gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A tool for classifying office documents (2002)

The authors present the design of a tool for classifying office documents. They represent a document's layout structure using an ordered labeled tree, called the layout structure tree (L-S-tree), based on a nested segmentation procedure. The tool uses a sample-based approach for learning, where concepts are learned by retaining samples and new documents are classified by matching their L-S-trees with samples. The matching process involves both computing the edit distance between two trees using a previously developed pattern matching toolkit, and calculating the degree of conceptual closeness between the documents and samples. The experimental results show that the tool is capable of classifying various types of office documents, even with very few samples in the sample base.
SoftECC : A System for Software Memory Integrity Checking (2005)

Thesis (M. Eng. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2005.
Integrins as Target: First Phase III Trial Launches, but Questions Remain (2010)

C ellular glue, signaling molecule, cancer accessory — scientists have described various functions for the integrin cellular receptors since the 1970s. And now they may be adding another role to the list: For the first time, an integrin as a target for cancer therapy has made it to a phase III clinical trial. Merck KGaA, based in Germany, is sponsoring the trial to test cilengitide, an RGD (arginine – glycine – aspartic acid) peptide targeting an integrin involved in angiogenesis, for the brain cancer glioblastoma. The study, led by Roger Stupp, M.D., at the University of Lausanne Hospital in Lausanne, Switzerland, is currently recruiting more than 500 patients from Asia, Europe, and North America. “Cilengitide is up front, and if it continues to look good, it will be the fi rst drug of this kind to be approved,” said David Cheresh, Ph.D., at the University of California at San Diego in La Jolla, who worked on the early preclinical studies with the drug. But whether more integrin-targeted drugs will appear remains uncertain. One unanswered question about anti-integrin drugs in general concerns their effects on normal cells. What makes integrins a potentially effective cancer therapy target, their key role in cell survival, also makes them a tricky mark because many of the receptors are active in both normal and cancer cells. Also, some preclinical studies suggest that anti-integrin compounds can promote cancerous activity. “The limitation of these drugs could be toxicity,” said Filippo Giancotti, M.D., Ph.D., at the Sloan – Kettering Institute in New York, who studies integrins in normal development and cancer.
Increased Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II (IGF-II) and IGF-Binding Protein-2 Are Associated with Malignancy in Sporadic Adrenocortical Tumors<sup>1</sup> (1998)

In adrenocortical tumors, malignancy is strongly associated with insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene overexpression and abnormalities at the 11p15 locus, suggesting a role for this growth factor in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. To further investigate this role, the IGF/IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) system was analyzed in 18 adrenocortical tumors, classified into 2 groups on the basis of their IGF-II messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) content (group 1, normal IGF-II mRNA content, mostly benign tumors; group 2, high IGF-II mRNA content, mostly malignant tumors). Group 2 tumors contained 10 times more IGF-II protein than group 1 tumors or normal adrenal tissue (P < 0.001), indicating efficient translation of IGF-II mRNA in malignant tumors. Western ligand blotting detected various functional IGFBPs in normal adrenocortical glands and tumors: a doublet of 39-42 kDa identified by immunoblotting as IGFBP-3, a band at 32 kDa, and bands at 29-30 and 24 kDa. Total IGFBP-3 protein levels were similar in the two groups of tumors. By contrast, malignant tumors differed from benign ones by specific expression of the 32-kDa IGFBP. Immunoblotting identified this 32-kDa band together with a proteolytic fragment of 25 kDa as IGFBP-2, and quantitative analysis showed significantly higher levels of total IGFBP-2 in malignant tumors than in benign tumors (P < 0.001). Despite enhanced levels of IGBP-2 protein in malignant tumors, no increase in IGFBP-2 mRNA levels was detected, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation of this IGFBP. These results confirm the major role of IGF-II in adrenocortical tumorigenesis and suggest that IGFBP-2 may be a regulator of IGF-II proliferative effects in this tumor system.
Mutant<i>Escherichia coli</i>Heat-Labile Toxin B Subunit That Separates Toxoid-Mediated Signaling and Immunomodulatory Action from Trafficking and Delivery Functions (2003)

