gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Do all Pediatric Urine Specimens Need to Go to the Laboratory? (2012)

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the urine dipstick in diagnosing UTIs in children at a tertiary care centre in Pakistan. Methods: 72 inpatients at the Aga Khan Hospital pediatric ward, getting laboratory urinalysis due to UTI suspicion, were included. Dipstick tests were done on the urine samples being sent to the lab for microscopy. The sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios (LRs) of dipstick LE, and pyuria and bacteriuria on microscopy were calculated and compared, using urine culture results as the gold standard for diagnosis. Results: The specificity of dipstick LE, pyuria and bacteriuria were 77%, 77% and 90% respectively, while the positive likelihood ratios were was 28%, 44% and 49% respectively. Urine cultures were done for 58 patients, with 5 positive cultures, so plausible estimates of sensitivity were not made. Conclusions: Urine microscopy is a more accurate screening test for ruling in UTIs than the dipstick. Keeping in mind its diagnostic limitations, the dipstick can be used to help rule in a UTI, although confirmation by cultures is recommended. Further studies are needed to validate these results in children and to evaluate the dipstick’s sensitivity for ruling out disease.
Plasmon modes and negative refraction in metal nanowire composites (2003)

Optical properties of metal nanowires and nanowire composite materials are studied. An incident electromagnetic wave can effectively couple to the propagating surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes in metal nanowires resulting in very large local fields. The excited SPP modes depend on the structure of nanowires and their orientation with respect to incident radiation. A nanowire percolation composite is shown to have a broadband spectrum of localized plasmon modes. We also show that a composite of nanowires arranged into parallel pairs can act as a left-handed material with the effective magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity both negative in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges.
The heterogeneous of large lymphocytic leukemia:6 cases report and clinical analysis (2009)

Objective To analyze and study the diagnosis of large granular lymphocyte leukemia(LGLL).Methods To report and discuss six cases weth LGLL we have found. Results 2 of T-LGLL and lof NK-LGLL had indolent process, mainly presenting with anemia and splenomegaly and good response to treatment, while; 1 of T-LGLL and 2 of NK-LGLL had aggressive process, their clinical characters are obviously general symptom, hepatomegaly,splenomegaly,these disease develop quickly and have bad prognosis. The immunophenotype of indolent LGLL is distinct from aggressive cases. Conclusion As a group of heterogeneous disease,its diagnosis should be based on clinical manifestation and immunophenotype and differentiated it carefully.

Key words: 
Genetic Heterogeueity; leukemia
Free 3-Nitrotyrosine Causes Striatal Neurodegeneration<i>In Vivo</i> (2001)

Peroxynitrite formation has been demonstrated in several neurodegenerative disorders; thus far, protein nitration and consequent alterations in protein function are implicated as mechanistic events. Free 3-nitrotyrosine (free-3NT) is also elevated in these settings; a neurotoxic role for this modified amino acid has not been investigated. We tested the hypothesis that free-3NT is neurotoxic in vivo, using a mouse model of striatal degeneration. The neurodegenerative effects of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (unilateral intrastriatal injection, 64 nmol) were compared with free-3NT (32 nmol) or free-tyrosine (free-TYR) (32 nmol). 6-OHDA-treated mice exhibited significant ipsilateral turning behavior after d-amphetamine challenge, indicative of unilateral striatal injury (ipsilateral-contralateral turning differential, 21.1 +/- 6.8). Significant turning behavior was also observed in free-3NT-treated mice but not in free-tyrosine-treated mice (free-3NT, 16.0 +/- 3.9; free-TYR, 1 +/- 2.7; p < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) content. 6-OHDA or free-3NT treatment caused severe reductions in TH immunoreactivity in injected striata compared with the contralateral hemisphere (injected/contralateral immunoreactivity ratio: 6-OHDA, 0.23 +/- 0.07; free-3NT, 0.49 +/- 0.02). Free-tyrosine treatment had no effect (1.03 +/- 0.09). Turning behavior was correlated with striatal TH ratio (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we observed a striking unilateral reduction in TH-positive cell body counts in the substantia nigra pars compacta of 6-OHDA- and free-3NT-treated mice (injected/contralateral cell count ratio: 6-OHDA, 0.40 +/- 0.04; free-3NT, 0.59 +/- 0.02). Free-tyrosine treatment had no effect (1.05 +/- 0.04). No evidence for increased striatal protein incorporation of 3NT was observed in any treatment group. These data represent the first evidence that free-3NT can elicit neurodegenerative effects in vivo; free-3NT may have a causal role in neurodegenerative conditions.
Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: primary structure and cDNA cloning. (1986)

