gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy inference system learning by reinforcement methods (1998)

Fuzzy Actor-Critic Learning (FACL) and Fuzzy Q-Learning (FQL) are reinforcement learning methods based on dynamic programming (DP) principles. In the paper, they are used to tune online the conclusion part of fuzzy inference systems (FIS). The only information available for learning is the system feedback, which describes in terms of reward and punishment the task the fuzzy agent has to realize. At each time step, the agent receives a reinforcement signal according to the last action it has performed in the previous state. The problem involves optimizing not only the direct reinforcement, but also the total amount of reinforcements the agent can receive in the future. To illustrate the use of these two learning methods, we first applied them to a problem that involves finding a fuzzy controller to drive a boat from one bank to another, across a river with a strong nonlinear current. Then, we used the well known Cart-Pole Balancing and Mountain-Car problems to be able to compare our methods to other reinforcement learning methods and focus on important characteristic aspects of FACL and FQL. We found that the genericity of our methods allows us to learn every kind of reinforcement learning problem (continuous states, discrete/continuous actions, various type of reinforcement functions). The experimental studies also show the superiority of these methods with respect to the other related methods we can find in the literature.
FEASIBILITY OF AN ELECTRICALLY ACTIVATED MINIATURE SWITCH (1960)

A feasible switchlike device having a volume of about 10-1 cubic inches is described. The device is being developed to support a program intended to evolve a highly microminiaturized electronic system for storage and handling of information. The device is a two-terminal element with two electrically resistive states of about 20 megohms and 150 ohms respectively. A strong electric field is required to close the switch while a relatively high current is required to open it. The device in the closed or low-resistance state handles currents of a few -milliamps. Data derived from three experiments are presented and discussed. A possible explanation of operation is offered, problems are mentioned and discussed, and recommendations are made for future work. (auth)
A Sequential Test Generator with Explicit Elimination of Easy-To-Test Faults (2005)

This paper combines the advantages of forward and reverse time approaches to generate the test vectors for a sequential circuit. The algorithm uses PODEM and nine-value logic model. Two new classes of faults called 0-step and 1-step testable faults are defined. The tests for these faults are generated based on known states. These faults are regarded as easy-to-test because the justification and propagation sequences are already known. The percentages of such faults are experimented for MCNC benchmark circuits. Fault simulation of the vectors for such faults is fast because fault simulation of justification sequences is not needed. Fewer test vectors is needed when a fault is identified as 0-step and 1-step testable because the justification sequence of the fault can be shared with other faults. The tests €or the faults other than 0-step and 1-step testable faults are obtained using partial state enumeration, fault free justification and propagation method. The program is written on top of STEED which is a UC Berkley sequential test generator. The CPU time improvement can be up to 150% faster SEED and the number of test vectors can be 38% less than the set generated by STEED.
Über einige Geräte der Eskimo. Zur Methodik der Studien über primitive Gerätskulturen, (Sur quelques armes et ustensiles des Esquimaux. Comment on doit étudier méthodiquement les ustensiles des races primitives), Morten P. Porsild. (1913)

Martin Ch. A. Über einige Geräte der Eskimo. Zur Methodik der Studien über primitive Gerätskulturen, (Sur quelques armes et ustensiles des Esquimaux. Comment on doit étudier méthodiquement les ustensiles des races primitives), Morten P. Porsild.. In: Journal de la Société des Américanistes. Tome 10 n°1, 1913. pp. 249-250.
Down for the count? Getting reference counting back in the ring (2012)

