gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of human influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in mice: neuro-, pneumo- and adipotropic infection (2000)

Mice (ddY strain, 4 weeks old) were infected intranasally with the H5N1 influenza viruses A/Hong Kong/156/97 (HK156) and A/Hong Kong/483/97 (HK483) isolated from humans. HK156 and HK483 required 200 and 5 p.f.u. of virus, respectively, to give a 50% lethal dose to the mice when the volume of inoculum was set at 10 microl. Both viruses caused encephalitis and severe bronchopneumonia in infected mice. The severity of lung lesions caused by the viruses was essentially similar, whereas HK483 caused more extensive lesions in the brain than did HK156. This was supported by the results of virus titration of organ homogenates, which showed that the virus titres in brains of HK483-infected mice were more than 100-fold higher than those of HK156-infected mice, while those in lungs were almost equivalent. Both viruses were detected in homogenates of the heart, liver, spleen and kidney and blood of the infected mice. Virus antigen was detected by immunohistology in the heart and liver, albeit sporadically, but caused no degenerative change in these organs. The antigen was not detected in the thymus, spleen, pancreas, kidney or gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, virus antigen was found frequently in adipose tissues attached to those organs. The adipose tissues showed severe degenerative change and the virus titres in the tissues were high and comparable to those in lungs. Thus, infection of HK156 and HK483 in our mouse model was pneumo-, neuro- and adipotropic, but not pantropic. Furthermore, HK483 showed higher neurotropism than HK156, which may account for its higher lethality.
Nu: Towards a Flexible and Dynamic Aspect-Oriented Intermediate Language Model (2007)

The contribution of this work is the design, implementation and evaluation of a new aspect-oriented intermediate language model that we call Nu. The primary motivation behind the design of the Nu model is to maintain the aspect-oriented design modularity in the intermediate code for the responsiveness of incremental compilers and source-level debuggers. Nu extends the object-oriented intermediate language model with two primitives: bind and remove. We demonstrate that these primitives are capable of expressing statically deployed constructs such as AspectJ's aspect, dynamic deployment construct such as CaeserJ's deploy as well as dynamic control flow constructs such as AspectJ's cflow by presenting compilation techniques from high-level languages to Nu for these constructs. Moreover, these compilation techniques also serve to show that aspect-oriented design modularity is indeed preserved in the Nu intermediate code. We also present the design and implementation of a prototype extension of the Sun Hotspot virtual machine that supports the Nu model, which serves to show that it is feasible to implement Nu in a production level virtual machine. A key concern for dynamic language models is the performance overhead of their implementation. Our performance analysis results show that method dispatch time is not degraded in our prototype implementation. Also, advice dispatch time remains fairly close to the manually inlined version.
Modulations of Elastin Expression and Cell Proliferation by Retinoids in Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1995)

Effects of retinoid derivatives (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and etretinate) on elastin expression and cell proliferation in chick embryonic vascular smooth muscle cells were compared. Retinoic acid and etretinate inhibited cell proliferation to a greater extent than retinol and retinal. Retinol showed no significant effect on cell proliferation or elastin synthesis. Retinoic acid exhibited the most pronounced stimulatory effect on elastin synthesis with a maximum stimulation of 2.8-fold at the concentration of 10(-6) M for 24-48 h treatment. A comparable increase in elastin mRNA level was observed in the case of retinoic acid treatment. When the cells were serially passaged to the third subcultivation, elastin synthesis declined with increasing number of cell passages. Retinoic acid reversed this decline of elastin synthesis. The results indicate that retinoic acid was potentially active and retinol was inactive for both inhibition of cell proliferation and stimulation of elastin synthesis. The inhibitory activities of the four compounds for cell proliferation appear to parallel the stimulatory activities for elastin synthesis. The stimulation of elastin expression by retinoids may thus be closely related to the inhibition of cell proliferation.
Potent Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytocidal Activity of Diaminonaphthoquinones, Lead Antimalarial Chemotypes Identified in an Antimalarial Compound Screen (2014)

