gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 catalyze exchange of phospholipids. (1997)

Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is a plasma protein known to facilitate the diffusion of bacterial LPS (endotoxin). LBP catalyzes movement of LPS monomers from LPS aggregates to HDL particles, to phospholipid bilayers, and to a binding site on a second plasma protein, soluble CD14 (sCD14). sCD14 can hasten transfer by receiving an LPS monomer from an LPS aggregate, and then surrendering it to an HDL particle, thus acting as a soluble "shuttle" for an insoluble lipid. Here we show that LBP and sCD14 shuttle not only LPS, but also phospholipids. Phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylcholine, and a fluorescently labeled derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine (R-PE) are each transferred by LBP from membranes to HDL particles. The transfer could be observed using recombinant LBP and sCD14 or whole human plasma, and the plasma-mediated transfer of PI could be blocked by anti-LBP and partially inhibited by anti-CD14. sCD14 appears to act as a soluble shuttle for phospholipids since direct binding of PI and R-PE to sCD14 was observed and because addition of sCD14 accelerated transfer of these lipids. These studies define a new function for LBP and sCD14 and describe a novel mechanism for the transfer of phospholipids in blood. In further studies, we show evidence suggesting that LBP transfers LPS and phospholipids by reciprocal exchange: LBP-catalyzed binding of R-PE to LPS x sCD14 complexes was accompanied by the exit of LPS from sCD14, and LBP-catalyzed binding of R-PE to sCD14 was accelerated by prior binding of LPS to sCD14. Binding of one lipid is thus functionally coupled with the release of a second. These results suggest that LBP acts as a lipid exchange protein.
Learning linearly separable features for speech recognition using convolutional neural networks (2014)

Automatic speech recognition systems usually rely on spectral-based features, such as MFCC of PLP. These features are extracted based on prior knowledge such as, speech perception or/and speech production. Recently, convolutional neural networks have been shown to be able to estimate phoneme conditional probabilities in a completely data-driven manner, i.e. using directly temporal raw speech signal as input. This system was shown to yield similar or better performance than HMM/ANN based system on phoneme recognition task and on large scale continuous speech recognition task, using less parameters. Motivated by these studies, we investigate the use of simple linear classifier in the CNN-based framework. Thus, the network learns linearly separable features from raw speech. We show that such system yields similar or better performance than MLP based system using cepstral-based features as input.
Educational Malpractice in Our Schools: Shortchanging African American and Other Disenfranchised Students (2007)

Without a doubt, the world is changing at an incredible rate. America’s immigration rate is twice that of a century ago and has resulted in dramatic demographic shifts. The difference in the mean income between the wealthiest and the poorest continues to grow. Home schooling and charter schools are increasingly being chosen as alternatives for students, and cries for accountability in schools are deafening. Advances in technology and science are mind-boggling; the burgeoning Internet has placed a tremendous amount of knowledge literally at our fingertips. Huge companies are merging with others, creating mergers that will undoubtedly have far-reaching implications for the workplace of the future. Advances in knowledge and an increasingly complex society call for an even more educated population than we have today. These kinds of changes are leading to a revolutionary transformation in education. Such a transformation has been taking place from the district to the global level. Nonetheless, social injustice and diversity issues in the public school systems are not getting the attention warranted by these changes.
Sickle Cell Disease at 100 Years (2010)

Effective strategies to treat sickle cell disease could involve manipulating the type of hemoglobin produced in patients.
Signatures of movement variability anticipate hand speed according to levels of intent (2013)

We suggest that the statistics of intended motions may be a predictor of overall expertise level, whereas those of spontaneously occurring incidental motions may serve to track learning progression in different training contexts. These spontaneous fluctuations may help the central systems to kinesthetically discriminate the peripheral re-afferent patterns of movement variability associated with changes in movement speed and training context. We further propose that during learning the acquisition of both broad bandwidth of speeds and low noise-to-signal ratios may be critical to build a verifiable kinesthetic (movement) percept and reach the type of automaticity that an expert acquires.
The radioactive (I131 tagged) rose bengal uptake-excretion test for liver function using external gamma-ray scintillation counting techniques. (1955)

