gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of the Calcium-Independent Transient Outward Current <i>I</i> <sub>to1</sub> in Shaping Action Potential Morphology and Duration (2000)

The Kv4.3-encoded current (I:(Kv4.3)) has been identified as the major component of the voltage-dependent Ca(2+)-independent transient outward current (I:(to1)) in human and canine ventricular cells. Experimental evidence supports a correlation between I:(to1) density and prominence of the phase 1 notch; however, the role of I:(to1) in modulating action potential duration (APD) remains unclear. To help resolve this role, Markov state models of the human and canine Kv4.3- and Kv1.4-encoded currents at 35 degrees C are developed on the basis of experimental measurements. A model of canine I:(to1) is formulated as the combination of these Kv4.3 and Kv1.4 currents and is incorporated into an existing canine ventricular myocyte model. Simulations demonstrate strong coupling between L-type Ca(2+) current and I:(Kv4.3) and predict a bimodal relationship between I:(Kv4.3) density and APD whereby perturbations in I:(Kv4.3) density may produce either prolongation or shortening of APD, depending on baseline I:(to1) current level.
AGENDA SETTING AND POWER IN POLICY MAKING: A CASE STUDY OF TOBACCO POLICY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (2018)

ABSTRACT Background: Agenda-setting is an important component of the policy making process where the roles of power involved influence the resulting agenda. The aim of this paper is to analyse agenda-setting and the roles of power using tobacco control policy in developing countries as a case study. Materials and Methods: Scoping review method was adopted with articles identified using Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases using the keywords “agenda setting”, “power”, “policy making process” and “tobacco control policy”. Only articles published in English within the last 15 years were included. Final 15 articles were reviewed. Results and Discussion: Prioritization of public health impacts of tobacco control versus its economic contributions is complicated in developing countries. State actors have their own agenda with influence from international actors. Power is exerted by actors in different ways and determines whether problems will be prioritized to become agenda. The decision makers exercise power by authority, coercion and by influencing national, state and non-state actors in decisions made. The power of non-decision-making actors takes the role of influencing and lobbying the decision makers in favour of their own agenda. The agenda-setting phase is important in paving the way for policy formulation. Lessons learned from the case study of tobacco control policy are firstly, leadership of governments hold the power in setting the agenda, secondly, cooperation between tobacco control advocates can ensure success and thirdly, it is important to understand the interfering role of Transnational Tobacco Companies. Conclusion: Agenda-setting determines issues to be considered by government. The roles of power by various actors can be seen influencing the agenda-setting process of tobacco control policy. Keywords: “agenda setting”, “power”, “policy making process”, “tobacco control policy”
PROGNOSTIC MARKERS IN BLADDER CANCER: A CONTEMPORARY REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE (1998)

At present conventional histopathological evaluation of bladder cancer (tumor grade and stage) cannot predict accurately the behavior of most bladder tumors. With a better understanding of the cell cycle, and cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix interactions as well as improved diagnostic techniques (immunohistochemistry), progress is being made to identify and characterize other potential prognostic markers for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The ultimate goal is to develop reliable prognostic markers that will accurately predict not only the course but also the response of a tumor to therapy. This information may then be used to dictate more aggressive treatment for tumors that are likely to progress and less aggressive treatment for those that are unlikely to progress. In the future these biological markers may also be used in gene therapy for the treatment of bladder cancer.
Ring-fused meso-ionic s-triazole derivatives (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRing-fused meso-ionic s-triazole derivativesK. T. Potts, S. K. Roy, S. W. Schneller, and R. M. HusebyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 6, 2559–2561Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1968https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01270a103RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views119Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (442 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Transform spectrometer based on measuring the periodicity of Talbot self-images (2001)

We demonstrate a compact transform spectrometer based on measuring the periodicity of Talbot self-images. The system has no moving parts; it contains only a tilted absorption grating that is imaged onto a CCD camera. The linear architecture of the system makes it possible to use this design in imaging arrays of spectrometers. Unlike other transform spectrometers, its resolution is independent of wavelength.
The interactive performance of SLIM (1999)

