gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A multi-channel temperature and humidity monitor (1993)

A multi-channel temperature and humidity monitor has been developed. The sensor is a bifunctional and composite device consisting of temperature- and humidity-sensitive components which are made of semiconducting ceramics. A single-chip MCS-51 computer collects and processes the sensor data and sends out control and alarm signals when limits preset by the user are exceeded. The authors describe the principle and characteristics of the bifunctional sensor, the operation of the detector circuits, and the hardware and software of the single-chip computer.
Plasmid-mediated early killing of eucaryotic cells by Shigella flexneri as studied by infection of J774 macrophages (1987)

In Shigella flexneri a 220-kilobase plasmid encodes the ability to invade nonprofessional phagocytes by a mechanism similar to phagocytosis. In this report, the continuous macrophage cell line J774 was used to study the intracellular fate of both invasive and noninvasive strains. pWR100, the virulence plasmid of S. flexneri serotype 5, mediated very efficient and rapid killing of J774 macrophages, as measured by cellular detachment and uptake of trypan blue. For this to occur, the bacteria had to be within the cells, since the macrophages were protected by cytochalasin D. A battery of strains differing in their levels of Shiga toxin production showed that inhibition of protein synthesis by Shiga toxin, as measured by [35S]methionine incorporation into infected macrophages, was not required for early killing of cells. Damage to J774 macrophages rather correlated with the ability of invasive bacteria to rapidly and efficiently lyse the membrane of the phagocytic vacuole. The role of the release of bacteria within the cytosol for subsequent expression of cytotoxic activity is discussed, and mitochondria are proposed as a potential target for this activity.
Inhibition of insulin secretion via distinct signaling pathways in alpha2-adrenoceptor knockout mice (2003)

Adrenaline inhibits insulin release through alpha(2A)- and alpha(2C)-ARs via distinct intracellular signaling pathways.
Securing Our Transportation Future by Using Off-Peak Wind Energy to Recycle CO2 Into Fuels (2009)

Simulations have shown that it should be possible (within a relatively short time frame) to profitably synthesize high-purity carbon-neutral ethanol, gasoline, jet fuel, propylene, and many other hydrocarbons, in volumes that cannot be matched by any other renewable avenue, from captured CO2, water, and cheap off-peak low-carbon energy, notably form wind farms. The process, dubbed WindFuels, requires no biomass, and it is expected to solve the grid stability and energy storage challenges of wind energy. The process is based largely on the commercially proven technologies of wind energy, water electrolysis, and Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) chemistry. Wind energy is used to electrolyze water into hydrogen and oxygen. Some of the hydrogen is used in a process, the so-called reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction, that reduces CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) and water. The CO and the balance of the hydrogen are fed into an FT reactor, similar to that commonly used to produce fuels and chemicals from coal or natural gas. Improved sub-processes have been simulated in detail, and key experiments will soon be carried out to help optimize process conditions. Conversion efficiencies (from input electrical to output chemical) are expected to approach 60%. Putting renewable hydrogen into liquid fuels solves the distribution and storage problems that have beset utilization of hydrogen in vehicles. Converting CO2 into fuels can eliminate the need for CO2 sequestration and reduce global CO2 emissions by 40% by mid-century. The amount of water needed for the renewable FTS (RFTS) process is an order of magnitude less than needed for biofuels. The atmosphere will eventually provide an unlimited source for CO2, though initially the CO2 would come from ammonia plants, biofuel refineries, cement factories, fossil power plants, and ore refineries. When the input energy is from off-peak wind and reasonable monetary credit is included for climate benefit, WindFuels could compete when petroleum is as low as $45/bbl.
Mechanisms of Plasma Polymerization – Reviewed from a Chemical Point of View (2011)

Abstract Several reaction mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of plasma polymers, such as monomer fragmentation followed by poly‐recombination into randomly structured and crosslinked films; fragmentation, accompanied by the formation of acetylene or other film‐forming intermediates and deposition of polystyrene‐like material; plasma‐initiation of a radical chain‐growth polymerization; and ion‐molecule reactions, as well as ionic chain‐growth polymerization. The bulk structure of plasma polymers is completely irregular, far from that of conventional polymers. The retention of functional groups during plasma polymerization tends to be greater than that of the entire monomer structure found again as an intact repeat unit in the resulting plasma polymer. An alternative method for depositing ultra‐thin, pin‐hole free coatings, ones that possess regular structures, is by electrospray ionization (ESI) of pre‐fabricated polymers. magnified image
Electrocardiographic Strain Pattern and Prediction of New-Onset Congestive Heart Failure in Hypertensive Patients (2005)

ECG strain identifies hypertensive patients at increased risk of developing CHF and dying as a result of CHF, even in the setting of aggressive blood pressure lowering.
A Bayesian approach to identification of hybrid systems (2005)

