gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Supported catalysts for stereospecific polymerization of propylene (1976)

Abstract Tetrabenzyltitanium (B 4 Ti), tribenzyltitanium chloride (B 3 TiCl), tetra( p ‐methylbenzyl)titanium (R 4 Ti) and tri( p ‐methylbenzyl)titanium chloride (R 3 TiCl) have been used as catalysts for ethylene and propylene polymerization activated by AlEt 2 Cl. B 4 Ti‐AIEt 2 Cl in solution polymerizes ethylene readily but its activity decays rapidly. B 4 Ti was also supported on Cab‐O‐Sil, Alon C, and Mg(OH)Cl. The last support was found to give catalyst with longest lifetime with a rate of polymerization, R p = 7.0 g/hr‐mmole Ti‐atm ethylene. 14 CO counting techniques gave 1.13 × 10 −3 mole of propagating center per mole of B 4 Ti; the rate constant of propagation, k p = 540 l./mole‐sec. None of the tetravalent titanium compounds polymerize propylene in solution. However, when supported on Mg(OH)Cl, Cab‐O‐Sil, Alon C, Cab‐O‐Ti, and charcoal, they all polymerize propylene. In this work the supports were characterized by various techniques, including the paramagnetic probe method, to determine the concentration and nature of surface hydroxyls. Those factors controlling the rate and stereospecificity of propylene polymerization were investigated. The system B 3 TiCl–Mg(OH)Cl–AlEt 2 Cl is the most active with R p = 2.89 g/hr‐mmole Ti‐atm propylene. The concentration of propagation center is 0.9 × 10 −3 mole per mole of B 3 TiCl; k p = 32 l./mole‐sec. This catalyst gave only about 70% stereoregular polymer. Diethyl ether is found to raise stereospecificity to 100%, but there is a concommittent tenfold decrease of activity. Other interesting catalyst systems are: (π‐C 5 H 5 )TiMe 3 –Mg(OH)Cl–AlEt 2 Cl (1.56, 89.5); (π‐C 5 H 5 )TiMe 2 –Mg(OH)Cl–AlEt 2 Cl (0.075, 94.5); and (π‐C 5 H 5 )TiMe 3 –Alon C–Al‐Et 2 Cl (0.08,97.2), where the first number in the parenthesis is R p in g/mmole Ti‐hr‐atm and the second entry corresponds to percentage yield of stereoregular polypropylene. Hafnocene and titanocene supported on Mg(OH)Cl produce only oligomers of propylene.
Impact of an interface dipole layer on molecular level alignment at an organic-conductor interface studied by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (2004)

The effect of an interface dipole layer on the energy level alignment at organic-conductor interfaces is studied on a copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) monolayer/electric dipole layer/graphite system via ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and metastable atom electron spectroscopy. An oriented monolayer of the OTi-phthalocyanine molecule, which has an electric dipole moment, is grown on graphite to yield a well-defined dipole layer with the vacuum side negatively charged. The CuPc monolayer is sequentially deposited on the dipole layer kept at $123\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. This weakly interacting system made of a very thin organic layer on top of a very thin dipole layer is in thermodynamic equilibrium. The UPS data from the system grown with and without the interface dipole layer show that the binding energy of the highest occupied state of the CuPc monolayer decreases when the dipole layer is inserted. The binding energy shift is in excellent agreement with the increase in vacuum level energy of the graphite substrate upon deposition of the dipole layer. The results show that the Fermi level of the CuPc shifts toward the valence states when the interface dipole layer is inserted.
Finding near-optimum and diverse solutions for a large-scale engineering design problem (2017)

Optimization problems in real-world usually involve a large number of variables and constraints. Moreover, practitioners also need to find a reasonable solution quickly, despite the fact that solution evaluation can be expensive. In addressing such optimization tasks, practitioners often have a completely different set of objectives than the usual trend of finding a single and accurate optimal solution. First, with the limited computational time availability and large dimension, it is not accepted (and in most occasions, not possible) to find the exact optimum solution of the problem, rather the focus must be spent to identify a near-optimal solution in a quick computational time. Second, instead of concentrating on a single solution, practitioners are often interested in evaluating a diverse set of solutions from the search space having similar objective values. Third, when a solution is finally chosen, practitioners are interested in exploring its vicinity to understand the trade-off between objective value and constraint violation, so that a more informed description of the problem can be ascertained. We highlight all these practicalities through a large-scale engineering design problem and present a suitable evolutionary-cum-classical, single-cum-multi-objective optimization method. The methods are generic and can be applied to other complex optimization tasks.
Melasma, a photoaging disorder (2017)

