gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long‐range‐ordered, hexagonally packed nanoporous membranes from degradable‐block‐containing diblock copolymer film templates (2013)

ABSTRACT Polystyrene (PS)‐ b ‐polylactide (PLA) diblock copolymers with different molecular weights and fractions were synthesized through a combination of living anionic polymerization and controlled ring‐opening polymerization. Then, the PS–PLA films were guided to phase‐separate by self‐assembly into different morphologies through casting solvent selection, solvent evaporation, and thermal and solvent‐field regulation. Finally, perpendicularly oriented PS–PLA films were used as precursors for PS membranes with an ordered periodic nanoporous structure; this was achieved by the selective etching of the segregated PLA domains dispersed in a continuous matrix of PS. Testing techniques, including IR, 1 H‐NMR, gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used to determine the chemical structure of the PS–PLA copolymer and its film morphology. AFM images of the self‐assembled PS‐PLA films indicate that vertical tapers of the PLA domains were generated among PS continuum when either toluene or tetrahydrofuran was used as the annealing solvent. The SEM images certified that the chemical etching of the PLA component from the self‐assembled PS–PLA films led to a long‐range‐ordered array of hexagonally packed nanoporous membranes with a diameter about 500 nm and a center‐to‐center distance of 1700 nm. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 39638.
Synthesis and Properties of the Six Thioxylenol Isomers (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Properties of the Six Thioxylenol IsomersE. A. BARTKUS, E. B. HOTELLING, and M. B. NEUWORTHCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1957, 22, 10, 1185–1186Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01361a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01361a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views127Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Optical constants of a hydrogenated amorphous carbon film (1984)

The real and imaginary parts, n and k, of the complex index of refraction of a hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) film have been determined for photon energies between 1.45 and 4.9 eV from measurements of reflectance R and transmittance T. Both n and k, and consequently ε1 and ε2 (the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant), show a considerable variation with subsequent annealing of the a-C:H film up to Ta=750 °C, with the most rapid changes occurring for Ta=450 °C and above. The optical gap Eopt is observed to decrease from 2.2 eV to 0 as the film is annealed, signaling the development of graphitic short range order in the film. Using an effective medium approximation to model the optical properties of the film, we find that the as-deposited film contains amorphous diamond-like, graphitic, and polymeric components. With annealing, the amorphous diamond-like and polymeric components decrease, the amorphous graphitic component grows, and a void component appears. We discuss the local order present in the as-deposited and annealed film.
Fuzzy knowledge combination (1986)

A general answer is given to what one should conclude from disagreeing experts. the answer is generalized further to incorporate the experts' credibility weights. the answer rests on a wide range of intuitively based epistemic axioms, scientific and philosophical conjectures, and formal mathematical relationships. A recurring theme is the making of Bellman - Zadeh fuzzy decisions, wherein a decision is the intersection of fuzzy goal and fuzzy constraint subsets of some space of alternatives. Another result is that measures of central tendency, such as the arithmetic mean, make poor knowledge combination operators. Formally, fuzzy knowledge combination operators are sought. the function space of knowledge combination operators ø: K″ → K is shrunk by imposing successive axioms. the final shrunken set is said to consist of admissible knowledge combination operators. Some of its mathematical properties are explored and a simple admissible operator is finally chosen. Knowledge sources Xi: S → K are mappings from epistemic stimuli or questions into a knowledge response set K. the uncertainty of the underlying epistemic situations is captured by the cardinality of K and by the fuzziness of its partial ordering. Admissible knowledge combination operators Aggregate knowledge responses in some desirable way. the arithmetic mean is not admissible. Nor in general is a probabilistic framework even definable in the abstract poset setting employed by this theory. the fuzzy knowledge combination theory is extended by associating general credibility weights with the knowledge sources. A new set of weighting axioms is required to satisfy certain intuitions and to satisfy the admissibility axioms. General weighting functions are obtained and thereby weighted admissible operators are obtained. the weighted mean still proves inadmissible. Appendix I contains a technical glossary and summary of the proposed fuzzy knowledge combination theory. Appendix II contains proofs of the probabilistic uncertainty theorems required for the uncertainty testbed used in the theory.
EchoSafe (2017)

