gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation among lentiviruses: homology between visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is confined to the 5' gag-pol region and a small portion of the env gene (1984)

Visna virus of sheep and arthritis-encephalitis virus of goats are serologically related but genetically distinct retroviruses which cause slowly progressive diseases in their natural hosts. To localize homologous regions of the DNAs of these two viruses, we constructed a physical map of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus DNA and aligned it with the viral RNA. Cloned probes of visna virus DNA were then used to localize regions of homology with the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus DNA. These studies showed homology in the 5' region of the genome encompassing U5 and the gag and pol genes and also in a small region in the env gene. These findings correlate with biological data suggesting that the regions of the DNA which are homologous may be responsible for virus group characteristics such as the closely related virus core antigens. Regions which did not show homology such as large sections in the env gene may represent unique sequences which control highly strain-specific characteristics such as the neutralization antigen and specific cell tropisms.
Pore networks in continental and marine mudstones: Characteristics and controls on sealing behavior (2011)

Mudstone pore networks are strong modifiers of sedimentary basin fluid dynamics and have a critical role in the distribution of hydrocarbons and containment of injected fluids. Using core samples from continental and marine mudstones, we investigate properties of pore types and networks from a variety of geologic environments, together with estimates of capillary breakthrough pressures by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Analysis and interpretation of quantitative and qualitative three-dimensional (3D) observations, obtained by dual focused ion beam–scanning electron microscopy, suggest seven dominant mudstone pore types distinguished by geometry and connectivity. A dominant planar pore type occurs in all investigated mudstones and generally has high coordination numbers (i.e., number of neighboring connected pores). Connected networks of pores of this type contribute to high mercury capillary pressures due to small pore throats at the junctions of connected pores and likely control most matrix transport in these mudstones. Other pore types are related to authigenic (e.g., replacement or pore-lining precipitation) clay minerals and pyrite nodules; pores in clay packets adjacent to larger, more competent clastic grains; pores in organic phases; and stylolitic and microfracture-related pores. Pores within regions of authigenic clay minerals often form small isolated networks (<3 μm). Pores in stringers of organic phases occur as tubular pores or slit- and/or sheet-like pores. These form short, connected lengths in 3D reconstructions, but appear to form networks no larger than a few microns in size. Sealing efficiency of the studied mudstones increases with greater distal depositional environments and greater maximum depth of burial.
Sensitivity of cued speech reception to cue imperfections (1996)

In manual cued speech (MCS) a speaker gestures with his/her hand to resolve ambiguities among speech elements that are often confused by speechreaders. The shape of the hand distinguishes among consonants, and the position of the hand relative to the face distinguishes among vowels. Experienced receivers of MCS achieve nearly perfect reception of everyday connected speech. To understand the benefits that might be derived from the imperfect cues produced by an automatic cueing system, videotaped sentences with handshapes corresponding to the phones identified by simulated phonetic speech recognizers were dubbed. The cues dubbed on these sentences were discrete in both shape and position rather than fluidly articulated, and the speaking rate was roughly 50% faster than for MCS. When the phones identified by an ideal recognizer were used to produce the cues, performance was only slightly lower than for MCS. When cues were derived from an existing recognizer, intelligibility was reduced, but substantial benefits to speechreading were observed. Current research is aimed at developing an automatic speech recognition system with the speed, accuracy, and computational efficiency required for a real-time automatic cueing system. [Work supported by NIH.]
Growth Characteristics of Human Wilms″ Tumor in Nude Mice (1988)

