gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Trends For Estrus Synchronization Using A Combination Of Gonadotropins, Prostaglandin And Estradiol Cypionate In Dairy Cows (2007)

This study was conducted to through the light on a recent method for estrus synchronization in lactating dairy cows using PGF2α, GnRH and estradiol cypionate (ECP). Four treatments were performed on sixty dairy cows. In treatment 1 (PP), cows received two injections of PGF2α on days 0 and 11 (n=14); while in treatment 2 (PGP), cows were injected twice PGF2α on days 0 and 11 and 100 ug of GnRH on day 3 after the 1st injection (n=14). In treatment 3 (PGPE-0), cows were treated with PGP and 1 mg of ECP at the same time of 2nd PGF2α injection (n=16). In treatment 4 (PGPE-1), cows were treated with PGP and 1 mg of ECP one day after 2nd PGF2α injection (n=16). The cows were examined rectally and ultrasonographically by B-mode Ultrasound System [Pie-Medical Scanner-240] with a 6-8 MHz linear rectal transducer. Every cow was blood sampled at selected intervals for progesterone and estradiol assay and inseminated at estrus. The results showed a higher percentage of GnRH-treated cows (PGP) ovulated after 1st PGF2α injection than the non treated (PP) cows (64.3% vs 50%; P<0.05). The GnRH-treated cows tended to have a larger mature follicle present at 2nd PGF2α injection. Subsequently, the percentage of cows that ovulated after 2nd PGF2α injection was 71.4% vs 50% for GnRH-treated cows than none treated ones, respectively. Two days after 2nd PGF2α injection, cows treated with PGP had a higher peak preovulatory concentrations of estradiol compared to PP treated cows (3.2±0.48 vs 2.6±0.45 pg/ml). Additionally, cows treated with ECP (PGPE-0 and PGPE-1) had a higher peak preovulatory concentrations of estradiol (6.3±0.43 and 6.99±0.63 pg/ml; P<0.01); and a higher percentage ovulation (75.0% and 87.5%) than the other treated groups (PP or PGP). Thus, a higher percentage of ECP (especially PGPE-1 group) treated cows were observed in standing estrus and ovulated after 2nd PGF2α injection than the other treated groups. Submission rates (number of inseminated/totalX100), differed statistically across treatments, especially those treated with ECP, as well as; the conception and pregnancy rates were observed higher with the ECP treated cows than the other treatments. In conclusion, PGP protocol increased the number of cows that ovulated after 1st PGF2α injection and produced more mature follicles at the time of 2nd PGF2α injection. The combination of ECP and PGP (PGPE-1) enhanced the expression of estrus and increased ovulation percentage, thus it is potentially a new method to routinely synchronize estrus and ovulation in dairy cows.
Genetically Engineered Synthesis of Natural Products (1994)

The feasibility of multi-step, one-flask total synthesis of natural products is demonstrated by cloning and overexpression of the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes from plant and microbial sources. As many as eight or nine enzymes can be recombined in vitro to reach an advanced intermediate in the vitamin B12 pathway.
Comparison of algorithms to quantify muscle fatigue in upper limb muscles based on sEMG signals (2016)

This work compared the performance of six different fatigue detection algorithms quantifying muscle fatigue based on electromyographic signals. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was obtained by an experiment from upper arm contractions at three different load levels from twelve volunteers. Fatigue detection algorithms mean frequency (MNF), spectral moments ratio (SMR), the wavelet method WIRM1551, sample entropy (SampEn), fuzzy approximate entropy (fApEn) and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA%DET) were calculated. The resulting fatigue signals were compared considering the disturbances incorporated in fatiguing situations as well as according to the possibility to differentiate the load levels based on the fatigue signals. Furthermore we investigated the influence of the electrode locations on the fatigue detection quality and whether an optimized channel set is reasonable. The results of the MNF, SMR, WIRM1551 and fApEn algorithms fell close together. Due to the small amount of subjects in this study significant differences could not be found. In terms of disturbances the SMR algorithm showed a slight tendency to out-perform the others.
Anomaly Detection on Collective Moving Patterns: Manifold Learning Based Analysis of Traffic Streams (2011)

