gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Direct spray coating of photoresist for MEMS applications</title> (2001)

Direct spray coating, a new photoresist deposition technique, is investigated to evaluate its potential for pattern transfer on wafers with very large topography. An Electronic Vision EV101 spray coating system is employed and AZ4823 photoresist is selected to form a thick layer of resist on flat wafers and to produce sufficient coverage on wafers with deep cavities. The dependence of the resist thickness on the dispensed volume of the resist is studied. A few key parameters are optimized to achieve a uniform resist layer. Special attention is paid to the layer characteristics when sprayed on wafers with cavities of various depths. A few applications of spray coating are shown to further illustrate its possibilities in MEMS.
The Many Faces of Mixed Ion Perovskites: Unraveling and Understanding the Crystallization Process (2017)

Understanding the crystallization process of organic–inorganic halide perovskites is of paramount importance for fabrication of reproducible and efficient perovskite solar cells. We report for the first time on the discovery and interplay of ubiquitous hexagonal polytypes (6H and 4H) during the crystallization process of mixed ion perovskite, namely (FAPbI3)x(MAPbBr3)1–x. These polytypes, the first reported 3D hexagonal lead-halide-based perovskites, orchestrate a perovskite crystallization sequence revealed as 2H (delta phase)-4H-6H-3R(3C), commonly found among inorganic transition metal oxide perovskites under extreme conditions. We show that the chemical pressure arising from the incorporation of >3% Cs+ cations into the lattice successfully inhibits the formation of these environmentally sensitive polytypes, elucidating the origin of the widely reported improved device stability and reproducibility of Cs+-containing mixed ion perovskites.
An Innovative Cement Formula To Prevent Gas Migration Problems in HT/HP Wells (2009)

Abstract Gas Migration through cement columns has been an industry problem for many years. The most problematic areas for gas migrations occur in deep gas wells. To control gas migration, cement densities required to successfully cement the zone could be as high as 170 pcf (Pounds per Cubic Foot). As cement slurry sets, hydrostatic pressure is reduced on the formation. During this transition, reservoir gases can travel up through the cement column resulting in gas being present at the surface. The permeable channels, from which gas flows, cause operational and safety problems at the well site. Current high density cement formulations do not provide good gas migration prevention due to settling and subsequent increase in permeability. To address the settling problem and reduce permeability of cement, a formula that resulted in great gas prevention was developed. A gas migration set-up helped in testing and optimizing cement formulations to measure gas flow through cement columns. The gas migration set up consisted of the following components: computer, data acquisition, full-length permeability determination, two partial length permeability determinations, cement volume change measurement, gas flow meter, and electronic filtrate weight determination. The pressure and temperature limitations are 2,000 psi maximum and 350°F. Different chemicals for gas migration prevention were evaluated. Special types of cements were designed and evaluated for possible use for cementing gas wells. Addition of inert particles to cement and their effect on gas migration prevention was investigated. In this paper, a new cement system was developed and resulted in significant gas prevention. The performance of this system outperforms available formulations and has great potential to improve wellbore isolation in deep gas wells.
Numerical simulation of CVD trench filling using a surface reaction coefficient model (2002)

A simulator has been developed to predict the surface evolution during deposition of different structures. This simulator is part of the Stanford Profile Emulator for Etching and Deposition in IC Engineering (SPEEDIE). Recently, it has been shown by L.Y. Cheng et al. (1989) that low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of SiO/sub 2/ can be characterized by a single surface reaction coefficient determined by the source gases and processing conditions. Experimental and simulation results of LPCVD SiO/sub 2/ trench filling from two different sources (silane and DES) are presented. The utility of this type of simulation is illustrated through plots of trench design to be completely filled in CVD processes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects of heterozygous lipoprotein lipase deficiency on diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice (1998)

