gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumor suppressors and cell metabolism: a recipe for cancer growth (2009)

Growing tumors face two major metabolic challenges-how to meet the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of increased cell proliferation, and how to survive environmental fluctuations in external nutrient and oxygen availability when tumor growth outpaces the delivery capabilities of the existing vasculature. Cancer cells display dramatically altered metabolic circuitry that appears to directly result from the oncogenic mutations selected during the tumorigenic process. An emerging theme in cancer biology is that many of the genes that can initiate tumorigenesis are intricately linked to metabolic regulation. In turn, it appears that a number of well-established tumor suppressors play critical roles in suppressing growth and/or proliferation when intracellular supplies of essential metabolites become reduced. In this review, we consider the potential role of tumor suppressors as metabolic regulators.
Treatment Options in Colorectal Liver Metastases: Hepatic Arterial Infusion (2017)

HAI therapy has a role in treating hepatic metastases from CRC in both the resectable and unresectable setting.
Introduction To Electrical Engineering (1986)

1 IntroductionPart I*Linear Electric Circuits2 Circuit Elements and Laws3 Analysis Techniques for Resistive Circuits4 The Energy Storage Elements5 AC Circuits6 TransientsPart II*Electronic Circuits7 Diodes8 Transistors and Amplifiers9 The Operational Amplifier10 Digital Electronic CircuitsPart III*Electric Power and Machines11 Polyphase Circuits12 Magnetic Circuits13 Transformers14 DC Machines15 Synchronous Machines16 Induction Motors17 Small AC Motors18 Electric Power SystemsPart IV*Control and Instrumentation19 Feedback Control Systems20 Electrical InstrumentationPart V*Digital Circuits and Systems21 Digital Logic Circuits22 Digital SystemsAppendixesA Unit ConversionB Fourier SeriesC LaPlace TransformsAnswers to ProblemsIndex
Dendrimer‐Mediated Multivalent Binding for the Enhanced Capture of Tumor Cells (2011)

A naturally occurring multivalent binding effect is manipulated by engineering cell capture surfaces using dendrimers. The enhanced binding through the multivalent effect significantly improves detection of tumor cells. This improvement can be potentially translated into clinically significant detection of circulating tumor cells from the blood of cancer patients.
Conformational change of the triple‐helical structure. II. Conformation of (Pro‐Pro‐Gly)<sub><i>n</i></sub> and (Pro‐Pro‐Gly)<sub><i>n</i></sub>(Ala‐Pro‐Gly)<sub><i>m</i></sub>(Pro‐Pro‐Gly)<sub><i>n</i></sub> in an aqueous solution (1974)

Abstract Measurements of the molecular weight of (Pro‐Pro‐Gly) n and (Pro‐Pro‐Gly) n (Ala‐Pro‐Gly) m (Pro‐Pro‐Gly) n , which were synthesized by the solid‐phase method, revealed that they formed a trimer in an aqueous solution, and dissociated into single‐stranded chains on warming. Accompanying the transition, a large decrease of optical rotation was observed, like the collagen–gelatin transition. The shape of the trimeric molecule was rodlike, and the dimensions were 12 Å in diameter and 2.8 Å per residue in length, regardless of the length of Ala‐Pro‐Gly sequences in a peptide chain. The data indicate that both Pro‐Pro‐Gly sequences and Ala‐Pro‐Gly sequences from the triple‐helical structure similar to that of collagen in aqueous solution. All optical rotational dispersion (ORD) curves of solutions of the peptides were represented by a single‐term Drude equation, and the Drude constant λ c was 200 nm for all peptides regardless of the length of Ala‐Pro‐Gly sequences. The resemblance between the helical structure formed by Pro‐Pro‐Gly sequences and that by Ala‐Pro‐Gly sequences was also suggested by the formation of the hybrid triple helix from two kinds of peptide chains with different lengths of Ala‐Pro‐Gly sequences.
A Linux-Based Approach to Low-Cost Support of Access Control Policies (1999)

