gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Détermination du facteur de séparation du deutérium entre l'ammoniac et l'hydrogène (1963)

Les facteurs de séparation du deutérium entre l'hydrogène moléculaire et l'ammoniac gazeux (αg), et entre l'hydrogène moléculaire et l 'ammoniac liquide (αl ) ont été étudiés à l'aide de mesures expérimentales et de calculs a partir des données spectrographiques. Des relations sont établies qui permettent de calculer αg et αl à différentes températures. La différence d'énergie de zéro entre NH, et NH.D en a été déduite.
High breakdown voltage vertical GaN p-n junction diodes using guard ring structures (2017)

New guard ring structures were adopted to increase the breakdown voltages of the vertical GaN p-n diodes. With this structure, a voltage drop occurs in the guard ring portions by inserting resistance devices between the guard ring portions and the main p-n diode portions, and it is possible to attain higher breakdown voltages by the voltage drop at the most sensitive outer region of the diodes. By adopting this structure, the breakdown voltages of about 200 V has been improved compared with the normal circular p-n diodes.
Porosity—the Open Space in a Filter Bed (1982)

In precise terminology, filter‐bed porosity is the ratio of the combined volume of the voids in the filter‐bed material to the total volume of the filter‐bed material. Porosity is one of several factors affecting filter performance. Accompanying this article is a sample problem showing how to calculate filter‐run time to prevent porosity from falling below a given minimum value.
A Bis-Carbenealkenyl Copper(I) Complex from a Tripodal Tris-Carbene Ligand (2003)

The new tris-carbene ligand [TIMEt-Bu] has been synthesized and fully characterized. Reaction of the free carbene with a copper(I) salt provided an unprecedented dinuclear Cu(I)−Cu(I) complex, in which the cuprous ion is coordinated in a trigonal planar ligand environment of three different carbon ligators. Interestingly, one of the three chelating carbon atoms can be formed only via C−H activation of the unsaturated imidazole backbone of the carbene chelator. Accordingly, the title complex is described as a bis-carbenealkenyl copper(I) complex.
Mangafodipir a Selective Cytoprotectant — with Special Reference to Oxaliplatin and Its Association to Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) (2017)

Oxaliplatin, in combination with 5-fluorouracil plus folinate (or capecitabine), has increased survival substantially in stage III colorectal cancer and prolonged life in stage IV patients, but its use is compromised because of severe toxicity. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is the most problematic dose-limiting toxicity of oxaliplatin. Oncologists included for years calcium and magnesium infusion as part of clinical practice for preventing CIPN. Results from a phase III prospective study published in 2014, however, overturned this practice. No other treatments have been clinically proven to prevent this toxicity. There is a body of evidence that CIPN is caused by cellular oxidative stress. Clinical and preclinical data suggest that the manganese chelate and superoxide dismutase mimetic mangafodipir (MnDPDP) is an efficacious inhibitor of CIPN and other conditions caused by cellular oxidative stress, without interfering negatively with the tumoricidal activity of chemotherapy. MnPLED, the metabolite of MnDPDP, attacks cellular oxidative stress at several critical levels. Firstly, MnPLED catalyzes dismutation of superoxide (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•-</sup>), and secondly, having a tremendous high affinity for iron (and copper), PLED binds and disarms redox active iron/copper, which is involved in several detrimental oxidative steps. A case report from 2009 and a recent feasibility study suggest that MnDPDP may prevent or even cure oxaliplatin-induced CIPN. Preliminary results from a phase II study (PLIANT) suggest efficacy also of calmangafodipir, but these results are according to available data obscured by a surprisingly low number of adverse events and a seemingly lower than expected efficacy of FOLFOX.
Service control point (SCP) for the GSM and personal communications systems (1991)

Describes the basic requirements, key functionality, main design features and implementation aspects of an SCP node for integrated digital cellular networks. This intelligent network (IN) SCP is implemented, in the first instance, in terms of the home location register (HLR), authentication centre (AUC) and equipment identity register (EIR) functional entities, in accordance with ETSI/GSM Recommendations (1990). As the difference between the GSM/900 MHz System and the Digital Cellular System operating at 1800 MHz primarily concerns the Radio part of the system, a similar SCP implementation is anticipated in the first instance for both.<
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Pharmacotherapy of Otitis Media (1991)

