gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing The Quality And Accessibility Of Geographic Learning Through Modern Instructional Strategies In The School: Its Implications And Opportunities (2014)

Geography is the study of the interaction between people and environment .It develops knowledge and understanding of the distribution of human and natural phenomenas. Now Geography teachers use an inquiry based approach, innovative techniques and broad based curriculum to the learning which extends children's awareness of the wider world beyond the local area. Modern instructional strategies develops competencies essential in the workplace and leads to careers in areas such as spatial sciences, resource management and urban planning. Nowadays geography caters for a variety of learning styles such as verbal linguistics, visualspatial, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, and interpersonal and intrapersonal. These include maps, tables, photographs, graphs, diagrams, satellite images, field work report, annotated visual displays, oral presentations, debates, discussions, essays, structured questions, ICT databases, software packages and GIS analysis. A sound geographic background provides a sense of location (place)of distribution(space)of people and processes (movement),interactions and associations, spatial changes overtime and of scale (local,natioal,regional,global).The main objective of the study is to analyse the impact of modern instructional strategies and provide a set of suggestions for new geography curriculum. By analyzing primary informations we can understand the depth of practical knowledge of students and implications of geography learning in the day to day life situations. The study is mainly based on primary questionnaire survey which is concreted by secondary information obtained from journals. The primary data obtained from 200 students. It is based on random sampling. Simple statistical methods used for analysis.
Facile Fabrication of Single‐Crystal‐Diamond Nanostructures with Ultrahigh Aspect Ratio (2013)

A robust and facile approach for making single-crystal-diamond MEMS and NEMS devices is presented. The approach relies entirely on commercial diamond material and standard cleanroom processes. As an example, batch fabrication of cantilever beams of thickness down to 45 nm and aspect ratios exceeding 2000:1 is demonstrated.
Catalytic and asymmetric aziridination of alkenes catalysed by a chiral manganese porphyrin complex (1997)

A D4-manganese(III) porphyrin is utilized to catalyze aziridination of styrene-type substrates with enantiomeric excess ranging from 43 to 68%; evidence for a MnIV reactive intermediate in the catalysis was obtained from spectroscopic studies and organic product analysis.
MHC class II deprivation impairs CD4 T cell motility and responsiveness to antigen-bearing dendritic cells <i>in vivo</i> (2007)

The role continuous contact with self-peptide/MHC molecules (self ligands) in the periphery plays in the function of mature T cells remains unclear. Here, we elucidate a role for MHC class II molecules in T cell trafficking and antigen responsiveness in vivo. We find that naïve CD4 T cells deprived of MHC class II molecules demonstrate a progressive and profound defect in motility (measured by real-time two-photon imaging) and that these cells have a decreased ability to interact with limiting numbers of cognate antigen-bearing dendritic cells, but they do not demonstrate a defect in their responsiveness to direct stimulation with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Using GST fusion proteins, we show that MHC class II availability promotes basal activation of Rap1 and Rac1 but does not alter the basal activity of Ras. We propose that tonic T cell receptor signaling from self-ligand stimulation is required to maintain a basal state of activation of small guanosine triphosphatases critical for normal T cell motility and that T cell motility is critical for the antigen receptivity of naïve CD4 T cells. These studies suggest a role for continuous self-ligand stimulation in the periphery for the maintenance and function of mature naïve CD4 T cells.
Hypothalamic Vasopressor and Vesicopressor Pathways (1967)

THE REGULATION of vasopressor and vesicopressor functions by the central nervous system (CNS) occurs at a series of levels, of which the highest are the hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex. Neither of these structures is indispensable for the maintenance of blood pressure, as evidenced by the normal levels that are present after decerebration at the midcollicular level. However, stimulation of the cortex, and particularly the hypothalamus, can produce marked variations in blood pressure which range from increases up to double the resting systolic pressure to decreases of 20 mm Hg or more. Numerous investigations of the hypothalamic visceromotor pathways followed the initial studies of Karplus and Kreidl.<sup>1-4</sup>A survey of this voluminous literature reveals areas of general agreement and others of controversy.<sup>5-15</sup>It is generally agreed that the most caudal part of the hypothalamus, the periaqueductal gray substance, and the midbrain tegmentum contain areas Kabat and associates<sup>12</sup>
Cleavage of AL amyloid proteins and AL amyloid deposits by cathepsins B, K, and L (2004)

