gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On-line determination of sputtered depth in a radio frequency glow discharge atomic emission source by laser confocal displacement (1999)

A new method of sputtered depth determination was evaluated for glow discharge (GD) analysis of solid samples. Although sputter analysis methods like GD may characterize samples in terms of both composition and spatial (depth) distribution of those components, quantitative analysis may suffer significantly from uncertainties in sputter rate (depth) determinations. The study described in this paper was conducted in an effort to achieve true depth profile capabilities for the radio frequency glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy (r.f.-GD-AES) source, however the results are applicable to any sputter-type analysis method. Detailed here is a unique system by which sputter depth information may be collected simultaneously with operation of the GD plasma, with only minimal influence from sample matrix or plasma conditions. As such, the method enables the determination of real-time sputter depth. This achievement was made possible by the use of a laser confocal displacement sensor (LCDS) that optically measures the distance between a mounted sensor head and the sample surface. Very simply, the LCDS measures the displacement of the sputter-exposed surface relative to the original sample. The results outlined in this report indicate that the laser confocal technique has great potential as an advancement to depth-resolved analysis by r.f.-GD-AES. Statistical figures of merit include an experimental depth resolution of ∼1 µm and a sample-to-sample reproductibility of ∼5% RSD. Methods of improving further the capabilities of the system described here are also outlined. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Central administration of Y5 receptor antisense decreases spontaneous food intake and attenuates feeding in response to exogenous neuropeptide Y (1998)

A number of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor subtypes, including the recently cloned Y5 receptor, have been implicated in the stimulation of food intake. In the present study, Y5 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were used to assess the potential involvement of the Y5 receptor in the regulation of spontaneous as well as NPY-induced food intake. Repeated central administration of Y5 antisense ODN significantly decreased spontaneous food intake and subsequently resulted in a significant weight loss. Furthermore, Y5 antisense ODN pre-treatment significantly inhibited the robust feeding response elicited by central administration of NPY (5.3+/-0. 8 vs 1.08+/-0.28 g, vehicle+/-s.e.m. vs Y5 ODN+/-s.e.m.). The present results provide evidence that central Y5 receptors are involved in both spontaneous as well as NPY-induced food intake, which may prove to be a new therapeutic route in the treatment of obesity and other disorders of appetite.
Canonic signed digit FIR filter design (2002)

A new algorithm is presented for the design of fixed point FIR digital filters that can be realized using a minimal number of adders while satisfying both the desired hardware implementation constraints and the frequency domain design constraints. The proposed algorithm makes use of a two-stage search method with a new soft-switching optimization criterion, minimizing the Chebyshev error norm in a discrete canonic signed digit (CSD) space. The proposed design method is implemented as a Matlab-based software package CSDFIR that allows the design of both Chebyshev optimal floating point and fixed point CSD FIR filters.
Genetic Variability of <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations from Latin America Is Associated with Variations in Susceptibility to <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Cry Toxins (2006)

Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from Latin American soil samples that showed toxicity against three Spodoptera frugiperda populations from different geographical areas (Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil) were characterized on the basis of their insecticidal activity, crystal morphology, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of parasporal crystals, plasmid profiles, and cry gene content. We found that the different S. frugiperda populations display different susceptibilities to the selected B. thuringiensis strains and also to pure preparations of Cry1B, Cry1C, and Cry1D toxins. Binding assays performed with pure toxin demonstrated that the differences in the toxin binding capacities of these insect populations correlated with the observed differences in susceptibility to the three Cry toxins analyzed. Finally, the genetic variability of the three insect populations was analyzed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA-PCR, which showed significant genetic diversity among the three S. frugiperda populations analyzed. The data presented here show that the genetic variability of S. frugiperda populations should be carefully considered in the development of insect pest control strategies, including the deployment of genetically modified maize in different geographical regions.
Development, principles and applications of interrupted quench hardening (1954)

