gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Quality control on storage phosphor digital radiography system</title> (1995)

Computed radiography (CR) based on storage phosphor (SP) detector is a new and complex technology for obtaining medical digital imaging. The CR system was developed such that its image quality in diagnosis (wide latitude, certainty of visual diagnosis), speed (image sensitivity), image processing, and the overall imaging performance exceeds or at least equals those of the conventional screen-film (SF) radiography systems which are considered to be `gold standard.' The unique capability of the CR system places a new responsibility on the medical physicist, radiologist, and radiologic technologist to ensure that the digital images give the same information at least as film, and improve rather than degrade the image. For that reason the quality of the image must be ensured and each component of the system must function properly. The clinical knowledge about quality control (QC) and the standard procedures for CR devices have not yet been established and are still under development. This paper presents the acceptance/QC of the CR image reader and laser imager. The procedure includes the acceptance of the equipment for its image quality, image sensitivity, and overall imaging performance. The procedures are currently and routinely being utilized in our institution.
Thermopower Enhancement in PbTe with Pb Precipitates (2005)

The thermoelectric power of polycrystalline PbTe samples containing nanometer-sized precipitates of Pb metal is enhanced over that of bulk PbTe. Samples of PbTe containing excess Pb and Ag were prepared using conventional metallurgical heat treatments. These samples are shown, by x-ray diffraction, by microscopy, and by the presence of a superconductive transition, to contain Pb precipitates with sizes on the order of 30–40nm. The thermopower enhancement is related to an increase in the energy dependence of the relaxation time, as evidenced by a complete set of measurements of thermoelectric and thermomagnetic transport coefficients.
Low-Dropout Regulator with Transient Response Enhancement Based on a Bang-Bang Technique (2018)

The concept full chip integration of circuits has gained traction over the years with the push towards system-on-chip (SoC) designs which serve the niche for portable, low-power devices from the handheld category to wearables. As such, there is a growing trend towards the integration of Linear Dropout (LDO) regulators, which are a pivotal part of the power systems in such devices. However, removing the large output capacitor in LDOs to allow for full chip integration comes at a cost as it leads to higher overshoots and undershoots during load transients and degrades AC stability. \nThis work presents the design of an output capacitor-less LDO regulator which uses a bang-bang technique for reduction of overshoot and undershoot during load transients. This technique provides an alternate faster loop for transient compensation while keeping power consumption low. Also, an error amplifier which uses a combination of miller compensation and quality factor reduction technique is also employed to ensure AC stability across the load range. At an output voltage of 1.1 V, the regulator proves to be stable at loads ranging from 0-100 mA with a 100 pF load capacitance. A quiescent current consumption of 16.5 uA and a dropout voltage of 200 mV ensure a high power efficiency of 84.6%. From simulations, the worst case overshoot and undershoot of the regulator are 108 mV and 88 mV respectively with a 1% settling time of 3.2 us and a load regulation of 0.11 mV/mA. The regulator is designed and implemented fully on-chip in IBM 130nm technology.
Characterization of CamH from <i>Methanosarcina thermophila</i> , Founding Member of a Subclass of the γ Class of Carbonic Anhydrases (2009)

