gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Precise distance to fault locator with two end phasor measurement transmitted via serial protection data interface (2007)

Fault locator functionality is a standard feature in modern numerical feeder protection devices for transmission systems. It is common practice to calculate the fault location via an impedance measurement separately at each line end. All calculation techniques used to date in this ldquosingle endedrdquo fault location exhibit limited accuracy. The accuracy that can be obtained is limited by natural constraints. The common factors that influence the accuracy are described below. Hereafter, the fundamental improvement provided by the ldquotwo endedrdquo fault locator, which in addition uses the measured values from the opposite line end, are described.
Top-down quad mesh generation for multi-level product data visualization (2011)

Multi-level product data visualization plays an important role for protecting the proprietary intellectual property and improving the collaborative efficiency in collaborative product development chain. Different with the common bottom-up quad mesh generation procedure, this paper develops a top-down approach for multi-level product data visualization. With the help of the generated multi-level quad meshes, the problem of how much of a product visible to viewing users is reduced to the task of which level quad mesh to select. An example is given to demonstrate the validity of this method.
Secure End-to-End VoLTE Based on Ethereum Blockchain (2018)

Voice over Long Term Evolution (VoLTE) technology defines standards to deliver real-time services such as voice and video over LTE based on IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) networks. The security implementation in VoLTE is End-to-Access (e2a), which means that the sessions are only encrypted between the mobile terminals and the IMS network. In this paper we propose a new approach for securing End-to-End (e2e) VoLTE media based the Ethereum Blockchain. The solution consists of creating public and private keypairs for VoLTE user equipments (UEs) and storing the public keys in the Ethereum Blockchain. The media is encrypted e2e using the Secure Real Time Protocol (SRTP) protocol with a variety of session key distribution mechanisms. Results showed that the solution implementation has minimal impact on the existing IMS network, and the secure call setup time between two terminals is negligible compared to the original VoLTE setup time.
Reactions of [RhCl(diene)]<sub>2</sub>with Bi- and Terdentate Nitrogen Ligands. X-ray Structures of Five-Coordinate Complexes (1997)

Reaction of [RhCl(diene)]2 (diene = 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) or bicyclo[2.2.1] hepta-2,5-diene (NBD)) with the N−N−N nitrogen ligands 2,6-(C(R1)N−R2)2C5H3N in CD2Cl2 or CH2Cl2 yielded the five-coordinate complexes [RhCl(2,6-(C(H)N−R2)2C5H3N)(diene)] (diene = NBD; R2 = i-Pr, t-Bu, and p-anisyl), which has been isolated for NBD but not for COD. A single-crystal X-ray determination showed that [RhCl(2,6-(C(H)N−p-anisyl)2C5H3N)(NBD)] has a distorted trigonal bipyramidal configuration with the pyridyl N-atom, one imine N-atom, and one alkene double bond in the equatorial plane, while the second alkene bond and the chloride atom occupy the axial positions. This conformation containing one noncoordinated imine moiety is clearly retained at 183 K in CD2Cl2, as is also the case for the other complexes. For the COD complexes, the reaction is more complicated, as the intermediates that are observed depend on the substituents R1 and R2 of the N−N−N nitrogen ligand. The five-coordinate complexes [RhCl(2,6-(C(R1)N−R2)2C5H3N)(COD)] could be observed at low temperatures for R1 = H and R2 = i-Pr, t-Bu, and p-anisyl, while for R1 = Me and R2 = p-anisyl, this intermediate could not be observed; instead, [Rh(2,6-(C(Me)N−p-anisyl)2C5H3N)2]+Cl- was found, which shows the presence of one N−N−N ligand bonded as a bidentate ligand and one N−N−N ligand bonded as a terdentate ligand at low temperatures. Further reaction of [Rh(2,6-(C(Me)N−p-anisyl)2C5H3N)2]+Cl- with [RhCl(COD)]2 afforded [RhCl(2,6-(C(Me)N−p-anisyl)2C5H3N)] and subsequently, via oxidative addition of CD2Cl2, the complex [RhCl2(CD2Cl)(2,6-(C(Me)N−p-anisyl)2C5H3N)]. The dynamic properties of the five-coordinate diene complexes [RhCl(2-(C(H)N−R2)-6-(Me)C5H3N)(NBD)] (R2 = i-Pr, t-Bu, and p-anisyl), which contain N−N nitrogen ligands, and of the new complexes [Rh(2-(C(H)N−R2)-6-(Me)C5H3N)(NBD)]OTf (R2 = i-Pr, t-Bu, and p-anisyl) and of [Rh(2,2‘-bipyrimidine)(NBD)]OTf have been investigated. A single-crystal X-ray determination of [RhCl(2-(C(H)N−i-Pr)-6-(Me)C5H3N)(NBD)] showed structural features which are analogous to those of [RhCl(2,6-(C(H)N−p-anisyl)2C5H3N)(NBD)].
Application of Membrane Ultrafiltration to Preparation of Various Types of Cheese (1975)

