gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
XManDroid: A New Android Evolution to Mitigate Privilege Escalation Attacks (2011)

Google Android has become a popular mobile operating system which is increasingly deployed by mobile device manufactures for various platforms. Recent attacks show that Android's permission framework is vulnerable to application-level privilege escalation attacks, i.e., an application may indirectly gain privileges to perform unauthorized actions. The existing proposals for security extensions to Android's middleware (e.g., Kirin, Saint or TaintDroid) cannot fully and adequately mitigate these attacks or detect Trojans such as Soundminer that exploit covert channels in the Android system.

In this paper we present the design and implementation of XManDroid (eXtended Monitoring on Android), a security framework that extends the monitoring mechanism of Android to detect and prevent application-level privilege escalation attacks at runtime based on a system-centric system policy. Our implementation dynamically analyzes applications' transitive permission usage while inducing a minimal performance overhead unnoticeable for the user. Depending on system policy our system representation allows for an effective detection of (covert) channels established through the Android system services and content providers while simultaneously optimizing the rate of false positives. We evaluate the effectiveness of XManDroid on our test suite that simulates known application-level privilege escalation attacks (including Soundminer), and demonstrate successful detection of attacks that use Android's inter-component communication (ICC) framework (standard for most attacks). We also preformed a usability test to evaluate the impact of XManDroid on the user-experience with third party applications. Moreover, we analyze sources of false positives and discuss how this rate can be further significantly reduced.
The Androgen Receptor Is Transcriptionally Suppressed by Proteins That Bind Single-stranded DNA (1995)

The androgen receptor (AR) is a nuclear transcription factor that is essential for development of the male urogenital tract. In the current work, we have characterized the mouse androgen receptor suppressor (mARS). A single, 20-base pair, region (TCCCCCCACCCACCCCC-CCT) was sufficient for suppression in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays. Northern analysis indicated that translational regulation is not necessary for the suppression. Analysis of the AR mRNA half-life indicated that the mARS does not affect AR RNA degradation. Gel mobility assays showed that the mARS is bound by multiple proteins that can recognize single-stranded DNA and RNA. In addition, differing proteins are expressed in distinct tissues. Purification of some of these proteins has shown that a doublet of 33 and 35 kDa binds to the G-rich strand and that a 52-kDa protein binds to the C-rich strand. Southwestern blots have confirmed that these proteins are indeed recognized by the mARS. The results of these experiments indicate that the AR 5'-untranslated region contains a suppressor element that can be bound by multiple proteins. The mARS appears to be acting either by altering transcription initiation or blocking transcription elongation. Characterization of this suppressor may provide insight into the physiological means by which the AR is regulated.
Interferon-α: Evolving Therapy for AIDS-Associated Kaposi's Sarcoma (1998)

This article reviews developments over nearly 15 years in the application of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) to the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The initial success of IFN treatment for selected patients with AIDS-associated KS occurred before identification of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and in the absence of any coherent view of KS pathogenesis. A more comprehensive understanding of the biology of both AIDS and KS, together with increased knowledge of the biologic effects of IFN and therapeutic advances in the treatment of HIV infection, have made IFN therapy for KS both more rational and more successful. There is every reason to believe that the current results with IFN for KS can be improved on by capitalizing on recent improvements in HIV therapy and the availability of specific inhibitors of angiogenic cytokines. I sincerely thank the Milstein family and my colleagues in the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research (ISICR) for recognizing this work, which is the product of many collaborations between clinical and basic scientists in my own institution and elsewhere.
Use of laser speckle flowgraphy in ocular blood flow research (2009)

Laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) allows for the quantitative estimation of blood flow in the optic nerve head, choroid, retina and iris in vivo. It was developed to facilitate the non-contact analysis of ocular blood flow in living eyes, utilizing the laser speckle phenomenon. The technique uses a fundus camera, a diode laser, an image sensor, an infrared charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and a high-resolution digital CCD camera. Normalized blur (NB), an approximate reciprocal of speckle contrast, represents an index of blood velocity, and shows a good correlation with tissue blood flow rates determined with the microsphere method in the retina, choroid or iris, as well as blood flow rates determined with the hydrogen gas clearance method in the optic nerve head. The square blur ratio (SBR), another index for quantitative estimation of blood velocity, is proportional to the square of the NB. The SBR is theoretically a more exact measurement which is proportional to velocity, whereas the NB is an approximation. Normalized blur was calculated in earlier versions of LSFG because of technical limitations; the SBR is used in current versions of the LSFG instrument. As these values are in arbitrary units, they should not be used to make comparisons between different eyes or different sites in an eye. Clinical protocols, calibration, evaluation procedures and possible limitations of the LSFG technique are described and the results of ocular blood flow studies using LSFG are briefly summarized. The LSFG method is suitable for monitoring the time-course of change in the tissue circulation at the same site in the same eye at various intervals, ranging from seconds to months. Unresolved issues concern the effect of pupil size on measurement results, the effects of various stimulations, and how to measure choroidal and retinal blood flow velocity separately without using the blue-component of argon laser.
Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of<i>Escherichia coli</i>and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics (2000)

