gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conductive Nanocomposites Based on Polystyrene Microspheres and Silver Nanowires by Latex Blending (2014)

Metallic nanowires with excellent electrical conductivity and high aspect ratio are critical in the preparation of conductive polymer nanocomposites. In this work, highly conductive polystyrene/silver nanowire (PS/AgNW) nanocomposites were prepared by latex blending, and their electrical and rheological properties were investigated. A high yield of long and thin AgNWs was synthesized with the polyol method. AgNWs were incorporated with highly monodisperse PS microspheres to produce polymer nanocomposites with a nanowire network structure providing electrical pathways. An electrically conductive network of AgNWs was obtained at an electrical percolation threshold of 0.49 vol % AgNW, and an electrical conductivity of 10(2) S/m was obtained at 1 vol %. The dynamic rheological properties evaluated at 1 vol % also confirmed that the AgNWs were physically connected to one another at this concentration.
Biochemical evidence for a complex involving dihydropyridine receptor and ryanodine receptor in triad junctions of skeletal muscle. (1994)

Membrane vesicles enriched in both ryanodine receptor and dihydropyridine receptor were obtained from rabbit skeletal muscle and solubilized with 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. Analysis of the sedimentation behavior of the solubilized proteins showed the existence of a population of alpha 1 subunits of the dihydropyridine receptor which cosedimented with the ryanodine receptor. Solubilized proteins were immunoprecipitated with antibodies directed against either the ryanodine receptor or the alpha 1, alpha 2, or beta subunits of the dihydropyridine receptor. Immunoprecipitated proteins were identified by Western blot analysis and by specific labeling with [3H]ryanodine or [3H]PN200-110. Immunoprecipitation of the solubilized proteins with antibodies directed against the dihydropyridine receptor led to the coimmunoprecipitation of the ryanodine receptor. Conversely, immunoprecipitation with antibodies directed against the ryanodine receptor led to an immune complex containing both receptors, but these antibodies were unable to precipitate purified dihydropyridine receptor. These results demonstrate that ryanodine receptor and dihydropyridine receptor are present in the triad membrane preparation in a complex which may play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling.
REVIEWS (1958)

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Kirchenväter und soziales Erbrecht: Wanderungen religiöser Ideen durch die Rechte der östlichen und westlichen Welt. By EBERHARD F. BRUCK. Pp. xi+286. Berlin: Springer, 1956. DM. 36. WALTER ULLMANN WALTER ULLMANN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Theological Studies, Volume IX, Issue 2, October 1958, Pages 388–390, https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/IX.2.388 Published: 01 October 1958
A Combinational Heuristic Algorithm for the Three-Dimensional Packing Problem (2007)

By combining the personification heuristics and simulated annealing,a combinational heuristic algorithm for the three-dimensional packing problem is presented.This personification heuristic algorithm is inspired by the strategy of building wall in the daily life.The point-finding way and the rules of horizontal and vertical reference line are developed to control the packing process.Simulated annealing algorithm is further used to improve the personification heuristics.Computational results on benchmark instances show that this algorithm can compete with excellent heuristics from the literature.
Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated): The First Fda-Approved Treatment for Severe Sepsis (2002)

Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (Xigris, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Ind) is a recombinant form of human activated protein C. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the last quarter of 2001 for the reduction of mortality due to severe sepsis in adult patients who are at high risk of death (1). This is a unique indication. While many investigational drugs have been proposed as treatments for sepsis in the past, and several have even made it to clinical trials (2), only drotrecogin alfa (activated) has shown a survival benefit.

The definition of sepsis given by the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference has 2 parts: infection and 2 of the 4 systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria (temperature ≥38£C or s36£C, heart rate ≥90 beats/minute, respiratory rate ≥20 breaths/minute or PaCO2≤32 mm Hg, white blood cell count ≥12,000/μL or ≤4000/μL or >10% immature forms). The definition of severe sepsis includes the above plus organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion, or hypotension (3). This syndrome is a result of the body's systemic inflammatory and procoagulant responses to infection and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality (4, 5).

While reports of the incidence of severe sepsis have varied, a recent study of the incidence and outcomes of severe sepsis in the USA yielded an estimate of 751,000 cases of severe sepsis per year (3 cases per 1000 population) (6, 7). Another study found confirmed severe sepsis in 6.3 per 100 intensive care unit patients, with an associated mortality of 56% (8). The average cost per case of severe sepsis was estimated at $22,100, representing an annual figure of $16.7 billion in the USA (7).

