gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deterministic parsing of syntactic non-fluencies (1983)

It is often remarked that natural language, used naturally, is unnaturally ungrammatical. *Spontaneous speech contains all manner of false starts, hesitations, and self-corrections that disrupt the well-formedness of strings. It is a mystery then, that despite this apparent wide deviation from grammatical norms, people have little difficulty understanding the non-fluent speech that is the essential medium of everyday life. And it is a still greater mystery that children can succeed in acquiring the grammar of a language on the basis of evidence provided by a mixed set of apparently grammatical and ungrammatical strings.
Malaria Resistance: Artificial Induction with a Partially Purified Plasmodial Fraction (1970)

Plasmodium berghei were released from mouse erythrocytes by passage through a French pressure cell. The released organisms were washed and disintegrated; the soluble portion was chromatographed on a Sephadex (G-200) column. The void-volume eluate contained an erythrocyte-free plasmodial fraction which behaved as a vaccine, preventing parasitemia, anemia, and death in mice subsequently challenged with living Plasmodium berghei.
Two-Step Synthesis of a 5′-Azidothymidine Building Block for the Assembly of Oligonucleotides for Triazole-Forming Ligations (2012)

A two-step synthesis converting thymidine into a phosphotriester building block of 5′-azido-5′-deoxythymidine in 60% overall yield is presented. The building block was used to assemble an oligonucleotide with an azido group at its 5′-terminus, which underwent ligation–cycloaddition, producing a strand with PCR-compatible linkage in high yield.
A Clinical Review on Chronic Pancreatitis (2002)

Background/Aims: Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of pancreatic structure. The majority of the cases are associated with alcohol abuse. In Korea, chronic pancreatitis seems to be increasing due to westernized life style and increased alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical aspect of chronic pancreatitis through a retrospective study and to analyze the changing pattern by comparing this study results with previous reports. Methods: One hundred and five cases of chronic pancreatitis were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age was 49.9 years and the male to female ratio was 7:1. Results: Alcohol was the cause of chronic pancreatitis in 68.6% of the cases, and 26.7% showed no evident cause for it. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom and diabetes mellitus was the most common complication. The majority of the cases (88.6%) were diagnosed by ERCP. In 51 cases, endoscopic treatment was applied and clinical improvement was observed in 80.3%. Conclusions: Compared with previous reports, the proportion of alcoholic pancreatitis has increased. Hypertriglyceridemia, congenital anomaly such as AUPBD and pancreas divisum, autoimmune pancreatitis are demonstrated as the causes of chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic approach is very useful for diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis.
Measuring individual carbon nanotubes and single graphene sheets using atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy (2017)

Atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) combines the spatial resolution of AFM with the chemical specificity of IR spectroscopy. In AFM-IR, sample absorption of pulsed IR light causes rapid thermomechanical expansion, which excites resonance in an AFM cantilever in contact with the sample. The cantilever resonant amplitude is proportional to the local sample IR absorption coefficient. It is difficult to detect thermomechanical expansion in the smallest samples such as 1D and 2D nanomaterials. In this work, we overcome this limitation and use AFM-IR to measure nanometer-scale IR absorption in individual single walled carbon nanotubes and monolayer graphene. By placing a thin layer of polymer beneath the sample, the AFM-IR signal may be increased by up to two orders of magnitude. The polymer beneath the sample thermally insulates the sample and amplifies thermomechanical expansion. Finite element simulations agree with the measurements and provide a general framework for applying this approach to arbitrary samples, including other 1D and 2D materials and thin biological samples.
Microwave Method for Measurement of Fiber Orientation in Paper (1974)

A microwave method for the measurement of fiber orientation in paper, is described. The method uses a dual mode microwave cavity where the modes have equal resonant frequencies and mutually perpendicular electric fields. The paper is inserted through the cavity so that the electric fields of both modes are in the plane of the paper. If the orientation of the fibers in the paper is not random the resonant frequencies will differ due to the dielectric anisotropy of the paper. This difference is measured and can be calibrated to give the amount of fiber orientation. Moisture and thickness variations in paper can cause calibration errors. However, if the variations are within certain limits, these errors can be eliminated by a suitable selection of the resonator bandwidths.
Conditional Teacher-student Learning (2019)

