gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Endoneural Microglomus of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (1982)

A micro-organ composed of islands resembling carotid body cells located in the endoneural space of the rat recurrent laryngeal nerve is described. The microglomus is located 5 to 6 mm from the nerve entrance into the laryngeal wall. The characteristic cells, containing numerous membrane-bound granules, or dense-cored vesicles, are surrounded by bundles of myelinated as well as unmyelinated nerve fibres. Ultrastructurally the cells are very similar to the chemoreceptor cells of the carotid body. Unlike the carotid body, however, the morphometric measurements showed the recurrent laryngeal nerve microglomus to consist of a homogeneous cell type with respect to their content and size of dense-cored vesicles (profile diameter range 20–160 nm, median value 110 nm). Only occasionally was a granulated type of cell with smaller and fewer dense-cored vesicles found.
Provision of Continuous Maturation Signaling to Dendritic Cells by RIG-I–Stimulating Cytosolic RNA Synthesis of Sendai Virus (2010)

Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has potential for treating infections and malignant tumors, but the functional capacity of DC must be assessed in detail, especially maturation and Ag-specific CTL priming. Recent reports suggest that DC that are provided with continuous maturation signals in vivo after transfer into patients are required to elicit the full DC functions. We demonstrate in this study that the rSendai virus vector (SeV) is a novel and ideal stimulant, providing DC with a continuous maturation signal via viral RNA synthesis in the cytosol, resulting in full maturation of monocyte-derived DC(s). Both RIG-I-dependent cytokine production and CD4 T cell responses to SeV-derived helper Ags are indispensable for overcoming regulatory T cell suppression to prime melanoma Ag recognized by T cell-1-specific CTL in the regulatory T cell abundant setting. DC stimulated via cytokine receptors, or TLRs, do not show these functional features. Therefore, SeV-infected DC have the potential for DC-directed immunotherapy.
Ethers, Aliphatic (2010)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Properties 2.1. Physical Properties 2.2. Chemical Properties 2.2.1 General Aspects 2.2.2 Peroxide Formation Tendency of Ethers 3. Synthesis 4. Individual Aliphatic Ethers 4.1. Diethyl Ether 4.2. Diisopropyl Ether 4.3. Other Aliphatic Ethers 4.3.1. Di‐ n ‐propyl Ether 4.3.2. Di‐ n ‐butyl Ether 4.3.3. Diamyl Ether 4.4. Chloroalkyl Ethers 4.4.1. Bis(chloromethyl) Ether 4.4.2. Bis(2‐chloroethyl) Ether 4.4.3. Bis(2‐chloroisopropyl) Ether 5. Toxicology
Applications of Multi-Bucket Sensors to Computational Photography (2012)

Figure 1: HDR photography using 4 buckets per pixel. (a) Each of the three colored bars depicts a single exposure. For each of the time slices within the exposure, color denotes which bucket the electrons are stored in at the conclusion of that slice. In non-interleaved HDR (top bar), four images are captured sequentially. In the original time-interleaved HDR (middle bar), four images are captured in a time-interleaved manner. For these two protocols, the four images are read out directly from the buckets at the conclusion of the exposure. In contrast, in photon-efficient HDR (bottom bar), four non-destructive readouts are performed at the conclusion of the exposure, of bucket 4 alone, bucket 4 + bucket 3, and so on, thereby producing images with exposures times, T, 2T, 4T, and 8T. These additions are performed at all pixels in parallel in the analog domain. These images can be combined digitally off-chip to produce exposure times in each pixel that range from T to 8T. The use of non-destructive readout and analog addition allows us to achieve a total capture time of only 8T, by contrast with the first two protocols based on a sequence of exposures of length T, 2T, 4T, and 8T. In the latter case, total capture time is 15T, so motion blur is worse. This is one advantage of our approach. (b) Still life with moving metronome (at center). The images labeled T, 2T, 4T, and 8T are the four images, with crops shown at bottom. At center is the synthesized HDR photograph. The four windows separated by black lines in the images correspond to pixels with slightly different designs. Since capture of the four images are finely interleaved in time, there are no motion differences between them, and no alignment is necessary before HDR synthesis. This is a second advantage of our approach, which can be extended to the capture of HDR video. [Please watch the video].
Maintaining a Sterile Urinary Tract: The Role of Antimicrobial Peptides (2009)

