gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hexakis-Adducts of [60]Fullerene with Different Addition Patterns: Templated Synthesis, Physical Properties, and Chemical Reactivity (2001)

Representatives of two classes of hexakis-adducts of C60 were prepared by templated synthesis strategies. Compound 8 with a dipyridylmethano addend in a pseudo-octahedral addition pattern was obtained by DMA-templated addition (DMA=9,10-dimethylanthracene; Scheme 1) and served as the starting material for the first supramolecular fullerene dimer 2. Hexakis-adduct 12 also possesses a pseudo-octahedral addition pattern and was obtained by a sequence of tether-directed remote functionalization, tether removal, and regioselective bis-functionalization (Scheme 2). With its two diethynylmethano addends in trans-1 position, it is a precursor for fascinating new oligomers and polymers that feature C60 moieties as part of the polymeric backbone (Fig. 1). With the residual fullerene π-electron chromophore reduced to a `cubic cyclophane'-type sub-structure (Fig. 4), and for steric reasons, 8 and 12 no longer display electrophilic reactivity. As a representative of the second class of hexakis-adducts, (±)-1, which features six addends in a distinct helical array along an equatorial belt, was prepared by a route that involved two sequential tether-directed remote functionalization steps (Schemes 3 and 5). In compound (±)-1, π-electron conjugation between the two unsubstituted poles of the carbon sphere is maintained via two (E)-stilbene-like bridges (Fig. 4). As a result, (±)-1 features very different chemical reactivity and physical properties when compared to hexakis-adducts with a pseudo-octahedral addition pattern. Its reduction under cyclic voltammetric conditions is greatly facilitated (by 570 mV), and it readily undergoes additional, electronically favored Bingel additions at the two sterically well-accessible central polar 6-6 bonds under formation of heptakis- and octakis-adducts, (±)-30 and (±)-31, respectively (Scheme 6). The different extent of the residual π-electron delocalization in the fullerene sphere is also reflected in the optical properties of the two types of hexakis-adducts. Whereas 8 and 12 are bright-yellow (end-absorption around 450 nm), compound (±)-1 is shiny-red, with an end-absorption around 600 nm. This study once more demonstrates the power of templated functionalization strategies in fullerene chemistry, providing addition patterns that are not accessible by stepwise synthetic approaches.
Finerenone: third-generation mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist for the treatment of heart failure and diabetic kidney disease (2015)

The selectivity and greater binding affinity of finerenone to the MR may reduce the risk of hyperkalemia and renal dysfunction and thereby overcome the reluctance to start and uptitrate MRAs in patients with HF and diabetic kidney disease. Studies conducted in patients with HFrEF and moderate chronic kidney disease and diabetic kidney disease, showed promising results. Phase III trials will have to show whether finerenone might become the third-generation MRA for the treatment of HF and diabetic kidney disease.
A digital architecture employing stochasticism for the simulation of Hopfield neural nets (1989)

A digital architecture which uses stochastic logic for simulating the behavior of Hopfield neural networks is described. This stochastic architecture provides massive parallelism (since stochastic logic is very space-efficient), reprogrammability (since synaptic weights are stored in digital shift registers), large dynamic range (by using either fixed- or floating-point weights), annealing (by coupling variable neuron gains with noise from stochastic arithmetic), high execution speed ( approximately=N*10/sup 8/ connections per second), expandability (by cascading of multiple chips to host large networks), and practicality (by building with very conservative MOS device technologies). Results of simulations are given which show the stochastic architecture gives results similar to those found using standard analog neural networks or simulated annealing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CLEVR: A Diagnostic Dataset for Compositional Language and Elementary Visual Reasoning (2017)

When building artificial intelligence systems that can reason and answer questions about visual data, we need diagnostic tests to analyze our progress and discover short-comings. Existing benchmarks for visual question answering can help, but have strong biases that models can exploit to correctly answer questions without reasoning. They also conflate multiple sources of error, making it hard to pinpoint model weaknesses. We present a diagnostic dataset that tests a range of visual reasoning abilities. It contains minimal biases and has detailed annotations describing the kind of reasoning each question requires. We use this dataset to analyze a variety of modern visual reasoning systems, providing novel insights into their abilities and limitations.
An application of parageometrical optics to the design of a microwave mirror (1958)

A microwave device is described which collimates the radiation from a point feed into a parallel beam. The instrument operates by both reflection and diffraction. The offense against the sine condition is corrected perfectly, so that no monochromatic aberration is present for a moderate field even at very high apertures. The expressions of the aberrations are worked out and a graph is given where one can read the maximum values of the aperture and field for a given tolerance. It seems that the device described may be useful for radio astronomy and for rapid scanning.
Decentralized Algorithms for Multi-Robot Manipulation via Caging (2004)

