gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The &beta;-Free Layer Formed near the Surface of Sintered WC-&beta;-Co Alloy Containing Nitrogen (1981)

The reason why the β(WC-TiC solid solution)-free layer (β FL) was formed near the specimen surface was studied mainly for WC-β-TiN-Co alloys containing β and TiN up to 83 and 10%, respectively.It was found that β FL was formed during vacuum-sintering under a liquid phase. The thickness of β FL was varied depending on the sintering condition and alloy composition, etc. The formation of β FL was related to the escape of nitrogen from specimen surface and was suggested to be rate-controlled by the diffusion of nitrogen through the liquid phase in β FL. The disappearance of the β phase in β FL would be understood, considering the following mechanism. The solute concentration in liquid phase around the β phase increases near the surface because of the lowering of the nitrogen concentration, so that the solutes such as W, Ti and C diffuse into the interior of the specimens.
Unscented Kalman filter and Magnetic Angular Rate Update (MARU) for an improved Pedestrian Dead-Reckoning (2012)

The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has been the state of the art in Pedestrian Dead-Reckoning for foot-mounted Inertial Measurements Units. However due to the non-linearity in the propagation of the orientation the EKF is not the optimal Bayesian filter. We propose the usage of the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) as the integration algorithm for the inertial measurements. The UKF improves the mean and covariance propagation needed for the Kalman filter. Although the UKF provides a better estimate of the orientation, with Zero velocity UPdaTes (ZUPT) measurements, the yaw and the bias in the gyroscope associated with it becomes unobserved and might generate errors in the positioning. We studied the changes in the magnetic field during the stance phase and their relationship with the turn rates to propose three measurements using the magnetometer signal that will be called Magnetic Angular Rate Updates (MARUs). The first measurement uses the change in the angle of the magnetic field in the horizontal plane to measure the change in the yaw and provides a simple measurement for the UKF implementation. The second measurement relates the change in the magnetic field vector to the turn rate and provides information on the bias of the gyroscope for an UKF. The last measurement uses a first order approximation to generate a linear relationship with the gyroscope bias and therefore it can be used in an EKF. Finally we proposed a metric for the reliability of the stance as a way to use the pre and post stance information but adjusting the covariance of the measurements gradually from swing to stance. These methods were tested on real and simulated signals and they have shown improvements over the original PDR algorithms.
Continuous Measurement of Oxygen Saturation Level using Photoplethysmography Signal (2006)

Measuring Oxygen Saturation Level is an important part in monitoring patient's health condition. This is commonly monitored by a pulse oximeter, which has been widely adopted around the world as a standard measure during anesthesia, neonatal care and post-operative recovery. However, measuring Oxygen level continuously is very important for aged people, pregnant women and in many other critical situations. This paper considers the problem of measuring Oxygen saturation level continuously, a method to measure Oxygen Level using Photoplethysmography (PPG) signal has been presented. A prototype transducer has been built to measure the PPG. The transducer needs to be in contact to the subject's finger. Developed algorithm is presented that achieved accurate oxygen level and an experiment was also carried out on subjects' finger © 2006 Research Publishing Services.
Interconnect and circuit modeling techniques for full-chip power supply noise analysis (1998)

This paper describes the interconnect and circuit modeling techniques to analyze the on-chip power supply noise for high-performance very large scale integration (VLSI) design. To reduce the complexity of full-chip analysis, a hierarchical power supply distribution model, which consists of a 12/spl times/12 package model, a 50/spl times/50 on-chip power bus model, and a distributed switching circuit model, is developed. This integrated chip-and-package model provides a complete analysis of the resistive IR drop, inductive delta-I noise, and the on-chip Vdd distribution. It also allows designers to identify the hot spots on the chip and optimize design variables to minimize the noise. Analysis results of our benchmark microprocessor chips will be presented to demonstrate the various applications of this methodology.
Strain state in silicon structures for microprocessor technology (2007)