Cathepsin (Cath) B, CathK and CathL are cysteine proteases that participate in the lysosomal protein degradation system and are expressed in macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated histiocytic giant cells (MGCs). Both macrophages and MGCs are commonly found adjacent to immunoglobulin light chain-associated (AL) amyloid deposits, which raised the question of whether cysteine proteases are able to cleave AL amyloid proteins and AL amyloid deposits. The present study has investigated whether recombinant human CathB, CathK, and CathL are able to degrade AL(VlambdaVI) amyloid proteins and AL amyloid deposits. Using immunohistochemistry, CathB, CathK, and CathL were found adjacent to AL amyloid deposits. In vitro degradation experiments using purified AL amyloid proteins showed that CathB, CathK, and CathL degrade AL(VlambdaVI) amyloid proteins. Furthermore, using unfixed tissue sections from an amyloidotic spleen as an in vitro model for extracellular proteolysis of intact amyloid deposits, it was demonstrated that all three cysteine proteases are also capable of degrading AL amyloid in situ. This is the first study to show that cysteine proteases are able to cleave AL amyloid proteins. However, the efficiency with which proteolysis occurs depends on the concentration of active protease recruited at the sites of amyloid deposition, and possibly on the structure of the AL amyloid proteins.
Novel GAA raised source / drain sub-10-nm poly-Si NW channel TFTs with self-aligned corked gate structure for 3-D IC applications (2011)

A novel gate-all-around raised source / drain sub-10-nm poly-Si nanowire (NW) channel TFTs with self-aligned corked gate structure (GAA RSDNW-TFTs) have been successfully demonstrated. It is through the use of a novel fabrication process requiring no advanced lithographic tools. The corked gate (CG) structure, only the poly gate pattern was etched, reduces complex of process significantly. For the first time, several properties of this 3D architecture are explored: (i) the Si NW dimension is about 7 nm × 12 nm and a superior smooth elliptical shape is obtained in the category of poly-Si NW TFTs. (ii) the temperature dependence and the instability under PBTI stress of the main electrical parameters are proposed.
The bHLH regulator <i>pMesogenin1</i> is required for maturation and segmentation of paraxial mesoderm (2000)

Paraxial mesoderm in vertebrates gives rise to all trunk and limb skeletal muscles, the trunk skeleton, and portions of the trunk dermis and vasculature. We show here that germline deletion of mouse pMesogenin1, a bHLH class gene specifically expressed in developmentally immature unsegmented paraxial mesoderm, causes complete failure of somite formation and segmentation of the body trunk and tail. At the molecular level, the phenotype features dramatic loss of expression within the presomitic mesoderm of Notch/Delta pathway components and oscillating somitic clock genes that are thought to control segmentation and somitogenesis. Subsequent patterning and specification steps for paraxial mesoderm also fail, leading to a complete absence of all trunk paraxial mesoderm derivatives, which include skeletal muscle, vertebrae, and ribs. We infer that pMesogenin1 is an essential upstream regulator of trunk paraxial mesoderm development and segmentation.
Tumour-associated upregulation of the IL-4 receptor complex. (1990)

In a previous study we have shown that monoclonal antibody MR6, which we believe recognizes a component of the human IL-4 receptor complex, binds to a wide variety of epithelial tumours. We have now used this reagent to carry out more detailed analysis of tumours of the breast. Our immunohistochemical data indicate that approximately 30% of these tumours show elevated expression of the molecule to which MR6 binds. In addition, three samples of lymphoma were all MR6-positive. Normal breast tissue from the same patients was either negative or weakly positive. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting analysis with MR6 show that the molecule expressed on tumour cells is indistinguishable from that on normal tissues. It has an apparent molecular weight of 200 kD, but is highly sensitive to proteolysis yielding a molecule of 145 kD. These data raise the possibility that upregulation of the IL-4 receptor complex may be involved in tumourigenesis. In addition, since only a third of tumours are MR6-positive, the antibody may have potential in differential diagnosis.
In <i>Vitro</i> Orientation of Fibroblasts and Myoblasts on Aligned Collagen Film (1981)