The hardening of steel is generally accomplished by one of the following methods: (a) Continuous cooling from above its critical temperature to room temperature, usually in air, oil or water; or (b) Interrupted quench hardening, variously termed step quenching, martempering, or marquenching.
Rainfall Monitoring Using Cellular Networks [In the Spotlight] (2007)

Discusses the use of wireless networks to estimate rainfall patterns.
VLSI-placement based on routing and timing information (1990)

In this paper we propose a hierarchical placement procedure incorporating more and more detailed routing and timing information at increasing levels of the hierarchy. This procedure is based on the well-known min-cut method. A global routing and a timing analysis are computed after every cut and are used to guide the subsequent cell partitioning.
ELECTRODEPOSITION OF THE PLATINUM-GROUP METALS (1963)

The platinum-group metals comprise platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. Of the six, only platinum, palladium, and rhodium have hitherto found significant application in the electrodeposited condition, and for many years rhodium has far outweighed the others in importance, as indicated by the estimate of Laister in 1954 that the relative consumption of rhodium for plating purposes, as compared to either platinum or palladium, was 100:1.
Highly permeable artificial water channels that can self-assemble into two-dimensional arrays (2015)

Bioinspired artificial water channels aim to combine the high permeability and selectivity of biological aquaporin (AQP) water channels with chemical stability. Here, we carefully characterized a class of artificial water channels, peptide-appended pillar[5]arenes (PAPs). The average single-channel osmotic water permeability for PAPs is 1.0(± 0.3) × 10(-14) cm(3)/s or 3.5(± 1.0) × 10(8) water molecules per s, which is in the range of AQPs (3.4 ∼ 40.3 × 10(8) water molecules per s) and their current synthetic analogs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs, 9.0 × 10(8) water molecules per s). This permeability is an order of magnitude higher than first-generation artificial water channels (20 to ∼ 10(7) water molecules per s). Furthermore, within lipid bilayers, PAP channels can self-assemble into 2D arrays. Relevant to permeable membrane design, the pore density of PAP channel arrays (∼ 2.6 × 10(5) pores per μm(2)) is two orders of magnitude higher than that of CNT membranes (0.1 ∼ 2.5 × 10(3) pores per μm(2)). PAP channels thus combine the advantages of biological channels and CNTs and improve upon them through their relatively simple synthesis, chemical stability, and propensity to form arrays.
Concatenated error correction coding for high-order PRML channels (2002)

A modified E/sup 2/PRML (ME/sup 2/PRML) channel is optimized for high-density magnetic recording in order to reduce long error-propagation events in an ML detector. A cyclic redundancy-check error-correction code (CRCC), an innerblock ECC concatenated to the ML detector, is introduced as a new ECC-coding scheme for the high-order partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) channel. The CRCC coding can efficiently improve the BER performance with only a few redundant check-bits which intensively correct most-dominant short error-events in the ME/sup 2/PRML detector. A 16/17 coded ME/sup 2/PRML channel in conjunction with a 2.9% redundant CRCC coding can achieve a gain of more than 35 dB over a conventional 16/17 coded EPRML channel at a user density of 2.8.
Recognition of a DNA Operator by the Repressor of Phage 434: A View at High Resolution (1988)

The repressors of temperate bacteriophages such as 434 and lambda control transcription by binding to a set of DNA operator sites. The different affinity of repressor for each of these sites ensures efficient regulation. High-resolution x-ray crystallography was used to study the DNA-binding domain of phage 434 repressor in complex with a synthetic DNA operator. The structure shows recognition of the operator by direct interactions with base pairs in the major groove, combined with the sequence-dependent ability of DNA to adopt the required conformation on binding repressor. In particular, a network of three-centered bifurcated hydrogen bonds among base pairs in the operator helps explain why 434 repressor prefers certain sites over others. These bonds, which stabilize the conformation of the bound DNA, can form only with certain sequences.
Ferroelectric SrBi2Ta2O9 thin film deposition at 550 °C by plasma-enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition onto a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition platinum bottom electrode (1999)

