gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temperature‐dependence modeling of highly crosslinked polymer networks (2003)

Abstract The dependence on the temperature of the state of a highly crosslinked polymer network can be modeled as a function of well‐defined molecular‐level network parameters to yield a simple applied model equation. The tightness and strength (modulus of elasticity) of the crosslinked networks formed, as well as any further tightening of the network due to further curing, can easily be compared with the parameters A , M , and α (the coefficient of branching) and the m / E ratio and, therefore, with parameters directly related to molecular‐level characteristics of the system. The crosslinking contribution to the network is represented by A and M , the former representing the frequency of crosslinking and the latter having the dimensions of an energy. The ratio m / E , that is, the ratio of the average number of degrees of freedom of chain segments between crosslinking nodes ( m ) to the average energy of nonbonded atom interactions between the same segments ( E ), and α model the noncrosslinked contribution to the characteristics of the network. These are the same parameters that appear in the simple equation modeling the dependence of the characteristics of the network on the temperature within a limited temperature range. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2416–2426, 2003
Observation of Enantiomers, Chiral by Virtue of Isotopic Substitution, through Deuterium NMR in a Polypeptide Liquid Crystal (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTObservation of Enantiomers, Chiral by Virtue of Isotopic Substitution, through Deuterium NMR in a Polypeptide Liquid CrystalA. Meddour, I. Canet, A. Loewenstein, J. M. Pechine, and J. CourtieuCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 21, 9652–9656Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00100a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00100a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views595Altmetric-Citations125LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Introduction (2017)

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book recognises the manifestly academic avoidance of disability studies is indicative of social prejudice. It explores a particularly perplexing form of critical avoidance but counterintuitively reveals great potential. The book also explores how disability studies can inform and improve a varied but far from exhaustive list of disciplines. The universal relevance of disability becomes manifest in the cultural artefacts on which so many lessons, courses, projects, and critical works are based. The book critiques some of the double standards experienced by staff and students who identify or are labelled as disabled, the systemic ableism and disablism sometimes said to have ceased in the Anglo-American context. It investigates how disability studies can inform and improve a varied but far from exhaustive list of disciplines.
Engaging in Creative Information-Reconstruction: an Exploration into the Framework of Multimedia Design for Teaching Chinese-English Translation to Native English and Native Japanese Speakers in an English Speaking Country (2001)

(2001). Engaging in Creative Information-Reconstruction: an Exploration into the Framework of Multimedia Design for Teaching Chinese-English Translation to Native English and Native Japanese Speakers in an English Speaking Country. Educational Media International: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 39-43.
Oculomotor disorders in Huntington's chorea. (1979)

Electro-oculographic recordings were obtained from 11 patients with Huntington's disease. Significant reduction of saccadic velocity was constantly found. In all the patients vertical saccades were much more impaired than horizontal. When present, vertical saccades showed long latency, low amplitude, low velocity, and disturbances related to blinking. Following movements were jerky, and ability to perform repeated rhythmic movements was impaired. These results are in agreement with previous observations and underline the selective defect of rapid movements as a characteristic feature of Huntington's disease. Further, they suggest a possible correlation between the difficulty in performing repeated ocular movements and the impaired execution of gestural sequences involving a succession of different fundamental movements.
Use of a Screen for Synthetic Lethal and Multicopy Suppressee Mutants To Identify Two New Genes Involved in Morphogenesis in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1991)

Genes CDC24 and CDC42 are required for the establishment of cell polarity and for bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Temperature-sensitive (Ts-) mutations in either of these genes cause arrest as large, unbudded cells in which the nuclear cycle continues. MSB1 was identified previously as a multicopy suppressor of Ts- cdc24 and cdc42 mutations. We have now sequenced MSB1 and constructed a deletion of this gene. The predicted amino acid sequence does not closely resemble any other in the available data bases, and the deletion does not produce any readily detectable phenotype. However, we have used a colony-sectoring assay to identify additional genes that appear to interact with MSB1 and play a role in bud emergence. Starting with a strain deleted for the chromosomal copy of MSB1 but containing MSB1 on a high-copy-number plasmid, mutants were identified in which MSB1 had become essential for viability. The new mutations defined two genes, BEM1 and BEM2; both the bem1 and bem2 mutations are temperature sensitive and are only partially suppressed by MSB1. In bem1 cells, a single copy of MSB1 is necessary and sufficient for viability at 23 or 30 degrees C, but even multiple copies of MSB1 do not fully suppress the growth defect at 37 degrees C. In bem2 cells, a single copy of MSB1 is necessary and sufficient for viability at 23 degrees C, multiple copies are necessary for viability at 30 degrees C, and even multiple copies of MSB1 do not suppress the growth defect at 37 degrees C. In a wild-type background (i.e., a single chromosomal copy of MSB1), both bem1 and bem2 mutations cause cells to become large and multinucleate even during growth at 23 degrees C, suggesting that these genes are involved in bud emergence. This suggestion is supported for BEM1 by other evidence obtained in a parallel study (J. Chant, K. Corrado, J. Pringle, and I. Herskowitz, submitted for publication). BEM1 maps centromere distal to TYR1 on chromosome II, and BEM2 maps between SPT15 and STP2 on chromosome V.
The Oxidase DsbA Folds a Protein with a Nonconsecutive Disulfide (2007)