Taking the concept of thin clients to the limit, this paper proposes that desktop machines should just be simple, stateless I/O devices (display, keyboard, mouse, etc.) that access a shared pool of computational resources over a dedicated interconnection fabric --- much in the same way as a building's telephone services are accessed by a collection of handset devices. The stateless desktop design provides a useful mobility model in which users can transparently resume their work on any desktop console.This paper examines the fundamental premise in this system design that modern, off-the-shelf interconnection technology can support the quality-of-service required by today's graphical and multimedia applications. We devised a methodology for analyzing the interactive performance of modern systems, and we characterized the I/O properties of common, real-life applications (e.g. Netscape, streaming video, and Quake) executing in thin-client environments. We have conducted a series of experiments on the Sun Ray™ 1 implementation of this new system architecture, and our results indicate that it provides an effective means of delivering computational services to a workgroup.We have found that response times over a dedicated network are so low that interactive performance is indistinguishable from a dedicated workstation. A simple pixel encoding protocol requires only modest network resources (as little as a 1Mbps home connection) and is quite competitive with the X protocol. Tens of users running interactive applications can share a processor without any noticeable degradation, and many more can share the network. The simple protocol over a 100Mbps interconnection fabric can support streaming video and Quake at display rates and resolutions which provide a high-fidelity user experience.
Enhancement of electron mobility in nanocrystalline silicon∕crystalline silicon heterostructures (2004)

We report on an effective way to obtain high electron mobility (∼103cm2∕Vs) in lowly doped hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) thin films by constructing nc-Si:H∕crystalline Si (c-Si) heterostructures. The enhancement has been demonstrated in a comparative study on nc-Si:H thin films grown on p- and n-type c-Si, as well as insulating glass substrates through temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent Hall-effect measurements. The effect has been attributed to the ordered structure and narrow boundaries between the nanograins, with the help of microstructure pictures from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. In addition to the detailed individual transport information of carriers in the nc-Si:H systems, we observe clear evidence for the formation of a two-dimensional electron gas at the nc-Si:H∕c-Si interfaces. These results are discussed within the framework of the Boltzmann theory and the quantum interference theory.
Closed-vessel microwave dissolution and comprehensive analysis of steel by direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTClosed-vessel microwave dissolution and comprehensive analysis of steel by direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometryLancelot A. Fernando, William D. Heavner, and C. C. GabrielliCite this: Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 2, 511–512Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00293a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00293a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views115Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Tunable coplanar patch antenna using varactor (2006)

The operating frequency of a coplanar patch antenna is tuned using a varactor mounted at one of the radiating edges. The coplanar patch antenna is tunable from 4.92 GHz at 0 V to 5.40 GHz at 19.5 V with a return loss better than 14 dB in this frequency range. The antenna provides a return loss better than 32 dB in the tunable frequency range of 5.16 to 5.40 GHz.
Rapid Dye Regeneration Mechanism of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2014)

During the light-harvesting process of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the hole localized on the dye after the charge separation yields an oxidized dye, D(+). The fast regeneration of D(+) using the redox pair (typically the I(-)/I3(-) couple) is critical for the efficient DSSCs. However, the kinetic processes of dye regeneration remain uncertain, still promoting vigorous debates. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to determine that the inner-sphere electron-transfer pathway provides a rapid dye regeneration route of ∼4 ps, where penetration of I(-) next to D(+) enables an immediate electron transfer, forming a kinetic barrier. This explains the recently reported ultrafast dye regeneration rate of a few picoseconds determined experimentally. We expect that our MD based comprehensive understanding of the dye regeneration mechanism will provide a helpful guideline in designing TiO2-dye-electrolyte interfacial systems for better performing DSSCs.
Local Dissolution Phenomena Associated with S Phase  ( Al2CuMg )  Particles in Aluminum Alloy 2024‐T3 (1997)

Second‐phase particles in Al‐4.4Cu‐15Mg‐0.6 Mn (2024‐T3) were characterized by size and chemistry using scanning electron microscopy and associated electron‐beam microanalysis methods. It was found that approximately 60% of particles greater than about 0.5 to 0.7 μm were (the S phase). This fraction corresponded to 2.7% of the total surface area. S phase particles appeared to be active with respect to the matrix phase, consistent with open‐circuit potentials reported in the literature for . The compound exhibited severe dealloying which resulted in the formation of Cu‐rich particle remnants. Some particle remnants remained largely intact and induced pitting at their periphery once ennobled by dealloying. Other particle remnants decomposed into 10 to 100 nm Cu clusters that became detached from the alloy surface and were dispersed by mechanical action of growing corrosion product or solution movement. This observation suggests that nonfaradaic liberation of Cu from corroding 2024‐T3 surfaces is possible, and provides one plausible explanation for how Cu can be redistributed across the surface by a pitting process which occurs at potentials that are hundreds of millivolts negative of the reduction potential for Cu.
Enhance the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Co-grafting Amphiphilic Sensitizer and Hexadecylmalonic Acid on TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanocrystals (2003)

