gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A possible role for singlet oxygen in the initiation of fatty acid autoxidation (1970)

Abstract A mechanism for the initiation of autoxidation in fatty acids is proposed which involves singlet state oxygen, formed through a photosensitization reaction, as the reactive intermediate. Both singlet oxygen generated in a radio‐frequency gasdischarge, and photosensitization by natural pigments, were shown to catalyze the oxidation of methyl linoleate. The involvement of singlet oxygen was shown by the identification of nonconjugated hydroperoxides as products common to both photooxidation and singlet O 2 oxidation. Nonconjugated hydroperoxides could not be detected among the free radical autoxidation products. Further proof for the above mechanism was gained by showing that compounds known to react strongly with singlet oxygen, inhibited the photooxidation. With the exception of chlorophyll, all sensitizers could be completely inhibited. Although singlet oxygen formation can account for approximately 80% of the observed chlorophyll photooxidation, at least one other mechanism must be involved. It is postulated that proton abstraction by the photoactivated carbonyl group of chorophyll could account for the remaining 20% of the observed photooxidation. The conclusion is drawn that oxygen, excited to its singlet state by a photosensitization process, plays the important role of forming the original hydroperoxides whose presence is necessary before the normal free radical autoxidation process can begin.
A Dynamic Model for Fire Emergency Evacuation Based on Wireless Sensor Networks (2009)

This work introduces a dynamic model for the fire emergency evacuation problem. The model extends the concept safety introduced by Barnes et.al. for the situation when the navigation graph is dynamic. The two possible scenarios are described for using the dynamic model with a Wireless Sensor Network for fire emergency evacuation.
Myristoylation is important at multiple stages in poliovirus assembly (1991)

The N-terminal glycine of the VP4 capsid subunit of poliovirus is covalently modified with myristic acid (C14 saturated fatty acid). To investigate the function of VP4 myristoylation in poliovirus replication, amino acid substitutions were placed within the myristoylation consensus sequence at the alanine residue (4003A) adjacent to the N-terminal glycine by using site-directed mutagenesis methods. Mutants which replace the alanine residue with a small hydrophobic residue such as leucine, valine, or glycine displayed normal levels of myristoylation and normal growth kinetics. Replacement with the polar amino acid histidine (4003A.H) also resulted in a level of myristoylation comparable to that of the wild type. However, replacement of the alanine residue with aspartic acid (4003A.D) caused a dramatic reduction (about 40 to 60%) in myristoylation levels of the VP4 precursors (P1 and VP0). In contrast, no differences in modification levels were found in either VP0 and VP4 proteins isolated from mature mutant virions, indicating that myristoylation is required for assembly of the infectious virion. The myristoylation levels of the VP0 proteins found in capsid assembly intermediates indicate that there is a strong but not absolute preference for myristoyl-modified subunits during pentamer formation. Complete myristoylation was observed in mature virions but not in assembly intermediates, indicating that there is a selection for myristoyl-modified subunits during stable RNA encapsidation to form the mature virus particle. In addition, even though mutant infectious virions are fully modified, the severe reduction in specific infectivity of both 4003A.D and 4003A.H purified viruses indicates that the amino acid residue adjacent to the N-terminal glycine apparently has an additional role early during viral infection and that mutations at this position induce pleiotropic effects.
Reassessing the Progress in the Production of Advanced Biofuels in the Current Competitive Environment and Beyond: What Are the Successes and Where Progress Eludes Us and Why (2015)

The concept, science, and technology of biofuels has captured the public’s imagination as well as the attention of the academic and industrial R&D communities over the last 10 years. The 2006 US DOE report has been the basis for funding three US Bioenergy Centers, and has precipitated increased research funding worldwide. Despite the large funding resources, there is little evidence to support that processes for advanced biofuels (i.e., fuel molecules more dense than ethanol) are anywhere near achieving economic feasibility. In assessing the current status of the field for biology-based processes, there has been tremendous progress in metabolic and pathway engineering and the development of synthetic-biology tools that can be applied to engineer strains. However, the economic feasibility of what is currently possible remains in doubt, especially in light of the recent low prices of oil and natural gas. Issues liming the economic feasibility are assessed and strategies to take advantage of the successful achievements are suggested. Analysis suggests that for biofuel molecules larger than four carbons, purely biological processes cannot be currently justified, but hybrid biological/catalytic technologies may offer the necessary economies to produce such biofuels.
Antiestrogenic Potency of Toremifene and Tamoxifen in Postmenopausal Women (1993)

