gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Collegial Approach In Understanding Leadership As A Social Skill (2013)

Current research indicates that the complexities of organisations require a new focus on collegial leadership and the creation of a sense of community in which leadership is shared. Collegiality forms the backbone of shared leadership. Leadership, as a social skill, makes people respect and follow others and is identified by emotional intelligence (EI) factors such as attitude, confidence, respect for others, and trustworthiness. EI is not a replacement for on the job skills and intelligent task-related logical thinking, but it adds to the variety of skills that enable and empower leaders to develop their employees through the enhancement of their social skills. A survey was conducted among 474 employees with the purpose of the exploratory study being to determine employees perceptions of their leaders social skills. Six social skills formed the basis of this investigation; namely, leadership characteristics, communication, conflict management, relationships, empathy, and trust. Both Pearson r and Spearman ? indicate that the two variables; namely, the job satisfaction of workers and the social skills of leaders rated by the respondents, are significant and therefore directly related. The findings of this exploratory study confirm that the more satisfied a worker is, the higher a leaders social skills are likely to be. Conversely, the more dissatisfied an employee is, the lower a leaders social skills are likely to be. However, this data must be interpreted in terms of the social skills of leaders as being one of the major factors affecting the job satisfaction of workers.
Silica Particle-Stabilized Emulsions of Silicone Oil and Water:  Aspects of Emulsification (2004)

A study of the emulsification of silicone oil and water in the presence of partially hydrophobic, monodisperse silica nanoparticles is described. Emulsification involves the fragmentation of bulk liquids and the resulting large drops and the coalescence of some of those drops. The influence of particle concentration, oil/water ratio, and emulsification time on the relative extents of fragmentation and coalescence during the formation of emulsions, prepared using either batch or continuous methods, has been investigated. For batch emulsions, the average drop diameter decreases with increasing particle concentration as the extent of limited coalescence is reduced. Increasing the oil volume fraction in the emulsion at fixed aqueous particle concentration results in an increase in the average drop diameter together with a dramatic lowering of the uniformity of the drop size distribution as coalescence becomes increasingly significant until catastrophic phase inversion occurs. For low oil volume fractions (phi(o)), fragmentation dominates during emulsification since the mean drop size decreases with emulsification time. For higher phi(o) close to conditions of phase inversion, coalescence becomes more prevalent and the drop size increases with time with stable multiple emulsions forming as a result.
Cyclobutanones and Cyclobutenones in Nature and in Synthesis [New Synthetic Methods(71)] (1988)

Abstract The chemical reactivity of cyclobutanones and cyclobutenones is considerably different from that of cyclic ketones with larger rings; this is due to their ring strain of ca. 25 kcal/mol. Detailed knowledge regarding the influence of this ring strain on regio‐, chemo‐ and stereoselective transformations of four‐membered ring ketones is of particular importance. While several reactions, such as the Baeyer–Villiger reaction, the Beckmann and Favorskii rearrangements and cine ‐substitution often proceed in a manner specific to four‐membered rings, other reactions such as the facile ring‐opening by nucleophiles, the rearrangement to tropolones, the thermal [2+2]‐cycloreversion, the isomerization to vinylketenes and the photochemical formation of oxacarbenes are rather specific to cyclobutanones and cyclobutenones. The remarkable selectivity and the excellent yields of such transformations, which are favored or caused by ring strain as the inherent driving force, offer the synthetic chemist fascinating possibilities for the development of new strategies for the synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds.
Universal Intrinsic Spin Hall Effect (2004)

We describe a new effect in semiconductor spintronics that leads to dissipationless spin currents in paramagnetic spin-orbit coupled systems. We argue that in a high-mobility two-dimensional electron system with substantial Rashba spin-orbit coupling, a spin current that flows perpendicular to the charge current is intrinsic. In the usual case where both spin-orbit split bands are occupied, the intrinsic spin-Hall conductivity has a universal value for zero quasiparticle spectral broadening.
Barrier Modification at Contacts between Carbon Nanotube and Pt Electrode Using Well-Controlled Joule Heating (2007)

We have studied the resistance of a metal and carbon nanotube contact formed in a scanning electron microscope. This contact often has high resistive polymer-like amorphous carbon that is formed by electron beam-induced deposition from residual gas molecules. Results of this study revealed that the contact resistance comprises a tunneling resistance and an ohmic resistance. The current-induced Joule heating reduces the barrier for the tunneling resistance at a low current level and then the ohmic resistance at a high level. This variation is discussed in terms of compositional and structural changes of the amorphous carbon caused by Joule heating.
Performance modeling and analysis of workflow (2004)

