gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Millisecond Lu<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>:Er laser (1982)

Millisecond lasing was observed as a result of a self-terminating 4I11/2–4I13/2 transition in erbium ions present in Lu3Al5O12:Er crystals. It was found that such lasing was due to efficient transfer of the erbium ions from a lower active level.
Medfly in California 1980-1982 (1985)

The Mediterranean fruit fly outbreak in California during 1980–1982 was a major agricultural crisis. In other areas of the world where this pest is established, it has been proven to cause severe economic impact in agricultural production and control costs and to impede agricultural trade because of quarantine implications. Since the potential impact was so great, federal and state agricultural officials agreed early that the California infestation had to be eradicated. This paper covers the eradication effort from the period of ground treatment and sterile insect release to the termination of aerial treatment and the resulting successful conclusion of the program.
Predicting intonational boundaries automatically from text (1991)

Relating the intonational characteristics of an utterance to other features inferable from its text is important both for speech recognition and for speech synthesis. This work investigates techniques for predicting the location of intonational phrase boundaries in natural speech, through analyzing a utterances from the DARPA Air Travel Information Service database. For statistical modeling, we employ Classification and Regression Tree (CART) techniques. We achieve success rates of just over 90%.
O FENÔMENO DE NÃO-ELEVAÇÃO DA VOGAL /E/ NA FALA DE DESCENDENTES DE ESLAVOS DE MALLET, PARANÁ (2016)

Este artigo,  fundamentado nos pressupostos da Teoria da Variacao Linguistica (cf. WEINREICH; LABOV e HERZOG, 2006 [1968]), investiga o fenomeno de nao-elevacao da vogal media anterior /e/ , em posicao postonica final, e quais as motivacoes linguisticas e sociais que influenciam esse fenomeno . Os dados sao provenientes do Banco VARLINFE e contemplam entrevistas sociolinguisticas de 24 informantes de Mallet, Parana, moradores da zona rural e descendentes de imigrantes eslavos (ucranianos e poloneses). Os resultados indicam um percentual alto de nao-elevacao da vogal /e/ na amostra pesquisada. Indicam ainda que a nao-elevacao constitui-se em uma marca identitaria do falar local.
Correlation of Viscoelastic Properties with Critical Packing Parameter for Mixed Surfactant Solutions in the L<sub>1</sub> Region (1994)

We have investigated the steady shear and dynamic rheological properties of aqueous solutions containing sodium dodecylsulfate and n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide over a large part of the normal micelle (L1) region of the phase diagram. The solutions are found to exhibit viscoelastic behavior typical of systems that are composed of elongated, rod-like micelles. We have mapped lines of constant zero-shear viscosity, η0, and relaxation time, τR, onto the phase diagram and show that there is a relationship between the shape of the L1 phase boundary and the location and values of these lines. Several other anionic/nonionic and cationic/anionic systems are compared and found to follow the same relationship. We also show that lines of constant τR for our system follow the same paths as our estimated lines of constant critical packing parameter, suggesting the possibility of being able to predict the rheology of these surfactant solutions from more fundamental structure/property considerations for the micelles
FK506 inhibits graft-versus-host disease and bone marrow graft rejection in murine recipients of MHC disparate donor grafts by interfering with mature peripheral T cell expansion post-transplantation. (1994)

FK506 was evaluated as the sole graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) preventive agent in murine recipients of fully allogeneic donor grafts. FK506 (36 mg/kg given as a suspension on days 0 through 13, then three times per wk through day 29 post-bone marrow transplantation (BMT)) reproducibly led to 50 to 90% of FK506-treated recipients surviving a 60- to 103-day observation period. High doses of cyclosporin A did not protect mice from lethal GVHD. A kinetic study performed in mice that received FK506 demonstrated that mature donor CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in the spleen were each reduced by > or = 64%, as compared with vehicle-treated control mice, although this effect was short lived. Thymic reconstitution studies revealed a remarkable decrease in mature CD4+ cells and cells expressing the activation Ag, CD69. In contrast, less mature CD4+8+ thymocytes were not reduced significantly and total thymocyte numbers were only marginally decreased. The fact that peripheral reconstitution of CD4+8- or CD8+4- T cells was impaired significantly at this time indicated that FK506 had a major effect on thymic maturation and/or thymic emigration. In two models specifically designed to study alloengraftment, recipients of pan-T cell-depleted (TCD) donor marrow and FK506 were noted to have accelerated hemopoietic recovery and augmented long-term multilineage peripheral blood alloengraftment, in marked contrast to controls (86 to 97% mean donor cells vs 0% in controls for all lineages). These data demonstrate that FK506 prevents GVHD and graft rejection in vivo by inhibiting mature T cell expansion post-BMT.
Variable gain linear quadratic regulator and its application (2014)

