gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect DNA from Renibacterium salmoninarum within individual salmonid eggs (1994)

Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salrnonids, can be transmitted vertically, i.e. from parent to progeny via the egg. The usual procedure to determine the likelihood of egg infection has been to examine non-egg tissues from mature female fish for evidence of R. sahoninarum cells or antigens. In the present study we examined the feasibility of detecting the pathogen directly within individual salmonid eggs by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify segments of its DNA. Total DNA was extracted from the contents of eggs taken from several coho and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus lusutch and 0 . tshawytscha), including coho eggs that had been injected with numbers of R. salmoninarum cells ranging from 2 to 2000 cells per egg. We also isolated DNA from kidney samples taken from these fish. Utilizing the PCR, two 24-base oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify a 501 base-pair region of the gene encoding a 57 kDa soluble protein ('p577 produced by R. salmoninarum. A segment of DNA of the appropriate size (501 base-pairs) from R. salmoninarum was detected by the PCR in all of the injected eggs. R. salrnoninarum DNA was also detected in some of the eggs taken from the coho and chinook samples that had previously been diagnosed as 'high-BKD' or 'negative-BKD' fish. Direct sequencing of the heatdenatured, double-stranded amplification product was carried out by dideoxy termination using T7 DNA polymerase and 35S labelling. There was 100 % homology between the partial sequence obtained from the amplified DNA fragment and the sequence of the p57 gene. The DNA extracted from other bacterial fish pathogens did not yield a positive result. These results indicate that the PCR is able to detect as few as 2 R. salmoninarum cells per egg and that it may be feasible as a broodstock screening technique specific for R. s a l m o n i n a m .
Efficient Algorithm Selection for Detecting Suitable Test Case Prioritization (2012)

Genetic algorithms have been successfully applied in the area of software testing. The demand for automation of test case generation in object oriented software testing is increasing. Genetic algorithms are well applied in procedural software testing but a little has been done in testing of object oriented software. This paper discusses genetic algorithms that can automatically select an efficient algorithm which is suitable for test cases selection. This algorithm takes a selected path as a target and executes sequences of operators iteratively for efficient algorithm selection to evolve. The evolved efficient algorithm selection can lead the program execution to achieve the target path. An automatic path-oriented test data generation is not only a crucial problem but also a hot issue in the research area of software testing today. We also propose genetic algorithm for the selection of the suitable algorithm, which perform much better than the existing methods and can provide very good solutions.
Metabolites of 5F‐AKB‐48, a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist, identified in human urine and liver microsomal preparations using liquid chromatography high‐resolution mass spectrometry (2014)

New types of synthetic cannabinoid designer drugs are constantly introduced to the illicit drug market to circumvent legislation. Recently, N ‐​(1‐Adamant​yl)‐​1‐​(5‐​fluoropentyl)‐​1 H ‐​indazole‐​3‐​carboxamide (5F‐AKB‐48), also known as 5F‐APINACA, was identified as an adulterant in herbal products. This compound deviates from earlier JHW‐type synthetic cannabinoids by having an indazole ring connected to an adamantyl group via a carboxamide linkage. Synthetic cannabinoids are completely metabolized, and identification of the metabolites is thus crucial when using urine as the sample matrix. Using an authentic urine sample and high‐resolution accurate‐mass Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we identified 16 phase‐I metabolites of 5F‐AKB‐48. The modifications included mono‐, di‐, and trihydroxylation on the adamantyl ring alone or in combination with hydroxylation on the N ‐fluoropentylindazole moiety, dealkylation of the N ‐fluoropentyl side chain, and oxidative loss of fluorine as well as combinations thereof. The results were compared to human liver microsomal (HLM) incubations, which predominantly showed time‐dependent formation of mono‐, di‐, and trihydroxylated metabolites having the hydroxyl groups on the adamantyl ring. The results presented here may be used to select metabolites specific of 5F‐AKB‐48 for use in clinical and forensic screening. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transmission of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) through natural secretions and excretions from infected smolts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar during their presymptomatic phase (1996)

Short-term (48 h) exposure of healthy Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. smolts to infectious salmon anemia (1SA)-inoculated cohort smolts showed that the disease was transmitted with near 100% mortality from Day 7 post-inoculation and onwards. This is more than a week before the inoculated fish show any clinical signs and long before the typical petechial bleedings occur. A bloodborne transmission of the disease is therefore unlikely. Skin mucus, faeces, urine and blood, isolated from ISA-inoculated smolt, transmitted the disease to healthy cohort smolt with variable efficiency depending on how the inoculum was administered. All the sources were infectious and transmitted the disease with high efficiency when injected intraperitoneally (I p.) Into cohort smolt. After i.p. injection, skin mucus had somewhat lower infectivity than blood homogenates. Furthermore, in some experiments application of skin mucus to the gills was as efficient as i.p. inlection for transmission of the &sease When introduced into the stomach none of the inocula caused ISA. Coprophagy thus seems to be ineffective in the transrn~ssion of ISA under laboratory c o n d ~t ~o n s .
A context-aware video display scheme for mobile devices (2006)

