gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Sourceless Alternative to Conventional LWD Nuclear Logging (2000)

Abstract An experimental pulsed-neutron logging-while-drilling (LWD) tool is currently under field test. The tool provides a suite of nuclear measurements that include neutron porosity, thermal neutron capture cross section (i.e. sigma), pulsed-neutron density and the relative abundance of certain elements (e.g., calcium, silicon, iron, sulfur, etc.) that are used to calculate mineralogy. The tool provides azimuthal measurements in real time that are useful for geosteering applications. Use of a pulsed-neutron source eliminates the need for radioactive-chemical sources that are used in conventional nuclear LWD tools. This results in increased wellsite safety and efficiency. Procedures and equipment required for radioactive-source handling, storage and retrieval are also eliminated. The experimental LWD tool is the result of a joint collaboration that began in 1995 between the Japan National Oil Corporation and Schlumberger. The primary goal of the tool is to demonstrate feasibility of pulsed-neutron measurements in the hostile LWD environment. Introduction An experimental pulsed-neutron LWD tool has been developed that has successfully logged several test wells. The prototype tool represents a merging of pulsed-neutron wireline measurements with LWD measurement technology. The applications of pulsed-neutron measurements for formation evaluation are well established. Pulsed-neutron wireline tools are used to determine water saturation, neutron porosity and formation mineralogy in both open and cased holes. In addition to the rich variety of measurements, pulsed-neutron technology eliminates the radioactive-chemical sources used in conventional nuclear tools. Source-storage pits, transport shields, loading shields, collar shields and handling tools are therefore not required. Transportation logistics, wellsite safety and wellsite efficiency are all improved.
Targeted disruption of NDST‐1 gene leads to pulmonary hypoplasia and neonatal respiratory distress in mice (2000)

In order to address the biological function of GlcNAc N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (NDST-1), we disrupted the NDST-1 gene by homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells. The NDST-1 null mice developed respiratory distress and atelectasis that subsequently caused neonatal death. Morphological examination revealed type II pneumocyte immaturity, which was characterized by an increased glycogen content and a reduced number of lamellar bodies and microvilli. Biochemical analysis further indicated that both total phospholipids and disaturated phosphatidylcholine were reduced in the mutant lung. Our data revealed that NDST-1 was essential for the maturation of type II pneumocytes and its inactivation led to a neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
Combining disambiguation techniques to enrich an ontology (2002)

Abstract. This paper presents a method for adding domain information to ontologies using information which is readily available in thesauruses. The approach uses a combination of three existing disambiguation methods from the NLP literature. The approach is implemented on a portion of the WordNet hierarchy with thesaural categories derived from the Cambridge International Dictionary of English. Evaluation is carried out by comparing the system output against a goldstandard derived from SEMCOR, an existing disambiguated corpus, and found to perform well when compared with human judgments. 1 The Tennis Problem WordNet [5] is a broad coverage thesaurus which is now widely used in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval. It consists of sets of lexical items (words and
Quantum-state control in optical lattices (1998)

We study the means of preparing and coherently manipulating atomic wave packets in optical lattices, with particular emphasis on alkali-metal atoms in the far-detuned limit. We derive a general, basis-independent expression for the lattice potential operator, and show that its off-diagonal elements can be tailored to couple the vibrational manifolds of separate magnetic sublevels. Using these couplings one can evolve the state of a trapped atom in a quantum coherent fashion, and prepare pure quantum states by resolved-sideband Raman cooling. We explore the use of atoms bound in optical lattices to study quantum tunneling and the generation of macroscopic superposition states in a double-well potential. Far-off-resonance optical potentials lend themselves particularly well to reservoir engineering via well-controlled fluctuations in the potential, making the atom-lattice system attractive for the study of decoherence and the connection between classical and quantum physics.
Modeling and robust control design for aircraft brake hydraulics (2001)