Reference counting and tracing are the two fundamental approaches that have underpinned garbage collection since 1960. However, despite some compelling advantages, reference counting is almost completely ignored in implementations of high performance systems today. In this paper we take a detailed look at reference counting to understand its behavior and to improve its performance. We identify key design choices for reference counting and analyze how the behavior of a wide range of benchmarks might affect design decisions. As far as we are aware, this is the first such quantitative study of reference counting. We use insights gleaned from this analysis to introduce a number of optimizations that significantly improve the performance of reference counting. We find that an existing modern implementation of reference counting has an average 30% overhead compared to tracing, and that in combination, our optimizations are able to completely eliminate that overhead. This brings the performance of reference counting on par with that of a well tuned mark-sweep collector. We keep our in-depth analysis of reference counting as general as possible so that it may be useful to other garbage collector implementers. Our finding that reference counting can be made directly competitive with well tuned mark-sweep should shake the community's prejudices about reference counting and perhaps open new opportunities for exploiting reference counting's strengths, such as localization and immediacy of reclamation.
Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Evolution Combines Cocirculation of Strains and Development of Geographically Restricted Lineages (1994)

The hemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1) mediates attachment to the host cell and is the target of protective antibody. Since the efficacy of a potential vaccine depends on antigenic constancy, the antigenic and genetic stability of the HPIV-1 HN glycoprotein was examined for 13 isolates obtained between 1981 and 1989. Antigenic analysis with a panel of 11 monoclonal antibodies demonstrated a single change among 3 isolates from 1989 that distinguished them from all other isolates. The HN genes from all 13 isolates and 13 previously published HN gene sequences shared > 95% homology. Evolutionary analysis demonstrated cocirculation of strains, without a dominant lineage. The 1989 isolates and the previously proposed subtype A isolates occupied distinct evolutionary branches, indicating geographically limited evolution. The slow rate of evolution and HN homogeneity may allow development of a single vaccine formulation for the prevention of disease.
ISO 14000 Environmental Management Standards: Engineering and Financial Aspects (2007)

Dedication Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Design and Implementation of ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems. 3. Measurement Systems in Environmental Management. 4. Measurement System Errors. 5. Measurement Signal Conversion, Processing, Transmission and Recording. 6. Quantification and Effects of Air Pollution. 7. Quantification and Effects of Water Pollution. 8. Control of Air and Water Pollution. 9. Noise, Vibration and Shock Pollution. 10. Waste Management. 11. System Reliability and Risk Assessment for Environmental Protection. 12. Statistical Process Control. 13. Monitoring Process Parameter Values to Minimise Pollution Risk. Appendix 1: Summary of ISO 14000 Series Standards. Appendix 2: Typical Structure of an Environmental Management System Manual. Index.
Signal Processing in the Workplace [Social Sciences] (2014)

In this paper, a framework developed with collaborators in organizational psychology is described, aimed at inferring high-level constructs of interest in the workplace from nonverbal behavior. We summarize our experience tackling two tasks: identifying emergent leaders in small groups and assessing the hirability of candidates in employment interviews. The examples discussed in this paper have been recorded in a standard lab setting [9], in which sensors are fixed in a specific environment that volunteer participants have to visit, but also in moderately in-the-wild settings, where a portable sensing solution has been used to bring participants to quiet indoor environments for recordings [5], which gives flexibility for volunteer recruits.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums. XXXV. Halogenierung von höheren Silanen mit Zinn(IV) ‐ chlorid bzw. Quecksilber(II)‐chlorid (1984)

Abstract Trisilan, n ‐Tetrasilan, iso ‐Pentasilan wurden mit SnCl 4 bzw. HgCl 2 in 2,3‐Dimethylbutan bei 0°C chloriert. Es wurde jeweils bevorzugt das entsprechende Monochlorsilan durch Substitution am primären Siliciumatom gebildet. Eine zweifache Substitution am gleichen Si‐Atom konnte bei den auftretenden Dichlor‐ und Trichlorsilanen nicht festgestellt werden. Zur präparativen Darstellung der Mono‐ und Dichlorsilane wurden die günstigsten Reaktionsbedingungen ermittelt. Die Zusammensetzung des Reaktionsproduktes bezüglich der verschiedenen isomeren Chlorsilane ist gaschromatographisch bestimmt worden.
Design and implementation of a Hall Effect sensor array applied to recycling hard drive magnets (2015)