The homotrimeric enzyme Mt-Cam from Methanosarcina thermophila is the archetype of the gamma class of carbonic anhydrases. A search of databases queried with Mt-Cam revealed that a majority of the homologs comprise a putative subclass (CamH) in which there is major conservation of all of the residues essential for the archetype Mt-Cam except Glu62 and an acidic loop containing the essential proton shuttle residue Glu84. The CamH homolog from M. thermophila (Mt-CamH) was overproduced in Escherichia coli and characterized to validate its activity and initiate an investigation of the CamH subclass. The Mt-CamH homotrimer purified from E. coli cultured with supplemental zinc (Zn-Mt-CamH) contained 0.71 zinc and 0.15 iron per monomer and had k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) values that were substantially lower than those for the zinc form of Mt-Cam (Zn-Mt-Cam). Mt-CamH purified from E. coli cultured with supplemental iron (Fe-Mt-CamH) was also a trimer containing 0.15 iron per monomer and only a trace amount of zinc and had an effective k(cat) (k(cat)(eff)) value normalized for iron that was 6-fold less than that for the iron form of Mt-Cam, whereas the k(cat)/K(m)(eff) was similar to that for Fe-Mt-Cam. Addition of 50 mM imidazole to the assay buffer increased the k(cat)(eff) of Fe-Mt-CamH more than 4-fold. Fe-Mt-CamH lost activity when it was exposed to air or 3% H(2)O(2), which supports the hypothesis that Fe(2+) has a role in the active site. The k(cat) for Fe-Mt-CamH was dependent on the concentration of buffer in a way that indicates that it acts as a second substrate in a "ping-pong" mechanism accepting a proton. The k(cat)/K(m) was not dependent on the buffer, consistent with the mechanism for all carbonic anhydrases in which the interconversion of CO(2) and HCO(3)(-) is separate from intermolecular proton transfer.
Online payment procedure involving mobile phone network infrastructure and devices (2011)

With widespread Internet usage, e-commerce became common way of conducting business. Money transactions and payments online are an ever increasing trend. Unfortunately, problems in terms of security arise as well. Most of the potential consumers choose to abstain from online money transfer due to the privacy concerns. In order to strengthen the trust and gain their acceptance, security improvements are required. At the same time, however, solution needs to be convenient, entailing ease of use and higher mobility. For this purpose, involvement of mobile phone network is suggested to support online payment procedure. Mobile phone's SIM card is convenient for safely storing security parameters essential for secured money transaction. SIM card-equipped phone becomes secure entity compulsory for getting access to client side PC application for money transfer. Ease of use, portability and mobility are guaranteed while parameters such as cryptography keys or credit card numbers are securely updated trough the mobile phone network.
Exploring the Role of Hexanuclear Clusters as Lewis Acidic Sites in Isostructural Metal–Organic Frameworks (2019)

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively investigated as Lewis acidic catalysts for a variety of reactions. However, the identity and nature of the MOF nodes in the catalysis remain ill-defined. Herein, a series of isostructural MOFs (M-NU-1008), with M being hexanuclear clusters of transition metals (Zr and Hf), a lanthanide (Ce), or an actinide (Th), were successfully synthesized and evaluated as Lewis acid catalysts, and CO2 cycloaddition of styrene oxide was used as a test reaction. Superior catalytic activity was observed with Ce-NU-1008 over the other M6-based MOFs. In addition to the different Lewis acidities among the metals in the four M-NU-1008, the dissociation of terminal water molecules from the M6 clusters before exposing the Lewis acidic metal sites was found to vary between the MOFs, as supported by variable-temperature diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy studies. In the MOFs where water dissociation from the metal nodes readily occurs, the catalytic activity is higher than the MOFs where water is bound more strongly. Upon further investigation, Hf-NU-1008-dehy with terminal water partially removed was found to exhibit enhanced activity compared to the as-prepared catalyst.
Time-resolved relaxation oscillations in gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifiers by pump and probe measurements (1997)

Pump and probe measurements with femtosecond resolution are performed on a gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifier, a structure that contains a lasing mode. The corresponding relaxation oscillations are observed in the temporal gain recovery of the amplifier. The current dependence of the oscillations is well reproduced by a small-signal analysis of the laser rate equations. The gain recovery can be very fast, we measure damping rates of up to 40 GHz.
Quantum-entangled photon interferometry (2004)

A two-color quantum-entangled photon source is used to produce fourth-order interference. Because the period of the interference is produced by the frequency difference of the entangled photons, problems associated with counting fringes can be avoided. This also permits measurements at a virtual wavelength, which can prevent problems associated with transmission or absorption when such a longer wavelength may be needed. The interference wavelength can be varied with a geometry change in the beam path without any change in the source wavelength. The entangled photons are produced using an argon ion laser at 351 nanometers and a type I BBO crystal. The interference is detected in coincidence using four photomultiplier tubes.
Flattening an object algebra to provide performance (2002)

