gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Classification of trichome types within species of the water fern <i>Salvinia</i>, and ontogeny of the egg-beater trichomes (2009)

Species of the water fern Salvinia are well known for their extremely water-repellent floating leaves. The architecture of Salvinia surfaces is of great interest for biomimetic applications, because submersed in water, they retain air films for a long period. Knowledge of these surfaces is also important for pest control, since one species ( Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch.) is a pantropic invasive aquatic weed. The micromorphology of the leaf surfaces of six representative species has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Based on their morphology, the trichomes are classified in four types, named after the typical species. Among the species examined, numbers, distribution, and sizes of the trichome types vary significantly. The simplest types, the Cucullata trichomes, are multicellular, uniseriate, and up to 800 µm high. Groups of two multicellular, uniseriate trichomes are described as the Oblongifolia trichomes. The Natans trichomes are grouped as four multicellular, uniseriate trichomes. The Molesta trichomes are composed of four trichomes, which are connected by the second last apical cells of the trichome. The ontogeny of the Molesta trichome groups was puzzling and resulted in various names being applied to them (“Krönchenhaare,” “egg-beater,” or “coroniform” hairs). Their unique development from four solitary uniseriate trichomes to groups of four connected trichomes is described in detail.
Evaluation of Red Cell Hemolysis in Packed Red Cells During Processing and Storage (2010)

Storage of red cells causes a progressive increase in hemolysis. Inspite of the use of additive solutions for storage and filters for leucoreduction some amount of hemolysis is still inevitable. The extent of hemolysis however should not exceed the permissible threshold for hemolysis even on the 42nd day of storage. Eighty units of packed red cells, 40 stored in SAGM post leucoreduction and 40 in ADSOL without leucoreduction filters, were evaluated for plasma haemoglobin by HemoCue Plasma Haemoglobin analyzer on the day of collection and on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd days thereafter. The haemoglobin and haematocrit were also noted for all these units by the Beckman & Coulter analyzer. Percentage Hemolysis was then calculated. Hemolysis progressively increased with the storage period in all the stored red cell units (SAGM as well ADSOL). However, on day 42nd of storage, free haemoglobin in all the red cell units was within the permissible level (which is 0.8% according to the Council of Europe guidelines and 1% as per the US FDA guidelines. The mean percentage hemolysis was slightly higher in the SAGM containing bags with an integral leucoreduction filter as compared to the bags containing ADSOL. However this difference was marginal and not statistically significant. Hemolysis of the red cells increases with storage. However, maximum hemolysis does not exceed the permissible limits at any time thereby indicating the effect of optimum processing and storage conditions on red cell hemolysis.
Medical Robotic and Telesurgical Simulation and Education Research (2012)

Abstract : This project is broken into three focus areas: robotic curriculum, telesurgery, and simulation. In each we are exploring various applications and extensions of the existing robotic surgical systems. Under robotic curriculum we are bringing together the leading surgeons and academicians to define the outcomes measures, curriculum, psychomotor devices, and high stakes testing that should be used to certify surgeons who wish to practice robotic surgery. Under imulation we are examining the impact of rehearsing a procedure in a simulator immediately before performing that same procedure on a patient. This area also includes a comparative evaluation of all of the robotic simulators that are available with a recommendation of the best fit for military surgeons.
Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome with Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (1984)

