gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromigration Performance of Flip-Chips with Lead-Free Solder Bumps between 30 μm and 60 μm Diameter (2012)

As the solder bump sizes continuously decrease with scaling of the geometries, current densities within individual solder bumps will increase along with higher operation temperatures of the dies. Since electromigration of flip-chip interconnects is highly affected by these factors and therefore an increasing reliability concern, long-term characterization of new interconnect developments needs to be done regarding the electromigration performance using accelerated life tests. Furthermore, a large temperature gradient exists across the solder interconnects, leading to thermomigration. In this study, a comprehensive overlook of the long-term reliability and analysis of the achieved electromigration performance of flip-chip test specimen will be given, supplemented by an in-depth material science analysis. In addition, the challenges to a better understanding of electromigration and thermomigration in ultra fine-pitch flip-chip solder joints are discussed. For all experiments, specially designed flip-chips with a pitch of 100 μm and solder bump diameters of 30–60 μm have been used [1]. Solder spheres can be made of every lead-free alloy (in our case SAC305) and are placed on a UBM which has been realized for our test chips in an electroless nickel process [2]. For the electromigration tests within this study, multiple combinations of individual current densities and temperatures were adapted to the respective solder sphere diameters. Online measurements over a time period up to 10,000 hours with separate daisy chain connections of each test coupon provide exact lifetime data during the electromigration tests. As failure modes have been identified: UBM consumption at the chip side or depletion of the Nickel layer at the substrate side, interfacial void formation at the cathode contact interface, and - to a much lesser degree - Kirkendall-like void formation at the anode side. A comparison between calculated life time data using Weibull distribution and lognormal distribution will be given.
Transfer of Extraintestinal Stages of Eimeria vermiformis in the Mouse (1990)

The oral administration of whole blood and liver or lung homogenates from mice donors inoculated 1-3 days previously with Eimeria vermiformis oocysts produced infection in coccidia-free recipient mice.
Early Fault Detection Scheme and Optimized CBM Strategy for Gear Transmission System Operating under Varying Loads (2011)

The development of fault detection schemes and optimized condition-based maintenance (CBM) strategies for gear transmission systems has received considerable attention in recent years. Most models considered the gear systems operating under constant load. Constant load assumptions imply that changes in condition monitoring data are caused only by deterioration of the gear systems. However, most real gear systems operate under varying loads and speeds which affect the condition monitoring data signature of the system. This typically makes it difficult to recognize the occurrence of an impending fault and to optimize a CBM strategy. This thesis first presents a novel approach to detect and localize the gear failure occurrence for a gear system operating under varying load conditions. An autoregressive model with exogenous variables is fitted to the time-synchronously averaged (TSA) condition monitoring data when the gear transmission system operated under various load conditions in good state. The fault detection and localization indicator is calculated by applying F-test to the residual signals of the ARX model. Then, the gear deteriorating process is modeled as a three state hidden continuous Markov model with partial information, and the model parameters are estimated using ARX
The involvement of FOXO1 in cytotoxic stress and drug-resistance induced by paclitaxel in ovarian cancers (2008)

The role of transcriptional factor FOXO1 in the mechanism of drug-resistance in ovarian cancer has not been elucidated. In ovarian cancer cell lines, FOXO1 expression and its correlation with paclitaxel treatment was investigated by cytotoxic assay and silencing experiment. Clinical ovarian cancer samples were also examined for FOXO1 expression by immunohistochemistry. FOXO1 expression was distinctively upregulated in paclitaxel-resistant cell line, and enhanced by exposure to paclitaxel. FOXO1 overexpression was frequently observed in tissue samples from chemoresistant patients compared to chemosensitive patients. FOXO1 silencing in paclitaxel-resistant cell line decreased its resistance. Modification of oxidative stress by co-treatment with pharmacologic modulators of reactive oxygen species attenuated cytotoxicity of paclitaxel. Downstream targets of FOXO1 involving oxidative stress were also attenuated in silencing experiment, suggesting its involvement in altered sensitivity to paclitaxel. These results indicate that FOXO1 links to cytotoxic stress induced by paclitaxel and contributes to the drug-resistance in ovarian cancers.
Preservation of myocardial function with mannitol reperfusate. (1985)

