gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and Expression of the ATFa Gene (1996)

The human ATFa proteins belong to the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors. We have previously shown that they mediate the transcriptional activation by the largest E1a protein and can heterodimerize with members of the Jun/Fos family. ATFa proteins have also been found tightly associated with JNK2, a stress-activated kinase. We now report on the structure of the ATFa gene, which mapped to chromosome 12 (band 12q13). Sequence analysis revealed that ATFa isoforms are generated by alternative splice donor site usage. A minimal promoter region of approximately 200 base pairs was identified that retained nearly full transcriptional activity. Binding sites for potential transcription factors were delineated within a GC-rich segment by DNase I footprinting. Expression studies revealed that ATFa accumulates in the nuclei of transfected cells, and the nuclear localization signal was defined next to the leucine zipper domain. As revealed by hybridization with mouse ATFa sequences, low levels of ATFa mRNAs were ubiquitously distributed in fetal or adult mice, with enhanced expression in particular tissues, like squamous epithelia and specific brain cell layers. The possible significance of coexpression of ATFa, ATF-2, and Jun at similar sites in the brain is discussed.
Texture Level of Detail Strategies for Real-Time Ray Tracing (2019)

Unlike rasterization, where one can rely on pixel quad partial derivatives, an alternative approach must be taken for filtered texturing during ray tracing. We describe two methods for computing texture level of detail for ray tracing. The first approach uses ray differentials, which is a general solution that gives high-quality results. It is rather expensive in terms of computations and ray storage, however. The second method builds on ray cone tracing and uses a single trilinear lookup, a small amount of ray storage, and fewer computations than ray differentials. We explain how ray differentials can be implemented within DirectX Raytracing (DXR) and how to combine them with a G-buffer pass for primary visibility. We present a new method to compute barycentric differentials. In addition, we give previously unpublished details about ray cones and provide a thorough comparison with bilinearly filtered mip level 0, which we consider as a base method.
An Atomic Clock with 10 <sup>–18</sup> Instability (2013)

Atomic clocks have been instrumental in science and technology, leading to innovations such as global positioning, advanced communications, and tests of fundamental constant variation. Timekeeping precision at 1 part in 10(18) enables new timing applications in relativistic geodesy, enhanced Earth- and space-based navigation and telescopy, and new tests of physics beyond the standard model. Here, we describe the development and operation of two optical lattice clocks, both using spin-polarized, ultracold atomic ytterbium. A measurement comparing these systems demonstrates an unprecedented atomic clock instability of 1.6 × 10(-18) after only 7 hours of averaging.
KIO<sub>3</sub>‐Catalyzed Domino C(sp<sup>2</sup>)−H Bond Sulfenylation and C−N Bond Oxygenation of Enaminones toward the Synthesis of 3‐Sulfenylated Chromones (2016)

Abstract With 2‐hydroxyphenyl‐functionalized enaminones and thiophenols as the starting materials, the facile synthesis of 3‐sulfenylated chromones has been realized through a KIO 3 ‐catalyzed domino reaction of C−H sulfenylation and subsequent C−N‐cleavage‐based C−O bond formation. The reaction was performed under transition‐metal‐free conditions in ethyl lactate, a bioavailable ecofriendly medium.
Influences on Flexor Tendon Rehabilitation (1998)

There have been many changes of thought regarding flexor tendon surgery and therapy during the last 80 years, most of them in the last 20 years. These changes have led and will continue to lead to the development of fewer ruptures and better results when these injuries are treated by experienced surgeons and therapists. We, as therapists, need to be aware of the preferred method of rehabilitation in our units.
An X-Ray Study of the Proportion of Crystalline and Amorphous Components in Stretched Rubber (1941)

