gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multimodal CARS microscopy determination of the impact of diet on macrophage infiltration and lipid accumulation on plaque formation in ApoE-deficient mice (2010)

We characterized several cellular and structural features of early stage Type II/III atherosclerotic plaques in an established model of atherosclerosis-the ApoE-deficient mouse-by using a multimodal, coregistered imaging system that integrates three nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) contrast mechanisms: coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), second harmonic generation (SHG), and two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF). Specifically, the infiltration of lipid-rich macrophages and the structural organization of collagen and elastin fibers were visualized by CARS, SHG, and TPEF, respectively, in thick tissue specimens without the use of exogenous labels or dyes. Label-free CARS imaging of macrophage accumulation was confirmed by histopathology using CD68 staining. A high-fat, high-cholesterol Western diet resulted in an approximate 2-fold increase in intimal plaque area, defined by CARS signals of lipid-rich macrophages. Additionally, analysis of collagen distribution within lipid-rich plaque regions revealed nearly a 4-fold decrease in the Western diet-fed mice, suggesting NLOM sensitivity to increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and decreased smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulation. These imaging results provide significant insight into the structure and composition of early stage Type II/III plaque during formation and allow for quantitative measurements of the impact of diet and other factors on critical plaque and arterial wall features.
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase and Messenger RNA Levels in Gastric Cancer: Possible Predictor for Sensitivity to 5‐Fluorouracil (2000)

We investigated the correlation between tumor sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and enzymatic activities of thymidylate synthetase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in human gastric cancer specimens. Forty-one patients with advanced gastric cancer gave informed consent and were enrolled in the study. Biopsy specimens of gastric cancer were obtained preoperatively through gastrofiberscopy and used to determine TS and DPD messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. TS and DPD enzyme activity and mRNA levels were also measured in resected tumor tissue samples obtained after surgical resection. TS and DPD activity were measured using the TS-binding assay and a radioenzymatic assay, respectively, while mRNA levels were measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), with co-amplification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as an internal standard. 5-FU sensitivity of resected tumor specimens was measured by the tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT assay). Both TS and DPD mRNA levels correlated well between biopsied and resected tumor specimens. A statistically significant correlation was also observed between mRNA levels in biopsied specimens and enzymatic activities in resected specimens. DPD levels significantly correlated with 5-FU sensitivity, such that high DPD activity and high DPD mRNA levels resulted in low sensitivity to 5-FU. In contrast, no correlation was observed between TS activity or TS mRNA levels and 5-FU sensitivity. We conclude that tumor DPD mRNA level, as assessed from biopsy specimens obtained by gastrofiberscopy, may be a useful indicator in predicting tumor sensitivity to 5-FU in patients with gastric cancer.
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanoplatelets from Simple Solution Edge-Functionalization for n-Type Field-Effect Transistors (2013)

The development of a versatile method for nitrogen-doping of graphitic structure is an important challenge for many applications, such as energy conversions and storages and electronic devices. Here, we report a simple but efficient method for preparing nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets via wet-chemical reactions. The reaction between monoketone (C═O) in graphene oxide (GO) and monoamine-containing compound produces imine (Shiff base) functionalized GO (iGO). The reaction between α-diketone in GO and 1,2-diamine (ortho-diamine)-containing compound gives stable pyrazine ring functionalized GO (pGO). Subsequent heat-treatments of iGO and pGO result in high-quality, nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets to be designated as hiGO and hpGO, respectively. Of particular interest, hpGO was found to display the n-type field-effect transistor behavior with a charge neutral point (Dirac point) located at around -16 V. Furthermore, hpGO showed hole and electron mobilities as high as 11.5 and 12.4 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1), respectively.
Soft Matter Models of Developing Tissues and Tumors (2012)

Analogies with inert soft condensed matter--such as viscoelastic liquids, pastes, foams, emulsions, colloids, and polymers--can be used to investigate the mechanical response of soft biological tissues to forces. A variety of experimental techniques and biophysical models have exploited these analogies allowing the quantitative characterization of the mechanical properties of model tissues, such as surface tension, elasticity, and viscosity. The framework of soft matter has been successful in explaining a number of dynamical tissue behaviors observed in physiology and development, such as cell sorting, tissue spreading, or the escape of individual cells from a tumor. However, living tissues also exhibit active responses, such as rigidity sensing or cell pulsation, that are absent in inert soft materials. The soft matter models reviewed here have provided valuable insight in understanding morphogenesis and cancer invasion and have set bases for using tissue engineering within medicine.
dUTPase and uracil-DNA glycosylase are central modulators of antifolate toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (2002)

