gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production of Gramicidin S Synthetases by Bacillus brevis in Continuous Culture (1976)

The effects of different nutrient limitations on the production of the two enzymes of gramicidin S biosynthesis were studied during continuous culture of Bacillus brevis. Gramicidin S synthetases I and II were produced in the chemostat under carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulphur limitation. The growth rate, rather than the nature of the limitation, was the major controlling factor in regulating the level of the gramicidin S synthetases. Synthetase production was low at high dilution rates (0.45 to 0.50 h-1) but increased as the dilution rate was lowered. The highest specific activities occurred at dilution rates that were different for each type of limitation: 0.40 h-1 for nitrogen, 0.32 h-1 for carbon, 0.24 h-1 for sulphur and 0.20 h-1 for phosphorus. Phosphorus limitation gave the highest specific activities. At low dilution rates (0.10 to 0.15 h-1), enzyme activities were again low. Sporulation occurred under carbon limitation, but at a lower dilution rate than that which supported optimal gramicidin S synthetase formation. The specific productivity of the synthetases in the chemostat was higher than the highest productivity obtained in batch growth.
Wireless connectivity for health and sports monitoring: a review (2007)

This is a review of health and sports monitoring research that uses or could benefit from wireless connectivity. New, enabling wireless connectivity standards are evaluated for their suitability, and an assessment of current exploitation of these technologies is summarised. An example of the application is given, highlighting the capabilities of a network of wireless sensors. Issues of timing and power consumption in a battery-powered system are addressed to highlight the benefits networking can provide, and a suggestion of how monitoring different biometric signals might allow one to gain additional information about an athlete or patient is made.
Hip Fractures: I. Overview and Evaluation and Treatment of Femoral-Neck Fractures (1994)

Hip fractures remain a major source of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and their incidence is increasing as the population ages. Surgical management followed by early mobilization is the treatment of choice for most patients with hip fractures. However, all comorbid medical conditions, particularly cardiopulmonary and fluid- electrolyte imbalances, must be evaluated and stabilized prior to operative intervention. Nondisplaced femoral-neck fractures should be stabilized with multiple parallel lag screws or pins. The treatment of displaced femoral-neck fractures is based on the patient's age and activity level: young active patients should undergo open reduction and internal fixation; older, less active patients are usually treated with hemiarthroplasty, either uncemented or cemented. Regardless of treatment method, the goal is to return the patient to his or her prefracture level of function.
Semi-Active Magnetorheological Helicopter Crew Seat Suspension for Vibration Isolation (2008)

This study explores the use of magnetorheological dampers in a semi-active seat suspension system for helicopter crew seats to enhance occupant comfort. Key concepts in designing a magnetorheological seat suspension system to isolate the occupant from rotorcraft vibration are identified. Using these design concepts, a magnetorheological damper is designed, fabricated, and retrofitted into a tactical SH-60 Seahawk crew seat. This magnetorheological damper is implemented in series with the existing fixed load energy absorbers such that the crashworthiness capability of the seat is not impaired. Semi-active control is implemented and performance is evaluated both analytically and experimentally. Experimental test results have shown that this system reduced the dominant rotor-induced vertical vibration (4 per rev) transmitted to a 50th percentile male aviator by 76%, which is a 61-70% improvement over the unmodified SH-60 crew seat depending upon whether a soft seat cushion is used. Furthermore, these experimental tests also show that this system significantly reduces vertically induced seat rocking that occurs as a result of an offset center of gravity in the crew seat design.
An easy method for detection of rheumatic antigen(s) in rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease patients by dot-ELISA. (1998)

It is suggested that different alloantigens are expressed in the north Indian population. This standardized dot-ELISA is low cost and simple to use, and has a very high percentage of sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for this population.
Non-Newtonian Viscoelastic Properties of Rod-Like Macromolecules in Solution (1956)

The theory of Kirkwood and Auer is extended to include the dependence of the viscoelastic moduli of solutions of rod-like macromolecules on rate of shear. Power series expansions in the rate of shear of the intrinsic viscosity and intrinsic rigidity are constructed. In the stationary case, the intrinsic viscosity is presented as a function of rate of shear with use of coefficients of the pertinent spherical harmonics kindly supplied by H. H. Scheraga.
Recombinant interleukin-1 alpha and recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha synergize in vivo to induce early endotoxin tolerance and associated hematopoietic changes (1988)

