gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding the tampon density and density gradient through computed tomography imaging (2015)

Protection against leakage is one of the key consumer needs for tampon products. The absorbency of tampons depends on both the density of material inside the device, and the density gradient which pulls fluid into the core. Measuring tampon densities in a non-destructive manner was achieved using high-resolution three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) imaging. X-ray density was converted to mass density, using imaging of fiber pellets of known density. Two tampon types were scanned, and density and density gradients were calculated in both regions of interest and voxel-by-voxel. The CT scan density data were used to explain the results from a consumer use study that indicated a higher density prototype resulted in higher leakage versus a commercially available product that had a lower density profile at the periphery of the tampon and a higher density at its core.
Metallic nanoparticles as optoacoustic contrast agents for medical imaging (2006)

A contrast agent for optoacoustic imaging and laser therapy of early tumors is being developed based on gold nanocolloids strongly absorbing visible and near-infrared light. The optoacoustic signals obtained from gold nanospheres and gold nanorods solutions are studied. In the case of 100 nm nanospheres as an example, a sharp increase in the total area under the curve of the optoacoustic signal is observed when the laser fluence is increased beyond a threshold value of about 0.1 J/cm<sup>2</sup>. The change in the optoacoustic signal profile is attributed to the formation of water vapor bubbles around heated nanoparticles, as evidenced via thermoacoustic microscopy experiments. It has been determined that, surprisingly, gold nanoparticles fail to generate detectable nanobubbles upon irradiation at the laser fluence of ~2 mJ/cm2, which heats the nanoparticles up to 374°C, the critical temperature of water. Only when the estimated temperature of the particle reaches about 10,000°C, a marked increase of the optoacoustic pressure amplitude and a changed profile of the optoacoustic signals indicate nanobubble formation. A nanoparticle based contrast agent is the most effective if it can be activate by laser pulses with low fluence attainable in the depth of tissue. With this goal in mind, we develop targeting protocols that form clusters of gold nanocolloid in the target cells in order to lower the bubble formation threshold below the level of optical fluence allowed for safe laser illumination of skin. Experiments and modeling suggest that formation of clusters of nanocolloids may improve the sensitivity of optoacoustic imaging in the detection of early stage tumors.
A novel immunosensor for herpes viruses (1994)

We have developed a reusable piezoelectric immunosensor for the detection of the following human herpes viruses: herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus. Synthetic peptides, representing different surface antigens of the five viruses, were used to generate virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. Apply an antibody layer via protein A immobilization onto a 10-MHz AT-cut crystal resulted in 5 x 10(4)-1 x 10(9) viruses on the electrode surface in a linear frequency change and a long-term stability of 8 weeks when the modified crystal was stored dry over silica gel blue at room temperature. Under these conditions, the coated crystal can be used 18 times without detectable loss of activity.
Differential coordinates for interactive mesh editing (2004)

One of the main challenges in editing a mesh is to retain the visual appearance of the surface after applying various modifications. In this paper we advocate the use of linear differential coordinates as means to preserve the high-frequency detail of the surface. The differential coordinates represent the details and are defined by a linear transformation of the mesh vertices. This allows the reconstruction of the edited surface by solving a linear system that satisfies the reconstruction of the local details in least squares sense. Since the differential coordinates are defined in a global coordinate system they are not rotation-invariant. To compensate for that, we rotate them to agree with the rotation of an approximated local frame. We show that the linear least squares system can be solved fast enough to guarantee interactive response time thanks to a precomputed factorization of the coefficient matrix. We demonstrate that our approach enables to edit complex detailed meshes while keeping the shape of the details in their natural orientation.
Drug modulation of antigen‐induced paw oedema in guinea‐pigs: effects of lipopolysaccharide, tumour necrosis factor and leucocyte depletion (1994)

