gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial variations in endothelial barrier function in disturbed flows in vitro (2000)

Hindered barrier function has been implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, a disease of focal nature associated with altered hemodynamics. In this study, endothelial permeability to macromolecules and endothelial electrical resistance were investigated in vitro in monolayers exposed to disturbed flow fields that model spatial variations in fluid shear stress found at arterial bifurcations. After 5 h of flow, areas of high shear stress gradients showed a 5.5-fold increase in transendothelial transport of dextran (molecular weight 70,000) compared with no-flow controls. Areas of undisturbed fully developed flow, within the same monolayer, showed a 2.9-fold increase. Monolayer electrical resistance decreased with exposure to flow. The resistance measured during flow and the rate of change in monolayer resistance after removal of flow were lowest in the vicinity of flow reattachment (highest shear stress gradients). These results demonstrate that endothelial barrier function and permeability to macromolecules are regulated by spatial variations in shear stress forces in vitro.
<title>Automatic color preference correction for color reproduction</title> (2000)

The reproduction of natural objects in color images has attracted a great deal of attention. Reproduction more pleasing colors of natural objects is one of the methods available to improve image quality. We developed an automatic color correction method to maintain preferred color reproduction for three significant categories: facial skin color, green grass and blue sky. In this method, a representative color in an object area to be corrected is automatically extracted from an input image, and a set of color correction parameters is selected depending on the representative color. The improvement in image quality for reproductions of natural image was more than 93 percent in subjective experiments. These results show the usefulness of our automatic color correction method for the reproduction of preferred colors.
Generating Sentences Using a Dynamic Canvas (2018)

We introduce the Attentive Unsupervised Text (W)riter (AUTR), which is a word level generative model for natural language. It uses a recurrent neural network with a dynamic attention and canvas memory mechanism to iteratively construct sentences. By viewing the state of the memory at intermediate stages and where the model is placing its attention, we gain insight into how it constructs sentences. We demonstrate that AUTR learns a meaningful latent representation for each sentence, and achieves competitive log-likelihood lower bounds whilst being computationally efficient. It is effective at generating and reconstructing sentences, as well as imputing missing words.
Environmental effects in kelvin force microscopy of modified diamond surfaces (2012)

We have explored the effects of atmospheric environment on Kelvin force microscopy (KFM) measurements of potential difference between different regions of test polycrystalline diamond surfaces. The diamond films were deposited by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition, which naturally produces hydrogen terminations on the surface of the films formed. Selected regions were patterned by electron-beam lithography and chemical terminations of oxygen or fluorine were created by exposure to an oxygen or fluorine plasma source. For KFM imaging, the samples were mounted in a hood with a constant flow of helium gas. Successive images were taken over a 5-h period showing the effect of the environment on KFM imaging. We conclude that the helium flow removes water molecules adsorbed on the surface of the samples, resulting in differences in surface potential between adjacent regions. The degree of water removal is different for surfaces with different terminations. The results highlight the importance of taking into account the atmospheric environment when carrying out KFM analysis.
Living in the Next Generation Operating System (Invited Paper). (1986)

NCT00625482.
The C-Terminal Lipid-Binding Domain of Apolipoprotein E Is a Highly Efficient Mediator of ABCA1-Dependent Cholesterol Efflux that Promotes the Assembly of High-Density Lipoproteins (2007)

This study was undertaken to identify the alpha-helical domains of human apoE that mediate cellular cholesterol efflux and HDL assembly via ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). The C-terminal (CT) domain (residues 222-299) of apoE was found to stimulate ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux in a manner similar to that of intact apoE2, -E3, and -E4 in studies using J774 macrophages and HeLa cells. The N-terminal (NT) four-helix bundle domain (residues 1-191) was a relatively poor mediator of cholesterol efflux. On a per molecule basis, the CT domain stimulated cholesterol efflux with the same efficiency (Km approximately 0.2 microM) as intact apoA-I and apoE. Gel filtration chromatography of conditioned medium from ABCA1-expressing J774 cells revealed that, like the intact apoE isoforms, the CT domain promoted the assembly of HDL particles with diameters of 8 and 13 nm. Removal of the CT domain abolished the formation of HDL-sized particles, and only larger particles eluting in the void volume were formed. Studies with CT truncation mutants of apoE3 and peptides indicated that hydrophobic helical segments governed the efficiency of cellular cholesterol efflux and that conjoined class A and G amphipathic alpha-helices were required for optimal efflux activity. Collectively, the data suggest that the CT lipid-binding domain of apoE encompassing amino acids 222-299 is necessary and sufficient for mediating ABCA1 lipid efflux and HDL particle assembly.
Developing Peer Applications with Voyager (2004)

