gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound as a Tool to Assess Body Fat (2013)

Ultrasound has been used effectively to assess body fat for nearly 5 decades, yet this method is not known as well as many other body composition techniques. The purpose of this review is to explain the technical principles of the ultrasound method, explain the procedures for taking a measurement and interpreting the results, evaluate the reliability and validity of this method for measuring subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, highlight the advantages and limitations of ultrasound relative to other body composition methods, consider its utility to clinical populations, and introduce new body composition-specific ultrasound technology. The focus of this review is adipose, although various tissue thicknesses (e.g., muscle and bone) can be measured with ultrasound. Being a portable imaging device that is capable of making fast regional estimates of body composition, ultrasound is an attractive assessment tool in instances when other methods are limited. Furthermore, much of the research suggests that it is reliable, reproducible, and accurate. The biggest limitations appear to be a lack of standardization for the measurement technique and results that are highly dependent on operator proficiency. New ultrasound devices and accompanying software designed specifically for the purpose of body composition assessment might help to minimize these limitations.
Rear Vehicle Detection and Tracking for Lane Change Assist (2007)

A monocular vision based rear vehicle detection and tracking system is presented for Lane Change Assist (LCA), which does not need road boundary and lane information. Our algorithm extracts regions of interest (ROI) using the shadow underneath a vehicle, and accurately localizes vehicle regions in ROI by vehicle features such as symmetry, edge and shadow underneath vehicles. The algorithm realizes vehicle verification by combining knowledge-based and learning-based methods. During vehicle tracking, templates are dynamically created on-line, tracking window is adaptively adjusted with motion estimation, and confidence is determined for tracked vehicle. The algorithm was tested under various traffic scenes at different daytime, the result illustrated good performance.
Alteration of Membrane Permeability in Bacillus subtilis by Clofoctol (1983)

When Bacillus subtilis was treated with a bacteriostatic concentration of clofoctol [2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-4-(tetramethyl-1,1,3,3-butyl)phenol], UV-absorbing material was released. Electron micrographs showed evidence of physical alteration of the bacterial envelope. The uptake of [14C]glutamate was strongly inhibited by clofoctol, and preloaded glutamate was found to leak from the bacteria. Clofoctol caused an immediate and dramatic decrease in the amount of intracellular ATP. This was neither the consequence of the stimulation of an ATPase, nor of the inhibition of bacterial respiration. Both the proton gradient and the potential gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane collapsed and this inhibition of energy metabolism was sufficient to account for the inhibition of growth by clofoctol. At the same bacteriostatic concentration complete permeabilization of the bacteria occurred.
A proteome-wide protein interaction map for Campylobacter jejuni (2007)

The C. jejuni protein interaction map is one of the most comprehensive yet determined for a free-living organism and nearly doubles the binary interactions available for the prokaryotic kingdom. This high level of coverage facilitates pathway mapping and function prediction for a large number of C. jejuni proteins as well as orthologous proteins from other organisms. The broad coverage also facilitates cross-species comparisons for the identification of evolutionarily conserved subnetworks of protein interactions.
Arsenate reductases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (2002)

The ubiquity of arsenic in the environment has led to the evolution of enzymes for arsenic detoxification. An initial step in arsenic metabolism is the enzymatic reduction of arsenate [As(V)] to arsenite [As(III)]. At least three families of arsenate reductase enzymes have arisen, apparently by convergent evolution. The properties of two of these are described here. The first is the prokaryotic ArsC arsenate reductase of Escherichia coli. The second, Acr2p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is the only identified eukaryotic arsenate reductase. Although unrelated to each other, both enzymes receive their reducing equivalents from glutaredoxin and reduced glutathione. The structure of the bacterial ArsC has been solved at 1.65 A. As predicted from its biochemical properties, ArsC structures with covalent enzyme-arsenic intermediates that include either As(V) or As(III) were observed. The yeast Acr2p has an active site motif HC(X)(5)R that is conserved in protein phosphotyrosine phosphatases and rhodanases, suggesting that these three groups of enzymes may have evolved from an ancestral oxyanion-binding protein.
Cyclization of 9-substituted decanoic acid derivatives to 9-decanolide and 9-decanolactam (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclization of 9-substituted decanoic acid derivatives to 9-decanolide and 9-decanolactamMarti Bartra and Jaume VilarrasaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 17, 5132–5138Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00017a027https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00017a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1289Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Histamine H<sub>3</sub>‐receptor‐mediated [<sup>35</sup>S]GTPγ[S] binding: evidence for constitutive activity of the recombinant and native rat and human H<sub>3</sub> receptors (2002)

