gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporal Cavity and Pressure Distribution in a Brain Simulant following Ballistic Penetration (2005)

To study ballistic brain injury biomechanics, two common civilian full metal jacket handgun projectiles (25-caliber and 9-mm) were discharged into a transparent brain simulant (Sylgard gel). Five pressure transducers were placed at the entry (two), exit (two) and center (one) of the simulant. High-speed digital video photography (20,000 frames/second) was used to capture the temporal cavity pulsation. Pressure histories and high-speed video images were synchronized with a common trigger. Pressure data were sampled at 308 kHz. The 25-caliber projectile had an entry velocity of 238 m/s and exit velocity of 170 m/s. The 9-mm projectile had an entry velocity of 379 m/s and exit velocity of 259 m/s. Kinetic energies lost during penetration were 45.2 J for the 25-caliber projectile and 283.7 J for the 9-mm. Size of temporary cavities and pressures were dependent on projectile size and velocity. The 9-mm projectile created temporary cavities 1.5 times larger in size and lasted 1.5 times longer than the 25-caliber projectile. The 9-mm projectile had pressures three times higher than the 25-caliber projectile. Pressure differences between the center location and surrounding regions were approximately 1.4 times higher and lasted about 1.6 times longer in the 9- mm projectile than the 25-caliber projectile. Collapsing of the temporary cavity drew the brain simulant toward the center of the temporary cavity and created negative pressures of approximately -0.5 atmospheric pressure in the surrounding region. Pressures reached approximately +2 atmospheric pressure when temporary cavities collapsed. These quantified data may assist in understanding injury biomechanics and management of penetration brain trauma.
Further evidence that cyclosporin A protects mitochondria from calcium overload by inhibiting a matrix peptidyl-prolyl <i>cis-trans</i> isomerase. Implications for the immunosuppressive and toxic effects of cyclosporin (1991)

The Ki values of cyclosporins A, G and H for the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) of liver and heart mitochondria are about 2, 20 and 500 nM respectively. This parallels their profile as inhibitors of non-specific pore opening of mitochondria induced by supraphysiological Ca2+ concentrations. The novel immunosuppressant FK-506 gave little inhibition of either process at 5 microM. These data support our previous hypothesis [Halestrap & Davidson (1990) Biochem. J. 268, 153-160] that pore opening involves an interaction between matrix PPIase and the adenine nucleotide translocase. It is suggested that this model may help to clarify the mechanism of action of cyclosporin as an immunosuppressant and its toxic effects on the liver and kidney following prolonged therapy.
Introduction (1977)

We think — or at least we like to think — that ours is a caring society. Some people do less well than others — that’s inevitable. But we believe that somehow things are so arranged that people who are at the end of the queue when advantages are being handed out are still looked after. That’s not a safe assumption, though; to be certain we have to make sure ourselves that it does happen.
The regulation of smooth muscle contractility by zipper-interacting protein kinaseThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigators' Forum. (2007)

Smooth muscle contractility is mainly regulated by phosphorylation of the 20 kDa myosin light chains (LC20), a process that is controlled by the opposing activities of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP). Recently, intensive research has revealed that various protein kinase networks including Rho-kinase, integrin-linked kinase, zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK), and protein kinase C (PKC) are involved in the regulation of LC20 phosphorylation and have important roles in modulating smooth muscle contractile responses to Ca2+ (i.e., Ca2+ sensitization and Ca2+ desensitization). Here, we review the general background and structure of ZIPK and summarize our current understanding of its involvement in a number of cell processes including cell death (apoptosis), cell motility, and smooth muscle contraction. ZIPK has been found to induce the diphosphorylation of LC20 at Ser-19 and Thr-18 in a Ca2+-independent manner and to regulate MLCP activity directly through its phosphorylation of the myosin-targeting subunit of MLCP or indirectly through its phosphorylation of the PKC-potentiated inhibitory protein of MLCP. Future investigations of ZIPK function in smooth muscle will undoubtably focus on determining the mechanisms that regulate its cellular activity, including the identification of upstream signaling pathways, the characterization of autoinhibitory domains and regulatory phosphorylation sites, and the development of specific inhibitor compounds.
Optimizing thin film X‐ray spectra for quantitative analysis (1982)

