gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis of<i>Q</i>-Matrix Based Diagnostic Classification Models (2014)

Diagnostic classification models have recently gained prominence in educational assessment, psychiatric evaluation, and many other disciplines. Central to the model specification is the so-called <i>Q</i>-matrix that provides a qualitative specification of the item-attribute relationship. In this paper, we develop theories on the identifiability for the <i>Q</i>-matrix under the DINA and the DINO models. We further propose an estimation procedure for the <i>Q</i>-matrix through the regularized maximum likelihood. The applicability of this procedure is not limited to the DINA or the DINO model and it can be applied to essentially all <i>Q</i>-matrix based diagnostic classification models. Simulation studies are conducted to illustrate its performance. Furthermore, two case studies are presented. The first case is a data set on fraction subtraction (educational application) and the second case is a subsample of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions concerning the social anxiety disorder (psychiatric application).
Absorption of Light by Colloids in Alkali Halide Crystals (1958)

The thermal transformation of $F$ centers into colloid has been observed in NaCl. The transformation occurs with constant integrated absorption cross section. The shape of the band depends upon the temperature at which the colloid is formed. A theory of the colloid band based upon the free electron model of the alkali metal and Mie's theory of the absorption of light by conducting spheres is presented. The theory makes assertions concerning the integrated absorption, maximum absorption, band width, and band position which are compared with experiment.
Protective effect of Homer 1a against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells (2012)

Oxidative stress-induced cell damage is involved in many neurological diseases. Homer protein, as an important scaffold protein at postsynaptic density, regulates synaptic structure and function. Here, we reported that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induced the expression of Homer 1a. Down-regulation of Homer 1a with a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) exacerbated H(2)O(2)-induced cell injury. Up-regulation of Homer 1a by lentivirus transfection did not affect the anti-oxidant activity, but significantly reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation after H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. Overexpression of Homer 1a attenuated the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP production induced by H(2)O(2), and subsequently inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction-induced cytochrome c release, increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-9/caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, in the presence of BAPTA-AM, an intracellular free-calcium (Ca(2+)) chelator, overexpression of Homer 1a had no significant effects on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. These results suggest that Homer 1a has protective effects against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress by reducing ROS accumulation and activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and these protective effects are dependent on the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis.
Structure of glycolic acid determined by microwave spectroscopy (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of glycolic acid determined by microwave spectroscopyC. E. Blom and A. BauderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 11, 2993–2996Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00375a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00375a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views200Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Ionic Liquid-Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Application in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (2020)

Depleting fossil fuels has put pressing need for the search of alternative energy resources. Solar and wind energy resources are being considered one of the viable solutions. However, these intermittent sources require efficient energy storage systems in terms of rechargeable Li batteries. In Li batteries, electrolyte is one of the most important components to determine the performance, as it conducts the ions between the electrodes. In battery, mostly liquid electrolyte is used as it shows high ionic conductivity and electrode/electrolyte contact which help to reduce the internal resistance. But these are not electrochemically very stable and raised some major problems such as reactivity with electrode, dissolution of electrode ions, leakage, volatility, fast Li dendrite growth, etc. Therefore, in order to improve its electrochemical performance, selection of electrolyte is an important issue. In the present study, ionic liquid (IL)-based polymer electrolyte is used over liquid electrolyte in which IL acts as a plasticizer and improves ionic conductivity and amorphicity. These electrolytes have high thermal and electrochemical stability, therefore, can be used in high voltage Li battery. Also, their mechanical stability helps to suppress Li dendrites growth. Therefore, polymer electrolytes can open a new way in the progression of battery application.
Cryogenic measurements of 183 GHz MMIC low noise amplifiers (2003)

We report the packaging and first measurement of Indium Phosphide (InP) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) low noise amplifiers (LNAs) operating at cryogenic temperatures above 140 GHz. The amplifiers were measured from 160 to 188 GHz at 20 K and tested for noise temperature and gain, with noise temperatures of 160 K. The packaging method and test setup are described, as well as detailed results at room and cryogenic temperatures.
Use of antisperm antibodies in differential display Western blotting to identify sperm proteins important in fertility (2002)

Sera from all men contained ASA, but clearly some of these did not cause infertility. Characterization of the proteins that are antigens for ASA from infertile but not fertile men may allow the development of more accurate tests for infertility-inducing ASA. The significance of immunoglobulin G coated on normal sperm remains to be determined.
Ferromagnetic Nanoparticle–Assisted Polysulfide Trapping for Enhanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries (2018)

