gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Raman spectroscopy: probing the border between near-field and far-field spectroscopy</title> (1998)

We have performed Raman spectroscopy using a near-field scanning optical microscope. The small sample volume coupled with the light-starved nature of the Raman effect makes nano-Raman studies difficult. We present results showing near-field effects in an investigation of Rb-doped KTP. These effects include a change in selection rules due to the presence of a z-polarization component in the near-field, a surface-enhancement effect in near-field Raman data, a reduced Rayleigh tail, and simultaneous topography with the near-field probe. An image taken within a Raman feature demonstrates that nano-Raman imaging is indeed possible if the near-field instrument has considerable long-term stability.
Battle for Dominance in the Word-Processing Software Market in Korea - How and Why Microsoft tipped the Market as an Entrant? Is it by Chance? (2004)

Competition for dominance in the software market is crucial.Conventional economic theories suggest that those who enter the market first will be able to capture the market.Indeed, the first-mover will benefit because consumers will purchase from the first-mover since there is no other available option.This will allow the first-mover to expand the market to reach the tipping point with little competition and therefore garner the benefits of network effects.However, we do find contradicting examples in the real-world.For example, in the browser war, Netscape entered the market before Microsoft, yet Microsoft now manages to dominate the browser market.Since, in the real-world, rivals could have entered the market prior to Microsoft, given that Microsoft is the entrant, how can it compete for dominance?This study adopts a game theoretic approach towards analyzing the word-processing software war in Korea from 1997Korea from to 2003. .From the analysis we find that there are several factors leading to the dominance of Microsoft.This study will be a good source of reference for practitioners contemplating to enter a market or those who are still defending their fortress.
Holographic interferometry for in vitro investigations of prosthetic heart valves (1993)

In prosthetic heart valve replacement the possibility of valve dysfunction is of particular importance. Preoperative nondestructive testing of each individual valve could prevent the implantation of valves that are potentially dysfunctional owing to material failure. For that purpose holographic interferometry as a noncontacting, nondestructive, highly sensitive, three-dimensional measurement technique has been applied. Samples of seven different types of prosthetic heart valves (Wada-Cutter, Cross-Jones, Björk-Shiley, Omnicarbon, Lillehei-Kaster, Starr-Edwards, and St. Jude-Medical) were investigated in our experiments. The valve under investigation was mounted in a specially developed liquid-filled test chamber, which provided optical access to the valve from four sides, and was stressed in closed position at the physiological level of loading. Deformations of the valve due to a small pressure difference applied between exposures were recorded by double-exposure holography. A fringe pattern superimposed on the image of the valve reconstructed from the hologram clearly indicates—with the sensitivity and accuracy of a fraction of the laser wavelength used—the presence of any slightest defect in the valve material.
Cobalt Oxide Nanosheet and CNT Micro Carbon Monoxide Sensor Integrated with Readout Circuit on Chip (2010)

The study presents a micro carbon monoxide (CO) sensor integrated with a readout circuit-on-a-chip manufactured by the commercial 0.35 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process and a post-process. The sensing film of the sensor is a composite cobalt oxide nanosheet and carbon nanotube (CoOOH/CNT) film that is prepared by a precipitation-oxidation method. The structure of the CO sensor is composed of a polysilicon resistor and a sensing film. The sensor, which is of a resistive type, changes its resistance when the sensing film adsorbs or desorbs CO gas. The readout circuit is used to convert the sensor resistance into the voltage output. The post-processing of the sensor includes etching the sacrificial layers and coating the sensing film. The advantages of the sensor include room temperature operation, short response/recovery times and easy post-processing. Experimental results show that the sensitivity of the CO sensor is about 0.19 mV/ppm, and the response and recovery times are 23 s and 34 s for 200 ppm CO, respectively.
TorX: Automated Model-Based Testing (2003)

Systematic testing is very important for assessing and improving the quality of software systems. Yet, testing turns out to be expensive, laborious, time-consuming and error-prone. The Dutch research and development project Côte de Resyste worked on methods, techniques and tools for automating specification based testing using formal methods. The main achievement of the project is a test tool, baptized TorX, which integrates automatic test generation, test execution, and test analysis in an on-the-fly manner. On the one hand, TorX is based on well-defined theory, viz. the ioco-test theory, which has its roots in the theory of testing- and refusal-equivalences for transition systems. On the other hand, the applicability of TorX has been demonstrated by testing several academic and industrial case studies. This paper summarizes the main results of the project Côte de Resyste.
Electromagnetic reflectivity characteristics of road surfaces (1974)

