gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GENETIC BASIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE 1 Molecular Genetics of Insulin Resistant Diabetes Mellitus (1991)

GENETIC factors are an important determinant of whether an individual will develop noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). However, the pattern of inheritance of NIDDM is complex and not well understood. In fact, the genetic complexity led one author to refer to diabetes mellitus as a “geneticist's nightmare” (1). Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of the disease is becoming better understood. Most patients with NIDDM are resistant to the biological actions of insulin (2, 3). Prospective studies have demonstrated that insulin resistance is a prominent feature early in the natural history of the disease when the patients have impaired glucose tolerance, even before the time that they develop overt diabetes. Whether or not an insulin resistant patient develops NIDDM is determined by the capacity of the pancreatic β-cell to secrete sufficient insulin to overcome the insulin resistance (2-4). In those patients who develop insulin deficiency in addition to insulin resistance, the level of plasma glucose rises and the patient develops diabetes mellitus.
Measurements of absolute distances to 25 m by multiwavelength CO_2 laser interferometry (1987)

The development of a CO(2) laser, tunable over six rotational lines, and its use in a heterodyne interferometer for absolute distance measurements are described. Measurements were made using a variety of difference frequencies enabling distances up to 25 m to be measured to an accuracy limited by refractive-index uncertainties. An evaluation of the device using comparative measurements against a commercial laser interferometer over a common path gave an ultimate accuracy of +/-5 microm.
Rapid Detection of Mutagens by Induction of Luciferase-Bearing Prophage in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1996)

Mutagenicity in bacteria is highly correlated with carcinogenicity in humans, and many industrial wastes and manufacturing sites contain mutagenic components. This has stimulated interest in rapid screening assays for genotoxic agents. We describe a rapid and sensitive bacterial test for detecting DNA-damaging agents, based on bioluminescence reporting of prophage λ induction. A promoterless cassette bearing genes encoding bacterial luciferase was transposed randomly into the λ chromosome from the suicide plasmid pUTmini-Tn5luxAB, and Escherichia coli JM101 was lysogenized with the resulting phages. In the lysogens, the luciferase genes are expressed from phage promoters, which allows rapid detection of DNA-damage-triggered prophage induction with a simple whole-cell luciferase assay. One lysogen was selected among several for its high ratio of induced to spontaneous luciferase activity upon exposure to mitomycin C. Within 4 h, the assay detects ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl methanesulfonate, and mitomycin C with sensitivity comparable to those of assays requiring more time, although not all tested mutagens were detected. The test is also automatable and generates very little waste, which makes it a potentially valuable tool for rapid screening and process monitoring.
Spectral Filters and Growing Season Influence Growth and Carbohydrate Status of Chrysanthemum (1995)

The interactions of light quality and growing season on growth and carbohydrate content of chrysanthemum [Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] plants were evaluated using 6% CuSO 4 and water (control) as spectral filters. Light transmitted through the C u SO 4 filter significantly reduced plant height and internode length compared to control plants regardless of the season. However, the degree of response varied with growing season. Light transmitted through C u SO 4 filters delayed flowering. Total number of flowers was not affected by spectral filter, but plants grown under C u SO 4 filter had smaller flowers than those grown under the control filter. Light transmitted through CuSO 4 filter resulted in reduced leaf and stem soluble sugar (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and starch concentrations regardless of the growing season. However, the magnitude of reduction was greater in spring- than in fall-grown plants. Stems of fall-grown plants had more starch deposition than spring-grown plants under both filters. Filters with specific spectral characteristics can be used as alternative means of producing compact plants in the greenhouses, however, the delay in flowering and smaller flowers could limit their use for growth control of plants intended for flower production.
Microbial Transformation of Sterols (1970)

Journal Article Microbial Transformation of Sterols: Part III. Substrate Specificity for Cleaving Steroid Side Chains by Arthrobacter simplex Part IV. C19-Steroid Intermediates in the Degradation of Cholesterol by Arthrobacter simplex Get access Michitaro Nagasawa, Michitaro Nagasawa Noda Institute for Scientific Research, Noda, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Norihiko Watanabe, Norihiko Watanabe Noda Institute for Scientific Research, Noda, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hironaga Hashiba, Hironaga Hashiba Noda Institute for Scientific Research, Noda, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gakuzo Tamura, Gakuzo Tamura Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kei Arima, Kei Arima Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hironaga Hashiba, Hironaga Hashiba Noda Institute for Scientific Research, Noda, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Moo Bae Moo Bae Present Address: Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-Dong, Sungbun-ku, Seoul, Korea Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 34, Issue 5, 1 May 1970, Pages 798–804, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1970.10859686 Published: 01 May 1970 Article history Received: 03 October 1969 Published: 01 May 1970
Studies on the Synthesis of Amino Acids by the Schmidt Reaction. III. Synthesis of DL-Homolysine. (1959)

