gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SCHEINWERFER FUER KRAFTFAHRZEUGE MIT POLARISIERTEM LICHT (1973)

IN KRAFTFAHRZEUGSCHEINWERFERN FUER POLARISIERTES LICHT, BEI DENEN DIE POLARISATION MIT HILFE DICHROITISCH ABSORBIERENDER KUNSTSTOFFOLIEN ERFOLGT, WERDEN DIESE FOLIEN THERMISCH STARK BELASTET, SO DASS DER POLARISATIONSGRAD BEI LAENGERER BETRIEBSZEIT ABSINKT. AUSSERDEM IST DER WIRKUNGSGRAD SOLCHER SYSTEME GERING. ERFOLGT DIE POLARISATION VERLUSTFREI DURCH REFLEXION AN SCHICHTPOLARISATOREN, DANN IST WEGEN ZU GROSSER DIVERGENZ DER DEN REFLEKTOR VERLASSENDEN STRAHLEN DER POLARISATIONSGRAD UNZUREICHEND. DURCH KOMBINATION BEIDER POLARISATIONSMETHODEN ERHAELT MAN EINEN SCHEINWERFER FUER POLARISIERTES LICHT, DER EINEN BEFRIEDIGENDEN WIRKUNGSGRAD AUFWEIST, BEI DEM DIE POLARISATIONSFOLIEN THERMISCH WENIG BELASTET WERDEN, UND DER DEN NOETIGEN POLARISATIONSGRAD ERGIBT. - AEHNLICHER ARTIKEL DIESES AUTORS ERSCHIEN UNTER DEM TITEL EIN KRAFTFAHRZEUG-SCHEINWERFER MIT POLARISI ERTEM LICHT IN DER ZEITSCHRIFT BOSCH TECHNISCHE BERICHTE, BD 4, HEFT 2 (1973), S. 64-9 (IDS-NR. 301808). (A).
Results, Potential and Challenges of High Power GaN-Based Transistors (1999)

The fabrication of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) employs strong spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization. The material was grown by OMVPE at 1050 °C and 75 Torr. The Hall measurements yielded ≈︂1 × 1013/cm2 electron sheet density, with 1200 to 1600 cm2/Vs electron mobility for 300 Å Al0.3Ga0.7N/GaN on sapphire at 300 K. The process steps for mesa isolation, Ohmic and Schottky contacts are presented. The frequency response and drain–source breakdown voltage have been determined experimentally. The average electron transit velocity, determined from cut-off frequency, is 1.2 × 107 cm/s, and the breakdown electric field is estimated to be 3 MV/cm. On sapphire substrates, large periphery devices yielded 1.8 W/mm at 78% power-added efficiency and small periphery devices yielded 3.3 W/mm at 36% power-added efficiency at 4 GHz. Performance limitations due to electron trapping during HEMT operation are included. Predictions of >20 W/mm microwave output power are presented for these devices on SiC substrates.
Aspects of limb morphogenesis in mammals (1965)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Shape-Changing Crystals Get Shiftier (1997)

A talented family of materials has gained some even more gifted members. Piezoelectric crystals have the unique ability to swell or shrink when zapped with electricity, as well as give off a jolt of juice themselves when compressed or pulled apart. Now, by varying the recipe for these materials, researchers have found new ones that display an effect up to 10 times larger than that of current family members.
The comparison of pathogenicity in the SPF chickens challenged with avian reovirus and/or fowl adenovirus (2011)

Avian reovirus (ARV) and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were evaluated for pathogenicity in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. ARV was isolated from the broilers with history of malabsorption syndrome (MAS). FAdV was isolated from the layer breeders with inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome. Total 6 inoculated groups including 1 un-inoculated group were organized and inoculated with the ARV and/or FAdV by oral route. The minimal pathological lesions and lower viral gene detection rates were present in the ARV inoculated groups compared to those of FAdV or ARV/FAdV inoculated groups. Common gross lesions in the ARV inoculated group were distended intestine with foamy contents and in the FAdV group there were foamy cecal contents and hydropericardium among the evaluation methods such as gross and histological lesion, viral gene detection, body weight and serum chemistry, histopathological lesion score was reliable especially in the liver lesions such as hepatic necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration. However, we did not success to evaluate the synergetic effect of mixed infection of ARV and FAdV in this study. Therefore, we need further study to reproduce malabsorption syndrome of ARV infection using different viral agent such as rotavirus and using different dose of virus.
VII.—NEW BOOKS (1907)

Journal Article VII.—NEW BOOKS Get access The Family. By HELEN BOSANQUET. London: Macmillan & Co., 1906. Pp. vii, 344. S. J. CHAPMAN S. J. CHAPMAN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mind, Volume XVI, Issue 62, April 1907, Pages 290–291, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/XVI.62.290 Published: 01 April 1907
Diffusion‐weighted <i>in vivo</i> localized proton MR spectroscopy of human cerebral ischemia and tumor (2002)

The apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of water and brain metabolites were determined by proton MR spectroscopy on a clinical MR scanner for healthy volunteers and for pathological changes in cases of acute cerebral infarction and brain tumor. The ADCs of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and creatines in tissue involved in acute infarction were decreased compared to normal control values, while in tumors they showed increased values. Since NAA is a neuronal marker, these findings suggest that neuronal cell viscosity changes according to the pathological status of the tissue. The lactate ADC was significantly larger than the values for other major metabolites in cases of ischemia and tumor, suggesting that lactate is present in a different compartment. These results indicate that metabolite diffusion data can be used to reveal changes in the intracellular environment depending on the pathological status.
A Study of the Closed-Loop Supply Chain Coordination on Waste Glass Bottles Recycling (2016)

The recycling of waste products can sharply save manufacturing cost and improve the economic efficiency and corporate-reputation. It also has a great effect on the environment and resources protection. In the management of the closed-loop supply chain, the recycling of waste products and decision-making on pricing often directly affect the supply and demand of products and the operation efficiency of supply chain. Therefore, first we take waste glass bottles as an example and establish a mathematical model to solve the profit of manufacturers and retailers solely. Then, we analyzed whole supply chain profit under a dual-channel recycling condition which is directly recycled by consumers or by retailers. Finally, we concluded that no matter what product’s price, quality, profit, or operational efficiency of supply chain is, the overall recycling is better than the single node recycling model. Based on the analysis, we developed a new model to coordinate the profit of manufacturers and retailers in the supply chain with revenue-sharing contract. A numerical study shows that this approach is applicable and effective.
Organic–inorganic hybrid materials starting from the novel nanoscaled bismuth oxido methacrylate cluster [Bi38O45(OMc)24(DMSO)9]·2DMSO·7H2O (2011)

The reaction of the basic bismuth nitrate [Bi(6)O(4)(OH)(4)](NO(3))(6)·H(2)O with sodium methacrylate in DMSO gave [Bi(38)O(45)(OMc)(24)(DMSO)(9)]·2DMSO·7H(2)O (OMc = O(2)CC(3)H(5)), which is highly soluble in organic solvents. By copolymerization of the bismuth oxido cluster with methyl methacrylate transparent, radiopaque organic-inorganic hybrid materials were obtained.
Radiocarbon and Soil Carbon Dynamics (2009)

Research over the past several decades has clarified the mechanisms and timescales involved in stabilizing organic matter in soils, but we still lack process-based understanding sufficient for predicting how vulnerable soil carbon (C) is, given climatic or environmental change across a range of soil types and landscapes. Part of the problem is the emphasis on short-term studies and processes that dominate C balance at the point or soil profile scale, whereas other processes that dominate over longer timescales and larger spatial scales may actually be more important for determining the carbon balance of soils in a region. Radiocarbon is one of the only tools to study the dynamics of C in soils on decadal to millennial timescales. It provides a means for directly testing models of organic matter dynamics in ecosystems and, when measured in respired CO 2 or dissolved organic carbon (DOC), provides evidence of shifts in microbial metabolism. This review explores the application of this underutilized tool, with an emphasis on conceptual advances made using the state-factor approach and on detecting processes causing abrupt change in soil C stores.
Virtual DNA analysis — a new tool for combination and standardised evaluation of SSO, SSP and sequencing‐based typing results (1998)

In order to obtain reliable information on HLA types, DNA typing with sequence-specific oligonucleotide/primer (SSO/SSP) typing sets or sequencing-based typing (SBT) is increasingly performed. The quality of the evaluation depends on the presence of a complete listing of all typed alleles as well as on the ability of detecting all corresponding alleles/allele pairs. We have developed the concept of virtual DNA analysis (VDA), which is able to combine all types of SSO/SSP/SBT results and evaluate this typing in combination according to the latest published allele sequence lists. The concept is based on the target DNA recognised by the respective typing techniques. All SSO/SSP or SBT results are transformed to a virtual sample DNA, which subsequently is analysed. Evaluation of generic or allele-specific DNA typing or the combination of both is supported. Due to this flexible approach, all kinds of SSO/SSP sets, as far as the respective SSO/SSP sequences are available, can be entered and evaluated immediately. The combination of collected data of different typing sets and procedures leads to the highest possible typing resolution. If more than one possible allele combination persists, the program reduces the result to the most specific common denominator in a stepwise manner. VDA offers the possibility of re-evaluation of former SSO/SSP/SBT results, alone or in combination. No solutions are omitted. This might be a first step towards standardisation of evaluating DNA-based HLA typing results or transfer of the respective typing data for later evaluation.
Flexible Configured OFDM for 5G Air Interface (2015)

