gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm: an update and look toward the future (1997)

To date, aneurysm research has been primarily descriptive, reiterating the complex nature of the disease process. Enhanced by the convergence of matrix biochemistry, cell biology and immunology, this work is providing important new insight into how matrix metabolism is regulated in the diseased aorta. The focus is now on the inflammatory process and its regulation of the matrix remodeling which occurs with abdominal aortic aneurysm. A family of matrix-degrading enzymes appear to have a central role in this process. As we have learned from the evolution of the treatment of other pathologic processes such as peptic ulcer disease, the most effective pharmacologic therapies are designed from a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. We are quickly moving forward in formulating a comprehensive understanding of the various complex interactions that result in the formation of aortic aneurysm. Given the progress of the past decade, we can expect the identification of aneurysm-associated genes and clinical trials of anti-inflammatory medications and protease inhibitors as we enter the 21st century.
Flow Assurance of pH Stabilized Wet Gas Pipelines (2003)

Abstract The pH-stabilization method is a cost effective and reliable way to control bottom of line corrosion in gas/condensate pipelines where glycol is used as hydrate preventer. Increasing the pH to 6.5-7.5 facilitates the formation of a protective iron carbonate film on the steel surface and reduces corrosion of the steel. pH stabilization will also affect top-of-line corrosion, but to a less extent than in the bottom of the line. In order to reduce top-of-the-line corrosion significantly, pH stabilized glycol must be transported from the liquid water/glycol phase in the bottom of the pipeline to the gas phase in droplets and then hit the wall. The likelihood for this is discussed and it is also discussed how the pH stabilizer can reduce the detrimental effect of HAc in the gas. The carry-over of formation water will put limits on the use of the pH stabilization technique as carbonate scale may form. Scale formation in glycol carrying pipelines is not easy to predict, as solubility data for CO2 and scale forming compounds in glycol solutions are very scarce. Glycol affects scale formation by changing the solubility and the precipitation kinetics, and the solubility of for instance calcium carbonate is markedly reduced. If the periods with formation water carry-over into a pH-stabilized pipeline are short, scale inhibitors can probably be applied without adverse effects on corrosion. Long-term use of scale inhibitors in a pH stabilized pipeline is probably not feasible.
The United States Power Squadrons (1960)

this article discusses the outstanding work that the United States Power Squadrons are doing in teaching the public and the organization's own members the art of handling small boats. Of particular interest to the members is the course in navigation, which has produced many first-rate navigators who proved their value in both World Wars.
Inhibition of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Reverses Alveolar Epithelial Neoplasia Induced by Oncogenic <i>K-ras</i> (2005)

The serine/threonine kinase AKT and its downstream mediator mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are activated in lung adenocarcinoma, and clinical trials are under way to test whether inhibition of mTOR is useful in treating lung cancer. Here, we report that mTOR inhibition blocked malignant progression in K-ras(LA1) mice, which undergo somatic activation of the K-ras oncogene and display morphologic changes in alveolar epithelial cells that recapitulate those of precursors of human lung adenocarcinoma. Levels of phospho-S6(Ser236/235), a downstream mediator of mTOR, increased with malignant progression (normal alveolar epithelial cells to adenocarcinoma) in K-ras(LA1) mice and in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Atypical alveolar hyperplasia, an early neoplastic change, was prominently associated with macrophages and expressed high levels of phospho-S6(Ser236/235). mTOR inhibition in K-ras(LA1) mice by treatment with the rapamycin analogue CCI-779 reduced the size and number of early epithelial neoplastic lesions (atypical alveolar hyperplasia and adenomas) and induced apoptosis of intraepithelial macrophages. LKR-13, a lung adenocarcinoma cell line derived from K-ras(LA1) mice, was resistant to treatment with CCI-779 in vitro. However, LKR-13 cells grown as syngeneic tumors recruited macrophages, and those tumors regressed in response to treatment with CCI-779. Lastly, conditioned medium from primary cultures of alveolar macrophages stimulated the proliferation of LKR-13 cells. These findings provide evidence that the expansion of lung adenocarcinoma precursors induced by oncogenic K-ras requires mTOR-dependent signaling and that host factors derived from macrophages play a critical role in adenocarcinoma progression.
Deep Hidden Physics Models: Deep Learning of Nonlinear Partial\n Differential Equations (2018)

