gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lanthanum silicate gate dielectric stacks with subnanometer equivalent oxide thickness utilizing an interfacial silica consumption reaction (2005)

A silicate reaction between lanthana and silica layers has been utilized to eliminate interfacial silica in metal-insulator-semiconductor devices and to obtain devices with very low equivalent oxide thickness (EOT). This provides a simple process route to interface elimination, while producing a silicate dielectric with a higher temperature stability of the amorphous phase. The La2O3 layers in this study are deposited by reactive evaporation on (001) Si covered by a ∼0.8–1.0-nm-thick SiO2 chemical oxide, and are capped in situ with a Ta gate, followed by a reaction anneal, which lowers the EOT from greater than 1.5 nm for the as-deposited bilayer stack to as low as 0.5 nm. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and medium-energy ion scattering are used to show that a temperature of 400 °C is sufficient for the formation of the silicate gate dielectric. Gate leakage currents as low as 0.06A∕cm2 are obtained for stacks having an EOT of 0.63 nm, orders of magnitude below that of SiO2 having the same EOT value. Electrical breakdown is observed at applied fields above 16MV∕cm.
The Distribution of Pasture in Australia (1937)

T has often been remarked that the best map to aid the geographer in forecasting settlement in a new country is one of the natural vegetation. Many attempts have been made to produce such maps of Australia: among them may be mentioned maps by Diels,' Taylor,2 and Lane-Poole.3 Only in recent years, however, has an official survey been compiled; and the present review is chiefly concerned with Dr. A. McTaggart's Pasture Map of Australia4 an appraisal of the pastoral resources of the country based on considerations of the vegetative climax types. As the main industry in Australia is based on sheep, it is unnecessary to stress the importance of a scientific study of the pastures. In Figure i I have simplified McTaggart's map considerably and have laid stress on the chief additions to our knowledge embodied in it. In three respects this map is quite original. It defines the distribution of the two chief pastures of arid and semiarid Australia-the saltbush and Mitchell grass associations. Furthermore, it shows where introduced (exotic) grasses and clovers are abundant enough to appear on a generalized map of the continent. Below the main map I have inserted three small maps correlating the vegetation with the controlling rainfall and with the sheep and cattle industries. Our knowledge of all three of these is, I venture to state. more accurate than that of the vegetation map and therefore is a check on it. Moreover, the pastoral industry in Australia has been relatively stable for a decade or so, which means that the squatters (ranchers) have explored practically all the possibilities for pastoral occupation. Of course, many regions may be still more densely occupied as better water supply and so on are arranged; but I see no likelihood that the general character of the inset cattle and sheep maps will be notably altered for many years. The twelve main classes of pasture shown are based partly on McTaggart's map and partly on my own knowledge of the country.6 McTaggart uses 14 classes, the arrangement of which is not obvious to me. The order in Figure I and Table I is about that of their value in the pastoral industry. Most of the classes in Table I are readily differentiated, but I have separated from Class 6 some regions (labeled 6a) with much the same climate and poor sandy soils in which brigalow and suchlike acacias are somewhat more abundant than in Class 6.6 It is difficult at present to say which is the better country for pastoral occupation. It is also rather hard to draw the line between Classes 9 and IO, the somewhat heavier rain in the north being balanced by the greater evaporation there.'
Selectivity and compositional dependence of response of gas-sensitive resistors part 4.—Properties of some rutile solid solution compounds (1996)