A liquid product with the same composition as a cheese can be obtained by ultrafiltration of milk under appropriate conditions. After rennetting and addition of starter, soft fresh or ripened cheeses have successfully been prepared from the pre-cheese. Both cows' and goats' milk have been used as starting material. Preparation of a liquid pre-cheese offers advantages compared to the standard process in which rennet is added to cheese milk. These include an increase in yield due to retention of soluble proteins in the curd, better adjustment of the weight of each cheese, use of much less rennet, less space for equipment and handling, and whey with a lower biological oxygen demand than normal whey. Other possible applications of ultrafiltration in the cheesemaking field are presented.
Resolution enhancement through three color photolithography (2015)

Multiphoton absorption polymerization uses nonlinear absorption of laser light to expose a negative-tone photoresist locally, creating three-dimensional structures that can have feature sizes on the sub-100 nm scale. The resolution can be further improved using schemes in which a second beam of light prevents exposure of the photoresist. However, the feature pitch that can be achieved by two-color schemes is limited by the inability to deactivate the photoresist completely. One solution to this problem is to develop a method that instead employs three laser beams. Here we discuss the potential advantages of three-color lithographic schemes and demonstrate new materials that pave the way towards the demonstration of three-color lithography.
ELECTROACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT OF OBESITY WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS (2007)

The aim was to study the effect of placebo EA, electroacupuncture (EA), and diet on obesity and accompanying psychological symptoms. One hundred and sixty-five volunteer women participated in the study. There were three groups: (i) Placebo EA, (ii) EA, and (iii) diet restriction group. EA was performed by using three ear and six body points. There was a 4.8% reduction in weight of patients with EA application, whereas patients with a diet restriction and placebo EA had a 2.5% and 2.7% weight reduction, respectively. There were significant decreases in phobia, anger, anxiety, obsession, paranoid symptoms, and depression in the EA groups compared to those of the placebo EA and diet groups. It was suggested that electroacupuncture may be an effective therapy for obesity including the psychological signs and symptoms in women.
Latch-up and image crosstalk suppression by internal gettering (1984)

Internal gettering can be used to reduce crosstalk in imagers and latch-up susceptibility in CMOS circuits. The internal gettering process forms defects in the bulk of the silicon wafers that are effective recombination sites for minority carriers in the substrate. Experimental and theoretical results are presented for the crosstalk reduction obtained in an area imager. Also, the current gain β of the parasitic lateral n-p-n transistors formed in the substrate in CMOS circuits was considerably lower for the internally gettered wafers. The trigger current needed to initiate latch-up in the n-p-n-p structures increased as 1/β, in accordance with the theory. A Monte Carlo method was developed to calculate the expected lateral transistor current gain. The calculated β's are in excellent agreement with the measured values.
99mTc-labeled C2A domain of synaptotagmin I as a target-specific molecular probe for noninvasive imaging of acute myocardial infarction. (2006)

The C2A domain of synaptotagmin I labeled with fluorochromes or a radioisotope binds to both apoptotic and necrotic cells. Ex vivo and in vivo data indicate that, because of elevated vascular permeability, both specific binding and passive leakage contribute to the accumulation of the radiotracer in the area at risk. However, the latter component alone is insufficient to achieve detectable target-to-background ratios with in vivo planar imaging.
Four-Fin Bio-Inspired UUV: Modeling and Control Solutions (2011)

