gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF LIGNOSULFONATES IN DEICING SALTS ON THE PENETRATION OF CHLORIDE IONS INTO CONCRETE (1990)

Lignosulfonates are being used as corrosion inhibitors in highway deicing salts. Corrosion reductions of 50 to 80% have been reported for mild steel. Lignosulfonates act as both cathodic and anodic inhibitors. They remove oxygen from solution, form insoluble material on the corroding surface, and use its reducing ability to prevent oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric. Although lignosulfonates in deicing salts would be expected to protect exposed rebar in concrete, experiments were run to measure corrosion inhibition on rebar exposed by microcracks in concrete, and in undamaged concrete where corrosion occurs by chloride diffusion. Mortar blocks with cracks leading to the embedded mild steel electrodes were soaked in 3% sodium magnesium chloride solutions, with and without 0.75% lignosulfonate. After 6 weeks, electrochemical measurements showed a 70% reduction in corrosion for the solutions with lignosulfonates. Wiss-Janey concrete test blocks were treated weekly for 1 year with 15% sodium and magnesium chloride solutions, with and without 3.75% lignosulfonate. Chloride penetration data indicated substantially lower chloride levels for blocks treated with salt solutions containing lignosulfonate. This experiment was repeated using small mortar cylinders that were treated with 3% sodium, magnesium, and calcium chloride solutions, with and without 0.75% lignosulfonates. Significant reductions in chloride levels were observed for samples treated with lignosulfonates. The proposed mechanism is the precipitation of lignosulfonates on or with calcium hydroxide to seal the pores in the surface. Depending on conditions, the life span of undamaged reinforced concrete structures could substantially increase if lignosulfonates were added to deicing salts.
Simultaneous measurement method of size and 3D velocity components of droplets in a spray field illuminated with a thin laser-light sheet (2005)

A measurement technique to simultaneously obtain the size and 3D velocity components of droplets in a spray field illuminated by a thin laser-light sheet has been proposed. This technique is based on the optical processes of in-focus and out-of-focus imaging of spray droplets using a stereoscopic camera arrangement. The patterns obtained by this technique represent the distributions of glare-point pairs and defocused images with interference fringes generated by the imaging of reflection and first-order refraction rays scattered from each droplet illuminated by the laser light. The size of a droplet is evaluated by the glare-point separation and the fringe order of the interferogram. The velocity of each droplet is obtained by 3D particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) based on the tracking of the glare-point pair and the defocused image generated by a droplet. For this technique, the three-dimensional optical arrangement corresponding to the scattering angle and the stereo-viewing angle, and the algorithm for stereoscopic matching of both images have been developed. The accuracy of this technique for the size and 3D velocity measurements was evaluated by applying a calibration technique, and the feasibility of this technique has been confirmed by applying it to the measurements of a spray field issuing from a swirl nozzle. From the results obtained, it has been verified that the error in the size measurement is within 1.5% and that for the velocity measurement is less than 3%.
Wood Decomposition: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics in Relation to Extracellular Enzyme Activity (1993)

Because plant litter decomposition is directly mediated by extracellular enzymes (ectoenzymes), analyses of the dynamics of their activity may clarify the mechanisms that link decomposition rates to substrate quality and nutrient availability. We investigated this possibility by placing arrays of white birch sticks at eight upland, riparian, and lotic sites on a forested watershed in northern New York. For 3 yr, samples were analyzed for mass loss, protein, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total phosphorus (TP) accumulation, and the activity of 11 classes of extracellular enzymes involved in C, N, and P cycling. The relationship between lignocellulase activity and mass loss did not differ among sites. TKN and TP immobilization exhibited some spatial variation; rates of accumulation per 1% loss of initial mass, estimated from linear regressions, ranged from 2.2 to 4.4 mg/g OM for TP and from 43 to 139 mg/g OM for TKN, with maximum concentrations reached at °80% mass loss. The relationship between the activities of acid phosphatase (AcPase) and N—acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase), enzymes involved in the acquisition of P and N from organic sources, and mass loss displayed even greater variation among sites; the slopes of linear regressions relating mass loss and temporally integrated activity ranged from 0.019 to 0.135 activity—months per mass loss point and 0.107 to 0.775 activity—months per mass loss point, respectively, suggesting that edaphic rather than substrate quality factors were regulating activity. The extent of N limitation at each site was inferred by plotting TKN accumulation, defined as the slope of the linear regression TKN concentration vs. mass loss, in relation to NAGase activity accumulation, defined as the slope of the linear regression cumulative NAGase activity—months vs. mass loss. P limitation at each site was similarly assessed from an analogous plot of TP accumulation in relation to AcPase activity accumulation. Low N or P accumulation in conjunction with high acquisition activity was taken as an indication of nutrient limitation while the converse indicated surfeit. The diagrams suggested that decomposition at the upland hemlock and lotic sites, which displayed intermediate rates of OM loss (zero order k = 0.29 g/mo and 0.23 g/mo, respectively), was primarily N limited, while the riparian sites, which had the lowest rates of OM loss (k = 0.14 g/mo), appeared to be P limited. Relative to the others, OM loss at the upland deciduous sites (k = 0.38 g/mo) was not limited by either N or P. The concordance of field observations with predictions based on ectoenzyme regulation mechanisms suggest that enzyme activity assays in conjunction with nutrient concentration measurements may be a useful indicator of nutrient limitation. An economic model is proposed that directly links N and P availability to litter decomposition rates on the basis of microbial allocation of resources of extracellular enzyme production.
Simulated domain wall dynamics in magnetic nanowires (2006)