Over the past few years, innovative collaborative technologies have appeared enabling people to join together and participate in new ways. Distributed computing projects such as SETI@home have empowered users to donate the unused computing cycles of their own systems to work on computationally large problems. Instant messaging services allow millions of people to communicate and collaborate in real time. Peer-to-peer (P2P) filesharing, through applications like Gnutella and Freenet, has offered a radically new mechanism for Internet users to find and share files directly with each other, often without requiring a central authority or server. These are specific, narrow examples of P2P technology. True P2P computing requires a platform that makes it easy to build a wide network of distributed services and applications in which every device is addressable as a peer and peers can easily and dynamically communicate and interoperate.
Fetal cells in a transcervical cell sample collected at 5 weeks of gestation (2005)

Transcervical cell (TCC) sampling is being investigated as a promising method for obtaining fetal cells for prenatal genetic diagnosis. The present case report describes the identification of fetal cells by both fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) analyses in a TCC sample collected by intrauterine lavage at 5 + 0 weeks. This finding underscores the possible relevance of TCC sampling for extremely early prenatal genetic diagnosis.
Characterization of New Maize Genes Putatively Involved in Cytokinin Metabolism and Their Expression during Osmotic Stress in Relation to Cytokinin Levels  (2009)

Plant hormones, cytokinins (CKs), have been for a long time considered to be involved in plant responses to stress. However, their exact roles in processes linked to stress signalization and acclimatization to adverse environmental conditions are unknown. In this study, expression profiles of the entire gene families of CK biosynthetic and degradation genes in maize (Zea mays) during development and stress responses are described. Transcript abundance of particular genes is discussed in relation to the levels of different CK metabolites. Salt and osmotic stresses induce expression of some CK biosynthetic genes in seedlings of maize, leading to a moderate increase of active forms of CKs lasting several days during acclimatization to stress. A direct effect of CKs to mediate activation of stress responses does not seem to be possible due to the slow changes in metabolite levels. However, expression of genes involved in cytokinin signal transduction is uniformly down-regulated within 0.5 h of stress induction by an unknown mechanism. cis-Zeatin and its derivatives were found to be the most abundant CKs in young maize seedlings. We demonstrate that levels of this zeatin isomer are significantly enhanced during early stress response and that it originates independently from de novo biosynthesis in stressed tissues, possibly by elevated specific RNA degradation. By enhancing their CK levels, plants could perhaps undergo a reduction of growth rates maintained by abscisic acid accumulation in stressed tissues. A second role for cytokinin receptors in sensing turgor response is hypothesized besides their documented function in CK signaling.
Ignition Transient Mechanism in an Entire Integrated Rocket Ramjet Engine (2000)

The numerical analysis, including chemical reaction of an entire ramjet engine is studied to understand the ignition transient mechanism and the dynamic characteristics of the Integrated Rocket Ramjet System comprehensively. Details of how a subsonic combustion environment is established from the supersonic ram air after removal of the inlet port cover, are examined during the ignition transient. Various physical processes are investigated systemically, including ignition, flame propagation, flame dynamics, and vorticity evolution.
Online Estimation of the Oxygen Storage Level of a Three-Way Catalyst (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Very stringent limits for exhaust gas emissions as well as high claims for onboard diagnosis (OBD) of the three-way catalytic converter (TWC) demand a sophisticated control and observer strategy which can both further reduce the exhaust gas emissions and also estimate the relevant parameters allowing to monitor the decreasing performance of the TWC over its lifetime. The most crucial parameter and state, respectively, are widely believed to be the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and the relative oxygen level (ROL) of the TWC. The TWC's performance decreases with a diminishing OSC. Therefore, an accurate estimation of the OSC can be used for OBD. Keeping the ROL at an optimal level by means of control enhances the TWC's performance significantly, even during transients of the air/fuel ratio imposed by the driver.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In order to monitor both the ROL and the OSC, an observer has been derived from a complex TWC model. The observer consists of an extended Kalman filter (EKF), which estimates the ROL of the TWC from the exhaust gas mass flow, the temperature and the lambda-sensor signal upstream of the TWC. Additionally, the gas composition and the signal of a sensor downstream are estimated in order to close the loop for the EKF. The EKF also estimates the OSC by means of online estimation.</div>
Concomitant overexpression of heat-shock protein 70 and HLA class-I in hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. (2009)

These results suggest that HSP70 expression may be related to tumor differentiation and HLA class I loss may occur with tumor growth in HCV-related HCC.
Transient stability analysis of stressed power systems using the energy function method (1988)

The authors outline the nature and characteristics of the transient response of a large stressed power network. Transient stability analysis of such a system by the transient energy function method requires overcoming a number of analytical and numerical problems. These issues are identified and solutions to them are proposed. The procedure developed is tested on two realistic power networks derived from a large power flow base case of the Ontario Hydro system. Results of the tests compare well with time simulation and accurately predict the complex dynamic behavior.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Narrow-band electroluminescence at 3.5 μm from impact excitation and ionization of Fe2+ ions in InP (1996)

