gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dissolving microneedle-based intradermal delivery of interferon-α-2b (2015)

The dermal and transdermal delivery of protein pharmaceuticals faces enormous challenges, and at the same time, has very significant potential for the non-invasive treatment of both localized and systemic diseases. To demonstrate the pharmaceutical usefulness of dissolving microneedles (MNs) containing interferon-α-2b (IFN), IFN MNs were prepared using a new method. IFN were encapsulated in MNs with dose from 4.94 ± 0.64 to 23.79 ± 2.48 μg, and in vitro release test showed the efficiency reached 49.2%. After percutaneous administration of IFN MNs to rats, serum IFN levels were measured for 12 h. The peak serum IFN level, maximum drug concentration (Cmax), and the time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax), were 11.58 ± ng/ml and 40 min, respectively, for high-dose MNs group. The area under the curve (AUC) of MNs group was 28.85 ng·h/ml, while intramuscular injection (IM) group with equal dose was 31.17 ng·h/ml. Immunogenicity analysis showed the anti-IFN antibody got back to normal level at ninth week, and there was no difference between male and female rats. IFN MNs showed good stability for 2 months and no damage to the administered rats' skin. The results demonstrated the IFN MNs have a great potential to provide an alternative to IM.
Age-Related Changes in T Cell Function (1977)

A comparison was made of the abilities of carrier (BGG)-primed T cell populations from young (4-month old), middle-aged (14- and 19-month old) and old (31- and 34-month old) mice to collaborate with hapten (DNP)-primed B cells from young mice in a cell-transfer system. The plaque-forming cell responses to 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) were measured by a modification of the Jerne plaque assay. The DNP-specific antibody-forming cell responses of old T cell/young B cell combinations were significantly lower than those of young T cell/young B cell combinations, both in the number of T cells needed for peak response and in the size of that response. These data indicate that the primed T cell populations of old mice are deficient by a factor of 6 in their ability to initiate B cell proliferation and differentiation into antibody-forming cells.
Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Receptor-Independent Transmission of Novel Tick-Borne Bunyavirus (2015)

SFTS virus is novel bunyavirus associated with hemorrhagic fever illness. Currently, limited information is available about SFTS virus. In the present study, we demonstrated that extracellular vesicles produced by SFTS virus-infected cells harbor infectious virions. We sought to determine whether these "infectious" extracellular vesicles can mediate transmission of the virus and confirmed that the SFTS virions were efficiently transported by these secreted structures into uninfected cells and were able to sustain efficient replication of SFTS virus. These results have significant impact on our understanding of how the novel tick-borne phleboviruses hijack cellular machineries to establish infection and point toward a novel mechanism for virus replication among arthropod-borne viruses.
Intermittent Theta-Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Alters Electrical Properties of Fast-Spiking Neocortical Interneurons in an Age-Dependent Fashion (2016)

Modulation of human cortical excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) appears to be in part related to changed activity of inhibitory systems. Our own studies showed that intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) applied via rTMS to rat cortex primarily affects the parvalbumin-expressing (PV) fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), evident via a strongly reduced PV expression. We further found the iTBS effect on PV to be age-dependent since no reduction in PV could be induced before the perineuronal nets (PNNs) of FSIs start to grow around postnatal day (PD) 30. To elucidate possible iTBS-induced changes in the electrical properties of FSIs and cortical network activity during cortical critical period, we performed ex vivo-in vitro whole-cell patch clamp recordings from pre-labeled FSIs in the current study. FSIs of verum iTBS-treated rats displayed a higher excitability than sham-treated controls at PD29-38, evident as higher rates of induced action potential firing at low current injections (100-200 pA) and a more depolarized resting membrane potential. This effect was absent in younger (PD26-28) and older animals (PD40-62). Slices of verum iTBS-treated rats further showed higher rates of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). Based on these and previous findings we conclude that FSIs are particularly sensitive to TBS during early cortical development, when FSIs show an activity-driven step of maturation which is paralleled by intense growth of the PNNs and subsequent closure of the cortical critical period. Although to be proven further, rTMS may be a possible early intervention to compensate for hypo-activity related mal-development of cortical neuronal circuits.
Application Of High Repetition Pulsed Lasers To Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) (1987)

