gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of micro- and nano-structured materials using mask-less processes (2007)

Micro- and nano-scale devices are used in electronics, micro-electro- mechanical, bio-analytical and medical components. An essential step for the fabrication of such small scale devices is photolithography. Photolithography requires a master mask to transfer micrometre or sub-micrometre scale patterns onto a substrate. The requirement of a physical, rigid mask can impede progress in applications which require rapid prototyping, flexible substrates, multiple alignment and 3D fabrication. Alternative technologies, which do not require the use of a physical mask, are suitable for these applications. In this paper mask-less methods of micro- and nano-scale fabrication have been discussed. The most common technique, which is the laser direct imaging (LDI), technique has been applied to fabricate micrometre scale structures on printed circuit boards, glass and epoxy. LDI can be combined with chemical methods to deposit metals, inorganic materials as well as some organic entities at the micrometre scale. Inkjet technology can be used to fabricate micrometre patterns of etch resists, organic transistors as well as arrays for bioanalysis. Electrohydrodynamic atomisation is used to fabricate micrometre scale ceramic features. Electrochemical methodologies offer a variety of technical solutions for micro- and nano-fabrication owing to the fact that electron charge transfer can be constrained to a solid–liquid interface. Electrochemical printing is an adaptation of inkjet printing which can be used for rapid prototyping of metallic circuits. Micro-machining using nano-second voltage pulses have been used to fabricate high precision features on metals and semiconductors. Optimisation of reactor, electrochemistry and fluid flow (EnFACE) has also been employed to transfer micrometre scale patterns on a copper substrate. Nano-scale features have been fabricated by using specialised tools such as scanning tunnelling microscopy, atomic force microscopy and focused ion beam. The methodologies adopted for nano-fabrication have analogies with the micrometre scale patterning methods. Currently, the resolution of mask-less techniques is lower than that of lithographic methods using a physical mask. However, in future, hybridisation or combination of the mask-less methods could lead to high resolution and higher precision micro- and nano-scale patterning methods.
Ring-Opening Reactions of Tetrahydrofuran versus Alkyne Complexation by Group 4 Metallocene Complexes Leading to General Consequences for Synthesis and Reactions of Metallocene Complexes (2007)

The reduction of certain group 4 metallocene dichlorides by magnesium or lithium in the presence or absence of Me3SiC2SiMe3 in THF or toluene was investigated, giving in the case of titanium the dinuclear Ti(III) complex [rac-(ebthi)Ti(μ-Cl)]2 (1). For zirconium the 1-oxa-2-zirconacyclohexane 2 was formed by ring-opening reaction of rac-(ebthi)Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) with THF. As a byproduct from the synthesis of Cp*2Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) starting from Cp*2ZrCl2 another 1-oxa-2-zirconacyclohexane (3) was obtained by ring-opening reaction of THF via the dinuclear complex Cp*2Zr(Cl)-(CH2)4O−Zr(Cl)Cp*2 (4). In the case of hafnium the analogous dinuclear complex Cp*2Hf(Cl)−(CH2)4O−Hf(Cl)Cp*2 (5) and 1-oxa-2-hafnacyclohexane (6) were the main products of the reaction, inhibiting the synthesis of Cp*2Hf(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3) (7). The tendency for ring opening of THF initiated by metallocenes increases in the series Ti, Zr, Hf, thus leading to consequences for the synthesis of metallocene complexes.
Outstanding Improvement in 4Kb Phase-Change Memory of Programming and Retention Performances by Enhanced Thermal Confinement (2019)

In this paper we present the optimization of the thermal confinement of a heater-based Phase-Change Memory (PCM) integrating a Ge-rich Ge-Sb-Te alloy (GGST) by the engineering of the encapsulation dielectric layer. Lower thermal conductivity of a SiC-based encapsulation layer wrt SiN, is demonstrated to improve the thermal confinement during programming operations in the PCM cell. Thanks to electrical characterization of 4Kb PCM arrays, we investigate the performance of thermally improved PCM devices, showing higher programming efficiency, higher SET programming speed and data retention higher than 250°C. The results are supported by 3D electro-thermal simulations, highlighting the effects of the higher thermal confinement achieved. These results confirm the outstanding improvement of the performances achievable in state-of-the-art PCM thanks to the thermal engineering of the cell.
Quantification of airway morphometry: the effect of CT acquisition and reconstruction parameters (2007)

