gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recursive Composition and Bootstrapping for SNARKs and Proof-Carrying Data. (2012)

Succinct non-interactive arguments (SNARGs) enable verifying NP statements with much lower complexity than required for classical NP verification (in fact, with complexity that is independent of the NP language at hand). In particular, SNARGs provide strong solutions to the problem of verifiably delegating computation. Despite recent progress in the understanding and construction of SNARGs, there remain unattained goals. First, publicly-verifiable SNARGs are only known either in the random oracle model, or in a model that allows expensive offline preprocessing. Second, known SNARGs require from the prover significantly more time or space than required for classical NP verification. We show that, assuming collision-resistant hashing, any SNARG having a natural proof of knowledge property (i.e., a SNARK) can be “bootstrapped” to obtain a complexity-preserving SNARK, i.e., one without expensive preprocessing and where the prover’s time and space complexity is essentially the same as that required for classical NP verification. By applying our transformation to known publiclyverifiable SNARKs with expensive preprocessing, we obtain the first publicly-verifiable complexitypreserving SNARK in the plain model (and in particular, eliminate the expensive preprocessing), thereby attaining the aforementioned goals. We also show an analogous transformation for privately-verifiable SNARKs, assuming fully-homomorphic encryption. Curiously, our transformations do not rely on PCPs. At the heart of our transformations is recursive composition of SNARKs and, more generally, new techniques for constructing and using proof-carrying data (PCD) systems, which extend the notion of a SNARK to the distributed setting. Concretely, to bootstrap a given SNARK, we recursively compose the SNARK to obtain a “weak” PCD system for shallow distributed computations, and then use the PCD framework to attain stronger, complexity-preserving SNARKs and PCD systems. ∗Supported by the Check Point Institute for Information Security, Marie Curie grant PIRG03-GA-2008-230640, and ISF grant 0603805843. The first author was also supported by the Fulbright program. †Supported by the Check Point Institute for Information Security and by the Israeli Centers of Research Excellence (I-CORE) program (center No. 4/11).
Laser microjoining of dissimilar and biocompatible materials (2004)

Micro-joining and hermetic sealing of dissimilar and biocompatible materials is a critical issue for a broad spectrum of products such as micro-electronics, micro-optical and biomedical products and devices. Today, biocompatible titanium is widely applied as a material for orthopedic implants as well as for the encapsulation of implantable devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators, and neural stimulator devices. Laser joining is the process of choice to hermetically seal such devices. Laser joining is a contact-free process, therefore minimizing mechanical load on the parts to be joined and the controlled heat input decreases the potential for thermal damage to the highly sensitive components. Laser joining also offers flexibility, shorter processing time and higher quality. However, novel biomedical products, in particular implantable microsystems currently under development, pose new challenges to the assembly and packaging process based on the higher level of integration, the small size of the device's features, and the type of materials and material combinations. In addition to metals, devices will also include glass, ceramic and polymers as biocompatible building materials that must be reliably joined in similar and dissimilar combinations. Since adhesives often lack long-term stability or do not meet biocompatibility requirements, new joining techniques are needed to address these joining challenges. Localized laser joining provides promising developments in this area. This paper describes the latest achievements in micro-joining of metallic and non-metallic materials with laser radiation. The focus is on material combinations of metal-polymer, polymer-glass, metal-glass and metal-ceramic using CO<sub>2</sub>, Nd:YAG and diode laser radiation. The potential for applications in the biomedical sector will be demonstrated.
Analysis of explosives <b><i>via</i></b> microchip electrophoresis and conventional capillary electrophoresis: A review (2005)

The upsurge in terrorist activity has generated tremendous demand for innovative tools capable of detecting major industrial, military, and home-made (improvised) explosives. Fast, sensitive, and reliable detection of explosives in the field is a very important issue in nowadays. CE, especially in its miniaturized format (lab-on-a-chip), offers great possibilities to create portable, field deployable, rapidly responding, and potentially disposable devices, allowing security forces to make the important decisions regarding the safety of civilians. This article overviews the microchip and conventional capillary electrophoretic techniques for analysis of a wide variety of explosive compounds and mixtures.
Effect of the Mandibular Orthopedic Repositioning Appliance (MORA) on Forearm Muscle Activation and Grasping Power during Pinch and Hook Grip (2014)

