gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a numerical simulator for a variable dispersion compensator using a virtually imaged phased array (2005)

Increases in the speed and capacity of ultrahigh-speed optical communication systems have made dispersion compensator technology an essential tool. In view of this fact, we have proposed a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA)-type variable dispersion compensator (VIPA-VDC) capable of trailing a dispersion that changes as a function of time in an optical transmission path, and we have pursued its development. Because the dispersion compensator is comprised of multiple components, an optimal design for the dispersion compensator as a whole is essential to obtaining favorable performance characteristics. Therefore, we have created a simulation algorithm based on Fresnel/Kirchhoff's diffraction integral, calculated the dispersion characteristics of an actual VIPA dispersion compensator, and verified the validity of the simulation algorithm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(12): 34–42, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10109
An Entropy-Based Model for Indoor Self-Localization Through Dialogue (Short Paper) (2018)

People can be localized at a particular location in an indoor environment using verbal descriptions referring to distinct visible objects (e.g., landmarks). When a user provides an incomplete initial location description their location may remain ambiguous. Here, we consider a dialogue initiated to update the initial description, which continues until the updated description can be related to a location in the environment. In each interaction, the wayfinder is incrementally asked about the visibility of a particular object to update the initial description. This paper presents an entropy-based model to minimize the number of interactions. We show how this entropy-based model leads to a significant reduction of interactions (i.e., reduction of conversation length, measured by the number of additional referents) compared to baseline models. Moreover, the effect of the initial description, i.e., the first set of visible objects with different combinations, is investigated.
Cellular Basis for Progesterone Neuroprotection in the Injured Spinal Cord (2002)

Progesterone (PROG) exerts beneficial and neuroprotective effects in the injured central and peripheral nervous system. In the present work, we examine PROG effects on three measures of neuronal function under negative regulation (choline acetyltransferase [ChAT] and Na,K-ATPase) or stimulated (growth-associated protein [GAP-43]) after acute spinal cord transection injury in rats. As expected, spinal cord injury reduced ChAT immunostaining intensity of ventral horn neurons. A 3-day course of intensive PROG treatment of transected rats restored ChAT immunoreactivity, as assessed by frequency histograms that recorded shifts from predominantly light neuronal staining to medium, dark or intense staining typical of control rats. Transection also reduced the expression of the mRNA for the alpha3 catalytic and beta1 regulatory subunits of neuronal Na,K-ATPase, whereas PROG treatment restored both subunit mRNA to normal levels. Additionally, the upregulation observed for GAP-43 mRNA in ventral horn neurons in spinal cord-transected rats, was further enhanced by PROG administration. In no case did PROG modify ChAT immunoreactivity, Na,K-ATPase subunit mRNA or GAP-43 mRNA in control, sham-operated rats. Further, the PROG-mediated effects on these three markers were observed in large, presumably Lamina IX motoneurons, as well as in smaller neurons measuring approximately <500 micro2. Overall, the stimulatory effects of PROG on ChAT appears to replenish acetylcholine, with its stimulatory effects on Na,K-ATPase seems capable of restoring membrane potential, ion transport and nutrient uptake. PROG effects on GAP-43 also appear to accelerate reparative responses to injury. As the cellular basis for PROG neuroprotection becomes better understood it may prove of therapeutic benefit to spinal cord injury patients.
The Composition and Distribution of Phosphate Rock with Special Reference to the United States (1933)

Public Economics
Flexible photonic sensor based on locally synthesized metal oxide nanowire network (2010)

We propose a new flexible photonic sensor based on metal oxide nanowire networks fabricated by a novel eco-friendly focused energy field (FEF) method. This method is based on the localized thermal energy along microscale heater within liquid precursor solutions of nanowire synthesis. FEF method enables selective synthesis and in-situ integration of ZnO nanowires on the metal electrodes of function devices. Further, low-temperature and nontoxic nature of the process allows the compatibility with flexible polymer substrates. High band gap of ZnO (3.37eV) allows the sensitivity of ZnO nanowire networks to the UV illumination (λ=365nm) with a dark current of 60nA and on-off ratio of 50∼70. Due to the robustness and good adhesion of ZnO nanowires fabricated on the polymer substrate, the shape of nanowire and photoconductive characteristic didn't change.
Anemia in Lymphoproliferative Disorders (1998)

The onset of anemia in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders can be attributed to various causes, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, and anemia of chronic disease. A variety of interventions can provide benefit.
Kinetic Studies of the Alternating Copolymerization of Cyclic Acid Anhydrides and Epoxides, and the Terpolymerization of Cyclic Acid Anhydrides, Epoxides, and CO<sub>2</sub> Catalyzed by (salen)Cr<sup>III</sup>Cl (2012)