Solid solutions based on the rutile structure offer the possibility of independently varying the cation composition and dopant density in the lattice and hence exploring the effects that these have upon the electrical response to reactive gases. Thus, solid solutions of CrNbO4(p-type response) with Nb-doped TiO2 and FeNbO4(n-type response) have been investigated. The resistivities and activation energies increased in the order FeNbO4<CrNbO4<Ti0.975Nb0.025O2, which is explained in terms of the emptying and decreasing energy of the eg and t2g states within the bandgap. The n–p transitions can similarly be discussed in terms of the localised occupancy of these levels and the energy of the reactive oxygen surface state with respect to them. Sensitivity to CO decreased in the order Ti0.975Nb0.025O2>CrNbO4, FeNbO4 and this was postulated to be due either to Nb5+ surface segregation or to the narrowing of the conduction bandwidth leading to valence trapping of electrons. An enhanced gas response at T <300 °C was found for the compounds after they had been heated to ca. 700 °C in air. This was attributed to the desorption of surface hydroxy, carbonyl and lattice oxygen species to produce a vacancy around which the surface reconstructed. It is proposed that ionosorption of oxygen at this site produced a species able to react with CO and produce a resistance change at low temperatures.
The Role of Innate Immune Responses in the Outcome of Interspecies Competition for Colonization of Mucosal Surfaces (2005)

Since mucosal surfaces may be simultaneously colonized by multiple species, the success of an organism may be determined by its ability to compete with co-inhabitants of its niche. To explore the contribution of host factors to polymicrobial competition, a murine model was used to study the initiation of colonization by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Both bacterial species, which occupy a similar microenvironment within the nasopharynx, persisted during colonization when given individually. Co-colonization, however, resulted in rapid clearance of S. pneumoniae from the upper respiratory tract, associated with increased recruitment of neutrophils into paranasal spaces. Systemic depletion of either neutrophil-like cells or complement was sufficient to eliminate this competitive effect, indicating that clearance was likely due to enhanced opsonophagocytic killing. The hypothesis that modulation of opsonophagocytic activity was responsible for host-mediated competition was tested using in vitro killing assays with elicited neutrophil-like cells. Components of H. influenzae (but not S. pneumoniae) stimulated complement-dependent phagocytic killing of S. pneumoniae. Thus, the recruitment and activation of neutrophils through selective microbial pattern recognition may underlie the H. influenzae-induced clearance of S. pneumoniae. This study demonstrates how innate immune responses may mediate competitive interactions between species and dictate the composition of the colonizing flora.
Sputtered Ti-Cu as a superior barrier and seed layer for panel-based high-density RDL wiring structures (2015)

This paper demonstrates that sputtered Ti-Cu is a superior barrier and seed layer on glass and organic panel substrates, over traditional electroless seeding, for the fabrication of ultra-fine copper traces (2–5µm) on dry film polymer dielectrics for high-density 2.5D interposers. The current semi-additive processes using electroless Cu seed face several challenges in scaling the copper trace widths below 5µm due to two main reasons: high-roughness of dielectric and high-thickness of copper seed. In this paper, both the above limitations are addressed by an advanced Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) process that can be scaled to large panels with high throughputs. The PVD process developed in this study is capable of depositing Ti-Cu barrier and seed layer on 500 mm size panels at a low enough temperature for dry film polymer dielectrics of glass transition temperatures (T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> ) of 150–160°C. The superiority of sputtered Ti-Cu over the conventional electroless Cu seeding for achieving good and reliable adhesion between Cu and dry film polymer dielectrics was investigated by peel strength measurements after highly-accelerated stress tests (HAST). The results indicate that sputtered process results in higher peel strengths and without adhesive failures at the Ti-Cu-polymer interfaces. Adhesive failures, however, were observed with the traditional electroless seed processes. In addition, the PVD processes resulted in small 2–5µm Cu traces on smooth dielectric films like ZS-100, requiring no desmear treatment. Such a process promises to be scalable to large panels leading to low-cost fabrication of high-density 2.5D interposers.
Shielding Gases for Welding (1993)

Abstract The shielding gas used in a welding process has a significant influence on the overall performance of the welding system. This article discusses the basic properties of a shielding gas in terms of ionization potential, thermal conductivity, dissociation and recombination, reactivity/oxidation potential, surface tension, gas purity, and gas density. It describes the characteristics of the components of a shielding gas blend. The article discusses the selection of shielding gas for gas-metal arc welding (GMAW), gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW), and plasma arc welding (PAW), as well as the influence of shielding gas on weld mechanical properties. It concludes with a discussion on flux-cored arc welding.
Retrovirus Molecular Conjugates (2001)

