gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shedding Light on Black Box Machine Learning Algorithms: Development of an Axiomatic Framework to Assess the Quality of Methods that Explain Individual Predictions (2018)

From self-driving vehicles and back-flipping robots to virtual assistants who book our next appointment at the hair salon or at that restaurant for dinner - machine learning systems are becoming increasingly ubiquitous. The main reason for this is that these methods boast remarkable predictive capabilities. However, most of these models remain black boxes, meaning that it is very challenging for humans to follow and understand their intricate inner workings. Consequently, interpretability has suffered under this ever-increasing complexity of machine learning models. Especially with regards to new regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the necessity for plausibility and verifiability of predictions made by these black boxes is indispensable. Driven by the needs of industry and practice, the research community has recognised this interpretability problem and focussed on developing a growing number of so-called explanation methods over the past few years. These methods explain individual predictions made by black box machine learning models and help to recover some of the lost interpretability. With the proliferation of these explanation methods, it is, however, often unclear, which explanation method offers a higher explanation quality, or is generally better-suited for the situation at hand. In this thesis, we thus propose an axiomatic framework, which allows comparing the quality of different explanation methods amongst each other. Through experimental validation, we find that the developed framework is useful to assess the explanation quality of different explanation methods and reach conclusions that are consistent with independent research.
Studies of Steroid Ring D Epoxides of Enol Acetates; A New Synthesis of Estriol and of Androstane-3β,16α,17β-triol<sup>1</sup> (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies of Steroid Ring D Epoxides of Enol Acetates; A New Synthesis of Estriol and of Androstane-3β,16α,17β-triol1Norma S. Leeds, David K. Fukushima, and T. F. GallagherCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 11, 2943–2948Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1954https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01640a026Request reuse permissionsArticle Views380Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (731 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Alkoxylation of Steroids with Cupric Bromide: Alcohol (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlkoxylation of Steroids with Cupric Bromide: AlcoholPaul Sollman and R DOdsonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 10, 4180–4181Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1961Publication History Published online3 July 2002Published inissue 1 October 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01068a650https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01068a650research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views166Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Systemic immunosuppression of cell-mediated immune reactions by a monofunctional psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation. (1991)

Because of the undesirable side effects associated with the use of 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation in the treatment of skin disorders such as psoriasis, the use of monofunctional psoralens, which are less erythemogenic, less mutagenic, and generally non-phototoxic, has received considerable attention. Little is known, however, about the immunosuppressive properties of monofunctional psoralens. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of parenteral administration of a monofunctional psoralen, angelicin, plus exposure to UVA radiation on the immune response. Injection of angelicin followed by exposure to UVA radiation significantly suppressed delayed-type hypersensitivity to alloantigen in a dose-dependent fashion. Similarly, the capacity of spleen cells from the angelicin and UVA-treated animals to proliferate to alloantigen was significantly suppressed. The suppression was specific for the alloantigen used to sensitize the angelicin and UVA-treated animals and was associated with the appearance of splenic antigen-specific suppressor T lymphocytes. These data demonstrate that the effect of systemic administration of a monofunctional psoralen followed by UVA exposure on the immune response is similar to that seen following the injection of bifunctional psoralens. These findings also suggest that the severe skin phototoxicity associated with the use of a bifunctional psoralen and UVA radiation is not necessary for the induction of systemic immuno-suppression. Furthermore, the induction of systemic antigen-specific immunosuppression by angelicin plus UVA, without overt skin phototoxicity, suggests the possibility of using this and related compounds to specifically inhibit unwanted immune reactions.
A comparison of several algorithms for SAR raw data compression (1995)

Proposes new algorithms for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw data compression and compares the resulting image quality with the quality achieved by commonly used methods. The compression is carried out in time and frequency domain, with statistic, crisp, and fuzzy methods. The algorithms in the time domain lead to high resolution and a good signal-to-noise ratio, but they do not optimize the performance of the compression according to the frequency envelope of the signal power in both range and azimuth directions. The hardware requirements for the compression methods in the frequency domain are significant, but a higher performance is obtained. Even with a data rate of 3 bits/sample, a satisfactory phase accuracy is achieved which is an essential parameter for polarimetric and interferometric applications. Preliminary analysis concerning the suitability of the proposed algorithms for different SAR applications shows that the compression ratio should be adaptively selected according to the specific application.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Controlled Release from Erodible Slabs, Cylinders, and Spheres (1976)

