gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural compensation for the eye’s optical aberrations (2004)

A fundamental problem facing sensory systems is to recover useful information about the external world from signals that are corrupted by the sensory process itself. Retinal images in the human eye are affected by optical aberrations that cannot be corrected with ordinary spectacles or contact lenses, and the specific pattern of these aberrations is different in every eye. Though these aberrations always blur the retinal image, our subjective impression is that the visual world is sharp and clear, suggesting that the brain might compensate for their subjective influence. The recent introduction of adaptive optics to control the eye's aberrations now makes it possible to directly test this idea. If the brain compensates for the eye's aberrations, vision should be clearest with the eye's own aberrations rather than with unfamiliar ones. We asked subjects to view a stimulus through an adaptive optics system that either recreated their own aberrations or a rotated version of them. For all five subjects tested, the stimulus seen with the subject's own aberrations was always sharper than when seen through the rotated version. This supports the hypothesis that the neural visual system is adapted to the eye's aberrations, thereby removing somehow the effects of blur generated by the sensory apparatus from visual experience. This result could have important implications for methods to correct higher order aberrations with customized refractive surgery because some benefits of optimizing the correction optically might be undone by the nervous system's compensation for the old aberrations.
Essentials of Pathology for Toxicologists (2002)

Currently, the only pathology books available to pathologists are large tomes written for medical and veterinary students. Essentials of Pathology for Toxicologists is an outstanding starting point for those coming to grips with the fundamentals such as cell damage and cell death. It includes discussion on inflammation, hypertrophy, neoplasia, thro
Conditioned Regression Models for Non-blind Single Image Super-Resolution (2015)

Single image super-resolution is an important task in the field of computer vision and finds many practical applications. Current state-of-the-art methods typically rely on machine learning algorithms to infer a mapping from low-to high-resolution images. These methods use a single fixed blur kernel during training and, consequently, assume the exact same kernel underlying the image formation process for all test images. However, this setting is not realistic for practical applications, because the blur is typically different for each test image. In this paper, we loosen this restrictive constraint and propose conditioned regression models (including convolutional neural networks and random forests) that can effectively exploit the additional kernel information during both, training and inference. This allows for training a single model, while previous methods need to be re-trained for every blur kernel individually to achieve good results, which we demonstrate in our evaluations. We also empirically show that the proposed conditioned regression models (i) can effectively handle scenarios where the blur kernel is different for each image and (ii) outperform related approaches trained for only a single kernel.
MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound as a New Method of Drug Delivery (2013)

Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery under the guidance of an imaging modality can improve drug disposition and achieve site-specific drug delivery. The term focal drug delivery has been introduced to describe the focal targeting of drugs in tissues with the help of imaging and focused ultrasound. Focal drug delivery aims to improve the therapeutic profile of drugs by improving their specificity and their permeation in defined areas. Focused-ultrasound- (FUS-) mediated drug delivery has been applied with various molecules to improve their local distribution in tissues. FUS is applied with the aid of microbubbles to enhance the permeability of bioactive molecules across BBB and improve drug distribution in the brain. Recently, FUS has been utilised in combination with MRI-labelled liposomes that respond to temperature increase. This strategy aims to "activate" nanoparticles to release their cargo locally when triggered by hyperthermia induced by FUS. MRI-guided FUS drug delivery provides the opportunity to improve drug bioavailability locally and therefore improve the therapeutic profiles of drugs. This drug delivery strategy can be directly translated to clinic as MRg FUS is a promising clinically therapeutic approach. However, more basic research is required to understand the physiological mechanism of FUS-enhanced drug delivery.
Introducing New API/ISO Procedures for Proppant Testing (2007)

Abstract In 2001, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and American Petroleum Institute (API) formed a new committee to write procedures for measuring the properties of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing. API Recommended Practices (RP) for testing of proppants are generally "reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years" in accordance to API instructions. The last Recommended Practice was published in December 1995. The committee was charged with re-writing API RP 56, 58, and 60 relating to sand as a proppant, gravel packing, and high strength proppants, respectively. This new document, ISO 13503-2 "Measurement of Properties of Proppants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing and Gravel-Packing Operations" is a standard. Any company may follow these procedures and state on their published data that they followed ISO procedures to generate the specifications of their product. Several changes have been made to the Recommended Practices, and the goal of this paper will be to highlight these changes, and to discuss the potential impact on the proppant industry. In 2003 a second committee was formed to write procedures on measuring long term conductivity of a proppant pack. The industry was using for years a procedure based on API RP 61 "Recommended Practices for Evaluating Short Term Proppant Pack Conductivity" 1989, which is an obsolete document. Roughly a dozen facilities worldwide are running long term conductivity tests, all slightly different. Recent advances in technology have been incorporated in this standard to increase the accuracy of the results, and to standardize the equipment and testing procedures. The new standard is ISO 13503-5 "Procedures for Measuring the Long-Term Conductivity of Proppants". These two new procedures will enable users to evaluate and to compare proppant characteristics under the specifically described test conditions for use in hydraulic fracturing operations. They are not designed to provide absolute values of proppant conductivity under downhole reservoir conditions. Test data has shown that time, elevated temperatures, fracturing fluid residues, cyclic stress loading, embedment, formation fines, and other factors will further reduce proppant pack conductivity.
Homogeneous deposition of palladium(0) into sol-gel-derived materials (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHomogeneous deposition of palladium(0) into sol-gel-derived materialsJames M. Tour, Shekhar L. Pendalwar, and Joel P. CooperCite this: Chem. Mater. 1990, 2, 6, 647–649Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00012a012https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00012a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views195Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Strength Criterion for Anisotropic Rocks Based Upon Experimental Observations (1967)

