gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibodies to human papillomavirus 16 and subsequent in situ or invasive cancer of the cervix. (1997)

Our objective was to examine whether past infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)-16, as determined by an antibody assay, is a risk factor for subsequent cervical cancer. Incident cases of in situ or invasive cervical cancer occurring between 1975 and 1990 in a cohort of over 11,000 healthy women in Washington County, MD, were identified. The baseline sera of cases and of matched controls, collected in 1974, were examined for IgG antibodies reactive with virus-like particles of HPV-16, a cancer-associated HPV, and HPV-6, a low-risk HPV. Postdiagnosis sera of 11 cases were also assessed similarly. Fourteen cases of invasive and 28 cases of in situ cervical cancer and 83 matched controls were evaluated. The main outcome measure was the risk of cervical cancer in women who had HPV-16 or HPV-6 antibodies in prediagnostic sera. Antibodies to HPV-16 but not to HPV-6 were a marker for subsequent occurrence of cervical cancer. Case sera were reactive more often and more strongly with HPV-16 virus-like particles than were sera of matched controls. The presence of antibodies to HPV-16 was significantly associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer (odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence limits, 1.4, 10.7); high antibody levels to HPV-16 were associated with an even greater risk of cervical cancer (odds ratio = 7.5, 95% confidence limits 1.5, 36.3). The association with cervical cancer was strengthened after adjustment for smoking and years of education. In tests of 11 pairs of pre- and postdiagnostic sera, HPV-16 antibodies did not decline markedly over a 7-13-year time period, and seroconversion to HPV-16 appeared to have occurred in 2 cases. The serological data indicate that HPV-16 infection is associated with future risk of cervical cancer and strengthen the evidence for the etiological role of HPVs in cervical cancer.
P2-Na<sub><i>x</i></sub>Mn<sub>1/2</sub>Fe<sub>1/2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Phase Used as Positive Electrode in Na Batteries: Structural Changes Induced by the Electrochemical (De)intercalation Process (2014)

The electrochemical properties of the P2-type NaxMn1/2Fe1/2O2 (x = 0.62) phase used as a positive electrode in Na batteries were tested in various voltage ranges at C/20. We show that, even if the highest capacity is obtained for the first cycles between 1.5 and 4.3 V, the best capacity after 50 cycles is obtained while cycling between 1.5 and 4.0 V (120 mAh g(-1)). The structural changes occurring in the material during the (de)intercalation were studied by operando in situ X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and ex situ synchrotron XRPD. We show that a phase with an orthorhombic P'2-type structure is formed for x ≈ 1, due to the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect of the Mn(3+) ions. P2 structure type stacking is observed for 0.35 < x < 0.82, while above 4.0 V, a new phase appears. A full indexation of the XRPD pattern of this latter phase was not possible because of the broadening of the diffraction peaks. However, a much shorter interslab distance was found that may imply a gliding of the MO2 slab occurring at high voltage. Raman spectroscopy was used as a local probe and showed that in this new phase the MO2 layers are maintained, but the phase exhibits a strong degree of disorder.
A general and facile synthesis strategy towards highly porous carbons: carbonization of organic salts (2013)

Highly porous carbons with different textural properties were obtained in only one step by means of simple heat-treatment of organic salts of Na, K or Ca. The pore characteristics were tuned from a microporous to a mesoporous carbon by simply choosing the appropriate organic salt.
Photoinduced Nucleation of Water Vapor (1978)

Strong photoinduced nucleation of pure water vapor was found to occur in a wavelength range where no ultraviolet absorption of water vapor has been reported. Systematic studies were made of the dependence of the nucleation rate and the delay time for the initiation of nucleation on light intensity. The results obtained were accurately fitted by a phenomenological mechanism whereby the nucleation is initiated by clusters accumulating an appropriate number of photoexcited water molecules.
CYP2A6 genotype and the metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine (2006)

We provide novel pharmacokinetic and metabolic data on nicotine after systemic dosing in relation to common CYP2A6 genotypes. Our data will enhance the interpretation of CYP2A6 genotypic data as used in association studies of smoking behavior and its health consequences.
ChemInform Abstract: Analysis of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates by Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2005‐2006) (2011)

Abstract Review: 988 refs.
Amino acid and sequence analysis of the cytochrome and flavoprotein subunits of p-cresol methylhydroxylase (1986)