An extremely attractive class of controlled delivery devices is based upon the concept of an eroding host polymer which liberates an agent which is, potentially, active biologically. The agent may be dissolved, suspended, or dispersed within or chemically bonded to the host polymer. The device concept is based upon the premise that some zero-order process, either chemical, physical, or physico-chemical, will completely control the release kinetics. It is implicit, in the overall concept, that the rate determining process will occur at a boundary between essentially unaffected host polymer and previously swollen, degraded, or permeated material. The device functions ideally in the absence of boundary layers external to the device or within the previously degraded or swollen polymer. Specifically, it is assumed that diffusion of hydrolyzing or swelling water to the reaction site and elimination of active agent from this zone of reaction is extremely rapid compared with the rate determining
Effect of Guanine Stacking on the Oxidation of 8-Oxoguanine in B-DNA (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTEffect of Guanine Stacking on the Oxidation of 8-Oxoguanine in B-DNAFerran Prat, K. N. Houk, and Christopher S. FooteView Author Information Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4, 845–846Publication Date (Web):January 16, 1998Publication History Received14 July 1997Published online16 January 1998Published inissue 1 February 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja972331qhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja972331qrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views916Altmetric-Citations251LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chemical calculations,Electrical energy,Genetics,Guanine,Oxidation Get e-Alerts
A New Synthesis of dl-Arterenol<sup>1</sup> (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA New Synthesis of dl-Arterenol1David R. Howton, James F. Mead, and William G. ClarkCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 10, 2896–2897Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01615a072https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01615a072research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views176Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Condition-transforming Variational Autoencoder for Conversation Response Generation (2019)

This paper proposes a new model, called condition-transforming variational autoencoder (CTVAE), to improve the performance of conversation response generation using conditional variational autoencoders (CVAEs). In conventional CVAEs , the prior distribution of latent variable z follows a multivariate Gaussian distribution with mean and variance modulated by the input conditions. Previous work found that this distribution tends to become condition-independent in practical application. In our proposed CTVAE model, the latent variable z is sampled by performing a non-linear transformation on the combination of the input conditions and the samples from a condition-independent prior distribution N(0,I). In our objective evaluations, the CTVAE model outperforms the CVAE model on fluency metrics and surpasses a sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) model on diversity metrics. In subjective preference tests, our proposed CTVAE model performs significantly better than CVAE and Seq2Seq models on generating fluency, informative and topic relevant responses.
Criteria for the classification of early systemic sclerosis. (2001)

We propose criteria for the early diagnosis and classification of systemic sclerosis that reflect the vascular and serological advances of the last 2 decades.
Business form classification using strings (1996)

Business forms are "linear" documents which can be accurately described by a one-dimensional data structure. This paper proposes a novel approach for form identification using strings. This application can be used as a basis for extension to other "linear" documents such as logos or line drawings. A set of known blank forms is stored in a database and incoming forms are automatically matched to one of these. In addition, forms which are not in the database can also be detected. A novel and simple method is used for matching by considering a distinctive "signature" for each document. This takes the shape of a string which describes the elements present on the form. Included are the location and size of lines, corners and blocks of text, quantised as discrete symbols. A specially adapted and efficient string edit distance calculation is then applied for matching. Unregistered forms can be detected by examining the unmatched elements between two strings. This novel string format makes it possible to extend the conventional one-dimensional representation possibilities of strings to a richer "one-and-a-half dimensional" structure and requires no training.
Self-expanding endovascular stent in experimental atherosclerosis. Work in progress. (1989)

To investigate the physiologic and histologic responses induced by the self-expanding endovascular prosthesis, rabbits subjected to a combination of high-cholesterol diet and intravascular trauma underwent stent implantation. The results were compared with those obtained with the placement of stents in the healthy aortas of rabbits. Stents in healthy aortic tissue led to stent intimalization, previously reported in canine studies. For stents placed in animals subjected to a high-cholesterol diet but no intimal trauma, it was found that the stent was not the source of atherogenesis. Stents placed in atheromatous plaque were found to radially compress plaque with time and to stimulate for formation of a fibrotic crust. The results suggest that the self-expanding stent protects against progressive encroachment of the vessel lumen by atherosclerotic tissue.
Kinetic modeling of mechanisms of industrially important organic reactions in gas and liquid phase (2010)

