gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Regulating Skin Pigmentation (2009)

Pigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes is regulated by tyrosinase, the critical rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis by melanocytes. Tyrosinase is degraded endogenously, at least in part, by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Several types of inherited hypopigmentary diseases, such as oculocutaneous albinism and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, involve the aberrant processing and/or trafficking of tyrosinase and its subsequent degradation which can occur due to the quality-control machinery. Studies on carbohydrate modifications have revealed that tyrosinase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is proteolyzed via ER-associated protein degradation and that tyrosinase degradation can also occur following its complete maturation in the Golgi. Among intrinsic factors that regulate the UPS, fatty acids have been shown to modulate tyrosinase degradation in contrasting manners through increased or decreased amounts of ubiquitinated tyrosinase that leads to its accelerated or decelerated degradation by proteasomes.
Retinal ganglion cell death after different transient periods of pressure-induced ischemia and survival intervals. A quantitative in vivo study. (1996)

Increases of the IOP above systolic levels for periods of 60 minutes or more result in RGC loss in the rat retina. Both the duration of the initial transient period of ischemia and the duration of the survival period influence the proportion of RGC death.
The role of spacer surface conditions in the scatter of charge accumulations in SF/sub 6/ (2002)

A cylindrical epoxy spacer with different surface roughnesses was stressed under +150 kV in SF/sub 6/. It is found that artificial roughness has no significant influence on the charge accumulation. Influences come from the variation in the surface conditions of the spacer by roughening it artificially. An additional test also shows that the micro structure at the spacer surface is more responsible for the large scatter of charge accumulation than that at the electrodes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Essentials of nutrition in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal disease (2002)

NUTRITION plays a key role in the management of gastrointestinal disease in dogs and cats, and it is possible to manage some cases by dietary therapy alone. Dietary components can have a negative or positive effect on the bowel. A diet may contain toxins, allergens, toxic dietary excesses or nutritional deficiencies. It has a direct effect on intestinal physiology, affecting motility, cell renewal rate, bacterial flora, enzyme and ammonia production, and volatile fatty acid content. In humans, for example, diet has been shown to have an effect on the incidence of bowel cancer and, while this has not been studied in depth in cats and dogs, it is possible that the same may be true in these species. This article describes the effects specific essential nutrients may have on the normal and diseased gastrointestinal tract in cats and dogs.
Outbreaks of porcine reproductive failure: Report on a collaborative field investigation (2001)

During the latter half of 1996, a series of abortion outbreaks occurred, primarily in southeast Iowa, with a clinical picture similar to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) in a naïve herd. After initial foreign animal disease investigations proved negative, a collaborative case-control study was designed. Its objectives were to describe these cases of intense reproductive failure; attempt isolation of viral agent(s), particularly postulated variant strains of PRRS virus; and identify potentialmanagement risk factors. Eligible case herds were those experiencing a current outbreak of abortion and submitting samples to one of the seven participating diagnostic laboratories. Control herds were randomly selected by the investigating veterinary medical officer from a list generated by the referring practitioner. For both case and control herds, sow blood samples and fetal tissues were collected for PRRSV serologyand multiple virus isolations, and management data were statistically analyzed to identify potential risk factors. Seventeen case and 34 control herds were enrolled between June 25, 1997 and November 10, 1998. The PRRS virus was isolated from seven cases and one control operation.Sow sera were PRRS positive on 87% of case premises and 55.7% of control premises. These results suggest that the swine abortion outbreaks beginning in 1996 were more likely due to PRRS virus than to an emerging disease. The US pork industry is vulnerable to emerging diseases, and needs to develop rapid capabilities for recognizing new infections and novel pathogens and strategies for detecting and controlling emerging diseases.
Genome‐wide association scan of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2008)

Results of behavioral genetic and molecular genetic studies have converged to suggest that genes substantially contribute to the development of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common disorder with an onset in childhood. Yet, despite numerous linkage and candidate gene studies, strongly consistent and replicable association has eluded detection. To search for ADHD susceptibility genes, we genotyped approximately 600,000 SNPs in 958 ADHD affected family trios. After cleaning the data, we analyzed 438,784 SNPs in 2,803 individuals comprising 909 complete trios using ADHD diagnosis as phenotype. We present the initial TDT findings as well as considerations for cleaning family-based TDT data. None of the SNP association tests achieved genome-wide significance, indicating that larger samples may be required to identify risk loci for ADHD. We additionally identify a systemic bias in family-based association, and suggest that variable missing genotype rates may be the source of this bias.
Controlled Anionic Polymerization of <i>tert</i>-Butyl Acrylate with Diphenylmethyl Anions in the Presence of Dialkylzinc (1998)

