gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
109. Studies on the Chemistry of Cheddar Cheese Making. III. The Conversion of Lactose into Lactic Acid by Starter Cultures (1935)

1. Determinations of acidity, lactose and lactic acid were made at various stages during the souring of milk by starter cultures, both with and without the addition of a neutralising agent. 2. Throughout the fermentation, the increase in acidity of the milk was accounted for quantitatively by the amount of lactic acid produced. 3. In some instances in the early stages of the fermentation a considerable quantity of the lactose appeared to be converted to substances other than lactic acid. 4. Over the whole fermentation the amount of by-products produced from the lactose was small.
The focusing effect of graded index photonic crystals (2008)

We describe an approach to implement graded index (GRIN) structures using two-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs). The lattice spacing along the transverse direction to propagation is altered and we show, both theoretically and experimentally, that such a spatial perturbation is an effective way to obtain GRIN PC. The response of the structure to spatially wide incident beams is investigated and strong focusing behavior is observed. The large spot size conversion ratio can be attainable and is mainly limited by the finite size of the structure. The designed GRIN PC shows promise for use in optical systems that require compact and powerful focusing elements compared to the traditional bulky lenses.
Mission of Hope Action Research: Analyzing and Understanding Local Homeless (2015)

Mission of Hope is an organization in Cedar Rapids, Iowa that provides services to hungry and homeless clients. Recently, Mission of Hope has made substantial improvements in their new location and services and is looking to better serve their clients. Action research is an ideal tool to find these areas of improvement and to enable people to find solutions to problems in their everyday lives.This project looks deeper into the lives of the clients of Mission of Hope to best provide suggestions for the organization.
Column III and V ordering in InGaAsP and GaAsP grown on GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1988)

Data are presented showing that GaAs1−y Py grown on GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at relatively low temperature (∼640 °C) exhibits ordering on the column V sublattice. These data, with electron diffraction data and impurity-induced layer disordering data, show that column III site and column V site ordering is possible for the quaternary InGaAsP grown on GaAs by MOCVD at relatively low temperature (∼640 °C). Ordered InGaAsP grown on GaAs shifts in photoluminescence wavelength ∼130 meV higher in energy with disordering by annealing or by impurity-induced intermixing.
An in situ method for estimating cell survival in a solid tumor. (1978)

We have investigated the properties of wafer-fused Si-doped isotype heterojunctions between GaAs and InP. Current/voltage measurements were conducted to study the influence of the doping concentrations on each side of the interface on the electrical conductivity. An almost ohmic behavior with a very low series resistance was obtained for the highest examined doping level on the GaAs side, whereas the doping concentration on the InP side was found to be of little significance. Fusion at different temperatures showed that the conductivity degrades significantly below 500°C, although mechanically stable junctions were obtained also at temperatures as low as 305°C. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements showed no redistribution of Si, but indicated the presence of small amounts of C and Fe impurities at the interface.
Macrophage cytotoxicity against schistosomula of <i>Schistosoma</i> mansoni involves arginine-dependent production of reactive nitrogen intermediates. (1989)

Lymphokine (LK)-activated macrophages are cytotoxic for multicellular larvae of the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Macrophage-mediated larval killing was found to be arginine dependent, as indicated by inhibition in the presence of exogenous arginase or the competitive inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Culture supernatant fluids from the larvicidal LK-activated macrophages contained nitrite, a product of activated macrophages derived by oxidation of arginine and implicated in the antitumor and antimicrobial effector function of these cells. Nitrite was not detectable in supernatant fluids obtained from nonactivated macrophages or from macrophages stimulated with LK in the presence of arginase or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Addition of excess iron or the reductant sodium dithionite to LK-activated macrophage cultures also inhibited larval killing in vitro, under conditions that have been shown by others to stabilize the activity of iron-containing enzymes involved in respiration. Nitrite production was not decreased under these conditions. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that macrophage-mediated schistosomulum killing is caused, at least in part, by a mechanism proposed for tumor cytotoxicity, whereby production of reactive nitrogen intermediates triggers iron loss from critical target cell enzymes leading to lethal metabolic inhibition. In accordance, schistosomula were shown to be killed by inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration.
Development of Microelectrode Arrays Using Electroless Plating for CMOS-Based Direct Counting of Bacterial and HeLa Cells (2015)

