gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Novel technique of interferometric optical fiber sensing</title> (1995)

The present paper describes novel technique of optical fiber sensing on the basis of Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Proposed technique was realized in the sound pressure sensor. It has been demonstrated experimentally that the sensitivity of the developed sensor is equal to 12 Pa per 1 m length of w-lightguide in the measuring channel.
A framework for Black Link Management and Control (2011)

This document provides a framework that describes a solution space for
the control and management of optical interfaces according to the
Black Link approach as specified by ITU-T [ITU.G698.2] and beyond
(friendly wavelength). In particular, it examines topological elements
and related network management measures. Optical Routing and
Wavelength assignment based on WSON is out of scope. This document
concentrates on the management of optical interfaces. The application
of a dynamic control plane, e.g. for auto-discovery or for the
distribtion of interface parameters, is complementary. Anyway, this
work is not in conflict with WSON but leverages and supports related
work already done for management plane and control plane.
Furthermore, support for Fast Fault Detection, to e.g. trigger
Protection Switching is provided by the WDM interface capability of
the client interface (e.g. ITU-T G.709) is out of scope for this work.
Additionally the wavelength ordering process and the process how to
determine the demand for a new wavelength from A to Z is out of scope.
Contrasting internalization kinetics of human and chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors mediated by C-terminal tail (1998)

The chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) is notable for having a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail, which is not present in the mammalian GnRH-Rs. We report here that the cytoplasmic tail mediates rapid agonist-promoted receptor internalization. The chicken GnRH-R mediated internalization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (125I[His5-D-Tyr6]GnRH) at a rate of 11.3%.min-1, compared with only 0.71 %.min-1 for the human GnRH-R. To determine whether the presence of the cytoplasmic tail was responsible for the more rapid internalization kinetics of the chicken GnRH-R we truncated the tail after the Ile336 residue (S337stop). Receptor-mediated internalization of GnRH agonist by the S337stop-chicken GnRH-R was much slower than in the wild-type chicken receptor, and was similar to the wild-type human GnRH-R (0.55 %.min-1). These data indicate that rapid agonist-promoted internalization of the chicken GnRH-R is mediated through elements in the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail, distal to or including Ser337 and suggests that elimination of the C-terminal tail during evolution of mammalian GnRH-Rs may be related to its effects on internalization.
Large nonlinear phase shift owing to cascaded χ^(2) in quasi-phase-matched bulk LiNbO_3 (1997)

Large nonresonant effective nonlinear indices that are due to cascading have been observed by Z-scan and CCD camera measurements performed on quasi-phase-matched LiNbO(3). Positive and negative values of n(cascad)(2) were measured at temperatures symmetrically displayed with respect to the optimum phase-matching temperatures (2.39 x 10(-13) and -2.37 x 10(-13)cm(2)/W, respectively).
Transmission of planar, cylindrical and spherical multiple dielectric layer systems (1993)

The transmission of planar, cylindrical and spherical waves has been studied for single dielectric layer, resonant tunnelling and multiple period Bragg reflector systems. Interesting features originating from the geometry are found in the cylindrical and spherical systems and their applications are discussed.
T Lymphocyte Epitope Mapping of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (2007)

Immunoreactive T lymphocyte epitopes within the ORF1, ORF2, and ORF 3 products of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were mapped. For this, overlapping linear 20-mer peptides were synthesized and tested for their ability to induce T lymphocyte proliferation in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from experimentally PCV2-infected pigs. After a preliminary screening of 31 (ORF1), 23 (ORF2), and 10 (ORF3) peptides using PBMCs from 4 PCV2-infected pigs, none of the peptides appeared to be immunoreactive (stimulation index [SI] : 2) in all four pigs. Only 14 peptides appeared to be immunoreactive in 3 of the 4 pigs. These peptides were designated as immunodominant in the preliminary screening and selected for further analysis. The immunodominant peptides were resynthesized and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and tested for their ability to induce T lymphocyte proliferation in PBMCs from another three PCV2-infected pigs. None of the immunodominant peptides appeared to be immunoreactive in all three pigs of the second screening. Only three peptides appeared to be immunoreactive in two of three pigs, two encoded by PCV2 ORF1 (amino acid residues 81-100 and 201-220) and one encoded by PCV2 ORF3 (amino acid residues 31-50), and were therefore considered to be immunodominant in both screenings. Although peptides encoded by ORF2 appeared to show the highest immunoreactivity in some pigs, none of these peptides displayed immunodominance in both screenings. In summary, the present study indicates that the T lymphocyte responses to PCV2 are primarily directed toward epitopes of the nonstructural proteins of ORF1 and ORF3.
Injection molded solder technology for Pb-free wafer bumping (2004)