The evolutionary relationships of 46 Shigella strains representing each of the serotypes belonging to the four traditional Shigella species (subgroups), Dysenteriae, Flexneri, Boydii, and Sonnei, were determined by sequencing of eight housekeeping genes in four regions of the chromosome. Analysis revealed a very similar evolutionary pattern for each region. Three clusters of strains were identified, each including strains from different subgroups. Cluster 1 contains the majority of Boydii and Dysenteriae strains (B1-4, B6, B8, B10, B14, and B18; and D3-7, D9, and D11-13) plus Flexneri 6 and 6A. Cluster 2 contains seven Boydii strains (B5, B7, B9, B11, B15, B16, and B17) and Dysenteriae 2. Cluster 3 contains one Boydii strain (B12) and the Flexneri serotypes 1-5 strains. Sonnei and three Dysenteriae strains (D1, D8, and D10) are outside of the three main clusters but, nonetheless, are clearly within Escherichia coli. Boydii 13 was found to be distantly related to E. coli. Shigella strains, like the other pathogenic forms of E. coli, do not have a single evolutionary origin, indicating convergent evolution of Shigella phenotypic properties. We estimate the three main Shigella clusters to have evolved within the last 35,000 to 270,000 years, suggesting that shigellosis was one of the early infectious diseases of humans.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage phi PLS27-lipopolysaccharide interactions (1981)

We investigated the phi PLS27 receptor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by analyzing a resistant mutant. This mutant, which was designated AK1282, had the most defective LPS yet reported for a P. aeruginosa rough mutant; this LPS contained only lipid A, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, heptose, and alanine as major components. In addition, this LPS lacked galactosamine, which is present in the inner core of the LPS of other rough mutants. The loss of galactosamine but only a small decrease in the alanine content indicated that the core of strain PAO LPS differed from the core structure which has been suggested for the LPS of other well-characterized P. aeruginosa strains. Our analysis also indicated that galactosamine residues may be crucial for phi PLS27 receptor activity of the LPS. Electrodialysis of LPS and conversion to salt forms (sodium or triethylamine) influenced the phage-inactivating capacity of the LPS, as did the medium in which the inactivation occurred; experiments performed in 1/10-strength broth resulted in much lower PhI50 (concentration of LPS causing a 50% decrease in the titer of phage during 1 h of incubation at 37 degrees C) values than experiments performed in regular-strength broth. Sonication of the LPS also increased the phage-inactivating capacities of the LPS preparations.
Tenderness and Physical Characteristics of Broiler Breast Fillets Harvested at Various Times from Post-Mortem Electrically Stimulated Carcasses (1987)

In three experiments, tenderness and various physical characteristics were determined for broiler breast fillets harvested after picking (hot boning), after chilling (chill boning), or after a 48-h aging period (aged boning) from high (240, 530, 820 V) or low (45 V) voltage electrically stimulated carcasses. Electrical stimulation was applied within 2 to 3 min post-mortem. Low voltage post-mortem electrical stimulation, regardless of tested duration, significantly decreased toughness of hot-boned breast meat. High voltage electrical stimulation, regardless of voltage or duration, had no significant effect on the tenderness or moisture content of hot-boned or aged-boned fillets. Stimulation significantly increased absorbance values and decreased pH at time of hot boning and chill boning but had no effect on these characteristics in aged-boned fillets. High voltage stimulation (820 V) significantly decreased shear values and increased sarcomere lengths of chill-boned breast fillets producing an acceptable level of tenderness. The data from the three experiments indicated that low voltage (45 V) electrical stimulation improved tenderness of hot-boned fillets; however, high voltage electrical stimulation (820 V) was required to produce a tenderizing response in chill-boned fillets. Tenderness response was more highly related to myofibrillar disruption and increased sarcomere length than to pH or ATP disappearance (absorbance ratio) and was of sufficient magnitude to alleviate toughness associated with chill-bone fillet products.
Nitrile oxides. X. Improved method for the prepared of nitrile oxides from aldoximes (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNitrile oxides. X. Improved method for the prepared of nitrile oxides from aldoximesChristoph Grundmann and Reinhard RichterCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 1, 476–478Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01265a120https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01265a120research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views899Altmetric-Citations119LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Terpenoid Composition of the Wound-Induced Bark Exudate of<i>Commiphora tenuis</i>from Ethiopia (1998)

