gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide on Parkinson’s disease rat models (2009)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). The present study was designed to examine the therapeutic effect of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S, a novel biological gas) on PD. The endogenous H(2)S level was markedly reduced in the SN in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rat model. Systemic administration of NaHS (an H(2)S donor) dramatically reversed the progression of movement dysfunction, loss of tyrosine-hydroxylase positive neurons in the SN and the elevated malondialdehyde level in injured striatum in the 6-OHDA-induced PD model. H(2)S specifically inhibited 6-OHDA evoked NADPH oxidase activation and oxygen consumption. Similarly, administration of NaHS also prevented the development of PD induced by rotenone. NaHS treatment inhibited microglial activation in the SN and accumulation of pro-inflammatory factors (e.g. TNF-alpha and nitric oxide) in the striatum via NF-kappaB pathway. Moreover, significantly less neurotoxicity was found in neurons treated with the conditioned medium from microglia incubated with both NaHS and rotenone compared to that with rotenone only, suggesting that the therapeutic effect of NaHS was, at least partially, secondary to its suppression of microglial activation. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that H(2)S may serve as a neuroprotectant to treat and prevent neurotoxin-induced neurodegeneration via multiple mechanisms including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and metabolic inhibition and therefore has potential therapeutic value for treatment of PD.
<title>Integrated acousto-optic circuits for communications, signal processing, and computing</title> (1992)

There has been a number of significant advances in recent years in the conception and realization of new and novel guided-wave acoustooptic (AO) devices and related integration technologies in common waveguide substrates. In this paper, a selective review of the most recent advances in the realization of multi-channel integrated AO modules or circuits in LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> and GaAs substrates with applications to communications, RF signal processing and computing is presented.
Scope of worldwide hepatitis C problem (2003)

1. Hepatitis C is a global health problem affecting over 170 million people worldwide. 2. There is wide geographic variation in both prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus on a global level. 3. Most hepatitis C virus is spread parenterally, either through intravenous drug use or, in lesser-developed countries, through blood contamination during medical procedures. 4. Hepatitis C is a leading cause of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. 5. Despite a declining incidence of new infections, the burden of disease, both in terms of mortality and in terms of cost, is expected to increase over the next decade.
Universal lossless compression via multilevel pattern matching (2000)

A universal lossless data compression code called the multilevel pattern matching code (MPM code) is introduced. In processing a finite-alphabet data string of length n, the MPM code operates at O(log log n) levels sequentially. At each level, the MPM code detects matching patterns in the input data string (substrings of the data appearing in two or more nonoverlapping positions). The matching patterns detected at each level are of a fixed length which decreases by a constant factor from level to level, until this fixed length becomes one at the final level. The MPM code represents information about the matching patterns at each level as a string of tokens, with each token string encoded by an arithmetic encoder. From the concatenated encoded token strings, the decoder can reconstruct the data string via several rounds of parallel substitutions. A O(1/log n) maximal redundancy/sample upper bound is established for the MPM code with respect to any class of finite state sources of uniformly bounded complexity. We also show that the MPM code is of linear complexity in terms of time and space requirements. The results of some MPM code compression experiments are reported.
Transplantation of embryonic kidneys (2002)

The number of kidney allotransplants performed per year is limited by the availability of human donor organs. Xenotransplantation of a vascularized organ, such as the kidney, as an alternative to allotransplantation presents formidable immunological challenges. One novel solution to this conundrum is to use embryonic kidneys taken from animal donors early during organogenesis when metanephroi can be transplanted in 'cellular' form. We and others have shown that developing embryonic kidneys (metanephroi) transplanted into the omentum of animal hosts undergo differentiation and growth in situ, become vascularized by blood vessels of host origin and exhibit excretory function. Metanephroi can be stored for up to 3 days in vitro prior to transplantation with no impairment in growth or function post-implantation. Metanephroi can be transplanted across both concordant (rat to mouse) and highly disparate/discordant (pig to rodent) xenogeneic barriers. This review summarizes experimental data relating to the transplantation of embryonic kidneys.
Clinicians' Guide to Diabetes Gadgets and Gizmos (2008)

W hen I began working in diabetes, the first blood glucose meter had just been released. It required a large drop of blood, timing with a watch, and rinsing with a solution for a prescribed number of seconds, before drying with a specific type of cloth. If memory serves, it took 3-4 minutes to get a result. Despite what seems unbelievably burdensome now, this was an exciting innovation for people with diabetes and began the race toward the rapid results we expect today.





