gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ramucirumab: Successfully Targeting Angiogenesis in Gastric Cancer (2014)

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer globally and represents the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality. Early detection, aggressive surgical resection, and postoperative adjuvant therapy have led to survival improvement for early-stage gastric cancer, particularly in Asian countries. Unfortunately, advanced gastric cancer continues to pose a formidable challenge with few gains being reported recently. Trastuzumab was the first targeted agent to be approved for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer in 2010. The failure of the AVAGAST trial was a setback for antiangiogenic therapy for this disease. Ramucirumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF-R2 and prevents its activation. The recent REGARD trial was a randomized phase III trial of ramucirumab vs. placebo for patients with advanced, pretreated gastric cancer that met its primary endpoint of increased overall survival. The toxicity of ramucirumab was modest in this setting, with an increased risk of grade 3 or higher hypertension (8% vs. 3%, with ramucirumab and placebo, respectively). The subsequent RAINBOW trial of paclitaxel plus ramucirumab vs. paclitaxel plus placebo for advanced pretreated gastric cancer confirmed the survival advantage of this antiangiogenic agent in gastric cancer. Ramucirumab is the first FDA-approved therapy for advanced gastric cancer after prior chemotherapy.
Genomic and Bioinformatics Analysis of HAdV-4, a Human Adenovirus Causing Acute Respiratory Disease: Implications for Gene Therapy and Vaccine Vector Development (2005)

Human adenovirus serotype 4 (HAdV-4) is a reemerging viral pathogenic agent implicated in epidemic outbreaks of acute respiratory disease (ARD). This report presents a genomic and bioinformatics analysis of the prototype 35,990-nucleotide genome (GenBank accession no. AY594253). Intriguingly, the genome analysis suggests a closer phylogenetic relationship with the chimpanzee adenoviruses (simian adenoviruses) rather than with other human adenoviruses, suggesting a recent origin of HAdV-4, and therefore species E, through a zoonotic event from chimpanzees to humans. Bioinformatics analysis also suggests a pre-zoonotic recombination event, as well, between species B-like and species C-like simian adenoviruses. These observations may have implications for the current interest in using chimpanzee adenoviruses in the development of vectors for human gene therapy and for DNA-based vaccines. Also, the reemergence, surveillance, and treatment of HAdV-4 as an ARD pathogen is an opportunity to demonstrate the use of genome determination as a tool for viral infectious disease characterization and epidemic outbreak surveillance: for example, rapid and accurate low-pass sequencing and analysis of the genome. In particular, this approach allows the rapid identification and development of unique probes for the differentiation of family, species, serotype, and strain (e.g., pathogen genome signatures) for monitoring epidemic outbreaks of ARD.
Processing of Niobium Microalloyed API Grade Steel on a Thin Slab Plant (2005)

The use of thin slab casting and direct rolling is well suited for the production of niobium microalloyed low-carbon high strength linepipe grades. The slabs have excellent surface quality. Thermomechanical processing by controlling hot work hardening and softening processes of austenite and its polymorphic transformation into ferrite results in a powerful microstructure refinement. This is a sound basis for setting high strength, combined with excellent ductility and toughness.
A preclinical model for predicting drug response in soft-tissue sarcoma with targeted AAVP molecular imaging (2008)

Human sarcomas are rare but diverse malignant tumors derived from mesenchymal tissue. Clinical response to therapy is currently determined by the modified World Health Organization (WHO) criteria or the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), but these standards correlate poorly with sarcoma patient outcome. We introduced ligand-directed particles with elements of AAV and phage (AAVP) to enable integration of tumor targeting to molecular imaging. We report drug-response monitoring and prediction in a nude rat model of human sarcoma by AAVP imaging. As a proof-of-concept, we imaged Herpes simplex thymidine kinase in a clinic-ready setting with PET to show that one can a priori predict tumor response to a systemic cytotoxic. Given the target expression in patient-derived sarcomas, this platform may be translated in clinical applications. Sarcoma-specific ligands and promoters may ultimately lead to an imaging transcriptome.
Cooperativity in the Enhanced Piezoelectric Response of Polymer Nanowires (2014)

