gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of preparation conditions on the microstructure and bioactivity of ?-CaSiO3 ceramics: Formation of hydroxyapatite in simulated body fluid (2000)

Two different reagents, NaOH and NH(4)OH, were used to precipitate CaSiO(3) precursor powders from ethanol solutions of Ca(NO(3))(2). 4H(2)O and Si(OC(2)H(5))(4). The resultant powders of different Ca/Si ratio and residual Na(2)O content exhibited significant differences in the microtexture of the resulting sintered alpha-CaSiO(3) ceramics. The microtexture of the ceramics from the NaOH system (CS-Na) contained smaller grain sizes and a thicker glassy phase at the grain boundaries than those produced using NH(4)OH (CS-NH). The CS-Na ceramics were soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at 36.5 degrees C for 2 h and 1, 5, 6, 10, 21, and 30 days while the CS-NH ceramics were soaked for 1, 5, 7, 15, 20, and 25 days using the same conditions. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) formed on the surfaces of both samples but at different formation rates due to differences in the microstructure. The CS-Na ceramics showed faster HAp formation because their smaller alpha-CaSiO(3) grains dissolved more readily, allowing the calcium concentration in the SBF quickly to approach the appropriate condition for nucleation of HAp. In addition, the thicker glassy phase at the grain boundaries facilitated a faster formation of silanol on the surface of the amorphous SiO(2) interlayer, a reaction that is considered to be a prerequisite for HAp formation. The formation of the HAp layer on the CS-Na ceramics therefore was very fast (12 microm/day), and their surfaces were covered completely within 5 days. A layer thickness of about 110 microm was achieved in 30 days, in contrast with the CS-NH ceramics, which took about 25 days to be fully covered with a 60-microm layer of HAp.
Machinable Glass‐Ceramics Based on Tetrasilicic Mica (1972)

Tetrasilicic‐mica glass‐ceramics are formed from glasses in the simple quaternary system K 2 O‐MgF 2 ‐MgO‐SiO 2 . The mica phase crystallizes as small (400‐Å) spherical grains at #625°C and recrystallizes into larger booklets at 940°C. The mica platelets grow by a dissolution and reprecipitation mechanism, thereby increasing the aspect ratio during growth. Two regions of strength dependence on grain size are found. When the mica platelets are very small, the strength increases as the 1/5 power of the mica‐plate diameter. Above a critical plate diameter, the strength decreases, being inversely proportional to the first power of the mica‐plate diameter. In the second region, the strength appears to be controlled by the interfacial shear stresses developed as a result of the thermal expansion mismatch between the mica platelets and the residual glass.
On the effectiveness of automatic patching (2005)

We study the effectiveness of automatic patching and quantify the speed of patch dissemination required for worm containment. We focus on random scanning as this is representative of current generation worms, though smarter strategies exist. We find that even such "dumb'' worms require very fast patching. Our primary focus is on how delays due to worm detection and patch generation and dissemination affect worm spread. Motivated by scalability and trust issues, we consider a hierarchical system where network hosts are partitioned into subnets, each containing a patch server (termed superhost). Patches are disseminated to superhosts through an overlay connecting them and, after verification, to end hosts within subnets. When patch dissemination delay on the overlay is negligible, we find that the number of hosts infected is exponential in the ratio of worm infection rate to patch rate. This implies strong constraints on the time to disseminate, verify and install patches in order for it to be effective. We also provide bounds that account for alert or patch dissemination delay. Finally, we evaluate the use of filtering in combination with patching and show that it can substantially improve worm containment. The results accommodate a variety of overlays by a novel abstraction of minimum broadcast curve. They demonstrate that effective automatic patching is feasible if combined with mechanisms to bound worm scan rate and with careful engineering of the patch dissemination. The results are obtained analytically and verified by simulations.
Optimum Processing Conditions of Instant Asian Noodles in Superheated Steam (2008)

