gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Circuit-based method for synthesizing serially coupled microring filters (2006)

A method for synthesizing bandpass microring filters constructed of N serially coupled microring resonators is presented. The approach is based on the reduction of a chain of N serially coupled microrings to an equivalent prototype baseband LC ladder network. Standard analog-filter-synthesis techniques can then be applied to realize a desired filter transfer function. The proposed method is valid in the narrowband approximation and can be used to synthesize both amplitude and phase filters with the coupled resonators in either the add-drop or allpass configuration. The robustness of the proposed circuit-based method will be demonstrated by two examples: The first is the design of a transitional Chebyshev-Bessel filter, illustrating the useful technique of manipulating filter poles to achieve desired amplitude and phase responses; the second example is the synthesis of an Nth-order maximally flat delay allpass filter. The proposed method can also be applied to other types of serially coupled resonators such as Fabry-Perot cavities and photonic crystal nanocavities to explore novel amplitude and phase filter applications.
Ceramide‐1‐phosphate promotes cell survival through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B pathway (2005)

In this report, we show for the first time that ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) stimulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (PKB) pathway, which is a major mechanism whereby growth factors promote cell survival. Also, C1P induced IkappaB phosphorylation, and enhanced the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Apoptotic macrophages showed a marked reduction of Bcl-X(L) levels, and this was prevented by C1P. These findings suggest that C1P blocks apoptosis, at least in part, by stimulating the PI3-K/PKB/NF-kappaB pathway and maintaining the production of antiapoptotic Bcl-X(L). Based on these and our previous observations, we propose a working model for C1P in which inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase and the subsequent decrease in ceramide levels would allow cell signaling through stimulation of the PI3-K/PKB pathway to promote cell survival.
The distributed constraint satisfaction problem: formalization and algorithms (1998)

We develop a formalism called a distributed constraint satisfaction problem (distributed CSP) and algorithms for solving distributed CSPs. A distributed CSP is a constraint satisfaction problem in which variables and constraints are distributed among multiple agents. Various application problems in distributed artificial intelligence can be formalized as distributed CSPs. We present our newly developed technique called asynchronous backtracking that allows agents to act asynchronously and concurrently without any global control, while guaranteeing the completeness of the algorithm. Furthermore, we describe how the asynchronous backtracking algorithm can be modified into a more efficient algorithm called an asynchronous weak-commitment search, which can revise a bad decision without exhaustive search by changing the priority order of agents dynamically. The experimental results on various example problems show that the asynchronous weak-commitment search algorithm is, by far more, efficient than the asynchronous backtracking algorithm and can solve fairly large-scale problems.
Debridement and wound bed preparation (2006)

Debridement can play a vital role in wound bed preparation and the removal of barriers that impair wound healing. In accordance with the TIME principles, debridement can help remove nonviable tissue, control inflammation or infection, decrease excess moisture, and stimulate a nonadvancing wound edge. There are many types of debridement, each with a set of advantages and disadvantages that must be clearly understood by the healthcare team. Failure to use the correct debridement method for a given type of wound may lead to further delays in healing, increase patient suffering, and unnecessarily increase the cost of care. This review article discusses the various methods of debridement, describes currently available debriding agents, evaluates the clinical data regarding their efficacy and safety, and describes strategies for the management of problematic nonhealing wounds.
Redox and thiol–ene cross-linking of mercapto poly(ε-caprolactone) for the preparation of reversible degradable elastomeric materials (2012)

A novel thiol-functionalized PCL (PCL-HDT) was synthesized following a convenient two-step procedure. Taking advantage of the pendant thiol group, degradable elastomeric materials have been prepared from PCL-HDT by redox or thiol–ene reaction. Elastomers were characterized by HRMAS NMR spectroscopy to confirm the formation of disulfide or thioether cross-links. The thermal and mechanical properties of elastomers have been assessed by DSC, DMA and tensile tests. Disulfide containing elastomers (EMSS) and thioether containing elastomers (EMTE) exhibited improved mechanical properties with ultimate strains up to 220%. The stability of the mechanical properties at temperatures close to body temperature was confirmed by DMA with G′ ≈ 200 MPa and G′′ ≈ 15 MPa. Finally, the reversibility of the disulfide formation and breaking has been evaluated, and confirmed the potential of these degradable elastomers as biomaterials.
Suboptimal multiuser detector for frequency-selective Rayleigh fading synchronous CDMA channels (1995)

Proposes a suboptimal low-complexity multiuser receiver for synchronous CDMA frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. In contrast to the conventional RAKE receiver, which suffers from near-far effects due to channel fading, the proposed multiuser receiver is shown to alleviate the near-far problem while preserving multipath diversity gain. This is demonstrated by comparing the symbol error probability and asymptotic multiuser efficiency of the proposed multiuser detector and RAKE receiver.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and Implementation of an Active Absorber (2007)

