gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Turned on Its Head?: Norms, Freedom, and Acceptable Terms in Internet Contracting (2008)

Is the Internet turning contract law on its head? Many commentators contend it is. Precisely this issue arises in current controversies over end user license agreements (EULAs) and Terms of Use agreements (TOUs, the agreements governing our use of web sites). Commentators complain that, in both cases, the formation process unduly restricts buyers’ freedom; and, that sellers and web site owners exploit the process to impose terms that deprive consumers of important intellectual property and privacy rights. The courts ignore the criticisms and routinely enforce EULAs and TOUs. There is truth on both sides of this court/commentator divide. EULAs and TOUs are standard form contracts, and a standard contract formation process can guarantee acceptable terms and enhance freedom; however, in the case of EULAs and TOUs, the process is currently defective in ways that result in unfair terms that reduce freedom. The cornerstone of the analysis is the claim that, when certain ideal conditions are fulfilled, standard form contracting is a freedom-enhancing process yielding acceptable terms. To characterize the ideal formation process, the analysis combines ideas from both the relational theory of contracts and law and economics. Relational theory provides the picture of contracting as a norm-governed activity while an adaptation of a well-known law and economics argument to argue yields the conclusion that, in an ideal formation process, the profit-maximizing strategy for sellers and web site owners is to offer consumers norm-consistent contractual terms. I contend that norm-consistent terms are acceptable and freedom-enhancing. The theory applies equally to Internet and non-Internet contracting, and this shows that the Internet is not turning contract law on its head; however, the theory also reveals that Internet contracting poses serious, unmet challenges to contract law. The problem is that EULAs and TOUs contain terms not currently governed by appropriate norms. As a result, the EULA and TOU formation process departs from the ideal formation process in ways that result in unacceptable, freedom-reducing terms. In the case of EULAs the offending terms involve prohibitions on reverse engineering and transfers of software to third parties. It is likely that relevant norms will evolve relatively soon to govern such terms. In the case of TOUs, the offending terms concern the collection of information by businesses and web sites and implicate privacy concerns. It is unlikely that relevant norms will evolve in relatively soon in this case. How are appropriate norms to be identified or, where necessary, created? The analysis raises but does not answer this question.
Development of high temperature turbine subsystem technology to a Technology Readiness Status, Phase II. Progress report, May 1979 (1979)

Progress in the design, fabrication and testing of components for high temperature gas turbines for combined-cycle power plants is reported. Hot gas path development test stand fabrication is continuing. The fabrication status of the two first stage nozzles to be tested in the Turbine Simulator is reported. Shock tunnel test section calibration data is presented which verifies the new location of the tine of arrival sensors. All construction work on the PGCUS is completed. Aerodynamic component testing of endwall configurations has started. Testing of the new radial channel heat transfer specimens in the motorized test rig is continuing. A correction factor to be used with the air turbine heat transfer test results, to account for the inoperative leading edge heaters when the test was conducted, is presented. An analysis of the compressor discharge casing strut spring rates was completed. Features to expedite the fabrication of the sectoral combustor to be tested in the HGPDTS are discussed. Additional details regarding the combustor design analysis are presented. All planned wind tunnel testing in support of the combustor development have been completed. Data from the most recently completed heat transfer coefficient test are being reduced. A re-evaluation of the thermal strain in the trailing edge of the first stage nozzle, with the effects of the initial hot isostatically pressed (HIP) cycle superimposed, has been completed. The design remains compatible with the LCF design criteria. An alternative concept for convective shroud cooling is described. Complete status of the materials and processes, and mechanics of materials tasks are discussed.
A Characterization of a Family of Independent Arborescences in a Directed Graph with Convex Sets (2009)

The problem of finding arc-disjoint arborescences rooted at r or independent arborescences rooted at r which are a vertex-disjoint analogue of arc-disjoint arborescences in a directed graph D=(V, A) with a specified vertex r∈V is very important from not only the theoretical viewpoint but also the practical viewpoint. Recently, Fujishige extended the characterization on arc-disjoint arborescences presented by Edmonds based on the result of Kamiyama et al. In this paper, we prove that the results presented by Whitty and Huck on independent arborescences can be extended in the same manner as Fujishige's extension of Edmonds' theorem on arc-disjoint arborescences.
Optimal antenna placement for mobile terminals using characteristic mode analysis (2006)

