gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engineered Shale Completions Based On Common Drilling Data (2015)

Abstract Current best practices in North America's shale basins deliver inconsistent production results because of a lack of reservoir understanding along the lateral. Reservoir data is difficult and expensive to obtain in horizontal sections; therefore, most completions are designed geometrically, with little or no concern for reservoir heterogeneity. This leads to dramatic variability in productivity between neighboring wells, often described as the statistical nature of the play. In this study, we demonstrate a reliable, cost effective methodology that empowers shale operators with reservoir data on every well. This technique will enable operators to engineer their designs by using reservoir data on every completion, resulting in significant productivity improvement without any significant increased cost or inconvenience. This methodology leverages commonly available drilling measurements (rate of penetration, weight on bit, rotational speed, hole diameter, flow rate, differential pressure and standpipe pressure) and mud motor parameters (Kn, Tmax, ΔPmax) to derive Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE), using well established algorithms. The MSE parameter is then shown to be a good proxy for Unconfined Compressive Strength, a valuable reservoir parameter commonly used in frac designs. The MSE drives a facies-based answer product that enables the operator to position perforation clusters so that they breakdown at a common treating pressure, resulting in uniform fracture treatment within each frac stage. To date the technique has been applied successfully on over 60 wells. It is validated through comparison to openhole wireline logs and by comparing productivity to offsetting wells. The technique is shown to be superior to similar attempts done by using openhole wireline logs and production data confirms its accuracy and reliability. This study demonstrates that drilling data can be effectively used to derive reservoir parameters that lead to completion designs that produce superior production results. This methodology is the first application of drilling data to derive reservoir parameters that are then used to engineer a completion design. The significance of this development cannot be overstated, since it provides shale operators with the guidance they need to intelligently engineer their completions. The end result is significant productivity increases without any associated cost or inconvenience.
Allergic fungal sinusitis with cranial base erosion (1996)

We propose a new diagnostic entity, "skull base allergic fungal sinusitis" (SBAFS), which incorporates the histologic diagnostic criteria of AFS with the computed tomographic (CT) criteria of bone erosion. Biopsy is necessary to rule out invasive fungus or tumor. Otolaryngologists, ophthalmologists, and neurosurgeons should be familiar with SBAFS so that systemic antifungal agents, craniotomy, and dural resection-which might initially appear necessary-can be avoided. Endoscopic surgical debridement and drainage combined with topical steroids can lead to resolution of disease, even in the presence of marked bone erosion and cranial neuropathy.
Late‐Stage Isotopic Carbon Labeling of Pharmaceutically Relevant Cyclic Ureas Directly from CO<sub>2</sub> (2018)

A robust, click-chemistry-inspired procedure for radiolabeling of cyclic ureas was developed. This protocol, suitable for all carbon isotopes (<sup>11</sup> C, <sup>13</sup> C, <sup>14</sup> C), is based on the direct functionalization of carbon dioxide: the universal building block for carbon radiolabeling. The strategy is operationally simple and reproducible in different radiochemistry centers, exhibits remarkably wide substrate scope with short reaction times, and demonstrates superior reactivity as compared to previously reported systems. With this procedure, a variety of pharmaceuticals and an unprotected peptide were labeled with high radiochemical efficiency.
Preliminary Investigation of the Acoustical Characteristics of Inter-Phonemic Transitions (1956)

The study employed selected vowels, each combined with prevocalic or post-vocalic consonants in consonant-vowel or vowel-consonant syllables. Each combination was recorded non-contextually by several speakers and then tested by listeners for recognizability of phonemes. Oscillograms and sound spectrograms were made of all syllables correctly identified. These were used to obtain several measures of syllabic component duration and formant frequency change during transition. Measures of direction and extent of frequency change during transitions appeared to offer most promise of relationship to known physiological features of articulation and were subjected to more complete analysis. Results of the study indicate the following: (1) for the first two formants, the transitions reflect aspects of tongue placement for the vowel, and place and manner of articulation and voicing characteristics of the consonant; (2) lack of speaker agreement resulted in variations obscuring most aspects of patterning for the third formant. Specific hypotheses were tested within the limits of the experimental procedure and results are reported. Future research trends are suggested.
Using Mixed-Effects Modeling to Compare Different Grain-Sized Skill Models (2006)

