gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Therapeutic applications of somatostatin and its analog, octreotide]. (1993)

Octreotide is routinely used in the treatment of acromegaly and gastroenteropancreatic tumours such as carcinoids and VIPomas. The most promising indications for octreotide appear, at present, to be as an adjunct therapy in the management of acute oesophageal variceal bleeding, AIDS-related refractory, diarrhoea, digestive fistulae and the prevention of postoperative pancreatic complications (e.g. pancreatitis, fistulae...). Its potential role in the treatment of carcinoma is being currently explored in prospective controlled trials.
Silicon nitride optical phased array based on a grating antenna enabling wavelength-tuned beam steering (2020)

An optical phased array (OPA) in silicon nitride (SiN) is conspicuously highlighted as a vital alternative to its counterpart in silicon. However, a limited number of studies have been conducted on this array in terms of wavelength-tuned beam steering. A SiN OPA has been proposed and implemented with a grating antenna that incorporated an array of shallow-etched waveguides, rendering wavelength-tuned beam steering along the longitudinal direction. To accomplish a superior directionality on a wavelength-tuned beam steering, the spectral beam emission characteristics of the antenna have been explored from the viewpoint of a planar structure that entails a buried oxide (BOX), a SiN waveguide core, and an upper cladding. Two OPA devices having substantially different thicknesses of the resonant cavities, established by combining the BOX and SiN core, were considered theoretically and experimentally to scrutinize the spectral emission characteristics of the antenna on beam steering. Both of the fabricated OPA devices steered light by an angle of 7.4° along the longitudinal direction for a wavelength ranging from 1530 to 1630 nm, while they maintained a divergence angle of 0.2°×0.6° in the longitudinal and lateral directions. Meanwhile, the OPA fabricated on a substantially thick BOX layer featured a limited steering performance to attain a stabilized response over a broad spectral region. We examined the influence of the cavity thickness on the spectral response of the antenna in terms of optical thickness. Based on the two antenna characteristics, it was confirmed that the grating antenna emitted the beam with a higher efficiency when the optical thickness of the cavity corresponded to odd integer multiples of the quarter wavelength. This work is a considerable strategy for designing a stabilized SiN OPA over a desired spectral region.
Mapping of Functional Domains in the p22 Subunit of Flavocytochrome b 559 Participating in the Assembly of the NADPH Oxidase Complex by “Peptide Walking” (2002)

The superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes consists of a membranal heterodimeric flavocytochrome (cytochrome b(559)), composed of gp91(phox) and p22(phox) subunits, and four cytosolic proteins, p47(phox), p67(phox), p40(phox), and the small GTPase Rac (1 or 2). All redox stations involved in electron transport from NADPH to oxygen are located in gp91(phox). NADPH oxidase activation is the consequence of assembly of cytochrome b(559) with cytosolic proteins, a process reproducible in a cell-free system, consisting of phagocyte membranes, and recombinant cytosolic components, activated by an anionic amphiphile. p22(phox) is believed to act as a linker between the cytosolic components and gp91(phox). We applied "peptide walking" to mapping of domains in p22(phox) participating in NADPH oxidase assembly. Ninety one synthetic overlapping pentadecapeptides, spanning the p22(phox) sequence, were tested for the ability to inhibit NADPH oxidase activation in the cell-free system and to bind individual cytosolic NADPH oxidase components. We conclude the following. 1) The p22(phox) subunit of cytochrome b(559) serves as an anchor for both p47(phox) and p67(phox). 2) p47(phox) binds not only to the proline-rich region, located at residues 151-160 in the cytosolic C terminus of p22(phox), but also to a domain (residues 51-63) located on a loop exposed to the cytosol. 3) p67(phox) shares with p47(phox) the ability to bind to the proline-rich region (residues 151-160) and also binds to two additional domains, in the cytosolic loop (residues 81-91) and at the start of the cytosolic tail (residues 111-115). 4) The binding affinity of p67(phox) for p22(phox) peptides is lower than that of p47(phox). 5) Binding of both p47(phox) and p67(phox) to proline-rich p22(phox) peptides occurs in the absence of an anionic amphiphile. A revised membrane topology model of p22(phox) is proposed, the core of which is the presence of a functionally important cytosolic loop (residues 51-91).
The timecourse of neurogenic inflammation and the effect of modulatory agents. (2008)