Ten Wilms' tumors (WT) were heterotransplated into athymic (nude) mice. Eight of the tumors (80%) grew and were serially passaged as many as 20 times. The histology of the primary heterotransplants resembled that of the surgically excised tumors (seven classical and one anaplastic). Histological examination of serial passages of the classical WT demonstrated the tendency of the stromal and tubular components to disappear. The anaplastic tumor, however, maintained histological features identical to the primary tumor through all passages examined. One WT cell line that exhibited a prominent skeletal muscle component failed to grow beyond the third passage. Spontaneous glomerular differentiation was noted in several heterotransplants. The site of transplantation (subcutaneous, peritoneal, or renal capsule) had no effect on the differentiation of the tumors, and attempts to produce intravenous metastases were unsuccessful. Unilateral nephrectomy of WT-bearing mice gave a transient increase in pulse labeling of the tumors with bromodeoxyuridine, a thymidine analogue, compared with sham-operated controls or mice bearing Ewings' sarcoma heterotransplants. The increased labeling of tumor nuclei reached a maximum at 48 h. Similar increased labeling was observed in the remaining kidney following unilateral nephrectomy. These data show that although WT is a malignant neoplasm, its cells retain the capacity to respond to physiological signals resulting from nephrectomy and that differentiation cannot be modulated by the site of heterotransplantation or serial passage in athymic mice.
Amplification circuit and microelectrode array for HL-1 Cardiomyocyte action potential measurement (2010)

We have designed and tested two amplification circuits for measuring HL-1 cardiac action potentials, single-ended and differential. We describe the improvements in performance resulting from the differential configuration. These improvements are especially important considering the cell culture's aqueous environment that experiences DC drift. In addition we have designed and fabricated a 4×4 gold microelectrode array and cultured HL-1 cells on the electrodes. The array is connected to our circuit through a custom made Pogo pin jig to allow for easy measurements from the electrodes while cells are being cultured. This setup allowed us to obtain initial results for modeling the transfer function of the cell culture as a passive device network. Testing has confirmed the circuits are capable of filtering low frequency signals including DC drift and frequencies above 5 kHz. The amplification was achieved through two gain stages with a total gain of 60 dB for the single-ended and 46 dB for the differential circuits.
Inhibition of development of methylnitrosourea-induced rat colonic tumors by peroral administration of indomethacin. (1982)

The nonsteroid antiinflammatory drug indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, inhibited the development of carcinogen-induced large bowel carcinomas in rats. CD-Fischer rats were given carcinogenic pretreatment with intrarectal instillation of 2 mg of methylnitrosourea 3 times a week from the 1st to the 5th week, in order to produce large bowel tumors. Thereafter, peroral administration of a high or low dose of indomethacin dissolved in drinking water (20 micrograms or 10 micrograms indomethacin/ml tap water) for 15 weeks was started at the 11th week, before the tumors developed. At autopsy in the 26th week just after the completion of the 15-week treatment, the incidence of developing large bowel tumors was significantly reduced in treated rats, compared to untreated control rats; 17% or 14% vs. 67%. However, at autopsy in the 36th week, 10 weeks after cessation of the treatment, the development of tumors in treated rats was significantly increased. Thus, indomethacin inhibited the development of methylnitrosourea-induced large bowel tumors in rats. The effectiveness of peroral administration of indomethacin was comparable to that of intraperitoneal administration. It is postulated that treatment with this drug may effectively prevent the development of large bowel cancer in patients at high risk.
Effect of Salmeterol on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection of Respiratory Mucosa (1997)

We have studied the effect of salmeterol on both P. aeruginosa interactions with the mucosa of nasal turbinate organ cultures and on pyocyanin-induced (20 microg/ml) and elastase-induced (100 microg/ml) damage to nasal epithelial cells. Organ cultures were exposed to salmeterol either by preincubation with 4 x 10(-7) M salmeterol for 30 min or by pipetting 20 microl of 4 x 10(-7) M salmeterol onto the organ culture surface immediately prior to bacterial inoculation. Infected organ cultures (8 h) had significantly (p < or = 0.01) increased epithelial damage, and P. aeruginosa was predominantly associated with damaged epithelium and mucus. Salmeterol significantly (p < or = 0.02) reduced epithelial damage caused by infection and the total number of adherent bacteria (p < or = 0.05), but bacterial distribution on the mucosa was unchanged. Nasal epithelial cells incubated with pyocyanin (20 microg/ml) or elastase (100 microg/ml) for 3 h had significantly (p < or = 0.05) increased cytoplasmic blebbing and mitochondrial damage versus control values. Elastase also significantly (p < or = 0.05) increased cell projection and reduced the level of ciliation. Cells preincubated with salmeterol (2 x 10(-7) M) showed a significant reduction in some features of cell damage caused by both toxins, which was inhibited by the beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. Our results indicate that salmeterol reduces P. aeruginosa-induced damage to both organ culture and nasal epithelium.
A comparison between impedance measured by a commercial analyzer and your value adjusted by a theoretical model in body composition evaluation (2005)