Two significant barriers limit the use of amphotropic retrovirus for human gene transfer protocols: 1) low transduction efficiency in cells with low receptor expression and 2) safety concerns originating from the risk of formation and propagation of replication competent virus in vivo. In principle, if ecotropic retrovirus, which is incapable of infecting human cells, could be transiently modified to effectively transduce human cells, this safety risk could be alleviated. Here we demonstrate that formation of amphotropic retrovirus polylysine molecular conjugates (aMMLV-PL) enhanced gene transfer up to 10-fold in a variety of human cell lines over the equivalent of unconjugated vector (aMMLV). The polylysine modification and formation of ecotropic retrovirus molecular conjugates (eMMLV-PL) permitted effective and stable transduction of different human cell lines as well as primary human bone marrow stroma cells at frequencies of greater than 80%. It is conceivable that this novel ecotropic-based conjugate retrovirus vector could also potentially provide enhanced safety characteristics not only over amphotropic retrovirus vectors but also over genetically tropism-modified recombinant ecotropic vectors. In contrast to genetic modifications, physical or chemical modifications are not propagated. Thus, formation of replication competent eMMLV from conjugates would be self-limited and would not result in virus propagation in humans.
Steady two-layer flow in a topographically patterned channel (2007)

The steady behavior of the interface between two immiscible liquid layers flowing in a channel where one wall is flat and the other exhibits isolated or periodic step-changes in surface topography is considered in this work. A one-dimensional model based on the lubrication approximation is used to describe the interfacial shape and explore its behavior over a wide range of problem parameters. The density and thickness ratios, as well as the periodicity of the topography, strongly influence interfacial shape, whereas the viscosity ratio has a relatively minor effect. In some cases, interfacial features that are present in the flow of single liquid layers over surfaces with topography can be completely suppressed by large pressure gradients that arise due to the bounded geometry. A scaling analysis is applied to explain variations in the capillary length scale. The results presented in this work are potentially relevant to a range of applications including microfluidics, oil recovery, lubricated piping, and lithographic printing.
Web Application Performance Requirements Deriving Methodology (2016)

This Master’s Study evaluates the possibilities of improving the existing service model within a shared service of the case company. It proposes the new methodology and a series of supporting documentation to improve the existing process of performance requirement gathering.\nThe main goal of this study is to find the possible way(s) to improve the quality of the followed requirement gathering process in the case department of the case company. Secondly, to provide the supporting documentation for performance engineers of the department to help them in deriving the effective performance requirements well as design effective workload models.\nAs an outcome of the study, a new method to gather requirements and further derive the test types is proposed. The new methodology implemented during study in a case project, shows improvement in the quality of the gathered requirements and hence in quality of the performance test results.\nThe proposed methodology helps management to understand the benefits of the new method and a possible way to improve the area that was lagging earlier. The small improvement in the requirement gathering stage leads to major gains in the later stages of the performance testing and better prediction of the production performance.
TREM-1 and TREM-2 Expression on CD14<sup>+</sup> Cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in the Context of T Cell Immune Response (2020)

Differences in TREM receptor expression in sarcoidosis (increase in TREM-1 and TREM-2) and HP (increase in TREM-2) and correlation analysis suggests that activation via TREM may participate in typical immunological characteristics of sarcoidosis and HP.
Hydrogen-Donor-Assisted Solvent Liquefaction of Lignin to Short-Chain Alkylphenols Using a Micro Reactor/Gas Chromatography System (2014)

