gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Side chain polysiloxanes with phthalocyanine moieties (2012)

Side chain polysiloxane with 5-(pentyloxy)- 3-methyloxy-9,10,16,17,23,24-hexakis(octenyloxy)phthalocyanine moieties is synthesized by hydrosilylation reaction. The phase behavior and thermooptical properties of the polysiloxane and starting 2-(pent-4-enyloxy)-3-methyloxy-9,10,16,17,23,24-hexakis(octenyloxy)phthalocyanine is examined by POM (Polarizing optical microscopy), TOA (thermooptical analysis), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), AFM (atomic force microscopy) and SAXS (small angle X-ray scattering) studies. The effect of the attachment of phthalocyanine to polysiloxane chains over phase transitions and phase morphology is discussed in details.
Toward a model-based cognitive neuroscience of mind wandering (2015)

People often "mind wander" during everyday tasks, temporarily losing track of time, place, or current task goals. In laboratory-based tasks, mind wandering is often associated with performance decrements in behavioral variables and changes in neural recordings. Such empirical associations provide descriptive accounts of mind wandering - how it affects ongoing task performance - but fail to provide true explanatory accounts - why it affects task performance. In this perspectives paper, we consider mind wandering as a neural state or process that affects the parameters of quantitative cognitive process models, which in turn affect observed behavioral performance. Our approach thus uses cognitive process models to bridge the explanatory divide between neural and behavioral data. We provide an overview of two general frameworks for developing a model-based cognitive neuroscience of mind wandering. The first approach uses neural data to segment observed performance into a discrete mixture of latent task-related and task-unrelated states, and the second regresses single-trial measures of neural activity onto structured trial-by-trial variation in the parameters of cognitive process models. We discuss the relative merits of the two approaches, and the research questions they can answer, and highlight that both approaches allow neural data to provide additional constraint on the parameters of cognitive models, which will lead to a more precise account of the effect of mind wandering on brain and behavior. We conclude by summarizing prospects for mind wandering as conceived within a model-based cognitive neuroscience framework, highlighting the opportunities for its continued study and the benefits that arise from using well-developed quantitative techniques to study abstract theoretical constructs.
Intratumoral concentration of sex steroids and expression of sex steroid-producing enzymes in ductal carcinoma in situ of human breast (2008)

It is well known that sex steroids play important roles in the development of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the human breast. However, biological significance of sex steroids remains largely unclear in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), regarded as a precursor lesion of IDC, which is partly due to the fact that the intratumoral concentration of sex steroids has not been examined in DCIS. Therefore, in this study, we first examined the intratumoral concentrations of estradiol and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) using liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in DCIS. Intratumoral concentrations of both estradiol and DHT were threefold higher in DCIS than non-neoplastic breast tissues and estrogen-producing enzymes (aromatase, steroid sulfatase, and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17betaHSD1)), and androgen-producing enzymes (17betaHSD5 and 5alpha-reductase type 1 (5alphaRed1)) were abundantly expressed in DCIS by real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. The intratumoral concentration of DHT was significantly lower in IDC than DCIS, while the expression of aromatase mRNA in carcinoma cells and intratumoral stromal cells was significantly higher in IDC than those in DCIS. Immunohistochemistry for sex steroid-producing enzymes in DCIS demonstrated that 5alphaRed1 immunoreactivity was positively correlated with Ki-67 labeling index and histological grade and was also associated with an increased risk of recurrence in patients with DCIS examined. Results of our study suggest that intratumoral concentrations of estradiol and DHT are increased in DCIS, which is possibly due to intratumoral production of these steroids. Therefore, estradiol and DHT may play important roles in the development of DCIS of the human breast.
RFID tag antenna with a meandered dipole and inductively coupled feed (2006)

This paper presents tag antennas with an inductively coupled feed structure for the RFID application in the UHF band. The designed antennas consist of the rectangular loop for feeding and meandered dipole. We estimate the maximum bandwidth of the designed antenna using the approximate calculation and the calculated results are verified by measuring the read range of the tag antennas as a function of frequency. The read range of the designed RFID tag is approximately from 2.5 m to 4 m in air.
The Gemfibrozil Study. (1985)

