gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Breast Development and Control of Milk Synthesis (1996)

We have developed a computerized breast measurement system that can quantitate both long-term (lactation cycle) and short-term (between breastfeedings) changes in breast volume. The increase in breast volume during pregnancy was not related to milk production at one month of lactation, whereas milk production from one to six months of lactation remained constant and was not controlled directly by the suckling-evoked secretion of prolactin. From the measurement of circadian changes in breast volume, it was concluded that infants rarely emptied the breasts at a single breastfeeding and that short-term variation in the rate of synthesis during the day and between the left and right breasts was closely related to the degree of breast fullness. Furthermore, differences between women in the storage capacity of the breasts dictated their flexibility in frequency of breastfeeding. These observations are consistent with the autocrine (local) control of milk synthesis during established lactation in women.
Benefit and a possible risk of tocilizumab therapy for adult-onset Still’s disease accompanied by macrophage-activation syndrome (2010)

We report a 57-year-old female case of intractable adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD). Initial high-dose prednisolone therapy was ineffective, and macrophage-activation syndrome (MAS) manifested after one session of additional tocilizumab therapy. After successful treatment for MAS with lipo-dexamethasone and cyclosporin, tocilizumab therapy aided in the rapid reduction of the therapeutic steroid dose. Tocilizumab may be useful for maintenance therapy for AOSD, although its efficacy is unclear for the highly active phase of the disease.
Diffusion Currents in Concentrated Redox Solutions (1996)

Diffusion-limited currents, ilim, corresponding to the 1 − e- reductions of nitrobenzene (NB) and benzophenone (BP) at Pt microdisk electrodes are reported for CH3CN solutions containing 0.01 ≤ [NB] ≤ 9.1 M and 0.01 ≤ [BP] ≤ 4.0 M. Values of ilim exhibit a highly nonlinear dependence on redox concentration, obtaining maximum values in solutions containing either ∼3 M NB or ∼2 M BP (i.e., above these intermediate concentrations, ilim decreases with increasing redox concentration). The data are analyzed within the framework of a redox species/solvent interdiffusion model, employing the Cullinan−Vignes equation to estimate concentration-dependent binary mutual diffusion coefficients for the NB/CH3CN and BP/CH3CN systems. An analytical equation is derived that allows ilim values for a microdisk to be computed using the viscosities and hard-sphere molecular radii of the solvent and redox species in their pure state. Predicted values of ilim are found to be in reasonable agreement with voltammetric currents measured for NB and BP reduction.
Cancer research with non‐coding RNA (2006)

Cancer research is not limited to medical research; it expands over several disciplines, incorporating molecular bioscience at both the macro and micro levels. All stages and aspects of cells, from development and differentiation, apoptosis, cell adhesion and many more, are research fields with a connection to cancer. Cancer research in itself is the research of cancer cures. Recently, not only cancer but also bioscience research has surfed on the new wave of RNA knowledge. Most of those RNAs are non-protein-coding RNAs and are connected to cell development and differentiation, and thereby with cancer differentiation and treatment. Here we would like to introduce the latest in cancer research that has emerged from the field of molecular biology research.
Finding the fifth base: Genome-wide sequencing of cytosine methylation (2009)

Complete sequences of myriad eukaryotic genomes, including several human genomes, are now available, and recent dramatic developments in DNA sequencing technology are opening the floodgates to vast volumes of sequence data. Yet, despite knowing for several decades that a significant proportion of cytosines in the genomes of plants and animals are present in the form of methylcytosine, until very recently the precise locations of these modified bases have never been accurately mapped throughout a eukaryotic genome. Advanced "next-generation" DNA sequencing technologies are now enabling the global mapping of this epigenetic modification at single-base resolution, providing new insights into the regulation and dynamics of DNA methylation in genomes.
Physicochemical Characterization of Nedocromil Bivalent Metal Salt Hydrates. 1. Nedocromil Magnesium (1996)

Nedocromil sodium is used in the treatment of reversible obstructive airways diseases, such as asthma. The physicochemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics of nedocromil sodium can be altered by its conversion to other salt forms. In this study, three crystalline hydrates, the pentahydrate, heptahydrate, and decahydrate, of a bivalent metal salt, nedocromil magnesium (NM), were prepared. The relationships between these hydrates were studied through their characterization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Karl Fischer titrimetry (KFT), hot stage microscopy (HSM), ambient or variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water uptake at various relative humidities (RH), intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR), and solubility measurements. The pentahydrate showed two dehydration steps, corresponding to two binding states of water, a more temperature-sensitive tetramer and a more stable monomer, deduced from the crystal structure previously determined. The heptahydrate and decahydrate each showed a dehydration step with a minor change in slope at about 50 degrees C, which was analyzed by derivative TGA and confirmed by DSC. HSM and variable temperature PXRD also confirmed the thermal dehydration behavior of the NM hydrates. The decahydrate underwent an apparently irreversible phase transformation to the pentahydrate at 75 degrees C at an elevated water vapor pressure. The PXRD, FTIR, and SSNMR of the decahydrate were similar to those of the heptahydrate, suggesting that the three extra water molecules in the decahydrate are loosely bound, but were significantly different from those of the pentahydrate. The rank order of both IDR and solubility in water at 25 degrees C was heptahydrate approximately decahydrate > pentahydrate, corresponding to the rank order of free energy with respect to the aqueous solution.
Three-Level Error Control Coding for Dependable Solid-State Drives (2008)

