gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TTI Tomography for Dual-Azimuth Data in Gulf of Mexico (2008)

Over the past decade, the majority of deepwater blocks in the Gulf of Mexico have been covered multiple times with seismic data from narrow-azimuth, towed-streamer acquisition (NAZ). In complex subsalt areas, each NAZ dataset provides unique subsurface illumination benefits. Multiple-azimuth data are now frequently integrated to provide extended subsurface coverage and for better imaging of complex subsalt structures. Multiple-azimuth seismic data, with shot and receiver locations covering a large portion of the two dimensional surface, present a new challenge for deriving a single velocity model that satisfies both datasets. In exploration and development work in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico, there has been an increasing demand to incorporate anisotropy in prestack depth imaging workflows. Incorporating anisotropy improves image quality and well/seismic misties. While most pre-stack depth imaging involves vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) anisotropy, transverse isotropy with tilted symmetry axis (TTI) is generally overlooked. Shale layering near steeply-dipping salt flanks can cause TTI anisotropy issues. In such a case, ignoring the tilted symmetry of salt flank bedding causes image blurring and mispositioning of the salt flank structure. Velocity variation with azimuth is observed in an orthogonal dual-azimuth streamer dataset, as well as wide-azimuth data in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The paper presents a study to build a single TTI anisotropy model for pre-stack depth imaging of dual-azimuth data in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico to yield an anisotropy model that flattens gathers for all azimuths, as well as improves focusing and spatial positioning of steeply-dipping salt flanks.
One-step DNA Fragment Assembly and Circularization for Gene Cloning (2010)

This article describes a one-step procedure based on Taq polymerase for the precise assembly of DNA fragments into circular constructs as long as 6 kb. The only prior step needed was the amplification of the gene to be cloned and the linear vector backbone, and the whole process up to assembly and circularization lasted only 2 days, compared with the conventional method's 2 weeks. Furthermore, the final DNA construct was used to transform Escherichia coli directly without any further treatment. By circumventing the need for DNA ligase, our "Quick Assemble" method offers an improvement over the combination of long PCR and overlap extension PCR, and is expected to facilitate various kinds of complex genetic engineering projects that require precise in-frame assembly of multiple fragments, such as multiple site-directed mutagenesis and whole-DNA library gene shuffling, as well as the construction of new plasmids with any promoter, resistance gene marker, restriction site, or any DNA tag.
Complementation by SR Proteins of Pre-mRNA Splicing Reactions Depleted of U1 snRNP (1994)

Individual small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) U1, U2, and U4/U6 were removed from nuclear extracts of HeLa cells by antisense affinity depletion. Addition of a highly purified preparation of SR proteins fully restored splicing activity in reactions depleted of U1 snRNP but did not reconstitute splicing in reactions depleted of the other snRNPs. Affinity selection experiments revealed that spliceosomes lacking U1 snRNA formed in the U1 snRNP-depleted reactions reconstituted with SR proteins. Thus, high concentrations of SR proteins facilitate the assembly of precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) into a spliceosome in the absence of interactions with U1 snRNP.
Regulation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Functions by an Autocrine Loop Involving NAD <sup>+</sup> Release and P2Y11-Mediated Signaling (2010)