In this paper we address the problem of transporting objects with multiple mobile robots using the concept of “object closure”. In contrast to other manipulation techniques that are typically derived from form or force closure constraints, object closure requires the less stringent condition that the object be trapped or caged by the robots. Our basic goal in this paper is to develop decentralized control policies for a group of robots to move toward a goal position while maintaining a condition of object closure. We present experimental results that show polygonal mobile robots controlled using visual feedback, transporting a convex polygonal object in an obstacle free environment toward a prescribed goal.
Topoisomerase II α Status in Renal Medullary Carcinoma: Immuno-Expression and Gene Copy Alterations of a Potential Target of Therapy (2009)

Topoisomerase II alpha is over expressed in 85% of renal medullary carcinomas, potentially supporting the use of topoisomerase II alpha inhibitor agents to treat this aggressive renal tumor. Our findings suggest that topoisomerase II alpha over expression in our renal medullary carcinoma cohort was not due to gene amplification, but rather to transcriptional or post-transcriptional modifications. The significance of the incidentally found topoisomerase II alpha deletions in 28% of renal medullary carcinomas requires further evaluation.
Surface Ionization Ion Mobility Spectrometry (1998)

A surface ionization (SI) source was designed and constructed for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Compared with a conventional (63)Ni source, the surface ionization source is as simple and reliable, has an extended dynamic response range, is more selective in response, and does not have regulatory problems associated with radioactive ionization sources. The performance of this SI-IMS was evaluated with several different classes of compounds. Triethylamine was employed for studying the behavior of the ionization source under different source conditions and gaseous environments. Amines, tobacco alkaloids, and triazine herbicides were also investigated. Picogram level detection limits were achieved for target compounds with a response dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude. Selective monitoring by IMS was also demonstrated. While the surface ionization source does not have the universality of response that is obtained with a (63)Ni ionization source, it is an excellent nonradioactive alternative for the ionization and ion mobility detection of those compounds to which it responds.
Detection of Depressant Components of Drug Activity (1959)

SummaryA method based upon potentiation of a subhypnotic dose of hexobarbital has been employed to detect depressant activity of drugs. It is rapid, and gives reproducible results with known CNS depressants. It appears to differentiate depressant drugs from those which prolong the action of a hypnotic dose of hexobarbital by interference with biotransformation mechanisms. It affords a rapid means of detecting depressant activity of drugs not ordinarily classified as central depressants.
Highly Reliable, Backside Emissivity Independent Cobalt Silicide Process Using a Susceptor-Based Low Pressure Rapid Thermal Processing System (1998)

Very thin cobalt silicide formation and annealing processes were investigated as a function of process temperature (350–700°C) and Co film thickness using a susceptor-based low pressure rapid thermal processing (RTP) system. TiN capped thin Co films were investigated. Highly reliable, backside emissivity independent, low resistance, production worthy shallow silicide contact formation process has been demonstrated. Both a wide process window and an excellent sheet resistance uniformity have been demonstrated in cobalt silicide process integration steps. The net added non-uniformity of typical TiN capped 10 nm thick cobalt films was less than 0.5%.
Microwave Engineering: Land & Space Radiocommunications (2008)

Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. 1.1. Properties of Plane Electromagnetic Wave. 1.2. Radiant Continuous Aperture. 1.3. General Characteristics of Antennas. 1.4. Free-Space Loss and Electromagnetic Field Strength. 1.5. Reflector and Passive Repeater. 1.6. Model of Propagation. 1.7. Reflection and Refraction. 1.8. Influence of Atmosphere. 1.9. Propagation by Diffraction. 1.10. Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases. 1.11. Attenuation and Depolarization by Hydrometeors. 1.12. Influence of Ionosphere. 1.13. Thermal Radiation. 1.14. Probability Distributions. 2. Principles of Digital Communication Systems. 2.1. Signal Processing. 2.2. Thermal Noise. 2.3. Digital Communication Systems Design. 3. Microwave Line-of-Sight Systems. 3.1. Engineering of Line-of-Sight Systems. 3.2. Design of Line-of-Sight Microwave Radio Link: Interferometric Method. 3.3. Link Budget. 3.4. Methods of Prediction. 3.5. Protection against Jamming. 3.6. Frequency Reuse Techniques. 3.7. Comparison between Various Diversity Techniques. 3.8. Availability of Microwave Line-of-Sight Systems. 4. Microwave Transhorizon Systems. 4.1. Engineering of Transhorizon Systems. 4.2. Method of Prediction. 4.3. Link Budget. 4.4. Examples of Transhorizon Links. 4.5. Other Models of Prediction. 4.6. Total Availability of Troposcatter Links. 5. Satellite Communications. 5.1. Space Geometry of Satellite Systems. 5.2. Configuration of Satellite Communication System. 5.3. Link Budget. 5.4. Method of Prediction. References. Index.
Soft Filter Pruning for Accelerating Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (2018)

