gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Handwritten Character Recognition Using Multiscale Neural Network Training Technique (2008)

Advancement in Artificial Intelligence has lead to the developments of various "smart" devices. Character recognition device is one of such smart devices that acquire partial human intelligence with the ability to capture and recognize various characters in different languages. Firstly multiscale neural training with modifications in the input training vectors is adopted in this paper to acquire its advantage in training higher resolution character images. Secondly selective thresholding using minimum distance technique is proposed to be used to increase the level of accuracy of character recognition. A simulator program (a GUI) is designed in such a way that the characters can be located on any spot on the blank paper in which the characters are written. The results show that such methods with moderate level of training epochs can produce accuracies of at least 85% and more for handwritten upper case English characters and numerals.
Measurement of the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Rb</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>87</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Xe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>129</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>spin-exchange cross section (1980)

The $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$-$^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ spin-exchange cross section has been measured in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ buffered cells as a function of the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ density using an alkali vapor magnetometer technique. The strong dependence of the spin-exchange cross section on the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ density indicates a significant role for the Rb-Xe van der Waals molecule in the spin-exchange process. Our data have allowed us to estimate the Rb-Xe molecular formation rate, which is in reasonable agreement with previous measurements. The extrapolated binary spin-exchange cross-section term is found to be ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ex}}{\overline{V}}^{2}=1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
Proposal of Nondestructive Radionuclide Assay Using a High-Flux Gamma-Ray Source and Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (2008)

A nondestructive assay system for radioactive waste management is proposed. The system utilizes nuclear resonance fluorescence triggered by a quasi-monochromatic high-flux gamma ray generated from the Compton scattering of laser photons by relativistic electrons. We employ an energy-recovery linac as an electron source and a mode-locked fiber laser followed by a laser supercavity as a photon source. The combination of these novel technologies realizes a gamma-ray flux much higher than existing sources using electron storage rings. The proposed gamma-ray source produces a quasi-monochromatic gamma ray with a flux of 1010/s/keV, which is high enough for industrial applications such as the nondestructive analysis of radionuclides in nuclear waste and the interrogation of fissile material in cargoes. The nuclear resonance fluorescence triggered by quasi-monochromatic gamma rays provides a versatile method of nondestructive analysis of both radioactive and stable nuclides.
Identification of Secret Agent as the <i>O-</i> GlcNAc Transferase That Participates in Plum Pox Virus Infection (2005)

Serine and threonine of many nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins are posttranslationally modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). This modification is made by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferases (OGTs). Genetic and biochemical data have demonstrated the existence of two OGTs of Arabidopsis thaliana, SECRET AGENT (SEC) and SPINDLY (SPY), with at least partly overlapping functions, but there is little information on their target proteins. The N terminus of the capsid protein (CP) of Plum pox virus (PPV) isolated from Nicotiana clevelandii is O-GlcNAc modified. We show here that O-GlcNAc modification of PPV CP also takes place in other plant hosts, N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis. PPV was able to infect the Arabidopsis OGT mutants sec-1, sec-2, and spy-3, but at early times of the infection, both rate of virus spread and accumulation were reduced in sec-1 and sec-2 relative to spy-3 and wild-type plants. By matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, we determined that a 39-residue tryptic peptide from the N terminus of CP of PPV purified from the spy-3 mutant, but not sec-1 or sec-2, was O-GlcNAc modified, suggesting that SEC but not SPY modifies the capsid. While our results indicate that O-GlcNAc modification of PPV CP by SEC is not essential for infection, they show that the modification has a role(s) in the process.
Radical and anionic homopolymerization of maleimide and <i>N</i>‐<i>n</i>‐butylmaleimide (1967)