A method is described for obtaining a quantitative measure of crystalline hydrocarbon present in stretched rubber samples by comparing the intensities of the diffraction spots and the amorphous halo appearing in the x-ray diagrams. This method has been applied in studying the crystallinity of stretched vulcanized rubber as it is affected by different vulcanization accelerators, and variations in extension, temperature and cure. To illustrate a connection between the physical performance of a rubber vulcanizate and its degree of crystallization, measurements were made on the relation of crystallinity to creep when the rubber was stretched to different initial elongations under constant loads. The creep as a function of the elongation has a maximum value at the same intermediate elongation for which crystallization becomes appreciable. At higher elongations, the increased crystallinity results in a diminution of the creep. The ultimate strength and extensibility generally associated with stretched vulcanized rubber is the result of the combined effect of the primary valence cross-linkages formed by vulcanization and the formation of crystallites caused by stretching. Crystallization is an important factor in maintaining the relatively high strengths of vulcanizates having a greater range of extensibilities. In general, the physical properties and performance of vulcanized rubber is related to the amount of crystalline material formed upon stretching, which of course depends upon the structural characteristics of the vulcanizate.
Hepatitis C-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma (1993)

The prevalence of HCV seropositivity in HCC is substantial and virtually comparable with HBV. Hepatocellular carcinoma is usually associated with chronic liver disease, which may be required for tumor transformation. Both HCV and HBV may function independently in the pathogenesis of HCC.
Confronting the Youth Population Boom (2001)

The number of sixteen- to twenty-four-year-olds is about to boom again in America. Will there be jobs for them? The authors comprehensively analyze the prospects.
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors in experimental gene therapy. (2005)

In the majority of potential applications gene therapy will require an effective transfer of a transgene in vivo resulting in high-level and long-term transgene expression, all in the absence of significant toxicity or inflammatory responses. The most efficient vehicles for delivery of foreign genes to the target tissues are modified adenoviruses. Adenoviral vectors of the first generation, despite the high infection efficacy, have an essential drawback: they induce strong immune response, which leads to short term expression of the transgene, and limits their usefulness in clinical trials. In contrast, helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HdAd) lacking all viral coding sequences display only minimal immunogenicity and negligible side-effects, allowing for long-term transgene expression. Thus, HdAd vehicles have become the carrier of choice for adenoviral vector-mediated experimental gene therapy, effectively used in animal models for delivery of transgenes into the liver, skeletal muscle, myocardium or brain. Strong and long-lasting expression of therapeutic genes has allowed for successful treatment of dyslipidemias, muscular dystrophy, obesity, hemophilia, and diabetes. Additionally, the large cloning capacity of HdAd, up to 37 kb, facilitates the use of physiologically regulated, endogenous promoters, instead of artificial viral promoter sequences. This enables also generation of the single vectors expressing multiple genes, which can be potentially useful for treatment of polygenic diseases. In this review we characterize the basic features of HdAd vectors and describe some of their experimental and potential clinical applications.
Interleukin-21 combined with PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockade enhances antitumor immunity in mouse tumor models (2017)

Recent advances in cancer treatment with checkpoint blockade of receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 have demonstrated that combinations of agents with complementary immunomodulatory effects have the potential to enhance antitumor activity as compared to single agents. We investigated the efficacy of immune-modulatory interleukin-21 (IL-21) combined with checkpoint blockade in several syngeneic mouse tumor models. After tumor establishment, mice were administered recombinant mouse IL-21 (mIL-21) alone or in combination with blocking monoclonal antibodies against mouse PD-1 or CTLA-4. In contrast to monotherapy, IL-21 enhanced antitumor activity of mCTLA-4 mAb in four models and anti-PD-1 mAb in two models, with evidence of synergy for one or both of the combination treatments in the EMT-6 and MC38 models. The enhanced efficacy was associated with increased intratumoral CD8+ T cell infiltrates, CD8+ T cell proliferation, and increased effector memory T cells, along with decreased frequency of central memory CD8+ T cells. In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells abolished the antitumor activities observed for both combination and monotherapy treatments, further supporting a beneficial role for CD8+ T cells. In all studies, the combination therapies were well tolerated. These results support the hypothesis that the combination of recombinant human IL-21 with CTLA-4 or PD-1 monoclonal antibodies could lead to improved outcomes in cancer patients.
High efficiency of site-directed mutagenesis mediated by a single PCR product (1997)

