gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess the reasons for the dramatic surge in prostate cancer incidence from 1986 to 1991. <h3>Design.</h3> —Population-based study of incidence rates and procedures used to detect and diagnose prostate cancer derived from Medicare claims data and the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program from 1986 to 1991. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Four SEER areas (Connecticut; Atlanta, Ga; Detroit, Mich; and Seattle—Puget Sound, Wash) covering approximately 6% of the US population. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A 5% random sample of male fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older without cancer, and all men with prostate cancer diagnosed at 65 years of age and older residing in the four areas. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —The age-adjusted rates of prostate cancer incidence, prostate needle biopsy, transurethral resection of the prostate, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, and transrectal ultrasound. <h3>Results.</h3> —The age-adjusted incidence rate of prostate cancer among men aged 65 years and older in the four SEER areas rose 82% from 1986 to 1991, with the largest annual increases occurring in 1990 (20%) and 1991 (19%). Prostate needle biopsy rates increased while the use of transurethral resection of the prostate declined from 1986 to 1991. The rising needle biopsy rate has been driven by an exponential increase in PSA testing in the general population from 1988 to 1991 and, to a much lesser extent, the increasing use of transrectal ultrasound since 1986. The use of PSA or transrectal ultrasound has increased across age and race groups and in different geographic areas. However, there remain wide geographic variations in the use of PSA screening. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —The recent dramatic epidemic of prostate cancer is likely the result of the increasing detection of tumors resulting from increased PSA screening. The magnitude and rapidity of the incidence rise suggest that changes in the intensity of medical surveillance is the most plausible explanation for this trend. <h3>Implications.</h3> —The rapid diffusion of screening interventions that have the ability to detect latent asymptomatic disease leads to important concerns regarding costs and patient quality of life for men aged 65 years and older. Geographic variability in the adoption of PSA testing underscores uncertainty and disagreement about its value for reducing prostate cancer mortality. More research is required to determine the effectiveness of screening for prostate cancer. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;273:548-552)
A PVT-Independent Constant- <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$G_{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula> Bias Technique Based on Analog Computation (2014)

This brief presents a new process, voltage, and temperature (PVT)-independent constant-G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> bias technique for any Iout(V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> )-monotonic convex (or concave) transconductors. In this brief, the conventional constant-g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> biasing is formulated into an analog computation process that calculates the constant-Gm bias voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> from an input current. An analog computer measures the effective G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> from two matched transconductors and converges it to the inverse of a precision resistance by adjusting V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> . Through this, a well-defined large-signal constant-G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> bias voltage can be found. The proposed technique eliminates the power-law or exponential-law assumptions on the Iout(V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> ) characteristics in a conventional design. An interpolation calculation follows to find the optimal small-signal constant-g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> bias voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">out</sub> . The fundamental limitations of the proposed technique are the required monotonicity and convexity (or concavity) of the transconductor's I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">out</sub> (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> ). Error sources include mismatches of paired devices and the input offset voltage and open-loop gain of the operation amplifier (OpAmp). These errors are analyzed in detail in this brief. Biasing circuits based on different transistor types are designed using the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 65-nm CMOS process. Computer simulations show that the proposed biasing circuitry can achieve ±0.22% g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> variations from -60 °C to 130 °C.
Nogo enhances the adhesion of olfactory ensheathing cells and inhibits their migration (2007)

The migration of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is essential for pioneering the olfactory nerve pathway during development and for promoting axonal regeneration when implanted into the injured central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, recombinant Nogo-66 enhanced the adhesion of OECs and inhibited their migration. Using immunocytochemistry and western blot, we showed that the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) was expressed on OECs. When NgR was released from the cell surface with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C or neutralized by NgR antibody, the effect of Nogo-66 on OEC adhesion and migration was markedly attenuated. Nogo-66 was found to promote the formation of focal adhesion in OECs and inhibited their membrane protrusion through the activation of RhoA. Furthermore, the co-culture migration assay demonstrated that OEC motility was significantly restricted by Nogo-A expressed on Cos7 cell membranes or oligodendrocytes. Moreover, treatment with anti-NgR antibody facilitated migration of implanted OECs in a spinal cord hemisection injury model. Taken together, we demonstrate, for the first time, that Nogo, a myelin-associated inhibitor of axon regeneration in the CNS, enhances the adhesion and inhibits the migration of OECs via NgR regulation of RhoA.
A new synthesis of benzimidazoles and aza‐analogs (1965)