When an electrically small antenna element is placed on a small finite ground plane, as in mobile terminals, the ground plane resonances strongly affect the impedance and radiation characteristics of the antenna system. In this paper, we show how characteristic mode analysis can predict the optimal locations of antennas on finite ground planes. As patch-type antennas couple to the ground plane resonances mainly through the electric field, it is natural that the strongest coupling and thus the maximum impedance bandwidth is obtained when the antenna element is placed at the maximum of the electric field of a ground plane mode. This is verified by moving a small probe antenna at selected locations over a rectangular 100 mm by 40 mm ground plane and by computing the obtainable bandwidth at each point.
Molluscicidal saponins from cornus florida L. (1978)

Abstract The molluscicidal principle of Cornus florida L. ( Cornaceae ) has been isolated from the methanolic bark extract by droplet counter‐current chromatography (DCC). The structure of the active compounds has been determined as sarsapogenin‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (2) and sarsapogenin‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (3) .
Methanol synthesis catalysts from thorium-copper intermetallics. Preparation and evaluation (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMethanol synthesis catalysts from thorium-copper intermetallics. Preparation and evaluationElizabeth G. Baglin, Gary B. Atkinson, and Larry J. NicksCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1981, 20, 1, 87–90Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i300001a008https://doi.org/10.1021/i300001a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views266Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A review of the thermal performance of electric vehicles (2015)

It is becoming widely accepted that the electric vehicle (EV) has found its place in the automobile market as a solution to many topical issues that face governments, policy makers, industrial stakeholders and even individuals in terms of energetic, economic and environmental sustainability. However, issues still surround the reliability of this technology resulting in slow penetration of the EV into the market as a competent competitor. This paper will focus on the cabin heating aspect of the EV. The conventional internal combustion vehicle (ICV) uses `waste' heat from the engine to heat the vehicle. With a battery powered vehicle there is no heat produced to provide thermal comfort to the passenger and so this must be a consideration when looking at the range, longevity and overall performance of the EV. Previous studies have assessed the thermal properties of the vehicle cabin through experimental and modelling analyses. Few studies have considered solar radiation's contribution to space heating of a vehicle's cabin. Figures are presented to illustrate the relationship between temperature difference of ambient temperature and cabin temperature and energy used to heat the vehicle. This paper will refer to experiments carried out on Renault Zoe electric vehicle.
Regioselective Nitration of Tryptophan by a Complex between Bacterial Nitric-oxide Synthase and Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase (2004)

Bacterial nitric-oxide synthase proteins (NOSs) from certain Streptomyces strains have been shown to participate in biosynthetic nitration of tryptophanyl moieties in vivo (Kers, J. A., Wach, M. J., Krasnoff, S. B., Cameron, K. D., Widom, J., Bukhaid, R. A., Gibson, D. M., and Crane, B. R., and Loria, R. (2004) Nature 429, 79-82). We report that the complex between Deinococcus radiodurans NOS (deiNOS) and an unusual tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS II) catalyzes the regioselective nitration of tryptophan (Trp) at the 4-position. Unlike non-enzymatic Trp nitration, and similar reactions catalyzed by globins and peroxidases, deiNOS only produces the otherwise unfavorable 4-nitro-Trp isomer. Although deiNOS alone will catalyze 4-nitro-Trp production, yields are significantly enhanced by TrpRS II and ATP. 4-Nitro-Trp formation exhibits saturation behavior with Trp (but not tyrosine) and is completely inhibited by the addition of the mammalian NOS cofactor (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l-biopterin (H(4)B). Trp stimulates deiNOS oxidation of substrate l-arginine (Arg) to the same degree as H(4)B. These observations are consistent with a mechanism where Trp or a derivative thereof binds in the NOS pterin site, participates in Arg oxidation, and becomes nitrated at the 4-position.
Ion-induced electrical breakdown in metal-oxide-silicon capacitors (1990)

Metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) capacitors used in the breakdown mode were constructed to detect 252Cf fission fragments. The physical effects related to radiation-induced breakdown were studied and found to have a relationship to intrinsic dielectric breakdown. Physical studies were made of the effect of oxide annealing temperature between 100 and 400 K, oxide thickness, differing metal electrodes, and the materials interaction due to the spark discharge breakdown. By means of both silicon-ion and cesium-ion implants near the metal-SiO2 interface of the MOS capacitor, the current emission into the SiO2 was found to be significantly enhanced; however, the enhanced emission was found to have no effect on increasing the sensitivity to lower specific ionization radiation as seen by fission-fragment detection. The results indicate that the radiation-induced breakdown mechanism occurs within the bulk, or body, of the SiO2 film and is not influenced by conditions at the dielectric interfaces. It was found that thin films of the refractory metals HfO2 or ZrO2 between the oxide film and a top aluminum electrode prevented Al-SiO2 interaction during discharge and allowed operation of the MOS capacitor at higher electric fields. Obtaining higher operating fields significantly improved the minimum specific ionization detectability to 14 MeV cm2/mg from a prior value of 22 MeV cm2/ mg.
Regional peak mucosal cooling predicts the perception of nasal patency (2013)