Constitutive activity of the recombinant and native rat and human H(3) receptors (H(3)Rs) was studied using H(3)R-mediated [(35)S]GTPgamma[S] binding and [(3)H]-arachidonic acid release. Ciproxifan, an inverse agonist at the rat H(3)R (rH(3)R), decreased [(3)H]arachidonic acid release from CHO cells expressing moderate densities (approximately 200 - 300 fmol mg(-1) protein) of the human H(3)R (hH(3)R). This effect occurred with the same magnitude than at the rH(3)R. The expression of the hH(3)R was associated with an increase in [(35)S]GTPgamma[S] binding to membranes of CHO cells. Ciproxifan decreased [(35)S]GTPgamma[S] binding to membranes of CHO (hH(3)R) cells. Both effects were correlated to receptor density and revealed that constitutive activity of the hH(3)R, although lower than that of the rH(3)R in this assay, was again observed at physiological densities (<500 fmol mg(-1) protein). Ciproxifan was less potent at the human than the rat receptor, not only as an antagonist (K(i)=45 nM), but also as an inverse agonist (EC(50)=15 nM). Constitutive activity of the hH(3)R was also evidenced using inhibition of [(35)S]GTPgamma[S] binding by unlabelled GTPgammaS. The expression of the hH(3)R generated a high affinity binding for GTPgammaS which was increased by imetit, but partially decreased by ciproxifan, therefore acting as a partial inverse agonist. [(35)S]GTPgamma[S] binding to rat brain membranes was decreased in several regions by thioperamide, ciproxifan and FUB 465, three inverse agonists at the H(3)R, whose effects were blocked by proxyfan, a neutral antagonist. [(35)S]GTPgamma[S] binding was also decreased by an A(1)-adenosine receptor inverse agonist, but remained unchanged in the presence of inverse agonists at D(2)/D(3) dopamine, H(1) and H(2) histamine, alpha(2)-adrenergic and delta opioid receptors. In conclusion, the present study shows that the recombinant rat and human H(3) receptors expressed at physiological densities display constitutive activity and suggests that constitutive activity of native H(3)Rs is one of the highest among G-protein-coupled receptors present in rat brain.
PROBING PHYCOBILISOME STRUCTURE BY IMMUNO‐ELECTRON MICROSCOPY<sup>1</sup> (1977)

ABSTRACT By immuno‐electron microscopy it was shown that phycoerythrin is located on the outer surface of the phycobilisome and allophycocyanin is on the inside near the photosynthetic membrane in the red alga Porphyridium purpureum (Bory) Drew & Ross (P. cruentum). These findings are consistent with the idea that the phycobilisome junctions as a light harvesting antenna and energy sink, which directs the energy to chlorophyll in the photosynthetic membrane. A technique was devised in which unfixed phycobilisomes, attached to thylakoid vesicles, were separately reacted with three monospecific antisera (to B‐phycoerythrin, R‐phycocyanin and allophycocyanin) and the reaction products were secondarily marked by reaction with ferritin‐conjugated goat‐antirabbit gamma globulin fraction. This was subsequently followed by glutaraldehyde fixation and staining with phosphotungstic acid. The entire procedure was carried out on an electron microscope grid. The results confirm the previously proposed phycobilisome structural model.
How plants tell the time (2006)

Plants, like all eukaryotes and most prokaryotes, have evolved sophisticated mechanisms for anticipating predictable environmental changes that arise due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis. These mechanisms are collectively termed the circadian clock. Many aspects of plant physiology, metabolism and development are under circadian control and a large proportion of the transcriptome exhibits circadian regulation. In the present review, we describe the advances in determining the molecular nature of the circadian oscillator and propose an architecture of several interlocking negative-feedback loops. The adaptive advantages of circadian control, with particular reference to the regulation of metabolism, are also considered. We review the evidence for the presence of multiple circadian oscillator types located in within individual cells and in different tissues.
Serum Total Homocysteine Concentrations in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1991–1994): Population Reference Ranges and Contribution of Vitamin Status to High Serum Concentrations (1999)

Upper reference limits for the serum total homocysteine concentration increased with age and were higher for male participants than for female participants at all ages. In most cases, high homocysteine concentrations were associated with low serum vitamin concentrations.
Standards For Corrected Fluorescence Spectra (1989)

A set of four fluorescent standards has been produced and calibrated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for corrected relative spectral emission over the wavelength range from 400 to 740 nm. This new Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1931 has been produced in the form of sintered mixtures of inorganic phosphors and polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) powder for spectral response calibration of spectrofluorimeters used in biology, medicine and studies of molecular structure. They provide a means for correcting spectrofluorimeter errors due to wavelength dependencies of optics, monochromators, and detectors, thus permitting meaningful intercomparison of results obtained in different laboratories.
Applying the Hilbert-Huang decomposition to horizontal light propagation C n<sup>2</sup>data (2006)