Ferroelectric bismuth-layer SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) thin films were prepared on Pt/SiO2/Si substrates by plasma-enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The platinum bottom electrode deposited by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition shows a dense smooth state after deposition of SBT films and prevents bismuth diffusion into the platinum layer. The c-axis oriented SBT films were crystallized at a deposition temperature of 550 °C. The dielectric constant and dissipation factor of SBT films are 310 and 0.08, respectively, at 100 kHz. The remanent polarization and the coercive field obtained for 180 nm thick Sr0.9Bi2Ta2O9 films deposited at 550 °C were 15 μ/cm2 and 50 kV/cm, respectively, at an applied voltage of 5 V. The leakage current density was about 5.0×10−7 A/cm2 at 250 kV/cm. The films showed fatigue-free characteristics up to 7.0×109 switching bipolar pulses under 5 V.
The functional role of the β‐subunit in the maturation and intracellular transport of Na,K‐ATPase (1991)

The minimal functional enzyme unit of Na,K-ATPase consists of an alpha-beta complex. The alpha-subunit bears all functional domains of the enzyme and so far a regulatory role for the beta-subunit in the catalytic cycle has not been established. On the other hand, increasing experimental evidence suggests that the beta-subunit is an indispensable element for the structural and functional maturation of the enzyme as well as its intracellular transport to the plasma membrane. This brief review summarizes the experimental data supporting the hypothesis that assembly of the beta-subunit is needed for the alpha-subunit to acquire the correct, stable configuration necessary for the acquisition of functional properties and its exit from the ER.
The bootstrap and its application in signal processing (1998)

The bootstrap is an attractive tool for assessing the accuracy of estimators and testing hypothesis for parameters where conventional techniques are not valid, such as in small data-sample situations. We highlight the motivations for using the bootstrap in typical signal processing applications and give several practical examples. Bootstrap methods for testing statistical hypotheses are described and we provide an analysis of the accuracy of bootstrap tests. We also discuss how the bootstrap can be used to estimate a variance-stabilizing transformation to define a pivotal statistic, and we demonstrate the use of the bootstrap for constructing confidence intervals for flight parameters in a passive acoustic emission problem.
Tetracenomycin F2 cyclase: Intramolecular aldol condensation in the biosynthesis of tetracenomycin C in Streptomyces glaucescens (1993)

Tetracenomycin (Tcm) F2 cyclase, which catalyzes the cyclization of the anthrone Tcm F2 to the naphthacenone Tcm F1 in the biosynthesis of the anthracycline antibiotic Tcm C in Streptomyces glaucescens, has been purified to homogeneity and characterized. The N-terminal sequence of the enzyme establishes that it is encoded by the tcmI gene, whose deduced product has a molecular weight of 12,728. SDS-PAGE analysis gave a single band with a molecular weight of 12,500, whereas gel-filtration chromatography yielded a molecular weight of 37,500, indicating that the Tcm F2 cyclase is a homotrimer in solution. Under pH > or = 8.0, the enzyme catalyzes the cyclization of Tcm F2 to Tcm F1 and has a Km of 121 +/- 18.2 microM and Vmax of 704 +/- 62.3 nmol.min-1.mg-1. In contrast, under pH < or = 6.5, it catalyzes the cyclization of Tcm F2 to 9-decarboxy Tcm F1, a known shunt metabolite of the Tcm C biosynthetic pathway. Tcm F2 cyclase represents the first discrete enzyme for carbon-carbon bond formation via an intramolecular aldol condensation-dehydration mechanism, a key biochemical operation proposed in the early steps of the biosynthesis of all aromatic polyketides.
Leaf Vascular Pattern Formation. (1997)

