gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sustaining water. Population and the future of renewable water supplies. (1993)

This report examines the effect of population size growth distribution and consumption patterns on renewable water supplies. Even though more than 66% of this planet is covered with water fresh water makes up only 2.5% of the entire water supply and 69% of that is in the polar ice caps. These figures take on even more meaning as the population increases. The rate at which the global hydrologic cycle renews or replenishes fresh water resources determines the availability of fresh water for human use. Evaporative demand and the timing and location of precipitation contribute greatly to its availability. The greatest drain on water supplies is agriculture (69% of all use) followed by industry and energy (23%) and household use (8%). Desalination of our oceans has been hailed as a technology providing an inexhaustible water supply but extracting salt from seawater is expensive and depends on nonrenewable pollution-causing fossil fuels. Acute water shortages have already plagued some countries regions and municipalities. Europe and North America could not have industrialized had it not been for dependable sources of abundant water. Yet many developing countries do not have such access making economic development more difficult for them to achieve. Countries with less than 1700 cubic meters/person less than 1000 cubic meters/person and less than 500 cubic meters/person face water stress chronic water scarcity and absolute water scarcity respectively. The number of water-scarce countries increased from 7 in 1955 to 20 in 1990 and if population growth projections continue there will be 30-35 water-scarce countries by 2025. Deteriorating water quality caused by raw sewage and industrialized and agricultural wastes further reduces the availability of fresh water and causes numerous diseases (e.g. diarrhea). Access to potable water and sanitation is needed to achieve individual health. Water will eventually overshadow oil as a scarce and precious resource. Population stabilization water conservation and more efficient use of water are the most effective long-term strategies to manage water scarcity.
Antigenic structure of the complete nonstructural (NS) 2 and 5 proteins of hepatitis C virus (HCV): anti-HCV NS2 and NS5 antibody reactivities in relation to HCV serotype, presence of HCV RNA, and acute HCV infection (1994)

Antigenic regions within the nonstructural (NS) 2 and 5 proteins of hepatitis C virus (HCV) were identified and characterized by the use of 127 overlapping synthetic peptides and a serum panel consisting of 167 human serum samples from persons with antibodies to HCV. Initially, 20 anti-HCV-positive serum samples were used to screen the peptides covering the complete NS2 and NS5 proteins. Among the 27 overlapping peptides spanning the NS2 protein of HCV, only the peptide covering residues 960 to 975 was recognized by human sera. Within the 100 peptides covering the NS5 protein, major linear antigenic regions were located at residues 2284 to 2329 within the putative NS5a and at residues 2584 to 2599 and 2944 to 2959 within the putative NS5b. Additional minor linear antigenic regions were also identified within the NS5. The sequence of the antigenic region of the NS2 protein is, unlike most parts of the NS2 protein, highly conserved among the described types of HCV, whereas the sequence of the major antigenic region of NS5 shows variability among HCV types. The recognition of a peptide corresponding to a part of the major region of NS5 was found to be dependent on HCV type. In 129 anti-HCV-positive serum samples, the prevalence of antibodies to the NS2 protein was found to be 23% among HCV RNA-positive sera and 10% among HCV RNA-negative sera. In the same samples, reactivity to the major linear antigenic regions of HCV NS5 was found in 68% of the HCV RNA-positive sera and 67% of the HCV RNA-negative sera. Of 18 serum samples from five patients with acute HCV infections, and who seroconverted with respect to anti-HCV, 4 were found to be reactive to one or more of the 100 NS5 peptides and in three serum samples the NS5 reactivities were found to shorten the time for serodiagnosis of cross-reactive with a region form residues 2584 to 2599 of NS5, which has 67% homology with a six-residue sequence of NS2. In conclusion, in this study we have identified and evaluated the potential use of synthetic peptides corresponding to linear antigenic regions of the NS2 and NS5 proteins.
La lactadhérine, nouvel acteur de l’angiogenèse (2005)

