gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow (1991)

The rapid growth of computer technologies to supplement and eventually supplant print as the dominany medium for the provision of government reference information has profound implications for the role of government and the private sector in the creation, enhancement, and dissemination of these products and services. The reluctance of the federal government to provide full and free access to information in electronic formats precludes society's attainment of the concept of equity that is a touchstone of democracy. A way most certain to insure public access would acknowledge a First Amendment penumbra embodying the right to be informed, but this would require a Supreme Court ruling pursuant to a justiciable controversy. Based upon current official policies, the future holds little promise of an equitable diffusion of government information in non-print formats through the depository library system or related statutory mandates.
Permanganate–oxalic acid as a redox initiator in aqueous media. Part II. Kinetics and degree of polymerization (1962)

Abstract The rate of polymerization of aqueous methyl methacrylate under nitrogen at 32°C. is proportional to the first power of catalyst (MnO 4 − ) concentration (0.633 to 15.83 × 10 −5 mole/l.) at fixed concentrations of the activator (0.8 × 10 −2 mole/l.) and monomer (6.204 × 10 −2 mole/l.), independent of activator concentration over a wide range (0.50 to 0.0625 × 10 −2 mole/l.), and proportional to the first power of monomer concentration within the range (0.94 to 7.52 × 10 −2 mole/l.) at fixed concentrations of the catalyst (3.16 × 10 −6 mole/l.) and the activator (0.8 × 10 −2 mole/l.). The initial rate of polymerization attains a maximum value at 45°C., but falls with further rise in temperature. The rate of polymerisation is depressed by agitation after initiation, salts and organic solvents, and is accelerated by MnSO 4 and complexing agent like NaF (only at low monomer concentration), and in presence of peptizers like sodium cetyl sulfate or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The separating phase in the absence of peptizers is a course coagulum, and possibly a steady state with respect to radicals is not attained at high catalyst concentration. Injection of catalyst late in a run increases both the rate of polymerization and yield in unpeptized systems and does the reverse in peptized systems. The molecular weight of the polymers increases in the course of a run and is also affected by change of catalyst concentration but not by activator concentration in the range where the rate of polymerization is independent of activator concentration.
Geo-location estimation from Electrical Network Frequency signals (2013)

Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuations based forensic analysis is an emerging way for such multimedia authentication tasks as time-of-recording estimation, timestamp verification, and clip insertion/deletion forgery detection. ENF fluctuates due to dynamic changes in load demand and power supply, and these fluctuations travel over the power lines with a finite speed. In this paper, experiments are conducted on ENF data collected across different locations in the eastern grid of the United States to understand the relationship between the signals recorded at the same time at these locations. Based on these experiments, a signal processing mechanism is developed to demonstrate that ENF fluctuations across different locations exhibit a measure of similarity with each other, which is proportional to the distance between the locations. Such observations motivated a location estimation protocol based on the similarity of ENF signals with respect to anchor nodes. Under certain conditions, the proposed protocol is shown to provide an estimation accuracy of 90%. Challenges in the application of ENF signal analysis for location of recording estimation of multimedia signal are also discussed.
c&en talks with... (1999)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTc&en talks with...RUDY BAUMCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1999, 77, 21, 33Publication Date (Print):May 24, 1999Publication History Published online12 November 2010Published inissue 24 May 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v077n021.p033https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v077n021.p033newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views5Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Climate change,Hydrocarbons,Inorganic carbon compounds,Oxides Get e-Alerts
Universal plans for reactive robots in unpredictable environments (1987)

In: Proc 10th IJCAI, 1987, 1039ff. To date, reactive robot behavior has been achieved only through manual programming. This paper describes a new kind of plan, called a &quot;universal plan&quot;, which can be synthesized automatically, yet generates appropriate behavior in unpredictable environments. In classical planning work, problems were posed with unique initial and final world states; in my approach a problem specifies only a goal condition. The planner is thus unable to commit to any specific future course of events but must specify appropriate reactions for anticipated situations. An alternative conception is that one universal plan compactly represents every classical plan. Which part of the universal plan is executed depends entirely on how the environment behaves at execution time. Universal plans are constructed from state-space operator schemas by a nonlinear planner. They explicitly identify predicates requiring monitoring at each moment of execution, and provide for sabotage, se...
Present status of InGaN-based violet laser diodes (2003)

InGaN-GaN-AlGaN SCH MQW LDs were fabricated on an epitaxially laterally overgrown GaN (ELOG) substrate grown by MOCVD. The LDs with cleaved mirror facets showed an output power as high as 40 mW under RT-CW operation with a stable fundamental transverse mode. The lifetime of the LDs at a constant output power of 30 mW was 400-500 hours under CW operation at an ambient temperature of 60 C.
Model-based calculation of weighting in OPC model calibration (2006)