1. In guinea-pigs previously sensitized with ovalbumin, the intra-plantar administration of the antigen induced dose-dependent and sustained oedema. An intense infiltrate of neutrophils and eosinophils was observed at the peak of the oedema (4 h). 2. Oedema induced by ovalbumin at the doses of 50 or 200 micrograms/paw was not inhibited by antihistamines (meclizine and cetirizine), a PAF antagonist (BN 50730), a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin), a lipoxygenase inhibitor (MK-886), a dual type lipo- and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor (NDGA), a bradykinin antagonist (Hoe 140) or the combination of cetirizine, MK-886, indomethacin and BN 50730. These drugs did inhibit paw oedema induced by their specific agonists or by carrageenin. These results suggest that histamine, PAF, prostaglandins, leukotrienes or bradykinin are not important in the development of immune paw oedema in guinea-pigs. 3. Dexamethasone (10 mg kg-1) inhibited oedema induced by ovalbumin (50 or 200 micrograms/paw, P < 0.05). This effect apparently does not result from inhibition of arachidonate metabolism, since indomethacin, MK-886 and NDGA were without effect. 4. Oedema induced by ovalbumin (50 or 200 micrograms/paw) was also inhibited by azelastine. This effect was not due to the anti-histaminic property of azelastine since two other potent-antihistamines, meclizine and cetirizine, were ineffective. 5. Intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dose-dependently inhibited the oedema induced by ovalbumin (200 micrograms/paw). This effect could not be attributed to hypotension or leucopenia since the maximal dose applied (81 micrograms kg-1) did not induce significant changes in the blood pressure or in the white blood cell levels of the animals. It is suggested that the effect of LPS is mediated by the endogenous release of cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF alpha). Murine TNF alpha dose dependently(9-81 microg kg-1) inhibited the paw oedema induced by ovalbumin.7. The anti-oedematogenic effects of LPS and/or TNF alpha are possibly associated with their capacity to inhibit leucocyte emigration. Accordingly, guinea-pigs rendered leucopenic with vinblastine exhibited less intense oedema after ovalbumin. Vinblastine did not affect oedema induced by PAF or bradykinin,indicating that vascular responsiveness was not involved.
Domain-adversarial training of neural networks (2016)

We introduce a new representation learning approach for domain adaptation, in which data at training and test time come from similar but different distributions. Our approach is directly inspired b...
RELIANT: a reliability analysis tool for VLSI interconnects (2003)

RELIANT is a CAD (computer-aided design) tool which predicts the failure rate of integrated circuit conductors. Circuit layout, device models, and electromigration process data are inputs to RELIANT. The interconnect patterns in a Caltech Intermediate Format (CIF) file are fractured into a number of characteristic segment types. An equivalent circuit is extracted and SPICE is used to determine the transient currents in each segment. Using parametric models for electromigration damage, the failure rate of the system is computed. RELIANT provides designers with feedback on the reliability hazards of a design. Results show the application of the tool to a standard-cell CMOS component. For modeling large VLSI interconnect systems, the incorporation of a switch-level simulator is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Moisture permeability of polymers. I. Role of crystallinity and orientation (1959)