It is vital to our country's political and economic future to adequately protect corporate and government information from unauthorized disclosure and modification. Unfortunately, the current state of computer security is weak, especially when novice adversaries can perform successful infiltrations of sensitive systems. Systems that enforce Mandatory Access Control (MAC) policies are known to reduce some known security weaknesses, but such systems have seen limited use within the United States Government, and they are rarely applied in the private sector. Some of this limited use is caused by a lack of exposure to systems able to enforce MAC policies. This thesis presents an inexpensive approach to providing a system supporting MAC policies, allowing users an opportunity to have hands on experience with such a system. A detailed design for modifying the Linux operating system is given, allowing for the flexible and simultaneous support of multiple policies. In particular, a design and detailed specification for the implementation of label based interfaces for the mandatory portions of the Bell and LaPadula secrecy model and the Biba integrity model have been developed. Implementation of portions of this design has demonstrated the feasibility of this approach to label based interfaces. This design has potential for widespread use in computer security education, as well as broad application as a component in the ongoing Department of Defense research of trusted computer system interfaces.
Growth hormones. II. Structure—function relationships (1989)

Localization of the somatotropic activity of growth hormones from several species and from different organs was attempted using different approaches. Sequences were compared in order to detect one or several regions with a common homology. The technique of peptide recombinants as well as chemical changes affecting some amino acids was applied to these hormones; the biological function in vivo of growth or binding to somatotropic receptors was then estimated. The few data available on biosynthetic molecules and secondary structures of natural growth hormones are reported. This study indicates the somatotropic function of particular sites.
Machine Selection of Elements in Crossword Puzzles: An Application of Computational Linguistics (1976)

This paper reports on the construction of a crossword puzzle generator. After an unsuccessful attempt to construct puzzles by whole word insertion, puzzles were constructed letter by letter. Heuristically determined decision structure was required. The constructor resolved questions of letter selection, ordering and reordering of the solution sequence, dictionary structure and access, and decision path selection. The decision basis for letter selection was based on a pseudo-probabilistic approach.
Sensor fusion using Dempster-Shafer theory [for context-aware HCI] (2003)

Context-sensing for context-aware HCI challenges the traditional sensor fusion methods with dynamic sensor configuration and measurement requirements commensurate with human perception. The Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence has uncertainty management and inference mechanisms analogous to our human reasoning process. Our Sensor Fusion for Context-aware Computing Project aims to build a generalizable sensor fusion architecture in a systematic way. This naturally leads us to choose the Dempster-Shafer approach as our first sensor fusion implementation algorithm This paper discusses the relationship between Dempster-Shafer theory and the classical Bayesian method, describes our sensor fusion research work using Dempster-Shafer theory in comparison with the weighted sum of probability method The experimental approach is to track a user's focus of attention from multiple cues. Our experiments show promising, thought-provoking results encouraging further research.
Color Image Recognition By Spectral-Spatial Matched Filtering (1984)

A polychromatic correlation detection technique by spectral-spatial matched filtering is described. This technique utilizes a diffraction grating and three collinear coherent sources. The technique for large capacity spatially multiplexing matched filter synthesis is also described. This technique offers true color signal detection, which is very suitable for color image recognition and identification. We also propose a real-time polychromatic image correlator for incoherent imaging. Several interesting experimental demonstrations of this color signal correlation detection scheme are provided. We note that this color signal detection technique will offer a wide range of applications for real-time color image recognition and identification, which is a step closer to the actual human perception system.
Further characterization of closterovirus-like particles associated with the grapevine leafroll disease (1990)

*Abstract
Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signalling in human pulmonary vascular development (2007)

