gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-layer bottom antireflective coating structures for high NA ArF exposure system applications (2002)

In the recent ITRS roadmap, the ArF lithography combining with resolution enhancement techniques have great potential to lead IC technologies to the generation less than 100nm. The problems of critical dimension control caused by highly reflective substrates are far more serious in the ArF regime than in the longer wavelengths. It is therefore important to find a high performance antireflective coating layer working in this spectral regime. For increasing resolution of optical lithography, expose systems with high numerical aperture (NA) are essential. The efficiency of conventional single layer BARC structure will degrade as the incident angle increased. It is due to the reflectance at resist/BARC interface increased in high incident angle regimes. Here we demonstrate a multi-layer bottom antireflective coating (BARC) layer for high NA ArF lithography. The multi-layer antireflective structure is composed of conventional SiON films. In a multi-layer BARC, the extinction coefficient of each BARC layer is gradually increased layer by layer, an dis the highest at the bottom. By adding an optimized structure, the reflectance can be remained less than 2% at resist/silicon substrate interface as the incident angle from 0 to 60 degrees (i.e. NA ~ 0.85). The swing effect in the resist is also shown significantly reduced. It also has a great potential to be used as BARC layer on other highly reflectance substrate such as copper, aluminum silicon (Al-Si), poly-silicon, tungsten silicide (W-Si), which are commonly used in IC processes.
Resveratrol Reduces the Proinflammatory Effects and Lipopolysaccharide- Induced Expression of HMGB1 and TLR4 in RAW264.7 Cells (2014)

Res can block the inflammatory effects induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. Down-regulation of HMGB expression may be one of the mechanisms of action of Res. Res may also influence TLR4 expression in the HMGB1-TLR4 signaling pathway.
Different Strategies for Optimization Using the Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm (2014)

We present the results of a numerical study, with 20 qubits, of the performance of the Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm on randomly generated instances of MAX 2-SAT with a unique assignment that maximizes the number of satisfied clauses. The probability of obtaining this assignment at the end of the quantum evolution measures the success of the algorithm. Here we report three strategies which consistently increase the success probability for the hardest instances in our ensemble: decreasing the overall evolution time, initializing the system in excited states, and adding a random local Hamiltonian to the middle of the evolution.
Real-time estimation of tyre–road friction peak with optimal linear parameterisation (2012)

Spurred by the problem of identifying, in real-time, the adhesion levels between the tyre and the road, a practical, linear parameterisation (LP) model is proposed to represent the tyre friction. Towards that aim, results from the theory of function approximation, together with optimisation techniques, are explored to approximate the non-linear Burckhardt model with a new LP representation. It is shown that, compared with other approximations described in the literature, the proposed LP model is more efficient, that is, it requires a smaller number of parameters, and provides better approximation capabilities. Next, a modified version of the recursive least squares, subject to a set of equality constraints on parameters, is employed to identify the LP in real time. The inclusion of these constraints, arising from the parametric relationships present when the tyre is in free-rolling mode, reduces the variance of the parametric estimation and improves the convergence of the identification algorithm, particularly in situations with low tyre slips. The simulation results obtained with the full-vehicle CarSim model under different road adhesion conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed LP and the robustness of the friction peak estimation method. Furthermore, the experimental tests, performed with an electric vehicle under low-grip roads, provide further validation of the accuracy and potential of the estimation technique.
Purification, Characterization, and Sequencing of an Extracellular Cold-Active Aminopeptidase Produced by Marine Psychrophile <i>Colwellia psychrerythraea</i> Strain 34H (2004)

The limited database on cold-active extracellular proteases from marine bacteria was expanded by successful purification and initial biochemical and structural characterization of a family M1 aminopeptidase (designated ColAP) produced by the marine psychrophile Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H. The 71-kDa enzyme displayed a low optimum temperature (19 degrees C) and narrow pH range (pH 6 to 8.5) for activity and greater thermolability than other extracellular proteases. Sequencing of the gene encoding ColAP revealed a predicted amino acid sequence with the highest levels of identity (45 to 55%) to M1 aminopeptidases from mesophilic members of the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria and the next highest levels of identity (35 to 36%) to leukotriene A(4) hydrolases from mammalian sources. Compared to mesophilic homologs, ColAP had structural differences thought to increase the flexibility for activity in the cold; for example, it had fewer proline residues, fewer ion pairs, and a lower hydrophobic residue content. In addition to intrinsic properties that determine enzyme activity and stability, we also investigated effects of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from spent culture medium of strain 34H on ColAP activity at an environmentally relevant temperature (0 degrees C) and at 45 degrees C (the maximum temperature for activity). In both cases, ColAP stability increased significantly in the presence of EPS, indicating the importance of considering environmentally relevant extrinsic factors when enzyme structure and function are investigated.
Reversible chemical storage of halogens in few-layer graphene (2011)