Dye-sensitized solar cells have been fabricated based on nanocrystalline TiO2 film derivatized with an amphiphilic polypyridyl ruthenium complex, cis-RuLL‘(SCN)2 (L = 4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid-2,2‘-bipyridine, L‘ = 4,4‘-dinonyl-2,2‘-bipyridine), as light-harvester and hexadecylmalonic acid (HDMA) as coadsorbent. The cells generated a short-circuit photocurrent of 15.2 mA cm-2, an open-circuit photovoltage of 764 mV, and a total power conversion efficiency of 7.8% under simulated full sunlight (air mass 1.5, 100 mW cm-2). Co-grafting enhanced the photocurrent, photovoltage, and overall conversion efficiency considerably with respect to cells containing no HDMA. Devices showed a good stability under light soaking at 55 °C.
Resonant enhancement of magneto-optical polarization conversion in microdisk resonators (2011)

We theoretically investigate the effect of a periodically modulated magnetic field on the polarization properties of whispering-gallery-modes (WGM) in microdisk resonators. We show that by matching the modulation frequency to the frequency offset between WGMs with two mutually perpendicular polarizations one can achieve an enhancement of the magneto-optical polarization effect by a factor of M1/3QM(av), where M is the modal order of the WGM and QM(av) is the geometric average of the quality factors of the TE and TM polarized modes.
A wide input range active multi-pulse three-phase rectifier for utility interface of power electronic converters (2003)

In this paper, a wide input range active multipulse rectifier for utility interface of power electronic converters is proposed. The scheme combines a multi-pulse method using a Y-/spl Delta/ transformer and boost rectifier modules. A current control scheme for the rectifier modules is proposed to achieve sinusoidal line currents in the utility input over a wide input range of input voltage and output load conditions. A design example is included for a 208 V to 460 V input, 750 V/sub dc/, 10 kW output rectifier system. Input current THD is less than 5% for almost no load to full load conditions. Simulation results are shown.
Resolving kinetics and dynamics of a catalytic reaction inside a fixed bed reactor by combined kinetic and spectroscopic profiling (2012)

The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene was studied using a MoO3 based catalyst supported on γ-alumina spheres. The measurement of species and temperature profiles through a fixed bed reactor shows for the first time the reaction pathways inside the catalyst bed directly. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene and water occurs on the redox sites of MoO3 only in the presence of gas phase oxygen. Further oxidation of the product ethylene to carbon dioxide occurs as a subsequent reaction step by lattice oxygen of MoO3. Deep oxidation of ethylene to CO2 is the only existing reaction in the absence of gas phase oxygen reducing MoO3 to MoO2. Oxidation of CO and C2H6 by lattice oxygen does not occur. The reduction of the catalyst can be followed by in situ fiber Raman spectroscopy as a function of the oxygen partial pressure. The in situ Raman measurements are complemented by ex situ micro-Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The combined measurement of kinetic and spectroscopic reactor profiles presents a novel approach in in situ catalysis research to establish catalyst structure–function relationships under technically relevant conditions of temperature and pressure.
The p46 subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4F exchanges with eIF-4A. (1993)

