gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single- and multiple-burst-correcting properties of a class of cyclic product codes (1971)

The direct product of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</tex> single parity-check codes of block lengths <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n_1,n_2, \cdots ,n_p</tex> is a cyclic code of block length <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n_1 \times n_2 \times \cdots \times n_p</tex> with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(n_1 - 1) \times (n_2 - 1) \times \cdots \times (n_p - 1)</tex> information symbols per block, if the integers <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n_1,n_2 \cdots ,n_p</tex> are relatively prime in pairs. A lower bound for the single-burst-correction (SBC) capability of these codes is obtained. Then, a detailed analysis is made for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p = 3</tex> , and it is shown that the codes can correct one long burst or two short bursts of errors. A lower bound for the double-burst-correction (DBC) capability is derived, and a simple decoding algorithm is obtained. The generalization to correcting an arbitrary number of bursts is discussed.
Programmable Electronic Delay Device for Detonator (2013)

Delay devices are used to perform various roles like aiding in sequential release of payload, providing safety in flight/ trajectory, enabling self-destruction of ammunitions, allowing blast of the warhead after penetration in runway/bunker, etc. The delay time is introduced to cause a series of detonation events from the explosive charge, in order to achieve desired efficiency. Inspite of many improvements performed along the years, in search of precise delay compositions, it is noticed that the obtained accuracy in chemical delay compositions is of ±4%.The present work using microcontroller gives possible accuracy of upto ±1%.This paper discusses about programmable electronic delay device, timing accuracy of electronic delay device and its merits over chemical delay devices.Defence Science Journal, 2013, 63(3), pp.305-307, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.63.2880
Effect of glass fiber length on the creep and impact resistance of reinforced thermoplastics (1987)

Abstract Impact and flexural creep testing were conducted at temperatures between −22°F (−30°C) and 250°F (121°C) to evaluate and compare the end‐use performance of continuous long glass fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic sheet composites to that of short glass fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics. The matrices studied consisted of amorphous (polycarbonate and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) and semicrystalline (polypropylene) polymers. Data were obtained from both injection‐molded specimens (short fibers), and from specimens machine‐cut from compression‐molded test panels (continuous long fibers). The creep results of this study demonstrated that continuous long fibers are more efficient than short fibers in reinforcing the thermoplastic matrices, resulting in enhanced load‐bearing ability at elevated temperatures. The addition of continuous long glass fibers to the thermoplastic matrices led to a significant increase in the notched Izod impact strengths between the temperatures of −22°F (−30°C) and 77°F (25°C), and only slight improvement in the drop‐weight impact strengths. The lack of correlation between notched Izod impact and drop‐weight strengths is largely due to the difference in crack propagation and fracture initiation energies. Results of the Rheometrics instrumented impact test indicated a higher total fracture energy for the long glass‐reinforced thermoplastic sheet composites than for the short glass‐reinforced injection‐molded thermoplastics. The decreased ease of crack propagation in thermoplastic sheet composites is associated with the high energy‐absorbing mechanisms of fiber debonding and interply delamination. The results of this study point to the significant property improvement of continuous long fibers vs. short fibers. The creep strength of short fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics are greatly affected by the nature of the stress transfer which in turn is influenced by the critical fiber length and temperature, which is not the case for the long fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic sheet composites. Long fibers dramatically increase the impact resistance of thermoplastics. The retention of toughness at low temperatures coupled with elevated temperature performance greater than similar short glass fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics effectively extends the capabilities of thermoplastic sheet composites at both temperature extremes.
Emergent properties in ad-hoc networks (2006)

A common characteristic of all ad-hoc networks is that of emergent properties. Intuitively, emergent properties are features that cannot be provided by individual network nodes themselves but instead result from interaction and collaboration among network nodes. In this talk, we present the salient characteristics of these properties and discuss their security implications. Several examples of emergent properties in sensor and ad-hoc networks are discussed including key connectivity, trust establishment, and node replica detection. We conclude with a common theme of current research in security of emergent properties, namely that of a new threat model whereby the adversary may adaptively compromise nodes of a network. We contrast this theme with that of past research that limits an adversary to "man-in-the-middle" attacks and relies exclusively on end-to-end security solutions.
Plane segmentation based intra prediction for depth map coding (2012)

This paper presents an efficient intra prediction scheme for depth map coding in multi-view plus depth (MVD) system. As compared to the conventional intra prediction algorithm, the proposed method segments the current block into k regions, and applies different prediction scheme for each segmented region, which results in higher prediction accuracy by avoiding wrong estimation across different regions. Moreover, we also provide the efficient lossless coding scheme for region segmentation information based on unique depth characteristics, by which the proposed scheme is competitive w.r.t. R-D cost. The simulation results show the superior performance of the proposed scheme comparing to the H.264/AVC intra prediction and other edge-based intra scheme for depth map.
Toward Objective Evaluation of Image Segmentation Algorithms (2007)

