gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID‐19) implicate special control measures (2020)

By 27 February 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused 82 623 confirmed cases and 2858 deaths globally, more than severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (8273 cases, 775 deaths) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (1139 cases, 431 deaths) caused in 2003 and 2013, respectively. COVID-19 has spread to 46 countries internationally. Total fatality rate of COVID-19 is estimated at 3.46% by far based on published data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). Average incubation period of COVID-19 is around 6.4 days, ranges from 0 to 24 days. The basic reproductive number (R<sub>0</sub> ) of COVID-19 ranges from 2 to 3.5 at the early phase regardless of different prediction models, which is higher than SARS and MERS. A study from China CDC showed majority of patients (80.9%) were considered asymptomatic or mild pneumonia but released large amounts of viruses at the early phase of infection, which posed enormous challenges for containing the spread of COVID-19. Nosocomial transmission was another severe problem. A total of 3019 health workers were infected by 12 February 2020, which accounted for 3.83% of total number of infections, and extremely burdened the health system, especially in Wuhan. Limited epidemiological and clinical data suggest that the disease spectrum of COVID-19 may differ from SARS or MERS. We summarize latest literatures on genetic, epidemiological, and clinical features of COVID-19 in comparison to SARS and MERS and emphasize special measures on diagnosis and potential interventions. This review will improve our understanding of the unique features of COVID-19 and enhance our control measures in the future.
Engine Knock Margin Estimation Using In-Cylinder Pressure Measurements (2016)

Engine knock is among the most relevant limiting factors in the improvement of the operation of spark-ignited engines. Due to an abnormal combustion inside the cylinder chamber, it can cause performance worsening or even serious mechanical damage. Being the result of complex local chemical phenomena, knock turns out to have a significant random behavior but the increasing availability of new on-board sensors permits a deeper understanding of its mechanism. The aim of this paper is to exploit in-cylinder pressure sensors to derive a knock estimator, based on the logistic regression technique. Thanks to the proposed approach, it is possible to explicitly deal with knock random variability and to define the so-called margin (or distance) from the knocking condition, which has been recently proven to be an effective concept for innovative knock control strategies. In a model-based estimation fashion, two modeling approaches are compared: one relies on well-known physical mechanisms while the second exploits a principal component analysis to extract relevant pressure information, thus reducing the identification effort and improving the estimation performance.
High-Throughput Nanoindentation for Statistical and Spatial Property Determination (2018)

Standard nanoindentation tests are “high throughput” compared to nearly all other mechanical tests, such as tension or compression. However, the typical rates of tens of tests per hour can be significantly improved. These higher testing rates enable otherwise impractical studies requiring several thousands of indents, such as high-resolution property mapping and detailed statistical studies. However, care must be taken to avoid systematic errors in the measurement, including choosing of the indentation depth/spacing to avoid overlap of plastic zones, pileup, and influence of neighboring microstructural features in the material being tested. Furthermore, since fast loading rates are required, the strain rate sensitivity must also be considered. A review of these effects is given, with the emphasis placed on making complimentary standard nanoindentation measurements to address these issues. Experimental applications of the technique, including mapping of welds, microstructures, and composites with varying length scales, along with studying the effect of surface roughness on nominally homogeneous specimens, will be presented.
Citric Acid and Antimicrobials Affect Microbiological Stability and Quality of Tomato Juice (1994)

ABSTRACT Acidification, addition of dimethyl dicarbonate and a mixture of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate and storage temperature were related to microbiological stability and quality of tomato juice. Whether iuices were acidified CDH 4.0 to 3.7) or nonacidified. dimethyl dicarbonate and sorbate/benzoate were highly effective in diminishcng mold and yeast count at 5°C and 20°C. Dimethyl dicarbonate in juices acidified to pH 3.7 and stored at 5°C was most effective in controlling plate counts, followed by sorbate/benzoate in juices acidified to pH 3.7 and stored at 5°C and 20°C. Tomato juice treated with dimethyl dicarbonate had lower amounts of ascorbic acid, total amino acids, fructose, glucose, lycopene and β‐carotene.
Sparse target cancellation filters with application to semi-blind noise extraction (2014)

