gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Logic partition orderings for multi-FPGA systems (1995)

One of the critical issues for multi-FPGA systems is developing software tools for automatically mapping circuits. In this paper we consider one step in this process, partitioning. We described the task of finding partition orderings, i.e., determining the way in which a circuit should be bipartitioned so as to best map it to a multi-FPGA system. This allows multi-FPGA partitioners to harness standard partitioning techniques. We develop an algorithm for finding partition orderings, which includes a method for increasing parallelism in the process, as well as for including multi-sectioning and multi-way partitioning algorithms. This method is very efficient, and capable of handling most of the current multi-FPGA topologies.
PP.25.05 (2015)

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and serves as an important risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease. We investigated the impact of DM on CV target organ damage by comprehensive screening protocol in ESRD patients. Design and method: All 61 ESRD patients were enrolled. Echocardiography, coronary computed tomography angiogram (CCTA), 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and central blood pressure with pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured. We compared data between patients with DM (n = 23, 58 ± 11 years, 13 men) and without DM (n = 38, 53 ± 12 years, 24 men). Results: 1) With the exception of ESRD duration (5 ± 5 vs. 11 ± 8 years, p = 0.006), the clinical characteristics and ABPM results were similar between the DM and non-DM group; 2) Central aortic systolic pressure (CASP [160 ± 24 vs. 144 ± 29 mm Hg]) and PWV (12 ± 3 vs. 10 ± 2 m/s) were higher in the DM group (p < 0.05); 3) On echocardiographic examinations, the early mitral inflow to early mitral annulus velocity ratio (E/Ea), which reflects left ventricular (LV) filling pressure, was higher in DM patients (17 ± 5 vs. 14 ± 6, p = 0.032) despite similar LV ejection fractions (65 ± 8 vs. 64 ± 9%, p = 0.717); 4) Although the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) did not differ between the groups (13 [57%] vs. 28 [74%], p = 0.166), the severity of CAD (the number of 50% or more stenotic lesion) was higher in the DM group (p = 0.031); and, 5) DM was an independent determinant for E/Ea and PWV (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Diabetic ESRD patients have more advanced arteriosclerosis, higher LV filling pressure and more severe CAD compared with the non-DM control group.
TRIP8b Regulates HCN1 Channel Trafficking and Gating through Two Distinct C-Terminal Interaction Sites (2011)

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-regulated (HCN) channels in the brain associate with their auxiliary subunit TRIP8b (also known as PEX5R), a cytoplasmic protein expressed as a family of alternatively spliced isoforms. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that association of TRIP8b with HCN subunits both inhibits channel opening and alters channel membrane trafficking, with some splice variants increasing and others decreasing channel surface expression. Here, we address the structural bases of the regulatory interactions between mouse TRIP8b and HCN1. We find that HCN1 and TRIP8b interact at two distinct sites: an upstream site where the C-linker/cyclic nucleotide-binding domain of HCN1 interacts with an 80 aa domain in the conserved central core of TRIP8b; and a downstream site where the C-terminal SNL (Ser-Asn-Leu) tripeptide of the channel interacts with the tetratricopeptide repeat domain of TRIP8b. These two interaction sites play distinct functional roles in the effects of TRIP8b on HCN1 trafficking and gating. Binding at the upstream site is both necessary and sufficient for TRIP8b to inhibit channel opening. It is also sufficient to mediate the trafficking effects of those TRIP8b isoforms that downregulate channel surface expression, in combination with the trafficking motifs present in the N-terminal region of TRIP8b. In contrast, binding at the downstream interaction site serves to stabilize the C-terminal domain of TRIP8b, allowing for optimal interaction between HCN1 and TRIP8b as well as for proper assembly of the molecular complexes that mediate the effects of TRIP8b on HCN1 channel trafficking.
Separation of oligomers of polyethylene glycols by supercritical fluid chromatography (1991)