Unsupervised image segmentation is an important component in many image understanding algorithms and practical vision systems. However, evaluation of segmentation algorithms thus far has been largely subjective, leaving a system designer to judge the effectiveness of a technique based only on intuition and results in the form of a few example segmented images. This is largely due to image segmentation being an ill-defined problem-there is no unique ground-truth segmentation of an image against which the output of an algorithm may be compared. This paper demonstrates how a recently proposed measure of similarity, the Normalized Probabilistic Rand (NPR) index, can be used to perform a quantitative comparison between image segmentation algorithms using a hand-labeled set of ground-truth segmentations. We show that the measure allows principled comparisons between segmentations created by different algorithms, as well as segmentations on different images. We outline a procedure for algorithm evaluation through an example evaluation of some familiar algorithms-the mean-shift-based algorithm, an efficient graph-based segmentation algorithm, a hybrid algorithm that combines the strengths of both methods, and expectation maximization. Results are presented on the 300 images in the publicly available Berkeley Segmentation Data Set.
Spectral imaging of chemical reactions using a computer display and a digital camera (2014)

Various processes in chemistry lead to formation of spatial gradients, and cannot be directly studied using conventional spectroscopic techniques. Here we aimed to develop a simple method for the monitoring of light absorption at three wavelengths in two dimensions. The experimental setup consists of a commercial liquid crystal display (LCD) computer screen with light-emitting diode (LED) back illumination, and a digital camera equipped with a complementary metal oxide semiconductor imager. The computer screen serves as a multi-wavelength light source while the camera records distributions of the light transmitted through a two-dimensional non-homogeneous dynamic sample (reaction mixture). A program in C# language constantly changes the background colour of a console window, so as to alternately relay the light of different wavelength (λmax = 608, 540, and 455 nm, respectively) onto the sample. The light emitted by the screen passes through a Petri dish containing the sample, while the digital camera records images revealing distributions of chemical substances absorbing at different wavelengths. The interval between two successive colour displays is 200–300 milliseconds. In this demonstration of the method, we followed two processes: the Belousov–Zhabotinsky oscillating reaction and the Old Nassau (Halloween) clock reaction. Every experiment produced a series of light absorption images corresponding to the wavelengths of the LCD/LED screen. Chemical front formation could be observed for analytes absorbing light at one of the three wavelength bands. In future, this approach can be extended to imaging at multiple wavelengths (by introducing customized LCD matrices and modified LED back illumination), and used in the monitoring of other non-homogeneous chemical processes.
The Nature of the Amino Acid Residues Involved in the Inactivation of Ribonuclease by Iodoacetate (1959)

SUMMARY Ribonuclease is inactivated by iodoacetate at 40”, the rate depending upon the pH at which reaction is carried out. It, is most rapid between pH 5.5 and 6, and at, pH 2.8, less rapid at intermediate pH values and under more alkaline conditions (pH 8.5 to 10). The variation in rate is a consequence of the fact that different types of amino acid residues in the ribonuclease molecule react with iodoacetate at the different pH values. Amino acid analyses showed that at pH 5.5 to 6, a histidine residue is involved, at pH 8.5 to pH 10 reaction occurs with the e-amino groups of lysine residues, whereas at pH 2.8, the thio- ether sulfur of one or more methionine residues is alkyla,ted. After removal of iodoacetate, the various reaction mixtures were chromatographed on columns of IRC-50 in an attempt to isolate purified carboxymethylated derivatives. From the mixture present after reaction at pH 5.5, it was possible to isolate a chromatographically homogeneous protein that was totally in- active and differed from ribonuclease A only in that the imidaz- ole group of a single histidine residue had been carboxymethyl- ated. The fact, that the pH optimum for the reaction leading to the formation of imidazole carboxymethyl ribonuclease is around pH 5.5 to 6, instead of at the more alkaline pH values observed for the alkylation of cy-N-acetylhistidine, suggests that inactivation takes place as a result of substitution on a particular one of the four histidine residues present in ribonuclease.
Tubulin dynamics in cultured mammalian cells. (1984)