Some special natural and social events like natural disasters, terrorism attacks, and traffic accidents may have remarkable effect on people's collective behaviors, which means the behaviors of a large number of people viewed as a whole. Analysis of the patterns of collective behaviors in the sense of data mining is an important topic. Solving this problem is crucial and practical in that online detection of abnormal patterns of people's collective behaviors may lead to rapid response to emergent affairs. In terms of technology, the task can be regarded as detection of abnormal particle movement patterns from a global point of view. In this study, we propose a solution to solve this problem. First, the traffic flows observed by more than 4000 sensors are organized as high-dimensional time series. Second, a widely used manifold learning technique referred to as locally linear embedding (LLE) is used to compute the K coefficients in fitting every data point with its K nearest neighbors in the high-dimensional s ce, which can be regarded as a K-dimensional local feature associated with every data point. Then, the local features of the data points within a time window are summarized by using principal component analysis (PCA) to obtain a global feature to represent the traffic data in every time window. Finally, outlier detection is performed on such PCALLE feature space. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively detect abnormal traffic patterns, which correspond with some special days, like the New Year day, the national day of America, and some days with extreme weather.
Development and evaluation of chitosan ocuserts containingCiprofloxacin - betaCD complex (2010)

The objective of the study was to develop an ocular insert of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride & evaluate for sustained ocular delivery of drug. Physical characterization, stability studies, microbiological and invitro release studies were done. The ocuserts were made which were of matrix diffusion control system. Kneading and Solvent casting technique and was used to prepare the ocuserts. Two formulations were prepared, a plain formulation consisting of the polymer chitosan and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and the second one consisting of the polymer, drug-beta cyclodextrin complex in specific ratios. The ocuserts were physically examined for colour and various other physical parameters were evaluated. Based on the physical parameters further studies were carried out like stability, microbiological and invitro release studies. The ocuserts were evaluated for thickness and diameter, weight variation test, folding endurance, moisture absorption, stability studies, microbiological studies and invitro release studies. This was done for the two formulations and the formulation with beta cyclodextrin showed a better result on basis of all the tests that were performed.
Instruction-level power dissipation in the Intel XScale embedded microprocessor (2005)

We present an instruction-level power dissipation model of the Intel XScale microprocessor. The XScale implements the ARM ISA, but uses an aggressive microarchitecture and a SIMD Wireless MMX co-processor to speed up execution of multimedia workloads in the embedded domain. Instruction-Level power modelling was first proposed by Tiwari et. al in 1994. Adaptations of this model have been found to be applicable to simple ARM processors. Research also shows that instructions can be clustered into groups with similar energy characteristics. We adapt these methodologies to the significantly more complex XScale processor. We characterize the processor in terms of the energy costs of opcode execution, operand values, pipeline stalls etc. through accurate measurements on hardware. This instruction-based (rather than microarchitectural) approach allows us to build a high-speed power-accurate simulator that runs at MIPS-range speeds, while achieving accuracy better than 5%. The processor core accounts only for a portion of overall power consumption, and we move beyond the core to explore the issues involved in building a SystemC simulation framework that models power dissipation of complete systems quickly, flexibly and accurately.
A High-Speed Fiber Optic Data Bus for Local Data Communications (1983)

Over the past decade, the volume of data compiled in industrial, military, and scientific databases has increased to enormous proportions. This increase has led to the development of new techniques for economically transporting information locally at high data rates. Leading among these techniques is the serial asynchronous multiterminal time-division multiplexed data bus. This paper describes a 100 Mbit/s fiber optic data bus system for connecting 16 terminals separated by up to 2 km. The system was developed as part of a NASA database management system for archiving and retrieval of satellite data. The NASA application will be briefly introduced followed by discussions on the high-speed data bus architecture, bus access protocols, system implementation, and error rate performance.
Polarization Modulation FT-IR Spectroscopy of Surfaces and Ultra-Thin Films: Experimental Procedure and Quantitative Analysis (1991)