Electroluminescence associated with impact excitation and ionization of deep metallic impurities, enhanced by the presence of high electric field domains in semiconductors, is reported. A large and abrupt increase of midinfrared (λ≊3.5 μm) electroluminescence is observed at cryogenic temperatures above the onset for the transferred-electron effect in n-type InP doped with Fe. Optical powers up to 40 nW have been measured. At 5 K the spectrum is dominated by a set of sharp lines corresponding to the symmetry allowed d-shell transitions of Fe2+ ions.
Maintenance scheduling and production control of multiple-machine manufacturing systems (2005)

This paper deals with the production and preventive maintenance control problem for a multiple-machine manufacturing system. The objective of such a problem is to find the production and preventive maintenance rates for the machines so as to minimize the total cost of inventory/backlog, repair and preventive maintenance. A two-level hierarchical control model is presented, and the structure of the control policy for both identical and non-identical manufacturing systems is described using parameters, referred to here as input factors. By combining analytical formalism with simulation-based statistical tools such as experimental design and response surface methodology, an approximation of the optimal control policies and values of input factors are determined. The results obtained extend those available in existing literature to cover non-identical machine manufacturing systems. A numerical example and a sensitivity analysis are presented in order to illustrate the robustness of the proposed approach. The extension of the proposed production and preventive maintenance policies to cover large systems (multiple machines, multiple products) is discussed.
Sub-threshold R-MOSFET tunable resistor technique (2007)

An R-MOSFET resistor structure that enables extension of the MOSFETs' operation into sub-threshold region while preserving good linearity performance is presented. The technique essentially relies upon a linear current division between two nonlinear branches each comprising a linear resistor and a MOSFET operating at sub-threshold inversion. The feasibility of the sub-threshold R-MOSFET structure is demonstrated via breadboard experiment using array transistors, and via simulation using a 0.18 µm CMOS process.
Using the Web to Obtain Frequencies for Unseen Bigrams (2003)

This article shows that the Web can be employed to obtain frequencies for bigrams that are unseen in a given corpus. We describe a method for retrieving counts for adjective-noun, noun-noun, and verb-object bigrams from the Web by querying a search engine. We evaluate this method by demonstrating: (a) a high correlation between Web frequencies and corpus frequencies; (b) a reliable correlation between Web frequencies and plausibility judgments; (c) a reliable correlation between Web frequencies and frequencies recreated using class-based smoothing; (d) a good performance of Web frequencies in a pseudo disambiguation task.
Low resistance high reflectance contacts to p-GaN using oxidized Ni/Au and Al or Ag (2003)

We report on a high reflectance low resistance multilayer contact to p-GaN composed of a thin oxidized Ni/Au bilayer overcoated with a thick Al or Ag layer and then capped by Ni/Au. Measurements on 500 μm diameter light emitting diode-like test structures show an operating voltage below 4 V at 20 mA that is comparable to identical devices fabricated with a conventional Ni/Au contact. Back surface light emission is about 70% greater than that from devices with the Ni/Au contact due to lower light absorption by the Al or Ag. Performance for both Al and Ag based contacts is stable at temperatures of up to around 100 °C.
A Methodology for Constructing Geometric Priors and Likelihoods for Deformable Shape Models (2006)

Abstract. Deformable shape models require correspondence across the training population in order to generate a statistical model for use as a future geometric prior. Traditional methods use fixed sampling and assume correspondence, or attempt to induce correspondence by minimizing variance. In this paper, we define a training methodology for sampled medial deformable shape models (m-reps) which generates correspondence implicitly via a geometric prior. We present quantitative results of the method applied to real medical images. 1
Spectral Decomposition of Demand-Side Flexibility for Reliable Ancillary Services in a Smart Grid (2015)

This paper describes a new way of thinking about demand-side resources to provide ancillary services to control the grid. It is shown that loads can be classified based on the frequency bandwidth of ancillary service that they can offer. If demand response from loads respects these frequency limitations, it is possible to obtain highly reliable ancillary service to the grid, while maintaining strict bounds on the quality of service (QoS) delivered by each load. It is argued that automated demand response is required for reliable control. Moreover, some intelligence is needed at demand response loads so that the aggregate will be reliable and controllable.
Automatic event picking and tomography on 3D RTM angle gathers (2010)