The use of holographic interferometry (HI) has been available for whole field testing of components for nearly twenty years. As an experimental technique it was limited to a laboratory environment but with the incorporation of a pulsed laser the possibility existed to attempt this type of analysis on the component operating in its usual environment. This should have provided the scientific and engineering community with the necessary tool to investigate many different difficult problems. The reality is holographic interferometry consumed billions of dollars globally, produced few real results and interest dwindled. Why? A number of reasons have been proposed which include experimental difficulties, data reduction and cost. Combined with the vast research effort in holography, interest in the allied field of speckle interferometry developed a video based technique which could rival holographic interferometry. This technique known as electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI)1 provided equipment with similar capabilities to holographic interferometry but used the television camera directly as the imaging transducer rather than the photographic system. However this technique, which overcame a number of the experimental problems of holographic interferometry, still did not find immediate favour as an analysis tool. The end user was still not hammering on the door of the research laboratories. Laser costs have reduced and supporting digital electronics have substantially reduced to the extent where fully ruggedised commercial ESPI equipment costs approximately $30-50K. This makes it comparable with other experimental analysis packages, the cost argument therefore no longer strictly holds. The availability of image processing computer's has enabled a great deal of research into automated fringe data reduction and analyis, this was reviewed at a recent symposium by the Fringe Analysis Special Interest Group 4. The final major problem now outstanding is the availability of a handÃ¢â‚¬â€?held portable instrument capable of providing the computer with suitable data. The work this paper reports is an effort in this direction, to produce such a system. The application areas envisaged are: (i) displacement measurement of strain fields (ii) vibration measurement of resonant objects (iii) vibration measurement of non-resonant conditions (iv) refractive index changes in fluids, eg convective heat and fluid flow.
Synthesis and characterisation of titanium silasesquioxane complexes: soluble models for the active site in titanium silicate epoxidation catalysts † (1999)

Titanium silasesquioxane complexes have been prepared as models for the catalytically active centres in titanium silicate oxidation catalysts. Complexes [TiL(R7Si7O12)] [R = c-C6H11, L = CH2Ph 5, NMe2 6, OSiMe3 7, OPri 8 or OBut 9; R = c-C5H9, L = CH2Ph 13 or OPri 14] were prepared from the reactions of incompletely condensed silasesquioxanes R7Si7O9(OH)3 1, 2 with homoleptic complexes TiL4. Aryloxy derivatives [TiL(R7Si7O12)] [R = c-C6H11, L = OPh 10, O-C6H4F-p 11 or O-C6H4NO2-p 12] were prepared from the reaction of 8 with the corresponding aryl alcohols. The 29Si and 13C NMR spectroscopic data obtained on 5–14 indicate that the local C3v symmetry of the silasesquioxane ligand is retained at titanium, consistent with the formation of monomeric complexes possessing tripodal geometry. The monomeric nature of 7 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. For complexes 8–12 solution NMR spectroscopy reveals the presence of a dimer, containing µ-alkoxy ligands, in equilibrium with the monomer. The zirconium analogue of 9, [Zr(OBut){(c-C6H11)7Si7O12}] 15, was similarly isolated as a monomer–dimer mixture from the reaction of the incompletely condensed silasesquioxane (c-C6H11)7Si7O9(OH)3 with [Zr(OBut)4]. Reaction of the disilanol (c-C6H11)7Si7O9(OSiMe3)(OH)2 4 with an excess of [Ti(OPri)4] afforded [Ti(OPri)2{(c-C6H11)7Si7O11(OSiMe3)}] 16, containing a bidentate silasesquioxane ligand, while reactions with TiL4 (L = CH2Ph, NMe2 or OSiMe3) afforded [Ti{(c-C6H11)7Si7O11(OSiMe3)}2] 17, independent of the stoichiometry of the reactants. Complexes 5–14 serve as soluble models for putative tripodal (open lattice) sites in titanium silicates, while 16 and 17 represent models for bipodal and tetrapodal (closed lattice) sites, respectively. From a study of the catalytic properties of complexes 5–17 in the epoxidation of oct-1-ene with tert-BuOOH (TBHP), revealing high activity for 5–14 and low activity for 16 and 17, it is concluded that the most active site in titanium silicate epoxidation catalysts corresponds to a four-co-ordinate site possessing tripodal geometry. Studies using IR and NMR spectroscopy show that, in the absence of olefins, putative alkylperoxo complexes formed by the addition of TBHP to tripodal complexes decompose rapidly at ambient temperature. Based on the high TBHP-to-epoxide selectivities observed under epoxidising conditions, it is apparent that the rate of epoxidation is significantly greater than that of alkylperoxo intermediate decomposition.
Nondestructive Laser Pumping by High Explosives (1963)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text John K. Crosby and R. C. Honey, "Nondestructive Laser Pumping by High Explosives," Appl. Opt. 2, 1339-1340 (1963) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Nonclottable fibrin obtained from partially reduced fibrinogen: characterization and tissue plasminogen activator stimulation (1992)

