gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In-Situ ESR Detection of Radical Species of p-Benzoquinone in Aqueous Media (2002)

An in situ electrochemical ESR experiment was carried out to separately detect each reduction product of benzoquinone (BQ), anion radical (BQ−.) and radical (BQH.), in aqueous media. ESR spectra were obtained during the reduction of BQ at −0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl in a pH range from 2.5 to 6.8. In situ ESR spectra exhibit two kinds of five narrowly separated hyperfine lines, which differ from the hyperfine structure in the line width (ΔH), the g value, and the line intensity ratio. At pHs greater than 3.1, a hyperfine structure corresponding to BQ−.was observed. On the other hands, a hyperfine structure corresponding to BQH. was observed at pHs between pH 3.0 and 3.1. The decomposition rate constants of BQ−. were also determined, and increased as the pH values of the media increased. In addition, in situ ESR spectra for the reduction reaction of BQ on phosphatidylcholine (PC) derivatives, such as dilauroyl-PC, dipalmitoyl-PC, and diarachidoyl-PC, were investigated in well-buffered solutions. The results showed that BQ−. was generated and stabilized in the lipid layers.
Determination of the valence band offset of MOVPE-grown<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">In</mml:mi><mml:mn>0.48</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi><mml:mn>0.52</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:mo>∕</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">As</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>multiple quantum wells by admittance spectroscopy (2008)

The valence band discontinuity of the lattice matched ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.48}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.52}\mathrm{P}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ heterostructure was determined through a careful analysis of the temperature and frequency dependence of the admittance of ${p}^{+}∕\mathrm{MQW}∕{n}^{+}$ structures, formed by a nominally undoped $\mathrm{In}\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{P}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ multiple quantum well region, interposed between ${p}^{+}$ and ${n}^{+}$ GaAs layers. The heterostructures were grown through metal organic vapor phase epitaxy by using tertiary butyl arsine and tertiary butyl phosphine as alternative precursors for the V-group elements. The growth conditions were optimized for obtaining sharp interfaces and negligible ordering effects in the cation sublattice. Accounting for the temperature dependence of the Fermi energy and the calculated confining energy $(10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV})$ of the heavy holes in the wells, a valence band offset $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{V}=(356\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ was derived from the temperature variation of the resonance frequency at which the isothermal conductance over frequency $G(\ensuremath{\omega})∕\ensuremath{\omega}$ curves show a maximum. The experimental uncertainty of this result is significantly low if compared with the wide range $(240--400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV})$ of the previously reported $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{V}$ values. By considering the band gap difference between InGaP and GaAs, a conduction band offset $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{C}=119\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ was estimated. The accuracy of the experimental procedure and the reliability of the main assumptions of the admittance spectroscopy measurements were accurately checked. The obtained results were discussed in light of the large and growing amount of literature data by taking into account the influence of the growth conditions on the physical properties of the $\mathrm{In}\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{P}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ quantum wells.
A Resource-Efficient Design for a Reversible Floating Point Adder in Quantum Computing (2014)

Reversible logic has applications in low-power computing and quantum computing. However, there are few existing designs for reversible floating-point adders and none suitable for quantum computation. In this article, we propose a resource-efficient reversible floating-point adder, suitable for binary quantum computation, improving the design of Nachtigal et al. [2011]. Our work focuses on improving the reversible designs of the alignment unit and the normalization unit, which are the most expensive parts. By changing a few elements of the existing algorithm, including the circuit designs of the RLZC (reversible leading zero counter) and converter, we have reduced the cost by about 68%. We also propose quantum designs adapted to use gates from fault-tolerant libraries. The KQ for our fault-tolerant design is almost 60 times as expensive as for a 32-bit fixed-point addition. We note that the floating-point representation makes in-place, truly reversible arithmetic impossible, requiring us to retain both inputs, which limits the sustainability of its use for quantum computation.
Hepatic Metallothionein in Rainbow Trout (<i>Salmo gairdneri</i>) as an Indicator of Metal Pollution in the Campbell River System (1982)

Hepatic metallothionein was measured in livers of freshly killed rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) using differential pulse polarography. The fish were caught in metal-contaminated lakes of the Campbell River watershed and in a nearby control lake. The livers were analyzed for zinc, copper, and cadmium using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. High and low molecular weight protein fractions were separated by gel chromatography from liver cytosols and analyzed for metals. A downward trend from the most contaminated lake to the least was found in levels of zinc in the water, of cadmium and copper in high molecular weight fractions, and of copper in low molecular weight fractions and metallothionein. The concentration of metallothionein is a useful quantitative measure of the degree of exposure of fish to heavy metals.Key words: metallothionein, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri; heavy metal pollution, sublethal exposures, mine wastes
Digital filters with a number of shift sequences in each pulse repetition interval (1970)

