gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New generation 1200 V power module withtrench gate IGBT and super softrecovery diode and its evaluations (2000)

A 1200 V IGBT with trench gate and punch through structures is developed on the basis of simulation and experimental analyses. Both results of simulation and measurement of the prototype device have good agreement. Though the chip area of the new IGBT is about 30–50% smaller than that of the conventional IGBT, the saturation voltage is about 30–40% lower, the switching loss is also about 20% smaller than those of conventional IGBT, respectively, and the new IGBT has a larger reverse bias safe operating area (RBSOA). Capability to withstand short circuits is achieved by a new current limiting circuit. In addition, a fast switching diode with an excellent soft recovery characteristic is practically developed by using local lifetime control processing in the anode side n--layer. As an experimental result, its power dissipation, spike surge voltage and electromagnetic noise can be lowered. The structures and characteristics of the developed IGBT, diode and power module are presented, and their analytical results are discussed and evaluated from a practical and an applications point of view.
Mosquito Saliva: The Hope for a Universal Arbovirus Vaccine? (2018)

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are taxonomically diverse causes of significant morbidity and mortality. In recent decades, important mosquito-borne viruses such as West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, and Zika have re-emerged and spread widely, in some cases pandemically, to cause serious public health emergencies. There are no licensed vaccines against most of these viruses, and vaccine development and use has been complicated by the number of different viruses to protect against, by subtype and strain variation, and by the inability to predict when and where outbreaks will occur. A new approach to preventing arboviral diseases is suggested by the observation that arthropod saliva facilitates transmission of pathogens, including leishmania parasites, Borrelia burgdorferi, and some arboviruses. Viruses carried within mosquito saliva may more easily initiate host infection by taking advantage of the host's innate and adaptive immune responses to saliva. This provides a rationale for creating vaccines against mosquito salivary proteins, rather than against only the virus proteins contained within the saliva. As proof of principle, immunization with sand fly salivary antigens to prevent leishmania infection has shown promising results in animal models. A similar approach using salivary proteins of important vector mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti, might protect against multiple mosquito-borne viral infections.
Highly Efficient Laser Scribed Graphene Electrodes for On‐Chip Electrochemical Sensing Applications (2016)

This study reports the fabrication of flexible electrochemical sensors using a direct‐write laser scribing process that transforms commercial polyimide sheet into graphitic carbon with self‐standing porous 3D morphology, and abundant edge planes. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate ( k 0 ) of the laser scribed graphene (LSG) electrodes for both inner‐sphere and outer‐sphere redox mediators, ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− ) and hexaammineruthenium ([Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ] 3+ ) are estimated to be 0.1150 and 0.0868 cm s −1 , respectively. These values are significantly higher than those for similar carbon based materials, which this study ascribes to the binder free 3D porous network of LSG with enriched edge plane sites. Further, k 0 is enhanced up to 0.2823 and 0.2312 cm s −1 for inner and outer‐sphere redox mediators by selective anchoring of Pt nanoparticles over LSG. The LSG electrodes exhibit significantly improved electrocatalytic activity toward oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA). Consequently, the detection of these biomarkers is achieved with high sensitivity of 237.76 and 250.69 μA m m −1 cm −2 (AA), 2259.9 and 6995.6 μA m m −1 cm −2 (DA) and 5405 and 8289 μA m m −1 cm −2 (UA) for LSG and Pt/LSG electrodes, respectively, in a wide concentration range. These results outperform previously reported 2D/3D graphene based electrodes.
Microbial Utilization and Selectivity of Pectin Fractions with Various Structures (2011)

