gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase-preserved optical elevator (2013)

The unique superiority of transformation optics devices designed from coordinate transformation is their capability of recovering both ray trajectory and optical path length in light manipulation. However, very few experiments have been done so far to verify this dual-recovery property from viewpoints of both ray trajectory and optical path length simultaneously. The experimental difficulties arise from the fact that most previous optical transformation optics devices only work at the nano-scale; the lack of intercomparison between data from both optical path length and ray trajectory measurement in these experiments obscured the fact that the ray path was subject to a subwavelength lateral shift that was otherwise not easily perceivable and, instead, was pointed out theoretically [B. Zhang et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 233903, 2010]. Here, we use a simple macroscopic transformation optics device of phase-preserved optical elevator, which is a typical birefringent optical phenomenon that can virtually lift an optical image by a macroscopic distance, to demonstrate decisively the unique optical path length preservation property of transformation optics. The recovery of ray trajectory is first determined with no lateral shift in the reflected ray. The phase preservation is then verified with incoherent white-light interferometry without ambiguity and phase unwrapping.
A Simple and Regioselective Preparation of 2- or 3-Substituted Quinoline Derivatives via Dialkylquinolylboranes (1985)

Various quinoline derivatives possessing a substituent at the 2-or 3-position were prepared by the reaction of dialkylquinolylboranes and organic bromides in the presence of a palladium catalyst.Since numerous quinolines occur in natural sources and have valuable chemotherapeutic, tumorinhibiting and fungicidal properties, much attention has been paid to the syntheses of substituted quinolines, but the general methods for regioselective introduction of an aryl, a heteroaryl, or an alkenyl group into quinoline nucleus are scarce.'We have previously reported a convenient procedure for the regioselective introduction of various substituents (i.e., aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl) into the 3-or 4-position of pyridine by the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between diethylpyridylboranes and organic halides.2We wish to report here a simple and regioselective preparation of 2-or 3-substituted quinoline de-3 revatives (1) from dialkylquinolylboranes (1) and organic bromides (1) in the presence of a palladium catalyst.
Context Driven Label Fusion for segmentation of Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat in CT Volumes (2015)

Quantification of adipose tissue (fat) from computed tomography (CT) scans is conducted mostly through manual or semi-automated image segmentation algorithms with limited efficacy. In this work, we propose a completely unsupervised and automatic method to identify adipose tissue, and then separate Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue (SAT) from Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) at the abdominal region. We offer a three-phase pipeline consisting of (1) Initial boundary estimation using gradient points, (2) boundary refinement using Geometric Median Absolute Deviation and Appearance based Local Outlier Scores (3) Context driven label fusion using Conditional Random Fields (CRF) to obtain the final boundary between SAT and VAT. We evaluate the proposed method on 151 abdominal CT scans and obtain state-of-the-art 94% and 91% dice similarity scores for SAT and VAT segmentation, as well as significant reduction in fat quantification error measure.
Epigenetic regulation of Smad2 and Smad3 by profilin-2 promotes lung cancer growth and metastasis (2015)

Altered transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling has been implicated in tumour development and progression. However, the molecular mechanism behind this alteration is poorly understood. Here we show that profilin-2 (Pfn2) increases Smad2 and Smad3 expression via an epigenetic mechanism, and that profilin-2 and Smad expression correlate with an unfavourable prognosis of lung cancer patients. Profilin-2 overexpression promotes, whereas profilin-2 knockdown drastically reduces, lung cancer growth and metastasis. We show that profilin-2 suppresses the recruitment of HDAC1 to Smad2 and Smad3 promoters by preventing nuclear translocation of HDAC1 through protein-protein interaction at the C terminus of both proteins, leading to the transcriptional activation of Smad2 and Smad3. Increased Smad2 and Smad3 expression enhances TGF-β1-induced EMT and production of the angiogenic factors VEGF and CTGF. These findings reveal a new regulatory mechanism of TGF-β1/Smad signalling, and suggest a potential molecular target for the development of anticancer drugs.
Li<sub>2</sub>OHCl Crystalline Electrolyte for Stable Metallic Lithium Anodes (2016)