683 M/S n° 8-9, vol. 21, aout-septembre 2005 > Le VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) est un facteur de croissance majeur pour le developpement des nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins. Il agit principalement par l’intermediaire de son recepteur, le VEGF-R2 (KDR/Flk1), en activant de nombreuses voies de signalisation, notamment celles dependantes des integrines αvβ3 et αvβ5. La lactadherine est une glycoproteine secretee par les glandes mammaires. Son role physiologique reste obscur. Elle est impliquee dans la reconnaissance des cellules apoptotiques par les macrophages [1, 2], elle presente des homologies de sequence avec une proteine pro-angiogenique Del-1 et possede une sequence RGD lui permettant de se lier aux integrines αvβ3 et αvβ5 [3, 4]. L’ensemble de ces proprietes pouvait donc conferer a la lactadherine un potentiel pro-angiogenique. Pour etayer cette hypothese, nous avons analyse, dans un premier temps, l’expression de la lactadherine dans le tissu vasculaire. L'ARN et la proteine ont ete detectes dans l’aorte murine et humaine, soulignant son role eventuel dans le developpement de nouveaux vaisseaux (Figure 1A). La lactadherine, nouvel acteur de l’angiogenese
A Fourier transform-based sidelobe reduction method in ultrasound imaging (2000)

Focusing is widely used to increase the resolution in medical ultrasound imaging systems. Focusing increases signal levels returning from the mainlobe direction and decreases those from sidelobe directions. The sidelobes, when not completely cancelled, deteriorate the resulting image resolution. This paper proposes a method of improving the resolution by scaling the received signal according to the ratio between the mainlobe and the sidelobe levels computed in the frequency domain by the use of Fourier transform. The proposed method is verified by computer simulation and experiment and is shown to be highly effective in narrowing the mainlobe width and decreasing the sidelobe levels at the same time.
Surface Modification of Ni-YSZ Using Niobium Oxide for Sulfur-Tolerant Anodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2008)

The surface of a dense Ni–yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) anode for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) was modified with niobium oxide in order to achieve sulfur tolerance. Results suggest that was reduced to under SOFC operating conditions, which has high electrical conductivity and catalytic activity toward hydrogen oxidation. The -coated dense Ni-YSZ cermet anode showed sulfur tolerance when exposed to at over . Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis suggest that different phases of niobium sulfides were formed on the surfaces of niobium oxides. Furthermore, density of state (DOS) analysis of , , and indicates that the electronic structure of niobium sulfides are similar to that of ; they are electrically conductive and catalytically active for hydrogen oxidation in containing fuels under the conditions studied.
Polychromatic light emission from single InGaN quantum wells grown on pyramidal GaN facets (2005)

We have studied the properties of InGaN∕GaN quantum wells grown on epitaxially laterally overgrown GaN stripes. The stripes have a triangular cross section due to {112¯2} crystalline facets. We have observed that the integrated light emission from such structures is uniformly polychromatic over a wide range of the visible spectrum. Using cathodoluminescence techniques, we find that the local emission wavelength increases steadily along the facets, in the direction away from the substrate. The gradient in the emission wavelength is related to the dependence of the quantum well width on the relative position along the facet. The continuous variation of the quantum well properties causes a uniform, polychromatic luminescence band. For some conditions, such distribution can resemble solar-white light emission. This approach can be used to produce an integrated white light source for monolithically integrated white light-emitting diodes.
Regeneration of Hydrotreating and FCC Catalysts (1999)

Hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts are important components of petroleum refining processes. Hydrotreating and hydrocracking catalysts are used to improve the yield of high-quality light oil fractions from heavier crude oil and petroleum feedstocks containing high levels of impurities. FCC catalysts improve the yield of higher octane gasoline from crude oil.
Thymidine kinase 2 defects can cause multi-tissue mtDNA depletion syndrome (2008)