In clinical studies in dyslipidaemic patients gemfibrozil has produced falls in LDL and VLDL of 10-20% and 30-50%, respectively, but a rise in HDL of 15-25%. Gemfibrozil also produces increases in both Apo AI and AII, and in kininogen and prekallikrein. Side-effects are not a major problem. The Helsinki Heart Study has compared the effects of gemfibrozil with those of placebo in a group of 4080 dyslipidaemic Finnish men aged 40-55. The results are not yet available but there is reason to believe that the probable level of coronary risk reduction will be at least as great as that reported by the Lipid Research Clinics Study Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT).
Genetic relatedness among Japanese, American and European isolates of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) based on partial G and P genes (2002)

Molecular virological analyses of 8 Japanese VHSV (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) isolates from wild and farmed Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were performed to investigate their genetic relatedness to American and European isolates of VHSV. Phylogenetic analyses based on the partial nucleotide sequences of G and P genes revealed that there are 2 genogroups of VHSV in Japan. The first one represented by the Obama25 isolate is closely related to the American isolates (Genogroup I) while the other, the KRRV9601 isolate, is closely related to the traditional European isolates (Genogroup III). The 2 types of Japanese VHSV showed differences in the relative mobility of the G protein and intensity of the antibody reaction on the P and M proteins. The Obama25 type of VHSV is widely distributed as a native virus in the coastal areas of western Japan and has been responsible for the occurrence of VHSV infection in farmed Japanese flounder while the KRRV9601 isolate is considered to have been introduced from a foreign country.
Pharmacological Aspects of (-)-Deprenyl (2004)

Deprenyl, the selective irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), has been synthesised as a potential antidepressant, however, due to its dopamine potentiating capacity, became a registered drug in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Deprenyl possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities; some of them are not related to its MAO-B inhibitory potency. Beside its dopamine potentiating effect, it renders protection against a number of dopaminergic, cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotoxins with a complex mechanism of action. By inducing antioxidant enzymes and decreasing the formation of reactive oxygen species, deprenyl is able to combat an oxidative challenge implicated as a common causative factor in neurodegenerative diseases. In a dose substantially lower than required for MAO-B inhibition (10(-9)-10(-13) M), deprenyl interferes with early apoptotic signalling events induced by various kinds of insults in cell cultures of neuroectodermal origin, thus protecting cells from apoptotic death. Deprenyl requires metabolic conversion to a hitherto unidentified metabolite to exert its antiapoptotic effect, which serves to protect the integrity of the mitochondrion by inducing transcriptional and translational changes. Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies have revealed that deprenyl undergoes intensive first pass metabolism, and its major metabolites also possess pharmacological activities. The ratio of the parent compound and its metabolites reaching the systemic circulation and the brain are highly dependent on the routes of administration. Therefore, in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, reconsideration of the dosing schedule, by lowering the dose of deprenyl and choosing the most appropriate route of administration, would diminish undesired adverse effects, with unaltered neuroprotective potency.
Reversible pressure-induced amorphization of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-4) (2011)

We report the reversible pressure-induced amorphization of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-4, [Zn(Im)(2)]). This occurs irrespective of pore occupancy and takes place via a novel high pressure phase (ZIF-4-I) when solvent molecules are present in the pores. A significant reduction in bulk modulus upon framework evacuation is also observed for both ZIF-4 and ZIF-4-I.
Imaging of synaptically evoked intrinsic optical signals in hippocampal slices (1991)