Voice controlled interactive smart speakers, such as Google Home, Amazon Echo, and Apple HomePod are becoming commonplace in today's homes. These devices listen continually for the user commands, that are triggered by special keywords, such as "Alexa" and "Hey Siri". Recent research has shown that these devices are vulnerable to attacks through malicious voice commands from nearby devices. The commands can be sent easily during unoccupied periods, so that the user may be unaware of such attacks. We present EchoSafe, a user-friendly sonar-based defense against these attacks. When the user sends a critical command to the smart speaker, EchoSafe sends an audio pulse followed by post processing to determine if the user is present in the room. We can detect the user's presence during critical commands with 93.13% accuracy, and our solution can be extended to defend against other attack scenarios, as well.
Electrochemically Enhanced Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Basic Dyes from Dilute Aqueous Solutions by Activated Carbon Cloth Electrodes (2010)

Open-circuit (OC) adsorption and electrosorption behaviors of three polycyclic aromatic dyes from dilute aqueous solutions onto activated carbon cloth (ACC) were investigated. The selected dyes were crystal violet (BB-3), basic blue7 (BB-7), and basic blue11 (BB-11). OC adsorption and electrosorption processes were monitored by in situ UV-visible spectrophotometry. Electrosorption was carried out by polarization of an ACC electrode, galvanostatically. Considerable enhancements in removal capacity and duration of the dyes were achieved upon polarization of ACC. Kinetic data for OC adsorption and electrosorption were successfully treated according to pseudo-first-order law, and rate constants were determined. Adsorption isotherms were derived, and the data were treated according to Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Both the rate and extent of adsorption and electrosorption of dyes were found to increase in the order of BB-7 < BB-11 < BB-3. This order was discussed in terms of correlation between sizes of dye species and of ACC pores. Electrodesorption experiments were carried out to explore possibilities of regeneration of ACC.
Dextran-Conjugated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Antibody for <i>In Vivo</i> Melanoma Xenografted Mouse Imaging (2011)

Intact immunoglobulin G antibody has a relatively large molecule size of approximately 150 kDa that remains in the bloodstream for many weeks, which is a considerable disadvantage when it is used to carry radioactive materials for imaging. To lower background activity and increase the contrast of images, we investigated antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 antibody (DC101) conjugated dextran for VEGF receptor 2 imaging in tumor xenografted mice. DTPA-conjugated aminodextran was synthesized, reacted with sulfo-LC-SPDP, and then reacted with DC101. The binding affinity of DTPA-dextran-DC101 to Flk-1 was measured. The gamma imaging and biodistributions of (99m)Tc-DTPA-dextran-DC101, (99m)Tc-DTPA-DC101, and (125)I-DC101 were studied in B16F10 melanoma xenografted mice. The dissociation values for DC101, DTPA-DC101, and DTPA-dextran-DC101 were 22.48, 3.05, and 14.74 pM, respectively. In gamma images, (99m)Tc-DTPA-dextran-DC101 showed weak liver uptake and rapid kidney elimination. In biodistribution results, the liver uptake of (99m)Tc-DTPA-dextran-DC101 was similar with that of (99m)Tc-DTPA-DC101 at each time point. However, the blood activity of (99m)Tc-DTPA-dextran-DC101 has shown significant differences, compared with (99m)Tc-DTPA-DC101 at all time points. The tumor accumulation of dextran-conjugated antibody was increased with time, whereas that of dextran nonconjugated antibody decreased. In particular, the pattern of tumor uptake of (99m)Tc-DTPA-dextran-DC101 was similar to that of (125)I-DC101, so this was thought to reflect the kinetics of DC101, unlike the nonconjugated form. The results of this study suggested that introduction of dextran moiety to make (99m)Tc-radiolabeled DC101 imaging agent could provide better images with the impaired background and the steady increasing binding to the receptor. However, further studies are necessary to improve clinical pharmacokinetics, such as enhancement of tumor uptake and impaired renal uptake.
A Faithful Distributed Mechanism for Demand Response Aggregation (2015)

A faithful distributed mechanism is proposed in this paper for sharing the cost of electricity among a large number of strategic and distributed household agents that have private information, and discrete and continuous energy levels. In contrast to mechanisms in prior works, which charge the agents based on their day-ahead allocation, the proposed mechanism charges the agents based on their day-ahead allocation and their actual consumption. The mechanism is proven to be asymptotically dominant strategy incentive compatible, weakly budget balanced, and fair in charging the agents. However, the proposed mechanism's payment function, which requires computing a marginal allocation problem for each agent, renders the mechanism intractable for a large number of household agents if it is computed centrally. Thus, a distributed implementation of the mechanism is proposed, in which the agents share the computational burden with the aggregator. The distributed implementation is based on a penalty/reward scheme inspired by the prisoner's dilemma that brings faithful computation to a dominant strategy equilibrium.
<title>Blocking artifacts reduction in image coding based on minimum block boundary discontinuity</title> (1995)

