gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Complexity of Finding Cycles in Periodic Functions (1982)

Given a function f over a finite domain D and an arbitrary starting point x, the sequence $f^0 (x),f^1 (x),f^2 (x), \cdots $ is ultimately periodic. Such sequences are typically the output of random number generators. The cycle problem is to determine the first repeated element $f^n (x)$ in the sequence. Previous algorithms for this problem have required $3n + O(1)$ operations. In this paper we show that $n(1 + \Theta (1/\sqrt M ))$ steps are both necessary and sufficient, if M memory cells are available to store values of the function. We explicitly consider the performance of the algorithm as a function of the amount of memory available and the relative cost of evaluating f and comparing sequence elements for equality.
Fructose augments infection-impaired net hepatic glucose uptake during TPN administration (2001)

During chronic total parenteral nutrition (TPN), net hepatic glucose uptake (NHGU) and net hepatic lactate release (NHLR) are markedly reduced (downward arrow approximately 45 and approximately 65%, respectively) with infection. Because small quantities of fructose are known to augment hepatic glucose uptake and lactate release in normal fasted animals, the aim of this work was to determine whether acute fructose infusion with TPN could correct the impairments in NHGU and NHLR during infection. Chronically catheterized conscious dogs received TPN for 5 days via the inferior vena cava at a rate designed to match daily basal energy requirements. On the third day of TPN administration, a sterile (SHAM, n = 12) or Escherichia coli-containing (INF, n = 11) fibrin clot was implanted in the peritoneal cavity. Forty-two hours later, somatostatin was infused with intraportal replacement of insulin (12 +/- 2 vs. 24 +/- 2 microU/ml, SHAM vs. INF, respectively) and glucagon (24 +/- 4 vs. 92 +/- 5 pg/ml) to match concentrations previously observed in sham and infected animals. After a 120-min basal period, animals received either saline (Sham+S, n = 6; Inf+S, n = 6) or intraportal fructose (0.7 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1); Sham+F, n = 6; Inf+F, n = 5) infusion for 180 min. Isoglycemia of 120 mg/dl was maintained with a variable glucose infusion. Combined tracer and arteriovenous difference techniques were used to assess hepatic glucose metabolism. Acute fructose infusion with TPN augmented NHGU by 2.9 +/- 0.4 and 2.5 +/- 0.3 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in Sham+F and Inf+F, respectively. The majority of liver glucose uptake was stored as glycogen, and NHLR did not increase substantially. Therefore, despite an infection-induced impairment in NHGU and different hormonal environments, small amounts of fructose enhanced NHGU similarly in sham and infected animals. Glycogen storage, not lactate release, was the preferential fate of the fructose-induced increase in hepatic glucose disposal in animals adapted to TPN.
A distance measure between attributed relational graphs for pattern recognition (1983)

A method to determine a distance measure between two nonhierarchical attributed relational graphs is presented. In order to apply this distance measure, the graphs are characterised by descriptive graph grammars (DGG). The proposed distance measure is based on the computation of the minimum number of modifications required to transform an input graph into the reference one. Specifically, the distance measure is defined as the cost of recognition of nodes plus the number of transformations which include node insertion, node deletion, branch insertion, branch deletion, node label substitution and branch label substitution. The major difference between the proposed distance measure and the other ones is the consideration of the cost of recognition of nodes in the distance computation. In order to do this, the principal features of the nodes are described by one or several cost functions which are used to compute the similarity between the input nodes and the reference ones. Finally, an application of this distance measure to the recognition of lower case handwritten English characters is presented.
Imaging of skin thermal properties with estimation of ambient radiation temperature (2002)

Our latest system for the imaging of temperature and other thermal properties of the skin provides not only precise temperature distribution of the skin but also high-speed measurement of emissivity and inertia distribution. The method enabled us to measure the emissivity and thermal inertia of the skin even when the temperature distribution of the inner surface of the hood was not uniform. Two-dimensional measurement with hood switching, and a single-hood measurement system were considered.
Dielectrophoretic separation of nano-particles (1997)

