gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
7 Developmentally Programmed Healing of Chromosomes (1995)

Chromosome healing is a developmentally programmed process in diverse eukaryotes. In 1887, Boveri reported that in the parasitic nematode Parascaris equorum, the chromosomes in the presomatic cells of early embryos became fragmented and heterochromatin was eliminated. Similar findings were made for other parasitic nematodes: In Ascaris megalocephala (also called Parascaris univalens ) the single pair of chromosomes in diploid germ-line cells is broken into more than 40 fragments in the progenitors of the somatic cells at a fixed stage of early embryonic development (for review, see Muller et al. 1991). These fragments must be stabilized, because they are transmitted intact throughout subsequent somatic cell divisions. Although most organisms do not undergo such extensive chromosome breakage, many exhibit a developmentally regulated response to an accidentally broken chromosome end. In the 1930s, Barbara McClintock showed that in a growing maize plant, when a ring dicentric chromosome was ruptured as its two centromeres separated, the resulting broken ends fused with each other to form a new ring chromosome. Importantly, McClintock made the original observation that this fate of a broken end was not inevitable: Depending on the tissue type and developmental stage, the broken end could lose its tendency to fuse with other broken ends (McClintock 1939), and McClintock concluded that such a broken end had “healed.” The healed end thereby became as permanently stable as any normal telomere through all subsequent nuclear divisions. This implies that a permanent molecular modification of the broken end of the chromosome occurred upon healing. Such healing specifically...
STORAGE STABILITY of MINIMALLY PROCESSED FRUIT (1989)

Fresh peeled and halved apricots, peaches and pears were dipped in various solutions to retard product browning and texture loss during refrigerated storage. Calcium and zinc compounds were effective in reducing enzymatic browning. the addition of an oxygen scavenger into the packaged product significantly reduced texture loss from structural polymer breakdown for apricot and peach halves but not for pear halves. Oxygen reduction in packaged pears resulted in only slightly retarded texture loss.
Graphenes Bonding Forces in Graphite (2007)

Graphenes bonding forces in graphite are widely known as an example of the van der Waals forces. Well-known experimental facts relative to graphite negate this. A comparison of physical properties of graphite and molecular crystals and metals is shown. A model of dominant weak metallic bonding forces between graphenes is proposed. Brief theoretical background to the model is given.
Milkfat characteristics and functionality: opportunities for improvement (2002)

\n\t\t\t\t\tManipulation of the composition of milkfat has the potential to improve the nutritional properties and physical functionality of milkfat and its acceptability in the market. The modifications that have been targeted from a nutritional perspective have included:<br />(a) reducing the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids;<br />(b) increasing the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; and<br />(c) increasing the content of conjugated linoleic acid.<br />From a physical functionality viewpoint, the outcome targeted has been an improvement in the spreadability of butter by altering milkfat composition to reduce the hardness of milkfat. Both on-farm strategies and the application of appropriate post-farm processing technologies may be used to alter the milkfat composition to enhance its nutritional image and its physical functionality for a range of product applications. However, changes in milkfat composition that are desirable for a specific nutritional purpose or for one type of milk-based product may not meet all the desirable requirements of another milkfat or dairy product. Furthermore, modification of the milkfat composition can also have an influence on the processing characteristics of milk and the quality of finished dairy products. It is essential to substantiate the benefits of specific target nutritional or physical functionality outcomes before the introduction of breeding goals, altered milk production systems or post-farm processing operations to manipulate milkfat composition. This paper reviews the variation in milkfat characteristics and the strategies that have been used to modify milkfat composition to achieve milkfat with altered nutritional and physical functional properties.<br />\n\t\t\t\t
High voltage ignitron rectifiers and inverters for railroad service (1946)

Single-anode pumped-type mercury-arc-rectifier tubes have been established in the 300-, 600-, and 900-volt field in the past few years, and as a result they have become the most important type of equipment for large power conversion at these voltages. The ignitron was the major development which brought about the change from multianode to single anode tubes in this low voltage field. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> Recently sealed ignitrons have been developed for very high voltages and lower currents. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> This paper describes high voltage pumped ignitrons which have been made available for power conversion in the 3,000-to 4,000-volt range. The major application for mercury arc rectifiers in this voltage range is for railroad service. Therefore, the requirements for railroad loading have been given special consideration in the design of the high voltage ignitron. Both rectifier and inverter characteristics were desired in one unit so that a maximum of flexibility could be obtained. The characteristics of combined rectifier and inverter operation are described. Accepted fundamental rectifier and inverter relationships are presented, and curves are included to aid in determining operating characteristics. The design and tests which led to the successful development of the high voltage pumped ignitron are discussed. Pumped ignitrons are compared with sealed ignitrons for high voltage applications so that the field of each can be better defined.
[Inhibition of apoptosis by a baculovirus p35 gene]. (1996)