A new wafer bumping technology is described that is especially suited for Pb-free applications. Although capable of using standard PbSn eutectic solder, IMS (injection molded solder) has been found to be especially suited for accommodating a wide range of Pb-free alloys with equal ease. The development of IMS technology was driven by the need to reduce wafer bumping costs while simultaneously addressing the conflicting demands of increasing wafer dimensions to 300 mm and decreasing bump and pitch dimensions below 75 /spl mu/m on 150 /spl mu/m centers. The IMS wafer bumping process uses a new head assembly that melts bulk solder alloys with precisely controlled compositions and dispenses the molten solder into multiple cavities of a wafer-sized mold plate. The mold plate is CTE matched to silicon and is reusable many times, thus reducing the per wafer bumping cost. In the process, a mold plate is scanned and filled with molten solder and inspected after solidification. Thereafter, the mold plate and device wafer are aligned and adjoined in a mirror image fashion for processing through a solder reflow furnace to transfer solder to the wafer. In this paper, early manufacturing challenges and solutions are described which allow IMS to be considered as an attractive technology for 300 mm Pb-free wafer bumping. Early process feasibility data for 200 mm wafer bumping are reviewed. Economical and environmental advantages are also discussed in relation to key process characteristics, such as solder waste reduction, use of low-cost bulk alloys, and others.
Cycle Life Performance of Li<sub>x</sub>Mn<sub>2-y</sub>Fe<sub>y</sub>O<sub>4-z</sub>Cl<sub>z</sub>Made via in Situ Combustion Synthesis (2017)

Lithium manganese oxide spinel is an attractive material for lithium-ion battery cathodes due to its 3D network of lithium pathways within the structure. An inherent disadvantage is its limited cyclability as a result of the energy barriers for removing lithium from the octahedral sites. This work incorporates chlorine into the lattice of the high surface area material to help assist in lithium deinsertion and can be synthesized for use in less than 8 hours by using the common ceramic synthesis technique of glycine nitrate combustion. The electrochemical cell cycled between 4.75V and 3.5V at 1mA/cm2 (9mA/gactive) and achieves over 130 cycles in this work while maintaining a capacity of 82.3mAh/g, about 95% of the its greatest capacity.
Engineered Heart Tissue Model of Diabetic Myocardium (2011)

Myocardial infarction resulting in irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes (CMs) is a leading cause of heart failure. Previously, we reported an in vitro test-bed for screening cell integration between injected test cells and host CM using the engineered heart tissue as a recipient. The objective of this study is to expand our system to diabetic cardiomyopathy conditions. Patients with diabetes show dysfunction of CMs independent of myocardial infarction, indicating that diabetes directly affects CMs. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and developing a diabetic CM test-bed could enable drug screening studies specific to the diabetic heart. Diabetic cardiac conditions were mimicked by cultivating neonatal rat CMs seeded onto collagen scaffolds in normal or high glucose with or without insulin. Our results show that high glucose conditions, which mimic diabetic hearts, display poor electrical properties. Gene expression profiles from diabetic, adult, and neonatal rat hearts as well as engineered heart tissues under different conditions were compared. The diabetic rat heart and high glucose conditions increased the ratio of myosin heavy-chain isoform β to α indicative of diseased states; thus, this model system captures some molecular aspects of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Moreover, thiazolidinedione diabetic drug treatment improved electrical excitabilities and exhibited anti-apoptotic effects.
Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps (2017)

Ions trapped in a quadrupole Paul trap have been considered one of the strong physical candidates to implement quantum information processing. This is due to their long coherence time and their capability to manipulate and detect individual quantum bits (qubits). In more recent years, microfabricated surface ion traps have received more attention for large-scale integrated qubit platforms. This paper presents a microfabrication methodology for ion traps using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, including the fabrication method for a 14 µm-thick dielectric layer and metal overhang structures atop the dielectric layer. In addition, an experimental procedure for trapping ytterbium (Yb) ions of isotope 174 (<sup>174</sup>Yb<sup>+</sup>) using 369.5 nm, 399 nm, and 935 nm diode lasers is described. These methodologies and procedures involve many scientific and engineering disciplines, and this paper first presents the detailed experimental procedures. The methods discussed in this paper can easily be extended to the trapping of Yb ions of isotope 171 (<sup>171</sup>Yb<sup>+</sup>) and to the manipulation of qubits.
Taxonomische Untersuchungen über die Serie <i>Palustres</i> M. Pop. der Gattung <i>Myosotis</i> L. (1967)