This paper proposes a novel blocking artifacts reduction method which is based on the notion that the blocking artifacts are present in images due to heavy accuracy loss of transform coefficients in the quantization process. We define the block boundary discontinuity measure as the sum of the squared differences of pixel values along the block boundary. The proposed method makes correction of the selected transform coefficients so that the resultant image has minimum block boundary discontinuity. It does not specify a transform domain where the correction should take place, therefore an appropriate transform domain can be selected at user's discretion. In the experiments, the scheme is applied to DCT- based compressed images to show its performance.
Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-1-amino[2,2-2H2]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acids (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of (R)- and (S)-1-amino[2,2-2H2]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acidsPullachipatti K. Subramanian and Ronald W. WoodardCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 1, 15–18Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00377a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00377a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views273Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Closest-point problems (1975)

A number of seemingly unrelated problems involving the proximity of N points in the plane are studied, such as finding a Euclidean minimum spanning tree, the smallest circle enclosing the set, k nearest and farthest neighbors, the two closest points, and a proper straight-line triangulation. For most of the problems considered a lower bound of O(N log N) is shown. For all of them the best currently-known upper bound is O(N2) or worse. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a single geometric structure, called the Voronoi diagram, which can be constructed rapidly and contains all of the relevant proximity information in only linear space. The Voronoi diagram is used to obtain O(N log N) algorithms for all of the problems.
Development of Small Molecule Hsp90 Inhibitors: Utilizing Both Forward and Reverse Chemical Genomics for Drug Identification (2003)

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone whose association is required for stability and function of multiple mutated, chimeric, and over-expressed signaling proteins that promote cancer cell growth and/or survival. Hsp90 client proteins include mutated p53, Bcr-Abl, Raf-1, Akt, HER2/Neu (ErbB2), and HIF-1alpha. Hsp90 inhibitors, by interacting specifically with a single molecular target, cause the destabilization and eventual degradation of Hsp90 client proteins, and they have also shown promising anti-tumor activity in preclinical model systems. One Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-AAG, is currently in Phase I clinical trial. Hsp90 inhibitors are unique in that, although they are directed towards a specific molecular target, they simultaneously inhibit multiple signaling pathways on which cancer cells depend for growth and survival. Benzoquinone ansamycin binding to Hsp90 led to the identification of radicicol as an additional Hsp90 inhibitor. Additional target-based screening uncovered novobiocin as a third structurally distinct small molecule with Hsp90 inhibitory properties. Use of novobiocin, in turn, led to identification of a previously uncharacterized C-terminal ATP binding site in the chaperone. Small molecule inhibitors of Hsp90 have been very useful in understanding Hsp90 biology and in validating this protein as a molecular target for anti-cancer drug development.
Short-circuit power driven gate sizing technique for reducing power dissipation (1995)

One major challenge in low-power technology is how to reduce overall power dissipation of a given subsystem without impacting its performance. In this paper we present a technique that can be applied to the nonspeed-critical nets in a circuit in order to reduce overall power dissipation. This technique involves a study of short-circuit power dissipation as a function of input signal slews and output load conditions, to aid in making a judicious choice of drive strengths for various gates in a circuit. The resulting low-power solution does not degrade the original performance and yields a circuit which occupies less silicon area. The technique described here can be incorporated into any power optimization or synthesis tool. Lastly, we present the savings in power and area for a 32-b carry lookahead adder which was designed using the technique described here.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Radar Signal Detection and Estimation Using Time-Frequency Distributions. (1995)

