gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
UBE3A Regulates Synaptic Plasticity and Learning and Memory by Controlling SK2 Channel Endocytosis (2015)

Gated solely by activity-induced changes in intracellular calcium, small-conductance potassium channels (SKs) are critical for a variety of functions in the CNS, from learning and memory to rhythmic activity and sleep. While there is a wealth of information on SK2 gating, kinetics, and Ca(2+) sensitivity, little is known regarding the regulation of SK2 subcellular localization. We report here that synaptic SK2 levels are regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBE3A, whose deficiency results in Angelman syndrome and overexpression in increased risk of autistic spectrum disorder. UBE3A directly ubiquitinates SK2 in the C-terminal domain, which facilitates endocytosis. In UBE3A-deficient mice, increased postsynaptic SK2 levels result in decreased NMDA receptor activation, thereby impairing hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. Impairments in both synaptic plasticity and fear conditioning memory in UBE3A-deficient mice are significantly ameliorated by blocking SK2. These results elucidate a mechanism by which UBE3A directly influences cognitive function.
A review of the methods of chemical synthesis of sulphate and glucuronide conjugates (1987)

1. Methods for the synthesis of drug conjugates with sulphuric acid have been reviewed. 2. Some analytical methods are presented for the analysis of sulphate conjugates. 3. The synthesis of several types of N, O and C beta-D-glucuronides is reviewed. Different beta-coupling reactions of protected glucuronides are presented. 4. Application of n.m.r. and mass spectrometry to the analysis of beta-D-glucuronides is discussed.
Arginase:  Structure, Mechanism, and Physiological Role in Male and Female Sexual Arousal (2005)

Mammalian arginases I and II require an intact binuclear manganese cluster for the hydrolysis of L-arginine to generate L-ornithine and urea. Although arginase isozymes differ in terms of their tissue distribution, cellular localization, and metabolic function, each employs a metal-activated hydroxide mechanism for catalysis. To date, the best arginase inhibitors are those bearing N-hydroxyguanidinium or boronic acid "warheads" that can bridge the binuclear manganese cluster. Strikingly, the trigonal planar boronic acids undergo nucleophilic attack by hydroxide ion to form tetrahedral boronate anions that mimic the tetrahedral intermediate and its flanking transition states in the arginase mechanism. Given their affinity and specificity for arginase, boronic acid inhibitors are especially useful for probing the role of arginase in living systems. Arginase can regulate L-arginine bioavailability to nitric oxide synthase by depleting the substrate pool for NO biosynthesis, so arginase inhibition can enhance the substrate pool for NO biosynthesis. Accordingly, arginase inhibition can enhance NO-dependent physiological processes, such as the smooth muscle relaxation required for sexual arousal: administration of arginase inhibitors in vitro and in vivo enhances erectile function and engorgement in the male and female genitalia. Therefore, arginase is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of sexual arousal disorders in men and women.
Polyamine distribution profiles in newly validated genera and species within the Flavobacterium-Flexibacter-Cytophaga-Sphingobacterium complex. (2001)

Cellular polyamines of 58 strains belonging to the Flavobacterium-Flexibacter-Cytophaga-Sphingobacterium complex were analysed by HPLC. Homospermidine was found in all species of Flavobacterium, Chryseobacterium, Empedobacter, Myroides, Cellulophaga, Salegentibacter, Psychroserpens and Gelidibacter of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Flavobacterium ferrugineum located outside of this family also contained homospermidine. Cytophaga fermentans and C. xylanolytica belonging to the family Bacteroidaceae contained spermidine. Cytophaga marinoflava and C. latercula belonging to Flavobacteriaceae contained homospermidine. The Cytophaga hutchinsonii/C. aurantiaca group contained homospermidine which was the major polyamine in Flexibacter maritimus/ F. ovolyticus of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The Flexibacter sancti/F filiformis/ Cytophaga arvensicola group, F. elegans, F. ruber, F. canadensis, F. flexilis and F. tractuosus, were located separately in different six clusters, and contained homospermidine. The Flexibacter litoralis/F. polymorphus/F. aggregans group contained spermidine, which was detected in Flexibacter roseolus belonging to a divergent cluster. Sphingobacterium and Pedobacter species of the family Sphingobacteriaceae contained homospermidine. Polyamine profiles serve, as a phenotypic chemotaxonomic marker, for the classification of this complex.
Current Understanding on EGFR and Wnt/ -Catenin Signaling in Glioma and Their Possible Crosstalk (2013)

Glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) are extensively heterogeneous at both cellular and molecular levels. Current therapeutic strategies include targeting of key signaling molecules using pharmacological inhibitors in combination with genotoxic agents such as temozolomide. In spite of all efforts, the prognosis of glioma patients remains dismal. Therefore, a proper understanding of individual molecular pathways responsible for the progression of GBM is necessary. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is probably the most significant signaling pathway clinically implicated in glioma. Not surprisingly, anti-EGFR therapies mostly prevail for therapeutic purposes. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is well implicated in multiple tumors; however, its role in glioma has only recently started to emerge. We give a concise account of the current understanding of the role of both these pathways in glioma. Last, taking evidences from a limited literature, we outline a number of points where these pathways intersect each other and put forward the possibility of combinatorially targeting them for treatment of glioma.
Wavelet Feature Selection for Image Classification (2008)

Energy distribution over wavelet subbands is a widely used feature for wavelet packet based texture classification. Due to the overcomplete nature of the wavelet packet decomposition, feature selection is usually applied for a better classification accuracy and a compact feature representation. The majority of wavelet feature selection algorithms conduct feature selection based on the evaluation of each subband separately, which implicitly assumes that the wavelet features from different subbands are independent. In this paper, the dependence between features from different subbands is investigated theoretically and simulated for a given image model. Based on the analysis and simulation, a wavelet feature selection algorithm based on statistical dependence is proposed. This algorithm is further improved by combining the dependence between wavelet feature and the evaluation of individual feature component. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in incorporating dependence into wavelet feature selection.
Infrared Study of the Interaction of Charged Silica Particles with TiO<sub>2</sub> Particles Containing Adsorbed Cationic and Anionic Polyelectrolytes (2005)

Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study the adsorption of charged silica particles onto TiO(2) particles coated with anionic sodium polyacrylate (NaPA) or cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDADMAC). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that IR spectroscopy has been used to study the interaction of a polymer layer on one particle with a second different particle. The results show that, once adsorbed on the TiO(2) particle, the PDADMAC or the NaPA does not transfer to the silica particles. In the case of NaPA coated TiO(2), positively charged silica particles deposit on the TiO(2) and this is accompanied by a change in the relative intensities of the bands due to COOH and COO(-) groups. From this change in band intensity, it is calculated that only approximately 6% of the COO(-) groups located in the loops and tails bind to the silica particle. This shows that the polymer bridges the two particles through an electrostatic interaction with the outer COO(-) groups. Similarly, in the case of the TiO(2) particles coated with PDADMAC, negatively charged silica deposits on the TiO(2) and this is accompanied by an increase in intensity of the symmetric bending mode of the (+)N(CH(3))(3) group. This change in band intensity arises from the binding of these cationic sites of the polymer to the negative surface sites on the silica.
<title>A New Class Of All-Reflective Optical Systems</title> (1979)

A number of all-reflective large-aperture optical arrangements are described. These configurations form a group of systems whose optical surface figures can be monitored from the effective centers of curvature of the mirror elements. Design specifications are presented for the basic two-mirror f/3 system. Image size versus field angle data indicates that field performance is approximately one-half as good as the refractive corrector Schmidt of equivalent f/no. Geometrical ray trace results for a point source at infinity show an on-axis rms image diameter of 1.5x10<sup>-7</sup> radians for the two-mirror system. Practical difficulties of most of the optical arrangements depicted are the close physical proximity of the uncorrected and corrected foci, as well as the large departures of the aspheric corrector surfaces from a reference sphere. These problems are reduced by slowing down the system f/no. But unfortunately they do not disappear completely.
Observation of both pair and quasiparticle tunneling in intrinsic junction stacks fabricated on<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Bi</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>8</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>δ</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>single crystals (1996)

