gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applicability of a Modified Edman Procedure for Measurement of Protein Adducts:  Mechanisms of Formation and Degradation of Phenylthiohydantoins (2002)

Adducts to N-terminal valine residues in hemoglobin (Hb) are used for monitoring in vivo doses of electrophiles and are quantitated by means of a modified Edman procedure, the "N-alkyl Edman procedure". In the reaction with pentafluorophenyl isothiocyanate, N-alkylated valines cyclize and detach from the protein as pentafluorophenylthiohydantoins (PFPTHs) much more efficiently than do unsubstituted N-terminal valine residues. The mechanisms of this reaction, and of possible degradation reactions, have been studied with model compounds using phenyl- and pentafluorophenyl isothiocyanate. The rapid cyclization to N-alkylvaline-PTHs occurs as a consequence of the influence of substituents on ring formation. This facilitated cyclization favors a direct attack by the thiocarbamoyl nitrogen atom on valine-C-1, and is also observed to occur slowly at unsubstituted N-terminal valines. Such cyclization is favored in protic solvents. Under alkaline conditions and in the presence of air, hydrolytic and oxidative processes give rise to degradation products. The PTH derivatives of N-alkylvaline are less apt to undergo such reactions than are the corresponding derivatives of unsubstituted valine. We conclude that the presence of an N-substituent exerts a greater influence on the cyclization process than the structure of the amino acid or of the Edman reagent. For adducts of different structures, the method has broad applicability, for which the limits, however, are not yet explored. The knowledge from the studies is valid not only for the N-alkyl Edman procedure, but also, to some extent, for the classical Edman degradation reaction. The oxidative side reaction gave rise to the invention of a novel synthesis route for insertion of nucleophiles at carbon-5 in thiohydantoins. The present investigation provides a basis for the N-alkyl Edman procedure, facilitating new toxicological applications.
CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype‐based dose recommendations for antidepressants: a first step towards subpopulation‐specific dosages (2001)

We have provided preliminary average dose suggestions based on the phenotype or genotype. This is a first attempt to apply the new pharmacogenetics to suggest dose-regimens that take the differences in drug metabolic capacity into account.
Prewarping techniques in imaging: applications in nanotechnology and biotechnology (2005)

In all imaging systems, the underlying process introduces undesirable distortions that cause the output signal to be a warped version of the input. When the input to such systems can be controlled, pre-warping techniques can be employed which consist of systematically modifying the input such that it cancels out (or compensates for) the process losses. In this paper, we focus on the mask (reticle) design problem for 'optical micro-lithography', a process similar to photographic printing used for transferring binary circuit patterns onto silicon wafers. We use a pixel-based mask representation and model the above process as a cascade of convolution (aerial image formation) and thresholding (high-contrast recording) operations. The pre-distorted mask is obtained by minimizing the norm of the difference between the 'desired' output image and the 'reproduced' output image. We employ the regularization framework to ensure that the resulting masks are close-to-binary as well as simple and easy to fabricate. Finally, we provide insight into two additional applications of pre-warping techniques. First is 'e-beam lithography', used for fabricating nano-scale structures, and second is 'electronic visual prosthesis' which aims at providing limited vision to the blind by using a prosthetic retinally implanted chip capable of electrically stimulating the retinal neuron cells.
Trustworthy online controlled experiments (2012)

Online controlled experiments are often utilized to make data-driven decisions at Amazon, Microsoft, eBay, Facebook, Google, Yahoo, Zynga, and at many other companies. While the theory of a controlled experiment is simple, and dates back to Sir Ronald A. Fisher's experiments at the Rothamsted Agricultural Experimental Station in England in the 1920s, the deployment and mining of online controlled experiments at scale--thousands of experiments now--has taught us many lessons. These exemplify the proverb that the difference between theory and practice is greater in practice than in theory. We present our learnings as they happened: puzzling outcomes of controlled experiments that we analyzed deeply to understand and explain. Each of these took multiple-person weeks to months to properly analyze and get to the often surprising root cause. The root causes behind these puzzling results are not isolated incidents; these issues generalized to multiple experiments. The heightened awareness should help readers increase the trustworthiness of the results coming out of controlled experiments. At Microsoft's Bing, it is not uncommon to see experiments that impact annual revenue by millions of dollars, thus getting trustworthy results is critical and investing in understanding anomalies has tremendous payoff: reversing a single incorrect decision based on the results of an experiment can fund a whole team of analysts. The topics we cover include: the OEC (Overall Evaluation Criterion), click tracking, effect trends, experiment length and power, and carryover effects.
Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes by Self‐Propagation High‐Temperature Synthesis and Annealing Method (2010)

