gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Achieving ATE accuracy at gigahertz test rates: comparison of electronic and electrooptic sampling technologies (2003)

Testing devices at clock rates exceeding 50 MHz with waveform resolution below 100 ps necessitates the use of sampling methods. The current state of the art includes two radically different sampling technologies: electronic sampling (ES) utilizing a diode bridge structure and a novel electrooptic sampling (EOS) technology which uses short light pulses as the time-resolving element. The bandwidth, loading, and time/voltage accuracy of these two technologies are compared for fitness of use in a gigahertz ATE (automatic test equipment) environment. It is noted that the analysis of these two techniques quantifies the electrooptic technology's time accuracy advantages due to its low loading and short DUT (device under test)/sensor distances.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
XACML Policy Profile for Multidomain Network Resource Provisioning and Supporting Authorisation Infrastructure (2009)

Policy definition is an important component of the consistent authorisation service infrastructure that could be effectively integrated with the general resource provisioning workflow and network control and management plane. The paper describes the proposed XACML-NRP policy and attributes profile for network resource provisioning. In addition to specifying a set of subject, resource, action attributes that are required for consistent XACML policy definition, the proposed profile allows also handling network path information what is especially important for QoS enforcement. To overcome stateless character of XACML policies, the proposed authorisation infrastructure provides a number of security mechanisms to support such important for NRP functionality as authorisation session and interdomain security context management, simple delegation, conditional authorisation decisions, and policy obligations handling.
A higher order theory of locality (2012)

This short paper outlines a theory for deriving the traditional metrics of miss rate and reuse distance from a single measure called the footprint. It gives the correctness condition and discusses the uses of the new theory in on-line locality analysis and multicore cache management.
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Papillomaviridae (2018)

The Papillomaviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes of 5 748 to 8 607 bp. Their classification is based on pairwise nucleotide sequence identity across the L1 open reading frame. Members of the Papillomaviridae primarily infect mucosal and keratinised epithelia, and have been isolated from fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. Despite a long co-evolutionary history with their hosts, some papillomaviruses are pathogens of their natural host species. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Papillomaviridae, which is available at http://www.ictv.global/report/papillomaviridae.
A Shift-Invariant Latent Variable Model for Automatic Music Transcription (2012)

In this work, a probabilistic model for multiple-instrument automatic music transcription is proposed. The model extends the shift-invariant probabilistic latent component analysis method, which is used for spectrogram factorization. Proposed extensions support the use of multiple spectral templates per pitch and per instrument source, as well as a time-varying pitch contribution for each source. Thus, this method can effectively be used for multiple-instrument automatic transcription. In addition, the shift-invariant aspect of the method can be exploited for detecting tuning changes and frequency modulations, as well as for visualizing pitch content. For note tracking and smoothing, pitch-wise hidden Markov models are used. For training, pitch templates from eight orchestral instruments were extracted, covering their complete note range. The transcription system was tested on multiple-instrument polyphonic recordings from the RWC database, a Disklavier data set, and the MIREX 2007 multi-F0 data set. Results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms leading approaches from the transcription literature, using several error metrics.
Isolation, characterisation and cytotoxicity study of arjunolic acid from<i>Terminalia arjuna</i> (2011)

Arjunolic acid (AA), a triterpenoid, was isolated from the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Terminalia arjuna core wood. The purity of AA was analysed by its melting point, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy analyses. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed using Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and Dalton's lymphoma (DAL) cell lines by incubating with different concentrations of AA. The cancer cell death percentage at 100 µg concentrations of AA ranged between 66% and 70% on the DAL and EAC cell lines, respectively. This infers that AA causes considerable membrane damage to cancer cells.
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for sensing CO and CO<inf>2</inf> of vehicle emissions based on temperature tuning (2011)

As the main species of vehicle emissions which are thought to be the most important reason of air pollutions in urban areas, CO and CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> have been detected by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy widely in recent years. In the method of current tuning, contiguous absorption peaks of CO and CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> are usually selected to detect their concentrations simultaneously which may lead to the mutual interference of their second harmonic signals by influence of the laser emission linewidth. As changing the temperature setting of the laser diode to detect target gas in a certain wavelength, the long adjustment process and the complex operating do not meet the requirement of fast real-time detection. According to this problems, a temperature tuning method of broad spectrum was proposed in this paper by controlling the thermoelectric cooler in laser, a 4nm tuning range of 1580nm DFB laser including multiple absorption peaks of CO and CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> was obtained for gas sensing and elimination of the inteference cuased by system and environment reasons. The method of temperature tuning shows its advantages by more detecting information, fast response speed, and low devices demands. It is suitable for situ sensing of vehicle emissions such as CO and CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> .
Ensuring Adequate Health Care for the Sick: The Challenge of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome as an Occupational Disease (1988)

