gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic Biofuel Cell for Oxidation of Glucose to CO<sub>2</sub> (2011)

Glucose has been widely studied as a fuel in biofuel cells because it not only is abundant in nature and in the bloodstream but also demonstrates low volatility, is nontoxic, and is inexpensive. Those qualities coupled with its relatively high energy density qualify glucose as a promising fuel. However, one key to efficient use of this substrate as fuel is the ability to oxidize glucose to CO2 and convert, more efficiently, the chemical energy released upon the redox reactions to electrical power. Most glucose biofuel cells in literature only oxidize glucose to gluconolactone. In this paper, we report the development of a six-enzyme cascade bioanode containing pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent enzymes extracted from Gluconobacter sp., aldolase from Sulfolobus solfataricus and oxalate oxidase from barley to sequentially oxidize glucose to carbon dioxide through a synthetic minimal metabolic pathway. This bioanode is also capable of performing direct electron transfer to carbon electrode surfaces and eliminates the need for mediators.
Optimization and performance criteria of a Stokes polarimeter based on two variable retarders (2010)

In this paper we present the analysis, optimization and implementation of several Stokes polarimeter configurations based on a set-up including two variable retarders. The polarimeter analysis is based on the Mueller-Stokes formalism, and as a consequence, it is suitable to deal with depolarized light. Complete Stokes polarimeters are optimized by minimizing the amplification of simulated errors into the final solution. Different indicators useful to achieve this aim, as the condition number or the equally weighted variance, are compared in this paper. Moreover, some of the optimized polarimeters are experimentally implemented and it is studied the influence of small deviations from the theoretical ones on the amplification of the Stokes component error. In addition, the benefit of using incomplete polarimeters, when detecting specific ranges of states of polarization, is discussed.
Neutral-point-clamped multilevel inverter using space vector modulation (2009)

A high-throughput in silico screening tool for potentially CNS active compounds was developed on the basis of the correlation of solvation free energies and blood-brain partitioning (log(cbrain/cblood) = log BB) data available from experimental sources. Utilizing a thermodynamic approach, solvation free energies were calculated by the fast and efficient generalized Born/surface area continuum solvation model, which enabled us to evaluate more than 10 compounds/min. Our training set involved a structurally diverse set of 55 compounds and yielded a function of log BB = 0.035Gsolv + 0.2592 (r = 0.85, standard error 0.37). Calculation of solvation free energies for 8700 CNS active compounds (CIPSLINE database) revealed that Gsolv is higher than -50 kJ/mol for the 96% of these compounds which can be used as suitable criteria for the identification of compounds preferable for CNS penetration.
Physical activities of noninstitutionalized Dutch elderly and characteristics of inactive elderly (1995)

For preventive purposes habitual physical activity was investigated in noninstitutionalized elderly and a profile was composed of the most inactive among them. In a cross-sectional study conducted in 1992 in Arnhem, 503 women and 493 men, aged 65-84 yr, were interviewed. Habitual physical activities and total activity scores were assessed with a questionnaire, previously validated for elderly. Among other things, our findings revealed that light housework (e.g. dusting, washing dishes) was carried out by 90% of the women and 61% of the men. Thirteen percent of the women and 9% of the men had no recreational physical activities (sports or other physically active leisure time activities). Physical activity level seems to be associated with age, socioeconomic status (only for men), marital status (only for women), disability, subjective health, presence of chronic diseases, living in houses with stairs, and living close to shops (only for men). For example, age-adjusted odds ratios for being physically inactive were 28.6 and 7.1, respectively, for women and men with disabilities (95% confidence intervals: 6.4-127.0 and 2.7-18.3, respectively). Our findings suggest physically inactive elderly are mainly characterized by older age and a less favorable health. Physical activity of these elderly deserves special attention, to prevent further deterioration and loss of independence.
Paradigms for verification of authorization at source of electronic documents in an integrated environment (2003)