Abstract With three polymers widely different in polarity—polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, and nylon 610—the water vapor permeability P of unoriented films has been shown to increase as the amorphous fraction X a is increased, following the relation P = P a X a 2 . For polyethylenes, adherence to this relation is exhibited only with structures having densities above 0.94, a range in which the number of short chain branches is low. Films with densities lower than 0.94 exhibit higher film permeabilities than those calculated on the basis of the permeability of the amorphous areas P a of “linear” polyethylene; this results from the increase in the number of short chain branches and hence, an increase in P a of the lower density polyethylenes. The above variation of water vapor permeability with the square of the amorphous fraction may be theoretically accounted for by a linear variation of the diffusion and solubility coefficients with the amorphous fraction. With polyethylene terephthalate and nylon 610, the solubility coefficients do exhibit this linear relation. The square permeability relation appears to be a limiting case for structures in which crystallization does not impose restraints on the segmental motions important in permeability. Where restraints do occur, as in oriented films, a higher order dependency on the amorphous fraction exists. This was exemplified with biaxially and uniaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate films, with which it was shown that orientation in oriented crystalline films effects a decrease in permeability in addition to that ascribable to crystallinity. This is not true for such films as polystyrene or stretched rubber which has not crystallized. Only those oriented structures in which the orientation is “locked‐in,” as by crystallization, exhibit a decrease in water vapor permeability. The relations of permeability and solubility coefficients to crystallinity have an important utility in that the extent of crystallinity or crystal density may be estimated with the proper data. On the basis of literature water vapor permeability data of Szwarc et al. for two high density polyethylenes at three different vapor pressure differentials, the crystal density of polyethylene was estimated to be 0.995, 1.008, and 0.998 or an average of 1.00, in agreement with Bunn's value calculated on the basis of x‐ray diffraction studies.
Induction of apoptosis by sphingosine, sphinganine, and C(2)-ceramide in human colon cancer cells, but not by C(2)-dihydroceramide. (2010)

Complex dietary sphingolipids such as sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids have been reported to inhibit the development of colon cancer. This protective role may be the result of the conversion of complex sphingolipids to bioactive metabolites including sphingoid bases (sphingosine and sphinganine) and ceramide, which inhibit proliferation and stimulate apoptosis. In the current study, we evaluated the significance of the 4,5-trans double bond by comparing the effects of sphingosine and the cell permeable short-chain ceramide analog C(2)-ceramide to those of sphinganine and C(2)-dihydroceramide, which lack this structural feature. The effects of the sphingoid bases, C(2)-ceramide, and C(2)-dihydroceramide on apoptosis were determined by detecting 200-bp DNA ladders or hypo-diploid areas (sub-G(0)/G(1)), indicative of apoptosis, in HCT-116 human colon cancer cells. In addition, the effects of the sphingoid bases at an apoptotic concentration for 12 hours on cell cycle distribution were determined by flow cytometry. The results indicated that the sphingoid bases and C(2)-ceramide induced apoptosis, whereas C(2)-dihydroceramide had no effects. Sphingoid bases arrested the cell cycle at the G(2)/M phase. The present study provides evidence that the 4,5-trans double bond is necessary for the apoptotic effect of C(2)-ceramide, but not for that of sphingoid bases.
Preparation of two dimensional layered double hydroxide nanosheets and their applications (2017)

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with their highly flexible and tunable chemical composition and physical properties have attracted tremendous attention in recent years. LDHs have found widespread application as catalysts, anion exchange materials, fire retardants, and nano-fillers in polymer nanocomposites. The ability to exfoliate LDHs into ultrathin nanosheets enables a range of new opportunities for multifunctional materials. In this review we summarize the current available LDH exfoliation methods. In particular, we highlight recent developments for the direct synthesis of single-layer LDH nanosheets, as well as the emerging applications of LDH nanosheets in catalyzing oxygen evolution reactions and preparing light emitting devices, supercapacitors, and flame retardant nanocomposites.
The Preparation of Lidocaine (1999)

In this experiment, which is intended for the introductory organic laboratory, the widely used local anesthetic Lidocaine is synthesized in two steps from 2,6-dimethylaniline. In the first step, the amine is acylated with chloroacetyl chloride. In the second step, the amide is subjected to nucleophilic substitution by diethylamine to give the final product with an overall yield of 71% based on 2,6-dimethylaniline. I have used this experiment in my organic class for several years with excellent results. Average students can isolate the crude product in less than three hours.
Sigma-1 receptor mediates cocaine-induced transcriptional regulation by recruiting chromatin-remodeling factors at the nuclear envelope (2015)

