gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Power System State Estimation (2010)

Within energy management systems, state estimation is a key function for building a network model. The performance of most other application programs strongly depends on the accuracy of data provided by the state estimator. A network real-time model is built from a combination of snapshots of measurements and static network parameter data. The measured data are subject to well known errors. Network parameters, in general, may be erroneous as a result of inaccurately provided data, transmission line sags on hot days, error in calibration and calculation. The performance of a state estimator, therefore, depends on the accuracy of the measured data as well as the parameters of the network model. Bad data processing is now a standard subroutine in state estimation algorithm. However, definitive research results on the processing of parameter errors are rare. This book describes an approach to network parameter estimation. An appropriate method for network parameter error detection, identification, and correction is developed. The method shown is found to be highly accurate for the cases of single as well as multiple parameter errors.
Introduction (1989)

The four essays that comprise this issue of Soviet Studies in History are the work of Dr. Evgenii Viktorovich Anisimov. A recent recipient of the doctorate of historical sciences, Anisimov lives in Leningrad and works as starshii nauchnyi sotrudnik (senior researcher) at the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of History of the USSR, USSR Academy of Sciences. As both an undergraduate and graduate student, he has worked with R. G. Skrynnikov. Like his mentor, he believes that accurate historical scholarship must be made accessible to as many people as possible.
Flt3 ligand supports the differentiation of early B cell progenitors in the presence of interleukin‐11 and interleukin‐7 (1996)

B cell development is influenced by interactions between B cell progenitors and stromal cells. The precise mechanisms by which these interactions regulate B cell differentiation are currently unknown. Flt3 ligand (FL) is a growth factor which stimulates the proliferation of stem cells and early progenitors. Mice deficient for the FLT3 receptor exhibit severe reductions in early B lymphoid progenitors. We have previously described a clonal assay in vitro which allows us to follow the entire B cell differentiation pathway from uncommitted progenitors to mature, immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. The growth factor combination of interleukin (IL)-11, mast cell growth factor (MGF) and IL-7 was shown to maintain the differentiation of these hematopoietic precursors into B cell progenitors capable of giving rise to functionally mature B cells in secondary cultures. Here, we show that FL in combination with IL-11 and IL-7 is sufficient to support the differentiation of uncommitted progenitors from day 10 yolk sac (AA4.1+) or day 12 fetal liver (AA4.1+ B220- Mac-1- Sca-1+) into the B lineage. The frequency of B cell progenitors obtained in these conditions was similar, if not better, than the frequency of B cell precursors that arose when cultured in IL-11+MGF+IL-7. Furthermore, the growth factor combination of IL-11+FL+ IL-7 was able to maintain the potential of bipotent precursors giving rise to both the B and myeloid lineages in secondary cultures. We also show that FL synergizes with IL-7 in the proliferation of committed B220+ pro-B cells and may contribute to the maintenance of an earlier pro-B cell population. Together, these results show that FL is important in supporting the differentiation and proliferation of early B cell progenitors in vitro.
Seedling Blight Development and Control in Spring Wheat Damaged by <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> Group 2 (1999)

Aspects of seedborne infection in Fusarium-damaged and undamaged seed lots of hard red spring wheat were studied. In a 22°C environment, seedling blight developed from plantings of Fusarium-damaged seed that were characterized by both reduction and delay in emergence and postemergence seedling death. After 28 days, stand counts from the Fusarium-damaged seed lot averaged 46%, compared with 98% from the undamaged seed lot. However, the mean dry weight of surviving seedlings from the Fusarium-damaged lot was not statistically different from that of seedlings from the undamaged seed lot. Surface-sterilization reduced recovery of Fusarium graminearum group 2 from the damaged lot by 7% and increased germination by 32%, suggesting that seed are both infected and contaminated with viable propagules of the fungus. In field experiments, seed treatment with maneb- or thiabendazole-containing fungicide combinations significantly reduced seedling blight and improved stands derived from the Fusarium-damaged seed lot. Triazole fungicides, including difenoconazole, fenbuconazole, and tetraconazole, were less effective. Triazole fungicides and carboxin-containing fungicide combinations controlled loose smut in these trials, while maneb seed treatments did not. In four field tests, seedling blight incidence in plantings of Fusarium-damaged seed increased as soil temperatures during emergence increased. The distribution of blighted seedlings was random and not clustered. Seedling blight did not develop in field plantings of the undamaged seed lot.
A novel solid-state electrolyte based on a crown ether lithium salt complex (2015)

