gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chaos in Complex Systems (1990)

A principal new direction in the study of complex systems is through qualitative descriptions of the behaviour. Typically a system is modelled by a state space and a flow. The flow tells us how the state of the system changes with time. A lot can be said about the qualitative behaviour of the system by the geometry of the flow, in particular the geometry of the attractors in the flow. There are just a few elementary attractors: equilibria, periodic and quasi-periodic, which have the simple geometry of points, lines and surfaces. However there are also chaotic behaviours arising from strange attractors which have a fractal geometry. The behaviour of a system of interconnected elementary and chaotic subsystems will be described, in particular the change of the fractal dimension, a measure of how chaotic the system is.
The ornithine decarboxylase gene odc is required for alcaligin siderophore biosynthesis in Bordetella spp.: putrescine is a precursor of alcaligin (1996)

Chromosomal insertions defining Bordetella bronchiseptica siderophore phenotypic complementation group III mutants BRM3 and BRM5 were found to reside approximately 200 to 300 bp apart by restriction mapping of cloned genomic regions associated with the insertion markers. DNA hybridization analysis using B. bronchiseptica genomic DNA sequences flanking the cloned BRM3 insertion marker identified homologous Bordetella pertussis UT25 cosmids that complemented the siderophore biosynthesis defect of the group III B. bronchiseptica mutants. Subcloning and complementation analysis localized the complementing activity to a 2.8-kb B. pertussis genomic DNA region. Nucleotide sequencing identified an open reading frame predicted to encode a polypeptide exhibiting strong similarity at the primary amino acid level with several pyridoxal phosphate-dependent amino acid decarboxylases. Alcaligin production was fully restored to group III mutants by supplementation of iron-depleted culture media with putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane), consistent with defects in an ornithine decarboxylase activity required for alcaligin siderophore biosynthesis. Concordantly, the alcaligin biosynthesis defect of BRM3 was functionally complemented by the heterologous Escherichia coli speC gene encoding an ornithine decarboxylase activity. Enzyme assays confirmed that group III B. bronchiseptica siderophore-deficient mutants lack an ornithine decarboxylase activity required for the biosynthesis of alcaligin. Siderophore production by an analogous mutant of B. pertussis constructed by allelic exchange was undetectable. We propose the designation odc for the gene defined by these mutations that abrogate alcaligin siderophore production. Putrescine is an essential precursor of alcaligin in Bordetella spp.
High-rate fabrication of wholly synthesised fibre preforms by the multiflame VAD method using SiHCI <sub>3</sub> raw materials (1985)

High-rate fabrication techniques for wholly synthesised graded-index fibre preforms were developed. An overall deposition rate of 5.6 g/min was attained using a multiflame VAD burner and using SiHCl3. A low loss of 0.25 dB/km at 1.59 μm and a small eccentricity of less than 0.4% were obtained.
Detection of ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’ in <i>Diaphorina citri</i> and Its Importance in the Management of Citrus Huanglongbing in Florida (2008)

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening), is a highly destructive disease that has been spreading in both Florida and Brazil. Its psyllid vector, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, has spread to Texas and Mexico, thus threatening the future of citrus production elsewhere in mainland North America. Even though sensitive diagnostic methods have been developed for detection of the causal organisms, Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the pathogen cannot be detected consistently in plants until symptoms develop, presumably because of low titer and uneven distribution of the causal bacteria in nonsymptomatic tissues. In the present study, TaqMan based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction methodology was developed for detection of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' in D. citri. Over 1,200 samples of psyllid adults and nymphs, collected from various locations in Florida, from visually healthy and HLB symptomatic trees at different times of the year were analyzed to monitor the incidence and spread of HLB. The results showed that spread of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' in an area may be detected one to several years before the development of HLB symptoms in plants. The study suggests that discount garden centers and retail nurseries may have played a significant role in the widespread distribution of psyllids and plants carrying HLB pathogens in Florida.
The supply and demand effect of block transactions on share prices (1996)

The effect of supply and demand on the pricing of shares was investigated by analysing block transactions on the JSE. A sample of 291 block transactions was selected from the period 1 June 1993 to 1 June 1994 from the Financial and Industrial sectors and analysed using an event time methodology. The study compares the reaction of share prices of large block transactions with the expected price, as predicted using the market model. The analysis period covered twenty days before and twenty days after the block transaction.The data was subdivided into buyer induced trades and seller induced trades, the distinction being made on the sign of the market model residual (positive—buyer induced trade, negative—seller induced trade). The results show that there is a statistically significant increase/decrease in the share price for buyer/seller induced trades. A relationship between the size of the block trade and the absolute value of the price change was also found. Price reversals immediately after both buyer and seller induced trades were noted.Support was found for the price pressure hypothesis and the information hypothesis; no support for the substitution hypothesis was found. The results also support the weak and semi-strong forms of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis. Evidence was found to indicate that share prices are affected by supply and demand.
Heat-induced interactions of β-lactoglobulin A and κ-casein B in a model system (2003)

