gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preliminary measurements of laser short-term frequency fluctuations (1967)

Preliminary but relatively detailed measurements have been made of the short-term frequency or phase fluctuations of two short stable single-frequency 6328 Å He-Re lasers (Spectra-Physics Model 119). Both lasers were essentially free-running in a quiet stable environment, with no frequency-stabilization or temperature-control loops except for a slow AFC loop (one-half-second response time) which kept one laser frequency at a nominal 30-MHz spacing from the other by piezoelectric tuning. The random frequency fluctuations of the 30-MHz beat note between the lasers were measured in three ways: a) The power spectral density of the 30-MHz beat note (measured by slowly scanning an RF spectrum analyzer) was found to be accurately Gaussian, with a standard deviation <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sigma_{f} \approx 8.1</tex> kHz. b) The mean-square accumulated phase jitter during an interval of length τ seconds (measured by a sampling technique) was found to vary as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta\Phi^{2}(\tau) \approx 0.96 \times 10^{10} \tau^{2} rad^{2}</tex> over the range <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">100 \leq \tau \leq 1200</tex> us. Less accurate measurements extending up to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\tau = 30\mu</tex> s indicated a slightly slower increase ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim \tau^{4/3}</tex> ) for longer times. c) The spectral density of the instantaneous beat frequency variations (measured by scanning the video output from a 30-MHz frequency discriminator with an audio wave analyzer) was found to vary as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G_{\phi}(f) \approx 6.6 \times 10^{8}/f^{2} rad^{2}</tex> .s down to at least 50 Hz and probably lower. These results, which are all qualitatively compatible, and quantitatively in agreement to within better than a factor of two, indicate random Gaussian perturbation of the laser's instantaneous frequency by internal or environmental disturbances (plasma noise, acoustic noise, etc.) that have not yet been clearly identified. By improving these characteristics somewhat, and operating one laser at a very much lower power level in order to enhance its quantum phase fluctuations, it appears feasible to measure the ultimate quantum frequency fluctuations caused by random walk of the oscillator phase under the influence of spontaneous emission.
Between the gift and the market: the economy of regard (1997)

‘The great transformation’ from customary exchange to impersonal markets is incomplete. Reciprocal exchange pervades modern societies. It takes the form of ‘gifts’, reciprocated without certainty. Reciprocity is driven by the pursuit of ‘regard’. Money is avoided in regard exchanges, because it is impersonal. Instead, regard signals are embodied in goods, in services, or in time (attention). The personalization of gifts authenticates the signal. Reciprocal exchange persists in family formation, in intergenerational transfers, in labour markets, in agriculture, the professions, in marketing, entrepreneurship, and also in corruption and crime. Reciprocal exchange is constrained by time and psychic energy, but is likely to persist as a preferred source of regard.
Coincidence Rates for Photon Pairs in WDM Environment (2010)

We demonstrate the flexibility that a wavelength selective switch could offer to bandwidth provisioning of potential multi-user quantum key distribution networks based on entangled pair sources. We derive an analytical expression relating the coincidence detection rates of the photon pairs to the switch bandwidth characteristics. Experimentally measured coincidence rates verify the theory in three distinct network configurations.
An Empirical Study of Multi-entity Changes in Real Bug Fixes (2018)

Prior studies showed that developers applied repeated bug fixes-similar or identical code changes-to multiple locations. According to the observation, researchers built tools to automatically generate candidate patches from the repeated bug-fixing patterns. However, all such research focuses on the recurring change patterns within single methods. We are curious whether there are also repeated bug fixes that change multiple program entities (e.g., classes, methods, and fields); and if so, how we can leverage such recurring change patterns to further help developers fix bugs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive empirical study on multi-entity bug fixes in terms of their frequency, composition, and semantic meanings. Specifically for each bug fix, we first used our approach InterPart to perform static inter-procedural analysis on partial programs (i.e., the old and new versions of changed Java files), and to extract change dependency graphs (CDGs)-graphs that connect multiple changed entities based on their syntactic dependencies. By extracting common subgraphs from the CDGs of different fixes, we identified the recurring change patterns. Our study on Aries, Cassandra, Derby, and Mahout shows that (1) 52-58% of bug fixes involved multi-entity changes; (2) 6 recurring change patterns commonly exist in all projects; and (3) 19-210 entity pairs were repetitively co-changed mainly because the pairs invoked the same methods, accessed the same fields, or contained similar content. These results helped us better understand the gap between the fixes generated by existing automatic program repair (APR) approaches and the real fixes. Our observations will shed light on the follow-up research of automatic program comprehension and modification.
Preventing Childhood Trauma Resulting From Exposure to Domestic Violence (2000)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsDave FisherDave Fisher is a detective in the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office, Youth Services Division, Largo, Florida.
Viscoelasticity of Poly(ethylene glycol) Solutions on Supported Lipid Bilayers via Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (2015)

