gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ScanNet: A Fast and Dense Scanning Framework for Metastatic Breast Cancer Detection from Whole-Slide Images (2017)

Lymph node metastasis is one of the most significant diagnostic indicators in breast cancer, which is traditionally observed under the microscope by pathologists. In recent years, computerized histology diagnosis has become one of the most rapidly expanding fields in medical image computing, which alleviates pathologists' workload and reduces misdiagnosis rate. However, automatic detection of lymph node metastases from whole slide images remains a challenging problem, due to the large-scale data with enormous resolutions and existence of hard mimics. In this paper, we propose a novel framework by leveraging fully convolutional networks for efficient inference to meet the speed requirement for clinical practice, while reconstructing dense predictions under different offsets for ensuring accurate detection on both micro- and macro-metastases. Incorporating with the strategies of asynchronous sample prefetching and hard negative mining, the network can be effectively trained. Extensive experiments on the benchmark dataset of 2016 Camelyon Grand Challenge corroborated the efficacy of our method. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our method achieved superior performance with a faster speed on the tumor localization task and surpassed human performance on the WSI classification task.
Carotenemia (1981)

Awareness of carotenemia is important to avoid confusion with jaundice and unnecessary diagnostic studies. It is surprising how little information can be found about this relatively common condition in the standard pediatric textbooks. Ingestion of excessive amounts of carrots is the usual cause of carotenemia, but it can also be associated with ingestion of many other yellow vegetables, as well as some green vegetables. Mothers may unknowingly be giving their infants large amounts of carrots in the form of commercial infant food combinations. Carotenemia is a benign condition; vitamin A poisoning does not occur despite massive doses of carotene because the conversion of carotene to vitamin A is slow. Hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, hepatic and renal diseases may be associated with carotenemia, but are not caused by ingestion of carotene. The absence of yellow pigment in the sclera and oral cavities distinguishes carotenemia from jaundice. A similar disorder, lycopenemia, is associated with an orange-yellow skin pigmentation as a result of ingestion of large amounts of tomatoes.
A master-slave fluid cooperative control algorithm for optimal trajectory planning (2011)

A control algorithm based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is used to guide a simulated swarm of unmanned vehicles along a pre-computed optimal trajectory. By using a fluid based control method, collision avoidance is automatically incorporated into the control. Given an initial position and goal location, it is computationally impractical to compute the optimal trajectories for a large swarm of vehicles. To overcome this, the optimal trajectory is computed for a single vehicle and the swarm is guided along this trajectory using fluid based control, in this case SPH. Importantly, this method avoids computing a potential field to guide the swarm and is easily adaptable to changing environments. Additionally, this method is intended to be used in the presence of a background flow through which the vehicles must travel. This control algorithm is found to be quite robust in the test case examined here and adding additional vehicles to the swarm has only a small impact on fuel consumption per vehicle.
Statistical Clock Skew Analysis Considering Intra-Die Process Variations (2003)

With shrinking cycle times, clock skew has become an increasingly difficult and important problem for high performance designs. Traditionally, clock skew has been analyzed using case-files which cannot model intra-die process variations and hence result in a very optimistic skew analysis. In this paper, we present a statistical skew analysis method to model intra-die process variations. We first present a formal model of the statistical clock skew problem and then propose an algorithm which is based on propagation of joint probability distribution functions in a bottom up fashion in a clock tree. The analysis accounts for topological correlations between path delays and has linear run time with the size of the clock tree. The proposed method was tested on several large clock tree circuits, including a clock tree from a large industrial high-performance microprocessor. The results are compared with Monte Carlo simulation for accuracy comparison and demonstrate the need for statistical analysis of clock skew.
Developing intercultural competence in Europe: the challenges (2011)

Abstract Anti-racism has not played a prominent role in recent major European Union Lifelong Learning strategies. Nevertheless, its importance in Europe with increasing levels of migration has kept the concept, in the form of intercultural competence and intercultural dialogue, alive within European Education and Culture policy. This article traces the use of the terminology of culture within European policy and practice, in particular focusing on intercultural learning in European Youth work. It explores the effectiveness of the use of culture in addressing discrimination at an individual and structural level, using empirical examples. The article concludes that practice that focuses almost entirely on interpersonal skills at the individual level has limited influence in creating structural change. The article ends with proposals for anti-discrimination policy and practice.
Negative Capacitance as Digital and Analog Performance Booster for Complementary MOS Transistors (2018)

