gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electronic throttle andwastegate control for turbocharged gasoline engines (2005)

Turbocharging of gasoline engines has gained renewed popularity as a means to improve fuel economy and CO/sub 2/ emissions. Modern engines have advanced technology actuators such as electronic throttle and variable valve timing, in addition to wastegate. Proper control of system actuators is critical to achieving the full benefit of this technology. This paper presents system analysis and control development for a turbocharged gasoline engine equipped with wastegate and electronic throttle. A nonlinear mean value model for the system is presented. The nonlinear model is linearized at multiple operating points and its behavior analyzed using the systems approach. A gain scheduled, decentralized controller is designed to track the intake manifold and boost pressures to meet transient, as well as steady state requirements. A multi-variable control approach is also considered to alleviate tradeoffs inherent in decentralized design.
Infrared Absorption Sensor for Multiple Gas Sensing (2011)

We report on a novel MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) based Fabry-Perot spectrometer with ultra wide wavelength range (3.2-8.4 μm) compared to the previously reported ones (typically 2.8-5.8 μm). The wavelength range of a Fabry-Perot spectrometer is known to increase by increasing the ratio of the refractive indexes of the multilayer mirrors. Thus, a novel mirror structure was proposed replacing low refractive index layer of SiO2 (nL=1.44) by “air (nL=1)” for wider wavelength range. The proposed device was fabricated by HF sacrificial layer etching of SiO2 between four ultra-thin polysilicon films (ca. 320 nm). The following two ideas were adopted to fabricate this delicate structure properly. (1) Electrostatic force was generated only in the outer region surrounding the air mirror not to deform the mirror. (2) Supercritical drying process was employed after the sacrificial etching to prevent the possible sticking issue.
Graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and their heterostructures: properties and applications (2017)

In recent years, two-dimensional atomic-level thickness crystal materials have attracted widespread interest such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), silicene, germanium, black phosphorus (BP), transition metal sulfides and so on.
Rare loss-of-function mutations in ANGPTL family members contribute to plasma triglyceride levels in humans (2008)

The relative activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in different tissues controls the partitioning of lipoprotein-derived fatty acids between sites of fat storage (adipose tissue) and oxidation (heart and skeletal muscle). Here we used a reverse genetic strategy to test the hypothesis that 4 angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTL3, -4, -5, and -6) play key roles in triglyceride (TG) metabolism in humans. We re-sequenced the coding regions of the genes encoding these proteins and identified multiple rare nonsynonymous (NS) sequence variations that were associated with low plasma TG levels but not with other metabolic phenotypes. Functional studies revealed that all mutant alleles of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 that were associated with low plasma TG levels interfered either with the synthesis or secretion of the protein or with the ability of the ANGPTL protein to inhibit LPL. A total of 1% of the Dallas Heart Study population and 4% of those participants with a plasma TG in the lowest quartile had a rare loss-of-function mutation in ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, or ANGPTL5. Thus, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL5, but not ANGPTL6, play nonredundant roles in TG metabolism, and multiple alleles at these loci cumulatively contribute to variability in plasma TG levels in humans.
Tumor necrosis factor mRNA localized to Paneth cells of normal murine intestinal epithelium by in situ hybridization. (1990)

Paneth cells in normal murine small intestine contain TNF mRNA that is readily detectable by in situ hybridization, unlike resident macrophages in lamina propria, which are negative. Northern blot analysis of whole tissue shows the presence of mRNA that has the same electrophoretic mobility as TNF mRNA from activated macrophages. A low level of TNF bioactivity, but no immunoreactivity, was detected in normal small intestine, and TNF production in resting Paneth cells appears to be post-transcriptionally controlled. Typical leukocyte surface membrane markers were not found on Paneth cells, but were expressed by the surrounding lamina propria macrophages. Paneth cells are thus epithelial cells with leukocyte-like secretory potential that may be important in intestinal physiology and pathology.
Construction of template ligand sites in polymeric matrices with dithizone (1997)

Metal ion specific template ligand sites were developed by physically immobilizing dithizone molecules oriented according to a particular complex geometry in various polymeric films. Four polymeric systems, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), and polycarbonate, were used for making template sites for Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Co2+ ions. A high degree of specificity could be achieved independent of stability constants, though about half of the ligand sites were unavailable to the metal ions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3729–3734, 1997
Design and Implementation of Automatic Intelligent Tracking Car Based on CCD (2016)

A method of design and implementation of automatic intelligent tracking car based on CCD was proposed. The automatic intelligent tracking car takes KL26 of Freescale as the controller. The runway information is detected by CCD and the speed of the car is detected by the auxiliary encoder. During the running process of the car, the speed of the car can control by the servo motor with PID algorithm. To achieve real-time running status observation of the automatic intelligent tracking car, PC software is designed. A large number of experimental results show that the automatic intelligent tracking car has stable and reliable performance, which has certain popularization and application value.
Topical Retinoic Acid Does Not Alter the Vasoconstrictive Properties of Topical Corticosteroids in Humans (1991)