Melasma is a common hyperpigmentary disorder. The impact on the quality of life of affected individuals is well demonstrated, demanding new therapeutic strategies. However, the treatment of melasma remains highly challenging. Melasma is often considered as the main consequence of female hormone stimulation on a predisposed genetic background. Although these two factors do contribute to this acquired pigmentary disorder, the last decade has revealed several other key players and brought new pieces to the complex puzzle of the pathophysiology of melasma. Here, we summarize the latest evidence on the pathophysiology of melasma, and we suggest that melasma might be a photoaging skin disorder affecting genetically predisposed individuals. Such data must be taken into consideration by clinicians as they could have a profound impact on the treatment and the prevention of melasma.
Light Field Acquisition using Programmable Aperture Camera (2007)

We propose a new device, programmable aperture camera (PAC), to capture 4D light field in a camera. PAC can adjust the shape of the aperture in each exposure. This allows us to capture the angular information of the light field, which is lost in regular photography. Although multiple exposures are needed to obtain a light field, the total exposure time remains the same as that of taking a single regular photograph at the same image quality level. As opposed to previous techniques that seriously reduce the spatial resolution, PAC captures the image at full spatial resolution and allows adjustable angular resolution. Also its manufacturing cost is much lower than previous techniques. We describe the PAC prototype and demonstrate how digital refocusing is made possible by using the captured light field.
Loss of p53 promotes RhoA–ROCK-dependent cell migration and invasion in 3D matrices (2007)

In addition to its role in controlling cell cycle progression, the tumor suppressor protein p53 can also affect other cellular functions such as cell migration. In this study, we show that p53 deficiency in mouse embryonic fibroblasts cultured in three-dimensional matrices induces a switch from an elongated spindle morphology to a markedly spherical and flexible one associated with highly dynamic membrane blebs. These rounded, motile cells exhibit amoeboid-like movement and have considerably increased invasive properties. The morphological transition requires the RhoA-ROCK (Rho-associated coil-containing protein kinase) pathway and is prevented by RhoE. A similar p53-mediated transition is observed in melanoma A375P cancer cells. Our data suggest that genetic alterations of p53 in tumors are sufficient to promote motility and invasion, thereby contributing to metastasis.
The targeted assessment coaching interview (2006)

Purpose The purpose of this article is to provide readers with an understanding of how the assessment protocol for executive coaching can be adapted to more effectively meet the different needs of clients who are seeking developmental, transitional, or remedial coaching. Design/methodology/approach This article is based on the author's 20 years of experience as both an internal executive coach and external consultant. Organizational examples are provided to illustrate key concepts. Findings The assessment interview can be customized to meet the unique requirements of transitional, developmental, and remedial coaching. Practical implications The article provides readers with clear guidelines for adapting the assessment process to meet three different coaching requirements. By following these guidelines, coaches will be able to obtain more detailed and relevant background information on the client's history, organizational setting, goals, and development issues, and in so doing establish a more effective pathway for the coaching intervention. Originality/value To the author's knowledge, this article represents the first attempt to consider how assessment interviews might be adapted to the unique requirements of developmental, transitional, and remedial coaching.
Possible Potentiation of Suicide Risk in Patients with EEG Dysrhythmias Taking Oral Contraceptives: A Speculative Empirical Note (1985)

In a study of 160 female psychiatric patients aged 14 to 48, the possibility that increased suicide risk may be associated with combined paroxysmal EEG dysrhythmia and recent oral contraceptive use is offered for speculative heuristic purpose. The retrospective cross-sectional method with limited samples does not permit firm conclusions or generalization beyond these data. Additional support of these empirical associations by further study could be pragmatically valuable in helping to identify an important clinical subgroup of high potential suicide risk.
A comparative study on BPNN and RBFNN in function approximation (2011)