Supported lipid bilayers of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine were formed on a silicon oxide substrate, and the viscoelasticity of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) solutions above the bilayer was subsequently studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. No detectable adsorption of PEG molecules to the bilayer was found over a broad range of PEG molecular weight at various concentrations. The viscoelastic properties of the PEG solutions were obtained from the shifts in the resonance frequency and the energy dissipation factor of the polymer solution in contact with the resonator-supported lipid bilayer. The resulting viscoelastic properties of PEG solutions were found to be in excellent agreement with the Zimm model for linear polymer chains in a good solvent. The excluded volume scaling exponent ν for PEG in water shows an ideal-to-real crossover with increasing molecular weight. The exponent adopts a value of 0.50 for short chains and gradually increases to 0.565 for long chains. The onset of the excluded volume effect of PEG in water, a good solvent, lies in the molecular weight range between 4000 and 8000.
Ultra-thin carbon-based nanocomposite coatings for superior wear resistance under lubrication with nano-diamond additives (2016)

Ultra-thin carbon-based nanocomposite coatings comprised of graphite nanocrystals embedded in diamond-like carbon (DLC) matrix were deposited on stainless steel substrates by the C<sub>60</sub>ion beam method, as a wear protective coating.
Crystal Structure of the Bifunctional Soybean Bowman‐Birk Inhibitor at 0.28‐nm Resolution (1996)

The Bowman-Birk inhibitor from soybean is a small protein that contains a binary arrangement of trypsin-reactive and chymotrypsin-reactive subdomains. In this report, the crystal structure of this anticarcinogenic protein has been determined to 0.28-nm resolution by molecular replacement from crystals grown at neutral pH. The crystal structure differs from a previously determined NMR structure [Werner, M. H. & Wemmer, D. E. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 999-1010] in the relative orientation of the two enzyme-insertion loops, in some details of the main chain trace, in the presence of favourable contacts in the trypsin-insertion loop, and in the orientation of several amino acid side chains. The proximity of Met27 and Gln48 in the X-ray structure contradicts the solution structure, in which these two side chains point away from each other. The significant effect of a Met27-->Ile replacement on the inhibitory activity of the chymotrypsin-reactive subdomain agrees with the X-ray structure. Exposed hydrophobic patches, the presence of charged amino acid residues, and the presence of water molecules in the protein interior are in contrast to standard proteins that comprise a hydrophobic core and exposed polar amino acids.
Candidalysin sets off the innate alarm (2017)

Candidalysin-induced epithelial cell damage promotes expansion of innate TCRαβ<sup>+</sup> cells during oropharyngeal candidiasis.
Low-Cost Gas Sensors Produced by the Graphite Line-Patterning Technique Applied to Monitoring Banana Ripeness (2011)

A low-cost sensor array system for banana ripeness monitoring is presented. The sensors are constructed by employing a graphite line-patterning technique (LPT) to print interdigitated graphite electrodes on tracing paper and then coating the printed area with a thin film of polyaniline (PANI) by in-situ polymerization as the gas-sensitive layer. The PANI layers were used for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including ethylene, emitted during ripening. The influence of the various acid dopants, hydrochloric acid (HCl), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), p-toluenesulfonic acid (TSA) and camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), on the electrical properties of the thin film of PANI adsorbed on the electrodes was also studied. The extent of doping of the films was investigated by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and tests showed that the type of dopant plays an important role in the performance of these low-cost sensors. The array of three sensors, without the PANI-HCl sensor, was able to produce a distinct pattern of signals, taken as a signature (fingerprint) that can be used to characterize bananas ripeness.
Regulation of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis family member survivin in normal cord blood and bone marrow CD34+ cells by hematopoietic growth factors: implication of survivin expression in normal hematopoiesis (2001)

The inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein survivin is expressed in most cancers and leukemias and during fetal development, but not in most normal adult tissues. Survivin expression was analyzed in umbilical cord blood (UCB) and adult bone marrow CD34(+) cells and in the factor-dependent MO7e cell line; also investigated was whether survivin expression was regulated by hematopoietic growth factors. Survivin messsenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were expressed in fresh UCB and marrow CD34(+) cells. The combination of thrombopoietin, Flt3 ligand, and stem cell factor upregulated survivin expression in CD34(+) cells within 24 hours; survivin expression was cell-cycle related and highest during G2/M, whereas growth-factor withdrawal resulted in decreased survivin expression. Cell-cycle fractionation of UCB CD34(+) with Hoechst-33342/pyronin-Y demonstrated that survivin message was undetectable in freshly isolated G0 cells, but present in G1 cells. After cytokine stimulation, survivin mRNA and protein expression were observed in both G0 and G1 CD34(+) cells as well as in cells that had progressed to S and G2/M phase, indicating that survivin expression is regulated in all phases of the cell cycle. This contrasts with the expression of survivin predominantly during G2/M in cancer cells. In CD34(+) cells and MO7e cells, growth factor-mediated upregulation of survivin was associated with inhibition of apoptosis, and downregulation of survivin was coincident with increased apoptosis. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between survivin and active caspase-3 was observed in CD34(+) cells. These findings demonstrate that survivin is not a cancer-specific antiapoptotic protein and plays a regulatory role in normal adult hematopoiesis.
Interaction of a common factor with conserved promoter and enhancer sequences in histone H2B, immunoglobulin, and U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes. (1986)

