gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphological changes of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda amoebocyte and Escherichia coli during their interaction. (1993)

Interaction between Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda amoebocytes and Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus has shown that whilst E. coli was observed to lyse, S. aureus remained intact. The heavily granulated amoebocytes were activated by the lipopolysaccharide of E. coli to undergo dramatic morphological changes with time, leading to degranulation which caused lysis of the E. coli. Degranulation of the amoebocytes involved maturation of the larger electron dense granules (0.7-2.0 micron) which were apparently mobilised towards the cell membrane whilst undergoing a loss in electron density. Some of these larger granules were expelled at 15-30 min while other intracellular granules underwent further degranulation, where parallel filaments appearing like microtubules were evident, giving the granules a striated and less dense form. By 60 min, there was complete depolymerisation of the microtubular filaments giving rise to undefined, fused and homogeneously packed striations and particulate material in the cytoplasm; the smaller electron dense granules (0.3-0.7 micron) remained unchanged. This asynchronous degranulation and preferential expulsion of granules from only some amoebocytes while maintaining others intact, implies that the horseshoe crab has safeguards in its defence mechanism, hence ensuring its continued survival as a 'living fossil'.
Enhanced MLP performance and fault tolerance resulting from synaptic weight noise during training (1994)

We analyze the effects of analog noise on the synaptic arithmetic during multilayer perceptron training, by expanding the cost function to include noise-mediated terms. Predictions are made in the light of these calculations that suggest that fault tolerance, training quality and training trajectory should be improved by such noise-injection. Extensive simulation experiments on two distinct classification problems substantiate the claims. The results appear to be perfectly general for all training schemes where weights are adjusted incrementally, and have wide-ranging implications for all applications, particularly those involving "inaccurate" analog neural VLSI.
Effects of acute treatment with a tryptophan-rich protein hydrolysate on plasma amino acids, mood and emotional functioning in older women (2014)

Consumption of a low dose of TRP-rich protein hydrolysate may have beneficial effects on emotional function that could promote feelings of wellbeing, possibly conferring resistance to deterioration in mood in healthy subjects or depressive episodes.
Two new <i>Ophiostoma</i> species from <i>Protea</i> <i>caffra</i> in Zambia (2010)

The genus Ophiostoma (Ophiostomatales) has a global distribution and species are best known for their association with bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) on conifers. An unusual assemblage of these fungi is closely associated with the African endemic plant genus Protea (Proteaceae). Protea-associated Ophiostoma species are ecologically atypical as they colonise the fruiting structures of various serotinous Protea species. Seven species have been described from this niche in South Africa. It has been speculated that novel species may be present in other African countries where these host plants also occur. This view was corroborated by recent collections of two unknown species from Protea caffra trees in Zambia. In the present study we evaluate the species delineation of these isolates using morphological comparisons with other Protea-associated species, differential growth studies and analyses of DNA sequence data for the beta-tubulin and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) regions. As a result, the species O. protea-sedis sp. nov., and O. zambiensis sp. nov. are described here as new. This study brings the number of Protea-associated Ophiostoma species to nine and highlights the need for more inclusive surveys, including additional African countries and hosts, to elucidate species diversity in this uncharacteristic niche.
Oocyte–follicle cell interactions during ovarian follicle development, as seen by high resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy in humans (2006)

Abstract The aim of this article is to summarize and update, through an integrated analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after osmium‐dimethyl sulfoxide‐osmium (ODO) maceration, the studies of our research group on the morphodynamics of oocyte–follicle cell associations during follicle development in humans. In resting oocytes, follicular cells project few and short cytoplasmic processes in the perioocytic space. They often form bulbous terminals very close to the oolemma where zonulae adherentes , maculae adherentes, and gap junctions are present. The oolemma mostly appears smooth with short and scanty microvilli. In early growing follicles, follicular cell projections appear as (a) long and tortuous microvilli or (b) large and short extensions. The oolemma shows numerous short microvilli. By TEM, long and thin follicular “intraooplasmic processes” have been seen to penetrate deeply into some oolemma invaginations. In macerated samples, they are observed by SEM to come very close to the nucleus and contact different oocyte organelles. These processes are more likely involved in early oocyte growth. In late growing follicles, oocyte–somatic cell interactions—now established through the interposition of the zona pellucida (ZP)—preserve the general features of early growth stage, with the exceptions of “intraooplasmic processes,” which are no more present. In mature follicles subjected to a long ODO maceration, corona cells appear to contact the oocyte through an apical plume of numerous very long “curly hair‐like microvilli.” Corona cell microvilli, quite likely provide a sort of cytoplasmic skeleton for the ZP and they are possibly involved in (a) release of nutrients or removal catabolites to/from oocyte and vice versa and (b) transfer of substances to build up ZP. In conclusion, among oocyte and somatic cells a structural and functional association is revealed. This association, certainly highly dynamic in vivo, plays a key role in regulating the healthy folliculogenesis to assure a correct and timed oocyte maturation and ovulation. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential dissociation of G protein heterotrimers (2008)

