gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intraruminal administration of<i>Megasphaera elsdenii</i>modulated rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation dairy cows (2011)

This study evaluated the effects of intraruminal administration of Megasphaera elsdenii on ruminal fermentation patterns, the profile of plasma metabolites, and milk yield and composition of mid-lactation dairy cows. Eight primiparous, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were arranged in a paired 2×2 crossover design. Cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) intraruminal inoculation of 35 ml suspension per day of M. elsdenii ATCC 25940 (MEGA), containing 10 8 cfu/ml of bacteria, dissolved in 35 ml of saline (0·15 m ), or 2) carrier alone (35 ml saline; CTR). Both postprandial and preprandial rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and plasma metabolite measurements were analysed. Postprandial VFA patterns were affected the most, with butyrate ( P <0·01) and valerate ( P <0·01) proportions increasing, and acetate ( P <0·01), isobutyrate ( P =0·05) and isovalerate ( P <0·01) decreasing in MEGA cows. Preprandial data measured at various days showed that MEGA dosage tended to increase the molar proportion of propionate ( P =0·09) and lower the acetate to propionate ratio ( P =0·07) in the rumen fluid. There was no effect of treatment on rumen pH and on the concentration of lactate in the rumen as well as on selected preprandial plasma metabolites. Postprandial plasma concentrations of cholesterol tended to increase ( P =0·07) in MEGA cows compared with CTR. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma were lower in MEGA cows after the morning feeding ( P <0·01). Sampling hour also affected plasma NEFA in this study. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were not affected by the treatment ( P >0·05); however, after the morning feeding BHBA concentration was increased in both groups of cows. Dry matter intake and milk yield and composition were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, results indicate that M. elsdenii has the potential to modulate the rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation Holstein cows, but these effects were only slightly reflected in changes in plasma metabolites and milk composition.
‘blebbing’ of the nuclear envelope of mouse zygotes, early embryos and hybrid cells (1988)

In the mouse zygote and in two-cell stage embryos the inner leaflet of the nuclear envelope of pronuclei and that of blastomere and polar body II nuclei evaginate, forming multiple blebs within the perinuclear space, which contains a granular material. Blebbing exists only in oocytes activated by sperm in vivo or in vitro, or parthenogenetically by treatment with ethanol or puromycin. The germinal vesicle and an interphase nucleus formed after treatment of the oocyte at metaphase I by puromycin do not form blebs. Formation of blebs is specifically located in the cell cycle. The burst of the blebbing activity occurs during the first half of the cell cycle in one-cell embryos and in the earliest interphase period in the second cell cycle. Blebbing ceases from the beginning of the third cell cycle. The occurrence in the cytoplasm of 'double-layered' vesicles containing granular material resembling bleb contents and the disappearance of blebs from the nuclear envelope by the end of the cell cycle provide evidence that blebs represent a step in the transport of some material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Ethanolic phosphotungstic acid does not stain blebs, suggesting the absence of basic protein in their contents. Blebbing can be induced in somatic (thymocyte) and embryonic (blastomere of 8-cell stage embryo) nuclei following cell hybridization with activated oocytes. Their response to the oocyte cytoplasm by initiating blebbing depends on: (1) the position of the host cell in its cell cycle at the moment of hybridization, and (2) the time spent by the foreign nuclei in the host cytoplasm following cell fusion. If donor nuclei are introduced close to the time of activation, they start to produce blebs at the time corresponding to the initiation of blebbing by the female pronucleus in the first cell cycle. If foreign nuclei are introduced a few hours after activation they must be incubated in the host cytoplasm for some time before initiation of bleb formation, provided that the host pronucleus has initiated blebbing by that time. The existence of blebbing in nuclei formed only after oocyte activation, and the timing and the general occurrence of this event during the earliest cleavage stages of almost every mammalian embryo, suggest that this special nucleocytoplasmic transport plays a specific role at the beginning of development.
Subcellullar localization, developmental expression and characterization of a liver triacylglycerol hydrolase (1999)