A variable gain linear quadratic regulator(VGLQR) for stabilizing a class of multivariable nonlinear control system is proposed. The VGLQR method is derived by using the Lyapunov function approach. This control scheme can be viewed as a novel gain scheduling controller, and the feedback gain obtained by solving algebraic Riccati equation online is changing with state. In addition, a fast algorithm based on Schur method for the solution of algebraic Riccati equations online is discussed and a software package was developed during the present research. In this paper, the VGLQR control method is applied to a general nonlinear system, also the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by stabilization of triple inverted pendulum system. Simulation and physical experiment results demonstrate that the VGLQR is of good stability and adaptability, which are distinctly better than that of classical LQR controller.
Song Recognition and Appraisal: A Comparison of Children Who Use Cochlear Implants and Normally Hearing Children (2002)

The purpose of this study was to compare song recognition and song appraisal of children (ages 8-15) who use cochlear implants and normally hearing children. The Iowa Music Perception and Appraisal Battery-Children's Version was developed to measure these differences. Fifteen children who use cochlear implants and 32 normally hearing children participated in this testing battery. The battery includes a Song Recognition Test, a Song Appraisal Test, and a Musical Background Questionnaire. The cochlear implant recipients were significantly less accurate (p <.0001) than normally hearing children on the Song Recognition Test. Cochlear implant recipients also demonstrated greater dislike than normally hearing children for all items on the Song Appraisal Test. Despite these differences, cochlear implant recipients were quite similar to normally hearing children in terms of self-reported informal musical involvement and music listening habits.
Electrocatalysis at graphite and carbon nanotube modified electrodes: edge-plane sites and tube ends are the reactive sites (2004)

Carbon, and particularly graphite in its various forms, is an attractive electrode material. Two areas of particular interest are modified carbon electrodes and carbon nanotube electrodes. In this article we focus on the relationship between surface structure and electrochemical and chemical reactivity of electrodes based on these materials. We overview recent work in this area which has led us to believe that much of the catalytic activity, electron transfer and chemical reactivity of graphitic carbon electrodes is at surface defect sites, and in particular edge-plane-like defect sites. We also question the claimed special "catalytic" properties of carbon nanotube modified electrodes.
Large zinc finger transcription factor Schnurri-3 functions in the osteochondroprogenitor cell to regulate bone mass (2013)

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Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors as Therapeutic Alternatives in the Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases (2007)

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is frequently activated in the patients with chronic liver diseases, and recent studies have shown that RAS plays a pivotal role in the progression of chronic liver diseases, i.e., liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Angiotensin-II (AT-II) reportedly stimulates contractility and proliferation of the activated hepatic stellate cells, and increases the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-betabeta expression through angiotensin type-I receptors (AT1-R). Many studies have demonstrated that the clinically used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and AT1-R blockers (ARB) significantly attenuated the liver fibrosis development in the experimental studies and clinical practice. AT-II also strongly promotes neovascularization, which plays a pivotal role in tumor development. AT-II induces a potent angiogenic factor; namely, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It has been reported that ACE-I significantly attenuated the experimental HCC growth and hepatocarcinogenesis along with suppression of neovascularization. The VEGF expression in the tumor was suppressed by ACE-I, too. The combined treatment of ACE-I with other clinically used agents, such as interferon, imatinib mesylate, and vitamin K, shows more potent inhibitory effects on the development of liver fibrosis and HCC. Since RAS inhibitors are widely used in the clinical practice without serious side effects, they may represent a potential new therapeutic strategy against the progression of chronic liver diseases.
Overview (2018)

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a typical ion channel type receptor. nAChR agonists such as nicotine evoke rapid excitatory responses in order of milliseconds. In addition to acute responses, sustained stimulation of nAChRs induces delayed cellular responses leading to neuroprotection via intracellular signal pathways probably triggered by Ca2+ influx. The most predominant subtypes of nAChRs expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) are α4 (known as α4β2) and α7 nAChRs. Long-term exposure to nicotine or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors exerts protection against neurotoxicity induced by glutamate, β-amyloid, and other toxic insults. Nicotinic neuroprotection is mediated by α7 nAChR which shows high Ca2+ permeability, though contribution of α4 nAChR to nicotinic neuroprotection has also been suggested. Agonist stimulation of these receptors leads to activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway, downstream of neurotrophin receptors. AChE inhibitors including donepezil which is used for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, also activate PI3K-Akt pathway via nAChRs. Neuroprotective effects induced by long-term nAChR stimulation indicate that CNS nAChRs play important roles in promotion of neuronal survival under pathophysiological conditions such as brain ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Elucidation of neuroprotective mechanisms of nAChRs may enable development of novel therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Engineering Monolignol 4-O-Methyltransferases to Modulate Lignin Biosynthesis (2009)