Impulse responses of filters that perform spatial null in a target direction, so-called target-cancellation filters (CFs), are usually long and dense due to the reverberant acoustic environment. It is therefore hard to blindly estimate them from noisy recordings of the target. In this paper, we show that efficient sparse CFs having many coefficients equal to zero can be designed such that their cancellation performance is tolerably lower than the performance of dense CFs. We show that an efficient sparse CF can be blindly estimated from noisy data, provided that its support is known. The resulting filter is better than a dense CF which has been blindly estimated without any prior knowledge.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of <i>N</i> -Methyl-DL-glutamic Acid (2000)

The solid-state conformation of racemic N -methylglutamic acid has been defined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Orthorhombic crystals belong to the space group Pbca with a 15.219(2), b 10.583(1), c 9.595(1) Å and Z 8. The structure was refined to a final R value of 0.049 for the 1285 measured data. In the crystal the molecules adopt a zwitterionic form with protonation having occurred at the amino nitrogen atom. The a-carboxyl is unprotonated with the d-carboxy group retaining a proton. The i.r. spectrum shows absorptions which also are indicative of the amino acid being in the zwitterionic form. Intermolecular H-bonds involving the carboxylate proton and the two protons on the N-atom link the molecules into a three-dimensional network in the crystal.
Routine immunologic tests in systemic lupus erythematosus: is there a need for more studies? (1996)

While our study provided no major support for routine testing with anti-dsDNA, C3, C4, or Clq binding, additional longitudinal studies are needed to assess monthly testing of anti-dsDNA as a predictor of flare in SLE.
Autophagy Is Essential for Preimplantation Development of Mouse Embryos (2008)

After fertilization, maternal proteins in oocytes are degraded and new proteins encoded by the zygotic genome are synthesized. We found that autophagy, a process for the degradation of cytoplasmic constituents in the lysosome, plays a critical role during this period. Autophagy was triggered by fertilization and up-regulated in early mouse embryos. Autophagy-defective oocytes derived from oocyte-specific Atg5 (autophagy-related 5) knockout mice failed to develop beyond the four- and eight-cell stages if they were fertilized by Atg5-null sperm, but could develop if they were fertilized by wild-type sperm. Protein synthesis rates were reduced in the autophagy-null embryos. Thus, autophagic degradation within early embryos is essential for preimplantation development in mammals.
Delay-locked loop technique for temperaturestabilisation of internal delays of CMOS FPGA devices (2000)

A delay-locked loop (DLL) technique for use with typical CMOS field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices is presented. It allows for temperature stabilisation of the internal delays of the devices, especially when the digital delay lines are designed. The voltage Vcc supplying the FPGA device is varied within a limited range by the DLL to stabilise the internal delays of the device under changes in the ambient temperature. The method is illustrated by presenting results of the realisation of an interpolating time counter with 200 ps resolution, implemented on a single CMOS FPGA device.
Voice-excited LPC coders for 9.6 kbps speech transmission (2005)

This paper considers the use of voice-excited linear predictive (LPC) coders for speech transmission at a bit-rate of 9.6 kbps. In our on-going work, we study in detail the various aspects of this class of speech coders, with the goal of maximizing the speech quality at the above rate. Important among these aspects are: baseband residual versus baseband speech transmission, coding of the baseband signal, and high-frequency regeneration from the baseband. We provide a discussion of these and other issues, and indicate a number of variables that have been included in our speech-quality optimization study. Experimental results obtained to date are summarized in the paper. More complete results and conclusions will be presented at the conference.
Tuning the Reversible Binding of NO to Iron(II) Aminocarboxylate and Related Complexes in Aqueous Solution (2001)

