gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influences on Concentration Measurements of Liquid Aerosols by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (1995)

Results are presented for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a method for measuring salt concentrations in seawater aerosol droplets. An excimer laser, operating at high pulse energy with KrF gas (λ = 248 nm) produces laser-induced breakdown plasmas in an aerosol spray. Emission lines of Na and H are monitored with an optical multichannel analyzer to characterize the plasma spatially and temporally. Studies of temporally resolved atomic line emissions from the plasma determine the optimum time for gating of the detector to be 2–4 μs after the excimer laser pulse arrives in the probe volume. Spatially resolved measurements of atomic emission line intensities are studied by positioning a stream of monodisperse droplets at various locations relative to the measurement probe volume. The electron temperature of the plasma is estimated to be 12,600 ± 4600 K, averaged over 1700 measurements during a 100-ns interval 2 μs after breakdown. Calibration curves are presented relating the Na(I) 589-nm to H α 656.3-nm intensity ratio as a function of Na concentration, ranging from 100 to 10,000 ppm. Limits of detection for Na by the current method under the experimental conditions are estimated to be approximately 165 ppm for monodisperse sprays and 925 ppm for one case involving a polydisperse spray. Droplet diameter strongly influences the observed emission intensity ratio.
High LRRK2 Levels Fail to Induce or Exacerbate Neuronal Alpha-Synucleinopathy in Mouse Brain (2012)

The G2019S mutation in the multidomain protein leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is one of the most frequently identified genetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinically, LRRK2(G2019S) carriers with PD and idiopathic PD patients have a very similar disease with brainstem and cortical Lewy pathology (α-synucleinopathy) as histopathological hallmarks. Some patients have Tau pathology. Enhanced kinase function of the LRRK2(G2019S) mutant protein is a prime suspect mechanism for carriers to develop PD but observations in LRRK2 knock-out, G2019S knock-in and kinase-dead mutant mice suggest that LRRK2 steady-state abundance of the protein also plays a determining role. One critical question concerning the molecular pathogenesis in LRRK2(G2019S) PD patients is whether α-synuclein (aSN) has a contributory role. To this end we generated mice with high expression of either wildtype or G2019S mutant LRRK2 in brainstem and cortical neurons. High levels of these LRRK2 variants left endogenous aSN and Tau levels unaltered and did not exacerbate or otherwise modify α-synucleinopathy in mice that co-expressed high levels of LRRK2 and aSN in brain neurons. On the contrary, in some lines high LRRK2 levels improved motor skills in the presence and absence of aSN-transgene-induced disease. Therefore, in many neurons high LRRK2 levels are well tolerated and not sufficient to drive or exacerbate neuronal α-synucleinopathy.
Pyrolytic production of Se (<sup>3</sup><i>P</i>) from carbon diselenide. I. Equilibrium (1977)

Abstract Thermodynamic characteristics of the dissociation of carbon diselenide are examined. Results of a shock‐tube study of CSe 2 pyrolysis are combined with previously unreported photoionization spectroscopy data on CSe 2 and with a critical examination of the available literature on Se( g ), Se 2 ( g ), CSe( g ), CSe 2 ( g ), and CSe 2 ( t ). Based on the best currently available information, recommendations are made for the values of enthalpies, entropies, heat capacities, and derived functions. In particular, the most likely value for Δ H 0 (CSe 2 ( g ) → CSe( g ) + Se( g , 3 P )) is +83 kcal/mol, and for K p at 2000°K it is 0.018 atm.
Damping Augmentation of Epoxy Using Carbon Nanotubes (2010)

In nanotube-based polymeric composite structures it is anticipated that high damping can be achieved by taking advantage of the interfacial friction between the nanotubes and the polymer. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the structural damping characteristics of polymeric composites containing carbon nanotubes (CNT) of various kinds and amounts. The damping characteristics of the specimens with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt% nanotube contents were determined experimentally. Through comparing with neat resin specimens, the study showed that one can enhance damping by adding CNT fillers into epoxy. It is also shown that single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based composites could achieve higher damping than composites with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) fillers. Comparing the damping ratio of 0.5 wt% MWCNT and functionalized MWCNT (MWCNT-COOH) specimens, the damping ratio of the 0.5 wt% MWCNT-COOH specimen is higher because of the surface modification. Similarly, experiments showed that the maximum value of the damping ratio was obtained at 1 wt%.
The Association of Whole Grain Intake and Fasting Insulin in a Biracial Cohort of Young Adults: The CARDIA Study. (1998)