Imaging analysis techniques were used to examine changes in the intrinsic optical properties in hippocampal brain slices that occurred during synaptic activity evoked by Schaffer collateral stimulation in CA1. Repetitive synaptic activity was associated with an increase in light transmission in the synaptic region in stratum radiatum. The effect was seen at wavelengths of light between 450 and 800 nm but was of greater amplitude at longer wavelengths. Blocking synaptic transmission with either Ca(2+)-free EGTA perfusate or kynurenic acid (an excitatory amino acid antagonist) blocked the optical signal, indicating that it resulted from postsynaptic activation of the cells and was not due to presynaptic fiber volleys or transmitter release alone. Because the optical changes were blocked by reducing extracellular Cl- (by replacement with gluconate) or by furosemide (an anion transport inhibitor), increased Cl- transport (conceivably Na-K- 2Cl cotransport) may generate these signals possibly by causing cellular swelling and thereby less light scattering. These optical changes were not blocked, however, by bicarbonate-free solution, indicating that bicarbonate transport may not be involved. Changes in the intrinsic optical signal could be related to glial swelling due to K+ released during neuronal activity because high-K(+)-induced swelling of cultured astrocytes is blocked by furosemide and low-Cl- solution. Intrinsic optical signals of neuronal tissue should be considered when voltage- or ion-sensitive dyes are used.
Enzymatic Decarboxylation—An Emerging Reaction for Chemicals Production from Renewable Resources (2014)

Abstract Decarboxylases are very useful tools for the defunctionalization of organic molecules under very mild reaction conditions. They have been applied for the synthesis of alcohols, carboxylic acids, diamines, terminal olefins, and other important chemicals. Moreover, several decarboxylases catalyze the fixation of carbon dioxide, which makes them promising catalysts for the utilization of this resource. Interestingly, several decarboxylases show promiscuous activities such as enzymatic racemization and stereoselective hydration. Despite this very high synthetic potential, large‐scale processes are still rare and are mostly limited to fermentative approaches or to small‐volume products. This Minireview gives an overview of the several recent, very promising applications both for the synthesis of high‐value fine chemicals and biogenic bulk products and summarizes chances and limitations of this emerging class of biocatalysts.
A Tetradentate Ligand for the Enantioselective Ti(IV)-Promoted Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides: Origin of Enantioselectivity (2012)

A detailed stereomechanistic analysis has led to the design of a new tetradentate ligand for the enantioselective Ti(IV)-catalyzed oxidation of unsymmetrical sulfides to sulfoxides with high selectivity. The pathway of this oxidation and the closely related and long-known Kagan-Modena oxidation have been clarified to identify the likely origin of the enantioselectivity.
Thrombocytopenia in association with splenomegaly during granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor treatment in mice is not caused by hypersplenism and is resolved spontaneously (2006)

Thrombocytopenia coincided with splenomegaly during G-CSF treatment, but hypersplenism was not responsible for thrombocytopenia. G-CSF-induced thrombocytopenia was a transient event and improved spontaneously despite continual G-CSF treatment.
Cutaneous lymphangiectases associated with severe photoaging and topical corticosteroid application (1996)

We report an elderly patient with lymphangiectases arising within skin affected by photoaging, steroid atrophy, and inflammation. Bullous lesions appeared in several sites following a year of topical corticosteroid applications for neurodermatitis. Light and electron microscopy showed that the bullae consisted of dilated lymphatic vessels within the dermis. There was also marked nodular elastosis and attenuation of dermal collagen. We suggest that this patient's lymphangiectases resulted from abnormal structure and function of the dermis due to photoaging and steroid atrophy.
The miRNA pathway limits AGO1 availability during siRNA-mediated PTGS defense against exogenous RNA (2011)

