gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methane hydrates and the future of natural gas (2011)

Introduction For decades, gas hydrates have been discussed as a potential resource, particularly for countries with limited access to conventional hydrocarbons or a strategic interest in establishing alternative, unconventional gas reserves. Methane has never been produced from gas hydrates at a commercial scale and, barring major changes in the economics of natural gas supply and demand, commercial production at a large scale is considered unlikely to commence within the next 15 years. Given the overall uncertainty still associated with gas hydrates as a potential resource, they have not been included in the EPPA model in MITEI’s Future of Natural Gas report. Still, gas hydrates remain a potentially large methane resource and must necessarily be included in any consideration of the natural gas supply beyond two decades from now.
Enhancement of dispersion and bonding of graphene-polymer through wet transfer of functionalized graphene oxide (2012)

Dispersion of nanomaterials in polymeric matrices plays an important role in determining the final properties of the composites. Dispersion in nano scale, and especially in single layers, provides best opportunity for bonding. In this study, we propose that by proper functionalization and mixing strategy of graphene its dispersion, and bonding to the polymeric matrix can be improved. We then apply this strategy to graphene-epoxy system by amino functionalization of graphene oxide (GO). The process included two phase extraction, and resulted in better dispersion and higher loading of graphene in epoxy matrix. Rheological evaluation of different graphene-epoxy dispersions showed a rheological percolation threshold of 0.2 vol% which is an indication of highly dispersed nanosheets. Observation of the samples by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), showed dispersion homogeneity of the sheets at micro and nano scales. Study of graphene-epoxy composites showed good bonding between graphene and epoxy. Mechanical properties of the samples were consistent with theoretical predictions for ideal composites indicating molecular level dispersion and good bonding between nanosheets and epoxy matrix.
Walpurgis Night Hymn (1979)

In the midst of ancient trees where vines wind up the thick, rough trunks, where sleep the leaf and seed, there wend the fallen nuns and monks. The branches' whispered blessing, the waft of river, sigh of sky, the royalty borne by wind are signs; the death of death is nigh. Lain on the high-held bier, good Robin's still, too still for sleeping. Dark bearers near the glen; the women lead intoning, weeping...
“New” method simplifies decision of when to replace orchards (1999)

This article presents a “new” method for making decisions on when to replace depreciable assets. The method is simpler than other standard methods because it uses only known cost data, avoiding the problems of using price forecasts. An application to cling peach orchards is given to explain and illustrate the method.
Kinetic studies of bis(chloromethyl)ether hydrolysis by mass spectrometry (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetic studies of bis(chloromethyl)ether hydrolysis by mass spectrometryJ. C. Tou, L. B. Westover, and L. F. SonnabendCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1974, 78, 11, 1096–1098Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100604a010https://doi.org/10.1021/j100604a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views103Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Preterm patent ductus arteriosus: Should we treat it? (2012)

Debate about the importance of the preterm patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remains unresolved. Ultrasound studies of PDA have suggested that the haemodynamic impact may be much earlier after birth than previously thought, but we still do not know when to treat a PDA. Studies that have tested symptomatic or pre-symptomatic treatment are mainly historical and have not tested the effect of no treatment. Prophylactic treatment is the best studied regimen, but improvements in some short-term outcomes do not translate to any difference in longer term outcomes. Neonatologists have been reluctant to engage in trials that test treatment against not treating at all or very rarely. Targeting treatment on the basis of the early post-natal constrictive response of the duct is currently being tested as a possible strategy.
The energetics of bacterial growth: a reassessment (1994)

The growth yield of microbial cultures can be used to estimate the efficiency of energy generation during a fermentation or respiration. In the past, the assessment of this efficiency in organisms carrying out a respiration has been the subject of many heated debates. This has partly been caused by the complexity of microbial respiratory chains. Strains of Escherichia coli specifically modified in their respiratory chain have been used recently to re-evaluate the energetic efficiency of the bacterial respiration using chemostat cultures. The different strains indeed show different growth efficiencies. The physiological significance of energetically less-efficient branches of the respiratory chain is discussed.
A multiple-layer flexible mesh template matching method for non-rigid registration between a pelvis model and CT images (2003)

A robust non-rigid registration method has been developed to deform a pelvis model to match with anatomical structures in a CT image. A statistical volumetric model is constructed from a collection of training CT datasets. The model is represented as a hierarchical tetrahedron. The prior information of both shape properties and density properties is incorporated in the model. The non-rigid registration process consists of three stages: affine transformation, global deformation, and local deformation. A multiple-layer flexible mesh template matching method is developed to adjust the location of each vertex on the model to achieve an optimal match with the anatomical structure. The mesh template is retrieved directly from the tetrahedral mesh structure, with multiple-layer structure for different scales of anatomical features and flexible searching sphere for robust template matching. An adaptive deformation focus strategy is adopted to gradually deform each vertesx to its matched destination. Several constraints are applied to guarantee the smoothness and continuity. A "leave-one-out" validation showed that the method can achieve about 94% volume overlap and 5.5% density error between the registered model and the ground truth model.
Pulsed homodyne detection of squeezed light at telecommunication wavelength (2007)

