gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by Carrageenan-Activated Macrophage-Like Cells (1978)

Abstract In the presence of 100 µg/ml of carrageenans (CAR), B6D2F1 responder spleen cells failed to generate anti-parent or anti-allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro, but instead generated suppressor cells. Cultured CAR-treated cells added to mixtures of B6D2F1 anti-B6 or B6D2F1 anti-C3H cytotoxic effectors (induced in vitro) and the appropriate 51Cr-labeled lymphoma targets reduced or abolished cytolysis (measured as 51Cr release) depending on the ratio of suppressor to effector cells. Cultured spleen cells not exposed to CAR failed to inhibit both types of cytotoxicity. Presuppressor cells were associated with a splenic subpopulation independent of the thymus (i.e., present in spleens of athymic nude mice), were moderately adherent to Sephadex G-10 columns, but were not phagocytic or “sticky” to carbonyl iron particles. Activation of such cells by CAR was not prevented by in vitro exposure to 2000 rads of γ-rays before culture, nor facilitated by antigenic stimulation. The matured suppressor cells remained radioresistant and became strongly adherent to Sephadex G-10. The suppressors lacked surface Thy-1 alloantigen detectable by antibody and rabbit complement. Suppressor cell activity was not restricted by the immunologic specificity and major histocompatibility type of effectors. It would thus appear that CAR induced the transition from the presuppressor to the suppressor state of a macrophage-like splenic subpopulation via maturation, differentiation, or cell injury. Cells of this type, capable of inhibiting the effector arm of cell-mediated responses, may well contribute to the regulation of natural and induced cytotoxic cell interactions.
A critique of the SQL database language (1984)

The ANS Database Committee (X3H2) is currently at work on a proposed standard relational database language (RDL), and has adopted as a basis for that activity a definition of the "structured query language" SQL from IBM [10]. Moreover, numerous hardware and software vendors (in addition to IBM) have already released or at least announced products that are based to a greater or lesser extent on the SQL language as defined by IBM. There can thus be little doubt that the importance of that language will increase significantly over the next few years. Yet the SQL language is very far from perfect. The purpose of this paper is to present a critical analysis of the language's major shortcomings, in the hope that it may be possible to remedy some of the deficiencies before their influence becomes too all-pervasive. The paper's standpoint is primarily that of formal computer languages in general, rather than that of database languages specifically.
Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols at Room Temperature and Atmospheric Conditions Catalyzed by Reusable Gold Nanoclusters Stabilized by the Benzene Rings of Polystyrene Derivatives (2007)

Lock up your gold: Polymer-incarcerated gold nanoclusters (PI Au) were synthesized by microencapsulation of gold nanoclusters and cross-linking using a copolymer based on polystyrene (see TEM image). The nanoclusters could be used to catalyze the aerobic oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones under atmospheric conditions at room temperature, and additionally could be reused with little loss of activity.
Blocking Performance in Dynamic Optical Networks based on Colorless, Non-directional ROADMs (2011)

We show that blocking in dynamic networks of colorless, non-directional ROADMs is tolerant to intra-node contention when contention-aware routing/wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithms are used. An optional client-side cross-connect enables low blocking with simpler RWA variants.
Gene Editing Targeting the DUX4 Polyadenylation Signal: A Therapy for FSHD? (2020)

Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD, OMIM: 158900, 158901) is the most common dystrophy in adults and so far, there is no treatment. Different loci of the disease have been characterized and they all lead to the aberrant expression of the DUX4 protein, which impairs the function of the muscle, ultimately leading to cell death. Here, we used gene editing to try to permanently shut down DUX4 expression by targeting its poly(A) sequence. We used transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) and CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases in vitro on FSHD myoblasts. More than 150 TOPO clones were sequenced and only indels were observed in 4%. Importantly, in 2 of them, the DUX4 poly(A) signal was eliminated at the genomic level but DUX4 mRNA was still produced thanks to the use of a non-canonical upstream poly(A) signal sequence. These experiments show that targeting DUX4 PAS at the genomic level might not be an appropriate gene editing strategy for FSHD therapy.
Characterization of large area SPAD detectors operated in avalanche photodiode mode (2002)

Summary form only given. Single photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) have found varied applications. The dark count of a Geiger mode detector increases with area and limits the useful size of the detector. We have shown the characterization of silicon large area SPAD detectors operated below breakdown in avalanche mode. The multiplication gain and responsivity measured were excellent for 100 /spl mu/m and 500 /spl mu/m devices. While not suitable for operation in Geiger, single photon counting mode, the large area SPAD detectors exhibit excellent device performance below breakdown.
Region streams (2004)

