gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the <i>Xanthomonas axonopodis</i> pv. glycines Hrp Pathogenicity Island (2003)

We sequenced an approximately 29-kb region from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines that contained the Hrp type III secretion system, and we characterized the genes in this region by Tn3-gus mutagenesis and gene expression analyses. From the region, hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) and hrc (hrp and conserved) genes, which encode type III secretion systems, and hpa (hrp-associated) genes were identified. The characteristics of the region, such as the presence of many virulence genes, low G+C content, and bordering tRNA genes, satisfied the criteria for a pathogenicity island (PAI) in a bacterium. The PAI was composed of nine hrp, nine hrc, and eight hpa genes with seven plant-inducible promoter boxes. The hrp and hrc mutants failed to elicit hypersensitive responses in pepper plants but induced hypersensitive responses in all tomato plants tested. The Hrp PAI of X. axonopodis pv. glycines resembled the Hrp PAIs of other Xanthomonas species, and the Hrp PAI core region was highly conserved. However, in contrast to the PAI of Pseudomonas syringae, the regions upstream and downstream from the Hrp PAI core region showed variability in the xanthomonads. In addition, we demonstrate that HpaG, which is located in the Hrp PAI region of X. axonopodis pv. glycines, is a response elicitor. Purified HpaG elicited hypersensitive responses at a concentration of 1.0 micro M in pepper, tobacco, and Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Cvi-0 by acting as a type III secreted effector protein. However, HpaG failed to elicit hypersensitive responses in tomato, Chinese cabbage, and A. thaliana ecotypes Col-0 and Ler. This is the first report to show that the harpin-like effector protein of Xanthomonas species exhibits elicitor activity.
An Efficient Solid State Source of 455 and 459 Nanometers (1988)

We have produced 455 and 459 nanometers using the 1341 nanometer line in neodymium doped yittrium aluminum oxide. The fundamental beam is frequency tripled then efficiently rotationally Raman shifted in deuterium or hydrogen gas.
90 nm generation Cu/CVD low-k (k&gt;2.5) interconnect technology (2003)

Eight level Cu/CVD low-k (k<2.5) + one top level Cu/USG 90 nm multilevel interconnection with 0.12/0.12 /spl mu/m for line width/space and 0.13 /spl mu/m for via has been demonstrated for the first time using 193 nm lithography with OPC developed for TSMC 200 mm/300 mm technologies. The 8-level Cu/CVD low-k dual damascenes were constructed by nitrogen-free dielectric layers without middle trench etch stop to achieve keff=2.6. No film delamination was found by film and CMP optimization. Electrical results showed that excellent and thermally stable metal-line Rs and via-chain Rc yields from iso or dense Cu areas and 1M via chains were obtained.
Cymbopogon Nardus From Malay Society Tradition Perspectives: An Analysis of Chemical Composition Using Steam Distillation From Scientific Finding (2020)

Cymbopogon nardus (C. nardus) or fragrance lemongrass is a member of Gramineae family which is well known for its citronella oil content that is commonly used as a natural fragrant oil, in insect repellents, as well as in beauty, household and perfumery products. C. nardus is one of the unique herbs that has been widely discussed in Malay Medical Manuscript and has been consumed by Malay practitioner as it possesses various anti biological activities such as anti fungal, anti bacteria and anti-inflammatory. In traditional system of medicine among Malay traditional people, C. nardus has been used for the treatment of fever, muscle pain, and many kinds of illness. Various uses shown by this herb and the tendency of high application of the herb among Malay society has led us to study C. nardus according to the scientific perspective. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to identify the morphology of C. nardus and its application from Malay traditional’s perspectives, as well as to determine the active compounds present in the herb through scientific findings. Two different parts of leaves and stems of C. nardus were extracted using steam distillation method for 2 hours. The chemical composition of citronella oil was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). An amount of 0.55 % and 0.024 % of citronella oil were extracted from leaves and stems parts, respectively. The main compositions of oil extracted from the leaves part are citronellol (41.4 %), methyleugenol (80.2 %), citronellal (39.7 %), D- limonene (40 %) and geraniol (36.5 %). Meanwhile, the extraction from the stems composed of α-Himachalene (45.34%), Citronellol acetate (48.2 %), cis-Geraniol (57.8 %) and endo- Borneol (26.2 %). Thus, it can be concluded that C. nardus leaves extraction yield higher citronella oil content as compared to stems and consist of different main chemical compositions between the two parts.
Formation Times for Rich Clusters of Galaxies (1977)

