gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Random noise selective excitation pulses (1987)

Several methods for the spatial localization of NMR signals from well-defined regions of tissue within extended specimens have been proposed. Most of these techniques are prone to signal error which can arise from large volumes of sample that surround the region of interest. These errors can theoretically be reduced by several orders of magnitude by the application of a radiofrequency prepulse. The pulse acts to randomize the unwanted spin magnetization prior to the application of a spatial localization technique.
An Overview of Integrated Circuit Device Encapsulants (1989)

The rapid development of integrated circuit technology from small-scale integration (SSI) to very large scale integration (VLSI) has had great technological and economical impact on the electronics industry. The exponential growth of the number of components per IC chip, the exponential decrease of device dimensions, and the steady increase in IC chip size have imposed stringent requirements, not only on the IC physical design and fabrication, but also on IC encapsulants. This report addresses the purpose of encapsulation, encapsulation techniques, and a general overview of the application of inorganic and organic polymer materials as electronic device encapsulants.
Amino acid sequence of human tumor derived angiogenin (1985)

The amino acid sequence and disulfide bond pairing of human tumor derived angiogenin, the first tumor angiogenesis factor to be isolated in pure form from human sources, have been determined by conventional sequencing techniques adapted and applied to nanomole and subnanomole levels of material. Angiogenin, obtained from conditioned media of a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, is a single-chain protein consisting of 123 amino acids with the following sequences: less than Glu1-Asp-Asn-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Thr-His- Phe-Leu-Thr-Gln-His-Tyr-Asp15-Ala-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gly-Arg-Asp-Asp- Arg-Tyr-Cys-Glu-Ser-Ile-Met30- Arg-Arg-Arg-Gly-Leu-Thr-Ser-Pro-Cys-Lys-Asp-Ile-Asn-Thr- Phe45-Ile-His-Gly-Asn-Lys-Arg-Ser -Ile-Lys-Ala-Ile-Cys-Glu-Asn-Lys60-Asn-Gly-Asn-Pro-His-Arg-Glu-Asn -Leu-Arg-Ile -Ser-Lys-Ser-Ser75 -Phe-Gln-Val-Thr-Thr-Cys-Lys-Leu-His-Gly-Gly-Ser-Pro-Trp-Pro90-Pro -Cys-Gln-Tyr -Arg-Ala-Thr-Ala -Gly-Phe-Arg-Asn-Val-Val-Val105-Ala-Cys-Glu-Asn-Gly-Leu-Pro-Val- His-Leu-Asp-Gln-Ser-Ile-Phe120-Arg-Arg-Pro123-OH. Three disulfide bonds link the half-cystinyl residues 26-81, 39-92, and 57-107. The sequence is homologous to that of the pancreatic ribonucleases with 35% identity and many of the remaining residues conservatively replaced. Similarities are especially apparent around the major active-site residues His-12, Lys-41, and His-119 of ribonuclease which are conserved as are three of the four disulfide bonds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Delayed, relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice. (1981)

Immunization of female SJL mice with an emulsion of lyophilized mouse spinal cord, pertussis vaccine, and complete Freund's adjuvant produces a delayed and often relapsing form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (DR-EAE). The mice develop initial signs of disease an average of 6 mo after immunization. Relapses occurred 2 wk to 11 mo after the initial illness. Some animals had multiple relapses. Pathologic examination of the brain and spinal cord revealed perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells with acute demyelination. Areas of subacute and chronic demyelination ("plaques") were also seen. This model produces a clinical course of relapsing-remitting disease with pathologic evidence of both recent and old inflammatory lesions at various levels of the central nervous system. It thus more closely resembles multiple sclerosis than acute EAE.
Possible control of intermittent cerebral ischemia by monitoring of direct-current potentials (2001)

The DC potential may provide a reliable measure to optimize intermittent ischemia and to achieve minimal ischemic brain injury during temporary neurosurgical occlusion of cerebral arteries.
Predictive dynamic security assessment through advanced computing (2014)