Verification of correct authorization of an electronic document at its source is as essential as the more familiar requirement of authentication and of increasing importance. This verification is a relatively new explicit requirement for electronic documents. Currently any checks of authorization at source are done by human elements in the receiving enterprise. Automated technology will force changes to current message processing methods to include verification of authorization at source in order to prevent fraud by esoteric attackers. The necessity for verification of authorization at source is explained. Paradigms based on audit principles used with paper documents are proposed and compared. Common problems of privacy and disclosure, and overheads on both sender and receiver are examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Truncated ClC-1 mRNA in myotonic dystrophy exerts a dominant-negative effect on the Cl current (2004)

These data show that the aberrantly spliced chloride channel message exerts a dominant negative effect that may contribute to the development of myotonia.
Optimizing current and emerging therapies in multiple myeloma: a guide for the hematologist (2016)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy. The diagnosis of MM requires ⩾10% clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow or biopsy-proven plasmacytoma, plus evidence of end-organ damage (hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, and lytic bone lesions). The definition of MM has recently been expanded to include a ⩾60% clonal plasma cell burden in the bone marrow, serum involved/uninvolved light chain ratio of ⩾100, or more than one focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging ⩾5 mm in the absence of end-organ damage. MM is an incurable malignancy previously associated with poor survival rates. However, over the past two decades, the introduction of novel treatment options has resulted in a dramatic improvement in response rates and overall survival (OS). The combination of a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulator (IMiD) is the preferred induction treatment for newly diagnosed transplant-eligible MM patients. After induction, high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is still the standard of care for these patients. In patients who are transplant ineligible, dose adjusted IMiDs or proteasome inhibitor-based combinations are the preferred treatment option. With the recent approval of novel drugs like carfilzomib, ixazomib, pomalidomide, panobinostat, and monoclonal antibodies (elotuzumab and daratumumab), as well as improved understanding of risk stratification, management of comorbidities and treatment side effects, clinicians can optimize anti-MM therapy, particularly in relapse/refractory MM patients. In this review, we outline the current therapeutic approach to the management of MM.
Impact of Uremia, Diabetes, and Peritoneal Dialysis Itself on the Pathogenesis of Peritoneal Sclerosis (2008)

The average peritoneal thickness and lumen/vessel diameter ratio were useful morphologic parameters to quantify the severity of the peritoneal alterations in uremic and peritoneal dialysis patients. Uremia and diabetes had an impact on the pathogenesis of peritoneal sclerosis in pre-peritoneal dialysis peritoneum. Peritoneal dialysis treatment itself had a much stronger impact on the progression of peritoneal sclerosis.
A Simple Method To Synthesize Nanowires (2002)

By a simple method, that is, by heating raw materials in a flowing gas at ambient pressure, Si3N4, Ga2O3, and ZnO nanowires, SiC nanocables, and SiO2 amorphous nanowires are synthesized without metal catalysts. The diameters of these one-dimensional nanoscale materials are greatly affected by synthesis temperatures. At suitable synthesis temperatures, their diameters are <100 nm. The growth mechanisms of these nanowires are discussed preliminarily.
Voltage-gated Sodium Channels Confer Excitability to Human Odontoblasts (2006)

Odontoblasts are responsible for the dentin formation. They are suspected to play a role in tooth pain transmission as sensor cells because of their close relationship with nerve, but this role has never been evidenced. We demonstrate here that human odontoblasts in vitro produce voltage-gated tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na(+) currents in response to depolarization under voltage clamp conditions and are able to generate action potentials. Odontoblasts express neuronal isoforms of alpha2 and beta2 subunits of sodium channels. Co-cultures of odontoblasts with trigeminal neurons indicate a clustering of alpha2 and beta2 sodium channel subunits and, at the sites of cell-cell contact, a co-localization of odontoblasts beta2 subunits with peripherin. In vivo, sodium channels are expressed in odontoblasts. Ankyrin(G) and beta2 co-localize, suggesting a link for signal transduction between axons and odontoblasts. Evidence for excitable properties of odontoblasts and clustering of key molecules at the site of odontoblast-nerve contact strongly suggest that odontoblasts may operate as sensor cells that initiate tooth pain transmission.
Effect of relative humidity on adhesion and frictional properties of micro- and nano-scopic contacts (2005)

