gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aerial robot piloted in steep relief by optic flow sensors (2008)

We have developed a new vision based autopilot able to make a micro-air vehicle automatically navigate in steep relief. It uses onboard Optic Flow sensors inspired by the housefly's Elementary Motion Detectors (EMDs) that were previously investigated at our Laboratory with electrophysiological and micro-optical techniques. The paper investigates how the ground avoidance performances of the former OCTAVE robot could be enhanced to cope with steep relief. The idea is to combine frontal and ventral OF sensors and to merge feedback and feedforward loops. In the new robot, called OCTAVE(2), a feedback loop adjusts the lift so as to keep the ventral OF constant, while a feedforward loop based on a forward looking EMD sensor serves to anticipate the steep relief. We test the new autopilot on a 100-gram tethered rotorcraft that circles indoors over an environment composed of contrasting features randomly arranged on the floor. We show that OCTAVE(2) succeeds in following a relatively steep relief (maximum slope 17deg) while navigating close to the ground (groundheight in the order of lm). This risky task is performed thanks to a minimalist electronic visual system: the OF sensor suite is lightweight (4.3-grams including the lenses), and is therefore mounted onboard.
Synthesis, Separation, and Characterization of Optically Pure C<sub>76</sub> Mono‐Adducts (1996)

Abstract Nucleophilic Bingel cyclopropanation of D 2 ‐C 76 with bis[( S )‐1‐phenylbutyl] 2‐bromomalonate in toluene in the presence of base yielded three constitutionally isomeric pairs of diastereoisomeric mono‐adducts together with one other constitutional isomer. All seven mono‐adducts were isolated in optically pure form by prep. HPLC on a ( S,S )‐ Whelk‐O1 chiral stationary phase. They represent the first optically pure adducts of an inherently chiral fullerene. Characterization by UV/VIS, CD, 13 C‐ and 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy allowed identification of pairs of stereoisomers and symmetry assignments: the two pairs of diastereoisomers which were isolated as the major product possess C 1 symmetry, whereas the third pair of diastereoisomers, which is a minor product, is C 2 ‐symmetrical. The circular dichroism spectra of the optically active C 76 ‐adducts showed very pronounced Cotton effects resulting from strong chiroptical contributions of the chiral fullerene chromophore with the maximum observed Δε values being twice as high than those previously measured for optically active adducts of achiral fullerenes with a chiral addition pattern. Whereas the regioselectivity of mono‐additions to C 70 correlates with the degree of local bond curvature and the regioselectivity of multiple Bingel cyclopropanations of C 60 with electronic parameters such as coefficients of the l owest u noccupied m olecular o rbital (LUMO), no such simple predictive correlations exist for the nucleophilic addition to C 76 . Despite full spectral characterization, an unambiguous structural assignment of the isolated compounds was not possible, except for the two C 2 ‐symmetrical isomers. Based on considerations of local bond curvature and the previous experiences with the chemistry of C 70 , the structures of the C 2 ‐symmetrical stereoisomers were assigned as ( S,S , f C )‐ 3 and ( S,S , f A )‐ 3 , resulting from addition to the polar α‐type C(1)C(6) bond.
Introduction (2009)

In a book about ethics and the alcohol industry, it would seem right to begin with ethics. The conventional way of doing that would be, first, to set out what is meant by ethics. The problem is that we can hardly expect everyone to understand the term 'ethics' in the same way. Postmodernism suggests that any convincing overview of ethics has gone. The effort of sustaining some overarching prescriptive framework of deciding what is right and wrong is now too great (Connor 1989). In any case, so the argument goes, we all have very different, personal or local views about this. Moreover, it is argued, we have every right to follow what we feel is morally acceptable, unless it is harming another. Whatever view is taken regarding theories about postmodernity, it is clear that in many areas of life there is no shared moral discourse. Moreover, regardless of views about content, perceptions of the nature of ethics differ according to experience. If, for instance, an individual has been brought up dom0inated by prescriptive and legalistic ethical practice, he or she might well be inclined to be suspicious even of the term 'ethics'.KeywordsVirtue EthicEthical TheoryAlcoholic AnonymousFeminist EthicAlcohol IndustryThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
사용자 중심의 칫솔 디자인 개발 사례 연구 (2010)

