gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumor-selective metabolism of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine coadministered with tetrahydrouridine compared to 5-fluorouracil in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. (1987)

The metabolic products formed and incorporated into the nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) of mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) following optimal doses of 5-fluorouracil (FUra), 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd), and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdCyd) coadministered with tetrahydrouridine (H4Urd), a potent inhibitor of cytidine deaminase, were examined. Treatment with FdCyd plus H4Urd resulted in a tumor-selective incorporation and formation of antimetabolites compared to either FUra or FdUrd treatments. Between 45- and greater than 5400-fold higher levels of the potent thymidylate synthetase inhibitor, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate (FdUMP), were formed in tumor than in any of the normal tissues analyzed. RNA-level antimetabolites (FUra, 5-fluorouridine, and 5-fluorouridylate) were also between 3 and greater than 990-fold higher in tumor compared to normal tissue following FdCyd plus H4Urd administration. DNA-level antimetabolites (FdCyd, 5-fluorodeoxycytidylate, FdUrd, and FdUMP) were from 2- to 6-fold higher in tumor compared to normal tissue. FUra and FdUrd treatments resulted in between 3 and greater than 1300-fold higher RNA-level antimetabolites and from 4 to greater than 1020-fold higher FdUMP pools in normal tissues than FdCyd plus H4Urd treatment. DNA-level antimetabolites were also from 4- to 32-fold higher in normal tissues following optimal doses of FUra or FdUrd. In tumor tissue, optimal doses of FUra or FdUrd resulted in lower (a) FdUMP levels (5- to 2-fold), (b) RNA-level antimetabolites (6- to 3-fold), and (c) DNA-level antimetabolites (10- to 4-fold) compared to an optimal dosage of FdCyd plus H4Urd. In serum, the administration of H4Urd resulted in the protection of FdCyd from systemic catabolism, unlike that found with FUra or FdUrd. Substantial levels of FdUMP, FUrd, and FUMP were noted in serum following FUra or FdUrd treatment. The formation of di- and triphosphate antimetabolite pools and the incorporation of antimetabolites into the RNA and DNA of normal and tumor tissues demonstrated trends similar to those mentioned above with nucleoside, mononucleotide, and free base pools. H4Urd treatment of 25 mg/kg did not affect the elevated levels of deoxycytidine kinase or deoxycytidylate deaminase in LLC tumor tissue or the low levels found in normal tissue. A critical feature of this chemotherapeutic strategy using FdCyd plus H4Urd was that the elevated level of cytidine deaminase in LLC tumor tissue was inhibited less than 10% by the administration of 25 mg/kg H4Urd, whereas deoxycytidine deaminase activities in normal tissues (including bone marrow and intestine) were inhibited greater than 93%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
True amplitude wave equation migration arising from true amplitude one-way wave equations (2003)

One-way wave operators are powerful tools for use in forward modelling and inversion. Their implementation, however, involves introduction of the square root of an operator as a pseudo-differential operator. Furthermore, a simple factoring of the wave operator produces one-way wave equations that yield the same travel times as the full wave equation, but do not yield accurate amplitudes except for homogeneous media and for almost all points in heterogeneous media. Here, we present augmented one-way wave equations. We show that these equations yield solutions for which the leading order asymptotic amplitude as well as the travel time satisfy the same differential equations as the corresponding functions for the full wave equation. Exact representations of the square-root operator appearing in these differential equations are elusive, except in cases in which the heterogeneity of the medium is independent of the transverse spatial variables. Here, we address the fully heterogeneous case. Singling out depth as the preferred direction of propagation, we introduce a representation of the square-root operator as an integral in which a rational function of the transverse Laplacian appears in the integrand. This allows us to carry out explicit asymptotic analysis of the resulting one-way wave equations. To do this, we introduce an auxiliary function that satisfies a lower dimensional wave equation in transverse spatial variables only. We prove that ray theory for these one-way wave equations leads to one-way eikonal equations and the correct leading order transport equation for the full wave equation. We then introduce appropriate boundary conditions at z = 0 to generate waves at depth whose quotient leads to a reflector map and an estimate of the ray theoretical reflection coefficient on the reflector. Thus, these true amplitude one-way wave equations lead to a 'true amplitude wave equation migration' (WEM) method. In fact, we prove that applying the WEM imaging condition to these newly defined wavefields in heterogeneous media leads to the Kirchhoff inversion formula for common-shot data when the one-way wavefields are replaced by their ray theoretic approximations. This extension enhances the original WEM method. The objective of that technique was a reflector map, only. The underlying theory did not address amplitude issues. Computer output obtained using numerically generated data confirms the accuracy of this inversion method. However, there are practical limitations. The observed data must be a solution of the wave equation. Therefore, the data over the entire survey area must be collected from a single common-shot experiment. Multi-experiment data, such as common-offset data, cannot be used with this method as currently formulated. Research on extending the method is ongoing at this time.
Monitoring biomass in root culture systems (1999)