The Hilbert Huang Transform is a new technique for the analysis of non-stationary signals. It comprises two distinct parts: <i>Empirical Mode Decomposition</i> (EMD) and the <i>Hilbert Transform</i> of each of the modes found from the first step to produce a Hilbert Spectrum. The EMD is an adaptive decomposition of the data, which results in the extraction of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). We discuss the application of the EMD to the calibration of two optical scintillometers that have been used to measure C<sub>n</sub><sup>2</sup> over horizontal paths on a building rooftop, and discuss the advantage of using the Marginal Hilbert Spectrum over the traditional Fourier Power Spectrum.
Evidence for Radiative Recombination between Deep Donor-Acceptor Pairs in GaP at Room Temperature (1966)

Radiative donor-acceptor pair recombination between the deep-donor oxygen and a shallow acceptor (zinc or cadmium) in p-type crystals remains a dominant radiative recombination process in GaP at room temperature as it is at low temperatures. This mechanism is deduced from the spectral shift when one shallow acceptor is replaced by another, and from the dependence of photoluminescence intensities upon the simultaneous presence of both oxygen and the acceptor (zinc or cadmium). The minority carrier electron captured by the ionized donor is not readily released back to the conduction band thermally because the donor is quite deep. The thermal population of holes on the shallow acceptors is quite large even at room temperature, so that the trapped electrons can recombine with these holes. No radiative transitions between free holes and the trapped electrons are observed, implying that the capture cross section of a neutral oxygen donor for a free hole is &lt;10−19 cm2. Since the widths of the pair bands involving oxygen are greater than the difference in binding energies between zinc and cadmium, the two bands overlap in crystals containing oxygen and both acceptors. The sum band exhibits no structure but its position depends on the zinc-to-cadmium ratio.
Matching a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator to a Fixed Pitch Vertical Axis Turbine for Marine Current Energy Conversion (2009)

Extracting energy from a free-flow marine current using a vertical axis fixed pitch turbine requires a generator that can handle varying speeds and loads, since such a turbine gives maximum power capture for a fixed tip speed ratio. A prototype of such a generator has been designed and constructed. In this paper, its variable speed and load operation is evaluated, both in terms of how the constructed generator performs in relation to simulations, and in terms of how the generator could perform with three different fixed pitch turbines. Measurements of root mean square (RMS) voltage and current differ 10% from simulations. Performance analysis with example turbines shows that the generator can match fixed tip speed ratio operation of several turbines for current speeds between 0.5 and 2.5 m/s.
Evaluation of anti-islanding schemes based on nondetection zone concept (2004)

This paper present a nondetection zone (NDZ) as a performance index to evaluate different anti-islanding schemes. The NDZ for three basic passive anti-islanding schemes: under/over voltage, under/over frequency, and phase jump are derived analytically and validated by simulation. Based on the NDZ, not only can the dominant factors that influence anti-islanding protection be identified, it may also help find out optimal combined schemes that lead to a reduced NDZ. The methodology presented in the paper can be extended to evaluation of other anti-islanding schemes.
Synthesis of the enolic β-diketone carotenoids, mytiloxanthin and trikentriorhodin (1977)

A. K. Chopra, G. P. Moss and B. C. L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1977, 467 DOI: 10.1039/C39770000467
Placental lactogen administration reverses the effect of low-protein diet on maternal and fetal serum somatomedin levels in the pregnant rat. (1984)

Female rats were studied on day 20 of pregnancy after being fed either a 5% lactalbumin (low protein) diet or a 20% lactalbumin (adequate) diet for the last 2 weeks of pregnancy. Rats on the lower intake of protein showed decreased serum levels of rat placental lactogen and reduced numbers of lactogenic receptors in the maternal liver. These changes were accompanied by much reduced serum levels of somatomedins IGF I(insulin-like growth factor) and II (multiplication-stimulating activity, MSA). Infusion of human placental lactogen or human growth hormone into the rats on the low-protein intake during the last 2 weeks of pregnancy partially restored the maternal serum levels of both somatomedins, but only human placental lactogen increased the number of lactogenic receptors on liver cell membranes. It was concluded that protein deficiency may reduce secretion of somatomedins by the liver (or other tissues) of the pregnant rat indirectly through reduction in output of rat placental lactogen by the placenta. In the same experiments, the effect of maternal protein deficiency on fetal development and serum somatomedin levels was examined. Protein deficiency resulted in smaller fetuses and placentas and lower fetal serum levels of IGF I and MSA. Unlike the response in maternal serum levels, the concentration of MSA in the fetal serum increased during infusion of hPL or hGH but the concentration of IGF I did not. This suggests that placental lactogen enters the fetal circulation and affects tissues producing MSA but not those making IGF I. Despite the restoration of MSA levels, fetal and placental weights did not increase when the rats on the protein-deficient diets were treated with human placental lactogen or growth hormone.
3-D sensing with a confocal optical `macroscope' (1990)

