gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Underbalance Drilling-Surface Control Systems (1995)

Abstract A closed system of surface control equipment for underbalance drilling is the safest method of controlling live wells. This new technology is particularly useful in both vertical and horizontal wells where invasion of drilling fluids into virgin formations can result in severe damage and low flow rate wells. The concept is to drill into these formations underbalanced so that there is no restriction to formation flow minimal damage and ultimately higher producing wells. This is achieved by utilizing a rotating BOP or double annular blowout preventers in combination with a choke manifold sample catcher, low stage/high stage separator, flarestack and a "live" flow through control system. The "closed system" is particularly useful in drilling in Jaw pressure and fractured reservoirs. It has been utilized to drill for oil and gas in carbonates and sandstone formations. Introduction During the past 18 months a significant number of oil and gas companies in Western Canada have switched from conventional drilling methods to underbalanced drilling technology when the target zone is reached. The normal operation is to drill to casing point with a conventional drilling method, set casing and cement. The heavier mud system is then changed out to a light fluid system and the well drilled ahead in an underbalanced controlled operation. The closed system on surface ensures that the well is being "controlled" during the entire drilling operation. To date over 100 wells in Western Canada have been safely drilled using this technique and it is the purpose of this paper to outline the technical results of drilling these formations underbalanced, The operational aspects are discussed in detail emphasizing the importance of the well control technique. The case studies will include a gas and an oil reservoir with example wells drilled overbalanced and underbalanced. The Closed System The closed system for underbalance drilling is shown in Figure 1. The principle components of the system are the wellhead connection. the rigid flowline piping, choke manifold, sample catcher, separator, flarestack and return flow line to the drilling fluid tank, rig pump and the mixing T where the nitrogen is mixed in with the liquid system and the continuation to the drilling head. Experience has shown that the surface equipment can be tied into the drilling contractors blowout preventer system using the following methods:Tie into the flowspoot on the blowout preventer (BOP) stack (Figure 1) orThe rotating blowout preventer (REOP) Figure 2.The Rotating Blow Out Preventor The rotating blowout preventer maintains surface back pressure up to 1,500 psi to allow drilling with air. gas. water or light muds. Drilling is faster, safer and less expensive in horizontal wells. The RBOP uses a hydraulically actuated kicking element supported on large roller bearings and isolated by mechanical seals Inside a large housing. The housing has a flange for mounting to the BOP stack and a return discharge flange. Hydraulic oil is used to actuate the package elements which ride against the belly or drill pipe.
Effect of substrate surface roughness on mechanical properties of diamond-like carbon coatings (2007)

A plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) amorphous carbon coating was deposited onto 100Cr6 steel substrates having varying degrees of surface roughness. The samples were subsequently evaluated to determine the correlation between substrate roughness and coating performance. The steel substrates were prepared before coating deposition to attain five different levels of roughness: (a) ground; (b) superfinished (SF); (c) polished to 1000 grit; (d) polished to 220 grit and (e) polished to a 1 μm diamond finish. The aim of the investigation was to determine the degree of finish required for good tribological performance and coating adhesion. The mechanical and tribological properties of the samples were assessed by nanoindentation, ramped load scratch testing, and pin on disk wear testing. Nanoindentation testing was used to determine the hardness of the samples and the relative contributions to the system hardness from the substrate and coating were separated using the model of Korsunsky et al . Nanoindentation testing showed that the coating hardness (when separated from the system hardness) was lower for the samples with the SF substrate than the others: the reasons for this are discussed in the light of Raman measurements on the fractions of diamond-like and graphite-like bonding in the coatings. Ramped load scratch testing was used to determine coating adhesion and the scratch test failure mode. With the exception of the samples with the ground substrate finish, studies of the friction coefficient plots during scratch testing showed little variation between the samples, and SEM imaging revealed a common failure mode of severe spallation at the scratch track border. The samples with the ground substrate showed differences in response between scratches parallel and perpendicular to the grinding direction, with scratches parallel to the grinding direction showing more severe spallation. The average critical load to failure, as determined by the point of first failure in the scanning electron microscope, was lower for the coatings on the SF substrate than the coatings on the 220 grit, 1000 grit and 1 micron finished substrates. The critical load to failure for the samples with ground substrates was lower than the other substrate surface finishes. Pin on disk wear testing of the samples against a steel ball revealed that the major effect of the varying substrate roughness was on the wear of the counterface, with rougher substrate finishes generally resulting in higher wear rates of the counterface, although the smoothest substrate finish, the micrometre finish, also resulted in higher wear. The sample whose substrate was superfinished gave least wear of the counterface and this was therefore the optimum finish for the samples when considering their performance in a tribological couple.
Antibacterial effect of alternating current against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (2015)

