gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Branching Morphogenesis of the<i>Drosophila</i>Tracheal System (2003)

Many organs including the mammalian lung and vascular system consist of branched tubular networks that transport essential gases or fluids, but the genetic programs that control the development of these complex three-dimensional structures are not well understood. The Drosophila melanogaster tracheal (respiratory) system is a network of interconnected epithelial tubes that transports oxygen and other gases in the body and provides a paradigm of branching morphogenesis. It develops by sequential sprouting of primary, secondary, and terminal branches from an epithelial sac of approximately 80 cells in each body segment of the embryo. Mapping of the cell movements and shape changes during the sprouting process has revealed that distinct mechanisms of epithelial migration and tube formation are used at each stage of branching. Genetic dissection of the process has identified a general program in which a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) are used repeatedly to control branch budding and outgrowth. At each stage of branching, the mechanisms controlling FGF expression and the downstream signal transduction pathway change, altering the pattern and structure of the branches that form. During terminal branching, FGF expression is regulated by hypoxia, ensuring that tracheal structure matches cellular oxygen need. A branch diversification program operates in parallel to the general budding program: Regional signals locally modify the general program, conferring specific structural features and other properties on individual branches, such as their substrate outgrowth preferences, differences in tube size and shape, and the ability to fuse to other branches to interconnect the network.
In-line optical fibre filters using dispersive materials (1987)

It is shown that optical fibre filters can be made by choosing core and cladding materials having appropriate dispersive characteristics. The bending loss of the dispersive optical fibres is calculated, and proves them to be useful for short- and long-wavelength-pass filters.
Optimal Distribution System Horizon Planning–Part II: Application (2007)

This is the second part of a two-part paper in which application methods to enhance distribution horizon planning for a 20+ year period are described. The optimal horizon planning model encompasses all distribution design requirements for primary and secondary systems. The model formulation is described in the companion paper Part I. The model makes use of a generalized feeder layout viewed as a tree-like circuit serving a circular sector of a round or hexagonal service area of uniform load density. The horizon model optimization objective cost function and constraint equation applications are described in this paper. The horizon planning model is validated with analysis of case studies and sensitivity evaluations for input and output variables. The case studies are assessed under various conditions such as changing consumer density, consumer characteristics, cost of energy, and economic assumptions. The application of the model is demonstrated using Snohomish PUD future expansion assumptions with case studies to examine impacts of horizon assumptions on future conductor sizes, primary voltage classes, voltage drop designs, reliability, and consumer cost of service
Variation in RNA polymerase sigma subunit composition within different stocks of Escherichia coli W3110 (1997)

The composition of RNA polymerase sigma subunits was analyzed for stock strains of Escherichia coli K-12 W3110 in Japan. Heterogeneity was discovered with respect to two sigma subunits, sigma28 (sigmaF, the rpoF gene product) and sigma38 (sigmaS, the rpoS gene product). Five different types of W3110 were identified: A-type lineages have both sigma subunits in intact forms; B-type lineages carry a truncated sigma38 subunit and an intact sigma28 subunit; C-type lineages carry an intact sigma28 subunit but lack a sigma38 subunit; D-type lineages have only a sigma38 subunit without a sigma28 subunit; and E-type stocks lack both sigma subunits. All the lineages examined, however, contain the intact forms of sigma70 (sigmaD, the rpoD gene product) and sigma54 (sigmaN, the rpoN gene product). As expected from the lack of a sigma28 subunit, cells of D- and E-type lineages are nonmotile. The truncated form of the sigma38 subunit in B-type stocks carries two mutations near its N terminus and lacks C-terminal proximal region 4 due to an amber mutation. The failure of C- and E-type W3110 cells to express sigma38 and that of D- and E-type cells to express sigma28 were found to be due to defects in transcription even though the respective sigma subunit genes remain intact. These findings emphasize the importance of paying attention to possible variations in the genetic background between laboratory stocks originating from the same strain.
Document Authentication Using Printing Technique Features and Unsupervised Anomaly Detection (2013)

