gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vertical GaN-Based Trench Gate Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors on GaN Bulk Substrates (2008)

Completely vertical trench gate metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) have been produced using gallium nitride (GaN) for the first time. These MOSFETs exhibited enhancement-mode operation with a threshold voltage of 3.7 V and an on-resistance of 9.3 mΩ·cm2. The channel mobility was estimated to be 131 cm2/(V·s) when all the resistances except for that of the channel are considered. Such structures, which satisfy the key words "vertical", "trench gate", and "MOSFET", will enable us to fabricate practical GaN-based power switching devices.
2D Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as an Adhesive Over-Coating Layer for Flexible Transparent Conductive Electrodes (2013)

In recent, highly transparent and flexible, two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet has been paid attention for various applications. Due to an existence of a large amount of oxygen functional groups, the single 2D GO nanosheet has an insulating, transparent, highly dispersible in the eco-friendly water and hydrophilic property that has strong adhesion to the hydrophilic surface, which will be the best candidate for the use of an over-coating layer (OCL) and protecting layer for a conductive nanowire based indium-free transparent conductive film (TCF). The ultrathin 2D adhesive GO OCL nanosheet is expected to tightly hold silver nanowires (AgNWs), reduce sheet resistance and produce uniform TCF, providing complete solution that simultaneously solves a high haze, low transparency with a conventional OCL and mechanical instability in cases without a thick OCL. Our novel 2D insulating and hydrophilic GO OCL successfully provided a large-area, flexible and highly transparent AgNW TCF.
Macrophage Activation: Classical Vs. Alternative (2009)

Macrophages are involved in both innate and adaptative immune responses. Depending on the types of cytokines that macrophages are exposed to, these cells are subjected to classical (Th1) or alternative (Th2) activation. In the first case, macrophages, particularly when activated by interferon gamma (IFN-alpha) or by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), have the capacity, through the production of NO and other intermediates, to destroy the remaining microorganisms in the inflammatory loci. In the second case, after exposure to cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, or IL-13, macrophages produce polyamines and proline, which induce proliferation and collagen production, respectively. Interestingly, in both classical and alternative activation, the essential substrate that drives these pathways is the amino acid arginine. NO synthase 2 (NOS2) is induced by IFN-alpha or LPS and degrades arginine into OH-arginine and then into NO. Arginase is induced by Th2-type cytokines, which convert arginine into ornithine and subsequently into polyamines and proline. In this chapter, we present simple and direct methods for analyzing the properties of macrophage populations to determine whether they exhibit either a classical or alternatively activated phenotype.
Vision-based handwriting recognition for unrestricted text input in mid-air (2012)

We propose a vision-based system that recognizes handwriting in mid-air. The system does not depend on sensors or markers attached to the users and allows unrestricted character and word input from any position. It is the result of combining handwriting recognition based on Hidden Markov Models with multi-camera 3D hand tracking. We evaluated the system for both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The system achieves recognition rates of 86.15% for character and 97.54% for small-vocabulary isolated word recognition. Limitations are due to slow and low-resolution cameras or physical strain. Overall, the proposed handwriting recognition system provides an easy-to-use and accurate text input modality without placing restrictions on the users.
Treatment of Osteoarthritis (2005)

Osteoarthritis is a most common health problem in population over age 40 and a leading cause of pain and disability in the United States. Treatments of osteoarthritis incorporate combination of nonpharmacologic modalities, pharmacologic agents and surgical procedures. Unfortunately nonpharmacological modalities are underutilized in the management algorithm. In addition to physical and occupational therapy, diet and exercise play an extremely important role, thus patient education in the above areas is of great importance. Pharmacological measures should be examined carefully by physician and the patient weighting its existing risks and benefits. Surgical procedures are generally reserved for patients with severe arthritis who have persistent aim and significantly reduced function. Presently, there are no proven structure/disease-modifying interventions and therefore current therapy is aimed to symptom relief and rehabilitation.
Village irrigation systems in Sri Lanka: An overview (1990)

Community/Rural/Urban Development, International Development, Land Economics/Use
Breast cancer: reliability of mammographic appearance as a predictor of hormone receptor status. (1992)

The association of mammographic appearance with hormone receptor status was investigated in 397 patients with primary breast cancers. The mammographic appearance was classified as type 1, spiculated (n = 159); type 2, structural changes (density) (n = 102); type 3, calcifications (n = 30); type 4, circumscribed opacity (n = 65); and type 5, not visible on mammogram (n = 41). Univariate analysis showed a significant association with estrogen receptor (ER) status for age (less than 50 vs greater than or equal to 50 years), tumor TNM category (those in category 1 vs those in higher categories), and mammographic appearance; with progesterone receptor status, the association was significant only for age. Multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders confirmed a significant association between ER status and mammographic appearance (ER status was more likely with type 1 than with the other mammographic types), but the strength of the association was limited. The mammographic appearance of breast cancer is not a reliable method to predict hormone receptor status for clinical purposes.
[Spectrum of amidase activity in a mutant of Brevibacterium]. (1979)