This dissertation is based on 5 articles which deal with reaction mechanisms of the following selected industrially important organic reactions: \n1. dehydrocyclization of n-butylbenzene to produce naphthalene \n2. dehydrocyclization of 1-(p-tolyl)-2-methylbutane (MB) to produce 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene \n3. esterification of neopentyl glycol (NPG) with different carboxylic acids to produce monoesters \n4. skeletal isomerization of 1-pentene to produce 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene \n\nThe results of initial- and integral-rate experiments of n-butylbenzene dehydrocyclization over selfmade chromia/alumina catalyst were applied when investigating reaction 2. Reaction 2 was performed using commercial chromia/alumina of different acidity, platina on silica and vanadium/calcium/alumina as catalysts. On all catalysts used for the dehydrocyclization, major reactions were fragmentation of MB and 1-(p-tolyl)-2-methylbutenes (MBes), dehydrogenation of MB, double bond transfer, hydrogenation and 1,6-cyclization of MBes. Minor reactions were 1,5-cyclization of MBes and methyl group fragmentation of 1,6- cyclization products. \n\nEsterification reactions of NPG were performed using three different carboxylic acids: propionic, isobutyric and 2-ethylhexanoic acid. Commercial heterogeneous gellular (Dowex 50WX2), macroreticular (Amberlyst 15) type resins and homogeneous para-toluene sulfonic acid were used as catalysts. At first NPG reacted with carboxylic acids to form corresponding monoester and water. Then monoester esterified with carboxylic acid to form corresponding diester. In disproportionation reaction two monoester molecules formed NPG and \ncorresponding diester. All these three reactions can attain equilibrium. Concerning esterification, water was removed from the reactor in order to prevent backward reaction. \n\nSkeletal isomerization experiments of 1-pentene were performed over HZSM-22 catalyst. Isomerization reactions of three different kind were detected: double bond, cis-trans and skeletal isomerization. Minor side reaction were dimerization and fragmentation. Monomolecular and bimolecular reaction mechanisms for skeletal isomerization explained experimental results almost equally well. \n\nPseudohomogeneous kinetic parameters of reactions 1 and 2 were estimated by usual least squares fitting. Concerning reactions 3 and 4 kinetic parameters were estimated by the leastsquares method, but also the possible cross-correlation and identifiability of parameters were determined using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Finally using MCMC method, the estimation of model parameters and predictions were performed according to the Bayesian paradigm. According to the fitting results suggested reaction mechanisms explained experimental results rather well. When the possible cross-correlation and identifiability of parameters (Reactions 3 and 4) were determined using MCMC method, the parameters identified well, and no pathological cross-correlation could be seen between any parameter pair.
Progress and Challenge for Magnesium Alloys as Biomaterials (2008)

Abstract Magnesium alloys are very biocompatiable and show promise for use in orthopaedic implant. Significant progress of research on bioabsorbable magnesium stents and orthopaedic bones has been achieved in recent years. The issues on degradation, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion fatigue and erosion corrosion of magnesium alloys and various influencing factors in simulated body fluid (SBF) are discussed. The research progress on magnesium and its alloys as biomaterials and miscellaneous approaches to enhancement in corrosion resistance is reviewed. Finally the challenges and strategy for their application as orthopaedic biomaterials are also proposed.
Uncoupling in Bacterial Growth: Effect of Pantothenate Starvation on Growth of Zymomonas mobilis (1972)

SUMMARY Pantothenate starvation of Zymomonas mobilis resulted in a simultaneous decrease of both the molecular growth yield and of the specific growth rate, when the organism was grown on glucose. In all treatments the rate of cellular catabolic activity, i.e. the rate of glucose fermentation per unit of dry weight of organism, remained constant. These experiments showed that for Z. mobilis, as for numerous other organisms, anabolic processes do not control catabolic activity.
Experience from the Use of Automatic Well-Test Analysis (2006)

Abstract Today an increasing number of oil and gas wells are equipped with downhole and topside gauges for measurements of pressure and rates. These gauges are capable of providing data with a resolution up to every second. For each sensor, this can accumulate to millions of data points every year. Often only a small amount of these data are analyzed in order to retrieve the information they carry about well and reservoir conditions. This might be due to both time-consuming analysis and limited engineering time. One analysis that can be performed on continuous data from permanent gauges is well test analysis after any well shut-in. In this paper, we will show that this analysis can be automated in order to minimize the engineering effort associated with performing it. This will provide the asset teams with additional information about well and reservoir conditions since today's workload for the engineers does not allow analysis of data from each well shut-in. The analysis will be performed on real-time data for each detected arbitrary shut-in period, providing time series of the estimated parameters such as skin, permeability, reservoir pressure and drainage area. We show the benefit of linking the automated well test to an automated wavelet filter, where the filter purpose is outlier removal, denoising, compression and transient detection. This allows for developing a system whereby the data first is automatically filtered, compressed and made ready for analysis, and subsequently analyzed with a notification sent to the relevant engineers (also including a qualification on the success of the analysis). Hypothesis testing is finally performed to detect changes in data. If no changes are detected, average parameter values can be calculated. We show examples of such a completely automated well-test analyzer.
Novel marine polyhydroxylated steroids from the starfish Myxoderma platyacanthum (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel marine polyhydroxylated steroids from the starfish Myxoderma platyacanthumEster Finamore, Luigi Minale, Raffaele Riccio, Gaetano Rinaldo, and Franco ZolloCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 3, 1146–1153Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00003a043https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00003a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views359Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
313. Poly-p-xylylene and related polymers (1961)

J. H. Golden, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 1604 DOI: 10.1039/JR9610001604