gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Four Mutant Alleles Elucidate the Role of the G2 Protein in the Development of C4 and C3 Photosynthesizing Maize Tissues (2001)

Maize leaf blades differentiate dimorphic photosynthetic cell types, the bundle sheath and mesophyll, between which the reactions of C(4) photosynthesis are partitioned. Leaf-like organs of maize such as husk leaves, however, develop a C(3) pattern of differentiation whereby ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) accumulates in all photosynthetic cell types. The Golden2 (G2) gene has previously been shown to play a role in bundle sheath cell differentiation in C(4) leaf blades and to play a less well-defined role in C(3) maize tissues. To further analyze G2 gene function in maize, four g2 mutations have been characterized. Three of these mutations were induced by the transposable element Spm. In g2-bsd1-m1 and g2-bsd1-s1, the element is inserted in the second intron and in g2-pg14 the element is inserted in the promoter. In the fourth case, g2-R, four amino acid changes and premature polyadenylation of the G2 transcript are observed. The phenotypes conditioned by these four mutations demonstrate that the primary role of G2 in C(4) leaf blades is to promote bundle sheath cell chloroplast development. C(4) photosynthetic enzymes can accumulate in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in the absence of G2. In C(3) tissue, however, G2 influences both chloroplast differentiation and photosynthetic enzyme accumulation patterns. On the basis of the phenotypic data obtained, a model that postulates how G2 acts to facilitate C(4) and C(3) patterns of tissue development is proposed.
Torque ripple compensation method for joint torque sensor embedded in harmonic drive using order analysis (2014)

The main contribution of this work is an algorithmic compensation of joint torque ripple signals in harmonic drive for joint torque sensing from measuring the deformation of flex spline in the harmonic drive. When an external force is applied to a robot, the flex spline of harmonic drive undergoes an elastic deformation. However, such a deformation is not easy to measure by strain gauges on the flex spline because whose signals are corrupted by a periodic vibration which is “torque ripple” caused by reducing operation of the harmonic drive. We perform order analysis and design a filter to eliminate the torque ripple without using many strain gauges. As the order sampling normalizes the frequency characteristic, our method outperforms the filters with fixed cutoff frequency with manageable computational expense. Moreover, the effect of misalignment of the strain gauges is minimum unlike other methods. The experimental evaluation is provided using a robotic manipulator which has the proposed harmonic drive joint torque sensor.
GLUT4 Is Retained by an Intracellular Cycle of Vesicle Formation and Fusion with Endosomes (2003)

The intracellularly stored GLUT4 glucose transporter is rapidly translocated to the cell surface upon insulin stimulation. Regulation of GLUT4 distribution is key for the maintenance of whole body glucose homeostasis. We find that GLUT4 is excluded from the plasma membrane of adipocytes by a dynamic retention/retrieval mechanism. Our kinetic studies indicate that GLUT4-containing vesicles continually bud and fuse with endosomes in the absence of insulin and that these GLUT4 vesicles are 5 times as likely to fuse with an endosome as with the plasma membrane. We hypothesize that this intracellular cycle of vesicle budding and fusion is an element of the active mechanism by which GLUT4 is retained. The GLUT4 trafficking pathway does not extensively overlap with that of furin, indicating that the trans-Golgi network, a compartment in which furin accumulates, is not a significant storage reservoir of GLUT4. An intact microtubule cytoskeleton is required for insulin-stimulated recruitment to the cell surface, although it is not required for the basal budding/fusion cycle. Nocodazole disruption of the microtubule cytoskeleton reduces the insulin-stimulated exocytosis of GLUT4, accounting for the reduced insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface.
Structures of aminoacylase 3 in complex with acetylated substrates (2010)

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most widespread environmental contaminants, which is metabolized to N-acetyl-S-1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine (NA-DCVC) before being excreted in the urine. Alternatively, NA-DCVC can be deacetylated by aminoacylase 3 (AA3), an enzyme that is highly expressed in the kidney, liver, and brain. NA-DCVC deacetylation initiates the transformation into toxic products that ultimately causes acute renal failure. AA3 inhibition is therefore a target of interest to prevent TCE induced nephrotoxicity. Here we report the crystal structure of recombinant mouse AA3 (mAA3) in the presence of its acetate byproduct and two substrates: N(α)-acetyl-L-tyrosine and NA-DCVC. These structures, in conjunction with biochemical data, indicated that AA3 mediates substrate specificity through van der Waals interactions providing a dynamic interaction interface, which facilitates a diverse range of substrates.
X-ray structure of a blue copper nitrite reductase at high pH and in copper-free form at 1.9 Å resolution (2001)

