gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methods of High Quality Recording and Reproducing of Music and Speech Based on Telephone Research<sup>1</sup> (1926)

This paper deals with an analysis of the general requirements of recording and reproducing sound without appreciable distortion. The storing or recording of sound requires, first, a mechanical system which will respond faithfully to the sound waves which are to be recorded. Then there is required some material in or on which this sound may be recorded and an intervening system which permits the sound waves to make the record in this material. In the usual case, and in that which is particularly discussed, there is a mechanical system which will vibrate in response to the sound which is to be recorded and directly through some mechanical linkage, or less directly through an electrical linkage, drives a cutting mechanism which will impress a wax record. The amount of power available to operate the recorder directly from the sound in the recording room is so small as to make the use of high quality electrical apparatus with associated vacuum tube amplifiers of very distinct advantage over the acoustic method. Where the question of reproduction is concerned, the same two alternatives mentioned for recording present themselves, namely, direct use of power derived from the record itself vs. the use of electro-mechanical equipment with an amplifier. In this case, however, the situation is materially different since the power which can be drawn directly from the record is more than sufficient for many uses. It is, therefore, generally simpler to design one single mechanical transmission system than it is to add the unnecessary complications of amplifiers, power supply and associated circuits. In cases where music is to be reproduced in large auditoriums, the power which can be drawn from the record may be insufficient and some form of electrical reproduction using amplifiers becomes necessary. The paper points out, at length, how many of the heretofore unsolved fundamental problems of sound recording and reproduction have been readily solved by the application of a detailed knowledge of telephone transmission theory. The advances which have been effected in telephone transmission theory and in related electrical measuring apparatus in the last few years, have been so great as to surpass previous knowledge of mechanical wave transmission systems. The result is, therefore, that mechanical transmission systems of the type here considered, and perhaps other types, can be designed more successfully if they are viewed as the analogs of electric circuits. A detailed analysis is here made of the analogies between electrical and mechanical systems in the voice frequency range and a discussion of the resulting mechanical design is presented.
Magnetic behaviour of supraconducting tin spheres (1935)

Abstract Until a year ago it was generally accepted that if a body is made supraconducting while in a magnetic field the lines of magnetic force were "frozen in," i. e., whatever lines of force passed through the body at the time when it became supraconducting remained there afterwards, unaffected by any change in the external field, so long as the body was supraconducting. Meissner and Ochsenfeld, however, showed that this supposition was not true. They measured field strengths in the immediate neighbourhood of cylinders which had been cooled to supraconductivity in an external magnetic field, and found that the field of force was then of the same nature as that to be expected in the neighbourhood of perfectly diamagnetic bodies. Thus it appeared that when a body becomes supraconducting in a magnetic field the lines of force are all pressed out of the body, and the induction inside the body falls to zero. At the same time, however, these authors report on another experiment, the result of which appears to us not entirely in accordance with the assumption that the induction in the whole body became zero. They measured the field strengths inside and outside a hollow cylinder, after it had become supraconducting in a field perpendicular to its axis, and found again that the field strength outside was as if the cylinder were almost perfectly diamagnetic, but the field inside was appreciably the same as if the cylinder were non-supraconducting. We therefore made a number of experiments, hoping to find out more exactly the nature of the phenomenon.
Photoacoustic imaging using a two-dimensional CMUT array (2006)

Photoacoustic imaging is a promising complement to pulse-echo ultrasound imaging because it provides contrast between areas with different light absorption characteristics. Specifically, regions with higher blood concentration can be identified, which is useful for imaging vascularization and the early detection of cancer. Here we present volumetric photoacoustic images of a vessel-like phantom. The phantom consists of three 1.3-mm diameter tubes inside a tissue mimicking material. The center tube is filled with ink to provide optical contrast. A two-dimensional capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array is used for acoustic detection. The use of a two-dimensional transducer array eliminates the drawbacks of a mechanically scanned system and enables volumetric imaging. CMUT technology enables new types of transducer arrays that would benefit photoacoustic imaging. Fully populated two-dimensional arrays, annular ring- arrays, and high-frequency arrays have all been demonstrated using CMUT technology and have advantages for photoacoustic imaging systems. Other advantages of CMUT technology for photoacoustic imaging include a wider bandwidth than comparable piezoelectric devices and ease of integration with electronics. Keywords-photoacoustics, capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer, CMUT, three-dimensional, integrated electronics
Enzyme‐assisted deacidification of Jatropha crude oil by statistical design of experiments (2014)

