gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scaling Up of Laboratory Relative Permeability Curves. An Advantageous Approach Based on Realistic Average Water Saturations (2001)

Abstract Accordingly with Welge formulation, to obtain relative permeability curves at laboratory, all calculations are made on a selected point of the sample. Usually this point is located at the outlet face of the sample, where production rates are directly measured. As a result, relative permeability curves are reported as function of point saturations and not as function of average saturations. Laboratory curves are then adapted to reproduce reservoir behavior, usually through the derivation of pseudo functions. With usual methodologies, this pseudo curves are also expressed as function of point saturations and introduced in numerical simulators. In spite of this procedure, numerical simulators perform their calculations using the average water saturation at every grid block. Although point and average saturations are expected to be the same at infinitely small grid size, this is not the case with coarse areal simulation grids. In this paper, water-cut as a function of produced oil is analyzed for a linear case. Several cases are developed using relative permeability curves defined as function of point saturations for different grid sizes, and as a function of average water saturation. It is shown that only curves with average values give reliable data. As a result of this work, an advantageous methodology to transform laboratory measured curves into those consistent with numerical simulation approach is presented. It is also shown that the use of rock relative permeability curves, previously adapted to the particular geometry of the system under study, drastically reduces the number of grid blocks required and overcomes numerical dispersion.
Preparation of liposomes containing Factor VIII for oral treatment of haemophilia (1984)

Different types of liposomes composed of a variety of lipids have been compared for their ability to incorporate Factor VIII, with a view to attempting oral therapy of haemophilia. Reverse evaporation liposomes (REV) composed of unsaturated phospholipids, allowed adequate levels of entrapment for administration to haemophilic dogs, but failed to promote entry of Factor VIII into the vasculature, possibly due to liposome breakdown and denaturation of Factor VIII within the gastrointestinal tract. A novel technique was therefore developed which made possible high-yield entrapment of Factor VIII in much more stable liposomes based on the saturated phospholipid, distearoyl phosphatidylcholine. This new technique has a number of other important features which make it an attractive method for the incorporation of a wide range of materials into liposomes.
Generation of a Parabolic Trough Collector Efficiency Curve From Separate Measurements of Outdoor Optical Efficiency and Indoor Receiver Heat Loss (2011)

The thermal efficiency of a parabolic trough collector is a function of both the fraction of direct normal radiation absorbed by the receiver (the optical efficiency) and the heat lost to the environment when the receiver is at operating temperature. The thermal efficiency can be determined by testing the collector under actual operating conditions or by separately measuring these two components. This paper describes how outdoor measurement of the optical efficiency is combined with laboratory measurements of receiver heat loss to obtain the thermal efficiency curve. This paper describes this approach and also makes the case that there are advantages to plotting collector efficiency versus the difference between the operating temperature and the ambient temperature at which the receiver heat loss was measured divided by radiation to a fractional power (on the order of 1/3 but obtained via data regression)—as opposed to the difference between operating and ambient temperatures divided by the radiation. The results are shown to be robust over wide ranges of ambient temperature, sky temperature, and wind speed.
Plasma polymerization of ethylene in an atmospheric pressure‐pulsed discharge (1979)

Abstract The polymerization of ethylene in an atmospheric pressure‐pulsed discharge has been studied. Partial pressures of ethylene up to 4 kN/m 2 were used with helium as a diluent. Deposition rates (on glass slides) were the same throughout the discharge volume over a wide range of operating conditions. These rates were in the 1–2 Å/sec range. The films were clear, soft, and showed good adhesion to the glass substrates. Oligomers large enough to visibly scatter 637.8‐nm light were observed in the gas phase under all conditions in which film deposition occurred. The experimental results suggest that Brownian diffusion of these oligomers was the rate‐limiting step in the film deposition process.
Construction, characterization, and selected site-specific mutagenesis of an anti-single-stranded DNA single-chain autoantibody (1993)