Copper-containing nitrite reductases possess a trimeric structure where the catalytic Cu site, located at the monomer-monomer interface, resembles the catalytic sites of a number of Zn enzymes. Nitrite reductase from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans has optimum activity at pH 5.2 which decreases to a negligible level at pH 8. The structure of this nitrite reductase has previously been determined at pH 4.6. It has now been crystallized under new conditions at pH 8.5. Its crystallographic structure provides a structural explanation for the greatly reduced activity of the enzyme at high pH. Characterization of overexpressed protein in solution by EXAFS suggested that the protein lacked Cu in the catalytic type 2 Cu site and that the site was most probably occupied by Zn. Using the anomalous signals from Cu and Zn, the crystal structure revealed that the expressed protein was devoid of Cu in the catalytic site and that only a trace amount (<10%) of Zn was present at this site in the crystal. Despite the close structural similarity of the catalytic site to a number of Zn enzymes, these data suggest that Zn, if it binds at the catalytic copper site, binds weakly in nitrite reductase.
Product Proliferation: An Empirical Analysis of Product Line Determinants and Market Outcomes (1999)

Considering the number of new product introductions and available product varieties today, the practice of product proliferation is visibly evident in many diverse industries. Given its prevalence in practice, understanding the determinants and implications of firm proliferation strategies clearly has important managerial relevance. Previous theoretical research has identified three primary effects of a proliferation strategy: (1) a broad product line can increase the overall demand faced by the firm, (2) a broad product line can affect supply by increasing costs, and (3) broad product lines can have strategic consequences (e.g., long product lines can deter entry, thereby allowing an incumbent firm to raise prices). However, despite the theoretical interest in this common business practice, there has been very little empirical research on this topic. Moreover, no empirical study has simultaneously considered all three of the possible effects associated with a proliferation strategy. Consequently, in this paper we propose a three-equation simultaneous system that captures both the determinants and market outcomes of a firm's product line decisions. In particular, we specify market share, price, and product line length equations, which are estimated by three stage least squares. Using this structure, we empirically study the personal computer industry over the period 1981–1992. Our empirical results demonstrate that proliferation strategies do not have a uni-dimensional explanation. We find that product proliferation decisions have both demand (market share) and supply (price) implications. Our empirical results also suggest that the firm-level net market share impact of product proliferation in the personal computer industry is negative (i.e., the cost increases associated with a broader product line dominate any potential demand increases). As expected, we find that structural competitive factors play an important role in the determinants and market outcomes of a firm's product line decisions. However, we do not find evidence of firms using proliferation strategies to deter entry in this industry. Finally, we also demonstrate that some of the empirical conclusions from previous research are reversed once product line length is specified as endogenous in the share and price specifications.
Donor–Acceptor Oligorotaxanes Made to Order (2011)

Five donor-acceptor oligorotaxanes made up of dumbbells composed of tetraethylene glycol chains, interspersed with three and five 1,5-dioxynaphthalene units, and terminated by 2,6-diisopropylphenoxy stoppers, have been prepared by the threading of discrete numbers of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) rings, followed by a kinetically controlled stoppering protocol that relies on click chemistry. The well-known copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition between azide functions placed at the ends of the polyether chains and alkyne-bearing stopper precursors was employed during the final kinetically controlled template-directed synthesis of the five oligorotaxanes, which were characterized subsequently by (1)H NMR spectroscopy at low temperature (233 K) in deuterated acetonitrile. The secondary structures, as well as the conformations, of the five oligorotaxanes were unraveled by spectroscopic comparison with the dumbbell and ring components. By focusing attention on the changes in chemical shifts of some key probe protons, obtained from a wide range of low-temperature spectra, a picture emerges of a high degree of folding within the thread protons of the dumbbells of four of the five oligorotaxanes-the fifth oligorotaxane represents a control compound in effect-brought about by a combination of C-H···O and π-π stacking interactions between the π-electron-deficient bipyridinium units in the rings and the π-electron-rich 1,5-dioxynaphthalene units and polyether chains in the dumbbells. The secondary structures of a foldamer-like nature have received further support from a solid-state superstructure of a related [3]pseudorotaxane and density functional calculations performed thereon.
Randomized controlled trial of primary fistulotomy with drainage alone for perianal abscesses (1997)

Primary fistulotomy at the time of drainage for perianal abscesses results in fewer persistent fistulas and no added risk of fecal incontinence.
Regulation of Gene Expression by Phytochrome (2018)

