gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Occlusion of Intracranial Aneurysms by Ferromagnetic Thrombi (1969)

The rupture of intracranial aneurysms is a major cause of strokes, but present operations to repair aneurysms and to prevent their recurrent rupture are plagued by high morbidity and mortality rates. A simpler and safer operation is proposed utilizing two permanent magnet-tipped probes introduced through a small opening in the skull and guided under x-ray control to lie near the aneurysm. The magnets attract ferromagnetic emboli injected into the cerebral circulation through the internal carotid artery in the neck, eventually filling the aneurysm. Following the formation of a blood clot which would reinforce the aneurysm wall against rupture, the probes would be withdrawn. Simulated aneurysms were occluded with three-micron carbonyl-iron particles injected upstream from two 5-mm-diameter, bullet-shaped Alnico V magnets applied at the aneurysmal opening. The same particles injected into the intracranial circulation of animals did not obstruct the capillaries and produced no detectable clinical, physiologic, or pathologic changes in the brains. A clinical trial using this technique was successful in occluding an aneurysm in a patient.
Understanding the role of reactive metabolites in drug-induced hepatotoxicity: state of the science (2008)

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents a major impediment to the development of new drugs and is a leading cause of drug withdrawal. The occurrence of hepatotoxicity has been closely associated with the formation of chemically reactive metabolites. Huge investment has focused on the screening of chemically reactive metabolites to offer a pragmatic approach to produce safer drugs and also reduce drug attrition and prevent market place withdrawal. However, questions surrounding the importance of chemically reactive metabolites still remain. Increasing evidence now exists for the multi-factorial nature of DILI, in particular the role played by the host immune system or disease state in the pathogenesis of DILI. This review aims to evaluate the current measures for the prediction and diagnosis of DILI and to highlight investigations being made to understand the multidimensional nature. Some of the steps being made to generate improved physiological systems to identify more sensitive, reflective mechanism-based biomarkers to aid the earlier identification of DILI and develop safer medicines are also discussed.
Discovery of Aromatic Carbamates that Confer Neuroprotective Activity by Enhancing Autophagy and Inducing the Anti-Apoptotic Protein B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) (2017)

Neurodegenerative diseases share certain pathophysiological hallmarks that represent common targets for drug discovery. In particular, dysfunction of proteostasis and the resultant apoptotic death of neurons represent common pathways for pharmacological intervention. A library of aromatic carbamate derivatives based on the clinically available drug flupirtine was synthesized to determine a structure-activity relationship for neuroprotective activity. Several derivatives were identified that possess greater protective effect in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, protecting up to 80% of neurons against etoposide-induced apoptosis at concentrations as low as 100 nM. The developed aromatic carbamates possess physicochemical properties desirable for CNS therapeutics. The primary known mechanisms of action of the parent scaffold are not responsible for the observed neuroprotective activity. Herein, we demonstrate that neuroprotective aromatic carbamates function to increase the Bcl-2/Bax ratio to an antiapoptotic state and activate autophagy through induction of beclin 1.
Phase change materials in non-volatile storage (2011)

After revolutionizing the technology of optical data storage, phase change materials are being adopted in non-volatile semiconductor memories. Their success in electronic storage is mostly due to the unique properties of the amorphous state where carrier transport phenomena and thermally-induced phase change cooperate to enable high-speed, low-voltage operation and stable data retention possible within the same material. This paper reviews the key physical properties that make this phase so special, the quantitative framework of cell performance, and the future perspectives of phase-change memory devices at the deep nanoscale.
Eosinophils are required for the maintenance of plasma cells in the bone marrow (2011)

Plasma cells are of crucial importance for long-term immune protection. It is thought that long-lived plasma cells survive in specialized niches in the bone marrow. Here we demonstrate that bone marrow eosinophils localized together with plasma cells and were the key providers of plasma cell survival factors. In vitro, eosinophils supported the survival of plasma cells by secreting the proliferation-inducing ligand APRIL and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In eosinophil-deficient mice, plasma cell numbers were much lower in the bone marrow both at steady state and after immunization. Reconstitution experiments showed that eosinophils were crucial for the retention of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Moreover, depletion of eosinophils induced apoptosis in long-lived bone marrow plasma cells. Our findings demonstrate that the long-term maintenance of plasma cells in the bone marrow requires eosinophils.
Hydroformylation with Dendritic‐Polymer‐Stabilized Rhodium Colloids as Catalyst Precursors (2007)