There is little information in the literature about what constitutes an acceptable instant noodle. To ascertain the commercial acceptability of superheated steam-processed instant noodles, a sampling of commercial products was undertaken. Noodles processed at a steam velocity of 1.5 m/s and at 125°C for 200 s, 130°C for 167 s, 135°C for 150 s, 140°C for 133 s, 150°C for 100 s, and a steam velocity of 1.0 m/s and 150°C for 133 s had acceptable color values (L∗ values greater than 63, a∗ values less than 0, and b∗ values above 20) and moisture at or below the safe storage limit. Superheated steam processed noodles were more firm and chewy than the commercial noodles. Adhesiveness, springiness, and resilience were generally the same for all noodle products. Breaking strength of superheated steam processed noodles was in the same range as the fried control and commercial products. Values varied from a low of 1121 ± 194 g/mm2 for noodles processed at 150°C, 1.5 m/s, for 100 s to a high of 1575 ± 329 g/mm2 for noodles processed at 140°C, 1.5 m/s, for 133 s. Starch gelatinization was greatest in the fried control samples and the least in the superheated steam processed samples (approximately 9% less).
Analysis of self-excited resonant DC-DC converter to determine oscillation condition (2002)

A method is proposed for analyzing a self-exciting resonant DC-DC converter that gives the theoretical oscillation condition under which the converter can work. This condition was determined by theoretically analyzing the energy transmission between the main-resonant circuit and the resonant gate-driving circuit. Maintaining oscillation requires that the energy supplied by the main-resonant circuit is larger than the conduction power loss caused by the parasitic gate resistance. The analysis also showed that the oscillation area depends on the feedback and gate capacitances. The analytical results agreed with the experimental ones.
Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance (2001)

It is important that there should be more thorough investigations of DUP, its correlates, and the extent to which it does mediate any advantages of earlier intervention.
Reducing redundancy in videos using reference frame and clustering technique of key frame extraction (2014)

Digital video is becoming an emerging force in current computer and telecommunication industries for its large mass of data. Video segmentation and key-frame extraction have become crucial for the development of advanced digital video systems. Key frame extraction is a very useful technique to provide a concise access to the video content and is the first step towards efficient browsing and retrieval in video databases. Existing approaches are either computationally expensive or ineffective in capturing salient visual content. The proposed system extracts key frames from input videos using two distinct, cost-effective algorithms namely reference based key frame extraction and clustering. It uses multiple characteristics such as co-relation, optical flow and mutual information to identify and extract key frames. The proposed system is able to extract the key frames efficiently for any video format & the extracted key frames can satisfactorily represent the salient content of the video. Storage is reduced by one-eighth of the total space required by the original video and the original content can be represented in one-fourth the time of the input video achieving very high compression efficiency & hence can be used in any video retrieval applications.
Function of glycoprotein Ib alpha in platelet activation induced by alpha-thrombin. (1991)

We have obtained evidence that selective inhibition of high affinity thrombin-binding sites located in the amino-terminal domain of the membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib alpha results in impaired platelet activation, as shown by abrogation or reduction of the following responses induced in normal platelets by exposure to less than 1 nM alpha-thrombin: (i) increase in intracellular ionized calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), (ii) release of dense granule content, (iii) binding of fibrinogen, (iv) aggregation. An anti-GP Ib monoclonal antibody, LJ-Ib 10, which does not inhibit von Willebrand factor binding to platelets, obliterated the high affinity alpha-thrombin-binding sites on normal platelets. Isotherms of alpha-thrombin binding to normal platelets treated with saturating amounts of the antibody were virtually identical to those obtained with platelets from a patient with classical Bernard-Soulier syndrome. In parallel with decreased binding of the agonist, this antibody caused 50% inhibition of the maximal extent of platelet aggregation and 90% inhibition of ATP release induced by 0.3 nM alpha-thrombin. By inhibiting alpha-thrombin binding to GP Ib, the antibody prevented the activation of platelets exposed to low concentrations of the agonist, as demonstrated by abrogation of the increase in intraplatelet ionized calcium concentration induced in control platelets by 0.18 nM alpha-thrombin; under these conditions, fibrinogen binding was inhibited by 84%. Therefore, there is a correlation between occupancy of the high affinity sites for alpha-thrombin on GP Ib alpha and platelet activation, secretion, and aggregation, suggesting that GP Ib alpha is part of an alpha-thrombin receptor relevant for platelet function.
The Vinyl Moiety as a Handle for Regiocontrol in the Preparation of Unsymmetrical 2,3‐Aliphatic‐Substituted Indoles and Pyrroles (2010)