Although investigation of antimicrobial peptide function in the human urinary tract is at an early stage, it is clear that there is considerable potential for the future design of novel therapeutic strategies. More knowledge is needed concerning the pathway of involvement of antimicrobial peptides in the maintenance of urinary tract sterility and the ways in which this is altered during active infection.
Reactions with aziridines, 53. — Arene hydrides, 9. intermediate substitution in the formation of a benzylic anion by an aromatic radical anion as observed with 1‐benzoyl‐2‐phenylaziridine (1990)

Abstract The reaction of the title compound 1 with anthracene hydride AH‐ or anthracenide A‐' leads to the formation of the ben‐ zylic anion 9 by fragmentation of the first generated substi‐ tution intermediate 7 or 8 . In the reactions with AH‐ the carb‐ anion 9 is completely trapped by protonation with dihydroan‐ thracene AH2 yielding the reduction product 3 ( N ‐benzoyl‐phenethylamine).phenethylamine). In reactions with A‐' as well as with naph‐ thalenide N‐' the carbanion 9 either abstracts a proton from the solvent THF (yielding 3 ) or adds to the benzoyl group of unreacted 1 which finally results in P‐benzamido‐ct‐phenyl‐ propiophenone ( 6 ).
Fourier Transform Capillary Electrophoresis with Laminar-Flow Gated Pressure Injection (2007)

Fourier transform capillary electrophoresis (FTCE) was developed as a method to improve signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and resolution in capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation. In FTCE, multiple simultaneous CE separations were performed in the same channel system and interrogated using a single-point detector. To illustrate experimentally the improvement offered by FTCE in S/N ratio and resolution, we carried out a modest number (five) of multiple injections and separations. We show even with this small number of separations, S/N increased by a factor of 2.9, and theoretical plate height improved by a factor of more than 30. We demonstrated this technique with laser-induced fluorescence detection, but a wide variety of detection methods are compatible with FTCE.
Handbook of Gastroenterology (1998)

Handbook of gastroenterology , Handbook of gastroenterology , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria: a reappraisal (2009)

The diagnostic criteria used in primary progressive (PP) and relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS) show substantial differences. This introduces complexity in the diagnosis of MS which could be resolved if these criteria could be unified in terms of the requirements for dissemination in space (DIS). The aim of this study was to assess whether a single algorithm may be used to demonstrate DIS in all forms of MS. Five sets of RRMS criteria for DIS were applied to a cohort of 145 patients with established PPMS (mean disease duration: 11 years - PPMS-1): C1: Barkhof-Tintoré (as in 2005 McDonald's criteria); C2: Swanton et al. (as in JNNP 2006); C3: presence of oligoclonal bands plus two lesions (as in McDonald's criteria); C4 and C5: a two-step approach was also followed (patients not fulfilling C1 or C2 were then assessed for C3). Two sets of PPMS criteria for DIS were applied: C6: Thompson et al. (as in 2001 McDonald's criteria); C7: 2005 McDonald criteria. A second sample of 55 patients with less than 5 years of disease duration (PPMS-2) was also analysed using an identical approach. For PPMS-1/PPMS-2, fulfilment was: C1:73.8%/66.7%; C2:72.1%/59.3%; C3:89%/79.2%; C4:96%/92.3%; C5:96%/85.7%; C6:85.8%/78.7%; C7:91%/80.4%. Levels of fulfilment suggest that the use of a single set of criteria for DIS in RRMS and PPMS might be feasible, and reinforce the added value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings to increase fulfilment in PPMS. Unification of the DIS criteria for both RRMS and PPMS could be considered in further revisions of the MS diagnostic criteria.
Electronic Structures and Superconducting Mechanism of Ba<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>1</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (1987)