Objective To compare the BPNN with RBFNN in function approximation.Methods According to the BPNN and RBFNN algorithms a specific function was simulated.Results The simulation showed that RBFNN was done better than BPNN in function approximation.Conclusion Because of the inspirit function's globaling and the number of the Hidden Layer'node uncertainty the BPNN was not done well.
Clonal evolution and specificity of the human T follicular helper cell response to <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> circumsporozoite protein (2021)

ABSTRACT T follicular helper (T FH ) cells play a crucial role in the development of long-lived, quality-improved B cell responses after infection and vaccination. However, little is known about their clonal evolution. Here we assessed the cell phenotype, clonal dynamics, and TCR specificity of human circulating T FH (cT FH ) cells at monoclonal level during successive malaria immunizations with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum ( Pf ) sporozoites. Repeated parasite exposures induced a dynamic, polyclonal cT FH response with high frequency of cells specific to the Pf circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), the main surface protein of sporozoites and a validated vaccine target. Repeated immunizations were required to induce detectable PfCSP-reactive cT FH cell responses to a small number of epitopes. HLA-restrictions and differences in TCR generation probability explain the high targeting frequency of the polymorphic Th2R/T* region over the conserved T1 epitope. The vast majority of anti-Th2R/T* TCRs failed to tolerate natural polymorphisms in their target peptide sequence suggesting that parasite diversity limits natural boosting of the cT FH cell response in endemic areas and protection from non-vaccine strains. Among convergent anti-Th2R/T* TCRs with high sequence similarity, subtle differences in CDR3 composition discriminated cross-reactive from non-cross-reactive cT FH cells. Thus, our study provides deep molecular and cellular insights into the kinetics, fine specificity and HLA-restrictions of the anti-cT FH cell response that are of direct relevance for the design of PfCSP-based malaria vaccines by guiding the selection of PfCSP peptides that induce optimal B cell help.
The defence of Greenland (1952)

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Uncoupling by Acetic Acid Limits Growth of and Acetogenesis by <i>Clostridium thermoaceticum</i> (1984)

When cells of the anaerobic thermophile Clostridium thermoaceticum grow in batch culture and homoferment glucose to acetic acid, the pH of the medium decreases until growth and then acid production cease, at about pH 5. We postulated that the end product of fermentation limits growth by acting as an uncoupling agent. Thus, when the pH of the medium is low, the cytoplasm of the cells becomes acidified below a tolerable pH. We have therefore measured the internal pH of growing cells and compared these values with those of nongrowing cells incubated in the absence of acetic acid. Growing cells maintained an interior about 0.6 pH units more alkaline than the exterior throughout most of batch growth (i.e., DeltapH = 0.6). We also measured the transmembrane electrical potential (DeltaPsi), which decreased from 140 mV at pH 7 at the beginning of growth to 80 mV when the medium had reached pH 5. The proton motive force, therefore, was 155 mV at pH 7, decreasing to 120 mV at pH 5. When further fermentation acidified the medium below pH 5, both the DeltapH and the DeltaPsi collapsed, indicating that these cells require an internal pH of at least 5.5 to 5.7. Cells harvested from stationary phase and suspended in citrate-phosphate buffer maintained a DeltapH of 1.5 at external pH 5.0. This DeltapH was dissipated by acetic acid (at the concentrations found in the growth medium) and other weak organic acids, as well as by ionophores and inhibitors of glycolysis and of the H-ATPase. Nongrowing cells had a DeltaPsi which ranged from about 116 mV at external pH 7 to about 55 mV at external pH 5 and which also was sensitive to ionophores. Since acetic acid, in its un-ionized form, diffuses passively across the cytoplasmic membrane, it effectively renders the membrane permeable to protons. It therefore seems unlikely that mutations at one or a few loci would result in C. thermoaceticum cells significantly more acetic acid tolerant than their parental type.
Optimal deterministic approximate parallel prefix sums and their applications (2002)