Few-layer graphene can be chlorinated up to 56 wt.% by irradiation with UV light in a liquid chlorine medium. The chlorinated sample decomposes on heating or on laser irradiation releasing all the chlorine. Similar results have been obtained with the bromination of few-layer graphene.
A receive/transmit calibration technique based on mutual coupling for massive MIMO base stations (2016)

This paper presents a calibration technique for massive MIMO base stations, where the frequency responses of the transmit and/or receive analog front-ends are individually estimated and compensated for. Calibration is achieved by a first-round of channel sounding between base station antennas, followed by post-processing and a compensation stage. The proposed technique is general in the sense that is does not use external sources, nor internal dedicated circuits for calibration purposes. The only requirement of the technique is that mutual coupling between all pairs of sounded base station antennas exists and is known. Our analysis suggests that mutual coupling can be conveniently used for calibration purposes, and that multipath propagation during calibration is the most prominent source for calibration inaccuracies.
Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends - System, Architecture and Implementation (2011)

This book has addressed few challenges to ensure the success of UWB technologies and covers several research areas including UWB low cost transceiver, low noise amplifier (LNA), ADC architectures, UWB filter, and high power UWB amplifiers. It is believed that this book serves as a comprehensive reference for graduate students in UWB technologies.
Analysis and design of feeding structures for microstrip leaky wave antenna (1996)

Three arrangements of the feeding structure for the excitation of a microstrip leaky wave antenna are proposed and investigated in this paper. A full-wave spectral domain integral equation method combined with the fundamental mode sampling technique is applied to determine the reflection coefficient of the excitation source. Tabulation technique is used to reduce the computational effort. Dependence on structural parameters such as line width, line spacing and overlap length is fully analyzed to obtain the design criteria for a microstrip leaky wave antenna. Additionally, an experimental setup is used to check the validity of our numerical results and verify the radiation nature of the microstrip line first higher-order mode.
A 3 X 1 Integrated Pyroelectric Sensor Based On Vdf/trfe Copolymer (2005)

This paper presents an integrated pyroelectric sensor based on a Vinylidene Fluoride TriFluoroEthylene (VDF/TrFE) copolymer. A silicon substrate that contains FET readout electronics is coated with the VDF/TrFE copolymer film using a spin-coating technique. On-chip poling of the copolymer has been applied using a stepwise poling at room temperature. An array of 3x1 pyroelectric sensor has been realized. Current and voltage sensitivities and noise of this sensor have been measured. A signal-to-noise of 80 dB has been achieved.
Modification of Late Radiation Injury with L-Triiodothyronine (1959)

In 1895, Roentgen reported a new form of radiation. In 1896 Becquerel discovered radioactivity. In 1896 also the first cases of radiation dermatitis and epilation were observed (1). By 1902 radiation-induced cancer was reported (2). By 1910 the histopathology of late radiation changes had been documented (3). Each organ or tissue has been shown to have a characteristic pattern of structural and functional alterations which are produced as a late effect of exposure to ionizing radiation (4). These changes appear to be related to early injury to the vascular structures and to connective-tissue elements. This in itself may produce secondary changes in the parenchymal cell of the organ in question. In addition, the parenchymal cell may be injured directly by the ionizing radiation. The interplay of these two mechanisms, and doubtless others as yet unappreciated, results in altered structure and altered ability to perform a normal role in the economy of the body. These changes do not appear to reach a static state even at times far removed from the initial injury. It would appear, therefore, that the process is a dynamic one. Attempts to understand its mechanisms may lead to methods capable of perturbing the balance. Obviously, as clinicians we are interested in exploiting those methods which would result in a return to or toward normal. Attempts to alter the damage produced by ionizing radiation at the time it is initiated have included measures taken before and during irradiation. Attempts to modify established damage have for the most part been confined to a period of thirty days after exposure. With the exception of splenic and bone marrow transplants and their variants, no agent as yet has been found which, if given after irradiation, will modify radiation damage materially. The presence of such agents as cysteine, glutathione, cystamine, and AET at the time of irradiation appears to be necessary (5). There is some evidence that most of these protect against only one facet of the postirradiation syndrome, i.e., the causes of death from the ninth to the thirtieth day. Mice so protected may have a decreased life span. Renal pathology appears to be the most frequent cause of death in these initially protected animals (6). Attempts to alter established damage in patients have been sporadic and frustrating. Supportive measures such as transfusion for aplastic anemia or removal of severely damaged skin and underlying tissues followed by skin grafting are fairly routine. ACTH and cortisone were studied at one time because of their known suppressive effect on connective-tissue reaction to other injurious stimuli, with the hope that this effect might also be seen after irradiation. Unfortunately neither the animal experiments of Karnofsky (7) nor the human studies of Chu et al. (8) afforded any detectable evidence of beneficial effect.
Fractal Fragmentation, Soil Porosity, and Soil Water Properties: I. Theory (1991)

