gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Projection electron lithography using aperture lenses (1975)

Methods are presented for using two-dimensional (axially symmetric) aperture lenses of both the single- and multiaperture (fly's-eye) kind and one-dimensional (planar-symmetric) aperture lenses in image-projection systems for electron lithography. The basic electron-optical properties of such aperture lenses are derived. The ancillary film technology is discussed, including pre-exposure and postexposure resist processes in use and the techniques developed for fabricating electron-transmission object masks that can withstand the requisite electron bombardment during image projection. The image-projection systems developed for use in fabricating arrays of thin-film field emitters, electron-beam-addressed memory planes, optical waveguides, and interdigital transducers (unapodized and apodized) for surface-acoustic-wave devices are described, and representative examples of each device produced are shown.
Anti-diuresis in the blood-feeding insect <i>Rhodnius prolixus</i> Stål: the peptide CAP2b and cyclic GMP inhibit Malpighian tubule fluid secretion (1997)

Rhodnius prolixus eliminates NaCl-rich urine at high rates following its infrequent but massive blood meals. This diuresis involves stimulation of Malpighian tubule fluid secretion by diuretic hormones released in response to distention of the abdomen during feeding. The precipitous decline in urine flow that occurs several hours after feeding has been thought until now to result from a decline in diuretic hormone release. We suggest here that insect cardioacceleratory peptide 2b (CAP2b) and cyclic GMP are part of a novel mechanism of anti-diuresis. Secretion rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine-stimulated Malpighian tubules are reduced by low doses of CAP2b or cyclic GMP. Maximal secretion rates are restored by exposing tubules to 1 mmol l-1 cyclic AMP. Levels of cyclic GMP in isolated tubules increase in response to CAP2b, consistent with a role for cyclic GMP as an intracellular second messenger. Levels of cyclic GMP in tubules also increase as urine output rates decline in vivo, suggesting a physiological role for this nucleotide in the termination of diuresis.
Learning to Augment Synthetic Images for Sim2Real Policy Transfer (2019)

Vision and learning have made significant progress that could improve\nrobotics policies for complex tasks and environments. Learning deep neural\nnetworks for image understanding, however, requires large amounts of\ndomain-specific visual data. While collecting such data from real robots is\npossible, such an approach limits the scalability as learning policies\ntypically requires thousands of trials. In this work we attempt to learn\nmanipulation policies in simulated environments. Simulators enable scalability\nand provide access to the underlying world state during training. Policies\nlearned in simulators, however, do not transfer well to real scenes given the\ndomain gap between real and synthetic data. We follow recent work on domain\nrandomization and augment synthetic images with sequences of random\ntransformations. Our main contribution is to optimize the augmentation strategy\nfor sim2real transfer and to enable domain-independent policy learning. We\ndesign an efficient search for depth image augmentations using object\nlocalization as a proxy task. Given the resulting sequence of random\ntransformations, we use it to augment synthetic depth images during policy\nlearning. Our augmentation strategy is policy-independent and enables policy\nlearning with no real images. We demonstrate our approach to significantly\nimprove accuracy on three manipulation tasks evaluated on a real robot.\n
Particulate recording materials (1986)

Information (audio, video, or data) to be recorded magnetically is first encoded into a sequence of time-varying electrical signals which are used to drive a writing head, the magnetic field of which creates, on the moving tape or disk, a spatially varying pattern of magnetization. The reading process uses another head (or the same head) to reconvert this magnetization pattern into time-varying electrical signals that can be amplified and used to drive a loudspeaker, or a TV receiver, or feed data to a computer. Two methods of encoding the information are used; analog and digital. In analog recording, as the adjective suggests, the pattern of magnetization on the recording medium should be a precise analog of the incoming stream of information and the signal obtained on reading should be an exact reproduction of the original. Digital recording involves first converting the information into a sequence of ones and zeros which can then be recorded as a sequence of regions of opposite magnetization. Analog recording has been widely used to store audio and video information while digital recording was used for data recording. This picture is changing and digital recording is now being used increasingly in audio and video recording principally because errors can be corrected dynamically so that the original information can be reconstructed and copied repeatedly and with great fidelity. Whether the recording method used is analog or digital, similar though not identical properties are required of the recording materials and so the distinction between the two methods will not be pursued further.
Effects of the proapoptotic drug prodigiosin on cell cycle-related proteins in Jurkat T cells. (2003)

