gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo isomerization of all-trans- to 11-cis-retinoids in the eye occurs at the alcohol oxidation-state (1986)

The vertebrate biochemical pathway for regeneration of visual pigments in the living eye after bleaching is largely uncharacterized. Since isomerization of an all-trans-retinoid to an 11-cis-retinoid could conceivably occur via the aldehyde, alcohol, or ester forms of vitamin A, it is important to determine the oxidation state of the retinoid that is isomerized in vivo. To address this problem, light-adapted rats and frogs were injected intraperitoneally with a mixture of [15-3H]-all-trans-retinol and [15-14C]-all-trans-retinol. After 4 or 24 h of dark adaptation, labeled retinoids in the animal's eyes were analyzed. All rats had the expected 50% loss of 3H label (relative to 14C) in 11-cis-retinal, a loss of 3H that must occur when [15-3H]retinol is oxidized to retinal. 11-cis-Retinyl esters in the rats' eyes at 4 h retained 67% of the 3H label, and this could be increased to 81% when the rats were pretreated with 4-methylpyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor known to inhibit dark adaptation. This result demonstrates that retinoid isomerization occurs at the alcohol oxidation state in the rat eye. Had it occurred at the aldehyde oxidation state, at least 50% of the 3H in the 11-cis-retinyl esters would have been lost. The importance of this isomerization pathway is emphasized by the observation that dark-adapting rats whose alcohol dehydrogenase(s) had been inhibited by 4-methylpyrazole had increased amounts of 11-cis-retinyl ester in their eyes relative to control rat eyes, a result that is understandable only if retinoids are isomerized in vivo at the alcohol oxidation state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Genetic evidence that Shp-2 tyrosine phosphatase is a signal enhancer of the epidermal growth factor receptor in mammals (1999)

By using both genetic and biochemical approaches, we have investigated the physiological role of Shp-2, a cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase with two Src homology 2 domains, in signaling pathways downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R). In previous studies, a targeted deletion mutation in the SH2-N domain of Shp-2 was introduced into the murine Shp-2 locus, which resulted in embryonic lethality of homozygous mutant (Shp-2(-/-)) mice at midgestation. By aggregating Shp-2(-/-) embryonic stem cells with wild-type embryos, we created Shp-2(-/-)/wild-type chimeric animals. Most chimeras had open eyelids at birth and abnormal skin development, a phenotype characteristic of mice with mutations in EGF-R signaling components. In genetic crosses, a heterozygous Shp-2 mutation dominantly enhanced the phenotype of a weak mutant allele of EGF-R (wa-2), resulting in distinctive growth retardation, developmental defects in the skin, lung, and intestine, and perinatal mortality that are reminiscent of EGF-R knockout mice. Biochemical analysis revealed that signal propagation proximal to the EGF-R upon EGF stimulation was significantly attenuated in wa-2 fibroblast cells, which was exacerbated by the additional Shp-2 mutation. Thus, we provide biological evidence here that protein-tyrosine phosphatase Shp-2 acts to enhance information flow from the EGF-R in mouse growth and development.
Epitaxial films of 'BSCCO' grown from liquid KCl solutions onto several substrates (1991)

A liquid-phase epitaxy growth technique (LPE) was used to obtain truly epitaxial BSCCO films on SrTiO/sub 3/ and LaGaO/sub 3/ substrates. Single-phase samples of the 2201 and of the 2212 phase have been grown. The growth liquid is a saturated solution of the BSCCO constituent oxides in KCl, and a suitable thermal gradient allows chemical transport from the solute to the substrate. The films have a mirror-like surface, small mosaic spread, and thicknesses of up to a few microns. The as-grown samples are fully superconducting. The typical resistance-vs.-temperature curve shows a metallic behavior down to about 80 K, followed by a narrow superconducting transition, with zero resistance reached at about 75 K. The transport properties of the films have been investigated and found to be heavily dependent on the substrate chosen; in particular, films grown on LaGaO/sub 3/ have much higher resistivities and much lower critical currents than those grown on SrTiO/sub 3/ substrates. These differences are shown to be due to the presence of weak links occurring in correspondence with twinning domain boundaries of the LaGaO/sub 3/ substrates.
The use of real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and comparative genomic hybridization to identify amplification of the <i>REL</i> gene in follicular lymphoma (2000)