Forty percent of the world's population is threatened by malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium parasites and results in an estimated 200 million clinical cases and 650,000 deaths each year. Drug resistance has been reported for all commonly used antimalarials and has prompted screens to identify new drug candidates. However, many of these new candidates have not been evaluated against the parasite stage responsible for transmission, gametocytes. If Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes are not eliminated, patients continue to spread malaria for weeks after asexual parasite clearance. Asymptomatic individuals can also harbor gametocyte burdens sufficient for transmission, and a safe, effective gametocytocidal agent could also be used in community-wide malaria control programs. Here, we identify 15 small molecules with nanomolar activity against late-stage gametocytes. Fourteen are diaminonaphthoquinones (DANQs), and one is a 2-imino-benzo[d]imidazole (IBI). One of the DANQs identified, SJ000030570, is a lead antimalarial candidate. In contrast, 94% of the 650 compounds tested are inactive against late-stage gametocytes. Consistent with the ineffectiveness of most approved antimalarials against gametocytes, of the 19 novel compounds with activity against known anti-asexual-stage targets, only 3 had any strong effect on gametocyte viability. These data demonstrate the distinct biology of the transmission stages and emphasize the importance of screening for gametocytocidal activity. The potent gametocytocidal activity of DANQ and IBI coupled with their efficacy against asexual parasites provides leads for the development of antimalarials with the potential to prevent both the symptoms and the spread of malaria.
A varistor technique to reduce the hazards of electrostatics to electroexplosive devices (1974)

Inherent to the design and construction of electroexplosive devices is a vulnerability to inadvertent initiation from electrostatic discharges. The small spacing (approx. 1 mm) between the bridgewire circuits and the body and between bridgewire circuits afford easy breakdown paths for electrostatic voltages. In some cases where metallic component pyrotechnic materials are loaded onto the bridgewire circuits the susceptability to inadvertant initiation is increased. An approach to solving this problem is reported based on the application of a new varistor (nonlinear resistor) material. Certain formulations of metal oxides normally have electrically nonconductive characteristics. However, at selective potentials they become conductive. By proper design and incorporation into electroexplosive devices a variety of breakdown potentials can be achieved. The breakdown potential of the varistor element can be adjusted to meet the requirements of the particular electroexplosive device. The varistor element can also be incorporated in an area isolated from the explosive or pyrotechnic material. Adaptation of this technique to a specific electroexplosive device and the resulting test data are presented.
Expandable Liner Hanger System Enhances Liner Installations by Providing Viable Solutions that Overcome Deployment and Installation Issues in Low-Pressure Reservoirs (2008)

Abstract Low-pressure reservoir characteristics are not often considered as a contributor to installation failure during deployment of conventional hydraulic-set liner hanger systems. Often, this situation occurs in cases where there is a sudden change in the well properties. If this phenomenon occurs, the outcome of a job can be changed from success to a failure. These low-pressurized reservoirs are considered as being capable of being maintained with fluid weight (balanced) rather than as candidate for one that is controllable by lighter-weight fluids (less than 8.3ppg) (underbalance). In the balanced wells, liner installation issues can range from sudden high-rate fluid loss causing differential pressure sticking of the liner, inability to get to depth, or inability to place cement around the liner forming the primary liner top seal. In the underbalanced wells, issues such as difficulty in running the liner to bottom, and premature setting of the liner hanger during deployment of the liner can be seen, and during the critical stage of cementing the liner, problems such as inability to circulate at rates and pressures, inability to move the liner during the cement job, and inability to provide a liner-top seal prior to releasing the running tool can result. Such are the issues faced by operators in different areas of the globe. A solution to these issues has been identified. An expandable liner hanger (ELH) system, which allows the annulus fluid to be isolated from the work string fluid during deployment and throughout the cement job because of its pressure-balanced configuration can resolve these problems. In addition, the ELH system can be set up for liner drilling, enabling the liner to be drilled through the low pressure reservoir, the shoe to be cemented, and the liner top to be isolated upon setting. Multiple jobs have been performed successfully in this manner, saving the operator several days of rig time through one or more benefits provided by the system; i.e., getting the liner to bottom, providing a premium cement bond, and eliminating remedial cementing jobs. Selected cases concerning low-pressured well types will be the focus of this paper.
Multistep Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for High-Performance Transparent Conducting Films (2012)

