gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Creation of Superagonist Epitope Sequences in the Hepatitis B Envelope Protein Using Mutagenesis and DNA Vaccination (2002)

DNA vaccination is a simple and efficient method for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In the present study, we have examined the effect of the mutations of each of the 12 amino acids of the HBsAg Ld-restricted CTL epitope on the ability of the modified proteins to induce CTLs after DNA-based immunization. Replacement of glutamine or serine by alanine codons in the whole envelope gene created a protein that induced higher CTL activity against cells bearing the wildtype peptide-MHC complex than against the wildtype sequence itself. These results represent the first example of immunogenic mutant sequences (superagonists) that induce higher CTL activity against the wildtype CTL epitope than does the wildtype protein. Because the entire mutant protein is being expressed from the modified plasmid, any of the various steps in epitope processing could be affected by the mutations and lead to increased class I immunogenicity of the peptide sequence.
PU Learning in Payload-based Web Anomaly Detection (2018)

Intrusion detection is one of the most important methods for protecting web-based applications. Most anomaly detection approaches have weak detection capabilities for a new type of malicious web traffic. Besides, the misuse detection methods are based on malicious pattern matching, where the patterns usually depended on security experts. Although some supervised techniques have been applied, in real scenarios, HTTP traffic dataset is impure and more diverse. In this paper, we propose a new web anomaly detection method that combines with supervised learning model and PU learning (Positive and Unlabeled learning) based on HTTP payload data. In order to represent as many data patterns as possible, we vectorize HTTP request payloads by its numeric ASCII or Unicode value on byte-level, and each HTTP payload will be represented as a dimension-fixed numerical vector. First, our approach trains a base supervised XG-Boost model to learn the most of known attack traffics, and then the remaining normal traffics will be passed to a classifier based on the PU learning algorithm for finding some unknown malicious traffics. We test our model on a dataset gathered from a well-known security enterprise and the results show that our model achieves a remarkable accuracies on known attacks detection and has a great improvement in detecting unknown malicious web traffics.
Crystal Structures of Two Closely Related but Antigenically Distinct HLA-A2/Melanocyte-Melanoma Tumor-Antigen Peptide Complexes (2001)

We have determined high-resolution crystal structures of the complexes of HLA-A2 molecules with two modified immunodominant peptides from the melanoma tumor-associated protein Melan-A/Melanoma Ag recognized by T cells-1. The two peptides, a decamer and nonamer with overlapping sequences (ELAGIGILTV and ALGIGILTV), are modified in the second residue to increase their affinity for HLA-A2. The modified decamer is more immunogenic than the natural peptide and a candidate for peptide-based melanoma immunotherapy. The crystal structures at 1.8 and 2.15 A resolution define the differences in binding modes of the modified peptides, including different clusters of water molecules that appear to stabilize the peptide-HLA interaction. The structures suggest both how the wild-type peptides would bind and how three categories of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with differing fine specificity might recognize the two peptides.
Intranasal Delivery of Cationic PLGA Nano/Microparticles- Loaded FMDV DNA Vaccine Encoding IL-6 Elicited Protective Immunity against FMDV Challenge (2011)