Abstract : This report addresses the issues related to the applications of time frequency distributions in radar signal detection and parameter estimation problems. The Wigner-Ville distribution, the ambiguity function, and the time-frequency correlation function are the time-frequency distributions considered. The analysis considers a number of alternative radar receiver structures based on discrete time-frequency distributions. Various forms of the discrete ambiguity function and the discrete Wigner-Ville distribution are studied and their properties analyzed. New interpolation formulas are developed. Derivations of receivers based on the discrete time-frequency distribution display the potential for aliasing. The effects of aliasing on the optimality of these receivers are analyzed. Sampling criteria to prevent aliasing are determined and schemes to reduce the sampling requirement are devised. Since digital devices are of fixed register length, the signals processed are quantized and the arithmetic performed is of finite precision. The effect of the related quantization error from these devices in discrete time-frequency distribution based receivers is analyzed. Issues concerning the effect of coefficient quantization due to either storage or in-place computation in the fast Fourier transform (FFT) are discussed and clarified. A bound on the mean-square magnitude of the discrete ambiguity function is developed. Simulations are utilized to verify and validate the results.
Avoid, Minimize, Mitigate: The Continuing Constitutionality of Wetlands Mitigation After Dolan v. City of Tigard (1995)

sion infra notes 39-41 and accompanying text.11. 483 U.S. 825 (1987).12. Part IV also examines several other questions that were not resolved by the Court.Specifically, Part IV explores whether it is significant, for purposes of takings analysis, that the permit condition challenged in Dolan was imposed through adjudication and whether wetland mitigation requirements could be made more constitutionally defensible if they were imposed pursuant to regulations that described the type and amount of mitigation required for development of wetlands.Part IV also notes that the Dolan Court did not clearly articulate whether the burden shift imposed by the Court is a shift in the burden of production, a shift in the burden of persuasion, or both.I.
Efficient and Accurate Object Classification in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (2012)

Object classification from video frames has become more challenging in the context of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). This is mainly due to the fact that these networks are severely resource constrained in terms of the deployed camera sensors. The resources refer to battery, processor, memory and storage of the camera sensor. Limited resources mandates the need for efficient classification techniques in terms of energy consumption, space usage and processing power. In this paper, we propose an efficient yet accurate classification algorithm for WMSNs using a genetic algorithm-based classifier. The efficiency of the algorithm is achieved by extracting two simple but effective features of the objects from the video frames, namely shape of the minimum bounding box of the object and the speed of the object in the monitored region. The accuracy of the classification, on the other hand, is provided through using a genetic algorithm whose space/memory requirements are minimal. The training of this genetic algorithm based classifier is done offline and it is stored at each camera in advance to perform online classification during surveillance missions. The experiments indicate that a promising classification accuracy can be achieved without introducing a major energy and storage overhead on camera sensors.
Characterization of Microencapsulated Pear Ester, (2<i>E</i>,4<i>Z</i>)-Ethyl-2,4-decadienoate, a Kairomonal Spray Adjuvant against Neonate Codling Moth Larvae (2010)

Codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is the key pest of apples, pears, and walnuts worldwide. The pear-derived kairomone, ethyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate, the pear ester (PE), evokes attraction and arrestment of CM larvae. Microencapsulated PE formulation (PE-MEC) enhances the control efficacy of insecticides when used as a spray adjuvant. Characterization of the microencapsulated kairomone, including microcapsule size, concentrations, emission rates, and larval response, was performed. Microcapsule diameter ranged from 2 to 14 mum, with 68% of capsules being 2-3 mum, and the concentration of microcapsules averaged 25.9 x 10(4) capsules per mL of field spray solution. Headspace collections showed emission of PE was related to PE-MEC concentration and was best described as first-order power decay. Neonate larvae responded to PE-MEC applications aged through 14 days. These results demonstrated that application of PE-MEC concurrent with insecticides may increase neonate foliar wandering, thereby disrupting host location and enhancing mortality by prolonging its exposure to insecticide.
Size Dependence of Tracer Diffusion in a Laponite Colloidal Gel (2009)

Using a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique, we present measurements of probe diffusion in a colloidal glass-a Laponite suspension. By varying the probe size over 2 orders of magnitude, as well as the concentration of the colloidal glass, we evidence and quantify the deviations of the probe diffusivity from the bulk Stokes-Einstein expectations. These experiments suggest that the probe diffusion in the dynamically arrested Laponite structure is mainly controlled by the ratio between the probe size and the typical clay platelets interdistance. Comparing with a simple hindered diffusion mechanism, the reduction of tracer diffusion is discussed in terms of the hydrodynamic interaction of the probe with the Laponite structure. Finally, these results can be interpreted in terms of a scale dependent viscosity of the colloidal glass.