gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Instruction embedding for improved obfuscation (2012)

Disassemblers generally assume that assembly language instructions do not overlap, therefore, an obvious obfuscation against such disassemblers is to overlap instructions. This is difficult to implement, however, as the number of instructions existing in a program which can be overlapped are typically very few. We propose a modification of instruction overlapping which instead embeds the hexadecimal representation of an instruction in the memory offset and immediate operand of an inserted instruction. We implement a obfuscator which is capable of embedding a limited number of instructions and find that it is able to hide 23% of an X86 assembly program's total instructions on average. This is significantly higher than results reported by past works using standard instruction overlapping obfuscations which were only able to hide 1% of instructions.
Distinguishing features and potential roles of the RTO.k object model (2002)

In recent years, searching for a proper extension of the basic object model to meet the needs present in hard-real-time system development environments has become a serious research issue. The first co-author and Hermann Kopetz at the Technical University of Vienna formulated an extension of the basic object model, called the RTO.k object model, as one attempt to meet such needs. In the past two years, we have been making efforts to develop practical easy-to-use tools which assist the system engineers in (1) RTO.k structured description and simulation of application environments and (2) RTO.k structured hierarchical design of control computer systems. Unique features of the RTO.k model which distinguish it from other extensions of the basic object model as well as common features are presented. The roles which the RTO.k model can play during various steps of the real-time system engineering process are then discussed.
Peptides: Twisting and Turning (1999)

Oligomers of -amino acids ( -peptides), which are readily available by standard meth­ ods either in solution or on solid support, adopt a large variety of different secondary structures in solution and in the solid state. -Peptides 4, 5 and 10 fold into a helix with 3 residues per turn and 14-membered H-bonded rings (314 helix) that is left-handed for 5 and 10 and right-handed for 2 (due to the reversal of the chirality of the building blocks), as was clearly demonstrated by two-dimensional NMR-spectroscopy. This helix thermally is very stable in methanol solution upon heating. As shown by NMR- and CO-spectroscopy, it is partially populated even at 1oo•c (Figure 3). Another helix was discovered for ,mixed' -peptide 8 in methanol solution: it is characterized by 12- and 10- membered turns (Figure 4, left) and its central 10-membered turn has been found in the solid state of a geminally disubtituted -peptide (Figure 4, right). This central 10-membered turn was used as a scaffold to attach -amino acid residues that prefer a linear (non-helical) conformation ( -peptide 21) : a hairpin (pleated sheet-turn-pleated sheet) structure was determined in solution by NMR-spectroscopy (Figure 5). In contrast to this antiparallel pleated-sheet, a parallel pleated sheet was found for a -tripeptide in the solid state. For the first time it was possible to observe reversible peptide folding in MD simulations by studying -peptides (Figure 6) and to determine folding pathways and intermediates. -Peptides are a new class of promising peptidomimetics. They are resistant against the. degradation by proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A, pronase or proteasom 208. A variety of -amino acids (27-34) was shown to be non- mutagenic by Ames' tests and -peptides 47 and 48 reveal large elimination half-lives of 3 h (for 47) and 10 h (for 48) in the serum of rodents (Figure 7). Conjugates of a- and - peptides are efficient ligands for the HLA*B27 MHC Class I protein, a five fold increase of binding (2.0 J.!M for 55) compared to a natural peptidic ligand 51 was observed. Furthermore, -peptides are able to mimic natural a.­ peptidic hormones such as somatostatin. The cyclo- -tetrapeptide 57 binds to the five human somatostatin receptors in the micromolar range. In addition, several other non-natural oligomers such as -peptide nucleic acids (built from 58 and 59), -peptoids (60), oligomers of anthranilic acids and -sulfonamide peptides are discussed.
Understanding plasma spraying process and characteristics of DC-arc plasma gun (PJ-100) (2012)

