gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoelectric emission from negative-electron-affinity diamond (111) surfaces: Exciton breakup versus conduction-band emission (1995)

We have recently reported that bound electron-hole pairs (Mott-Wannier excitons) are the dominant source of photoelectron emission from specially prepared [``as-polished'' C(111)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):H] negative-electron-affinity diamond surfaces for near-band-gap excitation up to 0.5 eV above threshold [C. Bandis and B. B. Pate, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 777 (1995)]. It was found that photoexcited excitons transport to the surface, break up, and emit their electron. In this paper, we extend the study of exciton-derived emission to include partial yield (constant final-state) analysis as well as angular distribution measurements of the photoelectric emission. In addition, we find that exciton-derived emission does not always dominate. Photoelectric emission properties of the in situ ``rehydrogenated'' (111)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):H diamond surface are characteristically different than emission observed from the as-polished (111)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):H surface. The rehydrogenated surface has additional downward band bending as compared to the as-polished surface. In confirmation of the assignment of photoelectric yield to exciton breakup emission, we find a significant enhancement of the total electron yield when the downward band bending of the hydrogenated surface is increased. The functional form of the observed total electron yield demonstrates that, in contrast to the as-polished surface, conduction-band electrons are a significant component of the observed photoelectric yield from the in situ hydrogenated (111)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):H surface. Furthermore, electron emission characteristics of the rehydrogenated surface confirms our assignment of a Fan phonon-cascade mechanism for thermalization of excitons.
The New Sentinel Network — Improving the Evidence of Medical-Product Safety (2009)

In 2007, Congress directed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to create a new postmarketing surveillance system that will, by 2012, be using electronic health data from 100 million people to prospectively monitor the safety of marketed medical products.1 This new system is intended to complement existing systems of “spontaneous” adverse-event reporting. In May 2008, the FDA announced the Sentinel Initiative, which would “access the capabilities of multiple, existing data systems (i.e., electronic health record systems, medical claims databases).”2 The network of data systems is intended both to detect signals (i.e., higher-than-expected rates of adverse outcomes) and to confirm signals, . . .
Processing queries with quantifiers a horticultural approach (1983)

Most research on query processing has focussed on quantifier-free conjunctive queries. Existing techniques for processing queries with quantifiers either compile the query into a nested loop program or use variants of Codd's reduction from the Relational Calculus to the Relational Algebra. In this paper we propose an alternative technique that uses an algebra of graft and prune operations on trees. This technique provides a significant savings in space and time. We show how to transform a quantified conjunctive query into a sequence of graft and prune operations.
Experimental Construction of a "New" Eustachian Tube (1967)

IN THE PAST two decades fascinating breakthroughs have been achieved in otologic surgery. Wullstein introduced tympanoplasties, Lempert described the fenestration operation, Rosen rediscovered the treatment for otosclerosis, and House described highly specialized procedures of the endolymphatic shunt for Ménière's disease and the translabyrinthine approach for acoustic neuromas. Review of the literature clearly indicates that the vitally important drainage conduit from the middle ear remains a surgical enigma. The significance of adequate eustachian tube function for maintaining the health and integrity of the tympanic cleft is evident to all otologists. Without this, the normally occurring secretions in the ear cannot be evacuated and the tympanic cleft cannot be ventilated. In this modern age of aerospace, the patency of this tube becomes of enormous importance, with the varying pressures of outer space and barotitis media. In addition we encounter not infrequently serous otitis media for which repeated myringotomies offer the temporary relief
Antifungal and insecticidal properties of the efrapeptins: Metabolites of the fungus Tolypocladium niveum (1991)

Efrapeptins, peptides isolated from the fungus Tolypocladium niveum, showed toxic activity, as a crude mixture of five closely related compounds, against twospotted spider mite, Colorado potato beetle,southern armyworm, and tobacco budworm. The insecticidal activity of pure efrapeptins was characterized using two of the compounds against Colorado potado beetle in a foliar spray assay. Efrapeptin F (LC50 = 8.4 ppm) was about twice as potent as efrapeptin D (LC50 = 18.9 ppm). ATPase inhibitory activity of the efrapeptins was demonstrated using mitochondrial preparations from two fungal species, Metarhizium anisopliae and T. niveum, and from an insect, house fly. Against house fly mitochondria, efrapeptin D was the most potent ATPase inhibitor of five efrapeptins tested.
Photoreactions between [60]Fullerene and Various Aromatic Tertiary Amines (2005)