Rich clusters of galaxies are a common feature of the large-scale structure of the Universe. Those studied so far, show striking regularities with (a) a smooth radial gradient of number density. (b) ’isothermal’ distributions, which according to Bahcall (1975) have a scatter of only ±15% in the size of their characteristic core radii. (c) their limiting structural diameters are ~50 Mpc (cf. Abell, 1975), if they are identified with superclusters. (d) the magnitude of the velocity dispersion about their centres is generally 600-1000 km s -1 , and the velocities are cpnsistent with a gaussian distribution (Yahil and Vidal, 1976; also Faber and Dressier, 1976). (e) The extreme velocities are generally within ±3000 km s -1 , and for Coma are ∼2400 km s -1 (Tifft and Gregory, 1976). (f) elliptical galaxies tend to predominate near the centre, spirals in the surrounding loose groups.
Structure, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization of the prepronociceptin gene. (1996)

Nociceptin (orphanin FQ), the newly discovered natural agonist of opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor, is a neuropeptide that is endowed with pronociceptive activity in vivo. Nociceptin is derived from a larger precursor, prepronociceptin (PPNOC), whose human, mouse, and rat genes we have now isolated. The PPNOC gene is highly conserved in the three species and displays organizational features that are strikingly similar to those of the genes of preproenkephalin, preprodynorphin, and preproopiomelanocortin, the precursors to endogenous opioid peptides, suggesting the four genes belong to the same family-i.e., have a common evolutionary origin. The PPNOC gene encodes a single copy of nociceptin as well as of other peptides whose sequence is strictly conserved across murine and human species; hence it is likely to be neurophysiologically significant. Northern blot analysis shows that the PPNOC gene is predominantly transcribed in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and, albeit weakly, in the ovary, the sole peripheral organ expressing the gene. By using a radiation hybrid cell line panel, the PPNOC gene was mapped to the short arm of human chromosome 8 (8p21), between sequence-tagged site markers WI-5833 and WI-1172, in close proximity of the locus encoding the neurofilament light chain NEFL. Analysis of yeast artificial chromosome clones belonging to the WC8.4 contig covering the 8p21 region did not allow to detect the presence of the gene on these yeast artificial chromosomes, suggesting a gap in the coverage within this contig.
Chebyshev multilevel absorber design concept (1997)

Pyramidal- and wedge-absorber materials are used extensively in anechoic measurement chambers to attenuate stray signals. Typical absorber layouts result in large absorber walls in which the absorber tips and bases are roughly aligned in the same plane. Such a quasi-periodic configuration produces a strong coherent specular reflection which dominates the absorber scattered field. Based on the multisection impedance transformer concept, one can divide absorber elements into different levels (layers) so that this coherence can be destroyed to reduce the specular absorber scattering level. The synthesis of this desired behavior can be implemented by the Chebyshev transformer technique, which provides the largest bandwidth given a passband ripple threshold. The resulting reflected field is then the product of the original absorber response times the Chebyshev reduction factor, which is independent of polarization and absorber properties. Various measured results are used to show that more than a 10-dB improvement can be achieved at the critical low end of the frequency band using this approach. This improvement cannot be achieved using conventional design concepts unless the absorber size is doubled.
Enzyme-linked immunoassay for Lp[a]. (1989)