Automatically identifying that a certain page in a set of documents is printed with a different printer than the rest of the documents can give an important clue for a possible forgery attempt. Different printers vary in their produced printing quality, which is especially noticeable at the edges of printed characters. In this paper, a system using the difference in edge roughness to distinguish laser printed ages from inkjet printed pages is presented. Several feature extraction methods have been developed and evaluated for that purpose. In contrast to previous work, this system uses unsupervised anomaly detection to detect documents printed by a different printing technique than the majority of the documents among a set. This approach has the advantage that no prior training using genuine documents has to be done. Furthermore, we created a dataset featuring 1200 document images from different domains (invoices, contracts, scientific papers) printed by 7 different inkjet and 13 laser printers. Results show that the presented feature extraction method achieves the best outlier rank score in comparison to state-of-the-art features.
Propagation of Hydraulically and Dynamically Induced Fractures in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs (1986)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this project has been to provide a basis for selecting fracturing treatments that will cross and connect as much of the natural fracture system to the wellbore as possible. Interactions between induced and existing fractures have been examined in scaled laboratory experiments under different angles of approach and states of stress. For hydraulic fractures, when the angle of approach was 30 degrees, existing fractures tended to open, diverting fracturing fluid and preventing the induced fracture from crossing. At angles of approach of 60 and 90 degrees, hydraulic fractures tended to cross existing fractures when the differential stress was high enough. Dynamic fracturing tests were run for conditions where hydraulic fractures opened existing fractures to determine if more constructive crossing interaction could be obtained, but triaxial stresses tended to suppress cross-cutting dynamic fractures, and no crossing behavior was observed. An elastic solution for the stresses in the interaction zone has been used as a basis for a hydraulic/natural fracture interaction criterion. The criterion compares favorably with the experimental results. It has been used to delineate areas where crossing and opening interactions could be expected in Devonian shales of the Appalachian Basin by combining it with existing data on the state of stress and fracture patterns. Under preliminary assumptions, the criterion predicts opening of natural fractures in the central and western parts of the basin. In the northern and southern parts of the basin, there are zones where crossing interaction can be expected. Tectonic models were used to extrapolate fracture patterns from site-specific core data gathered from 33 EGSP wells. Fracture systems oriented for crossing appear to be associated with two tectonic features: a Precambrian failed rift system that has been reactivated periodically and deformation associated with the Appalachian orogeny.
TNF Impairs In Vivo and In Vitro Natural Killer (NK) Susceptibility of B16 Melanoma Cells (1992)

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) is a multipotent cytokine which affects many biological properties of both normal and neoplastic cells. Here we show that treatment with TNF reduces B16-A melanoma cell susceptibility to normal and in vivo- and in vitro-activated NK cell-mediated killing. This resistance is associated with an enhancement of B16-A metastatic potential in normal syngeneic mice, but not in anti-asialo GM1-treated animals, further supporting the NK dependence of TNF-induced enhancement of metastatic ability. A significant increase of MHC class I expression on B16-A murine melanoma cells is observed after TNF treatment. In all these effects TNF interacts positively with interferon gamma (IFN gamma). Taken together, these results indicate that TNF treatment negatively affects the susceptibility of B16-A murine melanoma to NK effectors in vivo and in vitro. This decreased susceptibility may be related, at least in part, to enhanced expression of MHC class I antigens on tumour cells.
Mechanical Properties of Human Lumbar Spine Motion Segments—Part I: Responses in Flexion, Extension, Lateral Bending, and Torsion (1979)

In this first part of a three-part report, the mechanical behavior of 42 fresh human cadaver lumbar motion segments in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion is examined. Motions and intradiskal pressure changes that occurred in response to these loads, with posterior elements both intact and excised, are reported.
Structural Characterization of Peptide-Mediated Inhibition of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> Biofilm Formation (2006)

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a periodontal pathogen whose primary niche is the anaerobic environment of subgingival dental plaque, but initial colonization of the oral cavity is likely to occur on supragingival surfaces that already support robust biofilm communities. Our studies have shown that P. gingivalis adheres to Streptococcus gordonii through interaction of the minor fimbrial antigen Mfa1 with a specific region of the streptococcal SspB polypeptide (residues 1167 to 1193) designated BAR. We show that a synthetic peptide comprising the BAR sequence potently inhibits P. gingivalis adherence to S. gordonii (50% inhibitory concentration = 1.3 microM) and prevents the development of P. gingivalis biofilms. However, a retroinverso peptide that possessed the same side chain topology as that of BAR was inactive, suggesting that interactions of Mfa1 with the peptide backbone of BAR are important for binding. A conformationally constrained analog of BAR inhibited P. gingivalis adherence and biofilm formation but at a lower specific activity than that of BAR. Therefore, to further define the structural features of the Mfa1-BAR interaction, we functionally screened combinatorial libraries of BAR in which active site residues (Asn1182, Thr1184, and Val1185) were replaced with each of the 19 common amino acids. Peptides containing positively charged amino acids at position 1182 or hydrophobic residues at position 1185 bound P. gingivalis more efficiently than did control peptides containing Asn and Val at these positions, suggesting that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions may contribute to Mfa1-SspB binding. In contrast, replacement of Pro or Gly at these positions was detrimental to adherence, suggesting that perturbation of the BAR secondary structure influences activity. The net effect of substitutions for Thr1184 was less pronounced either positively or negatively than that at the other sites. These results define physicochemical characteristics of the interacting interface of Mfa1 and SspB and suggest that peptides or peptidomimetics with greater specific inhibitory activity than that of BAR can be developed. These compounds may represent potential therapeutics that target some of the first molecular interactions that allow P. gingivalis to colonize the oral cavity.
Low-voltage electron-optical system for the high-speed inspection of integrated circuits (1992)

