gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of mycobacterial DNA from blood culture fluids by simple alkali wash and heat lysis method for PCR detection (1996)

A sodium iodide-isopropanol (NI) method was compared with an alkali wash and heat lysis (AH) procedure for the preparation and extraction of DNA from BACTEC 13A blood culture fluid samples from AIDS patients for use in a PCR for the detection and identification of mycobacteria. The sensitivity and efficiency of the DNA extraction methods were assessed by a multiplex PCR which detected the members of the genus Mycobacterium and differentiated between M. intracellulare, M. tuberculosis, and M. avium isolates with a limit of detection of between 0.28 pg (67 cells) and 120 pg (28,571 cells) of standard mycobacterial DNA. The PCR amplified mycobacterial DNA prepared by the AH procedure from 40 acid-fast bacillus-positive blood cultures with growth index values of > 20 U but not from 48 blood cultures with growth index values of < 21 U. The AH method was about 10 times more sensitive than the NI method for extracting DNA from 13 acid-fast bacillus-positive BACTEC fluid samples for PCR analysis. The study shows that the AH procedure in combination with the multiplex PCR is a simple, specific, and sensitive method which can be used in the routine diagnostic laboratory to detect and identify different members of the genus Mycobacterium in blood culture fluid samples from AIDS patients.
Developing Models of Disease Progression (2006)

The concept of developing models to describe the progression of disease is not new. Many scientists and clinicians conducted longitudinal studies of the natural time course of disease in the 1970s (1, 2) a trend which has continued although data from untreated patients is difficult to obtain given the wide variety of drug available to treat most progressive diseases. In the early 1980s Holford and Sheiner (3) suggested a new meaning for the standard Emax pharmacodynamic model, in that the baseline status of a patient, E0 (or S0) might not be static, as had been generally assumed in most study designs and analysis of data obtained from clinical trials. The constant baseline model of disease progression is simplest model of progression, which assumes there is no change in disease status over during the clinical trial. The assumption that there is no change in disease status over time is not always appropriate. When an incorrect model of disease progression is assumed, the analyst cannot infer anything about the effect of the drug on the rate of disease progress. The concept of evaluating drug action on disease trajectory was an important improvement in clinical pharmacology. There are early examples of evaluating drug effect on the natural history of disease (4, 5) although the application of model based evaluation to disease progression was slow to take hold. Today however, model based evaluation of disease progression is an important aspect of drug development and pharmacology. Many different functions have been identified for use in describing disease progression and there are examples of models that have been used to supplement regulatory applications. The development of models describing the time course of disease is a component of the critical path initiative described by the FDA in 2004. In short, disease progression modeling has become an accepted tool that should be implemented to evaluate the effects of drug on disease trajectory.
Farmer Response to Modified Crop Insurance: A Case Study of Corn in Indiana (1994)

Abstract This study examines the potential effects on crop insurance of more detailed yield risk classifications combined with alternative premium‐setting techniques, and higher yield guarantees combined with coinsurance. Corn producers in Tippecanoe County, Indiana, were surveyed for their responses to these changes. Response to area yield insurance is also evaluated. The modified MPCI program, area yield insurance, and two types of disaster payment programs are also compared in terms of their costs and coverage.
Nonisothermal Decomposition Reaction Kinetics, Specific Heat Capacity, Thermodynamic Properties and Adiabatic Time-to-explosion of 4-Amino-1,2,4-triazole Copper Complex (2010)