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor (BMPR-II) is predominantly expressed on the vascular endothelium in the adult lung. Although mutations in BMPR-II are known to underlie many cases of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH), little is known regarding the expression of BMPs and their signalling pathways during normal lung development or the impact of BMPR-II mutations on endothelial cell function. We determined the cellular localization and expression levels of BMP4, BMP receptors, and activation of downstream signalling via phospho-Smad1 in a developmental series of human embryonic and fetal lungs by immunohistochemistry. The expression of BMP4 and BMP receptors was temporally and spatially regulated during lung development. BMPR-II expression correlated with phosphorylation of tissue Smad1 and was highest during the late pseudoglandular and early canalicular stage of lung development, when vasculogenesis is intense. Phospho-Smad1 expression was associated with markers of proliferation in endothelial cells. In vitro studies confirmed that BMPs 2 and 4 induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5 and pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) migration and proliferation. Adenoviral transfection of PAECs with mutant kinase-deficient BMPR-II, or siRNA knockdown of BMPR-II, inhibited Smad signalling and the proliferative response to BMP4. Our findings support a critical role for BMPs in lung vasculogenesis. Dysfunctional BMP signalling in PAECs during development may lead to abnormal pulmonary vascular development and contribute to the pathogenesis of FPAH.
Interaction of bacteriophage T4 RNA and DNA ligases in joining of duplex DNA at base-paired ends. (1977)

The joining of duplex DNA at base-paired ends by bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase was confirmed using either a synthetic duplex decamer or restriction endonuclease fragments of ColE1 DNA as substrates. The reaction was not linearly dependent on enzyme concentration but increased markedly at high enzyme concentrations. Although T4 RNA ligase did not catalyze this blunt end joining, it makedly stimulated the DNA ligase reaction particularly at low DNA ligase concentrations. The apparent Km for the decamer was 50 micronM in the presence or absence of RNA ligase. In the presence of RNA ligase, T4 DNA ligase had about the same turnover number for blunt end and cohesive end joining. The joining of duplex DNA at base-paired ends was proven by several techniques including restriction endonuclease cleavage of the products. The products of the ligation reaction using restriction enzyme fragments were mostly linear oligomers but included some circular duplexes. Escherichia coli DNA ligase in the presence or absence of RNA ligase did not catalyze blunt end joining. RNA ligase only moderately affected the joining of cohesive ends by T4 DNA ligase or E. coli DNA ligase and did not itself catalyze this reaction.
Answering reachability queries on large directed graphs (2010)

Answering reachability queries on graphs has been subject of extensive research for the last couple of decades. Reachability data structures and algorithms provide an answer to probably one of the easiest sounding questions in graph theory: can some vertex j be reached from another vertex i along edges in the graph? Such queries can be answered in many different ways, for example by using data structures representing the transitive closure of a graph. Starting in the 1950’s, computer scientists and mathematicians have proposed multiple ways to process a graph, extract reachability information and represent the transitive closure. Data sources – and the graphs representing them – are vastly growing, forcing researchers to look for new ways to efficiently represent a transitive closure, which grows quadratically in the number of vertices of a graph. Additionally, the amount of time required to process a graph and build a transitive closure data structure should be limited, as well as the amount of time required to answer reachability queries using the data structure. This thesis provides an introduction to transitive closure computation and proposes to use the concept of bit vector compression to reduce the amount of memory required to represent a transitive closure. A new data structure (based on bit vector compression) is presented, together with both a theoretical and experimental analysis to compare its performance – in terms of memory usage, construction time and query response time – to data structures presented in publications at major conferences. Although data structures described in recent publications are supported by a very sound theoretical foundation, it turns out that in practice more trivial existing approaches to compression of transitive closure data structures often provide similar or even better performance. The newly designed compression scheme often works faster (in terms of both construction time and query time) and has a smaller memory footprint in virtually all cases. “Life is all about timing... the unreachable becomes reachable, the unavailable become available, the unattainable... attainable. Have the patience, wait it out. It is all about timing.” — Stacey Charter
Biochemical and molecular characterization of a succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase involved in the catabolism of 4-hydroxybutyric acid in<i>Ralstonia eutropha</i> (1999)

A succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene (gabD) was identified to be disrupted in a transposon-induced mutant of Ralstonia eutropha exhibiting the phenotype 4-hydroxybutyric acid-leaky. The native gabD gene was cloned by colony hybridization using a homologous gabD-specific DNA probe. DNA sequencing revealed an 1452-bp open reading frame, and the deduced amino acid sequence showed strong similarities to NADP(+)-dependent succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenases from Escherichia coli, Rhizobium sp., Homo sapiens and Rattus norvegicus. The gabD gene was heterologously expressed in a recombinant E. coli strain harboring plasmid pSK::EE6.8. Similar to the molecular organization of the gab cluster in E. coli, additional genes encoding enzymes for the degradation of gamma-aminobutyrate are closely related to gabD in R. eutropha. Enzymatic studies indicated the existence of a second NAD(+)-dependent succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase in R. eutropha.
Mapping of Conformational Epitopes on Human Proteinase 3, the Autoantigen of Wegener’s Granulomatosis (2010)