Abstract Recent efforts to characterize soil water properties in terms of porosity and particle‐size distribution have turned to the possibility that a fractal representation of soil structure may be especially apt. In this paper, we develop a fully self‐consistent fractal model of aggregate and pore‐space properties for structured soils. The concept underlying the model is the representation of a soil as a fragmented fractal porous medium. This concept involves four essential components: the mathematical partitioning of a bulk soil volume into self‐similar pore‐ and aggregate‐size classes, each of which is identified with a successive fragmentation step; the definition of a uniform probability for incomplete fragmentation in each size class; the definition of fractal dimensions for both completely and incompletely fragmented porous media; and the definition of a domain of length scales across which fractal behavior occurs. Model results include a number of equations that can be tested experimentally: (i) a fractal dimension ≤3; (ii) a decrease in aggregate bulk density (or an increase in porosity) with increasing aggregate size; (iii) a power‐law aggregate‐size‐distribution function; (iv) a water potential that scales as an integer power of a similarity ratio; (v) a power‐law expression for the water‐retention curve; and (vi) an expression for hydraulic conductivity in terms of the conductivities of single‐size arrangements of fractures embedded in a regular fractal network. Future research should provide experimental data with which to evaluate these predictions in detail.
Vaccinated Mice Remain More Susceptible to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Infection Initiated via the Respiratory Route than via the Intravenous Route (1999)

Mice given Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli via the respiratory route succumbed much sooner to infection than mice given 1,000 times more bacilli via the intravenous route. Vaccination provided increased protection to an M. tuberculosis challenge infection; however, mice infected via the respiratory route remained much more susceptible.
A Novel Method for Unstable-signal Sensor Localization in Smart Home Environments (2008)

Wireless sensor networks receive much attention in these few years due to its wide spectrum of applications. Localization is one of the significant techniques in the ubiquitous sensor networks, and most localization techniques nowadays apply RSSI-based ranging techniques to compute the location of the object in wireless sensor network. However, a wireless sensor network is of a fading-signal environment that comprises noises, and the noises cause RSSI to become unstable and lead to abrupt distance estimates. In this paper, we propose Verification-Based Localization Method (VBLM) to alleviate the effect of the unstable signal and provide the high-accuracy location estimates in wireless sensor environments. The basic idea of VBLM is to prune noisy signals in the localization process. In our method, the sensor node would use another neighboring beacon to assist to verify the quality of received signal under acceptable communication cost, and thus, the noisy signals can be removed to avoid increasing the error in the localization. The experimental results show that VBLM indeed reduces the localization error in the unstable signal sensor networks than other localization methods.
TSDF-based change detection for consistent long-term dense reconstruction and dynamic object discovery (2017)

Robots that are operating for extended periods of time need to be able to deal with changes in their environment and represent them adequately in their maps. In this paper, we present a novel 3D reconstruction algorithm based on an extended Truncated Signed Distance Function (TSDF) that enables to continuously refine the static map while simultaneously obtaining 3D reconstructions of dynamic objects in the scene. This is a challenging problem because map updates happen incrementally and are often incomplete. Previous work typically performs change detection on point clouds, surfels or maps, which are not able to distinguish between unexplored and empty space. In contrast, our TSDF-based representation naturally contains this information and thus allows us to more robustly solve the scene differencing problem. We demonstrate the algorithms performance as part of a system for unsupervised object discovery and class recognition. We evaluated our algorithm on challenging datasets that we recorded over several days with RGB-D enabled tablets. To stimulate further research in this area, all of our datasets are publicly available <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> .
A new feedback neural network with supervised learning (1991)

A model is introduced for continuous-time dynamic feedback neural networks with supervised learning ability. Modifications are introduced to conventional models to guarantee precisely that a given desired vector, and its negative, are indeed stored in the network as asymptotically stable equilibrium points. The modifications entail that the output signal of a neuron is multiplied by the square of its associated weight to supply the signal to an input of another neuron. A simulation of the complete dynamics is then presented for a prototype one neuron with self-feedback and supervised learning; the simulation illustrates the (supervised) learning capability of the network.
[Sequential MRI and CT monitoring in cryosurgery--an experimental study in rats]. (1989)