Most assessments, like the math subtest of the SAT or the GRE, are unidimensional, in that they treat all questions on the test as sampling a single underlying “skill”. Can we predict state tests scores better if we tag the questions with fine-grained models the skills needed? Psychometricians don’t do this presumably because they don’t get better fitting model, for a variety of reasons. We are investigating if we can do better prediction with finer-grained skill models. Our result gave a confirmative answer to this question.
Computerized Process and Printer Control Part II: Printer Control (1973)

In laboratory printing of color motion-picture film, the most critical factor in controlling light exposure is the intensity of each of the three primary colors; continuous monitoring and correction are needed. A printer control system is described which can utilize the mass of data obtained from the densitometric tests that are routinely prescribed. In this system, an analog/digital converter and an IBM System/7 process control computer are used to convert into adjustment values density information which has been read from control strips by a densitometer. The computer solves a matrix equation relating density and trim and automatically prints out the trim and voltage corrections needed on the film printing machines. Interlayer effects are taken into account, and sample densities are automatically compared to laboratory reference densities. Both accuracy and reliability of printer control are improved.
Terahertz single conductance quantum and topological phase transitions in topological insulator Bi2Se3 ultrathin films (2015)

Strong spin-orbit interaction and time-reversal symmetry in topological insulators generate novel quantum states called topological surface states. Their study provides unique opportunities to explore exotic phenomena such as spin Hall effects and topological phase transitions, relevant to the development of quantum devices for spintronics and quantum computation. Although ultrahigh-vacuum surface probes can identify individual topological surface states, standard electrical and optical experiments have so far been hampered by the interference of bulk and quantum well states. Here, with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of ultrathin Bi₂Se₃ films, we give evidence for topological phase transitions, a single conductance quantum per topological surface state, and a quantized terahertz absorbance of 2.9% (four times the fine structure constant). Our experiment demonstrates the feasibility to isolate, detect and manipulate topological surface states in the ambient at room temperature for future fundamental research on the novel physics of topological insulators and their practical applications.
Virulence determinants from a cystic fibrosis isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa include isocitrate lyase (2008)

Chronic lung infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Adaptation of P. aeruginosa to the CF lung results in the loss of acute virulence determinants and appears to activate chronic virulence strategies in this pathogen. In order to identify such strategies, a random transposon mutagenesis was performed and 18 genes that were required for optimal infection of alfalfa seedlings by FRD1, a CF isolate of P. aeruginosa, were recognized. The largest subset of genes (seven of the 18), were associated with central carbon metabolism, including the gene that encodes isocitrate lyase (ICL), aceA. Because FRD1 is avirulent in animal infection models, we constructed an ICL mutant in P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 in order to assess the requirement of ICL in mammalian infection. The PAO1 ICL mutant was less virulent in the rat lung infection model, indicating that ICL is required for the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa in mammals. Furthermore, FRD1 showed increased ICL activity and expression of an aceA : : lacZ fusion compared to PAO1. We suggest that upregulation of ICL occurred during adaptation of FRD1 to the CF lung and that some of the novel virulence mechanisms employed by FRD1 to infect alfalfa seedlings may be the same mechanisms P. aeruginosa relies upon to persist within human niches.
F. C. F. Earney 1980. Petroleum and Hard Minerals from the Sea. ix+291 pp., 86 figs. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0 7131 6298 8. Price £14.95. (1981)

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Interleukin-10 is expressed by bovine type 1 helper, type 2 helper, and unrestricted parasite-specific T-cell clones and inhibits proliferation of all three subsets in an accessory-cell-dependent manner (1994)

