gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cross-reactive and pre-existing antibodies to therapeutic antibodies—Effects on treatment and immunogenicity (2015)

The potential for immunogenicity is an ever-present concern during the development of biopharmaceuticals. Therapeutic antibodies occasionally elicit an antibody response in patients, which can result in loss of response or adverse effects. However, antibodies that bind a drug are sometimes found in pre-treatment serum samples, with the amount depending on drug, assay, and patient population. This review summarizes published data on pre-existing antibodies to therapeutic antibodies, including rheumatoid factors, anti-allotype antibodies, anti-hinge antibodies, and anti-glycan antibodies. Unlike anti-idiotype antibodies elicited by the drug, pre-formed antibodies in general appear to have little consequences during treatment. In the few cases where (potential) clinical consequences were encountered, antibodies were characterized and found to bind a distinct, unusual epitope of the therapeutic. Immunogenicity testing strategies should therefore always include a proper level of antibody characterization, especially when pre-formed antibodies are present. This minimizes false-positives, particularly due to rheumatoid factors, and helps to judge the potential threat in case a genuine pre-dose antibody reactivity is identified.
Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks (2008)

Driven by regulatory initiatives and radio technology advances, opportunistic spectrum access has the potential to mitigate spectrum scarcity and meet the increasing demand for spectrum. In this paper, we consider a scenario where secondary users can opportunistically access unused spectrum vacated by idle primaries. We introduce two metrics to protect primary performance, namely collision probability and overlapping time. We present three spectrum access schemes using different sensing, back-off, and transmission mechanisms. We show that they achieve indistinguishable secondary performance under given primary constraints. We provide closed form analysis on secondary user performance, present a tight capacity upper bound, and reveal the impact of various design options, such as sensing, packet length distribution, back-off time, packet overhead, and grouping. Our work sheds light on the fundamental properties and design criteria on opportunistic spectrum access.
New Cationic Surfactants with Sulfonium Headgroups (2000)

The synthesis of a new class of cationic surfactants with sulfonium headgroups is presented. The use of common and easily accessible reactants allows a broad variation of the molecular surfactant structures, i.e., the synthesis of not only linear homologues but also of bola- or star-shaped surfactants. Surface tension measurements were used to determine the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and the surface excess concentration Γ∞. The lyotropic phase behavior was investigated by polarized light optical microscopy. The influence of the hydrophobic chain length, the molecular structure of the headgroup, and the counterion on the surfactant properties is discussed.
Relatively Low Expression of Multidrug Resistance-1 (MDR-1) and Its Possible Clinical Implication in Gastric Cancers (1998)

The mechanism of drug resistance of gastric cancer cells has rarely been investigated. We specifically examine the magnitude and the biologic significance of multidrug resistance-1 (MDR-1) expression in human gastric cancer. All patients had previously been treated in prospective clinical trials for advanced gastric cancer in our institution. Patients with adequate prechemotherapy gastric cancer tissues for immunohistochemical studies by a C219 monoclonal antibody were selected for the determination of the expression rate of MDR-1. The results were designated as negative or positive by the independent interpretation of two pathologists. A subgroup of patients who had been treated with doxorubicin- or etoposide-containing regimens were selected for further correlation with drug sensitivity. Between 1990 and 1996, a total of 60 patients, 38 men and 22 women with a median age of 55 years, were studied. Eight (13.3%; 95% confidence interval, 6%-25%) of them had MDR-1 expression. None of the pertinent clinicopathologic features, including the histopathologic types of the tumors and the extent of the diseases, correlated with the expression of MDR-1. Among the 30 patients who had received doxorubicin- or etoposide-containing combination chemotherapy, 3 (10%; 95% confidence interval, 3%-27%) were designated positive for MDR-1 expression. None of the 3 patients responded to chemotherapy, whereas 19 (70.4%) of the 27 patients who had not expressed MDR-1 did respond (p=0.041 by Fisher's exact test). We conclude that the expression of MDR-1 in gastric cancer is relatively low. Its expression, however, is clinically relevant and is useful in predicting the chemoresistance of patients with gastric cancer receiving doxorubicin- or etoposide-containing combination chemotherapy.
A tutorial on human activity recognition using body-worn inertial sensors (2014)