Abstract A study of the separation of oligomers of moderately polar polymers has been performed. Supercritical fluid chromatography on capillary columns in carbon dioxide with flame ionization detection has been compared to supercritical fluid chromatography on packed microbore columns in methanol/carbon dioxide with light scattering detection. Different columns types were examined. The best resolution was obtained on 1‐mm i. d. columns packed with monodisperse 5.1 ± 0.1‐μm particles of polydivinylbenzene. With 15 mol% methanol in carbon dioxide and a pressure gradient to 46 MPa, oligomers of polyethylene glycols with up to 44 units were separated with baseline resolution, representing a molecular weight close to 2000.
Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I. (1993)

In this study, we have examined the effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I on protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells. Under basal conditions, about 85% of total cellular PTPase activity was associated with the particulate (Triton X-100-soluble) fraction. Incubation of the cells with 100 nM insulin or IGF-I significantly increased particulate PTPase activity (p < 0.005) without altering activity in the supernatant or Triton X-100-insoluble fractions. Dose responses studies suggested that the effect of each hormone was mediated through its own receptor. PTPase activity was regulated by both acute and chronic insulin and IGF-I treatment. Maximal stimulation by both ligands occurred at 32 h and then declined. By using an antibody and a cDNA specific for PTPase1B, we found that the chronic stimulation of PTPase activity was accompanied by enhanced expression of PTPase1B mRNA and protein. Maximal induction of PTPase1B mRNA and protein by insulin and IGF-I occurred at 12 and 24 h, respectively. Based on these data, it can be suggested that ligand-stimulated PTPase activity might oppose tyrosine kinase-mediated insulin or IGF-I signal transmission and thus desensitize cells to long-term action by insulin and IGF-I. However, it is also possible that PTPase act as positive mediators of insulin and IGF-I action.
Aqueous Foams Stabilized Solely by Silica Nanoparticles (2005)

Schaumbildung und -stabilität: Mit einer neuartigen Dispersionsmethode können geeignet hydrophobe Siliciumoxid-Partikel in Wasser dispergiert werden, wobei sehr stabile Schäume durch Adsorption von Partikelaggregaten an den Oberfächen mikrometergroßer Bläschen entstehen. Auf dem mit einem optischen Mikroskop erhaltenen Bild sind Luftblasen in reinem Wasser zu sehen, die nur durch partiell hydrophobe Siliciumoxid-Nanopartikel stabilisiert sind (Maßstab: 50 μm).
The Long Road to Spain’s Economic Modernisation 1840-1940: Political and Economic Ideologies (2017)

Detrás de los debates altamente políticos sobre la modernización económica española en los siglos XIX y XX, subyacen distintos presupuestos ideológicos de la naturaleza de sociedad. Este ensayo explora el desarrollo de las políticas de intervención económica en España y las alianzas opuestas e inestable que las sustentaban a través de una revisión del pensamiento de cinco figuras clave que resumen en sí misma las distintas etapas del largo camino español que va desde el liberalismo laissez-faire hasta la autarquía de Franco. Se concluye que las presiones económicas e ideológicas externas jugaron un papel crucial en la conformación este amplio debate.Palabras clave: Modernización económica de España; Ideología política; Políticas de intervención; Comercio libreAbstract:Behind the intensely political debates over the economic modernisation of Spain in the nineteenth century lay fundamentally different ideological assumptions about the nature of society. This paper explores the development of economic intervention policies and the conflicting and unstable alliances that underpinned them by examining the thinking of five key figures who encapsulated the different phases of Spain’s long path from laissez-faire liberalism to Francoist autarky. It concludes that the external economic and ideological pressures played a crucial role in shaping the long debate. Keywords: Spain’s economic modernisation; Ideology; Intervention policies; Free Trade
Detection of Treatment-Induced Changes in Signaling Pathways in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Using Transcriptomic Data (2009)

