gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the cell leakage of a stacked trench capacitor (STT) cell (1994)

The cell leakage of a stacked trench capacitor (STT) cell has been investigated. The major leakage mechanisms of the STT are trench-to-trench leakage, trench junction leakage, and LOCOS isolation leakage. It is shown that compared to a conventional trench capacitor, the trench-to-trench leakage current is reduced and high punchthrough voltage is obtained. Therefore, the trench-to-trench spacing can be reduced 0.1 /spl mu/m shorter than that of the trench capacitor. These reductions result from the STT structure itself. The surface leakage current, which is the dominant leakage current in the trench capacitor, does not flow in the STT. This paper also describes the effect of the sidewall damage caused by trench etching on the trench junction leakage. Reactive ion etching (RIE) produces deep levels just beneath the trench surface. But, the trench junction of the STT is not influenced by these deep levels because the trench surface is covered by a n/sup -/diffused layer. This paper also investigates the relationship between the cell leakage and the retention time. At DRAM operation temperatures, LOCOS isolation leakage is dominant rather than trench junction leakage. Therefore, the deeper trench can increase the storage capacitance and improve the retention time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Incidence of Complications in Endoscopic Anterior Thoracolumbar Spinal Reconstructive Surgery (1995)

The endoscopic spinal approaches proved to be safe operative procedures in 100 consecutive cases. There were no permanent iatrogenic neurologic injuries and no deep spinal infections.
Crafting a Toolchain for Image Restoration by Deep Reinforcement Learning (2018)

We investigate a novel approach for image restoration by reinforcement learning. Unlike existing studies that mostly train a single large network for a specialized task, we prepare a toolbox consisting of small-scale convolutional networks of different complexities and specialized in different tasks. Our method, RL-Restore, then learns a policy to select appropriate tools from the toolbox to progressively restore the quality of a corrupted image. We formulate a step-wise reward function proportional to how well the image is restored at each step to learn the action policy. We also devise a joint learning scheme to train the agent and tools for better performance in handling uncertainty. In comparison to conventional human-designed networks, RL-Restore is capable of restoring images corrupted with complex and unknown distortions in a more parameter-efficient manner using the dynamically formed toolchain.
Ion Source for the Production of Multiply Charged Heavy Ions (1956)

A pulsed, cold-cathode ion source has been developed to produce multiply charged ions for use in a linear accelerator. Milliampere currents of such ions as He42+, C122+, N143+, O163+, Ne203+, and smaller currents of S325+ and A406+ have been produced in focused beams. Mass spectra of the various ionization states produced by the arc are presented. Constructional details of the source and the associated electronic equipment are given, and operating characteristics of the source and ion extraction are discussed.
Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for Long-Lived Molecular Hydrogen Anions<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:none/><mml:none/><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:none/><mml:none/><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math> (2005)

The existence of (metastable) molecular hydrogen anions H2(-), D2(-), and H3(-) is demonstrated. These anion species were produced by sputtering of TiH2 and TiD2 targets with Cs+ ions and were identified by accelerator mass spectrometry. From the respective flight times through the spectrometer, lifetimes for H2(-) and D2(-) of at least 3 micros and 4 micros, respectively, can be inferred. Theoretical calculations within the nonlocal resonance model predict the existence of highly rotationally excited anions with lifetimes in the micros range. It is proposed that in sputtering molecular hydrogen species with high rotational and vibrational excitation are formed that are stable on the time scale of the experiment.
The Synthesis of 3-Chloro-2-chloromethyl-1-propene from Pentaerythritol<sup>1</sup> (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of 3-Chloro-2-chloromethyl-1-propene from Pentaerythritol1Aram Mooradian and J. B. ClokeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 6, 942–944Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01222a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01222a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views639Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A practical approach to accurate fault location on extra high voltage teed feeders (1993)

The basis of an alternative approach for accurately locating faults on teed feeders is described. The technique developed uses fault voltages and currents at all three ends. The method is virtually independent of fault resistance and largely insensitive to variations in source impedance, teed and line configurations, including line untransposition. The basic theory of the technique is presented. It is extensively tested using simulated primary system voltage and current waveforms, which include the transducer/hardware errors encountered in practice. The performance clearly shows a high degree of accuracy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Physicochemical Characterization and Dissolution Study of Solid Dispersions of Lovastatin with Polyethylene Glycol 4000 and Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (2007)

