gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Craniofacial Pain and Motor Function: Pathogenesis, Clinical Correlates, and Implications (1999)

Many structural, behavioral, and pharmacological interventions imply that favorable treatment effects in musculoskeletal pain states are mediated through the correction of muscle function. The common theme of these interventions is captured in the popular idea that structural or psychological factors cause muscle hyperactivity, muscle overwork, muscle fatigue, and ultimately pain. Although symptoms and signs of motor dysfunction can sometimes be explained by changes in structure, there is strong evidence that they can also be caused by pain. This new understanding has resulted in a better appreciation of the pathogenesis of symptoms and signs of the musculoskeletal pain conditions, including the sequence of events that leads to the development of motor dysfunction. With the improved understanding of the relationship between pain and motor function, including the inappropriateness of many clinical assumptions, a new literature emerges that opens the door to exciting therapeutic opportunities. Novel treatments are expected to have a profound impact on the care of musculoskeletal pain and its effect on motor function in the not-too-distant future.
Estimating Trade Flows: Trading Partners and Trading Volumes (2007)

We develop a simple model of international trade with heterogeneous firms that is consistent with a number of stylized features of the data. In particular, the model predicts positive as well as zero trade flows across pairs of countries, and it allows the number of exporting firms to vary across destination countries. As a result, the impact of trade frictions on trade flows can be decomposed into the intensive and extensive margins, where the former refers to the trade volume per exporter and the latter refers to the number of exporters. This model yields a generalized gravity equation that accounts for the self-selection of firms into export markets and their impact on trade volumes. We then develop a two-stage estimation procedure that uses a selection equation into trade partners in the first stage and a trade flow equation in the second. We implement this procedure parametrically, semi-parametrically, and non-parametrically, showing that in all three cases the estimated effects of trade frictions are similar. Importantly, our method provides estimates of the intensive and extensive margins of trade. We show that traditional estimates are biased, and that most of the bias is not due to selection but rather due to the omission of the extensive margin. Moreover, the effect of the number of exporting firms varies across country pairs according to their characteristics. This variation is large, and particularly so for trade between developed and less developed countries and between pairs of less developed countries.
Synthesis of all possible A-ring diastereomers at the 1- and 3-positions of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)vitamin D3 (ED-71) using C2-symmetrical epoxide as a common starting material. (2009)

The active vitamin D3, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), is now well recognized as a potent regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation in addition to possessing a regulatory effect on calcium and phosphorus metabolism. From research on the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3 analogs with the goal of separating these biological activities, we have already reported two characteristic analogs of active vitamin D3, namely 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-22-oxavitamin D3 (OCT) and 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy) vitamin D3 (ED-71). OCT, a 22-oxa analog obtained from modification of the side chain of 1,25(OH)2D3, has been used clinically as an injection for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism underlying renal insufficiency and as an ointment for the skin disease, psoriasis. OCT has also been reported to exhibit antiangiogenic activity, exerting antitumor effects without producing serious side effects such as hypercalcemia. On the other hand, ED-71, which possesses a hydroxypropoxy substituent at the 2beta-position of the A-ring of 1,25(OH)2D3, has more potent biological effects on bone compared to 1 and phase III clinical studies for bone-fracture prevention have been completed. To explore structure activity relationship between ED-71 and related analogs, significant attention was now focused on the diastereomer of 3 at both the 1- and 3-positions of the A-ring, namely 3-epi-ED-71, 1-epi-ED-71 and 1,3-diepi-ED-71. All possible A-ring diastereomers at the 1- and 3-positions of ED-71 were synthesized using C2-symmetrical epoxide as a common starting material by convergent Trost methodology.
Hepatic toxicity of antiepileptic drugs: A review (1983)

Hepatic toxicity of antiepileptic drugs has been well recognized for many years. Despite the increasing awareness of chronic toxicity of antiepileptic drugs, this aspect has remained of limited importance. Since the introduction of valproate, this situation has changed fundamentally. Following a general introduction to the classification and symptomatology of drug-induced hepatic toxicity, a detailed description of hepatic toxicity caused by phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate is presented, including classification, symptomatology and histological features. Hepatic toxicity caused by all three drugs may be classified as idiosyncratic reactions. However, whereas toxic reactions following phenytoin and carbamazepine are characterised by a rather short duration of exposure before symptoms occur with accompanying clinical features of hypersensitivity, valproate-induced hepatic toxicity exhibits no signs of hypersensitivity and often occurs following prolonged exposure, speaking in favor of a metabolic aberration as the underlying cause. Hypotheses explaining the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are reviewed. Guidelines for averting valproate-induced hepatic toxicity are presented.
Increasing grid stability through accurate infeed forecasts of renewable energies (2012)