The mechanism and enzymic activities responsible for the lipolysis of stored cytosolic triacylglycerol in liver and its re-esterification remain obscure. A candidate enzyme for lipolysis, a microsomal triacylglycerol hydrolase (TGH), was recently purified to homogeneity from pig liver and its kinetic properties were determined [Lehner and Verger (1997) Biochemistry 36, 1861-1868]. We have characterized the enzyme with regard to its species distribution, subcellular localization, developmental expression and reaction with lipase inhibitors. The hydrolase co-sediments with endoplasmic reticulum elements and is associated with isolated liver fat droplets. Immunocytochemical studies localize TGH exclusively to liver cells surrounding capillaries. Both TGH mRNA and protein are expressed in rats during weaning. The enzyme covalently binds tetrahydrolipstatin, an inhibitor of lipases and of triacylglycerol hydrolysis. The enzyme is absent from liver-derived cell lines (HepG2 and McArdle RH7777) known to be impaired in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly and secretion. The localization and developmental expression of TGH are consistent with a proposed role in triacylglycerol hydrolysis and with the proposal that some of the resynthesized triacylglycerol is utilized for VLDL secretion.
Probes for narcotic receptor mediated phenomena. 7. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of irreversible ligands specific for .mu. or .delta. opiate receptors (1984)

Syntheses of affinity reagents for opiate receptors based on the fentanyl, endo-ethenotetrahydrooripavine, and etonitazene carbon-nitrogen skeletons are described. The isothiocyanate, bromoacetamido, and methylfumaramido alkylating functions were employed in these compounds, some of which had previously been shown to be mu specific (12, BIT) and delta specific (8, FIT and 19, FAO) in vitro. Antinociceptive activity of the title compounds was determined in the mouse hot-plate test, which revealed that certain compounds in each class showed morphine-like activity. The binding EC50 values against [3H]Dalamid for opiate receptors in NG108-15 (delta receptors) and rat brain membranes (mu + delta receptors) are also reported. With this type of experiment, it was possible to independently measure the apparent affinity of the etonitazene congeners 12-14 for the mu and delta receptors.
Quantitative histopathological variables in in situ and invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas of the breast (1993)

This study was carried out to compare quantitative histopathological estimates obtained in normal breast epithelium (N = 15), lobular carcinoma in situ (N = 29), ductal carcinoma in situ (N = 24), invasive lobular carcinoma (N = 39), and invasive ductal carcinoma (N = 71) of the female breast. Using unbiased stereology, the three-dimensional mean nuclear size, v v(nuc), was estimated in routine histological sections, along with morphometric point-counting based estimates of the mean nuclear profile area, aH(nuc), and estimates of the nuclear density index, NI, the mitotic index, MI, and the nuclear volume fraction, Vv(nuc/tis). The vv(nuc), aH(nuc), and MI were, on average, larger in ductal than in lobular carcinomas (2p < or = 0.01), whereas the mean NI was smaller in ductal carcinomas (2p = 3.10(-4). Comparing estimates obtained in tumors of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (N = 11) with those obtained in tumors of pure lobular carcinoma in situ (N = 7), only the difference in mean NI reached statistical significance (2p = 0.001). Several significant differences were found between means of quantitative histopathological estimates obtained in normal breast epithelium, pure in situ lesions, and invasive carcinomas. Overlaps were, however, evident among the groups. There were no significant differences between means of the quantitative variables obtained in carcinoma in situ of the ductal and the lobular type with or without accompanying invasive carcinoma (2p > or = 0.22). A close correlation was found between estimates of vv(nuc) obtained in the in situ component and the invasive part of ductal carcinomas (r = 0.86, 2p = 2.10(-4). Previous studies have shown prognostic value of quantitative histopathological variables in breast carcinomas. The present study points to an additional value of the investigated variables in the diagnostic separation of normal breast epithelium, in situ lesions, and invasive carcinomas. The quantitative variables obtained in the situ lesions did not indicate whether an accompanying invasive tumor was present or not.
Model block copolymers with complex architecture (1998)

