gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationships among lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and the pulmonary inflammation index in coronavirus (COVID‐19) infected patients (2020)

We explored the relationships between lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, pulmonary inflammation index (PII) and disease evolution in patients with (corona virus disease 2019) COVID-19. A total of 123 patients with COVID-19 were divided into mild and severe groups. Lymphocyte subsets and cytokines were detected on the first day of hospital admission and lung computed tomography results were quantified by PII. Difference analysis and correlation analysis were performed on the two groups. A total of 102 mild and 21 severe patients were included in the analysis. There were significant differences in cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4<sup>+</sup> T), cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8<sup>+</sup> T), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and PII between the two groups. There were significant positive correlations between CD4<sup>+</sup> T and CD8<sup>+</sup> T, IL-6 and IL-10 in the mild group (r<sup>2</sup> = 0·694, r <sup>2</sup> = 0·633, respectively; P < 0·01). After 'five-in-one' treatment, all patients were discharged with the exception of the four who died. Higher survival rates occurred in the mild group and in those with IL-6 within normal values. CD4<sup>+</sup> T, CD8<sup>+</sup> T, IL-6, IL-10 and PII can be used as indicators of disease evolution, and the PII can be used as an independent indicator for disease progression of COVID-19.
Using Signaling Pathway Activation Analysis To Identify Prospective Drugs That May Slow Down Or Reverse The Effects Of Skin Aging And Photo-Aging (2015)

Skin aging is a complex process, which is still poorly understood on the molecular level and cause and effect relationships between the many factors. However, most experts agree that solar radiation is the one of the major factors in skin aging. Recent studies demonstrate that modern sunscreen compounds do not provide complete protection and most of the UV-filters shows cytotoxic ability and may have serious side effects. To explore signaling and metabolic pathway regulation during skin-aging process we used the <strong>GeroScope</strong> platform, based on the <strong>OncoFinder</strong> algorithm used in personalized medicine in oncology. We used over two thousand publically available samples of aged and photo-aged skin and various skin cell types to analyze pathway dysregulation during aging and photo-aging. We evaluated the activity of over <em>40,000</em> compounds for their ability to mimic signaling pathway activation profiles characteristic of young skin to shortlist potential candidates. We cross-reference the candidate molecules with the recently launched <strong>Geroprotectors.org</strong> database. We applied the <strong>PharmAtlas</strong> tools to estimate the possible adverse effects of compounds with <em>reports odds ratio</em> (<em>ROR</em>) and predicted adverse effects for compounds that did not have reports of adverse effects using signaling pathway activation similarity.
Propellane des Dibenzo[<i>g.p</i>]chrysen‐Systems (1971)

Abstract Eine cyclisierende Wagner‐Meerwein‐Umlagerung führte von dem Carbinol 12 zu dem aromatischen Propellan 3 Die in dieser Arbeit hergestellten Propellane werden nach einem Vorschlag des Beilstein‐Instituts benannt. Der Name „Mancen”︁ (S. 39) entstammt der Bezeichnung „mancud”︁ für ein ungesättigtes System (maximal numbers of non cumulated doublebonds). . Alkalimetall‐Spaltung der aliphatischen C–C‐Bindung dieses ortho ‐verknüpften Hexaphenyläthans war nicht möglich, da sich aus sterischen Gründen keine nahezu ebenen Resonanz‐stabilisierten Triphenylmethyl‐Anionen ausbilden können. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte eine entsprechende Alkalimetall‐Spaltung der aliphatischen C–C‐Bindung des isomeren Hexaphenyläthan‐Derivats 17 erzielt werden. Diese Verbindung wurde aus dem Glykol 15 über 16 durch radikalische C–C‐Verknüpfung mit Zinn(II)‐chlorid synthetisiert. Eine nähere Untersuchung der cyclisierenden Wagner‐Meerwein‐Umlagerung zur Synthese von Propellanen zeigte, daß ein Ringschluß auch dann noch erfolgt, wenn anstelle des o.o' ‐Biphenylen‐Restes der 1.8‐verknüpfte Naphthylen‐Rest eingeführt wird, wobei 31 entsteht.
Garbage collecting the world (1992)