Activation of nociceptors causes them to secrete neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP). By reacting with receptors on blood vessels these peptides contribute to inflammation by evoking vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability that allows proteins and fluid to leave the blood vessels (plasma extravasation, PE). These substances can also lead to the sensitization of nociceptors and the resulting positive feedback thereby prolongs inflammation and pain. Thus, blocking the release of neuropeptides may have important therapeutic value in pain conditions where neuropeptides have been implicated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to define the time course of changes in vascular permeability and to test the ability of novel agents to modulate this response. PE and vasodilation was evoked by stimulating the saphenous nerve or by injecting the chemical irritant capsaicin into the rat hindpaw. Changes in blood flow were evaluated with a laser Doppler and digitized image analysis was used to measure changes in reflectance of the skin due to accumulation of extravasated (EB) dye. Analysis of the change in pixel intensity in the digitized images revealed that the magnitude of PE was dependent on the stimulus pulse number. Moreover, the time course of enhanced vascular permeability produced by electrical stimulation was a transient event compared to a much longer response with capsaicin. It was also demonstrated that sumatriptan, (a 5-HT1B/D receptor agonist) and botulinum neurotoxin type-A were effective treatments for capsaicin and saphenous nerve induced vasodilation and PE. Neither drug interfered with activation of the SP or CGRP receptor, which may suggest that both drugs work by inhibiting neuropeptide release. Therefore, this study has described the time course of vascular permeability evoked by two different stimuli and has demonstrated the ability of two novel agents to attenuate these responses.
A Single-chip MPEG2 Encoder For Consumer Video Storage Applications. (1997)

A low-cost single chip MPEGZ Video Encoder I) is presented, enabling consumer storage applications. The IC includes motion estimation, motion-compensated noise filtering and a program- mable ratehuffer control to cover a wide range of applications.
Screening of wheat genotype for high-efficiency utilization of phosphorus and the preliminary study on the screening parameter (2002)

32 Spring wheat varieties or breeding lines grown in Heilongjiang province were employed to study their sensitivity to phosphorus with the index of phosphorus-shortage tolerance (IPST). The results indicate that the IPST of plant height, spike length, spikelet number and grain number per spike at mature stage could be used as parameters of screening wheat genotypes for high-efficiency utilization of phosphorus. As a preliminary result, 5 wheat genotypes for high-efficiency utilization of phosphorus were singled out.
Peptidergic innervation of the primate meibomian gland. (1996)

The meibomian glands of rhesus and cynomolgous monkeys are richly innervated by diverse nerve fiber types. The immunohistochemical staining suggests a largely parasympathetic origin for this innervation, with relatively smaller contributions from sympathetic and sensory sources. These findings also suggest that meibomian gland secretion is under the control of diverse neurotransmitter-neuromodulator mechanisms.
Type 2 diabetic patients may have a mild form of an injury response: a clinical research center study (2002)

Patients with type 2 diabetes (DM) demonstrate inadequate insulin release, elevated gluconeogenesis, and diminished nonoxidative glucose disposal. Similar metabolic changes occur during systemic injury caused by infection, trauma, or cancer. Described here are metabolic changes occurring in 16 DM and 11 lung cancer patients (CA) and 13 normal volunteers (NV). After a 10-h overnight fast, all subjects had fasting hormone and substrate concentrations determined, along with rates of glucose production, leucine appearance (LA), and leucine oxidation (LO). Fasting insulin (data not shown) and C-peptide concentrations were elevated in DM and CA compared with weight-matched NV (0.72 +/- 0.09 and 0.64 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.51 +/- 0.03 mg/l, P < 0.05). C-reactive protein concentration was elevated in CA compared with DM and NV (23.3 +/- 6.0 vs. 4.2 +/- 1.4 and 2.1 +/- 0.5 mg/l, P < 0.01). All counterregulatory hormones were normal except for serum cortisol (11.4 +/- 1.0 and 12.1 +/- 1.0 vs. 8.9 +/- 0.7 microg/dl, DM and CA vs. NL, respectively, P < 0.05). Glucose production was increased in DM and CA compared with NV (4.22 +/- 0.6 and 3.53 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.76 +/- 0.2 mg x kg lean body wt(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.01). LO and LA were increased in DM and CA compared with NV (LO: 27.3 +/- 1.5 and 19.7 +/- 1.5 vs. 12.5 +/- 1.1 mmol x kg lean body wt(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05; LA: 91.9 +/- 6.6 and 90.7 +/- 7.0 vs. 79.1 +/- 6.0 mmol. kg lean body wt(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.01). DM share similar metabolic derangements with CA. The increase in LA may be secondary to an increased glucose production where amino acids are mobilized to provide the liver with adequate substrate to make glucose. The increase in glucose production may also be part of the injury response, or it may represent a form of insulin resistance that exists in both the DM and (non-DM) CA patients.
Lithium battery safety and reliability (1991)