This paper describes the modeling and control development of a bio-inspired unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) propelled by four pectoral fins. Based on both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental fin data, we develop a UUV model that focuses on an accurate representation of the fin-generated forces. Models of these forces span a range of controllable fin parameters, as well as take into account leading-trailing fin interactions and free stream flow speeds. The vehicle model is validated by comparing open-loop simulated responses with experimentally measured responses to identical fin inputs. Closed-loop control algorithms, which command changes in fin kinematics, are tested on the vehicle. Comparison of experimental and simulation results for various maneuvers validates the fin and vehicle models, and demonstrates the precise maneuvering capabilities enabled by the actively controlled curvature pectoral fins.
Antigenicity of Chemically Modified Bovine Serum Albumin (1967)

Summary Extensive modification of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by guanidination, nitroguanidination and amidination did not greatly affect the ability of modified BSA to precipitate with anti-BSA antibodies. The ability of succinylated BSA to precipitate with heterologous antibodies was influenced by the conformation of the antigen as determined by Stokes radius. Modified bovine serum albumins acquired new antigenic determinants dependent on the groups introduced. Su32-BSA, b, while maintaining a large portion of the antigenic determinants of BSA, contained new antigenic patches with specificity toward succinyl groups comprised in these antigenic patches. Antibodies produced by rabbits as a result of injection of Su21Gu33BSA showed three distinct specificities, 71% of the antibodies had a specificity toward BSA and the remaining showed a specificity toward Su21BSA and toward guanyl groups in BSA. On the other hand, injection of Su21NG34BSA, b resulted in production of antibodies with three distinct specificities, the major specificity (59% to 65%) was directed against nitroguanyl groups while the remainder had specificities against BSA and Su21BSA.
Synthesis of Diesel or Jet Fuel Range Cycloalkanes with 2-Methylfuran and Cyclopentanone from Lignocellulose (2014)

2-Methylfuran (2-MF) and cyclopentanone (CPO) are the selective hydrogenation products of furfural, which can be produced in industrial scale with lignocellulose. In this work, renewable diesel or jet fuel range branched alkanes and cycloalkanes were first synthesized simultaneously by the solvent-free hydroxyalkylation/alkylation (HAA) of 2-MF and CPO followed by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). Among the solid acid catalysts used in this work, Nafion-212 resin exhibited the best activity and selectivity for the HAA of 2-MF and CPO. The excellent performance of Nafion-212 resin can be attributed to the high acid strength of this catalyst. After the HDO of the HAA products of 2-MF and CPO over several nickel catalysts, a mixture of jet fuel range branched alkanes and cycloalkanes with relatively higher density was obtained at high carbon yield. Compared with Ni/SiO2, acidic support loaded nickel catalysts are more active in the HDO process, which may be attributed to the promotion effect of acid sites in dehydration and the ring opening reaction of furan compounds.
A Comparison of Signal Deconvolution Algorithms Based on Small-Footprint LiDAR Waveform Simulation (2011)

A raw incoming (received) Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) waveform typically exhibits a stretched and relatively featureless character, e.g., the LiDAR signal is smeared and the effective spatial resolution decreases. This is attributed to a fixed time span allocated for detection, the sensor's variable outgoing pulse signal, receiver impulse response, and system noise. Theoretically, such a loss of resolution can be recovered by deconvolving the system response from the measured signal. In this paper, we present a comparative controlled study of three deconvolution techniques, namely, Richardson-Lucy, Wiener filter, and nonnegative least squares, in order to verify which method is quantitatively superior to others. These deconvolution methods were compared in terms of two use cases: 1) ability to recover the true cross-sectional profile of an illuminated object based on the waveform simulation of a virtual 3-D tree model and 2) ability to differentiate herbaceous biomass based on the waveform simulation of virtual grass patches. All the simulated waveform data for this study were derived via the “Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation” radiative transfer modeling environment. Results show the superior performance for the Richardson-Lucy algorithm in terms of small root mean square error for recovering the true cross section, low false discovery rate for detecting the unobservable local peaks in the stretched raw waveforms, and high classification accuracy for differentiating herbaceous biomass levels.
Boundary representation deformation in parametric solid modeling (1998)