We have investigated the tunneling properties of intrinsic Josephson junction stacks with various numbers $N$ of Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ bilayers fabricated on underdoped ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ single crystals. The effect of gap suppression based primarily on nonequilibrium superconductivity can be significantly reduced with a reduction in $N$. For an $N$ as few as 40, both pair and quasiparticle tunneling characteristics are clearly observed. It is shown that a clear gap $2\ensuremath{\Delta}$ of larger than 34 meV, the substantial conductance below the gap, and the ${I}_{c}{R}_{N}$ product of less than 5 mV are the intrinsic features of tunneling along the $c$ axis. Numerical calculation indicates that the quasiparticle current-voltage characteristics are consistent with the $d$-wave order parameter which is still suppressed by the nonequilibrium effect in a higher current region.
Some considerations regarding the administrative guardianship in the Romanian law system (2007)

La tutela é, genericamente, l’attivitá di vigilanza e di controllo esercitata dagli organi della pubblica amministrazione nei confronti di alcuni enti pubblici, anche se non manca chi usa il termine come sinonimo di controllo di merito, in contrapposizione alla vigilanza o controllo di legitimitá. Nello stesso tempo, questo mecanismo permette di rispettare il principio dell’autonomia locale e d’ evitare l’intervento dell’amministrazione governamentale nell’esercizio degli atribbuzioni dagli enti locali
Synthesis and Stability of Reactive Salts of Dodecafluoro-<i>c</i><i>loso</i>-dodecaborate(2−) (2003)

The synthesis and characterization of several salts of the B(12)F(12)(2-) anion are reported. The potassium salt was prepared in 72% recrystallized yield by treating K(2)B(12)H(12) with liquid HF at 70 degrees C for 14 h and 20% F(2)/N(2) in liquid HF at 25 degrees C for 72 h. The CPh(3)(+), N(n-Bu)(4)(+), NH(n-C(12)H(25))(3)(+), NH(4)(+), and Li(+) salts were prepared by metathesis reactions. The [NH(n-C(12)H(25))(3)](2)[B(12)F(12)] salt is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. The B(12)F(12)(2-) anion is remarkably stable. The salts Li(2)B(12)F(12) and [NH(4)](2)[B(12)F(12)] were stable when heated to 450 and 480 degrees C, respectively. The B(12)F(12)(2-) anion did not react with 98% H(2)SO(4), 70% HNO(3), 3 M KOH, a 10-fold excess of Ce(NH(4))(2)(NO(3))(6) in aqueous solution, or metallic sodium in THF. In addition, B(12)F(12)(2-) did not react with metallic lithium in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, was not reduced at 0 V versus Li(+/0) in that solvent, and underwent a quasi-reversible oxidation at 4.9 V versus Li(+/0). The structure of [CPh(3)](2)[B(12)F(12)] was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: tetragonal, space group I4(1)/acd, a = 19.102(2), b = 19.102(2), c = 20.535(3) A, V = 7492.2(2) A(3), Z = 8, T = 173(2) K, R(1) = 0.064. The B(12)F(12)(2-) anion weakly interacts with the two symmetry related CPh(3)(+) cations via F.C contacts of 3.087(2) A, which are very close to the 3.17 A sum of van der Waals radii for these two atoms. Taken together, the data suggest that B(12)F(12)(2-) may be useful as a very robust weakly coordinating anion.
A Multi-Level Bayesian Analysis of Racial Bias in Police Shootings at the County-Level in the United States, 2011–2014 (2015)