The teacher-student (T/S) learning has been shown to be effective for a variety of problems such as domain adaptation and model compression. One shortcoming of the T/S learning is that a teacher model, not always perfect, sporadically produces wrong guidance in form of posterior probabilities that misleads the student model towards a suboptimal performance. To overcome this problem, we propose a conditional T/S learning scheme, in which a "smart" student model selectively chooses to learn from either the teacher model or the ground truth labels conditioned on whether the teacher can correctly predict the ground truth. Unlike a naive linear combination of the two knowledge sources, the conditional learning is exclusively engaged with the teacher model when the teacher model's prediction is correct, and otherwise backs off to the ground truth. Thus, the student model is able to learn effectively from the teacher and even potentially surpass the teacher. We examine the proposed learning scheme on two tasks: domain adaptation on CHiME-3 dataset and speaker adaptation on Microsoft short message dictation dataset. The proposed method achieves 9.8% and 12.8% relative word error rate reductions, respectively, over T/S learning for environment adaptation and speaker-independent model for speaker adaptation.
Surface plasmon-coupled emission for applications in biomedical diagnostics (2009)

Surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) is a phenomenon whereby the light emitted from a fluorescent molecule can couple into the surface plasmon of an adjacent metal layer\nresulting in highly directional emission in the region of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) angle. As well as the high directionality of emission, SPCE has the added advantage of surface selectivity in that the coupling depends on the distance from the surface. This effect can be exploited in bioassays whereby a fluorescing background from the sample can be suppressed.\nThis thesis reports, both theoretically and experimentally, the SPCE effect for a fluorophorespacersilver layer system. Both the angular dependence and the dependence of SPCE\nemission intensity on fluorophore-metal separation were investigated. It is demonstrated that SPCE leads to lower total fluorescence signal than that obtained in the absence of a metal layer (e.g. when a supercritical angle fluorescence approach is adopted). The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical model and with recently published work. Despite the lower overall intensities achievable with SPCE, the advantages\nof highly directional emission and surface selectivity make it a useful tool for development of high performance fluorescence-based biosensors.\nThe SPCE principles were exploited to achieve an enhanced optical bioassay using a novel, disposable parabolic biochip. This biochip is designed to capture the light generated near the interface with high efficiency. The plasmonic structure is integrated into the chip by\ndepositing a thin metal film on top of the recognition area and by carrying out appropriate surface modification. An optical reader was designed and validated by raytracing simulations and aspects of illumination and polarisation were broadly discussed. The use of various materials was assessed in terms of both their chemical stability and compatibility with the biochip design. The proof-of-concept has been demonstrated by performing a model human\nImmunoglobulin G sandwich immunoassay and a limit of detection below 5ng/ml of the analyte was achieved. Real time antibody-antigen binding was also demonstrated.\nThis works shows the potential of SPCE to become a useful analytical technique which has a high degree of surface sensitivity and the inherent capability to reject background\nluminescence. Among the additional advantages are compatibility with the electrochemiluminescence\n(ECL) technique and multiwavelength discrimination.
Sulfation of aromatic hydroxamic acids and hydroxylamines by multiple forms of human liver sulfotransferases (1994)

