gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acquired resistance to EGFR‐targeted therapies in colorectal cancer (2014)

Cetuximab and panitumumab are anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) monoclonal antibodies used as therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Intrinsic mechanisms of resistance, such as RAS mutations, can prevent patients from having a response with clinical benefit. The clinical efficacy of EGFR targeted antibodies is limited by the development of acquired (secondary) resistance, which typically occurs within 3-12 months from the start of therapy. Preclinical models and analyses of clinical samples have uncovered some of the alterations that confer a selective advantage to tumor cells when under the pressure of anti-EGFR therapy. Molecular profiling of clinical specimens confirmed that genetic alterations of genes in the EGFR-RAS-RAF-MEK signaling pathway and of receptor tyrosine kinases are mechanisms of acquired resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies. The escape from anti-EGFR blockade appears to converge on the (re)activation of MEK-ERK or AKT as revealed in preclinical studies. Circulating tumor DNA and patient derived xenografts have proven useful tools to monitor patients for resistance to anti-EGFR therapy and test combination therapies to overcome or reverse resistance.
Surface Modification by Nanoimprint Lithography for Improvement of the Joint Strength of Composites (2010)

To improve the strength of adhesively bonded composite joints, surface modification of composites by nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is investigated. Since microstructures can be fabricated during the curing of composites, this technique reduces the time required and costs involved in conventional surface preparation such as chemical etching or sand blasting. Since structural adhesives are susceptible to peeling, a pyramidal microstructure is chosen for the surface modification pattern. Such a pattern divides the stress at the interface into peel and shear components; thus, the apparent joint strength is greater than that of an untreated joint with a flat surface. We fabricated the pyramidal microstructure on carbon fiber reinforced plastic and determined the adhesive strength both analytically and experimentally. In the analysis, interfacial stresses were calculated using the finite element method and the interfacial fracture was defined using the peel and shear mixed-mode criterion based on the average stress criterion. In the experiment, tensile butt joint tests were performed for NIL and untreated joints and the apparent strengths were measured. The NIL joint was found to be 52% stronger than the untreated joint according to the finite element method calculation and 67% stronger according to the tensile tests.
Single crystal AlGaN bulk acoustic wave resonators on silicon substrates with high electromechanical coupling (2016)

Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators using single crystal AlGaN piezoelectric films are reported. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth was used to obtain single crystal AlGaN films on 150-mm diameter <111> silicon substrates with (0002) XRD rocking curve FWHM of 0.37°. Series-configured 12 Ω BAW resonators with resonant frequency of 2.302GHz were fabricated with insertion loss of 0.29dB and an electromechanical coupling of 4.44%. Maximum resonator Q <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</inf> was 1277, leading to a figure of merit (FOM) of 57. Unloaded acoustic Q <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</inf> was 4243, leading to a FOM of 188. These FOM are the highest reported to date for MOCVD-based single crystal resonators.
Importance of Uracil DNA Glycosylase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium smegmatis, G+C-rich Bacteria, in Mutation Prevention, Tolerance to Acidified Nitrite, and Endurance in Mouse Macrophages (2003)

Uracil DNA glycosylase (Ung (or UDG)) initiates the excision repair of an unusual base, uracil, in DNA. Ung is a highly conserved protein found in all organisms. Paradoxically, loss of this evolutionarily conserved enzyme has not been seen to result in severe growth phenotypes in the cellular life forms. In this study, we chose G+C-rich genome containing bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium smegmatis) as model organisms to investigate the biological significance of ung. Ung deficiency was created either by expression of a highly specific inhibitor protein, Ugi, and/or by targeted disruption of the ung gene. We show that abrogation of Ung activity in P. aeruginosa and M. smegmatis confers upon them an increased mutator phenotype and sensitivity to reactive nitrogen intermediates generated by acidified nitrite. Also, in a mouse macrophage infection model, P. aeruginosa (Ung-) shows a significant decrease in its survival. Infections of the macrophages with M. smegmatis show an initial increase in the bacterial counts that remain for up to 48 h before a decline. Interestingly, abrogation of Ung activity in M. smegmatis results in nearly a total abolition of their multiplication and a much-decreased residency in macrophages stimulated with interferon gamma. These observations suggest Ung as a useful target to control growth of G+C-rich bacteria.
Oligonucleotides and Nucleotide-Peptides. XXXIX. Synthesis and Properties of the Simplest Models of Covalent Nucleic Acid (Nucleotide)-protein Complexes With The Phosphodiester Bond Between The Components<sup>I</sup> (1982)

Abstract A number of nucleotidyl-(5-O)-amino acid (peptide) esters have been synthesized by the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and pyrophosphate methods. Their stability and mechanism of hydrolysis have been investigated.
Interpretation Of Quality Evaluations Of Horticultural Crops (1980)

