gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flat-Region Detection and False Contour Removal in the Digital TV Display (2005)

Bit-depth reduction in digital displays results in false contours in the image. Moreover some of video enhancement processing in the digital TV display, such as histogram equalization, contrast enhancement, and increasing sharpness, etc., make false contours more visible. Bit-depth reduction comes from various display limitations such as video memory constraints, physical characteristics of the display, display drivers, and coarse MPEG quantization, etc [1]. We present an efficient method for detecting and segmenting flat-region in the image, and a technique for bit-depth extension to effectively remove false contours. We have simulated bit depth reduction followed by video enhancement processing that cause false contours with various video image sequences including simple patterns. Our result shows that false contours are effectively removed in the flat-region in the image while the sharpness of object edges is preserved.
Particle Based Skinning (2009)

When deforming a shape by skinning in character animation, we may encounter unexpected results such as surface collapse and shape shrinkage. In this article, we propose an improved skinning method that preserves volume through deformation and prevents such shape contraction by using particles that have interaction forces affecting each other. In this method, the interaction forces working among the particles enable them to keep a constant distance from each other, and the volume is mostly preserved because the number of particles is unchanged during deformation. The particles are associated with fixed points on a skeleton, and their position and motion are controlled as if they adhere to the skeleton. Vertex positions on a surface of the shape are then fixed according to an arrangement of particles to generate the deformed object shape. We compare the deformation result of the proposed method with the result of the skinning using conventional vertex blending and show the validity of the proposed method.
Kinase Crystal Miner: A Powerful Approach to Repurposing 3D Hinge Binding Fragments and Its Application to Finding Novel Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (2017)

Protein kinases represent an important target class for drug discovery because of their role in signaling pathways involved in disease areas such as oncology and immunology. A key element of many ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors is their hinge-binding motif. Here, we describe Kinase Crystal Miner (KCM)-a new approach developed at Boehringer Ingelheim (BI) that harvests the existing crystallographic information on kinase-inhibitor co-crystal structures from internal and external databases. About 1000 unique three-dimensional kinase inhibitor hinge binding motifs have been extracted from structures covering more than 180 different protein kinases. These hinge binding motifs along with their attachment vectors have been combined in the KCM for the purpose of scaffold hopping, kinase screening deck design, and interactive structure-based design. Prospective scaffold hopping using the KCM identified two potent and selective Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors with hinge binding fragments novel to BTK.
Low Oxygen Enhances Primitive and Definitive Neural Stem Cell Colony Formation by Inhibiting Distinct Cell Death Pathways (2009)

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be derived from single mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the absence of instructive factors. Clonal primitive NSC (pNSC) colonies are formed first, and then give rise to clonal, fibroblast growth factor-dependent definitive neural stem cells (dNSCs). We tested low-oxygen culture as a potential method of alleviating the extensive cell death seen in pNSCs and dNSCs. Culture in low (4%) oxygen promoted survival of pNSCs by inhibiting apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-dependent cell death, although pNSCs undergo both AIF- and caspase-mediated cell death in 20% oxygen. In contrast, survival of dNSCs in low oxygen was increased by inhibition of caspase-dependent cell death. In normoxia, AIF is implicated in promoting dNSC survival. Neither survival effect was dependent on the main transcriptional effector of hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Low-oxygen concentrations may be involved in expansion of early NSC populations by inhibiting cell death through different pathways in these sequential pNSC and dNSC populations.
Oxidative Pd(II)-Catalyzed C−H Bond Amination to Carbazole at Ambient Temperature (2008)