Bovine neurotubulin has been labeled with dichlorotriazinyl-aminofluorescein (DTAF-tubulin) and microinjected into cultured mammalian cells strains PTK1 and BSC. The fibrous, fluorescence patterns that developed in the microinjected cells were almost indistinguishable from the pattern of microtubules seen in the same cells by indirect immunofluorescence. DTAF-tubulin participated in the formation of all visible, microtubule-related structures at all cell cycle stages for at least 48 h after injection. Treatments of injected cells with Nocodazole or Taxol showed that DTAF-tubulin closely mimicked the behavior of endogenous tubulin. The rate at which microtubules incorporated DTAF-tubulin depended on the cell-cycle stage of the injected cell. Mitotic microtubules became fluorescent within seconds while interphase microtubules required minutes. Studies using fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching confirmed this apparent difference in tubulin dynamics between mitotic and interphase cells. The temporal patterns of redistribution included a rapid phase (approximately 3 s) that we attribute to diffusion of free DTAF-tubulin and a second, slower phase that seems to represent the exchange of bleached DTAF-tubulin in microtubules with free, unbleached DTAF-tubulin. Mean half times of redistribution were 18-fold shorter in mitotic cells than they were in interphase cells.
Epidermal stem cells and skin tissue engineering in hair follicle regeneration (2015)

The reconstitution of a fully organized and functional hair follicle from dissociated cells propagated under defined tissue culture conditions is a challenge still pending in tissue engineering. The loss of hair follicles caused by injuries or pathologies such as alopecia not only affects the patients' psychological well-being, but also endangers certain inherent functions of the skin. It is then of great interest to find different strategies aiming to regenerate or neogenerate the hair follicle under conditions proper of an adult individual. Based upon current knowledge on the epithelial and dermal cells and their interactions during the embryonic hair generation and adult hair cycling, many researchers have tried to obtain mature hair follicles using different strategies and approaches depending on the causes of hair loss. This review summarizes current advances in the different experimental strategies to regenerate or neogenerate hair follicles, with emphasis on those involving neogenesis of hair follicles in adult individuals using isolated cells and tissue engineering. Most of these experiments were performed using rodent cells, particularly from embryonic or newborn origin. However, no successful strategy to generate human hair follicles from adult cells has yet been reported. This review identifies several issues that should be considered to achieve this objective. Perhaps the most important challenge is to provide three-dimensional culture conditions mimicking the structure of living tissue. Improving culture conditions that allow the expansion of specific cells while protecting their inductive properties, as well as methods for selecting populations of epithelial stem cells, should give us the necessary tools to overcome the difficulties that constrain human hair follicle neogenesis. An analysis of patent trends shows that the number of patent applications aimed at hair follicle regeneration and neogenesis has been increasing during the last decade. This field is attractive not only to academic researchers but also to the companies that own almost half of the patents in this field.
Dual Parameters for Voiced-Unvoiced Speech Signal Determination (2007)

This paper describes the application of the notion of instantaneous frequency amplitude spectrum (IFAS) to discriminate voiced and unvoiced segment of speech signal. The classification procedures of speech signal into voiced and unvoiced is determined by using harmonicity measure acquired after evaluating instantaneous frequency amplitude spectrum. For accuracy improvement, we use secondary parameter during transition from voiced-to-unvoiced and unvoiced-to-unvoiced to confirm the voiced area estimated by IFAS. Entropy of magnitude spectrum and instantaneous power are considered in this investigation. The performance of the dual method is compared to single thresholding using IFAS and also ESPS, AMDF and TEMPO to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Boosting to correct inductive bias in text classification (2002)

This paper studies the effects of boosting in the context of different classification methods for text categorization, including Decision Trees, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and a Rocchio-style classifier. We identify the inductive biases of each classifier and explore how boosting, as an error-driven resampling mechanism, reacts to those biases. Our experiments on the Reuters-21578 benchmark show that boosting is not effective in improving the performance of the base classifiers on common categories. However, the effect of boosting for rare categories varies across classifiers: for SVMs and Decision Trees, we achieved a 13-17% performance improvement in macro-averaged F1 measure, but did not obtain substantial improvement for the other two classifiers. This interesting finding of boosting on rare categories has not been reported before.
Group A streptococcal septicaemia presenting as an acute abdomen in a child (2007)

We present an unusual case of group A streptococcal septicaemia referred to a paediatric surgical unit as acute appendicitis and highlight the importance of remembering this condition as part of a differential diagnosis.
Orthopaedic operations in the United States, 1979 through 1983. (1986)

Data from the National Center for Health Statistics were used to analyze the number of orthopaedic operations that were performed in the United States in 1979, 1981, and 1983. During the study period there was an increase of 24 per cent in the total number of orthopaedic procedures. During the same five-year period, the number of orthopaedic surgeons increased 28 per cent. Orthopaedic surgeons performed 3,549,000 operations in 1983, the most common orthopaedic procedure being open reduction and internal fixation of a fracture (331,000). This was also the eleventh most common operation performed in this country in 1983. The number of arthroscopic procedures (260,000) increased 100 per cent during the period of study, and this procedure was the sixteenth most common operation performed in the United States. In 1983, orthopaedic operations comprised 19 per cent of the surgery performed in this country. These figures illustrate the dynamics of the operative practice of orthopaedic surgeons in the United States. The figures show that the number of orthopaedic operations has markedly increased over the five-year period, but this increase is not as great as the increase in the number of orthopaedic surgeons. Future individual operative workloads of orthopaedists will decrease if these trends continue.
Proteinase and collagenase activities in ginger rhizome. (1991)

