gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enantio‐ and regioselectivity in the epoxide‐hydrolase‐catalyzed ring opening of aliphatic oxiranes: Part II: Dialkyl‐ and trialkylsubstituted oxiranes (1992)

The extent of substrate enantioselectivity and regioselectivity of a series of aliphatic 2,3-dialkyl- and trialkylsubstituted oxiranes in their in vitro epoxide-hydrolase-catalyzed hydrolysis depends on the size of the alkyl residues and on the substitution pattern of the oxirane ring. The enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of cis-oxiranes, containing at least one methyl substituent, shows complete or nearly complete substrate enantioselectivity and regioselectivity with nucleophilic attack by water occurring with inversion of configuration at the methylsubstituted ring carbon atom of (S)-configuration. In the hydrolysis of the isomeric trans-oxiranes, both enantiomers are metabolized with a higher rate for the (2S;3S)-enantiomer. The conversion of trimethyloxirane occurs with high substrate enantioselectivity in favor of the (S)-enantiomer and with complete regioselectivity at the monomethylsubstituted ring carbon atom. The differentiation of the enantiotopic ring carbon atoms (product enantioselectivity) in the smallest aliphatic meso-oxirane, cis-2,3-dimethyloxirane, leads to (2R;3R)-butane-2,3-diol with ee = 86%. cis-2-Ethyl-3-propyloxirane, possessing alkyl residues larger than methyl, represents an extremely poor substrate in the epoxide-hydrolase-catalyzed hydrolysis process.
Design of the high-speed framing, FEC, and interleaving hardware used in a 5.4km free-space optical communication experiment (2009)

The forward error correction (FEC) and interleaver realizations used in a 5.4 km horizontal-path link experiment incorporated several unique elements that were specifically tailored to address turbulence-induced fading. To facilitate optimization studies, this hardware was designed to afford a high degree of flexibility in the FEC code structure and interleaver length. An essential aspect of this structure was the standards-compliant client interface, which provided seamless connectivity to fiber-based terrestrial networks. Through the use of an OTU1 (2.667 Gbaud) architecture with nonstandard interleaving, error-free transmission was achieved in the presence of strong scintillation that produced fade events that frequently exceeded 10 ms in duration. This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense, RRCO DDR&E, under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.
Electronics Explained: The New Systems Approach to Learning Electronics (2010)

Don't spend time reading about theory, components and old ham radios - that's history! Industry veteran, Louis Frenzel, gives you the real scoop on electronic product fundamentals as they are today. Rather than tearing electronics apart and looking at every little piece, the author takes a systems-level view. For example, you will not learn how to make a circuit but how a signal flows from one integrated circuit (IC) to the next and so on to the ultimate goal.
	
	This practical application-driven viewpoint and breadth of coverage is unprecedented. This book touches upon TV, audio, sattelite, radio, wireless communication, and networking. All of this content is brought to life through hands-on projects that you will enjoy whether you are a hobbyist, student, or engineer.
	
	*A fresh look at how electronics work
	*Learn about the inner workings of your HDTV, cell phone, and video game console
	*Hands-on projects and experiments bring electronics to life
Alopecia areata and autoimmunity: A clinical study (2008)

Alopecia areata (AA) frequently occur in association with other autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disorders, anemias and other skin disorders with autoimmune etiology. Despite numerous studies related to individual disease associations in alopecia areata, there is paucity of literature regarding comprehensive studies on concomitant cutaneous and systemic diseases. The present study has been designed to determine if there is a significant association between alopecia areata and other autoimmune diseases. This study covers 71 patients with the diagnosis of alopecia areata as the case group and 71 patients with no evidence of alopecia areata as the control group. Among the cutaneous diseases associated with AA, atopic dermatitis (AD) showed maximum frequency with an O/E ratio of 2.5, which indicates that it is two to three times more common in patients with alopecia areata. In our study, thyroid disorders showed the highest frequency with on O/E ratio of 3.2 and a P value of 0.01, which is statistically highly significant. Among the thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism was the most frequent association (14.1%) in our study. Since systemic involvement is not infrequent in patients with alopecia areata, it is imperative to screen these patients for associated disorders, particularly atopy, thyroid diseases, anemias and other autoimmune disorders, especially if alopecia areata is chronic, recurrent and extensive.
Query Processing with K-Anonymity (2012)