The benefit of using hydrogen donor solvents in lignin solvolytic conversion was studied using a micro reactor coupled to online gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with a flame ionization detector. This system is able to achieve very high heating rates of reactants and capable of analyzing the reaction products immediately after the reaction is completed, thus allowing for probing "semi" time-resolved reactions occurring during lignin conversion. These features have been impossible for the batch reactors typically employed in previous solvent liquefaction studies. The study showed that the hydrogen donor solvents tetralin and isopropanol were effective in converting lignin into short-chain alkyl phenols (SCAP) at high yield. The yield of SCAP increased with an increasing reaction temperature over the range of 300–400 °C and reaction time over the range of 5–15 min, which is attributed to stabilization of lignin-derived products by hydrogen abstraction from the hydrogen donor solvents. The molecular weight distributions of solvolysis products revealed that molecular weight significantly decreased with increasing reaction times in the presence of a hydrogen donor solvent. In contrast, in the absence of a hydrogen donor solvent, the molecular weight of products increased with increasing reaction times. Also, the peak assigned to oligomers increased and shifted to higher molecular weights at the same reaction conditions. Overall, the solvolytic conversion of lignin involves thermal cleavage of lignin macromolecules, followed by secondary reactions, including cracking and repolymerization, among the primary products. The presence of a hydrogen donor was found to suppress repolymerization reactions by stabilizing the primary products to alkyl-substituted phenols and promoting demethoxylation.
Effects of the Intensity of Leg Isometric Training on the Vasculature of Trained and Untrained Limbs and Resting Blood Pressure in Middle-Aged Men (2012)

The purpose of this study was to establish whether changes in resting blood pressure and the vasculature of trained and untrained limbs are dependent on training intensity, following isometric-leg training. Thirty middle-aged males undertook an 8 week training programme (4 × 2 min bilateral-leg isometric contractions 3 times per week). Two groups trained at either high (HI; 14%MVC) or low (LO; 8%MVC) intensity a third group (CON) acted as controls. All parameters were measured at baseline, 4-weeks and post-training. Resting SBP (-10.8 ± 7.9 mmHg), MAP (-4.7 ± 6.8 mmHg) and HR (-4.8 ± 5.9 b·min(-1)) fell significantly in the HI group post-training with concomitant significant increases in resting femoral mean artery diameter (FMAD; 1.0 ± 0.4 mm), femoral mean blood velocity (FMBV; 0.68 ± 0.83 cm·s(-1)), resting femoral artery blood flow (FABF; 82.06 ± 31.92 ml·min(-1)) and resting femoral vascular conductance (FVC, 45%). No significant changes occurred in any brachial artery measure nor in any parameters measured in the LO or CON groups. These findings show that training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure after isometric-leg training in healthy middle-aged men are associated with concomitant adaptations in the local vasculature, that appear to be dependent on training intensity and take place in the later stages of training.
Investigation on Signaling Overhead for Mobility Management with Carrier Aggregation in LTE-Advanced (2011)

In Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A), which is currently in the process of standardization in the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP), carrier aggregation (CA) was introduced as a main feature for bandwidth extension while maintaining backward compatibility with LTE Release 8 (Rel. 8). In the CA mode of operation, since two or more component carriers (CCs), each of which is compatible with LTE Rel. 8, are aggregated, mobility management is needed for CCs such as inter/intra-frequency handover, CC addition, and CC removal to provide sufficient coverage and better overall signal quality. Therefore, the signaling overhead for Radio Resource Control (RRC) reconfiguration for the mobility management of CCs in LTE-A is expected to be larger than that in LTE Rel. 8. In addition, CA allows aggregation of cells with different types of coverage. Therefore, the signaling overhead may be dependent on the coverage of each CC assumed in a CA deployment scenario. Furthermore, especially in a picocell-overlaid scenario, the amount of signaling overhead may be different according to whether the aggregation of CCs between a macrocell and a picocell, i.e., transmission and reception from multiple sites, is allowed or not. Therefore, this paper investigates the CC control overhead with several CC management policies in some CA deployment scenarios, including a scenario with overlaid picocells. Simulation results show that the control overhead is almost the same irrespective of the different management policies, when almost the same coverage is provided for the CCs. In addition, it is shown that the increase in the control overhead is not significant even in a CA deployment scenario with overlaid picocells. We also show that the amount of signaling overhead in a picocell-overlaid scenario with the CA between a macrocell and a picocell is almost twice as that without the CA between a macrocell and a picocell.
A controllable noise-like operation regime in a Yb-doped dispersion-mapped fiber ring laser (2013)