Brevibacterium R 312 has a fairly non-specific amidase. Following the loss of this enzyme by mutation, the following enzymatic activities could be demonstrated: hydrolysis of urea, formamide, nicotinamide, L-glutamine, glycinamide and L-alpha-amino amids.
A fuzzy linguistic approach generalizing Boolean Information Retrieval: A model and its evaluation (1993)

The generalization of Boolean Information Retrieval Systems (IRS) is still an open research field; in fact, though such systems are diffused on the market, they present some limitations; one of the main features lacking in these systems is the ability to deal with the “imprecision” and “subjectivity” characterizing retrieval activity. However, the replacement of such systems would be much more costly than their evolution through the incorporation of new features to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness. Previous efforts in this area have led to the introduction of numeric weights to improve both document representation and query language. By attaching a numeric weight to a term in a query, a user can provide a quantitative description of the “importance” of that term in the documents he or she is looking for. However, the use of weights requires a clear knowledge of their semantics for translating a fuzzy concept into a precise numeric value. Our acquaintance with these problems led us to define, starting from an existing weighted Boolean retrieval model, a linguistic extension, formalized within fuzzy set theory, in which numeric query weights are replaced by linguistic descriptors which specify the degree of importance of the terms. This fuzzy linguistic model is defined and an evaluation is made of its implementation on a Boolean IRS. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Randomized Instruction Injection to Counter Power Analysis Attacks (2012)

Side-channel attacks in general and power analysis attacks in particular are becoming a major security concern in embedded systems. Countermeasures proposed against power analysis attacks are data and table masking, current flattening, dummy instruction insertion and bit-flips balancing. All these techniques are either susceptible to multi-order power analysis attack, not sufficiently generic to cover all encryption algorithms, or burden the system with high area, run-time or energy cost. In this article, we propose a randomized instruction injection technique ( RIJID ) that overcomes the pitfalls of previous countermeasures. RIJID scrambles the power profile of a cryptographic application by injecting random instructions at random points of execution and therefore protects the system against power analysis attacks. Two different ways of triggering the instruction injection are also presented: (1) softRIJID , a hardware/software approach, where special instructions are used in the code for triggering the injection at runtime; and (2) autoRIJID , a hardware approach, where the code injection is triggered by the processor itself via detecting signatures of encryption routines at runtime. A novel signature detection technique is also introduced for identifying encryption routines within application programs at runtime. Further, a simple obfuscation metric ( RIJIDindex ) based on cross-correlation that measures the scrambling provided by any code injection technique is introduced, which coarsely indicates the level of scrambling achieved. Our processor models cost 1.9% additional area in the hardware/software approach and 1.2% in the hardware approach for a RISC based processor, and costs on average 29.8% in runtime and 27.1% in energy for the former and 25.0% in runtime and 28.5% in energy for the later, for industry standard cryptographic applications.
A Permutation Importance-Based Feature Selection Method for Short-Term Electricity Load Forecasting Using Random Forest (2016)

The prediction accuracy of short-term load forecast (STLF) depends on prediction model choice and feature selection result. In this paper, a novel random forest (RF)-based feature selection method for STLF is proposed. First, 243 related features were extracted from historical load data and the time information of prediction points to form the original feature set. Subsequently, the original feature set was used to train an RF as the original model. After the training process, the prediction error of the original model on the test set was recorded and the permutation importance (PI) value of each feature was obtained. Then, an improved sequential backward search method was used to select the optimal forecasting feature subset based on the PI value of each feature. Finally, the optimal forecasting feature subset was used to train a new RF model as the final prediction model. Experiments showed that the prediction accuracy of RF trained by the optimal forecasting feature subset was higher than that of the original model and comparative models based on support vector regression and artificial neural network.
DualRing (2021)

We present DualRing, a novel ring-form input device that can capture the state and movement of the user's hand and fingers. With two IMU rings attached to the user's thumb and index finger, DualRing can sense not only the absolute hand gesture relative to the ground but also the relative pose and movement among hand segments. To enable natural thumb-to-finger interaction, we develop a high-frequency AC circuit for on-body contact detection. Based on the sensing information of DualRing, we outline the interaction space and divide it into three sub-spaces: within-hand interaction, hand-to-surface interaction, and hand-to-object interaction. By analyzing the accuracy and performance of our system, we demonstrate the informational advantage of DualRing in sensing comprehensive hand gestures compared with single-ring-based solutions. Through the user study, we discovered the interaction space enabled by DualRing is favored by users for its usability, efficiency, and novelty.
A 2-GHz RF front-end transceiver chipset in CMOS technology for PCS and IMT-2000 applications (2003)

