gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Crossflow Membrane Filter Geometry and Shear Rate on Colloidal Fouling in Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Separations (2002)

A laboratory-scale crossflow membrane filtration apparatus was designed to investigate the relative influence of filter geometry and shear rate on colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. An expression that allows clarification of the mechanisms of flux decline due to colloidal fouling in RO and NF separations was derived by combining the solution-diffusion model, film-theory, and a modified cake filtration model. With this new fouling model, the interplay between the salt concentration polarization layer and a growing colloid deposit layer may be quantified. The hydraulic pressure drop across a colloid deposit layer was shown to be negligible compared to cake-enhanced osmotic pressure. The difference in flux decline observed in filters with different channel heights resulted from different cake layer thickness, and thus, different cake-enhanced osmotic pressure. A moderate reduction in the initial concentration polarization and cake-enhanced osmotic pressure was obtained by operating at a higher shear rate within a given filter. However, thicker cakes were produced in the filter with greater channel height regardless of crossflow hydrodynamics, which resulted in greater loss of flux. In all modes of operation for either channel height, salt rejection decreased in proportion to the extent of flux decline. By decreasing channel height, both flux and salt rejection were enhanced by reducing all fouling mechanisms - salt concentration polarization, cake layer resistance, and the cake-enhanced osmotic pressure.
A fast license plate extraction method on complex background (2004)

This paper presents a fast license plate localization algorithm for monitoring the highway ticketing systems. The proposed approach can be divided into four sections, that is, vertical edge detection, edge density map generation, binarization and dilation, and license plate location. The algorithm can quickly and correctly detect the region of vehicle license plates. Under the experiment databases, which were taken from real scene, 459 from 478 images are successfully detected. The average accuracy of locating vehicle license plate is 96.00%. The average processing time of one color image is about 100 ms.
Synthesis and in vitro investigation of cationic 5,15-diphenyl porphyrin-monoclonal antibody conjugates as targeted photodynamic sensitisers (2006)

The synthesis of three cationic 5,15-diphenyl porphyrins, bearing an isothiocyanate group for conjugation to proteins is described. The potential of these compounds as targeted photosensitisers for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is demonstrated by their efficient conjugation to monoclonal antibodies and the ability of the bioconjugates to bind and photodynamically inactivate cancer cells that express the corresponding antigen.
Total Serum Sialic Acid is a General Disease Marker Rather than a Specific Tumour Marker in Dogs (1998)

Summary The aim of the present study was to examine the levels of total sialic acid (TSA) in serum of clinically healthy dogs and dogs with various diseases to evaluate the usefulness of TSA as a tumour marker. TSA levels in clinically healthy dogs were not different between sexes, but pregnant and lactating dogs had higher mean (± standard deviation (SD)) TSA levels than clinically healthy female dogs (642 ± 78 vs. 495 ± 73 mg/l, P < 0.001). Eighty‐eight dogs with different tumours (54 malignant and 34 benign tumours of different tissues) had higher mean TSA levels than 148 clinically healthy dogs (675 ± 143 vs. 498 ± 75mg/L P < 0.01). Fifty dogs with other diseases excluding tumours (skin, urinary system, and gastrointestinal diseases, pyometra, other inflammatory diseases, and Cushing's syndrome) had slightly higher TSA levels than the tumour‐bearing dogs (730 ± 159 mg/l, P = 0.02). TSA levels in dogs with malignant tumours did not differ from dogs with benign tumours (682 ± 144 vs. 664 ± 142 mg/l, P = 0.73). A receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) plot revealed a maximum sensitivity and specificity combination of 69% and 91% (TSA cut‐off concentration 595 mg/l) in distinguishing between healthy dogs and dogs with tumours. When evaluating TSA measurements to distinguish dogs with other diseases from dogs with tumours, a maximum sensitivity and specificity combination of 50% and 75% was found (cut‐off concentration 761 mg/l). WHO staging of mammary tumours revealed an increase in TSA levels with increasing stage (P < 0.0001, r, = 0.62). In conclusion, the nonspecificity of increases makes TSA determinations unsuitable as a tumour marker. TSA levels seem instead to be a general disease marker. Whether serial TSA measurements could be used in the follow‐up of dogs operated for malignant tumours should be further investigated.
A new field isolation technology employing lift-off patterning of sputtered SiO<sub>2</sub>films (1984)