Mucosal vaccination has been demonstrated to be an effective means of eliciting protective immunity against aerosol infections of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and various approaches have been used to improve mucosal response to this pathogen. In this study, cationic PLGA (poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) nano/microparticles were used as an intranasal delivery vehicle as a means administering FMDV DNA vaccine encoding the FMDV capsid protein and the bovine IL-6 gene as a means of enhancing mucosal and systemic immune responses in animals. Three eukaryotic expression plasmids with or without bovine IL-6 gene (pc-P12A3C, pc-IL2AP12A3C and pc-P12AIL3C) were generated. The two latter plasmids were designed with the IL-6 gene located either before or between the P12A and 3C genes, respectively, as a means of determining if the location of the IL-6 gene affected capsid assembly and the subsequent immune response. Guinea pigs and rats were intranasally vaccinated with the respective chitosan-coated PLGA nano/microparticles-loaded FMDV DNA vaccine formulations. Animals immunized with pc-P12AIL3C (followed by animals vaccinated with pc-P12A3C and pc-IL2AP12A3C) developed the highest levels of antigen-specific serum IgG and IgA antibody responses and the highest levels of sIgA (secretory IgA) present in mucosal tissues. However, the highest levels of neutralizing antibodies were generated in pc-IL2AP12A3C-immunized animals (followed by pc-P12AIL3C- and then in pc-P12A3C-immunized animals). pc-IL2AP12A3C-immunized animals also developed stronger cell mediated immune responses (followed by pc-P12AIL3C- and pc-P12A3C-immunized animals) as evidenced by antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and expression levels of IFN-γ by both CD4+ and CD8+ splenic T cells. The percentage of animals protected against FMDV challenge following immunizations with pc-IL2AP12A3C, pc-P12AIL3C or pc-P12A3C were 3/5, 1/5 and 0/5, respectively. These data suggested that intranasal delivery of cationic PLGA nano/microparticles loaded with various FMDV DNA vaccine formulations encoding IL-6 as a molecular adjuvant enhanced protective immunity against FMDV, particularly pc-IL2AP12A3C with IL-6 gene located before P12A3C gene.
New approach to deposition of W and Mo on CdTe by the electroless method (2009)

The feasibility of depositing tungsten and molybdenum contacts on cadmium telluride by the electroless method has been demonstrated.
A novel monolithic LNA integrating a common-source HEMT with an HBT Darlington amplifier (1995)

Here we report on the results of a novel HEMT-HBT LNA MMIC fabricated using selective molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) techniques. This unique circuit monolithically integrates a low-noise common-source HEMT with an HBT Darlington feedback amplifier to achieve high gain, low noise figure, and wide bandwidth utilizing a compact direct-coupled topology. The miniature direct-coupled MMIC is 0.9/spl times/0.7 mm/sup 2/ in size and obtains 1-8 GHz bandwidth, greater than 17.5 dB gain, and a minimum noise figure of 2.5 dB. The maximum IP3 is 18 dBm with a saturated output power (P/sub sat/)>12 dBm. The HEMT-HBT amplifier achieves comparable P/sub sat/ performance to the conventional HBT-only Darlington amplifier while achieving over 2-dB reduction in noise figure across the band. This work benchmarks the first HEMT-HBT MMIC that illustrates microwave performance advantages when compared to an HBT-only design.
Differences in Bird Communities on the Forest Edge and in the Forest Interior. Are There Forest-interior Specialists in Japan? (1999)

Most North American bird species that are less successful in small forests than in large forests, are forest-interior specialists that winter in the tropics. These species have declined in small forests because of high rates of nest predation and brood parasitism near the forest edge. To determine whether migratory forest-interior specialists are also important components of bird communities in Japan, we surveyed bird populations on plots at the edge and in the interior of deciduous forests in Hokkaido and Kyoto. Surveys were conducted during the breeding season in forest fragments using the point count method. We calculated edge indices for the most abundant species in Hokkaido and Kyoto (38 and 18 species, respectively). Among the nine species that were more abundant in interior than in edge plots in Hokkaido were the following tropical migrants: Turdus cardis, Phylloscopus coronatus, and Cuculus saturatus. In Kyoto, the abundance of particular species of tropical migrants was too low to permit statistical analysis. We therefore analyzed the rare species as a group and this group was more abundant in the forest interior than on the forest edge. Three resident species, Garrulus glandrius, Picus awokera, and Bambusicola thoracica, were also more abundant in the forest interior. The most frequent potential nest predator, Corvus macrorhynchos, was more abundant at the edge than in the interior in Hokkaido, but showed the reverse pattern in Kyoto. The abundance of the most frequent brood parasite in Hokkaido, Cuculus saturatus, had a weak positive relation with the abundance of its host species, but was not significantly related to the distance from the forest edge. Therefore, the major negative edge effects in Japan may be due to nest predation by corvids. The impact of negative edge effects, as well as the effect of forest structure, on forest-interior birds in Japan should be the focus of future research.
Weakly Supervised Joint Sentiment-Topic Detection from Text (2011)