The development of two new types of high-density, electroless plated microelectrode arrays for CMOS-based high-sensitivity direct bacteria and HeLa cell counting are presented. For emerging high-sensitivity direct pathogen counting, two technical challenges must be addressed. One is the formation of a bacteria-sized microelectrode, and the other is the development of a high-sensitivity and high-speed amperometry circuit. The requirement for microelectrode formation is that the gold microelectrodes are required to be as small as the target cell. By improving a self-aligned electroless plating technique, the dimensions of the microelectrodes on a CMOS sensor chip in this work were successfully reduced to 1.2 μm × 2.05 μm. This is 1/20th of the smallest size reported in the literature. Since a bacteria-sized microelectrode has a severe limitation on the current flow, the amperometry circuit has to have a high sensitivity and high speed with low noise. In this work, a current buffer was inserted to mitigate the potential fluctuation. Three test chips were fabricated using a 0.6- μm CMOS process: two with 1.2 μm × 2.05 μm (1024 × 1024 and 4 × 4) sensor arrays and one with 6- μm square (16 × 16) sensor arrays; and the microelectrodes were formed on them using electroless plating. The uniformity among the 1024 × 1024 electrodes arranged with a pitch of 3.6 μm × 4.45 μm was optically verified. For improving sensitivity, the trenches on each microelectrode were developed and verified optically and electrochemically for the first time. Higher sensitivity can be achieved by introducing a trench structure than by using a conventional microelectrode formed by contact photolithography. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements obtained using the 1.2 μm × 2.05 μm 4 × 4 and 6- μm square 16 × 16 sensor array with electroless-plated microelectrodes successfully demonstrated direct counting of the bacteria-sized microbeads and HeLa cells.
Integrating Hi-C links with assembly graphs for chromosome-scale assembly (2018)

Abstract Long-read sequencing and novel long-range assays have revolutionized de novo genome assembly by automating the reconstruction of reference-quality genomes. In particular, Hi-C sequencing is becoming an economical method for generating chromosome-scale scaffolds. Despite its increasing popularity, there are limited open-source tools available. Errors, particularly inversions and fusions across chromosomes, remain higher than alternate scaffolding technologies. We present a novel open-source Hi-C scaffolder that does not require an a priori estimate of chromosome number and minimizes errors by scaffolding with the assistance of an assembly graph. We demonstrate higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art methods across a variety of Hi-C library preparations and input assembly sizes. The Python and C++ code for our method is openly available at https://github.com/machinegun/SALSA Author summary Hi-C technology was originally proposed to study the 3D organization of a genome. Recently, it has also been applied to assemble large eukaryotic genomes into chromosome-scale scaffolds. Despite this, there are few open source methods to generate these assemblies. Existing methods are also prone to small inversion errors due to noise in the Hi-C data. In this work, we address these challenges and develop a method, named SALSA2. SALSA2 uses sequence overlap information from an assembly graph to correct inversion errors and provide accurate chromosome-scale assemblies.
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationship Studies of 1,3-Diarylprop-2-yn-1-ones:  Dual Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenases and Lipoxygenases (2006)

