gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Discharge Gases on Microwave Plasma Reactions of Imidazole on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Surfaces:  Quantitative ATR FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis (1999)

Although our recent studies revealed that under Ar microwave plasma conditions reactions of imidazole with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) result in the formation of Si−CH2−imidazole species, the issue of the discharge gas effect on microwave plasma reactions remain unanswered. This study examines how these reactions in the presence of Ar, O2, and CO2 gases under microwave plasma conditions will affect surface reactions on PDMS in the presence of imidazole vapors. When Ar microwave plasma reaction conditions are employed, imidazole molecules react to the PDMS surface through hydrogen abstraction of the N−H bonds to form Si−CH2−imidazole and Si−CH2−CH3 linkages. When O2 microwave plasma reactions are conducted for 20 s or less discharge times, Si−O−imidazole and Si−O−CH3 species on the PDMS surface are formed. On the other hand, for discharge times above 20 s, the Si−O−CH3 linkages are converted to Si−O−CH2−imidazole entities as a result of hydrogen abstraction. The CO2 microwave plasma reactions in the presence of imidazole vapors result in the formation of Si−O−imidazole−CH3 species on the PDMS surface, followed by hydrogen abstraction, resulting in the formation of Si−O−imidazole−CH2· radicals, which react with subsequent imidazole molecules through the formation of CH2−N linkages. Similarly to the previous studies, quantitative ATR FT-IR surface analysis showed that the highest yields of imidazole reactions occur under O2 microwave plasma conditions. All experiments utilized in this study allowed surface analysis at 1.3 μm from the surface.
Structuring of various materials using cluster ions (1995)

The sputtering yield of accelerated CO2 cluster ions impinging on surfaces of various materials is investigated. For copper, it varies proportionally to the second power of the energy between 156 and 260 keV. The rate of erosion for different target materials varies by two orders of magnitude from tungsten to polymethylmethacrylate. Diamond is eroded fairly quickly, while aluminum is eroded less than corundum (Al2O3). No simple correlation of the sputtering yield on the bulk properties of target materials is found. For copper, the angular distribution of sputtered material is measured and found to be following a roughly cosine distribution. By using masks, different microstructures have been produced in cobalt–samarium magnets, diamond, and glass.
CERULOPLASMIN: AN ACUTE PHASE REACTANT THAT SCAVENGES OXYGEN‐DERIVED FREE RADICALS* (1982)

Superoxide anion radicals have been implicated recently as mediators of inflammation and tissue injury. Protection from superoxide anion radicals is provided primarily by a copper-containing, intracellular enzyme (superoxide dismutase) (SOD) that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. We have found that the action of cytoplasmic SOD to scavenge superoxide and thereby to inhibit superoxide-mediated reactions can be mimicked by the copper-containing plasma protein and acute-phase reactant, ceruloplasmin. Ceruloplasmin, at concentrations present in normal plasma, inhibited reduction of both cytochrome c and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) mediated by the aerobic action of xanthine oxidase on hypoxanthine (a superoxide-generating system). Ceruloplasmin neither inhibited formation of uric acid by xanthine oxidase nor accelerated autooxidation of cytochrome c. Furthermore, in an experimental system in which contact between ceruloplasmin and indicator was prevented by a relatively impermeable lipid membrane barrier, ceruloplasmin inhibited reduction of NBT trapped within liposomes exposed to xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine. Ceruloplasmin also inhibited reduction of cytochrome c and NBT mediated by the aerobic action of xanthine oxidase on acetaldehyde (another superoxide-generating system) and mimicked the activity of purified human erythrocyte SOD by inhibiting photoreduction of NBT and by accelerating aerobic photooxidation of dianisidine. Ceruloplasmin could be separated from purified human erythrocyte SOD by electrophoresis on alkaline 12% polyacrylamide gels and identified by its superoxide-scavenging activity. These results suggest that ceruloplasmin may function as a circulating scavenger of oxygen-derived free radicals.
What Does Touch Tell Us about Emotions in Touchscreen-Based Gameplay? (2012)

