gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bond-breaking bifurcation states in carbon nanotube fracture (2003)

Fullerene nanotubes yield to tension in two basic ways. At high temperature (or in the long time limit) a single bond rotation creates a dislocation-dipole favored thermodynamically under large stress. However, at low temperature (or limited time range) this process remains prohibitively slow until further increase of tension causes direct bond-breaking and brittle crack nucleation. This instability proceeds through the formation of a distinct series of virtual defects that only exist at larger tension and correspond to a set of shallow energy minima. The quantum mechanical computations of the intermediate atomic structures and charge density distributions clearly indicate a certain number of broken bonds.
The Relationship Between Melatonin Secretion and Serum Cholesterol in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (1994)

We have reported recently that nocturnal melatonin levels are reduced in a subgroup of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We have also noted in these patients a high incidence of hypercholesterolemia and propose that this may be linked to dysfunction of the pineal gland since pinealectomy in rats was reported to be associated with elevation of blood cholesterol levels. To test this hypothesis, we studied the relationship between nocturnal plasma melatonin levels and serum cholesterol levels in a cohort of 24 MS patients (4 men; 20 women; mean age: 40.2 years SD = 9.5) who were admitted to an inpatient neurologic clinic for acute exacerbation of symptoms. For the purpose of comparison we also evaluated in these patients the association between melatonin levels and serum triglyceride (TG) levels. As predicted, we found a significantly higher serum cholesterol level in 10 patients who had low nocturnal plasma melatonin levels (mean: 17.1 pg/ml +/- 5.9) compared to 14 patients in whom melatonin levels were in the normal range (mean: 42.9 pg/ml +/- 10.6) (mean cholesterol = 241.5 mg/dl +/- 50.8 vs. 183.7 mg/dl +/- 27.2; p < .001). In contrast, serum TG levels did not differ significantly between the groups. As serum cholesterol levels were statistically unrelated to TG levels, these findings suggest a specific association between pineal melatonin and cholesterol metabolism. If confirmed in future research, these findings suggest that the pineal gland may exert a cholesterol reducing effect and that melatonin could be used therapeutically in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Combustion Characteristic of Flow Through a Low Swirl Injector (2016)

An experimental study was carried out in order to provide a better understanding of the combustion characteristics of a low swirl injector (LSI). The swirl vanes angles are respectively 37°, 42° and 50°, and the swirl numbers are varied in a wide range. The fuel gases used in the experiment include propane, methane and methane with hydrogen. The results show: (1) the lean premixed propane, methane, methane with hydrogen and air flow through the LSI can sustain steady combustion at a lower swirl number; (2) the LSIs can generate a blue lift-off “W” type flames surrounding a long yellow pulsating flame and the blue flame consists of four clusters blue flames connected together along circumferential direction; (3) the flame structure converts the “W” type flame into the “broom” type flame with the pulsating yellow flame, and the distance between the front of the flame and the nozzle shortens with increasing swirl number in the same vane angle case; (4) the spectroscopic of the flame shows the yellow flames are emitted by diatomic carbon.
The protein product of the proto-oncogene c-cbl forms a complex with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 and CD19 in anti-IgM-stimulated human B-lymphoma cells (1996)

Multiple signal transduction cascades, consisting of multiple interacting proteins, are activated following stimulation through most cell surface receptors, including the immunoglobulin receptor of B lymphocytes. In this report, we investigated the multimolecular complexes formed following anti-Ig stimulation of a human B-lymphoma cell line, resulting in activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K is a lipid kinase that consists of an 85-kD regulatory subunit, bound to a 110-kD catalytic subunit. CD19 is a 95-kD B-cell surface marker that contains a consensus binding motif for PI3Kp85 in the cytoplasmic domain and recruits PI3K activity in activated B cells. The protein product of the c-cbl protooncogene is a 120-kD protein that is expressed in early B-lineage cells and in myeloid cells and is phosphorylated on tyrosine following receptor-mediated signaling in T and B lymphocytes. We demonstrate here that phosphorylated c-cbl complexes with CD19 and with PI3Kp85 via its C-terminal SH2 domain, and that both c-cbl and CD19 are associated with active PI3K in anti-Ig-stimulated cells. Although we cannot differentiate between a three-component, c-cbl/CD19/p85 complex and individual two-component complexes, these studies suggest that c-cbl may function as a docking protein, possibly linking distinct signal transduction pathways.
Controls on CO<sub>2</sub> Mineralization Using Natural and Industrial Alkaline Solids under Ambient Conditions (2021)

