gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Natural BH3 mimetic (-)-gossypol chemosensitizes human prostate cancer via Bcl-xL inhibition accompanied by increase of Puma and Noxa (2008)

Antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family proteins are overexpressed in prostate cancer and are promising molecular targets for modulating chemoresistance of prostate cancer. (-)-Gossypol, a natural BH3 mimetic, is a small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Mcl-1 currently in phase II clinical trials as an adjuvant therapy for human prostate cancer. Our objective is to examine the chemosensitization potential of (-)-gossypol in prostate cancer and its molecular mechanisms of action. (-)-Gossypol inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis through mitochondria pathway in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells and synergistically enhanced the antitumor activity of docetaxel both in vitro and in vivo in PC-3 xenograft model in nude mouse. (-)-Gossypol blocked the interactions of Bcl-xL with Bax or Bad in cancer cells by fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay and overcame the Bcl-xL protection of FL5.12 model cells on interleukin-3 withdrawal. Western blot and real-time PCR studies showed that a dose-dependent increase of the proapoptotic BH3-only proteins Noxa and Puma contributed to the cell death induced by (-)-gossypol and to the synergistic effects of (-)-gossypol and docetaxel. The small interfering RNA knockdown studies showed that Noxa and Puma are required in the (-)-gossypol-induced cell death. Taken together, these data suggest that (-)-gossypol exerts its antitumor activity through inhibition of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL accompanied by an increase of proapoptotic Noxa and Puma. (-)-Gossypol significantly enhances the antitumor activity of chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo, representing a promising new regime for the treatment of human hormone-refractory prostate cancer with Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Mcl-1 overexpression.
Shape matters: the diffusion rates of TMV rods and CPMV icosahedrons in a spheroid model of extracellular matrix are distinct (2013)

Nanomaterial-based carrier systems hold great promise to deliver therapies with increased efficacy and reduced side effects. While the state-of-the-art carrier system is a sphere, recent data indicate that elongated rods and filaments have advantageous flow and margination properties, resulting in enhanced vascular targeting and tumor homing. Here, we report on the distinct diffusion rates of two bio-inspired carrier systems: 30 nm-sized spherical cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and 300×18 nm-sized tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with a tubular structure, using a spheroid model of the tumor microenvironment and fluorescent imaging.
Homogeneity of the linear thermal expansion coefficient of ZERODUR measured with improved accuracy (2006)

For future extremely large telescope projects like OWL or TMT with at least several hundreds of mirror blanks the homogeneity of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) within a single blank is an important issue. The telescope designers are not only interested in the global CTE homogeneity but also in measuring the axial CTE gradient to the highest precision. It has been proven in the past in many projects like GTC and Keck that ZERODUR(r) itself is a material of highest homogeneity even in large dimensions and huge quantities. About 95.5% of all 2m class mirror segments of all projects exhibit a peak to valley homogeneity of better than 0.015*10<sup>-6</sup>K<sup>-1</sup>. The actual homogeneity of the material is even better because the results so far are largely influenced by the restrictions of the CTE measurement repeatability in the past. This paper introduces an advanced method for the measurement of the CTE of ZERODUR(r) exhibiting a significantly improved reproducibility. The dilatometer setup was especially optimized to cope with the demand of highly accurate homogeneity measurements of 2 m class ZERODUR(r) segments for giant astronomical telescopes. Detailed measurement results out of a single 1.5 m class ZERODUR(r) segment based on the current state of production will be shown. The results show CTE distributions in radial, angular and axial direction. SCHOTT has already improved the production capacity for ZERODUR(r) immensely, thereby the results represent the current status of quality of the available mass production facilities at SCHOTT.
Penalized Likelihood PET Image Reconstruction Using Patch-Based Edge-Preserving Regularization (2012)