Solid dispersions in water-soluble carriers have attracted considerable interest as a means of improving the dissolution rate, and hence possibly bioavailability, of a range of hydrophobic drugs. The aim of the present study was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug, Lovastatin, by a solid dispersion technique. Solid dispersions were prepared by using polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) in different drug-to-carrier ratios. Dispersions with PEG 4000 were prepared by fusion-cooling and solvent evaporation, whereas dispersions containing PVP K30 were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. These new formulations were characterized in the liquid state by phase solubility studies and in the solid state by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The aqueous solubility of Lovastatin was favored by the presence of both polymers. The negative values of the Gibbs free energy and enthalpy of transfer explained the spontaneous transfer from pure water to the aqueous polymer environment. Solid-state characterization indicated Lovastatin was present as amorphous material and entrapped in polymer matrix. In contrast to the very slow dissolution rate of pure Lovastatin, the dispersion of the drug in the polymers considerably enhanced the dissolution rate. This can be attributed to improved wettability and dispersibility, as well as decrease of the crystalline and increase of the amorphous fraction of the drug. Solid dispersion prepared with PVP showed the highest improvement in wettability and dissolution rate of Lovastatin. Even physical mixture of Lovastatin prepared with both polymers also showed better dissolution profile than that of pure Lovastatin. Tablets containing solid dispersion prepared with PEG and PVP showed significant improvement in the release profile Lovastatin compared with tablets containing Lovastatin without PEG or PVP.
Generating Natural Language Question-Answer Pairs from a Knowledge Graph Using a RNN Based Question Generation Model (2017)

Sathish Reddy, Dinesh Raghu, Mitesh M. Khapra, Sachindra Joshi. Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers. 2017.
Type-theoretic foundations for concurrent object-oriented programing (1994)

A number of attempts have been made to obtain type systems for object-oriented programming. The view that lies common is “object-oriented programming = λ-calculus + record.” Based on an analogous view “concurrent object-oriented programming = concurrent calculus + record,” we develop a static type system for concurrent object-oriented programming. We choose our own Higher-Order ACL as a basic concurrent calculus, and show that a concurrent object-oriented language can be easily encoded in the Higher-Order ACL extended with record operations. Since Higher-Order ACL has a strong type system with a polymorphic type inference mechanism, programs of the concurrent object-oriented language can be automatically type-checked by the encoding in Higher-Order ACL. Our approach can give clear accounts for complex mechanisms such as inheritance and method overriding within a simple framework.
Identification of the hutUH operator (hutUo) from Klebsiella aerogenes by DNA deletion analysis (1994)

Expression of Klebsiella aerogenes histidine utilization operons hutUH and hutIG is negatively regulated by the product of hutC. Multiple copies of the hutUH promoter region [hut(P)] present in trans were able to titrate the limited amount of host-encoded hut repressor (HutC). Thus, the hut(P) region contains a specific binding site for HutC. To identify DNA sequences required for HutC titration, we constructed and characterized a set of 40 left-entering and 28 right-entering deletions within a 250-bp DNA sequence containing the hut(P) region. Mutants carrying deletions that altered a unique dyad symmetric sequence, ATGCTTGTATAGACAAGTAT, from -11 to -30 relative to the hutUH promoter (hutUp) were unable to titrate hut repressor; mutants carrying deletions that left this sequence intact retained their ability to titrate hut repressor. Thus, we identify ATGCTTGT ACAAGTAT as the hutUH operator.
Reactivity of Fe/FeS Nanoparticles: Electrolyte Composition Effects on Corrosion Electrochemistry (2012)

