gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Theoretical Study of the Carbon/Carbonate/Hydroxide (Electro-) Chemical System in a Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (2011)

Both the hydroxide and the carbonate melt are proposed and tested by researchers trying to develop a DCFC (Direct Carbon Fuel Cell). It is well known that the hydroxide melt is not stable due to the carbon dioxide formed in the fuel cell reaction. The hydroxide ion reacts with CO2 to form carbonate ions and water. From this reaction it is clear that in either approach the melt is a mixture of carbonate and hydroxide depending on the partial pressures of water and CO2 above the melt. Therefore a good insight in the equilibria present in the melts is essential for understanding and optimizing the DCFC. Following the method introduced by Smith and Missen a complete and independent set of equilibria describing the chemical equilibrium in the melt can be obtained using linear algebra. Using the modification proposed by Coleman and White also electrochemical equilibria are included. This is done for the cathode as well as the anode environment of a DCFC with a carbonate and/or hydroxide melt as electrolyte. Hereby the open cell voltage for a DCFC including the Boudouard equilibrium could be calculated. It was found that the OCV increases as a function of temperature even more rapidly than the standard potential for the electrochemical oxidation of carbon to CO, which also has a positive slope due to a positive entropy change of the overall reaction. This extra high OCV is an additional argument for developing the DCFC in particular a DCFC at high temperatures in which predominantly CO is produced. Since CO can easily be shifted to hydrogen in a water gas shift reaction with steam, coproduction of hydrogen and power can be obtained using carbon and high temperature heat as energy inputs.
Enhanced membrane protein expression by engineering increased intracellular membrane production (2013)

We conclude that redirecting the metabolic flux of fatty acids away from triacylglycerol- and sterylester-storage towards membrane phospholipid synthesis by PAH1 gene inactivation, provides a valuable approach to enhance eukaryotic membrane protein production. Complementary to this improvement in membrane protein quantity, UPR co-induction further enhances the quality of the membrane protein in terms of its proper folding and biological activity. Importantly, since these pathways are conserved in all eukaryotes, it will be of interest to investigate similar engineering approaches in other cell types of biotechnological interest, such as insect cells and mammalian cells.
Tartaric Acid Metabolism (1968)

The formation of glyceric acid from either L( +)-or mesotartaric acid by Pseudomonas pufida and Pseudomonas acidouorans involves a dismutation by which the tartaric acids are oxidized by DPN to oxaloglycolic acid which, in turn, undergoes a DPNH-linked reductive decarboxylation.Oxaloglycolic acid is readily decarboxylated nonenzymatically to form a mixture of hydroxypyruvic acid and tartronic semialdehyde, each of which serves as a substrate for specific, pyridine nucleotide-linked reductases which catalyze the formation of D-~yCeriC acid.Enzymes for each of the steps noted are present in both organisms when growth occurs on either of the tartaric acids.The end product is D-glyceric acid, regardless of the route utilized.
Natural History and Serologic Diagnosis of Infants Born to Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Women (1989)

Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus is thought to occur in 25% to 50% of the offspring of infected women. Standard diagnostic methods do not permit identification of the infected newborns. To assess diagnostic methods and document the natural history of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection, 20 children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected women were followed prospectively for 18 months by measuring antibody titer, Western blot profiles, and antigenemia, and the results were compared with clinical outcome. Endogenous synthesis of anti-human immunodeficiency virus IgG was demonstrated in 6 of the 8 infected children. Four children synthesized IgM against human immunodeficiency virus. Five had demonstrable p24 antigenemia. No significant differences between infected and noninfected children were noted at birth except drug withdrawal, which occurred more frequently in noninfected infants. The incidence of adenopathy, hepatomegaly, and neurologic and immunologic abnormalities in the infected children were compared with noninfected children. The distinguishing illnesses were the opportunistic infections, lobar pneumonia, and failure to thrive. Seven of the 8 infected children had human immunodeficiency virus-mediated disease by 1 year of age (Centers for Disease Control [Atlanta, Ga] P2 classification), and four had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Centers for Disease Control P2D). These studies offer an approach to diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in infants and document the natural history and possible outcomes of infected children.
Optimized degree distributions for binary and non-binary LDPC codes in Flash memory (2014)