We report a dual-coating method for the deposition of gold nanoparticles on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to improve the electrical conductivities of SWNT network films. The deposition is achieved via a two-step process: (i) pretreatment, mixing gold precursor (HAuCl4•3H2O) with a dispersion of SWNTs containing sodium cholate or sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactants, and (ii) post-treatment, immersion of SWNT network films functionalized with gold ions (Au3+) in a gold salt solution. SWNT films doubly hybridized with gold nanoparticles exhibited a 20% reduced sheet resistance in comparison with SWNT films that were post-treated with Au alone. Optical spectroscopy and UPS results show that such enhanced electrical properties can be attributed to additional p-type doping of the SWNTs upon treatment with gold. These results are important for the development of efficient transparent conducting SWNT films for optoelectronic device applications.
Comparison of Protein Precipitants for the Determination of Free Amino Acids in Plasma (1979)

The present study was undertaken to select the most preferred deproteinizing agent for microbiological or chromatographic determination of free amino acids in plasma. The highest quantities of amino acids were obtained from samples treated with picric acid, ethanol or sulfosalicylic acid. It was also found from examining the recoveries of 14C-labeled amino acids added to plasma following treatment with picric acid, ethanol and sulfosalicylic acid that one kind of deproteinizing agent is not equally effective with all amino acids. Picric acid treatment gave the most reliable results for determination of amino acids except the basic amino acids, alanine and tryptophan. Sulfosalicylic acid was the most recommended deproteinizing agent for basic amino acids and ethanol was good for the assay of alanine and tryptophan. The response of d-amino acids to the deproteinizing agents tested was not always similar to that of their l-isomers.
Principales características de tres soluciones inusuales para desvío del río en grandes presas (2006)

The fluoroborylene ligand (BF), isoelectronic with CO, was recently (2009) realized experimentally by Vidović and Aldridge in Cp(2)Ru(2)(CO)(4)(mu-BF). In this research the related iron carbonyl fluoroborylene complexes Fe(BF)(CO)(n) (n = 4, 3), Fe(2)(BF)(CO)(8), and Fe(2)(BF)(2)(CO)(n) (n = 7, 6) are compared with the isoelectronic Fe(CO)(n+1) and Fe(2)(CO)(n+2) as well as the thiocarbonyls Fe(CS)(CO)(n) and Fe(2)(CS)(2)(CO)(n) using density functional theory. For Fe(BF)(CO)(4) the axially and equatorially substituted trigonal bipyramidal structures are predicted to be nearly degenerate as is the case for Fe(CS)(CO)(4). The lowest energy structures for Fe(BF)(CO)(3) are derived from the trigonal bipyramidal Fe(BF)(CO)(4) structures by removal of CO groups. For the binuclear derivatives Fe(2)(BF)(CO)(8) and Fe(2)(BF)(2)(CO)(n) (n = 7, 6) structures with BF bridges are preferred energetically over structures with CO bridges. However, no structures for the unsaturated Fe(2)(BF)(2)(CO)(6) are found with four-electron donor eta(2)-mu-BF groups. This differs from the corresponding Fe(2)(CS)(2)(CO)(6) where structures with eta(2)-mu-CS groups and formal Fe-Fe single bonds are preferred over structures with only two electron donor CO and CS groups and formal Fe=Fe double bonds. The lowest energy structure for Fe(2)(BF)(2)(CO)(7) is thus predicted to be similar to the well-known triply bridged Fe(2)(CO)(9) structure but with two bridging BF groups and one bridging CO group. However, the dissociation energy of Fe(2)(BF)(2)(CO)(7) into mononuclear fragments is much higher than that of Fe(2)(CO)(9). Removal of the bridging CO group from this lowest energy Fe(2)(BF)(2)(CO)(7) structure leads to the doubly BF-bridged global minimum structure for Fe(2)(BF)(2)(CO)(6).
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROAROMATIC BORON COMPOUNDS. XIX. THE PREPARATION OF SOME 5,4‐BORAZAROBENZO(B)THIOPHENES (1980)