[Purpose] This study verified the changes in muscle activities and grasping power during maximal isometric exercise of the forearm and masseter muscle with and without a mandibular orthopedic repositioning appliance (MORA). It also offers basic data for defining the correlation of function of hand with mouth. [Methods] EMG was used to measure masticatory muscle, flexor bundle and extensor bundle activities with or without MORA while subjects performed the hook grip and pinch grip. The measuring tool used for measuring grip strength was the same as that used for measuring pinch and hook strength. The subjects were 28 healthy young adults. [Result] Muscle activity and grasping power significantly increased when wearing the MORA. [Conclusion] The result indicates that wearing MORA can increase muscle activity and grasping power of forearm and masseter muscle. We think wearing MORA might help improve the function of the forearm because it activates the function of the masseter.
Evidence of Bragg scattering in microwave Doppler spectra of sea return (1990)

Microwave signals backscattered from the ocean (and one lake) have been collected at many different windspeeds and fetches. Doppler spectra of some signals obtained at low microwave frequencies exhibit double peaks clearly indicating Bragg scattering. At higher microwave frequencies, high wind speeds, long fetches, or in the presence of substantial swell, these splittings disappear. A model of microwave Doppler spectra based on Bragg‐scattering, composite‐surface theory is developed and used to show that the results obtained in these field studies are compatible with the hypothesis that Bragg scattering dominates microwave backscatter from rough water surfaces under many wind speed and incidence angle conditions. In particular, the model shows double peaks of the proper separation which disappear under the same conditions as those of the actual spectra. Furthermore, Doppler bandwidths given by the model agree with those of the field data under a variety of conditions. A rough angular dependence of the amplitudes of Bragg waves traveling in different directions with respect to the wind is deduced from the measurements. Finally, the implications of these findings for synthetic aperture radar imagery of the ocean are briefly discussed.
Lentiviral Transgenesis (2009)

Lentiviral vectors efficiently transfer genes into a broad spectrum of cells and tissues, including non-dividing cells and stem cells. Lentiviruses integrate their viral genome into the host chromosome, which is the basis for virus latency as well as stable transgene expression. A rather novel development is the use of lentivectors to transfer transgenes in oocytes and early embryos to generate transgenic animals, a technology also known as lentiviral transgenesis. Lentiviral transgenesis has been shown to be highly efficient in many different species, including mouse, rat, pig, bovine, and even birds. Thus, lentiviral transgenesis has the potential to become a versatile and widespread transgenic technology. The aim of this chapter is to cover important practical aspects of lentiviral transgenesis, including vector preparation, gene delivery into the early embryos and lentiviral RNA interference.
Generation of Plasma Induced Flow Actuation by DC Glow-like Discharge in a Supersonic Flow (2006)

Plasma induced flow field modification is studied experimentally using non-equilibrium DC surface discharge in a Mach 3 supersonic flow. An array of small pin electrodes (φ = 3/32”) is used in streamwise plasma discharge configuration. The schlieren imaging shows that an oblique shock can be obtained with a volumetric glow discharge on the cathode with a relatively low current (as low as 50 mA). The actuation is found to be immediate with a time scale less than 222 µs whenever there is a noticeable volumetric glow region on the cathode in both cathode upstream and cathode downstream cases. With a laser schlieren, three identifiable modes are observed and the selected modes which have a volumetric glow on top of the cathode can give an actuation while the other mode does not show any noticeable effect. The conditions to get an appropriate mode are dependent mostly on the stagnation pressure. Increasing the current gives a preference to have a constricted plasma while a pressure decrease gives a volumetric glow. Nomenclature ne electron number density, cm−3 Te electron temperature, eV e electron charge, C (=1.6 × 10−19) µe electron mobility, cm2/V s E Electric field, V/cm I.
Electronic and structural properties of BN and BP (1986)