The interaction of kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin is fundamental to all heat-induced modifications of milk product functionality, such as the heat stability of concentrated milks. Purified native kappa-casein B and beta-Ig A solutions were heated at 80 degrees C at pH 6.7 separately and in a mixture. The circular dichroism spectra in the near UV indicated irreversible changes in the disulphide bonding patterns involving both proteins. Alkaline- and SDS-PAGE of heated samples showed that, in the presence of kappa-casein, less beta-Ig was converted into beta-Ig polymers and the rate of loss of native beta-Ig was greater. When kappa-casein was added to previously heated beta-Ig and the mixture was heated, the kappa-casein reacted with the heat-induced beta-Ig polymers more readily than with the beta-Ig native monomers. The formation of beta-Ig dimers, trimers etc. was diminished. It was concluded that, when beta-Ig and kappa-casein were heated together, beta-Ig formed thiol-exposed monomers, which reacted with each other or with the native kappa-casein depending on the relative concentrations of beta-Ig and kappa-casein. The products of these reactions included some disulphide-bonded 1:1 beta-Ig:kappa-casein complexes, some monomer kappa-casein and a range of large aggregates held together by either or both disulphide bonds and hydrophobic association.
A 128K EPROM using encryption of pseudorandom numbers to enable read access (1986)

A 128K EPROM with a pseudorandom number generator and encryption circuits has been produced to provide a barrier to software piracy and to prevent unauthorized access to computers. The EPROM, known as the Keyed-Access EPROM, is capable of locking its array so that unauthorized users cannot read its contents. An authentication handshake is used to ensure that only authorized legitimate users can open and read the information that is stored in the memory. This unlocking process uses an on-chip pseudorandom number generator, encryption circuitry, and a 64-bit secret key. The security provided by this novel integrated circuit is shown to be effective. The circuit design of the pseudorandom number generator and the encryption circuitry is explained in detail. Several examples of applications are given.
Fast Multidimensional Scaling Through Sampling, Springs and Interpolation (2003)

The term ‘proximity data’ refers to data sets within which it is possible to assess the similarity of pairs of objects. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is applied to such data and attempts to map high-dimensional objects onto low-dimensional space through the preservation of these similarity relations. Standard MDS techniques have in the past suffered from high computational complexity and, as such, could not feasibly be applied to data sets over a few thousand objects in size. Through a novel hybrid approach based upon stochastic sampling, interpolation and spring models, we have designed an algorithm running in O( N√N). Using Chalmers’ 1996 O( N 2 ) spring model as a benchmark for the evaluation of our technique, we compare layout quality and run times using sets of synthetic and real data. Our algorithm executes significantly faster than Chalmers’ 1996 algorithm, while producing superior layouts. In reducing complexity and run time, we allow the visualisation of data sets of previously infeasible size. Our results indicate that our method is a solid foundation for interactive and visual exploration of data.
A scalable algorithm to monitor chord-based p2p systems at runtime (2006)

Peer-to-peer (p2p) systems are a highly decentralized, fault tolerant, and cost effective alternative to the classic client-server architecture. Yet companies hesitate to use p2p algorithms to build new applications. Due to the decentralized nature of such a p2p system the carrier does not know anything about the current size, performance, and stability of its application. In this paper we present an entirely distributed and scalable algorithm to monitor a running p2p network. The snapshot of the system enables a telecommunication carrier to gather information about the current performance parameters of the running system as well as to react to discovered errors
The Effects of Black Raspberry Extract on UVB-Induced Inflammation and Carcinogenesis (2009)

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), especially squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), are a significant problem in the general population, and a deadly one among immunosuppressed populations.Nearly a third of transplant patients die from aggressive SCCs, and the risk for development increases as the length of time under immunosuppression increases.It is not yet fully understood how immunosuppression impacts UVB-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis.In Chapter 2, we determine the impact of different immunosuppressive drugs on UVB-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis.We found that cyclosporine (CsA) exacerbates all markers of inflammation and carcinogenesis, including angiogenesis.Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), when co-administered with CsA reduced the markers of inflammation and carcinogenesis to near vehicle levels.Choice of immunosuppression, therefore, plays a role in the development of SCC in transplant patients.The changes wrought in keratinocytes by the change from normal cell to malignant cell are poorly understood.Understanding the changes in cytokine and chemokine expression, as well as the changes in programmed cell death pathways would give new avenues for treatment and prevention.To expand the knowledge of these changes, we used an in vitro system of normal (JB6) and pre-malignant (308) keratinocytes in the UVRAG ultraviolet radiation resistance associated gene Veh vehicle
Pramipexole Ameliorates Neurologic and Psychiatric Symptoms in a Westphal Variant of Huntington's Disease (2002)

