gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of apolipoprotein AI domains in lipid binding (1996)

Apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) is the principal protein constituent of high density lipoproteins and it plays a key role in human cholesterol homeostasis; however, the structure of apoAI is not clearly understood. To test the hypothesis that apoAI is organized into domains, three deletion mutants of human apo AI expressed in Escherichia coli were studied in solution and in reconstituted high density lipoprotein particles. Each mutant lacked one of three specific regions that together encompass almost the entire 243 aa sequence of native apoAI (apoAI delta 44-126, apoAI delta 139-170, and apoAI delta 190-243). Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that the alpha-helical content of lipid-free apoAI delta 44-126 was 27% while the other mutants and native apoAI averaged 55 +/- 2%, suggesting that the missing N-terminal portion contains most of the alpha-helical structure of lipid-free apoAI. ApoAI delta 44-126 exhibited the largest increase in alpha-helix upon lipid binding (125% increase versus an average of 25% for the others), confirming the importance of the C-terminal half of apoAI in lipid binding. Denaturation studies showed that the N-terminal half of apoAI is primarily responsible for alpha-helix stability in the lipid-free state, whereas the C terminus is required for alpha-helix stability when lipid-bound. We conclude that the N-terminal half (aa 44-126) of apoAI is responsible for most of the alpha-helical structure and the marginal stability of lipid-free apoAI while the C terminus (aa 139-243) is less organized. The increase in alpha-helical content observed when native apoAI binds lipid results from the formation of alpha-helix primarily in the C-terminal half of the molecule.
Comparing forward and inverse models to estimate the seasonal variation of hemisphere-integrated fluxes of carbonyl sulfide (2002)

Abstract. A simple inverse model is proposed to deduce hemisphere-integrated COS flux based on published time series of total column COS. The global atmosphere is divided into two boxes representing the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and the total column COS data from several stations are used to deduce hemispheric COS loadings. The integrated flux within each hemisphere is calculated as a linear combination of a steady-state solution and time-varying perturbation. The nature of the time-varying perturbation is deduced using two different approaches: an analytic solution based on a cosine function that was fitted to the original total column COS measurement time series and a Simplex optimization with no underlying assumption about the functional form of the total column time series. The results suggest that there is a steady-state COS flux from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere. There is a seasonal variation superimposed on this flux that in the Southern Hemisphere has a maximum rate of COS input into the atmosphere around January and a maximum rate of COS removal from the atmosphere around August--September. In the Northern Hemisphere, the maximum rate of COS input into the atmosphere is around May--June, and the maximum rate of COS removal is either August or January, depending on which station in the Northern Hemisphere is considered. The results of the inverse model are compared with the outcome of a forward approach on the temporal and spatial variation of the dominant global sources and sinks published earlier. In general, the deduced hemisphere-integrated flux estimates showed good agreement with the database estimates, though it remains uncertain whether COS removal from the atmosphere in the Northern Hemisphere is dominated by plant and soil uptake in the boreal summer or by oceanic uptake in boreal winter.
Acid-labile histidine side-chain protection: the N(π)-t-butoxymethyl group (1984)

N-(α)-Benzyloxycarbonyl-N(π)-t-butoxymethyl -L-histidine (1)and N(α)-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl--N(π)-t-butoxymethyl-L-histidine(2)have been prepared and their use for the synthesis of peptides containing histidine residues has been demonstrated in two simple exercises; no difficulties were encountered, the base-and hydrogenolysis-resistant imidazole imidazole protecting group ultimately being removed by mild acidolysis.
Calcium Begets Calcium: Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification in Asymptomatic Subjects (2002)

In asymptomatic subjects, the initial CCS and CVS were the most important factors that affected rate of coronary artery calcium progression. Neither age nor sex was as important as these factors in determination of coronary artery calcium progression.
Solid phase extraction: Applications to the chromatographic analysis of vegetable oils and fats (2002)

Applications of solid-phase extraction for the isolation of certain lipid classes prior to chromatographic analysis are given. More information was found for sterols and related compounds, polar phenols and contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Detailed analytical protocols are presented and discussed in many cases.
Disturbance Classification Utilizing Dynamic Time Warping Classifier (2004)

The application of deregulation policies in electric power systems results in the absolute necessity to quantify power quality. This fact highlights the need for a new classification strategy which is capable of tracking, detecting, and classifying power-quality events. In this paper, a new classification approach that is based on the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm is proposed. The new algorithm is supported by the vector quantization (VQ) and the fast match (FM) techniques to speed up the classification process. The Walsh transform (WT) and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) are adopted as feature extraction tools. The application of the combined fast match-dynamic time warping (FM-DTW) algorithms provides superior results in speed and accuracy compared to the traditional artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic classifiers. Moreover, the proposed classifier proves to have a very low sensitivity to noise levels.
Strain–energy method for determining residual stresses in anodised thin films (2006)

