gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
« Gestion en commun » ou accès ouvert autorisé ? (2019)

L’analyse des modes d’accès aux ressources agro-halio-pastorales et des coordinations entre « usagers » du lac Tchad (Cameroun) montre des formes originales de gouvernance : absence de groupe en capacité d’exclure et de réguler les prélèvements ; prévalence d’ajustements mutuels ; quelques formes d’action collective et régulation des conflits par les autorités autorisant l’accès. Si ce dernier est effectivement partagé, il n'y a pas de « communs » au sens de ressources appropriées par un groupe social, ni de gestion intentionnelle visant à assurer la reproduction de la ressource. Ce cas interroge la pertinence de la notion de « communs » comme entrée analytique dans l'étude des situations de ressources naturelles partagées. Il appelle à mieux caractériser la diversité des formes de gouvernance et rend pertinent la catégorie d’accès ouvert autorisé pour qualifier la gouvernance du pluri-usage sur les rives du lac.
Secondary preventive potential of nitrates in ischaemic heart disease (1996)

Nitrates exert their anti-anginal activity by a number of mechanisms. By reducing venous return and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure they lower myocardial oxygen demand and at the same time enhance blood flow to the sub-endocardium. They also directly increase myocardial oxygen supply by dilating the coronary artery stenoses and increasing collateral blood flow. These pharmacodynamic attributes are clinically efficacious in all the ischaemic myocardial syndromes. In stable angina pectoris, nitrates reduce myocardial ischaemia and ischaemic pain and increase exercise tolerance. In unstable angina, nitrates similarly reduce electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischaemia and relieve anginal pain. Following acute myocardial infarction, nitrates reduce ventricular dilatation and by so doing reduce pulmonary congestion and mitral regurgitation. The weak anti-aggregatory effect of nitrates on platelets may also play an adjuvant role in their anti-ischaemic activity. Early small-scale studies with both intravenous and oral nitrates demonstrated a trend to reduced mortality and reinfarction in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. However, the later and larger ISIS-4 and GISSI-3 trials have not confirmed this trend possibly due to the smaller doses of nitrates used and the diluting effect of the widespread use of open-label nitrates in the placebo group. In patients with congestive heart failure, including those of ischaemic aetiology, nitrates together with hydralazine have clearly demonstrated a significant reduction in the medium term mortality risk. Nitrates have the undoubted ability, probably greater than any other single anti-anginal drug, to rapidly and often completely relieve the pain and breathlessness associated with myocardial ischaemia. They are haemodynamically efficacious in reducing dilatation of the ischaemic left ventricle and enhancing coronary blood flow to ischaemic areas. Although their preventative impact in survivors of acute myocardial infarction awaits clarification, they have been shown in combination with hydralazine to extend survival in patients with congestive heart failure, including those of ischaemic origin.
Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers Reveals Cell-Type-Specific Paternal Growth Dominance (2013)

Genomic imprinting leads to preferred expression of either the maternal or paternal alleles of a subset of genes. Imprinting is essential for mammalian development, and its deregulation causes many diseases. However, the functional relevance of imprinting at the cellular level is poorly understood for most imprinted genes. We used mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) in mice to create uniparental disomies (UPDs) and to visualize imprinting effects with single-cell resolution. Although chromosome 12 UPD did not produce detectable phenotypes, chromosome 7 UPD caused highly significant paternal growth dominance in the liver and lung, but not in the brain or heart. A single gene on chromosome 7, encoding the secreted insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), accounts for most of the paternal dominance effect. Mosaic analyses implied additional imprinted loci on chromosome 7 acting cell autonomously to transmit the IGF2 signal. Our study reveals chromosome- and cell-type specificity of genomic imprinting effects.
Cataphoresis and Alundum Coatings (1945)

Some of the practical problems involved in applying alundum coatings to certain radio tube parts, in particular to heaters are presented. Reclamation and the control of particle size of alundum are discussed. A brief outline of the various operations and difficulties encountered in heater manufacture is included. A detailed discussion of the use of cataphoresis in applying alundum coatings and experimental data conclude the paper.
Investigation of Ethylcellulose as a Matrix Former and a New Method to Regard and Evaluate the Compaction Data (1996)