The thymidylate synthase reaction remains an important target for widely used anticancer agents; however, the clinical utility of these drugs is limited by the occurrence of cellular resistance. Despite the considerable amount of information available regarding mechanisms of drug action, the relative significance of downstream events that result in lethality remains unclear. In this study, we have developed a model system using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to dissect the influence of dUMP misincorporation into DNA as a contributing mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by antifolate agents. The activities of dUTPase and uracil-DNA glycosylase, key enzymes in uracil-DNA metabolism, were diminished or augmented, and the manipulated strains were analyzed for biochemical endpoints of toxicity. Cells overexpressing dUTPase were protected from cytotoxicity by their ability to prevent dUTP pool expansion and were able to recover from an early S-phase checkpoint arrest. In contrast, depletion of dUTPase activity leads to the accumulation of dUTP pools and enhanced sensitivity to antifolates. These cells were also arrested in early S-phase and were unable to complete DNA replication after drug withdrawal, resulting in lethality. Inactivation of uracil base excision repair induced partial resistance to early cytotoxicity (within 10 h); however, lethality ultimately resulted at later time points (12-24 h), presumably because of the detrimental effects of stable uracil misincorporation. Although these cells were able to complete replication with uracil-substituted DNA, they arrested at the G(2)-M phase. This finding may represent a novel mechanism by which the G(2)-M checkpoint is signaled by the presence of uracil-substituted DNA. Together these data provide both genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrating that lethality from antifolates in yeast is primarily dependent on uracil misincorporation into DNA, and that uracil-independent mechanisms associated with dTTP depletion play a minor role. Our findings indicate that the relative expression levels of both dUTPase and uracil-DNA glycosylase can have great influence over the efficacy of thymidylate synthase-directed chemotherapy, thereby enhancing the candidacy of these proteins as prognostic markers and alternative targets for therapeutic development.
A Novel Role for Enzyme I of the <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> Phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphotransferase System in Regulation of Growth in a Biofilm (2007)

Glucose is a universal energy source and a potent inducer of surface colonization for many microbial species. Highly efficient sugar assimilation pathways ensure successful competition for this preferred carbon source. One such pathway is the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS), a multicomponent sugar transport system that phosphorylates the sugar as it enters the cell. Components required for transport of glucose through the PTS include enzyme I, histidine protein, enzyme IIA(Glc), and enzyme IIBC(Glc). In Escherichia coli, components of the PTS fulfill many regulatory roles, including regulation of nutrient scavenging and catabolism, chemotaxis, glycogen utilization, catabolite repression, and inducer exclusion. We previously observed that genes encoding the components of the Vibrio cholerae PTS were coregulated with the vps genes, which are required for synthesis of the biofilm matrix exopolysaccharide. In this work, we identify the PTS components required for transport of glucose and investigate the role of each of these components in regulation of biofilm formation. Our results establish a novel role for the phosphorylated form of enzyme I in specific regulation of biofilm-associated growth. As the PTS is highly conserved among bacteria, the enzyme I regulatory pathway may be relevant to a number of biofilm-based infections.
Laterally deformable optical NEMS grating transducers for inertial sensing applications (2005)

This paper discusses the use of laterally deformable optical nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) grating transducers for sensor applications. For very small changes in the spacing of the nanostructured grating elements, a large change in the optical reflection amplitude is observed, making this an ideal transducer element for detecting very small amounts of relative motion. These devices are also very sensitive to wavelength, and could thus be used as tunable elements for spectrometry, as well as communications or inertial sensing. This anomalous diffraction property was predicted in previous work; here, we experimentally verify operation of these devices and demonstrate a motion detection sensitivity of 10 fm/Hz<sup>1/2</sup>, comparable to the most sensitive MEMS transducer. As optical devices, these sensors have additional advantages over electrical sensors, including high immunity to electromagnetic interference and the possibility of integration with fiber optics to create a network of sensors with a single remote optical source and detector.
Dispute Resolution in Space (1983)

As the United States makes strides toward maintaining a permanent presence in space, there is a need for a legal framework to adjudicate disputes arising among men and women working there. Present law does not adequately take into account the unique conditions encountered in space such as isolation, confinement and dangerous environments. This Note proposes that the United States codify substantive and procedural law to facilitate resolution of disputes in space. The code must allow for timely dispute resolution and avoid serious disruption of the mission. The proposal suggests that national, not international, law should form the basis for the code and that the code should be adopted on a federal rather than a state level. The author recommends that a crew member be the administering authority responsible for adjudicating disputes. Several candidates suitable for that position, such as the spaceship commander, trained managers, engineers, and astrolaw practitioners are offered for consideration by the author.
Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization and MR Relaxometry of Aqueous Ferrofluids (2008)