To evaluate the fermentation properties of oligosaccharides derived from pectins and their parent polysaccharides, a 5-ml-working-volume, pH- and temperature-controlled fermentor was tested. Six pectic oligosaccharides representing specific substructures found within pectins were prepared. These consisted of oligogalacturonides (average degrees of polymerization [DP] of 5 and 9), methylated oligogalacturonides (average DP of 5), oligorhamnogalacturonides (average DP of 10 as a disaccharide unit of galacturonic acid and rhamnose), oligogalactosides (average DP of 5), and oligoarabinosides (average DP of 6). The influence of these carbohydrates on the human fecal microbiota was evaluated. Use of neutral sugar fractions resulted in an increase in Bifidobacterium populations and gave higher organic acid yields. The Bacteroides-Prevotella group significantly increased on all oligosaccharides except oligogalacturonides with an average DP of 5. The most selective substrates for bifidobacteria were arabinan, galactan, oligoarabinosides, and oligogalactosides.
Biosynthesis of the Polymannose Lipopolysaccharide O-antigens from Escherichia coli Serotypes O8 and O9a Requires a Unique Combination of Single- and Multiple-active Site Mannosyltransferases (2012)

The Escherichia coli O9a and O8 O-antigen serotypes represent model systems for the ABC transporter-dependent synthesis of bacterial polysaccharides. The O9a and O8 antigens are linear mannose homopolymers containing conserved reducing termini (the primer-adaptor), a serotype-specific repeat unit domain, and a terminator. Synthesis of these glycans occurs on the polyisoprenoid lipid-linked primer, undecaprenol pyrophosphoryl-GlcpNAc, by two conserved mannosyltransferases, WbdC and WbdB, and a serotype-specific mannosyltransferase, WbdA. The glycan structure and pattern of conservation in the O9a and O8 mannosyltransferases are not consistent with the existing model of O9a biosynthesis. Here we establish a revised pathway using a combination of in vivo (mutant complementation) experiments and in vitro strategies with purified enzymes and synthetic acceptors. WbdC and WbdB synthesize the adaptor region, where they transfer one and two α-(1→3)-linked mannose residues, respectively. The WbdA enzymes are solely responsible for forming the repeat unit domains of these O-antigens. WbdA(O9a) has two predicted active sites and polymerizes a tetrasaccharide repeat unit containing two α-(1→3)- and two α-(1→2)-linked mannopyranose residues. In contrast, WbdA(O8) polymerizes trisaccharide repeat units containing single α-(1→3)-, α-(1→2)-, and β-(1→2)-mannopyranoses. These studies illustrate assembly systems exploiting several mannosyltransferases with flexible active sites, arranged in single- and multiple-domain formats.
His64(E7)–>Tyr apomyoglobin as a reagent for measuring rates of hemin dissociation. (1994)

To develop an assay for hemin dissociation, Hiss4(E7) was replaced by % in sperm whale myoglobin producing a holoprotein with a distinct green color due to an intense absorption band at 600 nm.Valee(E1l) was replaced by Phe in the same protein to increase its stability.When excess w -V a l s * apoglobin is mixed with either metmyoglobin or methemoglobin, the solution turns from brown to green, and the absorbance changes can be used to measure complete time courses for hemin dissociation from either holoprotein.This assay has been used to measure rates of hemin dissociation from native metmyoglobin, four myoglobin mutants (Alas4(E7), Alaee( E1l), Phese(Ell), and G ~U ~~( C D ~) ) , native methemoglobin, valence hybrid hemoglobins, and two mutant hemoglobins ((a(Gly-E7)P(native))~, and ((~(native)P(Gly-El))~).Two kinetic phases were observed for hemin dissociation from native human hemoglobin at pH 7.0 and 37 "C.Valence and mutant hybrid hemoglobins were used to assign the faster phase (k = 7.8 t 2.0 h-l) to hemin dissociation from ferric P subunits and the slower (k = 0.6 0.16 h-l) to dissociation from (Y subunits.The corresponding rate for wild-type metmyoglobin is 0.007 t 0.004 h-l.A general scheme for hemoglobin and myoglobin denaturation is shown below (adapted from Winterbourn and Carrel1 (1977) and Bunn and Forget (1986)). m o , tA ZHb'(H,O) a hemin + globin-precipitates (red cell lysis) / 2H' + 20;-0, + H,O, irreversible hemichromes (Eq. 1)
Highly versatile confocal microscopy system based on a tunable femtosecond Er:fiber source (2008)