Abstract The pleasure center in the brain plays a very important role in sensory evaluation. (13)
Three 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Genes Regulated by Primary and Secondary Pollination Signals in Orchid Flowers1 (1998)

The temporal and spatial expression patterns of three 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase genes were investigated in pollinated orchid (Phalaenopsis spp.) flowers. Pollination signals initiate a cascade of development events in multiple floral organs, including the induction of ethylene biosynthesis, which coordinates several postpollination developmental responses. The initiation and propagation of ethylene biosynthesis is regulated by the coordinated expression of three distinct ACC synthase genes in orchid flowers. One ACC synthase gene (Phal-ACS1) is regulated by ethylene and participates in amplification and interorgan transmission of the pollination signal, as we have previously described in a related orchid genus. Two additional ACC synthase genes (Phal-ACS2 and Phal-ACS3) are expressed primarily in the stigma and ovary of pollinated orchid flowers. Phal-ACS2 mRNA accumulated in the stigma within 1 h after pollination, whereas Phal-ACS1 mRNA was not detected until 6 h after pollination. Similar to the expression of Phal-ACS2, the Phal-ACS3 gene was expressed within 2 h after pollination in the ovary. Exogenous application of auxin, but not ACC, mimicked pollination by stimulating a rapid increase in ACC synthase activity in the stigma and ovary and inducing Phal-ACS2 and Phal-ACS3 mRNA accumulation in the stigma and ovary, respectively. These results provide the basis for an expanded model of interorgan regulation of three ACC synthase genes that respond to both primary (Phal-ACS2 and Phal-ACS3) and secondary (Phal-ACS1) pollination signals.
Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition carbon nanotubes/nanofibres how uniform do they grow? (2003)

The ability to grow carbon nanotubes/nanofibres (CNs) with a high degree of uniformity is desirable in many applications. In this paper, the structural uniformity of CNs produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition is evaluated for field emission applications. When single isolated CNs were deposited using this technology, the structures exhibited remarkable uniformity in terms of diameter and height (standard deviations were 4.1 and 6.3% respectively of the average diameter and height). The lithographic conditions to achieve a high yield of single CNs are also discussed. Using the height and diameter uniformity statistics, we show that it is indeed possible to accurately predict the average field enhancement factor and the distribution of enhancement factors of the structures, which was confirmed by electrical emission measurements on individual CNs in an array.
Factors Affecting the Activation State and the Level of Total Activity of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase in Tobacco Protoplasts (1987)

The relationship between the activation state and the level of total activatable activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) was examined in tobacco protoplasts. When darkened protoplasts were illuminated, both activation and total activity increased, but at different rates; the t((1/2)) were 2.3 and 6.7 minutes, respectively. The light response of rubisco activation state and total activity, measured after 15 minutes of illumination, were similar but their responses to light transitions and photosynthetic inhibitors were different. When irradiance was reduced from saturating to subsaturating, deactivation of rubisco in protoplasts was immediate, whereas there was little change in total activity during the first 20 minutes following the transition. The light-induced increases in activation state and total activity were inhibited by nigericin, but activation was more sensitive exhibiting a response similar to that of photosynthesis. Treatment of tobacco protoplasts and leaves with methyl viologen at limiting irradiance increased rubisco activation, but inhibited the light-induced increase in total activity. These results indicate that light activation of rubisco is mechanistically distinct from the light-dependent changes in total activity in tobacco, a species containing carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate, an endogenous inhibitor of total rubisco activity.
Cholangiopancreatography troubleshooting: the usefulness of endoscopic retrieval of migrated biliary and pancreatic stents. (2009)

Endoscopic retrieval of migrated biliary and pancreatic stents appears to be useful because of its safety and low invasiveness. However, various forceps should be prepared for the retrieval of a migrated stent.
Nickel nanoparticles deposited into an activated porous carbon: synthesis, microstructure and magnetic properties (2008)

Abstract Activated carbons (AC) are commonly used as efficient adsorbents to remove contaminants. The incorporation of a magnetic material into the AC could greatly enhance its manipulation through magnetic separation. However, the composite material will need to have sufficiently saturated magnetization, and as low as possible coercivity to be easily attracted by commercial permanent magnets. In this letter we report on the correlation between microstructure and magnetic behaviour of Ni nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in an amorphous activated porous carbon (Ni–AC). The Ni–AC powders have been synthesized by means of an easy and low‐cost procedure. The addition of sucrose during the preparation process provides effective protection in acid media. This Ni–AC composite has a microstructure composed of crystalline NPs with diameters in the range of 7–25 nm, and exhibits superparamagnetic behaviour at room temperature, with saturation magnetization values around 3 A m 2 kg –1 under applied magnetic fields of 200 mT. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: inhibition by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and acquired resistance to reinduction by challenge with myelin basic protein. (1981)

