gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Small‐area low‐ripple chopper instrumentation amplifier using sample‐and‐hold circuit (2013)

A small‐area low‐ripple chopper instrumentation amplifier (IA) using a sample‐and‐hold circuit is proposed. The proposed chopper IA employs a ripple‐reduction loop (RRL) to suppress chopper ripple which is generated by the up‐modulated offset and 1/ƒ noise. The conventional RRL is not area‐efficient since a sensing capacitor occupies a large chip area. Thus, the RRL using the sample‐and‐hold circuit to reduce the chip area is proposed. The proposed chopper IA is fabricated by using a 0.18 μm CMOS process technology and has a smaller chip area of 0.054 mm 2 than that of the state‐of‐the‐art design. The measured input‐referred ripples with and without the proposed RRL are less than 3.12 mV and 67 μV, respectively.
Systematic Investigation of Interface Properties in 4H-SiC MOS Structures Prepared by Over-Oxidation of Ion-Implanted Substrates (2010)

A change in the interface state density in 4H-SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structures by incorporation of various elements was systematically investigated. B, N, F, Al, P, and Cl ions were implanted prior to the oxidation and introduced at the SiO2/SiC interface by subsequent thermal oxidation. Interface state density near the conduction band edge for Al-, B-, F-, and Cl-implanted MOS capacitors increased with implantation dose. On the other hand, a strong reduction of the interface state density was observed for N- and P-implanted samples when the implantation dose was larger than 5.0 × 1012 cm−2. It was found that the interface state density can be reduced by P as well as N.
Au- and Pt-Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of 1,5-Enynes to Cyclohexadienes with a Broad Alkyne Scope (2006)

We describe the development of gold- and platinum-catalyzed cycloisomerizations of 1,5-enynes. This catalytic process displays a wide alkyne scope and furnishes a range of highly functionalized 1,4- and 1,3-cyclohexadienes. In the case of 1-siloxy-1-yne-5-enes, the reactions are efficiently catalyzed by AuCl (1 mol %) at ambient temperature to afford siloxy cyclohexadienes or the corresponding 1,2- and 1,3-cyclohexenones upon subsequent protodesilylation. We propose that the reaction proceeds via a novel mechanism involving a series of 1,2-alkyl shifts. Elucidation of this unusual reaction mechanism enabled us, in turn, to significantly expand the scope of the cycloisomerization by incorporation of a quaternary center at the C(3) position of the enyne. Indeed, we established that PtCl(2) (5 mol %) efficiently catalyzed the cycloisomerizations of 1,5-enynes containing terminal, internal, and arene-conjugated alkynes. Since a variety of 1,5-enynes are readily accessible, the cycloisomerization provides a rapid approach to a wide range of highy substituted cyclohexadienes for many subsequent synthetic applications.
Preparation and properties of α-calcium sulphate hemihydrate and β-tricalcium phosphate bone substitute (2013)

Autogenous bone graft carries the risk of complications. In contrast, artificial bone graft provides initial strength and allows new bone ingrowth. In this study, we examined methods of preparation of α-calcium sulphate hemihydrate (α-CSH) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), and a composite of the two materials. Characterization of the materials was determined with X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and porosity analysis. β-TCP exhibited the spatial structure and porosity of normal bone with a macropore size of 50-400 μm and some 1 μm micropores. α-CSH exhibited a regular crystal structure. A combined material was prepared in a 1:1 weight ratio, and in a rabbit model, the rate of new bone mineralization was similar to that of autogenous bone graft. The combined material of β-TCP and α-CSH in this study may provide similar efficacy as autogenous bone graft.
Diagnosis and Management of Functional Heartburn (2016)

Heartburn is among the most common gastrointestinal symptoms presenting to both generalist physicians and gastroenterologists. Heartburn that does not respond to traditional acid suppression is a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. In the era of high utilization of proton pump inhibitors, a substantial proportion of patients presenting to the gastroenterologist with chronic symptoms of heartburn do not have a reflux-mediated disease. Subjects without objective evidence of reflux as a cause of their symptoms have "functional heartburn". The diagnostic role of endoscopy, reflux and motility testing in functional heartburn (FH) patients is discussed. Lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and alternative therapies for FH are also presented. Recognition of patients with FH allows earlier assignment of these patients to different treatment algorithms, which may allow greater likelihood of success of treatment, diminished resource utilization and improved quality of life. Further data on this large and understudied group of patients is necessary to allow improvement in treatment algorithms and a more evidence-based approach to care of these patients.
Biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus (2012)

