gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Filling high aspect ratio trenches by superconformal chemical vapor deposition: Predictive modeling and experiment (2014)

Complete filling of a deep recessed structure with a second material is a challenge in many areas of nanotechnology fabrication. A newly discovered superconformal coating method, applicable in chemical vapor deposition systems that utilize a precursor in combination with a co-reactant, can solve this problem. However, filling is a dynamic process in which the trench progressively narrows and the aspect ratio (AR) increases. This reduces species diffusion within the trench and may drive the component partial pressures out of the regime for superconformal coating. We therefore derive two theoretical models that can predict the possibility for filling. First, we recast the diffusion-reaction equation for the case of a sidewall with variable taper angle. This affords a definition of effective AR, which is larger than the nominal AR due to the reduced species transport. We then derive the coating profile, both for superconformal and for conformal coating. The critical (most difficult) step in the filling process occurs when the sidewalls merge at the bottom of the trench to form the V shape. Experimentally, for the Mg(DMADB)2/H2O system and a starting AR = 9, this model predicts that complete filling will not be possible, whereas experimentally we do obtain complete filling. We then hypothesize that glancing-angle, long-range transport of species may be responsible for the better than predicted filling. To account for the variable range of species transport, we construct a ballistic transport model. This incorporates the incident flux from outside the structure, cosine law re-emission from surfaces, and line-of-sight transport between internal surfaces. We cast the transport probability between all positions within the trench into a matrix that represents the redistribution of flux after one cycle of collisions. Matrix manipulation then affords a computationally efficient means to determine the steady-state flux distribution and growth rate for a given taper angle. The ballistic transport model predicts a deeper position for the peak of the super-conformal growth rate than the diffusion-reaction model, and successfully explains the observation of complete filling. These models can be used to predict the behavior of any system given a small set of kinetic coefficients to describe the growth rate.
Electrooptic Properties of Side-Chain Polyimides with Exceptional Thermal Stabilities (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrooptic Properties of Side-Chain Polyimides with Exceptional Thermal StabilitiesT. Verbiest, D. M. Burland, M. C. Jurich, V. Y. Lee, R. D. Miller, and W. VolksenCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8, 3005–3007Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00112a060https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00112a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views113Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Glycosylation-Dependent Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (GlyCAM 1) Is Induced by Prolactin and Suppressed by Progesterone in Mammary Epithelium**This work was supported by National Institutes of Health. (2000)

Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM 1), a mucin-like endothelial glycoprotein, was induced by PRL and suppressed by progesterone in the mammary gland of mice, and in HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells. Complementary DNA microarray analysis revealed that expression of GlyCAM 1 was reduced in the mammary gland of PRL-gene disrupted mice (PRL-/-) compared with control (PRL+/-) littermates. This result was confirmed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining. The messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding GlyCAM 1 was present in mammary epithelia of PRL-stimulated mice. Immunohistochemistry indicated that GlyCAM 1 protein was detectable both in mammary epithelia and in the ductal lumen in PRL+/- virgin mice, but not in PRL-/- mice. GlyCAM 1 mRNA was highly induced by grafting pituitary glands from normal littermates. Trace amounts of mRNA for GlyCAM 1 were detected by RT-PCR in mammary tissue of PRL-/- mice. Progesterone inhibited both basal and PRL-stimulated GlyCAM 1 transcription. In HC11 cells, GlyCAM 1 mRNA was induced in cells treated with insulin, dexamethasone, and PRL. Similar to the in vivo studies, progesterone inhibited the induction of GlyCAM 1 transcription. In CHO cells, PRL stimulated transcription of a luciferase reporter gene containing an 800-bp promoter fragment of GlyCAM 1, and progesterone partially suppressed the PRL effect. These data demonstrate that expression of GlyCAM 1 in mammary gland is under the control of both PRL and progesterone.
Integrating translation services within a structured editor (2005)

Fully automatic machine translation cannot produce high quality translation; Dialog-Based Machine Translation (DB-MT) is the only way to provide authors with a means of translating documents in languages they have not mastered, or do not even know. With such environment, the author must help the system to "understand" the document by means of an interactive disambiguation step. In this paper we study the consequences of integrating the DBMT services within a structured document editor (Amaya). The source document (named edited document) needs a companion document enriched with different data produced during the interactive translation process (question trees, answers of the author, translations). The edited document also needs to be enriched (annotated) in order to enable access to the question trees. The enriched edited document and the companion document have to be synchronized in case the edited document is further updated.
Reservoir Engineering Analysis of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (2002)

