gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tinycubus: a flexible and adaptive framework for sensor networks (2005)

With the proliferation of sensor networks and sensor network applications, the overall complexity of such systems is continuously increasing. Sensor networks are now heterogeneous in terms of their hardware characteristics and application requirements even within a single network. In addition, the requirements of currently supported applications are expected to change over time. All of this makes developing, deploying and optimizing sensor network applications an extremely difficult task. In this paper, we present the architecture of TinyCubus, a flexible and adaptive cross-layer framework for TinyOS-based sensor networks that aims at providing the necessary infrastructure to cope with the complexity of such systems. TinyCubus consists of a data management framework that selects and adapts both system and data management components, a cross-layer framework that enables optimizations through cross-layer interactions, and a configuration engine that installs components dynamically. Furthermore, we show the feasibility of our architecture by describing and evaluating a code distribution algorithm that uses application knowledge about the sensor topology in order to optimize its behavior.
SECTION 19: SOLUBILITY (1966)

This section summarizes the small amount of available data on solubility at high temperatures and pressures. Data are given for the solubility of solids in water (or water-rich solutions) and for the solubility of water in silicate melts. Emphasis has been on materials of geological interest, but a few substances which are uncommon in nature have been included. Little of the systematic experimental work has been on systems of a complexity approaching those to be found in nature.
MMAE Delivery Using the <i>Bicycle</i> Toxin Conjugate BT5528 (2020)

The EphA2 receptor is found at high levels in tumors and low levels in normal tissue and high EphA2 expression in biopsies is a predictor of poor outcome in patients. Drug discovery groups have therefore sought to develop EphA2-based therapies using small molecule, peptide, and nanoparticle-based approaches (1-3). However, until now only EphA2-targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have entered clinical development. For example, MEDI-547 is an EphA2-targeting ADC that displayed encouraging antitumor activity in preclinical models and progressed to phase I clinical testing in man. Here we describe the development of BT5528, a bicyclic peptide ("<i>Bicycle</i>") conjugated to the auristatin derivative maleimidocaproyl-monomethyl auristatin E to generate the <i>Bicycle</i> toxin conjugate BT5528. The report compares and contrasts the Pharmacokinetics (PK) characteristics of antibody and <i>Bicycle</i>-based targeting systems and discusses how the PK and payload characteristics of different delivery systems impact the efficacy-toxicity trade off which is key to the development of successful cancer therapies. We show that BT5528 gives rise to rapid update into tumors and fast renal elimination followed by persistent toxin levels in tumors without prolonged exposure of parent drug in the vasculature. This fast in, fast out kinetics gave rise to more favorable toxicology findings in rats and monkeys than were observed with MEDI-547 in preclinical and clinical studies.<b>Graphical Abstract:</b> http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanther/19/7/1385/F1.large.jpg.
THE FREE AMINO ACID POOL OF CULTURED HUMAN CELLS (1958)

Growth of CeZZs-The cell lines used were strain HeLa, derived from uterine carcinoma (3), a variant HeLa strain which arose spontaneously (2), and two cultures derived from normal liver and conjunctiva (4). The cells were grown, adherent to glass, in a synthetic medium consisting of salts, vitamins, glucose, and the thirteen essential amino acids, supplemented with 5 per cent dialyzed human serum as previously described (5). Harvesting of Cells--In growth experiments, the cells were harvested during the logarithmic growth phase 6 or 24 hours after the last change of medium. In experiments which involve deficient media, the cells were harvested 24 hours after being overlaid with medium which lacked one or more of the essential amino acids. Preparation of Free Amino Acid Pools-The effects of temperature, mechanical disruption, and washing on the composition of the free amino acid pools were examined. When the cells were harvested by scraping them free from the glass in salt solution at room temperature before precipitation with cold trichloroacetic acid, the supernatant fluid contained up to 30 per cent of the protein nitrogen. This rapid and extensive autolysis was prevented by precipit,ating the protein without mechanically disturbing the cell layer. The 1 liter Blake bottles in which the cells were grown were drained for about 5 minutes, chilled rapidly in ice, and washed quickly with a balanced salt solution. Cold 8 per cent trichloroacetic acid was then added and the cell coagulum was scraped free of the glass, the vol
Compact multipass optical cell for laser spectroscopy (2013)

A multipass cell (MPC) design for laser absorption spectroscopy is presented. The development of this new type of optical cell was driven by stringent criteria for compactness, robustness, low volume, and ease of use in optical systems. A single piece of reflective toroidal surface forms a near-concentric cavity with a volume of merely 40 cm(3). Contrary to traditional MPCs, this design allows for flexible path-length adjustments by simply changing the aiming angle of the laser beam at the entrance window. Two effective optical path lengths of 2.2 and 4.1 m were chosen to demonstrate the cell's suitability for high-precision isotope ratio measurements of CO(2) at 1% and ambient mixing ratio levels.
Performance and perspectives of a CdZnTe-based gamma camera for medical imaging (2004)