Sentiment analysis or opinion mining aims to use automated tools to detect subjective information such as opinions, attitudes, and feelings expressed in text. This paper proposes a novel probabilistic modeling framework called joint sentiment-topic (JST) model based on latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), which detects sentiment and topic simultaneously from text. A reparameterized version of the JST model called Reverse-JST, obtained by reversing the sequence of sentiment and topic generation in the modeling process, is also studied. Although JST is equivalent to Reverse-JST without a hierarchical prior, extensive experiments show that when sentiment priors are added, JST performs consistently better than Reverse-JST. Besides, unlike supervised approaches to sentiment classification which often fail to produce satisfactory performance when shifting to other domains, the weakly supervised nature of JST makes it highly portable to other domains. This is verified by the experimental results on data sets from five different domains where the JST model even outperforms existing semi-supervised approaches in some of the data sets despite using no labeled documents. Moreover, the topics and topic sentiment detected by JST are indeed coherent and informative. We hypothesize that the JST model can readily meet the demand of large-scale sentiment analysis from the web in an open-ended fashion.
Stratified analyses for selecting appropriate target patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy for long‐term treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor, epalrestat (2008)

Our results suggest that epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, will provide a clinically significant means of preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy if used in appropriate patients.
An improved heuristic algorithm for frequency assignment in nonhomogeneous cellular mobile networks (2005)

We present an improved heuristic sequential algorithm for fixed frequency assignment in mobile radio systems with nonequal cells. This algorithm models the problem using nonbinary constraints and accounts for the interference level and the number of channel requirements to define a degree of difficulty for each cell in order to establish the sequence for the assignment process. Improvements with respect to an existing algorithm are done by accounting for transmitting power and adjacent channel interference, and by introducing a more accurate urban propagation model.
PROGRESSIVE DEGENERATIVE SUBCORTICAL ENCEPHALOPATHY (1928)

In 1922, we presented before the American Neurological Association1the clinical and pathologic observations in a case which we termed progressive subcortical encephalopathy. Clinically, the case (that of a child) was characterized by an acute onset and progressive development of generalized spasticity and mental deterioration, followed by convulsive attacks and other features of a decerebrate rigidity as terminal events. The anatomic alterations were striking. They were degenerative and, although diffuse and widely distributed, were nevertheless distinctly limited to the white substance (subcortex) of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres. The gray matter was undisturbed and was without the slightest suggestion of disease. Since that time, three more cases of similar character have come under observation. They are all so strikingly alike anatomically and have so much in common clinically that we are presenting them as members of a single group. In describing these cases, it is our aim to find
PREPARATION AND ANALYSES OF MnO 2 /CARBON COMPOSITES FOR RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM-AIR BATTERY (2011)

MnO 2 -carbon composites with various Mn/C ratios were prepared by precipitation method. The composites were cast onto Ni foam to be evaluated as cathodes of Li-air battery. Charge-discharge tests were carried out by using a Swagelok type cell in an 1 M LiPF 6 in a mixture of propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1:1:2 weight ratio). The influence of Mn/C ratio on both capacity and charge/discharge behavior was investigated. The cycle performance of Li/O 2 batteries was strongly dependent on Mn/C ratio. With increasing amount of MnO 2 , the cycle performance of Li/O 2 batteries improved. The influ- ence of electrolyte amount was also investigated, and the best cycle performance was achieved when 90 L of electrolyte was used.
A low-cost and advanced SiO<sub>x</sub>–C composite with hierarchical structure as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (2015)