Abstract The rate of homopolymerization of maleimide has been measured in dimethylformamide solution at 60°C. in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile; it has been compared to that of N‐n ‐butylmaleimide. The overall rates of polymerization are equal to R p = k [M] 1.1–1.2 [In] 0.8 for maleimide, and R p = k '[M] [In] 0.5 for the N ‐substituted imide. The difference of behavior has been interpreted on the basis of an intramolecular tautomery of the terminal group of the maleimide growing chain and the formation of a resonance‐stabilized succinimidyl radical. The relative ease of polymerization of these monomers and of maleic anhydride has been discussed. In the presence of sodium tert ‐butoxide at 20°C. in dimethylformamide solutions, maleimide polymerizes with hydrogen isomerization. The percentage of N ‐substituted isomerized units was evaluated at 70–75% by measurement of the rate of hydrolysis in 0.005 N sodium hydroxide and comparison with succinimide and N ‐butylsuccinimide. N‐n ‐butylmaleimide undergoes ring opening together with anionic polymerization in the presence of sodium tert ‐butoxide at 20°C. and butyllithium at ‐40°C. Unlike the radical‐initiated polymerization, it was impossible to obtain anionic copolymers of maleimide and N ‐butylmaleimide with acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate.
CT of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured aneurysm. (1981)

Computed tomographic scans in 81 consecutive patients wih subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured aneurysm were analyzed for patterns of hemorrhage and lucency and correlated with the development of spasm and hydrocephalus. The circulation time was measured angiographically in representative cases of spasm. Hemorrhage corresponded in a general way to the fossa of aneurysm origin and, when there was parenchymal or ventricular hemorrhage, in more specific ways to anterior communicating, middle cerebral, and posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms. Basal ganglionic hemorrhages due to aneurysm ruptures occurred in two cases and could not be distinguished by appearance from hypertensive hemorrhage. Regions of low attenuation (lucencies) were often persistent and had lateralizing value; they showed a high correlation with arterial spasm. Conversely, spasm, particularly of a distal type, showed a significant correlation with increased circulation time and the occurrence of brain lucency. In cases of multiple aneurysms arising from different vessels in which there was hemorrhage or lucency, CT scans correctly predicted the site of aneurysm in 77% of cases. Periventricular lucency was a weak predictor of progressive hydrocephalus, while an intraventricular hemorrhage was a strong predictor of moderate to severe hydrocephalus.
Properties, processing and applications of glass and rare earth-doped glasses for optical fibres (1998)

Over 60 papers contribute to this review of silica, oxide, halide and chalcogenide glasses. Optical, thermal and mechanical properties are discussed in depth, along with the processes involved in optical fibre manufacture, and various applications.
17.4: Low‐cost Method to Improve Viewing‐Angle Characteristics of Twisted‐Nematic Mode Liquid‐Crystal Displays (2002)

Abstract By processing pixel data, a low‐cost halftone method is proposed to improve viewing‐angle characteristics of TN‐mode TFTLCDs. The algorithm reduces the occurence of pixels in natural images with mid‐tone graylevels, preserving the local luminance. The improvement in viewing‐angle characteristics occurs with some loss of image detail. As the pixel density is increased, the halftone pattern becomes less noticeable.
The Conjunctival Wart: Report of a Case and Review of Treatment Options (1994)

Human papillomavirus, a papovavirus, is the causative agent of all warts. There are at least 63 subtypes of this virus, certain ones of which are more likely to cause warts in particular locations or to be associated with malignancies. Over the last 6 years, HPV-6, HPV-11, and HPV-16 have been detected in both benign and malignant lesions of the conjunctiva. We report a patient with a large viral papilloma of the palpebral conjunctiva of the right lower eyelid. This case demonstrates that even very large viral papillomas can be treated successfully.
Including the effect of motion artifacts in noise and performance analysis of dual-energy contrast-enhanced mammography (2012)

In contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM), the dual-energy dual-exposure technique, which can leverage existing conventional mammography infrastructure, relies on acquiring the low- and high-energy images using two separate exposures. The finite time between image acquisition leads to motion artifacts in the combined image. Motion artifacts can lead to greater anatomical noise in the combined image due to increased mismatch of the background tissue in the images to be combined, however the impact has not yet been quantified. In this study we investigate a method to include motion artifacts in the dual-energy noise and performance analysis. The motion artifacts are included via an extended cascaded systems model. To validate the model, noise power spectra of a previous dual-energy clinical study are compared to that of the model. The ideal observer detectability is used to quantify the effect of motion artifacts on tumor detectability. It was found that the detectability can be significantly degraded when motion is present (e.g., detectability of 2.5 mm radius tumor decreased by approximately a factor of 2 for translation motion on the order of 1000 μm). The method presented may be used for a more comprehensive theoretical noise and performance analysis and fairer theoretical performance comparison between dual-exposure techniques, where motion artifacts are present, and single-exposure techniques, where low- and high-energy images are acquired simultaneously and motion artifacts are absent.
Noncanonical Wnt11 Signaling Is Sufficient to Induce Cardiomyogenic Differentiation in Unfractionated Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells (2008)

In adult density-gradient separated BMMNCs, canonical Wnt3a promotes stemness, proliferation, and hematopoietic commitment, whereas noncanonical signaling via Wnt11 induces robust cardiomyogenic differentiation in a protein kinase C- and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase-dependent manner.
A novel congenital haemostatic defect (1992)

Isolated deficiencies of factors VII and XI are both rare. Not surprisingly, therefore, combined factor VII and XI deficiency has not been reported previously. We report here a kindred with a combined heterozygous deficiency for both factors VII and XI. The proposita is a 28-year-old woman who had both a prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and a prolonged activated partial prothrombin time (APTT) associated with a mild bleeding tendency. Coagulation studies were performed on the six available members of this kindred. The PT and APTT were normal or mildly abnormal in five of these individuals. Factor VII coagulant activity (VII:C) varied from 0.33 to 0.77 units/ml in affected subjects. In contrast, the concentration of factor VII-related antigen for the six individuals ranged from 0.68 to 2.10 units/ml. Comparable factor VII:C levels were obtained when each subject's plasma was tested with either a rabbit or a human thromboplastin reagent. Factor XI coagulant activity was less than 0.5 units/ml in three of the six subjects and normal (˜ 1.0 units/ml) in the other three. The concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin-III and prothrombin fragment 1.2 were within normal limits for all individuals. In addition to being associated with heterozygous factor XI deficiency, the abnormalfactor VII molecule in the plasma of affected individuals in this kindred appears to represent a newly described mutation. This is suggested by the pattern of reactivity with thromboplastin from different species, the normal tissue factor binding and the bleeding tendency in heterozygous individuals in this kindred.
The TMAO-Producing Enzyme Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 Regulates Obesity and the Beiging of White Adipose Tissue (2017)

Emerging evidence suggests that microbes resident in the human intestine represent a key environmental factor contributing to obesity-associated disorders. Here, we demonstrate that the gut microbiota-initiated trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-generating pathway is linked to obesity and energy metabolism. In multiple clinical cohorts, systemic levels of TMAO were observed to strongly associate with type 2 diabetes. In addition, circulating TMAO levels were associated with obesity traits in the different inbred strains represented in the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel. Further, antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown or genetic deletion of the TMAO-producing enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) conferred protection against obesity in mice. Complimentary mouse and human studies indicate a negative regulatory role for FMO3 in the beiging of white adipose tissue. Collectively, our studies reveal a link between the TMAO-producing enzyme FMO3 and obesity and the beiging of white adipose tissue.
High-speed RNA microextraction technology using magnetic oligo-dT beads and lateral magnetophoresis (2010)