Algebraic transformation and optimization techniques have been the method of choice in relational query execution, but applying them in object-oriented (OO) DBMSs is difficult due to the complexity of OO query languages. This paper demonstrates that the problem can be simplified by mapping an OO data model to the binary relational model implemented by Monet, a state-of-the-art database kernel. We present a generic mapping scheme to flatten data models and study the case of straightforward OO model. We show how flattening enabled us to implement a query algebra, using only a very limited set of simple operations. The required primitives and query execution strategies are discussed, and their performance is evaluated on the 1-GByte TPC-D (Transaction-processing Performance Council's Benchmark D), showing that our divide-and-conquer approach yields excellent results.
[Correction of underregistration of general mortality]. (1997)

The authors evaluate the underregistration of mortality in Latin America, using the example of Ecuador. Underregistration by province, age groups, sex, and cause of death is investigated.
RPHPLC method for the estimation of glibenclamide in human serum (2007)

A high performance liquid chromatographic method is described for estimation of glibenclamide in human serum. After precipitation with methanol, the separation of glibenclamide and internal standard was accomplished using reversed phase chromatography. The mobile phase, a combination of acetonitrile and 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) at 3:2 ratio was run isocraticaly through a C18 analytical column. The UV detection was done at 253 nm for glibenclamide. Analytical run time was less than 12 min. Mean recovery was 92% for 0.5 µg/ml concentrations. The assay exhibited good linear relationship between peak area ratios and serum concentration. Quantification limit was at least 25 ng/ml of glibenclamide and accuracy and precision were over the concentration range of 50-500 ng/ml. Assay was successfully applied to the measurement of glibenclamide in serum for therapeutic drug monitoring.
10 Gbit/s modulation performance of distributed feedback lasers for optical fiber communication systems (2002)

The authors present a comparison of the performance of amplitude-shift-keying (ASK), frequency-shift-keying (FSK), and differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK) optical fiber communication systems which operate at 10 Gb/s with directly modulated 1550-nm distributed feedback (DFB) laser transmitters and conventional 1310-nm dispersion-optimized fiber. The performance of these systems was evaluated from computer-simulated eye patterns for both direct detection and heterodyne detection. With the narrow optical spectral widths of these signal formats, fiber chromatic dispersion limits of up to 70 km were obtained for transmission at 1550 nm using conventional 1310-nm optimized fiber. Experimental results which confirm the 10-Gb/s FSK and DPSK modulation capabilities of 1530-nm DFB lasers are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CAPTCHA Using Strangeness in Machine Translation (2010)

CAPTCHA is a technique that is used to prevent automatic programs from being able to acquire free e-mail or online service accounts. However, as many researchers have already reported, conventional CAPTCHA could be overcome by state-of-the-art malware since the capabilities of computers are approaching those of humans. Therefore, CAPTCHA should be based on even more advanced human-cognitive-processing abilities. We propose using the human ability of recognizing “strangeness” to achieve a new CAPTCHA. This paper focuses on strangeness in machine-translated sentences as an example, and proposes CAPTCHA using Strangeness in Sentences (SS-CAPTCHA), which detects malware by checking if users can distinguish natural sentences created by humans from machine-translated sentences. We discuss possible threats to SS-CAPTCHA and countermeasures against these threats. We also carried out basic experiments to confirm its usability by human users.
High-Throughput Analysis in Catalysis Research Using Novel Approaches to Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (2003)

