gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemoprevention of azoxymethane-induced colonic carcinogenesis by supplemental dietary ursodeoxycholic acid. (1994)

The present studies were conducted at the Universities of Chicago and Arizona to examine and compare the effects of supplemental dietary ursodeoxycholic acid to cholic acid, a known tumor promoter, and to piroxicam, a known chemopreventive agent, in the azoxymethane (AOM) model of experimental colonic carcinogenesis. Male Fischer 344 rats were utilized in these experiments. All animals were fed a basal diet (AIN-76) supplemented with 0.2% or 0.4% cholic acid, 0.2% or 0.4% ursodeoxycholic acid, 0.2% ursodeoxycholic acid plus 0.2% cholic acid, or 75 ppm piroxicam. Rats were given s.c. injections once a week for 2 weeks with AOM (15 mg/kg body wt/week) or vehicle (saline) after being fed their respective diets for 2 weeks. The rats in each group were then maintained on their respective diets for approximately 28 weeks; after sacrifice, their colons were removed and examined macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of tumors. The results of these studies demonstrated that none of the control rats fed the various diets injected with AOM-vehicle developed tumors. In groups receiving AOM, the addition of cholic acid (0.4%) caused a significant increase in the incidence of tumors. In contrast, the addition of 0.2% ursodeoxycholic acid did not promote AOM-induced colonic tumors, and when it was added to a promoting dose of cholic acid (0.2%), 0.2% ursodeoxycholic acid prevented enhancement of tumor promotion. At higher doses (0.4%), supplemental dietary ursodeoxycholic acid significantly reduced the incidence of colon tumors and cancers. Moreover, the tumor suppressive effects of 0.4% ursodeoxycholic acid exceeded that of dietary piroxicam. Our results further emphasize the important role of bile salts in modulating colonic tumor development. These studies also demonstrate for the first time that supplemental dietary ursodeoxycholic acid is a chemopreventive agent in the AOM model of experimental colonic carcinogenesis.
Intra-oral compartment pressures: a biofunctional model and experimental measurements under different conditions of posture (2010)

Oral posture is considered to have a major influence on the development and reoccurrence of malocclusion. A biofunctional model was tested with the null hypotheses that (1) there are no significant differences between pressures during different oral functions and (2) between pressure measurements in different oral compartments in order to substantiate various postural conditions at rest by intra-oral pressure dynamics. Atmospheric pressure monitoring was simultaneously carried out with a digital manometer in the vestibular inter-occlusal space (IOS) and at the palatal vault (sub-palatal space, SPS). Twenty subjects with normal occlusion were evaluated during the open-mouth condition (OC), gently closed lips (semi-open compartment condition, SC), with closed compartments after the generation of a negative pressure (CCN) and swallowing (SW). Pressure curve characteristics were compared between the different measurement phases (OC, SC, CCN, SW) as well as between the two compartments (IOS, SPS) using analysis of variance and Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests adopting a significance level of α = 0.05. Both null hypotheses were rejected. Average pressures (IOS, SPS) in the experimental phases were 0.0, -0.08 (OC); -0.16, -1.0 (SC); -48.79, -81.86 (CCN); and -29.25, -62.51 (SW) mbar. CCN plateau and peak characteristics significantly differed between the two compartments SPS and IOS. These results indicate the formation of two different intra-oral functional anatomical compartments which provide a deeper understanding of orofacial biofunctions and explain previous observations of negative intra-oral pressures at rest.
Investigation by ion channel domain transplantation of rat glutamate receptor subunits, orphan receptors and a putative NMDA receptor subunit (1999)