The last 20 years have seen ever-increasing research activity in the field of human activity recognition. With activity recognition having considerably matured, so has the number of challenges in designing, implementing, and evaluating activity recognition systems. This tutorial aims to provide a comprehensive hands-on introduction for newcomers to the field of human activity recognition. It specifically focuses on activity recognition using on-body inertial sensors. We first discuss the key research challenges that human activity recognition shares with general pattern recognition and identify those challenges that are specific to human activity recognition. We then describe the concept of an Activity Recognition Chain (ARC) as a general-purpose framework for designing and evaluating activity recognition systems. We detail each component of the framework, provide references to related research, and introduce the best practice methods developed by the activity recognition research community. We conclude with the educational example problem of recognizing different hand gestures from inertial sensors attached to the upper and lower arm. We illustrate how each component of this framework can be implemented for this specific activity recognition problem and demonstrate how different implementations compare and how they impact overall recognition performance.
Constructing informative priors using transfer learning (2006)

Many applications of supervised learning require good generalization from limited labeled data. In the Bayesian setting, we can try to achieve this goal by using an informative prior over the parameters, one that encodes useful domain knowledge. Focusing on logistic regression, we present an algorithm for automatically constructing a multivariate Gaussian prior with a full covariance matrix for a given supervised learning task. This prior relaxes a commonly used but overly simplistic independence assumption, and allows parameters to be dependent. The algorithm uses other "similar" learning problems to estimate the covariance of pairs of individual parameters. We then use a semidefinite program to combine these estimates and learn a good prior for the current learning task. We apply our methods to binary text classification, and demonstrate a 20 to 40% test error reduction over a commonly used prior.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of chromium supplementation in diabetes (2014)

The available evidence suggests favourable effects of chromium supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Chromium monosupplement may additionally improve triglycerides and HDL-C levels. Chromium supplementation at usual doses does not increase the risk of adverse events compared with placebo. Data on chromium combined supplementation are limited and inconclusive. Long-term benefit and safety of chromium supplementation remain to be further investigated.
t-Alkyl Groups. I. Orientation of t-Alkylation Products of Toluene and Ethylbenzene (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTt-Alkyl Groups. I. Orientation of t-Alkylation Products of Toluene and EthylbenzeneMaurice J. Schlatter and Robert D. ClarkCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 2, 361–369Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01098a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01098a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views353Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A study of haptic icons (2009)

The goal for this research is to study a new class of force feedback applications based on abstract messages we call haptic icons. With the introduction of active haptic displays, a single knob or joystick can be used to control several different, sometimes non-related, functions. The functions associated with these multi-function handles can no longer be identified from one another by position, shape or texture differences. Haptic icons are brief programmed forces applied to a user through a haptic interface conveying an object's or event's state, function or content in a manner similar to visual or auditory icons. This thesis begins with a presentation of several tools that were developed to aid this research. It then describes a series of psychophysical tests designed to obtain the basic perceptual limits for our haptic interface. Knowing these perceptual limits is a prerequisite for proper haptic icon design. We analyzed a set of synthetically constructed haptic icons using Multidimensional Scaling, in order to discover the underlying perceptual processes in identifying different haptic stimuli. Results show that a set of icons constructed by varying the frequency, magnitude and shape of 2-sec, time-invariant waveforms map to two perceptual axes, which differ depending on the signals' frequency range, and suggest that expressive capability is maximized in one frequency subspace. I finish by proposing future work to be done on this area.
Thermodynamic perturbation theory of polymerization (1987)

We derive several extensions of a previously given first-order perturbation theory (TPT 1) for fluids in which chain and ring polymers can be formed, due to the presence of two singly bondable molecular attraction sites. We retain graphs which contain a single chain of attraction bonds, and evaluate second-order perturbation theory (TPT 2) within this framework. The previous formulation with sites fixed in the molecule is generalized to allow movable sites, thus permitting calculations for flexible bead polymers. The TPT 1 result for the equation of state of an equilibrium mixture of chain lengths is in good agreement with simulations of flexible bead polymers of fixed bead number N, when the mean number ν of beads is equated to the fixed N of the simulations. TPT 2 differs from TPT 1 by a rather small term, with improved agreement. If the distribution of movable sites includes configurations such that bonding of one site blocks bonding of the other, then graph resummation must be used. Resummed TPT yield physically reasonable results over the entire range of conditions. For total blockage, where only dimers can be formed, resummed TPT reduces to a successful version of TPT given earlier for dimerizing systems. The equation of state appears in the form of two parametric equations. The first one gives the excess pressure over the reference system in terms of ν and the number density ρ̄ of beads. In TPT 1 this equation is universal for hard spheres with or without dimerization or chain polymerization. The second equation is nonuniversal and contains the dependence of ν on ρ̄, the strength of the bonding attraction, the number of sites, and the amount of blockage in the case of two sites. An additional simulational test of TPT 2 is suggested.
Acquired unilateral vitiligo and poliosis of the head and subacute encephalitis with partial recovery (1970)