The thermal spray processes are a group of coating processes used to apply metallic or non-metallic coatings. In these processes energy sources are used to heat the coating material (in the form of powder, wire, or rod form) to a molten or semi-molten state and accelerated towards a prepared surface by either carrier gases or atomization jets. In plasma spraying process, the spraying material is generally in the form of powder and requires a carrier gas to feed the powder into the plasma jet, which is passing between the hot cathode and the cylindrical nozzle-shaped anode. The design of DC plasma gun (PJ - 100) is designed and manufactured in Serbia. Plasma spaying process, the powder injection with the heat, momentum and mass transfers between particles and plasma jet, and the latest developments related to the production of DC plasma gun are described in this article.
Multi-material modelling for selective laser melting (2017)

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a powder-bed Additive Manufacturing (AM) process which uses a laser beam to fully melt the powders layer upon layer to build a 3D part. While most studies are conducted on SLM using single material, the application of multi-materials using this technology can offer more advantages than the conventional manufacturing methods. Complex multi-materials parts can be built which conventional manufacturing methods are unable to due to their restriction in design of freedom. However, the SLM process has its own limitations in producing multi-material parts. Since SLM uses a powder bed to build parts, the use of different powder materials in the powder bed will result in contamination of the unused powder, rendering unnecessary wastages. Therefore, using modelling techniques to attain the optimized parameters before conducting the actual experiment to verify its validity will aid in reducing wastages, leading to cost saving. To study the effects of the interface of different materials during the laser scanning, a model was simulated to observe the melting process. An open-source LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator) software uses Molecular Dynamics (MD) to simulate the melting process. The materials used for the simulations are iron (FE) and aluminum (Al). The modelling is extended to multiple layers to allow the observation of the bonding between layers.
Single standing carbon nanotube array in gate holes using a silicon nitride cap layer (2005)

We studied the growth of a single standing carbon nanotube (CNT) which was grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition in the gate hole formed by conventional photolithography in the silicon nitride. The number of CNT per hole increases with increasing the gate hole diameter and a single CNT could be grown in a 3μm hole. A single standing CNT in a gate hole exhibited the turn-on field of 1.6V∕μm and the current density of 16μA at 3.3V∕μm. The emission currents follow the Fowler–Nordheim equation with a field enhancement factor of 1.14×107.
Monoclonal antibody localization of A and B isoantigens in normal and malignant fixed human tissues. (1984)

The expression of human blood group A and B isoantigens in normal and malignant tissues from stomach, colon, and pancreas was analyzed in an immunoperoxidase assay using monoclonal antibodies specific for these isoantigens. Appropriate isoantigen expression was demonstrated in the normal epithelium from the stomach, pancreas, and proximal but not distal colon of blood group A, AB, or B patients. Half of all gastric carcinomas and of proximal colon carcinomas showed complete loss of isoantigen, whereas the adjacent mucosa in these cases continued to express appropriate isoantigen. Isoantigen expression was completely lost in only 13% of pancreatic carcinomas tested. Neither A nor B isoantigen was detected in normal epithelium from the distal colon. By contrast, 85% of carcinomas derived from this site showed reexpression of isoantigen. Inappropriate expression of A isoantigen was detected in pancreatic carcinomas (2/5) but not in gastric or colon carcinomas (0/21). Inappropriate expression of B substance was not detected in any tissue (0/38). Interestingly, differential binding of antibodies to Type 1 versus Type 2 and/or difucosyl versus monofucosyl blood group B substances was manifested by differences in intensity of staining for endothelium and red blood cells.
MicroRNA signatures associated with immortalization of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and their clinical traits (2010)

