gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficiently Protecting Virtualized Desktop Infrastructures Against Malware (2013)

The cloud is getting increasingly popular and also desktops are migrated to the cloud which are called Hosted Virtual Desktops (HVDs). Because virtualization makes hardware resources very flexible, it is often used to build a cloud platform. These desktops also need to be protected against malware. Virtualization software provider VMware added capabilities to its corporate product to provide antivirus protection from outside the Virtual Machine (VM) using its vShield module. Several antivirus vendors including Trend Micro developed antivirus software making use of this module.

Because no comparisons have been done yet between traditional antivirus and antivirus software making making use of virtualization, research has been conducted comparing Trend Micro's traditional antivirus software Worry-Free Business Security (WFBS) with its vShield-compatible antivirus software called Deep Security (DS). This research showed that despite self-protection measures it is relatively easy to disable or remove the DS antivirus software inside the HVD without being detected. Moreover, it turned out that in this small environment simulating 10 HVDs, the performance of WFBS is much better compared to DS while DS also used much more resources. This is a remarkable result as DS is specifically aimed for virtualized environments and can therefore be expected to perform better than the traditional WFBS antivirus software. During the test it turned out that WFBS uses the full CPU of the VM while DS uses its dedicated antivirus VM to scan the files leaving the test VM in an idle state which has performance advantages for the processes running inside the VM. Furthermore, due to DS's usage of a dedicated VM and several additional VMs that are required to use this software, the memory load of DS is much higher compared to WFBS. It should however be taken into account that in a large-scale environment, DS might perform much better as it is aware of the virtualization.
Preclinical studies and clinical correlation of the effect of alkylating dose. (1988)

Dose-response studies were performed with the alkylating agents [nitrogen mustard, N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea, melphalan, cisplatin (CDDP), 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC), and trimethyleneiminethiophosphoramide] in both the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line and the EMT6 and FSaIIC murine tumor lines. Increasing selection pressure with the alkylating agents CDDP, melphalan, and 4-HC in vitro produced low levels (6.5- to 9-fold) of drug resistance, despite an intensive and prolonged treatment program. The MCF-7 sublines made resistant to CDDP and 4-HC did not exhibit cross-resistance to other alkylating agents; however, the MCF-7 subline resistant to melphalan was partially cross-resistant to nitrogen mustard, 4-HC, and CDDP. A log-linear relationship was maintained between surviving fraction of MCF-7 cells in culture and drug concentration with alkylating agents, whereas for nonalkylating agents the survival curves tended to plateau at high drug concentrations. Log-linear tumor cell kill was also obtained over a wide dosage range with several alkylating agents in murine tumors treated in vivo. Tumor cell survival assay by colony formation indicated the continuing importance of dose in the action of the drugs even at high levels of tumor cell kill. With some agents, there was a difference between the slopes of the tumor cell killing curves in vivo as compared to in vitro. Cyclophosphamide was far more potent in vitro (4-HC) than in vivo (cyclophosphamide). Trimethyleneiminethiophosphoramide and N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea were both more potent in vivo than in vitro. These differences may be explained by the various metabolic patterns of these drugs. Dose of alkylating agents is clearly a crucial variable particularly where multilog tumor cell kill is the goal, and in this regard, the effect of drug dose on the tumoricidal action of the alkylating agents is substantially greater than for nonalkylating agents.
Antipsychotic drug side effect issues in bipolar manic patients. (2000)

While the efficacy of antipsychotics as a maintenance treatment for bipolar patients has not been systematically studied, these drugs are commonly used in the long-term treatment of bipolar patients, and it is not unusual for a bipolar patient to be taking 3 to 4 medications, including antipsychotics. Conventional antipsychotics may be comparable to lithium for acute mania, but have limitations when used in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. Their adverse effects, which include extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, weight gain, sedation, and sexual dysfunction, often lead to non-compliance; their use may have a negative impact on the overall course of illness; and they may not be as effective as lithium in treating the core manic symptoms over the long term. Atypical antipsychotics may prove useful for bipolar patients who require antipsychotic treatment because of their favorable side effect profile, thymoleptic properties, and positive effect on overall functioning.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Propargylic Reduction of Propargylic Alcohols with Silanes (2006)

Ru2 can do it! Substitution of the OH moiety in propargylic alcohols by hydride proceeds smoothly with triethylsilane by catalysis with the thiolate-bridged diruthenium complex 1 (see scheme; Cp*=η5-C5Me5). This reaction gives the corresponding alkynes in good to high yields with complete selectivity, in contrast to a monoruthenium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of propargylic alcohols with silanes.
Employing Broadcast Channel for Frequency Tracking in LTE-MTC Systems (2016)

