gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Latest Technology of Controlling Micro-Pore in Cordierite Diesel Particulate Filter for DPNR System (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A DPNR (Diesel Particulate-Nox Reduction) system is designed to simultaneously remove PM (Particulate Matter) and NOx from the exhaust of diesel engined vehicles. A DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) is used in the DPNR system to reduce the PM. The DPF must have high PM filtering efficiency, while at the same time having low back pressure. However, filtering efficiency and back pressure have trade off relations. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the pore distribution in the walls of the DPF to satisfy both characteristics. This paper will explain that optimized control of pore distribution enables both high PM filtering efficiency and low back pressure.</div>
Multiphoton Fabrication (2007)

Chemical and physical processes driven by multiphoton absorption make possible the fabrication of complex, 3D structures with feature sizes as small as 100 nm. Since its inception less than a decade ago, the field of multiphoton fabrication has progressed rapidly, and multiphoton techniques are now being used to create functional microdevices. In this Review we discuss the techniques and materials used for multiphoton fabrication, the applications that have been demonstrated, as well as those being pursued. We also consider the outlook for this field, both in the laboratory and in industrial settings.
A Review of the Water Desalination Systems Integrated with Renewable Energy (2017)

Water and energy are indispensable entities for any flourishing life and civilization. The water and energy scarcities have emerged due to the dramatic growth in the population, standards of living, and the rapid development of the agricultural and industrial sectors. Desalination seems to be one of the most promising solutions to the water problem; however, it is an intensive energy process. The integration of the renewable energy into water desalination systems has become increasingly attractive due to the growing demand for the water and energy, and the reduction of the contributions to the carbon footprint. The intensive investigations on the conventional desalination systems, especially in the oil-rich countries have somewhat overshadowed the progress and implementation of the renewable energy desalination (RED) systems. The economic performance evaluation of the RED systems and its comparison with conventional systems is not conclusive due to many varying factors related to the level of technology, the source of energy availability, and the government subsidy. The small RED plants have a high capital cost, low efficiency and productivity which make RED systems uncompetitive with the conventional ones. However, the selection of the small RED plants for the remote arid areas with small water demands is viable due to the elimination of the high cost of the water transportation, and the connection to the electricity grid. The purpose of this paper is to review the technology, energy, and cost of the recent available desalination systems and their potential to be integrated with the renewable energy resources. This review suggests that the solar still distillation (SD) system, which is simply a natural evaporation-condensation process, is the most practical renewable desalination technique to be used in the remote arid areas; however, a further research is required to enhance their performance and to increase the productivities of these systems.
A day of day plastic surgery in a district general hospital. (1994)

In spite of the suitability of the day surgery environment for most patients undergoing elective plastic surgery, day plastic surgery has not been universally adopted in the United Kingdom. The experience of one plastic surgeon gained in treating 5970 patients as day cases out of a total of 12,461 patients over 10 years is described, with emphasis on the organisation of the service by only the consultant surgeon in collaboration with a medical secretary. Thus, neither the trainee surgeon nor GP clinical assistant in the team have any administrative duties. Within a day surgery unit with a twin theatre and 12 beds, it was possible on 1 day each week between July 1991 and June 1992 to treat 954 patients of whom 678 were treated under local anaesthesia and 276 under general anaesthesia. Three patients required admission to the main hospital overnight. By this day of day plastic surgery an effective service is provided to patients convenient to their home while also releasing facilities in the main regional centre which is equipped and staffed to a higher level of reconstructive expertise. However, the patients themselves should also play a part in improving the service intended for them, and a failure to attend for surgery without prior warning adds an avoidable element of inefficiency.
Novel TGF-β Antagonist Inhibits Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis by Inducing IL-2 Receptor-Driven STAT1 Activation (2011)

Carcinoma derived TGF-β acts as a potent pro-oncogenic factor and suppresses antitumor immunity. To antagonize TGF-β-mediated effects in tandem with a proinflammatory immune stimulus, we generated a chimeric protein borne of the fusion of IL-2 and the soluble extracellular domain of TGF-βR II (FIST). FIST acts as a decoy receptor trapping active TGF-β in solution and interacts with IL-2-responsive lymphoid cells, inducing a distinctive hyperactivation of STAT1 downstream of IL-2R, which in turn promotes SMAD7 overexpression. Consequently, FIST-stimulated lymphoid cells are resistant to TGF-β-mediated suppression and produce significant amounts of proinflammatory cytokines. STAT1 hyperactivation further induces significant secretion of angiostatic CXCL10. Moreover, FIST upregulates T-bet expression in NK cells promoting a potent Th1-mediated antitumor response. As a result, FIST stimulation completely inhibits pancreatic cancer (PANC02) and melanoma (B16) tumor growth in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. In addition, melanoma cells expressing FIST fail to form tumors in CD8(-/-), CD4(-/-), B cell-deficient (μMT), and beige mice, but not in NOD-SCID and Rag2/γc knockout mice, consistent with the pivotal role of FIST-responsive, cancer-killing NK cells in vivo. In summary, FIST constitutes a novel strategy of treating cancer that targets both the host's angiogenic and innate immune response to malignant cells.
Polyamine metabolism in a rat brain tumor cell line: Its relationship to the growth rate (1975)