Cell signaling plays a central role in the etiology of cancer. Numerous therapeutics in use or under development target signaling proteins; however, off-target effects often limit assignment of positive clinical response to the intended target. As direct measurements of signaling protein activity are not generally feasible during treatment, there is a need for more powerful methods to determine if therapeutics inhibit their targets and when off-target effects occur. We have used the Bayesian Decomposition algorithm and data on transcriptional regulation to create a novel methodology, Differential Expression for Signaling Determination (DESIDE), for inferring signaling activity from microarray measurements. We applied DESIDE to deduce signaling activity in gastrointestinal stromal tumor cell lines treated with the targeted therapeutic imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). We detected the expected reduced activity in the KIT pathway, as well as unexpected changes in the p53 pathway. Pursuing these findings, we have determined that imatinib-induced DNA damage is responsible for the increased activity of p53, identifying a novel off-target activity for this drug. We then used DESIDE on data from resected, post-imatinib treatment tumor samples and identified a pattern in these tumors similar to that at late time points in the cell lines, and this pattern correlated with initial clinical response. The pattern showed increased activity of ETS domain-containing protein Elk-1 and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 transcription factors, which are associated with the growth of side population cells. DESIDE infers the global reprogramming of signaling networks during treatment, permitting treatment modification that leverages ongoing drug development efforts, which is crucial for personalized medicine.
Material challenge for flexible organic devices (2006)

Outside of the active device layers, there are a variety of requisite functional layers in flexible organic electronic devices. Whether the application is in displays, lighting, integrated circuits, or photovoltaics, there are materials challenges in implementing flexible and/or organic devices into practical applications. We highlight two topics that are common to most flexible electronic technologies. First, we describe the difficulty in developing suitable permeation barriers on polymer substrates, the approaches being taken to solve this problem, and their current status. Second, we highlight the limited mechanical ruggedness of brittle inorganic films and present approaches for improving overall device flexibility.
Prospective Long‐Term Study of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Refractory Seizures (2000)

The efficacy of VNS improves during 12 months, and many subjects sustain >75% reductions in seizures.
Synthesen mit Dicarbonsäuren, XX. Mitteil.: Zur Selbstkondensation des Cyclopentanons (1956)

Abstract Cyclopentyliden‐cyclopentanon ist das Zwischenprodukt, der Selbstkondensation des Cyclopentanons. Die 1954 von J. Mleziva für das bei alkalischer Kondensation entstehende tricyclische Keton C 15 H 20 O aufgestellte Konstitution wurde als unrichtig erkannt und die schon von O. Wallach angenommene Formel eines 1.3‐Dicyclopentyliden‐ cyclopentanons‐(2) bewiesen. Die Ketone fanden Verwendung zur Synthese von Multicyclopentylen. Das Hexachlorderivat des bei saurer Kondensation anfallenden Tris‐trimethylenbenzols besitzt eine geringere kontaktinsektizide Wirksamkeit als techn. Hexachlor‐cyclohexan.
A Silicon Cochlea With Active Coupling (2009)

We present a mixed-signal very-large-scale-integrated chip that emulates nonlinear active cochlear signal processing. Modeling the cochlea's micromechanics, including outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility, this silicon (Si) cochlea features active coupling between neighboring basilar membrane (BM) segments-a first. Neighboring BM segments, each implemented as a class AB log-domain second-order section, exchange currents representing OHC forces. This novel active-coupling architecture overcomes the major shortcomings of existing cascade and parallel filter-bank architectures, while achieving the highest number of digital outputs in an Si cochlea to date. An active-coupling architecture Si cochlea with 360 frequency channels and 2160 pulse-stream outputs occupies 10.9 mm(2) in a five-metal 1-poly 0.25-mum CMOS process. The chip's responses resemble that of a living cochlea's: Frequency responses become larger and more sharply tuned when active coupling is turned on. For instance, gain increases by 18 dB and Q 10 increases from 0.45 to 1.14. This enhancement decreases with increasing input intensity, realizing frequency-selective automatic gain control. Further work is required to improve performance by reducing large variations from tap to tap.
Sodium bicarbonate reduces pain associated with ophthalmic nerve blocks. (1991)

Administration of local nerve blocks for ophthalmic surgical procedures causes pain resulting in an unpleasant and stressful experience for the patient. A prospective, randomized, double-masked study compared injection pain of anesthetic solutions used for facial and retrobulbar nerve blocks. Anesthetic solutions to which sodium bicarbonate had been added were compared with anesthetic solutions without added sodium bicarbonate. Pain on injection of both facial and retrobulbar nerve blocks was significantly less (P = .0009 and P less than .0001 respectively), without diminution of effectiveness of either type of nerve block, in the group using anesthetic solutions to which sodium bicarbonate had been added.
Isolation and characterization of human apolipoprotein M-containing lipoproteins (2006)

Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a novel apolipoprotein with unknown function. In this study, we established a method for isolating apoM-containing lipoproteins and studied their composition and the effect of apoM on HDL function. ApoM-containing lipoproteins were isolated from human plasma with immunoaffinity chromatography and compared with lipoproteins lacking apoM. The apoM-containing lipoproteins were predominantly of HDL size; approximately 5% of the total HDL population contained apoM. Mass spectrometry showed that the apoM-containing lipoproteins also contained apoJ, apoA-I, apoA-II, apoC-I, apoC-II, apoC-III, paraoxonase 1, and apoB. ApoM-containing HDL (HDL(apoM+)) contained significantly more free cholesterol than HDL lacking apoM (HDL(apoM-)) (5.9 +/- 0.7% vs. 3.2 +/- 0.5%; P < 0.005) and was heterogeneous in size with both small and large particles. HDL(apoM+) inhibited Cu(2+)-induced oxidation of LDL and stimulated cholesterol efflux from THP-1 foam cells more efficiently than HDL(apoM-). In conclusion, our results suggest that apoM is associated with a small heterogeneous subpopulation of HDL particles. Nevertheless, apoM designates a subpopulation of HDL that protects LDL against oxidation and stimulates cholesterol efflux more efficiently than HDL lacking apoM.
Improved artificial neural networks in prediction of malignancy of lesions in contrast‐enhanced MR‐mammography (2003)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of improved artificial neural networks (ANN) and additional novel training methods in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast lesions in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance-mammography (MRM). A total of 604 histologically proven cases of contrast-enhanced lesions of the female breast at MRI were analyzed. Morphological, dynamic and clinical parameters were collected and stored in a database. The data set was divided into several groups using random or experimental methods [Training & Testing (T&T) algorithm] to train and test different ANNs. An additional novel computer program for input variable selection was applied. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated and compared with a statistical method and an expert radiologist. After optimization of the distribution of cases among the training and testing sets by the T & T algorithm and the reduction of input variables by the Input Selection procedure a highly sophisticated ANN achieved a sensitivity of 93.6% and a specificity of 91.9% in predicting malignancy of lesions within an independent prediction sample set. The best statistical method reached a sensitivity of 90.5% and a specificity of 68.9%. An expert radiologist performed better than the statistical method but worse than the ANN (sensitivity 92.1%, specificity 85.6%). Features extracted out of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRM and additional clinical data can be successfully analyzed by advanced ANNs. The quality of the resulting network strongly depends on the training methods, which are improved by the use of novel training tools. The best results of an improved ANN outperform expert radiologists.
Surface transformation of ram spermatozoa in uterine, oviduct and cauda epididymal fluids <i>in vitro</i> (1986)

Genital tract fluids were collected continuously from conscious ewes through catheters inserted surgically into the uterus and oviducts. Cauda epididymal spermatozoa and fluid were obtained through catheters inserted into the transected vas deferens. The washed spermatozoa were labelled using the surface-specific chloroglycoluril-Na125I procedure. High-resolution electrophoretic analysis of sperm plasma membrane preparations revealed a partial loss of a major surface component (i.e. Mr 97,000) during incubation in uterine and oviduct fluids. This specific loss resulted in a shift in radioactivity distribution toward an Mr 24,000 component which had been previously identified as a sialoglycoprotein. No significant changes in the distribution of radiolabelled surface components were detectable when the spermatozoa were incubated in synthetic medium. Incubation of unlabelled spermatozoa in 125I-labelled uterine fluid showed that adsorption of exogenous fluid components was highly selective; an Mr 16,000 polypeptide was greatly enriched on the sperm surface although it was only a minor component in the incubation fluid. Adsorption of labelled oviduct fluid components was also selective and involved predominantly high molecular weight components (i.e. Mr 140,000, 95,000, 78,000, 53,000). When spermatozoa were incubated in labelled cauda epididymal fluid after exposure to unlabelled uterine and oviduct fluids, several fluid components were incorporated by the plasma membrane, indicating that surface renovation of 'capacitated' spermatozoa may be a more general process rather than a specific event. These results suggest that capacitation of ram spermatozoa involves loss of specific surface proteins as well as selective adsorption of exogenous fluid components and point to a polypeptide in uterine fluid as an active constituent.
Oxygen-Modified Poly(4-dicyanomethylene-4<i>H</i>-cyclopenta[2,1-<i>b</i>;3,4-<i>b</i><i>‘</i>]dithiophene):  A Tunable Low Band Gap Polymer (1999)

