gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeted expression of MDM2 uncouples S phase from mitosis and inhibits mammary gland development independent of p53. (1997)

MDM2 is a cellular protein that binds to and inactivates the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Although mdm2 has been shown to function as an oncogene in vitro, all studies to date have assessed MDM2 activities in the presence of p53, implicating p53 inactivation in MDM2-directed transformation. To determine the role of MDM2 in the cell cycle and in tumorigenesis and whether or not this role is dependent on p53, an MDM2 minigene was expressed during gestation and lactation in the mammary gland of both wild-type p53 (p53+/+) and p53 knockout (p53-/-) mice using the bovine beta-lactoglobulin promoter. In six different transgenic mouse lines, deregulated expression of MDM2 inhibited normal development and morphogenesis of the mammary gland, and caused cellular hypertrophy and nuclear abnormalities. These abnormalities included both multinucleated cells and enlarged cells with giant nuclei. Although there were fewer epithelial cells present in the transgenic mammary gland, no apoptosis was observed. Instead, BrdU incorporation and PCNA staining showed that 12%-27% of the transgenic mammary epithelial cells were in S phase at a time when normal cells were terminally differentiated. Analysis of DNA content showed that 30%-45% of the cells were polyploid, with DNA contents up to 16N, indicating that overexpression of MDM2 caused mammary epithelial cells to undergo multiple rounds of S phase without cell division. This phenotype was similar in the p53+/+ and p53-/- background, demonstrating a role for MDM2 in the regulation of DNA synthesis that is independent of the ability of MDM2 to inhibit p53 activity. Additionally, multiple lines of BLGMDM2 transgenic mice developed mammary tumors, confirming that overproduction of MDM2 contributes to tumorigenesis in epithelial cells in vivo.
A programmable CORDIC chip for digital signal processing applications (1991)

A chip implementing the coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm is described. It contains a 10-MHz 16-b fixed-point CORDIC arithmetic unit, 2-kb RAM, a controller, and input/output (I/O) registers. A modified data-path architecture allows cross-wire free data flow. The chip design involved development of optimized carry-select adders and a modified programmable-logic-array (PLA) cell layout, which allows speed increase in single-layer metal technology. The authors designed, fabricated, and tested a general-purpose fully parallel programmable CORDIC chip in CMOS technology and developed optimal iteration sequences.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Customized information extraction as a basis for resource discovery (1996)

Indexing file contents is a powerful means of helping users locate documents, software, and other types of data among large repositories. In environments that contain many different types of data, content indexing requires type-specific processing to extract information effectively. We present a model for type-specific, user-customizable information extraction, and a system implementation called Essence . This software structure allows users to associate specialized extraction methods with ordinary files, providing the illusion of an object-oriented file system that encapsulates indexing methods within files. By exploiting the semantics of common file types, Essence generates compact yet representative file summaries that can be used to improve both browsing and indexing in resource discovery systems. Essence can extract information from most of the types of files found in common file systems, including files with nested structure (such as compressed “tar” files). Essence interoperates with a number of different search/index systems (such as WAIS and Glimpse), as part of the Harvest system.
INHIBITION OF THE UPTAKE OF GABA AND RELATED AMINO ACIDS IN RAT BRAIN SLICES BY THE OPTICAL ISOMERS OF NIPECOTIC ACID (1976)