A new field isolation technology for LSI devices is described. This technology features low-temperature (<150° C) sputtered SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and photoresist lift-off. MOS devices are fabricated using this isolation technology. It is shown that bird's-beak-free field oxide is formed using a fabrication process which is shorter than that using other isolation methods. It is shown that the narrow-channel effect is significantly reduced in MOSFET's fabricated with this technology.
A general reconstruction scheme for dominant azimuth 3D seismic data (2003)

Abstract Seismic data are usually irregularly and sparsely sampled along the spatial coordinates, which yields suboptimal imaging results. For time-lapse data, differences in the spatial sampling of base and monitor surveys lead to undesired differences between the images of the surveys that are not due to differences in the subsurface. In this paper, an efficient two-step reconstruction method is proposed for irregularly and sparsely sampled 3D seismic data recorded with a dominant azimuth for large offsets. The first step is reconstruction along the receiver lines such that the midpoints are exactly on crosslines. The second step is a 2D reconstruction in the crossline midpoint-offset domain using a least-squares estimation of Fourier components. Sparse sampling can be handled by optimizing the parameterization of the least-squares estimation of the Fourier coefficients, and consequently it is possible to reconstruct data that would be aliased when considering single common-midpoint gathers. The method can be used to do a geometry transformation of the data to any desired spatial grid. Since the method yields consistent results independent of the actual sampling, it is very well suited for 4D processing.
Heparin-resistant thrombus formation by endovascular stents in baboons. Interruption by a synthetic antithrombin. (1990)

Intravascular mechanical support has been proposed as a solution to the frequent occurrence of vascular narrowing and occlusion after transluminal balloon angioplasty or surgical endarterectomy. Although several endovascular stents are currently in clinical use for angioplasty of larger vessels, acute thrombosis is a troublesome complication of their use with coronary angioplasty. To study thrombus formation associated with metallic mesh endoprostheses, we have evaluated stents placed inside 3-mm expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts incorporated into chronic exteriorized arteriovenous silicone rubber shunts in baboons. We have also compared the antithrombotic capacities of heparin and the synthetic antithrombin D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-chloromethylkene (D-FPRCH2Cl) to interrupt this platelet-dependent process for two different endovascular stents. Acute platelet deposition was continuously measured during 1 hour using gamma camera imaging of platelets labeled with indium-111 oxine. On untreated control ePTFE grafts (n = 11), 0.87 +/- 0.15 x 10(9) platelets/cm were deposited during 60 minutes. In contrast, balloon-expandable endovascular stents within ePTFE (n = 6) accumulated 4.37 +/- 0.68 x 10(9) platelets/cm (p = 0.003 compared with controls), and self-expandable stents (n = 6) accumulated 3.91 +/- 0.42 x 10(9) platelets/cm (p = 0.006 compared with controls); no difference between stents was detected in this test system (p greater than 0.5). Systemic heparin treatment did not reduce platelet deposition (4.20 +/- 0.41 x 10(9) platelets/cm at 60 minutes; p greater than 0.5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response (2018)

