gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
APICA ALFALFA (1983)

Apica is a new cultivar of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station in Sainte-Foy. License no. 2200 was issued for Apica by the Food Production and Inspection Branch of Agriculture Canada on 26 Feb. 1982. It is similar to Saranac in leaf and stem size, plant height, maturity, regrowth and fall dormancy. It was extensively tested across Eastern Canada and was found to be superior to Saranac, Iroquois, and Thor for yield, persistence and winter survival.Key words: Alfalfa, cultivar, persistence, Medicago sativa, winter survival
Update on endovascular therapies for cerebral vasospasm induced by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (2006)

Cerebral vasospasm remains a major source of morbidity and death in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). When vasospasm becomes refractory to maximal medical management consisting of induced hypertension and hypervolemia and administration of calcium channel antagonists, endovascular therapies should be considered. The primary goal of endovascular treatment is to increase cerebral blood flow to prevent cerebral infarction. Two of the more frequently studied endovascular treatments are transluminal balloon angioplasty and intraarterial papaverine infusion. These two have been used either alone or in combination for the treatment of vasospasm. Other pharmacological vasodilating agents currently being investigated are intraarterial nimodipine, nicardipine, verapamil, and milrinone. Newer intraarterial agents, such as fasudil and colforsin daropate, have also been investigated. In this article the authors review the current options in terms of endovascular therapies for treatment of cerebral vasospasm. The mechanism of action, technique of administration, clinical effect and outcomes, and complications of each modality are discussed.
Ego-Motion Estimation Using a Vehicle Mounted Monocular Camera (2009)

This paper proposes a method for estimating the ego-motion of the vehicle by using a vehicle mounted monocular camera. Our proposed method is based on Structure from Motion (SFM). There are two problems with applying a SFM algorithm in a real road environment. Firstly, a typical road scene contains moving objects, such as other vehicles. Secondly, roads display fewer feature points, compared to the number associated with background structures. These problems cause false estimations or reduce the accuracy of the estimated motion. Our proposed method detects moving objects in every frame and selects feature points used for motion estimation from all extracted feature points in the image, so that those feature points are dispersedly distributed in various regions except those containing moving objects. The ego-motion of the vehicle can be accurately estimated from correspondences of these selected feature points. In our experiments, it has been shown that the proposed method is able to estimate the ego-motion in real road scenes.
Misalignment modes in high-performance optical systems (2000)

Misalignment modes are combinations of rigid-body perturbations to the optical elements that make up an optical system. Comparison of misalignment modes associated with arbitrary metrology data and optical-system performance can be used to increase the sensitivity of those metrology measurements to specific optical-system performance specifications such as centroid distortion. Misalignment modes are compared using a mean squared error (MSE) metric. The MSE value can serve as a figure of merit by which metrology measurement parameters are optimized. Selection of measurable misalignment modes in the case of metrology and interesting misalignment modes in the case of optical- system performance is based on a determination of whether a mode can fit into a projection camera, given actuator-stroke and mirror-tilt bounds. As an example of this type of analysis, we find that in the case of an extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) projection camera, exit-pupil wavefront measurements can be made more sensitive to centroid distortion if these measurements are collected at optimized field positions both inside and outside the ring field of view of such a camera.
Atomic-force lithography with interferometric tip-to-substrate position metrology (2007)

Inadequacies in lateral tip stability and registration presently limit lithographic applications of scanning probes. The authors describe a tool they constructed to write sub-10-nm features with 1nm pattern registration. The tool utilizes an interferometric metrology technique called interferometric-spatial-phase imaging (ISPI) to continuously measure tip position relative to a substrate. Direct tip-to-substrate position measurement permits correction for the multitude of error sources encountered in the long mechanical path between a tip and a substrate. Experimental results indicate that the lateral tip position is stabilized by ISPI to 3σ=0.3nm, and pattern placement accuracy in a two-dimensional (2D) grid array is 3σ=0.2nm. According to ISPI measurements, 2D closed figures written in a polymer are overlaid to &lt;1nm. Analysis of patterns written by the tip while under ISPI control provides an error bound that is in good agreement with the ISPI measurements.
Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world (1996)