Reperfusion of the globally ischemic myocardium with mannitol has been shown to preserve myocardial function. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanism of mannitol protection relates to its hyperosmolar or free radical scavenging properties. Three groups of isolated, perfused rabbit hearts underwent 45 min of normothermic ischemia without cardioplegia in an experimental paradigm analogous to the clinical situation of coronary artery thrombosis with subsequent reperfusion. Six hearts were reperfused with an isosmolar solution, eight hearts were reperfused with a mannitol-containing solution (20 mOsm/liter), and five hearts were reperfused with a solution containing additional sodium chloride (10 meq/liter, 20 mOsm/liter) to control for the hyperosmotic effects of mannitol. Left ventricular developed pressure, its derivative dP/dt, and diastolic compliance were all significantly improved in the mannitol-reperfused hearts when compared with the hypertonic saline and control groups (p less than .05). There were no intergroup differences in myocardial edema formation, oxygen consumption, or lactate production. These data indicate that mannitol reperfusion offers significant myocardial protection independent of hyperosmolar properties. Free radical scavenging activity appears to be the most credible explanation for these observations, although confirmation of this mechanism awaits further biochemical and cellular investigation.
Full characterization of PDX, a neuroprotectin/protectin D1 isomer, which inhibits blood platelet aggregation (2009)

Our study aimed to establish the complete structure of the main dihydroxy conjugated triene issued from the lipoxygenation (soybean enzyme) of docosahexaenoic acid, named PDX, an isomer of protectin/neuroprotectin D1 (PD1/NPD1) described by Bazan and Serhan. NMR approaches and other chemical characterization (e.g. GC-MS, HPLC and LC-MS/MS) indicated that PDX is 10(S),17(S)-dihydroxy-docosahexa-4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-enoic acid. The use of (18)O(2) and mass spectrometry showed that PDX is a double lipoxygenation product. Its structure differs from PD1, with E,Z,E geometry (PDX) instead of E,E,Z (PD1) and S configuration at carbon 10 instead of R. PDX inhibits human blood platelet aggregation at sub-micromolar concentrations.
The Risks of Ignoring Insurance Risk Management (1994)

Health insurers face financial risks when they assume liability for the difference between difference between premium revenues and their estimates of future claims costs for a group. Market reform proposals vastly increase the amount of risk health plans of all types will face. A case study is used to show how insurers bidding in an alliance environment must either commit contingency reserves to cover these risks, increase premiums to reduce them, or forgo the business. Unless legislation includes measures that reduce these risks or enable health plans to carry them, premiums are likely to increase greatly.
Data bubbles (2001)

In this paper, we investigate how to scale hierarchical clustering methods (such as OPTICS) to extremely large databases by utilizing data compression methods (such as BIRCH or random sampling). We propose a three step procedure: 1) compress the data into suitable representative objects; 2) apply the hierarchical clustering algorithm only to these objects; 3) recover the clustering structure for the whole data set, based on the result for the compressed data. The key issue in this approach is to design compressed data items such that not only a hierarchical clustering algorithm can be applied, but also that they contain enough information to infer the clustering structure of the original data set in the third step. This is crucial because the results of hierarchical clustering algorithms, when applied naively to a random sample or to the clustering features (CFs) generated by BIRCH, deteriorate rapidly for higher compression rates. This is due to three key problems, which we identify. To solve these problems, we propose an efficient post-processing step and the concept of a Data Bubble as a special kind of compressed data item. Applying OPTICS to these Data Bubbles allows us to recover a very accurate approximation of the clustering structure of a large data set even for very high compression rates. A comprehensive performance and quality evaluation shows that we only trade very little quality of the clustering result for a great increase in performance.
Human activity detection and recognition for video surveillance (2005)