The synthesis and characterization of ferrofluid based MR contrast agents, which offer R2* versatility beyond that of ferucarbotran, is described. Ferrofluids were formed after stabilizing magnetite cores with dodecanoic acid (a), oleic acid (b), dodecylamine (c), citric acid (d) or tartaric acid (e). Core sizes were deduced from TEM micrographs. Magnetic properties were determined by SQUID magnetometry. Hydrodynamic particle diameters were determined by dynamic light scattering measurements. Zeta potentials were measured by combining laser Doppler velocimetry and phase analysis light scattering. Iron contents were evaluated colorimetrically. MR relaxometry including R1 and R2* was conducted in vitro using homogeneous ferrofluid samples. The average core diameters of ferrofluids a, b and c equaled 9.4±2.8 nm and approximately 2 nm for ferrofluids d and e. Magnetization measurements at 300 K revealed superparamagnetic behaviour for the dried 9 nm diameter cores and paramagnetic-like behaviour for the dried cores of ferrofluids d and e. Iron contents were between 32–75 mg Fe/mL, reflecting the ferrofluids' high particle concentrations. Hydrodynamic particle diameters equaled 100–120 nm (a, b and c). For the ferrofluids a, b, d and e coated with anions, strong negative zeta potential values between −27.5 mV and −54.0 mV were determined and a positive zeta potential value of +33.5 mV was found for ferrofluid c, covered with cationic dodecylammonium ions. MR relaxometry yielded R1-values of 1.9±0.3 (a), 4.0±0.8 (b), 5.2±1.0 (c), 0.124±0.002 (d) and 0.092±0.005 s −1 mM −1 (e), and R2*-values of 856±24 (a), 729±16 (b), 922±29 (c), 1.7±0.05 (d) and 0.49±0.05 s −1 mM −1 (e). Thus, the synthesized ferrofluids reveal a broad spectrum of R2* relaxivities. As a result, the various MR contrast agents have a great potential to be used in studies dealing with malignant tissue targeting or molecular imaging.
Periodically Aligned Liquid Crystal: Potential Application for Projection Displays (2006)

A nematic liquid crystal (NLC) layer with the anisotropy axis modulated at a fixed rate q in the transverse direction is considered. If the layer locally constitutes a half-wave plate, then the thin-screen approximation predicts 100% efficient diffraction of a normal incident wave. The possibility of implementing such a layer via anchoring at both surfaces of a cell with thickness L is studied as a function of parameter qL, and threshold values of this parameter are found for a variety of cases. Distortions of the structure of the director in comparison with the ideal profile are found via numerical modeling. Freedericksz transition is studied for this configuration. Coupled-mode theory is applied to light propagation through such a cell allowing to account for walk-off effects and effects of nematic distortion. In summary, this cell is suggested as a means for projection display; high efficiency is predicted.
Design and Synthesis of Network-Forming Triblock Copolymers Using Tapered Block Interfaces (2012)

We report a strategy for generating novel dual-tapered poly(isoprene-b-isoprene/styrene-b-styrene-b-styrene/methyl methacrylate-b-methyl methacrylate) [P(I-IS-S-SM-M)] triblock copolymers that combines anionic polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition click chemistry. The tapered interfaces between blocks were synthesized via a semi-batch feed using programmable syringe pumps. This strategy allows us to manipulate the transition region between copolymer blocks in triblock copolymers providing control over the interfacial interactions in our nanoscale phase-separated materials independent of molecular weight and block constituents. Additionally, we show the ability to retain a desirous and complex multiply-continuous network structure (alternating gyroid) in our dual-tapered triblock material.
Glucagon Like Peptides-1 Modulators as Newer Target for Diabetes (2008)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been recognized as a growing world-wide epidemic by many health advocacy groups including the World Health Organization (WHO). DM affects about 6% of the North American population. A recent report estimated that 8.2% of adult population worldwide has impaired glucose tolerance. Current treatment approaches include diet, exercise, and a variety of pharmacological agents including insulin, biguanides, sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones. New therapies are still needed to control metabolic abnormalities, and also to preserve beta-cell mass and to prevent loss of beta-cell function. In many cases monotherapy gradually fails to improve blood glucose control and combination therapy is employed. The long-term success of these treatments varies substantially. Thus, there is an imperative need for novel therapeutic approaches for glycemic control that can complement existing therapies and possibly attempt to preserve normal physiological response to meal intake. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a drug candidate which potentially fulfils these conditions. Glucoregulatory actions of GLP-1 include glucose-dependent enhancement of insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon secretion, slowing of gastric emptying and reduction of food intake. GLP-1 is rapidly inactivated by amino peptidase, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and the utility of DPP-IV inhibitors are also under investigation. There is a recent upsurge in the development of GLP-1 mimetics and DPP-IV inhibitors as potential antidiabetic agents. The present review summarizes the concepts of GLP-1 based therapy for type 2 diabetes and the current preclinical and clinical development in GLP-1 modulators.
Growth of Cu particles on a Cu<sub>2</sub>O truncated octahedron: tuning of the Cu content for efficient glucose sensing (2015)