Harris, et al. synthesized DL-homolysine (IV) by the acetamidomalonate method and obtained its monohydrochloride monohydrate as crystals melting at 176°. (IV) was prepared as its monohydrochloride, m.p. 263°, by the reaction of hydrazoic acid and 1, 1, 6-hexanetricarboxylic acid, which was obtained from cyclohexanone, and (IV) was derived to its benzoate. Two different methods of preparation were further tried, one from 7-aminoheptanoic acid and the other from 1-chloro-5-benzamidopentane, and the same substance melting at 263° was obtained in both cases. The procedure reported by Harris, et al. was followed exactly but the substance of m.p. 263° was obtained instead of that melting at 176° reported by Harris, et al.
Comparative study of eosinophil and neutrophil chemotaxis and enzyme release. (1981)

It has been well documented that both natural and synthetic chemotactic peptides can induce lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils treated with cytochalasin B. These same peptides are also potent inducers of unidirectional movement, as demonstrated by the chemotactic response in Boyden chambers. In this study, the ability of another family of leukocytes, eosinophils, to release lysosomal enzymes and exhibit a chemotactic response to both natural and synthetic chemotactic peptides was examined. A striking fundamental difference between neutrophil and eosinophil chemotaxis and enzyme release was shown using C5a, formyl met-leu-phe (FMLP), and ala-gly-ser-glu (AGSG) peptides. The 50% effective doses (ED50) for chemotactic responses to C5a, FMLP, or AGSG by neutrophils and eosinophils were 0.05 microgram/ml and 1.0 microgram/ml, 10(-12) M and 10(-10) M, and 10(-7) M and 10(-7) M, respectively. At the same concentrations, these peptides (C5a, f met-leu-phe, and ala-gly-ser-glu) induced the following release of glucosaminidase from neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively: 42% and 2%, 42% and 2%, and 29% and 2%. In striking contrast, immune complexes and opsonized zymosan particles induced the release of 39% and 42% of the total glucosaminidase from neutrophils, while eosinophils released 32% and 43% of the total glucosaminidase from immune complexes and opsonized zymosan particles, respectively. These data indicate fundamental differences between neutrophils and eosinophils in unidirectional movement induced by chemotactic factors and enzyme release mechanism(s).
Oxidative Stress in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review (2014)

Further studies are needed to clarify the potential role of antioxidants in BPH also in view of preventing the progression to prostate cancer.
A Low-Power, High Performance MEMS-based Switch Fabric (2001)

An approach with the potential for building large low power high performance crossbar networks is presented. Thin film polysilicon MEMS devices are developed to provide crosspoints. These devices are vertically moving plates that serve as variable capacitors. Addressing of large arrays using 2n rather than n-squared lines despite no active circuitry on the MEMS chips is facilitated by bistable device operation. Derivations of equations for bistable device operation are presented. Low power operation is possible as the devices are electrostatically controlled and are stationary except during reconfiguration. Early devices are fabricated using the MUMPS process. The bistability and array addressability properties are demonstrated. The substrate effect on device operation is measured and modeled; methods for utilizing the substrate effect to tune device operation are presented. Later devices are fabricated using the SUMMiT process. Changes in the SUMMiT design rules to increase allowable vertical motion range are proposed and designs using them fabricated. S-parameter characteristics of devices in both 'on' and `off' states are measured. Addition of metallization after chip fabrication and release is necessary to lower the resistance of interconnect. A self masking method for applying this metallization allowing for decreased resistance at line crossings is proposed. This method is tested using each of sputtering and evaporation as the deposition technique for a gold and adhesion layer stack. Effectiveness of the method with each technique is evaluated. Chips suitable for providing high voltage control for large MEMS arrays are fabricated in a 2um feature size CMOS process. Architectures suitable for building large crossbars employing variable capacitor arrays are discussed. Optimization of hybrid CMOS/MEMS Clos arrays on the basis of criteria other than minimization of crosspoints is discussed. Array sizings to provide 192*192 and 256*256 crossbars are presented, and software examples for sizing and controlling Clos networks are provided. Evaluation of the suitability of the MEMS devices developed for use as digital or broadband crosspoints is evaluated, and potential future directions are proposed.
Design of a Raster Display Processor for Office Applications (1978)

In recent years there has been a pronounced emphasis to develop alphanumeric display systems for document creation, filing, and text editing applications. This paper describes the design of a raster scan Display Processor which was specifically implemented to produce full page images ( 8½ in × 11 in or 11 in × 8½ in) which emulate typewriter output. A dual data path architecture is presented in which a Character Generator produces video images of text data, while a FAX Generator generates bit map video images corresponding to graphic forms used in the office. The design approach chosen provides degrees of functional richness that are not commonly present in current systems. Furthermore, the modular approach allows for a choice of whether or not to include forms overlay capability based on application requirements.
The Paradox of Multiple Elections (1996)

