gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polyketal Copolymers: A New Acid-Sensitive Delivery Vehicle for Treating Acute Inflammatory Diseases (2008)

Acute inflammatory diseases are a major cause of death in the world, and effective treatments are greatly needed. Macrophages play a central role in causing acute inflammatory diseases, and there is currently great interest in developing drug delivery vehicles that can target therapeutics to macrophages. Microparticles formulated from aliphatic polyketals have great potential to enhance the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases, due to their ability to passively target therapeutics to macrophages, their acid sensitivity, and their biocompatible degradation products. However, existing aliphatic polyketals are unsuitable for treating acute inflammatory diseases because they require weeks to hydrolyze, and strategies for accelerating their hydrolysis kinetics are greatly needed. In this report, we demonstrate that the hydrolysis kinetics of aliphatic polyketals can be accelerated by increasing their hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance. Aliphatic polyketals of varying hydrophobicity were synthesized, via the acetal exchange reaction, and their hydrolysis kinetics were investigated at the pH values of 4.5 and 7.4. A polyketal termed PK3 was developed, which had the hydrolysis kinetics suitable for treating acute inflammatory diseases. PK3 has a hydrolysis half-life of 2 days at pH 4.5, but requires several weeks to hydrolyze at pH 7.4. Microparticles were formulated with PK3, which encapsulated the anti-inflammatory drug, imatinib. In vivo experiments demonstrated that PK3 microparticles were able to significantly improve the efficacy of imatinib in treating acute liver failure. We anticipate that aliphatic polyketals will have numerous applications for the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases, given their pH sensitivity, tunable hydrolysis kinetics, and biocompatible degradation products.
Developing novel anthelmintics from plant cysteine proteinases (2008)

Intestinal helminth infections of livestock and humans are predominantly controlled by treatment with three classes of synthetic drugs, but some livestock nematodes have now developed resistance to all three classes and there are signs that human hookworms are becoming less responsive to the two classes (benzimidazoles and the nicotinic acetylcholine agonists) that are licensed for treatment of humans. New anthelmintics are urgently needed, and whilst development of new synthetic drugs is ongoing, it is slow and there are no signs yet that novel compounds operating through different modes of action, will be available on the market in the current decade. The development of naturally-occurring compounds as medicines for human use and for treatment of animals is fraught with problems. In this paper we review the current status of cysteine proteinases from fruits and protective plant latices as novel anthelmintics, we consider some of the problems inherent in taking laboratory findings and those derived from folk-medicine to the market and we suggest that there is a wealth of new compounds still to be discovered that could be harvested to benefit humans and livestock.
Virtual Intelligence from Artificial Reality: Building Stupid Agents in Smart Environments (1999)

As the nature of online gaming changes to accomodate vast, persistent virtual worlds, there is a growing need to populate them with inhabitants capable of dynamic, adaptable, fruitful interactions with players. In this paper we argue that by separately placing abstract compentencies in the agent and concrete domain knowledge in the environment, we can build simple intelligences that exhibit sophisticated behaviors. Introduction The technological advances of the last decade in networking and processor power have brought a growing number of computer games online. The playing public now expects new combat or simulation games to have multiplayer modes with at least a few participants. We are also beginning to see massively multiplayer games such as Everquest, Asheron&apos;s Call, and Ultima Online, that support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. The advantage of these massive world is that the players themselves are the source of its constant change and growth. The environ...
ON THE USE OF CERTAIN ANTISEPTIC SUBSTANCES IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTED WOUNDS (1915)

IN order to make a jucdicious clhoice of the antiseptic most likely to give useful results in the treatment of infected wounds m:lany different factors lhave to be considered in addition to germicidal activity, including tlle irritating properties of the substances, their toxicity, solubility, ability to penetrate tissues and to be absorbed, and their chemical reactions with proteins and other tissue constituents.
Heterothallism in <i>Plasmopara viticola</i> (2001)

Sexuality in the oomycete Plasmopara viticola , the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, was studied using isolates from five populations from North America and Europe. Leaf discs of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Chardonnay’ were inoculated with either individual single‐sporangiophore isolates, or in all possible pairwise combinations of 25 isolates from New York State, USA. The occurrence of oospores in leaf discs indicated that the pathogen was heterothallic with two mating types, P1 and P2 in a ratio of 11 : 14 for this population. Heterothallism was confirmed when three representative isolates of each mating type from New York were coinoculated with each of 40 isolates from populations of P. viticola from Michigan, Missouri (USA), Germany and Italy. For each isolate tested, oospores formed with either test isolates of P1 or test isolates of P2 mating types, indicating that the isolates were exclusively P1 or P2 only. For these same isolates, no oospores formed as a result of self‐crosses. The ratio of P1 : P2 mating types for all isolates in the study was 27 : 38, statistically equivalent to a 1 : 1 ratio according to χ 2 analysis ( P = 0·68).
An economic analysis of ischaemic heart disease in Switzerland (1997)

