gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frequency-Correlation Functions of Frequency Responses in Rooms (1962)

A mathematical study of the random interference of sound waves in large rooms requires statistical methods. “Statistical wave acoustics” is based on the random interference of many simultaneously excited normal modes of a room. In general, the random interference takes place for frequencies above 2000 (T60/V)12, where T60 is the reverberation time (in sec) and V is the volume (in m3) of the room. In the statistical theory, frequency responses between two points in a room are treated as random functions. The probability distributions, correlation functions, and “spectra” of these random functions are determined by physical parameters such as the distance between source and receiver, the volume and reverberation time of the room (or distribution of reverberation times), etc. In this paper, correlation functions of frequency responses are derived for rooms with uniform reverberation time, and negligible direct sound transmission between source and receiver. Analytic formulas for the following frequency correlation functions are found: the autocorrelation functions of the real and imaginary parts, the modulus and the squared modulus of the frequency response, and the cross correlation function between real and imaginary parts of the frequency response. The significance of these correlation functions in room acoustics is discussed. Measurement of the autocorrelation function of the real (or imaginary) part of the frequency response allows a precise determination of the distribution of reverberation times. The autocorrelation function of the modulus (or squared modulus) determines the required frequency shift in public address systems to improve their stability. For measurement of electroacoustic transducers in reverberation chambers, optimum bandwidths of noise or warble tones are obtained.
Automated classification of the narrative of medical reports using natural language processing (2011)

In this dissertation we present three topics critical to the document level classification of the narrative in medical reports: the use of preferred terminology in light of the presence of synonymous terms, the less than optimal performance of classification systems when presented with a non-uniform distribution of classes, and the problems associated with scarcity of labeled data when presented with an imbalance of classes in the data sets.
The Cohen Diabetic (Non-Insulin-Dependent) Hypertensive Rat Model Description of the Model and Pathologic Findings (1993)

The available diabetic hypertensive models are of type I chemically induced diabetes in one-clip Goldblatt rat or in the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rat. We describe here a genetic type II diabetic hypertensive model (CDHM) developed by cross breeding the Cohen diabetic rat (CDR) and the SHR. In the succeeding generations, sibling pairs with the highest spontaneous blood glucose (SBG) and blood pressure (BP) were selected and mated. In the sixth selected generation, non-insulin-dependent overt diabetes and hypertension were evident. Blood pressure was 171 +/- 1.2 mm Hg, spontaneous blood glucose 340 +/- 22 mg/dL, and plasma insulin at 60 min following intragastric (IG) glucose load 83.3 +/- 10.2 microU/mL. In the CDHM there was severe diffuse diabetic glomerulosclerosis and severe hypertensive changes in arteries and arterioles, characterized by fibrinoid necrosis and/or "onion skin" lesions, as well as by smooth muscle cell hyperplasia. Such vascular changes were not observed in the CDR or in the SHR. Myocardial changes were prominent, with foci of ischemic necrosis and hyperplastic vascular changes. This model may be useful in probing the mechanisms potentiating cardiovascular and renal morbid events in the setting of spontaneous hypertension and diabetes.
Quorum‐Sensing Control of Biofilm Factors in<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (2003)

Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most frequent cause of nosocomial sepsis and catheter-related infections, in which biofilm formation is considered to be the main virulence mechanism. Quorum-sensing systems have been recognized as important regulators of virulence and biofilm formation in many bacteria. There is a single quorum-sensing system in S. epidermidis encoded by the agr operon. To investigate quorum-sensing control of biofilm formation, we constructed an agr deletion mutant, assayed for the different stages of biofilm formation, and determined agr-dependent regulation of biofilm factors. The agr mutant showed increased biofilm formation, primary attachment, and expression of the autolysin AtlE, but lacked delta-toxin production. However, the level of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin expression was equivalent to the isogenic wild-type strain. In contrast to AtlE, which is known to influence primary attachment, delta-toxin appeared to exert its effect on attachment to polystyrene during later stages of biofilm formation. Importantly, addition of cross-inhibiting pheromones mimicked an agr mutation and significantly enhanced biofilm formation, which suggests that care should be used when treating S. epidermidis infections with cross-inhibiting peptides. Our data demonstrate the importance of quorum sensing in the establishment of a biofilm in this critical human pathogen.
Network-Based Root of Trust for Installation (2011)

A network-based system installation method that binds a file system to its installer and disk image thwarts many known attacks against the installation process.
Blackberry Extracts Inhibit Activating Protein 1 Activation and Cell Transformation by Perturbing the Mitogenic Signaling Pathway (2004)