We show for the first time that it is possible to separate a population of nanoparticles into two subpopulations solely on the basis of their dielectric properties. Using nanofabricated electrode arrays it has been shown that a solution of 93 nm diameter latex beads with a distribution of surface charge can be separated by the application of non-uniform AC electric fields (dielectrophoresis). The mixture separated into two populations, one experiencing positive dielectrophoresis and the other negative dielectrophoresis.
ChemInform Abstract: BASE‐BASE INTERACTION IN NUCLEIC ACIDS PART 9, THE EFFECT OF 3,3′‐SUBSTITUTION ON SOLUTION‐PHASE PHOTODIMERIZATION AND BASE‐STACKING INTERACTION OF 1,1′‐TRIMETHYLENBIS‐5‐ALKYLURACILS (1975)

Abstract Die Alkylierung der 5,5′‐disubstituierten 1,1′‐Trimethylen‐bis‐uracile (I) mit Dimethylsulfat, Äthyl‐ bzw. Propylbromid ergibt die entsprechenden 3,3′‐Dialkylderivate (II), deren Photolyse zu den cis,syn‐Cyclobutandimeren (III) führt.
A scalable formal method for design and automatic checking of user interfaces (2005)

The article addresses the formal specification, design and implementation of the behavioral component of graphical user interfaces. The complex sequences of visual events and actions that constitute dialogs are specified by means of modular, communicating grammars called VEG (Visual Event Grammars), which extend traditional BNF grammars to make them more convenient to model dialogs.A VEG specification is independent of the actual layout of the GUI, but it can easily be integrated with various layout design toolkits. Moreover, a VEG specification may be verified with the model checker SPIN, in order to test consistency and correctness, to detect deadlocks and unreachable states, and also to generate test cases for validation purposes.Efficient code is automatically generated by the VEG toolkit, based on compiler technology. Realistic applications have been specified, verified and implemented, like a Notepad-style editor, a graph construction library and a large real application to medical software. It is also argued that VEG can be used to specify and test voice interfaces and multimodal dialogs. The major contribution of our work is blending together a set of features coming from GUI design, compilers, software engineering and formal verification. Even though we do not claim novelty in each of the techniques adopted for VEG, they have been united into a toolkit supporting all GUI design phases, that is, specification, design, verification and validation, linking to applications and coding.
Automatic Stop of a Microinjector Distinctively in the Cytosol or the Vacuole of Plant Single-cells (2007)

A 3-channel (3C) microinjector was prepared by pulling a glass capillary. One channel was used for a potential measuring electrode (MeaE) and the other two channels were used for electrophoretic introduction electrode (IntE) and its counter electrode (CE). The 3C microinjector was propelled by an oil pressure manipulator that was driven by a pulse motor, while the MeaE output was recorded continuously. When the 3C microinjector penetrated the cell membrane of a tobacco cultured cell, BY-2, the output potential changed sharply towards the negative direction. Then the microinjector progressed further into the cell. A marked change of the output potential occurred again, though it was towards the positive direction. These changes were speculated as the passages of cell membrane and vacuolar membrane, respectively. Using the differential of these changes as the stop signal, the microinjector could rightly be stopped either in the cytosol or the vacuole, which was confirmed by the dye diffusion pattern.
Liquid crystal lens array for 3D display and 3D air-touch (2013)

A low driving voltage with fast response LC-lens by using high resistance material was developed. By implementing the LC-lens as an array structure, it can be adaptively used for multi-function of 3D displays. Furthermore, by combining with coded optical barrier with embedded optical sensors, it can yield 3D air-touch function.
Dietary resistant starch dose-dependently reduces adiposity in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant male rats (2012)

RS in amounts that could be potentially consumed by humans were effective in reducing adiposity and weight gain in OP and OR rats, due in part to a reduction in energy intake, and changes in gut hormones and large bowel carbohydrate fermentation.
Antiepileptic Drug Actions (1989)

