gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FRICTION (2007)

This chapter introduces friction as it manifests itself in everyday life. It begins with Amontons' law (1699) that friction is proportional to the loading force between contacting surfaces (the proportionality constant is called the coefficient of friction). The two primary mechanisms for unlubricated friction are adhesive friction and plowing friction, with the predominate mechanism generally being adhesive friction. Adhesive friction is proportional to the real area of contact; for rough surfaces, this contact area is proportional to the loading force, providing the intellectual underpinning of Amontons' law. The nanoscale flow of atoms and molecules around contact points results in the force needed to induce sliding (static friction) being higher than the force needed to maintain sliding (kinetic friction). Friction decreasing with increasing velocity leads stick-slip motion of the sliding surfaces, where the slip distance can be as short as the distance between atoms.
Transporters in Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination (2009)

During the past decades, pharmacokinetics has been defined as the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), when the drug is introduced into a biological system, such as the human body. Pharmacokinetics is now challenged by the growing importance of transporters, a relatively new and potentially major factor in drug ADME. The recent intrusion of drug transporters means that there is no single mechanism by which drugs permeate through membranes. The presence of transporters in membranes modulates the traditional theory of 'diffusional pharmacokinetics' towards 'vectorial pharmacokinetics' in which ADME processes are governed more deterministically. Drug transporters are also clinically important. They can modulate the pharmacological activity of drugs by affecting their intracellular concentrations and causing toxicity in specific organs due to intracellular drug accumulation. Finally, they are key players in drug-drug interactions, where they are as important as the drug metabolizing enzymes.
Elastic Scattering of Protons, Deuterons, and Alpha Particles from Heavy Elements (1955)

The elastic scattering of 7.8-Mev protons from ${\mathrm{Au}}^{197}$, 27.5-Mev alpha particles from ${\mathrm{Au}}^{197}$, and 15.2-Mev deuterons from ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$ and ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$ has been measured as a function of angle. Except for the proton scattering which bears a constant ratio to Coulomb scattering, the cross sections when plotted as a ratio to the Coulomb cross sections fall sharply below unity at an angle of about 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the alpha particles on gold and about 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the deuterons on lead and bismuth. The absolute cross section for elastic scattering of 15.2-Mev deuterons from gold at 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} is equal to the Coulomb value within 20%, the energy variation is proportional to ${E}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ from 15.2 to 8.5 Mev to within 6%, also at 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
Discrete and Computational Geometry (Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Publications) (2005)

The uptake of formaldehyde-treated 125I-labelled human serum albumin in rat hepatocytes and nonparenchymal liver cells was measured in vivo and in vitro. Isolated liver cells were prepared by treating the perfused liver with collagenase. Purified hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells were obtained by differential centrifugation. Human serum albumin was found to be taken up exclusively or almost exclusively by nonparenchymal cells in vitro and in vivo (after intravenous injection). The maximal rate of human serum albumin-uptake in vitro was comparable to that in vivo. Nonparenchymal cells degraded human serum albumin in vitro as indicated by release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity. Degradation started about 20-30 min after addition of human serum albumin to cells and rate of degradation was proportional to rate of uptake. Human serum albumin-degradation could be studied without interference of concurrent uptake by separating cells that had been preincubated with human serum albumin from the medium and then reincubating them with human serum albumin-free medium. The lag phase before human serum albumin-degradation starts and the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on degradation indicate that human serum albumin is degraded in lysosomes. The data obtained show that enzymatically prepared nonparenchymal liver cells retain their endocytic activity in vitro. Denatured human serum albumin should be useful both as a marker for rat liver macrophages and for the study of intracellular proteolysis in these cells.
Optimal conditions for synthesizing complementary DNA in the HIV-1 endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction (1990)

Concentration of monovalent and divalent cations, anionic detergent, reducing agent and nucleotides, as well as pH, temperature, and incubation time were optimized for high levels of HIV-1 endogenous reverse transcriptase activity. In addition, mellitin, a peptide substitute for anionic detergent, and oligo(dT)12-18 were found to stimulate nucleic acid synthesis. This HIV-1 endogenous reaction demonstrated RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities. Nucleic acid intermediates and final products included RNA:DNA hybrids as well as single- and double-stranded DNA. The complementary DNA products formed were representative of all regions of the HIV-1 genome.
Über das Verhältnis zwischen Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften — Wissenschaftstheoretische Überlegungen im Hinblick auf die Fähigkeit zur Interdisziplinarität (1996)