Traditional dynamic security assessment is limited by several factors and thus falls short in providing real-time information to be predictive for power system operation. These factors include the steady-state assumption of current operating points, static transfer limits, and low computational speed. This addresses these factors and frames predictive dynamic security assessment. The primary objective of predictive dynamic security assessment is to enhance the functionality and computational process of dynamic security assessment through the use of high-speed phasor measurements and the application of advanced computing technologies for faster-than-real-time simulation. This paper presents algorithms, computing platforms, and simulation frameworks that constitute the predictive dynamic security assessment capability. Examples of phasor application and fast computation for dynamic security assessment are included to demonstrate the feasibility and speed enhancement for real-time applications.
Ultrafine chitosan nanoparticles as an efficient nucleic acid delivery system targeting neuronal cells (2009)

These particles have potential in the delivery of siRNA to neural tissues.
Role of Fc fragments in antibody-mediated recovery from ocular and subcutaneous herpes simplex virus infections (1981)

The contributions of the Fc fragment of virus-specific antibody in the resistance of mice to peripheral herpes simplex virus infection were investigated. Rabbit anti-herpes simplex virus-specific F(ab')2 fragments prepared by pepsin digestion of immune immunoglobulin G (IgG) were found to be inactive in complement-mediated cytolysis while retaining their capacity to neutralize virus infectivity in vitro. When F(ab')2 fragments were passively transferred either before or simultaneously with virus inoculation, they were as efficient as intact IgG was in protecting animals from virus challenge. However, if passive transfer was delayed until 8 h after herpes simplex virus infection, only IgG antibody was protective. The loss of protective activity could not be attributed to a rapid disappearance of F(ab')2 fragments, because comparable levels of F(ab')2 fragments and IgG antibody were maintained in the blood of recipients during the time that antibody mediated its protective effects. The inability of F(ab')2 subunits to activate complement was also not a factor, because complement-deficient A/J mice and complement-sufficient SJL/J mice recovered from herpes simplex virus infection after the passive transfer of IgG. We concluded that the Fc component of the antibody molecule is needed to resolve intracellular infection and that the mechanism by which antibody mediates recovery remains undefined but does not appear to involve virus neutralization or complement activation.
Spectral envelope sampling and interpolation in linear predictive analysis of speech (2005)

In spite of its extensive use, speech analysis based on linear prediction (LP) is liable to various causes of inaccuracy. This paper presents a novel approach to improve the accuracy in the estimation of the voiced speech production model based on the LP method. The presented method uses interpolation between spectral points which are least influenced by artifacts in the spectral analysis and by noise in the signal. We show, on analyses of both synthetic and natural speech, that the averaged parabolic approximation between harmonic peaks of voiced speech spectrum reduces the sensitivity of the LP analysis to changes in the fundamental frequency Fo and to noise. The method is well suited for combination with the Spectral Transform LP method, previously proposed by the authors [1].
Treatment of YAC128 mice and their wild‐type littermates with cystamine does not lead to its accumulation in plasma or brain: implications for the treatment of Huntington disease (2005)

Cystamine is beneficial to Huntington disease (HD) transgenic mice. To elucidate the mechanism, cystamine metabolites were determined in brain and plasma of cystamine-treated mice. A major route for cystamine metabolism is thought to be: cystamine --> cysteamine --> hypotaurine --> taurine. Here we describe an HPLC system with coulometric detection that can rapidly measure underivatized cystamine, cysteamine and hypotaurine, as well as cysteine and glutathione in the same deproteinized tissue sample. A method is also described for the coulometric estimation of taurine as its isoindole-sulfonate derivative. Using this new methodology we showed that cystamine and cysteamine are undetectable (< or = 0.2 nmol/100 mg protein) in the brains of 3-month-old HD transgenic (YAC128) mice (or their wild-type littermates) treated daily for 2 weeks with cystamine (225 mg/kg) in their drinking water. No significant changes were observed in brain glutathione and taurine but significant increases were observed in brain cysteine. Cystamine and cysteamine were not detected in the plasma of YAC128 mice treated daily with cystamine between the ages of 4 and 12 or 7 and 12 months. These findings suggest that cystamine is not directly involved in mitigating HD but that increased brain cysteine or uncharacterized sulfur metabolites may be responsible.
Sources of Mathematical Thinking: Behavioral and Brain-Imaging Evidence (1999)