SUMMARY Energy dispersive X‐ray detectors are frequently attached to electron microscopes to enable microanalysis to be performed, but because such detectors accept X‐rays generated within an appreciable solid angle, the recorded spectra usually include some spurious contributions from the instrument. This paper describes instrumental modifications firstly to reduce and secondly to permit the subtraction of the residual extraneous contributions. The probable accuracy of this subtraction procedure is examined. Results are presented showing the effects of various instrumental modifications on spectra from thin specimens and demonstrate that by careful attention to experimental details it is possible to separate the spectrum due to the thin specimen alone from all other extraneous signals. Two test specimens and a number of test procedures for investigating the analytical performance of (scanning) transmission electron microscopes are presented. Sources of error and the method of their correction when the thin specimen Bremsstrahlung is used for quantitative analysis are discussed.
Person Re-Identification Using Group Information (2013)

After first observing a person, the task of person re-identification involves recognising an individual at different locations across a network of cameras at a later time. Traditionally, this task has been performed by first extracting appearance features of an individual and then matching these features to the previous observation. However, identifying an individual based solely on appearance can be ambiguous, particularly when people wear similar clothing (i.e. people dressed in uniforms in sporting and school settings). This task is made more difficult when the resolution of the input image is small as is typically the case in multi-camera networks. To circumvent these issues, we need to use other contextual cues. In this paper, we use "group" information as our contextual feature to aid in the re-identification of a person, which is heavily motivated by the fact that people generally move together as a collective group. To encode group context, we learn a linear mapping function to assign each person to a "role" or position within the group structure. We then combine the appearance and group context cues using a weighted summation. We demonstrate how this improves performance of person re-identification in a sports environment over appearance based-features.
Structural and Functional Neuroimaging Studies in Major Depressive Disorder With Psychotic Features: A Critical Review (2013)

The relationship between major depressive disorder with psychotic (MDDP) features and schizophrenia has long been recognized, and the neurobiological boundaries between these disorders can nowadays be investigated using neuroimaging techniques. This article provides a critical review of such studies, addressing how they support a dimensional approach to the nosology and pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. A proportion of neuroimaging studies carried out to date indicate that MDDP subjects display structural and functional abnormalities in some brain regions specifically implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, such as the subgenual cingulate cortex. This reinforces the validity of the classification of MDDP in proximity to major depression without psychosis. There is some neuroimaging evidence that MDDP may be associated with additional brain abnormalities relative to nonpsychotic major depression although less prominently in comparison with findings from the neuroimaging literature on schizophrenia. Brain regions seen as critical both to emotional processing and to models of psychotic symptoms, such as the hippocampus, insula, and lateral prefrontal cortex, have been implicated in separate neuroimaging investigations of either schizophrenia or major depression, as well as in some studies that directly compared depressed patients with and without psychotic features. These brain regions are key targets for future studies designed to validate imaging phenotypes more firmly associated with MDDP, as well as to investigate the relationship between these phenotypes and possible etiological influences for MDDP.
P-MOSFET's with ultra-shallow solid-phase-diffused drain structure produced by diffusion from BSG gate-sidewall (1993)

A p-MOSFET structure with solid-phase diffused drain (SPDD) is proposed for future 0.1- mu m and sub-0.1- mu m devices. Highly doped ultrashallow p/sup +/ source and drain junctions have been obtained by solid-phase diffusion from a highly doped borosilicate glass (BSG) sidewall. The resulting shallow, high-concentration drain profile significantly improves short channel effects without increasing parasitic resistance. At the same time, an in situ highly-boron-doped LPCVD polysilicon gate is introduced to prevent the transconductance degradation which arises in ultrasmall p-MOSFETs with lower process temperature as a result of depletion formation in the p/sup +/-polysilicon gate. Excellent electrical characteristics and good hot-carrier reliability are achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using modified atmosphere packaging for storing 'Van Dyke' mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit (2005)

"'Van Dyke' mango fruits were harvested at physiological maturity and stored in active modified atmosphere conditions using different plastic packages (modified atmosphere packaging, MAP). Two-fruit-samples were placed in sealed caliber 2 and caliber 3 low density polyethylene packages (LDPE), using two initial atmosphere gas mixtures. Wrapped fruit and control fruit (without bagging) were kept at 12 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH) for 30 days plus 5 days' shelf life at 18 °C and 70% RH. Caliber 3 LDPE film ensured that injected O2 concentration remained more stable and increased CO2 content during storage time than caliber 2 film. MAPtreatment increased fruit shelf-life by delaying the ripening process. MAP drastically reduced fruit weight loss and increased ascorbic acid content compared to control. Negative correlation was found between fruit weight loss and fruit ascorbic acid content and O2 concentration within the plastic film and fruit ascorbic acid content. By contrast, there was direct correlation between CO2 content within MAP and the ascorbic acid content of fruit. Mango fruit wrappedin caliber 2 PE film ensured the longest extension of the ripening period, without incurring fruit skin lesions. Fruit in caliber 3-PE-film failed to ripen due to flesh softening being inhibited and organic acid degradation."
Liver segmentation for CT images using GVF snake (2005)