Sulfation activity towards various heterocyclic and homocyclic aromatic hydroxamic acids and hydroxylamines was determined in adult human liver cytosol and with partially purified human liver sulfotransferases (STs). In adult human liver cytosols comparable ST activities towards N-hydroxy-2-acetyl-amino-5-phenylpyridine (N-OH-2AAPP), N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-OH-4AABP) and N-hydroxy-4'fluoro-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-OH-4FAABP) were found, while the sulfation rates towards N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-2AAF), N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminonaphthalene (N-OH-2AAN), N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminophenanthrene (N-OH-2AAP) and N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminostilbene (N-OH-4AAS) were two- to five-fold lower. In adult liver cytosol ST activity was found towards all hydroxylamines tested. No significant differences were found for the various hydroxylamines. In general, the ST activities towards the various hydroxamic acids and hydroxylamines were comparable to phenol ST activity using adult liver cytosols. Partial purification of adult human liver STs was achieved by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography followed by anion exchange FPLC. Two separated protein peaks showing both N-OH-2AAPP and N-OH-2APP ST activities were observed and were designated human hydroxylamine/hydroxamic acid sulfotransferase (hHST) 1 and 2. Immunoblot analysis using an anti-rat estrogen ST antibody demonstrated cross reactivity with both hHSTs at a subunit mol. wt of 32 kDa corresponding to the phenol-sulfating form of phenol ST (P-PST). ST activity towards dopamine was low with both hHSTs, but hHST1 also contained significant capacity to sulfate dehydroepiandrosterone. The highest ST activity towards N-OH-2AAPP and N-OH-2APP was measured at pH 5.5 with both hHSTs. The Km values of the two hHSTs for sulfation of N-OH-2AAPP and N-OH-2APP were comparable, while the Vmax values for sulfation of N-OH-2APP were higher than for N-OH-2AAP with both hHSTs. FPLC anion exchange analysis of human platelet STs demonstrated that sulfation of N-OH-4ABP and N-OH-4AABP was associated with P-PST rather than M-PST (platelets do not possess any significant DHEA ST activity). Our results show that the various hydroxamic acids and hydroxylamines are converted by at least two hHSTs. The results presented here for the human liver hydroxamic acid and hydroxylamine ST activities are discussed in relation to those observed in the rat.
Matrix Metalloproteinases 9 and 10 Inhibit Protein Kinase C–Potentiated, p53-Mediated Apoptosis (2005)

p53, a major sensor of DNA damage, is a transcription factor that, depending on its phosphorylation status, regulates the cell cycle, DNA repair, or apoptosis. The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes is also implicated in cell cycle and programmed cell death (PCD) control and has recently been shown to influence p53 function. Using three human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines SW480, EB-1, and HCT116 that either lack p53 function and were engineered to express inducible wild-type p53 (wt p53), or that constitutively express wt p53, we show that phorbol ester-mediated PKC activation potentiates p53-induced PCD. Despite the effectiveness of PKC/p53 synergy in inducing SW480 tumor cell death, however, a fraction of the cells invariably survive. To address the putative mechanisms that underlie resistance to PKC/p53-induced cell death, we generated a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/p53-resistant SW480 subline and compared the gene expression profile of resistant and parental cells by DNA microarray analysis. The results of these experiments show that PKC/p53-resistant cells express a higher level of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), including MMP-9, MMP-10, and MMP-12, and corresponding real-time PCR assays indicate that p53 is a negative regulator of MMP-9 gene expression. Using MMP inhibitors and MMP-specific small interfering RNA, we show that MMP function confers protection from PKC/p53-induced apoptosis and identify the protective MMPs as MMP-9 and MMP-10. Taken together, these observations provide evidence that MMPs are implicated in tumor cell resistance to the synergistic proapoptotic effect of PKC and p53.
Penetration of some O-and/or N-methylated norepinephrine derivatives through the rat blood brain barrier. (1977)

Methods for the determination of a number of O and/or N-methylated derivatives of norepinephrine were developed. The IP injection of these compounds into rats shows quick absorption and short half-lives in plasma, liver and brain. Most compounds do not cross the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB) due to low lipid solubility. However, lipid solubility is not a sole determinant. Compounds which have at least one of the 2 phenolic hydroxyl groups methylated and possess a tertiary amino group do cross the BBB readily.
Low-light Image Restoration with Short- and Long-exposure Raw Pairs (2020)