A geographically-resolved, multi-level Bayesian model is used to analyze the data presented in the U.S. Police-Shooting Database (USPSD) in order to investigate the extent of racial bias in the shooting of American civilians by police officers in recent years. In contrast to previous work that relied on the FBI's Supplemental Homicide Reports that were constructed from self-reported cases of police-involved homicide, this data set is less likely to be biased by police reporting practices. County-specific relative risk outcomes of being shot by police are estimated as a function of the interaction of: 1) whether suspects/civilians were armed or unarmed, and 2) the race/ethnicity of the suspects/civilians. The results provide evidence of a significant bias in the killing of unarmed black Americans relative to unarmed white Americans, in that the probability of being {black, unarmed, and shot by police} is about 3.49 times the probability of being {white, unarmed, and shot by police} on average. Furthermore, the results of multi-level modeling show that there exists significant heterogeneity across counties in the extent of racial bias in police shootings, with some counties showing relative risk ratios of 20 to 1 or more. Finally, analysis of police shooting data as a function of county-level predictors suggests that racial bias in police shootings is most likely to emerge in police departments in larger metropolitan counties with low median incomes and a sizable portion of black residents, especially when there is high financial inequality in that county. There is no relationship between county-level racial bias in police shootings and crime rates (even race-specific crime rates), meaning that the racial bias observed in police shootings in this data set is not explainable as a response to local-level crime rates.
A Petri-Net Based FA (Factory Automation) Controller for Flexible and Maintainable Control Specifications (1984)

In this paper, a new type controller based on a Petry-Net like control language named C-net is proposed. By using C-net, control specifications can be easily described as a directed graph according to a time chart representing work station's actions. Complicated control specifications of work stations can be easily comprehended and changed.C-net can be directly executed by a microprocessor based controller named SCR (Station Controller). A C-net interpreter executes a defined C-net by interpreting it cyclically (this cycle is called an execution cycle). In real time controll systems, a response time of the controller is an essential factor. An efficient execution schema of C-net interpretation called a limitted scanning method is also presented. In order to evaluate the efficiency of this schema, a performance evaluating model is built. Through the analysis of this model, the expression for calculating a response time of SCR is formulated, and this theoretical response time shows good coincidence with measured response time. By using the presented method SCR can excute the C-net model within 15 msec/execution cycle (on HMCS 68000), which describes control specifications of 10 machine tools-work station, where one of actions avaragely finishes every half a second. (This execution time doesn't depend on a scale of a C-net model.)SCR has been successfully applied to several applications. A parts assembly station which consists of one industrial robot and six machine tools is dercribed as a example. In this application, initial software development man-hour was reduced about 50% compared with relay radder diagram method. Besides, maintainances as trouble shooting and changing of control specifications have been achieved easily.
Priming and suppression of the intestinal immune response to cholera toxoid/toxin by parenteral toxoid in rats. (1980)

Parenteral immunization of rats with cholera toxoid had both priming and suppressive effects upon the antitoxin response in jejunal lamina propria to locally applied toxoid/toxin. Priming was detected when parenteral toxoid was given i.p. but not i.v. or s.c., was enhanced by Freund's adjuvant, and appeared to reflect enhanced encounter of i.p. antigen with IgA-committed lymphocytes in extra-intestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. In contrast, suppression followed parenteral toxoid given i.p., i.v., or s.c.; suppression was antigen specific and lasted at least 16 weeks. Parenteral toxoid suppressed both primary and secondary types of mucosal antitoxin responses, ultimately preventing the generation of antitoxin-containing immunoblasts from Peyer's patches. Since suppression followed parenteral immunization by routes that did not provoke mucosal priming, it was, at least in those instances, not simply a regulatory consequence of mucosal priming. These results support the notion that priming and suppression of a specific mucosal immune response are independent effects of parenteral immunization that are probably determined by the distribution of antigen to mucosa-associated and systemic lymphoid tissue, respectively.
<title>Static and dynamic testing of bridges and highways using long-gage fiber Bragg grating based strain sensors</title> (2000)