Active control may be introduced to resonators to improve noise control performance. Many active controllers depend on accurate transfer functions from speakers to error sensors to generate destructive interference. These transfer functions are sensitive to acoustical parameters in noise fields where error sensors are installed. An alternative strategy is to modify internal resonator impedance instead of destructive interference in noise fields. This approach focuses on the internal dynamics of a resonator and uses an equivalent primary source to model the external noise field. A controller is designed on the basis of the internal dynamics and is hence independent of external acoustical parameters. The controller improves absorption by minimising noise reflection inside the resonator. Such an active absorber is implemented and tested in experiments to achieve near perfect absorption performance in a wide frequency range. The closed-loop system is stable and reliable with respect to significant variations of acoustical parameters in the external field.
Panax ginseng. (2003)

The herbal remedies referred to as "ginseng" are derived from the roots of several plants. One of the most commonly used and researched of the ginsengs is Panax ginseng, also called Asian or Korean ginseng. The main active components of Panax ginseng are ginsenosides, which have been shown to have a variety of beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Results of clinical research studies demonstrate that Panax ginseng may improve psychologic function, immune function, and conditions associated with diabetes. Overall, Panax ginseng appears to be well tolerated, although caution is advised about concomitant use with some pharmaceuticals, such as warfarin, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, and phenelzine. Panax ginseng does not appear to enhance physical performance. Products with a standardized ginsenoside concentration are available.
The Mailman Algorithm: A Note on Matrix Vector Multiplication (2008)

Given an m × n matrix A we are interested in applying it to a real vector x ∈ R n in less then the straightforward O(mn) time.For an exact, deterministic computation at the very least all entrees in A must be accessed, requiring O(mn) operations and matching the running time of naively applying A tox.However, we claim that if the matrix contains only a constant number of distinct values, then reading the matrix once in O(mn) steps is sufficient to preprocess it such that any subsequent application to vectors requires only O(mn/ log(max{m, n})) operations.Theoretically our algorithm can improve on recent results for dimensionality reduction and practically it is useful (faster) even for small matrices.
Investigation of the magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles used as contrast agent for MRI (1992)

Superparamagnetic iron oxide particles, a new class of contrast agents for MRI, are extremely good enhancers of proton relaxation. However, the development of such particle systems has resulted in a wide range of preparations whose physico-chemical properties differ greatly. We have conducted a set of physical experiments: X ray diffraction analysis, relaxivity measurements, susceptibility determinations, and thermomagnetic cycling on different preparations of superparamagnetic particles. Our results demonstrate a good correlation between susceptibilities measured in liquid samples at room temperature and the R2/R1 ratio. Susceptibility measurements between liquid nitrogen temperature and room temperature show three different types of behavior dependent on the size of iron oxide crystals. Comparison of heating and cooling curves from strong field thermomagnetic cycles provides information about the maghemite/magnetite crystal content. The information on magnetic properties reported in this study may help to characterize and to select these materials for use as MRI contrast agents.
Introduction: The Gigantic Civil War (1967)

In spite of the nuclear stalemate between East and West, the Soviet and Chinese leaders frequently state that history is on their side. Yet nearly a hundred years before the phrase 'cold war' was born in 1947 to describe the present conflict between the Communist countries and the Western powers, Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto (1848) had flung down a challenge to the bourgeois world-system that today echoes from the remotest parts of the earth: 'The communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order…. The communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can only be attained by the overthrow of all existing social conditions….'
Diabetes: Have We Got It All Wrong? (2012)

In this “clinical” contribution to the Bench to Clinic Symposia, we will show data to support the hypothesis that fasting hyperinsulinemia is the initial underlying cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and that the remission of the disease following bariatric surgery may be due to the correction of hyperinsulinemia. The intent of this article is to elicit critical thinking about the pathophysiology of T2DM in view of the effects of surgery and to open debate. If our hypothesis is correct, then more research resources should be focused on the cause(s) of fasting hyperinsulinemia and the therapies that may correct it.

The study of diabetes has always focused on glucose. Whether the diagnosis was made by the attraction of flies to urine as described in ancient India in 1552 BC (1), the sweet taste of the urine noted by Shushruta in 400 BC (2), or our current dependence on fasting blood glucose levels, HbA1c, and glucose tolerance curves, the severity of the disease is still measured by the level of hyperglycemia.