Introduction The use of physical means in modern medicine as a new approach in the fight against microorganisms has recently been used. Ultrasound waves are used in dentistry [1] and, in combination with antibiotics, for the in vivo and in vitro eradication of bacterial biofilms [2-4]. Photodynamic therapy is currently being used in dental and dermal infections [5, 6]. In
Gliclazide‐induced hepatitis (2003)

Abstract A 64‐year‐old man presented with tiredness, and a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was made based on two raised random blood glucose values. He was commenced on gliclazide. Three months later, blood investigations revealed elevated liver enzymes (hepatitic pattern). Further investigations revealed no obvious cause for his abnormal liver function tests. Gliclazide was discontinued and a subsequent liver biopsy revealed features consistent with an acute hepatitis. His liver function tests returned to normal three months after discontinuation of gliclazide. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photo-modulable molecular transport junctions based on organometallic molecular wires (2012)

Photo-modulable molecular transport junctions are developed via on-wire lithography-fabricated nanogaps functionalized with a dithienylethene unit bearing two ruthenium fragments. A reversible and repeatable bi-state conductive switching upon alternate irradiation of UV and visible light can be distinctly observed. Theoretical calculations further suggest that bi-directional isomerization is due to the ruthenium moieties that modulate judiciously the electronic coupling between the photochromic part and the metal electrodes, and that the differences in electronic structure between the two isomers (open and closed states) are responsible for conductivity switching.
The extraction of Al, Fe and Si from a range of New Zealand soils by hydroxylamine and ammonium oxalate solutions (1989)

The elements Al, Fe and Si were extracted with acid oxalate and acid (HCl) hydroxylamine by using 36 samples from eight different soils, and the results for each extractant were compared. Parent materials were largely volcanic in nature, but eight samples were from soils derived from quartzo-feldspathic materials. Oxalate extracted significantly greater amounts of Fe from most samples than hydroxylamine. Results for Al and Si were less consistent. Compared with oxalate, hydroxylamine (soil : solution, 1:250) extracted significantly greater amounts of Al and Si from some samples and less from others. Taken over all samples, however, there was no significant difference between the two methods in the amounts of Al and Si each extracted. A decrease in the soil:solution ratio for hydroxylamine from 1:250 to 1:400 had little effect of Fe and Si values, but it did increase the amount of Al extracted in several cases. Soil mineralogy appeared to bear little relationship to observed differences, although the presence of magnetite probably contributed to higher oxalate-Fe values. Although statistically significant, differences between individual values were generally small. Results are compatible with previous studies which indicated that hydroxylamine provides an approximation of oxalate values for Al and Fe. Unlike previous work, however, the present results also suggest that approximate values can be obtained for Si.
Double‐stranded RNA‐activated protein kinase interacts with apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 (2002)

Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), a serine/threonine kinase, is activated in virus-infected cells and acts as an antiviral machinery of type I interferons. PKR controls several stress response pathways induced by double-stranded RNA, tumor necrosis factor-alpha or lipopolysaccharide, which result in the activation of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Here we showed a novel interaction between PKR and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), one of the members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase family, which is activated in response to a variety of apoptosis-inducing stimuli. PKR and ASK1 showed predominant cytoplasmic localization in COS-1 cells transfected with both cDNAs, and coimmunoprecipitated from the cell extracts. A dominant negative mutant of PKR (PKR-KR) inhibited both the apoptosis and p38 activation induced by ASK1 in vivo. Consistently, PKR-KR inhibited the autophosphorylation of ASK1 in vitro, and exposure to poly(I)-poly(C) increased the phosphorylation of ASK1 in vivo. These results indicate the existence of a link between PKR and ASK1, which modifies downstream MAPK.
Performance studies of interleaving schemes for MC-CDMA systems (2004)

A novel chip level interleaving (CLI) scheme is proposed for multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system by reordering the chip sequences to achieve frequency diversity and randomization effect in frequency domain. The performance has been evaluated and simulation results show that the proposed CLI scheme increases system capacity significantly compared to the conventional schemes. By using block spread chip interleaving structure, the interleaver structure for the proposed CLI scheme is very simple to implement and has less delay latency. Moreover, the performance comparisons of various frequency domain interleaving schemes, namely bit level interleaving (BLI), symbol level interleaving (SLI) and the proposed CLI for MC-CDMA systems have been subsequently investigated by taking into consideration of complexity. The effects of different interleaving schemes under various scenarios such as outdoor (large delay spread) and indoor (small delay spread) environments have been evaluated and a switching mode has been discussed to choose the optimum interleaving scheme under different scenarios to maximize the system throughput.
Glycerol carbonate as a versatile building block for tomorrow: synthesis, reactivity, properties and applications (2012)

The synthesis, reactivity and applications of glycerol carbonate (glycerine carbonate or 4-hydroxymethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane) are discussed and reviewed. Supported by the increasing sustainable awareness, glycerol carbonate has gained much interest over the last 20 years because of its versatile reactivity and as a way to valorize waste glycerol. Numerous synthesis pathways for this molecule were identified, some of them very promising and on the verge of being applied at an industrial scale. The wide reactivity of this molecule due to the presence of both a hydroxyl group and a 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane group has been studied and has initiated some emerging applications in various domains from solvents to polymers.
Alternating copolymerization of ethylene and 1‐octene with <i>meso</i>‐[dimethylsilylbis(2‐methyl‐1‐indenyl)]zirconium dichloride‐methylaluminoxane as catalyst system (1997)

Abstract Copolymerizations of ethylene and α‐olefins with homogeneous metallocene catalysts generally give the corresponding random copolymers with narrow molecular mass distributions. In this study, we have conducted the copolymerization of ethylene and 1‐octene with the meso ‐Me 2 Si(2‐Me‐1‐Ind) 2 ZrCl 2 ‐methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalyst system, and analyzed the microstructure of the resulting copolymers in detail. The content of the alternating [EO] sequence increases markedly with an increase in the feed ratio of 1‐octene to ethylene, reaching over 95% under appropriate copolymerization conditions. We have thus succeeded in preparing the first sample of alternating olefin copolymers.
Voltage Balancing Control for Series Connected MOSFETs Based on Time Delay Adjustment Under Start-Up and Steady-State Operations (2018)

Recently, with research and development of SiC power devices, 1.2-V SiC MOSFETs have become commercially available. Over 3.3-kV SiC-MOSFETs have also been developed; however, it is difficult to use those devices without any special applications. When the medium-voltage converter circuit is designed using commercial SiC-MOSFETs, the 1.2-kV SiC-MOSFETs have to be connected in series. However, the voltage sharing under turn-off operations may not be balanced because each characteristic of the MOSFET is different, and the propagation time delay of the gate drive circuit is also different. This paper proposes a voltage balancing control strategy for series-connected SiC MOSFETs under steady state and start-up conditions using digital control circuits. To compensate for voltage unbalance conditions, feedback control of each drain-source voltage of the MOSFET under the OFF-state is proposed. The control circuit is based on a digital circuit, where controlling the voltage balancing under any conditions can be achieved. Experimental results using a buck chopper circuit utilizing SiC MOSFETs rated at 1.2 kV are also presented.
Cordycepin inhibits IL-1 -induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (2008)