We describe a highly efficient procedure for site-specific mutagenesis of double-stranded plasmids. The method relies on a single PCR primer which incorporates both the mutations at the selection site and the desired single base substitutions at the mutant site. This primer is annealed to the denatured plasmid and directs the synthesis of the mutant strand. After digestion with selection enzyme, the plasmid DNA is amplified into Escherichia coli strain BMH71-18 and subjected to a second digestion and amplification into the bacterial strain DH5alpha. A mutagenesis efficiency >80% was consistently achieved in the case of two unrelated plasmids.
Activities of Linezolid against Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria (2001)

Linezolid is an oxazolidinone available as an oral drug which has activity against most gram-positive bacteria. However, few species of the genus Mycobacterium have been studied. We tested 249 clinical isolates and 10 reference strains of rapidly growing mycobacteria for susceptibility to linezolid by broth microdilution. Clinical species included the Mycobacterium fortuitum group (n = 74), M. abscessus (n = 98), M. chelonae (n = 50), M. mucogenicum (n = 10), and M. fortuitum third biovariant complex (10). The modal MIC for M. mucogenicum was 1.0 microg/ml, and the MIC at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited (MIC(90)) was 4 microg/ml; the modal MIC for the M. fortuitum group was 4 microg/ml, and the MIC(90) was 16 microg/ml; the modal MIC for the M. fortuitum third biovariant complex was 4 microg/ml, and the MIC(90) was 8 microg/ml; the modal MIC for M. chelonae was 8 microg/ml, and the MIC(90) was 16 microg/ml; and the modal MIC for M. abscessus was 32 microg/ml, and the MIC(90) was 64 microg/ml. Based on peak levels of linezolid in serum of 15 to 20 microg/ml, we propose the following broth MIC breakpoints for these species: susceptible, < or = 8 microg/ml; moderately susceptible, 16 microg/ml; and resistant, > or =32 microg/ml). These studies demonstrate the excellent potential of linezolid for therapy of rapidly growing mycobacteria.
Influence of murine maternal diabetes on placental morphology, gene expression, and function (2008)

Maternal diabetes causes placental and foetal abnormalities in both rat and humans; however, its effect is less well documented in the mouse. We used a standard approach to induce manifest diabetes in pregnant mice and assessed morphology, function and gene expression in the placentas isolated from these females. We found that diabetic placentas exhibit a consistent abnormal phenotype characterized by increased junctional zone cross sectional area. Lipid profiling of diabetic foetuses and placentas showed that the placental phenotypes do not compromise the lipid transport function of this organ. In a genome-wide survey of mRNA expression by using cDNA micro-arrays, we identified 118 ESTs, corresponding to 59 annotated genes, with differential expression in the diabetic placentas. A significant proportion of these known is involved in metabolism, immunity and defence, and signal transduction. In addition, we found two imprinted genes, Igf2 and Gatm, which exhibited altered expression. The expression of other imprinted genes, Peg1, Gtl2, Peg3, Igf2r and Grb10, was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. For all of these genes, slight changes in gene expression were observed between diabetic placentas and control placentas. Our study thus provides the basis for future work that will address gene action in the diabetic mouse placenta.
The Micromegas project for the ATLAS upgrade (2013)