In recent years, biomarkers have shown significant promise in helping decision-making in drug development. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complicated and highly heterogeneous disease that involves all organs. Only one drug, belimumab, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat SLE during the last 50 years and there remains a high unmet medical need to develop new and effective therapies to benefit different patient populations in SLE. Due to the extreme heterogeneity of the disease and the complex and rigorous process to validate individual biomarkers, there is currently a very limited number of consensus biomarkers to aid the treatment decision-making in SLE. This review provides a snapshot of some biomarkers in the field that have the potential to make a big impact on drug development and/or treatment decisions by physicians. These include: type I interferon (IFN) gene signature as a pharmacodynamic marker and potential predictive marker for anti-type I IFN therapy; anti-double stranded DNA as a disease marker and potential predictive marker for flares; the complements and neutrophil signatures as disease marker of SLE; and TWEAK (a tumor necrosis factor family member produced by macrophages) and MCP-1 as potential markers to predict renal flares. Most of these markers need carefully planned and prospective studies with high statistical power to confirm their respective utilities. With the development and application of powerful new technologies, more successful biomarkers will emerge in SLE. This could improve the management of patients in the clinic and facilitate the development of novel and more effective therapeutics for this difficult-to-treat disease.
Glycoproteins of Cell Surfaces (1971)

Abstract The glycoproteins of three different cell surface membranes of the rat have been investigated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis with the use of discontinuous buffers in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Liver, kidney brush border, and erythrocyte ghost membranes are solubilized in SDS and after brief exposure to dilute base are reduced with βmercaptoethanol. The gels, after washing free of SDS, are Schiff-stained, and it is demonstrated, by the use of glycoproteins of known molecular weight and subunit composition, that the stained patterns represent size separations of glycoprotein subunits. Each membrane is found to have an identifiable glycoprotein subunit pattern composed of at least 6 to 11 different sized subunits. Most of the staining intensity is present in one to three subunits. Although each membrane has its own unique pattern, liver and kidney brush border have four identically sized subunits. These subunits have molecular weights of 250,000, 195,000, 130,000, and 96,000 when estimated by interpolations of relative mobilities between protein markers. The erythrocyte ghost also contains a 96,000 molecular weight glycoprotein subunit. Sialic acid determinations made on cut gel slices show that all prominent Schiff-positive glycoproteins contain sialic acid.
Neuronavigation by Intraoperative Three-dimensional Ultrasound: Initial Experience during Brain Tumor Resection (2002)

Intraoperative 3-D ultrasound seems to provide a time- and cost-effective way to update high-quality 3-D maps used in neuronavigation.
Tackling IoT complexity (2017)

Internet of Things (IoT) applications transcend traditional telecom to include enterprise verticals such as transportation, healthcare, agriculture, energy and utilities. Given the vast number of d ...
Separation of ethanol and water by extractive distillation with salt and solvent as entrainer: process simulation (2008)

The aim of this work is to simulate and analyze an extractive distillation process for azeotropic ethanol dehydration with ethylene glycol and calcium chloride mixture as entrainer. The work was developed with Aspen Plus® simulator version 11.1. Calculation of the activity coefficients employed to describe vapor liquid equilibrium of ethanol - water - ethylene glycol - calcium chloride system was done with the NRTL-E equation and they were validated with experimental data. The dehydration process used two columns: the main extractive column and the recovery column. The solvent to feed molar ratio S/F=0.3, molar reflux ratio RR=0.35, number of theoretical stages Ns=18, feed stage Sf=12, feed solvent stage SS=3, and feed solvent temperature TS=80 ºC, were determined to obtain a distillate with at least 99.5 % mole of ethanol. A substantial reduction in the energy consumption, compared with the conventional processes, was predicted by using ethylene glycol and calcium chloride as entrainer.
A fast single chip implementation of 8192 complex points FFT (2002)

This paper presents the first single chip dedicated to the computation of direct or inverse fast Fourier transforms of up to 8192 complex points. Due to its pipelined architecture, it can perform a 8 K FFT every 400 /spl mu/s and a IK FFT every 50 /spl mu/s. A new internal results scaling scheme has been introduced in order to optimize the SNR and to minimize the storage requirements. This component has been developed mainly for the validation of the Single Frequency Network concept in an COFDM digital terrestrial television system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bayesian Network Learning with Parameter Constraints (2006)

The task of learning models for many real-world problems requires incorporating domain knowledge into learning algorithms, to enable accurate learning from a realistic volume of training data. This paper considers a variety of types of domain knowledge for constraining parameter estimates when learning Bayesian networks. In particular, we consider domain knowledge that constrains the values or relationships among subsets of parameters in a Bayesian network with known structure.

We incorporate a wide variety of parameter constraints into learning procedures for Bayesian networks, by formulating this task as a constrained optimization problem. The assumptions made in module networks, dynamic Bayes nets and context specific independence models can be viewed as particular cases of such parameter constraints. We present closed form solutions or fast iterative algorithms for estimating parameters subject to several specific classes of parameter constraints, including equalities and inequalities among parameters, constraints on individual parameters, and constraints on sums and ratios of parameters, for discrete and continuous variables. Our methods cover learning from both frequentist and Bayesian points of view, from both complete and incomplete data.

