gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prostate specific antigen molecular forms in breast cyst fluid and serum of women with fibrocystic breast disease. (1999)

We have analyzed matched serum and breast cyst fluid samples for total PSA from 148 patients with fibrocystic breast disease. We have also determined the molecular forms of PSA (free PSA and PSA bound to alpha1-antichymotrypsin) in 78 breast cyst fluid samples. We found that total PSA can be detected in all cyst fluids and in about 75% of female sera. The median total PSA concentration in breast cyst fluid (bcf) is about 30 times higher than the median in the corresponding sera. Breast cyst fluid and serum PSA are not correlated with each other. Total serum PSA is inversely associated with patient age but the inverse association between bcf PSA and age is weak. Lower total PSA in bcf was seen in women who breast feed, and higher bcf PSA is associated with multiple cysts. Type I cysts (with a high K+/ Na+ ratio) tend to have higher total PSA than Type II cysts. All but three of the fractionated cyst fluids (75/78; 96%) had free PSA as the predominant molecular form. The most consistent finding of our study was the positive association between the cyst fluid K+/Na+ ratio and the free to bound PSA ratio. This association was confirmed by Spearman correlation as well as by Wilcoxon and chi-square analysis. Secretory/apocrine cysts (Type I) tend to have more total PSA and proportionally more free PSA than transudative/flattened cysts (Type II).
Tuberculosis patient and family education through videography in El Salvador (2016)

Our findings suggest that videography-based TB education can be successfully implemented in busy and resource-limited outpatient settings, and can provide a potentially efficient and low-cost effective strategy towards optimizing patient understanding, acceptance and compliance with TB treatment recommendations. This feasibility pilot study provides an opportunity within underresourced clinics for further evaluation regarding the favorable educational and sustainable impact of videography-based health education.
Plant Mitochondrial Mutations And Male Sterility (1991)

Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A ...Read More
Ball bumping and coining operations for TAB and Flip Chip (2002)

The process of using a ball bonder to form bumps on a chip, for subsequent TAB or Flip Chip attachment to a substrate, has now reached the production stage. A number of companies are using the process for full scale production. Other companies are using the process for rapid prototyping and limited quantity production. It requires no masks, uses existing equipment, and in many cases provides the most cost effective method for depositing bumps on chips. Two process variations are prevalent. 1. Bumping and coining, is a process where a normal ball bond with a short ductile fracture tip protruding from the top of the ball is bonded to the device, then coined flat by a second stage operation. 2. The stud bumping process produces a short loop and the crescent bond is placed on the shoulder of the ball.
Gate exhaustive testing (2006)

A gate exhaustive test set applies all possible input combinations to each gate in a combinational circuit, and observes the gate response at an observation point such as a primary output or a scan cell. In this paper, we analyze the effectiveness of the gate exhaustive test metric in detecting defective chips, and compare it with the single stuck-at fault, the N-detect, and the transition fault test metrics. Results from the Stanford CRC ELF35 and ELF18 test experiments show that gate exhaustive test sets are more efficient than single stuck-at and N-detect test sets in terms of the ability to detect defective chips and test length. It is also shown that test sets with higher values of the gate exhaustive coverage have better test quality.
Multiview Facial Landmark Localization in RGB-D Images via Hierarchical Regression With Binary Patterns (2014)

In this paper, we propose a real-time system of multiview facial landmark localization in RGB-D images. The facial landmark localization problem is formulated into a regression framework, which estimates both the head pose and the landmark positions. In this framework, we propose a coarse-to-fine approach to handle the high-dimensional regression output. At first, 3-D face position and rotation are estimated from the depth observation via a random regression forest. Afterward, the 3-D pose is refined by fusing the estimation from the RGB observation. Finally, the landmarks are located from the RGB observation with gradient boosted decision trees in a pose conditional model. The benefits of the proposed localization framework are twofold: the pose estimation and landmark localization are solved with hierarchical regression, which is different from previous approaches where the pose and landmark locations are iteratively optimized, which relies heavily on the initial pose estimation; due to the different characters of the RGB and depth cues, they are used for landmark localization at different stages and incorporated in a robust manner. In the experiments, we show that the proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms on facial landmark localization with RGB-D input.
Synthesis and Properties of a Series of CO<sub>2</sub> Switchable Surfactants with Imidazoline Group (2012)