This paper presents a technique for accurate estimation of growth in root culture systems. Biomass correlations, were used to estimate fresh weight time course data in shake flasks and reactors based on a model of liquid nutrient uptake and osmolality, to account for changing specific water content of roots. This mass balance technique has been developed to permit accurate aseptic on-line estimation of dry weight (DW), fresh weight (FW), and liquid volume (V) in root cultures utilizing either refractive index or electrical conductivity of the liquid medium along with liquid medium osmolality. The ability to predict fresh weight is particularly important since this is proportional to the biomass volume fraction which determines mass transfer and other culture transport characteristics. The proposed model has been validated with time course information (DW, FW, and V) from 125 mL shake flasks and corroborated with data obtained from 2 L reactors. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optical comb and filter bank (De)Mux enabling 1 Tb/s orthogonal sub-band multiplexed CO-OFDM free of ADC/DAC limits (2009)

Realizations of 100–1000Gb/s CO-OFDM are hindered by electronic ADC/DAC rates. By (de)multiplexing the OFDM sub-bands by means of optical-comb generators with repetition rate matched to sub-band separation, we eliminate complex RF up/down-converters and relieve ADC/DAC requirements.
Hydrothermal syntheses, crystal structures and luminescent properties of zinc(II) coordination polymers constructed by bifunctional tetrazolate-5-carboxylate ligands (2009)

Two bifunctional 1H-tetrazolate-5-carboxylate ligands with different flexibilities, H2tza (1H-tetrazolate-5-acetic acid) and H2tzf (1H-tetrazolate-5-formic acid), were employed in the construction of zinc(II) complexes in the presence/absence of secondary ligands such as 2,2′-bipy and 4,4′-bipy. Three tza coordination polymers and two tzf dinuclear complexes, namely [Zn(tza)(H2O)]n (1), [Zn3(tza)2Cl2(2,2′-bipy)2(H2O)2]n (2), [Zn2(tza)2(4,4′-bipy)]n (3), [Zn(tzf)(H2O)3]2·2H2O (4) and [Zn(tzf)(2,2′-bipy)(H2O)]2·H2O (5), were hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Polymer 1 is a 3-D two-fold interpenetrating diamond-like network with tetranuclear [Zn(COO)]4 clusters as tertiary building units (TBUs) and µ3-κN3:κO2:κO1,N1 bridging tza as linkers. Polymer 2 presents a 2-D structure formed by the linkage of 1-D Zn-carboxylate [Zn(COO)]n helical chains and µ3-κN4:κO2:κO1,N1 bridging tza. In 3, 2-D (4,4) nets are built up with dinuclear [Zn(COO)]2 clusters and µ3-κN4:κO2:κO1,N1 bridging tza, which are pillared through 4,4′-bipy to gain a 3-D self-penetrating LB-1 (446108) topology. In dinuclear complexes 4 and 5, two Zn(II) atoms are bridged by a tzf ligand in a µ2-κN2:κO1,N1 fashion. The results denote that tetrazolate-5-carboxylate ligands can adopt variable coordination modes in the formation of the complexes, and different Zn-carboxylate aggregates can serve as tertiary building units (TBUs). The effects of the nature of tetrazolate-5-carboxylate ligands and secondary ligands, and hydrothermal reaction conditions on the structural topologies of the obtained complexes have been investigated. The photoluminescent properties and thermal stabilities of 1–5 have also been discussed.
Examination of egg white proteins and effects of high pressure on select physical and functional properties (2010)

