gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cdc42 Regulates Adherens Junction Stability and Endothelial Permeability by Inducing α-Catenin Interaction With the Vascular Endothelial Cadherin Complex (2005)

The endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) consist of trans-oligomers of membrane spanning vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin proteins, which bind beta-catenin through their cytoplasmic domain. beta-Catenin in turn binds alpha-catenin and connects the AJ complex with the actin cytoskeleton. We addressed the in vivo effects of loss of VE-cadherin interactions on lung vascular endothelial permeability and the role of specific Rho GTPase effectors in regulating the increase in permeability induced by AJ destabilization. We used cationic liposomes encapsulating the mutant of VE-cadherin lacking the extracellular domain (DeltaEXD) to interfere with AJ assembly in mouse lung endothelial cells. We observed that lung vascular permeability (quantified as microvessel filtration coefficient [K(f,c)]) was increased 5-fold in lungs expressing DeltaEXD. This did not occur to the same degree on expression of the VE-cadherin mutant, DeltaEXDDeltabeta, lacking the beta-catenin-binding site. The increased vascular permeability was the result of destabilization of VE-cadherin homotypic interaction induced by a shift in the binding of beta-catenin from wild-type VE-cadherin to the expressed DeltaEXD mutant. Because DeltaEXD expression in endothelial cells activated the Rho GTPase Cdc42, we addressed its role in the mechanism of increased endothelial permeability induced by AJ destabilization. Coexpression of dominant-negative Cdc42 (N17Cdc42) prevented the increase in K(f,c) induced by DeltaEXD. This was attributed to inhibition of the association of alpha-catenin with the DeltaEXD-beta-catenin complex. The results demonstrate that Cdc42 regulates AJ permeability by controlling the binding of alpha-catenin with beta-catenin and the consequent interaction of the VE-cadherin/catenin complex with the actin cytoskeleton.
Deploying Artificial Intelligence Techniques In Software Engineering (2002)

Software development is a very complex process that, at present, is primarily a human activity. Programming, in software development, requires the use of different types of knowledge: about the problem domain and the programming domain. It also requires many different steps in combining these types of knowledge into one final solution. This paper intends to review the techniques developed in artificial intelligence (AI) from the standpoint of their application in software engineering. In particular, it focuses on techniques developed (or that are being developed) in artificial intelligence that can be deployed in solving problems associated with software engineering processes.
Comparative Associations of Street Network Design, Streetscape Attributes and Land-Use Characteristics on Pedestrian Flows in Peripheral Neighbourhoods (2019)

Research has sufficiently documented the built environment correlates of walking. However, evidence is limited in investigating the comparative associations of micro- (streetscape features) and macro-level (street network design and land-use) environmental measures with pedestrian movement. This study explores the relative association of street-level design-local qualities of street environment-, street network configuration -spatial structure of the urban grid- and land-use patterns with the distribution of pedestrian flows in peripheral neighbourhoods. Street design attributes and ground-floor land-uses are obtained through field surveys while street network configuration is evaluated through space syntax measures. The statistical models indicate that the overall spatial configuration of street network proves to be a stronger correlate of walking than local street-level attributes while only average sidewalk width appears to be a significant correlate of walking among the streetscape measures. However, the most significant and consistent correlate of the distribution of flows is the number of recreational uses at the segment-level. This study contributes to the literature by offering insights into the comparative roles of urban design qualities of the street environment and street network layout on pedestrian movement. The findings also offer evidence-based strategies to inform specific urban design and urban master planning decisions (i.e., the provision of more generous sidewalks on streets with relatively higher directional accessibility) in creating lively, walkable environments.
Identification and Characterization of an Agonistic Aptamer Against the T Cell Costimulatory Receptor, OX40 (2012)

Induction of an effective immune response that can target and eliminate malignant cells or virus-infected cells requires the stimulation of antigen-specific effector T cells. A productive and long-lasting memory response requires 2 signals: a specific signal provided by antigen recognition through engagement of the T cell receptor and a secondary signal via engagement of costimulatory molecules (such as OX40) on these newly activated T cells. The OX40-OX40-ligand interaction is critical for the generation of productive effector and memory T cell functions. Thus agonistic antibodies that stimulate OX40 on activated T cells have been used as adjuvants to augment immune responses. We previously demonstrated that an aptamer modified to stimulate murine OX40 enhanced vaccine-mediated immune responses in a murine melanoma model. In this study, we describe the development of an agonistic aptamer that targets human OX40 (hOX40). This hOX40 aptamer was isolated using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment and binds the target purified protein with high affinity [dissociation constants (K(d))<10 nM]. Moreover, the hOX40 aptamer-streptavidin complex has an apparent binding affinity of ~50 nM for hOX40 on activated T cells as determined by flow cytometry and specifically binds activated human T cells. A multivalent version of the aptamer, but not a mutant version of the aptamer, was able to stimulate OX40 on T cells and enhance cell proliferation and interferon-gamma production. Future studies will assess the therapeutic potential of hOX40 aptamers for ex vivo stimulation of antigen specific T cells in conjunction with dendritic cell-based vaccines for adoptive cellular therapy.
Co‐existence of two types of chromosome in the bottom fermenting yeast, Saccharomyces pastorianus (1998)