Lignin is a complex polymer derived from the oxidative coupling of three classical monolignols. Lignin precursors are methylated exclusively at the meta-positions (i.e. 3/5-OH) of their phenyl rings by native O-methyltransferases, and are precluded from substitution of the para-hydroxyl (4-OH) position. Ostensibly, the para-hydroxyls of phenolics are critically important for oxidative coupling of phenoxy radicals to form polymers. Therefore, creating a 4-O-methyltransferase to substitute the para-hydroxyl of monolignols might well interfere with the synthesis of lignin. The phylogeny of plant phenolic O-methyltransferases points to the existence of a batch of evolutionarily "plastic" amino acid residues. Following one amino acid at a time path of directed evolution, and using the strategy of structure-based iterative site-saturation mutagenesis, we created a novel monolignol 4-O-methyltransferase from the enzyme responsible for methylating phenylpropenes. We show that two plastic residues in the active site of the parental enzyme are vital in dominating substrate discrimination. Mutations at either one of these separate the evolutionarily tightly linked properties of substrate specificity and regioselective methylation of native O-methyltransferase, thereby conferring the ability for para-methylation of the lignin monomeric precursors, primarily monolignols. Beneficial mutations at both sites have an additive effect. By further optimizing enzyme activity, we generated a triple mutant variant that may structurally constitute a novel phenolic substrate binding pocket, leading to its high binding affinity and catalytic efficiency on monolignols. The 4-O-methoxylation of monolignol efficiently impairs oxidative radical coupling in vitro, highlighting the potential for applying this novel enzyme in managing lignin polymerization in planta.
Effect of Rimonabant on the High-Triglyceride/ Low–HDL-Cholesterol Dyslipidemia, Intraabdominal Adiposity, and Liver Fat (2008)

In abdominally obese patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia, rimonabant 20 mg significantly improved multiple cardiometabolic risk markers and induced significant reductions in both intraabdominal and liver fat.
Timing of EEG-Based Cursor Control (1997)

Recent studies show that humans can learn to control the amplitude of electroencephalography (EEG) activity in specific frequency bands over sensorimotor cortex and use it to move a cursor to a target on a computer screen. EEG-based communication could be a valuable new communication and control option for those with severe motor disabilities. Realization of this potential requires detailed knowledge of the characteristic features of EEG control. This study examined the course of EEG control after presentation of a target. At the beginning of each trial, a target appeared at the top or bottom edge of the subject's video screen and 1 sec later a cursor began to move vertically as a function of EEG amplitude in a specific frequency band. In well-trained subjects, this amplitude was high at the time the target appeared and then either remained high (i.e., for a top target) or fell rapidly (i.e., for a bottom target). Target-specific EEG amplitude control began 0.5 sec after the target appeared and appeared to wax and wane with a period of approximately 1 sec until the cursor reached the target (i.e., a hit) or the opposite edge of the screen (i.e., a miss). Accuracy was 90% or greater for each subject. Top-target errors usually occurred later in the trial because of failure to reach and/or maintain sufficiently high amplitude, whereas bottom-target errors usually occurred immediately because of failure to reduce an initially high amplitude quickly enough. The results suggest modifications that could improve performance. These include lengthening the intertrial period, shortening the delay between target appearance and cursor movement, and including time within the trial as a variable in the equation that translates EEG into cursor movement.
Arginine-deprivation–induced oxidative damage sterilizes <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2018)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress and DNA damage have recently been recognized as contributing to the efficacy of most bactericidal antibiotics, irrespective of their primary macromolecular targets. Inhibitors of targets involved in both combating oxidative stress as well as being required for in vivo survival may exhibit powerful synergistic action. This study demonstrates that the de novo arginine biosynthetic pathway in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (<i>Mtb</i>) is up-regulated in the early response to the oxidative stress-elevating agent isoniazid or vitamin C. Arginine deprivation rapidly sterilizes the <i>Mtb</i> de novo arginine biosynthesis pathway mutants Δ<i>argB</i> and Δ<i>argF</i> without the emergence of suppressor mutants in vitro as well as in vivo. Transcriptomic and flow cytometry studies of arginine-deprived <i>Mtb</i> have indicated accumulation of ROS and extensive DNA damage. Metabolomics studies following arginine deprivation have revealed that these cells experienced depletion of antioxidant thiols and accumulation of the upstream metabolite substrate of ArgB or ArgF enzymes. Δ<i>argB</i> and Δ<i>argF</i> were unable to scavenge host arginine and were quickly cleared from both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. In summary, our investigation revealed in vivo essentiality of the de novo arginine biosynthesis pathway for <i>Mtb</i> and a promising drug target space for combating tuberculosis.
Design and implementation of a self-adaptive fuzzy inference engine (2002)