Cordycepin is a potent inhibitor of IL-1beta-induced chemokine production and MMP expression and strongly blocks the p38/JNK/AP-1 signalling pathway in RASFs.
High-Frequency Gap Losses in Nanocrystalline Cores (2016)

Finite element analysis is used to examine the gap losses that occur in finely laminated nanocrystalline inductor cores under high-frequency operation. The losses are seen to be concentrated in the region of the air gap and the dependence of the losses on key design parameters and operating conditions is explored. The results show that gap losses can be significant in this type of core, creating hot spots around the gap, and the losses are not accurately predicted by established design equations for low-frequency laminated cores. A modified loss equation is proposed. Validation is provided by measurements on a 300-A, 60 kHz inductor.
Methane conversion using a high‐frequency pulsed plasma: Discharge features (2001)

Abstract The pulsed plasma of methane was experimentally characterized using single and sequential pulse modes. At a single pulse mode, only pulsed corona and streamer discharges occurred at a low pulse voltage. A pulsed spark discharge developed afrer the pulsed streamer discharge at a high pulse voltage. An image analysis indicated that the weak luminescence could be found in the latter period of the pulsed corona discharge. The pulsed streamer and spark discharges bridged the discharge gap and emitted a relatively strong light. At a sequential pulse mode, the streamer or spark discharge developed easily and evenly at a low pulse voltage, as the pulse frequency increased in comparison with that at the single pulse mode. The high‐frequency pulsed plasma was more practical than other plasmas due to its relatively high energy efficiency at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
High-Performance Support Vector Machines and Its Applications (2019)

The support vector machines (SVM) algorithm is a popular classification technique in data mining and machine learning. In this paper, we propose a distributed SVM algorithm and demonstrate its use in a number of applications. The algorithm is named high-performance support vector machines (HPSVM). The major contribution of HPSVM is two-fold. First, HPSVM provides a new way to distribute computations to the machines in the cloud without shuffling the data. Second, HPSVM minimizes the inter-machine communications in order to maximize the performance. We apply HPSVM to some real-world classification problems and compare it with the state-of-the-art SVM technique implemented in R on several public data sets. HPSVM achieves similar or better results.
Soundphotics, light into sound converter (2002)

The proposed method of converting light signals into sound signals is part of a generalised intrasensory signal transformation attempt which is under development in the division of computer science of NTUA. The main part of Soundphotics converter theory is based on the research for finding the possibility of mapping the properties of the light signal produced from an image to harmoniously related sound signals. Applications of this theory can be proved helpful in music synthesis (especially the alleatoric genre of it) as well as in show business and video industry.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Panel of Broad-Spectrum Antivirals in Topical Ophthalmic Medications from the Drug Repurposing Approach during and after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Era (2020)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a global concern of public health caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Its clinical manifestations are characterized by a heterogeneous group of symptoms and pictures (ranging from asymptomatic to lethal courses). The prevalence of conjunctivitis in patients with COVID-19 is at present controversial. Although it has been reported that only 0.9% developed signs of conjunctivitis, other report indicates that up to 31.6% of hospitalized patients had conjunctivitis. Considering the widespread use of topical ophthalmic medications (e.g., eye drops) by the general population, for various reasons (e.g., artificial tears, anti-glaucoma medications, topical antibiotics, etc.), the existence of their side effects as antiviral action should be investigated in-depth because it could possibly explain the aforementioned controversial data and represent a potential antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 replication/diffusion on the ocular surface. Here, we discuss and elucidate the antiviral side effect of many eye drops and ophthalmic ointments commonly used for others purposes, thus showing that these secondary effects (not to be confused with the 'adverse effects') might be of primary importance in a number of viral infections (e.g., those for which there is no validated treatment protocol), according to a drug repurposing approach. Some active ingredients or excipients described here have activity against other types of viruses, thus suggesting potential broad-spectrum applications.
Development and Evaluation of Sensor Concepts for Ageless Aerospace Vehicles (2002)