The bottom fermenting yeasts in our collection were classified as Saccharomyces pastorianus on the basis of their DNA relatedness. The genomic organization of bottom fermenting yeast was analysed by Southern hybridization using eleven genes on chromosome IV, six genes on chromosome II and five genes on chromosome XV of S. cerevisiae as probes. Gene probes constructed from S. cerevisiae chromosomes II and IV hybridized strongly to the 820-kb chromosome and the 1500-kb chromosome of the bottom fermenting yeast, respectively. Five gene probes constructed from segments of chromosome XV hybridized strongly to the 1050-kb and the 1000-kb chromosomes. These chromosomes are thought to be S. cerevisiae-type chromosomes. In addition, these probes also hybridized weakly to the 1100-kb, 1350-kb, 850-kb and 700-kb chromosome. Gene probes constructed from segments including the left arm to TRP1 of chromosome IV and the right arm of chromosome II hybridized to the 1100-kb chromosome of S. pastorianus. Gene probes constructed using the right arm of chromosome IV and the left arm of chromosome II hybridized to the 1350-kb chromosome of S. pastorianus. These results suggested that the 1100-kb and 1350-kb chromosomes were generated by reciprocal translocation between chromosome II and IV in S. pastorianus. Three gene probes constructed using the right arm of chromosome XV hybridized weakly to the 850-kb chromosome, and two gene probes from the left arm hybridized weakly to the 700-kb chromosome. These results suggested that chromosome XV of S. cerevisiae was rearranged into the 850-kb and 700-kb chromosomes in S. pastorianus. These weak hybridization patterns were identical to those obtained with S. bayanus. Therefore, two types of chromosome co-exist independently in bottom fermenting yeast: one set which originated from S. bayanus and another set from S. cerevisiae. This result supports the hypothesis that S. pastorianus is a hybrid of S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuromuscular Blocking Action of Alkaloids from a Japanese Crude Drug “Shin-I” (Flos Magnoliae) in Frog Skeletal Muscle (1983)

From the dried buds of Magnolia salicifolia MAXIM, d-coclaurine (1), d-reticuline (2), 1-N-methylcoclaurine (3) and yuzirine (4) were isolated. Fifty percent inhibitory doses (µM) in acetylcholine (ACh, 27.5 µM)-induced contraction of frog skeletal muscle were as follows: d-tubocuraine (d-TC) 3.09, 2 93.2, 3 211, 1 467 and 4 more than 945. 4 (94.5 and 315 µM) increased the ACh-induced contraction. Indirectly stimulated twitching of frog nerve-muscle preparations were completely blocked by the following doses (µM): d-TC 1.47, 1 31.1, 2 239 and 3 more than 257. 1, 2 and 3 did not or only slightly block directly stimulated twitching. In contrast 271 µM 4 blocked the directly stimulated twitching.
Comprehensive analysis of ADAMTS13 in patients with liver cirrhosis (2008)

Decreased plasma ADAMTS13 activity (ADAMTS13:AC) results in the accumulation of unusually large von Willebrand factor multimer (UL-VWFM) and the formation of platelet thrombi. It remains controversial whether or not plasma ADAMTS13:AC decreases in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), and its relationship to clinical features has not been fully investigated. We measured ADAMTS13:AC and its related parameters in plasma in 33 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH) and in 109 patients with LC. ADAMTS13:AC decreased with increasing severity of liver disease (controls means 100%, CH 87%, Child A-LC 79%, Child B-LC 63%, and Child C-LC 31%), and showed severe deficiency (<3% of controls) in five end-stage LC. Activities measured by act-ELISA strongly correlated with those determined by the VWFM assay and ADAMTS13 antigen. Multivariate analysis showed Child-Pugh score and spleen volume independent factors contributing to ADAMTS13:AC. VWFM patterns were normal in 53% of cases, degraded in 31%, and unusually large in 16%. Patients with unusually large VWFM had the lowest ADAMTS13:AC as well as the highest Child-Pugh score, serum creatinine and blood ammonia levels. Plasma inhibitor against ADAMTS13 detected in 83% of patients with severe to moderate ADAMTS13:AC deficiency mostly showed marginal zone between 0.5 and 1.0 BU/ml. The IgG-type autoantibodies specific to plasma derived-ADAMTS13 was detected by Western blot in only five end-stage LC with severe ADAMTS13:AC deficiency. In conclusion, both plasma ADAMTS13 activity and antigen levels decreased with increasing severity of cirrhosis. An imbalance between the decreased ADAMTS13:AC and its increased substrate may reflect the predisposing state for platelet thrombi formation in patients with advanced LC.
Regioselective Opening of α‐ and β‐Alkoxyepoxides with Trimethylaluminum (1982)

