gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Injection granulomas. Intramuscle or intrafat? (1994)

The finding that buttock subcutaneous fat thickness exceeds the length of the most commonly used needle for intramuscular buttock injection (3.8 cm), together with the preponderance of calcified granulomas found in the fat of female patients, suggests that the currently used injection technique may not be therapeutically optimal. We suggest that longer needles be used for intramuscular buttock injections in adults.
Aminolysis of sulfamate esters in non-aqueous solvents. Evidence consistent with a concerted E2-type mechanism (1996)

Aminolysis of 4-nitrophenyl sulfamate, N-phenylmethylsulfamate and N-phenylsulfamate esters in chloroform and acetonitrile at 37 °C using a series of pyridine, quinuclidine and cyclic amine bases has been studied. Second-order kinetics were observed and k2 constants were obtained from plots of kobsvs. [amine]. Brønsted-type plots gave slopes of ∼ 0.27 for the pyridines and ∼ 0.5 for the stronger bases. The failure of the N,N-dimethylsulfamate, Me2NSO2OC6H4NO2-4, to react and the absence of steric effects when hindered pyridines were used support an elimination rather than a substitution mechanism and thus the amines act as general base catalysts. Negative entropies of activation support a bimolecular mechanism and an isokinetic temperature of 541 K was obtained from a plot of ΔH‡vs.ΔS‡. A β1g of –1.25 (ρ=+2.8) has been obtained for reaction of a series of five N-phenylmethyl esters, PhCH2NHSO2OC6H4X (X = 4-NO2, 3-NO2, 3-Cl, 4-Cl and H with tert-butylamine in chloroform and a ρacyl, of –0.91 for reaction of the phenyl esters, XC6H4NHSO2OC6H4X (X = 4-MeO, 4-Me, 3-Me, H and 3-Cl) with 4-dimethylaminopyridine in chloroform. These reactions are seen as being E2 type processes with some ElcB-like character but they are not thought to involve N-sulfonylamines, RNSO2.
Simulation of Chemical Isomerization Reaction Dynamics on a NMR Quantum Simulator (2011)

Quantum simulation can beat current classical computers with minimally a few tens of qubits. Here we report an experimental demonstration that a small nuclear-magnetic-resonance quantum simulator is already able to simulate the dynamics of a prototype laser-driven isomerization reaction using engineered quantum control pulses. The experimental results agree well with classical simulations. We conclude that the quantum simulation of chemical reaction dynamics not computable on current classical computers is feasible in the near future.
Active controlled fiber optical 90 degrees hybrid for coherent communications (1989)

A description is given of a lossless, active controlled fiber-optic 90 degrees -hybrid coupler consisting of four fiber couplers for use in a phase-diversity receiver. The four output signals are proportional to E/sub 1/+or-E/sub 2/ and E/sub 1/+or-E/sub 2/*exp(j90 degrees ), where E/sub 1/ and E/sub 2/ are the complex amplitudes of the two input signals. The hybrid comprising four 3-dB monomode fiber couplers and two phase shifters was designed for the 1.5- mu m wavelength range. The principle of operation is described and experimental results are presented. The maximum phase error is smaller than 0.5.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Central obesity and hypertensionThe role of plasma endothelin (1996)

Hypertension and central obesity are two conditions closely linked, but the mechanisms responsible for obesity-associated hypertension are still unclear. In the last few years, several studies addressed the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the development and maintenance of hypertension. This study was designed to evaluate plasma ET-1 in normotensive and hypertensive central obese subjects compared with a lean healthy group. Our final goal was to analyze the relationship between plasma ET-1, blood pressure, and left ventricular structure and function in central obese subjects (both normotensives and hypertensives). ET-levels have been assessed by the radioimmunoassay method in 20 lean normotensives and in 57 central obese subjects; 30 of them were hypertensives and 27 of them were normotensives. Twenty-four-hour mean blood pressure (MBP/24 h) by noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, left ventricular mass/ height (LVM/H), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by echocardiography and peak filling rate (PFR) by radionuclide study were also measured. ET levels were significantly (P < .05) higher in obese hypertensives and obese normotensives than in lean normotensives. In addition, ET levels were significantly (P < .05) higher in obese hypertensives than in obese normotensives. ET were directly related to LVM/ H (r = 0.86; P < .001) and MBP/24 h (r = 0.48; P < .009) but only in obese hypertensives. Multiple regression analysis indicated that ET-1 plasma levels remain an independent predictor of MBP/ 24 h and LVM/H also when age was included in the analysis. These data suggest that obesity-associated hypertension is characterized by an endothelial dysfunction that may contribute to the higher cardiovascular risk detectable in these patients.
Endoscopy‐Assisted Radiofrequency Ablation Around the Coronary Sinus Ostium in Dogs: (1996)