We present a framework for detecting and recognizing human activities for outdoor video surveillance applications. Our research makes the following contributions: For activity detection and tracking, we improve robustness by providing intelligent control and fail-over mechanisms, built on top of low-level motion detection algorithms such as frame differencing and feature correlation. For activity recognition, we propose an efficient representation of human activities that enables recognition of different interaction patterns among a group of people based on simple statistics computed on the tracked trajectories, without building complicated Markov chain, hidden Markov models (HMM), or coupled hidden Markov models (CHMM). We demonstrate our techniques using real-world video data to automatically distinguish normal behaviors from suspicious ones in a parking lot setting, which can aid security surveillance
Isolation and characterization of a (1 → 3)‐β‐glucan endohydrolase from germinating barley <i>(Hordeum vulgare)</i>: amino acid sequence similarity with barley (1 → 3, 1 → 4)‐β‐glucanases (1988)

A (1 → 3)‐β‐glucan 3‐glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.39) has been purified approx. 190‐fold from extracts of germinating barley. The enzyme has an apparent M r 32 000, a p I of 8.6, and a pH optimum of 5.6. Analysis of hydrolysis products released from the (1 → 3)‐β‐glucan, laminarin, shows that the enzyme is an endohydrolase. Sequence analysis of the 46 NH 2 ‐terminal amino acids of the (1 → 3)‐β‐glucanase reveals 54% positional identity with barley (1 → 3,1 → 4)‐β‐glucanases (EC 3.2.1.73) and suggests a common evolutionary origin for these two classes of β‐glucan endohydrolases. The barley (1 → 3)‐β‐glucanase also exhibits significant similarity with a (1 → 3)‐β‐glucanase from tobacco.
Transgenic mice ubiquitously expressing human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP): an additional reporter gene for use in tandem with beta-galactosidase (lacZ) (1999)

A fundamental keystone of developmental biology has been the growing use of reporter genes in model transgenic systems. Their use has greatly facilitated investigations of cell lineage and cell fate in addition to aiding experiments aimed at determining patterns of gene expression, gene interaction and gene regulation. Through construction of transgenic mice, ubiquitously expressing human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), we demonstrate the suitability of PLAP as a reporter gene for use in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, beta-galactosidase (lacZ). Our findings demonstrate that over-expression of PLAP has no adverse effects on mouse development or viability, despite a widespread pattern of expression. This technology provides a simple yet effective mechanism based on eukaryotic reporter gene technology to facilitate the identification of transgenic cells within complex in vivo systems.
The Facile Conversion of Aromatic Amines to Arylmethylsulfides with Methylthiocopper (1984)

Abstract Aromatic diazonium salts react readily with methylthiocopper, CuSCH3, to produce arylmethylsulfides in good yield.
Endothelial signalling by the Notch ligand Delta-like 4 restricts angiogenesis (2007)

Notch signalling by the ligand Delta-like 4 (Dll4) is essential for normal vascular remodelling, yet the precise way in which the pathway influences the behaviour of endothelial cells remains a mystery. Using the embryonic zebrafish, we show that, when Dll4-Notch signalling is defective, endothelial cells continue to migrate and proliferate when they should normally stop these processes. Artificial overactivation of the Notch pathway has opposite consequences. When vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) signalling and Dll4-Notch signalling are both blocked, the endothelial cells remain quiescent. Thus, Dll4-Notch signalling acts as an angiogenic ;off' switch by making endothelial cells unresponsive to Vegf.
Accurate Extraction of Large Electromechanical Coupling in Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators (2019)

Recent advancements in the field of piezoelectric micro-resonators have produced devices, such as lithium niobate laterally vibrating resonators, with very high electromechanical coupling factors (k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and respectable quality factors (Q). As a result, the records of the figure of merit (FoM) for radiofrequency MEMS resonators have been broken several times in the past five years. As exciting as these high FoMs are, they impose unique caveats in accurately extracting the electromechanical coupling often due to the presence of spurious modes. It is a less noted issue for micro-resonators with moderate k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , as spurious modes either are absent or do not significantly affect the common extraction technique based on identifying resonances and anti-resonances. This paper will first theoretically analyze how disregarding spurious modes can potentially lead to inaccurate extraction of k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of the intended mode and then offer a framework that accounts for spurious modes and accurately extracts electromechanical coupling using a multiresonance recursive fitting.
Gamma-Ray Pulsars Expected in the Outer Gap Model of Gamma-Ray Emission (2003)

