gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prolonged continuous intravenous infusion interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer-cell therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. (1992)

These results demonstrate that both protocols of CIV IL-2 plus LAK cells have substantial antitumor activity, and that a longer maintenance phase of IL-2 at a lower dose is associated with significantly less toxicity without a loss of therapeutic efficacy.
The Evolution, Optimization & Experience of Multistage Frac Completions in a North Sea Environment (2014)

Abstract Historically, cemented plug and perf completions have been used for wells requiring multistage fracturing and stimulation in the North Sea. This is a well-known and trusted process, but also time consuming. Often the turnaround time per stage in the North Sea is 3-7 days. With high rig and frac vessel rates, this excessive operational time can negatively impact project economics and well payback times. Consequently there is a drive to develop new systems to gain efficiencies without compromising the quality of the planned stimulation treatments in these applications. This paper will review two newly developed novel completion systems that significantly reduce time spent performing multistage stimulation in environments where cost and consequence of failure are high. North America land frac operations rely heavily on ball drop actuated frac sleeve systems now commonly available in the market, however these typically require some over displacement of the previous frac stage and typically are only available for un-cemented liners. Hence, these are not always a good fit for North Sea frac applications. In order to prevent compromising the required stimulation treatment and allow flexibility to run cemented reservoir liners with frac valves, new technologies had to be developed. Both coiled tubing and wireline manipulated sliding sleeve/valve systems and ball-drop actuated systems have been developed and deployed depending on the various completion and stimulation challenges faced. Since the first installation in 2009 these systems have been proven and refined in multiple wells for two large operators. Various well installations will be discussed, illustrating that systems are being tailored for open hole and cemented environments both for proppant and acid frac stimulation treatments. The paper will give the audience insight into the depth of options available with these systems and explain how they are tailored for different types of stimulation and zonal isolation requirements. In addition operational considerations and experience will be shared. Testing and field data will be presented to verify the development, installation, operation and success of these systems. This data include pressure and temperature data, downhole monitoring during stimulation and sleeve manipulation. An overview of the results and efficiencies achieved in the installations will be presented and compared to conventional methodologies. These completion solutions have a broad application in areas where fracturing and stimulation is required and project cost and risks are significant, both in conventional and unconventional stimulation and fracturing operations. The installations discussed in the paper include first ever proppant frac done offshore through these systems, and introduction of specially developed intervention tools to aid the operation of the system. It also covers the first ever successful installation of cemented frac valve reservoir liner completions in an offshore environment as well as the use of dissolvable frac balls.
Suggested optimum primaries and gamut in color imaging (2000)

Suggested optimal “primaries” and concomitant optimal gamut for any form of device or product whose output serves as input to the normal human visual system: TV-like images, or images reflected from illuminated hardcopy. For those devices and products using additive coloration, three spectral primaries 450–530–610 nm, and their associated gamut, are suggested as goals. For those using subtractive coloration, three reflective components, of width perhaps 50–60 nm at half-height and peaking at the same wavelengths, are suggested. Thus, in either case, the light from each pixel of the generated color image entering the pupil of the normal human observer is composed of a mixture of that observer's prime colors. “Prime colors” are defined as usual as (a) the wavelengths marking the peaks of the three spectral sensitivities of the (trichromatic) normal human visual system, and, thus, (b) those spectral lights to which the normal human visual system responds most strongly per watt of power content input to the pupil. Spectral sensitivities of the normal human visual system are carefully distinguished from those of the CIE Standard Observers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 25, 148–150, 2000
Adaptive information extraction for document annotation in amilcare (2002)

Amilcare is a tool for Adaptive Information Extraction (IE) designed for supporting active annotation of documents for the Semantic Web (SW). It can be used either for unsupervised document annotation or as a support for human annotation. Amilcare is portable to new applications/domains without any knowledge of IE, as it just requires users to annotate a small training corpus with the information to be extracted. It is based on (LP)2, a supervised learning strategy for IE able to cope with different texts types, from newspaper-like texts, to rigidly formatted Web pages and even a mixture of them[1][5].Adaptation starts with the definition of a tag set for annotation, possibly organized as an ontology. Then users have to manually annotate a small training corpus. Amilcare provides a default mouse-based interface called Melita, where annotations are inserted by first selecting a tag from the ontology and then identifying the text area to annotate with the mouse. Differently from similar annotation tools [4, 5], Melita actively supports training corpus annotation. While users annotate texts, Amilcare runs in the background learning how to reproduce the inserted annotation. Induced rules are silently applied to new texts and their results are compared with the user annotation. When its rules reach a (user-defined) level of accuracy, Melita presents new texts with a preliminary annotation derived by the rule application. In this case users have just to correct mistakes and add missing annotations. User corrections are inputted back to the learner for retraining. This technique focuses the slow and expensive user activity on uncovered cases, avoiding requiring annotating cases where a satisfying effectiveness is already reached. Moreover validating extracted information is a much simpler task than tagging bare texts (and also less error prone), speeding up the process considerably. At the end of the corpus annotation process, the system is trained and the application can be delivered. MnM [6] and Ontomat annotizer [7] are two annotation tools adopting Amilcare's learner.In this demo we simulate the annotation of a small corpus and we show how and when Amilcare is able to support users in the annotation process, focusing on the way the user can control the tool's proactivity and intrusivity. We will also quantify such support with data derived from a number of experiments on corpora. We will focus on training corpus size and correctness of suggestions when the corpus is increased.
Robust face recognition using automatic age normalization (2005)

