gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The use of methylphenidate among students: the future of enhancement? (2010)

During the past few years considerable debate has arisen within academic journals with respect to the use of smart drugs or cognitive enhancement pharmaceuticals. The following paper seeks to examine the foundations of this cognitive enhancement debate using the example of methylphenidate use among college students. The argument taken is that much of the enhancement debate rests upon inflated assumptions about the ability of such drugs to enhance and over-estimations of either the size of the current market for such drugs or the rise in popularity as drugs for enhancing cognitive abilities. This article provides an overview of the empirical evidence that methylphenidate has the ability to significantly improve cognitive abilities in healthy individuals, and examines whether the presumed uptake of the drug is either as socially significant as implied or growing to the extent that it requires urgent regulatory attention. In addition, it reviews the evidence of side-effects for the use of methylphenidate which may be an influential factor in whether an individual decides to use such drugs. The primary conclusions are that neither drug efficacy, nor the benefit-to-risk balance, nor indicators of current or growing demand provide sufficient evidence that methylphenidate is a suitable example of a cognitive enhancer with mass appeal. In light of these empirically based conclusions, the article discusses why methylphenidate might have become seen as a smart drug or cognitive enhancer.
A FPGA ASIC communication channel systems emulator (2002)

The authors describe the FPGA implementation of a Communication Channel Systems (CCS) emulator designed for conducting hardware experiments in convolutional forward error correction. This flexible, new test platform provides verification and benchmarking for a wide range of ASIC convolutional decoder designs as well as decoding coprocessors. The system generates test patterns, inserts noise, enables extensive control of signal quantization, and can convolutionally encode with 4 bit soft decisions in any code type from rate 1/2 to 1/6 and any constraint length from 3 through 15.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Novel Characteristics of Succinate Coenzyme A (Succinate-CoA) Ligases: Conversion of Malate to Malyl-CoA and CoA-Thioester Formation of Succinate Analogues <i>In Vitro</i> (2013)

Three succinate coenzyme A (succinate-CoA) ligases (SucCD) from Escherichia coli, Advenella mimigardefordensis DPN7(T), and Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 were characterized regarding their substrate specificity concerning succinate analogues. Previous studies had suggested that SucCD enzymes might be promiscuous toward succinate analogues, such as itaconate and 3-sulfinopropionate (3SP). The latter is an intermediate of the degradation pathway of 3,3'-dithiodipropionate (DTDP), a precursor for the biotechnical production of polythioesters (PTEs) in bacteria. The sucCD genes were expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3)/pLysS. The SucCD enzymes of E. coli and A. mimigardefordensis DPN7(T) were purified in the native state using stepwise purification protocols, while SucCD from A. borkumensis SK2 was equipped with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag at the SucD subunit. Besides the preference for the physiological substrates succinate, itaconate, ATP, and CoA, high enzyme activity was additionally determined for both enantiomeric forms of malate, amounting to 10 to 21% of the activity with succinate. Km values ranged from 2.5 to 3.6 mM for l-malate and from 3.6 to 4.2 mM for d-malate for the SucCD enzymes investigated in this study. As l-malate-CoA ligase is present in the serine cycle for assimilation of C1 compounds in methylotrophs, structural comparison of these two enzymes as members of the same subsubclass suggested a strong resemblance of SucCD to l-malate-CoA ligase and gave rise to the speculation that malate-CoA ligases and succinate-CoA ligases have the same evolutionary origin. Although enzyme activities were very low for the additional substrates investigated, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analyses proved the ability of SucCD enzymes to form CoA-thioesters of adipate, glutarate, and fumarate. Since all SucCD enzymes were able to activate 3SP to 3SP-CoA, we consequently demonstrated that the activation of 3SP is not a unique characteristic of the SucCD from A. mimigardefordensis DPN7(T). The essential role of sucCD in the activation of 3SP in vivo was proved by genetic complementation.
Enhanced carbodiimide fixation for immunohistochemistry: application to the comparative distributions of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate immunoreactivities in rat brain. (1993)