Abstract Laboratory studies in rabbits indicate the potential clinical applicability, high sensitivity, and relative safety of the radioactive rose bengal liver uptake-excretion test for determining the presence of liver and biliary tract diseases. The techniques employed in rabbits and the modification required for application in clinical medicine are described. Preliminary clinical results demonstrate that patients with some of the common diseases of the liver have fairly typical uptake-excretion patterns which are readily distinguishable from those recorded in normal individuals. Need for additional clinical investigation is stressed, and some possible advantages from further modifications in technical procedures are suggested.
Interphase cytogenetic analysis of <i>erb</i>B2 and topollα co‐amplification in invasive breast cancer and polysomy of chromosome 17 in ductal carcinoma <i>in situ</i> (1995)

Breast cancer is a genetically complex disease. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation can be used to analyse the genetics of breast-cancer progression in interphase cytogenetics. We have analysed the histological distribution of erbB2 and topoll alpha co-amplification in paraffin sections of invasive breast cancer and show that the co-amplified loci share the same histological distribution in the tumour and have a similar nuclear distribution within individual nuclei. Regions of the tumours without amplification are easily recognized and tumours with erbB2 and topoll alpha co-amplification can be distinguished from those with erbB2 amplification alone. In addition, FISH was used to show polysomy of chromosome 17 in non-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast and erbB2 amplification in both the invasive and non-invasive components of a breast cancer biopsy. This report of an interphase cytogenetic analysis of non-invasive breast carcinoma in situ demonstrates the usefulness of FISH for the genetic study of breast cancer progression.
Sphere-Formation Assay: Three-Dimensional in vitro Culturing of Prostate Cancer Stem/Progenitor Sphere-Forming Cells (2018)

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are a sub-population of cells, identified in most tumors, responsible for the initiation, recurrence, metastatic potential, and resistance of different malignancies. In prostate cancer (PCa), CSCs were identified and thought to be responsible for the generation of the lethal subtype, commonly known as Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC). <i>In vitro</i> models to investigate the properties of CSCs in PCa are highly required. Sphere-formation assay is an <i>in vitro</i> method commonly used to identify CSCs and study their properties. Here, we report the detailed methodology on how to generate and propagate spheres from PCa cell lines and from murine prostate tissue. This model is based on the ability of stem cells to grow in non-adherent serum-free gel matrix. We also describe how to use these spheres in histological and immuno-fluorescent staining assays to assess the differentiation potential of the CSCs. Our results show the sphere-formation Assay (SFA) as a reliable <i>in vitro</i> assay to assess the presence and self-renewal ability of CSCs in different PCa models. This platform presents a useful tool to evaluate the effect of conventional or novel agents on the initiation and self-renewing properties of different tumors. The effects can be directly evaluated through assessment of the sphere-forming efficiency (SFE) over five generations or other downstream assays such as immuno-histochemical analysis of the generated spheres.
Phenomenological Modeling of Critical Condensate Saturation and Relative Permeabilities in Gas/ Condensate Systems (2000)

Summary The effects of gravity, viscous forces, interfacial tension, and wettability on the critical condensate saturation and relative permeability of gas condensate systems are studied using a phenomenological simple network model. The results from the simple model show that wettability significantly affects both critical condensate saturation and relative permeability. Relative permeability at some saturations may increase significantly as the contact angle is altered from 0° (strongly liquid-wet) to 85° (intermediately gas-wet). The results suggest that gas well deliverability in condensate reservoirs can be enhanced by wettability alteration near the wellbore.
Temporomandibular joint: multislab, three-dimensional Fourier transformation MR imaging. (1988)