A cost-efficient and scalable method is designed to prepare a SiOx-C composite with superior cyclability and excellent rate performance. The glucose addition in a two-step way induces a hierarchical structure, where individual SiOx nanoparticles are wrapped by a conductive carbon layer and these agglomerated particles are further wrapped by a carbon shell functioning as an electrolyte blocking layer. Instrumental analysis indicates that the SiOx domains are comprised of SiO2 and SiO. The SiOx-C anode exhibits a high reversible specific capacity of 674.8 mA h g(-1) after 100 cycles at 100 mA g(-1) with a capacity retention of about 83.5%. The excellent electrochemical performance is due to the hierarchical structure, the well-dispersed conductive carbon network, and the Li2O and Li4SiO4 generated in the initial discharge process, all of which can immensely relieve the volume expansion induced by the lithiation of silicon. This hierarchical SiOx-C composite has a promising prospect of practical application given its adequate storage capacity, good cycling stability, commercially available materials and simple equipment.
The Clostridial Fermentations of Choline and Ethanolamine (1965)

PROCEI)URE &fate&la-Choline bromide-l, 2-14C, choline chloride-CHB-i4C, ethanolamine hydrochloride-l ,2-14C, and sodium pyruvatel-l% were obtained from Tracerlab.'*Pi
Spiking Neural Networks: Principles and Challenges (2014)

Over the last decade, various spiking neural network models have been proposed, along with a similarly increasing interest in spiking models of computation in computational neuroscience. The aim of this tutorial paper is to outline some of the common ground in state-of-the-art spiking neural networks as well as open challenges.
Compiler and software distributed shared memory support for irregular applications (1997)

We investigate the use of a software distributed shared memory (DSM) layer to support irregular computations on distributed memory machines. Software DSM supports irregular computation through demand fetching of data in response to memory access faults. With the addition of a very limited form of compiler support, namely the identification of the section of the indirection array accessed by each processor, many of these on-demand page fetches can be aggregated into a single message, and prefetched prior to the access fault.We have measured the performance of this approach for two irregular applications, moldyn and nbf, using the Tread-Marks DSM system on an 8-processor IBM SP2. We find that it has similar performance to the inspector-executor method supported by the CHAOS run-time library, while requiring much simpler compile-time support. For moldyn, it is up to 23% faster than CHAOS, depending on the input problem's characteristics; and for nbf, it is no worse than 14% slower. If we include the execution time of the inspector, the software DSM-based approach is always faster than CHAOS. The advantage of this approach increases as the frequency of changes to the indirection array increases. The disadvantage of this approach is the potential for false sharing overhead when the data set is small or has poor spatial locality.
Conflict and cooperation in managing international water resources (1994)

Water is often not confined within territorial boundaries so conflicts may arise about shared water resources. When such boundaries lie within a federal state, conflicts may be peacefully and efficiently resolved under law, and if the state fail to reach an agreement, the federal government may impose one. Similar international conflicts are more difficult to resolve because no third party has the authority to enforce an agreement among national states, let alone impose one. Such international agreements must be self-enforcing. Efficient outcomes may emerge, but are not guaranteed. International law may emphasize the doctrine of"equitable utilization"of water resources, but there is no clear definition of what this implies. In the Colorado River case, the polluter (the United States) agreed to pay for all the costs of providing the downstream neighbor (Mexico) with clean water. In the Rhine River case, the downstream country (the Netherlands) agreed to pay part - but not all - of the costs of cleanup. In Colombia River Treaty case, both parties agreed to incur construction costs on their side of the border and share evenly the gross (not the net) benefit. This division may well have yielded a smaller net benefit to the United States than unilateral development would have, but the United States ratified the treaty. Negotiated outcomes need not to maximize net benefits for all countries. To some extent, inefficiencies can be traced to the desire to nationalize resources rather than to gain from cooperative development. The Indus Waters Treaty, for example, divided the Indus and its tributaries between India and Pakistan, rather than exploit joint use and development of the basin. Both efficiency and equity should be considered in agreements for managing international water resources. The 1959 Nile Waters Agreement between Egypt and Sudan did not reserve water for upstream riparians - notably, Ethiopia. A basinwide approach could make use of Nile waters more efficient and benefit all three riparians: Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan. Construction of dams in Ethiopia would give that country irrigation, would eliminate the annual Nile flood, and would increase the total water available to Ethiopia and Sudan. In negotiations over use of the Nile, the net benefits of basinwide management, and the ways these three riparians could share equitably in gains, should be demonstrated. In the 1980s, Egypt did not run short of water because Sudan did not take its full allocation and because Ethiopia did not withdraw any water from the basin. Increased water demand will inevitably create tension between the states.
Detection of gross erros in data reconciliation by principal component analysis (1995)