A large number of automatic face recognition systems have been reported in the literature. Many of them are robust to within class appearance variation of subjects such as variation in expression, lighting and pose. However, most of the face identification systems developed, are sensitive to changes in the age of individuals. In this paper we demonstrate that automatic age simulation techniques can be used for designing face recognition systems, robust to ageing variation. In this context, the perceived age of the subjects in the training and test images is modified before the training and classification procedures, so that ageing variation is eliminated. Experimental results demonstrate that the performance of our face recognition system can be improved significantly, when this approach is adopted.
Synthetic Studies on <i>N</i>-Alkoxyamines: A Mild and Broadly Applicable Route Starting from Nitroxide Radicals and Aldehydes (2009)

A broad variety of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-based N-alkoxyamines were prepared in a newly found reaction. By means of a copper-catalyzed fragmentation reaction of aldehyde peroxides in the presence of TEMPO or TEMPO derivatives, N-alkoxyamines were obtained in moderate to good yields.
Evaluation of different approaches for road course estimation using imaging radar (2011)

This work presents three imaging radar sensor approaches to estimate road courses, needed by intelligent vehicle systems such as active cruise control or collision avoidance. Two of the approaches use gridmap data. A gridmap integrates each measurement in a chronological order. The third approach analyzes moving objects ahead of the ego vehicle. One approach has been published previously, the other two are new. A range estimation is necessary on country roads and completes each approach. All approaches are evaluated using a huge dataset of country roads. The driven trajectory is taken as ground truth for the evaluation. The advantages and disadvantages are determined for each approach. The results show the new approach based on gridmap data performs up to 78% better than the known one. The other new approach using moving objects as input information yields estimations which are about three times more accurate than the ones from the known approach.
How Do Aryl Groups Attach to a Graphene Sheet? (2006)

How aryl groups attach to a graphene sheet is an experimentally unanswered question. Using first principles density functional theory methods, we shed light on this problem. For the basal plane, isolated phenyl groups are predicted to be weakly bonded to the graphene sheet, even though a new single C-C bond is formed between the phenyl group and the basal plane by converting a sp2-carbon in the graphene sheet to sp3. However, the interaction can be strengthened significantly with two phenyl groups attached to the para positions of the same six-membered ring to form a pair on the basal plane. The strongest bonding is found at the graphene edges. A 1,2-addition pair is predicted to be most stable for the armchair edge, whereas the zigzag edge possesses a unique localized state near the Fermi level that shows a high affinity for the phenyl group.
Measurement and characterization of angiotensin peptides in plasma. (1988)

We report a method for the extraction of angiotensin peptides from plasma with a mixture of acetone, 1 mol/L HCl, and water (40/1/5 by vol). The method is highly reproducible for the measurement of angiotensin I and angiotensin II in small sample volumes, with analytical recoveries of about 80% for both peptides. We investigated the influence of sample handling and found a standard procedure for blood collection, plasma preparation, and extraction was essential. The method was used to measure angiotensin I and II in rat and human plasma. In rat plasma, the mean (+/- SEM) concentrations of angiotensin I and angiotensin II were determined to be 67 (+/- 8) and 14 (+/- 1) pmol/L (n = 10), respectively. Neither angiotensin I nor angiotensin II was detectable 24 h after bilateral nephrectomy. Acute oral administration of the converting-enzyme inhibitor ramipril caused a significant increase of angiotensin I from 85 (+/- 6) to 257 (+/- 33) pmol/L (n = 10; P less than 0.001) and a significant decrease of angiotensin II from 12 (+/- 1) to 7 (+/- 0.4) pmol/L in rat plasma (n = 9; P less than 0.001). In human plasma, angiotensin I and angiotensin II values of 21 (+/- 1) and 6.6 (+/- 0.5) pmol/L (n = 10) were found. A single oral dose of the diuretic furosemide increased angiotensin I significantly from 21 (+/- 1) to 32 (+/- 1.7) pmol/L (n = 5); P less than 0.001), whereas angiotensin II remained unchanged, 6.6 (+/- 0.5) vs 6.4 (+/- 0.4) pmol/L (n = 5). Extracted peptides could be identified as [IIe5]-angiotensin I and [IIe5]-angiotensin II by HPLC in combination with specific radioimmunoassays for angiotensin I and angiotensin II.
Marker‐Assisted Backcrossing for Simultaneous Introgression of Two Genes (2001)