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS) is a severe recessively inherited disease of childhood. It manifests most often in infancy, is rapidly progressive and leads to early death. MDS is caused by an increasing number of nuclear genes leading to multisystemic or tissue-specific decrease in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) has been reported to cause a myopathic form of MDS. We report here the clinical, autopsy and molecular genetic findings of rapidly progressive fatal infantile mitochondrial syndrome. All of our seven patients had rapidly progressive myopathy/encephalomyopathy, leading to respiratory failure within the first 3 years of life, with high creatine kinase values and dystrophic changes in the muscle with cytochrome c oxidase-negative fibres. In addition, two patients also had terminal-phase seizures, one had epilepsia partialis continua and one had cortical laminar necrosis. We identified two different homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the TK2 gene in all the patients: c.739 C s -> T and c.898 C -> T, leading to p.R172W and p.R225W changes at conserved protein sites. R172W mutation led to myopathy or encephalomyopathy with the onset during the first months of life, and was associated with severe mtDNA depletion in the muscle, brain and liver. Homozygosity for R225W mutation manifested during the second year of life as a myopathy, and showed muscle-specific mtDNA depletion. Both mutations originated from single ancient founders, with Finnish origin and enrichment for the new R172W mutation, and possibly Scandinavian ancestral origin for the R225W. We conclude that TK2 mutations may manifest as infantile-onset fatal myopathy with dystrophic features, but should be considered also in infantile progressive encephalomyopathy with wide-spread mtDNA depletion.
Using a test-specification format in automatic test-program generation (1990)

The author suggests that if the information necessary for testing a digital IC or printed-circuit board is kept and transferred in a standardized format, testing will be much easier. He describes the concept of a test-specification format (TSF) and reports the results of experiments with two candidate TSFs. The first, Tandem, is a restricted implementation that uses ITF, aPhilips internal language, to specify tests. The practical use of a TSF was studied by evaluating NCF (neutral code format), a well-documented and stable language. Although the two languages investigated were not true TSFs, the author shows that placing a language between CAD and test systems creates a powerful environment that could greatly reduce test-preparation time and test costs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The anti‐aggregating properties of vascular endothelium: interactions between prostacyclin and nitric oxide (1987)

1. The interactions between endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin as inhibitors of platelet aggregation were examined. 2. Porcine aortic endothelial cells treated with indomethacin and stimulated with bradykinin (10-100 nM) released NO in quantities sufficient to account for the inhibition of platelet aggregation attributed to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). 3. In the absence of indomethacin, stimulation of the cells with bradykinin (1-3 nM) released small amounts of prostacyclin and EDRF which synergistically inhibited platelet aggregation. 4. EDRF and authentic NO also caused disaggregation of platelets aggregated either with collagen or with U46619. 5. A reciprocal potentiation of both the anti- and the dis-aggregating activity was also observed between low concentrations of prostacyclin and authentic NO or EDRF released from endothelial cells. 6. It is likely that interactions between prostacyclin and NO released by the endothelium play a role in the homeostatic regulation of platelet-vessel wall interactions.
A 2.4 GHz VCO with an integrated acoustic solidly mounted resonator (2002)

A GaAs/AlGaAs HBT VCO designed for 2.36 GHz to 2.48 GHz was integrated with a solidly mounted resonator (SMR) (fo=2.347 GHz). The resonator consisted of a thin film of zinc oxide sputtered over an acoustic mirror. The SMR used in this VCO was fabricated separately on a silicon substrate and combined in package with the HBT oscillator, which was fabricated at a commercial foundry. ne two chips are compatible in that the SMR could potentially be integrated onto one GaAs HBT chip since the SMR can be grown regardless of substrate material. The prototype reported here shows the potential for stable, low phase noise single-chip VCOs. Another VCO of similar design was fabricated using an on-chip LC resonator. The SMR-based VCO showed a phase noise improvement of 24 dB at 10 kHz offset, and 8 dB improvement at 100 kHz. Moreover, the introduction of the SMR greatly reduced spurious signals and significantly reduced frequency drift compared to the LC oscillator.
Breeder perspectives on fat and female management. (2009)

