gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Evaluation of Self-Expanding Stents Suitable for Diverse Clinical Manifestation Based on Mechanical Engineering (2012)

Atherosclerosis is one of the most prominent diseases that induce dysfunction of circulation, and it is a disease of large and medium size arteries. If cholesterol presenting at high concentration in a blood injures an intima, a white corpuscle, i.e. a monocyte, goes into the intima and mutates into a foam cell. Then, smooth muscle cells migrate from the media to the intima, and they grow proliferously there. Based on these phenomena, cholesterol and other lipid materials accumulate in the intima. Atherosclerosis has become a serious problem in the developed countries that are aging. Therefore, countermeasures to the atherosclerosis have become important. Although there are various medical treatments for the atherosclerosis, a stent placement has received much attention as a minimally invasive procedure for vascular stenotic lesion based on the coronary atherosclerosis, the arteriosclerosis obliterans, etc. A stent is a cylindrical tube-shaped medical device that can expand the stenotic lesion in a blood vessel continuously. When considering the expansion method of a stent, two types are available. One is a self-expanding type that can expand by itself when released from the sheath of a catheter. Another is a balloon-expandable type that must be expanded forcibly using a balloon catheter. Because the self-expanding stent continues to expand to the memorized diameter at the stenotic lesion, it has the long-term patency of a vascular wall. In the present study, the main target is the self-expanding type.
Optical solitons : from fibers to photonic crystals (2003)

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Spatial Solitons 3. Temporal Solitons 4. Dark Solitons 5. Bragg Solitons 6. Two-Dimensional Solitons 7. Spatiotemporal Solitons 8. Vortex Solitons 9. Vector Solitons 10. Parametric Solitons 11. Discrete Solitons 12. Solitons in Photonic Crystals 13. Incoherent Solitons 14. Related Concepts References Index
A method facilitating integration testing of embedded software (2011)

In this paper a method of supporting integration testing based on logging the operation of an embedded system's software written in the C language is outlined. Its purpose is to facilitate the process of integration testing and partially automate it. It enables automatic verification of tests described with UML language's sequence diagrams by means of a log analyzer based on state machines running in parallel. A class of UML diagrams is also defined to which the abovementioned method is applicable. A short overview of the proposed method's advantages and disadvantages is given. Finally, an example is provided of an embedded system for which the described method can be used.
PVD aluminum dual damascene interconnection: yield comparison between counterbore and self aligned approaches (2003)

A comparative study of the counterbore dual damascene (CBDD) and self-aligned dual damascene (SADD) approaches with aluminum interconnects was carried out for application to 0.18 /spl mu/m ULSI multilevel interconnects. It is shown that the defect density is lower with the SADD approach. Yield degradation with the CBDD approach is explained by photoresist residues in the bottom of vias, which are difficult to remove due to the high aspect ratio of the holes. The Al-CMP process was optimized by introducing dummy structures to reduce Al dishing on wide interconnect lines. Equivalent yield was demonstrated with the SADD approach in comparison with the standard subtractive aluminum etch process on 0.25 /spl mu/m SRAM technology.
Integrated analysis of microRNA expression and mRNA transcriptome in lungs of avian influenza virus infected broilers (2012)

A comprehensive analysis combining both miRNA and targeted mRNA gene expression suggests that gga-miR-34a, 122-1, 122-2, 146a, 155, 206, 1719, 1594, 1599 and 451, and MX1, IL-8, IRF-7, TNFRS19 are strong candidate miRNAs or genes involved in regulating the host response to AIV infection in the lungs of broiler chickens. Further miRNA or gene specific knock-down assay is warranted to elucidate underlying mechanism of AIV infection regulation in the chicken.
A New Approach to Organic Solvent Detection: High‐Reflectivity Bragg Reflectors Based on a Gold Nanoparticle/Teflon‐like Composite Material (2003)

A new sensing element for organic solvents based on a polymeric distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) is presented. The periodic stack consists of alternating Teflon‐like and gold nanoparticle/Teflon‐like layers, and shows high reflectivity in the optical telecommunications spectral range. Sensing properties are due to the peculiar absorbing behavior of composite layers, which swell in the presence of organic vapors, causing DBR periodicity change and consequently the high reflectivity window shift (see Figure).
S1 Ribosomal Protein Functions in Translation Initiation and Ribonuclease RegB Activation Are Mediated by Similar RNA-Protein Interactions (2008)

