gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance limits of transition metal dichalcogenide (MX2) nanotube surround gate ballistic field effect transistors (2013)

We theoretically analyze the performance of transition metal dichalcogenide (MX2) single wall nanotube (SWNT) surround gate MOSFET, in the 10 nm technology node. We consider semiconducting armchair (n, n) SWNT of MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2 for our study. The material properties of the nanotubes are evaluated from the density functional theory, and the ballistic device characteristics are obtained by self-consistently solving the Poisson-Schrödinger equation under the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism. Simulated ON currents are in the range of 61–76 μA for 4.5 nm diameter MX2 tubes, with peak transconductance ∼175–218 μS and ON/OFF ratio ∼0.6 × 105–0.8 × 105. The subthreshold slope is ∼62.22 mV/decade and a nominal drain induced barrier lowering of ∼12–15 mV/V is observed for the devices. The tungsten dichalcogenide nanotubes offer superior device output characteristics compared to the molybdenum dichalcogenide nanotubes, with WSe2 showing the best performance. Studying SWNT diameters of 2.5–5 nm, it is found that increase in diameter provides smaller carrier effective mass and 4%–6% higher ON currents. Using mean free path calculation to project the quasi-ballistic currents, 62%–75% reduction from ballistic values in drain current in long channel lengths of 100, 200 nm is observed.
A new role for cathelicidin in ulcerative colitis in mice. (2007)

Cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide of the innate immune system, modulates microbial growth, wound healing, and inflammation. However, its association with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is unknown. Our objective was to determine whether cathelicidin would exert a modulatory effect on the progression of IBD and, if so, investigate the mechanism of action through which this effect occurred. We evaluated the potential for a synthetic cathelicidin, the mouse cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (mCRAMP), to prevent the initiation and promote the healing of lesions from inflammatory colitis that was experimentally induced in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). During the experiment, mCRAMP was given: (i) as a parallel treatment starting together with 3% DSS feeding, and (ii) as a posttreatment starting 7 days after 3% DSS feeding. The body weight, fecal microflora populations, clinical symptoms, and histologic findings of colonic tissues were measured. Relative gene expression of mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, and MUC4) in colonic tissues was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Intrarectal administration of mCRAMP ameliorated DSS-induced colitis with negligible effects on mucosal healing. The peptide also significantly reduced the increased number of fecal microflora in colitis animals. It reversed the decline of colonic mucus thickness during colitis through upregulation of the expression of mucin genes. Treatment with mCRAMP also prevented colitis development by suppressing the induction of apoptosis by DSS. The current study demonstrates for the first time that intrarectal administration of cathelicidin may be a novel therapeutic option for IBDs.
Crocus sativus L.: A comprehensive review (2010)

Crocus sativus L. belonging to the family Iridaceae (syn - kesar) comprises the dried red stigma and is widely cultivated in Iran and other countries such as India and Greece. Saffron contains more than 150 volatile and aroma-yielding compounds mainly terpenes, terpene alcohol, and their esters. The bitter taste and an iodoform or hay-like fragrance are caused by chemicals picrocrocin and safranal. C. sativus possesses a number of medicinally important activities such as antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, antitussive, antigenototoxic and cytotoxic effects, anxiolytic aphrodisiac, antioxidant, antidepressant, antinociceptive , anti-inflammatory, and relaxant activity. It also improves memory and learning skills, and increases blood flow in retina and choroid. The present review explores the historical background, chemical constituents, pharmacological actions, uses, substitutes and adulterants, and toxicity. It also deals with its evaluation, formulations, and chemical tests in detail.
Improved Temporal Resolution for in Vivo Microdialysis by Using Segmented Flow (2008)

