gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Merging DS-CDMA (with CI chip shapes) and oscillating-beam smart antenna arrays: exploiting transmit diversity, frequency diversity and directionality (2003)

We merge a smart antenna array with CI/DS-CDMA, a novel implementation of DS-CDMA where chips have a shape referred to as the CI (carrier interferometry) chip shape and are decomposable into N narrowband frequency components. In the antenna array, by applying suitable time-varying phases to the elements, we create small movement (oscillation) in the antenna array's pattern, while steering the main lobe to the position of the intended user. The oscillating antenna pattern creates a time-varying channel with a controllable coherence time. This, in turn, provides transmit diversity in the form of a time diversity gain at the mobile receiver side. Thus, at the receiver, three stages of combining are available: 1) combining time components of the received signal within symbol duration T/sub S/ (each experiencing a different fade) to enhance performance via time diversity; 2) combining frequency components which make up the CI/DS-CDMA chip to enhance the performance via frequency diversity; 3) combining across chips to eliminate interfering users. Employing CI/DS-CDMA with the proposed smart antenna at the base station, we achieve: 1) very high capacity via the merger of SDMA (directionality of antenna array) and CDMA; 2) very high performance via the construction of receivers that exploit both transmit diversity and frequency diversity. We focus on the performance benefits of the proposed system.
[Cognitive and mnemonic information processing in institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly patients]. (1988)

Older subjects (institutionalized in a home for the aged and non-institutionalized) were compared in a test battery according to the recommendations of the NINCDS-ADRA. The institutionalized subjects were not distinguishable from the controls when only a small amount of information was to be processed or when the information had to be recalled with no distraction. Possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed.
Permeability of self-affine rough fractures (2000)

The permeability of two-dimensional fractures with self-affine fractal roughness is studied via analytic arguments and numerical simulations. The limit where the roughness amplitude is small compared with average fracture aperture is analyzed by a perturbation method, while in the opposite case of narrow aperture, we use heuristic arguments based on lubrication theory. Numerical simulations, using the lattice Boltzmann method, are used to examine the complete range of aperture sizes, and confirm the analytic arguments.
Creating vast game worlds (2012)

Creating vast game environments introduces several complex issues that are not present in smaller game worlds. As the size of the world grows issues with floating point precision arise, causing objects to jitter, simulation to become unstable, and rendering to exhibit artifacts. These problems were very apparent during development of Just Cause 2 and had to be addressed. Depending on location in the game animated foliage exhibited vertices snapping up to decimeter sized increments. Trees were at times jumping instead of swaying. In the distance there were severe z-fighting issues. Shadows were sometimes unstable. The shadow acne that occurred could not be effectively dealt with using the standard depth bias approach. Additionally, sampling depth buffers using vendor-provided methods yielded insufficient precision. Several techniques were developed to reduce precision loss at every part of the pipeline.
Restoration of Mecp2 expression in GABAergic neurons is sufficient to rescue multiple disease features in a mouse model of Rett syndrome (2016)

The postnatal neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome, caused by mutations in MECP2, produces a diverse array of symptoms, including loss of language, motor, and social skills and the development of hand stereotypies, anxiety, tremor, ataxia, respiratory dysrhythmias, and seizures. Surprisingly, despite the diversity of these features, we have found that deleting Mecp2 only from GABAergic inhibitory neurons in mice replicates most of this phenotype. Here we show that genetically restoring Mecp2 expression only in GABAergic neurons of male Mecp2 null mice enhanced inhibitory signaling, extended lifespan, and rescued ataxia, apraxia, and social abnormalities but did not rescue tremor or anxiety. Female Mecp2(+/-) mice showed a less dramatic but still substantial rescue. These findings highlight the critical regulatory role of GABAergic neurons in certain behaviors and suggest that modulating the excitatory/inhibitory balance through GABAergic neurons could prove a viable therapeutic option in Rett syndrome.
Cell-Specific IRF-3 Responses Protect against West Nile Virus Infection by Interferon-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms (2007)

Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 is a master transcription factor that activates host antiviral defense programs. Although cell culture studies suggest that IRF-3 promotes antiviral control by inducing interferon (IFN)-beta, near normal levels of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta were observed in IRF-3(-/-) mice after infection by several RNA and DNA viruses. Thus, the specific mechanisms by which IRF-3 modulates viral infection remain controversial. Some of this disparity could reflect direct IRF-3-dependent antiviral responses in specific cell types to control infection. To address this and determine how IRF-3 coordinates an antiviral response, we infected IRF-3(-/-) mice and two primary cells relevant for West Nile virus (WNV) pathogenesis, macrophages and cortical neurons. IRF-3(-/-) mice were uniformly vulnerable to infection and developed elevated WNV burdens in peripheral and central nervous system tissues, though peripheral IFN responses were largely normal. Whereas wild-type macrophages basally expressed key host defense molecules, including RIG-I, MDA5, ISG54, and ISG56, and restricted WNV infection, IRF-3(-/-) macrophages lacked basal expression of these host defense genes and supported increased WNV infection and IFN-alpha and IFN-beta production. In contrast, wild-type cortical neurons were highly permissive to WNV and did not basally express RIG-I, MDA5, ISG54, and ISG56. IRF-3(-/-) neurons lacked induction of host defense genes and had blunted IFN-alpha and IFN-beta production, yet exhibited only modestly increased viral titers. Collectively, our data suggest that cell-specific IRF-3 responses protect against WNV infection through both IFN-dependent and -independent programs.
Locally Optimum Nonlinearities for DCT Watermark Detection (2004)

The issue of copyright protection of digital multimedia data has attracted a lot of attention during the last decade. An efficient copyright protection method that has been gaining popularity is watermarking, i.e., the embedding of a signature in a digital document that can be detected only by its rightful owner. Watermarks are usually blindly detected using correlating structures, which would be optimal in the case of Gaussian data. However, in the case of DCT-domain image watermarking, the data is more heavy-tailed and the correlator is clearly suboptimal. Nonlinear receivers have been shown to be particularly well suited for the detection of weak signals in heavy-tailed noise, as they are locally optimal. This motivates the use of the Gaussian-tailed zero-memory nonlinearity, as well as the locally optimal Cauchy nonlinearity for the detection of watermarks in DCT transformed images. We analyze the performance of these schemes theoretically and compare it to that of the traditionally used Gaussian correlator, but also to the recently proposed generalized Gaussian detector, which outperforms the correlator. The theoretical analysis and the actual performance of these systems is assessed through experiments, which verify the theoretical analysis and also justify the use of nonlinear structures for watermark detection. The performance of the correlator and the nonlinear detectors in the presence of quantization is also analyzed, using results from dither theory, and also verified experimentally.
Chemokine expression profile of freshly isolated human glioblastoma-associated macrophages/microglia (2014)

Several studies have substantiated the hypothesis that tumor progression is not only driven by the tumor cells themselves but also by their interaction with intrinsic and surrounding stromal cells. Tumor-associated macrophages and microglial cells (TAMs) represent one major stromal cell component of glioblastomas. Additionally, in many gliomas, chemokines are highly expressed and some chemokines were already linked to settlement of TAMs in tumors. However, although chemoattraction mechanisms mediated by chemokines and their receptors are well documented, information on their expression and role in TAMs, particularly in patients, is limited. Therefore, we investigated the transcription of the chemokine-receptor combinations CXCL12-CXCR4-CXCR7, CXCL16-CXCR6 and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 in freshly isolated TAMs from 20 human glioblastomas in relation to in vitro polarized M1- and M2-macrophages. We demonstrated that TAMs express both M1- and M2-markers. Compared to in vitro polarized macrophages, the M1-marker interleukin (IL)-6 was similarly expressed, whereas IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were found at lower levels. The M2-marker IL-10 was comparably expressed, while CD163 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were detected with one tenth lower intensities in TAMs. All investigated chemokines/receptors were transcribed at moderate to high levels in TAMs as well as in vitro polarized macrophages. However, CX3CR1 was markedly higher and CXCR7 was somewhat higher expressed in TAMs, whereas M2-macrophages were characterized by the highest CXCL12 and a moderate CX3CL1 expression. Collectively, TAMs share properties of M1- and M2-macrophages and show a considerably higher expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR7 and CX3CR1.
Effect of increased blood-oxygen affinity on oxygen transport in hemorrhagic shock (1979)

