gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of Legionella spp. to mycinamicin I and II and other macrolide antibiotics: effects of media composition and origin of organisms (1982)

Thirty-three strains of Legionella spp., 29 of which were L. pneumophila, were tested for their susceptibilities to erythromycin (EM), rosaramicin, tylosin, mycinamicin I (Sch-27897), and mycinamicin II (Sch-27896). Testing was performed using an agar dilution method with two different types of media: buffered charcoal yeast extract medium supplemented with 0.1% alpha-ketoglutarate (BCYE alpha) and filter-sterilized yeast extract medium with 0.1% alpha-ketoglutarate (BYE alpha). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the drugs tested relative to the MICs of erythromycin were: rosaramicin, MIC approximately equal to 0.2 EM MIC; tylosin, MIC approximately equal to 2 EM MIC; mycinamicin I, MIC approximately equal to 0.5 EM MIC; and mycinamicin II, MIC approximately equal to EM MIC. Both types of media caused equivalent partial inactivation of the macrolides which was apparently due entirely to pH effect. MICs on BCYE alpha were one to five times more than those observed on BYE alpha; this may be due to poorer growth on BYE alpha.
Contribution of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) to the pathogenesis of splanchnic artery occlusion shock in the rat (1994)

1. It has been suggested that leukocytes play a key role in the pathogenesis of splanchnic artery occlusion shock. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is an adhesion molecule of crucial importance in the phenomenon of leukocyte accumulation. 2. We investigated the involvement of ICAM-1 in the pathogenesis of splanchnic artery occlusion shock. Splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock was induced in anaesthetized rats by clamping splanchnic arteries for 45 min. Sham-operated animals were used as controls. Survival time, serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), white blood cell (WBC) count, mean arterial blood pressure, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO; studied as a quantitative means to assess leukocyte accumulation) and the responsiveness to acetylcholine of aortic rings were investigated. SAO shocked rats had a decreased survival time (90 +/- 9.5 min, while sham-shocked rats survived more than 4 h), reduced mean arterial blood pressure, increased serum levels of TNF-alpha (201 +/- 10 mu ml-1) and MPO activity in the ileum (0.15 +/- 0.03 mu x 10(-3) per g tissue) and in the lung (1.9 +/- 0.8 mu x 10(-3) per g tissue), leukopenia and reduced responsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh, 10 nM-10 microM) of aortic rings. 3. Administration of monoclonal antibody raised against rat ICAM-1 significantly increased survival time (225 +/- 9 min), reduced leukopenia and MPO activity both in the ileum (0.031 +/- 0.003 mu x 10(-3) per g tissue) and in the lung 0.23 +/- 0.03 mu x 10(-3) per g tissue), improved the cardiovascular changes and restored the responsiveness to ACh of aortic rings. 4. Our findings are consistent with an involvement of adhesion mechanisms in vivo in the pathogenesis of SAO shock and suggest that specific adhesion mechanisms, which support leukocyte accumulation,may represent potentially important therapeutic targets in circulatory shock.
Medium-Voltage Solid-State Transformer: Technology for a Smarter and Resilient Grid (2016)

The most important impact of power electronics on our society in the last 50 years has been the elimination of the 60-Hz ac power delivery system for consumer electronic products. Central to this achievement is the use of silicon (Si) power devices and pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques in delivering regulated ac and dc powers to low-voltage (LV) loads such as light-emitting diodes and computers. These solid-state power electronic converters have provided our society numerous benefits, including high-quality power and substantial energy savings. They also form the core technology for integrating renewable energies such as wind and solar into our power grid. Figure 1 shows a typical power delivery architecture commonly found in computer supplies and data centers. The incoming universal ac grid power is converted by a power factor correction circuit to 400 V dc before it is stepped down to a lower voltage dc intermediate bus, such as 12 V, and then it powers the digital loads at voltages as low as 1 V by a point-of-load converter. Si power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effective transistor (MOSFET) transistors from 20 V to 700 V are almost exclusively used in this application with switching frequencies from tens of kilohertz to one megahertz. Emerging devices based on gallium nitride (GaN) heterojunction field effect transistors reduce the switching and conduction losses when compared with Si power MOSFETs and are, therefore, poised to compete in these applications, driven by the need for higher energy efficiency and higher power density.
Overview of the stability and handling of recombinant protein drugs. (1989)