Boltzmann tyranny poses a fundamental limit to lowering the energy dissipation of conventional MOS devices, a minimum increase of the gate voltage, i.e. 60 mV, is required for a 10-fold increase in drain-to-source current at 300 K. Negative Capacitance (NC) in ferroelectric materials is proposed in order to address this physical limitation of CMOS technology. A polarization destabilization in ferroelectrics causes an effective negative permittivity, resulting in a differential voltage amplification and a reduced subthreshold swing when integrated into the gate stack of a transistor. Recent demonstrations of negative capacitance concerned mainly n-type MOSFETs and their subthreshold slope. An effective technology booster should be capable of improving the performance of both n- and p-type transistors. In this work, we report a significant enhancement in both digital (subthreshold swing, on-current over off-current ratio, and overdrive) and analog (transconductance and current efficiency factor) FoM of commercial 28nm CMOS process by exploiting a PZT capacitor as the negative capacitance booster. Accordingly, a sub-thermal swing down to 10 mV/decade together with an enhanced current efficiency factor up to 10$^5$ V$^{-1}$ is obtained in both n- and p-type MOSFETs at room temperature. The overdrive voltage is enhanced up to 0.45 V, leading to a supply voltage reduction of 50\%.
Reactions of cyclopropylcarbinol in dilute hydrochloric acid (1980)

The treatment of cyclopropylcarbinol (1-OH) with dilute HCl bas been used as a method for the preparation of cyclobutanol (2-OH). While 2-OH is the major product in this reaction, a careful investigation showed the presence of a total of 13 products, namely, the alcohols 1-OH, 2-OH, and allylcarbinol (3-OH), cyclopropylcarbinyl, cyclobutyl and allylcarbinyl chlorides (1-Cl, 2-Cl and 3-Cl, respectively), dicyclopropylcarbinyl, cyclobutyl cyclopropylcarbinyl, allylcarbinyl cyclopropylcarbinyl, dicyclobutyl and allylcarbinyl cyclobutyl ethers (1-O-1, 2-O-1, 3-O-1, 2-O-2, and 3-O-2, respectively), as well as butyraldehyde and isobutyraldehyde. The alcohols, chlorides, and ethers likely arose from reactions of the bicyclobutonium ion with available nucleophiles in the reaction mixture. The minor amounts of the two aldehydes may be due to a ring opening isomerization of 2-methylcyclopropanol, the latter in turn resulted from a net 1,3-hydride shift in the cyclopropylcarbinyl cation, probably via an edge-protonated cyclopropane-type of species. Treatment of [α- 14 C]cyclopropylcarbinol (1-OH-α- 14 C) with dilute HCl gave samples of 1-OH-x- 14 C, 2-OH-x- 14 C, and 3-OH-x- 14 C the degradation of which showed that ail three methylene groups in these alcohols have become equivalent, indicating a complete equilibration between isotope-position labeled bicyclobutonium ions.
TCP performance and its improvement over wireless links (2002)

TCP performs reasonably well over the Internet where packet losses are mainly due to network congestion. However, TCP suffers significant throughput degradation over hybrid wireless/IP networks where packet losses are also due to transmission errors in wireless segments and during end-host handovers. In this paper, the micro-scale behavior and packet-level performance of four popular TCP variants over wireless links are assessed, and a modified TCP sender which incorporates a heuristic segment-in-flight estimation algorithm to improve the TCP throughput is proposed. Extensive simulations show that the modified TCP achieves better end-to-end performance, and still keeps the fairness and the compatibility with ordinary TCP variants.
Observation on the Use of 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D3 in the Prevention of Bovine Parturient Paresis: The Effect of a Single Injection on Plasma 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, Calcium, and Hydroxyproline (1985)

Israeli Friesian cows in the third or later lactation, were injected intramuscularly with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in propylene glycol. Plasma 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 peaked 24 to 48 h after 700 micrograms of the drug was injected and decreased to the initial concentration 4 d later. The disappearance rate of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 from the blood was .330 d-1 (biological half-life of 2.1 d). Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 peaked 24 to 48 h after the injection and approached the initial concentration 5 to 7 d later. Plasma calcium increased within 24 h, reached a plateau at 4 to 6 d, and then decreased. Administration of 700 micrograms 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 resulted in higher plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium concentrations than when 350 micrograms of the drug was injected. 1 alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D3 did not affect plasma hydroxyproline. The injection of 700 micrograms 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 52 to 36 h before parturition resulted in a greater increase in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 than that obtained with 350 micrograms. In both groups 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 peaked 24 h after injection, as opposed to the controls, which peaked 72 h postpartum. At parturition, the 700-micrograms dose resulted in a slight hypercalcemia; the 350-micrograms dose moderated the hypocalcemia prevalent during this period, whereas in controls hypocalcemia was more pronounced. In cows injected with 700 micrograms, hypercalcemia was observed until the 15th d postpartum. Plasma hydroxyproline was elevated in all cows 48 to 72 h after parturition, but the increase was smaller in animals injected with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparison of resorbable soft tissue fillers (2004)