(EXIT)-function analysis employing the reciprocal channel approximation (RCA) to obtain optimal LDPC code degree distributions for initial hard decoding (one-bit quantization of the channel output) and for decoding with the soft information provided by additional reads in both SLC (two-level cell) and MLC (four-level-cell) Flash memory. These results indicate that design for hard decoding can provide irregular degree distributions that have good thresholds across the range of possible decoding precisions. These results also quantify the potential benefit of irregular LDPC codes as compared to regular LDPC codes in the flash setting and compare the RCA-EXIT thresholds of word-line voltages optimized for maximum mutual information (MMI) and word-line voltages that explicitly minimize the RCA-EXIT threshold of a specific LDPC degree distribution. Along the way, this paper illustrates that the MMI optimization of word-line voltages for five reads is a quasi-convex problem for the Gaussian model of SLC Flash. The paper also uses RCA-based EXIT analysis to show that for the same spectral efficiency of 0.9 bits per cell, rate-0.45 non-binary LDPC codes on MLC Flash systems provide thresholds more than 0.5 dB better than rate-0.9 binary LDPC codes on SLC Flash with the same number of reads (i.e. three reads that would provide hard decisions for MLC and limited soft information for SLC). The MLC approach has a potential threshold improvement of more than 1.5 dB over the SLC approach when both systems have access to the full soft information. I.
X‐ray studies on the crystallinity of cellulose (1949)

Abstract The method for the evaluation of the percentage crystallinity in cellulose preparations from x‐ray intensity measurements, previously described in detail (J. Appl. Phys., in press) is reviewed briefly and new material presented consisting of crystallinity percentages between 8% and 70%. Cotton, flax, and ramie possess equal crystallinity (70%) and so do the majority of rayons, independent of their degree of orientation and including cuprammonium and Lilienfeld rayons. Cellulose acetates saponified under varying conditions also yield almost the same value as rayon (40%). The New product Fiber G (du Pont) holds an exceptional position with 53% crystalline substance. In the series of native celluloses, wood pulp has about 65%, Valonia 65–70%, and bacterial cellulose about 40%. By dry grinding of rayon, a powder was obtained containing only slightly less than 10% crystalline substance, which on recrystallization in water, yields 2 product having the same crystallinity as rayon. The difference between the heats of wetting of the criginal and the recrystallized powder affords additional support of the results obtained.
Active forearm blood flow adjustments to handgrip exercise in young and older healthy men. (1994)

1. Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that ageing impairs the active muscle hyperaemia consequent to dynamic exercise in humans. 2. Eleven young (19-29 years) and eleven older (60-74 years) healthy, non-obese men with similar chronic physical activity levels and forearm size performed two protocols of dynamic handgrip exercise: (a) brief (1 min), incremental loads to exhaustion, and (b) sustained (8 min), submaximal loads. Active forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured at rest and during a brief period of relaxation at the end of each minute of exercise. Arterial blood pressure was recorded to calculate active forearm vascular conductance (FVC). Sustained forearm ischaemia plus handgrip was used to elicit a peak forearm vasodilatatory response. 3. There were no differences in pre-exercise levels of any variable between the young and older men. During exercise, ratings of perceived effort, the peak workload attained, and the ability to sustain submaximal workloads were all similar for the two groups. 4. During brief exercise, both submaximal and peak levels of FBF were similar in the two groups; however, the peak increases in FVC were greater in the older men. During sustained exercise, FBF and FVC were not different in the two groups at the lowest loads, but the increases became relatively greater in the older men with increasing workloads. 5. Peak levels of FBF and FVC in response to the peak vasodilatatory stimulus were similar in the young and older men. 6. These findings fail to support the postulate that ageing results in impaired active muscle hyperaemia and vasodilatation during small-muscle dynamic exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Global Quality Norms within National Production Regimes: ISO 9000 Standards in the French and German Car Industries (1999)