Anonymization techniques are used to ensure the privacy preservation of the data owners, especially for personal and sensitive data. While in most cases, data reside inside the database management system; most of the proposed anonymization techniques operate on and anonymize isolated datasets stored outside the DBMS. Hence, most of the desired functionalities of the DBMS are lost, e.g., consistency, recoverability, and efficient querying. In this paper, we address the challenges involved in enforcing the data privacy inside the DBMS. We implement the k-anonymity algorithm as a relational operator that interacts with other query operators to apply the privacy requirements while querying the data. We study anonymizing a single table, multiple tables, and complex queries that involve multiple predicates. We propose several algorithms to implement the anonymization operator that allow efficient non-blocking and pipelined execution of the query plan. We introduce the concept of k-anonymity view as an abstraction to treat k-anonymity (possibly, with multiple k preferences) as a relational view over the base table(s). For non-static datasets, we introduce the materialized k-anonymity views to ensure preserving the privacy under incremental updates. A prototype system is realized based on PostgreSQL with extended SQL and new relational operators to support anonymity views. The prototype system
The Agrobacterium tumefaciens virC1 gene product binds to overdrive, a T-DNA transfer enhancer (1989)

In Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a cis-active 24-base-pair sequence adjacent to the right border of the T-DNA, called overdrive, stimulates tumor formation by increasing the level of T-DNA processing. Recent results from our laboratory have suggested that the virC operon which enhances T-DNA processing probably does so because the VirC1 protein interacts with overdrive (N. Toro, A. Datta, M. Yanofsky, and E. W. Nester, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8558-8562, 1988). We report here the purification of the VirC1 protein from cells of Escherichia coli harboring a plasmid containing the coding sequences of the virC locus of the octopine Ti plasmid. By gel mobility shift and DNase I footprinting assays, we showed that this purified virC1 gene product binds to overdrive but not to the right border of T-DNA.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein K interacts with the enterovirus 71 5′ untranslated region and participates in virus replication (2008)

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a picornavirus that can cause severe neurological complications in children. Like other picornaviruses, the genomic RNA of EV71 contains a long 5' untranslated region (UTR). Cellular proteins interact with the EV71 5' UTR, and these interactions are important for virus replication. Using an RNA pull-down assay and proteomics approaches, this study identified the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) as one of the EV71 5' UTR-associated proteins. The interaction between hnRNP K and the 5' UTR was further confirmed by mapping the interaction regions to stem-loops I-II and IV in the 5' UTR. During EV71 infection, hnRNP K was enriched in the cytoplasm where virus replication occurs, whereas hnRNP K was localized in the nucleus in mock-infected cells. Viral yields were found to be significantly lower in hnRNP K knockdown cells and viral RNA synthesis was delayed in hnRNP K knockdown cells in comparison with negative-control cells treated with small interfering RNA. These results suggest that hnRNP K interacts with the EV71 5' UTR and participates in virus replication.
Mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a looming obstacle for long-term antiretroviral therapy? (2000)

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors suppress HIV replication by blocking reverse transcriptase, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. These drugs can also affect cellular and mitochondrial DNA polymerases. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma is particularly sensitive to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and the majority of adverse effects caused by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are most likely caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. This article reviews the recent clinical implications of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity and discusses options for management.
SERUM THYROTROPHIN AND CIRCULATING THYROGLOBULIN AND THYROID MICROSOMAL ANTIBODIES IN A FINNISH POPULATION (1979)