Abstract The synthesis of non linear block copolymers of the type (BA) 2 B (3‐miktoarm star copolymer), (BA) 3 B (4‐miktoarm star copolymer), (BA) 3 B(AB) 3 (super H‐shaped), B 2 AB 2 (H‐shaped) and (B,A)A(B,A) (π‐shaped), where A is polyisoprene 1,4 and B is polystyrene was performed using anionic polymerization techniques and suitable chlorosilane chemistry. Characterization data showed that the samples are molecularly and compositionally homogeneous. TEM, SAXS and SANS were used to study the microphase behavior of the copolymers. For all samples, the results were analyzed in the frame of the theoretical predictions given by Milner and taking into account the results from previous studies on the A 2 B and A 3 B miktoarm star copolymers.
A Preliminary Study of Quantitative Protocols in Indium 111 SPECT Using Computational Simulations and Phantoms (2010)

Indium 111 SPECT allows one to determine the activity distribution of tracers used in radioimmunotherapy, such as Zevalin <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> labeled with yttrium 90. Using computer simulations and phantom models, we assessed various processing schemes to identify a clinically feasible protocol to estimate the tracer concentrations from <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">111</sup> ln SPECT images. The SPECT acquisition of a cylindrical phantom containing spheres was simulated. Several processing protocols that all included corrections for scatter, attenuation, and partial volume effect were compared using the simulated data. The protocol yielding the most accurate estimates of activity concentrations in the spheres was identified. This protocol was then applied to the experimental SPECT acquisitions of the cylindrical phantom and of an anthropomorphic phantom. Using the experimental data, the impact of the delineation and location of the volumes of interest (VOI) used for the measurements was also studied. The algorithm yielding the most accurate activity estimates included a dual energy window scatter subtraction, nonuniform attenuation correction in OSEM, and partial volume effect correction using recovery coefficients. With this protocol, errors in activity estimates were less than 9 % in spheres greater than 15 mm in diameter for the simulated and the experimental data of the cylindrical phantom. Realistic errors in volume delineation increased the errors in activity estimates up to 23% for these spheres. Using the anthropomorphic phantom, errors in activity estimates using realistic VOI were less than 20% in all organs and tumors. Appropriate processing of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">111</sup> ln SPECT images yielded clinically useful activity estimates that were accurate within ±20%. It is therefore possible to use these activity values as an input for radiation-absorbed dose calculations in targeted radiotherapy.
Probing the Effect of the Ligand X on the Properties and Catalytic Activity of the Complexes RuHX(diamine)(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (X = OPh, 4-SC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>, OPPh<sub>2</sub>, OP(OEt)<sub>2</sub>, CCPh, NCCHCN, CH(COOMe)<sub>2</sub>; diamine = 2,3-Diamino-2,3-dimethylbutane, (<i>R,R</i>)-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane) (2006)