The baculovirus gene p35 inhibits virus-induced apoptosis in insect cells. p35 can also inhibit developmentally programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, mammalian neuronal cell death induced by serum or NGF deprivation, and Fas- and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells, indicating that p35 may interrupt an evolutionally conserved component of the death machinery. Recently it has been shown that p35 protein functions as an inhibitor of ICE/CED-3 cysteine protease family that seem to play an important role in an apoptotic pathway. This observation indicates that p35 may inhibit apoptosis by directly blocking the activities of these cysteine proteases in diverse animals.
Volumen y transparencia. AEG, Fagus, Bauhaus, evolución de un tema de esquina (1994)

Los edificios objeto de este estudio forman un conjunto ya clásico en su consideración como hitos en el proceso de la arquitectura moderna. Existe a este respecto una larga tradición historiográfica, comenzada por Pevsner', en la que se los presenta como eslabones de una misma cadena. Especialmente en los dos primeros, la fábrica de turbinas de la AEG y la Fagus, la comparación básica y casi ya tópica, se ha centrado en el carácter de sus esquinas, con alguna referencia ulterior al tratamiento de este mismo tema en el pabellón de talleres de la Bauhaus en Dessau, de gran afinidad con los anteriores.
Data-driven approach for creating synthetic electronic medical records (2010)

New algorithms for disease outbreak detection are being developed to take advantage of full electronic medical records (EMRs) that contain a wealth of patient information. However, due to privacy concerns, even anonymized EMRs cannot be shared among researchers, resulting in great difficulty in comparing the effectiveness of these algorithms. To bridge the gap between novel bio-surveillance algorithms operating on full EMRs and the lack of non-identifiable EMR data, a method for generating complete and synthetic EMRs was developed. This paper describes a novel methodology for generating complete synthetic EMRs both for an outbreak illness of interest (tularemia) and for background records. The method developed has three major steps: 1) synthetic patient identity and basic information generation; 2) identification of care patterns that the synthetic patients would receive based on the information present in real EMR data for similar health problems; 3) adaptation of these care patterns to the synthetic patient population. We generated EMRs, including visit records, clinical activity, laboratory orders/results and radiology orders/results for 203 synthetic tularemia outbreak patients. Validation of the records by a medical expert revealed problems in 19% of the records; these were subsequently corrected. We also generated background EMRs for over 3000 patients in the 4-11 yr age group. Validation of those records by a medical expert revealed problems in fewer than 3% of these background patient EMRs and the errors were subsequently rectified. A data-driven method was developed for generating fully synthetic EMRs. The method is general and can be applied to any data set that has similar data elements (such as laboratory and radiology orders and results, clinical activity, prescription orders). The pilot synthetic outbreak records were for tularemia but our approach may be adapted to other infectious diseases. The pilot synthetic background records were in the 4-11 year old age group. The adaptations that must be made to the algorithms to produce synthetic background EMRs for other age groups are indicated.
A Human Anti-<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Serotype O6ad Immunoglobulin G1 Expressed in Transgenic Tobacco Is Capable of Recruiting Immune System Effector Function In Vitro (2007)

The production of a recombinant human IgG1 in transgenic tobacco was examined to determine whether a plant-derived antibody could recruit immune system effector function against a bacterial pathogen. A plant transformation vector was engineered to contain genes for a human kappa light chain and a human gamma-1 heavy chain with V(H) and V(L) sequences from a previously identified human IgG2 monoclonal antibody (MAb) that specifically binds to and opsonizes Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O6ad. Unique NcoI and NotI restriction sites were incorporated to flank these variable sequences, resulting in a plant transformation vector that could be engineered for expression of any other human IgG1 antibody, requiring only the substitution of other V(H) and V(L) antigen-binding coding sequences. The plant-produced IgG1 was determined to have high-mannose glycan content and to be capable of mediating opsonophagocytosis of P. aeruginosa serotype O6ad in vitro using human complement and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Thus, MAbs produced in plants from this vector could provide human IgG1 MAbs for targeting other pathogens that require the recruitment of immune system effector functions.
Resonant frustrated-total-reflection technique for the characterization of thin films (1982)