High‐quality boron nitride nanotubes were synthesized by annealing porous precursor in flowing NH 3 gas at 1150°C. The porous precursor B 18 Ca 2 (MgO) 9 was produced by self‐propagation high‐temperature synthesis (SHS) method using Mg, B 2 O 3 , and CaB 6 as the starting materials, which played an important role in synthesis of BN nanotubes in large quantities. Samples were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, HRTEM, X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The as‐synthesized BN nanotubes have an average diameter of about 150 nm with a wall/diameter ratio of 2/3. Mean length of the BN nanotubes was more than 10 μ m. The effects of temperature, time, and the possible mechanism of the growth of the BN nanotubes were also discussed.
A platinum oxide decorated amorphous cobalt oxide hydroxide nanosheet array towards alkaline hydrogen evolution (2018)

A platinum oxide decorated amorphous cobalt oxide hydroxide nanosheet array has been prepared and used for alkaline hydrogen evolution.
Effect of Pressurized Liquids on Extraction of Antioxidants from Chlorella vulgaris (2010)

Chlorella vulgaris is a green microalga that contains various antioxidants, such as carotenoids and chlorophylls. In this study, antioxidants from C. vulgaris were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), which has been recently used for bioactive compound extraction. The antioxidant capacity of individual compounds in chlorella was determined by online HPLC ABTS(*+) analysis. According to the antioxidant analysis of total extracts, the extraction yield, radical scavenging activity, and phenolic compounds using PLE were relatively high compared to those obtained using maceration or ultrasound-assisted extraction. On the basis of online HPLC ABTS(*+) analysis, the 15 major antioxidants from chlorella extracts were identified as hydrophilic compounds, lutein and its isomers, chlorophylls, and chlorophyll derivatives. Using PLE at high temperature (85-160 degrees C) significantly increased antioxidant extraction from chlorella, improving the formation of hydrophilic compounds and yielding more antioxidative chlorophyll derivatives. Online HPLC ABTS(*+) analysis was a useful tool for the separation of main antioxidants from PLE extracts and allowed the simultaneous measurement of their antioxidant capacity, which clearly showed that PLE is an excellent method for extracting antioxidants from C. vulgaris.
Anti‐Interleukin‐6 Antibodies Inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation (1997)

Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) infect epithelial cells, become localized in neurons, and can reactivate in response to a variety of stimuli, including ultraviolet light and hyperthermia. The sequence of gene activation during viral replication is known, but the molecular linkage between exogenous stimuli and HSV reactivation has not been determined. It was hypothesized that interleukin (IL)-6 acts as a signal between exogenous stimuli and neurons, stimulating HSV reactivation from latency. Mouse corneas were infected with HSV-1, and ocular reactivation was induced 5-7 weeks later by thermal stress or corneal exposure to ultraviolet light. Anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies were administered to the latently infected mice 8-12 h before the reactivation stimulus. Treatment with anti-IL-6 antibodies resulted in significantly lower frequencies of ocular reactivation compared with those in mice treated with a control immunoglobulin. These results support the hypothesis that IL-6 plays a role in HSV reactivation from latency.
Enantio- and Stereospecific Syntheses of 15(<i>R</i>)-Me-PGD<sub>2</sub>, A Potent and Selective DP<sub>2</sub>−Receptor Agonist (2008)