To investigate whether the metabolism of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine is related to cellular growth rate, we have measured the activities of L-ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase as well as the levels of the polyamines in rat brain tumor cells at various stages of a 7-day in vitro growth period and correlated them with the continuous changes in specific growth rate ([dN[t]/dt]/N[t]). L-Ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase both exhibited their maximal activities at the time of most rapid growth. A high positive correlation between the activities of these enzymes and the specific growth rate of the tumor cells during the entire growth period was demonstrated statistically. The pattern of fluctuation of the spermidine content during the culture cycle was similar to those of the enzyme activities and likewise showed a high positive correlation with the specific growth rate of the tumor cells during the entire growth period. The putrescine content exhibited a low positive correlation, whereas the spermine content exhibited a somewhat higher, but negative correlation with the specific growth rate. The high correlation between the specific growth rate of the tumor cells and the synthesis of the polyamines indicates that these events are primarily associated with processes involved in cell replication. Putrescine and spermidine are thought to participate in the regulation of cellular growth rate; a high content may augment, and a low content may restrain, cellular growth rate.
Risk Reduction in Large Portfolios: Why Imposing the Wrong Constraints Helps (2003)

ABSTRACT Green and Hollifield (1992) argue that the presence of a dominant factor would result in extreme negative weights in mean‐variance efficient portfolios even in the absence of estimation errors. In that case, imposing no‐short‐sale constraints should hurt, whereas empirical evidence is often to the contrary. We reconcile this apparent contradiction. We explain why constraining portfolio weights to be nonnegative can reduce the risk in estimated optimal portfolios even when the constraints are wrong. Surprisingly, with no‐short‐sale constraints in place, the sample covariance matrix performs as well as covariance matrix estimates based on factor models, shrinkage estimators, and daily data.
Bipolar electric field switching of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions through voltage controlled exchange coupling (2019)

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (p-MTJs) switched utilizing bipolar electric fields have extensive applications in energy-efficient memory and logic devices. Voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy linearly lowers the energy barrier of ferromagnetic layer via electric field effect and efficiently switches p-MTJs only with a unipolar behavior. Here we demonstrate a bipolar electric field effect switching of 100-nm p-MTJs with a synthetic antiferromagnetic free layer through voltage-controlled exchange coupling (VCEC). The switching current density, ~1.1x10^5 A/cm^2, is one order of magnitude lower than that of the best-reported spin-transfer torque devices. Theoretical results suggest that electric field induces a ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic exchange coupling transition of the synthetic antiferromagnetic free layer and generates a field-like interlayer exchange coupling torque, which cause the bidirectional magnetization switching of p-MTJs. A preliminary benchmarking simulation estimates that VCEC dissipates an order of magnitude lower writing energy compared to spin-transfer torque at the 15-nm technology node. These results could eliminate the major obstacle in the development of spin memory devices beyond their embedded applications.
One GHz Resolution Arrayed Waveguide Grating Filter with LCoS Phase Compensation (2014)

We correct fabrication phase errors of 63-arm, 50GHz FSR AWG to achieve 1GHz resolution, by imaging the waveguides onto a phase spatial light modulator. Variable bandwidth and center frequency tuning is achieved by spatial filtering.
Polymer‐Induced Self‐Assembly of Alkynylplatinum(<scp>II</scp>) Terpyridyl Complexes by Metal⋅⋅⋅Metal/π⋅⋅⋅π Interactions (2004)

Die Deprotonierung von Polycarbonsäuren löst die Selbstorganisation von Terpyridylplatin(II)-Komplexen aus (siehe Bild), die mit bemerkenswerten Änderungen in den UV/Vis-Spektren und Emissionsintensitäten einhergeht. Ursache für die Änderungen in den Spektren sind aus der Aggregation der Komplexe folgende Charge-Transfer-Übergänge zwischen Metall-Metall-Bindung und Ligand.
Cu-Al 마찰용접 접합부 계면에서 열처리에 따른 금속간화합물 성장 (2019)

To investigate the influence of heat treatment on the growth intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the joint interface of friction-welded Cu-Al, several heat treatments are performed at three different temperature with different times. The experiments reveal three different IMCs layers which are significantly influenced by atomic diffusion of Cu and Al with heat treatment conditions. Since the formation of these IMCs layers can affect mechanical properties of friction-welded Cu-Al interfaces, the relationship between the microstructure of IMCs layers and the tensile strength is analyzed according to heat treatment temperature and times.
(Received January 14, 2019; Revised March 6, 2019; Accepted March 22, 2019)
Downlink soft handover gain in CDMA cellular network with cross-correlated shadowing (2002)

