gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) for Topic Modeling of the CFPB Consumer Complaints (2018)

A text mining approach is proposed based on latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) to analyze the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) consumer complaints. The proposed approach aims to extract latent topics in the CFPB complaint narratives, and explores their associated trends over time. The time trends will then be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the CFPB regulations and expectations on financial institutions in creating a consumer oriented culture that treats consumers fairly and prioritizes consumer protection in their decision making processes. The proposed approach can be easily operationalized as a decision support system to automate detection of emerging topics in consumer complaints. Hence, the technology-human partnership between the proposed approach and the CFPB team could certainly improve consumer protections from unfair, deceptive or abusive practices in the financial markets by providing more efficient and effective investigations of consumer complaint narratives.
The Phytoalexin-Inducible Multidrug Efflux Pump AcrAB Contributes to Virulence in the Fire Blight Pathogen, <i>Erwinia amylovora</i> (2004)

The enterobacterium Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight on members of the family Rosaceae, with economic importance on apple and pear. During pathogenesis, the bacterium is exposed to a variety of plant-borne antimicrobial compounds. In plants of Rosaceae, many constitutively synthesized isoflavonoids affecting microorganisms were identified. Bacterial multidrug efflux transporters which mediate resistance toward structurally unrelated compounds might confer tolerance to these phytoalexins. To prove this hypothesis, we cloned the acrAB locus from E. amylovora encoding a resistance nodulation division-type transport system. In Escherichia coli, AcrAB of E. amylovora conferred resistance to hydrophobic and amphiphilic toxins. An acrB-deficient E. amylovora mutant was impaired in virulence on apple rootstock MM 106. Furthermore, it was susceptible toward extracts of leaves of MM 106 as well as to the apple phytoalexins phloretin, naringenin, quercetin, and (+)-catechin. The expression of acrAB was determined using the promoterless reporter gene egfp. The acrAB operon was up-regulated in vitro by the addition of phloretin and naringenin. The promoter activity of acrR, encoding a regulatory protein involved in acrAB expression, was increased by naringenin. In planta, an induction of acrAB was proved by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Our results strongly suggest that the AcrAB transport system plays an important role as a protein complex required for virulence of E. amylovora in resistance toward apple phytoalexins and that it is required for successful colonization of a host plant.
To Be or Not to Be: An Empirical Study on Dual-Class Share Structure of Us Listed Chinese Companies (2017)

Dual-class share structure (DCSS) is prohibited in Mainland China currently with the OSOV (one share one vote) principle clearly written in both the Chinese company law and listing rules . As a result, those American stock exchanges become attractive to Mainland Chinese companies due to their tolerance of takeover defences, in particular, DCSS. To seek the soft regulation with the issuance of multiple voting shares, dozens of Chinese companies chose the American stock exchanges as their IPO (initial public offering) venues. In this paper, empirical research will be conducted to analyse those US-listed Mainland Chinese companies with DCSS. This paper aims to assess those transnational companies, their characteristics and corporate performances. \nAs to the range of data to be covered, only those companies listed after 2011 will be sampled in this paper. It is because some of those data of the Mainland Chinese companies on NYSE or NASDAQ listed prior to 2011 were not available or were inaccurate; counting them leads to misleading results. Furthermore, those data is dated for such a changing area of law. In order to reflect the up-to-date status accurately, this paper focuses its empirical study of data which date back to 2011.
Analysis of revascularisation in ischaemic stroke with EmboTrap (ARISE I study) and meta-analysis of thrombectomy (2018)

ARISE I demonstrates that thrombectomy using the EmboTrap stent retriever yields similar results to devices that were used in recent randomised controlled trials for the treatment of stroke due to large vessel occlusions. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02190552.
Testicular tumors: prospective analysis of real-time US patterns and abdominal staging. (1987)