We study the possibility of high-energy gamma-ray emission from the known 1130 radio pulsars based on the outer gap model of high-energy emission from pulsars. We estimate the fractional size of outer gap, the integrated flux, the gamma-ray luminosity for each known radio pulsar, and find that only 14% of the known radio pulsars are gamma-ray emitters according to the outer gap model. In the sample of possible 156 gamma-ray pulsars, our statistical analysis indicates that the distributions of the spin-down powers and the ages of these pulsars concentrate mainly on 1033.5-1039 erg/s and 103-107 y, respectively. The predictions of gamma-ray pulsars detected by the AGILE and GLAST missions are given.
Carbon Nanotube‐Adsorbed Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes of Nylon 6 (2005)

Abstract Summary: A simple and mass‐producible method was developed to densely assemble multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) onto electrospun nylon 6 nanofibrous membranes. The process consists of dispersing the acid‐treated MWNTs in surfactant solutions or organic solvents, and dipping the nanofibrous membranes in the resulting dispersion for only 60 seconds, followed by the extraction of the surfactants in pure water and drying. The conductivity of the MWNT‐adsorbed nanofibrous membranes ranges from 2.2 × 10 −2 to 1.5 × 10 −1 S · cm −1 , as determined by the four probe method, which implies that the MWNTs are adsorbed uniformly and densely along the nanofibrous membranes. Furthermore, the results suggest that there is a strong interaction between the acid‐treated MWNTs and nylon 6. We also investigate the amount of MWNTs present in the membranes using thermogravimetric analysis. SEM images of the non‐woven fibrous nylon 6 membranes after dip‐coating in a dispersion of the MWNTs in surfactant‐containing water. image SEM images of the non‐woven fibrous nylon 6 membranes after dip‐coating in a dispersion of the MWNTs in surfactant‐containing water.
Systemic inhibition of tumor promoter-induced ornithine decarboxylase in 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3-treated animals. (1987)

Topical application of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3], an active form of vitamin D3, was previously shown to inhibit the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and tumor promotion by tumor promoters in mouse skin. In the present study, this observation in skin was extended to other tissues, such as the stomach, colon, and liver, using 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha (OH)D3], which is converted to 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 in the liver without hormonal control and thus evokes the systemic effects, if any, of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3. When mice were given 1 alpha (OH)D3 at a dose of 5 micrograms by gastric tube, their plasma level of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 increased to a peak of about 18-fold the normal level after 12 h, followed by hypercalcemia (about 14 mg/dl), which reached a peak on Days 2 to 3. In 1 alpha (OH)D3-treated mice, induction of epidermal ODC by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate was markedly inhibited, the inhibition being maximal 2 to 4 days after 1 alpha (OH)D3 administration. ODC induction in the glandular stomach mucosa of rats by NaCl, a tumor promoter in stomach carcinogenesis, was also inhibited dose and time dependently by 1 alpha (OH)D3. Similarly, 1 alpha (OH)D3 treatment of rats markedly inhibited the induction of ODC in the colon mucosa by deoxycholate, a tumor promoter of colon carcinogenesis, and of ODC in the liver by phenobarbital, a promoter of liver carcinogenesis. These results suggest that an active form of vitamin D3 has a systemic inhibitory effect on induction of ODC activity by tumor promoters.
Anthropological Perspectives (1989)