We present techniques and systems for a CZT gamma camera head based on an array of discrete CZT detectors and associated front-end electronics. In Section I, we describe the performance of a small 256 detector (16 /spl times/ 16) CZT imager in terms of homogeneity, energy resolution, and detection efficiency. The array is composed of groups of 16 single detectors (4/spl times/4/spl times/6 mm/sup 3/ each), each group served by a 16-channel multiplexed ASIC preamplifier. The electron bi-parametric (BP) spectrum with the depth of interaction information is used to improve detection efficiency. The present work compares the performance (sensitivity, spatial resolution, and contrast) of this small prototype imager and an Anger NaI(Tl) scintillation gamma camera using phantom images with small cold zones in a high-scatter environment. In Section II, we present an approach to the next generation of this technology, a gamma camera with a segmented monolithic CZT detector associated with the electron BP spectrum, which also allows correction for spectral tailing and dramatically improves both detection efficiency and energy resolution. Results with and without BP correction are given for a 10/spl times/10/spl times/5 mm/sup 3/ CZT monolithic detector (16 pixels, 2 /spl times/ 2 mm pixel, and 2.5-mm pitch) associated with 16 individual ASIC preamplifiers: an energy resolution close to 2% FWHM at 122 keV has been obtained on 16 pixels after BP correction.
The Radicals in Cigarette Tar: Their Nature and Suggested Physiological Implications (1983)

The paramagnetism of cigarette tar is found to be associated with at least four different types of species. One of the types is responsible for over 80 percent of the total paramagnetism and has a signal intensity that is independent of temperature from 60 to 250 K. This non-Curie-Weiss temperature dependence indicates that the principal paramagnetic species in tar is not an organic monoradical (doublet) species but instead is a donor-acceptor excimer with a paramagnetic excited state and a diamagnetic ground state. Modeling experiments suggest that the excimer consists of quinone (Q) and hydroquinone (QH2) molecules held in a tar matrix. Since such Q-QH2 species are catalysts for the oxidation of hydrocarbons and are very active redox systems, this paramagnetic species may be implicated in the cocarcinogenic properties of tar. Alternatively, since semiquinone radicals are known to bind to DNA, the tar paramagnetic species may be directly involved in the carcinogenic properties of tar.
<i>lin-35</i>/Rb and<i>ubc-18</i>, an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, function redundantly to control pharyngeal morphogenesis in<i>C. elegans</i> (2003)

The retinoblastoma gene product has been implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular and developmental processes, including a well-defined role in the control of cell cycle progression. The Caenorhabditis elegans retinoblastoma protein homolog, LIN-35, is also a key regulator of cell cycle entry and, as shown by studies of synthetic multivulval genes, plays an important role in the determination of vulval cell fates. We demonstrate an additional and unexpected function for lin-35 in organ morphogenesis. Using a genetic approach to isolate lin-35 synthetic-lethal mutations, we have identified redundant roles for lin-35 and ubc-18, a gene that encodes an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme closely related to human UBCH7. lin-35 and ubc-18 cooperate to control one or more steps during pharyngeal morphogenesis. Based on genetic and phenotypic analyses, this role for lin-35 in pharyngeal morphogenesis appears to be distinct from its cell cycle-related functions. lin-35 and ubc-18 may act in concert to regulate the levels of one or more critical targets during C. elegans development.
Optically Induced Polarization Anisotropy in Porous Si (1996)

Strong surface-plane polarization anisotropy of the probe photoluminescence induced by a polarized cw pump beam has been observed in porous Si. At room temperature the effect is simultaneous with the pump and depends strongly on its intensity. At low temperature long lived anisotropy of the photoluminescence polarization is induced by a preliminary soaking with polarized light. Both effects are described by the selective excitation of nonspherical Si crystals aligned along the vector polarization of the pumping light together with complete suppression of the photoluminescence by nonradiative Auger processes in crystals with an additional hole and/or electron.
Detection of airborne viruses using electro-aerodynamic deposition and a field-effect transistor (2015)