Copolymerization of a series of cyclic acid anhydrides with several epoxides using (salen)CrCl/onium salt catalysts has afforded polyesters with high molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. The (salen)CrCl catalyst in the presence of the onium salts with formula PPNX (X = Cl–, N3–) for the copolymerization of the anhydrides, maleic (MA), succinic (SA), phthalic (PA), cyclohexene (CHE), and cyclohexane (CHA) with the epoxides, cyclohexene oxide (CHO), propylene oxide (PO), and styrene oxide (SO) resulted in completely alternating enchainment of monomers to provide pure polyesters. Temperature dependent studies of the ring-opening copolymerization of phthalic anhydride and cyclohexene oxide monomers in toluene solution have yielded activation parameters of ΔH‡ = 67.5 kJ mol–1 and ΔS‡ = −95.3 J mol–1, where the rate limiting step was ring-opening of the epoxide by the enchained anhydride. For the cyclic acid anhydride (CHA), the relative order of reactivity with epoxides decreased PO > CHO ≥ SO, and for the epoxide (CHO) the relative rate of copolymerization was CHA > PA > CHE. The (salen)CrCl/PPNN3 catalyst system was also shown to effectively terpolymerize CHO/phthalic anhydride/CO2 to afford diblock copolymers, thereby producing in a one pot synthesis poly(ester-co-carbonate). Tg values of the synthesized polyesters displayed a temperature range over 130 °C, from +95 °C to −39 °C.
Recursive Blocked Algorithms and Hybrid Data Structures for Dense Matrix Library Software (2004)

Matrix computations are both fundamental and ubiquitous in computational science and its vast application areas. Along with the development of more advanced computer systems with complex memory hierarchies, there is a continuing demand for new algorithms and library software that efficiently utilize and adapt to new architecture features. This article reviews and details some of the recent advances made by applying the paradigm of recursion to dense matrix computations on today's memory-tiered computer systems. Recursion allows for efficient utilization of a memory hierarchy and generalizes existing fixed blocking by introducing automatic variable blocking that has the potential of matching every level of a deep memory hierarchy. Novel recursive blocked algorithms offer new ways to compute factorizations such as Cholesky and QR and to solve matrix equations. In fact, the whole gamut of existing dense linear algebra factorization is beginning to be reexamined in view of the recursive paradigm. Use of recursion has led to using new hybrid data structures and optimized superscalar kernels. The results we survey include new algorithms and library software implementations for level 3 kernels, matrix factorizations, and the solution of general systems of linear equations and several common matrix equations. The software implementations we survey are robust and show impressive performance on today's high performance computing systems.
Integrating structure and control design to achieve mixed H<sub>2</sub>/H performance (2000)

Present technology in structure design (smart structures, civil structures and aerospace structures) includes the use of feedback control. While retrofitting such active elements can be useful in existing structures, future designs will require something more than retrofitting technology. Future technology will certainly require a more systematic integration of the design of a structure and its active elements. This paper provides a step in that direction. We seek to integrate the design of the structure with its active elements to achieve mixed H2/H performance for the controlled structural system (closed loop system). More specificaly, the approach presented here solves a mixed passive control (structure design) and active control (feedback control law design) problems with performance characterized by system norms such that H performance bounds are guaranteed with les active energy. This approach al ows us to answer the question 'what is an optimal distribution of mass, stiffness, damping and control energy throughout a structure?' The main conclusion drew in this paper is that control design tools can be useful for structure design.
A Novel Approach to Mixing in Circulating Flows (1993)

A new approach to the modelling of mixing in circulating flows is presented. The model, based on a simplification of suspended flow, considers the distribution of circulation times through a well-mixed based space. Simulated tracer response curves in an ideal laminar flow circulation mixer are presented. The results shed some light on the relationships between average circulation time, mixing cycle, and mixing time.
EVALUATION OF WATER REPELLENCY FOR SILICON OXIDE FILMS PREPARED BY RF PLASMA-ENTHANCED CVD (1996)

Silicom oxide films with good water repellency were prepared by rf plasma-enhanced CVD (rf-PECVD) using four kinds of organosilicon compound, which had different number of methyl () groups, and oxygen as gas sources. The differences in the deposition rates, film composition and film properties were studied in detail. Water repellency depended on the number of groups in the organosilicon compounds and the partial pressure of oxygen in the plasma. The highest contact angle for water drops, about 95 degrees, was obtained when trimethy lmethoxy silane (TMMOS) was used. The contact angle decreased with the amount of oxygen gas introduced into the plasma. The dissociation of groups by adding oxygen was comfirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical properties were estimated by double-beam spectroscopy and ellipsometry. The transmittance of the glass plate coated by the film prepared with tetramethoxy silane (TMOS) was about 90% and the refractive index of film was 1.44. This value was smaller than the refractive index of a glass plate(soda lime glass, refractive index is 1.515) and this film played a role of anti-refractive coating.
Chronic Mitochondrial Inhibition Induces Selective Motoneuron Death In Vitro: A New Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2000)