The extent to which carbon dioxide (CO2) mineralization (“carbonation”) using alkaline solids can reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations is dictated by the rate of divalent alkaline metal release from such solids. These solids have distinct reactivities, that is, bulk dissolution rates, which dictate their rates of carbonation. To assess the feasibility of utilizing alkaline solids to mitigate CO2 emissions at scale, assessments of practical carbonation potentials under ambient conditions, which are often distinct from their stoichiometric carbonation potential as described by their bulk chemical composition, are needed. Therefore, the carbonation (or “CO2 mineralization”) potentials of 16 naturally occurring (mafic and ultramafic) rocks and industrial alkaline solids (fly ashes and slags) were quantified. In general, the extent of carbonation for the pulverized and as-received solids which is achievable under ambient conditions [25 °C, 1 bar]—in the presence of excess CO2 and water—that is, the carbonation potential, is correlated with the CaO and MgO content and varies inversely with the SiO2 content. Particularly, the carbonation efficiency (i.e., the ratio of the measured to the stoichiometric carbonation potential) is controlled by the atomic topology (network connectivity) of the solid reactant—suggesting that network rupture is the rate-controlling step of dissolution and, hence, carbonation. Based on our data, we offer estimates of CO2 removal that can be achieved under ambient exposure conditions to assess the controls and capacity of ambient CO2 mineralization as a carbon dioxide removal strategy.
Metabolic Engineering of Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Plants (2006)

Metabolic engineering of terpenoids in plants is a fascinating research topic from two main perspectives. On the one hand, the various biological activities of these compounds make their engineering a new tool for improving a considerable number of traits in crops. These include for example enhanced disease resistance, weed control by producing allelopathic compounds, better pest management, production of medicinal compounds, increased value of ornamentals and fruit and improved pollination. On the other hand, the same plants altered in the profile of terpenoids and their precursor pools make a most important contribution to fundamental studies on terpenoid biosynthesis and its regulation. In this review we describe our recent results with terpenoid engineering, focusing on two terpenoid classes the monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. The emerging picture is that engineering of these compounds and their derivatives in plant cells is feasible, although with some requirements and limitations. For example, in terpenoid engineering experiments crucial factors are the subcellular localisation of both the precursor pool and the introduced enzymes, the activity of endogenous plant enzymes which modify the introduced terpenoid skeleton, the costs of engineering in terms of effects on other pathways sharing the same precursor pool and the phytotoxicity of the introduced terpenoids. Finally, we will show that transgenic plants altered in their terpenoid profile exert novel biological activities on their environment, for example influencing insect behaviour.
Differential gene expression in the rat caudate putamen after “binge” cocaine administration: Advantage of triplicate microarray analysis (2003)

