gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Globin gene family evolution and functional diversification in annelids (2007)

Globins are the most common type of oxygen-binding protein in annelids. In this paper, we show that circulating intracellular globin (Alvinella pompejana and Glycera dibranchiata), noncirculating intracellular globin (Arenicola marina myoglobin) and extracellular globin from various annelids share a similar gene structure, with two conserved introns at canonical positions B12.2 and G7.0. Despite sequence divergence between intracellular and extracellular globins, these data strongly suggest that these three globin types are derived from a common ancestral globin-like gene and evolved by duplication events leading to diversification of globin types and derived functions. A phylogenetic analysis shows a distinct evolutionary history of annelid extracellular hemoglobins with respect to intracellular annelid hemoglobins and mollusc and arthropod extracellular hemoglobins. In addition, dehaloperoxidase (DHP) from the annelid, Amphitrite ornata, surprisingly exhibits close phylogenetic relationships to some annelid intracellular globins. We have characterized the gene structure of A. ornata DHP to confirm assumptions about its homology with globins. It appears that it has the same intron position as in globin genes, suggesting a common ancestry with globins. In A. ornata, DHP may be a derived globin with an unusual enzymatic function.
Initiation of polymerization with substituted ethanes, 13. Free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene with substituted succinonitriles (1995)

Abstract Tetraarylsuccinonitriles 2 were synthesized via oxidative dimerization of diarylacetonitriles 1 in basic media. The thermal decomposition of 2 results in two identical diarylcyanomethyl semi‐radicals 3 . The dissociation energy ( E a ) measured using the thiophenol radical scavenging technique was found to amount to 94,3 ± 9,2 kJ/mol in the case of tetraphenylsuccinonitrile 2a . Tetraarylsuccinonitriles 2 show an atypical “stepwise” initiation mechanism in free‐radical polymerization, particularly in the case of methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomer. In the initial phase of the polymerization reaction a very high concentration of diarylcyanomethyl primary radicals 3 leads to the formation of short‐chain telechelics with both end groups originating from the initiator. In the further course of the polymerization these MMA telechelics are able to re‐form radicals by the scission of thermolabile carbon‐carbon bonds and by the release of initiator end groups, and so the MMA telechelics ‘re‐initiate’ the free‐radical polymerization (“resuscitable free‐radical polymerization”). In styrene polymerization, tetraarylsuccinonitriles 2 indeed cause a pronounced primary radical termination effect, but the styrene telechelics formed in contrast to MMA telechelics are thermostable, and therefore no “re‐initiation” effect occurs. The X‐ray structure determination of the styrene telechelic 2,2,3,5,5‐pentaphenyladiponitrile 4a exhibits a bond length of the thermolabile carbon‐carbon bond of 158,7 pm as compared to 162,8 pm of the corresponding MMA telechelic 2,2,5,5‐tetraphenyl‐3‐methoxycarbonyl‐3‐methyladiponitrile and emphasizes the higher thermal stability of 4 .
Method of determining the magnetic field of a recording head by using tapes of various coating thicknesses (1967)

In magnetic recording, the field configuration of the writing head is of major importance, but it is difficult to measure its actual strength. This paper describes a method of determining both the field geometry of a head and the field strength by using tapes of various coating thicknesses. By differentiating the magnetic flux with respect to the thickness, remanence curves are obtained. These curves may be compared to the remanence which was measured statically. This way, the oersteds of the head field can be determined in a much closer vicinity to the head gap than by previously described methods.
Spatial distribution of free carrier concentration in vertical GaN Gunn‐diode structures studied by confocal micro‐Raman spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy (2014)

Abstract Scanning confocal micro‐Raman and PL spectroscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and electrostatic force gradient microscopy (EFGM) were applied to study the concentration profiles of free carriers by scanning the cleaved edge along the growth direction of vertical n + /n 0 /n + ‐GaN Gunn‐diode structure. The vertical frequency profile of the L – branch of the plasmon‐LO‐phonon modes was used to evaluate the concentration of free charge carriers. Obtained significant contrast through the undoped n 0 ‐GaN region validates the expected reduction in carrier concentration. Variation of the local contrast in cross‐section KPFM and EFGM electrical images reflects the topology of the device structure and makes it possible to estimate electronic properties of individual GaN layers as well as interface boundaries. The carrier profiles determined from the Raman data and KPFM measurements are in good agreement. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Configuration of Isocamphenilanol<sup>1</sup> (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Configuration of Isocamphenilanol1Wyman R. Vaughan and Randolph Perry Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 21, 5355–5356Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01141a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01141a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views41Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Modified Three-Phase Model for Determining the Elastic Constants of a Short Fiber Composite (1997)