Microarray data showed that nine miRNAs (miR-20b*, miR-28-5p, miR-99a, miR-125b, miR-151-3p, miR-151:9.1, miR-216a, miR-223* and miR-1296) were differentially expressed in most LCLs during long-term culture. In particular, miR-125b was up-regulated in all the tested late-passage LCLs. miR-99a, miR-125b, miR-216a and miR-1296 were putative negative regulators of RASGRP3, GPR160, PRKCH and XAF1, respectively, which were found to be differentially expressed in LCLs during long-term culture in a previous study. Linear regression analysis showed that miR-200a and miR-296-3p correlated with triglyceride and HbA1C levels, respectively, suggesting that miRNA signatures of LCLs could provide information on the donor's health. In conclusion, our study suggests that expression changes of specific miRNAs may be required for terminal immortalization of LCLs. Thus, differentially expressed miRNAs would be a potential marker for completion of cell immortalization during EBV-mediated tumorigenesis.
The possible role of cyclic AMP in the neurotrophic control of skeletal muscle. (1975)

1. Motoneurones provide trophic control of some of the functional characteristics of skeletal muscle fibres. This study has been designed to test whether the adenylate cyclase: cyclic AMP system may offer one potential mechanism for the mediation of neurotrophic regulation. 2. The concentration of cyclic AMP was measured at various intervals after muscle denervation. Muscle cyclic AMP concentration increases for the first 2 days after nerve section. It reaches a maximum value at 48 h and subsequently returns to the control value at 7 days. 3. Cyclic AMP concentration is unchanged by muscle disuse for the first 3 days following limb immobilization. Four days after immobilization, however, cyclic AMP increases in both the disused and contralateral control muscles. This phenomenon has been tentatively ascribed to some aspect of the inflammatory response. 4. Changing the level of nerve section, and therefore the length of the residual nerve stump, changes the temporal pattern of the increase in muscle cyclic AMP concentration. 5. Reinnervation of a denervated muscle produces a decrease in muscle cyclic AMP concentration. 6. It is concluded from the results that some aspect of nerve function provides trophic regulation of the muscle adenylate cyclase: cyclic AMP system. The mechanisms by which this regulation may be applied are considered in the Discussion.
Overlooked issues of the Year 2000 upgrade (2002)

As companies begin in earnest to upgrade their computer applications to Year 2000 compliance, they are finding that there are many complex and time-consuming issues that they had overlooked when they first tried to size and scope the project. Much of the Year 2000 discussion and activity has concentrated on finding analyzing and changing the code. While these aspects are very important, they consume at most one-third of the effort of the Year 2000 compliance project. There are other issues of Year 2000 compliance which will take a great deal more effort than has been allocated by most organizations. The paper explores several of the forgotten issues of the Year 2000 upgrade, including: Year 2000 compliance for purchased application packages; upgrading versus replacing existing applications; avoiding a freeze of in-house production software while the Year 2000 project is underway; creating test data beds containing intelligently aged date fields; and verifying the accuracy of application tests. While these issues would be important for any upgrade, for the Year 2000 upgrade there is a special significance. For the first time in data processing history, we have an application project for which there is no easy fallback position and no way to move the deadline.
Magnesium Silicate Hollow Nanostructures as Highly Efficient Absorbents for Toxic Metal Ions (2009)

A general one-step route has been developed for the selective synthesis of magnesium silicate hollow spheres, core−shell spheres, and nanotubes. The formation mechanism was studied. The concentration of NaOH played an important role in the synthesis of hollow and core−shell spheres, while the addition of glycol played a critical role in the synthesis of silicate nanotubes. These nanostructures usually have BET surface areas of 200−400 m2/g. Further investigation of their ion exchange performance shows that they are indeed perfect candidates as absorbents for heavy metal ions including Pb2+, Cr3+, Cd2+, etc.
Fungal Mediator Tail Subunits Contain Classical Transcriptional Activation Domains (2015)