Today's medicine and preventive measures have proven effective for ischaemic heart disease, although such remedies have required increasingly large financial resources. However, society benefits because indirect costs decrease, although this gain does not compensate for all direct costs.
A single-blind, placebo-controlled study of glycosaminoglycan-peptide complex ('Rumalon') in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee (1989)

A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 62 patients (30 with osteoarthritis of the hip, 32 with osteoarthritis of the knee) to examine the efficacy of glycosaminoglycan-peptide complex in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Patients received 8-week courses of trial medication, each consisting of intramuscular injections of 3 x 2 ml ampoules per week, alternating with 8-week periods free of trial medication, in addition to conventional drug therapy and physiotherapy, as required. After 2-years' treatment, glycosaminoglycan-peptide-treated patients showed significant improvements, as compared with placebo, in relation to night pain, pain during the day, joint mobility and walking ability. Similar results were seen with both osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. In osteoarthritis of the knee it was also possible to assess joint swelling and this also showed a significant improvement. There were no significant changes in range of joint movement except for a significant decrease in active flexion in the patients with osteoarthritis of the knee treated with placebo. In contrast with many anti-osteoarthritic drugs, glycosaminoglycan-peptide complex was very well tolerated. These results suggest that glycosaminoglycan-peptide complex may be a valuable alternative form of long-term therapy for patients with osteoarthritis.
Sublingual grass pollen immunotherapy is associated with increases in sublingual Foxp3‐expressing cells and elevated allergen‐specific immunoglobulin G4, immunoglobulin A and serum inhibitory activity for immunoglobulin E‐facilitated allergen binding to B cells (2010)

SLIT with grass pollen extract is associated with increased Foxp3(+) cells in the sublingual epithelium and systemic humoral changes as observed previously for SCIT.
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration on Leaf Tissue from Micropropagated Highbush Blueberry (1989)

Abstract Leaf explants from shoot-proliferating cultures of highbush blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) produced shoots on one-half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 5, 25, 50, or 100 μmol of 2iP. The highest number of meristematic nodules and buds per leaf were induced at 25 μmol 2iP and the least at 5 or 100 μmol. Nodule, bud, and shoot regeneration was significantly increased by wounding the leaf explants. Chemical name used: 6(γ-γ-dimethylallylamino)purine (2iP).
NOX 100, A NITRIC OXIDE SCAVENGER, ENHANCES CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL AND PROMOTES LONG-TERM GRAFT ACCEPTANCE 1 (2000)

These data support a role for both oxidative and nitrosative stress in rejection and the immunoregulatory potential of antioxidant therapy after transplantation.
Adolescent driving as deviant behavior (1972)

Most research and action programs relating to the young driver assume that he can (or can be made to) conform to adult standards of driving. The present paper, by contrast, argues that deviant driving is to be expected of the young driver because he is a member of a deviant population. Further, he is not likely to drive in an adult manner unless broad changes are made in his social environment.
Functional domains of a T-DNA promoter active in crown gall tumors. (1987)

Promoter domains required for transcriptional expression of the 780 gene of T-right (pTi15955) were identified by deletion mutagenesis. Accurate quantitation of transcriptional activity of a series of 5' and internal deletion mutants was achieved by using a double gene vector containing a reference 780 gene as an internal standard. Results of the 5' deletions delineated an activator element located between -440 and -229 base pairs (bp) from the start of transcription. Removal of this region resulted in a 100-fold decrease in promoter activity. Two relatively small internal deletion/substitution mutations at positions -74 to -76 and -98 to -112 reduced promoter activity to 38 and 42%, respectively. In most cases large-scale internal deletions (38 to 151 bp) occurring in various locations from positions -12 to -348 bp caused a significant loss in major promoter activity. However, three internal deletions starting at position -37 and extending upstream as far as -153 bp either had little effect on transcriptional activity or resulted in increased activity. Removal of the TATA motif drastically reduced promoter activity to less than 0.1% of the wild type. A minor start of transcription was detected 60 bases upstream from the major transcriptional start site. This minor promoter shares the same activator element as the major promoter for full activity. Deletion and insertion mutations downstream of the minor promoter TATA demonstrated the role of the TATA box in positioning the start of transcription.
Orchestration of Crosshaul slices from federated administrative domains (2016)

With the advent of 5G networks, more dynamicity and flexibility will be needed for the deployment of services with very distinct requirements. Crosshaul areas (those integrating fronthaul and backhaul) are especially critical because of the variability of the demand and the cost of the (own) network deployment, which in many cases is jeopardized by the huge level of investment needed. A common market place to trade the required networking and computing facilities (in the form of a slice) in a multi-domain federated environment is envisaged as the solution for easing the adaptation to future demands. This paper proposes to develop the concept of multi-domain Crosshaul by enabling the dynamic request of Crosshaul slices through a multi-provider exchange.
Two-dimensional photonic-crystal-based double switch-divider (2016)

