gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
General $n$-Level Driving Approach for Improving Electrical-to-Optical Energy-Conversion Efficiency of Fast-Response Saturable Lighting Devices (2009)

Power-electronics interface and the technique of pulsewidth modulation have been the heart of controlling the illumination intensity of lighting devices. It is, however, observed that for some lighting devices, the use of such a methodology leads to a lower energy-conversion efficiency (with a lower light intensity for the same amount of electrical input power) than potentially possible. The main problem is related to the saturable characteristic of the electrical-to-optical energy conversion, which follows that of an exponential characteristic, and the fast nature of this reaction in these lighting devices. This paper presents an in-depth discussion on the phenomenon and offers a solution to the problem. Specifically, it is proposed that an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</i> -level type of driving approach to be adopted in the design and construction of power-electronic drivers for fast-response saturable lighting devices to achieve a quasi-optimal lighting efficacy. The result is energy saving for the same required light illumination. Theoretical proofs and experimental results are provided for verification. The topic of discussion in this paper and the proposed approach are not only applicable to the area of electronic circuits and lighting devices, but also to general controlled systems which comprise components that inherit a saturable and fast-reactive energy conversion characteristic.
Area-I/O Flip-Chip Routing for Chip-Package Co-Design Considering Signal Skews (2010)

The area-input/output (I/O) flip-chip package provides a high chip-density solution to the demand of more I/Os in very large scale integration designs; it can achieve smaller package size, shorter wirelength, and better signal and power integrity. In this paper, we introduce the routing problem for chip and package co-design and present the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">first</i> work in the literature to handle the multiple re-distribution layer (RDL) routing problem (without RDL vias) for flip-chip designs, considering pin and layer assignment, signal integrity, signal-skew and total wirelength minimization, and chip-package co-design. Our router adopts a two-stage technique of global routing followed by RDL routing. The global routing assigns each block port to a unique bump pad via an I/O pad and decides the RDL routing among I/O pads and bump pads. Based on the minimum-cost maximum-flow algorithm, we can guarantee 100% RDL routing completion after the assignment and the optimal solution with the minimum wirelength. The RDL routing efficiently distributes the routing points between two adjacent bump pads and then generates a 100% routable sequence to complete the routing. Experimental results based on 12 industry designs demonstrate that our router can achieve 100% routability and the optimal routing wirelength under reasonable central processing unit times, while related works cannot.
ChemInform Abstract: Detection and Spectroscopy of Single Pentacene Molecules in a p‐ Terphenyl Crystal by Means of Fluorescence Excitation. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Cu（II）和Ni（II）在石英、蛇纹石和绿泥石浮选中的活化作用 (2006)

蛇纹石和绿泥石通常是镍矿石中的主要含MgO的硅酸盐脉石矿物,尽管它们是亲水的矿物,然而有报道认为,它们可以通过夹带或与硫化矿物呈包裹体而进入到精矿中.本研究发现,蛇纹石和绿泥石以及石英能够被Cu（Ⅱ）和Ni（Ⅱ）活化,并且在pH 7～10范围内被黄药浮起.在该pH范围内,Cu（Ⅱ）和Ni（Ⅱ）的羟基络合物呈稳定状态,并通过在矿物表面吸附或沉淀而促进黄药的吸附（形成疏水的黄原酸组分、黄原酸铜和双黄药）,从而使这些矿物实现浮选.在pH7～10范围内,铜离子对这些矿物的活化能力比镍离子强得多,因此,有报导称,在pH 7～10范围内,尤其是在加入硫酸铜活化浮选速度慢的镍黄铁矿时,蛇纹石和绿泥石也可能进入浮选精矿中.
Reversal of Rivaroxaban and Dabigatran by Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (2011)

Prothrombin complex concentrate immediately and completely reverses the anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban in healthy subjects but has no influence on the anticoagulant action of dabigatran at the PCC dose used in this study. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.trialregister.nl. Unique identifier: NTR2272.
Synthesis of (<i>R</i>)‐ and (<i>S</i>)‐[<i>O‐methyl</i>‐<sup>11</sup>C]<i>N</i>‐[2‐[3‐(2‐cyano‐phenoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐propylamino]‐ethyl]‐<i>N</i>′‐(4‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐urea as candidate high affinity <i>β</i><sub>1</sub>‐adrenoceptor PET radioligands (2005)