The resonant FTR technique for the characterization of thin films is presented. In this technique the film under study is incorporated in an appropriate optical cavity configuration, and information on its parameters is obtained from the values of wavelength and/or incidence angle for which resonances occur in the optical response of the structure. After a review of the basic principles and a discussion of the practical implementation of the technique, we report as examples some results of its application to the study of SiO(2) films and Si epitaxial layers grown on a Si substrate.
Interference-free Micro/nanoparticle Cell Engineering by Use of High-Throughput Microfluidic Separation (2015)

Engineering cells with active-ingredient-loaded micro/nanoparticles is becoming increasingly popular for imaging and therapeutic applications. A critical yet inadequately addressed issue during its implementation concerns the significant number of particles that remain unbound following the engineering process, which inadvertently generate signals and impart transformative effects onto neighboring nontarget cells. Here we demonstrate that those unbound micro/nanoparticles remaining in solution can be efficiently separated from the particle-labeled cells by implementing a fast, continuous, and high-throughput Dean flow fractionation (DFF) microfluidic device. As proof-of-concept, we applied the DFF microfluidic device for buffer exchange to sort labeled suspension cells (THP-1) from unbound fluorescent dye and dye-loaded micro/nanoparticles. Compared to conventional centrifugation, the depletion efficiency of free dyes or particles was improved 20-fold and the mislabeling of nontarget bystander cells by free particles was minimized. The microfluidic device was adapted to further accommodate heterogeneous-sized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Complete removal of unbound nanoparticles using DFF led to the usage of engineered MSCs without exerting off-target transformative effects on the functional properties of neighboring endothelial cells. Apart from its effectiveness in removing free particles, this strategy is also efficient and scalable. It could continuously process cell solutions with concentrations up to 10(7) cells·mL(-1) (cell densities commonly encountered during cell therapy) without observable loss of performance. Successful implementation of this technology is expected to pave the way for interference-free clinical application of micro/nanoparticle engineered cells.
Factors Influencing Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A Levels in Cord Blood, Maternal Blood and Amniotic Fluid (1998)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors that influence pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) levels in cord blood, maternal blood and amniotic fluid, as well as to establish the normal range of serum SP-A. Labor significantly influenced cord blood SP-A levels. The SP-A levels in maternal blood after delivery were correlated with, but higher than those before delivery. There was a correlation between SP-A levels in amniotic fluid and cord blood. Neonatal serum SP-A was not correlated with maternal SP-A levels. The normal range of SP-A in cord blood was 2.7-21.7 ng/ml following cesarean section without labor, 4.8-50.2 ng/ml after labor at gestational weeks 36-38, and 12.2-44.6 ng/ml at gestational weeks 39-41. SP-A levels in maternal blood before and after delivery and amniotic fluid were 6. 0-74.0, 9.6-73.6 and 403.4-24,540 ng/ml, respectively.
The StarCraft Multi-Agent Challenge (2019)

In the last few years, deep multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) has become a highly active area of research. A particularly challenging class of problems in this area is partially observable, cooperative, multi-agent learning, in which teams of agents must learn to coordinate their behaviour while conditioning only on their private observations. This is an attractive research area since such problems are relevant to a large number of real-world systems and are also more amenable to evaluation than general-sum problems. Standardised environments such as the ALE and MuJoCo have allowed single-agent RL to move beyond toy domains, such as grid worlds. However, there is no comparable benchmark for cooperative multi-agent RL. As a result, most papers in this field use one-off toy problems, making it difficult to measure real progress. In this paper, we propose the StarCraft Multi-Agent Challenge (SMAC) as a benchmark problem to fill this gap. SMAC is based on the popular real-time strategy game StarCraft II and focuses on micromanagement challenges where each unit is controlled by an independent agent that must act based on local observations. We offer a diverse set of challenge maps and recommendations for best practices in benchmarking and evaluations. We also open-source a deep multi-agent RL learning framework including state-of-the-art algorithms. We believe that SMAC can provide a standard benchmark environment for years to come. Videos of our best agents for several SMAC scenarios are available at: https://youtu.be/VZ7zmQ_obZ0.
Failure of Presented, Non-Dominant Self Epitope to Induce Tolerance: Implications for Autoimmune Diseases (1994)

