gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of electromagnetic interference shielding materials fabricated by iron ingredients (2019)

Iron (Fe) and its counterparts, such as Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, carbonyl iron and FeO, have attracted the attention of researchers during the past few years due to their bio-compatibility, bio-degradability and diverse applications in the field of medicines, electronics and energy; including water treatment, catalysis and electromagnetic wave interference shielding <i>etc.</i> In this review paper, we aimed to explore iron based materials for the prevention of electromagnetic interference (EMI) by means of both reflection and absorption processes, including the standard methods of synthesis of Fe-based materials along with the determination of EMI performance. It is customary that a proper combination of two dielectric-losses, <i>i.e.</i> electrical and magnetic losses, give excellent microwave absorption properties. Therefore, we focused on the different strategies of preparation of these iron based composites with dielectric carbon materials, polymers <i>etc.</i> Additionally, we explained their positive and negative aspects.
Control by Gradient Collocation: Applications to optimal obstacle avoidance and minimum torque control (2012)

We present a new machine learning algorithm for learning optimal feedback control policies to guide a robot to a goal in the presence of obstacles. Our method works by first reducing the problem of obstacle avoidance to a continuous state, action, and time control problem, and then uses efficient collocation methods to solve for an optimal feedback control policy. This formulation of the obstacle avoidance problem improves over standard approaches, such as potential field methods, by being resistant to local minima, allowing for moving obstacles, handling stochastic systems, and computing feedback control strategies that take into account the robot's (possibly non-linear) dynamics. In addition to contributing a new method for obstacle avoidance, our work contributes to the state-of-the-art in collocation methods for non-linear stochastic optimal control problems in two important ways: (1) we show that taking into account local gradient and second-order derivative information of the optimal value function at the collocation points allows us to exploit knowledge of the derivative information about the system dynamics, and (2) we show that computational savings can be achieved by directly fitting the gradient of the optimal value function rather than the optimal value function itself. We validate our approach on three problems: non-convex obstacle avoidance of a point-mass robot, obstacle avoidance for a 2 degree of freedom robotic manipulator, and optimal control of a non-linear dynamical system.
Model to Reduce Airline Schedule Disturbances (1995)

A wide variety of factors result in disturbances in carrying out planned airline schedules. Technical failures in the aircraft, meteorological conditions, crew delay, crews not showing up for flights, breakdowns in aircraft ground servicing equipment, and bottlenecks at airports lead to cancelation and/or delay of some flights. This paper develops a model to reduce airline schedule disturbances. The heuristic model that is developed [using the first in, first out (FIFO) principle and a sequential approach based on dynamic programming] can greatly facilitate the work of the dispatcher when making decisions regarding traffic management. The developed models and corresponding software package were tested on a large number of hypothetical numerical examples. The software package provides the dispatcher with an active role in choosing the final solution. Relying on his or her experience and intuition, the dispatcher can change the type of aircraft on a specific flight, departure times of individual flights, or cancel flights. These altered input data are put into the model and very quickly produce a new airline schedule, new crew rotations, and new aircraft rotations.
Simultaneous path planning and trajectory optimization for robotic manipulators using discrete mechanics and optimal control (2014)

SUMMARY In robotics, path planning and trajectory optimization are usually performed separately to optimize the path from the given starting point to the ending point in the presence of obstacles. In this paper, path planning and trajectory optimization for robotic manipulators are solved simultaneously by a newly developed methodology called Discrete Mechanics and Optimal Control (DMOC). In DMOC, the Lagrange–d'Alembert equation is discretized directly unlike the conventional variational optimization method in which first the Euler–Lagrange equations are derived and then discretization takes place. In this newly developed method, the constraints for optimization of a desired objective function are the forced discrete Euler–Lagrange equations. In this paper, DMOC is used for simultaneous path planning and trajectory optimization for robotic manipulators in the presence of known static obstacles. Two numerical examples, applied on a DELTA parallel robot, are discussed to show the applicability of this new methodology. The optimal results obtained from DMOC are compared with the other state-of-the-art techniques. The difficulties and problems associated in using the DMOC for Parallel Kinematic Machine (PKM) are also discussed in this paper.
The general <scp>l</scp>‐amino acid permease of Rhizobium leguminosarum is an ABC uptake system that also influences efflux of solutes (1996)