Summary The soil is important in sequestering atmospheric CO 2 and in emitting trace gases (e.g. CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O) that are radiatively active and enhance the ‘greenhouse’ effect. Land use changes and predicted global warming, through their effects on net primary productivity, the plant community and soil conditions, may have important effects on the size of the organic matter pool in the soil and directly affect the atmospheric concentration of these trace gases. A discrepancy of approximately 350 × 10 15 g (or Pg) of C in two recent estimates of soil carbon reserves worldwide is evaluated using the geo‐referenced database developed for the World Inventory of Soil Emission Potentials (WISE) project. This database holds 4353 soil profiles distributed globally which are considered to represent the soil units shown on a 1 / 2 ° latitude by 1 / 2 ° longitude version of the corrected and digitized 1:5 M FAO–UNESCO Soil Map of the World. Total soil carbon pools for the entire land area of the world, excluding carbon held in the litter layer and charcoal, amounts to 2157–2293 Pg of C in the upper 100 cm. Soil organic carbon is estimated to be 684–724 Pg of C in the upper 30 cm, 1462–1548 Pg of C in the upper 100 cm, and 2376–2456 Pg of C in the upper 200 cm. Although deforestation, changes in land use and predicted climate change can alter the amount of organic carbon held in the superficial soil layers rapidly, this is less so for the soil carbonate carbon. An estimated 695–748 Pg of carbonate‐C is held in the upper 100 cm of the world's soils. Mean C: N ratios of soil organic matter range from 9.9 for arid Yermosols to 25.8 for Histosols. Global amounts of soil nitrogen are estimated to be 133–140 Pg of N for the upper 100 cm. Possible changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics caused by increased concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 and the predicted associated rise in temperature are discussed.
Cytokine and Chemokine Expression in Humans Infected with Sudan Ebola Virus (2007)

The size and duration of the 2000 outbreak of Sudan Ebola virus (SEBOV) infection in Uganda made it possible to collect serial serum samples from 87 patients (53 survivors and 34 nonsurvivors). Surprisingly, the levels of tumor necrosis factor- alpha and interferon (IFN)- gamma , which had been found to be increased in patients with fatal Zaire Ebola virus infection, were not increased in any of the patients with SEBOV infection. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1 beta , IFN- gamma -inducible protein-10, and RANTES (regulated on activation, normally T cell-expressed and -secreted) were higher in samples from all patients with SEBOV infection than in control samples from healthy hospital staff members, but their levels did not differ between those who survived and those who did not. The levels of IFN- alpha were significantly higher in surviving patients with SEBOV infection, whereas the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta were higher in patients with fatal SEBOV infections.
Potential for compression drying of green wood chip fuel. (1981)

Equipment currently designed for and in use by the forest products industry for the dewatering of wood bark and chips by mechanical pressure can only reduce the moisture content (MC) to 45 or 50% (wet basis). Thus, this equipment is suited to remove water added in processing but not free water normally present in green wood. Exploratory research described in this paper has shown on a laboratory scale that the proper application of high pressure to green wood chips can remove the water from cell lumens, thus reducing the MC to 35% or less. Further, this water removal may be accomplished in an energy efficient manner. The ratio of energy increase of the fuel (increase in recoverable heat) to the mechanical energy required for water removal was found to vary from 67:1 to 240:1. This ratio depends upon wood specific gravity (SG) green MC, and mode of compression. A theoretical relationship between volumetric compression, MC, SG, and water extracted was developed and tested on several species of softwoods and hardwoods. The cost savings for fuel and boiler investment in a hypothetical situation are presented to illustrate the economic potential of the process if production scale equipment can be developed. (17more » references).« less
The Temperature Coefficient of Inductances for Use in a Valve Generator (1938)

This paper discusses the relative importance of skin effect on the temperature coefficient of inductance. It starts with a definition of inductance which includes explicitly the effect of magnetic field within the wire and analyzes inductance into an internal and external component. It is the internal inductance which has a temperature coefficient which can make the total coefficient greater than that of linear expansion. Its ability to affect the total coefficient obviously depends on the ratio of internal to total inductance. This ratio is assessed for various typical coils of round, solid wire, and found to be seldom less than about 5 per cent. It is also assessed for tubular and flat-strip conductors. The dependence of internal inductance on frequency is explored in general terms, and it is suggested that the product of high-frequency resistance and internal inductance tends to be constant for all conductors. An expression is derived for the ratio of the total temperature coefficient of a typical coil to that of linear expansion; it is shown that this ratio may well be four or five but that it need never exceed unity appreciably if the radius of the wire is chosen suitably with respect to the frequency. Some general rules are given for this choice. Finally three methods of constructing coils on a ceramic former are compared in relation to the temperature coefficient.
<title>Characterization of the phase separation of the E7 liquid crystal component mixtures in a thiol-ene-based polymer</title> (2000)

