gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dye-Sensitized TiO<sub>2</sub> Solar Cells:  Structural and Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Nanocrystalline Electrodes Formed from the Hydrolysis of TiCl<sub>4</sub> (1999)

The structure and photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 films deposited onto SnO2 conducting glass from the ambient hydrolysis of TiCl4 and annealed at temperatures ranging from 100 to 500 °C were studied by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS), and intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) measurements. Analysis of the XRD and Raman spectra shows that TiCl4-produced TiO2 films have the rutile structure, regardless of annealing temperature. The TEM reveals that the rutile TiO2 films consist of rod-shaped particles that grow with increasing annealing temperature. The AM-1.5 short-circuit photocurrent Jsc and open-circuit photovoltage Voc of Ru[LL‘(NCS)2]-sensitized (L = 2,2‘-bypyridyl-4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid, L‘ = 2,2‘-bipyridyl-4,4-ditetrabutylammoniumcarboxylate) 4.5 μm thick rutile films increase significantly with annealing temperature, from 1.1 mA/cm2 and 602 mV at 100 °C to 8.7 mA/cm2 and 670 mV at 500 °C. Studies of the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE), the photocurrent−voltage characteristics, the optical appearance, the water content, and the particle size of the films indicate that the increase of both Jsc and Voc with annealing temperature is due, in part, to increased dye adsorption resulting from the evaporation of surface water and the improved light-scattering properties of the film associated with the growth of rutile particles. IMVS and IMPS measurements indicate that variations of the charge-collection efficiency of the cell, which increases from 86% for the 300 °C annealed samples to above 99% for the 500 °C annealed samples, have only a minor effect on Jsc. Analysis of the time constants at open circuit and short circuit for a given electron injection current suggests that the ratio of free-to-trapped electrons at short circuit decreases and the diffusion coefficient of free electrons increases with annealing temperature. Raman and XRD measurements and other observations indicate that treating transparent nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 electrodes with TiCl4 produces a translucent overlayer of rutile TiO2. The increased film thickness and light-scattering characteristics of the rutile overlayer may explain, in part, the improved IPCE observed for dye-sensitized TiCl4-treated nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 electrodes.
Cooperative control of AVR and GOV for improving transient stability of power systems using fuzzy controller (2002)

The authors propose the cooperative fuzzy controller of AVR and GOV to improve the transient stability of power systems. The fuzzy rules to stabilize the power systems are selected from general ideas based on the sliding mode controller. Both the AVR and GOV input are determined to satisfy the system's stability and reduce the chattering effect in the essential problem of sliding mode. Therefore, this fuzzy controller acts to improve the transient stability of power systems. By introducing the ideas of sliding mode control, the fuzzy rules can easily be constructed systematically.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isolation and Characterization of Two cDNA Clones Encoding for Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (1999)

We have isolated two full length cDNA clones encoding Nicotiana plumbaginifolia NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase. Both clones share amino acid boxes of homology corresponding to conserved GDH catalytic domains and putative mitochondrial targeting sequence. One clone shows a putative EF-hand loop. The level of the two transcripts is affected differently by carbon source.
Bacterial Growth and Volatile Compounds in Yoghurt‐Type Products from Soymilk Containing <i>Bifidobacterium ssp</i> (1993)

ABSTRACT The growth of bacteria normally used to produce yoghurt was compared in soymilk and cow milk. Whether or not Bifidobacterium ssp . was present, fermented soymilks [soyoghurt (S), soyoghurt + bifi‐dobacteria (SB)] were less acidic than fermented cow milks [yoghurt (Y), yoghurt + bifidobacteria (YB)]. When bifidobacteria were present (in SB), streptococci were more numerous than lactobacilli. Bifidobacteria in YB stimulated maximal growth of both yoghurt bacteria. In comparison to nonfermented milks, acetaldehyde and diacetyl increased in all cultures. Ethanol increased only in S/SB and acetone was detected only in Y/YB. Quantities of volatile products in Y/'YB were slightly lower than those in Y/S. In all cultures, n‐hexanal was almost totally absent.
Reminiscence processes using life-log entities for persons with mild dementia (2009)

