gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
INFORM: a dynamic INterest FORwarding Mechanism for Information Centric Networking (2013)

Information Centric Networking is a new communication paradigm where network primitives are based on nameddata rather than host identifiers. In ICN, data retrieval is triggered by user requests which are forwarded towards a copy of the desired content item. Data can be retrieved either from a server that permanently provides a content item, or from a temporary item copy opportunistically cached by an in-network node. As the availability of cached items dynamically varies over time, the request forwarding scheme shouldbeadaptedaccordingly. Inthispaperwefocusondynamic request forwarding in ICN, and develop an approach, inspired by Q-routing framework, that we show to outperform algorithms currently available in the state of the art.
GaAs Gunn Oscillators Reach the 140 GHz Range (2005)

Design and performance of an 135 GHz, 3rd harmonic oscillator utilizing a 45 GHz Ga As-Gunn device is described. The nonlinear capacitance of the Gunn-device is used for frequency triplication. Hence an idler circuit for the 2nd harmonic wave is built in. This raises the efficiency of fundamental wave to 3rd harmonic wave conversion considerably. Output power was measured as 3 mW.
Mine Detection Using Swath Bathymetric Sonars: Tools and Techniques (2006)

Swath bathymetric sonars such as multibeam echosounders and interferometric sidescan sonars are used primarily to produce bathymetric products such as charts and 3D modelled surfaces. The latest generations of these sonars have yet to realize their full potentials when it comes to detecting small objects such as mine like objects. This paper will first review the characteristics and capabilities of interferometric sidescan sonars and multibeam echosounders in order to highlight their strengths and weaknesses with respect to small object detection, and secondly, data from actual field surveys using each of each of these sonars will be examined in order to illustrate their small object detection efficacy. Next, this paper will present recommended techniques to optimize the probability of detection using each of these systems. These techniques include pre-survey preparations, survey execution, and post processing techniques such as mosaicking, coregistered imagery with bathymetry, and temporal imagery comparison. Finally conceptual 2D and 3D “Gapless” sidescan mine hunting sonars will be introduced, based on currently available technology, in order to illustrate that significant improvements in the Mine Hunting process are available. I. Introduction Naval Mine Counter Measures (MCM), more specifically Mine Hunting (MH), have failed to capitalize on some of the dramatic technological advances that seafloor mapping sonars have achieved in the last five to ten years. This failure has kept the process of running sidescan sonar surveys inefficient, wasting the time of both personnel and platform resources. The reasons for this oversight are varied, but one predominant factor is the very nature of the sonars themselves. The advanced capabilities and sophistication of modern seafloor mapping sonars has resulted in the need for highly trained and specialized operators, normally hydrographers, which is incompatible with the modern Mine Warfare (MW) personnel (operator) model. Although today’s sailors are motivated and intelligent, the amount of time and resources required to make an operator proficient on modern seafloor mapping sonars is measured in years which, by far, exceeds the time a specific operator is usually performing the MH function. In order for new, more capable technology to be successfully assimilated and fully exploited in a MH role, the HumanMachine Interface (HMI) must be straightforward and intuitive.
Removal of Protein Capping Enhances the Antibacterial Efficiency of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles (2015)

The present study demonstrates an economical and environmental affable approach for the synthesis of "protein-capped" silver nanoparticles in aqueous solvent system. A variety of standard techniques viz. UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were employed to characterize the shape, size and composition of nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be homogenous, spherical, mono-dispersed and covered with multi-layered protein shell. In order to prepare bare silver nanoparticles, the protein shell was removed from biogenic nanoparticles as confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR and photoluminescence analysis. Subsequently, the antibacterial efficacy of protein-capped and bare silver nanoparticles was compared by bacterial growth rate and minimum inhibitory concentration assay. The results revealed that bare nanoparticles were more effective as compared to the protein-capped silver nanoparticles with varying antibacterial potential against the tested Gram positive and negative bacterial species. Mechanistic studies based on ROS generation and membrane damage suggested that protein-capped and bare silver nanoparticles demonstrate distinct mode of action. These findings were strengthened by the TEM imaging along with silver ion release measurements using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). In conclusion, our results illustrate that presence of protein shell on silver nanoparticles can decrease their bactericidal effects. These findings open new avenues for surface modifications of nanoparticles to modulate and enhance their functional properties.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Mixed Fe–Ni Oxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Electrolytes (2012)

