gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Breathing pattern during and after exercise of different intensities (1985)

We recently observed rapid shallow breathing during recovery from maximal exercise in some normal subjects. We wondered whether this phenomenon is randomly related to level of exercise or is limited to recovery from very high levels of exercise. We monitored ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory frequency in seven normal subjects during and after exercise. Each subject exercised on several occasions on separate days. At least two of the tests were maximal (i.e., subject terminated). In the other tests exercise was terminated by the experimenter at different fractions of the highest level attained by the subject. There was no systematic difference between breathing pattern during exercise and recovery in tests where final O2 consumption (VO2) was 45-92% of the subjects' highest VO2. By contrast 13 of 19 studies in which final VO2 was 92-100% of highest VO2 were followed by relative rapid shallow breathing. We conclude that rapid shallow breathing during recovery from exercise is a phenomenon that is limited to very high exercise levels. On consideration of the various mechanisms that may be entertained to explain this phenomenon, we believe that development of pulmonary congestion-interstitial edema at very high levels of exercise is the most consistent with our findings.
High-efficiency 970-nm multimode pumps (2005)

Ultra-reliable very efficient multimode diodes have been developed. 90 micrometer wide aperture chip-on-submount demonstrate 67% peak power conversion efficiency at 25°C and 60% peak power efficiency at 85°C heatsink temperature; while record high thermal limited peak power in excess of 15 W CW is achieved at 15°C. State-of-the-art performance of Chip-on-Submount does not compromise its reliability; over 1,000,000 hours Mean Time Between Failures has been demonstrated. Cooler-less package design ensures thermal resistance of 4.5°C/W from the Chip-on-Submount to external heatsink; coupling efficiency of 95% into 0.15 NA at over 5 W power in 100 μm dia. fiber are routinely obtained. Results of multi-cell accelerated tests of packaged pumps yielded over 10 years of uninterrupted use MTBF at over 5W CW ex-fiber output.
Efficient Reductions for Imitation Learning (2018)

mitation Learning, while applied successfully on many large real-world problems, is typically addressed as a standard supervised learning problem, where it is assumed the training and testing data are i.i.d.. This is not true in imitation learning as the learned policy influences the future test inputs (states) upon which it will be tested. We show that this leads to compounding errors and a regret bound that grows quadratically in the time horizon of the task. We propose two alternative algorithms for imitation learning where training occurs over several episodes of interaction. These two approaches share in common that the learner's policy is slowly modified from executing the expert's policy to the learned policy. We show that this leads to stronger performance guarantees and demonstrate the improved performance on two challenging problems: training a learner to play 1) a 3D racing game (Super Tux Kart) and 2) Mario Bros.; given input images from the games and corresponding actions taken by a human expert and near-optimal planner respectively.
Complex carbohydrates in the prevention of nocturnal hypoglycaemia in diabetic children. (1993)

In order to prevent nocturnal hypoglycaemia in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with complex carbohydrates a pilot-study was designed with nine children with ages of 9-18 years. The children were admitted twice to the hospital (control and test) and remained the evening, night and morning the following day. The standard evening snack, given on the control day, was replaced on the test day by a test snack which contained a solution of uncooked cornstarch as a source of complex carbohydrates. The carbohydrate content of the test snack was maintained but did not contain mono- and disaccharides. Blood samples were collected and when the child had blood glucose concentrations of < or = 3.0 mmol/l or showed clinical symptoms of impending hypoglycaemia, intervention occurred with extra carbohydrates. Six out of nine children needed intervention after the standard snack (blood glucose concentrations were 1.8, 2.7, 3.0, 3.6 and 3.7 mmol/l). After the test snack this was four out of nine (blood glucose concentrations were 2.3, 2.6, 3.2 and 3.2). Three children needed a second intervention after the standard snack versus two after the test snack. One child needed a third intervention after the standard snack. The time of intervention ranged from 11 p.m. to 4 a.m. and from 10 p.m. to 12 a.m., respectively, on the day of the standard and test snack. Raw cornstarch, as a source of complex carbohydrates, did not prevent nocturnal hypoglycaemia in the dose used but blood glucose levels dropped more slowly than those after the standard snack.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Role of antibody in Coxiella burnetii infection (1981)