The homopentameric B-subunit components of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (EtxB) and cholera toxin (CtxB) possess the capacity to enter mammalian cells and to activate cell-signaling events in leukocytes that modulate immune cell function. Both properties have been attributed to the ability of the B subunits to bind to GM1-ganglioside receptors, a ubiquitous glycosphingolipid found in the plasma membrane. Here we describe the properties of EtxB(H57S), a mutant B subunit with a His-->Ser substitution at position 57. The mutant was found to be severely defective in inducing leukocyte signaling, as shown by failure to (i) trigger caspase 3-mediated CD8(+)-T-cell apoptosis, (ii) activate nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in Jurkat T cells, (iii) induce a potent anti-B-subunit response in mice, or (iv) serve as a mucosal adjuvant. However, its GM1 binding, cellular uptake, and delivery functions remained intact. This was further validated by the finding that EtxB(H57S) was as effective as EtxB in delivering a conjugated model class I epitope into the major histocompatibility complex class I pathway of a dendritic cell line. These observations imply that GM1 binding alone is not sufficient to trigger the signaling events responsible for the potent immunomodulatory properties of EtxB. Moreover, they demonstrate that its signaling properties play no role in EtxB uptake and trafficking. Thus, EtxB(H57S) represents a novel tool for evaluating the complex cellular interactions and signaling events occurring after receptor interaction, as well as offering an alternative means of delivering attached peptides in the absence of the potent immunomodulatory signals induced by wild-type B subunits.
Inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis by the leukocyte product 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid. (1980)

Rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, elicited with glycogen, metabolized added [1-14C]arachidonic acid to the 5-lipoxygenase products 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid and 5,12-dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (leukotriene B) and the 15-lipoxygenase product 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid. These metabolites were isolated by high pressure liquid chromatography and converted to the trimethylsilyl-ether methyl ester derivatives, and the structures were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. When polymorphonuclear leukocytes were preincubated with 15-HETE (16 microM), the formation of 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid and 5,12-dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicostatetraenoic acid from [1-14C]arachidonic acid was strongly suppressed. The concentration required for 50% inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in these cells was approximately 6 microM, which is comparable to the concentrations (0.20 to 1.8 microM) of 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid produced in incubations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with arachidonic acid alone. Recent reports indicate that slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (leukotriene C/D) and chemotactic substance leukotriene B are arachidonic acid metabolites formed via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Our observations thus suggest that 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid can regulate the formation of these vasoactive and inflammatory mediators intracellularly.
Effective Control of Strain in SOI by SiN Deposition (2007)

Strain introduction in SOI substrates by SiN capping film was evaluated by UV-Raman spectroscopy. Induced strain became larger with increasing SiN film thickness. SOI substrates originally had tensile strain and the SiN cap shifted the strain toward the compressive direction. The induced strain was larger in the thinner SOI substrates with the same thickness of the SiN capping film. We also evaluated a substrate after SiN patterning with a high spatial resolution of 200-nm, and found strain enhancement at the pattern edge.
Fimbriae and determination of host species specificity of Bordetella bronchiseptica (1993)

A monoclonal antibody, designated CF8 and prepared against fimbrial protein enrichments of Bordetella bronchiseptica 110H, was determined by immunogold electron microscopy to bind to some but not all fimbrial filaments on intact bacterial cells. Comparison of the reactivity of this antibody with that of monoclonal antibody BPF2, which is specific for Bordetella pertussis serotype 2 fimbriae, indicated that CF8 recognizes an epitope similar to that recognized by BPF2. By Western blot (immunoblot), it was determined that monoclonal antibody CF8 does not react with proteins denatured by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and beta-mercaptoethanol and by boiling for 5 min but that it does recognize fimbrial proteins in their native, nondenatured state. This antibody was used to compare fimbriae between strains of B. bronchiseptica isolated from different species. Strains from pigs, dogs, guinea pigs, and four other species were compared by an enzyme immunoassay. Strains isolated from pigs were found to express significantly more CF8-reactive and B. pertussis serotype 2 cross-reactive fimbriae than strains isolated from guinea pigs. Strains from dogs were more variable in reactivity than those from pigs or guinea pigs. The reactivity with antifimbrial monoclonal antibody CF8 did not correlate with enzyme electromorphotype but did correlate with the host species, suggesting a role for fimbriae in the determination of host species specificity of B. bronchiseptica.
Addition of Ethylenic Compounds to Tetracyclones (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAddition of Ethylenic Compounds to TetracyclonesC. F. H. ALLEN, R. W. RYAN Jr., and J. A. VanALLANCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 3, 778–779Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01050a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01050a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views118Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Control of Hand Prostheses: A Literature Review (2013)