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) vary in their efficacy against generalized tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and absence seizures, suggesting different mechanisms of action. Phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), and valproate (VPA) reduced the ability of mouse central neurons to sustain high-frequency repetitive firing of action potentials (SRF) at therapeutic free serum concentrations. Phenobarbital (PB) and the benzodiazepines (BZDs), diazepam (DZP), clonazepam (CZP), and lorazepam (LZP), also reduced SRF, but only at supratherapeutic free serum concentrations achieved in treatment of generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus. These AEDs interact with sodium channels to slow the rate of recovery of the channels from inactivation. The BZDs and PB enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) responses evoked on mouse central neurons by binding to two different sites on the GABAA receptor channel. BZDs increased the frequency of GABA receptor channel openings. In contrast, barbiturates increased the open duration of these channels. VPA enhanced brain GABA concentration and may enhance release of GABA from nerve terminals. Ethosuximide (ESM) reduced a small transient calcium current which has been shown to be involved in slow rhythmic firing of certain neurons. Reduction of SRF, enhancement of GABA-ergic inhibition, and reduction of calcium current may be, in part, the bases for AED action against generalized tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and absence seizures, respectively.
Surface Transport Theory (1958)

A theory is presented for the dependence of the galvanomagnetic parameters on the surface potential of a semiconductor. The expression for the conductivity reduces to that given by Schrieffer when the magnetic field is zero. Formal equations for the magnetoconductivity and Hall coefficient are derived. By using a constant relaxation time, and a linear space charge region potential, one can obtain closed-form expressions for the conductivity effective mobility and the Hall effective mobility. The Hall mobility is found to be 13% smaller than the conductivity mobility for large values of the surface potential.
Short wheat challenge is a reproducible <i>in-vivo</i> assay to detect immune response to gluten (2012)

It has been reported that interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting T cells reactive to gluten can be detected in the peripheral blood of individuals with treated coeliac disease (CD) after a short consumption of wheat-containing food. By contrast, very little is known about the reproducibility of this in-vivo procedure in the same patient cohort which underwent two, or more, gluten consumptions. Fourteen coeliac patients in remission consumed wheat bread for 3 days; 13 underwent a second gluten challenge after a wash-out of 3-10 months on a strict gluten-free diet. Immune reactivity to gluten was analysed in peripheral blood by detecting IFN-γ before and 6 days after commencing a gluten diet. Gliadin-specific IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) T cells increased significantly on day 6 of the first challenge. These cells resulted as prevalently human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ restricted and with a phenotype of gut homing, as suggested by the expression of β7-integrin. Similarly, reactiveness to gliadin was observed after the second wheat consumption, although with an individual variability of responses at each challenge. Our findings confirmed that the short wheat challenge is a non-invasive approach to investigate the gluten-related immune response in peripheral blood of subjects intolerant to gluten. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the in-vivo procedure can be reproduced in the same subject cohort after a gluten wash-out of at least 3 months. Our study has important implications for the application of this procedure to clinical practice.
Impact testing of polypropylene blends and comosites (1995)

Abstract Polypropylene (PP) composites containing 0.30 vol% of talc filler, in addtion to blends modified with an ethylene‐propylene copolymer (EPR) elastomer were prepared and their fracture resistance was determined by the standard Ixod impact test and by a fracture mechanics technique. Effects of composition, type of modification, specimen size, and temperature were studied. The validity of linear elastic freacture mechanics (LEFM) conditions were checked: It was shown that under the conditions applied they can be satisfied even twith specimens of reasonable size (4 × 10 × 80 mm) prepared by conventional processing techniques. Calculations of minimum specimen thickness must be carried out, with material properties obtained under the conditions of impact. For heterogeneous blends and composites yield stress should be corrected for the effect of decreasing load‐bearing cross section. Linearity of the fracture energy ( U ) vs. BD ϕ or U vs. B ( D ‐ a ) plots is not a proof for either elastic of plastic fracture. The composition dependence of fracture properties proved to be practicaly independent of specimen size, temperature, or measurement technique.
Synthesis of Water-Soluble PEGylated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2006)