In several cell types, a regulated efflux of NAD(+) across Connexin 43 hemichannels (Cx43 HC) can occur, and extracellular NAD(+) (NAD(+)(e)) affects cell-specific functions. We studied the capability of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to release intracellular NAD(+) through Cx43 HC. NAD(+) efflux, quantified by a sensitive enzymatic cycling assay, was significantly upregulated by low extracellular Ca(2+) (5-6-fold), by shear stress (13-fold), and by inflammatory conditions (3.1- and 2.5-fold in cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or at 39°C, respectively), as compared with untreated cells, whereas it was downregulated in Cx43-siRNA-transfected MSC (by 53%) and by cell-to-cell contact (by 45%). Further, we show that NAD(+)(e) activates the purinergic receptor P2Y(11) and a cyclic adenosin monophosphate (cAMP)/cyclic ADP-ribose/[Ca(2+)](i) signaling cascade, involving the opening, unique to MSC, of L-type Ca(2+) channels. Extracellular NAD(+) enhanced nuclear translocation of cAMP/Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factors. Moreover, NAD(+), either extracellularly added or autocrinally released, resulted in stimulation of MSC functions, including proliferation, migration, release of prostaglandin E(2) and cytokines, and downregulation of T lymphocyte proliferation compared with controls. No detectable modifications of MSC markers and of adipocyte or osteocyte differentiation were induced by NAD(+)(e). Controls included Cx43-siRNA transfected and/or NAD(+)-glycohydrolase-treated MSC (autocrine effects), and NAD(+)-untreated or P2Y(11)-siRNA-transfected MSC (exogenous NAD(+)). These findings suggest a potential beneficial role of NAD(+)(e) in modulating MSC functions relevant to MSC-based cell therapies.
Influence of Uniformity on Energy Absorption Capabilities of Zinc Oxide Elements as Applied in Arresters (1983)

This paper describes electrical uniformity of the zinc oxide nonlinear resistor element (ZnO element) used for ZnO arresters. A simple and useful method for the uniformity evaluation makes use of thermography, obtained by an infrared radiation thermo-camera, of the metallized surface. Relationships between uniformity and energy absorption capabilities were obtained experimentally.
Ethyl Pyruvate Inhibits Retinal Pathogenic Neovascularization by Downregulating HMGB1 Expression (2013)

Retinal pathogenic angiogenesis in the eyes is a causative factor in retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. This study was designed to examine the pathogenic role of the high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein and the inhibitory effect of ethyl pyruvate (EP), a well-known antioxidant substance, in retinal pathogenic angiogenesis in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), one of the animal models of proliferative ischemic retinopathy. The OIR mouse model was used for our in vivo studies. The mice were exposed to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P11, after which the mice were brought to room air and intraperitoneally injected with EP (50 mg/kg, or 100 mg/kg) for five days. At P17, the mice were perfused with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, and flat-mounted retinas were used to measure nonperfused and neovascular tufts. In OIR mice, an intraperitoneal injection of EP reduced the nonperfused retinal area in the treatment group and significantly reduced the retinal neovascular tufts. In addition, EP inhibited the overexpression of HMGB1 in the retinas of OIR mice. These data suggest that EP could serve as an innovative pharmaceutical agent to prevent retinal neovascularization through inhibiting HMGB1 expression.
HEALING OF A CRITICAL-SIZED DEFECT IN THE RAT FEMUR WITH USE OF A VASCULARIZED PERIOSTEAL FLAP, A BIODEGRADABLE MATRIX, AND BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN (2005)

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the osseous healing of a critical-sized femoral defect in a rat model with use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), a matrix fabricated of D,D-L,L-polylactic and hyaluronan acid (OPLA-HY), and a vascularized periosteal flap. Methods: The carrier matrix OPLA-HY with or without rhBMP-2 was implanted in a 1-cm-long femoral defect and secured with a plate and screws. In some groups, a vascularized periosteal flap was harvested from the medial surface of the tibia. In group 1, the femoral defects in the animals were filled with the OPLA-HY matrix alone; in group 2, the OPLA-HY matrix was covered by the vascularized periosteal flap; in group 3, 20 μg of rhBMP-2 was added to the OPLA-HY matrix; and in group 4, the femoral defect containing the OPLA-HY matrix and 20 μg of rhBMP-2 was wrapped circumferentially by the vascularized periosteal flap. The presence and density of new bone formation in the femoral defect were evaluated radiographically, histologically, and with histomorphometry at four and eight weeks postoperatively. Results: Groups 1 and 2, which were not treated with rhBMP-2, showed no radiographic or histologic evidence of mature bone formation at four or eight weeks. Both groups 3 and 4, which were treated with rhBMP-2, demonstrated excellent bone formation. However, with the periosteal flap, group 4 demonstrated more bone formation on histomorphometric analysis at eight weeks (43.1%) than did group 3 (28.3%) (p < 0.01). Additionally, heterotopic bone formed outside the boundaries of the defect in eight of the fifteen animals in group 3, which had no periosteal flap. Conclusions: Bone-tissue engineering with use of the OPLA-HY matrix and rhBMP-2 produced good bone formation in the rat femoral defect model. However, the addition of a vascularized periosteal flap significantly increased bone formation within the boundaries of the defect and prevented heterotopic ossification. Clinical Relevance: This tissue-engineering technique may provide another option for reconstruction of segmental bone defects and chronic nonunions, especially those associated with a defective wound environment, as an alternative to conventional bone-grafting techniques.
Analysis of Saxitoxin from Urine Using Dynamic FAB/MS (1990)