One of the last unsolved problems of molecular biology is how the sequential amino acid information leads to a functional protein. Correct disulfide formation within a protein is hereby essential. We present periplasmic ribonuclease I (RNase I) from Escherichia coli as a new endogenous substrate for the study of oxidative protein folding. One of its four disulfides is between nonconsecutive cysteines. In general view, the folding of proteins with nonconsecutive disulfides requires the protein disulfide isomerase DsbC. In contrast, our study with RNase I shows that DsbA is a sufficient catalyst for correct disulfide formation in vivo and in vitro. DsbA is therefore more specific than generally assumed. Further, we show that the redox potential of the periplasm depends on the presence of glutathione and the Dsb proteins to maintain it at-165 mV. We determined the influence of this redox potential on the folding of RNase I. Under the more oxidizing conditions of dsb(-) strains, DsbC becomes necessary to correct non-native disulfides, but it cannot substitute for DsbA. Altogether, DsbA folds a protein with a nonconsecutive disulfide as long as no incorrect disulfides are formed.
<i>The 3B20D Processor & DMERT Operating System</i>: Field Administration Subsystems (1983)

This article describes the field administration facilities of the Duplex Multiple Environment Real Time (DMERT) operating system, as provided on the 3B20D Processor. These facilities are: Recent Change/Verify, the subsystem that allows manipulation of office-dependent configuration information; Field Update, the software change mechanism; and System Update, the component used to install a new generic program in an office. The article also includes information on how these capabilities fit into the overall scheme of field support in an in-service office environment.
A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. (1985)

The reliability and concurrent validity of a simple questionnaire to assess leisure time physical activity has been investigated on 306 self-selected healthy adults of both sexes (163 M; 143 F). Values of body fat (BF) and maximum oxygen intake (VO2 max) expressed as percentiles of appropriate age and sex categories were used as criteria of validity for the questionnaire. BF and VO2 max were predicted from the Durnin and Womersley skinfold equations, and the laboratory version of the Canadian Home Fitness Test respectively. The strongest correlation was between VO2 max (percentile) and reported strenuous exercise (r = 0.35). The optimum discriminant function for VO2 max was based on a combination of reported strenuous and light activity. This yielded a correct 2-way classification of 69% of the subjects. A combination of sweat-inducing and moderate exercise yielded a correct 2-way classification of BF for 66% of subjects. The reliability coefficients for the optimum discriminant functions classifying VO2 max and BF were 0.83 and 0.85 respectively. We conclude that this simple instrument has potential value for the assessment of leisure time exercise behavior, offering the possibility of examining changes in behavior following the implementation of health and physical fitness promotion programmes in the community.
Survey note database (2012)

This is analytical note 7 supporting the International Finance Corporation's jobs report in 2012. An analysis of over 45,000 enterprises in over 100 countries found that larger firms tend to be more productive, offer higher wages and more formal training. Compared to small enterprises, productivity in large enterprises is on average three times as high, wages are twice as high, and about twice as many large firms (about two thirds) offer formal training. These differences are particularly pronounced in Sub-Saharan Africa. The overall patterns are quite consistent across regions, but there are some exceptions, for example labor productivity differences by firm size are very small in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and in several small island economies smaller firms offer higher wages than large ones. The World Bank's enterprise surveys provide a unique source of information that can be used to measure employment growth across a large set of developing countries. The data used for this note covers manufacturing and services firms in 106 countries from five regions. Additional information on data and definitions can be found on the International Finance Corporation job creation website.
Evaluation of sample pretreatment methods for multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes for the determination of metal impurities by ICPMS, ICPOES, and instrument neutron activation analysis (2010)

