gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of selenium compounds on induction of DNA damage by broadband ultraviolet radiation in human keratinocytes (2003)

Background Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), a ubiquitous environmental genotoxin for the skin, produces DNA damage. The trace element selenium induces synthesis of the glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase enzyme families. These selenoenzymes detoxify a range of toxic compounds generated by free radicals. Objectives To assess the effects of pretreatment of primary human keratinocytes with selenium on UVR-induced DNA damage. Methods Cells were irradiated with UVR from FS-20 lamps and were subjected to comet assay. Results Comet tail length due to UVR-induced T4 endonuclease V-sensitive sites (caused by cyclopyrimidine dimers, CPDs) increased to 35 +/- 4.5 microm (mean +/- SD) immediately after irradiation (time 0 h, 100%). After 4 h, 68% of the damage remained and after 24 h, 23% of the damage was still present. Treatment with up to 200 nmol L-1 selenomethionine or 50 nmol L-1 sodium selenite had no effect on CPD formation or rates of repair, or on the number of excision repair sites as measured by cytosine arabino furanoside and hydroxyurea treatment. However, selenite and selenomethionine protected against oxidative damage to DNA as measured by formation of formamidopyrimidine (FaPy) glycosylase-sensitive sites, which are indicative of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine photoproduct formation. In this assay, irradiation of keratinocytes increased mean +/- SD glycosylase-specific comet tail length from 5 +/- 1.5 microm to 19 +/- 3.3 microm. Preincubation for 18 h with 50 nmol L-1 selenite abolished the UVR-induced increase in comet length. Preincubation with 200 nmol L-1 selenomethionine was similarly protective. Conclusions Selenite and selenomethionine protect keratinocytes from UVR-induced oxidative damage, but not from formation of UVR-induced excision repair sites.
A survey of variation techniques for repetitive games music (2012)

How much time will a player spend in an interactive scene? For the majority of game scenarios this is impossible to predict. Therefore, their musical accompaniment is usually disposed to continuously loop until player interaction triggers a change. This approach involves an existential danger: Sooner or later the player becomes aware of the repetitive character of the ambience design; the game scenario emerges as a mere mechanical arrangement and loses much of its integrity.
Screening for Hearing Loss and Middle-Ear Disorders in Children Using TEOAEs (2000)

The purpose of this research was to obtain the sensitivity and specificity of transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) screening procedures compared with conventional audiometric pure-tone screening and tympanometry. Pass/refer values were obtained from a group of 297 ears of 152 preschool and school-aged children, 3 to 8 years of age. The sensitivity and specificity of the TEOAE screenings compared with the pure-tone screenings were 81% and 95%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of TEOAE screenings compared with tympanometric screenings were 60% and 91%, respectively.
A little more group theory (1995)

Let G be a finite group. Let p be a prime. Assume that #G = p b · m where (p, m) = 1.
INTRACELLULAR OSMOREGULATION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE DURING SALINITY ADAPTATION IN TWO SPECIES OF TOADS (1965)

1. A detailed study of intracellular osmoregulation in skeletal muscles has been carried out in two species of toads, Bufo viridis and Bufo boreas, adapted to various external salinities between fresh water and 50% sea water (salinity 16%‰).2. Both species are osmoconformers, changes in plasma osmotic concentrations being due almost entirely to changes in NaCl concentrations. Muscle dry weight, however, is more stable, increasing by less than 35% in both forms in the face of osmotic concentration increases of 80-135% in the plasma. Muscle extracellular volume (inulin space) is constant, independent of changes in plasma concentration.3. Relative stability of muscle hydration is due to accumulation of intracellular solutes. Changes in intracellular osmotic concentration are broadly partitioned: 47% inorganic ions (Cl, Na, K), 33% free amino acids and related compounds, 20% urea in B. viridis; 43% inorganic ions, 40% free amino acids and related compounds, 17% urea in B. boreas. Free carbohydrates appear to be virtually absent.4. Increases in intracellular free amino acids and related compounds involve different substances in the two species. B. viridis accumulates primarily taurine, glycine and alanine. B. boreas accumulates primarily taurine, glutamic acid and carnosine. Intracellular urea concentrations seem always to be significantly higher than plasma concentrations.5. Uncertainties in the data, related primarily to lack of knowledge of the physical state of intracellular solutes, are discussed. Various implications of the results are considered.
Inhibition of α-Chymotrypsin with an Enzyme-Activated N-Nitrosoamide: Active-Site Labeling by the Naphthylmethyl Cation (1995)

alpha-Chymotrypsin was irreversibly inhibited with an enzyme-activated N-nitrosamide inhibitor, N-nitroso-N-(1-naphthylmethyl)-N'-isobutyrylalanine; alkylation of the active-site residues by the naphthylmethyl cation produced in the enzymatic reaction occurred. The inhibited enzyme was reduced and aminoethylated and then subjected to tryptic and chymotryptic digestion. Separation of the digest by reversed-phase HPLC revealed one major new peak relative to that of a control run from the native enzyme. Subsequent amino acid analysis and sequencing along with fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry measurements indicated that this new peak stemmed from an active-site peptide, Met-192-Leu-199, and that the naphthylmethyl label was attached to the side-chain oxygen of Ser-195. The general approach employed can be applied to labeling active sites of a variety of hydrolytic enzymes.
Corner- versus face-sharing octahedra in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Mn</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>perovskites (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, Sr, and Ba) (2007)