Jatropha curcas L. crude oil has variable and often high free fatty acid content. As free fatty acids are corrosive, the crude oil has to be refined prior to its utilization in technical applications. Conventional refining processes have several environmental and energetic shortcomings, and there is a clear need for more sustainable pathways. In this study, an enzymatic method was studied for the neutralization of Jatropha oil. Detailed insight into the process was achieved by means of a statistical design of experiments utilizing an immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei . The free fatty acids were esterified with glycerol. The most important impact factors and interactions between factors were identified with regard to acid number reduction and the MAG, DAG, and glycerol content. Validation experiments showed that the models obtained for acid number and, mono‐ and DAG development were valid and adequate for optimizing the esterification reaction for the desired application. The results generated in this study open the possibility of modifying – within limits – the vegetable oil composition depending on the target application requirements. The acid number of the crude Jatropha oil could be decreased to 0.4 mg KOH per g oil by means of enzymatic esterification. The MAG content can be adjusted between 1.5 and 5.0% (w/w) and DAG content between 15.6 and 27.1% (w/w). The enzyme regeneration procedure that was developed allows multiple use of the enzyme at practically constant activity. Practical applications: Due to the advantages of an enzyme‐assisted neutralization procedure, future industrial application of this technology is of great interest. Higher oil yields, no generation of waste water, and the avoidance of aggressive chemicals mean this process has greater sustainability than the conventional approach requiring the addition of strong bases to the oil in order to saponify the free fatty acids. Currently, enzymatic processes tend not to be economically viable due the relatively high cost of the enzymes. However, the costs are likely to decrease in the future as demand for them increases. Additionally, enzyme regeneration, which was carried out successfully in this work, offers the opportunity to further lower the process costs. Jatropha curcas L. crude oil exhibits variable and often high free fatty acid content. Free fatty acids were esterified with glycerol utilizing an immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei . Detailed insight into the process was achieved by means of statistical design of experiments yielding significant and valid mathematical models enabling the optimization of several process parameters.
Surface acoustic wave sensor response and molecular modeling: selective binding of nitrobenzene derivatives to (aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSurface acoustic wave sensor response and molecular modeling: selective binding of nitrobenzene derivatives to (aminopropyl)triethoxysilaneWolfgang M. Heckl, Francesca M. Marassi, Krishna M. R. Kallury, David C. Stone, and Michael. ThompsonCite this: Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 1, 32–37Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00200a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00200a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views155Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Salivary amylase and pancreatic enzymes in serum after total body irradiation. (1986)

Amylase increases in serum after total body irradiation (TBI). To investigate whether this increase is ascribable to pancreatic or salivary amylase, or both, we measured the post-irradiation activity concentration of the three major pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, amylase, and lipase) and of salivary-type amylase in serum from six leukemic patients given TBI before bone-marrow transplantation. Salivary amylase increased by as much as 50-fold after TBI, peaking on the first day after the irradiation. The increase was associated with the development of clinical parotitis. Pancreatic trypsin, total amylase, and lipase increased inconsistently and to a much smaller degree. There were no associated clinical features of pancreatitis. Our data show that, at the dose of radiation given to our patients, there is no danger of pancreatitis as a complication, but parotitis is a consistent development after TBI.
Modeling and Real Time Estimation of Lumped Equivalent Circuit Model of a Lithium Ion Battery (2006)

In this paper, a real time estimate of a battery model is proposed. The existing impedance model is accurate in predicting the behavior of a battery. However, it is complex and not applicable for real time applications. Also, it requires much time and cost to obtain the parameters of the model. A simple lumped circuit model is presented. The parameters and states (overvoltages) of the battery are estimated with a filtering technique and system identification theory. It is verified through simulations and experiments that the proposed method is in good agreement with the dynamic characteristics of the battery, regardless of the conditions of the battery, and the estimated overvoltages are given physical meanings through a comparison with an impedance model with complex RC ladder circuits
A theory of die‐swell (1970)

Abstract An elastic‐fluid theory of die‐swell for long dies is presented. The theory predicts a swelling ratio D e / d asymptotically proportional, for large values of swelling, to the cube root of the recoverable shear evaluated at the die wall. Here the recoverable shear is defined to be half the ratio (first normal stress difference/shear stress). Excellent agreement is shown between predicted D e / d and measured D e / d for experiments on melts and solutions for which adequate data are available.
Virulent <i>P. berghei</i> malaria: prolonged survival and decreased cerebral pathology in cell-dependent nude mice. (1982)