Abstract The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the interactions of AFM tips and colloidal probes with hydrophilic silica substrates is investigated. Both friction and adhesion are studied. For the case of a colloidal probe the interaction is characteristic of a multiasperity contact, the adhesion increased with increasing RH and above a certain threshold relative humidity a large increase in adhesion was measured. This behaviour is explained in terms of a recent model where the Kelvin radius of the condensate becomes larger than some characteristic roughness on the surface. The interaction between the tip and the substrate also exhibited an increase in adhesion above a threshold RH although the increase was much less marked than with the colloid probe. The friction decreased with increasing humidity for both tip and colloid probe although the friction force was much less sensitive than adhesion to changes in RH. Stick-slip behaviour was observed between tip and substrate for all humidities at high loads, but only at the lowest RH (about 5%) it was observed at all loads. At higher humidity the behaviour became increasingly continuum on the experimental timescale, presumably due to viscous contributions from the water. Stick-slip was not observed for the colloidal probe friction measurements. Keywords: FRICTIONADHESIONCAPILLARY CONDENSATIONATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPESURFACE FORCE
Mutations in the N-terminal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein block intracellular transport of the Gag precursor (1993)

The matrix domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag polyprotein was studied for its role in virus assembly. Deletion and substitution mutations caused a dramatic reduction in virus production. Mutant Gag polyproteins were myristoylated and had a high affinity for membrane association. Immunofluorescence staining revealed a large accumulation of mutant Gag precursors in the cytoplasm, while wild-type Gag proteins were primarily associated with the cell surface membrane. These results suggest a defect in intracellular transport of the mutant Gag precursors. Thus, in addition to myristoylation, the N-terminal region of the matrix domain is involved in determining Gag protein transport to the plasma membrane. Wild-type Gag polyproteins interacted with and efficiently packaged mutant Gag into virions. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that intermolecular interaction of Gag polyproteins might occur in the cytoplasm prior to being transported to the assembly site on the plasma membrane.
Analyses of the Extensible Blade in Improving Wind Energy Production at Sites with Low-Class Wind Resource (2017)

This paper describes the feasibility analysis of an innovative, extensible blade technology. The blade aims to significantly improve the energy production of a wind turbine, particularly at locations with unfavorable wind conditions. The innovative ‘smart’ blade will be extended at low wind speed to harvest more wind energy; on the other hand, it will be retracted to its original shape when the wind speed is above the rated wind speed to protect the blade from damages by high wind loads. An established aerodynamic model is implemented in this paper to evaluate and compare the power output of extensible blades versus a baseline conventional blade. The model was first validated with a monitored power production curve based on the wind energy production data of a conventional turbine blade, which is subsequently used to estimate the power production curve of extended blades. The load-on-blade structures are incorporated as the mechanical criteria to design the extension strategies. Wind speed monitoring data at three different onshore and offshore sites around Lake Erie are used to predict the annual wind energy output with different blades. The effects of extension on the dynamic characteristics of blade are analyzed. The results show that the extensive blade significantly increases the annual wind energy production (up to 20% to 30%) with different blade extension strategies. It, therefore, has the potential to significantly boost wind energy production for utility-scale wind turbines located at sites with low-class wind resource.
Clinical trials with Staphylococcus aureus and protein A in the treatment of malignant disease. (1984)

