gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and Properties of Urea‐Crosslinked Star Poly[(ethylene oxide)‐<i>ran</i>‐(propylene oxide)] Hydrogels (2008)

Isocyanate-terminated six armed star shaped macromers with a statistical copolymer backbone consisting of 80% EO and 20% PO have previously demonstrated excellent protein and cell repellence as nano-layered surfaces. In this study, various macromers are mixed with water and provide a spectrum of materials that range from particles to uniform hydrogels. Due to hydrophobic end groups, 3 kDa molecular weight macromers result in micro and nano-particles, while 18 kDa macromers completely dissolve and consequently uniform, transparent, high water content hydrogels are formed. Oriented channels may be induced into these hydrogels through the controlled freezing of water in the preformed hydrogel.
The use of a head-mounted display for visualization in neuroendoscopy (2004)

The HMD is a new visualization tool in neurosurgery that may improve the ergonomics of neuroendoscopic and endoscope-controlled procedures.
Intra‐arc binary collimation algorithm for the optimization of stereotactic radiotherapy treatment of multiple metastases with multiple prescriptions (2018)

A novel method of aperture and dose distribution design has been developed to significantly increase the MU efficiency of single isocenter treatment of multiple metastases with variable prescription doses when compared to VMAT, and which improves target coverage accuracy significantly when compared to optimized DCA. By applying a DCA approach to subsets of targets across control points, a hybrid method of treatment delivery has been developed that combines the efficiency of dynamic conformal treatments and the dosimetric flexibility of VMAT.
Hydra regeneration from recombined ectodermal and endodermal tissueII. Differential stability in the ectodermal and endodermal epithelial organization (1997)

Hydra tissue consists of the ectodermal and the endodermal layers. When the two layers were separated by procaine treatment and then recombined, the ectodermal epithelial cells spread as a single cell layer over the endoderm as in epiboly in vertebrate embryogenesis, and the resultant spherical structure subsequently regenerated into a complete hydra. In this study, light and electron microscopy were used to examine the structural changes which took place in the cells and tissue during this epibolic ectodermal spreading process. Within a few hours after tissue recombination, the endoderm underwent dramatic changes; it lost its epithelial sheet organization, and turned into a mass of irregularly shaped cells without the apical-basal cell polarity initially present. In contrast, the ectoderm maintained its basic epithelial sheet organization as it spread over the endoderm. Later, the endodermal epithelial cells reorganized themselves into a single-layered epithelial sheet underneath the spreading ectodermal layer. The resultant spherical structure consisted of a single layer of ectodermal epithelial cells outside, a single layer of endodermal epithelial cells inside, and an empty cavity in the center as in normal hydra tissue. This structure regenerated into hydra in the following days. These and other observations demonstrate that the two-layered epithelial sheet organization is highly dynamic, and that its stability is maintained by strong interactions between the two layers in normal hydra. It is suggested that this dynamic nature of the hydra tissue, particularly the high plasticity of the endodermal epithelial sheet organization, may be an important element for the high regenerative capacity of this organism.
Progress in purification of virus-inactivated factor VIII concentrates. Three generations of solvent/detergent treated plasma derivatives. (1989)

A production process of a newly developed highly purified and virus-inactivated Factor (F) VIII-concentrate (Octa V.I. and Octavi) is presented. Taking advantage of a selective resin matrix and the solvent/detergent procedure for virus inactivation--known not to denaturate proteins--a product of a specific activity greater than or equal to 100 IU F VIII/mg could be developed in the final container without the use of an immuno-affinity adsorption step. The main steps of the procedure are: Pooled cryoprecipitate is extracted, the extract is cleared from fibrinogen at + 10 degrees C and virus-inactivated at + 28 degrees C after addition of tributyl-phosphate (TNBP) and detergent. Thereafter the extract is brought in contact to a F VIII-selective anion exchange resin using a chromatographic column. TnBP and the detergent are removed by an extensive washing process and the F VIII-activity is concentrated in a fraction, ready for filling, by means of a cascade of wahing- and elution-buffers. The product is free from coagulable protein and gamma-globulins. The F VIIIC: Ag/F VIII:C-ratio is about unity, suggesting the F VIII-molecule remained in its native state. The development of highly purified F VIII concentrate is based on two previous products of lesser purity (spec. activity of about 1 and 10 IU/mg). The evolution is shown by a comparison of detailed analytical data.
Analogue circuit building blocks with amorphous silicon thin film transistors (2005)