In recent years, there has been a steep rise in the quality of prostheses for patients with upper limb amputations. One common control method, using electromyographic (EMG) signals generated by muscle contractions, has allowed for an increase in the degrees of freedom (DOFs) of hand designs and a larger number of available grip patterns with little added complexity for the wearer. However, it provides little sensory feedback and requires non-natural control which must be learned by the user. Another recent improvement in prosthetic hand design instead employs electroneurographic (ENG) signals, requiring an interface directly with the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or the central nervous system (CNS) to control a prosthetic hand. While ENG methods are more invasive than using surface EMG for control, an interface with the PNS has the potential to provide more natural control and creates an avenue for both efferent and afferent sensory feedback. Despite the recent progress in design and control strategies, however, prosthetic hands are still far more limited than the actual human hand. This review outlines the recent progress in the development of EMG and ENG controlled prosthetic hands, discussing advancements in the areas of sensory feedback and control. The potential benefits and limitations of both control strategies, in terms of signal classification, invasiveness, and sensory feedback, are examined. A brief overview of interfaces with the CNS is provided, and potential future developments for these control methods are discussed.
TIREM/SEM Handbook. (1994)

Abstract : This document provides a description of the operation of the Terrain Integrated Rough Earth Model (TIREM) and the Spherical Earth Model (SEM), including the engineering formulations on which the models are based. Both models are modular programs with many common subroutines that conform with ANSI Fortran standards. TIREM and SEM can be used as independent propagation models for rough earth (with a known terrain profile) or smooth earth applications, respectively. Both models consider the effects of free space spreading, reflection, surface wave propagation, diffraction, tropospheric scatter propagation, and atmospheric absorption, as appropriate.
KLT-based adaptive vector quantization using PCNN (2002)

This paper proposes a KLT-CVQ (Karhunen-Loeve transform-classified vector quantization) using a PCNN (principal component neural network) to improve the quality of the reconstructed images at a given bit rate. By using the PCNN and classified vector quantization, we can exploit the high energy compaction and complete decorrelation capabilities of the KLT and the advantages of the VQ over SQ to improve the performance of the proposed hybrid coding technique. To preserve the perceptual features such as the edge components in the reconstructed images, we classified the input image blocks according to the texture energy measures of the local statistics and then vector-coded them adaptively to reduce the possible edge degradation in the reconstructed images. The results of the computer simulations show that the performance of the proposed KLT-CVQ is higher than that of the KLT-CSQ (classified scalar quantization) or the DCT (discrete cosine transform)-CVQ in the quality of the reconstructed images at a given bit rate.
Improved Method of Mixed-Boundary Component-Mode Representation for Structural Dynamic Analysis (2005)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Screening of Fumigants for Toxicity to Eggs and Larvae of the Oriental Fruit Fly and Mediterranean Fruit Fly (1963)

One hundred and eight compounds and mixtures were evaluated as fumigants for eggs and larvae of the oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel). These compounds and mixtures plus those previously evaluated against this insect bring the total to 350. In addition, 62 of the above compounds and mixtures were evaluated as fumigants for eggs and larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitala (Wiedemann)). Materials toxic to one species were generally toxic to the other. Most of the halogenated esters, ethers, and alcohols had LD-95’s higher than 20 mg./liter for both eggs and larvae. Of the total of 333 chemical compounds (mixtures not included) evaluated thus far, 12% of 114 non-halogenated compounds and 12% of 219 containing halogens had LD-95’s of less than 20 mg./liter for both stages. The compounds most toxic to eggs and larvae of fruit flies were the iodides and the isothiocyanates, all of which were injurious to treated papayas.
Encoding and Decoding Bursts by NMDA Spikes in Basal Dendrites of Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons (2009)

Bursts of action potentials are important information-bearing signals in the brain, although the neuronal specializations underlying burst generation and detection are only partially understood. In apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons, calcium spikes are known to contribute to burst generation, but a comparable understanding of basal dendritic mechanisms is lacking. Here we show that NMDA spikes in basal dendrites mediate both detection and generation of bursts through a postsynaptic mechanism. High-frequency inputs to basal dendrites markedly facilitated NMDA spike initiation compared with low-frequency activation or single inputs. Unlike conventional temporal summation effects based on voltage, however, NMDA spike facilitation depended mainly on residual glutamate bound to NMDA receptors from previous activations. Once triggered by an input burst, we found that NMDA spikes in turn reliably trigger output bursts under in vivo-like stimulus conditions. Through their unique biophysical properties, NMDA spikes are thus ideally suited to promote the propagation of bursts through the cortical network.
Alfonso X el Sabio, candidato al Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, y la proyección europea de las Siete Partidas (2008)