본 연구는 치아 건강에 대한 관심과 급증하고 있는 구강 질환의 효율적인 예방을 위한 새로운 칫솔 디자인 사례연구를 진행하였다. 조사에서는 칫솔 구강용품 디자인의 기존 칫솔 및 구강관리 용품의 문제와 한계점에 대한 시장 조사와 선호도 분석을 통해 제품의 문제점을 파악하였고 소비자 칫솔을 구매, 사용습관 등을 관찰, 분석하여 소비자 특성을 분류하였다.
기존의 제품조사를 통해 각 제품의 특성 및 소비자 기호를 파악하고, 제품 구매시 소비자의 선호도 조사를 통해 소비자에 대한 이해와 소비자의 특성을 조사하여 제품에 대한 디자인 방향을 설정하였다.
현재 판매되고 있는 제품들을 바탕으로 한 시장조사 및 디자인 분석 결과 대부분의 소비자들은 단색과 유기적인 조합의 형태 및 색감을 가지는 칫솔을 선호하는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 칫솔 구매시, 제품의 특성을 구조성, 기능성, 심미성의 3가지 카테고리로 분류하였고, 일반 시민 150명을 대상으로 선호도 조사를 통해 디자인 방향을 설정하였다.
마지막으로 디자인 Process 과정에서는 3가지 스타일의 칫솔 디자인에 대한 컨셉을 만들고 스케치 및 렌더링을 진행하여 최종 디자인 안을 완성하였다.
Silt problems of the west (1939)

We are at the beginning of a rapidly expanding program of reservoir‐construction for multiple purposes of irrigation, power, flood‐control, domestic water‐supply, and silt‐abatement. We may safely anticipate that this program will continue to expand until virtually all reservoirs for which there is a need and an economic Justification will be created and placed in operation. We may speculate that the peak in this program will be reached in about 100 years.
Fuzzy multi-layer perceptron, inferencing and rule generation (1995)

A connectionist expert system model, based on a fuzzy version of the multilayer perceptron developed by the authors, is proposed. It infers the output class membership value(s) of an input pattern and also generates a measure of certainty expressing confidence in the decision. The model is capable of querying the user for the more important input feature information, if and when required, in case of partial inputs. Justification for an inferred decision may be produced in rule form, when so desired by the user. The magnitudes of the connection weights of the trained neural network are utilized in every stage of the proposed inferencing procedure. The antecedent and consequent parts of the justificatory rules are provided in natural forms. The effectiveness of the algorithm is tested on the speech recognition problem, on some medical data and on artificially generated intractable (linearly nonseparable) pattern classes.
Real-time trace gas sensor using a multimode diode laser and multiple-line integrated cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (2015)

We describe and demonstrate a highly sensitive trace gas sensor based on a simplified design that is capable of measuring sub-ppb concentrations of NO2 in tens of milliseconds. The sensor makes use of a relatively inexpensive Fabry-Perot diode laser to conduct off-axis cavity enhanced spectroscopy. The broad frequency range of a multimode Fabry-Perot diode laser spans a large number of absorption lines, thereby removing the need for a single-frequency tunable laser source. The use of cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy enhances the sensitivity of the sensor by providing a pathlength on the order of 1 km in a small volume. Off-axis alignment excites a large number of cavity modes simultaneously, thereby reducing the sensor's susceptibility to vibration. Multiple-line integrated absorption spectroscopy (where one integrates the absorption spectra over a large number of rovibronic transitions of the molecular species) further improves the sensitivity of detection. Relatively high laser power (∼400 mW) is used to compensate for the low coupling efficiency of a broad linewidth laser to the optical cavity. The approach was demonstrated using a 407 nm diode laser to detect trace quantities of NO2 in zero air. Sensitivities of 750 ppt, 110 ppt, and 65 ppt were achieved using integration times of 50 ms, 5 s, and 20 s respectively.
Integrating MRE Into Humanitarian Responses in Iraq (2015)

As a result of conflict in Iraq, the safety and well-being of millions of refugees and internally displaced persons is at stake due to explosive remnants of war (ERW). In order to mitigate that threat, the Danish Refugee Council enlisted the help of the Danish Demining Group to incorporate mine and ERW risk education into existing humanitarian efforts in Iraq.
Improving Token Coherence by Multicast Coherence Messages (2008)

