gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fibre Frequency Shifter Based Upon Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Generation in High Finesse Ring Resonators (2005)

The development of fibre optic based sensor systems(1) has created a need for an all fibre tunable frequency shifter in order that efficient heterodyne signal processing can be effected. Several methods have been reported in which an acoustic wave of wavelength equal to the beat length of the fibre is used to couple a guided optical beam from one mode to another for example Lp01 to Lp11 or between the non degenerate Lp01 modes of highly birefringent fibre(2,3). The acoustic wave being generated either by acoustic horns, acoustic torsional generators or surface acoustic waves(2,4,5). Although all these devices show promise the fact that they must operate at fixed frequencies will tend to limit their applicability.
Multivalent glycoconjugates as anti-pathogenic agents (2012)

Multivalency plays a major role in biological processes and particularly in the relationship between pathogenic microorganisms and their host that involves protein-glycan recognition. These interactions occur during the first steps of infection, for specific recognition between host and bacteria, but also at different stages of the immune response. The search for high-affinity ligands for studying such interactions involves the combination of carbohydrate head groups with different scaffolds and linkers generating multivalent glycocompounds with controlled spatial and topology parameters. By interfering with pathogen adhesion, such glycocompounds including glycopolymers, glycoclusters, glycodendrimers and glyconanoparticles have the potential to improve or replace antibiotic treatments that are now subverted by resistance. Multivalent glycoconjugates have also been used for stimulating the innate and adaptive immune systems, for example with carbohydrate-based vaccines. Bacteria present on their surfaces natural multivalent glycoconjugates such as lipopolysaccharides and S-layers that can also be exploited or targeted in anti-infectious strategies.
On the quantification of e-business capacity (2001)

In order for current e-Businesses to mature from hastily assembled systems and applications, formal processes must be put in place for planning and budgeting, pricing and costing, and for establishing quality of service and service--level assurances. There are many challenges that e-Businesses face in formalizing these processes. The most important problem is to bridge the semantic disconnect between business objectives and the information system performance objectives. Next, the characterization of the e-Business infrastructure is extremely complex, given the variety of applications and system configurations at a web site and the traffic it receives. Finally, e-Businesses need to associate and apply traditional economic factors, such as depreciation and usage to applications, operating systems, and databases. In this paper, we propose an approach for defining and quantifying effective e-Business capacity that allows us to translate quality of service objectives into the number of users that a web site can support. This approach is based on inducing online models using machine learning and statistical pattern recognition techniques. As a consequence, the approach is flexible: it adapts to any site configuration and environment. The concept of e-Business capacity allows us to naturally answer planning and operational questions about the information system infrastructure needed to support the e-Business. The questions range from indicating which performance measures in the system are "important" to simulating "if-then" scenarios
High power LED packaging (2005)

In this presentation, the development of high power LEDs will be reviewed, including a review of the power LED chip technologies being used for high power applications, leadframe and submount technologies, injection molded plastics used for power applications and encapsulation materials. Aspects of high volume manufacturing for power LEDs will be discussed and emerging markets for high power LED light engines will be described
The Chemistry of α-Haloketones and Their Utility in Heterocyclic Synthesis (2003)

The molecular structures and spectral properties of α-haloketones as well as their syntheses are analyzed and reviewed. Their reactivity towards oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur nucleophiles, carboxylic acids, carbon nucleophiles, alkenes, and alkynes are discussed.
Interpolation-based maximum likelihood channel estimation using OFDM pilot symbols (2004)

An interpolation-based maximum likelihood channel estimation scheme using OFDM pilot symbols is proposed. Instead of direct estimation of the frequency response on each subchannel, an interpolation filter is used on the pilot symbols to estimate a smaller set of coefficients that are sufficient to characterize the multipath channel. The actual frequency responses on the subchannels are then computed through inverse filtering of these coefficients. Because the same amount of signal energy is used to estimate a reduced set of unknowns, the estimation accuracy is improved. The scheme is well suited for packet-based OFDM communication systems where pilot symbols instead of pilot tones are usually used at the beginning of each packet for fast synchronization and channel estimation.
Harnessing Soft Computations for Low-Budget Fault Tolerance (2014)

A growing number of applications from various domains such as multimedia, machine learning and computer vision are inherently fault tolerant. However, for these soft workloads, not all computations are fault tolerant (e.g., A loop trip count). In this paper, we propose a compiler-based approach that takes advantage of soft computations inherent in the aforementioned class of workloads to bring down the cost of software-only transient fault detection. The technique works by identifying a small subset of critical variables that are necessary for correct macro-operation of the program. Traditional duplication and comparison are used to protect these variables. For the remaining variables and temporaries that only affect the micro-operation of the program, strategic expected value checks are inserted into the code. Intuitively, a computation-chain result near the expected value is either correct or close enough to the correct result so that it does not matter for non-critical variables. Overall, the proposed solution has, on average, only 19.5% performance overhead and reduces the number of silent data corruptions from 15% down to 7.3% and user-visible silent data corruptions from 3.4% down to 1.2% in comparison to an unmodified application. This unacceptable silent data corruption rate is even lower than a traditional full duplication scheme that has, on average, 57% overhead.
Formation of ductile Al-based metallic glasses without rare-earth elements (2001)