High-resolution three-dimensional Fourier transformation (3DFT) multislab acquisitions and a specially designed counter-rotating loop surface coil were used to increase the quality and clinical efficacy of imaging of the temporomandibular joint. The results were compared with those of 2D multisection imaging. Multislab 3DFT magnetic resonance imaging combines the advantages of volume imaging for viewing small structures and the clinical efficiency of 2DFT multisection acquisitions. A 3DFT multislab acquisition, coupled with a specially designed coil, yields two slabs of 16 sections each. The thin-section 3D imaging method facilitates the diagnosis of medially and laterally displaced disks and allows a bilateral examination.
A New Method for the Preparation of Secondary Amines. VIII (1956)

Synthesis of phenylalkanolamine by the saccharin method was studied and α-phenyl-β-monomethylaminoethanol, ephedrine, and α-(3, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-β-monomethylaminoethanol (DMAE) were successfully obtained. There are two methods of preparing α-phenyl-β-monomethylaminoethanol but the one involving reduction of N-phenacylsaccharin (IIIa) to N-(α-hydroxyphenethyl)-o-carboxybenzenesulfonamide (XIa) and its treatment by the usual method gives better yield and requires simpler procedures. The other method of hydrolyzing (IIIa) with alkali is apt to afford a by-product, 3-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-1, 2-benzothiazine S-dioxide (IVa) as yellow crystals. The former method is also advantageous for the preparation of ephedrine, although the acid hydrolysis of N-methyl-N-(β-methyl-α-hydroxyphenethyl)-o-carboxybenzenesulfonamide (XXV) results in the formation of pseudoephedrine, as well as ephedrine. In the case of DMAE, alkaline hydrolysis by this method of (IIIb) did not afford the objective carboxylic acid but only 3-(3′, 5′-dimethoxybenzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1, 2-benzothiazine S-dioxide (IVb) was obtained as yellow crystals and the objective was attained by the former method.
Development of Therapeutic Combinations Targeting Major Cancer Signaling Pathways (2013)

Signaling networks play key homeostatic processes in living organisms but are commonly hijacked in oncogenesis. Prominent examples include genetically altered receptor tyrosine kinases and dysregulated intracellular signaling molecules. The discovery and development of targeted therapies against such oncogenic proteins has imparted clinical benefit. Nevertheless, concerns remain about the limited single-agent efficacy and narrow therapeutic indices of many of these antitumor agents. Moreover, it is apparent that oncogenic proteins comprise complex signaling networks that interact through crosstalk and feedback loops, which modify therapeutic vulnerability. These complexities mandate the study of drug combinations, which will also become necessary to reverse tumor drug resistance. Here, we outline the challenges associated with rational drug codevelopment strategies, with a focus on the importance of analytically validated biomarkers for patient selection and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) studies. Overall, the most informative clinical studies of novel combinations will have the following characteristics: robust scientific hypotheses leading to their selection; supportive preclinical data from contextually appropriate preclinical model systems; sufficient preclinical PK data to inform on the risk of drug-drug interactions; and detailed PD studies to determine the biologically active dose range for each agent. Toward this end, several novel clinical trial designs may be envisioned to accelerate successful drug combination development while minimizing the risk of late drug combination attrition. Although considerable challenges remain, these efforts may enable important steps to be taken toward more durable therapeutic control of many cancers.
Backbones and backdoors in satisfiability (2005)

We study the backbone and the backdoors of prepositional satisfiability problems. We make a number of theoretical, algorithmic and experimental contributions. From a theoretical perspective, we prove that backbones are hard even to approximate. From an algorithmic perspective, we present a number of different procedures for computing backdoors. From an empirical perspective, we study the correlation between being in the backbone and in a backdoor. Experiments show that there tends to be very little overlap between backbones and backdoors. We also study problem hardness for the Davis Putnam procedure. Problem hardness appears to be correlated with the size of strong backdoors, and weakly correlated with the size of the backbone, but does not appear to be correlated to the size of weak backdoors nor their number. Finally, to isolate the effect of backdoors, we look at problems with no backbone.
Oxidation state and lattice expansion of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">CeO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>−</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>nanoparticles as a function of particle size (2004)