In 2-mo-old Lewis rats immunized with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) precomplexed to guinea pig myelin basic protein (BP), the clinical and histologic manifestations of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) were diminished compared with BP-treated controls. Similarly, in animals immunized with BP and challenged with BP-LPS at the same time or as long as 5 days after, the immunization with BP also inhibited the disease. That this capacity to reduce the incidence of BP-induced EAE is a unique property of LPS was suggested by the fact that other negatively charged molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and dextran sulphate, were not effective in inhibiting the clinical signs of EAE. After recovery from EAE induced by BP, some animals develop a recurrence of the disease if challenged with BP at appropriate intervals. However, after recovery from mild EAE induced by BP-LPS and after challenges with EAE-initiating BP antigens, secondary EAE was inhibited significantly.
Helical pitch of ferroelectric liquid-crystalline polymers and copolymers (1991)

Abstract Ferroelectric liquid-crystalline polymers and copolymers were synthesized from acrylate polymers with side chains consisting of a flexible spacer unit, a mesogenic unit and an optically active substituent. In the chiral smectic C (S∗c) phases typical fan-shaped textures with equidistant lines (caused by the helical structures) were observed. It was found that the helical pitch increased with increasing polymer molecular weight. The helical pitch also increased in copolymers containing mixtures of right- and left-handed chiral side chains.
Structure and Molecular Mechanism of ER Stress Signaling by the Unfolded Protein Response Signal Activator IRE1 (2019)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important site for protein folding and maturation in eukaryotes. The cellular requirement to synthesize proteins within the ER is matched by its folding capacity. However, the physiological demands or aberrations in folding may result in an imbalance which can lead to the accumulation of misfolded protein, also known as "ER stress." The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cell-signaling system that readjusts ER folding capacity to restore protein homeostasis. The key UPR signal activator, IRE1, responds to stress by propagating the UPR signal from the ER to the cytosol. Here, we discuss the structural and molecular basis of IRE1 stress signaling, with particular focus on novel mechanistic advances. We draw a comparison between the recently proposed allosteric model for UPR induction and the role of Hsp70 during polypeptide import to the mitochondrial matrix.
Blood Viscosity: Influence of Erythrocyte Aggregation (1967)

The addition of purified canine or bovine fibrinogen to suspensions of canine erythocytes in Ringer solution caused an increase in viscosity and the formation of aggregates of erythocytes. Both of these effects became increasingly pronounced as the fibrinogen concentration was raised, and they approached plateaus with 1 gram of fibrinogen per 100 milliliters. An increase in shear rate (or shear stress) reduced both the effect on viscosity and the aggregate size. The data suggest that fibrinogen causes an increase in blood viscosity and a departure from Newtonian behavior by interacting with erythrocytes to form cell aggregates which can be dispersed by shear stress.
Formation of Epoxy Networks, Including Reactive Liquid Elastomers (1989)

Formation and structure of epoxy networks based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and on N,N-diglycidylaniline and its derivatives are discussed. The effect of reaction mechanism on the structure of epoxy networks cured with amines, acids, anhydrides, and amine-terminated elastomers is shown. The second part of this chapter discusses the formation and properties of rubbery networks prepared from carboxyl-terminated elastomers and polyepoxides. Both homogeneous and two-phase networks can be obtained. Improvement of mechanical properties is achieved mainly by physical reinforcement (i.e., by chemically bound hard polyester segments).
Microchip CE analysis of amino acids on a titanium dioxide nanoparticles‐coated PDMS microfluidic device with in‐channel indirect amperometric detection (2009)

In this paper, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2) NPs) were employed to construct a functional film on PDMS microfluidic channel surface, which was formed by sequentially immobilizing poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and TiO(2) NPs on PDMS surface by layer-by-layer assembly technique. The modified PDMS microchip exhibited a decreased and stable EOF, which was favorable for the separation of biomolecules with similar migration times. Arginine, phenylalanine, serine and threonine were used as model analytes to evaluate the performance of the modified microchip. The four amino acids were efficiently separated within 100 s in a 3.7 cm long separation channel and successfully detected on the carbon fiber electrode in conjunction with in-channel indirect amperometry. Resolutions and theoretical plate numbers of the analytes were considerably enhanced in the presence of TiO(2) NPs. The modified microchip demonstrated excellent stability and reproducibility with improved RSDs of migration times and peak currents for run-to-run, day-to-day and chip-to-chip analyses, respectively. Variables influencing the separation efficiency and amperometric response, including injection and separation voltage, the working electrode position and buffer concentration, were optimized in detail.
A 2x2 MIMO Tri-Band Dual-Mode Direct-Conversion CMOS Transceiver for Worldwide WiMAX/WLAN Applications (2011)

