gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Degradation of dietary fiber in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine of growing pigs fed corn- or wheat-based diets without or with microbial xylanase1 (2018)

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that microbial xylanases may contribute to the degradation of fiber in wheat and wheat-based diets and in corn and corn-based diets along the intestinal tract of pigs. Twenty-four growing barrows (initial BW: 28.51 ± 1.86 kg) were prepared with a T-cannula in the proximal duodenum and another T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 12 × 4 Youden square design with 12 diets and four 18-d periods. Two diets based on corn and soybean meal (SBM) or corn, SBM, and 30% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were formulated and two diets based on wheat and SBM or wheat, SBM, and 30% wheat middlings were also formulated. The four diets were formulated without microbial xylanase, or with one of two microbial xylanases (xylanase A or xylanase B) for a total of 12 diets. Feces and urine were collected on days 8 to 13, ileal digesta were collected on days 15 and 16, and duodenal digesta were collected on days 17 and 18 of each period. The apparent duodenal digestibility (ADD), apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, nutrients, and dietary fiber were calculated. Results indicated that the AID of GE in corn-SBM or wheat-SBM diets was greater (P < 0.05) than in the corn-SBM-DDGS and wheat-SBM-wheat middlings diets, but no difference was observed for the AID of dietary fiber between wheat-SBM and wheat-SBM-wheat middlings diets. The ATTD of dietary fiber was also greater (P < 0.05) in corn-SBM and wheat-SBM diets compared with corn-SBM-DDGS and wheat-SBM-wheat middlings diets, which indicates that the concentration of dietary fiber may influence the degree of fermentation of fiber. Inclusion of xylanase A or B improved (P < 0.05) the ADD and the ATTD of dietary fiber in wheat-based diets, indicating activity of xylanase in the gastro-intestinal tract of pigs. Inclusion of xylanase A improved (P < 0.05) the concentration of DE and ME in wheat-SBM-wheat middlings diets and xylanase B improved (P < 0.05) the concentration of DE in wheat-based diets and improved (P < 0.05) the concentration of the ME in wheat-SBM diet. In conclusion, the xylanases used in this experiment improved the digestibility of dietary fiber in the stomach and hindgut and improved the energy status of pigs fed wheat-based diets, but not of pigs fed corn-based diets.
Itch in systemic disease: therapeutic options (2005)

A new pathophysiologically based classification of itch is proposed, which should help the clinician adopt a rational approach to diagnosis and management of generalized itch. Focusing on neurogenic itch (itch without visible rash), common causes are reviewed and guidelines for laboratory and radiologic investigation are proposed. A stepwise approach to the management of generalized itch resulting from systemic disease is recommended. Specifically, the relative merits of broad versus narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) are discussed and the pros and cons of doxepin, opioid antagonists, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as paroxetine are considered. Attention is drawn to some novel approaches, including bright-light phototherapy and molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) for selected patients with intractable itch caused by hepatic failure, and mirtazapine for nocturnal itch.
Study on Vitamin D Deficiency and Hypocalcemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Single-Centered Study (2020)

Background : Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffers from multiple comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and pyelonephritis. The most commonly accompanied complications are Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and hypocalcemia that require multiple medications. This study evaluated the number of patients suffering from VDD and hypocalcemia and also analysed the utilization pattern of Calcium and Vitamin D supplements in CKD patients. Objectives: To evaluate the number of patients suffering from VDD and hypocalcemia and also analyse the utilization pattern of Calcium and Vitamin D supplements in CKD patients. Methodology: A prospective non-interventional observational study was conducted in the inpatient Nephrology Department of a tertiary care hospital for a period of six months. Result: A total of 299 cases with CKD were collected and the prevalence of the disease was observed in the age group of 51–60 years. Out of 299 cases collected, 239 were of male patients and 60% were of female patients. From the study it was found that out of 299 patients studied, 105 patients had VDD which constitutes about 35% of the patients, and 91 prescriptions out of 105 prescriptions contained Vitamin D supplement which was mainly calcitriol. About 107 patients out of 299 patients suffered from hypocalcemia which constitutes about 36% and 90 patients out of 299 patients were on calcium supplements, which constitute about 30% patients. Keywords: chronic kidney disease (CKD), drug utilization, hypocalcemia, prescribing pattern, Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) Cite this Article Ansu Ann Mathew. Study on Vitamin D Deficiency and Hypocalcemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Single-Centered Study. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology . 2019; 9(3): 20–24p.
Tool Wear Detection Using Time Series Analysis of Acoustic Emission (1989)