BALB/c mice infected with Coxiella burnetii phase I developed a state of acquired resistance which could be detected during week 2 postinfection. Immune serum, administered to normal mice 24 h before challenge with C. burnetii, appeared to accelerate the development of resistance. An increased clearance rate could be measured in these serum recipients 1 week postinfection. Simultaneous administration of immune serum and C. burnetii did not affect the normal clearance rate of rickettsiae from the spleens of infected mice during week 1, but enhanced clearance of the organism by 14 days postchallenge. Passive transfer of immune serum 24 h after challenge of normal mice with viable C. burnetii had no effect on rickettsial growth within the spleens of animals treated in this fashion. Treatment of athymic mice with immune serum 24 h before challenge with C. burnetii had no effect on rickettsial multiplication within the spleens of these T-cell-deficient animals.
2-Deoxy-D-glucose kills select tumor cell types under normoxia: reversal by mannose indicates interference with glycosylation (2005)

2375 Cells growing under hypoxia are solely dependent on glucose metabolism via glycolysis for energy production. Consequently, when this pathway is blocked, with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), they die. In contrast, under normoxia when glycolysis is blocked most cells survive since fats and proteins can substitute as energy sources to fuel mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Here, utilizing trypan blue exclusion assays, as well as flow cytometric analysis of DNA content, we find that 500 μg/ml of 2-DG kills a variant of the human breast carcinoma cell line, SKBR3, even when growing under normal oxygen tension. Previous studies demonstrated that 2-DG, under normal oxygen conditions, interferes with the process of N-linked glycosylation in viral coat glycoprotein synthesis, which can be reversed by addition of exogenous mannose. Thus, our results which show that 2-DG toxicity in SKBR3 variants growing under normoxia, can be completely reversed by low dose mannose (180 μg/ml) implicates glycosylation and not glycolysis as the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon. Moreover, mannose is not able to reverse the toxicity of 2-DG in tumor cells that are sensitive to it under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, 2-fluro-deoxy-D-glucose (2-FG) containing a fluoro group in the gluco configuration, which prevents it from resembling mannose, is not toxic to SKBR3 cells under normoxia at equivalent 2-DG doses. 2-FG, however, is as good or better than 2-DG in killing hypoxic tumor cells via blockage of glycolysis. To investigate the effect of 2-DG on glycoprotein synthesis, we measured an over-expressed glycoprotein in the SKBR3 variant, ErbB2, by western blot analysis and found it to be inhibited. Furthermore, the inhibition of ErbB2 synthesis by 2-DG could be reversed by mannose. However, SKOV3, an ovarian cancer line that also over-expresses Erb2 is found to be resistant to 2-DG under normoxic conditions suggesting that ErbB2 is not the sole target of -2DG in SKBR3. Overall, our results raise the possibility that in the appropriate tumor cell types, 2-DG could be used clinically as a single agent to selectively kill both the aerobic (via interference with glycosylation) as well as the hypoxic (via inhibition of glycolysis) cells of a solid tumor.
Gonadal Development and Growth in 46, XX and 46, XY Individuals with P450<sub>scc</sub> Deficiency (Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia) (1991)

