gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Performance Normally-Off ${\rm Al}_{2}{\rm O}_{3}/{\rm GaN}$ MOSFET Using a Wet Etching-Based Gate Recess Technique (2013)

This letter reports a normally-OFF <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm Al}_{2}{\rm O}_{3}/{\rm GaN}$</tex></formula> gate-recessed MOSFET using a low-damage digital recess technique featuring multiple cycles of plasma oxidation and wet oxide removal process. The wet etching process eliminates the damage induced by plasma bombardment induced in conventional inductively coupled plasma dry etching process so that good surface morphology and high interface quality could be achieved. The fully recessed <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm Al}_{2}{\rm O}_{3}/{\rm GaN}$</tex></formula> MOSFET delivers true enhancement-mode operation with a threshold voltage of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${+}{\rm 1.7}~{\rm V}$</tex> </formula> . The maximum output current density is 528 mA/mm at a positive gate bias of 8 V. A peak field-effect mobility of 251 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm cm}^{2}/{\rm V}{\cdot}{\rm s}$</tex></formula> is obtained, indicating high-quality <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm Al}_{2}{\rm O}_{3}/{\rm GaN}$</tex></formula> interface.
Implant activation in GaN Using an AlN cap (2007)

Gallium nitride (GaN) shows great promise as a wide band gap (WBG) semiconductor used in high power RF devices, and it also has the potential to be used for high power, high temperature applications. To date doping by ion implantation, necessary for Schottky diode guard rings and selectively implanted ohmic contact regions, has not been utilized due to the fact that the nitrogen evaporates preferentially at the temperatures required to activate the implants. In this work we describe the properties of a 'dual' AlN annealing cap characterized both before and after the sample is annealed, as well as the surface of the GaN film after selectively etching the cap off. The films are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDAX) analysis, atomic force microscopy (ATM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The activation of the implants was studied using a Hall effect and van der Pauw system, and the contact resistance of samples annealed at different temperatures was determined using TLM measurements.
Image quality assessment model based on features and applications in face recognition (2011)

Facial appearance changes because uncontrolled variations of facial appearances due to illumination, pose, expression, occlusion of non-cooperative subjects and subject-to-camera distance need to be handled to allow for successful recognition. This paper presents a novel image quality assessment model. The model is designed to reduce the influence which is caused by the degradation of facial image quality due to uncontrolled variations of facial appearances, and the degradation can lower the recognition performance. The model assesses the image quality from several aspects: (I) Occlusion measure. (II) Face-to-camera distance measure. (Ill) Pose and expression measure.(IV) Uneven illumination measure. Then noisy score is calculated by the image quality assessment model while higher noisy score's images will be discarded for face recognition, the superior face images are selected by image quality assessment model to obtain best recognition result. Experimental results on CAS-PEAL face databases with varied uncontrolled facial appearances demonstrated that the proposed approach achieved satisfactory recognition rate.
Decompilation and the transfer of mini-computer operating systems. (1974)

Abstract not available
Congenital Clubfoot (2002)

Cummings, R. Jay MD; Davidson, Richard S. MD; Armstrong, Peter F. MD, FRCS(C), FAAP; Lehman, Wallace B. MD Author Information
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressant Drugs by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (2004)

The currently expanding range of immunosuppressant agents has placed new challenges on therapeutic drug-monitoring (TDM) services. Many of these drugs require the measurement of concentrations with subsequent dosage adjustment to maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity. HPLC-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) is a relatively new technique for drug quantification and thus TDM of immunosuppressant drugs. Although mass spectrometry relies on producing, differentiating, and detecting ions in the gas phase, the development of the atmospheric pressure ionization interface (electrospray and chemical ionization) has enabled the direct coupling of solution introduction of compounds, via HPLC, to the mass analyzer. The impetus for using HPLC-MS for immunosuppressant measurement has come from the highly potent low-dose immunosuppressant drugs tacrolimus and sirolimus, which have low nanogram per milliliter circulating concentrations. A number of strategies have been reported for sample preparation and ways to automate these processes with solid-phase extraction and 2-dimensional chromatography. The disadvantages of HPLC-MS are initial cost of equipment and availability of suitably skilled scientific staff. The advantages of HPLC-mass spectrometry are high sensitivity, specificity, small sample requirements, minimal sample preparation, rapid throughput, and simultaneous measurement. Further, scientists have the ability to develop methods to measure new immunosuppressant drugs by HPLC-MS before commercial assays become available. With potential applications increasing in immunosuppressive drug monitoring, it can be envisaged that HPLC-MS may become standard equipment in TDM laboratories of the future.
Leveraging Conceptualization for Short-Text Embedding (2017)