The reactivity of the ruthenium−amido bond in RuH(NH2CMe2CMe2NH)(PPh3)2 (1) toward weak acids HX and the influence of the X group on the catalytic activity of the resulting complex are explored here. Complex 1 reacts with the weak acids HX (X = OPh, 4-SC6H4OMe, OPPh2, OP(OEt)2, CCPh, NCCHCN, CH(COOMe)2) to form complexes of the type RuHX(tmen)(PPh3)2 (tmen = 2,3-diamino-2,3-dimethylbutane). The complexes with X = PhOH···OPh, 4-SC6H4OMe, OP(OEt)2, CCPh, CH(COOMe)2 have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The X group is situated trans to the hydride in all cases and is bonded to ruthenium via the donor atoms O, S, P, C, and O, respectively. The phenol in the phenoxide adduct RuH(PhOH···OPh)(tmen)(PPh3)2 bridges via hydrogen bonds between the alkoxide oxygen and an amino hydrogen to form a six-membered RuO···HO···HN ring. One carbonyl oxygen of the malonate bonds to the Ru, while the other accepts a hydrogen bond from an amino hydrogen. The analogous complexes RuHX(dach)(PPh3)2 (dach = (R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) were synthesized by the reaction of RuHCl(dach)(PPh3)2 (2) with an equimolar amount of potassium tert-butoxide and HX. For all of the complexes the Ru−H vibrational frequency and the 1H NMR chemical shift of Ru−H correlate with the electronegativity of the trans atom X. The amido complex 1 and the complexes with X = CH(COOMe)2 and OPh are active catalysts for the Michael addition of dimethyl malonate to 2-cyclohexen-1-one. RuH(NCCHCN)(tmen)(PPh3)2 reacts with the Michael acceptor 2-cyclohexen-1-one to give RuH(NCC(C6H9O)CN)(tmen)(PPh3)2, a trapped Michael adduct that has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. On the basis of these observations a catalytic cycle for the Michael addition reactions is proposed that involves the addition of the C−H bond of the Michael donor to the Ru−N bond followed by attack on the Michael acceptor and elimination of the Michael adduct, possibly by a 1,3-proton migration as observed for the malononitrile adduct. Only the complexes with X = H, CCPh are catalysts or precatalysts for the hydrogenation of neat acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol in the absence of added base under 10 atm of H2 at 20 °C. Evidence is provided that the phenylacetylide complexes are precatalysts that are converted to the active trans-dihydride catalysts (X = H).
Acute phase response in animals: a review. (2009)

The acute phase response is a complex systemic early-defense system activated by trauma, infection, stress, neoplasia, and inflammation. Although nonspecific, it serves as a core of the innate immune response involving physical and molecular barriers and responses that serve to prevent infection, clear potential pathogens, initiate inflammatory processes, and contribute to resolution and the healing process. Acute phase proteins, an integral part of the acute phase response, have been a focus of many applications in human diagnostic medicine and recently have been identified in common animal species. Potential applications to diagnosis, prognosis, assessment of animal health, and laboratory animal welfare are readily apparent.
Regression method for estimating rainfall recharge at unconfined sandy aquifers with an equatorial climate (2007)

Abstract A reliable estimate of rainfall recharge is essential for groundwater system managements. This study develops a method based on regression equations for estimating rainfall recharge at unconfined sandy aquifers with an equatorial climate. The developed method (GR‐I method) is generally efficient for estimating long‐term regional recharge, as the computational procedures could be formulated and executed easily using Microsoft's Excel spreadsheet. More importantly, its application could be extended to sand textures different from the sand texture used in developing the regression equations. To evaluate its reliability, the method was applied to estimate monthly gross recharge percentages at the Changi reclaimed land. When ignoring the effect of rainfall clusters, the GR‐I method was found to underestimate the monthly gross recharge percentages for those months with high monthly rainfall depths. By integrating the effect of rainfall clusters, the GR‐I method yields reliable estimates of monthly gross recharge percentages. By including daily potential evaporation as an additional input variable, the Extended GR‐I method was found to be not superior to the GR‐I method, implying that soil moisture availability is the major governing factor for actual soil evaporation in the highly porous sand medium, instead of atmospheric demand represented by the potential evaporation rate. Using the GR‐I method, the mean annual net recharge percentage of the study site was found to fall between 56·9 and 69·9%, which corresponds to a net recharge depth of 1073·8–1745·8 mm. Although the developed method provides a good alternative to other widely used methods, its recharge estimates still needs to be collaborated with estimates from other methods, as multiple techniques are highly recommended in any groundwater recharge estimations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma Sterilisation within Long and Narrow Bore Dielectric Tubes Contaminated with Stacked Bacterial Spores (2007)