In this nonblinded, controlled multicenter trial, postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to receive graded doses of toremifene and tamoxifen or no antiestrogen to assess dose-response levels and evaluation methodology. For standardization, transdermal estradiol (Estraderm-Ciba Geigy) was applied to all women for 38 days. The antiestrogens were added on days 29-38. For control and all treatment groups, there were no significant changes in serum chemistries or serum hormone levels, nor were there differences in adverse effects. The use of continuous estradiol precluded any meaningful assessment of the estrogenicity of tamoxifen or toremifene. As measured by vaginal superficial cytologic cell count changes, the antiestrogenic activity of toremifene doses ranging from 20 to 200 mg/day could not be distinguished from that of 20 mg/day of tamoxifen, the clinically recommended dose in North America.
The Machine Operator’s Jammed-Feedstock-Clearing Task: A Safety Design Challenge (2001)

Abstract Workers are often exposed to injury risk from sudden and unexpected machine movement when clearing jammed material from process machinery. An engineered safety response can effectively intervene to control or eliminate this risk. Backstrom and Doos (1998) found that about 25% of injuries involving automated machinery were preceded by a disturbance in process material flow such as a piece of material becoming stuck, crooked or getting in an otherwise faulty position. In the US, lockout is required when an employee is required to place any part of his or her body into an area on a machine or piece of equipment where work is actually performed upon the material being processed (point of operation) or where an associated danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle. Minor tool changes and adjustments, and other minor servicing activities, which take place during normal production operations, are not covered by the OSHA lockout standard if they are routine, repetitive, and integral to the use of the equipment for production, provided that the work is performed using alternative measures which provide effective protection [emphasis added] (OSHA, 1989). Machine control systems that can automatically detect and respond to hazardous operating conditions could be a way to reduce machine-related injury and fatality rates. Accurate laboratory testing criteria, based on key patterns manifested by the machine during hazardous events are vital to developing such new safety technology. This paper discusses safety design challenges in designing reliable safeguarding associated with machinery.
Relaxometry and magnetometry of the MR contrast agent MION-46L (1999)

MION-46L is an ultrasmall monocrystalline superparamagnetic (SPM) iron oxide that is of current interest as an MR contrast agent. It is believed to consist primarily of small maghemite or magnetite crystals that possess a SPM moment, but the exact magnetic properties and related mechanisms of T(1) and T(2) proton relaxation enhancement are not well understood. We have obtained a comprehensive data set consisting of magnetization curves, EPR spectra, and 1/T(1) and 1/T(2) nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles for this contrast agent. The magnetization curves show a primary curvature consistent with a SPM moment of 10,300 Bohr magnetons (BM) per particle. In addition, there is a secondary high-field curvature that is consistent with a smaller SPM moment of 1600 BM, which may be responsible for the observed high-field increase in 1/T(2). Finally, there appear to be a considerable number of paramagnetic ions present that are needed to account for the high-field increase in magnetization, and that can provide an alternative explanation for the magnitude of the low-field T(1) plateau. This "three-phase model" appears to be successful in explaining in a self-consistent and quantitative manner the combined results of the magnetometry, relaxometry, and EPR studies. Magn Reson Med 42:379-384, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structural and Photophysical Properties of Coordination Networks Combining [Ru(Bpym)(CN)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup> or [{Ru(CN)<sub>4</sub>}<sub>2</sub>(μ-bpym)]<sup>4</sup><sup>-</sup> Anions (bpym = 2,2‘-Bipyrimidine) with Lanthanide(III) Cations:  Sensitized Near-Infrared Luminescence from Yb(III), Nd(III), and Er(III) Following Ru-to-Lanthanide Energy Transfer (2006)

