gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Law: Funding Restrictions and Separation of Powers (2019)

Congress's "power of the purse"-its authority to deny access to public funds-is one of its most essential constitutional authorities.In our era of political polarization, that power has also emerged as a recurrent source of bare-knuckle inter-branch conflict.In recent years, the federal government has "shut down" repeatedly as political disagreements between Congress and the executive branch prevented enactment of new appropriations to keep federal agencies running past the expiration of prior appropriations.Congress also has sought to thwart key presidential objectives-such as President Obama's campaign pledge to close the Guantanamo Bay prison and President Trump's pledge to build a border wall-through funding restrictions, and presidents have at times claimed statutory or constitutional authority to circumvent such restrictions.These conflicts raise an important and under-theorized separationof-powers question: To what degree, if at all, may Congress employ its power over appropriations to prevent or control how presidents exercise their constitutional executive authorities?Could Congress, for example, condition appropriations on the President's issuance of a particular pardon?Could Congress prevent or require investigation and prosecution of particular federal offenses through appropriations restrictions, notwithstanding the president's responsibility to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"?Or could it prevent or require a particular use of military force even though the Constitution makes the president "Commander in Chief" of the armed forces?Presidents, legislators, and courts have articulated divergent positions on these questions.President Trump, for example, asserted authority in a signing statement to disregard a provision barring use of Justice Department appropriations to prosecute state-authorized medical-marijuana businesses, yet Congress asserted the opposite view by repeatedly enacting the provision in question.This chapter offers a summarized analysis of this question.Concretely, it argues that the answers to the questions above on the pardon power, law enforcement, and military force are no, yes, and yes, 1.
Partial Contact Air Bearing Characteristics of Tripad Sliders for Proximity Recording (1998)

Proximity recording introduces some new head/disk interface characteristics as compared to the conventional noncontact recording. The different design philosophy has led to several distinct partial contact tripad air bearing designs, including the shaped rail negative pressure and straight rail positive pressure tripad sliders. The impact of these new characteristics and design differences on the head/disk reliability needs to be thoroughly understood in order to ensure a successful proximity recording. This paper investigates the partial contact air bearing characteristics of three representative tripad slider designs. The contact stiffness is used as a measure of the air bearing compliance. Simulations of the fly height, contact force, altitude sensitivity, substrate waviness induced spacing and contact force modulations, contact take-off, track seeking and crash stop dynamics are performed for the three tripad slider designs. The results demonstrate that the negative pressure tripad sliders can be designed such that they can achieve both flat fly height and contact force profiles and, fast take-off, while still maintaining a small contact stiffness. However, the air bearing compliance and waviness following performance have to be compromised for the correct partial contact air bearing pitch stiffness.
Interpolation based “time of travel ” scheme in a Visual Motion Sensor using a small 2D retina. (2012)

Abstract—Insects flying abilities based on optic flow (OF) are nice bio-inspired models for Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) endowed with a limited computational power. Most OF sensing robots developed so far have used numerically complex algorithms requiring large computational power often carried out offline. The present study shows the performances of our bioinspired Visual Motion Sensor (VMS) based on a 3x4 matrix of auto-adaptive aVLSI photoreceptors pertaining to a custommade bio-inspired chip called APIS (Adaptive Pixels for Insectbased Sensors). To achieve such processing with the limited computational power of a tiny microcontroller (µC), the µC-based implementation of the “time of travel ” scheme requiring at least a 1kHz sampling rate was modified by linearly interpolating the photoreceptors signals to run the algorithm at a lower sampling rate. The accuracy of the measurements was assessed for various sampling rates in simulation and the best tradeoff between computational load and accuracy determined at 200Hz was implemented onboard a tiny µC. By interpolating the photoreceptors signals and by fusing the output of several Local Motion Sensors (LMSs), we ended up with an accurate and frequently refreshed VMS measuring a visual angular speed and requiring more than 4 times less computational resources.
Field desorption and electron impact mass spectra of ionic dyes (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTField desorption and electron impact mass spectra of ionic dyesC. N. McEwen, S. F. Layton, and S. K. TaylorCite this: Anal. Chem. 1977, 49, 7, 922–926Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50015a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50015a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views110Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Causation of Acute Flaccid Paralysis by Myelitis and Myositis in Enterovirus-D68 Infected Mice Deficient in Interferon αβ/γ Receptor Deficient Mice (2018)