The ribosomal protein S1, in Escherichia coli, is necessary for the recognition by the ribosome of the translation initiation codon of most messenger RNAs. It also participates in other functions. In particular, it stimulates the T4 endoribonuclease RegB, which inactivates some of the phage mRNAs, when their translation is no longer required, by cleaving them in the middle of their Shine-Dalgarno sequence. In each function, S1 seems to target very different RNAs, which led to the hypothesis that it possesses different RNA-binding sites. We previously demonstrated that the ability of S1 to activate RegB is carried by a fragment of the protein formed of three consecutive domains (domains D3, D4, and D5). The same fragment plays a central role in all other functions. We analyzed its structural organization and its interactions with three RNAs: two RegB substrates and a translation initiation region. We show that these three RNAs bind the same area of the protein through a set of systematic (common to the three RNAs) and specific (RNA-dependent) interactions. We also show that, in the absence of RNA, the D4 and D5 domains are associated, whereas the D3 and D4 domains are in equilibrium between open (noninteracting) and closed (weakly interacting) forms and that RNA binding induces a structural reorganization of the fragment. All of these results suggest that the ability of S1 to recognize different RNAs results from a high adaptability of both its structure and its binding surface.
A hybrid mass-interconnection method by electroplating (1978)

A novel mass-interconnection method is described. The method utilizes electroplating of thin-film metallizations to interconnect simultaneously large numbers of small contacts via electroplated bridges. The bridges can be formed between similar or dissimilar materials; for instance, infrared detectors and charge-coupled devices in a hybrid circuit. The unique method eliminates difficulties in joining small and closely spaced contacts, particularly in the fabrication of focal plane structures for infrared imaging systems. Detailed fabrication steps, mechanism, advantages, and potential applications of the method are reported.
Air emissions from the incineration of hazardous waste. (1990)

In the United States over the last ten years, concern over important disposal practices of the past has manifested itself in the passage of a series of federal and state-level hazardous waste clean-up and control statutes of unprecedented scope. The impact of these various statutes will be a significant modification of waste management practices. The more traditional and lowest cost methods of direct landfilling, storage in surface impoundments and deep-well injection will be replaced, in large measure, by waste minimization at the source of generation, waste reuse, physical/chemical/biological treatment, incineration and chemical stabilization/solidification methods. Of all of the "terminal" treatment technologies, properly-designed incineration systems are capable of the highest overall degree of destruction and control for the broadest range of hazardous waste streams. Substantial design and operational experience exists and a wide variety of commercial systems are available. Consequently, significant growth is anticipated in the use of incineration and other thermal destruction methods. The objective of this paper is to examine the current state of knowledge regarding air emissions from hazardous waste incineration in an effort to put the associated technological and environmental issues into perspective.
Molecular characterization of five human anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody heavy chains reveals extensive somatic mutation typical of an antigen-driven immune response. (1991)

We report the heavy chain variable region sequences from the cDNAs of five previously described monoclonal cell lines producing human antibodies specific for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and detail the molecular characteristics, germ-line origins, and extent of somatic mutation among these antibodies. Three of the five heavy chain variable regions derive from the VHIV gene family, but each has arisen from a different heavy chain variable region (VH) gene segment within the VHIV family. In addition, one is derived from a VHI gene segment, and one is derived from a VHV gene segment. Since four of the five antibodies arise from known germ-line VH elements, a precise determination of the extent of somatic variation is possible. The amount of variation from the closest germ-line sequence ranges from 4.5% to 14.8% among these antibodies, most of which is concentrated in the complementarity-determining regions. In general, the diversity (D) segments are long, characteristic of D-D fusions and/or extensive terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase activity; however, definitive homologies cannot be found with the known germ-line D segments. Joining (JH) gene segment utilization appears random. The use of five different germ-line VH gene segments and extensive somatic mutation provides evidence that a polyclonal, antigen-driven immune response occurs during the natural infection with human immunodeficiency virus.
A New Generalized Logistic Sigmoid Growth Equation Compared with the Richards Growth Equation (1999)

A new sigmoid growth equation is presented for curve-fitting, analysis and simulation of growth curves. Like the logistic growth equation, it increases monotonically, with both upper and lower asymptotes. Like the Richards growth equation, it can have its maximum slope at any value between its minimum and maximum. The new sigmoid equation is unique because it always tends towards exponential growth at small sizes or low densities, unlike the Richards equation, which only has this characteristic in part of its range. The new sigmoid equation is therefore uniquely suitable for circumstances in which growth at small sizes or low densities is expected to be approximately exponential, and the maximum slope of the growth curve can be at any value. Eleven widely different sigmoid curves were constructed with an exponential form at low values, using an independent algorithm. Sets of 100 variations of sequences of 20 points along each curve were created by adding random errors. In general, the new sigmoid equation fitted the sequences of points as closely as the original curves that they were generated from. The new sigmoid equation always gave closer fits and more accurate estimates of the characteristics of the 11 original sigmoid curves than the Richards equation. The Richards equation could not estimate the maximum intrinsic rate of increase (relative growth rate) of several of the curves. Both equations tended to estimate that points of inflexion were closer to half the maximum size than was actually the case ; the Richards equation underestimated asymmetry by more than the new sigmoid equation. When the two equations were compared by fitting to the example dataset that was used in the original presentation of the Richards growth equation, both equations gave good fits. The Richards equation is sometimes suitable for growth processes that may or may not be close to exponential during initial growth. The new sigmoid is more suitable when initial growth is believed to be generally close to exponential, when estimates of maximum relative growth rate are required, or for generic growth simulations.
[Studies on the chemical constituents from the peel of Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb et Zucc]. (1991)