A novel solid-state electrolyte based on a crown ether lithium salt complex [Li∈12-C-4][I] has been designed, synthesized and characterized.
Instrumented Walkway for Estimation of the Ankle Impedance in Dorsiflexion-Plantarflexion and Inversion-Eversion During Standing and Walking (2015)

This paper describes in detail the fabrication of an instrumented walkway for estimation of the ankle mechanical impedance in both dorsiflexion-plantarflexion (DP) and in inversion-eversion (IE) directions during walking in arbitrary directions and standing. The platform consists of two linear actuators, each capable of generating ±351.3 N peak force that are mechanically coupled to a force plate using Bowden cables. The applied forces cause the force plate to rotate in two degrees of freedom (DOF) and transfer torques to the human ankle to generate DP and IE rotations. The relative rotational motion of the foot with respect to the shin is recorded using a motion capture camera system while the forces applied to the foot are measured with the force plate, from which the torques applied to the ankle are calculated. The analytical methods required for the estimation of the ankle torques, rotations, and impedances are presented. To validate the system, a mockup with known stiffness was used, and it was shown that the developed system was capable of properly estimating the stiffness of the mockup in two DOF with less than 5% error. Also, a preliminary experiment with a human subject in standing position was performed, and the estimated quasi-static impedance of the ankle was estimated at 319 Nm/rad in DP and 119 Nm/rad in IE.
Constructing a Supranational Constitution (2004)

Abstract The evolution of the European Community (EC) towards a supranational constitution is charted by combining three different perspectives. First, an examination is made of the major features of the integration process since 1959, which argues that the European market and polity developed symbiotically, as the activities of economic actors, organized interests, litigators and judges, and the EC's legislative and regulatory organs became linked, to create a self‐sustaining, dynamic system. Second, the ‘constitutionalization’ of the treaty system is investigated, and the activities of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) surveyed; among other things, constitutionalization secured property rights for transnational market actors, expanded the discretionary powers of national judges, and reduced the EC's intergovernmental character. Third, the relationship between the ECJ and the national courts is considered, focusing on how intra‐judicial conflict and cooperation have shaped the production of specific constitutional doctrines; through these ‘constitutional dialogues’, the supremacy of EC law was gradually achieved, rendering it judicially enforceable. Overall, the chapter situates the development of the European legal system within the overall process of European integration.
PROXIMATE, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF “UZA-AKWUAGWORAGWO” TRADITIONAL FOOD OF NKANU PEOPLE IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA (1970)

Proximate, phytochemical, and sensory evaluation of “uza-akwuagworagwo” traditional food were investigated using standard methods. Proximate composition result revealed the presence of moisture (10.00±1.90%), crude fiber (17.87±1.10%), and crude protein (39.81±2.84%). Phytochemicals found present were alkaloids (1.71±0.10 mg/100g), flavonoids (3.68±0.00 mg/100g), and tannins (0.64±0.12 mg/100g). Sensory evaluation attributes of the food such as appearance (5.31±0.29), taste (7.00±1.02), color (6.22±0.92) and overall acceptability (6.10±0.31) were also observed in the study. The high protein content of the studied food could mean that it can contribute significantly to daily protein requirement of the body when consumed. The low levels of phytochemicals found in the food could be an added health advantage. The sensory evaluation of the food compares to those of other traditional foods. This study has revealed the proximate, phytochemical, and sensory evaluation of “uza-akwuagworagwo” traditional food of Nkanu people in Enugu State, Nigeria.
Cover Picture: Reversible Switching between Superhydrophilicity and Superhydrophobicity (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 3/2004) (2003)