Blackberries are natural rich sources of bioflavonoids and phenolic compounds that are commonly known as potential chemopreventive agents. Here, we investigated the effects of fresh blackberry extracts on proliferation of cancer cells and neoplastic transformation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), as well as the underlying mechanisms of signal transduction pathways. Using electron spin resonance, we found that blackberry extract is an effective scavenger of free radicals, including hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. Blackberry extract inhibited the proliferation of a human lung cancer cell line, A549. Pretreatment of A549 cells with blackberry extract resulted in an inhibition of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Blackberry extract decreased TPA-induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 P+ cells. Pretreatment of JB6 cells with blackberry extract resulted in the inhibition of both UVB- and TPA-induced AP-1 transactivation. Furthermore, blackberry extract also blocked UVB- or TPA-induced phosphorylation of ERKs and JNKs, but not p38 kinase. Overall, these results indicated that an extract from fresh blackberry may inhibit tumor promoter-induced carcinogenesis and associated cell signaling, and suggest that the chemopreventive effects of fresh blackberry may be through its antioxidant properties by blocking reactive oxygen species-mediated AP-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.
Establishment of an Analytical System for the Human Fecal Microbiota, Based on Reverse Transcription-Quantitative PCR Targeting of Multicopy rRNA Molecules (2009)

An analytical system based on rRNA-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was established for the precise evaluation of human intestinal microbiota. Group- and species-specific primer sets for Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus spp. (six subgroups and three species), Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. targeting 16S rRNA gene sequences were newly developed for the quantitative analysis of such subdominant populations in human intestines. They were used together with previously reported group-specific primer sets for Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., and six predominant bacterial groups (the Clostridium coccoides group, the Clostridium leptum subgroup, the Bacteroides fragilis group, Bifidobacterium spp., the Atopobium cluster, and Prevotella spp.) for the examination of fecal samples from 40 healthy adults by RT-qPCR with lower detection limits of 10(2) to 10(4) cells per g of feces. The RT-qPCR method gave data equivalent to those yielded by qPCR for predominant populations of more than 10(8) cells per g of feces and could quantify bacterial populations that were not detectable (Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas) or those only detected at lower incidences (Prevotella, C. perfringens, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus) by qPCR or the culture method. The RT-qPCR analysis of Lactobacillus spp. at the subgroup level revealed that a subject has a mean of 4.6 subgroups, with an average count of log(10)(6.3 +/- 1.5) cells per g of feces. These results suggest that RT-qPCR is effective for the accurate enumeration of human intestinal microbiota, especially the entire analysis of both predominant and subdominant populations.
Overexpression of MUC1 reconfigures the binding properties of tumor cells (2001)

Although it is known that adhesion and antiadhesion are essential to the metastatic spread of tumor cells, little is known about the molecules that regulate these processes. MUC1 is overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated by a variety of tumor cells. Studies described here examined whether tumor-associated MUC1 conferred new binding properties on tumor cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis with soluble P-, E- and L-selectin/IgM chimeric proteins was performed on human pancreatic (S2-013 and Panc-1) and colon (Caco-2) tumor cells. S2-013 cells bound E- and P-selectin and Caco-2 cells bound P-selectin. Epitope-tagged MUC1 (MUC1F) expressed by S2-013, Panc-1 and Caco-2 tumor cells did not bind to P-, E- or L-selectin. Overexpression of MUC1F on the surface of S2-013 cells blocked the interactions of E-selectin to tumor-associated ligand(s) but did not affect accessibility of monoclonal antibodies to other cell surface glycoproteins (CD9, CD44). Cell aggregation assays revealed that MUC1F expressed by S2-013 cells was able to bind to intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expressed on B cells. Overexpression of MUC1F containing a targeted mutation (the tandem repeat domain entirely or partially deleted) did not block the binding of E-selectin to its S2-013-associated ligand. These results demonstrate for the first time that the heavily O-glycosylated tandem repeat domain of MUC1 can simultaneously mediate and block binding to adhesion molecules with some molecular specificity and further support the hypothesis that MUC1 plays a dual role in the metastatic spread of tumor cells.
Electrical conduction in low-density polyethylene (2003)

Charge transport in additive-free low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was investigated by examining the behavior of both steady-state and transient currents as well as thermally stimulated discharge currents (TSDCs). The transient current behavior indicated space-charge-limited current (SCLC). The carrier mobility calculated from the transient SCLC curves was in agreement with other measurements and was found to increase with the square of the applied voltage. log I versus log V plots of isochronal measurements showed a straight line of gradient 3. This would appear to indicate an SCLC process. TSDC and transient discharge current results revealed that double injection can occur in LDPE, which could influence the variation of carrier mobility with applied voltage and would be characterized by curvature in the log I versus log V plots at high fields.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Gel electrophoretic studies of photochemical cross-linking of type I collagen with brominated 1,8-naphthalimide dyes and visible light</title> (1994)