We have examined the interaction of factors in HeLa cell nuclear extracts with a human histone H2B gene (H2B) promoter. Protein-DNA mobility-shift and DNase I protection assays detected a factor(s) binding to a 15-base-pair consensus element that is essential for efficient H2B transcription in vitro. Part of this consensus sequence is the octanucleotide ATTTGCAT, which is apparently a functional component of several non-histone genes. A subset of these genes, including a human U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene promoter, a mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer, and a mouse light chain promoter, were shown to interact with the H2B consensus sequence-binding factor(s). These results suggest that a common factor or closely related factors may contribute to the regulation of these and other genes that share the octanucleotide sequence.
Using Closed Captions as Supervision for Video Activity Recognition (2010)

Recognizing activities in real-world videos is a difficult problem exacerbated by background clutter, changes in camera angle & zoom, and rapid camera movements. Large corpora of labeled videos can be used to train automated activity recognition systems, but this requires expensive human labor and time. This paper explores how closed captions that naturally accompany many videos can act as weak supervision that allows automatically collecting "labeled" data for activity recognition. We show that such an approach can improve activity retrieval in soccer videos. Our system requires no manual labeling of video clips and needs minimal human supervision. We also present a novel caption classifier that uses additional linguistic information to determine whether a specific comment refers to an ongoing activity. We demonstrate that combining linguistic analysis and automatically trained activity recognizers can significantly improve the precision of video retrieval.
PCR‐based detection of resistance to acetyl‐CoA carboxylase‐inhibiting herbicides in black‐grass (<i>Alopecurus myosuroides</i> Huds) and ryegrass (<i>Lolium rigidum</i> Gaud) (2002)

A simple method based upon allele-specific PCR was developed to detect an isoleucine-leucine substitution in the gene encoding chloroplastic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) in two gramineous weeds: Lolium rigidum Gaud and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. Analysis of 1800 A myosuroides and 750 L rigidum seedlings showed that the presence of ACCase leucine allele(s) conferred cross-resistance to the cyclohexanedione herbicide cycloxydim and to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and diclofop-methyl. Seedlings containing ACCase leucine allele(s) could be either sensitive or resistant to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides haloxyfop-P-methyl and clodinafop-propargyl. Successful detection of resistant plants in a field population of A myosuroides was achieved using this PCR assay. Using it with basic molecular biology laboratory equipment, the presence of resistant leucine ACCase allele(s) can be detected within one working day.
The abundance of residuals and fuzzy decision-making for fault diagnosis and sensor signal validation (2002)

The generation of abundant residual signals and the decision-making problems arising from sensor failure diagnosis and signal validation for low direct redundant measurement systems are investigated. The redundancy is supplemented by incorporating the linear interaction equations into the original measurement model, then the abundance of residuals is achieved based on the parity space method. This leads to higher flexibility in the decision-making for fault diagnosis. The fuzzy analysis for pattern recognition is applied together with the threshold test which results in a more reliable sensor failure detection and diagnosis.
INERTIAL PROFILOMETER AS A RAIL SURFACE MEASURING INSTRUMENT (1973)

A pair of profilometers, modified from the original design of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors, has been built and installed on the Department of Transportation rail test car by ENSCO, Inc. The inertial profilometer system is capable of accurately measuring variations in rail surfaces of both short wavelength (a few feet) and long wavelength (a few hundred feet). In addition to its application in vehicle-dynamic simulation, the measured inertial profile can be used as a data base for extracting mid-chord (or other types of relative profile measurement) at any selected chord length. Field and laboratory tests have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the profilometers. The laboratory tests consisted of shake table tests to measure the amplitude and phase response within the frequency range of interest. These results correspond closely to the theoretical frequency response. Extensive field tests were performed on tangent, spiral, and curved track. Both manual stringline and DOT mid-chord system measurements were made on the same sections of track. The results show good agreement between the profilometer data and the accurate stringline measurements.
Studies on the Metabolic Fate of CPT-11. (2): Pharmacokinetics in Rats following a Single Intravenous Dose. (2). Metabolites Pattern in Serum, Liver, Kidney and Intestinal Tissue. (1991)