The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt to the current and future demands. A maladaptive stress response has been linked to the etiology of a variety of disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, and the metabolic syndrome. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its relatives, the urocortins 1-3, in concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged as central components of the physiological stress response. This central peptidergic system impinges on a broad spectrum of physiological processes that are the basis for successful adaptation and concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral stress responses. This review focuses on the physiology of CRF-related peptides and their cognate receptors with the aim of providing a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the field. We describe the major molecular features covering aspects of gene expression and regulation, structural properties, and molecular interactions, as well as mechanisms of signal transduction and their surveillance. In addition, we discuss the large body of published experimental studies focusing on state-of-the-art genetic approaches with high temporal and spatial precision, which collectively aimed to dissect the contribution of CRF-related ligands and receptors to different levels of the stress response. We discuss the controversies in the field and unravel knowledge gaps that might pave the way for future research directions and open up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Is the protein/lipid hydrophobic matching principle relevant to membrane organization and functions? (1999)

Biological membranes are complex and well-organized multimolecular assemblies composed of a wide variety of protein and lipid molecular species. If such a diversity in protein and lipid polar headgroup structures may easily be related to a large panel of functions, the wide dispersion in acyl chain length and structure which the lipids display is more difficult to understand. It is not required for maintaining bilayer assembly and fluidity. Direct information on the lateral distribution of these various molecular species, on their potential specificity for interaction between themselves and with proteins and on the functional implications of these interactions is also still lacking. Because hydrophobic interactions play a major role in stabilizing membrane structures, we suggest considering the problem from the point of view of the matching of the hydrophobic surface of proteins by the acyl chains of the lipids. After a brief introduction to the hydrophobic matching principle, we will present experimental results which demonstrate the predictive power of the current theories and then, we will introduce the new and important concept of protein/lipid sorting in membranes. Finally, we will show how the hydrophobic matching condition may play a key role in the membrane organization and function.
Neonatal Screening: Life‐Stress Scores in Families Given a False‐Positive Result (1988)

In a previous study the psychological reactions to a false-positive result of a neonatal screening test were studied in 102 families. The present study deals with life-stress factors in the same families at the time of screening. The number of factors are used to denote a life-stress score and the families have been divided into two groups: those with high and those with low scores. The children's physical health during the first year and the changes in the families during the five years after the screening have also been investigated. There were no large differences between the two groups of families; however, the mothers in families with high scores more often breastfed their children for less than two months, more frequently required medical care during the infants' first year of life and were more often separated during the first five years.
Suppression of Allergic Inflammation by Allergen‐DNA‐modified Dendritic Cells Depends on the Induction of Foxp3<sup>+</sup> Regulatory T Cells (2008)

CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play important roles in regulating allergic inflammation. To analyse if allergen-DNA-modified dendritic cells (DC) can suppress allergic responses and what roles Treg cells play in DC-based allergen-specific immunotherapy. Immature DC were transfected with retrovirus encoding Der p2 DNA, and administered to mice that sensitized and challenged with Der p2 protein. After Treg cells were depleted with anti-CD25 mAb, mice were re-challenged to observe the airway inflammation, and Treg cells in spleen CD4(+) T cells. And responses of spleen CD4(+) T cells to Der p2 were determined. Co-culture of naïve CD4(+) T cells with allergen-modified DC induced Foxp3+ Tregs. Sensitized and challenged mice developed allergic airway inflammation and Th2 responses, and decreased Foxp3(+) Tregs. Treatment with allergen-modified-DC suppressed airway inflammation and Th2 responses, and increased IL-10 and IFN-gamma production and Foxp3(+) Tregs significantly; and eliminated the responses of CD4(+) T cells to allergen. Administration of anit-CD25 mAb eliminated all the effects of modified-DC except for the increasing of IFN-gamma. Allergen-modified DC can induce immune tolerance to allergens and reverse the established Th2 responses induced by allergen, with dependence on the induction of Foxp3(+) Tregs.
Consumer Attitudes About Open Dating Techniques for Packaged Foods and Over-the-Counter Drugs (1997)