Egg white proteins have become an important and desirable ingredient to the food industry due to their functional properties which include gelling, foaming, and emulsification. Egg white is also well recognized as an excellent source of nutrition. The goal of this work was to determine the effects of high pressure (HP) treatment on egg white proteins. Specifically, experiments were conducted using Raman spectroscopy and pepsin digestibility to investigate structural changes. Pressure treatment at 400 to 800 MPa (5 minutes at 4°C) resulted in increased pepsin digestibility of egg white proteins ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, and lysozyme compared to heat-treated (85 to 95°C) and untreated controls. Increased digestibility was also evident at pressures that did not result in gelation. Raman spectroscopy analysis of protein secondary structural changes resulting from HP-treatment showed an increase in β-sheet/α-helix ratio at these pressure ranges. ACE inhibitor peptide YAEERYPIL (origin ovalbumin) was identified from 800 MPa pepsin digestion sample via Liquid Chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). HP-induced changes in egg white functionality were evaluated by determining foaming and gelation properties with and without prior pressure treatment. Gels were formed at pressures of 600 to 800 MPa and with heat treatment of 85°C to 95°C. HP gels were softer and more elastic than heat treated gels. Lowering the pH to 6 with tartaric acid improved overall gel appearance. With respect to foaming properties, HP increased foam capacity while decreasing stability. Overall, HPP improved egg white functional properties and has the potential to improve egg white nutritional value through increased digestibility.
Bonding partner change reaction in oxidation of Ge on Si(001): Observation of two step formation of SiO2 (1994)

Oxidation of 5 Å Ge deposited at room temperature on Si(001) and the dependence of temperature on the oxidation behavior are investigated by employing synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy. The sample on exposure to air forms a mixture of Ge oxides and a small amount of Si oxides. Upon annealing, oxygen changes its bonding partner from Ge to Si forming SiO2 as the predominant final product. Two distinct steps have been observed in such a reaction. First step is the cleavage of all the Ge—O bonds and formation of Si—O bonds to form mainly Si suboxide. The second step is the rearrangement of Si—O bonds to form SiO2. The former one takes place in the temperature range 200–300 °C whereas the latter one in the range 300–600 °C.
Oviposition stimulants for the lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis (Walker), in mulberry leaves;rediscovery of phytoalexin components as insect kairomones. (1991)

The oviposition simulant for the lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker, was isolated from an acetone extract of mulberry {Morus alba L.) leaves, and its structure was identified as 2-(3',5'-dihydroxy-4'-prenylphenyl)-6-hydroxybenzofuran, viz. moracin C (1), a known phytoalexin from fungus-infected mulberry shoot. Moracin N (2) and co-hydroxy moracin N (3) were also identified in the extract, but no ovipositional activity was demonstrated in these compounds. Synthetic moracin M, 2-(3',5'-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxybenzofuran (4), as the basic skeleton of moracins, indicated weak activity as an oviposition stimulant. The increase in susceptibility of already-infested mulberry leaf is discussed in relation to the production of phytoalexins. All these compoundsexcept co-hydroxy moracin N (3) are known as phytoalexins in the mulberry tree.
A 3.3-V/5-V low power TTL-to-CMOS input buffer (1998)

A separately self-biased transistor-transistor logic (TTL)-to-CMOS input buffer (SSIB) is proposed. Its logic threshold voltage is kept at 1.4 V when supply voltage is changed from 3.3 V to 5 V, making it suitable for 3.3-V/5-V dual voltage applications. It has low power dissipation, high operating speed, and a logic threshold voltage less sensitive to process and supply voltage variations. The proposed SSIB input buffer was realized in a 0.8-/spl mu/m single-polysilicon double-metal (SPDM) CMOS technology, The measured logic threshold voltage variations due to process variations are /spl plusmn/24 mV for 5 V supply and /spl plusmn/16 mV for 3.3 V supply, respectively. Its logic threshold voltage variations due to supply voltage variation from 3.3 V to 5 V are within 10 mV. In ring oscillator configuration, the measured delay and power dissipation are 0.45 ns and 0.37 mW for 5-V supply and 0.51 ns and 0.14 mW for 3.3-V supply, respectively.
Star Trek and the Anthropological Machine: Eliding Difference to Stay Human (2012)