ABSTRACT Circulating thyroglobulin antibodies (TgA) were detected in 7.9 % and thyroid microsomal antibodies (MsA) in 25.8 % of a sample of 507 subjects in the adult population of southern Finland when titres as low as 1/5 for TgA and 1/10 for MsA were included. Both antibodies were measured by passive haemagglutination techniques. The prevalence of high titres was 0.6 % for TgA (≥ 1/25 000) and 4.2% for MsA (≥ 1/100 000). Eightyeight per cent of the TgA positive subjects also had MsA. The MsA titres were usually markedly higher than those of TgA in the same subjects. Serum thyrotrophin (TSH), cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in 123 euthyroid subjects with thyroid antibodies and no history of thyroid diseases, and in controls matched for age and sex. Serum TSH was elevated in 31 % of the TgA positive subjects and the mean TSH concentration was significantly above that of the controls. All 3 subjects with high TgA titres also had elevated TSH levels. Serum TSH concentration was increased also in 25 % of those with MsA and the mean TSH value was significantly above the control level. High MsA titres were found in 19 subjects and the serum TSH was elevated in 10 of them (53%). The prevalence of symptomless autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) was 2 and 5 %, of the population when high titres of either TgA or MsA, respectively, and elevation of serum TSH was used as criteria. This fits with our previous observations. There was no difference in serum cholesterol or triglycerides in the TgA or MsA positive subjects or in the corresponding matched controls.
Reconstruction and Morphometric Analysis of the Nasal Airway of the Dog (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) and Implications Regarding Olfactory Airflow (2007)

The canine nasal airway is an impressively complex anatomical structure, having many functional roles. The complicated branching and intricate scrollwork of the nasal conchae provide large surface area for heat, moisture, and odorant transfer. Of the previous anatomical studies of the canine nasal airway, none have included a detailed rendering of the maxilloturbinate and ethmoidal regions of the nose. Here, we present a high-resolution view of the nasal airway of a large dog, using magnetic resonance imaging scans. Representative airway sections are shown, and a three-dimensional surface model of the airway is reconstructed from the image data. The resulting anatomic structure and detailed morphometric data of the airway provide insight into the functional nature of canine olfaction. A complex airway network is revealed, wherein the branched maxilloturbinate and ethmoturbinate scrolls appear structurally distinct. This is quantitatively confirmed by considering the fractal dimension of each airway, which shows that the maxilloturbinate airways are more highly contorted than the ethmoidal airways. Furthermore, surface areas of the maxilloturbinate and ethmoidal airways are shown to be much different, despite having analogous physiological functions. Functionally, the dorsal meatus of the canine nasal airway is shown to be a bypass for odorant-bearing inspired air around the complicated maxilloturbinate during sniffing for olfaction. Finally, nondimensional analysis is used to show that the airflow within both the maxilloturbinate and ethmoturbinate regions must be laminar. This work has direct relevance to biomimetic sniffer design, chemical trace detector development, intranasal drug delivery, and inhalation toxicology.
<title>Wavelet-based approach to inverse halftoning</title> (1997)

This paper introduces a new approach to inverse halftoning using nonorthogonal wavelets. The distinct features of this wavelet-based approach are: a) edge information in the highpass wavelet images of a halftone is extracted and used to assist inverse halftoning, b) cross-scale correlations in the multiscale wavelet decomposition are used for removing background halftoning noise while preserving important edges in the wavelet lowpass image, c) experiments show that our simple wavelet-based approach outperforms the best results obtained from inverse halftoning methods published in the literature, which are iterative in nature.
Silicone technology offers novel methods for delivering active ingredients (2004)

This article describes a range of Silicone technologies available to deliver or enhance Personal Care actives in final formulations. The most basic example of such a system is when a physical association of ingredients in a formulation can be used to achieve a carrier effect, e.g. volatile silicones have often been used as vehicles for delivering antiperspirant actives. In another form of entrapment, silicone elastomers can be used to entrap or absorb polar or non-polar oils prior to their formulation into the end product. In this case, release of the active material occurs under shear - such as a rubbing motion onto the face or body. Finally, a number of specific silicone-based formulations can act as deliver systems for actives and provide solutions for their issues. These include multiple phase emulsions or non-aqueous emulsions of polyols, using Silicone Emulsifiers. Overall, these novel techniques hold potential for a range of innovative personal care applications. Creative formulators hold the key to almost limitless high-performance, multifunctional products based on combinations of silicones and active ingredients.
Characterization of X‐linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XL‐HED) hair and sweat gland phenotypes using phototrichogram analysis and live confocal imaging (2013)