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is having an unprecedented impact on the American health care system.The disease itself is a biological phenomenon in that it strikes young and previously healthy people, cripples their immune system, and leads to their death within two to three years. 1Even more disturbing, the syndrome was unrecognized only seven years ago.As a result, we have little experience with fighting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is the etiological agent for AIDS, and the prospects of potent therapy or a useful vaccine are still quite dim. 2 Fortunately, however, we have made great
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type I and related demyelinating neuropathies: Mutation analysis in a large cohort of Italian families (2001)

Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1 (CMT1), the most common hereditary neurological disorder in humans, is characterized by clinical and genetic heterogeneity. It is caused mainly by a 1.5 Mb duplication in 17p11.2, but also by mutations in the myelin genes PMP22 (peripheral myelin protein 22), MPZ (myelin protein zero), Cx32 (connexin 32; also called GJB1), and EGR2 (early growth response 2). In this study, we have screened 172 index cases of Italian families in which there was at least one subject with a CMT1 diagnosis for the duplication on 17p11.2 and mutations in these genes. Among 170 informative unrelated patients, the overall duplication frequency was 57.6%. A difference could be observed between the duplication frequency in familial cases (71.6%) and that observed in non-familial cases (36.8%). Among the non-duplicated patients, 12 were mutated in Cx32, four in MPZ, two in PMP22, and none in the EGR2. In the non-duplicated cases, the overall point mutation frequency for these genes was 25.0%. We describe the mutations identified, and consider possible genotype-phenotype correlation.
Anoctamin-1 Cl<sup>−</sup> Channels in Nociception: Activation by an <i>N</i>-Aroylaminothiazole and Capsaicin and Inhibition by T16A[inh]-A01 (2015)

An ANO1-activator (E-act) induced [Cl(-)]i-dependent sensory neuronal action potentials and mouse nocifensive behaviors; thus, direct ANO1 activation can induce pain perception. ANO1-inhibition attenuated capsaicin-triggering of action potentials and capsaicin-induced nocifensive behaviors. These results indicate ANO1 channels are involved with TRPV1 actions in sensory neurons and inhibition of ANO1 could be a novel means of inducing analgesia.
Identification of a promoter for the vegetative insecticidal protein-encoding gene<i>vip3LB</i>from<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (2005)

The expression of vip3LB, one of the vegetative insecticidal protein-encoding genes of Bacillus thuringiensis, was studied at the transcriptional level. By primer extension analysis, we have identified, for the first time, the transcription start point of vip3-type gene. Upstream from vip3LB transcription start point, was found a nucleotide sequence partially homologous to the consensus sequence for the E sigma(E) holoenzyme of B. subtilis. Thus, it was strongly suggested that the identified vip3 promoter was under the control of sigma(35)-like enzyme, the B. thuringiensis homolog of sigma(E). The transcriptional activity from the promoter was detected at the vegetative stage of growth starting at mid-log phase as well as during the middle stage of sporulation.
Surrogate Tissue Analysis (2005)

Both an introduction and a fundamental reference, this book explores how to apply genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic technologies to surrogate tissue analysis. It reviews fundamental analytical issues and actual initial results generated using these technologies. The book covers transcriptional profiling (genomics), protein profiling (proteomics), methylation profiling (epigenomics), metabolite profiling (metabolomics) and additional biomarker identification methods that can be applied to surrogate tissues. This book is useful to researchers and scientists interested in applying novel methodologies for identifying biomarkers in the fields of pharmacology, toxicology, and medicine.
43.1: Why Displays Require a New Digital Interface (2006)

Abstract This paper provides a technical overview of DisplayPort Ver.1.0, a truly open, pending VESA standard for A/V connectivity. DisplayPort is designed to be a scalable and extensible technology foundation for sending digital display and associated data not only between a PC and a display but also between ICs within a system. Its maximum bandwidth is sufficient to support 2560×1600‐resolution with pixel bit depth of 30 bits per pixel over a single DisplayPort cable. For inside‐the‐box application, it reduces the number of wires: LCD panel resolution of up to 1680×1050 can be supported over a single high‐speed differential pair. DisplayPort consists of a uni‐directional Main Link for transporting isochronous A/V streams from Source device to Sink device and a half‐duplex, bi‐directional AUX CH used for realizing robust plug‐n‐play ease of use. Both Main Link and AUX CH are made of AC‐coupled differential pairs. The Main Link may have 1, 2, or 4 pairs (or lanes), each capable of supporting application bandwidth of 270Mbytes/second while AUX CH has 1 pair. DisplayPort requires no pair for forwarding clock, thus enabling the maximum usage of the differential pairs. Adopting a layered and modular architecture, DisplayPort can take leverage the advancement of the Physical Layer without affecting upper layers. Based on “micro‐packet” architecture, DisplayPort is seamlessly extensible for supporting transport of multiple A/V streams and other data types for new display applications.
[Absence of effect of ethanol and apple brandy on the upper digestive tract and esophagus of the Wistar rat. Part of a research project to assess etiological factors of cancer of the esophagus in the west of France (author's transl)]. (1981)