Seedstock breeder’s perspectives on topics associated with maternal productivity were investigated through the use of qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews. Qualitative content analysis of interview data yielded a considerable divergence in attitudes to female management with regards grazing management, body condition score (BCS) fluctuation and the utilisation of body fat reserves. Variation in these attitudes were associated with divergence in perspectives on the importance of selecting for positive (> 0) rib and rump fat estimated breeding values (EBVs) for female fertility, or selecting for neutral or negative (≤ 0) fat EBVs to assist yield, particularly with regards commercial steer progeny. These results demonstrate that amongst seedstock breeders targeting similar end markets, substantial variation in animal selection and management exists that requires further characterisation to ensure breeding programs and animal management are optimal.
Chapter 24 Stable isotope techniques in drug development: An economic evaluation (1997)

This chapter presents an economic evaluation of stable isotope labeled (SIL) techniques in drug development. This evaluation covers two areas: (1) use of SIL methods to perform single studies required for Phase I; and (2) use of SIL methods to perform multiple studies required for Phase I, including combining two or more studies into a single more efficient study. When used for a single study, SIL methods are least efficient economically. However, by performing several studies with SIL tracers, start-up costs are spread over several studies, and the potential cost savings with SIL methods can be better exploited. Mass balance/metabolite identification studies have been performed by: (1) administering radioactive (14C)-labeled drug, (2) measurement of radioactivity in urine and feces, (3) chromatography of urine to divide dissolved material into peaks, (4) recognition of peaks containing drug or metabolite by presence of radioactivity, and (5) identification of structure of drug or metabolite in “hot” peaks by mass spectrometry (MS). The overall cost of a mass balance/metabolite identification study performed with SlL- or 14C-labeling is approximately equal. Multiple-dose volunteer studies are performed to determine the type of pharmacokinetic properties (linear, concentration-, or time-dependent) and the pharmacokinetic values (clearance, half-life dependent, volume of distribution) a new drug has during chronic administration and to obtain information on safety during long term administration.
Increase of dihydrofolate reductase in peripheral blood lymphocytes of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with low‐dose oral methotrexate (1987)

Because of a previously observed plateau of clinical response after long-term methotrexate (MTX) therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we investigated whether such treatment might lead to acquired resistance to the drug. We studied the activity of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) (the target enzyme of MTX) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 11 RA patients who had been treated with MTX for a median of 43 months. The enzyme levels were markedly increased compared with levels found in the cells of 6 RA patients treated with other slow-acting drugs. Quantitative dot-blot analysis of DNA from 7 of these patients showed no evidence of DHFR gene amplification. No correlation was observed between increased levels of DHFR and either response to therapy or to the weekly MTX dosage. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from 6 patients with increased levels of DHFR showed no evidence of MTX resistance in vitro. The increased DHFR levels may result from binding of MTX to the enzyme, which may block the normal degradation pathways; they do not appear to be a marker of impending drug resistance.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Are Combined CT during Arterial Portography and CT Hepatic Arteriography in Addition to Triple-Phase Helical CT All Necessary for Preoperative Evaluation? (2000)

The use of CTAP and CTHA, in addition to being invasive and costly, resulted in an unacceptably high false-positive rate without a substantial increase in sensitivity. Therefore, CTAP and CTHA are not recommended for preoperative evaluation of HCC; THCT alone is preferred.
Effects of Escitalopram on Autonomic Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF). (2015)

These findings suggest that escitalopram treatment in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and depression can trigger changes in autonomic reactivity that may adversely impact cardiovascular health.
Superconductivity in the Tl-Nd-Sr-Cu-O and the Tl-Pb-Nd-Sr-Cu-O systems (1989)