Based on our findings that rabbit antisera raised against human Lp[a] or apo[a] have the potential to cross-react with plasminogen, and in some cases have nearly equal affinities for plasminogen and Lp[a], we have developed an assay for plasma Lp[a] based on a "sandwich" ELISA that is insensitive to the presence of plasminogen. This was accomplished through the use of anti-apo[a] as a capture antibody and quantitation of the bound Lp[a], i.e., the apoB-100-apo[a] complex, with an anti-apoB antibody. Although apo[a] is heterogeneous in size, all Lp[a] particles tested, either in pure form or contained in whole plasma, gave parallel dose-response curves and were immunologically equivalent. However, when purified Lp[a] particles with different apo[a] isoforms were studied, those having larger isoforms were, on a weight basis, less reactive than those having a smaller size. Nearly equivalent reactivity was observed when protein concentration was expressed on a molar basis. The distribution of Lp[a] in a population of 84 subjects was skewed with one-third of the individuals having less than 1 mg/dl Lp[a] protein. All subjects tested had measurable concentrations of Lp[a] with a lower limit of detection of 0.030 mg/dl Lp[a] protein. The mean level was 3.2 mg/dl with a range of 0.045 to 13.3 mg/dl. These studies demonstrate the successful development of an ELISA for Lp[a] protein that is insensitive to the presence of plasminogen; that heterogeneity of Lp[a] and apo[a] are an important source of variation in the assay; and the need for an appropriate Lp[a] standard in order to minimize this variation.
Developments In Moire Interferometry (1982)

Recent progress in high-sensitivity moire interferometry is reviewed. Interference patterns reveal full-field contour maps of in-plane displacements. Sensitivity corresponds to moire with 1200 lines/mm (30,480 //in.) for most examples, but approaches the theoretical limit of X/2 displacement per fringe in one demonstration. Techniques for producing cross-line phase gratings on specimens are described, as well as use of real and virtual reference gratings. Carrier patterns and optical filtering are used to cancel initial or no-load patterns. Diverse applications are illustrated.
Development and application of non-integrating lentiviral vectors for gene therapy (2009)

Lentiviruses stably integrate their genome into the host genome. Although this feature can be advantageous for long term transgene expression, it also has the potential to cause mutagenesis and cell transformation. To address this problem, thereby improving the safety of lentiviral gene therapy, non-integrating lentiviral vectors (NILVs) were developed.\nNILVs were generated by mutating the cis-acting sequences that interact with integrase (att sites) or by mutating specific residues in integrase in different domains (catalysis - D64V, strand transfer – Q148A, K264R, K266R, K273R, DNA or chromatin binding - N120L, W235E). Relevant mutations were then combined in order to improve the safety of these vectors.\nIt was shown that all mutant vectors were efficiently produced and mutations did not affect infectivity. In contrast to dividing cells, differentiated muscle cells infected with NILVs show stable transgene expression over time without degradation of episomal viral DNA. The vectors were also tested in vivo by intramuscular injection in neonate mice. Transgene expression from muscle cells was maintained for 8 months using both integrating and NILVs.\nThe vectors were then tested in a haemophilia B disease model. It was shown that plasma levels of FIX produced by muscle cells infected with integrating lentiviral vectors were above the therapeutic threshold. However, expression from NILVs was lower. This was studied in detail and it was found that integrating lentiviral vectors are transcriptionally more active than NILVs. A comparison of expression levels revealed that integrated lentivectors express more transgene protein per vector copy than NILVs and AAV vectors, but both episomal vectors display similar levels of transgene expression per vector copy.\nIn conclusion, NILVs have the potential to be used as tools for prolonged transgene expression in non-dividing muscle cells or transient expression in dividing cells. However, vectors may need to be optimised if high expression levels are required.
Detecting bladder fullness through the ensemble activity patterns of the spinal cord unit population in a somatovisceral convergence environment (2013)

This study is the first to demonstrate that the two main issues of electroneurographic monitoring of bladder fullness, low signals and selectiveness, can be solved by an ensemble activity pattern-based approach, improving the feasibility of chronic monitoring of bladder fullness by neural recording.
Tissue plasminogen activator-based clot busting: Controlled delivery approaches (2014)