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is the most common type of ectodermal dysplasia (ED), which encompasses a large group of syndromes that share several phenotypic features such as missing or malformed ectodermal structures, including skin, hair, sweat glands, and teeth. X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XL-HED) is associated with mutations in ectodysplasin (EDA1). Hypohidrosis due to hypoplastic sweat glands and thin, sparse hair are phenotypic features that significantly affect the daily lives of XL-HED individuals and therefore require systematic analysis. We sought to determine the quality of life of individuals with XL-HED and to quantify sweat duct and hair phenotypes using confocal imaging, pilocarpine iontophoresis, and phototrichogram analysis. Using these highly sensitive and non-invasive techniques, we demonstrated that 11/12 XL-HED individuals presented with a complete absence of sweat ducts and that none produced sweat. We determined that the thin hair phenotype observed in XL-HED was due to multiple factors, such as fewer terminal hairs with decreased thickness and slower growth rate, as well as fewer follicular units and fewer hairs per unit. The precise characterization of XL-HED phenotypes using sensitive and non-invasive techniques presented in our study will improve upon larger genotype-phenotype studies and the assessment of future therapies in XL-HED.
Al&ndash;La&ndash;Cu Amorphous Alloys with a Wide Supercooled Liquid Region (1990)

Amorphous Al–La–Cu alloys exhibiting a wide supercooled liquid region and a high reduced glass transition temperature (Tg⁄Tm) were formed over a compositional range from 25 to 85 at% La and 0 to 60%Cu by melt spinning. The temperature span ΔTx (=Tx−Tg) between Tg and crystallization temperature (Tx) reaches as large as 59 K for Al20La55Cu25. The Tg⁄Tm is also as high as 0.68 for Al20La55Cu25 and the Al–La–Cu alloys are concluded to have a high glass-forming ability. The Tx and hardness (Hv) increase with increasing Al and Cu contents in the range from 430 to 575 K and 140 to 300 and the tensile strength also has a similar compositional dependence in the range of 535 to 880 MPa. The compositional effect on Tx and Hv was presumed to originate from the variation of the atomic configuration which reflects the compounds of La3Al, La(Al, Cu) and La(Al, Cu)2. The high stability of the supercooled liquid against the precipitation of crystalline phases in the vicinity of the stoichiometric composition Al1La2Cu1, i.e., large ΔTx and high Tg⁄Tm, seems to result from an optimum bonding state of the constituent atoms for the stoichiometric alloy.
A smart capless voltage regulator for very high bandwidth A/D and D/A converters in a standard 28nm CMOS process (2016)

Analog systems, where good and stable supply plays an important role in total system performance, need highly accurate, clean and reliable low dropout linear regulators (LDOs). High performance and low area are also important in voltage reference circuits for achieving smallest cost and best in the industry Analog-to-Digital (A/D) and Digital-to-Analog (D/A) conversion. This paper describes a smart capless LDO that is designed to be used with very high bandwidth ADCs and DACs in a standard CMOS process. The maximum current, the LDO is able to provide is upwards of 200 mA, while the output voltage range can be programmed from 0.85 V to 1.05V. The intelligence of the LDO allows it to adjust its quiescent current totally based on the load current and can be as small as 80 μA with no load. Furthermore, the LDO can achieve an efficiency of 85% when used in normal conditions.
Excitotoxic protection by polyanionic polysaccharide: Evidence of a cell survival pathway involving AMPA receptor–MAPK Interactions (2006)