Solid-state drive (SSD) has advantages over hard-disk drive (HDD) in terms of power consumption, random access time, and resilience to shock and vibration. Large capacity SSD usually requires high-density multi-level cell flash memory fabricated with deep-submicron process. High-density memory chips, however, are vulnerable to soft errors caused by, for example, fluctuations of gate voltage and charge level in the floating gate. This paper proposes a hierarchical three-level error control coding suitable for the dependable SSD. The proposed coding is capable of correcting multiple random bit errors, as well as of recovering from single chip failures. Evaluation shows that the proposed coding scheme provides strong error correction capability. For example, bit error rate (BER) of the SSD is reduced from 1.08 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> to 2.44 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-19</sup> by using the proposed coding, that is, using two BCH codes with different error correction capabilities for the first and the second levels, and the simple parity-check code for the third level. Extra one spare memory chip in the SSD improves mean time to data loss (MTTDL) from 13 years to 34 years.
Enzyme Therapy in Gaucher Disease Type 2: An Autopsy Case. (1998)

A Japanese patient with Gaucher disease type 2 was treated with enzyme therapy, alglucerase, from 7 to 22 months of age. Whereas hematologic parameters were normalized and hepatosplenomegaly was alleviated, no improvement in neurologic symptoms occurred, and the patient died of respiratory failure at age 22 months. Postmortem examination revealed massive intra-alveolar infiltration of Gaucher cells in lungs and in the central nervous system, i.e., the presence of Gaucher cells in the perivascular Virchow-Robins spaces in the cortex and deep white matter and extensive lamilar necrosis with reactive proliferation of blood vessels and macrophage infiltration of the cerebral cortex. It is suggested that enzyme therapy, with thus far recommended dose, does not prevent long-term respiratory and central nervous system involvement in severe varients of Gaucher disease.
Effect of dietary vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation on plasma and milk 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration in dairy cows (2018)

Milk enriched with vitamin D by supplementing dairy cow diets could provide a valuable dietary source of vitamin D, but information on the feasibility of this approach is limited. In the current study, the effects of supplementing dairy cows with either vitamin D<sub>3</sub> or 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> over the transition/early lactation period on plasma and milk vitamin D concentrations were compared. Sixty dairy cows were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments from 14 d precalving to 56 d postcalving. Treatments were a control diet (control) for both precalving and postcalving periods containing 0.625 mg/d of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>; a precalving diet supplemented with 6 mg of 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub>/d, but with a postcalving diet matching that of the control diet [25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> precalving]; the control diet precalving but with the postcalving diet supplemented with 2 mg of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>/d (D<sub>3</sub>max), and the control diet precalving but with the postcalving diet supplemented with 1.5 mg of 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub>/d [25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> postcalving]. No treatment effect on milk yield, composition or 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> concentration was observed. However, an interaction was observed of treatment and time for plasma 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> concentration; this increased within 2 wk of supplementation for the 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> precalving treatment (peaking just after calving, 202 ng/mL), whereas that of the 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> postcalving group had a slower response following supplementation, continuing to increase at 56 d. Correlations were observed between plasma and milk 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> concentrations at d 4 and 14 of lactation, but not at later sampling times. The D<sub>3</sub>max treatment did not increase 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> concentration in plasma or milk. Overall, results from this study indicate that supplemental 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> is an effective means of enhancing dairy cow plasma 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> concentrations compared with vitamin D<sub>3</sub> supplementation, but not necessarily milk concentrations.
Surface Characterization of Chemically Treated Titanium and Titanium Alloys. (1980)

A thorough knowledge of adherend surfaces is necessary to adequately evaluate adhesive bond joint performance. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), SCanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the surface topography (roughness, selective etching) composition (relative concentration of alloyed element on surface, contaminated overlayer...) chemical state (titanium or alloy surface oxide, oxy-fluoride...) and oxide thickness of different chemically treated titanium alloys. Seven alloys and the metal were conditioned with seven different chemical treatments. Data from each treated alloy has been compiled to show physical and chemical effects of each treatment on each alloy. (Author)
Nanocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub>(B) as Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries (2014)