Al75Cu17Mg8 is a eutectic composition according to the ternary phase diagram, which can be quenched into a fully amorphous phase by adding 2-8at.% Ni, but the addition of a similar percentage of Gd failed to form the amorphous phase. The amorphous alloys obtained exhibit two broad diffuse peaks in the X-ray diffraction curves and, correspondingly, two halo rings in the electron diffraction patterns, implying that two types of local atom configuration exist. Thermal analysis of the amorphous alloys indicates that the primary crystallization peak shifts to higher temperatures with increasing Ni content. The occurrence of a nucleation and crystal growth peak during isothermal crystallization reveals the amorphous nature of the quenched ribbon alloys. The quenched amorphous ribbons do not break after bending by 180°. Mechanical testing yielded a tensile strength of 810MPa for (Al75Cu17Mg8)95Ni5, and a vein structure, characteristic of amorphous fracture, is apparent in scanning electron micrographs. The different effects of Ni and Gd on the glass formation indicate that the large atomic size of Gd is not critical to the glass formation.
Influenza Vaccine Induces Intracellular Immune Memory of Human NK Cells (2015)

Influenza vaccines elicit antigen-specific antibodies and immune memory to protect humans from infection with drift variants. However, what supports or limits vaccine efficacy and duration is unclear. Here, we vaccinated healthy volunteers with annual vaccine formulations and investigated the dynamics of T cell, natural killer (NK) cell and antibody responses upon restimulation with heterologous or homologous influenza virus strains. Influenza vaccines induced potential memory NK cells with increased antigen-specific recall IFN-γ responses during the first 6 months. In the absence of significant changes in other NK cell markers (CD45RO, NKp44, CXCR6, CD57, NKG2C, CCR7, CD62L and CD27), influenza vaccines induced memory NK cells with the distinct feature of intracellular NKp46 expression. Indeed, surface NKp46 was internalized, and the dynamic increase in NKp46(intracellular)+CD56dim NK cells positively correlated with increased IFN-γ production to influenza virus restimulation after vaccination. In addition, anti-NKp46 antibodies blocked IFN-γ responses. These findings provide insights into a novel mechanism underlying vaccine-induced immunity and NK-related diseases, which may help to design persisting and universal vaccines in the future.
Influence of automatic level control on micromechanical resonator oscillator phase noise (2004)

Clear differences in the phase noise performance of a 10 MHz MEMS-based micromechanical resonator oscillator have been measured using sustaining circuits with and without automatic-level control (ALC), and with differing mechanisms for ALC. In particular, low output power oscillators referenced to high-Q clamped-clamped beam /spl mu/mechanical resonators exhibit an unexpected 1/f/sup 3/ phase noise component without ALC, a 1/f/sup 5/ phase noise component when an ALC circuit based on resonator dc-bias adjustment is used, and finally, removal of these components when an ALC circuit based on sustaining amplifier gain control is used, in which case the expected 1/f/sup 2/ phase noise component is all that remains. That ALC is able to remove the 1/f/sup 3/ phase noise seen in non-ALC'ed oscillators suggests that this noise component emanates primarily from nonlinearity in the voltage-to-force capacitive transducer, either through direct aliasing of amplifier 1/f noise, or through instabilities introduced by spring softening (i.e., Duffing) phenomena.
Effect of total glucosides of paeony combined with leflunomide on IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in rheumatoid arthritis (2011)

Objective To research the effect and clinical efficacy of total glucosides of paeony combined with leflunomide on the level of cytokines in the serum of patient with rheumatoid arthritis(RS). Methods Eighty patients with active RA were randomly divided into four groups:methotrexate (MTX) group,MTX+Total glucosides of paeony (TGP)group,MTX+Leflunomide(LEF) group and MTX+TGP+LEF group.Each group has 20 patients.At pre-treatment and the 12th week the change from baseline in duration of pain,tender joint count/index,swollen joint count/index,health assessment questionnaire(HAQ).At pre-treatment and the 12th week take x-ray of two hands,and measure the plasma level of Interleukin-1β(IL-1β),Interleukin-6 (IL-6)and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α(TNF-α). Results At the 12th week,MTX+TGP+LEF group had reduced serum level of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α apparently,which was correlated with clinical symptom amelioration.The proportion of patients achieving the EULAR moderate response of the MTX+TGP+LEF group was 75%,which was higher than that in MTX+ LEF group (68%),MTX+ TGP group (63%) and MTX group (63%). Conclusions ①TGP combined with LEF treatment has a satisfied effect on rheumatoid arthritis, the short-term efficacy was better than LEF group and MTX group. ②TGP combined with LEF can inhibit inflammtion through reducing the serum level of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α.