The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) chaperone at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays important roles in cellular regulation. Here we found a new function of Sig-1R, in that it translocates from the ER to the nuclear envelope (NE) to recruit chromatin-remodeling molecules and regulate the gene transcription thereof. Sig-1Rs mainly reside at the ER-mitochondrion interface. However, on stimulation by agonists such as cocaine, Sig-1Rs translocate from ER to the NE, where Sig-1Rs bind NE protein emerin and recruit chromatin-remodeling molecules, including lamin A/C, barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), and histone deacetylase (HDAC), to form a complex with the gene repressor specific protein 3 (Sp3). Knockdown of Sig-1Rs attenuates the complex formation. Cocaine was found to suppress the gene expression of monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) in the brain of wild-type but not Sig-1R knockout mouse. A single dose of cocaine (20 mg/kg) in rats suppresses the level of MAOB at nuclear accumbens without affecting the level of dopamine transporter. Daily injections of cocaine in rats caused behavioral sensitization. Withdrawal from cocaine in cocaine-sensitized rats induced an apparent time-dependent rebound of the MAOB protein level to about 200% over control on day 14 after withdrawal. Treatment of cocaine-withdrawn rats with the MAOB inhibitor deprenyl completely alleviated the behavioral sensitization to cocaine. Our results demonstrate a role of Sig-1R in transcriptional regulation and suggest cocaine may work through this newly discovered genomic action to achieve its addictive action. Results also suggest the MAOB inhibitor deprenyl as a therapeutic agent to block certain actions of cocaine during withdrawal.
A graphical specification system for user-interface design (1990)

An environment for creating user interfaces for embedded systems, called the graphical specification system (GSS), is presented. GSS combines graphical and minimal low-level textual specification with a prototyping capability for rapid user-interface design and evaluation. It is part of a larger embedded systems project at Lockheed, called Express. The user interface components, display components, user-machine interaction, interface-application interaction, and executive component are discussed. Two scenarios, developed with GSS tool prototypes, demonstrate how some GSS tools function. One is the construction of a display with two pairs of gauges, one Cartesian and one polar. The other is the design of a display for submarine tracking.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transcription Enhances Intrachromosomal Homologous Recombination in Mammalian Cells (1992)

The influence of transcription on homologous intrachromosomal recombination between direct and inverted repeats has been examined by using Chinese hamster ovary cells. Recombination was monitored between two integrated neomycin (neo) genes, including one silent allele and a second allele regulated by the inducible mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Transcription of mouse mammary tumor virus neo alleles was regulated with the glucocorticoid hormone dexamethasone. Alleles transcribed at high levels recombined about two- to sevenfold more frequently than identical alleles transcribed at low levels. Direct repeats recombined primarily by a gene conversion mechanism; inverted repeats produced a variety of rearranged products. These results are discussed in relation to recombinational processes that regulate gene expression, influence gene family structures, and mediate genomic instability associated with cellular transformation and tumorigenesis.
Inhibition of mitochondrial fission favours mutant over wild-type mitochondrial DNA (2009)

Biased segregation of mitochondrial DNA variants has been widely documented, but little was known about its molecular basis. We set out to test the hypothesis that altering the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission could influence the segregation of mutant and wild-type mtDNA variants, because it would modify the number of organelles per cell. Therefore human cells heteroplasmic for the pathological A3243G mitochondrial DNA mutation were transfected with constructs designed to silence Drp1 or hFis1, whose gene products are required for mitochondrial fission. Drp1 and hFis1 gene silencing were both associated with increased levels of mutant mitochondrial DNA. Thus, the extent of the mitochondrial reticular network appears to be an important factor in determining mutant load. The fact that the level of mutant and wild-type mitochondrial DNA can be manipulated by altering the expression of nuclear encoded factors involved in mitochondrial fission suggests new interventions for mitochondrial DNA disorders.
Ablation of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) with femtosecond UV excimer laser pulses (1989)