During severe sepsis the proinflammatory mediators released, including tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), not only induce the systemic inflammatory symptoms that are seen in the SIRS response but are also capable of activating the coagulation cascade and inhibiting fi-brinolysis. The thrombin generated as coagulation occurs then acts to further stimulate multiple inflammatory pathways. This process leads to the sequelae of severe sepsis, including endo-vascular injury, multiorgan dysfunction, and death (9).
Transdermal drug delivery (2013)

Humans have always looked for ways to improve their health or reduce pain through ingestion and administering of drugs. Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) provides a suitable and safe solution and has several advantages over oral and hypodermic injection. In particular, it is useful when the first-pass metabolism is great due to the liver and gut wall. As well as reducing the possibility of infection or transmission of disease through injections. Currently, there are 19 different TDD systems and some of their characteristics are being reviewed in this study, such as iontophoresis, chemical modification of drug and ultrasound mediated delivery. Studies were done to determine the temporal dependency of drug penetration through porcine skin of varied intensity and the maximum molecular weight for transdermal drug delivery. Nanospheres were used to simulate drug molecules and the penetration efficiency after application of ultrasound was found to increase significantly for particles of diameter 60nm and more than 5 times for particles of diameter 840nm. The damage to the structure of the skin were imaged and studied to determine the suitable parameters for therapeutic use of ultrasound TDD. The findings in this study would lay a crucial ground work for the improvement to ultrasound mediated delivery and predicting the efficiency of sonophoresis for future clinical use.
Backward Compton scattering of picosecond CO/sub 2/ laser pulses using relativistic electron beam for the bright X-ray generation (2003)

Laser-Compton scattering can generate X-rays or γ-rays with high brightness by applying high-peak-power laser pulses to relativistic electron bunches. We have proposed laser-Compton scattering to generate polarized γ-rays which can induce pair-creation to produce polarized positrons for JLC (Japan Linear Collider) project. As a photon source of the Compton scattering, a picosecond CO/sub 2/ laser system is going to be applied for our experiment because of the higher scattering cross section than near-infrared solid-state lasers, laser power scalability, the laser efficiency and the possibility of high-repetition rated operation. In our experiment, CO/sub 2/ laser pulses with a pulsewidth of about 180 ps are generated by the optical semiconductor slicing method. The sliced CO/sub 2/ pulses are amplified up to 6 GW by a regenerative amplifier with a high-pressure TE CO/sub 2/ laser system.
Theoretical investigation of nitride nanowire-based quantum-shell lasers (2017)

We executed a feasibility study of a novel laser structure composed of GaN nanowire (NW) and GaInN/GaN multi-quantum-shell (MQS) active layers. We predicted that the novel structure would increase of the optical confinement factor Γ because of its three-dimensional active layers. We analyzed the optical field distribution of the waveguide in the structure by the effective refractive index method, and the optical confinement factor was calculated. When the active layers had five periods of 4 nm-thick well layers and 9 nm-thick barrier layers, the confinement factor was estimated to be 6.5%. This is more than three times higher than that of a conventional planar multi-quantum-well (MQW) structure. The threshold current density estimated from the gain curve was shown to be 44% lower than that of a conventional MQW laser.
Oral administration of an attenuated strain of canine adenovirus (type 2) to raccoons, foxes, skunk, and mongoose (1988)

SUMMARY An attenuated strain of canine adenovirus type-2 ( cav -2) was administered orally to 2 foxes (Vulpes fulva), 6 raccoons (Procyon lotor), a skunk (Mephitis mephitis), and a mongoose (Herpestus auropunctatus). Blood was collected weekly from the animals to monitor cav -2 virus-neutralizing antibody titers. All animals had increases in titers. Sera from 8 foxes, 30 mongooses, 52 raccoons, and 22 skunks trapped in the field had naturally occurring antibody to cav -2.
Full body tracking using an agent-based architecture (2008)

We present an agent-based full body tracking and 3D animation system to generate motion data using stereo calibrated cameras. The novelty of our approach is that agents are bound to body-part (bone structure) being tracked. These agents are autonomous, self-aware entities that are capable of communicating with other agents to perform tracking within agent coalitions. Each agent seeks for ldquoevidencerdquo for its existence both from low-level features (e.g. motion vector fields, color blobs) as well as from its peers (other agents representing body-parts with which it is compatible), and it also combines the knowledge from high-level abstraction. Multiple agents may represent different ldquocandidatesrdquo for a body-part, and compete for a place within a coalition that constitutes the tracking of an articulated human body. The power of our approach is the flexibility by which domain information may be encoded within each agent to produce an overall tracking solution. We demonstrate the effectiveness of tracking system by testing actions (random moving and walking).
Purification of the neutral proteoglycan-degrading metalloproteinase from human articular cartilage tissue and its identification as stromelysin matrix metalloproteinase-3 (1989)