This article describes the modeling of an electrohydraulic pressure servo valve and brake hydraulic system, and the design of an inner-loop controller which can be used with independent anti-skid or auto-brake controllers. The effects of the connecting lines on stability and performance are explicitly taken into account in the control design by using the analytical solutions to 2D viscous compressible model of fluid motion in the pipe. The modal approximation technique is used in the simulations. In order to facilitate control design, singular perturbation analysis is employed to reduce the order of the model in a systematic fashion. Combining partial feedback linearization and linear H/sub /spl infin// control, guaranteed stability robustness against oil parameter variations and component wear is achieved. Both the model reduction and control design are described in some detail. Computational requirements are modest and with careful coding, the inner-loop controller can be incorporated into existing anti-skid controllers.
The synthesis of 1,3‐dihydro‐1‐[1‐[(4‐methyl‐4<i>H</i>‐6<i>H</i>‐pyrrolo[1,2‐<i>a</i>][4,1]benzoxazepin‐4‐yl)methyl]‐4‐piperidinyl]‐2<i>H</i>‐benzimidazol‐2‐one (1:1) maleate (CGS 9343 B, potent calmodulin inhibitor) (1988)

Abstract A practical synthesis of the title compound 7b is described in seven steps in approximately 10% overall yield. The key step in the synthesis is the formation of the unusual tricyclic ring system 4 via acid catalyzed cyclization.
Correlation between <i>EGFR</i> gene mutation pattern and Akt phosphorylation in pulmonary adenocarcinomas (2007)

The detection of gene mutation of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) is important to predict the therapeutic effect of gefitinib. Recently, it was reported that examination of the activation of the downstream protein of EGFR is useful in the same way as the EGFR mutation. Therefore the purpose of the present paper was to determine whether activation of Akt and Erk, which are downstream proteins, and the EGFR gene mutation pattern was correlated. A total of 130 pulmonary adenocarcinomas were studied for the gene mutations of EGFR in exon 19 and 21, and the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk was investigated by immunostaining. The EGFR mutation was detected in 32%, the positivity of p-Akt was 51%, and the rate of p-Erk was 27%. The EGFR mutation-positive cases were the minority in p-Akt-negative cases, and the p-Akt expression was significantly associated with the mutation of EGFR (P=0.0014). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the L858R mutation and the expression of p-Akt (P=0.040). It is suggested that the activation of Akt is dependent on EGFR mutation pattern.
Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Coatings: Current Mechanisms and Future Perspectives to Control the Spread of Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2 (2020)

The global COVID-19 pandemic has attracted considerable attention toward innovative methods and technologies for suppressing the spread of viruses. Transmission <i>via</i> contaminated surfaces has been recognized as an important route for spreading SARS-CoV-2. Although significant efforts have been made to develop antibacterial surface coatings, the literature remains scarce for a systematic study on broad-range antiviral coatings. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the antiviral materials and coatings that could be implemented for suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 <i>via</i> contaminated surfaces. We discuss the mechanism of operation and effectivity of several types of inorganic and organic materials, in the bulk and nanomaterial form, and assess the possibility of implementing these as antiviral coatings. Toxicity and environmental concerns are also discussed for the presented approaches. Finally, we present future perspectives with regards to emerging antimicrobial technologies such as omniphobic surfaces and assess their potential in suppressing surface-mediated virus transfer. Although some of these emerging technologies have not yet been tested directly as antiviral coatings, they hold great potential for designing the next generation of antiviral surfaces.
An Improved Stereocontrolled Route to cis‐Erythrinanes by Combined Intramolecular Strecker and Bruylants Reaction. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solubility of isobutane in two high‐density polyethylene polymer fluffs (1981)