Micromegas is one of the detector technologies (along with the small Thin Gap Chambers) that has been chosen for precision tracking and triggering purposes of the ATLAS muon forward detectors in the view of LHC luminosity increase. To fulfill the requirements of such an upgrade, several micromegas prototype detectors were tested in recent test beam campaigns with high energy hadron beams at CERN. Performance studies and results on spatial resolution for perpendicular and inclined tracks, efficiency, as well as detector performance and comparison to simulation in a magnetic field are presented. Moreover, an overview of detector performance after neutron, X-ray, gammas and alphas exposure and as well as construction achievements of large area micromegas detectors are presented.
Differentiation potential of bone marrow stromal cells to enteric neurons <i>in vitro</i> (2006)

Bone marrow stromal cells have the potential to be induced to differentiate into enteric neurons, express enteric neural transmitters, and produce more NGF and GDNF. Therefore, BMSC could be used as new method to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders associated with enteric neural lesions.
How to become a uropathogen: Comparative genomic analysis of extraintestinal pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains (2006)

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strain 536 (O6:K15:H31) is one of the model organisms of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). To analyze this strain's genetic basis of urovirulence, we sequenced the entire genome and compared the data with the genome sequence of UPEC strain CFT073 (O6:K2:H1) and to the available genomes of nonpathogenic E. coli strain MG1655 (K-12) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli. The genome of strain 536 is approximately 292 kb smaller than that of strain CFT073. Genomic differences between both UPEC are mainly restricted to large pathogenicity islands, parts of which are unique to strain 536 or CFT073. Genome comparison underlines that repeated insertions and deletions in certain parts of the genome contribute to genome evolution. Furthermore, 427 and 432 genes are only present in strain 536 or in both UPEC, respectively. The majority of the latter genes is encoded within smaller horizontally acquired DNA regions scattered all over the genome. Several of these genes are involved in increasing the pathogens' fitness and adaptability. Analysis of virulence-associated traits expressed in the two UPEC O6 strains, together with genome comparison, demonstrate the marked genetic and phenotypic variability among UPEC. The ability to accumulate and express a variety of virulence-associated genes distinguishes ExPEC from many commensals and forms the basis for the individual virulence potential of ExPEC. Accordingly, instead of a common virulence mechanism, different ways exist among ExPEC to cause disease.
Enrichment and fractionation of phospholipid concentrates by supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography (2000)

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been combined with supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) in a preparative mode to develop a system for fractionating and enriching high value phospholipids (PLs) contained in soyflakes. Soyflakes were initially extracted with neat carbon dioxide (CO2) at 680 bar and 80 deg C to remove the available oil. The defatted flakes were then extracted with 15 mol% ethanol-modified CO2 at 655 bar and 80 deg C to obtain the phospholipids. This phospholipid-enriched extract was then delivered to the head of a chromatographic column containing neutral alumina. The modifier was then changed to ethanol:water (9:1) and SFC was performed at 350 bar and 50 deg C, collecting fractions at equal volume intervals of CO2. The SFC modifier was added in an increasing step-wise gradient to affect elution of the PLs. The resultant fractions (analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection) showed PL enrichment factors relative to the de-fatted soyflakes from a 2.3 to 19.9 fold increase, depending on the individual PL
Graph sharpening plus graph integration: a synergy that improves protein functional classification (2007)

Software and Supplementary data will be available on http://mammoth.bcm.tmc.edu/
Assessment of cryoprecipitate‐thrombin solution for dural repair (1994)

Under controlled in vitro conditions, integrity of fibrin glue repairs varied widely. This was not attributable to differences in solution fibrinogen concentration. Cooling the "tissue glue" components prior to mixing significantly increased repair strength of patched tissue defects.
<title>Evaluation of a charge injection device array</title> (1994)

A Charge Injection Device Technologies 512 X 512 CID array has been tested at liquid nitrogen temperature to assess its suitability for use in low light applications. The CID-38 chip used was installed in a SICam dewar/electronics from CIDTEC. For this particular system the noise floor was measured to be approximately equals 260 electrons rms for a single readout. Using the nondestructive readout option an approximately equals (root)N, where N is the number of readouts, improvement in this noise figure can be achieved. The average dark current at 77 degree(s)K was not measurable in a three-hour dark integration.
Percutaneous Intramuscular Functional Electrical Stimulation as an Intervention Choice for Children with Cerebral Palsy (1997)

