gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pore pressure development and progressive dewatering in underthrust sediments at the Costa Rican subduction margin: Comparison with northern Barbados and Nankai (2003)

At subduction zones, pore pressure affects fault strength, deformation style, structural development, and potentially the updip limit of seismogenic faulting behavior through its control on effective stress and consolidation state. Despite its importance for a wide range of subduction zone processes, few detailed measurements or estimates of pore pressure at subduction zones exist. In this paper, I combine logging‐while‐drilling (LWD) data, downhole physical properties data, and laboratory consolidation tests from the Costa Rican, Nankai, and Barbados subduction zones, to document the development and downsection variability of effective stress and pore pressure within underthrust sediments as they are progressively loaded by subduction. At Costa Rica, my results suggest that the lower portion of the underthrust section remains nearly undrained, whereas the upper portion is partially drained. An inferred minimum in effective stress developed within the section ∼1.5 km landward of the trench is consistent with core and seismic observations of faulting, and illustrates the important effects of heterogeneous drainage on structural development. Inferred pore pressures at the Nankai and northern Barbados subduction zones indicate nearly undrained conditions throughout the studied intervals, and are consistent with existing direct measurements and consolidation test results. Slower dewatering at Nankai and Barbados than at Costa Rica can be attributed to higher permeability and larger compressibility of near‐surface sediments underthrust at Costa Rica. Results for the three margins indicate that the pore pressure ratio (λ) in poorly drained underthrust sediments should increase systematically with distance landward of the trench, and may vary with depth.
Masterly perspectives on nonlinear optics (1992)

Thirty-One years ago, soon after the laser was invented, Franken and colleagues inserted a quartz crystal into a ruby laser beam and observed optical second harmonic generation from the crystal. Nonlinear optics was born. In that experiment, the second harmonic output was so weak that it barely showed up on the spectrum taken with a spectrograph. When the paper went for publication in Physical Review Letters, the printer thought that the faint line was a speck and removed it.
Characterizing World Wide Web ecologies (1997)

One of the fastest growing sources of information today is the World Wide Web (WWW), having grown from only fifty sources of information in January of 1993 to over a half million four years later. The exponential growth of information within the Web has created an overabundance of information and a poverty of human attention, with users citing the inability to navigate and find relevant information on the Web as one of the biggest problems facing the Web today. The primary goal of the research presented here is to put forth new techniques and models that can be used to help efficiently manage peoples attentional processes when dealing with large, unstructured, heterogeneous information environments. The primary model is based upon the desirability of items on the Web. This research searches for lawful patterns of structure, content, and use. Methods are developed to exploit these patterns to organize and optimize users' information foraging and sense-making activities. These enhancements rely on predicting, categorization and allocation of attention. Several methods are explored for inducing categorical structures for the WWW. Some of these enhancements involve clustering in a high-dimensional space of content, use, and structural features. Others derive from cocitation analysis methods used in the study of scientific communities. A user would also be aided by retrieval mechanisms that predicted and returned the most likely needed WWW pages, given that the user is attending to some given page(s). The approach of this research uses a spreading activation mechanism to predict the needed, relevant information, computed using past usage patterns, degree of shared content, and WWW hyperlink structure.
Cardioprotective Effect of Diazoxide and Its Interaction With Mitochondrial ATP-Sensitive K<sup>+</sup>Channels (1997)

Previous studies showed a poor correlation between sarcolemmal K+ currents and cardioprotection for ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) openers. Diazoxide is a weak cardiac sarcolemmal KATP opener, but it is a potent opener of mitochondrial KATP, making it a useful tool for determining the importance of this mitochondrial site. In reconstituted bovine heart KATP, diazoxide opened mitochondrial KATP with a K1/2 of 0.8 mumol/L while being 1000-fold less potent at opening sarcolemmal KATP. To compare cardioprotective potency, diazoxide or cromakalim was given to isolated rat hearts subjected to 25 minutes of global ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion. Diazoxide and cromakalim increased the time to onset of contracture with a similar potency (EC25, 11.0 and 8.8 mumol/L, respectively) and improved postischemic functional recovery in a glibenclamide (glyburide)-reversible manner. In addition, sodium 5-hydroxydecanoic acid completely abolished the protective effect of diazoxide. While-myocyte studies showed that diazoxide was significantly less potent than cromakalim in increasing sarcolemmal K+ currents. Diazoxide shortened ischemic action potential duration significantly less than cromakalim at equicardioprotective concentrations. We also determined the effects of cromakalim and diazoxide on reconstituted rat mitochondrial cardiac KATP activity. Cromakalim and diazoxide were both potent activators of K+ flux in this preparation (K1/2 values, 1.1 +/- 0.1 and 0.49 +/- 0.05 mumol/L, respectively). Both glibenclamide and sodium 5-hydroxydecanoic acid inhibited K+ flux through the diazoxide-opened mitochondrial KATP. The profile of activity of diazoxide (and perhaps KATP openers in general) suggests that they protect ischemic hearts in a manner that is consistent with an interaction with mitochondrial KATP.
Digital composition of images with increased depth of focus considering depth information (1985)