Dermo-epidermal atrophy is one of the main side effects of long-term treatment with topical corticosteroids. Retinoic acid may prevent and even reverse these effects in animals. Extension of this concept to therapy in humans implies that several studies have been performed; among others, it has to be established that treatment with topical retinoic acid does not interfere with the anti-inflammatory action of topical corticosteroids. The present study on the cutaneous vasoconstriction test comprised two different double-blind approaches: (i) vasoconstriction tests with betamethasone dipropionate (Diprolene) and clobetasone butyrate (Emovate) were carried out on skin that had previously been treated for 10 days with retinoic acid 0.01, 0.025 or 0.05% (or excipient); (ii) vasoconstriction tests with a combination of triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% and retinoic acid 0.025% were compared with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% alone. Pretreatment for 10 days with retinoic acid did not alter the vasoconstriction induced by corticosteroids: no decrease or increase in the vasoconstriction score was observed, whether the skin had been previously treated with retinoic acid or with excipient. The vasoconstriction scores obtained with a combination of retinoic acid and triamcinolone acetonide were identical with those obtained with the steroid alone. This study indicates that retinoic acid does not inhibit the vasoconstriction induced by topical corticosteroids and suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect of the latter should be maintained in association with retinoic acid.
Rat hippocampal neurons in culture: voltage-clamp analysis of inhibitory synaptic connections (1984)

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) recorded at room temperature in cultured rat hippocampal neurons had the same reversal potential as Cl--dependent voltage responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The IPSPs had a relatively short latency and long duration and could be evoked for hours without change in their properties. They were consistently depressed by picrotoxin applied near cell bodies of the neurons under study. Postsynaptic cells exhibiting IPSPs were voltage clamped with two electrodes for the purpose of studying the properties of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). The IPSCs shared the same reversal potential and sensitivity to [Cl-]i as was observed with membrane current responses to GABA. They were both depressed by picrotoxin, with little if any change in the kinetics of ion channel activity either estimated from fluctuation analysis of drug-depressed current responses to GABA or calculated from semilogarithmic plots of IPSC decay. The decay of the IPSC was well fitted by a single exponential with a time constant of about 20 ms, which corresponded closely to the estimated average duration of an ion channel activated by GABA. IPSC decay was sensitive to the potential at which the cell was held, increasing by up to 50% in some cells clamped at positive potentials relative to values obtained at the level of the resting potential. IPSCs were enhanced in amplitude by diazepam, which also prolonged their time constant of decay. Diazepam potentiated membrane current responses to GABA and fluctuation analysis of potentiated responses indicated that the drug effects could be accounted for by an increase both in estimated channel duration and channel frequency. IPSCs were also altered by pentobarbital, which markedly prolonged their time constant of decay with little if any change in their amplitude. Pentobarbital enhanced current responses to GABA, an effect that could be accounted for primarily in terms of a pronounced increase in estimated channel lifetime. None of the drugs used in the present study affected the elementary conductance estimated from fluctuation analysis of GABA-evoked current response. The results suggest that IPSPs and IPSCs evoked in these cultured hippocampal cells are mediated by GABA, about 1,700 Cl- ion channels are activated at the peak of the synaptic conductance, and clinically important drugs act postsynaptically on the kinetics of the channels so as to change the amplitude and/or time course of the synaptic conductance.
Deletions in a recombinant retrovirus genome associated with its expression in embryonal carcinoma cells (1989)

We analyzed embryonal carcinoma cell lines infected with a recombinant Moloney murine leukemia virus. Lines that carried but did not express the neo gene retained a provirus of LTR-gag-pol-neo-LTR, where LTR is a long terminal repeat, whereas all G418-resistant lines deleted regions that included the primer binding site and the splicing donor site. This suggested the presence of multiple inhibitory elements.
Measurements of semilocal and nonmaximally entangled states (2002)

Consistency with relativistic causality narrows down dramatically the class of measurable observables. We argue that, by weakening the preparation role of ideal measurements, many of these observables become measurable. In particular, we show by applying entanglement assisted remote operations that all Hermitian observables of a $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$-dimensional bipartite system are measurable.
SemEval-2016 Task 6: Detecting Stance in Tweets (2016)

Here for the first time we present a shared task on detecting stance from tweets: given a tweet and a target entity (person, organization, etc.), automatic natural language systems must determine whether the tweeter is in favor of the given target, against the given target, or whether neither inference is likely. The target of interest may or may not be referred to in the tweet, and it may or may not be the target of opinion. Two tasks are proposed. Task A is a traditional supervised classification task where 70% of the annotated data for a target is used as training and the rest for testing. For Task B, we use as test data all of the instances for a new target (not used in task A) and no training data is provided. Our shared task received submissions from 19 teams for Task A and from 9 teams for Task B. The highest classification F-score obtained was 67.82 for Task A and 56.28 for Task B. However, systems found it markedly more difficult to infer stance towards the target of interest from tweets that express opinion towards another entity.
G-protein-coupled receptor expression, function, and signaling in macrophages (2007)