Microdialysis sampling probes were interfaced to a segmented flow system to improve temporal resolution for monitoring concentration dynamics. Aqueous dialysate was segmented into nanoliter plugs by pumping sample stream into the base of a tee channel structure microfabricated on a PDMS chip that had an immiscible carrier phase (perfluorodecalin) pumped into the cross arm of the tee. Varying the oil flow rate from 0.22 to 6.3 microL/min and sample flow rate from 42 to 328 nL/min allowed control of plug volume, interval between plugs, and frequency of plug generation between 6 and 28 nL, 0.6 and 10 s, and 0.1 and 1.7 Hz, respectively. Temporal resolution of the system, determined by measuring fluorescence in individual sample plugs following step changes of fluorescein concentration at the sampling probe surface, was as good as 15 s. Temporal resolution was independent of both sampling flow rate and distance that samples were pumped from the sampling probe. This effect is due to the prevention of Taylor dispersion of the sample as it was transported by segmented flow. In contrast, without flow segmentation, temporal resolution was worsened from 25 to 160 s as the detection point was moved from the sampling probe to 40 cm downstream. Glucose was detected by modifying the chip to allow enzyme assay reagents to be mixed with dialysate as sample plugs formed. The resulting assay had a detection limit of 50 microM and a linear range of 0.2-2 mM. This system was used to measure glucose in the brain of anesthetized rats. Basal concentration was 1.5 +/- 0.1 mM (n = 3) and was decreased 60% by infusion of high-K(+) solution through the probe. These results demonstrate the potential of microdialysis with segmented flow to be used for in vivo monitoring experiments with high temporal resolution.
Blockade of the PDGFR family together with SRC leads to diminished proliferation of colorectal cancer cells (2013)

Among the family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) has attracted increasing attention as a potential target of anti-tumor therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). To study the function of PDGFRβ in CRC cell lines, SW480, DLD-1 and Caco-2 cells showing high PDGFRβ expression were used for receptor down-regulation by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and using the pharmacological inhibitor of PDGFRβ Ki11502. Blockade of PDGFRβ using both approaches led to moderate inhibition of proliferation and diminished activation of the downstream PI3K-signaling pathway in all three cell lines. Surprisingly, incubation with Ki11502 resulted in an arrest of SW480 cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, whereas the siRNA approach did not result in this effect. To address this difference, we analyzed the involvement of the PDGFRβ family member c-KIT in Ki11502 effectiveness, but siRNA and proliferation studies in SW480 and DLD-1 cells could not prove the involvement of c-KIT inactivation during Ki11502 treatment. Hence, an RTK activation antibody array on SW480 cells led us to the identification of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC, which is inactivated after Ki11502 treatment but not after the siRNA approach. Further studies using the SRC-specific inhibitor PP2 showed that SRC inhibition upon treatment with the inhibitor Ki11502 is responsible for the observed effects of Ki11502 in SW480 and DLD-1 CRC cells. In summary, our results demonstrate that the inhibition of PDGFRβ alone using siRNA has only moderate cellular effects in CRC cell lines; however, the multi-target inhibition of PDGFRβ, c-KIT and SRC, e.g., using Ki11502, represents a promising therapeutic intervention for the treatment of CRC.
SUPPRESSION BY 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>OF TRANSCRIPTION OF THE PRE–PR0PARATHYR0ID HORMONE GENE (1986)

When bovine parathyroid cells in culture are exposed to the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3, a significant decrease in the steady-state levels of pre-proparathyroid hormone (pre-proPTH) mRNA occurs. The possibility that the fall in specific mRNA is due to a decrease in rate of transcription of the PTH gene was examined in this study. In the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3, there was a rapid and steady decline in PTH gene transcription rate which fell to a minimum of 10-15% of control at 24 h. The effect was observed at physiological levels (10(-11)M) and was also fully reversible.
Auger recombination and leakage in InGaN/GaN quantum well LEDs (2014)

The efficiency of blue InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) for solid state lighting has been strongly increased in the past years. The decay of the internal quantum efficiency at current densities above 100 Acm<sup>−2</sup> remains, though. This effect is known as droop and effectively limits the maximum current density. The physical mechanisms behind the droop are not yet fully understood. Theories for the origin of the droop include the Auger recombination process and direct carrier leakage. In this context we present an analysis of the contribution of these effects to the droop by means of physics based simulation. In contrast to lumped simulation models the physical simulation model presented in this work enables the exact matching of the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) characteristics by including the geometry, doping, and mole fraction profiles. The analysis presented in this work uses the IQE data of a fabricated blue single quantum well LED. Fitting this IQE curve with the physics based simulation enables the estimation of limits for the Auger coefficients as well as the contribution of the direct carrier leakage. Including Auger assisted carrier leakage facilitates fitting the IQE with reduced Auger coefficients closing the gap to atomistic simulations.
ProFit: two‐dimensional prior‐knowledge fitting of <i>J</i>‐resolved spectra (2006)