The X-chromosome-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) of humans and other mammals consists of a subunit with a molecular weight of about 58,000. The enzyme plays a key role in the generation of NADPH, particularly in matured erythrocytes, and the genetic deficiency of the enzyme is associated with chronic and drug- or food-induced hemolytic anemia in humans. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from human erythrocytes. The complete amino acid sequence of the subunit, consisting of 531 amino acid residues, was determined by automated and manual Edman degradation of tryptic, chymotryptic, thermolytic, and cyanogen bromide peptides obtained from the enzyme. Based on the amino acid sequence data thus obtained, a 41-mer oligonucleotide with unique sequence was prepared. Two cDNA libraries constructed in phage lambda gt11--i.e., a human liver cDNA library and a human hepatoma Li-7 cDNA library--were screened with the synthetic nucleotide probe. Two positive clones, lambda G6PD-19 and lambda G6PD-25, were obtained from the hepatoma library. lambda G6PD-19 contained an insertion of 2.0 kilobase pairs (kbp), and encoded 204 amino acid residues that were completely compatible with the COOH-terminal portion of the enzyme. The insertion of the clone had a 3' noncoding region of 1.36 kbp. The other clone, lambda G6PD-25, had an insertion of 1.8 kbp and encoded 362 amino acid residues of G6PD. Southern blot analysis of DNA samples obtained from cells with and without the human X chromosome indicated that the cDNA hybridizes with a sequence in the X chromosome.
Effect of TGF-β1/SDF-1/CXCR4 signal on BM-MSCs homing in rat heart of ischemia/perfusion injury. (2016)

TGF-β1 promotes homing of bone marrow (BM) MSCs in I/R injury's myocardial. The study provided useful data on the role of TGF-β1 in regulating SDF-1/CXCR4 axis-induced MSCs homing.
Relaxation Processes in Nonlinear Optical Polyimide Side-Chain Polymers (1996)

Relaxation processes in nonlinear optical modified polyimide polymers with side-chain azo chromophores having glass transition temperatures in the range of 140 < Tg < 170 °C have been studied. The relaxational mechanisms of the side-chain chromophores in these polymers have been investigated above and below the glass transition by second-harmonic decay, dielectric relaxation, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The nonexponential relaxation in both the time and frequency domains was modeled by the Kohlrausch−Williams−Watts (KWW) function. The nonlinear relaxational behavior of these polymers can be modeled in terms of the Tool−Narayanaswamy description of glassy state behavior. It allows for the nonlinear extension of the liquid equilibrium state behavior into and below the glass transition region with an accurate prediction of the relaxation times over more than 15 orders of magnitude in time. Time−temperature scaling of the relaxation times with (Tg − T)/T as the relevant scaling parameter is observed below the glass transition.
An Electronic Resuscitation Evaluation System (1972)

An electronic system is described that distinguishes and tabulates pressure pulses received from the Resusci-Anne training mannequin during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The requirements of this system are in accordance with accepted CPR training programs. Samples of quantitative data gathered during mannequin practice sessions are included. The effectiveness of the system as a teaching aid is investigated, and correlations are made between CPR skills and a trainee's physical attributes.
Active nonlinear metamaterials loaded with negative differential resistance elements and circuits (2012)