Abstract : An improved method of saxitoxin analysis in urine using continuous Flow Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (CF/FAB/MS) was developed. Parameters studied were matrix composition, matrix flow rate, temperature of probe tip, probe tip design and sample extraction. Optimal detection was obtained using the following matrix composition: 5% glycerol, 0.5% acetic acid, 0.025% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.1% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and 0.5% PEG 300; probe tip temperature: (-55 C); flow rate: 5 or 8 microliter per min; probe tip: Olson-Hogge design. The STX standard was detected at 200 picograms with signal-to-noise ratio of 11. The percent recovery of saxitoxin from human urine after cleanup on a weak cation exchange (CBA Bond-Elut Analytichem Inter. Varian, Anaheim, CA) column was 75%.
Enantioselective Synthesis of <i>N</i>‐[(S)‐Ethoxycarbonyl‐3‐phenylpropyl]‐L‐alanyl‐L‐proline from Chiral Synthon Prepared Enzymatically; A Practical Method for Large‐Scale Synthesis (1991)

Abstract Efficient procedures have been developed for the stereospecific synthesis of Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, Enalapril. The starting material, ( R )‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylbutyronitrile, is prepared from lipase‐catalyzed acetylation. This process is useful for multigram‐scale synthesis.
Electric-field-induced refractive index changes in three-step asymmetric coupled quantum wells (1993)

A scheme for enhancing the refractive index change Δn in the wavelength region longer than that for an n=1 heavy-hole exciton peak, where the absorption coefficient α is small, is proposed and three-step GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells (QWs) are numerically analyzed as an example. The basis of this scheme is that an electric-field-dependent oscillator strength can be controlled by designing a QW structure which yields either positive or negative absorption change, Δα at all wavelengths, resulting in an increase in the Δn in the longer wavelength region and a reduction in the operating electric field. The numerical analysis predicts that the electric field for the three-step QW that yields a Δn of ∼10−2 is as small as 5–15 kV/cm which is about one order of magnitude smaller than that for a conventional square-potential QW. In addition, the Δn and the figure-of-merit, which is defined as Δn/α, are larger than those for the conventional QW in the longer wavelength region.
Chip-in-substrate package, CiSP, technology (2004)

The structure of chip-in-substrate package, CiSP, is shown. The thin chips (50/spl mu/m) are bonded on the organic substrate (BT) flatly. Subsequently, the chips are covered among the build-up dielectric layer, which can be either a RCC (resin coated copper) material or an organic dielectric material (ABF) by a lamination process. Via holes on the chip's I/O pad and substrate are drilled by laser. The interconnection between chip and substrate is created by Cu without bump. The main issue is focused on the interfaces among different materials. This shorter interconnection can match the demand for fast electrical response application. At the same time, the stresses simulation for the interfaces or each key location in a CiSP is also investigated to optimize the manufacturing processes.
Alterations in prostaglandin production in spontaneously hypertensive rat smooth muscle cells. (1993)