In a classic example of stability from instability, we show that Li2OHCl solid electrolyte forms a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer with a metallic lithium anode. The Li2OHCl solid electrolyte can be readily achieved through simple mixing of LiOH and LiCl precursors at a mild processing temperature <400 °C. Additionally, we show that continuous, dense Li2OHCl membranes can be fabricated at temperatures <400 °C, standing in great contrast to current processing temperatures of >1600 °C for most oxide-based solid electrolytes. The ionic conductivity and Arrhenius activation energy were explored for the LiOH–LiCl system of crystalline solid electrolytes, where Li2OHCl with increased crystal defects was found to have the highest ionic conductivity and reasonable Arrhenius activation energy. The Li2OHCl solid electrolyte displays stability against metallic lithium, even in extreme conditions past the melting point of lithium metal. To understand this excellent stability, we show that SEI formation is critical in stabilizing the interface between metallic lithium and the Li2OHCl solid electrolyte.
Chemically Induced Cardiomyogenesis of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (2009)

A transgenic murine embryonic stem (ES) cell lineage expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of alpha-myosine heavy chain (alpha-MHC) promoter (palpha-MHC-EGFP) was used to investigate the effects of (thio)urea and cinchona alkaloid derivatives on cardiomyogenesis. The screening of the compounds yielded cardiomyogenesis inducing substances with good (IV-5, V-4) to very good activities (II-16, IV-8), as determined by a 50 to 80 % increase in the EGFP fluorescence compared to untreated cells. Time-dependent screening approaches in which compounds were added at different developmental stages of the ES cells appeared to be of limited suitability for the identification of potential cellular targets.
Designing for Flexible Interaction Between Humans and Automation: Delegation Interfaces for Supervisory Control (2007)

Most applications of adaptive automation (aviation, air traffic control, robotics, process control, etc.) are potential avenues for the adaptable, delegation approach we advocate. We present an extended example for uninhabited air vehicle mission planning.
Degradation of Well Cement by CO<sub>2</sub> under Geologic Sequestration Conditions (2007)

Experiments were conducted to assess the durability of cements in wells penetrating candidate formations for geologic sequestration of CO2. These experiments showed a significant variation in the initial degradation (9 days of exposure) based on the curing conditions. The high-temperature (50 degrees C) and high-pressure (30.3 MPa) curing environment increased the degree of hydration and caused a change in the microstructure and distribution of the Ca(OH)2(s) phase within the cement. Cement cured at 50 degrees C and 30.3 MPa (representing sequestration conditions) proved to be more resistant to carbonic acid attack than cement cured at 22 degrees C and 0.1 MPa. The cement cured at 50 degrees C and 30.3 MPa exhibited a shallower depth of degradation and displayed a well-defined carbonated zone as compared to cement cured under ambient conditions. This is likely due to smaller, more evenly distributed Ca(OH)2(s) crystals that provide a uniform and effective barrier to CO2 attack.
Practical Design Considerations for a Si IGBT + SiC MOSFET Hybrid Switch: Parasitic Interconnect Influences, Cost, and Current Ratio Optimization (2018)

In this paper, a hybrid switch (HyS) consisting of a large current rated Si insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) device connected in parallel with a small current rated SiC MOSFET device (low SiC/Si current ratio below unity) is proposed for high-current high-power converters. A systematic analysis involving a parametric sweep to understand the influence and to derive a boundary line of the parasitic interconnection inductance unbalance between Si and SiC within the HyS is presented. The boundary line prescribes the selection of an appropriate gate sequence control. A comprehensive cost analysis was performed using commercial 1.2 kV devices to demonstrate the cost viability of a 1:4 or 1:6 SiC/Si current ratio HyS compared to a SiC MOSFET. An algorithm using a dynamic junction temperature prediction is presented to select an optimum SiC/Si current ratio, which ensures a reliable HyS operation. Using a design example, the possibility of reliability using a 1:6 SiC/Si HyS is studied. A 650 V Si-IGBT- and SiC-MOSFET-based HyS (1:5 SiC/Si current ratio) was successfully demonstrated in a dc-dc boost converter. Also, electromagnetic interference analysis is presented for the HyS-based converter operation.
Laser Diagnostics for combustion temperature and species measurements (1988)