Alfonso X, habia iniciado un proyecto juridico concebido para un ambito peninsular (el Especulo), pero como rey de romanos ordena paralizarlo e iniciar otro con proyeccion europea (las Siete Partidas). Finalmente, fracasada su aspiracion al trono europeo, su hijo Sancho IV abandono las Siete Partidas y volvio al Especulo. Anos mas tarde, Alfonso XI, biznieto de Alfonso X, volveria a imponer las Siete Partidas, y el Especulo quedo definitivamente olvidado.
La Ley de Partidas netamente romana podia corresponder, como ha establecido Alvaro d`Ors, a la ambicion de un emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano, deseoso de extender la recepcion del ius commune, pero, fracasado, el intento se convirtio en una compilacion genuinamente espanola, aunque de derecho romano, como tal preservo a Espana de una verdadera recepcion del derecho romano comun. 
Alfonso X, al crear un verdadero derecho nacional, sento las bases de un Estado moderno.
Estimation of Multivehicle Dynamics by Considering Contextual Information (2012)

Human drivers are endowed with an inborn ability to put themselves in the position of other drivers and reason about their behavior and intended actions. State-of-the-art driving-assistance systems, on the other hand, are generally limited to physical models and ad hoc safety rules. In order to drive safely amongst humans, autonomous vehicles need to develop an understanding of the situation in the form of a high-level description of the state of traffic participants. This paper presents a probabilistic model to estimate the state of vehicles by considering interactions between drivers immersed in traffic. The model is defined within a probabilistic filtering framework; estimation and prediction are carried out with statistical inference techniques. Memory requirements increase linearly with the number of vehicles, and thus, it is possible to scale the model to complex scenarios involving many participants. The approach is validated using real-world data collected by a group of interacting ground vehicles.
Observation of multiple myosin subfragment 1-ADP-fluoroberyllate complexes by fluorine-19 NMR spectroscopy (1993)

Fluoroaluminate and fluoroberyllate are potent inhibitors of the ATPase activity of myosin. Inhibition requires the presence of ADP, and much evidence has accumulated to suggest that the tetrahedral fluoroaluminate and fluoroberyllate ions act as phosphate analogues, binding with high affinity at the active site in the position normally occupied by the terminal phosphate of ATP. Both the S1-ADP-fluoroaluminate and the S1-ADP-fluoroberyllate species are thought to resemble kinetic intermediates in the actomyosin ATPase cycle. Characterization of S1-bound fluoroaluminate by 19F NMR is straightforward; a single resonance identified as AlF4- is observed easily [Maruta, S., Henry, G.D., Sykes, B.D., & Ikebe, M (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 7093-7100]. Bound fluoroberyllate, by contrast, was found to give rise to four separate peaks: a downfield pair at -80 and -83.5 ppm and an upfield pair at -101.5 and -103 ppm, suggesting the existence of four distinct types of S1-ADP-fluoroberyllate complex. The relative intensities of the bound resonances can be altered by changing rhe F:Be ratio during complex formation. Integration of a spectrum acquired in the presence of a fluorine-labeled nucleotide derivative, 3'(2')-O-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-ADP, in place of ADP yielded a bound fluoride to nucleotide ratio of 1.7-1.9 to 1, showing that the major bound fluoroberyllate species cannot be BeF3- as is usually thought. It is proposed that the bound fluoroberyllates correspond to the neutral species BeF2(H2O)2 and BeFOH(H2O)2 and the negatively charged species [BeF2OH.H2O]- and [BeF3.H2O]-, although other possibilities are discussed.
Mid-level Smoke Control for 2D Animation (2018)

In this paper we introduce the notion that artists should be able to control fluid simulations by providing examples of expected local fluid behavior (for instance, an artist might specify that magical smoke often forms star shapes). As our idea fits between high-level, global pose control and low-level parameter adjustment, we deem it mid-level control. We make our notion concrete by demonstrating two mid-level controllers providing stylized smoke effects for two-dimensional animations. With these two controllers, we allow the artist to specify both density patterns, or particle motifs, which should emerge frequently within the fluid and global texture motifs to which the fluid should conform. Each controller is responsible for constructing a stylized version of the current fluid state, which we feed-back into a global pose control method. This feedback mechanism allows the smoke to retain fluid-like behavior, while also attaining a stylized appearance suitable to integration with 2D animations. We integrate these mid-level controls with an interactive animation system, in which the user can control and keyframe all animation parameters using an interactive timeline view.