gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of patient characteristics on performance of an enzyme immunoassay for detecting cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection (1990)

We compared the performance of a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Chlamydiazyme; Abbott Diagnostics, North Chicago, Ill.) with that of cell culture for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection in 1,417 women attending public health clinics. Confirmatory chlamydial testing by a direct fluorescent-antibody test (MicroTrak; Syva Co., Palo Alto, Calif.) was performed on specimens from women who had positive EIAs. Overall, only 57% of women who had a positive chlamydial test by cell culture were also positive by EIA. We noted a strong association between the number of chlamydial inclusions in cell culture and a positive EIA outcome. The proportion of culture-positive women who also had a positive EIA declined with age and a history of previous sexually transmitted disease and increased among oral contraceptive users. The results of direct fluorescent-antibody confirmatory testing suggested that cell culture was also insensitive for the detection of C. trachomatis infection. Our observations demonstrate that the performance of the chlamydial EIA may vary greatly with individual patient characteristics and that the utility of EIA as a screening test may be limited, especially in older women.
Analysis of human immunoglobulin-degrading cysteine proteinases of Trichomonas vaginalis (1995)

Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes a widely distributed sexually transmitted disease (STD). Since immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to specific trichomonad immunogens are found in serum and vaginal washes (VWs) from patients with trichomoniasis, a potential mechanism of immune evasion by this parasite might be the ability of T. vaginalis proteinases to degrade human immunoglobulins (Igs). Incubation of human IgG with lysates of T. vaginalis organisms resulted in time- and concentration-dependent degradation of the heavy chain. Secretory IgA was degraded similarly. Inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, when added to trichomonal lysates, abolished IgG and IgA degradation, while EDTA, a metalloproteinase inhibitor, did not. Substrate-gel electrophoresis with human IgG, IgM, or IgA copolymerized with acrylamide revealed several distinct cysteine proteinases in both lysates and culture supernatants from logarithmically growing parasites that degraded all classes of human antibodies. Trichomonal lysates and supernatants of numerous isolates tested all had Ig-degrading activity. Finally, proteolytic activity against IgG was detected in most (26 of 33; 78%) VWs from patients with trichomoniasis. In contrast, 18 of 28 (65%) VWs from women without trichomoniasis or from patients infected with other STDs had no detectable proteinases when tested in an identical manner. The other 10 of these 28 VWs (35%) had smaller amounts of detectable Ig-degrading proteinases. These differences in Ig-degrading proteinase activity between patients with and without trichomoniasis, regardless of coinfecting STDs, were statistically significant (P = 0.001). These results illustrate that T. vaginalis is capable of degrading human Igs.
Nondestructive depth profiling by spectroscopic ellipsometry (1985)

It is shown that spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) studies followed by the regression analysis of the SE data can yield information nondestructively and in a nonperturbing manner on the depth profile of multilayer structure; such as (i) quantitative information on the thickness and the dielectric function of each layer, (ii) the structure (whether crystalline or amorphous) as well as the degree of crystallinity of each layer, (iii) characterization of the oxide layer if present on the specimen, and (iv) microroughness of the surface, if present. Furthermore, it is shown that these results are in excellent agreement with the results obtained on the same specimens using cross-section transmission electron microscopy.
CdS:Mn Nanocrystals in Transparent Xerogel Matrices:  Synthesis and Luminescence Properties (1996)

Mn2+-doped CdS nanocrystals (1−2 nm in size) dispersed in organic−inorganic silica xerogels are prepared by combining a controlled precipitation of nanocrystals in inverted micelles, a separation as a pure capped cluster powder, and a dispersion in hydrolyzed silicon alkoxide. ESR study identified two Mn2+ sites, one bulklike, and another one which is attributed to ions located near the surface and which represents the main contribution. The average number of Mn2+ per particle is in the 0.2−0.8 range. The luminescence is characteristic of a Mn2+ internal transition, with energy and lifetime as in bulk materials. This bright emission (quantum yield of 7%) corresponds to an energy transfer from surface trapped carriers to Mn2+ ions.
Control of current intensity: Experimental proofs of the relevance of current density in biological cells permeabilisation caused by nanosecond electric pulses (2011)