A method to increase the versatility of digital filters is described and analyzed. It is shown how the time between consecutive samples can be advantageously used to process further the stored information. This is achieved without the incorporation of any additional memory capacity, by recirculating the stored signals in the internal paths of the digital filters. During this process, the filter multiplication constants may take up new values in the various shift sequences. This processing leads to multiple output signals with different effective transfer functions. The form of the transfer functions makes them particularly suitable for the realization of variable filters, as desired variations of the filter characteristics can often be achieved by the variation of a single parameter. The method can also be used to reduce the requirement of coefficient accuracy in filters of second and higher degree.
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: unusual MR appearance. (1994)

The MR findings of a biopsy-proved case of primary angiitis of the central nervous system are described and compared with previously reported cases. Multiple punctate and linear areas of gadopentetate dimeglumine enhancement were present in the brain stem and white matter and appear to correspond to the inflammatory reaction of the small perforating vessels and perivascular tissues seen in the pathologic specimen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 4′‐SUBSTITUTED 4‐ISOTHIOCYANATOBENZOPHENONES (1973)

Abstract Die Umsetzung der Aminobenzophenone (I) mit Thiophosgen liefert die Isothiocyanate (II), die auf den Einfluß ihrer 4′‐Substituenten auf den Charakter der SCN‐Gruppe untersucht werden.
A plasmid-mediated CMY-2 β-lactamase from an Algerian clinical isolate of Salmonella senftenberg (2006)

Multiresistance to antibiotics including beta-lactams, e.g. cefoxitin, was transferred by conjugation to Escherichia coli strain C1a from a clinical isolate of Salmonella senftenberg recovered from stools of an Algerian child. The susceptibility pattern to beta-lactams was similar to the profile mediated by an AmpC-type beta-lactamase. By biochemical analysis, typical AmpC-type enzyme substrate and inhibition profiles were obtained. Finally, an ampC plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase gene was cloned and sequenced. Its deduced amino acid sequence confirmed its identity as a class C beta-lactamase. It showed 99.5% sequence identity with the plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase CMY-2. The differences in the amino acid sequences of the two enzymes were located in the signal peptide.
Topographic Movie of Ictal High‐Frequency Oscillations on the Brain Surface Using Subdural EEG in Neocortical Epilepsy (2006)

Topographic movies of intracranial HFOs on the brain surface allow visualization of the dynamic ictal changes in neocortical epilepsy.
Dopamine receptor changes in response to prolonged treatment with L-dopa. (1986)

Unilateral lesions of the nigro-striatal dopamine (DA) pathway induced contralateral rotations to apomorphine, increased (3H)-spiroperidol binding and enhanced the sensitivity of striatal adenylate cyclase to DA stimulation. Prolonged L-dopa administration counteracted the increased density of (3H)-spiroperidol binding sites but further enhanced the hypersensitivity of adenylate cyclase to DA and decreased the inhibitory effect of opiates on this enzyme. The apomorphine-induced contralateral rotations were also strongly potentiated. On the contrary the binding of (3H)-SCH-23390 was affected neither by DA nerve degeneration nor by chronic L-dopa treatment. These results suggest that DA-D1 and DA-D2 receptors are differently affected by prolonged L-dopa treatment. The biochemical changes of DA-D1 receptors associated with adenylate cyclase seem to be correlated with the enhanced behavioural responses to apomorphine and could be a consequence of a decreased opiate inhibitory tone on the enzyme. The increased supersensitivity of the DA-D1 receptors may play a role in the clinical changes seen in parkinsonian patients following chronic use of L-dopa.
Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase activity and collagen biosynthesis by fibrostatin C, a novel inhibitor produced by Streptomyces catenulae subsp. griseospora No. 23924. (1988)

Fibrostatin C, a novel prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor produced by Streptomyces catenulae subsp. griseospora No. 23924, inhibited the activity of purified chick embryo prolyl hydroxylase by about 50% at a concentration of 2.9 x 10(-5) M. The inhibition was mixed type with respect to (Pro-Pro-Gly)5 with a Ki of 2.1 x 10(-5) M. When an excess of ferrous ions or ascorbate was added to the reaction mixture, the inhibition was negligibly or slightly reversed, respectively. Fibrostatin C, when administered intraperitoneally at 1 mg/kg/day or orally at about 100 mg/kg/day as a dietary admixture, significantly inhibited estradiol-17 beta stimulated collagen biosynthesis in the uterus of the immature rat.
Callable Bonds: A Risk‐Reducing Signalling Mechanism (1986)

