gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimizing peak power consumption during scan testing: test pattern modification with X filling heuristics (2006)

Scan architectures, though widely used in modern designs, are expensive in power consumption. In this paper, we discuss the issues of excessive peak power consumption during scan testing. We show that taking care of high current levels during the test cycle (i.e. between launch and capture) is highly relevant to avoid noise phenomena such as IR-drop or ground bounce. We propose a solution based on power-aware assignment of don't care bits in deterministic test patterns. For ISCAS'89 and ITC'99 benchmark circuits, this approach reduces peak power during the test cycle up to 89% compared to a random filling solution
Characteristics of Heparinized Surfaces (1968)

Heparin can be attached to a variety of surfaces by means of complex formation with quaternary ammonium salts. Depending on the method used to attach heparin, the resulting surfaces may or may not release heparin when contacted with blood plasma. The removal of heparin from surfaces by plasma protein fractions was studied and it was found that alpha-globulins removed greater amounts than any other fraction. Heparinized surfaces adsorb proteins when exposed to blood or plasma. However, with the possible exception of thrombin, there is no consistent pattern of protein adsorption which can be related to their nonthrombogenicity.
Stacked MOSFET's in a single film of laser-recrystallized PolySilicon (1982)

The feasibility of building stacked MOSFET's in a single laser recrystallized polysilicon film is demonstrated. Devices fabricated in this initial study use separate gates to obtain independent enhancement mode behavior on each surface of the recrystallized film. The transistors worked simultaneously and inverter action was demonstrated using a CMOS configuration.
Thin-film active nano-PWAS for structural health monitoring (2009)

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an emerging field in which smart materials interrogate structural components to predict failure, expedite needed repairs, and thus increase the useful life of those components. Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) have been previously adhesively-bonded to structures and demonstrate the ability to detect and locate cracking, corrosion, and disbonding through use of pitch-catch, pulse-echo, electro/mechanical impedance, and phased array technology. The present research considers structurally-integrated PWAS that can be fabricated directly to the structural substrate using thin-film nano technologies (e.g., pulsed-laser deposition, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, etc.) Because these novel PWAS are made up of nano layers they are dubbed nano-PWAS. Nano-PWAS research consists of two parts, thin-film fabrication and nano-PWAS construction. The first part is how to fabricate the piezoelectric thin-film on structure materials. In our research, ferroelectric BaTiO3 (BTO) thin films were successfully deposited on structure material Ni and Ti by pulsed laser deposition under the optimal synthesis conditions. Microstructural studies revealed that the as-grown BTO thin films have the nanopillar structures and the good interface structures with no inter-diffusion or reaction. The dielectric and ferroelectric property measurements exhibit that the BTO films have a relatively large dielectric constant, a small dielectric loss, and an extremely large piezoelectric response with a symmetric hysteresis loop. The second part is nano-PWAS construction and how they are related to the active SHM interrogation methods. Nano-PWAS architecture achieved through thin-film deposition technology and its potential application for SHM were discussed here. The research objective is to develop the fabrication and optimum design of thin-film nano-PWAS for structural health monitoring applications.
<title>Classical imaging and digital imaging spectrophotometric techniques in cullets (glass fragments) sorting</title> (2004)

Cullets optical sorting represents one of the oldest selection procedure applied to the field of solid waste recycling. From the original sorting strategies, mainly addressed to separate non-transparent elements (ceramics, stones, metal particles, etc.) from transparent ones (glass fragments), the attention was addressed to define procedures and actions able to separate the cullets according to their color characteristics and, more recently, to recognize transparent ceramic glass from glass. Cullets sorting is currently realized adopting, as detecting architecture, laser beam technology based devices. The sorting logic is mainly analogical. An “on-off” logic is applied. Detection is, in fact, based on the evaluation of the “characteristics” of the energy (transparent or non-transparent fragment) and the spectra (fragment color attributes) received by a detector after that cullets were crossed by a suitable laser beam light. Such an approach presents some limits related with the technology utilized and the material characteristics. The technological limits are linked to the physical dimension and the mechanical arrangement of the optics carrying out and in the signals, and with the pneumatic architectures enabling the modification of cullets trajectory to realize sorting, according to their characteristics (color and transmittance). Furthermore such devices are practically “blind” in the recognition of ceramic glasses, whose presence in the final selected material to melt, damage the full recycled glass fusion compromising the quality of the final product. In the following it will be described the work developed, and the results achieved, in order to design a full integrated classical digital imaging and spectrophotometric based approach addressed to develop suitable sorting strategies able to perform, at industrial recycling scale, the distinction of cullets both in terms of color and material typologies, that is “real glass” from “ceramic glass” fragments.
Soft-Decision LDPC Turbo Decoding for DQPSK Modulation in Coherent Optical Receivers (2011)