Rho-Rho-Rho your boat: A rhodium catalyst effects the regioselective oxidative coupling of enynes with N-aryl ureas (X=NR2) and N-vinylacetamides (X=C(O)Me), affording the corresponding 2-alkenylindoles and 2-alkenylpyrroles in good yield. Simple hydrogenation delivers the C2/C3-aliphatic-substituted indole or pyrrole (see scheme). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Tracking Epithelial Cell Junctions in <i>C. elegans</i> Embryogenesis With Active Contours Guided by SIFT Flow (2014)

Quantitative analysis of cell shape in live samples is an important goal in developmental biology. Automated or semi-automated segmentation and tracking of cell nuclei has been successfully implemented in several biological systems. Segmentation and tracking of cell surfaces has been more challenging. Here, we present a new approach to tracking cell junctions in the developing epidermis of C. elegans embryos. Epithelial junctions as visualized with DLG-1::GFP form lines at the subapical circumference of differentiated epidermal cells and delineate changes in epidermal cell shape and position. We develop and compare two approaches for junction segmentation. For the first method (projection approach), 3-D cell boundaries are projected into 2D for segmentation using active contours with a nonintersecting force, and subsequently tracked using scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) flow. The resulting 2-D tracked boundaries are then back-projected into 3-D space. The second method (volumetric approach) uses a 3-D extended version of active contours guided by SIFT flow in 3-D space. In both methods, cell junctions are manually located at the first time point and tracked in a fully automated way for the remainder of the video. Using these methods, we have generated the first quantitative description of ventral epidermal cell movements and shape changes during epidermal enclosure.
High prevalence of human papillomavirus type 58 in Chinese women with cervical cancer and precancerous lesions (1999)

The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) among 332 Hong Kong Chinese women with abnormal Papanicolaou smears were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The overall HPV positive rate was 44.3% with 18.6% (16/86) for normal/inflamed cervices, 36.4% (32/88) for condyloma, 64.7% (33/51) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN 1), 37.9% (11/29) for CIN 2, 68.3 (41/60) for CIN 3, and 77.8% (14/18) for carcinoma. Double HPV infection was detected in 17 of the 147 positive samples, with a significantly higher proportion in patients with normal or inflamed cervices than those with CIN or carcinoma (31.3% vs 10.5%, P =.029). The six most commonly identified genotypes were HPV 16 (33.3%), HPV 58 (23.8%), HPV 11, 18, 31 (8.8% each), and HPV 33 (6.8%). The worldwide uncommon genotype HPV 58 was found to be the second most common genotype detected in patients with cervical carcinoma (6 of 18 patients). HPV 58 infection showed a significant association with CIN/carcinoma (odds ratio [OR] = 3.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-14.35) and a significant trend of increase in prevalence with increasing severity of cervical lesion (chi(2) = 5.84; P =.016). Among Hong Kong Chinese women with abnormal cervical cytology, the detection of HPV 58 carried a positive predictive value of 68.6% for a cervical lesion of CIN 1 or higher severity. The high prevalence of HPV 58 among Chinese women, particularly in patients with carcinoma, has an implication on the design of HPV detection methods and the development of vaccines.
Combining key-phrase detection and subword-based verification for flexible speech understanding (2002)