The clinical manifestations of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion are the result of abnormal eustachian tube function most often caused by inflammation from infection or allergy. The majority of cases involve bacterial infection of the middle ear caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Branhamella catarrhalis. Nearly half of all children will have had at least one episode of acute otitis media by 1 year of age, and over 70% by 3 years of age. The signs and symptoms include pain with rubbing or tugging at the ear, fever, irritability, lethargy, and hearing loss. The primary therapy for acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion is antibiotics with the goal of preventing possible complications and providing symptomatic relief. Amoxicillin remains the initial drug of choice in communities where beta-lactamase-producing strains of the common middle ear pathogens are infrequently isolated. If resistant organisms are prevalent, cefaclor, amoxicillin-clavulanate, or cotrimoxazole should be selected. Adjuvant agents such as decongestants have not been shown to provide additional therapeutic benefit. Children who develop chronic otitis media may require prophylactic antibiotic therapy and insertion of typanostomy tubes.
Graphite Nanoplatelet−Epoxy Composite Thermal Interface Materials (2007)

Natural graphite was intercalated, thermally exfoliated, and dispersed in acetone to prepare graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs, Gn) of controlled aspect ratio. Thermal conductivity measurements indicate that few graphene layer Gn, where n ∼ 4, with a thickness of ∼2 nm function as a very efficient filler for epoxy composites. When embedded in an epoxy matrix, the G4 GNPs provide a thermal conductivity enhancement of more than 3000% (loading of ∼25 vol %), and a thermal conductivity κ = 6.44 W/mK, which surpasses the performance of conventional fillers that require a loading of ∼70 vol % to achieve these values. We attribute the outstanding thermal properties of this material to a favorable combination of the high aspect ratio, two-dimensional geometry, stiffness, and low thermal interface resistance of the GNPs.
General polarized ray-tracing method for inhomogeneous uniaxially anisotropic media (2008)

Uniaxial optical anisotropy in the geometrical-optics approach is a classical problem, and most of the theory has been known for at least fifty years. Although the subject appears frequently in the literature, wave propagation through inhomogeneous anisotropic media is rarely addressed. The rapid advances in liquid-crystal lenses call for a good overview of the theory on wave propagation via anisotropic media. Therefore, we present a novel polarized ray-tracing method, which can be applied to anisotropic optical systems that contain inhomogeneous liquid crystals. We describe the propagation of rays in the bulk material of inhomogeneous anisotropic media in three dimensions. In addition, we discuss ray refraction, ray reflection, and energy transfer at, in general, curved anisotropic interfaces with arbitrary orientation and/or arbitrary anisotropic properties. The method presented is a clear outline of how to assess the optical properties of uniaxially anisotropic media.
<i>Plum pox virus</i>in Canada: progress in research and future prospects for disease control (2006)

Plum pox virus (PPV), one of the potyviruses originally from Europe and recently found in Canada, is the causative agent of sharka in Prunoideae. The virus infects many types of ornamental as well as stone-fruit Prunus spp., such as peach, nectarine, plum, cherry, and apricot, resulting in extensive economic losses. Immediately after it was found in Canada, a PPV eradication, grower compensation, and research program funded by the Canadian federal and provincial governments was implemented. This review summarizes general information about PPV, including the physical and molecular features of the viral pathogen, symptoms of the disease, geographical distribution, and current control strategy, and highlights research progress and future prospects for control of the disease in Canada.
A practical and theoretical definition of very small field size for radiotherapy output factor measurements (2014)

Extremely careful experimental methodology including the measurement of dosimetric field size at the same time as output factor measurement for each field size setting and also very precise detector alignment is required at field sizes at least ≤ 12 mm and more conservatively ≤ 15 mm for 6 MV beams. These recommendations should be applied in addition to all the usual considerations for small field dosimetry, including careful detector selection.
9. Managing schizophrenia in the community (1998)