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) caused a large outbreak in the summer and fall of 2014 in the United States. It causes serious respiratory disease, but causation of associated paralysis is controversial, because the virus is not routinely identified in cerebrospinal fluid. To establish clinical correlates with human disease, we evaluated EV-D68 infection in non-lethal paralysis mouse models. Ten-day-old mice lacking interferon responses were injected intraperitoneally with the virus. Paralysis developed in hindlimbs. After six weeks of paralysis, the motor neurons were depleted due to viral infection. Hindlimb muscles were also infected and degenerating. Even at the earliest stage of paralysis, muscles were still infected and were degenerating, in addition to presence of virus in the spinal cord. To model natural respiratory infection, five-day-old mice were infected intranasally with EV-D68. Two of the four infected mice developed forelimb paralysis. The affected limbs had muscle disease, but no spinal cord infection was detected. The unique contributions of this study are that EV-D68 causes paralysis in mice, and that causation by muscle disease, with or without spinal cord disease, may help to resolve the controversy that the virus can cause paralysis, even if it cannot be identified in cerebrospinal fluid.
A single-chip MPEG2 422@ML video, audio, and system encoder with a 162-MHz media-processor and dual motion estimation cores (1999)

A single chip MPEG2 video, audio, and system encoder for various applications such as PC authoring, DVD-recorder and digital TV has been described. It performs real-time 422@ML video encoding, Dolby Digital (AC-3)/MPEG1 audio encoding, and system encoding which multiplexes the video and audio streams and generates a transport stream or a program stream. The encoder LSI employs an advanced hybrid architecture with a 162-MHz media-processor and dedicated video processing hardware. This architecture not only realizes a complete encoder but also achieves the high flexibility required for improving picture quality. Dual motion estimation cores, fine ME for high search precision and coarse ME for a wide search range, are integrated for optimal motion vector search. The encoder LSI is implemented using 0.25 micron four-metal CMOS technology and integrates 11 million transistors in an area of 14.2/spl times/14.2 mm/sup 2/.
Identification of a natural T cell epitope presented by Salmonella-infected macrophages and recognized by T cells from orally immunized mice. (1997)

Murine infection with Salmonella typhimurium provides models for typhoid fever and long-lasting protective immunity conferred by oral vaccination with viable attenuated bacteria. To further understand the role of T cells in these systems, we identified a bacterial Ag recognized by murine T cells responding to a Salmonella infection. From orally infected mice, we derived a CD4+ Ak-restricted T cell clone (7.4.8) the stimulatory Ag of which was provided by S. typhimurium or its flagella, but not by other salmonellae or S. typhimurium mutants unable to synthesize the flagellar filament protein FliC. We mapped antigenic activity to FliC hypervariable region VI using a generally applicable method of sequential C-terminal truncation of recombinant MalE-FliC fusion proteins. Residues 339-350 are the minimal FliC structure capable of stimulating 7.4.8 and represent the first reported Salmonella-specific epitope recognized by T cells from infected mice. T cells with this specificity are generated by oral immunization, reactivity can be recovered for at least 5 mo afterwards, and FliC is the dominant recall Ag for CD4+ T cells from protectively immunized C3H/HeJ mice. FliC 339-350 is presented by macrophages infected with viable S. typhimurium, and presentation, but not bacterial uptake, is greatly enhanced by pretreatment of macrophages with IFN-gamma. These data point to the importance of IFN-gamma-activated macrophages in the stimulation of T cells responding to facultative intracellular pathogens like S. typhimurium and provide a model system for studying Ag-specific T cell responses in murine salmonellosis.
Chilodonella uncinata – protozoa pathogenic to mosquito larvae (2001)