Using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), aberrations in DNA copy number were studied before and after transformation of follicular lymphoma to diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in six patients (15 lymph node biopsies in total). The most common and also the most discrete and intense amplification occurring in four out of 15 biopsies from three different patients was of 2p13–16. Using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ‐PCR), REL amplification was found to be implicated at this locus. This technique also identified amplified REL in a further two biopsies, presumably below the detection level of CGH. REL amplification was quantified by comparing it, in most cases, with three endogenous reference genes, albumin , β 2 ‐microglobulin and CD8α , that lie close to REL on 2p. There was no correlation apparent between 2p13–16 amplification or REL amplification and transformation. This study shows the usefulness of coupling CGH, for detecting recurring abnormalities, with the real‐time PCR technique for rapid gene dosage quantification and confirms that the REL gene is a potential candidate in the pathogenesis of a particular subset of follicular lymphomas.
Imaging for concealed weapon detection: a tutorial overview of development in imaging sensors and processing (2005)

Manual screening procedures for detecting concealed weapons such as handguns, knives, and explosives are common in controlled access settings like airports, entrances to sensitive buildings, and public events. The detection of weapons concealed underneath a person's clothing is an important obstacle to the improvement of the security of the general public as well as the safety of public assets like airports and buildings. It is desirable to be able to detect concealed weapons from a standoff distance, especially when it is impossible to arrange the flow of people through a controlled procedure. The goal is the eventual deployment of automatic detection and recognition of concealed weapons. It is a technological challenge that requires innovative solutions in sensor technologies and image processing. A number of sensors based on different phenomenology as well as image processing support are being developed to observe objects underneath people's clothing. The main aim of this article is to provide a tutorial overview of these developments.
The shaded side of apple fruit becomes more sensitive to photoinhibition with fruit development (2008)

Developmental changes of photochemical and non‐photochemical processes and the antioxidant system in the shaded peel vs the sun‐exposed peel of ‘Gala’ apple and their responses to sudden exposure of high light were determined to understand the susceptibility of the shaded peel to high light damage with fruit development. As fruit developed, actual PSII efficiency of the shaded peel decreased, whereas non‐photochemical quenching (mainly the slow component) increased at any given PFD. Photochemical quenching coefficient of the shaded peel decreased at any given PFD with fruit development. As fruit developed, the activity of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase and the level of reduced ascorbate and total ascorbate decreased; the activity of monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase remained low, whereas catalase activity and the level of reduced glutathione and total glutathione increased in the shaded peel. Exposure to high light (1500 μmol m −2 s −1 ) for 2 h significantly decreased the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (F V /F M ) in the shaded peel at each developmental stage, with the decrease being larger with fruit development. The F V /F M of the sun‐exposed peel was also decreased by the high light treatment, but the decrease was much smaller than that in the shaded peel at each developmental stage. We conclude that the shaded peel of apple fruit becomes more sensitive to photoinhibition with fruit development, and this increased sensitivity is apparently related to the decease in the overall capacity for photosynthesis and photoprotection of the shaded peel with fruit development.
Cyclosporin in the treatment of psoriasis (1993)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a low-dose cyclosporin therapy in psoriasis. In the multicentre study, carried out in Korea, 52 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis were treated with an initial dose of 2.5 mg/kg per day cyclosporin for 18 weeks. In 44 patients the dose was increased gradually up to 5 mg/kg per day according to the therapeutic response. Treatment success, defined as a reduction in PASI score by at least 66%, was achieved in 76.9% of patients. PASI scores reduced significantly from 20.0 to 5.4. Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not statistically significant. A 30% increase in serum creatinine in comparison with baseline was observed in five patients (9.6%) by the 18th week, but none of the patients showed an increase beyond the normal range. The overall assessments of efficacy and tolerability by both the investigators and the patients were mostly ‘good’ or ‘very good’. Our regimen of low-dose cyclosporin therapy (2.5 mg/kg per day initially increasing to 5 mg/kg per day according to the therapeutic response) was well accepted and tolerated by the patients and this regimen is an effective treatment of psoriasis.
New global target on non-communicable diseases: a call to action for the global cardiovascular disease community. (2012)