We show that extremely accurate approximation to the prefix sums of a sequence of n integers can be computed deterministically in O(log log n) time using O(n/log log n) processors in the COMMON CRCW PRAM model. This complements randomized approximation methods obtained recently by Goodrich, Matias and Vishkin, (1993) and improves previous deterministic results obtained by Hagerup and Raman. Furthermore, our results completely match a lower bound obtained recently by Chaudhuri. Our results have many applications. Using them we improve upon the best known time bounds for deterministic approximate selection and for deterministic padded sorting.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Files as directories: some thoughts on accessing structured data within files (2018)

This paper explores the concept of files as directories (FAD) as a unified interface to structured data within a file by representing such a file as (virtual) directory and the structured data as subdirectories and subfiles. Transparent conversion of files and their structured data into directory trees is to be handled by virtual filesystem providers. This allows for arbitrary applications and programming languages to read and write data within supported file types without the need to understand the file format - e.g., in order to modify pixel values within an image file, paragraphs in a text document, or settings in a configuration file. Advantages of this approach compared to API-mediated file access might include better learnability, modularity, explorability, synchronous access, better integration of proprietary applications, and a few other nice features. While technical issues of the FAD concept have been discussed by developers in the past, no major operating system allows FAD at the moment. In this paper I present concept, advantages, limitations, and use cases of FAD.
Protein kinase D protects against oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury via Rho/ROK/PKC-δ pathway activation (2006)

Protein kinase D (PKD) is a novel protein serine kinase that has recently been implicated in diverse cellular functions, including apoptosis and cell proliferation. The purpose of our present study was 1) to define the activation of PKD in intestinal epithelial cells treated with H2O2, an agent that induces oxidative stress, and 2) to delineate the upstream signaling mechanisms mediating the activation of PKD. We found that the activation of PKD is induced by H2O2 in both a dose- and time-dependent fashion. PKD phosphorylation was attenuated by rottlerin, a selective PKC-delta inhibitor, and by small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against PKC-delta, suggesting the regulation of PKD activity by upstream PKC-delta. Activation of PKD was also blocked by a Rho kinase (ROK)-specific inhibitor, Y-27632, as well as by C3, a Rho protein inhibitor, demonstrating that the Rho/ROK pathway also mediates PKD activity in intestinal cells. In addition, H2O2-induced PKC-delta phosphorylation was inhibited by C3 treatment, further suggesting that PKC-delta is downstream of Rho/ROK. Interestingly, H2O2-induced intestinal cell apoptosis was enhanced by PKD siRNA. Together, these results clearly demonstrate that oxidative stress induces PKD activation in intestinal epithelial cells and that this activation is regulated by upstream PKC-delta and Rho/ROK pathways. Importantly, our findings suggest that PKD activation protects intestinal epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. These findings have potential clinical implications for intestinal injury associated with oxidative stress (e.g., necrotizing enterocolitis in infants).
A New THOR Shoulder Design: A Comparison with Volunteers, the Hybrid III, and THOR NT (2007)

A new shoulder for the THOR NT has been designed and developed, and data from static range of motion tests and sled tests indicate that the new shoulder complex has the potential to function in a more human-like manner on the THOR dummy.
Influence mechanism of the xiaolangdi hydraulic engineering operation on the evolution of the yellow river estuary coastline (2014)

The Xiaolangdi Hydraulic Engineering Operation can affect the coastline evolution to some extent by changing the flow and sediment condition in the Yellow River. The results showed one-year lag in the response of the Yellow River estuary coastline to the flow and sediment condition. The flow and sediment in the Yellow River sharply declined (even exhausted) in the 1990s, showing a negatively increased status for the shortage of flow/sediment supply. The erosion rate of spit in the estuary was 0.45 [km/a] in 1995– 2003. The land area erosion rate was 14.9 [km2/a] in the late 1990s, and the bending and complexity degree of the coastline remained at a high level. The flow/sediment regulation of the Xiaolangdi Hydraulic Engineering optimized the flow/sediment allocation after 2002. The spit in the estuary considerably extended, resulting in a land-forming rate 1.24 times higher than that under the natural flow/sediment condition. In addition, the coastline tended to be straight and smooth. The Xiaolangdi Hydraulic Engineering should regulate the flow/sediment within 0.02 [t/m3] and the incoming sediment coefficient to about 0.01 [(kg·s)/m6] in the Lijin station, which is about 20 billion [m3] of flow and 300– 400 million [tons] of transported sediment, to drive the coastline development in the positive direction.
Examination of Models for Carbocationic Polymerization:  Influence of Chain Length on Carbocation Reactivities (1996)