Recombinant protein products have now been added to the inventory of parenteral drugs, and because of their newness, there exists a certain mystique about how they need to be handled. This article describes how the manufacturer determines both the shelf life and the proper preparation procedures for administering these new drugs. It will be shown that some recombinant protein drugs have comparable shelf lives to other parenteral drugs on the market. Also, it will be shown that, as for any parenteral drug, the manufacturer's recommended procedure for handling and administration of a recombinant protein drug should be followed.
The Use of Nanoparticles to Deliver Nitric Oxide to Hepatic Stellate Cells for Treating Liver Fibrosis and Portal Hypertension (2015)

Polymeric nanoparticles are designed to transport and deliver nitric oxide (NO) into hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) for the potential treatment of both liver fibrosis and portal hypertension. The nanoparticles, incorporating NO donor molecules (S-nitrosoglutathione compound), are designed for liver delivery, minimizing systemic delivery of NO. The nanoparticles are decorated with vitamin A to specifically target HSCs. We demonstrate, using in vitro and in vivo experiments, that the targeted nanoparticles are taken up specifically by rat primary HSCs and the human HSC cell line accumulating in the liver. When nanoparticles, coated with vitamin A, release NO in liver cells, we find inhibition of collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibrogenic genes associated with activated HSCs expression in primary rat liver and human activated HSCs without any obvious cytotoxic effects. Finally, NO-releasing nanoparticles targeted with vitamin A not only attenuate endothelin-1 (ET-1) which elicites HSC contraction but also acutely alleviates haemodynamic disorders in bile duct-ligated-induced portal hypertension evidenced by decreasing portal pressure (≈20%) and unchanging mean arterial pressure. This study clearly shows, for the first time, the potential for HSC targeted nanoparticle delivery of NO as a treatment for liver diseases with proven efficacy for alleviating both liver fibrosis and portal hypertension.
Biosignature Detection at an Arctic Analog to Europa (2012)

The compelling evidence for an ocean beneath the ice shell of Europa makes it a high priority for astrobiological investigations. Future missions to the icy surface of this moon will query the plausibly sulfur-rich materials for potential indications of the presence of life carried to the surface by mobile ice or partial melt. However, the potential for generation and preservation of biosignatures under cold, sulfur-rich conditions has not previously been investigated, as there have not been suitable environments on Earth to study. Here, we describe the characterization of a range of biosignatures within potentially analogous sulfur deposits from the surface of an Arctic glacier at Borup Fiord Pass to evaluate whether evidence for microbial activities is produced and preserved within these deposits. Optical and electron microscopy revealed microorganisms and extracellular materials. Elemental sulfur (S⁰), the dominant mineralogy within field samples, is present as rhombic and needle-shaped mineral grains and spherical mineral aggregates, commonly observed in association with extracellular polymeric substances. Orthorhombic α-sulfur represents the stable form of S⁰, whereas the monoclinic (needle-shaped) γ-sulfur form rosickyite is metastable and has previously been associated with sulfide-oxidizing microbial communities. Scanning transmission electron microscopy showed mineral deposition on cellular and extracellular materials in the form of submicron-sized, needle-shaped crystals. X-ray diffraction measurements supply supporting evidence for the presence of a minor component of rosickyite. Infrared spectroscopy revealed parts-per-million level organics in the Borup sulfur deposits and organic functional groups diagnostic of biomolecules such as proteins and fatty acids. Organic components are below the detection limit for Raman spectra, which were dominated by sulfur peaks. These combined investigations indicate that sulfur mineral deposits may contain identifiable biosignatures that can be stabilized and preserved under low-temperature conditions. Borup Fiord Pass represents a useful testing ground for instruments and techniques relevant to future astrobiological exploration at Europa.
Triboluminescence with and without Air (2001)

Twenty-three triboluminescent organic and inorganic materials were examined for crystal symmetry, differences between photoluminescence and triboluminescence emission spectra, spectroscopic evidence of an electrical discharge, and persistence of activity under liquids; some were also tested under other atmospheres. These experiments indicate that 18 materials were excited by a discharge, by either electron bombardment of the material or secondary excitation by the UV emissions of the surrounding gas. Five are apparently excited without a discharge, probably by the defect recombination characteristic of deformation luminescence.
Theory and experiment of a 94 GHz gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier (2004)