A long-standing problem at the interface of artificial intelligence and\napplied mathematics is to devise an algorithm capable of achieving human level\nor even superhuman proficiency in transforming observed data into predictive\nmathematical models of the physical world. In the current era of abundance of\ndata and advanced machine learning capabilities, the natural question arises:\nHow can we automatically uncover the underlying laws of physics from\nhigh-dimensional data generated from experiments? In this work, we put forth a\ndeep learning approach for discovering nonlinear partial differential equations\nfrom scattered and potentially noisy observations in space and time.\nSpecifically, we approximate the unknown solution as well as the nonlinear\ndynamics by two deep neural networks. The first network acts as a prior on the\nunknown solution and essentially enables us to avoid numerical differentiations\nwhich are inherently ill-conditioned and unstable. The second network\nrepresents the nonlinear dynamics and helps us distill the mechanisms that\ngovern the evolution of a given spatiotemporal data-set. We test the\neffectiveness of our approach for several benchmark problems spanning a number\nof scientific domains and demonstrate how the proposed framework can help us\naccurately learn the underlying dynamics and forecast future states of the\nsystem. In particular, we study the Burgers', Korteweg-de Vries (KdV),\nKuramoto-Sivashinsky, nonlinear Schr\\"{o}dinger, and Navier-Stokes equations.\n
Supercharger Air Hybrid Vehicle (2010)

An air hybrid vehicle is described powered by a downsized boosted internal combustion engine 16 equipped with a rotary supercharger 10 connected directly to the engine 16 while having selectable means for loading and unloading the supercharger 10. In the invention, power is taken from the vehicle to drive the supercharger 10 during deceleration of the vehicle in order to produce boost air from the supercharger 10. This boost air is stored in a separate air storage tank in the vehicle and is subsequently used for boosting the engine 16 during acceleration of the vehicle with the supercharger 10 unloaded. The vehicle achieves fuel saving and high performance by boost substitution in not driving the supercharger 10 in real time when this boost air is used to supply the engine 16. To accommodate a large air storage tank, the body of the vehicle is adapted with air-tight volumes linked together including the trunk of the vehicle serving both as a general luggage space and a very large boost pressure air storage volume as soon as the trunk is closed.
Antioxidant potential of intermediates in phenylpropanoid metabolism in higher plants (1995)

In this study the antioxidant activities of the hydroxycinnamic acids, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic and p-coumaric, have been investigated in peroxidising lipid systems mediated by metmyoglobin. The results show that the order of effectiveness in increasing the resistance of LDL to peroxidation, in protecting LDL cholesterol from oxidation and preventing the oxidative modification of the LDL apoprotein B100 is caffeic = chlorogenic > ferulic > p-coumaric acid. Assessment of the rates of reaction of the hydroxycinnamates with ferrylmyoglobin, a product of the reductive decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides, reveals that the compounds are more effective as peroxyl radical scavengers than reductants of ferryl myoglobin in peroxidising LDL systems mediated by haem proteins.
Burst-Correcting Codes for the Classic Bursty Channel (1971)

The purpose of this paper is to organize and clarify the work of the past decade on burst-correcting codes. Our method is, first, to define an idealized model, called the classic bursty channel, toward which most burst-correcting schemes are explicitly or implicitly aimed; next, to bound the best possible performance on this channel; and, finally, to exhibit classes of schemes which are asymptotically optimum and serve as archetypes of the burstcorrecting codes actually in use. In this light we survey and categorize previous work on burst-correcting codes. Finally, we discuss qualitatively the ways in which real channels fail to satisfy the assumptions of the classic bursty channel, and the effects of such failures on the various types of burst-correcting schemes. We conclude by comparing forward-error-correction to the popular alternative of automatic repeat-request (ARQ).
Near-diffraction-limited angle-switchable output beam from a broad-area diode laser with an intracavity spatial phase controller (1991)

The production of a near-diffraction-limited single-lobed angle-switchable output beam from a broad-area diode laser with an intracavity spatial phase controller is demonstrated. This 100-μm-wide broad-area laser produces a 0.8° full width at half maximum output beam at single-facet pulsed powers of ≳300 mW. The spatial phase controller operates in two distinct modes (thermal and gain), providing beam scanning over 1.4° and beam switching of 8°. The phase controller also permits a dynamic study of the effect of wavefront tilt on device coupling and phasing.
Probabilistic Graphical Models: Principles and Techniques - Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning (2009)

Most tasks require a person or an automated system to reasonto reach conclusions based on available information. The framework of probabilistic graphical models, presented in this book, provides a general approach for this task. The approach is model-based, allowing interpretable models to be constructed and then manipulated by reasoning algorithms. These models can also be learned automatically from data, allowing the approach to be used in cases where manually constructing a model is difficult or even impossible. Because uncertainty is an inescapable aspect of most real-world applications, the book focuses on probabilistic models, which make the uncertainty explicit and provide models that are more faithful to reality. Probabilistic Graphical Models discusses a variety of models, spanning Bayesian networks, undirected Markov networks, discrete and continuous models, and extensions to deal with dynamical systems and relational data. For each class of models, the text describes the three fundamental cornerstones: representation, inference, and learning, presenting both basic concepts and advanced techniques. Finally, the book considers the use of the proposed framework for causal reasoning and decision making under uncertainty. The main text in each chapter provides the detailed technical development of the key ideas. Most chapters also include boxes with additional material: skill boxes, which describe techniques; case study boxes, which discuss empirical cases related to the approach described in the text, including applications in computer vision, robotics, natural language understanding, and computational biology; and concept boxes, which present significant concepts drawn from the material in the chapter. Instructors (and readers) can group chapters in various combinations, from core topics to more technically advanced material, to suit their particular needs. Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning series
Nephron mass as a risk factor for progression of renal disease. (1997)