A micromechanics model is presented for determining the elastic constants of unidirectional composites reinforced with short fibers. The model is based on the modification of a 3-phase embedded concentric cylinder model. In this modification the cylindrical fibers are replaced by composite fibers which reflects the distance between fiber ends in the aligned short fiber composite, i.e., the fiber cylinder is assumed to be constructed of a fiber length and a matrix length. A strength-of-materials approach is then utilized for determining the elastic properties of the compostie fiber. All elastic constants are determined by this procedure.
Constraining Bayesian network learning with qualitative models (2005)

approved: Thomas G. Dietterich Machine learning encompasses probabilistic and statistical techniques that can build models from large quantities of extensional information (examples) with minimal dependence on intensional information (domain knowledge). This focus of machine learning is reflected in the never-ending quest for off-the-shelf classifiers. To generalize to unseen data, however, we must make use of more information than is contained in the training data. Successful learning from data, especially from sparse data, relies on effective incorporation of domain knowledge into the learning algorithm. Unfortunately, there are very few existing techniques or technologies for doing this. Feature engineering, feature selection, model structure selection, parameterization, and algorithm selection are common techniques, but all of these are difficult, time-consuming, and limited in the type of knowledge they can express. In this paper, we show how to interpret qualitative knowledge about probabilistic influences, in particular, knowledge about monotonicity, synergy, and strength of influence, as constraints on conditional probability distributions. We then describe a method for incorporating this knowledge into a parameter estimation algorithm for Bayesian networks. We provide results demonstrating improved accuracy for monotonicity-constrained networks, especially with very small training sets, compared to unconstrained networks and other learning algorithms. Redacted for privacy ©Copyright by Eric E. Altendorf May 6, 2005 All Rights Reserved Constraining Bayesian Network Learning with Qualitative Models by Eric E. Altendorf
Geometry of 3D Environments and Sum of Squares Polynomials (2017)

Fig. 1: Sublevel sets of sos-convex polynomials of increasing degree (left); sublevel sets of sos polynomials of increasing nonconvexity (middle); growth and shrinkage of an sos-body with sublevel sets (right)
An Essential Role for Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 GTPases in Cell Cycle Progression Through G <sub>1</sub> (1995)

Members of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) regulate the organization of the actin cytoskeleton; Rho controls the assembly of actin stress fibers and focal adhesion complexes, Rac regulates actin filament accumulation at the plasma membrane to produce lamellipodia and membrane ruffles, and Cdc42 stimulates the formation of filopodia. When microinjected into quiescent fibroblasts, Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 stimulated cell cycle progression through G1 and subsequent DNA synthesis. Furthermore, microinjection of dominant negative forms of Rac and Cdc42 or of the Rho inhibitor C3 transferase blocked serum-induced DNA synthesis. Unlike Ras, none of the Rho GTPases activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that contains the protein kinases c-Raf1, MEK (MAPK or ERK kinase), and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase). Instead, Rac and Cdc42, but not Rho, stimulated a distinct MAP kinase, the c-Jun kinase JNK/SAPK (Jun NH2-terminal kinase or stress-activated protein kinase). Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 control signal transduction pathways that are essential for cell growth.
2,5‐Difluorenyl‐Substituted Siloles for the Fabrication of High‐Performance Yellow Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (2014)

2,3,4,5-Tetraarylsiloles are a class of important luminogenic materials with efficient solid-state emission and excellent electron-transport capacity. However, those exhibiting outstanding electroluminescence properties are still rare. In this work, bulky 9,9-dimethylfluorenyl, 9,9-diphenylfluorenyl, and 9,9'-spirobifluorenyl substituents were introduced into the 2,5-positions of silole rings. The resulting 2,5-difluorenyl-substituted siloles are thermally stable and have low-lying LUMO energy levels. Crystallographic analysis revealed that intramolecular π-π interactions are prone to form between 9,9'-spirobifluorene units and phenyl rings at the 3,4-positions of the silole ring. In the solution state, these new siloles show weak blue and green emission bands, arising from the fluorenyl groups and silole rings with a certain extension of π conjugation, respectively. With increasing substituent volume, intramolecular rotation is decreased, and thus the emissions of the present siloles gradually improved and they showed higher fluorescence quantum yields (Φ(F) =2.5-5.4%) than 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsiloles. They are highly emissive in solid films, with dominant green to yellow emissions and good solid-state Φ(F) values (75-88%). Efficient organic light-emitting diodes were fabricated by adopting them as host emitters and gave high luminance, current efficiency, and power efficiency of up to 44,100 cd m(-2), 18.3 cd A(-1), and 15.7 lm W(-1), respectively. Notably, a maximum external quantum efficiency of 5.5% was achieved in an optimized device.
Tracking the Response of Burkholderia cepacia G4 5223-PR1 in Aquifer Microcosms (1995)