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic Abs (cANCAs) against conformational epitopes of proteinase 3 (PR3) are regarded as an important pathogenic marker in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). Although the three-dimensional structure of PR3 is known, binding sites of mAbs and cANCAs have not been mapped to date. Competitive binding and biosensor experiments suggested the existence of four nonoverlapping areas on the PR3 surface. In this paper, we present an approach to identify these discontinuous surface regions that cannot be mimicked by linear peptides. The very few surface substitutions found in closely related PR3 homologs from primates, which were further varied by the construction of functional human-gibbon hybrids, resulted in the differential loss of three Ab binding sites, two of which were mapped to the N-terminal beta-barrel and one to the linker segment connecting the N- and C-terminal barrels of PR3. The sera from WG patients differed in their binding to gibbon PR3 and the gibbon-human PR3 hybrid, and could be divided into two groups with similar or significantly reduced binding to gibbon PR3. Binding of almost all sera to PR3-alpha1-protease inhibitor (alpha1-PI) complexes was even more reduced and often absent, indicating that major antigenic determinants overlap with the active site surface on PR3 that associates with alpha1-PI. Similarly, the mouse mAbs CLB12.8 and 6A6 also did not react with gibbon PR3 and PR3-alpha1-PI complexes. Our data strongly suggest that cANCAs from WG patients at least in part recognize similar surface structures as do mouse mAbs and compete with the binding of alpha1-PI to PR3.
A time series model of long-term NSFNET backbone traffic (2002)

We used time series analysis to create detailed forecasts of future NSFNET backbone traffic. The resulting autoregressive integrated moving average process (ARIMA) model made quite accurate forecasts of traffic levels up to a year in advance. It appears that the model can make reasonable predictions for two or more years into the future, suggesting that ARIMA modeling has great promise as a tool for long-range NSFNET forecasting and planning.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Self-aligned Assembly Technology For Optical Devices Using AuSn Solder Bumps Flip-chip Bonding (2005)

A flip-chip bonding technique using AuSn solder bumps, which are mechanically formed an the substrate, has been developed. Self-aligned assembly used in laser diode chip was realized with /spl plusmn/1/spl mu/m bonding Positioning precision.
Catalytic Decomposition of Ammonium Nitrate in Superheated Aqueous Solutions (1997)

The decomposition of aqueous ammonium nitrate at elevated temperatures and pressures is examined as a function of chloride, nitrate, and total acidity. Catalysis requiring both chloride and acid was observed in solutions containing 20% (w/w) NH4NO3 at 180 °C. Nitrous oxide and dinitrogen were generated in a 4:1 ratio below 0.2 M H+. Dinitrogen formation correlated with the production of additional acidity by the reaction 5NH4NO3 → 4N2 + 2HNO3 + 9H2O. The second-order dependence of the decomposition reaction on [H+] is consistent with the reversible formation of NO2+. Incorporation of 18O into the N2O product, as well as the inverse deuterium isotope effect, supports this conclusion. A novel mechanism based on the intermediacy of NO2Cl is proposed for the chloride catalysis and contrasted to the radical-based pathways operational in molten NH4NO3 decompositions. Isotope-labeling experiments using 15NH4NO3 lead to the formation of 15NNO-labeled nitrous oxide and the dinitrogen products 15N⋮15N and N⋮15N in a 1:3 ratio. Decomposition of NH415NO3 produces only N15NO and N⋮15N. This agrees with the reaction sequences: NO2Cl + NH4+ → {O2N−NH3}+ + H+ + Cl-, {O2N−NH3}+ → N2O + H3O+ and 3NO2Cl + 3NH3 → 3NH2Cl + 3NO2- + 3H+, 3NH2Cl → N2 + NH4+ + 3Cl- + 2H+, 3NO2- + 3NH4+ → 3N2 + 6H2O. These results bear on the industrial preparation of NH4NO3 and suggest conditions under which nitrous oxide emissions might be important to the global N2O budget.
Acetylation phenotype and cutaneous hypersensitivity to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in HIV-infected patients (1994)