The yin and the yang represent the two opposing fundamental properties of nature and the universe in ancient Taiji Chinese philosophy. Superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity are fundamentally opposing properties of wettability. Reversible switching between these surface properties can be thermally induced through the combination of chemical modification of the surface, and surface roughness. For more information, see the Communication by L. Jiang and co‐workers on page 357 ff.
A new approach for minimum-torque-ripple maximum-efficiency control of BLDC motor (2000)

Torque-ripple control of the brushless DC motor has been the main issue of the servo drive systems in which the speed fluctuation, vibration, and acoustic noise should be minimized. Most methods for suppressing the torque ripples require Fourier series analysis and either iterative or least-mean-square minimization. In this paper, a novel approach to achieve ripple-free torque control with maximum efficiency based on the d-q-0 reference frame is presented. The proposed method optimizes the reference phase current waveforms which include the case of three-phase unbalanced conditions. As a result, the proposed approach provides a simple way to obtain optimal motor excitation currents. The validity and practical applications of the proposed control scheme are verified through the simulations and experimental results.
Selective Isolation of Large Chromosomal Regions by Transformation-Associated Recombination Cloning for Structural and Functional Analysis of Mammalian Genomes (2006)

Transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning allows selective isolation of full-size genes and genomic loci as circular yeast artificial chromosomes in yeast. The method has a broad application for structural and functional genomics, long-range haplotyping, characterization of chromosomal rearrangements, and evolutionary studies. This chapter describes a basic protocol of gene isolation by TAR, as well as a method of conversion of TAR isolates into bacterial artificial chromosomes.
Pretreatment with an Ethanolic Extract of <i>Taiwanofungus camphoratus</i> (<i>Antrodia camphorata</i>) Enhances the Cytotoxic Effects of Amphotericin B (2011)

Taiwanofungus camphoratus, a well-known Chinese medicine used in Taiwan, possesses several pharmacological functions, including anticancer effects. In the present study, we aimed to investigate a novel anticancer effect by pretreating cancer cells with an ethanolic extract of T. camphoratus (TCEE) followed by the administration of an antifungal agent amphotericin B (AmB). Both TCEE and AmB showed significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HT29 cells. Pretreatment with a nontoxic dose of TCEE enhanced the cytotoxicity of AmB. Furthermore, significant apoptotic cell death was found in cells treated with TCEE and AmB. A combination treatment with AmB plus TCEE resulted in a significant repression of tumor growth in HT29 xenografts. Collectively, our results indicated that combined treatment with AmB and TCEE effectively induced apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth. In the future, TCEE may serve as a potential complementary and alternative medicine to treat patients suffering from colorectal cancer.
Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. (2003)

The activation of ERK1/2 is involved in signal transduction pathways associated with cardiac hypertrophy; however, the exact status of MAPKs in heart failure remains to be clearly defined. While both JNKs and p38 kinases appear to participate in the genesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury, ERK1/2 are considered to be cytoprotective.
Navigating Random Forests and related advances in algorithmic modeling (2009)

This article addresses current methodological research on non-parametric Random Forests. It provides a brief intellectual history of Random Forests that covers CART, boosting and bagging methods. It then introduces the primary methods by which researchers can visualize results, the relationships between covariates and responses, and the out-of-bag test set error. In addition, the article considers current research on universal consistency and importance tests in Random Forests. Finally, several uses for Random Forests are discussed, and available software is identified.
Enhanced shoot and bulblet proliferation of garlic (<i>Allium sativum</i>L.) in bioreactor systems (2004)