Optimal Proximity Correction (OPC) models are calibrated with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) data where the measurement uncertainty vary among pattern types (i.e., line versus space, 1D versus 2D and small versus large). The quality of the SEM measurement uncertainty's impact on OPC model integrity is mitigated through a weighting scheme. Statistical methods such as relating the weight to the SEM measurements standard deviation require more measurements per calibration structure than economically feasible. Similarly, the use of experience and engineering judgment requires many iterations before some reasonable weighting scale is determined. In this paper we present the results of OPC model fitness statistics associated with metrology based weights (MtBW) versus model based weights (MBW). The motivation for the latter approach is the promise for an unbiased, consistent, and efficient estimate of the model parameters.
Aggregate Uncertainty and Sectoral Productivity Growth: The Role of Credit Constraints (2016)

We show that an increase in aggregate uncertainty—measured by stock market volatility—reduces productivity growth more in industries that depend heavily on external finance. This effect is larger during recessions, when financing constraints are more likely to be binding, than during expansions. Our statistical method—a difference-in-difference approach using productivity growth for 25 industries for 18 advanced economies over the period 1985-2010—mitigates concerns with omitted variable bias and reverse causality. The results are robust to the inclusion of other sources of interaction effects, such as financial development (Rajan and Zingales, 1998) and counter-cyclical fiscal policy (Aghion et al., 2014). The results also hold if economic policy uncertainty (Baker et al., 2015) is used instead of stock market volatility as the measure of aggregate uncertainty.
Studies of hydrogen spillover. Part 1.—Study of the rate, extent and products of hydrogen spillover from platinum to the trioxides of tungsten and molybdenum (1976)

The rates and extents of hydrogen sorption by platinised tungsten trioxide and molybdenum trioxide have been measured between 273 and 363 K and between 3 and 101 kN m–2. Maximum diffusion coefficients for hydrogen spilling-over from platinum to the trioxide supports have been estimated. X-Ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, e.s.r. and i.r. spectroscopy indicate that the products of this spillover are hydrogen bronzes of tungsten and molybdenum. These may be represented as HxWO3, where x has a maximum value of 0.46, and HxMoO3, where x has a maximum value of 1.63. The latter violates the ranges of composition previously accepted for bronzes. The chemical and thermal stability of these bronzes is discussed in terms of their structures.
Inhaled milrinone in cardiac surgical patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial of jet vs. mesh nebulization (2020)

Inhaled milrinone administered before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) reduces the severity of pulmonary hypertension during cardiac surgery. However, milrinone pharmacokinetics has not been determined for this route of administration. The objective of this study was to investigate inhaled milrinone dosing in vitro and early plasma concentrations in vivo after jet and mesh nebulization. Twelve pulmonary hypertensive patients scheduled for cardiac surgery were randomized to receive milrinone (5 mg) by inhalation before CPB using a jet or mesh nebulizer. In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the inhaled dose delivered with either jet or mesh nebulization. In vivo experiments involved hemodynamic monitoring and blood samples drawn from patients for the first 15 min after the end of inhalation to determine early plasma concentrations. After mesh nebulization, the mean in vitro inhaled dose was almost 3-fold higher compared to jet nebulization (46.4% vs 16.6% for mesh and jet, respectively; mean difference, 29.8%; 95% CI, 14.1 to 45.5; P = 0.006). Consistent with this, the early plasma concentrations in vivo were also 2-3 fold higher after mesh nebulization (P = 0.002-0.005). After inhalation (jet or mesh nebulization), milrinone early plasma concentrations remained within the therapeutic range. No systemic hypotension was reported in our patients.
Ionic Liquid/Metal–Organic Framework Composites: From Synthesis to Applications (2017)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely studied for different applications owing to their fascinating properties such as large surface areas, high porosities, tunable pore sizes, and acceptable thermal and chemical stabilities. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recently incorporated into the pores of MOFs as cavity occupants to change the physicochemical properties and gas affinities of MOFs. Several recent studies have shown that IL/MOF composites show superior performances compared with pristine MOFs in various fields, such as gas storage, adsorption and membrane-based gas separation, catalysis, and ionic conductivity. In this review, we address the recent advances in syntheses of IL/MOF composites and provide a comprehensive overview of their applications. Opportunities and challenges of using IL/MOF composites in many applications are reviewed and the requirements for the utilization of these composite materials in real industrial processes are discussed to define the future directions in this field.
Vector operators for color image zooming (2005)