The electronic structure of the series of perovskites $A\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ $(A=\mathrm{Ca},\mathrm{Sr},\mathrm{Ba})$ is examined with the aid of density-functional calculations. A range of possible crystal structures is examined for each compound, and in each case the calculated lowest-energy structure is that observed at low temperature. The factors that control the variation in structure with the alkaline-earth ion ${A}^{2+}$ are discussed. $\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ consists of corner-sharing octahedra but is orthorhombically distorted consistent with ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ being too small for the 12-fold site within a perfect cubic $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ polyhedral framework. When the size of the alkaline-earth cation increases, a transformation from corner-sharing to face-sharing octahedra is induced since the alkaline-earth cation now becomes too large for the 12-fold site. While $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at $0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ has the four-layered hexagonal ($4H$) structure with corner-sharing ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ dimers, $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at $0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ adopts the two-layered hexagonal $(2H)$ structure with infinite chains of face-sharing octahedra. The Mn charge is much lower than the conventional ionic model charge due to Mn-O covalence, and this reduces the Mn-Mn repulsion and favors sharing of the octahedral faces. We see no evidence for direct Mn-Mn metal bonding which has often been invoked to rationalize the adoption of this type of structure. We also discuss the atomistic origins of acid-base stabilization of ternary oxides from their binary constituents. A link between cation size and acid-base properties is suggested for $A\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Identification of aberrant circulating mi<scp>RNA</scp>s in Parkinson's disease plasma samples (2018)

The high sensitivity and specificity of the circulating miRNAs may enable early diagnosis of PD. The study provides a group of novel miRNA candidates for detecting PD.
Differential Expression of Synaptophysin and Synaptoporin During Pre‐ and Postnatal Development of the Rat Hippocampal Network (1994)

The closely related synaptic vesicle membrane proteins synaptophysin and synaptoporin are abundant in the hippocampal formation of the adult rat. But the prenatal hippocampal formation contains only synaptophysin, which is first detected at embryonic day 17 (E17) in perikarya and axons of the pyramidal neurons. At E21 synaptophysin immunoreactivity extends into the apical dendrites of these cells and in newly formed terminals contacting these dendrites. The transient presence of synaptophysin in axons and dendrites suggests a functional involvement of synaptophysin in fibre outgrowth of developing pyramidal neurons. Synaptoporin expression parallels the formation of dentate granule cell synaptic contacts with pyramidal neurons: the amount of hippocampal synaptoporin, determined in immunoblots and by synaptoporin immunostaining of developing mossy fibre terminals; increases during the first postnatal week. Moreover, in the adult, synaptoporin is found exclusively in the mossy fibre terminals present in the hilar region of the dentate gyrus and the regio inferior of the cornu ammonis. In contrast, synaptophysin is present in all synaptic fields of the hippocampal formation, including the mossy fibre terminals, where it colocalizes with synaptoporin in the same boutons. Our data indicate that granule neuron terminals differ from all other terminals of the hippocampal formation by the presence of both synaptoporin and synaptophysin. This difference, observed in the earliest synaptic contacts in the postnatal hippocampus and persisting into adult life, suggests distinct functions of synaptoporin in these nerve terminals.
Pharmacology of hirudin: one hundred years after the first report of the anticoagulant agent in medicinal leeches. (1985)

One hundred years after its discovery hirudin, the selective thrombin inhibitor from medicinal leeches, has been brought into the focus of interest again. Advanced methods of peptide isolation and gene technology are expected to provide the opportunity to obtain pure hirudin in sufficient yield for therapeutic uses. Therefore, the present state of knowledge of this naturally occurring anticoagulant is reported.
Tunable, Broadband Nonlinear Nanomechanical Resonator (2010)

A nanomechanical resonator incorporating intrinsically geometric nonlinearity and operated in a highly nonlinear regime is modeled and developed. The nanoresonator is capable of extreme broadband resonance, with tunable resonance bandwidth up to many times its natural frequency. Its resonance bandwidth and drop frequency (the upper jump-down frequency) are found to be very sensitive to added mass and energy dissipation due to damping. We demonstrate a prototype nonlinear mechanical nanoresonator integrating a doubly clamped carbon nanotube and show its broadband resonance over tens of MHz (over 3 times its natural resonance frequency) and its sensitivity to femtogram added mass at room temperature.
Interaction of Network Design and Fiber Optic Component Design in Local Area Networks (1983)