For many years, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was regarded as a lifestyle disease primarily affecting ageing, affluent populations. This is reflected in the virtual absence of global policies concerned with CVD control in poor and rich countries alike. However, CVD and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes, account for nearly two-thirds (63%) of global deaths, with the majority of deaths from NCDs (80%) occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
Melanoma Drug Vindicates Targeted Approach (2009)

A mutation-targeted molecular therapy has shown promise against one of the most devastating types of cancer, but how it works is unclear.
N.C.A.[11C]CO2 as a safe substitute for phosgene in the carbonylation of primary amines (1999)

An efficient one-pot synthesis of [11C]ureas and [11C]isocyanates via dehydration of intermediately formed carbamate salts is described as a general alternative to their formation via [11C]phosgene. After optimization of the reaction parameters, in-target produced n.c.a. [11C]CO2 can be used for labelling in a one pot reaction within a very short reaction time of 10 minutes resulting in good radiochemical yields. The developed method has been applied to the 11C-carbonylation of aniline, benzyl- and phenethylamine and 1,2-diaminobenzene yielding the appropriate n.c.a. [11C]ureas in about 65, 85, 25 and 70% radiochemical yield (RCY), respectively. The presented reaction sequence can be handled easily and safely and lends itself to simple automation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
<title>DWT-based technique for spatio-frequency masking of digital signatures</title> (1999)

The growth of the Internet and the diffusion of multimedia applications requires the development of techniques for embedding identification codes into images, in such a way that it can be granted their authenticity and/or protected the copyright. In this paper a novel system for image watermarking, which exploits the similarity exhibited by the Digital Wavelet Transform with respect to the models of the Human Visual System, for robustly hiding watermarks is presented. In particular, a model for estimating the sensitivity of the eye to noise, previously proposed for compression applications, is used to adapt the watermark strength to the local content of the image. Experimental results are shown supporting the validity of the approach.
The fate of intravenously injected tissue ferritin in pregnant guinea‐pigs (1989)

The organ distribution of intravenously injected hepatic ferritin either labelled with 59Fe or with 59Fe and 125I, was studied in pregnant guinea-pigs. At 5 h 71.2% of injected 59Fe was present in the placenta and fetus. Transfer of 59Fe to the fetus was slow, with 11.2% present at 5 h and 38.6% at 21 h. Analysis of a placental cellular lysate for 59Fe and 125I revealed that the injected iron was present as intact ferritin at 2 h but by 21 h the ferritin had been catabolized, the 125I excreted and the 59Fe incorporated into endogenous ferritin. Most of the fetal 59Fe counts were detected in the liver, with 35.3% of the transferred 59Fe in ferritin, 30.4% in haemoglobin and 10.6% in a low molecular weight pool. The uptake of labelled ferritin by the placenta was inhibited by a 300-fold molar excess of unlabelled ferritin but not by albumin, asialofetuin or by the injection of carbon particles. A nonsignificant reduction in uptake was noted after injection of mannosylated bovine serum albumin. The mannosidase inhibitor swainsonine had no effect. Iron transfer to the fetus was not affected by various microtubular inhibitors. Presaturation of endogenous transferrin with oral carbonyl iron prevented iron release from the feto-placental unit back into the maternal circulation. In consequence, marrow 59Fe uptake by the maternal marrow was reduced. The ferrous chelator 2,2'-bipyridine significantly reduced 59Fe transfer to the fetus and this occurred irrespective of whether the chelator was given prior to or after 59Fe ferritin administration. The ferric chelator desferrioxamine had no such effect. Electron microscopy of placental tissues revealed endocytosis of ferritin molecules. These results indicate that the guinea-pig placenta takes up homologous tissue ferritin and transfers the iron slowly to the fetus after reductive mobilization. The process is compatible with a receptor-mediated pathway.
Backward Scattering of Electrically Large Standard Objects Illuminated by OAM Beams (2020)