This article examines the impact of ISO 9000 upon different national production regimes. It asks how ISO 9000 has influenced the reorganization of industry, and how this reorganization has affected the production systems of different advanced industrial countries, in this case France and Germany. The paper argues that within the wider context of increased international competition within the car industry, ISO 9000 technical norms have facilitated a modernization of supplier network practices and work organization in both countries. Yet, at the same time, the implementation of ISO 9000-based quality management systems within firms and the reorganization of relationships across firms have tended to reproduce the previously existing architectures of authority and risk distribution, but within the context of modernized technical practices. In France, the quality standards reproduced, while modernizing, the underlying Taylorist company organization and the hierarchical links between final assemblers and their suppliers. In Germany, in contrast, ISO 9000 norms became embedded within new production concepts that reinforced the autonomy of skilled workers. In inter-firm relationships, they act as an informal insurance clause against new liability risks associated with network forms of organization, thus safeguarding the autonomy of small firms.
Cooperative Near‐IR to Visible Photon Upconversion in Yb<sup>3+</sup>‐Doped MnCl<sub>2</sub> and MnBr<sub>2</sub>: Comparison with a Series of Yb<sup>3+</sup>‐Doped Mn<sup>2+</sup> Halides (2004)

Yb3+-doped MnCl2 and MnBr2 crystals exhibit strong red upconversion luminescence under near-infrared excitation around 10 000 cm(-1) at temperatures below 100 K. The broad red luminescence band is centred around 15 200 cm(-1) for both compounds and identified as the Mn2+ 4T1g-->6A1g transition. Excitation with 10 ns pulses indicates that the upconversion process consists of a sequence of ground-state and excited-state absorption steps. The experimental VIS/NIR photon ratio at 12 K for an excitation power of 191 mW focused on the sample with a 53 mm lens is 4.1% for MnCl2:Yb3+ and 1.2% for MnBr2:Yb3+. An upconversion mechanism based on exchange coupled Yb3+-Mn2+ ions is proposed. Similar upconversion properties have been reported for RbMnCl3:Yb3+, CsMnCl3:Yb3+, CsMnBr3:Yb3+, RbMnBr3:Yb3+, Rb2MnCl4:Yb3+. The efficiency of the upconversion process in these compounds is strongly dependent on the connectivity between the Yb3+ and Mn2+ ions. The VIS/NIR photon ratio decreases by three orders of magnitude along the series of corner-sharing Yb3+-Cl--Mn2+, edge-sharing Yb3+-(Cl-)2-Mn2+ to face-sharing Yb3+-(Br-)3-Mn2+ bridging geometry. This trend is discussed in terms of the dependence of the relevant super-exchange pathways on the Yb(3+)-Mn2+ bridging geometry.
Aerostatically tunable optomechanical oscillators (2014)

Recently, the first microfluidic optomechanical device was demonstrated, capable of operating with non-solid states of matter (viscous fluids, bioanalytes). These devices exhibit optomechanical oscillation in both the 10-20 MHz and 10-12 GHz regimes, driven by radiation pressure (RP) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) respectively. In this work, we experimentally investigate aerostatic tuning of these hollow-shell oscillators, enabled by geometry, stress, and temperature effects. We also demonstrate for the first time the simultaneous actuation of RP-induced breathing mechanical modes and SBS-induced whispering gallery acoustic modes, through a single pump laser. Our result is a step towards completely self-referenced optomechanical sensor technologies.
Dynamic detection of faraday rotation (1972)

A wide bandwidth scheme for the detection of the Faraday and Kerr effects is presented. An electrooptic modulator is utilized to give an output signal in the form of a 100% amplitude modulated carrier, and provides laser and surface noise rejection capability in a single-ended arrangement. The system configuration is such that problems of temperature sensitivity and drift associated with EO modulators have minimal effect on the overall performance.
An activation factor of liver phosphofructokinase. (1980)