Abstract This review deals with the mechanism of Phytochrome action in regulating the expression of other genes. The PhyA and PhyB genes have the overlapping roles or there must be another Phytochrome species which are involved in the Phytochrome induction of CAB expression in these etiolated seedlings when they are exposed to red light. Double mutation of PhyA and PhyB potentially lowered the level of CAB mRNA in etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis plant when they were induced by a red light pulse. This study suggested that these two genes Phy A and Phy B could be redundant to each other and therefore, other Phytochrome genes like Phy C, Phy D and Phy E could have mediated the expression of CAB in the etiolated seedlings of mutants. It is also clear that the supra-cellular signals could potential control the intracellular rhythmic patterns in a circadian system which is found in most of the plant cells. The processes such as photo-morphogenesis and nuclear gene expression are mediated either directly by this Phytochrome A/B-PIF3 complex or indirectly by modulating the repressor complex systems such as COP, DET, FUS, HY5, etc. The location details about the gene products involved in the transduction mutants for the Phy A and Phy B pathways is not yet studied. Keywords : Phy A, PhyB, CAB, CUF1, PIF3.
Reconsidering the autohypnotic model of the dissociative disorders (2018)

The dissociative disorders field and the hypnosis field currently reject the autohypnotic model of the dissociative disorders, largely because many correlational studies have shown hypnotizability and dissociation to be minimally related (<i>r</i> = .12). Curiously, it is also widely accepted that dissociative patients are highly hypnotizable. If dissociative patients are highly hypnotizable because <i>only highly hypnotizable individuals can develop a dissociative disorder</i> - as the author proposes - then the methodology of correlational studies of hypnotizability and dissociation in random clinical and community samples would necessarily be constitutively unable to detect, and statistically unable to reflect, that fact. That is, the autohypnotic, dissociative distancing of that small subset of highly hypnotizable individuals who repeatedly encountered intolerable circumstances is statistically lost among the data of (1) the highly hypnotizable subjects who do not dissociate and (2) subjects (of all levels of hypnotizability) who manifest <i>other</i> kinds of dissociation. The author proposes that, when highly hypnotizable individuals repeatedly engage in autohypnotic distancing from intolerable circumstances, they develop an overlearned, highly-motivated, automatized pattern of dissociative self-protection (i.e., a dissociative disorder). The author urges that theorists of hypnosis and the dissociative disorders explicitly include in their theories (a) the trait of high hypnotizability, (b) the phenomena of autohypnosis, and (c) the manifestations of systematized, autohypnotic pathology. Said differently, the author is suggesting that autohypnosis and autohypnotic pathology are unacknowledged nodes in the nomothetic networks of both hypnosis and dissociation.
Editorial Mediators of Inflammation as Targets for Chronic Pain Treatment (2013)

License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Treatment of chronic pain remains an unresolved problem in human medicine which greatly impairs quality of life and prolongs treatment. Solving this problem is difficult due to a number of mechanisms and signalling pathways through which chronic pain is generated [1]. A common underlying mechanism of chronic pain is the presence of inflammation at the site of the damaged or affected tissue. The release of proinflammatory and immunoactive substances such as cytokines, neurotrophic factors, and chemokines initiates local actions and can result in a more generalized immune response that leads to the chronic pain condition. Clinical management of chronic pain, that is, neuropathic pain after nerve injury or cancer pain in tumour invasion represents
Specific Binding Characteristics of High Affinity Monoclonal Antidigitoxin Antibodies (1988)

The specificity of various monoclonal antidigitoxin antibodies was characterized using 6 cardiac glycoside analogs. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice, immunized with BSA- or KLH-digitoxin conjugates, were fused with NS1 myeloma cells, and antibody-producing hybrids were identified by radioimmunoassay. Twenty-one monoclonal antidigitoxin-specific antibodies were obtained, 10 of which were cloned and characterized for affinity and specificity. All the antibodies had a high affinity constant, ranging from 8.10(8) to 2.5.10(10) 1/M. On the basis of their binding specificities, the antibodies could be classified into 3 groups: the first contained 7 antibodies exhibiting high cross reactivity (42-100%) with digitoxigenin, whereas the second and third groups did not recognize this analog (cross-reactivity of 1%). In the former group, the absence of the sugar moiety only slightly affected the binding reaction, although for the two other groups, this structure did appear to be involved in antibody recognition. Changes in the functional groups of the hapten molecule led to considerable changes in the antibody-antigen reaction. For all the antibodies except one, saturation of the lactone ring considerably affected binding. These results demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies of different specificities with respect to both the steroid backbone and the sugar moiety of digitoxin can be induced using a digitoxin-protein conjugate.
Effects of kinetin formulations on allelochemicals and agronomic traits of cotton (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffects of kinetin formulations on allelochemicals and agronomic traits of cottonPaul A. Hedin and Jack C. McCarty Jr.Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1991, 39, 3, 549–553Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00003a023https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00003a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views78Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Compression: a key for next-generation text retrieval systems (2000)