Abstract— R(‐)‐Nipecotic acid was a more potent inhibitor than the S(+)‐isomer of the uptake of GABA, (+)‐nipecotic acid, and β‐alanine in rat brain slices. (‐)‐Nipecotic acid was an order of magnitude more potent as an inhibitor of GABA uptake than as an inhibitor of β‐alanine uptake, whereas the (+)‐isomer was less selective. (–)‐Nipecotic acid was a weak inhibitor of L‐proline uptake and of rat brain acetylcholinesterase activity. Kinetic studies showed that both isomers of nipecotic acid were competitive inhibitors of GABA uptake when added at the same time as GABA, but non‐competitive inhibitors when preincubated with the tissue for 15 min before addition of GABA. The apparent slope inhibition constants, which were not influenced by preincubation, indicated that (–)‐nipecotic acid has an affinity for the carrier some 5 times higher than that for (+)‐nipecotic acid. (–)‐Nipecotic acid stimulated the release of preloaded radioactive GABA from rat brain slices. These observations indicate that (–)‐nipecotic acid is a substrate‐competitive inhibitor of GABA which combines with the GABA carrier and is taken up. (−)‐Nipecotic acid and (+)‐2,4‐diaminobutyric acid, on the basis of their absolute structures and inhibition kinetics, are proposed to interact in a similar way with the GABA transport system.
IN VITRO INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE GROWTH OF E. COLI O157:H7 (2007)

Efforts to control harmful pathogens through the application of various chemicals with proven bactericidal properties have not been adequately effective. Many of these chemicals also have the potential of adverse health impact through reactive effects from their residual presence on products. This study was therefore undertaken to determine in vitro inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 growth by three GRAS (generally recognized as safe) chemicals (L-ascorbic acid, lactic acid, and propyl gallate).Since E. coli O157:H7 is one of the most hazardous pathogenic bacteria and has become a well known pathogen in food and dairy industries. Therefore, five strains of E. coli O157:H7 with populations of approximately 3.5 log CFU/ml were individually inoculated into tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with either L-ascorbic acid, lactic acid, propyl gallate or a combination of these chemicals. During an 8 h incubation period at 37ºC, microorganism growth (turbidity via optical density, OD) for each strain was determined at 2 h intervals using a spectrophotometer (610 nm). At the end of incubation, TSB was also serially diluted (1:10) in sterile 0.1% peptone water and surface plated on tryptic soy agar. The results show that concentrations required for L-ascorbic acid, lactic acid and propyl gallate to demonstrate the strongest inhibitory effect on the growth of the microorganisms were 1% (w/v), 0.3% (v/v), and 0.1% (w/v), respectively. Combinations of 0.25% L-ascorbic acid or 0.025% propyl gallate with 0.2% lactic acid completely inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7 strains tested at an initial inoculum level. There was no specific correlation of OD readings to cfus due to the increase of bacterial populations. These results indicate that antioxidants used in this in vitro study may have the potential in controlling foodborne pathogens in vivo.
Detection of physiological events by impedance (1989)

The current emphasis on the acquisition of physiological data by noninvasive means for mass medical screening and patient monitoring has increased interest in the use of electrical impedance for the measurement of physiological events. The technique has gained some degree of acceptance for monitoring respiration (Baker & Geddes, 1970), and much interest has been displayed recently in use of the technique to measure cardiac output including studies by Kubicek et al. (1966) Judy et al. (1969), and Mohapatra (1981). Other applications using the impedance technique include thoracic fluid accumulation, peripheral blood flow, cerebral blood flow, muscle contraction, eye movement, and uterine contraction, etc. The purpose of this article is to introduce the various impedance techniques for the measurement of physiological variables.
Assessment of human burn scars with optical coherence tomography by imaging the attenuation coefficient of tissue after vascular masking (2013)

The formation of burn-scar tissue in human skin profoundly alters, among other things, the structure of the dermis. We present a method to characterize dermal scar tissue by the measurement of the near-infrared attenuation coefficient using optical coherence tomography (OCT). To generate accurate en face parametric images of attenuation, we found it critical to first identify (using speckle decorrelation) and mask the tissue vasculature from the three-dimensional OCT data. The resulting attenuation coefficients in the vasculature-masked regions of the dermis of human burn-scar patients are lower in hypertrophic (3.8±0.4 mm(-1)) and normotrophic (4.2±0.9 mm(-1)) scars than in contralateral or adjacent normal skin (6.3±0.5 mm(-1)). Our results suggest that the attenuation coefficient of vasculature-masked tissue could be used as an objective means to assess human burn scars.
An alternative pathway of recombination of chromosomal fragments precedes recA-dependent recombination in the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans (1996)