The introduction of bacteria into the environment for bioremediation purposes (bioaugmentation) requires analysis and monitoring of microbial population dynamics to define persistence and activity from both efficacy and risk assessment perspectives. Burkholderia cepacia G4 5223-PR1 is a Tn5 insertion mutant which constitutively expresses a toluene ortho-monooxygenase that degrades trichloroethylene (TCE). This ability of G4 5223-PR1 to degrade TCE without aromatic induction may be useful for bioremediation of TCE-containing aquifers and groundwater. Thus, a simulated aquifer sediment system and groundwater microcosms were used to monitor the survival of G4 5223-PR1. The fate of G4 5223-PR1 in sediment was monitored by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, a colony blot assay, and growth on selective medium. G4 5223-PR1 was detected immunologically by using a highly specific monoclonal antibody which reacted against the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharides of this organism. G4 5223-PR1 survived well in sterilized groundwater, although in nonsterile groundwater microcosms rapid decreases in the G4 5223-PR1 cell population were observed. Ten days after inoculation no G4 5223-PR1 cells could be detected by selective plating or immunofluorescence. G4 5223-PR1 survival was greater in a nonsterile aquifer sediment microcosm, although after 22 days of elution the number of G4 5223-PR1 cells was low. Our results demonstrate the utility of monoclonal antibody tracking methods and the importance of biotic interactions in determining the persistence of introduced microorganisms.
Network-based isolated digit recognition using vector quantization (1985)

This paper describes a network-based approach to speaker-independent digit recognition. The digits are modeled by a pronunciation network whose arcs represent classes of acoustic-phonetic segments. Each arc is associated with a matcher for rating an input speech interval as an example of the corresponding segment class. The matchers are based on vector quantization of LPC spectra. Recognition involves finding a minimum quantization distortion path through the network by dynamic programming. The system has been evaluated in an extensive series of speaker-independent isolated digit (one-nine, oh and zero) recognition experiments using a 225-talker. multidialect database developed by Texas Instruments (TI). The best recognizer configurations achieved accuracies of 97-99 percent on the TI database.
Neutron focusing lens using polycapillary fibers (1994)

Multiple mirror reflection at small grazing angles from the smooth surfaces of the narrow channels of polycapillary fibers can be used to transport, bend, and focus thermal neutron beams. We report the results of the focusing of a polychromatic cold neutron beam using a compact lens of borosilicate fibers and with a focal distance of 57 mm. The intensity profile of the beam at the focus is approximately conical in shape with a full width at half-maximum of 0.49 mm, and with an average gain in intensity of about 20. These experimental results agree well with those obtained by computer simulation.
Estimation of the mechanical properties of the eye through the study of its vibrational modes (2017)

Measuring the eye's mechanical properties in vivo and with minimally invasive techniques can be the key for individualized solutions to a number of eye pathologies. The development of such techniques largely relies on a computational modelling of the eyeball and, it optimally requires the synergic interplay between experimentation and numerical simulation. In Astrophysics and Geophysics the remote measurement of structural properties of the systems of their realm is performed on the basis of (helio-)seismic techniques. As a biomechanical system, the eyeball possesses normal vibrational modes encompassing rich information about its structure and mechanical properties. However, the integral analysis of the eyeball vibrational modes has not been performed yet. Here we develop a new finite difference method to compute both the spheroidal and, specially, the toroidal eigenfrequencies of the human eye. Using this numerical model, we show that the vibrational eigenfrequencies of the human eye fall in the interval 100 Hz-10 MHz. We find that compressible vibrational modes may release a trace on high frequency changes of the intraocular pressure, while incompressible normal modes could be registered analyzing the scattering pattern that the motions of the vitreous humour leave on the retina. Existing contact lenses with embebed devices operating at high sampling frequency could be used to register the microfluctuations of the eyeball shape we obtain. We advance that an inverse problem to obtain the mechanical properties of a given eye (e.g., Young's modulus, Poisson ratio) measuring its normal frequencies is doable. These measurements can be done using non-invasive techniques, opening very interesting perspectives to estimate the mechanical properties of eyes in vivo. Future research might relate various ocular pathologies with anomalies in measured vibrational frequencies of the eye.
Two-dimensional measurement technique for birefringence vector distributions: measurement principle (1999)