Murine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is produced by type 2 helper (Th2) cells and selectively inhibits cytokine synthesis by type 1 helper (Th1) cells, whereas human IL-10 is produced by and inhibits proliferation and cytokine synthesis by both Th1 and Th2 subsets. This study reports that bovine IL-10 mRNA is expressed by Th0, Th1, and Th2 clones of bovine T cells specific for either Babesia bovis or Fasciola hepatica but not by two CD8+ T-cell clones. The antigen-induced proliferative responses of all three subsets of CD4+ cells were inhibited by human IL-10, and low levels (10 U/ml) of exogenous human IL-2 restored the suppressed response. However, proliferation of one Th1 clone was never inhibited but was enhanced by IL-10. Human IL-10 also inhibited the expression of gamma interferon and IL-4 mRNA in Th0 clones. In the absence of accessory cells (AC), the responses of Th clones to concanavalin A or IL-2 were not inhibited by IL-10, whereas antigen-specific responses of Th1 and Th2 cells were reduced when IL-10-pretreated macrophages were used as AC. Together, our results with bovine T cells support the concept that IL-10 primarily affects AC function and does not directly inhibit CD4+ T cells and demonstrate that the immunoregulatory effects of IL-10 are not selectively directed at Th1 populations, as they are in mice.
Nanofiltration membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and ionic polymers (1999)

Nanofiltration membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and ionic polymers, such as sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan, were prepared by casting the respective polymer solutions. The membranes prepared from PVA or PVA–ionic polymer blend were crosslinked in a isopropanol solution using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. The membranes were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry and swelling test. The membranes crosslinked through the acetal linkage formation between the OH groups of PVA and the ionomer and glutaraldehyde appeared to be semicrystalline. To study the permeation properties, the membranes were tested with various feed solutions [sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, poly(ethylene glycol) with 600 g/mol of molecular weight (PEG 600), and isopropyl alcohol]. For example, the permeance and the solute rejection of the 1000 ppm sodium sulfate at 600 psi of upstream pressure through the PVA membrane were 0.55 m3/m2 day and over 99%, respectively. The effects of the ionomers on the permeation properties of the PVA membranes were studied using the PVA–SA and PVA–chitosan blend membranes. The addition of small amount of ionic polymers (5 wt %) made the PVA membranes more effective for the organic solute rejection without decrease in their fluxes. The rejection ratios of the PEG 600 and isopropanol were increased substantially. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 1755–1762, 1999
Synthesis of Novel Potent Non-narcotic Less Side-effect Analgesics: 2'-Acylthio- and 2'-Alkylthio-6,7-benzomorphans (1983)

2'-Acylthio-and 2'-alkylthio-6.7-benzomorphanswere synthesized from 2'-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphans in 4 steps.Newman-Kwart rearrangement of 2'-N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyloxy derivatives proceeded in almost quantitative yields to give rearranged 2'-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl- thio derivatives.Reductive cleavage and successive acylation afforded title compounds.These novel sulfur-containing benzomorphans showed strong analgesic activities with less side effects.The phenolic hydroxyl groups in morphineZ and other opiates3 and tyrosine hydroxyl group in synthetic opioid peptides4 are very important to show the biological activities of these compounds and their abilities to bind the opioid receptor.In benzomorphan skeleton, modifications of the phenolic hydroxyl group such as alkylation or acylation gave no good result, but only reduced biological activities.'On the other hand, other functional groups such as nitro, amino, and halogens were introduced to the 2'-position of the benzomorphans in place of phenolic hydroxyl group, but these substituents did not exert good effect on analgesic activities either. 6In order to elucidate the meanings of the phenolic hydroxyl group and to evaluate the effects of conversion of the hydroxyl group to mercapto group, we planned to synthsize 2'-mercaptobenzomorphans as target molecules.We report here the synthesis of the novel sulfur-containing benzomorphans which showed strong analgesic activities and less side effects.We planned two synthetic approaches : one is a way starting from 2'-nitrobenzomorphan and the other is a route using ~ewman-Kwart rearrangement.The Newman--,
147. Attempts to find new antimalarials. Part XVIII (1943)

