gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intracellular Antibodies as Specific Reagents for Functional Ablation: Future Therapeutic Molecules (2004)

The use of antibodies in medicine and research depends on their specificity and affinity in the recogniton and binding of individual molecules. However, these applications are limited to the extracellular targets. Advances in antibody engineering has allowed the manipulation of the antibody segments containing the antigen-binding regions and generation of small fragments that can be stably expressed in cells. These entities are called intracellular antibodies or intrabodies and have being successfully applied, mainly in the scFv format, to inhibit the function of intracellular target proteins in specific cellular compartments. As new techniques to select and isolate intrabody fragments have been developed, intrabodies are beginning to be used to interfere with the function of a greater number of relevant disease targets. Just as monoclonal antibodies are opening a new era in human therapeutics, intrabodies promise a new prospective for antibody tools for therapy and research. Their varied mode of action gives intrabodies great potential in different approaches in the treatment of human diseases, as well as in the area of functional genomics for characterisation of novel gene products and subsequent validation as potential drug targets. While techniques for identifying functional intrabodies have improved, there are still many significant problems to be overcome before intrabodies can actually be used in treatment of diseases such as cancer, AIDS or neuro-degenerative disorders.
Experimental Verification and Analysis of Neutron Streaming Effect through Void Holes for Control Rod Insertion in HTTR (1997)

Control rod columns of the High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR) core have each three cylindrical void holes for insertion of the control rods. The reactivity worths of the simulated void holes were measured in the Very High Temperature Reactor Critical Assembly (VHTRC) by the pulsed neutron method with the purpose of evaluating the neutron streaming effect on the reactivity worths of the void holes. The reactivity worths were determined using the revised King-Simmons' formula. The measured results are compared with the calculated ones based on the nuclear data of ENDFIB-IV, using the Benoist's anisotropic neutron diffusion coefficients. It is concluded that the reactivity worths are enlarged up to about twice as large as that obtained using the conventional isotropic neutron diffusion coefficients, and it is also found that the neutron streaming effect that is defined as the relative fraction components exceeding the reactivity worths obtained by the conventional isotropic neutron diffusion coefficients are likely overestimated about 11 and 32% with the void holes being in the core and reflector regions, respectively. Then, the reactivity decrease due to the neutron streaming effect is able to be evaluated around 1%Δk for the initial critical core of the HTTR.
Monitoring Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitors by Pyrosequencing (2001)

The emergence of drug-resistant viral variants is the inevitable consequence of incomplete suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication during treatment with antiretroviral drugs. Sequencing to determine the resistance profiles of these variants has become increasingly important in the clinical management of HIV-1 patients, both in the initial design of a therapeutic plan and in selecting a salvage regimen. Here we have developed a pyrosequencing assay for the rapid characterization of resistance to HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs). Twelve pyrosequencing primers were designed and were evaluated on the MN strain and on viral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from eight untreated HIV-1-infected individuals. The method had a limit of detection of 20 to 25% for minor sequence variants. Pattern recognition (i.e., comparing actual sequence data with expected wild-type and mutant sequence patterns) simplified the identification of minor sequence variants. This real-time pyrosequencing method was applied in a longitudinal study monitoring the development of PI resistance in plasma samples obtained from four patients over a 2 1/2-year period. Pyrosequencing identified eight primary PI resistance mutations as well as several secondary mutations. This sequencing approach allows parallel analysis of 96 reactions in 1 h, facilitating the monitoring of drug resistance in eight patients simultaneously and, in combination with viral load analysis, should be a useful tool in the future to monitor HIV-1 during therapy.
Wrapped Microstrip Antennas for Laptop Computers (2009)

The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive and unified description of the authors' work on the development of wrapped microstrip antennas for laptop applications. The first contribution is the introduction of quasi-omnidirectional wrapped-microstrip antenna elements to be integrated into the display rim of laptops. Single- and dual-band antennas are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of wrapped microstrip antenna elements in wireless communications. The prototyping and measurements of these antennas are highlighted in an appendix. The most common internal and external laptop antenna structures are also described, to give a broader overview of laptop antenna-design approaches. The second and third contributions are a methodical analysis of housing effects, and a general study of electromagnetic human interaction with laptop antennas from the antenna-performance-degradation and user-illumination perspectives. These studies have been performed systematically for several classes of internal and external antennas, with different locations and screen-opening angles. With this approach, a general overview of laptop-antenna integration aspects is given, along with unified guidelines for the design of the wireless interface used in modern laptops. An application of the novel elements to capacity-preserving MIMO arrays is also presented.
Urticaria and fibrinolysis* (1977)