To evaluate the interaction between the orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams and the electrically large standard objects, the backward scattering characteristics of the perfect electrical conductor (PEC) sphere and PEC cone are studied. First, the incident vortex electromagnetic field carrying OAM is generated by Hertizian dipole arrays. Subsequently, the backward-scattered field is calculated by the physical optics algorithm. The phase profiles and OAM spectra are analyzed in detail, which indicates that the scattered field for axial symmetric objects still keeps the main characters of the vortex field due to the angular momentum conservation. Finally, the radar cross section for PEC sphere and cone are calculated, respectively. The backward scattering features show significant differences when OAM beams change their topological charges. Consequently, given a specific propagation direction, compared to plane waves, more information will be offered by the OAM beams for object detection and recognition.
New Wall Design for High Transmission Loss or High Damping (1959)

A typical single wall is characterized by a free flexural wave speed, cB, which increases with ω12. When cB approaches c0 (the speed of sound waves in the surrounding medium) the impedance of the wall to incident sound wave ceases to be mass-like because of the coincidence effect and the transmission loss will be less than that given by mass law. Since cB = (B/M)12(ω)12 for homogeneous walls, the deleterious effects of the coincidence of the flexural wave speed with the phase velocity of sound in the medium can be avoided for homogeneous walls by reducing the ratio of B/M. (B is the dynamic bending stiffness of the wall; M is the mass per unit area of the wall.) Thus the problem of good acoustical performance in homogeneous walls is seen to be in essential conflict with the need for structural rigidity. A new wall design has been found in which the ratio of the static to the dynamic stiffness can be in excess of 1000:1 and where the stiffness changes from the static to the dynamic value in such a way that the acoustical behavior is nearly that of a perfectly limp wall. If desired, the loss tangent of the wall can be made large and nearly constant over a wide range of frequencies.
Entirely Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines: An Emerging Field for Specific and Selective Immune Responses (2016)

Carbohydrates are regarded as promising targets for vaccine development against infectious disease because cell surface glycans on many infectious agents are attributed to playing an important role in pathogenesis. In addition, oncogenic transformation of normal cells, in many cases, is associated with aberrant glycosylation of the cell surface glycan generating tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). Technological advances in glycobiology have added a new dimension to immunotherapy when considering carbohydrates as key targets in developing safe and effective vaccines to combat cancer, bacterial infections, viral infections, etc. Many consider effective vaccines induce T-cell dependent immunity with satisfactory levels of immunological memory that preclude recurrence. Unfortunately, carbohydrates alone are poorly immunogenic as they do not bind strongly to the MHCII complex and thus fail to elicit T-cell immunity. To increase immunogenicity, carbohydrates have been conjugated to carrier proteins, which sometimes can impede carbohydrate specific immunity as peptide-based immune responses can negate antibodies directed at the targeted carbohydrate antigens. To overcome many challenges in using carbohydrate-based vaccine design and development approaches targeting cancer and other diseases, zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs), isolated from the capsule of commensal anaerobic bacteria, will be discussed as promising carriers of carbohydrate antigens to achieve desired immunological responses.
An Electron Beam Nanolithography System and its Application to Si Nanofabrication (1995)

We present an electron beam nanolithography system which features sub-10-nm beam size over a large 480×480 µ m 2 field and a high 70 kV acceleration voltage with a Zr/O/W thermal field emitter tip. A beam can be deflected at 100 MHz in 2-nm steps, which allows the use of highly sensitive resist. The system is equipped with a highly sensitive YAG detector for electrons backscattered from a registration mark as well as a C/W multilayer knife edge for beam size measurement and focusing. These techniques achieve a beam size of about 6 nm. A 10-nm-scale resist pattern was obtained using ZEP520 resist with this system. Furthermore, Si nanostructures have been obtained by using an image reversal process with ECR plasma oxidation. Photoluminescence was observed from the Si nanowires fabricated with this system.
Metal‐Mediated Synthesis of 1,4‐Di‐<i>tert</i>‐butyl‐1,4‐azaborine (2012)