Residual stresses in thin films are usually evaluated either by measurement of elastic strains in the film or from the curvature or deflection of a film-coated substrate material (the Stoney technique). Both methods are prone to serious measurement errors particularly for thinner films or smaller curvatures or deflections. The Stoney technique is popular because the analysis does not require the elastic modulus of the film. However, residual stress can be determined more accurately using the film modulus. A simple strain-energy analysis using this modulus has been developed to investigate residual stresses in boric acid-sulphuric acid (BSA) anodized films, based on bending measurements of thin coupons. The method is an improvement over Stoney's equation because the square root of the thickness of the film, rather than the thickness itself, is involved, so reducing one of the larger sources of error. The modulus of the film was determined from nanoindentation measurements. The strain-energy method allows analysis of residual stress development in the coupons as functions of film thickness and time. The results show that the residual stress in BSA-anodized films formed on high strength Al-Cu alloy is highly tensile with stress levels up to 400 MPa. The effects of coupon geometry on stress development were also studied and were found to influence the final levels of residual stress developed. These results have implications for the measurement of residual stresses by beam deflection methods.
한국 성인의 의료이용 양상과 결정요인 (2007)

Objectives: It is important to understand health services utilization for quality improvement of healthcare systems. The study aims to describe patterns and to identify factors influencing health services utilization. Methods: The study used the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey data. It was conducted using modified Andersen`s Model including health behavior. Predisposing variables included gender, age, marital status, and educational level. Enabling variables included health insurance, socioeconomic status, health facilities they frequently use, income, and residence. Need variables included morbidity, subjective health status, health concern, and depression. Health behavior variables included smoking, alcohol-drinking, exercise, sleep, stress, and health exam. Outcome variables were clinic visits and hospitalization. Univariate analysis and logistic regression were performed. Results: Predisposing, enabling, need, and health behavior factors had effects on health services utilization. In univariate analysis, all independent variables except for divorce, heavy drinking, and exercise are statistically significant in outpatient services utilization. Gender, marital status, region, health facility, income, morbidity, subjective health status, health concern, depression, smoking, alcohol-drinking, and sleeping were significant in inpatient services utilization. There was higher utilization of outpatient and inpatient services in female, those who took a health exam, and those who subjectively considered their health bad. In addition, older people used outpatient health services more, but younger people showed higher utilization in inpatient services. Conclusions: The findings showed that policy makers should take into account an effective health promotion program considering sex, age, subjective health status for optimal utilization and cost containment of health services.
Tetrazolium Reduction-Malachite Green Method for Assessing the Viability of Filamentous Bacteria in Activated Sludge (1982)

A method was developed to assess the activity of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge. It involves the incubation of activated sludge with 2(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride followed by staining with malachite green. Both cells and 2(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride-formazan crystals can be observed in prepared specimens by using bright-field microscopy. This procedure allowed us to distinguish between inactive and actively metabolizing filaments after chlorine application to control the bulking of activated sludge.
Selective fluorination of alkyl C–H bonds <i>via</i> photocatalysis (2014)

We report the generation of cationic N-radicals from Selectfluor® via energy transfer with anthraquinone as a photocatalyst for the fluorination of unactivated C-H bonds.
Enzymatic Oxidation of Xenobiotic Chemical (1990)

Studies with biomimetic models can yield considerable insight into mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis. The discussion above indicates how such information has been important in the cases of flavoproteins, hemoproteins, and, to a lesser extent, the copper protein dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Some of the moieties that we generally accept as intermediates (i.e., high-valent iron oxygen complex in cytochrome P-450 reactions) would be extremely hard to characterize were it not for biomimetic models and more stable analogs such as peroxidase Compound I complexes. Although biomimetic models can be useful, we do need to keep them in perspective. It is possible to alter ligands and aspects of the environment in a way that may not reflect the active site of the protein. Eventually, the model work needs to be carried back to the proteins. We have seen that diagnostic substrates can be of considerable use in understanding enzymes and examples of elucidation of mechanisms through the use of rearrangements, mechanism-based inactivation, isotope labeling, kinetic isotope effects, and free energy relationships have been given. The point should be made that a myriad of approaches need to be applied to the study of each enzyme, for there is potential for misleading information if total reliance is placed on a single approach. The point also needs to be made that in the future we need information concerning the structures of the active sites of enzymes in order to fully understand them. Of the enzymes considered here, only a bacterial form of cytochrome P-450 (P-450cam) has been crystallized. The challenge to determine the three-dimensional structures of these enzymes, particularly the intrinsic membrane proteins, is formidable, yet our further understanding of the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis will remain elusive as long as we have to speak of putative specific residues, domains, and distances in anecdotal terms. The point should be made that there is actually some commonality among many of the catalytic mechanisms of oxidation, even among proteins with different structures and prosthetic groups. Thus, we see that cytochrome P-450 has some elements of a peroxidase and vice versa; indeed, the chemistry at the prosthetic group is probably very similar and the overall chemistry seems to be induced by the protein structure. The copper protein dopamine beta-hydroxylase appears to proceed with chemistry similar to that of the hemoprotein cytochrome P-450 and, although not so thoroughly studied, the non-heme iron protein P. oleovarans omega-hydroxylase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Seed drill instrumentation for spatial coulter depth measurements (2017)