A group of 1,3-diarylprop-2-yn-1-ones (13, 17, 23, 26 and 27) possessing a C-3 p-SO2Me COX-2 pharmacophore were designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-1/2 (COX-1/2) and 5/15-lipoxygenases (5/15-LOX) that exhibit vivo antiinflammatory and analgesic activities. Among this class of compounds, 3-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-one (13h) was identified as a potent and selective inhibitor of COX-2 (COX-2 IC50 = 0.1 microM; SI = 300), being 5-fold more potent than rofecoxib (COX-2 IC50 = 0.5 microM; SI > 200). In a rat carrageenan-induced paw edema assay 13h exhibited moderate antiinflammatory activity (26% inhibition of inflammation) at 3 h after administration of a 30 mg/kg oral dose. A related dual COX-1/2 and 5/15-LOX inhibitor 3-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-1-(4-cyanophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-one (13g, COX-1 IC50 = 31.5 microM; COX-2 IC50 = 1.0 microM; SI = 31.5; 5-LOX IC50 = 1.0 microM; 15-LOX IC50 = 3.2 microM) exhibited more potent antiinflammatory activity (ED50 = 90 mg/kg), being superior to the reference drug aspirin (ED50 = 129 mg/kg). Within this group of compounds 3-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-1-(4-isopropylphenyl)prop-2-yn-1-one (13e) emerged as having an optimal combination of in vitro COX-1/2 and 5/15-LOX inhibitory effects (COX-1 IC50 = 9.2 microM; COX-2 IC50 = 0.32 microM; SI = 28; 5-LOX IC50 = 0.32 microM; 15-LOX IC50 = 0.36 microM) in conjunction with a good antiinflammatory activity (ED50 = 35 mg/kg) compared to the reference drug celecoxib (ED50 = 10.8 mg/kg) when administered orally. A molecular modeling study where 13e was docked in the COX-2 binding site indicated the C-1 p-i-Pr group was positioned within a hydrophobic pocket (Phe205, Val344, Val349, Phe381 and Leu534), and that this positioning of the i-Pr group facilitated orientation of the C-3 p-SO2Me COX-2 pharmacophore such that it inserted into the COX-2 secondary pocket (His90, Arg513, Ile517 and Val523). A related docking study of 13e in the 15-LOX binding site indicates that the C-3 p-SO2Me COX-2 pharmacophore was positioned in a region closer to the catalytic iron site where it undergoes a hydrogen bonding interaction with His541 and His366, and that the C-1 p-i-Pr substituent is buried deep in a hydrophobic pocket (Ile414, Ile418, Met419 and Ile593) near the base of the 15-LOX binding site.
Speech Enhancement Based on Teacher–Student Deep Learning Using Improved Speech Presence Probability for Noise-Robust Speech Recognition (2019)

In this paper, we propose a novel teacher-student learning framework for the preprocessing of a speech recognizer, leveraging the online noise tracking capabilities of improved minima controlled recursive averaging (IMCRA) and deep learning of nonlinear interactions between speech and noise. First, a teacher model with deep architectures is built to learn the target of ideal ratio masks (IRMs) using simulated training pairs of clean and noisy speech data. Next, a student model is trained to learn an improved speech presence probability by incorporating the estimated IRMs from the teacher model into the IMCRA approach. The student model can be compactly designed in a causal processing mode having no latency with the guidance of a complex and noncausal teacher model. Moreover, the clean speech requirement, which is difficult to meet in real-world adverse environments, can be relaxed for training the student model, implying that noisy speech data can be directly used to adapt the regression-based enhancement model to further improve speech recognition accuracies for noisy speech collected in such conditions. Experiments on the CHiME-4 challenge task show that our best student model with bidirectional gated recurrent units (BGRUs) can achieve a relative word error rate (WER) reduction of 18.85% for the real test set when compared to unprocessed system without acoustic model retraining. However, the traditional teacher model degrades the performance of the unprocessed system in this case. In addition, the student model with a deep neural network (DNN) in causal mode having no latency yields a relative WER reduction of 7.94% over the unprocessed system with 670 times less computing cycles when compared to the BGRU-equipped student model. Finally, the conventional speech enhancement and IRM-based deep learning method destroyed the ASR performance when the recognition system became more powerful. While our proposed approach could still improve the ASR performance even in the more powerful recognition system.
Speech enhancement employing spectral subtraction and linear predictive analysis (1993)

An improved spectral subtraction technique is proposed for enhancing speech corrupted by additive noise. This technique is based on the use of linear predictive analysis for identifying spectral regions with low speech energy. This method can significantly reduce the musical noise associated with frequency domain noise reduction techniques.
Regulation of Lung Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion by Reactive Oxygen Species and Caveolin-1 (2010)

