gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Frequency-Selective Rasorber With Low-Frequency Diffusion and High-Frequency Absorption (2020)

In this article, a novel frequency-selective rasorber (FSR) is proposed, which provides a high-efficiency transmission band and a broadband radar cross section (RCS) reduction by hybridizing low-frequency diffusion and high-frequency absorption. The FSR comprises three layers. A broadband second-order bandpass frequency-selective surface is designed as the bottom layer, which has a reflection-transmission-reflection frequency response, and acts as an equivalent ground plane for the upper layers outside the transmission band. A circuit analog absorber and a coding metasurface are designed as the middle and top layers, respectively. They use absorption and diffusion to reduce the RCS at high- and low-frequency bands. In the coding metasurface, miniaturized and absorptive techniques are utilized to suppress the harmonic resonances. The whole FSR unit cell exhibits a cross-polarized reflection-transmission-absorption frequency response. A co-polarized transmission magnitude larger than -1.5 dB from 7.4 to 12.1 GHz and a co-polarized reflection magnitude less than -10 dB from 3.1 to 20 GHz are observed in the full-wave simulation under the normal incidence. An FSR sample with 20 x 20 unit cells is designed and measured for verification. The measurement agrees well with the simulation, and it shows a significant monostatic RCS reduction from 3.3 to 20 GHz in comparison with a metallic plane of the same size.
Novel consortium of<i>Klebsiella variicola</i>and<i>Lactobacillus</i>species enhances the functional potential of fermented dairy products by increasing the availability of branched-chain amino acids and the amount of distinctive volatiles (2017)

The identified consortium increases the functional potential of fermented dairy products.
Web searching on the Vivisimo search engine (2006)

Abstract The application of clustering to Web search engine technology is a novel approach that offers structure to the information deluge often faced by Web searchers. Clustering methods have been well studied in research labs; however, real user searching with clustering systems in operational Web environments is not well understood. This article reports on results from a transaction log analysis of Vivisimo.com, which is a Web meta‐search engine that dynamically clusters users' search results. A transaction log analysis was conducted on 2‐week's worth of data collected from March 28 to April 4 and April 25 to May 2, 2004, representing 100% of site traffic during these periods and 2,029,734 queries overall. The results show that the highest percentage of queries contained two terms. The highest percentage of search sessions contained one query and was less than 1 minute in duration. Almost half of user interactions with clusters consisted of displaying a cluster's result set, and a small percentage of interactions showed cluster tree expansion. Findings show that 11.1% of search sessions were multitasking searches, and there are a broad variety of search topics in multitasking search sessions. Other searching interactions and statistics on repeat users of the search engine are reported. These results provide insights into search characteristics with a cluster‐based Web search engine and extend research into Web searching trends.
Recent Activities in the MICE Conferencing Project (1995)

The MICE project has been piloting multimedia conferencing (audio, video and shared workspace) over the Internet in Europe, with links to the US, over the last two years. In this paper, we summarise our experience and discuss recent developments in several areas: tool improvement, their use over ISDN and ATM, security, management and control, multimedia servers, new application areas and a recently created network of support centres. 1 Introduction The MICE project has been piloting multimedia conferencing over the Internet in Europe, and interworking with the US. A suite of multicast conferencing tools are now available in the public domain, from developers in the US and in Europe, which allow the use of audio, video and shared workspace from desktop workstations and conference rooms. The partners in the current project are: University College London (Co-ordinating Partner, UK), Universite Libre Bruxelles (Belgium), INRIA (France), GMD and RUS (Germany), the University of Oslo and Te...
Direct Electrochemical Immunosensor for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (1998)

