gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>‘-Dialkylimidazolium Chloroplatinate(II), Chloroplatinate(IV), and Chloroiridate(IV) Salts and an <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex of Platinum(II):  Synthesis in Ionic Liquids and Crystal Structures (2001)

The first imidazole-type carbene complex of platinum(II), cis-(C2H4)(1-ethyl-3-methylimidazol-2-ylidene)PtCl2, has been obtained by reacting PtCl2 and PtCl4 with ethylene in the basic [EMIM]Cl/AlCl3 (1.3:1) ionic liquid (where [EMIM]+ = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) at 200 degrees C and structurally characterized (monoclinic P21/c space group, a = 10.416(2) A, b = 7.3421(9) A, c = 15.613(2) A, beta = 101.53(2) degrees, Z = 4). This complex can be regarded as a stable analogue of the pi-alkene-Pd(II)-carbene intermediate in the Heck reaction. In addition, a series of new N,N'-dialkylimidazolium salts of platinum group metals of the type [RMIM]2[MCln], where [RMIM+] = 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium and M = Pt(II), Pt(IV), or Ir(IV), have been prepared and characterized. The salts [EMIM]2[PtCl6] (1) and [EMIM]2[PtCl4] (2) were prepared in the ionic liquid [EMIM]Cl/AlCl3 and the salts [BMIM]2[PtCl4] (3) and [BMIM]2[PtCl6] (4) (where [BMIM]+ = 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) and [EMIM]2-[IrCl6] (5) in aqueous or acetonitrile media. From TGA measurements, salts 1-5 decompose in air in several steps eventually to form the corresponding metal, the onset of decomposition being observed at (degree C) 260 (1), 220 (2), 200 (3), 215 (4), and 210 (5). The structures of 1, 2, and 5 were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The three salts crystallize in the monoclinic P21/n space group (1, a = 7.6433(9) A, b = 16.353(2) A, c = 9.213(1) A, beta = 113.56(1) degrees, Z = 2; 2, a = 8.601(1) A, b = 8.095(2) A, c = 13.977(2) A, beta = 91.75(2) degrees, Z = 2; 5, a = 10.353(2) A, b = 9.759(2) A, c = 10.371(2) A, beta = 92.98(3) degrees, Z = 2).
Erythrocyte efferocytosis modulates macrophages towards recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage (2017)

Macrophages are a source of both proinflammatory and restorative functions in damaged tissue through complex dynamic phenotypic changes. Here, we sought to determine whether monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) contribute to recovery after acute sterile brain injury. By profiling the transcriptional dynamics of MDMs in the murine brain after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), we found robust phenotypic changes in the infiltrating MDMs over time and demonstrated that MDMs are essential for optimal hematoma clearance and neurological recovery. Next, we identified the mechanism by which the engulfment of erythrocytes with exposed phosphatidylserine directly modulated the phenotype of both murine and human MDMs. In mice, loss of receptor tyrosine kinases AXL and MERTK reduced efferocytosis of eryptotic erythrocytes and hematoma clearance, worsened neurological recovery, exacerbated iron deposition, and decreased alternative activation of macrophages after ICH. Patients with higher circulating soluble AXL had poor 1-year outcomes after ICH onset, suggesting that therapeutically augmenting efferocytosis may improve functional outcomes by both reducing tissue injury and promoting the development of reparative macrophage responses. Thus, our results identify the efferocytosis of eryptotic erythrocytes through AXL/MERTK as a critical mechanism modulating macrophage phenotype and contributing to recovery from ICH.
Proprioception in the anterior cruciate deficient knee (1989)

Proprioception was quantified in a group of patients who had documented complete ACL tears. Threshold to detection of passive change in position of the knee was measured using a well-described test. Eleven patients with arthroscopically proven complete ACL tears and findings consistent with moderate to severe anterolateral rotatory instability were tested. Testing was done within the 30 degrees to 40 degrees range of knee flexion. Patients were blindfolded and the injured and uninjured knees were tested in random sequence so that the normal knee could serve as an internal control. Testing was also done in a blind manner, i.e., the examiner did not know which knee had been injured. An age-matched control group underwent identical testing. Potentially significant variables such as age, time from injury, and degree of rehabilitation as measured by thigh circumference and isokinetic testing of the knee were included in a multivariate analysis. Control subjects demonstrated virtually identical threshold values between their two knees, the mean variation being less than 2%. The test group, however, showed a significantly higher mean threshold value for the injured versus the noninjured knee (P less than 0.01), the mean variation being over 25%. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that changes recorded in the proprioception of the injured knee were attributable to the loss of the ACL rather than to other variables. Patients who have complete ACL tears and moderate to severe rotatory instability may also experience a decline in proprioceptive function of their knee.
Protective Effect of Paraoxonase Activity in High-Density Lipoproteins against Erythrocyte Membranes Peroxidation: A Comparison between Healthy Subjects and Type 1 Diabetic Patients (2004)