A promising approach to improve the performance of present CMOS devices is to introduce mechanical strain into the channel regions below the transistor gates. Strain can be generated as global strain on the whole wafer level (e.g., by growing strained silicon films on strain-relaxed silicon–germanium (SiGe) alloy layers or by using strained silicon films on an insulator), or as local strain on the transistor scale by applying specific technology processes (e.g., making use of embedded SiGe source-drain regions). The detection of strain in very thin silicon films requires sophisticated techniques with high depth sensitivity, whereas the measurement of the local strain state in thin Si structures with small lateral dimensions below 50 nm – such as the channels of current CMOS transistors – still remains to be mastered. A technique possessing the potential for solving this problem is Raman spectroscopy, where the diffraction limit for lateral resolution can be bypassed by near-field approaches. In the present paper, the occurrence of large strains in SiGe films and corresponding stresses in the GPa range are demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy, utilizing a simple approach for determining strain and composition separately. To estimate the strain distribution in a silicon channel structure due to embedded SiGe source–drain regions, a silicon strain calculation is applied based on a continuum-mechanical model utilizing a continuous distribution of virtual dislocations along the Si–SiGe boundaries. Within the framework of this model, the stress state in a 2D approximation is obtained by analytical expressions. Thus, the spatial distribution of channel strain and the impact of geometry on the strain state are obtained in a straightforward way.
The discipline and literature of general practice. (1997)

In response to a review recently carried out by the Royal College of General Practitioners, the British Journal of General Practice is soon to be issued in a new and expanded format. While continuing to develop its primary role as a leading scientific journal of record, the journal will accommodate a monthly selection of integrated news, information and features. The editorial board welcomes the opportunities provided by these changes, but wishes to emphasize the continuing importance of general practice as a scientific discipline in its own right and to reaffirm its commitment to the publication of high-quality, peer-reviewed original research papers. It is hoped that the newlook journal will have a wide appeal. But, as the first-and still the foremost-journal of general practice in the world, it will continue to be a journal of record serving both its authors and the academic community worldwide.
Modulation filtering for heart and lung sound separation from breath sound recordings (2008)

Separation of heart and lung sounds from breath sound recordings is a challenging task due to the temporal and spectral overlap of the two signals. In this paper, the use of a spectro-temporal representation to improve signal separation is investigated. The representation is obtained by means of a frequency decomposition (termed modulation frequency) of temporal trajectories of short-term spectral components. Experiments described herein suggest that improved separability of heart (HS) and lung sounds (LS) is attained in the modulation frequency domain. Bandpass and bandstop modulation filters are designed to separate HS and LS signals from breath sound recordings, respectively. Visual and auditory inspection, quantitative analysis, as well as algorithm execution time are used to assess algorithm performance. Log-spectral distances below 1 dB corroborate our listening test which found no audible artifacts in separated heart and lung sound signals.
The Establishment of Effective Advisory Boards for Promoting Social Justice in the Arts on College Campuses (2011)

This paper focuses on some of the important aspects of establishing an advisory board on college campuses for governing arts organizations with social justice missions. In contrast to Boards of Directors of for-profit corporations, the nonprofit advisory board services the needs of organizations by performing services aimed at assisting the activities of the organization. Most boards are made up of people who like the same things and who support the same causes. This is especially true for arts organizations which tend to have a homogeneous board make-up. This paper makes the argument that advisory boards are an important component of arts organizations with a social justice mission and purporting the board members are unique volunteers with a social consciousness which supports efforts to advance the cause of underrepresented and disenfranchised populations. Board members are responsible for some strategic administrative functions which are outlined in this paper. Furthermore, this paper attempts to capture the essence of why advisory boards are necessary for successful arts organizations working on social justice activities.
Phenotypic heterogeneity in a panel of infectious molecular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clones derived from a single individual (1991)

Previously, we and others have demonstrated a relation between the clinical course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and biological properties of HIV-1 variants such as replication rate, syncytium-inducing (SI) capacity, and cytotropism. For the molecular analysis of the biological variability in these properties, we generated a panel of phenotypically distinct yet genetically highly homologous infectious molecular clones. These clones were derived from HIV-1 isolates, mostly recovered by direct clonal isolation, from a single individual in whom a transition from non-SI to SI isolates had been identified over time. Of 17 molecular clones tested, 8 were infectious. The clones exhibited differences in SI capacity and T-cell line tropism. Their phenotypes corresponded to those of their parental isolates, formally demonstrating that biological variability of HIV-1 isolates can be attributed to single molecular clones. With these clones we demonstrated that SI capacity and tropism for the H9 T-cell line, almost invariably coupled in primary HIV-1 isolates, are discernible properties. Also different requirements appeared to exist for H9 and Sup T1 cell line tropism. We obtained evidence that T-cell line tropism is not caused by differences in level of HIV-1 expression but most probably is restricted at the level of virus entry. Restriction mapping of four clones with divergent phenotypes revealed a high degree of nucleotide sequence homology (over 96.3%), indicating the usefulness of these clones for the tracking of genetic variability critical for differences in biological phenotype.
Influence of mixed alkali oxides on some melt properties of TV screen glass (2000)

