gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantification of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Using Computed Tomography and Histology (1997)

We used computed tomography (CT) and histologic analysis to quantify lung structure in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). CT scans were obtained from IPF and control patients and lung volumes were estimated from measurements of voxel size, and X-ray attenuation values of each voxel. Quantitative estimates of lung structure were obtained from biopsies obtained from diseased and normal CT regions using stereologic methods. CT density was used to calculate the proportion of tissue and air, and this value was used to correct the biopsy specimens to the level of inflation during the CT scan. The data show that IPF is associated with a reduction in airspace volume with no change in tissue volume or weight compared with control lungs. Lung surface area decreased two-thirds (p < 0.001) and mean parenchymal thickness increased tenfold (p < 0.001). An exudate of fluid and cells was present in the airspace of the diseased lung regions and the number of inflammatory cells, collagen, and proteoglycans was increased per 100 g of tissue in IPF. We conclude that IPF reorganized lung tissue content causing a loss of airspace and surface area without increasing the total lung tissue.
Effects of Heat and Natural Fermentation on Amino Acids, Flatus Producing Compounds, Lipid Oxidation and Trypsin Inhibitor in Blends of Soybean and Cornmeal (1984)

ABSTRACT The soybean meal made from autoclaved soybeans was blended to improve nutritive value of cornmeal at 10, 15 and 20% levels of soybean meal. Both raffinose and stachyose were reduced due to autoclaving of soybean meal and to fermentation of the blends of corn and soybean meals. Fermentation increased lysine, methionine, and tryptophan in the blends. These increases in the limiting amino acids resulted in increase in % RNV.
Variance oriented dynamic codebook adaptive vector quantization system for image coding (2002)

A simple and fast adaptive vector quantization system is presented for image coding. The proposed system is composed of three modules: a fast codebook generation, codebook component quantization and a dynamic codebook mechanism. In the codebook generation stage, a variance-based initialization technique is developed to improve the convergence rate and achieve a better local minimum, and a key-indexed searching method is also proposed to reduce the computations at each iteration for the generalized Lloyd algorithm. After codebook generation, each image vector is then quantized by a dynamic addressing approach with the concept of diminishing codebook size. Meanwhile, a perceptual coding scheme is exploited to encode efficaciously the codebook components for further reducing the bit-rate requirement of the system. Simulation results demonstrate that a gain of around 2 dB in PSNR upon the universal vector quantizer, together with a better quality especially in the high contrast areas, is acquired; while the general execution time of nearly 90% less than that of a full search codebook design, being comparable to that of a standard coding by the universal VQ, is obtained.
EDI via the Internet (2000)

Only about 5 per cent of the companies that could be doing EDI are doing EDI. Can the Internet change the mathematics with its lower costs and easy accessibility? The Internet is attractive, not only because it is free and can handle EDI, but because it affords even small retail concerns a new marketplace for linking with suppliers. The Internet has its own vulnerabilities. Unreliable Internet performance could result in message loss – totally unacceptable to trading partners. The Internet is perceived as an unsafe medium for the valuable and sensitive information in business transactions. Mass adoption of Internet/EDI will come when Web browser technology is married to forms‐based EDI. While Internet/EDI may be dark and dangerous, several firms are now conducting pilots or implementing production systems.
Accurate directional borehole drilling : a case study at the Navajo Dam, New Mexico (1987)

The project was conducted at Navajo Dam in northern New Mexico at the request of the Bureau of Reclamation. The trajectory of the demonstration borehole was designed to intercept a 5-ft-radius target at the final or ''punchout'' distance of 885 ft. The elevation of the borehole at this distance was within the target; the borehole punchout coordinates were 8.81 ft southwest of the target. As a result of the demonstrated accuracy, the Bureau of Reclamation has contracted the accurate drilling of boreholes as long as 600 ft from the inside of a short tunnel, to control water seepage in the right abutment. This resulted in a substantial cost savings compared to the original plan of constructing a longer tunnel and drilling 150-ft boreholes.
Tubulin hooks as probes for microtubule polarity: an analysis of the method and an evaluation of data on microtubule polarity in the mitotic spindle. (1984)