The flavocytochrome p-cresol methylhydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida has been reported to have a Mr of 114,000 and to consist of two subunits, a flavoprotein and a cytochrome c, each with a Mr of 58,000. Recent X-ray crystallographic data from our laboratories [Shamala, N., Lim, L. W., Mathews, F. S., McIntire, W., Singer, T. P., & Hopper, D. J. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 4626-4630], however, indicate an alpha 2 beta 2 structure and a much lower molecular mass (approximately 8000) for the cytochrome subunit. In this paper we report data confirming the conclusions of X-ray crystallographic analysis. From quantitative amino acid analysis, the molecular mass of the flavoprotein monomer is shown to be 48,600 +/- 2200 and that of the cytochrome 8780 +/- 250. These values have been confirmed by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Gel chromatography under nondenaturing conditions shows that the isolated flavoprotein exists as a dimer, whereas the isolated cytochrome is a monomer. The complete amino acid sequence of the cytochrome c subunit is presented and is shown to have regions of homology to other bacterial c-type cytochromes. The partial N-terminal amino acid sequence (56 amino acids) of the flavoprotein subunit is also reported. The implications of the now established tetrameric structure of the flavocytochrome on data in the literature regarding the redox and association properties of the subunits are examined.
Inaugural paediatric care plan launched (2008)

The first-ever strategy to support palliative care for children at home and in hospices was announced by the government last month. Ministers said services for thousands of dying children would be transformed by the strategy, which follows a critical report last year that found young people with life-threatening and life-limiting illnesses were being let down by ‘patchy’ care.
Oscillatory Thermomechanical Instability of an Ultrathin Catalyst (2003)

Because of the small thermal capacity of ultrathin ( approximately 200 nanometers) metal single crystals, it is possible to explore the coupling of catalytic and thermal action at low pressures. We analyzed a chemothermomechanical instability in this regime, in which catalytic reaction kinetics interact with heat transfer and mechanical buckling to create oscillations. These interacting components are separated and explored through experimentation, mathematical modeling, and scientific computation, and an explanation of the phenomenon emerges from their synthesis.
Rethinking Regenerative Medicine: A Macrophage-Centered Approach (2014)

Regenerative medicine, a multi-disciplinary approach that seeks to restore form and function to damaged or diseased tissues and organs, has evolved significantly during the past decade. By adapting and integrating fundamental knowledge from cell biology, polymer science, and engineering, coupled with an increasing understanding of the mechanisms which underlie the pathogenesis of specific diseases, regenerative medicine has the potential for innovative and transformative therapies for heretofore unmet medical needs. However, the translation of novel technologies from the benchtop to animal models and clinical settings is non-trivial and requires an understanding of the mechanisms by which the host will respond to these novel therapeutic approaches. The role of the innate immune system, especially the role of macrophages, in the host response to regenerative medicine based strategies has recently received considerable attention. Macrophage phenotype and function have been suggested as critical and determinant factors in downstream outcomes. The constructive and regulatory, and in fact essential, role of macrophages in positive outcomes represents a significant departure from the classical paradigms of host-biomaterial interactions, which typically consider activation of the host immune system as a detrimental event. It appears desirable that emerging regenerative medicine approaches should not only accommodate but also promote the involvement of the immune system to facilitate positive outcomes. Herein, we describe the current understanding of macrophage phenotype as it pertains to regenerative medicine and suggest that improvement of our understanding of context-dependent macrophage polarization will lead to concurrent improvement in outcomes.
Dengue diagnosis, advances and challenges (2004)

Dengue diagnosis was one of the topics discussed at the symposium 'The Global Threat of Dengue - Desperately Seeking Solutions' organized during the 10th International Congress of Infectious Diseases held in Singapore in 2002. In this paper, a review is presented focusing on the main advances, problems and challenges of dengue diagnosis.IgM capture ELISA, virus isolation in mosquito cell lines and live mosquitoes, dengue specific monoclonal antibodies and PCR have all represented major advances in dengue diagnosis. However, an appropriate rapid, early and accessible diagnostic method useful both for epidemiological surveillance and clinical diagnosis is still needed. Also, tools that suggest a prognosis allowing for better management are also needed. Finally, laboratory infrastructure, technical expertise and research capacity must be improved in endemic countries in order to positively influence dengue surveillance, clinical case management and the development of new approaches to dengue control.
Protein Recognition via Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanowires (2005)

In this paper, we present a technique for the preparation of polymer nanowires with the protein molecule imprinted and binding sites at surface. These surface imprinting nanowires exhibit highly selective recognition for a variety of template proteins, including albumin, hemoglobin, and cytochrome c. This recognition may be through a multistep adsorption, with the specificity conferred by hydrogen bonding and shape selectivity. Due to the protein imprinted sites are located at, or close to, the surface; these imprinted nanowires have a good site accessibility toward the target protein molecules. Furthermore, the large surface area of the nanowires results in large protein molecule binding capacity of the imprinted nanowires.
Rabbit ileal villus cell brush border Na+/H+ exchange is regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, a brush border membrane protein. (1990)