An even and correct depth placement of seeds is crucial for uniform crop germination and for obtaining the desired agricultural yield. On state-of-the-art seed drills, the coulter down pressure is set manually by static springs or heavy weights, which entails that the coulter’s seeding depth reacts to variations in soil resistance. The aim of the study was to develop and test an instrumentation concept installed on a low-cost, lightweight, three meter wide, single-disc seed drill, for on-the-go measurements of spatial depth distributions of individual coulters under real field conditions. A field experiment was carried out to measure individual coulter depths at three different operational speeds. The targeted seeding depth was −30 mm but shallower mean coulter depths were obtained and the depth decreased slightly – although not significantly – with increasing speed, i.e. to −22.1, −20.9 and −19.0 mm for 4, 8, and 12 km h−1, respectively. The coulter depths ranged between −60 mm (below the surface) and even above surface at all speeds, but the variation tended to decrease with decreasing speed. However, soil resistance influenced coulter depth as indicated by a significant block effect. The mean coulter depth varied up to ±5 mm between the blocks. In addition, significant depth variations between the individual coulters were found. The mean depths varied between −14.2 and −25.9 mm for the eleven coulters. The mean shallowest coulter depth (−14.2 mm) was measured for the coulter running in the wheel track of the tractor. The power spectral densities (distribution) of the coulter depth oscillation frequencies showed that the majority of oscillations occurred below 0.5 Hz without any natural vibration frequency. The study concluded that the instrumentation concept was functional for on-the-go spatial coulter depth measurements.
Structure and Biological Activity of Human Homologs of the <i>raf/mil</i> Oncogene (1985)

Two human genes homologous to the raf/mil oncogene have been cloned and sequenced. One, c-raf-2, is a processed pseudogene; the other, c-raf-1, contains nine exons homologous to both raf and mil and two additional exons homologous to mil. A 3' portion of c-raf-1 containing six of the seven amino acid differences relative to murine v-raf can substitute for the 3' portion of v-raf in a transformation assay. Sequence homologies between c-raf-1 and Moloney leukemia virus at both ends of v-raf indicate that the viral gene was acquired by homologous recombination. Although the data are consistent with the traditional model of retroviral transduction, they also raise the possibility that the transduction occurred in a double crossover event between proviral DNA and the murine gene.
The application of retinal fundus camera imaging in dementia: A systematic review (2016)

Inconsistent findings across studies provide tentative support for the application of fundus camera imaging as a means of identifying changes associated with dementia. The potential of fundus image analysis in differentiating between dementia subtypes should be investigated using larger well-characterized samples. Future work should focus on refining and standardizing methods and measurements.
The cadherin superfamily (2001)

The poster provides an overview of the cadherin superfamily, depicting representative molecules for several subfamilies, and displaying the plethora of molecular arrangements characteristic of these molecules (see Commentary by Angst, Marcozzi and Magee on p. 629). Classical cadherins form lateral dimers and typically mediate homophilic adhesion between neighbouring cells and linkage to the actin filament network via their cytoplasmic binding partners *-catenin, &bgr;-catenin and vinculin. Desmosomal cadherins, and VE-cadherin, interact with armadillo family members plakoglobin and/or plakophilins, as well as desmoplakins, to link to the intermediate filament system. Desmosomal cadherin lateral and head-to-head interactions may be homophilic or heterophilic. The adhesive and lateral interactions of other cadherins are less well understood. Very large cadherins, such as FAT family members, may not be involved in adhesion at all, but rather may have a repulsive or sensing role.
Nuclear Safety: 1959--1989, 30 years reviewing the nuclear world (1989)

This review journal covers significant developments in the field of nuclear safety. Its scope includes the analysis and control of hazards associated with nuclear energy, operations involving fissionable materials, and the products of nuclear fission and their effects on the environment. Primary emphasis is on safety in reactor design, construction, and operation; however, the safety aspects of the entire fuel cycle, including fuel fabrication, spent-fuel processing, nuclear waste disposal, handling of radioisotopes, and environmental effects of these operations, are also treated.
A highly efficient CMOS nanoplasmonic crystal enhanced slow-wave thermal emitter improves infrared gas-sensing devices (2015)