Experiments on the ablation of undoped polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) with 300 fs UV excimer laser pulses at 248 nm are reported for the first time. In contrast to standard excimer laser pulses, these ultrashort pulses ablate Teflon with good edge quality and no signs of thermal damage for fluences down to 0.5 J/cm2 with removal rates on the order of 1 μm per pulse.
Lettres inédites de Jean Cocteau à Arthur Honegger (2009)

International audience
Network monitoring system design (1998)

Computer networks can be very useful, but difficult to manage. Current network management tools tend to be either very expensive or inadequate for classroom modification. XSNIFF is a project to develop an alternative network monitoring tool with a graphical display in the X-Window environment. XSNIFF uses an efficient network packet filtering system developed by Jacobson, Leres, and McCanne of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory[Jacobson, 1994], to receive all network traffic from the network wire and then translate it into usable information. The network listening device should not affect the normal flow of network traffic, but should observe it. XSNIFF has a graphical interface that allows the user to select between statistical information and a TCP connection graph. The statistical information displays data belonging to different network level protocols and different user level protocols. The connection information is displayed as a graph showing which network nodes are connected to what other nodes. The information can be used by a teacher in a computer network class to help students visualize network traffic and as a learning tool to help students understand computer network protocols.
Depth‐resolved <i>in vivo</i> micro‐Raman spectroscopy of a murine skin tumor model reveals cancer‐specific spectral biomarkers (2010)

Abstract We have developed a micro‐Raman spectrometer system for use to differentiate tumor lesions from normal skin using an in vivo animal model. A study of 494 Raman spectra from 24 mice revealed different spectral patterns at different depths and between normal and tumor‐bearing skin sites. A peak at 899 cm −1 (possibly from proline or fatty acids) and one with higher intensity in the 1325–1330 cm −1 range (assigned to nucleic acids) were correlated with the presence of tumors, which can potentially be used as biomarkers for skin cancer detection. Spectral diagnosis performed on the murine tumor model achieved a diagnostic sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 93.8%. These results encourage us to develop further the use of confocal Raman spectroscopy as a clinical tool for noninvasive human skin biochemical analysis, particularly in relation to skin cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large Scale Transient Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells (2006)

We established an E. coli fermentation process for plasmid production in 10 L bioreactors yielding between 50–150 mg of unpurified plasmid depending on the plasmid and the host strain. The E. coli strain was selected to give a high yield of monomeric supercoiled pREP7-TNFRp55 DNA. A standard alkaline extraction method was scaled up and a 1-step chromatographic procedure yielded plasmid DNA suitable for our transfection protocol. Transient gene expression with different plasmid preparations exhibited high transfection efficiencies.
Preparation and drug release characteristics of pingyangmycin‐loaded dextran cross‐linked gelatin microspheres for embolization therapy (2005)

Gelatin microspheres (GMs) containing Pingyangmycin hydrochloride were prepared for the interventional embolization by a double-phase emulsified thermal gelation method using oxidized dextran (ox-dex) as the cross-linking agent. The average diameter of the microspheres was 82 microm with 74% ranging from 50-200 microm. Drug content and the characteristics of drug release in vitro and in vivo were evaluated using UV-spectroscopy and HPLC, respectively. The prepared microspheres showed a rather high percentage of encapsulation ranging from 85 to 88% and drug content at 7.2%. The results of in vitro experiments showed that about 65.5% of the total amount of the encapsulated drug was released after 6 h at 37 degrees C. Experiments conducted through artery perfusion and artery embolization in rabbits revealed that the local drug concentration was significantly higher than the systemic blood-drug concentration, with a high level of local drug concentration maintained for more than 120 min after artery embolization with the Pingyangmycin-loaded ox-dex-GMs. The results indicated that the external carotid artery embolization with Pingyangmycin-loaded ox-dex-GMs at reduced dosages prolonged the local drug concentration at a higher level, and could achieve the purpose of a localized targeting tumor therapy. Compared with other embolization materials, ox-dex-GMs are an excellent alternative interventional embolization material for the treatment of head and neck tumors.