Abstract The lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is a promising candidate for next‐generation high‐density energy storage devices because of its ultrahigh theoretical energy density and the natural abundance of sulfur. However, the practical performance of the sulfur cathode is plagued by fast capacity decay and poor cycle life, both of which can be attributed to the intrinsic dissolution/shuttling of lithium polysulfides. Here, a new built‐in magnetic field–enhanced polysulfide trapping mechanism is discovered by introducing ferromagnetic iron/iron carbide (Fe/Fe 3 C) nanoparticles with a graphene shell (Fe/Fe 3 C/graphene) onto a flexible activated cotton textile (ACT) fiber to prepare the ACT@Fe/Fe 3 C/graphene sulfur host. The novel trapping mechanism is demonstrated by significant differences in the diffusion behavior of polysulfides in a custom‐designed liquid cell compared to a pure ACT/S cathode. Furthermore, a cell assembled using the ACT@Fe/Fe 3 C/S cathode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of ≈764 mAh g −1 , excellent rate performance, and a remarkably long lifespan of 600 cycles using ACT@Fe/Fe 3 C/S (whereas only 100 cycles can be achieved using pure ACT/S). The new magnetic field–enhanced trapping mechanism provides not only novel insight but unveils new possibilities for mitigating the “shuttle effect” of polysulfides thereby promoting the practical applications of Li–S batteries.
Optimization of a whole‐cell cadmium sensor with a toggle gene circuit (2009)

This work demonstrates improvement of a whole-cell cadmium detection sensor through construction of a gene circuit. A cadmium (II) specific regulatory promoter, P(cadR,) from Psuedomonas putida 06909, is used in the assembly of a toggle circuit. The circuit contains the cadR promoter fused to lacIq and gfp, and a divergently transcribed tac promoter and cadR. The toggle sensor exhibits lower background fluorescence, and a 20-fold lower detection limit in comparison to a nontoggle gene circuit. The detection limit of the toggle sensor is 0.01 microM (1.12 ppb) cadmium chloride, and tunable with the addition of isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The toggle sensor is highly specific to cadmium (II), and no response is elicited from zinc, lead, manganese, nickel, copper, and mercury.
The divergent promoters mediating transcription of the <i>par</i> locus of plasmid RP4 are subject to autoregulation (1992)

The partitioning region of broad-host-range plasmid RP4 contains four genes (parA, parB, parC, and parD) that encode products essential for partition activity. Two divergently arranged promoters located in the intercistronic region between parC and parD mediate transcription of these genes. The transcriptional initiation sites for both promoters were determined by primer extension. Transcriptional fusions were used to show that parA, parB, and parC are combined in an operon, while parD constitutes a separate transcription unit. Both parCBA (genes in order of transcription) and parD are negatively autoregulated at the level of transcription by the gene products of parA and parD, respectively. parD promoter mutants which have become insensitive to repression by parD were isolated. Comparison of wild type and the mutant parD promoter sequences indicated that three short repeats are likely involved in the negative regulation of this promoter. Potentially these sequence elements comprise target sites for the ParD protein.
The Catalytic Mechanism of Carbonic Anhydrase (1973)

It is shown that an "inverse" relationship between the pH dependencies of the rates of hydration of CO(2) and dehydration of HCO(3) (-) by carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) is a direct consequence of the thermodynamic equilibrium between CO(2) and HCO(3) (-) and independent of any assumptions about the catalytic mechanism. It is further shown that proposed mechanisms for carbonic anhydrase involving HCO(3) (-) as the substrate in the dehydration reaction and a proton transfer reaction, EH(+) right harpoon over left harpoon E + H(+), as an obligatory step during catalysis obey the rule of microscopic reversibility. This includes mechanisms in which the proton dissociation is from a zinc-coordinated water molecule. Such mechanisms can be in accord with the observed rapid turnover rates of the enzyme, since rapid proton exchange can occur with the buffer components, EH(+) + B right harpoon over left harpoon E + BH(+). Mechanisms in which H(2)CO(3) is the substrate in dehydration avoid the proton-transfer step, but require that H(2)CO(3) combines with enzyme more rapidly than in a diffusion-controlled reaction. Physico-chemical evidence for and against a zinc-hydroxide mechanism is discussed.
Self-Assembly of Gold Nanorods into Symmetric Superlattices Directed by OH-Terminated Hexa(ethylene glycol) Alkanethiol (2011)

The self-assembly of anisotropic gold nanorods (GNRs) into ordered phases remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrated the fabrication of symmetric circular- or semicircular-like self-assembled superlattices composed of multilayers of standing GNRs by fine-tuning the repulsive interactions among GNRs. The repulsive force is tailored from electrostatic interaction to steric force by replacing the surface coating of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (ζ potential of 20–50 mV) with an OH-terminated hexa(ethylene glycol) alkanethiol (here termed as EG6OH, ζ potential of −10 mV). The assembly mechanism is discussed via theoretical analyses of the major interactions, and an effective balance between the repulsive steric and attractive depletion interactions is the main driving force for the self-assembly. The real-time observations of solution assembly (UV–vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy) supports the mechanism that we suggested. The superlattices obtained here not only enrich the categories of the self-assembled structures but more importantly deepen the insight of the self-assembly process and pave the way for various potential applications.
Dynamic Data-Dependent Reference to Improve Sense Margin and Speed of Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (2016)

Magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) suffers from low magnetoresistance ratio and serious variations in both low-resistance state (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</sub> ) and high-resistance state (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</sub> ). The resulting narrow resistance window between R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</sub> makes it difficult to acquire a sufficient sense margin for accurate read operation. In this brief, a novel read circuit for MRAM is proposed with dynamic data-dependent reference current to improve the sense margin. Instead of using the average of read currents of a pair of dummy R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</sub> cells as reference, our reference current is generated in a data-dependent manner by subtracting the read current of the selected cell from the sum of read currents of a pair of dummy R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</sub> cells. Thus, a larger or smaller reference current can be obtained for the read of R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</sub> or R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</sub> cell, respectively, helping in expanding the sense margins. The larger sense margin can further improve the sense speed and the read yield. Evaluation shows that 2× increase in typical sense margin, 60% reduction in sense time, and remarkable reduction in bit error rate are achieved compared with the conventional averaging reference scheme. The accompanying cost in power consumption is acceptable.
Specific Photoaffinity Labeling of Tyr-49 on the Light Chain in the Steroid-Combining Site of a Mouse Monoclonal Anti-Estradiol Antibody Using Two Epimeric 6α- and 6β-(5-Azido-2-nitrobenzoyl)amidoestradiol Photoreagents<sup>,</sup> (1997)

A mouse monoclonal anti-7-(O-carboxymethyl)oximinoestradiol antibody was photoaffinity labeled with two cross-reactive 6alpha- and 6beta-(5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyl)amido[17alpha-3H]estradiol photoreagents (6alpha- and 6beta-ANBA-[17alpha-3H]estradiol). Covalently bound radioactivity was found exclusively on the light chain. The maximal level of specific incorporation was 0.18 mol of label per mole of antibody for both photoreagents. In both cases, tryptic digestion of the photolabeled light chain, immunopurification with the immobilized antibody, reverse-phase liquid chromatography, and Edman degradation showed the presence of radioactive peptide GLM-([3H]X)-HGNTLEDGIPSR derived from peptide 46-61 of the light chain sequence (determined from cDNA) in which the unidentified amino acid corresponding to X is a Tyr residue. Two other radioactive peptides were also isolated, one corresponding probably to the methionine sulfoxide derivative of the peptide 46-61 photolabeled with the 6beta-reagent and the other to the N-terminal tetrapeptide 46-49 of the peptide 46-61 photolabeled with the 6alpha-reagent. In all cases, the main peak of radioactivity was released at the fourth Edman cycle, thus suggesting that the same Tyr-49 residue on the light chain was photolabeled. This residue is contiguous to the N-terminal amino acid of the second hypervariable complementary determining region 50-56 of light chain. Covalent labeling was confirmed by mass spectrometry of photolabeled peptides which showed molecular ion values corresponding to the addition of the photoactive 6alpha- or 6beta-ANBA-estradiol nitrene derivatives to the peptide.
Preparation of europium-quantum dots and europium-fluorescein composite nanoparticles available for ratiometric luminescent detection of metal ions (2010)

The silica-encapsulated luminescent lanthanide nanoparticles have been developed for the selective tagging of a wide range of important targets in recent years, however, they are mainly limited to europium and terbium compounds. In this work, two types of europium-containing dual-luminophore silica nanoparticles, silica-encapsulated CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs)-BHHCT-Eu(3+) complex nanoparticles and BHHCT-Eu(3+) surface-bound silica-encapsulated fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) nanoparticles (BHHCT: 4, 4'-bis(1'', 1'', 1'', 2'', 2'', 3'', 3''-heptafluoro-4'', 6''-hexanedion-6''-yl)chlorosulfo-o-terphenyl), were successfully prepared using a water-in-oil (W/O) reverse microemulsion method. The results of transmission electron microscopy and luminescence spectroscopy characterizations indicate that the two types of nanoparticles are all monodisperse, spherical and uniform in size (approximately 50 nm in diameter), and have well-resolved and stable dual luminescence emission properties. The CdTe QDs-BHHCT-Eu(3+) nanoparticles can be excited at 365 nm to give dual-emission peaks at 535 and 610 nm, and the FITC-BHHCT-Eu(3+) nanoparticles can be excited at 335 nm to give dual-emission peaks at 515 and 610 nm. The luminescence response investigations of the nanoparticles to different metal ions indicate that the new nanoparticles can be used as ratiometric luminescent sensing probes for the selective detection of Cu(2+) and Fe(2+) ions, respectively. The performance of the nanoparticle probe for metal ion detection was investigated.
Research Progress of New Coronavirus SARS CoV-2 Detection Technology (2020)