We have investigated the single components and binary component mixtures of the liquid crystal E7 in NOA65 and UV1 thiol-ene pre-polymers. E7 is composed of K15 (4-pentyl-4'- cyanobiphenyl), K21 (4-heptyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl), M24 (4- octyloxy-4'-cyanobiphenyl), and T15 (4-pentyl-4'- cyanoterphenyl). The single liquid crystal components and binary liquid crystal mixtures that were investigated include K15, K21, K15-K21, K15-M24, and K21-M24. The liquid crystal/pre-polymer phase diagrams were developed using thermally induced phase separation to determine the temperature of phase separation. Then, PDLC samples were prepared using photo-polymerization induced phase separation, and were polymerized at varying increments above the liquid crystal/pre-polymer phase separation temperature to determine how the morphology changes with the polymerization temperature, the liquid crystal component, and liquid crystal percentage. Polarized optical microscopy was used to determine the phase separation temperatures for the liquid crystal/pre- polymer samples and the nematic-to-isotropic transition temperatures for the PDLC samples. Laser light transmission measurements were performed to determine the electro-optic properties of the PDLC samples.
The Virtual Articulator - applying VR technologies to dentistry (2002)

The use of virtual reality (VR) techniques for computer-aided diagnosis is revolutionizing the medical routing in various medical disciplines. Especially in the field of dentistry VR in combination with CAD/CAM technologies offers a high potential for implant planning/design resulting in a higher accuracy and a shorter therapy time period. The geometry of the teeth is recognisable and digitisable using an intraoral camera, the implant models can be designed with specialized CAD systems and the final implants are generated using a CNC machine. In this context the "Virtual Articulator" (VA) completes the digital manufacturing pipeline and offers the possibility to consider patient-specific jaw biomechanics in the implant generation process. The objective of this project is the development of a system for dental occlusion diagnosis. For this important diagnosis in today's dental routine the mechanical articulator is used. The VA simulates and augments the functionalities of the mechanical articulator. Therefore it takes a digital 3-D representation of the jaws as input data, generates a simulation of the jaw movements, and delivers a dynamical visualization of the occlusion points. The high technical demands to the system are given through the high accuracy necessary for dental applications and the large models that have to be handled in the system.
Update on human papillomavirus vaccines for cervical cancer. (2002)

Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer related mortality in women, particularly in developing countries. As a result of several recent advances in molecular biology, the causal association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer has been firmly established and the oncogenic potential of certain HPV types has been clearly demonstrated. In recognition of the causal association of cervical cancer with a sexually transmitted viral infection, substantial interest has arisen to develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Prophylactic strategies currently under investigation focus on the induction of effective humoral immune responses that are potentially protective against subsequent HPV infection. Using recombinant techniques to express the L1 major capsid protein, papillomavirus-like particles (VLPs) have been synthesized in order to induce neutralizing antibody responses and impressive immunoprophylactic effects have been demonstrated in both animals and humans. For the treatment of existing HPV infection, techniques to improve cellular immunity by enhancing viral antigen recognition are being studied. For this purpose, the oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 of HPV-16 and -18 are the focus of current clinical trials for cervical cancer patients. The development of successful HPV-specific vaccines may offer an attractive and cost-effective alternative to existing screening and treatment programs for cervical cancer.
Wolbachia-based strategies to control insect pests and disease vectors (2015)

Abstract. Wolbachia are a group of obligate intracellular maternally inherited bacteria that have been found in several arthropod groups including spiders, terrestrial crustaceans, and insects, in addition to filarial nematodes. It has been estimated that&gt;65 % of insect species harbor Wolbachia, making it one of the most ubiquitous intracellular bacteria discovered to date. In arthropods, Wolbachia behave as a reproductive parasite by manipulating host reproduction to enhance their vertical transmission. One reproductive modification, cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), has received attention for use in applied strategies targeting economically important insect pests and disease vectors. The two proposed CI-based strategies are: (1) population suppression, analogous to the sterile insect technique (SIT) and (2) population replacement, using Wolbachia as a vehicle to drive desirable phenotypes into natural populations. Strategies are based upon the use of both naturally occurring infections and genetically modified Wolbachia strains. In this review, we summarize recent developments in Wolbachia research, specifically within the context of applied Wolbachia-based strategies used to suppress or modify natural insect populations.
Immunofluorescence localization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC12 gene product to the vicinity of the 10-nm filaments in the mother-bud neck. (1987)

Budding cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possess a ring of 10-nm-diameter filaments, of unknown biochemical nature, that lies just inside the plasma membrane in the neck connecting the mother cell to its bud (B. Byers and L. Goetsch, J. Cell Biol. 69:717-721, 1976). Mutants defective in any of four genes (CDC3, CDC10, CDC11, and CDC12) lack these filaments and display a pleiotropic phenotype that involves abnormal bud growth and cell-wall deposition and an inability to complete cytokinesis. We fused the cloned CDC12 gene to the Escherichia coli lacZ and trpE genes and used the resulting fusion proteins to raise polyclonal antibodies specific for the CDC12 gene product. In immunofluorescence experiments with affinity-purified antibodies, the neck region of wild-type and mutant cells stained in patterns consistent with the hypothesis that the CDC12 gene product is a constituent of the ring of 10-nm filaments. Without careful affinity purification of the CDC12-specific antibodies, these staining patterns were completely obscured by the staining of residual cell wall components in the neck by antibodies present even in the "preimmune" sera of all rabbits tested.
High second-order nonlinearities induced in lead silicate glass by electron-beam irradiation (1993)

