gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ambulatory Glucose Profile: Representation of Verified Self-Monitored Blood Glucose Data (1987)

Sixty-nine individuals with diabetes (23 with type I, 15 with pregestational, and 31 with gestational) used specially modified reflectance meters containing memory chips enabling the instruments to store 440 individual blood glucose values with corresponding time and date. These data were organized into 14-day periods and then collapsed into a graphic depiction, the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP), which was represented as the pattern of the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of blood glucose values. These three curves illustrate the median level of control and provide an index of variability in control at each hour of a "typical day." We observed distinctive AGPs related to the variability in metabolic control and the type of diabetes. Comparisons between diagnostic groups showed consistent differences between groups, independent of level of glycemic control. Review of serial AGPs obtained for sequential 2-wk periods for 23 non-pregnant individuals with type I diabetes and 10 women with gestational diabetes revealed changes in AGP corresponding to alterations in regimen. The AGP provides a new approach to the evaluation of glycemic control, with applications to patient and physician education, clinical investigation, and individual patient care.
0.5V Asymmetric Three-Tr. Cell (ATC) DRAM Using 90nm Generic CMOS Logic Process (2005)

Asymmetric three-Tr. cell (ATC) DRAM which has one P-and two N-MOS transistors for one unit cell is proposed with "forced feedback sense amplifier" and "write echo refresh". Memory array of ATC DRAM operates at 0.5V and use only logic process with no additional process. A test chip on 90 nm technology dissipates 180 /spl mu/A in refresh current at 1 /spl mu/s cycle refresh on 1Mb with SG mode.
Intercomparison of Experimental Regional Aerosol Deposition Data (1989)

A critical review is presented of the available experimental data on regional aerosol deposition in man. The data agree well for nasal and extrathoracic deposition. For the fast and slow cleared components of thoracic deposition, however, agreement is less satisfactory. The different experimental techniques are critically evaluated, and possible reasons for the observed discrepancies are discussed. Additionally, a semi-empirical model is presented which takes this evaluation into account, and which enables regional deposition to be calculated as function of particle size and respiratory parameters without lengthy computer models. The proposed equations explain and eliminate some of the intra- and inter-individual scatter of the data, and some of the discrepancies between the data from different laboratories. Where these discrepancies could not be eliminated, an additional 'conservative' model for dose estimations is offered which takes account of the uncertainty inherent to the data. A summary of the model equations is given in the appendix.
Breakthroughs in Photonics 2014: Advances in Plasmonic Nanolasers (2015)

Plasmonic nanolasers are promising as nanoscale coherent sources of optical fields because they support ultrasmall sizes and show ultrafast dynamics. Major advances over the last several years have focused on nanocavity design, materials improvements in quality of both the plasmonic materials and gain media, and room-temperature operation. In 2014, the most significant results focused on tunable nanolasing emission and strategies to time-resolve the dynamics.
Nd-glass burst laser with kW average power output (1995)

Demonstrations of operation of a compact neodymium glass laser with average output powers greater than 1 kW for several seconds are reported. The laser is based on the thermal inertia laser (TIL) concept wherein a neodymium-doped glass rod is pumped uniformly without cooling during a burst mode of laser operation. Design principles for TIL devices and scaling to 100 kW class lasers are discussed. Experimental results for a low repetition-rate proof-of-concept pulsed device (30 J, 0.2 Hz) and a high repetition-rate pulsed prototype (40 J, 36 Hz) are presented and compared to numerical solutions for the laser rate equations with temperature dependent cross-sections.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Calcium from Diet and Supplements is Associated With Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Prospective Cohort of Women (2005)