We report a technique for the detection of aerosolized viruses. Conventional field-effect-transistor (FET)-based techniques use solution-based processes, thus require antibody binding to the detection region of the FET prior to the supply of the analyte. With the method described here, virus-antibody-bound particles are delivered to the FET during detection; therefore, neither a pre-treatment antibody binding step on the FET channel nor washing process for virus-antibody-binding are necessary. Our method is based on the concept that virus-antibody-bound particles are larger than the virus or antibody alone, and thus have larger charge numbers following aerosol charging. When these particles are charged by negative ions and electro-aerodynamically deposited on a substrate, there exists a location on the substrate where neither lone virus nor antibody particles land, and where only virus-antibody-bound particles are deposited. If this location coincides with the channel of the FET, the resulting variation in the current can be used to indicate the existence of a virus. By aerosolizing a mixed solution of the virus and the antibody, only the virus-antibody-bound particles were transported to the swCNT-FET, and the electric current in the swCNT-FET decreased to 30% of that measured with no deposited particles.
Diversity Telephone Receiving System of R.C.A. Communications, Inc. (1931)

Difficulties encountered in the reception of high-frequency radio-telephone signals are described: the chief of these being fading and noise. General methods of solving these difficulties are discussed and the most desirable ones pointed out. The utilization of space diversity of fading is then taken up and methods of applying this principle to the reception of telephone signals are discussed. This method chosen is next described, with reasons for the choice and explanation of the circuits and action of the system. A description of the general features of the equipment is given, and this is followed by a detailed consideration of the individual units comprising the double detection receivers and the combining and control equipment. Over-all characteristics are then given of selectivity and fidelity and a statement of sensitivity and minimum signal strength for commercial service. Improvement obtained by the use of this system is discussed, and the uses to which it is being put are stated. The latter include international rebroadcasting and transoceanic telephone service.
Unsupervised Activity Perception in Crowded and Complicated Scenes Using Hierarchical Bayesian Models (2009)

We propose a novel unsupervised learning framework to model activities and interactions in crowded and complicated scenes. Hierarchical Bayesian models are used to connect three elements in visual surveillance: low-level visual features, simple "atomic" activities, and interactions. Atomic activities are modeled as distributions over low-level visual features, and multi-agent interactions are modeled as distributions over atomic activities. These models are learnt in an unsupervised way. Given a long video sequence, moving pixels are clustered into different atomic activities and short video clips are clustered into different interactions. In this paper, we propose three hierarchical Bayesian models, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) mixture model, Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP) mixture model, and Dual Hierarchical Dirichlet Processes (Dual-HDP) model. They advance existing language models, such as LDA [1] and HDP [2]. Our data sets are challenging video sequences from crowded traffic scenes and train station scenes with many kinds of activities co-occurring. Without tracking and human labeling effort, our framework completes many challenging visual surveillance tasks of board interest such as: (1) discovering typical atomic activities and interactions; (2) segmenting long video sequences into different interactions; (3) segmenting motions into different activities; (4) detecting abnormality; and (5) supporting high-level queries on activities and interactions.
Composite blade structural analyzer (COBSTRAN) user's manual (1989)

The installation and use of a computer code, COBSTRAN (COmposite Blade STRuctrual ANalyzer), developed for the design and analysis of composite turbofan and turboprop blades and also for composite wind turbine blades was described. This code combines composite mechanics and laminate theory with an internal data base of fiber and matrix properties. Inputs to the code are constituent fiber and matrix material properties, factors reflecting the fabrication process, composite geometry and blade geometry. COBSTRAN performs the micromechanics, macromechanics and laminate analyses of these fiber composites. COBSTRAN generates a NASTRAN model with equivalent anisotropic homogeneous material properties. Stress output from NASTRAN is used to calculate individual ply stresses, strains, interply stresses, thru-the-thickness stresses and failure margins. Curved panel structures may be modeled providing the curvature of a cross-section is defined by a single value function. COBSTRAN is written in FORTRAN 77.
Channel shortened chip-level MMSE equalization for CDMA downlink (2003)

Previous work has shown that MMSE (minimum mean square error) equalizer has better performance than RAKE receiver and ZF (zero forcing) equalizer in high data rate systems. However, MMSE equalizer has a much higher complexity than RAKE receiver, especially when fading channel is sparse in high chip rate cases and the length of the channel becomes very long, which prohibits its applications. Our purpose of the paper is to reduce the length of the channel efficiently and thus to reduce the computation complexity of MMSE equalizer. A new algorithm for the optimal shortening of channel impulse response for MMSE equalizers is proposed. This algorithm, which uses eigenvalues and eigenvectors to generate the globally optimal coefficients of shortening impulse response filter (SIRF), has a lower complexity than the previous ones.
Decision-Level Fusion of Spatially Scattered Multi-Modal Data for Nondestructive Inspection of Surface Defects (2016)