Does the human capacity for mathematical intuition depend on linguistic competence or on visuo-spatial representations? A series of behavioral and brain-imaging experiments provides evidence for both sources. Exact arithmetic is acquired in a language-specific format, transfers poorly to a different language or to novel facts, and recruits networks involved in word-association processes. In contrast, approximate arithmetic shows language independence, relies on a sense of numerical magnitudes, and recruits bilateral areas of the parietal lobes involved in visuo-spatial processing. Mathematical intuition may emerge from the interplay of these brain systems.
A Low Threshold Polymer Laser Based on Metallic Nanoparticle Gratings (2003)

Optically pumped lasing is demonstrated in a device consisting of a conjugated polymer on top of a 2D distributed feedback template comprising gold nanodiscs on indium tin oxide (see Figure). Although the nanodiscs are potential dissipative energy absorbers only a marginal increase in lasing threshold is found when compared to conventional dielectric distributed feedback resonators. The inset shows a photograph of the far‐field emission above threshold.
Trastuzumab for patients with HER2 positive breast cancer: Delivery, duration and combination therapies (2013)

With the exception of endocrine therapy, no other systemic treatment of patients with breast cancer has reached such a magnitude of beneficial effect as trastuzumab. This targeted agent (monoclonal antibody) is associated with a significant improvement in both disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in women with HER-2 positive breast cancer when given in combination with or in sequence to adjuvant chemotherapy. This has been confirmed in a recent Cochrane meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including 6 adjuvant and 2 neoadjuvant studies (NSABP B-31, NCCTG N9831, BCIRG 006, HERA, FinHer, PACS-04, Buzdar and NOAH), with data collection until February 2010. Overall, mortality is reduced by one-third and the risk of relapse by 40%. Concerns regarding cardiac dysfunction are declining, with reports indicating its reversibility in most instances, however truly long term cardiac evaluation is still lacking. Hence, the benefit of trastuzumab could be challenged by cardiac toxicity, in lower-risk patients [T1a,b node-negative (N0) tumors] or those with increased cardiovascular risk (older women and patients with previous significant heart disease/suboptimal left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF (<55%)], all of whom were largely excluded from the aforementioned adjuvant RCTs. These patient subgroups might warrant a specific approach, such as anti-HER2 treatment combined with just a taxane (avoiding anthracyclines) or with endocrine therapy. Reasonably large phase II trials aimed at exploring these more individualized regimens are underway in the US. The optimal duration of trastuzumab therapy remains unknown since the selection of the one year duration in the pivotal trials was arbitrary. The HERA trial showed that prolonging trastuzumab administration to two years does not confer additional advantage over one year. The PHARE trial compared 6 versus 12 months of trastuzumab and failed to show non-inferiority of the shorter treatment administration. At the present time, one year of adjuvant trastuzumab remains the standard-of-care until results from SOLD, Short-HER and PERSEPHONE consolidate or negate this finding. The route of trastuzumab administration has also been recently challenged. A subcutaneous formulation is being evaluated in several studies. The HannaH phase III trial compared the subcutaneous (SC) to the intravenous (IV) formulation of trastuzumab. The former was proven non-inferior to the latter, although the incidence of serious adverse events was slightly higher in the SC arm. The authors concluded that SC trastuzumab, administered at a fixed dose of 600mg over 5min, is a valid alternative option, with the potential for human and economic savings in clinical practice.
Differential Effects of Ethanol on Memory in Adolescent and Adult Rats (1998)