Mixed Fe–Ni oxide electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolytes were synthesized using three different approaches: evaporation induced self-assembly, hard templating, and dip-coating. For each synthesis method, a peak in oxygen evolution activity was observed near 10 mol % Fe content, where the mixed metal oxide was substantially more active than the parent metal oxide electrocatalysts. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the formation of a mixed NiO/NiFe2O4 phase at low Fe concentrations, and formation of Fe2O3 at compositions above 25 mol % Fe. Raman vibrational spectroscopy confirmed the formation of NiFe2O4, and did not detect Fe2O3 in the electrocatalysts containing up to 20 mol % Fe. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) showed the Fe in the mixed oxides to be predominantly in the +3 oxidation state. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) showed changes in the Fe coordination shells under electrochemical oxygen evolution conditions. Temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy showed the mixed oxide surfaces also have superior oxidation activity for methanol oxidation, and that the reactivity of the mixed oxide surface is substantially different than that of the parent metal oxide surfaces. Overall, the NiFe2O4 phase is implicated in having a significant role in improving the oxygen evolution activity of the mixed metal oxide systems.
SiGe BiCMOS Trends ¿Today and Tomorrow (2006)

High performance communications applications have made technology choices more important than ever. Silicon germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS has enabled the widespread introduction of many these applications by providing superior cost and integration capability, compared to III-V solutions and, relative to RFCMOS, one can attain better time to market. BiCMOS integration approaches for high performance and cost performance NPN modules and state of the art passive elements are discussed as well as future technology directions
Translocation and Persistence of Cycloheximide and Phytoactin in Eastern White Pine (1967)

Abstract The antibiotics, cycloheximide and Phytoactin, moved systemically in Pinus strobus L. They were absorbed by seedling roots from aqueous dips; by foliage, when sprayed with water solutions; and by trunks, when basally sprayed with fuel oil. After basal stem applications, the antibiotics were translocated both upward and downward in the phloem and xylem. In the tissues of forest pines, cycloheximide persisted longer and in larger quantities than Phytoactin. Spring treatment resulted in more absorption and translocation than fall treatment. Detectable amounts of the antibiotics disappeared rapidly from the pine tissues during the first 2 months after application, then more slowly for the next 2 years. Cycloheximide was still detected in the treated outer and inner bark 3 years after treatment.
The power of real-time PCR (2005)

In recent years, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has emerged as a robust and widely used methodology for biological investigation because it can detect and quantify very small amounts of specific nucleic acid sequences. As a research tool, a major application of this technology is the rapid and accurate assessment of changes in gene expression as a result of physiology, pathophysiology, or development. This method can be applied to model systems to measure responses to experimental stimuli and to gain insight into potential changes in protein level and function. Thus physiology can be correlated with molecular events to gain a better understanding of biological processes. For clinical molecular diagnostics, real-time PCR can be used to measure viral or bacterial loads or evaluate cancer status. Here, we discuss the basic concepts, chemistries, and instrumentation of real-time PCR and include present applications and future perspectives for this technology in biomedical sciences and in life science education.
Turn-Off Failure of Power MOSFET's (1987)

Experimental results of the failure of power MOSFET's during inductive turn-off are discussed. The electrical characteristics of these devices during failure are shown to be identical to those of a bipolar transistor undergoing second breakdown. Other comparisons of the power MOSFET failure and bipolar second breakdown are made. A nondestructive measurement system is used that allows repeated measurements of the failure characteristics as a function of various parameters to be made on a single device. It is shown that commercially available power MOSFET's do not fail as a result of dV/dt currents. Drain voltage slew rates up to 22 V/ns were studied. Other measurements show that the drain voltage at which failure occurs increases with temperature, the critical current above which failure occurs decreases with temperature, and the magnitude of the load inductance has no effect on the failure. The results of this study are consistent with the theory that activation of the parasitic bipolar transistor initiates the power MOSFET failure during turn-off.
Complexes formed between DNA and poly(amido amine) dendrimers of different generations – modelling DNA wrapping and penetration (2014)

This study deals with the build-up of biomaterials consisting of biopolymers, namely DNA, and soft particles, poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, and how to model their interactions. We adopted and applied an analytical model to provide further insight into the complexation between DNA (4331 bp) and positively charged PAMAM dendrimers of generations 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8, previously studied experimentally. The theoretical models applied describe the DNA as a semiflexible polyelectrolyte that interacts with dendrimers considered as either hard (impenetrable) spheres or as penetrable and soft spheres. We found that the number of DNA turns around one dendrimer, thus forming a complex, increases with the dendrimer size or generation. The DNA penetration required for the complex to become charge neutral depends on dendrimer generation, where lower generation dendrimers require little penetration to give charge neutral complexes. High generation dendrimers display charge inversion for all considered dendrimer sizes and degrees of penetration. Consistent with the morphologies observed experimentally for dendrimer/DNA aggregates, where highly ordered rods and toroids are found for low generation dendrimers, the DNA wraps less than one turn around the dendrimer. Disordered globular structures appear for high generation dendrimers, where the DNA wraps several turns around the dendrimer. Particularly noteworthy is that the dendrimer generation 4 complexes, where the DNA wraps about one turn around the dendrimers, are borderline cases and can form all types of morphologies. The net-charges of the aggregate have been estimated using zeta potential measurements and are discussed within the theoretical framework.
Plasmid-amplified comS enhances genetic competence and suppresses sinR in Bacillus subtilis (1996)