 Figure 1. 
Innolet Figure 2. 
SoloStar Figure 3. 
Lilly KwikPen 



Today, we have sensors that provide readouts of interstitial glucose levels 24/7, and, hopefully, technology is on the cusp of an integrated pump/sensor that would automate the process of delivering insulin. Until that day arrives, we must be content with the various gadgets and gizmos that make the burden of caring for diabetes a little easier.

My colleagues and patients have been gracious in allowing me to pick their brains to assemble the material for this article. I am certain there are other handy items that are not included. The gadgets I've chosen to include are organized into categories below. The patient information page that accompanies this article (p. 73) provides manufacturer websites for additional information.

### Pen devices and needles

Although syringes and vials still work, many people prefer using pen injection devices to deliver insulin or other injected medications. Pens are convenient and portable. They do not require refrigeration for specified amounts of time, and they making dosing easy.

Pens are safer than syringes for people with visual limitations or motor/sensory problems with their hands. With pen devices, the actual dose can be counted off with the clicks as the dose is dialed. In Europe, pens are the standard; in the United States, insurers may not cover their cost unless a patient's visual or motor impairments are …
Emerging protein array technologies for proteomics (2013)

Numerous efforts have been made to understand fundamental biology of diseases based on gene expression. However, the relationship between gene expression and onset of disease often remains obscure. The great advances in protein microarrays allow us to investigate this unclear question through protein profiles, which are regarded as more reliable than gene expressions to serve as the harbinger of disease onset or as the biomarker of disease treatment monitoring. The authors review two relatively new platforms of protein arrays, along with an introduction to the common basis of protein array technologies. Immobilization of proteins on the surface of arrays and neutralizing reactive areas after the immobilization are key practical issues in the field of protein array. One of the emerging protein array technologies is the magneto-nanosensor array, where giant magnetoresistive sensors are used to quantitatively measure the analytes of interest, which are labeled with magnetic nanoparticles. Similar to giant magnetoresistive sensors, several different ways of utilizing magnetic properties for biomolecular detection have been developed and are reviewed here. Another emerging protein array technology is nucleic acid programmable protein arrays, which have thousands of protein features directly expressed by nucleic acids on the array surface. The authors anticipate that these two emerging protein array platforms can be combined to produce synergistic benefits and open new applications in proteomics and clinical diagnostics.
Requirements and challenges for tactical free-space Lasercomm (2008)

Mobile free-space laser communications is the next frontier for net-centric connectivity, as bandwidth, spectrum and security issues drive its adoption as an adjunct to RF communications. However, key technology challenges must be addressed and mission requirements understood for it to emerge as a meaningful capability for dynamic tactical communications environments. We present a brief overview of the current military communication infrastructure and future needs, before highlighting terrestrial Lasercomm technology status and trends, and lessons learned from several experiments and field tests. Optical link service parameters and metrics are assessed in the context of available architecture and techniques, while the effectiveness of various technologies to mitigate atmospheric turbulence, poor weather and pointing/tracking inaccuracies is analyzed for improved reliability. Finally, the ramifications of cost and SWaP (size, weight and power), critical to tactical Lasercomm deployment, are considered in narrowing down these technology options.
Optimization of stochastic planning models. (2018)

Abstract: "In order to solve the production planning problem given in 'Part I', a successive disaggregation algorithm is developed based on extensive sensitivity analysis for guiding the decisions on how to repartition the aggregate probability space. The partitioning algorithm is guaranteed to converge to the exact solution in a finite number of iterations, and has a highly parallel decomposition and computer implementation. Example problems are presented to demonstrate the solution technique. Results are compared with the alternative solution methods, variants of Benders decomposition schemes tailored to the dynamic staircase LP structure."
Clinical, Radiologic, Pathologic, and Molecular Characteristics of Long-Term Survivors of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG): A Collaborative Report From the International and European Society for Pediatric Oncology DIPG Registries (2018)