We report a new Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H bond amination reaction to form carbazoles, an important motif that is prevalent in a range of systems. The catalytic amination process operates under extremely mild conditions and produces carbazole products in good to excellent yields. Carbazoles possessing complex molecular architecture can also be formed using this reaction, highlighting its potential in natural product synthesis applications. Preliminary mechanistic investigations reveal the reaction proceeds through a Pd(II)/Pd(IV) manifold and that reductive elimination from a high oxidation state Pd(IV) complex facilitates the mild conditions of this transformation.
Environmental Enrichment Delays the Onset of Memory Deficits and Reduces Neuropathological Hallmarks in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer-Like Neurodegeneration (2007)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory deficits and cognitive decline. We explored the possibility that Environmental Enrichment (EE) may reduce the disease progression in a comprehensive mouse model for AD like neurodegeneration, the AD11 mice. AD11 mice, which express anti nerve growth factor (NGF) antibodies, develop an age dependent neurodegeneration which encompasses all hallmarks of human AD. We have tested the efficacy of EE starting from 2 months of age, that is before the onset of behavioural deficits in AD11 mice. At 7 months of age, visual recognition memory was tested with the Object Recognition Test (ORT), spatial memory with the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and the presence of AD pathological hallmarks (Abeta clusters, presence of hyperphosphorylated tau and cholinergic deficit) was assessed immunohistochemically. We found that in AD11 mice exposed to EE from 2 to 7 months of age performance in both memory tests was significantly better than in non EE AD11 mice and indistinguishable from that in wild-type mice of the same age. Exposure to EE from 2 to 7 months significantly reduce the appearance of AD neuropathological hallmarks. A group of AD11 mice was tested also at 12 months of age: we found that 12 months old AD11 mice exposed to EE from 2 to 7 months of age performed significantly better than non EE AD11 mice of the same age and did not differ from 12 months old wt mice. Thus, EE is able to prevent the onset of memory deficits up to at least 12 months of age and to restrain the progression of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of AD.
Mild Copper‐Mediated Direct Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles with Polyfluoroarenes by Using Dioxygen as Oxidant (2013)

CH(3)CN and O(2) do the trick! A copper-mediated direct oxidative cross-coupling of 2-(het)aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles with polyhaloarenes under mild reaction conditions has been developed (see scheme). The process provides a concise access to biaryl structures containing polyhaloarenes, which are of interest in the fields of pharmaceuticals and functional materials. Acetonitrile and oxygen play crucial roles.
Linear universal demosaicking of regular pattern color filter arrays (2012)

We show that a recently developed universal demosaicker by the present authors greatly outperforms existing demosaickers when tested with a realistic optical pipeline. We present speed and quality optimizations of this demosaicker for the case of regular pattern color filter arrays. We implement and extensively test optimized versions for several common CFAs including Bayer, CMY and several RGBW patterns. These tests show that the proposed algorithms outperform other demosaickers by a substantial margin while being faster than most of them. High sensitivity RGBW CFAs are shown to have better performance than Bayer demosaicked with previous algorithms. The proposed universal demosaicker is a set of Finite Impulse Response Filters, which allows a single, efficient, Image Signal Processor design to support different CFAs by changing its filter weights. Being linear, the demosaicker is free of noise induced artifacts and outputs images with near Poissonian noise which is noise reduction friendly.
Inhibition of Cysteine Proteinases by Autolytic Digestion is Mediated by CBP2/Hsp47 (2002)

CBP2/Hsp47 is a glycoprotein normally limited to the ER-Golgi where it is first associated with procollagen chains at a very early point during translation of nascent chains and later with properly folded procollagen. Although CBP2/Hsp47 is regarded as a molecular chaperone belonging to the serpin superfamily, this protein does not appear to inhibit serine proteinases. Here we demonstrate that CBP2/Hsp47 functions in a manner similar to other serpin superfamily members by cross class inhibiting cysteine proteinases. A CBP2/Hsp47 to cathepsin L inactivation stoichiometery of approximately 1.5 revealed concurrent cleavage of CBP2/Hsp47 with proteinase inactivation. Cleavage of the CBP2/Hsp47 was shown to occur outside the P1-P1' at the P16-P15 and P2'-P3' bonds. In addition, the proteinase bands in SDS/PAGE diminished on reaction of the enzyme with CBP2/Hsp47. These results sustain a mechanism advocated by Bjork et al. (1998), in which cysteine proteinases assault a peptide bond in the reactive site loop of serpins, (CBP2/Hsp47) adjacent to the P1-P1' bonds involved in serine proteinase inhibition. The reaction proceeds with the substrate pathway dominating in the cysteine proteinase reaction. In these complexes the cysteine proteinases, papain and cathepsin L, are rendered more susceptible to proteolysis and are degraded by active enzyme. These properties help explain the mechanism by which CBP2/Hsp47 increases the fidelity of collagen production. Moreover, if CBP2/Hsp47 is shown to involve the multiplexin subclass of collagens, it may further provide a mechanism by which the motogen and angiogenic properties during development and/or neoplasia are regulated.
STUDIES ON RNA SYNTHESIS IN TWO POPULATIONS OF NUCLEI FROM THE MAMMALIAN CEREBRAL CORTEX (1973)

