gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proteoglycans in the central nervous system: Role in development, neural repair, and Alzheimer's disease (2013)

Proteoglycans (PGs) are major components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix and play critical roles in development and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS). PGs are a family of proteins, all of which contain a core protein to which glycosaminoglycan side chains are covalently attached. PGs possess diverse physiological roles, particularly in neural development, and are also implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main functions of PGs in the CNS are reviewed as are the roles of PGs in brain injury and in the development or treatment of AD.
Ductus venosus Doppler study in fetuses with homozygous α‐thalassemia‐1 at 12 to 13 weeks of gestation (2001)

Fetuses affected by homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1 at 12-13 weeks had increased forward flow velocities in the ductus venosus throughout the cardiac cycle. The increase of venous return is consistent with our previous report of cardiac dilatation and an increase of cardiac output in the affected fetuses at this stage as a compensatory mechanism for anemia and hypoxia. However, extensive overlap of the ductus venosus Doppler indices between affected and unaffected fetuses precludes its use in predicting anemia at 12-13 weeks.
IL-4 prevents the blockade of dendritic cell differentiation induced by tumor cells. (2001)

Malignant cells may escape from the immune response in vivo because of a defective differentiation of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), i.e., dendritic cells (DCs). We recently reported that tumor cells release interleukin (IL)-6 and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), which inhibit the differentiation of CD34+ cells into DCs and promote their commitment toward monocytic lineage with a poor APC function. The results presented here show that both IL-4 and IL-13 reverse the inhibitory effects of renal cell carcinoma conditioned media (RCC CM) or IL-6+M-CSF on the phenotypic and functional differentiation of CD34+ into DCs. IL-4 was found to act through a rapid blockade of the expression of M-CSF and the IL-6 receptor-transducing chain (gp130), along with a decrease of the secondary production of M-CSF, thereby preventing the loss of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor alpha chain expression on differentiating CD34+ cells. Consistent with these observations, the differentiation of DCs from monocytes cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4 was also impaired by RCC CM, but the minimal inhibitory concentrations of RCC CM were 10-fold higher than for CD34+ cells. In these conditions, monocytes cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4 also exhibited profound phenotypic changes (CD14+ D32+ CD86+ HLA-DR+ CD115(low) CD23(low) CD1a-) and a poor APC function. These alterations were overcome in a dose-dependent manner by IL-4 (5-500 IU/ml), although not beyond a 40% final concentration of RCC CM. The capacity of RCC CM to block DC differentiation from monocytes strongly correlated with IL-6 and M-CSF concentrations in medium. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IL-4 and IL-13 reverse the inhibitory effect of tumor cells on DC differentiation.
Total Synthesis of <i>O</i>-Methylsterigmatocystin Using <i>N</i>-Alkylnitrilium Salts and Carbonyl−Alkene Interconversion in a New Xanthone Synthesis (1999)

A general strategy is described for the preparation of substituted xanthones and embodied in the preparation of (±)-O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST), the most advanced, known intermediate in the biosynthesis of aflatoxin. The essential features of this approach are the reaction of N-alkylnitrilium salts with activated aromatic rings, and protection of the derived xanthones as their corresponding alkenyl xanthenes. The latter are readily synthesized by reaction with n-butyllithium and dehydration. The resulting stabilization of the xanthone nucleus enables a wide range of chemical modification reactions to be carried out, and a facile and unusual cleavage of the alkene with peracid restores the desired xanthone. Compatibility of these operations with the preparation of the sensitive dihydrobisfuran is exemplified in the synthesis of OMST.
Developing an object-oriented view management system (1993)

