gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NONDESTRUCTIVELY DELINEATING CHANGES IN MODULUS PROFILES OF SECONDARY ROADS (1987)

To load-zone roads properly, mechanisms involved in the deterioration of pavements must be understood and monitored. The state of practice in nondestructively evaluating pavement systems is limited to determining changes in modulus profiles. For secondary roads, deflection basin methods (such as falling-weight deflectometer (FWD) and Dynaflect) are most effective in determining moduli of subgrades and are not as sensitive to moduli of the surface and base layers. On the other hand, the Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method is quite sensitive to moduli in the upper layers. In addition, the SASW method has the advantage of allowing the pavement system to be divided into numerous layers, say 10 to 15 in the upper 3 ft, so that detailed profiles can be determined. With this resolution, it is possible to delineate changes in the modulus profile from one measurement to the next. To illustrate the use of the SASW method on secondary roads, two sites were tested to determine the possible reasons for one section rutting and the other not. The rutted section was found to have layers with lower moduli or in which moduli appeared to be decreasing and hence possibly causing deterioration of the section. Also, the softening effect of rain on these pavements was studied. Softening occurred mainly in the upper portion of the subgrade. The FWD device was also used to determine moduli of the two sections. Moduli from the FWD tests are substantially lower than those from the SASW tests in the base layers mainly because of nonlinear behavior created during FWD testing. However, moduli of the subgrades are quite similar because of the linear behavior of this material in both types of tests. Deflection basins based on moduli of SASW tests are also compared with the FWD deflection basins. If the nonlinear effects are considered, the deflection basins based on moduli evaluated by the SASW tests compare well with those measured by the FWD device.
Optically pumped GaN vertical cavity surface emitting laser with high index-contrast nanoporous distributed Bragg reflector (2015)

Laser operation of a GaN vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is demonstrated under optical pumping with a nanoporous distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). High reflectivity, approaching 100%, is obtained due to the high index-contrast of the nanoporous DBR. The VCSEL system exhibits low threshold power density due to the formation of high Q-factor cavity, which shows the potential of nanoporous medium for optical devices.
Legacy 4GL application migration via knowledge-based software engineering technology: a case study (2002)

Most contemporary fourth-generation languages (4GL) are tightly coupled with the database, and other subsystems provided by the vendor. As a result, organisations that wish to change database vendors are typically forced to rewrite their applications using the new vendor's 4GL. The anticipated cost of this redevelopment can deter an organisation from changing vendors, hence denying it the benefits that would otherwise result, e.g., the exploitation of more sophisticated database technology. If tools existed that could reduce the rewriting effort, the large upfront cost of migrating the organisation's applications would also be reduced, which could make the shift economically feasible. This paper describes two approaches for migrating 4GL-based information system applications and how these approaches are enabled using knowledge-based software engineering (KBSE) technology. Semantic issues identified during the design of the toolset are addressed. These issues are instantiated using examples from the project. The approaches described in this paper were developed as part of an industry-sponsored research project to construct a "real world" software re-engineering toolset. The project represents the first significant attempt to apply KBSE technology to this problem.
[Effect of ginsenosides on proliferation and differentiation of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells]. (2000)

GS could not only promote the proliferation but also induce the differentiation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, GS may play the role by cooperating with hematopoietic growth factor, and by its growth factor-like function in the regulation of hematopoiesis.
Control of calcium entry in human fibroblasts by frequency-dependent electrical stimulation (2002)