Echomorphologic features of 57 testicular lesions (48 neoplasms, nine benign lesions) were analyzed prospectively by means of high-resolution real-time ultrasonography (US). There was a broad spectrum of texture patterns for testicular malignancies, 92% of which exhibited a predominantly decreased echogenicity compared with that of normal tissue. US findings alone could not be used to make a specific prediction of malignant disease or to classify a neoplasm histologically. However, different kinds of tumors exhibited characteristic echomorphologic features that corresponded to their gross morphologic appearance; a knowledge of these echomorphologic features is extremely useful for the US differentiation of tumors from nonneoplastic scrotal pathologic conditions. All neoplasms in this series displayed distinct abnormalities in parenchymal texture, and all were detected with US. The sensitivity and predictive value of a normal sonogram were as high as 100%. With regard to the detection of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases from testicular tumors, abdominal US had an overall accuracy rate of 96% and was of superior diagnostic value compared with bipedal lymphangiography.
Identification of active transcriptional regulatory modules by the functional assay of DNA from nucleosome-free regions (2008)

The identification of transcriptional regulatory modules within mammalian genomes is a prerequisite to understanding the mechanisms controlling regulated gene expression. While high-throughput microarray- and sequencing-based approaches have been used to map the genomic locations of sites of nuclease hypersensitivity or target DNA sequences bound by specific protein factors, the identification of regulatory elements using functional assays, which would provide important complementary data, has been relatively rare. Here we present a method that permits the functional identification of active transcriptional regulatory modules using a simple procedure for the isolation and analysis of DNA derived from nucleosome-free regions (NFRs), the 2% of the cellular genome that contains these elements. The more than 100 new active regulatory DNAs identified in this manner from F9 cells correspond to both promoter-proximal and distal elements, and display several features predicted for endogenous transcriptional regulators, including localization within DNase-accessible chromatin and CpG islands, and proximity to expressed genes. Furthermore, comparison with published ChIP-seq data of ES-cell chromatin shows that the functional elements we identified correspond with genomic regions enriched for H3K4me3, a histone modification associated with active transcriptional regulatory elements, and that the correspondence of H3K4me3 with our promoter-distal elements is largely ES-cell specific. The majority of the distal elements exhibit enhancer activity. Importantly, these functional DNA fragments are an average 149 bp in length, greatly facilitating future applications to identify transcription factor binding sites mediating their activity. Thus, this approach provides a tool for the high-resolution identification of the functional components of active promoters and enhancers.
ADAM-10 Message Is Expressed in Human Articular Cartilage (1998)

The depletion of the pericellular and territorial matrices in articular cartilage is considered to be one of the earliest events in pathobiology of osteoarthritis (OA). A newly discovered family of proteins with a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase-like domain (ADAM) may be involved in matrix degradation as well as in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The purpose of this study was to determine by in situ hybridization whether human articular chondrocytes from newborn, normal adult, and OA cartilages express messenger RNA for ADAM-10, one of the members of this family, and by semiquantitative RT-PCR to compare the levels of this expression. The results confirmed the expression of ADAM-10 by human articular chondrocytes and revealed the highest levels of expression in the continuously remodeling cartilage of newborns and the most fibrillated areas of OA cartilage, especially the regions of cell clusters. Importantly, ADAM-10 mRNA expression was evident in tissues with the greatest loss of Safranin O staining from the territorial and interterritorial matrix of the chondrocytes. Messenger RNA was upregulated in OA tissue compared to the age-matched normal cartilage, as detected by RT-PCR. Upregulated levels of ADAM-10 mRNA expression appear to be related to the degree of cartilage damage and/or degradation, which suggests a potential role for at least one member of this new family in the cartilage matrix destruction accompanying OA.
Tissue- and paralogue-specific functions of acyl-CoA-binding proteins in lipid metabolism in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (2011)