Deinococcus radiodurans R1 and other members of this genus are able to repair and survive extreme DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation and many other DNA-damaging agents. The ability of R1 to repair completely > 100 double-strand breaks in its chromosome without lethality or mutagenesis is recA dependent. However, during the first 1.5 h after irradiation, recA+ and recA cells show similar increases in the average size of chromosomal fragments. In recA+ cells, DNA continues to enlarge to wild-type size within 29 h. However, in recA cells, no DNA repair is observed following the first 1.5 h postirradiation. This recA-independent effect was studied further, using two slightly different Escherichia coli plasmids forming adjacent duplication insertions in the chromosome, providing repetitive sequences suitable for circularization by non-recA-dependent pathways following irradiation. After exposure to 1.75 Mrad (17,500 Gy), circular derivatives of the integration units were detected in both recA+ and recA cells. These DNA circles were formed in the first 1.5 h postirradiation, several hours before the onset of detectable recA-dependent homologous recombination. By comparison, D. radiodurans strains containing the same E. coli plasmids as nonrepetitive direct insertions did not form circular derivatives of the integration units before or after irradiation in recA+ or recA cells. The circular derivatives of the tandemly integrated plasmids were formed before the onset of recA-dependent repair and have structures consistent with the hypothesis that DNA repair occurring immediately postirradiation is by a recA-independent single-strand annealing reaction and may be a preparatory step for further DNA repair in wild-type D. radiodurans.
Quantitative description of EEG periodicities during stationary sleep stages (1994)

A quantitative method was applied in order to assess variations in EEG activities during sleep. Three classes of variations were distinguished: variations connected with sleep-stage changes (class 1), higher-frequency variations described by the envelope of frequency-band activities (class 2), intermediate-frequency variations, corresponding to periods from 4 to 120 s (class 3). For each class, parameters characterizing the frequency spectra were computed. These parameters were mathematically simple and clear in their meaning, since they measured power, modulation index and mean squared frequency. A statistical comparison of the mean values of the parameters during different sleep stages evidenced a certain number of significant shifts in each of the three classes. The most important class-1 and class-2 variations were described by our parameters with high levels of significance. The results obtained for class 3 were in agreement with visual observations reported in the literature, such as the progressive increase in the interval between successive arousals from sleep onset to Stage 4 and the frequent occurrence of cyclic alternating patterns during Stage 2 epochs immediately preceding REM sleep.
Interactive parser synthesis by example (2015)

Despite decades of research on parsing, the construction of parsers remains a painstaking, manual process prone to subtle bugs and pitfalls. We present a programming-by-example framework called Parsify that is able to synthesize a parser from input/output examples. The user does not write a single line of code. To achieve this, Parsify provides: (a) an iterative algorithm for synthesizing and refining a grammar one example at a time, (b) an interface that provides immediate visual feedback in response to changes in the grammar being refined, and (c) a graphical mechanism for specifying example parse trees using only textual selections. We empirically demonstrate the viability of our approach by using Parsify to construct parsers for source code drawn from Verilog, SQL, Apache, and Tiger.
The runtime creation of code for printing simulation output (1990)

The Automated Code Handler for Output Operations (ACHOO) supports a methodology whereby output requirements for a computer program, and the source code for the statements to support them, are determined at execution time based on user-supplied input. Thus, the user can tailor output requirements to a specific need or scenario. The function of the programmer is reduced to instrumenting predesignated areas where potential monitoring of program behavior is desired. This activity, consisting of inserting calls to subroutines that ACHOO creates, eliminates the need for manual creation of output statements and accompanying format specifications during computer program development and subsequent maintenance. Although ACHOO currently supports Fortran programs only, this does not preclude its adaptation to other languages. During design, attempts were made to identify, isolate, and document language-dependent functions so that module substitution could occur to accommodate other languages. >
Effect of Roasting on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Whole Cashew Nuts, Kernels, and Testa (2011)

