gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Cu-less TSV reveal process using Si/Cu grinding, electroless Ni plating, and alkaline etching of Si (2013)

We developed a novel through silicon via (TSV) reveal process using Si/Cu grinding, electroless Ni plating, and alkaline etching of Si. For simultaneously grinding Cu and Si without the Cu burning and smearing, a vitrified-bond grinding wheel was used. To avoid Cu contamination during the alkaline etching of Si, electroless Ni plating was performed. We also investigated Cu contamination in the Si region between TSVs after this process. The investigation was carried out using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and dynamic SIMS. The results showed that the developed process enabled the leveling of TSVs and suppressed the concentration of Cu contaminants to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> atoms/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Crosscorrelation properties of pseudorandom and related sequences (1980)

Binary maximal-length linear feedback shift register sequences (m-sequences) have been successfully employed in communications, navigation, and related systems over the past several years. For the early applications, m-sequences were used primarily because of their excellent periodic autocorrelation properties. For many of the recent systems applications, however, the crosscorrelation properties of such sequences are at least as important as the autocorrelation properties, and the system performance depends upon the aperiodic correlation in addition to the periodic correlation. This paper presents a survey of recent results and provides several new results on the periodic and aperiodic crosscorrelation functions for pairs of m-sequences and for pairs of related (but not maximal-length) binary shift register sequences. Also included are several recent results on correlation for complex-valued sequences as well as identities relating the crosscorrelation functions to autocorrelation functions. Examples of problems in spread-spectrum communications are employed to motivate the choice of correlation parameters that are considered in the paper.
Compiling SU(4) quantum circuits to IBM QX architectures (2019)

The Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) technology is currently investigated by major players in the field to build the first practically useful quantum computer. IBM QX architectures are the first ones which are already publicly available today. However, in order to use them, the respective quantum circuits have to be compiled for the respectively used target architecture. While first approaches have been proposed for this purpose, they are infeasible for a certain set of SU(4) quantum circuits which have recently been introduced to benchmark corresponding compilers. In this work, we analyze the bottlenecks of existing compilers and provide a dedicated method for compiling this kind of circuits to IBM QX architectures. Our experimental evaluation (using tools provided by IBM) shows that the proposed approach significantly outperforms IBM's own solution regarding fidelity of the compiled circuit as well as runtime. Moreover, the solution proposed in this work has been declared winner of the IBM QISKit Developer Challenge. An implementation of the proposed methodology is publicly available at http://iic.jku.at/eda/research/ibm_qx_mapping.
Cathepsin D cytosolic assay and immunohistochemical quantification in human prostate tumors (1994)

We quantified cathepsin D by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) and quantitative immunohistochemistry in fifteen human prostate cancers, seventeen BPH, and nine normal prostates. The cytosolic cathepsin D concentration was higher in prostatic carcinoma (mean: 31.5 pmol/mg cytosol proteins; range: 10.2-66.2) than in normal prostate (16.0 pmol/mg cytosol proteins; 7.2-25.5; P = 0.01). Prostatic hyperplasia showed intermediate values (20.2 pmol/mg cytosol proteins; 7.6-33.9). Immunostaining of cathepsin D and prostatic acid phosphatase on serial frozen sections of prostate tissues was only observed in glandular epithelial cells. Immunostaining was quantified by computer-assisted image analysis as an quantitative immuno-cytochemical score (QIC score) expressed in arbitrary units (A.U.). QIC scores for cathepsin D were dispersed and had a tendency to be higher in benign prostatic hyperplasia (mean: 178.3 A.U.; range: 95-297) compared to normal prostate (85.2 A.U.; 2-173 P < 0.01) and prostatic carcinoma (90.0 A.U.; 21-179 P = 0.0002). Prostatic cathepsin D levels in cytosols or immunostaining sections were independent of other clinicobiological parameters.
A Dynamic inventory optimization method applied to printer fleet management (2011)

Current optimization methods for inventory management of toner cartridges for printer fleets typically focus on aggregate cartridge demand. However, with the development of printer technology, toner consumption algorithms are being developed which can accurately quantify the amount of toner that has been consumed over time, based on print job characteristics. This research introduces a dynamic inventory optimization approach for a fleet of printers over a rolling time horizon. Given, the consumption algorithm for the printer system, the cumulative toner consumed per cartridge per printer can be tracked. A forecasting method is developed which utilizes this toner consumption data for individual printers to forecast toner cartridge replacement times. Taking into account the uncertainty related to demand, demand forecast and lead time, an optimization model has been developed to determine the order placement times and order quantities to minimize the total cost subject to a specified service level. An experimental performance evaluation has been conducted on the parameters of the dynamic inventory management algorithm. Based on the results of this evaluation, the implementation of this dynamic inventory optimization methodology could have a positive impact on printer fleet management.
A source of a reference spherical wave based on a single mode optical fiber with a narrowed exit aperture (2008)