Rat genome U34A (Affymetrix) oligonucleotide microarrays were used to analyze changes in gene expression in the caudate putamen (CPu) of Fischer rats induced by 1 and 3 days of "binge" cocaine (or saline) administration. A triplicate array assay of pooled RNA of each treatment group was used to evaluate the technical variability and sensitivity of microarrays. Cocaine-regulated genes were identified using the Affymetrix MAS 5.0 and Data Mining Tool v. 3. Eighty-nine upregulated and eight downregulated genes/ESTs were found after 1 day of "binge" cocaine. Following 3 days of cocaine treatment we identified 21 upregulated and 17 downregulated genes/ESTs. RNase protection assays of selected genes confirmed reliability of changes identified by the microarrays at the level of > or =1.40-fold increase. Many genes upregulated in the CPu by cocaine were immediate early genes for transcription factors and for "effector" proteins (e.g., vesl/Homer1a, Arc, synaptotagmin IV). Acute "binge" cocaine also increased mRNA levels for glutamate receptor GluR2, dopamine receptor D1, and a number of phosphatases. Genes downregulated by cocaine include several genes associated with energy metabolism in mitochondria, as well as the phosphatydylinositol-4 kinase and the regulator of G-protein signaling protein 4 (RGS4). A differential expression of somatostatin receptor SSTR2, not known to be a cocaine-responsive gene, as well as the clock gene Per2, were found by microarrays and confirmed by RNase protection assay. These results demonstrate the potential of microarrays in profiling gene expression with > or =40% increase or > or =14% decrease in mRNA levels for discovery of novel cocaine-responsive genes.
Malicious LUT (2016)

We present a novel type of Trojan trigger targeted at the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) design flow. Traditional triggers base on rare events, such as rare values or sequences. While in most cases these trigger circuits are able to hide a Trojan attack, exhaustive functional simulation and testing will reveal the Trojan due to violation of the specification. Our trigger behaves functionally and formally equivalent to the hardware description language (HDL) specification throughout the entire FPGA design flow, until the design is written by the place-and-route tool as bitstream configuration file. From then, Trojan payload is always on. We implement the trigger signal using a 4-input lookup table (LUT), each of the inputs connecting to the same signal. This lets us directly address the least significant bit (LSB) and most significant bit (MSB) of the LUT. With the remaining 14 bits, we realize a “magic” unary operation. This way, we are able to implement 16 different Triggers. We demonstrate the attack with a simple example and discuss the effectiveness of the recent detection techniques unused circuit identification (UCI), functional analysis for nearly-unused circuit identification (FANCI) and VeriTrust in order to reveal our trigger.
The <i>in vitro</i> development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium (1985)

The in vitro developmental potential of mouse blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines has been investigated. From 3 to 8 days of suspension culture the cells form complex embryoid bodies with endoderm, basal lamina, mesoderm and ectoderm. Many are morphologically similar to embryos of the 6- to 8-day egg-cylinder stage. From 8 to 10 days of culture about half of the embryoid bodies expand into large cystic structures containing alphafoetoprotein and transferrin, thus being analagous to the visceral yolk sac of the postimplantation embryo. Approximately one third of the cystic embryoid bodies develop myocardium and when cultured in the presence of human cord serum, 30% develop blood islands, thereby exhibiting a high level of organized development at a very high frequency. Furthermore, most embryonic stem cell lines observed exhibit similar characteristics. The in vitro developmental potential of embryonic stem cell lines and the consistency with which the cells express this potential are presented as aspects which open up new approaches to the investigation of embryogenesis.
Thermophysical Properties of Ionic Liquid–LiX Mixtures (2009)

Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted strong interest due to their high chemical, thermal and electrochemical stability; wide liquid range; high ionic conductivity and low volatility. The research objective of this project has been to explore the thermophysical properties of ILs and their mixtures with lithium salts (LiX). These mixtures may become the electrolyte materials essential for the success of safer, high-voltage next-generation lithium batteries targeted for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and/or electric vehicles (EVs). At present, there is only a limited amount of data available in the literature regarding the thermal stability and phase behavior of IL-LiX electrolytes. Such information, however, is crucial for determining the electrolyte safety characteristics and useful operating temperature range, as well as for clarifying the composition-temperature relationship for other properties such as ionic conductivity. The thermal phase behavior, thermal stability and other properties (viscosity and density) are reported here for the neat ILs containing 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium (IM10R+, R = 1, 2 and 4 for methyl, ethyl and butyl, respectively) or N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (PY1R+, R = 3-5) cations with TFSI- or FSI- anions, as well as their mixtures with LiTFSI or LiFSI salts. Three components electrolytes (1-x) PY14TFSI-(x) PY13FSI-LiX mixtures (X = TFSI- and PF6-) have also been examined. Such electrolytes show great promise for meeting the strick demands in properties necessary to achieve the superb Li battery performance and longevity required for the successful widespread use of PHEVs and/or EVs.
A high-frequency and high-resolution fourth-order ΣΔ A/D converter in BiCMOS technology (1994)