Partial ablation of renal mass initiates a cycle of progressive glomerular injury in the remnant. This process is associated with glomerular hypertrophy, hyperfiltration and systemic hypertension. Congenital deficits in nephron number are also associated with adverse effects on the kidney. Since intrauterine growth retardation is associated with formation of fewer nephrons, the recent observation that low birth weight is associated with increased risk of hypertension in later life raises the possibility that even modest reductions in nephron complement may also predispose to renal injury. Likewise, the numbers of viable nephrons supplied to renal, allograft recipients may be critical determinants of late allograft success or failure, since subsequent acute ischemia and rejection combine to lower the nephron complement to levels akin to the more extensive reductions in renal mass seen in patients with surgical reduction of a solitary kidney, in whom predisposition to hypertension and glomerulosclerosis is evident. This article summarizes recent findings suggesting that congenital nephron endowment is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of chronic renal disease and hypertension.
Protection Against Ischamia-Reperfusion Induced Oxidative Stress by Vitamin E Treatment (1999)

The rat heart protection offered by vitamin E against oxidative stress after ischaemia-reperfusion was studied by using a new methodological approach. Functional recovery of hearts from ischaemia-reperfusion was correlated with a traditional index of oxidative stress such as lipid peroxidation and with antioxidant capacity and susceptibility to oxidants of the tissue evaluated by enhanced chemiluminescence techniques. Rats were treated with ten daily i.m. injections of 100 mg/kg body weight of vitamin E. The functional recovery during reperfusion (20 min, following 45 min ischaemia) of Langendorff preparations from control (vehicle-injected) and vitamin E treated rats was evaluated in terms of heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), double product (= heart rate. LVDP) and coronary flow recovery. Vitamin E treatment significantly improved functional recovery of heart rate, LVDP, double product and coronary flow. It also increased the level of vitamin E and reduced the levels of both malondialdehyde and hydroperoxides in the heart tissue at the end of the ischaemia-reperfusion protocol. In contrast, it did not affect the antioxidant capacity and the response of heart homogenates to in vitro oxidative stress measured after ischaemia-reperfusion. These results show a protective action of vitamin E treatment against lipid peroxidation and cardiac dysfunction associated with ischaemia-reperfusion. Although the precise mechanism of this protection is not evident, our model in part suggests a role of vitamin E other than as a free radical scavenger.
<i>EDNA</i>: a framework for plugin-based applications applied to X-ray experiment online data analysis (2009)

EDNA is a framework for developing plugin-based applications especially for online data analysis in the X-ray experiments field. This article describes the features provided by the EDNA framework to ease the development of extensible scientific applications. This framework includes a plugins class hierarchy, configuration and application facilities, a mechanism to generate data classes and a testing framework. These utilities allow rapid development and integration in which robustness and quality play a fundamental role. A first prototype, designed for macromolecular crystallography experiments and tested at several synchrotrons, is presented.
Separated Powers in the United States: The Ideology of Agencies, Presidents, and Congress (2011)

Government agencies service interest groups, advocate policies, provide advice to elected officials, and create and implement public policy. Scholars have advanced theories to explain the role of agencies in American politics, but efforts to test these theories are hampered by the inability to systematically measure agency preferences. We present a method for measuring agency ideology that yields ideal point estimates of individual bureaucrats and agencies that are directly comparable with those of other political actors. These estimates produce insights into the nature of the bureaucratic state and provide traction on a host of questions about American politics. We discuss what these estimates reveal about the political environment of bureaucracy and their potential for testing theories of political institutions. We demonstrate their utility by testing key propositions from Gailmard and Patty's (2007) influential model of political control and endogenous expertise development.
Back Spin Control in Progressive Cavity Pump for Oil Well (2006)