These results reveal that our noses are sensing patency via a mechanism involving localized peak nasal mucosal cooling. The analysis provides a strong rationale for combining the individualized CFD with other objective and neurologic measures to create a novel clinical tool to diagnose nasal obstruction and to predict and evaluate treatment outcomes.
A Tightly Integrated Multilayer Battery Antenna for RFID Epidermal Applications (2017)

For the acceptance of biointegrated devices in daily life, radio systems must be developed, which are minimally invasive to the skin, and they must have ultralow-profile local power sources to support data-logging functionality without compromising shape conformability. This contribution proposes a tightly integrated multilayer battery-antenna system (65 × 23 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), that is, ultrathin (just 200 μm), flexible, and lighter than 1 g, making it suitable for epidermal applications. The negative electrode (anode) current collector of the battery is a radio frequency identification tag antenna coated by a conductive polymer (Pedot:PSS) working as anode material. Since the battery is a dynamic device, subjected to discharging, the antenna design must include the variable dielectric properties of the conductive polymer which are here first characterized in the UHF band for real charge/discharge battery conditions. The communication performance of the prototype composite device is hence evaluated through the measurement of the realized gain of the tag antenna (-19.6 dBi at 870 MHz) when it is placed directly onto a volunteer's forearm. The read range of 1.3-3 m is suitable for occasional data download from the epidermal data logger when the user comes close to a reader-equipped gate.
Analytical and experimental investigations of reed contact bouncing (1988)

Studies of variations of the reed bounce-dynamics during operation are reported. The influence of such factors as temperature, contact current, gap discharge, as well as the energizing MMF value are investigated. Simplified mathematical models of the reed switch with one and two degrees of freedom, which take into account the magnetic effect of the current flow through the contact and the contact force variation with the gap length, are developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cervimetry: A Review of Methods for Measuring Cervical Dilatation During Labor (2000)

Several different methods of measuring cervical dilatation have been described. In this article, we review those methods and examine findings from studies using them. Although many instruments have been developed to measure cervical dilatation during labor and their use as a research tool has been established, no device has yet been successfully used for clinical obstetrics. The ideal device has not yet been developed; however, because repeated digital cervical examinations are time consuming for the clinician, are poorly reproducible, and are uncomfortable for the patient, continued efforts to develop a cervimeter suitable for clinical use is a worthwhile endeavor.
Effect of the Thioalkyl Chain Variation in the Efficiency of Sate Pronucleotides (1998)

Abstract The synthesis and the anti-HIV activity of two mononucleoside phosphotriester derivatives of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) and 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (ddA) incorporating a new kind of phosphate protecting group, namely S-pivaloyl-4-thiobutyl (tBuSATB), are reported.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (2007)

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is a heart muscle disease clinically characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Its prevalence has been estimated to vary from 1:2,500 to 1:5,000. ARVC/D is a major cause of sudden death in the young and athletes. The pathology consists of a genetically determined dystrophy of the right ventricular myocardium with fibro-fatty replacement to such an extent that it leads to right ventricular aneurysms. The clinical picture may include: a subclinical phase without symptoms and with ventricular fibrillation being the first presentation; an electrical disorder with palpitations and syncope, due to tachyarrhythmias of right ventricular origin; right ventricular or biventricular pump failure, so severe as to require transplantation. The causative genes encode proteins of mechanical cell junctions (plakoglobin, plakophilin, desmoglein, desmocollin, desmoplakin) and account for intercalated disk remodeling. Familiar occurrence with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and variable penetrance has been proven. Recessive variants associated with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair have been also reported. Clinical diagnosis may be achieved by demonstrating functional and structural alterations of the right ventricle, depolarization and repolarization abnormalities, arrhythmias with the left bundle branch block morphology and fibro-fatty replacement through endomyocardial biopsy. Two dimensional echo, angiography and magnetic resonance are the imaging tools for visualizing structural-functional abnormalities. Electroanatomic mapping is able to detect areas of low voltage corresponding to myocardial atrophy with fibro-fatty replacement. The main differential diagnoses are idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, myocarditis, dialted cardiomyopathy and sarcoidosis. Only palliative therapy is available and consists of antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation and implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Young age, family history of juvenile sudden death, QRS dispersion > or = 40 ms, T-wave inversion, left ventricular involvement, ventricular tachycardia, syncope and previous cardiac arrest are the major risk factors for adverse prognosis. Preparticipation screening for sport eligibility has been proven to be effective in detecting asymptomatic patients and sport disqualification has been life-saving, substantially declining sudden death in young athletes.
Design and Analysis of Analog Performance of Dual-k Spacer Underlap N/P-FinFET at 12 nm Gate Length (2013)