The course of lethal Plasmodium berghei infection was examined in nu/+ and T cell-deficient nu/nu BALB/c mice. A rapidly fatal neurologic syndrome, including ataxia, hemiparesis, and seizures, was seen in the nu/+ mice early in the infection, whereas this syndrome was absent in the nu/nu mice. The nu/nu mice also developed anemia more slowly, had lower levels of immune complexes and total IgG, and had smaller decreases in serum C3 compared with the nu/+ mice. Histopathologic examination of the brains revealed cerebral malaria lesions, including vascular plugging and micro-hemorrhages, in the nu/+ mice but not in the nu/nu mice. Cerebral lesions similar in frequency and severity to those in nu/+ mice developed in nu/nu mice given spleen cells from normal nu/+ mice. The results suggest that an intact immune system is necessary for the expression of cerebral malaria.
Hyperspectral image simulator to support SPECTRA mission system study (2004)

SPECTRA (Surface Processes and Ecosystem Changes Through Response Analysis) is one of the three candidate missions which is being proposed for implementation in theSA Earth Ex plorerrogram of research oriented missions. Its mission is dedicated to the assessment of a number of essential key vegetation variables especially those used in up- scaling from sites to globe (fractional vegetation cover, albedo, LAI, leaf chlorophyll content…). The mission is centred on the regular observation of terrestrial sites. At each fly-by, a site is acquired seven times with different along track incidence angles. SPECTRA satellite will embark an optical hyperspectral payload covering the solar spectral range (0.4 to 2.4 µm) and Thermal IR region (10.3 to 12.3 µm). For the purpose of the SPECTRA Phase A study, an image simulator has been developed by Alcatel Space and ABB Bomem in order to assess the compliance of the architecture with system and scientific requirements. After a description of the SPECTRA Mission, this article presents the hyperspectral image simulator and exhibits some results.
Virtualization toolset for emulating mobile devices and networks (2016)

With the ubiquitous usage of mobile devices, most communications are now impacted by the users' mobility. Therefore, applications and services must be designed to cope with network dynamics produced by those mobility patterns. Software research and development would benefit from taking device mobility into account. However, implementing and testing software on real devices is costly and cumbersome to perform. Virtualization is a widely used technique for avoiding these issues. In this paper, we propose three tools for creating and managing networks with mobile devices. Both network devices and user devices are emulated, the latter by using the QEMU system emulator. We implemented a virtual network device that can emulate access points and wireless interfaces, a real-time mobility engine that controls the dynamics of the connections and a control and management tool. Our toolset, called NEmu, can create both infrastructure and adhoc virtual networks for testing and evaluating applications with a fine-grained control over the network topology and link parameters. Results show that NEmu gives similar results as container-based virtualization and discrete event-based simulation.
High-gain photodetectors in thin-film transistors fabricated from laser-crystallized silicon on fused silica (1984)

We report the achievement of high-gain photoconduction in transistors fabricated in laser-crystallized silicon thin films on fused silica with responsivities of about 300 A/W for radiation in the visible spectrum. Such photodetectors are potentially useful in page-width linear document input scanners with higher speed and resolution than possible with any other thin-film sensor arrays. The basic mechanism for photconductivity consists of spatial separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs across a p-n junction in the device body, collection of holes in the floating substrate, and Ohmic conduction of electrons in a buried channel. This model predicts a long carrier lifetime and is verified by a photocurrent decay time of ∼ 10 µs.
Rd9 Is a Naturally Occurring Mouse Model of a Common Form of Retinitis Pigmentosa Caused by Mutations in RPGR-ORF15 (2012)

Animal models of human disease are an invaluable component of studies aimed at understanding disease pathogenesis and therapeutic possibilities. Mutations in the gene encoding retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) are the most common cause of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) and are estimated to cause 20% of all retinal dystrophy cases. A majority of RPGR mutations are present in ORF15, the purine-rich terminal exon of the predominant splice-variant expressed in retina. Here we describe the genetic and phenotypic characterization of the retinal degeneration 9 (Rd9) strain of mice, a naturally occurring animal model of XLRP. Rd9 mice were found to carry a 32-base-pair duplication within ORF15 that causes a shift in the reading frame that introduces a premature-stop codon. Rpgr ORF15 transcripts, but not protein, were detected in retinas from Rd9/Y male mice that exhibited retinal pathology, including pigment loss and slowly progressing decrease in outer nuclear layer thickness. The levels of rhodopsin and transducin in rod outer segments were also decreased, and M-cone opsin appeared mislocalized within cone photoreceptors. In addition, electroretinogram (ERG) a- and b-wave amplitudes of both Rd9/Y male and Rd9/Rd9 female mice showed moderate gradual reduction that continued to 24 months of age. The presence of multiple retinal features that correlate with findings in individuals with XLRP identifies Rd9 as a valuable model for use in gaining insight into ORF15-associated disease progression and pathogenesis, as well as accelerating the development and testing of therapeutic strategies for this common form of retinal dystrophy.
Source Illusion Devices for Flexural Lamb Waves Using Elastic Metasurfaces (2017)