We investigated the association between calcium intake and colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of 45,354 women without a history of colorectal cancer who successfully completed a 62-item National Cancer Institute/Block food-frequency questionnaire. Women were followed for an average of 8.5 years, during which time 482 subjects developed colorectal cancer. We used Cox proportional hazards models, with age as the underlying time metric, to estimate risk of colorectal cancer. Cut points between quintiles of energy-adjusted dietary calcium were 412, 529, 656, and 831 mg/day. We created categories for calcium from supplements as follows: 0 mg/day (n = 25,441), 0 to 400 mg/day (n = 9,452), 401 to 800 mg/day (n = 4,176), and >800 mg/day (n =6,285). Risk ratios and confidence intervals (95% CI) for increasing quintiles of dietary calcium relative to the lowest quintile were 0.79 (0.60-1.04), 0.77 (0.59-1.02), 0.78 (0.60-1.03), and 0.74 (0.56-0.98), P(trend) = 0.05. For increasing categories of calcium from supplements, the risk ratios (and 95% CI) relative to no supplement use were 1.08 (0.87-1.34), 0.96 (0.70-1.32), and 0.76 (0.56-1.02), P(trend) = 0.09. Simultaneously high consumption of calcium from diet and calcium from supplements resulted in even further risk reduction, RR = 0.54 (95% CI, 0.37-0.79) compared with low consumption of both sources of calcium. These data indicate that a difference of < 400 to > 800 mg of calcium per day was associated with an approximately 25% reduction in risk of colorectal cancer, and this reduction in risk occurred regardless of the source of the calcium (i.e., diet or supplements).
Intelligent Video Analytics (IVA) and Surveillance System using Machine Learning and Neural Networks (2020)

Drowning in the huge amount of content of recorded and live video data, relying solely on manual observation by security personnel for long hours is not feasible no efficient. There is a need for an intelligent and smart system which can overcome this difficulty by automating this process. It should alert the security personnel when suspicious objects in the frame are detected It should also keep false alarms to a minimum. If this is achieved, the work of surveillance will be optimized and the presence of security personnel can be used else-where more labor force is needed. Video surveillance system plays a significant role in the security systems of modern cities since it can detect abnormal behavior and suspicious objects ahead of time as opposed to the late detection by humans. However, due to the expansion of the surveillance network, a massive amount of data is generated which makes the analytics, storage and retrieval of the data challenging.
Prostate cancer (1997)

Prostate cancer accounted for over 41,000 deaths in the United States in 1996. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is capable of detecting prostate cancer and appears to detect cancers that are both clinically significant as well as organ-confined, and therefore potentially curable. The positive predictive value of PSA value has been increased by the use of the free-to-total PSA ratio. The early detection of a large number of nonpalpable tumors has mandated the development of new risk assessment schemas, which include nomograms and equations in which Gleason score, PSA, and clinical stage play a prominent role. Definitive answers to the question of watchful waiting versus intervention await conclusion of the prostate cancer intervention-versus-observation trial. For both radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy, one means of potentially reducing the risk of relapse is the use of androgen deprivation. Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation prior to surgery results in a lower incidence of positive surgical margins, but impact on survival is unknown. By contrast, the use of concurrent androgen deprivation appears to be associated with enhanced survival in patients treated with definitive radiotherapy. For good risk tumors, modem brachytherapy results in freedom from biochemical relapse rates similar to those observed with surgery and external beam radiation therapy. The best therapy for patients with positive margins or serologic progression, including radiation therapy, remains to be identified. The widespread availability of PSA testing has led to an empirically driven redefinition of advanced disease and includes patients with earlier stage disease in which primary treatment has failed. In these patients, debate remains as to whether combined androgen deprivation is superior to monotherapy. A comparison of flutamide with bicalutamide awaits maturation of survival data. The utility of antiandrogen withdrawal in patients with progressive disease despite androgen deprivation has been confirmed. Thereafter, second-line hormonal maneuvers may be appropriate. In patients with truly hormone refractory prostate cancer, a variety of nonhormonal agents, including estramustine-based therapy, suramin, mitoxantrone, and doxorubicin-based regimens have demonstrated activity and remain as options.
Information Assurance in B2C e-Commerce Transactions: A Process-Oriented Framework and Empirical Analysis of Websites using Semantic Networks (2007)