The influence of K2O/R2O (R2O = Na2O+K2O) on some melt properties was studied in alkali-alkaline earth-silicate TV screen glasses. Viscosity, surface tension, electrical resistivity, volatilization and devitrification of glass melts were determined. No mixed alkali effect was observed in viscosity, surface tension and liquidus temperature. They showed a linear behavior with increase of K2O/R2O. On the other hand, electrical resistivity and weight loss by volatilization showed a strong mixed alkali effect against relative alkali concentration. According to the dependence of viscosity, electrical resistivity and volatilization on K2O/R2O, the slope change of those properties took place at K2O/R2O = 0.4 to ≈ 0.5. The compositional dependence of viscosity, surface tension and liquidus temperature was discussed in terms of field strength, polarizability and material diffusion, respectively. A correlation was also discussed between the dependence of properties on K2O/R2O and the production process of TV screen glass. In conclusion, from the viewpoint of both production and application of TV glasses it was suggested that the mole fraction of K2O/R2O should lie between 0.2 and 0.5.
IMAGE-CODING BASED ON QUADTREE FACET SEGMENTATION WITH IMPLEMENTATION (1992)

NATL NAT SCI FDN CHINA, IEEE, BEIJING SECT, CHINESE INST ELECTR, CHINESE ASSOC AUTOMAT, TSINGHUA UNIV, PEKING UNIV, S CHINA UNIV TECHNOL
Impact of Manufacturing Variability and Nonaxisymmetry on High-Pressure Compressor Stage Performance (2012)

This paper introduces an approach for considering manufacturing variability leading to a nonaxisymmetric blading in the computational fluid dynamics simulation of a high-pressure compressor stage. A set of 150 rotor blades from a high-pressure compressor stage was 3D scanned in order to obtain the manufacturing variability. The obtained point clouds were parameterized using a parametric blade model, which uses typical profile parameters to translate the geometric variability into a numerical model. Probabilistic simulation methods allow for the generation of a sampled set of blades that statistically corresponds to the measured one. This technique was applied to generate 4000 sampled blades in order to investigate the influence of a nonaxisymmetric blading. It was found that the aerodynamic performance is considerably influenced by a variation of the passage cross section. Nevertheless, this influence decreases with an increasing number of independently sampled blades and, thus, independently shaped passage cross sections. Due to its more accurate consideration of the geometric variability, the presented methodology allows for a more realistic performance analysis of a high-pressure compressor stage.
That Was Then But This Is Now: Malaria Research in the Time of an Eradication Agenda (2010)

The global research community must take up the challenge to work toward the eradication of malaria. In the past, malaria research has focused on drugs and vaccines that target the blood stage of infection, and mainly on the most deadly species, Plasmodium falciparum, all of which is justified by the need to prevent and treat the disease. This work remains critically important today. However, an increased research focus is now being placed on potential interventions that aim to kill the parasite stages transmitted to and by the mosquito vector because they may represent more vulnerable targets to stop the spread of malaria. Here, we highlight some of the research into malaria parasite biology that has the potential to provide new intervention targets for antimalarial drugs and vaccines.
Multiple Hits, Including Oxidative Stress, as Pathogenesis and Treatment Target in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) (2013)

Multiple parallel hits, including genetic differences, insulin resistance and intestinal microbiota, account for the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Multiple hits induce adipokine secretion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress at the cellular level that subsequently induce hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, among which oxidative stress is considered a key contributor to progression from simple fatty liver to NASH. Although several clinical trials have shown that anti-oxidative therapy can effectively control hepatitis activities in the short term, the long-term effect remains obscure. Several trials of long-term anti-oxidant protocols aimed at treating cerebrovascular diseases or cancer development have failed to produce a benefit. This might be explained by the non-selective anti-oxidative properties of these drugs. Molecular hydrogen is an effective antioxidant that reduces only cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several diseases associated with oxidative stress are sensitive to hydrogen. The progress of NASH to hepatocellular carcinoma can be controlled using hydrogen-rich water. Thus, targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress might be a good candidate for NASH treatment. Long term clinical intervention is needed to control this complex lifestyle-related disease.
A Systematic Regression Testing Method and Tool For Software Components (2006)