Modulation of intracellular calcium ion concentration ((Ca2+)i) could be used to control cellular and molecular responses that are important in cell and tissue engineering. Electrical stimulation (ES) has been used to activate plasma membrane ion channels including Ca2+channels, and to induce changes in (Ca2+)i. Strong direct current (dc) ES depolarizes the membrane electrical potential (MEP) and, thereby, causes rapid increases in (Ca2+)i. Electrocoupling mechanisms that could control (Ca2+)i increases induced by modes of ES other than dc have not been elucidated, however. Here we report that 30 min of continuous exposure to a 1 or 10 Hz, 2 V/cm ES induces an (Ca2+)i increase by approximately 6-fold (baseline 25 nM) in human fibroblasts in culture. In contrast, a 100 Hz, 2 V/cm ES causes no significant (Ca2+)i increase. Either depletion of Ca2+from the extracellular medium or incubation of cells with verapamil inhibits the (Ca2+)i increase, indicating that Ca2+ influx through verapamil-sensitive Ca2+channels is required for the (Ca2+)i increase induced by oscillatory ES. More intense ES by a 1 Hz or a dc 10 V/cm electric field causes a rapid 20 to 25-fold (Ca2+)i increase. We hypothesize that selective, partial activation of Ca2+channels is likely to mediate Ca2+influx. These results suggest that optimal ES could be used to control Ca2+entry and, thereby, regulate cellular calcium homeostasis without adversely affecting cell viability.
MDMA and the Brain: A Short Review on the Role of Neurotransmitters in the Cause of Neurotoxicity (2019)

N-Methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA), or ecstasy is a recreational drug of abuse. It is a synthetic substance that affects the body's systems, which its mechanism of action and treatment should be more investigated. MDMA provides an immediate enjoyable feeling by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, abnormal regulation of the brain neurotransmitters, as well as the increased oxidative stress causes damage to the brain neurons after the MDMA exposure. Only a few studies have been done regarding its treatment. Thus, the treatment of MDMA complications should be further explored mainly by targeting its mechanism of action in the neurotransmitter systems. Hence, this study presents a short review regarding the recent findings on the role of neurotransmitters to cause MDMA neurotoxicity. The results will be useful for future research in elucidating the potential treatment based on the targeted mechanisms to treat the neurotoxic effects of MDMA.
Research and Development of a Second-Generation Process for Bosentan, an Endothelin Receptor Antagonist (2002)

A second-generation manufacturing process from 5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-[2,2‘-bipyrimidine]-4,6-(1H,5H)-dione to bosentan is based on the synthesis and deprotection of the tert-butyl ether of bosentan using available and inexpensive ethylene glycol mono-tert-butyl ether. This new strategy triggered a cascade of process improvements. Isolations are reduced from six to three, and drying operations, from five to two. Process solvents are reduced from six to two. The isolations of two sensitizers are eliminated. Toluene is used in place of methylene chloride. Two aqueous waste streams are eliminated by replacing DMF and ethylene glycol by toluene. Two methanol−isopropyl acetate recrystallizations of bosentan are replaced by the decantation of a suspension of bosentan formate monoethanolate in ethanol−toluene. Finally, the overall yield is increased from 67 to 84% and the final product purity improved from 99.3 to 99.7%.
PETT VI: a positron emission tomograph utilizing cesium fluoride scintillation detectors. (1982)

We designed and built a positron emission transverse tomograph (PETT VI), designed specifically for fast dynamic studies in the human brain, and for cardiac studies in experimental animals. The scintillation detectors incorporated into this device are fitted with cesium fluoride crystals. Cesium fluoride was selected for this purpose because its short fluorescence decay allows the use of a short coincidence resolving time with a concomitant reduction of unwanted random coincidences. PETT VI utilizes four rings of 72 detectors simultaneously yielding seven tomographic sections. The system can be operated in either a low or high resolution mode with intrinsic geometrical resolutions in the plane of section of 7.1 to 11.7 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM), for a slice thickness with a resolution at the center of 13.9 mm FWHM. The maximum sensitivity of the system for seven slices in the low resolution mode is 322,000 cps/microCi/cc in a 20 cm diameter phantom. The contribution of random coincidences before subtraction in PETT VI was found to be approximately 14% of the counts in the phantom image with a source of approximately 3.5 mCi of a positron emitting radionuclide dispersed in a 20 cm diameter tissue equivalent phantom with a concentration of 1 microCi/cc. The short coincidence resolving time of the system permits rapid data acquisition for attenuation corrections and clinical dynamic studies with data acquisition times of less than a minute.
Design and implementation of visible light communication system using pulse width modulation (2015)

Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a relatively new technology which could potentially be complementary to the existing radio frequency communication system. VLC allows lamp or other kinds of light source not only used as illumination, but also as a data transmission at the same time. Single carrier modulation technique is suitable to be applied on VLC that does not require high-speed data transfer. In this paper, we proposed a visible light communication scheme using pulse width modulation (PWM) technique in transmitting data for running text application. To evaluate the PWM accuracy, experiments were conducted based on different parameters such as PWM frequency, transmitter-receiver distance, and the receiver's angle of view. Furthermore, we also measured the point-to-point communication system performance which resulted in 920 bps data transfer rate and 10−4 bit error rate (BER) without affecting the lighting function.
<title>Color Control In Dichromated Gelatin Reflection Holograms</title> (1980)

Dichromated Gelatin is the most versatile material presently available for recording reflection holograms for image display. Aside from its well known properties of low scatter and high diffraction efficiency, its peak reconstruction wavelength and reconstruction bandwidth can be controlled independently over the entire visible spectrum. Observed relationships between reconstruction color, exposure wavelength, exposure energy, and processing parameters suggest a new model for the mechanisms of hologram formation in dichromated gelatin.
Ionic strength dependence of the stability of polyelectrolyte complexes. Its importance for the isolation of multiply charged polymers (1993)

Abstract Complexes of polyanions and polycations that precipitate at low ionic strength, [I], from aqueous solutions become soluble when [I] is increased. The critical ionic strength for resolubilization [I] crit has been determined for various combinations of polyanions and polycations. [I] crit depends on the chemical nature of the polyelectrolytes. Provided the difference in [I] crit is sufficiently large, different polyelectrolytes of the same charge state can be separated via selective precipitation with the aid of an appropriate polyelectrolyte of opposite charge state. The method has been exemplified by separating albumin from polyphosphate via precipitation as polyelectrolyte complex with poly(N‐ethyl‐4‐vinylpyridinium bromide). The process was performed at pH 8, where albumin acts as polyanion.
Syntactic Model for Russian: Deep Learning Models with Dependency Parsing Scheme (2016)

This work presents results of effectiveness analyses of using deep neural networks models for syntactic parsing of SynTagRus dataset. A set of modular neural network topologies based on composition of Stack long short-term memory layers, multilayer perceptron has been compared with widely used algorithms of classification on base of Gradient boosting trees and Support vector machine. Results allow to select set of state-of-art neural networks model and estimate their perspective.
Experimental Study on Sentiment Classification of Chinese Review using Machine Learning Techniques (2007)

Machine learning method in text classification has expanded from topic identification to more challenging tasks such as sentiment classification, and it is valuable to explore, compare methods applied in sentiment classification and investigate relevant influence factors. The chief aim of the present work is to compare four machine learning methods to sentiment classification of Chinese review. The corpus is made up of 16000 reviews from website. We investigate the factors which affect the performance: namely feature representation via Word-Based Unigram (WBU), Bigram (WBB) and Chinese Character-Based Bigram (CBB), Trigram (CBT); feature weighting schemes and feature dimensionality. Experimental evaluations show that performance depends on different settings. As a result, we draw a conclusion that Naive Bayes (NB) classifier obtains the best averaging performance when using WBB, CBT as features with bool weighting under different dimensionality to the task.
The Right to Return (1996)