We present a pseudopotential study within the local-density formalism of the structural and electronic properties of zinc-blende BN and BP. The ground-state properties of these systems such as bulk moduli, lattice constants, cohesive energies, and frequencies of the TO phonon mode are in good agreement with experimental results. The valence charge density of BP shows two local maxima along the bond, which is similar to the case of diamond. In contrast, the charge density of BN is similar to that of a typical III-V compound semiconductor. The resulting band structures have some important features which are in disagreement with previously published work. Like most III-V compound semiconductors, the fundamental gap in BP decreases with decreasing volume. The corresponding gap in BN, however, increases with decreasing volume as was also found in diamond.
High-Temperature Superconductors, the First Ternary System (1972)

A new system of high-temperature superconductors is reported. The compounds, Mo(6 - x)A(x)S(6) where A is Cu, Zn, Mg, Ag, Cd, Sn, or Pb, are rhombohedral with a approximately 6.5 angstroms and approximately 90 degrees . The transition temperatures range from approximately 2.5 degrees K for the Cd compound to approximately 13 degrees K for the Pb compound.
Amyloid β Levels in Human Red Blood Cells (2012)

Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN42483402.
Ion-assisted deposition of mixed TiO2-SiO2 films (1989)

Mixed thin films of TiO2 and SiO2 were produced by coevaporation from separate electron-beam sources and simultaneous bombardment of the growing film with oxygen ions. The optical properties of the films were determined during growth by in situ ellipsometry and the surface composition of the deposited films studied by in situ ion scattering spectroscopy, ex situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy filtered electron diffraction. The correlation between the optical and surface characterization is presented. There is evidence of local variations in the relative concentrations of TiO2 and SiO2. The position of the Si 2p binding energy depends on the TiO2 content in the film, indicating the possible formation of an intimate mixture.
Dissociation of DNA damage and mitochondrial injury caused by hydrogen peroxide in SV-40 transformed lung epithelial cells (2002)

BACKGROUND: Since lung epithelial cells are constantly being exposed to reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), the alveolar surface is a major site of oxidative stress, and each cell type may respond differently to oxidative stress. We compared the extent of oxidative DNA damage with that of mitochondrial injury in lung epithelial cells at the single cell level. RESULT: DNA damage and mitochondrial injury were measured after oxidative stress in the SV-40 transformed lung epithelial cell line challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Single cell analysis of DNA damage was determined by assessing the number of 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) positive cells, a marker of DNA modification, and the length of a comet tail. Mitochondrial membrane potential, DeltaPsim, was determined using JC-1. A 1 h pulse of H2O2 induced small amounts of apoptosis (3%). 8-oxo-dG-positive cells and the length of the comet tail increased within 1 h of exposure to H2O2. The number of cells with reduced DeltaPsim increased after the addition of H2O2 in a concentration-dependent manner. In spite of a continual loss of DeltaPsim, DNA fragmentation was reduced 2 h after exposure to H2O2. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that SV-40 transformed lung epithelial cells are resistant to oxidative stress, showing that DNA damage can be dissociated from mitochondrial injury.
Culvert Replacement and Stream Habitat Restoration: Implications from Brook Trout Management in an Appalachian Watershed, U.S.A. (2009)