Abstract This study reveals the following consumer attitudes about open dating techniques for packaged foods and OTC (over-the-counter) drugs. 1. An open date is a very important piece of information, especially for perishable products. 2. There is a wide variety of interpretations when shoppers find an unexplained date. 3. Many shoppers misunderstand the meaning of a sell-by date, believing that a product like milk should be discarded on that date or within 3 days. Estimates of the amount of shelf-life after a sell-by date vary widely among consumers and for different products. 4. Although sell-by open dates are dominant in the current market, respondents said that a use-by date was more useful. Shoppers believe that spoilage indicators would be a useful open dating technique.
Taking the next step beyond spectrum auctions: open spectrum access (1995)

The author presents the case for a better to approach to spectrum use involving a pragmatic and searching fashion rather than with an ideological mind set that equates the free market with one and only one particular allocation technique. Spectrum auctions are considered as an application for present times. The author goes on to look at the future.
A novel role of hippocalcin in bFGF‐induced neurite outgrowth of H19‐7 cells (2008)

Hippocalcin is a Ca2+-binding protein that is expressed mainly in pyramidal nerve cells of the hippocampus. However, its functions and mechanism in the brain remain unclear. To elucidate the role of hippocalcin, we used a conditionally immortalized hippocampal cell line (H19-7) and showed that bFGF treatment increased the expression of hippocalcin during bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth of H19-7 cells. Overexpression of hippocalcin dramatically elongated neurites and increased the expression of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, that is, NeuroD without bFGF stimulation. Treatment of the cells with hippocalcin siRNA completely blocked bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth and NeuroD expression. bFGF stimulation resulted in activation of phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) and an increased level of intracellular Ca2+. Hippocalcin expression by bFGF stimulation was fully blocked by both the PLC-gamma inhibitor U73122 and BAPTA-AM, a chelator of intracellular Ca2+, suggesting that hippocalcin expression by bFGF is dependent on PLC-gamma and Ca2+. Moreover, both U73122 and BAPTA-AM completely blocked bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth and NeuroD expression. Taken together, these results suggest for the first time that bFGF induces hippocalcin expression in H19-7 cells through PLC-gamma activation, which leads to neurite outgrowth.
Delivery of anticancer drugs and antibodies into cells using ultrasound (2005)

It has been shown experimentally in cell suspensions that pulsed ultrasound (2.0 MHz) could be used to deliver an anti-cancer drug (Adriamycin hydrochloride) into Jurkat lymphocytes and antibodies (goat anti rabbit IgG and anti mouse IgD) into human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) cells and Jurkat lymphocytes assisted by encapsulated microbubbles (Optison). When Adriamycin hydrochloride (ADR) was delivered, the delivery efficiency reached 4.80% and control baseline (no ultrasound and no ADR) was 0.17%. When anti-rabbit IgD was delivered, the efficiencies were 34.90% (control baseline was 1.33%) and 32.50% (control baseline was 1.66%) respectively for Jurkat cells and PBMC. When goat anti rabbit IgG was delivered, the efficiencies were 78.60% (control baseline was 1.60%) and 57.50% (control baseline was 11.30%) respectively for Jurkat cells and PBMC.
Internal structure of 0.9 GHz microplasma (2011)

Argon microplasmas generated at 0.9 GHz by a split-ring resonator form a single filament-shaped nonequilibrium glow discharge. The internal structure of these microplasmas is probed using laser diode absorption and imaging emission spectrometry. These two-dimensional diagnostics are then Abel inverted to reveal that the core of the filament has a strongly depleted central metastable argon population. The microdischarges are approximately 0.2 mm in width at 1 atm and expand with increasing input power between 0.05–1.5 W. The relative electron density and the Ar(4p) density are estimated from the emission detected by a CCD camera through various bandpass filters. Absolute Ar(4s) densities, on the other hand, are determined by Ar 801.4 nm absorption. The Ar(4s) profile transitions from center-peaked at low power (0.05 W) to center-depleted above 0.25 W, saturating at 1019 m-3. The electron density profile within the microplasma, however, remains center-peaked regardless of the power. The spatially-resolved gas temperature was estimated from the broadening of the Ar 801.4 nm absorption profile. The error in this gas temperature measurement due to the depletion of the metastable atoms is corrected using numerical heat transfer models and shown to be 1650 K if the plasma power is 1.2 W. Differences between the peak and average temperatures based on the nitrogen rotational spectrum are also explained using nitrogen emission imaging.
Sequential association of nucleolar 7-2 RNA with two different autoantigens. (1983)

