gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitsuba 2 (2019)

Modern rendering systems are confronted with a dauntingly large and growing set of requirements: in their pursuit of realism, physically based techniques must increasingly account for intricate properties of light, such as its spectral composition or polarization. To reduce prohibitive rendering times, vectorized renderers exploit coherence via instruction-level parallelism on CPUs and GPUs. Differentiable rendering algorithms propagate derivatives through a simulation to optimize an objective function, e.g., to reconstruct a scene from reference images. Catering to such diverse use cases is challenging and has led to numerous purpose-built systems---partly, because retrofitting features of this complexity onto an existing renderer involves an error-prone and infeasibly intrusive transformation of elementary data structures, interfaces between components, and their implementations (in other words, everything). We propose Mitsuba 2, a versatile renderer that is intrinsically retargetable to various applications including the ones listed above. Mitsuba 2 is implemented in modern C++ and leverages template metaprogramming to replace types and instrument the control flow of components such as BSDFs, volumes, emitters, and rendering algorithms. At compile time, it automatically transforms arithmetic, data structures, and function dispatch, turning generic algorithms into a variety of efficient implementations without the tedium of manual redesign. Possible transformations include changing the representation of color, generating a "wide" renderer that operates on bundles of light paths, just-in-time compilation to create computational kernels that run on the GPU, and forward/reverse-mode automatic differentiation. Transformations can be chained, which further enriches the space of algorithms derived from a single generic implementation. We demonstrate the effectiveness and simplicity of our approach on several applications that would be very challenging to create without assistance: a rendering algorithm based on coherent MCMC exploration, a caustic design method for gradient-index optics, and a technique for reconstructing heterogeneous media in the presence of multiple scattering.
Precursor structures in ferroelectrics from first-principles calculations (1998)

Abstract Based on an analysis of the wavevector dependence of lattice instabilities in KNbO3, the existence of a real-space chain-like instability was deduced[1] To further study this instability, we have constructed an ab initio effective Hamiltonian for KNbO3 that reproduces the low-energy Born-Oppenheimer surface. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations yield the observed sequence of ferroelectric phase transitions. The transition temperatures are lower than experiment, especially for the higher temperature transitions. Simulations of the static structure factor reveal features consistent with chain-like correlations and qualitatively reproduce diffuse X-ray scattering measurements. The calculated dynamic structure factor reveals anharmonically stabilized TO vibrational modes that soften along the entire Γ − X line in the Brillouin zone, as the phase transition is approached from above. A real-space analysis of the intercell correlations of the soft-mode coordinate, unambiguously establishes the long-lived dynamic character of these chain-like structures.
A history of crystal filters (2002)

The first use of quartz crystals as filter elements was suggested by Waiter Cady in 1922 in his paper "The Piezo-Electric Resonator", although in the initial conception a single crystal only was used as a very narrow bandwidth coupling element. The use of multiple crystals in ladder and lattice configurations was proposed in the late 1920's and in 1934 Walter P. Mason published the results of his work on crystal filters which were developed for use in frequency-division-multiplex telephone systems. In Mason's paper he describes a "narrowband" design which is useful for bandwidths up to about 0.4%, of center frequency and a "wideband" design for bandwidths of about 2% to 6% of center frequency. The wideband designs had very limited applications because extremely low impedance crystals were required which were only available at certain frequencies. However, the narrowband design concepts were used with very little modification for the next 20 years. In the mid 1950's new designs were developed for "intermediate-bandwidth" filters which covered the bandwidth region between the earlier narrowband and wideband designs. In the early 1960's the more general filter design process based on "insertion loss" theory was adapted for use with crystal filters and made possible the fabrication of filters with true Chebyshev, Butterworth, and other traditional filter characteristics, In 1962 a paper was presented describing the first practical monolithic crystal filter elements and included a cascaded 6-pole design. This was a forerunner of the 2-pole filter elements in wide use today. This paper will discuss the progression of these developments in the crystal filter art and the accompanying work on filter crystals which was essential to their success. A short discussion of measuring and modeling problems is included and the final section covers the applications for crystal filters which drove their technology.
Zur Kenntnis der 2‐Amino‐1.3.4‐oxdiazole, XVII. Über die Acylierung der 2‐Amino‐5‐(alkyl, aryl)‐1.3.4‐oxdiazole (1967)

Abstract Die Acylierung von 2‐Amino‐5‐ alkyl ‐1.3.4‐oxdiazolen ( 4 ) führt nur in Gegenwart von Basen (vorzugsweise Pyridin) zu einheitlichen 2‐Monoacetyl‐Verbindungen ( 5 ). Die Mono‐ N 2 ‐acetyl‐Derivate 2 von 2‐Amino‐5‐ aryl ‐1.3.4‐oxdiazolen ( 1 ) entstehen auch ohne basische Zusätze. Bei der Acylierung der aromatisch substit. 2‐Amino‐1.3.4‐oxdiazole mit Acetylchlorid werden dagegen 2‐Imino‐3‐acyl‐1.3.4‐oxdiazoline (z. B. 3 ) erhalten.
Lens-free in-line optical isolators (1999)