Electropermeabilisation of cells can be obtained by electric pulses of very different durations. In this paper we compare the efficiency of pulses of 100 μs and 10 ns duration eventually in the presence of bleomycin, a cytotoxic drug in order to detect reversible permeabilisation of cells. Biological effects are evaluated using cloning efficiency tests. The impact of the external conductivity is studied for the two types of pulses. Experiments reveal that current density plays a critical role when 10 ns pulses are applied which is very different from the results achieved with more traditional pulses of 100 μs duration.
A Practical Synthesis of the RAR<sub>γ</sub> Agonist, BMS-270394 (2002)

A novel synthesis of 1 (BMS-270394), a nuclear retinoic acid receptor (RARγ) agonist, is reported. The synthesis includes an enantioselective reduction of α-ketoacid 4 to the corresponding chiral α-hydroxy acid 7 using a NaBH4/l-tartaric acid mixture and a novel coupling between 7 and an electron-deficient aniline 11 which was activated via N-sulfinyl derivative 15 to form chiral α-hydroxy amide 16. The synthesis was completed by a racemization-free hydrolysis of 16 to the corresponding α-hydroxy amidoacid 1 using KOSiMe3 in acetonitrile.
Preparation, structure, and some properties of organosilicon thin polymer films obtained by plasma polymerization (2007)

The present paper describes advances in the study of preparation and properties of plasma polymerized organosilicon compounds. Plasma polymerization — deposition process is characterized with regard to the fabrication variables showing the condition at which plasma-induced polymerization or atomic mechanism dominate. The temperature dependences of the film deposition rate revealed that the deposition process is generally controlled by adsorption of film-forming species. The discussion is mostly devoted to the dielectric materials, but some remarks are presented on recently obtained ionically conducting plasma-deposited thin films. Structure of the films characterized by various techniques leads to suggestion of the model of organosilicone films. The influence of fabrication variables on structure, morphology, and selected properties are presented.
Preliminary study of Hard/Soft-stacked Perpendicular Recording Media (2005)

Hard/soft-stacked perpendicular recording media were proposed in order to improve recording writability without notable changes in thermal stability and noise performance. The advantage theoretically expected for hard/soft-stacked media was confirmed experimentally. The media consist of a magnetically hard CoPtCr-SiO2 layer underneath a soft NiFe-SiO2 layer. The total thickness of the two layers was set to be smaller than the coherent length of magnetization; the thickness of the CoPtCr-SiO2 layer was fixed at 10 nm, and that of NiFe-SiO2 layer varied from 0 to 4 nm. TEM images revealed that NiFe/CoPtCr stacked grains were well isolated by SiO2 at grain boundaries, similarly to the isolation of single CoPtCr-SiO2 media. No change was observed in the slope of the hysteresis loop by stacking the NiFe-SiO2 layer, suggesting there was no significant change in the intergranular coupling of magnetization. The switching field decreased as NiFe-SiO2 thickness increased, but no significant change was observed in ratio of the magnetic anisotropy energy to thermal energy, KuVact/kT. We successfully demonstrated that the hard/soft-stacked media show a better recording writability with no notable change in signal-to media noise ratio or thermal stability.
Analysis of Differential miRNA Expression in Primary Tumor and Stroma of Colorectal Cancer Patients (2014)

Microarray technology was used to profile miRNA expression in primary tumor and stromal tissue from paraffin embedded material of 51 patients with colorectal cancer. 26 miRNAs resulted differentially expressed with at least 2-fold change in tumor tissue with respect to stroma (16 more expressed in the tumor and 10 more expressed in the stroma). 10/26 were confirmed as differentially expressed at qRTPCR: miR-200c-3p, miR-141-3p, miR-200b-3p, miR-200a-3p, miR-1246, miR-92a-3p, miR-194-5p, miR-192-5p, miR-3651-5p, and miR-574-3p. No significant association was found between miRNA expressions and stage at diagnosis, site of primary tumor, first site of metastasis, progression-free, or overall survival.
End-to-end synchronization control support for multiservice applications (2002)