Abstract Solubility and rate of desorption of isobutane vapor in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer fluff and a HDPE‐hexene‐1 copolymer fluff for isotherms between 65.5 and 93.3°C are reported. The data were obtained for pressures to near the vapor pressure of isobutane. Solubilities were correlated using Henry's law, Flory–Huggins theory, and weight fraction activity coefficients. The last approach gave the best correlation of data over the entire temperature and pressure range. The estimated rate of sorption of isobutane is 1.5 × 10 −4 mol iC 4 H 10/g fluff/bar/min over the range studied.
Development of electron beam resists based on amorphous polyphenols with low molecular weight and narrow dispersion (2005)

We have investigated the possibility of amorphous low molecular weight polyphenols as a chemically amplified positive-tone electron-beam (EB) resist. Low molecular weight polyphenol, 4'4-methylenebis{2-[di(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-cyclohexylphenyl)]methyl} phenol (3M6C-MBSA) as a base matrix, was protected by 1-ethoxyethyl (EE) groups to control the dissolution rate in 0.26 N tetramethylammonium hydroxide aq. developer. The film distribution in the depth direction for resist components with a Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and the Fourier amplitude spectra of line-edge roughness (LER) have been investigated to understand the relationship between them for the resists formulated with 3M6C-MBSA and two types of photo acid generator (PAG), triphenylsulfonium perfluoro-1-butanesulfonate (TPS-PFBS) and triphenylsulfonium n-octanesulfonate (TPS-nOS). From these results, it was found that the resist film consisting of TPS-nOS showed more homogeneous in the depth film distribution than that with TPS-PFBS, and the resist with TPS-nOS also indicated the suppressed LER value of 5.1 nm in the wide frequency range. Therefore, the homogeneity of the resist film may affect the pattern LER.
Accuracy of local mean signal prediction in urban environments: input database granularity issues (2002)

A number of propagation prediction tools are being developed to support urban mobile radio planning. A significant number of these are based on ray-optical techniques. Sources of prediction error in such propagation models can be broadly categorised into two areas: (i) electromagnetic modelling errors and (ii) errors introduced through the imprecise description of the input environment. This paper proposes to examine the dependence of the local mean signal scattered from building walls and corners on the level of spatial detail input into a three-dimensional ray-tracing propagation tool.
A chromosome-level genome of the spider <i>Trichonephila antipodiana</i> reveals the genetic basis of its polyphagy and evidence of an ancient whole-genome duplication event (2021)

The high-quality T. antipodiana genome represents a valuable resource for spider research and provides insights into this species' adaptation to the environment.
Microbiome-based carboxylic acids production: from serum bottles to bioreactors (2017)

We propose a cheap, time and resource efficient screening and upscaling strategy for microbiome-based production of bio-based fuels and chemicals.
Triumph of the optimists: 101 years of global investment returns (2003)

Investors have too often extrapolated from recent experience. In the 1950s, who but the most rampant optimist would have dreamt that over the next fifty years the real return on equities would be 9% per year? Yet this is what happened in the U.S. stock market. The optimists triumphed. However, as Don Marquis observed, an optimist is someone who never had much experience. The authors of this book extend our experience across regions and across time. They present a comprehensive and consistent analysis of investment returns for equities, bonds, bills, currencies and inflation, spanning sixteen countries, from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first. This is achieved in a clear and simple way, with over 130 color diagrams that make comparison easy.Crucially, the authors analyze total returns, including reinvested income. They show that some historical indexes overstate long-term performance because they are contaminated by survivorship bias and that long-term stock returns are in most countries seriously overestimated, due to a focus on periods that with hindsight are known to have been successful.The book also provides the first comprehensive evidence on the long-term equity risk premium--the reward for bearing the risk of common stocks. The authors reveal whether the United States and United Kingdom have had unusually high stock market returns compared to other countries. The book covers the U.S., the U.K., Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, Ireland, Denmark, and South Africa.Triumph of the Optimists is required reading for investment professionals, financial economists, and investors. It will be the definitive reference in the field and consulted for years to come.
An Investigation of Sugar Extraction Methods and the Use of Microwave Power for Date Syrup Processing: Efficiency and Color Related Considerations (2003)