In plants, most microRNAs (miRNAs) and several endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) bind to ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) to regulate the expression of endogenous genes through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). AGO1 also participates in a siRNA-mediated PTGS defense response that thwarts exogenous RNA deriving from viruses and transgenes. Here, we reveal that plants supporting transgene PTGS exhibit increased levels of AGO1 protein. Moreover, increasing AGO1 levels either by mutating miRNA pathway components or, more specifically, by impairing miR168-directed regulation of AGO1 mRNA leads to increased PTGS efficiency, indicating that the miRNA pathway dampens the efficiency of PTGS, likely by limiting the availability of AGO1. We propose that during the transgene PTGS initiation phase, transgene siRNAs and endogenous siRNAs and miRNA compete to bind to AGO1, leading to a transient reduction in AGO1-miR168 complexes and a decline in AGO1 mRNA cleavage. The concomitant increase in AGO1 protein levels would facilitate the formation of AGO1-transgene siRNA complexes and the entry into the PTGS amplification phase. We suggest that the miRNA pathway imposes an important limitation on PTGS efficiency, which could help protect endogenous mRNAs from being routinely targeted by PTGS.
Patenting financial software (2002)

This paper presents some of the issues surrounding patentability of financial software. Two representative patents, one assigned to Merrill Lynch and the other to College Savings Bank, reveal what has already been patented in the area of financial services. Merrill Lynch's patent formulates the Cash management Account (CMA) and shows its software implementation in the form of a high-level flowchart.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A device for the simple and rapid transcervical transfer of mouse embryos eliminates the need for surgery and potential post-operative complications (2009)

We describe a novel device that can be used for the transcervical transfer of embryos into pseudopregnant female mice. This nonsurgical embryo transfer (NSET) device is as efficient as standard surgical embryo transfer in the production of transgenic mice, and can also be used for the transfer of embryonic stem cell-containing chimeric blastocysts and cryopreserved embryos. In addition to the elimination of surgery, recipient females do not have to be anesthetized. The NSET device eliminates a painful surgical procedure as well as potential complications associated with anesthesia/post-operative care, reduces the technical expertise and equipment needed for surgical transfer, and represents substantial cost savings and regulatory reduction. NSET technology provides an easy and rapid alternative to surgical embryo transfer. Address correspondence to Brett Spear, Room 210, Combs Building, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA. email:
Enabling technologies for future data center networking: a primer (2013)

The increasing adoption of cloud services is demanding the deployment of more data centers. Data centers typically house a huge amount of storage and computing resources, in turn dictating better networking technologies to connect the large number of computing and storage nodes. Data center networking (DCN) is an emerging field to study networking challenges in data centers. In this article, we present a survey on enabling DCN technologies for future cloud infrastructures through which the huge amount of resources in data centers can be efficiently managed. Specifically, we start with a detailed investigation of the architecture, technologies, and design principles for future DCN. Following that, we highlight some of the design challenges and open issues that should be addressed for future DCN to improve its energy efficiency and increase its throughput while lowering its cost.
Continuous acoustic separation in a thermoplastic microchannel (2013)

Acoustic manipulation of particles and cells has been widely used for trapping and separation in microfluidic devices. Previously, the resonant components of these devices have been fabricated from silicon, glass, metals, or other materials having high acoustic impedance. Here, we present experimental results showing continuous acoustic focusing and separation of blood cells in a microchannel fabricated entirely from polystyrene. The efficiency and flow rates approach those reported in silicon and glass systems. We find that the optimum operating frequencies differ from those predicted by conventional approximations which have been developed for more rigid materials. Additionally, we introduce a method for fabrication of the devices, using an adaptation of thermofusion bonding that preserves critical channel dimensions. To control channel cross section during bonding, we introduced a collapsible fiberboard material in the bonding press. This structure provided a self-limiting force and mitigated deformation of the polystyrene. Together, these advances may enable new applications for acoustic focusing and separation in medical devices.
Brassinosteroids Interact with Auxin to Promote Lateral Root Development in Arabidopsis (2004)