Abstract Statistical testing provides a tool for engineers and operators to judge the valididty of process measurements and data reconciliation. Univeriate, maximum power and chisquare tests have been widely used for this purpose. Their performance, however, has not always been satisfactory. A new class of test statistics for detection and identification of gross errors is presented based on principal component analysis and is compared to the other statistics. It is shown that the new test is capable of detecting gross erros of smallmaginitudes and has substantial power to correctly identify the variables in error, when the other tests fail.
Synthesis of Thermally Stable Polymers (1978)

A number of novel reactions with ambient temperature cure potential were investigated. The most promising system consisted of the formation of alkynyl-substituted polyurethanes which underwent base-catalyzed, intramolecular-cycloaddition cures to afford the corresponding polyoxazolidones. With the specific systems synthesized, however, intramolecular-cycloaddition cures were achieved only in solution.
Cryptanalysis of fast encryption algorithm for multimedia FEA-M (2002)

Certain weaknesses in the algebraic structure of the previously proposed fast encryption algorithm for multimedia FEA-M are pointed out. It is shown that, when the secret key consists of k bits, under realistic chosen and known plaintext attacks, the secret key recovery has complexity proportional to 2k/sup 2/ and k/sup 4/, respectively, implying that FEA-M is an insecure algorithm even if the secret keys of 4096 bits are employed.
The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists (2005)

This revision of the classification of unicellular eukaryotes updates that of Levine et al. (1980) for the protozoa and expands it to include other protists. Whereas the previous revision was primarily to incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, this revision incorporates results from both ultrastructural research since 1980 and molecular phylogenetic studies. We propose a scheme that is based on nameless ranked systematics. The vocabulary of the taxonomy is updated, particularly to clarify the naming of groups that have been repositioned. We recognize six clusters of eukaryotes that may represent the basic groupings similar to traditional "kingdoms." The multicellular lineages emerged from within monophyletic protist lineages: animals and fungi from Opisthokonta, plants from Archaeplastida, and brown algae from Stramenopiles.
Soziale Erfahrungen Jugendlicher (1989)

Um die Arbeit des Jugendverbandes FDJ der DDR neuen Bedürfnissen und Erwartungen anpassen zu können, wurde im Sommer 1988 eine Befragung von 1.900 Jugendlichen zu ihrem Geschichtsbewußtsein und speziell zu ihrer Einstellung zum DDR-Alltag durchgeführt. Hintergrund der Untersuchung ist das zunehmend gespannte Verhältnis der Jugendlichen zur FDJ und die nachlassende Identifikation mit ihrem Verband (So antworteten z. B. nur 19 Prozent zustimmend auf die Frage: "Die FDJ vertritt meine Interessen."; lediglich 1 Prozent der Schüler gaben ohne Vorbehalte die Antwort: "Ich werde in meiner FDJ-Gruppe gebraucht."). Als Fazit wird auf Grund dieser Ergebnisse folgerichtig formuliert: "Insgesamt stellt sich für den Jugendverband mit wachsendem Nachdruck die Aufgabe, die Verbundenheit mit den Jugendlichen unbedingt zu vertiefen." Insbesondere werden eine "Entfaltung der innerverbandlichen Demokratie, der Selbständigkeit und der Eigenverantwortlichkeit" für die Verbandsorgane und -mitglieder gefordert. (psz)
Privilege delegation and agent-oriented access control in naplet (2004)

Access control in existing Java-based mobile agents is mostly based on code source due to limitations of early Java security architecture. That is, authorization is based on where the agent code comes from, regardless of the subject of code execution. This paper presents an agent-oriented access control strategy, by taking advantage of the latest Java subject-based security features. It allows the agents to exercise their privileges based on their own roles in distributed applications. The access control is realized by a group of additional agent-oriented permissions. They grant access control privileges to system resources and services in a flexible and secure manner. Permission implications between agents of different clone generations and from different owners are also supported.