High surface area, nanostructured, and phase-pure TiO 2 (B) noodles-like secondary particles were successfully synthesized by a facile one-pot synthesis, based on the hydrolysis of TiCl 3 using a mixture of ethylene glycol and water at moderate temperature.The primary nanoparticles have a uniform size and are about 15 nm in diameter as determined by TEM analysis and exhibit an increased exposure of the (010) facet as indicated by XRD analysis.Unlike the electrochemical reaction with lithium, the application as sodiumion electrode material reveals substantial differences, including the initial amorphization of the TiO 2 (B) particles, accompanied by a partial irreversibility of the sodium storage, presumably related to sodium trapping inside the active material particles and the absence of a stable solid electrolyte interphase, as indicated by galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively.Besides, TiO 2 (B)-based electrodes show a stabilized reversible capacity of about 100 mAh g -1 and a very good C rate capability.
Colorimetry for CRT displays (2003)

We analyze the sources of error in specifying color in CRT displays. These include errors inherent in the use of the color matching functions of the CIE 1931 standard observer when only colorimetric, not radiometric, calibrations are available. We provide transformation coefficients that prove to correct the deficiencies of this observer very well. We consider four different candidate sets of cone sensitivities. Some of these differ substantially; variation among candidate cone sensitivities exceeds the variation among phosphors. Finally, the effects of the recognized forms of observer variation on the visual responses (cone excitations or cone contrasts) generated by CRT stimuli are investigated and quantitatively specified. Cone pigment polymorphism gives rise to variation of a few per cent in relative excitation by the different phosphors--a variation larger than the errors ensuing from the adoption of the CIE standard observer, though smaller than the differences between some candidate cone sensitivities. Macular pigmentation has a larger influence, affecting mainly responses to the blue phosphor. The estimated combined effect of all sources of observer variation is comparable in magnitude with the largest differences between competing cone sensitivity estimates but is not enough to disrupt very seriously the relation between the L and M cone weights and the isoluminance settings of individual observers. It is also comparable with typical instrumental colorimetric errors, but we discuss these only briefly.
Optimized inversion‐time schedules for quantitative T<sub>1</sub> measurements based on high‐resolution multi‐inversion EPI (2017)

Optimized slice orderings allow faster quantitative T<sub>1</sub> mapping. The optimized sequence yielded accurate and precise T<sub>1</sub> maps. Magn Reson Med 79:2101-2112, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Potassium-dependent Changes in the Conformation of the Kv2.1 Potassium Channel Pore (1999)

The voltage-gated K+ channel, Kv2.1, conducts Na+ in the absence of K+. External tetraethylammonium (TEAo) blocks K+ currents through Kv2.1 with an IC50 of 5 mM, but is completely without effect in the absence of K+. TEAo block can be titrated back upon addition of low [K+]. This suggested that the Kv2.1 pore undergoes a cation-dependent conformational rearrangement in the external vestibule. Individual mutation of lysine (Lys) 356 and 382 in the outer vestibule, to a glycine and a valine, respectively, increased TEAo potency for block of K+ currents by a half log unit. Mutation of Lys 356, which is located at the outer edge of the external vestibule, significantly restored TEAo block in the absence of K+ (IC50 = 21 mM). In contrast, mutation of Lys 382, which is located in the outer vestibule near the TEA binding site, resulted in very weak (extrapolated IC50 = approximately 265 mM) TEAo block in the absence of K+. These data suggest that the cation-dependent alteration in pore conformation that resulted in loss of TEA potency extended to the outer edge of the external vestibule, and primarily involved a repositioning of Lys 356 or a nearby amino acid in the conduction pathway. Block by internal TEA also completely disappeared in the absence of K+, and could be titrated back with low [K+]. Both internal and external TEA potencies were increased by the same low [K+] (30-100 microM) that blocked Na+ currents through the channel. In addition, experiments that combined block by internal and external TEA indicated that the site of K+ action was between the internal and external TEA binding sites. These data indicate that a K+-dependent conformational change also occurs internal to the selectivity filter, and that both internal and external conformational rearrangements resulted from differences in K+ occupancy of the selectivity filter. Kv2.1 inactivation rate was K+ dependent and correlated with TEAo potency; as [K+] was raised, TEAo became more potent and inactivation became faster. Both TEAo potency and inactivation rate saturated at the same [K+]. These results suggest that the rate of slow inactivation in Kv2.1 was influenced by the conformational rearrangements, either internal to the selectivity filter or near the outer edge of the external vestibule, that were associated with differences in TEA potency.
Finding multiple possible critical paths using fuzzy PERT (2001)