The photoreactions of [60]fullerene with aromatic tertiary amines such as N,N-dimethylaniline and N,N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine gave two or three types of [60]fullerene adducts. The reaction efficiency in the series of p-substituted N,N-dimethylanilines remarkably increased with increasing electron-donating properties of aromatic tertiary amines employed.
Microgel formation in the free radical crosslinking polymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). I. Experimental (1995)

Abstract An important feature of free radical crosslinking polymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) resin is the formation of heterogeneous structure through intramolecular reaction. Such structure formation affects not only the cure behavior and rheological changes of the resin but also the physical properties of the formed polymers. In this study, the reaction kinetics, morphological changes, and characteristics of formed polymers were examined by a differential scanning calorimeter, a Rheometrics Dynamic Analyzer, a dynamic light scattering goniometer, and a Fourier transfer infrared spectrometer. Experimental data showed the formation of bimodal polymers before gelation. These polymers are partially crosslinked and can be considered as microgel particles. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of the “Next Generation” Chemical Dispersants (1973)

ABSTRACT In order to fully appreciate the development trend for the “next generation” chemical dispersants for oil spills, the current status of this field is briefly reviewed. Recent applications illustrate the specific beneficial potential role of chemical dispersants in the oil spill control, as well as their limitation. The present mechanism of dispersing oil spills by the application of chemical dispersants is well understood and is the subject of many technical papers. While there is some variation in the relative performance and toxicity of the many commercially available products, they all require mixing after application. In instances wherein the dispersant has been marginally effective, inadequate mixing was usually the reason. Thus, mixing is the limiting step rather than application. The mixing of an oil spill by boat propellers, fire hoses, etc., is laborious and time consuming. However, dispersant may be readily applied to large areas by aerial application similar to “crop dusting.” In some instances, the oil spill may even become inaccessible for convenient mixing (e.g., under piers, shallow water). Hence, the elimination (or minimizing) of the mixing step would be a major improvement in the dispersion process. The “next generation” oil spill dispersants will require little or no mixing energy and will approach spontaneous emulsification. The mechanism of “self-mixing” will be outlined in this presentation. Performance data comparing this generic type of chemical dispersant with the more conventional systems commonly used will illustrate the major differences. Another important aspect of this system is the resultant dispersed oil droplet size. The remaining concerns and other considerations requiring further study will be discussed.
SoundWeb: Hyperlinked Voice Data for Wearable Computing Environment (2005)

In this paper, we propose a system for browsing voice data which are recorded by people in a wearable computing environment. In this system, voice data is structured by hypertext-style links. A linked part of the voice data is specified by its start/end time in an attached HTML file. When voice data is played, each link is announced by a link sound such as a beep. Users can get linked information by clicking a mouse button while the link sound is being played.
Artificial Intelligence Augmentation of Radiologist Performance in Distinguishing COVID-19 from Pneumonia of Other Origin at Chest CT (2020)

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pneumonia of other diseases share similar CT characteristics, which contributes to the challenges in differentiating them with high accuracy. Purpose To establish and evaluate an artificial intelligence (AI) system for differentiating COVID-19 and other pneumonia at chest CT and assessing radiologist performance without and with AI assistance. Materials and Methods A total of 521 patients with positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results for COVID-19 and abnormal chest CT findings were retrospectively identified from 10 hospitals from January 2020 to April 2020. A total of 665 patients with non-COVID-19 pneumonia and definite evidence of pneumonia at chest CT were retrospectively selected from three hospitals between 2017 and 2019. To classify COVID-19 versus other pneumonia for each patient, abnormal CT slices were input into the EfficientNet B4 deep neural network architecture after lung segmentation, followed by a two-layer fully connected neural network to pool slices together. The final cohort of 1186 patients (132 583 CT slices) was divided into training, validation, and test sets in a 7:2:1 and equal ratio. Independent testing was performed by evaluating model performance in separate hospitals. Studies were blindly reviewed by six radiologists without and then with AI assistance. Results The final model achieved a test accuracy of 96% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 90%, 98%), a sensitivity of 95% (95% CI: 83%, 100%), and a specificity of 96% (95% CI: 88%, 99%) with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.95 and area under the precision-recall curve of 0.90. On independent testing, this model achieved an accuracy of 87% (95% CI: 82%, 90%), a sensitivity of 89% (95% CI: 81%, 94%), and a specificity of 86% (95% CI: 80%, 90%) with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.90 and area under the precision-recall curve of 0.87. Assisted by the probabilities of the model, the radiologists achieved a higher average test accuracy (90% vs 85%, Δ = 5, <i>P</i> < .001), sensitivity (88% vs 79%, Δ = 9, <i>P</i> < .001), and specificity (91% vs 88%, Δ = 3, <i>P</i> = .001). Conclusion Artificial intelligence assistance improved radiologists' performance in distinguishing coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia from non-coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia at chest CT. © RSNA, 2020 <i>Online supplemental material is available for this article.</i>
Analysis of radar human gait signatures (2010)