We present formal guarantees for our estimators, as well as methods for automatically learning useful parameter constraints from data. To validate our approach, we apply it to the domain of fMRI brain image analysis. Here we demonstrate the ability of our system to first learn useful relationships among parameters, and then to use them to constrain the training of the Bayesian network, resulting in improved cross-validated accuracy of the learned model. Experiments on synthetic data are also presented.
Microencapsulation of Corrosion Indicators for Smart Coatings (2011)

A multifunctional smart coating for the autonomous detection, indication, and control of corrosion is been developed based on microencapsulation technology. This paper summarizes the development, optimization, and testing of microcapsules specifically designed for early detection and indication of corrosion when incorporated into a smart coating. Results from experiments designed to test the ability of the microcapsules to detect and indicate corrosion, when blended into several paint systems, show that these experimental coatings generate a color change, indicative of spot specific corrosion events, that can be observed with the naked eye within hours rather than the hundreds of hours or months typical of the standard accelerated corrosion test protocols.. Key words: smart coating, corrosion detection, microencapsulation, microcapsule, pH-sensitive microcapsule, corrosion indicator, corrosion sensing paint
Radioimmunoassays for Cannabinoids (1982)

The simplicity, sensitivity, and specificity of radioimmunoassay have made it an attractive procedure for the analysis of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in biological fluids or tissues. The presence of closely related compounds such as metabolites may interfere with radioimmunoassay results. Appropriate design of immunogens may diminish such interference. This work has been directed towards the use of the amyl side chain for linking cannabinoid compounds to proteins to form immunogens. Although the amyl side chain is metabolized to some extent, the metabolites are not quantitatively significant in most cases. 5'-Carboxy-delta-8-THC and 5'-carboxy-delta-9-THC were linked to bovine serum albumin. Immunization of rabbits with the resulting conjugates resulted in the formation of antisera with high selectivity for delta-9-THC vs. its carboxylic acid metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC. Delta-8-THC radioligands (4',5'-tritium and 5'-iodine-125) could be used with these antisera for analysis of delta-9-THC in plasma. Sensitivity with tritium-labeled material is about 2.5 ng/ml. 5'-Oxo-11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-8-THC was used to prepare an immunogen which led to the generation of an antiserum highly specific for 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC. This antiserum and iodine-125-5'-iodo-11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-8-THC were used to develop a highly specific assay for 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC in plasma.
Synthesis and Reactions of Stable Nitroxyl Radicals I. Synthesis (1971)

The methods for obtaining nitroxyl radicals by dehydrogenation of hydroxylamines, oxidation of amines, reduction of nitro and nitroso compounds, and addition of free radicals to nitrones, as well as certain physical properties of stable nitroxyls, are discussed.
Design and performance of an ultrawide-band ceramic-loaded slot spiral (2005)

The miniaturization of a broadband square slot spiral antenna is proposed using high-contrast (/spl epsiv//sub r/>30) dielectric materials. A previously developed circular slot spiral antenna is the starting point of the design. This spiral is first modified in terms of its feed and termination to facilitate the dielectric loading of the antenna by means of a superstrate. The subsequently placed superstrate is also modified by tapering its thickness to improve impedance matching. Several measurements were carried out using square spiral apertures having diameters of 2'' and 6'', respectively. It is demonstrated that the ceramic loading of a 2'' spiral with an /spl epsiv//sub r/=90 shifts the initial operating frequency by nearly 320 MHz down to 564 MHz representing a size reduction of 36%. Additionally, a 6'' aperture loaded with a superstrate having /spl epsiv//sub r/=30 is shown to operate down to 270 MHz corresponding to a size reduction of 18%.
Fabrication InGaN Nanodisk Structure in GaN Reverse Hexagonal Pyramid (2006)

Small self-assembled inverted hexagonal pyramids consisting of GaN:Mg and InGaN/GaN multi-quantum-well (MQW) structures were fabricated using photoelectrochemical wet etching. Lateral etching, bottom-up etching, and anisotropic etching are the sequential formation mechanism of such pyramids during the wet etching. The inverted hexagonal pyramids were measured to be 245 nm in width and 184 nm in height, and the angle between the top GaN:Mg surface and the pyramid sidewall was calculated to be about 56.3°. Due to the strain relief in the nano-disk MQW structure, we induced an emission peak of photoluminescence at the tip of the inverted hexagonal pyramids, which had a strong blue shift of 244 meV measured at 100 K.
On the polynomial description of concatenated codes (2003)

