gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty in the analysis of tracer kinetics using dynamic contrast‐enhanced <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>‐weighted MRI (2002)

In recent years a number of physiological models have gained prominence in the analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI data. However, there remains little evidence to support their use in estimating the absolute values of tissue physiological parameters such as perfusion, capillary permeability, and blood volume. In an attempt to address this issue, data were simulated using a distributed pathway model of tracer kinetics, and three published models were fitted to the resultant concentration-time curves. Parameter estimates obtained from these fits were compared with the parameters used for the simulations. The results indicate that the use of commonly accepted models leads to systematic overestimation of the transfer constant, Ktrans, and potentially large underestimates of the blood plasma volume fraction, Vp. In summary, proposals for a practical approach to physiological modeling using MRI data are outlined.
Role of the Low-Molecular-Weight Subunits PetL, PetG, and PetN in Assembly, Stability, and Dimerization of the Cytochrome <i>b</i><sub>6</sub><i>f</i> Complex in Tobacco (2007)

The cytochrome b6f (Cyt b6f) complex in flowering plants contains nine conserved subunits, of which three, PetG, PetL, and PetN, are bitopic plastid-encoded low-molecular-weight proteins of largely unknown function. Homoplastomic knockout lines of the three genes have been generated in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ‘Petit Havana’) to analyze and compare their roles in assembly and stability of the complex. Deletion of petG or petN caused a bleached phenotype and loss of photosynthetic electron transport and photoautotrophy. Levels of all subunits that constitute the Cyt b6f complex were faintly detectable, indicating that both proteins are essential for the stability of the membrane complex. In contrast, ΔpetL plants accumulate about 50% of other Cyt b6f subunits, appear green, and grow photoautotrophically. However, ΔpetL plants show increased light sensitivity as compared to wild type. Assembly studies revealed that PetL is primarily required for proper conformation of the Rieske protein, leading to stability and formation of dimeric Cyt b6f complexes. Unlike wild type, phosphorylation levels of the outer antenna of photosystem II (PSII) are significantly decreased under state II conditions, although the plastoquinone pool is largely reduced in ΔpetL, as revealed by measurements of PSI and PSII redox states. This confirms the sensory role of the Cyt b6f complex in activation of the corresponding kinase. The reduced light-harvesting complex II phosphorylation did not affect state transition and association of light-harvesting complex II to PSI under state II conditions. Ferredoxin-dependent plastoquinone reduction, which functions in cyclic electron transport around PSI in vivo, was not impaired in ΔpetL.
10.5% efficient polymer and amorphous silicon hybrid tandem photovoltaic cell (2015)

Thin-film solar cells made with amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) or organic semiconductors are considered as promising renewable energy sources due to their low manufacturing cost and light weight. However, the efficiency of single-junction a-Si:H or organic solar cells is typically <10%, insufficient for achieving grid parity. Here we demonstrate an efficient double-junction photovoltaic cell by employing an a-Si:H film as a front sub-cell and a low band gap polymer:fullerene blend film as a back cell on planar glass substrates. Monolithic integration of 6.0% efficienct a-Si:H and 7.5% efficient polymer:fullerene blend solar cells results in a power conversion efficiency of 10.5%. Such high-efficiency thin-film tandem cells can be achieved by optical management and interface engineering of fully optimized high-performance front and back cells without sacrificing photovoltaic performance in both cells.
Some hosts, properties and possible affinities of a labile virus from Hypochoeris radicata (Compositae) (1978)