A direct electrochemical immunosensor has been developed for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water. The assay is based on the measurement of the current due to the specific binding between PCB and anti-PCB antibody-immobilized conducting polymer matrix. The linear dynamic range of the immunosensor is between 0.3 and 100 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 for Aroclor 1242. The method detection limits for Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1016 were 3.3, 1.56, 0.39, and 1.66 ng/mL respectively, and at a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3. The immunosensor exhibited high selectivity for PCBs in the presence of potential interference such as chlorinated anisoles, benzenes, and phenols. The highest cross-reactivity measured for chlorinated phenolic compounds relative to Aroclor 1248 was less than 3%. Recoveries of spiked Aroclors 1242 and 1254 from industrial effluent water, rolling mill, and seafood plant pretreated water at 0.5 and 50 ng/mL ranged from 103 to 106%. The effect of ionic compounds on detection indicates that no significant change in immunosensor signal was observed within the uncertainty of the assay procedure. The detection method may be applied for continuous monitoring of effluent such as waste streams and groundwater.
Kinetic study of hemoglobin Porto Alegre [beta 9(A6)Ser----Cys] disulfide polymer reduction. (1985)

The cleavage of HbPA disulfide polymer by GSH and its indirect cleavage by yeast glutathione reductase, via reduced glutathione is obtained. Decreasing the initial proportion of GSH in the hemolysate increases the formation of HbPA disulfide polymer. In the experimental conditions used, yeast glutathione reductase is unable to perform the direct cleavage of the mixed disulfide of HbPA and GSH, using it as substrate. The reduction of HbPA polymer to tetramers by DTE is analyzed by a pseudo-first-order kinetic and two rate constants are obtained. That of 265 X 10(-3) min-1 should be concerned with one disulfide of the closed ring and one of the open ring structure of dodecamer, while that of 38 X 10(-3) min-1 is related to disulfide reduction of the octamer. The enthalpy of activation values of 8.0 kcal.mol-1 an 17.4 kcal.mol-1 obtained, from the Arrhenius plot, for the "fast" and "slow" rate disulfide reduction, respectively, are indicative that a strong conformational strain of S--S bonds in the closed ring structure is maintained. The entropy of activation values of 24 e.u. and 52 e.u. are found for the activation of disulfides from dodecamers and octamers, respectively.
Effect of albumin on brushite transformation to hydroxyapatite (2001)

Brushite (CaHPO4 · 2H2O) is a precursor to hydroxyapatite [HA, Ca5(PO4)3OH]. It has been shown that a modified form of brushite, with potassium substituting for calcium at specific sites, demonstrated accelerated transformation to HA when exposed to nonproteinaceous Hanks’ balanced aqueous salt solutions (HBSS). The biocompatibility of a transforming material is related to cellular response to the process, which is initiated by protein adsorption. The effect of adsorbed protein on the kinetics and chemistry of brushite transformation to HA, when exposed to HBSS containing bovine serum albumin (BSA), was examined using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive spectrometry techniques. The effect of solution pH was also studied. Results show that, in the presence of a protein-free environment, transformation is faster in buffered medium than in nonbuffered medium. Moreover, curve fitting and second derivatives of the IR spectra show that some bands shift depending on whether the brushite transforms in a buffered or nonbuffered medium. Therefore, variation in pH affects both transformation rate and the associated chemistry. The presence of BSA in either buffered or nonbuffered medium retards the transformation in comparison to the corresponding BSA-free medium. The extent of this retardation increases with the increase in bulk concentration of BSA but does not alter the transformation chemistry. This suggests the retardation on the transformation rate is due to BSA adsorption coverage on the calcium phosphate ceramic. This may be due to the shielding of Ca2+ and PO4−3 sites, preventing their interaction with the HBSS. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 57: 357–365, 2001
The Stereochemistry of Nucleophilic Addition. IV. The Condensation of 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone with <i>t</i>-Butyl Acetate in the Presence of Lithium Amide (1972)