A pipelining fuzzy inference chip with a self-tunable knowledge base is presented in this paper. Up to 49 rules are inferred in parallel in the chip, and the memory size of its knowledge (rule) base is only 84 bytes since the memory-efficient and adjustable fuzzy rule format as well as the dynamic rule generating circuits are used. Based on these mechanism and a rule weight tuner, the possibility of narrowing, widening, moving,amplifying, and/or dampening the membership functions is provided in it, and makes the inference process self-adaptive. A three-stage pipeline in the parallel inference architecture makes the chip very fast. It can yield an inference rate of 467 K inferences/sec operating at a clock rate of 30 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Limits to Voltage Scaling from the Low Power Perspective (2000)

Scaling the power supply voltage enables a quadratic reduction in dynamic power dissipation with a reduction in performance which can be partially compensated by scaling the threshold voltage. There are difficult manufacturing limitations when scaling threshold voltages (mainly due to intra- and inter-chip variations) but the general view seems to be that continuous voltage scaling would be beneficial if manufacturing allowed it. While these qualitative results are well-known, we present for the first time a quantitative analysis of voltage scaling limits from the low power perspective. Our main new result is that optimizing the supply and threshold voltages for minimum energy-delay product is independent of the process or technology (up to a first order analysis). With this theoretical analysis followed by extensive simulations, we show that, for a given circuit, the optimal supply and threshold voltages are approximately the same in all CMOS technologies available through MOSIS (2 /spl mu/m to 0.35 /spl mu/m). This result is nonintuitive, represents a clear limit to voltage scaling from the low power point of view, and is contrary to the common view of a continuously scaling scenario if technology permits. The limit is not absolute, though, since it can be overcome by circuit design techniques (e.g. reducing logic depth), or other techniques (e.g. cooling).
Numerical Techniques on Enhancing Robustness for Stress-Dependent Oxidation Simulation Using Finite Element Method in SUPREM-IV (1992)

One of the major problems in simulating stress-dependent oxidation is slow convergence behavior or nonconvergence because of high nonlinearities, especially in the first few time steps, even in a simple initial structure for LOCOS. In this paper we present useful strategies to get stable convergence in a fully stress-dependent finite element oxidation simulator like SUPREM-IV [1]. The s t ra tegies are Firs t , in the stress-dependent oxidation simulation, we have to solve the coupled nonlinear equations of incompressible oxide flow and oxidant diffusion. There are two standard ways to treat the incompressible flow problciri [2]. One is the mixed formulation (unknown variables are velocity and pressure), and the other is the penalty function formulation (unknown variable is velocity only). SUPREM-IV (version 8912) uses the second approach. By using a penalty function method, pressure variable is eliminated from the system of equations which reduces the computational cost and eliminate the zero diagonal entries in the matrix. In the penalty function method, the pressure is calculated from
A 6 bit 2 GS/s flash-assisted time-interleaved (FATI) SAR ADC with background offset calibration (2013)

A power-efficient and speed-enhancing technique for time-interleaved (TI) SAR ADCs that is assisted by a low-resolution flash ADC is presented. The 3 b MSBs achieved from a flash ADC at every clock save two decision cycles from every SAR ADC channel, resulting in a reduced number of time interleaving channels with a total 27% energy saving compared with the energy consumption of a conventional TI SAR ADC. A prototype 6 b 2 GS/s ADC in a 45 nm CMOS consumes 14.4 mW under a 1.2 V supply and achieves 5.2 ENOB <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Nyq</sub> with a background offset calibration.
Continuous flow determination of nitrite with membrane separation/chemiluminescence detection (1990)

A method for the determination of nitrite in water utilizing a membrane separation process and a chemiluminescence detector, with the addition of air-stripping and air-carrier, is proposed. The microporous poly(tetrafluoroethylene) tube was used as separator to transfer nitric oxide (reduced by iodine in acidic media) into a gas phase. Air-stripping was used to enhance the separation. Chemiluminescence signals produced from the reaction of nitric oxide with ozone were linearly proportional to the concentration of nitrite from 10 ppb (micrograms as N/L) to 5 ppm (mg N/L). The relative standard deviation (n = 5) was 0.7% at 0.1 ppm. The time elapse from starting the sample flow until the signal reached a stable level was 1.5 min.