SUMMARYThis report involves a single case of a girl who, in her fourth year of life, insidiously developed progressive loss of speech and right-sided hemiconvulsions and spasticity. At the same time the left scalp hair and eyebrow became streaked with grayish-white hair and patches of vitiligo appeared along the left side of her face and neck. Pneumoencephalography demonstrated progressive cerebral atrophy, principally involving the left hemisphere. CSF consistently has shown a markedly elevated gamma globulin content. Histologically, the findings of the left frontal brain biopsy were consistent with a viral encephalitis. Other attempts at demonstrating the virus proved negative; however, the brain tissue was not inoculated into primates. The process not only became arrested but there has been significant partial recovery of neurological functions and repigmentation of hair and skin. The vitiliginous and encephalitic process, so closely linked anatomically, may be due to a virus interfering with an enzyme system common to both melanocytes and neurons. The need for confirmation of this unusual picture is stressed. Until a more definitive diagnosis can be established, the resemblance of the reversible poliosis and vitiligo in this child to virus-induced loss or “breaking” of pigment in plants suggests that this syndrome be named “color-break encephalitis.”
Towards a cyclical framework for the investigation and management of elite level sponsorships (2008)

\n\t\t\t\t\tSponsorship is a growing marketing communications tool which can produce unmatched results when used effectively. As such, rigid and applicable management frameworks are of critical importance as the discipline continues to develop. A conceptual review of existing sponsorship management frameworks and their common components are presented before an alternate cyclical management framework is derived. A series of case studies with organizations investing in elite level, million dollar sport sponsorship was used as the research strategy. Data was collected through qualitative interviews with within and cross case analysis used to identify trends. Five pillars of evidence supported the view that sponsorships were viewed and managed by corporate sponsors under a cyclical framework. The cyclical framework allows for interrelations between sponsorship management components to be better identified and investigated, and demonstrate how a cyclical view of management can aid the ongoing creation of value in long term sponsorships.<br />\n\t\t\t\t
Serum from patients with type 2 diabetes with neuropathy induces complement-independent, calcium-dependent apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells. (1998)

We hypothesized that sera from type 2 diabetic patients with neuropathy contains an autoimmune immunoglobulin that promotes complement-independent, calcium-dependent apoptosis in neuronal cell lines. Neuronal cells were cultured in the presence of complement-inactivated sera obtained from patients with type 2 diabetes with and without neuropathy and healthy adult control patients. Serum from diabetic patients with neuropathy was associated with a significantly greater induction of apoptosis, compared to serum from diabetic patients without neuropathy and controls. In the presence of calcium channel antagonists, induction of apoptosis was reduced by approximately 50%. Pretreatment of neuronal cells with serum from diabetic patients with neuropathy was associated with a significant increase in elevated K+-evoked cytosolic calcium concentration. Serum-induced enhancement in cytosolic calcium and calcium current density was blocked by treatment with trypsin and filtration of the serum using a 100,000-kd molecular weight filter. Treatment with an anti-human IgG antibody was associated with intense fluorescence on the surface of neuronal cells exposed to sera from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with neuropathy. We conclude that sera from type 2 diabetic patients with neuropathy contains an autoimmune immunoglobulin that induces complement-independent, calcium-dependent apoptosis in neuronal cells.
Functional metal–organic frameworks as effective sensors of gases and volatile compounds (2020)