The anionic polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate (tBA) was carried out with a binary initiator system prepared from diphenylmethyllithium, -potassium, or -cesium (Ph2CHM) and dimethylzinc or diethylzinc in THF at −78 °C. In the absence of dialkylzinc (R2Zn), the poly(tBA)s produced with Ph2CHM possessed ill-controlled molecular weights and broad molecular weight distributions (MWDs). On the other hand, poly(tBA)s having predicted molecular weights based on the molar ratio of monomer to initiators and narrow MWDs (Mw/Mn < 1.15) were obtained in quantitative yields by the initiation with Ph2CHK or Ph2CHCs in the presence of 10−20-fold excess R2Zn, although the polymers obtained with Ph2CHLi/R2Zn still possessed broad MWDs (Mw/Mn = 2). The growing chain end of poly(tBA) associated with cesium counterion is completely stable to reinitiate the further polymerization of tBA in the presence of R2Zn at −78 °C for 1 h, but 56% deactivation occurred after 24 h. It is thus demonstrated that Ph2CHK or Ph2CHCs in conjunction with R2Zn induces the controlled anionic polymerization of tBA in THF at −78 °C. By contrast, addition of R2Zn to the polymerization systems of methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl acrylates showed little effects on the improvement of polymer yields and the molecular weight controls. Well-defined block copolymers, poly(styrene-b-tBA), poly(methyl methacrylate-b-tBA), and poly(tBA-b-N,N-diethylacrylamide), were also anionically prepared by the sequential addition of styrene, methyl methacrylate, or N,N-diethylacrylamide with tBA in the presence of R2Zn.
Development of SiC Super-Junction (SJ) Device by Deep Trench-Filling Epitaxial Growth (2013)

We have tried to fabricate a super junction (SJ) structure in SiC semiconductors by the trench-filling technique. After the deep trench formation by dry etching, epitaxial layer is grown over the trench surface. Doping profile of the embedded p-type epitaxial region between the trenches is evaluated by a scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM). The SSRM result reveals that the doping profile is not uniform and there exists a low concentration region along the trench side-wall. Based on the SSRM result, two-dimensional device simulations are performed using pn-type test structures with the non-uniform SJ drift layer. The simulation result shows that blocking voltage of the test structure can be optimized and becomes comparable to that of the ideal one by adjusting the concentration design of the embedded layer to balance the total charge in SJ structure.
Selecting the Direction of Sound Transmission (2014)

A device containing a circulating fluid breaks the symmetry of acoustic waves and allows one-way transmission of sound. [Also see Report by Fleury et al. ]
'Free' care comment just doesn't help (2002)

I write in reference to Linda Nazarko's article on the assessment of older people for 'free' nursing care (perspectives December 5). I agree entirely on the positive benefits of good care and the anomaly this will present during the assessment process.
Efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm. (1991)

Fear-potentiated startle in the rat is a measure of conditioned fear that is blocked by lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala. In a companion study, Rosen, Hitchcock, Sananes, Miserendino, and Davis (1991) demonstrated a direct anatomical projection from the central nucleus to the brainstem startle reflex circuit. In the present study, fear-potentiated startle was blocked by lesions that interrupted this pathway at 3 different levels or by a crossed lesion that interrupted the pathway at its source on one side and at a more caudal level on the other side. Although synaptic relays have not been ruled out entirely, the data suggest that the direct projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the startle circuit mediates the expression of fear-potentiated startle. These findings are consistent with the literature indicating that efferent projections from the central nucleus to various brainstem structures are involved in the expression of several conditioned fear responses.
ChemInform Abstract: New 1H‐Tetrazole‐5‐thiol Derivatives as Pesticides. Part 1. Carbamic Acid Esters. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Artificial Heart Valves (2006)

Abstract A significant article in the study of cardiovascular diseases must necessarily address the degeneration of natural heart valves. As the anticipated mission of cardiovascular biomedical engineering is to develop devices and approaches to safely and effectively treat heart disease, substantial efforts have been made in the last 35 years to develop artificial heart valves and pioneer exciting research in heart valve tissue regeneration. This chapter gives an overview on these efforts describing the biology and pathology of heart valves, the status of current replacement devices, and the trends of future research.
Beitrag zur Kentniss der Cyanurderivate (1886)

Die Zersetzung des Silberbutyrates verlauft also der Hauptsache iiach derjenigeri des
Linear-non-linear control (LnLc) for DC-DC buck converters: stability and transient response analysis (2004)