We present the generation of squeezed light at 1.535 µm by single-pass optical parametric amplification in a periodically poled MgO-doped LiNbO3 waveguide. Squeezing of −4.2 dB was observed by using a temporally matched local oscillator.
Stereospecificity of the chloride ion channel: the action of chiral clofibric acid analogs (1987)

2-(p-Chlorophenoxy)isobutyric acid (clofibric acid (1) or CPIB) is a drug known to block chloride membrane conductance (GCl) in rat striated muscle. In the present study chiral analogues of CPIB (2-(p-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid (2) and 2-(p-chlorophenoxy)butyric acid (3)) have been tested to evaluate the influence of chirality on Cl ion flux in the channel. The results showed that the chloride channel conductance strongly depends on the absolute configuration: in fact, the S-(-) isomers of the tested compounds strongly decreased the GCl of skeletal muscle membrane, whereas the R-(+) isomers were virtually ineffective. These data allow the hypothesis that, like other ion channels present in various biological systems, the chloride channel of skeletal muscle membrane could also have a stereospecific binding site (or receptor) regulating chloride ion flux.
Gene-Expression Patterns and Levels of Jasmonic Acid in Rice Treated with the Resistance Inducer 2,6-Dichloroisonicotinic Acid (1997)

Acquired disease resistance can be induced in rice (Oryza sativa) by a number of synthetic or natural compounds, but the molecular mechanisms behind the phenomenon are poorly understood. One of the synthetic inducers of resistance, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), efficiently protected rice leaves from infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr. A comparison of gene-expression patterns in plants treated with INA versus plants inoculated with the compatible pathogen M. grisea or the incompatible pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae revealed only a marginal overlap: 6 gene products, including pathogenesis-related proteins (PR1-PR9), accumulated in both INA-treated and pathogen-attacked leaves, whereas 26 other gene products accumulated only in INA-treated or only in pathogen-attacked leaves. Lipoxygenase enzyme activity and levels of nonconjugated jasmonic acid (JA) were enhanced in leaves of plants treated with a high dose of INA (100 ppm). Exogenously applied JA enhanced the gene induction and plant protection caused by lower doses of INA (0.1 to 10 ppm) that by themselves did not give rise to enhanced levels of endogenous (-)-JA. These data suggest that INA, aside from activating a pathogen-induced signaling pathway, also induces events that are not related to pathogenesis. JA acts as an enhancer of both types of INA-induced reactions in rice.
Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses with Rearranged Genomes Have Altered Invasiveness and Neuropathogenesis in Mice (2003)