We report the evidence for superconductivity in the Tl-Nd-Sr-Cu-O and the Tl-Pb-Nd-Sr-Cu-O systems. The highest onset temperature is observed at 44 K in the Tl-Pb-Nd-Sr-Cu-O system. The superconductivity of the samples was confirmed by both the resistivity and ac susceptibility measurements. Introduction of PbO into the Tl-Nd-Sr-Cu-O system stabilizes the superconducting phase, as was observed in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O or the Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system. The superconducting properties in the systems Tl-Pb-L-Sr-Cu-O, with L denoting lanthanide elements other than Nd are also discussed.
Consumer-Friendly Shopping Assistance by Personal Behavior Log Analysis on Ubiquitous Shop Space (2007)

This paper has proposed a shopping assistance service. We provide consumer-friendly services which based on personal behavior log data. The consumer-friendly services are information service which display through a monitor, robot, sound and music that can attract new consumer. In this paper, we study personal behavior from a log file that has been recorded by RFID and camera sensors in the ubiquitous environment. Utilizing ubiquitous sensors, we apply three types of observation scopes to model each user's preference. They are microscopic, mezzoscopic, and macroscopic observation scopes. We have proposed the behavior analysis, algorithms and collaborative filtering to retrieve information. Finally, we will also propose a ubiquitous shop space experiment.
Reinforcement Learning in Markovian and Non-Markovian Environments (1990)

This work addresses three problems with reinforcement learning and adaptive neuro-control: 1. Non-Markovian interfaces between learner and environment. 2. On-line learning based on system realization. 3. Vectorvalued adaptive critics. An algorithm is described which is based on system realization and on two interacting fully recurrent continually running networks which may learn in parallel. Problems with parallel learning are attacked by &apos;adaptive randomness&apos;. It is also described how interacting model/controller systems can be combined with vector-valued &apos;adaptive critics&apos; (previous critics have been scalar).
Performance comparison of MIM capacitors and metal finger capacitors for analog and RF applications (2005)

In this work, we compare silicon nitride MIM capacitors to metal finger capacitors and clarify the performance and cost trade-offs. Our measurements show that MIM capacitors are superior to metal finger capacitors in terms of matching and process tolerance, but equivalent metal finger capacitors have higher Q, lower voltage coefficient and lower temperature coefficient.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Contributes to Prostate Cancer–Mediated Osteoblastic Activity (2005)

Prostate cancer frequently metastasizes to bone resulting in the formation of osteoblastic metastases through unknown mechanisms. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown recently to promote osteoblast activity. Accordingly, we tested if VEGF contributes to the ability of prostate cancer to induce osteoblast activity. PC-3, LNCaP, and C4-2B prostate cancer cell lines expressed both VEGF-165 and VEGF-189 mRNA isoforms and VEGF protein. Prostate cancer cells expressed the mRNA for VEGF receptor (VEGFR) neuropilin-1 but not the VEGFRs Flt-1 or KDR. In contrast, mouse pre-osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) expressed Flt-1 and neuropilin-1 mRNA but not KDR. PTK787, a VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibited the proliferation of human microvascular endothelial cells but not prostate cancer proliferation in vitro. C4-2B conditioned medium induced osteoblast differentiation as measured by production of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin and mineralization of MC3T3-E1. PTK787 blocked the C4-2B conditioned medium-induced osteoblastic activity. VEGF directly induced alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin but not mineralization of MC3T3-E1. These results suggest that VEGF induces initial differentiation of osteoblasts but requires other factors, present in C4-2B, to induce mineralization. To determine if VEGF influences the ability of prostate cancer to develop osteoblastic lesions, we injected C4-2B cells into the tibia of mice and, after the tumors grew for 6 weeks, administered PTK787 for 4 weeks. PTK787 decreased both intratibial tumor burden and C4-2B-induced osteoblastic activity as measured by bone mineral density and serum osteocalcin. These results show that VEGF contributes to prostate cancer-induced osteoblastic activity in vivo.