Token coherence is a cache coherence protocol that joins the main advantages of traditional protocols. However, unlike them, token coherence does not handle messages in order, which may lead to races, causing some cache misses not to be solved. To assure their completion, an inefficient mechanism named persistent requests is used. Recently we have proposed the priority request mechanism to efficiently handle races. As acknowledgements are not required, a single node can solve several misses for the same memory block at the same time. When solving a lot of misses, the node may become a bottleneck. To avoid it, in this work we propose the multicast coherence message, which allows to simultaneously resolve several misses by using only one response message. It reduces the network traffic and the average response latency, improving significantly the overall performance.
Ultrathin Ni nanowires embedded in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>SrTiO</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>: Vertical epitaxy, strain relaxation mechanisms, and solid-state amorphization (2018)

Strain is a key parameter affecting the physical properties of heterostructured thin films and nanosized objects. Generally, the design of application-optimized hybrid structures requires good structural compatibility between the involved phases. However, when controlled appropriately, lattice mismatch can turn from a detrimental to a beneficial property, enabling further functionality tuning. Due to their large heterointerface, nanocolumnar composites are an ideal test bed for such strain engineering approaches, but coupling mechanisms at vertical interfaces are still poorly understood. In the present paper, we therefore present a detailed analysis of ultrathin Ni nanowires, with diameters between 1.7 nm and 5.3 nm, vertically epitaxied in a ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$/${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$(001) matrix. Using a combination of x-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements, we unveil peculiar structural features of this hybrid system. We show that the axial deformation of the nanowires depends on their diameter and that their radial strain differs sensitively from the value expected when considering the Poisson ratio. We also provide evidence for the existence of a relaxation mechanism consisting in a slight tilting of crystallographic nanowire domains which reduces the misfit at the Ni-${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ heterointerface. This, in turn, induces significant structural disorder and results in a successive amorphization of the metallic phase upon diameter reduction of the nanowires.
Advances in optical engineering for future telescopes (2021)

Significant optical engineering advances at the University of Arizona are being made for design, fabrication, and construction of next generation astronomical telescopes. This summary review paper focuses on the technological advances in three key areas. First is the optical fabrication technique used for constructing next-generation telescope mirrors. Advances in ground-based telescope control and instrumentation comprise the second area of development. This includes active alignment of the laser truss-based Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) prime focus camera, the new MOBIUS modular cross-dispersion spectroscopy unit used at the prime focal plane of the LBT, and topological pupil segment optimization. Lastly, future space telescope concepts and enabling technologies are discussed. Among these, the Nautilus space observatory requires challenging alignment of segmented multi-order diffractive elements. The OASIS terahertz space telescope presents unique challenges for characterizing the inflatable primary mirror, and the Hyperion space telescope pushes the limits of high spectral resolution, far-UV spectroscopy. The Coronagraphic Debris and Exoplanet Exploring Pioneer (CDEEP) is a Small Satellite (SmallSat) mission concept for high-contrast imaging of circumstellar disks and exoplanets using vector vortex coronagraph. These advances in optical engineering technologies will help mankind to probe, explore, and understand the scientific beauty of our universe.
Comprehensive Assessment of Osteoporosis and Bone Fragility with CT Colonography (2015)

Retrospective biomechanical CT analysis of CT colonography for colorectal cancer screening provides a comprehensive osteoporosis assessment without requiring changes in imaging protocols.
Theoretical and measured characteristics of metal (CoSi/sub 2/)-insulator(CaF/sub 2/) resonant tunneling transistors and the influence of parasitic elements (1995)

We report on the theoretical and measured characteristics of triple-barrier metal (CoSi/sub 2/)-insulator(CaF/sub 2/) (M-I) resonant tunneling transistors (RTT) grown on an n-Si(111) substrate, and the influence of their parasitic elements on the measured characteristics. First, we analyze theoretical characteristics of an M-I RTT, and then show fabrication process and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics obtained at 77 K, in which several degradations are observed: large resonance voltage, low peak-to-valley (P-V) ratios at negative differential resistance (NDR), and reverse base current. Analysis, taking several parasitic elements (e.g., base resistance, substrate resistance and leakage currents connected to the intrinsic transistor) into account, explains observed characteristics well. Finally, we show the first transistor action with large P-V ratios at 300 K, which is achieved by reducing collector-emitter leakage currents.
Detection of Anti-Gm1 Ganglioside Antibodies in Patients with Neuropathy by a Novel Latex Agglutination Assay (2000)