Out of 29 disulfide bonds in human fibrinogen, 7 were cleaved during limited reduction under nondenaturing conditions in calcium-free buffer: 2 A alpha 442Cys-A alpha 472Cys and 2 gamma 326Cys-gamma 339Cys intrachain disulfide bonds in the carboxy-terminal ends of the A alpha- and gamma-chains and the symmetrical disulfide bonds at gamma 8Cys, gamma 9Cys, and A alpha 28Cys. We studied the loss of thrombin clottability that followed limited reduction and the increase in the susceptibility of the fibrinogen A alpha 19-A alpha 20 bond to hydrolysis by thrombin. Using differential scanning calorimetry, we show that the extent of unfolding and denaturation of specific domains following limited reduction is small. Heat absorption peaks corresponding to the melting of the major regions of compact structure give high calorimetric enthalpies, as in untreated nonreduced fibrinogen, indicating that substantial regions of native structure are still present in partially reduced fibrinogen. Thrombin releases fibrinopeptide A at an identical rate as in nonreduced fibrinogen while fibrinopeptide B release is slower. Sedimentation velocity studies show that thrombin treatment leads to complex formation; however, gelation does not occur. Amino-terminal analysis indicates that the second thrombin cleavage in the A alpha-chain at A alpha 19-A alpha 20 takes place only after fibrinopeptide A release. Thus, the loss of clottability appears to result from perturbation of carboxy-terminal polymerization sites, probably a consequence of gamma 326Cys-gamma 339Cys intrachain disulfide bond cleavage. The thrombin-treated partially reduced fibrinogen remains soluble in buffered saline and fully expresses at least one epitope, B beta 15-21, unique to fibrin. Furthermore, this nonclottable form accelerates the tissue plasminogen activator dependent conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.
A Self-Calibrated On-chip Phase-Noise-Measurement Circuit with -75dBc Single-Tone Sensitivity at 100kHz Offset (2007)

An on-chip phase-noise-measurement circuit with single-tone measurement sensitivity of -75dBc at 100kHz offset from carrier is presented. The circuit uses a delay-line and mixer frequency discriminator and can operate up to 2GHz input frequency. This module does not rely on a reference clock and, with on-line self calibration, its accuracy is stabilized across gate-delay variations.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of the Cyanomethyl Unit as a Protecting Group for Phenols, Amines, and Carbamates. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Metal-containing polystyrene beads as standards for mass cytometry (2010)