Among the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits identified in the mammalian central nervous system, five (delta1, delta2, GluR7, chi2 and NR3A, formerly called NMDAR-L or chi1) reportedly fail to form functional ion channels in heterologous expression systems. Four of these subunits, delta1, delta2, chi2 and NR3A, have not even been shown to bind glutamatergic ligands, relegating them to the status of 'orphan' receptors. We used a domain transplantation approach to investigate potential functional properties of the putative ion channel domains of four of these subunits. By exchanging ion pore domains between functional glutamate receptors (GluR1, GluR6 and NMDAR1) with known pore properties we first tested the feasibility of the domain swapping method. We demonstrate that ion channel domains can be transplanted between all three functional subfamilies of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Furthermore, exchange of ion pore domains allows identification of those channel properties determined exclusively by the ion pore. We then show that transplanting the pore domain of GluR7 into either GluR1 or GluR6 generates perfectly functional ligand-gated ion channels that allow characterization of electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the GluR7 pore domain. In contrast, delta1, delta2 and NR3A do not produce functional receptors when their pore domains are transplanted into either the AMPA receptor, GluR1, the kainate receptor, GluR6, or the NMDA receptor, NMDAR1. We speculate that the orphan receptors delta1 and delta2, and the NMDA receptor-like subunit NR3A may serve some modulatory function, rather than contributing to the formation of ion channels.
Steady state kinetics of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from human liver (III). (1977)

Kinetic experiments have been made with an apparently homogenous preparation of human liver 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Form 3 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate: oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating), EC 1.13.11.27) at 37 degrees in 0.2 M Tris/HCL, pH 7.5, by measuring the evolved carbon dioxide from the 1-14C-labeled substrate or the formation of homogentisate from the U-14C-labeled substrate. The effect of variations in the concentrations of substrates, products, and metal chelators on the velocity of the forward reaction was studied. The results agree with an Ordered Bi Bi kinetic mechanism (Cleland, W. W. (1963) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 67, 104--137), where 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate is added prior to oxygen and CO2 released before homogentisate. A Theorell-Chance mechanism has not been excluded.
The Effect of Hemicelluloses on Wood Pulp Nanofibrillation and Nanofiber Network Characteristics (2008)

Hemicelluloses as matrix substances showed an important role in nanofibrillation of wood pulp. Never-dried and once-dried pulps with different amounts of hemicelluloses were fibrillated using a grinding treatment. The degree of fibrillation was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy observation of the fibrillated pulps and light transmittance measurements of the fibrillated pulp/acrylic resin composites. With a one-pass grinding treatment, the once-dried pulp with higher hemicellulose content was fibrillated into 10-20 nm wide fibers as easily as the never-dried pulps, while the once-dried pulp with lower hemicellulose content was not fibrillated into uniform nanosized fibers. This result indicates that hemicelluloses act as inhibitors of the coalescence of microfibrils during drying and facilitate the nanofibrillation of once-dried pulp. Furthermore, hemicelluloses provide adhesion between nanofibers, contributing to reduction of thermal expansion and enhancement of mechanical properties in the composites.
Continued advancement of laser damage resistant optically functional microstructures (2012)

Micro- and nano-structured optically functional surface textures continue to exhibit higher performance and longer term
survivability than thin-film coatings for an increasing number of materials used within high energy laser (HEL) systems.
Anti-reflection (AR) microstructures (ARMs) produce a graded refractive index yielding high transmission over wide
spectral ranges along with a chemical, mechanical and laser damage resistance inherited from the bulk optic material.
In this study, ARMs were fabricated in the relevant HEL materials sapphire, neodymium-doped YAG, fused silica, BK7
glass, and the magnesium aluminate known as SPINEL. Standardized pulsed laser induced damage threshold (LiDT)
measurements were made using commercial testing services to directly compare the damage resistance of ARMs-treated
optics to uncoated and thin-film-AR-coated (TFARC) optics at wavelengths of 532nm, 694nm, 800nm, 1064nm, and
1538nm. As found with prior work, the LiDT of ARMs etched in fused silica was typically in the range of 35 J/cm 2 at a
wavelength of 1064nm and a pulse width of 10ns, a level that is comparable to uncoated samples and 3.5 times greater
than the level specified by six prominent TFARC providers. The Army Research Laboratory measured the pulsed LiDT
at 532nm (10ns) of ARMs in fused silica to be up to 5 times the level of the ion beam sputtered TFARC previously
employed in their HEL system, and 2 times higher than a low performance single layer MgF 2 TFARC. This result was
repeated and expanded using a commercial LiDT testing service for ARMs in two types of fused silica and for Schott
N-BK7 glass. An average damage threshold of 26.5 J/cm 2 was recorded for the ARMs-treated glass materials, a level 4
times higher than the commercial IBS TFARCs tested.
Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding and Its Application to Color Images (1984)

