gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magneto-Optic Kerr Effects in Gadolinium (1973)

An investigation of magneto-optic effects in gadolinium metal is reported. Samples prepared by vacuum evaporation were studied in situ under ultra-high-vacuum conditions to ensure clean optical surfaces. Magneto-optic Kerr rotation and ellipticity, determined using a null-type ellipsometric method, are used to calculate the magnetic contribution to the conductivity tensor. Data cover the 1-5-eV range at several temperatures. A simple model based on band calculations is used as a basis for interpretation of the data. The magneto-optic absorption is shown to have an intraband component and an interband component in analogy with ordinary optical absorption. A phenomenological intraband theory of the magneto-optic Kerr effect is presented and used to subtract out the intraband contribution from experimental data. Structure observed in the interband magneto-optic contribution to the conductivity is discussed in terms of $p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d$ and $d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}f$ transitions. Numerical estimates of the signs and weights of these transitions are made in order to support this interpretation. A number of experimentally determined parameters associated with the band structure of Gd result from this work including $d$ bandwidth and general shape, location of unoccupied $4f$ states above the Fermi level, and the amount of "$p$ character" in occupied bands. It is found that the unoccupied $d$ bands have sharper structure and only qualitative agreement in the placement of the peaks compared to band calculations. The unoccupied $4f$ states are at a higher energy than predicted by calculations.
Improved Chinese Character Input by Merging Speech and Handwriting Recognition Hypotheses (2006)

In this paper we propose to merge speech and handwriting recognition hypotheses together for improving the performance of Chinese character input. The recognition result of handwriting character input can be reliable when the character is written rather squarely. However, more legible of square handwriting tends to slow down the input (stroke writing) speed. On the other hand, speech input is fairly efficient but a large number of homonyms and its vulnerability to adverse environment prevent speech from being used as a robust Chinese character input method. The handwriting stroke information and acoustic speech information, in many cases, are complementary to each other. In this study we use independent, statistically trained HMMs for recognizing each input mode individually but merge recognition hypotheses from the two recognizers. Generalized posterior probabilities are used to synchronize, compare and merge hypotheses appropriately. Experimental results have shown that significant input speedup can be obtained while maintaining the same recognition performance.
Turbulence statistics in fully developed channel flow at low Reynolds number (1987)

A direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow is performed. The unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically at a Reynolds number of 3300, based on the mean centreline velocity and channel half-width, with about 4 × 10 6 grid points (192 × 129 × 160 in x, y, z ). All essential turbulence scales are resolved on the computational grid and no subgrid model is used. A large number of turbulence statistics are computed and compared with the existing experimental data at comparable Reynolds numbers. Agreements as well as discrepancies are discussed in detail. Particular attention is given to the behaviour of turbulence correlations near the wall. In addition, a number of statistical correlations which are complementary to the existing experimental data are reported for the first time.
A Review on High Refractive Index Nanocomposites for Optical Applications (2011)

Nanocomposite optical materials with high refractive index (RI) have been one of the most attractive issues due to their good optical property that can be used in many fields. The method for preparing high RI nanocomposites is to incorporate high RI inorganic nano-building blocks, for example, metal oxides and metal chalcogenide semiconductor nanoparticles into polymer matrices. The general design requirements and synthetic methods of these high RI nanocomposites are discussed in this review. We classify the synthetic methods into two parts: in situ particle generation method and ex situ particle generation method, and all the methods are reviewed. Some optical applications on antireflection coatings, volume holographic recording materials, high RI LED encapsulant materials, photonic band gap materials and other applications are also reviewed. The relevant patents are discussed in this article. Keywords: High refractive index, nanocomposites, nano-building blocks, optical applications, metal oxides, metal chalcogenide, in situ particle generation, ex situ particle generation method, antireflection coatings, volume holographic recording materials, high RI LED encapsulant materials, photonic band gap materials, optical materials, optical waveguides, Fresnel lenses, hologram materials, high molar refractions, Lorentz-Lorenz equation, sulfur-containing aromatic diamines, aromatic dianhydrides, optical resins, impact resistance, organic-inorganic nanocomposites, FABRICATION METHODS, Optical transparency, Rayleigh's law, RI matching method, absorption coefficients, metal oxide, Bohr diameters, irreversible agglomeration, polythiourethane (PTU) oligomers, in situ gas/solid reaction, zirconium alkoxides, titanium alkoxides, sol-gel reaction, copolymerization, UV photoinitiator, dispersibility, compatibility, miscibility, physisorption, Trioctylphos-phine oxide (TOPO), trioctylphosphine (TOP), quater-nary ammonium cation, spin-coating, dip-coating, phosphoric acid, In Situ Polymerization, UV-curing, thermal initiation, Co-Solvent, epoxy resins, mercapto-ethanol (ME), urethanemethacrylate macromer (UMM), capping agent, Phase separation, interfacial interaction, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA), N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), -ray irradiation polymerization, ophthalmic lenses, prisms, Antireflection (AR) Coatings, light transmittance, optical filters, solar cells, photodetectors, optoelectronic, reflections hamper device, infrared spectrum, photosensitizer, photopolymerization, photopolymerizable monomers, interference pattern, holographic exposure, holographic data storage, Snell's law, light-extraction efficiency, Photonic band gap (PBG) materials, optical dielectric materials, two-photon lithography, total internal reflection, nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, photochromic, self-cleaning properties
The Behavior of Colloidal Solid Particles in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts (2000)

