gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermoelectric Materials (2015)

Environmental and economic concerns have significantly spurred the search for novel, high-performance thermoelectric materials for energy conversion in small-scale power generation and refrigeration devices. This quest has been mainly fueled by the introduction of new designs and the synthesis of new materials. In fact, good thermoelectric material
Statistical model applied to<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi><mml:mi>y</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>y</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>quaternary alloys: Bond lengths and energy gaps of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi><mml:mi>y</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">In</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>y</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">X</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>(<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">X</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">As</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, P, or N) systems (2006)

We extend the generalized quasichemical approach (GQCA) to describe the ${\mathrm{A}}_{x}{\mathrm{B}}_{y}{\mathrm{C}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}\mathrm{D}$ quaternary alloys in the zinc-blende structure. Combining this model with ab initio ultrasoft pseudopotential calculations within density functional theory, the structural and electronic properties of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{y}{\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}\mathrm{X}$ ($\mathrm{X}=\mathrm{As}$, P, or N) quaternary alloys are obtained, taking into account the disorder and composition effects. Results for the bond lengths show that the variation with the compositions is approximately linear and also does not deviate very much from the value of the corresponding binary compounds. The maximum variation observed amounts to 3.6% for the In-N bond length. For the variation of band gap, we obtain a bowing parameter $b=0.26\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ for the ${({\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.47}{\mathrm{In}}_{0.53}\mathrm{As})}_{z}{({\mathrm{Al}}_{0.48}{\mathrm{In}}_{0.52}\mathrm{As})}_{1\ensuremath{-}z}$ quaternary alloy lattice matched to InP, in very good agreement with experimental data. In the case of AlGaInN, we compare our results for the band gap to data for the wurtzite phase. We also obtained a good agreement despite all evidences for cluster formation in this alloy. Finally, a bowing parameter of $0.22\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ is obtained for zinc-blende AlGaInN lattice matched with GaN.
Correlation between electrical activity and ACTH/beta-endorphin secretion in mouse pituitary tumor cells. (1982)

The electrical and secretory activities of mouse pituitary tumor cells (AtT-20/D-16v), which contain and release the ACTH/beta-endorphin family of peptides, were studied by means of intracellular recordings and radioimmunoassays. Injection of depolarizing current pulses evoked action potentials in all cells and the majority (82%) displayed spontaneous action potential activity. Action potentials were found to be calcium-dependent. Barium increased membrane resistance, action potential amplitude and duration, and release of ACTH and beta-endorphin immunoactivity. Isoproterenol increased both action potential frequency and hormone secretion. Raising the external calcium concentration increased the frequency and amplitude of the action potentials and stimulated secretion of ACTH and beta-endorphin immunoactivity. Thus, stimulation of secretory activity in AtT-20 cells was closely correlated with increased electrical activity. However, a complete blockade of action potential activity had no effect on basal hormone secretion in these cells. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying stimulated hormone secretion are different from those responsible for basal secretory activity. It is proposed that the increased influx of calcium due to the increased action potential frequency initiates the stimulated release of hormone from these cells.
Augmented Reality for the Improvement of Remote Laboratories: An Augmented Remote Laboratory (2010)

Augmented reality (AR) provides huge opportunities for online teaching in science and engineering, as these disciplines place emphasis on practical training and unsuited to completely nonclassroom training. This paper proposes a new concept in virtual and remote laboratories: the augmented remote laboratory (ARL). ARL is being tested in the first and second years of the new degrees in industrial engineering and computer engineering, respectively, at the School of Engineering, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain. By means of augmented reality techniques, ARL allows the student to experience sensations and explore learning experiences that, in some cases, may exceed those offered by traditional laboratory classes. The effectiveness of this methodology for remote laboratory work is evaluated by comparing it to practical sessions in the laboratory at the university itself with the same group of students. Students completed a questionnaire after having experienced both types of practicals, and the results show that the use of ARL improves student outcomes. As discussed in the paper, the potential of AR to configure different experiments from the same physical configuration is virtually limitless.
Theory of STM-induced enhancement of dynamic dipole moments on crystal surfaces (2002)

We present the theory of the enhancement of dynamic dipole moments on crystal surfaces, induced by the presence of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tip placed just above the dipole. We approximate the tip by a spherical object whose radius is large compared to its distance from the surface. The tip and substrate are described within the framework of local dielectric theory, and we ignore the role of retardation in the description of the substrate/dipole/tip complex. Within this picture, through use of bispherical coordinates, one may describe the total dipole moment of the complex through use of an expansion in terms of elementary functions. We obtain explicit results for two cases: (i) the dipole moment is normal to the surface and (ii) the dipole moment is parallel to the surface. Through numerical calculations, we find very substantial enhancements for case (i), when the tip/substrate separation is in the nanometer range, while for case (ii) the enhancements are modest. We comment on the implications of these results for the study of optical interactions experienced by atoms or molecules with dipole-active transitions, for entities on metal surfaces in the vicinity of STM probes.
The Industrial Structure Efficiency of Gansu Province since the Start of Reform and Opening up (2010)