Classical activation domains within DNA-bound eukaryotic transcription factors make weak interactions with coactivator complexes, such as Mediator, to stimulate transcription. How these interactions stimulate transcription, however, is unknown. The activation of reporter genes by artificial fusion of Mediator subunits to DNA binding domains that bind to their promoters has been cited as evidence that the primary role of activators is simply to recruit Mediator. We have identified potent classical transcriptional activation domains in the C termini of several tail module subunits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and Candida dubliniensis Mediator, while their N-terminal domains are necessary and sufficient for their incorporation into Mediator but do not possess the ability to activate transcription when fused to a DNA binding domain. This suggests that Mediator fusion proteins actually are functioning in a manner similar to that of a classical DNA-bound activator rather than just recruiting Mediator. Our finding that deletion of the activation domains of S. cerevisiae Med2 and Med3, as well as C. dubliniensis Tlo1 (a Med2 ortholog), impairs the induction of certain genes shows these domains function at native promoters. Activation domains within coactivators are likely an important feature of these complexes and one that may have been uniquely leveraged by a common fungal pathogen.
Process Development and Pilot-Scale Synthesis of Cefotetan (2004)

Strategies that were adopted during the process development of Cefotetan in order to achieve a cost-effective commercial-scale synthesis are described herein. These included replacement of the trifluoroacetic acid used for cleavage of the benzhydryl ester and the development of an alternative synthetic route. This work led to improvement of both the impurity profile and the yield of the process. The pilot-scale synthesis of Cefotetan is described in detail in the Experimental Section. The scaled-up process has been successfully used for the commercial manufacture of Cefotetan since 1983.
MetaLight: Value-Based Meta-Reinforcement Learning for Traffic Signal Control (2020)

Using reinforcement learning for traffic signal control has attracted increasing interests recently. Various value-based reinforcement learning methods have been proposed to deal with this classical transportation problem and achieved better performances compared with traditional transportation methods. However, current reinforcement learning models rely on tremendous training data and computational resources, which may have bad consequences (e.g., traffic jams or accidents) in the real world. In traffic signal control, some algorithms have been proposed to empower quick learning from scratch, but little attention is paid to learning by transferring and reusing learned experience. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, named as MetaLight, to speed up the learning process in new scenarios by leveraging the knowledge learned from existing scenarios. MetaLight is a value-based meta-reinforcement learning workflow based on the representative gradient-based meta-learning algorithm (MAML), which includes periodically alternate individual-level adaptation and global-level adaptation. Moreover, MetaLight improves the-state-of-the-art reinforcement learning model FRAP in traffic signal control by optimizing its model structure and updating paradigm. The experiments on four real-world datasets show that our proposed MetaLight not only adapts more quickly and stably in new traffic scenarios, but also achieves better performance.
Quantification of Chemical Peptide Reactivity for Screening Contact Allergens: A Classification Tree Model Approach (2007)

In the interest of reducing animal use, in vitro alternatives for skin sensitization testing are under development. One unifying characteristic of chemical allergens is the requirement that they react with proteins for the effective induction of skin sensitization. The majority of chemical allergens are electrophilic and react with nucleophilic amino acids. To determine whether and to what extent reactivity correlates with skin sensitization potential, 82 chemicals comprising allergens of different potencies and nonallergenic chemicals were evaluated for their ability to react with reduced glutathione (GSH) or with two synthetic peptides containing either a single cysteine or lysine. Following a 15-min reaction time with GSH, or a 24-h reaction time with the two synthetic peptides, the samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. UV detection was used to monitor the depletion of GSH or the peptides. The peptide reactivity data were compared with existing local lymph node assay data using recursive partitioning methodology to build a classification tree that allowed a ranking of reactivity as minimal, low, moderate, and high. Generally, nonallergens and weak allergens demonstrated minimal to low peptide reactivity, whereas moderate to extremely potent allergens displayed moderate to high peptide reactivity. Classifying minimal reactivity as nonsensitizers and low, moderate, and high reactivity as sensitizers, it was determined that a model based on cysteine and lysine gave a prediction accuracy of 89%. The results of these investigations reveal that measurement of peptide reactivity has considerable potential utility as a screening approach for skin sensitization testing, and thereby for reducing reliance on animal-based test methods.
Interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling of BSH in mice, rats, rabbits, and humans (1995)

