gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: New Insights in Pathology (2011)

Cholangiocarcinomas are malignant tumors that derive from cholangiocytes of small intrahepatic bile ducts or bile ductules (intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; ICC), or of large hilar or extrahepatic bile ducts (extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; ECC). ICC and ECC differ in morphology, pathogenesis, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis. This review focuses on ICC, which is rising in incidence with the emergence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as a risk factor. The authors examined 73 ICC, which were resected at The Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City, and reviewed the literature. The tumors were categorized into classical and nonclassical ICCs based on histopathology. Classical ICCs (54.8%) were characterized by a tubular, glandular, or nested pattern of growth, were significantly associated with tumor size of more than 5 cm and the absence of underlying liver disease and/or advanced fibrosis. Nonclassical ICCs (45.2%) consisted of tumors with trabecular architecture, tumors that exhibited features of extrahepatic carcinomas, and carcinomas considered to be derived from hepatic progenitor cells, i.e., combined hepatocellular/cholangiocarcinomas and cholangiolocellular carcinomas (ductular type of ICC). They were smaller and often arose in chronic liver disease, mostly HCV infection, and/or with significant fibrosis. The role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of ICC and the importance of the new American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System for ICC are also discussed.
Development of a Simple Dielectric Analysis Module for Online Cure Monitoring of a Commercial Epoxy Resin Formulation (2017)

The final properties of thermosets are strongly dependent on their curing process. Therefore, closely monitoring this process is necessary to assure the manufacturing quality and productivity. In this way, the aim of this study is to develop a simple dielectric module for monitoring and optimizing the industrial curing cycle of thermosets. The module is based on a data acquisition system and an interdigital sensor that remains in contact with the resin throughout the entire curing process. Dielectric analysis (DEA) was performed in a commercial epoxy resin formulation widely used as a matrix for thermoset composites, which was submitted to a pre-established and validated curing cycle. The properties derived from DEA measurements are in accordance with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results, allowing the identification of key stages of the curing process. The similarity between the results of both techniques is a strong indicative of the possibility of using the developed module as an alternative for industrial cure monitoring and optimization.
Differential pattern of <i>Xist</i> RNA accumulation in single blastomeres isolated from 8‐cell stage mouse embryos following laser zona drilling (2002)

Xist gene expression begins at the late 2-cell stage in female mouse embryos and by the third division results in the accumulation of an average 100 copies of Xist RNA per cell, as measured by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the blastocyst, the trophectoderm maintains the paternally imprinted pattern of Xist expression present during early development, while either the maternal or the paternal X chromosome can express Xist among cells of the inner mass. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has previously established that Xist transcripts are localized on the silenced X chromosome, forming aggregates of variable dimensions in blastomeres of 8-cell embryos. This observation and the fact that Xist RNA accumulation per cell sharply decreases after morula stage raise the possibility that cells of cleaving embryos contain different levels of Xist RNA, perhaps linked to their subsequent developmental fates. We show here that Xist RNA is efficiently recovered from single blastomeres isolated from 8-cell embryos following laser zona drilling. Sexing of the samples and simultaneous quantification of Xist RNA in individual cells is achieved with a multiplex Xist/Sry real-time RT-PCR assay sensitive to the single-copy level. This analysis reveals that Xist RNA is indeed accumulated to substantially different levels in individual blastomeres of the same 8-cell embryo and that two blastomeres contain most of the molecules per embryo. These results support the conclusion that cells of the early mammalian embryo are not all functionally equivalent. Differential Xist gene expression could arise from differences in DNA methylation, or the order in which cells divide.
Sustained activation of Rac1 in hepatic stellate cells promotes liver injury and fibrosis in mice (2006)

Rac, a small, GTP-binding protein in the Rho family, regulates several cellular functions, including the activation of NADPH oxidase, a major intracellular producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from mice that are genetically deficient in NADPH oxidase produce less ROS, and their activation during chronic liver injury is abrogated, resulting in decreased liver fibrosis. Therefore, we hypothesized that HSC ROS production and activation would be enhanced, and fibrosis worsened, by increasing Rac expression in HSCs. To achieve this, we used transgenic mice that express constitutively active human Rac1 under the control of the alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-sma) promoter, because alpha-sma expression is induced spontaneously during HSC activation. Transgene expression was upregulated progressively during culture of primary Rac-transgenic HSCs, and this increased HSC ROS production as well as expression of activation markers and collagen. Similarly, Rac mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) accumulated greater numbers of activated HSCs and had more liver damage, hepatocyte apoptosis, and liver fibrosis-as well as higher mortality-than CCl(4)-treated wild-type mice. In conclusion, sustained activation of Rac in HSCs perpetuates their activation and exacerbates toxin-induced liver injury and fibrosis, prompting speculation that Rac may be a therapeutic target in patients with cirrhosis.
Boron nitride as a processing aid for the extrusion of polyolefins and fluoropolymers (2000)