Iterative image reconstruction for positron emission tomography (PET) can improve image quality by using spatial regularization that penalizes image intensity difference between neighboring pixels. The most commonly used quadratic penalty often oversmoothes edges and fine features in reconstructed images. Nonquadratic penalties can preserve edges but often introduce piece-wise constant blocky artifacts and the results are also sensitive to the hyper-parameter that controls the shape of the penalty function. This paper presents a patch-based regularization for iterative image reconstruction that uses neighborhood patches instead of individual pixels in computing the nonquadratic penalty. The new regularization is more robust than the conventional pixel-based regularization in differentiating sharp edges from random fluctuations due to noise. An optimization transfer algorithm is developed for the penalized maximum likelihood estimation. Each iteration of the algorithm can be implemented in three simple steps: an EM-like image update, an image smoothing and a pixel-by-pixel image fusion. Computer simulations show that the proposed patch-based regularization can achieve higher contrast recovery for small objects without increasing background variation compared with the quadratic regularization. The reconstruction is also more robust to the hyper-parameter than conventional pixel-based nonquadratic regularizations. The proposed regularization method has been applied to real 3-D PET data.
[The development of yeast vector system for study of regulational functions of eukaryotic noncoding elements]. (2005)

The original yeast vector system was proposed for study of regulation functions of eukaryotic noncoding sequences. This system consists of two reporter genes that arranges in opposition to one another. The promoter activity of LTR HERV-K of locus 22-19 in 7p22 human chromosome was studied. It was shown that the LTR initiates transcription of reporter gene in yeasts in forward and reverse orientation with respect to the reporter. It was displayed that the LTR 22-19 HERV-K possesses bidirectional promoter activity in the yeast vector system. Comparison of the promoter activity LTR 22-19 and strong GAL1 and TDH promoters in yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae shown that promoter activity of the LTR amount approximately 0.34% for promoter activity of the inducible GAL1 promoter and 0.26%--of the constitutive TDH promoter.
<title>Large-area high-quality photomasks</title> (1995)

The LRS family of laser scanning pattern generators with stages 600 by 600, 800 by 800, and 1100 by 1100 mm, a selection of optical resolutions, and lasers for chrome and photographic emulsion cover the complete range of precision large-area masks. The first large-area system was delivered in 1992, and there are now 11 systems installed or on order for applications ranging from precision metal etching to shadow masks and high-end chrome masks for AMLCDs and field-effect displays. These writers match the requirements for the next generation of large screen printers. It is technically feasible to build a full-field projection printer with resolution and geometrical corrections similar to those of a stepper, but with no stitching or intra-field distortion. The pattern quality would be that of the mask and higher productivity would result. The combined experience of masks for flat panels and shadow masks makes the LRS system well characterized for visual display applications. In particular all systematic errors visible in the finished displays are suppressed to very low levels. The LRS writers satisfy the needs for high-quality large-area photomasks, including masks for AMLCDs.
A Fused pH and Fluorescence Sensor Using the Same Sensing Area (2010)

A fused pH and fluorescence sensor is proposed, and a prototype has been fabricated using a complimentary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit technology. In the proposed sensor, a charge-transfer-type pH sensor and a filter-less fluorescence detection sensor were fused, enabling the pH and the fluorescence intensity to be detected in the same pixel. In a simulation experiment using two light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the fluorescence intensity detected was 1/50 of the excitation light intensity. The dependence of the output signal on the pH was also investigated, and it was found that the pH sensitivity was 16 mV/pH.
Characterization of gold surfaces for use as substrates in scanning tunneling microscopy studies (1989)

We have used scanning tunneling microscopy to characterize the surface of epitaxial gold on mica in air. We find that these surfaces are simple to prepare, are relatively inert to exposure to air or to water, and have atomically flat terraces extending for up to several hundred angstroms. The observed topography is consistent with the Au(111) surface. It is possible to produce bumps on the surface of less than 100 Å in size in a controlled manner by pulsing the tip voltage while scanning. Self-diffusion of gold is observed in the decay of written features and well as in the movement of existing terrace edges. In some cases, a periodicity in both the geometry of terrace edges and the spatial variation of surface diffusion rates suggest the presence of the 22×1 surface reconstruction.
Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐4‐oxothieno[3,2‐<i>d</i>]pyrimidine and Perhydropyrimidine Derivates from Alkyl Dicyanoacetates (1991)