This paper presents a vector filtering framework for color image zooming. Popular vector filters such as the vector median filter, the basic vector directional filter and the data-adaptive vector filter are used to enlarge the spatial resolution of the full-color, red-green-blue images. Extensive experimentation reported in this paper indicates that the proposed color image zoomers preserve the spectral and spatial characteristics of the processed image and produce enlarged images without color shifts and artifacts.
Mechanism of Enhanced Activity of Liposome-Entrapped Aminoglycosides against Resistant Strains of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2006)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is inherently resistant to most conventional antibiotics. The mechanism of resistance of this bacterium is mainly associated with the low permeability of its outer membrane to these agents. We sought to assess the bactericidal efficacy of liposome-entrapped aminoglycosides against resistant clinical strains of P. aeruginosa and to define the mechanism of liposome-bacterium interactions. Aminoglycosides were incorporated into liposomes, and the bactericidal efficacies of both free and liposomal drugs were evaluated. To define the mechanism of liposome-bacterium interactions, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), flow cytometry, lipid mixing assay, and immunocytochemistry were employed. Encapsulation of aminoglycosides into liposomes significantly increased their antibacterial activity against the resistant strains used in this study (MICs of > or =32 versus < or =8 microg/ml). TEM observations showed that liposomes interact intimately with the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa, leading to the membrane deformation. The flow cytometry and lipid mixing assays confirmed liposome-bacterial membrane fusion, which increased as a function of incubation time. The maximum fusion rate was 54.3% +/- 1.5% for an antibiotic-sensitive strain of P. aeruginosa and 57.8% +/- 1.9% for a drug-resistant strain. The fusion between liposomes and P. aeruginosa significantly enhanced the antibiotics' penetration into the bacterial cells (3.2 +/- 2.3 versus 24.2 +/- 6.2 gold particles/bacterium, P < or = 0.001). Our data suggest that liposome-entrapped antibiotics could successfully resolve infections caused by antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa through an enhanced mechanism of drug entry into the bacterial cells.
FLIC: Fast, Lightweight Checkpointing for Mobile Virtualization using NVRAM (2016)

Checkpointing is a key enabler of hibernation, live migration and fault-tolerance for virtual machines (VMs) in mobile devices. However, checkpointing a VM is usually heavy-weight: the VM's entire memory needs to be dumped to storage, which induces a significant amount of (slow) I/O operations, degrading system performance and user experience. In this paper, we propose FLIC, a fast and lightweight checkpointing machinery for virtualized mobile devices by taking advantages of recent byte-addressable, non-volatile memory (NVRAM). Instead of saving the VM's entire memory to storage, we store its working set pages in NVRAM, avoiding accessing slow flash memory (compared to server-grade SSDs). To cope with the energy constraint of mobile systems, we further deduplicate VM snapshots, reducing the VM's image size and saving storage space. Experimental results based on an Exynos 5250 SoC show that our approach can effectively improve the performance of checkpointing in mobile virutalization and save energy.
UWB Energy Detection Receivers with Partial Channel Knowledge (2006)

This paper deals with energy detection receivers for ultra-wideband systems operating in a dense multipath environment. For binary PPM modulation we propose a novel detection scheme that exploits some information on the channel energy-delay profile. We show that the BER performance of this detector is superior to that of a conventional scheme operating with no knowledge of the channel response. A simple method for estimating the channel delay profile is discussed and it is shown that the impact of the estimation errors on the receiver performance is negligible.
171. Synthetical experiments in the chelidonine–sanguinarine group of the alkaloids. Part I (1937)

T. Richardson, R. Robinson and E. Seijo, J. Chem. Soc., 1937, 835 DOI: 10.1039/JR9370000835
Selection of a novel and highly specific TNF{alpha} antagonist: insight from the crystal structure of the antagonist-TNF{alpha} complex (2010)

Abstract Inhibition of TNFα is a favourable way of treating several important diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohns disease and psoriasis. Therefore an extensive range of TNFα inhibitory proteins, most of them based upon an antibody scaffold, has been developed and used with variable success as therapeutic. We have developed a novel technology platform to using C-type lectins as vehicle for the creation of novel trimeric therapeutic proteins with increased avidity and unique properties compared to current protein therapeutics. We chose TNFα as a test target to validate this new technology because of the extensive experience available in protein based TNFα antagonist. Here we present a novel and highly specific TNFα antagonist developed using this technology. Furthermore, we have solved the 3 dimensional structure of the antagonist-TNFα complex by X-ray crystallography and this structure is presented here. The structure has given us a unique insight in how the selection procedure works at a molecular level. Surprisingly little change is seen in the CTLD structure outside of the randomized regions, where as substantial change is seen within the randomized loops. Thus the overall integrity of the CTLD is maintained where as the specificity and binding affinity is change by the introduction of a range of specific contact with TNFα.
Halide and Sulfate Ion Diffusion in Nafion Membranes (1987)