Es geht mir um die Möglichkeiten zur Ausbildung der Fähigkeit, die von spezifischen Disziplinen erzeugten Wahrheiten in ihrer Relativität zu erkennen und zu anderen relativen Wahrheiten in Beziehung zu setzen. Der erste Teil des vorliegenden Beitrags enthält grundsätzliche Bemerkungen darüber, wie die Aktivitäten eines Wissenschaftlers zu verstehen sind. Ist sein Erkenntnisvermögen wie ein Spiegel, der eine Welt ausserhalb seiner selbst möglichst getreu abbildet, oder spielen die Handlungen, die er aktiv unternehmen muss, eine so wichtige Rolle, dass das Resultat mit der Analogie des Spiegelbildes nicht richtig getroffen ist? Der zweite Teil will zeigen, dass die handelnde Beherrschung, die „Manipulation“ in einem wertneutralen Sinn, das Zentrum der naturwissenschaftlichen Methode bildet, d.h. dasjenige, was es uns gestattet, überhaupt von „Naturgesetzen“ zu sprechen. Diese Sicht relativiert die Vorstellung vom „Spiegel der Natur“ zugunsten der These, dass die Wissenschaft ein System von Handlungen ist. Der dritte Teil skizziert eine Sicht auf die Geisteswissenschaften, nach der diese weder vom „Gespenst in der Maschine“ handeln, d.h. von dem naturwissenschaftlich nicht greifbaren Maschinisten des Körpers, noch auch von bloss körperlichen Verhaltensweisen der Maschinerie im Sinne einer behavioristischen Psychologie.
A Question Answering-Based Framework for One-Step Event Argument Extraction (2020)

Event argument extraction, which aims to identify arguments of specific events and label their roles, is a challenging subtask of event extraction. Previous approaches solve this problem in a two-stage manner that first extracts named entities as argument candidates and then determines their roles. However, many nested entities may be missed or wrongly predicted during the argument candidate extraction procedure, which substantially affects the performance of the downstream classifier. In this paper, we propose a novel one-step question answering based framework, which performs argument candidate extraction and argument role classification simultaneously to mitigate the error propagation problem in conventional two-stage methods. Since the conventional question answering based framework cannot be applied directly to this task, we design a Question Answering based Sequence Labeling (QA-SL) model to tackle inexistent argument roles and multiple argument token spans. Moreover, considering the overwhelming number of parameters in question answering based neural network models and the relatively small size of event extraction corpus, we fine-tune the pre-trained model from BERT to mitigate the data scarcity problem. Extensive experiments demonstrate the benefits of the proposed method, leading to a competitive performance compared with state-of-the-art methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to cast event argument extraction as a question answering task.
Integral imaging with Fourier-plane recording (2017)

Integral Imaging is well known for its capability of recording both the spatial and the angular information of threedimensional (3D) scenes. Based on such an idea, the plenoptic concept has been developed in the past two decades, and therefore a new camera has been designed with the capacity of capturing the spatial-angular information with a single sensor and after a single shot. However, the classical plenoptic design presents two drawbacks, one is the oblique re-cording made by external microlenses. Other is loss of information due to diffraction effects. In this contribution report a change in the paradigm and propose the combination of telecentric architecture and Fourier-plane recording. This new capture geometry permits substantial improvements in resolution, depth of field and computation time
Preparation of Oriented Aluminum Nitride Thin Films on Polyimide Films and Piezoelectric Response with High Thermal Stability and Flexibility (2007)

Abstract c ‐Axis oriented aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films are successfully prepared on amorphous polyimide films by radiofrequency magnetron reactive sputtering at room temperature. Structural analysis shows that the AlN films have a wurtzite structure and consist of c ‐axis oriented columnar grains about 100 nm wide. The full width at half maximum of the X‐ray diffraction rocking curves and piezoelectric coefficient d 33 of the AlN films are 8.3° and 0.56 pC N –1 , respectively. The AlN films exhibit a piezoelectric response over a wide temperature range, from –196 to 300 °C, and can measure pressure within a wide range, from pulse waves of hundreds of pascals to 40 MPa. Moreover, the sensitivity of the AlN films increases with the number of times it was folded, suggesting that we can control the sensitivity of the AlN films by changing the geometric form. These results were achieved by a combination of preparing the oriented AlN thin films on polyimide films, and sandwiching the AlN and polymer films between top and bottom electrodes, such as Pt/AlN/polyimide/Pt. They are thin (less than 10 μm), self powered, adaptable to complex contours, and available in a variety of configurations. Although AlN is a piezoelectric ceramic, the AlN films are flexible and excellent in mechanical shock resistance.
Comment: Evaluation of community rehabilitation (1996)

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Ribonuclease A Digestion by Proteinase K (1978)

The digestion of ribonuclease A by proteinase K yielded one major degradation product only, which could not be distinguished from ribonuclease S by electrophoretical and immunological methods. This component (ribonuclease K) possessing full catalytic activity was characterized to be (1--20/21--124) ribonuclease A. Combined action of proteinase K and trypsin on ribonuclease A leads to a significant increase of the inactivation rate which may be useful in the isolation of mRNA from polysomes.
BRAIN 2.0: Time and Memory Complexity Improvements in the Algorithm for Calculating the Isotope Distribution (2014)