Abstract Die Serie Palustres setzt sich aus 13 Arten zusammen. Sie ist über ganz Europa verbreitet, wobei einige Arten sehr polymorphen Charakter tragen. Die Untersuchung der Merkmale ergibt, daß den Behaarungsmerkmalen des Stengels und der Blätter sowie den Kelchformen und Nüßchengrößen große Bedeutung bei der Trennung der Arten zukommt. Besondere Berücksichtigung erfährt die in Deutschland weit verbreitete M. palustris ( L .) N ATHH . s.l. Cytologische und morphologische Merkmale (wie z. B. Kelchzipfellänge, Beblätterung der Infloreszenzen) und die Areale der einzelnen Arten lassen Gruppierungen erkennen, die zu einer Aufspaltung der Serie Palustres in Subserien Anlaß geben. Es werden außer den drei Subserien noch eine Art, zwei Unterarten und drei Varietäten neu beschrieben und drei Namen neu kombiniert.
Properties of Dried and Intermediate Moisture Honey Products: A Review (2008)

This review discusses the processing techniques proposed for the production of dried and intermediate moisture honey products, as well as their properties. Stickiness is the major problem in the drying of sugar rich products like honey, that depend on the type of sugar and temperature of operation, which are related to the glass transition temperature. Some additives are usually added to the sugary feed to increase the glass transition temperature and concurrently the sticky point temperature. In the case of honey-fruit spreads, nutritional and sensory characteristics can be enhanced by replacing part of sugar with honey. Co-crystallization of honey with sucrose could be used to preserve the honey flavor. These diversified honey products provide better taste and nutrition to the consumer besides enhancing the utilization of honey.
Circular permuted proteins in the universe of protein folds (2009)

Finding and identifying circular permuted protein pairs (CPP) is one of the harder tasks for structure alignment programs, because of the different location of the break in the polypeptide chain connectivity. The protein structure alignment tool GANGSTA+ was used to search for CPPs in a database of nearly 10,000 protein structures. It also allows determination of the statistical significance of the occurrence of circular permutations in the protein universe. The number of detected CPPs was found to be higher than expected, raising questions about the evolutionary processes leading to CPPs. The GANGSTA+ protein structure alignment tool is available online via the web server at http://gangsta.chemie.fu-berlin.de. On the same webpage the complete data base of similar protein structure pairs based on the ASTRAL40 set of protein domains is provided and one can select CPPs specifically.
Mitogen accumulation in von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (1990)

Most, but not all, patients with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis develop tumors (neurofibromas) that contain large numbers of Schwann cells and fibroblasts. To begin to understand the molecular events that contribute to cell proliferation in these benign tumors, we have analyzed extracts of neurofibromas to determine whether they contain mitogens for Schwann cells or fibroblasts, or both. Schwann cell and fibroblast mitogens are present in neurofibroma extracts. All the neurofibromas analyzed contain a Schwann cell mitogen similar to a neuronal cell surface molecule known to stimulate Schwann cell proliferation during normal development; this mitogen also stimulates fibroblast proliferation. Basic fibroblast growth factor is present in 60% of tumors evaluated. Accumulation of mitogenic substances may contribute to the growth of neurofibromas.
The Effect of Limited Monomer Solubility in Heterogeneous Step-Growth Polymerization (2001)

Limited monomer solubility imposes very intriguing features on poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole) polymerization. Only one type of functional group is detected at oligomer chain ends, and a high-molecular-weight polymer is obtained even when an excess of the monomer with low solubility is used. These remarkable phenomena are interpreted as an unprecedented "spoon-feeding-of-monomer" mechanism. A novel apparatus for staged polymerization is described that was triggered by the uniqueness of the heterogeneous step-growth polymerization. Hyperbranched polyesters and a polyurethane/polyethylene blend, which represent two phases in the polymerization process, are also discussed.
Power scaling in photonic time-stretched analog-to-digital converters (2009)

The photonic time-stretch technique can be used for achieving ADCs at higher frequencies by reducing power dissipation, and overcoming the barrier due to clock jitter and the limited speed of electronics. The TS-ADC can also be very useful in applications such as antenna remoting, since no additional hardware is required to provide the option of remoting in communications and radar systems. In this mode of operation, the dispersive fiber that stretches the RF signal can also serve as the fiber link. Optical subsystems are being developed for signal transmission at board levels and chip levels to reduce power dissipation and achieve high throughput rates.
A new synthetic approach based on (−)-menthone for chiral liquid crystals (2004)