We examine the suitability of metal-containing polystyrene beads for the calibration of a mass cytometer instrument, a single particle analyser based on an inductively coupled plasma ion source and a time of flight mass spectrometer. These metal-containing beads are also verified for their use as internal standards for this instrument. These beads were synthesized by multiple-stage dispersion polymerization with acrylic acid as a comonomer. Acrylic acid acts as a ligand to anchor the metal ions within the interior of the beads. Mass cytometry enabled the bead-by-bead measurement of the metal-content and determination of the metal-content distribution. Beads synthesized by dispersion polymerization that involved three stages were shown to have narrower bead-to-bead variation in their lanthanide content than beads synthesized by 2-stage dispersion polymerization. The beads exhibited insignificant release of their lanthanide content to aqueous solutions of different pHs over a period of six months. When mixed with KG1a or U937 cell lines, metal-containing polymer beads were shown not to affect the mass cytometry response to the metal content of element-tagged antibodies specifically attached to these cells.
A new analysis of the turbulent flow of non‐newtonian fluids (1985)

Abstract A new analysis has been developed for the turbulent flow of non‐Newtonian fluids. Based on enhanced viscosity effects at the small time and length scales of the dissipative micro‐eddies, the analysis predicts a thickening of the viscous sub‐layer tending to increase throughput velocity and thus promoting drag reduction. The required flow parameters can be determined directly from rheograms, without employing correlations based on pipe‐flow data. The results give good descriptions of flows of fluids with both power‐law and Bingham behaviour and explain a number of peculiarities of such flows.
The soluble CTLA-4 receptor and its role in autoimmune diseases: an update (2010)

CTLA-4, initially described as a membranebound molecule, is a costimulatory receptor transducing a potent inhibitory signal. Increasing evidence shows the CTLA-4 gene to be an important susceptibility locus for autoimmune endocrinopathies and other autoimmune disorders. A soluble form of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (sCTLA-4) has been established and shown to possess CD80/CD86 binding activity and in vitro immunoregulatory functions. sCTLA-4 is generated by alternatively spliced mRNA. Whereas low levels of sCTLA-4 are detected in normal human serum, increased serum levels are observed in several autoimmune diseases (e.g. Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, systemic sclerosis, coeliac disease, autoimmune pancreatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis). The biological significance of increased sCTLA-4 serum levels is not fully clarified yet. On the one hand, it can be envisaged that sCTLA-4 specifically inhibits early T-cell activation by blocking the interaction of CD80/CD86 with the costimulatory receptor CD28. On the other hand, higher levels of sCTLA-4 could compete for the binding of the membrane form of CTLA-4 with CD80/CD86 in the later phases of T-lymphocyte activation, causing a reduction in inhibitory signalling. This double-edged nature of sCTLA-4 to block the binding of CD28 to CD80/CD86 may result in different outcomes during the clinical course of an autoimmune disease.
Synthesis and characterization of a new photoinduced switchable β-cyclodextrin dimer (2014)

This paper reports an efficient preparation of bridged bis-β-CD AZO-CDim 1 bearing azobenzene as a linker and exhibiting high solubility in water. The photoisomerization properties were studied by UV-vis and HPLC and supported by ab initio calculations. The cis/trans ratio of AZO-CDim 1 is 7:93 without irradiation and 37:63 after 120 min of irradiation at 365 nm; the reaction is reversible after irradiation at 254 nm. The photoinduced, switchable binding behavior of AZO-CDim 1 was evaluated by ITC, NMR and molecular modeling in the presence of a ditopic adamantyl guest. The results indicate that AZO-CDim 1 can form two different inclusion complexes with an adamantyl dimer depending on its photoinduced isomers. Both cavities of cis-AZO-CDim 1 are complexed simultaneously by two adamantyl units of the guest forming a 1:1 complex while trans-AZO-CDim 1 seems to lead to the formation of supramolecular polymers with an n:n stoichiometry.
Effects of Nitric Oxide on Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Caused by Intracarotid Injection of Hyperosmolar Mannitol in Rats (1997)