Sensor networks present a number of novel programming challenges for application developers. Their inherent limitations of computational power, communication bandwidth, and energy demand new approaches to programming that shield the developer from low-level details of resource management, concurrency, and in-network processing. We argue that sensor networks should be programmed at the global level, allowing the compiler to automatically generate nodal behaviors from a high-level specification of the network's global behavior.This paper presents the design of a functional macroprogramming language for sensor networks, called Regiment. The essential data model in Regiment is based on region streams, which represent spatially distributed, time-varying collections of node state. A region stream might represent the set of sensor values across all nodes in an area or the aggregation of sensor values within that area. Regiment is a purely functional language, which gives the compiler considerable leeway in terms of realizing region stream operations across sensor nodes and exploiting redundancy within the network.We describe the initial design and implementation of Regiment, including a compiler that transforms a macroprogram into an efficient nodal program based on a token machine. We present a progresssion of simple programs that illustrate the power of Regiment to succinctly represent robust, adaptive sensor network applications.
Photocurrent Generation under a Large Dipole Moment Formed by Self-Assembled Monolayers of Helical Peptides Having an <i>N</i>-Ethylcarbazolyl Group (2000)

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of α-helical peptides carrying an N-ethylcarbazolyl (ECz) group were prepared. The helical peptide SAMs on a gold surface were characterized by quartz crystal microbalance measurements, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy, showing that a tridecapeptide SAM with the N-terminal binding to gold was packed more densely than that with the C-terminal binding. The helix tilt angles from the surface normal in these peptide SAMs were found to be about 40° on the basis of Fourier transform infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy. Photocurrent generation of these peptide SAMs in an aqueous solution was investigated by photoexcitation of ECz groups either in the presence of an electron donor or acceptor. In the presence of methyl viologen (electron acceptor), electron donation from a gold surface to an ECz group was observed upon photoexcitation. On the other hand, in the presence of triethanolamine or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (electron donor), the direction of photocurrent was reversed. In the case of the anodic photocurrent generation using triethanoamine, the electron donation from an ECz group to a gold surface was accelerated by the helix dipole moment directing toward a gold surface. Furthermore, the electronic coupling between an ECz group and a gold surface through the peptide molecule was found to occur more strongly than that through a saturated hydrocarbon. The helical peptides were therefore shown to be an excellent medium for electron transfer.
Design of protease inhibitors on the basis of substrate stereospecificity (1999)

The substrate stereospecificity in enzymic reactions, which is one of characteristics of enzymes along with the substrate and regiospecificity can provide a basis for the rational design of inhibitors. This has been demonstrated using alpha-chymotrypsin, a prototypic serine protease as a model enzyme. On the basis of the structure-activity relationships for substrates as well as inhibitors and mechanism of the enzymic reaction, a schematic three-dimensional model of the S1 subsite of alpha-chymotrypsin is constructed. It was envisioned from the three-dimensional active site model that 2-benzyl-3,4-epoxybutanoic acid methyl ester (1) having a (2S)-configuration would bind the enzyme with its oxirane ring being rested at the catalytic site, in which the oxirane ring is subject to a nucleophilic attack by the Ser-195 hydroxyl to form a ether linkage. Kinetic analysis of the enzymic reaction in the presence of the potential inhibitors showed that (2S,3R)-1 inactivates alpha-chymotrypsin, while (2S,3S)-1 inhibits the enzyme competitively. The lack of inactivating activity in the case of (2S,3S)-1 may be due to the unfavorable alignment of the C3-O bond with respect to the hydroxyl of Ser-195 for the SN2-type ring cleave reaction of the oxirane moiety. When the design protocol was applied to papain, a representative cysteine protease, (2S,3S)-1 inhibited the enzyme irreversibly, while (2S,3R)-1 inhibited reversibly. On the basis of the stereospecificity shown in the inactivation of the enzymes, it was inferred that in the case of alpha-chymotrypsin, the nucleophilic attack of the Ser-195 hydroxyl at the scissile carbonyl carbon of substrates occurs in a si fashion, while the thiolate of Cys-25 in papain attacks the substrate amide bond in a re fashion. The inhibitor design protocol may be applied to other proteases.
Development of a polystyrene sulfonate/silver nanocomposite with self-healing properties for biomaterial applications (2013)

A silver polystyrene sulfonate polyelectrolyte was synthesized, showing a spontaneous reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles over a period of approximately 1 month. A follow-up of the nanoparticle formation via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals migration of the nanoparticles towards the cracks of the polymer over time, leading to a self-healing process of the nanocomposite. Antibacterial tests show excellent antibacterial activity of our compound, which allows us to use this compound e.g. for external medical applications.
Preferred Explanations: Theory and Generation via Planning (2011)