Reaction of the cyanoruthenate anions [Ru(bpym)(CN)4]2- and [[Ru(CN)4]2(mu-bpym)]4- (bpym = 2,2'-bipyrimidine) with lanthanide(III) salts resulted in the crystallization of coordination networks based on Ru-CN-Ln bridges. Four types of structure were obtained: [Ru(bpym)(CN)4][Ln(NO3)(H2O)5] (Ru-Ln; Ln = Sm, Nd, and Gd) are one-dimensional helical chains; [Ru(bpym)(CN)4]2[Ln(NO3)(H2O)2][Ln(NO3)(0.5)(H2O)(5.5)](NO3)(0.5).5.5H2O (Ru-Ln; Ln = Er and Yb) are two-dimensional sheets containing cross-linked chains based on Ru2Ln2(mu-CN)4 diamond units, which are linked into one-dimensional chains via shared Ru atoms; [[Ru(CN)4]2(mu-bpym)][Ln(NO3)(H2O)5]2.3H2O (Ru2-Ln; Ln = Nd and Sm) are one-dimensional ladders with parallel Ln-NC-Ru-CN-Ln-NC strands connected by the bipyrimidine "cross pieces" acting as rungs on the ladder; and [[Ru(CN)4]2(mu-bpym)][Ln(H2O)6](0.5)[Ln(H2O)4](NO3)(0.5).nH2O (Ru2-Ln; Ln = Eu, Gd, and Yb; n = 8.5, 8.5, and 8, respectively) are three-dimensional networks in which two-dimensional sheets of Ru2Ln2(mu-CN)4 diamonds are connected via cyanide bridges to Ln(III) ions between the layers. Whereas Ru-Gd shows weak triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) luminescence in the solid state from the Ru-bipyrimidine chromophore, in Ru-Nd, Ru-Er, and Ru-Yb, the Ru-based emission is quenched, and all of these show, instead, sensitized lanthanide-based near-IR luminescence following a Ru --> Ln energy transfer. Similarly, Ru2-Nd and Ru2-Yb show lanthanide-based near-IR emission following excitation of the Ru-bipyrimidine chromophore. Time-resolved luminescence measurements suggest that the Ru --> Ln energy-transfer rate is faster (when Ln = Yb and Er) than in related complexes based on the [Ru(bipy)(CN)4]2- chromophore, because the lower energy of the Ru-bpym 3MLCT provides better spectroscopic overlap with the low-energy f-f states of Yb(III) and Er(III). In every case, the lanthanide-based luminescence is relatively short-lived as a result of the CN oscillations in the lattice.
Aurones Interfere with Leishmania major Mitochondrial Fumarate Reductase (2002)

A series of aurones was analyzed for the ability to inhibit respiratory functions of mitochondria of Leishmania parasites. The aim of this study was to find a rational explanation for the activity of certain aurones and auronols as novel antiprotozoal compounds of plant origin. In a cell-free assay mitochondrial fumarate reductase from L. donovani was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. The most active compounds were 4',6-dihydroxyaurone and 6-methoxyaurone which inhibited parasite enzyme activity at 25 nM by over ninety percent.
Novel flexible vesicles based topical formulation of levocetirizine:<i>in vivo</i>evaluation using oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis in murine model (2014)

A novel FVs based topical formulation of levocetirizine was successfully developed for treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Methanol Conversion to Light Olefins (1984)

Abstract Light olefins will play a dominant role in any future methanol-based chemicals economy. Olefins are initial products in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons over zeolite catalysts [1]. The overall reaction path may be represented by
Water Relations of White Alder (1989)

Abstract: White alder (Alnus rhombifolia) is a potentially valuable indicator of water stress along California&apos;s waterways. Measurements of stomatal conductance, water potential and tissue water relations in conjunction with growth and morphological studies give evidence for the sensitivity of this species to changes in water availability. Potted seedlings and naturally occurring seedlings and trees were monitored during the 1986 and 1987 growing seasons to determine responses to artificial and natural water regimes. Osmotic adjustment provides a mechanism for drought hardening, but the process is less effective in preventing stress in seedlings than trees. Measurements of leaf area and mean instantaneous conductance were sensitive indicators of alder water status. These two parameters should be included in any physiological
Autonomic network configuration for networkable digital appliances (2005)