To help define the place of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (n-CPAP) treatment in a general sleep apnea population we studied 12 of 13 consecutively diagnosed patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The immediate effects of n-CPAP were tested during a nighttime sleep study divided into two approximately equal parts (control and n-CPAP). Nasal CPAP of 5-10 cm H2O decreased apnea index (apneas per hour of sleep) (control 35.1, n-CPAP 5.7; p less than 0.001) and significantly improved oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2). The effect was independent of body weight and the presence of cardiorespiratory complications. However, in three patients with lung disease and markedly elevated PaCO2, significant sleep-related hypoxemia persisted at the relatively low pressures required to open the upper airway. Long-term home-based n-CPAP was offered to 11 patients. (One patient was considered unsuitable because of persisting profound sleep-related hypoxemia). Seven patients consented and were followed for periods ranging from 1 to 18 months. All patients reported dramatic reversal of daytime hypersomnolence; three complained of minor nasal stuffiness but compliance was good and only one stopped using the mask (after 12 months). Apnea index decreased following home use of n-CPAP (before 35.9, after 18.1; p less than 0.01) but overall respiratory instability (apnea + hypopnea) and SaO2 were not significantly improved. It is concluded that n-CPAP is a highly effective means of preventing upper airway occlusion in OSAS and, except for some patients with coexisting lung disease, it totally reverses the accompanying gas exchange disturbance. Long-term home-based n-CPAP therapy is acceptable to a majority of patients, is free of serious side effects, and appears to result in a partial reversal of the underlying breathing disorder.
Zinc, a neurotoxin to cultured neurons, contaminates cycad flour prepared by traditional guamanian methods (1992)

We have used cultured ventral mesencephalic and cerebellar granule cells to test the toxicity of extracts of cycad seeds (genus Cycas) and cycad-derived flours traditionally prepared in Guam. There was no significant difference in the toxicity of extracts prepared from the female gametophyte tissue of C. circinalis, C. revoluta, and C. media, common wheat flour, and 13 of 17 cycad flour samples. However, extracts prepared from 4 of 17 Guamanian flour samples exhibited marked dose-dependent neurotoxicity to mesencephalic and granule cell cultures. There was no correlation between toxicity and 2-amino-3-(methylamino)-propanoic acid (BMAA) content, and the concentration of BMAA in the medium arising from these extracts was far below that required to be neurotoxic. Toxicity of extracts was not blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 or the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, indicating that toxicity was not mediated by excitatory amino acid receptors. Analysis of the four toxic processed flour samples indicated high zinc content. Zinc produced a concentration-dependent neurotoxic response in mesencephalic and granule cell cultures that paralleled the calculated concentrations of zinc in the cultures derived from the four toxic flour samples. When sliced C. circinalis gametophyte tissue was "processed" in our laboratory by soaking in a galvanized container, there was a time-dependent increase in zinc content.
Ephemeral data (2013)

Privacy issues can evaporate when embarrassing content does likewise.
Harvey murine sarcoma virus: influences of coding and noncoding sequences on cell transformation in vitro and oncogenicity in vivo (1989)

The rat-derived Harvey murine sarcoma virus (Ha-MuSV) contains a transduced ras oncogene activated by two missense mutations and flanked by rat retroviruslike VL30 sequences. Ha-MuSV induces focal transformation of mouse NIH 3T3 cells in vitro and tumors (fibrosarcomas and splenic erythroleukemias) in newborn mice. We have used these two assays to study the contribution of coding and noncoding viral sequences to the biological activity of Ha-MuSV. A good correlation was found between the in vitro and in vivo assays. In several different isogenic Ha-MuSV variants, those with a rasH gene that had one or both of the Ha-MuSV missense mutations were much more active biologically than the corresponding proto-oncogene. A Ha-MuSV variant that encoded the proto-oncogene protein induced lymphoid leukemias (with thymomas), with a relatively long latent period, rather than the fibrosarcomas and erythroleukemias characteristic of Ha-MuSV with one or both missense mutations. A VL30-derived segment with enhancer activity was identified downstream from v-rasH. A mutant Ha-MuSV from which this 3' noncoding segment was deleted expressed lower levels of the wild-type viral protein, displayed impaired transforming activity in vitro, and induced lymphoid leukemias (with thymomas). 5' noncoding rat c-rasH sequences were found to increase the biological activity of the virus when substituted for the corresponding segment of v-rasH. We conclude that (i) the biological activity of Ha-MuSV can be influence significantly by noncoding sequences located outside the long terminal repeat as well as by coding sequences, (ii) VL30 sequences positively regulate the expression of v-rasH, (iii) relatively low biological levels of ras, whether resulting from low-level expression of wild type v-rasH or high-levels of ras proto-oncogene protein, induce a type of tumor that differs from tumors induced by high biological levels of ras, and (iv) the in vivo pathogenicity of the Ha-MuSV variants correlated with their transforming activity on NIH 3T3 cells.
Coherent magnetic imaging by TEM (1994)

