gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lung ventilation during walking and running in four species of lizards. (1987)

The relationship between locomotion and aspiration breathing was investigated in the lizards Iguana iguana, Ctenosaura similis, Varanus exanthematicus and Varanus salvator, and the quail Coturnix coturnix. Respiratory air-flow during walking and running on a 7.3 m track or on a treadmill was measured with a bidirectional flow meter attached to one nostril. In all four species of lizards, lung ventilation drops markedly during locomotion. Tidal volume decreases as speed increases, often by more than an order of magnitude at intermediate and high speeds, and the rate of decline is most pronounced at the lowest speeds. Minute ventilation peaks at or before the reported maximum aerobic speed and decreases at higher speeds. In contrast, quail increase their minute ventilation during running. Several observations support the hypothesis that the aspiration of lizards is mechanically constrained by locomotion which employs lateral vertebral bending and sprawling posture. 1. Minute ventilation decreases as running speed increases. 2. Disruption of ventilation is temporally coincident with the locomotor movements. 3. During running the largest breaths correspond to the strides of longest duration or to brief pauses in the locomotor movements.
E-Beam Patterning of Hot-Filament CVD Fluorocarbon Films Using Supercritical CO2 as a Developer (2001)

Supercritical carbon dioxide as the development medium for patterning fluorocarbon films deposited by hot-filament CVD is described. This study is intended to merge the role of resist and dielectric material to produce directly patterned low dielectric constant films, which serve as insulating material compatible with metallization schemes. It concludes that such a direct dielectric patterning process represents a potential alternative to conventional lithography and wet development, and it may present a possible way of eliminating multiple steps presently required to produce patterned insulators.
Low-crosstalk, low-power Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical switch based on III-V/Si hybrid MOS phase shifter (2018)

An optical switch with InGaAsP/Si hybrid metal-oxide-semiconductor phase shifter is demonstrated with low crosstalk (−28.6 dB) and low power consumption (1.3 nW) due to the large electron-induced refractive index change and small absorption in InGaAsP.
Energy harvesting circuit for sensor system power supply (2011)

The paper presents two example approaches to energy harvesting. Mechanical energy harvesting system is based on vibrational minigenerator. Basic relations of its analytical model are given in order to obtain an idea about the operating conditions. Electromagnetic harvesting system is based on tuned resonant nano-structure. Its concepts allows impedance matching in order to operate in given frequency range. The matching properties are verified by means of numerical finite element analysis. For power management of vibration energy harvesting system several circuit design concepts are presented together with simulation results and basic properties comparison.
A test synthesis approach to reducing BALLAST DFT overhead (1997)

In this paper, we present a test synthesis approach which integratesBALLAST (BALAnced structure Scan Test) withan enhanced test point insertion (TPI) algorithm to functionallyscan the flip-flops chosen by BALLAST.BALLASTis an attractive partial scan technique in that it offers combinationalATPG efficiency while promising to reduce full scanoverhead.However, the practical problem with BALLASTis it typically requires more scan flip-flops than other partialscan techniques.The TPI enhancements enable TPI toaim at the reduction of BALLAST overhead.The enhancementsinclude a more flexible test point insertion heuristic,a modified gain function which enables TPI to target a selectedset of flip-flops, and a more efficient procedure toremove redundant test points.The experimental results onnine benchmark circuits show the proposed test synthesisapproach can achieve on average 38% area saving comparedto full scan, while BALLAST alone achieves 17%.
Determination of the solid‐liquid ratio of fats by wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance (1971)

Abstract The Newport Quantity Analyzer is suitable for the determination of the solid‐liquid ratio in fats provided an accurate and rapidly reacting temperature control for the sample between the magnets is used. Hydrogen content and relaxation times determine the NMR signals. The hydrogen content can be calculated from the iodine value and the saponification value. In order to obtain a reliable “liquidline ” for a given sample, the NMR read out is measured at 60 C (completely molten state) and this value is multiplied by fixed factors for each temperature. With the Newport instrument, these conversion factors are still slightly dependent on the hydrogen content. Determinations of the solids content of various margarine blends, shortenings and hydrogenated oils were made. The relation between dilatometry and NMR results is temperature dependent. The correlations were especially good at low temperature, but poor at > 30 C.
Breast Cancer Cell Invasion into a Three Dimensional Tumor-Stroma Microenvironment (2016)