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thrombosis, the formation of blood clot (thrombus) in the circulatory system obstructing the blood flow, is one of the main causes behind various ischemic arterial syndromes such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, as well as vein syndromes such as deep vein thrombosis, and consequently, pulmonary emboli. Several thrombolytic agents have been developed for treating thrombosis, the most common being tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), administrated systemically or locally via IV infusion directly proximal to the thrombus, with the aim of restoring and improving the blood flow. TPA triggers the dissolution of thrombi by inducing the conversion of plasminogen to protease plasmin followed by fibrin digestion that eventually leads to clot lysis. Although tPA provides powerful thrombolytic activity, it has many shortcomings, including poor pharmacokinetic profiles, impairment of the reestablishment of normal coronary flow, and impairment of hemostasis, leading to life-threatening bleeding consequences. The bleeding consequence is ascribed to the ability of tPA to circulate throughout the body and therefore can lysis all blood clots in the circulation system, even the good ones that prevent the bleeding and promote injury repair. This review provides an overview of the different delivery approaches for tPA including: liposomes, ultrasound-triggered thrombolysis, anti-fibrin antibody-targeted tPA, camouflaged-tPA, tpA-loaded microcarriers, and nano-modulated delivery approaches.
Automatic 3D liver location and segmentation via convolutional neural networks and graph cut (2016)

Purpose Segmentation of the liver from abdominal computed tomography (CT) image is an essential step in some computer assisted clinical interventions, such as surgery planning for living donor liver transplant (LDLT), radiotherapy and volume measurement. In this work, we develop a deep learning algorithm with graph cut refinement to automatically segment liver in CT scans. Methods The proposed method consists of two main steps: (i) simultaneously liver detection and probabilistic segmentation using 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs); (ii) accuracy refinement of initial segmentation with graph cut and the previously learned probability map. Results The proposed approach was validated on forty CT volumes taken from two public databases MICCAI-Sliver07 and 3Dircadb. For the MICCAI-Sliver07 test set, the calculated mean ratios of volumetric overlap error (VOE), relative volume difference (RVD), average symmetric surface distance (ASD), root mean square symmetric surface distance (RMSD) and maximum symmetric surface distance (MSD) are 5.9%, 2.7%, 0.91%, 1.88 mm, and 18.94 mm, respectively. In the case of 20 3Dircadb data, the calculated mean ratios of VOE, RVD, ASD, RMSD and MSD are 9.36%, 0.97%, 1.89%, 4.15 mm and 33.14 mm, respectively. Conclusion The proposed method is fully automatic without any user interaction. Quantitative results reveal that the proposed approach is efficient and accurate for hepatic volume estimation in a clinical setup. The high correlation between the automatic and manual references shows that the proposed method can be good enough to replace the time-consuming and non-reproducible manual segmentation method.
The sounds of honey bees and social wasps are always composed of a uniform frequency (1982)

The sounds produced by the honeybee Apis mellifera (Apidae) and by the social wasps Paravespula germanica and Vespa orientalis (Hymenoptera, Vespinae) are of a uniform frequency which nevertheless differs in accordance with its purpose. In honey bees, the sound produced by ventilating workers has a frequency of 309 Hz, whereas that produced by the queen (queen piping) has a frequency of 450 Hz. In P. germanica, the sound frequency during ventilation is 194–231 Hz, whereas in V. orientalis, the ventilation and the awakening dance sounds (produced by the workers) and the hunger signal (sounded by the larvae) have a frequency of 118–140 Hz, while the threatening flight occurs at 221 Hz and the dance of workers facing the queen—at 600–637 Hz. All the produced sounds are synchronized to a uniform frequency over a given period, regardless of whether they are produced by a single insect or by an entire group. However, the frequency may change with time, probably owing to fatigue of the producer, and also the intensity of the sound may change, which results in a great variability of the sounds despite their uniform frequency.
MAO-B Elevation in Mouse Brain Astrocytes Results in Parkinson's Pathology (2008)