Previous studies have shown that ethanol inhibits memory-related synaptic activity and plasticity more potently in hippocampal slices from immature rats, compared with those taken from adults. We therefore hypothesized that ethanol would more potently attenuate the acquisition of spatial memory in adolescents, compared with adult rats. Adult (65 days of age) and adolescent (30 days of age) male rats were given five daily trials on a spatial memory task in a Morris Water Maze. The animals from each age group were subdivided into three subgroups. Each day, thirty minutes before training, the animals in each subgroup were given an intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 g/kg of ethanol, 2.0 g/kg of ethanol, or the saline vehicle. Training continued daily until the control animals had reached a performance criterion. Ethanol treatment significantly impaired spatial memory acquisition in the adolescent rats, but did not impair acquisition in adult rats. A separate experiment with identical treatment groups showed that ethanol did not impair acquisition of a nonspatial memory task in the water maze in animals from either age group. These experiments show that the acquisition of spatial, but not nonspatial, memory is more potently impaired by ethanol in adolescent animals, compared with adults.
Information hiding through errors: a confusing approach (2007)

A substantial portion of the text available online is of a kind that tends to contain many typos and ungrammatical abbreviations, e.g., emails, blogs, forums. It is therefore not surprising that, in such texts, one can carry out information-hiding by the judicious injection of typos (broadly construed to include abbreviations and acronyms). What is surprising is that, as this paper demonstrates, this form of embedding can be made quite resilient. The resilience is achieved through the use of computationally asymmetric transformations (CAT for short): Transformations that can be carried out inexpensively, yet reversing them requires much more extensive semantic analyses (easy for humans to carry out, but hard to automate). An example of CAT is transformations that consist of introducing typos that are ambiguous in that they have many possible corrections, making them harder to automatically restore to their original form: When considering alternative typos, we prefer ones that are also close to other vocabulary words. Such encodings do not materially degrade the text's meaning because, compared to machines, humans are very good at disambiguation. We use typo confusion matrices and word level ambiguity to carry out this kind of encoding. Unlike robust synonym substitution that also cleverly used ambiguity, the task here is harder because typos are very conspicuous and an obvious target for the adversary (synonyms are stealthy, typos are not). Our resilience does not depend on preventing the adversary from correcting without damage: It only depends on a multiplicity of alternative corrections. In fact, even an adversary who has boldly "corrected" all the typos by randomly choosing from the ambiguous alternatives has, on average, destroyed around w/4 of our w-bit mark (and incurred a high cost in terms of the damage done to the meaning of the text).
Use of Gas ChromatographyIontrap Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Chemical Markers of Microorganisms in Organic Dust (1996)

Gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) using an ion-trap instrument was applied for the determination of ergosterol, muramic acid and 3-hydroxy fatty acids with 10–18 carbon atoms in samples of organic dust. These substances were used as chemical markers to measure fungal biomass, bacterial peptidoglycan and Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide, respectively. It was found that detection limits attained with GC/MS/MS were comparable to those reached with conventional quadrupole GC/MS analysis using selected-ion monitoring, since all markers, analysed as trimethylsilyl derivatives (the fatty acids after methylation of the carboxyl group), were detectable in the low-picogram range (injected amounts). GC/MS/MS, however, gave results that were easier to interpret owing to the superior detection specificity. Ion trap tandem MS is a convenient technique that should be very useful for the determination of microbial substances in environmental samples, including organic dust.
Interaction of the GraRS Two-Component System with the VraFG ABC Transporter To Support Vancomycin-Intermediate Resistance in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2007)