In recent years there has been considerable interest in employing dispersed, solid colloidal panicles in the 1–500 nm diameter range to enhance the friction and wear characteristics of liquid lubricants. One important question concerning the use of these additives is the extent to which the tiny solid particles pass through rolling and sliding contacts. This paper describes a study of the lubricating behavior of two simple colloidal sol systems, one based on silver particles dispersed in an alkane and the other dispersed carbon black in mineral oil. Elastohydrodynamic film thickness measurements, in-contact visualization, friction and wear measurements are combined to investigate the extent to which colloidal solid particles enter a lubricated contact. It is shown that both of the colloidal sols studied contribute to film formation at very slow speeds, when the lubricant film thickness is less than the particle diameter. However they make no contribution to film thickness at higher speeds. The silver colloid reduces friction and wear in the thin film regime but the carbon black colloid shows a negligible beneficial effect.
Frequency of hepatitis D virus infection in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive liver diseases. (2011)

The HBV/HDV co-infection is frequent in the studied area. Therefore, practitioners and health care managers should be made aware of the risk of dual infection with HBV and HDV.
Nuclear Receptor Coactivators in Neuroendocrine Function (2000)

Steroid hormones influence a variety of neuroendocrine events, including brain development, sexual differentiation and reproduction. Hormones elicit many of these effects by binding to neuronal steroid receptors, which are members of a nuclear receptor superfamily of transcriptional activators. However, the mechanisms by which activated steroid receptors regulate gene expression in brain are not well understood. Recently, a new class of proteins, known as nuclear receptor coactivators, have been found to dramatically enhance steroid receptor mediated transactivation of genes in vitro. Here, the proposed molecular mechanisms of how these coactivators enhance the transcriptional activity of steroid receptors are summarized. While much is known about the mechanisms of these coactivators in vitro, it is unclear how these cofactors function in hormone action in vivo or in the brain. This paper discusses some of the initial and enticing investigations into the role of these important coregulatory proteins in neuroendocrine events. Finally, some of the critical issues and future directions in nuclear receptor coactivator function in neuroendocrinology are highlighted.
Symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm as a major ictal manifestation of post-traumatic epilepsy: a case report (2012)

Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) can create diagnostic confusion when typical epileptic seizures are not manifest. Abdominal symptoms as a manifestation of PTE are rare in this setting. We present a 43-year-old female with paroxysmal chest and abdominal pain, nausea, salivation, and intermittent dysphagia. Esophageal testing demonstrated diffuse esophageal spasm, but smooth muscle relaxants provided no relief. Finally, after history revealed that a motor vehicle accident temporally preceded symptom onset, video electroencephalography confirmed PTE. Therapy with anti-epileptic drug completely resolved symptoms, and the esophageal motor pattern normalized. We speculate that abnormal epileptiform discharges from the seizure focus altered cerebral input to intrinsic esophageal innervation, resulting in inhibitory dysfunction and a picture resembling diffuse esophageal spasm. This is the first report of symptomatic esophageal spasm as a major ictal manifestation of PTE.
Maternal age‐specific risks for trisomies at 9—14 weeks' gestation (1994)

This study provides data on the incidence of fetal trisomies 21, 18, and 13 at 9-14 weeks' gestation in women aged 35-45 years and estimates of maternal age-specific risks in women aged 20-45 years. Our data from 5814 singleton pregnancies undergoing first-trimester karyotyping for the sole indication of maternal age > or = 35 years were combined with those from two previous reports and the incidence of the trisomies was calculated from a total of 15,793 pregnancies. Comparison of incidences at 9-14 weeks' gestation with published data at 15-20 weeks' gestation and in livebirths demonstrated that at birth the maternal age-specific incidence of trisomy 21 is 33 per cent lower than at 15-20 weeks' gestation and 54 per cent lower than at 9-14 weeks' gestation. Furthermore, the relative frequency of trisomies 18 and 13 decreases from 30 per cent at 9-14 weeks to 22 per cent at 15-20 weeks and 14 per cent at birth.
Monitoring Animal Activity with Automated Photography (1991)