Single-chain antibodies are comprised of immunoglobulin light and heavy chain variable domains joined through a polypeptide linker. A single-chain autoantibody, containing the 14-amino acid 212-polypeptide linker (GSTSGSGKSSEGKG), was constructed based on the light and heavy chain variable region gene sequences of anti-single-stranded DNA autoantibody BV04-01 (IgG2b, kappa). Following protein expression in Escherichia coli, denaturation, refolding, and affinity purification, single-chain autoantibody 04-01 binding with single-stranded DNA and poly(dT) was characterized in solid-phase and solution-phase assays. Homopolymer ligand binding results demonstrated that single-chain autoantibody 04-01 possessed anti-DNA binding properties similar to BV04-01 IgG and Fab fragments. Based on x-ray crystallographic analyses of BV04-01, site-specific mutagenesis studies were conducted on 2 residues (L32Tyr and H100aTrp) involved in aromatic stacking interactions with the middle thymidine of a (dT)3 ligand.
Changes in the Anthocyanins, Flavonoids and Hydroxycinnamic Acid Esters during Fermentation and Aging of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon (1979)

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure changes in the hydroxycinnamic acid-tartaric acid esters, anthocyanins, catechins and other 280-nm absorbing compounds during the vinification and aging of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon. The caffeoyl and p-coumaroyl tartrate ester concentrations decreased markedly during fermentation with only minor losses during aging. Anthocyanin concentration increased to a maximum by the third day and decreased thereafter such that by 240 days less than 10% of the original amount remained. Catechin contents of both varieties were similar, reaching a maximum by the fourth day and decreasing slowly with age. The epicatechin content of Merlot was significantly greater than with Cabernet Sauvignon. It also decreased during aging. However, the total catechin loss was only about ¼ that of the loss of anthocyanins. A large number of compounds absorbing at 280 nm were separated by HPLC and their changes followed during aging. Some are undoubtedly flavonols, but have not yet been identified.
Full-wave simulation of enhanced outcoupling of organic light-emitting devices with an embedded low-index grid (2009)

Enhancement of light outcoupling into substrate modes by a grid of low-refractive-index material embedded into the organic layer of an organic light-emitting device (OLED) is analyzed using full-wave electromagnetic simulations. The low-index grid (LIG) redirects modes normally trapped within the high-index organic and indium tin oxide layers (waveguide modes) into the substrate where they can be further extracted into free space using methods such as microlens arrays or roughened surfaces. This increases the external quantum and power efficiencies without affecting the electroluminescent spectrum. The dependence on grid geometry, dimensions, and refractive index is explored to optimize the structure. Simulations show that up to 50% more light can be extracted from the high-index region using an ultralow-index (n=1.03) grid than a conventional device, and provided efficient substrate-to-air outcoupling, the external quantum efficiencies of LIG OLEDs can reach &gt;50%.
Genetic deletion of the P2Y <sub>2</sub> receptor offers significant resistance to development of lithium-induced polyuria accompanied by alterations in PGE <sub>2</sub> signaling (2011)

Lithium (Li)-induced polyuria is due to resistance of the medullary collecting duct (mCD) to the action of arginine vasopressin (AVP), apparently mediated by increased production of PGE(2). We previously reported that the P2Y(2) receptor (P2Y(2)-R) antagonizes the action of AVP on the mCD and may play a role in Li-induced polyuria by enhancing the production of PGE(2) in mCD. Hence, we hypothesized that genetic deletion of P2Y(2)-R should ameliorate Li-induced polyuria. Wild-type (WT) or P2Y(2)-R knockout (KO) mice were fed normal or Li-added diets for 14 days and euthanized. Li-induced polyuria, and decreases in urine osmolality and AQP2 protein abundance in the renal medulla, were significantly less compared with WT mice despite the lack of differences in Li intake or terminal serum or inner medullary tissue Li levels. Li-induced increased urinary excretion of PGE(2) was not affected in KO mice. However, prostanoid EP(3) receptor (EP3-R) protein abundance in the renal medulla of KO mice was markedly lower vs. WT mice, irrespective of the dietary regimen. The protein abundances of other EP-Rs were not altered across the groups irrespective of the dietary regimen. Ex vivo stimulation of mCD with PGE(2) generated significantly more cAMP in Li-fed KO mice (130%) vs. Li-fed WT mice (100%). Taken together, these data suggest 1) genetic deletion of P2Y(2)-R offers significant resistance to the development of Li-induced polyuria; and 2) this resistance is apparently due to altered PGE(2) signaling mediated by a marked decrease in EP3-R protein abundance in the medulla, thus attenuating the EP3-mediated decrease in cAMP levels in mCD.
Influence of Norethynodrel With Mestranol On Intraocular Pressure in Glaucoma (1966)