This paper describes a fully integrated 130 nm CMOS 2×2 MIMO tri-band dual-mode transceiver for fixed and mobile WiMAX and IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n applications. The proposed transceiver features reduced RF interface (only 4 RF pins) with the wideband circuit topology of the LNA and drive amplifier that minimizes the performance degradation. With carefully chosen LO frequency planning, the transceiver is capable of operating at 2.3-2.7 GHz, 3.3-3.9 GHz, and as well as 5.1-5.9 GHz bands covering whole frequency spectrum of fixed and mobile WiMAX and WLAN. The measured noise figure of the receiver is 3.6-4.2, 4.2-4.7, and 5.4-6.2 dB for each 2/3/5 GHz bands respectively. The measured PLL phase noise from 1 kHz to 10 MHz is 0.5/0.8/0.95 rms degree for 2/3/5 GHz bands respectively. The transceiver ensures low EVM over the wide dynamic range due to linear RX and TX signal paths and low integrated PLL phase noise characteristics.
Associated particle imaging for general application to sealed container interrogation (1991)

An associated particle imaging (API) system has been built and some first images recorded. These images are presented in this report. Design of the system has been reported previously. Associated particle imaging uses the direction and time correlations between fast (14 MeV) neutrons and alpha particles produced in a small accelerator via the deuterium-tritium reaction. Detection of the alpha particle with a position-sensitive detector provides the direction of flight and time of emission of the associated neutron. The neutron may then interact (most probably scatter inelastically) with the target nucleus to produce a gamma ray whose energy is characteristic of the target material. The time-of-detection of the gamma ray gives the neutron interaction time and is used to locate the neutron-nucleus interaction and, hence the target material, while measurement of the gamma-ray energy identifies the elemental composition of the target. The system is information rich, since it can use the geometric and elemental data recorded with each event to generate real time, fully manipulable, three-dimensional images of identified materials. API permits single-sided, non-intrusive inspection of the internal contents of sealed packages and containers, and will image all elements except hydrogen and helium. The technique images 14 MeV neutron interactions inmore » the material of interest. 10 refs.« less
Morphology of Carbon Nanoclusters Prepared by Catalytic Disproportionation of Carbon Monoxide (1996)

Catalytic disproportionation of carbon monoxide has long been established as a method for producing graphitic deposits. Using this method, a set of samples was prepared under a variety of the process parameters: temperature, ratio, hydrogen partial pressure, and duration of reaction. The morphology of the product has been characterized using both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, with similarities found between the CO disproportionation deposits, and the nanoclusters produced by arc discharge. In particular, the analysis revealed multiwalled, concentric hollow core nanotubes in which the layers are separated by 0.34 nm, the distance associated with separation between graphitic basal planes. The catalytically produced nanotubes are in general much longer than those typically produced in an arc discharge while other properties are almost identical. Their morphology depends on the choice of the process parameters, particularly the partial pressure of hydrogen. With no hydrogen present, only closed forms of carbon deposits such as multiwalled nanotubes are produced. As the partial pressure of hydrogen is increased, the filament‐type carbon deposits with open edges are observed. The number of open edges increases with increasing concentration. However, for a given hydrogen concentration, the number of open edges decreases as the reaction temperature is raised. Extending the reaction time creates longer nanotubes, reaching an average length of 10 μm after 48 h. Employing this low‐temperature method for the production of nanotubes, one can expect ultimately to establish control of their morphology through variations of easily tunable process parameters.
A Possible Method for the Growth of Homogeneous Mercury Cadmium Telluride Single Crystals (1978)

A new procedure for preparing homogeneous single crystals of alloys over a wide range of compositions is proposed. The method, based on a modification of the usual Bridgman technique, promises to overcome variations in composition resulting from the high segregation rate of with respect to . During most of the growth period the melt composition is controlled by means of a second solid phase. In particular some results are reported in connection with a composition of significant interest for application as an infrared detector and spin flip laser material.
ALFA: a static data flow architecture (2003)

The authors present the ALFA architecture, a data flow machine with 16384 functional units (FUs) grouped in 128 clusters. ALFA is based on the Backus FFP computational model and uses the static data flow execution model. This machine's behavior is deterministic and asynchronous. Consequently, after compile time, instructions and data are no longer related. In this machine, even though its behavior is deterministic, no control token is generated during the computation, but only data tokens. Furthermore, during the execution phase, no memory is required to contain the partial results exchanged among FUs. A cluster with 128 FUs has been simulated, and some results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>