This paper proposes an autonomic network configuration (ANC) technology, which uses autonomic technologies for the network configuration in order for electronics consumer appliances to improve usability and security. ANC provides networkable digital appliances (NDAs) with a network environment detection service and enables them to automatically configure themselves as soon as they are connected to networks. The evaluation shows that ANC's network environment detection is so quick, safe, and accurate that it significantly contributes to the NDA's security and privacy.
Size Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Nanoporous Au (2006)

Recent nanomechanical tests on submicron metal columns and wires have revealed a dramatic increase in yield strength with decreasing sample size. Here, we demonstrate that nanoporous metal foams can be envisioned as a three-dimensional network of ultrahigh-strength nanowires, thus bringing together two seemingly conflicting properties: high strength and high porosity. Specifically, we characterized the size-dependent mechanical properties of nanoporous gold using a combination of nanoindentation, column microcompression, and molecular dynamics simulations. We find that nanoporous gold can be as strong as bulk Au, despite being a highly porous material, and that the ligaments in nanoporous gold approach the theoretical yield strength of Au.
Integrated Resonant Optical Readout Applicable to Large Arrays of MEMS Beams (2012)

A recent report by the authors presented theoretical studies of a new method of interrogation of the position of arrays of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) cantilever and doubly clamped beams. This letter represents the first experimental evidence of the performance of such an interrogation technique, confirming the modelling and showing noise performance close to the theoretical predictions. Such a technique will be useful in applications such as MEMS-based chemical sensing. Our experimental results show the potential to realize a shot-noise limited component of minimum detectable deflection of 16 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm fm}/\sqrt{\rm Hz}$</tex></formula> .
REGULATION OF DNA REPLICATION DURING <i>DROSOPHILA</i> DEVELOPMENT (1987)

Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A ...Read More
Amended Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Hydroxystearic Acid (1999)

Hydroxystearic Acid is a fatty acid used as a surfactant–cleansing agent in cosmetic products. Initial review of available safety test data resulted in a finding that there were insufficient data to support the safety of Hydroxystearic Acid for use in cosmetic products. Data needed included concentration of use, chemical characterization, dermal reproductive and developmental toxicity, genotoxicity (and carcinogenicity data if the genotoxicity data were positive), and shin irritation data. Subsequent to that conclusion, new data were received. Use concentrations were reported as high as 10%. Small amounts of other fatty acids are commonly found in preparations of Hydroxystearic Acid. Genotoxicity was not found in bacterial or mammalian systems and only subcutaneous sarcomas at the site of injection were found in carcinogenicity studies. Dermal reproductive and developmental toxicity studies were negative. Skin irritation was produced by antiperspirant prototype formulations containing Hydroxystearic Acid under occluded or semioccluded patch test conditions. It was considered that such formulations under those exaggerated conditions can be irritating, but are generally not irritating in actual use. Because Hydroxystearic Acid and Stearic Acid are structurally similar, data from a previous safety assessment of Oleic Acid, Lauric Acid, Palmitic Acid, Myristic Acid, and Stearic Acid were summarized. On the basis of the animal and clinical data, it was concluded that Hydroxystearic Acid is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the present practices of use.
Kinder, Ehe und Familie (1993)

Nach den Ergebnissen der Volkszählung 1987 sind 38,5% der Gesamtbevölkerung in den alten Bundesländern ledig, davon sind 53,4% Männer. Die Karte zeigt, daß die Kreise mit den höheren Ledigenanteilen hauptsächlich im nördlichen Teil von Schleswig-Holstein, in den katholischen Regionen Nordrhein-Westfalens und Niedersachsens und vor allem in Banden-Württenberg und Bayern liegen.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Enhances Formation of Germ Cell Colonies in Neonatal Mouse Testis Culture1 (2006)