The structural polarity of cellular microtubules can be visualized in situ by lysing cells in special buffers containing tubulin. Under these conditions, the tubulin polymerizes to form curved sheets which attach to the walls of the endogenous microtubules. When such decorated microtubules are cut in cross section and viewed in the electron microscope, they appear to bear hooks curving clockwise or counter-clockwise. The direction of hook curvature is defined by the orientation of the decorated microtubule and thus serves as a probe for microtubule polarity. In this paper we describe a way to analyze the relative frequencies of hooks of different curvatures so as to measure the fidelity of the relation between hook curvature and microtubule polarity. The assumptions of the method are tested and found to be valid to a reasonable accuracy. The correlation between hook curvature and microtubule orientation is shown to be at least 0.98 for the spindles of PtK cells and Haemanthus endosperm at all stages of division and at all places in the spindle. The correlation is shown to be valid for each hook that forms, so the polarity of those microtubules that bear multiple hooks is specified with even better certainty than 0.98. This property of hook decoration is used to reinvestigate the possibility that some of the microtubules of the kinetochore fiber might be oriented with their plus ends distal to the kinetochore (opposite to the direction previously shown to predominate). Close analysis fails to identify such oppositely oriented microtubules. The scoring of tubules bearing multiple hooks also shows that individual interzone fibers at anaphase are constructed from clusters of antiparallel microtubules. The method for estimating the correlation between hook decoration and microtubule polarity is shown to be applicable to many structures and circumstances, but we find that the hook decoration assay for microtubule polarity is not uniformly accurate. We suggest that future studies using hook decorations should employ the method of data analysis presented here to assess the accuracy of the results obtained.
Production, optimization and purification of a novel extracellular protease from the moderately halophilic bacterium Halobacillus karajensis (2008)

The production of a protease was investigated under conditions of high salinity by the moderately halophilic bacterium Halobacillus karajensis strain MA-2 in a basal medium containing peptone, beef extract, maltose and NaCl when the culture reached the stationary growth phase. Effect of various temperatures, initial pH, salt and different nutrient sources on protease production revealed that the maximum secretion occurred at 34 degrees C, pH 8.0-8.5, and in the presence of gelatin. Replacement of NaCl by various concentrations of sodium nitrate in the basal medium also increased the protease production. The secreted protease was purified 24-fold with 68% recovery by a simple approach including a combination of acetone precipitation and Q-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme revealed a monomeric structure with a relative molecular mass of 36 kDa by running on SDS-PAGE. Maximum caseinolytic activity of the enzyme was observed at 50 degrees C, pH 9.0 and 0.5 M NaCl, although at higher salinities (up to 3 M) activity still remained. The maximum enzyme activity was obtained at a broad pH range of 8.0-10.0, with 55 and 50% activity remaining at pH 6 and 11, respectively. Moreover, the enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), Pefabloc SC and EDTA; indicating that it probably belongs to the subclass of serine metalloproteases. These findings suggest that the protease secreted by Halobacillus karajensis has a potential for biotechnological applications from its haloalkaline properties point of view.
Depth of interaction for PET using segmented crystals (1998)

The authors investigate the use of segmented scintillation crystals to obtain depth of interaction (DOI) information in positron emission tomography (PET) detectors. Coupling segmented crystals to a photodetector at one end yields distinct pulse heights from the different segments and the depth of interaction is determined to within the segment length. The method is simple to implement because no additional instrumentation is required. Since the technique uses light attenuation, a scintillator with sufficient light yield is required. The authors found that 4/spl times/4/spl times/10 mm/sup 3/ segments of lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) provide enough light for this application. The energy spectra of segmented crystals show clearly distinct photopeaks for each segment and the photopeak separation can be adjusted by altering the optical couple between segments. An ambiguity exists between photopeak events from an attenuated crystal and scattered events from the crystal without attenuation. This leads to the same error as a system with no depth information. Using 10 mm segments the authors find that the fraction of the events in the lower energy window due to scatter contamination in 2-segment (3-segment) crystals increases from 8% (13%) to 32% (60%) for a source in air vs. behind 16 cm of water. In imaging situations with minimal scatter medium (e.g. rodents) DOI is accurately provided by the segmented crystals, while in the presence of scatter (e.g. WB, cardiac) the method is only partially effective, and improvements in sensitivity, image quality and reduced scanner cost must be carefully evaluated.
Quasi Two-Level PWM Operation of an MMC Phase Leg With Reduced Module Capacitance (2016)