Abstract Molecular imaging and quantification of myocardial β 1 ‐adrenoceptor (AR) rather than total β ‐AR density is of great clinical interest since cardiac biopsy studies suggest that myocardial β 1 ‐AR density is reduced in patients with chronic heart failure whereas cardiac β 2 ‐AR density may vary. Positron emission tomography (PET), with appropriate radioligands, offers the possibility to assess β ‐AR density non‐invasively in humans. However, no PET radioligand for the selective imaging of cardiac β 1 ‐ARs is clinically available. Here some derivatives of the well characterized β 1 ‐AR selective antagonist, ICI 89,406, namely the enantiomers of N ‐[2‐[3‐(2‐cyano‐phenoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐propylamino]‐ethyl]‐ N ′‐(4‐hydroxy‐phenyl)‐urea ( 5a and 5b ) were synthesized and evaluated in vitro . The ( R )‐isomer 5a was more β 1 ‐selective but has lower affinity than its ( S )‐enantiomer 5b ( β 1 ‐AR selectivity: 6100 vs 1240; β 1 ‐affinity: K 1 = 0.288 nM vs K 1 = 0.067 nM). Etherification of the analogous desmethyl precursors, 5e and 5f , respectively, with [ 11 C]iodomethane gave 11 C‐labelled versions of 5a and 5b , namely 5g and 5h , in 44 ± 5% radiochemical yield (decay‐corrected) and 97.4 ± 1.3% radiochemical purity with specific radioactivities of 26.4 ± 9.4 GBq/µmol within 41.2 ± 3.4 min from the end of bombardment ( n = 14). 5g and 5h are now being evaluated as candidate radioligands for myocardial β 1 ‐ARs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iodination of thebaine and synthesis of 9-substituted indolinocodeinone derivatives (1973)

Iodination of thebaine in methanol, with or without silver salt catalysis, gives, in good yield, 7β-iodoneopinone dimethyl acetal, which reacts with a-wide variety of nucleophiles to provide indolinocodeinone derivatives carrying the following 9α-substituents: OH, OMe, ONO, OAc, NC, N3, NMe2, CN, and SCN. 9,10-Didehydroindolinocodeinone dimethyl acetal and 9α-chloroindolinocodeinone have also been prepared. Treatment of the iodoacetal or 14-bromocodeinone dimethyl acetal with silver perchlorate in benzene gave an aziridinium salt believed to be an intermediate in the solvolvtic rearrangement reactions of both halogeno-acetals.
Semaphorin and neuropilin co-expression in motoneurons sets axon sensitivity to environmental semaphorin sources during motor axon pathfinding (2007)

Class III semaphorins (SemaIIIs) are intercellular cues secreted by surrounding tissues to guide migrating cells and axons in the developing organism. This chemotropic activity is crucial for the formation of nerves and vasculature. Intriguingly, SemaIIIs are also synthesized by neurons during axon pathfinding, but their function as intrinsic cues remains unknown. We have explored the role of Sema3A expression in motoneurons during spinal nerve development. Loss- and gain-of-function in the neural tube of the chick embryo were undertaken to target Sema3A expression in motoneurons while preserving Sema3A sources localized in peripheral tissues, known to provide important repulsive information for delineating the routes of motor axons towards their ventral or dorsal targets. Strikingly, Sema3A overexpression induced defasciculation and exuberant growth of motor axon projections into these normally non-permissive territories. Moreover, knockdown studies showed that motoneuronal Sema3A is required for correct spinal nerve compaction and dorsal motor axon extension. Further analysis of Sema3A gain- and loss-of-function in ex vivo models revealed that Sema3A in motoneurons sets the level of sensitivity of their growth cones to exogenous Sema3A exposure. This regulation is associated with post-transcriptional and local control of the availability of the Sema3A receptor neuropilin 1 at the growth cone surface. Thus, by modulating the strength of Sema3A-mediated environmental repulsive constraints, Sema3A in motoneurons enables axons to extend more or less far away from these repulsive sources. Such interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic Sema3A may represent a fundamental mechanism in the accurate specification of axon pathways.
The Variable Angle Hip Fracture Nail Relative to the Gamma 3: A Finite Element Analysis Illustrating the Same Stiffness and Fatigue Characteristics (2013)