Advances in the design, development, and fabrication of key microwave components along with those in electronics have resulted in growing optimism about the application of radar technology to solving the automotive highway collision problem. However, before an automotive radar system can be fully realized, a major effort will be required to define the environment in which the system must operate, and to obtain a fundamental understanding of the influence of these RF parameters. One such parameter which will have a considerable effect on the design of automobile radars is that due to the presence of natural and man-made surfaces within the beamwidth of the antenna. Generally, the presence of such a surface will result in incident RF energy being reflected off the surface in a forward direction and some portion being scattered in a backward direction. This paper presents the results of a program which was designed to measure this type of reflectivity characteristic for common road surfaces. Measured data are presented along with a theoretical study demonstrating the influence that this phenomenon can have on highway collision radar systems.
Transmission characteristics of arrayed waveguide N×N wavelength multiplexer (1995)

To realize practical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems, a high-performance N/spl times/N wavelength multiplexer is introduced that is based on an arrayed-waveguide grating. Its transmission characteristics are theoretically derived and experimentally confirmed. A prototype is constructed using the previously proposed techniques that attain low insertion loss and polarization independent operation. It has 16 channels (N=16) with a spacing of 0.8 mn, or 100 GHz, in the 1.55-/spl mu/m band. Frequency relation between input and output ports, free spectral range, and passband width are determined. A demonstration of IM-DD pulse transmission shows that there is no degradation of bit error rate resulting from the finite passband width and crosstalk of the multiplexer. It is confirmed that the multiplexer can realize highly reliable N-channel WDM and WDM-based N/spl times/N interconnect optical networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Differential adsorption of heavy metal ions by cotton stalk cation‐exchangers containing multiple functional groups (2006)

Abstract Esterification of cotton stalks with chlorosulfonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride, and their mixture was carried out with the aim to prepare cation exchangers for the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water. Elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and sodium ions binding capacity were used to prove the occurrence of the esterification. The efficiency of the prepared cation exchangers to remove some heavy metal ions (strontium, arsenic, copper, and nickel) at different metal ion concentration, pH, contact time, and temperature was studied. The results showed that cotton stalks that contain both phosphate and sulfonate groups (phosphosulfonated cotton stalks) showed higher adsorption of the different heavy metal ions than cotton stalks containing sulfonate or phosphate on a separate basis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4124–4132, 2006
<i>In situ</i> single cell observation by fluorescence resonance energy transfer reveals fast intra‐cytoplasmic delivery and easy release of plasmid DNA complexed with linear polyethylenimine (2004)

Abstract Background The investigation into the intracellular mechanisms for gene expression has acquired great impetus for the improvement of the transfection efficiency by a non‐viral gene delivery system. Methods Intracellular trafficking as well as release of plasmid DNA (pDNA) complexed with polycations, including linear and branched polyethylenimine (LPEI, BPEI) and poly(L‐lysine) (PLL), were explored under confocal microscopy using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between a pair of donor–acceptor fluorescent dyes (fluorescein and Cy3) tagged on a single pDNA molecule. Results pDNA complexed with LPEI underwent a rapid escape from the endosomes, spreading uniformly into the cytoplasm with a substantial decrease in FRET efficiency due to the disintegration of LPEI/pDNA polyplex structure. pDNA complexed with BPEI also achieved a rapid escape from the endosomes. Nevertheless, the pDNA retained high FRET efficiency even after 24 h, indicating an appreciable stability of the BPEI/pDNA polyplex to keep pDNA in a condensed state. In the PLL/pDNA polyplexes, neither endosome escape nor pDNA decondensation was observed. These intracellular characteristics of polyplexes showed a clear correlation to their gene transfection efficiency: The LPEI/pDNA revealed a considerably higher and faster gene expression compared with BPEI/pDNA. Atomic force microscopy revealed that BPEI induced more effective condensation of pDNA than LPEI, being consistent with restricted cytoplasmic release of complexed pDNA. Conclusion Fast endosomal escape and subsequent smooth disintegration of LPEI/pDNA in the cytoplasm are likely to be determining factors for the excellent transfection efficiency of this polyplex system. These properties may be particularly beneficial to achieve appreciably high gene expression in a prompt manner. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
System identification and active vibration control of a flexible structure (2012)

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the active control of vibration of a flexible structure using a model-based digital controller. The state-space model of the system is derived using a system identification technique known as the Observer/Kalman Filter Identification (OKID) method together with Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA). Based on the measured response of the structure to a random input, an explicit state-space model of the equivalent linear system is determined. The model is used in a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) to control the first two modes of vibration of a cantilever beam using a piezoelectric actuator/sensor pair. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
The community context of species’ borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives (2004)