Low-light imaging with handheld mobile devices is a challenging issue. Limited by the existing models and training data, most existing methods cannot be effectively applied in real scenarios. In this paper, we propose a new low-light image restoration method by using the complementary information of short- and long-exposure images. We first propose a novel data generation method to synthesize realistic short- and longexposure raw images by simulating the imaging pipeline in lowlight environment. Then, we design a new long-short-exposure fusion network (LSFNet) to deal with the problems of low-light image fusion, including high noise, motion blur, color distortion and misalignment. The proposed LSFNet takes pairs of shortand long-exposure raw images as input, and outputs a clear RGB image. Using our data generation method and the proposed LSFNet, we can recover the details and color of the original scene, and improve the low-light image quality effectively. Experiments demonstrate that our method can outperform the state-of-the art methods.
The healing of segmental bone defects induced by demineralized bone matrix. A radiographic and biomechanical study. (1984)

An effective, readily available alternative to autologous bone-graft material would have a variety of clinical uses in orthopaedic surgery, such as augmenting fusions, aiding in the repair of high-risk fractures, and filling or bridging bone defects. Demineralized bone matrix may provide an important tool for these purposes by inducing bone that has the mechanical properties of fracture callus. This would reduce the morbidity associated with harvesting autologous bone and have an advantage over allografts or synthetic biomaterials that require incorporation by the host before they can support mechanical loads.
Caring Among Nursing Students (1992)

Nursing students need to have a sense of being cared for in order to nurture their own ability to care for others. This phenomenologic study explored the meaning of caring among nursing students. Fifty-three nursing students were asked to describe a situation in which they had experienced caring from another nursing student. Their written descriptions were analyzed using Van Kaam's phenomenologic method. Four necessary constituents of a caring experience among nursing students emerged: Authentic presencing, selfless sharing, fortifying support, and enriching effects. The enriching effects of caring experiences among nursing students that were revealed support the author's stance that, along with faculty, nursing students can also be role models for caring.
<title>Optical study of the skeletal muscle during exercise with a second-generation frequency-domain tissue oximeter</title> (1997)

We present a re-engineered frequency-domain tissue oximeter operating in the near-infrared spectral region. This instrument is based on the multi-distance measurement protocol, which we have implemented in our original design by multiplexing multiple light sources. The new instrument uses intensity modulated (110 MHz) laser diodes emitting at 750 and 840 nm. The laser diodes are coupled to glass optical fibers (600 micrometer core diameter). The average light intensity delivered to the tissue is about 3 mW. The multiplexing electronics are based on solid state switches that allow for acquisition times per point as short as tens of milliseconds. Our tests on phantoms and in vivo with the new oximeter have shown significant improvement in terms of stability, reliability, and reproducibility with respect to the original prototype. Furthermore, by using optical fibers we achieve a high versatility in the design of the measuring probe, permitting custom design for various tissue contours and different measurements. To verify the improved performance of the new oximeter, we have performed an in vivo test consisting of monitoring the hemoglobin saturation (Y) and concentration (THC) on the calf of 18 healthy volunteers during walking and running routines.
DNA binding and oligomerization of NtrC studied by fluorescence anisotropy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1998)

Fluorescence anisotropy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements of rhodamine-labeled DNA oligonucleotide duplexes have been used to determine equilibrium binding constants for DNA binding of the prokaryotic transcription activator protein NtrC. Measurements were made with wild-type NtrC from Escherichia coli and the constitutively active mutant NtrCS160Ffrom Salmonella using DNA duplexes with one or two binding sites. The following results were obtained: (i) the dissociation constant K d for binding of one NtrC dimer to a single binding site was the same for the wild-type and mutant proteins within the error of measurement. (ii) The value of K d decreased from 1.4 +/- 0.7 x 10(-11) M at 15 mM K acetate to 5.8 +/- 2.6 x 10(-9) M at 600 mM K acetate. From the salt dependence of the dissociation constant we calculated that two ion pairs form upon binding of one dimeric protein to the DNA. (iii) Binding of two NtrC dimers to the DNA duplex with two binding sites occured with essentially no cooperativity. Titration curves of NtrCS160Fbinding to the same duplex demonstrated that more than two protein dimers of the mutant protein could bind to the DNA.
Using Neural Network and Singular Perturbation Problems in Face Recognition (2015)