To improve carbodiimide-based immunohistochemistry, carbodiimide-mediated coupling of radiolabeled N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) to bovine serum albumin was assayed in vitro. Various perfusion protocols, based on assay results, were tested for their ability to improve the immunohistochemical localization of two nervous system-specific molecules, NAAG and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in the spinal cord, medulla, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex of the rat. Coupling of [3H]-NAAG to BSA in vitro was optimal with 100 mM carbodiimide and 1 mM N-hydroxysuccinimide in water at 37 degrees C. Optimal fixation of tissue was defined as permitting the identification of the NAAG and NAA in neuronal somata, dendritic arborizations, fine axons, and synaptic terminals with minimal diffuse background immunoreactivity. These conditions were obtained at 37 degrees C with 6% carbodiimide, 1 mM N-hydroxysuccinimide, and 5% dimethylsulfoxide perfused transcardially. Strong NAAG and NAA immunoreactivities were co-distributed in the majority of neurons in the spinal cord. Large-diameter spinal sensory afferents were stained for NAAG in the dorsal horn. The dorsal column nuclei were immunoreactive for NAAG and NAA, but only NAA staining was observed in the nucleus of the solitary tract. In cerebral cortex and hippocampus, NAAG and NAA immunoreactivities appeared to be exclusive, with NAAG staining observed in interneurons throughout all cortical layers, and NAA immunoreactivity present in most pyramidal neurons.
Quartz antenna for radio frequency ion source operation (1998)

Radio-frequency (rf) driven multicusp ion sources developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory use an internal induction coil (antenna) for plasma generation. The copper rf-antenna with a thin layer of porcelain coating, which is presently used, cannot fully satisfy the increasing demands on source cleanliness and antenna lifetime under high power cw or pulsed operation in applications where water cooling is not possible. A quartz antenna has been designed and operated in the multicusp ion source. It has been demonstrated that the overall performance of the new antenna exceeds that of the regular porcelain-coated antenna. It can be operated with a long lifetime in different discharge plasmas. The quartz antenna has also been tested at the Paul Scherrer Institute for cw source operation at rf power higher than 5 kW. Results demonstrated that the antenna can survive under dense plasma discharge operations.
Fabrication, performance and characterization of Si delta-doped FET grown by MBE (2002)

Si delta-doped FETs have been fabricated using low-energy Sb ion doping technique during Si MBE growth to realize delta-doping and a low temperature device processing budget. The FETs with a gate length of 2 /spl mu/m showed a gate breakdown voltage of 3.8-4.7 V and a maximum extrinsic transconductance of 28 mS/mm, corresponding to an intrinsic transconductance of 42 mS/mm. Those results are the best reported so far in Si /spl delta/-FETs of similar gate length. The gate charge-control and low-field drift-mobility in Si /spl delta/-FETs were measured using C-V and I-V techniques. Measured charge-control had a strong nonlinearity and was in good agreement with theoretical calculation. We observed, for the first time, that the drift-mobility in the delta-doped FET was decreased with the increasing gate voltage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expression of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene products in embryonic stem cells and their differentiated derivatives. (1992)

Three protein products of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene were identified so far. These include the two very similar muscle and brain type dystrophins, which are encoded by 14-kilobase (kb) mRNAs, and Dp71, which is much smaller. Dp71 is encoded by a 6.5-kb mRNA, which is transcribed from approximately 6% of the giant dystrophin gene. The present investigation shows that Dp71 is the first product of the DMD gene detectable during development. It is already expressed in the pluripotent embryonic stem cells. The two 14-kb mRNAs encoding the dystrophins are detectable only after differentiation of specialized cell types. The possible implication of these findings with regard to the ontogenetic activation and the evolution of the DMD gene are discussed.
Thioredoxin (2003)

The thioredoxin (TRX) system (TRX, TRX reductase, and NADPH) is a ubiquitous thiol oxidoreductase system that regulates cellular reduction/oxidation (redox) status. The oxidation mechanism for disease pathogenesis states that an imbalance in cell redox state alters function of multiple cell pathways. In this study, we review the essential role for TRX to limit oxidative stress directly via antioxidant effects and indirectly by protein-protein interaction with key signaling molecules, such as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. We propose that TRX and its endogenous regulators are important future targets to develop clinical therapies for cardiovascular disorders associated with oxidative stress.
Pharmaceutical Process Development (2011)

