gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling Human Behavior for Defense Against Flash-Crowd Attacks (2009)

Flash-crowd attacks are the most vicious form of distributed denial of service (DDoS). They flood the victim with service requests generated from numerous bots. Attack requests are identical in content to those generated by legitimate, human users, and bots send at a low rate to appear non-aggressive - these features defeat many existing DDoS defenses. We propose defenses against flash-crowd attacks via human behavior modeling, which differentiate DDoS bots from human users. Current approaches to human-vs-bot differentiation, such as graphical puzzles, are insufficient and annoying to humans, whereas our defenses are highly transparent. We model three aspects of human behavior: a) request dynamics, by learning several chosen features of human interaction dynamics, and detecting bots that exhibit higher aggressiveness in one or more of these features, b) request semantics, by learning transitional probabilities of user requests, and detecting bots that generate valid but low-probability sequences, and c) ability to process visual cues, by embedding into server replies human-invisible objects, which cannot be detected by automated analysis, and flagging users that visit them as bots. We evaluate our defenses' performance on a series of Web traffic logs, interlaced with synthetically generated attacks, and conclude that they raise the bar for a successful, sustained attack to botnets whose size is larger than the size observed in 1-5% of DDoS attacks today.
(P(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>)CpRu<sup>+</sup>-Catalyzed Deprotection of Allyl Carboxylic Esters (2002)

A new and efficient catalytic method for deprotection of allyl carboxylic esters using a transition metal complex is reported. The reaction proceeds with a high substrate/catalyst ratio and without use of additional nucleophiles, giving the deprotected carboxylic acid in a quantitative yield. A variety of substrates, including the multifunctional amino acids and peptides, are also usable. The new method is more efficient, safe, and operationally simple in comparison to the conventional palladium-catalyzed method.
Estimating the average carbon chain length of saturated fatty acid esters by infrared spectroscopy (1962)

Abstract The average carbon chain length of saturated fatty acid esters can be determined by comparing absorption intensities in the 3.3 and 5.75 ॖ infrared regions. Data are presented for triglycerides, monoglycerides, and methyl esters. The method was used to follow the fractionation of hydrogenated milk fat from acetone, and the average values for fatty acid chain length were in good agreement with those obtained by gas chromatographic methyl ester analysis. The I.R. method is particularly applicable when only a few mg of sample is available and the material being fractionated contains both long and short chain saturated fatty acids.
Loop-extended symbolic execution on binary programs (2009)

Mixed concrete and symbolic execution is an important technique for finding and understanding software bugs, including security-relevant ones. However, existing symbolic execution techniques are limited to examining one execution path at a time, in which symbolic variables reflect only direct data dependencies. We introduce loop-extended symbolic execution, a generalization that broadens the coverage of symbolic results in programs with loops. It introduces symbolic variables for the number of times each loop executes, and links these with features of a known input grammar such as variable-length or repeating fields. This allows the symbolic constraints to cover a class of paths that includes different numbers of loop iterations, expressing loop-dependent program values in terms of properties of the input. By performing more reasoning symbolically, instead of by undirected exploration, applications of loop-extended symbolic execution can achieve better results and/or require fewer program executions. To demonstrate our technique, we apply it to the problem of discovering and diagnosing buffer-overflow vulnerabilities in software given only in binary form. Our tool finds vulnerabilities in both a standard benchmark suite and 3 real-world applications, after generating only a handful of candidate inputs, and also diagnoses general vulnerability conditions.
Electronic structure of an atomic wire on a hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surface: First-principles study (1995)

Using first-principles calculations, we have examined structural stability and electronic states of an atomic wire that consists of a row of dangling bonds formed by extraction of hydrogen atoms from a H-terminated Si(111) surface. This atomic wire is found to be stable. Within the local-density-functional approach, it is electrically conductive due to the appearance of a half-filled state in the energy-gap region of the surface. This wire becomes semiconducting if the Peierls distortion is taken into account, but the total energy gain due to this distortion is estimated to be only 6.5 meV. Silicon atoms with dangling bonds are found not to dimerize as is expected in the usual Peierls distortion condition, but to relax in the direction perpendicular to the wire.
Identification of Maturation-Specific Proteins by Single-Cell Proteomics of Human Oocytes (2016)