This study has demonstrated that high-throughput FTIR transmission measurements using a newly designed array-based support formed using silicon wells and a silicon wafer is a very useful and robust tool for the characterization of polymer composition for combinatorial materials research. The comonomer content in copolymers can be measured accurately with a fully automated throughput of >300 samples/day (8 h). The transmission measurement is more robust, reliable, and easier to automate than other spectroscopic methods. The support itself provides excellent resistance to aggressive organic solvents at elevated temperatures and allows the unattended deposition and preparation of polymer films for infrared analysis. Because of the excellent durability of the support with respect to the solvent, the support can be rinsed and reused many times. This high-throughput approach to infrared transmission spectroscopy can be used for measuring a wide array of polymer characteristics: vinyl content, geometrical isomers, crystallinity, and tacticity. As well, this IR approach can be used to predict the oxidative stability of the antioxidant packages. Because the support provides a means of containing hot polymer solutions while the solvent evaporates, the support is also suitable for high-throughput nanoindentation methods for the determination of modulus and other physical properties of the polymer.
Determination of the optical properties of a two-layer tissue model by detecting photons migrating at progressively increasing depths (2003)

We have investigated a method for solving the inverse problem of determining the optical properties of a two-layer turbid model. The method is based on deducing the optical properties (OPs) of the top layer from the absolute spatially resolved reflectance that results from photon migration within only the top layer by use of a multivariate calibration model. Then the OPs of the bottom layer are deduced from relative frequency-domain (FD) reflectance measurements by use of the two-layer FD diffusion model. The method was validated with Monte Carlo FD reflectance profiles and experimental measurements of two-layer phantoms. The results showed that the method is useful for two-layer models with interface depths of >5 mm; the OPs were estimated, within a relatively short time (<1 min), with a mean error of <10% for the Monte Carlo reflectance profiles and with errors of <25% for the phantom measurements.
Allopurinol Treatment Reduces Arterial Wave Reflection in Stroke Survivors (2008)

The importance of xanthine oxidase and its products is being increasingly recognized in cardiovascular medicine. Patients who have had a stroke are at high risk of future cardiovascular events and this risk is higher in those with high urate levels. The aim of this pilot study was to see if inhibiting xanthine oxidase altered arterial wave reflection, determined from the augmentation index (AIx). In a double-blind study, 30 patients with high urate (> or = 0.38 mmol/L) were randomized to 300 mg allopurinol or placebo for 8 weeks. AIx measurements were made before and after treatment using the validated SphygmoCor pulse waveform analysis system. For patients treated with allopurinol, there was a reduction in AIx from 26.08 +/- 3.31% to 20.15 +/- 2.23% compared with an increase in the placebo group from 23.57 +/- 3.13% to 27.64 +/- 3.44% (P = 0.031, ANOVA). The vascular benefits of allopurinol are rapidly emerging. We have demonstrated that allopurinol has beneficial effects on AIx, a validated measure of vascular function. A further larger study is warranted to look at whether a therapeutic intervention with allopurinol will impact positively on mortality and morbidity in stroke survivors.
Defining Developmental Potency and Cell Lineage Trajectories by Expression Profiling of Differentiating Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (2008)

Biologists rely on morphology, function and specific markers to define the differentiation status of cells. Transcript profiling has expanded the repertoire of these markers by providing the snapshot of cellular status that reflects the activity of all genes. However, such data have been used only to assess relative similarities and differences of these cells. Here we show that principal component analysis of global gene expression profiles map cells in multidimensional transcript profile space and the positions of differentiating cells progress in a stepwise manner along trajectories starting from undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells located in the apex. We present three 'cell lineage trajectories', which represent the differentiation of ES cells into the first three lineages in mammalian development: primitive endoderm, trophoblast and primitive ectoderm/neural ectoderm. The positions of the cells along these trajectories seem to reflect the developmental potency of cells and can be used as a scale for the potential of cells. Indeed, we show that embryonic germ cells and induced pluripotent cells are mapped near the origin of the trajectories, whereas mouse embryo fibroblast and fibroblast cell lines are mapped near the far end of the trajectories. We suggest that this method can be used as the non-operational semi-quantitative definition of cell differentiation status and developmental potency. Furthermore, the global expression profiles of cell lineages provide a framework for the future study of in vitro and in vivo cell differentiation.
Design and Validation of Silicon-on-Insulator Based U Shaped Thermal Microactuator (2013)