This paper presents a high-speed RNA microextractor for the direct isolation of RNA from peripheral blood lysate using magnetic oligo-dT beads. The extraction is achieved through lateral magnetophoresis, generated by a ferromagnetic wire array inlaid on a glass substrate. This RNA microextractor separated more than 80% of magnetic beads with a flow rate up to 20 ml h(-1), and the overall extraction procedure was completed within 1 min. The absorbance ratio of RNA to protein (A(260)/A(280)) was >1.7, indicating that the extraction technology yielded nearly pure RNA. The feasibility of this technique was evaluated further for its applicability to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedures by performing cDNA synthesis and PCR. The analysis verified that the RNA microextractor is a practical method for easy, rapid, and high-precision RT-PCR using minimal reagent volumes without requiring highly trained personnel. In addition, it can be readily incorporated into genetic analysis procedures for realizing automated on-chip genetic platforms in a micro format.
Biocrude Production through Pyrolysis of Used Tyres (2014)

A review of the pyrolysis process of used tyre as a method of producing an alternative energy source is presented in this paper. The study reports the characteristics of used tyre materials and methods of recycling, types and principles of pyrolysis, the pyrolysis products and their composition, effects of process parameters, and kinetic models applied to pyrolysis. From publications, the proximate analysis of tyre rubber shows that it is composed of about 28.6 wt.% fixed carbon, 62 wt.% volatile material, 8.5 wt.% ash, and 0.9 wt.% moisture. Elemental analysis reveals that tyre rubber has an estimated value of 82 wt.% of C, 8 wt.% of H, 0.4 wt.% of N, 1.3 wt.% of S, 2.4 wt.% of O, and 5.9 wt.% of ash. Thermogravimetry analysis confirms that the pyrolysis of used tyre at atmospheric pressure commences at 250°C and completes at 550°C. The three primary products obtained from used tyre pyrolysis are solid residue (around 36 wt.%), liquid fraction or biocrude (around 55 wt.%), and gas fraction (around 9 wt.%). Although there is variation in the value of kinetic parameters obtained by different authors from the kinetic modeling of used tyre, the process is generally accepted as a first order reaction based on Arrhenius theory.
Studies on the Flare Energy Build-Up Process Using SolarB/Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) and Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope (SMART) at Hida Observatory (2004)

Evolution of active regions is one of the key topics for understanding the energy storage and triggering mechanisms of flares. In our previous studies, we found that the twisted structure of emerging magnetic flux bundles is the essential feature of flare-productive active regions. Vector magnetic field data sets are necessary to examine the twisted magnetic field structures (e.g. shear and helicity). The Solar-B/Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) enables us to study the detailed magnetic field configuration with a high spatial resolution. Recently we have constructed our new telescope, Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope (SMART) at Hida Observatory. Vector magnetic field telescope of SMART has a much wider field of view (FOV) than that of SOT. In this paper, we propose an observational plan of the active region evolution and flare energy build-up process with SOT and SMART.
Method for defect contour extraction in terahertz non-destructive testing conducted with a raster-scan THz imaging system (2018)

In this paper, a neoteric algorithm based on a two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform is developed to get the defect contour in the terahertz (THz) non-destructive testing result obtained from a raster-scan frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) THz imaging system. In order to prove the method's validity, an experiment is carried out. The result of the experiment shows that the method allows one to extract the defect contour from the THz FMCW interference with severe stripe noises. Moreover, the relative error of defect area between the actual value and that obtained from the extracted defect contour is no more than 3.03%. This means that the method provided an effective and exact way to extract a defect contour in THz FMCW interference.
Propulsion Techniques: Action and Reaction (1998)