Useful building blocks such as the analogue subtractor, adder, and current source, with amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film transistors (TFTs) are presented. The circuits built with only n-channel devices tackle the problem of threshold voltage instability in the TFT to provide stable transfer characteristics.
Photoluminescence around 1.54μm wavelength from Erbium-doped silicon dependence on annealing temperature (2002)

Er ions were implanted into Si substrates using metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) ion source implanter, and Er-doped Si thin films have been formed after rapid thermal annealing (RTA). It was analyzed by Rutherford back-scattering spectroscopy (RBS) that Er concentrations in the thin films were close to 10at% corresponding to the level of ～10 21 atoms/cm 3 and Er segregation in the surface layer of the thin films appeared with increasing the temperature of RTA. The recovery of irradiation damage, Er segregation and Si solid phase epitaxy of Si amorphous layers were closely dependent on annealing temperature, which would influence on photoluminescence around 1.54μm from Er-doped Si thin film.
Catalytic Upgrading of “Off-Spec” Aromatic-Rich Oils from the NSC Process (1999)

The aromatic oil, which is a byproduct of the processes of naphtha steam cracking (NSC), was hydrocracked with Mo-, Co-, and Mo−Co-loaded zeolite catalysts. Experiments were performed at a temperature range of 375−450 °C. The initial hydrogen pressure was 10 MPa, and the reaction time was 90 min. The main fraction of the reaction product, the liquid portion, was investigated from a hydrogenation and cracking point of view. The loading of the metal oxide on zeolite increased the cracking and hydrogenation performance of the catalysts. Molybdenum had a good hydrogenation effect, whereas cobalt had a good cracking effect. Comparing the hydrogenation and cracking performance of one-metal-loaded catalysts to those of two-metal-loaded catalysts, the cracking effect of two-metal catalysts was much more than one-metal catalysts. However, the hydrogenation performance of one-metal and two-metal catalysts were approximately equal to each other. The activated catalysts were also used in experiments. The activation of unloaded zeolite catalysts was more effective on the cracking performance of the catalyst. The liquid fractions of the reaction products were also separated into aliphatic, aromatic, and polar fractions by liquid absorption chromatography. The results showed that the type of the catalyst was not effective on the distribution of aliphatic, aromatic, and polar fractions. It was observed that a portion of the aliphatic compounds converted to aromatics at temperatures higher than 425 °C. At the end of this study, a valuable liquid product to be burnt, such as fuel oil, was obtained from aromatic oil.
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in a Group of Related Cats (1993)

A syndrome resembling previously described feline hereditary neuroaxonal dystrophy (FHND) was diagnosed in a litter of cats. The disorder was characterized by a sudden onset of hind limb ataxia that slowly progressed to hind limb paresis and paralysis. The cats were between 6 and 9 months old when clinical signs were first noted. Histologically, there was marked ballooning of axonal processes, with spheroid formation and vacuolation in specific regions of the brain and spinal cord. Some dystrophic axons contained a central periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive core. Neuronal loss and gliosis were seen in certain brain stem nuclei, spinal cord nuclei, and the cerebellum. Ultrastructurally, there was hypomyelination and dysmyelination of affected axons. The PAS-positive core in dystrophic axons corresponded ultrastructurally with accumulations of electron-dense, flocculent, amorphous material. In addition, these axons contained membrane-bound osmiophilic bodies and large nonmembrane-bound vacuoles. The syndrome in this report differs from the previously described FHND in that no inner ear involvement was seen and onset of clinical signs occurred at a later age. In addition, although some of the affected cats did have diluted coat colors, abnormal coat color was not always associated with clinical disease. This disease is similar to juvenile neuroaxonal dystrophy in children and to neuroaxonal dystrophies described in horses, dogs, cattle, and sheep.
Figure of merit of diamond power devices based on accurately estimated impact ionization processes (2013)