Levodopa is recommended as a therapeutic approach for patients with the hypokinetic-rigid, Westphal variant of Huntington's disease, but no guidelines are available for the case of nonrespondence to levodopa. In this study, however, we report a 34-year-old woman with this rare variant who showed a clear-cut improvement in motor function and depressive symptoms after treatment with pramipexole, a new dopamine agonist.
Disruption of sexual communication in the mirid bug <i>Lygocoris pabulinus</i> by hexyl butanoate (2001)

Summary 1 The metathoracic scent gland in Lygocoris pabulinus contains mostly hexyl butanoate. As secretions of this gland in Heteroptera may serve as an alarm pheromone, we determined whether hexyl butanoate is released by disturbed bugs , and whether this compound disrupts sexual attraction of L. pabulinus males towards females. 2 Undisturbed males and females, and disturbed males released less than 100 ng/h hexyl butanoate, whereas disturbed females released a highly variable amount, ranging from 25 ng/h to more than 1 μg/h. 3 In the field, traps with virgin females and rubber septa containing 20 mg hexyl butanoate, caught a total of one male in a month. In control traps without hexyl butanoate, 36 males were caught in the same period. 4 In Y‐track olfactometer tests, males were not attracted to virgin females when a dispenser with 20 mg hexyl butanoate was placed in the bottle with females. Males were attracted to females when the dispenser was placed downwind from the females, but upwind from the point of male release. 5 These results suggest that males are not repelled by hexyl butanoate, but that this compound inhibits sex pheromone release in females. Application possibilities for pest management are discussed.
Luminescent Centers in Lead- and Tin-Activated Zinc Sulphide (1965)

The luminescent characteristics were investigated with the lead- and the tin-activated zinc sulphide phosphors. The bright orange-yellow and orange-red emissions were observed with the lead- and the tin-activated phosphors, respectively, when the phosphors were obtained in a controlled sulphurizing atmosphere. The preparative conditions for obtaining intense luminescent emissions were studied. The emission and the excitation spectra for these phosphors were measured and were found to be well described with Gaussian curves. For the yellow luminescence in the lead-activated phosphors the temperature dependences of emission and of excitation band-widths were studied and configuration coordinate curves were calculated. It vwas concluded that the luminescent centers responsible for these emissions are tetravalent impurity ions substituted at zinc sites and not associated with zinc vacancies. The electron transfer from neighboring sulphur ions was proposed as a possible mechanism for the luminescent process.
Multi-Scale Modeling of Cellulosic Polymers for Optimal Drug Delivery Properties in Solid Dispersion Formulation (2017)

Solid dispersion formulation is a promising method to maintain in vivo drug solubility and to improve drug efficacy. However, the exact drug stabilization and release mechanisms of the solid dispersion formulation are unclear. In this doctoral work, we present a multi-scale modeling approach to study the solvation behavior of cellulosic polymers and their interactions with the model drug phenytoin. We compare a number of atomistic force fields and find they give similar predictions for the stiffness of the cellulose chains. We then develop systematic coarse-grained (CG) force fields for two cellulosic polymers, namely methylcellulose and hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), based on the radial distribution functions obtained from atomistic simulations. We use the methylcellulose CG model to simulate the self-assembly of multiple 1000 monomers long polymer chains, and find that they spontaneously form ring or tubular structures with outer diameter of 14nm and void fraction of 26%. These structures appear to be precursors to the methylcellulose fibrils, whose diameter and structure are in good agreement with both theoretical and experimental results, and thus shine light on the methylcellulose gelation mechanism. We also present a simplified continuum analytical model to predict a phase map of the collapse conformations of a single self-attractive semiflexible polymer chain in solution into either folded or ring structures depending on the chains bending energy and self-interaction energy. The predicted phase map is in good qualitative agreement with simulation results for these collapsed structures. We use the HPACAS CG model to study the intermolecular interaction modes between 9 functional groups on HPMCAS and model drug phenytoin. We adopt two criteria to quantify the effectiveness of the polymeric excipients, namely 1) the ability to inhibit drug aggregation and 2) the ability to slow down drug release. We find the size of the functional group is more responsible for the former, while the intermolecular interaction strength is more responsible for the later. Therefore, hydroxypropyl acetyl group, which has both bulky size and strong interaction strength, is the most effective functional group, followed by hydroxypropyl and acetyl group, in good agreement with the results from experimental dissolution tests. In addition, we provide continuum models and predict that the drug release time from a typical solid dispersion particle with 2μm diameter ranges from several seconds to less than 10 minutes depending on the functional group. The systematic coarse-graining approach offer molecular level insights that aid the design of high performance polymeric excipients, and can be extended to cellulosic polymers with novel functional groups and additional drug candidates of interest. Thus, our multi-scale modeling approach is of great interest to the pharmaceutical and material design fields.
Geographic max-flow and min-cut under a circular disk failure model (2012)