Oocytes undergo a range of complex processes via oogenesis, maturation, fertilization, and early embryonic development, eventually giving rise to a fully functioning organism. To understand proteome composition and diversity during maturation of human oocytes, here we have addressed crucial aspects of oocyte collection and proteome analysis, resulting in the first proteome and secretome maps of human oocytes. Starting from 100 oocytes collected via a novel serum-free hanging drop culture system, we identified 2,154 proteins, whose function indicate that oocytes are largely resting cells with a proteome that is tailored for homeostasis, cellular attachment, and interaction with its environment via secretory factors. In addition, we have identified 158 oocyte-enriched proteins (such as ECAT1, PIWIL3, NLRP7)(1) not observed in high-coverage proteomics studies of other human cell lines or tissues. Exploiting SP3, a novel technology for proteomic sample preparation using magnetic beads, we scaled down proteome analysis to single cells. Despite the low protein content of only ∼100 ng per cell, we consistently identified ∼450 proteins from individual oocytes. When comparing individual oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase II (MII) stage, we found that the Tudor and KH domain-containing protein (TDRKH) is preferentially expressed in immature oocytes, while Wee2, PCNA, and DNMT1 were enriched in mature cells, collectively indicating that maintenance of genome integrity is crucial during oocyte maturation. This study demonstrates that an innovative proteomics workflow facilitates analysis of single human oocytes to investigate human oocyte biology and preimplantation development. The approach presented here paves the way for quantitative proteomics in other quantity-limited tissues and cell types. Data associated with this study are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004142.
<title>Security of fragile authentication watermarks with localization</title> (2002)

In this paper, we study the security of fragile image authentication watermarks that can localize tampered areas. We start by comparing the goals, capabilities, and advantages of image authentication based on watermarking and cryptography. Then we point out some common security problems of current fragile authentication watermarks with localization and classify attacks on authentication watermarks into five categories. By investigating the attacks and vulnerabilities of current schemes, we propose a variation of the Wong scheme18 that is fast, simple, cryptographically secure, and resistant to all known attacks, including the Holliman-Memon attack9. In the new scheme, a special symmetry structure in the logo is used to authenticate the block content, while the logo itself carries information about the block origin (block index, the image index or time stamp, author ID, etc.). Because the authentication of the content and its origin are separated, it is possible to easily identify swapped blocks between images and accurately detect cropped areas, while being able to accurately localize tampered pixels.
Manipulation force microscopy (1999)

The manipulation force microscope is a novel atomic force microscope adapted to measuring the force necessary to displace micron-size samples adhering to surfaces. It has successfully characterized the adhesion of both proteins and living cells to substrates. This instrument enables measurement of samples not previously accessible to atomic force microscopes. Here, we give a detailed account of this new method, and report on computer simulations and models to assist the interpretation of data.
Split Green Fluorescent Proteins: Scope, Limitations, and Outlook (2019)

Many proteins can be split into fragments that spontaneously reassemble, without covalent linkage, into a functional protein. For split green fluorescent proteins (GFPs), fragment reassembly leads to a fluorescent readout, which has been widely used to investigate protein-protein interactions. We review the scope and limitations of this approach as well as other diverse applications of split GFPs as versatile sensors, molecular glues, optogenetic tools, and platforms for photophysical studies.
Separation of Fast from Slow Anabolism by Site-specific PEGylation of Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) (2011)

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has important anabolic and homeostatic functions in tissues like skeletal muscle, and a decline in circulating levels is linked with catabolic conditions. Whereas IGF-I therapies for musculoskeletal disorders have been postulated, dosing issues and disruptions of the homeostasis have so far precluded clinical application. We have developed a novel IGF-I variant by site-specific addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to lysine 68 (PEG-IGF-I). In vitro, this modification decreased the affinity for the IGF-I and insulin receptors, presumably through decreased association rates, and slowed down the association to IGF-I-binding proteins, selectively limiting fast but maintaining sustained anabolic activity. Desirable in vivo effects of PEG-IGF-I included increased half-life and recruitment of IGF-binding proteins, thereby reducing risk of hypoglycemia. PEG-IGF-I was equipotent to IGF-I in ameliorating contraction-induced muscle injury in vivo without affecting muscle metabolism as IGF-I did. The data provide an important step in understanding the differences of IGF-I and insulin receptor contribution to the in vivo activity of IGF-I. In addition, PEG-IGF-I presents an innovative concept for IGF-I therapy in diseases with indicated muscle dysfunction.
Anthocyanins and other flavonoids (1995)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
The 3D rRNA modification maps database: with interactive tools for ribosome analysis (2007)