SummaryTwo types of Balloon Type Bubble Bioreactors (BTBB, air lift type), continuous immersion cultures (with and without raft) and temporary immersion cultures (ebb and flow) were used for mass multiplication of shoots and bulblets of Garlic ‘Danyang’. Murashige and Skoog (1962) liquid medium supplemented with 2% sucrose was used for shoot proliferation and shoot proliferation was recorded after three weeks. MS liquid medium supplemented with 11% sucrose and 0.1 mg l–1 naphthalene acetic acid was used for bulblet induction and growth and bulblet growth was recorded after nine weeks in bioreactor cultures. The continuous immersion types of bioreactors were found suitable for shoot proliferation and 27 shoots were developed from each explant. Biomass of shoots was also highest by this method. Inoculation density of 15 shoots per culture was optimal and aeration of bioreactors with a sparger (0.1 air volume per medium per min) influenced the biomass production. Immersion type (with raft) bioreactor was optimal for bulblet formation. The ratio of inoculum size and media volume affected the growth values. Cold treatment of cultures at 4°C for three weeks enhanced the formation of bulblets. Bulblets were harvested at the end of the culture period, were given a cold treatment of 4°C for eight weeks and transferred to a potting mixture of peat moss and perlite (1:1). Bulblets more than 0.2 g sprouted (90%) within two weeks of transplantation.
Recent Neutron Detector Studies at Argonne National Laboratory (1956)

A neutron sensitive photomultiplier tube has been built and tested in line with a program to investigate unconventional mechanisms of neutron detection. A fission counter following established principles has been designed with emphasis on minimum demands on skill and labor during construction and assembly, and minimum over-all cost.
An analysis tool for coupling-based integration testing (2002)

This research is part of a project to develop practical, effective, formalizable, automatable techniques for integration testing. Integration testing is an important part of the testing process, but few integration testing techniques have been systematically studied or defined. This paper discusses the design and implementation of an analysis tool for measuring the amount of coverage achieved by a set of test data according to a set of previously defined coupling criteria. This tool can be used to support integration testing of software components. The coupling-based testing technique, which has been described elsewhere, is summarized, and coverage algorithms are discussed. The focus of this paper is on the instrumentation techniques and an analysis tool built for Java programs. It was built in Java using the general Java parser JavaCC and the Java Tree Builder (JTB). We are currently using this tool to gather experimental data on the efficacy and the usefulness of the technique.
Double-Negative T Cells, Activated by Xenoantigen, Lyse Autologous B and T Cells Using a Perforin/Granzyme-Dependent, Fas-Fas Ligand-Independent Pathway (2006)

The ability to control the response of B cells is of particular interest in xenotransplantation as Ab-mediated hyperacute and acute xenograft rejection are major obstacles in achieving long-term graft survival. Regulatory T cells have been proven to play a very important role in the regulation of immune responses to self or non-self Ags. Previous studies have shown that TCRalphabeta+CD3+CD4-CD8- (double-negative (DN)) T cells possess an immune regulatory function, capable of controlling antidonor T cell responses in allo- and xenotransplantation through Fas-Fas ligand interaction. In this study, we investigated the possibility that xenoreactive DNT cells suppress B cells. We found that DNT cells generated from wild-type C57BL/6 mice expressed B220 and CD25 after rat Ag stimulation. These xenoreactive B220+CD25+ DNT cells lysed activated, but not naive, B and T cells. This killing, which took place through cell-cell contact, required participation of adhesion molecules. Our results indicate that Fas ligand, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and TCR-MHC recognition was not involved in DNT cell-mediated syngenic cell killing, but instead this killing was mediated by perforin and granzymes. The xenoreactive DNT cells expressed high levels of granzymes in comparison to allo- or xenoreactive CD8+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of DNT cells in combination with early immune suppression by immunosuppressive analog of 15-deoxyspergualin, LF15-0195, significantly prolonged rat heart graft survival to 62.1 +/- 13.9 days in mice recipients. In conclusion, this study suggests that xenoreactive DNT cells can control B and T cell responses in perforin/granzyme-dependent mechanisms. DNT cells may be valuable in controlling B and T cell responses in xenotransplantation.
Some Properties of GeTe-PbTe Alloys (1965)

