gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asthma: Prevalence, Pathogenesis, and Prospects for Novel Therapies (2001)

The Increasing Prevalence of Asthma The prevalence of asthma has increased sharply in the United States and around the world in the past 30 years. In the United States, data from the National Health Interview Survey show that the annual prevalence of asthma increased from 3.1% in 1980 to 5.4% in 1994. A review of studies performed in 17 countries during the 1960s and repeated in the 1990s confirms an international increase in asthma prevalence. Although the increasing prevalence of asthma is a global phenomenon, the scope of the problem differs greatly among countries. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, which examined the prevalence of asthma in 56 different countries in the 1990s, found that prevalence ranged from 2% to 3% in Eastern Europe, Indonesia, Greece, Uzbekistan, India, and Ethiopia to 20% in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The finding that affluent countries have higher asthma prevalence rates than poor countries has prompted speculation about the effects of affluence, modernization, or “western lifestyle” on risk factors for asthma. Until very recently, asthma mortality has risen in conjunction with increasing prevalence. Mortality data from 10 countries fromthemid-1970stothemid1980s uniformly demonstrated increasing mortality. In the United States, asthma mortality more than doubled from 8 per 1 million population in 1977 to 20 per 1 million in 1989. Notably, asthma mortality disproportionately affects certain segments of US society. African Americans have higher ageadjusted asthma mortality than whites (38.5 vs 15.1 per 1 million in 19931995) and more numerous emergency departmentvisitsandhospitalizations for asthma. In Hispanic populations, asthma mortality is high among those of Puerto Rican heritage (40.1 per 1 million), but not those of Cuban or Mexican heritage (15.8 and 9.2 per 1 million, respectively). It is not known whether high mortality among African Americans and Puerto Rican Americans relates solely to societal factors (access to education, health care, medications, or insurance) or whether specific environmental or genetic influences differentiallyaffect theseethnicgroups.Fortunately, for reasons that are unclear, overall asthma mortality in the United States stabilized at 20 to 21 per 1 million persons between 1989 and 1997.
The TNM system of 1992. Comments from the TNM working group. Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Prognostic Parameters in Localized Prostate Cancer. Stockholm, Sweden, May 12-13, 1993. (1994)

The TNM working group acknowledges the multinational agreement reached in the 1992 TNM classification, but nevertheless gives some suggestions for modifications. The main interest of the group has been to evaluate parameters suitable for further ramification of the system. The group found that parameters such as DNA ploidy, PSA, nuclear roundness factor, are not yet ready for this purpose. Grade is an established parameter and should be incorporated into the TNM-categories of localized disease. In metastatic disease a number of parameters are available to subdivide this category according to prognosis, and these will be more uniformly and extensively studied in the several large trials that are now in progress.
Continuous biosorption of single and binary metal solutions in a fixed-bed column using algae gelidium and granulated algal waste from agar extraction (2008)

This paper describes the biosorption of single (Zn(II) and Cr(III)) and binary (Cd(II)/Zn(II) and Cu(II)/Cr(III)) metal solutions in a packed bed column using algae Gelidium and an algal waste from the agar extraction industry immobilized with polyacrylonitrile. In the sorption process, Zn(II) breaks through the column faster than Cd(II) due to its lower affinity for the biosorbent. An overshoot in the outlet Zn(II) concentration was observed and explained by competitive adsorption between Cd(II) and Zn(II), whereby the higher Cd(II) affinity for the biosorbent displaces bound Zn(II) ions. The same was verified for the binary system Cu(II)/Cr(III), where an overshoot in the outlet Cu(II) concentration also appeared. Metal desorption using 0.1 M HNO3 as eluant was 100% effective for Cd(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II)/Zn(II) systems. For Cr(III) and Cu(II)/Cr(III) systems, the elution of Cr(III) was not 100% effective.A mathematical model for a fixed-bed system considering film and intraparticle diffusion, equilibrium represented by single and binary Langmuir equations and desorption described by the mass action law, was developed. The uptake breakthrough and elution curves obtained in fixed-bed experiments were adequately predicted by the model.
Pramipexole: A Dopamine-Receptor Agonist for Treatment of Parkinsonʼs Disease (1995)