Using active loads in circuits that result in negative differential resistances at various nodes in the circuit are used for producing resistance cancellation, gain, oscillations, and other types of effects not seen in passive circuits. We aim to demonstrate these properties in metamaterial unit cells with the hope of mimicking the circuit behavior in bulk media. In the metamaterial unit cells, we were able to experimentally show resistance cancellation by controlling the quality of the resonance of the unit cell, oscillation and harmonic generation in the unit cell, and mixing within the unit cell between incident signals and the self generated oscillations and harmonics.
Optical Engineering Fundamentals (1995)

This classic Tutorial Text provides a basic understanding of many fundamental optical principles. The Second Edition has been updated to reflect the development of electronic sensors, as well as the advent of mainstream consumer optical products. Chapters also emphasize the application of state-of-the-art computer software to generate solutions to related lens design and optimization problems. This is an ideal textbook for introductory courses at advanced high school and college levels. For those who proceed to work in the field of optical engineering, this book will provide a convenient source of valuable, basic reference material
Taste Preference for Fatty Acids Is Mediated by GPR40 and GPR120 (2010)

The oral perception of fat has traditionally been considered to rely mainly on texture and olfaction, but recent findings suggest that taste may also play a role in the detection of long chain fatty acids. The two G-protein coupled receptors GPR40 (Ffar1) and GPR120 are activated by medium and long chain fatty acids. Here we show that GPR120 and GPR40 are expressed in the taste buds, mainly in type II and type I cells, respectively. Compared with wild-type mice, male and female GPR120 knock-out and GPR40 knock-out mice show a diminished preference for linoleic acid and oleic acid, and diminished taste nerve responses to several fatty acids. These results show that GPR40 and GPR120 mediate the taste of fatty acids.
Optimal Resolution of Rectangular Pulses in Noise (1975)

Optimal detection of rectangular pulses in noise is considered, subject to a sidelobe constraint which ensures adequate resolution capabilities, and a new sidelobe reduction filter is derived. Tests in the laboratory and on a Westinghouse AN/TPS-27 search radar system em indicate that use of the new filter substantially improves both resolution and clutter performance over such standard techniques as fast time constant (FTC), delay line differentiator (DLD), and pulse length discriminator (PLD).
Performance of interior spruce seedlings treated with abscisic acid analogs (1996)

This research examined the performance of interior spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss × Piceaengelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) seedlings, each group treated with one of nine abscisic acid (ABA) analogs, during the initial stages of seedling establishment under a range of environmental conditions. Interior spruce seedlings were removed from frozen storage, ABA analog treatments were immediately applied, and seedlings were tested under low root temperature or moderate drought cycle conditions. Alternatively, seedlings were removed from frozen storage and held until bud break had occurred before ABA analog treatments were applied. These seedlings were then tested under severe drought or optimum environmental conditions. ABA analog 1, followed by ABA analog 2, had the most consistent performance of the nine tested ABA analogs under all combinations of environmental test conditions. These ABA analogs reduced needle conductance for 7–9 days when seedlings were tested under low root temperature conditions with only a reduction in net photosynthesis on the first day of testing. During three successive moderate drought cycles, seedlings treated with ABA analogs 1 and 2 had partial stomatal closure, thereby increasing mean shoot water potential by around 50%. During a severe drought, ABA analog 1 caused partial stomatal closure, which allowed seedlings to maintain a mean shoot water potential of greater than −3.0 MPa and a positive net photosynthesis up to 8 days longer than control seedlings. Under optimum environmental conditions, ABA analogs 1 and 2 reduced needle conductance for up to 7 days, with net photosynthesis reduced for 1 day. Root growth was not adversely affected in seedlings treated with any of the ABA analogs prior to bud break. However, when seedlings were treated after bud break, all ABA analogs reduced growth of long roots (>4.0 cm) by approximately 60%. ABA analogs 1 and 2 delayed bud break by 4 days, when compared with control seedlings. Results are discussed in reference to the establishment process of spruce seedlings on reforestation sites.
Rapid Clearance of Human Papillomavirus and Implications for Clinical Focus on Persistent Infections (2008)