A two-dimensional fitting procedure is introduced, capable of extracting the full amount of information from 2D J-resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopic data. The fitting procedure uses a linear combination of 2D model spectra. For reducing the degrees of freedom and increasing robustness, it is divided into a non-linear outer loop and an inner linear least-squares fit for the concentrations. In vitro and in vivo experiments on a whole-body 3 T MR scanner show the detectability of a wide range of metabolites in the human brain, namely total creatine, N-acetylaspartate, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, choline-containing compounds, glutamate, myo-inositol, glutathione, scyllo-inositol, gamma-aminobutyric acid, alanine and ascorbic acid.
On the Nature and Location of Bubble Nuclei in Boiling from Surfaces (1958)

In the pool boiling of pure organic liquids from a reproducible platinum surface, an initial temperature overshoot is observed before the surface breaks into nucleate boiling. A logarithmic plot of heat flux vs temperature excess has a slope of 3.5 for the first traverse but subsequent traverses give a reproducible line having a higher slope and surface temperature. Vigorous heating in air restores the surface to its original condition. These results are explained in terms of the trapped-bubble hypothesis by assuming that many potential vapor traps on the surface are filled with liquid initially, and fill with vapor once boiling commences. The gradual increase in surface temperature for a given flux is attributed to the progressive deaeration of the nucleating centers by dilution with vapor. To reconcile the fact of surface aeration with the existence of an initial temperature overshoot, it is necessary to assume that the temperature drift is due primarily to the removal of sorbed air, resulting in decrease in contact angle, corresponding to improved wetting of the surface. These experiments also indicate that the bulk of the active nuclei are on the heating surface, rather than on dust particles in the liquid.
Models for Granitoid Evolution and Source Compositions (1987)

This paper critically examines the bases of various models for the chemical evolution of granitoid suites. The proposed mineralogical, textural, and chemical criteria for the recognition of restite components are found to be equivocal and can be plausibly explained by crystal fractionation and accumulation, as well as by magma mixing and assimilation of non-restitic solids. These processes demonstrably account for the bulk of the chemical variation in a variety of granitic suites, although restite-controlled variation may have played a role in some types of metasediment-derived suites. Granitoid magmas with "non-minimum" melt chemistry are probably rather common. The petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic features of individual plutons should be assessed carefully to elucidate the relative importance of various mechanisms for chemical evolution. Conclusions as to the character of magma source materials and magma evolution paths that are based on the restite model should be treated with caution.
Comparison of pharmacokinetic profiles of single and multiple doses of a slow release Oros oxprenolol delivery system in young normotensive and elderly hypertensive subjects. (1986)

Oxprenolol in an Oros 8/130 sustained release osmotic pump system (equivalent to 120 mg oxprenolol hydrochloride in a conventional formulation and releasing 8 mg h-1) was given to eight normal young subjects (mean age 23 years) and eight elderly hypertensive patients (mean age 77 years). The plasma concentration-time profiles of oxprenolol were determined over 32 h using gas liquid chromatography after the initial dose and following seven doses. The elderly patients had a significantly higher AUC and maximum plasma oxprenolol concentration following both the first and final doses studied. It is unlikely that this difference is due to a prolonged absorption phase in the elderly patients. Reduced drug clearance seems the most probable explanation.
Assessing the Clinical and Economic Burden of Coronary Artery Disease: 1986-1998 (2001)

We found that the clinical and economic burden of CAD continues long after a patient's acute event has resolved and that postacute CAD cardiac event rates and inpatient medical costs may be higher than previously estimated. With much of all medical costs occurring in the postacute phase, the potential for effective secondary prevention therapies is substantial.
LIS in Low Power Density for RHIC-EBIS (2010)

The Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) project at Brookhaven National Laboratory is a new heavy ion pre-injector for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and NASA Space Radiation Laboratory science programs. An important requirement for EBIS is an ion source capable of efficiently providing a variety of heavy ion species to many users within short period of time. In that respect, Laser Ion Source (LIS), which can supply many heavy ion species from solid targets, is a good candidate for RHIC-EBIS, however, LIS has an issue to be resolved. This is the requirement of limited current in low energy beam transport. LIS in the condition that laser power density is low, is expected to provide limited current with long pulse length. The discussions of the experimental results are presented.
Novel Gas Barrier SiOC Coating to PET Bottles through a Hot Wire CVD Method (2016)

In an attempt to enhance the gas barrier enhancement of plastic containers such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles, a novel method was found using a hot wire CVD technique, where tantalum wire is heated and exposed to a gas flow of vinyl silane. The resultant SiOC thin film was confirmed to characteristically contain Si-Si bonds in its surface and demonstrate a remarkably and highly practical decrease of the permeation of various gas through poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles.
A monolithic GaAs FET RF signal generation chip (1980)

A GaAs FET monolithic IC for heterodyne signal generation, consisting of a 2.2GHz local oscillator tuned with on-chip varactors, a doubly-balanced mixer, and a 1.5GHz bandwidth IF preamplifier, will be discussed.
Thermal Decomposition of EDTA, NTA, and Nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic Acid in Aqueous Solution (1975)

The decomposition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in water solution at 200 and 260 °C, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) at 260 and 293 °C, and of nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic acid (NTPO) at 260 °C was studied by n.m.r. as a function of time at pH 9.5 and decomposition rates and products were determined. The primary (fast) decomposition reaction of EDTA involves the hydrolytic cleavage of the ethylenic C—N bond to produce the relatively stable pair: N-(2-hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid and iminodiacetic acid. NTA does not cleave below 260 °C but decomposes at about 290 °C and above through a stepwise decarboxylation reaction. NTPO cleaves hydrolytically at 260 °C at two C—N bonds to produce aminomethylenephosphonic acid and 2 mol of hydroxymethylenephosphonic acid. The further breakdown of the primary products of EDTA at higher temperatures occurs by the loss of carbon dioxide producing the corresponding methylamines, concomitantly with the hydrolytic cleavage of the remaining CH 2 CH 2 —N bond giving ethylene glycol. The pseudo first order rate constant k obs for NTA decarboxylation at 293 °C and pH 9.3 is 0.19 ± 0.01 h −1 . The value of k obs for EDTA hydrolysis at 200 °C is 1.4 ± 0.2 h −1 .
Ambulatory—not office—blood pressures decline during hormone replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women (1998)

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT, estrogen plus progestagen) in postmenopausal women has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. However, effects on blood pressure, determined with office measurements, remain controversial. We studied the effects of HRT in 29 healthy normotensive postmenopausal women (mean age 52.3 [3.8] years, median duration of amenorrhea 34.5 months), using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring at baseline and at 3 and 12 months of follow-up. Women were randomized to two groups: an HRT group (N = 14), treated with 1 mg 17beta-estradiol once daily and 5 or 10 mg dydrogesterone once daily during the third and fourth week of every 4 weeks; and a control group (C-group, N = 15), which did not receive therapy. Blood pressures did not differ between the groups at baseline (HRT group 117.1 (9.2)/74.4 (6.6) mm Hg, C-group 113.8 (11.2)/71.3 (7.4) mm Hg). During the follow-up period, changes from baseline of office blood pressures did not differ significantly between the groups. However, changes (95% CI) of mean 24-h blood pressures differed significantly between the two groups after 1 year of follow-up: a decrease of blood pressures was observed in the HRT group (delta systolic/delta diastolic = -5.54 [-8.86 to -2.21]/-4.23 [-6.66 to -1.80] mm Hg), whereas an increase was found in the C-group (+3.33 [-0.69 to +7.35]/+1.67 [-1.75 to +5.09] mm Hg; P [HRT v control group] = .001/.005). We conclude that HRT may have blood pressure lowering properties in healthy, normotensive postmenopausal women.
Operator representation theorems (1968)