Highly elevated titers of serum anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies are closely associated with multifocal motor neuropathy, but low titers are commonly present in normal individuals or other diseases. Current systems for measuring anti-GM1 antibodies utilize the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in which serum dilutions are tested for binding to excess antigen immobilized on the surface of microwells. The ELISA system, however, is relatively time consuming, labor intensive, and costly, in addition to being prone to methodological variability. We have developed a novel agglutination assay for the detection of anti-GM1 antibodies, utilizing GM1 ganglioside-coated latex beads. In contrast to the ELISA system, antibody titers may be quantified by testing for agglutination using latex beads coated with decreasing amounts of antigen. The agglutination assay compares favorably to the ELISA system in sensitivity and specificity, but is considerably less costly and takes only a few minutes to perform.
Horizontal Current Bipolar Transistor (HCBT) for the low-cost BiCMOS technology (2009)

A new Horizontal Current Bipolar Transistor (HCBT) is developed and integrated with a commercial 0.18 µm CMOS technology resulting in a very low-cost BiCMOS technology suitable for wireless applications. The number of fabrication steps is significantly reduced in comparison to conventional vertical-current bipolar transistors. The optimum HCBT performance can be achieved by 3 additional masks to CMOS process while an even simpler version with 2 additional masks is also demonstrated. The integration of HCBT with bulk CMOS is achieved by introducing innovative process steps such as protecting the active transistor region during polysilicon etching by low-resistance native oxide, placement of high-doped emitter and collector regions in oxide trenches etc. The compact HCBT structure has small junction capacitances and f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> and f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</inf> of 34 GHz and 45 GHz, respectively, with BV <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CEO</inf> =3.4 V.
Lithography and the future of Moore's law (1995)

The definition of"Moore's Law" has come to refer to almost anything related to the semiconductor industry that when plotted on semi-log paper approximates a straight line. I hesitate to review it's origins and by doing so restrict it's definition. However, today I will review the history and past performance relative to predictions and show where the advances have come from. I will leave the future performance up to you. Certainly continuing on the same slope doesn't get any easier. It presents a difficult challenge to the industry. The original paper that postulated the first version of the "law" was an article I wrote for the 3 5th anniversary issue of Electronics Magazine in 1 965 . My assignment was to predict what was going to happen in the semiconductor components industry over the next ten years -- to 1975 . In 1965 the integrated circuit was only a few years old and in many cases was not very well accepted. There was still a large contingent in the user community who wanted to design their own circuits and who considered the job of the semiconductor industry to be to supply them with transistors and diodes so they could get on with their jobs. I was trying to emphasize the fact that integrated circuits really did have an important role to play.
Some Environmental Issues Accompanying the Rapid Expansion of Shrimp Farming in Tam Giang Lagoon, Central Viet Nam: An Environmental Assessment Based on an Analysis Using High-resolution Satellite Images (2010)

Tam Giang Lagoon, lying along the coast of Hue Province in Central Viet Nam, has undergone a rapid expansion of shrimp aquaculture over the last dozen years. Intensive shrimp farming has expanded not only in and along the littoral zone of the lagoon, but also over lowland paddy fields and on coastal sand dunes. In this research, the authors studied three areas that include the coastal sand dune area southeast of Tam Giang Lagoon, classifying shrimp farming into six types in terms of aquacultural facility and operational management, while identifying their geographical distributions and processes of development during the period 1999-2009 through on-site survey and interpretation of multi-temporal high-resolution satellite images of Landsat7-ETM, QuickBird and ALOS-AVNIR-2. Some environmental issues accompanying the development of the respective types of shrimp farming are schematized to make an assessment of lagoon environments from the perspective of sustainable resource management in this area. In the results, the following three conclusions are presented. (1) Overcrowded installation of aquacultural facilities in and along the littoral zone has deteriorated water quality in the lagoons, and such facilities may have increased recent flood levels during times of flooding. (2) Intensive aquaculture spreading over the lacustrine lowlands has caused further water pollution in the lagoons and outbreaks of shrimp diseases, and this type of aquaculture may lead to saltwater intruding into the groundwater under adjacent paddy fields. (3) Recent development of large-scale intensive shrimp farming on coastal sand dunes may cause a shrinkage of the freshwater lens existing under the sand dunes, as well as leakage of saltwater from shrimp ponds into the freshwater lens.
Regioselektiver Brom/Lithium‐Austausch bei 2,5‐Dibrom‐1‐nitrobenzol. – Eine einfache Synthese von 4‐Brom‐2‐nitrobenzaldehyd und 6,6′‐Dibromindigo (1989)