In this study, to model 3D chemotactic tumor-stroma invasion in vitro, we developed an innovative microfluidic chip allowing side-by-side positioning of 3D hydrogel-based matrices. We were able to (1) create a dual matrix architecture that extended in a continuous manner, thus allowing invasion from one 3D matrix to another, and (2) establish distinct regions of tumor and stroma cell/ECM compositions, with a clearly demarcated tumor invasion front, thus allowing us to quantitatively analyze progression of cancer cells into the stroma at a tissue or single-cell level. We showed significantly enhanced cancer cell invasion in response to a transient gradient of epidermal growth factor (EGF). 3D tracking at the single-cell level displayed increased migration speed and persistence. Subsequently, we analyzed changes in expression of EGF receptors, cell aspect ratio, and protrusive activity. These findings show the unique ability of our model to quantitatively analyze 3D chemotactic invasion, both globally by tracking the progression of the invasion front, and at the single-cell level by examining changes in cellular behavior and morphology using high-resolution imaging. Taken together, we have shown a novel model recapitulating 3D tumor-stroma interactions for studies of real-time cell invasion and morphological changes within a single platform.
Kinetic modeling of microwave‐assisted chemoenzymatic epoxidation of styrene (2005)

Abstract Novozym 435 (Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized on polyacrylic resin) is used to generate perlauric acid directly from lauric acid and hydrogen peroxide. This generated perlauric acid was then applied for both in situ and ex situ epoxidation of styrene to styrene oxide. The reactions were carried out by using conventional heating as well as microwave heating. Various kinetic parameters affecting the conversion and initial rates of styrene to styrene oxide were studied including mass transfer, mechanism, kinetic modeling, and deactivation. Under microwave irradiation, there was an increase in the frequency factor resulting from enhanced collision of molecules, which can in turn be attributed to the increasing entropy of the system. The values of activation energy for the conventional and microwave heating are almost the same. The enzyme is deactivated by hydrogen peroxide and perlauric acid and also at high temperature under conventional heating. In the presence of microwaves, the deactivation of Novozym 435 was substantially reduced. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
A New Approach to Directional Survey Interpretation and Course Correction by the Sectional Method (1992)

An oblique circular arc representation for wellbore trajecories, a geometric analysis termed the sectional method, is presented. This approach permits projected line segments to be functions of the dogleg angle and to be related to usually measured displacements between survey stations. The advantages of this analysis are: a solution for the dogleg angle and a method of survey interpretation, the sectional method; a procedure for exact interpolation of true vertical depth, azimuth, and inclination between survey stations; a basis of solution for a computer program which provides course correction information during a turn to a target. The program provides a solution summary for a course correction from various survey stations in a well to any planned target. As a result, an optimum course correction or “minimum plugback depth” can be quickly determined. Once the desired kickoff point is selected, the program provides an exact solution of true vertical depth, azimuth, inclination, and toolface angle for every 100 of correction course length. The latter result provides a dramatic improvement in existing technology because all measurements used to control the correction run are now based on a center of turn rather than the arbitrary reference used in the typical ouija board solution; and because the solution is exact, such variables as effective toolface angle can better be evaluated and precisely corrected resulting in the smoothest possible turn with minimum doglegs.
Glutathione Synthesis Is Diminished in Patients With Uncontrolled Diabetes and Restored by Dietary Supplementation With Cysteine and Glycine (2010)

Patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes have severely deficient synthesis of glutathione attributed to limited precursor availability. Dietary supplementation with GSH precursor amino acids can restore GSH synthesis and lower oxidative stress and oxidant damage in the face of persistent hyperglycemia.
Introduction to Silicon Chemistry and Biochemistry (2007)

An outline of the chemistry of silicon is given, stressing the reactions in water. In biological systems the metabolism of silicon is little known but much silica is deposited in a variety of amorphous forms. The differences between this biological silica and mineral silicas and silicates, which can be health hazards, are indicated. However both manufactured mineral phase and molecules containing silica can be valuable in medicine.
H1 antihistamines and benzodiazepines. Pharmacological interactions and their impact on cerebral function. (2013)

Antihistamines (AH) have been classified into first and second generation according to their pharmacokinetic properties, structural characteristics and adverse effects. The effects on the central nervous system (CNS) are determined basically by their capacity to cross the hematoencephalic barrier and attach to central H1 receptors. Benzodiazepines (BZD) are drugs with effects on the CNS following their union to the specific location of GABA receptors type A. At low doses, the BZD have sedative and anticonvulsive effects, and as the dose increases it leads to sedation, amnesia and finally unconsciousness. Various studies have been made on the possible interaction between the BZD and the AH H1 with special attention to their effect on the CNS. In some cases these were studies to assess the safety of this association and in others, the aim was different: to see if their joint administration gives a better therapeutic result in pathology related with anxiety syndrome or insomnia. In general it can be said that first generation AH interact with the BZD increasing the sedative effects of the latter. However, second generation AH do not increase these sedative effects, which makes them the chosen drugs to treat allergic rhinitis/rhino-conjunctivitis and urticaria in patients also receiving BZD.
CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF BARLEY ALPHA-AMYLASE (1994)