Zerovalent iron nanoparticles (Fe(0) NPs or nZVI) synthesized by reductive precipitation in aqueous solution (Fe/FeO) differ in composition and reactivity from the NPs obtained by reductive precipitation in the presence of a S-source such as dithionite (Fe/FeS). To compare the redox properties of these types of NPs under a range of environmentally relevant solution conditions, stationary powder disk electrodes (PDEs) made from Fe/FeO and Fe/FeS were characterized using a series of complementary electrochemical techniques: open-circuit chronopotentiometry (CP), linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The passive films on these materials equilibrate within minutes of first immersion and do not show further breakdown until >1 day of exposure. During this period, the potentials and currents measured by LPR and LSV suggest that Fe/FeS undergoes more rapid corrosion and is more strongly influence by solution chemical conditions than Fe/FeO. Chloride containing media were strongly activating and natural organic matter (NOM) was mildly passivating for both materials. These effects were also seen in the impedance data obtained by EIS, and equivalent circuit modeling of the electrodes composed of these powders suggested that the higher reactivity of Fe/FeS is due to greater abundance of defects in its passive film.
Rigorous analysis of software countermeasures against cache attacks (2017)

CPU caches introduce variations into the execution time of programs that can be exploited by adversaries to recover private information about users or cryptographic keys.
ChemInform Abstract: Beyond Antibodies: Generation of Conformationally Constrained Peptides for Molecular‐Targeting Therapy (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Production of biorenewable styrene: utilization of biomass-derived sugars and insights into toxicity (2016)

Fermentative production of styrene from glucose has been previously demonstrated in Escherichia coli. Here, we demonstrate the production of styrene from the sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass depolymerized by fast pyrolysis. A previously engineered styrene-producing strain was further engineered for utilization of the anhydrosugar levoglucosan via expression of levoglucosan kinase. The resulting strain produced 240 ± 3 mg L(-1) styrene from pure levoglucosan, similar to the 251 ± 3 mg L(-1) produced from glucose. When provided at a concentration of 5 g L(-1), pyrolytic sugars supported styrene production at titers similar to those from pure sugars, demonstrating the feasibility of producing this important industrial chemical from biomass-derived sugars. However, the toxicity of contaminant compounds in the biomass-derived sugars and styrene itself limit further gains in production. Styrene toxicity is generally believed to be due to membrane damage. Contrary to this prevailing wisdom, our quantitative assessment during challenge with up to 200 mg L(-1) of exogenously provided styrene showed little change in membrane integrity; membrane disruption was observed only during styrene production. Membrane fluidity was also quantified during styrene production, but no changes were observed relative to the non-producing control strain. This observation that styrene production is much more damaging to the membrane integrity than challenge with exogenously supplied styrene provides insight into the mechanism of styrene toxicity and emphasizes the importance of verifying proposed toxicity mechanisms during production instead of relying upon results obtained during exogenous challenge.
Three-Year Multicenter Surveillance of Pneumococcal Meningitis in Children: Clinical Characteristics, and Outcome Related to Penicillin Susceptibility and Dexamethasone Use (1998)

Children with pneumococcal meningitis caused by penicillin- or ceftriaxone-nonsusceptible organisms and those infected by susceptible strains had similar clinical presentation and outcome. The use of dexamethasone was not associated with a beneficial effect in this retrospective and nonrandomized study. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
Unsteady gas temperature measurement using an ultra-short optical fibre Fabry-Perot interferometer (1994)

A sensor for high-frequency measurement of gas temperature has been developed: the sensing element is a very short length (40 mu m) optical fibre Fabry-Perot interferometer, fabricated using a technique based on fusion of optical fibres coated with titanium dioxide to form partially reflective splices. The interferometer is thermally sensitive and small in size. Thermal response is demonstrated experimentally to 3 kHz in vortex shedding from a heated wire in air flow. The observed sensitivity is in agreement with heat transfer and aerodynamic modelling of the sensor and with the thermo-optic coefficient of the fibre core.
The Protease Complex Consisting of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV and Seprase Plays a Role in the Migration and Invasion of Human Endothelial Cells in Collagenous Matrices (2006)