The authors develop methods for the time–frequency (TF) analysis of human gait radar signals. In particular the authors demonstrate how knowledge of different motion classes can be obtained via a Markov chain model of state transitions based on the TF envelope structure associated with the motion sequence being analysed. The class-conditional knowledge thus obtained allows us to effectively extract the motion curves associated with different body parts via a non-parametric partial tracking algorithm that is coupled with an optimum Gaussian g-Snake modelling of the TF structure. The optimum segmentation of the TF structure into different half-cycles as well as the determination of the initial Doppler control points (corresponding to each half-cycle) is facilitated by a dynamic programming algorithm wherein the associated cost function involves a mean-square minimisation of the best quadratic fit to each segment together with a sparsity prior that enables us to control the smoothness of the approximation space in which the time series being analysed is effectively projected. Finally, the authors describe some of the limitations of our approach and point out future research directions that can overcome some of the difficulties associated with the complex interaction between the inherently non-linear dynamics of human gait motion and radar systems.
ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS AND CARBON ESTIMATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FORESTS IN TURKEY (2018)

Climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation are issues that are tightly related to the environment and the public’s awareness of forest conservation, which are currently major areas of global interest. Greenhouse gas emissions and removals are required to be reported regularly (5 year intervals) and in compliance with the United Nation’s Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of 1992, which was later extended by the Kyoto Protocol International Treaty. The UNFCCC`s policy has been accepted by more than 150 countries. Turkey`s forests are controlled and managed by the government and some major tree species still need to have their own equations developed across Turkey. This study reviews the use of current carbon estimation methods in Turkey (which are gain-loss and stock differences), how to create allometric equations and outlines the use of Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) as a modeling tool. Additionally, this study suggests methods for improving biomass and carbon calculations in Turkey. Manual calculations were compared with the FVS, and the numerical results were not significantly different, as expected as both used Jenkin`s formula and method. However, these two methods do differ on the basis of time efficiency, and field work intensity. Manual calculations are significantly slower than The FVS program. However, manual calculations are needed with field work to recollect data periodically that has changed over the time; such as diameter at breast height (DBH) or loses from harvesting or mortality. The discussions here will be a guide for future developing improved carbon calculations in Turkey.
An Efficient and Telescopic Process for Valsartan, an Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (2012)

An efficient, telescopic, and scalable process for an antihypertensive drug substance, valsartan with an overall yield of 58%, and ∼99.9% purity is described. A simple, and safe process is developed for the recovery of tributyltin chloride from the tributyltin hydroxide, byproduct formed in the tetrazole ring construction, and reused in the synthesis of valsartan.
Crystal structure of the red light-activated channelrhodopsin Chrimson (2018)

Channelrhodopsins are light-activated ion channels that mediate cation permeation across cell membranes upon light absorption. Red-light-activated channelrhodopsins are of particular interest, because red light penetrates deeper into biological tissues and also enables dual-color experiments in combination with blue-light-activated optogenetic tools. Here we report the crystal structure of the most red-shifted channelrhodopsin from the algae Chlamydomonas noctigama, Chrimson, at 2.6 Å resolution. Chrimson resembles prokaryotic proton pumps in the retinal binding pocket, while sharing similarity with other channelrhodopsins in the ion-conducting pore. Concomitant mutation analysis identified the structural features that are responsible for Chrimson's red light sensitivity; namely, the protonation of the counterion for the retinal Schiff base, and the polar residue distribution and rigidity of the retinal binding pocket. Based on these mechanistic insights, we engineered ChrimsonSA, a mutant with a maximum activation wavelength red-shifted beyond 605 nm and accelerated closing kinetics.
A Heterogeneous IoT Data Analysis Framework with Collaboration of Edge-Cloud Computing: Focusing on Indoor PM10 and PM2.5 Status Prediction (2019)