Lithium batteries have been used in a variety of applications for a number of years. As their use continues to grow, particularly in the consumer market, a greater emphasis needs to be placed on safety and reliability. There is a useful technique which can help to design cells and batteries having a greater degree of safety and higher reliability. This technique, known as fault tree analysis, can also be useful in determining the cause of unsafe behavior and poor reliability in existing designs.
Distributed Control and Computing: Optimal Estimation, Error Correcting Codes, and Interactive Protocols (2012)

Emerging applications of networked control and distributed computing are characterized by decentralization of information and the need to exchange it over potentially unreliable communication networks. This results in novel interactive communication scenarios that are incompatible with conventional information and coding theoretic approaches. To address this gap, through the early and late 1990's, a new information theoretic notion called anytime reliability and a new coding paradigm called tree codes were proposed. Although the central role of tree codes in several interactive communication problems such as distributed control and computing has been well understood, there have been no practical constructions till date. For the first time, we have an explicit ensemble of linear tree codes with efficient encoding and decoding for the class of erasure channels. In the process, we have developed novel non-asymptotic sufficient conditions on the kind of communication reliability required to stabilize control systems over noisy channels. We also study the application of tree codes to interactive protocols over erasure networks and illustrate their benefits through the example of average consensus.
Hypervascular Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Detection with Double Arterial Phase Multi-Detector Row Helical CT (2001)

Double arterial phase imaging is recommended to improve detection of hypervascular HCCs and reduce false-positive lesions.
An Efficient Discrete-Fracture Model Applicable for General-Purpose Reservoir Simulators (2004)

Summary A simplified discrete-fracture model suitable for use with general-purpose reservoir simulators is presented. The model handles both 2- and 3D systems and includes fracture-fracture, matrix-fracture, and matrix-matrix connections. The formulation applies an unstructured control volume finite-difference technique with a two-point flux approximation. The implementation is generally compatible with any simulator that represents grid connections by a connectivity list. A specialized treatment based on a "star-delta" transformation is introduced to eliminate control volumes at fracture intersections. These control volumes would otherwise act to reduce numerical stability and timestep size. The performance of the method is demonstrated for several oil/water flow cases including a simple 2D system, a more complex 3D fracture network, a localized fractured region with strong capillary pressure effects, and a model of a strike-slip fault zone. The discrete-fracture model is shown to provide results in close agreement with those of a reference finite-difference simulator in cases in which direct comparisons are possible.
STUDIES ON THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF DAN-SHEN--I.THE STRUCTURE OF SODIUM TANSHINONE II-A SULFONATE AND METHYLENE TANSHINQUINONE (1978)

Dan-Shen,the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(Labiatae),is a well-knownChinese traditional drug used for treatment of various kinds of diseases includingcoronary disorders.In recent years,indeed the alcoholic extract of this drug was foundto be effective to some kinds of coronary diseases after clinical trials.So the above extractwas subjected to seperation work,and therefrom several known components such astanshinone Ⅰ,tanshinone Ⅱ-A,tanshinone Ⅱ-B,cryptotanshinone,β-sitosterol,(-)-dihydrotanshinone,methyltanshinonate were isolated.Besides,a new compound wasalso obtained and named methylenetanshinquinone.Its structure was elucidated as aditerpene quinone (Ⅱ) by chemical methods and spectral analyses.Owing to its poor solubility in water,tanshinone Ⅱ-A cannot be used forinjection and is therefore limited in the clinical use.So it is transformed into a watersoluble sulfonate derivative(Ⅰ).Clinical investigation of the compound(Ⅰ) on 108cases of coronary patients with abnormal electrocardiograms show that the percentagesof therapeutic for angina pectoris,chest oppression and electrocardiogram are 86%,93. 1%,54. 7%,respectively.(Ⅰ) has very little side-effect.The effect of diterpenequinone for coronary disease has not been reported yet in the literature so far.From theviewpoint of structure of (Ⅰ) it can be regarded as a now type drug in the coronarydisease treatment.
Catalytic Addition of Aromatic CH Bonds to Vinylsilanes in the Presence of Ru/CeO<sub>2</sub> (2010)