Abstract 3‐Amino‐2‐vinylthiophene zeigen teilweise Tendenzen, mit Organoborhalogeniden zu den Titelverbindungen zu reagieren.
Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment of Amorphous Titania on the Phase Change from Anatase to Rutile during Calcination (1999)

Hydrothermal treatment of amorphous titania has been used to crystallize and stabilize the anatase phase of titania. The hydrothermal treatment conditions can be used to control the physical properties of the crystallized anatase powder, which in turn control the subsequent phase-change properties of the anatase/rutile phase change. The synthesis history of the amorphous starting material is crucial in determining the final phase-change characteristics. The presence of a small amount of brookite phase contamination in the anatase, results in rapid conversion to rutile. Crystallite size also plays an important role in determining the anatase stability, with increasing crystallite size resulting in higher stability, but the phase-change temperature was shown to have only a weak dependence on surface area.
Assessment of neuromuscular block: comparison of three clinical methods and evoked electromyography. (1988)

Three clinical methods, visual, tactile and 'spring', for the assessment of neuromuscular blockade were compared to the EMG recording evoked during enflurane anaesthesia and relaxation with vecuronium in 33 patients. During maintenance of the block, the tactile method, based on the recognition of the strength of movement of the patient's thumb against the observer's fingers, was more accurate than the two other methods. The correlation coefficient compared to the TI of the EMG was 0.77. The tactile method led to over-estimation of muscle strength in only 9-10% of the assessments made by the anaesthetists, while this happened in about one-third of the cases when the visual method was applied. The observers under-estimated the muscle power in about 30% of the assessments made with each of the clinical methods. During the recovery, the mean train-of-four (TOF) ratio of the EMG was less than 40% when the anaesthetists announced that they could detect no fade with the visual or tactile methods. The corresponding value obtained with the spring method (standardized preload with a rubber spring) was significantly higher, 66%. Using the spring, a clinically significant residual fade (TOF less than 0.50) could be detected in nine of the 11 cases. As residual relaxation cannot be ruled out using the clinical methods, quantitative recording of neuromuscular function is recommended in cases where complete recovery from muscle relaxation is of special importance. The spring method is the most reliable clinical method during recovery, while the tactile method is the most accurate during the maintenance of neuromuscular block.
ESp: Placement by simulated evolution (1989)

ESP (evolution-based standard cell placement) is a program package designed to perform standard cell placement including macro-block placement capabilities. It uses the novel heuristic method of simulating an evolutionary process to minimize the cell interconnection wire length. While achieving comparable results to popular simulated annealing algorithms, ESP usually requires less CPU time. A concurrent version designed to run on a network of loosely coupled processors, such as workstations connected via Ethernet, has also been developed. For medium to large circuits (>250 cells per processor) concurrent ESP achieves linear speedup.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Assessment of Ganaxolone's Anticonvulsant Activity Using a Randomized, Double‐Blind, Presurgical Trial Design (2000)

Ganaxolone monotherapy was well tolerated for the duration of this clinical trial, and the results provide preliminary evidence that ganaxolone does have antiepileptic activity.
Bladder Cancer Treatment Response Assessment in CT using Radiomics with Deep-Learning (2017)

Abstract Cross-sectional X-ray imaging has become the standard for staging most solid organ malignancies. However, for some malignancies such as urinary bladder cancer, the ability to accurately assess local extent of the disease and understand response to systemic chemotherapy is limited with current imaging approaches. In this study, we explored the feasibility that radiomics-based predictive models using pre- and post-treatment computed tomography (CT) images might be able to distinguish between bladder cancers with and without complete chemotherapy responses. We assessed three unique radiomics-based predictive models, each of which employed different fundamental design principles ranging from a pattern recognition method via deep-learning convolution neural network (DL-CNN), to a more deterministic radiomics feature-based approach and then a bridging method between the two, utilizing a system which extracts radiomics features from the image patterns. Our study indicates that the computerized assessment using radiomics information from the pre- and post-treatment CT of bladder cancer patients has the potential to assist in assessment of treatment response.
Degradation of Group A Streptococcal Cell Walls by Egg-White Lysozyme and Human Lysosomal Enzymes (1972)