The manufacture of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) relies on the use of transition metal catalysts. The presence of metals in CNTs has been shown to critically affect the physical, chemical and surface properties of the material for applications in areas such as gas sensors and microcolumns. Once CNTs are released into the environment, the bioavailability of the metals is of concern, in the context of potential human toxicity. In the present study, methods were developed to determine the metals' concentrations in single-walled and multiwalled CNTs (SWCNT and MWCNT, respectively). The metals' concentrations in the SWCNT and MWCNT were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES) and mass spectrometry (ICPMS), after the CNTs had been pretreated with one of the three extraction/digestion methods: water extraction, dilute acid (1% HNO3) extraction, and microwave acid digestion. The total metal concentrations were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The metals in CNTs were found to have poor solubility in water and dilute acid, suggesting that the role of CNT metals in cytotoxicity may be limited due to their limited bioavailability, and that metals encapsulated in the CNTs could have potential use as tracers for CNTs, in biological or toxicological studies. Microwave acid digestion can achieve a near-complete extraction of metals from the CNTs, and thus is a suitable cleaning method, when high-purity CNTs are desired. Microwave acid digestion followed by ICPOES analysis produced results closer to those obtained by INAA than to those obtained by ICPMS; the latter method was subject to nonspectral interference induced by carbon residues in the sample solution.
Sol–Gel Preparation and Optical Nonlinearity of Lead(ll) Oxide–Titanium(IV) Oxide Amorphous Monoliths (1994)

PbO–TiO2 amorphous monoliths with TiO 2 content from 60 to 80 mol% were prepared by fbc sol–gel method using Pb–Ti complex alkoxides synthesized from Pb(CH 3 ,COO) 2 ·3H 2 O and Ti(O·C 3 H 7 ia ) 4 . The thermal evolution process of the gel was examined by means of DTA/TG, IR spectros–copy, and X–ray diffraction techniques. Dehydrated, transparent, amorphous monoliths were obtained in the temperature range from 350° to 550°C, depending on the composition. The refractive index of those amorphous monoliths was higher than 2.0, and the third–order optical nonlinear susceptibility, X (3) , evaluated from third harmonic generation (THG) was on the order of 10 ‐12 esu.
An efficient haplotyping method with DNA pools (2002)

Determination of haplotype frequencies (the joint distribution of genetic markers) in large population samples is a powerful tool for association studies. This is due to their greater extent of polymorphism since any two bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generate a potential four-allele genetic marker. Therefore, a haplotype may capture a given functional polymorphism with higher statistical power than its SNP components. The statistical estimation of haplotype frequencies, usually employed in linkage disequilibrium studies, requires individual genotyping for each SNP in the haplotype, thus making it an expensive process. In this study, we describe a new method for direct measurement of haplotype frequencies in DNA pools by allele-specific, long-range haplotype amplification. The proposed method allows the efficient determination of haplotypes composed of two SNPs in close vicinity (up to 20 kb).
Telomerase activity: A biomarker of cell proliferation, not malignant transformation (1997)

Telomerase activity is readily detected in most cancer biopsies, but not in premalignant lesions or in normal tissue samples with a few exceptions that include germ cells and hemopoietic stem cells. Telomerase activity may, therefore, be a useful biomarker for diagnosis of malignancies and a target for inactivation in chemotherapy or gene therapy. These observations have led to the hypothesis that activation of telomerase may be an important step in tumorigenesis. To test this hypothesis, we studied telomerase activity in isogeneic samples of uncultured and cultured specimens of normal human uroepithelial cells (HUCs) and in uncultured and cultured biopsies of superficial and myoinvasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. Our results demonstrated that four of four TCC biopsies, representing both superficial and myoinvasive TCCs, were positive for telomerase activity, but all samples of uncultured HUC were telomerase negative. However, when the same normal HUC samples were established as proliferating cultures in vitro, telomerase activity was readily detected but usually at lower levels than in TCCs. Consistent with the above observation of the telomerase activity in HUCs, telomeres did not shorten during the HUC in vitro lifespan. Demonstration of telomerase in proliferating human epithelial cells in vitro was not restricted to HUCs, because it was also present in prostate and mammary cell cultures. Notably, telomerase activity was relatively low or undetectable in nonproliferating HUC cultures. These data do not support a model in which telomerase is inactive in normal cells and activated during tumorigenic transformation. Rather, these data support a model in which the detection of telomerase in TCC biopsies, but not uncultured HUC samples, reflects differences in proliferation between tumor and normal cells in vivo.
Reducing Latency in Tor Circuits with Unordered Delivery (2013)