The 3D rRNA modification maps database is the first general resource of information about the locations of modified nucleotides within the 3D structure of the full ribosome, with mRNA and tRNAs in the A-, P- and E-sites. The database supports analyses for several model organisms, including higher eukaryotes, and enables users to construct 3D maps for other organisms. Data are provided for human and plant (Arabidopsis) ribosomes, and for other representative organisms from eubacteria, archaea and eukarya. Additionally, the database integrates information about positions of modifications within rRNA sequences and secondary structures, as well as links to other databases and resources about modifications and their biosynthesis. Displaying positions of modified nucleotides is fully manageable. Views of each modified nucleotide are controlled by individual buttons and buttons also control the visibility of different ribosomal molecular components. A section called 'Paint Your Own' enables the user to create a 3D modification map for rRNA from any organism where sites of modification are known. This section also provides capabilities for visualizing nucleotides of interest in rRNA or tRNA, as well as particular amino acids in ribosomal proteins. The database can be accessed at http://people.biochem.umass.edu/fournierlab/3dmodmap/
A solution framework to provide management services for wireless communications in the digital home (2012)

The future digital home (DH) is envisioned as a place where a plethora of diverse personal and machine-to-machine communications will coexist to support different applications in areas such as information and entertainment, home automation, home health care and home security and management. Wireless technologies are usually the preferred solution to cope with DH communications for their ease of installation and use. However, expected capacity demand and the lack of coordination between an increasing number of diverse wireless devices in use within the DH is seriously challenging the performance and usability of wireless technologies. This article outlines a novel technical solution intended to enhance capacity and quality of DH wireless communications. The proposed solution establishes a radio-independent coexistence framework where key operational radio settings of DH devices are coordinately determined, and new spectrum sources other than traditional ISM bands can be exploited for DH communications. The addressed solution enables a business player to offer management services for DH wireless communications so that ordinary users can be relieved of complex management tasks likely to arise within the DH. The article discusses how potential management service providers could benefit from the proposed solution. Besides, the functional architecture of the proposed solution together with the set of procedures necessary for the management of the DH wireless communications are outlined. A realistic indoor scenario is presented as an illustrative use case to show how proper decision making logic in managing the DH could improve the efficiency by selecting the most suitable spectrum for in-house wireless communications. Finally, the main implementation issues are identified and discussed in order to outline a feasible roadmap
The average complexity of depth-first search with backtracking and cutoff (1986)

This paper analyzes two algorithms for depth-first search of binary trees. The first algorithm uses a search strategy that terminates the search when a successful leaf is reached. The algorithm does not use internal cutoff to restrict the search space. If N is the depth of the tree, then the average number of nodes visited by the algorithm is as low as O(N) and as high as O(2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sup> ) depending only on the value of the probability parameter that characterizes the search. The second search algorithm uses backtracking with cutoff. A decision to cut off the search at a node eliminates the entire subtree below that node from further consideration. The surprising result for this algorithm is that the average number of nodes visited grows linearly in the depth of the tree, regardless of the cutoff probability. If the cutoff probability is high, then the search has a high probability of failing without examining much of the tree. If the cutoff probability is low, then the search has a high probability of succeeding on the leftmost path of the tree without performing extensive backtracking. This model sheds light on why some instances of NP-complete problems are solvable in practice with a low average complexity.
Free fatty acids regulate the uncoupling protein and alternative oxidase activities in plant mitochondria (1998)

Two energy-dissipating systems, an alternative oxidase and an uncoupling protein, are known to exist in plant mitochondria. In tomato fruit mitochondria linoleic acid, a substrate for the uncoupling protein, inhibited the alternative oxidase-sustained respiration and decreased the ADP/O ratio to the same value regardless of the level of alternative oxidase activity. Experiments with varying concentrations of linoleic acid have shown that inhibition of the alternative oxidase is more sensitive to the linoleic acid concentration than the uncoupling protein activation. It can be proposed that these dissipating systems work sequentially during the life of the plant cell, since a high level of free fatty acid-induced uncoupling protein activity excludes alternative oxidase activity.
Nano hexagonal boron nitride–Nafion composite membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (2014)

This study investigates the proton conductivity and characterization of nano hexagonal boron nitride–Nafion composite membranes. Proton conducting composite membranes are prepared by mixing Nafion and nano hexagonal boron nitride (NhBN) particles with 3, 5, 10, and 15% weight ratios. Particle size distribution analysis is made for BN nanoparticles and the homogeneity of the membranes is proved by SEM and AFM. FTIR confirms the interaction between NhBN and Nafion. Methanol permeation and water absorption tests are made and it shows that hydrophobic NhBN particles decrease the swelling property and methanol retention of the membranes. X‐ray investigation of the composites supports semi‐crystalline nature of the composite materials. At dry conditions, the maximum proton conductivity was measured as 0.005 S/cm at 150°C for NafBN10, which is much higher than the pure Nafion. The results confirm that boron nitride nanoparticles have high contribution on the proton transfer, which may be explained with the formation of hydrogen bonds between amine and hydroxyl groups of boron nitride and sulfonic acid groups of Nafion. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:422–428, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Acute ischemic stroke (2000)