A novel transmission electron microscope optimised for the study of magnetic material is described. Using this instrument, a new method for revealing magnetic structures, coherent Foucault imaging, can be realised. Images appear directly in the form of magnetic interferograms and provide immediate access to a quantitative description of the induction distribution across the specimen. A simple analytical approach is given to the underlying theory and the main features are confirmed by computer modelling. Experimental images of small regular permalloy elements illustrate the power of the technique for studying domain structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pulsed breakdown characterization of advanced liquid dielectrics for high-power high-pressure rep-rate oil switching (2009)

Several advanced oils have been identified by the Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, for characterization by MU as pressurized dielectric switching media. The oils tested were Diala AX transformer oil, a hydrogenated 1-decene polyalphaolefin, two hydrogenated 1-decene/1-dodecene polyalphaolefin mixtures, a silahydrocarbon, an ester, an alkylbenzene, and a silicone oil. Experiments on the pulsed voltage breakdown were performed to characterize the breakdown behavior of these dielectrics. A pulse generator, specifically designed for the characterization of oil breakdown strength, was implemented for this study. The pulse generator produced a voltage rise of 250-kV/¿s across a 1.85-mm electrode gap. Thirty high voltage pulses were applied to each of the eight oils at five oil pressures, totaling 150 breakdown measurements per oil. The oils were pressurized to 3.45, 5.17, 6.89, 8.62, and 10.34-MPa during testing. Before each test cycle, the oil was sparged with dry nitrogen to reduce the water content, and the switch electrodes were polished. Between each of the 150 tests the oil was filtered to remove generated carbon.
Utilization of Quinolone Drugs as Monomers:  Characterization of the Synthesis Reaction Products for Poly(norfloxacin diisocyanatododecane polycaprolactone) (2000)

A broad spectrum antimicrobial agent, 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (norfloxacin), has been successfully incorporated as a monomer into a polyurethane backbone structure via a three-step polymerization of norfloxacin, diisocyanatododecane (DDI), and polycaprolactone diol (PCL). The reaction was catalyzed by dibutyltin dilaurate and carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide. The sequential order of monomer feeding had a strong influence on the polymerization behavior and final polymer structure. In the preferred reaction scheme norfloxacin is initially reacted with DDI to form an oligomer. This is followed by a second reaction where PCL is introduced in order to produce a drug polymer chain with higher molecular weight and degradable segments. Cross-linking of urea linkages between the norfloxacin and DDI segments was a particular concern and was minimized by feeding PCL into the reaction system immediately following the completion of the first step. Chain extension by 1,4-butanediol or ethylenediamine was shown to be an effective approach for increasing the molecular weight of the polymers.
Saccharin Salts of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Their Crystal Structures, and Increased Water Solubilities (2005)