Distributed symbolic computations involve the existence of remote references allowing an object, local to a processor, to designate another object located on another processor. To reclaim inaccessible objects is the non trivial task of a distributed Garbage Collector (GC). We present in this paper a new distributed GC algorithm which (i) is fault-tolerant, (ii) is largely independent of how a processor garbage collects its own data space, (iii) does not need centralized control nor global stop-the-world synchronization, (iv) allows for multiple concurrent active GCs, (v) does not require to migrate objects from processor to processor and (vi) eventually reclaims all inaccessible objects including distributed cycles.
Heavy Smokers, Smoking Cessation, and Clonidine (1988)

Seventy-one heavy smokers who had failed in previous attempts to stop smoking participated in a randomized clinical trial to test the efficacy of clonidine as an aid in smoking cessation. The success rate in clonidine-treated subjects (verified by serum cotinine concentration) was more than twice that in the placebo-treated subjects. When the data were stratified by gender, a strong effect present in women was not apparent in men. After six months, cessation rates remained significantly higher among smokers treated with clonidine than those receiving placebo. The data also revealed an unexpectedly high prevalence (61%) of a history of major depression in this sample and a significant negative effect of such a history on cessation regardless of treatment. These findings, highly suggestive of an important role of clonidine in smoking cessation, warrant further studies to establish the long-term (greater than or equal to 12 months) efficacy of this drug and to replicate the association between nicotine dependence and depression.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (1998)

Transportation and public works agencies are always challenged by increasing demands for better services under constrained budgets. Better management systems are urgently needed to support more effective decision making. An infrastructure management system is such a system for properly coordinating, evaluating, and maintaining infrastructure systems. This paper describes a GIS-based and multimedia integrated IMS called Visual IMS. The distinctive feature of IMS is its capability of handling a wide variety of data and information visually, analyzing spatially, and presenting the results graphically if needed. This paper 1) defines the system requirements for infrastructure management; 2) outlines the conceptual framework of the system; 3) uses various mathematical techniques to develop generic models for optimization; 4) explores the potential application of new technologies such as multimedia, client/server architecture, and their integration of GIS; and 5) describes the Visual IMS computer program which implements the system.
Meso-design of heterogeneous dielectric material systems: Structure property relationships (2014)

Heterogeneous materials are inherently dielectric, and charge distribution and transport in such materials involves complex local fields and polarizations that are remarkably sensitive to morphology and the interaction of conduction and permittivity. Trial and error design of such material systems is time consuming and expensive, and often ineffectual. However, heterogeneous materials are essential for energy conversion and storage, and they have become the foundation for major advances in the performance of devices such as batteries, fuel cells, separation membranes, and solar cells. The present paper presents some relationships in support of rational design based on an extensive experimental validation of the concepts and analysis that form a foundation for that design. Salient results include the prediction and confirmation of volume fraction effects (including nondilute mixtures), and the prediction and direct measurement of surface charge effects at internal interfaces as a function of constituent morphology and orientation.
Elusive Extranuclear Estrogen Receptors in Breast Cancer (2012)

Estrogen receptors at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm have been difficult to detect in breast cancer specimens. New imaging approaches are needed to determine the percentage of cancers expressing extranuclear estrogen receptors and their impact on cancer biology and treatment.
The molecular basis of oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1): sorting failure and degradation of mutant tyrosinases results in a lack of pigmentation (2001)

Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from mutations of the tyrosinase gene (TYR). To elucidate the molecular basis of OCA1 phenotypes, we analysed the early processing and maturation of several different types of mutant tyrosinase with various degrees of structural abnormalities (i.e. two large deletion mutants, two missense mutants that completely destroy catalytic function and three missense mutants that have a temperature-sensitive phenotype). When expressed in COS7 cells, all mutant tyrosinases were sensitive to endoglycosidase H digestion, and immunostaining showed their localization in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their failure to be sorted further to their target organelles. Pulse-chase experiments showed that all mutant tyrosinases were retained by calnexin in the ER and that they were degraded at similarly rapid rates, which coincided with their dissociation from calnexin. Temperature-sensitive mutant enzymes were sorted more efficiently at 31°C than at 37°C, and their degradation was accelerated at 37°C compared with 31°C. Thus in contrast to the current concept that mutant tyrosinases are transported to melanosomes but are functionally inactive there, our results suggest that mutant tyrosinases may not be transported to melanosomes in the first place. We conclude that a significant component of mutant tyrosinase malfunction in OCA1 results from their retention and degradation in the ER compartment. This quality-control process is highly sensitive to minimal changes in protein folding, and so even relatively minor mutations in peripheral sequences of the enzyme not involved with catalytic activity may result in a significant reduction of functional enzyme in melanosomes.
Access delays to essential surgical care using the Three Delays Framework and Bellwether procedures at Timor Leste’s national referral hospital (2019)

Substantial delays were observed for all three stages and each Bellwether procedure. This study methodology could be used to measure access and the three delays to emergency surgical care in low/middle-income countries, although the actual reasons for delay may vary between regions and countries and would require a qualitative study.
Hidden state and reinforcement learning with instance-based state identification (1996)

Real robots with real sensors are not omniscient. When a robot's next course of action depends on information that is hidden from the sensors because of problems such as occlusion, restricted range, bounded field of view and limited attention, we say the robot suffers from the hidden state problem. State identification techniques use history information to uncover hidden state. Some previous approaches to encoding history include: finite state machines, recurrent neural networks and genetic programming with indexed memory. A chief disadvantage of all these techniques is their long training time. This paper presents instance-based state identification, a new approach to reinforcement learning with state identification that learns with much fewer training steps. Noting that learning with history and learning in continuous spaces both share the property that they begin without knowing the granularity of the state space, the approach applies instance-based (or "memory-based") learning to history sequences-instead of recording instances in a continuous geometrical space, we record instances in action-percept-reward sequence space. The first implementation of this approach, called Nearest Sequence Memory, learns with an order of magnitude fewer steps than several previous approaches.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Multiagent Systems: A Review of Challenges, Solutions, and Applications (2020)

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been around for decades and employed to solve various sequential decision-making problems. These algorithms, however, have faced great challenges when dealing with high-dimensional environments. The recent development of deep learning has enabled RL methods to drive optimal policies for sophisticated and capable agents, which can perform efficiently in these challenging environments. This article addresses an important aspect of deep RL related to situations that require multiple agents to communicate and cooperate to solve complex tasks. A survey of different approaches to problems related to multiagent deep RL (MADRL) is presented, including nonstationarity, partial observability, continuous state and action spaces, multiagent training schemes, and multiagent transfer learning. The merits and demerits of the reviewed methods will be analyzed and discussed with their corresponding applications explored. It is envisaged that this review provides insights about various MADRL methods and can lead to the future development of more robust and highly useful multiagent learning methods for solving real-world problems.
Herstellung von disubstituierten Maleinsäure‐anhydriden mit Hilfe von reaktiven 2‐Oxo‐3<i>H</i>‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridinium‐Verbindungen (1986)

Preparation of Disubstituted Maleic Anhydrides from Reactive 2‐Oxo‐3 H ‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridinium Compounds A new useful method for the preparation of disubstituted maleic anhydrides, most of them bearing additional functional groups in the side chain, is described. The key step of the synthesis consists of the addition of 2‐oxo‐3 H ‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridinium compounds to a variety of different Michael acceptors.
Quantitative Material Reconstruction in CT with Spectroscopic X-ray Pixel Detectors -- a Simulation Study (2006)