Laser optical diagnostic techniques for the measurement of combustion gaseous-phase temperatures and, or species concentrations are discussed. The techniques fall into two classes: incoherent (Rayleigh scattering, spontaneous Raman scattering, laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy) and coherent (coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy). The advantages, disadvantages and applicability of each method are outlined.
Ultra-long range optical frequency domain reflectometry using a coherence-enhanced highly linear frequency-swept fiber laser source (2019)

We report on an ultra-long range optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) using a coherence-enhanced highly linear frequency-swept fiber laser source based on an optoelectronic phase-locked loop (OPLL). The frequency-swept fiber laser is locked to an all-fiber-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) to suppress sweep nonlinearity and enhance the laser coherence, leading to a high coherence linear frequency sweep of 1 GHz in the duration time of 25 ms. This enables the OFDR to realize an ultra-long range measurement with a high spatial resolution. As a result, we obtain a 10 cm transform-limited spatial resolution at a 20 km fiber within 25 ms measurement time, and a 72 cm spatial resolution over an entire 200 km fiber link within 5 ms measurement time. The proposed reflectometry provides a high-performance solution with both high spatial resolution and ultra-long measurement range for field real-time fiber network monitoring and sensing applications.
Familial Alzheimer's disease: genetic influences on the disease process (Review). (1999)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has both genetic and environmental etiologies. Genetic causes include presenilin (PS) mutations on chromosomes 1 and 14, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutations on chromosome 21. At least two susceptibility genes also exist. In this review phenotypic differences in AD groups are described and possible differences in the mechanism(s) by which AD mutations lead to dementia are reviewed. Clinical, pathological and biochemical phenotypes distinguish AD cases with different etiologies. For example, age-at-onset and age-at-death between PS-1, PS-2, APP and sporadic AD groups differ. Also, some forms of AD are associated with more Abeta deposition others, and some AD groups have morphologically distinct Abeta deposits or other unique histopathologic features. APP-related AD mutations always occur within the Abeta portion of the APP gene, adjacent to sites where alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretase breakdown pathways operate in the expressed protein. These mutations alter APP metabolism leading to increased Abeta production. It is unknown if other AD groups are subject to identical changes in APP metabolism. Activation of apoptosis pathways, more general defects in protein transport or metabolism, differential regulation of tau kinases or other factors may also be important. Overall, data support the notion that differences occur in the disease process in etiologically distinct AD groups.
The use of thermospray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the class identification and structural verification of phytoestrogens in soy protein preparations (1989)

The thermospray mass spectra of the phytoestrogens have intense protonated molecular ions but contain few or no ions indicative of structure. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to obtain daughter ion spectra containing ions unique to the different structural characteristics of each phytoestrogen subclass and was used both to confirm identification and propose structures for unknowns. In addition to unique daughter ion spectra, MS/MS was used as a class identifier to detect phytoestrogens through the neutral loss of 56 (due to consecutive losses of CO) that is common to all members of this family. Several sources of soy protein were investigated to confirm the presence or absence of phytoestrogens. In one preparation investigated, daidzein and genistein were detected as well as an unknown phytoestrogen of the Biochanin A subclass. This unknown has been tentatively identified as 6,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone using its daughter ion spectrum.
The Role of Lipid Rafts in Cancer Cell Adhesion and Migration (2011)