This paper discusses our experiences regarding the design and implementation of the MultiView system -- a framework for the specification, creation, and management of updatable views in object-oriented databases (OODBs) -- using commercially available OODB technology. MultiView, which simplifies view schema design and maintenance by breaking view specification into the tasks of class derivation, global schema integration, view class selection, and view hierarchy generation, has been implemented on top of the GemStone OODB. The current implementation employs a three-layered architecture (composed of meta-objects, schema-objects, and data-objects) to extend the GemStone object model. It results in a view tool that extends the GemStone data model by supporting view specification, maintenance, and access. In this paper, we describe the system classes and methods as well as necessary algorithms. The first prototype of MultiView has been built, and we describe a sample application example. ...
Straightforward Access to Water‐Soluble Unsymmetrical Sulfoxanthene Dyes: Application to the Preparation of Far‐Red Fluorescent Dyes with Large Stokes’ Shifts (2014)

An efficient synthesis of water-soluble unsymmetrical sulforhodamine/sulforhodol fluorophores containing a single julolidine fragment is presented. Owing to their valuable spectral properties in aqueous buffers, these dyes, especially those bearing a free aniline or phenol moiety, are valuable components of fluorogenic probes for a variety of biosensing applications. A further extension of this synthetic methodology to unusual phenols, namely 7-N,N-dialkylamino-4-hydroxy coumarins has enabled us to provide a new family water-soluble dyes of large Stokes' shift with far-red spectral features.
Viruses of Fish: An Overview of Significant Pathogens (2011)

The growing global demand for seafood together with the limited capacity of the wild-capture sector to meet this demand has seen the aquaculture industry continue to grow around the world. A vast array of aquatic animal species is farmed in high density in freshwater, brackish and marine systems where they are exposed to new environments and potentially new diseases. On-farm stresses may compromise their ability to combat infection, and farming practices facilitate rapid transmission of disease. Viral pathogens, whether they have been established for decades or whether they are newly emerging as disease threats, are particularly challenging since there are few, if any, efficacious treatments, and the development of effective viral vaccines for delivery in aquatic systems remains elusive. Here, we review a few of the more significant viral pathogens of finfish, including aquabirnaviruses and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus which have been known since the first half of the 20th century, and more recent viral pathogens, for example betanodaviruses, that have emerged as aquaculture has undergone a dramatic expansion in the past few decades.
Projected image stabilization with pre-measurement data for movable projector (2016)

We propose a software-based projected image stabilization method for a projector mounted on a movable unit (e.g., a wheeled robot). The proposed method is divided into pre-measurement and stabilization processes. In the pre-measurement process, synchronized Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data and projector poses are measured and synchronized. In the stabilization process, the pre-measured IMU data are compared to IMU data obtained when a projector moves. After the projector pose is estimated, the parameters used to warp projected images to the correct position in the correct form are generated. The proposed method is compared to non-control and gyroscope-based methods. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method produces better results.
Numerical Recipes: Does This Paradigm Have a Future? (1997)

Longtime readers of Computers in Physics may remember us as the editors/authors of the Numerical Recipes column that ran from 1988 through 1992. At that time, with the publication of the second edition of our Numerical Recipes (NR) books in C and Fortran, we took a sabbatical leave from column writing, a leave that became inadvertently permanent. Now, as a part of CIP's Tenth Anniversary celebration, we have been invited back to offer some observations about the past of scientific computing, including the educational niche occupied by our books, and to make some prognostications about where the field is going.
Why Is the Constitution Binding?: Authority, Obligation and the Role of the People (2004)

'Popular sovereignty' was considered as a possible foundation for the legal and moral authority of the Constitution and the basis for the interpretation of that instrument but it is argued not being a viable foundation for the authority of the Constitution. For this, it is argued that attempts to explain the moral authority of the Constitution must invoke and defend a substantive moral theory.
Physical characterization of isozymes of endo-Î²-1,4-glucanase and Î²-1,4-glucosidase from<i>Aspergillus</i>species (1991)

Electrophoretic data revealed the presence of various isozymes of endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase, the number of which varied from one to three in various species of the genus Aspergillus. pH 5.0 was optimum for all the isozymes whereas metal ion treatment showed complete inhibition of almost all the isozymes by Hg2+ and partial inhibition by Ca2+ and Co2+ of isozymes of both the enzymes. An alteration in the electrophoretic mobility of isozymes of beta-glucosidase was also noticed in some species with Hg2+ treatment.
Realization of a new concept for visible frequency division: phase locking of harmonic and sum frequencies (1990)