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4/CD26) and seprase/fibroblast activation protein alpha are homologous type II transmembrane, homodimeric glycoproteins that exhibit unique prolyl peptidase activities. Human DPP4 is ubiquitously expressed in epithelial and endothelial cells and serves multiple functions in cleaving the penultimate positioned prolyl bonds at the NH(2) terminus of a variety of physiologically important peptides in the circulation. Recent studies showed a linkage between DPP4 and down-regulation of certain chemokines and mitogenic growth factors, and degradation of denatured collagens (gelatin), suggesting a role of DPP4 in the cell invasive phenotype. Here, we found the existence of a novel protease complex consisting of DPP4 and seprase in human endothelial cells that were activated to migrate and invade in the extracellular matrix in vitro. DPP4 and seprase were coexpressed with the three major protease systems (matrix metalloproteinase, plasminogen activator, and type II transmembrane serine protease) at the cell surface and organize as a complex at invadopodia-like protrusions. Both proteases were colocalized at the endothelial cells of capillaries, but not large blood vessels, in invasive breast ductal carcinoma in vivo. Importantly, monoclonal antibodies against the gelatin-binding domain of DPP4 blocked the local gelatin degradation by endothelial cells in the presence of the major metallo- and serine protease systems that modified pericellular collagenous matrices and subsequent cell migration and invasion. Thus, we have identified a novel mechanism involving the DPP4 gelatin-binding domain of the DPP4-seprase complex that facilitates the local degradation of the extracellular matrix and the invasion of the endothelial cells into collagenous matrices.
A mechanistic understanding of production instability in CHO cell lines expressing recombinant monoclonal antibodies (2011)

One of the most significant problems in industrial bioprocessing of recombinant proteins using engineered mammalian cells is the phenomenon of cell line instability, where a production cell line suffers a loss of specific productivity (qP). This phenomenon occurs with unpredictable kinetics and has been widely observed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines and with all commonly used gene expression systems. The underlying causes (both genetic and physiological) and the precise molecular mechanisms underpinning cell line instability have yet to be fully elucidated, although recombinant gene silencing and loss of recombinant gene copies have been shown to cause qP loss. In this work we have investigated the molecular mechanisms underpinning qP instability over long-term sub-culture in CHO cell lines producing recombinant IgG1 and IgG2 monoclonal antibodies (Mab's). We demonstrate that production instability derives from two primary mechanisms: (i) epigenetic--methylation-induced transcriptional silencing of the CMV promoter driving Mab gene transcription and (ii) genetic--progressive loss of recombinant Mab gene copies in a proliferating CHO cell population. We suggest that qP decline resulting from loss of recombinant genes is a consequence of the inherent genetic instability of recombinant CHO cell lines.
Single Crystals: Direct‐Writing Multifunctional Perovskite Single Crystal Arrays by Inkjet Printing (Small 8/2017) (2017)

Perovskite single-crystalline microplate arrays are fabricated on a large scale via inkjet printing technology by Mingzhu Li, Yanlin Song, and co-workers in article number 1603217. By modulating the inkjet droplet volume and the ink composition, a tunable single/multiple mode laser with high quality factors up to 863 and three primary-color microplates are achieved. This work makes a great step toward the multifunction of on-chip perovskite crystals, which can boost its promising applications on integrated coherent light sources and other optoelectronic applications.
Coercion-resistant electronic elections (2005)

We introduce a model for electronic election schemes that involves a more powerful adversary than previous work. In particular, we allow the adversary to demand of coerced voters that they vote in a particular manner, abstain from voting, or even disclose their secret keys. We define a scheme to be coercion-resistant if it is infeasible for the adversary to determine if a coerced voter complies with the demands.A first contribution of this paper is to describe and characterize a new and strengthened adversary for coercion in elections. (In doing so, we additionally present what we believe to be the first formal security definitions for electronic elections of any type.) A second contribution is to demonstrate a protocol that is secure against this adversary. While it is clear that a strengthening of attack models is of theoretical relevance, it is important to note that our results lie close to practicality. This is true both in that we model real-life threats (such as vote-buying and vote-canceling), and in that our proposed protocol combines a fair degree of efficiency with an unusual lack of structural complexity. Furthermore, previous schemes have required use of an untappable channel throughout. Ours only carries the much more practical requirement of an anonymous channel during the casting of ballots, and an untappable channel during registration (potentially using postal mail).This extended abstract is a heavily truncated version of the full paper available at http://eprint.iacr.org/2002/165.