In this paper we examine the general problem of generating preferred explanations for observed behavior with respect to a model of the behavior of a dynamical system. This problem arises in a diversity of applications including diagnosis of dynamical systems and activity recognition. We provide a logical characterization of the notion of an explanation. To generate explanations we identify and exploit a correspondence between explanation generation and planning. The determination of good explanations requires additional domain-specific knowledge which we represent as preferences over explanations. The nature of explanations requires us to formulate preferences in a somewhat retrodictive fashion by utilizing Past Linear Temporal Logic. We propose methods for exploiting these somewhat unique preferences effectively within state-of-the-art planners and illustrate the feasibility of generating (preferred) explanations via planning.
Artificial Intelligence (2018)

Originally published in 1986, in order to probe, dispute and analyse the role of artificial intelligence in cybernetic thought and information science, the author pursues this topic within its philosophical, behavioral and neurophysiological contexts, while drawing attention to cognitive issues. By elucidating the problems and potential associated with knowledge-based systems, the book emphasized the need to examine artificial intelligence in its own right.
The Indiana Network For Patient Care: A Working Local Health Information Infrastructure (2005)

The Indiana Network for Patient Care (INPC) is a local health information infrastructure (LHII) that includes information from the five major hospital systems (fifteen separate hospitals), the county and state public health departments, and Indiana Medicaid and RxHub and that carries 660 million separate results. It provides cross-institutional access to physicians in emergency rooms and hospitals based on patient-physician proximity or on hospital credentialing. The network includes and delivers laboratory, radiology, dictation, and other documents to a majority of Indianapolis office practices. The INPC began operation seven years ago and is one of the first and best examples of an LHII.
Pure anti-oestrogens (2000)

Pure anti-oestrogens are a group of at least five new compounds which are able to antagonize the effects of oestrogen in all tissues and species studied. The mechanism by which the pure anti-oestrogens produce their effects remains in question, but all of them are competitive antagonists of the oestrogen receptors and, moreover, have been proposed to block the shuttling of oestrogen receptors into the cell nucleus. When studied in vitro, these compounds are able to block the oestrogen-stimulated growth of breast cancer cells. In animals, their ability to block the effects of oestrogen on breast, uterus, bone, cardiovascular system and other reproductive-associated tissues has been demonstrated. ICI 182780 has been used in preliminary clinical trials in women with advanced, tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer with promising results. Clinical trials with EM-800 are under way to assess the safety and tolerance and to obtain information on its efficacy in patients who have already been treated with tamoxifen. It seems reasonable to assume that pure anti-oestrogens will be a good alternative to tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer and also in some non-malignant gynaecological diseases.
[Effect of mastoparan-1 on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute hepatic injury in mice]. (2009)

MP-1 can alleviate LPS-induced acute hepatic injury in mice, which may be associated with its neutralization of LPS and attenuation of synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators.
An improved method of analysis of uranium in sea water using chelating resin. (1981)

A more rapid and precise method than hitherto of determining uranium in sea water is described. The separation of uranium is done by adsorption on chelating resin in weak acid media with equilibrium batch method instead of chromatographic method as previously used. The determination of uranium is done by alpha-spectrometric method using 232U tracer and spectrophotometric method using uranyl-Arsenazo complex. The average recovery by this improved method is 100% and the standard deviation of the analytical result is below 2%.
Relativistic Electron Beam Generated Coherent Submillimeter Wavelength, Cerenkov Radiation (1976)

A cylindrical wave guide lined with thin dielectric layer can be used as a slow wave structure. As the dielectric filling factor becomes arbitrarily small and as the dielectric constant of the load material approaches unity the wavelength at which the phase velocity of the guide modes become less than the speed of light becomes arbitrarily short. The azimuthally symmetric TM modes of this structure will couple to an axially propagating electron stream and the resulting linearized dispersion relation has roots which correspond to exponentially growing waves. Relativistic electron beams will permit operation at millimeter wavelengths without resorting to high loss dielectric loads. The intensity of the available beams is such that high power operation can be expected. Intense relativistic electron beams propagating in structures of the type described above have already been used to make coherent sources at wavelengths in the 5mm range [1,2].
Uncooled Thermal Camera Calibration and Optimization of the Photogrammetry Process for UAV Applications in Agriculture (2017)

The acquisition, processing, and interpretation of thermal images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is becoming a useful source of information for agronomic applications because of the higher temporal and spatial resolution of these products compared with those obtained from satellites. However, due to the low load capacity of the UAV they need to mount light, uncooled thermal cameras, where the microbolometer is not stabilized to a constant temperature. This makes the camera precision low for many applications. Additionally, the low contrast of the thermal images makes the photogrammetry process inaccurate, which result in large errors in the generation of orthoimages. In this research, we propose the use of new calibration algorithms, based on neural networks, which consider the sensor temperature and the digital response of the microbolometer as input data. In addition, we evaluate the use of the Wallis filter for improving the quality of the photogrammetry process using structure from motion software. With the proposed calibration algorithm, the measurement accuracy increased from 3.55 °C with the original camera configuration to 1.37 °C. The implementation of the Wallis filter increases the number of tie-point from 58,000 to 110,000 and decreases the total positing error from 7.1 m to 1.3 m.
Analysis of three-dimensional movement using Fourier descriptors (1980)