A general L-amino acid permease (Aap) from the ABC transporter family, encoded by four genes (aapJ, Q, M, P), has been cloned and characterized in Rhizobium leguminosarum. It transports a wide range of L-amino acids but has a preference for those with polar side-chains. A single binding protein of broad specificity (AapJ) is required for transport of all solutes. Unusually for an ABC transporter, Aap has both high affinity for and supports high rates of solute uptake. Genes for putative amino acid permeases with broad specificity for amino acids also exist in Escherichia coli and probably in Pseudomonas fluorescens, although the permease from E. coli does not appear to be expressed. Aap is an active uptake system that also affects the efflux of a broad range of amino acids. Efflux can be measured both as the loss of an intracellular amino acid after the addition of an excess of a homologous or heterologous amino acid, and as excretion of intracellularly synthesized glutamate. Mutation of Aap prevented efflux of intracellular amino acids caused by the addition of an extracellular heterologous amino acid, while overexpression increased the rates of such efflux. Furthermore, excretion of glutamate synthesized inside the cell was reduced by 76% in an aap strain. All four gene products, including the binding protein (AapJ), appear to be needed for efflux. Aap from R. leguminosarum expressed in E. coli also promoted efflux on addition of an extracellular heterologous amino acid. These results indicate either that Aap regulates an efflux channel/transporter or that solute has access to the translocation pathway of Aap from both sides of the membrane.
A method of shot detection based on color and edge features (2009)

Aimed at that there is a missing detection in the video shot segmentation because of that the global color feature can't reflect the changes in the image's substance, a new method of shot detection is proposed using global color feature combined with the characteristic of local edge. In order to determine the border of the shot segmentation, the paper eliminated the flash interference with the gray value of the object's edge, and constructed a gradient detector using edge features on the basis of calculating the inter-frame similarity according to eigenvalues of the global color. The experimental results show that the method is simple and effective, and has a high accuracy.
Modified pre and post processing methods for optimizing and improving the quality of VP8 video codec (2015)

Pre-processing and post-processing algorithms improve on the performance of a video compression system especially by removing spurious noise and insignificant features from the original video data. So that this will increases compression efficiency, attenuates coding artifacts and mainly improving the quality of Video data. And more over existing video compression standards like MPEG, H.26x series are highly computationally expensive and hence they are not suitable for real time applications. Unlike video compression/decompression codec's, video pre- and post-processing algorithms are not much standardized as of now. They might be different by end product. In addition, these algorithms are constantly being updated and new ones regularly appear. One more importance of these techniques are achieving low bit rate, high bit rate reduction while maintaining the best possible perceptual quality, post processing techniques provide one attractive solution. In result, the quality of the images is significantly improved.
Resonant tunneling through a self-assembled Si quantum dot (1997)

Nanometer-scale Si quantum dots have been spontaneously fabricated on SiO2 by controlling the early stages of low-pressure chemical vapor deposition from pure silane. The tunneling current through Au/1 nm-SiO2/a single Si quantum dot/1 nm-SiO2/n+-Si(100) double-barrier structures has exhibited the clear current bump or negative conductance at 300 K with a peak current to valley ratio as high as 10.
Discovery of a Small‐Molecule Inhibitor of the KIX–KID Interaction (2009)

Are you too small? The small molecule (MW=297) shown here was discovered to be an inhibitor of the KIX–KID interaction by using a novel Renilla luciferase complementation assay. This compound also inhibits CREB-mediated gene transcription in living cells. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Study of New Start Method for Position Sensorless Brushless DC Motor (2006)

The position sensor-less drive technique based on the back electromotive force (EMF) has been widely used for brush-less DC motor drives. However, it is impossible to detect the rotor position at low-speed by using this technique. Therefore, the motor must be accelerated by the open loop based synchronous drive up to the middle speed. The open loop based synchronous drive extremely influences the motor performance. The torque pulsation and the over current can be occurred by using that.This paper proposes a new start method for the brush-less DC motors. In this method, the rotor position can be detected the moment the motor is driven. As a result, the open loop based synchronous drive can be eliminated, rapid acceleration and high performance of the motor drives are achieved. Effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by experimental results.
Proxy-Cache Aware Object Bundling for Web Access Acceleration (2006)

In this paper, we address the acceleration of web page access through a novel proxy-cache aware object bundling technique. Richer content for a web page is always the result of increasing the number of embedded objects inside. However, due to the significant setup costs of a TCP connection, HTTP is known to be inefficient for transfers of small objects. As a result, request bundling techniques such as MGET and N-to-1 Bundle were proposed to eliminate the need for multiple requests by packing all associated embedded objects into a single bundle. However, these proposals all suffer from the lack of support from proxy caching. To address this problem, we firstly present the traffic characteristics of embedded object retrieval. This is then used as an argument upon which our proxy-cache aware PC-Bundle mechanism is built. The unique feature of our mechanism is that the advantages of all previously proposed bundle techniques can be achieved without any redundant object retrieval in the presence of proxy cache. Compared to previously proposed bundle requests such as N-to-1 Bundle, our PC-Bundle mechanism can achieve an improvement ranging from 21.2% to 34.8% for page latency reduction and 17.2% to 36.4% for page network traffic, which are very significant.
Acid-Sensitive Semiperfluoroalkyl Resorcinarene: An Imaging Material for Organic Electronics (2008)