4-Amino-1,2,4-triazole copper complex (4-ATzCu) was synthesized, and its thermal behaviors, nonisothermal decomposition reaction kinetics were studied by DSC and TG-DTG techniques. The thermal decomposition reaction kinetic equation was obtained as: <TEX>$d\alpha$</TEX> / dt =<TEX>$10^{22.01}$</TEX> (1-<TEX>$\alpha$</TEX>)[-ln(1-<TEX>$\alpha$</TEX>)]<TEX>$^{1/3}$</TEX> exp(<TEX>$-2.75\times10^4$</TEX> /T). The standard mole specific heat capacity of the complex was determined and the standard molar heat capacity is 305.66 <TEX>$J{\cdot}mol^{-1}{\cdot}K^{-1}$</TEX> at 298.15 K. The entropy of activation <TEX>$({\Delta}S^{\neq})$</TEX>, enthalpy of activation <TEX>$({\Delta}H^{\neq})$</TEX>, and Gibbs free energy of activation <TEX>$({\Delta}G^{\neq})$</TEX> are calculated as 171.88 <TEX>$J{\cdot}mol^{-1}{\cdot}K^{-1}$</TEX> 225.81 <TEX>$kJ{\cdot}mol^{-1}$</TEX> and 141.18 <TEX>$kJ{\cdot}mol^{-1}$</TEX>, and the adiabatic time-to-explosion of the complex was obtained as 389.20 s.
Comparative Study of Nanosecond Electric Fields In Vitro and In Vivo on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Indicate Macrophage Infiltration Contribute to Tumor Ablation In Vivo (2014)

The low dose multiple nsPEFs application is more efficient than high dose single treatment in inhibiting the tumor volume in vivo, which is quite different from the dose-effect relationship in vitro. Beside the electric field strength, the macrophage involvement must be considered to account for effect variability and toxicology in vivo.
3‐D Water‐Soluble Reversible Neodymium(<scp>III</scp>) and Lanthanum(<scp>III</scp>) Coordination Polymers (2004)

Abstract The formation of soluble supramolecular 3‐D coordination polymers with Nd 3+ and La 3+ in aqueous solution has been studied for two bifunctional ligands consisting of two pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylate groups connected at the 4‐position by O(CH 2 CH 2 O) 4 and O(CH 2 CH 2 O) 6 spacers ( C4 and C6 , respectively). Viscosity measurements were used to monitor the network formation as a function of the ligand concentration, and the ratio between metal ions and ligands. For corresponding conditions C4 solutions with Nd 3+ always gave much higher viscosities than C6 solutions with Nd 3+ . C6 is long, and flexible enough to bind with both chelating groups to only one metal ion (ring formation). This causes the polymers to stop growing, resulting in smaller average sizes of the 3‐D polymers. The ring‐structures could be demonstrated by 1 H NMR spectroscopy using C6 and La 3+ at low concentrations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Landfilling of Waste (1992)

Landfilling of waste has increased dramatically over recent years and there have been many examples of landfills which are unacceptable on environmental and health grounds. This is one of a group of international reference books which address this problem, specifically in this case covering the strongly contaminated wastewater developed from landfi
Bongkrekic Acid (1970)

The antibiotic bongkrekic acid is shown to inhibit the phosphorylation of added ADP coupled with either the reactions of the respiratory chain or the dismutation of α-ketoglutarate in mammalian mitochondria. It also prevents the utilization of ATP for energy-linked cation transport and in energy dissipation by uncoupling agents. However, bongkrekic acid does not inhibit the Mg++-requiring ATPase of submitochondrial particles, the phosphorylation of endogenous ADP, or the stimulation of oxidation caused by arsenate. The ADP enhancement of the arsenate effect is prevented. These results distinguish its site of action from that of oligomycin (rutamycin), and indicate that bongkrekic acid inactivates translocation of adenine nucleotides into mitochondria. This is confirmed by measurement of the uptake of 14C-labeled adenine nucleotides. The extent of inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by bongkrekic acid shows a sigmoidal relationship to the concentration of antibiotic, which is in contrast to the linear relationship reported for atractyloside, a known inhibitor of the translocase enzyme.
Precise peptide sequencing and protein quantification in the human proteome through in vivo lysine-specific mass tagging (2002)