Most short-text embedding models typically represent each short-text only using the literal meanings of the words, which makes these models indiscriminative for the ubiquitous polysemy. In order to enhance the semantic representation capability of the short-texts, we (i) propose a novel short-text conceptualization algorithm to assign the associated concepts for each short-text, and then (ii) introduce the conceptualization results into learning the conceptual short-text embeddings. Hence, this semantic representation is more expressive than some widely-used text representation models such as the latent topic model. Wherein, the short-text conceptualization algorithm used here is based on a novel co-ranking framework, enabling the signals (i.e., the words and the concepts) to fully interplay to derive the solid conceptualization for the short-texts. Afterwards, we further extend the conceptual short-text embedding models by utilizing an attention-based model that selects the relevant words within the context to make more efficient prediction. The experiments on the real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed conceptual short-text embedding model and short-text conceptualization algorithm are more effective than the state-of-the-art methods.
Rutile-TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanocoating for a High-Rate Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Anode of a Lithium-Ion Battery (2012)

Well-defined Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) nanosheets terminated with rutile-TiO(2) at the edges were synthesized by a facile solution-based method and revealed directly at atomic resolution by an advanced spherical aberration imaging technique. The rutile-TiO(2) terminated Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) nanosheets show much improved rate capability and specific capacity compared with pure Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) nanosheets when used as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The results here give clear evidence of the utility of rutile-TiO(2) as a carbon-free coating layer to improve the kinetics of Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) toward fast lithium insertion/extraction. The carbon-free nanocoating of rutile-TiO(2) is highly effective in improving the electrochemical properties of Li(4)Ti(5)O(12), promising advanced batteries with high volumetric energy density, high surface stability, and long cycle life compared with the commonly used carbon nanocoating in electrode materials.
Mid-Infrared Sensing of Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Environments (2009)

The development of chemical sensors for monitoring the levels of organic pollutants in the aquatic environment has received a great deal of attention in recent decades. In particular, the mid-infrared (MIR) sensor based on attenuated total reflectance (ATR) is a promising analytical tool that has been used to detect a variety of hydrocarbon compounds (i.e., aromatics, alkyl halides, phenols, etc.) dissolved in water. It has been shown that under certain conditions the MIR-ATR sensor is capable of achieving detection limits in the 10-100 ppb concentration range. Since the infrared spectral features of every single organic molecule are unique, the sensor is highly selective, making it possible to distinguish between many different analytes simultaneously. This review paper discusses some of the parameters (i.e., membrane type, film thickness, conditioning) that dictate MIR-ATR sensor response. The performance of various chemoselective membranes which are used in the fabrication of the sensor will be evaluated. Some of the challenges associated with long-term environmental monitoring are also discussed.
Multi-mission optimized re-planning in air mobility command's channel route execution (2004)

The United States Air Force's Air Mobility Command is responsible for creating a schedule and executing that schedule for a large-scale air mobility network that encompasses different mission areas. One of the mission areas is channel route. Channel route execution often experiences disruptions that motivate a need for changes in the current channel route schedule. Traditionally, re-planning the channel route schedule has been a manual process that usually stops after the first feasible set of changes is found, due to the challenges of large amounts of data and urgency for a re-plan. Other challenges include subjective trade-offs and a desire for minimal changes to the channel route schedule. We re-plan the channel route schedule using a set of integer programs and heuristics that overcomes these challenges. The integer programs' variables incorporate many of Air Mobility Command's operating constraints, so they do not have to be explicitly included in the formulations. The re-plan uses opportunities in the other mission areas and reroutes channel route aircraft. Finally, our methods can quickly find a solution, allow for "what-if" analysis and interaction with the user, and can be adapted to an evolution in Air Mobility Command's operations while the underlying models remain constant.
Oxide Glass Hollow Fiber For CO 2 Laser Radiation Transmission (1984)

The feasibility study of a new type of hollow-core waveguide for CO2 laser radiation guidance is described. This kind of fiber has an air core surrounded by an oxide-glass cladding which for Ary10.6 μm exibis a complex refractive index with real part <1. Curves of the measured reflectivity and real and immaginary part of the refractive index for glass samples with different PbO percentage are shown, along with attenuation measurements performed on fiber drawn from such glasses.
Arsenic Removal from Industrial Effluent through Electrocoagulation (2001)