Abstract A method is presented for the rapid separation of cell nuclei from the rabbit cerebral cortex into two populations. The first of these consists largely of nuclei with the morphological characteristics of neuronal nuclei, the second almost entirely of nuclei with the morphological characteristics of glial cell nuclei. From studies based upon sensitivity to the toxin α‐amanitin, the ratio of incorporation of different bases, ionic requirements and differential sensitivity to actinomycin D, it is concluded that under both the classical low and high salt conditions described by other workers, two enzymes are active in RNA synthesis. The presence of a third enzyme of low activity cannot be excluded. No qualitative difference in the number of enzymes involved in RNA synthesis in neuronal and glial cell nuclei has been found, but there are quantitative differences in activity between the two nuclear populations.
A Study of the Optimal Conditions for the Development of Preferred Oriented Platinum Surfaces by Means of Fast Square Wave Potential Perturbations (1987)

Changes in the voltammetric response of polycrystalline platinum in the direction expected for preferred oriented surface electrodes are achieved after applying a fast repetitive square wave potential signal covering the potential range of H-and O-electroadsorption/electrodesorption. The influence of the characteristics of the square wave potential signal on the voltammetric response of the modified platinum surfaces is systematically studied to establish the optimal conditions for obtaining surface structures with determined preferred orientations.
Stimulus Funding Elicits a Tidal Wave of ‘Challenge Grants’ (2009)

A frantic grant-writing effort that has consumed biomedical research scientists this spring came to an end last week, resulting in a huge pile of new applications—more than 10 times larger than expected—to be reviewed by the National Institutes of Health.
Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Materials for Efficient Enantioseparation Using Cellulose 3,5‐Dimethylphenylcarbamate and Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (2008)

The hybrid bead-type chiral packing material (CPM) for preparative enantioseparation has been prepared from the cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate containing a small number of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl groups in the presence of tetraethyl orthosilicate, by a sol-gel reaction in an aqueous surfactant solution. The obtained hybrid bead-type CPM was packed into a column and evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. When compared with the commercially available Chiralpak IB, which is prepared by the immobilization of cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate on silica gel, the hybrid bead-type CPM was shown to exhibit a similar chiral recognition and possess a higher loading capacity.
Learning to reason about desires: An infant training study (2015)

A key aspect of theory of mind is the ability to reason\nabout other people's desires. As adults, we know that desires\nand preferences are subjective and specific to the individual.\nHowever, research in cognitive development suggests that a\nsignificant conceptual shift occurs in desire-based reasoning\nbetween 14 and 18 months of age, allowing 18- but not 14-\nmonth-olds to understand that different people can have\ndifferent preferences (Lucas et al., 2014; Ma &amp; Xu 2011;\nRepacholi &amp; Gopnik, 1997). The present research investigates\nthe kind of evidence that is relevant for inducing this shift and\nwhether younger infants can be trained to learn about the\ndiversity of preferences. In Experiment 1, infants younger\nthan 18 months of age were shown demonstrations in which\ntwo experimenters either liked the same objects as each other\n(in one training condition) or different objects (in another\ntraining condition). Following training, all infants were asked\nto share one of two foods with one of the experimenters ‚Äì\nthey could either share a food that the experimenter showed\ndisgust towards (and the infants themselves liked) or a food\nthat the experimenter showed happiness towards (and the\ninfants themselves did not like). We found that infants who\nobserved two different experimenters liking different objects\nduring training later provided the experimenter with the food\nshe liked, even if it was something they disliked themselves.\nHowever, when infants observed two experimenters liking the\nsame objects, they later incorrectly shared the food that they\nthemselves liked with the experimenter. Experiment 2\ncontrolled for an alternative interpretation of these findings.\nOur results suggest that training allows infants to overturn an\ninitial theory in the domain of Theory of Mind for a more\nadvanced one.
Empirical study of bagging predictors on medical data (2011)