Three types of ethylcellulose—having different molecular weights, i.e., different viscosity grades (7, 22, 50 cP)-were used for our polymer compression tests for the production of matrix tablets. The production methods used were direct compression and wet granulation. We tested the compactability, the compressibility, and the energy involved in compaction by the use of F-D curves and the controlled drug release from the ethylcellulose matrix tablets using the above-mentioned methods. A lower viscosity grade in ethylcellulose is more compressible than the higher grade. Wet-granulated ethylcellulose also shows a better compactibility than directly compressed ethylcellulose. Our investigation indicates also that the dissolution rates are indirectly proportional to the hardness of the tablets. Furthermore, wet-granulated tablets produce a more rapid drug release than those which are directly compressed.
Increase of serum tumor marker concentrations by interferon-alpha. (1998)

Since it has been shown that the addition of interferon-alpha to ovarian cancer cells in vitro leads to an increase of CA125 in the cell culture supernatant it was the aim of our study to investigate whether the CA125 serum concentrations of patients with ovarian tumors could also be increased by injection of interferon-alpha in vivo. Nine patients with cystic ovarian tumors received 6 million IU interferon-alpha subcutaneously. CA125, CA15-3, and CEA were measured in defined time intervals during the following three days after interferon-alpha injection. In one patients with T1a N0 M0 ovarian cancer with normal serum levels of all markers before interferon-alpha application a massive increase of CA125 serum concentration was detected three days after injection. In the other 8 patients (5 benign tumors, 3 ovarian cancers) no marker increase was observed. In concordance with observations in cell cultures an increase of CA125 serum concentration after interferon-alpha injection was seen in one patient with early ovarian cancer and initially normal CA125 levels. If by the injection of interferon-alpha an increase of CA125 could regularly be induced in ovarian cancer patients, earlier detection of ovarian cancer seems possible.
Some Applications of Fluorimetry to Synthetic Polymer Studies (1979)

Fluorimetry, a powerful research tool in the study of biological macromolecules, has a number of valuable applications in investigations of synthetic polymers. These techniques reveal the microscopically heterogeneous distribution of species in polymer systems, which is specially pronounced in solutions of polyelectrolytes. They also allow us to study conformational mobility of flexible chains, diffusion-controlled intermolecular reactions of macromolecular reagents, glass transition phenomena, and polymer compatibility.
Acid catalyst mobility in resist resins (2002)

In a chemically amplified resist absorbed photons generate stable catalyst molecules instead of directly switching resist solubility via photochemical reaction. This allows for much lower exposure doses to be used in imaging. Some catalyst mobility is necessary to achieve amplification since the catalyst must move from reaction site to reaction site, but a mobile catalyst can blur the deposited aerial image. Catalyst molecules that are free to move in exposed regions are also free to move into adjacent unexposed regions. Understanding acid catalyst diffusion in photoresist resins is complicated by the constantly changing chemical environment the diffusing catalyst experiences as the resist undergoes chemical reactions. The diffusing catalyst promotes chemical reactions which change the properties of its surrounding resin. In addition, it is possible a transient material state is generated by volatile reaction byproducts and their desorption from the film. In most photoresist systems it is impossible to separate reaction and diffusion effects. This work describes studies of acid diffusion in polymers that are close structural analogs to reactive photoresist resins but do not react with the diffusing acidic catalyst. The purpose of this study into nonreactive polymer is to gain insight into the more complex, reactive systems. In addition, experiments with polymeric photoacid generators are reported. These materials provide added insight into acid transport in photoresist materials.
Aging-Induced Phenotypic Changes and Oxidative Stress Impair Coronary Arteriolar Function (2002)