We explore and demonstrate the feasibility of an optical-frequency-to-radio-frequency division method that is based on visible or near-infrared laser oscillators only. Comparing harmonic and sum frequencies, we generate the arithmetic average of two visible frequencies. Cascading n stages provides difference-frequency division by 2(n). For a demonstration we have phase locked the second harmonic and the sum frequency of two independent diode lasers.
SOME NEW RECORDS OF THE GENUS HIERACIUM L. (ASTERACEAE) FROM IRAN (2006)

NEW RECORDS H. piloselloides Vill., Sojak in Preslia 43: 185 (1971). Azerbaijan: North of Kaleibar, 1500 m, K. Taheri 15317. This species is related to H. bauhini, but differs from it by the absence of stolons. Moreover, it has been reported as H. piloselloides subsp. megalomastix (NP.) Sell & West in Notes R. B. G. Edinb. 33: 433(1975), with numerous eglandular hairs and without or with few glandular hairs on involucral bracts (Sell & West 1975). General distribution of the species is: Central Europe and Balkans to Caucasica, North Iran, Syria and Lebanon (Sell & West 1975).
Practical Procedures for the Preparation of <i>N</i>-<i>tert</i>-Butyldimethylsilylhydrazones and Their Use in Modified Wolff−Kishner Reductions and in the Synthesis of Vinyl Halides and <i>g</i><i>em</i>-Dihalides (2004)

In this work we develop practical chemistry for the preparation of N-tert-butyldimethylsilylhydrazone (TBSH) derivatives from carbonyl-containing compounds and show that these products serve as superior alternatives to simple hydrazones in Wolff-Kishner-type reduction reactions, in the Barton vinyl iodide preparation, in the synthesis of vinyl bromides, and in the synthesis of gem-diiodides, gem-dibromides, and gem-dichlorides. In our new procedure for silyl hydrazone synthesis, aliphatic and aromatic ketones and aldehydes are shown to undergo highly efficient coupling (typically >95% yield) to form the corresponding TBSH derivatives when combined with equimolar amounts of 1,2-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)hydrazine (BTBSH) and a catalytic quantity of scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate (typically, 0.01 mol %), neat, or in solvent. Optimized procedures are provided for the use of TBSH derivatives in a Wolff-Kishner-type reduction protocol that proceeds at low temperature (23-100 degrees C) and in a single reaction flask. Similarly, protocols for the use of TBSH derivatives as precursors to vinyl halides and gem-dihalides are described in detail.
Preparation and characterization of plasmid DNA network via both triple helix formation and photo-crosslinking (2003)

New self-assembled network of plasmid DNA was prepared via both photo-crosslinking and triple helix formations, and evaluated the conformation of DNA network by electrophoresis. Two kinds of TFO sequences were designed to form the triple helix with pUC19 at different positions. In addition to the triple helix formation, a photo-crosslinking and lectin-molecular recognition were applied to form pUC19 network. Psoralen, photoreagent, and biotin were attached to 5′ and 3′-ends of the TFO, respectively. The biotin–TFO–psoralen conjugate, pUC19, and SA were mixed in a buffer and stand at 4 ˚C. The results of electrophoresis study indicated that both triple helix formation and photo-crosslinking with pUC19 were necessary for the network formation. Therefore, this method can provide stable plasmid DNA network that may be useful to manipulate nanostructure using typical plasmid DNA conformational changes: supercoiled circular and open circular forms.© 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Small Aircraft Pilot Assistant: Onboard Decision Support System for SATS Aircraft (2005)