What aspects of information assurance can be identified in Business-to-Consumer (B-to-C) online transactions?The purpose of this research is to build a theoretical framework for studying information assurance based on a detailed analysis of academic literature for online exchanges in B-to-C electronic commerce.Further, a semantic network content analysis is conducted to analyze the representations of information assurance in B-to-C electronic commerce in the real online market place (transaction Web sites of selected Fortune 500 firms).The results show that the transaction websites focus on some perspectives and not on others.For example, we see an emphasis on the importance of technological and consumer behavioral elements of information assurance such as issues of online security and privacy.Further corporate practitioners place most emphasis on transaction-related information assurance issues.Interestingly, the product and institutional dimension of information assurance in online transaction websites are only minimally present. Key wordsMulti-dimensional information assurance framework, online exchange, Business-to-Consumer Ecommerce, semantic network analysis Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).Key findings of that study were that consumers were worried about online security; they were not sure if there was a genuine business behind the Web site they were interacting with; they didn't know "if and when" they would receive the merchandise or services they ordered; they didn't like the traceability of transactions on the Internet (many want a high degree of privacy related to their personal information and transactions); and they were worried that they might become victims of electronic fraud.Consumer WebWatch took a look at the credibility of information and e-commerce sites.The report 1 revealed that only 29 percent (of 1500 respondents) say they trust Web sites that sell products and services, a far lower figure than for traditional, offline institutions; and 95 percent say that it is very important that sites disclose how they protect consumer information (e.g., credit card number).The recent report 2 found that concern about identity theft is substantial, and is changing consumer behavior in major ways.Eighty percent of Web users in the United States of age 18 and over are at least somewhat concerned someone could steal their identity from personal information stored or transmitted on the Internet.
Equalization of dispersion in single-mode fibers (1981)

Optical pulse equalization in single-mode fibers using positive and negative chromatic dispersion has been demonstrated by Lin et al. [Opt. Lett. 5, 476 (1980)]. In this paper, an earlier theory of pulse propagation in single-mode fibers is extended to the case of a tandem arrangement of N fibers with different dispersive properties. The theory includes first- and second-order dispersion. It is shown that, by using fibers with positive and negative chromatic dispersion, the first-order dispersion term cancels out on average.
SUMO Ligase Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT1 (PIAS1) Is a Constituent Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Body Protein That Contributes to the Intrinsic Antiviral Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (2016)

Adaptive, innate, and intrinsic immunity cooperatively and efficiently restrict the propagation of viral pathogens. Intrinsic immunity mediated by constitutively expressed cellular proteins represents the first line of intracellular defense against infection. PML-NB constituent proteins mediate aspects of intrinsic immunity to restrict herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) as well as other viruses. These proteins repress viral replication through mechanisms that rely on SUMO signaling. However, the participating SUMOylation enzymes are not known. We identify the SUMO ligase PIAS1 as a constituent PML-NB antiviral protein. This finding distinguishes a SUMO ligase that may mediate signaling events important in PML-NB-mediated intrinsic immunity. Moreover, this research complements the recent identification of PIAS4 as an intrinsic antiviral factor, supporting a role for PIAS proteins as both positive and negative regulators of host immunity to virus infection.
Gut lavage IgG and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist:interleukin 1 beta ratio as markers of intestinal inflammation in children with inflammatory bowel disease. (1997)

Gut lavage fluid IgG and IL-1 beta levels and IL-1-ra:IL-1 beta ratio may provide objective discrimination between active and inactive disease in children with inflammatory bowel disease.
Monitoring and therapy of sleep-related breathing disorders (2009)

The problem of snoring increases as a result of an older and more overweight population. This project offers a long-term miniaturized monitoring system in combination with biofeedback therapy for use at home, which aims at helping those who are troubled by snoring or mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). By using a miniaturized sensor system in a removable headband (i.e. fixed to the skull), head position, snoring, breathing frequency and heart rate were successfully recorded. However, the algorithms must be made more robust to noise and disturbances (sudden movements, swallowing etc.) in order to provide reliable results. The sensor system could be made small enough to be built into implants, which allows innovative new ways of home monitoring with minimum annoyance to the snorer. For example, it can be used to evaluate the compliance and efficacy of therapy methods over a longer period of time. A biofeedback signal was implemented in the headband in order to perform positional therapy, since many snorers have the problem only in the supine position. The first trials have shown promising results and further studies will be conducted to verify the effect.
Optimal neuroprotection by erythropoietin requires elevated expression of its receptor in neurons (2009)

Erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) binding mediates neuroprotection by endogenous Epo or by exogenous recombinant human (rh)Epo. The level of EpoR gene expression may determine tissue responsiveness to Epo. Thus, harnessing the neuroprotective power of Epo requires an understanding of the Epo-EpoR system and its regulation. We tested the hypothesis that neuronal expression of EpoR is required to achieve optimal neuroprotection by Epo. The ventral limbic region (VLR) in the rat brain was used because we determined that its neurons express minimal EpoR under basal conditions, and they are highly sensitive to excitotoxic damage, such as occurs with pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (Pilo-SE). We report that (i) EpoR expression is significantly elevated in nearly all VLR neurons when rats are subjected to 3 moderate hypoxic exposures, with each separated by a 4-day interval; (ii) synergistic induction of EpoR expression is achieved in the dorsal hippocampus and neocortex by the combination of hypoxia and exposure to an enriched environment, with minimal increased expression by either treatment alone; and (iii) rhEpo administered after Pilo-SE cannot rescue neurons in the VLR, unless neuronal induction of EpoR is elicited by hypoxia before Pilo-SE. This study thus demonstrates using environmental manipulations in normal rodents, the strict requirement for induction of EpoR expression in brain neurons to achieve optimal neuroprotection. Our results indicate that regulation of EpoR gene expression may facilitate the neuroprotective potential of rhEpo.
Schnurri transcription factors from<i>Drosophila</i>and vertebrates can mediate Bmp signaling through a phylogenetically conserved mechanism (2006)

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (Bmps) are secreted growth factors that play crucial roles in animal development across the phylogenetic spectrum. Bmp signaling results in the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smads, downstream signal transducers that bind DNA. In Drosophila, the zinc finger protein Schnurri (Shn) plays a key role in signaling by the Bmp2/Bmp4 homolog Decapentaplegic (Dpp), by forming a Shn/Smad repression complex on defined promoter elements in the brinker (brk) gene. Brk is a transcriptional repressor that downregulates Dpp target genes. Thus, brk inhibition by Shn results in the upregulation of Dpp-responsive genes. We present evidence that vertebrate Shn homologs can also mediate Bmp responsiveness through a mechanism similar to Drosophila Shn. We find that a Bmp response element (BRE) from the Xenopus Vent2 promoter drives Dpp-dependent expression in Drosophila. However, in sharp contrast to its activating role in vertebrates, the frog BRE mediates repression in Drosophila. Remarkably, despite these opposite transcriptional polarities, sequence changes that abolish cis-element activity in Drosophila also affect BRE function in Xenopus. These similar cis requirements reflect conservation of trans-acting factors, as human Shn1 (hShn1; HIVEP1) can interact with Smad1/Smad4 and assemble an hShn1/Smad complex on the BRE. Furthermore, both Shn and hShn1 activate the BRE in Xenopus embryos, and both repress brk and rescue embryonic patterning defects in shn mutants. Our results suggest that vertebrate Shn proteins function in Bmp signal transduction, and that Shn proteins recruit coactivators and co-repressors in a context-dependent manner, rather than acting as dedicated activators or repressors.
Tight-binding analysis of Si and GaAs ultrathin bodies with subatomic wave-function resolution (2015)