Abstract Switchable surfactants are environment‐friendly compounds, which can be separated from the system or lose surface activity after completing their function during one stage of a process. In order to study switchable properties of a kind of CO 2 switchable surfactant with an imidazoline group, four 2‐alkyl‐1‐hydroxyethylimidazolines were synthesized by condensation of N ‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethanediamine with dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic, and octadecanoic acids. Then, the series of long‐chain alkyl imidazoline compounds were reacted with dry ice to produce imidazolinium bicarbonates cationic surfactants. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface tension at CMC (γ cmc ) measured by the Wilhelmy plate technique show that these surfactants have excellent surface activity. The changes of conductivity before and after bubbling CO 2 show the conversion between imidazolines and imidazolinium bicarbonates cationic surfactants. Conductivity cycles indicated that these surfactants could be switched by CO 2 reversibly and repeating this three times. However, their switchable function on the emulsification‐demulsification of water‐alkane was dissatisfactory due to the emulsibility of amide which was hydrolyzed from 2‐alkyl‐1‐hydroxyethylimidazoline. Therefore, the application of these switchable surfactants needed to be studied further.
On the properties of dielectric elastomer actuators and their design implications (2007)

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) have been studied extensively under laboratory conditions where they have shown promising performance. However, in practical applications, they have not achieved their full potential. Here, the results of detailed analytical and experimental studies of the failure modes and performance boundaries of DEAs are codified into design principles for these actuators. Analysis shows that the performance of DEAs made with highly viscoelastic polymer films is governed by four key mechanisms: pull-in failure, dielectric strength failure, viscoelasticity and current leakage. Design maps showing the effect of these four mechanisms on performance under varying working conditions are proposed. This study shows that the viscous nature of DEA is very important in their performance/reliability trade-offs. A proper balance of performance and reliability is key to successful design of DEAs.
End-tidal carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans presenting mostly with asystole (1996)

End-tidal CO2 represents a valuable tool for monitoring patients presenting with asystole during prehospital CPR. Fluctuations in end-tidal CO2 during CPR and the utility of end-tidal CO2 in detecting return of spontaneous circulation justify its continuous measurement. In addition, a high sensitivity (>90%) in predicting return of spontaneous circulation is prospectively demonstrated using the maximal end-tidal CO2 during the first 20 mins after tracheal intubation, with a cutoff value of 10 torr. Such a prognostic indicator could be used for a more rational approach to prolonged CPR.
Effect of Colic Vein Ligature in Rats with Loperamide-Induced Constipation (2012)

By ligature of the colic vein in constipated rats, an increase in FWC and goblet cells higher than in PEG treated rats was detected. The described surgical procedure appeared effective, simple, and safe; further studies in animal models, however, are necessary to assess its clinical applicability.
High-temperature production of protein-enriched feed from cassava by fungi (1975)