Sodium mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate or BSH is an important compound for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The total clearance and steady state volume of distribution of BSH in humans and in laboratory animals were analyzed as a function of species body weight using the allometric equation for interspecies scaling. Significant linear relationships were obtained between log CLt (Lh-1) and log W (kg) (r = 0.972; p = 0.028) as well as log VSS (L) and log W (kg) (r = 0.999; p = 0.0005). The corresponding allometric equations were CLt = 0.127 W0.68 and VSS = 1.557 W0.87, respectively. BSH clearance in various species was shown to be a constant fraction (0.26) of creatinine clearance, the relationship being independent of body weight. Thus BSH clearance in various species occurred at similar pace when measured by a physiological parameter (creatinine clearance) rather than chronological time. Interspecies scale-up of plasma concentration-time data for the four species using a complex Dedrick plot resulted in similar profiles. Our results indicate that the BSH data obtained in laboratory animals could be utilized to generate preliminary estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters in humans. These parameters can serve as guidelines for better planning of clinical studies.
Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention (2008)

Achieving the 2010 goal requires maintaining current efforts, especially programs addressing lead paint, while developing interventions that prevent exposure before children are poisoned. It also requires active collaboration across all levels of government to identify and control all potential sources of lead exposure, as well as primary prevention.
Electrodeposition of CuInSe<sub>2</sub>(CIS) via Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition (E-ALD) (2012)

The growth of stoichiometric CuInSe(2) (CIS) on Au substrates using electrochemical atomic layer deposition (E-ALD) is reported here. Parameters for a ternary E-ALD cycle were investigated and included potentials, step sequence, solution compositions and timing. CIS was also grown by combining cycles for two binary compounds, InSe and Cu(2)Se, using a superlattice sequence. The formation, composition, and crystal structure of each are discussed. Stoichiometric CIS samples were formed using the superlattice sequence by performing 25 periods, each consisting of 3 cycles of InSe and 1 cycle of Cu(2)Se. The deposits were grown using 0.14, -0.7, and -0.65 V for Cu, In, and Se precursor solutions, respectively. XRD patterns displayed peaks consistent with the chalcopyrite phase of CIS, for the as-deposited samples, with the (112) reflection as the most prominent. AFM images of deposits suggested conformal deposition, when compared with corresponding image of the Au on glass substrate.
Cathode Optimization for Lithium-Air Batteries (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Dynamic target classification in wireless sensor networks (2008)

Feature extraction and classification are two intertwined components in pattern recognition. Our hypothesis is that for each type of target, there exists an optimal set of features in conjunction with a specific classifier, which can yield the best performance in terms of classification accuracy using least amount of computation, measured by the number of features used. In this paper, our study is in the context of an application in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Due to the extremely limited resources on each sensor platform, the decision making is prune to fault, making sensor fusion a necessity. We present a concept of dynamic target classification in WSNs. The main idea is to dynamically select the optimal combination of features and classifiers based on the ldquoprobabilityrdquo that the target to be classified might belong to a certain category. We use two data sets to validate our hypothesis and derive the optimal combination sets by minimizing a cost function. We apply the proposed algorithm to a scenario of collaborative target classification among a group of sensors in WSNs. Experimental results show that our approach can significantly reduce the computational time while at the same time, achieve better classification accuracy, compared with traditional classification approaches, making it a viable solution in practice.
Frequency Reuse Power Allocation for Broadband Cellular Networks (2006)

An FRPA (frequency reuse power allocation) technique by employing the frequency reuse notion as a strategy for overcoming the ICI (intercell interference) and maintaining the QoS (quality of service) at the cell boundary is described for broadband cellular networks. In the scheme, the total bandwidth is divided into sub-bands and two different power levels are then allocated to sub-bands based on the frequency reuse for forward-link cell planning. In order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed based on the Chemoff upper bound. The simulation shows that this technique can achieve a high channel throughput while maintaining the required QoS at the cell boundary.