gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Control Model of Water Injection Into a Layered Formation (2001)

Summary Here we develop a new control model of water injection from a growing hydrofracture into a layered soft rock. We demonstrate that in transient flow, the optimal injection pressure depends not only on the instantaneous measurements, but also on the whole history of injection, growth of the hydrofracture, and the rock damage. Based on the new model, we design an optimal injection controller that manages the rate of water injection in accordance with hydrofracture growth and the formation properties. We conclude that maintaining the rate of water injection into a low-permeability rock above a reasonable minimum inevitably leads to hydrofracture growth, to establishment of steady-state flow between injectors and neighboring producers, or to a mixture of both. Analysis of field water injection rates and wellhead pressures leads us to believe that direct links between injectors and producers can be established at early stages of waterflood, especially if the injection policy is aggressive. Such links may develop in thin, highly permeable reservoir layers or may result from failure of the soft rock under stress exerted by injected water. These links may conduct a substantial part of injected water. Based on the field observations, we now consider a vertical hydrofracture in contact with a multilayer reservoir, where some layers have high permeability and quickly establish steady-state flow from an injector to neighboring producers. The main result of this paper is the development of an optimal injection controller for purely transient flow, and for mixed transient/steady-state flow in a layered formation. The objective of the controller is to maintain the prescribed injection rate in the presence of hydrofracture growth and injector/producer linkage. The history of injection pressure and cumulative injection, along with estimates of the hydrofracture size, are the controller inputs. By analyzing these inputs, the controller outputs an optimal injection pressure for each injector. When designing the controller, we keep in mind that it can be used either offline as a smart adviser, or online in a fully automated regime. Because our controller is process model-based, the dynamics of actual injection rate and pressure can be used to estimate effective area of the hydrofracture and the extent of the rock damage. The latter can be passed to the controller as one of the inputs. Finally, a comparison of the estimated fracture area with independent measurements leads to an estimate of the fraction of injected water that flows directly to the neighboring producers through links or thief-layers.
Two-bit cell operation in diode-switch phase change memory cells with 90nm technology (2008)

This paper firstly reports key factors which are to be necessarily considered for the successful two-bit (four-level) cell operation in a phase-change random access memory (PRAM). They are 1) the write-and-verify (WAV) writing of four-level resistance states and 2) the moderate-quenched (MQ) writing of intermediate resistance levels, 3) the optimization of temporal resistance increase (so-called resistance drift) and 4) of resistance increase after thermal annealing. With taking into account of them, we realized a two-bit cell operation in diode-switch phase change memory cells with 90nm technology. All of four resistance levels are highly write endurable and immune to write disturbance above 10<sup>8</sup> cycles, respectively. In addition, they are non-destructively readable above 10<sup>7</sup> read pulses at 100ns and 1uA.
Genetic analysis and clinical picture of severe congenital neutropenia in Israel (2014)

We found a unique pattern of SCN mutations in Israel with homozygous G6PC3 mutations in eight (25%) patients, the highest frequency described so far. HAX1 mutations, reported mainly in Sweden and Iran, were absent. Patients with G6PC3 mutations had congenital anomalies, appeared to have a better response to G-CSF, and so far have not developed AML or MDS.
Trading and hedging in S&P 500 spot and futures markets using genetic programming (2000)

In this study, genetic programming, an optimization technique based on the principles of natural evolution, was used to generate trading and hedging rules in Standard & Poor’s 500 spot and futures markets. I adopted a realistic trading process that included reasonable transaction costs, obtainable execution prices, and all the unique features of futures trading. The results suggested that the spot market was quite efficient with most genetically generated trading rules duplicating the buy-and-hold strategy. Most of the trading activities of these trading programs were in the futures market, where transaction costs were substantially lower. The out-of-sample performance of these trading rules varied from year to year, indicating that genetic programming could not consistently find outperforming technical trading rules. Some evidence was found for the superior market-timing abilities of these rules. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 20:911–942, 2000
Beginning GIMP: From Novice to Professional (2006)