The edge platform has evolved to become a part of a distributed computing environment. While typical edges do not have enough processing power to train machine learning models in real time, it is common to generate models in the cloud for use on the edge. The pattern of heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) data is dependent on individual circumstances. It is not easy to guarantee prediction performance when a monolithic model is used without considering the spatial characteristics of the space generating those data. In this paper, we propose a collaborative framework using a new method to select the best model for the edge from candidate models of cloud based on sample data correlation. This method lets the edge use the most suitable model without any training tasks on the edge side, and it also minimizes privacy issues. We apply the proposed method to predict future fine particulate matter concentration in an individual space. The results suggest that our method can provide better performance than the previous method.
Integration of local fractal dimension and boundary edge in segmenting natural images (2002)

We present a method that integrates local fractal dimension and edge information into a region growing algorithm for the segmentation of natural images. We compare two methods of estimating the local fractal dimension in the proposed segmentation algorithm. One is a blanket method and the other is a Fourier-wavelet method. We also propose a technique to store the edge information not on a pixel itself but on a boundary between pixels in the region-edge integrating algorithm in order to use the edge information more effectively and to simplify the algorithm.
Dual‐Responsive Surfaces That Switch between Superhydrophilicity and Superhydrophobicity (2006)

Dual-stimuli-responsive surfaces are reported here that work under the external stimuli of temperature and/or pH, as demonstrated in the Figure: When the pH and/or temperature is varied, the contact angles (CAs) of the dual-responsive materials change reversibly. The general change in trend of wettability is that half of the water CAs are almost all larger than 130° (red backround) and the others are almost all smaller than 20° (blue background).
Involvement of Fibronectin Type II Repeats in the Efficient Inhibition of Gelatinases A and B by Long-chain Unsaturated Fatty Acids (2001)

The matrix metalloproteinases gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) are implicated in the physiological and pathological breakdown of several extracellular matrix proteins. In the present study, we show that long-chain fatty acids (e.g. oleic acid, elaidic acid, and cis- and trans-parinaric acids) inhibit gelatinase A as well as gelatinase B with K(i) values in the micromolar range but had only weak inhibitory effect on collagenase-1 (MMP-1), as assessed using synthetic or natural substrates. The inhibition of gelatinases depended on fatty acid chain length (with C18 > C16, C14, and C10), and the presence of unsaturations increased their inhibitory capacity on both types of gelatinase. Ex vivo experiments on human skin tissue sections have shown that micromolar concentrations of a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid (elaidic acid) protect collagen and elastin fibers against degradation by gelatinases A and B, respectively. In order to understand why gelatinases are more susceptible than collagenase-1 to inhibition by long-chain fatty acids, the possible role of the fibronectin-like domain (a domain unique to gelatinases) in binding inhibitory fatty acids was investigated. Affinity and kinetic studies with a recombinant fibronectin-like domain of gelatinase A and with a recombinant mutant of gelatinase A from which this domain had been deleted pointed to an interaction of long-chain fatty acids with the fibronectin-like domain of the protease. Surface plasmon resonance studies on the interaction of long-chain fatty acids with the three individual type II modules of the fibronectin-like domain of gelatinase A revealed that the first type II module is primarily responsible for binding these compounds.
Applications of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis to Quality Control (1990)

Performance parameters were established for the use of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in the characterization of biosynthetic human growth hormone (hGH). CZE distinguished between the trypsin digest fragments of hGH and corresponding fragments produced from most of its chemically similar impurities and degradation products. Linearity, precision, and sensitivity were established for intact hGH and its major desamido degradation product; they were comparable to values observed with other separation methods. In addition, the effect of eluting solvent pH on peak shape was determined. Finally, the electrophoretic flow velocity was determined as a function of pH. It was found that CZE has important applications with respect to verification of identity (trypsin digests) and to determination of purity (detection and quantitation of impurities) of hGH. It can be considered an important adjunct to conventional chromatographic procedures.
Limitations of the keyhole technique for quantitative dynamic contrast‐enhanced breast MRI (1997)

The effect of keyhole data acquisition on quantitative analysis of dynamic MRI was examined. Experiments were performed retrospectively on raw data obtained from clinical dynamic contrast-enhanced breast imaging procedures. The effects of keyhole phase-encoding acquisition and type of reconstruction algorithm on the accuracy of derived quantitative parameters was assessed. Results indicate that the minimum keyhole size used should be restricted by the approximate minimum size of the expected lesions. Furthermore, reconstruction algorithms that offer improved image resolution do not circumvent this restriction.
Amination in Liquid Ammonia (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmination in Liquid AmmoniaR. Norris. Shreve and D. R. BurtsfieldCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1941, 33, 2, 218–221Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50374a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50374a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views193Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts