gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TLR7/8 Triggering Exerts Opposing Effects in Acute versus Latent HIV Infection (2006)

TLRs trigger innate immunity by recognizing conserved motifs of microorganisms. Recently, ssRNAs from HIV and influenza virus were shown to trigger TLR7 and 8. Thus, we hypothesized that HIV ssRNA, by triggering TLR7/8, affects HIV pathogenesis. Indeed, HIV ssRNA rendered human lymphoid tissue of tonsillar origin or PBMC barely permissive to HIV replication. The synthetic compound R-848, which also triggers TLR7/8, showed similar anti-HIV activity. Loss of R-848's activity in lymphoid tissue depleted of B cells suggested a role for B cells in innate immunity. TLR7/8 triggering appears to exert antiviral effects through soluble factors: conditioned medium reduced HIV replication in indicator cells. Although a number of cytokines and chemokines were increased upon adding R-848 to lymphoid tissue, blocking those cytokines/chemokines (i.e., IFN-alpha receptor, IFN-gamma, MIP-1alpha, -1beta, RANTES, and stromal cell-derived factor-1) did not result in the reversal of R-848's anti-HIV activity. Thus, the nature of this soluble factor(s) remains unknown. Unlike lymphoid tissue acutely infected with HIV, triggering latently infected promonocytic cells induced the release of HIV virions. The anti-HIV effects of triggering TLR7/8 may inhibit rapid killing, while pro-HIV effects may guarantee a certain replication level. Compounds triggering TLR7/8 may be attractive drug candidates to purge latent HIV while preventing new infections.
Anuria, Omphalocele, and Perinatal Lethality in Mice Lacking the Cd34-Related Protein Podocalyxin (2001)

Podocalyxin is a CD34-related sialomucin that is expressed at high levels by podocytes, and also by mesothelial cells, vascular endothelia, platelets, and hematopoietic stem cells. To elucidate the function of podocalyxin, we generated podocalyxin-deficient (podxl(-/)-) mice by homologous recombination. Null mice exhibit profound defects in kidney development and die within 24 hours of birth with anuric renal failure. Although podocytes are present in the glomeruli of the podxl(-/)- mice, they fail to form foot processes and slit diaphragms and instead exhibit cell--cell junctional complexes (tight and adherens junctions). The corresponding reduction in permeable, glomerular filtration surface area presumably leads to the observed block in urine production. In addition, podxl(-/)- mice frequently display herniation of the gut (omphalocele), suggesting that podocalyxin may be required for retraction of the gut from the umbilical cord during development. Hematopoietic and vascular endothelial cells develop normally in the podocalyxin-deficient mice, possibly through functional compensation by other sialomucins (such as CD34). Our results provide the first example of an essential role for a sialomucin in development and suggest that defects in podocalyxin could play a role in podocyte dysfunction in renal failure and omphalocele in humans.
Economic Burden of Disease-Associated Malnutrition at the State Level (2016)

Additional action is needed to reduce the economic impact of disease-associated malnutrition, particularly at the state level. Nutrition may be a cost-effective way to help address high health care costs.
Multicomponent glass microstructured fibers for nonlinear applications (2008)

Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCF) based on special glasses with a high optical nonlinearity are of high interest for applications. High optical nonlinearity can be achieved by a large concentration of heavy elements in the fiber core. The dispersion characteristics can be tailored by an adapted microstructured cladding design. We have investigated two different fiber types based on highly germanium doped silica and on lanthanum silicate glass. The properties of these fiber types will be discussed and compared. Highly germanium doped PCFs with a Ge concentration of up to 36 mol% in the central rod have been prepared by a stack-and-draw technique from a silica capillary arrangement. Due to their compatibility with all-silica fibers, system integration is easily possible by low-loss splicing techniques. Microstructured fibers based on alternative La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>-BaO-B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> glasses allow to further increase the optical nonlinearity compared to MCVD based high silica glasses. However, the application of such fibers is often limited by their transmission properties due to imperfect purity and homogeneity. We have achieved best fiber loss results of 1.2 dB/m at 1200 nm wavelength with glasses with a lanthanum oxide concentration of about 16 mol% and a moderate boron concentration. Other limiting factors caused by the thermochemical properties of the prepared glasses (such as low glass transition temperature, high thermal expansion coefficient, limited crystallization stability) can be partially overcome by modifications of the material composition, by suitable surface processing of preform components and by optimized drawing conditions.
Surface Migration in Diamond Growth (1997)

Growth of diamond has usually been discussed without invoking any form of surface diffusion. Our recent theoretical results identified, however, that bridging CH2 and CCH2 groups and radical vacancies can migrate on diamond {100} surfaces. The present work further explores migration of hydrogen atoms, bridging groups, and surface radicals, investigating the migration in two dimensions. The analysis is based on quantum-mechanical computations of potential energy barriers and vibrational frequencies, transition-state-theory evaluation of reaction rates, chemical-kinetic analysis of localized reaction networks, and idealized random-walk calculations of migration lengths. It is demonstrated that migration of hydrogen atoms and the bridging groups is nearly isotropic in two directions, along dimer rows and along dimer chains, while migration of surface radicals introduces distinct anisotropy to the overall character of surface diffusion. In their entirety, the results substantiate the governing role of surface migration in chemical vapor deposition of diamond.
Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity in Vitro and in Vivo of Two<i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>Extracts (2008)

The consumption of seaweeds has increased in recent years. However, their adverse and beneficial effects have scarcely been studied. Two extracts from the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus containing 28.8% polyphenols or 18% polyphenols plus 0.0012% fucoxanthin have been obtained and studied to determine their toxicity in mice and rats and also their antioxidant activity. Both extracts were shown to lack any relevant toxic effects in an acute toxicity test following a 4 week daily treatment in rats. The extracts exhibited antioxidant activity in noncellular systems and in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, as well as in ex vivo assays in plasma and erythrocytes, after the 4 week treatment in rats. Our ex vivo results indicated that compounds from extract 2 may be more easily absorbed and that the antioxidants in their parent or metabolized form are more active. These findings support the view that the daily consumption of F. vesiculosus extract 2 (Healsea) would have potential benefits to humans.
Robust repair of polygonal models (2004)

We present a robust method for repairing arbitrary polygon models. The method is guaranteed to produce a closed surface that partitions the space into disjoint internal and external volumes. Given any model represented as a polygon soup, we construct an inside/outside volume using an octree grid, and reconstruct the surface by contouring. Our novel algorithm can efficiently process large models containing millions of polygons and is capable of reproducing sharp features in the original geometry.
Tone Mapping Techniques and Color Image Difference in Global Illumination (1997)

Tone mapping is the final step of every rendering process. Due to display devices’ nonlinearities, reduced color gamuts and moderate dynamic ranges it is necessary to apply some mapping technique on the computed radiances. We described mapping methods that are considered to be state of the art today, and some newly developed techniques. The main contributions of this thesis in tone mapping techniques are interactive calibration of contrast and aperture, minimum information loss methods and incident light metering. The interactive calibration technique makes it possible to display a desired scene lighting atmosphere if the radiance values are rendered in fictitious units. Minimum information loss techniques are based, in a way, on the photographers’ approach. The mapping function is applied only on a certain radiance interval, which is chosen automatically. The original contrast of all pixels inside the interval is preserved. Furthermore, the bounded error version of the minimum loss method is an extension of Schlick’s method. The incident light metering method was inspired by the photographers’ approach, too. This method makes it possible to reproduce original colors faithfully. Even if the average reflectance of a scene is very low, or very high, this method will reproduce original colors, which is not the case with other methods. The idea is to measure the incident light using diffusors in the scene, and then to compute a scale factor based on the incident light and apply this scale factor on the computed radiances. Beside these, other tone mapping techniques are described in this work. We described Tumblin and Rushmeier’s mapping, Ward’s contrast based scale factor, the widely used mean value mapping, an exponential mapping introduced by Ferschin et al., Schlick’s mapping, a visibility matching tone operator introduced by Larson et al., and a model of visual adaptation proposed by Ferwerda et al. Unfortunately there is no ultimative solution to the tone mapping problem. Every method has its strengths and weaknesses, and the user should choose a method according to his or her needs. Finally, this thesis ends with a color image difference algorithm. A good image metric is often needed in computer graphics. The method described here is a perception based metric that operates in the original image space (there is no need for Fourier or wavelet transform), what makes the whole method fast and intuitive. This is the only method that stresses distance dependency explicitly.
Rational temporal predictions can underlie apparent failures to delay gratification. (2013)

An important category of seemingly maladaptive decisions involves failure to postpone gratification. A person pursuing a desirable long-run outcome may abandon it in favor of a short-run alternative that has been available all along. Here we present a theoretical framework in which this seemingly irrational behavior emerges from stable preferences and veridical judgments. Our account recognizes that decision makers generally face uncertainty regarding the time at which future outcomes will materialize. When timing is uncertain, the value of persistence depends crucially on the nature of a decision maker's prior temporal beliefs. Certain forms of temporal beliefs imply that a delay's predicted remaining length increases as a function of time already waited. In this type of situation, the rational, utility-maximizing strategy is to persist for a limited amount of time and then give up. We show empirically that people's explicit predictions of remaining delay lengths indeed increase as a function of elapsed time in several relevant domains, implying that temporal judgments offer a rational basis for limiting persistence. We then develop our framework into a simple working model and show how it accounts for individual differences in a laboratory task (the well-known "marshmallow test"). We conclude that delay-of-gratification failure, generally viewed as a manifestation of limited self-control capacity, can instead arise as an adaptive response to the perceived statistics of one's environment.
Clinical Imaging Diagnosis of Implant Materials for Breast Augmentation (2006)

We have identified by imaging diagnosis the ingredients of implant materials.
Mammography: Ducts as a Sole Indicator of Breast Carcinoma (1967)

Breast cancer may occasionally be diagnosed by the observation of a unilateral group of dilated ducts, in the absence of tumor calcifications or a recognizable mass. The carcinoma is more likely to be scirrhous than any other type; early, as evidenced by no involvement of lymph nodes with metastatic disease and no palpability. The purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate those cases in which abnormal ducts can lead to a correct diagnosis of breast cancer. To make this point, it is well to discuss first and illustrate briefly the usual roentgenographic relationships of breast cancer and ductal patterns. Comedocarcinoma Comedocarcinoma may have several anatomic forms, one of which is a prominent duct pattern containing typical tumor calcifications (Fig. 1). The duct change is bilateral and more or less equal, and the diagnosis is usually based on the calcific deposits in the absence of a tumor-exhibiting invasion. Bilateral Ducts with Unilateral Prominence The patient with breast cancer is likely to have a prominent duct pattern. A further extension of this is that, with this generalized change, the breast containing the cancer is apt to be more severely involved than the opposite (Fig. 2). The finding is noted most often as one compares the subareolar area where ducts are most readily identified. Another manifestation can be seen in the patient who has nipple retraction as a result of carcinoma. It matters not whether or not the cancer is deeply placed, the ducts “tying” the cancer and nipple together can be seen on the roentgenograms. The mechanics are obvious; the contraction around and within the scirrhous growth shortens the associated ducts to produce the retraction (Fig. 3). Unilateral Duct Prominence The topic under main discussion concerns those cases in which one of two situations exists: a poorly limited group of prominent ducts observed in one breast without any other abnormality, and the occurrence of a solitary or, at most, few discrete large tortuous ducts leading from the nipple to a cancer within the breast, either superficially or deeply placed. The limited, unilateral group of prominent ducts permits the diagnosis of cancer even in the absence of tumor calcifications, and the neoplasm is likely to be of the scirrhous type and often discovered only after careful search by the pathologist (Figs. 4 and 5). The ducts have exhibited varying degrees of hyperplasia, ranging from that amount commonly seen and believed unimportant by the pathologist to that exhibiting a high degree of epithelial change bordering on and being in some instances atypical. The other situation in which unilateral ductal prominence aids in the diagnosis of breast cancer occurs when one observes one or a few tortuous ducts leading from the nipple into the parenchyma of the breast. This latter type is prone to have a bloody nipple discharge, the mechanisms of which are apparent.
Stool fatty acid soaps, stool consistency and gastrointestinal tolerance in term infants fed infant formulas containing high sn-2 palmitate with or without oligofructose: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial (2014)

This study was registered on http://www.clinicaltrials.gov: number NCT02031003.
Surface Potential and Breakdown Characteristics of Epoxy/AlN Nanocomposites Under DC and Pulse Voltages (2018)

In dc high-temperature superconducting fault-current-limiter (HTSFCL) operation, epoxy resin used as the current lead insulation withstands dc voltage. In the case of lightning stroke or line fault, HTSFCL needs to withstand the additional pulse voltage, which is several times greater than that of the dc voltage, and the polarity may be different from that of the dc voltage. It intensifies the electric field distortion, induces partial discharge, and causes insulation failure. To improve the insulation properties of the current lead, the epoxy/aluminum nitride (AlN) nanocomposites with the filler content of AIN nanoparticles of 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt% were prepared. The trap distribution of the sample was acquired to clarify the effects of AlN content on the surface potential behaviors. The results show that the amplitude and the polarity of the pulse voltage can affect the surface charge accumulation of the sample under dc voltage. Moreover, the addition of AlN nanoparticles improves the breakdown voltage of the sample in LN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> under dc and pulse voltages.
Notes - Synthesis and Reactions of p-Vinylphenylmagnesium Chloride (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes - Synthesis and Reactions of p-Vinylphenylmagnesium ChlorideJ. Leebrick and H. RamsdenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1958, 23, 6, 935–936Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1958Publication History Published online27 May 2003Published inissue 1 June 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01100a627https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01100a627research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views410Altmetric-Citations99LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Efficacy of Iron Chelators for Removing Iron from Specific Brain Regions and the Pituitary—Ironing out the Brain (2019)

Iron chelation therapy, either subcutaneous or orally administered, has been used successfully in various clinical conditions. The removal of excess iron from various tissues, e.g., the liver spleen, heart, and the pituitary, in beta thalassemia patients, has become an essential therapy to prolong life. More recently, the use of deferiprone to chelate iron from various brain regions in Parkinson's Disease and Friederich's Ataxia has yielded encouraging results, although the side effects, in <2% of Parkinson's Disease(PD) patients, have limited its long-term use. A new class of hydroxpyridinones has recently been synthesised, which showed no adverse effects in preliminary trials. A vital question remaining is whether inflammation may influence chelation efficacy, with a recent study suggesting that high levels of inflammation may diminish the ability of the chelator to bind the excess iron.
Wideband random phased arrays: theory and design (2005)

Wideband antennas may be used to decrease the number of antennas needed on platforms that require operation over a large instantaneous frequency band. Some typical examples of wideband antennas include TEM horns and Vivaldi tapered slot antennas. Although these antennas offer wideband operation, they are often not suitable for certain applications due to large thickness, weight, and complicated feed networks. On the other hand, typical planar phased arrays have limited frequency bandwidth and scan angles. There is a need to mitigate this issue by using a smaller random array as a subarray, resulting in a hybrid array whose pattern has some of the characteristics of both periodic and aperiodic arrays. One possible alternative to these kinds of antennas is the wideband random phased array. In addition to the design of the array topology, another challenge is to develop a low profile, electrically large element that maintains a broadside radiation pattern over the operating band. In this paper, the authors developed a wideband element design of a canted, tapered sector antenna that delivers consistent broadside performance over a 2.8:1 frequency band. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of future work in this area.
OBJECTIVE METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FUNCTIONAL VALUE OF SENSIBILITY IN THE HAND (1958)

1. It was observed clinically that tactile gnosis varies directly with the sudomotor function in the hand. 2. Two methods of fingerprinting were elaborated to register the sudomotor function, and consequently the tactile gnosis objectively. They are sensitive, simple to perform and suitable for clinical work. Their anatomical background, sources of error and relative value are discussed. 3. The correspondence between the sudomotor function, determined with these methods, and the tactile gnosis was established. This was done by, firstly, comparing the regions which did not perspire with the ones which became insensible on total denervation of a region of the hand; secondly, by examining the loss of function after nerve block; and thirdly, by comparing the tactile gnosis and sudomotor function in cases of residual median nerve defect. 4. These two qualities do not accompany each other in skin grafts. Grafts regain sudomotor function but never tactile gnosis. 5. A practical procedure for determining the functional value of the cutaneous sensibility in the hand is described. 6. Cases are related illustrating the usefulness of objective study of the sensibility in the hand.
Demographic, clinical, and outcome features of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and CRLF2 deregulation: results from the MRC ALL97 clinical trial (2010)

Deregulated expression of CRLF2 (CRLF2-d) arises via its juxtaposition to the IGH@ enhancer or P2RY8 promoter. Among 865 BCP-ALL children treated on MRC ALL97, 52 (6%) had CRLF2-d, but it was more prevalent among Down syndrome patients (54%). P2RY8-CRLF2 (n = 43) was more frequent than IGH@-CRLF2 (n = 9). CRLF2-d was not associated with age, sex, or white cell count, but IGH@-CRLF2 patients were older than P2RY8-CRLF2 patients (median 8 vs 4 years, P = .0017). Patients with CRLF2-d were more likely to present with enlarged livers and spleens (38% vs 18%, P < .001). CRLF2-d was not seen in conjunction with established chromosomal translocations but 6 (12%) cases had high hyperdiploidy, and 5 (10%) had iAMP21. Univariate analysis suggested that CRLF2-d was associated with an inferior outcome: (event-free survival [EFS] hazard ratio 2.27 [95% confidence interval 1.48-3.47], P < .001; OS 3.69 [2.34-5.84], P < .001). However, multivariate analysis indicated that its effect was mediated by other risk factors such as cytogenetics and DS status (EFS 1.45 [0.88-2.39], P = .140; OS 1.90 [1.08-3.36], P = .027). Although the outcome of IGH@-CRLF2 patients appeared inferior compared with P2RY8-CRLF2 patients, the result was not significant (EFS 2.69 [1.15-6.31], P = .023; OS 2.86 [1.15-6.79], P = .021). Therefore, we concluded that patients with CRLF2-d should be classified into the intermediate cytogenetic risk group.