Abstract Large‐scale culvert replacement programs could benefit migratory fish populations by reconnecting reproductive and foraging habitats in fragmented watersheds. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify stream and culvert characteristics contributing to fish passage barriers within an Appalachian watershed, U.S.A.; (2) quantify the total amount of Brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) reproductive habitat isolated above culverts; and (3) use an ecological currency to identify culvert replacement priorities and stream mitigation credit opportunities. We surveyed 120 state‐owned culverts and used a fish passage assessment filter to determine the “passability” of each culvert. We then constructed a geographic information system stream network model to quantify the amount of trout reproductive habitat isolated by culverts. Ninety‐seven percent of surveyed culverts were classified as obstacles or complete barriers to trout dispersal. Culvert impassability was higher in small streams with slopes exceeding 3–5%, suggesting a direct relationship between slope and impassability. Thirty‐three percent of Brook trout reproductive habitat, representing over 200 km of stream, was isolated by culverts. This is a conservative estimate, because we did not survey privately or federally owned culverts. The top 20 prioritized culverts accounted for nearly half of the habitat loss. Our results indicate that standard culvert designs placed in streams with slopes exceeding 5% consistently produce trout dispersal barriers and should be avoided during new road construction. The process developed here provides an efficient method for identifying culvert replacement priorities and may be used to maximize watershed scale benefits of stream restoration.
Compact photorefractive correlator for robotic applications (1992)

We design, implement, and test a multichannel photorefractive optical joint transform correlator that is capable of performing sorting tasks for robotic applications. The use of mini-YAG lasers and liquid-crystal spatial light modulators, in conjunction with updatable holographic BSO crystals, results in a compact correlator (600 mm × 300 mm × 300 mm) with real-time capabilities (100-ms recognition speed). Flexibility is a built-in feature, and correlation is demonstrated for various applications. Electronic and optical preprocessing and postprocessing for improving demonstrator performances are also discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ferrite Materials for Thermochemical CO<sub>2</sub>Splitting Using Concentrated Solar Energy (2010)

The Sunshine to Petrol effort at Sandia aims to convert carbon dioxide and water to precursors for liquid hydrocarbon fuels using concentrated solar power. Significant advances have been made in the field of solar thermochemical CO2-splitting technologies utilizing yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-supported ferrite composites. Conceptually, such materials work via the basic redox reactions: Fe3O4→ 3FeO + 0.5O2 (Thermal reduction, >1350°C) and 3FeO + CO2→ Fe3O4 + CO (CO2-splitting oxidation, <1200°C). There has been limited fundamental characterization of the ferrite-based materials at the high temperatures and conditions present in these cycles. A systematic study of these composites is underway in an effort to begin to elucidate microstructure, structure-property relationships, and the role of the support on redox behavior under high-temperature reducing and oxidizing environments. In this paper the synthesis, structural characterization (including scanning electron microscopy and room temperature and in-situ x-ray diffraction), and thermogravimetric analysis of YSZ-supported ferrites will be reported.
An Improved Mass Spectrometer Ion Source (1954)

Modifications of an electron impact ion source for a 60° mass spectrometer are described. The changes consist of (1) an almost completely enclosed ionization region which greatly reduces the contribution of ions from thermal decomposition products on the filament and reduces the contribution of background peaks and (2) a built-in aligned and stronger magnetic field which eliminates source magnet adjustment, collimates the electron beam better and permits the use of a higher repeller voltage thereby increasing the collection efficiency for ions with initial kinetic energy. The performance of the source is described.
The political economy of fiscal policy and inflation in developing countries : an empirical analysis (1991)

Most economists treat fiscal policy as exogenous and consider policymakers as machines to be programmed. Rarely do they seek to determine why, for instance, some countries rely on the inflation tax while others use direct taxation, let alone what political factors affect such decisions. Yet without a theory of how fiscal policymakers behave, at both the revenue and the expenditure levels, there is no guarantee that policy advice will turn out to be sound. The authors present the results of an empirical analysis of the political economy of fiscal policy for a group of developing countries. They look at alternative ways of incorporating political variables into the explanation of government policy actions. Dividing their results into three sections, one each for inflation, budget deficits, and devaluations, they find that: (a) the equilibrium inflation rate is higher the more citizens disagree about which party should hold office, and the more unlikely it is that the government currently in office will be reappointed; (b) political instability and polarization lead to a collective myopia that sometimes tempts policymakers to borrow too heavily and to leave the bills to their successors; and (c) governments tend to implement adjustment policies early in their tenure when they command political authority, but if political conflict arises, they may lack the strength to change the macroeconomic status quo and will resort instead to inflation and deficits.
Development of a Novel Quantum Dots and Graphene Oxide Based FRET Assay for Rapid Detection of invA Gene of Salmonella (2017)