This paper proposes an architecture which integrates multistream synchronization control into group transport services for multiservice applications. A marker-based multistream synchronization control protocol which fits into the architecture is presented. Experimental results reveal the potential practicality in applying the suggested protocol to multiservice applications in an integrated service network environment.
Tissue-engineered cells producing complex recombinant proteins inhibit ovarian cancer <i>in vivo</i> (2001)

Techniques of tissue engineering and cell and molecular biology were used to create a biodegradable scaffold for transfected cells to produce complex proteins. Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) causes regression of Mullerian ducts in the mammalian embryo. MIS also causes regression in vitro of ovarian tumor cell lines and primary cells from ovarian carcinomas, which derive from Mullerian structures. In a strategy to circumvent the complicated purification protocols for MIS, Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the human MIS gene were seeded onto biodegradable polymers of polyglycolic acid fibers and secretion of MIS confirmed. The polymer-cell graft was implanted into the right ovarian pedicle of severe combined immunodeficient mice. Serum MIS in the mice rose to supraphysiologic levels over time. One week after implantation of the polymer-cell graft, IGROV-1 human tumors were implanted under the renal capsule of the left kidney. Growth of the IGROV-1 tumors was significantly inhibited in the animals with a polymer-cell graft of MIS-producing cells, compared with controls. This novel MIS delivery system could have broader applications for other inhibitory agents not amenable to efficient purification and provides in vivo evidence for a role of MIS in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Quizalofop and Sethoxydim Activity as Affected by Adjuvants and Ammonium Fertilizers (1992)

Ammonium fertilizers, petroleum oil concentrate, and nonionic surfactant were evaluated as postemergence spray additives to improve giant foxtail and volunteer corn control by 28 g ai ha −1 of the ethyl ester of quizalofop or 56 g ha −1 sethoxydim. Additions of 0.25% by vol nonionic surfactant or 2.5% petroleum oil concentrate improved grass control, but additions of 10% urea ammonium nitrate (28-0-0), 10% ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0), or 0.1M ammonium sulfate (21-0-0-24S) did not consistently affect grass control. In laboratory studies with corn, greatest 14 C absorption from leaf-applied 14 C-quizalofop (8 h after treatment) was found with additions of petroleum oil concentrate (80% absorbed) or nonionic surfactant (18% absorbed), while less absorption was observed with treatments containing either no additive, urea ammonium nitrate, ammonium polyphosphate, or ammonium sulfate (8 to 13% absorbed). Surface tension and droplet size of spray solutions were affected primarily by additions of nonionic surfactant, petroleum oil concentrate, and the formulated herbicides. Solution density, solute potential, pH, and buffering capacity were primarily affected by fertilizer additions.
TU‐A‐BRA‐03: Knowledge‐Based and Patient‐Geometry Specific IMRT Treatment Planning (2010)