This study investigates the performance of bagging in terms of learning from imbalanced medical data. It is important for data miners to achieve highly accurate prediction models, and this is especially true for imbalanced medical applications. In these situations, practitioners are more interested in the minority class than the majority class; however, it is hard for a traditional supervised learning algorithm to achieve a highly accurate prediction on the minority class, even though it might achieve better results according to the most commonly used evaluation metric, Accuracy. Bagging is a simple yet effective ensemble method which has been applied to many real-world applications. However, some questions have not been well answered, e.g., whether bagging outperforms single learners on medical data-sets; which learners are the best predictors for each medical data-set; and what is the best predictive performance achievable for each medical data-set when we apply sampling techniques. We perform an extensive empirical study on the performance of 12 learning algorithms on 8 medical data-sets based on four performance measures: True Positive Rate (TPR), True Negative Rate (TNR), Geometric Mean (G-mean) of the accuracy rate of the majority class and the minority class, and Accuracy as evaluation metrics. In addition, the statistical analyses performed instil confidence in the validity of the conclusions of this research. © 2011, Australian Computer Society, Inc.
Endovascular Microcoil Gene Delivery Using Immobilized Anti-adenovirus Antibody for Vector Tethering (2002)

It is concluded that catheter deployment of platinum or biodegradable gene delivery endovascular microcoils represents an interventional device-based gene therapy system that can serve as a suitable platform for either single or multiple gene therapy vectors.
Cost saving benefits of wood structure maintenance [for power overhead lines] (2002)

For most electric utilities, the wood pole plant is one of its largest assets. The average life expectancy for a wood pole varies in different parts of the US from 30 to 40 years. However, an effective maintenance program can extend the average pole life by 10 or 20 or more years. Tremendous cost savings are realized through pole life extension, improved reliability, reduced outages and better management decisions based on data collection. This paper emphasizes the economic benefits of a comprehensive wood structure maintenance program. Accurate inspection and data acquisition, effective supplemental preservatives and dependable restoration systems provide the tools for more efficient management of the wood pole plant yielding tremendous economic benefits. Lowering operating costs, while maintaining a satisfactory customer service, is an important key for today's successful utilities.
Regulation of <i>Arabidopsis</i> SHY2/IAA3 protein turnover (2003)

Auxin/indole acetic acid (Aux/IAA) proteins regulate transcriptional responses to the plant hormone auxin. Gain-of-function mutations in the Arabidopsis SHORT HYPOCOTYL 2 (SHY2/IAA3) gene encoding an Aux/IAA protein increase steady-state levels of SHY2/IAA3 protein and decrease auxin responses, indicating that SHY2/IAA3 negatively regulates auxin signaling. These shy2 mutations also cause ectopic light responses, suggesting that SHY2/IAA3 may promote light signaling. Auxin regulates turnover of the related Auxin-resistant (AXR)2/IAA7 and AXR3/IAA17 proteins by increasing their interaction with the Skp1-Cdc53/cullin-F-box (SCFTIR1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. To investigate whether SHY2/IAA3 is regulated similarly, we have used a turnover assay to reveal that axr1 and transport inhibitor resistant (tir)1 mutations affecting SCFTIR1 decrease SHY2/IAA3 turnover. In pull-down assays, SHY2/IAA3 protein interacted with TIR1, the F-box component of SCFTIR1 and with the photoreceptor phytochrome B. Auxin stimulated SHY2/IAA3 interaction with TIR1, whereas the shy2-2 gain-of-function mutation decreased this interaction. Light did not affect the interaction, suggesting that light regulates some other aspect of Aux/IAA gene or protein function. The chemical juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) inhibited the interaction, suggesting that peptidyl-prolyl isomerization may mediate auxin-induced SHY2/IAA3 protein turnover.
Synthesis of 2-substituted 5-(1-oxido-4-pyridyl)- and 5-(1-oxido-2-pyridyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives by substitution of 2-methylsulfonyl group with various nucleophiles. (1987)