Effect of increased blood-oxygen affinity on tolerance of hemorrhagic shock was studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Rats were first exchanged transfused with blood whose P50 had been reduced by various methods by 4–21 Torr. Hypotension (BP = 30 Torr) was induced and maintained at this level by controlled hemorrhage; it was terminated when reinfusion of shed blood became necessary to sustain this blood pressure. Initial rate of bleeding during shock was inversely proportional to P50, varying from 0.52 ml.min-1.kg-1 in controls to 1.5 ml.min-1.kg-1 in the group with the lowest P50, a reaction probably indicating increased sympathetic output in the latter group. Duration of shock tolerance varied from 50 +/- 16 min in controls to 28 +/- 11 min (SD, P less than 0.001) in the group with the lowest P50. Central venous SO2 (SCVO2) and PO2 (PCVO2) were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in low-P50 animals than in controls, probably because of limited oxygen extraction due to increased blood oxygen affinity. VO2 and cardiac output were significantly lower, and mortality was significantly greater, in low-P50 animals. The data suggest that a left shift of the oxygen dissociation curve limits oxygen delivery during hemorrhagic shock.
Targeting of a T Cell Agonist Peptide to Lysosomes by DNA Vaccination Induces Tolerance in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse (2011)

CD4 T cells are crucial effectors in the pathology of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Successful therapeutic interventions for prevention and cure of T1D in humans are still elusive. Recent research efforts have focused on the manipulation of T cells by treatment with DNA. In this paper, we studied the effects of a DNA treatment strategy designed to target antigenic peptides to the lysosomal compartment on a monospecific T cell population termed 2.5mi(+) T cells that shares reactivity with the diabetogenic T cell clone BDC-2.5 in the NOD mouse. MHC class II tetramer analysis showed that repeated administrations were necessary to expand 2.5mi(+) T cells in vivo. This expansion was independent of Ag presentation by B cells. A single peptide epitope was sufficient to induce protection against T1D, which was not due to Ag-specific T cell anergy. Typical Th2 cytokines such as IL-10 or IL-4 were undetectable in 2.5mi(+) T cells, arguing against a mechanism of immune deviation. Instead, the expanded 2.5mi(+) T cell population produced IFN-γ similar to 2.5mi(+) T cells from naive mice. Protection against T1D by DNA treatment was completely lost in NOD.CD28(-/-) mice which are largely deficient of natural regulatory T cells (Treg). Although Ag-specific Foxp3(+) Treg did not expand in response to DNA treatment, diabetes onset was delayed in Treg-reconstituted and DNA-treated NOD.SCID mice. These observations provide evidence for a Treg-mediated protective mechanism that is independent of the expansion or de novo generation of Ag-specific Treg.
Evaluation of a module based memory system with an LCP flex interconnect (2009)

An LCP flex interconnect is used to bypass the core vias and balls of the memory controller package, the PTH vias and traces of the FR-4 motherboard and memory module, and the traditional through-hole or SMT DIMM connector. A mating two-piece pin-grid array connector that can accommodate 36 differential pair signals is used to interface the flex to the memory controller package. On the memory side, the DRAM CSP package is directly soldered to the top layer of the flex and the bottom layer of the flex is soldered to the memory module via solder balls. Controller and memory test chips that are capable of operating in the 10 to 16 Gbps range are used for evaluating the possible data rates for 6″ and 12″ long flex links. The system margins are compared to a 3″ long motherboard-soldered memory system that was shown to operate at 16 Gbps.
How the FFT gained acceptance (1992)