Abstract The stereochemistry of the condensations of 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone with t-butyl acetate in the presence of lithium amide, with ethyl bromoacetate in the presence of zinc (Reformatsky reaction), and with ethylmagnesium iodide (Grignard reaction) was studied. The configurations of the products in these reactions were assigned on the basis of their chromatographic behavior, and on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical studies of them. From the present experiments it is evident that all of these nucleophilic addition reactions proceed in a similar fashion. Further, the treatment of t-butyl 1-hydroxy-2,2,t-6-trimethyl-r-1-cyclohexaneacetate (IIa) with potassium hydrogensulfate or with dilute sulfuric acid gave (±)-cis-tetrahydroactinidiolide (IX), which was isolated from the essential oil of cigar tobacco leaves by Kaneko and Hoshino, while the treatment of IIa with isopropenyl acetate in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid gave a mixture of IX and its trans-isomer (X).
Fast Dual-MGS Block-Factorization Algorithm for Dense MoM Matrices (2004)

A robust method is introduced for efficiently compressing dense method of moments (MoM) matrices using a dual modified Gram-Schmidt block-QR-factorization algorithm based on low-rank singular value decomposition. The compression is achieved without generating the full matrix or even full subblocks of the matrix. The compressed matrix may then be used in the iterative solution of the MoM problem. The method is very robust because it uses a reduced set of the original matrix entries to perform the compression. Furthermore, it does not depend on the analytic form of the Green's function, so it may be applied to arbitrarily complex media.
The Wellcome Lecture, 1988 - Muscular dystrophy: a time of hope (1989)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and its less severe allele Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are progressive muscle-wasting disorders of children. DMD is characterized by rapid loss of muscle fibres and the ensuing weakness results in lost mobility and eventual premature death. Despite extensive research for many years, the basic underlying biochemical defect has remained elusive. Here I try to demonstrate how the powerful techniques of molecular genetics can be used to gain a further understanding of this particular disorder and how, in principle, the techniques can be applied to the other 3000 human genetic disorders that are so far uncharacterized. Once the chromosomal map position of DMD was established, the locus that was being disrupted by mutation could be identified and the encoded protein product predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the RNA transcript. This has led to the identification of a previously uncharacterized protein named dystrophin. As the normal function of dystrophin is determined, more accurate clinical diagnosis of DMD and BMD should result and potential approaches to therapy should be designed.
The Structural Basis of Pathogenic Subgenomic Flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) Production (2014)

Flaviviruses are emerging human pathogens and worldwide health threats. During infection, pathogenic subgenomic flaviviral RNAs (sfRNAs) are produced by resisting degradation by the 5'→3' host cell exonuclease Xrn1 through an unknown RNA structure-based mechanism. Here, we present the crystal structure of a complete Xrn1-resistant flaviviral RNA, which contains interwoven pseudoknots within a compact structure that depends on highly conserved nucleotides. The RNA's three-dimensional topology creates a ringlike conformation, with the 5' end of the resistant structure passing through the ring from one side of the fold to the other. Disruption of this structure prevents formation of sfRNA during flaviviral infection. Thus, sfRNA formation results from an RNA fold that interacts directly with Xrn1, presenting the enzyme with a structure that confounds its helicase activity.
Effect of Polysilicon-Emitter Shape on Dopant Diffusion in Polysilicon-Emitter Transistors (1989)