Workflow model analysis is performed at logic, temporal, and performance levels. This paper mainly deals with the performance level issues. Workflow net (WF-net) is extended with time information to the timing workflow net (TWF-net). To provide a formal framework for modeling and analyzing workflow, this paper proposes a multidimension workflow net (MWF-net) that include multiple TWF-nets and the organization and resource information. The algorithm to decompose a free-choice and acyclic Petri nets (PN) into a set of T-components is extended to a TWF-net containing iteration structures. Then, resource availability and workload analysis is performed. A method for computing the lower bound of average turnaround time of transaction instances processed in a MWF-net is proposed. Finally a case study is used to show that the proposed method can be effectively utilized in practice.
Simulation of at-speed tests for stuck-at faults (2002)

We examine the detectability of stuck-at faults when test vectors are applied at the rated speed. In the presence of path delays that are comparable to the clock interval, delayed signal transitions or timing hazards influence the detection of faults. It is, therefore, possible that a stuck-at fault that is detected by a test applied at slow speed, may not be detected with high speed test application. We present a fault simulation method that takes timing effects into account without specific delay modeling. Delay-hazard robust (dh-robust) coverage of a test sequence is defined as the coverage of single stuck-at faults that are guaranteed to be detected irrespective of delays or hazards. For tests generated for slow-speed testing, the dh-robust coverage can be quite low. However, special timing considerations in test generation provide better quality tests, especially for high performance circuits.
Modeling of Full Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2012)

Full Electrical Vehicles (FEVs) and Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEVs) are vehicles with many electric components compared to conventional ones. In fact the power train consists of electrical machines, power electronics and electric energy storage system (battery, super capacitors) connected to mechanical components (transmissions, gear boxes and wheels) and, for HEV, to an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). The approach for a new vehicle design has to be multidisciplinary in order to take into account the dynamic interaction among all the components of the vehicle and the power train itself. The vehicle designers in order to find the correct sizing of components, the best energy control strategy and to minimize the vehicle energy consumption need modeling and simulation since prototyping and testing are expensive and complex operations. Developing a simulation model with a sufficient level of accuracy for all the different components based on different physic domains (electric, mechanical, thermal, power electronic, electrochemical and control) is a challenge. Different commercial simulation tools have been proposed in literature and they are used by the automotive designer [1]. They have different level of detail and are based on different mathematical approaches. In paragraph 2 a general overview on different modeling approaches will be presented. In the following paragraphs the author approach, focused on the modeling of each component constituting a FEV or HEV will be detailed. The authors approach is general and is not based on vehicle oriented simulation tools. It represents a good compromise among model simplicity, flexibility, computational load and components detail representation. The chapter is organized as follows:
Endosomal membrane traffic: convergence point targeted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV (2004)

Inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis in infected macrophages is a classical pathogenesis determinant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this review we primarily cover the cellular mechanisms of M. tuberculosis phagosome maturation arrest. A detailed picture is beginning to emerge, involving regulators of membrane trafficking in mammalian cells and phagosomal interactions with endosomal organelles and the trans-Golgi network. We also present a hypothesis that overlaps may exist between the mycobacterial interference with the host cell membrane trafficking processes and the targeting of the late endosomal sorting machinery by HIV during viral budding in macrophages. We propose that interference with the endosomal sorting machinery contributes to the synergism between the two significant human diseases--AIDS and tuberculosis.
Sequence‐Specific HCV RNA Quantification Using the Size‐Dependent Nonlinear Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles (2009)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded (ss) RNA virus that is responsible for chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Driven by the need to detect the presence of the HCV viral sequence, herein it is demonstrated for the first time that the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of gold nanoparticles can be used for screening and quantifying HCV RNA without any modification, with excellent detection limit (80 pM) and selectivity (single base-pair mismatch). The hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) intensity increases 25 times when label-free, 145-mer, HCV ss-RNA is hybridized with 400 pM target RNA. The mechanism of HRS intensity change is discussed with experimental evidence for a higher multipolar contribution to the NLO response of gold nanoparticles.
Grain Boundary Barriers in Germanium (1952)

High resistance at crystal grain boundaries in $n$-type germanium is investigated. The resistance is symmetrical with respect to the direct on of the current and resembles the characteristics of a rectifier in the blocking direction. Such barriers are also photosensitive. The barrier is eliminated when the material is converted to $p$-type by nucleon bombardment or heat treatment. A theory is developed assuming the existence of surface states at the boundary. The ability of the barriers to withstand high voltages, around 100 volts, is explained by showing that the surface charge increases with increasing voltage. The dc conductance of the barrier, measured at different temperatures, agrees with theory in the dependence on temperature as well as in the order of magnitude. At sufficiently low temperatures the barriers show a capacitance independent of the frequency, whereas at higher temperatures the barrier admittance is strongly frequency dependent. These results are in agreement with the theory, showing that at low temperatures the current across the boundary is mainly carried by electrons, the hole current becoming increasingly important as the temperature is raised. The height of the potential barrier above the Fermi level is determined and found to be independent of temperature. A small difference in the measured breakdown voltage for the two directions of current is attributed to a difference in impurity concentration on the two sides of the boundary, which is confirmed by the ac measurements. The number of electrons on the boundary states is found to be of the order ${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at the breakdown, which may be the saturation of the boundary states. However, the field at breakdown is only a few times lower than the critical value for the onset of the Zener current, and this mechanism cannot be definitely ruled out.
The small G-proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 are essential for myoblast fusion in the mouse (2009)