The 'neutral' proteoglycan-degrading metalloproteinase of human articular cartilage was purified 3,500-fold by use of an anti-(matrix metalloproteinase-3) immunoglobulin G affinity column. Molecular masses of the latent and multiple active forms and specificity of action on casein, transferrin, gelatin and fibronectin were identical with those of authentic stromelysin (matrix metalloproteinase-3) from cultured human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. The optimum pH of this proteinase on proteoglycan monomer was pH 5.5, and on Azocoll, 6.2; digestion of fibronectin and gelatin was more extensive at pH 5.5 than at 7.5.
Inhaled TLR9 Agonist Renders Lung Tumors Permissive to PD-1 Blockade by Promoting Optimal CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell Interplay (2018)

Currently approved inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway represent a major advance for the treatment of lung cancers, yet they are ineffective in a majority of patients due to lack of preexisting T-cell reactivity. Here, we show that a TLR9 agonist delivered by inhalation is able to prime T-cell responses against poorly immunogenic lung tumors and to complement the effects of PD-1 blockade. Inhaled TLR9 agonist causes profound remodeling in tumor-bearing lungs, leading to the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures adjacent to the tumors, CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell infiltration into the tumors, dendritic cell expansion, and antibody production. Inhalation of TLR9 agonist also increased the pool of functional PD-1<sup>low</sup>T-bet<sup>high</sup> effector CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in tumor-bearing lungs. Effector CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells generated by inhaled TLR9 agonist treatment were licensed by PD-1 blockade to become highly functional CTLs, leading to a durable rejection of both lung tumors and tumor lesions outside the lungs. CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells activated in response to inhaled TLR9 play a critical role in this process by controlling the proliferation, preventing exhaustion, and guiding the differentiation of optimally functional CTLs. This study characterizes a strategy to apply localized TLR9 stimulation to a tumor type not accessible for direct injection, a strategy that may expand the therapeutic potential of PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer.<b>Significance:</b> These findings demonstrate that local delivery of a toll-like receptor 9 agonist can change the immune content of an entire organ and enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition.<b>Graphical Abstract:</b> http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/17/4943/F1.large.jpg <i>Cancer Res; 78(17); 4943-56. ©2018 AACR</i>.
Studies on synthetic peptides that bind to fibrinogen and prevent fibrin polymerization. Structural requirements, number of binding sites, and species differences (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies on synthetic peptides that bind to fibrinogen and prevent fibrin polymerization. Structural requirements, number of binding sites, and species differencesAndrew P. Laudano and Russell F. DoolittleCite this: Biochemistry 1980, 19, 5, 1013–1019Publication Date (Print):March 4, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 4 March 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00546a028https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00546a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views441Altmetric-Citations207LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Active and passive spatial learning in human navigation: Acquisition of survey knowledge. (2013)

It seems intuitively obvious that active exploration of a new environment would lead to better spatial learning than would passive visual exposure. It is unclear, however, which components of active learning contribute to spatial knowledge, and previous literature is decidedly mixed. This experiment tests the contributions of 4 components to metric survey knowledge: visual, vestibular, and podokinetic information and cognitive decision making. In the learning phase, 6 groups of participants learned the locations of 8 objects in a virtual hedge maze by (a) walking, (b) being pushed in a wheelchair, or (c) watching a video, crossed with (1) making decisions about their path or (2) being guided through the maze. In the test phase, survey knowledge was assessed by having participants walk a novel shortcut from a starting object to the remembered location of a test object, with the maze removed. Performance was slightly better than chance in the passive video condition. The addition of vestibular information did not improve performance in the wheelchair condition, but the addition of podokinetic information significantly improved angular accuracy in the walking condition. In contrast, there was no effect of decision making in any condition. The results indicate that visual and podokinetic information significantly contribute to survey knowledge, whereas vestibular information and decision making do not. We conclude that podokinetic information is the primary component of active learning for the acquisition of metric survey knowledge.
Scatterometry measurement of asymmetric gratings (2009)