Ten percent of the 250,000 proximal femur fractures that occur in the United States each year are malreduced into a varus position after treatment. Currently, there is no cephalomedullary nail available that allows the physician to dynamically change the lag-screw-to-nail angle. The Variable Angle Nail (VAN) was designed to allow movement of the lag screw relative to the shaft of the nail. This study compared the characteristics of the VAN to the Gamma 3 nail via finite element analysis (FEA) in stiffness and fatigue. The results of the FEA model with the same loading parameters showed the Gamma 3 and the VAN with lag-screw-to-nail angle of 120° to have essentially the same stiffness values ranging from 350 to 382 N/mm. The VAN with lag-screw-to-nail angles of 120°, 130°, and 140° should be able to withstand more than 1,000,000 cycles from 1,400 N to 1,500 N loading of the tip of the lag screw. The Gamma 3 should be able to last more than 1,000,000 cycles at 1,400 N. In summary, the VAN is superior or equivalent in stiffness and fatigue when compared to the Gamma 3 using FEA.
Design for Manufacturing with Increasing Variability (2006)

After a brief review of the current DFM solutions, this presentation focuses on three areas: a) TCAD based modeling that brings process parameters into spice models, enabling direct communication between manufacturing and design. b) Stress proximity effects which cause design variability and require better modeling. c) The complexity of interconnect variations in timing analysis.
Prospects of efficient neural computing with arrays of magneto-metallic neurons and synapses (2016)

Non-von Neumann computing models, like Artificial and Spiking Neural Networks, inspired from the functionalities of the human brain, would require devices that can offer a direct mapping to the underlying neuroscience mechanisms for energy-efficient and compact hardware implementation. To that effect, spin-transfer torque phenomena in devices based on lateral spin valves, domain wall motion in magnets and magnetic tunnel junctions can potentially pave the way for spintronic neural computing systems, where spintronic neurons interfaced with spintronic synapses, can directly mimic biological neural and synaptic functionalities. We explore various device structures suitable for such non-Boolean functionalities and demonstrate the potential benefits of such neural computing based on arrays of magneto-metallic neurons and synapses.
Influence of the Oxidant on the Chemical and Field-Effect Passivation of Si by ALD Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] (2010)

Differences in Si surface passivation by aluminum oxide Al 2 O 3 films synthesized using H 2 O and O 3 -based thermal atomic layer deposition ALD and plasma ALD have been revealed. A low interface defect density of D it = 10 11 eV -1 cm -2 was obtained after annealing, independent of the oxidant. This low D it was found to be vital for the passivation performance. Field-effect passivation was less prominent for H 2 O-based ALD Al 2 O 3 before and after annealing, whereas for as-deposited ALD films with an O 2 plasma or O 3 as the oxidants, the field-effect passivation was impaired by a very high D it .
Acids aided by microemulsions increase permeability (1989)

This article reports how, in more than 200 acid stimulation jobs recently performed on Kansas wells, operators have gained up to fourfold production increases by incorporating microemulsions into their acid treatments. Most of the 200 wells so treated had already been acidized conventionally, yielding disappointing results. The effect of properly formulated microemulsions on acid stimulation solutions is to allow the acid to sweep oil through pore spaces to penetrate further into formation rock at lower injection pressure. Deeper penetration with live acid consequently results in permeability increases for more formation area. Microemulsion systems (MES) also aid in faster cleanup of acidizing fluids since the MES reduces crude oil saturation in the near-well bore area; relative permeability is thus increased and water-based acid treatment moves more freely through the formation.
Programmable logic design for an encoder-based velocity sensor in a DSP-controlled motion system (2003)

The paper presents a dedicated hardware interfacing an optical incremental encoder and DSP-controlled motion system. Different velocity sensing techniques and methods are discussed. One of them is chosen and implemented, fulfilling the main objectives proposed. The first objective is to reserve the computational power of the DSP for control tasks, avoiding the processor's use for sensing tasks like velocity sensing. The second objective is to get the maximum accuracy over a wide velocity range. There are two error sources: quantification effects due the digital system and errors in the encoder channels due to encoder mechanical and/or electronic imperfections. Both error sources have been considered, obtaining an improved accuracy compared with other actual methods based only on quantification effect reduction.
Asef, a Link Between the Tumor Suppressor APC and G-Protein Signaling (2000)

The adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) is mutated in familial adenomatous polyposis and in sporadic colorectal tumors. Here the APC gene product is shown to bind through its armadillo repeat domain to a Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), termed Asef. Endogenous APC colocalized with Asef in mouse colon epithelial cells and neuronal cells. Furthermore, APC enhanced the GEF activity of Asef and stimulated Asef-mediated cell flattening, membrane ruffling, and lamellipodia formation in MDCK cells. These results suggest that the APC-Asef complex may regulate the actin cytoskeletal network, cell morphology and migration, and neuronal function.
A Study of Motion Detection System Based on Coordinate Orientation (2008)

Recent years have seen increased attention being given to motion detection in action measurement. With the increasing usage of action measurement system requirements for the precision of the motion detection have become more critical. The major purpose of the present study was to design a Motion Detection System Based on Coordinate orientation. The system collected identified data from the tiny sensing module. The displacement will be calculated from the Double Integration of value G measured from the accelerometer. The value will be analyzed by the data of the methods of wireless location to get the higher precisely location.
Purification and characterization of Bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotic toxin (1989)

Dermonecrotic toxin produced by Bordetella bronchiseptica was purified by chromatography on DEAE Toyopearl 650M and on Bio-Gel HTP, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and subsequent chromatography on Bio-Gel HTP and on SP Toyopearl 650M. The purified toxin was homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. There was a 90-fold increase in the dermonecrotic titer per mg protein in guinea pigs and the recovery of activity was 17.6% of that of the original cell extract. The purified toxin is a single-chain protein with a molecular weight of 145 000 and an isolelectric point of 6.3–6.7. Its minimal necrotizing dose is approximately 0.4 ng. It was completely inactivated by heating for 20 min at 56 °C. It contained no endotoxin, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or hemagglutinins.
The Trimerization Domain of Nemo Is Composed of the Interacting C-terminal CC2 and LZ Coiled-coil Subdomains (2004)

des tablissements d'enseignement et de recherche franais ou trangers, des laboratoires publics ou privs.
Occult constrictive pericardial disease. Diagnosis by rapid volume expansion and correction by pericardiectomy. (1977)

Significant pericardial disease can exist without overt manifestations. Occult constrictive pericardial disease (OCPD) is identified by normal baseline hemodynamics and normal left ventricular systolic function with a characteristic response to rapid volume infusion. Following the intravenous administration of 1000 ml of normal saline over six to eight minutes, striking elevations of filling pressures are seen; however, diagnosis depends specifically upon a) the development of typical pressure pulse morphology of constriction, b) loss or reversal or respiratory variation of right atrial pressure, and c) precise diastolic equilibration of intracardiac pressures. Nineteen patients with OCPD have been identified in a five year period. Unexplained fatigue, dyspnea and chest pain was the uniform pattern of presentation. Eleven have undergone pericardiectomy resulting in a dramatic symptomatic improvement in all. Each demonstrated gross and/or microscopic evidence of pericardial disease. Recatheterization with volume infusion in five patients following pericardiectomy has revealed return to normal or near normal hemodynamics. This study describes the method for diagnosis of OCPD and recommends pericardiectomy for the management of disabling symptoms.
Method to reduce control voltage for high power GaN RF switches (2015)

A gate bias circuit is presented that allows high power RF switches to operate at rated power with a reduced control voltage. The approach utilizes resident circuit elements such that it can be monolithically implemented with existing designs. To demonstrate the technique a 40W SPDT GaN switch MMIC designed for -40V control was retrofitted with the proposed gate circuit and fabricated adjacent to the original version to facilitate a meaningful comparison. Measured results demonstrate up to an order of magnitude increase in power handling for the modified design when operated at a -10V control over that of the original circuit. No discernible DC power draw from the control voltage source and little or no degradation in insertion loss was observed for the switch with the proposed gate bias circuit.
Narrow-Band Interference Suppression for SAR Based on Independent Component Analysis (2013)