A flexible orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM)-based modulation scheme is proposed under the name of Flexible Configured OFDM (FC-OFDM). It enables a flexible subband configuration and targets a multi-service scenario, which is envisioned for future 5G networks. The proposed FC-OFDM scheme provides a good compromise between the filter bank multi-carrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation and the classical cyclic prefix-based OFDM system. The detailed system structure is illustrated in this paper, together with efficiency evaluations.
The design of CMOS general-purpose analog front-end circuit with tunable gain and bandwidth for biopotential signal recording systems (2011)

In this paper an 8-channel CMOS general-purpose analog front-end (AFE) circuit with tunable gain and bandwidth for biopotential signal recording systems is presented. The proposed AFE consists of eight chopper stabilized pre-amplifiers, an 8-to-1 analog multiplexer, and a programmable gain amplifier. It can be used to sense and amplify different kinds of biopotential signals, such as electrocorticogram (ECoG), electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyogram (EMG). The AFE chip is designed and fabricated in 0.18-μm CMOS technology. The measured maximum gain of AFE is 60.8 dB. The low cutoff frequency can achieve as low as 0.8 Hz and high cutoff frequency can be adjusted from 200 Hz to 10 kHz to suit for different kinds of biopotential signals. The measured input-referred noise is 0.9 μV(rms), with the power consumption of 18μW per channel at 1.8-V power supply. And the noise efficiency factor (NEF) is only 1.3 for pre-amplifier.
Carrier frequency recovery in all-digital modems for burst-mode transmissions (1995)

Reliable data detection in time division multiple access (TDMA) communication systems strictly depends on the availability of accurate estimates of the synchronization parameters of the received signal, i.e., carrier frequency/phase and symbol timing, which must be derived from the burst preamble. The authors focus on the carrier frequency estimation aspect, and present a fast, open-loop, all-digital frequency offset estimation technique, whose performance is assessed in two different communication scenarios: a TDMA satellite link employing standard modulation and burst formats, and a mobile cellular terrestrial radio system with signal and channel characteristics obeying the pan-European Group Special Mobile (GSM) recommendations. The use of the algorithm as a frequency error detector (discriminator) in a recursive ("closed-loop") frequency offset estimator is also discussed, and some results concerning both the transient and the steady-state behavior of such a scheme are presented. Finally, the impact of the algorithm on the receiver BER is briefly analyzed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Silver‐coated wool yarns with durable antibacterial properties (2012)

Abstract The use of fabrics with antibacterial properties for commodity applications can provide numerous advantages such as a reduction in the release of odors due to bacterial proliferation in sweat and a reduction in the development of skin hypersensitivity reactions due to microorganisms trapped into the fabrics. Silver is one of the most effective antibacterial agents used for the high degree of biocompatibility and for its long‐term antibacterial effectiveness against many different bacterial strains. In this study, an innovative technique for the deposition of nanosilver antibacterial coating on woolen fiber was analyzed. In particular, fabrics woven with different percentages of silver‐treated fibers were compared to determine the best ratio preserving the antibacterial activity and optimizing the cost‐effectiveness of the final product. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a uniform distribution of silver nanoclusters on the fibers. The impressive silver coating stability and durability were demonstrated after several washing cycles through thermogravimetric analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the silver‐treated substrates was evaluated by antibacterial tests on Escherichia coli . A very strong antibacterial activity was found even in presence of the lower silver content; therefore, a blend of coated and uncoated fibers is proposed for practical applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Chemoenzymic Synthesis of 4-Substituted Riboses. S-(4'-Methyladenosyl)-L-homocysteine (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemoenzymic Synthesis of 4-Substituted Riboses. S-(4'-Methyladenosyl)-L-homocysteineCarl R. Johnson, John L. Esker, and Michael C. Van ZandtCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 20, 5854–5855Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00099a005RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views535Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (284 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Visual sensitivity, blur and the sources of variability in the amplitude spectra of natural scenes (1997)