Rare earths are an important resource for many electronic components and technologies. Examples abound including Neodymium magnets used in mobile devices and computer hard disk drives (HDDs) and in a variety of renewable energy technologies (e.g, wind turbines). More than 23,000 metric tons of Neodymium are processed annually; less than 1% is recycled. An economic system to assist in recycling magnet material from post-consumer goods, such as neodymium iron boron magnets commonly found in HDDs, is presented. A central component of this recycling measurement system uses an array of 128 Hall Effect sensors arranged in two columns to detect the magnetic flux lines orthogonal to the HDD. Results found using the system to scan planar shaped objects (e.g, HDDs) to identify and spatially locate rare earth magnets for removal and recycling from HDDs are presented. Other applications of the sensor array for identification and localization of magnetic components and assemblies are presented.
Role of Superheated Water in the Dissolution and Perturbation of Hydrogen Bonding in the Crystalline Lattice of Polyamide 4,6 (2008)

Here, we demonstrate that water, in the superheated state, is a solvent for polyamide 4,6 (PA4,6) and that the water molecules can strongly influence hydrogen bonding. In the presence of superheated water, the melting temperature of PA4,6 can be suppressed by nearly 100 degrees C. The depression in the melting temperature follows the Flory-Huggins principle. The instantaneous dissolution of the polymer hardly influences the molar mass of the polymer. However, if the polymer is retained in solution above the dissolution temperature for more than 10 min, hydrolysis occurs. These findings suggest that the dissolution of the aliphatic polymer in superheated water is mainly a physical process as opposed to a chemical process. Time resolved X-ray studies show that the dissolution occurs prior to the Brill transition temperature, as reported earlier. Crystals grown from the water solution show a lath-like morphology with interchain and intersheet distances that are similar to the distances obtained for crystals grown from other known solvents. Electron diffraction further confirmed that the crystals grown from superheated water are single crystals, where the chains are perpendicular to the ab-plane. SAXS performed on dried sedimented water grown single crystals showed a lamellar thickness of 6 nm. The lamellar thickness is in accordance with other reported studies on PA4,6, confirming that the single crystals incorporate four repeat units between re-entrant folds with an amide group incorporated in the tight fold. Solid state NMR studies performed on mats of these single crystals showed two different mobilities of the proton associated with the amide groups: a higher mobility linked to the amide protons in the fold and a reduced mobility of the hydrogen bonded amide protons within the crystal. Additionally, the solid state NMR studies on the dried water crystallized single crystals show the presence of water molecule(s) in the vicinity of the amide groups. This was confirmed by infrared studies that conclusively demonstrated the appearance of two new bands arising due to the binding of a water molecule in the vicinity of the amide group (i.e., NH3(+) and COO(-) bands that disappear upon heating at approximately 200 degrees C). Additionally, DSC traces of the water crystallized PA4,6 show an exothermic event in the same temperature region (i.e., in the vicinity of the Brill transition temperature, where the bound water exits from the lattice). Furthermore, this event was corroborated by TGA data.
Contribution of Gene Loss to the Pathogenic Evolution of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> and <i>Burkholderia mallei</i> (2004)