Spermatogonial stem cells continuously divide in the testis to support spermatogenesis throughout the life of adult male animals. Although very few spermatogonial stem cells are present in vivo, we recently succeeded in expanding these cells in vitro. Germ cells from postnatal testes were able to proliferate in the presence of several types of cytokines, and they formed uniquely shaped colonies of spermatogonia (germline stem or GS cells). These cells reinitiated normal spermatogenesis when transplanted into seminiferous tubules. However, much remains unknown about the contributions of cytokines to successful stem cell culture. In the present study, we examined the role of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in GS cell culture. We found that the addition of LIF to newborn testis cell culture enhances the formation of germ cell colonies. Ciliary neurotrophic factor, but not oncostatin M, had the same effect, although they both bind to the IL-6ST (gp130) receptor. On the other hand, GS cells could be established from pup or adult testes in the absence of LIF. No phenotypic or functional difference was found between GS cells established from different stages, and normal offspring were born from pup-derived GS cells that had been maintained in the absence of LIF, indicating that LIF per se is not involved in the self-renewal of GS cells. These results demonstrate that LIF is useful in the initiation of GS cell culture and suggest that LIF or a related cytokine is involved in the maturation of gonocytes into spermatogonia.
Passive hemolysis test for antibody to Treponema hyodysenteriae (1976)

Swine were infected orally with pure cultures of Treponema hyodysenteriae, and the humoral antibody response was measured by a passive hemolysis test (passive hemagglutination test with the use of complement). Antibody to T. hyodysenteriae was detected as early as 1 week and later on at 4 months after exposure. However, peak serum titers were obtained after challenge at 4 weeks postinfection. The usefulness of the test as a potential diagnostic tool for antibody to T. hyodysenteriae is discussed.
Strategies for viral removal and inactivation. (1996)

This paper provides an overview of the fundamentals of viral inactivation and clearance studies required for mammalian cell culture-derived biotechnological products. Strategies and considerations for evaluating the potential of purification processes to inactivate or remove adventitious or endogenous viruses are also discussed. The principles are illustrated by presenting data derived from the evaluation of clinical manufacturing processes for recombinant human interferon-beta and recombinant soluble CD4.
High-current proton and deuterium extraction systems (2007)

The PBGUNS code is used to explore and optimize high-current extraction system designs for hydrogen and deuterium beams extracted from plasmas. Two subjects are explored: first, the PBGUNS simulations are used to evaluate an analytic procedure for determining suitable plasma electrode shapes for hydrogen-ion beams. Experimental confirmation for this procedure was found in the high-current proton Low-Energy Demonstration Accelerator project at Los Alamos. A second subject is to determine via numerical simulations an initial design for a high-quality deuterium ion beam that could be extracted from a microwave ion source. This work builds on many years experience in design and testing of high-current extraction systems for proton and H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> injectors.
The Interaction of Science and Practice in the History of Metallurgy (1961)

A QUICK LOOK at metallurgy might suggest that its development owed very little to science. An immense and important body of knowledge on the useful alloys had been discovered long before anything approaching modern science existed, and even today the theoretical metallurgist is principally engaged in explaining phenomena that have been known for over 4000 years. Moreover, a majority of workers in metal have unthinkingly followed traditional methods with very little desire to apply the science of their day or to use their practical knowledge as an incentive to theoretical thinking. Yet, although he was motivated only by the desire to make something useful or beautiful, or merely profitable, the artisan who experimented with different materials to select the best for his purpose was as much a contributor to the development of science, was as much of a scientist, as the observational astronomer or the classifying mineralogist or naturalist. Theoretical understanding of the nature of metals and their reactions has rarely led directly to new discoveries, simply because empirical experiment had discovered them in advance of theory. Any branch of science must draw from a pre-scientific period in which facts are observed and recorded before they can be put into a theoretical framework. Once theory exists, it will (to a modern mind at least) demand new experiments, but before good theory has been formulated, intelligent observation alone is king, and any motivation for handling matter with open curiosity will stimulate the gathering of information. To quote Robert Mehl, The metallurgical plant is a living museum of entrancing phenomena.