Chelate complexes of FeII were investigated with respect to their reactivity against nitric oxide and dioxygen. Through a systematic variation of the structure of the polyaminocarboxylate EDTA, a series of 38 potential chelate ligands were selected for FeII. The nitrosyl complexes were prepared from the FeII chelates with NO gas and examined spectroscopically by UV/Vis and ATR-IR techniques, and themodynamically by determining the overall binding constants for NO. In addition, the reversibility of NO binding to these FeII chelates and the rate of the competing oxidation by dioxygen were studied qualitatively. Whereas the studied complexes all form more or less stable nitrosyl complexes with a characteristic band pattern in the UV/Vis spectra and only slightly diverging frequencies for the NO stretching vibration in the IR spectra, they differ considerably in the reversibility of NO binding, the overall NO binding constants and the sensitivity towards dioxygen. It was found that an increasing number of donor groups on the chelate ligand causes a stronger coordination to FeII, and increases the tendency of the FeII chelates to transfer electron density from iron to substrates like dioxygen or nitric oxide. This results in an accelerated oxidation of FeII to FeIII by dioxygen and a more pronounced tendency of the corresponding nitrosyl complexes to slowly decompose to FeIII and N2O. In addition, the overall binding constant for NO (KNO), which spans a range from 1·103 to 2·107 M−1, increases in the same direction as a result of the inductive effect of the chelate ligand.
Al alloy weld pool control of welding robot with passive vision (2009)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe work aimed to control the Al alloy welding penetration through the passive vision for welding robot. Design/methodology/approach First a passive vision system was established. The system can capture the Al alloy welding image. Based on the analysis of the characteristic of the welding image, the composite edge detectors were developed to recognize the shape of the weld seam and the weld pool. To realize the automatic control of the Al alloy‐weld process, the relation between the welding parameter and the quality of the weld appearance was established through the random welding experiment. The wire feed was chosen with PID controller adjusting the wire feed rate according to the weld gap variation. Findings This paper finds that the passive vision system can be captured the clear weld seam and weld pool image simultaneously. the method of composite edge detectors can be effectively and accurately recognize the weld seam edges. The wire feed rate controller ensured the welding robot to adjust the wire feed rate according to the gap variation. Research limitations/implications This system has been applied to the industrial welding robot production. Originality/value The weld seam and weld pool image can be simultaneously captured by the passive vision system. The composite edge detectors have been developed for the passive vision method. The controller has been set up for Al alloy welding process based on the neural network.
Studies on the clonal origin of human B cell leukemia using monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies. (1982)

The clonal origin of an IgA1 kappa B cell leukemia in a 71-year-old man (WF) was examined using a monoclonal anti-Id antibody and a panel of monoclonal anti-VH antibodies. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that all surface IgA1 kappa + leukemic cells in WF's blood and 10% of the IgM+ B cells in his bone marrow expressed the WF Id. Three percent of the IgA1 kappa + leukemic cells in blood also expressed gamma-chains in their cytoplasm. Approximately 0.1%, 1%, and 10% of bone marrow mononuclear cells, respectively, expressed mu-chains, gamma-chains, and alpha-chains in their cytoplasm, but no detectable light chains or surface immunoglobulins. These mu, gamma, and alpha-positive cells had the convoluted nucleus and narrow cytoplasm characteristic of normal mu+ pre-B cells. Sequential isotype switching among this unusual pre-B population was indicated by co-expression of mu-chains and alpha-chains by 11% and 63%, respectively, of the gamma pre-B cells. These pre-B cells and the surface alpha-chains and cytoplasmic gamma-chains of the leukemic B cells were reactive with one of four monoclonal anti-VH antibodies. The data suggest malignant transformation of the clone before isotype switching, and also imply light chain precommitment at the pre-B cell level of differentiation.
Personal exposure to JP-8 jet fuel vapors and exhaust at air force bases. (2000)