Abstract A new procedure for the preparation of benzimidazoles and aza‐analogs from o ‐diamines and aldehyde bisulfite adducts is described.
Copying of holograms by spot scanning approach (2018)

To replicate holograms, contact copying has conventionally been used. In this approach, a photosensitive material is fixed together with a master hologram and illuminated with a coherent beam. This method is simple and enables high-quality copies; however, it requires a large optical setup for large-area holograms. In this paper, we present a new method of replicating holograms that uses a relatively compact optical system even for the replication of large holograms. A small laser spot that irradiates only part of the hologram is used to reproduce the hologram by scanning the spot over the whole area of the hologram. We report on the results of experiments carried out to confirm the copy quality, along with a guide to design scanning conditions. The results show the potential effectiveness of the large-area hologram replication technology using a relatively compact apparatus.
WS2 mode-locked ultrafast fiber laser (2015)

Graphene-like two dimensional materials, such as WS2 and MoS2, are highly anisotropic layered compounds that have attracted growing interest from basic research to practical applications. Similar with MoS2, few-layer WS2 has remarkable physical properties. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that WS2 nanosheets exhibit ultrafast nonlinear saturable absorption property and high optical damage threshold. Soliton mode-locking operations are achieved separately in an erbium-doped fiber laser using two types of WS2-based saturable absorbers, one of which is fabricated by depositing WS2 nanosheets on a D-shaped fiber, while the other is synthesized by mixing WS2 solution with polyvinyl alcohol, and then evaporating them on a substrate. At the maximum pump power of 600 mW, two saturable absorbers can work stably at mode-locking state without damage, indicating that few-layer WS2 is a promising high-power flexible saturable absorber for ultrafast optics. Numerous applications may benefit from the ultrafast nonlinear features of WS2 nanosheets, such as high-power pulsed laser, materials processing, and frequency comb spectroscopy.
The biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation and reconstruction (1984)

The rehabilitation of knee injuries involving the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is controversial. This paper describes strain in the normal and reconstructed ACL during a series of passive and active tests of knee flexion with and without varus, valgus, and axial rotation torques on the tibia. Strain in the human knee ACL was significantly different depending on whether the knee flexion angle was changed passively or via simulated quadriceps contraction. The knee joint capsule was found to be important for strain protection of the ACL. Quadriceps activity did not strain the normal or reconstructed ACL when the knee was flexed beyond 60 degrees, but significantly strained the tissue from 0 to 45 degrees of knee flexion. Immobilization may not protect the ACL if isometric quadriceps contractions are allowed to occur. Properly placed reconstructions exhibited strain behavior which closely followed the anteromedial band of the ACL.
Bidirectional fibre-optic link using reflective modulation (1986)

A new technique for simultaneous bidirectional data transmission on a single monomode fibre is described. The link is implemented by employing a single light source at one end of the fibre and a reflective modulator at the other. Simultaneous transmission of 565 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s signals is reported with BER < 10-9 in each case.
Sublethal toxicant effects with dynamic energy budget theory: application to mussel outplants (2009)

We investigate the effectiveness of a sublethal toxic effect model embedded in Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory for the analysis of field data. We analyze the performance of two species of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis and M. californianus, near a diffuser discharging produced water in the Southern California Bight, California. Produced water is a byproduct of oil production consisting of fossil water together with compounds added during the extraction process, and generally contains highly elevated levels of pollutants relative to sea water. Produced water negatively affects the production of somatic and reproductive biomass in both mussel species; we show that these negative effects can be quantified with our DEB-based modeling framework through the estimation of toxic effect scaling parameters. Our analyses reveal that the toxic impact of produced water on growth and reproduction of M. californianus is substantially higher than for M. galloprovincialis. Projections of the expected lifetime production of gonad biomass indicate that the environmental impact of produced water can be as large as 100%, whereas short-term assessment without the use of DEB theory projects a maximum effect of only 30%.
Quenching of [Ru(bpy)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>Fluorescence by Binding to Au Nanoparticles (2002)