We have investigated gonadal development and growth in 4 individuals (3 with 46,XY and 1 with 46,XX karyotype) with P450scc deficiency. One patient died at 2 months of age from adrenal insufficiency, while the remaining 3 individuals were healthy and developed normally (age at follow-up: 18, 10 and 8 years). In the surviving individuals, the diagnosis was established during the first 2-4 months of life by extensive endocrine studies of blood and urine. In the remaining patient, the diagnosis was made on the basis of karyotype (46,XY), anatomy of internal and external genitalia and adrenal pathology. Gonadectomy was performed in the 2 surviving 46,XY individuals at the age of 7 years, and histological examination showed normal testicular morphology but very few germ cells. Postmortem examination of the testes of the 2-month-old subject showed normal testicular histology, and quantitative analysis revealed a normal number of germ cells. Ultrasound of the 46,XX individual showed normal internal female genitalia including ovaries with follicles. The 3 surviving patients grew along the 75th (46,XY), the 90th (46,XY) and the 50th percentile (46,XX), respectively. The oldest girl experienced normal breast and pubic hair development after oral estrogen replacement and topical testosterone administration. The glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement was adjusted in accordance with repeated measurements of serum sodium and serum potassium, plasma renin concentration and blood pressure. No attempts were made to normalize serum ACTH. We conclude that prenatal testicular maturation and development of female internal genitalia may take place in the absence of normal steroid hormone production. Normal growth and development may be obtained in P450scc-deficient individuals with adequate hormone replacement.
Introduction (1952)

Subcommittee IV on Liquid Insulation of ASTM Committee D-9 always has been very active in the development of test methods and the evaluation of test results to be used as criteria of service-ability of new and used oils. In recent years, Subcommittee IV under the chairmanship of E. A. Snyder has sponsored a series of symposia concerning somewhat controversial discussions of the properties and performance of insulating liquids and the significance of various methods of test. Early in 1944, and prior to the first symposium of the current series, an extensive questionnaire was sent out to 92 of the larger utilities to establish just which tests were made by the different companies as criteria of serviceability for transformer oils in service. A comprehensive report on the questionnaire results was printed in ASTM Proceedings, Vol. 45, p. 302 (1945), and later published in the form of a reprint. The first symposium generally relating to the correlation of tests with the performance of insulating liquids was held in October, 1946, in Atlantic City. Four papers were the basis for a discussion of the possible significance of the Steam Emulsion Test, the Interfacial Tension Test, and analysis of Dielectric Strength Test data by statistical methods. Later, two other symposia were held in June, 1947, at Atlantic City, and March, 1949, at Washington, D. C, which included discussions of the merits of Oxidation Inhibitors in Transformer Oils, Power Factor Testing of Insulating Oils, Performance Characteristics of Askarels, Oil Testing and Maintenance Procedures used by one large utility, and the Results of Simulated Service Aging Tests on an Inhibited Oil. The first two symposia were published in ASTM Bulletins No. 146, May, 1947, pages 90 to 100 and No. 149, December, 1947, pages 58 to 94. Both of these symposia also were printed in separate pamphlet form. The third symposium was printed as Special Technical Publication No. 95.
Locomotion and the phylogeny of the Metazoa (1981)

Abstract Among the lower Metazoa, the basic structure of the animals sets limits to the locomotory techniques available to them and to the habitats they can occupy. Small but critical structural changes overcome these limitations and once achieved they have resulted in major phyletic radiations. Small organisms up to 1–2 mm in length can, by ciliary action, swim, creep on the substratum or creep in it as a meiofauna. Once this size is much exceeded only creeping on the substratum is possible. The largest of the earliest Metazoa exceeded this limit and formed the basis of an important radiation of surface creeping forms including Turbellaria, Nemertea and Mollusca, the larger members of which supplement or replace ciliary locomotion by muscular activity. A cellular hydrostatic skeleton permits reversible changes of shape produced by contraction of the body-wall muscles in small organisms, but with increasing size, particularly as structural elements are developed to conserve the shape of the animal, such a hydrostatic skeleton offers too great a resistance for rapid or powerful shape changes. Only a liquid-filled compartment in the body (usually the coelom) permits sufficiently powerful forces to be generated for burrowing into the substratum. The evolution of the coelom allowed the colonization of this habitat and introduced the radiation of coelomate animals. Burrowing by retrograde peristaltic movements requires circular and longitudinal muscles in any region of the body-wall to act as antagonists to one-another. This is possible but mechanically inefficient in worms with an undivided coelom. Compartmentation of the coelom by septa provides hydrostatic isolation of different regions of the body in oligochaetes and they are vagrant burrowers. Coelomate worms without a segmented coelom usually employ direct peristaltic locomotion which does not require the isolation of parts of the body, but these worms are sedentary burrowers or live in secreted tubes. The evolution of lateral (polychaetes) or ventral (arthropods) appendages in segmented worms introduced fundamental structural change in the organization of the segment, related to the development of new locomotory techniques and the colonization of new habitats: the surface of the substratum (arthropods) and probably a surficial coze (polychaetes). Although these structural changes, related to locomotory techniques, were important developments in the evolution of the lower Metazoa, the resolution of problems in the phylogeny of existing phyla must depend on comparative anatomical and embrylogical evidence, and, where available, palaeontological evidence. Solution of these problems must, however, be consistent with what is known about the mechanical and locomotory capabilities or organisms of particular grades of construction.
Incredible Audio & Video Projects You Can Build (1993)