The first total synthesis of 15(R)-Me-PGD2 3 is reported. The synthesis is based on the enantioselective and stereospecific syntheses of synthon 17 and its attachment to the five-membered ring by a olefin cross metathesis reaction. This approach permits the introduction of a side chain with a predetermined stereogenic center into the prostanoid ring, resulting in the synthesis of 15R-methyl prostaglandin D2 and allows rapid access to other prostanoids.
Characteristics of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I purified from Escherichia coli. (1976)

GTP cyclohydrolase I, an enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction in the pathway for the biosynthesis of the pteridine portion of folic acid, was purified from Escherichia coli by 3,900-fold to apparent homogeneity. Its molecular weight is estimated at 210,000. At relatively high concentrations of salt (e.g. 0.3 M KCl) the enzyme can be dissociated into seemingly identical subunits of 51,000 molecular weight. Removal of the salt allows reassociation. GTP, ATP, and inorganic orthophosphate at concentration of 5 muM, 100muM, and 0.2 mM, respectively, promote the reassociation of the subunits even in the presence of 0.3 M salt. The subunits have little or no catalytic activity. When the enzyme was subjected to electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel under denaturing conditions (in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate) only one protein band was evident; its molecular weight was estimated at 25,500. Proline was determined as the only NH2-terminal amino acid residue of the enzyme. These observations suggest that the enzyme consists of four identical subunits and that each subunit contains two identical polypeptide chains. Enough GTP was bound to the enzyme to suggest that each polypeptide contains one GTP binding site. The Km value for GTP IS 0.02 MuM. ATP, dGTP, and guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate are competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 0.25 muM, 0.24 muM, and 0.13 muM, respectively. Orthophosphate is an uncompetitive inhibitor. The enzyme is relatively heat-stable; its half-life at 82 degrees is 7 min. Salt (NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl) at a concentration of 0.1 M activates the enzyme by 4- to 5-fold. The only products of the action of the enzyme are formate and the triphosphoester of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine (H2-neopterin-PPP). The evidence strongly suggests that this single enzyme catalyzes 4 independent chemical reactions in the conversion of GTP to H2-neopterin-PPP.
Production of Microbial Cells from Hydrocarbons (1965)

Hydrocarbon-assimilating yeasts and bacteria were isolated from soil and sewage. The optimal conditions of cell yield from liquid paraffine by a Torulopsis yeast and a Pseudomonas strain were studied. A Torulopsis yeast gave, in optimal condition, 70 percent cell yield on a weight conversion basis from light oil fraction. In a strain of Pseudomonas the additions of amino acids, Fe+ +, Mg+ + and Ca+ + ions were effective for cell production. This strain showed, in optimal condition, 80 percent cell yield (wt%) from kerosene.
Structural analysis of a human I-A homologue using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes an MB3-like specificity. (1983)

Monoclonal antibody IVD12 was used to isolate and characterize a human Ia molecule present on B cells that generally display DR4 or DR5 phenotypes. The specificity of binding of IVD12 to human peripheral blood B cells from 75 normal individuals and 19 homozygous human lymphoblastoid B cell lines was identical to the supertypic specificity MB3 previously defined. Furthermore, IVD12-reactivity was shown to segregate with HLA in three informative families. In each family, individuals positive for IVD12 binding were also positive for DR4 or DR5. Using IVD12, a molecule has been isolated from the homozygous cell line PRIESS (DR4/4) and has been shown by amino acid sequence analysis to be homologous to the murine I-A and human HLA-DS molecules. These findings suggest that the MB3 specificity is found on a molecule encoded by loci distinct from those loci which encode HLA-DR molecules. This molecule represents the third family of HLA-D region molecules isolated from the cell line PRIESS. Both HLA-DR and HLA-SB molecules from this cell line were previously shown by amino acid sequence analysis to be I-E-like but distinct from one another. Collectively, these data provide evidence that the HLA-D region contains at least six loci encoding distinct alpha and beta chains for the HLA-SB, HLA-DR, and HLA-DS molecules.
Age and Gender Difference in Circadian Rhythm in Blood Pressure. (1993)