The bark of Commiphora tenuis Vollensen exudes a translucent, free-flowing odoriferous liquid upon wounding which was analysed by capillary GLC and GLC-MS. 42 mono- and sesquiterpenes were detected and 37 identified. The main components of the monoterpenoid fraction were alpha-pinene (60.8%), beta-pinene (8.8%), sabinene (6.3%), alpha-thujene (8.9%), limonene (5.5%), 3-carene (3.7%), beta-myrcene (1.8%), and beta-elemene (1.1%) constituting 97% of the oil. Identified sesquiterpenoid components constituted approximately 1.6% of the oil. Oleanolic acid acetate was isolated and identified as the main triterpene from the resin by 1H- and 13C-NMR. Three other triterpenes of the olean-12-ene group were also detected using GC-MS. The essential oil exhibited antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Proteus mirabilis and E. coli with MIC between 0.5 and 1%.
CYP isoform induction screening in 96-well plates: use of 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin as a substrate for studies with rat hepatocytes (2000)

1. In this study, 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BFC) was evaluated as a substrate to assess the induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform enzyme activities in rat hepatocytes using a 96-well plate format. 2. BFC was metabolized by both untreated and sodium phenobarbitone (NaPB)-treated rat hepatocytes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner to the highly fluorescent product 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (HFC). 3. HFC was extensively conjugated with D-glucuronic acid and/or sulphate in both untreated and NaPB-treated rat hepatocytes, thus necessitating the inclusion of an enzymatic deconjugation step in the assay procedure. 4. The time-course of induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin metabolism by the CYP1A inducer beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), 7-benzyloxyresorufin metabolism by the CYP2B inducer NaPB and BFC metabolism b both BNF and NaPB was studied in rat hepatocytes treated for 24-96 h. The optimal time for induction of metabolism of all three substrates was 72 h, with no medium changes being necessary during this period. 5. The effect of treatment with 0.5-20 microM BNF, 50-2000 microM NaPB, 2-20 microM dexamethasone (DEX), 20-100 microM methylclofenapate (MCP), and 50 and 200 microM isoniazid (ISN) for 72 h on BFC metabolism in cultured rat hepatocytes was studied. BFC metabolism was induced by treatment with BNF, NaPB and MCP, but not with either DEX or ISN. 6. The metabolism of BFC in liver microsomes from the control rat and rat treated with CYP isoform inducers was also studied. BFC metabolism was induced by treatment with NaPB, BNF and DEX. 7. The metabolism of BFC was also studied using microsomes from baculovirus-infected insect cells containing rat cDNA-expressed CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C and CYP3A isoforms. Whereas BFC was metabolized to some extent by all the rat cDNA-expressed CYP isoforms examined, at a substrate concentration of 2.5 microM the greatest rates of BFC metabolism were observed with the CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP2B1 preparations. 8. In summary, the results demonstrate that BFC is a good substrate for assessing the induction of CYP1A and CYP2B isoforms in rat hepatocytes in a 96-well plate format.
Cloning of the wheat Yr15 resistance gene sheds light on the plant tandem kinase-pseudokinase family (2018)

Yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a devastating fungal disease threatening much of global wheat production. Race-specific resistance (R)-genes are used to control rust diseases, but the rapid emergence of virulent Pst races has prompted the search for a more durable resistance. Here, we report the cloning of Yr15, a broad-spectrum R-gene derived from wild emmer wheat, which encodes a putative kinase-pseudokinase protein, designated as wheat tandem kinase 1, comprising a unique R-gene structure in wheat. The existence of a similar gene architecture in 92 putative proteins across the plant kingdom, including the barley RPG1 and a candidate for Ug8, suggests that they are members of a distinct family of plant proteins, termed here tandem kinase-pseudokinases (TKPs). The presence of kinase-pseudokinase structure in both plant TKPs and the animal Janus kinases sheds light on the molecular evolution of immune responses across these two kingdoms.
The fabrication of patternable silicon nanotips using deep reactive ion etching (2008)

This paper presents a novel fabrication method of patternable silicon nanotips. The proposed fabrication method involves four steps: lithography, the first deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), removal of the photoresist and the second DRIE. The fabricated silicon nanotips are well aligned along the edges of microstructures. The plane shape of the microstructure was determined by the patterned shape of the photoresist. It means that the silicon nanotips can be patterned by the patterned shape of the photoresist. The width of the nanotips, 1 µm below the top, was measured to be about 200 nm. The fabricated nanotips were applied to modify the surface of silicon from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. The contact angle was drastically increased from 79.7° (bare silicon surface) to 158.3° (surface modified with nanotips). Therefore, the surface was modified from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic.
Effect of chlorpromazine on the development of experimental glomerulonephritis and Arthus reaction. (1988)