Completing the set: Although 1,2-azaborine is known, little is known about the 1,3- and 1,4-analogues. Now a simple, controlled synthesis of 1,2-di-tert-butyl-1,2-azaborine from acetylene and di-tert-butyliminoborane has been achieved by a metal-mediated formal [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction. A 1,2-azaborete pianostool complex was identified as an reaction intermediate. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Direct Activation of RhoA by Reactive Oxygen Species Requires a Redox-Sensitive Motif (2009)

Our findings identify a novel mechanism for the regulation of RhoA in cells by ROS, which is independent of classical regulatory proteins. This mechanism of regulation may be particularly relevant in pathological conditions where ROS are generated and the cellular redox-balance altered, such as in asthma and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Study on the foaming of crosslinked polyethylene (2001)

The processing of crosslinked polyethylene foam, which has a closed-cell structure, has been investigated. In this study, two types of linear low-density polyethylene (LL) produced by a metallocene catalyst were crosslinked by dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The expansion ratio of the foams decreases with increasing the DCP content, which is due to the enhancement of the elastic modulus. Moreover, the crystallization temperature Tc of the foams is also responsible for the expansion ratio. After expansion, the crosslinked foam with lower Tc shrinks to a great degree prior to the crystallization, which is attributed to the volume reduction of the gas in the cells. As a result, the expansion ratio decreases. The degree of shrinkage decreases with increasing the Tc, because immediate crystallization prevents the shrinkage. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 2146–2155, 2001
Content-Based Block Watermarking Against Cumulative and Temporal Attack (2005)

This paper presents a block-selection-based video watermarking scheme that is designed to be resilient against two dangerous attacks: cumulative attack and temporal attack. We use content-based block selection to counteract cumulative attack by spreading the locations of marked blocks. The block selection algorithm also leads to a novel frame synchronization method that can effectively re-synchronize suspected video frames to their original positions. Our scheme has low computation overhead and robust detection performance for moderately compressed video.
Bisphosphonate Use and the Risk of Subtrochanteric or Femoral Shaft Fractures in Older Women (2011)

Among older women, treatment with a bisphosphonate for more than 5 years was associated with an increased risk of subtrochanteric or femoral shaft fractures; however, the absolute risk of these fractures is low.
Semiconductor waveguide optical isolator based on nonreciprocal loss induced by ferromagnetic MnAs (2006)

We fabricated TM mode InGaAlAs∕InP active waveguide optical isolators based on the magnetically induced nonreciprocal loss. We used epitaxially grown MnAs thin films as ferromagnetic electrodes of the semiconductor active waveguide optical isolators. We demonstrated TM mode nonreciprocal propagation (8.8dB∕mm) at 1540nm with an excellent ferromagnetic electrode contact, which has greater semiconductor active waveguide optical isolator performance than that of our previously reported devices with Ni∕Fe polycrystalline electrodes.
Analysis for an Embedded Ice Pressure Sensor (1981)

A plane elastostatic analysis is presented for the problem of a rectangular, orthotropic, elastic inclusion in an isotropic elastic host, with differential thermal expansion between the inclusion and the host. The analysis assumes that bending as well as shear deflection of the inclusion boundaries can be neglected. The product of this analysis is a closed form solution applicable to an embedded ice pressure sensor of rectangular cross section having relatively rigid sensing face cover plates. The form of the solution displays several significant results concerning inclusion effects for both in-line and transverse ice stresses, Poisson’s ratio effects, and thermal expansion effects. The most striking result is that the magnitude of the error induced in ice pressure measurements by neglecting differential thermal expansion is not a function of the sensor’s stiffness in the sensing direction.