A new quantization method that uses the criterion of preserving sample absolute moments is presented. This is based on the same basic idea for block truncation coding of Delp and Mitchell but it is simpler in any practical implementation. Moreover, output equations are those for a two-level nonparametric minimum mean square error quantizer when the threshold is fixed to the sample mean. The application of this method to single frame color images is developed. A color image coding system that uses absolute moment block truncation coding of luminance and chroma information is presented. Resulting color images show reasonable performance with bit rates as low as 2.13 bits/pixel.
Resistance to Three Species of Root‐Knot Nematode in Soybean<sup>1</sup> (1987)

Root‐knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) significantly reduce yield of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the southeastern USA. Cultivars with higher levels of resistance than currently available will reduce yield loss in nematode‐infested fields and may eliminate the need for expensive nematicides. Soybean genotypes (2370) in the Southern Germplasm Collection (Maturity Group V, VI, VII, and VIII) were sequentially screened in a greenhouse to identify the highest levels of resistance to M. incognita (Mi), M. arenaria (Ma), and M. javanica (Mj) based on root galling and nematode reproduction. After three levels of screening using an inoculum density of 2000 nematodeggs per plant, 61, 56, and 61 genotypes were identified as resistant to Mi, Ma, and Mj, respectively. In the next two screening levels, two or three inoculum densities were used to differentiate the levels of resistance among these genotypes. The screening for Mi identified ‘Amredo’, PI96354, PI408088, and PI417444 with lower gall indices, fewer eggs per root system, and eggs per gram of root than ‘Forrest’, the resistant check. In the Ma screening PI200538 and PI230977 had lower gall indices and fewer eggs per root system than ‘Jackson’, the resistant check. The Mj screening identified PI230977 with a lower gall index than ‘Gordon’, the resistant check. These new sources of resistance will be useful to soybean breeders in developing cultivars with higher levels of resistance to root‐knot nematodes than currently available in commercial cultivars.
The integration of micro-machine fabrication with electronic device fabrication on III-V semiconductor materials (2002)

The authors have fabricated a variety of micromechanical devices on GaAs and InP substrates, using fabrication methods and materials compatible with microelectronic device fabrication on III-V compounds. The actuators are electrostatically operated and include microwave switches, linear actuated microwave tuners, and rotating element motors. The authors describe the types of mechanical devices that have been fabricated, the fabrication strategy, sequence, methods, and materials used in the fabrication, the compatibility of processes with III-V based devices, and some evaluations of their mechanical and electrical properties.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An improved protocol for separating meiofauna from sediments using colloidal silica sols (2001)

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 214:161-165 (2001) - doi:10.3354/meps214161 An improved protocol for separating meiofauna from sediments using colloidal silica sols Robert Burgess* University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, Texas 78737, USA *E-mail: burgess@moment.net ABSTRACT: A new isopycnic separation technique was developed to minimize the effect of sediment granulometry on extraction efficiency of benthic meiofauna. The method uses colloidal silica Ludox® (DuPont) HS 40 as a high density solution to extract meiofaunal organisms from sediment. Previous protocols using silica sols have had problems with physical interactions between the sediment and the specimens, causing large variations in extraction efficiencies between sediment types. The procedure presented herein reduces this problem by the addition of a 5 min period of fluidization of the sediment. The time used to complete the method is minimized with a final centrifugation step, which accelerates the settling rate of the fine sediment, resulting in a total time required for separation of approximately 20 min. Forty-eight samples were processed, with sediments ranging from sand to silty clay. The average extraction efficiency was 96.8 ± 3.9% for the total meiofaunal abundance. Extraction efficiency was independent of sediment granulometry over the range of sediments tested. KEY WORDS: Meiofauna · Isopycnic separation · Flotation separation · Silica sol · Ludox® technique Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 214. Online publication date: April 26, 2001 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2001 Inter-Research.
Acute myeloid leukemia colony growth in vitro: differences of colony- forming cells in PHA-supplemented and standard leukocyte feeder cultures (1982)