Abstract Catheters, which comprise small diameter (≤4 mm), long (typically more than a meter), thermosensitive polymer tubings, are generally used only once. This is because conventional low temperature sterilisation techniques are considered inadequate for used catheters. The plasma sterilisation method proposed in the current paper should allow for the achievement of re‐sterilisation of catheters according to accepted regulations. The plasma process described enables one to sterilise, in less than 10 min, the inner part of a long 4 mm i.d. Teflon tube contaminated initially with 10 6 Bacillus atrophaeus spores. This result was obtained by achieving an argon discharge at reduced pressure (750 mTorr) within the hollow (dielectric) tube itself. The discharge was sustained using a microwave field‐applicator called a stripline, fully enclosing the tube to be treated. This linear field‐applicator yields a uniform plasma all along the tube, hence the uniform biocide action. The biocide agents are the vacuum ultra‐violet (VUV) photons, which include oxygen and nitrogen atomic lines, the N 2 Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield (LBH) bands, the UV photons emitted by the NO β and NO γ molecular systems resulting from the contamination, even though at a very low‐level, of the argon gas (high purity argon is used) by air. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed no apparent damage to the external structure of the spores and to polystyrene microspheres exposed to plasma during the time required for reaching sterility. To check for sterility in such narrow bore tubes without having to cut them into two pieces, a procedure was developed to introduce and afterwards collect the bacterial spores used as bio‐indicators. This diagnostic procedure allowed, at the same time, the imaging of the microorganisms relatively efficiently with SEM, showing the eventual stacking of bacterial spores, a possible source of sterilisation failure. magnified image
Disturbance rejection in nonlinear systems using neural networks (1993)

Neural networks with different architectures have been successfully used for the identification and control of a wide class of nonlinear systems. The problem of rejection of input disturbances, when such networks are used in practical problems is considered. A large class of disturbances, which can be modeled as the outputs of unforced linear or nonlinear dynamic systems, is treated. The objective is to determine the identification model and the control law to minimize the effect of the disturbance at the output. In all cases, the method used involves expansion of the state space of the disturbance-free plant in an attempt to eliminate the effect of the disturbance. Several stages of increasing complexity of the problem are discussed in detail. Theoretical justification is provided for the existence of solutions to the problem of complete rejection of the disturbance in special cases. This provides the rationale for using similar techniques in situations where such theoretical analysis is not available.
Surveillance for Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants Hospitalized for Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Chile (1989 to 2000) (2003)

Hospitalized infants (4,618) were studied for lower respiratory infections from 1989 through 2000 by routine immunofluorescence assay and viral isolation. The hospitalization rate for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) averaged 2% per year. The fatality rate was 0.1%. Monthly RSV detection varied from 14 to 88%, and epidemics lasted 3.5 to 6 months. From 1994 high-early versus low-late epidemic patterns alternately were observed, the first influenced by a group B strain.
A Low Cost Structurally Optimized Design for Diverse Filter Types (2016)

A wide range of image processing applications deploys two dimensional (2D)-filters for performing diversified tasks such as image enhancement, edge detection, noise suppression, multi scale decomposition and compression etc. All of these tasks require multiple type of 2D-filters simultaneously to acquire the desired results. The resource hungry conventional approach is not a viable option for implementing these computationally intensive 2D-filters especially in a resource constraint environment. Thus it calls for optimized solutions. Mostly the optimization of these filters are based on exploiting structural properties. A common shortcoming of all previously reported optimized approaches is their restricted applicability only for a specific filter type. These narrow scoped solutions completely disregard the versatility attribute of advanced image processing applications and in turn offset their effectiveness while implementing a complete application. This paper presents an efficient framework which exploits the structural properties of 2D-filters for effectually reducing its computational cost along with an added advantage of versatility for supporting diverse filter types. A composite symmetric filter structure is introduced which exploits the identities of quadrant and circular T-symmetries in two distinct filter regions simultaneously. These T-symmetries effectually reduce the number of filter coefficients and consequently its multipliers count. The proposed framework at the same time empowers this composite filter structure with additional capabilities of realizing all of its Ψ-symmetry based subtypes and also its special asymmetric filters case. The two-fold optimized framework thus reduces filter computational cost up to 75% as compared to the conventional approach as well as its versatility attribute not only supports diverse filter types but also offers further cost reduction via resource sharing for sequential implementation of diversified image processing applications especially in a constraint environment.