Signalling by heterotrimeric G proteins is often isoform-specific, meaning certain effectors are regulated exclusively by one family of heterotrimers. For example, in excitable cells inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels are activated by G betagamma dimers derived specifically from G(i/o) heterotrimers. Since all active heterotrimers are thought to dissociate and release free G betagamma dimers, it is unclear why these channels respond primarily to dimers released by G(i/o) heterotrimers. We reconstituted GIRK channel activation in cells where we could quantify heterotrimer expression at the plasma membrane, GIRK channel activation, and heterotrimer dissociation. We find that G(oA) heterotrimers are more effective activators of GIRK channels than G(s) heterotrimers when comparable amounts of each are available. We also find that active G(oA) heterotrimers dissociate more readily than active G(s) heterotrimers. Differential dissociation may thus provide a simple explanation for G alpha-specific activation of GIRK channels and other G betagamma-sensitive effectors.
Multiresonant Frequency-Locked Loop for Grid Synchronization of Power Converters Under Distorted Grid Conditions (2010)

This paper presents a new multiresonant frequency-adaptive synchronization method for grid-connected power converters that allows estimating not only the positive- and negative-sequence components of the power signal at the fundamental frequency but also other sequence components at other harmonic frequencies. The proposed system is called MSOGI-FLL since it is based on both a harmonic decoupling network consisting of multiple second-order generalized integrators (MSOGIs) and a frequency-locked loop (FLL), which makes the system frequency adaptive. In this paper, the MSOGI-FLL is analyzed for single- and three-phase applications, deducing some key expressions regarding its stability and tuning. Moreover, the performance of the MSOGI-FLL is evaluated by both simulations and experiments to show its capability for detecting different harmonic components in a highly polluted grid scenario.
Removal of Oxide Contamination from Silicon Carbide Powders (1984)

The removal of oxide (SiO 2 ) contamination from SiC powders by treatment with BCl 3 (g) or with HF(g) has been demonstrated. Hydrogen fluoride is more effective and does not present corrosion problems with the container materials used.
Salt-Dependent Expression of Glucosylglycerol-Phosphate Synthase, Involved in Osmolyte Synthesis in the Cyanobacterium <i>Synechocystis</i> sp. Strain PCC 6803 (2002)

The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 is able to acclimate to levels of salinity ranging from freshwater to twice the seawater concentrations of salt by accumulating the compatible solute glucosylglycerol (GG). Expression of the ggpS gene coding for the key enzyme (glucosylglycerol-phosphate synthase) in GG synthesis was examined in detail. Under control conditions, the GgpS protein is stable, so that weak constitutive transcription of the ggpS gene resulted in a significant protein content. However, the enzyme activity was biochemically switched off, and no GG was detectable. After a salt shock, an immediate increase in mRNA content proportional to the salt content occurred, while the GgpS protein and GG contents rose in a linear manner. Furthermore, the stability of the ggpS mRNA increased transiently. In salt-acclimated cells expression of the ggpS gene, the GgpS protein content, and the amount of accumulated GG depended linearly on the external salt concentration. Mapping of the 5' end of the ggpS transcript revealed a long nontranslated 5' sequence and a putative typical cyanobacterial promoter, which did not show any obvious salt-regulatory element. The alternative sigma factor sigma(F) was found to be involved in salt-dependent regulation of ggpS, since in a sigma(F) mutant induction of this gene was strongly reduced. The present study demonstrated that in addition to biochemical regulation of GgpS activity, alterations of ggpS expression are involved in regulation of GG synthesis in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. A model showing the interaction of the two regulatory levels is presented.
The hand‐foot‐syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy – classification and management (2010)

The hand-foot-syndrome (HFS, palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia, chemotherapy-associated acral erythema) is characterized by painful predominantly palmo-plantar lesions. The association with different chemotherapeutic agents has been known for over 20 years. More recently, HFS has been reported in association with regimens using targeted agents, in particular the multikinase inhibitors (MKI) sorafenib and sunitinib. The HFS associated with MKI has a different distribution and clinical appearance than the traditional disorder. In this review, similarities and differences between chemotherapy- and MKI-associated HFS are discussed and current recommendations for their prophylaxis and management are summarized.
<title>Geometric correction of SEM images</title> (2000)