Pharmacokinetic studies on metabolites pattern and their concentrations in the serum and tissues were performed in male rats after a single intravenous administration of 14C-CPT-11 at a dose of 10.62mg/kg using the HPLC method.1. The unchanged drug, CPT-11, was detected as the main compound in the serum and tissues, and accounted for almost all the concentration of total radioactivity at early time after dose.2. The concentrations of active metabolite, SN-38, in the serum and tissues were very low, but disappeared relatively more slowly than CPT-11. 3. The ratios of SN-38 AUC/CPT-11 AUC were 0.079 in the serum, 0.018 in the liver and intestinal tissue, and 0.004 in kidney, respectively. The relatively high concentration of SN-38 in the serum and liver must be ascribed to high esterase activity in these tissues, and that in the intestinal tissues could be ascribed not only to the esterase activity, but also to the biliary excretion of SN-38 and SN-38-glucuronide into intestine.
Probing the structural plasticity of an archaeal primordial cobaltochelatase CbiXS (2007)

Insertion of metal ions into tetrapyrrole macrocycles is catalyzed by a diverse group of enzymes called chelatases. Structures are known for several chelatases catalyzing metal insertion into protoporphyrin IX or sirohydrochlorin. Despite a lack of significant amino acid sequence similarity, these ferro- and cobaltochelatases share a high degree of structural similarity. Cobaltochelatase CbiK and ferrochelatase HemH are bilobial enzymes with two alpha/beta domains, which were suggested to origin from a common ancestral protein via gene duplication. Small, single-domain chelatases (CbiX(S)) were recently described in archaea and are believed to represent primordial chelatases. Here, we tested the structural plasticity of an archaeal cobaltochelatase CbiX(S) by rearranging its structure with a novel method producing random in-frame deletions, duplications and insertions. A number of functional chelatase variants with insertion of duplicated sequence stretches, encompassing from one to nine secondary structural elements, were obtained. CbiX(S) was found to tolerate large sequence rearrangements in four out of the nine loop regions of the protein, indicating a high degree of structural plasticity. The predicted topologies of two variants (M51 and M518) are strikingly similar to CbiK and HemH, suggesting that we recreated duplication events that are believed to have created the bilobial chelatases.
Myocardial edema, left ventricular function, and pulmonary hypertension (1995)

Left ventricular dysfunction has been reported in both experimentally induced and clinical pulmonary hypertension. However, the mechanism by which pulmonary hypertension causes left ventricular dysfunction is unknown. We hypothesized that acute pulmonary hypertension causes left ventricular myocardial interstitial edema and that it is this edema that causes left ventricular dysfunction. In pulmonary artery-banded or sham-operated dogs, left ventricular diameter (septal-free wall axis) and pressure were measured using sonomicrometry crystals and a micromanometer, respectively. These measurements were used to calculate preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW), an index of contractility, and the rate of active relaxation (tau) to assess systolic and diastolic left ventricular function, respectively. After 3 h of pulmonary arterial hypertension or control, the dogs were killed and the left ventricles were excised to determine wet-to-dry weight ratios. The wet-to-dry weight ratios were significantly higher in the pulmonary artery-banded dogs (3.57 +/- 0.12) than in the sham-operated dogs (3.41 +/- 0.17). PRSW decreased to 56.8 +/- 30.3% of control after 3 h of pulmonary hypertension. tau Slowed significantly from 29.8 +/- 5.8 ms at baseline to 63.6 +/- 30.4 ms after 3 h of pulmonary arterial hypertension. There were no differences in PRSW or tau in the sham-operated dogs. We conclude that pulmonary hypertension causes left ventricular myocardial interstitial edema, which results in both systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction.
Heterogeneous Data Source Synchronization with SyncML (2006)

It has brought data synchronization of mobile computing with challenge that the structures of data sources are diffe￣rent with each other on devices synchronized.In this paper,a method is put forward to resolve that problem based on SyncML protocol,which can achieve data synchronization easily between heterogeneous data sources without change to basic SyncML protocol.
Dynamics of a helium plasma sheet created by a hollow-cathode electron beam (2000)

A hollow-cathode device has been shown to operate as a plasma reflector for electronic steering of radar beams using helium in the 0.2-0.5 Torr pressure range. Compared to previous experiments, the use of this light gas significantly reduces the spurious sputtering effects on the cathode materials. A semi-quantitative physical model was developed to describe the observed evolution of microwave beam transmissions through the plasma sheet as a function of frequency. This model stresses the importance of electron-ion recombination on the edge of the plasma sheet, due to simultaneous low electron temperatures and high electron densities.