Ethical considerations have successfully transitioned from considering humans exclusively, to specific animal species, to non-human life on the planet as a whole, yet they remain inescapably earth-bound and geocentric, often conflating ‘life’ and ‘nature’ into a unitary consideration. Contradictions between the sub-, and superlunary worlds abound, but space can be a valuable tool through which to explore the place of the human. Unable to travel to the stars, this dissertation explores the imagined worlds of science fiction, looking to the work of Giorgio Agamben’s Anthropological Machine as it pertains to the representation of aliens in Star Trek. It finds that Star Trek works to keep humans human by identifying common traits in others and subsuming them under a banner of humanity. When this fails, Star Trek works to reject the other entirely by casting them as death. Further, despite the role that an exploration of technology can play in redefining the human’s place, Star Trek rejects its contribution in favour of line-in-the-sand distinctions. The result, however, means that the definition of the human is constantly shifting and morphing. Ultimately, this perpetual reimagining of the human in the face of new externalities means that otherness remains at the forefront of the show’s narrative. The work of the anthropological machine, once exposed, makes it clear that the bounded human individual Star Trek seeks to preserve does not really exist, but rather shows that the human in Star Trek is entirely created by its relationships with others around it.
Comparative study of the phototoxicity of two chrolin type photosensitizers, ATX‐S10(Na) and verteporfin, on vascular endothelial and retinal pigment epithelial cells (2004)

Verteporfin had a higher phototoxicity than ATX-S10(Na) on HMVEC and CRVEC. The CRVEC resisted more than HMVEC following PDT with both photosensitizers. In short dye-exposure PDT, ATX-S10(Na) had a more selective phototoxicity on HMVEC and CRVEC than on HRPE.
Spontaneous Recurrence of Deposition and Dissolution of a Solid Layer on a Solution Surface (2015)

We investigated the spontaneous recurrence of deposition and dissolution of camphor layer on the surface of camphor methanol solution. This recurrence is a novel rhythmic process concerned with solid-liquid phase transition. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we measured the solution temperature at different times, and found that the temperature increased and decreased repetitively, correlating with the camphor layer's deposition and dissolution. These experimental results show that the solution temperature plays an important role in recurrence of deposition and dissolution.
Mineralogy for Students (1973)

Part I: An Introduction to the Nature of Minerals. The Chemistry and Structure of Minerals. Crystallography: Crystal Description. Probing the Structure of Minerals. Probing the Chemistry of Minerals. The Physical Properties of Minerals. The Optical Properties of Minerals. Part II: Descriptions of Minerals: Native Elements. Sulphides. Sulphosalts and Halides. Oxides and Hydroxides. Oxysalts. Silicates.
Is continued weight gain inevitable in type 2 diabetes mellitus? (1999)

Prevention and treatment of obesity are major clinical problems encountered in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM); indeed, up to 90% of such patients are regarded as being overweight. Except for a brief period following diagnosis, when presumably enthusiasm to adopt lifestyle change is at its greatest, weight gain is generally progressive unless severe hyperglycaemia or complications intervene. Even a relatively modest weight loss of 10% can have major benefits in terms not only of reducing the risk of developing DM in the first place, but also in improving metabolic control after the disorder has become established. Behavioural therapy (BT) in combination with hypocaloric diet achieves weight loss in the short-term, but is poorly sustained in the long-term. Exercise has metabolic benefits beyond its rather minimal effects on short-term weight loss in that it may also aid long-term weight control. The difficulties encountered in maintaining lifestyle change do, however, suggest the need for ongoing intervention--perhaps including a regular period on a stricter dietary regimen (800-1000 kcalday-1), possibly a very low calorie diet (VLCD)(< 800 kcalday-1) or even the use of orlistat, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor which reduces the absorption of dietary fat. Realistically, the aim should be for long-term weight stability.
A Concurrency Control Method for Parallel Btree Structures (2006)