This paper describes RF front-end transceiver chipset for the dual-mode operation of PCS and IMT-2000. The transceiver chipset has been implemented in a 0.25 /spl mu/m single-poly five-metal CMOS technology. The receiver IC consists of a LNA and a down-mixer, and the transmitter IC integrates an up-mixer. Measurements show that the transceiver chipset covers the wide RF range from 1.8 GHz for PCS to 2.1 GHz for IMT-2000. The LNA has 2.5/spl sim/2.8 dB NF, 13/spl sim/12 dB gain and 6-4 dBm IIP3. The down mixer has 15.5/spl sim/16.0 dB DSB NF, 15-13 dB power conversion gain and 2-0 dBm IIP3. The up-mixer has 0/spl sim/2 dB power conversion gain and 6/spl sim/3 dBm OIP3. With a single 3.0 V power supply, the LNA, down-mixer, and up-mixer consume 5 mA, 30 mA, and 25 mA, respectively.
El papel de "El País" y "El Mundo" en la creación del mito de Bin Laden (2003)

Durante los seis meses posteriores a los ataques del 11 de septiembre contra las Torres Gemelas de Nueva York, El País y El Mundo, como otros muchos medios, dedicaron una gran cantidad de espacio a la figura de Osama Bin Laden. A través del análisis de los textos publicados por ambos medios entres septiembre de 2001 (atentado de Nueva York) y marzo de 2002 (últimas acciones en las montañas de Afganistán para atrapar al saudí) se comprueba que se traza una semblanza del líder de Al Qaeda que coincide con el perfil del héroe-antihéroe trazado por autores como Joseph Campbell, Luis Alberto de Cuenca, Otto Rank y Rollo May, entre otros. La prensa en sus informaciones, crónicas y comentarios sobre Bin Laden dan una imagen del mismo que, en muchas ocasiones se acerca más al arquetipo del héroe clásico que a la del terrorista más buscado del mundo. Así, elementos simbólicos de la mitología heroica, como el físico singular, el carácter mesíanico, la ubicuidad, las cuevas, el caballo, etc…aparecen, curiosamente, asociados a la figura de Bin Laden. En esta investigación se han analizado 343 textos del diario El País y 125 de El Mundo.
Towards automation of threat modeling based on a semantic model of attack patterns and weaknesses (2021)

This works considers challenges of building and usage a formal knowledge base (model), which unites the ATT&CK, CAPEC, CWE, CVE security enumerations. The proposed model can be used to learn relations between attack techniques, attack pattern, weaknesses, and vulnerabilities in order to build various threat landscapes, in particular, for threat modeling. The model is created as an ontology with freely available datasets in the OWL and RDF formats. The use of ontologies is an alternative of structural and graph based approaches to integrate the security enumerations. In this work we consider an approach of threat modeling with the data components of ATT&CK based on the knowledge base and an ontology driven threat modeling framework. Also, some evaluations are made, how it can be possible to use the ontological approach of threat modeling and which challenges this can be faced.
Temporal response of magnetically labeled platelets under dynamic magnetic fields (2012)

Magnetically responsive anisotropic particles can be used as sensors, autonomous moving parts, micromixers, switches and mechanical reinforcing elements of controllable orientation. These multiple functionalities have motivated the investigation of models to describe the behavior of such particles under magnetic fields that change in time and space. In this paper, we develop a dynamic model describing the alignment of magnetically labeled platelets under external magnetic fields with arbitrary spatial-temporal patterns. We show experimentally that this model accurately predicts the alignment dynamics of isolated platelets in media exhibiting a range of viscosities. We further extend the model to describe the rich phase behavior exhibited by ultra-high-magnetic-responsive platelets subjected to the spatial-temporal magnetic field pattern generated by a translating solenoid. The dynamic response of platelets in fluids of different viscosities is shown to change from rolling to fully aligned to gravity-dominated states as the translation speed of the magnetic source is increased. The proposed theoretical framework provides a powerful means to predict the dynamic response of anisotropic particles under a variety of applied magnetic fields.
Preneoplastic lesions of the lung (2002)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. If we can define and detect preneoplastic lesions, we might have a chance of improving survival. The World Health Organization has defined three preneoplastic lesions of the bronchial epithelium: squamous dysplasia/carcinoma in situ; atypical adenomatous hyperplasia; and diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. These lesions are believed to progress to squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumors, respectively. In this review we summarize the data supporting the preneoplastic nature of these lesions, and delve into some of the genetic changes found in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and squamous dysplasia/carcinoma in situ.
The φ Accrual Failure Detector (2004)