The synthesis of 2-substituted 5- (1-oxido-4-pyridy1) - (4a-10a) and 5- (1-oxido-2-pyridyl) -1, 3, 4-thiadiazole derivatives (4b-10) by substitution reaction of 5- (1-oxido-4-pyridyl) - (3a) and 5- (1-oxido-2-pyridyl) -2-methylsulfonyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (3b) is described. 5- (1-Oxido-4-pyridyl) - (9a) and 5- (1-oxido-2-pyridyl) -1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (9b) could be reduced with sodium dithionite to 2- (4-pyridyl) - (11c) and 2- (2-pyridyl) -1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (11d)
Design Optimization Study of Isolation Mount Systems for Gas Turbine Engine Accessories (2005)

Design optimization has become increasingly important in today’s world. The ability to develop products that offer the best possible solution, distinguish industry leaders from those that lag behind. To reach this goal, optimization techniques are required which provide solutions in a timely and cost effective manner. This paper addresses a specific optimization process for designing isolation mount systems for gas turbine engine accessory components. This process enables the designer to quickly select an isolation system that will reduce the loads on components without the use of a time consuming Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Commercially available tools such as MATLAB [7] and MSC-WORKING MODEL 2D [6] are used to study a range of mount systems and help the designer focus his attention on the best choice of design variables. Gas Turbine engine accessory mount systems are generally sized by emergency conditions such as Fan Blade Out (FBO). These emergency conditions are rarely seen in service, but since they can drive the cost and weight of the mount system, an optimization process is needed to select the best configurations. References [8] through [10] discuss this in detail. Design Cycle time is just as important as cost and weight. The ability to size and package components quickly and accurately is vital to the design process. Poor utilization of space can drive cost and weight as much as poor component design. Knowing the correct size of the mount system in a rapid fashion offers further opportunities for surrounding components & systems to be optimized.
Diffusional Dissolution of Alumina in Various Steelmaking Slags (2004)

Fast dissolution of nonmetallic inclusions such as alumina particles in molten slags has been required in secondary steelmaking-ladle and tundish-to minimize the amount and the size of nonmetallic inclusions in steel products. In the present work, the dissolution behavior of alumina particles in molten CaO-Al2O3 and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slags at the temperatures between 1 500 and 1 550°C have been investigated in terms of kinetics and mechanism. Alumina particles were added directly into the slags and the variation of the particle size with time was determined using optical and electron microscopes. The conventional types of slag for ladle and tundish were included in the dissolution study. The effects of Al2O3, SiO2, CaF2 and MgO contents on the dissolution rate of alumina particles have also been determined. The diffusion boundary layer between alumina particle and bulk slag phase was observed and analyzed using SEM and EDS. Based on the analysis of kinetic data and the boundary layer, the dissolution mechanism has been discussed.
Desacetylmatricarin, an Anti-Allergic Component from<i>Taraxacum platycarpum</i> (1998)

The bioassay-guided fractionation of Taraxacum platycarpum (Compositae) extract led to the isolation of a desacetylmatricarin (1) as an active principle responsible for the anti-allergic property. It showed a potent inhibitory activity upon the beta-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells in a dose-dependent manner and the IC50 was 7.5 microM. Two structurally related guaianolide sesquiterpenes, achillin and leucodin, were also examined and their IC50 values were determined as 100 microM and 80 microM, respectively.