We aimed to elucidate the possible role of phenotypic alterations and oxidative stress in age-related endothelial dysfunction of coronary arterioles. Arterioles were isolated from the hearts of young adult (Y, 14 weeks) and aged (A, 80 weeks) male Sprague-Dawley rats. For videomicroscopy, pressure-induced tone of Y and A arterioles and their passive diameter did not differ significantly. In A, arterioles L-NAME (a NO synthase blocker)-sensitive flow-induced dilations were significantly impaired (Y: 41+/-8% versus A: 3+/-2%), which could be augmented by superoxide dismutase (SOD) or Tiron (but not L-arginine or the TXA(2) receptor antagonist SQ29,548). For lucigenin chemiluminescence, O(2)(.-) generation was significantly greater in A than Y vessels and could be inhibited with SOD and diphenyliodonium. NADH-driven O(2)(.-) generation was also greater in A vessels. Both endothelial and smooth muscle cells of A vessels produced O(2)(.-) (shown with ethidium bromide fluorescence). For Western blotting, expression of eNOS and COX-1 was decreased in A compared with Y arterioles, whereas expressions of COX-2, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, xanthine oxidase, and the NAD(P)H oxidase subunits p47(phox), p67(phox), Mox-1, and p22(phox) did not differ. Aged arterioles showed an increased expression of iNOS, confined to the endothelium. Decreased eNOS mRNA and increased iNOS mRNA expression in A vessels was shown by quantitative RT-PCR. In vivo formation of peroxynitrite was evidenced by Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry showing increased 3-nitrotyrosine content in A vessels. Thus, aging induces changes in the phenotype of coronary arterioles that could contribute to the development of oxidative stress, which impairs NO-mediated dilations.
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are downregulated in primary breast cancer (2009)

Primary breast tumours are not a site of highly active angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Selection for tumour cells that survive with minimal vascular supply may account for this observation in clinical apparent tumours.
Electroluminescence of Poly(N-Vinylcarbazole) and its Blends with Poly(4,4′-dialkyl-2,2′-bithiophene) (2000)

Abstract Polymer light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been fabricated from poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) or from blends of PVK and poly(4,4 ′-dialkyl-2,2 ′-bithiophene) (PDABT). Since PDABT and PVK are soluble in common organic solvents, thin polymer layers needed for the construction of diodes can be prepared by casting from appropriate solutions using the spin-coating technique. No subsequent processing or heat treatment is required. The active part of the diode consists of one polymer layer which is sandwiched between two electrodes, an indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrode and an Ca/Al electrode. In order to achieve bipolarity in the single polymer emitter layer, PVK was molecularly mixed with electron transport additives, such as PDABT. This approach enabled us to improve the efficiencies of the prepared LEDs. The light emission appears at ga 7 V with the maximum of the band at 530 nm.
Identification of the machine parameters in a vector-controlled induction motor drive (1991)

High dynamic performance of pulse-width-modulated (PWM) inverter-fed induction motor drives was achieved by using the method of field-oriented control. This method requires the actual value of the rotor time constant as essential system information, based on how the magnitude and the position of the rotor flux are calculated. An online identification technique for the rotor time constant and for other machine parameters is described. The identification is based on an evaluation of the stator current trajectory, which is the dynamic response of the induction motor to the PWM-switching sequence. An analytical machine model is operated in parallel to the actual machine, having the stator voltages and the mechanical speed of the induction motor as input signals. The coincidence of the two stator current trajectories of the model and the machine serves as an error indicator for the parameter identification scheme, permitting repetitive updates of the model parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparison of Methods for the Measurement of Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Brazilian Children and Adolescents before and after a Lifestyle Modification Program (2014)

BIA underestimates the percentage of fat and overestimates fat-free mass in relation to DXA. There is positive correlation between trunk fat and the ratio WC/height. In addition, DXA detected changes in body composition induced by a short period of physical training, unlike BIA.
248. Optical activity in the 1,1′-binaphthyl series. Optically active 8,8′-dimethyl-1,1′-binaphthyl (1965)