Prodigiosin (PG) is a red pigment produced by Serratia marcescens with immunosuppressive and apoptotic activities. In this study, we sought to examine the effect of PG on cell cycle-related proteins. The antiproliferative activity of PG was tested using human Jurkat leukaemia T cells in culture. PG-inhibited cell proliferation was determined using thymidine incorporation assay. PG-arrested cell cycle was analysed using immunoblot analysis with specific antibodies against cell cycle-related proteins and kinase assays of cdk2. Apoptosis was determined by Hoechst staining and analysis of DNA fragmentation. PG inhibited cyclin E, cdk2, p27 and p21, the induction of the cyclin A-cdk2 and cyclin E-cdk2 kinase activity, and the phosphorylation of Rb in leukaemic Jurkat cells. We confirmed that PG induces apoptosis by the characteristic DNA laddering pattern and condensed nuclei or apoptotic bodies identified by fluorescence microscopy. These results indicate that PG and other family members form a new group of molecules with a common mechanism of action and specific molecular targets, raising the possibility of their therapeutic use as antineoplastic drugs.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINACEUS CELL WALL FROM AN ACIDO-THERMOPHILE, <i>Sulfolobus acidocaldarius</i> (1983)

Abstract Proteinaceus cell wall from an acido-thermophilic archaebacteria, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, contains two glycoproteins of molecular weight 40 000 and 100 000 as major subunits. Glucose and mannose were major carbohydrate components. The cell wall proteins were rich in hydrophobic amino acid residues. In the electron microscopy, a hexagonal array was seen on the surface of the isolated cell wall as well as the intact cell.
Glutamate uptake by oligodendrocytes (2003)

Oligodendrocytes appear to be predominant cells for glutamate clearance in human white matter. Glutamate receptor expression and glutamate removal were defective in MS white matter, possibly mediated by TNFalpha, changes that might underlie high extracellular glutamate and an increased risk for glutamate excitotoxicity.
Learning from software reuse experience (2005)

What makes certain software reuse practices successful is not currently well understood. This is partly because experience with reuse is scarce. Furthermore, data on reuse experience often includes many qualitative factors. These factors limit the applicability of statistical analysis. This paper presents an empirical study that investigates and evaluates an approach to extracting information from past software reuse experience. Specifically, a machine learning system, SORCER is introduced and applied to survey data on 24 software reuse projects. The data has 29 attributes, and was obtained from 19 companies over a three-year period. Results show that, as expected, some management actions are crucial for success of a project. Interestingly, most factors influencing the implementation of reuse programs and company profiles relevant to reuse projects have little impact on project success. Instead, some of the reuse program implementation factors (e.g., reuse approach, independence of the reuse development and presence of domain analysis) appear to have impact on project failure.
Pressure‐Driven Microfluidics (2010)

Abstract Pressure-force-driven microfluidics is the foundation for volumetric scaling into the micro regime and, hence, for unique functionalities unachievable by macro-sized devices. The physics that govern the operation of pressure force driven microfluidics are just a subset of principles governing macro scale fluidics, and low Reynolds number fluid mechanics is essential for the design and operation of pressure force driven microfluidic devices. This is because microfluidics almost exclusively only deals with slow velocity and small sizes. This chapter first provides a brief introduction to the necessary microfluidics basics required for understanding pressure force driven microfluidics, primarily focusing on laminar, viscous flow and the importance of force scaling relative to device size. Device examples start with pressure-driven flows in straight microchannels, the simplest but most important geometry. Various other devices then follow, including passive and active valves, mixers, on-chip pressure sources, flow sensors and device packaging. Finally, the chapter ends with some current and future applications for pressure-force-driven microfluidics and the remaining challenges facing microfluidics designers.
Hole Transfer Kinetics of DNA (2013)