The simulated domain wall dynamics in rectangular 10nm thick, 2000nm long Permalloy wires of varying width is presented. In the absence of an applied field the static domain wall length is found to be linearly dependent to the width of the nanowire. As magnetic fields of increasing strength are applied along the wire’s long axis, the domain wall motion changes from a uniform reversal to a steplike reversal. The onset of the stepping motion leads to a decrease in the domain wall speed. By continuing to increase the field it is possible to decrease the time between steps increasing the domain wall speed. The critical field associated with the crossover from uniform to nonuniform reversal decreases as the wire width increases.
Nonspherical Double Emulsions with Multiple Distinct Cores Enveloped by Ultrathin Shells (2014)

Microfluidics has provided means to control emulsification, enabling the production of highly monodisperse double-emulsion drops; they have served as useful templates for production of microcapsules. To provide new opportunities for double-emulsion templates, here, we report a new design of capillary microfluidic devices that create nonspherical double-emulsion drops with multiple distinct cores covered by ultrathin middle layer. To accomplish this, we parallelize capillary channels, each of which has a biphasic flow in a form of core-sheath stream; this is achieved by preferential wetting of oil to the hydrophobic wall. These core-sheath streams from the parallelized channels are concurrently emulsified into continuous phase, making paired double-emulsion drops composed of multiple cores and very thin middle shell. This microfluidic approach provides high degree of controllability and flexibility on size, shape, number, and composition of double-emulsion drops. Such double-emulsion drops are useful as templates to produce microcapsules with multicompartments which can encapsulate and deliver multiple distinct components, while avoiding their cross-contamination. In addition, nonspherical envelope exerts strong capillary force, leading to preferential coalescence between innermost drops; this is potentially useful for nanoliter-scale reactions and encapsulations of the reaction products.
High-Fidelity RGB Video Coding Using Adaptive Inter-Plane Weighted Prediction (2009)

This letter presents an efficient video coding algorithm in the RGB color space. Currently, most video coding algorithms are based on a decorrelated color space such as YUV or YCbCr, which has reduced inter-color redundancy. For high-fidelity video applications, however, it is essential to maintain the original signal fidelity without any mismatch in color space conversion. In this context, the H.264/AVC High 4:4:4 Intra/Predictive profiles support the RGB color space to satisfy increasing demand for high-fidelity video coding. However, very little effort has been made to utilize inter-color correlation to increase RGB coding efficiency. In pursuit of both high-fidelity and coding efficiency, we propose an adaptive inter-plane-weighted prediction algorithm exploiting inter-color redundancy of the RGB signal. We integrate the proposed algorithm into H.264/AVC High 4:4:4 Intra/Predictive profile reference software for simulation, and show that the proposed algorithm increases RGB video coding efficiency at average 0.80 dB and 0.75 dB, compared with the existing H.264/AVC High 4:4:4 Intra profile RGB and YCbCr 4:4:4 coding, respectively.
Reliability Aspects of Laser Programmable Redundancy: Infrared Vs. Green, Polysilicon Vs. Silicide (1989)

The laser explosion of memory redundancy target links has been simulated and temperature evolution profiles produced. The subsequent analysis suggests the following order starting with the most reliable: (1) polysilicon links with infrared laser; (2a) polysilicon links with green laser; (2b) silicide-polysilicon links with infrared laser; and (3) silicide-polysilicon links with green laser. Lower-melting point silicide (e.g. TiSi/sub 2/) is shown to hold some advantage over high-melting-point silicide (e.g. TaSi/sub 2/) as a target material. This advantage, however, is not enough to elevate it over polysilicon links in the reliability rank order. >
Ratchet Effects Induced by Terahertz Radiation in Heterostructures with a Lateral Periodic Potential (2009)