Abstract The influence of a new processing additive (fine particles of boron nitride) on the processability of polyolefins and fluoropolymers in extrusion is studied. The equipment used includes an Instron capillary rheometer with two types of dies, namely capillary dies and special annular dies (Nokia Maillefer wire coating crosshead) attached to the rheometer, and an extruder. Two metallocene polyethylenes and several Teflon® fluoropolymers were tested using these two pieces of equipment. The additive had a significant effect on the extrudate appearance of polyethylene and fluoropolymer particularly in the crosshead dies. It was found to eliminate surface melt fracture and to postpone the critical shear rate for the onset of gross melt fracture to significantly higher values depending on resin type, temperature, and additive concentration (typically 0.005% to 0.5%). To explain the possible mechanism for the effect of the additive on the processability of the resins, rheological measurements using both parallel‐plate and sliding‐plate rheometers were carried out. The rheology of the resins did not seem to change significantly with the addition of boron nitride except for the low‐shear‐rate (low‐frequency) range, where the behavior of the filled resin was found to be similar to that of a crosslinked polymer or a phase‐separated entangled blend. Practical wire coating and tubing extrusion studies for these resins were also carried out.
Measurement of the four-dimensional transverse emittance of an ion beam (2000)

A pepper-pot emittance measurement system has been developed for measuring the four-dimensional transverse emittance of an ion beam. The complete emittance can be constructed by stepping a graphite pepper-pot mask through a cross section of the beam and taking two-dimensional profiles of its images. The profiles are measured by moving a set of thin collectors (0.6 mm wide and 0.4 mm apart) stacked vertically on a ceramic board through a cross section of the beam. A high-resolution capability of 1.6 mm by 1.3 mrad has been demonstrated for beam widths of 50 mm and divergence angles up to 75 mrad. An adaptive algorithm has been developed to match the pepper-pot holes to their corresponding images without imposing any bounds on the divergence or direction of the beam.
Lane boundaries detection algorithm using vector lane concept (2008)

A lane detection system is an important component of many intelligent transportation systems. In this paper, we present a robust and real-time lane tracking algorithm for any curved road. We use Non Uniform B-Spline (NUBS) interpolation method to construct the boundaries road lane. First, the Canny filter is employed to obtain edge map. Second, we apply parallel thinning algorithm into edge map to get the skeleton image. Once skeleton image is obtained, we introduce a new algorithm based on Vector Lane Concept to extract feature edge points that play the role as control points for NUBS interpolation process to represent left and right lane, separated. Finally, we estimate the curvature of left and right lane boundary for lane tracking. The result of this method can be used for Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGV) system application.
Calcium channel antagonist properties of the antineoplastic antiestrogen tamoxifen in the PC12 neurosecretory cell line. (1987)

In view of existing evidence that Ca2+ may be important for tumor cell growth and metastasis, we investigated the effects of three antineoplastic drugs on K+-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels of the PC12 neurosecretory cell line. The agents chosen for study (vinblastine, doxorubicin, and tamoxifen) were those previously shown to inhibit Ca2+/calmodulin- or Ca2+/phospholipid-activated protein kinases. Neither vinblastine nor doxorubicin altered 45Ca2+ uptake at concentrations that inhibit these Ca2+-dependent enzymes. However, tamoxifen reduced uptake [50% inhibitory dose, 8.6 +/- 0.9 (SE) microM] and competed for Ca2+ channel antagonist binding sites labeled by [3H]-(+)PN200-110 (ki = 2.2 +/- 0.3 microM). Ca2+ channel antagonist properties may contribute to the effects of antineoplastic agents such as tamoxifen.
TGF-β Mediates Homing of Bone Marrow–Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Glioma Stem Cells (2013)

Although studies have suggested that bone marrow human mesenchymal stem cells (BM-hMSC) may be used as delivery vehicles for cancer therapy, it remains unclear whether BM-hMSCs are capable of targeting cancer stem cells, including glioma stem cells (GSC), which are the tumor-initiating cells responsible for treatment failures. Using standard glioma models, we identify TGF-β as a tumor factor that attracts BM-hMSCs via TGF-β receptors (TGFβR) on BM-hMSCs. Using human and rat GSCs, we then show for the first time that intravascularly administered BM-hMSCs home to GSC-xenografts that express TGF-β. In therapeutic studies, we show that BM-hMSCs carrying the oncolytic adenovirus Delta-24-RGD prolonged the survival of TGF-β-secreting GSC xenografts and that the efficacy of this strategy can be abrogated by inhibition of TGFβR on BM-hMSCs. These findings reveal the TGF-β/TGFβR axis as a mediator of the tropism of BM-hMSCs for GSCs and suggest that TGF-β predicts patients in whom BM-hMSC delivery will be effective.
Holographic strain analysis: extension of fringe-vector method to include perspective (1976)