We represent certain types of bounded linear operators from a Banach space into a space BC(S) where S is an arbitrary topological space and BC(S) is the space of bounded continuous scalar-valued functions on S with the sup norm. A comprehensive treatment of work to date may be found in [1] and [7]. We represent the completely continuous (not to be confused with compact) operator, which has not been considered previously. This yields a sufficient condition for T: X-+BC(S) to be strictly singular. DEFINITIONS. (a) A set UCX is said to be absolutely convex if it is convex and XUC U for IXI ?1. (b) We denote the smallest closed absolutely convex set containing W by aco(W). Let UCX. By Uo (the polar of U) we shall mean {x*| Ix*(u)| I1 for all uEU}. (c) If UCX* we define U0= {x |u(x) I 5 1 for all u E U }. We write o for (U0)o. The Mackey topology on X* is that topology generated by the polars of all absolutely convex, weakly compact sets of X [6, p. 173]. A bounded linear operator T: X-Y is said to be completely continuous if it maps weakly convergent sequences into norm convergent sequences. (This is the original definition of Hilbert, which coincides with compactness when X is reflexive.)
Poly(catechol) Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Ultratrace Determination of Cerium(III) by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (1999)

Oxidative electropolymerization of resorcinol, catechol and pyrogallol at the glassy carbon electrode in different media such as 0.10M NaOH, 0.10M phosphate buffer (pH 7.00) or 0.10M NaClO4 all gave water-insoluble films, adherent on the electrode surface. Amongst them electropolymerization of catechol at the GC electrode in 0.10 M NaOH provided a highly sensitive and selective film for Ce(III) and therefore, this poly(catechol) film modified glassy carbon electrode was exploited for the selective preconcentration of Ce(III) at open circuit, followed by its determination by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry both in batch and flow systems. Factors affecting the accumulation, stripping and removal steps were investigated and an optimized procedure was then developed. Under optimized conditions, for batch determination, the calibration plot was linear in the concentration ranges 2.00 × 10–9 M–1.00 × 10–8 M and 2.00 × 10–8 M–1.00 × 10–7 M Ce(III). A detection limit of 2.0 × 10–10 M (0.027 ppb) (SN = 3) was found for a 10 min accumulation. For six successive determinations of CE(III) at concentrations of 2.00 × 10–7, 2.00 × 10–8 and 2.00 × 10–9 M, relative standard deviations were 3.36%, 1.76% and 4.08%, respectively. Similar results were obtained for continuous flow analysis. Interference from selected foreign ions and substances were examined. The developed method was applied to Ce(III) determination in human urine, both in batch and continuous flow systems.
Novel function for anionic clays: selective transition metal cation uptake by diadochy (1998)

Here we report for the first time, the extremely high and selective uptake of transition metal cations such as Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ by two anionic clays of nominal composition, [Mg6Al2(OH)16 ]2+[CO3·4H2O]2– and [Mg2Al(OH)6 ]+[NO3·2H2O]–. We postulate that the principal mechanism of this selective cation uptake is by substitution in the anionic clay structure for mainly Mg through a process known as diadochy. This newly discovered function for anionic clays is useful for the decontamination and immobilization of the above transition metals at room temperature and may find applications in the remediation of metal contaminated soils, filtration of drinking water as well as decontamination of waste waters.
A Collaborative Transcoding Strategy for Live Broadcasting Over Peer-to-Peer IPTV Networks (2011)

Real-time video transcoding that is often needed for robust video broadcasting over heterogeneous networks is not supported in most existing devices. To address this problem, we propose a collaborative strategy that leverages the peering architecture of peer-to-peer Internet protocol television networks and makes the computational resources of peers sharable. The video transcoding task is distributed among the peers and completed collaboratively. A prototype of the live video broadcasting system is evaluated over a 100-node testbed on the PlanetLab. The experimental results show that the proposed strategy works effectively even when the majority of the peers have limited computational resource and bandwidth.