Multilayered, aligned arrays of organic nanowires show unique advantages in their piezoelectric response. Here, the cooperative, electromechanical mechanism at the base of the enhanced response of aligned arrays of piezoelectric nanostructures in mutual contact is unveiled. An enhancement of the piezoelectric voltage by two orders of magnitude compared with individual nanofibers is demonstrated in the arrays.
Flavor Stability (1990)

AbstractThe formation of trans-2-nonenal is one of the main causes of beer staling. The main mechanism contributing to the generation of trans-2-nonenal in beer is the enzymatic or nonenzymatic oxidation of lipids and oxidized free fatty acids. This hypothesis has been examined by looking for relations between lipoxygenase activity in malt, nonenal potential in wort, and nonenal values in fermenting wort and beer in relation to the sensory flavor stability of the finished beer. New methods were developed to determine nonenal potential and trans-2-nonenal values. It was concluded that within one experimental series of brews, lipoxygenase activity and nonenal potential were useful to predict susceptibility of beer to staling. Moreover, there was a high degree of correlation between nonenal potential and trans-2-nonenal developed in beer after natural aging. A test in which three oxidation products of linoleic acid, all suspected precursors of trans-2-nonenal in beer, were added to beer, did not give evidence of whether these components were precursors or not. Other aldehydes, besides trans-2-nonenal, were formed that do not appear during natural or forced staling of beer. In fermentation trials with an excess of trans-2-nonenal in wort, rapid reduction of trans-2-nonenal to a nondetectable level was demonstrated. At the same time, 2-nonen-1-ol and 1-nonanol were formed. Different crown corks showed remarkable differences in the diffusion velocity of oxygen through the plastic liner. The choice of a liner with a low diffusion velocity leads to a lower oxygen content and thus better flavor stability of the finished beer during storage. Finally some suggestions are given for the reduction of staling.KeywordsFlavor stabilityLipoxygenasetrans-2-NonenalNonenal potentialStaling
Unified approach to phase-strain-temperature models for smart structure interferometric optical fiber sensors: part 2, applications (1993)

Using the unified theory that relates optical phase changes to applied strain and temperature fields in structurally embedded interferometric optical fiber sensors of all types, as applied to Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, intrinsic and extrinsic Fabry-Pérot, polarimetric, dual-mode, and Bragg grating sensors, with resistance strain gauge concepts and the theory of elasticity solutions, the response of optical fiber sensors that are embedded in transversely isotropic composite materials is theoretically explored. The concepts of transverse strain sensitivity and thermal apparent strain are carefully defined for embedded optical fiber sensors, and it is found that errors resulting from these effects completely dominate the desired sensor response for all sensors except the extrinsic Fabry-Pérot. Conditions that minimize these errors are presented. The theory of elasticity solutions used in this analysis encompasses six different thermomechanical loading conditions. Comparisons to Buffer and Hocker's model are also presented.
<i>TrustWalker</i> (2009)

Collaborative filtering is the most popular approach to build recommender systems and has been successfully employed in many applications. However, it cannot make recommendations for so-called cold start users that have rated only a very small number of items. In addition, these methods do not know how confident they are in their recommendations. Trust-based recommendation methods assume the additional knowledge of a trust network among users and can better deal with cold start users, since users only need to be simply connected to the trust network. On the other hand, the sparsity of the user item ratings forces the trust-based approach to consider ratings of indirect neighbors that are only weakly trusted, which may decrease its precision. In order to find a good trade-off, we propose a random walk model combining the trust-based and the collaborative filtering approach for recommendation. The random walk model allows us to define and to measure the confidence of a recommendation. We performed an evaluation on the Epinions dataset and compared our model with existing trust-based and collaborative filtering methods.
Characteristics of acidic, basic and neutral amino acid transport in the perfused rat hindlimb. (1989)