Rac1 and Cdc42 are small G-proteins that regulate actin dynamics and affect plasma membrane protrusion and vesicle traffic. We used conditional mutagenesis in mice to demonstrate that Rac1 and Cdc42 are essential for myoblast fusion in vivo and in vitro. The deficit in fusion of Rac1 or Cdc42 mutant myoblasts correlates with a deficit in the recruitment of actin fibers and vinculin to myoblast contact sites. Comparison of the changes observed in mutant myogenic cells indicates that Rac1 and Cdc42 function in a nonredundant and not completely overlapping manner during the fusion process. Our genetic analysis demonstrates thus that the function of Rac in myoblast fusion is evolutionarily conserved from insects to mammals and that Cdc42, a molecule hitherto not implicated in myoblast fusion, is essential for the fusion of murine myoblasts.
Historic data access in publish/subscribe (2007)

We develop a content-based publish/subscribe platform, called PADRES, which is a distributed middleware platform with features inspired by the requirements of workflow management and business process execution. These features constitute original additions to publish/subscribe systems and include an expressive subscription language, historic, query-based data access, composite subscription processing, a rule-based matching and routing mechanism, and the support for the decentralized execution of service-oriented applications.
Effective Relief of Neuropathic Pain by Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Expression of a Small Hairpin Rna against GTP Cyclohydrolase 1 (2009)

Therefore, the data suggests that GCH1 levels can be reduced by introducing rAAV-shGCH1, leading to pain relief. Based on the results, we propose that GCH1 modulation may be developed as a clinically applicable gene therapy strategy to treat neuropathic pain.
Reduced Switching-Frequency Modulation and Circulating Current Suppression for Modular Multilevel Converters (2011)

This paper describes a modified phase-shifted carrier-based pulsewidth-modulation (PSC-PWM) scheme for modular multilevel converters (MMC). In order to reduce the average device switching frequency, a reduced switching-frequency (RSF) voltage balancing algorithm is developed. This paper also proposes a circulating current suppressing controller (CCSC) to minimize the inner circulating current in an MMC. Based on the double line-frequency, negative-sequence rotational frame, the three-phase alternative circulating currents are decomposed into two dc components and are minimized by a pair of proportional integral controllers. Simulation results based on a detailed PSCAD/EMTDC model prove the effectiveness of the modified PSC-PWM method and the RSF voltage-balancing algorithm. The proposed CCSC not only eliminates the inner circulating current but also improves the quality of the converter ac output voltage. A simple loss evaluation demonstrates that the RSF voltage-balancing algorithm and the CCSC reduce the converter power losses.
Human liver‐associated lymphocytes: An overview (1995)

Morphological and phenotypical data indicate that liver sinusoids contain a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes of which large granular lymphocytes are only one element. It is suggested that the term of liver-associated lymphocytes (LAL), which encompasses all sinusoidal lymphocytes, be used for this fourth sinusoidal cell type. Studies realized by flow cytometry on isolated cells have shown that human LAL differ phenotypically from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). LAL are characterized by a three-fold increase in the percentage of cells presenting the CD56 antigen, a natural killer (NK) marker, but also an increase in the percentage of CD8 cells and a decrease in the percentage of CD4. Furthermore, within the CD56+ LAL population, 95% of cells are CD3+/- CD16-, whereas the majority of CD56+ cells in PBL are CD3-/CD16+. These differences do not seem to depend on liver pathology since no differences were found in the LAL phenotype, for all markers analysed, between patients with liver metastasis or with benign liver tumours. Liver sinusoids also harbour T cells bearing the gamma/delta chains with a repertoire of V gene arrangements which differs from that found in PBL from the same patients, confirming a site-specificity. Functionally, LAL were shown to possess a higher level of NK cell activity against K-562 cells than PBL. LAL also expressed a lymphokine activated killer (LAK) activity against NK-resistant cell lines (Raji cells), whereas no such activity was detected in PBL from the same patients. Interestingly, LAK-activity from LAL isolated from patients with liver metastases was dramatically decreased compared to that from LAL isolated from patients with benign liver disease. The level of LAK activity of LAL situated distant to the malignant tumour was higher than that obtained from LAL close to the tumour, thus suggesting that cytotoxic lymphocyte capabilities could be inhibited by tumoral cells. LAL differ, both quantitatively and qualitatively, from PBL in the expression of cellular adhesion molecules. Precise mechanisms of their homing or in situ differentiation must still be elucidated.
An electronic device to record behavioural activity of bivalves. (1997)