Species distributional limits may coincide with hard dispersal barriers or physiological thresholds along environmental gradients, but they may also be influenced by species interactions. We explore a number of models of interspecific interactions that lead to (sometimes abrupt) distribution limits in the presence and absence of environmental gradients. We find that gradients in competitive ability can lead to spatial segregation of competitors into distinct ranges, but that spatial movement tends to broaden the region of sympatry between the two species, and that Allee effects tend to sharpen these boundaries. We generalize these simple models to include metapopulation dynamics and other types of interactions including predator–prey and host–parasite interactions. We derive conditions for range limits in each case. We also consider models that include coevolution and gene flow and find that character displacement along environmental gradients can lead to stable parapatric distributions. We conclude that it is essential to consider coevolved species interactions as a potential mechanism limiting species distributions, particularly when barriers to dispersal are weak and environmental gradients are gradual.
NosA Catalyzing Carboxyl-Terminal Amide Formation in Nosiheptide Maturation via an Enamine Dealkylation on the Serine-Extended Precursor Peptide (2010)

The carboxyl-terminal amide group has been often found in many bioactive peptide natural products, including nosiheptide belonging to the over 80 entity-containing thiopeptide family. Upon functional characterization of a novel protein NosA in nosiheptide biosynthesis, herein we report an unusual C-terminal amide forming strategy in general for maturating certain amide-terminated thiopeptides by processing their precursor peptides featuring a serine extension. NosA acts on an intermediate bearing a bis-dehydroalanine tail and catalyzes an enamide dealkylation to remove the acrylate unit originating from the extended serine residue.
RREAC, THE R.R.E. AUTOMATIC COMPUTER: ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS. (1965)

A brief description of the general layout of the arithmetic section of RREAC is followed by a detailed discussion of the techniques employed to achieve the specified ADD time of approximately 1 microsec, particular emphasis being place upon methods of expediting 'carry' propagation. Simple logic circuits, for performing the functions DIFFER, EXTRACT and OR, and for converting a register into a binary counter, are also described. Full circuits of a register unit, addition logic stage and count logic are included. (Author)
S‐(‐)‐nicotine‐1′‐N‐oxide reductase activity of rat liver aldehyde oxidase (1996)

In the present study, a rat liver cytosolic enzyme responsible for reduction of S-(-)-nicotine-1'-N-oxide to S-(-)-nicotine was investigated. We found that aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) can function as a S-(-)-nicotine-1'-N-oxide reductase in the presence of its electron donor such as 2-hydroxypyrimidine. The apparent K(m) and Vmax values of the enzyme for the N-oxide were 0.24 mM and 30.3 nmol/10 min/mg protein, respectively.
A survey of radiation doses in neonate chest (AP) radiography procedures in Victoria (1999)

This survey examines the entrance dose in air at the patient surface for neonates undergoing chest radiography (AP) procedures at hospitals in Victoria. Data was collected from 43 hospitals performing neonate chest radiography. Entrance doses in air without backscatter at the patient surface were calculated for 1,000, 2,000 and 5,000 gram neonates. A factor of approximately 12 to 13 was found to exist between the lowest dose centre and the highest dose centre for all three neonate weights. A number of different factors contributing to an increase in entrance dose in air were identified. Modifications to technique factors and equipment resulted in reductions in order of 50 per cent at two centres identified as delivering a high dose. Guidance levels for entrance dose in air for neonate chest radiography (AP) have been derived from third quartile data. It is recommended that guidance levels along with guidelines which set out suggested radiographic technique for neonate chest radiography be implemented. (author abstract)
Streptomyces clavuligerus sp. nov., a  -Lactam Antibiotic Producer (1971)

A new species of Streptomyces which produces two new cephalosporin antibiotics is named and described. Sporophores are produced on an extensive aerial mycelium and consist of networks of short, sympodially branched hyphae. One to four spores are borne usually on short, club-shaped side branches. Sporophores eventually segment to form chains of spores. The spores are oblong to slightly cylindrical, smooth-walled, and gray to grayish green en masse. The species name proposed, Streptomyces clavuligerus, refers to the production of club-like side branches.
The 'purest' EBMT System Ever Built: No Variables, No Templates, No Training, Examples, Just Examples, Only Examples. (2005)