The relationship between the endocrine secretion of the gonads and intraocular pressures is an established topic of speculation in the ophthalmic literature,<sup>1</sup>and several investigators have asked whether steroid sex hormones might not prove useful therapeutic agents for glaucoma.<sup>2,7</sup>However only Obal,<sup>3</sup>so far as we know, has presumed to present conclusive evidence that progesterone lowered intraocular pressure in glaucoma and only Treumer,<sup>4</sup>sternly critical of Obal, has presumed to present conclusive evidence that progesterone did not lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Leydhecker<sup>5</sup>cites reports by Starodubzew, Chajutin, Kaminskij, and Gurvic on glaucoma therapy with an estrogen-progesterone combination. Two of these papers report success; two report failure. None of them is accessible to us. The fact that steroid sex hormones are nowhere in use as therapeutic agents for glaucoma speaks for itself. That an estrogen-progesterone combination should influence intraocular pressure might be suspected for at
Different Rifampin Sensitivities of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> RNA Polymerases Are Not Explained by the Difference in the β-Subunit Rifampin Regions I and II (2005)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase is 1,000-fold more sensitive to rifampin than Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Chimeric E. coli RNA polymerase in which the beta-subunit segment encompassing rifampin regions I and II (amino acids [aa] 463 through 590) was replaced with the corresponding region from M. tuberculosis (aa 382 through 509) did not show an increased sensitivity to the antibiotic. Thus, the difference in amino acid sequence between the rifampin regions I and II of the two species does not account for the difference in rifampin sensitivity of the two polymerases.
CMOS-Based Sensors (2006)

This paper provides an overview of CMOS-based sensor technology with specific attention placed on devices made through micromachining of CMOS substrates and thin films. Microstructures may be formed using either pre-CMOS, intra-CMOS and post-CMOS fabrication approaches. To illustrate and motivate monolithic integration, a handful of microsystem examples, including inertial sensors, gravimetric chemical sensors, microphones, and a bone implantable sensor will be highlighted. Design constraints and challenges for CMOS-MEMS devices will be covered
Signal processing of high-resolution transmission electron microscope images using Fourier transforms (1988)

Interpretation of images obtained by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) can be aided by the use of processed signals. Images are recorded digitally or are digitized from a photograph, and then these data are Fourier transformed and treated. The low- and high-frequency signals are removed, and a variety of circular and elliptical (anisotropic) apertures or screens are applied to explore and highlight features of special interest. A minicomputer can be used to perform such image processing rapidly, interactively, and with high precision. Elliptical filters are of special interest for the examination of linear or planar features such as the distribution of stacking faults or the presence and distribution of superstructures. Some superstructures themselves contain defects, and these can similarly be highlighted and examined. The uses of processing for examining HRTEM images of layering in a complex sheet silicate mineral and dislocation cores in grossular garnet are illustrated.
활성탄에 의한 Direct Yellow 9 염료의 흡착 공정 파라미터 연구 (2020)

