gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recirculation of Process Streams in Fuel Ethanol Production from Softwood Based on Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (2002)

The effect of process stream recirculation on ethanol production from steam- pretreated softwood based on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was investigated for two process configurations. In the first configuration, a part of the stillage stream after distillation was recycled and, in the second configuration, the liquid after SSF was recycled. The aim was to minimize the energy consumption in the distillation of the fermentation broth and in the evaporation of the stillage, as well as the use of fresh water. However, recirculation leads to an increased concentration of nonvolatiles in the first configuration, and of both volatiles and nonvolatiles in the second configuration. These substances might be inhibitory to the enzymes and the yeast in SSF. When 60% of the fresh water was replaced by stillage, the ethanol yield and the productivity were the same as for the configuration without recirculation. The ethanol production cost was reduced by 17%. In the second configuration, up to 40% of the fresh water could be replaced without affecting the final ethanol yield, although the initial ethanol productivity decreased. The ethanol production cost was reduced by 12%. At higher degrees of recirculation, fermentation was clearly inhibited, resulting in a decrease in ethanol yield while hydrolysis seemed unaffected.
3D Object Transfer Between Non-Overlapping Videos (2006)

Given two video sequences of different scenes acquired with moving cameras, it is interesting to seamlessly transfer a 3D object from one sequence to the other. In this paper, we present a video-based approach to extract the alpha mattes of rigid or approximately rigid 3D objects from one or more source videos, and then geometrycorrectly transfer them into another target video of a different scene. Our framework builds upon techniques in camera pose estimation, 3D spatiotemporal video alignment, depth recovery, key-frame editing, natural video matting, and image-based rendering. Based on the explicit camera pose estimation, the camera trajectories of the source and target videos are aligned in 3D space. Combinied with the estimated dense depth information, this allows us to significantly relieve the burdens of key-frame editing and efficiently improve the quality of video matting. During the transfer, our approach not only correctly restores the geometric deformation of the 3D object due to the different camera trajectories, but also effectively retains the soft shadow and environmental lighting properties of the object to ensure that the augmenting object is in harmony with the target scene.
Predominant Role of T Cell Receptor (TCR)-α Chain in Forming Preimmune TCR Repertoire Revealed by Clonal TCR Reconstitution System (2002)

The CDR3 regions of T cell receptor (TCR)-α and -β chains play central roles in the recognition of antigen (Ag)-MHC complex. TCR repertoire is created on the basis of Ag recognition specificity by CDR3s. To analyze the potential spectrum of TCR-α and -β to exhibit Ag specificity and generate TCR repertoire, we established hundreds of TCR transfectants bearing a single TCR-α or -β chain derived from a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) clone, RT-1, specific for HIVgp160 peptide, and randomly picked up TCR-β or -α chains. Surprisingly, one-third of such TCR-β containing random CDR3β from naive T cells of normal mice could reconstitute the antigen-reactive TCR coupling with RT-1 TCR-α. A similar dominant function of TCR-α in forming Ag-specific TCR, though low-frequency, was obtained for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus–specific TCR. Subsequently, we generated TCR-α and/or -β transgenic (Tg) mice specific for HIVgp160 peptide, and analyzed the TCR repertoire of Ag-specific CTLs. Similar to the results from TCR reconstitution, TCR-α Tg generated CTLs with heterogeneous TCR-β, whereas TCR-β Tg-induced CTLs bearing a single TCR-α. These findings of Ag recognition with minimum involvement of CDR3β expand our understanding regarding the flexibility of the spectrum of TCR and suggest a predominant role of TCR-α chain in determining the preimmune repertoire of Ag-specific TCR.
Ultrasonic imaging (1976)

The majority of practical imaging systems in use today are based on the pulse-echo approach, and current technology is moving away from simple outlining of major echo-producing interfaces and towards more detailed imaging of fine structure of organs and tissues, in a grey-scale display format. The existing state of knowledge of the underlying echo formation process and the associated attenuation processes are reviewed and the current status of the pulse-echo imaging technique and its applications are illustrated.
Radial force in a bearingless reluctance motor (1991)

A four-pole reluctance synchronous machine with additional two-pole windings was constructed. The additional winding currents produce the radial force to act as a magnetic bearing. Expressions for the machine inductance functions are given. Inductance functions with respect to the eccentric displacement of the rotor were measured. The contribution of these inductances to the radial force production is established.
Proteolytic Activation of the 1918 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin (2009)