Proteomics studies demand new scalable and automatable MS-based methods with higher specificity and accuracy. Here we describe an accurate and efficient method for both precise quantification and comprehensive de novo identification of peptide sequences in complex mixtures. The unique feature of this method is based on the incorporation of deuterium-labeled (heavy) lysines into proteins through in vivo cell culturing, which introduces specific mass tags at the carboxyl termini of proteolytic peptides when cleaved by certain proteases. The mass shift between the unlabeled and the deuterated lysine (lys-d4) assigns a mass signature to all lysine-containing peptides in any pool of proteolytic peptides. Lys-d4 tags can also serve as internal markers in MS/MS fragment spectra when they are buried in some peptide sequences due to miscleavages. This signal specificity circumvents the mass accuracy limitations in determining particular amino acid residues for de novo sequencing. Further, this strategy of lysine-specific tagging was successfully implemented to measure the differential protein expression of human skin fibroblast cells in response to heat shock.
Several approaches to fixed-point implementation of matrix inversion (2006)

Matrix inversion is a general problem in a wide variety of applications. The problem becomes even more challenging when an efficient hardware implementation is required. In this paper, three matrix inversion implementations in fixed-point are presented and compared. The fixed-point implementation of such methods is considered and the needed processing elements are introduced. The characteristics of each approach are described and their hardware implementations are compared.
Predicting Future Asset Condition Based on Current Health Index and Maintenance Level (2006)

With restructuring of the electricity sector into profit oriented business models, an increasing number of electric utilities are adopting health indices to measure and monitor the condition of their assets. The health indices represent a novel way for capturing and quantifying the results of operating observations, field inspections and in-situ and laboratory testing into an objective and quantitative picture, providing the overall health of the assets. Asset health indices become a powerful tool in managing assets and identifying investment needs and prioritizing investments into capital and maintenance programs. When appropriately developed, health indices provide an accurate indication of the probability of asset failures and associated risks. Having established the asset health index under current conditions, health index values in future can be predicted by taking into account the impact of environmental and operating conditions along with the preventative maintenance practices. This paper describes the techniques to account for impact of preventative maintenance on health indices and for predicting future asset condition based on the current health index and maintenance practices. The techniques can be used for evaluating future risks associated with an asset or in selecting optimal maintenance levels that would provide the right balance between risk and investment costs.
Enamel bonding of self-etching and phosphoric acid-etching orthodontic adhesives in simulated clinical conditions: Debonding force and enamel surface (2009)

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of self-etching and phosphoric acid-etching orthodontic adhesives for enamel bonding in simulated clinical conditions. By using two self-etching (Transbond Plus, TP; Beauty Ortho Bond, BB) and two acid-etching (Transbond XT, TX; Superbond Orthomite, SB) adhesives, orthodontic brackets were bonded on human premolars (n=10 for each adhesive). Ten teeth without bracket bonding, i.e., intact enamel surfaces, were used as control for SEM observation. After 7-day storage in lactic acid solution, bracket debonding force by means of debonding pliers, adhesive remnant index (ARI), and enamel surface morphology were examined. All the tested adhesives exhibited sufficient bond strength for clinical use. The ARI scores were almost the same among the four adhesives. In terms of SEM observation, the enamel surfaces in the control and TP groups showed a slight change after immersion in lactic acid solution, while the BB group showed less change on the enamel surface compared with the TP group. Meanwhile, the two acid-etching adhesives caused considerable demineralization. Taken together, these findings indicated that the action of self-etching systems was evidently more conservative.
Imaging Industrial Flows: Applications of Electrical Process Tomography (1995)