Similarly, our therapeutic directions also aim, almost exclusively, to reverse the hyperglycemia. In 1921 when Banting and Best reported that a pancreatic extract reversed the soaring glucose levels following a pancreatectomy in a dog, the use of insulin spread rapidly to children and adults alike. By the time Sir Harold Percival Himsworth noted, in 1936, that there were at least two types of diabetes (3), the objectives of T2DM treatment were already set; goals that still continue today. Even though type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and T2DM are virtually two opposite diseases, i.e., a total lack of insulin production versus abnormally high levels, the therapeutic goals for both entities continue to be the same: lower glucose levels by 1 ) giving insulin, 2 ) increasing insulin production, and/or 3 …
Nanofabrication of Nonfouling Surfaces for Micropatterning of Cell and Microtissue (2010)

Surface engineering techniques for cellular micropatterning are emerging as important tools to clarify the effects of the microenvironment on cellular behavior, as cells usually integrate and respond the microscale environment, such as chemical and mechanical properties of the surrounding fluid and extracellular matrix, soluble protein factors, small signal molecules, and contacts with neighboring cells. Furthermore, recent progress in cellular micropatterning has contributed to the development of cell-based biosensors for the functional characterization and detection of drugs, pathogens, toxicants, and odorants. In this regards, the ability to control shape and spreading of attached cells and cell-cell contacts through the form and dimension of the cell-adhesive patches with high precision is important. Commitment of stem cells to different specific lineages depends strongly on cell shape, implying that controlled microenvironments through engineered surfaces may not only be a valuable approach towards fundamental cell-biological studies, but also of great importance for the design of cell culture substrates for tissue engineering. To develop this kind of cellular microarray composed of a cell-resistant surface and cell attachment region, micropatterning a protein-repellent surface is important because cellular adhesion and proliferation are regulated by protein adsorption. The focus of this review is on the surface engineering aspects of biologically motivated micropatterning of two-dimensional surfaces with the aim to provide an introductory overview described in the literature. In particular, the importance of non-fouling surface chemistries is discussed.
Activos intangibles: recientes desarrollos normativos (1998)

La empresa actual lleva a cabo su actividad en un entorno muy competitivo en el que, cada vez, cobran mayor importancia los recursos intangibles de que dispone la misma para el desarrollo de su actividad, tales como: recursos humanos; canales de distribucion; investigacion en nuevos productos; derechos de publicidad; etc. Los intangibles se configuran asi, como la verdadera fuente de riqueza de la empresa. es por ello que vienen siendo objeto de debate en los ultimos anos en distintos ambitos, profesionales y academicos. Asimismo, los organismos normalizadores han tomado parte en este debate intentando recoger tal preocupacion, muestra de lo cual es la reciente emision del ED 60 del ISAC y del FRED 12 del ASB, sobre activos intangibles. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer cuales son las tendencias mas plausibles en la UE a partir de los dos borradores antedichos y relacionar los mismos con la normativa contable espanola vigente, poniendo de manifiesto la nobleza de tales activos y la necesidad de profundizar en el estudio de los aspectos que entendemos son mas relevantes: definicion; valoracion; y reconocimiento, si bien, dado lo limitado de este trabajo, nos centraremos en la normativa contable, haciendo especial hincapie en la conveniencia de un tratamiento especifico que mejore la informacion cara a los usuarios.
Syntax-directed construction of Value Dependence Graphs (2002)

Most software analysis and assessment techniques operate on graph representations of the target software. One of the most common representations is the Program Dependence Graph in one of its many variations. The Value Dependence Graph is an alternative that is more suitable for many types of analyses, including static slicing and many code transformations, such as instruction scheduling and invariant analysis. The authors present a new algorithm that builds Value Dependence Graphs from the parse tree of a program. By generating the Value Dependence Graph from the parse tree, our algorithm is significantly simpler and clearer than previously published algorithms.
Comparative study of various release methods for polysilicon surface micromachining (2002)

This paper presents an objective comparison of various release techniques for polysilicon surface micromachining using identical test structures made by MCNC Multi-User MEMS Processes (MUMPs). Test structures of varying width and length were prepared using five different releasing procedures-evaporation drying with deionized water and methanol as final rinsing liquids, sublimation drying using p-dichlorobenzene and t-butyl alcohol, and CO/sub 2/ supercritical drying. Both sublimation drying methods as well as supercritical drying rendered good results with 2 /spl mu/m thick, 2 /spl mu/m gap polysilicon cantilevers up to 700 /spl mu/m in length. In addition, the systematic test in this study reveals, for the first time, that the maximum beam length obtainable increases as the beam width increases for the case of sublimation, opposite to the well known case of evaporation drying. In the course, we also introduce a new setup that considerably improves the way sublimation is used for releasing.
Photostimulable x-ray storage phosphors: a review of present understanding (1999)