Polarization modulation of the incident electromagnetic field is used to increase the sensitivity and the in situ experiment ability of the well-known method of reflexion absorption FT-IR spectroscopy, for the characterization of surfaces and ultra-thin films. The experimental procedure and signal processing of the detected intensity are described and illustrated with the use of results obtained with Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers. The quantitative analysis of the spectra is then developed, and a linear behavior of the band intensities is found for ultra-thin films exhibiting no strong absorptions. This result is checked with the use of organic and inorganic ultra-thin films of increasing thicknesses.
Phenylalanine dehydrogenase of Bacillus badius. Purification, characterization and gene cloning (1987)

Phenylalanine dehydrogenase produced by Bacillus badius IAM 11059 was purified from the crude extract of B. badius to homogeneity, as judged by disc gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has an isoelectric point of 3.5 and a relative molecular mass, Mr, of 310,000-360,000. The enzyme is composed of identical subunits with an Mr 41,000-42,000. The substrate specificity of the enzyme in the oxidative deamination reaction was high for L-phenylalanine, but rather low in the reductive amination reaction, with phenylpyruvate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, and 2-oxohexanoate. The gene for the enzyme was cloned into Escherichia coli with plasmid pBR322 as a vector. The enzyme was expressed in high level in E. coli. The enzyme produced by E. coli transformant was purified to homogeneity and shown to be identical to that of B. badius IAM 11,059 with respect to the specific activity, Mr, subunit structure and amino acid composition.
Mechanism of Branching and Kinking during VLS Crystal Growth (1968)

The morphology of the solid‐liquid interface and the contact angle configuration of the liquid alloy droplet determine the direction of growth of crystals prepared by the vapor‐liquid‐solid (VLS) technique. There are four different processes by which both growth kinks and branches can be formed. A change in solid‐liquid interface shape during VLS caused by a lateral temperature gradient results in the formation of growth kinks. Branches are formed if the alloy droplet ruptures during the kinking sequence. A sudden increase in temperature can cause an unstable contact angle configuration. The alloy droplet may run down the side faces of the growing crystal, leading to the formation of growth kinks or branches. A sudden decrease in temperature may cause "pinching off" of small droplets from the main droplet, giving rise to branches. Finally, the codeposition of liquid‐forming impurities may also lead to branch and kink formation. The proposed models have been verified experimentally for VLS growth of silicon and germanium. Crystalline defects, such as dislocations, are not essential for the branching and kinking process. It is shown that "growth shaping" during the VLS process is possible.
A dynamic RAM Cell in recrystallized polysilicon (1983)

A new, one-transistor, dynamic RAM cell has been fabricated in beam-recrystallized polysilicon. Placing thin oxides both above and below the storage region doubles the storage capacitance. Complete isolation of the storage region by oxides also reduces the susceptibility of the cell to soft errors from collection of charge injected into the substrate by the surrounding elements or by alpha particles. Long storage times are feasible, being limited only by the leakage of the access transistor. A thick oxide under the bit line reduces the bit-line capacitance, further increasing the ratio of storage capacitance to bit-line capacitance.
Novel fast motion estimation and mode decision for H.264 real-time high-definition encoding (2012)