Journal Article Urticaria and fibrinolysis Get access T.J. RYAN T.J. RYAN Department of Dermatology, The Slade Hospital, Heading ton, Oxford Ox3 7JH Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, Volume 2, Issue 2, 1 June 1977, Pages 177–182, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1977.tb01564.x Published: 01 June 1977 Article history Accepted: 17 February 1977 Published: 01 June 1977
A System for Studying Carbon Allocation in Plants Using <sup>11</sup>C-Labeled Carbon Dioxide (1983)

The effects of environmental factors such as water stress, elevated CO 2 , or temperature on carbon assimilation and allocation in plants have been studied extensively (Gifford and Evans, 1981; Loomis, Rabbinge, and Ng, 1979; Neales and Incoll, 1968). However, the interactions of these processes are not well understood and cannot be predicted with any degree of confidence. Continuous and simultaneous measurements of photosynthesis, transport, and sink activity have never been made during the short- and long-term responses of live, intact plants to step changes in environmental factors. Thus, direct environmental effects and adaptive responses of plants are generally not distinguished. This results in part from limitation in experimental techniques and protocol used in past studies and the lack of experimental validation of hypotheses and models (eg, Goeschl et al , 1976; Magnuson et al , 1979; Smith et al , 1970) dealing with these problems. This paper describes in detail the components of an integrated technique for studying carbon assimilation, transportation and allocation in intact live plants under any set of environmental conditions, using continuously produced 11 CO 2 .
Comparison of the propagation characteristics of Bessel, Bessel–Gauss, and Gaussian beams diffracted by a circular aperture (1991)

We use the scalar Kirchhoff–Huygens diffraction integral to obtain analytic expressions for both axial and transverse intensity distributions, assuming normal incidence on a circular aperture for four types of incident field: (1) plane wave, (2) Bessel beam, (3) Gaussian beam, and (4) Bessel–Gauss beam. We use the Fresnel approximation to obtain the axial intensity as a function of distance from the aperture. We consider both Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction for the case of the transverse intensity distributions. For the axial case, we find that the Bessel–Gauss beam performs worse than the Bessel beam, in terms both of the magnitude of intensity and of its ability to extend a distance from the aperture. In the transverse case, we find that the Bessel–Gauss beam performance in terms of remaining nearly diffraction free over a given distance is highly dependent on the relationship among the aperture radius, the beam waist parameter, and the transverse wave number.
A New, Simple Test for Thrombogenicity (1976)

A simple technique is described to test thrombogenicity in dogs. Materials to be tested are introduced percutaneously into the femoral arteries of dogs in the form of a No. 5 catheter which is advanced to the aortic bifurcation. Another catheter can be introduced into the contralateral femoral artery in order to test two different materials in the same animal at the same time. After the catheter has been exposed to arterial blood for one hour, it is removed with a large-bore retrieval system, and all fibrin deposits are collected in a plastic basket. Significant thrombus formation was almost uniformly present in over 100 control studies. The technique has the advantage of being relatively noninvasive, allowing the testing of several materials in the same animal and yielding consistent results.
An R848 adjuvanted influenza vaccine promotes early activation of B cells in the draining lymph nodes of non‐human primate neonates (2017)

Impaired immune responsiveness is a significant barrier to vaccination of neonates. By way of example, the low seroconversion observed following influenza vaccination has led to restriction of its use to infants over 6 months of age, leaving younger infants vulnerable to infection. Our previous studies using a non-human primate neonate model demonstrated that the immune response elicited following vaccination with inactivated influenza virus could be robustly increased by inclusion of the Toll-like receptor agonist flagellin or R848, either delivered individually or in combination. When delivered individually, R848 was found to be the more effective of the two. To gain insights into the mechanism through which these adjuvants functioned in vivo, we assessed the initiation of the immune response, i.e. at 24 hr, in the draining lymph node of neonate non-human primates. Significant up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells could be detected, but only when both adjuvants were present. In contrast, R848 alone could increase the number of cells in the lymph node, presumably through enhanced recruitment, as well as B-cell activation at this early time-point. These changes were not observed with flagellin and the dual adjuvanted vaccine did not promote increases beyond those observed with R848 alone. In vitro studies showed that R848 could promote B-cell activation, supporting a model wherein a direct effect on neonate B-cell activation is an important component of the in vivo potency of R848 in neonates.
Genotypic Diversity Within a Natural Coastal Bacterioplankton Population (2005)

The genomic diversity and relative importance of distinct genotypes within natural bacterial populations have remained largely unknown. Here, we analyze the diversity and annual dynamics of a group of coastal bacterioplankton (greater than 99% 16S ribosomal RNA identity to Vibrio splendidus). We show that this group consists of at least a thousand distinct genotypes, each occurring at extremely low environmental concentrations (on average less than one cell per milliliter). Overall, the genomes show extensive allelic diversity and size variation. Individual genotypes rarely recurred in samples, and allelic distribution did not show spatial or temporal substructure. Ecological considerations suggest that much genotypic and possibly phenotypic variation within natural populations should be considered neutral.
Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Alkylation of Guanidines by Alkyl Halides under Biphasic Conditions:  A Convenient Protocol for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Guanidines (2003)

