gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Nitrogen‐Laser Photolysis Apparatus in the Nanosecond Range: The Excited Singlet‐Singlet Absorption Spectrum of Coronene (1970)

Abstract The application of a low energy pulsed nitrogen laser as a fast excitation source in photochemistry is described. The experimental problems concerning detection of transients by absorption spectroscopy are discussed. The instrument is applied to the measurement of the absorption spectrum curve of coronene in its lowest excited singlet state.
Self-driven constant voltage reset circuit (2004)

This paper presents a reset mechanism, which combines the advantages of the active clamp reset and the traditional third wire reset technique. In this concept the reset voltage is constant similar to the third wire reset, wherein a constant voltage is applied to the transformer during the reset cycle. The technology has several key advantages from the active clamp reset mechanism. The energy contained in the leakage and magnetizing inductance is recycled, and the voltage across the main switch is clamped. In addition to this, the flux trough the transformer is symmetrical to zero and the duty cycle can be higher than 50%, similar to the active clamp circuit. Though this circuit contains most of the active clamp circuit' key features it does not exhibit its limitations. One of the drawbacks of the active clamp circuit is its behavior during transients wherein the duty cycle changes. During transients, until the reset capacitor charges to its optimum level, the voltage across the switch may reach uncontrollable levels. In this reset technique the voltage across the switch is constant regardless of the duty cycle and reacts to transients without any limitations. In addition to this the implementation is very simple; it does not require any additional driving and timing circuits for the reset switch. The reset switch is driven directly form the transformer by a driving winding and the reset voltage can be easily adjusted by a resistor divider. Using this technology a DC-DC converter was implemented, providing 1.2 V @ 20A, from an input voltage range of 36 V to 60 reaching an efficiency of 86% at full load.
Persistent Effects Induced by IL-13 in the Lung (2006)

IL-13 overexpression in the lung induces inflammatory and remodeling responses that are prominent features of asthma. Whereas most studies have concentrated on the development of IL-13-induced disease, far fewer studies have focused on the reversibility of IL-13-induced pathologies. This is particularly important because current asthma therapy appears to be poor at reversing lung remodeling. In this manuscript, we used an externally regulatable transgenic system that targets expression of IL-13 to the lung with the aim of characterizing the reversibility process. After 4 wk of doxycycline (dox) exposure, IL-13 expression resulted in mixed inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus cell metaplasia, lung fibrosis, and airspace enlargement (emphysema). After withdrawal of dox, IL-13 protein levels were profoundly reduced by 7 d and below baseline by 14 d. During this time frame, the level of lung eosinophils returned to near normal, whereas macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils remained markedly elevated. IL-13-induced mucus cell metaplasia significantly decreased (91%) 3 wk after withdrawal of dox, showing strong correlation with reduced eosinophil levels. In contrast, IL-13-induced lung fibrosis did not significantly decline 4 wk after dox withdrawal. Importantly, IL-13-induced emphysema persisted, but modestly declined 4 wk after dox. Examination of transcript expression profiles identified a subset of genes that remained increased weeks after transgene expression was no longer detected. Notably, numerous IL-13-induced cytokines and enzymes were reversible (IL-6 and cathepsins), whereas others were sustained (CCL6 and chitinases) after IL-13 withdrawal, respectively. Thus, several hallmark features of IL-13-induced lung pathology persist and are dissociated from eosinophilia after IL-13 overexpression ceases.
Evaluation of an arm-mounted augmented reality system in an outdoor environment (2012)

Research into Augmented Reality (AR) devices for professional use has largely focused on hand-held devices and Head Mounted Displays (HMDs). There are advantages and disadvantages to both solutions, and which is used will largely depend on the context of use. In this paper, we present an outdoor user evaluation of an alternative wearable AR device mounted on the forearm to allow hands free movement. Findings on the strengths and weaknesses of the system along with user recommendations were obtained, and serve as an indicator to its potential applicability for wider use, particularly in comparison with a hands free HMD solution.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells: water permeation through Nafion(R) membranes (2010)