Abstmct- The shape of the polysilicon region of a polysilicon-emitter transistor fabricated with a single layer of polysilicon depends on the processing conditions and can vary considerably. When the boundary between the polysilicon and the adjacent oxide is not vertical, the anisotropic dopant diffusivity in polysilicon can limit the ability of the dopant to diffuse to the corner, restricting the effectiveness of the polysilicon as a diffusion source in this region. In the extreme case, the junction may be located in the polysilicon, rather than in the underlying single-crystal silicon, causing large leakage currents and degrading the transistor gain. I. INTRODUCTION N ADVANCED bipolar transistors, polysilicon is often I placed over the single-crystal emitter region both to serve as a source of dopant atoms for the single-crystal silicon and to improve the emitter injection efficiency of the transistor. In such structures, the dopant is usually implanted near the surface of the polysilicon and diffused through the polysilicon into the underlying single-crystal silicon. This technique requires that the dopant diffusivity be much higher in polysilicon than in single-crystal silicon so that the dopant diffuses rapidly through the polysilicon and only slightly into the single-crystal silicon to form a very shallow junction. Because of rapid grain-boundary diffusion, the dopant diffusivity in polysilicon can be several orders of magnitude higher than in single-crystal silicon [I], [2], especially in the commonly used polysilicon which has a columnar structure and well-defined grain boundaries. In fabricating polysilicon-emitter transistors which use a single level of polysilicon [3], as shown in Fig. 1, etching and oxidation may form a nonvertical boundary between the polysilicon and the adjacent oxide, as shown in Fig. 2. Selective oxidation of the polysilicon between the emitter and base contact regions is often used to provide electrical isolation. Part of the thickness of the polysilicon may be etched, and the entire thickness of the remaining polysilicon is then oxidized so that the oxide extends into the underlying singlecrystal silicon. This two-dimensional selective oxidation creates a nonvertical sidewall boundary between the polysilicon and the oxide, especially if the oxide grown does not extend an appreciable distance into the underlying single-crystal substrate. If the polysilicon is partially etched before oxidation, a nonvertical etch can accentuate the slope. These operations
ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITIES ACQUIRED FROM THE GROWTH MEDIUM BY CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE. (1963)

Studies employing quantitative complement fixation have shown that HeLa and other mammalian cells grown in tissue culture adsorb serum protein components from the growth medium. The serum proteins are not completely removed by vigorous washing. Upon injection of extensively washed cells into rabbits the bound serum proteins give rise to specific antibodies detectable by gel diffusion and complement fixation. With horse serum in the growth medium one of the cell-bound components was identified as horse γ globulin. Evidence was obtained that specific antibodies to bound serum antigens can contribute to complement-dependent kill of the cells in vitro. These observations suggest one possible mechanism for the acquisition of antigenic relationships by diverse cell lines grown in tissue culture.
Imbalanced Mach-Zehnder Modulator for Fading Suppression in Dispersion-Uncompensated Direct Detection System (2021)

In this work, we systematically analyze the impact of three kinds of Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) imbalances, including bias deviation, amplitude mismatch, and differential time skew in intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM-DD) links. It is shown that, for power fading limited transmission, the imbalances can be utilized as advantages rather than impairments. Specifically, the bias deviation with single-arm driven mode and amplitude mismatch with differential driven mode can increase the available bandwidth by shifting the frequency of fading notches. Meanwhile, time skew provides another way to avoid fading by shaping the double sideband (DSB) signal into a vestigial sideband (VSB) with an asymmetrical transfer function. In the transmission experiment, 34 Gbaud Nyquist 6/8-ary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-6/8) signals are used for investigation in a 20 km dispersion-uncompensated standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) link. With the help of a Volterra nonlinear equalizer, all three kinds of imbalances can achieve bit-error rates (BERs) below the 7% and 20% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) thresholds for PAM-6 and PAM-8 signals, respectively. The received power sensitivity is also compared at the back-to-back (BTB) case and after fiber transmission. Both numerical simulation and experimental demonstration confirm that the dispersion-induced power fading can be effectively suppressed with bias, amplitude, or skew imbalance, providing a feasible solution for transmission distance extension of C-band DD links.
Par-4 Binds to Topoisomerase 1 and Attenuates Its DNA Relaxation Activity (2008)

The regulation of DNA relaxation by topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) is essential for DNA replication, transcription, and recombination events. TOP1 activity is elevated in cancer cells, yet the regulatory mechanism restraining its activity is not understood. We present evidence that the tumor suppressor protein prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) directly binds to TOP1 and attenuates its DNA relaxation activity. Unlike camptothecin, which binds at the TOP1-DNA interface to form cleavage complexes, Par-4 interacts with TOP1 via its leucine zipper domain and sequesters TOP1 from the DNA. Par-4 knockdown by RNA interference enhances DNA relaxation and gene transcription activities and promotes cellular transformation in a TOP1-dependent manner. Conversely, attenuation of TOP1 activity either by RNA interference or Par-4 overexpression impedes DNA relaxation, cell cycle progression, and gene transcription activities and inhibits transformation. Collectively, our findings suggest that Par-4 serves as an intracellular repressor of TOP1 catalytic activity and regulates DNA topology to suppress cellular transformation.
Oleic-acid-induced lung injury in the rat. Failure of indomethacin treatment or complement depletion to ablate lung injury. (1981)