Failures in fiber-optic networks may be caused by natural disasters, such as floods or earthquakes, as well as other events, such as an Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) attack. These events occur in specific geographical locations, therefore the geography of the network determines the effect of failure events on the network's connectivity and capacity. In this paper we consider a generalization of the min-cut and max-flow problems under a geographic failure model. Specifically, we consider the problem of finding the minimum number of failures, modeled as circular disks, to disconnect a pair of nodes and the maximum number of failure disjoint paths between pairs of nodes. This model applies to the scenario where an adversary is attacking the network multiple times with intention to reduce its connectivity. We present a polynomial time algorithm to solve the geographic min-cut problem and develop an ILP formulation, an exact algorithm, and a heuristic algorithm for the geographic max-flow problem.
Video Games: A Route to Large-Scale STEM Education? (2009)

Video games have enormous mass appeal, reaching audiences in the hundreds of thousands to millions. They also embed many pedagogical practices known to be effective in other environments. This article reviews the sparse but encouraging data on learning outcomes for video games in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines, then reviews the infrastructural obstacles to wider adoption of this new medium.
Breakdown characteristics of 12&#x2013;20 kV-class 4H-SiC PiN diodes with improved junction termination structures (2012)

Ultrahigh-voltage 4H-SiC PiN diodes with improved junction termination extension (JTE) structures have been investigated. Breakdown characteristics of 4H-SiC PiN diodes with conventional single-zone JTE was shown to be severely affected by the charge near the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /SiC interface from experiment and device simulation. Taking the effect of the interface charge into account, and by using “Space-Modulated” JTE structure with a wide optimum JTE-dose window to tolerate the impact of interface charge, we achieved a breakdown voltage of 21.7 kV (81 % of the ideal breakdown voltage calculated from the epilayer structure), which is the highest breakdown voltage among any semiconductor devices ever reported.
Development of a Compact Radiography Accelerator Using Dielectric Wall Accelerator Technology (2005)

We are developing an inexpensive compact accelerator system primarily intended for pulsed radiography. Design characteristics are an 8 MeV endpoint energy, 2 kA beam current, a cell gradient of approximately 3 MV/m (for an overall accelerator length is 2-3 m), and <$1/Volt capital costs. Such designs have been made possible with the development of high specific energy dielectrics (>10J/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ), specialized transmission line designs and multi-gap laser triggered low jitter (<1 ns) gas switches. In this geometry, the pulse forming lines, switches, and insulator/beam pipe are fully integrated within each cell to form a compact, stand-alone, stackable unit. We detail our research and modeling to date, recent high voltage test results, and the integration concept of the cells into a radiographic system.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Quantitative Structure—Property Relationship Models for Early ADME Evaluation in Drug Discovery. Part 2. Blood‐Brain Barrier Penetration. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Molecular Characteristics and Interactions of the Intermediate Filament Protein Synemin (1999)

Synemin is a cytoskeletal protein originally identified as an intermediate filament (IF)-associated protein because of its colocalization and copurification with the IF proteins desmin and vimentin in muscle cells. Our sequencing studies have shown that synemin is an unusually large member (1,604 residues, 182,187 Da) of the IF protein superfamily, with the majority of the molecule consisting of a long C-terminal tail domain. Molecular interaction studies demonstrate that purified synemin interacts with desmin, the major IF protein in mature muscle cells, and with alpha-actinin, an integral myofibrillar Z-line protein. Furthermore, expressed synemin rod and tail domains interact, respectively, with desmin and alpha-actinin. Analysis of endogenous protein expression in SW13 clonal lines reveals that synemin is coexpressed and colocalized with vimentin IFs in SW13.C1 vim+ cells but is absent in SW13.C2 vim- cells. Transfection studies indicate that synemin requires the presence of another IF protein, such as vimentin, in order to assemble into IFs. Taken in toto, our results suggest synemin functions as a component of heteropolymeric IFs and plays an important cytoskeletal cross-linking role by linking these IFs to other components of the cytoskeleton. Synemin in striated muscle cells may enable these heterofilaments to help link Z-lines of adjacent myofibrils and, thereby, play an important role in cytoskeletal integrity.