SUMMARY Hypochoeris mosaic virus (HMV) is common in Hypochoeris radicata (‘cat's ear’) in western Canada. It infected 10 of 53 mechanically inoculated species in five of twelve families, but was not transmitted by aphids or through seed or soil. Sap from infected Nicotiana clevelandii was sometimes infective after dilution to 10 ‐1 and occasionally 10 2 , after 10 min at 45 but not 50°C, and after 1 but not 2 days at 20°C. Infectivity of crude nucleic acid extracts from infected leaves was rapidly abolished by RNase but not by DNase. Host sap contained very few rod‐shaped particles or particle fragments mostly 21.0–22.5 nm in diameter, and up to 420 nm long but with predominant lengths of 120–140 and 240–260 nm. Many rods in purified virus preparations were less than 240 nm long, and the majority were c. 140 nm or shorter. The particles had a helical substructure with a pitch of 2.58 nm and contained a single type of protein of estimated mol. wt 24.5 × 10 3 . HMV showed no serological relationship to eight morphologically similar viruses (beet necrotic yellow vein, broad bean necrosis, barley stripe mosaic, peanut clump, potato mop‐top, Nicotiana velutina mosaic, wheat soil‐borne mosaic and defective strains of tobacco mosaic). It is probably a hitherto undescribed tobamovirus.
Radiolabeled nanobodies as theranostic tools in targeted radionuclide therapy of cancer (2014)

We trust that radiolabeled nanobodies will have a future potential as theranostic tools in cancer therapy, both for diagnosis as well as for TRNT.
Bounds on the linear span of bent sequences (1983)

Recently, Olsen, Scholtz, and Welch presented families of binary sequences called bent-function sequences which can be generated through nonlinear operations on <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> -sequences. These families of sequences possess asymptotically optimum correlation properties and large equivalent linear span (ELS). Upper and lower bounds to the ELS of bent-function sequences are derived. The upper bound improves upon Key's upper bound and the lower bound, obtained through construction, and exceeds <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\left(\stackrel{n/2}{n/4}\right)\cdot 2^{n/4}</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> is the length of the shift register generating the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> -sequence. An interesting general result contained in the derivation is the exhibition of a class of nonlinear sequences whose ELS is guaranteed to be large.
Ischemia-reperfusion induces inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis and cytochrome c oxidase activity in rat hippocampus (2009)

Dysfunction of mitochondria induced by ischemia is considered to be a key event triggering neuronal cell death after brain ischemia. Here we report the effect of ischemia-reperfusion on mitochondrial protein synthesis and activity of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1, COX). By performing 4-vessel occlusion model of global brain ischemia, we have observed that 15 min of global ischemia led to the inhibition of COX subunit I (COXI) synthesis to 56 % of control. After 1, 3 and 24 h of reperfusion, COXI synthesis was inhibited to 46, 50 and 72 % of control, respectively. Depressed synthesis of COXI was not a result of either diminished transcription of COXI gene or increased proteolytic degradation of COXI, since both Northern hybridization and Western blotting did not show significant changes in COXI mRNA and protein level. Thus, ischemia-reperfusion affects directly mitochondrial translation machinery. In addition, ischemia in duration of 15 min and consequent 1, 3 and 24 h of reperfusion led to the inhibition of COX activity to 90.3, 80.3, 81.9 and 83.5 % of control, respectively. Based on our data, we suggest that inhibition of COX activity is rather caused by ischemia-induced modification of COX polypeptides than by inhibition of mitochondrial translation.
Premenstrual and menstrual symptom clusters and response to calcium treatment. (1991)

Fourteen perimenstrual symptoms were rated daily by 33 women in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of calcium supplementation. Factor analysis was performed on these symptoms using 2,413 daily ratings during the luteal and menstrual phases with at least one symptom present. Four factors (negative affect, water retention, food, and pain) accounting for 67 percent of the total variance were extracted. Internal consistency was high for scales based on these factors. Correlations between the scores ranged from .35 to .69. Scores were low during the intermenstrual phase and much higher during both luteal and menstrual phases. Paired t-tests comparing the intermenstrual phase with both luteal and menstrual phases all resulted in significant differences at p less than .01. There was more pain reported during the menstrual compared with the luteal phase (p less than .01). Calcium supplementation reduced negative affect (p = .045), water retention (p = .003), and pain (p = .036) during the luteal phase and pain (p = .02) during the menstrual phase.
Effect of Electrostimulation on Denervated Muscle (1992)