Evidence is increasing that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective motoneuron death. To study the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathways leading to motoneuron death, we developed an in vitro model of chronic motoneuron toxicity, based on malonate-induced inhibition of complex II in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Treatment with malonate resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in cellular ATP levels. We observed that motoneurons were significantly more vulnerable to mitochondrial inhibition than control neurons in the dorsal horn. We could reproduce this dose-dependent phenomenon with the complex IV inhibitor sodium azide. The free radical scavenger alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone, the AMPA/kainate receptor blocker 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, and riluzole, a drug that is currently used for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, were protective against malonate-induced motoneuron death. Furthermore, the caspase inhibitors N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone and z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone were both protective against malonate toxicity. Our model shows that chronic mitochondrial inhibition leads to selective motoneuron death, which is most likely apoptotic.
Normalized Maximum Likelihood Models for Boolean Regression with Application to Prediction and Classification in Genomics (2005)

ConclusionsBoolean regression classes of models are powerful modeling tools having associated NML models which can be easily computed and used in MDL inference, in particular for factor selection.Comparing the MDL methods based on the two-part codes with those based on the NML models, we note that the former is faster to evaluate, but the latter provides a significantly shorter codelength and hence a better description of the data. When analyzing the gene expression data, speed may be a major concern, since one has to test ({skk/n}) possible groupings of k genes, with n in the order of thousands and usually less than 10. The two-partcodes may then be used for pre-screening of the gene groupings, to remove the obviously poor performers, and then the NML model could be applied to obtain the final selection from a smaller pool of candidates. The running time for all our experiments reported here is in the order of tens of minutes.The use of the MDL principle for classification with the class of Boolean models provides an effective classification method as demonstrated with the important cancer classification example based on gene expression data. The NML model for the class M(θ, k, f) was used for the selection of informative feature genes. When using the sets of feature genes, selected by NML model, we achieved classification error rates significantly lower than those reported recently for the same data set.
High-performance control of switched reluctance motors (1997)

A general high bandwidth, low ripple, instantaneous torque control strategy with a variable field-angle for extended constant-power speed range is presented. The strategy is based on the SR motor's electromagnetic characteristics measured at the motor terminals and is the nearest functional equivalent to AC vector control for this type of machine. Low torque ripple and high bandwidth are achieved over a wide range of speeds and a constant power range of 3:1. The proposed controller, which is applicable to most SR motors, is found to reduce the torque ripple by a factor of 5 in comparison with conventional square-wave current operation, and has been operated over a speed range of 1:6000.
Dispersed generation and storage systems for providing ancillary services in distribution systems (2010)

In this paper, the problem of the use of dispersed generation (DG) for providing ancillary services in electrical distribution systems is addressed. Fuel cell-based, photovoltaic cell-based, and wind generation systems are connected to the distribution network through power electronic interfaces, each with a proper storage system for the optimal grid operation. Thanks also to the storage system, the DG units are able to provide ancillary services such as load following, back-up, peak shaving, reactive power support and power quality disturbance compensation. A centralized control system coordinates the DG units. Time domain simulations on an actual distribution system are reported and discussed.
A Study on the Effect of inflow Daylight according to the installation method of controlling Light Shelf and Blind in the Room of General Hospital (2013)

This study aims to identify convenient surrounding of the hospital room to be improved by specifically focusing on light environment and to examine a change of inflow of the daylight in the hospital room by using blind and light shelf device as base data of preliminary research for comprehending the relationship between healing environment and natural day light. Simulation analysis on previous facilities and the installation of horizontal light shelf that derives the inflow of day light has been specifically referred by using ECOTECT2011 program. In case of C-facility that mostly adjoined to exterior spaces, it was shown to be closer to a proper uniformity factor when an angle was controlled on the light shelf with blind installed at the same time. However, it was not overall appropriate because of visual displeasure occurred from inflow of much day light. In conclusion, it is the form of flat surface such as H-facility that provides an effect after installing the device to derive day light. Especially, it was shown that interior day light environment was improved when installing blind and controlling the angle at the same time.
Polarity-driven nickel oxide precipitation in LaNiO3-LaAlO3 superlattices (2011)

We have studied the microstructure of LaNiO3-LaAlO3 superlattices using transmission electron microscopy in combination with electron energy loss spectroscopy. In superlattices grown on non-polar SrTiO3 substrates, nanometer-sized NiO precipitates form directly at the interface between the substrate and the initial LaNiO3 layer, while control measurements on polar substrates show no NiO. Because of the drastically different electronic properties of NiO and LaNiO3, such precipitates can strongly affect measurements on atomically thin LaNiO3-based films and multilayers on SrTiO3. In general, polarity-driven secondary phase formation should be carefully evaluated as a possible consequence of the polarity mismatch at metal-oxide interfaces.
Gap and Stagger Effects on Biplanes with End Plates: Part I (2009)