The increasing number of people playing games on touch-screen mobile phones raises the question of whether touch behaviors reflect players’ emotional states. This prospect would not only be a valuable evaluation indicator for game designers, but also for real-time personalization of the game experience. Psychology studies on acted touch behavior show the existence of discriminative affective profiles. In this article, finger-stroke features during gameplay on an iPod were extracted and their discriminative power analyzed. Machine learning algorithms were used to build systems for automatically discriminating between four emotional states (Excited, Relaxed, Frustrated, Bored), two levels of arousal and two levels of valence. Accuracy reached between 69% and 77% for the four emotional states, and higher results (~89%) were obtained for discriminating between two levels of arousal and two levels of valence. We conclude by discussing the factors relevant to the generalization of the results to applications other than games.
An Optimized Phase-Shift Modulation For Fast Transient Response in a Dual-Active-Bridge Converter (2014)

In this letter, two different phase-shift modulation used for the transient response of a dual-active-bridge dc/dc converter and their effects on the dynamics of the converter are discussed and compared. It is found that the settling time for both cases depends on the value of the equivalent series resistance of the power inductor. To minimize the transient time, a modified asymmetric double-side modulation is proposed, which enables the converter to transfer smoothly from one steady state to another one regardless of the equivalent series resistance of the power inductor. Experimental results of the dynamics of the converter using different transient modulation techniques are also included for the purpose of validation.
Notch1 acts via Foxc2 to promote definitive hematopoiesis via effects on hemogenic endothelium (2015)

Hematopoietic and vascular development share many common features, including cell surface markers and sites of origin. Recent lineage-tracing studies have established that definitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells arise from vascular endothelial-cadherin(+) hemogenic endothelial cells of the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, but the genetic programs underlying the specification of hemogenic endothelial cells remain poorly defined. Here, we discovered that Notch induction enhances hematopoietic potential and promotes the specification of hemogenic endothelium in differentiating cultures of mouse embryonic stem cells, and we identified Foxc2 as a highly upregulated transcript in the hemogenic endothelial population. Studies in zebrafish and mouse embryos revealed that Foxc2 and its orthologs are required for the proper development of definitive hematopoiesis and function downstream of Notch signaling in the hemogenic endothelium. These data establish a pathway linking Notch signaling to Foxc2 in hemogenic endothelial cells to promote definitive hematopoiesis.
Spontaneous formation of polymer nanoparticles with inner micro-phase separation structures (2008)

We demonstrate the preparation of particles with a variety of inner structures from block-copolymers and polymer blends by using a simple solvent evaporation process. One-directionally stacked or onion-like lamellar structures were formed from symmetric block-copolymers. Asymmetric block-copolymers formed cylindrical phase in nanoparticles. "Janus"-type particles were prepared from homopolymer blends. A network structure was formed in the homopolymer blend particles containing block-copolymers, which work as compatibilizers for homopolymer blends.
Combination testing strategies: a survey (2005)

Combination strategies are test case selection methods that identify test cases by combining values of the different test object input parameters based on some combinatorial strategy. This survey presents 16 different combination strategies, covering more than 40 papers that focus on one or several combination strategies. This collection represents most of the existing work performed on combination strategies. This survey describes the basic algorithms used by the combination strategies. Some properties of combination strategies, including coverage criteria and theoretical bounds on the size of test suites, are also included in this description. This survey paper also includes a subsumption hierarchy that attempts to relate the various coverage criteria associated with the identified combination strategies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Textile and Clothing Applications for Health Monitoring of Athletes and Potential Applications for Athletes with Disabilities (2013)

Current technological advancements in textile development and mechanical functions of biomedical sensors allow for increased disease diagnoses, injury detection and prevention beyond the clinical environment. Athletes undergo bodily stresses brought on by the physical demands of competition and performance posing potential physical risk. Vital monitoring of an athlete throughout performance gives insight to the body’s response to elevated activity and allows for preventative measures. Textile-embedded biomedical sensors can be integrated seamlessly in compression apparel for athletics without the need for wired attachments providing increased levels of comfort and long-term health monitoring. Athletes with a disability require specific functional needs that could be met through the development of specialized garments based on physiological and ergonomic demands.
Revised grading standards of electroencephalography on evaluating severe cerebrovascular (2010)

