gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Etomidate Targets α5γ-Aminobutyric Acid Subtype A Receptors to Regulate Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Blockade (2009)

Background The memory-blocking properties of general anesthetics have recently received considerable attention because of concerns related to intraoperative awareness and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The goal of this study was to identify the mechanisms by which gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptors that contain the alpha5 subunit (alpha5GABAARs) induce memory-blockade by etomidate and a pharmacologic strategy to reverse this impairment. Methods The effects of etomidate and the alpha5GABAAR-preferring inverse agonist L-655,708 on the plasticity of glutamatergic excitatory transmission in hippocampal slices and behavioral memory for spatial navigational and fear-associated memory tasks were studied in wild-type and null mutant mice for the gene that encodes the alpha5 subunit (Gabra5-/- mice). Long-term potentiation of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials was induced in CA1 pyramidal neurons following high-frequency stimulation of Schaffer collaterals. Memory performance was studied in contextual, cued, and trace fear conditioning assays and the Morris water maze. Results Robust synaptic plasticity induced by high-frequency stimulation and memory performance for contextual fear and spatial navigational memory were not influenced by a decrease in the function of alpha5GABAARs. Nevertheless, etomidate, via an increase in alpha5GABAAR activity, completely blocked long-term potentiation and impaired memory performance, and these effects were reversed by pretreatment with L-655,708. Conclusions The results provide the first proof of concept that memory blockade by a general anesthetic can be reversed by inhibiting the function of alpha5GABAARs. The findings suggest a mechanism and model for awareness during anesthesia.
Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in the PreoperativePatients (2011)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is caused by repetitive partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway, characterized by episodes of breathing cessation during sleep, which last 10 or more seconds. The prevalence of OSA varies widely depending on the demographics of the population studied, the definition of the disorder and the methods of diagnosis. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea can be a potential management challenge for the anesthesiologists during the perioperative period. Therefore anesthesiologists need a thorough understanding of the diagnosis of OSA, prevalence of OSA and the available screening tools.
cDNA Cloning, functional expression, and mRNA Tissue Distribution of a Third Organellar Ca2+ Pump (1989)

We describe the characterization of a rat kidney cDNA that encodes a novel Ca2+-transporting ATPase. The cDNA, termed RK 8-13, was isolated previously using an oligonucleotide hybridization probe corresponding to part of the ATP binding site of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPases (Gunteski-Hamblin, A.-M., Greeb, J., and Shull, G. E. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 15032-15040). The complete nucleotide sequence of the 4.5-kilobase cDNA has been determined, and the primary structure of the protein has been deduced. The enzyme consists of 999 amino acids, has an Mr of 109,223, and contains all of the conserved domains found in transport ATPases of the E1-E2 class. It exhibits 75-77% amino acid identity with the fast-twitch and slow-twitch/cardiac isoforms of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase, and the hydropathy plots of the three enzymes are virtually identical. High levels of ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake were demonstrated in microsomes of COS-1 cells that had been transfected with a construct consisting of the entire coding sequence of the cDNA in the expression vector p91023(B). Northern blot analyses of poly(A)+ RNA revealed that the mRNA for this protein is expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, uterus, brain, lung, liver, kidney, testes, small intestine, large intestine, and pancreas. These data show that the enzyme is a Ca2+-transporting ATPase and that its mRNA is expressed in a broad variety of both muscle and non-muscle tissues.
Relation between Raman frequency and triaxial stress in Si for surface and cross-sectional experiments in microelectronics components (2015)