Purpose: To create an IMRT treatment planning approach by which planners can access the knowledge of prior clinical plans to control the quality of new plans. Method and Materials: Overlap volume histogram (OVH) is used to access the knowledge of prior clinical plans. It allows planners to identify a reference group of prior clinical plans that contains geometric information “similar” to a new patient. The best plan in terms of OAR sparing in the reference group will then provide input to IMRT optimization for the new patient. In a retrospective OVH‐assisted planning demonstration, 15 patients were randomly selected from a database of 91 prior head‐and‐neck patients with a three‐level prescription: 58.1 Gy, 63 Gy and 70 Gy. A leave‐one‐out methodology was applied to generate the DVHs for each OVH‐assisted plan (OP). The database‐generated DVHs were then used by a planner who had no knowledge of the clinical plans (CPs). To evaluate the effectiveness of our methodology, the dosimetric results for three sets of plans: CPs, OPs after the first‐round optimization and final OPs were compared by the Wilcoxon p test. Results: Averages of optimization rounds required for completing CPs and OPs were 27.6 and 1.9 ( p <0.00001); three OPs were completed in a single optimization round. For both OPs, averages of standard deviation to the PTV 63 deceased by ∼0.5 Gy ( p <0.02); averages of D 0.1 cc to the cord+4mm decreased by ∼6.5 Gy ( p <0.0001); averages of D 0.1 cc to the brainstem decreased by ∼7.5 Gy ( p <0.005); averages of V (30 Gy) to the contra‐lateral parotid decreased by ∼8% ( p <0.0001). Additionally, both OPs were comparable with or better than the CPs in PTV uniformity, conformity and other OAR sparing. Conclusion: The method offers a way of predicting clinically achievable doses ahead of planning, making IMRT planning no longer a trial and error process.
Toward Effective Early Intervention and Prevention Strategies for Major Affective Disorders: A Review of Antecedents and Risk Factors (2000)

Substantial evidence supports the effectiveness of early intervention and prevention efforts in children at risk for mood disorders (identified as having affected family members) and in adolescents manifesting significant mood symptoms and syndromes (especially if associated with a positive family history). However, the current level of understanding regarding the etiological significance and mechanism of risk factors associated with mood disorders does not support broad community-based primary prevention strategies in unselected populations.
Measurement of partial conversions during the solution copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate using on‐line raman spectroscopy (2001)

The copolymerization of styrene and n-butyl acrylate in dioxane was monitored by on-line Raman spectroscopy. The calculation of the individual monomer concentrations on the basis of the individual vinyl peaks is not straightforward for this system, as these bands are overlapping in the Raman spectrum. To tackle this problem, univariate and multivariate approaches were followed to obtain monomer concentrations and the results were validated by reference gas chromatography data. In the univariate analysis, linear relations between various monomer peaks were used to calculate monomer concentrations from the Raman data. In principal component analysis, the main variation in the spectra could be ascribed to conversion of monomer. Furthermore, principal component analysis pointed out that the second-largest effect in the spectra could be attributed to experiment-to-experiment variation, probably attributable to instrumental factors. In the multivariate partial least squares regression approach, single factor models were used to calculate monomer concentrations. Both the univariate and the partial least squares regression approaches proved successful in calculating the individual monomer concentrations, showing very good agreement with off-line gas chromatography data. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 426–436, 2001
pH‐Responsive PEG‐Poly(<i>β</i>‐amino ester) Block Copolymer Micelles with a Sharp Transition (2006)

Abstract Summary: A pH‐sensitive block copolymer is synthesized by step polymerization and its pH‐sensitive micellization‐demicellization behavior is studied. This polymer has a hydrophilic MPEG (shell) and hydrophobic but pH‐sensitive poly( β ‐amino ester) (core), which can form a self‐assembled micelle. As confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS), this polymer shows a sharp pH‐sensitive micellization‐demicellization behavior. It is confirmed that the pH sensitivity is affected by the molecular weight ratio between the MPEG and poly( β ‐amino ester). Plots of the intensity ratio I 337 / I 334 (from pyrene excitation spectra): a) vs. pH for copolymer samples and b) vs. log (concentration) for M1. magnified image Plots of the intensity ratio I 337 / I 334 (from pyrene excitation spectra): a) vs. pH for copolymer samples and b) vs. log (concentration) for M1.
Workers in the boardrooms (1975)

Mr. Wilson wants to involve the individual, as a free citizen, in the managerial and industrial decisions that affect him. Yet many trade unionists believe that works councils are a farce, that employee share-holding is a sop, and that worker-directors are nothing but a confidence trick. Who is right? Mr. Wilson has been making workers' pariticipation an important theme in his "Edinburgh series" of speeches. At Blackpool he set out a number of specific measures—joint decision making on factory planning and production techniques; compulsory works councils; a two-tier top management structure, with workers on supervisory boards; better trade union services, and others. It is a remarkable array. But will it convert his own ranks—and, no less, the entrenched conservatism of boardrooms?
Cloning by function: an alternative approach for identifying yeast homologs of genes from other organisms. (1990)