Distributed pilot decision-making plays a critical role in high volume operations at noncontrolled/non-radar airports. The High Volume Operation concept, proposed by the NASA Small Aircraft Transportation System program, is based on an environment within which the decisionmaking is distributed mostly to the pilot. Realization of this concept relies on advanced cockpit systems that assist pilots in both information-processing and decision-making. This paper introduces an onboard pilot decision aid system called the Small Aircraft Pilot Assistant, which is dedicated to Small Aircraft Transportation System aircraft conducting High Volume Operations. The goal is to increase cockpit decision-making capacity by automating part of the pilot decision-making process, especially in the early stages of information acquisition and analysis. The Small Aircraft Pilot Assistant uses Artificial Intelligence techniques to aid pilots in following the High Volume Operation procedures, identifying the current flight segment, monitoring performance, advising of possible pilot mis-operation; and warning of potential traffic related hazards. A human factors analysis was conducted to determine the appropriate level of automation, using a real-time, multi-aircraft, multi pilot-in-the-loop simulation system called the Multi-agent Intelligent Distributed Airspace Simulation. Preliminary pilot test results show that the Small Aircraft Pilot Assistant is a promising system to satisfy the cockpit system requirements for the High Volume Operations of the Small Aircraft Transportation System.
Pd‐PEPPSI Complexes and the Negishi Reaction (2010)

Abstract An overview of Pd‐PEPPSI complexes in the Negishi cross‐coupling reaction is presented. Preliminary evaluations of differentially substituted imidazolium salts that generate highly active cross‐coupling catalysts in situ provide the foundation for the development of an air‐ and moisture‐stable NHC‐based precatalyst: Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPr. The application of Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPr in sp 3 –sp 3 , sp 3 –sp 2 (and vice versa), and sp 2 –sp 2 Negishi cross‐couplings is reviewed. This allowed the systematic development of Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPent, a more sterically demanding, second‐generation catalyst that outperforms the IPr analogue in a variety of sp 2 –sp 2 Negishi cross‐couplings. General routes for the preparation of organozinc reagents are also examined, and an additives study reveals the probable transmetallating species that is operative in these cross‐couplings. Mechanistic considerations of the Negishi cross‐coupling reaction based on experimental and computational studies are summarized and evaluated.
Targeting IGF-1R: throwing out the baby with the bathwater? (2011)

There are intense commercial pressures in industry to develop drugs for large unselected populations, although this remains a risky and expensive strategy. Several examples now exist where targeted treatments are utilised in molecularly defined cancer patient populations. The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib is a case in point, failing to show a clear benefit in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients when given with first-line chemotherapy. Gefitinib has nevertheless re-emerged as an important therapeutic following the confirmation that mutations in the TK domain of EGFR confer sensitivity to it (Mok et al, 2009), with evidence that this population is enriched within Asian, female and never-smoker patients with adenocarcinoma (Lynch et al, 2004; Paez et al, 2004). More recently, two large-phase III trials, investigating the addition of the fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) figitumumab (CP-751,871, Pfizer) to carboplatin/paclitaxel (ADVIGO 1016) and to the EGFR TKI erlotinib (ADVIGO 1018), in advanced NSCLC patients have been suspended after planned interim analyses indicated futility (Jassem et al, 2010). These data raise several important questions: Was there sufficient evidence to support these phase III trials? Could we have learnt more from early-phase data to identify the patients who are most likely to benefit? Is IGF-1R a key target in NSCLC? How should we design our trials to identify predictive biomarkers that decrease the risk of such late and costly failures?
E-textile microstrip patch antennas for GPS (2012)