We report the generation of tunable high-energy noise-like pulses with a super-broadband spectrum from a Yb-doped dispersion-mapped fiber ring laser. Self-starting noise-like operation can be maintained over a relatively large range of pumping powers (4–13 W). The corresponding output power varies from 0.1 to 1.45 W. The maximum 3 dB spectral bandwidth of the noise-like pulses is about 48.2 nm while the output energy is as high as 47 nJ, limited by optical damage of the components. The central wavelength of the noise-like pulses can be tuned easily over ∼12 nm. The bandwidth and duration of the generated wave packets can also be controlled. The use of a negative dispersion-delay line and spectral filter are found to be important for generating such high-power noise-like operation. Experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical simulations.
Ultralow threshold and uniform operation (1.3/spl plusmn/0.09 mA) in 1.3-μm strained-MOW 10-element laser arrays for parallel high-density optical interconnects (1995)

An ultralow-threshold 1.3-μm InGaAsP-InP 10-element monolithic laser array is achieved through careful optimization of a strained-MQW active layer. This array has a record-low threshold current, highly uniform threshold current characteristics (1.3/spl plusmn/0.09 mA and slope efficiency of 0.37/spl plusmn/0.01 W/A), and long-term reliability. This array is suitable as light sources for a parallel high-density optical interconnection system.
Efficient Synthesis of 2,5-Dicyanofuran from Biomass-Derived 2,5-Diformylfuran via an Oximation–Dehydration Strategy (2018)

Aromatic dinitriles show promise as a pivotal building block in polymer and pharmaceutical chemistry, and their production from biomass-based alcohols or aldehydes is highly desirable. In this work, for the first time, 2,5-dicyanofuran was efficiently synthesized from biomass-derived 2,5-diformylfuran via a two-step procedure. 2,5-Diformylfuran was first converted to 2,5-diformylfuran dioxime with 90% isolated yield in water. Hydroxylamine instead of ammonia used as nitrogen source is the key to this strategy, which avoids the polymerization reaction of intermediate aldimine. The subsequent dehydration reaction of 2,5-diformylfuran dioxime afforded 2,5-dicyanofuran in 82% isolated yield over an effective and recyclable solid acid catalyst Amberlyst-15. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of synthesis of reactive dinitriles from dialdehydes without using toxic cyanides or halides.
Ensemble Neural Relation Extraction with Adaptive Boosting (2018)

Relation extraction has been widely studied to extract new relational facts from open corpus. Previous relation extraction methods are faced with the problem of wrong labels and noisy data, which substantially decrease the performance of the model. In this paper, we propose an ensemble neural network model - Adaptive Boosting LSTMs with Attention, to more effectively perform relation extraction. Specifically, our model first employs the recursive neural network LSTMs to embed each sentence. Then we import attention into LSTMs by considering that the words in a sentence do not contribute equally to the semantic meaning of the sentence. Next via adaptive boosting, we build strategically several such neural classifiers. By ensembling multiple such LSTM classifiers with adaptive boosting, we could build a more effective and robust joint ensemble neural networks based relation extractor. Experiment results on real dataset demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed model, improving F1-score by about 8% compared to the state-of-the-art models.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of γ-Hydroxy-β-amino Alcohols and (2<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>)-β-Hydroxyleucine from Chiral <scp>d</scp>-(<i>N,N</i>-Dibenzylamino)serine (TBDMS) Aldehyde (1998)

Title serine deriv. I (TBDMS = tert-butyldimethylsilyl; Bn = benzyl) was synthesized from D-serine in excellent overall yield. The reactions of I with Grignard and organocerium reagents were highly stereoselective (Felkin model) to give gamma -hydroxy-beta -amino alcs. II (R = CHMe2, Me, Ph, Bu) in good yield. Transformation of II (R = CHMe2) into (2S,3S)-beta -hydroxyleucine (III) is also reported. [on SciFinder (R)]