Photomonitoring with pulsed infrared beams provides an effective method of recording animal activity in the field. It has several advantages over conventional monitoring techniques, such as radiotracking, because animal activity can be recorded automatically for long periods and with little disturbance. The system is easily adapted to many situations, and its use in monitoring ground-dwelling and pollinating species is illustrated. Information recorded includes the species photographed, the direction of movement, and the date and time of each record. When monitoring inflorescences visited by pollinators, researchers can calculate the duration of each visit and the number of visits occurring over a given time. Multiple photographs of a single visit enable comparisons of foraging behavior of individuals
Alfred hitchcock, 'rear window' and American romance (2017)

In 1954 Alfred Hitchcock released his adaptation of Cornell Woolrich’s 1942 short story ‘It Had To Be Murder’, bringing it before the American public in the form of the claustrophobic and riveting thriller ‘Rear Window’. 12 years is a relatively short space of time from story to film but this was an extraordinarily eventful period in American national life and, as all adaptations are as much of their time as they are efforts to recreate in another medium something of the original text that inspired them, this paper considers what sort of effects this might have had on the process of adaptation and any potential transformations of textual meaning that might have occurred between story and film. Such a consideration is especially appropriate with a filmmaker like Alfred Hitchcock, who never felt the constraints of fidelity when it came to the task of adaptation; as he memorably observed of his own approach in conversation with Truffaut: ‘What I do is to read a story only once, and if I like the basic idea, I just forget all about the book and start to create cinema.’ The paper, then, looks at Hitchcock’s film from the perspective of unfaithful but inventive adaptation by considering ‘Rear Window’ in the light of the generic background of Woolrich’s story -- in particular the then emergent sense of a peculiarly American Romance genre – and goes on to analyse the nature of generic transformation in adaptations of the classical Hollywood era against the background of the cultural dynamics of American intellectual, political and social life through the '40s and '50s.
Novel broadband slot antenna with low cross-polarization (1996)

A new broadband slot antenna with low cross-polarization is presented. It is realized by introducing metal stubs in the aperture of a conventional bow-tie slot antenna. A spectral domain moment method analysis shows that the cross-polarization can be reduced by about 15 dB. The SWR remains below 1.6 in the bandwidth fupper/flower=2.8. Experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Use of test structures for characterising a novel photosensitive organometallic material for MOS processes (2003)

A novel process is presented which produces platinum features using direct UV exposure of a photosensitive organometallic material. The deposited films are metallic and have a good adhesion to silicon dioxide. A test chip with MOS capacitors and sheet resistance structures fabricated using the new organometallic material has been characterised.
Adsorption of PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers at silica (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAdsorption of PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers at silicaMartin Malmsten, Per Linse, and Terence CosgroveCite this: Macromolecules 1992, 25, 9, 2474–2481Publication Date (Print):April 27, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 27 April 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00035a028RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1164Altmetric-Citations149LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
THE CHEMISTRY AND ANALYSIS OF LARGE PAHs (2007)

Abstract A large economic problem in petroleum processing, the plugging of catalytic hydrocracking units, led to a study of the production of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in this process. Through that work, many other studies of PAHs happened. These included the analysis of coal tar pitches, hydrothermal-vent bitumens, carbon black, Diesel particulate, and fullerene soots. Many new PAHs were synthesized or isolated during the course of these many studies. Keywords: Large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonscatalytic hydrocrackingcoal tarhydrothermal ventperhydrocoronenechromatographic retention This paper was presented as an award address as the 20th Internaional Symposiumon Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 21–25 August 2005, Toronto, Canada. I would like to acknowledge and thank my many collaborators, most notably Wilt Biggs, Kiyokatsu Jinno, Bill Acree, Max Zander, Philippe Garrigues, Josef Michl, Jasek Waluk, Ken Laali, John Kershaw, Werner Schmidt, Oliver Mullins, Israel Agranat, and Bernie Simoneit. There were many other collaborations and interactions throughout this research and I would also like to thank the many others involved.
Inhibin: definition and nomenclature, including related substances (1988)

At a Symposium held in Tokyo, Japan, on 21 and 22 May, 1987, entitled Inhibin–Non-steroidal Regulation of Follicle Stimulating Hormone Secretion it was proposed that the following definitions and nomenclature be adopted. Inhibin is a glycoprotein hormone consisting of two dissimilar, disulphide-linked subunits, which inhibits pituitary gonadotrophin production and/or secretion, preferentially that of FSH. It was recommended that the nomenclature α and β, instead of A and B, be adopted for the subunits. The alpha subunit refers to the ∼ 20 kDa subunit of inhibin (31–32 kDa) which has been purified and cloned from porcine, bovine, ovine and human sources (Ling, Ying, Ueno et al. 1985: Mason, Hayflick, Ling et al. 1985; Miyamoto, Hasegawa, Fukuda et al. 1985: Rivier, Spiess, McClintock et al. 1985; Robertson, Foulds, Leversha et al. 1985; Forage, Ring, Brown et al. 1986; Fukuda, Miyamoto, Hasegawa et al. 1986; Mason, Niall & Seeburg, 1986, Mayo, Cerelli, Spiess
A model of graded calcium release and L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel inactivation in cardiac muscle (2004)