Proteolytic activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein is indispensable for influenza virus infectivity, and the tissue expression of the responsible cellular proteases impacts viral tropism and pathogenicity. The HA protein critically contributes to the exceptionally high pathogenicity of the 1918 influenza virus, but the mechanisms underlying cleavage activation of the 1918 HA have not been characterized. The neuraminidase (NA) protein of the 1918 influenza virus allows trypsin-independent growth in canine kidney cells (MDCK). However, it is at present unknown if the 1918 NA, like the NA of the closely related strain A/WSN/33, facilitates HA cleavage activation by recruiting the proprotease plasminogen. Moreover, it is not known which pulmonary proteases activate the 1918 HA. We provide evidence that NA-dependent, trypsin-independent cleavage activation of the 1918 HA is cell line dependent and most likely plasminogen independent since the 1918 NA failed to recruit plasminogen and neither exogenous plasminogen nor the presence of the A/WSN/33 NA promoted efficient cleavage of the 1918 HA. The transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS4 was found to be expressed in lung tissue and was shown to cleave the 1918 HA. Accordingly, coexpression of the 1918 HA with TMPRSS4 or the previously identified HA-processing protease TMPRSS2 allowed trypsin-independent infection by pseudotypes bearing the 1918 HA, indicating that these proteases might support 1918 influenza virus spread in the lung. In summary, we show that the previously reported 1918 NA-dependent spread of the 1918 influenza virus is a cell line-dependent phenomenon and is not due to plasminogen recruitment by the 1918 NA. Moreover, we provide evidence that TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 activate the 1918 HA by cleavage and therefore may promote viral spread in lung tissue.
Structural lumber properties of hybrid poplar (1999)

The Lake States of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin consist of 49.4 million hectares (112 million acres) of land, 19.8 million hectares (49 million acres) of which are forested, with 6% of those having been removed by law from timber production.
Transfusion transmitted virus infection in general populations and patients with various liver diseases in south China (2000)

Although several specific detecting methods had been applied to determine the hepatitis virus, there was a lot of cryptogenic hepatitis without any known hepatitis infectious marker[1]. The prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) (also known as GB-C virus) infection has been reported to be 5%-13% in patients with non-A-E hepatitis and cirrhosis, however, there is little evidence suggesting that HGV causes hepatitis in human[2-6]. Although cryptogenic liver diseases are almost certainly related to a variety of etiologies, one or more as-yet-unidentified infectious agents are likely to account for a proportion of these cases.

In December 1997, a novel DNA virus was reported by Nishizawa et al[7] to be associated with elevated aminotransferase levels in patients with post-transfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology (non-A-G hepatitis). This virus was designated transfusion transmitted virus (TTV). Then, Luo et al[8] and Wei et al[9] also detected TTV in the sera of patients from an outbreak of cryptogenic hepatitis in south China. And TTV was also detected in patients with post-transfusion hepatitis in China[10]. In subsequent analyses, TTV is an un-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus for which a sequence of 3800 bases was determined[11]. Evidence of potential hepatotropism of TTV was reported with TTV DNA detected in liver tissue[12]. Histopathological study indicated that the characteristics of liver histology of TTV infected patients are portal inflammation and interlobular bile duct damage[13]. TTV was proposed as the part of causative agent of non-A to G hepatitis. Seroepidemiological studies have shown TTV to have global distribution[12,14,15]. Although the potential association of TTV with cryptogenic hepatitis is intriguing, the pathological and clinical significance of this virus remains to be established. To assess more thoroughly the etiological role of TTV in the causation of hepatitis, we determined the frequency of TTV infections and their relationship to liver disease in several cohorts of liver diseases and rural population.
A Robust Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Non-uniform Rectangular Partition and DCT-SVD (2010)

When embedding the watermark information into DC coefficient of each 8×8 DCT block of the host image, it is more likely to obtain a stronger anti-attack function against JPEG-compression attack. However, embedding the watermark with the same intensity into them may distort the watermarked image to a large extent. To solve this problem, a novel robust image-watermark algorithm is proposed with the characteristics of selective embedding intensity based on the non-uniform partition. In the meanwhile, Arnold Scrambling Algorithm is applied before the watermark is embedded to increase the security of the algorithm. The SVD values of the scrambled watermark will be embedded into the DC coefficient of each 8×8 DCT block of the host image in order and repeatedly and this may enhance the various anti-attack ability of the whole algorithm. The experimental results have showed that this algorithm is robust against cropping attack, filtering attack and noising attack, especially the JPEG-compression attack and no obvious distortion appeared in the watermarked image.
Prevalence and Measurement of Dental Caries in Young Children. (2016)