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the emergent application of percutaneous intramuscular functional electrical stimulation (FES) for children with cerebral palsy (CP). Viewing CP as a multidimensional clinical syndrome that is primarily characterized by deficits in motor control with simultaneous secondary musculoskeletal impairments challenges the therapist to be broad-based in management approaches and intervention choices. Effective interventions for children with CP must impact on peripheral, central, and compensatory mechanisms to affect change in the child's functional abilities. Intramuscular FES may be uniquely able to activate weak or inaccurate muscle responses to achieve strengthening and functional improvements through coordinated, sequenced muscle activation. Two children with spastic diplegia underwent bilateral implantation of percutaneous intramuscular electrodes into the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior. Intervention with FES consisted of the creation of stimulation programs for strengthening key antigravity muscles during stance as well as exercise programs to activate weak muscles during appropriate gait subtasks, such as stable stance, unilateral limb loading, weight transfer, and limb advancement. The children were asked to work with the stimulation, using the stimulated input as a motor learning assist. Both children showed clinical improvements in lower extremity range of motion and spatial gait characteristics, but, more importantly, there were improvements in gross motor function. The improvements seen continued to be evident whether the stimulation was on or off, perhaps an effect of carryover and motor learning. These results are promising and suggest that the simultaneous activation, strengthening, and training of multiple muscle groups afforded by FES may offer an intervention approach that uniquely addresses both the peripheral and central problems contributing to impairment in children with CP.
The integration of SMS with voice based technology (1997)

This paper presents one of the major aspects of a pan-European project called GAIA (Generic Architecture for Information Availability). The aim of GAIA is to set up an electronic commerce demonstrator based on a supplier independent architecture, operating in a non-monopolistic supply chain, and capable of supporting the search, retrieval and request for delivery of information, goods and services, as well as the delivery of information in the digital domain. In addition, the demonstrator will address the all-electronic and secure management of payment and subsequent royalty distribution in the following three sectors: music, publishing and technical data. This paper presents the achievements of the early trials undertaken as part of the project focused specifically on the role of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and SMS (the GSM Short Message Service) as the underlying technology for GAIA compliant requests and delivery notification. This study examines ways in which SMS could be used as a transport medium to underpin the information gateways-as GAIA's contribution towards the development of the universal mailbox concept.
[Effect of xueguantong on inhibiting experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits]. (1995)

In this experiment, the model of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits was established by feeding the cholesterol contained food for 12 weeks. The effect of Xueguantong (XGT) in inhibiting atherosclerotic formation in rabbits has been studied. It was found that XGT could decrease serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion. The aortic atherosclerotic plaque intimal coverage and ratio of atherosclerotic plaque of aortic intimal coverage to aortic medium coverage in XGT groups were significantly smaller than that in the model group (P < 0.05). The results showed that XGT could inhibit experimental atherosclerotic formation in rabbits, it might be relevant to that XGT could reduce the TC and inhibit platelet aggregation.
City Carbon Budgets: Aligning Incentives for Climate-Friendly Communities (2008)

Local governments can have a large effect on carbon emissions through land use zoning, building codes, transport infrastructure investments, and support for transportation alternatives. Recognizing this, many cities have developed climate action plans, containing a disparate mix of mostly voluntary greenhouse gas emissions reduction proposals. This paper describes an integrated climate policy instrument for local governments: city carbon budgets. We identify and evaluate options for creating an effective and acceptable institutional structure, allocating emission targets to localities, measuring emissions, providing flexibility and incentives to local governments, and assuring compliance. We also discuss the likely costs of such a policy. Our recommended policy structure is based on the principles of effectiveness, equity, efficiency, administrative ease, and political acceptability.