The use of an electrical current for the evaluation of several physiological variables in the human body is not a recent technique but continues to awaken great interest in the research community. One of the greatest applications for such a technique is the study of body composition through bioimpedance, where generally a equipment with a tetrapolar array set of electrodes is used to realize the bioimpedance measurement. The aim of the present work is to show that the bioimpedance measured is normally sub-estimated and to develop a correction factor for such values. The comparison between the original bioimpedance values, obtained by commercial equipment, and their corrected values, in body composition evaluation, will be shown. Body composition tests were conducted on 10 male subjects. Besides the bioimpedance analysis, anthropometric measures consisting of height, weight and skinfold-thickness were also obtained from the subjects to allow an estimation of the body composition by anthropometric equations established in the literature. The comparison results point to a better correlation (Pearson coefficient, r = 0.9735) between the anthropometric estimated fat-free mass (FFM) and the estimated value by the corrected bioimpedance adjusted, when compared with the original ones Pearson coefficient, r = 0.9487.
A DC-21 GHz Low Imbalance Active Balun Using Darlington Cell Technique for High Speed Data Communications (2009)

A DC-21 GHz low imbalance active balun using a 2 mum InGaP/GaAs HBT process is presented in this letter for high speed data communications. A Darlington cell is adopted to enhance 3 dB bandwidth of the proposed active balun. A feedback capacitor is designed to compensate the phase error between differential output ports caused by the different number of stages. The proposed active balun achieves a broad bandwidth of 21 GHz, an average small signal gain of 2.5 dB, a maximum amplitude imbalance of 1.2 dB, and a phase error of less than 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">deg</sup> . The measured group delays of the balun are lower than 30 ps with low variation. Moreover, an eye diagram with a pseudorandom bit stream of up to 12.5 Gbps is presented. The active balun is appropriate for high speed data communications due to its low imbalance and group delay.
Turbine Design to Mitigate Forcing (POSTPRINT) (2012)

Abstract : A demonstrated ability to make accurate flowfield predictions leads to the possibility of controlling levels of unsteadiness through aerodynamic design. Here the physics of the flowfield that gives rise to unsteady interaction in a stage-and-one-half experimental high pressure turbine designed at AFRL is discussed with reference to available codevalidation data. Then, several design techniques are applied either to reduce the magnitude or alter the phase of unsteady interactions within the turbine in order to mitigate aerodynamic forcing. These include the shaping of both the rotating and stationary airfoil profiles as well as a novel flow-control method that involves steady blowing from the pressure side of the downstream stationary airfoil row. In addition, the effects of downstream vane asymmetric spacing and vane-tovane clocking are also assessed. While at present the application of these concepts to the turbine in question is strictly analytical, experimental validation of many of these methods to reduce unsteadiness is now underway in a full-scale rotating, transonic turbine experiment at AFRL.
Ghrelin Is Not Necessary for Adequate Hormonal Counterregulation of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia (2002)