Cryosurgery is one of treatments of cancer, such as carcinomas of the face, oral cavity, prostate, breast, rectum and liver. But the method of cryosurgery seemed to be not yet completely established. The most important problem in this procedure is to define the extent of the cryolesion. But the trial with MRI and CT has not been reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the image diagnosis such as Magnetic Resonance (MR) and CT is useful for the determination of the region during and after cryosurgery. The animal experiments were performed using 13 Wistar rats with inoculated Walker 256 cancer on both sides of femoral regions subcutaneously in the concentration of 1 million cells. After 7 days, cryosurgery was done by contacting for 15 sec with the absorbent cotton ball dipped in liquid nitrogen to the surface of right femoral tumor 3 to 6 times. The left side of tumor was intact. MRI was performed with a 0.1 Tesla ASAHI MR Mark-J and CT images were obtained using GE 9800. From the freezing to thawing, LF image (Low Flip Angle gradient echo image of Tr = 100 msec, Te = 18 msec, 60 degrees of flip angle) of MR and plain CT were taken every one minute. After thawing is over, SE image of Tr = 1500 msec, Te = 90 msec, IR images of Tr = 1200 msec, Td = 400 msec, and plain and contrast enhanced CT were carried out. Two and 7 days after cryosurgery, LF, SE and IR images of MR and CT with and without contrast medium were obtained with corresponding pathological examinations. The frozen cryolesion was of no signal intensity on the LF MR image and hypodensity on plain CT. Identification of cryolesion became possible during the cryosurgery. The cryolesion immediately after thawing showed higher intensity on the SE and LF images and hypodensity on enhanced CT. Therefore, the extent of cryosurgery can be diagnosed easily by these methods during and immediately after cryosurgery. In the follow-up studies after cryosurgery, the histological changes such as necrosis or tissue reaction were well represented by MRI and enhanced CT, but insufficiently by plain CT. From these experimental results, it may be concluded that MRI and CT are useful for monitoring the process of cryosurgery during and after the procedure.
X-ray optics of doubly curved diffractors II (1992)

A general equation is derived for x-ray diffractors with arbitrary toroidally curved surface and planes when used with a point source. This equation, which gives the locus of points on a curved diffractor’s surface for a given deviation from the Bragg angle, is shown to yield the appropriate equations for all of the crystal diffractor geometries that were previously discussed by Wittry and Sun [J. Appl. Phys. 67, 1633 (1990)]. Two examples are given of the use of the general equation to design diffractors with improved collection solid angle over a range of Bragg angles. The x-ray collection solid angle and focusing properties of these two examples are given.
Mutation analysis of RAD51D in non-BRCA1/2 ovarian and breast cancer families (2012)

RAD51D should be included in genetic screening of ovarian cancer families that do not have BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. We show that mutations are more likely to be found in families with two or more ovarian cancers, or in probands with first-degree relatives with ovarian cancer, and we feel testing should be preferentially offered to affected women from such families.
Course and prognosis of Crohn's disease. (1976)

During the period 1938-70 there were 303 patients at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, diagnosed as suffering from Crohn's disease. Of these, 82 have been excluded, leaving 221 with a firm diagnosis. These patients have been divided into 'new cases', in which the disease was diagnosed at the Radcliffe Infirmary, and 'referred cases' in which the diagnosis was already made at the time of referral. In this series, there were three main sites of involvement: small intestinal, large intestinal, and both small and large intestinal. Ileocolitis was the commonest anatomical distribution. The disease showed progression to new, sites in a considerable number of the patients during the period under study. There was a fivefold increase of new cases between the first and third decades covered by the study and this applied equally to patients presenting as an acute abdomen, which supports the idea that the disease is truly increasing. Survival curves have been plotted and compared with expected survival curves. In terms of mortality, Crohn's disease emerges as a disease which becomes progressively more dangerous as the years go by, which is in sharp contrast with the findings in ulcerative colitis in which the main risk of dying is in the early years.
Jet Propulsion (2003)

This is the second edition of Cumpsty's excellent self-contained introduction to the aerodynamic and thermodynamic design of modern civil and military jet engines. Through two engine design projects, first for a new large passenger aircraft, and second for a new fighter aircraft, the text introduces, illustrates and explains the important facets of modern engine design. Individual sections cover aircraft requirements and aerodynamics, principles of gas turbines and jet engines, elementary compressible fluid mechanics, bypass ratio selection, scaling and dimensional analysis, turbine and compressor design and characteristics, design optimization, and off-design performance. The book emphasises principles and ideas, with simplification and approximation used where this helps understanding. This edition has been thoroughly updated and revised, and includes a new appendix on noise control and an expanded treatment of combustion emissions. Suitable for student courses in aircraft propulsion, but also an invaluable reference for engineers in the engine and airframe industry.
Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Testis (1993)

Abstract This book is a comprehensive, multi-authored work on the structure and function of the mammalian testis. The approach emphasizes gene expression, translation and production of specific gene products and the cellular and molecular regulation of these fundamental processes. Rather than provide a global survey of all aspects of male reproduction, this book stresses specific mechanisms that underscore the structure and function of the testis. It explains old and new concepts from a cellular and molecular perspective. This novel approach allows the authors to forge links between cell and molecular biology and well-established aspects of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. The result is a well-focused, comprehensive synthesis of testicular biology.