A new concurrency control protocol for parallel Btree structures, MARK-OPT, is proposed. MARK-OPT marks the lowest structure-modification-operation (SMO) occurrence point during optimistic latch coupling operations, to reduce the cost of SMO compared to the conventional protocols such as ARIES/IM and INC-OPT. The marking reduces the frequency of restarts for spreading the range of X latches, which will clearly improves the system throughput. Moreover, the MARK-OPT is deadlock free and satis- fies the physical consistency requirement for Btrees. These indicate that the MARK-OPT is right and suitable as a concurrency control protocol for Btree structures. This paper also proposes three variations of the protocol, INC-MARKOPT, 2P-INT-MARK-OPT and 2P-REP-MARK-OPT, by focusing on tree structure changes from other transactions. We implement the proposed protocols, the INC-OPT, and the ARIES/IM for the Fat-Btree, a form of parallel Btree, and compare the performance of these protocols using a large-scale blade system. The experimental results indicate that the proposed protocols always improve the system throughput, and the 2P-REP-MARK-OPT is the most useful protocol in a high update environment. Moreover, in the experiment, the low frequency of restarts in the proposed protocols indicates that the marking in the proposed protocols is effective.
The role of thermal feedback in electrosurgical tissue heating (1995)

Thermal dependence of tissue resistivity was incorporated into a compartmental tissue model that predicted the interaction between power delivery from electrosurgical units (ESUs) and tissue heating. Simulations showed that as tissue resistance declines with heating, a positive feedback loop from tissue to generator is created that can promote alternate site burning. This study describes how the thermal behaviour of tissue resistance influences the output of microprocessor-controlled thermal generators, especially when used in the monopolar mode.
Correlation of photon lifetime and maximum bit rate for 55 Gbit/s energy-efficient 980 nm VCSELs (2016)

Systematic variations of the photon lifetime in concert with variations of the oxide-aperture diameter lead to a record increase of the bit rate up to 55 Gbit/s at room temperature for our energy-efficient 980 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers.
High frequency resonant inverter for group dimming control of fluorescent lamp lighting systems (2003)

An electronic ballast for fluorescent lamp lighting using a novel resonant inverter is proposed. The electronic ballast has high efficiency, light weight, and small size because the resonant inverter operates at high frequencies with low switching losses. The inverter output power can be continuously controlled by regulating the LC resonant tank energy of the resonant inverter. The lighting system using this resonant inverter has the prominent features of high efficacy, low flicker, low noise, wide dimming range, and soft starting. The basic operating principle of the proposed inverter and the dimming control scheme are described, and experimental results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isolation and Structures of Hedaols A, B, and C, New Bisnorditerpenes from a Japanese Brown Alga (2001)

New bisnorditerpenes, hedaols A (1), B (2), and C (3), were isolated from the Japanese brown alga Sargassum sp. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. The absolute stereocenter of 1 was determined by the modified Mosher's method. Hedaols showed low cytotoxicity against P388 cells.
Optimisation of a system for the co-translational incorporation of a keto amino acid and its application to a tumour-specific Anticalin (2015)

The bioorthogonal keto group has attracted interest for the site-specific chemical conjugation of recombinant proteins under mild conditions, e.g. with aminooxy-functionalised fluorescent probes, radiometal chelates, toxins or polymers. However, the cotranslational incorporation of the corresponding non-canonical amino acid p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine (Apa) into proteins expressed in Escherichia coli by means of amber suppression using a previously described system with a mutated tRNA and an engineered tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Methanococcus jannaschii shows limited efficiency and considerable promiscuity towards endogenous amino acids. Employing a one-plasmid system that encodes all three components required for selection, i.e. the modified aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS), the cognate amber suppressor tRNA and the enhanced green fluorescent protein equipped with an amber stop codon and serving as reporter, we have generated an Apa-specific aaRS&tRNA pair with considerably improved efficiency (17-fold increased expression) and also fidelity (6-fold). To this end, both the aaRS and the tRNA were subjected to doped random mutagenesis and selection in altogether four evolutionary cycles using fluorescence-activated bacterial cell sorting as well as automated screening of microcultures. The resulting aaRS&tRNA pair was applied to the functionalisation of an Anticalin with specificity towards oncofetal fibronectin by introducing a keto group at a permissible site for subsequent conjugation with a fluorescent dye, thus allowing visualisation of this tumour target under the microscope.