This paper discusses the monitoring of cutting tool wear based on time series analysis of acoustic emission signals. In cutting operations, acoustic emission provides useful information concerning the tool wear condition because of the fundamental differences between its source mechanisms in the rubbing friction on the wear land and the dislocation action in the shear zones. In this study, a signal processing scheme is developed which uses an autoregressive time-series to model the acoustic emission generated during cutting. The modeling scheme is implemented with a stochastic gradient algorithm to update the model parameters adoptively and is thus a suitable candidate for in-process sensing applications. This technique encodes the acoustic emission signal features into a time varying model parameter vector. Experiments indicate that the parameter vector ignores the change of cutting parameters, but shows a strong sensitivity to the progress of cutting tool wear. This result suggests that tool wear detection can be achieved by monitoring the evolution of the model parameter vector during machining processes.
ChemInform Abstract: DIARYLDIACYLOXYSPIROSULFURANES. II. SYNTHESES FROM SULFOXIDES AND HYDROLYSIS (1980)

Abstract Die Dehydratisierung der Sulfoxide (I) (dargestellt durch Oxidation der entsprechenden Sulfide mit Chloramin‐T) zu den Spirosulfuranen (II), ebenso des entsprechenden Bis‐Sulfoxids zu (III) (vergleichende Untersuchungen werden durchgeführt für die Reaktion von (Ia) mit Acetanhydrid, Acetylchlorid, DMF‐Triethylamin und Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid/Dioxan sowie für die thermische Dehydratisierung bei 240 bis 260°C) folgt bei Verwendung von Acetanhydrid als Dehydratisierungsreagenz zwei konkurrierenden Reaktionswegen: primäre Acetylierung der Sulfinylgruppe und Abspaltung des Sulfinyl‐Sauerstoffs als Acetat bei der Cyclisierung über den nucleophilen Angriff der o‐Carboxyl‐Gruppe oder primäre Acetylierung der o‐Carboxyl‐Gruppe und Ringschluß über den nucleophilen Angriff des Sulfinyl‐O (Versuche mit ISO‐(Ia)).
High minority carrier lifetime in phosphorus-gettered multicrystalline silicon (1997)

The electronic quality of multicrystalline material produced by directional solidification has been evaluated by means of photoconductance techniques. Very high minority carrier lifetimes, in the vicinity of 200 μs, have been measured in p-type 1.5 Ω cm material that had received a phosphorus diffusion gettering treatment. The measurements correspond to an effective lifetime averaged over an area of 3 cm2 that includes several grain boundaries and reflects the combined bulk, grain boundary and surface recombination mechanisms. The high lifetime (15 μs) also obtained in low resistivity 0.2 Ω cm wafers has allowed the fabrication of solar cells with an open-circuit voltage of 657 mV (AM1.5 G, 100 mW/cm2, 25 °C), probably the highest ever reported for multicrystalline silicon.
Feedback-Controlled Parallel Point Process Filter for Estimation of Goal-Directed Movements From Neural Signals (2012)