The p46 subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4F purified from rabbit reticulocyte lysate has previously been found to be composed of eIF-4AI and eIF-4AII in a 4:1 ratio, respectively, whereas the free form of rabbit eIF-4A is composed solely of eIF-4AI. Using sucrose gradient centrifugation and an m7GTP-Sepharose 4B assay, it was shown that eIF-4A exchanges with the p46 subunit of eIF-4F. Incubation of [14C]eIF-4A and eIF-4F resulted in the incorporation of [14C] eIF-4A into the eIF-4F complex. Conversely, the [14C] p46 subunit of [14C]eIF-4F was shown to dissociate from the [14C]eIF-4F complex in the presence of eIF-4A, presumably due to the incorporation of unlabeled eIF-4A. Similar experiments were conducted in which 14C-labeled initiation factors were incubated with rabbit reticulocyte lysate. When [14C]eIF-4A was incubated with lysate, [14C]eIF-4A became incorporated into the eIF-4F complex present in the lysate. Additionally, when [14C]eIF-4F was incubated with lysate, the [14C]p46 subunit of [14C]eIF-4F dissociated from the [14C]eIF-4F complex, most likely due to the exchange of unlabeled eIF-4A (present in the lysate) with the [14C]p46 subunit. The exchange of mouse eIF-4AI and eIF-4AII expressed in Escherichia coli was also investigated in the presence of eIF-4F and rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Both the sucrose gradient experiments and m7GTP-Sepharose 4B assays demonstrated that the [14C]p46 subunit of [14C]eIF-4F was displaced in the presence of eIF-4AI or eIF-4AII and that mouse [14C]eIF-4AI or [14C]eIF-4AII became incorporated into the eIF-4F complex in the same manner as rabbit reticulocyte eIF-4A.
Fast global motion estimation for global motion compensation coding (2002)

Global motion estimation is applied widely in computer vision. However it is difficult to get the balance of the speed and precision of global motion estimation. The fast algorithm of global motion estimation used in the global motion compensation coding is investigated in the paper. The method of global motion estimation proposed in this paper is based on dense estimation. Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marquadet optimizing methods are utilized. Good feature selection and robustness analysis of global motion estimation is introduced in order to accelerate the speed and guarantee the accuracy of estimation. Comparative experiments are performed to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The effectiveness and improvements can be observed from die comparisons.
Production and Origin of Oral Malodor: A Review of Mechanisms and Methods of Analysis (1977)

Organoleptic studies indicate that the oral cavity is usually the principal source of physiologic malodor associated with the early morning halitosis. In all individuals, regardless of the age or health status of the oral tissues, the most intense oral malodor is exhibited after prolonged periods of reduced saliva flow and abstinence from food and liquid. This results from normal metabolic activity in the oral cavity and is accentuated in cases with periodontal involvement. Physiologic oral malodor is transient in duration as it can be controlled to varying degrees in most individuals by oral hygiene measures, such as tooth brushing, dental prophylaxis, tongue scraping and rinsing with antiseptic mouth washes. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that putrefaction of sulphur-containing proteinaceous substrates by predominantly gram-negative oral microorganisms is the primary cause of oral malodor. Optimum putrefactive activity occurs in low carbohydrate environment, physiological pH, and anaerobic conditions. Salivary sediment containing the exfoliated epithelial cells is the primary source of substrate which exists in a disulphide state. Proteolysis and reduction of disulphide bonds precedes the formation of odor. The odor intensity of putrescent saliva and plaque head-space vapor has been correlated with the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds consisting of hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide. Except for dimethyl disulphide, the same sulphur-containing compounds have been found in mouth air of all tested individuals. Hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan emanate an offensive putrid odor and account for approxiamtely 90% of the total sulphur content of mouth air. In half of the population tested, methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulphide content of early morning mouth air is sufficiently high to account for the oral malodor. Brushing studies indicate that both plaque and tongue are important sources of malodor with most of the odor emanating from the dorso-posterior surface of the tongue. None of the gas chromatographic or mass spectrometric analyses have detected the presence of amines, indole, or skatole in the head-space, mouth air, or breath vapor samples.
Boronic Acid-Based Hydrogels Undergo Self-Healing at Neutral and Acidic pH (2015)

This report describes the synthesis and characterization of boronate ester-cross-linked hydrogels capable of self-healing behavior at neutral and acidic pH. This atypically wide pH range over which healing behavior is observed was achieved through the use of an intramolecular coordinating boronic acid monomer, 2-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (2APBA), where the internal coordination helped to stabilize cross-links formed at acidic and neutral pH. Two different hydrogels were formed from a 2APBA copolymer cross-linked with either poly(vinyl alcohol) or a catechol-functionalized copolymer. The self-healing ability of these hydrogels was characterized through physical testing and rheological studies. Furthermore, the catechol cross-linked hydrogel was shown to be oxygen sensitive, demonstrating reduced self-healing and stress relaxation after partial oxidation. The synthesis of these hydrogels demonstrates a new strategy to produce boronic acid materials capable of self-healing at physiological pH.