Objective To evaluate the predicting accuracy of revised grading standards of electroencephalography (EEG) in cerebrovascular diseases. Methods EEG was performed on 60 patients suffering from acute cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) in the hemisphere and the data were recorded continuously. According to 2 different grading standards of EEG (Synek standards and revised standards), these patients were graded, respectively. Results These 2 grading standards of EEG was statistically correlated with the outcome (P<0.05); the higher the EEG grade was, the poorer the outcome was. Logistic regression showed that the revised standards had higher accuracy on the survival and total prediction as compared with the Synek standards. Conclusion The revised grading standards of EEG can demonstrate the changes of CVDs well and improve the predicting accuracy.

Key words: 
Electroencephalography;  Grading standard;  Predicting;  Cerebrovascular diseases
DNA Methyltransferase Activity Assays: Advances and Challenges (2016)

DNA methyltransferases (MTases), a family of enzymes that catalyse the methylation of DNA, have a profound effect on gene regulation. A large body of evidence has indicated that DNA MTase is potentially a predictive biomarker closely associated with genetic disorders and genetic diseases like cancer. Given the attention bestowed onto DNA MTases in molecular biology and medicine, highly sensitive detection of DNA MTase activity is essential in determining gene regulation, epigenetic modification, clinical diagnosis and therapeutics. Conventional techniques such as isotope labelling are effective, but they often require laborious sample preparation, isotope labelling, sophisticated equipment and large amounts of DNA, rendering them unsuitable for uses at point-of-care. Simple, portable, highly sensitive and low-cost assays are urgently needed for DNA MTase activity screening. In most recent technological advances, many alternative DNA MTase activity assays such as fluorescent, electrochemical, colorimetric and chemiluminescent assays have been proposed. In addition, many of them are coupled with nanomaterials and/or enzymes to significantly enhance their sensitivity. Herein we review the progress in the development of DNA MTase activity assays with an emphasis on assay mechanism and performance with some discussion on challenges and perspectives. It is hoped that this article will provide a broad coverage of DNA MTase activity assays and their latest developments and open new perspectives toward the development of DNA MTase activity assays with much improved performance for uses in molecular biology and clinical practice.
Effect of sialic acid content on glycoprotein p<i>I</i> analyzed by two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2010)

2-DE is broadly used for quantitative analysis of differential protein expression in complex mixtures such as serum samples or cell lysates. PTMs directly influence the 2-DE pattern, and knowledge of the rules of protein separation is required in order to understand the protein distribution in a 2-DE gel. Glycosylation is the most common PTM and can modify both the molecular weight and the pI of a protein. In particular, the effect of charged monosaccharides (mainly sialic acids, SAs) on the 2-DE pattern of a protein is of major interest since changes in sialylation are regularly observed in comparative studies. Little is known about the pI shift of a glycoprotein induced by the presence of SAs, or whether this shift is the same for all glycoproteins. To address this issue, this study examined the influence of SA on the 2-DE pattern of three serum glycoproteins (haptoglobin, α1-antitrypsin and ribonuclease 1), which N-glycan chains had been previously characterised, and reviewed existing bibliographic data. The SA content of the different glycoforms of a glycoprotein showed a negative linear correlation with the pI, although the slope varied among the studied glycoproteins. We also described a positive correlation between the protein pI and the pI decrease per SA molecule.
The Emerging Art of Solid-State Synthesis (1995)

Solid-state chemists are exploring new routes to synthesizing useful compounds, including self-assembly, by which complex structures form spontaneously from simpler ones. Parkinson provides background and comment on a research report by Noh et al . in this issue ( p. 1181 ) that describes a method of depositing reactants on a substrate at low temperature; once the starting materials are in place, the temperature is increased, allowing the reaction to proceed.
Biological activity of synthetic phosphonooxyethyl analogs of lipid A and lipid A partial structures (1992)