We investigate DQPSK modulation combined with QC-LDPC coding. By applying iterative demodulation and soft-decision decoding, the differential decoding penalty is reduced by 2.05dB offering an attractive solution for coherent optical systems with soft-decision FEC.
Synthesis, Characterization, and <sup>1</sup>H NMR Self-Diffusion Studies of Dendritic Aliphatic Polyesters Based on 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic Acid and 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxyphenyl)ethane (1996)

Dendritic aliphatic polyesters of one, two, three, and four generations (Mw: 906, 1856, 3754, and 7549 g/mol) were synthesized in the convergent fashion, using 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid as building block and 1,1,1-tris(hydroxyphenyl)ethane as core molecule. Dendrons of one to four generations were synthesized from the building block and in a final step coupled to the core molecule. The focal point of the dendrons was protected by a benzyl ester group and deprotected by catalytic hydrogenolysis. The esterifications were performed by conversion of the acid into the corresponding acid chloride and followed by reaction of the acid chloride with the hydroxyl groups in the presence of triethylamine and dimethylaminopyridine. The simplicity of the 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectras and elemental analyses suggest that pure and monodisperse dendrimers were obtained. Molecular self-diffusion studies of first, second, third, and fourth generation dendrimers were performed, in chloroform, using pulsed-field spin echo 1H NMR spectroscopy. The self-diffusion coefficients were calculated with the standard form of the Stejskal−Tanner equation. The effective radii of the dendrimers were estimated from the diffusion coefficients by assuming a spherical geometry for all dendrimers. The radii obtained were 7.8, 10.3, 12.6, and 17.1 Å for the first, second, third, and fourth generation dendrimer, respectively.
The alpha7-nicotinic receptor contributes to gp120-induced neurotoxicity: implications in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (2018)

Currently, there are no specific therapies to treat HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The HIV-1 envelope, gp120, induces neuropathological changes similar to those in HAND patients; furthermore, it triggers an upregulation of the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR), facilitating intracellular calcium overload and neuronal cell death. Using a gp120<sub>IIIB</sub>-transgenic mouse (gp120-tgm) model, we demonstrate that α7-nAChRs are upregulated on striatal neurons. Activation of α7-nAChRs leads to an increase in both intracellular calcium and percentage of apoptotic cells, which can be abrogated by antagonizing the receptor, suggesting a role for α7-nAChRs in gp120-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that gp120-tgm have learning deficiencies on a striatum-dependent behavioral task. They also show locomotor deficiencies, which improved with α7-nAChR antagonists, further supporting a role for this receptor in gp120-induced neurotoxicity. Together, these results uncover a new mechanism through which gp120-induced modulation of α7-nAChRs in the striatum can contribute to HAND development.
Anti-müllerian hormone and anti-müllerian hormone type II receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression during postnatal testis development and in the adult testis of the rat. (1995)

Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) induces degeneration of the müllerian ducts during male sex differentiation and may have additional functions concerning gonadal development. In the immature rat testis, there is a marked developmental increase in AMH type II receptor (AMHRII) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in Sertoli cells, concomitant with the initiation of spermatogenesis. AMHRII mRNA is also expressed at a high level in Sertoli cells in adult rats. To obtain information about the possible functions of AMH in the testis, we investigated the postnatal expression patterns of the genes encoding AMH and AMHRII in the rat testis in more detail. Using RNase protection assays, AMH and AMHRII mRNA expression was measured in total RNA preparations from testes or testicular tubule segments isolated from control rats and from rats that had received various treatments. The testicular level of AMHRII mRNA was found to be much higher than that of AMH mRNA in adult rats. AMH mRNA was detected at a maximal level at stage VII of the spermatogenic cycle and at a low level at the other stages. AMHRII mRNA increases from stage XIII, is highest at stages VI and VII, and then rapidly declines at stage VIII to almost undetectable levels at stages IX-XII. It was found that the increase in testicular AMHRII mRNA expression during the first 3 weeks of postnatal development also occurs in sterile rats (prenatally irradiated), and hence, is independent of the presence or absence of germ cells. Yet, the total testicular level of AMHRII mRNA was decreased in sterile adult rats (prenatally irradiated or experimental cryptorchidism), as compared with intact control rats. However, treatment of adult rats with methoxyacetic acid or hydroxyurea, which resulted in partial germ cell depletion, had no effect on total testicular AMHRII mRNA expression. We conclude that a combination of multiple spermatogenic cycle events, possibly involving changes of Sertoli cell structure and/or Sertoli cell-basal membrane interactions, regulate autocrine AMH action on Sertoli cells, in particular at stage VII of the spermatogenic cycle.
Insights into the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Polymorph Selection (2006)