Power supplies for last generation of microprocessors and DSPs must present low output voltage and fast transient response. The linear-non-linear control (LnLc control) was presented as a solution to improve the transient response in DC-DC buck converters. However, once the LnLc control has been analyzed, other important performances have been found such as, improving the stability of the system, improving the efficiency, reducing of the recovery time, making independent the bandwidth and the switching frequency; reaching all these performances with an easy implementation. In this paper, the features of the linear-non-linear control are described. It will be shown, how the LnLc improves the stability of a DC-DC buck converter modifying the open loop gain and phase as a function of the load current steps. To show this behavior the control transfer function (G/sub LnLc/) has been deduced. Several experimental results have been obtained in a synchronous rectifier buck converter to check its behavior. Thus, the novel LnLc control has been compared with the conventional voltage control under different conditions. Finally, the control transfer function has been obtained experimentally.
Epitaxial Growth of SiGe Interband Tunneling Diodes on Si(001) and on Si0.7Ge0.3 Virtual Substrates (2006)

We present room temperature current voltage characteristics from SiGe interband tunneling diodes epitaxially grown on highly resistive Si(001) substrates. In this case, a maximum peak to valley current ratio (PVCR) of 5.65 was obtained. The possible integration of a SiGe tunnel diode with a strained Si transistor lead us to investigate the growth of SiGe interband tunneling diodes on Si 0.7 Ge 0.3 virtual substrates. A careful optimization of the layer structure leads to a maximum PVCR of 1.36 at room temperature. The latter value can be further increased to 2.26 at 3.7 K. Our results demonstrate that high quality SiGe interband tunneling diodes can be realized, which is of great interest for future memory and high speed applications.
Aromatic chlorination of p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives. Improved syntheses of mono- and dichloromethotrexate (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAromatic chlorination of p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives. Improved syntheses of mono- and dichloromethotrexateJack E. Martinelli and Michael ChaykovskyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 3, 527–529Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01291a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01291a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views137Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A common-gate switched, 0.9 W class-E power amplifier with 41% PAE in 0.25 μm CMOS (2002)

A power amplifier (PA) has been implemented in a standard 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology and shown to deliver 0.9 W output power to 50 /spl Omega/ load with 41% power added efficiency (PAE) from a 1.8 V supply. The PA employs the class-E configuration with finite DC-feed inductance and common-gate switching scheme to achieve high efficiency and not to stress the active devices.
Application of a heterojunction organic photodiode to radiation measurement (2009)

Organic optical photodiodes (OPDs) have attracted considerable interest in fields using photonic devices because they present the potential for use as flexible photodetectors for large areas. To elucidate their applicability to radiation measurements, OPDs with a classical heterojunction structure were fabricated and used for X-ray measurements. The device, whose structure was ITO (150 nm)/ ¿-NPD (50 nm) / td-PTC (50 nm, 110 nm) / Al (80 nm) with sensing area of 2 mm × 2 mm, showed rectifying properties under forward and reverse voltage. Under irradiation of white light with intensity of 100 mW/cm2, the measured current was 103-104 times larger than the dark current. We conducted X-ray irradiation experiments, revealing that X-rays increased the current, although some problems persist, such as low photon-to-current conversion efficiency. At acceleration voltage of 200 kV and tube current of 2 mA, the current increased to about 40 pA from about 5 pA in a dark condition. The X-ray-induced current increased concomitantly with increasing X-ray tube current, although the curve showed a saturating tendency. Subsequently, X-ray shielding experiments with Cu plates and X-ray intensity profile measurements were conducted; results show that the OPDs functioned as a radiation detector. An inorganic scintillator on the OPD enhanced the X-ray-induced current, thereby demonstrating the possibility of a combined system of OPD and usual scintillating material as a new radiation detector. Although further study is necessary for elucidating X-ray-induced processes in devices and for enhancing their charge collection efficiency, we can conclude that OPD can be useful as a new radiation detector.
Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Peptide Natural Products by Using Stable Isotope Labeling and Mass Spectrometry (2012)

Structure elucidation of natural products including the absolute configuration is a complex task that involves different analytical methods like mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and chemical derivation, which are usually performed after the isolation of the compound of interest. Here, a combination of stable isotope labeling of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus strains and their transaminase mutants followed by detailed MS analysis enabled the structure elucidation of novel cyclopeptides named GameXPeptides including their absolute configuration in crude extracts without their actual isolation.
Evolution of Physical and Electronic Structures of Bilayer Graphene upon Chemical Functionalization (2013)