The most influential anthropologists of the past fifty years have all been in agreement that the peoples of the world all think in the same ways. The few dissenting voices, such as Lucien Levy-Bruhll and Ernst Cassirer, have for the most part been either ridiculed or ignored by the mainstream of the discipline. Emile Durkheim, Franz Boas, Claude Lévi-Strauss2 and innumerable lesser names have all: Assumed, in short, that primitive thought is distinguishable from our own only by its content, and that the actual structures of thought, cognitive processes, are the same in all cultures: 'The reasoning and thinking processes of different people in different cultures do not differ… just their values, beliefs, and ways of classifying things.'3 KeywordsCognitive ProcessThought ProcessMoral GoodnessThought ContentAnthropological PerspectiveThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Neuromuscular Effects of Doxacurium Chloride in Isoflurane‐Anesthetized Dogs (1998)

We conclude that doxacurium is a long-acting neuromuscular blocking agent with a slow onset of action. Doxacurium can be used to provide muscle relaxation for long surgical procedures in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Interpatient variability, particularly of duration of drug action, may exist in the neuromuscular response to the administration of doxacurium in dogs.
Design and Syntheses of a Series of Novel Serotonin3 Antagonists. (1993)

From a structural comparison study between serotonin and serotonin3 (5-HT3) antagonists using a two-dimensional grid template composed of regular hexagons, we deduced structural modification patterns from agonists to antagonists, and designed new 5-HT3 antagonist prototypes. Among them, 2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-1-butylbenzimidazole (6) was identified as a lead compound which has potent 5-HT3 antagonistic activity comparable to that of granisetron. Using a quantitative structure-activity relationships method, we optimized the structure of 6 and selected 6-amino-5-chloro-1-isopropyl-2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)benzimidazole dimaleate (69, KB-6933), one of the most potent and long-acting 5-HT3 antagonists, as a candidate drug.
Single-Tube Nested PCR for Detection of<i>Tritrichomonas</i><i>foetus</i>in Feline Feces (2002)

Tritrichomonas foetus, a venereal pathogen of cattle, was recently identified as an inhabitant of the large intestine in young domestic cats with chronic diarrhea. Recognition of the infection in cats has been mired by unfamiliarity with T. foetus in cats as well as misdiagnosis of the organisms as Pentatrichomonas hominis or Giardia sp. when visualized by light microscopy. The diagnosis of T. foetus presently depends on the demonstration of live organisms by direct microscopic examination of fresh feces or by fecal culturing. As T. foetus organisms are fastidious and fragile, routine flotation techniques and delayed examination and refrigeration of feces are anticipated to preclude the diagnosis in numerous cases. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and specific PCR test for the diagnosis of feline T. foetus infection. A single-tube nested PCR was designed and optimized for the detection of T. foetus in feline feces by using a combination of novel (TFITS-F and TFITS-R) and previously described (TFR3 and TFR4) primers. The PCR is based on the amplification of a conserved portion of the T. foetus internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene. The absolute detection limit of the single-tube nested PCR was 1 organism, while the practical detection limit was 10 organisms per 200 mg of feces. Specificity was examined by using P. hominis, Giardia lamblia, and feline genomic DNA. Our results demonstrate that the single-tube nested PCR is ideally suited for (i) diagnostic testing of feline fecal samples that are found negative by direct microscopy and culturing and (ii) definitive identification of microscopically observable or cultivated organisms.
Effects of Replacing Maize with Enzyme - Supplemented Bovine Rumen Content in the Diets of Pullet Chicks (2007)

A total of 240 day old pullet chicks were employed in a feeding trial to determine the optimum inclusion level of enzyme-supplemented rumen content that pullet chicks will tolerate in their diet. Rumen content (RC) was included at levels of 10, 15, 20 and 25% and two types of enzymes (Nutrase xyla and Roxazyme – G) were fed. A 4 x 2 factorial experiment (four levels of rumen content and two types of enzymes) was adopted. There was significant effect (P 0.05) on obtained feed-to-gain. Results of this study shows that pullet chicks can tolerate up to 15% enzyme-supplemented rumen content in their diets. Roxazyme-G (a multipurpose enzyme) is better than nutrase xyla (a single purpose enzyme). It is evident that enzyme-supplemented rumen can replace up to 37.5% maize in the diets of pullet chicks.