A number of researchers have suggested that in order to understand the response properties of cells in the visual pathway, we must consider the statistical structure of the natural environment. In this paper, we focus on one aspect of that structure, namely, the correlational structure which is described by the amplitude or power spectra of natural scenes. We propose that the principle insight one gains from considering the image spectra is in understanding the relative sensitivity of cells tuned to different spatial frequencies. This study employs a model in which the peak sensitivity is constant as a function of frequency with linear bandwith increasing (i.e., approximately constant in octaves). In such a model, the "response magnitude" (i.e., vector length) of cells increases as a function of their optimal (or central) spatial frequency out to about 20 cyc/deg. The result is a code in which the response to natural scenes, whose amplitude spectra typically fall as 1/f, is roughly constant out to 20 cyc/deg. An important consideration in evaluating this model of sensitivity is the fact that natural scenes show considerable variability in their amplitude spectra, with individual scenes showing falloffs which are often steeper or shallower than 1/f. Using a new measure of image structure (the "rectified contrast spectrum" or "RCS") on a set of calibrated natural images, it is shown that a large part of the variability in the spectra is due to differences in the sparseness of local structure at different scales. That is, an image which is "in focus" will have structure (e.g., edges) which has roughly the same magnitude across scale. That is, the loss of high frequency energy in some images is due to the reduction of the number of regions that contain structure rather than the amplitude of that structure. An "in focus" image will have structure (e.g., edges) across scale that have roughly equal magnitude but may vary in the area covered by structure. The slope of the RCS was found to provide a reasonable prediction of physical blur across a variety of scenes in spite of the variability in their amplitude spectra. It was also found to produce a good prediction of perceived blur as judged by human subjects.
An experimental comparison of human schedulers and heuristic algorithms for the traveling salesman problem (1982)

Abstract Vehicle routing and scheduling for laundry, courier, mail, and other service operations is a significant service industry problem. Several computer‐based heuristic algorithms have been developed to assist schedulers in developing efficient delivery (and pick up) vehicle routes. This paper reports the results of an experiment that compared the performance of inexperienced human schedulers and seven heuristic vehicle routing algorithms. A large set of traveling salesman test problems ranging in size from 10 to 80 customers was used in the experiment. The results of the experiment suggest that inexperienced, untrained human schedulers can consistently find traveling salesman solutions as good as or better than all but one of the seven heuristic algorithms tested (including the widely used ClarkeWright distance saved heuristic and the recently published largest‐angle insertion heuristic). The human schedulers found traveling salesman routes as good as the best heuristic tested (Lin's 3‐optimal) in 29 percent of the test problems. On average, the human schedulers' solution distances were only 2.8 percent above the 3‐optimal heuristic solution distances.
Intraoperative Perfusion Mapping with Laser-Assisted Indocyanine Green Imaging Can Predict and Prevent Complications in Immediate Breast Reconstruction (2010)

This early experience demonstrates an increased accuracy in predicting tissue necrosis (mastectomy flap, autologous tissue) as guided by indocyanine green imaging. Further prospective studies are warranted to quantify whether this technology can reduce health care costs by preventing complications in immediate breast reconstruction.
Microbial Glycosyltransferases for Carbohydrate Synthesis:  α-2,3-Sialyltransferase from <i>Neisseria </i><i>g</i><i>onorrheae</i> (2001)

The alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase from Neisseria gonorrheae was overproduced in E. coli for exploitation of its substrate specificity and synthetic utility. Several potential acceptor substrates were synthesized in this study, including mono- and oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycopeptides and their sulfate derivatives. Some CMP-sialic acid derivatives with modification at the C-5 position were also prepared for evaluation as donor substrates. It was found that the enzyme exhibits a broader acceptor substrate specificity when compared to other sialyltransferases, though the donor specificity is quite limited. Application of the enzyme to the preparative synthesis of representative sialyl glycoconjugates has been demonstrated. On the basis of this work and the work of others, this enzyme is the most versatile and synthetically useful among all sialyltransferases known to date, especially for the synthesis of sulfate-containing glycoconjugates.
An Improved Synthesis of cis-Δ<sup>4</sup>-Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride and cis-Hexahydrophthalic Acid (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn Improved Synthesis of cis-Δ4-Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride and cis-Hexahydrophthalic AcidEdward F. Jenkins and Edward J. CostelloCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 12, 2733Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01216a512https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01216a512research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views197Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Software Testing Management: Life on the Critical Path (1992)

Leads software testers through a test program that aims to meets two critical goals - finding errors and proving that the program works, and doing both within reasonable time and cost restraints. This text is designed for the software tester and anyone involved in software test management.
Exciton diffusion and dissociation in a poly(<i>p</i>-phenylenevinylene)/C60 heterojunction photovoltaic cell (1996)

We report measurements of the photovoltaic response of two-layer photocells formed with layers of the conjugated polymer poly(phenylenevinylene), PPV and fullerene, C60, formed between indium-tin oxide and aluminum electrodes. Peak quantum efficiencies of up to ∼9% (electrons collected per incident photon) were measured under short-circuit conditions. We model the photovoltaic response as arising from excitons photogenerated in the PPV layer which are able to diffuse to the interface with the C60 layer where they are ionized. We obtain a value for the exciton diffusion range of 7±1 nm, both from the spectral response and from the absolute efficiency. We demonstrate that the branching ratio for the creation of singlet excitons from absorbed photons is close to unity.