A flexible speech understanding framework combining key-phrase detection and verification is presented. Detection of semantically-tagged key-phrases directly leads to robust understanding. In order to select reliable detection and eliminate false alarms, utterance verification technique is incorporated. A phrase verifier combines subword-based likelihood ratios of correct models and anti-subword alternate models. A confidence measure that focuses on mis-matched subwords is proposed and demonstrated as the most effective. The combined strategy drastically improves the semantic accuracy for out-of-grammar utterances, while maintaining the performance for in-grammar samples. We also found that utterance verification applied after grammar-based decoding is not so effective as the proposed detection and verification strategy.
The Role of CNTs in Promoting Hybrid Filler Networking and Synergism with Carbon Black in the Mechanical Behavior of Filled Polyisoprene (2012)

Abstract The filler networking process promoted by multiwalled CNTs is studied in neat and CB‐filled poly(1,4‐ cis‐ isoprene) matrices. TEM analysis, tensile, dynamic‐mechanical, and electrical measurements reveal that the CNTs form a filler network at low concentration in neat PI and a continuous hybrid filler network at a lower CNT concentration in the presence of CB, with a remarkable increase of the nonlinear dynamic‐mechanical behavior of the nanocomposites at low deformation. A synergistic effect between CB and CNTs is demonstrated. The addition of CNTs to the CB‐filled PI matrix leads to initial modulus values much larger than those calculated by simple addition of the two initial moduli of the composites containing only CB and only CNTs, respectively. magnified image
Transcription of human 5S rRNA genes is influenced by an upstream DNA sequence (1993)

Six human 5S rRNA genes and gene variants and one pseudogene have been sequenced. The six genes/variants were transcribed in a HeLa cell extract with about equal efficiency. Three genes contain the Sp1 binding sequence GGGCGG in position -43 to -38 and three genes contain the Sp1 like sequence GGGCCG in this position. The six genes contain furthermore one Sp1 binding site in a position about -245 and one ATF recognition site in a position about -202. A 12 bp sequence (GGCTCTTGGGGC) found in position -32 to -21 strongly influenced the transcriptional efficiency in vitro. This 12-mer, designated the D box, has also been found upstream a 5S rRNA gene from hamster and mouse. Removal of the Sp1 binding sites had no effect on the transcription in vitro whereas the transcriptional efficiency decreased to 10% if the D box was removed from the human 5S rRNA gene.
Combustion by Pulsed Jet Plumes - Key to Controlled Combustion Engines (1989)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Pulsed Jet Combustion (PJC) is introduced here as a key element for engines where the progress of combustion is interactively controlled by a microprocessor system. Practical realization of PJC presented here involves the use of an 18 mm plug containing a cavity, where a rich mixture is ignited by a conventional spark discharge, closed by a tip with a suitable orifice to form the effluent stream. Its performance is determined by tests carried out in a constant volume vessel, simulating the enclosure of a CFR engine at 60 CAD with compression ratio of 7:1, using propane/air mixtures at equivalence ratios of an order of 0.6, in comparison to that of a flame traversing the charge, a so-called FTC mode, upon ignition by standard spark discharge under identical geometrical and initial thermochemical conditions. The results demonstrate the superiority of PJC for executing the exothermic process of combustion in a lean burn engine.</div>
The Influence of Amino Acids on the Kinetics of the Recrystallization of Aragonite to Calcite (1971)

Basic and neutral amino acids accelerated the recrystallization of aragonite to calcite, whereas acidic amino acids inhibited the reaction. Acceleration of the reaction is ascribed to a general catalytic effect, but the inhibition can best be explained by a specific epitaxial effect in which aspartic or glutamic acid forms a protective overgrowth on the carbonate surfaces. These findings may have a bearing on the diagenesis of carbonates.
Coding-gain-based complexity control for H.264 video encoder (2008)