While the resolution that can be achieved with scanning electron microscopy is unquestioned, the accuracy of any scientificmeasurements derived from scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are limited due to a variety of sources of distortion in themicroscope and the equipment setup. For this reason, SEM images are not often used for making geometric measurements.To facilitate such measurements, a consistent and accurate means of correcting geometric distortions using a piecewise affinetransform is described and implemented. This method works independently of specific microscope settings and thereforegeneralizes well to compensate for nearly any source of geometric distortion in images. The result is a technique that can beapplied with no knowledge of the distorting functions. The distortion correction routine is performed once on an image of acalibration standard, and the associated lookup table is used to correct all subsequent images. Collection of large amounts ofhigh quality data from scanning electron microscope imagery, even when many images are required to capture an entiresample, is now possible with automated correction and registration of adjacent images.
Breast cancer revisited using DNA array‐based gene expression profiling (2002)

Breast cancer is a complex genetic disease characterized by the accumulation of multiple molecular alterations. The resulting clinical heterogeneity makes current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies less than perfectly adapted to each patient. Pathological and clinical factors are insufficient to capture the complex cascade of events that drive the clinical behavior of tumors. High-throughput molecular technologies provide novel tools to tackle this complexity. In particular, DNA arrays allow the simultaneous and quantitative analysis of the mRNA expression levels of thousands of genes in a single assay. Potential applications are multiple in the cancer field and the first research results are promising; comprehensive gene expression profiles of breast tumors are providing insights into mammary oncogenesis and are revealing new tumor subgroups previously indistinguishable. Significant advances will be the identification of new diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers as well as the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets. This review presents recent applications of DNA arrays in breast cancer research and discusses some issues to address in the near future to allow the technology to reach its full potential.
Take an interest in the fate of Amanda Jenkinson (1999)

The expert anaesthetist's report into the case of Amanda Jenkinson requires some serious consideration by the nursing profession (News August 18). He casts serious doubt on the medical evidence which resulted in the imprisonment of one of our colleagues for five years. He says that there is no evidence to support the charge that Ms Jenkinson tampered with her patient's ventilator.
China’s house price: Affected by economic fundamentals or real estate policy? (2010)

Many theory and empirical literature conclude that house price can reflect economic fundamentals in the long-term. However, by using China’s panel data of 35 main cities stretching from 1998 to 2007, we find that there is no stable relationship between house price and economic fundamentals. House price has deviated upward from the economic fundamentals since government started macro-control of the real estate market. We consider that the mechanism between the house price and economic fundamentals is distorted by China’s real estate policy, especially its land policy. Meanwhile the policy itself is an important factor in explaining the changes of China’s house price. Then we estimate the dynamic panel data model on house price and the variables which are controlled by real estate policy. The result shows: land supply has negative effects on house price; financial mortgages for real estate have positive effects on house price; and the area of housing sold and the area of vacant housing, which reflects the supply and demand of the housing market, has negative effects on house price. We also find some differences in house price influence factor between eastern and mid-western cities. Finally, we propose policy suggestions according to the empirical results.
Randomness extractors and their many guises (2003)

Since its introduction by Nisan and Zuckerman at STOC '93 (1996) nearly a decade ago, the notion of a randomness extractor has proven to be a fundamental and powerful one. Extractors and their variants have found widespread application in a variety of areas, including pseudorandomness and derandomization, combinatorics, cryptography, data structures, and computational complexity. Equally striking has been a sequence of discoveries showing that, under different interpretations, extractors are close relatives of a number of other important objects, such as expander graphs, hash functions, error-correcting codes, pseudorandom generators, and sampling algorithms. Through these connections, extractors have unified the study of these objects and have led to new and improved constructions of each. We give an introduction to the study of extractors. The article is built around the connections between extractors and the other objects mentioned above. Within the context of these connections, we hope to convey an understanding of the definition of extractors, some intuition for how they are constructed, and a glimpse of their use in applications.
Kcnn4 Is a Regulator of Macrophage Multinucleation in Bone Homeostasis and Inflammatory Disease (2014)

Macrophages can fuse to form osteoclasts in bone or multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) as part of the immune response. We use a systems genetics approach in rat macrophages to unravel their genetic determinants of multinucleation and investigate their role in both bone homeostasis and inflammatory disease. We identify a trans-regulated gene network associated with macrophage multinucleation and Kcnn4 as being the most significantly trans-regulated gene in the network and induced at the onset of fusion. Kcnn4 is required for osteoclast and MGC formation in rodents and humans. Genetic deletion of Kcnn4 reduces macrophage multinucleation through modulation of Ca(2+) signaling, increases bone mass, and improves clinical outcome in arthritis. Pharmacological blockade of Kcnn4 reduces experimental glomerulonephritis. Our data implicate Kcnn4 in macrophage multinucleation, identifying it as a potential therapeutic target for inhibition of bone resorption and chronic inflammation.
CCITT/ISO standards for secure message handling (1989)