Although a high breakdown voltage or field is considered as a major advantage of diamond, there has been a large difference in breakdown voltages or fields of diamond devices in literature. Most of these apparently contradictory results did not correctly reflect material properties because of specific device designs, such as punch-through structure and insufficient edge termination. Once these data were removed, the remaining few results, including a record-high breakdown field of 20 MV/cm, were theoretically reproduced, exactly calculating ionization integrals based on the ionization coefficients that were obtained after compensating for possible errors involved in reported theoretical values. In this compensation, we newly developed a method for extracting an ionization coefficient from an arbitrary relationship between breakdown voltage and doping density in the Chynoweth's framework. The breakdown field of diamond was estimated to depend on the doping density more than other materials, and accordingly required to be compared at the same doping density. The figure of merit (FOM) of diamond devices, obtained using these breakdown data, was comparable to the FOMs of 4H-SiC and Wurtzite-GaN devices at room temperature, but was projected to be larger than the latter by more than one order of magnitude at higher temperatures about 300 °C. Considering the relatively undeveloped state of diamond technology, there is room for further enhancement of the diamond FOM, improving breakdown voltage and mobility. Through these investigations, junction breakdown was found to be initiated by electrons or holes in a p−-type or n−-type drift layer, respectively. The breakdown voltages in the two types of drift layers differed from each other in a strict sense but were practically the same. Hence, we do not need to care about the conduction type of drift layers, but should rather exactly calculate the ionization integral without approximating ionization coefficients by a power function of electric field as often done in Si devices. In order to facilitate this approach, we developed a method for simplifying the ionization integral, which method, together with the aforementioned method for extracting ionization coefficients, will help to promote the study on breakdown phenomena of all semiconductors.
The Total Osmotic Pressure of Tears in Normal and Various Pathologic Conditions (1961)

The concept of the hypertonicity of tears originated with Massart<sup>1</sup>in 1889. By instilling various solutions of different osmotic pressure into the eye, he determined by subjective responses that the concentration of a solution which produces the least discomfort corresponded to a 1.4 per cent solution of NaCl. Massart's results were accepted readily and were included in the major pharmacopeias and textbooks. In 1930 Ridley<sup>2,3</sup>measured the osmotic pressure of tears of 3 persons by the depression of the freezing point and found the osmotic pressure of tears to be slightly below that of human blood. Krogh<sup>4</sup>used a modification of the Baldes<sup>5</sup>vapor-pressure method for the determination of osmotic pressure. Krogh, Lund, and Pedersen-Bjergaard<sup>6</sup>found the osmotic pressures of 10 samples of tears equal to those in solutions of from 0.87 to 0.92 per cent NaCl. Schaeffer,<sup>7</sup>using a capillary-tube method, estimated the
Structure of Human G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 in Complex with the Kinase Inhibitor Balanol (2010)

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a pharmaceutical target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and hypertension. To better understand how nanomolar inhibition and selectivity for GRK2 might be achieved, we have determined crystal structures of human GRK2 in complex with Gbetagamma in the presence and absence of the AGC kinase inhibitor balanol. The selectivity of balanol among human GRKs is assessed.
Efficacy and safety of inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of severe/critical COVID-19 patients: A systematic review (2021)

In patients with COVID-19 with acute respiratory distress syndrome, nitric oxide is linked to a slight increase in oxygenation but has no effect on mortality.
Silicon Epitaxy by Plasma Dissociation of Silane (1979)

A plasma epitaxy system has been designed to realize low temperature epitaxial growth of silicon. In this system control on the silane dissociation rate and the silicon deposition rate is done separately with the aid of RF glow discharge. Investigations by RBS, TED and TEM techniques proved that layers grown by this method at as low as 700°C kept good crystalline quality. Electrical measurements have been also carried out and revealed that the electrical properties of the layers grown at 750°C were equivalent to those of bulk silicon.
The Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) (2022)