Bone marrow or blood of patients with acute myeloid leukemia was subjected to cell separation and the cells investigated for in vitro colony growth. Discontinuous albumin density gradient centrifugation and depletion of E-rosette-forming cells resulted in purified fractions of acute myeloid leukemia cells. From these fractions, growth of large leukemic colonies was obtained in the PHA-leukocyte feeder (PHA-LF) colony technique in 12 of 14 patients. The standard double agar layer techniques with a leukocyte feeder for granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells (GM-CFC) supported colony formation in only four cases. The PHA-LF leukemic colony-forming cells (CFC) were found to be of low buoyant density (always less than or equal to 1.062 g.ml-1) when compared to normal marrow GM-CFC (peak at 1.065 g.ml-1). The density profile of PHA-LF CFC paralleled the distribution of the nucleated cells in 8 cases, but in 4 patients, the cFC peak was found at a distinctly lower density; this suggested that a specific leukemic subpopulation had a colony-forming capacity. In three of the four patients with colony growth in the double layer agar technique, it was evident that these CFC had density properties different from those of PHA-LF CFC. These findings suggest that cells giving rise to large colonies in the PHA-LF and double layer agar assays represent distinct leukemic subpopulations.
Patterns of Customer Exit in a Contract-Based Subscription Service (1999)

Customer exit is one of the most extreme forms of complaining behavior, as pointed out by Hirschman (1970). It may be precipitated or accompanied by some negative affect toward the company supplying the service, although it may also be caused by a more distanced calculation of price and value. The timing of the customer's intended exit is extremely important, and has been studied heavily. That timing is complicated for a service which has been initiated by a contract with a definite lifespan, and attention centers on the importance of the contract expiration date and the customer's post- (and sometimes pre-) expiration behavior. The supplier is typically very interested in such exit patterns, their relationship to available internal information, and their consequences for such customer retention tactics. In this paper, we outline a method for viewing the exit propensity of cellular telephone customers, most of whom initiate service through the signing of a contract for a specified term. The production of these estimated propensities follow classical statistical survival analysis, and are augmented by the output of a neural net model for customer lifetime data. These propensities for exit then take the form of a statistical hazard function, whose components estimate the conditional probability of a customer's departure in the month of his/her service. These hazard functions will be categorized and related to internal company database information. This determines a way of segmenting customers, and creating indicators of that segmentation. Finally, we suggest a way to use this information to understand the customer's situation and to develop retention tactics. This concept is an extension of the classical use of lifetime value (LTV) as developed for the mail order industry, in that it affords a way of quantifying the value of allocating marketing strategies to customers with different valuations.
Down‐regulation of human CYP3A4 by the inflammatory signal interleukin 6: molecular mechanism and transcription factors involved (2002)

The hepatic drug-metabolizing cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes are down-regulated during inflammation. In vitro studies with hepatocytes have shown that the cytokines released during inflammatory responses are largely responsible for this CYP repression. However, the signaling pathways and the cytokine-activated factors involved remain to be properly identified. Our research has focused on the negative regulation of CYP3A4 (the major drug-metabolizing human CYP) by interleukin 6 (IL-6) (the principal regulator of the hepatic acute-phase response). CYP3A4 down-regulation by IL-6 requires activation of the glycoprotein receptor gp130; however, it does not proceed through the JAK/STAT pathway, as demonstrated by the overexpression of a dominant-negative STAT3 factor by means of an adenoviral vector. The involvement of IL-6-activated kinases such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1/2 or p38 is also unlikely, as evidenced by the use of specific chemical inhibitors. It is noteworthy that IL-6 caused a moderated induction in the mRNA of the transcription factor C/EBPbeta (CCAAT-enhancer binding protein beta) and a marked increase in the translation of C/EBPbeta-LIP, a 20-kDa C/EBPbeta isoform lacking a transactivation domain. Adenovirus-mediated expression of C/EBPbeta-LIP caused a dose-dependent repression of CYP3A4 mRNA, whereas overexpression C/EBPalpha and C/EBPb-LAP (35 kDa) caused a significant induction. Our results support the idea that IL-6 down-regulates CYP3A4 through translational induction of C/EBPbeta-LIP, which competes with and antagonizes constitutive C/EBP transactivators. From a clinical point of view, these findings could be relevant in the development of therapeutic cytokines with a less repressive effect on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Control of Sodium Transport in Durum Wheat  (2005)