Starting from (−)-menthone, a new chiral building block useful for liquid crystal preparation was synthesized. This chiral moiety was attached to selected phenols under mild conditions by esterification. Rigid cores of tolanebenzoates and phenylbenzoates were prepared using the palladium cross-coupling reaction or by traditional liquid crystal synthesis methods. This convergent approach ended with a second esterification or palladium cross-coupling reaction to furnish new liquid crystal materials with smectic A, smectic C* and N* phases, as well as blue phases (BP). Thermal behavior, and the effect of chiral moiety branches and molecular packing in the smectic phases, have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
Long-gap esophageal atresia: traction-growth and anastomosis - before and beyond (2013)

Long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) is still a major surgical challenge. Options for esophageal reconstruction include the use of native esophagus or esophageal replacement with stomach, colon, or small intestine. Nonetheless, there is a consensus among most pediatric surgeons that the preservation of the native esophagus is associated with better postoperative outcomes. Thus, every effort should be made to conserve the native esophagus. The present study is aimed at critically reporting our experience focused on a standardized protocol based on the preoperative assessment of the gap in all cases and reviewing the present literature because no consensus is available regarding many aspects of LGEA (from definition to treatment). All newborn infants treated since 1995 for esophageal atresia (EA), regardless of type, were included in the present study. Identification of LGEA patients (gap ≥3 vertebral bodies) was performed based on preoperative esophageal gap measurement. The selected patients were grouped based on EA type (A/B vs. C/D) and whether they were referred from an outside institution or not. Postoperative outcome was compared. Statistical analysis was performed with the Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test as appropriate, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Two hundred and nineteen patients have been consecutively treated between 1995 and 2012 with the following EA subtypes: type: A 25 (11.4%); B 6 (2.7%); C 182 (83.1%); D 3 (1.4%); E 3 (1.4%). Fifty-seven patients (26%) were classified as LGEA: type A-B, 31 (54.4%); type C-D, 26 (45.6%). Twenty seven (47%) of these patients were referred after at least one failed attempt at esophageal correction: type A-B, 15 (55%); type C-D, 12 (45%). Only one patient ultimately required esophageal substitution, with an overall survival rate of 94%. A standardized perioperative protocol enhances the possibility of preserving the native esophagus in cases of LGEA. Gap measurement can be accurately defined before surgery in all patients with EA. Esophageal anastomosis (either immediate or delayed repair) is almost always feasible; esophageal substitution should only be considered after a rigorous attempt at achieving end-to-end esophageal anastomosis.
Estimation of Theoretical Yield for Ethanol Production from D-Xylose by Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using Metabolic Pathway Synthesis Algorithm (2001)

The metabolic pathway synthesis algorithm was applied to estimate the maximum ethanol yield from xylose in a model recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain containing the genes involved in xylose metabolism. The stoichiometrically independent pathways were identified by constructing a biochemical reaction network for conversion of xylose to ethanol in the recombinant S. cerevisiae. Two independent pathways were obtained in the xylose-assimilating recombinant S. cerevisiae as opposed to six independent pathways for conversion of glucose to ethanol. The maximum ethanol yield from xylose was estimated to be 0.46 g/g, which was lower than the known value of 0.51 g/g for glucose-fermenting and wild-type xylose-fermenting yeasts.
Fabrication of periodic nanoscale Ag-wire arrays on vicinal surfaces (1998)

We report the fabrication of 20-50 nm period uniform arrays of 1.7-3.6 nm high, 5-7 nm wide, 500 nm long silver wires on ion-beam polished -miscut (111) vicinal surfaces. The wire separation exceeds the substrate mean step separation of 4.5 nm by a factor of 4-10. The arrays are formed under ambient conditions by scanning the tip of an atomic force microscope across a dense electron beam evaporated deposit of 3-9 nm diameter, high Ag-clusters. Such periodic array structures are not formed on cleaved (111) surfaces of . The wires are oriented along a preferential direction defined by the substrate. We assume this direction corresponds to the mean orientation of the 0.315 nm high surface steps defined by the Ca sublattice of the (111) vicinal surface. We propose that the friction force experienced by cluster agglomerates, formed by scanning the tip, increases in a step-wise fashion as further clusters are added to the agglomerate and that this force increases markedly at crystal step edges. Transport of the agglomerate ceases when the friction force exerted by the substrate and other nearby adparticle structures exceeds that exerted on the agglomerate by the microscope tip. At our cluster densities, this is most likely to occur when the cluster agglomerate has grown sufficiently to intersect more than one substrate step.
Mechanisms of immune lysis. I. Physiological distinction between target cell death mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antibody plus complement. (1980)

The pattern of progressive release of cytosolic (52Cr) and nuclear (125IUdR) labels from normal or tumor cells being lysed by CTL is strikingly different from the pattern observed when similar cells are lysed by Ab + C or hypotonic shock. We propose that these differences reflect physiologic differences in the lytic events associated with Ab + C- and CTL-mediated cell death.