Epidemiological studies have shown the role of alcohol in esophageal cancer in the West of France. Experiments were undertaken on Wistar rats to study the effect of locally consumed alcoholic beverages on the esophagus. Neither histological modifications, precancerous lesions nor cancer were observed in the animals. There was no significant excess of benign or malignant tumours in treated animals when compared with controls.
The fourth element: characteristics, modelling and electromagnetic theory of the memristor (2010)

In 2008, researchers at the Hewlett–Packard (HP) laboratories published a paper in Nature reporting the development of a new basic circuit element that completes the missing link between charge and flux linkage, which was postulated by Chua in 1971 (Chua 1971 IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory 18 , 507–519 ( doi:10.1109/TCT.1971.1083337 )). The HP memristor is based on a nanometre scale TiO 2 thin film, containing a— doped region and an undoped region. Further to proposed applications of memristors in artificial biological systems and non-volatile RAM, they also enable reconfigurable nanoelectronics. Moreover, memristors provide new paradigms in application-specific integrated circuits and field programmable gate arrays. A significant reduction in area with an unprecedented memory capacity and device density are the potential advantages of memristors for integrated circuits. This work reviews the memristor and provides mathematical and SPICE models for memristors. Insight into the memristor device is given via recalling the quasi-static expansion of Maxwell’s equations. We also review Chua’s arguments based on electromagnetic theory.
Safe Separation in Controlled Flight* (1974)

Since the separations required for safety are a major factor in airport and airway capacity, and since new developments in ATC and avionics dilute the value of accumulated experience, there is a pressing need to formulate a universally accepted rationale for the establishment of aircraft separation standards. This paper examines the consequences of the point of view that separations must be adequate for ATC to provide effective, essentially redundant, protection against blunders or failures aboard the aircraft. The most conservative objective for separation standards is that they keep any two aircraft from reaching a position, velocity configuration from which it is possible for a collision to occur before effective ATC intervention can be accomplished. In implementing this philosophy one must consider position and velocity errors, computation and communication lags, as well as pilot and aircraft response delays. Further, however, the development requires a complete hazard detection and resolution strategy. Thus in addition to specifying separation standards, one must, in the process, also specify the primary data required for hazard assessment, the computational algorithms required for hazard determination, the complement of corrective commands, and an algorithm for the selection of the most effective command. These considerations define position and velocity thresholds which represent the last chance for effective intervention by air traffic control. Within these boundaries, air traffic control has the capability of providing assured safety. If the boundaries are penetrated, however, there are combinations of errors and delays which allow a possible unpreventable collision. If the existence of this possibility cannot be tolerated, the boundaries derived specify the minimum separation tolerable to ATC.
Activation of the phosphosignaling protein CheY. I. Analysis of the phosphorylated conformation by 19F NMR and protein engineering (1993)

CheY, the 14-kDa response regulator protein of the Escherichia coli chemotaxis pathway, is activated by phosphorylation of Asp57. In order to probe the structural changes associated with activation, an approach which combines 19F NMR, protein engineering, and the known crystal structure of one conformer has been utilized. This first of two papers examines the effects of Mg(II) binding and phosphorylation on the conformation of CheY. The molecule was selectively labeled at its six phenylalanine positions by incorporation of 4-fluorophenylalanine, which yielded no significant effect on activity. One of these 19F probe positions monitored the vicinity of Lys109, which forms a salt bridge to Asp57 in the apoprotein and has been proposed to act as a structural "switch" in activation. 19F NMR chemical shift studies of the labeled protein revealed that the binding of the cofactor Mg(II) triggered local structural changes in the activation site, but did not perturb the probe of the Lys109 region. The structural changes associated with phosphorylation were then examined, utilizing acetyl phosphate to chemically generate phsopho-CheY during NMR acquisition. Phosphorylation triggered a long-range conformational change extending from the activation site to a cluster of 4 phenylalanine residues at the other end of the molecule. However, phosphorylation did not perturb the probe of Lys109. The observed phosphorylated conformer is proposed to be the first step in the activation of CheY; later steps appear to perturb Lys109, as evidenced in the following paper. Together these results may give insight into the activation of other prokaryotic response regulators.
Experimental and Numerical Determination of Thermal Radiative Properties of ZnO Particulate Media (2009)