Preface. List of principal symbols. Why is flow imaging needed?: The problem of flow measurement The importance of multi-component flow measurement Terminology Two-component flow measurement: the basic problem Conventional methods of two-component flow measurement Component velocity measurement Component concentration measurement Direct mass flow measurement The flow imaging method of two-component flow measurement The basic subsystems for flow imaging The need for a systematic approach to design Summary. Two-phase fluid dynamics: Introduction Categories of flow images Overview of two-phase phenomena Macroscale flow phenomena Method for predicting flow regime transition for gas/liquid systems Microscale structure Mathematical modelling of two-phase flow Summary. Sensing techniques: Introduction Classification of sensors Measurement for flow imaging Capacitance sensors - a major case study Electrical impedance tomography for flow imaging of conducting fluids - an outline Ultrasonic sensors - an outline Summary. Image reconstruction: Introduction Basic principles of image reconstruction Two-component flow image reconstruction using a two-projection knowledge-based reconstruction algorithm Reconstruction algorithm - capacitive impedance sensing technique Reconstruction algorithms - resistive impedance sensing technique Reconstruction algorithms - ultrasonic flow imaging Summary. Image display and interpretation: Introduction The need for image processing Image presentation The grey level histogram Enhancement of an image using filtering techniques The thresholding technique Shrinking and expansion techniques Measurements on objects in the image Detection of all objects within the image frame Blurring of images caused by backprojection Summary. Applications: Introduction Electrical capacitance tomography - performance parameters Electrical capacitance tomography for imaging gas/solids flows in pneumatic conveyers Electrical capacitance tomography for imaging gas flow in fluidized beds Flow regime identification using electrical capacitance tomography sensing systems Electrical resistance tomography for measuring transient concentration profiles Summary. The future: The need for action The new trends. References. Index.
Capillary pressure: Centrifuge method revisited (1989)

Abstract The approximate equations of Hassler and Brunner and of van Domselaar are often used to deduce the capillary pressure curve of a porous medium from centrifuge data. The use of these equations restricts the centrifuge method to short samples. Also, these equations require differentiation of data. We report here methods to determine the capillary pressure curve by the midpoint and least‐squares solution of the fundamental equation, relating the average saturation S 1 of liquid in the porous medium to the capillary pressure P c 1 at the end of the sample nearest the axis of rotation. The methods do not require differentiation of data and are not restricted to short samples. We introduce and evaluate an approximation based on an exact result derived by Rajan. This new approximation requires the same inputs as do the Hassler‐Brunner and the van Domselaar approximations, but it is accurate over a wider range of sample sizes. In addition, an approximate solution which can be used to estimate capillary pressure curves for long cores is developed.
Conditional Access in Mobile Systems: Securing the Application (2005)

This paper describes two protocols for the secure download of content protection software to mobile devices. The protocols apply concepts from trusted computing to demonstrate that a platform is in a sufficiently trustworthy state before any application or associated keys are securely downloaded. The protocols are designed to allow mobile devices to receive broadcast content protected by proprietary conditional access applications. They may also be applied in the general case where demonstration of a secure execution environment is required before an application is downloaded.
Fading channel tracking properties of several adaptive algorithms for the Northern American Digital Cellular System (2002)

When maximum likelihood sequence estimation is used in a receiver for a time division multiple access (TDMA) mobile radio channel, the quality of fading channel tracking via different adaptive algorithms becomes very important. The concept of a tracking error filter, which is a key factor in calculating the mean square error for adaptive algorithms in the frequency domain, is introduced. Employing this analysis method, a new way is shown to prove the equivalence of the least mean squares algorithm and the exponential windowed recursive least squares algorithm. A general condition for the equivalence of the exponential windowed recursive least squares algorithm and the rectangular windowed recursive least squares algorithm is given, and the expression for the mean square error of the channel estimate is derived and the adaptive parameters are optimized.
Performance evaluation for coexistence of LTE and WiFi (2016)

As the traffic load in cellular networks grows exponentially, the capacity crunch is becoming more and more severe, partially due to the fact that the licensed spectrum is rather limited and dwarfed by the ever-increasing traffic demand. To alleviate this issue, the unlicensed spectrum has attracted significant attention as a piece of valuable resource for offloading and for best effort traffic. Therefore, operating cellular technologies with high spectral efficiency, mainly the Long Term Evolution (LTE), in the unlicensed band, is deemed promising. However, the coexistence of different wireless technologies such as LTE and WiFi deployed in the same frequency band is a challenging problem. In this paper, we study the coexistence between LTE and WiFi. Three schemes for coexistence are proposed, evaluated, and compared, based on which the impacts of the coexistence on WiFi performance and LTE performance are analyzed. This study can be useful for the standardization and deployment of LTE on the unlicensed band.
Anticaries Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds from Japanese Green Tea (1991)