From first installation to advanced image manipulation techniques, Beginning GIMP: From Novice to Professional, Second Edition explains how anyone can utilize The GIMP: a free, open source image manipulation program. You will learn how to install The GIMP on Windows, Linux, and MacOS X platforms. Once youve installed the application, youll learn about the interface and configuration options, and then jump into a quick and simple project to familiarize yourself. With fourcolor graphics and screenshots throughout, youll learn how to prepare camera images for display on web pagesincluding processes like rescaling, cropping, and balancing color. Utilizing layers, paths, and masks are also covered in extensive detail. Of course, you will also learn how to draw lines and shapes; utilize patterns and gradients; and even create your own brushes, patterns, and gradients. GIMP expert and author Akkana Peck teaches you how to touch up digital photographs, smudging away blemishes, fixing redeye, and stitching panoramic images. Youll learn how to tap into the powerful filters, effects, and plugins that are available for The GIMP and automate tasks using scripts. The entire book is approached in a projectbased manner, and as you progress, numerous projects will help strengthen your newly acquired abilities. What youll learn Install The GIMP on Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX. Explore the interface and configuration options. Prepare your camera images for use on the Web, including rescaling, cropping, and balancing color. Learn basic techniques such as drawing lines and shapes, utilizing patterns, and making use of gradients. Master advanced techniques such as layers, paths, and masks. Create your own brushes, patterns, and gradients. Discover tricks for fixing blemishes, removing redeye, and stitching together panoramic images. Who is this book for? This book is for graphics designers, digital photographers, and hobbyists. Its is aimed at those who need to utilize a fullfeatured image manipulation program but dont have hundreds of dollars to pay for Photoshop. The GIMP is also the preferred image manipulation application for the open source advocate. The GIMP is available on Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX. About the Apress Beginning Series The Beginning series from Apress is the right choice to get the information you need to land that crucial entrylevel job. These books will teach you a standard and important technology from the ground up because they are explicitly designed to take you from novice to professional. Youll start your journey by seeing what you need to knowbut without needless theory and filler. Youll build your skill set by learning how to put together realworld projects step by step. So whether your goal is your next career challenge or a new learning opportunity, the Beginning series from Apress will take you thereit is your trusted guide through unfamiliar territory!
Ruthenium-catalysed oxidation of allyl alcohols by molecular oxygen (1981)

M. Matsumoto and S. Ito, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1981, 907 DOI: 10.1039/C39810000907
Expression of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Subunit mRNA Transcripts in Cultures of Neural Crest Cells (1995)

The expression of neuronal phenotypic characteristics by neural crest-derived neurons is dependent upon both environmental cues and intrinsic properties. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed by most neural crest-derived peripheral neurons; nevertheless, the factors that influence and modulate the early expression of nAChRs on neuronal precursor cells are unknown. We used RT-PCR to analyze the temporal sequence of the appearance of transcripts encoding alpha 3, alpha 5, alpha 7, beta 2, and beta 4 nAChR subunits in cultures of quail neural crest cells. At 2 days in culture, mRNA encoding each of these nAChR subunits was detectable and, except for alpha 7, remained so through 12 days. The appearance of NAPA 73 immunoreactivity during neural crest cell migration suggested that some cells express neuronal characteristics early in development and that the expression of nAChR subunits may be cell autonomous for some neural crest-derived cells. Between 8 and 10 days in culture, a 2.0-kb transcript encoding alpha 3 subunit appears in addition to the expected 3.5-kb transcript that is present at 8 days. nAChR protein was detected immunocytochemically at 7 days and was observed in immunoblots by 9 days. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings demonstrated that functional nAChRs develop concurrently in a subset of neural crest-derived neurons. In addition, both neuronal and nonneuronal cells showed inward and delayed outward currents in response to step depolarization. The appearance of functional nAChRs on neural crest-derived cells, in vitro, occurs independently of innervation and of the components in growth medium. The data suggest that neural crest-derived cells express transcripts encoding nAChR subunits, possibly as an intrinsic property of some peripheral neurons, early in development.
Low-density code-domain NOMA: Better be regular (2017)

A closed-form analytical expression is derived for the limiting empirical squared singular value density of a spreading (signature) matrix corresponding to sparse low-density code-domain (LDCD) non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) with regular random user-resource allocation. The derivation relies on associating the spreading matrix with the adjacency matrix of a large semiregular bipartite graph. For a simple repetition-based sparse spreading scheme, the result directly follows from a rigorous analysis of spectral measures of infinite graphs. Turning to random (sparse) binary spreading, we harness the cavity method from statistical physics, and show that the limiting spectral density coincides in both cases. Next, we use this density to compute the normalized input-output mutual information of the underlying vector channel in the large-system limit. The latter may be interpreted as the achievable total throughput per dimension with optimum processing in a corresponding multiple-access channel setting or, alternatively, in a fully-symmetric broadcast channel setting with full decoding capabilities at each receiver. Surprisingly, the total throughput of regular LDCD-NOMA is found to be not only superior to that achieved with irregular user-resource allocation, but also to the total throughput of dense randomly-spread NOMA, for which optimum processing is computationally intractable. In contrast, the superior performance of regular LDCD-NOMA can be potentially achieved with a feasible message-passing algorithm. This observation may advocate employing regular, rather than irregular, LDCD-NOMA in 5G cellular physical layer design.
Determining the degree of malignancy of individual cases of mammary carcinoma on the basis of clinical, morphological and biochemical parameters. (1990)