Low-voltage scanning electron microscopes enjoy many advantages over light microscopes for both dimensional measurements and the analysis of small features. Their combination of high-resolution and large depth-of-focus has made them a standard instrument in the semiconductor industry. However, until now, they have been many orders of magnitude too slow to be used for automated wafer inspection. In this article, the authors will determine the optical requirements of high-speed inspection at low voltage and show how this leads to a novel optical system design. This optical system shares similarities with a 20 keV column designed for an x-ray mask inspection system [W. D. Meisburger, A. Desai, and A. D. Brodie, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 3010 (1991)]. However, the objective lens and electron detection system are unique. The objective lens combines superimposed electric and magnetic fields to decelerate the primary beam from 20 keV to ∼800 eV, and to effectively collimate and reaccelerate the resulting secondary electrons. Auxiliary electrodes are used to control the electric field on the semiconductor’s surface. A Wien filter is used to separate the secondary electrons from the primary beam. A second Wien filter is used to cancel the transverse chromatic aberration of the first filter. This optical system is capable of producing current densities of 1000 A/cm2 at 800 eV into spots as small as 50 nm. Images are acquired at a rate of 100 million pixels/second. Both theoretical and experimental performance results for this system will be presented.
Evaluation of Injectable Strontium-Containing Borate Bioactive Glass Cement with Enhanced Osteogenic Capacity in a Critical-Sized Rabbit Femoral Condyle Defect Model (2015)

The development of a new generation of injectable bone cements that are bioactive and have enhanced osteogenic capacity for rapid osseointegration is receiving considerable interest. In this study, a novel injectable cement (designated Sr-BBG) composed of strontium-doped borate bioactive glass particles and a chitosan-based bonding phase was prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The bioactive glass provided the benefits of bioactivity, conversion to hydroxyapatite, and the ability to stimulate osteogenesis, while the chitosan provided a cohesive biocompatible and biodegradable bonding phase. The Sr-BBG cement showed the ability to set in situ (initial setting time = 11.6 ± 1.2 min) and a compressive strength of 19 ± 1 MPa. The Sr-BBG cement enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro when compared to a similar cement (BBG) composed of chitosan-bonded borate bioactive glass particles without Sr. Microcomputed tomography and histology of critical-sized rabbit femoral condyle defects implanted with the cements showed the osteogenic capacity of the Sr-BBG cement. New bone was observed at different distances from the Sr-BBG implants within eight weeks. The bone-implant contact index was significantly higher for the Sr-BBG implant than it was for the BBG implant. Together, the results indicate that this Sr-BBG cement is a promising implant for healing irregularly shaped bone defects using minimally invasive surgery.
Growth and Characterization of Epitaxial Ge<sub>1-X</sub>Sn<sub>x</sub> Alloys and Heterostructures Using a Commercial CVD System (2014)

Fully strained and relaxed epitaxial Ge 1-x Sn x alloys with Sn contents up to 12 at. % have been grown on Ge buffered Si using an Epsilon® 2000 Plus commercial chemical vapor deposition system. Using a specialized growth approach intrinsic, p-type, and n-type alloys have been demonstrated. Material and optical characterization of these alloys indicate that the alloys are of high crystal quality in which the Sn is fully substitutional. Heterostructures of doped Ge/Ge 1-x Sn x /Ge have also grown to demonstrate their application in light emitting and detecting devices. Phosphorus doped Ge 1-x Sn x photoluminescence has also been observed at wavelengths up to 2.4 μm. Growth, materials and optical properties of these materials will be discussed.
Nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs and tamoxifen for desmoid tumors and carcinoma of the stomach (1983)

The results of treatment of desmoid tumor patients with nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs alone or in combination with tamoxifen are described. Tumor growth was inhibited in six of seven patients. Nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs administered along with 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide and other inhibitors of T-suppressor cells were used to treat nine patients with metastatic carcinoma of the stomach. Survival of these patients was extended so that after 12 months minimal follow-up the majority are well. A prospective controlled clinical trial is indicated.
Design and Gamma-Scintigraphic Evaluation of a Floating and Pulsatile Drug Delivery System Based on an Impermeable Cylinder (2007)