The performance of a confocal microscopy setup based on a single femtosecond fiber system is explored over a broad range of pump wavelengths for both linear and nonlinear imaging techniques. First, the benefits of a laser source in linear fluorescence excitation that is continuously tunable over most of the visible spectrum are demonstrated. The influences of subpicosecond pulse durations on the bleaching behavior of typical fluorophores are discussed. We then utilize the tunable near-infrared output of the femtosecond system in connection with a specially designed prism compressor for dispersion control. Pulses as short as 33 fs are measured in the confocal region. As a consequence, 2 mW of average power are sufficient for two-photon microscopy in an organotypic sample from the mouse brain. This result shows great prospect for deep-tissue imaging in the optimum transparency window around 1100 nm. In a third experiment, we prove that our compact setup is powerful enough to exploit even higher-order nonlinearities such as three-photon absorption that we use to induce spatially localized photodamage in DNA.
Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Stress Effects of Oryzanol in Glaucomatous Rabbits (2017)

<i>Purpose</i>. <i>γ</i>-Oryzanol works by anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging activity as a neuroprotective, anticancer, antiulcer, and immunosuppressive agent. The present study was conducted to investigate effect of oryzanol in acute and chronic experimental glaucoma in rabbits. <i>Methods</i>. Effect of oryzanol was evaluated in 5% dextrose induced acute model of ocular hypertension in rabbit eye. Chronic model of glaucoma was induced with subconjunctival injection of 5% of 0.3 ml phenol. Treatment with oryzanol was given for next two weeks after induction of glaucoma. From anterior chamber of rabbit eye aqueous humor was collected to assess various oxidative stress parameters like malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, nitric oxide, and inflammatory parameters like TNF-<i>α</i> and IL-6. Structural damage in eye was examined by histopathological studies. <i>Results</i>. In acute model of ocular hypertension oryzanol did not alter raised intraocular pressure. In chronic model of glaucoma oryzanol exhibited significant reduction in oxidative stress followed by reduction in intraocular pressure. Oryzanol treatment reduced level of TNF-<i>α</i> and IL-6. Histopathological studies revealed decreased structural damage of trabecular meshwork, lamina cribrosa, and retina with oryzanol treatment. <i>Conclusions</i>. Oryzanol showed protective effect against glaucoma by its antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory property. Treatment with oryzanol can reduce optic nerve damage.
The cloning and overexpression of <i>E coli</i> acyl carrier protein (ACP) (1993)

Conference Article| May 01 1993 The cloning and overexpression of E coli acyl carrier protein (ACP) A. Lesley Jones; A. Lesley Jones 1Dept. of Biochemistry, UWCC, PO Box 903, Cardiff CF1 1STM and Schering Agrochemicals Ltd, Chesterford Park Research Station, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Peter Kille; Peter Kille 1Dept. of Biochemistry, UWCC, PO Box 903, Cardiff CF1 1STM and Schering Agrochemicals Ltd, Chesterford Park Research Station, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Jane E. Dancer; Jane E. Dancer 1Dept. of Biochemistry, UWCC, PO Box 903, Cardiff CF1 1STM and Schering Agrochemicals Ltd, Chesterford Park Research Station, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar John L. Harwood John L. Harwood 1Dept. of Biochemistry, UWCC, PO Box 903, Cardiff CF1 1STM and Schering Agrochemicals Ltd, Chesterford Park Research Station, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1993) 21 (2): 202S. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst021202s Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation A. Lesley Jones, Peter Kille, Jane E. Dancer, John L. Harwood; The cloning and overexpression of E coli acyl carrier protein (ACP). Biochem Soc Trans 1 May 1993; 21 (2): 202S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst021202s Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1993 Biochemical Society1993 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Contrast enhancement for images of raised characters on region of interest (2010)