A collagen film in which the collagen fibers were aligned was prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Cell orientation on this film was studied in vitro using human fibroblasts and chick embryo myoblasts. Ninety-four percent of innoculated fibroblasts were aligned along the direction of the collagen fiber. The cell orientation was disturbed when cytochalasin B or colchicine was added to the culture medium. The myoblasts showed a similar alignment along the direction of collagen fiber. The scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that none of the cytoplasmic extensions had consistent relationships to the direction of collagen fiber. Myoblast fusion was accelerated on the aligned membrane as compared to a randomly oriented film, suggesting some role of contact guidance in muscle cell differentiation.
Emerging Foodborne Diseases (1997)

The epidemiology of foodborne diseases is rapidly changing. Recently described pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the epidemic strain of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium Definitive Type 104 (which is resistant to at least five antimicrobial drugs), have become important public health problems. Well-recognized pathogens, such as Salmonella serotype Enteritidis, have increased in prevalence or become associated with new vehicles. Emergence in foodborne diseases is driven by the same forces as emergence in other infectious diseases: changes in demographic characteristics, human behavior, industry, and technology; the shift toward a global economy; microbial adaptation; and the breakdown in the public health infrastructure. Addressing emerging foodborne diseases will require more sensitive and rapid surveillance, enhanced methods of laboratory identification and subtyping, and effective prevention and control.
Face recognition and De-Identification in the frequency domain (2016)

When dealing with images obtained in surveillance context, video-based automatic\nidentity recognition is considerably more difficult than still images-based. The\ndifficulties increase due to several simultaneous and uncontrolled factors, such as severe\nvariations of illumination, expression, pose, occlusion and motion. Furthermore,\nan automatic face detection process does not provide an accurate registration neither\nguarantees a full face localization, then as a result there are misalignment errors\nand/or wrong scales that affect the recognition performance. Moreover, not only recognizing\nface images is highly important to combat crime, but nowadays, it is also\nquite important to protect the privacy of subjects visible in some surveillance scenarios.\nThus, to obtain the necessary rightful information and at the same time to\npreserve the rights for people's privacy is a current challenge. In this dissertation, a\ngeneral framework for such a challenge is developed.\nFirstly, one goal is face recognition considering illumination and expression variations,\nrelative poses, partial occlusions and spatial shifts. To this end, we propose\na correlation lter capable of dealing with all those difficulties and achieving at the\nsame time a higher margin of separability between genuine and impostor classes. Because\nthe method uses both, modeling a face subspace in the frequency domain and\nthe original image matrix, we propose a new (2D)2(PCA) based phase-only method\nthat yields face images with higher quality while preserving edge information allowing\nto represent and extract more efficiently facial features. Experimental results, using\nthe AR and YALE-B face databases, show that the proposed method achieves higher\nrecognition accuracies than other methods in the frequency domain and in the space\ndomain.
Spontaneous knots and the law of snaggature (2008)

What a pleasure to read the brief story on how string spontaneously forms knots (Physics Today, Physics Today 0031-9228 60 11 2007 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2812112. November 2007, page 19 ). The report immediately called to mind my late father, Paul S. Cohen, from the College of New Jersey’s chemistry department. He formulated—only half in jest—what he termed the “law of snaggature,” which states that everything in the universe spontaneously snags everything else, including electrical cords, ropes, string, cables, threads, hoses, and any other long, narrow, flexible objects. While he was confined to his hospital bed during his last days three years ago, he even joked about snaggature concerning his IV tubes.How I wish I could show him this article. I know he would be immensely pleased to find out he was right.© 2008 American Institute of Physics.
Asymmetrische Synthesen mit homogenen Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren (1973)