Salts of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been traditionally used in drug formulations because of improved properties with respect to solubility, stability, or bioavailability. Saccharin has been used as an acid for salt formation with APIs in a few cases hitherto. In this paper, we have explored the generality of this property and have isolated saccharinates of quinine, haloperidol, mirtazapine, pseudoephedrine, lamivudine, risperidone, sertraline, venlafaxine, zolpidem, and amlodipine. These salts have been characterized with single-crystal X-ray methods. The structures contain many hydrogen bonds of the O−H···N(-), N(+)-H···N(-), N(+)−H···O, N−H···O, O−H···O and N−H···N type, with auxiliary C−H···N(-) and C−H···O interactions. These saccharinates are mostly very soluble in water when compared to the free base. Additionally, aqueous solutions of these API saccharinates are of moderate pH. Both these properties may be advantageous in the pharmaceutical industry. In general, most saccharinates would appear to have high water solubility, and this follows from the molecular structure of the anion, which is donor-poor and acceptor-rich in terms of hydrogen-bonding functionalities. If an API of insufficient basicity is treated with saccharin, it may form a hydrogen-bonded cocrystal wherein proton transfer from saccharin to the API does not take place. This phenomenon was found in the cocrystal saccharin−piroxicam.
E Receptors on Blasts from Untreated Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (All): Comparison of Temperature Dependence of E Rosettes Formed by Normal and Leukemic Lymphoid Cells (1975)

The presence of receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E) and sufrace Ig on the bone marrow blasts was investigated in 29 children with untreated acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In 6 of them more than 50% of the bone marrow blasts formed E rosettes, while in none of the 29 were surface Ig detected. The six children with rosette-forming blasts had WBS greater than 5 times 10-4/mm-3 at admission and 4 of them presented with thymic enlargement. E-positive ALL blasts and normal human thymocytes formed rosettes after incubation for 1 hr at 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C. In contrast, normal human peripheral T lymphocytes from blood, spleen, and pleural fluid also formed rosettes at 4 degrees C but these rosettes dissociated at 37 degrees C. In two patients with E-positive ALL, the disappearance from blood of cells forming rosettes at 37 degrees C during the 1st week of treatments paralleled the reduction in circulating blasts. Conversely, after 6 days of therapy almost one-half of the remaining cells formed rosettes at 4 degrees C and had the morphologic features of normal lymphocytes. We conclude that, in contrast to peripheral T cells, normal thymic cells and E-positive blasts share the property of forming E rosettes after 1-hr incubation at 37 degrees C. In patients with E-positive ALL this property may be used to evaluate drug effects upon leukemic and normal T lymphocytes.
An Improved Signal Segmentation Using Moving Average and Savitzky-Golay Filter (2012)

Analysis of long-term EEG signals needs that it be segmented into pseudo stationary epochs. That work is done by regarding to statistical characteristics of a signal such as amplitude and frequency. Time series measured in real world is frequently non-stationary and to extract important information from the measured time series it is significant to utilize a filter or smoother as a pre-processing step. In the proposed approach, the signal is initially filtered by Moving Average (MA) or Savitzky-Golay filter to attenuate its short-term variations. Then, changes of the amplitude or frequency of the signal is calculated by Modified Varri method which is an acceptable algorithm for segmenting a signal. By using synthetic and real EEG data, the proposed methods are compared with original approach (simple Modified Varri). The simulation results indicate the absolute advantage of the proposed methods.
Active Flow Control For Reduction of Unsteady Stator-Rotor Interaction In a Turbofan Simulator (2000)

The research effort presented in this dissertation consists of employing active trailing edge blowing control to reduce the unsteady stator-rotor interaction in a turbofan simulator. Two active flow control systems with different wake sensing approaches are successfully implemented on the engine simulator. The first flow control system utilizes Pitot probes as flow sensors. Use of Pitot probes as sensors is appropriate as a first step toward a more in depth investigation of active trailing edge blowing control. An upper performance limit in terms of wake-filling can be obtained and serves as the baseline in evaluating other control systems with indirect wake sensors. The ability of the system to achieve effective wake filling when subjected to a change in inlet flow conditions demonstrates the feasibility and advantage of active flow control. Significant tonal noise reductions in the far field are also obtained. The second control system involves using microphones as indirect wake sensors. The significance of these acoustic sensing approaches is to provide a practical TEB approach for realistic engines implementations. Microphones are flush mounted on the inlet case to sense the tonal noise at the blade passing frequency. The first sensing approach only
America Training Cross-cultural Managers in China (2006)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how to train cross-cultural managers in China. According to the analysis of the actuality of training and development in China, the author will indicate how to train the American managers as a cross-cultural manager in China. In the end of essay, some useful conclusions will be given.
Evaluation of Endoscopic Laser Excision of Polypropylene Mesh/Sutures Following Anti-Incontinence Procedures (2012)