An acid-sensitive semiperfluoroalkyl resorcinarene was synthesized, and its lithographic properties were evaluated. Its solubility in segregated hydrofluoroether solvents enables the patterning of delicate organic electronic materials.
Synthesis of a Branched Heptose- and Kdo-Containing Common Tetrasaccharide Core Structure of <i>Haemophilus </i><i>i</i><i>nfluenzae</i> Lipopolysaccharides via a 1,6-Anhydro-<scp>l</scp>-<i>g</i><i>lycero</i>-β-<scp>d</scp>-<i>m</i><i>anno-</i>heptopyranose Intermediate (1998)

The synthesis of a common tetrasaccharide core structure of Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharides, β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[l-glycero-α-d-manno-heptopyranosyl-(1→3)]-l-glycero-α-d-manno-heptopyranosyl-(1→5)-3-deoxy-α-d-manno-octulopyranoside, and the trisaccharide β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[l-glycero-α-d-manno-heptopyranosyl-(1→3)]-l-glycero-α-d-manno-heptopyranoside is described. The oligosaccharides are synthesized as glycosides of a bifunctional spacer, 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethanol, to allow the subsequent formation of immunogenic glycoconjugates, which will be evaluated as well-defined glycoconjugate vaccine candidates. The syntheses of the 3,4-branched structures were accomplished using a 1,6-anhydro-l-glycero-β-d-manno-heptopyranose intermediate to diminish the steric crowding between the 3- and 4-substituent. This intermediate was effectively synthesized from a mannose precursor via a stereoselective one-carbon elongation using a Barbier reaction (which was found to be more convenient than a Grignard reaction) and anhydro bridge formation through an internal glycosylation of a 6-O-trimethylsilylated ethyl thioheptoside using NIS/TfOH as a promoter. The 3- and 4-substituent were readily introduced into the 1,6-anhydro intermediate by glycosylation reactions using thioglycosides as donors and NIS/TfOH as a promoter, a task which has not been possible using acceptors with equatorial 3,4-substituents. Acetolysis of the anhydro bridge followed by conversion into the ethyl thioglycoside afforded a trisaccharide donor, which, in NIS/TfOH-promoted couplings to the spacer and to a Kdo acceptor followed by deprotection, efficiently gave the two target compounds.
Analysis of bistability in a ring-channel waveguide (1981)

We present the theory of operation of a ring-channel waveguide coupled to two line channels in which the ring has an optical-power-dependent refractive index. The bistability of the device is analyzed in terms of the geometry of the ring, the nonlinear properties of the ring or the cladding, the coupling coefficients, and the optical losses. A numerical example demonstrates that when InSb is used at a wavelength of 5microm, switching can take place with a power level of 1.5microW.
A dual-side controlled inductive power transfer system optimized for large coupling factor variations (2014)

In this work, a 3kW inductive power transfer system is investigated, specifically intended for contactless vehicle charging. A series-series compensated topology with dual-side power control and a corresponding control strategy is proposed to significantly increase the overall efficiency, especially for systems with a large coupling factor variation and in partial load mode. A hardware prototype is built up and a peak DC-to-DC efficiency of 95.8% at 100mm air gap and a minimal efficiency of 92.1% at 170mm air gap is measured, including the power electronic components. The partial load efficiency at 500 W output power is still as high as 90.6% at 135mm air gap. All relevant loss mechanisms are modeled and the system is designed using a multi-objective optimization approach. An operating frequency of 35kHz was found to be the optimal tradeoff between the switching losses in the power electronics and the losses in the contactless transformer. Detailed measurement results are indicated showing an excellent agreement with the implemented simulation models.
Characterization of the effects of a thymine glycol residue on the structure, dynamics, and stability of duplex DNA by NMR. (1993)

A duplex DNA containing a single thymine glycol (5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine) has been studied by NMR and other methods. Oxidative stress, ionizing radiation, and other causes can induce the oxidation of thymine to thymine glycol. The presence of thymine glycol is known to have significant biological consequences, and there are repair enzymes for thymine glycol in a wide range of organisms. These studies have been carried out on the DNA duplex of d(C1G2C3A4G5Tg6C7A8G9C10C11) paired with d(G22C21G20T19C18A17G16T15C14G13G12), with Tg indicating thymine glycol. The presence of thymine glycol lowers the thermal stability of duplex DNA. The NMR results indicate that thymine glycol induces a large, localized structural change in duplex DNA with the thymine glycol base being extrahelical as well as the opposing base on the complementary strand. This structural information is consistent with the biological consequences of thymine glycol in DNA.
[Surgical treatment of an acute cholecystitis (critical evaluation of now existing rules)]. (2008)