In 1986 H. Brandstrom described concatenated codes using polynomials in two indeterminates. The author discusses concatenated codes using this idea with some modifications. He describes the code as a principal idea in a quotient ring. By doing so, the author shows the differences and similarities between product codes and concatenated codes and why concatenated codes are much better than product codes. The concatenated codes considered consist of cyclic inner and outer codes. Typically, the outer code is an RS (Reed-Solomon) code and the inner code is a BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenguem) code. The codes for the product codes are also cyclic and typically BCH-codes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Suppression of arthritis by the inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. (1998)

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) is a serine exopeptidase which selectively cleaves the penultimate proline residue of polypeptides. This enzyme is also expressed on activated T cells. To assess the relevance of DP IV in immunological disorders, we evaluated the pharmacological effects of specific DP IV inhibitors. A competitive inhibitor of DP IV, Lys (Z (NO2) ) -thiazolidide suppressed mitogen-induced and antigen-induced proliferation of T cells. In vivo pharmacological effects were assessed by using alkyldiamine-and collagen-induced arthritis models, which share several pathological features with rheumatoid arthritis. A competitive inhibitor of DP IV (Lys (Z (NO2) ) -thiazolidide), an irreversible inhibitor (Ala-Pro-nitrobenzoyl hydroxylamime), and a transition state substrate analog of DP IV (Ala-boroPro) suppressed alkyldiamine-induced arthritis. Ala-boroPro also suppressed collagen-induced arthritis. These results suggest that DP IV may play a role in the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory diseases through immune regulation.
The epidemiology of pneumococcal infection in children in the developing world (1999)

Pneumonia causes about three million deaths a year in young children, nearly all of which are in developing countries. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the most important bacterial cause of pneumonia in young children and so is likely to be responsible for a high proportion of these deaths. The pneumococcus is also responsible for a substantial proportion of the 100,000-500,000 deaths that occur from meningitis in children each year. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the developing world is several times higher than in industrialized countries. This discrepancy may, in part, be due to socio-economic differences but genetic factors may also play a role. Children with sickle cell disease have a substantially increased risk of invasive pneumococcal infection and a search is being made for other possible genetic risk factors. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also predisposes to invasive pneumococcal disease and so the incidence of this disease in young children is expected to rise as increasing numbers of African and Asian children are born with a perinatally acquired HIV infection. Until recently, pneumococcal infections could be treated effectively with penicillin, a cheap and safe antibiotic. However, pneumococci that are resistant to penicillin are becoming prevalent in many countries, necessitating a change to more costly antibiotics which may be beyond the reach of the health services of poor, developing countries. The spread of antibiotic resistance has provided an added stimulus to the development of vaccines that might be able to prevent pneumococcal disease in infants. Recently developed polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines show promise and are now undergoing field trials. How deployment of these vaccines will influence the balance between invasive pneumococcal infections and asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci is uncertain.
Image processing using hybrid systems and its applications (2002)

Hybrid systems are described, which have been used in image processing, radar signal processing and pattern recognition. The basic construction and function of the hybrid systems are introduced. There are two types of hybrid systems in principle, which are described in the paper. One of them is based on optical power spectrum measurements, the Fourier power spectrum has some unique properties which make it suitable for various signal processing tasks. Another type of hybrid system is based on spatial filtering and has been applied to pattern recognition and image processing.
Woven‐Yarn Thermoelectric Textiles (2016)

The fabrication and characterization of highly flexible textiles are reported. These textiles can harvest thermal energy from temperature gradients in the desirable through-thickness direction. The tiger yarns containing n- and p-type segments are woven to provide textiles containing n-p junctions. A high power output of up to 8.6 W m(-2) is obtained for a temperature difference of 200 °C.
The development of tungsten filament lamps (1984)

The rapid progress made soon after the initial problems of using tungsten were solved at the beginning of this century was followed by a series of important changes at more extended intervals, but continuing to the present day when special attention to safety has given real but less apparent improvements. Besides the main stream GLS lamp development the ways in which special purpose lamps have evolved are described. Some examples of the strides in mechanisation show how great the changes have been. Halogen technology introduced in 1959 enabled significantly improved lamps to be offered in all areas where performance is at a premium, but represented difficult problems in design and manufacture for which considerable investment in research and development was necessary.
Fault detection in induction motors as a result of transient analysis (1989)

A technique is being developed which will allow the detection and identification of specific faults within 3-phase induction motors during the starting transient. At present a very detailed and complex analysis is used to detect faults requiring the use of a mainframe computer. It is anticipated that once sufficient test data has been obtained this analysis will be dramatically reduced, allowing a stand alone instrument to be designed.
Multichannel optical recording using monolithic arrays of diode lasers (1984)

The first use of a monolithic array of individually addressable diode lasers as the source for high data rate multichannel optical recording is reported. The development of arrays of high-power constricted-double-heterostructure large-optical-cavity (CDH-LOC) diode lasers for this purpose is discussed. The laser outputs from contiguous elements of such an array were used in an optical recording system to simultaneously store three tracks of data on a trilayer optical disk.