An electronic device to record the valvular movements of clams was fabricated using a Hall effect transducer. It was used to record the responses of Anadara granosa, an arcid clam harvested from coastal waters of Bombay, to a chemical toxicant (10 ppm CuSO4) after 96 hr exposure to naphthalene (5, 10 and 15 ppm). The clams exposed to naphthalene did not respond to the presence of a chemical toxicant (10 ppm CuSO4) while the control clams responded and closed their shells rapidly.
O<scp>ral</scp> H<scp>ealth</scp>, A<scp>therosclerosis</scp>, <scp>and</scp> C<scp>ardiovascular</scp> D<scp>isease</scp> (2004)

During the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the impact of oral health on atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). The advent of the inflammation paradigm in coronary pathogenesis stimulated research in chronic infections caused by a variety of micro-organisms-such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and cytomegalovirus-as well as dental pathogens, since these chronic infections are thought to be involved in the etiopathogenesis of CVD by releasing cytokines and other pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., C-reactive protein [CRP], tumor necrosis factor [TNF-alpha]) that may initiate a cascade of biochemical reactions and cause endothelial damage and facilitate cholesterol plaque attachment. Yet, due to the multi-factorial nature of dental infection and CVD, confirming a causal association is difficult, and the published results are conflicting. The main deficit in the majority of these studies has been the inadequate control of numerous confounding factors, leading to an overestimation and the imprecise measurement of the predictor or overadjustment of the confounding variables, resulting in underestimation of the risks. A meta-analysis of prospective and retrospective follow-up studies has shown that periodontal disease may increase the risk of CVD by approximately 20% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.32). Similarly, the reported risk ratio between periodontal disease and stroke is even stronger, varying from 2.85 (CI 1.78-4.56) to 1.74 (CI 1.08-2.81). The association between peripheral vascular disease and oral health parameters has been explored in only two studies, and the resultant relative risks among individuals with periodontitis were 1.41 (CI 1.12-1.77) and 2.27 (CI 1.32-3.90), respectively. Overall, it appears that periodontal disease may indeed contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, although the statistical effect size is small.
Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Developing Brain: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species Originating in Mitochondria (2012)

Mitochondrial dysfunction is the most fundamental mechanism of cell damage in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia and reperfusion. Mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) is increasingly recognized as a source for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the postischemic tissue. Potentially, ROS originating in MRC can contribute to the reperfusion-driven oxidative stress, promoting mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. The loss of mitochondrial membranes integrity during reperfusion is considered as the major mechanism of secondary energy failure. This paper focuses on current data that support a pathogenic role of ROS originating from mitochondrial respiratory chain in the promotion of secondary energy failure and proposes potential therapeutic strategy against reperfusion-driven oxidative stress following hypoxia-ischemia-reperfusion injury of the developing brain.
Fused Heterocyclic Compounds as Potent Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors (2016)

Uncontrolled metabolism of l-tryptophan (l-Trp) in the immune system has been recognized as a critical cellular process in immune tolerance. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme plays an important role in the metabolism of a local l-Trp through the kynurenine pathway in the immune systems. In this regard, IDO1 has emerged as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases that are associated with immune suppression like chronic infections, cancer, and others. In this study, we synthesized a series of pyridopyrimidine, pyrazolopyranopyrimidine, and dipyrazolopyran derivatives. Further lead optimizations directed to the identification of potent compounds, <b>4j</b> and <b>4l</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 260 and 151 nM, respectively). These compounds also exhibited IDO1 inhibitory activities in the low nanomolar range in MDA-MB-231 cells with very low cytotoxicity. Stronger selectivity for the IDO1 enzyme (>300-fold) over tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzyme was also observed for these compounds. Hence, these fused heterocyclic compounds are attractive candidates for the advanced study of IDO1-dependent cellular function and immunotherapeutic applications.
Speed-Sensorless Torque Control of Induction Machine Based on Carrier Signal Injection and Smooth-Air-Gap Induction Machine Model (2006)

A speed-estimation technique for induction machines, based on carrier signal injection and the standard two-axis smooth-air-gap induction machine model, is presented. The proposed speed-estimation technique can work over a wide range of operating points, including fundamental dc excitation. The stability of the algorithm is analyzed using a two-time-scale approach. Based on the estimated rotor speed, a torque controller is designed. Experimental results are presented confirming the validity of this approach. A method to reduce torque ripple generated by the injected carrier signals is also introduced