Inspired by recent demonstrations of metasurfaces in achieving reduced versions of electromagnetic cloaks, we propose and experimentally demonstrate source illusion devices to manipulate flexural waves using metasurfaces. The approach is particularly useful for elastic waves due to the lack of form invariance in usual transformation methods. We demonstrate compact and simple-to-implement metasurfaces for shifting, transforming, and splitting a point source. The effects are measured to be broadband and robust against a change of source positions, with agreement from numerical simulations and the Huygens-Fresnel theory. The proposed method is potentially useful for applications such as nondestructive testing, high-resolution ultrasonography, and advanced signal modulation.
Oxidation as “The Stress of Life” (2011)

Multiple biological consequences of oxidative stress are known to contribute to aging and aging-related pathologies. It was recently shown that (carboxyalkyl)pyrroles (CAPs), the end products of phospholipid oxidation serve as a novel class of endogenous ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and promote the process of angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss implications of these findings in the context of age-related pathologies, including tumorigenesis. Accumulation of oxidation products in tissues of aging organisms might create conditions for uncontrolled pathological angiogenesis as seen in patients with age related macular degeneration. CAPs and their receptors, TLRs might also promote the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Importantly, besides their role in a number of pathologies, oxidative products of phospholipids contribute to tissue repair processes thereby antagonizing the destructive effects of oxidation.
Alpha<sub>1</sub>Adrenoceptor Subtypes in the Human Prostate (1993)

High affinity alpha 1 adrenoceptors have been characterized in the human prostate. The tension of prostatic smooth muscle is mediated by the alpha 1 adrenoceptor. The present study represents the first characterization of human alpha 1 adrenoceptor subtypes using radioligand receptor binding techniques. Binding studies were performed on tissue homogenates obtained from the human prostate. Competitive inhibition studies were performed in the presence of an 80 pM. 125I-Heat and 16 concentrations of unlabelled 5-methylurapidil (5 MU) or WB-4101 (10(-10) M. to 10(-5) M.). Saturation experiments were also performed with and without chloroethylclonidine (CEC, 10(-5) M.), a compound that selectively inactivates the alpha 1B subtype. The individual displacement plots for WB-4101 and 5-MU in the human prostate were consistently best fit by a 2 binding site model. WB-4101 and 5-MU exhibited a 594- and 186-fold higher affinity for the prostatic alpha 1A binding site relative to the alpha 1B binding site. The ratios of prostatic alpha 1A/alpha 1B binding sites discriminated by WB-4101 and 5-MU were 1.8 and 1.6, respectively. CEC inactivated 44% of the prostatic alpha 1 binding sites. The binding studies suggest that the dominant alpha 1 subtype in the human prostate is the alpha 1A. We are characterizing the functional properties of the alpha 1 subtypes in the human prostate.
Detecting and characterizing nighttime lighting using multispectral and hyperspectral imaging (2012)

Multispectral imagery (MSI) of Las Vegas, Nevada, were investigated to determine their potential for accurately mapping nocturnal lighting using a reference spectral library of lighting types. Nocturnal lighting classifications of International Space Station (ISS) astronaut color photography and 8-, 6-, and 4-band MSI generated by modeling high spectral resolution hyperspectral imagery (HSI) data to lower spectral resolution were compared to lighting identification accomplished using the full resolution HSI spectral signatures. The results indicate that ISS imagery does not have the spectral resolution necessary to accurately distinguish between the emission features of outdoor lighting. The modeled multispectral band configurations demonstrated somewhat improved separation of certain lighting types by their spectral signatures, however, with only 8, 6, or 4 spectral bands, accurate discrimination of lighting types still remains a daunting task. While the different colors associated with outdoor lighting can be visually delineated in MSI data, the limited spectral information does not allow for accurate lighting type classification because of the inability to identify specific sharp emission features. Mapping nocturnal lighting using MSI data does have some utility, and certainly would provide better spatial coverage, however, HSI remains the most accurate method to differentiate the emission features associated with urban outdoor lighting.
VEGF and Angiopoietin‐1 Stimulate Different Angiogenic Phenotypes That Combine to Enhance Functional Neovascularization in Adult Tissue (2006)

Ang-1 and VEGF use different physiological mechanisms to enhance neovascularization of relatively avascular tissue. Administration of both growth factors combines these physiological mechanisms to give greater enhancement of neovascularization than either growth factor alone. These results suggest that effective revascularization therapy may require combination growth factor treatment.