This paper was prepared for the 96th Annual AIME Meeting to be held in Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 19 through 23, 1967. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines. Abstract Compressive strengths as a function of confining pressure and sample orientation were determined for three anisotropic rocks that possessed two distinctive types of anisotropic features:cleavage planes (slate);bedding planes (two types of Green River shale). The samples were tested over a confining pressure range of 1000 to 40,000 psi, with pore pressure held constant at atmospheric pressure. The orientation of the plane of anisotropy (bedding or cleavage plane) was varied between 0 deg. and 90 deg. relative to the axial stress. The compressive strength of all three rocks was found to be highly anisotropic. Maximum values of strength occurred at orientations of 0 deg. and 90 deg., while minimum value occurred at an orientation of 30 deg. for the Green River shale. The orientation of the minimum compressive strength for slate was found to be dependent upon the initial stress state. The test results indicate that anisotropic rocks fail or deform by one of three mechanisms:shear faulting (across or parallel to the bedding or cleavage plane);plastic slip along the bedding or cleavage plane;internal buckling (kinking). It was found that the failure mechanism was a function of both the initial stress state and the orientation of the plane of anisotropy relative to the axial stress. Three current failure theories for anisotropic rocks—(1) the Walsh-Brace modification of Griffith's tensile failure theory; (2) Jaeger's single plane of weakness theory based on the Mohr-Coulomb theory; (3) Jaeger's continuously variable shear strength theory, also based on the Mohr-Coulomb theory—were analyzed and compared to the experimental strength data. It was found that the Walsh-Brace and the single plane of weakness theories predict identical failure criteria and could only be used successfully to describe the compressive strength behavior of the Green River shale. Jaeger's continuously variable shear strength theory could only be used to describe the compressive strength characteristics of the slate over a limited range of orientations. The experimental data indicated that both the cohesive strength, , and the coefficient of internal friction, , may vary with respect to orientation for a given anisotropic rock.
A 6ns 4Kb bipolar RAM using switched load resistor memory cell (1979)

THIS PAPER will describe a prototype 4,096-bit ECL compatible bipolar RAM with a typical access time and power dissipation of 6ns and 650mW, respectively, using a switched load resistor memory cell and a word line driver.
Photoelectrochemical behavior of C60 films (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotoelectrochemical behavior of C60 filmsB. Miller, J. M. Rosamilia, G. Dabbagh, R. Tycko, R. C. Haddon, A. J. Muller, W. Wilson, D. W. Murphy, and A. F. HebardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 16, 6291–6293Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00016a067Request reuse permissionsArticle Views397Altmetric-Citations110LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (418 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIETARY COMPONENTS AND ASPECTS OF SLEEP (1992)

To test the hypothesis that major dietary constituents are related to quantity or quality of sleep, 27 adult volunteers participated in a five-day study. Subjects completed detailed dietary logs each day, and each morning completed the St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire. Dietary data were converted to seven major nutritional constituents and these were averaged over the 5-day period. None of the 98 correlations between diet and sleep were significant. These findings provide no support for a link between sleep and diet in adults.
Effect of hyperoxia on regional oxygenation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: Preliminary findings* (2008)

In severe traumatic brain injury, hyperoxia increases PbO2 with a variable effect on lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio. Microdialysis does not, however, predict the universal increases in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in at-risk tissue, which imply preferential metabolic benefit with hyperoxia.
Protective Effect of Allium Vegetables against Both Esophageal and Stomach Cancer: A Simultaneous Case‐referent Study of a High‐epidemic Area in Jiangsu Province, China (1999)

To study the relation between allium vegetable intake and cancer of the esophagus (EC) and stomach (SC) in Yangzhong city, which is one of the highest-risk areas for these cancers in Jiangsu province, China, a simultaneous case-referent study was conducted using histopathologically confirmed cases (EC: n = 81, SC: n = 153) and population-based referents (n = 234). A questionnaire was used to collect information on the general status of subjects, their dietary habits, frequency intake of allium vegetables and other foods, tea consumption, smoking and alcohol drinking. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by a multiple logistic regression model. The results showed that frequent intake of allium vegetables (including garlic, onion, Welsh onion and Chinese chives), raw vegetables, tomatoes and snap beans, and tea consumption were inversely associated with the risk for EC and SC. In the highest consumption category (> or = 1 time/week) of garlic, onion, Welsh onion and Chinese chives, the adjusted ORs compared with the lowest category (< 1 time/month) were 0.30 (CI = 0.19-0.47), 0.25 (CI = 0.11-0.54), 0.15 (CI = 0.08-0.26), and 0.57 (CI = 0.23-1.42) for EC, and 0.31 (CI = 0.22-0.44), 0.17 (CI = 0.08-0.36), 0.22 (CI = 0.15-0.31) and 0.40 (CI = 0.17-0.94) for SC, respectively. The main results in the present study suggested that allium vegetables, like raw vegetables, may have an important protecting effect against not only stomach cancer, but also esophageal cancer.
Alienation and Reification (2017)