This text offers plans and instructions for building 16 practical communications devices. Aimed at hobbyists, it teaches the reader how to create audio and video transmitters, receivers, amplifiers, converters, controllers and more. The book also covers how: TV; radio; IR; carrier current; and other communications systems, work. These fully illustrated projects are all designed and tested by the authors. They include an audio power amplifier, a multi-purpose TV transmitter, a remote FM audio link, a video effects genertator, an AM and FM carrier current transmitter/receiver, infrared wireless headphones and speakers, and a shortwave converter.
Magnetic resonance-guided percutaneous laser ablation of uterine fibroids (2000)

Laser ablation of uterine fibroids using a percutaneous approach under local anesthetic in an open magnetic resonance (MR) scanner was performed in 12 symptomatic women awaiting hysterectomy. Accurate laser fiber placement was assisted by the use of an MR needle tracking system, as well as laser heat dissipation monitored during treatment by a real-time imaging processor. This day case procedure was well tolerated by all women, with eight women subsequently declining their planned surgery. Follow-up measurements of treated fibroid volume by MRI demonstrated a mean decrease of 37.5% at 3 months. This novel minimally invasive approach offers an alternative to surgery for women with fibroids, but longer follow-up is required to ascertain maximal fibroid shrinkage and to compare outcome with traditional surgery.
Posture Classification via Wearable Strain Sensors for Neurological Rehabilitation (2006)

Stroke and other neurological accidents account for a wide fraction of the healthcare costs in industrialised societies. The last step in the chain of recovery from a neurological event often includes motor rehabilitation. While current motion-sensing technologies are inadequate for automated monitoring of rehabilitation exercises at home, conductive elastomers are a novel strain-sensing technology which can be embedded unobtrusively into a garment's fabric. A sensorized garment was realized to simultaneously measure the strains at multiple points of a shirt covering the thorax and upper limb. Supervised learning techniques were employed to analyse the strain measures in order to reconstruct upper-limb posture and provide real-time feedback on exercise progress
Screening adolescents for depression (2013)

Pediatric primary care providers who screen, identify, and treat adolescents for depression and its comorbidities can make a positive difference in their patients’ long-term health, social functioning, and interpersonal relationships.
All-optical self-referencing measurement of vectorial optical arbitrary waveform (2014)

We propose the Vectorial E-field Characterization Through all-Optical and self-Referenced (VECTOR) method to characterize vectorial optical arbitrary waveform with up to 100% duty cycle, which is free of ambiguity, iteration, radio-frequency or external optical reference, restriction on repetition rate, and requirement of external interferometric stabilization. The feasibility of VECTOR is experimentally verified by different waveforms created by a phase-modulated CW comb source and a built-in polarization line-by-line pulse shaper.
Internal and External Corrosion Experience In Shell's Products Pipe Lines (1951)