The establishment of genetic competence in Bacillus subtilis is controlled by a vast signal transduction network involving the products of genes that function in several postexponential-phase processes. Two of these proteins, SinR and DegU, serve as molecular switches that influence a cell's decision to undergo either sporulation or genetic competence development. In order to determine the roles of SinR and DegU in competence control, multicopy suppression experiments with plasmid-amplified comS, SinR, and degU genes were undertaken. Multicopy comS was found to elevate competence gene transcription and transformation efficiency in both wild-type and sinR mutant cells but not in degU mutant cells. Multicopy degU failed to suppress comS or sinR mutations. No suppression of comS or degU by multicopy sinR was observed. The expression of a comS'::'lacZ translational fusion and srf-lacZ operon fusion was examined in sinR cells and cells bearing plasmid-amplified sinR. The expression of comS'::'lacZ gene fusion was reduced by the sinR mutation, but both comS'::'lacZ and srf-lacZ were repressed by multicopy sinR. Cells bearing plasmid-amplified sinR were poorly competent. These results suggest that sinR is required for optimal comS expression but not transcription from the srf promoter and that SinR at high concentrations represses srf transcription initiation.
Reinforcement learning with state-dependent discount factor (2013)

Conventional reinforcement learning algorithms have several parameters which determine the feature of learning process, called meta-parameters. In this study, we focus on the discount factor that influences the time scale of the tradeoff between immediate and delayed rewards. The discount factor is usually considered as a constant value, but we introduce the state-dependent discount function and a new optimization criterion for the reinforcement learning algorithm. We first derive a new algorithm under the criterion, named ExQ-learning and we prove that the algorithm converges to the optimal action-value function in the meaning of new criterion w.p.1. We then present a framework to optimize the discount factor and the discount function by using an evolutionary algorithm. In order to validate the proposed method, we conduct a simple computer simulation and show that the proposed algorithm can find an appropriate state-dependent discount function with which performs better than that with a constant discount factor.
Endogonaceous Mycorrhizal Endophytes in Florida (1979)

SUMMARYIn Florida 21 species of Endogonaceae forming vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae are reported. Eight species of the genus Glomus, including a new species G. clarus, and three species of Sclerocystis make up the chlamydosporic species found in Florida. Seven species of Gigaspora, including four new species, G. nigra, G. pellucida, G. rosea, and G. gregaria, and three species of Acaulospora, including one new species, A. gerdemannii, make up the azygosporic species found. Ten species are reuorted from Florida for the first time.
Ultracompact metasurface in-line polarimeter (2016)

In-line polarimeters perform nondestructive polarization measurements of optical signals, and play a critical role in monitoring and controlling the polarization environment in, for example, optical networks. While current in-line polarimeters are constructed with multiple optical components, either fabricated into an optical fiber or using free-space optics, we present here a novel architecture conducive to monolithic on-chip integration. This enables the scalable fabrication of high-performance polarization sensors with exceptional stability, compactness, and speed. The method relies on the detection of the highly polarization-dependent scattered field of a subwavelength antenna array known as a metasurface, and is shown here to provide polarization state measurements matching those of a state-of-the-art commercial polarimeter.
Approach for Reliable Evaluation of Drug Proteins Interactions Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology (2009)

The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was recently introduced to the analytical biochemical society for measuring small drug-protein interactions. However, the technique has many times been used without specifying the type of enantiomeric form of the chiral drug measured and/or with using a too narrow drug concentration range resulting in biased values of binding coefficients and sometimes even assumptions about single-site bindings although the binding in reality comprises a multisite interaction. In this study we will give guidelines for reliable experimental and methodological approaches to avoid these pitfalls. For this purpose, we also introduce a new tool, based on physical chemistry, to the sensor community; the calculation of the adsorption energy distribution (AED). The AED-calculations reveal the degree of heterogeneity directly from the SPR raw data and thus guide us into a narrower selection of probable models before the rival model fitting procedure. We demonstrate how to measure reliable equilibrium data for the two typically different cases: drug binding to (i) transport (plasma) proteins and to (ii) a target protein. Both the binding of the chiral beta-blocker propranolol to alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and that of the anticoagulant warfarin to human serum albumin were heterogeneous, with a few strong enantioselective sites and many weak nonselective sites. We also demonstrate how the multisite binding rapidly falsely turns to single-site as the concentration range is narrowed and how adding dimethyl sulfoxide to the buffer affects multisite drug-protein data. The binding of the enantiomers of the thrombin inhibitor melagatran was investigated on both thrombin and the transport proteins, revealing clear enantioselectivity for thrombin in favor of the active enantiomer, but almost similar binding properties for both enantiomers to the transport protein AGP. The AED-calculations verified that both these system has a unimodal energy distribution and are best described with a homogeneous adsorption model.
Least-mean kurtosis: A novel higher-order statisticsbased adaptivefiltering algorithm (1994)