According to the time series data of relevant industrial from 1978 to 2008 in Gansu province，the industrial structure efficiency of Gansu Province is studied from different perspectives based on the basis of the overview of the analysis methods and by applying the analysis models including comparative labor productivity, deviation degree of industrial structure and shift—share analysis model. The results show that, in Gansu Province, the comparative labor productivity is low in the primary and tertiary industries, while that in the second industry is high; the deviation coefficient of industrial structure is big and the industry structure and employment structure is extremely asymmetric; the proportion of sunrise industry is large and has great contribution to economic growth. However, the competiveness of the three main industries is relatively weak and need further improvement.
Histomorphometric assessment of the long-term effects of alendronate on bone quality and remodeling in patients with osteoporosis. (1997)

Treatment effects on bone quality and remodeling was assessed in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with oral alendronate. One transiliac bone biopsy was obtained from 231 women at either 24 mo (n = 11) or 36 mo (n = 120) from the start of treatment with alendronate at doses of between 5 and 20 mg/d, or placebo. 64 biopsies at 24 mo (31 from the placebo group and 33 alendronate-treated patients) and 95 biopsies at 36 mo (40 from the placebo group and 55 alendronate-treated patients) provided adequate cancellous tissue, and were analyzed by histomorphometry. Mineral apposition rate was unaffected by treatment. At 24 and 36 mo, osteoid thickness, volume, and surface significantly decreased. At each of the doses studied, mineralizing surface and activation frequency significantly decreased at each time point (e.g., -92% and -87%, respectively, for the 10 mg daily dose after 2 yr). These diminutions were of the same magnitude for each dose at 24 mo, and for the two highest doses at 36 mo. A significant increase in wall thickness accompanied by a reduction in erosion depth was detected in biopsies obtained at 24 mo. These findings confirm that mineralization is normal, and trabecular bone turnover markedly decreased in patients receiving long-term dosing with alendronate. The findings also suggest that the observed increases in bone mineral density could result both from a reduction in the remodeling space due to a decreased activation frequency and a possible trend to a positive bone balance. In addition, further studies focused on a possible increase in the degree of mineralization of bone are required.
Changes During a Century in Trace Element and Macronutrient Concentrations of an Agricultural Soil (2013)

Surface soil and subsoil samples collected in 2012 from a long-term agronomic experimental field at Cornell University were digested in concentrated nitric-perchloric acid and analyzed for macronutrient and trace element concentrations by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) and ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Archived soil samples, taken from the same field nearly a century earlier (1913), were simultaneously analyzed by the same methods to determine any temporal trends in acid-soluble soil elemental composition that might have resulted from agricultural practices and amendments or from diffuse pollution at this semirural site. Modest increases in surface soil concentrations of several macronutrients (P, Ca, Mg, K) were observed between 1913 and 2012, probably attributable to fertilizer and lime amendments. Most trace elements showed either no significant concentration increase (Zn, Ba, Mn) or a small increase (Ni, Cr) in the surface soil. The greatest relative increase in surface soil trace metal concentrations was for arsenic (81%), followed by lead (40%) and cadmium (33%), although acid-soluble concentrations of these toxic metals in 2012 remained in the range considered typical for background levels in uncontaminated agricultural soils of this region. Cadmium measured in acid digests by ICP-OES was shown to overestimate total soil Cd at these low near-background concentrations, with both ICP-MS and a flame atomic absorption method using a preconcentration step for Cd in extracts providing results more consistent with known total soil Cd concentrations of certified standards.
Experimental analysis of chromatin function in transcription control. (1994)

Chromatin structure plays a crucial role in the regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription. Nucleosomes and higher orders of chromatin structure repress promiscuous gene expression by increasing its dependence on the function of activator proteins that regulate transcription in eukaryotic cells. Here we review several parameters governing the dynamic interactions between transcription factors and chromatin structures. These include functions of the core histones and their modification by acetylation, histone H1, HMG proteins, nucleosome positioning, DNA replication, cooperative nucleosome-binding by transcription factors, histone chaperones and nucleosome displacement, the SWI/SNF protein complex, and higher-order domains of chromatin structure. All of these impact on the interactions of transcription factors with chromatin templates. Experimental analysis of these parameters provides new insights into mechanisms of eukaryotic transcription regulation.
Enteropathy Associated with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1984)