Proteolytic enzyme (s) was partially purified from a crude extract of acetone-dried powder of ginger rhizome. The purified preparation gave a single main protein band of approximately 30,000 Da. on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and hydrolyzed casein (proteinase activity) and type 1 collagen from bovine achilles tendon (collagenase activity).
Thiolytic Chemistry of Alternative Precursors to the Major Metabolite of the Cancer Chemopreventive Oltipraz<sup>1</sup> (2002)

The compounds 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methyldisulfanyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine (5; "bis disulfide") and methanethiosulfonic acid S-((6-(methanesulfonylsulfanyl)-7-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8-yl) ester (6; "bis methanesulfonic acid thioester") have been synthesized to serve as alternative precursors to the major metabolite, 4, of the cancer chemopreventive oltipraz, 1, to test whether they possess similar biological activities. In the present work the mechanisms by which these compounds react with glutathione have been investigated in order to validate the assumption that they would be chemically competent in the presence of the biological thiols to give the oltipraz metabolite. A kinetic and product study was carried out in mainly aqueous media, </=15% ethanol by volume, at 37 degrees C. The kinetic analysis and identification of intermediates by electrospray HPLC/MS indicate that compound 5 decomposes in two sequential reactions via thiol-disulfide interchange involving removal of the two thiomethyl groups. In contrast, 6 decomposes in three sequential steps, the first entailing formation of the diglutathionyl adduct, followed by two subsequent thiol disulfide interchange reactions involving loss of the glutathionyl moieties. Both 5 and 6, as well as oltipraz itself, give nearly quantitative yields of the metabolite 4 in reactions with glutathione. Analysis of the decay of 6 by EPR spin trapping methods indicates that less than 0.2% of the reaction flux proceeds through radicals more stable than the hydroxyl radical.
Composite origin of major histocompatibility complex genes (1993)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have now been cloned from representatives of all vertebrate classes except Agnatha. The recent accumulation of sequence data has given great insight into the course of evolution of these genes. Although the primary structure of the MHC genes varies greatly from class to class and also within the individual classes, the general features of the tertiary and quaternary structure have been conserved remarkably well during more than 400 million years of evolution. The ancestral MHC genes may have been assembled from at least three structural elements derived from different gene families. Class II MHC genes appear to have been assembled first, and then to have given rise to class I genes.
Ambivalence in Tolstoy's "The Cossacks" (1969)

short novel entitled The Cossacks (Kazaki), which occupied Tolstoy's attention on and off throughout almost the whole of his earliest literary period (from History of Yesterday in 1851 to War and Peace in 1863), is generally acknowledged to be his first masterpiece and one of the seminal works of his career. In it at least three major themes which had been gradually taking shape in his previous fiction-the theme of the quest for a new life; the traditional theme of maturation; and the theme of the conflict between civilization and nature-are combined and developed for the first time so impressively that the work not only has intrinsic literary merit but occupies a crucial position in Tolstoy's canon, both crystallizing the achievements of his first eleven years of authorship and decisively preparing for the major works which immediately followed. A novel of such significance obviously demands close understanding. And yet, though it is always anthologized and always discussed in Tolstoy studies, there seems to be no critical agreement as to its principal meaning-nor even explicit awareness that such agreement is lacking. main problem lies in interpreting Tolstoy's attitude toward the Cossacks. As we read the first two chapters we are deceived into supposing that the answer to this question will be easy. protagonist, Dmitrij Andreevic Olenin, is a jaded young Muscovite who has grown weary of his frivolous, aimless in fashionable society (like Pierre in War and Peace) and is preparing to seek redemption as a cadet in the army of the Caucasus. It is clear, however, that unless Olenin's character or outlook radically changes he will achieve nothing of the kind, for at this point he is no more than a shallow egotist of highly uncertain values and a misconceived sense of freedom. His notion of the Caucasus and his spiritual ecstasy at the thought of the new life he will find there are childishly romantic in the extreme.1 Though he is disgusted with the outcome of his youth (broken love affairs, debts, and the like), he still deeply admires himself (Though I have done many foolish things, all the same I am a very good fellow, SN, 287; SS, 170), and he has an infinite trust in what he will be able to accomplish under more glamorous circumstances.
The Formation of Nitric Oxide in Fuel-Rich Flames (1973)

Abstract The apparent discrepancies of nitric oxide formation rates in fuel-rich flames are reviewed in the light of recently published work. The Zeldovich mechanism alone appears to be insufficient to account for observed behaviour under conditions in which hydrocarbon species are present, and a mechanism involving such species seems plausible. Experimental results in support of this conclusion are presented in a form suitable for kinetic analysis.