In order to evaluate the effect of gender and aging on the diurnal rhythm of blood pressure (BP), we performed ambulatory BP monitoring in 267 normotensive volunteers (mean age +/- SD 52.1 +/- 24.6 years, range 16-93 years, 114 men, 153 women). Ambulatory 24-hour BP was recorded every 30 minutes with an oscillometric method by ABPM630 (Nippon-Kolin, Japan). Circadian rhythm was determined by fitting the 24-hour cosine function curve. Subjects were divided into three age groups, consisting of the Y group (age < 30), M group (age > or = 30 but < 60), and E group (age > or = 60). Highest normal values of the 24-hour mean BP (90 percentile of the values) were 126/75 mmHg in the Y group, 126/76 mmHg in the M group, and 154/85 mmHg in the E group in men. They were 117/67 mmHg, 125/77 mmHg 151/79 mmHg respectively in women. The MESOR of SBP increased with age in women, though it was significantly higher only in the E group among men. The amplitude of SBP decreased with age significantly only in men. The acrophase of SBP shifted to an earlier time of day with aging in both men and women. The trends in the circadian rhythm of DBP with age were similar to those of SBP. In conclusion, the circadian rhythm of blood pressure varies with gender and aging. The 24-hour blood pressure values should be considered with evaluating sex-age matched reference values.
Realistic sand-production prediction (1989)

This paper provides an analysis of perforation-tunnel stability through a set of three-dimensional (3D) transient fluid-flow and geomechanical finite-element codes. The results are quantitatively accurate and can be applied to field design completion problems. The paper clarifies the causes of sand problems occurring in a field and suggests techniques to minimize the problems.
Brief communication Pomegranate juice reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human coronary endothelial cells (2006)

We examined the hypothesis that pomegranate juice (PJ) can revert the potent downregulation of the expression of endothelial nitricoxide synthase (NOSIII) induced by oxidized low-density liporotein (oxLDL) in human coronary endothelial cells. Western blot and Northern blot analyses showed a signiWcant decrease of NOSIII expression after a 24-h treatment with oxLDL. Accordingly, we observed a signiWcant dose-dependent reduction in nitric oxide bioactivity represented by both basal and bradykinin-stimulated cellular cGMP accumulation. These phenomena were corrected signiWcantly by the concomitant treatment with PJ. Our data suggest that PJ can exert beneWcial eVects on the evolution of clinical vascular complications, coronary heart disease, and atherogenesis in humans by enhancing the NOSIII bioactivity.
Fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks: A survey (2009)

This article provides an up-to-date survey of hybrid fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks that leverage on the respective strengths of optical and wireless technologies and converge them seamlessly. FiWi networks become rapidly mature and give rise to new powerful access network solutions and paradigms. The survey first overviews the state of the art, enabling technologies and future developments of wireless and optical access networks, respectively, paying particular attention to wireless mesh networks and fiber to the home networks. After briefly reviewing some generic integration approaches of EPON and WiMAX networks, several recently proposed FiWi architectures based on different optical network topologies and WiFi technology are described. Finally, technological challenges toward the realization and commercial adoption of future FiWi access networks are identified.
Issues in Developing Clinical Applications for the Wireless Environment (2002)

The use of wireless technology in the clinical setting is increasing. There are a growing number of clinical applications being developed to run on mobile devices and communicate wirelessly. There are numerous issues that arise when developing for the wireless environment and a number of options available. At New York Presbyterian Hospital (NYPH), many of these issues were dealt with for the implementation of a wireless clinical application called PalmCIS (Palm-based Clinical Information System).
Reduction of Erythrocyte (Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>)ATPase Activity in Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent) Diabetic Patients with Microalbuminuria (1994)