We performed this study to evaluate the effects of changing the level of nitric oxide (NO) on disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by hyperosmolar mannitol. Under isoflurane anesthesia, control rats (control group, n = 6) were given infusions with 25% mannitol into the internal carotid artery before measuring the transfer coefficient (Ki) of14 C-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (14) C-AIB). In the CAS group (n = 6), [3-(cis-2,6-dimethyl piperidino)-sydnonimine] (CAS 754), a NO donor, was injected to decrease the mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 55 mm Hg and in the L-NAME group (n = 6), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NO synthase inhibitor, was injected before administering mannitol. In additional control animals (control + P group, n = 6) and additional CAS 754-treated animals (CAS + P group, n = 6), phenylephrine was infused to keep MAP at 130 mm Hg during the experimental period. In the control group, with mannitol injection, the Ki of the ipsilateral cortex (IC) where mannitol was injected increased to 4.3 times that of the contralateral cortex (CC) (17.2 +/- 2.9 vs 4.0 +/- 2.6 micro l [center dot] g-1 [centered dot] min-1). Without blood pressure control, the Ki of the IC of the CAS group (7.0 +/- 4.5) was lower and that of the L-NAME group (26.2 +/- 12.7) was higher than that of the control animals. At the same MAP, the Ki of the IC of the CAS + P group (9.6 +/- 3.1) was significantly lower than that of the control + P group (21.3 +/- 14.5) or that of the L-NAME group. There was no significant difference in the Ki of the IC between the control + P and the L-NAME groups. In conclusion, L-NAME worsened BBB disruption induced by hyperosmolar solution, which may be due to the pressure effect of L-NAME. CAS 754 was effective in attenuating disruption of the BBB caused by hyperosmolar mannitol. This effect is apparently not due to decreased MAP. (Anesth Analg 1997;84:370-5)
Network-Enhanced Photoresponse Time of Ge Nanowire Photodetectors (2010)

We demonstrated that the photoresponse time of Ge nanowire (NW) photodetectors could be greatly improved by using percolated NW networks (instead of single NW) as the active detection channels. Although the reset time for single-NW devices was >70 s, a fast reset time <1 s was observed for NW-network devices. The enhancement was attributed to the barrier-dominated conductance for network devices, which was not available in single-NW devices. The network structures provide ideal alternative solutions to the conventional single-NW photodetectors, given their superior performances and low-cost fabrication processes.
A comparative analysis of photovoltaic street lighting systems installed in Thailand (2003)

This paper presents a comparative analysis of photovoltaic (PV) street lighting system in three different lamps. Namely, a low pressure sodium lamp a high pressure sodium lamp and a fluorescent lamp have been used for installation in each mast to determine the suitable system to install in a typical rural area of Thailand. All three systems have been mounted with the same module type and wattage in different places within the Rajamangala Institute of Technology, Thanyaburi district, Pathumthani province of Thailand. An operation of solar street lighting system can be divided into 2 period of time, namely, at 18.00-22.00 hours and 05.00-06.00 hours. The design of a control circuit was experimentally done in this work. Protection of the battery from damage for deep discharge and overcharge by a controller was also considered. The life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is the appropriate method for comparing three different lamps. The present worth of each system can be compared and the least cost option selected. LCCA was based on the key assumptions (year 2002). The results of comparative analysis of the PV street lighting systems with a fluorescent lamp has been the appropriate system for installation in a typical rural area of Thailand when the cost of lamps, system performance and possibility for purchasing the components of the system have been considered.
Physiology and biochemistry of insect digestion: an evolutionary perspective. (1988)

This review primarily considers those papers which provide a full description of the steps by which the ingested food is hydrolyzed in the different regions of the insect gut. It is organized on the basis of major physiological topics and evolutionary hypotheses are used to integrate the data. A comprehensive proposal on the evolution of digestive systems in insects is provided.