The purpose of this study was to establish a rat animal model of acute respiratory distress syndrome using the intravenous injection of oleic acid. Further, we attempted to inhibit the development of lung injury by pretreatment of the rats with indomethacin or cobra venom factor. Histologic evidence of lung injury was apparent within hours after the administration of a single intravenous injection of oleic acid. By 24 hours, interstitial and intraalveolar edema and hemorrhage were noted with vascular congestion and an extensive interstitial infiltrate. The lungs appeared virtually normal by 12 days, with no evidence of chronic lung injury. Multiple injections of oleic acid also did not progress into chronic pulmonary inflammation. Treatment of the rats with indomethacin or cobra venom factor had no effect on ablating acute lung injury. An animal model of adult respiratory distress syndrome is presented which does not progress to chronic lung injury.
Statistics in face recognition: analyzing probability distributions of PCA, ICA and LDA performance results (2005)

In this paper we address the issue of evaluating face recognition algorithms using descriptive statistical tools. By using permutation methodology in a Monte Carlo sampling procedure, we investigate recognition rate results probability distributions of some well-known algorithms (namely, PCA, ICA and LDA). With a lot of contradictory literature on comparisons of those algorithms, we believe that this kind of independent study is important and serves to better understanding of each algorithm. We show how simplistic approach to comparing these algorithms can be misleading and propose a full statistical methodology to be used in future reports. By reporting detailed descriptive statistical results, this paper is the only available detailed report on PCA, ICA and LDA comparative performance currently available in literature. Our experiments show that the exact choice of images to be in a gallery or in a probe set has great effect on recognition results and this fact further emphasizes the importance of reporting detailed results. We hope that this study helps to advance the state of experiment design in computer vision.
Tris-Imidazolium Derivatives of Isocyanuric Acid. A Lead for Tripodal Ionic Liquids and Anion Receptors (2013)

Tripodal topology of tris-imidazolium salts of isocyanuric acid derivatives is a field that has not been studied in detail. A strategy based on 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione was designed. This compound was converted into 3,3',3''-((2,4,6-trioxo-1,3,5-triazinane-1,3,5-triyl)tris(ethane-2,1-diyl))tris(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) chloride in two steps through its trihalide derivative in good yields. This opens a new line of research for anionic receptors and polycationic ionic liquids.
The response of muscle cells during compensatory growth in rats (1974)

In hierdie studie is die spierselgroei van rotte tydens die vroee stadium van herstel na ondervoeding bestudeer. Groepe diere is voor- of nadat hulle gespeen is ondervoed en is daarna op beperkte of onbeperkte voedingspeile geplaas. Die toename in liggaamsmassa was die vinnigste by die twee groepe diere wat ondervoed was voordat hulle gespeen is. Laasgenoemde groep diere wat onbeperkte voeding ontvang het se spierselle het teen die hoogste tempo vermenigvuldig, maar die toename in spierselgrootte was laag. Die tendense in die toename van die verskillende spierkomponente van rotte wat beperkte voeding na die periode van ondervoeding ontvang het, het 'n verwantskap getoon tot die verskille in groeipotensiaal tussen die verskillende groepe diere. SUMMARY This study was concerned with the cellular growth of muscle tissue in rats during the early stages of recovery from undernutrition. Groups of animals were undernourished either pre- or post-weaning and realimentated on either unrestricted intakes or on a restricted intake regime. Rates of increase in bodymass were highest on both dietary treatments in animals undernourished after weaning. On unrestricted intakes these animals also had the most rapid multiplication of muscle cells but their rate of increase in muscle cell size was low. Patterns of increase in muscle components during realimentation on the restricted intake regime were related to differences in potential for growth between groups.