Abstract Nucleophilic addition of methyl 3‐aminothiophene‐2‐carboxylate ( 2 ) as well as of β‐alanine ethyl ester ( 11 ) to one CN group of the salts 1 of alkyl dicyanoacetates, followed by cyclization, yielded 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐4‐oxothieno[3,2‐ d ]pyridimine derivatives 6 – 10 ( Scheme 1 ) and perhydropyrimidine derivatives 17 – 19 ( Scheme 2 ), respectively.
Citrate Cleavage Enzymes from Developing Soybean Cotyledons (1975)

Data are presented which demonstrate a citrate cleavage enzyme in the supernatant of a developing soybean (Glycine max L. Merr., var. Harosoy 63) cotyledon homogenate following a 126,000g spin for 2 hours. Activity of the enzyme was observed directly in the supernatant enzyme preparation and in a desalted supernatant preparation by measuring the formation of acetylhydroxamate. Acetylhydroxamate production was dependent on citrate and coenzyme A. The reaction increased with time, citrate, and coenzyme A concentrations.Involvement of the enzyme in lipid synthesis was investigated by the incorporation of carbon from citrate-1,5-(14)C into fatty acids. Incorporation shows a pH optimum at 8.5, a temperature optimum at 30 C, and a dependence on ATP and coenzyme A. The reaction is linear throughout the range of extract concentrations tested and is linear as a function of time for 1 hour. Isotope was distributed primarily in unsaturated fatty acids.
Hardware design of a 2-D motion estimation system based on the Hough transform (1998)

A novel feature-domain two-dimensional (2-D) motion estimation system based on the straight-line Hough transform (SLHT) is presented. This system implements the motion estimation technique proposed in an earlier work that represents objects uniquely by straight-line approximations of the boundary {(/spl theta/, p)} and estimates the motion parameters from shifts in the /spl theta/-p space. It operates on 256/spl times/256 pixel binary images and consists of two main blocks. The first block does preprocessing work including smoothening the boundary, tracing and integrating the contours, and detecting dominant points. The second block computes the Hough transform on contour segments as well as the rotation and translation parameters. Each of the modules has been implemented (gate level) and simulated using Mentor Graphics tools. Finally, the experimental results have been presented and compared with the results of the software implementation.
A Case of a Foreign Body (Fish Bone) Located in the Danger Space. (1994)

A case of a fish bone stuck in the pharynx and reaching the danger space was reported. The patient, 60-year-old female, swallowed a fish bone, resulting in a retropharyngeal abscess. A CT scan showed a marked swelling of the retropharynx with a fish bone located near the center of this swelling. After treatment with steroid hormones and antibiotics for 5 days, the patient recovered from her symptoms. An endoscopic examination was performed to detect the fish bone but failed to find it. Then the patient underwent surgery to extract the fish bone by external incision. During this operation, it was difficult to detect the foreign body because it had escaped from the retropharyngeal space where was expected to be. Finally, it was found in the danger space. From this, it was concluded that the fish bone had penetrated the pharyngeal muscle and alar fascia, sticking in the danger space. After the operation, the patient was found to have a pharygeal fistula because of salivary secretion from the drainage. With drainage of the retropharyngeal space and intravenous hyperalimentation, the fistula improved about one month later.
Cell culture-derived Babesia bovis vaccine: Sequential challenge exposure of protective immunity during a 6-month postvaccination period (1983)

Cell culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis vaccine admixed with a saponin adjuvant was administered in 2 doses, 3 weeks between doses, to 18 yearling heifers. An additional 9 heifers served as nonvaccinated controls. Comparable groups of these animals were challenge exposed at 131 and 178 days after vaccination, using 1 X 10(8) B bovis organisms contained in freshly collected blood from a splenectomized calf with ascending parasitemia. Challenge exposure led to no deaths of vaccinated animals, whereas 4 of the control (nonvaccinated) animals died of disease. All clinical and hematologic variables examined indicated that the vaccinated animals had gained immunologic protection in comparison with the control group. An immune recognition as manifested by an anamnestic humoral response to challenge exposure was in evidence in the vaccinated animals.
The murine gene for cellular retinoic acid-binding protein type II. Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and post-transcriptional regulation by retinoic acid. (1992)