ABSTRACT The theory of financial economics has failed to distinguish advantages of callable bonds from those of short‐term debt. This paper shows that either type of borrowing can signal a firm's better prospects but that short‐term debt does so at the cost of weakened risk‐sharing with capital markets. By issuing either equity or long‐term, non‐callable debt, a firm with poor investment opportunities will not pool its prospects with those of a better firm. But equity produces superior risk‐sharing. Perhaps this explains the almost complete absence of long‐term, non‐callable bonds from observed corporate capital structures.
Review on SAW RFID tags (2009)

SAW-tags were invented more than 30 years ago, but only nowadays the conditions are united for mass-application of this technology: the devices in 2.4 GHz ISM band can be routinely produced with optical lithography and Internet is available for global access to the tag databases. Perspectives of the ldquoInternet of Things, I-o-Trdquo will demand trillions of cheap tags and sensors. The SAW-tags overcome semiconductor based analogues in many aspects: they are true passive devices, can be ldquoreadrdquo at a few meter distance with readers radiating 2 to 3 orders lower power levels, they are cheap and can operate in robust environment. Passive SAW tags are easily combined with sensors. Even the ldquoanti-collisionrdquo problem (simultaneous reading of many tags situated nearby) has solutions sufficient for many practical applications. In this paper we discuss state-of-the-art in development of SAW-tags. The design approaches will be reviewed - and the most optimal tag designs are demonstrated, as well as encoding methods. We discuss the ways to reduce size and cost of these devices. A few practical examples of tags with simple time-position coding will be demonstrated with 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> different codes. Phase coded devices allow further radical increase of the number of codes, the price to pay being reduction of the reading distance. We also discuss exciting perspectives of using Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology emerging now for communication applications in SAW-tag systems. Wide frequency band available in this standard is a great opportunity for SAW-tags to radically reduce their size to about 1times1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> keeping practically infinite number of possible different codes. Finally, the reader technology will be discussed as well as detailed comparison made between SAW-tags and IC-based semiconductor device.
Circle grid fractal plate as a turbulent generator for premixed flame: an overview (2013)

This review paper focuses to ascertain a new approach in turbulence generation on the structure of premixed flames and external combustion using a fractal grid pattern. This review paper discusses the relationship between fractal pattern and turbulence flow. Many researchers have explored the fractal pattern as a new concept of turbulence generators, but researchers rarely study fractal turbulence generators on the structure premixed flame. The turbulent flow field characteristics have been studied tand investigated in a premixed combustion application. In terms of turbulence intensity, most researchers used fractal grid that can be tailored so that they can design the characteristic needed in premixed flame. This approach makes it extremely difficult to determine the exact turbulent burning velocity on the velocity fluctuation of the flow. The decision to carry out additional research on the effect circle grid fractal plate as a turbulent generator for premixed flame should depends on the blockage ratio and fractal pattern of the grid.
Womersley Number-Based Estimates of Blood Flow Rate in Doppler Analysis: In Vivo Validation by Means of Phase-Contrast MRI (2010)

A common clinical practice during single-point Doppler analysis is to measure the centerline maximum velocity and to recover the time-averaged flow rate by exploiting an assumption on the shape of velocity profile (a priori formula), either a parabolic or a flat one. In a previous study, we proposed a new formula valid for the peak instant linking the maximum velocity and the flow rate by including a well-established dimensionless fluid-dynamics parameter (the Womersley number), in order to account for the hemodynamics conditions (Womersley number-based formula). Several in silico tests confirmed the reliability of the new formula. Nevertheless, an in vivo confirmation is missing limiting the clinical applicability of the formula. An experimental in vivo protocol using cine phase-contrast MRI (2-D PCMRI) technique has been designed and applied to ten healthy young volunteers in three different arterial districts: the abdominal aorta, the common carotid artery, and the brachial artery. Each PCMRI dataset has been used twice: 1) to compute the value of the blood flow rate used as a gold standard and 2) to estimate the flow rate by measuring directly the maximum velocity and the diameter (i.e., emulating the intravascular Doppler data acquisition) and by applying to these data the a priori and the Womersley number-based formulae. All the in vivo results have confirmed that the Womersley number-based formula provides better estimates of the flow rate at the peak instant with respect to the a priori formula. More precisely, mean performances of the Womersley number-based formula are about three times better than the a priori results in the abdominal aorta, five times better in the common carotid artery, and two times better in the brachial artery.
Rate control on correlation coefficient of network delay (2004)

The demand to access multimedia data such as live video is increasing due to the spread of broadband access network. However, the Internet only provides so called best-effort service. The network condition of the Internet shows fluctuation. Delivering video without any control causes degradation of the final video quality. In this paper we propose a stream-rate control algorithm RC/sup 3/ that uses correlation of network delay to evaluate available bandwidth. We show performance of RC/sup 3/ derived from simulations.
On Selecting Recommenders for Trust Evaluation in Online Social Networks (2015)