To support machine type communication (MTC), new challenges for the system design have emerged. For instance, the device shall be able to setup a call at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of -15dB in the extended coverage mode with only one receive antenna and almost no frequency diversity. Maintaining frequency synchronization is one of the main challenges. In this letter, we present, analyze, and evaluate a frequency tracking technique that relies on the repetitive nature of the MTC broadcast channel. Results show that this method does not only provide better performance at very low SNRs when compared to conventional techniques, but also it saves the amount of time required to lock to the network.
Mode-division-multiplexing as a possibility to cope with the increasing capacity demand in optical transmission systems (2012)

Les systèmes de transmission optiques (STOs) déployés actuellement utilisent la détection cohérente pour les débits de 40 Gb/s et 100 Gb/s. Une modulation QPSK ( Quadrature Phase Shift Keying ), c est à dire avec 4 niveaux de phase, associée à un multiplexage de polarisation ( PDM pour Polarization Division Multiplexing ) permet de transporter 4 bits par symbole. L utilisation des formats de modulation plus complexes, tels que le 16QAM (pour Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ), avec 16 états possibles, permet d augmenter le débit transmis. Cependant, cette méthode réduit fortement la portée de transmission. Par exemple, si on passe de 100 Gb/s PDM-QPSK à 200 Gb/s PDM-16QAM, la portée est réduite par un facteur cinq. Une approche nouvelle et en rupture afin d augmenter la capacité est le multiplexage en mode (MDM, pour Mode Division Multiplexing ). Cette approche est investiguée dans le cadre de ma thèse. Je commence ma thèse avec des généralités sur les STOs, suivi d une présentation de leur évolution historique dans le contexte de la demande de capacité croissante dans les réseaux de télécommunications. Ensuite je montre plusieurs options pour continuer la croissance de capacité dans les STOs avant de me focaliser sur le MDM. Je décris tous les nouveaux éléments clés d un système MDM typique, notamment la fibre et l amplificateur légèrement multimodaux, le multiplexeur / démultiplexeur de modes et le nouveau système de réception, en me fondant sur des résultats théoriques, numériques et expérimentaux. Je termine avec une présentation des expériences de transmission MDM, où nous étions parmi les premières équipes mondiales à réaliser une telle démonstration
Involvement of IL-16 in the Induction of Airway Hyper-Responsiveness and Up-Regulation of IgE in a Murine Model of Allergic Asthma (1998)

Experiments were designed to investigate the role of IL-16 in a mouse model of allergic asthma. OVA-sensitized mice were repeatedly exposed to OVA or saline aerosols. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected after the last aerosol, and the presence of IL-16 was evaluated using a migration assay with human lymphocytes. Migration of lymphocytes was significantly increased in the presence of cell-free BALF from OVA-challenged mice compared with BALF from saline-challenged controls. This response was significantly inhibited after addition of antibodies to IL-16, demonstrating the presence of IL-16 in BALF of OVA-challenged animals. Immunohistochemistry was performed and revealed IL-16 immunoreactivity particularly in airway epithelial cells but also in cellular infiltrates in OVA-challenged mice. IL-16 immunoreactivity was absent in nonsensitized animals; however, some reactivity was detected in epithelial cells of sensitized but saline-challenged mice, suggesting that sensitization induced IL-16 expression in airway epithelium. Treatment of mice with antibodies to IL-16 during the challenge period significantly suppressed up-regulation of OVA-specific IgE in OVA-challenged animals. Furthermore, antibodies to IL-16 significantly inhibited the development of airway hyper-responsiveness after repeated OVA inhalations, whereas the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage or airway tissue was not affected. In conclusion, IL-16 immunoreactivity is present in the airways after sensitization. After repeated OVA inhalation, IL-16 immunoreactivity is markedly increased and IL-16 is detectable in BALF. Furthermore, IL-16 plays an important role in airway hyper-responsiveness and up-regulation of IgE but is not important for eosinophil accumulation in a mouse model of allergic asthma.
Use of Cold Microfiltration Retentates Produced with Polymeric Membranes for Standardization of Milks for Manufacture of Pizza Cheese (2007)