The influence of electrostimulation on denervated and reinnervated muscle was investigated. First, the left peroneal nerve was severed in rats. Wet weight and muscle fiber diameter of denervated anterior tibial muscle was compared as a percentage of contralateral muscle in stimulated and non-stimulated rats. In a second experiment, four weeks after the peroneal nerve was severed, the tibial nerve was cross-sutured to the distal stump of the peroneal nerve. Electrostimulation was continued in rats that had electrostimulation before nerve-crossing. Recovery of wet weight was assessed at eight weeks and at one year after nerve-crossing. The mean decrease in weight and fiber diameter of the denervated muscle was significantly less in the group that was electrostimulated for eight weeks. Recovery of weight of reinnervated muscle was significantly better in the electrostimulated group. Electrostimulation of denervated muscle retarded denervation atrophy and improved recovery after reinnervation.
Augmentation mentoplasty with osteocartilaginous nasal graft (2010)

Nasal hump in reduction rhinoplasty is a useful alternative for augmentation mentoplasty on patients with large humps and poor chin projection. It also avoids all the disadvantages of alloplastic materials and eases integration compared with other alternatives in selected cases.
Cardiovascular Biology of the Incretin System (2012)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and exerts direct and indirect actions on the cardiovascular system. GLP-1 and its related incretin hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), a key determinant of incretin bioactivity. Two classes of medications that enhance incretin action, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We review herein the cardiovascular biology of GLP-1R agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, including direct and indirect effects on cardiomyocytes, blood vessels, adipocytes, the control of blood pressure, and postprandial lipoprotein secretion. Both GLP-1R activation and DPP-4 inhibition exert multiple cardioprotective actions in preclinical models of cardiovascular dysfunction, and short-term studies in human subjects appear to demonstrate modest yet beneficial actions on cardiac function in subjects with ischemic heart disease. Incretin-based agents control body weight, improve glycemic control with a low risk of hypoglycemia, decrease blood pressure, inhibit the secretion of intestinal chylomicrons, and reduce inflammation in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, there is limited information on the cardiovascular actions of these agents in patients with diabetes and established cardiovascular disease. Hence, a more complete understanding of the cardiovascular risk to benefit ratio of incretin-based therapies will require completion of long-term cardiovascular outcome studies currently underway in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
An experimental and theoretical study of the relation between magnetic field and current in a superconductor (1953)

Abstract The penetration depth, λ, in superconducting tin at 0° K has been found to be capable of variation by the addition of impurity, 3% of indium causing it to be nearly doubled, although the thermodynamical properties such as Tc are hardly affected. It is suggested that this result throws doubt on the phenomenological theory of F. and H. London, and a new equation for the supercurrent is proposed, in which the current is related to an average of the vector potential over a region around the point considered. The size of the region is governed by a parameter ξ, which is dependent, in a similar way to the mean free path in a normal metal, on the degree of purity . The new theory agrees in a satisfactory manner with the experimental results, and also provides an explanation of the magnitude of λ in a pure metal. It has been found that the unusual anisotropy of λ in pure tin is absent in tin + 3 % indium , and this too is in agreement with the prediction of the new theory. The fact that the temperature variation of λ appears to have the same form independent of the degree of purity implies that ξ depends on temperature in the same way as λ; this result agrees with the observed behaviour of the interphase surface energy, αns, if ξ is regarded as determining the width of the interface between superconducting and normal regions. The paper ends with a discussion of the relation of the new theory to microscopic theories of superconductivity.
Computational Modelling in Behavioural Neuroscience (2009)

