gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Color Doppler flow imaging of liver tumors. (1990)

A differential diagnosis of liver tumors was attempted on the basis of the pattern of blood flow within and around tumors on color Doppler flow images. The study comprised 35 patients with liver mass lesions: 20 patients had hepatocellular carcinoma, six had hemangiomas, four had metastatic liver cancers, one had cholangiocellular carcinoma, one had focal fatty liver, and three had liver cysts. A basket pattern (a fine blood-flow network surrounding the tumor nodule) was observed in 15 (75%) of the 20 hepatocellular carcinomas. An image of vessels within the tumor (blood flow that runs into and branches within the tumor) was observed in 13 (65%) of the 20 hepatocellular carcinomas. These two findings were observed only in hepatocellular carcinomas; even when the tumor was smaller than 2 cm in diameter, these findings were observed frequently. In the patients with multiple hepatic metastases, a "detour" pattern (a dilated portal vein meandering around the tumor nodules) was observed. In three of the six hemangiomas, a "spot" pattern (color-stained dots or patches in the central region of the tumor) was seen. Our experience suggests that hepatocellular carcinomas have a characteristic appearance on color Doppler flow images.
Network abuse detection via flow content characterization (2005)

One of the growing problems faced by network administrators is the abuse of computing resources by authorized and unauthorized personnel. The nature of abuse may vary from using unauthorized applications to serving unauthorized content. Proliferation of peer-to-peer networks and the availability of proxies for tunneling makes it difficult to detect such abuse and easy to circumvent security policies. This paper presents a novel method to detect abuse of resources on a network based solely on the payload content type. The proposed method does not depend on packet headers and other simple packet characteristics and hence is able to better detect incidents of abuse.
Biotransformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane by a Clostridium sp (1989)

A gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, motile, endospore-forming rod, tentatively identified as a proteolytic Clostridium sp., was isolated from the effluent of an anaerobic suspended-growth bioreactor. The organism was able to biotransform 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane was completely transformed (greater than or equal to 99.5%) by reductive dehalogenation to 1,1-dichloroethane (30 to 40%) and, presumably by other mechanisms, to acetic acid (7%) and unidentified products. The reductive dehalogenation of tetrachloromethane led to the intermediate trichloromethane, which was further transformed to dichloromethane (8%) and unidentified products. The biotransformation occurred during the exponential growth phase, as well as during the stationary phase. Tetrachlorethene, trichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethene, chloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, and dichloromethane were not biotransformed significantly by the organism.
Efficient scan-window based object detection using GPGPU (2008)

We describe an efficient design for scan-window based object detectors using a general purpose graphics hardware computing (GPGPU) framework. While the design is particularly applied to built a pedestrian detector that uses histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) features and the support vector machine (SVM) classifiers, the methodology we use is generic and can be applied to other objects, using different features and classifiers. The GPGPU paradigm is utilized for feature extraction and classification, so that the scan windows can be processed in parallel. We further propose to precompute and cache all the histograms in advance, instead of using integral images, which greatly lowers the computation cost. A multi-scale reduce strategy is employed to save expensive CPU-GPU data transfers. Experimental results show that our implementation achieves a more-than-ten-times speed up with no loss on detection rates.
Exploitation vs. exploration: Choosing keywords for search-based advertising services (2010)

Search-based advertising services provided by search engines enable companies to promote their products to internet users based on their queries is now a major online advertising channel. In most search based advertising services, a company sets a budget, selects keywords, bid for each keyword and pay for each click received. Thus the profit of the company highly lies on the reward of each keyword, i.e. conversion rate. With many keywords available and uncertain conversion rate associated with the ad for each keyword, identifying the most profitable keywords becomes challenge for companies. In this research, we consider the challenge as the exploitation and exploration trade-off problem which advertisers must choose between maximizing its expected reward according to its current knowledge about the keywords and trying to learn more knowledge about other keywords, since this might find keywords with higher reward. We first show the similarity of the keyword problem to the multi-armed bandit problem and use Gittins indices to solve the problem with 1-keyword per stage. We also propose four policies for the problem with multiple keywords per stage and suggest the best policy for different context by simulation.
A rapid PCR ELISA for the detection of activated K-<i>ras</i> in colorectal cancer (1995)