The self‐diffusion coefficients of chloride, iodide, and sulfate anions have been measured in Nafion® perfluorosulfonate and perfluorocarboxylate membranes using radiotracer methods. Values were measured with the membranes in equilibrium with hot, concentrated brine and caustic solutions which are typical of brine electrolysis cells, and also in dilute solution environments. Several differences were found for these diffusion coefficients, and those of cations measured previously, compared to conventional ion exchange polymers. It is postulated that separate diffusional pathways exist for cations and anions in these polymers, and that this feature contributes to the high permselectivity which these polymers exhibit.
Macrocyclization by Ring‐Closing Metathesis in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products: Reaction Conditions and Limitations (2006)

The authors wish to cite two additional papers in their discussion of the synthesis of salicylihalamides. The reports by De Brabander and co-workers and Fürstner et al. are of particular interest as they include studies on the conditions for ring-closing metathesis reactions for the control of Z/E stereochemistry of the double bond formed. Reference 25 should therefore read as follows:
Genomic profile of endometrial tumors depends on morphological subtype, not on tamoxifen exposure (2010)

Tamoxifen has been a very effective treatment for breast cancer for several decades, however, at the same time increases the risk of endometrial cancer, especially after prolonged exposure. In addition, tamoxifen has been associated with a higher proportion of unfavorable uterine tumor subtypes (carcinosarcomas and serous adenocarcinomas) with worse survival. We investigated whether endometrial tumors, which developed after prolonged tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer, are genetically different from endometrial tumors without preceding tamoxifen exposure. Array CGH was used on archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded endometrial tumors to determine genomic aberrations. We compared the genomic profiles of 52 endometrial tumors from breast cancer patients after long-term (>or=2 years) tamoxifen use (endometrioid adenocarcinomas, n = 26; carcinosarcomas, n = 14; and serous adenocarcinomas, n = 12) with endometrial tumors from unexposed breast cancer patients (n = 45). Genomic profiles were correlated with tamoxifen exposure, tumor subtypes, and histopathological characteristics of the endometrial tumors. The common uterine corpus cancers of the endometrioid subtype show few genomic aberrations. Tumors with many genomic aberrations were in general ER-negative. In contrast, carcinosarcomas and serous adenocarcinomas showed many aberrations; however, they were indistinguishable from each other. Tumors that developed after prolonged tamoxifen use did not show more or different aberrations than unexposed tumors. This was true for all tumor subtypes. Thus, endometrial carcinomas that develop after prolonged tamoxifen use cannot be distinguished from nonusers on basis of their tumor genomic profile.
Protein identification in the post-genome era: the rapid rise of proteomics (1997)

Most advances in biology can usually be traced back to the development of a new technique: the recent explosion in sequence information in the databases arose from the pioneering work on separation methods by Frederick Sanger which paved the way for the development of protein (Sanger, 1945) and DNA/RNA (Maxam & Gilbert, 1977; Sanger, 1981) sequencing and culminated in the receipt of two Nobel prizes by Sanger. The initial phase of sequence database expansion was slow due to the tedious and slow nature of protein sequencing. Peptide sequencing was carried out manually and the complete analysis of a protein was tiresome, requiring the isolation of sufficient peptides from several digests of the target protein using proteases of different specialities to collect an overlapping set of fragments which cover the whole sequence. Protein sequencing gained momentum when the phenylisothiocyanate sequencing chemistry developed by Edman in 1949 was automated (Edman & Begg, 1967) and a commercial instrument requiring lower amounts (nanomoles) of sample was put on the market. Further technical advances such as novel valves to deal with small volumes of aggressive chemicals, the introduction of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and novel supports for sample immobilization, were all combined in the first gas phase sequencers, greatly increasing the sensitivity and allowing automated data collection (Hewick et al . 1981) and analysis. The new instruments with a sensitivity in the low picomole range appeared as rapid advances in DNA technology such as the development of restriction mapping (Danna et al . 1973), cloning (Cohen et al . 1973) and the dideoxynucleotide sequencing chemistry were threatening to make protein chemistry a relic of the past (Malcolm, 1978).
A Multihit Time-to-Digital Converter Architecture on FPGA (2008)

We present a multihit time-to-digital converter (TDC) architecture implemented in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) with minimized timing overhead. The TDC circuit provides two-level fine-time interpolation. The fine interpolator is a matrix of Vernier delay cells interconnected in a topology to provide two propagation paths for the incoming data pulse. Two methods of calibration are presented to estimate the component delays. The TDC circuit achieves time measurements with a resolution of 75 ps with an average precision of ~ 300 ps and is capable of detecting incoming pulses at a distance of 7.5 ns or more from each other.