In this study, the adsorption process parameters of direct yellow 9 (DY 9) dye by activated carbon in an aqueous solution were measured using adsorption variables that included adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, initial concentration and temperature. The adsorption equilibrium data were applied to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Halsey equations. The adsorption equilibrium data can be described well using the four isotherm models. The Langmuir separation coefficient (RL=0.549~0.859) and the Freundlich constant (1/n=0.780~0.998) were evaluated to confirm that the adsorption of DY 9 by activated carbon was an effective treatment method. The Temkin constant (BT=2.147~2.562 J/mol) and Dubinin-Radushkevich constant (E=0.211~0.255 kJ/mol) showed that this process was associated with physical adsorption. The kinetic experimental results showed that the adsorption process fits well to a pseudo-second-order model. Because the activation energy equals 30.97 kJ/mol and the reaction has a positive enthalpy (16.685 kJ/mol), the adsorption of DY 9 by activated carbon is a physisorption process and is also endothermic. The negative Gibbs free energy (ΔG= -5.316~-3.958 kJ/mol) indicates that the adsorption process is spontaneous.
Continuous synthesis of high quality CdSe quantum dots in supercritical fluids (2015)

Demonstration of a powerful scalable continuous supercritical fluids approach to synthesize high quality CdSe quantum dots (QDs).
Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Priority Malignancy for Development and Study of Novel Therapies (2003)

Article Tools EDITORIAL Article Tools OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2003.12.072 Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print September 21, 2016 PMID: 12663704 Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Priority Malignancy for Development and Study of Novel Therapies Robert J. MotzerxRobert J. MotzerSearch for articles by this author Show More Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.12.072 Full Text PDF Figures and Tables "Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Priority Malignancy for Development and Study of Novel Therapies." Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(7), pp. 1193–1194© 2003 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Multiresolution Signal Processing Techniques for Ground Moving Target Detection Using Airborne Radar (2006)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) exploits very high spatial resolution via temporal integration and ownship motion to reduce the background clutter power in a given resolution cell to allow detection of nonmoving targets. Ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radar, on the other hand, employs much lower-resolution processing but exploits relative differences in the space-time response between moving targets and clutter for detection. Therefore, SAR and GMTI represent two different temporal processing resolution scales which have typically been optimized and demonstrated independently to work well for detecting either stationary (in the case of SAR) or exo-clutter (in the case of GMTI) targets. Based on this multiresolution interpretation of airborne radar data processing, there appears to be an opportunity to develop detection techniques that attempt to optimize the signal processing resolution scale (e.g., length of temporal integration) to match the dynamics of a target of interest. This paper investigates signal processing techniques that exploit long CPIs to improve the detection performance of very slow-moving targets.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-PI3K Signaling Controls Cofilin Activity To Facilitate Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Entry into Neuronal Cells (2014)

The actin cytoskeleton is involved in many crucial cellular processes and acts as an obstacle to pathogen entry into host cells. Because HSV-1 establishes lifelong latency in neurons and because neuronal cytoskeletal disruption is thought to be the main cause of HSV-1-induced neurodegeneration, understanding the F-actin remodeling pattern by HSV-1 infection and the molecular interactions that facilitate HSV-1 entry into neurons is important. In this study, we showed that HSV-1 infection induces the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton as well as the initial inactivation and subsequent activation of cofilin. Then, we determined that activation of the EGFR-PI3K-Erk1/2 signaling pathway inactivates cofilin and promotes F-actin polymerization. We postulate that by regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics, cofilin biphasic activation could represent the specific cellular machinery usurped by pathogen infection, and these results will greatly contribute to the understanding of HSV-1-induced early and complex changes in host cells that are closely linked to HSV-1 pathogenesis.
Inverse problems with structural prior information (1999)

In this paper we propose a method for the regularization of inverse problems whose solutions are known to exhibit anisotropic characteristics. The method is based on the generalized Tikhonov regularization and on the spatial prior information on the underlying solution. We allow the prior information to be only of approximate nature. In the proposed method, the prior information is incorporated into the regularization operator with the aid of a properly constructed matrix-valued field. Although the approach is deterministic it also has a clear statistical interpretation that will be discussed from the Bayesian viewpoint. The method is applied to two examples, the first is the inversion of a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind and the second is a case study of electrical impedance tomography (EIT).
Behavior of TiN and Ti Barrier Metals in Al‐Barrier‐Al Via Hole Metallization (1994)