Current treatment for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus relies heavily upon the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin. Unfortunately, this practice has led to an intermediate resistance phenotype that is particularly difficult to treat in invasive staphylococcal diseases, such as septicemia and its metastatic complications, including endocarditis. Although the vancomycin-intermediate resistance phenotype has been linked to abnormal cell wall structures and autolytic rates, the corresponding genetic changes have not been fully elucidated. Previously, whole-genome array studies listed numerous genes that are overexpressed in vancomycin-intermediate sensitive strains, including graRS (SACOL0716 to -0717), encoding a two-component regulatory system (TCRS), as well as the adjacent vraFG (SACOL0718 to -0720), encoding an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter; but the exact contribution of these genes to increased vancomycin resistance has not been defined. In this study, we showed that isogenic strains with mutations in genes encoding the GraRS TCRS and the VraFG ABC transporter are hypersensitive to vancomycin as well as polymyxin B. Moreover, GraRS regulates the expression of the adjacent VraFG pump, reminiscent of gram-positive bacteriocin-immunity regulons. Mutations of graRS and vraFG also led to increased autolytic rates and a more negative net surface charge, which may explain, in part, to their increased sensitivity to cationic antimicrobial peptides. Taken together, these data reveal an important genetic mediator to the vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus phenotype and may hold clues to the selective pressures on staphylococci upon exposure to selective cationic peptide antibiotics used in clinical practice.
Studies with iontophoretic administration of drugs to human dermal vessels in vivo: cholinergic vasodilatation is mediated by dilator prostanoids rather than nitric oxide (1998)

We conclude that in healthy subjects, in contrast to the forearm circulation, dermal vasodilatation in response to iontophoresis of ACh is mediated predominately by a dilator prostanoid rather than by nitric oxide generation. Furthermore, the non-invasive technique of iontophoresis could complement existing invasive tests of endothelial function in future clinical studies.
A sustainable future for photonic colloidal nanocrystals (2015)

Colloidal nanocrystals - produced in a growing variety of shapes, sizes and compositions - are rapidly developing into a new generation of photonic materials, spanning light emitting as well as energy harvesting applications. Precise tailoring of their optoelectronic properties enables them to satisfy disparate application-specific requirements. However, the presence of toxic heavy metals such as cadmium and lead in some of the most mature nanocrystals is a serious drawback which may ultimately preclude their use in consumer applications. Although the pursuit of non-toxic alternatives has occurred in parallel to the well-developed Cd- and Pb-based nanocrystals, synthetic challenges have, until recently, curbed progress. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of heavy-metal-free nanocrystals within the context of specific photonic applications. We also describe strategies to transfer some of the advantageous nanocrystal features such as shape control to non-toxic materials. Finally, we present recent developments that have the potential to make substantial impacts on the quest to attain a balance between performance and sustainability in photonics.
Appetite, Food Intake, and Plasma Concentrations of Cholecystokinin, Ghrelin, and Other Gastrointestinal Hormones in Undernourished Older Women and Well-Nourished Young and Older Women (2003)

Aging is associated with a reduction in appetite and food intake, predisposing to protein-energy malnutrition. The causes of this "anorexia of aging" are largely unknown. To investigate possible contributions of enhanced satiating effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) and reduced stimulation of food intake by ghrelin, eight undernourished older women [age, 80.4 +/- 2.6 yr; body mass index (BMI), 16.9 +/- 0.57 kg/m(2)], eight well-nourished older women (age, 77 +/- 0.9 yr; BMI, 23.7 +/- 0.8 kg/m(2)), and eight well-nourished young women (age, 22 +/- 1.3 yr; BMI, 20.5 +/- 0.4 kg/m(2)), in randomized order, ate on 1 d a 280-kCal preload and on the other no preload, 90 min before an ad libitum meal. At baseline the undernourished, but not the well-nourished, older subjects were less hungry (P < 0.05) than young subjects. Before and after the preload, plasma CCK levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the older than young subjects, with no difference between the older groups. Plasma ghrelin concentrations were higher in the undernourished than both well-nourished groups and decreased similarly after the preload in all groups. The preload suppressed food intake in the well-nourished older and young subjects (P < 0.05), but was without effect in the undernourished old. These observations suggest that reduced basal hunger, rather than increased meal-induced satiety, contributes to the anorexia of aging and that changes in CCK and ghrelin are unlikely to be responsible.