gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modern Legislation, Metropolitan Court, Miniscule Results: A Study of Detroit's Landlord-Tenant Court (1973)

This article is a description of a study of cases filed and tried in the Detroit, Michigan, Common Pleas Court, Landlord-Tenant Division, during 1970 and 1971. The court is in a large urban center and handles a high volume of cases, in most of which one or both parties appear without an attorney. The impetus for the study was Michigan legislation passed in 1968, which gave tenants additional defenses to summary eviction procedures. The main goal of the study was to observe the effects of the legislation on tenants who were subject to summary proceedings in Detroit. The purpose of the study was not just an analysis of landlord-tenant law or practices per se, but also the more general inquiry into the administration of justice and practical effects of reform legislation.
The Electrochemistry of Copper in a Room Temperature Acidic Chloroaluminate Melt (1979)

The electrochemical behavior of copper was investigated in the acidic, room temperature molten salt aluminum chloride‐N‐methylpyridinium chloride [67‐33 mole percent (m/o)] and compared to results previously obtained in inorganic chloroaluminate melts. Techniques used were stationary and rotating disk electrode voltammetry, chronoamperometry, controlled potential coulometry, and potentiometry. Copper (II), introduced into the melt as , underwent two one‐electron reduction steps. The first reduction step, , was reversible at both glassy carbon and tungsten electrodes. The second reduction step, , was controlled by rate of nucleation in the initial phase of deposit formation at these electrodes. The equilibrium constant for the reaction was appreciably larger than that observed for this reaction in acidic, inorganic chloroaluminate melts. Standard potentials for the Cu(II)/Cu(I) and Cu(I)/Cu couples were determined.
Determination of Chlorine Dioxide and Other Active Chlorine Compounds in Water (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of Chlorine Dioxide and Other Active Chlorine Compounds in WaterJ. F. Haller and S. S. ListekCite this: Anal. Chem. 1948, 20, 7, 639–642Publication Date (Print):July 14, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 14 July 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60019a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60019a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views410Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Molecular Targets for 17α-Ethynyl-5-Androstene-3β,7β,17β-Triol, an Anti-Inflammatory Agent Derived from the Human Metabolome (2012)

HE3286, 17α-ethynyl-5-androstene-3β, 7β, 17β-triol, is a novel synthetic compound related to the endogenous sterol 5-androstene-3β, 7β, 17β-triol (β-AET), a metabolite of the abundant adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). HE3286 has shown efficacy in clinical studies in impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, and in vivo models of types 1 and 2 diabetes, autoimmunity, and inflammation. Proteomic analysis of solid-phase HE3286-bound bead affinity experiments, using extracts from RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells, identified 26 binding partners. Network analysis revealed associations of these HE3286 target proteins with nodes in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for type 2 diabetes, insulin, adipokine, and adipocyte signaling. Binding partners included low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (Lrp1), an endocytic receptor; mitogen activated protein kinases 1 and 3 (Mapk1, Mapk3), protein kinases involved in inflammation signaling pathways; ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-3 (Rsp6ka3), an intracellular regulatory protein; sirtuin-2 (Sirt2); and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (Hsd17β4), a sterol metabolizing enzyme.
Disorders of mitochondrial long‐chain fatty acid oxidation (1995)

The oxidation of long-chain fatty acids requires a series of enzymes which are located in or on the mitochondrial membranes. These include carnitine palmitoyltransferases I and II, a carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase and, newly discovered, very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and the mitochondrial trifunctional protein. These last two chain-shorten acyl-CoA esters to the point where they can be transferred to the more soluble medium- and short-chain-specific enzymes within the mitochondrial matrix. The disorders of long-chain fatty acid oxidation show a rather similar range of clinical and biochemical features, though with different emphasis in the different conditions. Patients with severe defects usually present early with acute attacks of hypoketotic hypoglycaemia and impaired liver function, or with cardiomyopathy or cardiac arrhythmia. In milder variants, skeletal myopathy with intermittent myoglobinuria develops later in life. 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is unusual in producing peripheral neuropathy and retinitis pigmentosa. Treatment is based on the avoidance of fasting and replacement of normal dietary fat by medium-chain triglyceride, the medium-chain fatty acids entering the mitochondria in a carnitine-independent manner and bypassing the long-chain part of the spiral. Diagnosis must ultimately be based on direct assay of the enzyme involved, but preliminary indicators may come from determination of carnitine and intermediate metabolites in plasma, urinary organic acid profiling, and radioisotopic screening assays with lymphocytes or cultured fibroblasts.
A Multipurpose Micro-pulse Reactor for Studying Gas-phase Reactions (2007)