The independent inverse relationship between whole grain consumption and fasting insulin levels may have important public health implications in light of the low consumption of whole grains and the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the US.
The use of tumor growth kinetics in planning "curative" chemotherapy of advanced solid tumors. (1969)

Summary Data are presented (both previously published and new) which suggest that, as tumors of animals increase in size, the growth fraction (GF) of the viable tumor cells that are in the cell division cycle decreases. As the GF decreases, sensitivity to antimetabolite drugs decreases. Significant reduction of a large (>108) viable tumor cell population is followed by an increase in GF and increased sensitivity to antimetabolite drugs. Based on these concepts, a rational chemotherapeutic approach to treatment of malignant disease involving sequential therapy with highly reactive and cell cycle-nonspecific agents (e.g., alkylating agents) followed by cell cycle-specific anticancer agents (e.g., antimetabolites) is suggested.
Carbohydrates Containing Nitrogen or Sulfur in the “Hemiacetal” Ring (1966)

Abstract In 5‐amino‐5‐deoxy‐and 5‐thioaldoses, a 6‐membered hemiacetal ring can be formed by incorporation of a nitrogen or sulfur atom into the ring instead of the oxygen present in pyranoses. In the case of 5‐(N‐acylamido) ‐5‐ deoxyaldoses, the nucleophilic strength of the amide grouping is lowered, with the result that ring closure occurs only when sterically favored, or when a side reaction with formation of furanose is not possible. On the other hand, 5‐amino‐5‐deoxyaldoses containing a free amino group readily from 6‐membered “hemiacetal” rings. The resulting piperidinoses possess properties that are unusual in sugars, since they contain the 2‐hydroxypiperidine ring system. Piperidinoses are stable to alkalis and labile to acids; they rearrange in the presence of acids to give Amadori compounds, or lose three molecules of water to give derivatives of β‐hydroxypyridines. Owing to the high reactivity of the mercapto group, 5‐thioaldoses from only sugars with rings containing sulfur, the behavior of which resembles that of the oxygen analogues. 4‐Amino‐4‐deoxy‐ and 4‐thioaldoses can form 5‐membered rings containing nitrogen and sulfur.
Fetal <i>Hox11</i> expression patterns predict defective target organs: a novel link between developmental biology and autoimmunity (2008)

Developmental biology has long been ignored in the etiology and diverse manifestations of autoimmune diseases. Yet a role for development is suggested by intriguing overlaps in particular organs targeted in autoimmune diseases, in this case type 1 diabetes and Sjogren's syndrome. Patients with type 1 diabetes have high rates of co-occurring Sjogren's syndrome, and both conditions are associated with hearing loss and tongue abnormalities. All of these co-occurrences are found in organs tracing their lineage to the developmental transcription factor Hox11, which is expressed in embryonic cells destined for the pancreas, salivary glands, tongue, cranial nerves and cochlea. To determine whether development contributes to autoimmunity, we compared four target organs in NOD mice (an animal model for type 1 diabetes and Sjogren's syndrome) with NOD-SCID mice (which lack lymphocytes) and normal controls. We examined the structure and/or function of the cochlea, salivary glands, pancreas and tongue at early time points after birth. Before the usual time of the onset of type 1 diabetes or Sjogren's syndrome, we show that all four Hox11-derived organs are structurally abnormal in both NOD mice and NOD-SCID mice versus controls. The most striking functional defect is near complete hearing loss occurring before the normal time of the onset of autoimmunity. The hearing loss is associated with severe structural defects in the cochlea, suggesting that near-deafness occurs independent of autoimmune attack. The pancreas and salivary glands are also structurally abnormal in NOD and NOD-SCID mice, but they are functionally normal. This suggests that autoimmune attack of these two organs is required for functional failure. We conclude that a developmental lineage of cells contributes to autoimmunity and predicts which organs may be targeted, either structurally and/or functionally. Taken together, our findings challenge the orthodoxy that autoimmunity is solely caused by a defective immune system.
TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis Is Preferentially Mediated via TRAIL Receptor 1 in Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells and Profoundly Enhanced by XIAP Inhibitors (2010)