Insoluble Type I collagen from bovine Achilles tendon (Sigma C9879) was suspended in a 3 mM solution of the dye diEd66Br dissolved in Cremophor ELR (BASF) to give a molecular concentration ratio. Fifty-microliter aliquots in 5-mm-diameter wells were exposed to 458 J/cm2 (225 mW/cm2, 1800 sec) of 457.9-nm light from an argon ion laser; similar aliquots with and without dye were kept in the dark to serve as controls. Following pelleting of the collagen by centrifugation and 3x washing in phosphate-buffered saline, aliquots of light-treated and control sample pellets were (1) digested in collagenase (Sigma C9891) or (2) extracted in 0.5 M acetic acid, followed by centrifugative ultrafiltration (10-kd cutoff) in 0.01 M acetic acid. Aliquots of the supernatant of the acid-extracted collagen also were digested in pepsin. Electrophoretic protein migration in 8% to 25% gradient polyacrylamide gels following SDS solubilization disclosed numerous, densely packed, essentially contiguous protein bands. These studies indicate that the dye and light treatment of insoluble Type I collagen (1) results in cross-linking of collagen molecules and (2) does not denature the trimer conformation sufficiently to enable significant digestion by pepsin.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Macro Bending Losses in Single Mode Step Index Fiber (2016)

Bending losses of power in a single mode step index optical fiber due to macro bending has been investigated for a wavelength of 1550nm. The effects of bending radius (4-15mm, with steps of 1mm), and wrapping turn (up to 40 turns) on loss have been studied. Twisting the optical fiber and its influence on power loss also has been investigated. Variations of macro bending loss with these two parameters have been measured, loss with number of turns and radius of curvature have been measured. This work founds that the Macro bending and wrapping turn loss increases as the bending radius and wrapping turn increases.
Low Loss Lumped Element Isolator Using Gyrator Circuit With Two Asymmetrical Electrodes (2006)

The equations of the insertion loss and the isolation bandwidth of low loss two-port isolator were derived from equivalent circuit using perturbation theory. The equations show that the insertion loss gets lower in proportion to the ratio of inductors of two electrodes, while the isolation bandwidth gets narrower nearly in the proportion to the ratio. A 3.2 times 2.5 times 1.4mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> cellular phone isolator which volume was 44% of the conventional products was realized using two electrodes of asymmetrical structure that inductance of one was much larger than that of the another
Chronic Fatigue, Fibromyalgia, and Chemical Sensitivity: Overlapping Disorders (1995)

In "Comparison of Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Multiple Chemical Sensitivities,"<sup>1</sup>Buchwald and Garrity's data and analysis are weakened by their definition of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), which is based on a most atypical choice of "typical" symptoms. The four "respiratory complaints characteristic of MCS"<sup>1</sup>that they selected for comparison purposes—from an outdated article with an anti-MCS bias<sup>2</sup>—were reported by only 22% to 47% of their patients with MCS. The four (unreferenced) neuropsychological symptoms they selected showed a better correlation—two at 67% and two at 90%—but even these fall short of the hallmark correlations that define fibromyalgia (FM) (97% with myalgia) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (100% with chronic fatigue). In keeping with the Cullen<sup>3</sup>definition cited by Buchwald and Garrity, the hallmark symptom of MCS that the authors should have included in their prevalence analysis (Table 2<sup>1</sup>) is "sensitivity to multiple
[Dosimetry and radiation dose distribution in tumors for radioimmunotherapy: the effect of tumor size]. (1994)

For aiding to optimize the efficiency of radio-immunotherapy with beta-emitter-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb), radiation absorbed dose in a small tumor was calculated using a mathematical model for 67Cu, 90Y, 131I, 186Re, and 188Re. MAb distributions were assumed to be uniform or exponential to investigate the tumor size effect on absorbed dose. The salient results are 1) with longer range beta-emitters, radiation absorbed dose is increased with the tumor size increases and the fraction of radiation dose to the outside of the tumor is large; 2) with shorter range beta-emitters, the tumor size effect on absorbed dose is small. The fraction of radiation dose to the tumor is large and small tumors will be irradiated effectively; 3) when MAb distribution is non-uniform, absorbed dose is more homogeneous with longer range beta-emitters.
Induction of the neural cell adhesion molecule and neuronal aggregation by osteogenic protein 1. (1992)

The neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) plays a fundamental role in nervous system development and regeneration, yet the regulation of the expression of N-CAM in different brain regions has remained poorly understood. Osteogenic protein 1 (OP-1) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that is expressed in the nervous system. Treatment of the neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15 for 1-4 days with recombinant human OP-1 (hOP-1) induced alterations in cell shape, formation of epithelioid sheets, and aggregation of cells into multilayered clusters. Immunofluorescence studies and Western blots demonstrated a striking differential induction of the three N-CAM isoforms in hOP-1-treated cells. hOP-1 caused a 6-fold up-regulation of the 140-kDa N-CAM, the isoform showing the highest constitutive expression, and a 29-fold up-regulation of the 180-kDa isoform. The 120-kDa isoform was not detected in control NG108-15 cells but was readily identified in hOP-1-treated cells. Incubation of NG108-15 cells with an antisense N-CAM oligonucleotide reduced the induction of N-CAM by hOP-1 and decreased the formation of multilayered cell aggregates. Anti-N-CAM monoclonal antibodies also diminished the formation of multilayered cell aggregates by hOP-1 and decreased cell-cell adhesion when hOP-1-treated NG108-15 cells were dispersed and replated. Thus, hOP-1 produces morphologic changes in NG108-15 cells, at least in part, by inducing N-CAM. These observations suggest that OP-1 or a homologue may participate in the regulation of N-CAM during nervous system development and regeneration.
Fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer in a nested case-control study in male smokers. (2003)

There is some evidence that alpha-linolenic acid might be positively related to prostate cancer risk. Associations between serum fatty acid composition as well as fatty acid intakes and prostate cancer risk were examined in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. The cohort included 29,133 male smokers aged 50-69 years. During 5-8 years of follow-up, 246 prostate cancer cases were diagnosed. One control was selected and matched by age (+/- 1 month) for each case from the cohort subjects alive and free of prostate cancer at the time the case was diagnosed. This study included 198 case-control pairs with baseline serum sample available for both. Fatty acids of serum cholesterol esters were measured as a percentage of total fatty acids, using capillary gas chromatography. Intakes of fatty acids were assessed from a validated self-administered dietary questionnaire. Serum and dietary fatty acids had no consistent association with prostate cancer risk. Serum alpha-linolenic acid was not related to prostate cancer risk. Twofold risk was found in the highest quartile of serum myristic acid compared with the lowest quartile (odds ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.64). alpha-Tocopherol supplementation modified the association between serum linoleic acid and prostate cancer risk (P for interaction 0.03); odds ratio was 0.17 (95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.68) in the highest quartile of serum linoleic acid compared with the lowest quartile in men who received alpha-tocopherol, whereas no association was found in men who did not receive alpha-tocopherol. In conclusion, we found no overall association between serum or dietary alpha-linolenic acid or any other unsaturated fatty acid and prostate cancer risk, but high serum linoleic acid was associated with lower risk in men supplemented with alpha-tocopherol. High serum myristic acid associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer.
Optimizing wheat grain yield: effects of <i>Rht</i> (gibberellin-insensitive) dwarfing genes (1997)

Four sets of near-isogenic lines carrying different combinations of the alleles Rht-B1b , Rht-D1b and Rht-B1c for gibberellin-insensitive dwarfism in hexaploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) were compared with tall controls in a series of yield trials in eastern England and central Germany. In all four varietal backgrounds the effects of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b were similar (plant height ≈ 86 and 83% of tall controls respectively) and in combination reduced plant height to c. 58%. The Rht-B1c allele caused more severe dwarfism ( c. 50%) and, when combined with Rht-D1b , reduced plant height still further to c. 41%. Data from the trials were consistent with a model for height/yield relationships in which the pleiotropic effects of the Rht alleles on yield can be inferred from their primary function: insensitivity to gibberellin limits stem extension growth, decreasing assimilate demand for this organ and diverting it to the developing ear (which is not itself dwarfed). The net balance between the resulting increase in harvest index and the curvilinear relationship observed between plant height and total shoot yield results in optimum grain yields at intermediate plant heights. Yield advantages of shorter plants over tall controls were evident over several trials with mean grain yields ranging from 200 to 760 g m −2 . The optimum plant height for yield improvement in different genetic backgrounds was achieved by different Rht alleles according to the background varietal height, such that intrinsically taller genotypes required more potent Rht alleles to achieve maximum potential grain yield. Ear yield components showed increases in grain number due to Rht pleiotropy, from which it is inferred that the number of grains per ear is limited by supply of assimilates pre-anthesis. Increases in grain number were associated with decreases in mean weight per grain which varied according to severity of dwarfism and varietal background, so that the net effect on grain yield per ear was sometimes positive, sometimes negative, and sometimes neutral in different Rht /variety combinations.
Flexible Work Breakdown Structure for Integrated Cost and Schedule Control (2004)

Integration of cost and schedule control systems has been an issue of great concern for researchers and practitioners in the construction industry. Nevertheless, the real-world implementation of this promising concept has not been popular enough to maximize the benefits that this integration has to offer. One of the major barriers is the overhead effort to collect and maintain detailed data. The purpose of this paper is to propose a flexible work breakdown structure (WBS) that optimizes the overhead effort by means of reducing the amount of data to be controlled. In order to have a flexible structure, the WBS numbering system needs to utilize standard classification codes and should not have a common strict hierarchy for all components. A case study is analyzed in this paper in order to examine the proposed concept. Practical implications are outlined as well.