Real-time brain-machine interfaces have estimated either the target of a movement, or its kinematics. However, both are encoded in the brain. Moreover, movements are often goal-directed and made to reach a target. Hence, modeling the goal-directed nature of movements and incorporating the target information in the kinematic decoder can increase its accuracy. Using an optimal feedback control design, we develop a recursive Bayesian kinematic decoder that models goal-directed movements and combines the target information with the neural spiking activity during movement. To do so, we build a prior goal-directed state-space model for the movement using an optimal feedback control model of the sensorimotor system that aims to emulate the processes underlying actual motor control and takes into account the sensory feedback. Most goal-directed models, however, depend on the movement duration, not known a priori to the decoder. This has prevented their real-time implementation. To resolve this duration uncertainty, the decoder discretizes the duration and consists of a bank of parallel point process filters, each combining the prior model of a discretized duration with the neural activity. The kinematics are computed by optimally combining these filter estimates. Using the feedback-controlled model and even a coarse discretization, the decoder significantly reduces the root mean square error in estimation of reaching movements performed by a monkey.
Large-Area Printed Broadband Membrane Reflectors by Laser Interference Lithography (2013)

We report here large-area broadband photonic crystal membrane reflectors (MRs) on glass substrates based on laser interference lithography (LIL) patterning and elastic stamp membrane transfer printing techniques. High-reflectivity broadband MRs on glass were realized with measured reflectivity of 95% around 1300 nm and a bandwidth of about 100 nm. Large-area nanopattern uniformity was experimentally verified with measured reflectivity from multiple locations of the large-area MRs. The work could lead to fabrication of the large-area high-performance MR at low cost with high throughput. The reflectors can be used in many types of optoelectronic and photonic devices.
Use of Bayes Rule and MIB-1 Proliferation Index to Discriminate Spitz Nevus From Malignant Melanoma (2004)

Differentiating Spitz nevus from malignant melanoma is difficult and controversial. Despite helpful lists of differential diagnostic features, uncertainty about the diagnosis often provokes some to stain the tumor for MIB-1 antibody to Ki-67 and measure the proliferation index (PI) of the tumor. Of the many reports about MIB-1 PI in Spitz nevi and melanoma, none have consolidated the information to provide guidelines for the predictive probability that a lesion is a Spitz nevus, given that the MIB-1 PI falls into a certain interval. The present study used previously published data and exponential and gamma probability density functions to model statistical distributions of PI, respectively, in Spitz nevi and melanomas and Bayes rule to estimate the predictive probability that a lesion is a Spitz nevus, given an observed PI. Results indicate that PIs more than 10% favor a melanoma diagnosis and PIs less than 2%, Spitz nevus. PI values between 2% and 10% yield various predictive values for Spitz nevus, depending on the a priori probability that the lesion is a Spitz nevus. The algorithm tabulates guidelines for the predictive probabilities of Spitz nevus given an observed PI.
Visualizing performance debugging (1989)

The authors examine a special software development environment called the Parallel Programming and Instrumentation Environment (PIE). PIE is designed to develop performance-efficient parallel and sequential computations. Following an explanation of PIE's general theory and features, PIE's visualization tools are used to isolate and repair the parallelism problem of an eight-process computation. Two more difficult examples using PIE are discussed. Some of the issues involved in correctly presenting visual information, such as the features users ask for and what can be done about a performance monitor's perturbation of computations, are addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
RoomSense (2013)

We present RoomSense, a new method for indoor positioning using smartphones on two resolution levels: rooms and within-rooms positions. Our technique is based on active sound fingerprinting and needs no infrastructure. Rooms and within-rooms positions are characterized by impulse response measurements. Using acoustic features of the impulse response and pattern classification, an estimation of the position is performed. An evaluation study was conducted to analyse the localization performance of RoomSense. Impulse responses of 67 within-rooms positions from 20 rooms were recorded with the hardware of a smartphone. In total 5360 impulse response measurements were collected. Our evaluation study showed that RoomSense achieves a room-level accuracy of > 98% and a within-rooms positions accuracy of > 96%. Additionally, the implementation of RoomSense as an Android App is presented in detail. The RoomSense App enables to identify an indoor location within one second.
Sugar Alcohols, Caries Incidence, and Remineralization of Caries Lesions: A Literature Review (2010)