To explore the effect of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome on gastrointestinal structure and absorption, the cases of 12 homosexual men with the syndrome and 11 homosexual controls were studied. Seven patients had diarrhea with weight loss. Bacterial or parasitic infections were not detected. All patients were malnourished; had significantly fewer T-lymphocyte helper and suppressor cells; and had significantly lower body weights, midarm circumferences, serum albumin concentrations, and iron binding capacities than homosexual controls. D-Xylose malabsorption and steatorrhea were present in patients, especially those with diarrhea. Jejunal and rectal biopsy samples were histologically abnormal in all patients with diarrhea. Jejunal abnormalities included partial villus atrophy with crypt hyperplasia and increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Rectal abnormalities included intranuclear viral inclusions, mast cell infiltration in the lamina propria, and focal cell degeneration near the crypt base. The histologic findings suggest that a specific pathologic process occurs in the lamina propria of the small intestine and colon in some patients with the syndrome.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering on Semiconducting Oxide Nanoparticles: Oxide Nature, Size, Solvent, and pH Effects (2011)

Semiconducting oxide nanoparticles have proven to be excellent in detecting extremely low-concentrations of molecules through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects. While the enhancement of the Raman activities arises from a large increase in polarizability due to charge transfer from the molecule to the semiconducting nanoparticle, little is known about how the oxide composition, nanoparticle size, solvent, or pH affects the observed Raman activities. In the current study, we examine these effects by carrying out extensive computational investigations of semiconducting TiO2, SnO2 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles and their complexes with both catechol and dopamine. An increase in the size of the oxide cluster or a decrease in the pH of the system under observation leads to enhanced Raman activities; the variation of the activities in different solvents is very much dependent on the nature of the vibrational modes. The marked increase in the Raman activities of molecules adsorbed on SnO2 or Fe2O3 over that of molecules adsorbed on TiO2 seems to indicate that these oxide nanoparticles would be useful substrates for SERS sensors. Our results also indicate that the Raman activities of some of the TiO2 modes are magnified upon adsorption of molecules, which concurs with some very recent experimental observations. All these results are consistent with a recently proposed theoretical model of SERS on semiconducting substrates. Further, this work has implications on the development of molecular sensing, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalysis.
Process limitation and device design tradeoffs of self-aligned TiSi/sub 2/ junction formation in submicrometer CMOS devices (1991)

Submicrometer CMOS transistors require shallow junctions to minimize punchthrough and short-channel effects. Salicide technology is a very attractive metallization scheme to solve many CMOS scaling problems. However, to achieve a shallow junction with a salicide structure requires careful optimization for device design tradeoffs. Several proposed techniques to form shallow titanium silicide junctions are critically examined. Boron, BF/sub 2/, arsenic, and phosphorus dopants were used to study the process parameters for low-leakage TiSi/sub 2/ p/sup +//n and n/sup +//p junctions in submicrometer CMOS applications. It is concluded that the dopant drive-out (DDO) from the TiSi/sub 2/ layer to form a shallow junction scheme is not an efficient method for titanium salicide structure; poor device performance and unacceptably leaky junctions are obtained by this scheme. The conventional post junction salicide (PJS) scheme can produce shallow n/sup +//p and p/sup +//n junctions with junction depths of 0.12 to 0.20 mu m below the TiSi/sub 2/. Deep submicrometer CMOS devices with channel length of 0.40 to 0.45 mu m can be fabricated with such junctions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Speckle-free imaging in four-wave mixing experiments with Bi_12SiO_20 crystals (1980)

We demonstrate that holographic speckle-free imaging is possible when a dynamic recording medium, such as a Bi(12)SiO(20) crystal, and a four-wave mixing configuration are used. The method is based on time integration in the conjugate-image plane of N coherent images having an independent speckle pattern. We apply this concept to a real-time optical processing operation. A speckle-free time-averaged interferogram of a vibrating structure is obtained.
Substrate Specificity of Nuclease P<sub>1</sub> (1974)