Mapatumumab exerts antitumor activity, especially in combination with XIAP inhibitors against most pancreatic carcinoma cell lines, whereas lexatumumab requires cross-linking for optimal cytotoxicity. These findings have important implications for the design of TRAIL-based protocols for pancreatic cancer.
Real-time skeletal skinning with optimized centers of rotation (2016)

Skinning algorithms that work across a broad range of character designs and poses are crucial to creating compelling animations. Currently, linear blend skinning (LBS) and dual quaternion skinning (DQS) are the most widely used, especially for real-time applications. Both techniques are efficient to compute and are effective for many purposes. However, they also have many well-known artifacts, such as collapsing elbows, candy wrapper twists, and bulging around the joints. Due to the popularity of LBS and DQS, it would be of great benefit to reduce these artifacts without changing the animation pipeline or increasing the computational cost significantly. In this paper, we introduce a new direct skinning method that addresses this problem. Our key idea is to pre-compute the optimized center of rotation for each vertex from the rest pose and skinning weights. At runtime, these centers of rotation are used to interpolate the rigid transformation for each vertex. Compared to other direct skinning methods, our method significantly reduces the artifacts of LBS and DQS while maintaining real-time performance and backwards compatibility with the animation pipeline.
Screen-Film Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk: A Comparison of the Volumetric Standard Mammogram Form and the Interactive Threshold Measurement Methods (2010)

Threshold percent density is a stronger predictor of breast cancer risk than the SMF version 2.2beta method in digitized images.
CXCR4/CXCL12 Hyperexpression Plays a Pivotal Role in the Pathogenesis of Lupus (2009)

Among various surface molecules screened, CXCR4 was significantly up-regulated on monocytes, neutrophils, B cell subsets, and plasma cells in multiple murine models of lupus with active nephritis, including B6.Sle1Yaa, BXSB, and MRL.lpr. TLR-mediated signaling and inflammatory cytokines accounted in part for this increase. Increased CXCR4 expression was associated with functional consequences, including increased migration and enhanced B cell survival. Simultaneously, the ligand for CXCR4, CXCL12, was significantly up-regulated in the nephritic kidneys. Treatment with a peptide antagonist of CXCR4 prolonged survival and reduced serum autoantibodies, splenomegaly, intrarenal leukocyte trafficking, and end organ disease in a murine model of lupus. These findings underscore the pathogenic role of CXCR4/CXCL12 in lymphoproliferative lupus and lupus nephritis and highlight this axis as a promising therapeutic target in this disease.
Immunologic Factors and Clinical Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (1968)

To clarify the association between certain immunologic factors and clinical activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 96 patients were studied. Those with antibodies to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or heat-denatured DNA, or with serum complement levels of less than 50 C′H50 units per ml, were more likely to have renal involvement. Very low complement levels and high titers of complement-fixing antibodies to DNA were always associated with active disease, especially active renal disease, whereas the absence of these abnormalities usually indicated inactive renal disease. A 50 per cent fall in serum complement levels in 22 patients was accompanied by, or preceded the onset of, active nephritis in 19 patients. These serologic factors may thus reflect the in vivo formation of immune complexes that cause nephritis. Serial immunochemical observations may be useful in the management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF COFORMYCIN, STRUCTURE OF COFORMYCIN, AN UNUSUAL NUCLEOSIDE OF MICROBIAL ORIGIN (1974)

Abstract Das ′Acetat (Ib) des Purins (Ia) wird in das Dihydropurin (IIa) übergeführt.
Apoptosis, necrosis, and proliferation: possible implications in the etiology of keloids. (1996)