The H.264/AVC video coding standard aims to improve the compression performance significantly compared to all existing video coding standards. In order to achieve this, a robust rate-distortion optimization (RDO) technique is employed to select the best reference frame and coding mode for each macroblock (MB), which however leads to drastically increasing in complexity and computation. Therefore, algorithms to reduce the computational complexity without sacrificing coding efficiency are indispensable for real-time high definition implementations of H.264/AVC, especially in real-time high definition (HD) video encoding. This paper proposes a fast motion estimation (ME) and mode decision (MD) algorithm for H.264/AVC real-time high-definition encoding. It improves the speed greatly by employing improved fast SKIP mode checking strategy, innovative candidate motion vector (MV) selection approach, novel fast multi-reference frame selection algorithm, simplified sub-pixel interpolation method as well as fast variable block size mode decision based on SAD reuse. Besides, a multi-direction hybrid motion estimation for B-frame is proposed based on the multireference frame selection algorithm of P-frame. The simulation results demonstrate that it can achieve significant complexity reduction with negligible loss of coding efficiency for high-definition videos.
PINK1-Phosphorylated Mitofusin 2 Is a Parkin Receptor for Culling Damaged Mitochondria (2013)

Senescent and damaged mitochondria undergo selective mitophagic elimination through mechanisms requiring two Parkinson's disease factors, the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1; PTEN is phosphatase and tensin homolog) and the cytosolic ubiquitin ligase Parkin. The nature of the PINK-Parkin interaction and the identity of key factors directing Parkin to damaged mitochondria are unknown. We show that the mitochondrial outer membrane guanosine triphosphatase mitofusin (Mfn) 2 mediates Parkin recruitment to damaged mitochondria. Parkin bound to Mfn2 in a PINK1-dependent manner; PINK1 phosphorylated Mfn2 and promoted its Parkin-mediated ubiqitination. Ablation of Mfn2 in mouse cardiac myocytes prevented depolarization-induced translocation of Parkin to the mitochondria and suppressed mitophagy. Accumulation of morphologically and functionally abnormal mitochondria induced respiratory dysfunction in Mfn2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes and in Parkin-deficient Drosophila heart tubes, causing dilated cardiomyopathy. Thus, Mfn2 functions as a mitochondrial receptor for Parkin and is required for quality control of cardiac mitochondria.
A Case for Vector Network Processors (2002)

The explosive growth of Internet traffic and the increasing complexity of the functions performed by network nodes have given rise to a new breed of programmable microprocessors called network processors. However, network processor design is still in its infancy and has not reached a level of maturity commensurate with currently available commodity microprocessors. A variety of architectures are being proposed and implemented. Designs employing superscalar, chip multiprocessing (CMP), simultaneous multithreading (SMT) and very long instruction word (VLIW) techniques have been developed. In summary, current solutions attempt to exploit the abundantly available packet parallelism by using a multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) approach. We propose a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) approach to packet processing. We highlight the inefficiencies in current network processor implementations and show how a vector processor can address these problems effectively. We tackle the problem of control flow variations in packet processing using a combination of intelligent hardware techniques and support for variable number of instruction streams (XIMD). Specifically, for the case of layer 3 routing, we show how a moderately sized cache of 2 KB can capture over 99% of routing table lookup results and enable efficient SIMD processing. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with vector algorithms for IP forwarding and network address translation. We also show how this approach can be extended to more complex packet processing applications.
Effect of concomitant food intake on pharmacokinetics of abiraterone acetate, a 17 α hydroxylase C17,20-lyase inhibitor in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). (2007)