Tor, the popular anonymous relay tool, incurs significant latency costs—partly due to extra network hops, but also due to TCP’s strict in-order delivery. We examine the problem of TCP’s head-of-line blocking in Tor, although this problem affects any application multiplexing streams atop TCP. Using uTCP and uTLS, techniques for enabling unordered delivery in TCP and TLS, respectively, we eliminate head-of-line blocking between Tor circuits sharing a TCP connection, without sacrificing Tor’s security. The small code footprint of uTCP and uTLS, and the minimal changes required to Tor, suggest the feasability of our approach. A micro-benchmark indicates that the integration of uTCP and uTLS can noticeably lower application-perceived latency. 1
Unvernetzte epoxid‐amin‐additionspolymere, 27. Hybridnetzwerke — Möglichkeiten der carbonsäureanhydridmodifizierung und nachvernetzung von epoxid‐amin‐prepolymeren (1989)

Abstract The reaction of cyclic dicarboxylic anhydrides ( 3 ) with prepolymers 2 (from aniline and 2,2‐bis[4‐(2,3‐epoxypropoxy)phenyl]propane ( 1 )) results in new modified prepolymers 4–6 containing carboxylic groups and reactive glycidyl end groups. The structure of 4–6 was determined by IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses and M̄ n (by v. p.o.) values. By simple heating to 100–140°C prepolymers 4–6 were crosslinked to hybrid networks ( 7 ). Their structure was studied by IR and solid‐state 13 C NMR spectroscopy.
Essential Oils and Terpenes (2005)

Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 159 Structural Classification .................................................................................................................. 160 Structure-Activity Relationships..................................................................................................... 162 Improving Permeation Enhancement Ability of Terpenes ........................................................... 163 Mechanism of Action of Terpenes ................................................................................................. 165 Terpene Derivatives as Enhancers................................................................................................. 168 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 171 References....................................................................................................................................... 171One of the most common approaches to drug penetration enhancement is the use of chemical agents which modify the skin barrier properties. For such an enhancer to be acceptable, the following properties are desired1: It should be nontoxic, nonirritating, exhibit no pharmacological property of its own, exert reversible effects on the skin, and be cosmetically acceptable. While a number of chemicals such as sulfoxides, alcohols, pyrrolidones, fatty acids, Azone have been studied, none of them have been proven to be outstanding often due to safety concerns. Terpenes may offer advantages over such enhancers because of their natural origin as well as Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) status. They are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen containing nonaromatic compounds found in essential oils, extracted from flowers, fruits, and other natural products. These compounds have been used for a long time as fragrances and flavoring agents in commercial preparations (sweets, toothpastes, cigarettes). Table 13.1 provides examples of essential oils which have various terpenes or terpenoids as their main constituents.
Design-for-testability for path delay faults in large combinational circuits using test points (1998)

We present a method for test-point insertion in large combinational circuits, to increase their path delay fault testability. Using an appropriate test application scheme with multiple clock periods, a test point on a line g divides the set of paths through g for testing purposes into a subset of paths from the primary inputs up to g, and a subset of paths from g to the primary outputs. Each one of these subsets can be tested separately. The number of paths that need to be tested directly is thus reduced. In addition, by breaking an untestable path into two or more testable subpaths, it is possible to obtain a fully testable circuit. Test-point insertion is done to reduce the number of paths, using a time-efficient procedure. Indirectly, it also reduces the number of tests and renders untestable paths testable. When the number of paths is sufficiently small, and if the test generation procedure to be used for the circuit is known, a procedure is given to perform test-point insertion directly targeting the path delay faults that are still untestable. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in increasing the testability of large benchmark circuits, and to demonstrate the overheads involved.
Macromolecular Crowding: a Hidden Link Between Cell Volume and Everything Else (2020)

High density of intracellular macromolecules creates a special condition known as macromolecular crowding (MC). One well-established consequence of MC is that only a slight change in the concentration of macromolecules (e.g., proteins) results in a shift of chemical equilibria towards the formation of macromolecular complexes and oligomers. This suggests a physiological mechanism of converting cell density changes into cellular responses. In this review, we start by providing a general overview of MC; then we examine the available experimental evidence that MC may act as a direct signaling factor in several types of cellular activities: mechano- and osmosensing, cell volume recovery in anisosmotic solutions, and apoptotic shrinkage. The latter phenomenon is analyzed in particular detail, as persistent shrinkage is known both to cause apoptosis and to occur during apoptosis resulting from other stimuli. We point to specific apoptotic reactions that involve formation of macromolecular complexes and, therefore, may provide a link between shrinkage and downstream responses.