The rapid growth of renewable energies is leading to increasing imbalances between electricity production and consumption. During high-wind periods with local overproduction of energy, the stability of the distribution grid can only be ensured if a fraction of (wind) farms is throttled or shut down. Precise infeed forecasts of wind and solar power production for individual sites assist in reducing these risks because controlling measures for renewables as well as the regulation of conventional power plants (coal, gas etc.) can be planned with longer lead times. A forecast system is presented which includes the whole chain from weather forecast to infeed forecast. The foundation is made up of weather model forecasts from the UK Met Office and from the high resolution regional model WRF. The conversion of forecast weather elements (e.g. wind profiles) into infeed energy from the turbines/farms is realized by artificial neural networks (ANNs). ANNs are able to recognize and eliminate the systematic errors produced by weather models. The quality of the infeed forecasts is validated with results for transmission nodes across the grid of the company E.ON edis, situated in the Northeast of Germany. (4 pages)
A novel LDMOS structure with high negative voltage capability for reverse battery protection in automotive IC's (2002)

A novel LDMOS device is presented, offering high reverse V/sub DS/ compared to the normal body-diode limit (-0.6 V). This device is well suited for applications requiring reverse battery protection.
A block placement procedure using a force model (1989)

Abstract The paper treats the problem of automatic placement of building blocks of different sizes. This problem arises frequently in automating the layout design of LSIs. In this paper, a method is described for finding a global placement taking into account the connectivity between blocks as well as dimensions of blocks and placing regions. A method is proposed to establish a force model such that attractive forces caused by the connectivity between blocks and repulsive forces caused by the block overlaps are exerted on the blocks, and to derive a placement result as a system equilibrium state. the placement procedure is as follows. We start with the initial placement obtained only by applying attractive forces caused by connectivity, and then add gradually repulsive forces which are calculated based on the actual overlapping area between blocks. As a result, block overlap is removed and thus we can obtain a global placement considering local shape fitness while taking connectivity between blocks in a global way. In this paper, we explain first an outline of the proposed algorithm and then describe details of the methods for realizing it, e.g., functional forms of repulsive force against overlapping area, increasing ratio of repulsive force, and calculation method for the block equilibrium position and block orientation. Finally, the experimental results using examples with 17 and 33 blocks to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are explained.
Mechanism of fission (2009)

On a morning walk across the snowy Princeton campus early in 1939, Niels Bohr suddenly understood that the rare isotope uranium-235 was alone responsible for the recently discovered nuclear fission.
A simple and rapid method for detecting living microorganisms in food using laser speckle decorrelation (2016)

Measuring microorganisms in food products is a critical issue for food safety and human health. Although various approaches for detecting low-levels of microorganisms in food have been developed, they require high-cost, complex equipment, invasive procedures, and skilled technicians which limit their widespread use in the food industry. Here, we present a simple, non-destructive, non-contact, and rapid optical method for measuring living microorganisms in meat products using laser speckle decorrelation. By simply measuring dynamic speckle intensity patterns reflected from samples and analyzing the temporal correlation time, the presence of living microorganisms can be non-invasively detected with high sensitivity. We present proof-of-principle demonstrations for detecting E. coli and B. cereus in chicken breast tissues.
Recovery of Oils and Fats from Oilseeds and Fatty Materials (2005)

Abstract A summary of many methods for removing fats and oils from a variety of oilseeds and fatty materials, starting with some early methods and arriving at modern state‐of‐the‐art methods. The summary covers preparation, including cracking, flaking, cooking and drying, and extrusion preparation. Hydraulic crushing is covered and screw pressing, both prepressing and fullpressing. Many early and modern screw presses of different manufacture are described. Batch rendering systems for animal fats are described as well as the more efficient continuous systems for dry rendering and systems for slurry rendering using multiple effect evaporators. Digestive rendering is also discussed. Solvent extraction is described, starting with theories behind solvent extraction, various solvents used, early equipment, and state‐of‐the‐art modern extractors. Also discussed are solvent recovery from miscella, marc, and the air and water effluents from the extraction system. The chapter ends with methods for obtaining oil from olives and from palm fruit.
High levels of retinal membrane docosahexaenoic acid increase susceptibility to stress-induced degeneration (2008)