A simple, nonaseptic, low-cast process for the conversion of cassava, a starchy tropical root crop, into microbial protein for use as animal feed was sought. Screening tests culminated in the isolation of a thermotolerant, amylase-producing mold, designated I-21, which was identified as Aspergillus fumigatus. The optimum pH for protein synthesis was 3-5, but the optimum temperature was less than the desired temperature (larger than or equal to 45 C) required for a nonaseptic fermentation. A. fumigatus I-21 and its asporogenous mutant I-21A grew equally well in a medium prepared from whole cassava roots with a mean protein doubling time at 45 C and pH 3.5 of 3.5 h. In batch culture, approximately 4% carbohydrate, supplied as whole cassava, could be feremented in 20 h, giving a final yield of 24 g of dry product, containing 36.9% crude protein, per liter. The conversion of carbohydrate used to crude protein was 22.1%. When determined as amino acids, the protein content of the product, which contained cassava bark and other unfermented residues, was 27.1%. With urea as the nitrogen source, no pH control was necessary. Preliminary data indicated that medium prepared from whole cassava roots was inhibitory to the mold unless the cassava pulp was heated to 70 C immediately after being ground. Heating to 70 C was required to gelatinize the starch and permit its complete utilization.
Determination of iodine adlayer structures on Au(111) by scanning tunneling microscopy (1997)

Chemisorbed iodine adlayers on Au(111) films on quartz were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at room temperature in air. The iodine was adsorbed by successive deposition of droplets of a dilute solution of iodine in methanol. As a function of coverage, various adlayer structures were obtained. By changing the tunneling parameters, either the iodine adlayer or the Au(111) substrate can be imaged with atomic resolution. In this way, the adlattice properties such as periodicity, orientation and the local absolute coverage have been characterized with high accuracy. In the low coverage range (θ&lt;0.33), due to the high mobility of iodine atoms, only the unreconstructed Au(111) substrate lattice could be imaged. At θ∼0.33, a (3×3)R30° structure is evident. With increasing coverage, a (p×3) structure of higher iodine packing density is observed, which can be described as a uniaxially compressed (striped) phase. Finally, near monolayer saturation coverage the iodine atoms form a hexagonal moiré-like pattern with long-range height modulation. The results are compared with previous measurements on this system under UHV and electrolyte conditions.
Mamíferos del Pleistoceno del municipio de Madrid (1987)

La riqueza de yacimientos arqueolgicos en las terrazas del Manzanares es conocida desde antiguo.La abundancia de industria ltica Erecuentemente no se corresponde con una proporcin similar de restos fsiles debido por una parte a un transporte y conservacin diferencial, y con frecuencia, a una falta de inters por los aspectos paleontolgicos.Las primeras referencias bibliogrficas sobre la fauna fsil de los yacimientos de Madrid datan de mediados del siglo pasado.Desde entonces y hasta comienzos del presente siglo, se trata de trabajos realizados por naturalistas: catlogos faunsticos o revisiones sistemticas de algn taxn en los que la fauna de Madrid es citada sin mayor detalle.El primer trabajo descriptivo es el de Prado (1864) sobre la fauna del yacimiento de San Isidro del Campo.Desde comienzos de este siglo hasta la actualidad, especialmente en el primer tercio de siglo, la mayora de los trabajos son obra de arquelogos como
Adaptive Mesh Refinement and Error Estimate for 3-D Seismic Analysis of Liquefiable Soil Considering Large Deformation (2004)

The focus of this paper is on 3-D adaptive analysis method of liquefiable soil improvement of the approximate quality of nonlinear numerical simulation of the liquefaction process with large deformation. This adaptive technique was applied to the 3-D non-linear FE analysis of liquefiable soil considering large deformation, including the liquefaction phenomenon. The cyclic elasto-plastic model and updated Lagrangian formulation were adopted in the three-dimensional FE analysis. The fission procedure belonging to the h-refinement indicated by the error estimator, a posteriori error estimate procedure depending on L2-norm of strain and superconvergent patch recovery method, was used. The convergence of this error estimate scheme and the effectiveness of h-adaptive mesh refinement were shown by simple examples. The adaptive FE method was applied to the three-dimensional practical seismic analysis of an embankment constructed on liquefiable soil, and its efficacy demonstrated in detail. Application of the adaptive technique to the nonlinear analysis of saturated soil, including the liquefaction process, is a valuable step in the three-dimensional seismic analysis of liquefaction.
Multi-frequency diffuse optical tomography (2005)