Y. Badar, A. S. Cooke and M. M. Harris, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 1412 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650001412
Heats of polymerization - a summary of published values and their relation to structure (1950)

action between the groups; (3) thc eff cct of ste ri c hindrance between ide g roups ; and (4) thc "e nd eff ect" a r isin g from the nearn css of t he double bond to the en d of t he monomer molec ule.
Mutagenic Processing of Ribonucleotides in DNA by Yeast Topoisomerase I (2011)

The ribonuclease (RNase) H class of enzymes degrades the RNA component of RNA:DNA hybrids and is important in nucleic acid metabolism. RNase H2 is specialized to remove single ribonucleotides [ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs)] from duplex DNA, and its absence in budding yeast has been associated with the accumulation of deletions within short tandem repeats. Here, we demonstrate that rNMP-associated deletion formation requires the activity of Top1, a topoisomerase that relaxes supercoils by reversibly nicking duplex DNA. The reported studies extend the role of Top1 to include the processing of rNMPs in genomic DNA into irreversible single-strand breaks, an activity that can have distinct mutagenic consequences and may be relevant to human disease.
A comprehensive analysis of DgNCT coefficients for pendant-geometry cone-beam breast computed tomography (2004)

The use of a computed tomography (CT) scanner specifically designed for breast imaging has been proposed by several investigators. In this study, the radiation dose due to breast CT was evaluated using Monte Carlo techniques over a range of parameters pertinent to the cone-beam pendant geometry thought to be most appropriate. Monte Carlo dose computations were validated by comparison with physical measurements made on a prototype breast CT scanner under development in our laboratory. The Monte Carlo results were then used to study the influence of cone angle, the use of a beam flattening ("bow-tie") filter, glandular fraction, breast length and source-to-isocenter distance. These parameters were studied over a range of breast diameters from 10 to 18 cm, and for both monoenergetic (8-140 keV by 1 keV intervals) and polyenergetic x-ray beams (30-100 kVp by 5 kVp intervals. Half value layer at 80 kVp = 5.3 mm Al). A parameter referring to the normalized glandular dose in CT (DgN(CT)) was defined which is the ratio of the glandular dose in the breast to the air kerma at isocenter. There was no significant difference (p = 0.743) between physically measured and Monte Carlo derived results. Fan angle, source-to-isocenter distance, and breast length have relatively small influences on the radiation dose in breast CT. Glandular fraction (0% versus 100%) for 10 cm breasts at 80 kVp had approximately a 10% effect on DgN(CT), and a 20% effect was observed for an 18 cm breast diameter. The use of a bow-tie filter had the potential to reduce breast dose by approximately 40%. X-ray beam energy and breast diameter had significant influence on the DgN(CT) parameters, with higher DgN(CT) values for higher energy beams and smaller breast diameters. DgN(CT) values (mGy/mGy) at 80 kVp ranged from 0.95 for an 8 cm diam 50% glandular breast to 0.78 for an 18 cm 50% glandular breast. The results of this investigation should be useful for those interested computing the glandular breast dose for geometries relevant to dedicated breast CT.
<title>Multichannel Digital Optical Disk Memory System</title> (1982)

This paper describes an experimental computer controlled digital optical disc memory system that was designed and built to track the technology, assess issues, and provide answers to a host of application oriented requirements. The system uses gas lasers for writing and reading. Unique features of the system are simultaneous eight channel parallel readout, write channel addressing and a readout channel incorporating a single custom photodetector array for extracting data as well as focus and tracking error signals. The problems of media sensitivity and archivability are discussed and sensitivity measurement techniques are described with typical examples shown.
Statistics of breakdown field and time-dependent dielectric breakdown in contact-to-poly modules (2011)

In this paper, we present the results of voltage-ramp dielectric breakdown and time-dependent dielectric breakdown experiments for contact-polysilicon control gate intra-level dielectric stacks. Lifetime distribution and area scaling are discussed statistically with the analysis of global and local space deviations using the electrical method. Optimized process reliability is evaluated by performing a SRAM lifetime test that measures the early life failure rate.
<title>Enhancing back-illuminated performance of astronomical CCDs</title> (1998)