A method has been published recently that permits determination of complete strain and rotation tensors of homogeneously deformed objects directly from fringes that are observed on their surfaces. However, the illumination and observation directions had to be considered constant over the regions of interest to apply the technique. This paper presents an extension of that theory to include both observation and illumination perspectives. It is shown that bulk translations of an object combine with linear variations in the directions of observation and illumination to generate fringe vectors that add directly to those generated by the object's homogeneous transformations. These linear variations are calculable from illumination and observation geometry.
Parametric concepts in liquid rotational molding (1976)

Abstract A description of the fluid mechanics and the energy transfer mechanisms present in a liquid rotational molding system is discussed. A simplified model assuming the liquid can be drawn off in a continuous layer over the mold surface was assumed. For the case of a negligible energy of reaction, a closed form analytical solution has been developed. The effects of mold composition and polymer thickness on the heating and cooling cycles have been analytically determined. The more complex problem, which includes the energy of reaction, has been solved for a representative case.
64. Tertiary phosphine complexes of trimethylgold: infrared spectra of complexes of gold and some other metals (1963)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Residues added to the carboxyl terminus of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin protein interfere with recognition by integrin receptors (1993)

Escherichia coli strains encoding the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin protein are efficiently internalized by mammalian cells. Bacterial uptake into cultured cell lines became defective, however, if invasin was altered by fusion of its carboxyl terminus to E. coli alkaline phosphatase or by the addition of two hydrophobic amino acids to its carboxyl-terminal end. Probing with anti-invasin monoclonal antibodies revealed that the amino-terminal end of invasin was properly localized on the bacterial cell surface in strains encoding invasin with 2 additional amino acids, whereas the carboxyl terminus was not accessible to the monoclonal antibody. Therefore, the 2 additional amino acids interfered with the folding or orientation of the carboxyl terminus in the outer membrane. Alkylation experiments in the absence of reduction indicated that this defect was not caused by a gross inability to form a critical disulfide bond. Revertants were selected from a strain encoding this mutant protein by enriching for organisms able to enter cultured mammalian cells. The vast majority of revertants that were isolated following this enrichment contained a stop codon at the usual position found in the wild type inv gene. The most efficient of the remaining revertants resulted in the introduction of a glycine residue at the site of the wild type stop codon, presumably restoring proper conformation of the carboxyl-terminal region.
Amorphous/crystalline heterostructure as a novel approach to fabrication of a solar cell (1984)

The performance and characteristics of a novel structure device combining amorphous and crystalline semiconductors is reported for the first time. An amorphous SiC:H/crystal Si heterostructure solar cell gave a conversion efficiency of 5.11% with Voc = 0.53 V and Isc = 22.64 mA/cm2 without the use of any transparent electrode or AR coating. The relative spectral response of the cells has been found to be close to that of the ‘violet cell’.
Consideraciones sobre el derecho a la vivienda en la Constitución Española de 1978 (1983)

Fairly soluble drugs in gastrointestinal (GI) media exhibit complete oral absorption, and thus good bioavailability. About 40% of drugs are not soluble in water in practice and therefore are slowly absorbed, which results in insufficient and uneven bioavailability and GI toxicity. Thus, most exigent phase of drug development practice particularly for oral dosage forms is the enhancement of drug solubility and thereby its oral bioavailability. Solubility, an important factor to achieve desired plasma level of drug for pharmacological response, is the phenomenon of dissolution of solid in liquid phase resulting in a homogenous system. This review describes various traditional and novel methodologies proposed for solubility enhancement of simvastatin, and ultimately improvement in its bioavailability. For simvastatin, solubility is a crucial rate limiting factor to achieve its desired level in systemic circulation for pharmacological response. Thus, problematic solubility of simvastatin is a main challenge for dosage form developing researchers. Various procedures, illustrated in this review, have been successfully employed to improve the simvastatin solubility for its bioavailability enhancement; however, successful improvement essentially depends on the assortment of technique. Among all the solubility enhancement techniques, solid dispersion method, in terms of ease and efficiency is most promising and routinely employed technique to resolve the solubility problems of simvastatin.
S-passivated InP (100)-(1×1) surface prepared by a wet chemical process (1992)

A highly stable crystalline S-passivated InP(100) surface has been obtained by a simple wet chemical process, using illumination and heated (NH4)2S solution. Low-energy electron diffraction studies show a (1×1) diffraction pattern, which persists even after 3 days of exposure to the atmosphere. High-resolution photoemission studies show that the surface is terminated with a monolayer of sulfur, which forms bridge bonds only to indium. The P 2p core level is identical to that of a vacuum-cleaved InP surface. A possible structural model is presented.
Variation of Signal Reflection on Electrodes of Silicon Mach-Zehnder Modulators: Influence of Nanoscale Variation and Mitigation Strategies (2021)

