gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diazoxide triggers cardioprotection against apoptosis induced by oxidative stress (2003)

Although mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoK(ATP)) channels have been reported to reduce the extent of apoptosis, the critical timing of mitoK(ATP) channel opening required to protect myocytes against apoptosis remains unclear. In the present study, we examined whether the mitoK(ATP) channel serves as a trigger of cardioprotection against apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Apoptosis of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes was determined by flow cytometry (light scatter and propidium iodide/annexin V-FITC fluorescence) and by nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342. Mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi) was measured by flow cytometry of cells stained with rhodamine-123 (Rh-123). Exposure to H(2)O(2) (500 microM) induced apoptosis, and the percentage of apoptotic cells increased progressively and peaked at 2 h. This H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis was associated with the loss of DeltaPsi, and the time course of decrease in Rh-123 fluorescence paralleled that of apoptosis. Pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with diazoxide (100 microM), a putative mitoK(ATP) channel opener, for 30 min before exposure to H(2)O(2) elicited transient and mild depolarization of DeltaPsi and consequently suppressed both apoptosis and DeltaPsi loss after 2-h exposure to H(2)O(2). These protective effects of diazoxide were abrogated by the mitoK(ATP) channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (500 microM) but not by the sarcolemmal K(ATP) channel blocker HMR-1098 (30 microM). Our results suggest for the first time that diazoxide-induced opening of mitoK(ATP) channels triggers cardioprotection against apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in rat cardiomyocytes.
Safeguard against DNA sensing: the role of TREX1 in HIV-1 infection and autoimmune diseases (2014)

Innate immune recognition is crucial for host responses against viral infections, including infection by human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). Human cells detect such invading pathogens with a collection of pattern recognition receptors that activate the production of antiviral proteins, such as the cytokine interferon-type I, to initiate antiviral responses immediately as well as the adaptive immune response for long-term protection. To establish infection in the host, many viruses have thus evolved strategies for subversion of these mechanisms of innate immunity. For example, acute infection by HIV-1 and other retroviruses have long been thought to be non-immunogenic, signifying suppression of host defenses by these pathogens. Studies in the past few years have begun to uncover a multifaceted scheme of how HIV-1 evades innate immune detection, especially of its DNA, by exploiting host proteins. This review will discuss the host mechanisms of HIV-1 DNA sensing and viral immune evasion, with a particular focus on TREX1, three prime repair exonuclease 1, a host 3' exonuclease (also known as DNase III).
Comparative study on the antimicrobial activities of different sandalwood essential oils of various origin (2006)

Abstract In total, eight samples of different sandalwoods [ Amyris balsamifera L., Santalum album L. and Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC.] and a mixture of α ‐ and β ‐santalols, as well as eugenol as reference compound, were tested by an agar dilution and agar diffusion method for their antimicrobial activities against the yeast Candida albicans , the Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae . The main compounds of each essential oil were investigated by gas chromatographic–spectroscopic (GC‐FID and GC–MS) and –olfactory methods to obtain information about the inßuence of these volatiles on the observed antimicrobial effects. For the santalol mixture, as well as for one S. album and one S. spicatum sample with moderate concentrations of santalols, antimicrobial activity was found against all the strains used. The A. balsamifera sample, containing only a small quantity of α ‐santalol and nearly no β ‐santalol, showed high effects only against Klebsiella pneumoniae , while against the other strains weak or no activity was observed. Therefore, santalols in medium and/or high concentrations in sandalwood oils show a significant inßuence on antimicrobial potential in such natural products. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing Efficient Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Sensing Platforms: Optimization of Sensor Response by Controlling the Edge Length of Gold Nanoprisms (2012)