Endoscopic laser excision is an acceptable first line approach for the management of eroded biomaterials due to its high long-term success rate and minimally invasive nature.
An approach to transport measurements of electronic molecules (2002)

We present a hybrid assembly technique to facilitate the transport measurements of electronic molecules. The technique consists of forming a self-assembled monolayer of the investigated molecule on prepatterned electrodes and then bridging the electrodes with nanoparticles using an alternating electric field. This technique can potentially provide a quick and simple way to screen a large number of electronic molecules. As an example, we report preliminary transport measurements of 1-nitro-2,5-di(phenylethynyl-4*-thioacetyl)benzene as a test molecule. The data show qualitative agreement with previously published results for a similar molecule.
Gold amides as anticancer drugs: synthesis and activity studies (2013)

Modular gold amide chemotherapeutics: Access to modern chemotherapeutics with robust and flexible synthetic routes that are amenable to extensive customisation is a key requirement in drug synthesis and discovery. A class of chiral gold amide complexes featuring amino acid derived ligands is reported herein. They all exhibit in vitro cytotoxicity against two slow growing breast cancer cell lines with limited toxicity towards normal epithelial cells.
Evaluating the Utility of Hand-crafted Features in Sequence Labelling (2018)

Conventional wisdom is that hand-crafted features are redundant for deep learning models, as they already learn adequate representations of text automatically from corpora. In this work, we test this claim by proposing a new method for exploiting handcrafted features as part of a novel hybrid learning approach, incorporating a feature auto-encoder loss component. We evaluate on the task of named entity recognition (NER), where we show that including manual features for partof-speech, word shapes and gazetteers can improve the performance of a neural CRF model. We obtain a F 1 of 91.89 for the CoNLL-2003 English shared task, which significantly outperforms a collection of highly competitive baseline models. We also present an ablation study showing the importance of autoencoding, over using features as either inputs or outputs alone, and moreover, show including the autoencoder components reduces training requirements to 60%, while retaining the same predictive accuracy.
EYA4, a novel vertebrate gene related to Drosophila eyes absent (1999)

We have isolated a family of four vertebrate genes homologous to eyes absent (eya), a key regulator of ocular development in Drosophila. Here we present the detailed characterization of the EYA4 gene in human and mouse. EYA4 encodes a 640 amino acid protein containing a highly conserved C-terminal domain of 271 amino acids which in Drosophila eya is known to mediate developmentally important protein-protein interactions. Human EYA4 maps to 6q23 and mouse Eya4 maps to the predicted homology region near the centromere of chromosome 10. In the developing mouse embryo, Eya4 is expressed primarily in the craniofacial mesenchyme, the dermamyotome and the limb. On the basis of map position and expression pattern, EYA4 is a candidate for oculo-dento-digital (ODD) syndrome, but no EYA4 mutations were found in a panel of ODD patients.
Novel therapies in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (2003)

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon of unknown cause. Its course is one of relapse and remission and requires therapy for both the induction and maintenance of remission. Progress in the fields of genetics and immunology affords important advances in our understanding of the inflammatory process. Traditional therapy for ulcerative colitis with nonspecific anti-inflammatories remains our gold standard. This review examines the most recent compounds in development for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, including data from early clinical trials and the potential clinical impact of future entities.
Oviducal sperm storage in poultry: a review (1993)

Reproduction, Fertility and Development is an international journal publishing original research , review and comment in the fields of reproduction and developmental biology in humans, domestic animals and wildlife