Aims-To develop a rapid PCR ELISA procedure for the detection of mutations in K-ras in a microtitre plate format, and to evaluate the assay for the detection of these mutations in human colorectal cancer.Methods-An enriched PCR method was used with labelled primers, and PCR product was captured on GCN4 coated immunoassay plates. Detection of biotinylated mutant product was performed by colorimetric assay with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase. The assay was used to determine K-ras status in a series of 60 human colorectal neoplasms, together with paired normal colonic mucosa. Results from gel electrophoretic analysis were compared with ELISA results.Results-The assay proved reliable in detecting K-ras mutations in DNA extracted from both fresh and paraffin embedded colorectal tumours. ELISA results were comparable with results from gel electrophoresis. Mutations of K-ras were detected in 16 of 48 adenocarcinomas and five of 12 adenomas but no mutations were detected in normal mucosa. There was a highly significant difference (p<0.0005) between optical density values for carcinomas with mutant K-ras and their paired normal data. Adenomas did not show the clear distinction between positive and negative results seen with carcinomas.Conclusions-This assay provides a rapid and reliable means of detecting mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene. The single tube format colorimetric analysis in microtitre plates and clear discrimination between mutant and wild type genes makes the assay suitable for automation. The occurrence of intermediate results in the case of adenomas provides support for the hypothesis that mutations of K-ras occur early in the course of colorectal carcinogenesis.
Biomimetic Flavin-Catalyzed Aldehyde Oxidation (2012)

The oxidation of alkyl and aryl aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids has been achieved through the action of a biomimetic bridged flavin catalyst. The reaction uses readily available 35% aqueous hydrogen peroxide and is operationally simple. The oxidation is a green and sustainable reaction, obviating chlorinated solvents with minimal byproducts.
Reinforcement Learning for RoboCup Soccer Keepaway (2005)

RoboCup simulated soccer presents many challenges to reinforcement learning methods, including a large state space, hidden and uncertain state, multiple independent agents learning simultaneously, and long and variable delays in the effects of actions. We describe our application of episodic SMDP Sarsa(λ) with linear tile-coding function approximation and variable λ to learning higher-level decisions in a keepaway subtask of RoboCup soccer. In keepaway, one team, “the keepers,” tries to keep control of the ball for as long as possible despite the efforts of “the takers.” The keepers learn individually when to hold the ball and when to pass to a teammate. Our agents learned policies that significantly outperform a range of benchmark policies. We demonstrate the generality of our approach by applying it to a number of task variations including different field sizes and different numbers of players on each team.
Action selection in interactive model-based diagnosis (2003)

The authors developed a probabilistic diagnosis theory that incorporates probabilistic reasoning into model-based diagnosis. In addition to the structural and functional information normally used in model-based diagnosis, probabilities of component failure are also used to solve the two major subtasks of interactive model-based diagnosis: hypothesis generation and action selection. The authors describe the action selection strategy based on this probabilistic theory. The major contributions are the incorporation of probabilistic reasoning into model-based diagnosis and the integration of repair as a part of diagnosis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Design and Performance of Meta-Programming Mechanisms for Object Request Broker Middleware (2000)

Distributed object computing (DOC) middleware shields developers from many tedious and error-prone aspects of programming distribued applications. Without proper support from the middleware, however, it can be hard to evolve distributed applications after they are deployed. Therefore, DOC middleware should support meta-programming mechanisms, such as smart proxies and interceptors, that improve the adaptability of distributed applications by allowing their behavior to be modified without drastically changing existing software. This paper presents three contributions to the study of metaprogramming mechanisms for DOC middleware. First, it illustrates, compares, and contrasts several meta-programming mechanisms from an application developer's perspective. Second, it outlines the key design and implementation challenges associated with developing smart proxies and portable interceptors features for CORBA. Third, it presents empirical results that pinpoint the performance impact of smart proxies and interceptors. Our goal is to help researchers and developers determine which meta-programming mechanisms best suit their application requirements.
The Code and the Constitution: Fifth Amendment Limits on the Debtor's Discharge in Bankruptcy (1990)

35).5. The Bankruptcy Code generally provides for five types of proceedings.The
Design of Miniaturized Optical Image Stabilization and Autofocusing Camera Module for Cellphones (2017)

For optical image stabilization (OIS) and autofocusing (AF) camera modules, power efficiency and size are two of the most important characteristics.Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel voice coil motor (VCM) OIS/AF camera module for cellphones to satisfy the requirements of small size and high power efficiency.The design optimization of the proposed VCM OIS/AF camera module is done using simulations.The results of the simulations show that the proposed VCM OIS camera module has excellent characteristics when compared to a conventional VCM OIS camera module.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses with Mutations in the E Protein Are Attenuated and Promising Vaccine Candidates (2015)

Human coronaviruses are important zoonotic pathogens. SARS-CoV caused a worldwide epidemic infecting more than 8,000 people with a mortality of around 10%. Therefore, understanding the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen and developing efficacious vaccines are of high importance to prevent epidemics from this and other human coronaviruses. Previously, we demonstrated that a SARS-CoV lacking the E protein was attenuated in vivo. Here, we show that small deletions and modifications within the E protein led to virus attenuation, manifested by minimal lung injury, limited neutrophil influx to the lungs, reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and enhanced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell counts in vivo, suggesting that these phenomena contribute to virus attenuation. The attenuated mutants fully protected mice from challenge with virulent virus. These studies show that mutations in the E protein are not well tolerated and indicate that this protein is an excellent target for vaccine development.
Separating the polynomial-time hierarchy by oracles (1985)