Driving signal reflection on traveling wave electrodes (TWEs) is a critical issue in Mach-Zehnder modulators. Fabrication variation often causes a random variation in the electrode impedance and the signal reflection, which induces modulation characteristics variation. The variation of reflection could be intertwined with the variation of other electrode characteristics, such as microwave signal attenuation, resulting in complexity. Here, we characterize the (partial) correlation coefficients between the reflection and modulation characteristics at different bit rates. Decreasing correlation at higher bit rates is observed. Device physics analysis shows how the observed variation can be related to nanoscale variation of material properties, particularly in the embedded diode responsible for electro-optic modulation. We develop a detailed theory to analyze two variation modes of the diode (P-i-N diode or overlapping P/N regions), which reveal insight beyond simplistic diode models. Microwave signal attenuation tends to reduce the correlation with on-electrode reflection, particularly at high bit rates. The theory shows the relative importance of conductor-induced attenuation and "dielectric"-induced attenuation, with different dependence on the frequency and fabrication variation. Strategies on how to mitigate the effect of variation for better fabrication tolerance are discussed by considering three key factors: pre-shift in structural design, bias condition, and fabrication control accuracy.
Colon Straightening Based on a Gravity Field Model (2009)

In this paper we present a colon straightening method based on a gravity field model. The colon is considered as an isotropic elastic solid geometry. Nonlinear finite element method is adopted to simulate the colon deformation process under the gravity in the natural world. Thin-plate spline based kernel transform is used to interpolate among the nodes of the finite elements. Experiments with both simulation models and a CT dataset are designed. The results show the proposed method is more effective compared with other existing straightening methods in the regions of the colon with high curvature or asymmetrical structure.
A Non-Destructive and Direction-Insensitive Method Using a Strain Sensor and Two Single Axis Angle Sensors for Evaluating Corn Stalk Lodging Resistance (2018)

Corn stalk lodging is caused by different factors, including severe wind storms, stalk cannibalization, and stalk rots, and it leads to yield loss. Determining how to rapidly evaluate corn lodging resistance will assist scientists in the field of crop breeding to understand the contributing factors in managing the moisture, chemical fertilizer, and weather conditions for corn growing. This study proposes a non-destructive and direction-insensitive method, using a strain sensor and two single axis angle sensors to measure the corn stalk lodging resistance in the field. An equivalent force whose direction is perpendicular to the stalk is utilized to evaluate the corn lodging properties when a pull force is applied on the corn stalk. A novel measurement device is designed to obtain the equivalent force with the coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.85%. Five corn varieties with two different planting densities are arranged to conduct the experiment using the novel measurement device. The experimental results show that the maximum equivalent force could reach up to 44 N. A strong relationship with the square of the correlation coefficient of 0.88 was obtained between the maximum equivalent forces and the corn field’s stalk lodging rates. Moreover, the stalk lodging angles corresponding to the different pull forces over a measurement time of 20 s shift monotonically along the equivalent forces. Thus, the non-destructive and direction-insensitive method is an excellent tool for rapid analysis of stalk lodging resistance in corn, providing critical information on in-situ lodging dynamics.
Mechanisms for Requirements Driven Component Selection and Design Automation (2010)

Component selection and design automation play a major role in reducing the system development cost and time due to the ability to accommodate rapid changes in technology advances and the time-to-market constraints imposed on product release. In this article we present our research on partially automating the process of architecture design starting from semantic representations for requirements and components. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is used for specification and modeling. A set of rules written in Prolog control the processes for model verification and architecture synthesis. This methodology is part of the Requirements-Driven Design Automation (RDDA) framework that we develop for component-based system development.
Development of Xenon feed system for a 300 W Hall-effect Thruster (2009)

소형 인공위성의 궤도 보정을 위한 300 W급 홀 추력기의 제논연료공급장치를 개발하였다. 가스 상태의 제논 연료를 150 bar에서 2 kg을 저장할 수 있으며, 0.5 SCCM의 미세 유량을 제어할 수 있다. 미세 유량을 제어할 수 있는 유량 제어밸브의 구동을 위해 시스템을 구성하고, 시험을 통해 성능검증을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 <TEX>$1.0{\times}10^{-6}$</TEX> torr압력의 진공에서 연료공급장치가 성공적으로 동작함을 확인하였다. A Xenon feed system has been developed for a 300 W Hall-effect thruster intended for orbit maintenance of small satellite. The system can store about 2 kg of xenon gas at 150 bar and is capable of controlling the mass flow rate of the gas at 0.5 SCCM resolution. The performance of the system is verified with a laboratory experiment. It is confirmed that the operation of the feed system is successful at a pressure level of <TEX>$1.0{\times}10^{-6}$</TEX> torr in the vacuum chamber.