The performance of diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is investigated when multi-modulation frequencies are used simultaneously in the inverse problem in order to cast the forward model. The forward model used was based on the first-order Rytov approximation of the diffusion equation. Numerical measurements were generated with a finite difference approach for configurations relevant to breast optical mammography. The impact of various frequency-set characteristics was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of sensitivity matrix preconditioning was investigated. The criteria underlying this study were based on a ‘singular value analysis’ and parameter cross-talk between absorption and scattering reconstructions. It had been shown that preconditioning the matrix was necessary to provide accurate results and an even distribution of frequencies within the larger bound. Furthermore, correlating the different criterions used demonstrated that analysis based on optimization of condition number alone was providing misleading results.
Towards a scalable software-defined network virtualization platform (2014)

Software-defined networking (SDN) has emerged to circumvent the difficulty of introducing new functionality into the network. The widespread adoption of SDN technologies, such as OpenFlow, can facilitate the deployment of novel network functions and new services. Network infrastructure providers can significantly benefit from the SDN paradigm by leasing network slices with SDN support to Service Providers and end-users. Currently, the deployment of arbitrary virtual SDN topologies entails significant configuration overhead for SDN operators. To this end, we present a SDN virtualization layer that orchestrates the deployment and management of virtual SDNs (vSDN). The so-called SDN hypervisor generates and installs the forwarding entries required for vSDN setup and also coordinates the necessary switch flow table modifications for seamless resource migration. Furthermore, the hypervisor transparently rewrites all control messages enforcing flowspace isolation while giving to the vSDN operator the illusion of exclusive access control. We explore the design space and prerequisites for SDN virtualization, including the selection and encoding of packet identifiers, the resolution of flowspace identifiers, and the configuration and consolidation of multiple virtual flow tables onto a single switch in order to provide support for arbitrary topologies. Furthermore, we discuss the scalability of the SDN control and data plane.
Gastric Acid Responses to Graded Vagal Stimulation in the Anaesthetized Cat (1975)

Graded acid secretory responses were obtained in anaesthetized cats with intact pyloric region when the frequency of electrical stimulation of the neck vagi was increased from 0.5 to 8 Hz; 4–8 Hz induced maximal acid secretion. Antrectomy reduced the response to vagal stimulation but the reduction reached statistical significance only after additional resection of the duodenum. Administration of per se subthreshold or threshold doses of exogenous gastrin restored the acid response to vagal stimulation in antrectomized cats. Combination of a high dose of histamine and vagal stimulation (8 Hz) produced an acid output in anaesthetized cats which roughly amounted to two thirds of the reported maximal acid secretory rate during histamine stimulation in non-anaesthetized cats. The present results suggest that the physiological vagal discharge rate to the acid secreting glands does not reach higher frequencies than around 8 Hz. It is also suggested that an intact antroduodenal region is essential for acid responses to physiological vagal stimulation in the cat. Finally, the reduced sensitivity to gastric secretory stimulants under anaesthesia appears to be due in part to a reduced vagal tonus.
Expressivity versus efficiency of graph kernels (2003)

Abstract. Recently, kernel methods have become a popular tool for machine learning and data mining. As most ‘real-world ’ data is structured, research in kernel methods has begun investigating kernels for various kinds of structured data. One of the most widely used tools for modeling structured data are graphs. In this paper we study the trade-off between expressivity and efficiency of graph kernels. First, we motivate the need for this discussion by showing that fully general graph kernels can not even be approximated efficiently. We also discuss generalizations of graph kernels defined in literature and show that they are either not positive definite or not very useful. Finally, we propose a new graph kernel based on subtree patterns. We argue that while a little more computationally expensive, this kernel is more expressive than kernels based on walks. 1
Single-turnover kinetics of helicase-catalyzed DNA unwinding monitored continuously by fluorescence energy transfer (1994)