Purpose Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a brainstem malignancy with a median survival of < 1 year. The International and European Society for Pediatric Oncology DIPG Registries collaborated to compare clinical, radiologic, and histomolecular characteristics between short-term survivors (STSs) and long-term survivors (LTSs). Materials and Methods Data abstracted from registry databases included patients from North America, Australia, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and Croatia. Results Among 1,130 pediatric and young adults with radiographically confirmed DIPG, 122 (11%) were excluded. Of the 1,008 remaining patients, 101 (10%) were LTSs (survival ≥ 2 years). Median survival time was 11 months (interquartile range, 7.5 to 16 months), and 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year survival rates were 42.3% (95% CI, 38.1% to 44.1%), 9.6% (95% CI, 7.8% to 11.3%), 4.3% (95% CI, 3.2% to 5.8%), 3.2% (95% CI, 2.4% to 4.6%), and 2.2% (95% CI, 1.4% to 3.4%), respectively. LTSs, compared with STSs, more commonly presented at age < 3 or > 10 years (11% v 3% and 33% v 23%, respectively; P < .001) and with longer symptom duration ( P < .001). STSs, compared with LTSs, more commonly presented with cranial nerve palsy (83% v 73%, respectively; P = .008), ring enhancement (38% v 23%, respectively; P = .007), necrosis (42% v 26%, respectively; P = .009), and extrapontine extension (92% v 86%, respectively; P = .04). LTSs more commonly received systemic therapy at diagnosis (88% v 75% for STSs; P = .005). Biopsies and autopsies were performed in 299 patients (30%) and 77 patients (10%), respectively; 181 tumors (48%) were molecularly characterized. LTSs were more likely to harbor a HIST1H3B mutation (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.5; P = .002). Conclusion We report clinical, radiologic, and molecular factors that correlate with survival in children and young adults with DIPG, which are important for risk stratification in future clinical trials.
HIGH TEMPERATURE SEMICONDUCTING COMPOUNDS FOR THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION (1961)

Certain sulfides, selenides, and tellurides of uranium and thorium were investigated with respect to their potential usefulness as high-temperature thermoelectric materials. Intermediate phases with compositions of the forms MX, MX2,AND M2X3 (where M = Th or U, and X = S, Se, or Te) were synthesized, and their Seebeck coefficients and electrical resistivities measured as functions of temperature. The only material found to have a Seebeck coefficient sufficiently high to be of particular interest was ThS2, with a value of 700 microV/degrees C at 400 C. Determination of the chemical and crystalline composition of the synthesized materials was a difficult problem, and it was recommended that any continuation of the work be concentrated on overcoming this difficulty. (Author)
On the Impact of Document Representation on Classifier Per-formance in e-Mail Categorization. (2005)

Abstract: Thispaperprovidesananalysisofmulti-classe-mailcategorizationper-formance.Inordertoinvestigatethisissue,thequalityofvariousclassiﬁcational-gorithmsbasedontwodistinctdocumentrepresentationformalismsiscompared.Inparticular,bothastandardword-baseddocumentrepresentationaswellasacharactern -gramdocumentrepresentationisused.Thelatterisregardedashighlynoise-tolerantandwasoriginallyproposedforautomaticlanguageidentiﬁcation andasaconvenientmeansforproducingcompactdocumentindices. Furthermoretheimpactofusingavailablee-mailspeciﬁcmeta-informationonclassiﬁcationperformanceisexploredandtheﬁndingsarepresented. 1Introduction Thetaskofautomaticallysortingdocumentsofadocumentcollectionintocategoriesfromapredeﬁnedset,isreferredtoastext categorization .Textcategorizationisapplicableinavarietyofdomains:documentgenreidentiﬁcation,authorshipattribution,surveycoding,tonamebutafew[Seb02].Oneparticularapplicationiscategorizinge-mailmessagesintolegitimateandspammessages,i.e.spam ﬁltering.Androutsopoulosetal.comparein[APK
Identifying driver mutations in sequenced cancer genomes: computational approaches to enable precision medicine (2014)

High-throughput DNA sequencing is revolutionizing the study of cancer and enabling the measurement of the somatic mutations that drive cancer development. However, the resulting sequencing datasets are large and complex, obscuring the clinically important mutations in a background of errors, noise, and random mutations. Here, we review computational approaches to identify somatic mutations in cancer genome sequences and to distinguish the driver mutations that are responsible for cancer from random, passenger mutations. First, we describe approaches to detect somatic mutations from high-throughput DNA sequencing data, particularly for tumor samples that comprise heterogeneous populations of cells. Next, we review computational approaches that aim to predict driver mutations according to their frequency of occurrence in a cohort of samples, or according to their predicted functional impact on protein sequence or structure. Finally, we review techniques to identify recurrent combinations of somatic mutations, including approaches that examine mutations in known pathways or protein-interaction networks, as well as de novo approaches that identify combinations of mutations according to statistical patterns of mutual exclusivity. These techniques, coupled with advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing, are enabling precision medicine approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Bactericidal action of positive and negative ions in air (2007)

The results of the study suggest that the bactericidal action attributed to negative air ions by previous researchers may have been overestimated.
Effect of environmental and genetic factors on the correlation and stability of grain yield components in wheat (2011)