Ablation of the two specific areas around the coronary sinus ostium was equally effective in modifying AV nodal properties and the ventricular response during AF without dual AV nodal pathway physiology. The ventricular rate to AF after ablation correlated well with the residual AV nodal properties.
Synthetic Studies of Detoxin Complex II: Syntheses of Detoxin B1 and B3 (1986)

Syntheses of title compounds from L-proline are describedThe detoxin complex constitutes an interesting group of depsipeptides.'This complex, made up of metabolites produced by Streptomyces caespitosus v a r detoxicus 7072 E l , is of great interest for i t s detoxification effect against the antibiotic blasticidin S both in animal and plant cells.We are pursuing a broad program dealins with the totsl synthesis of detoxinine ', the main constituent of the complex, as well a s the syntheses of other members of the detoxin complex.Scheme 1 Boc = CO,CMe, Boc ' ~0 ~1 ~.MeOH; b ( ~o c ) 2 0 , N E t 3 , CHzCIZ; C ( ~o c ) Z ~, 1 N N a O H , d i o x a n e -w a t e r : d ~e ~~, C H 2 C I Z , D C C , DMAP: e ~a ~~4 , LiC1, E t O H , T H F : f ~0 3 ' ~y , DBSO.NEt3 or ( C O C I ) Z , NEt .DMSO.CHZC12, -7a°C+RT: 'DIBAI., t o l u e n e , -7a°C.6 min: h ~a ~~4 .E t O H ; 'Zn-Cu.B
Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (1999)

This memo replaces RFC 1483.It describes two encapsulations methods for carrying network interconnect traffic over AAL type 5 over ATM.The first method allows multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual connection whereas the second method assumes that each protocol is carried over a separate ATM virtual connection. ApplicabilityThis specification is intended to be used in implementations which use ATM networks to carry multiprotocol traffic among hosts, routers and bridges which are ATM end systems.
ESTIMATION OF THE SIGNAL‐TO‐NOISE RATIO OF SEISMIC DATA WITH AN APPLICATION TO STACKING* (1980)

A bstract The amplitude of the signal and the energy of the noise on each of at least three traces can be estimated provided that the signal has the same form (but not necessarily the same amplitude) on these traces and that the noise on any trace is correlated with neither the signal nor the noise on any other trace. This estimation of signal amplitude and noise energy can be achieved by a rather simple algorithm. The accuracy of the estimate depends, of course, on the degree to which the assumption that signal and noise on the different traces are mutually uncorrelated is actually met. The accuracy tends to improve with increasing number of traces.
Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (1998)