The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has a strong transmission ability and has been confirmed to be transmissible from person to person Asymptomatic carriers can also be a source of transmission Rapid and accurate diagnosis of the new coronavirus is particularly important to control the outbreak Based on the relevant research progress at home and abroad, this paper analyzes and combs the four major detection technologies of new coronaviruses such as fluorescent PCR, isothermal amplification, Cas enzyme technology and immunoassay, in order to provide references and ideas for the diagnosis, prevention and control of new coronaviruses and other epidemic viruses
Compositional Characterization of AES Blends by Size-Exclusion and Precipitation−Redissolution Liquid Chromatography (1997)

Chemical composition characterization of blends formed by styrene−acrylonitrile (SAN), ethylene−propylenediene (EPDM) and EPDM-g-SAN copolymer molecules has been performed with size-exclusion chromatography with DRI and UV detectors. With proper detector calibration reliable average composition results were obtained, whereas it has been found that the composition distributions calculated from the chromatogram fractions are affected by large experimental errors. The blend components were successfully separated with precipitation−redissolution liquid chromatography, and an evaporative light scattering detector was found suitable for eliminating baseline drifts in the chromatograms, due to the eluent gradients which had to be employed. The application of evaporative detectors for quantitative measurements, however, appears questionable.
The <i>VAR1</i> locus of <i>Arabidopsis</i> encodes a chloroplastic FtsH and is responsible for leaf variegation in the mutant alleles (2002)

VAR1 and VAR2 comprise an FtsH small gene family together with other FtsH genes in Arabidopsis. VAR1 as well as VAR2 may play an important role in degrading photodamaged subunits in photosystem II. Loss of VAR1 and VAR2 perhaps impairs the photoprotection mechanism and thylakoid development, causing leaf variegation as a consequence.
Rational material design for ultrafast rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (2015)

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are important electrochemical energy storage devices for consumer electronics and emerging electrical/hybrid vehicles. However, one of the formidable challenges is to develop ultrafast charging LIBs with the rate capability at least one order of magnitude (>10 C) higher than that of the currently commercialized LIBs. This tutorial review presents the state-of-the-art developments in ultrafast charging LIBs by the rational design of materials. First of all, fundamental electrochemistry and related ionic/electronic conduction theories identify that the rate capability of LIBs is kinetically limited by the sluggish solid-state diffusion process in electrode materials. Then, several aspects of the intrinsic materials, materials engineering and processing, and electrode materials architecture design towards maximizing both ionic and electronic conductivity in the electrode with a short diffusion length are deliberated. Finally, the future trends and perspectives for the ultrafast rechargeable LIBs are discussed. Continuous rapid progress in this area is essential and urgent to endow LIBs with ultrafast charging capability to meet huge demands in the near future.
A Practical Synthesis of 2-Carbonylbenzo[B]Thiophenes (1990)

Abstract 2-Mercaptobenzoic acid was reduced, alkylated on sulfur atom with various α-halocarbonyl derivatives and then oxidized to 2-thioalkoxybenzaldehydes which underwent intramolecular condensation to give 2-carbonylbenzo[b]thiophenes in good yields.
Human Health Risk Assessment (2004)

Fundamental risk assessment activities and how they are interrelated are first introduced, followed by a more detailed description of how non-cancer and cancer risk assessments are performed. The reader is then introduced to how NOAEL, Benchmark Dose, RfDs, and slope factors are derived during these assessments. Finally, the reader is introduced to physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modeling as a tool to improve these risk estimates.
Aufbautechniken für Halbleiter-Magnetfeldsensoren/ Designs of semiconducting magnetic field sensors (1989)

Article Aufbautechniken für Halbleiter-Magnetfeldsensoren/ Designs of semiconducting magnetic field sensors was published on December 1, 1989 in the journal tm - Technisches Messen (volume 56, issue JG).