Soft tissue fillers for wrinkle treatment and facial reshaping offer numerous advantages for both doctors and patients. They are extremely well tolerated and efficacious and can produce long-lasting improvement with regular use. In this article a detailed, thorough review of the resorbable injectable filler implants available on the international market is offered and the most suitable for various treatment areas are identified. The chemical nature, formulation, indications, recommendations for technique, and possible side effects of each family of fillers are described.
Interfacing a General Purpose Fluid Network Flow Program with the SINDA/G Thermal Analysis Program (1999)

A general purpose, one dimensional fluid flow code is currently being interfaced with the thermal analysis program SINDA/G.The flow code, GFSSP, is capable of analyzing steady state and transient flow in a complex network.The flow code is capable of modeling several physical phenomena including compressibility effects, phase changes, body forces (such as gravity and centrifugal) and mixture thermodynamics for multiple species.The addition of GFSSP to SINDA/G provides a significant improvement in convective heat transfer modeling for SINDA/G.The interface development is conducted in multiple phases.This paper describes the first phase of the interface which allows for steady and quasisteady (unsteady solid, steady fluid) conjugate heat transfer modeling.
THE RESPONSE OF RABBIT MAMMARY GLANDS TO LOCALLY ADMINISTERED PROLACTIN (1956)

SUMMARY The response of rabbit mammary glands to intraductally-injected prolactin preparations has been investigated with a view to developing an assay procedure for prolactin, based on milk formation in mammals. Milk was clearly detectable in the glands by the 3rd day after injection of prolactin, and there was evidence of an increase in response with increased dose, but the variability so far encountered has been high. Intraductal injection of pituitary extracts rich in activities other than that of prolactin did not lead to milk formation.
General method for the synthesis of oxindoles (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGeneral method for the synthesis of oxindolesPaul G. Gassman and T. J. Van BergenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 8, 2718–2719Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00789a070https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00789a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views370Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Plant natural products: history, limitations and the potential of cambial meristematic cells (2012)

Humans have utilised plant derived natural products as medicines for millenia. Moreover, many contemporary pharmaceuticals are also natural products or derivatives thereof. However, the full potential of these compounds remains to be exploited because often they are: complex and difficult to synthesise; found in low quantities; produced by undomesticated and sometimes rare plants; and, their synthesis is routinely influenced by weather conditions. Potentially, the in vitro culture of cells from the corresponding plant species could circumvent some of these problems but the growth of plant cells on an industrial scale is also problematic. The recent isolation and culture of cambial meristematic cells (CMCs), stem cells which ordinarily generate the plant vasculature, may now provide a key platform technology to help realise the full potential of plant natural products.
An expandable Montgomery modular multiplication processor (2000)

Several public-key cryptographic systems (Schneier, 1996) make heavy use of modular multiplication. A design for expandable modular multiplication hardware is proposed. This design allows for cascading the hardware if larger moduli are required. The proposed design uses a Montgomery modular multiplication algorithm (Koc et al, IEEE Micro, pp. 26-33, June 1996).
Selective 2′-Hydroxyl Acylation Analyzed by Protection from Exoribonuclease (2010)

Selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) is a powerful approach for characterizing RNA structure and dynamics at single-nucleotide resolution. However, SHAPE technology is limited, sometimes severely, because primer extension detection obscures structural information for approximately 15 nts at the 5' end and 40-60 nts at the 3' end of the RNA. Moreover, detection by primer extension is more complex than the actual structure-selective chemical interrogation step. Here we quantify covalent adducts in RNA directly by adduct-inhibited exoribonuclease degradation. RNA 2'-O-adducts block processivity of a 3'-->5' exoribonuclease, RNase R, to produce fragments that terminate three nucleotides 3' of the modification site. We analyzed the structure of the native thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) riboswitch aptamer domain and identified large changes in local nucleotide dynamics and global RNA structure upon ligand binding. In addition to numerous changes that can be attributed to ligand recognition, we identify a single nucleotide bulge register shift, distant from the binding site, that stabilizes the ligand-bound structure. Selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by protection from exoribonuclease (RNase-detected SHAPE) should prove broadly useful for facile structural analysis of small noncoding RNAs and for RNAs that have functionally critical structures at their 5' and 3' ends.
The combination of a depot gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist and cyclical hormone replacement therapy for dysfunctional uterine bleeding (1991)