Plant hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) and auxin exert some similar physiological effects likely through their functional interaction, but the mechanism for this interaction is unknown. In this study, we show that BRs are required for lateral root development in Arabidopsis and that BRs act synergistically with auxin to promte lateral root formation. BR perception is required for the transgenic expression of the beta-glucuronidase gene fused to a synthetic auxin-inducible promoter (DR5::GUS) in root tips, while exogenous BR promotes DR5::GUS expression in the root tips and the stele region proximal to the root tip. BR induction of both lateral root formation and DR5::GUS expression is suppressed by the auxin transport inhibitor N-(1-naphthyl) phthalamic acid. Importantly, BRs promote acropetal auxin transport (from the base to the tip) in the root. Our observations indicate that BRs regulate auxin transport, providing a novel mechanism for hormonal interactions in plants and supporting the hypothesis that BRs promote lateral root development by increasing acropetal auxin transport.
Visibility of single heavy atoms on thin crystalline silicon in simulated annular dark-field STEM images (1988)

The multislice method, pioneered by Cowley and Moodie, has recently been adapted to simulate annular dark-field scanning transmission electron-microscope (ADF STEM) images. This paper presents a series of calculations using this new approach with experimental parameters appropriate for a VG-HB501 STEM to investigate the visibility of single heavy adatoms on thin crystalline silicon membranes. The tendency for electrons to channel along columns of atoms in crystals can greatly increase the intensity incident on an adatom on the exit surface, thereby increasing the adatom visibility. The simulations indicate that an adatom on the exit surface on a column of crystal atoms is up to three times as visible as an adatom on the entrance surface, and that the adatom remains highly visible as the crystal thickness is increased. Tilting the specimen or displacing the adatom from the column appears to lower the visibility of the adatom dramatically. These calculations suggest that, with the appropriate imaging conditions, a single gold adatom may be visible on at least 235 of (111) silicon.
Performance Improvement through Relay-Channel Partitioning and Reuse in OFDMA Multihop Cellular Networks (2008)

The integration of multihop capabilities in orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) cellular systems through the deployment of relay stations is believed to be one of the promising solutions for the next-generation wireless communications. In this paper, four fixed resource allocation schemes with different partition and reuse factors are discussed. They are 7-part partitioning (PF7), 4-part partitioning (PF4), partial reuse (PR), and full reuse (FR) schemes. The co-channel interferences of these four schemes in a multi-cell scenario are full-queue analyzed. Through the use of a proposed Monte-Carlo simulation algorithm, the empirical cumulative density function (CDF) curves of user's signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in the worst case are gained in different scenarios. Simulation results show that multihop transmissions are greatly advantageous for improving throughput and reducing outage when compared with single-hop transmissions, and can especially improve the performance of cell-edge users. Among these four schemes, PF7 and PF4 mitigate co-channel interferences by relay-channel partitioning, while the other two schemes PR and FR improve the throughput by relay-channel partitioning as well as reuse.
Seismology and Structures Absolutely Positively Risky (1993)

The changes in New Zealand's earthquake insurance market have revealed varying perceptions of Wellington's earthquake risk. Some companies consider Wellington to be high risk while the Government and public sector believes it is a manageable risk. The author advises building owners and managers to objectively assess their exposure to earthquake risk and take measures to diminish the effects.
<i>In situ</i> growth rate measurements and length control during chemical vapor deposition of vertically aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes (2003)

Time-resolved reflectivity is employed as an in situ diagnostic in thermal chemical vapor deposition of vertically aligned arrays of multiwall carbon nanotubes (VAA–MWNT). Fabry–Ṕerot interference fringes and attenuation of a reflected HeNe laser beam are used to measure the length of VAA–MWNT throughout the first 3–8 μm of growth yielding in situ measurements of growth rates and kinetics and the capability to observe the onset and termination of growth. VAA–MWNT growth is characterized between 565 and 750 °C on Si substrates with evaporated Al/Fe/Mo multilayer catalysts and acetylene feedstock. Nanotube lengths were controlled by rapid evacuation of the chamber at predetermined reflectivities, and it was demonstrated that growth can be restarted at later times. The extinction coefficients of the VAA–MWNT were studied and correlated with nanotube wall structure. Growth rates for VAA–MWNT are found to vary depending on the catalyst preparation, temperature, and time. Both the highest growth rates (0.3 μm/s) and the tallest VAA–MWNT (0.75 mm long) were achieved at 730 °C.