The cellular retinoic acid-binding protein type II (CRABP-II) is a member of the serum and cytoplasmic retinoid-binding protein family. It is expressed during embryonic development and in adult skin and is upregulated by retinoic acid (RA) in F9 teratocarcinoma cells. We have determined the genomic organization of the murine CRABP-II gene and performed a detailed analysis of its transcriptional unit. The CRABP-II gene, located on mouse chromosome 2, is approximately 4.6 kilobases long and divided into four exons in a structure common to other members of the family of serum and cellular retinoid-binding proteins. Primer extension analysis and S1 nuclease protection assay were used to identify the transcription initiation site which is located 27 base pairs downstream of a typical TATAA box. Sequence analysis of the promoter also revealed a GC-rich region with overlapping putative SP1-binding sites at nucleotides -61 and AP-1 and AP-2-binding sites at nucleotides -518 and -544, respectively. The 3'-untranslated region contains two copies of the pentanucleotide AUUUA shown to be involved in messenger RNA destabilization. Consensus sequence for retinoic acid response elements were not detected in the promoter region of the CRABP-II gene. Results of nuclear run on experiments show that the CRABP-II gene is not transcriptionally activated by RA in F9 teratocarcinoma cells. These results suggest that the up-regulation of CRABP-II mRNA levels by RA is mainly controlled by a post-transcriptional mechanism.
Health plan responses to managed care regulation. (2002)

Little effort has been made to understand operational responses of health plans to the cascade of regulation imposed on them in the past decade. Using data from the Community Tracking Study, we cast some light on this area and illustrate how regulatory initiatives have produced both intended and unintended consequences. The findings both confirm speculation about regulatory effects and reveal some surprising and troubling developments.
Vaccination with photodynamic therapy‐treated macrophages induces highly suppressive T‐regulatory cells (2011)

Vaccination with apoptotic MΦ-induced tolerogenic Treg cells that limited collateral tissue damage and diminished parasitic burden.
Scheduling data-flow graphs via retiming and unfolding (1997)

Loop scheduling is an important problem in parallel processing. The retiming technique reorganizes an iteration; the unfolding technique schedules several iterations together. We combine these two techniques to obtain a static schedule with a reduced average computation time per iteration. We first prove that the order of retiming and unfolding is immaterial for scheduling a data-flow graph (DFG). From this nice property, we present a polynomial-time algorithm on the original DFG, before unfolding, to find the minimum-rate static schedule for a given unfolding factor. For the case of a unit-time DFG, efficient checking and retiming algorithms are presented.
Design and Performance Analysis of Active Router for Performance Improvement of Active Network (2008)

액티브 네트워크란 네트워크의 중간에 위치한 라우터나 스위치에 프로그램 저장 및 실행 기능을 부여한 차세대 네트워크를 말한다. 현재 인터넷이 지닌 한계점을 해결하기 위하여 액티브 네트워크 기술에 대한 연구들이 활발히 이루어지고 있지만 네트워크의 성능 향상에 대한 연구는 트래픽을 제어하는 수준에 머무르고 있는 실정이다. 또한 액티브 라우터로만 구성된 네트워크를 위주로 연구가 이루어지고 있어 현재 네트워크에 도입이 어려운 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서는 위와 같은 문제점들을 해결하고자 액티브 라우터에서 액티브 패킷의 처리 시간을 단축시킴으로서 액티브 네트워크의 성능을 향상시키기 위하여 액티브 엔진에 copy and forward 방식을 적용한 액티브 라우터를 구현하고 평가하였다. An Active Network is the next generation network that endows ""save program"" and ""execute program"" function to router and switch located middle of the network. Although there are many studies about active network technology to overcome the limitation of Internet but the studies are stagnant at just traffic control level. Also studies mainly focus on active router-constructed network so introduction into current network is hard. This paper implemented and evaluated active router that adopt a ""copy and forward"" method to resolve these problems. It reduces active packet handling time in active router so efficiency of network can be increased.
Performance evaluation of the PowerPC 620 microarchitecture (1995)