Water permeation through Nafion® membranes and catalyst-coated membranes are measured. Three types of water permeability measurements are conducted in order to systematically study the effect of the phase of water in contact with the membrane: vapour permeation (termed vapour-vapour permeation), pervaporation (termed liquid-vapour permeation) and hydraulic permeation (termed liquid-liquid permeation). Measurements are taken at 70oC. The largest water permeation flux was observed when the membrane was exposed to liquid water on one side and water vapour at the other, i.e., liquid-vapour permeation. Water permeabilities were found to increase: with increasing differential chemical potential developed across the membrane; with progressive hydration of the membrane; and when the membrane is in contact with liquid water. Water permeability measurements obtained ex-situ are correlated to in-situ fuel cell water balance measurements at 70oC. The back permeation (i.e., water transport from cathode to anode), is largely driven by liquid-vapour permeation, and is sufficient to offset the electro-osmotic drag flux (i.e., proton-driven water transport towards cathode). Ex-situ and in-situ water transport measurements were extended to membranes with thicknesses ranging 6 to 201 μm. Under liquid-liquid permeation condition, water permeation fluxes increased with reduction in membrane thickness; under liquid-vapour and vapour-vapour permeation conditions, water permeation fluxes increased with reduction in membrane thickness but changed little for thickness below 56 μm. Estimation of internal and interfacial water transport resistances revealed that interfacial water transport resistance is dominant for thin membranes – explaining why further increases in liquid-vapour and vapour-vapour permeation fluxes are not observed with decreasing membrane thicknesses below 56 μm. Water permeabilities of catalyst-coated membranes and pristine membranes are found to be similar under all three modes of water permeation. The effect of catalyst layer on membrane water permeation is negligible. In summary, the formation of a membrane/liquid interface is found to enhance the permeability of water through Nafion® membranes. In contrast, presence of a membrane/vapour interface diminishes the rate of water permeation. Under fuel cell operating conditions, when the membrane/liquid interface is formed at the cathode, it is found that a sufficient rate of back permeation effectively regulates the water balance within the fuel cell.
A technique for semantic classification of unknown words using UMLS resources. (1999)

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a tool for transforming natural text into codable form. Success of NLP systems is contingent on a well constructed semantic lexicon. However, creation and maintenance of these lexicons is difficult, costly and time consuming. The UMLS contains semantic and syntactic information of medical terms, which may be used to automate some of this task. Using UMLS resources we have observed that it is possible to define one semantic type by its syntactic combinations with other types in a corpus of discharge summaries. These patterns of combination can then be used to classify words which are not in the lexicon. The technique was applied to a corpus for a single semantic type and generated a list of 875 words which matched the classification criteria for that type. The words were ranked by number of patterns matched and the top 95 words were correctly typed with 80% accuracy.
Predicting Drug Response in Human Prostate Cancer from Preclinical Analysis of In Vivo Mouse Models (2015)

Although genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models are often used to evaluate cancer therapies, extrapolation of such preclinical data to human cancer can be challenging. Here, we introduce an approach that uses drug perturbation data from GEM models to predict drug efficacy in human cancer. Network-based analysis of expression profiles from in vivo treatment of GEM models identified drugs and drug combinations that inhibit the activity of FOXM1 and CENPF, which are master regulators of prostate cancer malignancy. Validation of mouse and human prostate cancer models confirmed the specificity and synergy of a predicted drug combination to abrogate FOXM1/CENPF activity and inhibit tumorigenicity. Network-based analysis of treatment signatures from GEM models identified treatment-responsive genes in human prostate cancer that are potential biomarkers of patient response. More generally, this approach allows systematic identification of drugs that inhibit tumor dependencies, thereby improving the utility of GEM models for prioritizing drugs for clinical evaluation.
The gastrointestinal handling and metabolism of [1‐<sup>13</sup>C]palmitic acid in healthy women (1995)

