gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cell autonomous commitment to an endodermal fate and behaviour by activation of Nodal signalling (2001)

In vertebrates the endoderm germ layer gives rise to most tissues of the digestive tract and controls head and heart morphogenesis. The induction of endoderm development relies on extracellular signals related to Nodals and propagated intracellularly by TGFbeta type I receptors ALK4/Taram-A. It is unclear, however, whether Nodal/ALK4/Taram-A signalling is involved only in the specification of endodermal precursors or plays a more comprehensive role in the activation of the endodermal program leading to the irreversible commitment of cells to the endodermal fate. Using cell transplantation experiments in zebrafish, we show that marginal cells become committed to endoderm at the onset of gastrulation and that commitment to endoderm can be reached by intracellular activation of the Nodal pathway induced by expression of an activated form of the taram-A receptor, Tar*. In a manner similar to endoderm progenitors, Tar*-activated blastomeres translocate from their initial site of implantation in the blastoderm to reach the surface of their migration substratum, the yolk syncitial layer, where they join endogenous endodermal derivatives during gastrulation and differentiate according to their anteroposterior position. We demonstrate that Nodal/Tar*-induced commitment does not rely on a secondary signal released by Tar*-expressing cells or a signal released by endogenous endoderm since Tar*-expressing wild-type cells can restore endoderm derivatives when transplanted into the endoderm-deficient mutant casanova. Likewise, the YSL does not appear essential for the maintenance of endodermal identity during gastrulation once the Nodal pathway has been activated. Thus, our results demonstrate that the activation of Nodal signalling is sufficient to commit cells both to an endodermal fate and behaviour. Wild-type endoderm implantation into casanova embryos rescues, in a non-autonomous fashion, the defective fusion of the two heart primordia in the midline, highlighting the importance of endoderm for normal heart morphogenesis.
Enzyme-coated micro-crystals: a 1-step method for high activity biocatalyst preparation (2001)

A rapid, inexpensive method for producing water-soluble enzyme-coated micro-crystals which exhibit dramatically enhanced catalytic activity and stability in non-aqueous media and can be re-dissolved easily in aqueous solution is described.
Embryonic stem cells assume a primitive neural stem cell fate in the absence of extrinsic influences (2006)

The mechanisms governing the emergence of the earliest mammalian neural cells during development remain incompletely characterized. A default mechanism has been suggested to underlie neural fate acquisition; however, an instructive process has also been proposed. We used mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to explore the fundamental issue of how an uncommitted, pluripotent mammalian cell will self-organize in the absence of extrinsic signals and what cellular fate will result. To assess this default state, ES cells were placed in conditions that minimize external influences. Individual ES cells were found to rapidly transition directly into neural cells, a process shown to be independent of suggested instructive factors (e.g., fibroblast growth factors). Further, we provide evidence that the default neural identity is that of a primitive neural stem cell (NSC). The exiguous conditions used to reveal the default state were found to present primitive NSCs with a survival challenge (limiting their persistence and proliferation), which could be mitigated by survival factors or genetic interference with apoptosis.
Challenge to the constitutionality of 'conduct' by SARS and its officials (2010)

One of the noteworthy events in the 2010 fiscal calendar is likely to be the enactment of the Tax Administration Act. At present, it is still at the stage of a draft bill awaiting public comment, for which the deadline is the end of February.
Wavelength dependent performance of a wavelength converter based on cross-gain modulation and birefringence of a semiconductor optical amplifier (1999)

By exploiting pump-induced birefringence in addition to cross-gain modulation, we have obtained improved extinction ratio and reduced optical power penalties for a wavelength converter using a semiconductor optical amplifier. In the probe beam wavelength range of 1528-1566 nm, while extinction ratios and power penalties of a conventional wavelength converter are found to be 4.5-9.2 dB and -0.5-2.1 dB, those of the proposed converter are 6.6-10 dB and -0.7-1.0 dB, respectively. The proposed converter shows better performance for all wavelengths in the range examined for both extinction ratio and power penalty. Especially, more improvements have been obtained in the longer wavelength.
Targeted transfection of stem cells with sub-20 femtosecond laser pulses (2008)