The histological and histochemical findings and the clinical course of 160 cases of breast cancer were compared with the biochemical values of the content and pattern of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the tumour tissue. For this purpose the cases were divided into 4 groups of increasing malignancy of the tumours, based on the morphological data and the clinical course after radical mastectomy (4-9 years follow-up). Samples of tumour tissue were examined biochemically-analytically for their total content of glycosaminoglycans and for their mg/g values of hyaluronic acid (H), chondroitin-4- and chondroitin-6-sulphates (CA + CC), dermatan sulphate (CB), heparan sulphate (HpS) and component (K). The statistical processing by means of the method of "discriminant analysis" of the corresponding GAG values in relation to the degree of malignancy displayed by the tumours yielded the following results: 1) the glycosaminoglycan patterns of the mammary carcinoma have characteristic features in common for the large majority of cases; 2) an exception of about 5% of the cases developed carcinomata with a very high (up to 100%) content of component. These cases generally have a more favourable clinical course (group 1); 3) the higher the ratio of hyaluronic acid to chondroitin sulphates the better the prognosis (groups 1 and 2, respectively). A ratio of hyaluronic acid to chondroitin sulphates under 0.5 indicates a poor prognosis (group 3 and 4, respectively); 4) high values of heparan sulphate and small ratios of hyaluronic acid to heparan sulphate also signal an unfavourable prognosis (groups 3 or 4). We consider that the above results are a means of defining the degree of malignancy of the breast tumours.
Fugitive Methane Emissions from Landfills: Field Comparison of Five Methods on a French Landfill (2010)

The study presented in this paper has been initiated by the Veolia Environment research center for waste management and supported by the French Environmental Agency. A comparison of five field-scale measurement methods for measuring fugitive methane emissions has been conducted on a French landfill site. The five methods evaluated consisted of a tracer gas technique, laser radial plume mapping, inverse modeling technique, differential absorption light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and helicopter-borne spectroscopy. These methods are evaluated on their abilities to measure emissions from a practical user-oriented aspect (metrological, technical, and economical criteria). High disparities in terms of quantitative results and applicability were observed from all methods. Techniques that used Gaussian dispersion modeling appeared less applicable to landfill sites due to topographic complexity and did not provide high confidence in the results. However, the method using optical remote sensing (radial plume mapping) methods showed that a spatially detailed analysis is achievable (cell level), and the LiDAR method showed very promising approach and technical performances.
Computational Modeling of Natural Gas Injection in a Large Bore Engine (2004)

The topic of this paper is the computational modeling of gas injection through various poppet valve geometries in a large bore engine. The objective of the paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the significance of the poppet valve and the piston top in controlling the mixing of the injected fuel with the air in the cylinder. In this paper, the flow past the poppet valve into the engine cylinder is computed for both a low (4 bar) and a high pressure (35 bar) injection process using unshrouded and shrouded valves. Experiments using PLIF (planar laser induced fluorescence) are used to visualize the actual fluid flow for the valve geometries considered. The results indicate that for low injection pressures the gas flow around a typical poppet valve collapses to the axis of symmetry of the valve downstream of the poppet. At high pressure, the gas flow from this simple poppet valve does not collapse, but rather expands outward and flows along the cylinder wall. At high pressures, addition of a shroud around the poppet valve was effective in directing the supersonic flow toward the center of the cylinder. Additional computations with a moving piston show that at top dead center, the flammable volume fraction and turbulence intensity with high pressure shrouded injection are larger than for low pressure injection.
Electrochemical Properties of Sodium Beta‐Alumina in ZnCl2 ‐ NaCl Melts (1976)

On the basis of membrane potential measurements, sodium β‐alumina is shown to be almost completely selective for sodium ions in melts. However, the continuous electrolysis of β‐alumina in these melts decreases its conductivity. These results are interpreted in terms of the movement of mobile sodium ions becoming impeded by nearly immobile zinc ions introduced into the ceramic under the applied electric field. Beta‐alumina is therefore not useful in battery applications where ions other than sodium are present. It can, however, be used in the construction of sodium ion specific membrane electrodes.
Optimizing Post-Copy Live Migration with System-Level Checkpoint Using Fabric-Attached Memory (2019)

Emerging Non-Volatile Memories have byte- addressability and low latency, close to the latency of main memory, together with the non-volatility of storage devices. Similarly, recently emerging interconnect fabrics, such as Gen- Z, provide high bandwidth, together with exceptionally low latency. These concurrently emerging technologies are making possible new system architectures in the data centers including systems with Fabric-Attached Memories (FAMs). FAMs can serve to create scalable, high-bandwidth, distributed, shared, byte- addressable, and non-volatile memory pools at a rack scale, opening up new usage models and opportunities. Based on these attractive properties, in this paper we pro- pose FAM-aware, checkpoint-based, post-copy live migration mechanism to improve the performance of migration. We have implemented our prototype with a Linux open source checkpoint tool, CRIU (Checkpoint/Restore In Userspace). According to our evaluation results, compared to the existing solution, our FAM- aware post-copy can improve at least 15% the total migration time, at least 33% the busy time, and can let the migrated application perform at least 12% better during migration.
Recovery of intact proteins from silver stained gels (2002)