In the present investigation, it is attempted to remove arsenic from smelter industrial wastewater through electrocoagulation. Experiments covering a wide range of operating conditions for removal of the arsenic present in the smelter wastewater are carried out in a batch electrochemical reactor. Mild Steel and Stainless Steel plates have been used as the anode and cathode respectively. It has been observed from the present work that arsenic can be removed effectively through electrocoagulation.
Detection of Defective Sensor Elements Using Sigma-Delta-Modulation and a Matched Filter. (2000)

We present an integrable solution for detection of defective sensor elements using sigma-delta-(SD)- modulation and a matched filter. The sensor element is stimulated using a pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS). The sensor signal is read out and the analog output is digitized using a SD-modulator. The binary pulse density stream of the SD-modulator is the output of the sensor system and thus should ideally contains the PRBS. A matched filter has the task of detecting the pseudo random sequence in the pulse density stream and its sampled output is compared to a threshold thus making it possible to judge the functionality of the sensor element. By evaluating the magnitude of the matched filter output it is also possible to measure the sensor sensitivity. We present a discrete solution of this method, but an integrated chip using a standard 1.2m CMOS-process has been designed and is being fabricated.
Antiviral potency of mistletoe (<i>Viscum album ssp. album</i>) extracts against human parainﬂuenza virus type 2 in Vero cells (2003)

Various extracts from the leaves of mistletoe (Viscum album L. ssp. album) were investigated for their antiviral activity on human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV-2) growth in Vero cells. Plant extracts were prepared using distilled water, 50% ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform and acetone. The 50% effective dose (ED(50)) of aqueous extract for HPIV-2 replication was 0.53 +/- 0.12 micro g/mL, and the antiviral index (AI), which was based on the ratio of the 50% inhibitory concentration (CD(50)) for host cell viability to the ED(50) for parainfluenza virus replication, was 10.05. The aqueous extract was found to be the most selective inhibitor. Furthermore, the aqueous extract at a concentration of 1 micro g/mL was found to inhibit HPIV-2 replication and the virus production was suppressed to more than 99% without any toxic effect on host cells. The chloroform extract was also found to be moderately active. In an effort to further analyse the mechanism of antiviral activity, the effectiveness of the aqueous extract on different steps of virus replication was examined. The antiviral activity could neither be attributed to the direct inactivation of the HPIV-2 nor to the inhibition of adsorption to Vero cells. The active aqueous extract has shown a dose-dependent antiviral activity on virus replication.
GM-CSF and ipilimumab therapy in metastatic melanoma: Clinical outcomes and immunologic responses (2015)

We conducted a phase II clinical trial of anti-CTLA-4 antibody (ipilimumab) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in 22 patients with metastatic melanoma and determined clinical outcomes and immunologic responses. The treatment consisted of a 3-mo induction with ipilimumab at 10 mg/kg administered every 3 weeks for four doses in combination with GM-CSF at 125 µg/m<sup>2</sup> for 14 d beginning on the day of the ipilimumab infusion and then GM-CSF for 3 mo on the same schedule without ipilimumab. This was followed by maintenance therapy with the combination every 3 mo for up to 2 y or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Blood samples for determination of immune subsets were obtained before treatment, at week 3 (end of cycle 1) and at week 6 (end of cycle 2). Blood samples were also obtained from seven subjects who were cancer-free. The immune response disease control (irDC) rate at 24 weeks was 41% and the overall response rate (ORR) was 32%. The median progression free-survival (PFS) was 3.5 mo and the median overall survival (OS) was 21.1 mo. 41% of the patients experienced Grade 3 to 4 adverse events. We conclude that this combination is safe and the results suggest the combination may be more effective than ipilimumab monotherapy. Further, the results suggest that lower levels of CD4<sup>+</sup> effector T cells but higher levels of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells expressing PD-1 at pre-treatment could be a potential biomarker for disease control in patients who receive immunotherapy with ipilimumab and GM-CSF. Further trials of this combination are warranted.
Nanopatterned Surfaces for Biomedical Applications (2011)