Abstract Hydroformylation of 1‐hexene with rhodium colloids stabilized by poly(ethylene imine) amides with a hyperbranched polyamine core and a lipophilic periphery is reported. The catalyst selectivity for aldehydes increases with increasing temperature or pressure. The ratio of linear to branched aldehydes decreases with increasing temperature. At 80 °C and 90 atm, 1‐hexene is converted completely with 96% selectivity for aldehydes, with a ratio of linear/branched aldehydes of 58:42. Turnover numbers up to 3 × 10 4 (calculated with respect to the entire amount of Rh present) were observed. The results indicate that the catalyst precursor colloids serve as a reservoir for the formation of soluble Rh(I) complexes as the active species. magnified image
On scalable design rules vs. rule based compilation/compaction (1992)

It is well known that feature sizes of VLSI/ASIC processes are continually shrinking. The requirement for similar shrinkage of design lead times suggests that any changes to technology design rules can have a catastrophic effect upon time-to-market if design methods do not anticipate or accommodate this shrinkage. Many ASIC foundries offer an 'umbrella' set of design rules which are scalable by a global 'lambda' factor, however, this approach cannot exploit all of the minimum features of all the processes; thus an area penalty is paid in each design. A different approach is to use design rule based compilation and compaction. Here, object based cells and blocks are compiled using a parameterised technology file. User directed incremental compaction is built into the cells based upon these design rule parameters, which enable very high densities to be achieved. If a process rule changes during a design, then the relevant parameter is changed in the technology file and the cell or block is recompiled. The author investigates the contrasts between object based (procedural) layout, and the more traditional umbrella approach, highlighting where advances in database technology can be exploited to support the ever increasing requirement for process portable libraries.
A natural PPAR-  agonist, 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2, may act as an enhancer of PAI-1 in human proximal renal tubular cells under hypoxic and inflammatory conditions (2008)

The endogenous PPAR-gamma agonist, 15d-PGJ2, increased PAI-1 expression independently of PPAR-gamma via the activation of TK or MAP kinase in HPTECs and may act as an enhancer of PAI-1 production in the kidney under hypoxic and inflammatory conditions.
Transition metal-catalyzed addition of catecholborane to .alpha.-substituted vinylarenes: hydroboration vs dehydrogenative borylation (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransition metal-catalyzed addition of catecholborane to .alpha.-substituted vinylarenes: hydroboration vs dehydrogenative borylationStephen A. Westcott, Todd B. Marder, and R. Thomas BakerCite this: Organometallics 1993, 12, 3, 975–979Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00027a058https://doi.org/10.1021/om00027a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1170Altmetric-Citations118LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Facile Regiocontrolled Three-Step Synthesis of Poly-Substituted Furans, Pyrroles, and Thiophenes: Consecutive Michael Addition of Methyl Cyanoacetate to α,β-Enone, CuI-Mediated Aerobic Oxidation, and Acid-Catalyzed Paal-Knorr Synthesis (2012)

An efficient synthesis of poly-substituted furans, pyrroles, and thiophenes was carried out in a regiocontrolled manner via a three-step process; (i) conjugate addition of methyl cyanoacetate derivatives to <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>,<TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-enones, (ii) CuI-mediated aerobic oxidation, and (iii) Paal-Knorr type synthesis of five-membered heterocycles.
Deuterium isotope effects in carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Investigation of tautomeric equilibriums in enamino ketone systems (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDeuterium isotope effects in carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Investigation of tautomeric equilibriums in enamino ketone systemsG. M. Coppola, R. Damon, A. D. Kahle, and M. J. ShapiroCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 6, 1221–1222Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00319a040https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00319a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views59Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Enhanced Photocleavage of Water Using Titania Nanotube Arrays (2004)

In this study highly ordered titania nanotube arrays of variable wall thickness are used to photocleave water under ultraviolet irradiation. We demonstrate that the wall thickness and length of the nanotubes can be controlled via anodization bath temperature. We find that the nanotube wall thickness is a key parameter influencing the magnitude of the photoanodic response and the overall efficiency of the water-splitting reaction. For 22 nm inner pore diameter nanotube arrays, those fabricated in a 5 degrees C anodization bath, 224 nm length and 34 nm wall thickness produced a photoanodic response that was thrice that of a nanotube array fabricated in a 50 degrees C anodization bath, 120 nm length and 9 nm wall-thickness. At high anodic polarization, above 1 V, the quantum efficiency under 337 nm illumination was greater than 90%. For the 5 degrees C anodization bath samples (22 nm pore-diameter, 34 nm wall thickness), upon 320-400 nm illumination at an intensity of 100 mW/cm(2), hydrogen gas was generated at the power-time normalized rate of 960 micromol/h W (24 mL/h W) at an overall conversion efficiency of 6.8%. To the best of our knowledge, this hydrogen generation rate is the highest reported for a titania-based photoelectrochemical cell.
A New Stable Capacitor and its Application to the Measurement of Angle (1971)