Over the past few years, the unique localized surface plasmon resonance properties of plasmonic nanostructures have been used to design label-free biosensors. In this article, we demonstrate that it is the difference in edge length of gold nanoprisms that significantly influences their bulk refractive index sensitivity and local sensing efficiency. Nanoprisms with edge lengths in the range of 28–51 nm were synthesized by the chemical-reduction method and sensing platforms were fabricated by chemisorption of these nanoprisms onto silanized glass substrates. The plasmonic nanosensors fabricated from 28 nm edge length nanoprisms exhibited the largest sensitivity to change in bulk refractive index with a value of 647 nm/RIU. The refractive index sensitivity decreased with increasing edge length, with nanoprisms of 51 nm edge length, displaying a sensitivity of 384 nm/RIU. In contrast, we found that the biosensing efficiency of sensing platforms modified with biotin increased with increasing edge length, with sensing platforms fabricated from 51 nm edge length nanoprisms displaying the highest local sensing efficiency. The lowest concentration of streptavidin that could be measured reliably with this edge length nanoprism was 1.0 pM and the limit of detection was 0.5 pM, which is much lower than found with gold bipyramids, nanostars, and nanorods. In addition, the electromagnetic-field decay length of the sensing platforms was substantially influenced by the edge-length of the nanoprisms.
Protein stability at high temperatures. (1995)

The enzymology of hyperthermophilic micro-organisms is a growing field. As increasing numbers of novel high-temperature organisms are isolated and made available through culture collections, and, as biomass becomes more readily available, more laboratories will undoubtedly expand their research interests into this area. The prospect of totally novel enzyme systems and of new approaches to the investigation of fundamental molecular properties will continue to stimulate interest in this field. Studies of thermostable enzymes have already provided valuable data on the relationships between protein stability and activity. The subtle molecular mechanisms which have evolved to stabilize these proteins provide the clues needed for the intelligent design of stabilized mesophilic enzymes, an important target where a combination of high activity at 'low' temperatures and resistance to denaturation is required. The current role of hyperthermophilic enzymes in biotechnology is relatively minor, despite these enzymes having a high 'profile'. While early over-enthusiastic predictions that these enzymes would revolutionize biotechnology should be disregarded, it can reasonably be assumed that, where functional and economic criteria are suitable, thermophilic enzymes will be readily incorporated into current and future biotechnology.
Reaktionen an Heterocyclen mit 2‐Acyl‐2‐propenon‐Teilstruktur, 5. Mitt. 2,5‐Dioxo‐2H,5H‐[1]benzopyrano[4,3‐b]pyridine durch Cyclisierung 3‐substituierter 4‐Aminocumarine (1987)

Abstract Die Synthese fluoreszierender 2H,5H‐[1]Benzopyrano[4,3‐b]pyridin‐2,5‐dione 9 über eine Wittig‐Reaktion der 4‐Chlor‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐carboxaldehyde 1 mit dem Phosphoran 2 wird beschrieben. Die Aminolyse der Acrylsäureester 3 führt zu den 4‐Aminocumarinen 8 , die thermisch cyclisiert werden.
Laser irradiation of nickel single crystals (1980)

The effect of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser beam irradiation on virgin and ion-implanted Ni 〈110〉 single crystals has been studied. Rutherford backscattering and channeling have been used to establish crystal quality and to determine depth distributions and lattice locations of the implanted species (Au, Ag, and Ta) before and after laser treatment. Chanelling and Nomarski optical microscopy show that the Ni surface melts during the irradiation, followed by an epitaxial lattice regrowth resulting in (i) a formation of defects even in samples, (ii) a redistribution of the implanted atoms, and (iii) implanted atoms residing on substitutional lattice sites to form metastable solid solutions.
The effect of progressive hypoxia on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of the pigeon and duck (1970)

1. During the initial stages of progressive hypoxia in ducks and pigeons (P(a, O2) 100 --> 60 mm Hg) there were no significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure or oxygen uptake, but respiratory frequency increased.2. As hypoxia became more profound (P(a, O2) 60 --> 30 mm Hg), there was a significant tachycardia, and blood pressure fell slightly in both animals. Respiratory frequency continued to increase in both species, and ducks were able to maintain their oxygen uptake at control levels at a lower P(a, O2) than pigeons.3. The response to progressive hypoxia of pigeons and ducks was compared with that of the domestic fowl. The former two birds could maintain control of their cardiovascular system at a lower environmental oxygen concentration than the latter. Arterial P(O2) followed a similar course in all three birds in relation to environmental oxygen content. Pigeons and ducks were therefore able to endure a lower arterial P(O2) than chickens.
Structural health monitoring algorithm comparisons using standard data sets (2009)