Developing efficient sensor materials with superior performance for selective, fast and sensitive detection of gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is essential for human health and environmental protection, through monitoring indoor and outdoor air pollutions, managing industrial processes, controlling food quality and assisting early diagnosis of diseases. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a unique type of crystalline and porous solid material constructed from metal nodes (metal ions or clusters) and functional organic ligands. They have been investigated extensively for possible use as high performance sensors for the detection of many different gases and VOCs in recent years, due to their large surface area, tunable pore size, functionalizable sites and intriguing properties, such as electrical conductivity, magnetism, ferroelectricity, luminescence and chromism. The high porosity of MOFs allows them to interact strongly with various analytes, including gases and VOCs, thus resulting in easily measurable responses to different physicochemical parameters. Although much of the recent work on MOF-based luminescent sensors have been summarized in several excellent reviews (up to 2018), a comprehensive overview of these materials for sensing gases and VOCs based on chemiresistive, magnetic, ferroelectric, and colorimertic mechanisms is missing. In this review, we highlight the most recent progress in developing MOF sensing and switching materials with an emphasis on sensing mechanisms based on electricity, magnetism, ferroelectricity and chromism. We provide a comprehensive analysis on the MOF-analyte interactions in these processes, which play a key role in the sensing performance of the MOF-based sensors and switches. We discuss in detail possible applications of MOF-based sensing and switching materials in detecting oxygen, water vapor, toxic industrial gases (such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, carbon oxides and carbon disulfide) and VOCs (such as aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, chlorinated hydrocarbons and N,N'-dimethylformamide). Overall, this review serves as a timely source of information and provides insight for the future development of advanced MOF materials as next-generation gas and VOC sensors.
Audio feature interactions in Voice-over-IP (2007)

In telecommunications, audio signaling is the use of the audio channel for signaling and user-interface purposes. When features use audio signaling, and are assembled in a pipes-and-filters configuration, there is a potential for undesirable feature interactions. This paper analyzes the potential feature interactions. It proposes a method for eliminating some of them, as well as directions for future work on the remaining interactions. The method can be implemented in SIP, using compositional patterns of signaling that will work correctly regardless of how many features are active.
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Tunisian aromatic plants (2003)

Abstract The essential oils from Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmgg. et Link, Ocimum basilicum (L.), Myrtus communis (M.) and Laurus nobilis (L.) have been characterized and tested against two bacteria ( Lactobacillus plantarum and Escherichia coli ) and a fungus ( Geotrichum candidum ), using a submerged broth culture method. The results obtained showed that T. capitatus and O. basilicum were the greatest inhibitors of all the strains tested, and that Escherichia coli was more inhibited than Lactobacillus plantarum by all the essential oils tested. Copyright ©2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pavement Condition Monitoring with Crowdsourced Connected Vehicle Data (2014)

The Michigan Department of Transportation (DOT) is interested in new technologies to improve transportation asset management (TAM) practices. A central component of TAM is pavement condition and performance assessment. To investigate methods to improve TAM data collection, the Michigan DOT and the Center for Automotive Research researched the potential for connected vehicle data to contribute to pavement condition and performance assessment. This effort included the review, critical analysis, and synthesis of several research reports and pilot projects to determine feasible methods of using connected vehicle data for pavement condition and performance assessment. The scope of connected vehicle data was defined to include data collected by sensors installed on consumer available vehicles and smartphones. The technology to allow for data capture from embedded vehicle systems and smartphones was established, but implementing such practices into TAM had not yet proved to be practical. One possibility for effective pavement data collection was to employ crowdsourcing, with the use of numerous probe vehicles. Crowdsourcing was not a common practice in pavement condition assessment. Using crowdsourced data in existing TAM programs may require innovative methods of data collection, processing, and management. This report concluded that by focusing on consumer available equipment and crowdsourced data, new connected vehicle data–based pavement condition metrics could be used for TAM in 3 to 5 years.
Airshark (2011)

In this paper, we propose Airshark -- a system that detects multiple non-WiFi RF devices in real-time and using only commodity WiFi hardware. To motivate the need for systems like Airshark, we start with measurement study that characterizes the usage and prevalence of non-WiFi devices across many locations. We then present the design and implementation of Airshark. Airshark extracts unique features using the functionality provided by a WiFi card to detect multiple non-WiFi devices including fixed frequency devices (e.g., ZigBee, analog cordless phone), frequency hoppers (e.g., Bluetooth, game controllers like Xbox), and broadband interferers (e.g., microwave ovens). Airshark has an average detection accuracy of 91-96%, even in the presence of multiple simultaneously active RF devices operating at a wide range of signal strengths (-80 to -30 dBm), while maintaining a low false positive rate. Through a deployment in two production WLANs, we show that Airshark can be a useful tool to the WLAN administrators in understanding non-WiFi interference.