Abstract The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982 , 161. DOI: 10.1002/anie.198201610
The glucose transporter GluT4 and secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) colocalize in rat adipocytes and partially segregate during insulin stimulation. (1993)

Secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) mark the recycling system for the insulin-responsive glucose transporter, GluT4, in rat adipocytes. Anti-GluT4 and anti-SCAMP antibodies each immunoadsorbed vesicles containing both antigens from a low density microsomal fraction that is enriched in both antigens. The immunoadsorbed vesicles also contain VAMPs (synaptobrevins), synaptic vesicle membrane proteins. All three antigens were colocalized in low density microsomal vesicles from both basal and insulin-stimulated adipocytes. The SCAMPs have the same electrophoretic mobility as a major polypeptides detected in GluT4 vesicles. During insulin stimulation, 40% each of GluT4 and VAMPs redistribute from low density microsomes to the plasma membrane fraction; however, < 10% of the SCAMPs redistribute. Immunocytochemical staining of adipose tissue shows almost complete coincidence of SCAMPs and GluT4 in the basal state and extensive redistribution of both antigens to the cell periphery during insulin stimulation. Segregation of antigens during stimulation is not as distinct as observed by fractionation, although there are regions at the cell border where the SCAMPs appear more concentrated than GluT4. These data suggest that during insulin stimulation, in contrast to the behaviour of GluT4, SCAMPs remain tightly associated with the recycling system.
Measuring the diurnal pattern of leaf hyponasty and growth in Arabidopsis – a novel phenotyping approach using laser scanning (2012)

Plants forming a rosette during their juvenile growth phase, such as Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., are able to adjust the size, position and orientation of their leaves. These growth responses are under the control of the plants circadian clock and follow a characteristic diurnal rhythm. For instance, increased leaf elongation and hyponasty - defined here as the increase in leaf elevation angle - can be observed when plants are shaded. Shading can either be caused by a decrease in the fluence rate of photosynthetically active radiation (direct shade) or a decrease in the fluence rate of red compared with far-red radiation (neighbour detection). In this paper we report on a phenotyping approach based on laser scanning to measure the diurnal pattern of leaf hyponasty and increase in rosette size. In short days, leaves showed constitutively increased leaf elevation angles compared with long days, but the overall diurnal pattern and the magnitude of up and downward leaf movement was independent of daylength. Shade treatment led to elevated leaf angles during the first day of application, but did not affect the magnitude of up and downward leaf movement in the following day. Using our phenotyping device, individual plants can be non-invasively monitored during several days under different light conditions. Hence, it represents a proper tool to phenotype light- and circadian clock-mediated growth responses in order to better understand the underlying regulatory genetic network.
P-Type Conduction in Sputtered ZnO Thin Films Doped by Nitrogen (2006)

Nitrogen doped zinc oxide (ZnO:N) thin films were prepared by RF diode sputtering from ZnO target in different ratio of Ar/N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gas mixture. The p-type features of ZnO:N thin films have been caused by the incorporation of the nitrogen acceptor NO into ZnO what was proven by second ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis. The minimum value of resistivity of 790 Omegacm, a Hall mobility of 22 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> and the carrier concentration of 3.6 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> were yielded at 75 % N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD) showed that ZnO:N films had the preferential orientation of (002) plane at 25 % N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 </sub> and of (100) plane for higher N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> concentrations. The average grain size was from 7 to 42 nm for all Ar/N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ratios. ZnO:N films exhibit relatively high micro strains (10 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3 </sup> )
A Supervised Learning Process to Elicit Fraud Cases in Online Auction Sites (2011)

Fraud is a recurring phenomenon at online actions sites like eBay. The enormous amount of transaction data public ally available offers a good opportunity for fraud prevention based on learning methods. However, online auction sites usually neither confirm nor deny fraudulent behavior: they simply suspend seller accounts and publicize feedback information supplied by buyers. While some cases receive media attention, most of them are hidden in the site's database. This limits the possibility of developing and testing new learning methods for fraud prevention, due to the scarcity of fraud samples. In order to overcome this limitation, we designed a system based on supervised learning to recognize in the textual comments left by buyers some common statements regarding seller behavior. Combining the type and frequency of those statements with other public ally available data, we can build a set of sellers who can arguably be considered fraudsters. We implemented a prototype of the system and evaluated it using data extracted from a major online auction site.
The theory of governing for aircraft turbo alternators (1972)