The high- T c superconductor Ba 2 Y 1 Cu 3 O 7 with the oxygen-deficient perovskite structure was prepared almost in a single-phase with T co of 125 K, T c of 95 and T ce of 93 K. The XPS valence-band spectrum showed a relative large N ( E F ), density of states at the Fermi level. The XPS Cu 2p 3/2 peak is divided into three peaks which are attributed to monovalent, bivalent and trivalent Cu ions with the concentration ratio of 1:2:1. These results and the peculiar lattice structure lead to the T c enhancement mechanism from the plasmon or exciton origin due to the Cu d-hole creation and annihilation resonating with vibration modes of the CuO 5 and CuO 4 clusters. The T c value was calculated.
Transformation of an entomopathic strain of Bacillus sphaericus by high voltage electroporation (1990)

High voltage electroporation, which permits cellular uptake of plasmid DNA by inducing a transient permeability of the cell membrane, was employed to transform the entomocidal microorganism Bacillus sphaericus. Electroporation of B. sphaericus cell suspensions routinely produced 105 to 106 transformants/μg plasmid DNA.
Bioavailability of co-supplemented organic and inorganic zinc and selenium sources in a white fishmeal-based rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) diet (2009)

The bioavailability of trace elements in fishmeal diets is influenced by their chemical forms and dietary anti-nutritional factors. In formulated fish feed, supplemented organically bound minerals may be more bioavailable than inorganic minerals. A 10-week feeding trial was undertaken with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to determine whether the inclusion of organically bound selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) improved uptake and assimilation of these elements compared to commonly used inorganic forms. The three diets tested included a control diet, no added Zn or Se; an organic Se-yeast and Zn-proteinate supplemented diet; and an inorganic sodium selenite and Zn-sulphate supplemented diet. The endpoints tested were apparent digestibility, whole body levels, tissue distribution and Se- and Zn-dependent enzyme activities. Digestibility of residual Se in the basal diet was 54.2 +/- 1.0% and supplemented Se-yeast was significantly more digestible than selenite (p < 0.05). Digestibility of residual Zn was 21.9 +/- 2.0% and no significant difference was found between the treatments (p = 0.89). Whole body Se was raised by both Se sources and to a greatest extent by Se-yeast (p < 0.001). Zn-sulphate, and to a lesser extent Zn-proteinate, both raised whole body Zn (p < 0.05). Dietary Zn in the basal diet was found to be above requirements, yet Zn-sulphate had a significantly greater retention than Zn-proteinate in those tissues that responded to Zn supplementation. Se-yeast significantly raised Se in all tissues to a greater extent than selenite, except in the pyloric caeca and liver where the greatest increases were by selenite. Only Se-yeast elevated Se-dependent thioredoxin reductase activity (p < 0.05) and neither forms of Se affected glutathione peroxidise activity (p = 0.059). Alkaline phosphatase and carboxypeptidase B were not affected by Zn supplementation (p = 0.51 and p = 0.88 respectively). In all aspects, Se-yeast was found to be a highly bioavailable form of Se in comparison to selenite. Because of its superior bioavailability, organically bound Se would be a preferred Se source for supplementation of fishmeal trout diets than selenite.
Coexistence of Multi-allelic Polymorphism with Migration and Selection (2014)