The real-world structures are subjected to operational and environmental condition changes that impose difficulties in detecting and identifying structural damage. The aim of this report is to detect damage with the presence of such operational and environmental condition changes through the application of the Los Alamos National Laboratory’s statistical pattern recognition paradigm for structural health monitoring (SHM). The test structure is a laboratory three-story building, and the damage is simulated through nonlinear effects introduced by a bumper mechanism that simulates a repetitive impact-type nonlinearity. The report reviews and illustrates various statistical principles that have had wide application in many engineering fields. The intent is to provide the reader with an introduction to feature extraction and statistical modelling for feature classification in the context of SHM. In this process, the strengths and limitations of some actual statistical techniques used to detect damage in the structures are discussed. In the hierarchical structure of damage detection, this report is only concerned with the first step of the damage detection strategy, which is the evaluation of the existence of damage in the structure. The data from this study and a detailed description of the test structure are available for download at: http://institute.lanl.gov/ei/software-and-data/.
Focused word segmentation for ASR (2005)

We propose a new set of features based on the temporal statistics of the spectral entropy of speech. We show why these features make good inputs for a speech detector. Moreover, we propose a back-end that uses the evidence from the above features in a ‘focused’ manner. Subsequently, by means of recognition experiments we show that using the above back-end leads to significant performance improvements, but merely appending the features to the standard feature vector does not improve performance. We also report a 10% average improvement in word error rate over our baseline for the highly mis-matched case in the Aurora3.0 corpus.
Heparin/Poly(l-lysine) Nanoparticle-Coated Polymeric Microspheres for Stem-Cell Therapy (2007)

Three-dimensional microspheres have been used extensively in several biomaterials fields, in applications such as tissue-regeneration scaffolds and drug delivery systems. To apply these biomaterials as novel cell therapeutic agents, we have devised a novel method for the fabrication of nanostructured 3D scaffolds consisting of heparin/poly(l-lysine) nanoparticles on the surface of polymeric microspheres, attached via a layer-by-layer (LbL) system. The initial step of this strategy involves the creation of heparin/poly(l-lysine) nanoparticles, which were simply produced as polyion complex micelles (PICM) with diameters of 200−500 nm. In the second step, the heparin/poly(l-lysine) nanoparticles were coated onto positively charged poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) pretreated with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The production of the heparin/poly(l-lysine) nanoparticles and their subsequent coating onto PLGA microspheres represents a novel method for the functionalization of the polymeric matrix, which requires the cellular active surfaces of nanoscaled heparinized surfaces as 3D scaffolds, thus creating a better microenvironment of cell adhesion and growth for use in cell therapy applications.
Failure of bone induction by bone matrix in adult monkeys (1988)

Extraskeletal bone formation can be induced in rodents by implantation of demineralised bone matrix and such implantation has been used to treat bone defects in man, but it is uncertain if induction or merely conduction occurs. We studied bone induction in primates by excising segments of the fibulae of adult squirrel monkeys, defatting and demineralising them before reimplanting them into the quadriceps of the same animal. As a control experiment, rat matrix was prepared in exactly the same way and implanted in rats. After six weeks the implants were harvested and either ashed and analysed for calcium content or prepared for histology. In the rats, the calcium content indicated that about 20% of the original matrix had been replaced by new bone. In the monkeys the calcium content was about the same as that in normal body fluid and no bone was seen in histological sections. This result casts doubt on the use of demineralised human bone matrix as a bone inductor, although it may function by other mechanisms.
Preparation and Morphology Studies of Nano Zinc Oxide Obtained Using Native and Modified Chitosans (2013)