It has been observed that a hierarchy exists among epitopes such that fewer epitopes are actually involved in the induction of T cell response and tolerance than there are epitopes available in a given antigen. Some epitopes which are "cryptic" for immune activity within the protein, are nevertheless able to elicit a response if administered alone and can also be used to by-pass tolerance. We report that tolerance to a self protein shows the same phenomenon seen for non self proteins. In fact, we elicit a proliferative response toward a predicted minor cryptic epitope, to which animals are clearly not self-tolerant. The minor epitope escapes the induction of tolerance to self proteins more easily than the major epitopes, since we cannot elicit proliferative response to the major epitope. A striking feature of our results however is that lack of self tolerance to the minor epitope appears as not being due to the failure of presentation of this epitope in normal, healthy animals.
Naturally Occurring Flavonoids and Human Basophil Histamine Release (1985)

Naturally occurring plant flavonoids, normal dietary constituents, affect a variety of cell activation phenomena including the secretion of histamine from human basophils stimulated by a variety of agents (antigen, anti-IgE, concanavalin A, ionophore A23187, formyl-Met-Leu-Phe and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate). Variable profiles of inhibition are seen depending on the nature of the stimulus and the chemical structure of flavonoids.
Algorithms for scheduling real-time tasks with input error and end-to-end deadlines (1997)

This paper describes algorithms for scheduling preemptive, imprecise, composite tasks in real-time. Each composite task consists of a chain of component tasks, and each component task is made up of a mandatory part and an optional part. Whenever a component task uses imprecise input, the processing times of its mandatory and optional parts may become larger. The composite tasks are scheduled by a two-level scheduler. At the high level, the composite tasks are scheduled preemptively on one processor, according to an existing algorithm for scheduling simple imprecise tasks. The low-level scheduler then distributes the time budgeted for each composite task across its component tasks so as to minimize the output error of the composite task.
Depressed regional deformation near anterior papillary muscle (1995)

The role of the papillary muscle in left ventricular function has received new attention. We hypothesized that regional mechanics of the left ventricular wall near the anterior papillary muscle are influenced by the papillary muscle insertion. We therefore studied three-dimensional regional mechanics in and near the anterior papillary muscle in anesthetized, open-chest dogs, using implanted radiopaque markers and biplane cineradiography. In seven dogs, deformation differed little between an anterior papillary muscle insertion site (PMA) and a more basal site (PMB) overlying the anterior papillary muscle. However, local shortening and wall thickening were depressed in both locations relative to anterior free wall sites (FWA, FWB) studied in five additional dogs. A distinct structural border was observed at the junction between the myocardial wall and anterior papillary muscle, which may preclude the use of homogeneous strain in that region. Data from within the anterior papillary muscle indicated that uniaxial measurements in the papillary muscle are extremely sensitive to the orientation of the measurement axis, possibly explaining the variety of papillary muscle shortening patterns reported by previous investigators.
[Differential diagnosis of a round infiltrative tubercular focus and pulmonary tuberculoma]. (1975)

Clinco-roentgenological findings were studied in 110 patients with ovoid tuberculous infiltrations of the lung, and these were compared with analogous observations of 409 pulmonary tuberculomas. Tuberculous infiltration is frequently of an ovoid shape, its greater diameter being directed along the pulmonary pattern, while a portion of its greater diameter being directed along the pulmonary pattern, while a portion of its contour is distinct and spheroid and directed distally. The reliable criterion of a developed tuberculoma is the symptom of flattening and its distinct peripheral contour, which is not infrequently also flattened.
Combining Ability Analysis in Pearl millet [<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>(L.) R Br.] (2012)

The forty-five F1’S (representing half diallel) along with ten parents (open-pollinated) were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using method II of Gardner and Eberhert (1966) method of diallel analysis. The analysis revealed significant differences in variety (Vi) and heterosis (hii) effects. Partitioning of the overall heterosis (hii) sum of squares showed that additive, dominance as well as epistatic effects was important in the inheritance of all the characters including green fodder yield. The per se performance of a parent was related with the varietal effect but no specific relations between the hi and Vi effects could be found. In general, crosses showing high specific heterosis (Sii) had parents differing in magnitude and/or direction in variety heterosis (hi) effects.
Evaluating the<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>Type b Conjugate Vaccine PRP-D (1990)

Landsteiner1 and then Avery and Goebel2 discovered how to increase the ability of saccharides (haptens) to elicit antibodies by chemically binding them to proteins to form conjugates. About three quarters of a century later, these discoveries have inspired the development of polysaccharide—protein conjugate vaccines. The first of this new generation of vaccines to have their effectiveness verified by clinical trials are Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugates.3 H. influenzae type b causes systemic infections, of which meningitis is the most frequent and poses the greatest threat. H. influenzae type b is transmitted by aerosol to the respiratory tracts of close contacts. . . .