Raised or indented characters are widely used for recording the product information in the industrial field. However, images of such characters are of poor contrast because the characters have the same color and material as the background. It is this problem that makes recognition of such characters is difficult than that of conventional optical characters. To address this issue, the aim of this work is to investigate a contrast enhancement method applicable for raised or indented characters by carrying out an independent study on the illumination factor. Firstly, the illumination model of raised character is analyzed. Then, four different algorithms are introduced and the experiment was carried out with images of the raised characters pressed on metal label. Experiment results prove that homomorphic filtering is the most suitable contrast enhancement algorithm for raised or indented characters.
Powder detection using THz imaging (2003)

Summary form only given. The nondestructive scanning of mail envelopes and packages by a chirped probe beam THz imaging system is a topic of intense current interest. A large number of techniques are under investigation for the rapid screening of mad to detect illegal and/or harmful substances such as explosives, illicit drugs and bioterrorism substances such as the Anthrax causing bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
High‐Resolution Measurement of Root Water Uptake Using Automated Time‐Domain Reflectometry (1991)

Abstract Methods for monitoring changes in soil water content with high resolution in both space and time are needed to help quantify patterns of soil‐water uptake by plant roots. We designed and tested an automated time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) system for precise, continuous measurement of such changes. A two‐dimensional root‐zone enclosure was constructed from stainless steel wire cloth, with a parallel pair waveguide centered within each of 10 rectangular compartments. The wire cloth confined the electromagnetic pulse from the TDR without restricting root growth or water movement. Digitized waveforms from the analog TDR unit were captured, analyzed, and converted to volumetric water content by a program written for a datalogger. A sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) plant was grown for 84 d, during which soil water content and changes in weight were monitored at 15‐min intervals. Standard deviations in water‐content measurement were estimated to be between 0.0008 and 0.001 m 3 m −3 . Water‐balance computations of evapotranspiration agreed well with measurements by a precision electronic balance, with a standard deviation of 0.0012 m 3 m −3 during a 6‐d period. The wire mesh supported the root system, which had grown through it, even after soil was removed by rinsing with water. This will facilitate determination of root densities corresponding to measured changes in water content. The high degree of spatial and temporal resolution afforded by the system make it a valuable tool for studying the dynamics of water flow in the root zone, and information provided by this method may allow resolution of some issues that have remained controversial due to lack of measurement ability.
Maximal epidermal growth-factor-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation in vivo requires phosphorylation followed by an increased intracellular calcium concentration (1996)

The 85 kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) preferentially catalyses the hydrolysis of arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of phospholipids. cPLA2 can be activated by extracellular stimuli such as thrombin, platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor (EGF): A full activation of cPLA2 requires an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and phosphorylation on Ser-505 by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Because EGF can provoke an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and activation of MAP kinase, we investigated the role of these pathways in EGF-induced activation of cPLA2. Characterization of two cell lines expressing different numbers of EGF receptors (HERc13 and HER14) revealed that both were activating MAP kinase in response to EGF, but only HER14 responded with an increase in [Ca2+]i. In this study we used both cell lines as a tool to clarify the role of each pathway in cPLA2 activation. We show that EGF stimulates cPLA2 activity in both cell lines in vitro as measured in cytosolic fractions, but only in HER14 in vivo as measured by 3H release from cells prelabelled with [3H]arachidonic acid. This latter activation can be restored in HERc13 cells by the addition of the ionophore A23187. Interestingly, this effect is only observed when EGF stimulation precedes A23187 addition. The phosphorylation of MAP kinase, however, was identical under identical conditions. We conclude that a maximal cPLA2 activation by EGF requires both, and in this order: MAP kinase activation followed by a rise in [Ca2+]i concentration.
Effect of 5-fluorouracil on RNA metabolism in Novikoff hepatoma cells. (1979)