Heterozygous lipoprotein lipase deficiency (LPL+/-) is common and has been implicated in premature atherosclerosis in epidemiologic studies. However, in vitro data suggest that LPL deficiency in the vascular wall may be antiatherogenic. To address the role of LPL in atherosclerosis, LPL+/- mice in the C57BL/6J background were fed an atherogenic diet for 8 months. LPL+/- mice were more dyslipidemic than +/+ animals due to increased concentrations of non-HDL lipoproteins. There was no difference in aortic origin atherosclerosis between LPL+/- (n=56) and +/+ (n=55) mice. LPL+/- mice in the low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-/-) background were fed the same atherogenic diet for 3 months. LPL+/-LDLR-/- mice were more dyslipidemic than LPL+/+LDLR-/- animals. There was no difference in atherosclerosis assayed for the entire aorta and no difference in aortic sterol content between LPL+/-LDLR-/- (n=28) and LPL+/+LDLR-/- (n=15) mice. LPL protein was detected in murine lesions in a consistent layered pattern. More luminal, lipid-laden macrophages generally did not stain for LPL, but deeper, lipid-poor macrophages as well as necrotic core regions contained immunoreactive LPL. LPL protein was more abundant in lesions from LPL+/+ LDLR-/- than LPL+/-LDLR-/- mice. After eating an atherogenic diet, LPL+/- as compared to LPL+/+ mice have more dyslipidemia, but no more atherosclerosis, and less LPL protein in atherosclerotic lesions. These data suggest that lipoprotein lipase deficiency in the vascular wall could prevent the retention of atherogenic lipoproteins.
In Vivo Expression of Correctly Folded Antibody Fragments from Microorganisms (1993)

Antibody fragments, such as Fab, Fab', and F(ab')2 are useful targeting agents for treatment and diagnosis of human disease. Co-expression of antibody light chain and truncated heavy chain genes in the bacterium Escherichia coli or the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae allows the production of assembled, correctly folded and active antibody fragments. Linkage of these peptide chains to a signal sequence directs transport through the cytoplasmic membrane, and antibody fragment accumulates in the culture medium. Fermentation technology results in high-level expression of antibody fragments making applications that require large quantities of antibody fragments feasible.
Cisplatin loaded albumin mesospheres for lung cancer treatment. (2015)

The low solubility of cisplatin in aqueous solution limits the treatment effectiveness and the application of cisplatin in various kinds of drug-eluting devices. Although cisplatin has a high solubility in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the toxicity of cisplatin can be greatly reduced while dissolved in DMSO. In this study, the solid powder of cisplatin-loaded albumin mesospheres (CDDP/DMSO-AMS), in a size range of 1 to 10 µm, were post-loaded with cisplatin and showed high cisplatin content (16% w/w) and effective cytotoxicity to lung cancer cells. Cisplatin were efficiently absorbed into the albumin mesospheres (AMS) in DMSO and, most importantly, the toxicity of cisplatin was remained at 100% after the loading process. This CDDP/DMSO-AMS was designed for the intratumoral injection through the bronchoscopic catheter or dry powder inhalation (DPI) due to its high stability in air or in solution. This CDDP/DMSO-AMS showed a fast cisplatin release within 24 hours. In the in vitro study, CDDP/DMSO-AMS showed high effectiveness on killing the lung cancer cells including the non-small cell lung cancer (NCL-H23 and A549), malignant mesothelioma (CRL-2081) and the mouse lung carcinoma (Lewis lung carcinoma) cell lines. The albumin based mesospheres provide an ideal loading matrix for cisplatin and other metal-based drugs due to the high swelling degree and fast uptake rate in the organic solvents with high polarity. In addition, to investigate the effects of polysaccharides, such as chitosan and chondroitin, on enhancing loading efficiency and lasting cytotoxicity of cisplatin, the polysaccharide-modified albumin mesospheres were synthesized and loaded with cisplatin in this study.
Physical and Chemical Attributes and Consumer Acceptance of Sugar‐Snap Cookies Containing Naturally Occurring Antioxidants (1997)