We designed, implemented and assessed an EBMT system that can be dubbed the “purest ever built”: it strictly does not make any use of variables, templates or training, does not have any explicit transfer component, and does not require any preprocessing of the aligned examples. It uses a specific operation, namely proportional analogy, that implicitly neutralises divergences between languages and captures lexical and syntactical variations along the paradigmatic and syntagmatic axes without explicitly decomposing sentences into fragments. In an experiment with a test set of 510 input sentences and an unprocessed corpus of almost 160,000 aligned sentences in Japanese and English, we obtained BLEU, NIST and mWER scores of 0.53, 8.53 and 0.39 respectively, well above a baseline simulating a translation memory.
Inhibition of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase by two classes of grass-selective herbicides (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInhibition of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase by two classes of grass-selective herbicidesAlan R. Rendina, Adrienne C. Craig-Kennard, Jacqueline D. Beaudoin, and Mary K. BreenCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 5, 1282–1287Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00095a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00095a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views330Altmetric-Citations71LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Alteration of a Single Amino Acid in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-  (PPAR ) Generates a PPAR  Phenotype (2000)

Three pharmacologically important nuclear receptors, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs α,γ , and δ), mediate key transcriptional responses involved in lipid homeostasis. The PPARα and γ subtypes are well conserved from Xenopus to man, but the β/δ subtypes display substantial species variations in both structure and ligand activation profiles. Characterization of the avian cognates revealed a close relationship between chick (c) α and γ subtypes to their mammalian counterparts, whereas the third chicken subtype was intermediate to Xenopus (x) β and mammalian δ, establishing that β and δ are orthologs. Like xPPARβ, cPPARβ responded efficiently to hypolipidemic compounds that fail to activate the human counterpart. This provided the opportunity to address the pharmacological problem as to how drug selectivity is achieved and the more global evolutionary question as to the minimal changes needed to generate a new class of receptor. X-ray crystallography and chimeric analyses combined with...
Effectively paralleling GaN FETs to achieve ultra-high efficiency in an isolated DC-DC converter (2016)

In order to increase the power handling capability and to realize high efficiency in power converters, paralleling of GaN FETs are essential. This paper discusses the challenges in paralleling of GaN devices in an isolated full bridge dc-dc converter. When they are used for parallel operation, equal sharing of current should be ensured in the devices. A 2.4 kW isolated full bridge converter is developed with extensive paralleling of GaN devices. Current measurement in these devices is almost impossible due to their packaging as well as to avoid any parasitic impedance introduced into the circuit. An infra-red camera and the gate source voltage are used to analyze the sharing of current in these devices. Experimental results verify that the paralleled GaN FETs shares the current appropriately. The proposed converter has achieved a measured peak efficiency of 98.8% at 1.3 kW output power.
Patient specific optimal catheter selection for right coronary artery (2011)

During coronary artery angiography, a catheter is used to inject a contrast dye into the coronary arteries. Due to the anatomical variation of the aorta and the coronary arteries in different humans, one common catheter cannot be used for all patients. The cardiologists test different catheters for a patient and select the best catheter according to the patient's anatomy. This procedure is time consuming and there is a slight chance of cancer from excessive exposure to radiation. To overcome these problems, we propose a computer aided catheter selection procedure. In this paper we present our approach for the angiography of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA). Our approach involves segmentation of the aorta and coronary arteries, finding the centerline and computing the Curve Angle (CA) and Curve Length (CL) between the aorta and the coronary arteries. We then compute CA and CL of catheters and suggest a catheter with the closest CA and CL with respect to the aorta's and coronary arteries' CA and CL. This solution avoids testing of many catheters during catheterization. The cardiologist already gets the recommendation about the optimal catheter for the patient prior to the intervention.
A preparation for studying electrical stimulation of the retina<i>in vivo</i>in rat (2005)

A remaining challenge to the development of electronic prostheses for vision is improving the effectiveness of retinal stimulation. Electrode design and stimulus parameters need to be optimized such that the neural output from the retina conveys information to the mind's eye that aids the patient in interpreting his or her environment. This optimization will require a detailed understanding of the response of the retina to electrical stimulation. The identity and response characteristics of the cellular targets of stimulation need to be defined and evaluated. Described here is an in vivo preparation for studying electrical stimulation of the retina in rat at the cellular level. The use of rat makes available a number of well-described models of retinal disease that motivate prosthesis development. Artificial stimulation can be investigated by adapting techniques traditionally employed to study the response of the retina to photic stimuli, such as recording at the cornea, single-cell recording, and pharmacological dissection of the response. Pilot studies include amplitude-intensity response data for subretinal and transretinal stimulation paradigms recorded in wild-type rats and a transgenic rat model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. The ability to record single-unit ganglion cell activity in vivo is also demonstrated.