Two digital image processing methods, capable of composing microscope images with increased depth of focus and of mapping 3-D distribution on the altitude or depth of the thick object, are presented: one uses pseudocolor display of focal-series images, and the other considers the local variance of each of the focal-series images. Experimental results demonstrate the usefulness of both methods. The high-speed digital image processing system developed by the authors plays an important role in both methods.
A field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as a biological control agent for Simulium chutteri (Diptera:Nematocera) in the middle Orange River. (1986)

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. israelensis de Barjac (Serotype H-14) (B.t.i.) at a concentration of 1.6 ppm/10 min and a toxicity of 1500 AAU/mg was tested against Simulium chutteri Lewis larvae in the Orange River near Prieska, South Africa. Samples of benthic fauna from the stones-in-current biotope were collected before application of the product and at various intervals up to 80 h afterwards at 4 stations from 200 m to 11 km downstream of the application site. Fauna drift increased slightly after the arrival of the Bacillus at 2 stations 1.4 and 6 km respectively downstream of the application site. Large numerical decreases in benthic simuliid larval numbers after the application of B.t.i. in the Orange River were not statistically different (P greater than 0.05). This indicated that the size of replicated samples that showed significant decreases (P less than 0.05) of simuliid numbers in the Vaal River was not adequate to show statistical differences in the Orange River. The quantity of dead larvae on stones collected from rapids after application of the B.t.i., and the numerical decreases found by comparing median values of larval counts on stones indicated that B.t.i. effectively killed simuliid larvae. Three days after application of the Bacillus, recruitment of small simuliid larvae on stones 1.4 km downstream of the application site was discernible again. Tanytarsini were also numerically reduced after B.t.i. application. At a flow rate of 38 m3/s B.t.i. was visibly effective in killing S. chutteri up to 6 km downstream of the application site and statistically significant decreases (P less than 0.05) in numbers of larvae were seen at a site 11 km downstream of the application site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Approaches to Catheter Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (2015)

Among patients with persistent atrial fibrillation, we found no reduction in the rate of recurrent atrial fibrillation when either linear ablation or ablation of complex fractionated electrograms was performed in addition to pulmonary-vein isolation. (Funded by St. Jude Medical; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01203748.).
Flavor Programming During Infancy (2004)

The bases for clinical difficulties in introducing hydrolysate formulas during older infancy are clarified in this study. More broadly, variation in formula flavor provided a useful model for demonstrating experimentally the effects of long-term exposure differences on later acceptance. Such early variation, under more species-typical circumstances (eg, via exposure to different flavors in amniotic fluid and mothers' milk), may underlie individual differences in food acceptability throughout the life span.
Spam filtering for short messages (2007)

We consider the problem of content-based spam filtering for short text messages that arise in three contexts: mobile (SMS) communication, blog comments, and email summary information such as might be displayed by a low-bandwidth client. Short messages often consist of only a few words, and therefore present a challenge to traditional bag-of-words based spam filters. Using three corpora of short messages and message fields derived from real SMS, blog, and spam messages, we evaluate feature-based and compression-model-based spam filters. We observe that bag-of-words filters can be improved substantially using different features, while compression-model filters perform quite well as-is. We conclude that content filtering for short messages is surprisingly effective.
The Inositol 3-Phosphatase PTEN Negatively Regulates Fcγ Receptor Signaling, but Supports Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Murine Peritoneal Macrophages (2004)