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) plays a key role in the protection against oxidative damage of lipoprotein and biological membranes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the antioxidant role of HDL and the HDL-paraoxonase (PON) activity in healthy subjects and in type 1 diabetic patients. Moreover, the ability of HDL of controls and diabetic patients to protect and/or repair biological membranes from oxidative damage was studied. HDL were isolated from 31 type 1 diabetic patients and 31 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects and immediately used to evaluate lipid hydroperoxides and HDL-PON activity. Erythrocyte membranes obtained from healthy subjects were oxidized with 2,2-azo-bis(2-aminidinopropane)dihydrochloride and then incubated in the presence of HDL isolated from healthy or type 1 diabetic subjects, with measurements of membrane lipid hydroperoxides before and after the incubation. HDL from type 1 diabetic patients showed higher levels of lipid hydroperoxides and a lower activity of HDL-PON than healthy subjects. Moreover, HDL of type 1 diabetic patients protected less efficiently erythrocyte membranes against oxidative damage compared with HDL from healthy subjects. A negative correlation was found between HDL-PON activity and the levels of hydroperoxides of HDL, confirming the relationship between PON and lipid peroxidation and suggesting that subjects with low PON activity are more exposed to oxidative damage than subjects with high PON activity. The ability of HDL to protect erythrocyte membranes was positively correlated with HDL-PON activity and negatively correlated with the levels of lipid hydroperoxides of HDL of healthy subjects. These results confirm a linkage between PON activity and lipid peroxidation of lipoproteins and suggest that the ability of HDL to protect erythrocyte membranes might be related to the PON activity. It might be hypothesized that the decrease of PON activity in diabetic patients and the lower HDL protective action against membrane peroxidation could contribute to acceleration of arteriosclerosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Measuring RF‐induced currents inside implants: Impact of device configuration on MRI safety of cardiac pacemaker leads (2009)

Radiofrequency (RF)-related heating of cardiac pacemaker leads is a serious concern in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recent investigations suggest such heating to be strongly dependent on an implant's position within the surrounding medium, but this issue is currently poorly understood. In this study, phantom measurements of the RF-induced electric currents inside a pacemaker lead were performed to investigate the impact of the device position and lead configuration on the amount of MRI-related heating at the lead tip. Seven hundred twenty device position/lead path configurations were investigated. The results show that certain configurations are associated with a highly increased risk to develop MRI-induced heating, whereas various configurations do not show any significant heating. It was possible to precisely infer implant heating on the basis of current intensity values measured inside a pacemaker lead. Device position and lead configuration relative to the surrounding medium are crucial to the amount of RF-induced heating in MRI. This indicates that a considerable number of implanted devices may incidentally not develop severe heating in MRI because of their specific configuration in the body. Small variations in configuration can, however, strongly increase the risk for such heating effects, meaning that hazardous situations might appear during MRI.
Synthesis of light-colored rosin glycerol ester (2007)

Abstract A light-colored rosin glycerol ester was synthesized from gum rosin and glycerol in the presence of a highly effective decolorizing agent. The effects of the type and dosage of the decolorizing agent and the reaction temperature and time on the yield, softening point, color, and acid number of the rosin glycerol ester were investigated. Experimental results showed that 4,4′-thio-bis(6- tert -butyl-3-methyl phenol) was the best decolorizing agent. It promoted esterification at an optimal dosage of 0.5% (based on the weight percentage of starting material rosin). Suitable conditions for esterification of rosin and glycerol were: reaction temperature, 260–270°C; reaction time, 6–8 h; and rosin/glycerol molar ratio, 2.5:1 (mol mol -1 ). The characteristics of the rosin glycerol ester obtained under these conditions were as follows: softening point, 90–94°C (ball and ring method); color, 1–2 (Gardner value); acid number, 7–8; and yield, >88% (based on the total weight of rosin and glycerol). The selected additive has a multifunctional effect involving bleaching, disproportionation, and catalysis.
Base composition analysis of oligonucleotides containing apurinic sites (1993)

Upon base composition analysis, oligonucleotides which are labeled at the 3'-terminus with fluorescein or biotin generate an additional, late eluting peak in the HPLC chromatogram. Investigation of this effect revealed the haptens acted as apurinic sites, and phosphodiesterase cleavage of the phosphate bond between the upstream nucleotide and apurinic site is inhibited. Extension of this work with a base-stable apurinic site inserted into all possible junctures of 5'-TGAC-3' tetramers showed this to be a general effect. As a consequence of this work, acid-catalyzed depurination resulting in apurinic sites can be monitored in oligonucleotide synthesis.
Miscibility in blends of model polyolefins and corresponding diblock copolymers: thermal analysis studies (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMiscibility in blends of model polyolefins and corresponding diblock copolymers: thermal analysis studiesD. J. Lohse, L. J. Fetters, M. J. Doyle, H. C. Wang, and C. KowCite this: Macromolecules 1993, 26, 13, 3444–3447Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00065a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00065a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Risk factors for excess body fatness in New Zealand children. (2008)

The findings from this study enhance our understanding of the risk factors for excess body fatness in New Zealand children, and highlight key demographic and lifestyle priorities for future interventions.
Effects of Inlet Flow Distortion on the Performance of Aircraft Gas Turbines (2008)

This paper describes how the fundamental effects of inlet flow distortion on the performance of gas turbines can be evaluated with any engine performance program that employs an integrated parallel compressor model. In this simulation method, both pressure and temperature distortions are quantified with coefficients, which relate the pressure (respectively temperature) in the spoiled sector to the value in the clean sector. In single spool compressor engines, the static pressure at the exit of the clean sector equals that of the distorted sector. This hypothesis does not hold true with multispool compressor engines because the short intercompressor ducts, which often contain struts or vanes, do not allow the mass flow transfer over the sector borders, which would be required for balancing the static pressures. The degree of aerodynamic coupling of compressors in series can be described in the performance simulation program by the simple coupling factor introduced in this paper. There are two fundamentally different reasons for the change in engine performance: First, there is the impact of the flow distortion on the component efficiencies and thus the thermodynamic cycle and second there are performance changes due to the actions of the control system. From the engine system simulation results, it becomes clear why inlet flow distortion has only a minor impact on the thermodynamic cycle if the comparison of the two operating conditions (with clean and distorted inlet flow) is made at the properly averaged engine inlet conditions. For each compressor, the parallel compressor theory yields two operating points in the map, one for the clean sector and one for the spoiled sector. The performance loss due to the distortion is small since the efficiency values in the two sectors are only a bit lower than the efficiency at a comparable operating point with clean inlet flow. However, the control system of the engine can react to the inlet flow distortion in such a way that the thrust delivered changes significantly. This is particularly true if a compressor bleed valve or a variable area nozzle is opened to counteract compressor stability problems. Especially, using recirculating bleed air for increasing the surge margin of a compressor affects the performance of the engine negatively. Two examples show clearly that the pros and cons of recirculating bleed can only be judged with a full system simulation; looking at the surge line improvement alone can be misleading.
Identification of 3α‐hydroxy‐5α‐androst‐16‐ene as the musk odour component of boar submaxillary salivary gland and its relationship to the sex odour taint in pork meat (1968)

Abstract The salivary glands of boars, hogs and gilts have been examined for the presence of sex odour. The submaxillary salivary glands of all boars examined possessed a musk‐smelling compound, which was absent from the glands of the hogs and gilts. The compound, which has been isolated and identified as 3α‐hydroxy‐5α‐androst‐16‐ene, is closely related to 5α‐androst‐16‐ene‐3‐one, previously isolated from boar fat.
A Cost Effective Rate Control for Streaming Video Dedicated to Wireless Handheld Devices (2008)

In a recent VoD application, a stationary VoD server delivers video stream to a mobile device, particularly PDA, over wireless. Typically, the sending rate at the server is faster than the playback rate at a handheld device. Therefore, it can't receive streaming video as possible as the sending rate even if there is no congestion and extremely low BER over wireless. Our objective is to develop a simple cost effective rate control scheme using a buffer level at a mobile device. We classify the buffer at a mobile device into three distinct states depending on its level (occupancy). For each of these states a different rate control scheme is formulated. Since the sending rate increases as the inter-packet delay (IPD) at the sender decreases, we vary IPD to control the rate with its state. Adjustable parameters used in our proposed method are calibrated using our empirical results. These measurements were carried out on a test-bed which reproduces a real prototype of the wired-cum-wireless topology.
The Biological Effects of Radium-224 Injected into Dogs (1996)

A life-span study was conducted in 128 beagle dogs to determine the biological effects of intravenously injected 224Ra chloride. The 224Ra chloride was prepared by the same method used for intravenous injections in humans who were treated for ankylosing spondylitis and tuberculosis. Thus the results obtained from dogs can be compared directly to the population of treated humans, both for the elucidation of the effect of exposure rate and for comparison with other radionuclides for which data for humans are unavailable. Using equal numbers of males and females, the dogs were injected with one of four levels of 224Ra resulting in initial body burdens of approximately 13, 40, 120 or 350 kBq of 224Ra kg-1 body mass. A control group of dogs was injected with diluent only. All dogs were divided further into three groups for which the amount of injected 224Ra (half-life of 3.62 days) or diluent was given in a single injection or divided equally into 10 or 50 weekly injections. As a result of these three injection schedules, the accumulation of dose from the injected 224Ra was distributed over approximately 1, 3 or 12 months. Each injection schedule included four different injection levels resulting in average absorbed alpha-particle doses to bone of 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 Gy, respectively. The primary early effect observed was a hematological dyscrasia in the dogs receiving either of the two highest injection levels. The effect was most severe in the dogs receiving a single injection of 224Ra and resulted in the death of three dogs injected at the highest level. The late-occurring biological effects were tumors. Bone tumors were the most common followed by tumors in the nasal mucosa. The occurrence of bone tumors was highest in the dogs given the highest dose in 50 injections. The age-specific incidence rate for mammary tumors was increased in all three injection groups. The results of this study revealed two important exposure-rate effects. Hematological dyscrasia was amplified by delivery of relatively high doses at a high exposure rate. In contrast, bone tumors were amplified by delivery of relatively high doses at a lower exposure rate (i.e. dose delivered over 1 year rather than 1-3 months). There was a dose-response relationship for the induction of nasal mucosal tumors and mammary tumors. These findings in dogs are similar to those in humans injected with 224Ra, except for the nasal tumors. The calculated risk of developing a bone tumor was about 40 times higher in dogs than reported for humans.
Gradient amplification: An efficient way to train deep neural networks (2020)

Improving performance of deep learning models and reducing their training times are ongoing challenges in deep neural networks. There are several approaches proposed to address these challenges, one of which is to increase the depth of the neural networks. Such deeper networks not only increase training times, but also suffer from vanishing gradients problem while training. In this work, we propose gradient amplification approach for training deep learning models to prevent vanishing gradients and also develop a training strategy to enable or disable gradient amplification method across several epochs with different learning rates. We perform experiments on VGG-19 and Resnet models (Resnet-18 and Resnet-34), and study the impact of amplification parameters on these models in detail. Our proposed approach improves performance of these deep learning models even at higher learning rates, thereby allowing these models to achieve higher performance with reduced training time.
Log <i>T</i> Dependence of Resistivity and Negative Magnetoresistance in the Layered Compound TiTe<sub>2</sub> (1983)

Resistivity measurements of TiTe 2 have been made. Above 10 K, a typical metallic behavior has been observed, while at low temperatures an increase of resistivity with a log T dependence has been found. From measurements of magnetoresistance, this anomaly has been concluded to be due to not the Kondo effect but the two-dimensional Anderson localization in the weakly localized regime. Negative magnetoresistance observed for J ⊥ H // c -axis is proportional to H 2 in low fields and to log H in intermediate fields and saturates about 40 kOe. This field dependence is in good agreement with Hikami et al .'s theory based on the two-dimensional localization. Moreover, TiTe 2 seems to be a new system, where two carriers (three-dimensional and two-dimensional) exist and the two-dimensional carriers are considered to be localized at low temperatures.
Identification and sequencing of the<i>Choristoneura biennis</i>entomopoxvirus DNA polymerase gene (1991)

A degenerate oligonucleotide probe corresponding to a highly conserved amino acid sequence in several DNA polymerases was used to locate the DNA polymerase gene in the Choristoneura biennis entomopoxvirus. Southern blot analysis of the entomopoxvirus genome using the degenerate oligonucleotide probe showed specific interaction between the probe and an eight kilobasepair EcoRI fragment from the entomopoxvirus genome. Sequencing this EcoRI fragment revealed an open reading frame 2892 nucleotides in length, capable of encoding a protein about 115 kilodaltons. Homology search of this open reading frame against other proteins indicated a high degree of homology in four distinct regions with DNA polymerases from other organisms. The highest degree of homology (24.9% at the amino acid level) was found between the vaccinia DNA polymerase gene and the entomopoxvirus open reading frame.
General Pathophysiology in Retinal Degeneration (2014)

Retinal degeneration, including that seen in age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa (RP), is the most common form of neural degenerative disease in the world. There is great genetic and allelic heterogeneity of the various retinal dystrophies. Classifications of these diseases can be ambiguous, as there are similar clinical presentations in retinal degenerations arising from different genetic mechanisms. As would be expected, alterations in the activity of the phototransduction cascade, such as changes affecting the renewal and shedding of the photoreceptor OS, visual transduction, and/or retinol metabolism have a great impact on the health of the retina. Mutations within any of the molecules responsible for these visual processes cause several types of retinal and retinal pigment epithelium degenerative diseases. Apoptosis has been implicated in the rod cell loss seen in a mouse model of RP, but the precise mechanisms that connect the activation of these pathways to the loss of phosphodiesterase (PDE6β) function has yet to be defined. Additionally, the activation of apoptosis by CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), after activation of the unfolded protein response pathway, may be responsible for cell death, although the mechanism remains unknown. However, the mechanisms of cell death after loss of function of PDE6, which is a commonly studied mammalian model in research, may be generalizable to loss of function of different key proteins involved in the phototransduction cascade.