The gastrointestinal handling and metabolism of [1-13C]palmitic acid given as the free fatty acid was examined in six healthy women by measuring the excretion of 13C-label in stool and in breath as 13CO2. The gastrointestinal handling of [1-13C]palmitic acid was compared with the apparent absorption of dietary lipid by measuring lipid losses in stool. The variation both within and between subjects was determined by repeating the study in the same individuals on separate occasions. The time course for excretion of label in stool over the five-day study period followed a common pattern, with most of the label excreted over the first two days of the stool collection. 13C-Label excreted in stool over the five-day study period was 14.3 +/- 9.8% of that administered and on repeating the trial was 31.6 +/- 24.7% (not significantly different due to variability); there was poor agreement within subjects. Lipid excreted in stool expressed as a percentage of ingested lipid was 5.2 +/- 4.4% in Trial 1 and 5.9 +/- 4.0% in Trial 2, and was the same in each individual on repeating the trial. There was no clear relationship between the excretion of 13C-label and lipid in stool (Trial 1: R = -0.43, P > 0.40; Trial 2: R = -0.02, P > 0.97). On the first occasion, 22.0 +/- 4.5% of the administered label was excreted on breath over the 15-h study period and on repeating the trial was 15.8 +/- 9.5% (not significantly different) with poor repeatability in a given individual.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preparation of Fine-Grained SiC Ceramics from Pyrolyzed Polycarbosilane (1988)

Dense, (> 99% of theoretical) fine-grained SiC ceramics were fabricated by a hot-pressing technique using very fine, crystalline SiC powders made from polycarbosilane. The grain sizes were {approx} 0.3 or 0.7 {mu}m when they were hot-pressed at 1,800{degree}C with Al or at 2,050{degree}C with AlN, respectively. Fabrication processes, the characteristics of the synthesized starting SiC powders, and the microstructures and properties of the SiC ceramics were investigated.
Direct Measurement of Adhesion Energy of Monolayer Graphene As-Grown on Copper and Its Application to Renewable Transfer Process (2012)

Direct measurement of the adhesion energy of monolayer graphene as-grown on metal substrates is important to better understand its bonding mechanism and control the mechanical release of the graphene from the substrates, but it has not been reported yet. We report the adhesion energy of large-area monolayer graphene synthesized on copper measured by double cantilever beam fracture mechanics testing. The adhesion energy of 0.72 ± 0.07 J m(-2) was found. Knowing the directly measured value, we further demonstrate the etching-free renewable transfer process of monolayer graphene that utilizes the repetition of the mechanical delamination followed by the regrowth of monolayer graphene on a copper substrate.
The Scintillation Mechanism in Thallium Activated Sodium Iodide (1964)

The emission and transmission of both pure and Tl activated NaI crystals have been studied as functions of wavelength and plastic deformation in the sample. The results show an increase in emission at 0.42 micron for the NaI(Tl) phosphor, and a probable decrease for the pure NaI specimen. In pure NaI three emission bands, located at 0.33, 0.375 and 0.42 micron, were observed. The 0.42 micron band in both NaI(Tl) and NaI is associated at least in part with chemical contamination of the surface. Some reduction in absorption in both the activated and pure crystals was observed upon increasing the dislocation density.
Frequency-Variance Based Antistrong Vibration Interference Method for Vortex Flow Sensor (2014)

Vortex flowmeter is apt to be disturbed by pipe vibration in industrial applications. It is a very difficult problem to be solved, and affects the applications of vortex flowmeter. To solve this key problem, the frequency features of the flow signal and vibration noise are analyzed. A frequency-variance algorithm is proposed to deal with the vortex flow sensor output signal. A variance threshold is set to distinguish the vortex flow signal from the vibration noise interference. A signal processing system based on an ultralow-power microcontroller is developed to implement the algorithm and to extract the flow rate information from the signal containing strong vibration noise. At the same time, this system meets the requirements of low-power and two-wire mode, and can be used in process control. The strong vibration experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of both antistrong vibration algorithm and the system. Only one vortex flow sensor is required in the vortex flowmeter, which avoids the design and installation of the vibration sensor and saves the costs of meter.
FAQ finder: a case-based approach to knowledge navigation (2002)