A fully automatic and computationally efficient method is proposed for intelligent display of soccer video on small multimedia mobile devices. The rapid progress of the multimedia signal processing has contributed to the extensive use of multimedia devices with small LCD panel. With these flourishing mobile devices with small display, the video sequences captured for normal viewing on standard TV or HDTV may give the small-display-viewers uncomfortable experiences in understanding what is happening in a scene. For instance, in a soccer video sequence taken by a longshot camera technique, the tiny objects (e.g., soccer ball and players) may not be clearly viewed on the small LCD panel. Thus, an intelligent display technique is needed for small-display-viewers. To this end, one of the key technologies is to determine region of interest, which is a part of the scene that viewers pay more attention to than other regions. In this paper, we only focus on soccer video display for mobile devices. Instead of taking visual saliency into account, we take domain-specific approach to exploit the characteristics of the soccer video. We propose a context-aware soccer video display scheme, which includes three folds: ground color learning, shot classification, and ROI determination. The experimental results show the propose scheme is capable of context-aware video display on mobile devices.
Assessment of Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm Implementation Techniques for PV Pumping Applications (2011)

The energy utilization efficiency of commercial photovoltaic (PV) pumping systems can be significantly improved by employing simple perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking algorithms. Two such P&O implementation techniques, reference voltage perturbation and direct duty ratio perturbation, are commonly utilized in the literature but no clear criteria for the suitable choice of method or algorithm parameters have been presented. This paper presents a detailed theoretical and experimental comparison of the two P&O implementation techniques on the basis of system stability, performance characteristics, and energy utilization for standalone PV pumping systems. The influence of algorithm parameters on system behavior is investigated and the various advantages and drawbacks of each technique are identified for different weather conditions. Practical results obtained using a 1080-Wp PV array connected to a 1-kW permanent magnet dc motor-centrifugal pump set show very good agreement with the theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.
Ectopic pregnancy. A study of 300 consecutive surgically treated cases (1980)

Three hundred consecutive women with the surgical and histological diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy were studied to evaluate the etiological factors associated with this problem. Seventy-seven women had a history of surgical evidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); 46 had a history of abdominal pelvic surgery; 32 had a history of both PID and surgery. Forty-three women had used an intrauterine device (IUD), and 32 had a device in utero at the time of the ectopic pregnancy. However, no definite relationship between use of the IUD and ectopic pregnancy could be established. A pregnancy test was positive in 207 of the 251 women on whom it was performed. Culdocentesis, performed on all patients, yielded nonclotting blood in 285 patients. Hematocrit value, measured on the culdocentesis specimen, was greater than 15% in 278 of the 285 women.
VinVL: Revisiting Visual Representations in Vision-Language Models (2021)

This paper presents a detailed study of improving visual representations for vision language (VL) tasks and develops an improved object detection model to provide object-centric representations of images. Compared to the most widely used \emph{bottom-up and top-down} model \cite{anderson2018bottom}, the new model is bigger, better-designed for VL tasks, and pre-trained on much larger training corpora that combine multiple public annotated object detection datasets. Therefore, it can generate representations of a richer collection of visual objects and concepts. While previous VL research focuses mainly on improving the vision-language fusion model and leaves the object detection model improvement untouched, we show that visual features matter significantly in VL models. In our experiments we feed the visual features generated by the new object detection model into a Transformer-based VL fusion model \oscar \cite{li2020oscar}, and utilize an improved approach \short\ to pre-train the VL model and fine-tune it on a wide range of downstream VL tasks. Our results show that the new visual features significantly improve the performance across all VL tasks, creating new state-of-the-art results on seven public benchmarks. We will release the new object detection model to public.
The Eidophor Method for Theater Television (1950)

The paper considers briefly some system aspects of theater television. The most important single technical problem of theater television remains the method used for large-screen projection. A new system, developed in Switzerland, using a special electromechanical accumulation process is described briefly. It gives projection on full-size screens with ordinary lighting. The system is still in the stage of early development, but has already proven quite promising.
A model for secure multimedia document database system in a distributed environment (2002)