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are widely targeted in drug discovery. As macrophages are key cellular mediators of acute and chronic inflammation, we review here the role of GPCRs in regulating macrophage function, with a focus on contribution to disease pathology and potential therapeutic applications. Within this analysis, we highlight novel GPCRs with a macrophage-restricted expression profile, which provide avenues for further exploration. We also review an emerging literature, which documents novel roles for GPCR signaling components in GPCR-independent signaling in macrophages. In particular, we examine the crosstalk between GPCR and TLR signaling pathways and highlight GPCR signaling molecules which are likely to have uncharacterized functions in this cell lineage.
Interaction of cyanine dyes with nucleic acids. 8. Investigation of cyanine dyes as fluorescent probes for the nucleic acids detection (1999)

Вивчено 19 поліметинових ціанінових барвників із різними гетероциклами як можливих флюорес­центних зондів для гомогенної детекції нуклеїнових кислот у розчині. Досліджено спектрально-люмінесцентні властивості вільних барвників, у присутності білка, а також їхніх комплексів з ДНК і РНК. Було запропоновано модель «в'язкого оточення» для пояснення зростання інтен­сивності флюоресценції ціанінових барвників у їхніх комплексах з нуклеїновими кислотами.
Early Zero Detection (1996)

We present an integrated adder/subtracter/zero-detector in which the zero detection completes well before the sum or difference is known. Previous zero detectors either required the sum to be available before they could complete, or were not well integrated with the ALU. We avoid these problems by exploiting the properties of half-adder form. Sums in half-adder form can be computed very quickly (with the delay of a half adder), yet they have enough structure so that many of the properties of the final sum can be easily detected. Our zero detector is faster than any previously described, requires only a small amount of additional circuitry in the ALU, and adds little or nothing to the overall delay of the ALU. We also examine some of the architectural implications of early zero detection: faster branching, more instruction-level parallelism, more powerful instructions, and reduced hardware needs for supporting speculative execution.
DNA Amplification (1997)

The polymerase chain reaction has become a mainstream tool for the molecular biologist. The sensitivity, efficiency, and speed of this method is unparalleled for the amplification and detection of exquisitely minute quantities of nucleic acids. Through repetitive cycles of heat denaturation of samples, followed by the base pairing of primers designed to identify one DNA sequence among the cellular heterogeneity, and finally synthesis of new DNA strands identical to the target, single molecules and individual genes can be detected and subsequently characterized. This method has revolutionized the study of gene organization, structure, and expression, not to mention offering newer, faster, and more economical means for the clinical detection infectious disease. That PCR has been fruitful is undisputed; however, the method is not without shortcomings. Among the major limitations of this method are the absolute requirement for well-designed primers, the super sensitivity of this method to biological contaminants from any of a variety of sources, and subtle, though very important, inter- and intra-laboratory variations in technique.
Increasing the Effectiveness of the Reading Aide: A Guide for Teachers (1989)

It is the purpose of this article to share ideas on supervisory techniques that teachers can implement to increase the effectiveness of another adult assisting them in the classroom. While this article focuses on the reading aide, these techniques are equally applicable when working with student teachers, parent volunteers, or any other adult whom the teacher might have in the classroom to provide help with the instructional program.
Recovery of 13C in breath from NaH13CO3 infused by gut and vein: effect of feeding (1989)

Estimates of substrate oxidation obtained from appearance of 13C or 14C from tracers in breath must be corrected for retention of labeled carbon in the body. We aimed to determine the effect of a defined experimental diet and metabolic status on recovery of infused Na [13C]bicarbonate in breath. Six healthy male subjects consumed an experimental diet for 7 days before receiving a continuous infusion of formula without tracer on day 8 and received either an intragastric (ig) or intravenous (iv) infusion of Na [13C]bicarbonate on day 9 or 11 during a 4-h postabsorptive (PA), 4-h continuously fed period. A trend toward increasing PA breath enrichment during the first 7 diet days approached statistical significance (P = 0.051), whereas breath enrichments measured 3 h postbreakfast were consistently higher than PA values throughout and did not change over the 7-day period. Breath enrichments during a 4-h continuous ig infusion of formula without tracer on day 8 rose 2.0 +/- 0.5 atom percent excess (APE).10(-3) above base line (P less than 0.001, ANOVA). In the tracer studies, breath enrichments were similar for the ig and iv routes of tracer infusion. For the ig infusion the fraction of infused Na [13C]bicarbonate recovered in breath as 13CO2 was 0.74 +/- 0.02 for the PA period and 0.79 +/- 0.02 for the fed period. For the iv infusion the fraction recovered was 0.70 +/- 0.04 for the PA period and 0.82 +/- 0.03 for the fed period. Fractional recoveries were not significantly different for ig and iv routes of administration but were different for PA and fed periods (P less than 0.0001, 2-way ANOVA). The fractional recoveries for the fed period obtained here were similar to the value 0.81 reported in a number of other studies. Recovery of tracer in breath increased linearly with O2 uptake and CO2 production, suggesting that factors affecting respiratory gas exchange may alter recovery. We conclude that the primary factor determining label recovery is the immediate and recent nutritional status of the host.
MicroRNA <i>let-7b</i> regulates neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation by targeting nuclear receptor TLX signaling (2010)

Neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is orchestrated by precise control of gene expression involving nuclear receptor TLX. Let-7b, a member of the let-7 microRNA family, is expressed in mammalian brains and exhibits increased expression during neural differentiation. However, the role of let-7b in neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation remains unknown. Here we show that let-7b regulates neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation by targeting the stem cell regulator TLX and the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1. Overexpression of let-7b led to reduced neural stem cell proliferation and increased neural differentiation, whereas antisense knockdown of let-7b resulted in enhanced proliferation of neural stem cells. Moreover, in utero electroporation of let-7b to embryonic mouse brains led to reduced cell cycle progression in neural stem cells. Introducing an expression vector of Tlx or cyclin D1 that lacks the let-7b recognition site rescued let-7b-induced proliferation deficiency, suggesting that both TLX and cyclin D1 are important targets for let-7b-mediated regulation of neural stem cell proliferation. Let-7b, by targeting TLX and cyclin D1, establishes an efficient strategy to control neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
PH3 surface chemistry on Si(111)-(7×7): A study by Auger spectroscopy and electron stimulated desorption methods (1990)

The adsorption and decomposition of PH3 on Si(111)-(7×7) was investigated in ultrahigh vacuum by means of temperature programmed desorption, low-energy electron diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and electron stimulated desorption (ESD) methods. Phosphine adsorbs on Si(111)-(7×7) at T=120 K with an initial sticking coefficient of S0≂1 through a mobile (extrinsic) precursor state. Some PH3 dissociative adsorption at 120 K is observed. Thermal activation of the adsorbed species results in desorption of a molecular PH3 species up to 550 K. Further heating produces H2(g) desorption at T≂740 K and P2(g) desorption at T≂1010 K, thus indicating that PH3 decomposition has occurred. AES and ESD studies of the adsorbed species reveal that decomposition takes place by the breaking of PH bonds in PHx(a) to form SiH species on the surface for 120 K&lt;T&lt;700 K.
Progress in modeling the chemical bonding in tetrahedral amorphous carbon (1998)

The application of the reverse Monte Carlo method to modeling a covalently bonded amorphous material has been investigated, with the aim of generating a physically acceptable model for tetrahedral amorphous carbon $(ta\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}).$ Four different models, each containing approximately 3000 atoms, have been produced by fitting to experimental neutron diffraction data and by applying various constraints consistent with prior chemical and physical knowledge of the material. Particular attention has been paid to the development of coordination constraints that are a realistic representation of the local bonding environments in the material. A sufficiently large model (with realistic chemical bonding) has been produced for reliable comparison with experimental diffraction data and determination of medium-long range structural characteristics, e.g., clustering. The results show that better agreement with the experimental data is achieved if the model is allowed to include three- and four-membered rings, and that atoms with ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$ bonds tend to form small clusters and polymerlike chains interlinking regions of ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}$ or ``diamondlike'' bonding. The inclusion of 5 at. % hydrogen results in a homogeneous distribution of H atoms throughout the network; no preferential bonding to a particular C atom site is revealed.
Leakage of five root canal sealers (1999)

Under the conditions of this study, all five sealers produced a satisfactory seal.
Design of experiments: a tool for continuous process improvement (1992)

The author outlines an optimal approach needed to implement the process of continuous process improvement through the use of proper statistical methods. Industrial systems are usually affected by high noise and very weak signals. Active data collection systems lead to statistical design of experiments that are invaluable in all stages of process improvement, both for reduction of variability and for improvement in output variables, such as yield and reliability. The most critical issue is to decide where to perform experiments to obtain the maximum knowledge with the fewest tests. Continuous improvement processes are emphasized in order to achieve a reduction in noise and an improvement in the signal. A stepwise process which has been used successfully in industries to achieve this goal is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Annual Rate of Transvenous Defibrillation Lead Defects in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Over a Period of >10 Years (2007)

An increasing annual lead failure rate is noted primarily during long-term follow-up and reached 20% in 10-year-old leads. Patients with lead defects are younger and more often female.