In component-based software engineering, software systems are mainly constructed based on reusable components, such as third-party components and in-house built components. Hence, system quality depends on the quality of the involved components. Any change of a component, it must be re-tested at the unit level, and re-integrated to form component-based application systems. Although a number of recently published papers address regression testing and maintenance of component-based systems, very few papers discuss how to identify component changes and impacts at the unit level, and find out the reusable test cases in a component's test suite to support its evolution. This paper focuses on component API-based changes and impacts, and proposes a systematic re-test method for software components based on a component API-based test model. The proposed method has been implemented in a component test tool, known as COMPTest. It can be used to automatically identify component-based API changes and impacts, as well as reusable test cases in a component test suite. The paper also reports this tool and its application results
Fast Detection Method in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks (2010)

Cognitive Radio (CR) technology improves the utilization of spectrum highly via opportunistic spectrum sharing, which requests fast detection as the spectrum utilization is dynamic. Taking into consideration the characteristic of wireless channels, we propose a fast detection scheme for a cooperative cognitive radio network, which consists of multiple CRs and a central control office. Specifically, each CR makes individual detection decision using the sequential probability ratio test combined with Neyman Pearson detection with respect to a specific observation window length. The proposed method upper bounds the detection delay. In addition, a weighted<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:math>out of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math>fusion rule is also proposed for the central control office to reach fast global decision based on the information collected from CRs, with more weights assigned for CRs with good channel conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve fast detection while maintaining the detection accuracy.
Reduction of Ethanethiol Esters to Aldehydes (2002)

Reduction of ethanethiol esters of α-amino acids to α-amino aldehydes by triethylsilane and catalytic palladium-on-carbon is describ­ed. α-Amino aldehydes with Boc, Cbz, or Fmoc protection could be obtained without racemization in high yield.
<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Iota Toxin: Binding Studies and Characterization of Cell Surface Receptor by Fluorescence-Activated Cytometry (2000)

The binding characteristics of iota toxin, a binary enterotoxin produced by Clostridium perfringens type E, were studied by fluorescence-activated cytometry. The proteolytically activated binding component of iota toxin, iota b (Ib), bound to various cell types when incubated at 4, 25, or 37 degrees C for 10 min. The binding of Ib was inhibited by antisera against C. perfringens type E or Clostridium spiroforme culture supernatants, but not C. perfringens types C or D. Pretreatment of Vero cells with glycosidases or lectins did not affect Ib interactions, while pronase effectively prevented Ib binding to the cell surface. The Ib protomer (Ibp) bound to the cell surface, but trypsinization of Ibp was necessary for docking of the ADP-ribosylating component, iota a (Ia). Ia attached to cell-bound Ib within 10 min at 37 degrees C, but surface levels of Ia decreased 90% after 30 min and were undetectable by 60 min. Detectable surface levels of Ib also diminished over time, and Western blot analysis suggested internalization or embedment of Ib into the membrane.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Antifungal Agent Papulacandin D. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Polymer and cathode emission studies of polymer-based light-emitting diodes under strong electrical pulse excitation (2000)

We present spectroscopic and time-resolved studies of polymer-based light-emitting diodes under strong pulse excitations. The devices were fabricated using soluble poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives. Above some threshold voltage, new emission lines were observed in addition to the electroluminescence (EL) emission associated with the polymer. These new emission lines are attributed to excitation of the cathode material by collisions with holes at electric fields above 3.2 MV/cm. Time-resolved studies of the cathode emission and the polymer EL show similar time delays between the EL emissions and the onset of the voltage pulse. This supports the idea that the polymer EL emission at high fields and the cathode emission are governed by hole transport. Current–voltage characteristics were studied up to 6 MV/cm. The data can be described by the space charge limited current model for electric fields up to 2.7 MV/cm but show deviation from this model at higher electric fields. EL quantum efficiency decreases for fields above 2.5 MV/cm. This decrease is attributed to exciton dissociation at high fields. Based on the results in this article we suggest that hybrid EL devices containing layers of polymers and inorganic nanoparticles operating under high field excitation may have some advantages for future electrically pumped lasers.
The performance of multiple traders operating in the same domain (2003)

The authors consider the case of trading in an environment of autonomous components. Trading is the process of matching a service request with the offers to support that particular service made by potential servers. In the case of multiple matching offers a selection of the most suitable server can be made according to the properties of the server. Among the possible selection policies the authors concentrate on those taking into account the actual load of the server. The selection process is usually delegated to a specialised type of component, called the trader. Various aspects influence the performance of the traders, including the delay of the information on the server load, the selection strategy, and the number of concurrent traders. The authors investigate several trading strategies in a scenario where traders receive the load information periodically and where multiple traders operate concurrently.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>