Atopic dermatitis skin tends to be easily irritated and appears dry. These clinical peculiarities correspond to impaired barrier function and to increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values. A few studies suggest that a reduced amount of total ceramides (especially of ceramide 1) is responsible for functional abnormalities of the skin of atopic dermatitis patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between epidermal lipids and barrier impairment in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. The quantity of ceramides, cholesterol sulphate and free cholesterol of 47 patients with atopic dermatitis and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects was assessed by cyanoacrylate stripping and thin layer chromatography. Capacitance and TEWL were recorded at the same site of the lipid sample. In patients with atopic dermatitis, the levels of ceramide 1 and 3 were significantly lower and values of cholesterol significantly higher with respect to healthy subjects. Moreover, the CER/CH ratio was significantly lower with respect to normal skin. Patients with active signs of eczema also had higher TEWL values and lower capacitance values. By contrast, patients with no active signs of atopic dermatitis had a normal barrier function and intermediate values of ceramides and cholesterols, when compared to patients with atopic dermatitis with active lesions and normal subjects. The quantity of ceramide 3 was significantly correlated with TEWL impairment. These findings suggest that a decrease in ceramides in the stratum corneum is involved in barrier impairment in atopic dermatitis skin. Our data confirm those of other authors and support the view that impaired metabolism of ceramides may be the cause of dry skin and impaired barrier function in atopic dermatitis.
Immunoaffinity concentration and purification of waterborne enteric viruses for detection by reverse transcriptase PCR (1996)

To assess the risks from viral contamination of drinking-water supplies, there is a clear need for methods to directly detect viral pathogens. In this study, we developed a broad-spectrum immunocapture method for concentration and purification of enteric viruses. The method involved indirect antibody capture (AbCap) of intact viruses followed by release of virion genomic RNA and reverse transcriptase PCR for amplification and oligoprobe hybridization for detection. The procedure involved concentrating enteric viruses from large volumes of water by standard filtration-elution techniques with IMDS filters and 1 liter of 1% beef extract-0.05 M glycine (BE/G) as an eluate. The BE/G eluate was concentrated and purified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, Pro-Cipitate (a commercially available protein precipitating reagent) precipitation, and a second PEG precipitation to a volume of approximately 500 mu l. Aliquots of the second PEG precipitate were further processed by RNA extraction, AbCap, or cell culture analysis for infectious viruses. The AbCap method was applied to 11 field samples of fecally contaminated surface water. Of the 11 samples, 9 were positive for enteric viruses by AbCap method 4 of 11 samples were positive for enteric viruses by direct RNA extraction of a small aliquot of the second PEG concentrate; and 4 of 11 samples were positive for enteric viruses by measurement of cell culture infectivity. The results of enteric viruses were compared with those for standard bacterial and coliphage indicators of fecal contamination.
Repeatability and reproducibility of optic nerve head perfusion measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography (2016)

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has increasingly become a clinically useful technique in ophthalmic imaging. We evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of blood perfusion in the optic nerve head (ONH) measured using optical microangiography (OMAG)-based OCTA. Ten eyes from 10 healthy volunteers are recruited and scanned three times with a 68-kHz Cirrus HD-OCT 5000-based OMAG prototype system (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, California) centered at the ONH involving two separate visits within six weeks. Vascular images are generated with OMAG processing by detecting the differences in OCT signals between consecutive B-scans acquired at the same retina location. ONH perfusion is quantified as flux, vessel area density, and normalized flux within the ONH for the prelaminar, lamina cribrosa, and the full ONH. Coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) are used to evaluate intravisit and intervisit repeatability, and interobserver reproducibility. ONH perfusion measurements show high repeatability [CV≤3.7% (intravisit) and ≤5.2% (intervisit)] and interobserver reproducibility (ICC≤0.966) in all three layers by three metrics. OCTA provides a noninvasive method to visualize and quantify ONH perfusion in human eyes with excellent repeatability and reproducibility, which may add additional insight into ONH perfusion in clinical practice.
Small rectangular patch antenna (1998)

A novel folded rectangular patch antenna is designed and measured. Compared with a conventional patch antenna with the same surface area, the resonant frequency is reduced by 37%. The cross-polarisation level is ~–20 dB.
The genetic basis of endometriosis (2001)