The narrow-band interference (NBI) is a common jamming signal against synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which can degrade the imaging quality severely. This paper proposes a new method for NBI suppression in the data domain based on the independent component analysis (ICA). In this method, echoes contaminated by the NBI are identified in the frequency domain. Next, time filtering and whitening are performed to the identified echoes. Then, the ICA is carried out to decompose the echoes into a series of basis signals, and the jamming components are selected by thresholding. Finally, the NBI is reconstructed and subtracted from the echoes, and the well-focused SAR imagery is obtained by conventional imaging methods. The proposed method copes well with the time-varying NBI with little signal loss. Results of simulated and measured data have proved the validity of the proposed method.
THE ACCLIMATED RESPONSE OF GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, COMPOSITION, AND CARBON BALANCE TO TEMPERATURE IN THE PSYCHROPHILIC ICE DIATOM <i>NITZSCHIA SERIATA</i><sup>1</sup> (1994)

ABSTRACT Nitzschia seriata Cleve, a common member of marine bottom ice communities in the Arctic, was grown in unialgal batch cultures to test for compensatory mechanisms for the low temperatures (−1.8° C) typical of its natural habitat. The upper lethal limit for growth was between 12° and 15°C, and the optimum was between 6° and 12° C. The Arrhenius function adequately (R 2 = 73%) fitted the relationship between growth rate and temperature from – 1.6° up to 10° C, with an average Q 10 of 1.9 over the entire range. Light‐saturated and light‐limited rates of photosynthesis (normalized to chlorophyll a or cell carbon) showed complete compensation from 12° to 4° C. Photosynthetic rates, especially at light saturation, declined rapidly at temperatures below 4° C. Susceptibility to photoinhibition was greatest at the lowest growth temperatures. Cellular composition (chlorophyll a, protein, polysaccharide, and lipid contents) was not systematically related to temperature in any simple way, although cell size (carbon per cell) was maximal at the lowest growth temperature. Dark respiration was unmeasurably low (<0.015 day −1 ) at all growth temperatures. The strategy of adaptation in N. seriata may be characterized as optimizing efficiency and compensation, rather than maximization, of growth rate.
The <i>S<sub>M</sub> </i> Phase: Evidence for a New Type of Tilted Smectic Phase (1991)

Abstract X-ray and miscibility studies of the smectic phases of several 2,5-diphenylpyrimidine esters are presented. These investigations lead to the establishment of a new type of tilted smectic phase with a short range positional order within the smectic layers. The code letter M is proposed for this phase.
Fluorine-containing gaseous dielectrics (1953)

The characteristics of gaseous chemical compounds containing fluorine are reviewed. Relative dielectric strengths, toxicities, space charge effects, electrode material, prèssure effects, and so forth, are discussed. Several explanations accounting for observed differences in dielectric strength among gases are noted and shown to be inadequate for the complete understanding of all cases. A line of attack for fuller understanding is suggested in the considerations of the molecular energy systems. Some possible potentialities of gaseous fluorine compounds in electric equipment are also reviewed.
On Power Amplifier Efficiency with Modulated Signals (2010)

We have investigated the performance in terms of overall efficiency and maximum output power of a real high power amplifier with various modulated signals, ranging from constant envelope signals to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based signals having large envelope variations. We show that there are large differences on the overall amplifier efficiency as well as its maximum output power depending on the modulated signal and also on the operation mode. In particular, we show that for high overall efficiency it is important to operate the amplifier close to the maximum output power level as often as possible, and we show that this has consequences for the resource allocation in especially packet based multicarrier systems. We also show that the amplifier performance with various Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access signals is very similar, and that the peak-to-average-power ratio can be used to predict the overall efficiency for the traditional amplifier drive method. Finally, we show that with advanced, today infeasible, amplifier operation methods the overall amplifier efficiency depends less on the modulation scheme, thus motivating further research in that domain.
Conditioning studies on Australian wheat. IV. Compositional variations in the bran layers of wheat and their relation to milling (1973)

Abstract Analysis of hand dissected bran and detergent fibre from six Australian wheat cultivars has shown that the rate of water penetration into grains during conditioning for milling, may in part be explained by some aspects of chemical composition of the bran. The degree of branching in bran arabinoxylans appears to be important; the more highly branched polysaccharides providing a greater barrier to water movement. The lipids may also cause a retardation of water movement through the bran layers of the wheat grain.