This paper provides a detailed description explaining how to calculate the relation between the silicon Raman frequency and local stress or strain in the silicon, applied to stress measurements in microelectronics. This relation is well known for measurements from the (100) surface of silicon. However, it is often used in the wrong way, neglecting non-zero stress tensor elements. Especially, in current 3D microelectronics technology, where the stress caused by through Si vias or micro-bumps is of large importance, the vertical stress component, which highly affects the measured Raman frequency shift, is often erroneously neglected. In addition, the equations for the (100) surface are also often used incorrectly for cross-sectional measurements from a (110) surface. In this paper, different ways to calculate the relation between Raman frequency and triaxial stress, and the related Raman peak intensities, are discussed in detail.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF HETEROCYCLIC ONIUM SALTS WITH ELECTRON‐RICH MULTIPLE BOND SYSTEMS (1983)

Abstract Das Chinoliniumsalz (I) reagiert mit dem Acetal (II) unter angularer Anellierung zu (III).
Reelin Controls Granule Cell Migration in the Dentate Gyrus by Acting on the Radial Glial Scaffold (2003)

Reelin, synthesized and secreted by Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells in the marginal zone of the cortex, is an extracellular matrix protein important for the development of cortical layers. In reeler mutant mice lacking Reelin, there are severe malformations of neocortical and hippocampal lamination. It has been assumed that Reelin acts as a stop signal for migrating neurons. Here we show, by using the dentate gyrus as a model in in vivo studies and in vitro assays, that Reelin exerts its effects, at least in part, by acting on the radial glial scaffold required for neuronal migration. Migration defects of dentate granule cells, reminiscent of those seen in reeler mutants, are observed in tissue from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The extent of granule cell dispersion in TLE was found to be inversely correlated with the number of reelin mRNA synthesizing CR cells and reelin mRNA expression as revealed in quantitative RT-PCR studies. These findings show that the Reelin signaling pathway is essential for the correct positioning of human hippocampal neurons and that a Reelin deficiency is involved in the pathological changes associated with epilepsy.
Human monoclonal antibodies specific for blood group antigens demonstrate multispecific properties characteristic of natural autoantibodies. (1992)

A panel of 72 human monoclonal antibodies with specificities for blood group antigens, A, Rh D, Rh C, Rh c, Rh E, Rh e, Rh G, Jka and Jkb, has been established from the peripheral blood of deliberately immunized donors. Previous work has established that the antibodies are highly specific for their respective blood group antigens, and a number of them are in routine clinical use as blood grouping reagents. This panel was screened for reactivity against six unrelated foreign and autoantigens by ELISA, for rheumatoid factor activity by ELISA and agglutination techniques, and for reactivity with a number of different tissues by immunofluorescence. Binding of the monoclonal antibodies to unrelated exo- and autoantigens was commonly seen amongst the antibodies of the IgM class, and to a lesser degree amongst the IgG class, with reaction patterns similar to those given by natural autoantibodies. Only five of the IgM antibodies failed to demonstrate any unexpected cross-reactivities and these included 1/13 anti-D, 2/7 anti-E, 1/13 anti-c and 1/2 anti-A. We propose that rather than natural autoantibodies representing a distinct population of immunoglobulins, multispecificity (polyspecificity, or polyreactivity) may be a feature of antibodies produced in response to exogenous antigens. The implications of this for the study of autoantibodies are discussed.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2005)

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a neurotrophic factor with insulin-like metabolic activities, and possesses potential clinical applications, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic progressive devastating disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that IGF-I promotes motor neuron survival and strongly enhances motor nerve regeneration. Evidence that IGF-I rescues motor neurons has led to clinical trials of human recombinant IGF-I in ALS patients. However, systemic delivery of human recombinant IGF-I in these trials did not lead to beneficial clinical effects in ALS patients and may be due through inactivation of IGF-I by binding to IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and or limited delivery of IGF-I to motor neurons. Recently it was shown that both IGF-I receptors and IGFBPs were increased on motor neurons of ALS patients and free levels of IGF-I were decreased by 50%. In this study it was suggested that IGFBPs inactivate IGF-I by forming inactive complexes. The uses of IGF analogues with low affinity for IGFBPs and analogues that are able to displace IGF-I from IGFBPs are better candidates in new clinical trials. Another possibility is to find a way of IGF-I transport without hindrance of circulating and tissue-specific IGFBPs, such as IGF-I delivery based on gene therapy.
“In Vitro” Fibril Formation of type I Collagen from Different Sources: Biochemical and Morphological Aspects (1986)