The behavior of and Ti barrier metals in Al‐barrier‐Al via structures was investigated. When a reactive‐sputtered film is deposited onto an Al‐1 weight percent (w/o) Si‐0.5 w/o Cu surface, is formed at the interface due to the reaction of to Al, and causes an increase in via contact resistance. To suppress the increase in via contact resistance, it is crucial to interpose a Ti buffer layer at the interface. The via contact resistance of the structure increases at annealing temperatures over 450°C, since is formed at both the and interfaces. The via contact structure presents a specific low resistance after annealing above 450°C, is formed at both the Al/Ti and Ti/Al interfaces. Further, the layer can improve the electromigration performance of the interconnection which consists of a structure. The electromigration performance for various via structures also was investigated. Al/Ti/Al and via contact structures tend to increase the chain resistance before via open failure, where the dominant mechanism is the void formation originating from the migration of Al atoms in the vias rather than the via lift‐off mode. This means that Al atoms migrate easier on a layer than on a Ti layer. As a result, an Al/Ti/Al via structure is better for electromigration performance.
Aerosol‐Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of NbS<sub>2</sub> and TaS<sub>2</sub> Thin Films from Pentakis(dimethylamido)metal Complexes and 2‐Methylpropanethiol (2005)

Abstract Thin films of NbS 2 and TaS 2 have been produced from [M(NMe 2 ) 5 ] (M = Nb, Ta) and t BuSH by aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition on glass. Gold‐colored, reflective films were obtained and deposition took place at 250–350 °C for NbS 2 and 225–450 °C for TaS 2 using dichloromethane or hexanes as solvent. The niobium and tantalum sulfide films were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray powder diffraction, energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (EDAX) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In order to identify possible compounds present in the aerosol mist, the solution phase reaction of [M(NMe 2 ) 5 ] and five equivalents of t BuSH in toluene at room temperature was carried out. Yellow crystals of the partially substituted tantalum thiolate [Ta(S‐ t Bu) 2 (NMe 2 ) 3 ] were isolated. The X‐ray structure of [Ta(S‐ t Bu) 2 (NMe 2 ) 3 ] has been determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Polarization Conversion for Specular Components of Surface Reflection (2013)

Certain characteristics of a material such as the surface reflectivities can be determined even without knowledge of its internal properties. In this letter, a direct relationship (Azzam relationship) and an analytical approximation (Azzam-Sohn-Hong (ASH) approximation) between the vertically and horizontally polarized reflectivities of specular surfaces are derived and validated using the refractive indices of water and metal in a variety of spectral regions. For the purpose of practical remote applications, land, sea water, sea ice, and oil surfaces are considered and compared using the Hong and ASH approximations. Consequently, ASH approximation has an advantage in a variety of spectral bands for materials with a small imaginary part of refractive index, while the Hong approximation does well in the microwave spectral region, or when the imaginary part of the reflective index is not neglected. Thus, a combination of the Hong and ASH approximations is suggested to improve upon previous studies that used only the Hong approximation in a variety of applications.
Concentration of Ginkgolides and Bilobalide in<i>Ginkgo biloba</i>Leaves in Relation to the Time of Year (1992)

The concentrations of ginkgolides A, B, and C, and bilobalide were determined in the leaves of 3 different Dutch GINKGO BILOBA trees from late spring until late autumn 1990. The concentration versus harvest time plots were roughly the same for all the compounds in each of the 3 trees. Concentration was lowest in spring and then gradually increased until a maximum in late summer or early autumn was reached. Thereafter the concentration declined until leaf fall. The difference in ginkgolide and bilobalide content between the 3 trees was very high. For ginkgolide B, the pharmacologically most potent compound, the maximum concentration was less than 3, 68 and 204 ppm respectively. Possible reasons for these differences and consequences for phytotherapy are discussed briefly.