We present exponential lower bounds on the size of depth-k Boolean circuits for computing certain functions. These results imply that there exists an oracle set A such that, relative to A, all the levels in the polynomial-time hierarchy are distinct, i.e., ΣkP,A is properly contained in Σk+1P,A for all k.
Biodegradable PLGA-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Modulating Ocular Surface Disease under Experimental Murine Dry Eye (2011)

PLGA-based drug delivery systems are safe and non-inflammatory. They can be successfully used to treat ocular surface and corneal diseases by continuously delivering biopharmaceuticals of interest.
Proteolysis in rennet-coagulated Spanish hard cheeses made from milk preserved by refrigeration and addition of carbon dioxide (2003)

On-farm refrigeration of milk reduces the growth rate of mesophilic bacteria so allowing longer storage time of raw milk before processing. However, refrigeration creates a selective pressure favouring the multiplication of psychrotrophic bacteria present as normal contaminants in raw milk. Psychrotrophs are killed by most of the currently employed pasteurization and sterilization treatments of milk but they can produce extracellular heat-stable proteinases and lipases, which are capable of degrading various milk components, affecting the storage-life of heat-processed milk and the quality of dairy products (Champagne et al. 1994; Shah, 1994).
Monoamine oxidase‐B in astrocytes (1993)

In the present report we describe the astrocytic localization and content of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) by means of a 3H-L-deprenyl emulsion autoradiography in primary cultures of rat astrocytes, in cryosectioned astrocytoma surgical specimen, and in cryosections of human spinal cords from patients dying in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and controls. The occurrence of MAO-B enzyme protein depends on the degree of cellular differentiation as demonstrated by studies on astrocytes in primary cultures analyzed at two different stages of maturation. Highly differentiated cells exhibited high relative enzyme concentration whereas glioblasts lacked or showed very low contents of MAO-B enzyme. This was further substantiated by studies performed on human astrocytoma tissue using 3H-L-deprenyl emulsion autoradiography in combination with immunohistochemical detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Regional increases of MAO-B concentration were found in ALS lumbar sections with quantitative 3H-L-deprenyl autoradiography. On the basis of results obtained from double staining for GFAP and MAO-B, the increase in MAO-B seemed to be due to an increased number of astrocytes as well as an increased content of MAO-B in reactive species of astrocytes. A cell culture model has been used that produces cells with morphology and GFAP-content similar to reactive cells. These astrocytes exhibited high relative content of the MAO-B enzyme protein. In the light of the presented data, taking into account the finding that a subpopulation of reactive cells contained low levels of MAO-B, a heterogeneity among reactive astrocytes was observed.
Efficient Protocol for the Phosphine-Free Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction Catalyzed by Palladium on Carbon at Room Temperature (2005)

Corrected by: Efficient Protocol for the Phosphine-Free Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction Catalyzed by Palladium on Carbon at Room Temperature Synthesis 2005; 2005(05): 0852-0852DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-861880
Role of Intimin and Bundle-Forming Pili in Enteropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Adhesion to Pediatric Intestinal Tissue In Vitro (1998)

Attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion formation is central to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) pathogenesis. In vitro experiments with human epithelial cell lines have implicated virulence plasmid-encoded bundle-forming pili (BFP) in initial binding and intimin in intimate attachment and A/E lesion formation. This study investigated the role of BFP and intimin in EPEC interactions with pediatric small intestinal biopsy tissue in in vitro organ culture. Organ culture infections (2 to 8 h) were performed with E2348/69 (a wild-type EPEC O127:H6 clinical isolate) and E2348/69 derivatives including CVD206 (eae deficient), CVD206(pCVD438) (eae-complemented CVD206), CVD206(pCVD438/01) (expressing intimin, which is nonfunctional due to a single amino acid substitution), JPN15 (spontaneous EPEC adherence factor virulence plasmid-cured E2348/69), and 31-6-1(1) (E2348/69 with a TnphoA insertion inactivation mutation in the virulence plasmid-encoded bfpA gene). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that after 8 h E2348/69 and CVD206 (pCVD438) (both Int+ BFP+) adhered to all specimens, causing A/E lesions with surrounding microvillous elongation. JPN15 and 31-6-1(1) (both Int+ BFP-) adhered and caused A/E lesions although bacteria adhered in "flat," two-dimensional groups. CVD206 and CVD206(pCVD438/01) (both Int- BFP+) did not adhere to any sample, and no pathological tissue changes were seen. Thus, in human intestinal organ culture, BFP do not appear to be involved in the initial stages of EPEC nonintimate adhesion but are implicated in the formation of complex, three-dimensional colonies via bacterium-bacterium interactions. Intimin appears to play an essential role in establishing colonization of EPEC on pediatric small intestinal tissue.
Discovery and lead optimisation of a potent, selective and orally bioavailable RARβ agonist for the potential treatment of nerve injury (2019)