In this paper, we will discuss a class of systems, called FAQ FINDER systems, that use a natural language question-based interface to distributed information sources, specifically files organized as question/answer pairs such as FAQ files. In using these systems, users enter question in natural language and the system attempts answer that question, using FAQ files as a resource. We combined two technologies in developing these systems: statistically based IR engines and more semantically based "language matchers". The power of our approach rises out of two features: first, we are using knowledge sources that have already been designed to answer the commonly asked questions in a domain and are more highly organized than free text; second, these systems do not have to comprehend the queries they receive. They only have to identify the relevant files and then match against the segments of text that are used to organize the files themselves.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reaction-based two-photon probes for in vitro analysis and cellular imaging of monoamine oxidase activity (2012)

Reaction-based fluorescent probes for monoamine oxidases A and B are developed based on a new two-photon absorbing compound and its precursor. The probes show turn-on fluorescence response to the enzymes owing to the two-photon absorbing compound produced by the enzymatic activity, as monitored by one- as well as two-photon microscopy for the first time.
Differential Susceptibilities to Chronic Beryllium Disease Contributed by Different Glu69 HLA-DPB1 and -DPA1 Alleles (1999)

Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is associated with the allelic substitution of a Glu69 in the HLA-DPB1 gene. Although up to 97% of CBD patients may have the Glu69 marker, about 30-45% of beryllium-exposed, unaffected individuals carry the same marker. Because CBD occurs in only 1-6% of exposed workers, the presence of Glu69 does not appear to be the sole genetic factor underlying the disease development. Using two rounds of direct automated DNA sequencing to precisely assign HLA-DPB1 haplotypes, we have discovered highly significant Glu69-containing allele frequency differences between the CBD patients and a beryllium-exposed, nondiseased control group. Individuals with DPB1 Glu69 in both alleles were almost exclusively found in the CBD group (6/20) vs the control group (1/75). Whereas most Glu69 carriers from the control group had a DPB1 allele *0201 (68%), most Glu69 carriers from the CBD group had a non-*0201 DPB1 Glu69-carrying allele (84%). The DPB1 allele *0201 was almost exclusively (29/30) associated with DPA1 *01 alleles, while the non-*0201 Glu69-containing DPB1 alleles were closely associated with DPA1 *02 alleles (26/29). Relatively rare Glu69-containing alleles *1701, *0901, and *1001 had extremely high frequencies in the CBD group (50%), as compared with the control group (6.7%). Therefore, the most common Glu69-containing DPB1 allele, *0201, does not seem to be a major disease allele. The results suggest that it is not the mere presence of Glu69, per se, but specific Glu69-containing alleles and their copy number (homozygous or heterozygous) that confer the greatest susceptibility to CBD in exposed individuals.
Delineating the Role of the HLA-DR4 “Shared Epitope” in Susceptibility versus Resistance to Develop Arthritis (2008)

In humans, HLA-DR alleles sharing amino acids at the third hypervariable region with DRB1*0401(shared epitope) are associated with a predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis, whereas DRB1*0402 is not associated with such a predisposition. Both DRB1*0402 and DRB1*0401 occur in linkage with DQ8 (DQB1*0302). We have previously shown that transgenic (Tg) mice expressing HLA-DRB1*0401 develop collagen-induced arthritis. To delineate the role of "shared epitope" and gene complementation between DR and DQ in arthritis, we generated DRB1*0402, DRB1*0401.DQ8, and DRB1*0402.DQ8 Tg mice lacking endogenous class II molecules, AE(o). DRB1*0402 mice are resistant to develop arthritis. In double-Tg mice, the DRB1*0401 gene contributes to the development of collagen-induced arthritis, whereas DRB1*0402 prevents the disease. Humoral response to type II collagen is not defective in resistant mice, although cellular response to type II collagen is lower in *0402 mice compared with *0401 mice. *0402 mice have lower numbers of T cells in thymus compared with *0401 mice, suggesting that the protective effect could be due to deletion of autoreactive T cells. Additionally, DRB1*0402 mice have a higher number of regulatory T cells and show increased activation-induced cell death, which might contribute toward protection. In DRB1*0401.DQ8 mice, activated CD4(+) T cells express class II genes and can present DR4- and DQ8-restricted peptides in vitro, suggesting a role of class II(+) CD4 T cells locally in the joints. The data suggest that polymorphism in DRB1 genes determines predisposition to develop arthritis by shaping the T cell repertoire in thymus and activating autoreactive or regulatory T cells.
Bericht über den Botanischen Garten und das Botanische Museum Berlin-Dahlem (BGBM) für das Jahr 1999 (2000)