Ileal brush border membranes contain an endogenous Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase activity that modulates the activity of the apical membrane Na+/H+ exchanger. To further characterize this kinase, synapsin I, a substrate for Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinases, was added to preparations of ileal brush border membranes. In the presence of Ca2+/CaM, synapsin I was phosphorylated. Phosphopeptide mapping demonstrated that the addition of Ca2+/CaM to brush border membranes stimulated the phosphorylation of sites in synapsin I specific for Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II. Immunoblots containing brush border and microvillus membrane proteins were probed with an antibody that recognizes the 50-kDa subunit of rat brain Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II. This antibody labeled major and minor species of 50 and 53 kDa, respectively, with more labeling of the brush border than the microvillus membranes. Right-side-out ileal villus cell brush border vesicles were prepared containing CaM, ATP, and 350 nM free Ca2+. Na+/H+ exchange was inhibited by the presence of Ca2+/CaM/ATP within the vesicles. A 21-amino acid peptide inhibitor of CaM kinase II was enclosed within some vesicle preparations by freeze-thaw. The effect on Na+/H+ exchange of Ca2+/CaM/ATP was partially reversed by the inhibitor peptide. These studies demonstrate the presence of Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II in rabbit ileal villus cell brush border membranes. Based on the effect of a specific inhibitor peptide of Ca2+/CaM kinase II, it is concluded that this kinase inhibits brush border Na+/H+ exchange, which participates in the regulation of ileal Na+ absorption.
The optical properties of aqueous suspensions of Intralipid, a fat emulsion (1989)

Intralipid is a fat emulsion which is widely used as the basis of phantom materials for the investigation of the optical properties of tissues, a subject of recent increased interest due to a growth in the use of photodynamic therapy as a treatment of cancer. In the course of the present study it was noted that the effective attenuation coefficient and therefore the light penetration depth of an Intralipid suspension was not directly proportional to the concentration. The added absorber method was used to determine the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of Intralipid for any concentration in aqueous solution. The results show that most of the absorption is due to the suspending medium, water.
Cryogenic semiconductor-switched thyratron inverter switches for superconducting inductive energy storage systems (2003)

A semiconductor-switched thyratron (SST) concept that uses a light-activated GaAs cathode to eliminate the grid-cathode structure found in conventional thyratron tubes is described. This collapses the size and weight of the SST by an order of magnitude and gives the device an instant-on cold-cathode emission capability. The GaAs cathode supplies emission current through an electron avalanche effect, so that only a low-intensity, short-duration light signal (0.1 mJ at 100 ns) is needed to trigger the device for high-current (10 kA) operation. Consequently the SST has an extremely high switch gain.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Folding of Human Intestinal Lactase-phlorizin Hydrolase (1995)

The folding of human intestinal prolactase-phlorizin hydrolase (pro-LPH) has been analyzed in a cell-free transcription/translation system. In the presence of the thiol oxidant GSSG, disulfide bond formation in pro-LPH can be promoted concomitant with the binding of the molecule to a conformation-specific monoclonal anti-LPH antibody. Under these conditions, pro-LPH does not bind to the molecular chaperone BiP. In the absence of GSSG, on the other hand, pro-LPH does not bind to the monoclonal anti-LPH antibody, but can be immunoprecipitated with a polyclonal antibody that is directed against a denatured form of the enzyme. In this case, interaction of pro-LPH with immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein can be discerned. The results demonstrate the existence of intramolecular disulfide bonds that are essential for the promotion of pro-LPH to a native conformation. Furthermore, BiP is involved in the folding events of pro-LPH.
Allotransplantation of islet endocrine aggregates (1987)

Dissociated pancreatic islets form aggregates from single cell suspension by rotation culture. Islet cell aggregates, or neoislets, newly formed from Lewis islet cells were transplanted into diabetic ACI rats intraportally and prolongation of neoislet grafts was observed (mean survival time greater than 45.8 +/- 6.4 days). Five out of seven recipients were still normoglycemic at 60 days after transplantation. Transplantation of neoislets combined with 3 day cyclosporine therapy for recipients resulted in 100% survival at 60 days after transplantation. These findings indicate that neoislets can provide endocrine constitution for streptozotocin diabetic rats and enjoy prolonged survival. As predicted by cell-cell recognition in rotation mediated aggregation, neoislets can exclude mesenchymal cells which bear Ia antigen. Therefore reduced immunogenicity is accomplished.
Practical VTI RTM (2010)

In this abstract we describe a production implementation of 3D anisotropic VTI RTM using a finite-difference scheme on production cluster. Our end-to-end code is about four times faster than a blade that consists of dual Intel quadcore Harpertown running a similar VTI RTM code, including vectorization. It is interesting to note that in the final implementation disk IO is the bottleneck. This means that faster compute nodes (increased FLOPS per core) will not improve performance. What is needed is more disk bandwidth (>200MB/s per processor) to make it run faster, and/or more computationally intensive versions of RTM to generate better images.
Electrothermal Design Procedure to Observe RF Circuit Power and Linearity Characteristics With a Homodyne Differential Temperature Sensor (2010)