Photostimulable x-ray storage phosphors in form of image plates are a promising alternative to conventional two-dimensional x-ray detectors. By absorption of ionizing radiation, electrons and holes are generated and captured locally to form a dose proportional latent image. The stored information is read out by scanning with a focussed HeNe laser. This leads to a local excitation of the trapped electrons which subsequently recombine with the trapped holes causing the emission of light. The information is then recorded by means of a photomultiplier, digitized by an A/D converter and displayed with the aid of a computer. The present state of the field of storage phosphors is reviewed in the following areas: the image principle, today's understanding of the nature of the storage centers, their physical generation, and the optically stimulated charge transfer paths. In addition, improvements and applications of these phosphors will be discussed for existing and future commercial devices.
The Hornfaced Bee for Efficient Pollination of Small Farm Orchards (1982)

Osmia cornifrons is a highly efficient pollinator of rosaceous tree fruits (Pyrus and Prunus spp.). It is managed commercially in Japanese orchards, and it has been introduced into the eastern United States. Due to its effectiveness, docility, ease of handling and short flight range, it is well adapted for use on small farms.
Preconcentration and separation of double‐stranded DNA fragments by electrophoresis in plastic microfluidic devices (2003)

We have evaluated double-stranded DNA separations in microfluidic devices which were designed to couple a sample preconcentration step based on isotachophoresis (ITP) with a zone electrophoretic (ZE) separation step as a method to increase the concentration limit of detection in microfluidic devices. Developed at ACLARA BioSciences, these LabCard trade mark devices are plastic 32 channel chips, designed with a long sample injection channel segment to increase the sample loading. These chips were designed to allow stacking of the sample into a narrow band using discontinuous ITP buffers, and subsequent separation in the ZE mode in sieving polymer solutions. Compared to chip ZE, the sensitivity was increased by 40-fold and we showed baseline resolution of all fragments in the PhiX174/HaeIII DNA digest. The total analysis time was 3 min/sample, or less than 100 min per LabCard device. The resolution for multiplexed PCR samples was the same as obtained in chip ZE. The limit of detection was 9 fg/microL of DNA in 0.1xpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) buffers using confocal fluorescence detection following 488 nm laser excitation with thiazole orange as the fluorescent intercalating dye.
Photoacoustic detection of gases using microcantilevers (2009)

We describe a new technique for measuring the infrared absorption spectra of gases using atomic force microscope microcantilevers. This photoacoustic system is demonstrated for a dilute acetylene/helium mixture by recording the acetylene ν1+ν3 infrared overtone transitions using a wavelength modulated tunable diode laser as the infrared light source. The technique presents significant advantages over existing methods in terms of size, simplicity, speed and insensitivity to ambient vibrations. The maximum achievable signal-to-noise for resonant and non-resonant photoacoustic excitation of the microcantilever is examined and is found to be limited by the microcantilever’s Brownian noise.
Antenna De-Embedding of Radio Propagation Channel With Truncated Modes in the Spherical Vector Wave Domain (2015)

This paper proposes a novel approach to extracting the narrowband propagation channel from the communication link by de-embedding the impact of the antennas. In the proposed approach, the mode-to-mode mapping matrix M, which is the expression of the propagation channel in the spherical vector wave domain, is estimated by applying pseudo-inverse computation to the channel transfer functions with dedicated spherical arrays. The estimated M is truncated and only the dominant modes within the spatial bandwidth of the fields radiated from the finite volume of the spherical array are considered. Two types of spherical array are investigated: 1) an ideal array using tangential dipoles; and 2) a virtual array using dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). The ideal array is used for parameter investigation including the array radius and the spacing with regard to the size of M and the condition number of the excitation coefficient matrix, while the virtual DRA array is proposed as a practical implementation of the ideal array. The accuracy of the proposed approach has been validated numerically. The uncertainties of spherical array in practice, such as the influence of nonideally embedded array elements, cables, and fixtures, are considered in the validation. Moreover, the channel transfer functions reproduced by the de-embedded M are analyzed, given different target antennas at link ends. The gain and phase discrepancies as well as the antenna correlations of the reproduced channel transfer function are compared with the generated reference.
Regulation of Th17 cell differentiation by intestinal commensal bacteria (2010)

Interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4 T cells ('Th17 cells') are most abundant at the intestinal mucosa, and play a critical role in the maintenance of mucosal barrier function. Recent studies indicate that accumulation of intestinal Th17 cells depends on stimulation by intestinal commensal bacteria - particularly by segmented filamentous bacterium. In this review, we summarise recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of intestinal Th17 synthesis in mice, and discuss their relevance to infectious and inflammatory diseases.