A new type of a reference spherical wave source (SWS) based on a single mode optical fiber with a narrowed down up to the submicrometer size exit aperture is proposed. It is intended for the precision point diffraction interferometers as a source of a reference wave. Systematic experimental errors which influence the measurement accuracy of the quality of the wave fronts generated by the SWSs are considered. Experimental data on wave front deformations are given. The combined root-mean-square (rms) wave deformation for a couple of the SWSs measured in a numerical aperture of NA=0.27 reaches the value of rms=0.36 nm that corresponds to rms=0.25 nm of a single SWS or about lambda2500 for the red He-Ne laser.
An improved FFT digit-reversal algorithm (1989)

Several improvements on the bit-reversal algorithm of B. Gold and C.M. Rader (1969) are presented. The savings in computation are obtained by observing that not all indexes need to be reversed. In particular, a closed-form expression is derived for the largest index that must be digit-reversed (for an arbitrary radix). To limit the number of unnecessary digit-reversals, a closed-form expression (in terms of N and R) is derived for the largest array index that must be reversed. In addition, it is shown that the smallest index that must be reversed is always 1, not 0, as is commonly implemented. A computational analysis is given, comparing the original and modified algorithms. The modifications to the algorithm led to an improved efficiency with almost no increase in the size of the program or its working storage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Omnidirectional video coding using latitude adaptive down‐sampling and pixel rearrangement (2017)

Projection of omnidirectional videos in the spherical domain onto the planar domain is required to utilise existing video compression techniques. Due to its simplicity, the equirectangular projection (ERP) method has been widely adopted for sphere‐to‐plane mapping. However, the coding efficiency of the ERP method is inefficient because the ERP video includes visual redundancies in the high latitude areas of the sphere. To solve this problem, this Letter presents an efficient data compression scheme that employs latitude adaptive down‐sampling followed by pixel rearrangement. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a bitrate reduction of up to 28.9%, as compared with the ERP.
Optimization of Anodic Silicon Oxide Films for Low Temperature Passivation of Silicon Surfaces (1993)

Electrochemical and electrophysical methods are used for optimizing anodic oxide films as passivating layers for electronic devices. Under certain conditions the electrophysical properties of thermally and anodically grown films are practically identical. For several years such anodic oxide films have been applied for passivation of electron detectors with very‐high‐resistivity starting material (10–30 kΩ‐cm), which forms a part of the Zeiss Jena electron‐beam inspection system ZRM20 for the measurement of material and topography contrast in electron beam lithography.
Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics (1993)

Three parallel algorithms for classical molecular dynamics are presented. The first assigns each processor a subset of atoms; the second assigns each a subset of inter-atomic forces to compute; the third assigns each a fixed spatial region. The algorithms are suitable for molecular dynamics models which can be difficult to parallelize efficiently -- those with short-range forces where the neighbors of each atom change rapidly. They can be implemented on any distributed-memory parallel machine which allows for message-passing of data between independently executing processors. The algorithms are tested on a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark problem for system sizes ranging from 500 to 10,000,000 atoms on three parallel supercomputers, the nCUBE 2, Intel iPSC/860, and Intel Delta. Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems. For large problems, the spatial algorithm achieves parallel efficiencies of 90% and the Intel Delta performs about 30 times faster than a single Y-MP processor and 12 times faster than a single C90 processor. Trade-offs between the three algorithms and guidelines for adapting them to more complex molecular dynamics simulations are also discussed.
Isomerically Pure Tetramethylrhodamine Voltage Reporters (2016)

We present the design, synthesis, and application of a new family of fluorescent voltage indicators based on isomerically pure tetramethylrhodamines. These new Rhodamine Voltage Reporters, or RhoVRs, use photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) as a trigger for voltage sensing, display excitation and emission profiles in the green to orange region of the visible spectrum, demonstrate high sensitivity to membrane potential changes (up to 47% ΔF/F per 100 mV), and employ a tertiary amide derived from sarcosine, which aids in membrane localization and simultaneously simplifies the synthetic route to the voltage sensors. The most sensitive of the RhoVR dyes, RhoVR 1, features a methoxy-substituted diethylaniline donor and phenylenevinylene molecular wire at the 5'-position of the rhodamine aryl ring, exhibits the highest voltage sensitivity to date for red-shifted PeT-based voltage sensors, and is compatible with simultaneous imaging alongside green fluorescent protein-based indicators. The discoveries that sarcosine-based tertiary amides in the context of molecular-wire voltage indicators prevent dye internalization and 5'-substituted voltage indicators exhibit improved voltage sensitivity should be broadly applicable to other types of PeT-based voltage-sensitive fluorophores.
AROMATIC AZO DERIVATIVES PREVENTING MAMMARY CANCER AND ADRENAL INJURY FROM 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ(a)ANTHRACENE (1965)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Validation of Oligonucleotide Microarray Data Using Microfluidic Low-Density Arrays: a New Statistical Method to Normalize Real-Time RT-PCR Data (2005)