Recent improvements in Fourier descriptor (FD) shape analysis enable rapid identification of three-dimensional objects using FD feature vectors derived from their boundaries. In three-dimensional shape analysis, it is essential to preserve all information to achieve good performance. In the real-time situation it is, of course, equally important to use a computationally efficient method. The method of three-dimensional shape analysis using normalized Fourier descriptors is information preserving, yet is as fast as previous suboptimum methods. In addition, the feature vector has a linear property, allowing to interpolate between library projections and effectively define a continuum of library projections rather than a finite set. This method is applied to the analysis of sequential data varying in resolution and orientation relative to the camera. Computational considerations are discussed, and it is seen that real-time implementation of the method is feasible.
Sleep Disturbances Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Impact of Psychiatric Comorbidity and Pharmacotherapy (2000)

Although subjective sleep difficulties are common in ADHD youths, they are frequently accounted for by comorbidity and pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, the lack of an association between a positive family history of ADHD and sleep difficulties suggests that ADHD is not a misdiagnosis of the consequences of disruption of normal sleep.
Apochromatic singlets enabled by metasurface-augmented GRIN lenses (2018)

Chromatic aberrations are a primary limiting factor in thin, high-quality imaging systems. Recent advances in nanoscale manufacturing, however, have enabled the creation of metasurfaces: ultra-thin optical components with sub-wavelength features that can locally manipulate the wavefront phase. Meanwhile, there has been renewed interest in GRadient-INdex (GRIN) lenses due to the extended degrees of design freedom they offer. When combined, these two technologies can provide unparalleled imaging system performance while realizing drastic reductions in size, weight, and power. Through paraxial theory and full ray tracing we produce a lens singlet that can achieve three-color (apochromatic) correction by employing a metasurface-augmented GRIN. This apochromatic singlet has the potential for application in high-quality optical systems.
n-Butyraldoxime Complexes of Copper (II), Nickel (II), Cobalt (II), and Manganese (II). (1964)

n-Butyraldoxime complexes of copper (II), nickel (II), cobalt (II), and manganese (II) were prepared by a direct reaction between the metal halides and the oxime. From their chemical and physical properties, a octahedral structure is deduced. Further, the infrared absorption specta suggest for the complexes that the oxime is co-ordinated through its oxygen atom in the simple cyclic structure of the oxime to the metal.
Activation of α7 acetylcholine receptors augments stimulation‐induced hippocampal theta oscillation (2006)

In the septohippocampal formation alpha7 nicotinic receptors (alpha7 nAChRs) are predominantly expressed by neurons well positioned to modulate hippocampal theta oscillation, such as GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus, and by both GABAergic and cholinergic septal neurons. In the present experiments, we evaluated the efficacy of the recently developed selective alpha7 nAChR agonist PNU-282987 on hippocampal theta oscillation in anaesthetized rats. This compound shows high affinity for the rat alpha7 nAChRs (Ki = 26 nM) but a negligible activity at other nAChRs. Systemic administration of PNU-282987 significantly enhanced the power (by 40%) of hippocampal theta oscillation induced by electrical stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation. In contrast, the amnesic and muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine significantly decreased the power (by 68%) of the stimulation-induced theta oscillation. Given the connection between hippocampal theta oscillation and cognitive processes, it is proposed that precognitive actions of alpha7 nAChR agonists could be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of hippocampal oscillatory activity.
An Analysis of Variance for Paired Comparisons (1952)

Abstract In a paired comparison test of m brands of a product each of the ½m(m – 1) pairs is presented to 2r judges: to r in one order, and to r in the other. An analysis of variance is developed for the case in which the judges’ preferences are expressed on a 7 or 9-point scale. Account is taken of the effects of order of presentation. Main effects are defined for the brands. The hypothesis of subtractivity, analogous to the hypothesis of additivity in a two-way layout, states roughly that the results for any pair, after order effects are eliminated, can be attributed entirely to the difference of the main effects of the two brands in the pair. Significance tests for the main effects, for the order effects, and for the hypothesis of subtractivity are given, as well as estimates of various parameters and their standard errors. The main effects are analyzed by considering all possible comparisons. A numerical example illustrates the method.
A medical research council randomized trial in patients with primary cerebral non-Hodgkin lymphoma: cerebral radiotherapy with and without cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy. (2000)

CHOP has no clear role in the postradiotherapy treatment of patients with PCL. Chemotherapy is poorly tolerated and largely palliative in older, less fit patients. In younger patients, initial chemotherapy designed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier warrants further investigation.