A new technique for inducing a large permanent second-order susceptibility in lead silicate glass is reported. The procedure involves implanting electrons by irradiating the glass with an electron beam. Second-order nonlinearities chi((2)) as high as 0.7 pm/V are obtained.
Acknowledging the acknowledgements (2014)

Hands up all those whose first instinct is to browse the acknowledgements page in books. Anyone? Anyone else apart from me? Readers don't hang around bookshops and book sites flipping pages only to deliberately land on the acknowledgements or dedications. Those who land on these pages via 'look inside' mechanisms from online book sites can feel outrageously cheated if this is the only material available to gauge whether to buy a book. Come on, isn't the point to get to the good stuff from page one and beyond?
Vehicular pollution control - removal of carbon monoxide through catalytic converters (2001)

In an attempt to find a substitute to noble-metal based catalysts in the catalytic converters for the removal of CO from automotive exhaust, non-noble metal based catalysts of perovskite based oxides were tested. Perovskites of the structure AB03, where A cation had La, Ba orCa and B cation had Co or Fe were used for the reaction . Substituted perovskite of the form A 1., A', B03, where A' was Ce metal, was also used . The perovskite catalyst were tested in un supported as well as supported forms. The supports used were zirconia, ceria or a mixture of the two in different proportions. The results indicate that among the un supported catalysts, LaCo03 is the best. Among the substituted catalysts, La0_3Ce0_7Co0 3 gave the best performance showing 100% CO conversion at 200°C. The support, zirconia (20%) and ceria (80%) mixture was found to be the best combination. The durability runs up to 6 h show the activity pattern in the order: Lao.3Ce0_ 7Co03> Lao.6Ce0_ 4Co0 3 > LaCo03. Automobiles are the major source of air pollution in megacities of our country. The main constituents of the exhaust include carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulphur and lead compounds and particulate matter. Among these pollutants CO is the major component and is most undesirable. The oxidation of carbon monoxide is an important task for cleaning up of emissions from automotive exhaust. Noble metals have been widely used in catalytic converters as catalysts for cleaning vehicular exhaust gases. Since these catalysts happen to be quite expensive and also in short supply, there has been constant effort to find an alternative by using non-noble metal based catalysts. Use of some perovskite-basecl oxides are being proposed in the present work. The search for substitute to noble metals has led to the study of mixed oxides. Extensive research is being carried out on oxides of transition metals such as Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Cr, V, Mn etc, in the simple or complexed forms including perovskites. The perovskites oxides are represented by the general formula, ABX3 where A cation can be rare earth, alkaline earth, alkali or large ions, B cation can be a transition metal and X is an anion; in cases of interest of this work, X is oxygen. Manganite and cobaltate perovskites have been reported to be very active for the oxidation of C0 1
Cardiac neural crest stem cells (2003)

Whereas the heart itself is of mesodermal origin, components of the cardiac outflow tract are formed by the neural crest, an ectodermal derivative that gives rise to the peripheral nervous system, endocrine cells, melanocytes of the skin and internal organs, and connective tissue, bone, and cartilage of the face and ventral neck, among other tissues. Cardiac neural crest cells participate in the septation of the cardiac outflow tract into aorta and pulmonary artery. The migratory cardiac neural crest consists of stem cells, fate-restricted cells, and cells that are committed to the smooth muscle cell lineage. During their migration within the posterior branchial arches, the developmental potentials of pluripotent neural crest cells become restricted. Conversely, neural crest stem cells persist at many locations, including in the cardiac outflow tract. Many aspects of neural crest cell differentiation are driven by growth factor action. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and its preferred receptor, TrkC, play important roles not only in nervous system development and function, but also in cardiac development as deletion of these genes causes outflow tract malformations. In vitro clonal analysis has shown a premature commitment of cardiac neural crest stem cells in TrkC null mice and a perturbed morphology of the endothelial tube. Norepinephrine transporter (NET) function promotes the differentiation of neural crest stem cells into noradrenergic neurons. Surprisingly, many diverse nonneuronal embryonic tissues, in particular in the cardiovascular system, express NET also. It will be of interest to determine whether norepinephrine transport plays a role also in cardiovascular development.