In this paper we present the reminiscence process in a prototype memory support tool for persons with mild dementia. The purpose is to promote autonomy for persons with mild dementia by supporting actualization and maintenance of episodic memories, and real-time access to a context-annotated life log. The main research challenges are defined with a user scenario, Suitable reminiscence methods and memory entitities to reperesent life logs are described, and a preliminary architecture is presented. Finally an early design of a concrete ReviewClient is shown, to solicit feedback on the reminiscence methods, entitites chosen, architecture and the usability of the proposed interface.
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase of Escherichia coli: Affinity Labeling with Bromopyruvate1 (1979)

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase [EC 4.1.1.31] from Escherichia coli W was alkylated by incubation with bromopyruvate, substrate analog, leading to irreversible inactivation. The reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Mg2+, an essential cofactor for catalysis, enhanced the inactivation, and the enhancing effect increased as the pH increased. The inactivation rate showed a tendency to saturate with increasing concentrations of bromopyruvate, indicating that an enzyme-bromopyruvate complex was formed prior to the alkylation. DL-Phospholactate, a potent competitive inhibitor with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate, protected the enzyme from inactivation in a competitive manner. Examination of the acid hydrolysate of the enzyme modified with [14C]bromopyruvate by paper chromatography showed that radioactivity was solely incorporated into carboxyhydroxyethyl cysteine. In addition, determination of sulfhydryl groups of the native and modified enzymes with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) showed that inactivation occurred concomitant with the modification of one cysteinyl residue per subunit. The results indicate that bromopyruvate reacted with the enzyme as an active-site-directed reagent.
Transforming Conventional Wells to Bigbore Completions Using Solid Expandable Tubing (SET) (2002)

Abstract Gas wells completed in prolific reservoirs before the advent of bigbore completions do not produce to full potential due to tubing constraints. This phenomenon was observed in several mature, carbonate gas fields offshore Malaysia developed back in the early 1980s. At that time, tubing configuration was limited to 7" completion run in 9 5/8" production casing. Given the size of the production casing, any workover option to enhance outflow performance was limited to recompletion with 7 5/8" tubulars which would result in a 10% gain in well capacity through improved outflow performance. The advent of solid expandable tubular technology in the new millenium has opened up a revolutionary possibility for transforming a conventional well with 7" tubing to a bigbore producer. The concept involves installing and expanding extended lengths of 7 5/8" solid tubulars inside 9 5/8" casing. This will yield a production conduit with a larger internal diameter than conventional 7 5/8" tubulars. Thereafter, gas production occurs through the solid expandables based on a philosophy similar to long casing flow monobores. A field trial to test this novel re-completion concept was carried out in a gas field offshore Sarawak in December 2001. Expected benefit of a re-completion to solid expandable tubulars is a 40-50% increase in well deliverability from prolific reservoirs previously tubing constrained. If proven successful, this novel recompletion design will be extended to other tubing constrained gas wells in the area. The paper will present the results of this field trial, which is the first of its kind in the world. Details encompassing the conceptual solid expandable completion design, modifications and improvisation required for a SET gas well workover, the SET installation sequence and results from the trial will be presented. Introduction Field Background. The E11 field, located offshore Sarawak in a water depth of 233 ft, is a low relief, pinnacle carbonate buildup of Miocene Age (Fig. 1). The field was discovered in 1971 and covers an area of approximately 12 sq.miles with a gas-bearing interval of up to 1700 feet thick. The carbonate reservoir is characterised by porosities ranging from 5 to 25% and permeabilities ranging from 10 to 400 mD. The field was developed 10 years later from a 20-slot drilling platform with first gas production in August 1982. A total of 10 deviated development wells were drilled and completed using 7" carbon steel tubing tapered to a 4" string from Chrome 13 material with a 7" carbon steel liner cemented and perforated in the reservoir section. Historical Workover. In 1997, seventeen years after the initial development drilling, five of the ten wells were worked over replacing the 7" carbon steel production tubing with 7 5/8" Chrome 13 tubing. The two main factors driving the workover requirement at the time were corrosion and well capacity. First and foremost, the workover was intended to address concerns of galvanic corrosion by replacing the entire completion string withChrome 13 material.
1-Alkyl-3-methyl Imidazolium Bromide Ionic Liquids in the Ionothermal Synthesis of Aluminium Phosphate Molecular Sieves (2006)