This document describes a network-layer-based protocol that enables
separation of IP addresses into two new numbering spaces: Endpoint
Identifiers (EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs). No changes are
required to either host protocol stacks or to the core of the
Internet infrastructure. The Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) can
be incrementally deployed, without a flag day, and offers Traffic
Engineering, multihoming, and mobility benefits to early adopters,
even when there are relatively few LISP-capable sites. Design and
development of LISP was largely motivated by the problem statement
produced by the October 2006 IAB Routing and Addressing Workshop. This
document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.
Exploitation of biomass renewable energy sources of microalgae (2003)

Among biomass,microalgae are suggested as a very good cand id ate for fuel pro-duction because of the advantages of larger biomass,faster gr owth and higher content lipid com ponents preferable for pyrolysis compared to lignocellulosic materials.Bio-oil product from fast pyrolysis of microalgae ha s a higher heating value of33MJ/kg,which is about 1.6times of that of wo od.The production and the heating value of bio-oil are increased by reg ulatin g the culture conditions and the lipid contents of microalgae.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrothermal Reaction in Lime-Quartz-Water System (1976)

A kinetic study was made on the hydrothermal reaction between lime and quartz, and in this reaction the effects of CaO/SiO2 ratio, particle size of quartz and added kaolin were discussed. Quartz powders with 1.5-2.5μm, 2.5-3.5μm and 3.5-5.0μm in particle radius were mixed with lime in molar ratio 1:0.8 and 1:1.2, pelletised and then autoclaved at 181°C for 0.5-24h.Unreacted lime, unreacted quartz, combined alumina and combined water of the specimens were determined. The chemical composition of the products, rates of reaction and depths of the reacted quartz were calculated from the experimental data. It was found that the reaction of lime was controlled by dissolution and that the reaction of quartz was controlled by diffusion through the products layer arround each quartz grain.When kaolin was added, the reaction ratio of quartz became low until all of the kaolin had reacted.
Clinical pharmacokinetic studies of tetra(meta‐hydroxyphenyl)chlorin in squamous cell carcinoma by fluorescence spectroscopy at 2 wavelengths (1995)

To optimize photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodetection of cancer with second-generation photosensitizers, knowledge of important variables such as the uptake of the dye and the dye contrast between normal and tumoral tissue after injection is necessary. The pharmacokinetics of a second-generation photosensitizer, tetra(meta-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC), is presented. To study this in a clinical context, an apparatus based on fluorescence spectroscopy and a noninvasive optical fiber probe has been used. The mTHPC fluorescence is induced at 2 excitation wavelengths (420 and 520 nm) with different penetration depth. The pharmacokinetics of mTHPC in patients with a squamous-cell carcinoma in the oral cavity show a signal selectivity as high as 16 about 3 hr after i.v. injection for the more advanced carcinomas. The magnitude of this selectivity appears to correlate with the staging of the cancer, the more invasive tumors showing the highest selectivity. Results obtained at 420 and 520 nm show little difference. These pharmacokinetics can be used directly for optimizing photodetection with mTHPC. However, complementary information on the localization of the drug by fluorescence microscopy, and a correlation of this data with tumor necrosis efficacy, are needed to optimize PDT timing.
Hydrophobic coating- and surface active solvent-mediated self-assembly of charged gold and silver nanoparticles at water–air and water–oil interfaces (2009)

We report self-assembly of charge-stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles at water-air and water-oil interfaces, via manipulation of the interactions between the interfaces and the adsorbing nanoparticles. Nanoparticle adsorption from bulk colloids to an interface is an energy-favored, but finite sorption barrier-restrained (kinetics-controlled) process. Consequently, to successfully mediate self-assembly of nanoparticles, the finite sorption barrier should be decreased. That can be accomplished by manipulating its three controlling forces: the repulsive electrostatic force, the repulsive van der Waals force, and the attractive hydrophobic force between the interface and the adsorbing nanoparticles. It was found that hydrophobic coatings change nanoparticle hydrophobicity and greatly increase the attractive hydrophobic force. Surface active organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone) decrease the attractive hydrophobic force to some extent. However, they decrease the repulsive electrostatic force to a larger extent, via a "charge dilution" mechanism, due to their positive adsorption at the charged water-air and water-oil interfaces. Hydrophobic coatings and organic solvents consequently decrease the sorption barrier, facilitate nanoparticles overcoming the sorption barrier, and mediate the self-assembly of nanoparticles.
Covalent reaction of cerulenin at the active site of acyl-CoA reductase of <i>Photobacterium phosphoreum</i> (1989)