An operationally straightforward and efficient method for the alkylation of carbamate-protected guanidines with various alkyl halides and mesylates is described. This protocol proceeds via deprotonation of the acidic N-carbamate hydrogen of the guanidine under biphasic conditions using a catalytic amount of a tetrabutylammonium salt as a phase-transfer catalyst. In this manner, highly functionalized guanidines can be obtained. The reaction is tolerant of a wide range of functional groups on both the alkyl halide and guanidine component. In addition, the reaction is sufficiently mild such that simple aqueous workup and filtration through a short silica gel column yields the substituted guanidines in high purity. In conjunction with the EDCI-mediated guanylation of disubstituted thioureas with amines, phase-transfer catalyzed alkylation of guanidines via a one-pot, three-component synthesis of substituted guanidines was achieved.
Inhibition of insulin release by synthetic peptides shows that the H3 region at the C-terminal domain of syntaxin-1 is crucial for Ca2+- but not for guanosine 5′-[<i>γ</i>-thio]triphosphate-induced secretion (1996)

Recently, we have described the presence and possible role of syntaxin in pancreatic beta-cells by using monoclonal antibodies [F. Martin, F. Moya, L. M. Gutierrez, J.A. Reig, B. Soria (1995) Diabetologia 38, 860-863]. In order to characterize further the importance of specific domains of this protein, the functional role of a particular region of the syntaxin-1 molecule has now been investigated by using two synthetic peptides, SynA and SynB, corresponding to two portions of the H3 region at the C-terminal domain of the protein, residues 229-251 and 197-219 respectively. Functional experiments carried out in permeabilized pancreatic beta-cells demonstrate that these peptides inhibit Ca(2+)-dependent insulin release in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is specific because peptides of the same composition but random sequence do not show the same effect. In contrast with this inhibitory effect on Ca(2+)-induced secretion, both peptides increase basal release. However, under the same conditions, SynA and SynB do not affect guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate-induced insulin release. These results demonstrate that specific portions of the H3 region of syntaxin-1 are involved in critical protein-protein interactions specifically during Ca(2+)-induced insulin secretion.
Efficient Biotransformations Using<i>Escherichia coli</i>with<i>tolC</i><i>acrAB</i>Mutations Expressing Cytochrome P450 Genes (2009)

We report here some efficient biotransformations using Escherichia coli strains with disruptions for the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump system. Biotransformations of compactin into pravastatin (6alpha-hydroxy-iso-compactin) were performed using E. coli strains with tolC and/or acrAB mutations expressing a cytochrome P450 (P450) gene. The production levels of pravastatin using strains with acrAB, tolC, and tolC acrAB mutations increased by 3.7-, 7.0-, and 7.1-fold, respectively. Likewise, the production levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy 4-cholesten 3-one using tolC acrAB mutant strains expressing an individual P450 gene increased by 2.2- and 16-fold, respectively. The enhancement of this biotransformation efficiency could be explained by increases in the intracellular amounts of substrates and the concentrations of active P450s. These results demonstrate that we have achieved versatile methods for efficient biotransformations using E. coli strains with tolC acrAB mutations expressing P450 genes.
Using a 3-<i>O</i>-Sulfated Heparin Octasaccharide To Inhibit the Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (2008)

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide and is present in large quantities on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) utilizes a specialized cell surface HS, known as 3-O-sulfated HS, as an entry receptor to establish infection. Here, we exploit an approach to inhibiting HSV-1 infection by using a 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide, mimicking the active domain of the entry receptor. The 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide was synthesized by incubating a heparin octasaccharide (3-OH octasaccharide) with HS 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 3. The resultant 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide has a structure of Delta UA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoUA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoUA2S-GlcNS3S6S-IdoUA2S-GlcNS6S (where Delta UA is 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid, GlcN is D-glucosamine, and IdoUA is L-iduronic acid). Results from cell-based assays revealed that the 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide has stronger activity in blocking HSV-1 infection than that of the 3-OH octasaccharide, suggesting that the inhibition of HSV-1 infection requires a unique sulfation moiety. Our results suggest the feasibility of inhibiting HSV-1 infection by blocking viral entry with a specific oligosaccharide.
Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Relief in Interstitial Cystitis (2000)

A 60-year-old woman was treated for severe interstitial cystitis pain using sacral nerve stimulation. Pain and accompanying bladder dysfunction were improved by temporary and permanent sacral nerve stimulation. Six months after implantation of a sacral neuromodulator the patient is pain free and significantly improved on bladder dysfunction. Interstitial cystitis may be an indication for functional electrostimulation.
Centralizing Press Releases of the Government (1937)