We constructed a lens-free in-line optical isolator by embedding an isolator chip in a thermally expanded core (TEC) fiber without complicated optical alignment. The chip consists of two pairs of rutile wedges and garnet plates. We fabricated the TEC fibers by heating a single-mode fiber with a 200-mum outer diameter; low loss and a spot diameter as large as 49 mum were successfully obtained. The fabricated isolator has excellent optical properties, an insertion loss of 0.45 dB, and an isolation of more than 50 dB at a 1.55-mum wavelength, which confirms the usefulness of the integration techniques.
Microfluidic fabrication of complex-shaped microfibers by liquid template-aided multiphase microflow (2011)

This study presents a simple microfluidic approach to the rapid fabrication of complex-shaped microfibers (e.g., single hollow, double hollow, and microbelt), with highly uniform structures, based on a combination of the spontaneous formation of polymeric jet streams and in situ photopolymerization. Two laminar flows of a photocurable fluid and a liquid template (nonpolymerizing fluid) spontaneously form jet streams in equilibrium states in microfluidic channels because of the minimization of the interfacial energy between the two fluids. The formation of the jet streams strongly depends on the spreading coefficients and the evolution time along the downstream of the microfluidic system. Thus, the simple control of the spreading coefficients can guide microfibers into various shapes. The sizes of the core and shell of the hollow fibers can also be readily manipulated by the flow rates of the polymerizing fluid and the liquid template phase. Asymmetric hollow fibers can also be produced in different evolutionary states in the microfluidic system. The microfluidic approach shown here represents a significant step toward the easy fabrication of microfibers with readily controllable structures and geometries. We anticipate that this novel fabrication approach and the prediction method based on spreading coefficients presented in this work can be applied to produce a wide variety of functional microfibrous materials.
Vanishing critical thickness in asymmetric ferroelectric tunnel junctions: First principle simulations (2011)

The stability of the remnant polarization in the ferroelectric barrier layer is a prerequisite to applications involving ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) or capacitors. One of the most important issues in the pursuit of further developments in this area is to overcome the limitations due to the critical thickness, below which the ferroelectric polarization disappears. In this paper we report first-principle density-functional calculations of the charge distribution and polarization in an asymmetric FTJ (A-FTJ), i.e., one with dissimilar electrodes. We found that a significant and stable polarization can be retained down to thicknesses as small as 0.8 nm (two unit-cells) in a BaTiO3 thin film between Pt and SrRuO3 electrodes, quite unlike the case of symmetric FTJs. We trace this surprising result to the large electric field produced by the charge transfer between the electrodes caused by their different electronic environments, which acts against the depolarization field and enhances the ferroelectricity, leading to the reduction, or even the complete elimination of the depolarization field, leading to the vanishing of the critical thickness. We speculate that this is a general result for A-FTJs, which could be of importance to applications of ferroelectric thin films and tunneling junctions or capacitors where the presence of the critical thickness is a limiting factor.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of “Pyran Copolymer” (1982)

Abstract Many naturally occurring polyanionic materials are known, each of which possesses its own set of physiological properties. Recently, a variety of synthetic polyanions have become available, and their physiological properties have been compared with the naturally occurring polyanions. Probably the most widely investigated synthetic polyanion is the 1:2 regularly alternating cyclo-copolymer (DIVEMA) (Eq. 1) of divinyl ether (DVE) and maleic anhydride (MA), first discovered in these laboratories in 1951 [1], This material has been investigated extensively, both from the standpoint of its chemical structure [2] and its antitumor activity [3]. Although certain aspects of its structure remain to be determined [4], it has been shown to possess a wide spectrum of biological activity [5] and is an interferon inducer [3]. Many structural modifications of DIVEMA have been synthesized which also possess antitumor activity and interferon-inducing capability [6].
Coulomb Fission Event Resolved Progeny Droplet Production from Isolated Evaporating Methanol Droplets (2001)

An electrodynamic balance was used to levitate a single methanol droplet while it evaporated down to, and just beyond, its first encountered Coulomb fission limit as ascertained by the time dependence of its laser light scatter signal. At its Coulomb limit, the primary droplet fragmented and approximately 81% of its net charge was released in the form of small droplets that are termed progeny. The window of time over which the progeny droplets were ejected from the electrodynamic balance was deltat = 850 ms, indicating that these droplets were formed with a range of mass-to-charge values. An average of 13.2 (+/-4.4) progeny droplets were detected as a result of this fragmentation event. On the assumption that the average initial radius of the progeny droplets were one-tenth the radius of the droplet undergoing the Coulomb fission event, approximately 50% of the total net charge ejected would not have been carried by the 13 progeny droplets detected.
Filling the carbon nanocages (1996)