In many species, salt sensitivity is associated with the accumulation of sodium (Na(+)) in photosynthetic tissues. Na(+) uptake to leaves involves a series of transport steps and so far very few candidate genes have been implicated in the control of these processes. In this study, Na(+) transport was compared in two varieties of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) L. subsp. durum known to differ in salt tolerance and Na(+) accumulation; the relatively salt tolerant landrace line 149 and the salt sensitive cultivar Tamaroi. Genetic studies indicated that these genotypes differed at two major loci controlling leaf blade Na(+) accumulation (R. Munns, G.J. Rebetzke, S. Husain, R.A. James, R.A. Hare [2003] Aust J Agric Res 54: 627-635). The physiological traits determined by these genetic differences were investigated using measurements of unidirectional (22)Na(+) transport and net Na(+) accumulation. The major differences in Na(+) transport between the genotypes were (1) the rate of transfer from the root to the shoot (xylem loading), which was much lower in the salt tolerant genotype, and (2) the capacity of the leaf sheath to extract and sequester Na(+) as it entered the leaf. The genotypes did not differ significantly in unidirectional root uptake of Na(+) and there was no evidence for recirculation of Na(+) from shoots to roots. It is likely that xylem loading and leaf sheath sequestration are separate genetic traits that interact to control leaf blade Na(+).
Expression of prostate apoptosis response-4 in PC12 cells after retonone treatment (2009)

Objective To study the prostate apoptosis response-4(Par-4) expression in PC12 cells after retonone treatment and to provide a new target for the treatment of Parkinson′s disease(PD).Methods: 1,5,or 10 μmol/L rotenone was given to PC12 cells for 6 h and 24 h.MTT assay was used for determining the viability rate,and western blot was used to determine the protein level of Par-4.Results After rotenone treatment,cells showed different toxic appearances.After the 6h-treatment,the photo-density ratio of Par-4 to actin in the 10 μmol/L group(P=0.029 646)was significantly increased compared with the normal control group.After being pre-treated with 20 μmol/L Ginestin,an inhibitor of the JNK pathway,for 1 hour,the ratio was decreased.However in the 24 h groups,the viability rates significantly decreased,and ratios in the 1, 5 μmol/L(P=0.018 461,P=0.043 415) groups were increased compared with the 10 μmol/L group(P=0.081 298).Conclusion Expression of Par-4 in PC12 cells is increased after rotenone treatment in a time-and concentration-dependent manner.The JNK pathway participates in the process of Par-4 stepping up.
Electrodeposition of Alloys of Rhenium with Iron-Group Metals from Aqueous Solutions (2010)

Rhenium (Re)–Me alloys (where , Fe, or Co) were deposited galvanostatically. The plating bath consisted of ammonium perrhenate, nickel or cobalt sulfamate, or iron sulfate, citric acid, and magnesium sulfamate. The effects of bath chemistry and deposition time on faradaic efficiency (FE), Re content, and partial deposition currents were determined. Rhenium contents as high as 93 atom % or FE values as high as 96% were attained in different solutions. The results are discussed, with emphasis on routes to increase the FE and Re content in the coating. The possible role of the second metal in the electrodeposition of Re is presented. A plausible mechanism by which addition of Ni, Fe, or Co to the solution enhances the rate of the deposition of Re is through a unique type of electroless deposition, in which the reducing agent is formed in situ.