CVX operates their Boscan oil field just west of Maracaibo, Venezuela. There are more than 530 oil wells and one production method is the progressive cavity pump (PCP) applied to 168 oil wells. This production system runs a screw pump located in the well. The wells have an average depth of 7,000 feet. The PCP turns at 300 rpm and is connected to a reducing gear/belt box and a 60 hp AC induction motor at the surface. The motor is controlled by a variable speed AC drive (VSD). During momentary interruptions of the electrical power, the motor turns off. When the motor turns off the weight of the column of crude causes the motor to turn in the opposite direction. The motor will spin in the reverse direction until all the oil has fallen back down the production tube and the oil level in the production tube and the well are equal. This phenomenon is known as "back spin". In these wells the backspin time can be as long as 6 hours. The time spent during backspin and while waiting for the oil to get back to the surface (after restarting) is all lost production. In order to minimize lost production, it was necessary to led a team of technical people that involved manufacturers of the VSD, motor, reducing gear/belt box, and CVX. After several tests a solution was found that minimized lost production
Combination Vacuum Tube Switch for Double-Trace Cathode-Ray Oscillograph, Audio-Amplifier and Mixer (1941)

Two circuits are described which act as medium-speed, single-pole, double-throw switches to connect two independent voltages to the input of a single-beam cathode-ray oscillograph. In each, a square wave is applied to the cathodes of two high-mu pentodes, biasing them beyond cut-off on alternate half-cycles. The independent inputs go to the control grids and the output is taken from the common plate connection. The circuits differ in the means of generating the square wave. In one, a high voltage transformer connects to the plates of two diodes which are run at reduced heater current in order to secure voltage saturation. In the other, a transformer swings the grids of two high transconductance, sharp cut-off television amplifier pentodes, overloading the grids on positive peaks and cutting off the plate current on negative peaks. The relative merits of the two circuits are discussed. A complete bibliography is included. A simple mechanical switch serves to change the circuit into either a two-stage, audiofrequency amplifier or into an electronic mixer.
Extended GCD and Hermite Normal Form Algorithms via Lattice Basis Reduction (1998)

Abstract Extended gcd calculation has a long history and plays an important role in computational number theory and linear algebra. Recentresults have shown that finding optimal multipliers in extended gcd calculations is difficult. We present an algorithm which uses lattice basis reduction to produce small integer multipliers X1, …, Xm for the equation s = gcd (S1, …, sm) = X1S1 + … + XmSm, where S1, …, Sm are given integers. The method generalises to produce small unimodular transformation matrices for computing the Hermite normal form of an integer matrix.
Synthesis of Aminolaurylpyridinium Chloride as Antimicrobial Agent (2008)

4-amino-laurylpyridinium chloride (ALPC) was synthesized and employed in antimicrobial finishing of wool fabrics. The structures of the salt was fully characterized by using FTIR, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR analysis. The effects of pH conditions of finishing baths, finishing time and temperature, and salt concentrations were investigated. ALPC could form ionic interactions with anionic groups on wool, which contribute to durable antimicrobial functions. The finished wool fabrics exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli. The washing durability of antimicrobial functions on the finished wool fabrics was also studied.
High-sensitivity coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with two tightly synchronized picosecond lasers (2002)

We demonstrate a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy/microscopy, using two highly synchronized picosecond Ti:sapphire lasers. A temporal jitter between the pulse trains from the two independent commercial lasers is reduced from a few picoseconds to ~21 fs , maintained over several hours. The tight synchronization brings the fluctuation of the CARS signal down to the shot-noise limit, leading to enhanced CARS vibrational images of living cells and polymer beads.
Liquid Evaporation Light Deflector (1972)

A new type of general purpose digital light deflector is described, which is based on the electrically controlled vaporization of a high refractive index transparent liquid at an inclined interface formed by the liquid and a transparent solid. Deflectors operating on this principle can be designed to provide multiposition linear or angular displacement of a light beam in one or two dimensions. Such deflectors can be random accessed, are capable of large angular deflection, are simple and cheap to build, occupy a small volume, and should have a long operating life. Furthermore, they are not limited to deflecting only small diameter, monochromatic, polarized light beams. Millisecond deflection is possible at power levels of 0.3 W/mm(2) of light beam area. The deflectors have high optical transmission efficiency with on-off contrast ratios of 150: 1 and higher.
Structure of Sulfonated and Carboxylated Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes (1982)

A series of the Nafion membranes (registered trade mark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc. for its perfluorinated sulfonic acid products) having different equivalent weights (E.W.), 1100, 1150, 1200, 1400, and 1500 E.W. are chemically modified to prepare a series of sulfonic acid and carboxylic acid form of the perfluorinated ionomer membranes. For a given E.W.(1100), we prepared the membranes in the forms of sulfonic acid, sulfonates (sodium and cesium sulfonates), sulfonyl chloride and sulfoamide as well as carboxylic acid and sodium carboxylates. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle light scattering (SALS) studies were pursued on the ionomer membranes to clarify their internal supermolecular structures at various levels, ranging from a few nm to a few µm. The SAXS profiles generally exhibit two scattering maxima; one at small scattering angle which is associated with a long identity period D of lamellar crystals