A capacitor that consists of four suitably spaced rings is considered for use as a reference standard and as the main element of a device for precise measurement of angle. In this capacitor, the mean of the two values of capacitance between the diagonally opposite rings is a second‐order function of random variations of ring spacing and shape. This property promises good stability and leads to simplified construction. When used for angle measurement, a ratio of two capacitances defines the angle. This makes variations of supply voltages, temperature, humidity, and pressure of lesser concern. Possible applications are in the fields of astronomy, geodesy, space technology, and precision mechanics.
‘Desperate house genes’: the dramatic example of hypoxia (2010)

The choice of a valid HKG will determine the relevance of the results that will be further interpreted, and so it should be seriously considered. The results of our study confirm unambiguously that HKG variations must be precisely and systematically determined before any experiment for each situation, to obtain reliable normalised results in the experimental setting that has been designed. Indeed, such assay design, functional for all in vitro systems, should be carefully evaluated before any extension to other experimental models including in vivo ones.
Occupied Japan: A working bibliography (1974)

Among the more puzzling hiatuses in the study of postwar Japan as well as postwar Pacific capitalism has been the relative paucity of scholarship on the occupation of 1945-1952. Puzzling because it can be argued that the contours of the contemporary Japanese state were significantly shaped (or not reshapen) in these years. Puzzling because the occupation and the two succeeding years which capped it with the Mutual Security Agreement offer an exceptional insight into an international neo-capitalist nexus in the making—with all its hesitancy, cul-de-sacs, tangled ganglions, and dynamics. And puzzling also because there is a wealth of discrete material on the subject available in English, much of which has been around for a long while, and virtually no one has yet tried to piece it together systematically.
Trends in Acute Ischemic Stroke Trials Through the 20th Century (2001)

Accelerating trends in acute stroke controlled trials include growth in number, sample size, and quality, and reduction in entry time window. These changes reflect an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of acute stroke, the imperative for treatment initiation within a critical time window, and more sophisticated trial design.
The Evolutionary Design of Collective Computation in Cellular Automata (1998)

We investigate the ability of a genetic algorithm to design cellular automata that perform computations. The computational strategies of the resulting cellular automata can be understood using a framework in which ``particles'' embedded in space-time configurations carry information and interactions between particles effect information processing. This structural analysis can also be used to explain the evolutionary process by which the strategies were designed by the genetic algorithm. More generally, our goals are to understand how machine-learning processes can design complex decentralized systems with sophisticated collective computational abilities and to develop rigorous frameworks for understanding how the resulting dynamical systems perform computation.
[Analysis of the interaction of the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems in immunomodulation]. (1984)

The monoamine systems take part in the mechanisms of immunomodulation: the dopaminergic one accelerates and the serotoninergic system inhibits the development of immune response, the final result being determined by their interaction. The immunomodulation is actualized by the dopaminergic system through the thymus and by the serotoninergic one--through the adrenals.
NEC's Simple Middlebox Configuration (SIMCO) Protocol Version 3.0 (2006)

This document describes a protocol for controlling middleboxes such as
firewalls and network address translators. It is a fully compliant
implementation of the Middlebox Communications (MIDCOM) semantics
described in RFC 3989. Compared to earlier experimental versions of
the SIMCO protocol, this version (3.0) uses binary message encodings
in order to reduce resource requirements. This memo defines an
Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.
Attribute based file organization in a paged memory environment (1974)

The high cost of page accessing implies a need for for more careful data organization in a paged memory than is typical of most inverted file and similar approaches to multi-key retrieval. This article analyses that cost and proposes a method called multiple key hashing which attempts to minimize it. Since this approach is not always preferable to inversion, a combined method is described. The exact specifications of this combination for a file with given data and traffic characteristics is formulated as a mathematical program. The proposed heuristic solution to this program can often improve on a simple inversion technique by a factor of 2 or 3.
Measurement of Fast Neutron Total Cross Sections (1957)

A system is described for measuring high resolution (e.g., 1 kev) total neutron cross sections at high counting rate in the range above 50-kev neutron energy using as a neutron detector a thick proton recoil detector. The pulsed-beam time-of-flight technique is used to identify the neutrons of interest, which are produced in the target of an electrostatic accelerator. Energy modulation of the accelerator makes it possible to make observations at 100 energy points simultaneously. Illustrative results are given on the 585-kev resonance in sulfur and on aluminum in the neighborhood of 585 kev. The gain in speed of taking data over conventional systems is greater than a factor of 100.
Electromagnetic Techniques in the In-Situ Recovery of Heavy Oils (1983)

The majority of the Alberta oil sands are deeply buried and, at formation temperature, the oil in the formation has a viscous and tar-like consistency. Electromagnetic in-situ heating of the oil to make it more fluid and mobile is suggested as an integral part of in-situ recovery operations. Thermal and electrical properties of the Athabasca deposit of the Alberta oil sands have been measured for a wide range of conditions and some fundamental constraints on electromagnetic in-situ heating of these deposits are identified. Several in-situ electromagnetic heating schemes are suggested and general criteria for physical scale modelling of heating configurations in the laboratory are developed. Results of scale model experiments are presented and viable electrode configurations are identified. An estimate is made of the cost of electrical energy per barrel of oil recovered by electromagnetic in-situ heating.
Ferroelectric- and Liquid Crystal-Tunable Microwave Phase Shifters (2003)

This paper introduces two different low-cost, voltage-controlled tunable phase shifter devices based on (1) coplanar waveguide on a ferroelectric thick film ceramics and Al2O3-microwave substrate and (2) inverted-microstrip line with standard and novel liquid crystal (LC) in-between. For the first type, the differential phase shift can be controlled continuously and exceeds 360° at 38 GHz for a maximum dc voltage of 100 V, corresponding to an electrical field strength of 3.3 V/μm. The best phase shifter figure-of-merit values, i.e. the quotient of differential phase shift and insertion loss, amounts to 15 to 28°/dB at 24 GHz for a maximum field strength of 10 V/μm. This can be increased up to 50°/dB at 24 GHz for very high field strengths above 20 V/μm. In contrast, with comparatively low control voltage of 40 V (0.18 V/μm), the figure-of-merit of the LC type phase shifter amounts to 16°/dB at 20 GHz for a standard nematic LC K15 and 68°/dB for an advanced LC mixture.
Targeted analysis of ganglioside and sulfatide molecular species by LC/ESI-MS/MS with theoretically expanded multiple reaction monitoring (2008)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been applied primarily to the analysis of glycosphingolipids separated from other complex mixtures by TLC, but it is difficult to obtain quantitative profiling of each glycosphingolipid among the different spots on TLC by MALDI-MS. Thus, the development of a convenient approach that utilizes liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization (LC/ESI)-MS has received interest. However, previously reported methods have been insufficient to separate and distinguish each ganglioside class. Here we report an effective method for the targeted analysis of theoretically expected ganglioside molecular species by LC/ESI tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) in combination with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). MRM detection specific for sialic acid enabled us to analyze ganglioside standards such as GM1, GM2, GM3, GD1, and GT1 at picomolar to femtomolar levels. Furthermore, other gangliosides, such as GD2, GD3, GT2, GT3, and GQ1, were also detected in glycosphingolipid standard mixtures from porcine brain and acidic glycolipid extract from mouse brain by theoretically expanded MRM. We found that this approach was also applicable to sulfatides contained in the glycosphingolipid mixtures. In addition, we established a method to separate and distinguish regioisomeric gangliosides, such as GM1a and -1b, GD1a, -1b, and -1c, and GT1a, -1b, and -1c with diagnostic sugar chains in the MRM.
Optically Controlled Microwave Devices and Circuits (2005)

There is a growing interest in optically controlled microwave devices and systems. This paper is concerned with two experiments in this emerging area. The first describes the design, fabrication and application of optically controlled microwave PIN diodes. The utilization of these devices for phase-shifting and switching at X-band was demonstrated. The second experiment involved the optical tuning and indirect optical injection locking of a X-band dielectric resonator oscillator. A locking range of 400 KHz was achieved utilizing a third harmonic.