The focus in this paper is on the extraction of RF circuit performance characteristics from the dc output of an on-chip temperature sensor. Any RF input signal can be applied to excite the circuit under examination because only dissipated power levels are measured, which makes this approach attractive for online thermal monitoring and built-in test scenarios. A fully differential sensor topology is introduced that has been specifically designed for the proposed method by constructing it with a wide dynamic range, programmable sensitivity to dc, and RF power dissipation, as well as compatibility with CMOS technology. This paper also presents an outline of a procedure to model the local electrothermal coupling between heat sources and the sensor, which is used to define the temperature sensor's specifications as well as to predict the thermal signature of the circuit under test. A prototype chip with an RF amplifier and temperature sensor was fabricated in a conventional 0.18-μm CMOS technology. The proposed concepts were validated by correlating RF measurements at 1 GHz with the measured dc voltage output of the on-chip sensor and the simulation results, demonstrating that the RF power dissipation can be monitored and the 1-dB compression point can be estimated with less than 1-dB error. The sensor circuitry occupies a die area of 0.012 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which can be shared when several on-chip locations are observed by placement of multiple temperature-sensing parasitic bipolar devices.
Effects of Phenethyl Alcohol on Phospholipid Metabolism in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1972)

The incorporation of labeled precursors into the deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, and phospholipids of Escherichia coli cultured in the presence of phenethyl alcohol (PEA) was determined. PEA inhibited the uptake of labeled uracil to the same extent in cells exhibiting relaxed and stringent control of RNA synthesis. This indicates that PEA does not primarily affect amino acid synthesis or activation. Uptake of labeled acetate into the phospholipid fraction was more sensitive to inhibition by low concentrations of PEA than was the uptake of labeled precursors into the macromolecules. Thymine starvation or the addition of nalidixic acid (10 mug/ml) had no effect on acetate incorporation. Chloramphenicol (25 mug/ml) was a much less effective inhibitor of acetate incorporation than was PEA. The distribution of labeled acetate incorporated into phospholipids was markedly affected by the presence of PEA. The uptake of acetate into phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol was inhibited, whereas the uptake of acetate into the cardiolipin fraction was unaffected. Since acetate incorporation into phospholipid was quite sensitive to PEA, we suggest that the PEA-sensitive component required for the initiation of replication may be a phospholipid(s).
Analysis of Chitin and Chitosan (1992)

When considering the analysis of chitin and chitosan it must be remembered that there is no definitive ‘standard’ material for either polymer. Thus in many instances analysis is carried out in order to characterise the material rather than to determine whether or not it conforms to a definite structure. In the case of commercial products, much of the analysis is again a matter of characterisation since in many applications it is not critical whether, for example, the sample is chitosan[0.20] or chitosan[0.10]. However in a number of important applications the intended end-use will impose certain critical specifications such as the absence of toxic heavy metals or of residual protein, which might be allergenic, in chitin and chitosan intended for medical applications. Proposed standards for chitosan for use in pharmaceutical and medical applications have been published.1 These cover general characteristics, chemical and microbiological purity levels, physiological properties and biological activity.
Fondaparinux, a Synthetic Pentasaccharide: The First in a New Class of Antithrombotic Agents — The Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors (2002)

Despite currently available antithrombotic therapies, venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Fondaparinux sodium (pentasaccharide), the first in a new class of antithrombotic agents developed for the prevention and treatment of VTE, inhibits thrombin generation by selectively inhibiting factor Xa. Fondaparinux exhibits complete bioavailability by the subcutaneous route and is rapidly absorbed, reaching its maximum concentration approximately 2 h post dosing. It has a terminal half-life of 13 to 21 h, permitting once-daily dosing. Fondaparinux's reproducible linear pharmacokinetic profile exhibits minimal intrasubject and intersubject variability, suggesting that individual dose adjustments will not be required for the vast majority of the population and that there will be no need for routine hemostatic monitoring. At therapeutic concentrations (<2 mg/L), fondaparinux exhibits >94% binding to its target protein, antithrombin. Within this same concentration range there is no specific binding by fondaparinux to plasma proteins commonly involved in drug binding, indicating a low potential for drug-drug interactions by protein displacement. Unlike antithrombotic agents prepared from animal extracts (heparins), fondaparinux is chemically synthesized; this leads to batch-to-batch consistency and the absence of potential risk of contamination problems. In recently completed phase III clinical trials in VTE prevention in major orthopedic surgery, fondaparinux showed significant superiority over the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin, providing an overall >50% (P < 0.001) reduction in VTE risk without increasing clinically important bleeding. Additional clinical data support its potential benefits in other venous and arterial thrombotic disorders. In view of these collective findings, fondaparinux is expected to play a major role in the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombotic disease.