Family studies have long suggested a role for genetic factors in the aetiology of endometriosis. The influence of genes on disease development has mainly been researched independently of environmental factors, yet their interaction must play an important role. Greater exposure to retrograde menstruation and oestrogen is likely to increase the risk of endometriosis; toxic compounds such as dioxin may increase the risk, although the only direct evidence has come from primate studies. Previous association studies implicated GALT (a gene involved in galactose metabolism), and GSTM1 and NAT2 (genes encoding for the detoxification enzymes) as possible disease susceptibility genes. Recent findings have added to the evidence for the involvement of GSTM1 and NAT2, but have cast doubt on the role of GALT. However, the design of many genetic and epidemiological studies has been inadequate with respect to sample size, consistency in phenotype definition, and the choice of control populations. These features are likely to influence results, and could partly explain the lack of consistency in the findings. Future studies should use a consistent disease definition and be of appropriate epidemiological design.
Elusive Estrogens May Hold Key to Some Cancer Risk (1995)

Journal Article Elusive Estrogens May Hold Key to Some Cancer Risk Get access JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 87, Issue 16, 16 August 1995, Pages 1207–1208, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.16.1207 Published: 16 August 1995
Improved active frequency drift anti-islanding method with lower total harmonic distortion (2010)

As more distributed generators join the utility grid, the concern of unintentional islanding increases. This concern is due to the safety hazards this phenomena imposes on the personnel and equipment. Passive anti-islanding methods monitor grid parameters to detect islanding, whereas active methods inject perturbation into current waveform to drive theses parameters out of limit. The performance of active methods, such as conventional active frequency drift method (AFD), is limited by the amount of total harmonic distortion (THD) they inject into the grid. In this paper a novel anti-islanding method is presented, which generates 30% less THD than the AFD, which results in faster island detection and better non-detection zone. The performance of the proposed method is derived analytically, simulated using MATLAB and verified experimentally using a prototype setup. A single phase grid-tied photovoltaic distributed generation system is used for the simulation and experimental setup, and considered as potential application.
Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of key intermediates (S)-γ-hydroxymethyl-α,β-butenolide and (S)-γ-hydroxymethyl-γ-butyrolactone via lipase-mediated Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of levoglucosenone (2014)

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of levoglucosenone with CAL-B and solid buffers provided valuable lactones in high yields in only 2 hours while allowing enzyme recyclability.
EBV gene expression and regulation (2007)

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is an extremely efficient virus infecting the majority of the world's adult population (Rickinson and Kieff, 2001). Following primary infection, EBV persists in the infected host as a lifelong asymptomatic infection. Early in the course of primary infection, EBV infects B-lymphocytes, although it is not known where B-lymphocytes are infected and whether this involves epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract. To achieve long-term persistence in vivo, EBV colonizes the memory B-cell pool where it establishes latent infection, which is characterized by the expression of a limited subset of virus genes, known as the "latent" genes (Thorley-Lawson, 2001). There are several well-described forms of EBV latency, each of which is utilized by the virus at different stages of the virus life cycle and which are also reflected in the patterns of latency observed in the various EBV-associated malignancies (Rickinson and Kieff, 2001; Young and Murray, 2003). Furthermore, during its life cycle EBV must periodically enter the replicative cycle in order to generate infectious virus for transmission to other susceptible hosts, although it is also not clear whether this occurs in B-lymphocytes or in other cell types of the oropharynx (Rickinson and Kieff, 2001).
Growth Rates Made Easy (2013)

In the 1960s-1980s, determination of bacterial growth rates was an important tool in microbial genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and microbial physiology. The exciting technical developments of the 1990s and the 2000s eclipsed that tool; as a result, many investigators today lack experience with growth rate measurements. Recently, investigators in a number of areas have started to use measurements of bacterial growth rates for a variety of purposes. Those measurements have been greatly facilitated by the availability of microwell plate readers that permit the simultaneous measurements on up to 384 different cultures. Only the exponential (logarithmic) portions of the resulting growth curves are useful for determining growth rates, and manual determination of that portion and calculation of growth rates can be tedious for high-throughput purposes. Here, we introduce the program GrowthRates that uses plate reader output files to automatically determine the exponential portion of the curve and to automatically calculate the growth rate, the maximum culture density, and the duration of the growth lag phase. GrowthRates is freely available for Macintosh, Windows, and Linux. We discuss the effects of culture volume, the classical bacterial growth curve, and the differences between determinations in rich media and minimal (mineral salts) media. This protocol covers calibration of the plate reader, growth of culture inocula for both rich and minimal media, and experimental setup. As a guide to reliability, we report typical day-to-day variation in growth rates and variation within experiments with respect to position of wells within the plates.
PocketParker (2014)