Alienation has been an important concept in religion, law, psychiatry, social analysis, and social critique. It was a central concept for Hegel that in turn influenced the Marxist critique of capitalism that not only exploited workers, like earlier systems, but led to their alienation, for example, their objectification and estrangement. When workers sold their labor, as they used the tools of the capitalist to transform raw materials and produce what the capitalist demanded, they became estranged from their labor, the products they created, bereft of their community, denied recognition, dignity, and freedom to fulfill their human potentials. Workers became objectified, powerless, meaningless, and dehumanized. Marx's analysis of “commodity fetishism” showed how social relations that were seen as “things” informed Lukács's theory of reification. Marx's critique of alienation had a considerable impact on other social theories. For Weber, “formal rationality” dehumanized people while for Durkheim, “anomie,” normlessness, were seen as inherent to modernity in general. Alienation has had an important role in sociological research; today it is seen as a much broader concept than industrial labor, which embraces social movements that could lead to overcoming alienation, and including various aspects of society and culture ranging from immigration to shopping to mass media.
Handbook of Logic in Computer Science (1995)

Abstract This handbook volume covers fundamental topics of semantic modelling in logic and computation. The chapters (some monographic in length), were written following years of coordination and follow a thematic point of view. The volume brings the reader up to front line research, and is indispensable to any serious worker in the areas.
Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy: a molecular and immunohistochemical approach (2007)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. We studied 106 patients with a diagnosis of probable DMD/BMD by analyzing 20 exons of the dystrophin gene in their blood and, in some of the cases, by immunohistochemical assays for dystrophin in muscle biopsies. In 71.7% of the patients, deletions were found in at least one of the exons; 68% of these deletions were in the hot-spot 3' region. Deletions were found in 81.5% of the DMD cases and in all the BMD cases. The cases without deletions, which included the only woman in the study with DMD, had dystrophin deficiency. The symptomatic female carriers had no deletions but had abnormal dystrophin distribution in the sarcolemma (discontinuous immunostains). The following diagnoses were made for the remaining cases without deletions with the aid of a muscle biopsy: spinal muscular atrophy, congenital myopathy; sarcoglycan deficiency and unclassified limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin analysis by immunohistochemistry continues to be the most specific method for diagnosis of DMD/BMD and should be used when no exon deletions are found in the dystrophin gene in the blood.
A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase of Candida albicans influences adhesion, filamentous growth and virulence (2000)

To determine if cellular functions of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase CaVps34p are related to processes governing Candida albicans pathogenicity, both copies of the gene were sequentially disrupted. Homozygous deletion of C. albicans VPS34 resulted in a mutant strain which exhibited defects not only in intracellular vesicle transport processes but also in morphogenesis. The CaVPS34 null mutant was unable to form hyphae on different solid media whilst showing a significantly delayed yeast-to-hyphae transition in liquid media. In addition, the mutant was rendered hypersensitive to temperature and osmotic stresses and had a strongly decreased ability to adhere to mouse fibroblast cells compared to the wild-type strain SC5314. Finally, evidence was obtained that CaVPS34 is essential for pathogenicity of C. albicans as the CaVPS34 null mutant was shown to be avirulent in a mouse model of systemic infection. C. albicans pathogenicity was restored to a near wild-type degree upon reintroduction of CaVPS34 into the chromosome of the null mutant, demonstrating that the observed avirulence corresponded to the loss of CaVPS34. Thus, the results suggest that CaVPS34 may serve as a potential target for antifungal drugs.
A Transition from Cellulose Swelling to Cellulose Dissolution by <i>o</i>-Phosphoric Acid:  Evidence from Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Supramolecular Structure (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteA Transition from Cellulose Swelling to Cellulose Dissolution by o-Phosphoric Acid: Evidence from Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Supramolecular StructureY.-H. Percival Zhang, Jingbiao Cui, Lee R. Lynd, and Lana R. KuangView Author Information Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, Center for Nanomaterials Research, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, and Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 Cite this: Biomacromolecules 2006, 7, 2, 644–648Publication Date (Web):January 17, 2006Publication History Received21 October 2005Revised7 December 2005Published online17 January 2006Published inissue 1 February 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bm050799chttps://doi.org/10.1021/bm050799cbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7118Altmetric-Citations440LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Absorption,Cellulose,Dissolution,Hydrolysis,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
One-pot synthesis of cinnamoyl hydrazides (2001)

An efficient one-pot conversion of cinnamic acids and heterocyclic analogs into the corresponding hydrazides in good to excellent yields under mild conditions involves hydrazinolysis of the intermediate N-acylbenzotriazoles.