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. Burkholderia thailandensis is a closely related species that can readily utilize l-arabinose as a sole carbon source, whereas B. pseudomallei cannot. We used Tn5-OT182 mutagenesis to isolate an arabinose-negative mutant of B. thailandensis. Sequence analysis of regions flanking the transposon insertion revealed the presence of an arabinose assimilation operon consisting of nine genes. Analysis of the B. pseudomallei chromosome showed a deletion of the operon from this organism. This deletion was detected in all B. pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei strains investigated. We cloned the B. thailandensis E264 arabinose assimilation operon and introduced the entire operon into the chromosome of B. pseudomallei 406e via homologous recombination. The resultant strain, B. pseudomallei SZ5028, was able to utilize l-arabinose as a sole carbon source. Strain SZ5028 had a significantly higher 50% lethal dose for Syrian hamsters compared to the parent strain 406e. Microarray analysis revealed that a number of genes in a type III secretion system were down-regulated in strain SZ5028 when cells were grown in l-arabinose, suggesting a regulatory role for l-arabinose or a metabolite of l-arabinose. These results suggest that the ability to metabolize l-arabinose reduces the virulence of B. pseudomallei and that the genes encoding arabinose assimilation may be considered antivirulence genes. The increase in virulence associated with the loss of these genes may have provided a selective advantage for B. pseudomallei as these organisms adapted to survival in animal hosts.
Evaluation of mosquito repellent activity of isolated oleic acid, eicosyl ester from Thalictrum javanicum (2016)

To evaluate the traditional use, the mosquito repellent property of Thalictrum javanicum and to confirm the predicted larvicidal activity of the isolated compound, oleic acid, eicosyl ester from its aerial parts by PASS software, the present study was carried out using 4th instar stage larvae of the mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (dengue vector) and Culex quinquefasciatus (filarial vector). Insecticidal susceptibility tests were conducted and the mortality rate was observed after 24 h exposure. The chitinase activity of isolated compound was assessed by using purified β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase (chitinase). Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase assay (radioimmuno assay) was made using the same larval stage of A. aegyptiand C. quinquefasciatus. The results were compared with the crude methanol extract of the whole plant. The isolated compound, oleic acid, eicosyl ester was found to be the most effective larvicide against A. aegypti (LC50/24 h -8.51 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50/24 h - 12.5 ppm) than the crude methanol extract (LC50/24 h - 257.03 ppm and LC50/24 h - 281.83 ppm, respectively). The impact of oleic acid, eicosyl ester on reducing the activity of chitinase and ecdysone 20-monooxygenase was most prominent in both the target species, A. aegyptiand C. quinquefasciatus than the control. The results therefore suggest that the compound, oleic acid, eicosyl ester from Thalictrum javanicum may be considered as a potent source of mosquito larvicidal property.
High-resolution, High-purity Calix[n]arene Electron Beam Resist. (2000)

Calixarene is a promising high-resolution negative electron-beam resist having a resolution of the order of 10nm because of its low molecular weight. We have made a purified calixarene resist containing metal contaminants whose concentrations are measured in parts per billion and which therefore do not degrade the performance of silicon devices. The purity of the calixarene itself was also improved and we obtained high-purity calix[6]arene and high-purity calix[7]arene, in both of which contain the main component is more than 95% of all the calixarene present. The resolution of both purified calixarene resists is almost same as that the nonpurified calixarene, but the sensitivity of calix[7]arene is higher than that of calix[6]arene because its molecular weight is higher.
Opiate withdrawal using clonidine. A safe, effective, and rapid nonopiate treatment (1980)

Clonidine hydrochloride was administered to ten patients in an inpatient setting after abrupt discontinuation of chronic methadone hydrochloride administration. Clonidine produced a rapid and statistically significant decrease in opiate withdrawal signs and symptoms. Clonidine administration for 14 days enabled all patients to be successfully detoxified from chronic opiate administration. In all patients studied, clonidine was a safe and effective nonopiate treatment of opiate withdrawal that suppressed the affect, signs, and symptoms of opiate withdrawal. These data support the hypothesis that the α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonist, clonidine, has substantial antiwithdrawal effect by replacing opiate-mediated inhibition with α2-mediated inhibition of brain noradrenergic activity. (<i>JAMA</i>243:343-346, 1980)
Device and SPICE modeling of RRAM devices (2011)