Foreword Preface Introduction Process Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Origins, Evolution and Progress Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: Structure and Impact on Synthesis Rapid Early Development of Potential Drug Candidates Route Design and Selection The Importance of Green Chemistry in Process Research and Development Kinetic Approaches for Faster and Efficient Process Development The Design of Safe Chemical Reactions - It's No Accident Physicochemical Data Requirements for the Design of Fine Chemical Processes - Acquisition and Application Liquid-Liquid Extraction for Process Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry Development Enabling Technologies The Analytical Interface and the Impact on Pharmaceutical Process Development Materials Science - Solid Form Design and Crystallisation Process Development Technology Transfer of API Future Trends and Challenges
Efficient 300 K light-emitting diodes at λ∼5 and ∼8 μm from InAs/In(As1−xSbx) single quantum wells (1998)

300 K light-emitting diodes which emit at 5 and 8 μm with quasi-cw output powers of up to 50 and 24 μW, respectively, are reported. The devices have a single molecular beam epitaxy grown InAs/In(As, Sb) quantum well in the active region with a strong type-IIa band alignment giving mid-IR emission at energies up to 64% lower than the alloy band gap. The emission energies are shown to be in good agreement with a k⋅p bandstructure model where Qc, the ratio of the strained conduction-band offset to the band-gap difference between the two strained superlattice components, is found to be ∼2.0.
Selection of Protective Epitopes for <i>Brucella melitensis</i> by DNA Vaccination (2005)

The Brucella melitensis 16M genome was examined for proteins in excess of 100 amino acids and for immunogenicity-associated genes. One subset of 32 annotated genes or open reading frames was identified, and each of these were cloned into the eukaryotic vector pcDNA3.1. Purified recombinant plasmids were used to intramuscularly (i.m.) immunize BALB/c mice. After challenge with B. melitensis 16M strain, two protective antigens were found: the periplasmic protein, bp26, and the chaperone protein, trigger factor (TF). Protective efficacy was confirmed with DNA vaccines for these two B. melitensis proteins and, when combined, protection against wild-type challenge was significantly enhanced. Both proteins were found to be immunogenic since elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies without a specific IgG subclass bias were induced subsequent to i.m. DNA immunization. Antigen-restimulation assays revealed that bp26 and TF stimulated gamma interferon and only bp26 induced interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-6 cytokines as measured by cytokine enzyme-linked immunospot assay. These collective results suggest that both bp26 and TF are excellent candidates for use in future vaccination studies against brucellosis.
Model Based Analysis and Control Design of a Urea-SCR deNOx Aftertreatment System (2005)

In this paper we tackle issues relevant to model based control design for a Urea based Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) process relevant to automotive applications. A three state, control oriented, lumped parameter model of the system is used to investigate essential controllability and observability properties of the Urea-SCR plant. Results from the controllability and observability analysis of both nonlinear and linearized models are shown to have realistic implications. Observer design for predicting gas phase ammonia slip is outlined and results presented. An altered definition of the catalyst efficiency is used in control design. It is shown that this altered definition lends itself readily to control synthesis in the Sliding Mode framework while satisfying the dual control objectives of maximizing NOx reduction and minimizing ammonia slip.
Verifying global minima for L<inf>2</inf> minimization problems (2008)

We consider the least-squares (L2) triangulation problem and structure-and-motion with known rotatation, or known plane. Although optimal algorithms have been given for these algorithms under an L-infinity cost function, finding optimal least-squares (L2) solutions to these problems is difficult, since the cost functions are not convex, and in the worst case can have multiple minima. Iterative methods can usually be used to find a good solution, but this may be a local minimum. This paper provides a method for verifying whether a local-minimum solution is globally optimal, by providing a simple and rapid test involving the Hessian of the cost function. In tests of a data set involving 277,000 independent triangulation problems, it is shown that the test verifies the global optimality of an iterative solution in over 99.9% of the cases.
Variational Single Image Dehazing for Enhanced Visualization (2019)