The dental caries inhibiting effect of the extract from Japanese green tea, one of the most popular drinks in Japan, was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The crude tea polyphenolic compounds (designated Sunphenon) from the leaf of Camellia sinensis were found to effectively inhibit the attachment of Streptococcus mutans strain JC-2 (serotype c) to saliva-coated hydroxyapatide discs. Sunphenon was also inhibitory to water-insoluble glucan formation from sucrose by crude glucosyltransferase of S. mutans JC-2 (c). Among the tea catechins tested, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epicatechin gallate showed the most potent inhibition of the glucosyltransferase activity. Finally, significantly lower caries scores were observed in specific pathogen free rats infected with S. mutans JC-2 (c) and fed a cariogenic diet and/or drinking water containing 0.05% Sunphenon as compared with control rats not receiving polyphenolic compounds.
Perfluorochemicals: Blood substitutes and beyond (1991)

Review: Biomedical applications of perfluorinated compounds , which are either dense white powders or colorless, odorless liquids, are based on their gas transport capabilities and include resuscitation fluids, microcirculatory support in inschaemic tissues, tumor sensitizers, contrast agents, and the preservation of organs or limbs prior to transplantation. The various formulations, which also contain surfactants, are described with reference to their biocompatibility and modes of use.
Magnetic Properties of Fe-Based Ribbons and Toroidal Cores Prepared by Continuous Stress-Annealing by Joule Heating (2006)

Amorphous Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">73.5</sub> Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15.5</sub> B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sub> ribbons that are 2 mm wide and 20 mum thick were prepared by the continuous stress annealing-Joule heating (CSA-JH) method in air under tensile stresses of 50 to 175 MPa. Processing parameters such as the supplied current density and the moving velocity were varied. The ribbons were annealed at various conditions, and the relationship between the developed anisotropy and moving velocity was evaluated. Then, toroidal cores with 20 mm diameters were prepared from 50 cm-long ribbons, and the ac-magnetic properties were confirmed. The core exhibited ultimate low magnetic loss and constant permeability values. These results show that the joint procedure of continuous stress annealing with a furnace and Joule heating is an effective technique for producing high performance toroidal cores with controlled permeability.
A Method to Measure Simultaneously Cyclic AMP and Inositol Phosphate Accumulation in Rat Brain Slices (1991)

The simultaneous measurement of the accumulation of cyclic AMP and inositol phosphates in rat cerebral cortical slices is described. After stimulation, the separation of cyclic AMP and inositol phosphates was achieved using ion-exchange chromatography and their concentrations were determined by means of a double-labeling technique, the substrates adenine and inositol being labeled with 14C and 3H, respectively. The recoveries were 70-80% for inositol phosphates and 40-50% for cyclic AMP. To test the applicability of the method, norepinephrine was chosen as an agonist, because it is known to stimulate the production of these two second messengers by interacting with alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. This procedure is an improvement over existing methods, because we obtained the simultaneous formation of 3H-inositol phosphates and [14C]cyclic AMP in a concentration-dependent process. EC50 values were similar for the two, 8.5 +/- 3.9 microM for 3H-inositol phosphates and 20.2 +/- 6.3 microM for [14C]cyclic AMP, and close to the values obtained when each process was studied alone. The action of adrenergic antagonists was also tested. Propranolol blocked the norepinephrine stimulation of [14C]cyclic AMP, but did not inhibit the norepinephrine stimulation of 3H-inositol phosphates. The opposite results were observed with prazosin. Our results suggest that this method could be a useful tool to examine the interaction between these two receptor-coupled effectors.
Morning Sympathetic Nerve Activity Is Not Increased in Humans (1995)

These findings challenge the concept that sympathetic nerve activity is higher in the morning either during supine rest or during postural changes and activity. We speculate that if the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the circadian pattern of sudden death, this involvement must reflect exaggerated morning end-organ responsiveness to norepinephrine, not enhanced morning sympathetic outflow.