Pramipexole is a potent agonist at both presynaptic autoreceptors and noninnervated dopamine (DA) CNS receptors. These characteristics are demonstrated by potent inhibition of DA synthesis and release and by reduction in the dopaminergic firing rate. Pramipexole has also proven highly effective in animal models in which the dopaminergic afferents to the striatum have been destroyed. In rats with unilateral lesions of the medial forebrain bundle, pramipexole has a potent stimulatory effect. In monkeys pretreated with N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, parkinsonian symptoms are fully antagonized by intramuscular pramipexole in doses below 0.1 mg/kg, thus predicting a high antiparkinsonian potential. In addition, an antidyskinetic action of pramipexole was shown in haloperidol-sensitized rhesus monkeys; the dose that fully relieved the symptoms in 50% of the animals was 0.1 mg/kg. Receptor-binding experiments and functional assays have characterized pramipexole as a full DA-receptor agonist with specificity for the D2-receptor subfamily. This affinity profile is uniformly selective for the S(-) enantiomer, which is pramipexole. Within the D2-receptor subfamily, pramipexole binds with highest affinity to D3 receptors (Ki = 0.5 nmol/L), indicating a seven- and tenfold greater selectivity for D3 receptors compared with D2 and D4 receptors. By contrast, other DA-receptor agonists, such as quinpirole and bromocriptine, are nonselective or are more selective for D2/D4 receptors. The receptor affinity ratio of pramipexole (D3 > D2L = D2s > D4) has been confirmed by saturation binding experiments and by its potency in functional activation of the receptor subtypes.
Thermoelectric property studies on thallium-doped lead telluride prepared by ball milling and hot pressing (2010)

Thallium doping into lead telluride has been demonstrated to increase the dimensionless thermoelectric figure-of-merit (ZT) by enhancing Seebeck coefficient due to the creation of resonant states close to Fermi level without affecting the thermal conductivity. However, the process is tedious, energy consuming, and small in quantities since it involves melting, slow cooling for crystal growth, long time annealing, post-crushing and hot pressing. Here we show that a similar ZT value about 1.3 at 400 °C is achieved on bulk samples with grain sizes of 3–7 μm by ball milling a mixture of elemental thallium, lead, and tellurium and then hot pressing the ball milled nanopowders.
The impact of mask design on EUV imaging (2009)

EUV exposure tools are the leading contenders for patterning critical layers at the 22nm technology node. Operating at the wavelength of 13.5nm, with modest projection optics numerical aperture (NA), EUV projectors allow less stringent image formation conditions. On the other hand, the imaging performance requirements will place high demands on the mechanical and optical properties of these imaging systems. A key characteristic of EUV projection optics is the application of a reflective mask, which consists of a reflective multilayer stack on which the IC layout is represented by the reflectivity discontinuities1. Several mask concepts can provide such characteristics, such as thick absorbers on top of a reflective multi-layer stack, masks with embedded absorbers, or absorber-free masks with patterns etched in a reflective multilayer. This report analyzes imaging performance and tradeoffs of such new mask designs. Various mask types and geometries are evaluated through imaging simulations. The applied mask models take into account the topographic nature of the mask structures, as well as the fundamental, vectorial characteristics of the EUV imaging process. Resulting EUV images are compared in terms of their process stability as well as their sensitivities to the EUV-specific effects, such as pattern shift and image tilt, driven by the reflective design of the exposure system and the mask topography. The simulations of images formed in EUV exposure tools are analyzed from the point of view of the EUV mask users. The fundamental requirements of EUV mask technologies are discussed. These investigations spotlight the tradeoffs of each mask concept and could serve as guidelines for EUV mask engineering.
LuBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7–x</sub>thin films prepared using MOCVD (1996)