Cerium oxide nanoparticles ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}$ (\ensuremath{\sim}3--20 nm in diameter) made by a vapor phase condensation method, have been studied by several methods of transmission electron microscopy (TEM): electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), high resolution imaging, and electron diffraction. The white-line ratios ${M}_{5}{/M}_{4}$ of the EELS spectra were used to determine the relative amounts of cerium ions ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{4+}$ as a function of particle size. The fraction of ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ ions in the particles rapidly increased with decreasing particle size below \ensuremath{\sim}15 nm in diameter. The particles were completely reduced to ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{1.5}$ at the diameter of \ensuremath{\sim}3 nm. This reduced cerium oxide has a fluorite structure which is the same as that of bulk ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2}.$ Also, EELS spectra taken from the edge and center of the particle indicated that for larger particles the valence reduction of cerium ions occurs mainly at the surface, forming a ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{1.5}$ layer and leaving the core as essentially ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2}.$ A micromechanical model based on linear elasticity was used to explain the lattice expansion of the ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}$ nanoparticles. Comparing our results with previously published works indicates that the amount of ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{1.5}$ in ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}$ nanoparticles is a strong function of the particular synthesis methods used to make these particles.
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (1997)

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is an important differential diagnosis for asymptomatic patients with chronically elevated plasma liver enzyme levels, especially if obesity, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia are present. Analysis of liver biopsy specimens is necessary for diagnosis and must be done in all patients with unexplained abnormal liver function and negative results on a noninvasive workup. Prognosis is good in most patients. The precise role of weight reduction and ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in the favorable alteration of the natural history of this disorder needs to be addressed in large, well-controlled studies.
Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membranes modified with ionically crosslinked polyelectrolyte multilayers for the separation of ionic impurities (2016)

Nanofiltration membranes were prepared by forming multilayers of branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) on a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous mat by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. The degree of ionization (DI) of PAA, estimated using FTIR spectra both in the absence and presence of added salt, was shown to have a strong influence on the BPEI/PAA film growth. BPEI/PAA multilayers grew exponentially when the DI of PAA was less than 30%, or when the pH of PAA during LbL formation was less than 3.5. Subsequently, BPEI/PAA multilayers were formed on the PAN nanofiber mats by depositing the polyelectrolytes at the experimental conditions that favored maximum film growth. The separation layer formed with 15 bilayers of BPEI/PAA has a thickness of 1100 nm. PAA ionization was favored within the BPEI/PAA multilayers due to the presence of abundant amine groups in BPEI, and as a result, a strong negative charge was seen for PAN nanofibrous membranes for solution conditions above pH 4.5. Nanofiber membranes modified with 15 bilayers of BPEI/PAA multilayers at an applied pressure of 4 bar had a pure water flux of 19.7 Lm<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> and a MgSO<sub>4</sub> rejection of 98.7%. This performance represents 1.6 times higher flux and 1.1 times higher salt rejection than the multilayers formed on a conventional asymmetric polymeric support. The higher separation and higher flux capabilities of BPEI/PAA multilayer modified PAN nanofiber membranes was due to the combined effect of high charge density and high porosity of the nanofiber membranes.
The quantitative measurement of Alcian Blue–glycosaminoglycan complexes (1973)