We report on the observation of the Seebeck ratchet effect. The effect is measured in semiconductor heterostructures with a one-dimensional lateral potential excited by terahertz radiation. The photocurrent generation is based on the combined action of a spatially periodic in-plane potential and a spatially modulated light, which gives rise to a modulation of the local temperature. In addition to the polarization-independent current due to the Seebeck ratchet effect, we observe a photon helicity dependent response and propose a microscopic mechanism to interpret the experimental findings.
20. New technologies (2017)

This chapter introduces some of the issues surrounding law, environmental protection, and new technologies. Using a series of examples—such as geoengineering, nanotechnology, synthetic biology, and hydraulic fracturing (‘fracking’)—it examines the relationship between environmental law and technological innovation. First, the chapter asks how well the law governs potential environmental risks posed by new technological development. Secondly, it looks at whether and how environmental law, in its regulation of new technologies, takes account of different forms of knowledge and expertise. Thirdly, it gives insights into the ways in which law can be used to incentivize the design and application of ‘green’ technologies. Finally, building on Ch. 11, it considers the potential environmental liabilities arising from new and emerging technological risks.
A NOVEL LOW TEMPERATURE CO- FIRING CERAMIC (LTCC) MATERIAL FOR TELECOMMUNICATION DEVICES (2001)

The thesis describes the development of a novel LTCC material system for RF and microwave telecommunication purposes. The work has been divided into three parts. In the first section, the compositional and firing properties of this novel LTCC dielectric have been studied as well as its thermomechanical and dielectric properties. The second section describes the multilayer component preparation procedure for the ceramic material including tape casting and lamination parameters and the selection of the conductor paste. In the last section, the novel LTCC material system has been used to demonstrate its properties in RF multilayer resonators and a bandpass filter. The dielectric material for the novel LTCC system was prepared using magnesium calcium titanate ceramic, the firing temperature of which was decreased to 900°C by the addition of a mixture of zinc oxide, silicon oxide and boron oxide. The powder was made without any prior glass preparation, which is an important process advantage of this composition. The fired microstructure was totally crystalline with high density (3.7 Mg m-3) and low porosity (0.5 %). The mechanical properties were virtually identical to the values of the commercial LTCCs, but the higher thermal expansivity makes it most compatible with alumina substrates. The dielectric values were also good. The permittivity was 8.5 and the dissipation factor (0.9•10-3 at 8 GHz) less than that of the commercial LTCCs. Furthermore, the temperature coefficient of the resonance frequency was demonstrated to be adjustable between the range of +8.8 ... -62 ppm/K with a simple compositional variation of titanium oxide. The slurry for the tape casting was prepared using poly(vinyl butyral) -base organic additives and the 110 μm thick tapes had a smooth surface (RA < 0.5 μm). The multilayer components were prepared using 20 MPa lamination pressure, 90°C temperature and 1 h dwell time. The most suitable conductor paste for this composition was found to be commercial silver paste (duPont 6160), which produced satisfactory inner and outer conductor patterns for multilayer components. Finally, resonators with a resonant frequency range of 1.7 ... 3.7 GHz were prepared together with a bandpass filter suitable for the next generation of telecommunication devices. This demonstration showed the potential of the developed novel LTCC material system at high RF frequencies.
A wideband circularly polarized dipole antenna (2002)

A single feed dipole antenna to radiate a circularly polarized wave and to have a broad bandwidth has been introduced and its characteristics have been confirmed from both calculation and experiment. It is found that the axial ratio bandwidth (2/spl les/dB) of about 20% and the gain of 9 dB pre obtained.
Effect of Hydrophobic Group on the Structure of Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Amphiphilic Cyanine and Squarylium Dyes (1988)

Abstract Phenylcyclohexyl group, a mesogenic unit, was introduced into the hydrophobic part of the amphiphilic cyanine and squarylium dyes. Surface pressure-area isotherms were explained in terms of the bulkiness and the stronger dispersion force of the mesogenic unit. In-plane anisotropy was observed for mixed LB films of the amphiphilic cyanine dye containing the mesogenic unit.
Identification of novel spinal cholinergic genetic subtypes disclose <i>Chodl</i> and <i>Pitx2</i> as markers for fast motor neurons and partition cells (2010)