Group A streptococci and their isolated cell walls, normally resistant to egg-white lysozyme and the lysosomal enzymes of human phagocytes, were converted to lysozyme-sensitive forms by partial removal of cell wall carbohydrate, substitution of free amino groups, and by saponification of O-acyl groups. The resultant modified streptococcal cell walls showed rapid degradation when treated with leukocyte granule extract derived from human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes and when subjected to phagocytosis by living human leukocytes. These results indicate that the factors responsible for lysozyme resistance of the group A cell wall also influence its resistance to human leukocyte granule enzymes and suggest that the chemical composition of the cell wall, in addition to the presence of cell wall carbohydrate, determines this resistance.
An echistatin‐like Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD)‐containing sequence in the heavy chain CDR3 of a murine monoclonal antibody that inhibits human platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa function (1994)

We describe the production and biochemical characterization of the first GPIIb/IIIa-inhibiting monoclonal antibody that contains an RGD sequence in the CDR3 region of the heavy chain. Monoclonal antibodies obtained by immunizing mice with human platelets were screened using consecutive ELISAs based on human platelets and immuno-affinity-purified glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa coated on microtitre plates. Out of 30 monoclonal antibodies reacting with GPIIb/IIIa, one, MA-16N7C2, potently inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP, thrombin, arachidonic acid, collagen, U46619, adrenaline and platelet-activating factor, whereas ristocetin-induced aggregation was unaffected. MA-16N7C2 (IgG2a) bound approximately 4 times faster to activated than to resting platelets, with a Kdcalc of 6.6nM and of 17.5nM, respectively. Equilibrium binding studies to non-activated platelets showed a Kd of 18.2nM with 41 x 10(3) binding sites per platelet. The antibody recognized GPIIb/IIIa only as a Ca(2+)-dependent complex. MA-16N7C2 blocked fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor binding to GPIIb/IIIa in a competitive manner with a Ki of 8.5nM and 13.2nM, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed a RGD-containing sequence with homology to disintegrins, in the CDR3 region of the heavy chain. That this RGD-containing sequence could be involved in the interaction of the antibody to GPIIb/IIIa was finally indicated by showing that the binding is completely and competitively inhibited by echistatin.
Safety of hanging systems: lessons from CROSS reports (2019)

Simple hanging systems are widespread. Despite their apparent simplicity, numerous failures have occurred. This paper explores the reasons why and suggests that increased design attention is required to assure system safety. This is especially important for systems incorporating multiple load-sharing hangers.
Stimulation of Mouse Bone Marrow Cells with Kit Ligand, FLT3 Ligand, and Thrombopoietin Leads to Efficient Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer to Stem Cells, Whereas Interleukin 3 and Interleukin 11 Reduce Transduction of Short- and Long-Term Repopulating Cells (2000)

The effects of cytokine stimulation during retroviral transduction on in vivo reconstitution of mouse hematopoietic stem cells was tested in a murine competitive repopulation assay with alpha-thalassemia as a marker to distinguish donor and recipient red blood cells (RBCs) and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a marker for gene transfer. After transplantation, EGFP was detected in up to 90% of circulating RBCs, platelets, and leukocytes, and in primitive progenitors in bone marrow (BM), spleen, and thymus of individual transplanted mice for observation periods of more than 6 months. Large quantitative differences in reconstitution were observed after transplantation with graded numbers (1000-30, 000) of EGFP(+) cells preconditioned with various combinations of Kit ligand (KL), FLT-3 ligand (FL), thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and IL-11. Relative to nonmanipulated BM cells, repopulation of EGFP(+) cells was maintained by KL/FL/TPO stimulation, but approximately 30-fold reduced after KL/FL/TPO/IL-3, or KL/FL/IL-3/IL-11. These differences were not caused by changes in the ability of immature hematopoietic cells to home to the BM, which was only moderately reduced. In conclusion, these quantitative transplantation studies of mice demonstrate the importance of optimal ex vivo cytokine stimulation for gene transfer to stem cells with retention of their in vivo hematopoietic potential, and also emphasize that overall in vitro transduction frequency does not predict gene transfer to repopulating stem cells.