Carbon nanotube salts prepared by treating single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with lithium in liquid ammonia react with ω-bromocarboxylic acids to yield sidewall-derivatized SWNTs. These can be reacted with amine-terminated polyethyleneglycol (PEG) chains (e.g., H2N−mPEG−OMe, MW = 5000 Da) to yield water-soluble PEGylated SWNTs. Short nanotubes (average length ∼ 60 nm) functionalized by PEGylation of the carboxylic acid groups at the end of the nanotubes exhibit greater solubility in water than the longer (average length ∼ 300 nm) sidewall-PEGylated pristine nanotubes.
Extracting comprehensible models from trained neural networks (1996)

for their support and encouragement. Although neural networks have been used to develop highly accurate classifiers in numerous real-world problem domains, the models they learn are notoriously difficult to understand. This thesis investigates the task of extracting comprehensible models from trained neural networks, thereby alleviating this limitation. The primary contribution of the thesis is an algorithm that overcomes the significant limitations of previous methods by taking a novel approach to the task of extracting comprehensible models from trained networks. This algorithm, called Trepan, views the task as an inductive learning problem. Given a trained network, or any other learned model, Trepan uses queries to induce a decision tree that approximates the function represented by the model. Unlike previous work in this area, Trepan is broadly applicable as well as scalable to large networks and problems with high-dimensional input spaces. The thesis presents experiments that evaluate Trepan by applying it to individual networks and to ensembles of neural networks trained in classification, regression, and reinforcement-learning
Possible influences of lutein and zeaxanthin on the developing retina. (2007)

The carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin (LZ) are found throughout the central nervous system but reach their highest concentration within the macular region of the primate retina where they are commonly referred to as the macular pigments. Although LZ are a major integral feature of the central fovea, no information currently exists regarding the effects of variability in the concentration of these pigments on the developing retina. In particular, the long-term effects of very low levels of macular pigment are not known and potentially meaningful. Macular pigment levels depend upon dietary intake since LZ cannot be synthesized de novo. Infants with low intake of LZ (eg, infants receiving unfortified infant formula or breast milk from mothers with low carotenoid diets) would be expected to have considerably lower macular pigment compared with infants with high LZ intake (eg, breast-fed infants with mothers on carotenoid-rich diets). In this paper we discuss possible implications of this difference and the available evidence suggesting that LZ could influence the developing visual system.
Changing Governance Models by Applying Blockchain Computing (2018)

us-sec-denies-asecond-application-to-list-bitcoin-product.html (concerning issues over trading SolidX Bitcoin Trust since the market for bitcoin is unregulated). 2018]Changing Governance Models by Applying Blockchain Computing 55consensus-based, 12 (3) secure, 13 and (4) trustless. 14This paper will explain how these characteristics will allow for a fundamental change in how organizations (even governments) interact and how individuals interact in ways that will replace those organzations. 15I. ORGANIZATIONS ARE ALREADY USING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY TO DECENTRALIZE Organizations such as corporations, clubs, and even governments form because societies need to, among other things, make collective decisions. 16 These organizations allow people with different views to reach a consensus, respond to the needs of the day, and to plan for the future. 17Blockchain computing changes how consensus can be reached, and will therefore change how any organization that can apply blockchain technology serves the members of that organization. 18 Currently, in most organizations "decision-making is concentrated at the 12 See, e.g., Chris Hammerschmidt, Consensus in Blockchains.In Short, MEDIUM (Jan.27, 2017), https://medium.com/@chrshmmmr/consensus-in-blockchain-systems-in-short-691fc7d1fefe(explaining how once an individual or entity adds information to a blockchain, "distributed operators of blockchain" have to agree before those people are added to the blockchain).13 See Curtis Miles, Blockchain security: What keeps your transaction data safe?, IBM (Dec.12, 2017), https://www.ibm.com/blogs/blockchain/2017/12/blockchain-security-what-keeps-your-transaction-data-safe/(requiring "massive amounts of computing power to access every instance (or at least 51 percent majority) of a certain blockchain and alter them all at the same time," in order to alter the blockchain).14 See Preethi Kasireddy, ELI5: What do we mean by "blockchains are trustless"?, MEDIUM (Feb.3, 2018), https://medium.com/@preethikasireddy/eli5-what-do-we-mean-by-blockchains-are-trustless-aa420635d5f6(explaining how blockchains "minimize the amount of trust required from any single actor in the system . . .by distributing trust among different actors in the system."). 15See generally, Konstantinos Christidis & Michael Devetsikiotis, Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things, IEEE ACCESS J. 2292, 2292 (June 3, 2016), http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7467408/("[B]lockchains have recently attracted the interest of stakeholders across a wide span of industries."). 16See, e.g., Blockchain Is Pumping New Life into Old-School Companies Like IBM and Visa, FORTUNE (Dec.26
Identification of an IgA inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis and its membrane target for the metabolic burst. (1990)