Pure phosphofructokinase (ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) from liver is strongly inhibited by ATP, whereas crude phosphofructokinase is only slightly inhibited by ATP. A factor that is removed from the enzyme during purification and can prevent the inhibition of phosphofructokinase by ATP has been isolated. The factor can be resolved into three components that differ in molecular weights, as shown by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. These factors overcome the ATP inhibition but have no effect on the catalytic activity under the optimum assay conditions. Furthermore, AMP acts syngeristically with the activation factor in reversing ATP inhibition. It is proposed that the activation of phosphofructokinase by the activation factor and AMP is sufficient to account for the glycolytic flux in the liver.
Srna - Monte Carlo codes for proton transport simulation in combined and voxelized geometries (2002)

This paper describes new Monte Carlo codes for proton transport simulations in complex geometrical forms and in materials of different composition. The SRNA codes were developed for three dimensional (3D) dose distribution calculation in proton therapy and dosimetry. The model of these codes is based on the theory of proton multiple scattering and a simple model of compound nucleus decay. The developed package consists of two codes: SRNA-2KG and SRNA-VOX. The first code simulates proton transport in combined geometry that can be described by planes and second order surfaces. The second one uses the voxelized geometry of material zones and is specifically adopted for the application of patient computer tomography data. Transition probabilities for both codes are given by the SRNADAT program. In this paper, we will present the models and algorithms of our programs, as well as the results of the numerical experiments we have carried out applying them, along with the results of proton transport simulation obtained through the PETRA and GEANT programs. The simulation of the proton beam characterization by means of the Multi-Layer Faraday Cup and spatial distribution of positron emitters obtained by our program indicate the imminent application of Monte Carlo techniques in clinical practice.
Dextt: Deterministic Cross-Blockchain Token Transfers (2019)

Current blockchain technologies provide very limited interoperability. Restrictions with regard to asset transfers and data exchange between different blockchains reduce the usability and comfort of users, and hinder novel developments within the blockchain space. As a first step towards blockchain interoperability, we propose the DeXTT cross-blockchain transfer protocol, which can be used to record a token transfer on any number of blockchains simultaneously in a decentralized manner. We provide a reference implementation using Solidity, and evaluate its performance. We show logarithmic scalability of DeXTT with respect to the number of participating nodes, and analyze cost requirements of the transferred tokens.
Reduced beta-cell compensation to the insulin resistance associated with obesity in members of caucasian familial type 2 diabetic kindreds. (2000)

Individuals with a genetic predisposition to diabetes show a reduced beta-cell compensatory response to the reduced insulin sensitivity associated with obesity. We propose that this impaired compensation may be one manifestation of the underlying genetic defect in susceptible individuals. This finding helps explain the multiplicative effects of family history and obesity on risk of type 2 diabetes.
Development of a Novel Erosion Resistant Coating System for Use on Rotorcraft Blades (2012)

Abstract : The costs associated with extended use of helicopters in erosive environments are well documented. Main and tail rotor blade erosion is among the leading drivers of a helicopter's cost per flight hour. Improved polyurethane coatings provide a means to reduce these costs but require frequent touch up to prevent more severe damage. Furthermore, these coatings offer little protection from damage resulting from debris raised in the sand cloud generated during takeoffs and landings. An erosion resistant approach, developed in collaboration with AATD, ARL, United Technologies Research Center (UTRC) and Sikorsky utilizes a two part metal/cermet coating system on the leading edge of the blades to provide unmatched protection from sand, rain, and debris erosion. Tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) is applied on the leading edge nose of the blade for direct impingement protection. Niobium is applied aft of the nose for indirect impingement protection. This paper will present techniques utilized to manage the process to meet the requirements of a fully functional coating without thermal damage to an expensive composite component.
[Effect of stress (immobilization) on embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its derivatives]. (1978)