Topography was first identified to influence cell behaviour as early as 1911 when R.G. Harrison observed the guidance of cells along the fibres of a spider's web Since this discovery, investigations into the topographical effect on cell behaviour identified that topography can have not only a strong affect on cell morphology, but it can also influence cell adhesion, proliferation and gene expression. The development of biomaterials has lead to the generation of tissue engineering, whereby a combinatorial approach is utilized, merging elements of biology and engineering with the overall aim to develop functional tissues. The first generation of biomaterials were developed to be bioinert and provide mechanical support, the next generation were designed to be bioactive (elicit a desired cell response) and third generation biomaterials will need to provide reproducible influence of cells at the molecular level The inclusion of factors such as topography may allow this reproducible level of molecular influence to be incorporated into materials that are e.g. biodegradable and/or load-bearing without sacrificing their engineering role. It is interesting that nanotopography appears to have as strong an influence on cells as microtopography It is this rather bottom-up organisational approach with cells being e.g. aligned by nanogrooves one adhesion (containing integrin recptors) at a time rather than the top-down alignment of microgrooves where the whole cell has to conform to the feature and the adhesions will then follow. Importantly, current research has gone on to show that nanotopography has the ability to elicit specific cues and promote the controlled differentiation of stem cells in vitro. The use of stem cells to potentially generate patient-specific tissues using biomaterials provides huge scope for their use in regenerative medicine. A pioneering and historic perspective has been published by The ability to produce such topographical substrates has largely come from fabrication techniques that are routinely used within the electronics industry. These techniques include photolithography and electron beam lithography, to produce precise, reproducible nanoscale topographies. As technology has advanced within this field, it has allowed the production of increasingly smaller feature sizes; currently electron beam lithography enables the production of feature sizes down to approximately 5 nm (Vieu 2000). Injection www.intechopen.com
On the Vehicle Sideslip Angle Estimation: A Literature Review of Methods, Models, and Innovations (2018)

Typical active safety systems that control the dynamics of passenger cars rely on the real-time monitoring of the vehicle sideslip angle (VSA), together with other signals such as the wheel angular velocities, steering angle, lateral acceleration, and the rate of rotation about the vertical axis, which is known as the yaw rate. The VSA (also known as the attitude or “drifting” angle) is defined as the angle between the vehicle’s longitudinal axis and the direction of travel, taking the centre of gravity as a reference. It is basically a measure of the misalignment between vehicle orientation and trajectory; therefore, it is a vital piece of information enabling directional stability assessment, such as in transience following emergency manoeuvres, for instance. As explained in the introduction, the VSA is not measured directly for impracticality, and it is estimated on the basis of available measurements such as wheel velocities, linear and angular accelerations, etc. This work is intended to provide a comprehensive literature review on the VSA estimation problem. Two main estimation methods have been categorised, i.e., observer-based and neural network-based, focussing on the most effective and innovative approaches. As the first method normally relies on a vehicle model, a review of the vehicle models has been included. The advantages and limitations of each technique have been highlighted and discussed.
Purification and characterization of heparan sulfate from human primary osteoblasts (2009)

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear, highly variable, highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan sugar whose biological activity largely depends on internal sulfated domains that mediate specific binding to an extensive range of proteins. In this study we employed anion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving and enzymatic cleavage on HS fractions purified from three compartments of cultured osteoblasts-soluble conditioned media, cell surface, and extracellular matrix (ECM). We demonstrate that the composition of HS chains purified from the different compartments is structurally non-identical by a number of parameters, and that these differences have significant ramifications for their ligand-binding properties. The HS chains purified of conditioned medium had twice the binding affinity for FGF2 when compared with either cell surface or ECM HS. In contrast, similar binding of BMP2 to the three types of HS was observed. These results suggest that different biological compartments of cultured cells have structurally and functionally distinct HS species that help to modulate the flow of HS-dependent factors between the ECM and the cell surface.
Structural Principles and Amorphouslike Thermal Conductivity of Na-Doped Si Clathrates (2000)

The postulated low thermal conductivity and the possibility of altering the electronic conductivity of metal-doped clathrates with semiconducting host elements have stimulated great interest in exploring these compounds as promising thermoelectric materials. The electronic and thermal properties of the prototypical Na xSi (46) system are studied in detail here. It is shown that, despite the fact that the Na/Si clathrate is metallic, its thermal conductivity resembles that of an amorphous solid. A theoretical model is developed to rationalize the structural stability of the peculiar structural topology, and a general scheme for rational design of high efficiency thermoelectric materials is presented.