Twenty elements were codeposited with carbon in an arc discharge between graphite electrodes. The majority of them were evaporated from composite anodes that contained the elements or their oxides stuffed into central bores in the graphite rods. The deposits, found in the soot at the reactor walls or as slag at the cathode, were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The products fall into four categories: (1) elements that can be encapsulated in the form of their carbides (B, V, Cr, Mn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo); (2) elements that are not encapsulated but tolerate the formation of graphitic carbon cages (Cu, Zn, Pd, Ag, Pt); (3) elements that form stable carbides, competing with and pre-empting the carbon supply for the graphitic cage formation (Al, Si, Ti, W); and (4) the iron-group metals (Fe, Co, Ni) that stimulate the formation of single-walled tubes and strings of nanobeads in the conventional arc discharge condition, and produce the nanometer-size carbon-coated ferromagnetic particles in a modified arc discharge in which metals are in molten form in graphite crucible anodes exposed to a helium jet stream. The criterion determining the formation according to one of the four categories is discussed on the basis of this extended study. It is apparent that the physical properties such as vapor pressure, melting and boiling points, the completeness of the electronic shells of the elements, or their heat of carbide formation are not sufficient to explain the selectivity of the encapsulation without exceptions. A hypothesis is advanced that emphasizes the existence of the carbide, interfacial compatibility with the graphitic network, as well as the transport and supply parameters in the reaction space.
Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus beta-toxin induced leukotoxicity. (2000)

One virulence determinant of Staphylococcus aureus is Beta-toxin, a 37 Kd magnesium-dependent sphingomyelinase C. This toxin lyses erythrocytes (RBCs) containing sphingomyelin in the outer lipid layer of their plasma membrane. Although membranes of both human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and lymphocytes (MNLs) contain small amounts of sphingomyelin, the effect of Beta-toxin on these cells remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hemolytic activity of this toxin on RBCs of various species and determine the leukotoxic nature on several types of human leukocytes. One nanogram of Beta-toxin lysed 115,000 sheep erythrocytes (sRBCs) and 82,000 human erythrocytes (hRBCs) in a 'hot-cold' assay and caused cytotoxicity to 325 PMNs and MNLs. Both hemolytic and leukotoxic activity were found to be magnesium-dependent. RBC susceptibility to Beta-toxin correlated with the reported sphingomyelin content of each species. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that 'hot-cold' incubation with Beta-toxin in the presence of magnesium caused significant morphological changes in the surface structure of both RBCs and PMNs. The changes included the formation of pits and membrane invaginations in the RBCs. The PMNs lost their ruffled membrane appearance and showed overall membrane disintegration. This study demonstrated that the viability of sphingomyelin-containing PMNs and MNLs was significantly decreased by the addition of Beta-toxin, indicating that this toxin does, in fact, have a leukotoxic nature. Leukocytes did not have significant membrane invaginations unlike toxin-treated RBCs; therefore, it is possible that leukotoxicity does not result from membrane lysis.
New module structure using flip-chip technology for high-speed optical communication ICs (2002)

This paper describes a new module structure for 40-Gbit/s class ICs. This structure can eliminate cavity resonance in the package and excitation of parasitic propagation modes in RF feedthroughs. Additionally, the design makes use of flip-chip technology to minimize the parasitic reactance that can occur at interconnections between chips and substrates. These features make module operation stable at frequencies beyond 40 GHz. We also demonstrate a DC-to-40-GHz distributed amplifier IC module that uses this new technology.
REPRODUCIBILITY AND VALIDITY OF A SEMIQUANTITATIVE FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE (1985)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a 61-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire used in a large prospective study among women. This form was administered twice to 173 participants at an interval of approximately one year (1980-1981), and four one-week diet records for each subject were collected during that period. Intraclass correlation coefficients for nutrient intakes estimated by the one-week diet records (range = 0.41 for total vitamin A without supplements to 0.79 for vitamin B6 with supplements) were similar to those computed from the questionnaire (range = 0.49 for total vitamin A without supplements to 0.71 for sucrose), indicating that these methods were generally comparable with respect to reproducibility. With the exception of sucrose and total carbohydrate, nutrient intakes from the diet records tended to correlate more strongly with those computed from the questionnaire after adjustment for total caloric intake. Correlation coefficients between the mean calorie-adjusted intakes from the four one-week diet records and those from the questionnaire completed after the diet records ranged from 0.36 for vitamin A without supplements to 0.75 for vitamin C with supplements. Overall, 48% of subjects in the lowest quintile of calorie-adjusted intake computed from the diet records were also in the lowest questionnaire quintile, and 74% were in the lowest one of two questionnaire quintiles. Similarly, 49% of those in the highest diet record quintile were also in the highest questionnaire quintile, and 77% were in the highest one or two questionnaire quintiles. These data indicate that a simple self-administered dietary questionnaire can provide useful information about individual nutrient intakes over a one-year period.
A Comparison of Two Methods For Soft Boolean Operator Interpretation In Information Retrieval (1986)