The Internet provides a universal platform for large-scale distribution of information and supports inter-organizational services, system integration, and collaboration. Use of multimedia documents for dissemination and sharing of massive amounts of information is becoming a common practice for Internet-based applications and enterprises. With the rapid proliferation of multimedia data management technologies over the Internet, there is growing concern about security and privacy of information. Composing multimedia documents in a distributed heterogeneous environment involves integrating media objects from multiple security domains that may employ different access control policies for media objects. In this paper, we present a security model for distributed document management system that allows creation, storage, indexing, and presentation of secure multimedia documents. The model is based on a time augmented Petri-net and provides a flexible, multilevel access control mechanism that allows clearance-based access to different levels of information in a document. In addition, the model provides detailed multimedia synchronization requirements including deterministic and non-deterministic temporal relations and incomplete timing information among media objects.
Hardware algorithms for determining similarity between two strings (1989)

The author presents pipelined hardware algorithms with time complexity O(n+m) for determining between two character strings expressed as the length of the longest common subsequence of the given pair of strings. The algorithms use cellular architecture with simple basic cells and regular nearest-neighbor communication generally suitable for VLSI implementation. Two methods are presented: a sequential method with serial text input and an alternating method in which both the pattern and the text are serially applied to the machine. Theorems are proved that lead to a very optimized design of a basic cell.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Clipping using homogeneous coordinates (1978)

Clipping is the process of determining how much of a given line segment lies within the boundaries of the display screen. Homogeneous coordinates are a convenient mathematical device for representing and transforming objects. The space represented by homogeneous coordinates is not, however, a simple Euclidean 3-space. It is, in fact, analagous to a topological shape called a “projective plane”. The clipping problem is usually solved without consideration for the differences between Euclidean space and the space represented by homogeneous coordinates. For some constructions, this leads to errors in picture generation which show up as lines marked invisible when they should be visible. This paper will examine these cases and present techniques for correctly clipping the line segments.
A Survey and a Layered Taxonomy of Software-Defined Networking (2014)

Software-defined networking (SDN) has recently gained unprecedented attention from industry and research communities, and it seems unlikely that this will be attenuated in the near future. The ideas brought by SDN, although often described as a “revolutionary paradigm shift” in networking, are not completely new since they have their foundations in programmable networks and control-data plane separation projects. SDN promises simplified network management by enabling network automation, fostering innovation through programmability, and decreasing CAPEX and OPEX by reducing costs and power consumption. In this paper, we aim at analyzing and categorizing a number of relevant research works toward realizing SDN promises. We first provide an overview on SDN roots and then describe the architecture underlying SDN and its main components. Thereafter, we present existing SDN-related taxonomies and propose a taxonomy that classifies the reviewed research works and brings relevant research directions into focus. We dedicate the second part of this paper to studying and comparing the current SDN-related research initiatives and describe the main issues that may arise due to the adoption of SDN. Furthermore, we review several domains where the use of SDN shows promising results. We also summarize some foreseeable future research challenges.
Deposition of superhard amorphous carbon films by pulsed arc sources (1997)

Hydrogen-free amorphous carbon films with hardness comparable to crystalline superhard materials have been deposited by special pulsed arc techniques. With the combination of very high hardness, high smoothness, and low adhesion activity to other materials which are in contact with them, these films show superior behavior in wear and slide applications. The influence of plasma and deposition conditions on these film properties and the choice of optimum conditions are discussed.
Optical properties and ionic conductivity of KTiOAsO 4 crystals (1992)

KTiOAsO4 (KTA) single crystals, grown from a tungstate solvent by spontaneous nucleation, have been reported to have electro-optic coefficients and a nonlinear optic figure of merit larger than KTiOPO4 (KTP) by 30 and 60%, respectively.1 Many of the spontaneously nucleated crystals had domain walls, and only single domain samples were used for the measurements reported. Seeded crystal growth by the high temperature solution method (HTS) was recently reported; however, no mention was made of a domain structure in these crystals.2
Intestinal colonization with phylogenetic group B2 <i>Escherichia coli</i> related to inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2015)

Our study reveals that intestinal colonization with phylogenetic group B2 E. coli is associated with UC. Due to the design, we are unable to determine if the colonization with B2 E. coli leads to the development of the disease or the disease increases the risk of colonization with B2 E. coli.
Human MUC1 Oncoprotein is of Functional Importance to the Development of Prostate Cancer (2009)