Recently, an elegant iterative algorithm called BRAIN (Baffling Recursive Algorithm for Isotopic distributioN calculations) was presented. The algorithm is based on the classic polynomial method for calculating aggregated isotope distributions, and it introduces algebraic identities using Newton-Girard and Viète's formulae to solve the problem of polynomial expansion. Due to the iterative nature of the BRAIN method, it is a requirement that the calculations start from the lightest isotope variant. As such, the complexity of BRAIN scales quadratically with the mass of the putative molecule, since it depends on the number of aggregated peaks that need to be calculated. In this manuscript, we suggest two improvements of the algorithm to decrease both time and memory complexity in obtaining the aggregated isotope distribution. We also illustrate a concept to represent the element isotope distribution in a generic manner. This representation allows for omitting the root calculation of the element polynomial required in the original BRAIN method. A generic formulation for the roots is of special interest for higher order element polynomials such that root finding algorithms and its inaccuracies can be avoided.
Anatomy of a Message in the Alewife Multiprocessor (2005)

Shared-memory provides a uniform and attractive mechanism for communication. For efficiency, it is often implemented with a layer of interpretive hardware on top of a message-passing communications network. This interpretive layer is responsible for data location, data movement, and cache coherence. It uses patterns of communication that benefit common programming styles, but which are only heuristics. This suggests that certain styles of communication may benefit from direct access to the underlying communications substrate. The Alewife machine, a shared-memory multiprocessor being built at MIT, provides such an interface. The interface is an integral part of the shared memory implementation and affords direct, user-level access to the network queues, supports an efficient DMA mechanism, and includes fast trap handling for message reception. This paper discusses the design and implementation of the Alewife message-passing interface and addresses the issues and advantages of using such an interface to complement hardware-synthesized shared memory.
Transformation of industrial food wastes into polyhydroxyalkanoates (1999)

Due to the synthetic and biologically inert nature of petroleum-derived plastics, the disposal of these solid wastes has been a focus of concern for waste management. Thus, the demand for biodegradable plastics has become a highly visible issue. Broader usage of biodegradable plastics in packaging and disposable products as a solution to environmental problems would heavily depend on further reduction in costs and the discovery of novel biodegradable plastics with improved properties. As the first step in pursuit of eventual usage of industrial food wastewater as nutrients for microorganisms to synthesize environmental-friendly bioplastics, the usage of soya wastes and malt wastes from a beer brewery plant were investigated as the carbon sources for the production of bioplastics. Bench experiments showed that microorganisms from the municipal activated sludges used the nutrients from malt and soya wastes to biosynthesise PHAs. The results of experiments indicated that with the proper selection of the type of food wastes as the carbon source, bioplastics with specific PHAs copolymers could be produced with distinct polymer physical properties.
Establishing a Protocol for Evaluating Prosocial Merit in Children's E/I Television Programs (2007)

This study used content analysis methodology to examine difference in levels of prosocial elements within similar E/I classified children's television series, Nickelodeon's Rugrats and PBS's Arthur , and compare them against levels of prosociality in two non E/I programs, The Cosby Show and The Simpsons , established in a previous research study. The results advance the conclusion that in situations of simultaneous broadcast, viewers would be better served watching Arthur than Rugrats . Furthermore, the methodology developed establishes a protocol for future comparison of E/I programming, which ultimately can be used to develop a linear hierarchy of prosocial program content. Additionally, this study developed a new and more concrete definition for prosociality than has been used in the past by broadcasters and policymakers. This definition has three benefits over existing definitions: scope, syntactic design, and applicability for generalization outside the framework of this study by broadcasters, policymakers, and media literacy scholars.
Optimization across the Water–Energy Nexus for Integrating Heat, Power, and Water for Industrial Processes, Coupled with Hybrid Thermal-Membrane Desalination (2016)