Acid soluble type I collagen was prepared from foetal and adult bovine tendon and skin and from adult bovine cornea. The degree of hydroxylysine glycosylation and the hydroxylysine di-to monoglycoside ratio as well as the "in vivo" fibril diameters, were shown to be tissue and age-dependent. Fibrils of type I collagens were reconstituted "in vitro" monitoring at 313 nm. The fibrils obtained were examined by electron microscopy. It was shown that the "in vitro" lateral growth of collagen fibrils leads to the formation of fibrils with maximum diameters which may be correlated to those of the corresponding native fibrils. Moreover it is suggested that one of the factors controlling the lateral growth of collagen may be at the level of hydroxylysine glycosylation.
Protection against Zosteriform Spread of Herpes Simplex Virus by Monoclonal Antibodies (1991)

The in vivo protective role of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)-specific antibody was analyzed using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with discrete antigenic sites on glycoproteins B, C, and D (gB, gC, gD) in the murine zosteriform spread model of HSV-1. All of the anti-gC and anti-gD MAbs, and one of four anti-gB MAbs (B6) were protective. The in vitro abilities of the MAbs to neutralize HSV-1 and mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against HSV-1-infected cells were examined as potential mechanistic correlates to in vivo protection. All animals given MAbs at high ADCC unit doses were protected. Some but not all mice given MAbs at high ADCC unit doses were protected. These studies designate specific epitopes recognized by protective antibodies and indicate that protection from the neurologic spread of HSV may be related to neutralization, ADCC, or both. The actual contribution of ADCC and neutralization to in vivo antibody-mediated protection remains unclear.
The generation of circulation and lift in a rigid two-dimensional fling (1986)

The instantaneous lift forces on a pair of rigid wings opening by rotation about a common trailing edge (the fling) are measured and related to the unsteady flow field as revealed by simultaneous flow visualization. The effect of altering the wing-opening time history and the initial opening angle of the wing pair on circulation and lift generation is investigated. Dimensionless circulations and lift coefficients are compared with experimental and theoretical results in the literature and the relevance of these results to insects and engineers is discussed.
<sup>31</sup> P NMR spectroscopy and ergometer exercise test as evidence for muscle oxidative performance improvement with coenzyme Q in mitochondrial myopathies (1992)

Two patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy due to complexes I and IV deficiencies received 150 mg/d of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ). We studied them with a bicycle ergometer exercise test and 31P NMR spectroscopy before and after 10 months of treatment. Before treatment, we observed a low phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate (PCr/P(i)) resting value along with abnormally high resting lactate concentration. During exercise, there was a pronounced acidosis with delayed kinetics of postexercise recovery for blood lactate, pH, PCr, and PCr/P(i) ratio. Oxygen uptake during exercise was reduced while the lowering of the ventilatory threshold indicated an early activation of glycolysis. After treatment, the bicycle ergometer exercise test indicated a significant improvement with a decrease in resting blood lactate level, an increase in oxygen consumption during exercise, and an increase in the kinetics of lactate disappearance during the recovery period. A shift of the ventilatory threshold to higher workload was present. 31P NMR spectroscopy confirmed the improvement, showing a significant increase in the PCr/P(i) ratio at rest and in the kinetics of recovery for pH, PCr, and PCr/P(i) ratio following exercise in patient 1. For patient 2, we observed a less pronounced acidosis correlated with a lesser amount of Pi produced during exercise. These observations indicate an improvement of mitochondrial function and a shift from high to low glycolytic activity in both patients consequent to CoQ treatment.
Economic Reforms and the Poor : Social Action Programs and Social Funds in Sub-Saharan Africa (1994)