The modular multilevel converter offers benefits for medium and high voltage power conversion due to indirect series connection of devices. The drawback is a large amount of capacitance that has to be installed in each module, often prohibiting its use in cost sensitive applications. This letter proposes a new operation mode of modular multilevel topologies that allows reducing the capacitance by at least an order of magnitude. To achieve this, the multilevel operation is sacrificed, but many advantages of indirect series connection, such as proper voltage sharing, small voltage steps, limited voltage slopes, modularity, and scalability remain.
RETOOLING A BACTERIAL BIOFUEL FACTORY (2011)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTRETOOLING A BACTERIAL BIOFUEL FACTORYACS MEETING NEWS: Gene swaps tweak kinetics and equilibrium to increase output of n-butanolCARMEN DRAHLView Author Information C&EN WASHINGTONCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2011, 89, 15, 36–37Publication Date (Print):April 11, 2011Publication History Published online9 March 2012Published inissue 11 April 2011https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v089n015.p036Copyright © 2011 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views19Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) SUBJECTS:Biofuels Get e-Alerts
Gateway architectures for service oriented application-level gateways (2011)

In this paper we present lightweight and generic application level gateways for connecting service oriented sensor networks to service oriented standards in the consumer electronics domain. We study the trade-offs between interface richness, deployment granularity and overhead in discovery protocols and we present how the varying interaction patterns on both sides of the gateway can be efficiently mapped onto each other. As a result we obtain three different application-level gateways architectures. The analysis is kept concrete using the Open Service Architecture for Sensors and Universal Plug and Play (UPnP).
Use of expandable metal stents in the treatment of bronchial obstruction. (1989)

An expandable metal stent has been used to treat bronchial collapse due to polychondritis in one patient and extrinsic bronchial compression secondary to bronchogenic tumour in another.
SPIRAL URETHRAL DILATOR (1926)

These spiral urethral dilators are made of steel that takes the finest polish and they are heavily nickel-plated and polished. They are made in sizes 16-24, 18-28, 20-32, 22-36, 24-40, 26-44, 28-44 and 30-46, and are 9¾ inches long. They are numbered so that the first numeral represents the approximate metallic circumference, the French scale being used for numbering sounds. The last numeral represents the approximate diameter of the outside spiral circumference. The 20-32 size has the actual metal as in a number 20 F standard sound, and the outside diameter of the spiral is about the size of a number 32 F sound. Spiral urethral dilators were designed for the purpose of milking and massaging infected follicles and lacunae of the urethra. The surprising ease of introduction into the urethra when strictures were present stimulated me to make
Effects of Fibrillin-1 Degradation on Microfibril Ultrastructure (2006)

Current models of the elastic properties and structural organization of fibrillin-containing microfibrils are based primarily on microscopic analyses of microfibrils liberated from connective tissues after digestion with crude collagenase. Results presented here demonstrate that this digestion resulted in the cleavage of fibrillin-1 and loss of specific immunoreactive epitopes. The proline-rich region and regions near the second 8-cysteine domain in fibrillin-1 were easily cleaved by crude collagenase. Other sites that may also be cleaved during microfibril digestion and extraction were identified. In contrast to collagenase-digested microfibrils, guanidine-extracted microfibrils contained all fibrillin-1 epitopes recognized by available antibodies. The ultrastructure of guanidine-extracted microfibrils differed markedly from that of collagenase-digested microfibrils. Fibrillin-1 filaments splayed out, extending beyond the width of the periodic globular beads. Both guanidine-extracted and collagenase-digested microfibrils were subjected to extensive digestion by crude collagenase. Collagenase digestion of guanidine-extracted microfibrils removed the outer filaments, revealing a core structure. In contrast to microfibrils extracted from tissues, cell culture microfibrils could be digested into short units containing just a few beads. These data suggest that additional cross-links stabilize the long beaded microfibrils in tissues. Based on the microfibril morphologies observed after these experiments, on the crude collagenase cleavage sites identified in fibrillin-1, and on known antibody binding sites in fibrillin-1, a model is proposed in which fibrillin-1 molecules are staggered in microfibrils. This model further suggests that the N-terminal half of fibrillin-1 is asymmetrically exposed in the outer filaments, whereas the C-terminal half of fibrillin-1 is present in the interior of the microfibril.
Adaptive Immune Resistance: How Cancer Protects from Immune Attack (2015)