Modern photon counting X-ray detectors offer energy resolving capabilities for every single photon interacting in the sensor layer. This provides a new dimension of information which could and should be used to improve image quality. As the energy dependance of X-ray attenuation is a characteristic for the material, one can gain information on the composition of the object by analysis of the attenuation as a function of energy. One possibility is the material reconstruction, where the areal densities of chosen basis materials are obtained in projective geometry. For instance, this method could be used not only to distinguish and identify contrast agent from other highly absorbing regions, but also to gain quantitative information on the specific material. We have successfully applied this technique to computed tomography with Monte-Carlo simulated data and investigated the properties of this approach. Material selective images are presented and image quality properties are evaluated. The Signal Difference to Noise Ratio (SDNR) in the material-reconstructed and in the conventional CT images are compared.
Learning Interclass Relations for Image Classification (2020)

In standard classification, we typically treat class categories as independent of one-another. In many problems, however, we would be neglecting the natural relations that exist between categories, which are often dictated by an underlying biological or physical process. In this work, we propose novel formulations of the classification problem, based on a realization that the assumption of class-independence is a limiting factor that leads to the requirement of more training data. First, we propose manual ways to reduce our data needs by reintroducing knowledge about problem-specific interclass relations into the training process. Second, we propose a general approach to jointly learn categorical label representations that can implicitly encode natural interclass relations, alleviating the need for strong prior assumptions, which are not always available. We demonstrate this in the domain of medical images, where access to large amounts of labelled data is not trivial. Specifically, our experiments show the advantages of this approach in the classification of Intravenous Contrast enhancement phases in CT images, which encapsulate multiple interesting inter-class relations.
New Class of Biodegradable Polymers Formed from Reactions of an Inorganic Functional Group (2012)

Although numerous small molecules have been synthesized with sulfenamide bonds (R(2)N-SR), this is the first report of the synthesis of polysulfenamides. These polymers are readily synthesized at room temperature using secondary diamines and dithiosuccinimides. The dithiosuccinimides were readily synthesized in one step by the reaction of dithiols such as HS(CH(2))(6)SH with N-chlorosuccinimide. The resulting dithiosuccinimides were either recrystallized or readily purified by chromatography on silica gel and required no special handling. The conversions of polymerization ranged from 95 to 98%, and the molecular weights of the polymer reached as high as 6,300 g mol(-1). The sulfenamide bond was very stable in organic solvents, and no degradation was observed under atmospheric conditions in C(6)D(6) for 30 days. In contrast, the sulfenamide bond readily decomposed in less than 12 h in D(2)O. Polysulfenamides were fabricated into micron-sized particles loaded with dye and endocytosed into JAWSII immature dendritic and HEK293 cells. Polysulfenamides represent a new class of polymers that are readily synthesized, stable in aprotic solvents, and readily degrade in water.
Mechanism of Water Oxidation by Single-Site Ruthenium Complex Catalysts (2010)

The mechanism of Ce(IV) water oxidation catalyzed by [Ru(tpy)(bpm)(OH(2))](2+) (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine; bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine) and related single-site catalysts has been determined by a combination of mixing and stopped-flow experiments with spectrophotometric monitoring. The mechanism features O---O coupling by water attack on Ru(V)=O(3+) and three peroxidic intermediates that have been characterized by a combination of spectroscopy and DFT calculations.
Effect of Chelating Agents on the Removal of Yttrium and Lanthanum from Man (1961)

Yttrium chelate excretion studies have been conducted in this laboratory stimulated by the interest in the removal of fission products from man. Since diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) has a high affinity for yttrium and is almost quantitatively excreted in 24 hr, the effectiveness of DTPA in removing yttrium from the body was studied in eight patients. Yttrium was injected intravenously as the nitrilotriacetate (Y90-NTA), a weak chelate, and 24 hr later, 500 mg DTPA was infused daily on four successive days. The Y90 excretion was then compared with the results obtained with equivalent amounts of EDTA. The effectiveness of 2 g of either chelate was also studied. The infusions of 500 mg DTPA increased the yttrium excretion from four to eight times over the base line excretion. DTPA was more effective than EDTA and a fourfold increase of either chelate did not result in an appreciably higher excretion of the metal chelate than was achieved with the 500 mg dose. In studies carried out in two patients, doses of 100 mg DTPA were found to be less effective than 500 mg of this chelating agent. Similar studies of the removal of La140 indicate that DTPA is also more effective than EDTA in removing this rare earth isotope from man. The significance of these decontamination studies and their possible application for fission product removal will be discussed.
Active radiating oscillator using a reflection amplifier module (1992)