The pattern and ontogeny of leaf venation appear to guide or limit many aspects of leaf cell differentiation and function. Photosynthetic, supportive, stomatal, and other specialized cell types differentiate in positions showing a spatial relationship to the vascular system. These spatial relationships are of obvious importance to leaf function, which relies on venation for the servicing of cells engaged in photosynthesis, gas exchange, and other leaf processes. Although the need for coordinated organization of cell types around the vascular system is clear, the means by which this is achieved during development is not well understood. In the few systems in which it has been possible to follow the ontogeny of the venation along with the differentiation and function of surrounding cell types (e.g., in C4 grasses), observations suggest that the developing vascular system may have a role in providing positional landmarks that guide the differentiation of other cell types. Another possible explanation is that an underlying pattern guides the differentiation of both venation and surrounding cells. Whether the process of vascularization creates or reveals a pattern, studies to date are largely descriptive, and little is understood of the underlying mechanisms. These mechanisms must be highly regulated, as evidenced by the successful use of species-specific leaf vascular pattern as a taxonomic characteristic (e.g., Klucking, 1992) and by the predictable effect of certain mutations. In this review, we summarize the vascular patterns and their ontogenies in dicots and monocots, referring extensively but not exclusively to Arabidopsis and maize as examples. We also discuss a variety of models that seek to explain vascular pattern formation, and we provide a summary of molecular and genetic investigations of the process.
Cocaine Dependence (1989)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
[Tracheal instillation of arachidonic acid as an asthma model in guinea pigs--preliminary results of the effect of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism]. (1988)

An in-vivo asthma model in guinea pig by tracheal instillation of sodium-arachidonate in artificially ventilated animals was introduced. The introduced model seems to be sufficient for testing inhibitors of arachidonate metabolism for antiasthmatic activity.
Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light (2013)

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed polymer optical fiber is composed of 80,000 strands of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) that are randomly mixed and drawn into a square cross section optical fiber with a side width of 250 μm. Initially, each strand is 200 μm in diameter and 8-inches long. During the mixing process of the original fiber strands, the fibers cross over each other; however, a large draw ratio guarantees that the refractive index profile is invariant along the length of the fiber for several tens of centimeters. The large refractive index difference of 0.1 between the disordered sites results in a small localized beam radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers. The input light is launched from a standard single mode optical fiber using the butt-coupling method and the near-field output beam from the disordered fiber is imaged using a 40X objective and a CCD camera. The output beam diameter agrees well with the expected results from the numerical simulations. The disordered optical fiber presented in this work is the first device-level implementation of 2D Anderson localization, and can potentially be used for image transport and short-haul optical communication systems.
Activation of Nuclear Receptor Nur77 by 6-Mercaptopurine Protects Against Neointima Formation (2007)

Enhancement of the activity of Nur77 by 6-MP protects against excessive SMC proliferation and SMC-rich neointima formation. We propose that activation of the nuclear receptor Nur77 is a rational approach to treating in-stent restenosis.
The cause of striae distensae. (1979)

Striae are always initiated by stretch whether the stretch is excessive or minimal: spontaneous striae do not occur. Cross-linkage of collagen appears to be more important than amount of collagen in permitting striae in response to stretch. An increase in cross linkage as in age increases the resistance to stretch deformation, but this rigidity leads ultimately to tearing of the skin and not striae. At the other extreme, the absence of crosslinkage leads to "elasticity" and excessive stretching with eventual rupture of the skin if the stretch goes beyond the elastic limit, but again, no striae. Striae appear to occur therefore only in skin in which the rigid cross-linked collagen and "elastic" unlinked collagen thus permitting a limited degree of stretch and a limited intradermal rupture, i.e. striae. (Although rigidity and elasticity are presented here in terms of collagen cross-linkage it seems probable that changes in interfibrillary materials such as glycosaminoglycans will prove important in this respect). This balance of stretch and limited tear is a continuous process and is an adaptation to the needs of growth in adolescence and change in body mass in early adult life and there are many many subclinical "striae" for each gross tear which is recognised clinically. An important factor likewise appears to be rate of stretch since if it is very slow, striae are less likely; there is "give" and new collagen formation. Although this working hypothesis is consonant with the facts only further work will show whether this smooth consonance is that of the fable or the weathered rock of fact.
The peptide pyroGlu-Gln-Gly-Ser-Asn, isolated from mouse liver, inhibits growth of rat hepatoma cells <i>in vitro</i> (1991)