ACBP (acyl-CoA-binding protein) is a small primarily cytosolic protein that binds acyl-CoA esters with high specificity and affinity. ACBP has been identified in all eukaryotic species, indicating that it performs a basal cellular function. However, differential tissue expression and the existence of several ACBP paralogues in many eukaryotic species indicate that these proteins serve distinct functions. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses seven ACBPs: four basal forms and three ACBP domain proteins. We find that each of these paralogues is capable of complementing the growth of ACBP-deficient yeast cells, and that they exhibit distinct temporal and tissue expression patterns in C. elegans. We have obtained loss-of-function mutants for six of these forms. All single mutants display relatively subtle phenotypes; however, we find that functional loss of ACBP-1 leads to reduced triacylglycerol (triglyceride) levels and aberrant lipid droplet morphology and number in the intestine. We also show that worms lacking ACBP-2 show a severe decrease in the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. A quadruple mutant, lacking all basal ACBPs, is slightly developmentally delayed, displays abnormal intestinal lipid storage, and increased β-oxidation. Collectively, the present results suggest that each of the ACBP paralogues serves a distinct function in C. elegans.
MCC: Mitigating Colluding Collision Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks (2010)

Stealthy packet dropping in multihop wireless sensor networks can be realized by the colluding collision attack. Colluding collision attack disrupts a packet from reaching its destination by malicious collusion at intermediate nodes. Moreover, the malicious nodes give the impression to their neighbors that they performed the legitimate forwarding action. Therefore, a legitimate node comes under suspicion. We provide a protocol called MCC to remedy the attack. MCC builds forwarding counters at each neighbor of the suspicious node and collaboratively compare the values of these counters to detect any discrepancy that could be caused by malicious packet dropping. We show through analysis and simulation that the basic local monitoring (BLM) fails to efficiently mitigate stealthy colluding collision attacks while MCC successfully mitigates them.
Security Concerns with IP Tunneling (2011)

A number of security concerns with IP tunnels are documented in this memo. The intended audience of this document includes network administrators and future protocol developers. The primary intent of this document is to raise the awareness level regarding the security issues with IP tunnels as deployed and propose strategies for the mitigation of those issues.
Post-translational modification of low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins by isoprenoid. (1990)

Several proteins in mammalian cells are modified post-translationally by the isoprenoid, farnesol. Incubation of cultured cells with [3H]mevalonate, an isoprenoid precursor, results in the labeling of multiple polypeptides, the most prominent of which migrate in the range of 21-26 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. In Rat-6 fibroblasts transformed by H-ras, one of the farnesylated proteins was identified as p21ras by two-dimensional immunoblotting. However, this protein accounted for only a small proportion of the [3H]mevalonate-derived radioactivity incorporated into 21-26-kDa proteins. Murine erythroleukemia cells, which did not express immunodetectable quantities of p21ras, contained several 21-26-kDa farnesylated proteins distributed in both the cytosolic and particulate fractions. At least eight of these proteins were capable of binding [alpha-32P]GTP on nitrocellulose membranes. Pulse-chase studies showed that the isoprenoid modification did not necessarily result in the translocation of the cytosolic proteins to the cell membrane. A prominent group of carboxyl-methylated proteins in murine erythroleukemia cells overlapped with the 21-26-kDa farnesylated proteins on one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Methylation of this group of proteins was selectively abolished when cells were treated with lovastatin, an inhibitor of isoprenoid synthesis. Addition of exogenous mevalonate to the lovastatin-treated cells fully restored carboxyl methylation. These studies suggest that the 21-26-kDa farnesylated proteins in mammalian cells are members of a recently discovered family of low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins which, although ras-related, appear to be distinct structurally and possibly functionally from the products of the ras genes. The observed isoprenoid-dependent carboxyl methylation of a group of 21-26-kDa proteins suggests that the low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins may undergo a series of post-translational C-terminal cysteine modifications (i.e. farnesylation, carboxyl methylation) analogous to those recently elucidated for p21ras.
Onium Butyltriphenylborates as Donor−Acceptor Initiators for Sensitized Photopolymerizations of Vinyl Monomer (1998)