In order to elucidate the causal relationship between (Na(+)-K+)ATPase and diabetic nephropathy, we studied the erythrocyte (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity in Type 2 diabetic patients, 20 with microalbuminuria and 27 without microalbuminuria and in 16 control subjects. (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activities in microalbuminuric patients (0.273 +/- 0.012 mumol Pi/mg protein/h, mean +/- SE) were significantly reduced compared with those without microalbuminuric patients (0.308 +/- 0.011 mumol Pi/mg protein/h, p < 0.05) and control subjects (0.330 +/- 0.011 mumol Pi/mg protein/h, p < 0.01). Microalbuminuric patients had higher systolic blood pressure (133 +/- 3 vs 124 +/- 3 mmHg, p < 0.05) and greater frequency of parental hypertension (50% vs 19%, p < 0.05) than those without microalbuminuria. (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activities in diabetic patients with hypertension were significantly reduced compared with those in diabetic patients without hypertension. Moreover, (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activities in diabetic patients with parental hypertension were significantly reduced compared with those in patients without parental hypertension. There was no difference in erythrocyte Na+ content between with and without microalbuminuria or hypertension or parental hypertension in diabetic patients. Erythrocyte Na+ content was significantly negatively correlated with (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity in control subjects (r = -0.619, p < 0.05), but not in diabetic patients (r = -0.194). Plasma digitalis-like substances showed no correlation with (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activities in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or hypertension or parental hypertension. We concluded that the reduction of erythrocyte (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity may be related to a familial predisposition to arterial hypertension and may partly be responsible for the development of diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 diabetic patients.
Alkali‐Phosphorverbindungen und ihr reaktives Verhalten, IV. Darstellung und Charakterisierung disubstituierter Säurephosphide (1959)

Abstract Säurechloride, R·COCl, reagieren mit Alkali‐Phosphorverbindungen, MePR 2 , unter Bildung disubstituierter Säurephosphide, RCO·PR 2 . Sie liegen in Benzol monomer vor. Während eine Quartärsalzbildung mit Methyljodid noch möglich ist, versagen die üblichen Additionsreaktionen, wie Bildung entsprechender Sulfide oder Anlagerung von Schwefelkohlenstoff. Durch Natronlauge werden die Säurephosphide in sek. Phosphine und Carbonsäuren gespalten. Gegenüber Phenylhydrazin verhalten sie sich wie die Säureamide. — Bei der Wechselwirkung von Phosgen mit Alkali‐Phosphorverbindungen entstehen neben Kohlenoxyd die entsprechenden Diphosphine.
Image Denoising Based on Mean Filter and Wavelet Transform (2015)

The traditional mean filter in the processing of the image noise reduction can make the image edge information lose, the image is obscure. The wavelet transformation in the image processing can not only suppresses image noise but also has the strong ability of image enhancement. So I combine two filtering methods for image noise reduction processing. The experiments and the test in this paper show that the denoising effect by combining of wavelet transform and mean filter is superior to simple denoising method and the existing combination of the denoising method no matter from visual aspect and in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and root mean square error.
Distinctions Produce a Taxonomic Lattice: Are These the Units of Mentalese? (2006)

Ontologies describe a conceptualization of a part of the world relevant to some application. What are the units of conceptualizations? Current ontologies often equate concepts with words from natural languages. Words are certainly not the smallest units of conceptualization, neither are the sets of synonyms of WordNet or other linguistically justified units. I suggest to take distinctions as basic units and to construct concepts from them whereas other approaches start with concepts and discover properties that distinguish them. Distinctions separate concepts and produce a taxonomic lattice, which contains the named concepts together with other potential conceptual units. The taxa are organized in a superclass/subclass (better supertaxa/subtaxa) relation and for any two taxa there is always a single least common supertaxon. Algorithms to maintain such a taxonomic structure and methods to combine different taxonomies are shown, using a four valued (relevance) logic as introduced by Belnap [1]. The novel aspect of the method is that distinctions that are only meaningful in the context of other distinctions restrict the lattice of concepts to the meaningful subset.

The approach is restricted to the is_a relation between classes; it relates to Formal Concept Analysis, but replaces the “formal attributes” with (necessary) distinctions and uses a four-valued logic. It stresses the focus of recent ontological studies like DOLCE or WonderWeb on qualities; it is expected that distinctions as introduced here for the is_a hierarchy influence the mereological aspects of an ontology (i.e., the part_of relation) and connect to Gibson's affordances [2] and contribute to the classification of operations.