We propose and investigate a new multifunctional component, consisting of a T-junction of three waveguides in 2D photonic crystal with a square lattice. One waveguide is the input port, while the other two serve as output ports. This component can fulfil three functions: First, it can switch OFF the two output ports; second, our component can be used as a 3 dB divider of the input power; and third, it can switch ON any one of the two output ports. Changing the regime is achieved by a DC magnetic field that magnetizes a cylindrical ferrite resonator placed in the T-junction. We present an analysis of the scattering matrices of the component and calculated frequency characteristics in the low terahertz region. In the frequency band of about 1 GHz with a central frequency of f=98.46 GHz, the device has the following parameters: isolation of the output ports from the input port in the first regime is better than -30 dB, division of the input signal is about (-3.8±1.0) dB in the second regime, and isolation in the regime switch ON, where any one of the two output ports is higher than -15 dB and the insertion loss is lower than -2.0 dB.
Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomer A New Choice for Bumper Systems (1984)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The use of Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers for painted exterior automotive parts has increased steadily during recent years. The success of these applications has lead to the first use of an Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomer for painted front and rear bumper covers on a domestic 1984 model automobile.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper will examine the use of Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers for bumper covers; discussing the physical characteristics of the material, design parameters, processing and tooling considerations, decorating the bumper covers and the economics involved in using Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers for bumper covers.</div>
Solvent affects the conformation of virginiamycin M1(pristinamycin IIA, streptogramin A) (2004)

The streptogramins are antibiotics which act by binding two different components at separate nearby sites on the bacterial 50S ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. The first component, a macrolactone, is common to many of the streptogramin antibiotics and, thus, is referred to by many names including virginiamycin M1(VM1), pristinamycin IIA, ostreogrycin A and streptogramin A. X-Ray crystallographic studies of VM1 bound to ribosomes and to a deactivating enzyme show a different conformation to that of VM1 in chloroform solution. We now report the results of high resolution 2D NMR experiments that show that the conformation of VM1 in dimethyl sulfoxide and methanol differs from both that in chloroform solution and in the bound form. The 3D structure and the 1H NMR and 13C NMR chemical shifts of VM1 in dimethyl sulfoxide and methanol are described.
On-chip ESD protection design for GHz RF integrated circuits by using polysilicon diodes in sub-quarter-micron CMOS process (2002)

ESD protection in RF integrated circuits has several considerations: low parasitic capacitance, constant input capacitance, and insensitive to substrate coupling noise. In this paper, a new ESD protection design with polysilicon diodes for RF IC applications is proposed and characterized. The proposed polysilicon diode is constructed by a polysilicon layer in a general CMOS process with a central un-doped region. The polysilicon diode with variation on the width of the central un-doped region is characterized at different temperatures. An on-chip ESD protection circuit realized with the stacked polysilicon diodes to reduce the total input capacitance for GHz RF application is demonstrated.
The chemotherapeutic agent DMXAA potently and specifically activates the TBK1–IRF-3 signaling axis (2007)

Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) represent a novel approach to the treatment of cancer, resulting in the collapse of tumor vasculature and tumor death. 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) is a VDA currently in advanced phase II clinical trials, yet its precise mechanism of action is unknown despite extensive preclinical and clinical investigations. Our data demonstrate that DMXAA is a novel and specific activator of the TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) signaling pathway. DMXAA treatment of primary mouse macrophages resulted in robust IRF-3 activation and approximately 750-fold increase in IFN-beta mRNA, and in contrast to the potent Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), signaling was independent of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and elicited minimal nuclear factor kappaB-dependent gene expression. DMXAA-induced signaling was critically dependent on the IRF-3 kinase, TBK1, and IRF-3 but was myeloid differentiation factor 88-, Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta-, IFN promoter-stimulator 1-, and inhibitor of kappaB kinase-independent, thus excluding all known TLRs and cytosolic helicase receptors. DMXAA pretreatment of mouse macrophages induced a state of tolerance to LPS and vice versa. In contrast to LPS stimulation, DMXAA-induced IRF-3 dimerization and IFN-beta expression were inhibited by salicylic acid. These findings detail a novel pathway for TBK1-mediated IRF-3 activation and provide new insights into the mechanism of this new class of chemotherapeutic drugs.
The biomechanical aspects of Olympic sports medicine. (1983)

The mission of the Sports Biomechanics Laboratory at the Olympic Complex is to conduct mechanical evaluations of various events and to make judgments as to how these factors influence the performance of athletes who are in training for the Olympics. Evaluation is made using high speed film that is analyzed frame by frame on a computerized digitizing system.
(Pu,Zr)N Annular Fuel Peiets Shaped By. Direct Coagulation Casting (2002)

