gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent progress in cryochemical synthesis of oxide materials (1999)

Recently conventional cryochemical processes have been complemented by cryoextraction, cryoprecipitation, cryoimpregnation and freeze casting techniques. Considerably more attention is being paid to colloidal solution processing and the application of sol-gel procedures like ion exchange treatment and hydrolysis of organometallic compounds. New preparation methods for nanopowders of various oxides and metals have been developed while further treatment of cryochemical powders using powder engineering techniques allows the powder grain size to vary from 0.2 to 5-6 µm. Cryochemical methods are also suitable for preparation of various porous media, like porous silica or cryogels with surface areas close to those of aerogels, and for the synthesis of HTSC powders for different applications. Fundamental and applied aspects of cryochemical processing are discussed.
Synthesis and Antiinflammatory and Analgesic Properties of 2-Amino-1H-benzimidazole and 1,2-Dihydro-2-iminocycloheptimidazole Derivatives. (1993)

2-Amino-1H-benzimidazoles (3) and 1,2-dihydro-2-iminocycloheptimidazoles (4) were synthesized and evaluated for antiinflammatory and analgesic activities. The compounds in the series 3 were synthesized via phenylthioureas (6) or 2-chloro-1H-benzimidazole (12). Most of 4 were synthesized by two methods. One was the reaction of carbodiimides (14) with 2-amino-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one (method A). The other was the reaction of guanidines (15) with 2-chloro-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one (method B). Some of the compounds 3 and 4 exhibited potent antiinflammatory and analgesic activities when compared to timegadine (1) or tiaramide hydrochloride (HCl) (17). It was of interest that 1-(2-benzothiazolyl)-2-cyclohexylimino-1,2-dihydrocycloheptimid azole (4e) showed superior analgesic activity to timegadine or tiaramide HCl (ED50 = 1.7 mg/kg p.o. in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, ED30 = 14.0 mg/kg p.o. in Randall-Selitto method) in spite of no effect on prostaglandin E2 synthesis.
Preparation and Characterization of Chain-Like and Peanut-Like Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>@SiO<SUB>2</SUB> Core–Shell Structure (2013)

The size- and shape-controlled Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via the sol-gel method. The results showed that the size, shape, and property of the products were directly influenced by the amount of TEOS, and the concentration of water-based magnetic fluid in the coating process. The morphology and properties of the products were characterized by TEM, SEM, X-ray powder diffraction, IR and EDS. The Fe3O4@SiO2 composites with easily-controlled size arranged from 58 to 835 nm could be synthesized by adjusting the experimental parameters. When TEOS amount is 1 mL and the concentration of magnetic fluid were 30.0 and 10.0 mg/mL respectively, chain-like and peanuts-like well-dispersed Fe3O4@SiO2 particles with clear core-shell structure were obtained. These size- and shape-controlled Fe3O4@SiO2 composites may have potential application in the field of targeted drug delivery and MRI contrast agent.
Genome size distributions indicate variability and similarities among marine viral assemblages from diverse environments (2000)

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the size distributions of virus‐like DNA in seawater from diverse environments (Arctic Ocean, Ross Sea, coastal Pacific Ocean, and northern Adriatic Sea). Changes in DNA banding patterns indicated that shifts in the viral assemblage composition occurred on the order of #2 d during an intense dinoflagellate bloom in coastal Pacific waters. Different DNA banding patterns from diverse locations also indicated spatial variability in composition, but all of the samples analyzed had similar features. Size frequency distributions for virus‐like genomes (VLGs) were multimodal, with major peaks occurring around 31–36 kilobases (kb) and 58–63 kb. The smallest discrete band resolved was 26 kb, the largest was >200 kb, and the overall mean VLG size was 50 ± 4 kb (mean ± SD, n = 30). On average in surface seawater, >90% of the VLGs occurred in the 26–69 kb size range, and at least half were between 28 and 45 kb. This first extensive survey of viral genome sizes in seawater indicates that most marine viruses have physical properties similar to other known viruses. The distributions revealed that the vast majority of the detected VLGs had sizes typical of bacteriophages, whereas only a few percent were in the size range of known algal viruses.
Examination of Seismic Repeatability as a Key Element of Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring (2000)