A relatively accurate model for shadowing cross-correlation is taken into account to evaluate the performance of downlink, in hard handover and soft handover based CDMA cellular systems. Two special shadowing cases i.e. independent and constant cross-correlated shadowing processes are also evaluated for the comparison purpose. The performances of the two systems are compared in terms of the distribution of received pilot C/I, outage probability and the effective cell coverage, to evaluate the soft handover gain. The simulation results show that, under different shadowing models, soft handover system outperforms hard handover with a considerable gain. It has also been observed that the shadowing cross-correlation must be taken into account for accurate soft handover analyses. However, using a constant cross-correlation of 0.5 i.e. often used in the literature over-estimates the C/I in the systems.
RANKL에 의해 유도된 파골세포 분화에서 캡사이신의 효과 (2017)

Background : Capsaicin is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. Research reported capsaicin has antioxidant and anti-inflamatory activity and osteoclast lineages are very susceptible to oxidative stress, as osteoclasts are produced by increased-generation of intracellular ROS and osteoclasts are activated by ROS. Therefore, our study was evaluated the influence of intracellular oxidative stress such as increased ROS level on RANKL-mediated osteoclast differenciation. Methods and Results : Capsaicin showed a good free radical scavenging activity at in-vitro antioxidant activity. The inhibitory effect of osteoclast differentiation on capsaicin was confirmed. Osteoclast differentiation from murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells was induced by RANKL. The effect of capsaicin on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation was demonstrated using a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay and TRAP staining. Capsaicin showed an inhibitory effect on TRAP activity. The TRAP staining showed that the number of TRAP positive osteoclasts was reduced in capsaicin-treated cells. Conclusion : Capsaicin revealed an inhibitory effect in osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL. These results suggest that capsaicin may have a beneficial effect for the prevention or treatment of osteoclast caused bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
K-Linkage: A New Agglomerative Approach for Hierarchical Clustering (2017)

In agglomerative hierarchical clustering, the traditional approaches of computing cluster distances are single, complete, average and centroid linkages. However, single-link and complete-link approaches cannot always reflect the true underlying relationship between clusters, because they only consider just a single pair between two clusters. This situation may promote the formation of spurious clusters. To overcome the problem, this paper proposes a novel approach, named k-Linkage, which calculates the distance by considering k observations from two clusters separately. This article also introduces two novel concepts: k-min linkage (the average of k closest pairs) and k-max linkage (the average of k farthest pairs). In the experimental studies, the improved hierarchical clustering algorithm based on k-Linkage was executed on five well-known benchmark datasets with varying k values to demonstrate its efficiency. The results show that the proposed k-Linkage method can often produce clusters with better accuracy, compared to the single, complete, average and centroid linkages.
Tandem mass spectrometry database searching (2005)

Abstract Associated with the emergence of mass spectrometry–based proteomics analysis, a host of novel algorithms for tandem mass spectrometry database searching have been published. These tools apply a breadth of computational and statistical approaches to solving the problem of identifying peptides based on interpreting tandem mass spectra with the constraint of sequences present in publicly available protein, transcript, and genomic sequence database repositories. With increasing data volumes due to continuous advances in instrumentation, the need for tools that perform automated peptide identifications and validation of those identifications will be magnified. An overview of database search and postsearch validation tools is summarized.
Long-lived Nuclear Spin Order (2020)

The idea that a long-lived form of spin order, namely singlet order, can be prepared from nuclear spin magnetisation first emerged in 2004. The unusual properties of singlet order–its long lifetime and the fact that it is NMR silent but interconvertible into other forms of NMR active order—make it a ‘smart tag’ that can be used to store information for a long time or through distant space points. It is not unexpected then, that since its first appearance, this idea has caught the attention of research groups interested in exploiting this form of order in different fields of research spanning from biology to materials science and from hyperpolarisation to quantum computing. This first book on the subject gives a thorough description of the various aspects that affect the development of the topic and details the interdisciplinary applications. The book starts with a section dedicated to the basic theories of long-lived spin order and then proceeds with a description of the state-of-the-art experimental techniques developed to manipulate singlet order. It then concludes by covering the generalization of the concept of singlet order by introducing and discussing other forms of long-lived spin order.
Polymer Stabilized VA Mode Liquid Crystal Display (2011)

We used a polymer network to improve the response time of a vertical aligned (VA) mode liquid crystal display (LCD). The polymer network was anisotropic and was oriented in the same direction as the liquid crystal in the dark state. We studied the effect of pretilt angle and polymer concentration and measured the transmittance as well as scattering. With the polymer network, the turn-off time of VA-LCD significantly improved while the contrast ratio remained high.
A dual band circularly polarized microstrip antenna on an EBG substrate (2003)