For many African countries, and for developing countries in other regions, the latter half of the 1980s was a turning point in the struggle to alleviate poverty. In response to a marked deterioration in the living standards of the poor, caused by an economic crisis and the austerity measures instituted to control it, governments added explicit poverty alleviation objectives to their development policies. In cooperation with external agencies, they began to design and implement interventions such as social action programs (SAPs) and social funds (SFs) to protect the poor and some vulnerable groups from the harmful effects of the economic situation and from the transitory negative effects of economic reform. There has been a growing acceptance of these interventions in Africa as the World Bank has placed greater emphasis on protecting the poor during adjustment. The present study previewed in this brief, reviews the experience of twelve SAPs and SFs in sub-Saharan Africa. Because a number of the programs are still in progress at this writing, it is too soon to analyze their effects on poverty reduction in depth. However, performance information is increasingly available on the implementation of these programs. This report is based on data gathered from project documents and task managers of the projects and on findings by the authors during field visits.
Design of a bridgeless PFC with Line-Modulated Fixed Off-Time current control and zero-voltage switching (2010)

In this paper, the Line-Modulated Fixed Off-Time method is used as the current control strategy for a Power Factor Corrector (PFC) pre-regulator. A zero voltage switching PWM (ZVS-PWM) auxiliary circuit is configured to perform ZVS in the switches. Soft commutation of the main switch is achieved without additional current stress. A significant reduction in the total conduction loss is achieved, since the circulating current for the soft switching flows only through the auxiliary circuit and a minimum number of switching devices are involved in the circulating current path. The proposed rectifier uses a single converter instead of the conventional configuration composed of a four-diode front-end rectifier followed by a boost converter. A 250W, with an input ac voltage of 90-265 Vrms, output voltage of 400 Vdc and switching frequency of 100 kHz is designed and simulated to verify the system performance.
Cooling airflow design calculations for UFAD (2007)

During the past ten years as underfloor air distribution (UFAD) has begun to demonstrate significant growth in new commer-cial office building construction in North America, design engineers have often cited methods for airside design sizing as one of the most important unanswered questions regarding UFAD system design. The challenge in this regard has been how to accurately account for differences between a stratified UFAD environment and the familiar well-mixed environment produced by a conventional overhead (OH) variable air volume (VAV) air-distribution system.
Chromogranin A gene expression in non-small cell lung carcinomas (1998)

Evidence for the existence of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) is at present based on histochemical, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical data. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of NE differentiation in NSCLCs as revealed by mRNA analysis. Different techniques including immunohistochemistry (IHC), northern blot analysis (NBA), and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were employed in parallel to reveal the panendocrine marker chromogranin A (CgA). The data were related to pathological, immunocytochemical (PGP 9.5, synaptophysin, Leu-7 and neuron-specific enolase), and prognostic indicators. Forty surgically resected cases of NSCLC (24 squamous cell carcinomas, 12 ordinary type adenocarcinomas, 3 bronchiolo-alveolar carcinomas, and 1 anaplastic large cell carcinoma), in which fresh frozen material was available for mRNA analysis, were collected. CgA immunoreactivity was present in five cases (12.5 per cent), generally confined to a minority of the neoplastic cell population. By RT-PCR, CgA mRNA was found in 20 cases (50 per cent), including the five tumours positive by IHC. A statistically significant correlation was found between the two techniques. By NBA, no CgA mRNA expression was detected. Leu-7 immunoreactivity was present in 15 per cent of cases, NSE in 52.5 per cent, synaptophysin in 10 per cent, and PGP 9.5 in 82.5 per cent. In NSCLC, no correlations were found between CgA production, as detected by IHC or RT-PCR methods, and the histological type, stage, grade and proliferative activity of tumours, or the disease-free interval. It is concluded that CgA gene expression can be revealed in NSCLC at both mRNA and protein levels and that RT-PCR is a valuable tool for identifying NE differentiated NSCLCs. Our data suggest that NE differentiation does not represent an independent prognostic factor in surgically resected NSCLCs.
Design considerations for high-data-rate chip interconnect systems (2010)