In this paper, we present a novel procedure for the identification of hybrid systems in the class of piecewise ARX systems. The presented method facilitates the use of available a priori knowledge on the system to be identified, but can also be used as a black-box method. We treat the unknown parameters as random variables, described by their probability density functions. The identification problem is posed as the problem of computing the a posteriori probability density function of the model parameters, and subsequently relaxed until a practically implementable method is obtained. A particle filtering method is used for a numerical implementation of the proposed procedure. A modified version of the multicategory robust linear programming classification procedure, which uses the information derived in the previous steps of the identification algorithm, is used for estimating the partition of the piecewise ARX map. The proposed procedure is applied for the identification of a component placement process in pick-and-place machines.
A Framework for Local Anonymity in the Internet (1997)

We describe and evaluate options for providing anonymous IP service, argue for the further investigation of local anonymity, and sketch a framework for the implementation of locally anonymous networks. 1 Introduction Anonymity is not the same as confidentiality. Existing systems such as IPSEC can ably protect the contents of IP-based communication [Atk95, Pos81b], making it impractical for network eavesdroppers to deduce the purpose of observed traffic. However, the fact of the traffic itself is not hidden; the sender and receiver of each packet is clearly visible in the packet headers even when the packet is end-to-end encrypted. Such information should sometimes be protected as well. Suppose that Alice, the CEO of Apricot, decides to buy out the publicly-traded firm Banananon. When other Apricot officers learn of the plans, the subsequent flurry of connections from the executive suite to the Banananon&apos;s web site could betray Alice&apos;s intent. If Alice&apos;s network administrator Eve react...
ELECTRONIC HORIZON - SUPPORTING ADAS APPLICATIONS WITH PREDICTIVE MAP DATA (2006)

Since navigation systems are increasingly entering the vehicle, the available map data may not only be used for routing purposes but also to support other in-vehicle sub-systems. The area of potential applications reaches from driver information and warning systems to comfort and active safety applications. Ford Research & Advanced Engineering has developed a prototype system that supports the vehicle with enhanced map data for the road ahead, the so-called Electronic Horizon. The interface between digital map data and supported applications is based on an upcoming European industry standard developed by the ADASIS Forum. For the covering abstract see ITRD E134653.
A novel nanoscale catalyst system composed of nanosized Pd catalysts immobilized on Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>–PAMAM (2008)

This study reports the syntheses of Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2)-Gn-PAMAM-Pd(0) composites and their applications as magnetically recoverable catalysts for the hydrogenation of allyl alcohol. The controlled growth of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers with different generations on Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2) surfaces was monitored by FT-IR spectra. Subsequently, Pd nanoparticles with diameters of about 2.5 nm were stabilized homogeneously on the surface of Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2)-Gn-PAMAM (n = 1-4), investigated by thermogravimetry (TG) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2)-Gn-PAMAM-Pd(0) have high catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of allyl alcohol and the rate of the reaction can be controlled by changing the generation of PAMAM. In particular, the composites made of superparamagnetic Fe(3)O(4) nanocrystals with diameters of about 10 nm are very suitable as catalyst supports for catalyst separation under a relatively low external magnetic field and catalyst re-dispersion after removing the external magnetic field.
Application of a Multi‐Camera Stereo DIC Set‐up to Assess Strain Fields in an Erichsen Test: Methodology and Validation (2013)

Abstract: A multi‐camera stereo digital image correlation (MC‐DIC) set‐up is presented to obtain full displacement and strain fields of a sheet‐metal specimen subjected to an Erichsen test. The set‐up is composed of several conventional stereo DIC systems (two camera set‐up), each of which tracks the deformation of an aspect of the specimen. The individual measurements, including the geometries and the displacements, are then converted to the same reference frame to integrate into a global view. Afterwards, the strain is calculated based on the composed displacement field. It is found that the geometry and the displacement fields of the bulged specimen are ideally stitched, and smooth strain fields are obtained. The influences of the reference frame transformation and the stitching procedure on the MC‐DIC measurement are investigated. A rigid motion test is performed to validate the displacement measurement. It is discussed that the global field is more reliable than the individual measurements for this test set‐up.
High-resolution resonant and nonresonant fiber-scanning confocal microscope (2011)

We present a novel, hand-held microscope probe for acquiring confocal images of biological tissue. This probe generates images by scanning a fiber-lens combination with a miniature electromagnetic actuator, which allows it to be operated in resonant and nonresonant scanning modes. In the resonant scanning mode, a circular field of view with a diameter of 190 μm and an angular frequency of 127 Hz can be achieved. In the nonresonant scanning mode, a maximum field of view with a width of 69 μm can be achieved. The measured transverse and axial resolutions are 0.60 and 7.4 μm, respectively. Images of biological tissue acquired in the resonant mode are presented, which demonstrate its potential for real-time tissue differentiation. With an outer diameter of 3 mm, the microscope probe could be utilized to visualize cellular microstructures in vivo across a broad range of minimally-invasive procedures.
Design of a fault tolerant solid state mass memory (2003)