The heterogeneity of schizophrenia and the stigma attached to severe mental illness make initiating and providing treatment difficult — but prudent use of antipsychotics, a practical approach to psychosocial treatments and assertive case management can clearly enhance the individual's quality of life.
Electric and Magnetic Forces: A Direct Calculation. I (1951)

In I, the forces acting on an arbitrary portion of an electrically or magnetically polarized body are calculated without introduction of energy arguments, of an atomic model of the polarization, or of assumptions in regard to the physical significance of the macroscopic field vectors within polarized matter. It is pointed out that a magneto-mechanical formula derived by use of ampèrian currents and one derived by use of magnetic poles will, in general, require different “stress” systems in a given physical situation, because a part of the force that is included in the long-range force in one calculation is attributed to stresses in the other. In the present treatment, dipole-dipole interactions are taken as fundamental; poles and ampèrian currents are regarded as purely formal devices; and the two are treated on an equal footing, so that two equivalent sets of formulas are obtained. In II, the general formulas of I are specialized to the case of a fluid. Formulas relating to electrostriction and to the effect of immersing a body in a fluid are derived; their relation to the traditional formulas (based on energy arguments) is discussed.
Hybrid Precoding-Beamforming Design With Hadamard RF Codebook for mmWave Large-Scale MIMO Systems (2017)

This paper proposes a hybrid structure for multi-stream large-scale multi-input multi-output (MIMO) beamforming systems, in single-user scenario, using a Hadamard radio frequency (RF) codebook with low-bit resolution phase shifters. We show that Hadamard transform can be used in RF beamsteering/beamcombining to achieve better performance in terms of average achievable spectral efficiency and low hardware cost using 1- or 2-b resolution APSs. In contrast, the state-of-the-art RF codebook designs available in the literature requires more than 7-b resolution to achieve the same performance as the proposed scheme, for large antenna arrays with up to 256 elements. The performance gains of the proposed RF codebook design is thoroughly investigated using MATLAB simulations for typical mmWave MIMO system, and the simulation results are closely verified by the analytical expressions.
[Tear lactoferrin in keratoconjunctivitis sicca]. (1989)

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a commonly encountered disease with decreased lacrimal gland activity. There are several tests to determine the lacrimal gland function, but all have limitations in accuracy, sensitivity or technical difficulty. At present, there is no reliable objective test to render a firm diagnosis of dry eye. Lactoferrin is one of the major proteins secreted by the lacrimal gland. Its concentration was found to correlate well to lacrimal gland activity. In this study we tried to evaluate the diagnostic value of lactoferrin measurement in comparison with other tests for keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Tests including the measurement of tear lactoferrin, Schirmer's-1 test, Schirmer's basal test, tear film break-up time, and rose bengal stain of the cornea were done on 60 healthy eyes and 56 eyes with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The lactoferrin level was measured by a commercially available "Lactoplate" (Eagle Vision, U.S.A.). It is a plate containing gel loaded with rabbit anti-human-lactoferrin antiserum. Tear-moistened filter paper discs containing lactoferrin were placed on the gel. The lactoferrin concentration could be determined by measuring the concentric ring of precipitate after 72 hours incubation at room temperature. The average concentration of lactoferrin was 1.9 +/- 0.51 mg/ml in the normal group and 1.4 +/- 0.93 mg/ml in the keratoconjunctivitis sicca group. They were significantly different from each other (t-test: p less than 0.05). The results of the other 4 tests also showed a significant difference between the normal and keratoconjunctivitis sicca group, but the lactoferrin measurement had the highest specificity among these 5 tests. Because of the technical simplicity of measurement and its high specificity, lactoferrin measurement could be a valuable tool for the early and accurate diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
Probability of correctness of processor-array outputs using periodic concurrent error detection (1996)