Key words: 
Rheumatoid arthritis; Leflunomide;  Total glucosides of peony;  Cytokines
Structural Approaches to Explain the Selectivity of COX-2 Inhibitors: Is There a Common Pharmacophore? (2000)

The identification and characterisation of the isoenzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) stimulated investigations to develop efficient non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with reduced side effects compared to standard NSAIDs. This review will focus on the structural features needed to achieve COX-2 selectivity. Five structural classes can be identified together with a class bearing little or no resemblance to one another in their molecular structure. The most interesting point is the very distinct structure/activity relationship. On the one hand only minor modifications to a particular compound induce a drastic change in its COX selectivity and on the other hand the structural prerequisites in terms of molecular shape, lipophilicity, electron density, flexibility, polarity and H-bonding dynamics allow a wide range of diversity.
Adaptive brake warning system for automobiles (2008)

We present an adaptive brake warning system in order to help a driver keep a safe distance from the cars in front to avoid rear-end collisions. The safe distance continuously varies according to the carpsilas velocity, driving events, and road conditions. Three sensors, an ECU reader, a camera, and a laser range finder, are used to collect the vehicular velocity, the density of cars on the road and the following distance respectively. These data are sent to a main computer to calculate the level of critical situation where the driver needs to apply brake ranging from 0 to 4 where level 0 is the safest and level 4 means the most dangerous. Two decision algorithms: adaptive threshold and fuzzy inference system are compared. The results from real driving situations indicated that both methods can achieve an accuracy of 76.98% and 65.46% respectively.
Mend Your Fences (2017)

The intestinal epithelium can be easily disrupted during gut inflammation as seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. For a long time, research into the pathophysiology of IBD has been focused on immune cell-mediated mechanisms. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the intestinal epithelium might play a major role in the development and perpetuation of IBD. It is now clear that IBD can be triggered by disturbances in epithelial barrier integrity via dysfunctions in intestinal epithelial cell-intrinsic molecular circuits that control the homeostasis, renewal, and repair of intestinal epithelial cells. The intestinal epithelium in the healthy individual represents a semi-permeable physical barrier shielding the interior of the body from invasions of pathogens on the one hand and allowing selective passage of nutrients on the other hand. However, the intestinal epithelium must be considered much more than a simple physical barrier. Instead, the epithelium is a highly dynamic tissue that responds to a plenitude of signals including the intestinal microbiota and signals from the immune system. This epithelial response to these signals regulates barrier function, the composition of the microbiota, and mucosal immune homeostasis within the lamina propria. The epithelium can thus be regarded as a translator between the microbiota and the immune system and aberrant signal transduction between the epithelium and adjacent immune cells might promote immune dysregulation in IBD. This review summarizes the important cellular and molecular barrier components of the intestinal epithelium and emphasizes the mechanisms leading to barrier dysfunction during intestinal inflammation.
Similarity-Based Bayesian Learning from Semi-structured Log Files for Fault Diagnosis of Web Services (2010)

With the rapid development of XML language which has good flexibility and interoperability, more and more log files of software running information are represented in XML format, especially for Web services. Fault diagnosis by analyzing semi-structured and XML like log files is becoming an important issue in this area. For most related learning methods, there is a basic assumption that training data should be in identical structure, which does not hold in many situations in practice. In order to learn from training data in different structures, we propose a similarity-based Bayesian learning approach for fault diagnosis in this paper. Our method is to first estimate similarity degrees of structural elements from different log files. Then the basic structure of combined Bayesian network (CBN) is constructed, and the similarity-based learning algorithm is used to compute probabilities in CBN. Finally, test log data can be classified into possible fault categories based on the generated CBN. Experimental results show our approach outperforms other learning approaches on those training datasets which have different structures.
Parlare in Parlamento (2013)

«Da quando io sono entrato, in eta piu che ma­tura, nella vita parlamentare, ho sentito volare in due o tre anni nell’aula di Mon­te­ci­torio piu ingiurie e contumelie di quante in quarant’anni non ne abbia udite come avvocato nelle aule giudiziarie».
Cosi scriveva nel 1951 il neo-deputato Piero Ca­­la­man­drei a un politico di lunga esperienza (e giurista esperto di diritto pubblico) co­me Vit­­torio Ema­nuele Orlando, per chiedergli spie­­gazioni sull’uso dell’espressione ‘lin­guaggio par­lamentare’. Ne nacque un bre­ve, ma den­so saggio di storia del parlamento, che proprio oggi che la tentazione di liberarsi dalla fa­tica del dibattito appare di nuovo for­te, ci si pre­senta come un autentico vademecum per chi­un­que sia interessato alle radici del­la forma par­lamentare e al rinnovamento della nostra de­mocrazia.