The water–energy nexus continues to gain traction around the world, because of the inherent merits in simultaneously considering both resources. In this paper, a systematic procedure is developed for maximizing the benefits of this interdependent relationship, when coupled with industrial processes exhibiting a net surplus of heat energy. The presented methodology utilizes a total site analysis to first screen the process for power and water generation potential. In addition to process water streams, seawater desalination is considered as an additional resource. Based on this analysis, heat integration is carried out to capture the options for steam production for process requirements, thermal desalination of seawater, and power production. For the power generation system, a turbine network is developed, whereas, for the water desalination system, a hybrid multieffect distillation–reverse osmosis (MED-RO) system is utilized. A superstructure is constructed to embed the various configurations, and the associated optimization formulation is solved to obtain an optimal process that economically balances the need for water and power. A case study is solved to evaluate several scenarios for developing water and energy strategies for a gas-to-liquids (GTL) process in a region with various demands, as well as power and water exportation restrictions.
Incorporating seismic attribute maps in 3‐D reservoir models (1996)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1996Incorporating seismic attribute maps in 3‐D reservoir modelsAuthors: Ronald A. BehrensMark K. MacLeodThomas T. TranAbiodun O. AlimiRonald A. BehrensChevron Petroleum Technology Company, Mark K. MacLeodChevron Petroleum Technology Company, Thomas T. TranChevron Petroleum Technology Company, and Abiodun O. AlimiChevron Nigeria Limitedhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1826538 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1826538FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByImproving the accuracy of geological model by using seismic forward and inverse techniquesPetroleum Exploration and Development, Vol. 41, No. 2 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1996ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1996 Pages: 2106 publication data© 1996 Copyright © 1996 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 10 Feb 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Ronald A. Behrens, Mark K. MacLeod, Thomas T. Tran, and Abiodun O. Alimi, (1996), "Incorporating seismic attribute maps in 3‐D reservoir models," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 1933-1933. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1826538 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Antiandrogen Withdrawal Alone or in Combination With Ketoconazole in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Patients: A Phase III Trial (CALGB 9583) (2004)

K has modest activity in AiPCa patients, while AAWD alone has minimal activity. Adrenal androgen levels fall with treatment with K and then climb at the time of progression, suggesting that progressive disease while on K may be due to tachyphylaxis to the adrenolytic properties of K.
How to Control Blood Glucose Under Continuous Glucose Challenge (2003)

A newly improved method for controlling blood glucose was compared with the standard model predictive controller under continuous glucose infusion. Continuous intravenous glucose infusion at rates of 50 or 100 mg/kg/hour was conducted on pancreatectomized dogs. An improved blood glucose control method using a combination of the proportional controller in the initial stage and the model predictive controller in the later stage was compared with the simple model predictive controller. The parameters of the controller were determined by identifying individual responses to the infused insulin during the first 60 minutes. The parameters of the proportional controller were changed at 60, 90, and 120 minutes to reflect the response to the infused insulin. The simple model predictive controller was able to reach the target level in the usual manner under the low infusion rate of glucose. However, under glucose infusion rates of 100 mg/kg/hour and more, it was difficult to reach the target level within 8 hours. In contrast, the improved system could reach the target level within 5 to 8 hours even under continuous glucose challenge. Addition of the modified proportional controller to the model predictive controller can stabilize the blood glucose control even under continuous glucose infusion.
What If the Circumstances Were Different (1991)

Newcastle in the year 1989 witnessed severe earthquake, which was Australia's first killer earthquake. It indicated what could occur in an Australian urban area, the damage that was caused and the death, injury and trauma experienced by the inhabitants. Studies show that if the same earthquake happened during a normal working day then the deaths and trauma would increase and emergency service facilities would not be able to cope with the situation.
Preparation of ion exchange resins from carbonaceous adsorbents (1982)

Abstract Carbonaceous adsorbents are obtained by thermolysis of sulfonated macroreticular polystyrene ion exchange resins at 300‐500°C. The hard, spherical, carbonaceous particles react exothermally with elemental chlorine to form products containing up to 38% Cl. The chlorinated particles react readily with polyamines to form anion exchange resins with capacities of up to 2.2 meq/g dry resin. Less than 60% of the nitrogen atoms in the particles are utilized as ion exchange sites. The carbonaceous particles can also be chloromethylated with chloromethyl methyl ether or chlorinated with sulfuryl chloride and then aminated with polyamines to form anion exchange resins, sulfonated with sulfuric acid or chlorosulfonic acid to form strongly acidic cation exchange resins, or chlorosulfonated and then aminated with polyamines to form anion exchange resins. Model structures of the thermolyzed resins containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fragments are proposed to explain their chemical reactivities.
Overview of guide RNA design tools for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology (2015)

CRISPR-Cas (聚类，定期 Interspaced，短 Palindromic 联系 RepeatsCRISPR (Cas )) RNA 指导了 endonuclease 作为编辑技术的最有效、广泛地使用的染色体出现了，它成为了最令人激动、很快进展的研究地。有效染色体由 CRISPR-Cas9 系统编辑在许多种类被表明了，并且几个实验室为系统的基因分析作为一个屏蔽工具建立了 CRISPR-Cas9，类似于屏蔽的 shRNA。至少三个公司被成立了为治疗学的使用利用这种技术。便于这种技术的实现，许多软件工具被开发了识别有效地指向一个需要的 genomic 区域的指南 RNA。这里，我提供技术的概述，集中于指南 RNA 设计原则，可得到的软件工具和他们的力量和软弱。