White female rats were injected intragastrically with 2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in the dose of 400 mg/kg, commercial sample of butyl ester in the dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg and purified ester of 2,4,5-T in the dose of 800 mg/kg every day on the 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14th day of gestation. Stress reaction (immobilization) was produced by fixation of the animals on a board modified by S. I. Renaud (1959) for 2 h after the injection of corresponding substances. The rats were killed on the 20th day and the number of alive and dead fetuses was registered. Under the conditions of immobilization embryotoxic effect of 2,4,5-T increased for certain on the 9th and 10th days (52.7% and 33.64%, respectively), that of butyl ester of 2,4,5-T--on the 10th day (55.66%). Immobilization increased teratogenic effect of 2,4,5-T on the 9th, 10th, and 11th days, that of butyl ester of 2,4,5-T on the 13th, 14th days. Purified butyl ester of 2,4,5-T proved to be 4 times less toxic and produced a severe embryotoxic and a mild teratogenic effect.
Perfumes (2005)

Abstract This article surveys the essential aspects of perfume creation and the fragrance industry, providing brief notes on the history of fragrance use and a list of odor descriptors. It discusses the creation of and illustrates with examples both fine and functional fragrances, summarizing in particular the performance requirements of the latter group in a number of applications. It describes different perfume ingredients, natural as well as synthetic, and offers information about their origin, fragrance characteristics, and uses. In addition, it examines the chemical structures and odors of some typical aroma chemicals by functional groups.The article also covers such topics on fragrance research as the analysis of natural products, synthesis of aroma chemicals, structure–odor considerations, process research and development, and psychological effects of fragrance. Finally, it reviews the manufacture and quality control of perfumes and ingredients, and supplies an overview of the economic, safety, environmental, and regulatory aspects of the industry.
The angiogenic switch of human colon cancer occurs simultaneous to initiation of invasion (2003)

We previously reported that vessel count, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) expression are associated with metastasis formation in human colon cancer. This study was done to determine a stage of colon cancer progression where induction of these factors occurred (i.e. the angiogenic switch). We examined vessel count, VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7 expression in cancer cells and PD-ECGF expression in infiltrating cells in 25 adenomas, 35 mucosal cancers (Tis), 29 submucosal invasive cancers (T1) and 33 muscularis propria invasive cancers (T2) by immunostaining. The intensity of staining of VEGF and MMP-7 was evaluated blindly at the invasive edge and was confirmed by image analysis. Intensity of staining for these factors was graded on a scale of 0 to 3+, with 0 representing no detectable stain and 3+ representing the strongest stain. Intensites of PD-ECGF-positive infiltrating cells were similar on a scale 0 to 3+, as previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that PD-ECGF is expressed primarily in tumor infiltrating cells. The vessel density was 12.7+/-2.2 (SE) in adenoma, 11.8+/-1.7 in Tis, 35.0+/-6.5 in T1, and 35.2+/-5.3 in T2. There were significant differences in vessel densities between Tis and T1 (p<0.001). The intensities of VEGF expression were 0.6+/-0.1, 0.9+/-0.2, 1.7+/-0.3, and 1.8+/-0.3 for adenoma, Tis, T1 and T2, respectively, with significant differences between in Tis and T1 (p<0.001). There were also significant differences in the intensities of the expression of MMP-7 and PD-ECGF between Tis and T1. These results suggest that angiogenic switch may occur between Tis and T1, i.e. simultaneous to initiation of invasion, in the early development of colon cancer.
Dose-range Study of MF59-adjuvanted Versus Nonadjuvanted Monovalent A/H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in Six- to Less Than Thirty-Six-month-old Children (2012)

A single dose of MF59-adjuvanted vaccine containing 3.75 μg A/H1N1 antigen was highly immunogenic, met both the US and EU licensure criteria and was well tolerated. These data support the suitability of this monovalent vaccine formulation for pandemic use in children 6 to <36 months of age.