This paper describes a novel architecture of fault tolerant solid state mass memory (SSMM) for satellite applications. Mass memories with low-latency time, high throughput, and storage capabilities cannot be easily implemented using space qualified components, due to the inevitable technological delay of these kind of components. For this reason, the choice of commercial off the shelf (COTS) components is mandatory for this application. Therefore, the design of an electronic system for space applications, based on commercial components, must match the reliability requirements using system level methodologies. In the proposed architecture, error-correcting codes are used to strengthen the commercial dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips, while the system controller is developed by applying fault tolerant design solutions. The main features of the SSMM are the dynamic reconfiguration capability, and the high performances which can be gracefully reduced in case of permanent faults, maintaining part of the system functionality. The paper shows the system design methodology, the architecture, and the simulation results of the SSMM. The properties of the building blocks are described in detail both in their functionality and fault tolerant capabilities. A detailed analysis of the system reliability and data integrity is reported. The graceful degradation capability of our system allows different levels of acceptable performances, in terms of active I/O link interfaces and storage capability. The results also show that the overall reliability of the SSMM is almost the same using different RS coding schemes, allowing a dynamic reconfiguration of the coding to reduce the latency (shorter codewords), or to improve the data integrity (longer codewords). The use of a scrubbing technique can be useful if a high SEU rate is expected, or if the data must be stored for a long period in the SSMM. The reported simulations show the behavior of the SSMM in presence of permanent and transient faults. In fact, we show that the SCU is able to recover from transient faults. On the other hand, using a spare microcontroller also hard faults can be tolerated. The distributed file system confines the unrecoverable fault effects only in a single I/O Interface. In this way, the SSMM maintains its capability to store and read data. The proposed system allows obtaining SSMM characterized by high reliability and high speed due the intrinsic parallelism of the switching matrix.
Coincidence in Time-of-Flight Aerosol Spectrometers: Phantom Particle Creation (1991)

When using time-of-flight aerosol spectrometers, particle size measurement is based upon a particle's transit time between two laser beams. The particle's transit time is assumed to be the time difference between the two pulses of light that are produced as the particle passes through the two laser beams. Particle coincidence, which occurs when a second particle crosses the first laser beam before the first particle crosses the second laser beam, has a complex effect upon the measured size distribution. As a result of coincidence, time-of-flight aerosol spectrometers can replace real particles of one size with spurious, or phantom, particles of a different size in the measured distribution. When partial detection of a particle occurs, i.e., only one pulse from a particle is detected, another particle producing a pulse that occurs while the timer is open can cause the recording of a randomly sized phantom particle. The creation of these phantom particles, which we termed “open-timer” phantom particles, has been investigated theoretically and experimentally in a commercially available time-of-flight aerosol spectrometer. The number of these open-timer phantom particles was found to increase with particle size and aerosol concentration. In addition, the instrument's detection logic affects the number and size of the phantom particles. These are most apparent in the tails and minima of the measured distribution. In order to minimize phantom particle creation, the concentration of partially detected particles must be minimized. Strategies to reduce phantom particle concentration involve reducing the concentration of small particles near the optical detection threshold of the spectrometer.
Vaccine assembly from surface proteins of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2006)

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infection. Because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, these infections represent a serious public health threat. To develop a broadly protective vaccine, we tested cell wall-anchored surface proteins of S. aureus as antigens in a murine model of abscess formation. Immunization with four antigens (IsdA, IsdB, SdrD, and SdrE) generated significant protective immunity that correlated with the induction of opsonophagocytic antibodies. When assembled into a combined vaccine, the four surface proteins afforded high levels of protection against invasive disease or lethal challenge with human clinical S. aureus isolates.
A compact facility for high-energy protontherapy based on a superconducting cyclotron (1994)

Note: 2604 Reference LIN-CONF-1994-001 Record created on 2007-05-22, modified on 2016-08-08
FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH TO AIRPLANE PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH AND LANDING (2012)

In the precision instrument approach and landing of an airplane where the uncertainty is very frequent due to the high sensitivity of the activity to many factors, Fuzzy logic can be used to produce estimates which take into account the vagueness of the flight environment. In this paper an analysis of the inputs under fuzzy logic approach is considered. The success rate of landing is investigated, when the visibility, pilot experience and air speed are given by a fuzzy function. Precision instrument approach and landing simulations are used and the performance of the fuzzy based system is evaluated with fuzzy logic toolbox under MATLAB’s Simulation Block Set which provides a complete set of tools for evaluating the success rate of landing under the given inputs. Comparison of the results from the developed fuzzy based system and flight simulation results show that the proposed fuzzy engine can successfully predict the success rate of landing under the given inputs.
Is the Virtual Reference Interview Dead (2008)