The fat-1 gene cloned from C. elegans encodes an n-3 fatty acid desaturase that converts n-6 to n-3 PUFA. Mice carrying the fat-1 transgene and wild-type controls were fed an n-3-deficient/n-6-enriched diet [fat-1- safflower oil (SFO) and wt-SFO, respectively]. Fatty acid profiles of rod outer segments (ROS), cerebellum, plasma, and liver demonstrated significantly lower n-6/n-3 ratios and higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in fat-1-SFO compared with wt-SFO. When mice were exposed to light stress: 1) the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness was reduced; 2) amplitudes of the electroretinogram (ERG) were lower; 3) the number of apoptotic photoreceptor cells was greater; and 4) modification of retinal proteins by 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE), an end-product of n-3 PUFA oxidation was increased in both fat-1-SFO and wt mice fed a regular lab chow diet compared with wt-SFO. The results indicate a positive correlation between the level of DHA, the degree of n-3 PUFA lipid peroxidation, and the vulnerability of the retina to photooxidative stress. In mice not exposed to intense light, the reduction in DHA resulted in reduced efficacy in phototransduction gain steps, while no differences in the retinal morphology or retinal biochemistry. These results highlight the dual roles of DHA in cellular physiology and pathology.
An improved signature waveform estimation approach in synchronous CDMA systems (2002)

Synchronous-CDMA (S-CDMA) techniques are protected against co-channel interference by employing orthogonal codes. In an actual mobile radio environment, however, multipath may cause the orthogonality of S-CDMA signals to suffer from the increased cross correlation. In this scenario, multiuser detection is imperative to recover the orthogonality of the code. Liu and Xu (see Proc. 29th Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems and Computers, 1996) have proposed a blind-estimation scheme that provides closed-form estimates of the signature waveforms by exploiting the structure information of the data output. The approach is deterministic in the sense that noise or signal statistics are not required for the estimation. However the estimation utilizes only users' code information. We present a modified method that uses the known information of the pulse shaping filter as well as code information to improve the signature waveform estimates. We then extend this approach to overloaded systems by employing smart antennas.
Synthesis and comparative evaluation of two antiviral agents: β-l-Fd4C and β-d-Fd4C (1998)

The synthesis of beta-D-Fd4C was achieved in a stereoselective fashion from D-xylose. The antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of beta-D-Fd4C was compared with that of beta-L-Fd4C and 3TC (Lamivudine). Of the three agents compared, beta-L-Fd4C was found to be the most potent antiviral agent.
Anionized and cationized hemeundecapeptides as probes for cell surface charge and permeability studies: differentiated labeling of endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles. (1985)

To obtain small membrane markers easily accessible to the charged groups of the cell surface, we prepared, from hemeundecapeptide (HUP), three derivatives that maintain the peroxidatic activity: the anionized hemeundecapeptide, Mr 1,963, estimated diameter 1.68 nm, pl 3.5, for the detection of basic groups; and both a cationized hemeundecapeptide containing predominantly tertiary amino groups, Mr 2,215, estimated diameter 1.75 nm, pl 9.0, and a cationized hemeundecapeptide containing only primary amino groups, Mr 2,271, estimated diameter 1.75 nm, pl 10.6, for labeling acidic residues. The markers were perfused in situ in mice to label the luminal surface of fenestrated endothelium of pancreatic capillaries. Specimens were processed through the cytochemical reaction for peroxidatic activity and examined by electron microscopy. The anionized HUP and HUP (pl 4.85) marked the plasmalemma proper, the coated pits, and the membrane and diaphragms of plasmalemmal vesicles and transendothelial channels. The cationized HUP containing predominantly tertiary amino groups (pl 9.0) decorated all cell surface components with the exception of plasmalemmal vesicles and channels; the latter were, however, labeled by the cationized HUP containing only primary groups (pl 10.6), which suggests that these structures contain on their luminal surface very weak acidic residues of high pKa values. The fact that the membrane of plasmalemmal vesicles can discriminate against permeant cationic macromolecules only up to a pl of approximately 9.0 indicates that in the electrostatic restriction there is a charge limit. In the case of fenestrated capillary endothelium, the upper charge limit seems to be a pl of approximately 9.0. In these vessels, the charge discrimination is effective for molecules as small as 2 nm.
Vitamin A supplementation and child mortality. A meta-analysis. (1993)

Vitamin A supplements are associated with a significant reduction in mortality when given periodically to children at the community level. Factors that affect the bioavailability of large doses of Vitamin A need to be studied further. Vitamin A supplements should be given to all measles patients in developing countries whether or not they have symptoms of vitamin A deficiency.
Genetic algorithms for energy efficient virtualized data centers (2012)

Avast majority of servers in classical data centers of all scales are underutilized for a significant amount of time. These servers operate at a very low rate of efficiency and consume huge amounts of energy. In this work, we investigate how dynamic consolidation and workload forecasting can be exploited to increase the energy efficiency of a virtualized, heterogeneous server infrastructure. We base our evaluation on real utilization traces of a production system operated by the University of Vienna's central IT department. The traces contain the CPU utilization of more than 30 VMs over a period of four weeks. These VMs offer all kinds of services to students, staff and other visitors. We use these traces to investigate a business infrastructure scenario, where energy costs are just one of several parts of operational costs. We present a novel cost model using configurable penalties for the most important operational cost categories. We compare the total costs of a bin-packing related heuristic and a new genetic VM mapping algorithm used for dynamic consolidation (GA) and load balancing (LB). We tradeoff forecasting against resource reserves in combination with shorter measurement intervals. We demonstrate the flexibility of a genetic algorithm. The GA and LB approaches are directly influenced by penalizing cost parameters. Our cost model allows easy adaption by infrastructure operators to implement custom priorities and optimization goals.
The applications of hydrophobic interaction chromatography to the purification of plant proteins (1991)