Abstract Der Fortschritt auf dem Gebiet der homogenen Katalyse in den letzten fünf bis sechs Jahren ist gekennzeichnet u.a. durch die Entwicklung hochselektiver Katalysatoren für asymmetrische Synthesen. Mit wohldefinierten Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren lassen sich bei asymmetrischen Hydrierungen in homogener Phase optische Ausbeuten von 85 bis über 90% erzielen. Bei katalytischen Reaktionen, bei denen die chiralen Zentren im Zuge von CC‐Verknüpfungen entstehen, wurden optische Ausbeuten von 70 bis 80% erreicht. Als Katalysatoren für die Hydrierungen dienen vornehmlich Rhodium(I)‐Komplexe mit „Horner‐Phosphanen”︁, Phosphanen mit chiralen C‐Atomen oder optisch aktiven Amiden. Für die CC‐Verknüpfungen unter Induktion optischer Aktivität haben sich Katalysatoren bewährt, die aus π‐Allylnickelhalogeniden, Lewis‐Säuren und Phosphanen mit chiralen C‐Atomen gewonnen werden. Die Ergebnisse bedeuten einen Durchbruch auf einem Katalysegebiet, das bisher Enzymen vorbehalten war.
Tooth loss after active periodontal therapy. 1: patient‐related factors for risk, prognosis, and quality of outcome (2008)

The following risk factors for tooth loss were identified: ineffective oral hygiene, irregular SPT, IL-1 polymorphism, initial diagnosis, smoking, age and sex.
Therapeutic efficacy and safety of platelets treated with a photochemical process for pathogen inactivation: the SPRINT Trial (2004)

We report a transfusion trial of platelets photochemically treated for pathogen inactivation using the synthetic psoralen amotosalen HCl. Patients with thrombocytopenia were randomly assigned to receive either photochemically treated (PCT) or conventional (control) platelets for up to 28 days. The primary end point was the proportion of patients with World Health Organization (WHO) grade 2 bleeding during the period of platelet support. A total of 645 patients (318 PCT and 327 control) were evaluated. The primary end point, the incidence of grade 2 bleeding (58.5% PCT versus 57.5% control), and the secondary end point, the incidence of grade 3 or 4 bleeding (4.1% PCT versus 6.1% control), were equivalent between the 2 groups (P =.001 by noninferiority). The mean 1-hour posttransfusion platelet corrected count increment (CCI) (11.1 x 10(3) PCT versus 16.0 x 10(3) control), average number of days to next platelet transfusion (1.9 PCT versus 2.4 control), and number of platelet transfusions (8.4 PCT versus 6.2 control) were different (P <.001). Transfusion reactions were fewer following PCT platelets (3.0% PCT versus 4.4% control; P =.02). The incidence of grade 2 bleeding was equivalent for PCT and conventional platelets, although posttransfusion platelet count increments and days to next transfusion were decreased for PCT compared with conventional platelets.
The effect of mechanical stability on local vascularization and tissue differentiation in callus healing (2002)

To investigate the influence of the stability of an osteotomy fixation on the local vascularization and tissue differentiation in callus healing, a transverse osteotomy of the right metatarsal with a gap size of 2 mm was performed in 10 sheep and stabilized with an external fixator. This fixator permitted a defined axial movement. Two groups of 5 sheep were each operated upon to allow 0.2 mm (group A) or 1 mm (group B) of axial movement. Nine weeks after surgery, the callus was dissected and histological sections prepared. The type of tissue and the vessel distribution were determined. Larger interfragmentary movements led to significantly more fibrocartilage (small axial movement A: 6.2%, large axial movement B: 21.6%) and significantly less bone formation (A: 38.2%, B: 26.3%). On average, and particularly close to the periosteum the number of vessels in the callus healing area was greater in the group with smaller movements than in the group with larger movements. There was a significant difference between the distribution of small (< 20 microm) and large (> 40 microm) vessels across the whole healing area for both groups. Whereas the large vessels showed maximum density in the medullary cavity, the small vessels showed the highest frequency in the peripheral part of the periosteal callus.
Comparative Neurovirulence and Tissue Tropism of Wild-type and Attenuated Strains of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Administered by Aerosol in C3H/HeN and BALB/c Mice (1998)