The allowable computational complexity of video encoding is limited in a power-constrained system. Different video frames are associated with different motions and contexts, and so are associated with different computational complexities if no complexity control is utilized. Variation in computational complexity leads to encoding delay jittering. Typically motion estimation (ME) consumes much more computational complexity than other encoding tools. This work proposes a practical complexity control method based on the complexity analysis of an H.264 video encoder to determine the coding gain of each encoding tool in the video encoder. Experiments performed on a programming optimized source code show that the computational complexity associated with each frame is well controlled below a given limit with very little R-D performance degradation under a reasonable constraint comparing to the unconstrained case.
Effect of<i>Vibrio cholerae</i>non-O1 protease on lysozyme, lactoferrin and secretory immunoglobulin A (1996)

The effect of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 protease on host defense proteins (lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin) was studied in relation to its virulence mechanism. The proteins treated with the protease were analysed by SDS-PAGE. There was no influence of the protease on lysozyme. The protease cleaved lactoferrin into two fragments of 50 kDa and 34 kDa. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of these fragments revealed that the cleavage site was near the hinge region, between serine 420 and serine 421. This cleavage could affect the transition from open to closed configuration which is involved in iron binding and release. The anti-bacterial activity of lactoferrin was not affected by protease treatment. Secretory immunoglobulin A yielded a 42-kDa protein as the cleavage product. The susceptibility of secretory immunoglobulin A to V. cholerae non-O1 protease suggests a mechanism by which bacteria might evade the effect of this immunoglobulin.
Semiconductor interlevel shorts caused by hillock formation in Al-Cu metallization (1989)

A new failure mode in AlCu and AlCuSi metallization is described in which interlevel metal short circuiting occurs between two or more levels of metal. Shorts are caused by theta-phase (Al/sub 2/Cu) hillocks which nucleate and grow during high-temperature vacuum heat treatment and processing, Hillock growth occurs at high-energy sites, such as silicon precipitates and grain boundary nodal points. The growth of Al/sub 2/Cu hillocks depends on the heat-treatment/processing temperature and aluminum film purity. The growth kinetics indicates that grain boundary diffusion is the dominant mass transport mechanism. Methods used to limit theta-phase hillock formation and growth concentrate on the diffusion and nucleation mechanisms involved. Decreasing the heat-treatment/processing temperature slows the atomic diffusion required for hillock growth, and it delays, but does not prevent, theta-phase hillock formation. A 1-h heat treatment (213 Pa, N/sub 2/ ambient) at 350 degrees C produces a high density of large hillocks. Hillock density and height are generally reduced at 300 degrees C. Altering the layered structure of a metallization alters Al/sub 2/Cu hillock growth. Deposition of a hard coating as a cap on the layered structure of an aluminum-based metallization mechanically suppresses hillock formation. A layer of pure aluminum deposited beneath the aluminum-copper layer acts as a sink for copper and delays hillock formation. Increasing film copper content reduces hillock formation: theta-phase hillocks, up to 1.3 mu m in height, are observed in films with 1 wt.% copper, whereas negligible (<0.2 mu m in height) hillock formation is observed in 11 wt.% Cu films.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Vinylogous Sulfonyl Peptides (1995)

Now available for combinatorial compound libraries, vinylogous sulfonyl peptides like 1 may have potential as components of enzyme inhibitors. Newly developed solid-phase synthesis of these compounds (shown schematically below) opens up these possibilities. • = polyoxyethylene-grafted crosslinked polystyrene resin.
Investigation of macroscopic uniformity during CH/sub 4//H/sub 2/ reactive ion etching of InP and improvement using a guard ring (2002)

The reactive ion etching (RIE) with CH/sub 4//H/sub 2/-based plasmas is a widely used fabrication tool for devices in the InP material system. Its microscopic characteristics like etch profile, surface roughness and material damage have been extensively studied. Now also the macroscopic properties become important since the large-volume production of InP-based devices and the development of complex OEICs require the introduction of a full-wafer technology. Therefore we have investigated the wafer uniformity of the etch attack. We found that CH/sub 4//H/sub 2/-RIE inherently tends to form a rather nonuniform distribution of etch rates across an InP wafer with fastest etching occurring at the wafer edge. Nonuniformities of up to 35% are observed. This effect can be counteracted by an appropriate choice of the process pressure or by the introduction of a guard ring.