A high-performance cascaded sigma-delta modulator is presented. It has a new three-stage fourth-order topology and provides functionally a maximum signal to quantization noise ratio of 16 bits and 16.5-bit dynamic range with an oversampling ratio of only 32. This modulator is implemented with fully differential switch-capacitor circuits and is manufactured in a 2-/spl mu/m BiCMOS process. The converter, operated from +/-2.5 V power supply, +/-1.25 V reference voltage and oversampling clock of 48 MHz, achieves 97 dB resolution at a Nyquist conversion rate of 1.5 MHz after comb-filtering decimation. The power consumption of the converter is 180 mW.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Web User Click Intention Prediction by Using Pupil Dilation Analysis (2015)

We propose a novel approach for predicting Web user click intention, using pupil dilation data generated by an eye-tracking device as input. Our goal is to determine if this variable is useful to differentiate choice and no-choice states, and if so, to generate a classification model for predicting choice understood as a click. For this, we performed an experiment with 25 healthy subjects in which gaze position and pupil size was recorded while users choose between several elements on a simulated Web site. Our results show that there is a statistical difference between pupil sizes of chosen elements compared with no chosen ones. Furthermore, we generated a click-intention prediction model, based on Artificial Neural Networks, which obtained an 82% accuracy. These results suggest that this variable could be used from a Web Intelligence point of view as a proxy of Web user behaviour, in order to generate an online recommender to improve Web site structure and content.
Nonlinear analysis of an absolute value type of early-late-gate bit synchronizer. (1969)

Absolute value type of early-late gate bit synchronizer phase noise performance determined by Fokker-Planck method, comparing results with different circuits performance
Reducing distortion in controlled attenuators using FET (1968)

An analytical approximation of FET characteristics for positive and negative voltages is presented. The distortion in an application as a controlled attenator is calculated, and a method of reducing distortion by a factor of more than 50 is described.
Phorbol ester stimulates the activity of a protein tyrosine phosphatase containing SH2 domains (PTP1C) in HL-60 leukemia cells by increasing gene expression (1993)

The affinity-purified antibody to a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) containing two src homology 2 domains (PTP1C) was generated. The antibody recognized two types of PTP1C (PTP1C-alpha and -beta) of which the molecular sizes were 66 (alpha) and 62 kDa (beta), respectively, and these two types were expressed differentially in various cell types. The immune complex phosphatase assay using the antibody demonstrated that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and a vitamin D metabolite increased the PTP activity of immunoprecipitated PTP1C to 230 and 150% of control, respectively. By contrast, neither dimethyl sulfoxide nor retinoic acid significantly affected the PTP activity of PTP1C in HL-60 cells. The time course increment by TPA of PTP1C activity was closely correlated with that of the acquisition by HL-60 cells of a macrophage-like phenotype. In addition, TPA increased the amount of PTP1C detected by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation and raised the level of expression of PTP1C mRNA in HL-60 cells. The increase of PTP1C mRNA induced by TPA treatment was inhibited by cycloheximide, suggesting that new protein synthesis is required for the increase by TPA of PTP1C mRNA expression. Furthermore, TPA increased the rate of transcription of the PTP1C gene without affecting the stability of PTP1C mRNA. These results suggest that (i) two subtypes of PTP1C may exist and function in various cell types, and (ii) TPA stimulates the PTP activity of PTP1C by increasing the transcription rate of PTP1C gene expression. The possible role of PTP1C in the macrophage differentiation will be also discussed.
Abstract 1525: RLIP76 transports sunitinib and sorafenib and mediates drug resistance in kidney cancer (2010)