The systematic increase in alkyl chain length from 2 to 5 carbons in 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquids is investigated in the ionothermal synthesis of aluminophosphate (AlPO) zeolite materials in sealed autoclaves. The effect of alkyl chain branching and the use of an imidazolium dication ionic liquid are also investigated. On addition of HF to the reaction mixture, a small amount of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium cation is formed in all cases (except when the alkyl chain length is 2), which acts as the structure directing agent (SDA) in the formation of AlPO molecular sieves with the CHA framework (SIZ-10). For 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquids, the cation is incorporated intact into the SIZ-4 structure. The resulting materials are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and 13C MAS NMR.
Plasma from stored packed red blood cells and MHC class I antibodies causes acute lung injury in a 2-event in vivo rat model (2009)

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion death. We hypothesize that TRALI requires 2 events: (1) the clinical condition of the patient and (2) the infusion of antibodies against MHC class I antigens or the plasma from stored blood. A 2-event rat model was developed with saline (NS) or endotoxin (LPS) as the first event and the infusion of plasma from packed red blood cells (PRBCs) or antibodies (OX18 and OX27) against MHC class I antigens as the second event. ALI was determined by Evans blue dye leak from the plasma to the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), protein and CINC-1 concentrations in the BALF, and the lung histology. NS-treated rats did not evidence ALI with any second events, and LPS did not cause ALI. LPS-treated animals demonstrated ALI in response to plasma from stored PRBCs, both prestorage leukoreduced and unmodified, and to OX18 and OX27, all in a concentration-dependent fashion. ALI was neutrophil (PMN) dependent, and OX18/OX27 localized to the PMN surface in vivo and primed the oxidase of rat PMNs. We conclude that TRALI is the result of 2 events with the second events consisting of the plasma from stored blood and antibodies that prime PMNs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nontrivial Intramolecular Interaction in Ozonation of Dimethyl Ester of endo,cis‐ Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2,3‐dicarbonic Acid in Diethyl Ether. (1986)

Abstract Aus dem Norbornen‐dicarbonsäureester (I) erhält man bei der Oxidation mit Ozon/Sauerstoff über diskutierte Zwischenstufen das Ozonid (II).
A GNSS Interference Detection Method Based on Multiple Ground Stations (2012)

For a GNSS receiver's robustness against RFI and the high accuracy of navigation solution in GNSS, interference source detection and mitigation are needed. In this paper, an adaptive lattice IIR notch filter is employed to track single-tone continuous wave and swept continuous wave interference signals, and an interference detection method is proposed. Furthermore, this paper presents interference source characterization algorithm using multiple ground stations' interference detection results. The measurement of the signal powers from each ground station is used to build weighting factors to estimate the type of the interference. The performance of interference detection algorithm is simulated for scenarios of GPS signal in the presence of single-tone continuous wave interference and swept continuous wave interference.
Homocysteine, Oxidative Stress, and Vascular Disease (1997)

First recognized in patients with rare inborn errors of metabolism, the association of elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations with atherosclerosis and thrombosis now seems relevant to the general population as well. The mechanism of injury appears to involve oxidative damage to endothelial cells. Vitamin supplementation can normalize homocysteine levels and may lower the incidence of atherothrombotic vascular disease.
A High-Speed Analog-Digital Computer for Simulation (1959)