1. We have employed a paired-tracer isotope dilution technique in a perfused rat hindlimb preparation to obtain information on the kinetics of transport across the sarcolemmal membranes of acidic, neutral and basic amino acids. 2. We have defined the characteristics of the saturable transport of amino acids normally regarded as paradigm substrates for the A, ASC, L, y+(basic) and the dicarboxylic amino acid transport systems. Their maximal transport capacities (Vmax, nmol min-1 (g muscle)-1 and substrate concentrations for half-maximal transport (Km, mM) of representative amino acid substrates are as follows: 2-aminoisobutyrate (AIB), Vmax = 15 +/- 7, Km = 1.26 +/- 0.6; alanine, Vmax = 332 +/- 53, Km = 3.9 +/- 0.9; serine, Vmax = 410 +/- 61, Km 3.4 +/- 0.5; leucine, Vmax = 2800 +/- 420, Km = 20 +/- 2; lysine, Vmax = 136 +/- 46, Km = 2.1 +/- 1.3; glutamate, Vmax = 86 +/- 6, Km = 1.05 +/- 0.05; proline, Vmax = 196 +/- 48, Km = 4.1 +/- 0.6. 3. Glycine uptake was faster than expected on the basis of diffusion but was not saturable and showed uptake that could be best described by a first-order rate constant of 0.07 +/- 0.003 min-1. 4. We have attempted to discriminate kinetically between possible routes of entry for an amino acid on the basis of competitive and non-competitive interaction between substrates potentially sharing common routes. On this basis, the major routes of alanine entry appear to be via the ASC and L systems with the A system playing a quantitatively minor role. Glutamate and aspartate appear to be transported exclusively by a dicarboxylate amino acid carrier. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and the aromatic amino acid, phenylalanine, are almost equivalent substrates for an L-like system. 5. Insulin had no detectable effect on the uptake of paradigm substrates for ASC, L, y+, the dicarboxylic amino acid or glycine transport systems. 6. Transport of serine and lysine was Na+ dependent. Lysine transport apparently occurred with a stoichiometry of 2 Na+: 1 lysine. With the exception of alanine, whose transport was partially Na+ dependent, all other amino acids examined in the present study were transported in a Na+-independent manner.
Synthetic polymer-layer silicate clay composites (1995)

Synthetic hectorites were hydrothermally crystallized with direct incorporation of water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a cationic polymer poly(dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA), and two cellulosic polymers: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The molecular weight of polyvinyl alcohols had little effect on the success of hydrothermal hectorite synthesis, d-spacing, or amount of polymer incorporated; the basal spacings range from 19.5 {angstrom} to 20.8 {angstrom} and the percent of polymer incorporated ranges from 20.4 wt% to 23.0 wt%. Synthetic PDDA-hectorite displays the lowest d-spacing at 15.8 {angstrom}, and less cationic PDDA is incorporated into hectorite (7.8 wt% organic) than the other neutral polymers (17.8-23.0 wt% organic). The basal spacing for synthetic HPMC-hectorite is the largest at 25.2 {angstrom}. Small angle neutron scattering was used to further examine the PVA-clay systems.
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting activity of the new, wheat-selective isoindoldione herbicide, cinidon-ethyl (1999)

Cinidon-ethyl (BAS 615H) is a new herbicide of isoindoldione structure which selectively controls a wide spectrum of broadleaf weeds in cereals. The uptake, translocation, metabolism and mode of action of cinidon-ethyl were investigated in Galium aparine L, Solanum nigrum L and the tolerant crop species wheat (Triticum aestivum L). When plants at the second-leaf stage were foliarly treated with cinidon-ethyl equivalent to a field rate of 50 g ha−1 for 48 h, the light requirement for phytotoxicity and the symptoms of plant damage in the weed species, including rapid chlorophyll bleaching, desiccation and necrosis of the green tissues, were identical to those of inhibitors of porphyrin synthesis, such as acifluorfen-methyl. The selectivity of cinidon-ethyl between wheat and the weed species has been quantified as approximately 500-fold. Cinidon-ethyl strongly inhibited protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) activity in vitro, with I50 values of approximately 1 nM for the enzyme isolated from the weed species and from wheat. However, subsequent effects of herbicide action, with accumulation of protoporphyrin IX, light-dependent formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-derived ethylene, ethane evolution and desiccation of the green tissue, were induced by cinidon-ethyl only in the weed species. After foliar application of [14C] cinidon-ethyl, the herbicide, due to its lipophilic nature, was rapidly adsorbed by the epicuticular wax layer of the leaf surface before it penetrated into the leaf tissue more slowly. No significant differences between foliar and root absorption and translocation of the herbicide by S nigrum, G aparine and wheat were found. After foliar or root application of [14C]- cinidon-ethyl, translocation of 14C into untreated plant parts was minimal, as demonstrated by combustion analysis and autoradiography. Metabolism of [14C]cinidon-ethyl via its E-isomer and acid to further metabolites was more rapid in wheat than in S nigrum and G aparine. After 32 h of foliar treatment with 50 g ha−1 of the [14C]-herbicide, approximately 47%, 36%, and 12% of the absorbed radioactivity, respectively, were found as unchanged parent or its biologically low active E-isomer and acid in the leaf tissue of G aparine, S nigrum and wheat. In conclusion, cinidon-ethyl is a Protox-inhibiting, peroxidizing herbicide which is effective through contact action in the green tissue of sensitive weed species. It is suggested that a more rapid metabolism, coupled with moderate leaf absorption, contribute to the tolerance of wheat to cinidon-ethyl. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of Long-Range UHF-band RFID Tag chip Using Schottky Diodes in Standard CMOS Technology (2007)

We present the design of three key building blocks for UHF-band passive RFID tag chip, i.e., voltage multiplier, ASK demodulator, and internal clock generator. An analysis on a simple equivalent circuit of RFID tag chip for long reading range is presented taking into account the finite turn-on voltage of tag chip. The Schottky diodes used in the passive RFID tag chip were fabricated using Titanium (Ti/Al/Ta/Al)-Silicon (n-type) junction in 0.35μ m CMOS process, and the effect of size of Schottky diode on the turn-on voltage and the input impedance of the voltage multiplier was investigated. For 300 mV RF input voltage, the fabricated voltage multiplier using Schottky diodes generated output voltages of 1.5 V and corresponding voltage conversion efficiency of 45%. In addition, we propose an example circuit for internal oscillator of tag chip with digital calibration, which can generate precise copy of RFID reader timing signals.
Thrombopoietin Gene Transfer–Mediated Enhancement of Angiogenic Responses to Acute Ischemia (2005)

The development of new blood vessels is a complex process, likely requiring the synergy of multiple angiogenic mediators. This study focuses on the proximal angiogenic response using the platelet as a complex carrier of critical mediators of angiogenesis. Platelet levels are controlled by circulating levels of thrombopoietin (TPO) functioning to activate megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet release through the c-mpl receptor. We hypothesized that TPO gene transfer should enhance correction of experimental ischemia by providing increased levels of platelets and hence platelet-derived mediators of angiogenesis. To evaluate this hypothesis, we dissected the role of the TPO-c-mpl-megakaryocyte-platelet pathway in the angiogenic response using a model of acute hindlimb ischemia of wild-type, TPO(-/-), and c-mpl(-/-) mice. The data demonstrate that infusion of platelets will enhance the angiogenic response in wild-type mice and that the endogenous angiogenic response is blunted in TPO(-/-) and c-mpl(-/-) mice. Consistent with this observation, adenovirus (Ad)-mediated transfer of TPO (AdTPO) enhanced the correction of ischemia in wild-type and TPO(-/-), but not c-mpl(-/-), mice. Local versus systemic administration of AdTPO showed that the effect of TPO gene transfer was systemic, not local, and it could be replaced by gene transfer of VEGF, one of the many mediators of angiogenesis carried by the platelets, even in the absence of components in the TPO-c-mpl-megakaryocyte-platelet pathway.
Jay McLean, MD (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Your unpleasant and unwarranted criticism of the career of Jay McLean (<b>201</b>:770, 1967) begs a rebuttal. Dr. McLean's remarkable career as a medical investigator, clinician, and teacher is amply documented in your editorial. His unique contribution to medicine in the discovery of heparin is, in itself, sufficient reason for us to be grateful that he overcame the vissicitudes of poverty and loneliness which you have described. His professional career encompasses academic surgery, physiology, radiology, oncology, and public health, and he held responsible positions in each of these fields. Few of our most esteemed medical educators have exceeded these activities in scope or depth. There is no factual basis in your editorial to substantiate the charge that "his intellectual impact in developing surgery upon physiological principles was of little moment."
The Kinetics of PDZ Domain-Ligand Interactions and Implications for the Binding Mechanism (2005)

PDZ domains are protein adapter modules present in a few hundred human proteins. They play important roles in scaffolding and signal transduction. PDZ domains usually bind to the C termini of their target proteins. To assess the binding mechanism of this interaction we have performed the first in-solution kinetic study for PDZ domains and peptides corresponding to target ligands. Both PDZ3 from postsynaptic density protein 95 and PDZ2 from protein tyrosine phosphatase L1 bind their respective target peptides through an apparent A + B --> A.B mechanism without rate-limiting conformational changes. But a mutant with a fluorescent probe (Trp) outside of the binding pocket suggests that slight changes in the structure take place upon binding in protein tyrosine phosphatase-L1 PDZ2. For PDZ3 from postsynaptic density protein 95 the pH dependence of the binding reaction is consistent with a one-step mechanism with one titratable group. The salt dependence of the interaction shows that the formation of electrostatic interactions is rate-limiting for the association reaction but not for dissociation of the complex.
Automated measurement of plasma viscosity by capillary viscometer. (1988)

Plasma viscosity has several advantages over the erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a measurement of an acute phase response of more than 24 hours' duration. A new capillary viscometer (Coulter Viscometer II), which gives an automated measurement of plasma viscosity, was compared with the selected manual method (Harkness viscometer) of the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology. Automated measurement of plasma viscosity at 25 degrees C showed close correlation (r = 0.979, p less than 0.002) with the selected method for 160 specimens of plasma. Satisfactory precision both within batch and between batch (coefficients of variation of 1.7% or less) was obtained at viscosity values up to 5.7 mPa.s. There was no detectable carry over between samples and viscosity values were corrected adequately for ambient temperature for the range 15-32 degrees C. Careful daily cleaning was required to prevent accumulation of protein within the automatic sampling valve of the instrument. Automated measurement of plasma viscosity is an attractive alternative to measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Temporary bond—debond technology for high‐performance transistors on flexible substrates (2010)

Abstract— A processing technology based upon a temporary bond—debond approach has been developed that enables direct fabrication of high‐performance electronic devices on flexible substrates. This technique facilitates processing of flexible plastic and metal‐foil substrates through automated standard semiconductor and flat‐panel tool sets without tool modification. The key to processing with these tool sets is rigidifying the flexible substrates through temporary bonding to carriers that can be handled in a similar manner as silicon wafers or glass substrates in conventional electronics manufacturing. To demonstrate the power of this processing technology, amorphous‐silicon thin‐film‐transistor (a‐Si:H TFT) backplanes designed for electrophoretic displays (EPDs) were fabricated using a low‐temperature process (180°C) on bonded‐plastic and metal‐foil substrates. The electrical characteristics of the TFTs fabricated on flexible substrates are found to be consistent with those processed with identical conditions on rigid silicon wafers. These TFTs on plastic exhibit a field‐effect mobility of 0.77 cm 2 /V‐sec, on/off current ratio >10 9 at Vds = 10 V, sub‐threshold swing of 365 mV/dec, threshold voltage of 0.49 V, and leakage current lower than 2 pA/μm gate width. After full TFT‐array fabrication on the bonded substrate and subsequent debonding, the flexible substrate retains its original flexibility; this enables bending of the EPD display without loss in performance.