A new radiating oscillator module is presented in which the cavity consists of an FET source and a multilayer slot coupled patch antenna exhibiting either an oscillator or an antenna. Oscillation conditions and design criteria of the structure are studied. Prototype circuits showed 4.81 mW power output and 50 MHz tuning range at 4.893 GHz.
Suppressed Injury-Induced Rise in Spinal Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> Production and Reduced Early Thermal Hyperalgesia in iNOS-Deficient Mice (2000)

It is widely accepted that peripheral injury increases spinal inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) formation as key mediators of nociceptive sensitization. Here, we used inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene-deficient (iNOS-/-) mice to determine the contribution of iNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO) to this process. iNOS-/- mice exhibited reduced thermal hyperalgesia after zymosan injection. Spinal NO and PGE(2) formation both remained at baseline levels, in contrast to wild-type (wt) mice. In wt mice reduced hyperalgesia similar to that seen in iNOS-/- mice was induced by local spinal, but not by systemic treatment with the iNOS inhibitor l-NIL, suggesting that the reduced heat sensitization in iNOS-/- mice was attributable to the lack of spinal rather than peripheral iNOS. Two additional observations indicate that the antinociceptive effects of iNOS inhibition are dependent on a loss of stimulation of PG synthesis. First, intrathecal injection of the COX inhibitor indomethacin, which exerted pronounced antinociceptive effects in wt mice, was completely ineffective in iNOS-/- mice. Second, treatment with the NO donor RE-2047 not only completely restored spinal PG production and thermal sensitization in iNOS-/- mice but also its sensitivity to indomethacin. In both types of mice induction of thermal hyperalgesia was accompanied by similar increases in COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression. The stimulation of PG production by NO therefore involves an increase in enzymatic activity, rather than an alteration of COX gene expression. These results indicate that NO derived from spinal iNOS acts as a fast inductor of spinal thermal hyperalgesia.
Translationswissenschaft und international vergleichende Umfrageforschung: Qualitätssicherung bei Fragebogenübersetzungen als Gegenstand einer Prozessanalyse (2009)

"Die Qualität von Fragebogenübersetzungen ist zentral für die Vergleichbarkeit der Daten in internationalen Umfrageprojekten. Um die Qualität der Übersetzung zu gewährleisten, werden besondere Methoden angewandt. Diese Arbeit untersucht anhand einer Fallstudie aus dem International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) die Methode des Team-Ansatzes: Parallel angefertigte Übersetzungen wurden in einem Team aus Übersetzern und Umfrageexperten diskutiert. Die Aufnahme und Transkription der Diskussion ermöglichten eine Prozessanalyse. Im Zentrum standen hierbei Probleme und Problemlösungen, Methodenbewertung und Qualitätsverständnis des Teams. Diese Arbeit richtet sich an Übersetzer, Übersetzungswissenschaftler sowie Umfrageexperten für internationale Umfrageforschung." (Autorenreferat)
Context based configuration management of plug &#x00026; play LTE base stations (2010)

In second and third generation cellular networks the rollout of base stations needs to be conscientiously prepared, because their radio configuration should match with the coverage provided by existing cells in their neighborhood. The detailed radio planning for every new cell requires considerable human resources and time. This paper proposes a framework for 3G Long Term Evolution (LTE) that can perform a dynamic radio configuration of a base station when powered on, which is adaptive to the current network topology context and does not require human intervention. This function enables the deployment of base stations and new cells in an ad hoc manner, reduces OPEX and contributes to the concept of a self-configuring network.