Accurate liver segmentation on computed tomography (CT) images is a challenging task especially at sites where surrounding tissues (e.g., stomach, kidney) have densities similar to that of the liver and lesions reside at the liver edges. We have developed a method for semiautomatic delineation of the liver contours on contrast-enhanced CT images. The method utilizes a snake algorithm with a gradient vector flow (GVF) field as its external force. To improve the performance of the GVF snake in the segmentation of the liver contour, an edge map was obtained with a Canny edge detector, followed by modifications using a liver template and a concavity removal algorithm. With the modified edge map, for which unwanted edges inside the liver were eliminated, the GVF field was computed and an initial liver contour was formed. The snake algorithm was then applied to obtain the actual liver contour. This algorithm was extended to segment the liver volume in a slice-by-slice fashion, where the result of the preceding slice constrained the segmentation of the adjacent slice. 551 two-dimensional liver images from 20 volumetric images with colorectal metastases spreading throughout the livers were delineated using this method, and also manually by a radiologist for evaluation. The difference ratio, which is defined as the percentage ratio of mismatching volume between the computer and the radiologist's results, ranged from 2.9% to 7.6% with a median value of 5.3%.
Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Ammonium Aluminum Carbonate Hydroxide (2008)

The thermal decomposition of ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide was studied under non-isothermal conditions in air. The decomposition kinetics were evaluated from data of TG-DTA by means of the Kissinger equation and the Coats-Redfern equation. The values of the activation energy E, the preexponential factor A and the algebraic expression of integral G(α) functions of the thermal decomposition were calculated. The ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (AACH) was characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric and field emission scanning electron microscopy.
Edge Detection Using Steerable Filters And Cnn (2002)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Toulouse, France, 2002
DAVE: a plug-and-play model for distributed multimedia application development (1995)

We created the Distributed Audio Video Environment for developing applications. DAVE is unique in that it provides a distributed plug-and-play application programming interface, is object-oriented, offers device and media extensibility, uses traditional Unix network facilities for transmission, and employs existing audio and video hardware commonly found on many workstations. To demonstrate DAVE's usefulness, we used it to develop two multimedia applications applicable to collaborative engineering: desktop videoconferencing and video broadcasting/receiving. DAVE's object-oriented techniques provide a high level of abstraction for devices. Application developers can treat media devices (such as cameras and microphones) as distributed resources, much as workstations treat graphics and windows. This flexibility and accessibility lets developers easily integrate multimedia into existing distributed environments. Through inheritance and data independence, developers can define additional devices and media types and integrate them into the environment. This plug-and-play approach provides easy access for application developers who want to avoid learning the details of media devices or who want to dynamically change their applications at runtime.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Experimental Study of the Effect of Thermal Decay on Noise and Nonlinear Distortions in Perpendicular Media (2004)

The time dependences of both noise and nonlinear distortions were studied using pseudorandom sequences. Transition noise and dc remanence noise were separated from the total media noise by curve fitting the transition noise with the most significant eigenmodes based on the Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The results show that the transition noise power and the signal decrease and the dc remanence noise power increases with time, resulting in a degradation of the total signal to noise ratio. Using the extracted dipulse technique, it was found that the main peak narrowed and a positive echo at 25-b position increased with time, which indicates that the decay of low-frequency components is faster than that of high-frequency components in perpendicular media.
The Business of Doing Good (2010)

Matt Matsuda and David Williams report on a successful collaboration between academic and student services that resulted in a Rutgers University Byrne Seminar on social entrepreneurship.
P.49: Light‐Diffusing Films Using Two‐step UV Irradiation for Various Displays (2013)

Abstract We have developed novel light‐diffusing films by forming two kinds of refractive‐index distribution structures inside a film. The depth of the non‐structural region, which appears near the surface, was controlled by the first UV irradiance. Moreover, the louver or column structures could be formed to this region by the second irradiation. This novel film has both isotropic and anisotropic diffusion property and will contribute to realize the new low power display systems.
Nanoparticle size analysis with relaxation of induced grating by dielectrophoresis (2006)

We propose an alternative approach to the use of dynamic light scattering (DLS) for the analysis of particle sizes ranging from 5 nm to 100 nm. This approach employs a combination of 1) diffusion, 2) density grating, and 3) dielectrophoresis (DEP), and measures the diffusion coefficient from the decay rate of the diffracted light intensity in the relaxation process of particle density modulation generated by DEP. Both the experiments and the theoretical analysis confirm the reliable determination of particle size independently of the refractive index. The new method records a decay signal directly without an autocorrelator and is expected to have a less extreme sensitivity dependence on particle size than DLS.
Generating Synthetic Mammograms From Reconstructed Tomosynthesis Volumes (2013)