Aggregation paradoxes, paradox of voting, electoral systems, legislatures, referenda, divided government
GRAS Flavoring Substances 25. The 25th publication by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association provides an update on reent progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients generally recognized as safe under the Food Additives Amendment (2011)

The 25th publication by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association provides an update on recent progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients generally recognized as safe under the Food Additives Amendment.
Asymmetric PCR Using the Primers Anchored on the Surface of Magnetic Nanoparticles (2005)

Abstract Asymmetric PCR is generally used to produce ssDNA, which could function as probes for detecting various kinds of genes. An asymmetric PCR technique based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has been developed in this work. One of the two amplification primers was bound to the MNP surface by modifying its 5′-end and leaving the 3′-end available for DNA polymerase activity, while the other was unbound. The results obtained showed that PCR could proceed successfully when the concentration ratio of the unbound primer to the MNP-bound primer was from 1:100 to 1:10. Plenty of target ssDNA connected with MNPs (MNP–ssDNA complexes) along with some dsDNA with one strand connected to MNPs could be generated. In virtue of their immobilization on the MNP surface, asymmetric PCR products could be easily isolated by the external magnetic field. This new surface asymmetric amplification process can be used not only to produce MNP–ssDNA complexes, but also to provide an alternative route to isolate products of asymmetry PCR.
FOXA1 as a therapeutic target for breast cancer (2007)

Gene expression profiling studies have classified breast cancer into five intrinsic subtypes with distinct prognostic significance: luminal type A, luminal type B, normal-like, HER-2-positive and basal type. These studies have also uncovered novel diagnostic markers and molecular targets. FOXA1, a winged-helix transcription factor belonging to the forkhead family, is one among them as it is expressed predominantly in luminal type A breast cancer, which is characterized by the presence of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) with favorable prognosis. FOXA1 is a 'pioneer' factor that binds to chromatinized DNA, opens the chromatin and enhances binding of ERalpha to its target genes. It is essential for the expression of approximately 50% of ERalpha:estrogen-regulated genes. Thus, a network comprising FOXA1, ERalpha and estrogen constitutes a major proliferation and survival signal for luminal type A breast cancer. However, by controlling differentiation and by regulating the expression of cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1 and the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin, FOXA1 may prevent metastatic progression of luminal type A breast cancer. This article reviews possible roles of FOXA family transcription factors in breast cancer initiation, hormone dependency and speculates on the potential of FOXA1 as a therapeutic target.
Some Characteristics of the System Converting 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid to Ethylene (1981)

The rate of C(2)H(4) production in plant tissue appears to be limited by the level of endogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Exogenous ACC stimulated C(2)H(4) production considerably in plant tissues, but this required 10 to 100 times the endogenous concentrations of ACC before significant increases in C(2)H(4) production were observed. This was partially due to poor penetration of ACC into the tissues. Conversion of ACC to C(2)H(4) was inhibited by free radical scavengers, reducing agents, and copper chelators, but not by inhibitors of pyridoxal phosphate-mediated reactions. The system for converting ACC to C(2)H(4) may be membrane-associated, for it did not survive treatment with surface-active agents and cold or osmotic shock reduced the capacity of the system to convert ACC to C(2)H(4). The reaction rate was sensitive to temperatures above 29 and below 12 C, which suggests that the system may be associated with membrane-bound lipoproteins. The data presented support the possibility that the conversion of exogenous ACC to C(2)H(4) proceeds via the natural physiological pathway.
THE SERUM LEVEL OF MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE IN PATIENTS WITH OVARIAN EPITHELIAL MALIGNANCY (1995)

The serum level of a scavenging enzyme, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was examined in 95 patients with ovarian epithelial malignancy. The MnSOD values were variable according to the differences of surgical stage, histologic type and histological grade. Factors affecting the MnSOD level were statistically analyzed. The stage and histologic type were less effective than the histological grade in determining the serum MnSOD value. The level increased significantly in accordance with the elevation of grade. Although the mechanism remains unclear, the MnSOD determination may be useful in predicting the histological grade of ovarian carcinoma.
Common Framework for Attack Modeling and Security Evaluation in SIEM Systems (2012)

The paper suggests a framework for attack modeling and security evaluation in Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems. It is supposed that the common approach to attack modeling and security evaluation is based on modeling of a malefactor's behavior, generating a common attack graph, calculating different security metrics and providing risk analysis procedures. Key elements of suggested architectural solutions for attack modeling and security evaluation are using a comprehensive security repository, effective attack graph (tree) generation techniques, taking into account known and new attacks based on zero-day vulnerabilities, stochastic analytical modeling, and interactive decision support to choose preferred security solutions. The architecture of the Attack Modeling and Security Evaluation Component (AMSEC) is proposed, its interaction with other SIEM components is described. We present the prototype of the component and the results of experiments carried out.
The Effect of Sucrose Application Frequency and Basal Nutrient Conditions on the Calcium and Phosphate Content of Experimental Dental Plaque (2002)