Donor−acceptor initiators, onium butyltriphenylborates (DPIB, DMPSB) containing both an onium cation (electron-accepting radical generator) and a borate anion (electron-donating radical generator) within the same compound were able to be sensitized by two aromatic ketones (2-chlorothioxanthone and Michler's ketone) to initiate polymerization of tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate monomer. The photopolymerization efficiency of the onium butyltriphenylborates was higher than that of the onium salts (DPI, DMPS) or the borate compound (TBAB). The photoinitiation processes between the photosensitizers and the initiators have been investigated by laser flash photolysis. It has been clarified that two kinds of radical species are generated by a photoinduced electron-transfer mechanism.
Mucosal vaccines: novel advances in technology and delivery (2009)

Mucosal vaccines are considered the most suitable type of vaccines to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases because of their ability to induce both mucosal and systemic immunity. Considerable advances have been made toward the development of mucosal vaccines against influenza virus and rotavirus. Many additional mucosal vaccines are in development, including vaccines against cholera, typhoid, traveler's diarrhea and respiratory infections. In addition to oral and nasal vaccines, transcutaneous (or skin patch) and sublingual immunizations are now part of a new generation of mucosal vaccines. Furthermore, a rice-based oral vaccine (MucoRice) has been receiving global attention as a new form of cold chain-free vaccine, because it is stable at room temperature for a prolonged period. This review describes recent developments in mucosal vaccines with promising preclinical and clinical results.
Co-Crystallization as a Separation Technology: Controlling Product Concentrations by Co-Crystals (2010)

Co-crystallization is known as a product formulation technology, but it can also be used as a tool to solve crystallization problems. Product removal by co-crystallization in fermentations is used as a showcase to demonstrate the potential of co-crystallization as a separation technique. In fermentations, the product solubility is often higher than the limiting concentration. Hence, the solubility should be decreased to below this limiting concentration to enable product removal by crystallization. Co-crystallization has the potential to accomplish this goal since co-crystals can have solubilities lower than pure component solubilities. Cinnamic acid (CA) forms co-crystals with 3-nitrobenzamide (NBA). The phase diagram of CA, NBA, and water shows that CA-NBA co-crystals can be formed at CA mole fractions seven times below the solubility of pure CA, facilitating the removal of CA from the solution at concentrations well below the pure CA product solubility. Co-crystal fine-tuning may lead to a substantially extended decrease of the CA co-crystal product solubility, so that product removal by co-crystallization can take place at even lower product concentrations. Co-crystallization experiments in a simulated fed-batch fermentation were performed by slowly adding a saturated solution of CA, simulating the production of CA in the fermentation process, to a suspension of pure co-former NBA. In time, the co-former crystals completely transform to CA-NBA co-crystals. During the transformation, a stationary state is achieved in which the CA and NBA mole fractions are constant because the added CA, together with the NBA from the dissolving co-former crystals, is captured in the co-crystals. In the stationary state, the process is operated near the 3-phase equilibrium point with equilibrium between co-crystals, co-former crystals, and solution. Co-crystals thus not only offer a route toward fine-tuned crystal properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. This paper shows that, moreover, co-crystals offer solutions to crystallization problems.
Effects of total-body hyperthermia on metastases from experimental mouse tumors. (1985)

To study the effects of total-body hyperthermia (TBH) on metastases from malignant tumors, Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-bearing C57BL/6 mice and mouse ascites hepatoma 134-bearing C3H/He mice were immersed in a heated water bath. Rectal temperature was maintained for 30 min at 40 degrees C or 42 degrees C. After treatment, the incidence of lung metastasis was analyzed in LLC-inoculated mice, and the presence or absence of metastasis in affiliated lymph nodes was determined in mouse ascites hepatoma 134-inoculated mice. A significant inhibition in primary tumor growth in LLC- and mouse ascites hepatoma 134-bearing mice treated with 42 degrees C TBH was noted. The incidence of lung metastasis was increased from the control level of 1.6 +/- 0.63 (SD) to 2.4 +/- 0.98 in the 42 degrees C TBH (P less than 0.01) groups but not in the 40 degrees C TBH group. Metastasis to affiliated lymph nodes was similar for the controls and the 40 degrees C and 42 degrees C TBH groups. The increase in lung metastasis in LLC-treated mice subjected to 42 degrees C TBH could be prevented by the combined use of anticancer drugs such as cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) or mitomycin C (0.3, 1.0 mg/kg). Furthermore, the combined use of 42 degrees C TBH and anticancer drugs showed the inhibition of primary tumor growth to a greater degree than did 42 degrees C TBH alone or anticancer drugs alone. Since 42 degrees C TBH may induce tumor metastasis, especially hematogenous metastasis, it seems advisable to use anticancer drugs in combination with clinical thermal applications.
Transmembrane topology of a CLC chloride channel (1997)