Interview of three librarians from Melbourne about their use or non-use of the reference interview when answering questions online. Virtual reference is defined as the use of electronic communication between customer and staff member to find information.
Synthesis of the driving functions of an array for propagating localized wave energy (1992)

This paper presents a framework for designing the driving functions of an array of radiating elements given a scalar representation of the desired propagating field at a finite number of remote spatial locations. Based on a point source propagation model in a homogeneous media, the relationship between the driving functions and the resulting field leads to a system of linear equations in the frequency domain. A least-squares solution to the inverse problem is obtained by solving the system of linear equations for the unknown array driving functions. The proposed framework is suitable for designing array driving functions that could be used to generate ‘‘source-free’’ (homogeneous) solutions to the wave equation. This paper focuses on the use of the proposed technique for calculating array driving functions for generating localized wave energy. Two cases are discussed; one based on a source-free solution to the wave equation, and the other based on a numerical traveling impulse function. The results are compared to the beam generated by driving the array uniformly with a continuous-wave (cw) signal.
A transitioning hybrid armature concept [for EM launchers] (2001)

Hybrid armatures have potential advantages over solid and plasma armatures because they could have a reduced axial length and consequently a lower mass than the former and lower resistive losses than the latter. However it is expected that their use could result in excessive arcing erosion damage to the rails at low velocity and increased forces in the rail/armature gap due to partial confinement of the arcing energy losses in this region. In this transitioning hybrid armature concept, it is proposed to overcome these problems by having initially a solid armature contact region, armature arcing surfaces of a low erosion rate metal and an "open" armature geometry. The latter allows the rapid expansion of arcing and erosion products radially inwards from the small rail/armature gap to the much larger bore volume. The armature will be mainly of aluminum alloy with the solid contact region being located at the armature rear with dimensions limited to achieve a predetermined transition velocity of about 1.0 km/s. The armature surface forward of the solid contact region is not in contact with the rails and is "clad" with a high temperature low erosion rate metal such as a tungsten/copper/nickel alloy to minimize the armature arcing erosion depth and consequently the are voltage and energy losses. The rail launcher electrical efficiency and performance limits are assessed for launch packages of 4 kg mass, 90 mm diameter, kinetic energy of 10 MJ and exit velocity of 2.3 km/s. It is estimated that this hybrid armature could result in an effective launcher efficiency about 4% higher than expected for a similar transitioning solid armature including the effect of the reduction in armature parasitic mass.
Electro-mechanical light modulator based on controlling the interaction of light with a metasurface (2017)

We demonstrate a reflective light modulator, a dynamic Salisbury screen where modulation of light is achieved by moving a thin metamaterial absorber to control its interaction with the standing wave formed by the incident wave and its reflection on a mirror. Electrostatic actuation of the plasmonic metamaterial absorber's position leads to a dynamic change of the Salisbury screen's spectral response and 50% modulation of the reflected light intensity in the near infrared part of the spectrum. The proposed approach can also be used with other metasurfaces to control the changes they impose on the polarization, intensity, phase, spectrum and directional distribution of reflected light.
Nonlinear photoelectric emission from metals induced by a laser radiation (1977)

A review is made of the current status of research on the nonlinear photoelectric emission resulting from the action of high-power laser radiation. The main experimental results are considered and possible theoretical interpretations are discussed. Considerable attention is concentrated on topics investigated recently, such as photoelectric emission in electrolyte solutions; photoelectric emission under the action of ultrashort laser pulses; detailed time, polarization, energy, and some other characteristics of photoelectric emission. Methods and results of calculations of the nonlinear photocurrent from the surfaces of metals are described. Theoretical results obtained by various methods are compared with one another and with the experimental data.
Enantioselective Addition of Dialkylzinc Reagents to <i>N</i>-(Diphenylphosphinoyl) Imines Promoted by 2-Azanorbornylmethanols (1998)

A set of new beta-amino alcohols 2, with the 2-azanorbornyl framework, has been prepared and evaluated as promoters for the enantioselective addition of dialkylzinc reagents to N-(diphenylphosphinoyl) imines 1. By variation of the substitution pattern in the ligand, ee's up to 92% could be obtained. Although a stoichiometric amount of the ligand was used, about 90% of it could be recovered during the workup. Amino alcohol 2b, that gave the best enantioselectivities in the stoichiometric reaction, was also applied in a catalytic process, and ee's up to 85% were achieved using 0.25 equiv of the ligand, which is the highest ee obtained so far using that catalytic amount of the ligand. Addition products 3 could be converted into the free amines 4 without racemization by acidic hydrolysis. The utility of ligands 2 as catalysts in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde has also been investigated, and ee's up to 75% were achieved.