Spinal cholinergic neurons are critical for motor function in both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems and are affected in spinal cord injury and in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy. Using two screening approaches and in situ hybridization, we identified 159 genes expressed in typical cholinergic patterns in the spinal cord. These include two general cholinergic neuron markers, one gene exclusively expressed in motor neurons, and nine genes expressed in unknown subtypes of somatic motor neurons. Further, we present evidence that chondrolectin (Chodl) is expressed by fast motor neurons and that estrogen-related receptor beta (ERRbeta) is a candidate marker for slow motor neurons. In addition, we suggest paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (Pitx2) as a marker for cholinergic partition cells.
Synthesis of CuInS<sub>2</sub>Nanocubes by a Wet Chemical Process (2005)

Cube‐shaped CuInS2 nanoparticles were successfully prepared through a simple low‐temperature solution route. Mercaptoacetic acid was used as capping agent. The product was characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (EDAX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The CuInS2 nanocubes obtained were of a chalcopyrite structure. The EDAX analysis shows that as‐synthesized CuInS2 nanocubes were slightly Cu‐rich and nearly stoichiometric.
Octave band varactor-tuned GaAs FET oscillators (1981)

A varactor-tuned 7.3-15.6GHz GaAs FET oscillator, with 4mW output power, will be discussed. Hyperabrupt GaAs tuning varactors were used in the gate and source networks.
Preliminary results and technique for electrophysiological intra-operative monitoring of residual hearing during cochlear implantation (2011)

Intra-operative monitoring of residual hearing may be possible in most patients undergoing cochlear implantation. This pilot study suggests that cochleostomy is not associated with intra-operative loss of residual hearing; ECOG can be preserved during the procedure in most patients; intra-operative loss of hearing is most likely to occur when the tip of the array reaches the basal turn of the cochlea. This risk may increase if the array has to be removed and re-inserted. Suction of perilymph causes immediate changes, which may not recover.
Trial of immunosuppression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using total lymphoid irradiation (1994)

Although the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains unknown, recent studies have suggested an autoimmune mechanism of pathogenesis. Previous trials of immunosuppressive treatment have yielded inconclusive results. Our study was designed to determine whether more powerful and prolonged immunosuppression, produced by total lymphoid irradiation (TLI), would alter the course of ALS. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 30 patients with classic ALS were treated with TLI, and 31 were given sham radiation. Quantitative measurements of muscle strength, functional motor activity, and humoral and cellular immune status were followed for 2 years, or until death or respirator dependence. Motor function in the TLI-treated and control groups showed no significant differences throughout the study. Overall survival was not significantly different in the TLI-treated and control groups. TLI effectively suppressed cellular and humoral immune function throughout the 2-year study period. Analysis of the relationship between immunosuppression and motor functions showed no consistent effect of treatment. We conclude that powerful and prolonged immunosuppression produced by TLI did not benefit patients with ALS. This fails to support the concept of an autoimmune mechanism of pathogenesis of ALS.
The Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrrolo-[2,1-<i>c</i>][1,4]-Benzodiazepines (2004)

Two concise and high yielding routes to the antitumour antibiotic pyrrolo-[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepine ring system are described. Thus, condensation of prolinol with 2-azidobenzoylchloride gives the tertiary amide (3). Oxidation to the aldehyde (4) followed by generation of the phosphoroimine by Staudinger reaction results in ring closure via an aza-Wittig reaction to yield the desired ring system. Alternatively, coupling of prolinol with the appropriate isatoic anhydride yields the corresponding amino alcohol. Oxidation with Dess-Martin periodinane yields the PBDs in moderate to good yield.
Neodymium fluoride mounting for .alpha. spectrometric determination of uranium, plutonium, and americium (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNeodymium fluoride mounting for .alpha. spectrometric determination of uranium, plutonium, and americiumForest D. HindmanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1983, 55, 14, 2460–2461Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00264a068https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00264a068research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views217Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A novel HCI based on EMG and IMU (2011)

The technology of human-computer interaction (HCI) is developing rapidly in tandem with the advancement of information and biological technologies. Many new types input device are introduced into this field; some of them are aimed to benefit special groups of people like old or disabled persons. In the meantime, Electromyography (EMG) and Inertia Measure Unit (IMU) have been readily available and extensively applied in control systems in many fields. In this paper, we propose a novel EMG-IMU based mouse controller that controls cursor movements based on IMU signals. The displacement of the cursor is determined by integrating the acceleration signal from the IMU, which moves with the operator's arm. The mouse operations such as left click, right click and wheel scroll, are commanded through EMG signals. The pattern recognition algorithm, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), is adopted to classify the EMG data into several clusters, which correspond to the pre-defined mouse operations. Experimental results have indicated that the proposed mouse controller can achieve an accuracy of 88%.