We investigated the biological activity of four new synthetic analogs of lipid A, termed PE-1, PE-2, PE-3, and PE-4. All compounds contain an alpha-oxyethyl-linked (-O-CH2-CH2-) phosphoryl group in position 1 of the reducing glucosaminyl residue (GlcN I) of lipid A. PE-1 is a hexaacylated analog of Escherichia coli lipid A (compound 506). PE-2 differs from PE-1 in carrying two myristic acid residues at GlcN I. PE-3 has the same acylation pattern as PE-2, but GlcN I is present in the beta anomeric form. Finally, PE-4 represents an analog of tetraacyl precursor Ia (compound 406). Structure-activity relationships of these compounds were determined by measuring their capacity to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, and interleukin 6 release by human mononuclear cells and to cause mitogenicity of murine spleen cells. The results show that replacement of the glycosidic phosphoryl residue by a phosphonooxyethyl group had no substantial effect on the biological activity of compounds. However, the anomeric configuration of GlcN I was found to be of great biological relevance, as, in general, the alpha anomer (PE-2) expressed high activity, and the beta anomer (PE-3) expressed low mediator-inducing and mitogenic activity. The absence of the 3-hydroxyl groups within the acyl residues at GlcN I in PE-2 was found to only slightly affect the induction of monokines in human mononuclear cells compared with that of PE-1 or lipid A (506). These stable 1-phosphonooxyethyl analogs of lipid A may be candidates in the development of immunomodulators for the treatment of systemic endotoxicosis.
Temperature Dependence of Grain Boundary Structure and Grain Growth in Bulk Silicon-Iron. (2003)

Grain boundary shapes and grain growth in bulk 2.61 wt% silicon-iron have been studied by heat-treating at temperatures between 700 and 1200°C. Initial microstructure with fairly uniform fine grains has been obtained by recrystallization at 800°C for 5 min after deformation. When subsequently heat-treated at 700 and 800°C, a fraction of the grain boundaries have hill-and-valley shapes with several facet planes or kinks. Some of these facet boundary segments are expected to be singular. Abnormal grain growth occurs at 700 and 800°C and is attributed to step growth of the boundaries. When heat-treated at 1000°C, all grain boundaries are defaceted with smoothly curved shapes, indicating that they are atomically rough. At temperatures above 1000°C, normal grain growth occurs, because the rough grain boundaries move continuously. This correlation between grain boundary structure and grain growth is consistent with the earlier observations in other metals and oxides. It is thus shown that the abnormal grain growth in this alloy occurs at low temperatures because of the singular grain boundary structure.
Building tilted transversely isotropic depth models using localized anisotropic tomography with well information (2010)

Abstract Tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) is increasingly recognized as a more geologically plausible description of anisotropy in sedimentary formations than vertical transverse isotropy (VTI). Although model-building approaches for VTI media are well understood, similar approaches for TTI media are in their infancy, even when the symmetry-axis direction is assumed known. We describe a tomographic approach that builds localized anisotropic models by jointly inverting surface-seismic and well data. We present a synthetic data example of anisotropic tomography applied to a layered TTI model with a symmetry-axis tilt of 45 degrees. We demonstrate three scenarios for constraining the solution. In the first scenario, velocity along the symmetry axis is known and tomography inverts for Thomsen's ε and δ parame-ters. In the second scenario, tomography inverts for ε, δ, and velocity, using surface-seismic data and vertical check-shot traveltimes. In contrast to the VTI case, both these inversions are nonunique. To combat nonuniqueness, in the third scenario, we supplement check-shot and seismic data with the δ profile from an offset well. This allows recovery of the correct profiles for velocity along the symmetry axis and ε. We conclude that TTI is more ambiguous than VTI for model building. Additional well data or rock-physics assumptions may be required to constrain the tomography and arrive at geologically plausible TTI models. Furthermore, we demonstrate that VTI models with atypical Thomsen parameters can also fit the same joint seismic and check-shot data set. In this case, although imaging with VTI models can focus the TTI data and match vertical event depths, it leads to substantial lateral mispositioning of the reflections.
Development of intrinsic optical fiber pH sensors for industrial applications (2009)