Abstract Protein separation by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) depends on the differences in surface hydrophobicity of the constituent proteins and is hence complementary to chromatographic techniques based on the charge or the size of the macromolecule. This review summarises some of the recent developments in HIC supports and discusses the parameters that must be considered in designing an efficient chromatographic system. The application of HIC to the purification of enzymes of secondary compound biosynthesis that cannot be obtained in pure form by size‐exclusion and ion‐exchange techniques alone is exemplified by reference to recent studies on tryptophan decarboxylase, strictosidine synthase and geraniol‐10‐hydroxylase.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of a Novel Glycopeptide Using a Microbial Endoglycosidase. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Interactions of Inorganic Phosphate and Sulfate Anions with Collagen (2004)

We use direct infrared measurements to determine the number of binding sites, their dissociation constants, and preferential interaction parameters for inorganic phosphate and sulfate anions in collagen fibrils from rat tail tendons. In contrast to previous reports of up to 150 bound phosphates per collagen molecule, we find only 1-2 binding sites for sulfate and divalent phosphate under physiological conditions and approximately 10 binding sites at low ionic strength. The corresponding dissociation constants depend on NaCl concentration and pH and vary from approximately 50 microM to approximately 1-5 mM in the physiological range of pH. In fibrils, bound anions appear to form salt bridges between positively charged amino acid residues within regions of high excess positive charge. In solution, we found no evidence of appreciable sulfate or phosphate binding to isolated collagen molecules. Although sulfate and divalent phosphate bind to fibrillar collagen at physiological concentrations, our X-ray diffraction and in vitro fibrillogenesis experiments suggest that this binding plays little role in the formation, stability and structure of fibrils. In particular, we demonstrate that the previously reported increase in the critical fibrillogenesis concentration of collagen is caused by preferential exclusion of "free" (not bound to specific sites) sulfate and divalent phosphate from interstitial water in fibrils rather than by anion binding. Contrary to divalent phosphate, monovalent phosphate does not bind to collagen. It is preferentially excluded from interstitial water in fibrils, but it has no apparent effect on critical fibrillogenesis concentration at physiological NaCl and pH.
Autonomous Control of Oxygenation (2008)

Johannigman, Jay A. MD, USAFR, MC; Muskat, Peter MD, USAF, MC; Barnes, Stephen MD, USAF, MC; Davis, Kenneth Jr MD; Beck, George BS, RRT; Branson, Richard D. MSc, RRT Author Information
Hepatic Uptake of Bile Acids in Man (1982)

This investigation was undertaken in order to (a) characterize the postprandial inflow of individual bile acids to the liver and (b) determine if peripheral venous bile acid levels always adequately reflect the portal venous concentration, or if saturation of hepatic bile acid uptake can occur under physiological conditions. In five patients with uncomplicated cholesterol gallstone disease, the umbilical cord was cannulated during cholecystectomy, and a catheter was left in the left portal branch for 5 to 7 d. The serum concentrations of cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid in portal venous and systemic circulation were then determined at intervals of 15 to 30 min before and after a standardized meal. A highly accurate and specific gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric technique was used. The sum of the fasting concentrations of the three bile acids averaged 14.04+/-4.13 mumol/liter in portal venous serum, and 2.44+/-0.31 mumol/liter in peripheral venous serum. The estimated hepatic fractional uptake of cholic acid was approximately 90%, and those of chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid were 70-80%. This resulted in an enrichment of systemic bile acids in the dihydroxy bile acid species. In response to a standardized meal, portal venous bile acid concentrations increased two- to sixfold, with a peak seen 15-60 min after the meal. The maximum postprandial portal venous bile acid concentration averaged 43.04+/-6.12 mumol/liter, and the corresponding concentration in peripheral serum was 5.22+/-0.74 mumol/liter. The estimated fractional uptakes of the individual bile acids were not affected by the increased inflow to the liver. The peripheral venous concentrations of individual as well as total bile acids were well correlated with those in portal venous serum. The results (a) give a quantitation of postprandial bile acid inflow to the liver and (b) indicate that the hepatic uptake system for bile acids in healthy man cannot be saturated during maximal inflow of endogenous bile acids. Measurement of peripheral serum bile acids can thus give important information on the status of the enterohepatic circulation.