Mavritsaki, Heinke, Preface. Graham, Cutsuridis, Dynamical Information Processing in the CA1 Microcircuit of the Hippocampus. Thorpe, Why Connectionist Models Need Spikes. Deco, Rolls, Stochastic Neuro-Dynamical Computation of Brain Functions. Humphreys, Mavritsaki, Allen, Heinke, Deco, Application of Neural Level Model to Human Visual Search: Modelling the Whole System Behaviour, Neuropsychological Break Down and Neural Signal Response. Heinke, Mavritsaki, Backhaus, Kreyling, The Selective Attention for Identification Model (SAIM): A Framework for Closing the Gap Between Behaviour and Neurological Level. Gurney, Computational Models in Neuroscience: From Membrane to Robots. Zhaoping, May, Koene, Some Finger Prints of V1 Mechanisms in the Bottom up Saliency for Visual Selection. Trappenberg, Decision Making and Population Decoding with Strongly Inhibitory Neural Field Models. Bullinaria, The Importance of Neurophysiological Constraints for Modelling the Emergence of Modularity. Ward, Ward, Selective Attention in Linked, Minimally Cognitive Agents. Kropff, Full Solution for the Storage of Correlated Memories in an Autoassociative Memory. Mozer, Wilder, A Unified Theory of Exogenous and Endogenous Attentional Control. Friston, Stephan, Kiebel, Free-Energy, Value and Neuronal Systems. Sloman, Architecture and Representation Requirements for Seeing Processes and Affordances. Heinke, Computational Modelling in Behavioural Neuroscience: Methodologies and Approaches - Minutes of Discussions at the Workshop in Birmingham, UK in May 2007
Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of synthetic menthol, thymol and their mixtures against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) (2015)

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a polyphagous pest that causes considerable damage to field, horticultural and greenhouse crops. Currently, many plant essential oils and their active compounds have received attention because of their lethal effect against arthropod pests such as herbivorous mites. In this study, contact toxicity of three formulated compositions based on synthetic thymol and menthol including menthol 5%, thymol 5%, and a mixture of menthol 5% + thymol 5% tested against eggs and female adults of T. urticae. Adulticidal results showed that menthol 5% + thymol 5% had the lowest LC50 value (656.77 µl/l) 24 hours after the treatment. Likewise, the mixture was highly effective against T. urticae eggs and had the lowest LC50 value (967.24 µl/l). Although, the LC50 value of menthol 5% and menthol 5% + thymol 5% were not significantly different from each other but both of them had a significant difference with the thymol 5% in manner of adulticide and ovicidal. Results also showed that a combination of thymol and menthol increased lethal effects compared to these two compounds.
Inhibition of Endogenous TGF-β During Experimental Osteoarthritis Prevents Osteophyte Formation and Impairs Cartilage Repair (2002)

Osteoarthritis has as main characteristics the degradation of articular cartilage and the formation of new bone at the joint edges, so-called osteophytes. In this study enhanced expression of TGF-beta1 and -beta3 was detected in developing osteophytes and articular cartilage during murine experimental osteoarthritis. To determine the role of endogenous TGF-beta on osteophyte formation and articular cartilage, TGF-beta activity was blocked via a scavenging soluble TGF-beta-RII. Our results clearly show that inhibition of endogenous TGF-beta nearly completely prevented osteophyte formation. In contrast, treatment with recombinant soluble TGF-beta-RII markedly enhanced articular cartilage proteoglycan loss and reduced the thickness of articular cartilage. In conclusion, we show for the first time that endogenous TGF-beta is a crucial factor in the process of osteophyte formation and has an important function in protection against cartilage loss.
Data Sandboxing: A Technique for Enforcing Confidentiality Policies (2006)

When an application reads private / sensitive infor- mation and subsequently communicates on an output channel such as a public file or a network connection, how can we ensure that the data written is free of private information? In this paper, we address this question in a practical setting through the use of a technique that we call "data sandboxing" . Essentially, data sandboxing is implemented using the popular technique of system call interposition to mediate output channels used by a pro- gram. To distinguish between private and public data, the program is partitioned into two: one that contains all the instructions that handle sensitive data and the other containing the rest of the instructions. This parti- tioning is performed based on techniques from program slicing. When run together, these two programs collec- tively replace the original program. To address confi- dentiality, these programs are sandboxed with different system call interposition based policies. We discuss the design and implementation of a tool that enforces con- fidentiality policies on C programs using this technique. We also report our experiences in using our tool over several programs that handle confidential data.
SH Surface Wave Propagation on Corrugated Surfaces of Rotated Y-Cut Quartz and Berlinite Crystals (1981)