Gold nanoparticles coated with stabilizing thiolate monolayers of N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine (tiopronin) and N, N-trimethyl(undecylmercapto)ammonium quench the fluorescence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in aqueous solution. The tiopronin monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) exert energy-transfer quenching by both collisional quenching and by static quenching in electrostatic complexes formed between [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and the tiopronin carboxylate groups. The electrostatic binding is pH-dependent and can be released by addition of electrolyte (e.g., K+, Bu4N+, and Ca2+ salts, which are increasingly effective in the order given). The tiopronin MPC quenching of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ fluorescence follows Stern−Volmer relations for plots of Fo/F against MPC concentration and Fo/F against electrolyte concentration at constant MPC concentration. Quenching and electrolyte binding constants were derived. MPCs with average Au core diameters of 2.2 nm (average) exhibited quenching constants that are 20-fold larger than those for 1.8-nm diameter.
Adaptive Management of Virtualized Resources in Cloud Computing Using Feedback Control (2009)

Cloud computing as newly emergent computing environment offers dynamic flexible infrastructures and QoS guaranteed services in pay-as-you-go manner to the public. System virtualization technology which renders flexible and scalable system services is the base of the cloud computing. How to provide a self-managing and autonomic infrastructure for cloud computing through virtualization becomes an important challenge. In this paper, using feedback control theory, we present VM-based architecture for adaptive management of virtualized resources in cloud computing and model an adaptive controller that dynamically adjusts multiple virtualized resources utilization to achieve application Service Level Objective (SLO) in cloud computing. Compared with Xen, KVM is chosen as a virtual machine monitor (VMM) to implement the architecture. Evaluation of the proposed controller model showed that the model could allocate resources reasonably in response to the dynamically changing resource requirements of different applications which execute on different VMs in the virtual resource pool to achieve applications SLOs.
Prognosis and prognostic research: application and impact of prognostic models in clinical practice (2009)

An accurate prognostic model is of no benefit if it is not generalisable or doesn't change behaviour. In the last article in their series <b>Karel Moons and colleagues </b>discuss how to determine the practical value of models
A new half-micron p-channel MOSFET with LATIPS (large-tilt-angle implanted punchthrough stopper) (2003)

A novel half-micron buried p-MOSFET with a large-tilt-angle-implanted punchthrough stopper (LATIPS) is proposed. The n/sup +/ LATIPs region is successfully realized adjacent to the p/sup +/ source/drain, even without a sidewall spacer, by taking advantage of the n/sup +/ large-tilt-angle implant. In spite of the relatively deep p/sup +/ junction of 0.2- mu m depth and the low n-well concentration of 1*10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/, the 0.5- mu m LATIPS device achieves high punchthrough resistance, e.g. a low subthreshold swing of 95 mV/dec, with a high transconductance of 135 mS/mm and small body effect. The submicron LATIPS device also achieves improved resistance to hot-electron-induced punchthrough as compared with the conventional device. The LATIPS technique is most promising for half-micron CMOS (complementary MOS) ULSIs (ultra-large-scale integrated circuits).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Algorithm 112: Position of point relative to polygon (1962)

article Free Access Share on Algorithm 112: Position of point relative to polygon Author: M. Shimrat Univ. of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Univ. of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 5Issue 8Aug. 1962 https://doi.org/10.1145/368637.368653Published:01 August 1962Publication History 143citation1,015DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations143Total Downloads1,015Last 12 Months145Last 6 weeks29 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Identification of isolate-specific proteins on sorbitol-enriched <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> infected erythrocytes from Gambian patients (1986)

We have compared the surface radio-iodinated proteins of uninfected and Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from natural infections of human patients. Cryopreserved infected blood from Gambian children with falciparum malaria was thawed, cultured to the middle trophozoite stage, and surface radio-iodinated. Trophozoite-infected cells were enriched about 10-fold on a Percoll gradient newly designed to separate cells based on their differential permeability to sorbitol. Infected blood was radio-iodinated and erythrocytes from the fraction enriched in parasitized cells and uninfected erythrocytes from the same sample obtained from the gradient and compared by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. In each sample, parasitized erythrocytes contained one or more polypeptides of very high molecular weight (Mr 250 000-300 000) that were not found on uninfected erythrocytes from the same patient. These proteins were isolate-specific in size and number, suggesting that natural isolates contain a variable number of different P. falciparum phenotypes for this surface protein. In addition, these radio-iodinated surface proteins could not be extracted from the host cell membrane by the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, but were extracted by SDS. The properties of these proteins suggest they are the equivalent for natural infections of the strain-dependent antigen previously described (Leech, Barnwell, Miller & Howard, 1984) on the surface of P. falciparum-infected Aotus erythrocytes. In addition, we observed a second parasite-dependent modification of labelled proteins on infected erythrocytes with the appearance of a new band of Mr 30 000. There were also variations in the pattern of radio-isotope labelled proteins on uninfected erythrocytes from different patients.
Comprehensive behavioral phenotyping of calpastatin-knockout mice (2008)