The combination of a depot gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist and cyclical hormone replacement therapy is a successful and acceptable treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
Solvation Structure of a Copper(II) Ion in Protic Ionic Liquids Comprising <i>N</i>-Hexylethylenediamine (2014)

The fine and dynamic structure of the copper(II) ion solvated in a protic ionic liquid (PIL) comprising monoprotonated N-hexylethylenediaminium (HHexen(+)) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (Tf2N(-)) [or trifluoroacetate (TFA(-))] was determined using NMR, visible electronic, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The chelate-diamine group in the cationic unit facilitates advantageous dissolution of transition-metal salts in the present PIL. The interaction of the copper(II) ion with the chelate-diamine PIL was explored by the addition of copper(II) salts to the PIL, demonstrating competitive complexation between the ligand of the added copper(II) salt and the components of the ionic liquid to the copper(II) ion. The favorable mode of interaction of the present chelating PIL with the copper(II) ion was clarified based on a comparison of the interactions with analogous liquids, including the monoprotonated hexylaminium HHexam(Tf2N)-PIL, neat N-hexylethylenediamine (Hexen), and neat ethylenediamine (En). The coordination modes of the bis-Hexen and tris-Hexen copper(II) complexes in molecular liquids and in solids were also studied for comparison of the coordination structures around the copper(II) ion with those in the present PILs. The paramagnetic-induced relaxations derived from (13)C (ΔT(1p)(-1)) and (15)N (ΔT(2p)(-1)) NMR, the visible electronic spectra, and EXAFS analysis showed that the copper(II) ion tends to form a bis-Hexen complex in the HHexen-PIL despite the electrostatic repulsion and the fact that the counteranions are located at the axial sites, whereas in the HHexam(Tf2N)-PIL, the copper(II) ion exhibits affinity for the Tf2N anion over the protonated amines. The lifetime of the copper(II) complex formed in the PIL was determined to be ≈10(-4) s based on (13)C (ΔT(1p)(-1)) and (14)N (ΔT(2p)(-1)) NMR, which is appreciably longer than that in conventional molecular solvents.
Inorganic Fluorine Chemistry (1994)

Fluorine and fluorinated substituent groups play an increasingly important role in modern inorganic chemistry. Many advances in solid-sate chemistry, coordination chemistry, main group element chemistry, and organometallic chemistry rely on the unique physical and chemical properties of the most electronegative of the chemical elements. This chapter lists the important monographs and reviews that have been published during the last twenty-five years in this area as well as some thoughts about where the field of inorganic fluorine chemistry is heading.
Minimal Interaction Search: Multi-Way Search with Item Categories (2013)

Extensive online collections of content exist, such as music, books, movies, and various others. Search in these collections is typically implemented in two ways, typing attributes of interest into a search box, or progressively navigating through series of menus with item categories to a list of desired items. In this paper, we focus on the latter approach. In particular, we propose a strategy that guides the user to the items of interest in the minimal number of interactions. Therefore, we refer to our technique as minimal interaction search. At each step of the search, we show the user k item categories and ask them to choose the one that matches their preferences, or state that none does. We formalize this problem as multi-way search and propose an algorithm DoubleGreedy that solves the problem efficiently. The item categories in each question can be computed in O(k) time, and any item in the database is found in the worst case in OPTk log(n 1)e=(e 1) questions, where n is the total number of items and OPTk is the maximum number of questions asked by the optimal strategy (that uses the smallest number of questions possible in the worst case). We evaluate our method on two datasets of movies and books, and show that the target item can be found very fast.
<i>RBP-J</i> ( <i>Rbpsuh</i> ) is essential to maintain muscle progenitor cells and to generate satellite cells (2007)

In the developing muscle, a pool of myogenic progenitor cells is formed and maintained. These resident progenitors provide a source of cells for muscle growth in development and generate satellite cells in the perinatal period. By the use of conditional mutagenesis in mice, we demonstrate here that the major mediator of Notch signaling, the transcription factor RBP-J, is essential to maintain this pool of progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state. In the absence of RBP-J, these cells undergo uncontrolled myogenic differentiation, leading to a depletion of the progenitor pool. This results in a lack of muscle growth in development and severe muscle hypotrophy. In addition, satellite cells are not formed late in fetal development in conditional RBP-J mutant mice. We conclude that RBP-J is required in the developing muscle to set aside proliferating progenitors and satellite cells.