The history of the fast Fourier transform is recounted, beginning with the publication and subsequent development of the concept by R.L. Garwin in the 1960s. The activities of the IEEE ASSP digital signal processing committee in promoting the use of the technique are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Taking concurrency seriously (position paper) (1988)

I'd like to propose a challenge to language designers interested in concurrency: how well do your favorite constructs support highly-concurrent data structures? For example, consider a real-time system consisting of a pool of sensor and actuator processes that communicate via a priority queue in shared memory. Processes execute asynchronously. When a sensor process detects a condition requiring a response, it records the condition, assigns it a priority, and places the record in the queue. Whenever an actuator process becomes idle, it dequeues the highest priority item from the queue and takes appropriate action. The conventional way to prevent concurrent queue operations from interfering is to execute each operation as a critical section: only one process at a time is allowed to access the data structure. As long as one process is executing an operation, any other needing to access the queue must wait. Although this approach is widely used, it has significant drawbacks.
Intelligent CFAR processor based on data variability (2000)

An intelligent constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processor to perform adaptive threshold target detection is presented. It employs a composite approach based on the well-known cell averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR), smallest of CFAR (SO-CFAR), and greatest of CFAR (GO-CFAR) processors. Data in the reference window is used to compute a second-order statistic called the variability index (VI) and the ratio of the means of the leading and lagging windows. Based on these statistics, the VI-CFAR dynamically tailors the background estimation algorithm. The VI-CFAR processor provides low loss CFAR performance in a homogeneous environment and also performs robustly in nonhomogeneous environments including multiple targets and extended clutter edges.
10-80-Gb/s highly extinctive electrooptic pulse pattern generation (1996)

A pulse-rate-tunable, highly extinctive, ultra-highspeed electrooptic pulse pattern generator has been developed. The optical short pulse generation is based on sinusoidal electrooptic phase modulation and linear chirp compensation using a dispersive medium. Filtering the nonlinear chirp components generated by sinusoidal phase modulation drastically improves the pulse extinction, and makes nearly background-free picosecond pulsation over a wide pulse-rate range even when the group delay dispersion value is fixed.
Dual‐Stage‐Light‐Guided Tumor Inhibition by Mitochondria‐Targeted Photodynamic Therapy (2015)

In this paper, a self‐delivery system PpIX‐PEG‐(KLAKLAK) 2 (designated as PPK) is fabricated to realize mitochondria‐targeted photodynamic tumor therapy. It is found that the PPK self‐delivery system exhibited high drug loading efficacy as well as novel capacity in generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study also indicated that the photochemical internalization effect of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) under a short time light irradiation improved the cellular internalization of PPK. On the contrary, PPK could target to the subcellular organelle mitochondria due to the presence of proapoptosis (KLAKLAK) 2 peptide. Importantly, the in situ generation of ROS in mitochondria enhanced the photodynamic therapy efficacy under another long time irradiation, leading to significant cell death with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Besides, relative high tumor accumulation, minimal systemic cytotoxicity and efficacious long‐term tumor inhibition in vivo are also confirmed by using a murine model. All these results demonstrated the self‐delivery system PPK with a dual‐stage light irradiation strategy is a promising nanoplatform for tumor treatment.
Error concealment for MPEG-4 video communication in an error prone environment (2002)

We propose an error concealment method for shape information in the MPEG-4 coded video sequences. A maximum a posteriori estimator, which employs an adaptive Markov random field, is used to restore the missing shape information. The proposed concealment method successfully reconstructs the missing shape data, with good computation-performance tradeoffs.
The Chemistry of Solid-State Electronics (1989)

Since the original theoretical insights of Bardeen and Shockley about 40 years ago, the progress of solid-state electronics has been paced by the ability to control chemical bonding structures, particularly at surfaces and interfaces. The functioning of solid-state devices depends on being able to produce interfacial structures with a minimum number of defective chemical bonds. A series of chemical discoveries and insights, on germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) surfaces and gallium arsenide-aluminum arsenide (GaAs-AlAs) interfaces, has brought the electronics revolution to its present state of development. In most cases, the technological consequences of these accidental discoveries could not be accurately foreseen. With that caution, the technological prognosis for some current research is also reviewed.
Biodegradable polymers: Photolysis and fungal degradation of poly(arylene keto esters) (1980)