One of the major unsolved problems in parametric solid modeling is a robust update (regeneration) of the solid's boundary representation, given a specified change in the solid's parameter values. The fundamental difficulty lies in determining the mapping between boundary representations for solids in the same parametric family. Several heuristic approaches have been proposed for dealing with this problem, but the formal properties of such mappings are not well understood. We propose a formal definition for boundary representation. (BR-)deformation for solids in the same parametric family, based on the assumption of continuity: small changes in solid parameter values should result in small changes in the solid's boundary reprentation, which may include local collapses of cells in the boundary representation. The necessary conditions that must be satisfied by any BR-deforming mappings between boundary representations are powerful enough to identify invalid updates in many (but not all) practical situations, and the algorithms to check them are simple. Our formulation provides a formal criterion for the recently proposed heuristic approaches to “persistent naming,” and explains the difficulties in devising sufficient tests for BR-deformation encountered in practice. Finally our methods are also applicable to more general cellular models of pointsets and should be useful in developing universal standards in parametric modeling.
Extracting lithium from waste solutions of chemico-metallurgical lithium carbonate production (2008)

In order to reduce the loss of lithium in waste solutions of chemico-metallurgical lithium carbonate production, it is suggested to extract lithium from these solutions in the form of poorly soluble hydroxodialuminate under the action of sodium and potassium aluminates. Technological tests showed that the proposed method ensures almost complete isolation of lithium from waste solutions of lithium carbonate production.
Polyacrylic Acid‐Assisted Crystallization Phenomena of Carbonate Crystals (2014)

Abstract The effects of polyacrylic acid (PAA) on the crystallization of carbonates were investigated, revealing a great influence of PAA on the shape, size and polymorph type of the carbonate crystals. Carbonate crystallization was performed through reaction crystallization in a single‐jet system. The obtained crystals were measured and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. In lithium carbonate, PAA especially influenced the growth phase, inhibited agglomeration and changed the crystal shape into high‐aspect rods. In addition, the degree of the growth inhibition effect was molecular weight dependent and the inhibition effect was also different on each face. In calcium carbonate, an improvement of the monodispersity was observed with miniaturization, under particular conditions. Elongated calcite was found under a slow supersaturation rate. In addition, the molecular weight of PAA affected the polymorph selectivity. Therefore, PAA affected the crystallization phenomena of carbonates, and prospected crystals were obtained by changing the operation conditions.
Aerobic oxidation catalysis with stable radicals (2014)

Selective oxidation reactions are challenging when carried out on an industrial scale. Many traditional methods are undesirable from an environmental or safety point of view. There is a need to develop sustainable catalytic approaches that use molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant. This review will discuss the use of stable radicals (primarily nitroxyl radicals) in aerobic oxidation catalysis. We will discuss the important advances that have occurred in recent years, highlighting the catalytic performance, mechanistic insights and the expanding synthetic utility of these catalytic systems.
Metal Foams for Improved Crash Energy Absorption in Passenger Equipment (2004)