Keloids are collagenous lesions acquired as a result of abnormal wound heating. In this study we have assessed the potential role of proliferation, apoptosis, and necrosis in keloids. Samples were immunolabeled for proliferating cell nuclear antigen or DNA strand breaks or stained with acridine orange. Proliferating cells were observed in the basal layer of the epidermis and fibroblasts in the dermis, the numbers of the latter being increased in comparison with normal skin. No proliferating cells were observed in the central region of the keloid. In normal skin, apoptotic cells were restricted to the basal layer of the epidermis. In keloid samples, numerous apoptotic cells were observed in the epidermis and dermis; the number and distribution of positive cells decreased more distal to the keloid lesion. Apoptotic endothelial cells of a small proportion of blood vessels in the dermis were also observed. Evidence of necrosis was also seen in the dermis. These results suggest that, with maturity, progressive cell degeneration primarily by apoptosis results in clearance of certain cellular populations resulting in the typical keloid lesion. However, the persistence of fibroblast proliferation at the dermal/keloid interface propagates the fibrosis.
Computational mechanics of the heart - From tissue structure to ventricular function (2000)

Abstract. Finite elasticity theory combined with finite element analysis provides the framework for analysing ventricular mechanics during the filling phase of the cardiac cycle, when cardiac cells are not actively contracting. The orthotropic properties of the passive tissue are described here by a “pole–zero ” constitutive law, whose parameters are derived in part from a model of the underlying distributions of collagen fibres. These distributions are based on our observations of the fibrous-sheet laminar architecture of myocardial tissue. We illustrate the use of high order (cubic Hermite) basis functions in solving the Galerkin finite element stress equilibrium equations based on this orthotropic constitutive law and for incorporating the observed regional distributions of fibre and sheet orientations. Pressure–volume relations and 3D principal strains predicted by the model are compared with experimental observations. A model of active tissue properties, based on isolated muscle experiments, is also introduced in order to predict transmural distributions of 3D principal strains at the end of the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle. We end by offering a critique of the current model of ventricular mechanics and propose new challenges for future modellers. Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000): 74B20, 74L15. Key words: finite elastic deformation, cardiac mechanics, orthotropic constitutive relations, fibrous-
Region-specific expression in early chick and mouse embryos of Ghox-lab and Hox 1.6, vertebrate homeobox-containing genes related to <i>Drosophila labial</i> (1990)

We explore three possible pathways for the evolution of genomic imprinting. (1) Imprinting may be advantageous in itself when imprinted and unimprinted alleles of a locus confer different phenotypes. If a segment of DNA is imprinted in the gametes of one sex but not in those of the other, it might lead to effects correlated with sexual dimorphism. More fundamentally, in certain organisms, sex determination might have evolved because of imprinting. When imprinting leads to chromosome elimination or inactivation and occurs in some embryos but not in others, two classes of embryos, differing in the number of functional gene copies, would result. A model for sex determination based on inequality in the actual or effective copy-number of particular noncoding, regulatory sequences of DNA has been proposed (Chandra, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82. 1165-1169 and 6947-6949, 1985). Maternal control of offspring sex is another possible consequence of imprinting; this would indicate a potential role for imprinting in sex ratio evolution. (2) Genes responsible for imprinting may have pleiotropic effects and they may have been selected for reasons other than their imprinting ability. Lack of evidence precludes further consideration of this possibility. (3) Imprinting could have co-evolved with other traits. For instance, gamete-specific imprinting could lead to a lowered fitness of androgenetic or gynogenetic diploids relative to the fitness of 'normal' diploids. This in turn would reinforce the evolution of anisogamy. The reversibility of imprinting raises the possibility of occasional incomplete or improper erasure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High-power performance of a high-speed photodetector (2002)

The high power performance of an ultrafast GaInAs p-i-n photodiode photodetector with integrated optical waveguide and biasing network is demonstrated. Up to about +20 dBm optical peak power the FWHM of 9 ps remains nearly constant proving the applicability in EDFA-based 40 Gbit/s receivers.
Faraday Rotation of Rare-Earth Ions. I. Theory (1964)