Experimental results are presented on the first W-band gyrotron Traveling-Wave Tube (gyro-TWT) developed to exploit the 94 GHz atmospheric window for long-range, high-resolution radar applications. The gyro-TWT is designed to operate in the higher order TE01 mode and is driven by a 100 kV, 5 A electron beam with a pitch angle of v⊥/vz=1 and velocity spread of Δvz/vz=5%. Large-signal simulations predict 140 kW output power at 92 GHz with 28% efficiency, 50 dB saturated gain, and 5% bandwidth. The stability of the amplifier against spurious oscillations has been checked with linear codes. To suppress the potential gyro-BWO interactions involving the TE02, TE11, and TE21 modes, the interaction circuit with a cutoff frequency of 91 GHz has been loaded with loss so that the single-path, cold-circuit attenuation is 90 dB at 93 GHz. A coaxial input coupler with 3% bandwidth is employed with a predicted and measured coupling of 1 dB and 2 dB, respectively. The operating voltage is limited to below 75 kV because of oscillations encountered at higher voltages in this initial embodiment. Preliminary test at Vb=60 kV and Ib=3.7 A yielded 59 kW saturated output power at 92.2 GHz with 42 dB gain, 26.6% efficiency, and a 3 dB bandwidth of 1.2 GHz (1.3%).
Release of β‐Thromboglobulin from Human Platelets by Therapeutic Intensities of Ultrasound (1978)

The effects of therapeutic intensities of ultrasound on human platelets in whole blood were investigated by monitoring the release of the platelet specific protein beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG). More beta-TG was released as the intensity of the ultrasound was increased and also as the driving frequency was decreased from 3.0 to 0.75 MHz. Some beta-TG was released at spatially-averaged intensities as low as 0.6 W/cm2 at 0.75 MHz, a value significantly lower than that observed for the onset of aggregation of platelet rich plasma (obtained from the same volunteer) in the same exposure system. Liberation of beta-TG by ultrasound was diminished but not abolished in the presence of inhibitors which rendered the platelets functionally inert. Our data suggests that beta-TG is liberated in two ways, firstly as a result of platelet disruption by cavitation, and subsequently by potent aggregating agents, liberated in parallel with beta-TG, inducing the physiological release reaction in adjacent platelets. The low therapeutic intensities and short exposure times (30 s or less) necessary to liberate beta-TG from normal human platelets in vitro, suggests that patients with abnormally sensitive platelets and/or 'hypercoagulable state' could be at risk if subjected to high therapeutic intensities of ultrasound.
Tear anisotropy in films blown from polyethylenes of different macromolecular architectures (2005)

Abstract Blown films of different types of polyethylenes, such as branched low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), are well known to tear easily along particular directions: along the film bubble's transverse direction for LDPE and along the machine direction (MD) for HDPE. Depending on the resin characteristics and processing conditions, different structures can form within the film; it is therefore difficult to separate the effects of the crystal structure and orientation on the film tear behavior from the effects of the macromolecular architecture, such as the molecular weight distribution and long‐chain branching. Here we examine LDPE, HDPE, and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) blown films with similar crystal orientations, as verified by through‐film X‐ray scattering measurements. With these common orientations, LDPE and HDPE films still follow the usual preferred tear directions, whereas LLDPE tears isotropically despite an oriented crystal structure. These differences are attributed to the number densities of the tie molecules, especially along MD, which are considerably greater for linear‐architecture polymers with a substantial fraction of long chains, capable of significant extension in flow. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 413–420, 2005
VisTCR: An Interactive Software for T Cell Repertoire Sequencing Data Analysis (2020)

Recent progress in high throughput sequencing technologies has provided an opportunity to probe T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, bringing about an explosion of TCR sequencing data and analysis tools. For easier and more heuristic analysis TCR sequencing data, we developed a client-based HTML program (VisTCR). It has a data storage module and a data analysis module that integrate multiple cutting-edge analysis algorithms in a hierarchical fashion. Researchers can group and re-group samples for different analysis purposes by customized "Experiment Design File." Moreover, the VisTCR provides a user-friendly interactive interface, by all the TCR analysis methods and visualization results can be accessed and saved as tables or graphs in the process of analysis. The source code is freely available at https://github.com/qingshanni/VisTCR.
A wireless steering wheel gripping sensor for hands on/off detection (2016)

We present a wireless hands on/off and position detection sensor for steering wheels, which may be used as an additional input for driver state detection systems for psychological studies. The sensing principle is based on capacitive sensing. For the capacitive sensor front end inkjet-printing technology is utilized to manufacture the sensor mats. The flexibility of the sensor node in terms of power supply, data transmission and energy management enables the sensor to be fully integrated inside a steering wheel or retrofit for in-car use. The experiments are carried out on a driving simulator platform providing a realistic virtual traffic environment.
IgG reactivity to phospholipid-bound beta(2)-glycoprotein I is the main determinant of the fraction of lupus anticoagulant activity quenched by addition of hexagonal (II) phase phospholipid in patients with the clinical suspicion of antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. (1999)