Nano zinc oxide (ZnO) with moderate surface area and high pore volume were prepared using a facile preparation method. Chitosan was utilized as both chelating and structure directing agent. The application of chitosans in this study suggested that even biowastes can be served in a productive manner economically. The surface modification of chitosan was carried out in order to increase the interaction between chitosan and zinc ions. The effect of sodium chloroacetate and isopropyl alcohol on the surface modification process was also explored. FT-IR (Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer) and TGA (Thermogravimetric analyses) analyses revealed that modified chitosans are more stable than those of unmodified chitosan. Among surface modified chitosans, CMC1 (1.5 M sodium chloroacetate and 75% isopropyl alcohol) showed enhanced surface properties. Freundlich adsorption isotherms as preliminary studies confirmed that modified chitosan showed enhanced interaction with zinc ions. The interaction of zinc salt with chitosans produced a zinc-chitosan polymer. This finally cleaved upon calcination to produce nano ZnO. The effects of different calcination temperatures indicated that 450 °C is the optimum calcination temperature to produce the nano ZnO with favored surface area (15.45 m²/g) and pore size (221.40 nm). SEM (Scanning electron microscope) and TEM (Transmission electron microscope) of ZnO indicated that uniform particle and shape distributions were obtained at low calcination temperature (450 °C).
Donor lymphocyte apheresis for adoptive immunotherapy compared with blood stem cell apheresis (2001)

Donor lymphocyte transfusion has gained considerable interest as adoptive cellular immunotherapy for prevention or treatment of relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. This study was designed to compare the yield of CD3(+), CD3(+)4(+), CD3(+)8(+), CD19(+), CD3(-)56(+)16(+), and CD34(+) cells contained in apheresis products from 61 consecutive non-cytokine treated, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donors for lymphocyte collection with the corresponding apheresis-derived cell yield from 112 consecutive, HLA-matched donors for blood stem cell collection who received recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF, filgrastim) 6 microg/kg every 12 hours until cell collection was completed. Apheresis was started on day 4 or 5 of rhG-CSF treatment. The yield of lymphoid subsets was significantly different in the two sample groups, rhG-CSF treated product yields exceeding untreated product yields by a median of 2.1-fold (range: 1.3-2.6). However, the CD34(+) cell yield in rhG-CSF-treated apheresis products exceeded untreated products by 26-fold. A single untreated apheresis procedure was usually sufficient to collect a target dose of 1 x 10(8)/kg CD3(+) cells. Untreated apheresis products contained a median of 0.2 x 10(6)/kg CD34(+) cells. A potential engraftment dose of > or =0.5 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells per kg of recipient body weight was contained in 16% of 57 untreated apheresis products. One single apheresis performed in a normal, untreated donor provides a sufficient amount of CD3(+) cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Compared with that of an rhG-CSF stimulated apheresis product, the CD34(+) cell count is usually, but not always, below the engraftment dose range. RhG-CSF treatment has little effect on the yield of lymphoid subsets collected by apheresis but is highly selective of the release of CD34(+) cells. This report provides baseline data for studies that will show whether other cytokines such as granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and/or Flt-3 Ligand can immunomodulate allotransfusates in vivo to improve the graft-vs.-leukemia (GVL) effect after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, while lowering the incidence and severity of graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD).
<i>Enterococcus faecium</i> NCIMB 10415 Modulates Epithelial Integrity, Heat Shock Protein, and Proinflammatory Cytokine Response in Intestinal Cells (2015)

Probiotics have shown positive effects on gastrointestinal diseases; they have barrier-modulating effects and change the inflammatory response towards pathogens in studies in vitro. The aim of this investigation has been to examine the response of intestinal epithelial cells to Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 (E. faecium), a probiotic positively affecting diarrhea incidence in piglets, and two pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains, with specific focus on the probiotic modulation of the response to the pathogenic challenge. Porcine (IPEC-J2) and human (Caco-2) intestinal cells were incubated without bacteria (control), with E. faecium, with enteropathogenic (EPEC) or enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) each alone or in combination with E. faecium. The ETEC strain decreased transepithelial resistance (TER) and increased IL-8 mRNA and protein expression in both cell lines compared with control cells, an effect that could be prevented by pre- and coincubation with E. faecium. Similar effects were observed for the increased expression of heat shock protein 70 in Caco-2 cells. When the cells were challenged by the EPEC strain, no such pattern of changes could be observed. The reduced decrease in TER and the reduction of the proinflammatory and stress response of enterocytes following pathogenic challenge indicate the protective effect of the probiotic.
Synthesis of<i>S</i>-Formycinyl-L-homocysteine and Its 3′-Deoxy Derivative (1987)