Searching for parking spots generates frustration and pollution. To address these parking problems, we present PocketParker, a crowdsourcing system using smartphones to predict parking lot availability. PocketParker is an example of a subset of crowdsourcing we call pocketsourcing. Pocketsourcing applications require no explicit user input or additional infrastructure, running effectively without the phone leaving the user's pocket. PocketParker detects arrivals and departures by leveraging existing activity recognition algorithms. Detected events are used to maintain per-lot availability models and respond to queries. By estimating the number of drivers not using PocketParker, a small fraction of drivers can generate accurate predictions. Our evaluation shows that PocketParker quickly and correctly detects parking events and is robust to the presence of hidden drivers. Camera monitoring of several parking lots as 105 PocketParker users generated 10;827 events over 45 days shows that PocketParker was able to correctly predict lot availability 94% of the time.
Learning of personalized security settings (2010)

While many cybersecurity tools are available to computer users, their default configurations often do not match needs of specific users. Since most modern users are not computer experts, they are often unable to customize these tools, thus getting either insufficient or excessive security. To address this problem, we are developing an automated assistant that learns security needs of the user and helps customize available tools.
First example of the topochemical polymerization of the (E,E)-muconic acid derivative (2000)

The 1-naphthylmethylammonium salts of not only (Z,Z)- but also (E,E)-muconic acid were found to polymerize upon photoirradiation in the crystalline state to provide a stereoregular polymer in a high yield. The stereochemical structure of both polymers obtained from the monomers with different configurations was identical, i. e., a meso-diisotactic-trans-2,5-structure. The stereochemistry of the polymers obtained is discussed on the basis of the monomer configuration and the molecular packing in the crystals.
Colloid Chemical Approach to Nanoelectrode Ensembles with Highly Controllable Active Area Fraction (2002)

A novel "bottom-up" approach to highly controllable nanoelectrode ensembles (NEEs) has been developed using colloidal nanoparticle self-assembly techniques. This solution-based strategy allows flexible control over nanoelectrode size, shape, and interspacing of the as-prepared NEEs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was proved to be a powerful tool to monitor the NEE topography, which yields parameters that can be used to calculate the fractional nanoelectrode area of the NEEs. AFM, ac impedance, and cyclic voltammetry studies demonstrate that most of nanoelectrodes on the NEEs (at least by 9-min self-assembly) are not diffusionally isolated under conventional ac frequency range and scan rates. As a result, the NEEs behave as "nanoelectrode-patch" assemblies. Besides, the as-prepared NEEs by different self-assembling times show an adjustable sensitivity to heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics, which may be helpful to sensor applications. Like these NEEs constructed by other techniques, the present NEEs prepared by chemical self-assembly also exhibit the enhancement of electroanalytical detection limit consistent with NEE theory prediction.
Photoresponsive characteristics and hysteresis of soluble 6,13-bis(triisopropyl-silylethynyl)-pentacene-based organic thin film transistors with and without annealing (2010)

We report on the photoresponsive characteristics and hysteresis of soluble 6,13-bis(triisopropyl-silylethynyl; TIPS)-pentacene-based organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) with and without an annealing process. Under incident light, the hysteresis and memory effect increased for the annealed devices through photoinduced electron trapping and recombination at the gate-dielectric-semiconductor interface. To investigate the cause of the photoenhanced memory effect and hysteresis, we estimated the trapped electron densities from the threshold shift, while applying a gate bias to the annealed OTFTs under both dark and light conditions. A comparison of the characteristics of OTFT devices that are prepared under various conditions suggests that deep electron traps might be caused by the appearance of a domain boundary (i.e., cracks) in the annealed TIPS-pentacene film during the annealing process, which showed stable photoresponsive characteristics but relatively lower mobility.