These results highlight the high prevalence of anti-FII and anti-beta(2)-GPI IgG in patients with the clinical suspicion of APA syndrome and particularly in the subgroup of patients with LA activity. The fraction of LA activity which can be quenched by addition of hexagonal phospholipid is, however, only dependent on IgG directed to PL-bound beta(2)-GPI. Other antibodies associated with anticardiolipin IgG may explain residual clotting time prolongation observed in the presence of hexagonal phospholipid.
Altered regulation of the PINK1 locus: a link between type 2 diabetes and neurodegeneration? (2007)

Mutations in PINK1 cause the mitochondrial-related neurodegenerative disease Parkinson's. Here we investigate whether obesity, type 2 diabetes, or inactivity alters transcription from the PINK1 locus. We utilized a cDNA-array and quantitative real-time PCR for gene expression analysis of muscle from healthy volunteers following physical inactivity, and muscle and adipose tissue from nonobese or obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. Functional studies of PINK1 were performed utilizing RNA interference in cell culture models. Following inactivity, the PINK1 locus had an opposing regulation pattern (PINK1 was down-regulated while natural antisense PINK1 was up-regulated). In type 2 diabetes skeletal muscle, all transcripts from the PINK1 locus were suppressed and gene expression correlated with diabetes status. RNA interference of PINK1 in human neuronal cell lines impaired basal glucose uptake. In adipose tissue, mitochondrial gene expression correlated with PINK1 expression although remained unaltered following siRNA knockdown of Pink1 in primary cultures of brown preadipocytes. In conclusion, regulation of the PINK1 locus, previously linked to neurodegenerative disease, is altered in obesity, type 2 diabetes and inactivity, while the combination of RNAi experiments and clinical data suggests a role for PINK1 in cell energetics rather than in mitochondrial biogenesis.
Frequency and power limit of quantum well oscillators (1986)

The maximum frequency at which amplification can be obtained from quantum well oscillators is discussed. Intrinsically, the frequency limit for having negative differential resistance (NDR) can be very high, of the order of the inverse of the electron transit time. Owing to the large capacitance of the well and barrier regions, the actual frequency limit at which amplification occurs may be lower than the intrinsic limit because of the capacitance charging time. We have estimated the frequency limit of NDR by considering the electron transit time and have calculated the maximum oscillation frequency from an equivalent circuit model. We have also obtained an expression for the high-frequency power output as a function of frequency, based on a transmission line model.
Glucosinolates and Resistance to <i>Leptosphaeria maculans</i> in Wild and Cultivated Brassica Species (1992)

Abstract Synthetic lines of Brassica napus were derived by combining the genomes of B. atlantica and B. oleracea var. alboglabra , which were respectively resistant and susceptible to foliar infection by Leptosphaeria maculans , with a susceptible line of B. rapa. Resistance was expressed in the synthetic lines containing the genome of B. atlantica. The high levels of alkenyl glucosinolates which occur in leaves of B. atlantica , and which have been implicated in disease resistance, were also expressed within the synthetic lines, although the dominant glucosinolate had changed from sinigrin to glucobrassicanapin. Disease resistance and glucosinolate profiles did not co‐segregate in F 2 progeny from crosses between the synthetic lines.
Characterization of Softwood and Hardwood LignoBoost Kraft Lignins with Emphasis on their Antioxidant Activity (2014)

Fractionation of softwood and hardwood LignoBoost kraft lignins, using sequential extraction with organic solvents of increasing hydrogen-bonding ability (dichloromethane, n-propanol, and methanol), was carried out. Using SEC, analytical pyrolysis, FTIR and UV/VIS spectroscopy, and chemical analytical methods, four fractions were obtained and characterized in terms of their yield, composition, functionality, lignin structural features, and antioxidant properties. In tests with free radicals (ABTS●+, DPPH●, O2●-) and the ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) assay, the high radical scavenging capacity of the lignin’s soluble fractions was demonstrated. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was tested by their influence on thermo-oxidative destruction of model polyurethane elastomers. The TGA data clearly revealed the antioxidant effect of the three fractions, with the most prominent activity for the propanol-soluble fraction. The dichloromethane fraction has potential as an antioxidant for non-polar products. Novel correlations between lignin’s structural features and its radical scavenging activity were found that can be used for tuning lignin’s antioxidant properties.
Plant Growth Regulators (1978)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTPlant Growth RegulatorsCONTROLLING BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR WITH CHEMICALSLOUIS G. NICKELLView Author Information Velsicol ChemicalCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1978, 56, 41, 18–34Publication Date (Print):October 9, 1978Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 9 October 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v056n041.p018https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v056n041.p018newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1978 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views8Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Plants Get e-Alerts