This paper discusses some of the system issues that impact the design of fiber optic components intended for use in local area networks. How fiber optics technology affects system level decisions such as topology and system synchronization is also discussed. Finally, some of the key contributions of fiber optics in local network applications as well as areas for further contribution are presented.
Modulation of Alternative Splicing with Chemical Compounds in New Therapeutics for Human Diseases (2015)

Alternative splicing is a critical step where a limited number of human genes generate a complex and diverse proteome. Various diseases, including inherited diseases with abnormalities in the "genome code," have been found to result in an aberrant mis-spliced "transcript code" with correlation to the resulting phenotype. Chemical compound-based and nucleic acid-based strategies are trying to target this mis-spliced "transcript code". We will briefly mention about how to obtain splicing-modifying-compounds by high-throughput screening and overview of what is known about compounds that modify splicing pathways. The main focus will be on RNA-binding protein kinase inhibitors. In the main text, we will refer to diseases where splicing-modifying-compounds have been intensively investigated, with comparison to nucleic acid-based strategies. The information on their involvement in mis-splicing as well as nonsplicing events will be helpful in finding better compounds with less off-target effects for future implications in mis-splicing therapy.
Functional Heterogeneity in Cingulate Cortex: The Anterior Executive and Posterior Evaluative Regions (1992)

The cingulate gyrus is a major part of the "anatomical limbic system" and, according to classic accounts, is involved in emotion. This view is oversimplified in light of recent clinical and experimental findings that cingulate cortex participates not only in emotion but also in sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. Anterior cingulate cortex, consisting of areas 25 and 24, has been implicated in visceromotor, skeletomotor, and endocrine outflow. These processes include responses to painful stimuli, maternal behavior, vocalization, and attention to action. Since all of these activities have an affective component, it is likely that connections with the amygdala are critical for them. In contrast, posterior cingulate cortex, consisting of areas 29, 30, 23, and 31, contains neurons that monitor eye movements and respond to sensory stimuli. Ablation studies suggest that this region is involved in spatial orientation and memory. It is likely that connections between posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortices contribute to these processes. We conclude that there is a fundamental dichotomy between the functions of anterior and posterior cingulate cortices. The anterior cortex subserves primarily executive functions related to the emotional control of visceral, skeletal, and endocrine outflow. The posterior cortex subserves evaluative functions such as monitoring sensory events and the organism's own behavior in the service of spatial orientation and memory.
Comparison of live human neutrophil and alveolar macrophage elastolytic activity in vitro. Relative resistance of macrophage elastolytic activity to serum and alveolar proteinase inhibitors. (1984)

Elastin is an extracellular matrix protein critical to the normal structure and function of human lung. Recently reported data indicate that live human alveolar macrophages can degrade purified elastin in vitro. In this study, we directly compared the elastolytic activity of alveolar macrophages with that of human neutrophils. In the absence of proteinase inhibitors, human neutrophils degrade much more elastin than do human alveolar macrophages. However, macrophages cultured in 10% human serum and in contact with purified 3H-elastin degraded 4.7 micrograms elastin/10(6) cells per 24 h, as compared to less than 1 microgram/10(6) cells/24 h for neutrophils. We observed a similar pattern when the two cells were cultured in human alveolar fluid. We determined that the relative resistance of macrophage elastolytic activity to serum or alveolar proteinase inhibitors was not simply due to phagocytosis of substrate by the larger macrophages. Live macrophages as well as neutrophils degrade 125I-elastin coupled to noningestible sepharose beads. Again in serum-free media, neutrophils degraded eight-fold more elastin than macrophages but only macrophages degraded sepharose-coupled elastin in the presence of 10% serum. Because of these findings, we compared the enzymatic mechanisms of elastin breakdown by macrophages with that of neutrophils. Macrophage elastolytic activity is largely (65-80%) due to a cysteine proteinase(s), at least part of which is Cathepsin B. Approximately half of the cysteine proteinase activity appeared to be expressed at or near the cell surface. These experiments defined two enzymatically distinct pathways of elastin breakdown by human inflammatory cells: the classic, neutrophil derived soluble elastase(s) that is sensitive to serum and alveolar proteinase inhibitors, and a macrophage-mediated pathway that is largely cell associated and relatively resistant to inhibitors. The function of the two pathways depends on the relative excess or deficiency of soluble inhibitors. At inflammatory sites rich in proteinase inhibitors, tissue macrophages may degrade more extracellular matrix elastin than neutrophils. In smokers without antiproteinase deficiency, pulmonary macrophages, which are known to be increased in number, may be the more important cause of elastin breakdown and emphysema.
Ticlopidine decreases the <i>in vivo</i> activity of CYP2C19 as measured by omeprazole metabolism (1999)