Face recognition technology using neural network is an attractive solution for the researchers who are working on the field of machine recognition, pattern recognition and computer vision, in this paper neural network is presented for face recognition using singular perturbation problems. That is demonstrate how a face recognition system can be designed by artificial neural network and the noisy images of faces are treated by perturbation parameters.
The design and implementation of an interactive document editor (1976)

Abstract General‐purpose text editors have significant drawbacks when used for document preparation. This paper describes a system designed to combine the editing and formatting power of a text editor with the simplicity and immediacy of a typewriter for document preparation. The system is implemented on a minicomputer with a simple alphanumeric visual display unit.
Reduction of NO<sub>x</sub> by a DC Positive Streamer Corona Discharge with Wire-to-Plane Electrodes (1997)

Recently, a non-thermal plasma which is produced by a silent discharge, surface discharge and double discharge in which many initial electrons are produced by a pre-discharge have been used for the effective production of ozone, and the treatment of NOx and VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds). In this paper, a DC positive streamer corona with a wire-to-plane electrode is used to reduce the NOx (NO and NO2) which is fed from the gas cylinder filled by NO/N2 or NO/N2/O2 mixture gas. The effect of the parallel discharges generated by two or three pairs of electrodes on the reduction of NO is also measured.
A component-based client/server application development environment using Java (2002)

Currently the most widely used client/server architecture is composed of client applications that are based on graphical user interfaces and server applications that access data in commercial relational databases, usually in a remote server. To develop the applications, proprietary development environments such as PowerBuilder, Visual Basic, etc., are commonly used for their ease of use and for supporting rapid application development. Tied closely to the popular client/server architecture for distributed computing, these development environments utilize particular proprietary or standard components that facilitate interactions among independent programs. However, the proprietary approach makes it difficult for the developers to maintain, flexibility and choice. For example, which DBMS is used with their applications and the generated applications are not easily scalable to an enterprise level. To date Java, a very widely used object-oriented language, enables developers to develop applications that are platform-independent, and supports its component software, JavaBeans. In this paper, we propose a development environment based on the component platform, JavaBeans. The proposed environment enables developers to develop client/server applications that are easily scalable to the enterprise applications and to increase maintainability and ease of use.
Mitigating DNS query-based DDoS attacks with machine learning on software-defined networking (2017)

Securing Internet of Things is a challenge because of its multiple points of vulnerability. In particular, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks on IoT devices pose a major security challenge to be addressed. In this paper, we propose a DNS query-based DDoS attack mitigation system using Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to block the network traffic for DDoS attacks. With some features provided by SDN, we can analyze traffic patterns and filter suspicious network flows out. To show the feasibility of the proposed system, we particularly implemented a prototype with Dirichlet process mixture model to distinguish benign traffic from malicious traffic and conducted experiments with the dataset collected from real network traces. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by both simulations and experiment data obtained from the real network traffic traces.
Some Effects of Fast Neutron Irradiation on Carrier Lifetimes in Silicon (1959)

Single crystal specimens of silicon have been exposed to fast neutrons from a reactor source to determine the room temperature effects of irradiation on carrier lifetimes. For highly n- and p-type material the approximate lifetime damage constants, defined as 1/τ=1/τi+αφ, are found to be αn=4.4×10−7 (nvt)−1 × (sec)−1 and αp=1.2×10−6 (nvt)−1 (sec)−1. Two possible positions of the dominant recombination level are 0.36 ev below the conduction band or 0.33 ev above the valence band. Further agreement with the value of αp has been obtained by measuring high level lifetime in silicon junction diodes.