Multiphoton microscopes have become important tools for non-contact sub-wavelength three-dimensional nanoprocessing of living biological specimens based on multiphoton ionization and plasma formation. Ultrashort laser pulses are required, however, dispersive effects limit the shortest pulse duration achievable at the focal plane. We report on a compact nonlinear laser scanning microscope with sub-20 femtosecond 75 MHz near infrared laser pulses for nanosurgery of human stem cells and two-photon high-resolution imaging. Single point illumination of the cell membrane was performed to induce a transient nanopore for the delivery of extracellular green fluorescent protein plasmids. Mean powers of less than 7 mW (<93 pJ) and low millisecond exposure times were found to be sufficient to transfect human pancreatic and salivary gland stem cells in these preliminary studies. Ultracompact sub-20 femtosecond laser microscopes may become optical tools for nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine including optical stem cell manipulation.
First X-Ray Diffraction Evidence for a Phase Transition during Shock-Wave Compression (1972)

The x-ray diffraction pattern of a shock-compressed material which is in the process of undergoing a crystal structure transformation has been observed for the first time. Pyrolytic BN, explosively shocked to 245 kbar, exhibits a diffraction pattern which indicates that the crystal structure during compression is like that of wurtzite.
From Art to Engineering? The Rise of In Vivo Mammalian Electrophysiology via Genetically Targeted Labeling and Nonlinear Imaging (2005)

A convergence of technical advancements in neuroscience has begun to transform mammalian electrophysiology from an art into a precise practice.
Atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and inflammatory risk factors, from history and the laboratory to real life (2004)

This editorial refers to ‘Association of European population levels of thrombotic and inflammatory factors with risk of coronary heart disease: the MONICA Optional Haemostasis Study’† by J. Yarnell et al. , on page 332 

Atherosclerosis has existed as a named entity for less than a century. It is, however, a pathological process of very considerable antiquity; changes consistent with atherosclerosis have been found in the 18th dynasty of the pharaohs of Egypt. Despite this long history,1 our understanding of many of the fundamental aspects of the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis is still far from complete. The mechanism by which atherosclerotic lesions form and expand has puzzled scientists for 150 years. Rudolf Virchow proposed in 1856 that atherosclerosis was caused when plasma components (including lipids) elicited an inflammatory response in the arterial wall. With the advent of molecular medicine, it became possible to formulate more specific hypotheses for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. New genetic disease models based on disturbances in lipid metabolism in gene knockout mice have permitted a detailed dissection of pathogenic steps and have advanced our understanding of atherosclerosis very significantly during the last 10 years.2

The haemostatic system plays a physiological role in prevention of bleeding after injury. Following vessel injury, blood platelets interact with subendothelial collagen: platelet adhesion and aggregation result in primary haemostatic plug. Activation of the blood coagulation system (by exposure to vessel … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +30 2310204785; fax: +30 2310247450. E-mail address : aathanasiado{at}tee.gr
Development, fabrication and characterization of a 3D tactile sensor (2009)

In this paper, a touch trigger probe using one- and five-boss cross-shaped membranes is proposed, which can be used in coordinate measuring machines for three-dimensional measurements. Silicon bulk micromachining is utilized to fabricate force sensors. Four different piezoresistor layouts are characterized in this work. A maximum sensitivity of 3.01 mV V−1 mN−1 and 11.29 mV V−1 mN−1 is obtained, respectively, when vertical and lateral loads are applied on one-boss design. The horizontal to vertical stiffness ratio is decreased from 1:37.5 to 1:2.25 when a five-boss design was used compared to a one-boss design. The sensors' ability to measure both normal and shear forces with high linearity is demonstrated by means of tests performed by applying forces between 0 and 25 mN.
Activity of water mixed with molten salts at 317.degree.C (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTActivity of water mixed with molten salts at 317.degree.COleh Weres and Leon TsaoCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 13, 3014–3018Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100404a044https://doi.org/10.1021/j100404a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views125Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Multimerization of polyomavirus middle-T antigen (1997)

The oncogenic protein of polyomavirus, middle-T antigen, associated with cell membranes and interacts with a variety of cellular proteins involved in mitogenic signalling. Middle-T antigen may therefore mimic the function of cellular tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors, like the platelet-derived growth factor or epidermal growth factor receptor. Growth factor receptor signalling is initiated upon the binding of a ligand to the extracellular domain of the receptor. This results in activation of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain of the receptor, followed by receptor phosphorylation, presumably as a consequence of dimerization of two receptor molecules. Similar to middle-T antigen, phosphorylation of growth factor receptors leads to recruitment of cellular signalling molecules downstream in the signalling cascade. In this study, we investigated whether middle-T antigen, similar to tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors, is able to form dimeric signalling complexes. We found that association with cellular membranes was a prerequisite for multimerization, most likely dimer formation. A chimeric middle-T antigen carrying the membrane-targeting sequence of the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein instead of the authentic polyomavirus sequence still dimerized. However, mutants of middle-T antigen unable to associate with 14-3-3 proteins, like d18 and S257A, did not form dimers but were still oncogenic. This indicates that both membrane association and binding of 14-3-3 are necessary for dimer formation of middle-T antigen but that only the former is essential for cell transformation.
Automated driving functions giving control back to the driver: a simulator study on driver state dependent strategies (2015)