To assess the potential for aerosol administration of vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), we compared the neurovirulence and tissue tropism of the wild-type Trinidad donkey (TrD) strain to those of the attenuated TC83 and V3526 strains of VEE in mice. Six to 8-week-old female C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice were aerosol exposed to one of the three VEE strains. Three mice of each strain were euthanatized at different times and their tissues were processed and stained using hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. All three viral strains infected the brains of mice and induced encephalitis. TrD spread caudally from the olfactory bulbs to all regions of the brain, caused widespread necrotizing panencephalitis by day 5, and resulted in 100% mortality (geometric mean = 7 days) in both mouse strains. By comparison, TC83 relatively spared the caudal regions of the brain but still caused 100% mortality in the C3H/HeN mice (geometric mean = 12 days), yet it did not kill any BALB/c mice. V3526 infectivity of the brain was the most limited, mainly affecting the neocortex and diencephalon. This virus was not lethal in either mouse strain. The TrD strain also infected the olfactory neuroepithelium, local lymphoid tissues, teeth, and vomeronasal organs, whereas the affinity of TC83 and V3526 outside the brain was essentially limited to the olfactory neuroepithelium. Attenuated VEE strains administered to mice by aerosol have restricted tissue tropism as compared with wild-type virus; however, even attenuated strains can infect the brain and induce encephalitis.
Small Intestinal Organoid-Derived SP Cells Contribute to Repair of Irradiation-Induced Skin Injury (2005)

Side population (SP) cells, characterized by their ability to efflux the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342, were isolated from the small intestine of mice. In the abdominal irradiation model, small intestinal organoid-derived SP (sioSP) cells from ROSA 26 mice were submucosally injected into the small intestinal of the irradiated C57BL/6 mice. In contrast to the control mice, mice receiving sioSP cell transplantation demonstrated far less skin injury. Most importantly, hairs in the irradiated body part of the transplanted mice almost remained black, whereas the counterpart in the control mice almost turned white. Histochemistry studies showed the donor cells gave rise to skin cells in the irradiated skin. Thus, our study demonstrated for the first time that stem cells from the small intestine can differentiate into skin cells under local cues and thus supports the theory of stem cell plasticity.
Investigating Li-O<sub>2</sub> Electrochemistry Using Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) and Surface Characterization Techniques (2011)

Abstract not Available.
Identification of Key Amino Acids of the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Superantigen Involved in the Specific Interaction with T-Cell Receptor V<sub>β</sub>Domains (2001)

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a retrovirus encoding a superantigen that is recognized in association with major histocompatibility complex class II by the variable region of the beta chain (V(beta)) of the T-cell receptor. The C-terminal 30 to 40 amino acids of the superantigen of different MMTVs display high sequence variability that correlates with the recognition of particular T-cell receptor V(beta) chains. Interestingly, MMTV(SIM) and mtv-8 superantigens are highly homologous but have nonoverlapping T-cell receptor V(beta) specificities. To determine the importance of these few differences for specific V(beta) interaction, we studied superantigen responses in mice to chimeric and mutant MMTV(SIM) and mtv-8 superantigens expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. We show that only a few changes (two to six residues) within the C terminus are necessary to modify superantigen recognition by specific V(beta)s. Thus, the introduction of the MMTV(SIM) residues 314-315 into the mtv-8 superantigen greatly decreased its V(beta)12 reactivity without gain of MMTV(SIM)-specific function. The introduction of MMTV(SIM)-specific residues 289 to 295, however, induced a recognition pattern that was a mixture of MMTV(SIM)- and mtv-8-specific V(beta) reactivities: both weak MMTV(SIM)-specific V(beta)4 and full mtv-8-specific V(beta)11 recognition were observed while V(beta)12 interaction was lost. The combination of the two MMTV(SIM)-specific regions in the mtv-8 superantigen established normal MMTV(SIM)-specific V(beta)4 reactivity and completely abolished mtv-8-specific V(beta)5, -11, and -12 interactions. These new functional superantigens with mixed V(beta) recognition patterns allowed us to precisely delineate sites relevant for molecular interactions between the SIM or mtv-8 superantigen and the T-cell receptor V(beta) domain within the 30 C-terminal residues of the viral superantigen.