Lipid rafts are cholesterol-enriched microdomains of the cell membrane and possess a highly dynamic nature. They have been involved in various cellular functions including the regulation of cell adhesion and membrane signaling through proteins within lipid rafts. The dynamic features of the cancer cell surface may modulate the malignant phenotype of cancer, including adhesion disorders and aggressive phenotypes of migration and invasion. Recently, it was demonstrated that lipid rafts play critical roles in cancer cell adhesion and migration. This article summarizes the important roles of lipid rafts in cancer cell adhesion and migration, with a focus on the current state of knowledge. This article will improve the understanding of cancer progression and lead to the development of novel targets for cancer therapy.
Low-Power Dual Dynamic Node Pulsed Hybrid Flip-Flop Featuring Efficient Embedded Logic (2012)

In this paper, we introduce a new dual dynamic node hybrid flip-flop (DDFF) and a novel embedded logic module (DDFF-ELM) based on DDFF. The proposed designs eliminate the large capacitance present in the precharge node of several state-of-the-art designs by following a split dynamic node structure to separately drive the output pull-up and pull-down transistors. The DDFF offers a power reduction of up to 37% and 30% compared to the conventional flip-flops at 25% and 50% data activities, respectively. The aim of the DDFF-ELM is to reduce pipeline overhead. It presents an area, power, and speed efficient method to incorporate complex logic functions into the flip-flop. The performance comparisons made in a 90 nm UMC process show a power reduction of 27% compared to the Semidynamic flip-flop, with no degradation in speed performance. The leakage power and process-voltage-temperature variations of various designs are studied in detail and are compared with the proposed designs. Also, DDFF and DDFF-ELM are compared with other state-of-the-art designs by implementing a 4-b synchronous counter and a 4-b Johnson up-down counter. The performance improvements indicate that the proposed designs are well suited for modern high-performance designs where power dissipation and latching overhead are of major concern.
Tetrahydrofuranylmethylamines: An efficient and simple one‐step synthesis and biological activities (2003)

Abstract Various tetrahydrofuran‐2‐ylmethylamines have been prepared in good yields by an efficient one‐step synthesis utilizing the reaction of tetrahydrofurfurylchloride with different secondary cyclic amines without any catalyst. The compounds were tested for their in vitro affinity for the (α4) 2 (β2) 3 and α7* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes. Pyrrolidine, piperidine and azepane containing analogs ( 1a, 1b, 1c ) showed K i values in the lower micromolar range for these neuronal nAChR subtypes in rat brain.
Robot-polishing of curved surface with magnetically pressed polishing tool. (1988)

This paper describes the development of an automatic polishing machine for a free form surface with the help of a robot. The robot is installed with a magnetically pressed polishing tool which has been newly developed. This tool utilizes the magnetic field created by a small magnet within the hollow space of a ferromagnetic grinding wheel to apply holding pressure over the surface to be polished. Therefore, the need for high stiffness arm structure to exert polishing pressure is eliminated. Besides this, the robot provides easy control, because the tool possesses considerable flexibility that enables the grinding wheel to follow the curved surface independent of the robot arm whose vibration or positioning error does influence the movement path of the abrasive wheel. The cup shaped grinding wheel has three humps on the abrasive end to provide contact at three points on the free form surface, and hence, the wheel rotates smoothly around the axis and generates a polished surface required. In this paper the characteristics of the tool are investigated, and the robot control method to get a smooth surface is discussed.
Alkaline phosphatase: beyond the liver (2007)

The alkaline phosphatases comprise a heterogeneous group of enzymes that are widely distributed in mammalian cells. They often are associated with cell membranes, but their exact physiologic function is unknown. Despite this, alkaline phosphatase activity is a very useful serum biochemical indicator of liver disease, particularly cholestatic disease. However, increases in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum and other body fluids may reflect physiologic or pathologic changes beyond those of hepatic origin. For example, nonhepatic increases in serum alkaline phosphatase activity are found in young animals, in pregnant and lactating females, and in association with high fat diets. Bone disease, endocrine disease, neoplasia, and other disorders can result in increased alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, alkaline phosphatase activity may be increased due to induction by certain drugs such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants. In this article, we will review the physiologic and pathologic factors influencing the activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum and other body fluids, with an emphasis on disorders beyond liver disease.
Comparative study of the utilization of bacteria and microalgae by the suspension-feeding bivalve: <i>Callista chione</i> (1999)