Recensioni:

- Left, 7 marzo 2015, A lezione da Pinocchio, di Filippo La Porta.

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Requests for Assisted Suicide: A nursing Issue (1998)

At the heart of the debate over assisted suicide is the recognition that not all persons can be healed and not all suffering can be relieved. This article addresses the ethical, professional and legal issues to be considered by the nurses in the United States who are facing patients’ requests for assisted suicide. Both personal and professional risks, and the consequences of an action must be evaluated. Ultimately, a decision is based on some ranking of: patient values; personal values and beliefs; professional codes, standards and other guidelines; and societal laws and regulations.
Stabilization of Self-Assembled Alumina Mesophases (2013)

An efficient route to stabilize alumina mesophases derived from evaporation-induced self-assembly is reported after investigating various aspects in-depth: influence of the solvent (EtOH, s-BuOH, and t-BuOH) on the textural and structural properties of the mesophases based on aluminum tri-sec-butoxide (ATSB), synthesis reproducibility, role of nonvolatile acids, and the crystallization and thermal stability of the crystalline counterparts. Mesophase specific surface area and pore uniformity depend notably on the solvent; s-BuOH yields the highest surface area and pore uniformity. The optimal mesophase synthesis is reproducible with standard deviations in the textural parameters below 5%. The most pore-uniform mesophases from the three solvents were thermally activated at 1023 K to crystallize them into γ-alumina. The s-BuOH mesophase is remarkably thermally stable, retaining the mesoscopic wormhole order with 300 m2/g (0.45 cm3/g) and an increased acidic site density. These features are not obtained with EtOH or t-BuOH, where agglomerated γ-Al2O3 crystallites are formed with lower surface areas and broader pore size distributions. This was rationalized by the increase of the hydrolysis rate using EtOH and t-BuOH. t-BuOH dehydrates under the synthesis conditions or reacts with HCl, situations that increase the water concentration and rate of hydrolysis. It was found that EtOH exchanges rapidly, producing a highly reactive Al-ethoxide, thus enhancing the hydrolysis rate as well. Particle heterogeneity with random packing of fibrous and wormhole morphologies, attributed to the high hydrolysis rate, was observed for mesophases derived from both solvents. Such a low particle coordination favors coarsening with enlargement of the pore size distribution upon thermal treatment, explaining the lower thermal stability. Controlled hydrolysis and formation of low-polymerized Al species in s-BuOH are possibly responsible for the adequate assembly onto the surfactant. This was verified by the formation of a regular distribution of relatively size-uniform nanoparticles in the mesophase; high particle coordination prevents coarsening, favors densification, and maintains a relatively uniform pore size distribution upon thermal treatment. The acid removal in the evaporation is another key factor to promote network condensation in this route.
Myoglobin as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitor: A limitation for PCR from skeletal muscle tissue avoided by the use of thermus thermophilus polymerase (1998)

Skeletal muscle tissue contains polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors that are coextracted by conventional nucleic acid extraction procedures. Myoglobin, a heme-containing molecule, was shown to act as a potent Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase inhibitor and is likely to be involved in muscle tissue-associated PCR inhibition. The use of Thermus thermophilus DNA polymerase avoids muscle tissue-associated PCR inhibition, and should be used in case of small amounts or instability of the targeted nucleic acid. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 21:1064–1067, 1998.
A conserved carboxylic acid group mediates light-dependent proton uptake and signaling by rhodopsin. (1994)

A carboxylic acid residue is conserved at the cytoplasmic border of the third transmembrane segment among nearly all G protein-coupled receptors. In the visual receptor rhodopsin, replacement of the conserved Glu134 by a neutral glutamine results in enhanced transducin activation. Here we show that a key event in forming the active state of rhodopsin is proton uptake by Glu134 in the metarhodopsin II (MII) photoproduct. Site-directed mutants E134D and E134Q were studied by flash photolysis, where formation rates of their photoproducts and rates of pH change could be monitored simultaneously. Both mutants showed normal MII formation rates. However, E134D displayed a slowed rate of proton uptake and E134Q displayed a loss of light-induced uptake of two protons from the aqueous phase. Thus, Glu134 mediates light-dependent proton uptake by MII. We propose that receptor activation requires a light-induced conformational change that allows protonation of Glu134 and subsequent protonation of a second group. The strong conservation of Glu134 in G protein-coupled receptors implies a general requirement for a proton acceptor group at this position to allow light- or ligand-dependent receptor activation.