The article is focused on the aspects of using micro-catalytic pulse reactors for studying gas-phase reactions. A literature review includes data regarding different types of micro-catalytic pulse reactor applications in heterogeneous catalysis and the techniques used for estimating kinetic parameters are summarized. The experimental part describes the adaptation of a pyrolysis chromatograph to a micro-catalytic reactor. The mathematical model of a homogeneous pulse carried by the carrier-gas in the plug-flow regime is developed and the assumptions regarding its validity are tested on a model reaction. Three examples describing the application of the technique to non-catalyzed reaction system screening, catalyst screening, and kinetic data measurement followed by estimation of the kinetic quantities of the model reaction by non-linear regression are provided in the article.
Reduction of Oxygen Consumption, Insensible Water Loss, and Radiant Heat Demand with Use of a Plastic Blanket for Low-Birth-Weight Infants Under Radiant Warmers (1984)

Eight very low-birth-weight premature infants (mean birth weight 1.11 +/- 0.05 [SEM]kg, mean gestation 30 +/- 1 weeks, and mean age 9 +/- 2 days) were studied under servocontrolled radiant warmers with and without a loosely fitted, transparent, and flexible Saran plastic blanket. Metabolic rate was significantly less in all infants when covered by the blanket (oxygen consumption was 7.99 +/- 1.13 mL/kg/min v 9.00 +/- 1.10 mL/kg/min uncovered, P less than .001). There were also significant reductions in insensible water loss (1.86 +/- 0.18 v 1.25 +/- 0.20 mL/kg/h, P less than .01) and in heat demand from the radiant warmer (14.3 +/- 1.3 v 9.9 +/- 1.4 mW/cm2, P less than .001) when infants were nursed under the blanket compared with the control condition, respectively. Covering the critically ill, very low-birth-weight infant nursed under a radiant heater with a thin, transparent layer of Saran is beneficial in reducing oxygen consumption, insensible water loss, and the need for exposure to high levels of radiant heat. Further investigation to confirm the benefits and possible complications of plastic blankets should be conducted before routine use can be recommended.
Personalized information structures II (1995)

This paper describes ongoing research into the use of a domain-retargetable reverse engineering environment to aid the structural understanding of large information spaces. In particular, it presents follow-on work on the use of the environment in the documentation and hypertext domain. This programmable environment has been integrated with a popular World Wide Web browser to support hyperstructure hotlists: an approach to managing link complexity, organizing conceptual themes, and aiding Internet navigation through the use of multiple virtual webs.
Extensive astrocyte infection is prominent in human immunodeficiency virus–associated dementia (2009)

Astrocyte infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is considered rare, so astrocytes are thought to play a secondary role in HIV neuropathogenesis. By combining double immunohistochemistry, laser capture microdissection, and highly sensitive multiplexed polymerase chain reaction to detect HIV DNA in single astrocytes in vivo, we showed that astrocyte infection is extensive in subjects with HIV-associated dementia, occurring in up to 19% of GFAP+ cells. In addition, astrocyte infection frequency correlated with the severity of neuropathological changes and proximity to perivascular macrophages. Our data indicate that astrocytes can be extensively infected with HIV, and suggest an important role for HIV-infected astrocytes in HIV neuropathogenesis.
A Comparison of Methods Using Lithium/Amine and Birch Reduction Systems (1972)

Treatment of unsaturated organic compounds with sodium and alcohols in ammonia (the Birch reduction) or with lithium in low molecular weight amines (the Benkeser reduction) generally affords partially or fully reduced products, respectively, though reductive cleavages sometimes also occur. This review discusses the similarities and differences between the Birch and Benkeser methods as illustrated by their application to aromatics, heteroaromatics, alkynes, alkenes, ethers, alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, ketones, heterocycles, and other compounds. In general, the Benkeser reduction is more powerful but less selective than the Birch reduction; however, the selectivity of the former method is increased by a judicious choice of solvents. 1. Reduction of Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2. Reduction of Alkynes 3. Reduction of Alkenes 4. Reduction of Unsaturated Ethers 5. Reduction of Acetals, Ketals and Related Compounds 6. Reduction of Unsaturated Alcohols 7. Reduction of Unsaturated Amines 8. Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds 9. Reduction of Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives 10. Reduction of Ketones and their Derivatives 11. Reduction of Epoxides 12. Reduction of Five- and Six-Membered Heterocycles 13. Reduction of Miscellaneous Sulfur Compounds
A Collaboration in Implementing Team Risk Management. (1996)