Perfusion of plasma from tumor-bearing animals over Staphylococcus aureus with membrane-bound protein A has resulted in significant tumor shrinkage. Similar therapy has now been given to 16 patients by three methods. No tumor responses have been observed. Five patients were treated with perfusion over fixed and killed S. aureus Cowan I. Cardiovascular and respiratory toxicity was excessive and appeared to be related to volume and rate of plasma infused. Eight patients were treated with perfusion of autologous plasmas over protein A-collodion-charcoal. Doses of plasma ranged from 50 to 450 ml. No toxicity was noted. Three patients have been treated with perfusion over protein A-silica. Toxicity in two resembled that seen in the S. aureus trials, although it was not as severe. We conclude that the toxicity of this therapy can be life-threatening, and human trials should be undertaken with caution.
Mass Transfer Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub> Capture by PVDF Membrane Contactor and Ionic Liquid (2017)

Abstract Post‐combustion processes based on ionic liquids (ILs) and membrane contactors are attractive alternatives to traditional systems. Here, a gas stream composed of 15 % CO 2 and 85 % N 2 flowed through the lumen side of a hollow‐fiber membrane contactor containing poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐IL (PVDF‐IL) fibers. The IL 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate [emim][Ac] served as an absorbent due to its high chemical absorption and CO 2 solubility. The overall mass transfer coefficient ( K overall ), activation energy ( E a ), and resistances of the hollow‐fiber membrane were quantified. The K overall value was one order of magnitude higher than those reported in previous works with conventional solvents, and the E a was lower than formerly stated values for other solvents. A theoretical simulation was conducted to estimate the operational parameters required for 90 % CO 2 capture and to quantify intensification effects related to CO 2 absorption in a packed column.
Translocation of intracellular glutathione to membrane-bound γ-glutamyl transpeptidase as a discrete step in the γ-glutamyl cycle: Glutathionuria after inhibition of transpeptidase (1979)

Several inhibitors of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in vitro [L-serine plus borate, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, and L- and D-γ-glutamyl-( o -carboxy)phenylhydrazide] are active in vivo , as indicated by their effect in decreasing the conversion of administered D-γ-glutamyl-L-α-amino[ 14 C]butyrate to respiratory 14 CO 2 in mice. The hydrazides (both L and D isomers) are the most potent inhibitors in vitro and in vivo . Inhibition of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in vivo by the hydrazides is accompanied by extensive glutahionuria. The evidence suggests that a substantial fraction of the urinary glutathione arises from the kidney. The findings support the view that renal intracellular glutathione is normally translocated to the membrane-bound γ-glutamyl transpeptidase as a separate step in the γ-glutamyl cycle. Studies on in vivo inhibition of glutathione synthesis and of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase provide direct evidence that glutathione is normally translocated from tissues to the blood plasma and that the turnover of plasma glutathione is relatively high. The data suggest that the low but significant steady-state level of glutathione in the plasma reflects synthesis of glutathione (predominantly in the liver) and its utilization by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (predominantly in the kidney). Thus, glutathione synthesized in cells that have transpeptidase may be translocated to and used by the membrane-bound enzyme, whereas glutathione synthesized in cells that lack the transpeptidase may be transported via the plasma to transpeptidase located on the membranes of other cells.
Hydration lubrication: exploring a new paradigm (2012)

Lubrication by hydration shells that surround, and are firmly attached to, charges in water, and yet are highly fluid, provide a new mode for the extreme reduction of friction in aqueous media. We report new measurements, using a mica surface-force balance, on several different systems which exhibit hydration lubrication, extending earlier studies significantly to shed new light on the nature and limits of this mechanism. These include lubrication by hydrated ions trapped between charged surfaces, and boundary lubrication by surfactants, by polyzwitterionic brushes and by close-packed layers of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Sliding friction coefficients as low as 10(-4) or even lower, and mean contact pressures of up to 17 MPa or higher are indicated. This suggests that the hydration lubrication mechanism may underlie low-friction sliding in biological systems, in which such pressures are rarely exceeded.
Noninvasive evaluation of liver repopulation by transplanted hepatocytes using 31P MRS imaging in mice (2006)