A common property of microstrip antennas is that the antenna element launches surface wave modes in addition to the radiated fields. Suppression or reduction of surface waves improves antenna efficiency and reduces side lobe levels. EBG materials, also known as photonic crystals, can offer a solution to the surface wave problem. A novel circularly polarized (CP), single-fed microstrip antenna on an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) substrate is presented. The antenna consists of a stacked structure of almost square patches and an EBG substrate for the lower patch. The proposed design has a reduced antenna size as compared to the conventional CP microstrip antenna at a given operating frequency and is of light weight. The impedance and axial ratio bandwidths are large and CP radiation quality is excellent over the entire upper hemisphere. The antenna features about 11 dBi gain. The proposed antenna is suitable for Global Positioning System (GPS) applications.
The Circadian Clock in Skin (2015)

Historically, work on peripheral circadian clocks has been focused on organs and tissues that have prominent metabolic functions, such as the liver, fat, and muscle. In recent years, skin has emerged as a model for studying circadian clock regulation of cell proliferation, stem cell functions, tissue regeneration, aging, and carcinogenesis. Morphologically, skin is complex, containing multiple cell types and structures, and there is evidence for a functional circadian clock in most, if not all, of its cell types. Despite the complexity, skin stem cell populations are well defined, experimentally tractable, and exhibit prominent daily cell proliferation cycles. Hair follicle stem cells also participate in recurrent, long-lasting cycles of regeneration: the hair growth cycles. Among other advantages of skin is a broad repertoire of available genetic tools enabling the creation of cell type-specific circadian mutants. Also, due to the accessibility of skin, in vivo imaging techniques can be readily applied to study the circadian clock and its outputs in real time, even at the single-cell level. Skin provides the first line of defense against many environmental and stress factors that exhibit dramatic diurnal variations such as solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and temperature. Studies have already linked the circadian clock to the control of UVB-induced DNA damage and skin cancers. Due to the important role that skin plays in the defense against microorganisms, it also represents a promising model system to further explore the role of the clock in the regulation of the body's immune functions. To that end, recent studies have already linked the circadian clock to psoriasis, one of the most common immune-mediated skin disorders. Skin also provides opportunities to interrogate the clock regulation of tissue metabolism in the context of stem cells and regeneration. Furthermore, many animal species feature prominent seasonal hair molt cycles, offering an attractive model for investigating the role of the clock in seasonal organismal behaviors.
Noninvasive imaging of e‐selectin expression by activated endothelium in urate crystal–induced arthritis (1994)

E-selectin is expressed by synovial endothelium during the evolution of urate crystal-induced arthritis and can be detected noninvasively using a radiolabeled MAb. This E-selectin imaging technique has considerable potential for the noninvasive assessment of endothelial activation in arthritis and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
On the relationship between input encoding and logic minimization (2002)

A theoretical formulation of the input encoding problem is presented, based on the concept of compatibility of dichotomies. Three possible techniques to solve the problem are discussed, based on: techniques borrowed from classical logic minimization (generation of prime dichotomies and solving the covering problem); graph coloring applied to the graph of incompatibility of dichotomies; and extraction of essential prime dichotomies followed by graph coloring. Extracting essential prime dichotomies serves the same purpose as the extraction of essential prime implicants in logic minimization, in the sense that it reduces the size of the covering/graph coloring problem. The conditions of optimality of the encoding problem are discussed. The method can be applied to the input encoding of combinational logic and the state assignment of finite state machines in both two-level and multilevel implementations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Properties of nematic liquid crystals doped with hydroquinone and <i>p</i>-benzoquinone: Long-term dynamic scattering under dc excitation (1974)

The effect of a charge-transfer complex pair on dynamic scattering (DS) properties in nematic liquid crystals is reported. With the use of a hydroquinone-quinone complex pair as dopant, more than one-year continuous dc operation of DS has been achieved. Purification of materials and use of hermetically sealed cells are necessary. Since nematics doped with conventional organic electrolytes do not show long lives under dc operation, a reversible oxidation-reduction process was found to play a fundamental role in achieving long dc operation lives of DS in the present nematics. The mechanism of the electrochemical process in DS is briefly discussed.
Wide-band antenna element with integrated balun (2002)

A wide-band antenna element with an integrated balun has been successfully developed. This element will be used in the OSMA demonstrator array. The measured and predicted bandwidth of an isolated balun is 4:1 for a return loss lower than -18 dB (VSWR 1.3:1). For an antenna element with integrated balun a VSWR of 2:1 is achieved over an octave bandwidth. A VSWR< 2.7:1 was measured over a frequency band of 4:1.