This article studies the allocation of responsibility for unsold inventory, provision for which is made in practically every distribution contract. The two extreme cases are the consignment contract, which allocates all the burden to the manufacturer, and the no-return contract, in which retailers purchase the merchandise outright and assume responsibility for unsold inventory. Contract choices are shown to vary across countries, industries, products and types of transactions. The article identifies six main factors affecting this choice: optimal inventory policy in a stochastic retail demand environment, relative advantage in disposing of the unsold inventory, optimal risk allocation, incentives to invest in promotions and provide services to increase consumer demand, information asymmetry, and costs associated with the consignment contract per se. Several testable implications are presented, and the choice of contracts in the publishing industry is shown to be consistent with the predictions of the model.
[A clinicopathological study of angiogenesis in breast cancer]. (1995)

To evaluate the clinicopathological significance and the objective methods for angiogenesis, we immunohistochemically stained all of the regions around the cancer nests with Factor VIII-related antigen staining. We also identified microvessels in the many areas all along the border between cancer nests and the stroma by 200 x power field. We then examined the relationship between the average microvessel count (AC/mm2) and clinicopathological factors and between a 10-year cumulative survival rate in 109 cases of primary breast cancer from 1971 to 1979. There were an average of 35 fields counted among all the cases, and AC was 39.1 +/- 16.1. AC without blood vessel invasion was 36.4 +/- 15.2, while AC with blood vessel invasion was 44.7 +/- 16.6 (p < 0.02). AC without node metastasis or with n1 alpha was 37.6 +/- 15.4, while AC with n1 beta or n2 or n3 was 45.2 +/- 17.4 (p < 0.05). There was no relationship between AC and clinical tumor size, histological classification, lymphatic invasion, nuclear grade, and histological extension. A 10-year cumulative survival rate in AC (> or = 39) was 62.4%, while that in AC (< 39) was 82.7% (p < 0.03). Thus AC was considered a useful prognostic factor.
An Adaptive Data Analysis Method for Nonlinear and Nonstationary Time Series: The Empirical Mode Decomposition and Hilbert Spectral Analysis (2007)

An adaptive data analysis method, the Empirical Mode Decomposition and Hilbert Spectral Analysis, is introduced and reviewed briefly. The salient properties of the method is emphasized in this review; namely, physical meaningful adaptive basis, instantaneous frequency, and using intra-wave frequency modulation to represent nonlinear waveform distortion. This method can perform and enhance most of the traditional data analysis task such as filtering, regression, and spectral analysis adaptively. Also presented are the mathematical problems associated with the new method. It is hope that this presentation will entice the interest of the mathematical community to examine this empirically based method and inject mathematical rigor into the new approach.
An On‐Nanoparticle Rolling‐Circle Amplification Platform for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection in Biological Fluids (2010)

An on-nanoparticle rolling-circle amplification (nanoRCA) strategy allows the visual detection of 30 molecules of carcinoembryonic antigen with at least 1010-fold selectivity over a range of noncognate proteins. The nanoRCA assay is applicable to the detection of two tumor markers in biological fluids: prostate-specific antigen in spiked sera and interleukin-8 in saliva. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Purified roswell park cultured antilymphocytie globulin RPMI‐CALG: Preparation and clinical trial (1969)

Abstract Purified human antilymphocytic globulin (RPMI‐CALG) has been prepared in bulk quantities by immunization of horses with purified normal lymphocytes maintained in continuous cell culture at the Roswell Park Cell Plant. The characterization studies herein described reveal RPMI‐CALG to be purified, nontoxic, and nonpyrogenic with specific in vitro immunosuppressive activity. Contamination with hemolysins and hemagglutinins is minimal and in marked contrast to other available preparations. Initial clinical trials with a lyophilized preparation reveal that it can be safely administered intravenously to humans without untoward effects. Comparison of hematological data was made on patients receiving RPMI‐CALG pretransplant without other immunosuppressive agents to the same patients post‐transplant receiving RPMI‐CALG plus azathioprine and prednisone. No significant depressive hematological effect was apparent. Platelets were not depressed. Eosinophilia was not seen acutely or on follow‐up examination. Urticaria was not evident. Follow‐up studies up to 6 months after allografting failed to reveal any specific toxicity in the measured hematological parameters. This purified preparation merits further clinical trial.
Stearoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Desaturase Mutations Uncover an Impact of Stearic Acid in Leaf and Nodule Structure (2017)

Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (SACPD-C) has been reported to control the accumulation of seed stearic acid; however, no study has previously reported its involvement in leaf stearic acid content and impact on leaf structure and morphology. A subset of an ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenized population of soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) 'Forrest' was screened to identify mutants within the <i>GmSACPD-C</i> gene. Using a forward genetics approach, one nonsense and four missense <i>Gmsacpd-c</i> mutants were identified to have high levels of seed, nodule, and leaf stearic acid content. Homology modeling and in silico analysis of the GmSACPD-C enzyme revealed that most of these mutations were localized near or at conserved residues essential for diiron ion coordination. Soybeans carrying <i>Gmsacpd-c</i> mutations at conserved residues showed the highest stearic acid content, and these mutations were found to have deleterious effects on nodule development and function. Interestingly, mutations at nonconserved residues show an increase in stearic acid content yet retain healthy nodules. Thus, random mutagenesis and mutational analysis allows for the achievement of high seed stearic acid content with no associated negative agronomic characteristics. Additionally, expression analysis demonstrates that nodule leghemoglobin transcripts were significantly more abundant in soybeans with deleterious mutations at conserved residues of GmSACPD-C. Finally, we report that <i>Gmsacpd-c</i> mutations cause an increase in leaf stearic acid content and an alteration of leaf structure and morphology in addition to differences in nitrogen-fixing nodule structure.
Single-Particle Light Scattering:  Imaging and Dynamical Fluctuations in the Polarization and Spectral Response (2007)

A theoretical framework for light scattering from individual nanoscale particles or structures is developed. The main considerations distinguishing the present treatment from the theories developed for conventional light-scattering experiments are the experimental requirements for the detection of the limited light from a single scatterer. These requirements include use of a high numerical aperture microscope objective, annular illumination, and the reduced linear dichroism instead of depolarization ratio. It is shown how these issues are considered in relating the microscopic polarizability tensor to the far-field experimental observables. The approach is further extended to include the dynamical response in the scattering polarization and spectrum and discussed in the context of the particle's rotational diffusion. For dynamic light scattering, analytical expressions are derived to elucidate the interrelationship between the experimental configuration, the observable, the polarizability tensor, and the diffusion tensor. Specific examples including static imaging and dynamic correlation for rodlike and spheroidal scatterers are discussed to illustrate the application of the theory.
Reed-Solomon coding for CELP EDAC in land mobile radio (2002)

Code excited linear prediction (CELP) is a voice-coding technique developed by AT&T Bell Labs and the U.S. Department of Defense which has been adopted by the Federal Government as Federal Standard (FS) 1016. The U.S. Government is researching the use of CELP in the future digital narrowband land mobile radio (LMR). LMR channels are in the VHF-UHF range, subject to fading and burst error conditions. This paper documents a study of the effectiveness of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes in error detection and control strategies to protect the parametric information of the CELP coder in LMR channels. It is shown that the (13,7) RS code over GF(16), protecting 84 CELP bits in 3 codewords, is best suited for this purpose. A system of error control using the (13,7) code is shown to compare favorably to a previously proposed system using the (23,12) Golay code.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Edge extraction and restoration of noisy image by innovation process in kalman filter (1988)

Abstract Edge detection and restoration methods are considered from noisy images without a priori information about original images. The chi‐square test detects edges from an innovation process when applying the Kalman filter to the first‐order AR model. Image‐extracted edges are the binary image and the thin‐line image. The success of the algorithm depends heavily on the window width for the chi‐square test and the value of the threshold in which the detector operates. Also, edge information is used for restoring images to remove noise in the background of images using a smoother and to obtain sharp edges in other regions using a sensitive filter. The effect of the approach is illustrated by the simulations.