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a promising 3-D modality that may replace mammography in the future. However, lesion search is likely to require more time in DBT volumes, while comparisons between views from different projections and prior exams might be harder to make. This may make screening with DBT cumbersome. A solution may be provided by synthesizing 2-D mammograms from DBT, which may then be used to guide the search for abnormalities. In this work we focus on synthesizing mammograms in which masses and architectural distortions are optimally visualized. Our approach first determines relevant points in a DBT volume with a computer-aided detection system and then renders a mammogram from the intersection of a surface fitted through these points and the DBT volume. The method was evaluated in a pilot observer study where three readers reported mass findings in 87 patients (25 malignant, 62 normal) for which both DBT and digital mammograms were available. We found that on average, diagnostic accuracy in the synthetic mammograms was higher (Az=0.85) than in conventional mammograms (Az=0.81), although the difference was not statistically significant. Preliminary results suggest that the synthesized mammograms are an acceptable alternative for real mammograms regarding the detection of mass lesions.
Enabling direct interest-aware audience selection (2012)

Advertisers typically have a fairly accurate idea of the interests of their target audience. However, today's online advertising systems are unable to leverage this information. The reasons are two-fold. First, there is no agreed upon vocabulary of interests for advertisers and advertising systems to communicate. More importantly, advertising systems lack a mechanism for mapping users to the interest vocabulary.
Racemic resolution of mandelic acid on polymers with chiral cavities, 4. A kinetic study (1989)

Abstract L ‐Mandelic acid‐1,2‐ O ‐(4‐vinylphenyl)boronate ( 2 ) was copolymerized with divinylbenzene to yield a highly crosslinked macroporous polymer. 59% of incorporated L ‐mandelic acid (used as template) could be split‐off on hydrolysis. The resulting polymer, with phenylboronic acid groups in the chiral cavities of type P1 , was equilibrated in a batch process with D , L ‐mandelic acid in acetonitrile. The change of covering percentage, and that of the efficiency for racemic resolution, with time were followed by acidimetric titration and measurement of the optical rotation. A reasonable mechanism for the polymer‐substrate interaction could de deduced. The selectivity terms for each of the forward and reverse reaction could be separately evaluated. Diffusional limitations significantly affect the observed efficiency of racemic resolution. Thermodynamically controlled separation, attainable by a suggested exchange reaction, required much more time than the considerably less effective kinetically controlled separation.
A 0.4 micron fully complementary BiCMOS technology for advanced logic and microprocessor applications (2002)

A modular process architecture has been adopted to develop a versatile yet manufacturable, single-poly, four-level metal, fully complementary BiCMOS technology for sub-0.5 mu m logic and microprocessor products. Both the poly-emitter vertical n-p-n and p-n-p bipolar transistors are integrated into a dual-poly (n/sup +//p/sup +/) gate CMOS process flow. Using a pedestal implant in the emitter window, the n-p-n performance has been enhanced to 26 GHz. Lateral p-n-p and TiSi/sub 2/ Schottky barrier diode devices formed during the titanium self-aligned silicide process are available for various circuit applications. Stacking of the tungsten-plug contacts and vias is allowed in the multilevel metallization module. A process window analysis has also been performed to derive the optimal device design targets. Compared with the CMOS counterpart, approximately 40% speed improvement (at 3.3 V V/sub cc/) in a 68030 critical path has been demonstrated using this logic BiCMOS technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Numerical Modeling of Single-Pulse Gasdynamics and Performance of Pulse Detonation Rocket Engines (2005)

Pulse detonation rocket engines (PDREs) offer potential performance improvements over conventional designs bu tr epresent a challenging modeling task. A quasi-one-dimensional, finite rate chemistry computational fluid dynamics model for PDREs is described and implemented. Four different PDRE geometries are evaluated in this work: a baseline detonation tube, a detonation tube with a straight extension, and a detonation tube with two types of converging/diverging (CD) nozzles. The effect of extension length and CD nozzle area ratio on the single-pulse gasdynamics and performance of a PDRE is studied over a wide range of blowdown pressure ratios (1‐1000). The results indicate that a CD nozzle is generally more effective than a straight extension in improving PDRE performance, particularly at higher pressure ratios. Additionally, the results show that the blowdown process of the CD nozzle systems could be beneficially cut off well before the pressure at the endwall reaches the ambient value. The single-pulse performance results are also compared to some recent experimental measurements as well as a steady-state rocket system using similar modeling assumptions.