These findings suggest that ticlopidine inhibited the in vivo activity of CYP2C19, but not, or to a lesser extent CYP3 A4, and that the magnitude of inhibition by ticlopidine is related to the in vivo activity of CYP2C19 before inhibition.
Nucleosides. 118. Total syntheses of pentopyranine B and D. Cytosine nucleosides elaborated by <i>Streptomyces griseochromogenes</i> (1981)

Pentopyranine B and D, pentopyranosylcytosine nucleosides elaborated by Streptomyces griseochromogenes, have been synthesized from the common intermediate, methyl 4-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-3-iodo-β-D-xylopyranoside (1). The synthetic products, l-(2,3-dideoxy-β-D-glyceropentopyranosyl)cytosine (18) and l-(3-deoxy-β-D-erythropentopyranosyl)cytosine (7) were identical with the natural products, pentopyranine B and D, respectively.
The molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis: a new approach to cardiovascular diseases. (2001)

Although the role of new blood vessel formation in cancer and its development have been well documented, the strategy to manipulate angiogenesis in order to restore blood flow in the ischemic myocardium, a novel form of therapy currently undergoing clinical trials, has received less attention. Recent advances in our understanding of the stimuli and of the control mechanisms regulating the development of new blood vessels in coronary heart disease have led to an improved picture of the compensatory healing process that accompanies myocardial ischemia and infarction. However, we have to remind that, together with life- and tissue-saving effects, the angiogenetic process might alter the natural course of the consequences and organ manifestation of arterial diseases as in the atherosclerotic plaque. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the molecular mechanisms involved in the angiogenetic process. Angiogenesis during ontogenesis, neoangiogenesis (adult new vessel formation), arteriogenesis and the related regulators will be analyzed. Moreover, the role of neoangiogenesis in plaque development and instability will be discussed. Due to the introductory nature of this review and the large number of studies on neovascularization in ischemic limbs this topic has been omitted.
Fibre Channel: a connection to the future (1995)

With commodity microprocessors on the horizon capable of processing hundreds of MIPS, current transmission rates cannot accommodate "Amdahl's Law"-where 1 Mbps of I/O is required for every MIPS of processing power-and will become a bottleneck to system performance in data-intensive applications. To remedy this shortcoming, ANSI Committee X3T11 initiated development of Fibre Channel, a switched protocol capable of transmitting at rates exceeding 1 Gbps, while still supporting existing protocols over both optical fiber and copper cables. Fibre Channel combines the best attributes of legacy channels and networks into a single standard that is a generic transport mechanism for data, voice and video. It is the key to scientific and business applications implemented in open and distributed architectures, because it removes the barriers to performance presented by the old methods of data communications. Fibre Channel introduces the high-performance, easy-to use, low-cost communications required by a new breed of processors and applications. Available today are new high-speed, scalable links to storage; high-performance networks enabling clusters, backbones, imaging, and visualization; and low-cost arbitrated loops providing efficient peripheral I/O.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Narrow Trackwidth Recording with a Single-Pole Head. (2000)

We investigated the writing properties of a single-pole head with a narrow trackwidth for high-track-density recording. We fabricated a single-pole head whose main pole was made from Fe-Si-N film having a high Bs of 1.9 T. The head was trimmed into a narrow trackwidth by using a focused ion beam system. The write properties of the head were evaluated by using a double-layered medium for perpendicular magnetic recording. Narrow trackwidth recording with a high resolution was demonstrated for trackwidths as narrow as 0.3 μm Furthermore, a significant reduction in the occurrence of reversed domain numbers was observed at low recording densities for the 0.3-μm-wide track, though the medium exhibited a low squareness ratio. This may be caused by the reduced demagnetizing field in the recorded track.
Patient‐specific quantification of image quality: An automated technique for measuring the distribution of organ Hounsfield units in clinical chest <scp>CT</scp> images (2017)

Patient-specific organ HUs can be measured from clinical datasets. The algorithm that was developed can be run on both contrast-enhanced and non-contrast-enhanced clinical datasets. The method can be applied to automatically extract image HU-contrast characteristics of clinical CT images, not captured in phantom data, whereby enabling quantification and optimization of image quality and contrast administration.
24-hour network performance management system (2002)

The 24-hour network performance management system (24NPMS) is a conceptual system proposed by the Network Management Automation/Integration Working Group (NMA/IWG) convened by the Space and Terrestrial Communications Directorate (S&TCD). 24NPMS will incorporate new traffic/propagation-prediction tools with existing tactical network management concepts and planned upgrades to provide the communications systems manager unprecedented real-time insight into anticipated performance of the networks, and replan accordingly. The effects of rain and multipath fading on the planning and management of tactical communications networks are incorporated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>