Health professionals and the public need to understand the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections of the cervix to best use the information provided by new molecular screening tests. We investigated outcomes of 800 carcinogenic HPV infections detected in 599 women at enrollment into a population-based cohort (Guanacaste, Costa Rica). For individual infections, we calculated cumulative proportions of three outcomes (viral clearance, persistence without cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse [CIN2+], or persistence with new diagnosis of CIN2+) at successive 6-month time points for the first 30 months of follow-up. Cervical specimens were tested for carcinogenic HPV genotypes using an L1 degenerate-primer polymerase chain reaction method. Infections typically cleared rapidly, with 67% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 63% to 70%) clearing by 12 months. However, among infections that persisted at least 12 months, the risk of CIN2+ diagnosis by 30 months was 21% (95% CI = 15% to 28%). The risk of CIN2+ diagnosis was highest among women younger than 30 years with HPV-16 infections that persisted for at least 12 months (53%; 95% CI = 29% to 76%). These findings suggest that the medical community should emphasize persistence of cervical HPV infection, not single-time detection of HPV, in management strategies and health messages.
Die Abhängigkeit der alkalischen Hydrolysegeschwindigkeit der Ester von der Konstitution des Alkohols. I. (1922)

Article Die Abhängigkeit der alkalischen Hydrolysegeschwindigkeit der Ester von der Konstitution des Alkohols. I. was published on August 1, 1922 in the journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (volume 102U, issue 1).
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (2017)

IBS affects 7 to 16% of the U.S. population, with subtypes characterized by diarrhea, constipation, or both. Patients may have a response to dietary modification, and an effective doctor–patient relationship may increase symptom control.
Hepatobiliary handling of iodine-125-Tyr3-octreotide and indium-111-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide by isolated perfused rat liver. (1993)

Radiolabeled bioactive peptides may show receptor-mediated binding to tumors, making them suitable for scintigraphic imaging. The liver is an important organ for peptide clearance. To gain insight into the uptake and intracellular processing of somatostatin analogs, we compared the hepatobiliary handling of 125I-Tyr3-octreotide and 111In-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide, which are successfully used to image somatostatin receptor-positive tumors in vivo in isolated recirculating perfused rat livers. Sixty minutes following administration of the radiolabeled peptides, perfusion medium and biliary radioactivity were analyzed. Radioiodinated Tyr3-octreotide was rapidly cleared by the liver and 60% of the dose was excreted intact into the bile after 60 min. In contrast, 111In-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide was not cleared by the liver; medium radioactivity levels remained about constant and only 2% of the dose was found in the bile. These results are in agreement with in vivo findings in rats and humans. We concluded that isolated rat liver perfusion is a good system to rapidly gain insight into the hepatic handling of radiopharmaceuticals.
Surface-confined single-layer covalent organic frameworks: design, synthesis and application (2020)

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene and single layer covalent organic frameworks (sCOFs) are being widely studied due to their unusual structure/property relationships. sCOFs typically feature atomic thickness, intrinsic nanoscale porosity and a crystalline lattice. Compared to other organic 2D materials, sCOFs exhibit major advantages including topological designation and constitutional tunability. This review describes the state of the art of surface-confined sCOFs, emphasizing reticular design, synthesis approaches, and key challenges related to improving quality and exploring applications.
Linear poly(alkyl ethylene imine) with varying side chain length: synthesis and physical properties (2010)