served in Culex tritaeniorhynchus andCx. pseudovish-nui mosquito larvae collected from paddy fields prompted me to detect the causative organism. A cili-ated protozoan, Chilodonella uncinata, was found to cause chronic and fatal infection in the natural popu-lation of mosquitoes in and around Delhi, North In-dia. Anopheline larvae were less (14.13%) susceptible to Chilodonella infection than culicine larv e (75.21%). Body cavities of dead and transparent lar-vae were found packed with thousands of motile endoparasitic stage of the ciliate. Numerous cutic lar cysts were observed on cadaver of larvae and pup e. The use of cuticular cyst in differentiating ciliate gen-era pathogenic to mosquitoes is discussed. The limited study points to the biological control potential of Ch.
Carbon monoxide adsorption on platinum(111) doped with titanium oxide (TiO), iron oxide (FeO), zinc oxide, and iron and platinum ad-atoms. Molecular orbital study of carbon monoxide-dopant interactions (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon monoxide adsorption on platinum(111) doped with titanium oxide (TiO), iron oxide (FeO), zinc oxide, and iron and platinum ad-atoms. Molecular orbital study of carbon monoxide-dopant interactionsAlfred B. Anderson and Donald Q. DowdCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 4, 869–873Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100288a022https://doi.org/10.1021/j100288a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views203Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Novel Optimization Algorithm to Demodulate a PZT-FBG Sensor in AC High Voltage Measurements (2013)

The application of optical fiber sensors in high-voltage environments has long been recognized as being useful, due to many properties of silica, such as insulation and electromagnetic induction immunity. Thus, optical voltage transducers offer many improvements on traditional inductive and capacitive voltage transformers, such as linear performance, wider dynamic range, lighter weight, smaller size, and improved safety. In this paper, we aim toward a power-line voltage transformer application by using a piezoelectric ceramic crystal stack together with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor to construct the core of a potential transformer for 13.8 kV class. For the AC demodulation process, we develop a mathematical model to identify the optimization parameters through a novel algorithm to improve sensitivity on FBG demodulation. This new scheme is simple, reduces the cost of the setup implementation and shows a solution to circumvent the temperature drift of the system.
Numerical analysis of multicomponent spectra (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNumerical analysis of multicomponent spectraD. J. LeggettCite this: Anal. Chem. 1977, 49, 2, 276–281Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1977https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50010a024RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views307Altmetric-Citations126LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (712 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Facile synthesis of covalent probes to capture enzymatic intermediates during E1 enzyme catalysis (2015)

Electrophilic UBL–AMP probes form a covalent bond with the catalytic cysteine of cognate E1s, mimicking the ternary E1–UBL–AMP intermediates.
Efficient Multiple-Line-Based Intra Prediction for HEVC (2016)

Traditional intra prediction usually utilizes the nearest reference line to generate the predicted block when considering strong spatial correlation. However, this kind of single-line-based method does not always work well due to at least two issues. One is the incoherence caused by the signal noise or the texture of other objects, where this texture deviates from the inherent texture of the current block. The other reason is that the nearest reference line usually has worse reconstruction quality in block-based video coding. Due to these two issues, this paper proposes an efficient multiple-line-based intra-prediction scheme to improve coding efficiency. Besides the nearest reference line, further reference lines are also utilized. The further reference lines with a relatively higher quality can provide potentially better prediction. At the same time, the residue compensation is introduced to calibrate the prediction of boundary regions in a block when we utilize further reference lines. To speed up the encoding process, this paper designs several fast algorithms. The experimental results show that compared with HM-16.9, the proposed fast search method achieves a 2.0% bit saving on average and up to 3.7% by increasing the encoding time by 112%.
Incremental restart (database management) (2002)

A page-based incremental restart algorithm is proposed that enables resuming transaction processing immediately after recovering from a crash. Data items are recovered individually and according to the demands of the post-crash transactions. The support that such an algorithm needs in terms of nonvolatile RAM and efficient log retrieval methods is outlined. It is discussed how to construct high-level recovery based on operation logging on top of the page-based algorithm proposed. It is argued that the unique ways stable memory is used and the structure that is imposed on the log are steps in the right direction in the anticipated evolution of recovery management.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
HISTORY AND RESERVOIR ANALYSIS OF THE BEREA SANDSTONE IN THE CHATHAM OIL FIELD, MEDINA COUNTY, OHIO (1995)