ABSTRACT The antioxidant compounds, ascorbate (ascorbyl‐2‐phosphate), α‐tocopherol, a combination of ascorbate and α‐tocopherol, sodium phytate, and ferulic acid were tested as replacements for butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in preserving sugar‐snap cookies. The cookies were compared with regard to shelf life, moisture content, width, stacking height, surface score, color, and texture. Following storage at 60°C, the Schaal oven test and gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of headspace gases indicated that ferulic acid and sodium phytate were suitable antioxidants for sugarsnap cookies. At present, sodium phytate is a GRAS substance, whereas ferulic acid is not. Consumer testing showed that cookies containing phytate were as acceptable as those containing BHA.
Physiological geroscience: targeting function to increase healthspan and achieve optimal longevity (2015)

Most nations of the world are undergoing rapid and dramatic population ageing, which presents great socio-economic challenges, as well as opportunities, for individuals, families, governments and societies. The prevailing biomedical strategy for reducing the healthcare impact of population ageing has been 'compression of morbidity' and, more recently, to increase healthspan, both of which seek to extend the healthy period of life and delay the development of chronic diseases and disability until a brief period at the end of life. Indeed, a recently established field within biological ageing research, 'geroscience', is focused on healthspan extension. Superimposed on this background are new attitudes and demand for 'optimal longevity' - living long, but with good health and quality of life. A key obstacle to achieving optimal longevity is the progressive decline in physiological function that occurs with ageing, which causes functional limitations (e.g. reduced mobility) and increases the risk of chronic diseases, disability and mortality. Current efforts to increase healthspan centre on slowing the fundamental biological processes of ageing such as inflammation/oxidative stress, increased senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired proteostasis and reduced stress resistance. We propose that optimization of physiological function throughout the lifespan should be a major emphasis of any contemporary biomedical policy addressing global ageing. Effective strategies should delay, reduce in magnitude or abolish reductions in function with ageing (primary prevention) and/or improve function or slow further declines in older adults with already impaired function (secondary prevention). Healthy lifestyle practices featuring regular physical activity and ideal energy intake/diet composition represent first-line function-preserving strategies, with pharmacological agents, including existing and new pharmaceuticals and novel 'nutraceutical' compounds, serving as potential complementary approaches. Future research efforts should focus on defining the temporal patterns of functional declines with ageing, identifying the underlying mechanisms and modulatory factors involved, and establishing the most effective lifestyle practices and pharmacological options for maintaining function. Continuing development of effective behavioural approaches for enhancing adherence to healthy ageing practices in diverse populations, and ongoing analysis of the socio-economic costs and benefits of healthspan extension will be important supporting goals. To meet the demands created by rapid population ageing, a new emphasis in physiological geroscience is needed, which will require the collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts of investigators working throughout the translational research continuum from basic science to public health.
Well-bore reservoir evaluation technologies to optimize field revitalization (2002)

The economic success of field revitalization projects depends upon draining reservoir compartments that frequently contain smaller reserves volumes than those targeted by the initial field development, in a cost-effective manner. Well-bore measurements can contribute to risk management of redevelopment by identifying and monitoring the drainage of remaining hydrocarbons. Applications of cased-hole and open-hole measurements to optimizing field redevelopment are illustrated using case studies from the Brent Field, UK; Block IV, Venezuela and the T&J Ashworth Lease, USA. Cased-hole logging using nuclear tools has evolved from time-lapse monitoring to detect changes in saturation to also include through-casing formation evaluation. Where deep invasion prevents the use of these nuclear methods, through-casing resistivity tools can successfully detect hydrocarbons. Open-hole formation pressures can significantly impact redevelopment strategies, as can evaluation of filtrate invasion using open-hole array resistivity tools. Emerging permanent sensor technologies enable continuous monitoring of both water saturation and formation pressure, thereby offering the potential to improve the performance of future field revitalization projects.
Synthesis, Reactions, and Selected Physico-Chemical Properties of 1,3-and 1,2-Tetrachalcogenafulvalenes (1987)