We use molecular simulations to study polymorph selection during the crystallization of charge-stabilized colloidal suspension. By modifying the conditions of crystallization, we invert the stability of two polymorphs and induce the formation of crystallites whose structure is predominantly that of the stable polymorph. However, our simulations reveal that kinetics play a major role not only during the nucleation step but also in the growth mechanism. The growth of postcritical crystallites of the stable polymorph proceeds through a complex mechanism involving the cross-nucleation of a third metastable polymorph followed by the conversion of this third polymorph into the stable structure.
Ichthyology of the High Biobio River system: Some taxonomical, alimentary, reproductive and ecological aspects and a discussion on the river basin (1993)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
32-CRYSTAL POSITRON TRANSVERSE SECTION DETECTOR. (1972)

known algorithms. The device is applicable for either static or dynamic imaging of the brain and other organs as well as gated images of the heart. The major application is for the detection and understanding of cardiac and cerebral vascular disease and physiology.
High-order social interactions in groups of mice (2013)

Social behavior in mammals is often studied in pairs under artificial conditions, yet groups may rely on more complicated social structures. Here, we use a novel system for tracking multiple animals in a rich environment to characterize the nature of group behavior and interactions, and show strongly correlated group behavior in mice. We have found that the minimal models that rely only on individual traits and pairwise correlations between animals are not enough to capture group behavior, but that models that include third-order interactions give a very accurate description of the group. These models allow us to infer social interaction maps for individual groups. Using this approach, we show that environmental complexity during adolescence affects the collective group behavior of adult mice, in particular altering the role of high-order structure. Our results provide new experimental and mathematical frameworks for studying group behavior and social interactions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00759.001.
Equality (2015)

Universal human equality that includes all peoples is a relatively new idea in western history. In the United States, racial inequality has frequently been addressed by increasing educational opportunities. Minorities in other western states may receive more direct government aid, while poor nonwhite countries may in the long term benefit materially by becoming part of the global economy. Issues of white racism and white privilege have an uncertain future.
Oxandrolone disposition and metabolism in man (1973)

The disposition and metabolic fate of 14 C‐oxandrolone (17α‐methyl‐17β‐hydroxy‐2‐oxa‐5α‐androstan‐3‐one) has been studied in 6 healthy male subiects. After administration of a single oral dose (10 mg containing 20 p.Ci of 14C in ethanolic solution), the peak concentration of 14 C‐oxandrolone in the plasma was 417 (mean) µg per milliliter at 0.50 to 1.50 hours. Its level then declined in two phases: from 1.5 to 4.0 hours with a half‐life of 0.55 hour and from 4.0 to 48 hours with a half‐life of 9.4 hours. The ingested 14 C was eliminated predominantly by urinary excretion. In the urine, 43.6% of the administered 14 C was excreted in 24 hours and 60.4% in 96 hours. Recovery of 14 C in the feces accounted for only 2.8% of the dose. The chloroform extractable urinary radioactivity was largely composed of the unchanged drug, which accounted for 46.1 % of urinary 14 C or 28.7% of the illgested 14 C. Enzyme hydrolysis of the urinary coniugated fraction, which accounted for 31.3% of the urinary 14 C, gave two major aglycones in the approximate ratio of 2:7. These aglycones were tentatively identified as oxandrolone and 16β‐hydroxyoxandrolone, respectively.
Electron-rich heteroaromatic conjugated polypyridine ruthenium sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (2011)

Ru(II) heteroleptic complexes as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are presented. The article outlines design strategies, synthetic routes, optical and photovoltaic properties of ruthenium dyes based on polypyridines as ancillary ligands containing π-conjugated electron-rich heteroaromatic groups. The integration of donor heteroaromatic substituents, typically thiophene-based moieties, strongly improves the optical properties of the sensitizers in terms of bathochromic and hyperchromic shift compared to prototypical dyes N3 and N719. These favorable properties in turn yield DSCs with superior light harvesting abilities, higher external quantum efficiencies, improved device photocurrents, and top-ranked power conversion efficiencies. In combination with excellent stabilities under thermal stress and light soaking, this class of DSC photosensitizer has great potential for practical applications.
Femtosecond electron dynamics of image-potential states on the transition-metal surfaces of Pt and Ni (2001)