We describe a fluorescence assay that can be used to monitor helicase-catalyzed unwinding of duplex DNA continuously in real time. The assay is based on the observation that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) occurs between donor (fluorescein) and acceptor (hexachlorofluorescein) fluorophores that are in close proximity due to their covalent attachment to the 3' and 5' ends of the complementary strands of a duplex oligodeoxynucleotide. FRET results in a reduction in the fluorescence emission intensity of fluorescein in the duplex DNA substrate relative to that observed for fluorescein-labeled single stranded DNA. Therefore, an enhancement of fluorescein fluorescence (lambda ex = 492 nm; lambda em = 520 nm) occurs upon helicase-catalyzed unwinding of the duplex DNA and separation of the complementary strands. The fluorescence assay is extremely sensitive, allowing DNA unwinding reactions to be monitored continuously at DNA concentrations as low as 1 nM in a fluorescence stopped-flow experiment. We demonstrate the use of this DNA substrate in pre-steady state, single turnover studies of duplex DNA unwinding catalyzed by the Escherichia coli Rep helicase, monitored by fluorescence stopped flow. We show that the fluorescence enhancement monitors Rep-catalyzed DNA unwinding by comparisons with identical kinetic studies carried out using rapid chemical quench-flow techniques. Single turnover kinetic studies performed at 1 nM DNA as a function of excess Rep concentration show that Rep-catalyzed unwinding of an 18 base pair duplex containing a 3'-ss-(dT)20 tail is biphasic and can be described by the sum of two exponential terms. The observed rate constant of the first phase is independent of [Rep] (20-300 nM) and measures the rapid single turnover, unwinding of the duplex DNA by Rep dimers bound in productive complexes (1.3 +/- 0.2 s-1; 23 +/- 3 base pairs s-1 at 25.0 degrees C). The observed rate constant for the second phase increases linearly with [Rep], reflecting DNA unwinding that is limited by a Rep binding event occurring with a bimolecular rate constant of (1.8 +/- 0.1) x 10(5) M-1 s-1, which may reflect the rate constant for Rep dimerization on DNA. Kinetic competition studies indicate that both Rep subunits are bound stably to the DNA substrate in the productive complex that is unwound in the fast phase. The results of these kinetic studies are consistent with an active, rolling mechanism for Rep-catalyzed unwinding of DNA [Wong, I., & Lohman, T. M., (1992) Science 256, 350].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The George A. Leet Business Law Symposium: Corporate Governance: Directors vs. Shareholders? - Introduction (2005)

Introducation to The George A. Leet Business Law Symposium: Corporate Governance: Directors vs. Shareholders?, Cleveland, Ohio.
The content of adult primary care episodes. (1982)

In a research project undertaken to describe the content of adult primary care, episodes of illness for six common primary care conditions were analyzed: URI (upper respiratory infection, UTI (urinary tract infection), HYP (hypertension), AP (abdominal pain), CP (chest pain), and PE (physical examination). Data from the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program-Oregon Region were used in the project. Episode of the six conditions studied tended to be of brief duration; at least half of the episodes of each condition except hypertension involved only a single medical visit. The physical examination episodes typically involved both laboratory and radiology services, but these services were less frequently used for the other five conditions. Few episodes involved a referral to a consultant physician, the use of sophisticated ancillary procedures, repeat tests, or a hospitalization. If patients had been billed for the episode-related care involved in treating each episode, the average charge incurred (in 1980 dollars) would have bee: URI $38.67, UTI and HY $52.27 each, AP $66.59, CP $46.54, and PE $91.65, excluding the costs of pharmaceuticals. Ancillary services accounted for one-third or more of the costs for each type of episode except URI. The results suggest that cost savings in primary care are likely to depend less on the control of sophisticated medical technology than on efficiently meeting patient-initiated demands for care and on influencing physician-generated ordering of simple ancillary procedures. The results also suggest the utility of analyzing the distinctive demands on the medical care system that are generated by diverse primary care conditions.