ABSTRACT The Chatham oil field is located in Chatham, Harrisville, and Litchfield townships, Medina County, Ohio, and was discovered in 1899. Since its discovery, at least 3,279 Berea wells have been drilled in this field. Water flooding commenced in June of 1939, and the Chatham field has been the most successful secondary recovery operation in Ohio. It is estimated that over 12,000,000 barrels of oil has been produced from this field. Approximately 77 percent of this oil was recovered by water flooding. Production began to decline in the 1960's and by the mid- 1970s most water-flooding projects had either been plugged or were idle. Changes in regulations in 1983 made it more difficult to continue water flooding operations in the Chatham field. Only three new projects have been authorized since that time. Oil production for the field as of 1992 was 57 barrels per day. Despite the success water flooding brought to the Chatham oil field, a significant amount of oil remains in place. Additional secondary or tertiary recovery methods would most likely be successful in this field, but due to the numerous historical problems with the field, extensive corrective action and expense would be required.
The future of on‐line retailing in the UK: learning from experience (2004)

In the wake of some fairly spectacular “dot.com” crashes in the recent past, it is appropriate to open debate on the success (or otherwise) of new Internet “start‐ups” versus large incumbent conventional industry players (in retailing) starting their own Internet activities as separate “bolt‐on” businesses (and new distribution/communication channels.) This paper examines exploratory interviews with senior managers from a selection of “established” organisations in contrasting retailing sectors. Its purpose is to explore the challenges and issues faced by these large retailing organisations in establishing competitive Internet businesses. Insights and reflections are provided for other managers who are also following this line of business expansion. Some of the companies that participated in the research include Dell Corporation, IBM, Tesco Direct, Lotus Notes, Interflora, Flying Flowers, Virgin, Charles Schwab, Waterstones and Thomas Cook.
Eye Movements for Reward Maximization (2003)

Recent eye tracking studies in natural tasks suggest that there is a tight link between eye movements and goal directed motor actions. However, most existing models of human eye movements provide a bottom up ac-count that relates visual attention to attributes of the visual scene. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new model of human eye move-ments that directly ties eye movements to the ongoing demands of be-havior. The basic idea is that eye movements serve to reduce uncertainty about environmental variables that are task relevant. A value is assigned to an eye movement by estimating the expected cost of the uncertainty that will result if the movement is not made. If there are several candidate eye movements, the one with the highest expected value is chosen. The model is illustrated using a humanoid graphic figure that navigates on a sidewalk in a virtual urban environment. Simulations show our protocol is superior to a simple round robin scheduling mechanism. 1
Transverse junction stripe laser with a lateral heterobarrier by diffusion enhanced alloy disordering (1986)

We report the first cw, room-temperature multiple quantum well transverse junction stripe laser (MQW TJS) with an alloy disordered heterobarrier. The addition of a lateral heterobarrier by zinc diffusion enhanced alloy disordering reduces the laser threshold by a factor of 3 compared to standard transverse junction stripe lasers processed simultaneously. The reduction in threshold and excellent single mode performance of the MQW TJS are attributed to the superior carrier and optical confinement of a single heterojunction compared to a homojunction. We demonstrate for the first time lateral injection in a multiple quantum well where the diffused junction plays an active (not passive) role in the injection process and that the transition region between complete disorder and no disorder forms the active region of the laser.
Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration (2012)

People with AMD may experience delay in progression of the disease with antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation. This finding is drawn from one large trial conducted in a relatively well-nourished American population. The generalisability of these findings to other populations is not known. Although generally regarded as safe, vitamin supplements may have harmful effects. A systematic review of the evidence on harms of vitamin supplements is needed.
The preparation and properties of some dipyrazolyls (1955)

I. L. Finar, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 1205 DOI: 10.1039/JR9550001205
Correlation Between Gingivitis and Orogranulocytic Migratory Rate (1969)

The gingival index (GI) and the Orogranulocytic Migratory Rate (OMR) were determined for 86 subjects. The statistical analyses revealed a highly significant correlation between the two parameters. An analysis of regression demonstrated that the correlation of GI and OMR changed with low to high values of GI, probably because GI is not a true parametric index.