Profiling studies using microarrays to measure messenger RNA (mRNA) expression frequently identify long lists of differentially expressed genes. Differential expression is often validated using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assays. In conventional real-time RT-PCR assays, expression is normalized to a control, or housekeeping gene. However, no single housekeeping gene can be used for all studies. We used TaqMan Low-Density Arrays, a medium-throughput method for real-time RT-PCR using microfluidics to simultaneously assay the expression of 96 genes in nine samples of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We developed a novel statistical method, based on linear mixed-effects models, to analyze the data. This method automatically identifies the genes whose expression does not vary significantly over the samples, allowing them to be used to normalize the remaining genes. We compared the normalized real-time RT-PCR values with results obtained from Affymetrix Hu133A GeneChip oligonucleotide microarrays. We found that real-time RT-PCR using TaqMan Low-Density Arrays yielded reproducible measurements over seven orders of magnitude. Our model identified numerous genes that were expressed at nearly constant levels, including the housekeeping genes PGK1, GAPD, GUSB, TFRC, and 18S rRNA. After normalizing to the geometric mean of the unvarying genes, the correlation between real-time RT-PCR and microarrays was high for genes that were moderately expressed and varied across samples.
Versatile Wafer-Scale Technique for the Formation of Ultrasmooth and Thickness-Controlled Graphene Oxide Films Based on Very Large Flakes (2015)

We present a new strategy to form thickness-adjusted and ultrasmooth films of very large and unwrinkled graphene oxide (GO) flakes through the transfer of both hemispherical and vertical water films stabilized by surfactants. With its versatility in terms of substrate type (including flexible organic substrates) and in terms of flake density (from isolated flakes to continuous and multilayer films), this wafer-scale assembly technique is adapted to a broad range of experiments involving GO and rGO (reduced graphene oxide). We illustrate its use through the evaluation of transparent rGO electrodes.
Molecular and supramolecular sensitization of nanocrystalline wide band-gap semiconductors with mononuclear and polynuclear metal complexes (2000)

Some strategies for the design of mononuclear sensitizers and of artificial supramolecular systems useful in the sensitization of wide band-gap semiconductors, and featuring functions such as photoinduced charge separation and the antenna effect for their use in sensitization of semiconductors are reviewed. Such functions depend on the choice of specific molecular components which may control the kinetics of the interfacial and intercomponent electron transfer processes. Examples of molecular devices, which may prevent interfacial charge recombination in sensitized semiconductor cells, and examples of polynuclear complexes, supporting efficient intramolecular energy transfer to sensitizer units, are discussed.
The Resistance of Clamped Sandwich Beams to Shock Loading (2004)

A systematic design procedure has been developed for analyzing the blast resistance of clamped sandwich beams. The structural response of the sandwich beam is split into three sequential steps: stage I is the one-dimensional fluid-structure interaction problem during the blast loading event, and results in a uniform velocity of the outer face sheet; during stage II the core crushes and the velocities of the faces and core become equalized by momentum sharing; stage III is the retardation phase over which the beam is brought to rest by plastic bending and stretching. The third-stage analytical procedure is used to obtain the dynamic response of a clamped sandwich beam to an imposed impulse. Performance charts for a wide range of sandwich core topologies are constructed for both air and water blast, with the monolithic beam taken as the reference case. These performance charts are used to determine the optimal geometry to maximize blast resistance for a given mass of sandwich beam. For the case of water blast, an order of magnitude improvement in blast resistance is achieved by employing sandwich construction, with the diamond-celled core providing the best blast performance. However, in air blast, sandwich construction gives only a moderate gain in blast resistance compared to monolithic construction.
RESULTS OF AN AUTOMATED ATTACK ON THE RUNNING KEY CIPHER (2005)

ABSTRACTThe running key cipher uses meaningful text as the key. Since the message also consists of meaningful text, the result is obtained by combining valid words. Automated attacks can find all such combinations that yield a given ciphertext. The results of these attacks are presented in this paper.KEYWORDS: Running key cipherdictionary attackautomated attack Additional informationNotes on contributorsCraig BauerYork College of Pennsylvania. He introduced Cryptology into the curriculum with the spring 2004 semester. In the fall 2004 semester. In the fall 2004 semester, he made a trip to Bletchley Park with his own students and the cryptology class from Penn State York.Elliott J. GottloebYork College of Pennsylvania. His Primary interests are in pure mathematics and cryptology. His free time is used to perform music on a variety of instruments, as well as share his love of mathematics.
Silicon-Controlled Rectifier for Electrostatic Discharge Protection Solutions With Minimal Snapback and Reduced Overshoot Voltage (2015)

An electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection structure constructed by the stacking of multiple anode gate-cathode gate directly connected silicon-controlled rectifiers (DCSCRs), fabricated in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology is reported in this letter. Two embedded diodes in the DCSCR dictate the turn-ON mechanism and hence give rise to a trigger voltage equal to twice the diode's turn-ON voltage. This approach enables the DCSCR to offer a diode-like transmission line pulsing IV characteristic with a minimal snapback and a SCR-like high-ESD robustness. At 25 °C, DCSCR has an acceptable nanoampere-level leakage current. Besides, it is verified that the DCSCR can significantly reduce overshoot voltage when stressed by very-fast-rising pulses. As such, an ESD clamp constructed by stacking a selected number of DCSCRs can offer a flexible trigger/holding voltage and is suitable for low and medium voltage ESD protection applications.
Inferential feedback control of distillation composition based on PCR and PLS models (2001)

A principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) model based inferential feedback control strategy for distillation composition control is developed. PCR and PLS model based software sensors are developed from process operational data so that the top and bottom product compositions can be estimated from multiple tray temperature measurements. The PCR and PLS software sensors are used in the feedback control of the top and bottom product compositions. This strategy can overcome the problem of substantial time delay in composition analysers based control and the problem of substantial bias in single tray temperature control. Static estimation bias and the resulting static control offsets are eliminated through mean updating of process measurements. Applications to a simulated methanol-water separation column demonstrate the effectiveness of this control strategy.
Selective Wireless Power Transmission Through High-$Q$ Flat Waveguide-Ring Resonator on 2-D Waveguide Sheet (2011)

2-D waveguide power transmission (2DWPT) can potentially provide a safe and wireless means of electricity transfer. Our goal is to develop a 2DWPT system in which the power is transferred only to special receiver devices and not to other objects. For this purpose, a new high-quality (high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> ) factor receiver coupler is designed, while the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> of other general objects are reduced by a thick insulator layer on the sheet. This contrast in <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> enables selective power transmission to the receiver coupler. The coupler forms a flat waveguide-ring resonator together with the insulator layer. Full-wave simulations validate the difference of power extraction between the proposed coupler and flat conductor plate resonators as a standard reference of general objects. The performance of the fabricated coupler is also examined on a large open-edged sheet where a standing wave is generated, as well as on a narrow strip-shaped sheet where the standing wave is eliminated. In the case where eight 50-Ω loaded couplers operate on a 90 cm × 60 cm large waveguide sheet simultaneously, the total microwave transmission efficiency achieved 87.7%.
Data mining methods for anomaly detection KDD-2005 workshop report (2005)

For many applications, data mining systems are required to detect anomalous (abnormal, unmodeled, or unexpected) observations. This has so far proven to be a difficult challenge because anomalies are usually considered to be "non-normal" observations, where "normality" is typically defined by very complex concepts. Because of these and other reasons, there are no standard and principled approaches for anomaly detection, yet, and the data mining processes that have led to successful solutions include most of the times ad-hoc (algorithmic, design, and implementation) decisions that incorporate prior or commonsense knowledge about the tasks that are addressed.Consequently, we considered that it would be beneficial for both researchers and practitioners interested in anomaly detection and data mining, to organize workshop that would bring together people interested in this topic. We considered that the International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining would be a good venue for such a workshop because of the diversity of interests, backgrounds, and problems that motivate people to attend the conference.This paper describes the workshop on "Data Mining Methods for Anomaly Detection" - a one day event held in conjunction with KDD-2005 in Chicago, on August 21, 2005.
QoE-Aware Computing Resource Allocation for CDN-as-a-Service Provision (2016)

We focus on the provision of Content-Delivery-Network-as-a- Service (CDNaaS) functionality for video distribution and, in particular, on how to appropriately decide on the amount of computing resources to allocate to a CDNaaS instance to satisfy Quality of Experience (QoE) and resource capacity constraints. Our work is put in the context of a telco cloud environment, which is open for content providers to request the dynamic deployment of a virtual CDN infrastructure on top of it, to cover a target user demand with a desired service quality at the regions where the telecom operator has presence. We perform extensive testbed experiments to quantify the dependence of user experience on the load of a virtualized video service, and apply our measurement results to drive a QoE-aware virtual CPU resource allocation algorithm. Using simulation, we show our algorithm to optimally address the quality-cost tradeoff, demonstrating the benefits of QoE-awareness.