David Abbott, Adam Batten, David Carpenter, John Dunlop, Graeme Edwards, Tony Farmer, Bruce Gaffney, Mark Hedley, Nigel Hoschke, Peter Isaacs, Mark Johnson, Chris Lewis, Alex Murdoch, Geoff Poulton, Don Price, Mikhail Prokopenko, David Rees, Andrew Scott, Sarath Seneviratne, Philip Valencia, Peter Wang, Denis Whitnall CSIRO Telecommunications & Industrial Physics, Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia
Yeast artificial chromosomes with 200- to 800-kilobase inserts of human DNA containing HLA, V kappa, 5S, and Xq24-Xq28 sequences. (1989)

Sequences hybridizing to several human gene probes have been recovered as cloned inserts in yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). Among 2300 YACs made from human leukocyte DNA (totaling about 0.1 genomic equivalent of human DNA) we have found two, 200 and 780 kilobases (kb), containing sequences of V kappa I immunoglobulin (V = variable); one, 240 kb, with class I HLA; and 11, 200-800 kb, with 5S rRNA-encoding DNA (rDNA). Fifty human YACs from a hamster-human cell hybrid with only the Xq24-Xq28 portion of the X chromosome include one that contains two anonymous probe sequences, DX13 and St14, previously inferred by indirect means to lie within about 70 kb of one another in Xq28. The YACs specific for human DNA arise at a frequency equivalent to the fraction of cellular DNA that is human-specific. Furthermore, the human YACs, formed in a 280-fold excess of hamster DNA, do not hybridize to a hamster DNA probe, indicating that individual YACs do not contain a combination of human and hamster DNA. To confirm that sequences are not scrambled, the YACs containing V kappa I or DX13 and St14 sequences were shown to produce restriction fragments identical in mobility to fragments detected by the same probes in total human DNA digested with the same enzymes. YACs may therefore provide large clones to bridge gene mapping at the chromosome level to molecular analyses of small fragments of genomic DNA.
The Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium: Using Spontaneously Occurring Cancers in Dogs to Inform the Cancer Drug Development Pathway (2009)

The Health in Action section is a forum for individuals or organizations to highlight their innovative approaches to a particular health problem.
The acid-labile subunit (ALS) of the 150 kDa IGF-binding protein complex: an important but forgotten component of the circulating IGF system (2001)

The insulin-like growth factors-I and -II (IGFs) are involved in a wide array of cellular processes such as proliferation, prevention of apoptosis, and differentiation. Most of these effects are mediated by the IGF-I receptor, although at higher IGF concentrations the insulin receptor can also be activated. As the expression of both the IGFs and their receptors is widespread, IGFs are thought to have autocrine/paracrine modes of actions also, particularly during foetal life. The endocrine component of the IGF system is recognised to be important after birth, with IGF-I mediating many of the effects of growth hormone (GH), and linking anabolic processes to nutrient availability. Consideration of ligands and receptors, however, is insufficient to provide a complete understanding of the biology of IGF. This is because IGFs are found in binary complexes of 40-50 kDa with members of a family of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs-1 to -6) in all biological fluids. In addition, in postnatal serum, most IGFs are sequestered into ternary complexes of 150 kDa consisting of one molecule each of IGF, IGFBP-3 or IGFBP-5, and acid-labile subunit (ALS). Despite evidence that ALS plays an important role in the biology of circulating IGFs, it has received only limited attention relative to the other components of the IGF system. This review provides an overview on the current knowledge of ALS protein and gene structure, organisation and regulation by hormones, and insights from novel animal models such as the ALS knockout mice.