Abstract : This report presents results of a collaborative development effort to transition the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) team risk management process into practice. The collaboration involved a DoD program office (customer), a commercial contractor (supplier), and the SEI in an effort that included development, test, and refinement of the team risk management approach. The focus of the report is on the results of the collaboration between the contractor organization and the SEI.
Impedance Sensing of DNA Binding Drugs Using Gold Substrates Modified with Gold Nanoparticles (2004)

Interfacial interactions between immobilized DNA probes and DNA-specific sequence binding drugs were investigated using impedance spectroscopy toward the development of a novel biosensing scheme. The impedance measurements are based on the charge-transfer kinetics of the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox couple. Compared to bare gold surfaces, the immobilization of DNA and then the DNA-drug interaction on electrode surfaces altered the capacitance and the interfacial electron resistance and thus diminished the charge-transfer kinetics by reducing the active area of the electrode or by preventing the redox species from approaching the electrode. Electrochemical deposition of gold nanoparticles on a gold electrode surface showed significant improvement in sensitivity. DNA-capped gold nanoparticles on electrodes act as selective sensing interfaces with tunable sensitivity due to higher amounts of DNA probes and the concentric orientation of the DNA self-assembled monolayer. The specificity of the interactions of two classical minor groove binders, mythramycin, a G-C specific-DNA binding anticancer drug, netropsin, an A-T specific-DNA binding drug and an intercalator, nogalamycin on AT-rich DNA-modified substrate and GC-rich DNA-modified substrate are compared. Using gold nanoparticle-deposited substrates, impedance spectroscopy resulted in a 20-40-fold increase in the detection limit. Arrays of deposited gold nanoparticles on gold electrodes offered a convenient tool to subtly control probe immobilization to ensure suitably adsorbed DNA orientation and accessibility of other binding molecules.
A Novel Approach for Clarifying the Reaction Mechanism of Retaining Glycoside Hydrolases (1996)

Excellent inhibitors of retaining α- and β-glucosidases, the recently synthesized 5-fluoroglucopyranosyl fluorides form stable enzyme–inhibitor complexes (shown schematically on the right), which were characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry. The results obtained in studies with these fluoro sugars provide fuel for the long-standing discussion on the mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed glycoside hydrolysis.
New Depsides From <i>Erioderma</i> Lichens (1987)

A chemosyndrome of para- depsides based on methyl 4-O-demethylbarbatate (3) has been detected in Erioderma lichens and the structures of the metabolites have been established by unambiguous syntheses. New depsides include methyl 5-chloro-4-O-demethylbarbatate (4), methyl eriodermate (5), methyl 2'-0-methyleriodermate (6), methyl 2-O-methyleriodermate (7), methyl 4-O-methyleriodermate (8) and methyl 2,2'-di-O-methyleriodermate (9).
Cobalt-catalyzed epoxidation of olefins. Dual pathways for oxygen-atom transfer (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCobalt-catalyzed epoxidation of olefins. Dual pathways for oxygen-atom transferJ. D. Koola and Jay K. KochiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 20, 4545–4553Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00229a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00229a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1177Altmetric-Citations131LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A new strategy to prepare glutathione responsive silica nanoparticles (2013)

We have synthesized novel glutathione (GSH) responsive silica nanoparticles by introducing disulfide bonds into silica nanoparticles, which are highly uniform in size and show excellent blood compatibility. The subsequent degradation process under physiological conditions shows their promising potential for medical treatment and diagnosis.
Studies of the Responses of the Female <i>Aëdes</i> Mosquito. Part IV. Field Experiments on Canadian Species (1951)

1. The responses of adult mosquitos, consisting of several Canadian species of Aëdes , were investigated under field conditions by employing heated and clothed robots. 2. Moisture increased the attractiveness of a warm body two to four times when the air temperature exceeded 60°F. ; at cooler temperatures, surface moisture decreased the attractiveness. 3. Warmth increased the attractiveness of a body, so that a robot at 98°F. attracted three times as many mosquitos as one at 50–65°F. 4. It may therefore be concluded that moisture is the major attractant factor when the air temperature exceeds 60°F., and warmth when the temperature is less than 60°F. 5. Carbon dioxide vapour emitted from an artificial head almost doubles the attractiveness of a warm body. 6. The vapours of ether and gasoline were significantly attractive. A sweat-soaked jerkin was more attractive than a water-soaked one. 7. Light colours were less attractive than dark ones, and luminescent dyes decreased the attractiveness of cloths. Green is less attractive than red or blue. 8. Glossy satins were less attractive than matt broadcloths. Greenish-khaki nylon cloth was much less attractive than khaki drill or cotton. 9. There was no evidence of interspecific differences in the responses of the mosquitos investigated.
An Approach for 2D Visual Occupancy Grid Map Using Monocular Vision (2011)