Abstract This review describes the synthesis of 1,3-tetrachalcogenafulvalenes and 1,2-tretrathiafulvalenes, the chemical transformation of substituents, reactions of the ring system, and the synthesis of polymers with 1,3-tetrathiafulvalene units in the backbone and in the side chain. 1,2-And 1,3-tetrachalcogenafulvalenes synthesized until now and selected properties (melting point, u.v.-vis. absorption data and oxidation potential) are recorded in appropriate tables. The literature until the end of 1985 is taken into account. Preparations of important starting compounds for the synthesis of tetrachalcogenafulvalenes (like 1,2-and 1,3-dithiole, 1,3-thiaselenole, and 1,3-diselenole derivatives) have been considered in this review. For selected charge-transfer complexes of tetrachalcogenafulvalenes the relation between molecule structure and solid-state structure, respectively, and electric conductivity are discussed. Other physical properties of the solid state of the complexes were not considered. Possibilities for the application of these charge-transfer complexes are also mentioned. Key Words: TetrachalcogenafulvalenesTTFpolymeric TTFsynthesiselectric conductivitycharge-transfer complexes
[Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and its plasma and urine derivatives]. (1991)

Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) is a serine protease inhibitor present in human plasma at a concentration of 0.4 to 0.5 g/l. Its molecular weight is about 220 kDa. This glycoprotein is a complex of at least three kinds of subunits: two heavy chains and a light one carrying the antiproteasic activity and corresponding to the urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI). UTI is a proteoglycan containing a chondroitin sulfate side chain; the stability of the ITI complex is clearly dependent upon the integrity of the glycosaminoglycan part of UTI. ITI is mainly synthetized in liver; in case of inflammatory disorders ITI which is very sensitive to numerous proteases, namely elastase and cathepsin G released by stimulated neutrophils, is degraded into lower molecular weight derivatives present in plasma, among which UTI excreted in urine. The physiological role of ITI still remains elusive; ITI may be considered as a precursor of smaller inhibitors. Owing to their small size, they could secondarily diffuse into the extracellular space and reach tissues to protect them from proteolytic destruction. However, their ability to inhibit human granulocytic elastase seems to be too low for their physiological relevance. UTI was recently shown as exhibiting a growth stimulatory activity for human endothelial cells. In addition, UTI exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, the mechanism of which has not yet been elucidated. Owing to its pharmacological properties, UTI might be of therapeutic value in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. At last, the excretion of UTI, which seems to be depending upon neutrophil activation can be considered as a useful test for detecting and monitoring infections.
Analysis of the effects of a passing cloud on a grid-interactive photovoltaic system with battery storage using neural networks (1999)

In this paper, a combined radial-basis-functions (RBF) and backpropagation network is used to predict the effects of passing clouds on a utility-interactive photovoltaic (PV) system with battery storage. Using the irradiance as input signal, the network models the effects of random cloud movement on the electrical variables of the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and the variables of the utility-linked inverter over a short period of time. During short time intervals, the irradiance is considered as the only varying input parameter affecting the electrical variables of the system. The advantages of artificial neural network (ANN) simulation over standard linear models is that it does not require the knowledge of internal system parameters, involves less computational effort, and offers a compact solution for multiple-variable problems. The model can easily integrated into a typical utility system and resulting system behavior can be determined. The viability of the battery-supported PV power system as a dispatchable unit is also investigated. The simulated results are compared with the experimental results captured during cloudy days. This model can be a useful tool in solar energy engineering design and in PV-integrated utility operation.
Association of polymorphic MHC microsatellites with GVHD, survival, and leukemia relapse in unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplant donor/recipient pairs matched at five HLA loci (2004)