This paper proposed a Soft Filter Pruning (SFP) method to accelerate the inference procedure of deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Specifically, the proposed SFP enables the pruned filters to be updated when training the model after pruning. SFP has two advantages over previous works: (1) Larger model capacity. Updating previously pruned filters provides our approach with larger optimization space than fixing the filters to zero. Therefore, the network trained by our method has a larger model capacity to learn from the training data. (2) Less dependence on the pretrained model. Large capacity enables SFP to train from scratch and prune the model simultaneously. In contrast, previous filter pruning methods should be conducted on the basis of the pre-trained model to guarantee their performance. Empirically, SFP from scratch outperforms the previous filter pruning methods. Moreover, our approach has been demonstrated effective for many advanced CNN architectures. Notably, on ILSCRC-2012, SFP reduces more than 42% FLOPs on ResNet-101 with even 0.2% top-5 accuracy improvement, which has advanced the state-of-the-art. Code is publicly available on GitHub: https://github.com/he-y/softfilter-pruning
Vancomycin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Isolate from a Patient in Pennsylvania (2003)

A vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolate was obtained from a patient in Pennsylvania in September 2002. Species identification was confirmed by standard biochemical tests and analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA, gyrA, and gyrB sequences; all of the results were consistent with the S. aureus identification. The MICs of a variety of antimicrobial agents were determined by broth microdilution and macrodilution methods following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. The isolate was resistant to vancomycin (MIC = 32 micro g/ml), aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracycline, but it was susceptible to linezolid, minocycline, quinupristin-dalfopristin, rifampin, teicoplanin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The isolate, which was originally detected by using disk diffusion and a vancomycin agar screen plate, was vancomycin susceptible by automated susceptibility testing methods. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI-digested genomic DNA indicated that the isolate belonged to the USA100 lineage (also known as the New York/Japan clone), the most common staphylococcal PFGE type found in hospitals in the United States. The VRSA isolate contained two plasmids of 120 and 4 kb and was positive for mecA and vanA by PCR amplification. The vanA sequence was identical to the vanA sequence present in Tn1546. A DNA probe for vanA hybridized to the 120-kb plasmid. This is the second VRSA isolate reported in the United States.
SELF-ORGANIZATION AND EMERGENCE IN LIFE SCIENCES (2006)

Self-organization constitutes one of the most important theoretical debates in contemporary life sciences. The present book explores the relevance of the concept of self-organization and its impact on
Heart Rate Variability in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2006)

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is observed in approximately 2% of children. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a potentially simple, non-invasive diagnostic screening tool for OSAS. In this study, we investigated the diagnostic potential of HRV using power spectral analysis, numerical titration, sample entropy, and detrended fluctuation analysis. Effects of sleep stages (REM and NREM sleep) are evaluated. The results show that the heart rate chaos intensity, as measured by the noise limit in numerical titration, is significantly higher during REM sleep than NREM sleep in all patient groups. By using the receiver-operating characteristic analysis, the detection of OSAS yielded a specificity of 72.2% and sensitivity of 81.3% using the numerical-titration technique. The findings suggest that sleep state and disordered breathing are important determinants of cardiac autonomic control. Nonlinear techniques such as numerical titration, when used in conjunction with spectral analysis of HRV could be an effective screening tool for pediatric OSAS.
Molecular cloning of UBE2G, encoding a human skeletal muscle-specific ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme homologous to UBC7 of C. <i>elegans</i> (1996)

From a human fetal-brain cDNA library we isolated a novel ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The cDNA, designated UBE2G, contained an open reading frame of 510 nucleotides encoding 170 amino acids. The predicted peptide product showed 74% identity at the amino acid level with UBC7 of C. elegans, a high degree of homology with UBC7s of other species, and significant homologies with other subgroups of UBCs. Northern-blot analysis revealed strong expression of 4.4-kb, 2.4-kb, and 1.6-kb transcripts in skeletal muscle. Weak expression was observed in 15 other tissues examined. Radiation-hybrid mapping localized this cDNA to chromosome band lq42.
Composition of the diacyl glyceryl ethers and triglycerides of the flesh and liver of the dogfish (Squalus acanthias) (1965)