Many car companies and other organisations are working hard to get automated driving on the road. Where some prefer driverless cars, most foresee a future where control of the vehicle will be shared between the driver and automated functions in the coming years. Sharing tasks and responsibilities creates the interesting challenge of transition of control of the vehicle between driver and automation. This paper presents research into this transition. By taking into account the attentiveness of the driver, different strategies were evaluated in a simulator study to create an optimal transition given the situation at hand. The study concentrates on an automated platoon system âVirtual Tow Barâ. The results show that the differences among the tested conditions are small and no large trends are visible in either the subjective or the objective results. Hence it is concluded that the experiment should be repeated with a larger group naÃ¯ve participants and probably more extreme parameter settings.
A Bayesian approach to the detection and correction of error bursts in audio signals (1992)

The a posteriori probability for the location of bursts of noise additively superimposed on a Gaussian autoregressive (AR) process is derived. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) solution for noise burst position is obtained by using a simple search procedure, yielding the noise burst location corresponding to minimum probability of error. This procedure finds application in digital audio processing, where clicks and scratches may be modeled as additive bursts of noise. The method permits accurate detection of these degradations and their subsequent replacement (interpolation). Experiments were carried out on both real audio data and synthetic AR processes, and comparisons are made with previous techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Signal Processing Applications in CDMA Communications (2000)

From the Publisher:
Dramatically improve CDMA system performance using this new book, which contains the most comprehensive description of signal processing treatments for wideband CDMA. Based upon the author's in-depth research of key CDMA signal processing issues, you get solutions to problems such as diversity combining, multiuser detection, estimation, and carrier synchronization. 

Containing a brief CDMA primer, Signal Processing Applications in CDMA Communications features complete signal processing solutions, including blind multiuser detection for CDMA systems with short codes, long codes, and antenna diversities to meet the problems faced in wideband CDMA detection. It helps you design high performance receivers for next generation wideband CDMA networks; addresses critical issues such as multiple access interference in a mobile environment; and helps you save bandwidth.

Also included is a description of the new concept of bottom-up wireless system design and channel aware medium access control (MAC) that helps you substantially improve the throughput-delay characteristics of an antenna array CDMA network without complicated physical-layer operations. 

Case studies discussing multi-carrier CDMA and it's pros and cons with respect to regular CDMA are also included. Communication design engineers and graduate-level wireless communications students can make effective use of the extensive equations provided in the book to apply signal processing methodologies to tomorrow's wireless applications.
A new activated factor X-based clotting method with improved specificity for procoagulant phospholipid (2003)

An improved activated factor X-based clotting method was used to investigate activity of procoagulant phospholipid (PPL) in blood samples collected into various anticoagulants and in plasmas with a range of abnormalities. The dilute activated factor X-activated clotting time (XACT) was carried out on a mixture of specimen with phospholipid-free porcine plasma. PPL from the test sample is then rate-limiting, controlling the clotting time so that the XACT is shortened from a maximum of approximately 120 s with citrated platelet-free plasma to approximately 30 s with freeze-thawed platelet-rich plasma. XACT results were only shortened slightly by fresh normal platelet-rich plasma, but were shortened significantly by platelets that had been activated by freeze-thawing. This improved method for PPL was not prolonged by deficiencies of known clotting factors and therapeutic levels of heparin, and it was surprisingly resistant to most lupus anticoagulants. However, it was extremely sensitive to PPL, detecting down to 50 ng/ml synthetic phospholipid added to phospholipid-free plasma. Excellent correlation was achieved between XACT shortening and microparticle count assessed by annexin V-binding and flow cytometry in normal plasma spiked with platelet microparticles. In citrated blood specimens, XACT shortened with time in a temperature-dependent manner. XACT results on blood samples anticoagulated with ethylenediamine tetra-acetate were more stable, and these would be preferable for assessing PPL expression ex vivo. XACT was significantly shorter in whole blood samples than in normal platelet-rich or platelet-poor plasmas, suggesting that PPL was normally expressed more by cells or aggregates larger than platelets or microparticles.
Photoluminescence Enhancement of Y <sub>3</sub> Al <sub>5</sub> O <sub>12</sub> :Ce Nanoparticles Using HMDS (2008)