A novel, rapid and simple fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based <i>Salmonella</i> specific gene, <i>invA</i>, detection system was developed, in which quantum dots (QDs) and graphene oxide (GO) worked as fluorescent donor and quencher, respectively. By measuring the fluorescence intensity signal, the <i>Salmonella</i> specific <i>invA</i> gene could be sensitively and specifically detected with a limit of detection (LOD) of ∼4 nM of the <i>invA</i> gene in 20 min. The developed system has the potential to be used for <i>Salmonella</i> detection in food and environmental samples and further developed into a platform for detection of other bacterial pathogens.
Antiangiogenic Activity of a Neutralizing Human Single-Chain Antibody Fragment against Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (2010)

Fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) transduces proangiogenic and proliferative signals in human cancers. Thus, FGFR-1 may represent a target for the development of antiangiogenic/antineoplastic therapies. We screened a human single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody phage display library against the extracellular domain of the FGFR-1-IIIc isoform that harbors the FGF binding site. Several phages were isolated and tested for specificity and sensitivity, and the most promising antibody fragment RR-C2 was characterized for its biochemical and biological properties. ScFv RR-C2 specifically recognizes FGFR-1α and FGFR-1β isoforms in ELISA, Western blotting, and surface plasmon resonance analysis with a K(d) value of 300 and 144 nmol/L for the 2 receptor isoforms, respectively. The antibody fragment also recognizes FGFR-1 when the receptor is exposed on the cell surface, thus preventing the formation of the ternary complex among FGFR-1, its ligand FGF2, and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Accordingly, scFv RR-C2 specifically inhibits FGF2-mediated mitogenic activity in endothelial cells of human, bovine, and murine origin in a nanomolar range of concentrations. Also, the antibody fragment prevents FGF2-triggered sprouting of both human umbilical vein endothelial cell spheroids and of murine endothelium from aortic rings. Finally, the antibody fragment hampers the angiogenic activity exerted both by FGF2 in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay and by S115 mouse mammary tumor cells in the Matrigel plug assay. Taken together, the data show that scFv RR-C2 recognizes and neutralizes FGFR-1 activity in different animal species, including humans, thus representing a novel tool for the development of antiangiogenic/antineoplastic therapies.
Studies in Organic Fluorine Compounds. Synthesis of Fluorinated Hydrazones, Aryl Esters of P-Halogenated Phenols, Fluorinated Hydroxy Ketones and their Thiosemicarbazones and Fluoro- substituted Thiazoles and their Mercury Derivatives as Possible Fungicides (1976)

Chemistry Department, University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, (U.P.).<br> <br> <em>Manuscript received 20 February 1975 ; revised 6 December 1975 ; accepted 19 March 1976</em> Twenty four fluorinated hydrazones, seven aryl esters of p-halogenated phenols, seven fluori­nated hydroxy ketones and their thiosemicarbazones, ten fluorosubstituted thiazoles and their mercury derivatives have been synthesised with a view to study their antifungal activity. Most of the compounds were screened for their antifungal activity against <em>Aspergillus /tiger. </em>All of them were found to be antifungal.
Rapid Anaerobic Benzene Oxidation with a Variety of Chelated Fe(III) Forms (1996)

Fe(III) chelated to such compounds as EDTA, N-methyliminodiacetic acid, ethanol diglycine, humic acids, and phosphates stimulated benzene oxidation coupled to Fe(III) reduction in anaerobic sediments from a petroleum-contaminated aquifer as effectively as or more effectively than nitrilotriacetic acid did in a previously demonstrated stimulation experiment. These results indicate that many forms of chelated Fe(III) might be applicable to aquifer remediation.