Empirical tight-binding (ETB) methods are widely used in atomistic device simulations. Traditional ways of generating the ETB parameters rely on direct fitting to bulk experiments or theoretical electronic bands. However, ETB calculations based on existing parameters lead to unphysical results in ultrasmall structures like the As-terminated GaAs ultrathin bodies (UTBs). In this work, it is shown that more transferable ETB parameters with a short interaction range can be obtained by a process of mapping ab initio bands and wave functions to ETB models. This process enables the calibration of not only the ETB energy bands but also the ETB wave functions with corresponding ab initio calculations. Based on the mapping process, ETB models of Si and GaAs are parameterized with respect to hybrid functional calculations. Highly localized ETB basis functions are obtained. Both the ETB energy bands and wave functions with subatomic resolution of UTBs show good agreement with the corresponding hybrid functional calculations. The ETB methods can then be used to explain realistically extended devices in nonequilibrium that cannot be tackled with ab initio methods.
Alveolar volume-surface area relation in air- and saline-filled lungs fixed by vascular perfusion (1979)

The influence of volume changes and interfacial forces on the geometry of peripheral air spaces was studied in excised rabbit lungs inflated with either air or saline and fixed by vascular perfusion at four points of the deflation limb of the pressure-volume curve corresponding to 100, 80, 60, and 40% of the total lung capacity (TLC). In air-filled lungs pleating and folding of alveolar septa were observed, especially in alveolar corners. However, the alveolar surfaces were smooth, except at low lung volumes where some surface crumpling occurred. In saline-filled lungs pleats were absent; the alveolar surface was irregular at all inflation levels due to undulating walls and bulging capillaries. Morphometry indicated that at all alveolar volumes (VA) the surface areas (SA) were larger in saline- than air-filled lungs. No simple mathematical function was found to characterize the relation between SA and VA over the entire volume range studied. Within the range of normal breaths (80 to 40% TLC) the best fit for n in the function SA = k.VnA was 0.58 for saline-filled lungs (r = 0.93) and 0.33 for air-filled lungs (r = 0.68), suggesting different and complex deflation patterns.
Juxtaparanodal clustering of <i>Shaker</i>-like K+ channels in myelinated axons depends on Caspr2 and TAG-1 (2003)

In myelinated axons, K+ channels are concealed under the myelin sheath in the juxtaparanodal region, where they are associated with Caspr2, a member of the neurexin superfamily. Deletion of Caspr2 in mice by gene targeting revealed that it is required to maintain K+ channels at this location. Furthermore, we show that the localization of Caspr2 and clustering of K+ channels at the juxtaparanodal region depends on the presence of TAG-1, an immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule that binds Caspr2. These results demonstrate that Caspr2 and TAG-1 form a scaffold that is necessary to maintain K+ channels at the juxtaparanodal region, suggesting that axon-glia interactions mediated by these proteins allow myelinating glial cells to organize ion channels in the underlying axonal membrane.
pH-induced Intramolecular Electron Transfer between the Iron-Sulfur Protein and Cytochrome c 1 in Bovine Cytochrome bc 1 Complex (2000)

Structural analysis of the bc(1) complex suggests that the extra membrane domain of iron-sulfur protein (ISP) undergoes substantial movement during the catalytic cycle. Binding of Qo site inhibitors to this complex affects the mobility of ISP. Taking advantage of the difference in the pH dependence of the redox midpoint potentials of cytochrome c(1) and ISP, we have measured electron transfer between the [2Fe-2S] cluster and heme c(1) in native and inhibitor-treated partially reduced cytochrome bc(1) complexes. The rate of the pH-induced cytochrome c(1) reduction can be estimated by conventional stopped-flow techniques (t1/2, 1-2 ms), whereas the rate of cytochrome c(1) oxidation is too high for stopped-flow measurement. These results suggest that oxidized ISP has a higher mobility than reduced ISP and that the movement of reduced ISP may require an energy input from another component. In the 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole (UHDBT)-inhibited complex, the rate of cytochrome c(1) reduction is greatly decreased to a t1/2 of approximately 2.8 s. An even lower rate is observed with the stigmatellin-treated complex. These results support the idea that UHDBT and stigmatellin arrest the [2Fe-2S] cluster at a fixed position, 31 A from heme c(1), making electron transfer very slow.