Modern flow diagnostics applied to a very old aerodynamic problem has produced a number of intriguing new results and new insight into previous results. Part I demonstrated large differences in lift due to changes in gap and positive and negative stagger. Part I also used downwash to elucidate some of the reasons behind this behavior; however it is noted that the inviscid assumption was not adequate to capture this behavior in the theoretical and computational models used. Part II will present a generalized empirical method for the prediction of lift coefficient as a function of gap, stagger and angle of attack determined from the parametric force balance results. The resulting empirical approach allows for a rapid determination of CL for a biplane having different gap, stagger, AR and taper without the need for a complete viscous flowfield analysis. The momentum deficit method and Kutta-Joukowski theorem (Trefftz plane Stereo PIV) were applied to the PIV data for the purpose of measuring the drag and lift force. The accuracy of these methods was found to be comparable to the force balance measurements. Trefftz-plane Stereo PIV shows that the positive stagger configuration has significantly different flow morphology. The spanwise and vertical velocity components in the wake can be largely manipulated by the presence and shape of the endplates and the stagger condition of the upper wing. A dramatic lift slope change ( L C  ) was found almost universally on all
Superconducting wires of PbMo5.1S6 by a powder technique (1978)

Wires of PbMo5.1S6 have been prepared by drawing sintered and powdered ternary sulfide in a metal sheath. Subsequent annealing at high temperatures (850–1000 °C) is necessary to restore Tc to its maximum value ∼14.4 K. The sheath material must not react with and reduce the sulfide, and of the common metals this limits the choice to silver. Critical fields Bc2 (4.2 K) ?51 T of these wires are the same as for the best powder samples, but current densities, Jc (4.2 K, 4 T) ∼ (1–5) ×107 A/m2, are disappointingly low.
Recognizing transient low-frequency whale sounds by spectrogram correlation (2000)

A method is described for the automatic recognition of transient animal sounds. Automatic recognition can be used in wild animal research, including studies of behavior, population, and impact of anthropogenic noise. The method described here, spectrogram correlation, is well-suited to recognition of animal sounds consisting of tones and frequency sweeps. For a sound type of interest, a two-dimensional synthetic kernel is constructed and cross-correlated with a spectrogram of a recording, producing a recognition function--the likelihood at each point in time that the sound type was present. A threshold is applied to this function to obtain discrete detection events, instants at which the sound type of interest was likely to be present. An extension of this method handles the temporal variation commonly present in animal sounds. Spectrogram correlation was compared to three other methods that have been used for automatic call recognition: matched filters, neural networks, and hidden Markov models. The test data set consisted of bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) end notes from songs recorded in Alaska in 1986 and 1988. The method had a success rate of about 97.5% on this problem, and the comparison indicated that it could be especially useful for detecting a call type when relatively few (5-200) instances of the call type are known.
Enantioselective Fluorination of <i>tert</i>-Butoxycarbonyl Lactones and Lactams Catalyzed by Chiral Pd(II)-Bisphosphine Complexes (2006)

An efficient catalytic enantioselective fluorination of tert-butoxycarbonyl lactones and lactams is reported. Reactions of the lactone substrates proceeded smoothly in an alcoholic solvent with a catalytic amount of chiral Pd(II) complex. In the case of the less acidic lactam substrates, concurrent use of the Pd complex and 2,6-lutidine as a cocatalyst was effective. Under the reaction conditions, the fluorinated lactones and lactams were obtained in good yield with excellent enantioselectivity (94-99% ee).
Network subsystem design (1993)

It is argued that the bandwidth of the CPU/memory data path on workstations will remain within the same order of magnitude as the network bandwidth delivered to the workstation. This makes it essential that the number of times network data traverses the CPU/memory data path be minimized. Evidence which suggests that the cache cannot be expected to significantly reduce the number of data movements over this path is reviewed. Hardware and software techniques for avoiding the CPU/memory bottleneck are discussed. It is concluded that naively applying these techniques is not sufficient for achieving good application-to-application throughput; they must also be carefully integrated. Various techniques that can be integrated to provide a high bandwidth data path between I/O devices and application programs are outlined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Study of probabilistic and Bottle-Neck features in multilingual environment (2011)

This study is focused on the performance of Probabilistic and Bottle-Neck features on different language than they were trained for. It is shown, that such porting is possible and that the features are still competitive to PLP features. Further, several combination techniques are evaluated. The performance of combined features is close to the best performing system. Finally, bigger NNs were trained on large data from different domain. The resulting features outperformed previously trained systems and combination with them further improved the system performance.