Five compounds have been isolated from the Chinese traditional drug Qinghuajiao (Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb et Zucc). On the basis of UV, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C COSY, NOESY and MS spectroscopic analysis, four of them have been identified as bergarpten (I), umbelliferone (II), skimmianine (III) and schinifoline (IV) respectively. The compounds II, III and IV were obtained for the first time from Zanthoxylum schinifolium, and the last one is a new compound.
Fast payload-based flow estimation for traffic monitoring and network security (2005)

Real-time IP flow estimation has many potential applications in network management, monitoring, security, and traffic engineering. Existing techniques typically rely on flow definitions being constrained as subsets of the fields in packet headers. This makes flow-membership tests relatively inexpensive. In this paper, we consider a more general flow estimation problem that needs complex packet-payload based tests for flow-membership. An example is to estimate traffic with common strings in the payload and detect potential virus signatures for early alarm generation. We develop a fast, memory efficient algorithm for solving this problem as a variant of the longest common subsequence problem. This is done via an application of Rabin fingerprinting in combination with bloom filters. Both analysis and simulation show the effectiveness of the developed method.
Lack of Evidence for Low‐Dimensional Chaos in Heart Rate Variability (1994)

There is no evidence for low-dimensional chaos in the time series of RR intervals from healthy human subjects. However, nonlinear determinism is present in the data, and various mechanisms that could generate such determinism are discussed.
Si Photonic Crystal Slow-Light Modulators with Periodic p–n Junctions (2017)

We theoretically optimized and demonstrated the periodic p-n junction in silicon photonic crystal slow-light modulators to balance the efficiency and speed of phase shifters and reduce the power consumption compared with those of previous linear and interleaved p-n junctions. In particular, sawtooth and wavy junctions, whose profiles match with the distribution of the slow-light mode, theoretically prove effective in achieving these objectives. However, the sawtooth junction requires a high-resolution process. Therefore, we finally employed the wavy junction and obtained 25- and 32-Gb/s operations in a 200-μm device with extinction ratios of 4 and 3 dB, respectively, for an excess modulation loss of 1 dB.
Performance Comparison of Secure Comparison Protocols (2009)

Secure multiparty computation (SMC) has gained tremendous importance with the growth of the Internet and e-commerce, where mutually untrusted parties need to jointly compute a function of their private inputs. However, SMC protocols usually have very high computational complexities, rendering them practically unusable. In this paper, we tackle the problem of comparing two input values in a secure distributed fashion. We propose efficient secure comparison protocols for both the homomorphic encryption and secret sharing schemes. We also give experimental results to show their practical relevance.
A Metamaterial Emitter for Highly Efficient Radiative Cooling (2015)

A metamaterial thermal emitter for highly efficient radiative cooling is demonstrated. The emitter selectively radiates within the atmospheric transparency window and minimizes absorption of atmospheric radiation outside the transparency window. Exploiting its intriguing radiative properties, the emitter has the ability to deliver a remarkably high cooling power of more than 100 W m−2 and to cool down 12 °C below the ambient temperature. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Is there a role for transrectal microwave hyperthermia of the prostate in the treatment of abacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia? (1993)

Transrectal microwave hyperthermia of the prostate was administered to 54 patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis or prostatodynia, who failed to respond to several courses of conventional therapies. Hyperthermia was delivered in 60-min long sessions with three randomly chosen regimens (1 session/week for 4 weeks; 1 session/week for 6 weeks; 2 sessions/week for 3 weeks). A prostatic temperature of 42.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C was maintained throughout the entire duration of each session. Patients were assessed pre- and postoperatively by scoring of subjective symptoms, uroflowmetry with flow nomograms, determination of residual urine volume, and transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate. At the long-term follow-up, the subjective symptom score was significantly improved in all patients. Fifty percent of the patients also reported an improvement of life quality, 47% reported their condition unchanged, and 3% reported deterioration, despite therapy. Urodynamic parameters improved but did not reach statistical significance. No major complications were encountered. Our preliminary data indicate that transrectal microwave hyperthermia of the prostate is a safe therapy that can be beneficial as a second line treatment in selected patients with recurring symptoms of abacterial prostatitis or prostatodynia, which do not respond to medical therapy.
Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by ligase chain reaction-based assays with clinical specimens from various sites: implications for diagnostic testing and screening (1996)