With the direct coagulation casting (DCC), it may be possible to fabricate specially shaped fuel pellets to reach higher burn ups. This work aims for using the DCC process for mixed plutonium zirconium nitride annular pellets. Zirconium nitride has been proposed as inert matrix material to burn plutonium or to transmute long-lived actinides in accelerator-driven sub-critical systems or fast reactors. Plutonium zirconium nitride microspheres were fabricated by combination of sol-gel method and carbothermic reduction. Zirconium nitride annular pellets were shaped by DCC with commercially available Zirconium nitride.
Integrin α2β1-dependent EGF receptor activation at cell-cell contact sites (2000)

Certain integrins including alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha 3 beta 1 localize to intercellular binding sites, and thus may participate in cell-cell interactions. We demonstrated here the physical and functional associations of integrin alpha 2 beta 1 with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at intercellular adhesion sites. Immunoprecipitation with anti-integrin alpha 2 antibodies or anti-integrin beta 1 antibody resulted in preferential coprecipitation of EGFR from A431 cell lysates, while anti-EGFR antibody coprecipitated integrin alpha 2 beta 1. Chemical crosslinking confirmed the association of integrin alpha 2 beta 1 and EGFR. Colocalization of integrin alpha 2 beta 1 and EGFR at cell-cell contact sites was observed by double immunofluorescence staining of A431 cells. EGF-induced EGFR stimulation did not affect the association of integrin alpha 2 beta 1 and EGFR. However, immunostaining with the antibody specific to activated-EGFR revealed that EGFR localized at cell-cell contact sites are phosphorylated even in serum-depleted conditions, while EGFR localized to other sites is totally dephosphorylated in the same conditions. The EGFR phosphorylation in cell-cell contact sites observed in a serum-depleted culture was abrogated with a function-blocking antibody of integrin alpha 2, but not with a non-function-blocking alpha 2 antibody or function-blocking alpha 3 antibody. Moreover, the EGFR phosphorylation in serum-depleted conditions was not observed in suspended cells, or largely abrogated in sparse cells, indicating that cell-cell adhesion is required for EGFR phosphorylation. These results indicate that integrin alpha 2 beta 1 not only physically associates with EGFR but also functions in serum-independent EGFR activation at cell-cell contact sites. The present results shed a new light on the role of intercellular integrins in cell-cell interactions.
Defect-band mediated ferromagnetism in Gd-doped ZnO thin films (2015)

Gd-doped ZnO thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition with Gd concentrations varying from 0.02–0.45 atomic percent (at. %) showed deposition oxygen pressure controlled ferromagnetism. Thin films prepared with Gd dopant levels (&lt;Gd 0.112 at. %) at low oxygen deposition pressure (&lt;25 mTorr) were ferromagnetic at room temperature. Negative magnetoresistance, electric transport properties showed that the ferromagnetic exchange is mediated by a spin-split defect band formed due to oxygen deficiency related defect complexes. Mott's theory of variable range of hopping conduction confirms the formation of the impurity/defect band near the Fermi level.
Fast and scalable polynomial kernels via explicit feature maps (2013)

Approximation of non-linear kernels using random feature mapping has been successfully employed in large-scale data analysis applications, accelerating the training of kernel machines. While previous random feature mappings run in O(ndD) time for $n$ training samples in d-dimensional space and D random feature maps, we propose a novel randomized tensor product technique, called Tensor Sketching, for approximating any polynomial kernel in O(n(d+D \log{D})) time. Also, we introduce both absolute and relative error bounds for our approximation to guarantee the reliability of our estimation algorithm. Empirically, Tensor Sketching achieves higher accuracy and often runs orders of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art approach for large-scale real-world datasets.
Degradative and Repair Responses of Cartilage to Cytokines and Growth Factors Occur Via Distinct Pathways (1993)

Cartilage destruction mediated by IL-1 is due to increased matrix lysis and decreased matrix repair. To determine whether the two processes are linked, we studied the influence of growth factors on IL-1 induced neutral protease induction, proteoglycan synthesis inhibition and IL-1 receptor expression. With respect to neutral protease induction, FGF and PDGF potentiated IL-1 activity, TGF-beta inhibited, while EGF, IGF-1 and -2 had no effect. With respect to IL-1 receptor expression, FGF and PDGF induced more IL-1 receptors, TGF-beta inhibited, while IGF-1, and 2 had no effect. Finally, with respect to proteoglycan synthesis, TGF-beta, PDGF and IGF-1 reversed IL-1 induced PG suppression to different extents, while FGF slightly potentiated IL-1 induced suppression of aggrecan synthesis. The results suggest that while IL-1 affects both increased aggrecan loss and decreased synthesis, the pathways leading to the effector functions are not necessarily linked and are likely to be distinct.