Abstract RLIP76 is a stress-responsive membrane protein implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular signaling pathways. It functions as the predominant glutathione-electrophile conjugate (GS-E) transporter in cells. We have shown that RLIP76 plays a crucial role in defending cancer cells from radiation and chemotherapeutic toxin-mediated apoptosis, and its inhibition by antibodies or depletion by siRNA or antisense causes apoptosis in a number of cancer cell types. Recently, we have demonstrated for the first time the striking anti-neoplastic effects with no evident toxicity in terms of either weight loss or metabolic effects for the antibody, antisense and siRNA in a renal cell xenografts model of Caki-2 cells (Singhal et al., Cancer Res., 2009, 69: 4244). Present studies were performed to determine if RLIP76 targeting is more broadly applicable in other kidney cancer cell lines, to compare the signaling effects of RLIP76 antisense with kinase inhibitors used in treatment of renal cell carcinoma, and to determine whether kinase inhibitors were substrates for transport by RLIP76. Results of these studies show that sorafenib as well as sunitinib are substrates for transport by RLIP76 thus are competitive inhibitors of GS-E transport. Furthermore, kinase inhibition in the ERK as well as PI3K pathways by RLIP76 depletion is more profound and consistent and is more widely apparent in a number of renal carcinoma cell lines. These studies support the validity of RLIP76 as a target in kidney cancer therapy, and the functional model in which RLIP76 provides protection from chemical and radiant stress through its transport activity. Results of these studies revealed for the first time that sorafenib as well as sunitinib, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs), are substrates for transport by RLIP76. These studies offer strong support for our overall hypothesis that RLIP76 is an overarching anti-apoptosis mechanism that, if inhibited, can be more broadly effective in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. (Supported in part by NIH Grants CA 77495 and CA 104661 (to SA), Cancer Research Foundation of North Texas (to SSS & SY), Institute for Cancer Research and the Joe & Jessie Crump Fund for Medical Education (to SSS)) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1525.
The Human Contribution (2017)

This book explores the human contribution to the reliability and resilience of complex, well-defended systems. Usually the human is considered a hazard - a system component whose unsafe acts are implicated in the majority of catastrophic breakdowns. However there is another perspective that has been relatively little studied in its own right - the human as hero, whose adaptations and compensations bring troubled systems back from the brink of disaster time and again. What, if anything, did these situations have in common? Can these human abilities be ’bottled’ and passed on to others? The Human Contribution is vital reading for all professionals in high-consequence environments and for managers of any complex system. The book draws its illustrative material from a wide variety of hazardous domains, with the emphasis on healthcare reflecting the author’s focus on patient safety over the last decade. All students of human factors - however seasoned - will also find it an invaluable and thought-provoking read.
Tensile Lattice Strain Accelerates Oxygen Surface Exchange and Diffusion in La<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Sr<sub><i>x</i></sub>CoO<sub>3−δ</sub> Thin Films (2013)

The influence of lattice strain on the oxygen exchange kinetics and diffusion in oxides was investigated on (100) epitaxial La1-xSrxCoO3-δ (LSC) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Planar tensile and compressively strained LSC films were obtained on single-crystalline SrTiO3 and LaAlO3. 18O isotope exchange depth profiling with ToF-SIMS was employed to simultaneously measure the tracer surface exchange coefficient k* and the tracer diffusion coefficient D* in the temperature range 280-475 °C. In accordance with recent theoretical findings, much faster surface exchange (∼4 times) and diffusion (∼10 times) were observed for the tensile strained films compared to the compressively strained films in the entire temperature range. The same strain effect--tensile strain leading to higher k* and D*--was found for different LSC compositions (x=0.2 and x=0.4) and for surface-etched films. The temperature dependence of k* and D* is discussed with respect to the contributions of strain states, formation enthalpy of oxygen vacancies, and vacancy mobility at different temperatures. Our findings point toward the control of oxygen surface exchange and diffusion kinetics by means of lattice strain in existing mixed conducting oxides for energy conversion applications.