This study measured the accuracy of our airway quantification scheme using phantoms airway under different CT protocols. Airway remodeling is associated with several thoracic diseases (e.g., chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis), and, therefore, quantification of airway remodeling may have wide clinical application. Our scheme assigns pixels partial membership in the airway wall and lumen based on the pixel's HU value, which is intended to account for partial volume averaging inherent in CT image reconstruction. Twenty-four phantom airways with an outer diameter from 2.6 to 14.0 mm and wall thicknesses from 0.5 to 2.0 mm were analyzed. The absolute differences between measurements supplied by the manufacture and computed from CT images acquired at 40 mAs and reconstructed at 1.25 mm thickness using GE's "soft" and "lung" reconstruction kernels for lumen area ranged from 1.4% to 49.3% and 0.4% to 33.0%, respectively, and for wall area ranged from 0.3% to 118.0% and 2.1 to 92.9%, respectively. Accuracy typically improved as the kernel's spatial frequency increased. Airways whose wall thickness was close to the pixels dimensions were challenging to quantify. The partial membership assignment of our airway quantification accurately computed airway morphometry across a range of phantom airway sizes.
Novel approach for generating an electrochemically active film with amplification, switching and diode-like behavior (2009)

Many efforts in molecular electronics have been made to mimic the existing electronic function using organic molecules like a molecular wire, a molecular diode and a molecular switch [1, 2]. Among them, molecular diode has been focuse because a diode, or current rectifier is an important component in two-terminal device that allows an electronc current to flow in one direction, but blocks it in the opposite directon [1, 2]. One approach to design a molecular diode is to build a diode using single molecules. The molecular diode consisted of two organic molecules to act as an electron donor and acceptor [1]. The other approach is to generate the functionalized film on the device [3, 4]. The interface is covered with an organic layer of activated chemical moieties. The current is rectified by the interaction between chemical moieties on films and electroactive species in solution.
Connectionist network for feature extraction and classification of English alphabetic characters (2002)

An nonadaptive connectionist architecture based feature extractor (CAFE) for English alphabetic patterns is presented. Two different adaptive connectionist networks, i.e., the multi-layer backpropagation network (MBPN) and the counter propagation network (CPN) were implemented for classification of the patterns. Their performance analysis is reported. The system is tolerant to translation and deformation and is observed to classify noisy and distorted patterns correctly.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Study of Friedel-Crafts acylation and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reactions on benzocycloheptanones and 1-tetralones in acid media (2009)

Industrial Chemistry Research Lab, Center for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, J. N. T. University, Kukatpally. Hyderabad-500 072, India <em>E-mail </em>: vpeesapati@yahoo.com <em>Manuscript received 24 May 2007, revised 26 September 2008, accepted 11 February 2009</em> Synthesis and characterization of some new substituted naphthop}rone& (2a-d) and 4,5-dihydro-3<em>H </em>benzo[b]oxocin/oxepin-2-ones (3a-d), starting from 1-tetralone and benzocycloheptanones have been reported. Biological testing of these compounds for their antimicrobial activity has been carried out.
Awareness, Response and What Might Lie Beyond: A Critical Linguistic Perspective on Literature as a Social Practice and the Implications of this Perspective for the Use of Literature in Education (1999)

(1999). Awareness, Response and What Might Lie Beyond: A Critical Linguistic Perspective on Literature as a Social Practice and the Implications of this Perspective for the Use of Literature in Education. Language Awareness: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 3-14.
Wave propagation in one-dimensional disordered structures (1992)