3′-Deoxyformycin was prepared by transformation of the formycin A with 2-acetoxyisobutyryl bromide. Both formycin A and its 3′-deoxy analogue were converted into their 5′-chloro-5′-deoxy derivatives with thionyl chloride. Finally 5′-chloro-5′-deoxy formycin A and 5′-chloro-3′,5′ dideoxyformycin A were condensed with L-homocysteine sodium salt to give S-formycinyl-L-homocysteine and S-3′-deoxyformycinyl-L-homocysteine in good yields.
Interleukin-6-associated anemia: determination of the underlying mechanism (1995)

Recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) is a pluripotent cytokine with proinflammatory, antitumor, and growth factor effects. Clinical investigations of rhIL-6 either alone as immunotherapy or as a colony-stimulating factor in conjunction with chemotherapy have shown a dose-dependent, rapid onset, and largely reversible decrease in venous hematocrit levels. In an effort to determine the mechanism for the rhIL-6-associated anemia, we measured red blood cell volume serially in patients receiving rhIL-6 at either 30 micrograms/kg/day as a 120-hour continuous intravenous infusion (renal cell carcinoma) or 100 micrograms/kg/d intravenously over 1 hour for 5 days (melanoma) as part of two separate phase II trials. Radioisotope dilution assays with 51Cr-labeled autologous red blood cells and hemolysis screens were performed on day 1 before the initiation of therapy and on day 5 shortly before the end of therapy. In the 6 patients studied, the mean decrease in hemoglobin concentration was 1.9 +/- 0.94 g/dL. The mean decrease in the hematocrit level was 6% +/- 2% and the mean increase in total blood volume was 731 +/- 337 mL. These changes were explained by a mean decrease in red blood mass of 106 +/- 109 mL and a mean increase in plasma volume of 743 +/- 289 mL. The decrease in red blood cell mass was largely explained by phlebotomy during the hospitalization, but was not statistically significant (paired t-test, P = .06). All other changes were statistically significant (P < .05). Simple regression analysis indicated that the decrease in hematocrit level and increase in plasma volume were related (y = -1.78 - .0066X; R = -.74). Measurements of lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, haptoglobin, and reticulocyte counts and serial stool hemoccults did not indicate hemolysis or blood loss. We conclude that the anemia caused by IL-6 is caused by an increase in plasma volume.
Degranulation and Histamine Release from Murine Mast Cells Sensitized with Dengue Virus‐Immune Sera (1986)

Mice were immunized with dengue type 2 virus (DEN 2) under a schedule favoring the production of IgE antibody. The antibody obtained could sensitize peritoneal resident mast cells both in vitro and in vivo so that the sensitized cells were degranulated and released histamine on challenge with the DEN 2 antigen. It was also demonstrated that the antibody was cytophilic and heat-labile. The above observations suggest that the present experimental system can be used to detect anti-DEN 2 IgE antibody in mice.
Frequency-domain implementation of the transmitted-reference ultra-wideband receiver (2006)

This paper presents a mixed-signal frequency-domain implementation of the autocorrelation receiver used in the detection of ultra-wideband communication signals that are modulated with transmitted-reference signaling. The digital receiver architecture is based on samples provided by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in the frequency domain. Among the advantages of the new receiver are the relaxation of the conversion speed achieved by the inherent parallel architecture of the frequency-domain ADC and the flexibility and simplicity of an all-digital receiver architecture that follows the mixed-signal ADC radio front-end. The paper provides the symbol detection formulas and the corresponding system implementation and makes comparisons with the conventional time-domain implementations. Additionally, a time synchronization technique for the new receiver structure is proposed, which makes the receiver insensitive to any time offset at the pulse level. Furthermore, as a particular case of great practical interest, we consider a single bit for the ADC implementation, and we show with experimental results that the resultant frequency-domain mono-bit digital receiver provides a performance gain that increases with the number of frequency samples, when compared with its time-domain counterpart.