The reaction of n-doped poly(4-dicyanomethylene-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b‘]dithiophene) with O2 at negative potentials (e.g., −0.60 V) produces changes in the polymer's electrochemistry, electronic spectrum, and conductivity profile that indicate a lowering of its band gap. Cyclic voltammetry of O2-modified films shows increased currents in the voltage region corresponding to the band gap, between the original onsets of n and p doping. The onset of electronic absorption shifts from 0.8 eV to lower energies with increasing reaction time. In situ conductivity measurements show that the intrinsic conductivity increases by as much as a factor of 100 (to ∼10-6 S cm-1), corresponding to a reduction of the band gap to ∼0.2 eV. Thus by controlling the reaction time with O2 the band gap of the polymer can be tuned over the range of <0.2 to 0.8 eV. Raman spectra suggest that electrochemically driven substitution of the polymer with hydroxyl groups at the β-positions of the thiophene rings is responsible for the lowering of the band gap.
Stereochemically Versatile Synthesis of the C1–C12 Fragment of Tedanolide C (2012)

A flexible synthesis of the C1-C12 fragment of Tedanolide C has been accomplished in eight steps from 2-methyl-2,4-pentadienal. Asymmetric hydroformylation of a 1,3-diene allows for the late-stage generation of either C10 epimer with complete catalyst control. Diastereoselective addition of an isobutyryl β-ketoester dianion to an α,β-disubstituted chiral aldehyde sets the C5 stereochemistry while installing the geminal dimethyl unit. Differential protection of a syn-1,3-diol is performed as a highly efficient single-pot operation.
Ultrathin Black Phosphorus Nanosheets for Efficient Singlet Oxygen Generation (2015)

Benefiting from its strong oxidizing properties, the singlet oxygen has garnered serious attentions in physical, chemical, as well as biological studies. However, the photosensitizers for the generation of singlet oxygen bear in low quantum yields, lack of long wavelength absorption band, poor biocompatibility, undegradable in living tissues, and so on. Here we first demonstrate the exfoliated black phosphorus nanosheets to be effective photosensitizers for the generation of singlet oxygen with a high quantum yield of about 0.91, rendering their attractive applications in catalysis and photodynamic therapy. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, the water dispersible black phosphorus nanosheets show notable cancer therapy ability. In addition, the photodegradable character of black phosphorus from element to biocompatible phosphorus oxides further highlights its therapeutic potential against cancer. This study will not only expand the breadth of study in black phosphorus but also offer an efficient catalyst and photodynamic therapy agent.
Application of Echocardiography on Transgenic Mice with Cardiomyopathies (2012)

Cardiomyopathies are common cardiac disorders that primarily affect cardiac muscle resulting in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Transgenic mouse disease models have been developed to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying heart failure and sudden cardiac death observed in cardiomyopathy cases and to explore the therapeutic outcomes in experimental animals in vivo. Echocardiography is an essential diagnostic tool for accurate and noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function in experimental animals. Our laboratory has been among the first to apply high-frequency research echocardiography on transgenic mice with cardiomyopathies. In this work, we have summarized our and other studies on assessment of systolic and diastolic dysfunction using conventional echocardiography, pulsed Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging in transgenic mice with various cardiomyopathies. Estimation of embryonic mouse hearts has been performed as well using this high-resolution echocardiography. Some technical considerations in mouse echocardiography have also been discussed.