The application of plasmonics to thermal emitters is generally assisted by absorptive losses in the metal because Kirchhoff's law prescribes that only good absorbers make good thermal emitters. Based on a designed plasmonic crystal and exploiting a slow-wave lattice resonance and spontaneous thermal plasmon emission, we engineer a tungsten-based thermal emitter, fabricated in an industrial CMOS process, and demonstrate its markedly improved practical use in a prototype non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas-sensing device. We show that the emission intensity of the thermal emitter at the CO(2) absorption wavelength is enhanced almost 4-fold compared to a standard non-plasmonic emitter, which enables a proportionate increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of the CO(2) gas sensor.
Adaptive Inter-View Rate Allocation for Scalable Stereo Video Coding with an Objective Stereo Video Quality Measure (2007)

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A Fault-Tolerant Multicast Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (2004)

In this work, we propose an efficient multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. To achieve high efficiency with low channel and storage overhead, the proposed protocol employs the following mechanism: (1) on-demand invocation of route setup and route maintenance process to avoid periodical control packet transmissions, thus reducing channel overhead, (2) creation of “forwarding group” to forward multicast packets, thus reducing storage overhead, (3) exploration of multiple possible routes from a single flooded query to reduce the frequency of route discovery, thus further reducing channel overhead, (4) a new route setup mechanism that allows a newly joining node to find the nearest forwarding node to minimize the number of added forwarding nodes, thus further reducing storage overhead. To provide the capability of fault tolerance, we introduce the alternate route together with the primary route. We observe that for multicasting the channel and storage overheads of the presented approach are less than those of the DVMRP approach. Also, the channel overhead is less than that in the FGMP approach for multicasting in low mobility scenario, while the storage overheads are the same in the presented approach and in the FGMP approach.
Nearly-automated quantification of mitral annulus and leafet morphology from transesophageal real-time 3D echocardiography (2012)

The ability to extract and quantify three-dimensional (3D) morphological parameters of the mitral valve (MV) apparatus from transesophageal 3D echocardiographic (T3DE) imaging constitutes a valuable tool in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with MV disease. Mitral annulus (MA) and leaflets (ML) quantification is still challenging, and commonly based on intensive user interaction that limits its applicability. We proposed a fast and accurate model-free, nearly-automated method for segmenting and extracting MA and ML morphological parameters, requiring a set of only 8 user-defined points. The algorithm accuracy was tested on 12 patients compared to “gold standard” manual analysis, resulting in narrow limits of agreement, and good inter- and intra-observer variability, except for MA height computation. The proposed technique appears promising for clinical application.
Gastric mucosal barrier: barrier to hydrogen ions imparted by gastric surfactant in vitro. (1992)

A simple experiment is described which shows how the highly surface active ingredient of gastric surfactant (DPPC) can be deposited on a filter paper to reduce the rate of transmission of hydrogen ions by one to two orders of magnitude. This finding is compatible with previous studies implying that the hydrophobic layer of surface active phospholipid provides the gastric mucosal barrier as a distinct physical entity.
Derivatives and Risk Management (2024)

The following sections are included:IntroductionFinancial InnovationMacroeconomic Developments and Regulatory ChangesTwo Economic MotivesTraded Derivative SecuritiesEXTENSION 1.1: The Influence of Regulations, Taxes, and Transaction Costs on Financial InnovationDiverse Views on DerivativesApplications and Uses of DerivativesA Quest for Better ModelsDefining, Measuring, and Managing RiskThe Regulator’s Classification of RiskPortfolio Risk ManagementCorporate Financial Risk ManagementRisks That Businesses FaceNonhedged RisksRisk Management in a Blue Chip CompanyRisk Management Perspectives in This BookSummaryCasesQuestions and Problems
TDMA and FDMA Based Resource Allocations for Quality of Service Provisioning Over Wireless Relay Networks (2007)

We propose a set of resource allocation strategies for quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning over the wireless relay networks. By integrating information theory with the concept of effective capacity, our proposed strategies aim at maximizing the relay network throughput subject to a given delay QoS constraint. Applying the time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) to the relay networks, we develop the static and dynamic time/bandwidth allocation strategies with constant power. The simulation results show that our proposed strategies can significantly improve the effective capacity as compared to the conventional equal time/bandwidth allocation strategies. We also observe that the relay location can impact the improvement of the effective capacity, and the FDMA based scheme outperfoms the TDMA based scheme.