The paper is in two sections. The first section summarizes ten years of experience on two product lines operated by Shell Oil Company using alkaline aqueous solution of sodium nitrite as an internal corrosion inhibitor. Figures show the short and long time effect of nitrite inhibition, and reduction of cost by elimination of scraper operation and hay tank and strainer operation is discussed. This section includes a generalized statement of increase of capacity which can be expected from sodium nitrite inhibition. The second section discusses the use of magnesium anodes as an external corrosion preventive on Shell’s products pipe line from Wood River to Chicago. The line is now 26 years old and was 21 years old with a moderately high leak frequency when anode installations were instituted. In order to analyze the effects of anode installations, pilot plant experiments were conducted, and the paper reports these pilot plant experiments and their results and the conclusions drawn therefrom. Included in this section of the paper are several sets of field tests conducted before anodes were installed, after anodes were installed, and over several years of life of anodes. Pictures and drawings support the conclusions drawn from pilot plant experiments, and results of field tests and experience during the five years of experimental work on the line are summarized. The conclusions drawn from this section of the report are that proper field testing and installation of magnesium anodes can control destructive corrosion sufficiently to extend the useful life of uncoated pipe lines to approximately double their unprotected life.
An investigator-initiated phase I study of ONX-0801, a first-in-class alpha folate receptor targeted, small molecule thymidylate synthase inhibitor in solid tumors. (2017)

2503 Background: ONX-0801 is a first-in-class alpha folate receptor (AFR) targeted thymidylate synthase inhibitor, engineered to differentially accumulate 6000-fold in AFR overexpressing cancer cells. Methods: A 3+3 dose escalation design was used and two IV schedules were explored. Schedule A, weekly dosing (QW) and schedule B, once every 2 weeks dosing (Q2W). A cycle consisted of 4 weeks and treatment was stopped after 6 cycles in both schedules. An expansion cohort to evaluate clinical activity in patients with AFR overexpressing high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) was planned. Results: 21 patients each were treated in schedule A and B exploring doses ranging from 1-6 mg/m 2 and 2-12 mg/m 2 , respectively. The dose limiting toxicity on schedule A was G3 cellulitis; no dose limiting toxicity was seen on schedule B. The most common toxicities were fatigue 15/42 (36%), nausea 9/42 (21%) and dysgeusia 5/42 (12%). Within schedule A at 4 mg/m 2 , 2 patients developed suspected drug-related changes on pulmonary function tests (drop in Dlco > 15%) at cycles 5 and 6, respectively. No cases of suspected drug-related drop in Dlco were noted in patients treated in schedule B. No grade 3-4 diarrhea, mucositis or neutropenia were seen in either cohort. The Cmax, AUC and half-life at 12 mg/m 2 were 4952 ng/mL, 85170 h*ng/mL and 26 h, respectively. Pre-clinical PK-PD modelling aimed to achieve concentrations between 0.05-1 µM and this was achieved for periods of 48 h at doses of 4 mg/m 2 and above. Based on safety and PK, the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of ONX-0801 was 12 mg/m 2 Q2W and an expansion in patients with HGSOC is ongoing. 5 patients with HGSOC had partial responses (PRs) in the dose escalation cohort. In the current expansion cohort in patients with HGSOC, 5/11 patients had PRs. Archival samples have been analyzed from 8/11 patients in the expansion cohort. 4/4 AFR+ve and 4/4 AFR-ve patients did and did not have a PR following treatment with ONX-0801, respectively. Conclusions: The RP2D of ONX-0801 is 12 mg/m 2 Q2W. At the RP2D, multiple patients with AFR overexpressing HGSOC have had PRs and further randomized biomarker prespecified phase II trials are warranted. Clinical trial information: NCT02360345.
Radiation preservation of foods of plant origin. Part V. Temperate fruits: Pome fruits, stone fruits, and berries (1986)

The current status of research on the application of ionizing radiation for improving the storage of temperate fruits, i.e., apple, pear, peach, nectarine, apricot, cherry, plum, strawberry, bilberry, cranberry, raspberry, and black currant, is reviewed. Changes in fruit metabolism, chemical composition, texture, and organoleptic quality attributes are discussed with reference to the irradiation dose. The feasibility of using radiation either alone or in conjunction with heat treatment, refrigeration, and controlled atmospheres (CA) for the control of storage decay caused by fungal pathogens is considered. Areas of further research are suggested before irradiation could be considered for practical application in some of these temperate fruits. The recent trends in the possible use of irradiation for disinfestation of certain pome and stone fruits and the prospects for the commercial utilization of irradiation for improving the market life of strawberries are discussed.