The choice of intervention for acute ischemic stroke is dependent on a number of variables. The patient must be seen and evaluated within a limited temporal window, and treatment decisions must be made rapidly. This review discusses methods being used to improve patient and staff recognition of stroke, as well as the initial diagnostic study of an acute stroke patient. It then reviews parameters that may influence outcome, such as blood pressure, serum glucose, supplementary oxygenation, and temperature. The potential benefits and risks of thrombolysis, anticoagulation, and revascularization are discussed. Finally, treatments for severe ischemic strokes with malignant cerebral edema are reviewed, along with new techniques, including hypothermia and hemicraniectomy. Curr Opin Crit Care 2000, 6:77–84 © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Access, addressing and security in wireless packet networks (1996)

Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in rat hepatoma cell line serves as a simple and rapid method to detect minute (pg) amounts of certain classes of compounds, e.g., dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls. This method may provide a quick screen for such substances in extracts from foods prior to chemical identification. AHH activity is measured by conversion of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) to 3-hydroxy BP in homogenized cell extracts from control and treated cultures and is reported as pmol product formed/mg protein/min. Substances screened by this method include polyhalogenated analogs of dibenzo-p-dioxin (24 compounds), dibenzofuran (11 compounds), biphenyl (7 compounds), and extracts from several food sources. Response of the most reactive compound, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was used to prepare a standard curve, and the AHH activity induced by mole doses of test substance is reported as an ED50 response (the estimated dose needed to produce 50% maximum enzyme induction). The AHH activity induced by food extracts is equated to the standard curve and reported as TCDD equivalents. A potent ED50 response in cell culture appears to correlate well with known toxic responses in other mammalian and avian systems for certain test substances. This correlation suggests that the cell culture enzyme induction method is a useful model for screening food extracts that are suspected to be contaminated with polychlorinated planar substances. A collaborative study would demonstrate the reproducibility of the method.
Catalytic effects in the ammonolysis of vegetable oils (1971)

Abstract Catalysts for the ammonolysis of soybean oil are, in order of decreasing overall effectiveness, ammonium acetate, sodium methoxide, 9‐amino‐nonanoic acid, sodium soyate, ammonium nitrate, alanine, sodium acetate and glycerol. At 125 C, a reaction time of 1 hr and a 30:1 mole ratio of ammonia to ester, ammonium acetate achieved ammonolysis in 16%, 61% and 84% conversions at the respective concentrations of 0.0, 0.1 and 1.0 mole per mole ester groups. Conversion was 98% complete in 4 hr with 1.0 mole. The ammonolysis generally exhibited the expected first order kinetics up to about 80% reaction.
A 25 Gb/s(/km<sup>2</sup>) urban wireless network beyond IMT-advanced (2011)

In this article we present a survey on the technical challenges of future radio access networks beyond LTE-Advanced, which could offer very high average area throughput to support a huge demand for data traffic and high user density with energy-efficient operation. We highlight various potential enabling technologies and architectures to support the aggressive goal of average area throughput 25 Gb/s/km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in beyond IMT-Advanced systems. Specifically, we discuss the challenges and solutions from the controlling/ processing perspective, the radio resource management perspective, and the physical layer perspective for dense urban cell deployment. Using various advanced technologies such as interference mitigation techniques, MIMO, and cooperative communications as well as cross-layer self-organizing networks, we show that future urban wireless networks could potentially offer high-quality mobile services and offer an experience similar to the wired Internet.
Human Eye Mouse (2016)

The paper presents a novel idea to control computer mouse cursor movement with human eyes. In this paper, a

working of the product has been described as to how it helps the special people share their knowledge with the world. Number 

of traditional techniques such as Head and Eye Movement Tracking Systems etc. exist for cursor control by making use of 

image processing in which light is the primary source. Electro-oculography (EOG) is a new technology to sense eye signals 

with which IR combinational sensor are used to control the mouse cursor. The signals captured using sensors (electrode), are 

first amplified, then noise is removed and then digitized, before being transferred to PC for software interfacing. So it is 

successfully implemented and demonstrated. The final application consisted of: An eye controlled cursor providing control over 

left, right, up and down.