Not long after the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA in 1952, researchers proposed that charge transfer along a one-dimensional π-array of nucleobases might be possible. At the end of the 1990s researchers discovered that a positive charge (a hole) generated in DNA migrates more than 200 Å along the structure, a discovery that ignited interest in the charge-transfer process in DNA. As a result, DNA became an interesting potential bottom-up material for constructing nanoelectronic sensors and devices because DNA can form various complex two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures, such as smiley faces and cubes. From the fundamental aspects of the hole transfer process, DNA is one of the most well-studied organic molecules with many reports on the synthesis of artificial nucleobase analogues. Thus, DNA offers a unique system to study how factors such as the HOMO energy and molecular flexibility affect hole transfer kinetics. Understanding the hole transfer mechanism requires a discussion of the hole transfer rate constants (kHT). This Account reviews the kHT values determined by our group and by Lewis and Wasielewski's group, obtained by a combination of the synthesis of modified DNA and time-resolved spectroscopy. DNA consists of G/C and A/T base pairs; the HOMO localizes on the purine bases G and A, and G has a lower oxidation potential and a higher energy HOMO. Typically, long-range hole transfer proceeded via sequential hole transfer between G/C's. The kinetics of this process in DNA sequences, including those with mismatches, is reproducible via kinetic modeling using the determined kHT for each hole transfer step between G/C's. We also determined the distance dependence parameter (β), which describes the steepness of the exponential decrease of kHT. Because of this value, >0.6 Å(-1) for hole transfer in DNA, DNA itself does not serve as a molecular wire. Interestingly, hole transfer proceeded exceptionally fast for some sequences in which G/C's are located close to each other, an observation that we cannot explain by a simple sequential hole transfer between G/C's but rather through hole delocalization over the nucleobases. To further investigate and refine the factors that affect kHT, we examined various artificial nucleobases. We clearly demonstrated that kHT depends strongly on the HOMO energy gap between the bases (ΔHOMO), and that kHT can be increased with decreasing ΔHOMO. We reduced ΔHOMO between the two type of base pairs by replacing adenines (A's) with deazaadenines ((z)A's) or diaminopurines (D's) and showed that the hole transfer rate through the G/C and A/T mix sequence increased by more than 3 orders of magnitude. We also investigated how DNA flexibility affects kHT. Locked nucleic acid (LNA) modification, which makes DNA more rigid, lowered kHT by more than 2 orders of magnitude. On the other hand, 5-Me-2'-deoxyzebularine (B) modification, which increases DNA flexibility, increased kHT by more than 1 order of magnitude. These new insights in hole transfer kinetics obtained from modified DNAs may aid in the design of new molecular-scale conducting materials.
Intelligent control of humanoid robots using neural networks (2005)

This paper focusses on the application of connectionist (neural networks) control techniques and their hybrid forms (neuro-fuzzy networks and neuro-genetic algorithms) in the area of humanoid robotic systems. It represents an attempt to cover the basic principles and concepts of connectionist learning control in humanoid robotics, with an outline of a number of recent algorithms used in advanced control of humanoid robots. Overall, this survey covers a selection of examples that serve to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the application of connectionist control techniques.
Research Direction toward Theoretical Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells (2018)

The recently certified efficiency of 22.7% makes perovskite solar cells (PSCs) rise to the top among the thin film technologies of photovoltaics. The research activities of PSCs have been triggered by the ground-breaking report on a 9.7% efficient and 500 h-stable solid-state perovskite solar cell employing methylammonium lead iodide adsorbed on mesoporous TiO2 film and an organic hole conducting layer in 2012. However, PSCs are facing issues on stability, current–voltage hysteresis, ion migration, and so on, which should be solved for commercialization. In addition, further improvement in power conversion efficiency is still needed for PSCs. In this Perspective, the Shockley–Queisser (S-Q) limit in PSCs is investigated, where the best performing state-of-the-art PSC is used for this study. Short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) is found to approach the S-Q limit, while open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) are far below their S-Q limits. Thus, toward an S-Q limit efficiency of ∼30% for PSCs with a light absorber having a band gap of 1.6 eV, a strategy of reducing nonradiative recombination and interface recombination to achieve a theoretical Voc and FF is more important than finding a method to improve Jsc. To this end, types of defects should be sophisticatedly characterized and engineered, although organic–inorganic halide perovskites are known to be defect-tolerant and have a benign grain boundary.
Pathogenesis of bone and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (2003)

Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), have been implicated in the dysregulation of bone and cartilage remodelling characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). With respect to bone remodelling, both of these cytokines have been shown to up-regulate the production of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand, which acts to enhance osteoclastic bone resorption. TNFalpha stimulates differentiation of osteoclast progenitors into mature osteoclasts and IL-1 acts directly on osteoclasts to increase the bone-resorbing capacity of these cells. IL-1 and TNFalpha also adversely affect cartilage remodelling, although IL-1 is more potent on a molar basis. This cytokine not only increases production of factors that stimulate cartilage matrix degradation, but also inhibits the synthesis of type II collagen and proteoglycans. Enhanced understanding of the mechanisms underlying the processes of joint destruction will allow more selective and specific application of therapeutic agents that target these proinflammatory cytokines and, thus, more effective management of patients with RA and other inflammatory disorders.
Obfuscated Access and Search Patterns in Searchable Encryption (2021)