The first part of this feature which appeared last month, covered dynamics of the throttle, the electro‐hydraulic governor, governor internal loop stability and alternative methods of stabilisation.
Bicyclic Structures Prohibiting the Walden Inversion. Replacement Reactions in 1-Substituted 1-Apocamphanes (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBicyclic Structures Prohibiting the Walden Inversion. Replacement Reactions in 1-Substituted 1-ApocamphanesPaul D. Bartlett and Lawrence H. KnoxCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 11, 3184–3192Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01266a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01266a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views631Altmetric-Citations74LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The rat hepatocyte plasma membrane organic anion binding protein is immunologically related to the mitochondrial F1 adenosine triphosphatase beta-subunit. (1990)

A 55-kD organic anion binding protein (OABP) was identified previously in liver cell plasma membrane sinusoidal subfractions. Although this protein was localized to the surface of hepatocytes by immunofluorescence, immunoblot analysis revealed reactivity toward both plasma membrane and mitochondrial fractions. To clarify these findings, an immunoreactive clone from a rat liver cDNA expression library was isolated, the 1,500-base pair cDNA insert was sequenced, and the corresponding beta-galactosidase fusion protein was expressed and purified. The resulting sequence corresponded to that of the rat mitochondrial F1-adenosine triphosphatase (F1-ATPase) beta-subunit. This protein and OABP are of similar size and are mutually immunologically cross-reactive. That the antigen was present on the cell surface as well as in mitochondria was suggested from studies of immunoprecipitation after cell-surface iodination, and light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Photoaffinity labeling of bovine F1-ATPase with high-specific-activity [35S]sulfobromophthalein revealed binding only to the beta-subunit. Hepatocyte uptake of bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein requires cellular ATP and mitochondria also transport these organic anions, which at high doses inhibit respiration. The presence of an organic anion binding site on the F1-ATPase beta-subunit suggests that it may play a role in these processes.
A Training Strategy for Learning Pattern Recognition Control for Myoelectric Prostheses (2012)

Pattern recognition-based control of myoelectric prostheses offers amputees a natural, intuitive way of controlling the increasing functionality of modern myoelectric prostheses. While this approach to prosthesis control is certainly attractive, it is a significant departure from existing control methods. The transition from the more traditional methods of direct or proportional control to pattern recognition-based control presents a training challenge that will be unique to each amputee. In this paper we describe specific ways that a transradial amputee, prosthetist, and occupational therapist team can overcome these challenges by developing consistent and distinguishable muscle patterns. A central part of this process is the employment of a computer-based pattern recognition training system with which an amputee can learn and improve pattern recognition skills throughout the process of prosthesis fitting and testing. We describe in detail the manner in which four transradial amputees trained to improve their pattern recognition-based control of a virtual prosthesis by focusing on building consistent, distinguishable muscle patterns. We also describe a three-phase framework for instruction and training: 1) initial demonstration and conceptual instruction, 2) in-clinic testing and initial training, and 3) at-home training.
Vertical distribution and species coexistence of tree hole mosquitoes in Louisiana. (1988)

Vertical distribution and species coexistence of mosquitoes inhabiting a deciduous forest in southern Louisiana were determined using 470 ml black jars for larval collections at ground level and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m on selected trees. Specific preferences for discrete microhabitats by Aedes triseriatus, Ae. hendersoni, Ae. vexans and Ae. albopictus were not evident. Niche overlap indices, however, showed little overlap of these species and seemed to indicate that the mosquitoes partitioned the ovipositional/larval sites. Competition between the most abundant species, Ae. triseriatus and Ae. albopictus, was not apparent. The tree hole mosquito community structure appeared to be mediated by the predator, Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis.
Negative refraction in mid-infrared semiconductor metamaterials (2007)

Semiconductor metamaterials consisting of n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -GaInAs/i-AlInAs heterostructures that support negative index modes in the mid-infrared are reported. We demonstrate negative refraction in these metamaterials for wavelengths from 9-15 μm over a wide range of incidence angles.
Cerebral Microbleeds Are Associated With Lacunar Stroke Defined Clinically and Radiologically, Independently of White Matter Lesions (2006)

Microbleeds are associated with lacunar stroke defined clinicoradiologically more than other stroke subtypes but not simply by association with WMLs. This suggests that microbleeds and lacunar stroke have a similar microvascular abnormality.