Endotoxin, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from gram-negative bacteria, invokes a wide range of responses in susceptible hosts. It is known that virtually all responses to LPS are mediated by the action of macrophage-derived cytokines (such as interleukin-1 [IL-1], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], and others) which are produced principally by macrophages and maximally within several hours of LPS administration. One manifestation of LPS administration which is not well understood is the phenomenon of "early endotoxin tolerance." In response to a single sublethal injection of LPS, experimental animals become refractory to challenge with a homologous or heterologous LPS preparation 3 to 4 days later. Animals rendered tolerant exhibit mitigated toxicity and a reduced capacity to produce circulating cytokines (i.e., colony-stimulating factor or interferon) in response to the challenge LPS injection. Previous studies have also shown that this state of transient, acquired hyporesponsiveness to LPS is accompanied by a marked increase in the size of cells in the bone marrow which are enriched in numbers of macrophage progenitors. In this study, we examined the capacity of recombinant IL-1 or recombinant TNF or both to induce early endotoxin tolerance and its associated hematopoietic changes. Neither cytokine alone was able to mimic LPS for induction of tolerance. Combined administration of recombinant IL-1 and recombinant TNF doses which were not toxic when administered individually led to synergistic toxicity (as assessed by death or weight loss). However, within a nontoxic range, the two cytokines synergized to induce a significant reduction in the capacity to produce colony-stimulating factor in response to LPS, as well as the characteristic increase in bone marrow cell size and macrophage progenitors shown previously to be associated with LPS-induced tolerance.
Twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) excited states: energy and molecular structure (1983)

Abstract
Diffusion barrier properties of very thin TaN with high nitrogen concentration (2003)

TaN deposited by magnetron sputtering has application in semiconductor interconnect structures as a diffusion barrier and adhesion layer. TaN used in these applications has a hexagonal or cubic structure consistent with roughly 1:1 Ta:N levels, with a bulk resistivity of 300–500 μΩ cm and a diffusion barrier failure temperature for 5 nm films of around 650 °C (Ref. 1). The diffusion barrier failure temperature (for Si/TaN-barrier/Cu samples) is a strong function of nitrogen concentration in the TaN; at the highest N levels (equivalent to nearly Ta3N5), the failure temperature exceeded 900 °C. At intermediate compositions, the failure temperature was found to exceed 700 °C even for films as thin as 0.4 nm. This suggests an interfacial contribution to diffusion barrier effectiveness, in addition to conventional grain boundary or bulk interdiffusion resistance, which may dominate conventional grain boundary diffusion.
Time is of the Essence: Machine Learning-Based Intrusion Detection in Industrial Time Series Data (2018)

The Industrial Internet of Things drastically increases connectivity of devices in industrial applications. In addition to the benefits in efficiency, scalability and ease of use, this creates novel attack surfaces. Historically, industrial networks and protocols do not contain means of security, such as authentication and encryption, that are made necessary by this development. Thus, industrial IT-security is needed. In this work, emulated industrial network data is transformed into a time series and analysed with three different algorithms. The data contains labeled attacks, so the performance can be evaluated. Matrix Profiles perform well with almost no parameterisation needed. Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average performs well in the presence of noise, requiring parameterisation effort. Long Short Term Memory-based neural networks perform mediocre while requiring a high training-and parameterisation effort.
A simple apparatus for measuring the absorption spectrum and lifetimes of photo-produced short lived species using commercial subunits (1970)

A spectrophotometer has been built using commercial units which can measure photo-induced changes in absorption of 5 parts in 106 and lifetimes of photo-induced transitions greater than 10−6 S. Results are presented of the triplet-triplet absorption spectra and lifetimes of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and of a shortlived species occurring during photoexcitation of lumiflavine.
Plastics Failure Analysis and Prevention (2001)

This book contains analysis of reasons that cause products to fail. General methods of product failure evaluation give powerful tools in product improvement. Such methods, discussed in the book, include practical risk analysis, failure mode and effect analysis, preliminary hazard analysis, progressive failure analysis, fault tree analysis, mean time between failures, Wohler curves, finite element analysis, cohesive zone model, crack propagation kinetics, time-temperature collectives, quantitative characterization of fatigue damage, and fracture maps. Methods of failure analysis are critical to for material improvement and they are broadly discussed in this book. Fractography of plastics is relatively a new field which has many commonalities with fractography of metals. Here various aspects of fractography of plastics and metals are compared and contrasted. Fractography application in studies of static and cycling loading of ABS is also discussed. Other methods include SEM, SAXS, FTIR, DSC, DMA, GC/MS, optical microscopy, fatigue behavior, multiaxial stress, residual stress analysis, punch resistance, creep-rupture, impact, oxidative induction time, craze testing, defect analysis, fracture toughness, activation energy of degradation. Many references are given in this book to real products and real cases of their failure. The products discussed include office equipment, automotive compressed fuel gas system, pipes, polymer blends, blow molded parts, layered, cross-ply and continuous fiber composites, printed circuits, electronic packages, hip implants, blown and multilayered films, construction materials, component housings, brake cups, composite pressure vessels, swamp coolers, electrical cables, plumbing fittings, medical devices, medical packaging, strapping tapes, balloons, marine coatings, thermal switches, pressure relief membranes, pharmaceutical products, window profiles, and bone cements
Implicit Shape Reconstruction of Unorganized Points Using PDE-Based Deformable 3D Manifolds (2010)