Fc gamma R clustering in macrophages activates signaling events that result in phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is accompanied by the generation harmful byproducts such as reactive oxygen radicals and production of inflammatory cytokines, which mandate that the phagocytic process be subject to a tight regulation. The molecular mechanisms involved in this regulation are not fully understood. In this study, we have examined the role of the inositol 3-phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in Fc gamma R-induced macrophage function. We demonstrate that in ex vivo murine peritoneal macrophages that are deficient in PTEN expression, Fc gamma R-induced Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation are enhanced. Notably, PTEN(-/-) macrophages showed constitutively high phosphorylation of Akt. However, PTEN did not seem to influence tyrosine phosphorylation events induced by Fc gamma R clustering. Furthermore, PTEN(-/-) macrophages displayed enhanced phagocytic ability. Likewise, Fc gamma R-induced production of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 was significantly elevated in PTEN(-/-) macrophages. Surprisingly, LPS-induced TNF-alpha production was down-regulated in PTEN(-/-) macrophages. Analyzing the molecular events leading to PTEN influence on LPS/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, we found that LPS-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases is suppressed in PTEN(-/-) cells. Previous reports indicated that LPS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is down-regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase through the activation of Akt. Our observation that Akt activation is basally enhanced in PTEN(-/-) cells suggests that PTEN supports TLR4-induced inflammatory responses by suppressing the activation of Akt. Thus, we conclude that PTEN is a negative regulator of Fc gamma R signaling, but a positive regulator of TLR4 signaling. These findings are the first to demonstrate a role for PTEN in Fc gamma R- and TLR4-mediated macrophage inflammatory response.
Design of new hollow superconducting NbTi cables for fast cycling synchrotron magnets (2003)

Two new options for a hollow NbTi superconducting cable were considered. The first one is based on keystoned wires wrapped around a copper-nickel tube 5 mm in diameter. The second one is a hollow cable of rectangular cross section. The data from cable short sample tests are presented. Some problems with the production technology are discussed. This work is part of the R&D for the Future Accelerator Facility, at GSI in Darmstadt.
Micropatterned HeLa Cell Culture on PEG Monolayer-Coated Glass Substrates (2002)

Abstract The micropatterns (∼5 μm) of HeLa cells were maintained for more than 4 days on a glass surface modified by the corresponding pattern of a covalently attached polyethylene glycol (PEG) monolayer, even in the presence of serum proteins.
Prevalence of Combined Fecal and Urinary Incontinence: A Community‐Based Study (1999)

These findings suggest that persons with one form of incontinence are likely to have the other form as well. Despite the higher prevalence of urinary and fecal incontinence among women, the association between fecal incontinence and urinary incontinence was stronger among men than women. This finding, and the significant association between fecal incontinence and age observed in men but not in women, suggest that the etiologies may be more closely linked in men than in women.
Robust Acoustic Self-Localization of Mobile Devices (2015)

Self-localization of smart portable devices serves as foundation for several novel applications. This work proposes a set of algorithms that enable a mobile device to passively determine its position relative to a known reference with centimeter precision, based exclusively on the capture of acoustic signals emitted by controlled sources around it. The proposed techniques tackle typical practical issues such as reverberation, unknown speed of sound, line-of-sight obstruction, clock skew, and the need for asynchronous operation. After their theoretical developments and off-line simulations, the methods are assessed as real-time applications embedded into off-the-shelf mobile devices operating in real scenarios. When line of sight is available, position estimation errors are at most 4 cm using recorded signals.
A Comparison of Three Silver-containing Dressings in the Treatment of Infected, Chronic Wounds. (2008)

The treatment in group 1 was more effective than that of groups 2 and 3 in the treatment of infected, chronic wounds. Clinical signs of infection were resolved faster (P < 0.05) and wounds healed more quickly (P < 0.05) in group 1 than in the other 2 groups. ﻿﻿﻿.
1 GHz automatic 2-Port Vector Network Analyzer using common laboratory instruments (2014)

An innovative method to make an automatic 2-Port T/R Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) using common RF equipments is described. RF signal generator and 3-Channel digital oscilloscope are used as transmitter and receiver respectively. Both equipments are operated via USB interface by a controlling program. 2-Port device's Scattering parameters are measured with a reflectometer and mathematically corrected using complex-value algorithms which include all systematic system errors. These errors are calculated previously during VNA's calibration with “Enhanced-Response” correction method.
Automated production of TV program trailer using electronic program guide (2007)

This paper proposes two automated methods for producing TV program trailers (short video clips to advertise the program). Program trailers are useful as the representative video of a content retrieval system that operates in a large archive of program videos. The two methods employ introductory descriptions from electronic program guides. The first method is based on the sentence similarity between the closed caption and the introductory text of the target program. We extract closed caption sentences that have the highest similarity for each introductory sentence, and then connect the corresponding video segments to make the representative video. A Bayesian belief network is used to calculate the similarity. The second method extracts several sentences that have the same textual features as those of a general introductory text, and determines the corresponding video sections. The features are learned by using the AdaBoost algorithm. These methods were used to generate trailers for actual TV programs, by which their effectiveness was verified.
A Built-in Technique for Measuring Substrate and Power-Supply Digital Switching Noise Using PMOS-Based Differential Sensors and a Waveform Sampler in System-on-Chip Applications (2007)