This paper describes the principles of operation and logical design of an analog-digital computer capable of simulating complex physical systems in real time. Information in the machine is represented by an analog voltage pulse and a digital number. Arithmetic operations are performed in time-shared analog computing components and conventional digital logical elements. A novel floating-point arithmetic feature is provided to extend the dynamic range of the machine variables. Instructions and constants are stored on a magnetic drum before computation begins. The instructions determine the sequence of computer operations, and both the instructions and constants are arranged so that random access to the drum is not needed. The programming techniques developed for the computer are described. The inherent simplicity of these techniques should permit engineers directly concerned with simulation to program their own problems for computer solution.
Embedded systems verification with FGPA-enhanced in-circuit emulator (2000)

In this paper we present a novel coverification concept for embedded microcontrollers that satisfies industrial requirements. Based on a commercially available CPU in-circuit emulator coupled with FPGA boards, it verifies the correctness of an implementation in terms of function and timing within a real-world environment.Using our system, the software engineer can write, test and optimize programs for a chip that is not yet physically existent. In addition the system is used to obtain software module characterization data required for system partitioning. Its ability to integrate analog circuitry enables verification of the complete system-on-chip. Our methodology is fully integrated into the ASIC design flow providing ease of use and a high level of verification accuracy.
Effect of chronic oral administration of a low dose of captopril on sodium appetite of hypothyroid rats: Influence of aldosterone treatment (2001)

Rats rendered hypothyroid by treatment with methimazole develop an exaggerated sodium appetite. We investigated here the capacity of hypothyroid rats (N = 12 for each group) to respond to a low dose of captopril added to the ration, a paradigm which induces an increase in angiotensin II synthesis in cerebral areas that regulate sodium appetite by increasing the availability of circulating angiotensin I. In addition, we determined the influence of aldosterone in hypothyroid rats during the expression of spontaneous sodium appetite and after captopril treatment. Captopril significantly increased (P<0.05) the daily intake of 1.8% NaCl (in ml/100 g body weight) in hypothyroid rats after 36 days of methimazole administration (day 36: 9.2 +/- 0.7 vs day 32: 2.8 +/- 0.6 ml, on the 4th day after captopril treatment). After the discontinuation of captopril treatment, daily 1.8% NaCl intake reached values ranging from 10.0 +/- 0.9 to 13.9 +/- 1.0 ml, 48 to 60 days after treatment with methimazole. Aldosterone treatment significantly reduced (P<0.05) saline intake before (7.3 +/- 1.6 vs day 0, 14.4 +/- 1.3 ml) and after captopril treatment. Our results demonstrate that, although hypothyroid rats develop a deficiency in the production of all components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, their capacity to synthesize angiotensin II at the cerebral level is preserved. The partial reversal of daily 1.8% NaCl intake during aldosterone treatment suggests that sodium retention reduces both spontaneous and captopril-induced salt appetite.
Simple perception-action strategy based on hierarchical temporal memory (2013)

This paper presents a simple strategy for perception-action of robots in indoor environments using Hierarchical Temporal Memory which is the theory of modeling the rationale of the neocortex. The main idea of the present study is that the input of the HTM network is images of objects that robot perceives in environment, and the output of HTM network is action, such as moving along the wall, moving away, opening, and moving forward, etc. Experiments results show that the proposed method can be applied for robot learning and navigation because it imitates humans' thinking mode to process the information it receives.
Revising Christian Environmentalism: Locating a New Ecological Foundation in James M. Gustafson’s Environmental Ethics (2010)

Typically, secular environmental movements locate intrinsic value in biological life. While some recent Christian ecotheologies have appropriated this stance, Christian ethics has generally tended to relate value to human life, considering creation as instrumental to human needs. Seeing neither of these alternatives as authentically Christian, James M. Gustafson finds a middle way between “deep” and “shallow” approaches. His theocentric ethics centres value on God, rather than on human or general biological life. In order to bring Christian theology and ethics back to this focus, Gustafson utilizes evidences from the sciences as a source for theology. At the same time, he modifies so-called deep ecologies for a Christian context by indicating that, for the religious person, all things are not of intrinsic value, but find their value in relation to God. This allows theocentrism to encourage Christians in a more responsible attitude toward the environment that takes into account nonhuman goods.
False colors removal on the YCr-Cb color space (2009)