Silver stained proteins of a wide molecular weight (MW) range (20-116 kDa) were successfully recovered by both electroblot and electroelution. The recovery was demonstrated for nanogram loads of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE and visualized by silver staining methods compatible and incompatible with mass spectrometry (MS). It was shown that the alcohol/acid and glutaraldehyde fixation steps present in a number of staining procedures did not prevent recovery of intact proteins from gels. It was found that the recovery of intact proteins from silver stained gels was substantially increased upon pre-equilibration in a buffer containing the reducing agent, dithiothreitol (DTT). The effect of destaining on the recovery of silver stained proteins was also investigated. Comparable recovery of intact proteins within a wide MW range from silver stained gels with and without destaining step was demonstrated. Recovery of model proteins from gels visualized using silver staining method compatible with MS showed 52 to 76% yield of that from the unstained gel, depending upon method of the transfer. Comparison of the recovery of intact proteins from gels visualized using other staining procedures was also made. The above findings have implications as to the supposed irreversible nature of protein "fixation" inside polyacrylamide matrix, and confirm lack of binding of proteins in the gel to metal silver deposited on its surface. This method has the potential to be suitable for direct characterization of proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) without additional purification steps.
Clozapine for Treatment-Resistant Agitation in Dementia (2007)

Few studies have examined the potential role of clozapine in treatment of agitation in dementia patients who have previously failed to respond to standard pharmacotherapy. We conducted a systematic chart review of all elderly patients admitted to our inpatient unit between 2001 and 2004. Of them, 16 dementia patients were treated with clozapine for treatment-resistant agitation, and their charts were blindly rated by 3 clinicians on the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale, Brief Agitation Rating Scale (BARS), and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory-Short Form (CMAI-SF). Overall, clozapine therapy seemed beneficial in treatment-resistant agitation in dementia patients.
Preparation Of Factor IX-Deficient Human Plasma Using RFF-IX/1 Monoclonal Antibody (1981)

A cell line that secretes a monoclonal antibody to factor IX has been produced by fusing spleen cells from a mouse that had been hyper immunised to purified factor IX with mouse myeloma cells (line P3-NSI/I-Ag4-1). Hybrid cells were selected and a monoclonal cell line has been established in culture. This cell line secretes an IgGl(k) antibody (RFF-IX/1) with high affinity for a site related to the coagulant function of factor IX. Monoclonal antibody was partially purified from ascitic fluid from mice implanted with the RFF-IX/1 secreting cells by precipitation at 50% saturation with ammonium sulphate. This fraction has typically 630 NIH units/ml anti IX activity and 13.5 mg/ml protein. It was coupled to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 2B in the ratio of 9 mg. protein/1 ml gel. A column containing 10 ml of this gel removed all the assayable factor IX from the first 280 ml of normal ci.trated plasma that was passed over it. After that volume small amounts of factor IX could be detected in the effluent. Subsequently 10-20% of the factor IX activity adsorbed could be recovered by eluting the column with 3 M potassium iodide. Immuno-affinity depleted plasma could be used as substrate in a one-stage factor IX assay under routine laboratory conditions and was undistinguishable for that purpose from severe Christmas disease plasma.
Smart sensors for monitoring crack growth under fatigue loading conditions (2006)

Structural health monitoring results obtained with the electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance techniqueand Lamb wave transmission methods during fatigue crack propagation of an Arcan specimen instrumented with piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) are presented. The specimen was subjected in mixed-mode fatigue loading and a crack was propagated in stages. At each stage, an image of the crack and the location of the crack tip were recorded and the PWAS readings were taken. Hence, the crack-growth in the specimen could be correlated with the PWAS readings. The E/M impedance signature was recorded in the 100 - 500 kHz frequency range. The Lamb-wave transmission method used the pitch-catch approach with a 3-count sine tone burst of 474 kHz transmitted and received between various PWAS pairs. Fatigue loading was applied to initiate and propagate the crack damage of controlled magnitude. As damage progressed, the E/M impedance signatures and the waveforms received by receivers were recorded at predetermined intervals and compared. Data analysis indicated that both the E/M impedance signatures and the Lamb-wave transmission signatures are modified by the crack progression. Damage index values were observed to increase as the crack damage increases. These experiments demonstrated that the use of PWAS in conjunction with the E/M impedance and the Lamb-wave transmission is a potentially powerful tool for crack damage detection and monitoring in structural elements.