A reduced pool of calcium in dental plaque would be expected to increase the ability of plaque fluid to dissolve the underlying enamel when the pH falls during sugar exposure. We have examined the relationship between frequency of sugar application and Ca and P(i) concentrations in artificial mouth plaque microcosm biofilms. Ten plaques were grown simultaneously from a human saliva inoculum using a continuous flow of simulated saliva, DMM, supplemented with either urea or glucose to modulate the resting pH. In addition the plaques received sucrose applications of varying frequency: 12-, 8-, 6-, or 4-hourly, or not at all. After 15 days the plaques were sampled by taking 4 full-thickness specimens of each, and acid-extractable Ca and P(i), and alkali-soluble protein and carbohydrate were determined. Ca and P(i) concentrations were in a range comparable with those in human plaque, except in the DMM + urea plaque receiving no sucrose, when concentrations were higher. Plaque Ca concentration decreased significantly as sucrose application frequency increased. Increasing sucrose application frequency also reduced the protein, i.e. the cell biomass, content of the plaques and, in the case of DMM + urea plaques, increased the water-insoluble hexose content, presumably extracellular polysaccharide. Reduced biomass was partly due to the bulking of plaque with extracellular polysaccharide, but the marked effect of urea on polysaccharide formation is not understood. This study shows that increasing frequency of sugar application alters dental plaque by reducing its mineral protection capacity.
Role of mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis in insulin insensitivity of mammalian cells (2015)

Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) play an important role in the maintenance of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, and their defects may be etiological factors contributing to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent studies indicate that alterations of Ca(2+) levels and Ca(2+) -dependent signaling pathways can impede the insulin signaling cascade, resulting in insulin resistance of β cells and insulin-responsive cells. Mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs) are essential for efficient communication between the ER and mitochondria. Thus, abnormalities in the structure and function of MAMs in affected tissue cells in T2D are an important area of study. Recently, we demonstrated that a deficiency of Cisd2, an iron-sulfur protein localized on MAMs, could lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbance of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. Moreover, we first elucidated that defects in the function of MAMs in Ca(2+) uptake resulted in insulin insensitivity of adipocytes, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes in Cisd2 knockout mice. On the basis of these observations, we suggest improving the bioenergetic function of mitochondria and the function of MAMs in maintaining Ca(2+) homeostasis as a novel strategy for the development of new therapeutics aimed at preventing and treating insulin resistance and T2D.
Directional short range order in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>FeMnPt magnetic thin films (2011)

A method for investigating the directional short range order (DSRO) of an element of interest in $L$1${}_{0}$ FeMnPt thin films using polarization-dependent x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy is described. The XANES calculations for both $L$1${}_{0}$ FePt and $L$1${}_{0}$ MnPt phases indicate that the height of the low-energy shoulder of the polarization-dependent XANES is proportional to the degree of DSRO of the element of interest in the case of $L$1${}_{0}$ FePt and MnPt systems. The experimentally observed DSROs of Fe and Mn in $L$1${}_{0}$ FeMnPt magnetic thin films are consistent with a decrease of ordering parameter with increasing Mn doping. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that the heights of the low-energy shoulder in the Fe$K$- and Mn$K$-edge polarization-dependent XANES are proportional to the DSROs of Fe and Mn, respectively.
Quantitative characterization of microsamples by x‐ray fluorescence tomography (2002)

Abstract A novel semi‐quantitative algebraic reconstruction technique for x‐ray fluorescence tomography data sets is described and its use is demonstrated on laser‐ablated resin samples. The experiments were performed at the ID22 beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble. The projections were collected using a parallel scheme using 22.5 keV x‐rays at 4 µm resolution. The iterative algebraic reconstruction technique was used to calculate an elemental ‘effective’ concentration distribution. This ‘effective’ concentration is introduced for the first time and allows the attenuation of both the incident x‐ray beam and the fluorescence to be included in the reconstruction procedure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Interaction of DMSO with Model Membranes. I. Comparison of DMSO and<b><i>d</i></b><sup>6</sup>-DMSO: A DSC and IR Investigation (2003)

The effect of deuterated solvents on the main phase transition (Tm) temperature of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) of 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was examined by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. There was no significant difference in the Tm, ΔH of the main transition, or cooperativity when water was replaced by deuterium oxide (D2O) in the preparation of the vesicles or when dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was replaced by hexadeutero-dimethylsulfoxide (d6-DMSO) in either D2O or water. These results provide the necessary advance for further structural, kinetic, and thermodynamic investigations of DMSO interactions with membranes and lipid vesicles.