Special addition: The addition of aromatic CH bonds to vinylsilanes proceeds smoothly in the presence of Ru/CeO2. The choice of appropriate additive realizes catalysis on the solid surface. This catalytic reaction can be carried out without solvent on a large scale to achieve a high turnover number. Modification of Ru/CeO2 with PPh3 under a H2 atmosphere markedly increases the catalytic activity.
Physicochemical Characterization and Drug Release of Thermosensitive Hydrogels Composed of a Hyaluronic Acid/Pluronic F127 Graft (2009)

Pluronic F127 (PF127) is a copolymer which forms thermosensitive hydrogels. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was grafted to PF127 to form a new hydrogel matrix (HP) for delivery of cisplatin and carboplatin. The physicochemical properties and drug delivery of the graft were examined in this study. HP system (20% HP copolymer in water) exhibited a similar sol-gel transition temperature (28.3 degrees C) as PF127 system (20% PF127 copolymer in water) but with a shorter gelling process. A stronger structure was obtained by HP system according to scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images and viscosity kinetics. In vitro release test showed the sustained-release characteristics of hydrogels entrapped with cisplatin and carboplatin. The drug release rate from HP hydrogel was slower than that from PF127 hydrogel. The reduction of drug release by HP system as compared to the control solution was more significant for cisplatin than for carboplatin. Such a thermosensitive hydrogel may be advantageous as an injectable therapeutic formulation for anticancer treatment.
PROGRESS IN FORMATION OF SINGLE-PULSE BEAMS BY A CHOPPING SYSTEM AT THE JAEA/TIARA FACILITY (2010)

The intervals of beam pulses from a cyclotron are generally tens of ns and they are too short for pulse radiolysis experiments which require beam pulses at intervals over 1 μs (single-pulse beam). A chopping system, consisting of two types of high voltage kickers, is used at the JAEA AVF cyclotron to form single-pulse beam. However, we could not provide single-pulse beam stably over 30 min since the magnetic field of the cyclotron gradually decreased and the number of multi- turn extraction increased. The magnetic field is stabilized at present by keeping temperature of the cyclotron magnet constant. In addition, a new technique to measure and control an acceleration beam phase has enabled us to reduce the number of multi-turn extraction easier than before. The single-pulse beam of a 320 MeV 12 C 6+ is successfully provided without retuning of the cyclotron over 4 h, as a result.
Genetically null mice reveal a central role for epidermal growth factor receptor in the differentiation of the hair follicle and normal hair development. (1997)

Mice harboring a targeted disruption of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) allele exhibit a severely disorganized hair follicle phenotype, fuzzy coat, and systemic disease resulting in death before 3 weeks. This skin phenotype was reproduced in whole skin grafts and in grafts of EGFR null hair follicle buds onto nude mice, providing a model to evaluate the natural evolution of skin lacking the EGFR. Hair follicles in grafts of null skin did not progress from anagen to telogen and scanning electron micrografts revealed wavy, flattened hair fibers with cuticular abnormalities. Many of the EGFR null hair follicles in the grafted skin were consumed by an inflammatory reaction resulting in complete hair loss in 67% of the grafts by 10 weeks. Localization of follicular differentiation markers including keratin 6, transglutaminase, and the hair keratins mHa2 and hacl-1 revealed a pattern of premature differentiation within the null hair follicles. In intact EGFR null mice, proliferation in the interfollicular epidermis, but not hair follicles, was greatly decreased in the absence of EGFR. In contrast, grafting of EGFR null skin resulted in a hyperplastic response in the epidermis that did not resolve even after 10 weeks, although the wound-induced hyperplasia in EGFR wild-type grafts had resolved within 3 to 4 weeks. Thus, epithelial expression of the EGFR has complex functions in the skin. It is important in delaying follicular differentiation, may serve to protect the hair follicle from immunological reactions, and modifies both normal and wound-induced epidermal proliferation but seems dispensable for follicular proliferation.
Effects of oil on boiling of replacement refrigerants flowing normal to a tube bundle -- Part 2: R-134a (2000)