The synthesis of a series of poly(alkyl ethylene imine) (PalkylEI) with varying side chain lengths of 1, 2, 3 and 10 carbon atoms as well as a benzyl side group was performed. A series of polymers was synthesized from a direct reduction reaction of the corresponding poly(2-oxazoline) while another series was prepared by (reductive) alkylation of linear poly(ethylene imine) (PEI). The thermal and solubility properties of the resulting polymers were investigated and compared to the starting poly(2-oxazoline)s in order to study the effects of removing the carbonyl from the polymer structure. 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed quantitative formation of the PalkylEI, i.e. no residual signals of the poly(2-oxazoline) or linear PEI were observed. Thermal investigations revealed that the thermal transitions, melting and glass transition temperatures, significantly decreased after decarboxylation due to an increase in chain flexibility. Furthermore, solubility measurements indicated that the PalkylEIs are more hydrophobic compared to the corresponding poly(2-oxazoline)s, whereby poly(ethyl ethylene imine) revealed pH and temperature responsive solubility behavior in water.
EVALUATION OF SOME TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF FOODS WITH THE INSTRON UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (1973)

Abstract. Analysis of published chewing force patterns indicates that the ‘first bite’ involves an approximately linear application of force. The Instron Universal Testing Machine also offers a linear pattern of force application making it possible to obtain information about textural properties identified during the ‘first bite’ from force‐compression tests. However, the data obtained in such tests are influenced not only by the applied force but also by the rate at which it is applied. Both variables must be taken into account when analysing the data, since the applied force in chewing and also the rate of force application depend on the textural characteristics of the food being evaluated. Based on a correlation of sensory responses with instrumental force‐compression‐rate of force application data, a procedure is described for establishing the mechanical force conditions that should be used in Instron tests so that they simulate those associated with the sensory evaluation.
Direct Catalytic Enantioselective α‐Aminoxylation of Ketones: A Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy and α,α′‐Dihydroxy Ketones (2004)

Proline-catalyzed reactions between unmodified ketones and nitrosobenzene proceed with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities to provide protected α-hydroxy and α,α′-dihydroxy ketones [Eq. (1)]. Such compounds with chiral α-hydroxy carbonyl units are crucial in natural product synthesis.
Controversies in the management of brain metastases: the role of chemotherapy. (2002)

The role of chemotherapy (CT) for brain metastases (BrM) is still controversial. Limited life expectancy and presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been considered as contraindications for relatively aggressive therapies, such as CT. Nevertheless, more recent studies emphasise the possibility that in addition to historical nitrosoureas, also platinum derivatives, etoposide, teniposide, gemcitabine, irinotecan, topotecan and temozolomide can pass the BBB as they are active against selected BrM. Interaction of cytotoxic agents with other drugs may represent a problem in the treatment of BrM. By far, the most important factor conditioning the response to cytotoxic agents is the chemosensitivity of different tumours. CT proved to be effective in patients with BrM from lung cancer, mainly small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, choriocarcinoma and germ cell tumours. In these malignancies the responses to CT are similar to those observed in other metastatic sites. This observation, confirmed by many studies, contrasts with the theory, emphasised in the past, of the brain as a sanctuary. In fact BBB may be important in protecting normal brain tissue and micrometastases from CT, but not when BrM are symptomatic and clinically evident. The clue to the treatment of chemosensitive tumours is to assess the most active drugs and combinations. Cisplatin and etoposide was confirmed to be the treatment of choice in many situations (BrM from lung and also from breast cancer). Newer drugs are now on study: topotecan and temozolomide seem to be particularly promising (alone or in association with other drugs) in the treatment of various BrM (also from melanoma) and could represent an alternative to more widely-used drugs or as second-line treatments.
Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction from sequential enzyme measurements obtained within 12 hours of admission to hospital. (1989)

A prospective study was made of sequential changes in serum creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB isoenzyme activity within the 12 hours following admission to the coronary care unit on 65 patients with recent chest pain. CK determinations were performed in the laboratory or in the coronary care unit using a dry reagent strip analyser. Slope values for log CK/hour and log CK-MB/hour were calculated, used to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, and compared with diagnosis by conventional means. Compared with retrospective diagnosis using all available information, the CK slope had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94%. This compared with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 90% for diagnosis using upper reference limits alone. Determination of CK slope permits very rapid and accurate biochemical confirmation or exclusion of myocardial infarction and the possibility of performing the measurements on the coronary care unit. It additionally offers the prospect of major cost savings resulting from early discharge or transfer from the coronary care unit.