This article focuses on the fusion of flaw indications from multi-sensor nondestructive materials testing. Because each testing method makes use of a different physical principle, a multi-method approach has the potential of effectively differentiating actual defect indications from the many false alarms, thus enhancing detection reliability. In this study, we propose a new technique for aggregating scattered two- or three-dimensional sensory data. Using a density-based approach, the proposed method explicitly addresses localization uncertainties such as registration errors. This feature marks one of the major of advantages of this approach over pixel-based image fusion techniques. We provide guidelines on how to set all the key parameters and demonstrate the technique's robustness. Finally, we apply our fusion approach to experimental data and demonstrate its capability to locate small defects by substantially reducing false alarms under conditions where no single-sensor method is adequate.
3D Shape-Encoded Particle Filter for Object Tracking and Its Application to Human Body Tracking (2008)

We present a nonlinear state estimation approach using particle filters, for tracking objects whose approximate 3D shapes are known. The unnormalized conditional density for the solution to the nonlinear filtering problem leads to the Zakai equation, and is realized by the weights of the particles. The weight of a particle represents its geometric and temporal fit, which is computed bottom-up from the raw image using a shape-encoded filter. The main contribution of the paper is the design of smoothing filters for feature extraction combined with the adoption of unnormalized conditional density weights. The Ã¢Â€Âœshape filterÃ¢Â€Â has the overall form of the predicted 2D projection of the 3D model, while the cross-section of the filter is designed to collect the gradient responses along the shape. The 3D-model-based representation is designed to emphasize the changes in 2D object shape due to motion, while de-emphasizing the variations due to lighting and other imaging conditions. We have found that the set of sparse measurements using a relatively small number of particles is able to approximate the high-dimensional state distribution very effectively. As a measures to stabilize the tracking, the amount of random diffusion is effectively adjusted using a Kalman updating of the covariance matrix. For a complex problem of human body tracking, we have successfully employed constraints derived from joint angles and walking motion.
Immunohistochemical examination of phosphorylated tau in granulovacuolar degeneration granules (1996)

Granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are neuropathological features in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The molecular mechanism of GVD formation remains unknown. Recent immunohistochemical investigations suggested a potential link of NFT to GVD formation. Enzyme histochemical studies and electronmicroscopic findings suggested that GVD is formed through lysosomal autophagy of intraneuronal substances. We recently demonstrated that in non-demented cases NFT was phosphorylated at serines 199, 202 and 422 in paired helical filament (PHF)-tau more than in serine 396, while NFT in AD cases was similarly phosphorylated at these four sites in tau. In this study, we demonstrated immunohistochemically a similar phosphorylation state of tau in GVD granules to that in NFT in both non-demented cases and AD patients by using a mouse monoclonal anti-tau antibody and three phosphorylation site-specific antibodies for PHF-tau, indicating that GVD granules and NFT are composed of similar phosphorylated-tau. However, we could not detect PHF structures within any GVD using electronmicroscopy, indicating that PHF itself is not phagocytized by lysosomes during GVD formation. Therefore, the source of GVD granules might be phosphorylated pre-PHF-tau.
Loss of nicotinic receptors induced by beta‐amyloid peptides in PC12 cells: Possible mechanism involving lipid peroxidation (2003)

The mechanisms involved in the loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), seen in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in cultured cells treated by beta-amyloid peptides (A betas), remain elusive. We give results to show that lipid peroxidation induced directly by A beta might be involved in the deficits of nAChRs. In the study, PC12 cells were treated by addition of 5 microM of A beta(25-35) and A beta(1-40), respectively, with or without a antioxidant, vitamin E. Besides significantly decreased MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5,diphenyltetrazolium bromide) reduction, an increased lipid peroxidation was detected in the cells, but no protein oxidation. Significant reductions in [(3)H]epibatidine and [(125)I]alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites and in the protein levels of the alpha 3 and alpha 7 nAChR subunits were observed in the cells treated with A betas. Furthermore, A beta(25-35) decreased the level of ubiquinone-9 in PC12 cells, but did not change the amount of cholesterol, providing further evidence for lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, when PC12 cells were pretreated by antioxidant before the addition of A betas, the lipid peroxidation and the decreased ubiquinone resulted from A betas were prohibited. The decreases of nAChR binding sites and subunit proteins resulted from A betas were mostly prevented by the pretreatment with antioxidant. These findings suggest that lipid peroxidation stimulated by A betas might be a mechanism for the loss of nAChRs associated with the pathogenesis of AD.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SURFACES OF FLUIDLESS SCLERAL CONTACT LENSES (1969)

Optometry and Vision Science is the most authoritative source for current developments in optometry, physiological optics, and vision science. This frequently cited monthly scientific journal has served primary eye care practitioners for more than 75 years, promoting vital interdisciplinary exchange among optometrists and vision scientists worldwide. Official Journal of the American Academy of Optometry.