The effect of roasting on the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of cashew nuts and testa was studied. Whole cashew nuts, subjected to low-temperature (LT) and high-temperature (HT) treatments, were used to determine the antioxidant activity of products. Antioxidant activities of cashew nut, kernel, and testa phenolics extracted increased as the roasting temperature increased. The highest activity, as determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC), and reducing power, was achieved when nuts were roasted at 130 °C for 33 min. Furthermore, roasting increased the total phenolic content (TPC) in both the soluble and bound extracts from whole nut, kernel, and testa but decreased that of the proanthocyanidins (PC) except for the soluble extract of cashew kernels. In addition, cashew testa afforded a higher extract yield, TPC, and PC in both soluble and bound fractions compared to that in whole nuts and kernels. Phenolic acids, namely, syringic (the predominant one), gallic, and p-coumaric acids, were identified. Flavonoids, namely, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and epigallocatechin, were also identified, and their contents increased with increasing temperature. The results so obtained suggest that HT-short time (HTST) roasting effectively enhances the antioxidant activity of cashew nuts and testa.
The formation of 2‐alkoxyquinolines from quinoline <i>N</i>‐oxides in alcoholic media (1979)

Abstract A novel transformation of certain quinoline N ‐oxides which gives rise to 2‐alkoxy substituted quinolines by the action of acetic anhydride in alcoholic media is described. In the case of t ‐butyl alcohol direct formation of the carbostyril is also observed. A mechanism is advanced to explain the observed phenomena.
A Multi-Crystal Positron Camera (1972)

A multicrystal positron camera designed for use with radionuclides produced with a medical cyclotron is described. The camera uses coincidence techniques for collimation by detecting the positron annihilation radiation. Typical radionuclides are 11C, 13N, 15O with half lives of 20, 10, and 2 minutes, respectively. The principal object of the design is to achieve a data rate capacity to 5 × 104 coincidence events per second, as well as high sensitivity and resolution. This will allow time sequential images of fractional second duration. Each of the camera's two identical detectors consist of a planar array of 127 small NaI(Tl) crystals viewed by an array of 72 phototubes. Timing signals are derived from the phototubes and are subsequently used to identify 2549 crystal pairs. The coincidence data is stored in a magnetic-core memory and used for a local data display; alternatively data may be transferred under program control to a PDP-9 computer. The sensitive field area is 27 cm × 30 cm and the spatial resolution is less than 1 cm at the midplane. The camera is currently being used for a number of clinical applications.
An Experiment Study on 2D Ultrasonic Physics Model of Cave (2005)

Because of resource mining excessively,it appears many caves in mine areas.So the geologic disaster of earth surface sinking is caused by the caves.In order to understand deeply seismic application in makinga survey of cave.The paper starts with the experiment study on the 2D ultrasonicphysics model;it discusses principle and makings about the physics model and studys characters of seismic wave field of cave.The dates gathered from the experiment are processed by the Winseis software.We can conclude that the cave'sposition is matching with real model from the overlapped migration section.Consequently it validates that the experiment is valid and believable;At the same time it At the same time the article can provide further theories argument for pactical surveying the cave.
Hydrodynamic prediction of peak pool-boiling heat fluxes from finite bodies. (1972)

Previous theoretical models are considered, giving attention to the original formulation proposed by Zuber (1959), an infinite horizontal flat plate, a horizontal cylinder, and a sphere. Some general features of any hydrodynamic prediction are inferred by examining the characteristics of the models. It is found possible to eliminate the need for observed values of the vapor-blanket thickness. The concepts obtained are utilized in the derivation of expressions for the prediction of the peak pool-boiling heat flux in the case of some new configurations.
Fitting of Fatigue Curves with Nonconstant Standard Deviation to Data with Runouts (1984)