Automatic common image gather (CIG) event picking and tomography inversion are the main stream tools in velocity model building for prestack depth imaging projects. The conventional CIGs are typically in the offset domain, output from a ray based Kirchhoff migration. This kind of CIGs suffers from migration artifacts due to the multiarrival problem when the velocity model contains strong lateral variations. These artifacts cause difficulties in tomography. The CIGs in subsurface angle domain are, however, artifact‐free. With the help of wide azimuth acquisition and high performance computers, the 3D CIGs indexed by reflection angle and azimuth angle (ADCIGs) are now available within the output of reverse time migration (RTM). It brings new opportunities to observe the azimuthal dependent structural attributes and to refine subsurface model building. However, the automatic seismic event picking and tomography in angle domain face new challenges. In this abstract we address some implementation and application issues of automatic picking and tomography inversion on 3D angle domain CIGs. We have implemented our automatic picking and inversion tools for the 3D full azimuth ADCIGs. We demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of our algorithms using a Gulf of Mexico real data application.
Soft materials for robotic fingers (2003)

Three potential problems exist in multifingered hands. The impact forces that result during each instant of grasping a rigid object can affect the functioning of the finger tip sensor. A hand with hard fingers cannot securely grasp objects that have uneven surfaces due to the poor conformability of the fingers. Repetitive strains are induced into the fingers throughout manipulation task. Carefully chosen materials-plastic, rubber sponge, a fine powder, a paste, and a gel-were experimentally compared for their ability to overcome these three problems. Results showed that sponge is the most suitable and plastic is the least suitable for the application. For practical reasons, however, the gel was a good compromise over the sponge. It is recommended that future robotic hands constitute a soft finger or at least fingers with soft tips, constructed out of carefully chosen materials.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Roles of Platelets and Factor XI in the Initiation of Blood Coagulation by Thrombin (2001)

To account for the variable hemostatic defect in patients with factor XI (FXI) deficiency, with normal hemostasis in contact factor deficiencies, a coagulation paradigm is presented whereby trace quantities of thrombin, generated transiently by exposure of tissue factor at sites of vascular injury, activates FXI bound to the platelet surface in the presence of prothrombin or high Mr kininogen (HK). Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) limits the flux of thrombin generated by the tissue factor pathway, and protease nexin II (PNII), released from activated platelets, inhibits solution phase FXIa and localizes FIX activation to the platelet surface where FXIa is protected from inactivation by PNII. Either prothrombin or HK binds to the Apple 1 (A1) domain of FXI, thereby exposing a platelet-binding site in the FXI A3 domain. Dimeric FXI binds to activated platelets directly through the A3 domain of one monomer. After proteolytic activation of platelet-bound FXI by thrombin (or FXIIa), a substrate binding site for FIX is exposed in the opposite monomer that promotes FIX activation on the platelet surface resulting in the local explosive generation of thrombin and the formation of hemostatic thrombi at sites of vascular injury.
Iron Oxide Particles Are the Active Sites for Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing at Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrodes (2006)

We demonstrate that the "electrocatalytic" hydrogen peroxide detection reported at multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrodes is due to iron oxide particles arising from the chemical vapor deposition nanotube fabrication process rather than due to intrinsic catalysis attributable to the carbon nanotubes arising, for example, from edge plane-like sites/defects.
New bile acid analogs: 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-7 beta-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid, 3 alpha, 7 beta-dihydroxy-7 alpha-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid, and 3 alpha-hydroxy-7 xi-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid. (1984)

Methods are described for the chemical synthesis of three new bile acid analogs, namely, 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-7 beta-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid, 3 alpha, 7 beta-dihydroxy-7 alpha-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid and 3 alpha-hydroxyl-7 xi-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid. The starting material, 2-(3 alpha, 7 xi-dihydroxy-7 xi-methyl-24-nor-5 beta- cholanyl )-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline upon mild hydrolysis in aqueous HCl yields the two epimeric 3 alpha, 7-dihydroxy-7-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acids which can be separated as the methyl esters by silica gel column chromatography. More rigorous hydrolysis in boiling methanolic HCl yields a mixture of unsaturated compounds which can be separated as their methyl esters into three fractions by silica gel-AgNO3 column chromatography. The fractions containing 3 alpha-hydroxy-7-methyl-5 beta-chol-6-enoic acid and 3 alpha-hydroxy-7-methylene-5 beta-cholanoic acid when subjected to catalytic hydrogenation yield 3 alpha-hydroxy-7 xi-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid.
EPR studies of iron-sulfur clusters in isolated subunits and subfractions of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. (1985)

The thermodynamic and EPR characteristics of the iron-sulfur clusters of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase have been examined in various subfractions and subunits of the enzyme. These were obtained by fragmentation of the enzyme with chaotropic agents and detergent and salt fractionation. We provide evidence for the presence of three tetranuclear clusters and five or six binuclear clusters, accounting well for the chemically determined iron content of this enzyme (22-24 atoms/molecule of FMN). Some of the clusters can be identified with EPR-detectable species in intact NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase and, by combining information on subunit topography and spin-spin interactions between redox centers in the native enzyme, we propose a tentative scheme for the spatial organization of these iron-sulfur clusters in the enzyme and in the membrane.