Ghrelin is a novel enteric hormone that stimulates growth hormone (GH), ACTH, and epinephrine; augments plasma glucose; and increases food intake by inducing the feeling of hunger. These characteristics make ghrelin a potential counterregulatory hormone. At present, it is not known whether ghrelin increases in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. To answer this question, we compared plasma ghrelin concentrations after a short-term insulin infusion that was allowed or not (euglycemic clamp) to cause hypoglycemia (2.7 +/- 0.2 mmol/l at 30 min) in five healthy volunteers. In both studies, plasma ghrelin concentrations decreased (P < 0.01) after insulin infusion (hypoglycemia by 14%, euglycemia by 22%), reached a nadir at 30 min, and returned to baseline at 60 min, without differences between the hypoglycemia and the euglycemia studies. Glucagon, cortisol, and GH increased in response to hypoglycemia despite the decreased ghrelin. There was a strong correlation (R(2) = 0.91, P < 0.002) between the insulin sensitivity of the subjects and the percentage suppression of ghrelin from baseline. These data demonstrate that ghrelin is not required for the hormonal defenses against insulin-induced hypoglycemia and that insulin can suppress ghrelin levels in healthy humans. These results raise the possibility that postprandial hyperinsulinemia is responsible for the reduction of plasma ghrelin that occurs during meal intake.
Inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation and migration by monoclonal antibody m590 specific for insulin-like growth factor receptor type I (2012)

目的探討抗胰島素樣生長因子Ⅰ型受體(IGF-IR)抗體,m590,抑制乳腺癌細胞增生、遷移及其機制.方法免疫組織化學染色30例乳腺浸潤性導管癌標本；免疫印跡法、免疫熒光細胞染色及其他試驗檢測m590 對MCF-7細胞的作用及其機制.結果87％的乳腺浸潤性導管癌高表達IGF-IR；m590抑制胰島素樣生長因子Ⅰ(IGF-I)誘導的細胞外調節蛋白激酶(ERK)和蛋白激酶B(Akt)磷酸化以及細胞骨架蛋白(F-actin)和細胞骨架黏合班蛋白(Vinculin)在細胞內的分佈,使細胞增生、遷移和黏附分別降低至5​​8 ％、56％和55％,並促進細胞凋亡；M590 與赫賽汀聯用抑制IGF-I誘導的ERK和Akt 磷酸化,使細胞增生降低76％.結論m590 是一個有效抑制乳腺癌細胞增生、遷移和黏附的抗IGF-IR抗體.
Low pressure pneumatic tourniquets: effectiveness at minimum recommended inflation pressures. (1995)

Complications from lower extremity pneumatic tourniquet use can range from transient to devastating. A major factor that can lead to complications is simply the applied site pressure. Recent advancements in tourniquet design, including increased width and curve allow for consistent hemostasis at pressures as low as 200 mm. Hg for single bladder pneumatic cuffs applied at the ankle, and 250 mm. Hg applied at the thigh. The Zimmer Automatic Tourniquet System (A.T.S.) Low Pressure Cuffs were followed at these minimal pressures with promising results.
The ratio of Th17/Treg cells as a risk indicator in early acute respiratory distress syndrome (2015)

The Th17/Treg imbalance favoring a Th17 shift represents a potential therapeutic target to alleviate lung injury and a novel risk indicator in patients with early ARDS.
Evaluation of deammonification process performance at different aeration strategies (2011)

In a deammonification process applied in the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) oxygen is a crucial parameter for the process performance and efficiency. The objective of this study was to investigate different aeration strategies, characterised by the ratio between non-aerated and aerated phase times (R) and dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO). The series of batch tests were conducted with variable DO concentrations (2, 3, 4 mg L(-1)) and R values (0-continuous aeration; 1/3, 1, 3-intermittent aeration) but with the same initial ammonium concentration, volume of the moving bed and temperature. It was found that the impact of DO on deammonification was dependent on the R value. At R=0 and R=1/3, an increase of DO caused a significant increase in nitrogen removal rate, whereas for R=1 and R=3 similar rates of the process were observed irrespectively of the DO. The highest nitrogen removal rate of 3.33 g N m(-2) d(-1) (efficiency equal to 69.5%) was obtained at R=1/3 and DO=4 mg L(-1). Significantly lower nitrogen removal rates (1.17-1.58 g N m(-2) d(-1)) were observed at R=1 and R=3 for each examined DO. It was a consequence reduced aerated phase duration times and lesser amounts of residual nitrite in non-aerated phases as compared to R=1/3.
Low-threshold high-efficiency AlGaAs-GaAs double-heterostructure injection lasers grown on Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1987)