Body-worn microstrip patch antennas made from e-textile (Electro-Textile) materials were designed, built, and tested for the 1575 MHz (L1) and 1227 MHz (L2) Global Positioning System (GPS) frequencies. E-textiles, including fabrics and foam sheets, are flexible, lightweight, wearable, conformal, and the materials are low cost compared to conventional antenna materials. A variety of materials were tested to determine suitability for e-textile antennas. Gain was measured and found to be a few dB lower than for patch antennas built with conventional copper-clad materials, largely due to higher ohmic losses in the conductive fabrics. Gain was also measured on a human body “phantom” which is a plastic shell filled with fluids formulated to replicate the electromagnetic properties of the body. Use of wearable antennas removes the antenna from the receiver which reduces the size and weight of the receiver, and also allows larger antennas to be used. This effort also helps prepare for possible future applications of multiple wearable antennas such as interference mitigation, anti-spoof, indoor position detection, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communications, and body-worn antennas for health monitoring or covert communications.
CRISPR GUARD protects off-target sites from Cas9 nuclease activity using short guide RNAs (2020)

Precise genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9 is a promising therapeutic avenue for genetic diseases, although off-target editing remains a significant safety concern. Guide RNAs shorter than 16 nucleotides in length effectively recruit Cas9 to complementary sites in the genome but do not permit Cas9 nuclease activity. Here we describe CRISPR Guide RNA Assisted Reduction of Damage (CRISPR GUARD) as a method for protecting off-targets sites by co-delivery of short guide RNAs directed against off-target loci by competition with the on-target guide RNA. CRISPR GUARD reduces off-target mutagenesis while retaining on-target editing efficiencies with Cas9 and base editor. However, we discover that short guide RNAs can also support base editing if they contain cytosines within the deaminase activity window. We explore design rules and the universality of this method through in vitro studies and high-throughput screening, revealing CRISPR GUARD as a rapidly implementable strategy to improve the specificity of genome editing for most genomic loci. Finally, we create an online tool for CRISPR GUARD design.
Physiologic discrimination of stop consonants relates to phonological skills in pre-readers: a biomarker for subsequent reading ability?† (2013)

Reading development builds upon the accurate representation of the phonological structure of spoken language. This representation and its neural foundations have been studied extensively with respect to reading due to pervasive performance deficits on basic phonological tasks observed in children with dyslexia. The subcortical auditory system - a site of intersection for sensory and cognitive input - is exquisitely tuned to code fine timing differences between phonemes, and so likely plays a foundational role in the development of phonological processing and, eventually, reading. This temporal coding of speech varies systematically with reading ability in school age children. Little is known, however, about subcortical speech representation in pre-school age children. We measured auditory brainstem responses to the stop consonants [ba] and [ga] in a cohort of 4-year-old children and assessed their phonological skills. In a typical auditory system, brainstem responses to [ba] and [ga] are out of phase (i.e., differ in time) due to formant frequency differences in the consonant-vowel transitions of the stimuli. We found that children who performed worst on the phonological awareness task insufficiently code this difference, revealing a physiologic link between early phonological skills and the neural representation of speech. We discuss this finding in light of existing theories of the role of the auditory system in developmental dyslexia, and argue for a systems-level perspective for understanding the importance of precise temporal coding for learning to read.
Electro-Optical Effects of a Color Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Device by Micro-Encapsulation with a Pigment-Doped Shell (2019)

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) refer to nematic liquid crystals, which are embedded in a polymer matrix. A conventional PDLC device is fabricated by phase separation. However, this method leads to non-uniform electro-optical characteristics of the device due to the non-uniform size distribution of the liquid crystal droplets. Moreover, the PDLC device is switched between the transparent state and the scattering state so that a full color scheme is intrinsically impossible without a color filter. In this paper, a fabrication method for a color PDLC device with uniform size and shape for liquid crystal droplets is proposed. Droplets of a fairly uniform size in large quantities can be obtained by means of membrane emulsification. Microcapsules are fabricated by complex coacervation with gelatin and gum arabic. By adding red, green, and blue pigments, color microcapsules are obtained. The electro-optical effects of the fabricated color PDLC devices are also demonstrated. The driving voltage of the device is 90 V, and the switching time is 8.3 ms. In the turn-on state, the measured hazes of red, green, and blue PDLC devices are 16.89%, 15.82%, and 18.55%, respectively, while in the turn-off state, the measured hazes of those devices are 65.21%, 67.32%, and 70.76%, respectively.