We report the development of physics based models for resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices. The models are based on a generalized memristive system framework and can explain the dynamic resistive switching phenomena observed in a broad range of devices. Furthermore, by constructing a simple subcircuit, we can incorporate the device models into standard circuit simulators such as SPICE. The SPICE models can accurately capture the dynamic effects of the RRAM devices such as the apparent threshold effect, the voltage dependence of the switching time, and multi-level effects under complex circuit conditions. The device and SPICE models can also be readily expanded to include additional effects related to internal state changes, and will be valuable to help in the design and simulation of memory and logic circuits based on resistive switching devices.
Crystal Structures of Undecaprenyl Pyrophosphate Synthase in Complex with Magnesium, Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate, and Farnesyl Thiopyrophosphate (2005)

Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UPPs) catalyzes the consecutive condensation reactions of a farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) with eight isopentenyl pyrophosphates (IPP), in which new cis-double bonds are formed, to generate undecaprenyl pyrophosphate that serves as a lipid carrier for peptidoglycan synthesis of bacterial cell wall. The structures of Escherichia coli UPPs were determined previously in an orthorhombic crystal form as an apoenzyme, in complex with Mg(2+)/sulfate/Triton, and with bound FPP. In a further search of its catalytic mechanism, the wild-type UPPs and the D26A mutant are crystallized in a new trigonal unit cell with Mg(2+)/IPP/farnesyl thiopyrophosphate (an FPP analogue) bound to the active site. In the wild-type enzyme, Mg(2+) is coordinated by the pyrophosphate of farnesyl thiopyrophosphate, the carboxylate of Asp(26), and three water molecules. In the mutant enzyme, it is bound to the pyrophosphate of IPP. The [Mg(2+)] dependence of the catalytic rate by UPPs shows that the activity is maximal at [Mg(2+)] = 1 mm but drops significantly when Mg(2+) ions are in excess (50 mm). Without Mg(2+), IPP binds to UPPs only at high concentration. Mutation of Asp(26) to other charged amino acids results in significant decrease of the UPPs activity. The role of Asp(26) is probably to assist the migration of Mg(2+) from IPP to FPP and thus initiate the condensation reaction by ionization of the pyrophosphate group from FPP. Other conserved residues, including His(43), Ser(71), Asn(74), and Arg(77), may serve as general acid/base and pyrophosphate carrier. Our results here improve the understanding of the UPPs enzyme reaction significantly.
On the anisotropy of perceived ground extents and the interpretation of walked distance as a measure of perception. (2012)

Two experiments are reported concerning the perception of ground extent to discover whether prior reports of anisotropy between frontal extents and extents in depth were consistent across different measures (visual matching and pantomime walking) and test environments (outdoor environments and virtual environments). In Experiment 1 it was found that depth extents of up to 7 m are indeed perceptually compressed relative to frontal extents in an outdoor environment, and that perceptual matching provided more precise estimates than did pantomime walking. In Experiment 2, similar anisotropies were found using similar tasks in a similar (but virtual) environment. In both experiments pantomime walking measures seemed to additionally compress the range of responses. Experiment 3 supported the hypothesis that range compression in walking measures of perceived distance might be due to proactive interference (memory contamination). It is concluded that walking measures are calibrated for perceived egocentric distance, but that pantomime walking measures may suffer range compression. Depth extents along the ground are perceptually compressed relative to frontal ground extents in a manner consistent with the angular scale expansion hypothesis.
68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT: a new technique with high potential for the radiotherapeutic management of prostate cancer patients (2015)

The presented imaging technique of (68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT could be a key technology for individualized radiotherapy management in prostate cancer.
Bonding nature of rare-earth-containing lead-free solders (2002)

The ability of rare-earth-containing lead-free solders to wet and bond to silica was investigated. Small additions of Lu (0.5–2 wt. %) added to eutectic Sn–Ag or Au–Sn solder render it directly solderable to a silicon oxide surface. The bonding is attributed to the migration of the rare-earth element to the solder–silica interface for chemical reaction and the creation of an interfacial layer that contains a rare-earth oxide. It was found that additions of rare-earth materials did not significantly modify the solidification microstructure or the melting point. Such oxide-bondable solders can be useful for assembly of various optical communication devices.