Abstract Poly(keto esters) were prepared from 4,4′‐bis(chloroacetyl) diphenyl ether, 4,4′‐bis(bromoacetyl)diphenyl ether, and 4,4′‐bis(2‐bromopropionyl)‐diphenyl ether and aliphatic diacids of 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12 carbon atoms. Low‐molecular‐weight polymers were found to support the growth of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Introduction of methyl group to the polymer chain decreased the susceptibility of the polymers to fungal attack. Although monomeric model compounds were found to undergo photodegradation the poly(keto esters) underwent mostly crosslinking when irradiated with UV light.
A pilot study on low power pulse rate detection based on compressive sampling (2009)

Low power consumption is one of the key design challenges for various pervasive healthcare systems. Compressive Sampling (CS) is an emerging technique for reconstructing signals from data sampled under the Nyquist rate. CS has great potentials for low power pulse rate detection based on photoplethysmograph (PPG) signals, since by reducing the PPG data sampling rate the LEDs could be turned off for a prolonged period of time. Obviously the higher CS rate, the lower power consumption and lower pulse rate measurement accuracies. In this paper, a feasibility study of using CS for low power pulse rate detection was conducted. A miniature PPG measurement device based on our body sensor networks platform was employed for signal acquisition. Experiments for evaluation the pulse rate estimation and the power consumption were completed. Results suggested that the Gradient Projection for Sparse Reconstruction (GPSR) algorithm is a highly efficient for retrieving pulse rate from PPG signals. It was suggested that the CS rate should be approximate 3 for low power pulse rate detections with averaging estimation mean-square error being less than 5.
Actinic keratoses: past, present and future. (2010)

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are cutaneous neoplasms composed of proliferations of cytologically aberrant, epidermal keratinocytes caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Combining the evidence that AKs are the second most common reason for visits to the dermatologist and it is generally believed that they should be treated, it is no surprise that the direct cost of the management of actinic keratoses in the United States (U.S.) is exceedingly high. There are currently numerous treatment modalities with more on the way as there is a demand for formulating newer, cheaper, less painful and less invasive means. The future of AK treatment involves both the continued investigation of current novel therapies, as well as the development of new treatment modalities.
A novel self-repairable parallel multiplier architecture, design and test (2003)

A novel, self-repairable, parallel multiplier architecture with high speed low power CMOS parallel counter circuits and design-for-test (DFT) implementations is presented. The illustrated 16/spl times/16-b multiplier architecture can be easily reconfigured into 17 different architectures for fault recovering. Also described is a novel verification scheme that performs exhaustive data validation. Compared to previous parallel multiplier architectures, the proposed multiplier architecture has reduced transistor count, enhances yield using built-in self-repair mechanism and provides high performance at low-voltages. The proposed exhaustive DFT technique greatly reduces the test vector length required to verify the data validity, from 17*2/sup 32/ vectors needed in a conventional architecture to only 1.3*2/sup 13/ vectors needed in this architecture. Furthermore, the concepts presented are scalable to larger multiplier architectures.
Copper(II)‐Catalyzed <i>meta‐</i>Selective Direct Arylation of α‐Aryl Carbonyl Compounds (2010)

Konkurrenzkampf: Eine Methode für die meta-selektive Arylierung des äußerst vielseitigen α-Arylcarbonyl-Motivs durch Verwendung von Diaryliodoniumsalzen wird beschrieben. In diesem CuII-katalysierten Prozess vermag die entfernt stehende Carbonylgruppe sogar stark para-dirigierende Gruppen unter Bildung der üblicherweise schwer zugänglichen meta-Produkte auszustechen (siehe Schema). Die Arylierung gelingt auch unter metallfreien Bedingungen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.