The major lipids of the dogfish (Squalusacanthias) are the diacyl glyceryl ethers and triglycerides. These classes of compounds in the flesh (dorsal section) and liver were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The glyceryl ethers and/or fatty acids resulting from saponification of each of these fractions were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography as their isopropylidene and methyl ester derivatives, respectively.Few significant differences were apparent between the ether portions of the diacyl glyceryl ethers of the flesh and liver, but the fatty acids were quite different in composition. Those of the flesh contained high percentages of the C20 and C22 polyenoic acids that are characteristic of most fish lipids; those of the liver contained little polyenoic acid but high concentrations of C20 and C22 monoenoic acids. Although the triglycerides of the flesh contained more of the polyenoic acids than the liver, the differences in this fraction between the flesh and liver were less striking. It appears that the over-all unsaturation of the dogfish lipids is largely governed by the relative amounts of monoenoic and polyenoic acids in the C20 and C22 series.
Induction of growth arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by 3,3-diindolylmethane is associated with induction and nuclear localization of p27kip (2008)

3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a stable condensation product of indole-3-carbanol, a potential breast cancer chemoprevention agent. Human breast cancer cell lines were studied to better understand its mechanisms. In vitro experiments were done in MCF-7, T47D, BT-20 and BT-474 cells using MTT, ELISA, immunoblotting assays, reverse transcription-PCR, protein half-life, confocal microscopy, cell fractionation, and immunoprecipitation assays. We found that DIM inhibited the growth of all four breast cancer cell lines (IC(50)s, 25-56 micromol/L). Because BT-20 and BT-474 overexpressed Her-2 and activated Akt, and BT-20 lacks estrogen receptor, these were studied further. In both cell lines, DIM appeared to induce expression of p27(kip) protein before the loss of cell viability and apoptosis. In BT-20 cells, DIM also inhibited expression of activated Akt, but this appeared after p27(kip) induction. In both cell lines, DIM induced p27(kip) transcript expression within 6 h. DIM prolonged the p27(kip) protein half-life in BT-20 but not BT-474 cells. We also showed, for the first time, that DIM induced nuclear localization of p27(kip) in both cell lines. Moreover, in BT-20 cells, DIM induced a decrease in p27(kip) phosphorylation at Thr(187), and its association with the 14-3-3 protein, which helped to explain the protein half-life increase and nuclear localization, respectively. DIM modulates p27(kip) through transcription, prolongation of protein half-life, and nuclear localization. These effects appear to be independent of Her-2, Akt, or estrogen receptor status and should support further study for its chemoprevention potential in breast cancer.
Retarding charge recombination in perovskite solar cells using ultrathin MgO-coated TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticulate films (2014)

MgO ultrathin nanolayers are able to efficiently retard charge recombination in perovskite solar cells.
Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable unsaturated poly(ester amide)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels (2005)

Abstract A series of novel biodegradable hydrogels were designed and synthesized from four types of unsaturated poly(ester amide) (UPEA) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG‐DA) precursors by UV photocrosslinking. These newly synthesized biodegradable UPEA/PEG‐DA hydrogels were characterized by their gel fraction ( G f ), equilibrium swelling ratio ( Q eq ), compressive modulus, and interior morphology. The effect of the precursor feed ratio (UPEAs to PEG‐DA) on the properties of the hydrogels was also studied. The incorporation of UPEA polymers into the PEG‐DA hydrogels increased their hydrophobicity, crosslinking density (denser network), and mechanical strength (higher compressive modulus) but reduced Q eq . When different types of UPEA precursors were coupled with PEG‐DA at the same feed ratio (20 wt %), the resulting hydrogels had similar Q eq values and porous three‐dimensional interior morphologies but different G f and compressive modulus values. These differences in the hydrogel properties were correlated to the chemical structures of the UPEA precursors; that is, the different locations of the >CC< double bonds in individual UPEA segments resulted in their different reactivities toward PEG‐DA to form hydrogels. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3932–3944, 2005
DIASTEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 2,2′-THIOBIS- AND 2,2′-SULFONYLBIS- (1,3-DIARYLPROP-2-EN-1-ONES)—AN OXIDATIVE CONFIGURATIONAL SWITCH (2004)

Synthesis of some heretofore unknown 2,2′-thiobis(1,3-diarylprop-2-en-1-ones) and their oxidation to new 2,2′-sulfonylbis(1,3-diarylprop-2-en-1-ones) are reported. The stereochemistry of the sulfides and sulfones assigned as (Z,Z)- and (E,E)- respectively by X-ray diffraction studies reveals a configurational switch from (Z,Z)- to (E,E)-during oxidation.
A stepwise regression method and consistent model selection for high-dimensional sparse linear models (2011)

We introduce a fast stepwise regression method, called the orthogonal greedy algorithm (OGA), that selects input variables to enter a p-dimensional linear regression model (with p ? n, the sample size) sequentially so that the selected variable at each step minimizes the residual sum squares. We derive the convergence rate of OGA and develop a consistent model selection procedure along the OGA path that can adjust for potential spuriousness of the greedily chosen regressors among a large number of candidate variables. The resultant regression estimate is shown to have the oracle property of being equivalent to least squares regression on an asymptotically minimal set of relevant regressors under a strong sparsity condition.