Processor arrays, featuring modularity, regular interconnection, and high parallelism, are well suited for VLSI/WSI implementation and specific applications with high computational requirements. Error detection and recovery are important for some applications of processor arrays. Concurrent error detection (CED) techniques, which check normal system operations, are designed to detect errors caused by transient and intermittent faults, However, CED techniques typically suffer from costly hardware penalties or performance costs. This paper describes the periodic application of concurrent error detection (PACED) technique which allows the performance costs incurred through the use of time-redundant CED in processor array architectures to be reduced. The application of CED is varied in both time and space to provide probabilistic detection of errors in processor arrays. The probability of correctness of outputs from processor arrays is studied. Formulae are derived that predict, upon error detection, the amount of possibly erroneous output, for single processors, linear arrays and 2-dimensional mesh processor arrays. The results indicate that the error coverage can be surprisingly high when PACED is applied in processor arrays, e.g., 95% for checking performed 50% of the time.
Similarity of DNA Fingerprints Due to Chance and Relatedness (1993)

Given the DNA fingerprints of two individuals with some bands being shared by both individuals, we define a new measure of the degree of similarity between the DNA profiles of two individuals. We use this measure to calculate the expected DNA similarity of two unrelated individuals of a randomly mating population; this similarity is due to chance only. Then, the expected similarity between two related individuals is obtained; this similarity is due to chance and relatedness. From these results, the degree of similarity due to relatedness alone may be calculated.
Recovery and Maintenance of Live Amphipods at a Pressure of 580 Bars from an Ocean Depth of 5700 Meters (1978)

Amphipods were collected from an ocean depth of 5700 meters in a windowed pressure-retaining trap, kept alive in the trap for as long as 9 days aboard ship, and transported to a land laboratory. Observations suggest that the animals can easily tolerate decompressions of 29 percent and briefly of 70 percent of the value of 580 bars, the pressure of their natural habitat. The average pleopod beat frequency was 106 beats per minute. Evidence suggests that food (fish bait) can have at least a 4-day residence time in the gut of these animals.
Structure of the Bluetongue Virus Capsid (1972)

Seven polypeptides were found to be present in the capsid of the bluetongue virus (BTV), four of which are major and three are minor components. This number and size distribution is the same as that found in reovirus, which has a similar segmented, double-stranded ribonucleic acid genome. In both viruses an excellent correlation is found between the molecular weights of certain genome segments and those of the polypeptides, suggesting a direct coding relationship between them. Careful comparison, however, indicates that the correlation patterns of the two viruses are different, suggesting that different genome segments may be utilized to code for certain capsid proteins. This phenomenon may be related to the fact that these viruses can be distinguished morphologically, reovirus having a larger diameter and possessing a double-layered capsid against the smaller single capsid of the BTV. Utilizing the degrading effect of CsCl gradients, it was demonstrated, however, that two of the BTV polypeptides are present as a diffuse protein layer surrounding the capsid. This outer layer probably has some of the functions of the reovirus outer capsid, one being the "masking" of a viral transcriptase which could be demonstrated after its removal.
Amphiphilic EuDOTA‐Tetraamide Complexes Form Micelles with Enhanced CEST Sensitivity (2012)

The synthesis and characterization of four new DOTA-tetraamide ligands having variable alkyl chain lengths (C(1), C(12), C(14), and C(16)) and their respective europium (III) complexes are reported. The three EuL complexes having long alkyl chains spontaneously form micelles of variable size. The critical micelle concentration differed for each complex (lower for the C(16) complex than the C(12) complex) while micelle size increased with increasing alkyl chain length. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) experiments showed that all four Eu(III) complexes display slow-to-intermediate water exchange kinetics. As expected, the CEST signals in these complexes decreased with increasing temperatures due to faster water exchange but, interestingly, the CEST signals for the C(14) and C(16) complexes approached a maximum near 25°C consistent with exchange limited CEST at or near room temperature. The water residence lifetimes obtained by fitting the CEST spectra to the Bloch equations increased in parallel with an increase in alkyl carbon chain-length. By comparisons with the monomethylamide complex, which served as control, the data illustrate that micelle formation serves to slow the rate of water exchange in these systems. The complex having the largest CEST effect per unit Eu(III) concentration (the C(16) analog) had a detection limit of 5.3 μM. This represents an approximate 250-fold increase in sensitivity relative to the monomethylamide control (detection limit ~1.3 mM). These features highlight the potential of using micelle-based systems such as these as paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) agents for molecular imaging by MRI.
Masked megaloblastic anemia (1982)