Marker‐assisted selection is used to accelerate recovery of the recurrent parent genome (RPG) in backcross programs. Our objectives were to compare various selection strategies and breeding plans for the simultaneous introgression of two genes with respect to the RPG recovered and the number of marker data points (MDP) required. Computer simulations were performed with a published genetic map in maize ( Zea mays L.) consisting of 80 markers and assuming selection for dominant target genes on the basis of phenotypic evaluation. For unlinked as well as for linked target genes, a shortening of the backcross program from six to three generations resulted from applying marker‐assisted background selection. In breeding programs with three backcross generations, the least MDP were required when (i) applying selection strategies consisting of three or four selection steps on the basis of presence of the target genes and selection indices calculated from the marker genotype, (ii) increasing the population size from early to advanced generations, and (iii) merging the target genes in an early generation. These principles can be used for optimizing the design of marker‐assisted backcross programs for the simultaneous introgression of two genes.
Inhibition of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>‐Induced Signalling by Transforming Growth Factor‐β in Human Mononuclear Phagocytes (2011)

Tuberculosis (TB) is associated with excessive production and bioactivation of transforming growth factor bets (TGF-β) in situ. Here, modification of expression of components of plasminogen/plasmin pathway in human monocytes (MN) by inhibitors of TGF-β signalling was examined. Smad3 siRNA effectively inhibited TGF-β-induced urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Agents known to interfere with TGF-β signalling, including the Smad inhibitors SIS3 and erythromycin derivatives, and ALK5 receptor inhibitor (SB 431542) in inhibition of uPAR expression in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) were examined. Inhibition by SIS3 only inhibited uPAR mRNA significantly. SIS3 may prove to be an effective adjunct to TB therapy.
Nickel‐Promoted Tungsten Carbide Catalysts for Cellulose Conversion: Effect of Preparation Methods (2012)

A series of Ni-promoted W(2) C catalysts was prepared by means of a post-impregnation method and evaluated for the catalytic conversion of cellulose into ethylene glycol (EG). Quite different from our previously reported Ni-W(2) C/AC catalysts, which were prepared by using the co-impregnation method, the introduction of Ni by the post-impregnation method did not cause catalyst sintering, but resulted in redispersion of the W component, which was identified and characterized by means of XRD, TEM, and CO chemisorption. The highly dispersed Ni-promoted W(2) C catalyst was very active and selective in cellulose conversion into EG, with a 100% conversion of cellulose and a 73.0% yield in EG. The underlying reason for the enhanced catalytic performance was most probably the significantly higher dispersion of active sites on the catalyst.
Pain relief. (1999)

This meeting contained a considerable body of data on both basic science and clinical studies dedicated to the alleviation of pain. Presentations covered a number of exciting areas, where both novel disclosed compounds and clinical data were covered. From these we have selected excitability blockers acting on sodium and calcium channels, progress in drugs acting at glutamate receptors, cannabinoid receptors, capsaicin analogs, novel opioids acting at receptors other than the mu receptor for morphine, substance P antagonists and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors as being of particular interest.
A coupled resonator model of the detection of nuclear magnetic resonance: Radiation damping, frequency pushing, spin noise, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio (1991)

Magnetic resonance involves two coupled resonating systems: the spins and the tuned receiver coil. We simulate the spin system by an equivalent electrical resonator. An analysis of coupled resonators leads to a straightforward derivation of properties such as radiation damping, frequency pushing, and spin noise. The theory is applied to recent experiments (M. Guéron and J. L. Leroy, J. Magn. Reson. 85, 209-215 (1989]. The sensitivity of the spin noise experiment is shown to be T2/tau 0, where 1/tau 0 is the rate of radiation damping. This result leads directly to a fundamental formulation of the usual signal-to-noise ratio, (SNR)2 = (m0 B/tau 0)/(4Fk theta delta v), where m0 is the equilibrium magnetic moment, theta is the temperature, and F is the noise figure of the receiver. An equivalent electrical resonator can also be used to describe the active medium of masers.
Snapshot hyperspectral retinal camera with the Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) (2011)