Growing numbers of studies indicate that polysaccharides influence signaling events important for brain function. It has been speculated that such polysaccharide modulation of neuronal signals can promote synaptogenesis and cell maintenance. Here, we tested whether dextran sulfate, a polyanion that mimics natural mucopolysaccharides, protects hippocampal neurons against excitotoxic insults. An excitotoxin was applied to primary hippocampal cultures in the absence or presence of a large 500-kDa dextran sulfate (DS-L), a smaller 5-8-kDa species (DS-S), or sulfate-free dextran of 500 kDa. Only DS-L prevented neuronal damage as determined by a membrane permeability assay and phase contrast morphology. The sulfate and size dependence is also characteristic of DS-L's modulatory action on the channel activity of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors. The extent of neuroprotection correlates with the level of modulation of AMPA responses, and DS-L exhibits comparable EC(50) values for the two effects (3-7 nM). DS-L also modulates the link between AMPA receptors and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) involving extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), well known for its involvement in cell survival and repair. Correspondingly, protection against N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity was evident in hippocampal slice cultures when DS-L was applied 30 min postinsult. These findings suggest that polysaccharides elicit neuroprotection in the brain, including enhanced repair responses through the AMPA receptor-MAPK axis.
Human serum antibodies to varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase (1982)

The conditions required for the production of varicella-zoster virus (VSV)-induced deoxythymidine kinase (dTk) have been studied. Extracts from Vero cells harvested 62 h after VZV infection were found to contain VZV-induced dTk activity, with a minimal contribution from the cellular dTk activity. VZV dTK was shown to have a broad substrate specificity phosphorylating both deoxythymidine, deoxycytidine, and iododeoxyuridine. Deoxythymidine triphosphate inhibition studies revealed an intermediate deoxythymidine triphosphate sensitivity when compared with that of the cellular cytosolar enzyme and the deoxythymidine triphosphate-insensitive herpes simplex virus dTk. An assay for VZV dTk-blocking antibodies was developed, with [125I]iododeoxyuridine as a substrate in the presence of a deoxythymidine triphosphate concentration which selectively blocked the dTK of host cell origin. A total of 79 serum samples were studied; these included serum pairs from patients with varicella or herpes zoster and single sera from immune and nonimmune adults. VZV dTk blocking antibodies were detected exclusively in sera from patients with herpes zoster. All serum pairs showing VZV dTK seroconversion also showed a parallel conversion of complement fixation titers. The VZV dTk antibodies were found to be of the immunoglobulin G class. The immunological specificity of VZV dTK was investigated, and no cross-reactivity with herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 dTk was found.
Investigation of sulfhydryl groups in cabbage phospholipase D by combination of derivatization methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2001)

All eight cysteine residues in 92 kDa cabbage phospholipase D (PLD), deduced from the cDNA sequence, were shown to have free sulfhydryl groups by analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) of tryptic peptides of PLD derivatized with p-chloromercurybenzoate, iodoacetic acid, and N-ethylmaleimide, as well as of underivatized PLD. Assignment of sulfhydryl groups by any one method was not conclusive. However, complementary information derived from tryptic peptides derivatized with different reagents made full assignment of sulfhydryl groups possible.
A Small Molecule Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor (AT<sub>2</sub>R) Antagonist Produces Analgesia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain by Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and p44/p42 MAPK Activation in the Dorsal Root Ganglia (2013)

Augmented angiotensin II/AT₂R signaling in the DRGs of CCI rats is attenuated by EMA300 to block p38 MAPK and p44/p42 MAPK activation, a mechanism with clinical validity for alleviating neuropathic pain.
Timing jitter owing to intrachannel pulse interactions in dispersion-managed transmission systems (2001)

We study interaction-induced timing jitter in single-channel dispersion-managed return-to-zero ttransmission systems operating at high map strengths. An equation for the frequency and timing shifts of two interacting pulses is derived by a variational approach. The interaction can be of either an attractive or a repulsive character, and we show that the resultant timing jitter can be reduced by proper design of the dispersion map.