The PowerPC 620™ microprocessor is the most recent and performance leading member of the PowerPC™ family. The 64-bit PowerPC 620 microprocessor employs a two-phase branch prediction scheme, dynamic renaming for all the register files, distributed multi-entry reservation stations, true out-of-order execution by six execution units, and a completion buffer for ensuring precise exceptions. This paper presents an instruction-level performance evaluation of the 620 microarchitecture. A performance simulator is developed using the VMW (Visualization-based Microarchitecture Workbench) retargetable framework. The VMW-based simulator accurately models the microarchitecture down to the machine cycle level. Extensive trace-driven simulation is performed using the SPEC92 benchmarks. Detailed quantitative analyses of the effectiveness of all key microarchitecture features are presented.
Explaining transit ridership: What has the evidence shown? (2013)

What explains transit ridership? The answer to this simple question is both obvious and complex. Public transit systems carry large shares of person travel in older, larger metropolitan areas around the globe, but in most places, old and new, large and small, transit is losing market share to private vehicles. A host of factors no doubt influence transit ridership, including fares, routing, service frequency, stop/station accessibility, safety, private vehicle ownership levels, population density, land use, parking availability, and cost. But the relative importance of these factors and the ways they influence one another is less well understood. At the same time, the relationships between these factors and transit ridership are central to public policy debates about transportation system investments and the pricing and deployment of transit services. The research explaining transit ridership is surprisingly uneven, spanning a variety of methodological approaches, data sources, and variables that produce, perhaps not surprisingly, somewhat ambiguous, contradictory, and inconsistent results. Yet the factors affecting transit ridership are not simply matters of academic interest. Public investment in transit is waxing in response to the many problems of auto dependence, worsening traffic congestion, rising fuel prices, vehicle emissions, and so on. What can be done to increase patronage and better leverage these investments? To address this question, this paper reviews research on transit use, critiques the sometimes significant weaknesses in much of the previous work on this topic, draws conclusions from the more rigorous studies about which factors most influence transit use, and presents recommendations for future research.
Kidney cancer diagnosis using deep learning (2022)

In this study, we trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) utilizing a mix of recent CNN architectural design strategies. Our goals are to leverage these modern techniques to improve the binary classification of kidney tumor images obtained using Multi-Photon Microscopy (MPM). We demonstrate that incorporating these newer model design elements, coupled with transfer learning, image standardization, and data augmentation, leads to significantly increased classification performance over previous results. Our best model averages over 90% sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) in image-level classification across cross-validation folds, superior to the previous best in all four metrics.
Velocity variation system for mobile robot (2010)

A wide range of speed or torque is required for some types of machines. It is possible for the motors to realize some range of speed or torque but the range is limited to some degree considering the size, weight and cost of the motors. If the velocity ratio between input and output shaft is changed, a wide range of speed or torque can be realized even if the ability of the motor is limited in speed or torque. Therefore a velocity ratio variation system is an ideal method in this point. Ratio variation devices using gears are widely used in the industrial fields and there are many research reports in terms of device control and mechanisms. Gears have advantages in torque capacity, precise rotation transmission and efficiency and that is the reason why gears are used in a variety of mechanical devices. In a geared transmission, it is necessary to change the working gear pairs to vary the velocity ratio of the transmission. However, the motion transmission from the input shaft to the output shaft is interrupted during this process. Therefore it is impossible to change the velocity ratio while transmitting rotation between the input and output shafts. This leads to an important problem in the field of precise positioning. In order to solve this problem, the velocity ratio variation method that can transmit motion precisely is proposed in this report. This method uses a gear pair that can realize the velocity ratios of two gear pairs to transmit motion precisely. In this report, the principle of this velocity ratio variation method is proposed and its components are considered. In addition, to reveal the geometrical characteristic of the element for this system, the analysis program of the geometry of the element is developed.