Wave propagation in one-dimensional disordered structures is studied via a variable R, which represents the quantum-mechanical resistance to electronic transport, or the ratio of total-energy density to power flux for electromagnetic propagation. R is formulated by three distinct methods: (1) differential equation, (2) perturbation series, (3) state-variable representation. An explicit solution for R is obtained in the limit of small fluctuations of the potential (or dielectric constant). The configurational-average state vector is determined in the second cumulant approximation for stationary processes, and an explicit expression is given for the average 〈R〉 for any potential distribution. The electron localization length exhibits a minimum as a function of the correlation length of the random potential. The exact expression for 〈R〉 is obtained for a white-noise distribution of potentials (or dielectric constants), both from the perturbation series, and from the state-variable formulation.
Structured programming with limited private types in Ada (1991)

Many traditional styles of programming cannot cope with the limitations of Ada limited private types. We present a style of programming that enables structured programming in Ada with limited private types. The problem of "finalization" is safely and cleanly handled through the use of a generic package which guarantees that a variable of the limited private type will be finalized even in the presence of exceptions.Finalization is often desired in order to perform automatic garbage collection , whether by reference counting or by marking. We have proved our structured technique by developing a garbage-collected Lisp system in Ada in which the Lisp values are instances of a limited private type. The Ada code was so highly structured, that it was generated automatically using a simple compiler. The garbage collector in this system was easily and safely implemented, and different garbage collection techniques were tested without affecting user code.
Synthesis and use of new spin labeled derivatives of phosphorylcholine in a comparative study of human, dogfish, and Limulus C-reactive proteins. (1983)

New spin labeled derivatives of phosphorylcholine have been synthesized. The compounds cause reversible inhibition of the precipitation reactions between pneumococcal C-polysaccharide and the C-reactive proteins from humans, dogfish sharks (Mustelus canis), and horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus). The spin labeled phosphorylcholine derivatives also rival phosphorylcholine as a ligand for the human, dogfish, and Limulus C-reactive proteins. The interactions of the purified C-reactive proteins with the spin labeled derivatives of phosphorylcholine have been studied using electron spin resonance spectrometry. The dramatic decrease in the ESR signal of some of the spin labels is due to immobilization of the label. Only the well known phosphate spin label, 4-phosphate-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl could be used for binding studies on human and Limulus C-reactive proteins. Thus, by Scatchard analysis, the human C-reactive protein bound 1 mol of phosphate spin label per mol of protein with a Ka = 3.91 X 10(3) M-1, whereas the Limulus C-reactive protein bound only 0.5 mol of phosphate spin label per mol of protein with an overall Ka = 1.95 X 10(3) M-1. Inhibition studies using purified C-polysaccharide-induced inhibition of the phosphate spin label-human C-reactive protein interaction showed competitive inhibition with a KI of 4.78 X 10(-5) M at 18 degrees C. The phosphate spin label did not bind to dogfish C-reactive protein. However, one new phosphorylcholine spin label did bind and was used for Scatchard and Hill plot analyses. The dogfish C-reactive protein, which exists as a Mr = 50,000 dimer, bound 2 mol of the phosphorylcholine spin label per mol of protein, and this binding exhibited negative cooperativity as indicated by a Hill coefficient of 0.75.
The design of the DEC 3000 Model 500 AXP workstation (2002)

Discusses the architecture and features of the DEC 3000 Model 500 AXP workstation, describes the design methodology used in developing the system, and compares the performance of the system with that of other workstations of approximately the same cost. The system uses the new DECchip 21064 microprocessor operating at 150 MHz. A crossbar switch implemented in CMOS ASICs provides high-bandwidth, low-latency interconnects between the CPU, the main memory, and the I/O subsystem. The system includes a 512-kByte secondary cache and up to 1 GByte of main memory. The I/O subsystem includes an integral 2D graphics accelerator, SCSI, ISDN, and six TURBOchannel expansion slots.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Large-area perfect blackbody sheets having aperiodic array of surface micro-cavities for high-precision thermal imager calibration (2020)