The radiative characteristics of dependently scattering packed-beds of ZnO particles, applied in the design of high-temperature solar thermochemical reactors, were investigated experimentally. ZnO samples of varying thickness were exposed to a continuous beam of near monochromatic thermal radiation in the 0.5–1 μm wavelength range. The overall transmitted fraction measured as a function of sample thickness s obeys an exponential trend exp(−As), with the fit parameter A ranging from 4000±100 m−1 at 555 nm to 2100±100 m−1 at 1 μm. In the forward directions, the measured intensity distribution is approximately isotropic, whereas in the backward directions it is well approximated by a Henyey–Greenstein equation with asymmetry factors g≈−0.4 at 555 nm and g≈−0.1 at 1 μm. A Monte Carlo ray-tracing model of the experimental setup is employed to extract the extinction coefficient and the scattering albedo for the case of a nongray absorbing-scattering medium.
Middle Ear Implant for Humans (1985)

In humans, a partially implantable middle ear implant (MEI) will first be applied, followed by a wholly implantable MEI, since with the former only an induction coil and a vibrator (to the stapes' head) are used. One of the various advantages of the partially implantable MEI vis-à-vis air conduction hearing aids is that the tone quality is of much higher fidelity, with less noise.
Electronic properties of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:math>-site substituted lead zirconate titanate: Density functional calculations (2007)

First-principles density functional theory calculations have been applied to study the electronic and optical properties of $A$-site substituted lead zirconate titanate (PZT), where group IIIA and group VB elements partially substitute Pb sites. The conduction band minima in the group IIIA element substituted PZT systems are found to be shared by $\mathrm{Ti}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}3d$ and dopant states, which reduce the occupation on $\mathrm{Ti}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}3d$ states by the electrons. Moreover, correlations between dopant electrons introduce the Mott-Hubbard band gap into PZT, which is intrinsically a charge-transfer insulator. This leads to a systematic reduction of energy and optical band gaps with increased atomic number of group IIIA substitutes. Similar chemical trend was found for group VB substitutes, which is, however, closely related to the electron bandwidth of $\mathrm{Ti}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}3d$ states in the charge-transfer band gaps. All the trivalent substitutes are confirmed to effectively dilute the concentration of the oxygen vacancies under Pb-deficient conditions by our theoretical calculations.
The chemical and physicochemical properties of wheat starch mildly oxidized with alkaline sodium hypochlorite (1963)

Abstract An attempt has been made to elucidate the nature of the reaction between alkaline hypochlorite and granular wheat starch. With this end in view various analytical determinations were carried out on starch samples oxidized under well‐determined conditions. The reaction was found to be nonspecific, its main results being the formation of functional groups and the scission of glucosidic bounds. The functional groups formed were mainly carboxyls, some carbonyl formation taking place at lower pH values. The consumption of about 0.05 atom of oxygen/AGU resulted in an extensive degradation of both starch components. There are indications to the effect that degradation is random in type. On that assumption, 0.5 to 1 glucosidic bonds in 100 were scinded, each scission being accompanied by the formation of about two carboxyl groups and by an overall consumption of 4–5 oxygen atoms. The reaction apparently took place in the amorphous part of the granule. The amylose‐amylopectin ratio, as well as the granule size remained unchanged. More than one‐quarter of the total oxygen consumed reacted with the dissolved portion of the starch as the result of the oxidation.
<sup>15</sup> N <sub>4</sub> -1,2,4,5-tetrazines as potential molecular tags: Integrating bioorthogonal chemistry with hyperpolarization and unearthing <i>para</i> -N <sub>2</sub> (2018)

Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance (HP-MR) is a powerful, sensitive, and noninvasive approach to visualize molecular structure, function, and dynamics in vitro and in vivo. Current applications of HP-MR mostly rely on hyperpolarization of target compounds in dedicated hyperpolarizers because biomolecules can typically not be hyperpolarized directly in vivo. The injected hyperpolarized probes often undergo multiple metabolic pathways in living systems, and it remains challenging to localize and identify specific targets with high chemical selectivity. To address these current limitations in HP-MR, we report a novel hyperpolarization tagging strategy that integrates bioorthogonal chemistry and hyperpolarization to achieve the specific hyperpolarization of targets. This strategy is demonstrated by studies of hyperpolarized <sup>15</sup>N<sub>4</sub>-1,2,4,5-tetrazines, which undergo rapid and selective cycloaddition with cyclooctyne to provide hyperpolarized <sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>-containing cycloaddition products and hyperpolarized <sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub> gas. This work not only suggests great potential of <sup>15</sup>N<sub>4</sub>-1,2,4,5-tetrazines as molecular tags in HP-MR imaging (HP-MRI) but also supports the production of hyperpolarized <i>para</i>-<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub> gas, a biologically and medically innocuous gas with great potential for HP-MRI. This bioorthogonal reaction-based hyperpolarization tagging strategy enables a new class of in vitro and in vivo applications.