A general expression for the complex Faraday rotation is obtained by generalizing the Kramers-Heisenberg dispersion formula. It shows that the pure rotation is proportional to the sum of circular dichroism in in all resonance transitions weighted by the appropriate resonance-dispersion factors. The cases of free ions and rare-earth ions in solids are discussed. It is shown how ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$, having the same electronic structure, may possess very different rotatory powers in a given frequency range through the difference in their optical spectra. The formula for the anomalous rotatory dispersion about sharp lines is also given.
Fast Re-Authentication Protocol for Inter-Domain Roaming (2007)

In this paper we introduce the Fast re-Authentication protocol (FAP) for inter-domain roaming, which aims to reduce authentication delay of a mobile user in a visited administrative domain. The approach eliminates the need of communication between the target and the user's home networks for credentials verification and uses a short-living lightweight re-authentication ticket that does not require revocation mechanism. The proposed approach does not depend on the nature of roaming agreements between different networks.
Use of Glass‐Ceramic Coatings Containing Water‐Reactive Components as a Bonding Layer Between Concrete and Metal (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Fabrication of Composite Beams Load Testing of Composite Beams Results and Discussion Conclusions
Automated Semantic Labelling of 3D Vector Models for Scan-to-BIM (2016)

With the increasing popularity of Building Information modelling (BIM), the demand for accurate as-built models of existing buildings is rising. However, the manual creation of these models is labour intensive and error prone. Therefore, automation of the process is a must. One of the key factors in the automated Scan-to-BIM process is the labelling of the data for further reconstruction. Currently, semantic labelling is still ongoing research. This paper presents a flexible method to automatically label highly cluttered vector models of existing buildings. In our proposed method, a reasoning framework is used that exploits geometric and contextual information. A major advantage to our approach is that our algorithm can label both cluttered environments and large data sets very efficiently. Unlike other solutions, this allows us to label entire buildings at once. In addition, the implementation of our algorithm and the platform we use allows for flexible data processing, visualisation of the results and improvement of the labelling process. Our work covers the entire labelling phase and allows the user to label data sets with a minimal amount of effort.
Theoretical considerations of membrane fouling and its treatment with immobilized enzymes for protein ultrafiltration (1982)

The ultrafiltration process was modelled in three separate stages with distinctive time constants. It was shown that in the first stage lasting less than 5 s a quasi-steady-state concentration profile is reached on the membrane/solution interface. In the second stage of 1–10-min solute adsorption on the membrane surface including the pores controls the permeation rate. The third stage is governed by a reaction mechanism which produces a surface gel causing flux decline at a slower rate than in the previous adsorption step. This polymerization of the protein to a gel on the membrane was shown to be second order in the interface protein concentrations. A reproducible and inexpensive method has been developed to attach food-grade proteases onto UF membranes by producing a primary adsorbed layer of enzyme which then retards the rate of gel formation on the ultrafilter. This resulted in 25–78% improvement in cumulative permeate yield in a standard 22-h run when processing 0.5% albumin or hemoglobin. The enhanced fluxes with self-cleaning membranes were modelled by incorporating an enzyme activity term to counteract the deposition of gel on the membrane surface and altering the apparent order of the gelation reaction.
Direct Access to Plant Epicuticular Wax Crystals by a New Mechanical Isolation Method (2000)

A new method for the isolation of wax crystals from plant surfaces is presented. The wax-covered plant surface, e.g., a piece of a leaf or fruit, is brought into contact with a preparation liquid, e.g., glycerol or triethylene glycol, and cooled to ca. -100 degrees C. When the plant specimen is removed, the epicuticular wax remains embedded in the frozen liquid. After it warms up, the wax layer can be captured on appropriate carriers for further studies. This isolation method causes very little stress on the wax crystals; thus the shape and crystal structure are well preserved. In many cases it is possible, by choosing a preparation liquid with appropriate wettability, to isolate either the entire epicuticular wax layer or only discrete wax crystals without the underlying wax film. These crystals are well suited for electron diffraction studies by transmission electron microscopy and high resolution imaging by atomic force microscopy. The absence of intracuticular components and other impurities and the feasibility of the selective isolation of wax crystals enable improved chemical analysis and a more detailed study of their properties.