Crashworthiness of passenger vehicles has gained increased attention and progress over the last three to four decades. New strategies of crash energy management and new materials have provided a safer traveling environment, but national and international statistics indicate that there is still more to do. Metallic foams with a high fraction of porosity, which typically range from 40-97 volume percent (this is the portion of the metal foam that is filled with air or a gas), are a rapidly emerging class of novel materials for various engineering applications. Some examples of proposed applications are ultra-lightweight structural components, impact energy absorbers in automotive applications, thermal and sound insulation, and filters or heat exchangers for chemical processing. The attributes of metallic foams especially lend themselves to applications requiring high stiffness-to-weight ratio and efficient crash energy absorption. The goal of this Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) project was to identify and demonstrate specific applications for aluminum foam in high speed rail equipment. The main focus was on improvement of crush energy absorption of structures in rail passenger cars. Four application areas were discussed and explored through analytical studies, redesign and sub-scale testing of components. A single application was selected for full scale testing based on test results, cost-of-fabrication modeling, and the ability to produce a full-scale component within the boundaries of this project. Lightweight aluminum foam sandwich panels, railcar primary crash energy dissipation, head impact injury mitigation, and a passenger-seat-mounted sliding rail to reduce passenger secondary impact injury were explored. All applications showed promise, except aluminum foam strips to mitigate head impact injury. The passenger seat sliding rail device was chosen for full scale testing after positive sub-scale tests. In an 8g pulsed sled test with 50th percentile male instrumented dummies, Head Injury Coefficient (HIC) values were reduced by 80% with an aluminum foam-filled sliding rail mounted to the seat pedestals.
Piezoelectric resonators based on self-assembled diphenylalanine microtubes (2013)

Piezoelectric actuation has been widely used in microelectromechanical devices including resonance-based biosensors, mass detectors, resonators, etc. These were mainly produced by micromachining of Si and deposited inorganic piezoelectrics based on metal oxides or perovskite-type materials which have to be further functionalized in order to be used in biological applications. In this work, we demonstrate piezoelectrically driven micromechanical resonators based on individual self-assembled diphenylalanine microtubes with strong intrinsic piezoelectric effect. Tubes of different diameters and lengths were grown from the solution and assembled on a rigid support. The conducting tip of the commercial atomic force microscope was then used to both excite vibrations and study resonance behavior. Efficient piezoelectric actuation at the fundamental resonance frequency ≈2.7 MHz was achieved with a quality factor of 114 for a microtube of 277 μm long. A possibility of using piezoelectric dipeptides for biosensor applications is discussed.
Detection and Analysis of Cranial Bruit (1987)

A method of detecting cranial bruits produced by turbulent blood circulation in the head is presented. The acoustic properties of the head were examined in order to design and evaluate a direct-contact-type phonodetector using an accelerometer. The detection apparatus described here can be applied to any part of the head and is able to detect weak bruits over the frequency range of 100 Hz-3 kHz. It has fairly simple frequency characteristics. Spectral and coherence analyses made on bruits recorded by the detection apparatus indicated the possibility of noninvasive diagnosis of intracranial vascular lesions, especially for detecting aneurysm in mass examinations.
Stochastic load flow analysis using artificial neural networks (2006)

Stochastic load flow is a method for calculation of the effects of inaccuracies in input data on all output quantities through the load flow calculations. This gives a range of values (confidence limit) for each output quantity, which represent the operative condition of the system, to a high degree of probability or confidence. This paper presents a new method for stochastic load flow analysis using artificial neural networks. It is desirable to know the state of the power system in a range with certain confidence, with consideration of input data uncertainties and inaccuracies, on instant-to-instant basis in the fastest possible way. Present method using artificial neural networks to stochastic load flow problem is an effort in that direction and will be a very useful technique in effectively dealing with demand side uncertainties for power system planning and operation. The proposed artificial neural network model has been tested on a sample power system using two different training algorithms and simulation results are presented
The Artificial Heart (1991)

A significant medical event is expected in 1992: the first human use of a fully implantable, long-term cardiac assist device. This timely volume reviews the artificial heart program--and in particular, the National Institutes of Health's major investment--raising important questions.The volume includes: Consideration of the artificial heart versus heart transplantation and other approaches to treating end-stage heart disease, keeping in mind the different outcomes and costs of these treatments. A look at human issues, including the number of people who may require the artificial heart, patient quality of life, and other ethical and societal questions. Examination of how this technology's use can be targeted most appropriately. Attention to achieving access to this technology for all those who can benefit from it. The committee also offers three mechanisms to aid in allocating research and development funds.
New super-stiff guide wire. (1986)

A super-stiff spring guide wire is described, which overcomes some of the drawbacks of the Lunderquist-Ring guide wire. The new wire couples maximum stiffness with a smooth, gradual transition to a floppy tip, thus decreasing the likelihood of breakage and organ perforation.