Population ecology is concerned with the growth patterns of populations. This field has many applications, ranging from survival at the environmental level, to the spread of infectious diseases at the cellular level. Mathematical modeling and computer simulation can be powerful tools in researching this area. I will be investigating the spatial patterns in populations (or gene frequencies) due to migration and selection. My research conditions are for the maintenance of polymorphism under a variety of migration schemes in discrete-space and continuous-time mathematical models. The results will be applicable from the ecological level to the molecular level. Some species are better at adapting to a certain environment and evolve more quickly to fill a niche (specialists). Other species are less capable of adapting to their environment (generalists). Generalists survive when immigration between two distinct populations of similar species occurs. For example, species A, B, and C all coexist on two distinct islands. Species A is better adapted to shade and species C is better adapted to light; species B is in-between. If island 1 has shade, and island 2 does not, then we would expect only species A to survive on island 1, and only species C on island 2. However, under immigration all species could survive and coexist. This could be a major factor in helping maintain and manage diverse species. We will use our understanding of populations to create mathematical models and computer simulations that will demonstrate this phenomenon and help us to gain an understanding of the principles behind the concepts.
Colorization-Based RGB-White Color Interpolation using Color Filter Array with Randomly Sampled Pattern (2017)

Recently, several RGB-White (RGBW) color filter arrays (CFAs) have been proposed, which have extra white (W) pixels in the filter array that are highly sensitive. Due to the high sensitivity, the W pixels have better SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) characteristics than other color pixels in the filter array, especially, in low light conditions. However, most of the RGBW CFAs are designed so that the acquired RGBW pattern image can be converted into the conventional Bayer pattern image, which is then again converted into the final color image by using conventional demosaicing methods, i.e., color interpolation techniques. In this paper, we propose a new RGBW color filter array based on a totally different color interpolation technique, the colorization algorithm. The colorization algorithm was initially proposed for colorizing a gray image into a color image using a small number of color seeds. Here, we adopt this algorithm as a color interpolation technique, so that the RGBW color filter array can be designed with a very large number of W pixels to make the most of the highly sensitive characteristics of the W channel. The resulting RGBW color filter array has a pattern with a large proportion of W pixels, while the small-numbered RGB pixels are randomly distributed over the array. The colorization algorithm makes it possible to reconstruct the colors from such a small number of RGB values. Due to the large proportion of W pixels, the reconstructed color image has a high SNR value, especially higher than those of conventional CFAs in low light condition. Experimental results show that many important information which are not perceived in color images reconstructed with conventional CFAs are perceived in the images reconstructed with the proposed method.
Computing Optical Flow via Variational Techniques (1999)

Defined as the apparent motion in a sequence of images, the optical flow is very important in the computer vision community where its accurate estimation is necessary for many applications. It is one of the most studied problems in computer vision. In spite of this, not much theoretical analysis has been done. In this article, we first present a review of existing variational methods. Then, we will propose an extended model that will be rigorously justified on the space of functions of bounded variations. Finally, we present an algorithm whose convergence will be carefully demonstrated. Some results showing the capabilities of this method conclude the paper.
Analysis and Improvement of Intermodulation Distortion in GaAs Power FET's (1980)

Tailoring of the doping profile is a powerful tool in reducing the intermodulation distortion (IMD) in GaAs power FET's. Reproducible and uniform preparation of the required profiles is a difficult task for epitaxial techniques. This shortcoming has motivated the present investigation of fabricating highly linear power FET's by ion implantation. An analytical divice model was developed for exploring the relationship between the active layer profile and the IMD. These calculations revealed a complex behavior in the variation of the distortion levels due to partial correlation between the contributions arising from nonlinear transconductance and output conductance. The device model was used to identify implant doses and energies for approaching an optimum active layer profile. Based on the results, a deep Se implant followed by a shallow compensating Be implant to reduce the doping level close to the surface was used in the device fabrication. The IMD of the transistors was measured by the two-tone method. Conventional epitaxial FET's with a flat doping profile were evaluated for comparison purposes. This comparison demonstrated that a 4-dB increase in the intercept point for the third-order intermodulation product can be realized by using the tailored implanted profile. The experiments demonstrated that the tuning conditions for maximum output power and minimum IMD are virtually identical for the implanted transistors, in contrast to the behavior of conventional devices with flat doping profiles. These performance advantages, coupled with the high levels of uniformity and reproducibility of doping parameters, show ion implantation to be a powerful technique in the fabrication of highly linear power FET's.
Optimization of Porosity and Thickness of a Battery Electrode by Means of a Reaction‐Zone Model (1995)