Abstract Die Reaktion von Phenyllithium mit 2,5‐Dibrom‐1‐nitrobenzol ( 1 ) in Tetrahydrofuran bei –105°C ergibt mit ausgezeichneter Regioselektivität die Lithium‐Verbindung 2 , die durch Umsetzung mit Dimethylformamid mit 92proz. Ausbeute den 4‐Brom‐2‐nitrobenzaldehyd ( 3 ) liefert. Der isomere Aldehyd 4 wird nicht gebildet. In analoger Weise läßt sich auch der 5‐Brom‐2‐nitrobenzaldehyd ( 6 ) aus 2,4‐Dibrom‐1‐nitrobenzol ( 5 ) erhalten. Aus dem Aldehyd 3 und Nitromethan kann auf einfache Weise der Antike Purpur ( 7 ) synthetisiert werden.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPERIMENTAL PROSTATE TUMORS <i>in vivo</i> (1993)

The optical properties of tumor tissue provide important information for optimizing treatment plans in photodynamic therapy, especially when interstitial application by multiple fibers is planned. Near infrared light, required to activate novel photosensitizers, should facilitate improved light penetrance of tumor tissue compared with 630 nm light used for activating Photofrin II. We have measured light energy fluence rates for 630 and 789 nm light along radial tracks from a single laterally diffusing optical fiber centrally implanted into Dunning R3327-AT and R3327-H rat prostate tumors in anesthetized rats. A total of 20 R3327-AT and 10 R3327-H tumors were used in this study with volumes from 2.6 to 13.3 cm3. Light track data were analyzed by an empirical model that described light attenuation. At 630 nm, light attenuation coefficients (LAC) were approximately 1.9 x higher than those at 789 nm for both tumors with the well-differentiated, well-perfused tumor (R3327-H) attenuating to a greater extent than did the rapidly growing anaplastic tumor (R3327-AT). The intertumor variation of LAC was greater than the spatial variations observed within individual tumors. LAC were a function of tumor volume for only 630 nm light in the R3327-AT tumors.
Blast furnace coal injection: long proven, now economical (1983)

Ironmaking costs can be reduced by substituting pulverized coal for a portion of the coke charge, or as a replacement for currently injected fuels. Pulverized coal injection is routine practice at Armco's two Ashland blast furnaces and more than 1.7 million tons of coal have been injected. Annual savings are estimated at 10 million dollars over coke and 23.5 million dollars over heavy oil. The technique of safe, reliable injection of pulverised coal has recently been successfully adapted to a large, new high-pressure furnace in Japan.
Collisionally activated dissociation of protonated 2′-deoxycytidine, 2′-deoxyuridine, and their oxidatively damaged derivatives (2006)

We examined the collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) pathways of protonated 2'-deoxycytidine (dC), 5-formyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-FmdC), 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine (5-OHdC), 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-HmdC), and their corresponding stable isotope-labeled compounds to gain insights into the effects of modifications on the fragmentation pathways of the pyrimidine bases. Multi-stage MS (MSn) results showed that protonated cytosine, its 5-hydroxyl- and 5-hydroxymethyl-substituted derivatives, but not its 5-formyl-substituted analog, could undergo Dimroth-like rearrangement in the gas-phase. The elimination of HNCO was one of the major fragmentation pathways observed for the protonated ions of all dC derivatives except for 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, which underwent this loss only after a H2O molecule had been eliminated. In addition, the protonated cytosine and 5-hydroxycytosine can undergo a facile elimination of NH3 molecule. This loss, however, was not observed for protonated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and their uracil analogs. Taken together, our study demonstrated that modifications could alter markedly the CAD patterns of the protonated pyrimidine bases. The results from this study provided a basis for the identifications of other modified pyrimidine bases/nucleosides by tandem mass spectrometry.