Program evaluation and review techniques (PERT) is an efficient tool for large project management. In actual project control decisions, PERT has successfully been applied to business management, industry production, project scheduling control, logistics support, etc. However, classical PERT requires a crisp duration time representation for each activity. This requirement is often difficult for the decision-makers due to the fact that they usually can not estimate these values precisely. In recent years, some fuzzy PERT methods have been proposed based on fuzzy set theory for project management. However, there is a drawback in the existing fuzzy PERT methods, i.e., sometimes they maybe cannot find a critical path in a fuzzy project network. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy PERT algorithm to find multiple possible critical paths in a fuzzy project network, where the duration time of each activity in a fuzzy project network is represented by a fuzzy number. The proposed algorithm can overcome the drawback of the existing fuzzy PERT methods.
Antiserum to scrapie-associated fibril protein cross-reacts with Spiroplasma mirum fibril proteins (1987)

Protease-resistant fibril proteins purified from Spiroplasma mirum and from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-infected brain tissues reacted with antisera to scrapie-associated fibrils on Western immunoblot analysis. These data suggest that there are conformational similarities among spiroplasma proteins and infection-specific proteins of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Cameroon - Kribi Gas Power Project : resettlement action plan (2007)

The overall objective of the Kribi resettlement action plan is to identify detailed management and mitigation measures to which AES SONEL will commit for addressing involuntary displacement impacts caused by the construction and operational phases of the project. It also provides a framework and work plan for the implementation of resettlement and compensation for affected people. The construction of the Power Plant and the transmission line will require displacement of 16ha of land for the Power plant and a total area of 300ha for the transmission line. Consequently, due to the land required for construction of the above, the project will have the following social impacts: 1) Permanent land acquisition; 2) Permanent physical resettlement of houses, buildings, trees and crops; 3) Permanent physical resettlement of businesses; 4) Loss of cultural property; and 4) Forest Loss. Within the project area, crop owners will lose land that they cultivate as well as some crops, including the trees. Household owners will lose their residence or any other building that is part of their assets.
Characteristics of Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated on Nucleation-Controlled Poly-Si Films by Surface Steps (1994)

Polycrystalline Si films were prepared on SiO 2 /Si substrates by solid-phase crystallization of vacuum-evaporated amorphous Si with a nucleation-controlled process by steps formed at the substrate surface. Crystallinity of the Si films and characteristics of n- and p-channel thin-film transistors fabricated on the Si films have been investigated. The Si films were found to be composed of stripe-shaped grains elongated in the direction perpendicular to the step. The vast majority of the grains had the <111> axis in the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. Concerning the in-plane crystal orientation, a tendency for the <211> axis to align in the direction perpendicular to the step was found. Both n- and p-channel transistors fabricated on the Si films showed improved channel carrier mobility compared to those fabricated on Si films prepared by solid-phase crystallization without nucleation control. The improvement was more pronounced in n-channel transistors, which suggested that p-channel transistor performances were less sensitive to grain boundaries.
Physical and chemical penetration enhancers in transdermal drug delivery system (2010)

There is considerable interest in the skin as a site of drug application for both local and systemic effect. However, the skin, in particular the stratum corneum, possesses a formidable barrier to drug penetration thereby limiting topical and transdermal bioavailability. Skin penetration enhancement techniques have been developed to improve bioavailability and to increase the range of drugs for which topical and transdermal delivery is a viable option. The permeation of drug through skin can be enhanced by both chemical penetration enhancement and physical methods. In this review, we have discussed the physical and chemical penetration enhancement technology for transdermal drug delivery as well as the probable mechanisms of action.
The Assimilation of Satellite Data into Ocean Wave Prediction Models (1991)

A technique is developed which uses differences between predictions of the waves from a wave model and observed values to determine possible errors in the initial wind field used to force the wave model. The resulting wind field corrections can then be used to re-run the model and thus improve model predictions. Initial results and tests indicate the technique is reliable.
Water Solubility Enhancement of Phthalates by Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide and β-Cyclodextrin (2003)

Water solubility enhancements of six phthalates (five aliphatic phthalates and one phenyl phthalate) by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were studied at 25 °C. The solubilities of these phthalates are remarkably enhanced by CTAB solutions above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). Only marginal enhancement of phthalate solubility was observed in solutions containing CTAB below its cmc and β-CD at low concentrations (less than 5 mM). The solubility enhancements of the phthalates are proportional to the added amount of CTAB and β-CD. Partition coefficients of the phthalates between monomeric CTAB surfactant and water (KMN) and between CTAB micelle and water (KMC) were estimated from the experimental data. The mechanisms of solubility enhancements by CTAB and β-CD were discussed. A log-linear equation was proposed and evaluated for the solubilization by CTAB below cmc, while the previously proposed linear partitioning model was questioned. The structures of the complexes formed between phthalates and β-CD were proposed, and the formation constants were estimated. The values of log KMC, log KMN, and log Kβ-CD of the phthalates were found to correlate linearly with the log KOW of phthalates, with the exception of the solid phenyl phthalate.