Summary The propagation of elastic waves in rocks is determined by the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and bulk density of the rock. In porous rocks all these properties are affected by the distribution of pore space, the geometry and interconnectivity of the pores, and the nature of the fluid occupying the pore space. In addition, the bulk and shear moduli are also affected by the effective pressure, which is equivalent to the difference between the confining (or lithostatic) pressure and pore pressure. During production of hydrocarbons from a reservoir, the movement of fluids and changes in pore pressure may contribute to a significant change in the elastic moduli and bulk density of the reservoir rocks. This phenomenon is the basis for reservoir monitoring by repeated seismic (or time-lapse) surveys whereby the difference in seismic response during the lifetime of the field can be directly related to changes in the pore fluids and/or pore pressure. Under suitable conditions, these changes in the reservoir during production can be quantitatively estimated by appropriate repeat three-dimensional (3D) seismic surveys which can contribute to understanding of the reservoir model away from the wells. The benefit to reservoir management is a better flow model which incorporates the information derived from the seismic data. What are suitable conditions? There are two primary factors which determine whether the reservoir changes we wish to observe will be detectable in the seismic data: the magnitude of the change in the elastic moduli (and bulk density) of the reservoir rocks as a result of fluid displacement, pressure changes, etc.; the magnitude of the repeatability errors between time-lapse seismic surveys. This includes errors associated with seismic data collection, ambient noise and data processing. The first is the signal component and the second the noise component. Previous reviews of seismic monitoring suggest that for 3D seismic surveys a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 1.0 is sufficient for qualitative estimation of reservoir changes. Higher S/N ratios may allow quantitative estimates. After a brief examination of the rock physics affecting the seismic signal, we examine the second factor, repeatability errors, and use a synthetic seismic model to illustrate some of the factors which contribute to repeatability error. We also use two land 3D surveys over a Middle East carbonate reservoir to illustrate seismic repeatability. The study finds that repeatability errors, while always larger than desired, are generally within limits which will allow production-induced changes in seismic reflectivity to be confidently detected.
A novel non-uniformity correction method based on ROIC (2011)

Infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPA) suffer from inherent low frequency and fixed patter noised (FPN). They are thus limited by their inability to calibrate out individual detector variations including detector dark current (offset) and responsivity (gain). To achieve high quality infrared image by mitigating the FPN of IRFPAs, we have developed a novel non-uniformity correction (NUC) method based on read-out integrated circuit (ROIC). The offset and gain correction coefficients can be calculated by function fitting for the linear relationship between the detector's output and a reference voltage in ROIC. We tested the purposed method using an infrared imaging system using the ULIS 03 19 1 detector with real nonuniformity. A set of 384*288 infrared images with 12 bits was collected to evaluate the performance. With the experiments, the non-uniformity was greatly eliminated. We also used the universe non-uniformity (NU) parameter to estimate the performance. The calculated NU parameters with the two-point calibration (TPC) and the purposed method imply that the purposed method has almost as good performance as TPC.
Phase fluorimetry with variable duty cycle 'electrical' phosphoroscope (1976)

Fluorimeters based on phase sensitive amplification cannot reject fast components such as scattered light or fluorescence in the case of phosphorescence measurements. Using a fast electrical switching function between photomultiplier and lock-in amplifier allows the recording of the slow decaying component only, in a very convenient manner ('electrical' phosphoroscope). Lifetime measurements for the slow decaying component are made possible.
The Site of Sonochemical Reactions (1986)

In order to probe the nature of the reactive site generated by acoustic cavitation, several new chemical dosimeters have been de- veloped and the effects of physical conditions on their yields have been explored. Specifically, the effects of solution vapor pressure and dosim- eter vapor pressure on sonochemical reaction rates have been exam- ined. An excellent correlation between the log of the sonochemical rate and the solvent vapor pressure is found. This is the expected result if sonochemical reactions originate from an implosive cavitational col- lapse, generating a transient hot-spot. Thus as bulk temperature is increased (and solution vapor pressure increases), the intensity of cav- itational collapse, the peak temperature reached during such collapse and, consequently, the rate of sonochemical reactions all decrease. In contrast, if the solution vapor pressure is held constant and the dosim- eter's vapor pressure made variable, the rate of sonochemical reaction is linear with increasing dosimeter vapor pressure and exhibits a non- zero intercept. This demonstrates for the first time that primary sonochemical reactions occur both in the vapor phase and in the liquid surrounding the cavitation event. Thus sonochemistry occurs princi- pally to chemical species with significant vapor pressure: nonetheless, involatiles will react in the heated liquid shell surrounding the collaps- ing cavity or with other diffusible high-energy intermediates in the bulk solution.
Hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase at the crossroad between defence and cell death (2006)

An increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a typical event occurring during different stress conditions and activating conflicting responses in plants. In order to investigate the relevance of different timing and amounts of ROS production, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells were incubated with different amounts of glucose plus glucose oxidase, for generating H(2)O(2) during time, or directly with known amounts of H(2)O(2). Data presented here indicate that, in TBY-2 cells, a difference in H(2)O(2) level is a critical point for shifting metabolic responses towards strengthening of antioxidant defences, or their depletion with consequent cell death. Timing of ROS production is also critical because it can determine programmed cell death (PCD) or necrosis. Depending on the different kinds of activated cell death, ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) pools are altered differently. Moreover, an H(2)O(2)-dependent activation of nitric oxide synthesis is triggered only in the conditions inducing PCD. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) has been analysed under different conditions of H(2)O(2) generation. Under a threshold value of H(2)O(2) overproduction, a transient increase in APX occurs, whereas under conditions inducing cell necrosis, the activity of APX decreases in proportion to cell death without any evident alteration in APX gene expression. Under conditions triggering PCD, the suppression of APX involves both gene expression and alteration of the kinetic characteristics of the enzyme. The changes in ASC, GSH and APX are involved in the signalling pathway leading to PCD, probably contributing to guaranteeing the cellular redox conditions required for successful PCD.
Nucleic acid related compounds. 63. Synthesis of 5′-deoxy-5′-methyleneadenosine and related Wittig-extended nucleosides (1991)

Treatment of the purified 5′-aldehyde (2a) (derived from 6-N-benzoyl-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine (1a)) with methylenetriphenylphosphorane and successive deprotection with ammonia and acid gave 9-(5,6-dideoxy-β-D-ribo-hex-5-enofuranosyl)adenine (5′-deoxy-5′-methyleneadenosine) (4). Oxidation of 1a or 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine (1b) and treatment of the crude 5′-aldehydes (2a or 2b) with (p-toluenesulfonylmethylene)triphenylphosphorane gave high yields of the 5′-deoxy-5′-tosylmethylene derivatives (5a or 5b). Removal of the tosyl group from 5b to give 3b was effected with tributylstannyllithium, but sulfone cleavage by the usual reductive methods failed. Reduction and deprotection of 5a or 5b gave 9-[5,6-dideoxy-6-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-β-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl]adenine (6b). Isomerization of the vinyl tosyl (5b) to a 4′,5′-unsaturated allylic tosyl derivative (7) occurred under cleavage conditions and in solutions of aqueous or organic bases. Key words: adenosine, 5′-deoxyadenosine, 5′-methylene-5′-deoxyadenosine, nucleosides.
The case for diffractive optics in maskless lithography (2003)

For photon-based maskless lithography we show that a system based on the incoherent addition of scanned, multiplexed, and on-axis focal spots from an array of diffractive-optical elements, such as binary-phase zone plates, has significant advantages over systems based on partially coherent projection of the image of a micromechanical mirror array through a large refractive or reflective lens. We show that zone-plate arrays with numerical apertures up to 0.9 can be manufactured with near-ideal performance, and used to achieve high-quality lithography of arbitrary patterns. Using a wavelength of 400 nm we demonstrate k1 factors as low as 0.32, without the use of any resolution-enhancement techniques; that sufficient contrast is achieved in dense patterns despite the presence of diffracted orders other than +1; and that a process-latitude greater than 10% is achieved for 150 nm lines and spaces. Advantages of our diffractive-optical approach include: the feasibility of wave-front engineering by using elements other than binary-phase zone plates; the simplicity of the processes needed to manufacture large arrays of high-numerical-aperture diffractive-optical elements; and the ease of wavelength scaling, with the promise of ultimately approaching the limits of the lithographic process.
Induction and Inhibition of the Second Polar Division in the Rat Egg and Subsequent Fertilization (1954)

Among 227 eggs from 23 untreated oestrous rats, the first polar body had persisted in three eggs. (l.3 per cent.) and the second polar division had occurred spontaneously in two eggs (0.9 per cent.).
Public Health Concerns in Wastewater Reuse (1991)

There is a growing need to reuse wastewater not only to reduce waste discharges to surface waters but also as an important water resource. The potential for increased risk of infectious disease to communities using reclaimed water continues to be a concern. With the growing interest in the use of recycled water for groundwater recharge and directly as a potable supply adjunct there is an increased awareness of chemical quality with emphasis on trace organic compounds. With proper attention to water quality standards and reclamation plant reliability high-quality water can be produced which should not pose an increased risk of disease to those using the water.
Business ethics and privacy in the workplace (1998)

article Business ethics and privacy in the workplace Share on Author: David Preston ELBS, University of East London ELBS, University of East LondonView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGCAS Computers and SocietyVolume 28Issue 4Dec. 1998 pp 12–18https://doi.org/10.1145/308364.308367Online:01 December 1998Publication History 0citation3,429DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads3,429Last 12 Months22Last 6 weeks6 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Four Different Methods Comparison for Extraction of Astaxanthin from Green Alga<i>Haematococcus pluvialis</i> (2014)