Fiber optic Bragg gratings packaged in long gage configurations are being used to measure static and dynamic strain in structures and structural models to monitor structural health and predict damage incurred from a seismic event. These long gage sensors are being used to experimentally verify analytical models of post-earthquake evaluation based on system identification analysis. This fiber optic deformation measurement system could play a significant role in monitoring/recording with a higher level of completeness the actual seismic response of structures and in non-destructive seismic damage assessment techniques based on dynamic signature analysis. This new sensor technology will enable field measurements of the response of real structures to real earthquakes with the same or higher level of detail/resolution as currently in structural testing under controlled laboratory conditions.
Four Distinct Secretory Pathways Serve Protein Secretion, Cell Surface Growth, and Peroxisome Biogenesis in the Yeast <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> (1997)

We have identified and characterized mutants of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica that are deficient in protein secretion, in the ability to undergo dimorphic transition from the yeast to the mycelial form, and in peroxisome biogenesis. Mutations in the SEC238, SRP54, PEX1, PEX2, PEX6, and PEX9 genes affect protein secretion, prevent the exit of the precursor form of alkaline extracellular protease from the endoplasmic reticulum, and compromise peroxisome biogenesis. The mutants sec238A, srp54KO, pex2KO, pex6KO, and pex9KO are also deficient in the dimorphic transition from the yeast to the mycelial form and are affected in the export of only plasma membrane and cell wall-associated proteins specific for the mycelial form. Mutations in the SEC238, SRP54, PEX1, and PEX6 genes prevent or significantly delay the exit of two peroxisomal membrane proteins, Pex2p and Pex16p, from the endoplasmic reticulum en route to the peroxisomal membrane. Mutations in the PEX5, PEX16, and PEX17 genes, which have previously been shown to be essential for peroxisome biogenesis, affect the export of plasma membrane and cell wall-associated proteins specific for the mycelial form but do not impair exit from the endoplasmic reticulum of either Pex2p and Pex16p or of proteins destined for secretion. Biochemical analyses of these mutants provide evidence for the existence of four distinct secretory pathways that serve to deliver proteins for secretion, plasma membrane and cell wall synthesis during yeast and mycelial modes of growth, and peroxisome biogenesis. At least two of these secretory pathways, which are involved in the export of proteins to the external medium and in the delivery of proteins for assembly of the peroxisomal membrane, diverge at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum.
An automated microfluidic device for assessment of mammalian cell genetic stability (2012)

Single-cell transcriptome contains reliable gene regulatory relationships because gene-gene interactions only happen within a mammalian cell. While the study of gene-gene interactions enables us to understand the molecular mechanism of cellular events and evaluate molecular characteristics of a mammalian cell population, its complexity requires an analysis of a large number of single-cells at various stages. However, many existing microfluidic platforms cannot process single-cells effectively for routine molecular analysis. To address these challenges, we develop an integrated system with individual controller for effective single-cell transcriptome analysis. In this paper, we report an integrated microfluidic approach to rapidly measure gene expression in individual cells for genetic stability assessment of a cell population. Inside this integrated microfluidic device, the cells are individually manipulated and isolated in an array using micro sieve structures, then transferred into different nanoliter reaction chambers for parallel processing of single-cell transcriptome analysis. This device enables us to manipulate individual single-cells into nanoliter reactor with high recovery rate. We have performed gene expression analysis for a large number of HeLa cells and 293T cells expanded from a single-cell. Our data shows that even the house-keeping genes are expressed at heterogeneous levels within a clone of cells. The heterogeneity of actin expression reflects the genetic stability, and the expression distribution is different between cancer cells (HeLa) and immortalized 293T cells. The result demonstrates that this platform has the potential for assessment of genetic stability in cancer diagnosis.