We present a large-area perfect blackbody sheet, which would offer a planar standard radiator for high-precision thermal imager calibration. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheets with nano-precision surface micro-cavity structures achieve both ultra-low reflectance (ultra-high emissivity close to unity) over the thermal infrared wavelengths and high durability to mechanical contact. The investigation on the geometrical parameters of the conical micro-cavities, that is, radii and aspect ratios (ratio of height to radius), confirmed that the PDMS blackbody sheet with a micro-cavity radius of ∼6 µm and an aspect ratio of ∼4 exhibits the optimum hemispherical reflectance of less than 0.002 (emissivity of higher than 0.998) at the thermal infrared wavelengths (6-15 µm). Furthermore, the large-area PDMS blackbody sheet of 100 mm × 80 mm maintained an excellent in-plane uniformity of the emissivity. This unprecedented large-area perfect blackbody conforms to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard recommendation regarding thermal imager calibration for fever screening in terms of the emissivity performance.
Visual correlates to prominence in several expressive modes (2006)

In this paper, we present measurements of visual, facial parameters obtained from a speech corpus consisting of short, read utterances in which focal accent was systematically varied. The utterance ...
Experimental Evidence of a Giant Capacitance in Insulator-Conductor Composites at the Percolation Threshold (2000)

Giant enhancement of the dielectric properties has been measured at the percolation threshold of a metal–insulator functional, graded composite using an in–situ electrical probe. The system reported (Mullite–Mo) combines very good thermal stability, low leakage currents, and very high capacitance, using dielectric materials with a low dielectric constant. Thus, devices made using this type of ceramic–metal supercapacitor may cover an important technological gap in high charge-storage devices, which could lead to a new generation of ceramic supercapacitors.
Acute small bowel obstruction caused by endometriosis: A case report and review of the literature (2008)

Gastrointestinal involvement of endometriosis has been found in 3%-37% of menstruating women and exclusive localization on the ileum is very rare (1%-7%). Endometriosis of the distal ileum is an infrequent cause of intestinal obstruction, ranging from 7% to 23% of all cases with intestinal involvement. We report a case in which endometrial infiltration of the small bowel caused acute obstruction requiring emergency surgery, in a woman whose symptoms were not related to menses. Histology of the resected specimen showed that endometriosis was mainly prevalent in the muscularis propria and submucosa and that the mucosa was not ulcerated but had inflammation and glandular alteration. Endometrial lymph node involvement, with a cystic glandular pattern was also detected.
Quantitative Relationship among Integrin-Ligand Binding, Adhesion, and Signaling via Focal Adhesion Kinase and Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 2 (1999)

Because integrin-mediated signals are transferred through a physical architecture and synergistic biochemical network whose properties are not well defined, quantitative relationships between extracellular integrin-ligand binding events and key intracellular responses are poorly understood. We begin to address this by quantifying integrin-mediated FAK and ERK2 responses in CHO cells for varied α<sub>5</sub>β<sub>1</sub> expression level and substratum fibronectin density. Plating cells on fibronectin-coated surfaces initiated a transient, biphasic ERK2 response, the magnitude and kinetics of which depended on integrin-ligand binding properties. Whereas ERK2 activity initially increased with a rate proportional to integrin-ligand bond number for low fibronectin density, the desensitization rate was independent of integrin and fibronectin amount but proportional to the ERK2 activity level with an exponential decay constant of 0.3 (± 0.08) min<sup>−1</sup>. Unlike the ERK2 activation time course, FAK phosphorylation followed a superficially disparate time course. However, analysis of the early kinetics of the two signals revealed them to be correlated. The initial rates of FAK and ERK2 signal generation exhibited similar dependence on fibronectin surface density, with both rates monotonically increasing with fibronectin amount until saturating at high fibronectin density. Because of this similar initial rate dependence on integrin-ligand bond formation, the disparity in their time courses is attributed to differences in feedback regulation of these signals. Whereas FAK phosphorylation increased to a steady-state level as new integrin-ligand bond formation continued during cell spreading, ERK2 activity was decoupled from the integrin-ligand stimulus and decayed back to a basal level. Accordingly, we propose different functional metrics for representing these two disparate dynamic signals: the steady-state tyrosine phosphorylation level for FAK and the integral of the pulse response for ERK2. These measures of FAK and ERK2 activity were found to correlate with short term cell-substratum adhesivity, indicating that signaling via FAK and ERK2 is proportional to the number of integrin-fibronectin bonds.
AC Impedance Study of Anodically Formed Salt Films on Iron in Chloride Solution (1992)