C2 Background . Abiraterone acetate (CB7630 - Cougar Biotechnology Inc.) is an oral inhibitor of CYP17 (17 α hydroxylase and C 17,20 -Lyase), enzymes responsible for adrenal steroid synthesis. It is a prodrug to abiraterone that inhibits CYP17 irreversibly. In a phase I study, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of escalating doses of abiraterone acetate tablets administered in the fed versus fasted state were studied in patients (pts) with CRPR (also referred to as androgen-independent or hormone refractory prostate cancer).  Methods:  Eligible pts had progressive CRPC by consensus criteria and normal organ and adrenal function. Dose escalation was performed in both the fasted and fed state at doses of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg daily. All single dose pK analysis was performed on day -7 prior to the onset of continuous daily dosing. In the fed group, a high fat 800-1000 calorie meal was eaten within 30 minutes. PK analysis was performed within a detectability range of 5-500nM at timepoints of 1,2,4,6,8,12,24 and 48 hours post dose.  Results:  Twenty-seven pts have been enrolled, 17 were previously treated with ketoconazole. Median baseline PSA and testosterone levels are 24.6 ng/mL and 5.5 ng/dL, respectively. PK data is available from 6 pts at 250 mg (3 fasted, 3 fed), 9 at 500 mg (6 fasted, 3 fed), 6 at 750 mg (3 fasted, 3 fed) as well as in 6 pts at the 1000 mg dose (fasted only). No abiraterone acetate was detectable, suggesting complete conversion to abiraterone. Maximum drug concentration (Cmax) was achieved within 2.1 hours irrespective of dose or fed vs fasted state (p=0.213). At the 500 and 750 mg but not 250 mg doses a significant increase in Cmax and AUC (p=0.010) was observed in the fed pts (a 2-, 5-fold increase at 500mg and 750 mg respectively). The mean terminal t 1/2 was comparable in the fed and fasted groups at all doses (approximately 7-8 hours). Administration of abiraterone acetate with food resulted in lower interpatient variability (up to 2 fold vs 7 fold differences in Cmax and AUC) and a more linear proportionality of AUC to dose (R2 =0.773 fed versus R2 =0.035 fasted). No difference between fed and fasted groups in adrenal metabolites levels or safety is observed. Overall, 14 of 27 (51%) patients, irrespective of prior therapy with ketoconazole, have responded with a confirmed PSA decline of >50%. Responses by food state and dose are: 250 mg 2 of 3 fasted, 0 of 3 fed; 500 mg 4 of 6 fasted, 1 of 3 fed; 750 mg 1 of 3 fasted, 3 of 3 fed; 1000 mg 3 of 6 fasted, n/a fed.  Conclusions: Administration of abiraterone acetate tablets with food increases absorption although the half-life and safety profile is unaffected, suggesting a wide safety margin for this agent. The PSA response rate of 51% and safety profile associated with this agent are encouraging. Randomized phase III trials of abiraterone acetate will start enrollment in 2008.
A Dose‐Response Study of Sleep Loss and Spontaneous Sleep Termination (1986)

ABSTRACT Recent concepts of sleep/wake regulation have emphasized circadian influences and largely disregarded homeostatic ones. The present experiment was designed to study sleep loss homeostasis while minimizing confounding circadian influences. Eight male subjects participated in the study. Night sleep was curtailed across four conditions to yield 0, 2, 4, or 8 hrs of sleep. The effects were studied on subsequent day sleep begun at 1100h and spontaneously terminated. Total sleep time (TST), Stage 2 (S2), and Stages 3+4 (SWS) showed very strong dose‐dependent increases with increasing loss. REM sleep did not respond. After maximum sleep loss TST and S2 doubled whereas SWS increased fivefold. Sleep did not terminate until the prior loss of SWS had been recovered. The total SWS recovery approximately matched the loss. TST, S2, and REM failed to recover more than limited amounts of the loss. The results show that homeostatic influences on sleep may be much larger than usually acknowledged and that SWS closely, although not perfectly, reflects the “active component’ of sleep homeostasis.
Close Contact: Cutter Distance Sensors for an Adaptive Position/Torque Control in Cross Cutters (2003)

This article presents a cutter knife for synchronous and asynchronous cutters with scissors-cutting technique. A well-known design is using mechanically coupled cutters to provide synchronous motion of cutter cylinders, The cutting cylinders are braced by torsional force. The contact force between the knives has to be adjusted by a couple of adjusting devices (e.g., screws). It is necessary to readjust the equipment rather often for maintenance reasons. An improvement of this situation would be appreciated by the printing and foil production industries. A cutter distance sensor with good performance is required to introduce separately controlled servo drives in cutter knives. The test results obtained by test samples of the proposed sensor show that all information necessary for adapting the control structure and control parameters can be obtained by the proposed sensor concept. This type of sensor enables further progress in industrial drive applications, which leads to more replacement of mechanical designs by servo drives with flexible control.