CLC chloride channels form a large and conserved gene family unrelated to other channel proteins. Knowledge of the transmembrane topology of these channels is important for understanding the effects of mutations found in human myotonia and inherited hypercalciuric kidney stone diseases and for the interpretation of structure-function studies. We now systematically study the topology of human ClC-1, a prototype CLC channel that is defective in human myotonia. Using a combination of in vitro glycosylation scanning and protease protection assays, we show that both N and C termini face the cytoplasm and demonstrate the presence of 10 (or less likely 12) transmembrane spans. Difficult regions were additionally tested by inserting cysteines and probing the effect of cysteine-modifying reagents on ClC-1 currents. The results show that D3 crosses the membrane and D4 does not, and that L549 between D11 and D12 is accessible from the outside. Further, since the modification of cysteines introduced between D11 and D12 and at the extracellular end of D3 strongly affect ClC-1 currents, these regions are suggested to be important for ion permeation.
Voltage over-scaling in unbalanced pipelines with adaptive clocking (2009)

Pipelining – the technique of separating different stages of a circuit using registers – is a common design strategy used to improve throughput. In traditional pipeline design, it is desirable to make all the stages equal in length; otherwise, the longest stage constrains the clock period. However, the performance of an unbalanced pipeline may be improved by applying critical path isolation and adaptive clocking to its longest stage. The critical paths in the longest stage of the pipeline are designed to rarely activate. By examining the inputs to the stage, these activations can be predicted. Then, the supply voltage is lowered so that the critical paths will incur timing failure. The power of the pipeline has been reduced, and the circuit operates normally as long as the critical paths are not activated. In the case of a critical path operation, this operation is predicted ahead of time and the pipeline is stalled for one cycle by gating the clocks, allowing the critical path two cycles to complete. These occasional two-cycle operations negatively impact the throughput of the pipeline, but this impact will be minimal as long as critical path occurrence is rare. In this work, a Wallace tree multiplier is used as an example of an unbalanced pipeline to which adaptive clocking is applied. While maintaining the frequency of the conventional design, the voltage can be scaled down for power savings of 12-22%.
Pinning of Flux Vortices in Type II Superconductors (1968)

Abstract The superconducting properties of Pb-Bi alloys are reported. Measurements were made on the epsilon phase (a reversible material with K ∼ 12) and the eutectic, which is this epsilon phase with pure Bi precipitates. It is shown that the irreversible properties of the eutectic are consistent with the pinning of vortices in a reversible matrix of epsilon phase. The critical state is shown to be the same in measurements of magnetization, transverse critical currents and zero field critical currents, and it is extended to cover a composite ferromagnetic material. Experimentally it is found that the variation of critical current with flux density, microstructure and temperature is given by the expression J c = 33S v M(rev.)/B1/2 amps/sq.cm. (S v is the phase boundary area per unit volume and M (rev.) the magnetization of the matrix.) There is strong evidence that the irreversibility is due to pinning at the phase boundaries of precipitates and it is found that the surface currents observed in the epsilon phase at low fields can be explained by the same mechanism. A theoretical explanation of the results is given by considering the magnetic interaction between vortices and the phase boundary. The attraction of a vortex to its image is shown to provide a pinning force of the above form and the constant of proportionality agrees within an order of magnitude.