Scatterometry has been used extensively for the characterization of critical dimensions (CD) and detailed
sidewall profiles of periodic structures in microelectronics fabrication processes. So far the majority of applications are
for symmetric gratings. In most cases devices are designed to be symmetric although errors could occur during
fabrication process and result in undesired asymmetry. The problem with conventional optical scatterometry techniques
lies in the lack of capability to distinguish between left and right asymmetries. In this work we investigate the possibility
of measuring grating asymmetry using Mueller matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry (MM-SE). A patterned hard disk
prepared by nano-imprint technique is used for the study. The relief image on the disk sometimes has asymmetrical
sidewall profile, presumably due to the uneven separation of the template from the disk. The undesired tilting resist
profile causes difficulties to the downstream processes or even makes them fail. Cross-section SEM reveals that the
asymmetrical resist lines are typically tilted towards the outer diameter direction. The simulation and experimental data
show that certain Mueller matrix elements are proportional to the direction and amplitude of profile asymmetry,
providing a direct indication to the sidewall tilting. The tilting parameter can be extracted using rigorous optical critical
dimension (OCD) modeling or calibration method. We demonstrate that this technique has good sensitivity for
measuring and distinguishing left and right asymmetry caused by sidewall tilting, and can therefore be used for
monitoring processes, such as lithography and etch processing, for which symmetric structures are desired.
Deep‐Level Dominated Electrical Characteristics of Au Contacts on β ‐ SiC (1990)

Current‐voltage characteristics of Au contacts formed on films grown heteroepitaxially on both nominally (100) oriented and off‐axis (100) silicon substrates have been investigated. These contact diodes are rectifying, and very low reverse leakage currents are observed, particularly in off‐axis silicon substrates. The diode ideality factor is between 1.3 and 2.0 in all cases except in nominal (100) silicon substrates where it is greater than two. Logarithmic plots of the I‐V characteristics in the forward direction indicate space charge limited current conduction through the active volume of the diodes. The films grown on nominally (100) oriented substrates show the presence of two deep levels located approximately between 0.26 and 0.38 eV below the conduction bandedge. In some films on nominal (100) substrates, the I‐Vcharacteristics are also influenced by additional traps which are exponentially distributed in energy with a maximum occurring at the conduction bandedge. In contrast, the films deposited on off‐axis substrates have only one deep level located at approximately 0.49 eV for the 2° off (100) substrates and 0.57 eV for the 4° off (100) substrates. Previous microstructural analysis revealed that the nature and density of defects in the heteroepitaxial films on both nominal and off‐axis (100) silicon are similar except that the films on nominal (100) substrates have a high density of antiphase domain boundaries. Therefore, the presence of the shallower deep‐level states observed in the films grown on nominal (100) substrates is speculated to be due to the electrical activity of antiphase domain boundaries.
Efficient design of nearfield focused beamformer with frequency invariant patterns for vertical line array (2013)

This paper proposes an efficient design method of nearfield focused beamformer with frequency invariant patterns for underwater radiated noise measurement, where the impinging of the wideband radiated source on the acoustic array is restricted by the angular and range conditions of the Fresnel approximation. With the Fresnel approximation, the received signal can be first amplitude-compensated and phase-shifted according to the signal attenuation and the wave curvature before the beamforming operation, and then the problem of nearfield wideband beamforming can be readily transformed to a corresponding farfield issue, and the well-established farfield design method of frequency invariant beamformers (FIBs) can be used. Representative example is presented to demonstrate the reduced design complexity and the encouraging beamforming performance under nearfield condition.
Analysis of 15 novel full-length BK virus sequences from three individuals: evidence of a high intra-strain genetic diversity (2004)

To determine the variability of BK virus (BKV) in vivo, the sequences of nine full-length molecular clones from the striated muscle and heart DNA of a patient with BKV-associated capillary leak syndrome (BKVCAP), as well as three clones each from the urine of one human immunodeficiency virus type 2-positive (BKVHI) and one healthy control subject (BKVHC), were analysed. The regulatory region of all clones corresponded to the archetypal regulatory region usually found in urine isolates. Analysis of the predicted conformation of BKVCAP proteins did not suggest any structural differences on the surface of the viral particles compared with BKVHI and BKVHC clones. No amino acid changes common to most BKVCAP clones could be identified that have not already been reported in non-vasculotropic strains. However, the coding region of each clone had unique nucleotide substitutions, and intra-host variability was greater among BKVCAP clones, with a mean difference of 0.29 % per site compared with 0.16 % for BKVHI and 0.14 % for BKVHC. The clones from each strain formed monophyletic clades, suggesting a single source of infection for each subject. The most divergent BKVCAP clones differed at 0.55 % of sites, implying a rate of nucleotide substitution of approximately 5 x 10(-5) substitutions per site per year, which is two orders of magnitude faster than estimated for the other human polyomavirus, JC virus.