The two-dimensional measurement principle for a birefringence vector distribution in transparent materials is analyzed. The system nonuniformity that results from the system components makes the two-dimensional measurement principle quite different from that of a point-measurement method, and the measurement principle requires a two-dimensional analysis. A pulsed optical phase modulation is employed to simplify the two-dimensional mathematical analysis. As a result, concepts are proposed of the system function that characterizes the system nonuniformity that results from the system components and of the intrinsic function that is related to the birefringence vector distribution in a birefringent sample. The influence of the system nonuniformity on the two-dimensional measurement is eliminated by measurement of the intrinsic function, whereas its two values allow for the mathematical separation of the birefringence vector components. The effectiveness of the two-dimensional analysis is illustrated by measurement of a birefringence vector distribution, which is induced by an internal stress distribution in a poly(methyl methacrylate) plate, owing to the photoelastic effect.
From cell membrane to nucleotides: The phosphate regulon in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1990)

Most of the essential cellular components, like nucleic acids, lipids and sugars, are phosphorylated. The phosphate equilibrium in Escherichia coli is regulated by the phosphate (Pi) input from the surrounding medium. Some 90 proteins are synthesized at an increased rate during Pi starvation and the global control of the cellular metabolism requires cross-talk with other regulatory mechanisms. Since the Pi concentration is normally low in E. coli's natural habitat, these cells have devised a mechanism for synthesis of about 15 proteins to accomplish two specific functions: transport of Pi and its intracellular regulation. The synthesis of these proteins is controlled by two genes (the phoB-phoR operon), involving both negative and positive functions. PhoR protein is a histidine protein kinase, induced in Pi starvation and is a transmembrane protein. It phosphorylates the regulator protein PhoB which is also Pi starvation-induced. The PhoB phosphorylated form binds specifically to a DNA sequence of 18 nucleotides (the pho Box), which is part of the promoters of the Pho genes. The genes controlled by phoB constitute the Pho regulon. The repression of phoA (the gene encoding alkaline phosphatase) by high Pi concentrations in the medium requires the presence of an intact Pst operon (pstS, pstC, pstA, pstB and phoU) and phoR. The products of pstA and pstC are membrane bound, whereas the product of pstS is periplasmic and PstB and PhoU proteins are cytoplasmic. The function of the PhoU protein may be regulated by cofactor nucleotides and may be involved in signaling the activation of the regulon via PhoR.
[Salicylic acid and urea--possible modification of the keratolytic effect of salicylic acid by urea]. (1989)

The keratolytic effect of salicylic acid was measured with a colorimeter after staining the outer layers of the stratum corneum with silver nitrate. Salicylic acid was used in a concentration of 5% or 10% in vaseline or of 5% in an improved vehicle. The results of two experiments showed that improvement of the vehicle increased the keratolytic effect of salicylic acid and that urea played a major role in this improvement.
Liposome-Encapsulated Anticancer Drugs: Still Waiting for the Magic Bullet? (2009)

Anticancer drugs are essential agents in the global strategy developed to fight cancer. Still, narrow therapeutic indices, erratic pharmacokinetics profiles and lack of selectivity towards malignant tissues often hamper their efficacy at the bedside, when they not cause severe toxicities. In this respect, developing innovative drug delivery strategies that would selectively target malignant tissues is still an ongoing story, both in experimental and in clinical oncology. Delivery systems such as liposomes are usually required when an existing formulation is not satisfactory, because encapsulation is expected to provide higher therapeutic efficacy and safety. Such significant improvement in therapeutic efficacy and/or therapeutic indices has already been achieved in patients with some liposome-encapsulated drugs such as anthracyclines. It is now possible to develop a wide range of vectors varying in size, composition, and surface morphology suitable for a variety of therapeutic applications, including for targeting tumor tissues. Reformulation of anticancer drugs in liposomes remains a challenging opportunity to stretch the therapeutic indices of many cytotoxic drugs, through the optimization of their distribution in the body. Despite these promising and exciting perspectives in oncology, to date only few drugs (e.g., anthracyclines) have actually made their way as liposomes from the bench to the bedside. However, as target therapies have brought a new hope in the cancer war in the 2000's, developing now targeted delivery systems is more and more seen as the next step to further improve clinical outcome in cancer patients. This review covers the achievements, limits, and new expectancies of anticancer drugs as candidates for liposomal encapsulation.
A 5732-element linear CCD image sensor (1985)

This paper describes a high-density CCD image sensor with 5732 elements in 1.2-in-long silicon chip with a 5-µm effective sampling pitch. The device architecture includes a bilinear sensor array of odd and even staggered apertures, an integrated delay stage to multiplex the odd and even pixel data, and a unique self-aligned aperture structure. This design is fabricated in a standard two-layer polysilicon-gate BCCD process with relaxed 3.0-µm design rules, Typical device characteristics achieved are a charge-transfer efficiency of 0.99995, a sensor nonuniformity of ±4 percent peak to peak, an MTF of 0.625 at 50 c/mm, and an operating speed of 24 MHz.