LuBa2Cu3O7–x thin films with Tc= 86–88 K were prepared by flash evaporation MOCVD on LaAlO3, SrTiO3, ZrO2(Y2O3) and NdGaO3 single-crystal substrates (deposition temperature 795 °C, partial oxygen pressure 1.35 Torr). Values for the critical current density jc(77 K., H= 100 Oe), of 9 × 105, 1.1 × 106 and 1.2 × 106 A cm–2 were measured for films on ZrO2(Y2O3), SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 respectively. The calculated magnitude of |ΔjcΔT| for LuBa2Cu3O7–x films on coherent substrates was found to be higher than that of YBa2Cu3O7–x films, indicating a more efficient magnetic flux pinning mechanism. The temperature dependence of conductivity fluctuations was considered in terms of a Lawrence–Donniach model and a 3D → 2D dimensional crossover was registered for the films on SrTiO3.
Band lineup for a GaInP/GaAs heterojunction measured by a high-gain <i>N</i> <i>p</i> <i>n</i> heterojunction bipolar transistor grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1989)

A GaInP(N)/GaAs( p) heterojunction bipolar transistor was fabricated by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for the first time. The common-emitter current gain exceeded 200 at a current density around 10 A/cm2 and the offset voltage was as small as 50 mV. Thermionic emission theory indicates that the conduction-band discontinuity (ΔEc) at GaInP/GaAs heterointerface is as small as 30 meV at room temperature and this value was more than 160 meV smaller than 0.19–0.22 eV obtained by the C-V profile method. The band-gap energy for MOCVD-grown GaInP was 60 meV smaller than the intrinsic band-gap energy (1.91 eV), but this value is too small to explain the difference between the present ΔEc value and the previously reported ΔEc value.
Orientation Preferences of Pyrrole−Imidazole Polyamides in the Minor Groove of DNA (1997)

In order to determine whether there is an orientation preference of pyrrole−imidazole (Py−Im) polyamide dimers with respect to the 5‘−3‘ direction of the backbone in the DNA helix, equilibrium association constants (Ka) were determined for a series of six-ring hairpin polyamides which differ with respect to substitution at the N and C termini. Affinity cleaving experiments using hairpin polyamides of core sequence composition ImPyPy-γ-PyPyPy with an EDTA·Fe(II) moiety at the C-terminus reveal a single binding orientation at each formal match site, 5‘-(A,T)G(A,T)3-3‘ and 5‘-(A,T)C(A,T)3-3‘. A positive charge at the C-terminus and no substitution at the N-terminus imidazole affords the maximum binding orientation preference, calculated from Ka(5‘-TGTTA-3‘)/Ka(5‘-TCTTA-3‘), with the N-terminal end of each three-ring subunit located toward the 5‘ side of the target DNA strand. Removal of the positive charge, rearrangement of the positive charge to the N-terminus or substitution at the N-terminal imidazole decreases the orientation preference. These results suggest that second generation design principles superimposed on the simple pairing rules can further optimize the sequence-specificity of Py-Im polyamides for double helical DNA.
Coupling reaction of polyisoprenyllithium with 1,2‐dibromoethane (1997)

The coupling reaction of polyisoprenyllithium with 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) gives a multimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD). Species with molecular weights three and four times (P3, P4) higher than the base polymer (P) are present beside the main expected one with double molecular weight (P2). The relative abundancies of P1, P2, P3, and P4 depend on the experimental conditions. Gas-phase chromatographic analysis carried out during the coupling reaction show the presence of ethylene whose formation is related to a lithium–bromine exchange reaction competing with direct alkylation. The lithium–bromine exchange reaction is more effective at T < 80°C and results in the formation of allyl bromide-terminated polyisoprene, while direct alkylation is effective at T > 100°C and yields alkyl bromide chain ends. The allylic and alkylic bromides react differently with the remaining polyisoprenyllithium: the former adds only to polyisoprenyllithium yielding P2, while the later also yields P3 and P4 through radical reactions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of SnS<sub>2</sub>/SnS Fullerene-like Nanoparticles:  A Superlattice with Polyhedral Shape (2003)