In this work we consider the problem of shape reconstruction from an unorganized data set which has many important applications in medical imaging, scientific computing, reverse engineering and geometric modelling. The reconstructed surface is obtained by continuously deforming an initial surface following the Partial Differential Equation (PDE)-based diffusion model derived by a minimal volume-like variational formulation. The evolution is driven both by the distance from the data set and by the curvature analytically computed by it. The distance function is computed by implicit local interpolants defined in terms of radial basis functions. Space discretization of the PDE model is obtained by finite co-volume schemes and semi-implicit approach is used in time/scale. The use of a level set method for the numerical computation of the surface reconstruction allows us to handle complex geometry and even changing topology, without the need of user-interaction. Numerical examples demonstrate the ability of the proposed method to produce high quality reconstructions. Moreover, we show the effectiveness of the new approach to solve hole filling problems and Boolean operations between different data sets.
Surface flashover of solid dielectric in vacuum (1982)

The surface of a solid dielectric insulator becomes electrically charged when subjected to a high-voltage stress in vacuum. A method for calculating the surface flashover voltage based on the assumption that the discharge occurs in a layer of desorbed gases from the insulator surface is proposed. The electric field strength required to cause surface flashover is calculated by taking into account the secondary electron emission characteristics of the dielectric material. The dependence of the surface flashover field on the insulating material is deduced. A dependence of the flashover voltage on the insulator length to a power law of 0.5 is theoretically predicted. The calculated surface flashover voltage is compared with the previously reported measurements and good agreement is obtained.
Conducted electromagnetic emissions in induction motor drive systems. II. Frequency domain models (1998)

For pt.I see ibid., vol.13, no.4, p.757-67 (1998). Predicting conducted emissions in pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter induction motor drive systems requires various frequency-dependent effects to be considered. A frequency domain method has advantages in such cases compared to a time domain approach. Based on the modal analysis presented in Part I, this paper develops frequency domain models to evaluate the spectra of the conducted emissions directly. The common and differential mode excitation sources are modeled in the frequency domain and related to the switching functions of the PWM inverter. Network models are established where the induction motor is represented using its frequency-dependent impedance characteristics, which can be obtained from measurements. The influences of system unbalances and of transmission-line effects due to long cables are investigated. Predicted emission spectra are compared with laboratory measurements and those derived from the time domain simulation. It is found that the agreement is good. The proposed method allows emission spectra to be predicted without recourse to specialist circuit simulators.
Eye Contact Correction using Deep Neural Networks (2020)

In a typical video conferencing setup, it is hard to maintain eye contact during a call since it requires looking into the camera rather than the display. We propose an eye contact correction model that restores the eye contact regardless of the relative position of the camera and display. Unlike previous solutions, our model redirects the gaze from an arbitrary direction to the center without requiring a redirection angle or camera/display/user geometry as inputs. We use a deep convolutional neural network that inputs a monocular image and produces a vector field and a brightness map to correct the gaze. We train this model in a bi-directional way on a large set of synthetically generated photorealistic images with perfect labels. The learned model is a robust eye contact corrector which also predicts the input gaze implicitly at no additional cost.Our system is primarily designed to improve the quality of video conferencing experience. Therefore, we use a set of control mechanisms to prevent creepy results and to ensure a smooth and natural video conferencing experience. The entire eye contact correction system runs end-to-end in real-time on a commodity CPU and does not require any dedicated hardware, making our solution feasible for a variety of devices.
Electronic Sensing of Automobile Crashes for Airbag Deployment (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Although the performance of most of today's airbag crash sensor systems is excellent, it is achieved by using multiple sensors located remotely from the passenger compartment. Those systems which use single sensors in the passenger compartment sometimes fail to actuate when needed or are too slow to provide optimum occupant protection. Installed airbag system cost now suggests that designers should find ways to reduce the number of sensors and the complexity of the system without suffering degradation in performance. An electronic sensor is freed from the constraints of the differential equation of motion of an electromechanical sensor because its algorithm can, in principle, be arbitrary. It can manipulate the acceleration data in new ways, but whatever algorithm is employed must be firmly grounded in some understood physical process to guarantee the ability of the algorithm to perform properly in real world events not recreated on the test track.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">An algorithm is presented which de-emphasizes the use of the simple velocity calculations used by older electronic sensors and instead, uses measures of energy dissipated during a crash event to assess whether or not the level of severity of the event is sufficient to warrant airbag deployment. Explanations of the physical and mathematical basis of the algorithm and a VLSI circuit which performs the necessary digital signal processing are given and the efforts to help assure sensing reliability are discussed.</div>
The Median Effective Dose of Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine, and Ropivacaine After Intrathecal Injection in Lower Limb Surgery (2009)