Several new immunotherapy strategies to treat cancer are based on inhibiting processes through which cancer adapts and evades from an immune response. Recognizing the specific adaptive resistance mechanisms in each case is likely to allow the personalized development of immunotherapies tailored to block how a particular cancer protects itself from the immune system.
TWO EFFICIENT SYNTHESES OF INDOLE-3-PROPIONIC ESTERS AND ACIDS. FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF MELDRUM'S ACID (1981)

(1981). TWO EFFICIENT SYNTHESES OF INDOLE-3-PROPIONIC ESTERS AND ACIDS. FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF MELDRUM'S ACID. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 39-48.
A Study on the Radiolytic Stability of Commercial and Purified Cyanex 301 (1996)

ABSTRACT The results of acidimetric titration, infrared spectroscopy and 31P-NMR show that dialkylmonothiophosphinic acid, dialkylphosphinic acid and other phosphorus compounds form when Cyanex 301™ is damaged by Y-irradiation. H2SO4 appears after a dose of l×l06Gy. The radiolytic stability of Cyanex 301 improves after purification. The results of extraction experiments demonstrate that the extraction selectivity of Cyanex 301 toward Am over the lanthanides decreases after irradiation. The purified Cyanex 301 can still separate tracer amount of Am from tracer amount of Eu till lx 105Gy while the commercial Cyanex 301 can do so only with l×l04Gy.
Palmitoylations on Murine Coronavirus Spike Proteins Are Essential for Virion Assembly and Infectivity (2006)

Coronavirus spike (S) proteins are palmitoylated at several cysteine residues clustered near their transmembrane-spanning domains. This is achieved by cellular palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs), which can modify newly synthesized S proteins before they are assembled into virion envelopes at the intermediate compartment of the exocytic pathway. To address the importance of these fatty acylations to coronavirus infection, we exposed infected cells to 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP), a specific PAT inhibitor. 2-BP profoundly reduced the specific infectivities of murine coronaviruses at very low, nontoxic doses that were inert to alphavirus and rhabdovirus infections. 2-BP effected only two- to fivefold reductions in S palmitoylation, yet this correlated with reduced S complexing with virion membrane (M) proteins and consequent exclusion of S from virions. At defined 2-BP doses, underpalmitoylated S proteins instead trafficked to infected cell surfaces and elicited cell-cell membrane fusions, suggesting that the acyl chain adducts are more critical to virion assembly than to S-induced syncytial developments. These studies involving pharmacologic inhibition of S protein palmitoylation were complemented with molecular genetic analyses in which cysteine acylation substrates were mutated. Notably, some mutations (C1347F and C1348S) did not interfere with S incorporation into virions, indicating that only a subset of the cysteine-rich region provides the essential S-assembly functions. However, the C1347F/C1348S mutant viruses exhibited relatively low specific infectivities, similar to virions secreted from 2-BP-treated cultures. Our collective results indicate that the palmitate adducts on coronavirus S proteins are necessary in assembly and also in positioning the assembled envelope proteins for maximal infectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Multicatalyst Reactions (MC)<sup>2</sup>R: One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroquinolinones. (2013)

Abstract A new Rh/Pd‐catalyzed conjugation‐addition/amidation/amidation reaction sequence is presented.
The Eyellipse and Considerations in the Driver’s Forward Field of View - Part 1 (1968)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The effect of pillar size on vision obscuration in the forward field of view is discussed.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The SAE J941a Eyellipse has become an accepted design tool and is one of the first of its kind to be used in automotive driver work space design. A review of this recommended practice will include a brief reminder of its value and also of its limitations. An expansion of the tools limitations covering a driver head turned consideration is included. A review of a study in process for developing an Eyellipse for use in truck packaging is also included.</div>
F-Block N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes (2009)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTF-Block N-Heterocyclic Carbene ComplexesPolly L. Arnold* and Ian J. CaselyView Author Information School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, U.K.* Telephone: (+44) 131 650 5429. Fax: (+44) 131 650 6453. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 8, 3599–3611Publication Date (Web):April 9, 2009Publication History Received13 November 2008Published online9 April 2009Published inissue 12 August 2009https://doi.org/10.1021/cr8005203Copyright © 2009 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views8384Altmetric-Citations339LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (396 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Carbene compounds,Ligands,Mathematical methods,Metals,Yttrium Get e-Alerts
Huperzine A for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (2013)

Huperzine A appears to have beneficial effects on improvement of cognitive function, daily living activity, and global clinical assessment in participants with Alzheimer's disease. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to the poor methodological quality of the included trials.