The peptide pyroGlu-Gln-Gly-Ser-Asn, recently isolated from mouse liver, inhibited DNA synthesis and proliferation in vitro of MH1C1 cells, a rat clonal strain derived from a Morris transplantable hepatoma. Both the biological peptide isolated from mouse liver and the synthetic homolog showed bell-shaped dose-response curves. Maximal inhibition (approximately 50%) was observed at two separate dose ranges: one at 10(-7)-10(-10) M, and one at 10(-14)-10(-15) M.
Inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor in apple juice extract (2005)

The polyphenol-rich extract of a consumer-relevant apple juice blend was found to potently inhibit the growth of the human colon cancer cell line HT29 in vitro. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its subsequent signaling cascade play an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation in HT29 cells. The protein tyrosine kinase activity of an EGFR preparation was effectively inhibited by the polyphenol-rich apple juice extract. Treatment of intact cells with this extract resulted in the suppression of the subsequent mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Amongst the so far identified apple juice constituents, the proanthocyanidins B1 and B2 as well as quercetin-3-glc (isoquercitrin) and quercetin-3-gal (hyperoside) were found to possess substantial EGFR-inhibitory properties. However, as to be expected from the final concentration of these potential EGFR inhibitors in the original polyphenol-rich extract, a synthetic mixture of the apple juice constituents identified and available so far, including both proanthocyanidins and the quercetin glycosides, showed only marginal inhibitory effects on the EGFR. These results permit the assumption that yet unknown constituents contribute substantially to the potent EGFR-inhibitory properties of polyphenol-rich apple juice extract. In summary, the polyphenol composition of apple juice possesses promising growth-inhibitory properties, affecting proliferation-associated signaling cascades in colon tumor cells.
<sup>18</sup>F Labeling of Arenes (2012)

Molecular imaging has witnessed an upsurge in growth, with positron emission tomography leading the way. This trend has encouraged numerous synthetic chemists to enter the field of (18) F-radiochemistry and provide generic solutions to address the well-recognized challenges of late-stage fluorination. This Minireview focuses on recent developments in the (18)F-labeling of aromatic substrates.
Redox-active electrolyte for supercapacitor application (2014)

This paper reports the electrochemical behaviour of supercapacitor carbon electrodes operating in different aqueous solutions modified by various redox-active species (hydroxybenzenes, bromine derivatives and iodide). Three dihydroxybenzenes with varying stereochemistry, i.e., -OH substitution, have been considered as electrolyte additives (0.38 mol L(-1)) in acidic, alkaline and neutral solutions. High capacitance values have been obtained, especially for the acidic and alkaline solutions containing 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (hydroquinone). Bromine derivatives of dihydroxybenzenes were also considered as the additive in alkaline solution for use as a supercapacitor electrolyte, and a significant increase in capacitance value was observed. The redox couple investigated next was an iodide/iodine system, where 2 mol L(-1) NaI aqueous electrolyte was utilized. In this case, the most promising faradaic contribution during capacitor operation was achieved. In particular, stable capacitance values from 300-400 F g(-1) have been confirmed by long-term galvanostatic cycling (over 100 000 cycles), cycling voltammetry and floating. The mechanism of pseudocapacitance phenomena was discussed and supported by electrochemical and physicochemical measurements, e.g., in situ Raman spectroscopy.
The performance implications of thread management alternatives for shared-memory multiprocessors (1989)

Threads (“lightweight” processes) have become a common element of new languages and operating systems. This paper examines the performance implications of several data structure and algorithm alternatives for thread management in shared-memory multiprocessors. Both experimental measurements and analytical model projections are presented.