In order to determine whether matching/mismatching for microsatellite polymorphism provides useful information on acute graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), survival, and leukemia relapse in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, we genotyped for polymorphisms at 13 microsatellite loci within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of 100 unrelated HSC transplant donor-recipient pairs who were matched at five classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci. A high percentage of allele matching was obtained for five microsatellite loci, DQCARII (96%), MICA (93%), MIB (89%), C1-3-1 (93%), and D6S510 (97%), that are localized within 100 kb of the HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-B, HLA-C, or HLA-A locus. In contrast, the other eight microsatellites are located farther away from the HLA classical loci and have much lower percentages of allele matching [e.g. tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) (73%), TNFd (74%), D6S273 (64%), C3-2-11 (46%), C5-3-1 (50%), C5-4-5 (63%), C5-2-7 (68%), and D6S265 (81%)]. Therefore, there were at least eight microsatellite markers with relatively high percentages of mismatches in the donor/recipient pairs with acute or chronic GVHD, poor graft survival, and leukemia relapse. However, there were no statistically significant associations between mismatched donor-recipient pairs at the 13 microsatellite loci and acute or chronic GVHD, graft survival, and leukemia relapse. Nevertheless, allele matching at the microsatellite TNFd locus near the TNFa gene was found by the Fisher's exact double-sided test to be significantly associated with decreased survival in the grade III/IV acute GVHD group. Overall, these results suggest that the matching of microsatellite polymorphisms within the HLA region, especially the ones farthest from the classical HLA loci, was not useful indicator for the outcome of HSC transplantation from unrelated donors. In this regard, the future determination of the genome-wide microsatellite genotypes in HLA-matched donor-recipient pairs, outside the MHC, may be a better possibility for identifying minor histocompatibility genes in linkage disequilibria with microsatellites as potential predictive markers for the occurrence of acute GVHD and survival rate in HSC transplantation.
Routing-based map matching for extracting routes from GPS trajectories (2011)

This paper introduces a novel offline map matching approach. We develop a routing-based map matching approach for standardizing identified routes in a collected set of GPS trajectories. Our approach first identifies key waypoints in a user's GPS trajectory using a modified Peucker curve reduction algorithm. Subsequently, it sends the key waypoints to a black-box driving directions service which returns a route utilizing each of the key waypoints. The returned route is a standardized representation of the original GPS trajectory constructed using the minimum necessary set of points. A filter-and-refine approach is used to identify the incorrect portion of the returned route and a refine step is carried out by eliminating the waypoints what leads to the incorrect matching. Experiments results showed that the proposed approach works well for a data-set of 10 volunteers each collecting data an average of 34.3 days.
Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous and oral administration (1983)

Acyclovir pharmacokinetics has been extensively investigated during the various phases of clinical development. Most of the administered drug is eliminated from the body unchanged, via the kidneys by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. After intravenous dosing of patients with normal renal function, 8 to 14% of the dose is recovered in the urine as the metabolite 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine. Adequate distribution of acyclovir has been demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid, vesicular fluid, vaginal secretions and tissues. The low plasma protein binding of acyclovir precludes drug interactions involving binding displacement. When intravenous doses in the range of 2.5 to 15 mg/kg were given every 8 h to adult patients, dose-independent kinetics was observed. Continuous infusions of acyclovir over an equivalent daily dose range have achieved predictable plasma levels. Acyclovir half-life (T1/2 beta) and total body clearance (Cltot) are influenced significantly by renal function, and dosage adjustments should be made for patients with impaired renal function. For patients with normal renal function (creatinine clearance (Clcr) greater than 80 ml/min/1.73m2) mean T1/2 beta and Cltot were 2.5 h and 327 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. In children 1-year-old or older, Cltot normalized by body surface area was essentially the same as in adults with normal renal function, whereas Cltot for neonates was approximately one-third the adult value. In the adult population, age-related decreases in acyclovir Cltot reflect age-related changes in renal function; therefore dosage adjustments based on Clcr will compensate for age effects on acyclovir pharmacokinetics. After oral administration, the bioavailability of acyclovir was approximately 20%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)