AC impedance measurements of mass‐transfer‐limited dissolution of iron into a 4.0M electrolyte are presented. The influence of disk rotation speed and applied potential on the ac impedance is investigated. The results are interpreted with a model that assumes the presence of a salt film. This film has a duplex structure composed of an inner layer through which ferrous ions migrate by high‐field conduction and an outer, porous layer where ionic, low‐field conduction occurs in the electrolyte filling the pores. The thickness of the inner layer increases with applied potential and that of the porous layer decreases with increasing disk rotation speed.
Ulcer‐associated cell lineage (‘pyloric metaplasia’) in crohn's disease: A lectin histochemical study (1993)

Chronic intestinal ulceration in Crohn's disease is associated with the development of an epidermal growth factor-secreting cell lineage, or 'ulcer-associated cell lineage' (UACL). Expression of oligosaccharides by UACL was studied using a panel of 25 biotinylated lectins with an avidin peroxidase revealing system and compared with that of adult and fetal Brunner's glands, gastric antral mucosa, and 'gastric metaplasia' within the duodenum, in order to clarify further the interrelationships of these lineages. UACL was obtained from ileal resections performed for Crohn's disease. Lectin binding of the glandular component of UACL closely resembled that of antral mucosal glands and also that of fetal and adult Brunner's glands. Lectin binding of the ductal component of immature UACL, in which a surface component had not developed, resembled that of the gland. The surface and ductal components of mature UACL showed a distinct lectin-binding profile, which was very different from that of the gland, but closely resembled that of antral foveolar epithelium and 'gastric metaplasia' within the duodenum. It is concluded that there is differentiation of UACL from the glandular to surface components and that oligosaccharide expression of the lineage reflects that of normal Brunner's gland and gastric antral mucosa.
Mice deficient in Neu4 sialidase exhibit abnormal ganglioside catabolism and lysosomal storage (2008)

Mammalian sialidase Neu4, ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, is located in the lysosomal and mitochondrial lumen and has broad substrate specificity against sialylated glycoconjugates. To investigate whether Neu4 is involved in ganglioside catabolism, we transfected b-hexosaminidase-deficient neuroglia cells from a Tay-Sachs patient with a Neu4-expressing plasmid and demonstrated the correction of storage due to the clearance of accumulated GM2 ganglioside. To further clarify the biological role of Neu4, we have generated a stable loss-of-function phenotype in cultured HeLa cells and in mice with targeted disruption of the Neu4 gene. The silenced HeLa cells showed reduced activity against gangliosides and had large heterogeneous lysosomes containing lamellar structures. Neu4 2/2 mice were viable, fertile and lacked gross morphological abnormalities, but showed a marked vacuolization and lysosomal storage in lung and spleen cells. Lysosomal storage bodies were also present in cultured macrophages preloaded with gangliosides. Thinlayer chromatography showed increased relative level of GD1a ganglioside and a markedly decreased level of GM1 ganglioside in brain of Neu4 2/2 mice suggesting that Neu4 may be important for desialylation of brain gangliosides and consistent with the in situ hybridization data. Increased levels of cholesterol, ceramide and polyunsaturated fatty acids were also detected in the lungs and spleen of Neu4 2/2 mice by highresolution NMR spectroscopy. Together, our data suggest that Neu4 is a functional component of the ganglioside-metabolizing system, contributing to the postnatal development of the brain and other vital organs.
Suppression of the onset and progression of collagen‐induced arthritis by chebulagic acid screened from a natural product library (2005)

CHE significantly suppressed the onset and progression of CIA in mice. Immune suppression via the induction of TGFbeta and CD4+,CD25+ T cells may represent a new strategy in the development of therapies for managing rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.