Over the past decade, data rates for electrical interconnects in interchip communications systems have experienced a dramatic increase from <;1 Gb/s to 10 Gb/s and beyond to keep up with ever increasing demands for more I/O bandwidth from modern high-capacity storage, networking, and data processing systems. This article presents an overview of the high-data-rate chip interconnect design space, including a short description of the channel, line equalization architecture, and design considerations for key I/O core subsystems realized in nanoscale CMOS technology.
Experience using S.1: an expert system for newspaper printing press configuration (1987)

Abstract This paper describes some of our experience gathered during the development of an expert system, the press lineup advisor, in which we used the commercially available expert system development tool, S.1.™ Discussion includes: (1) how we used S. l to develop a system which solves a configuration problem; (2) difficulties we encountered when applying S.1 to this specific reasoning problem; (3) limitations of S.1 from both problem-solving and operational points of view and (4) issues remaining to be solved with respect to generalization of the system.
EXTERIOR (2013)

This paper presents EXTERIOR, a dual-VM architecture based external shell that can be used for trusted, timely out-of-VM management of guest-OS such as introspection, configuration, and recovery. Inspired by recent advances in virtual machine introspection (VMI), EXTERIOR leverages an isolated, secure virtual machine (SVM) to introspect the kernel state of a guest virtual machine (GVM). However, it goes far beyond the read-only capability of the traditional VMI, and can perform automatic, fine-grained guest-OS writable operations. The key idea of EXTERIOR is to use a dual-VM architecture in which a SVM runs a kernel identical to that of the GVM to create the necessary environment for a running process (e.g., rmmod, kill), and dynamically and transparently redirect and update the memory state at the VMM layer from SVM to GVM, thereby achieving the same effect in terms of kernel state updates of running the same trusted in-VM program inside the shell of GVM. A proof-of-concept EXTERIOR has been implemented. The experimental results show that EXTERIOR can be used for a timely administration of guest-OS, including introspection and (re)configuration of the guest-OS state and timely response of kernel malware intrusions, without any user account in the guest-OS.
The Interval Selector: A Device for Measuring Time Distribution of Pulses (1941)

An apparatus called an interval selector is described. In conjunction with two scaling circuits the apparatus records the total number of pulses in a distribution and also the number of intervals between pulses less than any arbitrary value τ. The range of τ in the instrument described is from 10−4 to 0.3 second. The application of the interval selector to the testing of particle-counting apparatus is described.
Forensic Drug Testing For Opiates. IV. Analytical Sensitivity, Specificity, and Accuracy of Commercial Urine Opiate Immunoassays (1992)

Four commercial immunoassays, TDx Opiates (TDx), Coat-A-Count Morphine in Urine (CAC), Abuscreen Radioimmunoassay for Morphine (ABUS) and Emit d.a.u. Opiate Assay (EMIT), were tested for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy with urine specimens containing known amounts of opiates and opiate metabolites. The immunoassays were evaluated in a semiquantitative mode by comparison of morphine equivalents to GC/MS assay of free and total morphine and codeine or to target concentrations. In all cases, the apparent sensitivities of the assays were higher than those required for detection of morphine at cutoffs mandated by the Health and Human Services guidelines for testing of Federal workers. The apparent specificities of the immunoassays varied considerably. The CAC assay was found to be highly selective for free morphine, whereas TDx, ABUS, and EMIT demonstrated broad cross-reactivity with other opiates. Comparison of semiquantitative results from the immunoassays with GC/MS data indicated a high degree of accuracy for determination of morphine levels. Generally, the patterns of sensitivity and cross-reactivity were unique for each assay, indicating that a detailed knowledge of assay performance characteristics is necessary for accurate interpretation of forensic urine testing data.