We have characterized angiotensin binding sites in cultured smooth muscle cells obtained from the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In both strains of rats the binding of 125I-angiotensin II (125I-Ang II) in smooth muscle cells was time dependent and reached a maximum at 60 minutes. Scatchard analysis revealed a single binding site in both strains with equilibrium constants (KD) of 5.35 nmol/L in SHR and 3.47 nmol/L in WKY rats. Binding capacities (Bmax) in smooth muscle cells averaged 270 and 150 fmol/mg protein in SHR and WKY rats, respectively. Angiotensin peptides competed for 125I-Ang II binding with an order of potency of Ang II > angiotensin-(1-7) = angiotensin I. In smooth muscle cells of the SHR, basal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2 [PGI2]) release were threefold and 15-fold lower than that found in WKY rat smooth muscle cells. Ang II as well as angiotensin-(1-7) stimulated PGE2 and PGI2 release in WKY rat smooth muscle cells. In smooth muscle cells from SHR, Ang II increased the production of both PGE2 and PGI2, whereas angiotensin-(1-7) enhanced only PGE2 but not PGI2 release. There was no significant difference between Ang II-stimulated PGE2 and PGI2 release or angiotensin-(1-7)-stimulated PGE2 production in SHR and WKY rat smooth muscle cells. However, angiotensin-(1-7)-stimulated PGI2 release was significantly lower (p < 0.0005) in SHR compared with WKY smooth muscle cells. Collectively, the data suggest that smooth muscle cells of SHR contain a higher number of angiotensin binding sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Films Prepared from Electrosterically Stabilized Nanocrystalline Cellulose (2012)

Electrosterically stabilized nanocrystalline cellulose (ENCC) was modified in three ways: (1) the hydroxyl groups on C2 and C3 of glucose repeat units of ENCC were converted to aldehyde groups by periodate oxidation to various extents; (2) the carboxyl groups in the sodium form on ENCC were converted to the acid form by treating them with an acid-type ion-exchange resin; and (3) ENCC was cross-linked in two different ways by employing adipic dihydrazide as a cross-linker and water-soluble 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylaminopropyl)] carbodiimide as a carboxyl-activating agent. Films were prepared from these modified ENCC suspensions by vacuum filtration. The effects of these three modifications on the properties of films were investigated by a variety of techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, a tensile test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and contact angle (CA) studies. On the basis of the results from UV spectra, the transmittance of these films was as high as 87%, which shows them to be highly transparent. The tensile strength of these films was increased with increasing aldehyde content. From TGA and WVTR experiments, cross-linked films showed much higher thermal stability and lower water permeability. Furthermore, although the original cellulose is hydrophilic, these films also exhibited a certain hydrophobic behavior. Films treated by trichloromethylsilane become superhydrophobic. The unique characteristics of these transparent films are very promising for potential applications in flexible packaging and other high-technology products.
Tripartite motif 8 (TRIM8) modulates TNFα- and IL-1β–triggered NF-κB activation by targeting TAK1 for K63-linked polyubiquitination (2011)

The tripartite motif (TRIM)-containing proteins are a family of proteins that have been known to be involved in divergent biological processes, including important roles in immune responses through regulating various signaling pathways. In this study, we identified a member of the TRIM family, TRIM8, as a positive regulator of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-triggered NF-κB activation. Overexpression of TRIM8 activated NF-κB and potentiated TNFα- and IL-1β-induced activation of NF-κB, whereas knockdown of TRIM8 had opposite effects. Coimmunoprecipitations indicated that TRIM8 interacted with TGFβ activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a serine/threonine kinase essential for TNFα- and IL-β-induced NF-κB activation. Furthermore, we found that TRIM8 mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination of TAK1 triggered by TNFα and IL-1β. Our findings demonstrate that TRIM8 serves as a critical regulator of TNFα- and IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation by mediating K63-linked polyubiquitination of TAK1.
How Auto-Encoders Could Provide Credit Assignment in Deep Networks via Target Propagation (2014)