The kinetics of the reactions of the carbocations CH3[C(CH3)2CH2]nC+Ph2 (1a+−1d+, n = 0, 1, 2, 34) with allyltrimethylsilane (4) and dimethylphenylsilane (5) have been investigated. It is found that the carbocation 1a+ (n = 0) is 102 times more reactive than the more highly substituted analogues 1b+−1d+, which hardly differ in their electrophilic reactivity. We, therefore, conclude that the (CH3)3CCH2 and (CH3)3CCH2C(CH3)2CH2 groups are suitable to mimic the polyisobutylene chain in a growing carbocation.
Regulation of neuron–astrocyte metabolic coupling across the sleep–wake cycle (2015)

Over the last thirty years, a growing number of studies showed that astrocytes play a pivotal role in the energy support to synapses. More precisely, astrocytes adjust energy production to neuronal energy needs through different mechanisms grouped under the term "neurometabolic coupling" (NMC). In this review we describe these mechanisms of coupling and how they involve astrocytes. From a physiological point of view, these mechanisms of coupling are particularly important to ensure normal synaptic functioning when neurons undergo rapid and repetitive changes in the firing rate such as during the sleep/wake transitions. Investigations into brain energy metabolism during the sleep/wake cycle have been mainly focused on glucose (Gluc) consumption and on glycogen metabolism. However, the recent development of substrate-specific biosensors allowed measurements of the variation in extracellular levels of glutamate, Gluc and lactate (Lac) with a time resolution compatible with sleep stage duration. Together with gene expression data these experiments allowed to better define the variations of energy metabolite regulation across the sleep/wake cycle. The aim of this review is to bring into perspective the role of astrocytes and NMC in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle. The data reviewed also suggest an important role of the astrocytic network. In addition, the role of astrocytes in NMC mechanisms is consistent with the "local and use dependent" sleep hypothesis.
Work functions of binary compounds (1974)

A new semiempirical model for predicting the work function of binary compounds is proposed. The model is a modification of the Gordy and Thomas relation and is applicable to binary compounds. The work functions of binary compounds, φAB are found to be primarily determined by the properties of the element of low work function, A, perturbed by the other element of high work function, B, according to φAB=φA + (1.41/dA)[(2φA − φB − 0.34)/(φA + φB − 0.68)]. Experimental values tabulated by Fomenko are compared with the predicted work functions, and the quantitative agreement is good in spite of the simplicity of the model.
The Structure of Garcinone E. (1993)

As part of a survey of anti-tumorpromotive chemicals, garcinone E (1) and nine known xanthones, 8-deoxygartanin, gartanin, xanthone I, β-mangostin, garcinone B, 6-deoxy-γ-mangostin, 1, 5, 8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)xanthone, γ-mangostin and α-mangostin, together with egonol, were isolated from the fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana L. collected in Thailand. The structure of garcinone E was elucidated as 1, 3, 6, 7-tetrahydroxy-2, 5, 8-tri-(3-methyl-2-buteny)xanthone by spectroscopic methods, including the application of a number of two dimensional (2D)NMR techniques (1H-1H, 13C-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and correlation via long-range coupling (COLOC).
Effects of SERM (selective estrogen receptor modulator) treatment on growth and proliferation in the rat uterus (2003)

The uterine wet weight, the LE height and the GH-receptor mRNA levels showed similar patterns, indicating that GH is involved in the regulation of uterine weight. Tamoxifen, which has been related to increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma in women, dramatically increased IGF-I mRNA levels in rat uterus. Since proliferation was not higher in TAM and E2 treated rats than in OVX controls, this assay of simple, early proliferation does not give the full explanation of why TAM should enhance the risk of developing endometrial cancer.