The least-mean kurtosis (LMK) adaptive FIR filtering algorithm is described which uses the negated kurtosis of the error signal as the cost function to be minimised. Unlike other higher-order statistics based adaptive algorithms, it is computationally efficient and it best suits those applications in which the noise contamination degrades the performance of the classical adaptive filtering algorithms.
Temperature and polarisation insensitive Bragg gratingsrealised on silica waveguide on silicon (1997)

A new technique based on the use of polymer to drastically decrease the temperature sensitivity of Bragg gratings realised on planar silica waveguides deposited on silicon is proposed. Moreover, this technique suppresses the polarisation dependence of the Bragg filters.
Inhibition of endogenous thioredoxin in the heart increases oxidative stress and cardiac hypertrophy (2003)

Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) has redox-sensitive cysteine residues and acts as an antioxidant in cells. However, the extent of Trx1 contribution to overall antioxidant mechanisms is unknown in any organs. We generated transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of a dominant negative (DN) mutant (C32S/C35S) of Trx1 (Tg-DN-Trx1 mice), in which the activity of endogenous Trx was diminished. Markers of oxidative stress were significantly increased in hearts from Tg-DN-Trx1 mice compared with those from nontransgenic (NTg) mice. Tg-DN-Trx1 mice exhibited cardiac hypertrophy with maintained cardiac function at baseline. Intraperitoneal injection of N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine, an antioxidant, normalized cardiac hypertrophy in Tg-DN-Trx1 mice. Thoracic aortic banding caused greater increases in myocardial oxidative stress and enhanced hypertrophy in Tg-DN-Trx1 compared with NTg mice. In contrast, transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of wild-type Trx1 did not show cardiac hypertrophy at baseline but exhibited reduced levels of hypertrophy and oxidative stress in response to pressure overload. These results demonstrate that endogenous Trx1 is an essential component of the cellular antioxidant mechanisms and plays a critical role in regulating oxidative stress in the heart in vivo. Furthermore, inhibition of endogenous Trx1 in the heart primarily stimulates hypertrophy, both under basal conditions and in response to pressure overload through redox-sensitive mechanisms.
Two classes of proteins dependent on either the presence or absence of thyroid hormone for interaction with the thyroid hormone receptor. (1995)

The thyroid hormone (T3) receptors (TRs) are hormone-dependent transcription factors that regulate expression of a variety of specific target genes. To help elucidate the mechanisms that underlie this transcriptional regulation and other potential TR activities, we used the yeast interaction trap to isolate clones encoding proteins that specifically interact with the ligand binding domain of the rat TR beta. Several such proteins, called Trips (TR-interacting proteins), were isolated from independent selections carried out either in the presence or absence of T3. Surprisingly, all of the Trips were dependent on hormone for interaction with the TR, with some interacting only when T3 is present and others only when it is absent. Nearly all of the Trips also show similar ligand-dependent interaction with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), but none interact with the glucocorticoid receptor under any conditions. The sequences of three of the Trips predict specific functional roles: one is an apparent human homolog of a yeast transcriptional coactivator, one is a new member of a class of nonhistone chromosomal proteins, and one contains a conserved domain associated with ubiquitination of specific target proteins. Consistent with the pleiotropic effects of TR and RXR, several other Trips show significant amino acid sequence similarity with proteins involved in various regulatory pathways. The inherent transcriptional activity of the Trips was tested in yeast, and a chimeric protein consisting of a fusion of Trip4 to the bacterial LexA repressor protein is a relatively strong transcriptional activator. Similar LexA fusions to Trip9 and Trip10 had no transcriptional activity on their own but, when coexpressed with both TR and RXR, conferred T3-dependent activation to a reporter gene controlled by LexA binding sites. We suggest that this indirect T3 response provides a novel mechanism for hormonal activation of gene expression, and that studies of the Trips will provide important insights into the specific mechanisms of action of TRs and other receptors.