In system-on-chip applications, the digital switching noise propagates through substrate and power distribution to analog circuits, degrading their performance. To monitor and analyze the digital switching noise coupling, small and compact sensors that can be embedded within high-density circuits are essential. This paper presents PMOS-based differential substrate and power-supply sensors and an on-chip waveform sampler, which focus on wide bandwidth, reduced parasitic interactions, and small compact size. The bandwidth of the proposed sensors, which is implemented with an IBM 0.13- CMOS technology, is useful from DC to 1.6 GHz. Linearity is better than 1.5% for substrate and 6% for power-supply sensors. Power-supply rejection of 64 dB has been achieved in the substrate probing. The substrate noise coupling into the power-supply probing was below detectable limits. Experimentally reconstructed waveforms with 20-ps time resolution allowed the measurement of amplitude, rise time, and overshoot of transition edges.
A potent fluorescent probe for the detection ofcellapoptosis (2011)

A new positively charged fluorescent probe poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivative (PPV-1) has been developed for the detection of an important biological process, apoptosis, in a simple and fluorescent label-free way.
On the heterogeneity of murine natural killer cells. (1981)

The heterogeneity of cells capable exerting spontaneous cytotoxicity in vitro was explored using antisera to several genetically determined surface markers on mouse lymphocytes. Four phenotypes of cells derived either from fresh or cultured murine lymphoid tissue were found to exert natural killer (NK) activity in vitro. One affector cell subset, termed NKI cells, had the serological phenotype of Thy-1-, Lyt-2-, Qa5+, and lysed measles virus persistently infected target cells (HeLa-Ms) but not P815 mastocytoma cells. It corresponds with the NK cells described in most systems in which lymphoma targets are commonly used. A second subset, with the same target cell specificity, termed NKT is a thymus-independent cell with the phenotype Thy-1+, Lyt-2-, Qa-5+, Ly-5+. A third subset of NK cells, termed T killer (TK) cells deriving from cultures of conventional but not nude mouse spleens, mediated spontaneous cytotoxicity of P815 mastocytoma cells, but not of virus-infected targets. It has a phenotype of Thy-1+, Lyt-2+, Qa-5-, Ly-5+, apparently identical with that of conventional, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The fourth phenotype of NK cells, termed NKM, derived primarily from cultures of bone marrow, is cytotoxic for HeLa-measles but not P815, and expresses only Ly-5+ among the various markers tested. Beige mice possess normal TK and NKM activities, but had normal NKI, NKT as well as NKM activity. All NK cell subsets express the Ly-5 surface marker. The existence of four phenotypically distinct NK effector cells was strengthened by studies on selective regulation of their activity by two different biological factors. Interferon (IFN) augmented NK activity of primarily one of the subsets examined, the NKI cell; the activity of IFN on NKT cells could not be directly tested, but IFN was without positive effect on TK or NKM cells. In contrast, partially purified IFN-free interleuken 2 (IL-2) augmented the activities of both the TK and NKT subsets, but not of NKI or NKM cell. IL-2 was active in augmenting NK activity in spleen cells obtained from both conventional and nu/nu mice, but was without effect on spleens of nu/nu mice depleted of Thy-1+ cells. These and other data suggest that IL-2 acts primarily, if not exclusively, on THy-1+ cells. These results strengthen the view that natural cytotoxicity in vitro can be mediated by several distinct cell populations under different genetic and regulatory control and indicate the importance of defining and delineating the cell lineages of each and the role of the independent subsets in resistance to virus infections and tumors in vivo.
Development of plasma chemical vaporization machining (2000)

Conventional machining processes, such as turning, grinding, or lapping are still applied for many materials including functional ones. But those processes are accompanied with the formation of a deformed layer, so that machined surfaces cannot perform their original functions. In order to avoid such points, plasma chemical vaporization machining (CVM) has been developed. Plasma CVM is a chemical machining method using neutral radicals, which are generated by the atmospheric pressure plasma. By using a rotary electrode for generation of plasma, a high density of neutral radicals was formed, and we succeeded in obtaining high removal rate of several microns to several hundred microns per minute for various functional materials such as fused silica, single crystal silicon, molybdenum, tungsten, silicon carbide, and diamond. Especially, a high removal rate equal to lapping in the mechanical machining of fused silica and silicon was realized. 1.4 nm (p–v) was obtained as a surface roughness in the case of machining a silicon wafer. The defect density of a silicon wafer surface polished by various machining method was evaluated by the surface photo voltage spectroscopy. As a result, the defect density of the surface machined by plasma CVM was under 1/100 in comparison with the surface machined by mechanical polishing and argon ion sputtering, and very low defect density which was equivalent to the chemical etched surface was realized. A numerically controlled CVM machine for x-ray mirror fabrication is detailed in the accompanying article in this issue.