We have developed a model of Ca(2+) handling in ferret ventricular myocytes. This model includes a novel L-type Ca(2+) channel, detailed intracellular Ca(2+) movements, and graded Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR). The model successfully reproduces data from voltage-clamp experiments, including voltage- and time-dependent changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), L-type Ca(2+) channel current (I(CaL)) inactivation and recovery kinetics, and Ca(2+) sparks. The development of graded CICR is critically dependent on spatial heterogeneity and the physical arrangement of calcium channels in opposition to ryanodine-sensitive release channels. The model contains spatially distinct subsystems representing the subsarcolemmal regions where the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) abuts the T-tubular membrane and where the L-type Ca(2+) channels and SR ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are localized. There are eight different types of subsystems in our model, with between one and eight L-type Ca(2+) channels distributed binomially. This model exhibits graded CICR and provides a quantitative description of Ca(2+) dynamics not requiring Monte-Carlo simulations. Activation of RyRs and release of Ca(2+) from the SR depend critically on Ca(2+) entry through L-type Ca(2+) channels. In turn, Ca(2+) channel inactivation is critically dependent on the release of stored intracellular Ca(2+). Inactivation of I(CaL) depends on both transmembrane voltage and local [Ca(2+)](i) near the channel, which results in distinctive inactivation properties. The molecular mechanisms underlying many I(CaL) gating properties are unclear, but [Ca(2+)](i) dynamics clearly play a fundamental role.
Active Batch Selection via Convex Relaxations with Guaranteed Solution Bounds (2015)

Active learning techniques have gained popularity to reduce human effort in labeling data instances for inducing a classifier. When faced with large amounts of unlabeled data, such algorithms automatically identify the exemplar instances for manual annotation. More recently, there have been attempts towards a batch mode form of active learning, where a batch of data points is simultaneously selected from an unlabeled set. In this paper, we propose two novel batch mode active learning (BMAL) algorithms: BatchRank and BatchRand. We first formulate the batch selection task as an NP-hard optimization problem; we then propose two convex relaxations, one based on linear programming and the other based on semi-definite programming to solve the batch selection problem. Finally, a deterministic bound is derived on the solution quality for the first relaxation and a probabilistic bound for the second. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research effort to derive mathematical guarantees on the solution quality of the BMAL problem. Our extensive empirical studies on 15 binary, multi-class and multi-label challenging datasets corroborate that the proposed algorithms perform at par with the state-of-the-art techniques, deliver high quality solutions and are robust to real-world issues like label noise and class imbalance.
Determination and Correlation of the Solubility for Taurine in Water and Organic Solvent Systems (2010)

Using a laser monitoring technique, the solubility data of taurine in water and aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol were measured over the temperature range from (274.05 to 353.05) K. From the experimental data, the solubility data of taurine in the mixtures of water + methanol, water + ethanol, and water + 2-propanol were found to increase with increasing temperature and decrease with increasing concentration of methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol in aqueous solution. Also, the water + ethanol solution was a better solvent for the purification of taurine. The Apelblat equation, the simplified model of ideal solution, and the λh equation were used to correlate the solubility data; the results showed that the three models mentioned above agreed well with the experimental data, and the Apelblat equation was the most accurate of all of these for these systems.
Protein Expression and Prognostic Value of Genes in the erb-b Signaling Pathway in Advanced Ovarian Carcinomas (2005)

By using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemical analysis, we studied protein expression of genes in the erb-b signaling pathway (erb-b1; erb-b2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, polypeptide [PIK3CA]; phosphatase and tensin homologue [PTEN]; phosphorylated AKT [p-AKT]; and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase [p-ERK]) in 118 advanced ovarian carcinomas and related expression to clinicopathologic features and survival. High protein expression was seen in 15.3% of cases for erb-b2, 44.1% for erb-b1, 43.2% for PIK3CA, 51.6% for p-AKT, and 28.0% for p-ERK. Low protein levels of PTEN were seen in 41.5% of the cases and tended to be more common in well-differentiated tumors. In multivariate analysis, only high expression of both erb-b1 and erb-b2 was an independent factor in progression-free and disease-specific survival (P = .009, hazard ratio = 2.46; P = .002, hazard ratio = 3.023, respectively). The PI3K/AKT and RAS/MEK/ERK pathways seem to be activated in some cases of advanced ovarian carcinomas, although PIK3CA, p-AKT, p-ERK, and PTEN do not seem to be independent prognostic markers in this group of patients.