This study investigates the effect of extraction methods on the color of date syrup and the potential use of microwave power for syrup processing. Sugar solutions were extracted from dates by boiling, soaking and blending. Color and sugar content of the extracted solutions were measured, and the percentage of sugar extracted form the total fruit sugar determined. Boiling was found to be the most efficient method of extraction whereby 74% of total samples sugar was extracted. In contrast, only 54.2% of fruit sugar was extracted by blending and 42% by soaking. In addition, solutions extracted by soaking and blending had a foaming problem in the subsequent concentration process. The extraction method had no effect on the product final color. The extracted solution was concentrated using two heating methods: conventional and microwave heating at a 600 W capacity and a frequency of 2450 MHz applied at three power levels: 10, 7, and 6. In the heating process, 180 minutes were needed to achieve a 77% degrees Brix using convective heating, while it took 81, 138, and 166 minutes of microwave heating at power level 10, 7, and 6, respectively to achieve the same concentration. Water activity of the syrup was measured within a sugar content range of 50 to 80% degrees Brix and the sugar concentration at which the product is shelf stable was determined at 76%.
Expression and endocytosis of VEGF and its receptors in human colonic vascular endothelial cells (2002)

Normal human colonic microvascular endothelial cells (HUCMEC) have been isolated from surgical specimens by their adherence to Ulex europaeus agglutinin bound to magnetic dynabeads that bind alpha-L-fucosyl residues on the endothelial cell membrane. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated the presence of a range of endothelial-specific markers on HUCMEC, including the von Willebrand factor, Ulex europaeus agglutinin, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1. The growing cells form monolayers with the characteristic cobblestone morphology of endothelial cells and eventually form tube-like structures. HUCMEC produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and express the receptors, kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) and fms-like tyrosine kinase, through which VEGF mediates its actions in the endothelium. VEGF induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of KDR and a proliferative response from HUCMEC comparable to that elicited from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). On binding to HUCMEC or HUVEC, (125)I-labeled VEGF internalizes or dissociates to the medium. Once internalized, (125)I-labeled VEGF is degraded and no evidence of ligand recycling was observed. However, significantly less VEGF is internalized, and more is released to the medium from HUCMEC than HUVEC. Angiogenesis results from the proliferation and migration of microvascular, not large-vessel, endothelial cells. The demonstration that microvascular endothelial cells degrade less and release more VEGF to the medium than large-vessel endothelial cells identifies a mechanism permissive of the role of microvascular cells in angiogenesis.
Towards a Spatial Query Language: User Interface Considerations (1988)

Spatial information systems are large collections of spatial and non-spatial data on top of tailored database management systems with interactive analysis being the rule rather than an exception. Current database query languages, which are well-suited to treat alphanumeric data, do not reflect the properties of spatial data. In order to visualize the power needed for a spatial query language, a user interface is designed which gives specific considerations tc the coexistence of repiesent’ations as graphical renderings, such as maps, and lexical listings, such as tables. The different properties of spatial and non-spatial data give rise to lexical formulations of queries in combination with references to graphical ‘objects’ or areas on maps. In particular, immediate reference to objects on drawings with direct manipulation devices is a crucial technique to be embedded in the interaction. Variation of graphical presentations by colors, patterns, etc. requires appropriate tools in the interface to manipulate the presentation of spatial objects. These issues are visualized in a sample session by a sequence of interface snapshots.
The Human Antibody Response During Natural Bacteremic Infection with Gram Negative Bacilli against Lipopolysaccharide Core Determinants (1989)