A simple and versatile hydrothermal method is developed to synthesize Cu-Cu2O, in which Cu particles grow on the surface of a Cu2O truncated octahedron. Through the reduction of Cu(2+) by glucose in an alkaline solution, the Cu2O truncated octahedron is quickly formed via a kinetic control process, and then Cu particles selectively nucleate on the high-energy (110) facets of Cu2O, generating a heterostructure. The amount of Cu in the sample is successfully tuned by varying the reaction temperature. Compared to Cu2O, the hybrid Cu-Cu2O architecture shows superior electrocatalytic performance for glucose oxidation due to the synergistic effect between more electrocatalytic active but less conductive Cu2O and more conductive but less electrocatalytic active Cu. By tuning the content of Cu in the heterostructure, the highest electrocatalytic activity is achieved at the Cu/Cu2O molar ratio of 0.83.
Template-based fluoropolymer ferroelectrets with multiple layers of tubular channels (2010)

Significant efforts are devoted to developing new ferroelectrets with well-controlled void distributions or uniform voids and with good long-term and thermal stability of the piezoelectricity. Here, we describe the concept, the fabrication, and the most relevant properties of fluoropolymer ferroelectret systems with three separate films of fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP), alternating with two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) templates. The FEP films are selectively fused by means of a lamination process. Two practically identical PTFE templates are used, which have parallel rectangular openings (1.5×30 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) separated by PTFE ridges of 1.5 mm width. After removing the PTFE templates, a three-layer FEP-film sandwich with tubular channels is obtained. We demonstrate that such FEP-film systems exhibit significant and stable piezoelectricity after charging under a high DC voltage. The resulting piezoelectric effect may be further improved by carefully assembling and arranging the PTFE templates during preparation.
Serum Biomarkers Predict Acute Symptom Burden in Children after Concussion: A Preliminary Study (2014)

Pediatric emergency department (ED) visits for concussion have nearly tripled in the past decade. Despite this, there are limited bedside tools available to objectively diagnose injury and prognosticate recovery. Here, we perform a preliminary evaluation of the utility of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in predicting initial and follow-up symptom burden in children and young adults 11-21 years of age, presenting to the ED after concussion. We enrolled 13 children and young adults presenting to the ED within 24 h of concussion, and obtained initial serum samples at that time as well as follow-up samples within 24-72 h of injury. Initial GFAP levels were associated with initial and follow-up symptom burden up to 1 month after injury, whereas follow-up GFAP levels did not correlate with symptom burden. These preliminary data suggest that GFAP may offer an objective measure of injury and recovery after pediatric concussion, potentially offering clinicians a new tool in the management of this common injury.
Eco-driving at Signalized Intersections Based on Driving Behavior Self-learning (2018)

"Human-vehicle-road" collaborative optimization is an important issue in current research. And the topic of how to build an appropriate driver model integrating future traffic information has not been totally solved. In this paper, Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) was adopted to learn different driving modes. And a linear acceleration model, was identified by least square method which was weighted by probability density of the GMM. Therefore, the most energy-saving acceleration model could be evaluated by a comprehensive score. Based on this model, the planning and control of driving speed in single traffic light scene was explored. Simulation results show that the planning strategy proposed in this paper can save fuel up to 15.81% compared with the aggressive driver; and 14.54% reduced compared with the fixed speed planning algorithm based on vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication, with traffic light restriction satisfied.
Testing of Alum Recovery for Solids Reduction and Reuse (1987)

Alum recovery has recently gained more attention because many water utilities need to improve their sludge handling and disposal practices. As part of an overall sludge management program, alum recovery can reduce the amount of solids and allow for reuse of the recovered alum as a coagulant. It also has other potential uses such as phosphorus control at wastewater treatment plants.
Error analysis for 3D shape measurement with projector defocusing (2010)

This paper analyzes the phase error for a 3-D shape measurement system that utilizes our recently proposed projector defocusing technique. In this technique, by defocusing binary structured patterns, seemingly sinusoidal ones can be generated, and 3-D shape measurement can be performed by fringe analysis. However, there are still significant errors if the object is not within a certain depth range where the defocused fringe patterns still have binary structures. In this research, we experimentally studied a large depth range of defocused fringe patterns, from close to be binary to to be sinusoidal, and its associated phase errors are analyzed. We established a mathematical phase error function in terms of the wrapped phase and the depth z. Finally, the mathematical function is calibrated and is used to compensate for the phase error at arbitrary depth ranges within the calibration volume. Experiment will be presented to demonstrate the success of this proposed technique.