Among the multigate structures, FinFET is emerging as a promising candidate due to its better gate electrostatic control and ease of manufacturability. However, loss of gate electrostatic integrity (EI) is still observed in FinFET while it is scaled down to nano-scale regime, resulting in deterioration of analog performance. Most importantly, precise dimensional requirements and process challenges are major hurdles at nano-scale regime resulting in device-to-device variability. Nevertheless, efficient use of gate sidewall fringing fields, by use of an inner high-k spacer, can restore the loss of gate control. In this paper, we observe that, due to excellent gate EI, the analog performance of dual-k spacer-based underlap N/P-FinFET is better than the conventional low-k N/P-FinFET. Simulation results at 12 nm gate length reveal that dual-k N/P-FinFETs are capable of targeting high-gain, low-power, and moderate frequency of operation even with lower aspect ratio (fin height/fin width) and higher fin width, oxide thickness, and lateral straggle. In addition, the figures of merit of dual-k N/P-FinFETs are less variable to major parametric variations such as fin width and oxide thickness. These attractive features prove to be handy in designing circuitry for low-power battery-operated portable gadgets.
Control and management of multi-access wireless networks (2005)

Eero Wallenius tutki väitöskirjassaan langattomiin monipääsy- ja monipalveluverkkoihin liittyviä kysymyksiä. Hän selvitti 3/4G ja WLAN -verkkojen palvelun laadun laskutuksen säätöä ja hallintaa sekä esitti laskutus- ja säätömalleja analyysien ja simulointien avulla.Palvelun laadun ja laskutuksen suhdetta on jo aikaisemmin tutkittu. Tutkimuksen tulokset ovat helposti sovellettavissa langattomiin 3/4G ja WLAN -verkkoihin. Wallenius tutki myös tilaajan hyväksymissuhdetta palvelun hinnoitteluun. Hän esitti operaattorien tarpeisiin luodun hallintamallin verkkopalvelujen hinnoitteluun ja käyttöön verkon kuormituksen säädöllä. Hän loi myös dynaamisen mallin verkkopalvelujen hinnoittelun optimointiin tilaajan kaistanleveyden, viiveen ja pakettihukan suhteen.
Sample preparation procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum vacuum residue and bitumen (2011)

This paper describes a novel method of sample preparation for the determination of trace concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in high-boiling petroleum products. Limits of quantitation of the investigated PAHs in materials of this type range from tens of nanograms per kilogram to <20 μg/kg. The studies revealed that in order to separate most of interferences from the analytes without a significant loss of PAHs, it is necessary to use size exclusion chromatography as the first step of sample preparation, followed by adsorption using normal-phase liquid chromatography. The use of orthogonal separation procedure described in the paper allows the isolation of only a group of unsubstituted and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons with a specific range of molar mass. The lower the required limit of quantitation of PAHs, the larger is the scale of preparative liquid chromatography in both steps of sample preparation needed. The use of internal standard allows quantitative results to be corrected for the degree of recovery of PAHs during the sample preparation step. Final determination can be carried out using HPLC-FLD, GC-MS, or HPLC-UV-VIS/DAD. The last technique provides a degree of identification through the acquired UV-VIS spectra.
The Chronotron: A Neuron That Learns to Fire Temporally Precise Spike Patterns (2012)

In many cases, neurons process information carried by the precise timings of spikes. Here we show how neurons can learn to generate specific temporally precise output spikes in response to input patterns of spikes having precise timings, thus processing and memorizing information that is entirely temporally coded, both as input and as output. We introduce two new supervised learning rules for spiking neurons with temporal coding of information (chronotrons), one that provides high memory capacity (E-learning), and one that has a higher biological plausibility (I-learning). With I-learning, the neuron learns to fire the target spike trains through synaptic changes that are proportional to the synaptic currents at the timings of real and target output spikes. We study these learning rules in computer simulations where we train integrate-and-fire neurons. Both learning rules allow neurons to fire at the desired timings, with sub-millisecond precision. We show how chronotrons can learn to classify their inputs, by firing identical, temporally precise spike trains for different inputs belonging to the same class. When the input is noisy, the classification also leads to noise reduction. We compute lower bounds for the memory capacity of chronotrons and explore the influence of various parameters on chronotrons' performance. The chronotrons can model neurons that encode information in the time of the first spike relative to the onset of salient stimuli or neurons in oscillatory networks that encode information in the phases of spikes relative to the background oscillation. Our results show that firing one spike per cycle optimizes memory capacity in neurons encoding information in the phase of firing relative to a background rhythm.