We present a snapshot hyperspectral retinal camera with the Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) for eye imaging applications. The resulting system is capable of simultaneously acquiring 48 spectral channel images in the range 470 nm-650 nm with frame rate at 5.2 fps. The spatial sampling of each measured spectral scene is 350 × 350 pixels. The advantages of this snapshot device are elimination of the eye motion artifacts and pixel misregistration problems in traditional scanning-based hyperspectral retinal cameras, and real-time imaging of oxygen saturation dynamics with sub-second temporal resolution. The spectral imaging performance is demonstrated in a human retinal imaging experiment in vivo. The absorption spectral signatures of oxy-hemoglobin and macular pigments were successfully acquired by using this device.
Melding the Data-Decisions Pipeline: Decision-Focused Learning for Combinatorial Optimization (2019)

Creating impact in real-world settings requires artificial intelligence techniques to span the full pipeline from data, to predictive models, to decisions. These components are typically approached separately: a machine learning model is first trained via a measure of predictive accuracy, and then its predictions are used as input into an optimization algorithm which produces a decision. However, the loss function used to train the model may easily be misaligned with the end goal, which is to make the best decisions possible. Hand-tuning the loss function to align with optimization is a difficult and error-prone process (which is often skipped entirely).We focus on combinatorial optimization problems and introduce a general framework for decision-focused learning, where the machine learning model is directly trained in conjunction with the optimization algorithm to produce highquality decisions. Technically, our contribution is a means of integrating common classes of discrete optimization problems into deep learning or other predictive models, which are typically trained via gradient descent. The main idea is to use a continuous relaxation of the discrete problem to propagate gradients through the optimization procedure. We instantiate this framework for two broad classes of combinatorial problems: linear programs and submodular maximization. Experimental results across a variety of domains show that decisionfocused learning often leads to improved optimization performance compared to traditional methods. We find that standard measures of accuracy are not a reliable proxy for a predictive model’s utility in optimization, and our method’s ability to specify the true goal as the model’s training objective yields substantial dividends across a range of decision problems.
Cognitive Tests: Interpretation for Neurotoxicity? (Workshop Summary) (2000)

The appropriate use and interpretation of cognitive tests presents important challenges to the toxicologist and to the risk assessor. For example, intelligence cannot be measured directly; rather intelligence is quantified indirectly by scoring responses (i.e., behaviors) to specific situations (problems). This workshop, "Cognitive Tests: Interpretation for Neurotoxicity?" provided an overview on the types of cognitive tests available and described approaches by which the validity of such tests can be assessed. Unlike many tools available to the toxicologist, cognitive tests have a particular advantage. Being noninvasive and species-neutral, the same test can be performed in different mammalian species. This enhances one's ability to assess the validity of test results. Criteria for test validity include comparable responses across species as well as similar disruption by the same neurotoxicant across species. Test batteries, such as the Operant Test Battery, have indicated remarkable similarity between monkeys and children with respect to performance of certain tasks involving, for example, short-term memory. Still, there is a need for caution in interpretation of such tests. In particular, cognitive tests, especially when performed in humans, are subject to confounding by a range of factors, including age, gender, and, in particular, education. Moreover, the ability of such tests to reflect intelligence must be considered. Certain aspects of intelligence, such as the ability to plan or carry out specific tasks, are not well reflected by many of the standard tests of cognition. Nonetheless, although still under development, cognitive tests do hold promise for reliably predicting neurotoxicity in humans.
Development of a Phantom for the Assessment of Patient Support Systems for the Prevention of Pressure Sores. (1997)

Pressure sores are a major problem world-wide, affecting over 5% of all hospital inpatients, and countless others in the community at large. Many different types of specialised beds, mattresses, chairs, cushions, and pads (known collectively as ‘patient support systems’) are sold as pressure-sore prevention equipment, but no consensus exists as to their respective efficacies. The aim of this study is to develop a repeatable and reliable method for their evaluation. An anthropometric articulated phantom has been designed which can be precisely and repeatably applied to a patient support system. The weight of the phantom can be adjusted to represent 3 different percentiles of the population, and can be applied in the flat supine position, or sitting with the torso inclined at 45 or 80 A rotary facial laser-scanner was specially adapted to scan the bottoms of a group of elderly volunteers in order to derive a standard bottom shape. Equipment was designed to measure the rheological properties of the soft tissues overlying the posterior pelvis, and silicone rubbers were formulated to reproduce these properties in the standard bottom. The phantom was instrumented to measure interface pressure distribution under the bottom, pressures inside the soft tissues on the bony prominences, interface pressure on the heels, and normal and shear distortion of the soft tissues. A series of tests were conducted on a range of support systems using both the phantom and live volunteer subjects. Interface pressure maps indicate that the phantom represents a realistic physiological loading condition on all surfaces, but with the benefit of greatly enhanced repeatability. Distortion and shear measurements prove to be highly selective in ranking support surfaces.
Nationwide incidence of serious complications of epidural analgesia in the United States (2016)

This large nationwide data analysis reveals that the incidence of epidural analgesia-related complications is very low in obstetric population epidural analgesia and much higher in patients having vascular surgery.