Aspects of the security services in the CCITT draft 1988 X.400 recommendations for message handling systems are examined. A brief introduction to relevant cryptographic concepts is followed by a description of how some of the security services can be provided. Key management, as defined within the CCITT draft X.500 recommendations for directory services, and as referenced by the X.400 recommendations, is also described. A discussion of certain limitations of the current X.400 security architecture is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Determination of the composition of natural nephelines by an X-ray method (1954)

In the course of the investigation of the nepheline-kalsilite system by Tuttle and Smith an X-ray method for determining the KAlSiO 4 content of synthetic nephelines of composition (Na,K)AlSiO 4 has been developed. This method is rapid and sensitive to about 1 % in composition ; details will be given in a later publication. Natural nephelines usually do not have the ideal composition (K,Na)AlSiO 4 , for they often contain excess silica and certain substituted atoms like Ca and Fe. We have, however, used this X-ray method on natural nephelines to see whether it is also applicable to them. If the method proved satisfactory, information on the chemical composition of natural nephelines could be rapidly obtained.
Post-silicon power characterization using thermal infrared emissions (2010)

Design-time power analysis is one of the most critical tasks conducted by chip architects and circuit designers. While computer-aided power analysis tools can provide power consumption estimates for various circuit blocks, these estimates can substantially deviate from the actual power consumption of working silicon chips. We propose a novel methodology that provides accurate, detailed post-silicon spatial power estimates using the thermal infrared emissions from the backside of silicon die. We theoretically and empirically demonstrate the inherent difficulties in thermal to power inversion. These difficulties arise from measurement errors and from the inherent spatial low-pass filtering associated with heat diffusion. To address these difficulties we propose new techniques from regularization theory to invert temperature to power. Furthermore, we propose new techniques to compute the emissivities and conductances required for any infrared to power inversion method. To verify our results, a programmable circuit of micro heaters is implemented to create any desired power pattern. The thermal emissions of different known injected power patterns are captured using a state-of-the-art infrared camera, and then our characterization techniques are applied to invert the thermal emissions to power. The estimated power patterns are validated against the injected power patterns to demonstrate the accuracy of our methodology.
Microvoids in fibers as studied by small‐angle scattering of x‐rays (1962)

Abstract Commercial and experimental fibers show diffuse small‐angle x‐ray scattering which varies in amount and shape, depending upon how the fibers were produced and also upon what aftertreatments they have received. Evidence is given showing that the amount of scattering should be interpreted in terms of the void content or microporosity in the fiber. These voids are too small to be seen by the light microscope, but are found to be measurable in the 15–200 A. range by present techniques. The spinning method greatly affects a fiber's void content. Wet‐spinning and dry‐spinning of a polymer solution produces fibers with a high void content. Melt‐spinning produces yarns with relatively low void content. The cause of this difference is discussed. Voids are shaped by the spinning process in almost all cases. The fiber can be visualized as having longitudinal cracks, crevices, or ellipsoidal. voids in the as‐spun condition, even though no molecular alignment is observed. This shaping was found to arise from a combination of ( 1 ) a shearing action of the spinneret and ( 2 ) tension on the windup. The voids are further elongated as the fiber is drawn.
Activation of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor initiates insulin secretion from human islets of Langerhans: involvement of protein kinases (2006)

The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is usually associated with systemic Ca(2+) homeostasis, but the CaR is also expressed in many other tissues, including pancreatic islets of Langerhans. In the present study, we have used human islets and an insulin-secreting cell line (MIN6) to investigate the effects of CaR activation using the calcimimetic R-568, a CaR agonist that activates the CaR at physiological concentrations of extracellular Ca(2+). CaR activation initiated a marked but transient insulin secretory response from both human islets and MIN6 cells at a sub-stimulatory concentration of glucose, and further enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretion. CaR-induced insulin secretion was reduced by inhibitors of phospholipase C or calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinases, but not by a protein kinase C inhibitor. CaR activation was also associated with an activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and CaR-induced insulin secretion was reduced by an inhibitor of p42/44 MAPK activation. We suggest that the beta-cell CaR is activated by divalent cations co-released with insulin, and that this may be an important mechanism of intra-islet communication between beta-cells.