Haematococcus pluvialis is one of the potent organisms for production of astaxanthin. Up to now, no efficient method has been achieved due to its thick cell wall hindering solvent extraction of astaxanthin. In this study, four different methods, hydrochloric acid pretreatment followed by acetone extraction (HCl-ACE), hexane/isopropanol (6:4, v/v) mixture solvents extraction (HEX-IPA), methanol extraction followed by acetone extraction (MET-ACE, 2-step extraction), and soy-oil extraction, were intensively evaluated for extraction of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis. Results showed that HCl-ACE method could obtain the highest oil yield (33.3±1.1%) and astaxanthin content (19.8±1.1%). Quantitative NMR analysis provided the fatty acid chain profiles of total lipid extracts. In all cases, oleyl chains were predominant, and high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acid chains were observed and the major fatty acid components were oleic acid (13-35%), linoleic acid (37-43%), linolenic acid (20-31%), and total saturated acid (17-28%). DPPH radical scavenging activity of extract obtained by HCl-ACE was 73.2±1.0%, which is the highest amongst the four methods. The reducing power of extract obtained by four extraction methods was also examined. It was concluded that the proposed extraction method of HCl-ACE in this work allowed efficient astaxanthin extractability with high antioxidant properties.
Use of Spherical Objects as Calibrated Mine Hunting Sonar Targets (2002)

Solid, water-filled and air-filled spheres are investigated for suitability as calibrated targets for active mine hunting sonars operating in the range 10kHz to 200kHz. It is found that all solid and water-filled designs have target strengths that are strongly frequency-dependent, but some air-filled designs are not frequency dependent. It is found that thick-walled spherical glass floats are suitable for some frequency ranges, and thin-walled stainless steel spheres are suitable over the whole frequency range, if they are sufficiently well made and conditions allow their deployment.
The urokinase receptor is required for human monocyte chemotaxis in vitro. (1994)

Mononuclear phagocytes (Mphi) produce urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and also express a specific cell-surface receptor for urokinase, uPAR. The concomitant expression of these proteins provides a mechanism by which Mphi can degrade extracellular matrix proteins during directed cell migration. In this study, we sought to determine if uPAR plays a role in Mphi chemotaxis that is distinct from its role in matrix proteolysis. Exposing adherent monocytes to a chemotactic gradient causes plasma membrane uPAR to localize strongly to the leading edge of cell migration. Adherence alone or exposure to FMLP had no effect on uPAR expression. Using Boyden chamber chemotaxis assays, we demonstrate that treating mononuclear cells with an anti-uPAR mAb (either as an intact mAb or F[ab']2) ablates chemotaxis induced by FMLP and monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (P < 0.001). Inactivating the catalytic activity of uPAR-bound uPA had no effect on chemotaxis. Similarly, blocking uPAR expression with an antisense oligonucleotide to uPAR completely ablates chemotaxis, but blocking uPA expression with an antisense oligonucleotide to uPA has a minimal effect. We therefore demonstrate that expression and unimpeded function of uPAR plays an obligate role in M phi chemotaxis by mechanisms that are largely independent of its ligand, uPA. Combined with its known role in mediating pericellular proteolysis, these observations demonstrate that uPAR is essential for both locomotion and traversing tissue barriers during M phi migration.
Revisiting Memory Errors in Large-Scale Production Data Centers: Analysis and Modeling of New Trends from the Field (2015)

Computing systems use dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) as main memory. As prior works have shown, failures in DRAM devices are an important source of errors in modern servers. To reduce the effects of memory errors, error correcting codes (ECC) have been developed to help detect and correct errors when they occur. In order to develop effective techniques, including new ECC mechanisms, to combat memory errors, it is important to understand the memory reliability trends in modern systems. In this paper, we analyze the memory errors in the entire fleet of servers at Facebook over the course of fourteen months, representing billions of device days. The systems we examine cover a wide range of devices commonly used in modern servers, with DIMMs manufactured by 4 vendors in capacities ranging from 2 GB to 24 GB that use the modern DDR3 communication protocol. We observe several new reliability trends for memory systems that have not been discussed before in literature. We show that (1) memory errors follow a power-law, specifically, a Pareto distribution with decreasing hazard rate, with average error rate exceeding median error rate by around 55×, (2) non-DRAM memory failures from the memory controller and memory channel cause the majority of errors, and the hardware and software overheads to handle such errors cause a kind of denial of service attack in some servers, (3) using our detailed analysis, we provide the first evidence that more recent DRAM cell fabrication technologies (as indicated by chip density) have substantially higher failure rates, increasing by 1.8× over the previous generation, (4) DIMM architecture decisions affect memory reliability: DIMMs with fewer chips and lower transfer widths have the lowest error rates, likely due to electrical noise reduction, (5) while CPU and memory utilization do not show clear trends with respect to failure rates, workload type can influence failure rate by up to 6:5×, suggesting certain memory access patterns may induce more errors, (6) we develop a model for memory reliability and show how system design choices such as using lower density DIMMs and fewer cores per chip can reduce failure rates of a baseline server by up to 57.7%, and (7) we perform the first implementation and real-system analysis of page offlining at scale, showing that it can reduce memory error rate by 67%, and identify several real-world impediments to the technique.