Part 1 Early Lights: Rocket-Inspired Visions Three Astronautical Pioneers - Goddard, Tsiolkovskii, Oberth. Part 2 Liquid Propulsion: Developments in the 1960s Propulsion for the 1970s and 1980s International Thrusts in Launch Vehicle Propulsion. Part 3 Solid Propulsion: Modern Developments in Solid-Propellant Rocket Engineering The Outlook for Solid Rocket Motors Solid Rocket Motors Aim for Deep Space ASRM - Turning in a Solid Performance. Part 4 Solid-Liquid Hybrid Propulsion: Hybrid Propulsion Systems Hybrid Rockets - Combining the Best of Liquids and Solids. Part 5 Propellants: Propellants for Tomorrow's Rockets Liquid Rocket Propellants - Is There an Energy Limit? Solid Propellants and the Conquest of Space Notes on Problems in Combustion Instability of Rocket Motors Instability in Solid Rockets New Horizons in Chemical Propulsion. Part 6 Nuclear Rockets: Nuclear Rocketry - the First Bright Hopes Advanced Reactor Concepts for Nuclear Propulsion Solid-Core Nuclear-Rocket Design Gaseous-Core Nuclear Rockets Boundary Conditions for Nuclear Propulsion Prospects for Advanced High-Thrust Nuclear Propulsion Where the Carrot Does Not Improve Vision-Nuclear Energy for Space NERVA-Entering a New Phase What's Holding Nuclear Propulsion Back? Nuclear Thermal Rockets - Key to Moon-Mars Exploration US/CIS Eye Joint Nuclear Rocket Venture. Part 7 Electric Propulsion: The Road from Monterey Primary Electric Propulsion Technology Electric Microthrusters Make It Electric Propulsion - the Future is Now. Part 8 Space Power: Space Electrical Power-Quo Vadis? High Power for Space Systems Nuclear Reactors for Space Power. Part 9 Advanced Concepts: Propulsion to Orbit by Ground-Based Lasers Laser Propulsion Tether Propulsion Advanced Propulsion on a Shoestring.
Control of a biped jogging robot (2000)

The project of a two-legged walking robot is presented. The control system is based on a nonlinear control scheme using the method of feedback linearization. Special effort has been devoted to the trajectory generation which is computed such that the system remains controllable throughout the entire gait cycle. The controller and simulation algorithm have been implemented parametrically. Parameter studies have been performed which lead to the final design. The mechanical design with particular emphasis on actuators and sensors is presented.
The synthesis of porous materials with macroscopically oriented mesopores interconnected by branched mesopores (2013)

Mesoporous silica has been extensively studied for a wide variety of applications such as transport and storage vehicles of guest materials, where it is critical but remains challenging to control the pore structure at a macroscopic scale. Herein, aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays with thicknesses of up to millimeters have been used as templates to produce macroscopically oriented mesopores in the resulting silica material. The pore size, length, and number density were tuned by varying the diameter, length, and number density of CNTs. When surfactants were co-assembled with the silica precursor, the produced ordered mesopores from the surfactant could further interconnect the macroscopically oriented mesopores. The sizes, densities, and structures of the ordered mesopores have been controlled by varying the surfactants. This interconnected porous structure provided the material with unique advantages, and the use for adsorption of a guest chemical was studied as a demonstration.
Replication of viral RNA, 8. Studies on the enzymatic mechanism of replication of MS2 RNA. (1965)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Microstrip Antenna Theory and Design (1981)

This book brings a blend of introductory, practical and theoretical treatments and likely future developments are also highlighted. A good selection of past and current references are given and each chapter concludes with a helpful summary comment.
Coronary artery surgery: cardiotomy suction or cell salvage? (2007)

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) today results in what may be regarded as acceptable levels of blood loss with many institutions avoiding allogeneic red cell transfusion in over 60% of their patients. The majority of cardiac surgeons employ cardiotomy suction to preserve autologous blood during on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery; however the use of cardiotomy suction is associated with a more pronounced systemic inflammatory response and a resulting coagulopathy as well as exacerbating the microembolic load. This leads to a tendency to increased blood loss, transfusion requirement and organ dysfunction. Conversely, the avoidance of cardiotomy suction in coronary artery bypass surgery is not associated with an increased transfusion requirement. There is therefore no indication for the routine use of cardiotomy suction in on-pump coronary artery surgery.