• In six patients, eight episodes of anemia associated with folic acid or vitamin B<sub>12</sub>deficiency were unaccompanied by marcrocytosis. Six of the eight episodes of anemia were complicated by illnesses of an inflammatory or infectious nature, two patients had iron deficiency, two appeared to have a thalassemia trait, and one had severe renal failure. In five of the eight episodes, erythropoiesis was not megaloblastic and there was insufficient anisocytosis or poikilocytosis to suggest an underlying vitamin deficiency state. Hypersegmented neutrophils were observed in all episodes, but a neutrophil lobe average of greater than 3.5 lobes per cell was observed only once, and in one patient, less than 5% of the circulating neutrophils were hypersegmented. Giant metamyelocytes, however, were present in the marrow in all of the episodes and provided an important clue to the presence of the vitamin deficiency state. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>1982;142:2111-2114)
Evaluation of the likelihood of a selective CHK1 inhibitor (LY2603618) to inhibit CYP2D6 with desipramine as a probe substrate in cancer patients (2014)

LY2603618 is a selective inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid damage checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) and has been in development for the enhancement of chemotherapeutic agents. The study described was to assess the potential interaction between LY2603618 and cytochrome P450 isoform 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrate desipramine in patients with cancer. Before clinical investigation, in silico simulations (using Simcyp®) were conducted. An open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence study was planned in 30 patients with advanced or metastatic cancers, in which a 50 mg oral dose of desipramine was administered alone and in combination with 275 mg of LY2603618 (i.v. infusion). An interim analysis was planned after 15 patients completed both periods. Ratios of geometric least squares means (LSMs) of primary pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and 90% repeated confidence intervals (RCIs) between desipramine plus LY2603618 and desipramine alone were calculated. Lack of an interaction was declared if the 90% RCI fell between 0.8 and 1.25. The LSM ratios (90% RCI) for areas under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to tlast (AUC[0-tlast]) and to infinity (AUC[0-∞]) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were 1.14 (1.04, 1.25), 1.09 (0.99, 1.21) and 1.16 (1.05, 1.29). In silico simulations were predictive of clinical results. Single doses of 275 mg LY2603618 administered with 50 mg desipramine were generally well tolerated. In conclusion, no clinically significant interaction was observed between LY2603618 and desipramine in patients with cancer. In silico predictions of clinical results demonstrated that mechanistic and physiologically based PK approaches may inform clinical study design in cancer patients.
Inter-enterprise workflow management systems (1999)

Electronic commerce is conceived as one of the major channels for performing commerce on a global scale, and the area is rapidly evolving. Currently, transferring and processing electronic data is handled separately from the enterprise support system, e.g., workflows, thus blurring the actual functionality of the supply chain. We propose an extension of a standard workflow model to enable the description and control of the full life cycle of a supply chain.
Oligo(Ether-Sulfones). 1. Functionalized Oligo(Ether-Sulfones) from 4,4-<i>Bis</i>(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-Pentanoic Acid And<i>Bis</i>(4-Chlorophenyl)Sulfone: Synthesis, Properties, and Substitution of the Chlorophenyl-Endgroups (1996)

Abstract Several oligo(ether-sulfones) with carboxylic groups in the side chains and chlorophenyl-endgroups were synthesized by polycondensation of different relative amounts of bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone (1) and 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid (2). The molecular weight distributions of the oligo(ether-sulfone)-fractions were estimated by GPC and MALDI-TOF (3a-c). The glass transition temperatures of the oligo(ether-sulfones) increase with the molecular weight of the oligomers. Additionally, the chlorophenylendgroups of 3b were substituted with different 4-alkoxyphenols via nucleophile aromatic displacement. The resulting oligo(ether-sulfones) 4b, 5b and 6b with alkyloxy-endgroups show slightly lower Tg-values compared with the corresponding oligomer with chlorophenyl-endgroups.