Tin disulfide pellets were laser ablated in an inert gas atmosphere, and closed cage fullerene-like (IF) nanoparticles were produced. The nanoparticles had various polyhedra and short tubular structures. Some of these forms contained a periodic pattern of fringes resulting in a superstructure. These patterns could be assigned to a superlattice created by periodic stacking of layered SnS(2) and SnS. Such superlattices are reminiscent of misfit layer compounds, which are known to form tubular morphologies. This mechanism adds up to the established mechanism for IF formation, namely, the annihilation of reactive dangling bonds at the periphery of the nanoparticles. Additionally, it suggests that one of the driving forces to form tubules in misfit compounds is the annihilation of dangling bonds at the rim of the layered structure.
Electron diffraction and three-dimensional crystallography for structural biology (2018)

Electron crystallography is increasingly becoming a viable alternative for structure elucidation of three-dimensional, multi-nanometre sized crystals of beam-sensitive organics and macromolecules. Because electrons interact with matter strongly, crystals cannot be much more than 200 nm thick. Diffracted volumes are therefore small, leading to a poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as beam damage limits the total electron dose. Data can be collected in diffraction – and imaging mode. Imaging has the advantage of providing spatial phase information but comes at a substantial cost in SNR. Highly sensitive hybrid pixel detectors push the limits of high-quality diffraction data acquisition even further. Data integration, structure solution and refinement are feasible with existing software after minor adaptations. We review the current state of electron diffraction for structural biology, including instrumentation, data acquisition and structure determination.
Embracing big data with compressive sensing: a green approach in industrial wireless networks (2016)

New-generation industries heavily rely on big data to improve their efficiency. Such big data are commonly collected by smart nodes and transmitted to the cloud via wireless. Due to the limited size of smart node, the shortage of energy is always a critical issue, and the wireless data transmission is extremely a big power consumer. Aiming to reduce the energy consumption in wireless, this article introduces a potential breach from data redundancy. If redundant data are no longer collected, a large amount of wireless transmissions can be cancelled and their energy saved. Motivated by this breach, this article proposes a compressive-sensing-based collection framework to minimize the amount of collection while guaranteeing data quality. This framework is verified by experiments and extensive real-trace-driven simulations.
Glomerular permselectivity: barrier function based on discrimination of molecular size and charge (1978)

The formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate is dependent on the interplay of glomerular pressures and flows as well as the intrinsic permselectivity properties of the glomerular capillary wall. These intrinsic permeability properties serve to exclude macromolecules from the urinary space, based on size as well as net molecular charge discrimination. Neutral dextrans with molecular radii less than 20 A cross the glomerular wall without measurable restriction, whereas dextrans with radii greater than 42 A are almost completely barred. For any given size, negatively charged macromolecules are restricted to a greater extent than neutral molecules. Additionally, positively charged molecules are enhanced in their ability to cross the glomerular wall compared to similarly sized neutral polymers. The concept of a charge barrier, due to fixed negative charges within the glomerular wall, is also supported by morphological studies. Glomerular injury, leading to proteinuria, has been associated with loss of the charge-selective properties of these capillaries. Loss of glomerular fixed negative charges may also result in the foot process fusion and mesangial cell dysfunction often observed in proteinuric states.
The Effect of Nanoparticle Polyethylene Glycol Surface Density on Ligand-Directed Tumor Targeting Studied<i>in Vivo</i>by Dual Modality Imaging (2012)