The chemical behavior of bilayer graphene under strong covalent and noncovalent functionalization is relatively unknown compared to monolayer graphene, which has been far more widely studied. Bilayer graphene is significantly less chemically reactive than monolayer graphene, making it more challenging to study its chemistry in detail. However, bilayer graphene is increasingly attractive for electronic applications rather than monolayer graphene because of its electric-field-controllable band gap, and there is a need for a greater understanding of its chemical functionalization. In this paper, we study the covalent and noncovalent functionalization of bilayer graphene using an electrochemical process with aryl diazonium salts in the high conversion regime (D/G ratio >1), and we use Raman spectroscopic mapping and conductive atomic force microscopy (cAFM) to study the resulting changes in the physical and electronic structures. Covalent functionalization at high chemical conversion induces distinct changes in the Raman spectrum of bilayer graphene including the broadening and shift in position of the split G peak. Also, the D peak becomes active with four components. We report for the first time that the broadening of the 2D22 and 2D21 components is a distinct indicator of covalent functionalization, whereas the decrease in intensity of the 2D11 and 2D12 peaks corresponds to doping. Conductive AFM imaging shows physisorbed species from noncovalent functionalization can be removed by mechanical and electrical influence from the AFM tip, and that changes in conductivity due to functionalization are inhomogeneous. These results allow one to distinguish covalent from noncovalent chemistry as a guide for further studies of the chemistry of bilayer graphene.
Direct genomic fluorescent on-line sequencing and analysis using<i>in vitro</i>amplification of DNA (1989)

In vitro amplification of genomic DNA and total RNA, as well as recombinant DNA, using one fluorescently labelled and one unlabelled primer during amplification, together with on-line analysis of the products on the EMBL fluorescent DNA sequencer, is described. Further is reported direct sequencing of fluorescently labelled amplified probes by solid-phase chemical degradation, without subcloning and purification steps involved. At present up to 350 bases in 4 hours are determined with this technique. The fluorescent dye and its bond to the oligonucleotide are stable during the amplification cycles, and do not interfere with the enzymatic polymerization. High sensitivity of the detection device, down to 10(-18) moles, corresponding to less than 10(6) molecules makes possible analyses of the non-radioactive amplified probes after only 10 amplification cycles, starting with about 5 x 10(4) copies of recombinant DNA.
Traditional markers of excessive alcohol use (2003)

These conventional tests are widely available and relatively inexpensive. While having limited sensitivity and specificity in detection of excessive drinking, they also provide valuable data on complications of drinking, comorbid conditions that may be affected by drinking and, in some cases, prognosis.
In vitro model of intestinal crypt abscess. A novel neutrophil-derived secretagogue activity. (1991)

In order to model crypt abscesses, a histological finding which correlates with disease activity in intestinal inflammation, human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were layered onto monolayers of the human intestinal epithelial cell line T84, a crypt-like epithelium which is capable of Cl- secretion. Such PMN-epithelial interaction had no substantial effect on monolayer integrity or function. However, when PMN were stimulated by conditions including those present naturally in the human colonic lumen, monolayers responded with a bumetanide-sensitive short circuit current (Isc) indicative of Cl- secretion, the basis of secretory diarrhea. This Isc response was induced by a neutrophil-derived secretagogue (NDS), which was only active when applied to the luminal surface of monolayers and did not require PMN-epithelial contact. NDS activity is resistant to boiling, acid, and trypsin and passes a 500 nominal mol wt cutoff filter. NDS activity is not secondary to the respiratory burst products O2- or H2O2 and does not appear to be a myeloperoxidase product. We speculate NDS elicited Cl- secretion may contribute to the secretory diarrhea seen in patients with intestinal inflammation and crypt abscesses.
Low Leakage TCAM for IP Lookup Using Two-Side Self-Gating (2013)

Ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) is a popular hardware device for fast routing lookup and an attractive solution for applications such as packet forwarding and classification. However, the high cost and power consumption are limiting its popularity and versatility. In this paper, a low leakage power TCAM architecture which uses two-side self power gating technique is proposed to reduce the leakage power dissipation of the mask SRAM cells. The TCAM mask cells are divided into several segments, and the mask bits of one segment are the same except for the boundary segment. In this design, the boundary segment is activated and the others are disabled so that the leakage power can be reduced. The experimental results show that average 26% leakage power can be reduced by using UMC 90 nm CMOS process with 1.0 V supply voltage when compared with the traditional TCAM architecture.