Hepatocyte transplantation (HT) is being explored as a substitute for liver transplantation for the treatment of liver diseases. For the clinical application of HT, a preparative regimen that allows preferential proliferation of transplanted cells in the host liver and a noninvasive method to monitor donor cell engraftment, proliferation, and immune rejection would be useful. We describe an imaging method that employs the creatine kinase (CK) gene as a marker of donor hepatocytes. Creatine kinase is unique among marker genes, because it is normally expressed in brain and muscle tissues and is therefore not immunogenic. Preferential proliferation of transplanted CK-expressing hepatocytes was induced by preparative hepatic irradiation and expression of hepatocyte growth factor using a recombinant adenoviral vector. CK is normally not expressed in mouse liver and its expression by the donor cells led to the production of phosphocreatine in the host liver, permitting (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of liver repopulation by engrafted hepatocytes. In conclusion, this study combined a noninvasive imaging technique to assess donor hepatocyte proliferation with a preparative regimen of partial liver irradiation that allowed regional repopulation of the host liver. Our results provide groundwork for future development of clinical protocols for HT.
Cyclic Load Tests on Self-Centering Concrete Pier with External Dissipators and Enhanced Durability (2015)

A precast segmental pier using posttensioning technique has become a desirable candidate to realize rapid, environment-friendly bridge construction and minimal residual deformation. To avoid structural corrosion and to facilitate the replacement of energy dissipators (EDs), a self-centering precast concrete (SCPC) pier with external EDs and enhanced durability is proposed and experimentally evaluated. In this study, the self-centering capacity is provided through posttensioned basalt fiber–reinforced polymer (BFRP) tendons, and the bottom of the pier is encased in a glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) jacket so as to mitigate concrete spalling or crushing as the pier rocks. Aluminum bars with modified material properties are used as external EDs, in which the weakened part is filled in a confining tube with epoxy. Fifteen cyclic load tests with the maximum drift of 4% were conducted on three SCPC piers and one monolithic pier, and the influence of various design parameters on the pier behavior is discussed.
3D Spectroscopy with large Telescopes: past, present and prospects (1995)

Abstract The dimensional curse of having to pack 3D spectrophotometry data on solely 2D detectors is briefly discussed, and the main astronomical domains covered by 3D spectroscopy introduced. Finally, the scientific case for high spatial resolution 3D techniques coupled to Adaptive Optics capabilities is presented, with special emphasis on the observation of the nuclei of galaxies.
Differential Reactions Between the Genus <i>Brassica</i> and Aggressive Single Spore Isolates of <i>Leptosphaeria maculans</i> (1991)

Abstract Based on sirodesmin production and pathogenicity tests with Brassica cotyledons, strains of Leptosphaeria maculans were classified as aggressive (pathotype group A), or non‐aggressive (pathotype group NA). NA strains caused no differential reactions. However, the pathotype group A could be divided into 5 sub‐groups. AO isolates caused non‐sporulating lesions with dark margins while Al isolates sporulated on cotyledons of most Brassica hosts tested. Only the cv. Erfurter Zwerg ( B. oleracea var. botrytis ) reacted resistant against AO and Al strains. A2 isolates caused resistance reactions on cotyledons of the cvs. Quinta ( B. napus var. oleifera ) and Runde ( B. rapa var. rapa ). A3 and A4 isolates were not detectable in our material. Isolates of these pathotype groups, supplied by Dr. P. H. Williams, Madison, USA, caused differential reactions on the oilseed rape cvs. Glacier, Quinta and Jet Neuf. In glasshouse and field experiments strains of pathotype groups Al, A2 and NA were tested on true leaves and hypocotyls of different oilseed rape cultivars. The low aggressiveness of NA isolates was evident under all experimental conditions. A2 strains caused resistance reactions not only on cotyledons but also on true leaves and hypocotyls of Quinta. Moreover, compared with Al, pathotype group A2 was more aggressive on hypocotyls of Jet Neuf. The resistance of this cultivar against Al isolates was clearly visible on hypocotyls and true leaves but not on cotyledons.