Oxadiazole replacement of an amide linkage in an RARα agonist template 1, followed by lead optimisation, has produced a highly potent and selective RARβ agonist 4-(5-(4,7-dimethylbenzofuran-2-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzoic acid (10) with good oral bioavailability in the rat and dog. This molecule increases neurite outgrowth in vitro and induces sensory axon regrowth in vivo in a rodent model of avulsion and crush injury, and thus has the potential for the treatment of nerve injury.
Unsupervised Segmentation of Medical Images using DCT Coefficients. (2003)

Image segmentation is a prerequisite process for image content understanding and visual object recognition in medical images for the development of a computer aided diagnosis(CAD) system. An unsupervised segmentation method is proposed which uses discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients for extraction of feature vectors and the Fisher Discriminant K-means (FDK) technique for clustering image pixels. In this study, the parenchymal region in HRCT lung images is separated first and then feature vectors using the deviation in local variance in DCT coefficients are determined for each pixels of parenchyma regions. The extracted feature vectors are used for selection of the best feature sets by reducing the dimensionality of the feature vector. The reduced feature vector is used for unsupervised classification using the K-means clustering algorithm which is guided by Fisher linear discriminant parameters for determining number of distinguishable regions in the image.
Clustering of motion data from on-body wireless sensor networks for human-imitative walking in bipedal robots (2009)

This paper presents an alternative inexpensive and rapid approach for programming behaviour in commercial off-the-shelf bipedal robots. It combines on-body wireless sensor networks to capture human motion and unsupervised learning algorithms to identify key features in human motion. This paper compares three unsupervised learning algorithms for the classification of motion data from an on-body Orient Motion Capture System for training the KHR-1 bipedal robot. The results of the clustering were first compared in the Webots simulator and promising candidates were transferred to the real robot and the results of the experiments have been presented. The EM clustering algorithm worked best and the reason for this have been analysed.
Barrier-Aware Warp Scheduling for Throughput Processors (2016)

Parallel GPGPU applications rely on barrier synchronization to align thread block activity. Few prior work has studied and characterized barrier synchronization within a thread block and its impact on performance. In this paper, we find that barriers cause substantial stall cycles in barrier-intensive GPGPU applications although GPGPUs employ lightweight hardware-support barriers. To help investigate the reasons, we define the execution between two adjacent barriers of a thread block as a warp-phase. We find that the execution progress within a warp-phase varies dramatically across warps, which we call warp-phase-divergence. While warp-phase-divergence may result from execution time disparity among warps due to differences in application code or input, and/or shared resource contention, we also pinpoint that warp-phase-divergence may result from warp scheduling.
Room Temperature Ferromagnetism in Novel Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Cd<sub>1-x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>GeP<sub>2</sub> (2000)

High concentration of Mn atoms has been incorporated in the surface region of II-IV-V 2 type chalcopyrite semiconductor CdGeP 2 . Photoluminescence spectrum at 20 K shows a peak around 3.2 eV, suggesting that the incorporation of Mn introduces an energy gap much higher than that of the host semiconductor ( E g =1.83 eV). Prominent magnetic hysteresis loops with coercivity of 0.5 kOe has been observed at room temperature. Magnetic force microscope (MFM) measurements reveal a stripe-shaped domain pattern on the top surface. Magneto-optical Kerr ellipticity spectrum measured at room temperature show a prominent peak at 1.7 eV and a broad tail up to 3.5 eV. We tentatively attribute the ferromagnetism to the double exchange interaction between Mn 2+ and Mn 3+ states due to the structural feature of II-IV-V 2 type chalcopyrite compounds.
Oxoammonium Salt Oxidations of Alcohols in the Presence of Pyridine Bases (2014)

Oxoammonium salt oxidations (using 4-acetylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate) of alcohols containing a β-oxygen atom in the presence of pyridine yield dimeric esters, while in the presence of 2,6-lutidine the product is a simple aldehyde. The formation of a betaine between pyridine and an aldehyde is presented to explain this disparity in reactivity. The betaine is oxidized by the oxoammonium salt to give an N-acylpyridinium ion that serves as an acylating agent for ester formation. Steric effects deter the formation of such a betaine with 2,6-disubstituted pyridines. A series of alcohols containing a β-oxygen substituent were oxidized to aldehydes in the presence of 2,6-lutidine, and a short study of the relative reactivity of various alcohols is given. An overall mechanism for oxoammonium cation oxidations is suggested, premised on nucleophilic additions to the oxygen atom of the positively charged nitrogen-oxygen double bond. Possible mechanisms for both dimeric oxidations and simple oxidations are given.