Chlorpromazine blocks antibody-mediated redistribution of cell surface antigens in vitro and in vivo and inhibits the development of passive Heymann glomerulonephritis, a disease characterized by in situ formation of immune complexes (Camussi et al J Immunol 1986, 136:2127-2135). The aim of this study was to establish whether chlorpromazine exerts similar effects in other rat models characterized by in situ formation of immune complexes. In glomerulonephritis induced by antibodies reactive with an exogenous antigen "planted" in glomeruli pretreatment with chlorpromazine prevented formation of "humps" and exudative and proliferative lesions. Likewise, chlorpromazine prevented passive reverse Arthus reaction in the skin. In contrast, the drug was ineffective when these lesions were already established, and also failed to inhibit the fulminant course of nephrotoxic serum glomerulonephritis with an enhanced autologous phase. It is proposed that the antiinflammatory effect of chlorpromazine is due to its ability to block the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory mediators.
Inhibition of<i>Salmonella enterica</i>serovars by microcin J25 (2004)

Escherichia coli microcin J25 (MccJ25) is a 2107-Da peptide antibiotic whose uptake into E. coli is mediated by the outer-membrane receptor FhuA and the inner membrane proteins TonB, ExbB, ExbD, and SbmA. A survey of the sensitivity of several Salmonella enterica serovars showed that the antibiotic was highly active against some serovars, while S. Typhimurium, S. Derby, and some S. Enteritidis strains were completely resistant. Resistant strains became hypersensitive to MccJ25 when given the fhuA gene of E. coli, indicating that insensitivity is due to the inability of the FhuA protein to mediate penetration of MccJ25. Whereas in E. coli MccJ25 targets RNA polymerase, in S. Typhimurium it inhibits not only RNA synthesis but also cell respiration. Fluorescence viability staining showed that S. Typhimurium cells exposed to MccJ25 remain viable but are unable to form colonies.
Comparative analysis of differentially abundant proteins quantified by LC–MS/MS between flash frozen and laser microdissected OCT-embedded breast tumor samples (2020)

The proteomic profiles of the OCT/LMD-TS samples were more similar to those from OCT/LMD-T samples than FF/HOM samples, suggesting a strong influence from the sample processing methods. These results indicate that in LC-MS/MS proteomic studies, FF/HOM samples exhibit different protein expression profiles from OCT/LMD samples and thus, results from these two different methods cannot be directly compared.
Influence of Buffer Layers and Excess Pb/Zr+Ti Ratios on Fatigue Characteristics of Sol-Gel-Derived Pb(Zr, Ti)O<sub>3</sub> Thin Films (1995)

Since fatigue of the Pb(Zr, Ti)O 3 (PZT) films is closely related to the movement of defects generated due to interdiffusion of atoms through the ferroelectric/electrode interface, studies on the effect of excess Pb content, defined as R = Pb/(Zr+Ti), in the PZT films or insertion of a PZT buffer layer with a large R or of a La-bearing PZT buffer layer between the films and electrode may be effective for diminution of fatigue. Another important aspect is lowering the annealing temperature as much as possible when making the films, so as to reduce interdiffusion. In the present work, annealing temperature for making sol-gel-derived ferroelectric films was fixed at 550° C, and fatigue tests of PZT films with and without buffer layers were carried out. Fatigue tests of the PZT(52/48) films with various values of R have shown that although polarization of the PZT(52/48) film increases with R , fatigue life does not significantly improve due to an increase in fatigue rate with increasing switching cycles. Insertion of the PbTiO 3 (PT) buffer layer, 4 nm thick, somewhat amplified the R dependence of ferroelectric properties of the films. Insertion of a 40-nm-thick PZT (120/52/48) buffer layer substantially increased ( P * r - P ∧ r ), the difference between switched and nonswitched polarizations, for the PZT(100-110/52/48) or PZT(110/70/30) film in early stages of the fatigue life profile; however, an enhanced fatigue rate followed and eventually resulted in an insignificant improvement of fatigue life. AES depth profile analysis has revealed that diffusion of excess Pb in the buffer layer towards the surface removes or greatly reduces Pb deficiency which is typically generates in the vicinity of the surface of the films without buffer layers. The resulting reduction of the amount of the defects is thought to have caused substantial increase of ( P * r - P ∧ r ) in early stages of the fatigue life profile. Insertion of double buffer layers of PZT(120/52/48) and PLZT(5/65/35), each 20 nm thick, produced a conspicuous bulge in the polarization fatigue life profile, although fatigue life was not much improved. The origin of the bulge was discussed.