International audience
Dynamic Neural Network Modelling of Soil Moisture Content for Predictive Irrigation Scheduling (2018)

Sustainable freshwater management is underpinned by technologies which improve the efficiency of agricultural irrigation systems. Irrigation scheduling has the potential to incorporate real-time feedback from soil moisture and climatic sensors. However, for robust closed-loop decision support, models of the soil moisture dynamics are essential in order to predict crop water needs while adapting to external perturbation and disturbances. This paper presents a Dynamic Neural Network approach for modelling of the temporal soil moisture fluxes. The models are trained to generate a one-day-ahead prediction of the volumetric soil moisture content based on past soil moisture, precipitation, and climatic measurements. Using field data from three sites, a R 2 value above 0.94 was obtained during model evaluation in all sites. The models were also able to generate robust soil moisture predictions for independent sites which were not used in training the models. The application of the Dynamic Neural Network models in a predictive irrigation scheduling system was demonstrated using AQUACROP simulations of the potato-growing season. The predictive irrigation scheduling system was evaluated against a rule-based system that applies irrigation based on predefined thresholds. Results indicate that the predictive system achieves a water saving ranging between 20 and 46% while realizing a yield and water use efficiency similar to that of the rule-based system.
Polysulfide Flow Batteries Enabled by Percolating Nanoscale Conductor Networks (2014)

A new approach to flow battery design is demonstrated wherein diffusion-limited aggregation of nanoscale conductor particles at ∼1 vol % concentration is used to impart mixed electronic-ionic conductivity to redox solutions, forming flow electrodes with embedded current collector networks that self-heal after shear. Lithium polysulfide flow cathodes of this architecture exhibit electrochemical activity that is distributed throughout the volume of flow electrodes rather than being confined to surfaces of stationary current collectors. The nanoscale network architecture enables cycling of polysulfide solutions deep into precipitation regimes that historically have shown poor capacity utilization and reversibility and may thereby enable new flow battery designs of higher energy density and lower system cost. Lithium polysulfide half-flow cells operating in both continuous and intermittent flow mode are demonstrated for the first time.
A 60GHz Passive Repeater Array with Endfire Radiation Based on Metal Groove Unit-Cells (2015)

International audience
Comparative Study of Clustering Techniques for the Organization of Software Repositories (2007)

Software reuse is essential for improving the productivity and quality of software projects. One of the key issues to promote the adoption of software reuse in companies is the development of effective repositories of software components. It is also very important to have good methods for searching and retrieval of the components. Clustering techniques can help by providing a visualization of the repository of software components as well as in helping to refine the searches by grouping together similar components. In this paper we quantitatively compare two clustering techniques, namely, self-organizing maps (SOM) and growing hierarquical SOM (GHSOM) for clustering a repository of classes from a Java API for building mobile systems. The performance measure was the quantization error. The simulations have shown that GHSOM outperforms SOM in these tasks. GHSOM is more suitable for this task because it is a constructive technique, which is an advantage in tackling the growth of the repository of software components.
Railcar Suppliers Look to Offer Range of Services (2011)

Rail companies today are delivering more than rolling stock, according to the author. Many are providing maintenance programs, technical support, training, even rail ties as rail agencies in the U.S. cope with budget shortfalls. The author examines services offered by four large international companies: Alstom, Bombardier, L.B. Foster Co., and Siemens. By utilizing these companies, transit operators can lower their risk, save money, and work with organizations that have implemented similar programs in other countries.
Emulation of a FMA and Correctly Rounded Sums: Proved Algorithms Using Rounding to Odd (2008)

Rounding to odd is a nonstandard rounding on floating-point numbers. By using it for some intermediate values instead of rounding to nearest, correctly rounded results can be obtained at the end of computations. We present an algorithm for emulating the fused multiply-and-add operator. We also present an iterative algorithm for computing the correctly rounded sum of a set of floating-point numbers under mild assumptions. A variation on both previous algorithms is the correctly rounded sum of any three floating-point numbers. This leads to efficient implementations, even when this rounding is not available. In order to guarantee the correctness of these properties and algorithms, we formally proved them by using the Coq proof checker.
A Tandem Algorithm for Pitch Estimation and Voiced Speech Segregation (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A lot of effort has been made in computational auditory scene analysis (CASA) to segregate speech from monaural mixtures. The performance of current CASA systems on voiced speech segregation is limited by lacking a robust algorithm for pitch estimation. We propose a tandem algorithm that performs pitch estimation of a target utterance and segregation of voiced portions of target speech jointly and iteratively. This algorithm first obtains a rough estimate of target pitch, and then uses this estimate to segregate target speech using harmonicity and temporal continuity. It then improves both pitch estimation and voiced speech segregation iteratively. Novel methods are proposed for performing segregation with a given pitch estimate and pitch determination with given segregation. Systematic evaluation shows that the tandem algorithm extracts a majority of target speech without including much interference, and it performs substantially better than previous systems for either pitch extraction or voiced speech segregation. </para>
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VERTEBRAL FRACTURES IN WOMEN (1989)

