model. Our basin modeling workflow is combined with a detailed reservoir description, including geological-, geophysical- and geochemical information in an integrated approach on prospect scale. Pressure and temperature development through geologic time within the reservoir can now be modeled in more detail and re-migration within the reservoir can be described in much higher resolution without losing regional information that is not covered by the prospect scale model. The application of this approach in basin modeling is presented and examples are given where the linking of models with different resolutions is used to describe a well-explored petroleum system including migration more accurately. Over geologic timescales, the modeling of reservoir-scale features and processes are limited by the resolution of basin-scale petroleum system models. Maturation of source rocks and migration is normally described on scales of kilometers. On the other hand reservoir models cannot describe processes on geologic timescales leading to conditions before start of production. Linking a regional-scale basin model describing the charge of a petroleum system including migration to the prospect/field and a high-resolution geologic model on reservoir-scale describing the geometries and litho-properties of the reservoirs can help to solve this problem. In order to explain small-scale processes in reservoirs in oil provinces, knowledge of the geologic history of the reservoirs and respective petroleum system elements is needed. In particular the reconstruction of pre-production PVT-conditions and charge timing of a reservoir are of high importance to understand the reservoir system. The description of reservoir-scale features caused by processes over geologic time provides important information for improved production and long-term extraction strategies.