1. Hauptereignisse Das Jahr 1999 lasst sich wohl am besten als Ubergangsjahr charakterisieren. In seinem Verlauf wurden wichtige bisherige Aktivitaten zum Abschluss gebracht und dadurch Freiraume und Kapazitaten fur neu sich anbahnende zukunftige Tatigkeitsfelder geschaffen. In der zweiten Jahreshalfte wurden die Funktionen des Sekretariats der International Association for Plant Taxonomy schrittweise an den neuen Standort am Institut fur Botanik der Universitat Wien verlagert, ein Prozess, der zum Jahresende im Wesentlichen abgeschlossen war. Der Umzug der umfangreichen Publikationsbestande erfolgte in zwei Transporten im November. Ebenfalls im November erschien die letzte von Berlin aus herausgegebene Nummer der Zeitschrift Taxon .I m Laufe der 12 Jahre, wahrend welcher Berlin als Standort der wichtigsten internationalen Fachorganisation der systematischen Botanik diente, konnten unser Haus der “scientific community” betrachtliche, wenn auch kaum quantifizierbare, weltweit anerkannte Dienste erweisen. Als Folge dieser seiner Forderung der systematisch-botanischen Wissenschaft erfuhr der BGBM weltweit hohe Wertschatzung, um welche viele uns beneidet haben mogen. Ebenfalls zu einem einstweiligen Abschluss gelangte das Dreijahresprojekt BioCISE (Resource Identification for a Biological Collection Information Service in Europe), einer im 4. Forschungsrahmenprogramm der EU geforderten Konzertierten Aktion mit 17 Mitgliedern aus 11 Landern. Die viele hundert Millionen naturkundlicher Objekte und Observationen aus den letzten 250 Jahren umfassenden biologischen Sammlungen stellen eine einzigartige, aber bisher wenig erschlossene Informationsressource zur globalen Biodiversitat dar. Unter der Federfuhrung des Referats fur Biodiversitatsinformatik des BGBM wurde damit begonnen, die europaischen biologischen Sammlungen zu katalogisieren, ihre informatischen Ressourcen wurden analysiert und Nutzeranforderungen hinsichtlich eines gemeinsamen Informationsdienstes definiert. Als Ergebnis liegt ein Konzept fur die Implementierung eines solchen Dienstes vor, auf das sich mehrere Forderantrage in verschiedenen Landern und auf europaischer Ebene stutzen. Neue Forschungsschwerpunkte und Aktivitaten werden die nunmehr beendeten ablosen. Zu nennen sind in erster Linie Bestrebungen auf dem Gebiete der biologischen Informatik und des Informationstransfers, der wissenschaftlichen Dokumentation und Erschliesung unserer Sammlungen, der Compositen-Systematik sowie der floristischen und pflanzengeographischen Forschung in Lateinamerika (insbesondere Kuba und El Salvador). Neue Forschungsprogramme werden in Zukunft ganz wesentlich auf Drittmittelfinanzierung angewiesen sein, was manche Umstrukturierung und auch grundsatzliches Umdenken erforderlich macht. Viele Energien der Wissenschaftler und der Verwaltung des BGBM flossen bereits im Berichtsjahr in die Antragstellung zur ProjektfiWilldenowia 30 – 2000 5
Trading Index Options (1998)

Section I: Basic Concepts and Strategies. Section II: Option Price Behavior and Volatility. Section III: Trading Strategies. Section IV: Managing Positions. Section V: The Psychology of Trading.