Coprecipitated Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce (YAG:Ce) nanoparticles, treated with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) at 150°C for 1 h in an autoclave and then fired at 980°C, showed an enhanced photoluminescence (PL) intensity compared with pure YAG:Ce without any HMDS treatment. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed a shift of the (420) peak to a higher angle with more HMDS addition, indicating the decreasing lattice parameter caused by the substitution of Al 3+ sites with Si 4+ ions in the YAG host. Transmission electron micrographs showed a smaller size and more dispersal of YAG:Ce nanoparticles with more HMDS addition, which was caused by OH‐scavenging methyl siloxyl groups. Diffuse reflectivity showed identical absorption behavior for pure and HMDS‐treated YAG:Ce, suggesting the same amount of Ce 3+ activators in the YAG host. Therefore, the enhancement of the PL intensity of HMDS‐treated YAG:Ce was supposed to be a result of an increasing diffusion and a homogeneous distribution of Ce 3+ activators in YAG, due to the smaller Si 4+ ions and the formation of Al 3+ vacancies, based on the longer decay time measured.
Research of Communication Technology on IOT for High-Voltage Transmission Line (2012)

This paper presents a three layered network construction of Internet of Things (IOT) communication method for high-voltage transmission line which involves the wireless self-organized sensor network (WSN), optical fiber composite overhead ground wire (OPGW), general packet radio service (GPRS) and the Beidou (COMPASS) navigation satellite system (CNSS). The function of each layer of network, application deployment and management of energy consumption are studied. The method can meet the needs of interconnection between the monitoring center and terminals, reduce the terminals’ GPRS and CNSS configuration and OPGW optical access points, and ensure the on-line monitoring data transmission real-time and reliable under the situation of remote region, extreme weather and other environmental conditions.
A user`s guide for BREAKUP: A computer code for parallelizing the overset grid approach (1998)

In this user`s guide, details for running BREAKUP are discussed. BREAKUP allows the widely used overset grid method to be run in a parallel computer environment to achieve faster run times for computational field simulations over complex geometries. The overset grid method permits complex geometries to be divided into separate components. Each component is then gridded independently. The grids are computationally rejoined in a solver via interpolation coefficients used for grid-to-grid communications of boundary data. Overset grids have been in widespread use for many years on serial computers, and several well-known Navier-Stokes flow solvers have been extensively developed and validated to support their use. One drawback of serial overset grid methods has been the extensive compute time required to update flow solutions one grid at a time. Parallelizing the overset grid method overcomes this limitation by updating each grid or subgrid simultaneously. BREAKUP prepares overset grids for parallel processing by subdividing each overset grid into statically load-balanced subgrids. Two-dimensional examples with sample solutions, and three-dimensional examples, are presented.
ULTRASONIC FLAW EVALUATION IN RAILS WITH ASSISTANCE OF PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR (1981)

A procedure developed for rail flaw size determination is reported that includes processing by means of a programmable calculator. Use of this hand-held computational device allows determination of a flaw size in real-time of the inspection. Test results and the profile of the detected flaw are printed by means of a portable printer. The resulting improvement of the inspection reliability and rail defects sizing should reduce inadequate remedial actions, possible rail failures, and financial losses. Other possible applications of the hand-held computational devices and some problems of microcomputerization of ultrasonic flaw detectors are discussed.
Hepatocyte dynamics in a three‐dimensional rotating bioreactor (2006)

These results suggest that MS-induced polymerization of actin filaments stimulate hepatocyte aggregation and thereby improve hepatocyte-specific function.
An empirical analysis of infeasibility diagnosis for instances of linear programming blending models (1992)

This study reports empirical findings for applying three methods of diagnosing infeasibility, based on: (1) Phase I price aggregation, (2) irreducible infeasible subsystems, and (3) successive bounding. The problem class is the blending problem, most notably used in the petrochemical industry. Three variations of the blending problem are considered, distinguished by levels of complexity. The simplest case is static, ignores quality constraints, sharply divides raw feed and blend stocks, and is not regional. The second variation is multiregional. The third variation is a refinery model that removes all of the simplifications. The experimental design consists of generating infeasible instances from base cases, where each instance for each of the base cases is a different source of infeasibility. The three methods are applied to each instance, usually requiring some additional analysis effort. The methods are evaluated by two criteria: (1) how much analysis effort is needed to go from the information provided to a diagnosis of the cause; and, (2) the quality of the final diagnosis.