Affinity-purified IgA from the serum of an 8-year-old boy with a 5-year history of recurrent facial nodules, intermittent neutropenia and elevated immunoglobulin levels, inhibited the chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from both patient and normal adults. Preincubation of normal PMN with IgA from the patient's serum (0.5 mg/ml) inhibited chemotaxis to C5a and to the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) by 80%, while IgA or IgG from pooled human serum and IgG from the patient were without effect. Normal PMN chemotaxis was restored after IgA depletion of the patient's serum by affinity chromatography. The patient's IgA, but not IgA from pooled human serum, bound specifically to normal PMN by its antigen-binding sites and recognized a 62,000 MW membrane protein on normal neutrophils, which was distinct from the FMLP receptor, the C5a receptor, or the Fca receptor. Attachment of the patient's IgA to the 62,000 MW protein activated intracellular oxidative metabolism on a parity with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and resulted in a significant up-regulation of membrane receptors for FMLP. After the binding of patient (Pt) IgA, normal neutrophils were rendered significantly less responsive to subsequent stimulation with phorbol esters. These results characterize a novel mechanism of chemotactic inhibition by serum IgA and also identify a neutrophil membrane protein that is linked to intracellular oxidative metabolism.
Antitumor activity of CTO given orally in combination with temozolomide in the SC251 human glioblastoma model. (2010)

e13643 Background: 5-amino-1-(4-[4-chlorobenzoyl])-3,5-dicholobenzyl)-1,2,3-triazole-carboxamide orotate (CTO, M.W 580.8), a PI3 inhibitor, was tested against s.c. implanted SC U251 human glioblastoma xenografts in male, athymic NCr-nu/nu mice when given as monotherapy or in combination with temozolomide (Temodar). CTO and temozolomide were given orally (PO). To test whether CTO crossed the blood brain barrier, brains from mice treated orally with CTO were analyzed to measure concentrations of CTO. Methods: This study compares temozolomide alone, CTO alone against temozolomide + CTO. 6 week old mice were implanted with SC U251 fragments and 13 days later were sorted in 6 groups of ten (groups 1-6) and 2 groups of six (groups 7-8). The treatment regiments for groups 1 through 6 were drug(s) given PO daily for 5 days (Q1D × 5) for two rounds starting on day 13 to 17 and again on day 27 to 31. The treatments included: group 1- vehicle for temozolomide + CTO; group 2- 513 mg/kg/day; group 3- 342 mg/kg/day; group 4- temozolomide 17mg/kg/day; group 5- temozolomide 17mg/kg/day + 513 mg/kg/day CTO; group 6- temozolomide 17mg/kg/day + 342 mg/kg/day CTO. Groups 7 and 8 received 513 mg/kg/day or 342 mg/kg/day CTO for only one round PO daily for 5 days (Q1D x 5) starting on day 13 to 17, respectively. Groups 7 and 8 were euthanized on day 17 for brain tissue collection and analysis of CTO. Groups 1 to 6 were terminated at day 76 after tumor implantation. Results: Compared to the control group, CTO at the dose of 513mg/kg/day resulted in statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth (p=0.034). Temozolomide 17mg/kg/day significantly inhibited tumor growth (p=0.004). Growth of tumors in the combination therapy groups 5 and 6 was significantly inhibited compared to CTO alone at respective dose (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Conclusions: These results show that the antitumor activity of the combination treatment of CTO and temozolomide was greater than additive compared to the antitumor activity of each drug alone. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Tactical Therapeutics, Inc. Tactical Therapeutics, Inc. Tactical Therapeutics, Inc. Tactical Therapeutics, Inc.