Back illuminated CCDs have been the detectors of choice for most astronomical imagers and spectrographs during the past decade. In recent years, we have developed processes to improve the performance of these detectors. Recent work has resulted in improved absolute quantum efficiency (QE), QE stability with temperature, QE stability with environmental contamination, and enhanced near-IR response. We demonstrate that QE near 100% can be achieved which is stable against hydrogen, dewar outgassing, and water contamination. We show that QE decrease with temperature can be eliminated for blue/visible optimized CCDs using a backside passivation layer, and significantly reduced for UV optimized CCDs which require very thin backside films. We also show that a 20% QE increase at 900 nm can be obtained by coating the frontside of back illuminated CCDs with a reflective metal film, without increasing interference fringing.
Rheology of polymers containing carbon black (1987)

Abstract In order to elucidate the flow behavior of electrophotographic toner systems, shear stress was measured as a function of shear rate in a cone and plate rheometer for polymer melts containing carbon blacks of surface area 24 and 625 m 2 /g at several concentrations and temperatures. Polymers included high and low molecular weight polystyrene and poly(butyl methacrylate). The addition of carbon black to the polymers caused a large increase in viscosity, especially at low shear rates and shear stresses. As the concentration of carbon black was increased, the viscosity at low shear rates became unbounded below a value of the shear stress designated the yield stress. The absolute magnitude of the yield stress depended primarily on the concentration and surface area of the carbon black and was independent of the polymer and temperature. Apparently, carbon black forms an independent network within the polymer at low shear rates which precludes flow. In some cases, the viscosity of polymers filled with carbon black was lower than that of the pure polymer. This effect was favored for polystyrene compared to poly(butyl methacrylate) and was facilitated by increasing the molecular weight of polystyrene, reducing the surface area and concentration of carbon black, and by increasing the temperature and shear rate.
Time-frequency Dependent Multichannel Voice Activity Detection (2014)

This work proposes a method to determine voice activity for each time-frequency point in the noisy microphone signals of a microphone array. The speech signal as well as noise signals are assumed to be multivariate Gaussian random variables. Based on this signal model a generalized likelihood ratio test is derived. This likelihood ratio test can be simplified to a threshold test that compares the current a posteriori signal-to-noise ratio for each timefrequency point with a predetermined threshold. The theoretical results as well as the simulation results indicate that voice activity is well approximated.
Predictors of alpha‐fetoprotein elevation in patients with chronic hepatitis C, but not hepatocellular carcinoma, and its normalization after pegylated interferon alfa 2a–ribavirin combination therapy (2007)

Older age, low platelet count, higher AST levels, and advanced fibrosis predisposed chronic hepatitis C patients without HCC to have elevated serum AFP levels. After Peg-IFN/RBV combination therapy, a higher platelet count and HCV viral eradication were determinants of normal AFP at EOF. Serial AFP levels decreased after treatment, presenting in a time-dependent manner, specifically for the SVR group.
Biomimetic mineralisation of polymeric scaffolds using a combined soaking and Kitano approach (2011)

Chitosan hydrogels are of considerable interest in synthetic biomimetic mineralisation strategies due to their favourable characteristics such as the presentation of a large surface area for crystal nucleation within a structured yet responsive scaffold. Chitosan hydrogels were prepared and subsequently calcium carbonate mineralisation was initiated using a method which combines alternate soaking of the films with precursor solutions followed by treatment with Kitano solution. This combined approach allows for increased extent of mineralisation, inducement of mineralisation uniformly throughout the hydrogel rather than only at the peripheral surface and ready scalability and shape manipulation. The base synthetic system is readily modified through the introduction of additives that manipulate the nucleation and growth of the calcium carbonate. Addition of poly(acrylic acid) inhibits nucleation and induces tangential crystal growth along the internal and external interfaces of the hydrogel. The resulting composite is comprised of stacked overlapping plates of calcium carbonate intercalated with carbohydrate. The method is applicable in combination with a variety of hydrogels including macroporous chitosan, chitosan-alginate bilayers and pure alginate hydrogels. The composite materials were analysed by SEM, XRD, microRaman spectroscopy and mechanical strength testing.