Inhibition of bioluminescence in Photobacterium phosphoreum by cerulenin has been demonstrated to be due to a specific inactivation of the acyl-CoA reductase subunit of the fatty acid reductase complex required for synthesis of the aldehyde substrate for the luminescent reaction. In contrast, the activities of the other luminescence-related enzymes, acyl-protein synthetase, acyl-transferase, and luciferase, were unaffected by cerulenin. Myristoyl-CoA, but not NADPH, protected the acyl-CoA reductase against cerulenin inhibition. Cerulenin blocked the acylation of the reductase with myristoyl-CoA and the reaction with N-ethylmaleimide. A shift in mobility of the reductase polypeptide on sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis occurred after reaction with cerulenin, a shift which could be blocked by reaction with N-ethylmaleimide. These results demonstrate that cerulenin blocks aldehyde synthesis by covalent reaction with the acyl-CoA reductase and indicate that the reaction may occur at a cysteine residue involved in the formation of the acyl-reductase intermediate.
Text classification with kernels on the multinomial manifold (2005)

Support Vector Machines (SVMs) have been very successful in text classification. However, the intrinsic geometric structure of text data has been ignored by standard kernels commonly used in SVMs. It is natural to assume that the documents are on the multinomial manifold, which is the simplex of multinomial models furnished with the Riemannian structure induced by the Fisher information metric. We prove that the Negative Geodesic Distance (NGD) on the multinomial manifold is conditionally positive definite (cpd), thus can be used as a kernel in SVMs. Experiments show the NGD kernel on the multinomial manifold to be effective for text classification, significantly outperforming standard kernels on the ambient Euclidean space.
Dairy cattle genomics: Tools to accelerate genetic improvement? (2001)

Traditional selection based on genetic merit calculated from phenotypic and pedigree information has been tremendously effective at improving production in dairy cattle. Hypothetically, genetic improvement could be accelerated even further for yield and other economically important traits by directly selecting upon the genetic differences underlying the phenotypes. To elucidate these genetic differences, research strategies based on genomic science have been developed to identify economic trait loci (ETL). Once resolved with respect to position in the genome, DNA markerbased tests that identify ETL can be practically applied to enhance selection in a commercial setting. To date, most dairy-related ETL have been detected in Holstein grandsire families using the granddaughter design. Because the marker intervals identifying these ETL are not resolved well enough for accurate selection in current populations, ETL analyses have been or are being extended to include ancestral animals that connect family pedigrees and current generations of nonprogenytested animals from within the founder animal pedigree. Increasing genotypic and phenotypic information in this manner alleviates two statistical limitations often associated with ETL interval refinement in experimental populations. First, population size is no longer limited or biased by previous selection. In addition, the inheritance of ETL can be traced from historic families of interest to current generations relevant to the industry. After allele frequency and contribution to phenotype are determined in current populations, those ETL most beneficial for the industry can be accurately used for selection. As an aid to ETL mapping in dairy cattle, efforts have been initiated to catalog as many bovine genes as possible by generating expressed sequence tags (EST) from cDNA clones. These clones represent gene expression at the mRNA level in various tissue types present in cattle. Mapping EST with sequence identity to human genes onto the bovine genetic map is improving the comparative map between species and will aid future investigations in determining genes that underlie ETL. Furthermore, cDNA microarrays constructed with the aid of EST data can be used for hybridization analysis to characterize gene-expression patterns and identify genetic pathways important for animal production and udder health.