Pizza cheese was manufactured with milk (12.1% total solids, 3.1% casein, 3.1% fat) standardized with microfiltered (MF) and diafiltered retentates. Polymeric, spiral-wound MF membranes were used to process cold (<7 degrees C) skim milk, and diafiltration of MF retentates resulted in at least 36% removal of serum protein on a true protein basis. Cheese milks were obtained by blending the MF retentate (16.4% total solids, 11.0% casein, 0.4% fat) with whole milk (12.1% total solids, 2.4% casein, 3.4% fat). Control cheese was made with part-skim milk (10.9% total solids, 2.4% casein, 2.4% fat). Initial trials with MF standardized milk resulted in cheese with approximately 2 to 3% lower moisture (45%) than control cheese ( approximately 47 to 48%). Cheese-making procedures (cutting conditions) were then altered to obtain a similar moisture content in all cheeses by using a lower setting temperature, increasing the curd size, and lowering the wash water temperature during manufacture of the MF cheeses. Two types of MF standardized cheeses were produced, one with preacidification of milk to pH 6.4 (pH6.4MF) and another made from milk preacidified to pH 6.3 (pH6.3MF). Cheese functionality was assessed by dynamic low-amplitude oscillatory rheology, University of Wisconsin MeltProfiler, and performance on pizza. Nitrogen recoveries were significantly higher in MF standardized cheeses. Fat recoveries were higher in the pH6.3MF cheese than the control or pH6.4MF cheese. Moisture-adjusted cheese yield was significantly higher in the 2 MF-fortified cheeses compared with the control cheese. Maximum loss tangent (LT(max)) values were not significantly different among the 3 cheeses, suggesting that these cheeses had similar meltability. The LT(max) values increased during ripening. The temperature at which the LT(max) was observed was highest in control cheese and was lower in the pH6.3MF cheese than in the pH6.4MF cheese. The temperature of the LT(max) decreased with age for all 3 cheeses. Values of 12% trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen levels were similar in all cheeses. Performance on pizza was similar for all cheeses. The use of MF retentates derived with polymeric membranes was successful in increasing cheese yield, and cheese quality was similar in the control and MF standardized cheeses.
Looking beyond the Developmental State (1998)

East Asia has led the world in economic growth and export expansion in the recent past. Concurrently, it has generally featured relatively stable social order and egalitarian distribution of the economic product. This col-lective performance by countries in that region has naturally engendered a huge literature attempting to account for their past record and to diagnose their future prospects. Understandably, their comparative successes have also encouraged analyses seeking to determine the relevance and transfer-ability of their experiences for countries elsewhere.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurement of substrate temperature and temperature transient during molecular beam epitaxy and implications for low-temperature III–V epitaxy (1997)

We report diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) measurement of Knudsen cell induced radiative heating of the sample during molecular beam epitaxy of GaAs at substrate temperatures between 200 and 600 °C. The temperature rises, as large as 12 °C, were observed for In-bonded samples at a substrate temperature of 200 °C. As-grown GaAs layers deposited between 200 and 300 °C are characterized using double crystal x-ray diffraction. The onset of a distinct x-ray peak associated with the low-temperature grown GaAs layer is identified, at a DRS measured temperature between 260 and 270 °C.
Serum Human Glandular Kallikrein-2 Protease Levels Predict the Presence of Prostate Cancer Among Men With Elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen (2000)

PURPOSE: We hypothesize that serum human glandular kallikrein-2 (hK2) levels predict the presence of prostate cancer among men prescreened by prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 324 men who had no history of prostate cancer and who were referred for prostate biopsy. PSA and hK2 levels were measured using specific nonisotopic immunometric techniques. Cases were patients who were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate from biopsy, and controls were patients who had no evidence of cancer from biopsy. The odds ratio for detection of prostate cancer was determined for hK2 measurements, controlling for age, total-PSA level, digital rectal examination, and symptoms of urinary obstruction. RESULTS: Of 324 men, 159 (49.1%) had cancer. Mean hK2 levels and hK2:free-PSA ratios were significantly higher in cases than in controls (1.18 v 0.53 ng/mL, respectively, for hK2, P = .0001; 1.17 v 0.62 for hK2:free-PSA ratio, P = .0001). The crude odds ratio for prostate cancer detection for patients in the highest quartile of hK2 level was 5.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8 to 12.1; P = .0001) compared with patients in the lowest quartile. The adjusted odds ratio was 6.72 (95% CI, 2.9 to 15.6; P = .0001). Similarly, the crude and adjusted odds ratios for prostate cancer detection using the hK2:free-PSA ratio were 7.36 (95% CI, 3.6 to 15.1; P = .0001) and 8.06 (95% CI, 3.7 to 17.4; P = .0001), respectively. These odds ratios were higher than that observed for prostate cancer detection by total-PSA level (2.73; P = .03). CONCLUSION: Among men prescreened with PSA for prostate cancer, patients with high hK2 measurements have a five- to eight-fold increase in risk for prostate cancer, adjusting for PSA level and other established risk factors. hK2 measurements may be a useful adjunct to PSA in improving patient selection for prostate biopsy.
Broadband Phase Shifter Using Loaded Transmission Line (2010)

This letter presents a novel loaded transmission line, which has a constant phase shift over a wide bandwidth, referenced to a uniform transmission line. Compared with the conventional coupled line phase shifter, the configuration shows good performance with simplicity in both design and fabrication. The optimal design parameters for different phase shift values up to 120° are also presented to allow for a quick design process. To verify the configuration, a 90° phase shifter using a T shaped open stub loaded transmission line is designed, fabricated and measured. Excellent performance is achieved with small insertion loss and phase deviation over a bandwidth of 82%.
<i>De Novo</i> Peptide Sequencing via Tandem Mass Spectrometry (1999)