Transcription of vesicular stomatitis virus is controlled by the position of a gene relative to the single 3' genomic promoter: promoter-proximal genes are transcribed at higher levels than those in more 5' distal positions. In previous work, we generated viruses having rearranged gene orders. These viruses had the promoter-proximal gene that encodes the nucleocapsid protein, N, moved to the second or fourth position in the genome in combination with the glycoprotein gene, G, moved from its usual promoter-distal fourth position to the first or third position. This resulted in three new viruses identified by the positions of the N and G genes in the gene order: G3N4, G1N4, and G1N2. The viruses G3N4 and G1N4 were attenuated for lethality in mice. In the present study, we addressed the basis of this attenuation by measuring the ability of each of the rearranged viruses to travel to and replicate in the olfactory bulb and brain following intranasal inoculation. In addition, the neuropathogenicity, serum cytokine levels, and immunoglobulin G isotype profiles in infected mice were determined. All the viruses reached the olfactory bulb and brain, but the outcomes of these infections were dramatically different. Viruses N1G4(wt) and G1N2 caused lethal encephalitis in 100% of animals within 7 days postinoculation; however, viruses G3N4 and G1N4 were cleared from the brain by 7 days postinoculation and all animals survived without apparent distress. The viruses differed in the distribution and intensity of lesions produced and the type and levels of cytokines induced. Animals inoculated with N1G4(wt) or G1N2 displayed extensive encephalitis and meningitis and had elevated levels of serum gamma interferon compared to what was seen with G3N4- or G1N4-infected mice. In contrast to what occurred with intranasal inoculation, all four viruses caused lethal encephalitis when administered by direct inoculation to the brain, a route that circumvents the majority of the host immune response, demonstrating that G3N4 and G1N4 were not deficient in their abilities to cause disease in the brain. These findings indicate that gene rearrangement and its consequent alteration of gene expression can, without any other changes, alter the viral spread and cytokine response following intranasal infection.
Relative Contributions of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> ExoU, ExoS, and ExoT to Virulence in the Lung (2004)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses a type III secretion system to promote development of severe disease, particularly in patients with impaired immune defenses. While the biochemical and enzymatic functions of ExoU, ExoS, and ExoT, three effector proteins secreted by this system, are well defined, the relative roles of each protein in the pathogenesis of acute infections is not clearly understood. Since ExoU and ExoS are usually not secreted by the same strain, it has been difficult to directly compare the effects of these proteins during infection. In the work described here, several isogenic mutants of a bacterial strain that naturally secretes ExoU, ExoS, and ExoT were generated to carefully evaluate the relative contribution of each effector protein to pathogenesis in a mouse model of acute pneumonia. Measurements of mortality, bacterial persistence in the lung, and dissemination indicated that secretion of ExoU had the greatest impact on virulence while secretion of ExoS had an intermediate effect and ExoT had a minor effect. It is of note that these results conclusively show for the first time that ExoS is a virulence factor. Infection with isogenic mutants secreting wild-type ExoS, ExoS defective in GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity, or ExoS defective in ADP-ribosyltransferase activity demonstrated that the virulence of ExoS was largely dependent on its ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. The GAP activity of this protein had only a minor effect in vivo. The relative virulence associated with each of these type III effector proteins may have important prognostic implications for patients infected with P. aeruginosa.
The Role of the Conserved Threonine in P450<sub>BM3</sub> Oxygen Activation: Substrate‐Determined Hydroxylation Activity of the Thr268Ala Mutant (2007)

The hydroxylation activity of the Thr268Ala mutant of P450(BM3) has been shown to occur to varying degrees with small alterations in the structure of a fatty-acid substrate. Ten substrates were investigated, including straight chain, branched chain and cis-cyclopropyl substituted fatty acids with a straight-chain length that varied between 12 and 16 carbon atoms. The efficacy of the hydroxylation activity appeared to be governed by the chain length of the substrate. Substrates possessing 14 to 15 carbons afforded the highest levels of activity, which were comparable with the wild-type enzyme. Outside of this window, straight-chain fatty acids showed reduced activity over the other substrate types. These results provide a cautionary tale concerning the loss of ferryl activity in such cytochrome P450 threonine to alanine mutants, as the nature of the substrate can determine the extent to which hydroxylation chemistry is abolished.
Briefe aus der Schweiz (1997)

G. ist dreimal in die Schweiz gereist: 1775 mit den Brüdern Stolberg und dem Grafen Haug- witz, 1779 mit dem Herzog Carl August und dem Kammerherrn Moritz von Wedel, 1797, um Johann Heinrich Meyer in Stäfa zu treffen. Von allen drei Reisen sind Zeugnisse überliefert, die jedoch im Vorfeld der geplanten Reisebeschreibungen verblieben. Allenfalls die Schilderung der ersten Schweizerreise in Dichtung und Wahrheit (18. und 19. Buch) kann als abgeschlossen gelten. Hier hat G. auf der Grundlage des Reisetagebuchs Juni 1775 einen distanzierten Bericht verfaßt, der die Unmittelbarkeit der jugendlich bewegten Aufzeichnungen aufhebt. Die Materialien zur dritten Schweizerreise sind in einer stark redigierten Fassung von Eckermann aus dem Nachlaß herausgegeben worden. Von der zweiten Reise liegt eine (fragmentarische) Darstellung in den Briefen aus der Schweiz vor, die zunächst für den privaten Gebrauch im Freundeskreis verfaßt und auf Schillers Betreiben eher zufällig 1796 in den Horen veröffentlicht wurde.
Role of Ca2+ and L-Phe in Regulating Functional Cooperativity of Disease-Associated “Toggle” Calcium-Sensing Receptor Mutations (2014)

The Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR) regulates Ca(2+) homeostasis in the body by monitoring extracellular levels of Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]o) and amino acids. Mutations at the hinge region of the N-terminal Venus flytrap domain (VFTD) produce either receptor inactivation (L173P, P221Q) or activation (L173F, P221L) related to hypercalcemic or hypocalcemic disorders. In this paper, we report that both L173P and P221Q markedly impair the functional positive cooperativity of the CaSR as reflected by [Ca(2+)]o-induced [Ca(2+)]i oscillations, inositol-1-phosphate (IP1) accumulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) activity. In contrast, L173F and P221L show enhanced responsiveness of these three functional readouts to [Ca(2+)]o. Further analysis of the dynamics of the VFTD mutants using computational simulation studies supports disruption in the correlated motions in the loss-of-function CaSR mutants, while these motions are enhanced in the gain-of-function mutants. Wild type (WT) CaSR was modulated by L-Phe in a heterotropic positive cooperative way, achieving an EC50 similar to those of the two activating mutations. The response of the inactivating P221Q mutant to [Ca(2+)]o was partially rescued by L-Phe, illustrating the capacity of the L-Phe binding site to enhance the positive homotropic cooperativity of CaSR. L-Phe had no effect on the other inactivating mutant. Moreover, our results carried out both in silico and in intact cells indicate that residue Leu(173), which is close to residues that are part of the L-Phe-binding pocket, exhibited impaired heterotropic cooperativity in the presence of L-Phe. Thus, Pro(221) and Leu(173) are important for the positive homo- and heterotropic cooperative regulation elicited by agonist binding.
Detection of Principle Directions in Unknown Environments for Autonomous Navigation (2008)

Autonomous navigation in unknown but wellstructured environments (e.g., parking lots) is a common task for human drivers and an important goal for autonomous vehicles. In such environments, the vehicles must obey the standard conventions of driving (e.g., passing oncoming vehicles on the correct side), but often lack a map that can be used to guide path planning in an appropriate way. The robots must therefore rely on features of the environment to drive in a safe and predictable way. In this work, we focus on detecting one of such features, the principal directions of the environment.
Cost-Effectiveness Based Performance Evaluation for Suppliers and Operations (2002)

This research establishes a cost-effectiveness based performance evaluation system for suppliers and operations. The purpose is to provide a methodology for “integrating supplier and manufacturer capabilities through a common goal, profitability improvement, based on towering the cost of purchased materials.” The merits of measuring supplier quality performance using total involved quality cost (TIQC) include: 1) a common measurement language— money, and 2) very simple and visible numbers along with direct and indirect toss ratios to help management and employees understand the importance of doing things right the first time. This study investigated the interactions and mutual movements among the three groups in the supply chain, (supplier, manufacturer, and customer), and integrated the results from different stages (incoming inspection, internal customers, external customers) and identified severity levels for quality events (rejects, sorting, rework, shutdown, scrap, and customer returns). A TIQC along with a predetermined cost structure and the principle of management by objectives were developed and used in planning and establishing this evaluation system for supplier performance. Very satisfactory and exacting results were obtained in the system simulation and demonstration. The evaluation system using TIQC as proposed in this study can be very beneficial for manufacturers in selecting the best suppliers and driving operational quality improvements.
New Class-E DC-DC converter topologies with constant switching frequency (1996)

The Class-E DC-DC converters with half-wave and full-wave controlled current rectifiers are proposed. Zero voltage switching for all the switches can be maintained from full load to no load. The switching frequency is constant. When the load current changes from maximum to zero, the output voltage can be kept constant by regulating the conducting angle of the rectifier switch. The operation of the new converters is analyzed and the zero voltage switching characteristic has been demonstrated. The current gain of the circuit versus the conducting angle has been presented.
The synthesis of biscitraconimides and polybiscitraconimides (1981)

Abstract A series of N ‐alkylene biscitraconimides was synthesized from the corresponding N ‐alkylene‐biscitraconamic acids or directly from itaconic anhydride and a homologous series of aliphatic diamines, H 2 N(CH 2 ) n NH 2 , where n = 2 through 12. The biscitraconamic acids were synthesized from the α,ω‐diamino‐alkanes and itaconic anhydride. Isomerization of itaconic anhydride to citraconic anhydride occurs in the presence of the diamines to yield biscitraconamic acids instead of bisitaconamic acids expected and observed in similar studies. The intermediate biscitraconamic acids or the biscitraconimides were polymerized thermally between 175 and 225°C to tough ambered‐colored films of polybiscitraconimides that exhibit good thermal stability.
Conversational Markers of Constructive Discussions (2016)

Group discussions are essential for organizing every aspect of modern life, from faculty meetings to senate debates, from grant review panels to papal conclaves. While costly in terms of time and organization effort, group discussions are commonly seen as a way of reaching better decisions compared to solutions that do not require coordination between the individuals (e.g. voting)-through discussion, the sum becomes greater than the parts. However, this assumption is not irrefutable: anecdotal evidence of wasteful discussions abounds, and in our own experiments we find that over 30% of discussions are unproductive.
MinimumQ of electrically small antennas: A critical review (2000)

This paper seeks to succinctly evaluate and summarize the large body of literature on the radiation Q of electrically small antennas. The validity of the different analytic models is discussed, with key Q-dependent physical properties compared with experimental data and numerical simulations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 28: 172–177, 2001.