We propose to exploit {\em reconstruction} as a layer-local training signal for deep learning. Reconstructions can be propagated in a form of target propagation playing a role similar to back-propagation but helping to reduce the reliance on derivatives in order to perform credit assignment across many levels of possibly strong non-linearities (which is difficult for back-propagation). A regularized auto-encoder tends produce a reconstruction that is a more likely version of its input, i.e., a small move in the direction of higher likelihood. By generalizing gradients, target propagation may also allow to train deep networks with discrete hidden units. If the auto-encoder takes both a representation of input and target (or of any side information) in input, then its reconstruction of input representation provides a target towards a representation that is more likely, conditioned on all the side information. A deep auto-encoder decoding path generalizes gradient propagation in a learned way that can could thus handle not just infinitesimal changes but larger, discrete changes, hopefully allowing credit assignment through a long chain of non-linear operations. In addition to each layer being a good auto-encoder, the encoder also learns to please the upper layers by transforming the data into a space where it is easier to model by them, flattening manifolds and disentangling factors. The motivations and theoretical justifications for this approach are laid down in this paper, along with conjectures that will have to be verified either mathematically or experimentally, including a hypothesis stating that such auto-encoder mediated target propagation could play in brains the role of credit assignment through many non-linear, noisy and discrete transformations.
The correction of Lens distortion based on Image division using Artificial Neural Network (2009)

Lens distortion is inevitable phenomenon in machine vision system. More and more distortion phenomenon is occurring in order to choice of lens for minimizing cost and system size. As shown above, correction of lens distortion is critical issue. However previous lens correction methods using camera model have problem such as nonlinear property and complicated operation. And recent lens correction methods using neural network also have accuracy and efficiency problem. In this study, I propose new algorithms for correction of lens distortion. Distorted image is divided based on the distortion quantity using k-means. And each divided image region is corrected by using neural network. As a result, the proposed algorithms have better accuracy than previous methods without image division.
Subword and Spatiotemporal Models for Identifying Actionable Information in Haitian Kreyol (2011)

Crisis-affected populations are often able to maintain digital communications but in a sudden-onset crisis any aid organizations will have the least free resources to process such communications. Information that aid agencies can actually act on, ‘actionable ’ information, will be sparse so there is great potential to (semi)automatically identify actionable communications. However, there are hurdles as the languages spoken will often be underresourced, have orthographic variation, and the precise definition of ‘actionable ’ will be response-specific and evolving. We present a novel system that addresses this, drawing on 40,000 emergency text messages sent in Haiti following the January 12, 2010 earthquake, predominantly in Haitian Kreyol. We show that keyword/ngram-based models using streaming MaxEnt achieve up to F=0.21 accuracy. Further, we find current state-ofthe-art subword models increase this substantially to F=0.33 accuracy, while modeling the spatial, temporal, topic and source contexts of the messages can increase this to a very accurate F=0.86 over direct text messages and F=0.90-0.97 over social media, making it a viable strategy for message prioritization. 1
Reduction of the PtGe/Ge Electron Schottky-Barrier Height by Rapid Thermal Diffusion of Phosphorous Dopants (2010)

The electron Schottky-barrier height (SBH) of platinum germanide diodes on germanium (PtGe/Ge) is tuned by means of incorporation of phosphorous dopants from a spin-on-dopant resist. Thereby a highly doped surface layer on Ge substrates is formed in a rapid thermal diffusion process before the formation of PtGe. Applying a diffusion process of the P atoms at temperatures above , an ohmic contact behavior is found for the originally Schottky-type barrier diodes and evidence is given for a lowered electron SBH. The contacts exhibit barrier heights to electrons as low as . In contrast, increased barrier heights for holes of are found. The results of the electrical characterization are further supported by time of flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry measurements where a pileup of P dopants at the PtGe to Ge interface region is observed. In summary, a damage-free process scheme for the reduction in the electron SBHs in PtGe/Ge diodes is given. The presented approach can pave the way to ohmic-type n-contacts to germanium and is applicable to planar as well as three-dimensional device structures.
Martian deltas: Morphology and distribution (1993)

Recent detailed mapping has revealed numerous examples of Martian deltas. The location and morphology of these deltas are described. Factors that contribute to delta morphology are river regime, coastal processes, structural stability, and climate. The largest delta systems on Mars are located near the mouths of Maja, Maumee, Vedra, Ma'adim, Kasei, and Brazos Valles. There are also several smaller-scale deltas emplaced near channel mouths situated in Ismenius Lacus, Memnonia, and Arabia. Delta morphology was used to reconstruct type, quantity, and sediment load size transported by the debouching channel systems. Methods initially developed for terrestrial systems were used to gain information on the relationships between Martian delta morphology, river regime, and coastal processes.