Abstract This paper presents maximum likelihood methods and a computer program for fitting fatigue curves with nonconstant standard deviation to data with runouts. The methods yield estimates and confidence limits for curve coefficients and percentiles of the life distribution at any stress level. Also presented are (1) the likelihood ratio test for comparing the fit to data of different types of fatigue curves and (2) graphical analyses of residuals to check the assumed fatigue life distribution, to assess fit of a curve, and to spot peculiar data.
Crowdsourcing Diagnosis for Patients With Undiagnosed Illnesses: An Evaluation of CrowdMed (2016)

Some patients with undiagnosed illnesses reported receiving helpful guidance from crowdsourcing their diagnoses during their difficult diagnostic journeys. However, further development and use of crowdsourcing methods to facilitate diagnosis requires long-term evaluation as well as validation to account for patients' ultimate correct diagnoses.
Identification of Physiologically Active Substances as Novel Ligands for MRGPRD (2012)

Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member D (MRGPRD) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which belongs to the Mas-related GPCRs expressed in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In this study, we investigated two novel ligands in addition to beta-alanine: (1) beta-aminoisobutyric acid, a physiologically active substance, with which possible relation to tumors has been seen together with beta-alanine; (2) diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen hormone. In addition to the novel ligands, we found that transfection of MRGPRD leads fibroblast cells to form spheroids, which would be related to oncogenicity. To understand the MRGPRD novel character, oncogenicity, a large chemical library was screened in order to obtain MRGPRD antagonists to utilize in exploring the character. The antagonist in turn inhibited the spheroid proliferation that is dependent on MRGPRD signaling as well as MRGPRD signals activated by beta-alanine. The antagonist, a small-molecule compound we found in this study, is a potential anticancer agent.
Comparison of post-filtering and filtering between iterations for SPECT reconstruction (1999)

Iteratively reconstructed Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) images are known to become noisy and exhibit edge-artifacts at high iteration numbers. In order to suppress these undesirable image distortions some method of regularization has to be applied. One of the frequently applied regularization methods is low-pass filtering of the reconstructed image. In this paper SPECT images which have been filtered after a complete iterative reconstruction (post-filtering) are compared to SPECT images which have been filtered in-between each iteration step of the reconstruction (in-between filtering). The comparison of post-filtering and in-between filtering is made for two different kind of filters, a Gaussian filter and an edge-preserving diffusion filter. In order to make a fair comparison of the best possible performance of each method, the specific filters are automatically selected by varying the filter parameters until the difference between a phantom and corresponding filtered SPECT images is minimized (optimal filtering). The resulting minimum of the difference is used as the standard to compare the performance of the filter processes. The difference between optimized post-filtering and optimized in-between filtering is found to be small. In most the cases which were investigated, smoothing in-between iterations with optimized fixed kernels gives slightly less accurate results than optimized post-filtering or optimized in-between filtering. Since post-filtering is much easier to optimize than in-between filtering, post-filtering may be preferred to use in practice.
Digital image watermarking method using between-class variance (2012)

We propose a low-complexity, pixel-based watermarking method utilizing the edge areas in an image. In this method, an image is divided into blocks and the blocks are classified as edge blocks and non-edge blocks. The histogram of pixels in an edge block is a bi-modal distribution which has two peaks. Therefore, these pixels are further classified into two classes named “high peak class” and “low peak class”. Then, a bit of the watermark is embedded by controlling the between-class variance by changing the pixel values in each class of the edge block. We utilized the discriminant analysis method for deciding a threshold and controlling the between-class variance. The proposed method can improve the image quality while maintaining robustness against compression and smoothing. In this paper, we evaluated the image quality of watermarked images using PSNR and SSIM. We also evaluated robustness against JPEG compression and Gaussian filtering.