Post-processing algorithms are usually placed in the pipeline of imaging devices to remove residual color artifacts
introduced by the demosaicing step. Although demosaicing solutions aim to eliminate, limit or correct false colors and
other impairments caused by a non ideal sampling, post-processing techniques are usually more powerful in achieving
this purpose. This is mainly because the input of post-processing algorithms is a fully restored RGB color image.
Moreover, post-processing can be applied more than once, in order to meet some quality criteria. In this paper we
propose an effective technique for reducing the color artifacts generated by conventional color interpolation algorithms,
in YCrCb color space. This solution efficiently removes false colors and can be executed while performing the edge
emphasis process.
Chirp Spread Spectrum Toward the Nyquist Signaling Rate—Orthogonality Condition and Applications (2017)

With the proliferation of Internet-of-Things (IoT), the chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technique is re-emerging for communications. Although CSS can offer high processing gain, its poor spectral efficiency and the lack of orthogonality among different chirps tend to limit its potential. In this paper, we derive the condition to orthogonally multiplex an arbitrary number of linear chirps. For the first time in the literature, we show that the maximum modulation rate of the linear continuous-time chirps satisfying the orthogonality condition can approach the Nyquist signaling rate, the same as single-carrier waveforms with Nyquist signaling or orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing signals. The performance of the proposed orthogonal CSS is analyzed in comparison to the emerging LoRa systems for IoT applications with power constraint, and its capability for high-speed communications is also demonstrated in the sense of Nyquist signaling.
Disease Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs: Facing Development Challenges and Choosing Molecular Targets (2010)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly, progressive, ultimately degenerative disorder of movable joints, mainly characterized by joint pain and functional limitation and affecting all joint structures not just articular cartilage, but also the subchondral bone, ligaments, capsule, synovial membrane, and menisci. OA occurs when the equilibrium between breakdown and repair of the joint tissues becomes unbalanced. There are currently no pharmacological interventions available to patients for modifying the underlying disease (DMOADs) in relation to major drug development challenges. The current regulatory draft guidances for clinical development programs for DMOAD agents suggest radiographic joint space narrowing (JSN) as a primary endpoint. However, research efforts must continue to characterize imaging alternatives with greater sensitivity to change to enable development of new DMOADs. Past experience with DMOAD clinical trials indicate that pharmacologic agents must demonstrate pristine safety, and that consideration for special populations is important to avoid failed studies. More research is needed to determine what constitutes clinically meaningfulness for DMOAD activity in particular as it relates to OA progression. Current research pursues a variety of molecular targets including anti-catabolic agents to slow or halt OA progression and anabolic drugs to induce cartilage re-growth.
Color Transformation to Photography Tone in Digital Camera Printing System (1999)

Recent progresses of digital camera system are very rapid and the image quality of the system is improved very much. On the other hand, conventional silver halides photography is one of important color image recording system. We extract the characteristics of the conventional photography and simulate the characteristics in the digital camera system. Simulation method is formulated and is applied to the photography tone transformation. It is confirmed that photography tone image is printed in the digital camera system.
Seismic and electromagnetic controlled‐source interferometry in dissipative media (2008)

ABSTRACT Seismic interferometry deals with the generation of new seismic responses by crosscorrelating existing ones. One of the main assumptions underlying most interferometry methods is that the medium is lossless. We develop an ‘interferometry‐by‐deconvolution’ approach which circumvents this assumption. The proposed method applies not only to seismic waves, but to any type of diffusion and/or wave field in a dissipative medium. This opens the way to applying interferometry to controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) data. Interferometry‐by‐deconvolution replaces the overburden by a homogeneous half space, thereby solving the shallow sea problem for CSEM applications. We demonstrate this at the hand of numerically modeled CSEM data.