The development of intrinsic optical fiber pH sensors based on fluorescence from novel coumarin dyes which are covalently immobilized onto the distal end of the fiber is described. The sensors provide response in the pH range of 0.5–6 with good stability over 24 h. The response time of the sensors is approximately 25 s. The sensors show no sensitivity to ionic strength (IS) and have excellent photostability.
Imprinted polymer-based enantioselective acoustic sensor using a quartz crystal microbalance (1999)

An enantioselective chemical sensor has been designed and fabricated. The sensor is based on a molecularly imprinted polymer, serving as the recognition element, and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), used as the transducer. The polymer, imprinted with the chiral β-blocking drug S-propranolol, was cast as a thin permeable film onto a gold electrode deposited on the quartz crystal vibrator. The mass increase of the polymer due to analyte binding was quantified by piezoelectric microgravimetry with the QCM. The sensor was able to discriminate between the R- and S-propranolol enantiomers in acidified acetonitrile solutions owing to the enantioselectivity of the imprinted sites. Detectability of S-propranolol was 50 µmol dm–3. The general procedure developed here for preparation of the sensor can be adapted for fabrication of a range of different stable analytical sensing devices for numerous analytes by using conventional molecular imprinting protocols.
New BODIPY lipid probes for fluorescence studies of membranes (2007)

Many fluorescent lipid probes tend to loop back to the membrane interface when attached to a lipid acyl chain rather than embedding deeply into the bilayer. To achieve maximum embedding of BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) fluorophore into the bilayer apolar region, a series of sn-2 acyl-labeled phosphatidylcholines was synthesized bearing 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-8-yl (Me(4)-BODIPY-8) at the end of C(3)-, C(5)-, C(7)-, or C(9)-acyl. A strategy was used of symmetrically dispersing the methyl groups at BODIPY ring positions 1, 3, 5, and 7 to decrease fluorophore polarity. Iodide quenching of the phosphatidylcholine probes in bilayer vesicles confirmed that the Me(4)-BODIPY-8 fluorophore was embedded in the bilayer. Parallax analysis of Me(4)-BODIPY-8 fluorescence quenching by phosphatidylcholines containing iodide at different positions along the sn-2 acyl chain indicated that the penetration depth of Me(4)-BODIPY-8 into the bilayer was determined by the length of the linking acyl chain. Evaluation using monolayers showed minimal perturbation of <10 mol% probe in fluid-phase and cholesterol-enriched phosphatidylcholine. Spectral characterization in monolayers and bilayers confirmed the retention of many features of other BODIPY derivatives (i.e., absorption and emission wavelength maxima near 498 nm and approximately 506-515 nm) but also showed the absence of the 620-630 nm peak associated with BODIPY dimer fluorescence and the presence of a 570 nm emission shoulder at high Me(4)-BODIPY-8 surface concentrations. We conclude that the new probes should have versatile utility in membrane studies, especially when precise location of the reporter group is needed.
A Scalable Memory-Efficient Architecture for Parallel Shared Memory Switches (2007)

Parallel shared memory (PSM) switch architectures were initially introduced as means of resolving the high memory bandwidth requirements imposed by output-queued switches. At the core of the PSM architecture is a memory management algorithm that determines, for each arriving packet, the memory unit in which it will be placed. Recent work has indicated that in order to achieve high throughput, the number of parallel memories needed is O (N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1.5</sup> ), thereby significantly limiting scalability. This paper introduces a novel pipelined memory management algorithm which maintains a computational complexity of O(1) while reducing the number of required parallel memories to O (N). Our goal is to extend existing shared-memory architecture results in the context of fabric on a chip (FoC) - a paradigm that advocates the consolidation of core packet switching functions on a single chip. A detailed discussion is provided pertaining to the fundamental properties of the proposed scheme, along with hardware implementation considerations that illustrate its scalability and performance attributes.