D. C. Quin and R. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 1943, 555 DOI: 10.1039/JR9430000555
Use of Single‐Well Tracer Dilution Tests to Evaluate LNAPL Flux at Seven Field Sites (2011)

Petroleum liquids, referred to as l ight n on‐ a queous p hase l iquids (LNAPLs), are commonly found beneath petroleum facilities. Concerns with LNAPLs include migration into clean soils, migration beyond property boundaries, and discharges to surface water. Single‐well tracer dilution techniques were used to measure LNAPL fluxes through 50 wells at 7 field sites. A hydrophobic tracer was mixed into LNAPL in a well. Intensities of fluorescence associated with the tracer were measured over time using a spectrometer and a fiber optic cable. LNAPL fluxes were estimated using observed changes in the tracer concentrations over time. Measured LNAPL fluxes range from 0.006 to 2.6 m/year with a mean and median of 0.15 and 0.064 m/year, respectively. Measured LNAPL fluxes are two to four orders of magnitude smaller than a common groundwater flux of 30 m/year. Relationships between LNAPL fluxes and possible governing parameters were evaluated. Observed LNAPL fluxes are largely independent of LNAPL thickness in wells. Natural losses of LNAPL through dissolution, evaporation, and subsequent biodegradation, were estimated using a simple mass balance, measured LNAPL fluxes in wells, and an assumed stable LNAPL extent. The mean and median of the calculated loss rates were found to be 24.0 and 5.0 m 3 /ha/year, respectively. Mean and median losses are similar to values reported by others. Coupling observed LNAPL fluxes to observed rates of natural LNAPL depletion suggests that natural losses of LNAPL may be an important parameter controlling the overall extent of LNAPL bodies.
Equilibrium of Formation of the 6-Carbanion of UMP, a Potential Intermediate in the Action of OMP Decarboxylase (2002)

There has been some speculation that the C-6 position in UMP may be unusually acidic, stabilizing a carbanion that is generated at this position during OMP decarboxylation. On the basis of the rate of OH- catalyzed deuterium exchange at elevated temperatures we estimate that the pKa value for ionization at C-6 of dimethyl uracil is 34 +/- 2 in water. The same method yields a value of 37 +/- 2 for ionization at C-2 of thiophene in good agreement with the value determined by polarographic methods. The barrier to proton release (46 kcal/mol) is even higher than that for CO2 release from orotic acid derivatives.
Patient-specific and Surgical Characteristics in the Development of Pressure Ulcers (2012)

Scores on the Braden Scale at admission can be used to identify patients at increased risk for pressure ulcers. For other high-risk factors, such as low body mass index and long operative procedures, appropriate clinical interventions to manage these conditions can help prevent pressure ulcers.
An abductive network for predicting tool life in drilling (2002)

The paper presents an abductive network for predicting tool life in drilling operations. The abductive network is composed of a number of functional nodes. These functional nodes are well organized to form an optimal network architecture by using a predicted squared error (PSE) criterion. Once the drill diameter, cutting speed, and feedrate are given, the tool life can be predicted based on the developed network. Experimental results have shown that the abductive network can be effectively used to predict drill life under varying cutting conditions and the prediction error of drill life is less than 9%.
Genetic Predisposition to Organ‐Specific Endpoints of Alcoholism (1996)