If electrode kinetics are fast and concentration gradients can be ignored, the reaction in a battery electrode is confined to a narrow zone, which moves through the electrode as the battery is discharged. During this process, the ohmic resistance increases, and the cutoff potential may signal the end of the discharge. It is desirable to have a matching of the capacity of the electrode (and hence its thickness) with the time of discharge. Assuming that there is a certain specified separator thickness and that the electrolyte of the separator is the same as that permeating the positive electrode, it is possible to obtain the optimum porosity as a compromise between the desire to have active material present and the necessity to have a conduction path through the pores of the electrode. For a system with a foil negative electrode and an open‐circuit potential which is independent of state of charge, this optimum value depends on one principal parameter , one which involves the time of discharge, the open‐circuit potential U, the conductivity , and thickness of the separator, and the capacity per unit volume of solids in the positive electrode. There is one other parameter: the ratio of the cutoff potential to the open‐circuit potential. Other parameters are introduced to account for a more complex structure of the battery.
An Efficient Message Digest Algorithm (MD) (2001)

This paper presents a new proposed message digest algorithm 0). Many of its characteristics (applications domain, performance and implementation structure) are similar to those of MDCfamily of hash functions. The proposed algorithm takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128/160-bit fugerprint or message digest. New features of the proposed algorithm include the heavy use of data-dependent rotations, and the inclusion of integer multiplication as an additional primitive operation. These proposed features are expected to provide high security level with enhancement in throughput. The proposed algorithm is intended for digital signature applications, where a large fde must be compressed in a secure manner before being signed (encrypted) with a private secret key under a public-key cryptosystem. The proposed algorithm is designed to be quite fast on 32-bit machines. In addition, it does not require any large substitution tables, so that the algorithm can be coded quite compactly. We describe the general characteristics, architecture and implementation, and give a complete specifcation for MD-160/128. Several test vectors are used for inspecting the validity of the proposed algorithm. Also, we compare the software performance of several MDCbased algorithms, which is of independent interest. Simulation results show that the throughput of the proposed MD-128 is about 76.4 Mbitlsec while in RIPEMD-128 is about 69.8 Mbitlsec.
3D-stackable crossbar resistive memory based on Field Assisted Superlinear Threshold (FAST) selector (2014)

We report the integration of 3D-stackable 1S1R passive crossbar RRAM arrays utilizing a Field Assisted Superlinear Threshold (FAST) selector. The sneak path issue in crossbar memory integration has been solved using the highest reported selectivity of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> . Excellent selector performance is presented such as extremely sharp switching slope of < 5mV/dec., selectivity of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> , sub-50ns operations, > 100M endurance and processing temperature less than 300°C. Measurements on the 4Mb 1S1R crossbar array show that the sneak current is suppressed below 0.1nA, while maintaining 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> memory on/off ratio and > 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> selectivity during cycling, enabling high density memory applications.
The recognition of prior learning (RPL): Introducing a conceptual framework (1999)

This article presents a framework for conceptualising and implementing RPL. The framework grew out of concerns regarding the contribution RPL practices actually make to social inclusion. Our own empirical work suggeste that RPL practices have a large propensity to reproduce the discursive characteristics of the context of implementation and these may not support optimal social inclusion. We concluded that RPL has to be seen as part of an enquiry into curricula/standards that it is essentially an exercise in epistemology 'and pedagogy and that it cannot ignore broader social constructions of power. The conceptual framework offers some tools to meet the above challenges. It consists of a matrix of contexts epistemological and pedagogical questions and theories and concepts drawn from educational and social theory. The framework is about seeing RPL as a social - and developing what has been have called knowledgeable practice (Edwards 1998). For us, this means that RPL procedures are developed as a result of contextual analysis and on the basis of an unsentimental reading of the social functions of contexts and RPL practices.