Information retrieval systems generally are given Boolean logic queries by users or search intermediaries, in order that an efficient and effective search for relevant documents can be automatically carried out. Previous work with an extended interpretation of Boolean queries has shown that a dramatic improvement in search effectiveness results. Using the P-norm to compute distance from the ideal points in a multi-dimensional space of truth values leads to best results .1 values are on the order of 1 to 4. Other schemes besides the P-norm approach have been proposed in recent years. This paper describes experimental studies aimed at evaluating one family of such methods. In particular, a parameterized fuzzy-logic approach is contrasted with the norm interpretation. Regression analysis supports expected results of parameter settings and gives further insight into why the P-norm scheme is superior.
Cancer Stem Cells: The Emerging Challenge of Drug Targeting (2009)

Stem cells are defined by their unique property to self-renew and starting from one single cell to generate all the different progenies required for tissue regeneration. In adults, stem cells are still present in the majority of tissues and organs where they are responsible for continuous organs and tissues homeostasis. Adult stem cells have been isolated in various tissues and all share common specific characteristics (localization in stem cell niches, drug transporter expression, adhesion, levels of apoptosis inhibitors, DNA methylation, -) involved in high levels of drug resistance of this specific cell subtype. Several studies have identified different populations of cancer cells, within the same tumor, some of them which present properties closely related to normal stem cells and raised the concept of cancer stem cells. Interestingly, the cell surface markers expressed by these particular cancer cells are the same as those expressed by normal stem cells, suggesting that cancer can arise in some cases from the malignant transformation of stem cells. The cancer stem cell (CaSC) model predicts that, even if "conventional" cancer cells can be killed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy, only the destruction of CaSC, considered responsible for relapse, will allow full recovery, thus demonstrating the importance of CaSC-targeting for patient outcome. Therapeutic innovations will emerge from a better understanding of the biology and environment of cancer stem cells. The tumor environment can create a niche favoring the survival and proliferation of CaSC. It also protects CaSC from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Clinically, it is crucial to get rid of quiescent and resistant cells and to adapt the therapeutic strategy to cancer stem cells sheltered in niches. Here, we review the major characteristics of cancer stem cells and their behavior in response to chemotherapy; we also highlight the main issues to be considered for efficient and specific cancer stem cell targeting.
Breast Reconstruction With Autologous Fat Graft Mixed With Platelet-Rich Plasma (2012)

PRP mixed with fat grafting leads to an improvement in maintaining breast volume in patients affected by breast soft-tissue defects.
Cysteamine or N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol poisoning? (1978)

SIR,-We agree about the term mercaptamine.It was imposed upon us by editorial policy in place of the more commonly used cysteamine.We have now adopted the method of Glynn and Kendal,' which measures "free" paracetamol.This method had not been described at the beginning of our study.The other methods
A Review of Screen Selection for Standalone Applications and a New Methodology (2011)

Summary Standalone screens (SASs) in open hole can provide highly reliable sand-control completions at a lower cost and with less operational complexity than other openhole sand-control completions and can provide long-term productivity performance comparable to other openhole completions when applied in the "right environment with the right procedures." Although many in the industry would agree with the preceding statement, there is no consensus on what the right environment is and what the right procedures are. Even when there is agreement on the applicability of SASs for a particular sand-size distribution, there are considerable differences in the recommended screen type and screen opening between various laboratories. In this paper, we critically review the various laboratory testing procedures used in the industry and the interpretations made to evaluate screen performance and screen selection for SAS applications. We demonstrate that the way some of the laboratory tests are performed makes them biased toward one type of screen (wire wrap) and that some are interpreted without sufficient information such that they almost always favor another type of screen (premium mesh). We show that severe screen plugging with clean formation sand is almost never an issue and that the probability of screen plugging because of other factors can be minimized when proper precautions are taken. We propose that candidates for SAS applications be initially selected on the basis of sand-retention performance, with the final selection confirmed on the basis of screen/sand pack permeability measurements. In addition, on the basis of approximately 185 laboratory tests performed on various types of wire-wrap (6 to 16 gauge) and premium mesh (60 to 600 μm) screens for unconsolidated sands and using a set criterion for sand retention, we conclude that many of the currently used criteria in the industry for selection between gravel packing and SAS are highly conservative and unduly limit the possible application of SASs.