Medical records of the 15,924 twin-pairs in the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) twin registry were collected for an additional 16 years through 1994 when the surviving twins were aged 67 to 77 years. Compared with earlier analyses (Hrubec, Z, and Omenn, G. S., Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 5:207-215, 1981), when subjects were aged 51 to 61, there were 23% more diagnoses of alcoholism (34.4 per 1,000 prevalence), 32% more diagnoses of alcoholic psychosis (5.4 per 1,000), and 25% more twins with liver cirrhosis (17.7 per 1,000). Overall, 5.3% of the cohort had at least one of the diagnoses related to alcoholism. Probandwise concordance rates (%) were: alcoholism-26.7 monozygotic (MZ), 12.2 dizygotic (DZ) (p < 0.0001); alcoholic psychosis-17.3 MZ, 4.8 DZ (p < 0.05); and cirrhosis-16.9 MZ, 5.3 DZ (p < 0.001). Concordance for any diagnosis related to alcoholism was 30.2 MZ, 13.9 DZ (p < 0.0001). Maximum-likelihood modeling indicated that approximately 50% of the overall variance was due to additive genetic effects; in all diagnosis categories, a totally environmental model gave a significantly poorer fit to the data. Bivariate and trivariate genetic analyses indicated most of the genetic liability for the organ-specific endpoints of psychosis and cirrhosis was due to the shared genetic liability for alcoholism. Once the shared variance with alcoholism was considered, there was no further shared genetic liability for psychosis and cirrhosis. Our results confirm Hrubec and Omenn's conclusion that there was significantly greater concordance in MZ twins-pairs for alcoholic psychosis and cirrhosis in the NAS-NRC twins, and concordance rates remained similar to those reported 16 years earlier. In contrast, we found most of the genetic liability to organ-specific complications of alcoholism was shared with the genetic liability for alcoholism per se; only a small portion of the genetic variance of the individual complications was independent of the genetic predisposition for alcoholism.
ChemInform Abstract: A FACILE APPROACH TO AN (OPTICALLY ACTIVE TETRACYCLIC INTERMEDIATE) FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 6‐METHYL‐19‐NORSTEROIDS (1976)

Abstract Die asymmetrische Synthese von (‐)‐(13S,17S)‐(Vc), einem zentralen Zwischenprodukt, das für die im Titel erwähnte Klasse der Steroide erforderlich ist, wird beschrieben.
An evolutionary consequence of dosage compensation on Drosophila melanogaster female X-chromatin structure? (2010)

Our data indicate that X chromatin structure is fundamentally different from autosome structure in both sexes. We suggest that the differences between the X chromosomes and autosomes in females are a consequence of mechanisms that have evolved to ensure sufficient X chromosome expression in the soma of males.
Ergonomic Pain––Part 2: Differential Diagnosis and Management Considerations (2004)

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) can produce ergonomic pain in several different regions of the body, including the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand, lumbar spine, knee, and ankle/foot. Each family of disorders is distinctive in presentation and requires diagnosis-specific interventions. Because of the complex nature of these disorders, management approaches may not always eliminate symptoms and or completely restore patient function to a level found prior to symptom onset. As a consequence, ergonomic measures should be implemented to reduce the overload on tissue and contribute to patient recovery. However, functional limits may persist and the clinician must make further decisions regarding a person's functional status in the chronic stages of the patient's care.
Software product line reuse in practice (2002)

The study of software product line addresses the issues of engineering software systems families, or collections of similar software systems. The objective of a software product line is to reduce the overall engineering effort required to produce a collection of similar systems by capitalizing on the commonality among the systems and by formally managing the variation among the systems. This is a classic software reuse problem (C. Krueger, 1992). The primary focus of software product line research has been on domain analysis and modeling, architecture modeling, software reuse repositories, generators, and process definition. In contrast, for engineering single systems, these technologies and techniques provide significant value, while for engineering software product lines the conventional wisdom suggests they are essential. We hypothesize, however, that domain analysis, architecture modeling, software reuse repositories, generators, and process definition are simply compensating for a void in the existing software engineering technology space and that this void can be filled by a more simple, powerful, and concise technology for engineering software product lines. This new technology then redefines the status of domain analysis and the other existing technologies so that they have the same status in software product line development that they do in single system development: valuable engineering technologies but not necessarily requisite.