Solid solution between and of stoichiometric composition has been studied. It is found that for samples annealed at 600°C for periods of up to four weeks and then air quenched, single phase condition can be obtained at all alloy compositions, and the lattice shows a continuous transition from cubic to rhombohedral form. Room temperature values of lattice parameter and rhombohedral angle α, positive hole concentration and mobility µ and optical energy gap have been determined as a function of composition. The variation in percentage of vacant sites on the germanium sublattice, as determined from , is correlated with the difference in cell volume for cubic and rhombohedral structures.
Analysis of Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity in Tree Species of Various Lifespans, and with Age in the Bristlecone Pine <i>Pinus longaeva</i> (2006)

Normal somatic cells have a finite replicative capacity, and with each cell division telomeres progressively shorten, unless the telomerase enzyme is present. The bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, is the oldest known living eukaryotic organism, with the oldest on record turning 4770 years old in 2005. The results from our study of telomere length and telomerase activity in samples (needle, root, core) from P. longaeva with age, and in other tree species of various lifespans, support the hypothesis that both increased telomere length and telomerase activity may contribute to the increased lifespan and longevity evident in long-lived pine trees (i.e., 2000- to 5000-year lifespan) compared with medium-lived (400- to 500-year lifespan) and short-lived (100- to 200-year lifespan) pine trees, as well as in P. longaeva with age.
Energy-guided learning approach to compressive FD-OCT (2013)

High quality, large size volumetric imaging of biological tissue with optical coherence tomography (OCT) requires large number and high density of scans, which results in large data acquisition volume. This may lead to corruption of the data with motion artifacts related to natural motion of biological tissue, and could potentially cause conflicts with the maximum permissible exposure of biological tissue to optical radiation. Therefore, OCT can benefit greatly from different approaches to sparse or compressive sampling of the data where the signal is recovered from its sub-Nyquist measurements. In this paper, a new energy-guided compressive sensing approach is proposed for improving the quality of images acquired with Fourier domain OCT (FD-OCT) and reconstructed from sparse data sets. The proposed algorithm learns an optimized sampling probability density function based on the energy distribution of the training data set, which is then used for sparse sampling instead of the commonly used uniformly random sampling. It was demonstrated that the proposed energy-guided learning approach to compressive FD-OCT of retina images requires 45% fewer samples in comparison with the conventional uniform compressive sensing (CS) approach while achieving similar reconstruction performance. This novel approach to sparse sampling has the potential to significantly reduce data acquisition while maintaining image quality.
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agent Administration Improves Survival After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (2009)

Erythropoiesis stimulating agent administration in sTBI is associated with a significant in-hospital survival advantage without increase in morbidity. Prospective validation of our findings is warranted.
Towards pan shot face unlock (2013)

Purpose Personal mobile devices currently have access to a significant portion of their user's private sensitive data and are increasingly used for processing mobile payments. Consequently, securing access to these mobile devices is a requirement for securing access to the sensitive data and potentially costly services. The authors propose and evaluate a first version of a pan shot face unlock method: a mobile device unlock mechanism using all information available from a 180° pan shot of the device around the user's head – utilizing biometric face information as well as sensor data of built‐in sensors of the device. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This approach uses grayscale 2D images, on which the authors perform frontal and profile face detection. For face recognition, the authors evaluate different support vector machines and neural networks. To reproducibly evaluate this pan shot face unlock toolchain, the authors assembled the 2013 Hagenberg stereo vision pan shot face database, which the authors describe in detail in this article. Findings Current results indicate that the approach to face recognition is sufficient for further usage in this research. However, face detection is still error prone for the mobile use case, which consequently decreases the face recognition performance as well. Originality/value The contributions of this paper include: introducing pan shot face unlock as an approach to increase security and usability during mobile device authentication; introducing the 2013 Hagenberg stereo vision pan shot face database; evaluating this current pan shot face unlock toolchain using the newly created face database.