Summary We assess processes for enhancing oil recovery by means of microbes (MEOR) from the perspectives of reservoir and reaction engineering. In this work, MEOR refers to recovering incremental oil by increasing displacement and/or volumetric efficiency; it does not include well stimulation treatments. MEOR processes address the same physical parameters as chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes; hence, they are subject to the same technical difficulties: identifying and locating the target oil and retention, dissipation, and consumption of chemicals in the formation. The essential difference between MEOR and chemical EOR resides in the method of introducing the recovery-enhancing chemicals into the reservoir. Although quantitative measures of microbial performance (reaction rates, stoichiometry, required product concentrations) are lacking, it is possible to demonstrate quantitative relationships between microbial performance, reservoir characteristics, and operating conditions (well spacing, injection rates, residual oil saturation). These relationships are the focus of this paper. From them, we conclude that MEOR is potentially a "high risk, high reward" process, depending on whether it can use residual oil as an in-situ carbon source for the production of recovery-enhancing chemicals. The reward in this case is that the difficulty and the logistical costs of implementing the process would approach those of implementing a waterflood. The risk is associated with the many and severe performance constraints that a microbial system would have to satisfy to take advantage of an in-situ carbon source. The current state of knowledge fails to provide satisfactory evidence that existing systems can meet the constraints identified in this study; thus, an ambitious program of research and development would be required to determine MEOR feasibility.
Enhancement of Adriamycin-Induced Mortality during Riboflavin Administration and Riboflavin Deficiency in Rats (1988)

Adriamycin-treated rats were monitored for survivorship while consuming a normal diet adequate in riboflavin, a normal diet and receiving daily high-dose injections of riboflavin-5′-phosphate (flavin mononucleotide, FMN), or a riboflavin-deficient diet. Each animal was compared to a corresponding pair-fed, saline-treated control. In Adriamycin-treated rats fed the normal chow diet alone, survivorship declined within 7 days and remained constant after 12 days to about 50%. Adriamycin-treated rats consuming the normal diet and injected with FMN initially showed similar survivorship; however, after 20 days survival fell to 14%. Adriamycin-treated, riboflavin-deficient rats showed within 5 days a precipitous decline in survivorship which leveled to 5%. These results suggest that during Adriamycin treatment, proper riboflavin nutriture may be a crucial determinant of survival.
Development of a high-resolution PET detector using LSO and wavelength-shifting fibers (2002)

By using wavelength-shifting fibers coupled to thin plates of LSO and to photomultipliers, the authors have demonstrated spatial resolution of 2 mm FWHM for photocapture events. Optimized systems are believed to be capable of better than 1 mm FWHM resolution, without requiring either very small crystals or large numbers of photosensors. With this sensor resolution, annihilation acollinearity dominates system resolution for large PET rings. By radially stacking alternating layers of thin crystals and wavelength-shifting fibers, a direct depth-of-interaction measurement is possible. Energy measurements and coincidence timing may be provided by trigger photomultipliers in a dual-photodetector geometry. Results from computer simulations and component response measurements on proof-of-concept prototypes are presented.
Study of the synthesis of chitosan derivatives containing benzo‐21‐crown‐7 and their adsorption properties for metal ions (2001)

Abstract Three new chitosan crown ethers, N ‐Schiff base‐type chitosan crown ethers (I, III), and N ‐secondary amino type chitosan crown ether (II) were prepared. N ‐Schiff base‐type chitosan crown ethers (I, III) were synthesized by the reaction of 4′‐formylbenzo‐21‐crown‐7 with chitosan or crosslinked chitosan. N ‐Secondary amino type chitosan‐crown ether (II) was prepared through the reaction of N ‐Schiff base type chitosan crown ether (I) with sodium brohydride. Their structures were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra analysis, X‐ray diffraction analysis, and solid‐state 13 C NMR analysis. In the infrared spectra, characteristic peaks of CN stretch vibration appeared at 1636 cm −1 for I and 1652 cm −1 for II; characteristic peaks of NH stretch vibration appeared at 1570 cm −1 in II. The X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the peaks at 2θ = 10° and 28° disappeared in chitosan derivatives I and III, respectively; the peak at 2θ = 10° disappeared and the peak at 2θ = 28° decreased in chitosan‐crown ether II; and the peak at 2θ = 20° decreased in all chitosan derivatives. In the solid‐state 13 C NMR, characteristic aromatic carbon appeared at 129 ppm in all chitosan derivatives, and the characteristic peaks of carbon in CN groups appeared at 151 ppm in chitosan crown ethers I and III. The adsorption and selectivity properties of I, II, and III for Pd 2+ , Au 3+ , Pt 4+ , Ag + , Cu 2+ , and Hg 2+ were studied. Experimental results showed these adsorbents not only had good adsorption capacities for noble metal ions Pd 2+ , Au 3+ , Pt 4+ , and Ag + , but also high selectivity for the adsorption of Pd 2+ with the coexistence of Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ . Chitosan‐crown ether II only adsorbs Hg 2+ and does not adsorbs Cu 2+ in an aqueous system containing Pd 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Hg 2+ . © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1886–1891, 2002
Improved geothermal well logging tools using no downhole electronics. Final report (1979)