The class-specific antibody response was measured in sequential serum samples from 17 patients after natural bacteremic infection with gram-negative bacilli. There was a five- to sevenfold mean increase over preexisting antibody in levels of IgG (range, less than 1-to 88-fold), IgA (1- to 83-fold), and IgM (less than 1- to 58-fold) antibody to homologous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 16 of these patients. In contrast, there was only a two- to threefold mean increase (range, less than 1- to 78-fold) in about half of the patients who had a detectable antibody response to J5 core determinants and in the third who responded to Re core determinants (range, 1- to 20-fold). All but one of the infective strains of bacteria were smooth on analysis with SDS-PAGE and with rough-specific phages. Humans infected with bacteria that had a rough LPS phenotype, however, did elicit antibody similar to that induced in rabbits after immunization with J5 vaccine. Thus, the human antibody response to natural infection with gram-negative bacilli appears to be directed primarily at homologous, strain-specific epitopes, and the response to the epitopes of LPS core antigens is not against widely shared determinants.
Upregulation of cardiomyocyte ribonucleotide reductase increases intracellular 2 deoxy-ATP, contractility, and relaxation (2011)

We have previously demonstrated that substitution of ATP with 2 deoxy-ATP (dATP) increased the magnitude and rate of force production at all levels of Ca(2+)-mediated activation in demembranated cardiac muscle. In the current study we hypothesized that cellular [dATP] could be increased by viral-mediated overexpression of the ribonucleotide reductase (Rrm1 and Rrm2) complex, which would increase contractility of adult rat cardiomyocytes. Cell length and ratiometric (Fura2) Ca(2+) fluorescence were monitored by video microscopy. At 0.5Hz stimulation, the extent of shortening was increased ~40% and maximal rate of shortening was increased ~80% in cardiomyocytes overexpressing Rrm1+Rrm2 as compared to non-transduced cardiomyocytes. The maximal rate of relaxation was also increased ~150% with Rrm1+Rrm2 overexpression, resulting in decreased time to 50% relaxation over non-transduced cardiomyocytes. These differences were even more dramatic when compared to cardiomyocytes expressing GFP-only. Interestingly, Rrm1+Rrm2 overexpression had no effect on minimal or maximal intracellular [Ca(2+)], indicating increased contractility is primarily due to increased myofilament activity without altering Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, functional potentiation was maintained with Rrm1+Rrm2 overexpression as stimulation frequency was increased (1Hz and 2Hz). HPLC analysis indicated cellular [dATP] was increased by approximately 10-fold following transduction, becoming ~1.5% of the adenine nucleotide pool. Furthermore, 2% dATP was sufficient to significantly increase crossbridge binding and contractile force during sub-maximal Ca(2+) activation in demembranated cardiac muscle. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of directly targeting the actin-myosin chemomechanical crossbridge cycle to enhance cardiac contractility and relaxation without affecting minimal or maximal Ca(2+). This article is part of a Special issue entitled "Possible Editorial".
Uncooled Infrared Microbolometer Arrays and their Characterisation Techniques (2009)

Recently, a lot of attention has been paid to infrared imaging using uncooled microbolometer detectors, primarily because of their low cost, and wide military and civilian applications. This paper reviews the basic principles of these detectors and some of the important works done internationally in this field. This paper presents some of the research work on titanium microbolometer carried out at Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi. Defence Science Journal, 2009, 59(6), pp.580-589 , DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.59.1562
A 40 Mb/s soft-output Viterbi decoder (1995)

Soft-output decoding has evolved as a key technology for new error correction approaches with unprecedented performance as well as for improvement of well established transmission techniques. In this paper, we present a high-speed VLSI implementation of the soft-output Viterbi algorithm, a low complexity soft-output algorithm, for a 16-state convolutional code. The 43 mm/sup 2/ standard cell chip achieves a simulated throughput of 40 Mb/s, while tested samples achieved a throughput of 50 Mb/s. The chip is roughly twice as big as a 16-state Viterbi decoder without soft outputs. It is thus shown with the design that transmission schemes using soft-output decoding can be considered practical even at very high throughput. Since such decoding systems are more complex to design than hard output systems, special emphasis is placed on the employed design methodology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>