BACKGROUND: Intrathecal anesthesia is commonly used for lower limb surgery. Bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine have all been used as intrathecal drugs, but their relative potency in this context has not been fully determined. In this study, we determined the median effective dose (ED50) of these three local anesthetics for intrathecal anesthesia in lower limb surgery and hence their relative potencies. METHODS: Seventy-five patients scheduled for lower limb surgery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia were randomly allocated to one of three groups receiving intrathecal bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or ropivacaine. The dose of local anesthetic was varied using up-down sequential allocation technique. The dose for the first patient in each group was 8 mg, and the dosing increment was set at 1 mg. Subsequent doses in each group were determined by the outcome in the previous patient using success or failure of the spinal anesthesia as the primary end point. A success was recorded if a bilateral T12 sensory block to cold was attained within 20 min after intrathecal injection, and the surgery proceeded successfully until at least 50 min after the intrathecal injection without supplementary epidural injection. The ED50 was calculated using the method of Dixon and Massey. RESULTS: The ED50s were 5.50 mg for bupivacaine (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.90–6.10 mg), 5.68 mg for levobupivacaine (95% CI: 4.92–6.44 mg), and 8.41 mg for ropivacaine (95% CI: 7.15–9.67 mg) in intrathecal anesthesia. The relative anesthetic potency ratios are 0.97 (95% CI: 0.81–1.17) for levobupivacaine/bupivacaine, 0.65 (95% CI: 0.54–0.80) for ropivacaine/bupivacaine, and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.55–0.84) for ropivacaine/levobupivacaine. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that in intrathecal anesthesia for lower limb surgery, ropivacaine is less potent than levobupivacaine and bupivacaine, whereas the potency is similar between levobupivacaine and bupivacaine.
Application specific worst case corners using response surfaces and statistical models (2004)

Integrated circuits have to be robust to manufacturing variations. This paper presents a new statistical methodology to determine the worst-case corners for a set of circuit performances. Our methodology first estimates response surfaces for circuit performances as quadratic functions of the process parameters with known statistical distributions. These response surface models are then used to extract the worst-case corners in the process parameter space as the points where the circuit performances are at their min/max values corresponding to a specified statistical level. Corners in the process parameter space close to each other are clustered to reduce their number, which reduces the number of simulations required for design verification. We introduce the novel concept of relaxation coefficient to ensure that the corners capture the min/max values of all the circuit performances at the desired statistical level. The corners are realistic since they track the multivariate statistical distribution of the process parameters. Expected worst-case circuit performances can thus be extracted with a small number of simulations suitable for subsequent design verifications. The methodology is demonstrated with examples showing extraction of corners from digital standard cells and also the corners for analog/RF blocks found in typical communication ICs.
Polycrystalline CuInSe<sub>2</sub> Thin Films for Solar Cells by Three-Source Magnetron Sputtering (1993)

Polycrystalline CuInSe 2 films were deposited in a wide range of Cu/In ratios by three-source magnetron sputtering technique onto soda-lime glass and Mo-coated glass substrates at elevated substrate temperatures. Good run-to-run reproducibility was achieved in our sputtering system using melt-grown polycrystalline selenium target. In-excess films which are desirable for solar cells were obtained in the temperature range of 400 to 500°C. These films showed a preferential (112) orientation of the chalcopyrite structure and possessed an excellent adhesion property to the substrates. Preliminary solar cells with ZnO:Al/CdS/CuInSe 2 structure resulted in a conversion efficiency of 6.3% under AM 1.5 illumination.