A geothermal sonde for measuring temperature and pressure using no downhole electronics was designed and tested for operation at temperatures up to 275/sup 0/C (527/sup 0/F) and pressures of at least 10,000 psi. The measurement system uses variable resistance transducers which are powered in series by an uphole constant current supply. The output signals from the transducers are measured with a digital voltmeter having very high common mode and normal mode rejection ratios. The high rejection ratios of the digital voltmeter virtually eliminate any noise or pickup introduced into the measurement system. The system was tested in a hydroclave at temperatures up to 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F) and at pressure up to 8,000 psi. The sonde was also tested in the Los Alamos geothermal well at temperatures up to 186/sup 0/C (366/sup 0/F) and pressures up to 4100 psi. The main problems encountered were associated with pressure transducers and the logging cable or the cable head and connector. The results of this project indicate that this is a feasible method of making geothermal measurements without the use of downhole electronics and that with further development the technique could be extended to higher temperatures and pressures.
Structural and reactivity comparison of analogous organometallic Pd(iii) and Pd(iv) complexes (2012)

The tetradentate ligands (R)N4 ((R)N4 = N,N'-di-alkyl-2,11-diaza[3,3](2,6)pyridinophane, R = Me or iPr) were found to stabilize cationic ((R)N4)PdMe(2) and ((R)N4)PdMeCl complexes in both Pd(III) and Pd(IV) oxidation states. This allows for the first time a direct structural and reactivity comparison of the two Pd oxidation states in an identical ligand environment. The Pd(III) complexes exhibit a distorted octahedral geometry, as expected for a d(7) metal center, and display unselective C-C and C-Cl bond formation reactivity. By contrast, the Pd(IV) complexes have a pseudo-octahedral geometry and undergo selective non-radical C-C or C-Cl bond formation that is controlled by the ability of the complex to access a five-coordinate intermediate.
Lane Change Maneuver Detection from Probe Vehicle DGPS Data (2006)

The impact of lane change maneuvers is fundamental to microscopic traffic flow theory. Due to the difficulty of tracking many vehicles over time and space, most of the published research in this area seek to find lane change maneuvers visually from wayside cameras. This paper presents a different approach, finding the lane change maneuvers of a probe vehicle itself using differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) data. We first use multiple probe vehicle trajectories through a study corridor to establish a reference trajectory from the median of all trajectories and this reference trajectory is used to define the position of the current lane. This approach eliminates the need for high-resolution maps accurate enough to capture the exact position of the individual lanes. Our lane change maneuver detection is then divided into two parts, controlling for the impacts of mandatory lane change maneuvers (MLC) and then for discretionary lane change maneuvers (DLC). MLC are detected by comparing the difference between the mean and median of lateral distance of all trajectories relative to a reference trajectory. After distinguishing all the MLCs, the DLC are found by setting lateral thresholds around the reference trajectory, i.e., when a given trajectory leaves this virtual lane. In the process we control for the impacts of GPS errors, such as multipath, arising from obstructions. DLC are then found by comparing the out-of-threshold-line time and length to a threshold acquired empirically from data
Fungicidal Mechanisms of Cathelicidins LL-37 and CATH-2 Revealed by Live-Cell Imaging (2014)