The influence of the electronic structure upon the relaxation dynamics of optically excited electrons has been investigated on the transition metal surfaces of Pt and Ni. Using time-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy the population dynamics of excited electronic states can be observed. It was the purpose of this thesis to extract the influence of d-band and surface-state contributions onto the dynamic and lifetimes of so called ''image-potential states''. Image-potential states are a special class of bound, normally unoccupied, electronic surface states. They are localized in the vacuum region in front of a metal surface and energetically converge - similar to the Rydberg series of a hydrogen atom - with quantum number n towards the vacuum energy. It has been demonstrated that changes in the surface geometry caused by adsorbates influence the lifetimes of those states, which typically lie in the femtosecond range. Our experiments show that the lifetimes of image states can be both lowered and increased depending on the the sort of atoms adsorbed at the surface. Therefore, it is possible to control lifetimes of surface states on ultrashort time scales. In particular, we have investigated the first two image-potential states on the Pt(111) surface as well as the first state (n = 1) on the (111) and (100) orientations of Ni. On Pt(111), lifetimes of 26 #+-# 7 and 62 #+-# 10 fs have been measured for the first two image states, respectively. The adsorption of a quarter of a monolayer leads to a reduced lifetime for both states by a factor of 2. This decrease can be explained by the redistribution of the density of states close below the Fermi energy. The observed lifetimes of &lt; 20 fs for the first image-potential state on Ni(100) and Ni(111) are significantly shorter compared to those on Pd, Pt and the noble metals Cu and Ag. This can be essentially attributed to the high density of states of d-bands at the Fermi level, which contribute to the population decay. In order to understand the lifetimes of image-potential states on the transition and noble metal surfaces, a model has been developed which is able to describe the observed lifetimes reasonably well and allows to predict up to now unmeasured lifetimes. (orig.)
Patient-Derived Organoids for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy (2021)

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the way tumors are treated. Nevertheless, efficient and robust testing platforms are still missing, including clinically relevant human <i>ex vivo</i> tumor assays that allow pretreatment testing of cancer therapies and selection of the most efficient and safe therapy for a specific patient. In the case of immunotherapy, this testing platform would require not only cancer cells, but also the tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. Here, we discuss the applications of patient-derived tumor organoid cultures and the possibilities in using complex immune-organoid cultures to provide preclinical testing platforms for precision cancer immunotherapy.
Impact of preventive therapy on the risk of breast cancer among women with benign breast disease (2015)

There are three main ways in which women can be identified as being at high risk of breast cancer i) family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer, which includes genetic factors ii) mammographically identified high breast density, and iii) certain types of benign breast disease. The last category is the least common, but in some ways the easiest one for which treatment can be offered, because these women have already entered into the treatment system. The highest risk is seen in women with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), but this is very rare. More common is atypical hyperplasia (AH), which carries a 4-5-fold risk of breast cancer as compared to general population. Even more common is hyperplasia of the usual type and carries a roughly two-fold increased risk. Women with aspirated cysts are also at increased risk of subsequent breast cancer. Tamoxifen has been shown to be particularly effective in preventing subsequent breast cancer in women with AH, with a more than 70% reduction in the P1 trial and a 60% reduction in IBIS-I. The aromatase inhibitors (AIs) also are highly effective for AH and LCIS. There are no published data on the effectiveness of tamoxifen or the AIs for breast cancer prevention in women with hyperplasia of the usual type, or for women with aspirated cysts. Improving diagnostic consistency, breast cancer risk prediction and education of physicians and patients regarding therapeutic prevention in women with benign breast disease may strengthen breast cancer prevention efforts.
Transition from edge to vertical cavity operation of tunnel contact AlGaAs–GaAs–InGaAs quantum well heterostructure lasers (1998)

Al x Ga 1−x As–GaAs–In y Ga 1−y As quantum well heterostructure lasers with thin sharply defined cavities that operate longitudinally or vertically are demonstrated. Longitudinally, the cavity is defined by cleaving (edge emission) while vertical definition is provided by a lower AlxOy/GaAs distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and an upper SiO2/Si DBR that form a resonant structure. A reverse-biased tunnel contact junction provides lateral electron current to support hole injection through a native-oxide-defined aperture. This ultrathin cavity configuration produces low threshold high efficiency (η∼91%, L=140 μm) edge emission (longitudinal operation) in the case of long lasers (L≳90 μm), and vertical emission for shorter lasers (L≲65 μm). The transition from longitudinal to vertical laser operation as a function of cavity length, L, is demonstrated.