Anti-Th serum from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus immunoprecipitates from both human and mouse cell extracts small ribonucleoproteins containing 7-2 RNA, 8-2 RNA, and the Ro RNAs. Human 7-2 RNA, which must be complexed with protein to be antigenic, is about 300 nucleotides long and has mostly pG at its 5' end. A related 7-2 RNA, precipitated by anti-La antibody, gives identical Tl and pancreatic RNase fingerprints, but has more pppG at its 5' end. La 7-2 RNA is, therefore, likely to be a precursor of Th 7-2 RNA. The synthesis of 7-2 RNA in isolated nuclei exhibits a pattern of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin that is characteristic for RNA polymerase III transcription. Thus, 7-2 RNA can be added to the list of mammalian RNA polymerase III transcripts that initially bind the La protein and then become incorporated into other types of antigenic RNP particles.
Compensable power for electrical systems in nonsinusoidal conditions (1994)

Power definitions are extended to electrical circuits where both loads and supply are harmonic generators and where a series source impedance is considered to provide a realistic representation of electrical power systems. A method is proposed whereby distortion is compensated and power-factor corrected by means of reactance one-ports inserted in series and parallel into the electrical circuit. The approach is applied to single-phase circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An expansion of Wigner distribution and its applications (2005)

Sensitivity to noise, presence of undesirable interfering cross-terms and generally redundant encoding of information, are major factors that limit the scope of applications of the Wigner distribution(WD). An outer product expansion is proposed, based on the singular value decomposition, for data compression of the WD. It is then used, with synthetic and experimental data, to suppress aforementioned effects and enhance the estimate of the WD.
Chemically induced aneuploidy in mammalian cells: Mechanisms and biological significance in cancer (1986)

A growing body of evidence from human and animal cancer cytogenetics indicates that aneuploidy is an important chromosome change in carcinogenesis. Aneuploidy may be associated with a primary event of carcinogenesis in some cancers and a later change in other tumors. Evidence from in vitro cell transformation studies supports the idea that aneuploidy has a direct effect on the conversion of a normal cell to a preneoplastic or malignant cell. Induction of an aneuploid state in a preneoplastic or neoplastic cell could have any of the following four biological effects: a change in gene dosage, a change in gene balance, expression of a recessive mutation, or a change in genetic instability (which could secondarily lead to neoplasia). To understand the role of aneuploidy in carcinogenesis, cellular and molecular studies coupled with the cytogenetic studies will be required. There are a number of possible mechanisms by which chemicals might induce aneuploidy, including effects on microtubules, damage to essential elements for chromosome function (ie, centromeres, origins of replication, and telomeres), reduction in chromosome condensation or pairing, induction of chromosome interchanges, unresolved recombination structures, increased chromosome stickiness, damage to centrioles, impairment of chromosome alignment, ionic alterations during mitosis, damage to the nuclear membrane, and a physical disruption of chromosome segregation. Therefore, a number of different targets exist for chemically induced aneuploidy. Because the ability of certain chemicals to induce aneuploidy differs between mammalian cells and lower eukaryotic cells, it is important to study the mechanisms of aneuploidy induction in mammalian cells and to use mammalian cells in assays for potential aneuploidogens (chemicals that induce aneuploidy). Despite the wide use of mammalian cells for studying chemically induced mutagenesis and chromosome breakage, aneuploidy studies with mammalian cells are limited. The lack of a genetic assay with mammalian cells for aneuploidy is a serious limitation in these studies.