JP-8 jet fuel (similar to commercial/international jet A-1 fuel) is the standard military fuel for all types of vehicles, including the U.S. Air Force aircraft inventory. As such, JP-8 presents the most common chemical exposure in the Air Force, particularly for flight and ground crew personnel during preflight operations and for maintenance personnel performing routine tasks. Personal exposure at an Air Force base occurs through occupational exposure for personnel involved with fuel and aircraft handling and/or through incidental exposure, primarily through inhalation of ambient fuel vapors. Because JP-8 is less volatile than its predecessor fuel (JP-4), contact with liquid fuel on skin and clothing may result in prolonged exposure. The slowly evaporating JP-8 fuel tends to linger on exposed personnel during their interaction with their previously unexposed colleagues. To begin to assess the relative exposures, we made ambient air measurements and used recently developed methods for collecting exhaled breath in special containers. We then analyzed for certain volatile marker compounds for JP-8, as well as for some aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzene) that are related to long-term health risks. Ambient samples were collected by using compact, battery-operated, personal whole-air samplers that have recently been developed as commercial products; breath samples were collected using our single-breath canister method that uses 1-L canisters fitted with valves and small disposable breathing tubes. We collected breath samples from various groups of Air Force personnel and found a demonstrable JP-8 exposure for all subjects, ranging from slight elevations as compared to a control cohort to > 100 [mutilpe] the control values. This work suggests that further studies should be performed on specific issues to obtain pertinent exposure data. The data can be applied to assessments of health outcomes and to recommendations for changes in the use of personal protective equipment that optimize risk reduction without undue impact on a mission.
Cartilage Nucleoside Triphosphate (NTP) Pyrophosphohydrolase (1984)

When 1 mM ATP was added to ambient media of canine cartilage in organ culture or canine chondrocytes in monolayer culture, PPi was generated linearly over 4 hours. The appearance of PPi was related to an ectoenzyme based upon its ability to act upon extracellular substrate, to generate extracellular products, failure to detect enzyme activity in supernatant media, failure to increase activity by cell disruption, and susceptibility to digestion by extracellular trypsin. The enzyme responsible for PPi generation is nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) pyrophosphohydrolase, which acts upon a number of purine and pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates. This enzyme may play a role in generation of extracellular PPi which participates in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal formation.
Passively athermalized hybrid objective for a far-infrared uncooled thermal imager (1996)

The development of a Petzval objective lens which is passively athermalized over the temperature range minus 20 degrees Celsius to plus 50 degrees Celsius is described. The lens is compatible with a latest generation uncooled staring array imager operating in the far infrared band, currently under development at the UK Defence Research Agency (DRA). In order to minimize the number of lens components which are required, a diamond turned hybrid refractive-diffractive element is employed. Design options are presented and the manufacturing issues relating to the diffractive surface are described. The goal is to produce a cost effective solution rather than placing the emphasis on achieving the ultimate in performance. Results from optical performance tests are given, including interferometry at a range of temperatures and broadband MTF.
Mode-adaptive fine granularity scalability (2002)

We propose a new algorithm, which utilizes the enhancement layer prediction to further improve the coding efficiency of current fine granularity scalability (FGS) defined in MPEG-4. The proposed algorithm adaptively uses (1) the previously reconstructed enhancement layer macroblock after motion compensation along with (2) current reconstructed base layer macroblock and (3) the combination of both to form the predicted macroblock for the current enhancement layer. The new algorithm is designed so that other error drifting reduction methods can be used to avoid the drifting problem due to prediction from the enhancement layer. In addition, the proposed algorithm can re-use the implemented B-frame hardware to form the enhancement layer predicted frame. Simulation results show that about 1 dB gain in PSNR can be achieved compared to the current FGS algorithm at moderate to high bit rates. Thus, the proposed algorithm is a cost efficient solution to improve the coding efficiency of fine granularity scalability.
An introduction to biomarkers: applications to chronic kidney disease (2007)

Diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) will be characterized in the future by an increasing use of biomarkers-quantitative indicators of biologic or pathologic processes that vary continuously with progression of the process. "Classical" biomarkers of CKD progression include quantitative proteinuria, the percentage of sclerotic glomeruli or fractional interstitial fibrosis. New candidate biomarkers (e.g., urinary proteomic patterns) are being developed based on both mechanistic and "shotgun" approaches. Validation of potential biomarkers in prospective studies as surrogate endpoints for hard clinical outcomes is often complicated by the long lag time to the ultimate clinical outcome (e.g., end-stage renal disease). The very dense data sets that result from shotgun approaches on small numbers of patients carry a significant risk of model overfitting, leading to spurious associations. New analytic methods can help to decrease this risk. It is likely that clinical practice will come to depend increasingly on multiplex (vector) biomarkers used in conjunction with risk markers in early diagnosis as well as to guide therapy.
Fuzzy estimation and segmentation for laser range scans (2009)

Abstract – In tracking applications objects are often re-garded as point targets. For modern sensors the assumption that one object creates at most one measurement is often not fulfilled any more due to the increasing sensor resolution capabilities. Thus, an estimation of the number of objects is necessary. Using threshold based segmentations for the estimation leads to hard decisions. Using a fuzzy estimation and segmentation, hard decisions are avoided. In the pro-posed fuzzy segmentation method the segments are weighted according to the confidence in the segment. The results of the fuzzy segmentation are compared with the threshold based segmentation. Further, extended objects are created out of the fuzzy segments of two laser scanners.
MyD88 Functions as a Negative Regulator of TLR3/TRIF-induced Corneal Inflammation by Inhibiting Activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (2007)

The adaptor molecule MyD88 is necessary for responses to all Toll-like receptors except TLR3 and a subset of TLR4 signaling events, which are mediated by the adaptor molecule TRIF. To determine the role of TRIF in host inflammatory responses, corneal epithelium of C57BL/6, TLR3(-/-), TRIF(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) mice was abraded and stimulated with the synthetic TLR3 ligand poly(I:C). We found that poly(I:C) induced a pronounced cellular infiltration into the corneal stroma, which was TLR3- and TRIF-dependent. Unexpectedly, the inflammatory response was exacerbated in MyD88(-/-) mice, with enhanced neutrophil and F4/80(+) cell infiltration into the corneal stroma and elevated corneal haze, which is an indicator of loss of corneal transparency. To determine whether MyD88-dependent inhibition of TLR3/TRIF responses is a general phenomenon, we examined cytokine production by MyD88(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages; however, no significant difference was observed between MyD88(+/+) or MyD88(-/-) macrophages. In contrast, human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) transfected with MyD88 small interfering RNA had significantly increased (2.5-fold) CCL5/RANTES production compared with control HCECs, demonstrating a negative regulatory role for MyD88 in TLR3/TRIF responses in these cells. Finally, knockdown of MyD88 in HCECs resulted in increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not p38, IRF-3, or NF-kappaB. Consistent with this finding, the JNK inhibitor SP600125, but not p38 inhibitor SB203580, ablated this response. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a novel JNK-dependent inhibitory role for MyD88 in the TLR3/TRIF activation pathway.
A GaAs IC broadband variable ring oscillator and arbitrary integer divider (2003)

A monolithic broadband variable ring oscillator is described. The single GaAs IC performs as a broadband variable ring oscillator and arbitrary integer frequency divider. The oscillator, a ring of inverters with a variable delay feature, covers two octaves in the 0.4-1.6-GHz range. The oscillator tuning range can be increased by extending the basic topology. A provision for external signal injection permits injection locking. Frequency division was achieved with a selectable arbitrary division ratio by tuning the oscillator to near the desired submultiple of the input signal. Spurious-free output with a constant amplitude was maintained independently of the divide ratio.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>