Studies of cell physiology and structure have identified many intriguing proteins that could be analyzed for function by using the power of yeast genetics. Unfortunately, identifying the homologous yeast gene with the two most commonly used approaches--DNA hybridization and antibody cross-reaction--is often difficult. We describe a strategy to identify yeast homologs based on protein function itself. This cloning-by-function strategy involves first identifying a yeast mutant that depends on a plasmid expressing a cloned foreign gene. The corresponding yeast gene is then cloned by complementation of the mutant defect. To detect plasmid dependence, the colony color assay of Koshland et al. [Koshland, D., Kent, J. C. & Hartwell, L. H. (1985) Cell 40, 393-403] is used. In this paper, we test the feasibility of this approach using the well-characterized system of DNA topoisomerase II in yeast. We show that (i) plasmid dependence is easily recognized; (ii) the screen efficiently isolates mutations in the desired gene; and (iii) the wild-type yeast homolog of the gene can be cloned by screening for reversal of the plasmid-dependent phenotype. We conclude that cloning by function can be used to isolate the yeast homologs of essential genes identified in other organisms.
Kinetic CE: Foundation for homogeneous kinetic affinity methods (2007)

Kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE) is defined as capillary electrophoresis of species that interact during electrophoresis. KCE can serve as a conceptual platform for development of homogeneous kinetic affinity methods for affinity measurements (measurements of binding parameters and quantitative measurements) and affinity purification (purification of known molecules and search of unknown molecules). A number of different KCE methods can be designed by varying initial and boundary conditions - the way interacting species enter and exit the capillary. KCE methods will find multiple practical applications in the designing of biomedical diagnostics and the development of drug candidates. Here, the concept of KCE, its up-to-date applications, and future prospective are reviewed.
Chemiluminescence detection of proteins from single cells. (1991)

The analysis of proteins from single cells requires techniques of supreme sensitivity. Although radiochemical procedures are capable of detecting small amounts of electrophoretically separated proteins, their sensitivity falls short of that required for routine detection of minor components of single cells. Utilizing the avidin-biotin interaction and the alkaline phosphatase substrate 3-(4-methoxyspiro[1,2-dioxetane-3,2'- tricyclo-[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decan]-4-yl)phenyl phosphate (AMPPD), we have developed an alternative, chemiluminescence-based method for protein detection whose sensitivity exceeds that of other methods. Applying this method to a purified protein, we could detect as little as 63 fg (0.9 amol) of biotinylated bovine serum albumin. The sensitivity of the method was demonstrated by the detection of proteins from individual photoreceptor outer segments, including proteins constituting approximately 1% of the total. Chemiluminescence detection also proved extremely sensitive for immunoblotting: a comparison of five methods for detection of antibody-antigen interactions showed that the AMPPD technique was more sensitive than detection with a colorimetric alkaline phosphatase substrate, 125I-labeled protein A, 125I-labeled anti-mouse IgG, or colloidal gold-conjugated anti-mouse IgG.
Smoothing DCT Compression Artifacts (1994)

mage compression based on quantizing the d image in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) omain can generate blocky artifacts in the outs a put image. It is possible to reduce these artifact nd RMS error by adjusting measures of block g t edginess and image roughness, while restrictin he DCT coefficient values to values that would d i have been quantized to those of the compresse mage. We also introduce a DCT coefficient . amplitude adjustment that reduces RMS error INTRODUCTION n i Lossy image compression in the DCT domai s achieved by the quantization of the DCT t i coefficients. The quantization of a single coefficien n a single block causes the reconstructed image to p differ from the original image by an error image roportional to the associated basis function in that - n block. Our goal here is to try to reduce the blocki ess without reducing the accuracy of the reconstruction. The sum of squared differences between adjat cent block edge pixels is a measure of blockiness hat te...