1. A simple new quantitative micro method was developed to study the interaction of the cationic dye Alcian Blue 8GX and acid glycosaminoglycans under different conditions. After washing with ethanol the precipitated Alcian Blue-glycosaminoglycan complex was dissociated in Manoxol IB solution and the amount of bound dye measured spectrophotometrically. 2. Reaction profiles of complex-formation were determined in the presence of different concentrations of MgCl(2) at pH5.8, and could be used to study the critical electrolyte concentrations of glycosaminoglycans. At least 50mm-MgCl(2) was required to produce maximum precipitation of, and maximum uptake of, Alcian Blue by standard glycosaminoglycans. Maximum uptake of Alcian Blue by glycosaminoglycans in the urine of a patient with Hurler's syndrome required the presence of 25-50mm-MgCl(2). 3. Under standard conditions of maximum interaction, calibration curves for the quantitative determination of a series of standard glycosaminoglycans in 20mul volumes were nearly linear over the range 1-10mug. 4. The technique was used to determine the molecular binding ratios of Alcian Blue to glycosaminoglycans under controlled conditions.
Tracking differentiating neural progenitors in pluripotent cultures using microRNA-regulated lentiviral vectors (2010)

In this study, we have used a microRNA-regulated lentiviral reporter system to visualize and segregate differentiating neuronal cells in pluripotent cultures. Efficient suppression of transgene expression, specifically in undifferentiated pluripotent cells, was achieved by using a lentiviral vector expressing a fluorescent reporter gene regulated by microRNA-292. Using this strategy, it was possible to track progeny from murine ES, human ES cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells as they differentiated toward the neural lineage. In addition, this strategy was successfully used to FACS purify neuronal progenitors for molecular analysis and transplantation. FACS enrichment reduced tumor formation and increased survival of ES cell-derived neuronal progenitors after transplantation. The properties and versatility of the microRNA-regulated vectors allows broad use of these vectors in stem cell applications.
Expression and Function of Junctional Adhesion Molecule-C in Myelinated Peripheral Nerves (2007)

JAM-C is an adhesion molecule that is expressed on cells within the vascular compartment and epithelial cells and, to date, has been largely studied in the context of inflammatory events. Using immunolabeling procedures in conjunction with confocal and electron microscopy, we show here that JAM-C is also expressed in peripheral nerves and that this expression is localized to Schwann cells at junctions between adjoining myelin end loops. Sciatic nerves from JAM-C-deficient [having the JAM-C gene knocked out (KO)] mice exhibited loss of integrity of the myelin sheath and defective nerve conduction as indicated by morphological and electrophysiological studies, respectively. In addition, behavioral tests showed motor abnormalities in the KO animals. JAM-C was also expressed in human sural nerves with an expression profile similar to that seen in mice. These results demonstrate that JAM-C is a component of the autotypic junctional attachments of Schwann cells and plays an important role in maintaining the integrity and function of myelinated peripheral nerves.
Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) on Caco2/TC7 Colon Tumor Cell Cultures. (2002)

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is usually used to solubilize poorly soluble drugs in permeation assays such as that using Caco2 enterocyte-like cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of DMSO on Caco2/TC7 cells and determinate the maximal concentration usable in permeation experiments. Caco2/TC7 cells were cultured for 21 d on 96-well plates for evaluation of toxicity. The determination of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in cell supernatant and the measurement of Neutral Red (NR) uptake are used for cytotoxicity assays. DMSO solutions (0-100%) in Hank's balanced salt solution containing HEPES (25 mM), pH 7.4, were incubated with Caco-2/TC7 cells on 96 well plates. Caco2/TC7 cells were cultured on Transwell-Clear inserts to evaluate the influence of DMSO on the apparent permeability of the paracellular marker mannitol. DMSO 10% did not induce any significant increase in LDH release whereas a significant increase in LDH activity (ANOVA, p<0.05) occurred at a DMSO concentration of 20 to 50%. NR incorporation in viable cells was statistically reduced by 27 to 36% at DMSO concentration of 20% up to 100% (ANOVA, p>0.05). No statistical difference (p<0.05) in apparent mannitol permeability was observed between the control and 10% DMSO groups. In conclusion, at concentrations of up to 10%, DMSO did not produce any significant alteration in apical membrane permeability or on cell-to-cell tight junctional complexes.