Vertebral fracture prevalence was assessed in an age-stratified random sample of Rochester, Minnesota women aged 50 years and over. Vertebral fractures, including wedge and concavity as well as compression fractures, were common and increased with age. The estimated incidence of new vertebral fractures also rose with age, reaching 29.6 per 1,000 person-years in women aged greater than or equal to 85 years. The prevalence of one or more vertebral fractures also increased with declining bone mass, reaching 42% in women with spinal bone mineral density less than 0.6 g/cm2 by dual photon absorptiometry. Bone mass and age contributed independently to the risk of vertebral fracture, but "age" may reflect other manifestations of osteoporosis.
Soy Isoflavones in the Prevention of Menopausal Bone Loss and Menopausal Symptoms (2011)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00076050.
The electrical characteristics of a conical horn-reflector antenna employing a corrugated horn (1993)

The electrical properties of a conical horn-reflector antenna of 2-3 degrees beamwidth have been investigated over the frequency range of 12-18 GHz. It is shown that the employment of a corrugated horn reduces the characteristic spillover side lobe of the conical horn-reflector antenna by 15 dB and yields excellent main beam circularity over the full Ku band. This results from the taper of the field amplitude toward the edges of the horn aperture in both the E-plane and the H-plane illumination. The performance of the antenna makes it suitable for use in closely packed interferometers for radio astronomy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Charge transfer effect in the polyaniline-gold nanoparticle memory system (2007)

A composite system comprised of polyaniline nanofibers bonded with gold nanoparticles is shown to possess a memory effect via a charge transfer mechanism. The charge transfer occurs between the imine nitrogen in the polyaniline and the gold nanoparticles as confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. This charge transfer enables a bistable electrical conductivity, allowing the material system to be used as a digital memory device. The charge transfer is further confirmed by the elimination of the conductance switching when the fully reduced form of polyaniline, leucoemeraldine, which possesses no imine nitrogens, is used in place of the emeraldine form.
PNES around the world: Where we are now and how we can close the diagnosis and treatment gaps—an <scp>ILAE PNES</scp> Task Force report (2017)

An international consensus clinical practice statement issued in 2011 ranked psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) among the top three neuropsychiatric problems. An ILAE PNES Task Force was founded and initially charged with summarizing the current state of the art in terms of diagnosis and treatment, resulting in two publications. The first described different levels of diagnostic certainty. The second summarized current knowledge of management approaches. The present paper summarizes an international workshop of the ILAE PNES Task Force that focused on the current understanding and management of PNES around the world. We initially provide a knowledge update about the etiology, epidemiology, and prognosis of PNES-in adults and in special patient groups, such as children, older adults, and those with intellectual disability. We then explore clinical management pathways and obstacles to optimal care for this disorder around the world by focusing on a number of countries with different cultural backgrounds and at very different stages of social and economic development (United Kingdom, U.S.A., Zambia, Georgia, China, and Japan). Although evidence-based methods for the diagnosis and treatment of PNES have now been described, and much is known about the biopsychosocial underpinnings of this disorder, this paper describes gaps in care (not only in less developed countries) that result in patients with PNES not having adequate access to healthcare provisions. A range of challenges requiring solutions tailored to different healthcare systems emerges. Continued attention to PNES by the ILAE and other national and international neurologic, psychiatric, and health organizations, along with ongoing international collaboration, should ensure that patients with PNES do not lose out as healthcare services evolve around the world.
Industrial innovation based on fundamental physics* (2002)

Industrial innovation frequently results from an improved understanding of basic physics. Scientific discoveries quite often lead to engineering inventions that have not been the target of the original investigations. Examples are given from the field of plasma physics and plasma technology. High voltage circuit breakers, ozone generators, high power CO2 lasers, excimer lamps, and plasma display panels have profited substantially from initially purely scientific investigations. In the meantime they have reached multi-billion dollar market shares.