Ligase chain reaction (LCR)-based tests for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in men and women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic were evaluated. LCR testing of urethral swab and urine specimens from men and cervical swab and urine specimens from women was compared with culture of male urethral swabs and female cervical and urethral swabs, respectively. An expanded "gold standard" was defined as a positive culture or at least one specimen confirmed to be positive by LCR testing. The prevalence of C. trachomatis infection as detected by cell culture was 7.0% among 614 men and 5.0% among 602 women. By LCR, these values increased to 11.4 and 9.9% with urethral swabs and urine, respectively, for men and 9.6 and 9.1% with cervical swabs and urine, respectively, for women. Relative to the expanded gold standard, the sensitivity of cell culture with male urethral swabs or female cervical swabs was 57.3 and 45.5%, respectively, compared with corresponding values of 93.3 and 87.9% for LCR. The sensitivity of LCR with urine specimens was 77.3 and 78.8% for men and women, respectively. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae infection as detected by culture was 5.9% among 220 men and 2.9% among 383 women. The corresponding values were 8.2 and 5.5%, respectively, by LCR testing of swabs. Prevalence values by LCR testing of urine were 7.3% for men and 2.9% for women. The sensitivity of culture was 72.2% for men and 50.0% for women. The sensitivities of LCR were 100% with male urethral swabs, 95.4% with female cervical swabs, 88.9% with male urine, and 50.0% with female urine. These results indicate that the LCR-based assays represent a major improvement in C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae diagnostics. The sensitivity of testing of urethral or cervical swabs by LCR was markedly greater than that by culture. The sensitivity of testing female or male urine specimens was equal to or greater than that of culturing cervical or urethral specimens. LCR testing of urine specimens may prove useful for screening for C. trachomatis.
Optimization of large join queries: combining heuristics and combinatorial techniques (1989)

We investigate the use of heuristics in optimizing queries with a large number of joins. Examples of such heuristics are the augmentation and local improvement heuristics described in this paper and a heuristic proposed by Krishnamurthy et al. We also study the combination of these heuristics with two general combinatorial optimization techniques, iterative improvement and simulated annealing, that were studied in a previous paper. Several interesting combinations are experimentally compared. For completeness, we also include simple iterative improvement and simulated annealing in our experimental comparisons. We find that two combinations of the augmentation heuristic and iterative improvement perform the best under most conditions. The results are validated using two different cost models and several different synthetic benchmarks.
ChronoStream: Elastic stateful stream computation in the cloud (2015)

We introduce ChronoStream, a distributed system specifically designed for elastic stateful stream computation in the cloud. ChronoStream treats internal state as a first-class citizen and aims at providing flexible elastic support in both vertical and horizontal dimensions to cope with workload fluctuation and dynamic resource reclamation. With a clear separation between application-level computation parallelism and OS-level execution concurrency, ChronoStream enables transparent dynamic scaling and failure recovery by eliminating any network I/O and state-synchronization overhead. Our evaluation on dozens of computing nodes shows that ChronoStream can scale linearly and achieve transparent elasticity and high availability without sacrificing system performance or affecting collocated tenants.
Prompt diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in an emergency department setting. (1994)

A protocol of quantitative hCG levels (available within hours of presentation to an emergency department) combined with transvaginal ultrasound is effective in diagnosing ectopic pregnancy.
Placental expression of insulin-like growth factor-I, fibroblast growth factor-basic, and neural cell adhesion molecule in preeclampsia (2008)

Investigation of the regional distribution of IGF-I, FGF-b, and N-CAM at the maternal-fetal interface establishes a better understanding of cell-specific altered growth processes, which may be associated with the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Vulcanization of Rubber by Organic Peroxides (1955)

Abstract Comparatively few organic peroxides meet the rather exacting requirements of the ideal peroxidic curing agent for rubber. Only di-tertiary butyl peroxide has yet been found to give satisfactory vulcanization in black stocks. Pure gum vulcanizates of a high degree of transparency and good color have been obtained with two commercially-available non-hazardous peroxides which have also been used successfully with some non-black fillers. The incorporation of resorcinol overcomes a tendency to surface tackiness in peroxide cures and has a beneficial influence on tensile strength.