Age-related increases in monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) may contribute to neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl, a long-standing antiparkinsonian therapy, is currently used clinically in concert with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA. Clinical studies suggesting that deprenyl treatment alone is not protective against PD associated mortality were targeted to symptomatic patients. However, dopamine loss is at least 60% by the time PD is symptomatically detectable, therefore lack of effect of MAO-B inhibition in these patients does not negate a role for MAO-B in pre-symptomatic dopaminergic loss. In order to directly evaluate the role of age-related elevations in astroglial MAO-B in the early initiation or progression of PD, we created genetically engineered transgenic mice in which MAO-B levels could be specifically induced within astroglia in adult animals. Elevated astrocytic MAO-B mimicking age related increase resulted in specific, selective and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), the same subset of neurons primarily impacted in the human condition. This was accompanied by other PD-related alterations including selective decreases in mitochondrial complex I activity and increased mitochondrial oxidative stress. Along with a global astrogliosis, we observed local microglial activation within the SN. These pathologies correlated with decreased locomotor activity. Importantly, these events occurred even in the absence of the PD-inducing neurotoxin MPTP. Our data demonstrates that elevation of murine astrocytic MAO-B by itself can induce several phenotypes of PD, signifying that MAO-B could be directly involved in multiple aspects of disease neuropathology. Mechanistically this may involve increases in membrane permeant H(2)O(2) which can oxidize dopamine within dopaminergic neurons to dopaminochrome which, via interaction with mitochondrial complex I, can result in increased mitochondrial superoxide. Our inducible astrocytic MAO-B transgenic provides a novel model for exploring pathways involved in initiation and progression of several key features associated with PD pathology and for therapeutic drug testing.
Marriage and cohabitation contracts (2004)

Extract: Hollywood films and movie stars sometimes mention "pre-nups" or "marriage contracts". What are these mysterious documents? One description is that a marriage or cohabitation agreement is a written record of the expectations of a married or cohabitating couple in relation to lifestyle and finances which is entered into before and sometimes during marital cohabitation. In limited circumstances, certain parts of such agreements are legally enforceable. In some countries and cultures, including South Africa and Quebec, marriage contracts are common amongst the wealthy.
Human Herpesvirus 6 Infects and Replicates in Aortic Endothelium (2000)

Herpesviruses have been proposed as potential mediators of vascular injury (3). In particular, indirect evidence links human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection with the development of vascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, vascular sclerosis, and arterial restenosis (2), but a clear role for the virus has yet to be established. In addition to HCMV, other herpesviruses can infect endothelial cells. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) has a preferential tropism for CD4 T lymphocytes but can infect endothelial cells in vitro (5).
IOA-1 Multi-Function Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (MADCP) (2002)

The authors have developed IOA-1 Multi-Function Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (MADCP). It consists of Broad Band Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (BBADCP), working at 150 kHz, and Acoustic Concentration Profiler (ACP), working at 220 kHz. The MADCP can measure current velocity and suspended sediment concentration simultaneously so as to display in real time the movement of suspended sediment. In July 1999, an experiment with MADCP was made in the East China Sea. The experimental data of current velocity and suspended sediment concentration are compared respectively with ADP of SONTEK, AANDERAA current meters and water samples acquired simultaneously, and both current velocity and concentration data are in well agreement. In addition, the covariance of current velocity measurement is compared with theoretical prediction, and is a little higher than it.
Controlled Placement of Individual Carbon Nanotubes (2005)

A central challenge for both the science and the technology of carbon nanotubes is the controlled assembly of devices. Here, we report a technique that allows us to place a nanotube with the desired properties in a predetermined location by direct mechanical transfer. We demonstrate single-tube and multiple-tube transfer and electrical characterization of an optically characterized nanotube. The ability to rationally design nanotube devices and circuits will enable more detailed study of the physics and chemistry of nanotubes and provide a stepping stone toward implementation of a wide spectrum of applications.