Antifungal mechanisms of action of two cathelicidins, chicken CATH-2 and human LL-37, were studied and compared with the mode of action of the salivary peptide histatin 5 (Hst5). Candida albicans was used as a model organism for fungal pathogens. Analysis by live-cell imaging showed that the peptides kill C. albicans rapidly. CATH-2 is the most active peptide and kills C. albicans within 5 min. Both cathelicidins induce cell membrane permeabilization and simultaneous vacuolar expansion. Minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) are in the same order of magnitude for all three peptides, but the mechanisms of antifungal activity are very different. The activity of cathelicidins is independent of the energy status of the fungal cell, unlike Hst5 activity. Live-cell imaging using fluorescently labeled peptides showed that both CATH-2 and LL-37 quickly localize to the C. albicans cell membrane, while Hst5 was mainly directed to the fungal vacuole. Small amounts of cathelicidins internalize at sub-MFCs, suggesting that intracellular activities of the peptide could contribute to the antifungal activity. Analysis by flow cytometry indicated that CATH-2 significantly decreases C. albicans cell size. Finally, electron microscopy showed that CATH-2 affects the integrity of the cell membrane and nuclear envelope. It is concluded that the general mechanisms of action of both cathelicidins are partially similar (but very different from that of Hst5). CATH-2 has unique features and possesses antifungal potential superior to that of LL-37.
Solubilization of SWNTs with Organic Dye Molecules (2004)

Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) are insoluble in most organic solvents, such as toluene. Improvements in the solubility of the SWNTs are, however, seen as a result of interaction with dye molecules such as terphenyl and anthracene. The suspensions formed are stable for periods greater than 24 months. Spectroscopic analysis clearly shows interaction between the SWNTs and dye molecules. The fluorescence of the dye molecules is quenched on interaction with SWNTs, and, in the case of terphenyl, the spectrum is red shifted. Raman spectroscopy of the composites shows vibrations that are not present in either the SWNTs or dye powders. At the position at which these unique Raman peaks occur in the composite spectra, it was found that both the dye and SWNTs had infrared (IR) active vibrations at these wavenumbers. It is therefore thought that the new Raman peaks in the composite samples are possible IR modes that become Raman active on interaction between the dyes and SWNTs. The Radial Breathing Modes (RBMs) give detail as to how diameter selective the dye samples are when compared to the pristine SWNT modes. Red shifting of the RBMs for both composite spectra was observed. It is believed that such a result is due to the debundling of the tubes on interaction with the dye molecules.
Stress Corrosion in Relation to Aircraft Components (1945)

The authors enumerate the factors which appear, from their observations and practical experience of failure of aircraft components in Great Britain, to be responsible for causing a metal or alloy to fail by stress corrosion. The essential conditions for promoting failure by stress corrosion are: (1) tensile stress at the surface of the component, (either residual or applied), and (2) an attacking medium that may be a solution or a liquid metal. Particular attacking agents are effective only on certain metals. In all instances of stress-corrosion failure experienced, cracking of an intercrystalline form has occurred and examples of such failure in aluminum alloy, steel and copper alloys are described and illustrated. The relation between microstructure and stress corrosion is mentioned and methods of investigating the susceptibility to stress-corrosion failure of metallic materials are described. The precautions to be taken in selecting materials for particular aircraft components and the importance of adequate protection against chemical attack are considered. The authors have given a factual survey of stress corrosion and have made no attempt to advance any scientific explanation of the phenomenon.
IL-1 family cytokines trigger sterile inflammatory disease (2012)

Inflammation plays vital roles in protective responses against pathogens and tissue repair, however, improper resolution of inflammatory networks is centrally involved in the pathogenesis of many acute and chronic diseases. Extensive advances have been made in recent years to define the inflammatory processes that are required for pathogen clearance, however, in comparison, less is known about the regulation of inflammation in sterile settings. Over the past decade non-communicable chronic diseases that are potentiated by sterile inflammation have replaced infectious diseases as the major threat to global human health. Thus, improved understanding of the sterile inflammatory process has emerged as one of the most important areas of biomedical investigation during our time. In this review we highlight the central role that interleukin-1 family cytokines play in sterile inflammatory diseases.
The Design and Development of an Experimental Traction Drive CVT for a 2.0 Litre FWD Passenger Car (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A high power continuously variable ratio transmission (CVT) is being developed based on a double sided, full toroidal traction drive variator with a novel control system. Road trials in a 107 kW passenger car are now in progress, having been preceded by computer modelling and component rig tests.</div>
Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of Pertussis Toxin-Induced Mitogenicity of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (2003)

Antibody-mediated neutralization of pertussis toxin-induced proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was assessed using alamarBlue and compared with results from the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay using sera from vaccinated adults and convalescent children. Neutralization values for the CHO assay were similar for vaccinated and convalescent subjects; however. the convalescent group had higher titers in the PBMC assay. Results for pertussis toxin neutralization with the CHO assay appear to be distinct from those with the PBMC assay.