These results suggest that calpastatin is likely to be more closely associated with affective rather than cognitive aspects of brain function.
A 13-bit, low-power, compact ADC suitable for sensor applications (2010)

A 100μW, 13bit ADC used for sensor array applications is presented in this paper. The ADC employs an extended counting architecture in which the residual error from a first-order incremental ΣΔ modulator is encoded by a cyclic ADC to achieve high accuracy at a relatively high speed. Hardware reuse technique is utilized for low power consumption and small silicon area. The prototype ADC is implemented in 0.18μm CMOS technology with 1.8V supply voltage and the core area is only 0.06mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> including control logic. The ADC shows a peak SNDR/SFDR of 65.4dB/71.9dB.
Dynamic Analysis of Cage Behavior in a Tapered Roller Bearing (2005)

We have developed a three-dimensional dynamic simulation tool for tapered roller bearings using commercially available analysis software, ADAMS (MSC. Software). Cage motion in six degrees was analyzed with the simulation tool and was measured by experiments. The results showed the validity of the simulation tool. Regarding the cage behavior, as the traction forces between rollers and races grew, the amplitude of the cage whirl motion increased up to the radial guide clearance between the roller and its cage pocket.
Continuous Respiratory Monitoring and a “Smart” Infusion System Improve Safety of Patient-Controlled Analgesia in the Postoperative Period (2008)

The Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation has noted an underappreciated risk of serious injury from patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)—including life threatening respiratory depression (RD) in young, healthy patients—and has urged consideration of “smart ” PCA pumps and continuous oxygenation and ventilation monitoring of patients receiving PCA therapy. St. Joseph’s/Candler Health System was the first U.S. hospital system to implement such technology. Clinical experience shows that non-invasive capnographic monitoring provides the earliest warning of RD. Use of this technology documented an incidence of PCA-related RD-bradypnea many times higher than previously reported. We describe implementation of “smart ” PCA pumps with continuous respiratory monitoring and results achieved in significant programming errors averted and patients protected even when the PCA infusion was correctly programmed. Our experience shows that continuous respiratory monitoring of PCA therapy, especially non-invasive capnography, assists clinicians in early identification of RD and other complications to prevent serious adverse events and the need for costly interventions.
Predicting Parking Lot Occupancy in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (2007)

The search for free parking places is a promising application for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). In order to guide drivers to a free parking place at their destination, it is necessary to estimate the occupancy state of the parking lots within the destination area at time of arrival. In this paper, we present a model to predict parking lot occupancy based on information exchanged among vehicles. In particular, our model takes the age of received parking lot information and the time needed to arrive at a certain parking lot into account and estimates the future parking situation at time of arrival. It is based on queueing theory and uses a continuous-time homogeneous Markov model. We have evaluated the model in a simulation study based on a detailed model of the city of Brunswick, Germany.
Charge-transfer-plate spatial light modulators (1992)

Charge-transfer-plate spatial light modulators (CTPSLM's) are a class of devices that employ chargetransfer plates as the interface between the charge-generation element and the light-modulation element. Both optically addressed and electrically addressed devices have been built. Chargegenerating elements for the optically addressed devices include photoconductors, photodiode and phototransistor arrays, optoelectronic integrated circuit chips, and photocathode-microchannel-plate assemblies. For electrically addressed devices, electron guns, very large-scale integrated circuits, thin-film transistors, and matrix electrodes are among the possible charge-generation elements. Lightmodulation elements used in CTPSLM's include liquid crystals, electro-optic organic and inorganic crystals, polymers, deformable membrane mirrors, oil films, multilayer dielectric films, and electroluminescent films. In principle, all combinations of charge-generation elements and light-modulating elements are possible. This paper explores the fundamental performance limitations of CTP technology, and describes the design, operation, and applications of five different CTPSLM's (three based on membrane-mirror technology and two on liquid-crystal technology).
GaInAsP/InP DH lasers and related fabricating techniques for integration (1979)

Liquid phase epitaxy and wet chemical etching techniques were investigated for the purpose of obtaining integrated Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> In <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> As <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</inf> P <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-y</inf> /InP lasers. Selective growth of a GaInAsP layer on channeled