Trust is a central component of social interactions among humans. Many applications motivate the consideration of trust evaluation in online social networks (OSNs). Some work has been proposed based on a trusted graph. However, it is still an open challenge to construct a trusted graph, especially in terms of selecting proper recommenders, which can be used to predict the trustworthiness of an unknown target efficiently and effectively. Based on the intuition that people who are close to and influential to us can make more proper and acceptable recommendations, we present the idea of recommendation-aware trust evaluation (RATE). We further model the recommender selection problem as an optimization problem, with the objectives of higher accuracy, lower risk (uncertainty), and lower cost. Four metrics: trustworthiness , expertise , uncertainty , and cost , are identified to measure and adjust the quality of recommenders. We focus on a 1-hop recommender selection, for which we propose the FluidTrust model to better illustrate the trust--decision making process of a user. We also discuss the extension of multihop scenarios and multitarget scenarios. Experimental results, with the real social network datasets of Epinions and Advogato, validate the effectiveness of RATE: it can predict trust with higher accuracy (it gains about 20% higher accuracy in Epinions), lower risk, and less cost (about a 30% improvement).
First Clinical Experience with Intravenous Recombinant Human Relaxin in Compensated Heart Failure (2009)

Relaxin is upregulated and plays a compensatory role in human heart failure. We therefore determined the safety of and dose response to human relaxin in stable patients with heart failure. Sixteen patients were treated with open-label intravenous relaxin in three sequential dose cohorts and monitored hemodynamically during the 24-h infusion and postinfusion periods. The safety demonstrated in group A (treatment for 8 h each with dosages equivalent to 10, 30, and 100 microg/kg/day) allowed escalation to group B (240, 480, and 960 microg/kg/day), and the highest safe dose, 960 microg/kg/day, was selected for a 24-h dosing in group C. Relaxin showed no relevant adverse effects and produced hemodynamic effects consistent with systemic vasodilation, i.e., trends toward increases in the cardiac index and decreases in pulmonary wedge pressure, without inducing hypotension. The first therapeutic use of relaxin in human heart failure demonstrated favorable hemodynamic effects and indicated that it may be of value in the treatment of this widespread disease.
Screening Autoantibody Profiles in Systemic Rheumatic Disease with a Diagnostic Protein Microarray That Uses a Filtration-Assisted Nanodot Array Luminometric Immunoassay (NALIA) (2008)

The NALIA approach promises to provide a highly economical platform for a wide range of applications that require assays of multiple analytes. The degree of concordance of our results with a conventional reagent set was no less than that occurring between different commercial products. A sample of serum from a finger stick provides a volume sufficient to perform the array assay.
Resonance-Free Shunt Capacitors—Configurations, Design Methods and Comparative Analysis (2015)

Harmonic resonance has become an important concern for the application of shunt capacitors in recent years. A potential solution to address this challenge is to convert a shunt capacitor into a passive filter. This paper presents design methods to configure a shunt capacitor as a C-type filter or a third-order high-pass filter with guaranteed resonance-free performance. The concept of resonance-free condition is first introduced in this paper. It is then used to develop filter design methods that always meet the resonance-free condition. The two filter configurations are also compared. It was found that the third-order high-pass filter has more advantages than the C-type filter. Another useful finding of this work is that the filter parameters, as determined using the proposed design methods, are independent of the system conditions. As a result, a lookup table for the filter parameters has been created to facilitate immediate use by the industry.
On The Recovery Performance of Single- and Multipath OLSR in Wireless Multi-Hop Networks (2012)

In this paper, we study and improve the recovery properties of single and multipath routing strategies when facing network failure situations. In particular, we focus our study on two MANET routing protocols: OLSR and its multipath extension MP-OLSR. In various wireless multi-hop network environments, especially in multiple chain topologies, we define and seek to evaluate the latency introduced by these protocols to find a new path after a link failure. Theoretical estimations and simulation results show that, under dual chain-topologies, this latency can be too long and incompatible with the needs of loss and delay constrained applications. As the source nodes cannot detect link failures immediately because of the delay incurred by the well-known nature of link state protocols in general, and of OLSR Topology Control (TC) messages in particular, these nodes keep sending packets along broken paths. We thus study the inconsistencies between the actual network topology and the nodes' own representation. After analyzing the consequences of this long latency, we seek to alleviate these problems with the introduction of adapted mechanisms. We propose three new different schemes and accordingly extend the original OLSR and MP-OLSR protocols in order to decrease the expected latency and improve the protocol performance. Simulation results show a steep decrease of the latency when using these new schemes in dual chain-topologies. We also discuss these results in terms of packet loss, end-to-end delay and overhead.