We have fabricated low-threshold, high-quantum-efficiency, room-temperature AlGaAs-GaAs double-heterojunction injection lasers from epitaxial structures grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition directly on Si substrates. These devices have broad-area (125 μm×250 μm) pulsed threshold current densities as low as Jth =3.5 kA/cm2 at ∼23 °C. Ridge-waveguide stripe-geometry lasers (5 μm×250 μm) have pulsed threshold currents as low as 130 mA at ∼23 °C. These stripe-geometry lasers have total external differential quantum efficiencies as high as ηext ∼70%, a value equal to the ηext measured for similar double-heterostructure lasers grown on GaAs substrates. These are the lowest threshold currents and highest external quantum efficiencies yet reported for lasers grown on Si substrates.
A morphine/heroin vaccine with new hapten design attenuates behavioral effects in rats (2011)

Heroin use has seriously threatened public heath in many countries, but the existing therapies continue to have many limitations. Recently, immunotherapy has shown efficacy in some clinical studies, including vaccines against nicotine and cocaine, but no opioid vaccines have been introduced in clinical studies. The development of a novel opioid antigen designed specifically for the prevention of heroin addiction is necessary. A morphine-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate was prepared and administered subcutaneously in rats. Antibody titers in plasma were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Competitive ELISA was used to assess the selectivity of the antibodies. Dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens in rats after vaccine administration were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The effects of the vaccine on the heroin-primed restatement of self-administration and locomotor sensitization were evaluated. A novel hapten, 6-glutarylmorphine, was produced, and the vaccine generated a high antibody titer response. This vaccine displayed specificity for both morphine and heroin, but the anti-morphine antibodies could not recognize dissimilar therapeutic opioid compounds, such as buprenorphine, methadone, naloxone, naltrexone, codeine, and nalorphine. The morphine antibody significantly decreased morphine-induced locomotor activity in rats after immunization. Importantly, rats immunized with this vaccine did not exhibit heroin-primed reinstatement of heroin seeking when antibody levels were sufficiently high. The vaccine reduced dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens after morphine administration, which is consistent with its behavioral effects. These results suggest that immunization with a novel vaccine is an effective means of inducing a morphine-specific antibody response that is able to attenuate the behavioral and psychoactive effects of heroin.
cDNA Generation on Paramagnetic Beads (2003)

Synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) by reverse transcription (RT) is a key step in investigating specific gene expression of a single transcript by RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or to study the more complex profiles of gene expression in a biological sample using cDNA library or other techniques. Solid-phase generation of cDNA (1), based on immobilization of the synthesized cDNA on paramagnetic beads and the magnetic-bead separation technology, is a very useful method for studying gene expression particularly when handling limited amounts of starting materials (see Note 1). Using this method, analysis of gene expression can be carried out at a single-cell level (2–4). This is not possible using conventional techniques of mRNA isolation and cDNA cloning.
Onboard Reconfigurable Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles With Traction-to-Auxiliary Mode (2013)

This paper proposes a single-phase reconfigurable battery charger for an electric vehicle (EV) that operates in three different modes: grid-to-vehicle (G2V) mode, in which the traction batteries are charged from the power grid; vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode, in which the traction batteries deliver part of the stored energy back to the power grid; and traction-to-auxiliary (T2A) mode, in which the auxiliary battery is charged from the traction batteries. When connected to the power grid, the battery charger works with a sinusoidal current in the ac side, for both G2V and V2G modes, and regulates the reactive power. When the EV is disconnected from the power grid, the control algorithms are modified, and the full-bridge ac-dc bidirectional converter works as a full-bridge isolated dc-dc converter that is used to charge the auxiliary battery of the EV, avoiding the use of an additional charger to accomplish this task. To assess the behavior of the proposed reconfigurable battery charger under different operation scenarios, a 3.6-kW laboratory prototype has been developed, and experimental results are presented.
Chapter 4. The magnetic properties of transition-metal ions (1972)

R. C. Slade, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. A. Gen. Phys and Inorg. Chem., 1972, 69, 101 DOI: 10.1039/GR9726900101