Callista chione is the most prominent suspension-feeding bivalve species inhabiting the soft bottoms of the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer. Ingestion rates and absorption efficiencies when fed monospecific cultures of either phytoplankton ( Pavlova lutheri ) or bacteria (one natural strain isolated from the marine environment) were determined using 14 C radioactive pulse–chase feeding experiments. Microalgae were ingested at a rate five to six times higher than bacteria (i.e. 2.31×10 −3 against 0.40×10 −3 mg DW mg SFDW −1 h −1 ). Such differences were attributed to differences in average particle sizes. Bacteria were also less absorbed than microalgae (i.e. 64.3 vs 83.8%). Together with existing data regarding the ratio of free to attached bacteria in the oceanographic environment, these results suggest that free bacteria probably contribute to meet only a small portion of the energy requirements of adult C. chione populations.
Converting a Three-Stage Pseudoclass-AB Amplifier to a True-Class-AB Amplifier (2012)

We convert a low-voltage low-transistor-count wide-swing multistage pseudoclass-AB amplifier proposed by Mita et al. to a true-class-AB amplifier. The conversion is made possible using gate-drain feedback to combine two inverting common- source amplifiers to form a single noninverting stage. Both the pseudoclassand true-class-AB amplifiers were fabricated in a 0.5-μm CMOS 2P3M process. They are designed to operate from ±1.25-V supplies at a nominal quiescent current of 175 μA and a minimum phase margin of 45° when driving capacitive loads from 1 to 200 pF and resistive loads from 500 Ω to 1 MΩ. The total com- pensation capacitance of the proposed class-AB amplifier is 12 pF, which is 50% less than the pseudoclass-AB amplifier. The simu- lated unity-gain frequency of the class-AB amplifier is 4.9 MHz at a load of 25 pF||1kΩ, which is 88% higher than that of the pseudoclass-AB amplifier. Experimental measurements show that the proposed amplifier has a maximum total bias current of 175 μA, as compared with 1.05 mA for the pseudoclass-AB am- plifier. Measured slew rates of the proposed amplifier are 2.7 and 3.3 V/μs, twice as much as those of its pseudoclass-AB counterpart.
A Novel Point Variant in <i>NTRK3</i>, R645C, Suggests a Role of this Gene in the Pathogenesis of Hirschsprung Disease (2009)

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses due to a defect in the migration process of neural crest neuroblasts. Manifestation of the disease has been linked to the dysfunction of two principal signalling pathways involved in the enteric nervous system (ENS) formation: the RET-GDNF and the EDN3-EDNRB receptor systems. However, the NTF3/NTRK3 signalling pathway plays an essential role in the development of the ENS suggesting a potential role for those genes in the pathogenesis of HSCR. We have sought to evaluate the candidature of the NTRK3 gene, which encodes the TrkC receptor, as a susceptibility gene for Hirschsprung disease. Using dHPLC technology we have screened the NTRK3 coding region in 143 Spanish HSCR patients. A total of four previously described polymorphisms and 12 novel sequence variants were detected. Of note, the novel R645C mutation was detected in 2 affected siblings of a HSCR family also carrying a RET splicing mutation. Using bioinformatics tools we observed that the presence of an additional cysteine residue might implicate structural alterations in the mutated protein. We propose haploinsufficiency as the most probable mechanism for the NTRK3 R645C mutation. NTRK3 and RET mutations in this family only appear together in the HSCR patients, suggesting that they per se are necessary but not sufficient to produce the phenotype. In addition, it is quite probable that the contribution of other still unidentified modifier genes, may be responsible for the different phenotypes (length of aganglionosis) in the two affected members.