An analysis has been performed of X-polarized horizontal shear surface wave propagation on rotated Ycut quartz and berlinite corrugated surfaces. Space harmonic theory is used, with the effect of the corrugated surface grating analysed by Datta-Hunsinger perturbation theory. Dispersion curves are given, showing the influence of crystal orientation, grating depth and sample thickness. Scattering coefficients for a finite length stopband grating in an infinite passband grating line are evaluated using a modification of the Kogelnik-Schmidt theory for finite SAW gratings. Experimental results are presented and the potential of these structures for surface wave resonator applications is discussed,
Elevated serum soluble CD40 ligand in cancer patients may play an immunosuppressive role (2012)

Tumor cells can induce certain cytokines and soluble receptors that have a suppressive effect on the immune system. In this study, we showed that an extracellular portion of a membrane-bound ligand of CD40 (soluble CD40 ligand; sCD40L) was significantly elevated in the serum of cancer patients compared with healthy donors. In addition, PBMCs from cancer patients had a relatively larger population of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), defined as CD33(+)HLA-DR(-) cells, and these cells expressed higher levels of CD40. T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production decreased when stimulated T cells were cocultured with an increased amount of autologous MDSCs. The addition of recombinant monomeric sCD40L enriched MDSCs and had an additive inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation. PBMCs cultured in vitro with sCD40L also showed an expansion of regulatory T cells (CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+)), as well as induction of cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-6. Moreover, sCD40L-induced enrichment of programmed death-1-expressing T cells was greater in cancer patients than in healthy donors. Preexisting sCD40L also inhibited IL-12 production from monocytes on activation. These data suggest that the higher levels of sCD40L seen in cancer patients may have an immunosuppressive effect.
Ueber Vinyläthyläther (1878)

Aus Dichloriither durch Einwirkung von Natriumatbylat dargestelltes Chloracetal *) wird bei gewohnlicher Temperatur von Natrium nicht wesentljch angegriffen.Erst wenn das Metall geschmolzen 1st beginnt die Reaction, welche iridessen diirch constantes Erhitzen unterstiitzt werden mufs
Morning Surge in Blood Pressure as a Predictor of Silent and Clinical Cerebrovascular Disease in Elderly Hypertensives (2003)

In older hypertensives, a higher morning BP surge is associated with stroke risk independently of ambulatory BP, nocturnal BP falls, and silent infarct. Reduction of the MS could thus be a new therapeutic target for preventing target organ damage and subsequent cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients.
An Animal Model of Cortical and Callosal Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis (2010)

The pathological and radiological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) include multiple demyelinated lesions disseminated throughout the white matter of the central nervous system (CNS). More recently, the cerebral cortex has been shown to be affected in MS, but the elucidation of events causing cortical demyelination has been hampered by the lack of animal models reflecting such human cortical pathology. In this report, we have described the presence of cortical gray matter and callosal white matter demyelinating lesions in the chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Similar to the pathological lesions of MS patients, EAE lesions have been classified as type I-leukocortical, type II-intracortical and type III-subpial. All of these lesions had varying degrees of demyelination, inflammatory cells and reactive astrocytes. Similar to MS, cortical layers during EAE showed demyelination, microglia activation, synaptic protein alterations and apoptotic cells. In addition, the callosal white matter during EAE had many inflammatory demyelinating lesions and axon degeneration. Functional electrophysiological conduction analysis showed deficits in both myelinated and unmyelinated callosal axons during early and late EAE. The chronic EAE mouse model has features that mimic cortical and callosal pathology of MS, and can be potentially used to screen agents to prevent these features of disease.