Although the term early childhood caries is widely used, varied use of diagnostic criteria and operational definitions continue to limit comparability across studies. Emerging changes in the proportion of decayed and filled surfaces in the United States also raises questions regarding the ECC case definition limiting our ability to understand the epidemiology of dental caries in preschool children.
Enzymes in Brewing (1934)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnzymes in BrewingMorris A. PozenCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1934, 26, 11, 1127–1133Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1934Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1934https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50299a002Request reuse permissionsArticle Views306Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts
Attenuated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus RNA Carrying a Deletion in the 3′ Noncoding Region Can Elicit Immunity in Swine (2009)

ABSTRACT We constructed foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) mutants bearing independent deletions of the two stem-loop structures predicted in the 3′ noncoding region of viral RNA, SL1 and SL2, respectively. Deletion of SL2 was lethal for viral infectivity in cultured cells, while deletion of SL1 resulted in viruses with slower growth kinetics and downregulated replication associated with impaired negative-strand RNA synthesis. With the aim of exploring the potential of an RNA-based vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease using attenuated viral genomes, full-length chimeric O1K/C-S8 RNAs were first inoculated into pigs. Our results show that FMDV viral transcripts could generate infectious virus and induce disease in swine. In contrast, RNAs carrying the ΔSL1 mutation on an FMDV O1K genome were innocuous for pigs but elicited a specific immune response including both humoral and cellular responses. A single inoculation with 500 μg of RNA was able to induce a neutralizing antibody response. This response could be further boosted by a second RNA injection. The presence of the ΔSL1 mutation was confirmed in viruses isolated from serum samples of RNA-inoculated pigs or after transfection and five passages in cell culture. These findings suggest that deletion of SL1 might contribute to FMDV attenuation in swine and support the potential of RNA technology for the design of new FMDV vaccines.
Formation of soluble products from thermal decomposition of Colorado and Kentucky oil shales (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of soluble products from thermal decomposition of Colorado and Kentucky oil shalesFrancis P. Miknis, Thomas F. Turner, Gretchen L. Berdan, and Paul J. ConnCite this: Energy Fuels 1987, 1, 6, 477–483Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef00006a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00006a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views171Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A flash-memory based file system (1995)

A flash memory device driver that supports a conventional UNIX file system transparently was designed. To avoid the limitations due to flash memory&apos;s restricted number of write cycles and its inability to be overwritten, this driver writes data to the flash memory system sequentially as a Log-structured File System (LFS) does and uses a cleaner to collect valid data blocks and reclaim invalid ones by erasing the corresponding flash memory regions. Measurements showed that the overhead of the cleaner has little effect on the performance of the prototype when utilization is low but that the effect becomes critical as the utilization gets higher, reducing the random write throughput from 222 Kbytes/s at 30% utilization to 40 Kbytes/s at 90% utilization. The performance of the prototype in the Andrew Benchmark test is roughly equivalent to that of the 4.4BSD Pageable Memory based File System (MFS). 1. Introduction Flash memory, a nonvolatile memory IC (Integrated Circuit) that can hold d...
The Effect of Milrinone on Hemodynamics and Left Ventricular Function After Emergence from Cardiopulmonary Bypass (1997)

Although milrinone effectively increases cardiac function, few studies have specifically evaluated its efficacy during cardiac surgery.We investigated the effects of milrinone on hemodynamics and left ventricular function in cardiac surgical patients who were already treated with catecholamines. Thirty-seven patients undergoing cardiac surgery were studied. Immediately after emergence from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), patients were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 10) or to one of these milrinone groups: milrinone 50 micro g/kg intravenously (n = 8), 50 micro g/kg + 0.5 micro g [centered dot] kg-1 [centered dot] min-1 (n = 10), or 75 micro g/kg + 0.75 micro g [centered dot] kg-1 [centered dot] min-1 (n = 9). Hemodynamics and transesophageal echocardiogram were recorded while constant filling pressures were maintained by volume reinfusion from the CPB reservoir. Arterial blood samples were obtained for the measurement of milrinone plasma concentrations and to determine the dose response curve. In all three milrinone groups, cardiac index and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcfc) significantly increased from the baseline, and both were significantly higher at 5 and 10 min than those in the control group. The plasma concentration of milrinone with half of maximum increase in Vcfc was 139.3 ng/mL based on the dose-response curve. Thus, milrinone improves hemodynamics and left ventricular function when constant loading conditions are maintained. (Anesth Analg 1997;85:16-22)
Study of Effect of Seam on Wire-Grid Polarizer Efficiency Using Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis (2007)

Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) was utilized to analyze the effect of pieced-up wire-grid polarizer (WGP). By using the strategies developed in this study, RCWA can model the WGP patches with the diffraction efficiencies satisfying the energy conservation rule and the accuracy requirement. An example of a 100-nm-period WGP demonstrated an extinction ratio of 1000 numerically, whereas the approach of RCWA integrated with the proposed strategies was proven to be superior in simulation speed and presented benefits for designing WGP patches.
Intense Optical Activity from Three‐Dimensional Chiral Ordering of Plasmonic Nanoantennas (2011)

Twisting nanoparticles: Plasmonic circular dichroism was experimentally obtained in chiral 3D organizations of gold nanorods obtained by self-assembly of the nanoantennas onto a fiber template with a twisted morphology. Numerical simulations based on coupled dipoles confirm the crucial role of gold nanorods in this intense circular dichroism.
High yield and high specific activity synthesis of [<sup>18</sup>F]fallypride in a batch microfluidic reactor for micro-PET imaging (2013)

[(18)F]fallypride was synthesized in a batch microfluidic chip with a radiochemical yield of 65 ± 6% (n = 7) and an average specific activity of 730 GBq μmol(-1) (20 Ci μmol(-1)) (n = 4). Specific activity was ~2-fold higher than [(18)F]fallypride synthesized in a macroscale radiosynthesizer, despite starting with significantly less radioactivity, and thus safer conditions, in the microchip.
Versatile Synthesis of Polymer-Temozolomide Conjugates (2017)

A new and versatile synthesis was developed to produce polymer prodrugs composed of poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (polyMPC) conjugated covalently to the glioblastoma drug Temozolomide (TMZ). Through a controlled free radical copolymerization of a TMZ-substituted methacrylate and MPC, water-soluble polyMPC-TMZ conjugates were realized with TMZ loadings of >50 mol %. After polymerization, the structural fidelity of the pendent TMZ moieties was confirmed by NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, while molecular weight estimation by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) confirmed the desired control over the polymerization, with isolated polymer-TMZ conjugates exhibiting narrow molecular weight distributions. This synthetic design opens new possibilities for formulating numerous types of polymeric TMZ-based structures that are of interest for treating glioblastoma.
Adaptive Resource Allocation and Provisioning in Multi-Service Cloud Environments (2017)

In the current cloud business environment, the cloud provider (CP) can provide a means for offering the required quality of service (QoS) for multiple classes of clients. We consider the cloud market where various resources such as CPUs, memory, and storage in the form of Virtual Machine (VM) instances can be provisioned and then leased to clients with QoS guarantees. Unlike existing works, we propose a novel Service Level Agreement (SLA) framework for cloud computing, in which a price control parameter is used to meet QoS demands for all classes in the market. The framework uses reinforcement learning (RL) to derive a VM hiring policy that can adapt to changes in the system to guarantee the QoS for all client classes. These changes include: service cost, system capacity, and the demand for service. In exhibiting solutions, when the CP leases more VMs to a class of clients, the QoS is degraded for other classes due to an inadequate number of VMs. However, our approach integrates computing resources adaptation with service admission control based on the RL model. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt that facilitates this integration to enhance the CP's profit and avoid SLA violation. Numerical analysis stresses the ability of our approach to avoid SLA violation while maximizing the CP's profit under varying cloud environment conditions.
Asymptotically efficient retiming under setup and hold constraints (1998)

Article Asymptotically efficient retiming under setup and hold constraints Share on Author: Marios C. Papaefthymiou Advanced Computer Architecture Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Univesity of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Advanced Computer Architecture Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Univesity of Michigan Ann Arbor, MIView Profile Authors Info & Claims ICCAD '98: Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided designNovember 1998 Pages 396–401https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.289060Online:01 November 1998Publication History 10citation232DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations10Total Downloads232Last 12 Months0Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access