method compatible with standard microelectronics. The basic two-arm electrothermal actuators design uses the principle of Joule heating for thermal expansion and movement. The thermal actuator can be categorized as in-plane and out of plane actuator (10), (11), where driving mechanism behind the two type of actuator is hot (narrow arm) and cold (wider arms) beam actuation and bimorph actuation. The potential application of electrothermal actuators includes optical switching (12), (13) and microgrippers (14) and micro robotic application (15). Among the different type of thermal actuators, the horizontal U shaped microactuator is more common compared to the V shaped and bimorph actuation mechanism. The horizontal U shape microactuator has a narrow hot cold arm. It operates based on the differential thermal expansion of these arms, when a voltage is applied between its contact pads (16). Two-arm actuators design consists of a thin arm, wide arm and flexure arm connected together at one end and constrained elastically at the anchors, which in turn are rigidly attached to the substrate. Application of a potential difference at the anchors generates a non uniform electrical field. The large current density in the thin arm causes a greater thermal expansion than that in the wide arm. This basic microactuator has been improved in various ways to produce higher deflections. In the present work, a FEM modeling and characterization of fabricated actuator are presented to explain the behavior of thermal actuator. These actuators are typically fabricated by a MUMPS (Multi User MEMS Process) bulk micromachining process that utilizes silicon as a structural layer. Commercial MEMS software's COMSOL 4.2 multiphysics tool is used for FEM simulation. In order to improve the performance of thermal actuator specifically mechanical motion, a better way is to vary the geometrical parameter of the structure rather than change the applied voltage. This works includes the study of geometrical parameters of thermal microactuator for enhanced mechanical motion. The effects of the variation in geometrical parameters on thermal actuator performance are also established. The fabricated actuator was tested and validated experimentally with simulated results.
An Improved Segmentation Method for In Vivo μCT Imaging (2004)

At high resolutions, both the new local and conventional global segmentation methods gave near exact representations of the bone structure. When scanned samples are not homogenous (e.g., thick cortices and thin trabeculae) and when resolution is relatively low, the local segmentation method outperforms global methods. It maximizes the potential of in vivo microCT by giving good structural representation without the need to use longer scanning times that would increase absorption of harmful X-ray radiation by the living tissue.
Low Levels of the Anticoagulant Activity of Protein C in Patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency: an Inhibitor of Protein C Is Present in Uremic Plasma (1991)

Twenty-nine of 54 uremic patients had low levels of protein C measured as anticoagulant activity, contrasting with normal levels measured as amidolytic activity or antigenic concentration. We demonstrate that this discrepancy is due to the presence of a soluble plasma inhibitor that interferes specifically with the anticoagulant activity of activated protein C. The inhibitor does not interfere with other coagulation assays. It is resistant to diisopropylfluorophosphate, high temperatures and repeated freezing and thawing. It can be dissociated from protein C by anti-protein C antibodies or by dialysis in vitro and in vivo. It binds to positively charged resins and can be eluted with high salt concentrations without losing its inhibitory capacity. The inhibitory effect is correlated with plasma creatinine levels and fluctuates with time.
Multiplex Microfluidic Paper-based Immunoassay for the Diagnosis of Hepatitis C Virus Infection (2014)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious and rising global healthcare problem. One critical challenge to tackle this disease is the lack of adequate diagnosis. Here, we develop a multiplex microfluidic paper-based immunoassay, as a novel diagnostic approach, to detect human IgG antibody against HCV (anti-HCV). The paper substrate, highly flammable nitrocellulose (NC), is patterned under ambient temperature by craft punch patterning (CPP) to generate multiple test zones. On the basis of superior merits of patterned paper, this new diagnostic approach demonstrates the key novelty to unprecedentedly combine segmented diagnostic assays into a single multiplex test. The generated diagnostic results are not only informative but can be rapidly and cost-effectively delivered. It would significantly transform the clinical pathway for unwitting individuals with HCV infection. This work highlights the promising role of microfluidic paper-based immunoassays in tackling the diagnostic challenge for the HCV pandemic as well as other diseases.