Local, experimental heat transfer coefficients have been obtained for boiling refrigerant flowing up and across a tube bundle segment representing a full flooded evaporator tube bundle. R-134a data with a structured enhanced boiling tube are available. This tube has reentrant cavities designed for higher saturation pressure of refrigerants. The refrigerant enters at 15% vapor quality and exits at nearly 100% vapor in order to simulate an actual evaporator bundle. Both heat flux, 2,607 to 10,427 Btu/h{center_dot}f{sup 2} (8,224 to 32,893 W/m{sup 2}), and oil content, 0--12% (by weight), are varied; the mass flux is not an independent variable but determined by the heat flux. Local tube and bulk fluid temperatures are measured directly, by thermocouples, to calculate the refrigerant-side heat transfer coefficients. The bundle segment saturation temperature setpoint (taken at the top of the tube bundle) is 40 F (4.4 C).
Efficient, scalable migration of ip telephony calls for enhanced fault-tolerance (2006)

IP telephony or VoIP has seen tremendous growth in the past few years and is predicted to grow rapidly in the coming years. Hence, IP telephony components must provide service with high-availability, comparable to traditional telephony systems. In this paper, we present an efficient and scalable fault-tolerance mechanism for migrating calls to an alternate IP telephony call controller in the event of the failure of the call controller or network connectivity to it. We also present an efficient algorithm for merging components of migrated calls, so that the same call features are available on these calls as the original calls. Some of these techniques have been incorporated in commercial products, resulting in improved fault-tolerance.
Physiological and biochemical leaf and tree responses to crop load in apple (2005)

Seven-year-old apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) trees cv. 'Braeburn' on rootstock M.26 were flower-thinned to establish four crop loads, resulting in final mean fruit numbers per tree of 0, 100, 225 and 400. Mean fruit mass decreased by about 35% with each decrease in cropping density. Fruit from light-cropping trees had significantly advanced maturity as indicated by the harvest management criteria of background color and starch/iodine score, and other fruit quality characteristics such as soluble solids. Flesh firmness and dry matter also increased with decreasing crop load. Compared with fruiting trees, mean leaf photosynthetic rates of non-cropping trees were significantly lower (40%) between 75 days after full bloom (dafb) and fruit harvest, with a maximum reduction of almost 60% at 118 dafb. Photosynthetic activity decreased linearly with increasing concentration of leaf starch, but was positively and significantly related to stomatal conductance. Consequently, the accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates in leaves of light-cropping or non-cropping trees may have led to end-product inhibition of photosynthesis. Increases in xanthophyll cycle carotenoids mediated non-radiative thermal energy dissipation in non-cropping trees, providing increased capacity for photoprotection but reducing photochemical efficiency.
Principles of Semiconductor Surface Reconstruction (1994)

Semiconductor surfaces are known to reconstruct, i.e., their surface atomic geometries differ from those of the corresponding surface planes in the bulk material. For clean tetrahedrally coordinated semiconductors, these reconstructed geometries are shown to be predicted by five simple principles. These principles are illustrated by the specific examples of Si(100)-(2x1), Si(111)-(2x1), GaAs(100)-c(2x8), GaAs(111)-(2x2), and relaxed zincblende (110) surfaces. The concept of universal (i.e., material independent) semiconductor surface structures is introduced and shown to be characteristic of the cleavage surfaces of tetrahedrally coordinated compound semiconductors. The role of scanning tunneling microscopy in identifying and validating these principles is highlighted.
Thymus dependence of theta-bearing cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues of mice. (1970)

In mice thymectomized as newborns, thymectomized as adults and irradiated, and in nude mice with congenital absence of the thymus, there is a marked reduction in the number of θ-bearing lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen. This suggests that θ is present on those lymphocytes which are thymus-derived. Using (51)Cr and dye exclusion cytotoxic testing, approximately 65–85 per cent of lymph node and thoracic duct lymphocytes and 30–50 per cent of spleen lymphocytes were found to have θ on their surface.