In this paper, we investigate the challenging task of removing haze from a single natural image. The analysis on the haze formation model shows that the atmospheric veil has much less relevance to chrominance than luminance, which motivates us to neglect the haze in the chrominance channel and concentrate on the luminance channel in the dehazing process. Besides, the experimental study illustrates that the YUV color space is most suitable for image dehazing. Accordingly, a variational model is proposed in the Y channel of the YUV color space by combining the reformulation of the haze model and the two effective priors. As we mainly focus on the Y channel, most of the chrominance information of the image is preserved after dehazing. The numerical procedure based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) scheme is presented to obtain the optimal solution. Extensive experimental results on real-world hazy images and synthetic dataset demonstrate clearly that our method can unveil the details and recover vivid color information, which is competitive among many existing dehazing algorithms. Further experiments show that our model also can be applied for image enhancement.
Crystal Growth of Pyrite in Aqueous Solutions. Inhibition by Organophosphorus Compounds (1998)

The crystal growth of pyrite in aqueous supersaturated solutions at pH 6.50, 25 °C was investigated using the seeded growth, pH-stat technique. Crystal growth started immediately after inoculation of iron(II) sulfide supersaturated solutions with pyrite seed crystals. The crystal growth rates measured from the desupersaturation curves were found to depend strongly on the relative solution supersaturation with respect to pyrite. Kinetics analysis yielded an apparent order of 3.5 ± 0.5 suggesting a surface diffusion controlled mechanism. The presence of organophosphorus compounds such as 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), N,N,N‘,N‘-ethylenediaminetetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) (ENTMP) in the supersaturated solutions at concentration levels between 0.1 and 1000 nM inhibited the crystal growth of pyrite by 70−100% with respect to the blank experiments. Moreover, in the presence of the compounds tested the crystal growth of pyrite was preceded by well-defined induction times which increased sharply with inhibitor concentration. At concentration levels as low as 1 mM, crystal growth was completely suppressed. The presence of nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP) had no inhibition effect on pyrite crystal growth. The influence of the inhibitors tested on the kinetics of crystal growth was attributed to the blocking of the active growth sites due to adsorption.
keeping <i>Legionella</i> out of water systems (2004)

Hospitals are often required to perform a supplemental disinfection of their water systems to protect individuals from hospital‐acquired Legionnaires' disease. The authors of this article recently studied one hospital where three cases of hospital‐acquired Legionnaires' disease were detected in less than two years. These cases were linked to Legionella colonization of the hospital's water system. Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) was considered a cost‐effective approach to disinfection given that ClO 2 generators could treat the 23 buildings comprising the hospital complex from one central location. The authors evaluated the efficacy of maintaining a residual of 0.5 to 0.8 mg/L of ClO 2 for Legionella control in the secondary distribution system of this 437‐bed hospital over a two‐year period. Monthly monitoring showed mean Legionella positivity at hot water outlets and cold building source water areas decreased from 23 to 12% and 9 to 0%, respectively ( p < 0.05). ClO 2 residuals decreased with increasing distance from the application point and temperature. Mean ClO 2 concentrations were lowest in hot water outlets (0.08 mg/L) followed by cold water outlets (0.33 mg/L) and reservoirs (0.68 mg/L). Complete eradication (0% positivity) of Legionella was achieved after 1.75 years, and no cases of Legionnaires' disease were reported during this time.
Design and Function (1985)

A patient-wearable, single-electrode cochlear implant was first used by a patient in 1972 at the House Ear Institute. Since early 1982, a redesigned version of this system has been in clinical use. This new system, called the 3M House cochlear implant system, consists of an implanted receiver and a patient-worn signal processor, transmitter, and microphone. Also available are instruments to assist the audiologist and patient in proper fitting and testing of the equipment. Physical and electrical characteristics of the devices are described, with attention given to improvements over the older system and features important to the use in children.
Saccharification and fermentation of Sugar Cane bagasse by <i>Klebsiella oxytoca</i> P2 containing chromosomally integrated genes encoding the <i>Zymomonas mobilis</i> ethanol pathway (1994)

Pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse is essential for a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process which uses recombinant Klebsiella oxytoca strain P2 and Genencor Spezyme CE. Strain P2 has been genetically engineered to express Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding the ethanol pathway and retains the native ability to transport and metabolize cellobiose (minimizing the need for extracellular cellobiase). In SSF studies with this organism, both the rate of ethanol production and ethanol yield were limited by saccharification at 10 and 20 filter papaer units (FPU) g(-1) acid-treated bagasse. Dilute slurries of biomass were converted to ethanol more efficiently (over 72% of theoretical yield) in simple batch fermentations than slurries containing high solids albeit with the production of lower levels of ethanol. With high solids (i.e., 160 g acid-treated bagasse L(-1)), a combination of 20 FPU cellulase g(-1) bagasse, preincubation under saccharification conditions, and additional grinding (to reduce particle size) were required to produce ca. 40 g ethanol L(-1). Alternatively, almost 40 g ethanol L(-1) was produced with 10 FPU cellulase g(-1) bagasse by incorporating a second saccharification step (no further enzyme addition) followed by a second inoculation and short fermentation. In this way, a theoretical ethanol yield of over 70% was achieved with the production of 20 g ethanol 800 FPU(-1) of commercial cellulase. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Atomic layer deposition for nanostructured Li-ion batteries (2011)

Nanostructuring is targeted as a solution to achieve the improvements required for implementing Li-ion batteries in a wide range of applications. These applications range in size from electrical vehicles down to microsystems. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) could be an enabling technology for nanostructured Li-ion batteries as it is capable of depositing ultrathin films (1–100 nm) in complex structures with precise growth control. The potential of ALD is reviewed for three battery concepts that can be distinguished, i.e., particle-based electrodes, 3D-structured electrodes, and 3D all-solid-state microbatteries. It is discussed that a large range of materials can be deposited by ALD and recent demonstrations of battery improvements by ALD are used to exemplify its large potential.
Intermediates in the Recycling of 5-Methylthioribose to Methionine in Fruits (1983)

The recycling of 5-methylthioribose (MTR) to methionine in avocado (Persea americana Mill, cv Hass) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill, cv unknown) was examined. [(14)CH(3)]MTR was not metabolized in cell free extract from avocado fruit. Either [(14)CH(3)]MTR plus ATP or [(14)CH(3)]5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) alone, however, were metabolized to two new products by these extracts. MTR kinase activity has previously been detected in these fruit extracts. These data indicate that MTR must be converted to MTR-1-P by MTR kinase before further metabolism can occur. The products of MTR-1-P metabolism were tentatively identified as alpha-keto-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid (alpha-KMB) and alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid (alpha-HMB) by chromatography in several solvent systems. [(35)S]alpha-KMB was found to be further metabolized to methionine and alpha-HMB by these extracts, whereas alpha-HMB was not. However, alpha-HMB inhibited the conversion of alpha-KMB to methionine. Both [U-(14)C]alpha-KMB and [U-(14)C]methionine, but not [U-(14)C]alpha-HMB, were converted to ethylene in tomato pericarp tissue. In addition, aminoethoxyvinylglycine inhibited the conversion of alpha-KMB to ethylene. These data suggest that the recycling pathway leading to ethylene is MTR --> MTR-1-P --> alpha-KMB --> methionine --> S-adenosylmethionine --> 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid --> ethylene.
Modified anti-windup scheme for PID controllers (2003)

An anti-windup scheme for proportional-integral-derivative controllers is presented. The approach is based on the combined use of back-calculation and conditional integration anti-windup techniques. In this way, the disadvantages that can hinder previously proposed strategies are overcome. Specifically, the method can guarantee a satisfactory performance for processes with different normalised dead times, without the tuning of additional parameters being required. Therefore, considering its simplicity, it is highly suitable for implementation in industrial regulators.