A blend of floating and pulsatile principles of drug delivery system seems to present the advantage that a drug can be released in the upper GI tract after a definite time period of no drug release. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a floating and pulsatile drug delivery system based on an impermeable cylinder. Pulsatile capsule was prepared by sealing the drug tablet and the buoyant material filler inside the impermeable capsule body with erodible plug. The drug delivery system showed typical floating and pulsatile release profile with a lag time followed by a rapid release phase. The lag time prior to the pulsatile drug release correlated well with the erosion properties of plugs and the composition of the plug could be controlled by the weight of the plug. The buoyancy of the whole system depended on the bulk density of the dosage form. Gamma-scintigraphic evaluation in humans was used to establish methodology capable of showing the subsequent in vivo performance of the floating and pulsatile release capsule. Developed formulations showed instantaneous floating with no drug release during the lag time followed by a pulse drug release. From the gamma-scintigraphic results, the pulsatile release capsule we prepared could achieve a rapid release after lag time in vivo, which was longer than that in vitro. The scintigraphic evaluation could confirm qualitatively that the system with in vitro lag time of 4.0 h provided, with relatively high reproducibility, a pulsatile release occurred around 5.0 h after administration.
A SCR Model based on Reactor and Engine Experimental Studies for a Cu-zeolite Catalyst (2013)

A NOx reduction efficiency higher than 95% with NH3 slip less than 30 ppm is desirable for heavy-duty diesel (HDD) engines using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems to meet the US EPA 2010 NOx standard and the 2014-2018 fuel consumption regulation. The SCR performance needs to be improved through experimental and modeling studies. In this research, a high fidelity global kinetic 1-dimensional 2-site SCR model with mass transfer, heat transfer and global reaction mechanisms was developed for a Cu-zeolite catalyst. The model simulates the SCR performance for the engine exhaust conditions with NH3 maldistribution and aging effects, and the details are presented. SCR experimental data were collected for the model development, calibration and validation from a reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and an engine experimental setup at Michigan Technological University (MTU) with a Cummins 2010 ISB engine. The model was calibrated separately to the reactor and engine data. The experimental setup, test procedures including a surrogate HD-FTP cycle developed for transient studies and the model calibration process are described. Differences in the model parameters were determined between the calibrations developed from the reactor and the engine data. It was determined that the SCR inlet NH3 maldistribution is one of the reasons causing the differences. The model calibrated to the engine data served as a basis for developing a reduced order SCR estimator model. The effect of the SCR inlet NO2/NOx ratio on the SCR performance was studied through simulations using the surrogate HD-FTP cycle. The cumulative outlet NOx and the overall NOx conversion efficiency of the cycle are highest with a NO2/NOx ratio of 0.5. The outlet NH3 is lowest for the NO2/NOx ratio greater than 0.6. A combined engine experimental and simulation study was performed to quantify the NH3 maldistribution at the SCR inlet and its effects on the SCR performance and kinetics. The uniformity index (UI) of the SCR inlet NH3 and NH3/NOx ratio (ANR) was determined to be below 0.8 for the production system. The UI was improved to 0.9 after installation of a swirl mixer into the SCR inlet cone. A multi-channel model was developed to simulate the maldistribution effects. The results showed that reducing the UI of the inlet ANR from 1.0 to 0.7 caused a 5-10% decrease in NOx reduction efficiency and 10-20 ppm increase in the NH3 slip. The simulations of the steady-state engine data with the multi-channel model showed that
Task-aware virtual machine scheduling for I/O performance. (2009)

The use of virtualization is progressively accommodating diverse and unpredictable workloads as being adopted in virtual desktop and cloud computing environments. Since a virtual machine monitor lacks knowledge of each virtual machine, the unpredictableness of workloads makes resource allocation difficult. Particularly, virtual machine scheduling has a critical impact on I/O performance in cases where the virtual machine monitor is agnostic about the internal workloads of virtual machines. This paper presents a task-aware virtual machine scheduling mechanism based on inference techniques using gray-box knowledge. The proposed mechanism infers the I/O-boundness of guest-level tasks and correlates incoming events with I/O-bound tasks. With this information, we introduce partial boosting, which is a priority boosting mechanism with task-level granularity, so that an I/O-bound task is selectively scheduled to handle its incoming events promptly. Our technique focuses on improving the performance of I/O-bound tasks within heterogeneous workloads by lightweight mechanisms with complete CPU fairness among virtual machines. All implementation is confined to the virtualization layer based on the Xen virtual machine monitor and the credit scheduler. We evaluate our prototype in terms of I/O performance and CPU fairness over synthetic mixed workloads and realistic applications.