This paper presents an approach that uses planar information (homography matrix) to build a visual 2D occupancy grid map from monocular vision. Initially, a segmentation step is necessary to classify parts of the image in floor or non floor. From this classification is possible to determine which parts of the image are free and which parts of the image are obstacles. Practical results are presented to validate the proposal.
Characterization of a sub-assembly of 3D position sensitive cadmium zinc telluride detectors and electronics from a sub-millimeter resolution PET system (2016)

Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) offers key advantages for small animal positron emission tomography (PET), including high spatial and energy resolution and simple metal deposition for fabrication of very small pixel arrays. Previous studies have investigated the intrinsic spatial, energy, and timing resolution of an individual sub-millimeter resolution CZT detector. In this work we present the first characterization results of a system of these detectors. The 3D position sensitive dual-CZT detector module and readout electronics developed in our lab was scaled up to complete a significant portion of the final PET system. This sub-system was configured as two opposing detection panels containing a total of twelve [Formula: see text] mm monolithic CZT crystals for proof of concept. System-level characterization studies, including optimizing the trigger threshold of each channel's comparators, were performed. <sup>68</sup>Ge and <sup>137</sup>Cs radioactive isotopes were used to characterize the energy resolution of all 468 anode channels in the sub-system. The mean measured global 511 keV photopeak energy resolution over all anodes was found to be [Formula: see text]% FWHM after correction for photon interaction depth-dependent signal variation. The measured global time resolution was 37 ns FWHM, a parameter to be further optimized, and the intrinsic spatial resolution was 0.76 mm FWHM.
Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody HTA125 with Specificity for Human TLR4 (2003)

Binding of monoclonal antibody HTA125 to human toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was characterized by flow cytometry using MonoMac6 human monocytic cells. Data were obtained using direct binding to cell surface TLR4 by labeled HTA125, as well as inhibition of direct binding using purified reagents, and by two-step binding. HTA125 bound weakly to human TLR4, and could be inhibited by mouse Ig, mouse IgG Fc, and mouse IgG2a. In addition, purified human IgG Fc and purified human immunoglobulin of isotypes IgG1 and IgG4 could block binding of HTA125 to MonoMac6 cells. Furthermore, a mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody possessing specificity for human CD64, which is a high affinity IgG Fc receptor, partially inhibited binding of HTA125 to MonoMac6 cells. Finally, co-stimulation via TLR4 and Fc receptor, resulted in cytokine production by MonoMac6 cells different than that induced via TLR4 alone. Therefore, the utility of HTA125 remains as a weak detector of human TLR4, and as an agent to block TLR4 ligands with an understanding that Fc receptor may be engaged also.
Single Quantum-Well Transistor Lasers Operating Error-Free at 22 Gb/s (2015)

Data are presented showing error-free transmission by a 200-μm-long transistor laser at 15 °C. The device has a threshold current of 30 mA and exhibits a modulation bandwidth of f-3dB = 10.4 GHz at I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> = 85 mA and V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CE</sub> = 1.5 V. At this bias point, the device is able to transmit 27-1 Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) data with no errors at 22 Gb/s. The effect of transistor laser input impedance on optical modulation amplitude is discussed and short cavity (200 μm) devices are shown to exhibit a better match to the 50 Ω impedance of the signal generator.
Gradient metasurfaces: a review of fundamentals and applications (2017)

In the wake of intense research on metamaterials the two-dimensional analogue, known as metasurfaces, has attracted progressively increasing attention in recent years due to the ease of fabrication and smaller insertion losses, while enabling an unprecedented control over spatial distributions of transmitted and reflected optical fields. Metasurfaces represent optically thin planar arrays of resonant subwavelength elements that can be arranged in a strictly or quasi periodic fashion, or even in an aperiodic manner, depending on targeted optical wavefronts to be molded with their help. This paper reviews a broad subclass of metasurfaces, viz. gradient metasurfaces, which are devised to exhibit spatially varying optical responses resulting in spatially varying amplitudes, phases and polarizations of scattered fields. Starting with introducing the concept of gradient metasurfaces, we present classification of different metasurfaces from the viewpoint of their responses, differentiating electrical-dipole, geometric, reflective and Huygens' metasurfaces. The fundamental building blocks essential for the realization of metasurfaces are then discussed in order to elucidate the underlying physics of various physical realizations of both plasmonic and purely dielectric metasurfaces. We then overview the main applications of gradient metasurfaces, including waveplates, flat lenses, spiral phase plates, broadband absorbers, color printing, holograms, polarimeters and surface wave couplers. The review is terminated with a short section on recently developed nonlinear metasurfaces, followed by the outlook presenting our view on possible future developments and perspectives for future applications.