Abstract : The MUC1 oncoprotein is overexpressed in prostate cancers with aggressive clinicopathologic features and is associated with an elevated risk of recurrence. Our hypothesis is that MUC1 is of functional importance to the development of aggressive prostate cancer and that this effect is mediated through interaction with the androgen receptor (AR). The Specific Aims of this Idea Award are: 1) To define the interaction between MUC1 and AR in vitro and in prostate cancer cells; 2) To assess the effects of MUC1 on AR-mediated gene expression; and 3) To define the effects of MUC1 on growth and survival of prostate cancer cells in response to androgen stimulation and treatment with antiandrogens. Work supported by the first year of this Award has demonstrated that the MUC1-C receptor constitutively associates with AR in androgen-unresponsive prostate cancer cells. The MUC1-C cytoplasmic domain (MUC1-CD) binds directly to the AR DNA binding domain. Specific sequences in MUC1-CD that confer the interaction have been identified and used to identify drugs that block binding to AR. One lead agent has been found to induce death of androgen-unresponsive, and not -responsive, prostate cancer cells. These findings, based on the results of MUC1-CD binding to AR, should provide the basis for the design of new agents to treat androgen-unresponsive prostate cancer.
Selection Based on FOXA2 Expression Is Not Sufficient to Enrich for Dopamine Neurons From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2014)

Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are potential cell sources for regenerative approaches in Parkinson disease. Inductive differentiation protocols can generate midbrain dopamine neurons but result in heterogeneous cell mixtures. Therefore, selection strategies are necessary to obtain uniform dopamine cell populations. Here, we developed a selection approach using lentivirus vectors to express green fluorescent protein under the promoter region of FOXA2, a transcription factor that is expressed in the floor plate domain that gives rise to dopamine neurons during embryogenesis. We first validated the specificity of the vectors in human cell lines against a promoterless construct. We then selected FOXA2-positive neural progenitors from several human pluripotent stem cell lines, which demonstrated a gene expression profile typical for the ventral domain of the midbrain and floor plate, but failed to enrich for dopamine neurons. To investigate whether this was due to the selection approach, we overexpressed FOXA2 in neural progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cell lines. FOXA2 forced expression resulted in an increased expression of floor plate but not mature neuronal markers. Furthermore, selection of the FOXA2 overexpressing fraction also failed to enrich for dopamine neurons. Collectively, our results suggest that FOXA2 is not sufficient to induce a dopaminergic fate in this system. On the other hand, our study demonstrates that a combined approach of promoter activation and lentivirus vector technology can be used as a versatile tool for the selection of a defined cell population from a variety of human pluripotent stem cell lines.
Searching for the impossible using genetic programming (1999)

Many potential inventions are never discovered because the thought processes of scientists and engineers are channeled along well-traveled paths. In contrast, the evolutionary process tends to opportunistically solve problems without considering whether the evolved solution comports with human preconceptions about whether the goal is impossible. This paper demonstrates how genetic programming can be used to automate the process of exploring queries, conjectures, and challenges concerning the existence of seemingly impossible entities. The paper suggests a way by which genetic programming can be used to automate the invention process. We illustrate the concept using a challenge posed by a leading analog electrical engineer concerning whether it is possible to design a circuit composed of only resistors and capacitors that delivers a gain of greater than one. The paper contains a circuit evolved by genetic programming that satisfies the requirement of this challenge as well a related more difficult challenge. The original challenge was motivated by a circuit patented in 1956 for preprocessing inputs to oscilloscopes. The paper also contains an evolved circuit satisfying (and exceeding) the original design requirements of the circuit patented in 1956. This evolved circuit is another example of a result produced by genetic programming that is competitive with a humanproduced result that was considered to be creative and inventive at the time it was first discovered.
Electrochemical Bioassay Utilizing Encapsulated Electrochemical Active Microcrystal Biolabels (2005)

A new approach to perform electrochemical immunoassay based on the utilization of encapsulated microcrystal was developed. The microcrystal labels create a "supernova effect" upon exposure to a desired releasing agent. The microcrystal cores dissolve, and large amounts of signal-generating molecules diffuse across the capsule wall into the outer environment. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technology was employed for the encapsulation of electrochemical signal-generating microcrystals (ferrocene microcrystals). The encapsulated microcrystals were conjugated with antibody molecules through the adsorption process. The biofunctionalized microcrystals were utilized as a probe for immunoassays. The microcrystal-based label system provided a high-signal molecule to antibody (S/P) ratio of 10(4)-10(5). Microcrystal biolabels with different antibody surface coverage (1.60-5.05 mg m(-2)) were subjected to a solid-phase immunoassay for the detection of mouse immunoglobulin G (M-IgG) molecules. The microcrystal-based immunoassay for the detection of M-IgG performed with microcrystals having antibody surface coverage of 5.05 mg m(-2) showed a sensitivity of 3.93 nA microg(-1) L(-1) with a detection limit of 2.82 microg L(-1).