Remineralization of minor enamel defects is a normal physiological process that is well known to clinicians and researchers in dentistry and oral biology. This process can be facilitated by various dietary and oral hygiene procedures and may also concern dentin caries lesions. Dental caries is reversible if detected and treated sufficiently early. Habitual use of xylitol, a sugar alcohol of the pentitol type, can be associated with significant reduction in caries incidence and with tooth remineralization. Other dietary polyols that can remarkably lower the incidence of caries include erythritol which is a tetritol-type alditol. Based on known molecular parameters of simple dietary alditols, it is conceivable to predict that their efficacy in caries prevention will follow the homologous series, that is, that the number of OH-groups present in the alditol molecule will determine the efficacy as follows: erythritol >/= xylitol > sorbitol. The possible difference between erythritol and xylitol must be confirmed in future clinical trials.
Multilingual Sequence-to-Sequence Speech Recognition: Architecture, Transfer Learning, and Language Modeling (2018)

Sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) approach for low-resource ASR is a relatively new direction in speech research. The approach benefits by performing model training without using lexicon and alignments. However, this poses a new problem of requiring more data compared to conventional DNN-HMM systems. In this work, we attempt to use data from 10 BABEL languages to build a multilingual seq2seq model as a prior model, and then port them towards 4 other BABEL languages using transfer learning approach. We also explore different architectures for improving the prior multilingual seq2seq model. The paper also discusses the effect of integrating a recurrent neural network language model (RNNLM) with a seq2seq model during decoding. Experimental results show that the transfer learning approach from the multilingual model shows substantial gains over monolingual models across all 4 BABEL languages. Incorporating an RNNLM also brings significant improvements in terms of %WER, and achieves recognition performance comparable to the models trained with twice more training data.
The amplitude of endogenous melatonin production is not affected by melatonin treatment in humans (1997)

A physiological dose of melatonin (0.5 mg) or placebo was given at bedtime to night shift workers (n = 21) for seven days, and endogenous melatonin profiles were measured on the eighth day. The amplitude of endogenous melatonin secretion was unchanged by treatment. Also, a melatonin treatment trial using a 50 mg daily bedtime dose for 37 days to a blind subject resulted in no change in the endogenous melatonin profile. We conclude that circulating melatonin can shift the phase, but does not alter the amplitude, of pineal melatonin secretion.
Exploiting Community Behavior for Enhanced Link Analysis and Web Search (2007)

Methods for Web link analysis and authority ranking such as PageRank are based on the assumption that a user endorses a Web page when creating a hyperlink to this page. There is a wealth of additional user-behavior information that could be considered for improving authority analysis, for example, the history of queries that a user community posed to a search engine over an extended time period, or observations about which query-result pages were clicked on and which ones were not clicked on after a user saw the summary snippets of the top-10 results. We study enhancements of link analysis methods by incorporating additional user assessments based on query logs and click streams, including negative feedback when a query-result page does not satisfy the user demand or is even perceived as spam. Our methods use various novel forms of Markov models whose states correspond to users and queries in addition to Web pages and whose links also reflect the relationships derived from query-result clicks, query refinements, and explicit ratings.
Interactions between Hippocampus and Medial Septum during Sharp Waves and Theta Oscillation in the Behaving Rat (1999)

The medial septal region and the hippocampus are connected reciprocally via GABAergic neurons, but the physiological role of this loop is still not well understood. In an attempt to reveal the physiological effects of the hippocamposeptal GABAergic projection, we cross-correlated hippocampal sharp wave (SPW) ripples or theta activity and extracellular units recorded in the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) in freely moving rats. The majority of single MSDB cells (60%) were significantly suppressed during SPWs. Most cells inhibited during SPW (80%) fired rhythmically and phase-locked to the negative peak of the CA1 pyramidal layer theta waves. Because both SPW and the negative peak of local theta waves correspond to the maximum discharge probability of CA1 pyramidal cells and interneuron classes, the findings indicate that the activity of medial septal neurons can be negatively (during SPW) or positively (during theta waves) correlated with the activity of hippocampal interneurons. We hypothesize that the functional coupling between medial septal neurons and hippocampal interneurons varies in a state-dependent manner.
Some guidelines for the analysis of genomic DNA by PCR-LC-ESI-MS (2006)

Ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography online hyphenated to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ICEMS) represents an efficient method for the characterization of nucleic acids amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Since sample preparation is limited to PCR, the optimization of its solution conditions is of utmost importance for efficient mass spectrometric detection. The compatibility of a number of different commercially available PCR components including DNA polymerases, deoxynucleotide triphosphates, bovine serum albumin, enhancer, and ionic buffers was evaluated. These experiments revealed that higher concentration of enhancer and detergents such as Tween-20 or Nonidet P-40 impairs the mass spectrometric detection of nucleic acids and should be avoided within the PCR mixture. The optimized analytical platform was applied to the characterization of PCR products covering parts of the first hypervariable region of the noncoding mitochondrial control region. Truncated amplicons were detected attributable to the use of low quality primers. Furthermore, due to the proofreading activity of the applied polymerase system, mismatches between the primer and the target sequence located at the last or the second last base at the 3'-end of primers were corrected and detected within the corresponding amplicons.
The Assessment of Chronic Health Conditions on Work Performance, Absence, and Total Economic Impact for Employers (2005)

For all chronic conditions studied, the cost associated with performance based work loss or "presenteeism" greatly exceeded the combined costs of absenteeism and medical treatment combined.
Interface and surface structure of epitaxial NiSi2 films (1981)

Epitaxial NiSi2 films have been grown on (100) and (111) Si. Interface and surface structures have been examined by Rutherford backscattering and channeling, transmission electron microscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction. The (111) interface is remarkably flat, whereas the (100) interface has {111} facets. The NiSi2 (111) surface has a bulklike periodicity parallel to the surface, whereas the (100) surface exhibits reconstruction periodicity.
The role of acetogens in microbially influenced corrosion of steel (2014)

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron (Fe(0)) by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) has been studied extensively. Through a mechanism, that is still poorly understood, electrons or hydrogen (H2) molecules are removed from the metal surface and used as electron donor for sulfate reduction. The resulting ferrous ions precipitate in part with the sulfide produced, forming characteristic black iron sulfide. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens can also contribute to MIC. Incubation of pipeline water samples, containing bicarbonate and some sulfate, in serum bottles with steel coupons and a headspace of 10% (vol/vol) CO2 and 90% N2, indicated formation of acetate and methane. Incubation of these samples in serum bottles, containing medium with coupons and bicarbonate but no sulfate, also indicated that formation of acetate preceded the formation of methane. Microbial community analyses of these enrichments indicated the presence of Acetobacterium, as well as of hydrogenotrophic and acetotrophic methanogens. The formation of acetate by homoacetogens, such as Acetobacterium woodii from H2 (or Fe(0)) and CO2, is potentially important, because acetate is a required carbon source for many SRB growing with H2 and sulfate. A consortium of the SRB Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough and A. woodii was able to grow in defined medium with H2, CO2, and sulfate, because A. woodii provides the acetate, needed by D. vulgaris under these conditions. Likewise, general corrosion rates of metal coupons incubated with D. vulgaris in the presence of acetate or in the presence of A. woodii were higher than in the absence of acetate or A. woodii, respectively. An extended MIC model capturing these results is presented.
Kilo-Instruction Processors: Overcoming the Memory Wall (2005)

Historically, advances in integrated circuit technology have driven improvements in processor microarchitecture and led to todays microprocessors with sophisticated pipelines operating at very high clock frequencies. However, performance improvements achievable by high-frequency microprocessors have become seriously limited by main-memory access latencies because main-memory speeds have improved at a much slower pace than microprocessor speeds. Its crucial to deal with this performance disparity, commonly known as the memory wall, to enable future high-frequency microprocessors to achieve their performance potential. To overcome the memory wall, we propose kilo-instruction processors-superscalar processors that can maintain a thousand or more simultaneous in-flight instructions. Doing so means designing key hardware structures so that the processor can satisfy the high resource requirements without significantly decreasing processor efficiency or increasing energy consumption.