The continually growing Web challenges information retrieval systems to deliver data quickly. The authors' technique combines several data compression features to provide economical storage, faster indexing, and accelerated searches.
Surface transfer doping of diamond: A review (2021)

Ultra-wide bandgap materials show great promise as a solution to some of the limitations of current state of the art semiconductor technology. Among these, diamond has exhibited great potential for use in high-power, high-temperature electronics, as well as sensing and quantum applications. Yet, significant challenges associated with impurity doping of the constrained diamond lattice remain a primary impediment towards the development of diamond-based electronic devices. An alternative approach, used with continued success to unlock the use of diamond for semiconductor applications, has been that of ‘surface transfer doping’ - a process by which intrinsically insulating diamond surfaces can be made semiconducting without the need for traditional impurity doping. Here, we present a review of progress in surface transfer doping of diamond, both a history and current outlook of this highly exploitable attribute.
Digital Tachometer with Fast Dynamic Response Implemented by a Microprocessor (1983)

A digital tachometer consists of an incremental shaft encoder and an electronic circuit to evaluate the digital or analog speed signal. The method of evaluation and the design of the electronic circuit determine the dynamic performance and the accuracy of the tachometer. The usual method of counting pulses coming from the shaft encoder normally provides a poor dynamic performance, particularly if high accuracy and a wide speed range are required. A method is suggested which provides a good dynamic response combined with good accuracy over a wide speed range. Though the process is very fast, it is possible to use this method in an electronic circuit based on a microprocessor and other highly integrated programmable chips. This implementation is discussed, and it is shown how using a microprocessor-controlled circuit affects the achievable accuracy of the tachometer.
Autoregulation of mariner transposase activity by overproduction and dominant-negative complementation (1996)

Genetic studies of the mariner transposable element Mos1 have revealed two novel types of regulatory mechanisms. In one mechanism, overproduction of the wild-type transposase reduces the overall level of transposase activity as assayed by the excision of a nonautonomous mariner target element. This mechanism is termed overproduction inhibition (OPI). Another mechanism is observed in a class of hypomorphic missense mutations in the transposase. In the presence of wild-type Mos1 transposase, these mutations exhibit dominant-negative complementation (DNC) that antagonizes the activity of the wild-type transposase. We propose that these regulatory mechanisms act at the level of the transposase protein subunits by promoting the assembly of oligomeric forms, or of mixed-subunit oligomers, that have reduced activity. We suggest that these regulatory mechanisms may apply generally to mariner-like elements (MLEs). Overproduction inhibition may help explain why the MLE copy number reaches very different levels in different species. Dominant-negative complementation may help explain why most naturally occurring copies of MLEs have been mutationally inactivated.
The susceptibility of bacteria to photodynamic inactivation with lanthanide complexes of chlorin e6 (2005)

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) may be a very promising alternative method for antimicrobial treatment of many localised infections. In the present study we report the activity of three lanthanides (Eu(III), Pr(III), Yb(III)) complexes of Fotolon sensitizer, composed of chlorin e6 and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), against standard <i>E.coli P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> ATCC strains. The 160±10mW/cm<sup>2</sup> of 651 nm laser light was applied for 600 seconds after photosensitiser administration (50μg/ml) and 30 minutes incubation time. Impact of pure Fotolon and pure lanthanides solution was examined as control groups.
Smartphones and e-tablets in perioperative medicine (2017)

Smartphones and electronic tablets (e-tablets) have become ubiquitous devices. Their ease of use, smartness, accessibility, mobility and connectivity create unique opportunities to improve quality of surgical care from prehabilitation to rehabilitation. Before surgery, digital applications (Apps), serious games and text messaging may help for a better control of risk factors (hypertension, overweight), for smoking cessation, and for optimizing adherence to preoperative recommendations (e.g., regarding anticoagulation or antihypertensive treatments). During surgery, Apps may help to rationalize fluid management and estimate blood loss. After surgery, smartphones and/or connected sensors (pulse oximeter, adhesive path, electronic tattoo, bioimpedance necklace) can be used to monitor body temperature, heart rate, heart rate variability (detection of cardiac arrhythmia), respiratory rate, arterial oxygen saturation and thoracic fluid content. Therefore, these tools have potential for the early detection of infectious, cardiac and respiratory complications in the wards and from home. When connected to echo probes, smartphones and e-tablets can also be used as ultrasound devices during central venous catheter insertion, for peripheral nerve blocks, and to perform echocardiography in patients developing cardiac complications. Finally, electronic checklists now exist as Apps to enhance communication between patients and healthcare professionals, and to track and record step by step each element of the surgical journey. Studies are now urgently needed to investigate whether this digital revolution can translate into a better outcome, an earlier detection of postoperative complications, a decrease in hospital readmissions and in health care costs.