GOVERNMENT: CENTRALIZING PRESS RELEASES OF THE GOVERNMENT Get access RICHARD E. SAUNDERS RICHARD E. SAUNDERS Washington Correspondent, Omaha Bee News Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 1, Issue 2, April 1937, Pages 101–103, https://doi.org/10.1086/265068 Published: 01 April 1937
Chemical modification of proteases for wool cuticle scale removal (2004)

AbstractOver the last few decades several enzymatic processes to improve properties of wool fabrics like felting tendency, shrink resistance, dyeing ability and handling characteristics have been described. Previous investigations into the use of proteases to hydrolyse the cuticles at the surface of wool fibres, resulted in high strength and weight losses. Therefore restriction of the enzyme activity to the wool surface or control of enzyme diffusion to the cortex cells is required.To change the diffusion behaviour of proteases in wool fibres, the soluble polymer PEG was covalently attached to a protease from Bacillus lentus. Modified enzymes with different molecular weights were compared. These modified enzymes retained up to 80% of their activity in the standard assay while hydrolysis of wool fibres was successfully restricted to cuticles, resulting in a 90% decrease in weight losses compared to non-modified enzymes.KeywordsBacillus lentus proteasePolyethylene glycolWool treatmentAnti-shrinkageEnzyme modificationDiffusion
Comparison of dual-kVp and dual-layer CT in simulations and real CT system measurements (2008)

Based on today’s standard of technology, dual-source CT devices and dual-layer-based single-source CT devices are attractive candidates for dual-energy applications in clinical routine. The general difference of kVp and detector based approaches lies in the shape of the detected X-ray energy spectra and in the presence of cross-scatter radiation in dual-source devices. We present simulations and measurements with real CT systems that allow a direct and objective comparison of the performance of dual-kVp and dual-layer CT system concepts in terms of noise and dual-energy performance at given dose exposure.
Acid-Base Chemical Mechanism of O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylases-A and -B from pH Studies (1995)

The pH dependence of kinetic parameters using natural and alternative reactants was determined in order to obtain information on the chemical mechanisms of the A and B isozymes of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) from Salmonella typhimurium. A general mechanism is proposed for OASS in which OAS binds with its alpha-amine unprotonated to carry out a nucleophilic attack on C4' of the protonated Schiff base and with the acetyl carbonyl hydrogen-bonded to a protonated enzyme group (or a water molecule), which aids in the beta-elimination of acetate. The enzyme lysine that was in Schiff base linkage with the active site pyridoxal 5'-phosphate deprotonates the alpha-carbon in the beta-elimination reaction, and a proton is likely released with the acetate product. Sulfide likely binds as HS- to undergo nucleophilic attack on the alpha-aminoacrylate intermediate, followed by protonation of the alpha-carbon by the enzyme lysine. In OASS-A, HS- is hydrogen-bonded to the enzyme group that assists in the beta-elimination of acetate, but this is not the case for OASS-B. The pH independent equilibrium constant for the first half-reaction of OASS-A is 1.6 x 10(-3), while the second half-reaction is practically irreversible.
An InP/InGaAs p-i-n/HBT monolithic transimpedance photoreceiver (1990)

A monolithically integrated 1-Gb/s p-i-n/HBT transimpedance photoreceiver is discussed. The optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) was made from metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE)-grown InP/InGaAs heterostructures and had a transimpedance of 1375 Omega , a sensitivity of -26.1 dBm, >25-dB dynamic range, and a 500-MHz bandwidth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantitative surface topography determination by Nomarski reflection microscopy I Theory (1979)

The Nomarksi differential interference contrast microscope is examined as a tool for determination of metallic mirror surface topography. This discussion includes the development of an optical model for the Nomarski system, an examination of the key results of the model’s application to sloped sample surfaces, and recommended procedures for implementation. The functional relationship is developed between image intensity and the component of surface slope along the Nomarski shear direction, the fixed parameters in the Nimarksi system, and the adjustable phase shifts related to Nomarski prism position. Equations are also developed to allow the determination of surface slope from relative image intensity when sample reflectively is uniform and slopes are small.
The In-Plane Thermal Expansion of Glass Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Laminates (1993)

The in-plane thermal expansion of woven glass fabric reinforced epoxy FR-4 laminates has been investigated by using a thermal mechanical analyzer. Linear ther mal expansion is observed at temperatures up to the onset of glass transition for the FR-4 laminates at 110°C. The linear thermal expansion coefficient is measured from 13 to 26 ppm/°C dependent upon the resin contents and the type of glass weaves used in the lami nates. A semi-empirical model based on the laminate analogy with multiple unidirectional plies is used to predict the thermal expansion coefficients of the FR-4 laminates in both warp and fill directions. Results calculated from the model agree well with the measure ments for the laminates with various weave styles and resin contents.