Searchable Symmetric Encryption (SSE) allows a data owner to securely outsource its encrypted data to a cloud server while maintaining the ability to search over it and retrieve matched documents. Most existing SSE schemes leak which documents are accessed per query, i.e., the so-called access pattern, and thus are vulnerable to attacks that can recover the database or the queried keywords. Current techniques that fully hide access patterns, such as ORAM or PIR, suffer from heavy communication or computational costs, and are not designed with search capabilities in mind. Recently, Chen et al. (INFOCOM'18) proposed an obfuscation framework for SSE that protects the access pattern in a differentially private way with a reasonable utility cost. However, this scheme leaks the so-called search pattern, i.e., how many times a certain query is performed. This leakage makes the proposal vulnerable to certain database and query recovery attacks. In this paper, we propose OSSE (Obfuscated SSE), an SSE scheme that obfuscates the access pattern independently for each query performed. This in turn hides the search pattern and makes our scheme resistant against attacks that rely on this leakage. Under certain reasonable assumptions, our scheme has smaller communication overhead than ORAM-based SSE. Furthermore, our scheme works in a single communication round and requires very small constant client-side storage. Our empirical evaluation shows that OSSE is highly effective at protecting against different query recovery attacks while keeping a reasonable utility level. Our protocol provides significantly more protection than the proposal by Chen et al.~against some state-of-the-art attacks, which demonstrates the importance of hiding search patterns in designing effective privacy-preserving SSE schemes.
Model-based control synthesis of continuous-discrete systems (2003)

The design of technical systems can be represented as sequential transfer processes. These so-called phases consist of expressing mental conceptions of a system in models, of transferring models of an implementation in their real shape or in operation as procedural instructions with technical control mechanisms. The models of an implementation can be divided in three components, i.e. in software, communication, and hardware concepts. These concepts are integrated after their actual implementation to the desired product or prototype. Important in this context are also accompanying documentation and quality-assurance measures as well as the gradual, formal comparison of the specification and the models, which are usually called verification. The validation of a product results thereby from the total of all executed verifications. Such a modular framework is referred to as a reference model or architecture for a development environment. We deal only with description means of hybrid systems and design methods, especially synthesis methods. The cooperation between tools is not treated. The paper is organised as follows: section 2 presents a brief introduction of the use of hybrid Petri nets, section 3 gives first an overview of actually existing synthesis methods for hybrid systems. Then a methodology is presented, which avoids the disadvantages of existing methods. Section 4 presents an application of the control synthesis and its results with the help of a simple example.
Energy services for the Millennium Development Goals. (2005)

In line with the UN Millennium Project more broadly, this report on energy addresses three crucial components: firstly, a rigorous understanding of the energy services that drive and, when absent, impede progress towards achieving the MDGs in different parts of the world; secondly, a clear sense of the operational challenges faced by the world's poorest countries in providing these services; and thirdly, a systematic set of recommendations as to how these energy challenges can be met. The report shows linkages between all of the MDGs and energy and argues that much greater quality and quantity of energy services will be required to meet the MDGs. The report also illustrates the distinct roles of women and men in relation to the provision and use of energy services, the critical importance of associating women with the provision of modern energy services, as well as the distinct routes needed to scale up energy services in rural and urban areas.
Properties and Functions of Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 Glycoproteins. (1998)

Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) is a causative agent of feline viral rhinotracheitis and belongs to the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae of the family Herpesviridae. Since first isolated in 1958 by Crandell and Maurer, FHV-1 is distributed worldwide and is the most clinically significant agent for respiratory infections in cats. In this review, we describe the recent findings with properties and functions of FHV-1 glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinins.
Rôle d'une eau sulfatée calcique et magnésienne sur l'élimination du cholestérol chez le rat (1988)

In the rat, the activity of the thermal water of Capvern and of its ionic components on the modification of the flow rate and composition of hepatic bile has been investigated. Two groups of rats were selected:the first group received per os an overload of the thermal water during six weeks. At that time on empty stomach a great increase of biliary phospholipids was observed. An intraduodenal injection of the thermal water produced a significant and rapid increase of biliary flow rate and biliary cholesterol.the animals of the second group received through intraduodenal injections the thermal water or an anionic solution composed of calcium, of magnesium sulphate or of both salts at their concentration in the thermal water, respectively. We observed an increase in biliary flow rate and biliary calcium concentration in the rats receiving the solution of calcium sulphate only and an increase of choleresis in the rats receiving the thermal water only.These data suggest that the thermal water has a specific action on the metabolism of cholesterol in increasing its biliary elimination particularly through the calcium ion content of the water.