More effective breeding and development of new wheat genotypes depend on an intricate analysis of the complex relationships among many different traits. The objective of this paper was to determine the interrelationship, direct and indirect effects, and stability of different yield components in wheat. Forty divergent genotypes were analyzed in a three- year study (2005-2007). Highly significant correlations were found between grain yield per plant and all the other traits analyzed except spike length, with the only negative correlation being that with plant height. Path analysis revealed highly significant direct effects of grain number per spike, grain mass per spike and 1000 grain weight on grain yield per plant. Analysis of stability parameters showed that the stability of grain yield per plant depended for the most part on the stability of grain number per spike, grain mass per spike and harvest index. Cluster analysis identified genotypes with a high performance for grain yield per plant and good stability parameters, indicating the possibility of developing wheat varieties with a high potential and high stability for a particular trait.
Royalty Issues: Take-or-Pay Claims and Division Orders (1989)

An issue increasingly in dispute between lessors and lessees is the right of royalty owners to share in proceeds which an operator has received under a take-or-pay clause.Such clauses, which are common in gas purchase contracts entered into in the last two decades, obligate the pipeline purchaser to take a specified percentage of a well's delivery capacity.The pipeline is required to pay for the prescribed amount of gas, even if it fails to take it.Under most contracts, however, the pipeline has a stipulated period, such as five years, in which it can "make up" by taking gas in excess of a current year's take requirements and crediting the excess take against the amount paid for the earlier deficiency.' 1. Payments Made Pursuant to the Take-or-Pay Clause:Existing Case Law Many lessors are now claiming they are owed royalty on payments made pursuant to the take-or-pay clause.The operators, by and large, have countered with the argument that no royalty is due until the gas is actually produced and delivered.Under the logic of this argument the lessor's right to royalty is deferred until the make-up option has been exercised.As thus formulated, the dispute is essentially over when the royalty is due: at the time the payment is made or as gas allocable to the payment is taken by the purchaser.To date, there have been only a few cases dealing with this issue, and they have been resolved in favor of the producer.Recently the Fifth Circuit in Diamond Shamrock Exploration Co. v. Hodel 2 rendered its decision on conflicting holdings from the Western and Eastern Districts of Louisiana, which had been consolidated on appeal.In the litigation involving Diamond Shamrock, the United States, as lessor, asserted a right to unpaid royalties and accumulated interest on take-or-pay proceeds received by its lessee on gas production from federal lands.In an opinion which was not reported in the advance sheets, the federal judge 1.For a discussion of the issues which may be involved in a
Homogeneous hydrolysis rate constants for selected chlorinated methanes, ethanes, ethenes, and propanes (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHomogeneous hydrolysis rate constants for selected chlorinated methanes, ethanes, ethenes, and propanesPeter M. Jeffers, Lisa M. Ward, Lisa M. Woytowitch, and N. Lee WolfeCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989, 23, 8, 965–969Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00066a006https://doi.org/10.1021/es00066a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views994Altmetric-Citations184LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Irreversible changes in protein conformation due to interaction with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (2011)

The understanding of the interactions between nanomaterials and proteins is of extreme importance in medicine. In a biological fluid, proteins can adsorb and associate with nanoparticles, which can have significant impact on the biological behavior of the proteins and the nanoparticles. We report here on the interactions of iron saturated human transferrin protein with both bare and polyvinyl alcohol coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The exposure of human transferrin to SPIONs results in the release of iron, which changes the main function of the protein, which is the transport of iron among cells. After removal of the magnetic nanoparticles, the original protein conformation is not recovered, indicating irreversible changes in transferrin conformation: from a compact to an open structure.
Probing dynamics and pinning of single vortices in superconductors at nanometer scales (2015)

The dynamics of quantized magnetic vortices and their pinning by materials defects determine electromagnetic properties of superconductors, particularly their ability to carry non-dissipative currents. Despite recent advances in the understanding of the complex physics of vortex matter, the behavior of vortices driven by current through a multi-scale potential of the actual materials defects is still not well understood, mostly due to the scarcity of appropriate experimental tools capable of tracing vortex trajectories on nanometer scales. Using a novel scanning superconducting quantum interference microscope we report here an investigation of controlled dynamics of vortices in lead films with sub-Angstrom spatial resolution and unprecedented sensitivity. We measured, for the first time, the fundamental dependence of the elementary pinning force of multiple defects on the vortex displacement, revealing a far more complex behavior than has previously been recognized, including striking spring softening and broken-spring depinning, as well as spontaneous hysteretic switching between cellular vortex trajectories. Our results indicate the importance of thermal fluctuations even at 4.2 K and of the vital role of ripples in the pinning potential, giving new insights into the mechanisms of magnetic relaxation and electromagnetic response of superconductors.