The resistance of a Novikoff hepatoma cell line (N1-S1/FdUrd) to 5-fluorouracil (FUra) was reversed by the inclusion of inosine in the culture medium. As the concentration of inosine in the medium was increased, there was a marked increase in the uptake of [14C]FUra and conversion to nucleotides with a corresponding increase in the incorporation into RNA. While FUra alone had no effect on this resistant cell line, the combination of FUra plus inosine altered the levels of ribose 1-phosphate but not 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate, altered the maturation of precursor ribosomal RNA by blocking the formation of 18S RNA, altered the methylation of the ribosomal RNA, and caused inhibition of the growth of these cells. No evidence was obtained that fluorodeoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate was formed in the N1-S1/FdUrd cells as a result of treatment with FUra plus inosine. In addition, the metabolism of [3H]deoxycytidine in the presence of FUra plus inosine in the intact N1-S1/FdUrd cells did not indicate significant inhibition of thymidylate synthetase as evidenced by the levels of deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate or conversion to thymidine 5'-monophosphate.
Alkene metathesis: the search for better catalysts (2007)

Alkene metathesis catalyst development has made significant progress over recent years. Research in metathesis catalyst design has endeavoured to tackle three key issues: those of (i) catalyst efficiency and activity, (ii) substrate scope and selectivity--particularly stereoselective metathesis reactions--and (iii) the minimization of metal impurities and catalyst recycling. This article describes a brief history of metathesis catalyst development, followed by a survey of more recent research, with a particular emphasis on ruthenium catalysts.
PbCap380, a novel oocyst capsule protein, is essential for malaria parasite survival in the mosquito (2008)

An essential requisite for transmission of Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is the successful completion of a complex developmental cycle in its mosquito vector. Of hundreds of ookinetes that form in the mosquito midgut, only few transform into oocysts, a loss attributed to the action of the mosquito immune system. However, once oocysts form, they appear to be resistant to mosquito defences. During oocyst development, a thick capsule forms around the parasite and appears to function as a protective cover. Little information is available about the composition of this capsule. Here we report on the identification and partial characterization of the first Plasmodium oocyst capsule protein (PbCap380). Genetic analysis indicates that the gene is essential and that PbCap380(-) mutant parasites form oocysts in normal numbers but are gradually eliminated. As a result, mosquitoes infected with PbCap380(-) parasites do not transmit malaria. Targeting of the oocyst capsule may provide a new strategy for malaria control.
Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with<i>spirulina fusiformis</i> (1995)

The blue-green microalgae Spirulina, used in daily diets of natives in Africa and America, have been found to be a rich natural source of proteins, carotenoids, and other micronutrients. Experimental studies in animal models have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of Spirulina algae on oral carcinogenesis. Studies among preschool children in India have demonstrated Spirulina fusiformis (SF) to be an effective source of dietary vitamin A. We evaluated the chemopreventive activity of SF (1 g/day for 12 mos) in reversing oral leukoplakia in pan tobacco chewers in Kerala, India. Complete regression of lesions was observed in 20 of 44 (45%) evaluable subjects supplemented with SF, as opposed to 3 of 43 (7%) in the placebo arm (p < 0.0001). When stratified by type of leukoplakia, the response was more pronounced in homogeneous lesions: complete regression was seen in 16 of 28 (57%) subjects with homogeneous leukoplakia, 2 of 8 with erythroplakia, 2 of 4 with verrucous leukoplakia, and 0 of 4 with ulcerated and nodular lesions. Within one year of discontinuing supplements, 9 of 20 (45%) complete responders with SF developed recurrent lesions. Supplementation with SF did not result in increased serum concentration of retinol or beta-carotene, nor was it associated with toxicity. This is the first human study evaluating the chemopreventive potential of SF. More studies in different settings and different populations are needed for further evaluation.
Shining a light on care (2009)

THE CARE Quality Commission (CQC) will become the regulator of quality of health and adult social care in England from April 1. It takes over from the Healthcare Commission, the Commission for Social Care Inspection and the Mental Health Act Commission, and will build on their expertise.