There were operated on 3268 patients for an acute cholecystitis (ACH). The operations classification was proposed, depending on the terms of their performance. Comparative estimation of morphological changes of gallbladder, analysis of frequency and causes of complications, conversions and lethality occurrence in various terms postoperatively were conducted. The cholecystostomy place in surgical treatment of an ACH was determined.
Automatic Digital Image Enhancement for Dark Pictures (2006)

An automatic method is presented to enhance the visibility of dark areas of an image while preserving its natural look. This method consists of three major parts: classification, global adjustment and local adjustment. Firstly, an image is classified into one of several types for different global/local processing or no processing. The method adaptively maps a luminance value into a value based on a piecewise linear mapping curve in order to increase contrast in dark areas. The global and local mapping curves are based on histogram equalization with modifications. The local enhancement is non-overlapped block-based and is applied only when necessary. To avoid blocking artifacts generated by block-based local adjustment, the luminance value of each pixel is adjusted according to an interpolated mapping curve derived from the block mapping curves of nearby blocks. The combination of global and local enhancements achieves good overall enhancement with local adaptability without excessive complexity
A Review of Steam Generation for In-Situ Oil Sands Projects (2010)

ABSTRACT Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), an unconventional enhanced oil recovery process for the oil sands, is getting more attention recently as the international oil price increases rapidly. Basic concept of SAGD is to extract the viscosity-lowered bitumen by high pressure, high temperature 100% quality steam injected into the reservoir containing high-viscosity bitumen. As its name implies, generation of high-quality, high-temperature and high-pressure steam is a prerequisite for the SAGD process. Hence in this paper, key aspects of steam generation system for oil sands recovery will be broadly reviewed to provide the engineers concerned with the working principles and the major issues such as configuration, design, control of steam generation system used for oil sands recovery.
Platensimycin: A Promising Antimicrobial Targeting Fatty Acid Synthesis (2008)

Platensimycin was recently discovered by Merck Research Laboratories and has created considerable interest given its potent antibacterial activity and mode of action. The use of RNA gene-silencing techniques and screening libraries of natural products allowed Merck to find this antibiotic which may have otherwise been missed using conventional methods. Interestingly, platensimycin has shown good activity against a panel of Gram positive organisms which included various resistant strains. Platensimycin works by inhibiting beta-ketoacyl synthases I/II (FabF/B) which are key enzymes in the production of fatty acids required for bacterial cell membranes. So far, a number of groups have explored synthetic strategies for platensimycin and this work has subsequently lead to the synthesis of active analogues. Given its mode of action, it is intriguing as to why Merck themselves patented only a single compound and have not apparently sought to generate further libraries. This review will discuss the origins of platensimycin, its mechanism of action, synthetic schemes and where the future may take us following this fascinating discovery.
Assessment of the quality of as-is building information models generated from point clouds using deviation analysis (2010)

Three dimensional (3D) imaging sensors, such as laser scanners, are being used to create building information models (BIMs) of the as-is conditions of buildings and other facilities. Quality assurance (QA) needs to be conducted to ensure that the models accurately depict the as-is conditions. We propose a new approach for QA that analyzes patterns in the raw 3D data and compares the 3D data with the as-is BIM geometry to identify potential errors in the model. This "deviation analysis" approach to QA enables users to analyze the regions with significant differences between the 3D data and the reconstructed model or between the 3D data of individual laser scans. This method can help identify the sources of errors and does not require additional physical access to the facility. To show the approach's potential effectiveness, we conducted case studies of several professionally conducted as-is BIM projects. We compared the deviation analysis method to an alternative method - the physical measurement approach - in terms of errors detected and coverage. We also conducted a survey and evaluation of commercial software with relevant capabilities and identified technology gaps that need to be addressed to fully exploit the deviation analysis approach.
Unaccusativity and the Adjective/Verb Distinction: Edo Evidence (1997)

on the vowels (' high; low) and mid lax vowels are represented by underlying rather than underdots
Phonons in single-layer and few-layer MoS<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>and WS<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (2011)

We report ab initio calculations of the phonon dispersion relations of the single-layer and bulk dichalcogenides MoS${}_{2}$ and WS${}_{2}$. We explore in detail the behavior of the Raman-active modes ${A}_{1g}$ and ${E}_{2g}^{1}$ as a function of the number of layers. In agreement with recent Raman spectroscopy measurements [C. Lee et al., ACS Nano 4, 2695 (2010)], we find that the ${A}_{1g}$ mode increases in frequency with an increasing number of layers while the ${E}_{2g}^{1}$ mode decreases. We explain this decrease by an enhancement of the dielectric screening of the long-range Coulomb interaction between the effective charges with a growing number of layers. This decrease in the long-range part overcompensates for the increase of the short-range interaction due to the weak interlayer interaction.