Detecting failures is a fundamental issue for fault-tolerance in distributed systems. Recently, many people have come to realize that failure detection ought to be provided as some form of generic service, similar to IP address lookup or time synchronization. However, this has not been successful so far. One of the reasons is the difficulty to satisfy several application requirements simultaneously when using classical failure detectors. We present a novel abstraction, called accrual failure detectors, that emphasizes flexibility and expressiveness and can serve as a basic building block to implementing failure detectors in distributed systems. Instead of providing information of a boolean nature (trust vs. suspect), accrual failure detectors output a suspicion level on a continuous scale. The principal merit of this approach is that it favors a nearly complete decoupling between application requirements and the monitoring of the environment. In this paper, we describe an implementation of such an accrual failure detector, that we call the φ failure detector. The particularity of the φ failure detector is that it dynamically adjusts to current network conditions the scale on which the suspicion level is expressed. We analyzed the behavior of our φ failure detector over an intercontinental communication link during several days. Our experimental results show that our φ failure detector performs equally well as other known adaptive failure detection mechanisms, with an improved flexibility.
A Structure-directed Total Correctness Proof Rule for Recursive Procedure Calls (1986)

Recursive procedures have been extensively used for a long time, yet it was only in 1977 that Sokolowski gave a proof rule for the total correctness of recursive procedure calls. Unfortunately, even for simple programs his rule requires the use of complex predicates that encode information about the depth of recursion. Thus the rule can be very difficult to use for practical programs. In this paper we propose a new rule for this purpose. This rule makes use of the structure of the recursion which is discovered by carrying out an interval analysis of the procedure call graph in the proof. Proofs using this rule are simpler to carry out, and it is shown that Sokolowski's rule is in fact a special case of the new rule.
Design and implementation of an ATM backbone ring (2003)

The Cambridge Backbone Ring project has designed and built an experimental ring communication network for computer data and real-time applications. The network forms a backbone facility for interconnecting groups of CFR (Cambridge Fast Ring) networks and Pandora multimedia workstations in the Cambridge area. Access control uses the empty slot protocol, using short, fixed-length cells which contain 32 bytes of payload and a 4-byte header containing the virtual circuit identifier. Although the architecture was designed for line rates of 1 Gb/second and higher, the current implementation operates at 512 MHz. Twenty-five stations have been constructed to date. A revision incorporating the now-standard, 48-byte cells and operating at a higher line rate is planned.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of the forearm EMG signal features for the control of a prosthetic hand (2003)

The purpose of this research is to select the best features to have a high rate of motion classification for controlling an artificial hand. Here, 19 EMG signal features have been taken into account. Some of the features suggested in this study include combining wavelet transform with other signal processing techniques. An assessment is performed with respect to three points of view: (i) classification of motions, (ii) noise tolerance and (iii) calculation complexity. The energy of wavelet coefficients of EMG signals in nine scales, and the cepstrum coefficients were found to produce the best features in these views.
Performance of 32 kb/s ADPCM in frame erasures (2002)

We report the performance of the CCITT standard G.721, adaptive differential pulse code modulation, when channel impairment causes erasure of frames of information. The structure of the G.721 decoder is analyzed to explain the behavior observed during frame erasures and when correct transmission is restored. Various techniques have been tried to the decoder when frames are lost and when correct transmission is restored. Though the decoder, at times, takes long to gain synchronism with the encoder, the amplitude of the output signal approaches the error-free output much more rapidly. This fast recovery of amplitude helps in reducing the impact on the perceptual quality of speech. From objective results and informal listening tests, it was found that simple silence substitution performs as well as other frame substitution techniques. Resetting the encoder and decoder simultaneously at the end of erasure is seen to improve the performance. Since silence substitution is the easiest to implement, this technique seems the most appropriate one for application to wireless communications. This work is targeted towards understanding the implications to local exchange networks of wireless system alternatives that could provide access to those networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Complaint Selective encryption for H.264/AVC video streams (2005)

This paper presents a novel selective encryption scheme that allows for secure transmission of video streams such as H.264/AVC ones, while keeping complete backward compatibility with the corresponding video standard. This compatibility allows consequently any standard compliant decoder to decode the ciphered stream without specific provision in terms of resynchronization procedure, albeit incorrectly from the visual point of view. The bits to be encrypted are chosen with respect to the video standard, the full compatibility being achieved by encrypting bits for which the impact of each of the encrypted configurations gives a non-desynchronized and fully standard compliant bitstream. Numerical results obtained with this partial ciphering algorithm in the context of H.264/AVC show that PSNR degradations of about 25 to 30 dB are obtained when the ciphering key is unknown