The development and application of nanoparticles as in vivo delivery vehicles for therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents has seen a drastic growth over the last decades. Novel imaging techniques allow real-time in vivo study of nanoparticle accumulation kinetics at the level of the cell and targeted tissue. Successful intravenous application of such nanocarriers requires a hydrophilic particle surface coating, of which polyethylene glycol (PEG) has become the most widely studied and applied. In the current study, the effect of nanoparticle PEG surface density on the targeting efficiency of ligand-functionalized nanoemulsions was investigated. We synthesized 100 nm nanoemulsions with a PEG surface density varying from 5 to 50 mol %. Fluorescent and paramagnetic lipids were included to allow their multimodal detection, while RGD peptides were conjugated to the PEG coating to obtain specificity for the α(v)β(3)-integrin. The development of a unique experimental imaging setup allowed us to study, in real time, nanoparticle accumulation kinetics at (sub)-cellular resolution in tumors that were grown in a window chamber model with confocal microscopy imaging, and at the macroscopic tumor level in subcutaneously grown xenografts with magnetic resonance imaging. Accumulation in the tumor occurred more rapidly for the targeted nanoemulsions than for the nontargeted versions, and the PEG surface density had a strong effect on nanoparticle targeting efficiency. Counterintuitively, yet consistent with the PEG density conformation models, the highest specificity and targeting efficiency was observed at a low PEG surface density.
Modified Nafion 117 as an Improved Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (2001)

Modification of the surface structure of the commercial ion exchange membrane Nafion®117, by low dose electron beam (EB) exposure, to produce an improved polymer electrolyte membrane for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) is described. Nafion 117 film was exposed to low dose EB irradiation, at an accelerating voltage of 35 kV. Subsequently the properties of the film itself, in terms of conductance, methanol permeability, percentage water uptake and shrinkage, together with the performance of its membrane electrode assembly in the DMFC were analyzed and contrasted with the untreated material. Low-dose EB treatment is shown to be effective in the reduction of methanol crossover, 600 exposure reducing crossover to 7% of that of the parent material. In terms of overall DMFC performance (maximum power output), improvements of up to 51% are reported in comparison to the use of untreated Nafion 117. A simple analytical protocol, allowing film properties to be directly related to subsequent DMFC performance, is also reported. IR reflectance (attenuated total reflectance) spectroscopy was used to study film surface composition and determine the effect of low-dose EB exposure on Nafion 117 structure. These observations are contrasted with previous findings using traditional EB systems. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Enhancing the Ranking of a Web Page in the Ocean of Data (2013)

In today's world, web is considered as ocean of data and information (like text, videos, multimedia etc.) consisting of millions and millions of web pages in which web pages are linked with each other like a tree. It is often argued that, especially considering the dynamic of the internet, too much time has passed since the scientific work on PageRank, as that it still could be the basis for the ranking methods of the Google search engine. There is no doubt that within the past years most likely many changes, adjustments and modifications regarding the ranking methods of Google have taken place, but PageRank was absolutely crucial for Google's success, so that at least the fundamental concept behind PageRank should still be constitutive. This paper describes the components which affects the ranking of the web pages and helps in increasing the popularity of web site. By adapting these factors website developers can increase their site's page rank and within the PageRank concept, considering the rank of a document is given by the rank of those documents which link to it. Their rank again is given by the rank of documents which link to them. The PageRank of a document is always determined recursively by the PageRank of other documents.
α‐/β‐Formylated Boron–Dipyrrin (BODIPY) Dyes: Regioselective Syntheses and Photophysical Properties (2011)

Abstract Formylation has been performed on pyrrole‐unsubstituted dipyrromethanes 1 and boron–dipyrrin (BODIPY) dyes 4 based on a Vilsmeier–Haack reaction. It is highly regioselective and complementary and occurs exclusively at the α‐ and β‐position, respectively, for pyrrole‐unsubstituted dipyrromethanes 1 and BODIPY dyes 4 . This regioselective formylation enables the syntheses of a variety of α‐ and β‐substituted BODIPY dyes. The installation of formyl groups affects the electronic properties of the BODIPY chromophore, resulting in red‐ and blueshifts of the absorption and emission maxima, respectively, for the α‐ and β‐formylatedBODIPYs 3 and 5 .