Peptide sequencing via tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is one of the most powerful tools in proteomics for identifying proteins. Because complete genome sequences are accumulating rapidly, the recent trend in interpretation of MS/MS spectra has been database search. However, de novo MS/MS spectral interpretation remains an open problem typically involving manual interpretation by expert mass spectrometrists. We have developed a new algorithm, SHERENGA, for de novo interpretation that automatically learns fragment ion types and intensity thresholds from a collection of test spectra generated from any type of mass spectrometer. The test data are used to construct optimal path scoring in the graph representations of MS/MS spectra. A ranked list of high scoring paths corresponds to potential peptide sequences. SHERENGA is most useful for interpreting sequences of peptides resulting from unknown proteins and for validating the results of database search algorithms in fully automated, high-throughput peptide sequencing.
Biosynthesis and Metabolic Engineering of Anthocyanins in Arabidopsis thaliana (2014)

Arabidopsis thaliana is the first model plant, the genome of which has been sequenced. In general, intensive studies on this model plant over the past nearly 30 years have led to many new revolutionary understandings in every single aspect of plant biology. Here, we review the current understanding of anthocyanin biosynthesis in this model plant. Although the investigation of anthocyanin structures in this model plant was not performed until 2002, numerous studies over the past three decades have been conducted to understand the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. To date, it appears that all pathway genes of anthocyanins have been molecularly, genetically and biochemically characterized in this plant. These fundamental accomplishments have made Arabidopsis an ideal model to understand the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin pathway. Several studies have revealed that the biosynthesis of anthocyanins is controlled by WD40-bHLH-MYB (WBM) transcription factor complexes under lighting conditions. However, how different regulatory complexes coordinately and specifically regulate the pathway genes of anthocyanins remains unclear. In this review, we discuss current progresses and findings including structural diversity, regulatory properties and metabolic engineering of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis thaliana.
TIP, TORQUE & ROTATIONS: How accurately do digital superimposition software packages quantify tooth movement? (2022)

Overall, semiautomatic best fit registration software consistently showed excellent agreement in superimpositions compared to other software types. Automatic best fit registration software consistently demonstrated better agreement for mandibular superimpositions, compared to others. Accuracy of digital model superimpositions for tooth movements studied in superimposition studies, can be attributed to the algorithm employed for quantification.
The Contribution of C<sub>α</sub>−H···O Hydrogen Bonds to Membrane Protein Stability Depends on the Position of the Amide (2005)

Structural analyses of membrane proteins reveal a large number of C(alpha)-H...O contacts between transmembrane helices, presumed to be hydrogen bonds. Recent experiments produced conflicting results for the contribution of such hydrogen bonds to membrane protein stability. An FTIR study estimated an energy of -0.88 kcal/mol for the G79-C(alpha)-H...I76-O hydrogen bond in glycophorin A, whereas a mutagenesis study showed that the A51-C(alpha)-H...T24-O(gamma) hydrogen bond does not stabilize bacteriorhodopsin. Here, we reconcile these results using molecular mechanics calculations and an implicit membrane model (IMM1). With explicit hydrogen atoms, the potential energy of the G79-C(alpha)-H...I76-O interaction in GpA ranges from -0.54 to -0.9 kcal/mol and its contribution to stability (effective energy) from -0.49 to -0.83 kcal/mol, depending on the structural model used. The average values of these quantities in GpA-like motifs are similar. In bR, the corresponding numbers for the A51-C(alpha)-H...T24-O(gamma) interaction are +0.15 and +0.32 kcal/mol. The difference results from the different arrangement of the interacting groups and specifically the position of the acceptor with respect to the C(alpha) and N atoms. This conclusion likely applies to soluble proteins as well.
Impaired fetal thymocyte development after efficient adenovirus-mediated inhibition of NF-kappa B activation. (1999)

We introduce a new experimental system combining adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC). This system allowed us to efficiently express in developing thymocytes a mutant form of the NF-kappa B inhibitor I kappa B alpha (mut-I kappa B) and to study the maturation defects occurring when NF-kappa B activation is inhibited during fetal development. Fetal thymocytes infected with adenovirus containing mut-I kappa B were found to develop normally until the CD44-CD25+, CD4-CD8- double-negative stage, while production of more mature double-positive and single-positive populations was strongly decreased. Proliferation, as measured by the percentage of cells in cycle appeared normal, as did rearrangement and expression of the TCR beta-chain. However, apoptosis was much higher in FTOC infected with adenovirus containing mut-I kappa B than in FTOC infected with a control virus. Taken together, these results suggest that NF-kappa B plays a crucial role in ensuring the differentiation and survival of thymocytes in the early stages of their development.