Optical 3D-sensors are useful tools for automatic inspection. But frequently they are complex and expensive. We introduce a simple 'point sensor' for the acquisition of 3D object data, based on a modification of the 'confocal focus sensing'. This principle was described by Shamir et ala, for sensing microscopic, mirrorlike objects. Our modification works for macroscopic objects with rough surfaces. Rough surfaces introduce problems, because, with coherent illumination, we get speckled spot images. To reduce speckle effects,often a very high illumination aperture is used. But when measuring macroscopic objects one needs small apertures to get enough depth of field and to avoid shading. We reduce speckle by using a broadband laser diode or a white light source. Fig.l The sensor works as follows (Fig.l): a light spot is projected onto the object surface. Two images of this light spot are created by the lens L and two beamsplitters. Two pinholes are located on the optical axis, at different distances. The flux l and 2 behind the pinholes is measured. The ratio D1/D2 encodes the object distance. 41/b2 is independent from the object reflectivity.
Mass and volume modeling of tomato based on physical characteristics (2014)

There are instances in which it is desirable to determine relationship between various physical characteristics of vegetables and fruits. Although vegetables and fruits are often graded on the basis of size and projected area, it may be more economical to develop a machine which would grade by produce mass or volume. Therefore, relationships of mass and volume with other physical characteristics are needed. In this study, Market-King variety of tomato were selected and fruit dimensions and projected area were used to develop a number of models for predicting mass and volume of tomato. Three general models were established; Single and multiple variable regressions of tomato dimensions, single and multiple variable regressions of projected areas and modeling tomato mass and volume based on its measured volume and mass. Results revealed that for the first model that mass and volume can be best modeled on the basis of intermediate and minor diameters. Results for model #2 show that model based on 2nd projected area is a preferred model for mass and volume estimation. The third model which is based on ellipsoid volume can estimate tomato mass satisfactorily( ). This study indicated that for estimating tomato mass the third model can give best results. On the other hand, for estimating tomato volume, the 2nd projected area can give best results.
Improvement of encapsulation efficiency of water-soluble drugs in liposomes formed by the freeze-thawing method. (1985)

In order to improve the encapsulation efficiency (EN%) of a water-soluble drug in liposomes formed by the freeze-thawing (FT) method, the influence of preparation conditions was examined in detail using L-asparaginase (A-ase) as a model drug. The results were compared with those obtained by the thin film (hydration) method. It became clear that lower ionic strength in the suspension medium, gentle shaking after thawing, higher concentration of phospholipid and a relatively low concentration of A-ase were preferable to obtain higher EN% in the FT method. To confirm these results, other drugs of various molecular weights, cyanocobalamin, inulin and glucose, were encapsulated under controlled preparation conditions so as to obtain high EN%. High EN% values of from 40% to 60% (evaluated by the gel filtration method) were obtained. The influence of the phospholipid composition was also examined using phosphatidylcholine (PC), a mixture of PC and stearylamine, and a mixture of PC and dicetylphosphate. All of them gave lower EN% than yolk phospholipid (YPL). The mechanism of liposome generation is discussed on the basis of the results obtained.
Optimized space vector modulation and regular-sampled PWM: a reexamination (2002)

The relationship between space vector modulation and regular-sampled PWM techniques for hard-switching PWM inverters and rectifiers are reexamined in this paper. Space vector modulation with optimized apportioning of null vector time that results in minimum current THD is investigated and is compared with previously known methods. The conventional optimal regular-sampled PWM method and its relation to the optimized space vector modulation are discussed. Optimal discontinuous modulation for minimizing both the switching losses and the current THD is also studied.
Role of Calprotectin in Infection and Inflammation. (2012)

Calprotectin, an acute phase reactant plays vital physiological roles in infection and inflammation. It serves as a potential diagnostic marker for various inflammatory diseases including Inflammatory bowel disease, Sepsis, and Necrotizing enterocolitis. Once get induced by LPS or chemokines, calprotectin is secreted predominantly by the neutrophils and is translocated to the extracellular fluid where it takes part in major biological processes like signal transduction, tumorigenesis, apoptosis, cell homeostasis and inflammation. Calprotectin acts as an endogenous ligand of TLR4 receptor and further amplifies infection and inflammation. In this article, we review the molecular structure of calprotectin and its roles in disease conditions. Genetic behavior is also an important factor in calprotectin expression and is found to be associated with disease activity. Knock down studies revealed the secrets behind the pathophysiological functions of calprotectin and suggested it as a therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases.