gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of temporary calcium deficiency on tomato growth and mineral nutrition (1996)

Abstract The effects of temporary calcium deficiency on the growth and mineral nutrition of whole tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum All. cv. Rondello) plants were investigated at the 22–23 leaf stage. Three deficiency period durations (5, 8, and 10 days or ‐Ca5, ‐Ca8, and ‐Ca10, respectively) were tested during the two series of hydroponic experiments in a greenhouse. At the end of the calcium deficiency period, the plants were supplied again with a standard nutrient solution. In the plants subjected to a 5‐day calcium deficiency, stem growth and new leaf formation were slowed 10–12 days after the onset of the treatment. The effect was rapidly attenuated and no visual symptom was observed thereafter. The stem growth slow‐down induced by treatments ‐Ca8 and ‐Ca10 8–10 days after the onset of calcium deficiency was followed by the rapid appearance of visual symptoms and by the death of the apical meristem. Thus, beyond five days, even though the plant was supplied again with calcium, the appearance of visual symptoms shortly preceded the total necrosis of the apical meristem of the stem. Two major phenomena were characterized by the analysis of plant uptake and contents. The calcium deficiency showed the occurrence of a strong calcium‐magnesium antagonism mainly localized in the leaves, which suggests the influence of calcium on magnesium translocation to the above‐ground parts. Besides, in the absence of calcium in the nutrient solution, phosphorus uptake was decreased as shown by the decreased root content. The phenomenon might be related to the occurrence of precipitated dicalcium phosphate at the root surface. The precipitate was likely to constitute a calcium reserve which was rapidly depleted by the plant after a 5‐day deficiency.
Gas Prism for Light Beams (1967)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text F. J. Tischer, "Gas Prism for Light Beams," Appl. Opt. 6, 352-353 (1967) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
PCB via to trace return loss optimization for >25Gbps serial links (2014)

High speed serial links usually have extremely tight requirement on the quality of the signal channels, in terms of insertion loss and return loss. Along with an end-to-end channel design, the transition from plated-through-hole (PTH) via to fan-out traces on printed circuit board (PCB) creates unavoidable impedance discontinuity, which greatly impacts the channel return loss performance. It is important to understand and model this discontinuity for optimization purpose. This paper discusses several approaches of improving the channel's properties, by optimizing the via-to-trace transition. Considering the impedance continuity at via to trace fan-out region, usually bigger anti-pad size (to reduce capacitive discontinuity) and larger return-path area (to reduce inductive discontinuity) are employed. In this paper, we inserted a short segment of fan-out-traces, named as “transition traces”, with slightly lower impedance than the system impedance; it significantly helps on improving the overall return loss performance, while being able to take care of the above-mentioned capacitive and inductive discontinuities very well. Besides, the impact of various parameters, including transition trace impedance, anti-pad sizes on different layers, is analyzed; and the optimum combination of these design parameters is suggested. Lastly, the manufactured test board is measured to verify the optimization method.
Viscoelasticity of Asphalts Modified with SEBS Copolymers Functionalized with Various Amounts of Maleic Anhydride (2009)

Abstract It is known that the microstructure of polymer-modified asphalts (PMA) depends strongly of the characteristics of the polymer. The modifier polymer improves the mechanical properties of pure asphalt when used in paved roads. In this work, asphalt is modified using reactive polymers obtained via functionalization of styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) copolymers in solution using various amounts of benzoil peroxide (BPO) as initiator and maleic anhydride (MAH). The resulting functionalized copolymer (SEBS-g-MAH) with variable amounts of grafting (variable reactivity) is blended with the asphalt at small contents (2–4 wt. %). The amount of MAH grafting was determined by FTIR, 1 HNMR, GPC, DSC and by titration with KOH, and this amount is readily correlated with the improvement of the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the asphalt. In addition, the limit of the polymer-asphalt compatibility is determined for these systems.
Effect of nanoparticle size and size‐distribution on mechanical behavior of filled amorphous thermoplastic polymers (2007)

Abstract Different types of polymer nanocomposites on the base of polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, and polycarbonate with alumina and SiO 2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes have been studied. Miniaturized, microdimensional samples were used, enabling a good control of morphology and distribution of particles by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Special preparation techniques had been applied, which resulted in a very good dispersion of the nanoparticles. Using these materials with really nanosized particles of a few 10nm in size the effect on toughness enhancement could be studied without agglomerates as they often appear in the generally used large samples. Micromechanical mechanisms were studied in detail by TEM and SEM investigations of deformed samples. A “nanoparticle modulated crazing” could be detected as a toughness enhancing effect. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Triazolopyridines as ligands: structural diversity in iron(ii), cobalt(ii), nickel(ii) and copper(ii) complexes of 3-(2-pyridyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine (L10) and spin crossover in [FeII(L10)2(NCS)2] (2010)

The coordination chemistry of the ligand 3-(2-pyridyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine (L¹⁰) has been investigated and iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes featuring diverse structural motifs have been prepared. In the 2 : 1-type complexes [Co(II)(L¹⁰)₂(MeOH)₂](ClO₄)₂ (20), [Ni(II)(L¹⁰)₂(MeOH)₂](ClO₄)₂ (21), [Cu(II)(L¹⁰)₂(MeOH)₂](ClO₄)₂ (22), [Co(II)(L¹⁰)₂(H₂O)₂](ClO₄)₂ (23) and [Cu(II)(L¹⁰)₂(ClO₄)₂] (24) the metal centres are N₄O₂ octahedrally coordinated with two N²,N(pyr) bidentate ligands L¹⁰ in the equatorial positions. In the N₆ octahedral 4 : 1-type complex [Co(II)(L¹⁰)₄](ClO₄)₂·H₂O (25) both axially coordinating N¹ unidentate and equatorially bound N²,N(pyr) bidentate ligands L¹⁰ are observed. The N₆ octahedral 3 : 1-type complex [Fe(II)(L¹⁰)₃](OTf)₂·1.5MeCN·0.13H₂O·0.87MeO(t)Bu (27) features three N²,N(pyr) bidentate ligands L¹⁰ in the mer configuration. The two closely related N₆ octahedral complexes [Fe(II)(L¹⁰)₂(NCS)₂] (29) and [Fe(II)(L¹⁰)₂(dca)₂] (30) have fundamentally different structures. While complex 29 features two equatorially bound N²,N(pyr) bidentate ligands L¹⁰ and axial NCS⁻ co-ligands, complex 30 is a one-dimensional doubly μ1,5-dicyanamido-bridged polymer with N¹ unidentate ligands L¹⁰ in the axial positions. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements of the iron(II) complexes 28 and 29 have shown the 3 : 1-type complex [Fe(II)(L¹⁰)₃](ClO₄)₂·H₂O (28) to be in the low-spin state over the range 300-2 K and the 2 : 1-type complex 29 to be a spin crossover compound with T(1/2) = 269 K whereas the dicyanamido-bridged complex 30 remains in the high-spin state even down to 113 K, according to X-ray diffraction data. A single end-to-end bridging NCS⁻ co-ligand is found in the N₄S square-pyramidal complex [Cu(II)(L¹⁰)(NCS)₂] (31) which shows Curie-Weiss behaviour over the range 300-2 K. A brief review of the coordination chemistry of triazolopyridines is given.
Gut commensal <i>Parabacteroides goldsteinii</i> plays a predominant role in the anti-obesity effects of polysaccharides isolated from <i>Hirsutella sinensis</i> (2018)

HSM polysaccharides and the gut bacterium <i>P. goldsteinii</i> represent novel prebiotics and probiotics that may be used to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Characterization of<i>avrE</i>from<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i>pv.<i>tomato:</i>A hrp-Linked Avirulence Locus Consisting of at Least Two Transcriptional Units (1995)

Cosmid clone pPT10E9 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato caused P. s pv. glycinea to elicit the HR on leaves of all tested soybean cultivars. The avirulence function of pPT10E9, called avrE, occurred on an 11.3-kb DNA fragment located immediately adjacent to the P. s. pv. tomato hrp gene cluster. Tn3-gus saturation mutagenesis of the avrE locus and adjacent DNA revealed at least four transcriptional units occurring immediately adjacent to the hrpRS locus that were all regulated in a manner similar to hrp genes (induced only in minimal induction media or in planta and required the hrpL and hrpRS loci for expression). Transcriptional units III and IV, but not II or V, were required for avrE function. P. s. pv. tomato DC3000 carrying mutations in each of the four transcripts retained full virulence on tomato leaves and elicited the HR on tobacco and soybean plants. This was unlike strain PT23, where mutation of avrE greatly decreased virulence on tomato leaves. The promoter regions for three of the investigated transcriptional units contained a consensus sequence occurring in the promoter regions of several other P. syringae avirulence and hrp genes. The promoter region of transcriptional unit IV, required for avrE function, did not contain such a sequence, but included an element which may function as a sigma-54 promoter. Introduction of the cloned P. s. pv. tomato avrE locus into five other P. syringae pathovars did not cause them to elicit the HR on their normal host plants.
A new method of image formation with annular apertures and an application in radio astronomy (1965)

Abstract A new method is developed for obtaining images of high quality with an annular aperture. The principle is of general application to all forms of optics but has special application to the use of annular arrays of aerials for radio astronomy. The method allows any desired polar diagram within the diffraction limit of the aperture to be generated without recourse to the technically difficult concept of image convolution. It depends on two ideas: first, that by inserting appropriate phases into the transmission lines from each aerial element any polar diagram with the form of the Bessel function J2k(2παr) may be generated, where a is the radius of the annulus in wavelengths, r is a measure of angular distance from the axis of the annulus and k is any integer; secondly that any circularly symmetrical function F(r) whose Fourier spatial frequencies do not exceed the number 2a can be expressed in the form F(r) = Σ tkJ2k(2παr) k= 0 where the coefficients tk can be evaluated explicitly. The summation may be achieved technically by time-shared integration. The theory of the method, which is termed J2synthesis, is extended to the case when the annulus consists of discrete aperture elements with uniform spacing. ' The application of the principle to an annular radio telescope of diameter 3 km, at present under construction, is described.
Long-wavelength long-lifetime luminophores for cellular and tissue imaging (2004)

Fluorescence detection is the dominant technology for cellular imaging, clinical diagnostics, DNA analysis and drug discovery. In fluorescence microscopy, the fluorophores are subject to photobliching and detectability is limited by cellular autofluorescence. We describe new approach to develop fluorescent probes that display long emission wavelength, long decay times, and high quantum yield and high fluorescence brightness. These luminophores are covalently linked pairs of long-lifetime fluorophores (like metal-ligand complexes) and a short-fluorescence-lifetime and high quantum yield dyes. Using resonance energy transfer (RET) it is possible of obtaining desirable spectral properties and long fluorescence lifetime in covalently linked pairs. The long-lifetime donor results in a long-lived fluorescence component in the acceptor decay. Importantly the emission spectrum of the luminophore is that of the acceptor and quantum yield of the luminophore approaches that of the higher quantum yield acceptor. Such luminophores are suitable for fluorescence measurements in biological samples with the use of real time background suppression to eliminate autofluorescence. We discuss experimental examples based on long lived metal-ligand-complexes and long wavelength acceptors like Texas Red. The emission maxima (spectra) and decay time of such RET tandems can be readily adjusted by selection of the donor, acceptor and distance between them. Such luminophores with long-wavelength emission and adjustable long lifetime can have numerous applications in one-photon and multi-photon cellular and tissue imaging with the use of off-gating the excitation pulse and sample autofluorescence.
Motion artifact removal from muscle NIR Spectroscopy measurements (2010)

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is an optical method used for monitoring local tissue oxygenation and hemodynamics. This method is becoming increasingly popular in clinical and research applications. One important shortcoming of NIRS is an extreme sensitivity to motion artifacts. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for removing movement artifacts from NIRS signals. We applied wavelet transform and then used the signal representation in the wavelet domain to isolate the artifacts and remove them using statistical testing. We tested this method on both simulated and experimental NIRS data acquired in a leg fracture operation and compared the results with those of median filtering, FIR filtering and wavelet SURE threshold estimation methods. The results show that the method significantly reduces the artifacts without distorting the signal in artifact free regions and outperforms other artifact removal methods.
The more you know, the less you learn: from knowledge transfer to one-shot learning of object categories (2009)

Learning a category from few examples is a challenging task for vision algorithms, while psychological studies have shown that humans are able to generalise correctly even from a single instance (one-shot learning). The most accredited hypothesis is that humans are able to exploit prior knowledge when learning a new related category. This paper presents an SVM-based model adaptation algorithm able to perform knowledge transfer for a new category when very limited examples are available. Using a leave-one-out estimate of the weighted error-rate the algorithm automatically decides from where to transfer (on which known category to rely), how much to transfer (the degree of adaptation) and if it is worth transferring something at all. Moreover a weighted least-squares loss function takes optimally care of data unbalance between negative and positive examples. Experiments presented on two different object category databases show that the proposed method is able to exploit previous knowledge avoiding negative transfer. The overall classification performance is increased compared to what would be achieved by starting from scratch. Furthermore as the number of already learned categories grows, the algorithm is able to learn a new category from one sample with increasing precision, i.e. it is able to perform one-shot learning. © 2009. The copyright of this document resides with its authors.
Liquid Crystal Phase Shifter Based on Nonradiative Dielectric Waveguide Topology at W-Band (2019)

This paper presents a continuously tunable nonradiative dielectric waveguide (NRD) phase shifter based on liquid crystal (LC) technology at W-band. LC is inserted in the NRD's dielectric core to obtain tunability. Compared to other dielectric waveguides, which are prone to radiation losses, the NRD is radiation free even at bends and discontinuities. A maximum differential phase shift of 280° was achieved with an electric biasing voltage of ±150 V, accompanied with insertion losses between 2.9 dB to 4.9 dB, resulting in a maximum Figure-of-Merit of 85 °/dB.
Energy-Efficient Power Allocation and Relay Selection Schemes for Relay-Assisted D2D Communications in 5G Wireless Networks (2018)

Device-to-device (D2D) communications allows user equipment (UE) that are in close proximity to communicate with each other directly without using a base station. Relay-assisted D2D (RA-D2D) communications in 5G networks can be applied to support long-distance users and to improve energy efficiency (EE) of the networks. In this paper, we first establish a multi-relay system model where the D2D UEs can communicate with each other by reusing only one cellular uplink resource. Then, we apply an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) architecture to select the best D2D relay to forward D2D source information to the expected D2D destination. Efficient power allocation (PA) in the D2D source and the D2D relay are critical problems for operating such networks, since the data rate of the cellular uplink and the maximum transmission power of the system need to be satisfied. As is known, 5G wireless networks also aim for low energy consumption to better implement the Internet of Things (IoT). Consequently, in this paper, we also formulate a problem to find the optimal solutions for PA of the D2D source and the D2D relay in terms of maximizing the EE of RA-D2D communications to support applications in the emerging IoT. To solve the PA problems of RA-D2D communications, a particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to maximize the EE of the RA-D2D communications while satisfying the transmission power constraints of the D2D users, minimum data rate of cellular uplink, and minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio requirements of the D2D users. Simulation results reveal that the proposed relay selection and PA methods significantly improve EE more than existing schemes.
A constrained optimization approach for multi-zone surround sound (2011)

A recent approach to surround sound is to perform exact control of the sound field over a region of space. Here, the driving signals for an array of loudspeakers are chosen to create a desired sound field over an extended area. An interesting subtopic is multi-zone surround sound, where two or more listeners can experience totally independent sound fields. However, multi-zone surround sound is a challenge because implementation can be very non-robust. We formulate multi-zone sound reproduction as a convex optimization problem, where the sound energy leakage into other listener zones is limited to fixed levels, and a constraint is placed on the loudspeaker weights to improve the robustness. An interior point algorithm is de vised for computing the loudspeaker weights, and its performance is compared with least squares approaches of multi-zone reproduction in typical two-zone cases.
PEGylated PRINT Nanoparticles: The Impact of PEG Density on Protein Binding, Macrophage Association, Biodistribution, and Pharmacokinetics (2012)

In this account, we varied PEGylation density on the surface of hydrogel PRINT nanoparticles and systematically observed the effects on protein adsorption, macrophage uptake, and circulation time. Interestingly, the density of PEGylation necessary to promote a long-circulating particle was dramatically less than what has been previously reported. Overall, our methodology provides a rapid screening technique to predict particle behavior in vivo and our results deliver further insight to what PEG density is necessary to facilitate long-circulation.
Palladium- and Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Unsaturated Halides Bearing Relatively Acidic Protons with Organozinc Reagents (2008)

A wide range of polyfunctional aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, and benzylic zinc reagents were coupled with unsaturated aryl halides bearing an acidic NH or OH proton, using Pd(OAc)2 (1 mol %) and S-Phos (2 mol %) as catalyst without the need of protecting groups. A similar nickel-catalyzed reaction is described. The relative kinetic basicity of organozinc compounds as well as their stability toward acidic protons is also described.
Crosslinking mechanism of an anhydride‐cured epoxy resin as studied by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (1981)

Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectra, including absorbance difference spectra, are presented which indicate that the accepted mechanism of tertiary amine‐catalyzed copolymerization of cyclic anhydrides and epoxy resins requires modification. Results also show that the kinetic model is complicated by the lack of steady‐state concentrations of the active species. The effect of silica filler and silane coupling agents on the reaction are also examined.
Differential autophagy power in the spinal cord and muscle of transgenic ALS mice (2013)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motoneuron disease characterized by misfolded proteins aggregation in affected motoneurons. In mutant SOD1 (mutSOD1) ALS models, aggregation correlates to impaired functions of proteasome and/or autophagy, both essential for the intracellular chaperone-mediated protein quality control (PQC), and to a reduced mutSOD1 clearance from motoneurons. Skeletal muscle cells are also sensitive to mutSOD1 toxicity, but no mutSOD1 aggregates are formed in these cells, that might better manage mutSOD1 than motoneurons. Thus, we analyzed in spinal cord and in muscle of transgenic (tg) G93A-SOD1 mice at presymptomatic (PS, 8 weeks) and symptomatic (S, 16 weeks) stages, and in age-matched control mice, whether mutSOD1 differentially modulates relevant PQC players, such as HSPB8, BAG3, and BAG1. Possible sex differences were also considered. No changes of HSPB8, BAG3, and BAG1 at PS stage (8 weeks) were seen in all tissues examined in tg G93A-SOD1 and control mice. At S stage (16 weeks), HSPB8 dramatically increased in skeletal muscle of tg G93A-SOD1 mice, while a minor increase occurred in spinal cord of male, but not female tg G93A-SOD1 mice. BAG3 expression increased both in muscle and spinal cord of tg G93A-SOD1 mice at S stage, BAG1 expression increased only in muscle of the same mice. Since, HSPB8-BAG3 complex assists mutSOD1 autophagic removal, we analyzed two well-known autophagic markers, LC3 and p62. Both LC3 and p62 mRNAs were significantly up-regulated in skeletal muscle of tg G93A-SOD1 mice at S stage (16 weeks). This suggests that mutSOD1 expression induces a robust autophagic response specifically in muscle. Together these results demonstrate that, in muscle mutSOD1-induced autophagic response is much higher than in spinal cord. In addition, if mutSOD1 exerts toxicity in muscle, this may not be mediated by misfolded proteins accumulation. It remains unclear whether in muscle mutSOD1 toxicity is related to aberrant autophagy activation.