Nuclease P1 cleaved substantially all phosphodiester bonds in rRNA, tRNA, poly(I), poly(U), poly(A), poly(C), poly(G), poly(I)·poly(C), native DNA and heat-denatured DNA to produce exclusively 5′-mononucleotides. Single-stranded polynucleotides were much more susceptible than double-stranded ones. Influence of pH and ionic strength on the hydrolysis rate significantly varied with the kind of polynucleotides. The enzyme also hydrolyzed 3′-phosphomonoester bonds in 3′-AMP, 3′-GMP, 3′-UMP, 3′-CMP, 3′-dAMP, 3′-dGMP, 3′-dCMP and 3′-dTMP. Ribonucleoside 3′-monophosphates were hydrolyzed 20 to 50 times faster than the corresponding 3′-deoxyribonucleotides. Base preference of the enzyme for 3′-ribonucleotides was in the order of G>A>C≧U, whereas that for 3′-deoxyribo-nucleotides was in the order of C≧T>A≧G. The 3′-phosphomonoester bonds in nucleoside 3′, 5′-diphosphates, coenzyme A and dinucleotides bearing 3′-phosphate were hydrolyzed at a rate similar to that for the corresponding 3′-mononucleotides. Adenosine 2′-monophosphate was highly resistant, being split at less than 1/3,000 the rate at which 3′-AMP was split.
Growth rates of normal and abnormal human mammary epithelia in cell culture. (1976)

The in vitro growth rates of different classifications of human mammary epithelium were compared. Samples included 4 established breast cell lines and excised tissue or breast fluid cells originating WOMEN FOR 40 DIFFERENT AND comprising 3 classifications: normal, nonmalignant atypical, and malignant. Growth was quantitated in situ and expressed as population-doubling time. Principal findings were: (a) malignant cells divided at a slower mean rate than normal cells; (b) population-doubling time values of malignant cells were more heterogenous than those of normal cells; (c) cultures from nonmalignant atypias showed population-doubling time means and standard deviations between those of normal and malignant cells; and (d) long-term mammary tumor cell lines divided more slowly than did normal cells. Discussion includes implications of data for the preneoplastic state and cell culture of mammary epithelium.
Quantitation of hyaluronic acid in equine synovia (1982)

An assay for the determination of hyaluronic acid concentration in equine synovia (synovial fluid) was investigated. The method involved the degradation of hyaluronic acid, using a highly specific microbial enzyme. The unsaturated tetra- and hexasaccharide products were oxidized with periodate and caused to react with thiobarbituric acid for form a chromophore which absorbed in the visible range of the spectrum. The method was precise within acceptable limits for synovia and compared favorably with the widely used carbazole method of Bitter and Muir (Anal Biochem 4:330-334, 1962). The between-assay coefficient of variation was 1.7% and the method was found to be linear to 100 microgram of hyaluronic acid. The mean value for hyaluronic acid concentration in synovia of health horses was 127 mg/100 ml.
A Convenient Synthetic Method of 2-Substitute Indoles and Its Application for the Synthesis of Natural Alkaloid, Borrerine (1988)

A simple synthetic method of 2-substituted indoles is developed.Total synthesis of natural alkaloid, borrerine, is also reported.In this communication, we describe a versatile two step synthetic method which can provide synthetically useful 2-substituted indoles, and its application for the synthesis of natural alkaloid, borrerine (75). 2 Commercially available 2-oxindole (1) led to 2-bromo-3-indolecarboxa1dehyd (2) in 77% yield according to Schulte's pro~edure.~In order to introduce a carbon side chain directly into the 2-position of 2, improved Heck seemed to be promising among various palladium catalyzed cross coupling reaction^.^^-^However,
Pie XI et l'Action catholique en France (1996)

Le role de Pie XI dans la definition, l'organisation et l'evolution de l'Action catholique en France a ete determinant. A la suite de ses predecesseurs, mais avec plus de force, il engage les oeuvres existantes a se reunir pour constituer l'Action catholique et il insiste sur la dependance de celle-ci par rapport a la hierarchie, jetant des l'Entre-deux-guerres les bases du mandat. Les oeuvres ne doivent pas seulement etre reunies sous un appellation vague et toute theorique, mais l'Action catholique doit devenir un veritable organisme federateur. C'est ce qu'a parfaitement compris le cardinal Verdier qui fait appliquer en France les directives pontificales ; des 1931 l'A.C.A. cree l'A.C.F., dont le but n'est pas seulement de permettre a la hierarchie de mettre de l'ordre dans le foisonnement des oeuvres, mais de les controler, de delivrer le label d'Action catholique et bien sur d'en orienter l'evolution. Des avant la guerre, elle encourage d'ailleurs la specialisation qu'elle entend etendre a d'autres oeuvres que la seule A.C.J.F. En cela, les eveques de France ne font la aussi qu'appliquer les directives pontificales ; s'il n'est pas a l'origine de la specialisation, Pie XI lui apporte tout son soutien puisqu'il la definit comme l'ideal de l'Action catholique
A rush to judgment on Th17 (2008)

Some immunologists have characterized T helper (Th)17 T cells as the master mediators of tissue damage in a variety of pathological conditions. New data now demonstrate that Th1 and Th17 T cells are independently capable of inducing disease in two established models of autoimmunity. Thus, the role of Th17 cytokines as the central mediators of pathological tissue damage seems to require clarification.