A slow acetylation phenotype is a risk factor for hypersensitivity to TMP-SMX in HIV-infected subjects.
Electromigration in sputtered copper interconnection with polyimide as interlevel dielectric or passivation (2002)

Electromigration damage (EMD) is one of the major causes for the failures of interconnection. The use of copper and low dielectric constant dielectric has been proposed to reduce the RC time delay and to improve EMD. In this study, the Electromigration of Cu with polyimide is investigated with an empirical formula dR/dt/spl middot/1/R/sub 0/=AJ/sup n/ exp(Q/RT). Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) reveals the interdiffusion between Cu and polyimide during curing of the polyimide and/or annealing of Cu metallization. Thin layers of TiW is deposited between polyimide and Cu as a barrier to reduce the interdiffusion. The activation energy Q for the electromigration of Cu on polyimide is 0.77 eV from 120/spl deg/C to 230/spl deg/C, while activation energies for samples with titanium tungsten as an interlayer are 0.79 eV (140/spl deg/C to 190/spl deg/C) and 1.73 eV (190/spl deg/C to 230/spl deg/C). The presence of TiW barrier enhances the high temperature electromigration resistance and promotes the adhesion between Cu and polyimide interface. However, films with TiW are found to be more sensitive to current stressing than those without. Polyimide is also employed as a passivated layer on top of Cu metallization. Resistance of the passivated samples decrease in the initial stage of the electromigration experiment. Possible causes are discussed on the decrease in R. The geometry of the metallization also affects the electromigration, the current exponent (n), calculated from EMD data, are different for interconnection with different geometries.
Development of a baseline-temperature correction methodology for electrochemical sensors and its implications for long-term stability (2016)

Recent studies have shown that (three-electrode) electrochemical sensors can be utilised for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment. The long-term performance of these sensors is however, often limited by the effects of ambient meteorological parameters on the sensor baseline, in particular temperature. If electrochemical (EC) sensors are to be adopted for air quality measurement over extended periods (months), this effect must be accounted for. Recent long-term, ambient measurements of CO, NO and NO2 using EC sensors have revealed that temperature (and relative humidity (RH)) had an effect on the baseline which was more pronounced in the case of NO sensors with coefficient of determination, R2 of 0.9 when compared to CO and NO2 with R2 < 0.2. In this paper we present a correction methodology that quantifies this effect (referred to here as fitted baseline), implementing these correction on the EC measurements. We found that EC sensors corrected for baseline-temperature effect using the method describe in this paper show good agreement when compared with traditional reference instrument. The coefficient of determination R2 of 0.7–0.8 and gradient of 0.9 was observed for baseline-temperature corrected NO compared to R2 = 0.02 prior to baseline-temperature correction. Furthermore, the correction methodology was validated by comparing the temperature-baseline with proxy temperature compensating measurements obtained from the fourth electrode of a set of novel four-electrode electrochemical sensors. A good agreement (R2 = 0.9, with gradients = 0.7–1.08 for NO and 0.5 < R2 < 0.73 for CO) was observed between temperature fitted baselines and outputs from the fourth electrodes (also known non-sensing/auxiliary electrode). Meanwhile, the long-term stability (calibrated signal output) of temperature-corrected data was evaluated by comparing the change in sensor gain to meteorological parameters including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction. The results showed that there was no statistically significant change in sensitivity (two-sided t-test, p = 0.34) of the temperature-corrected electrochemical sensor with respect to these parameters (over several months). This work demonstrates that using the baseline-temperature correction methodology described in this paper, electrochemical sensors can be used for long-term (months), quantitative measurements of air quality gases at the parts per billion volume (ppb) mixing ratio level typical of ambient conditions in the urban environment.