The acquired capability of tumor cells to migrate and invade neighboring tissues is associated with high metastatic potential and advanced stage of cancers. Recently, signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) have been implicated in the aggressive behavior of cancer cells. However, the roles of specific ROS in cancer cell migration and Cav-1 regulation are unclear. We demonstrate here that Cav-1 plays an important role in the migration and invasion of human lung carcinoma H460 cells and that these effects are differentially regulated by cellular ROS. Using various known inhibitors and donors of ROS, we found that different ROS have different effects on Cav-1 expression and cell migration and invasion. Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide down-regulated Cav-1 expression and inhibited cell migration and invasion, whereas hydroxyl radical up-regulated the Cav-1 expression and promoted cell migration and invasion. The down-regulating effect of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide on Cav-1 is mediated through a transcription-independent mechanism that involves protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. These results indicate the essential role of different ROS in cancer cell motility and through Cav-1 expression, which may provide a key mechanism controlling tumor progression and metastasis. The up-regulation of Cav-1 and cell motility by hydroxyl free radical suggests an important role of this ROS as a positive regulator of tumor progression.
Facilitating CAD/CAM nasoalveolar molding therapy with a novel click-in system for nasal stents ensuring a quick and user-friendly chairside nasal stent exchange (2018)

Nasoalveolar molding (NAM) aims to improve nasal symmetry with a nasal stent in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. When plates have to be exchanged because of dentoalveolar growth or cleft reduction, the nasal stent has to be mounted onto a new plate. This procedure elongates visiting hours for patients and parents or requires second treatment sessions. This study introduces a quick-lock additive manufacturing solution for chairside nasal stent exchange called RapidNAM. A novel taping retention pin has been designed that enables nasal stent insertion. Patients with unilateral CLP were included in this study. Plaster models were digitalized and measured by two independent observers. Two methods of CAD/CAM-molding therapies were compared: (i) conventional adhesion of a nasal stent (CAD/CAM NAM); (ii) quick-lock system in which the nasal stent was transferred to another plate (RapidNAM). CAD/CAM NAM and its refinement RapidNAM significantly increased the cleft-side nasal height and tilted the nose towards symmetry. The quick-lock system minimizes wire adaptations, since the pre-existing stent can be reused. The new nasal stent development seems a feasible solution to minimize visiting hours but with clinically satisfactory results. This new nasal stent system combines traditional elements of NAM with CAD/CAM-technology.
Differential Validity of the BASC Student Observation System and the BASC Teacher Rating Scale (1997)

This study evaluated the differerrtial validity of the BASC Teacher Rating Scale (TRS) and the BASC Student Observation System (SOS) in the differentintion of nondisabled children from children with an ADHD diagnosis, and children with only an ADHD dingrrosis from children with ADHD and comorbid dingnoses. The results indicated that the TRS and SOS exhibited good differential validity. The group differences that were found were consistent with the definition of ADHD, and a good classification rate was found for the TRS and SOS (73%). The Predictive Discriminant Analysis also indicated, however, that the SOS does not contribute a sufficient amount of information above and beyond that obtained from the TRS alone.
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall in the intact animal. (1979)

This report presents evidence that 7-ketocholesterol effectively inhibits cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall in intact rabbits. The 7-ketocholesterol was administered to the animals by infusing isologous blood pre-incubated with the sterol. Each animal was used as its own control by the use of 3H and 14C-labelled cholesterols as tracers to measure the arterial cholesterol uptake during two successive infusions. The mean cholesterol uptake by the carotid and femoral arteries in the presence of 7-ketocholesterol was 18+/-3 nmoles/g, whereas the average of cholesterol uptake by these arteries was 53+/-5 nmoles/g when the animals were infused with isologous blood containing no 7-ketocholesterol. The mean concentration of 7-ketocholesterol in the animals blood ranged from 34 to 87 nmoles/ml. In preliminary experiments in vitro, pre-incubation of plasma with particulate 7-ketocholesterol caused inhibition of cholesterol uptake by perfused pig coronary arteries, although the particulate fraction of 7-ketocholesterol was removed prior to perfusion. The mean cholesterol uptake by the arteries perfused with plasma containing 7-ketocholesterol (240+/-20 nmoles/ml) was 96+/-21 nmoles/g, whereas the mean cholesterol uptake of the paired controls was 324+/-86 nmoles/g. The 7-ketocholesterol was found to bind to the lipoproteins and with higher affinity to red cells.
Simplified Degree Computationless Modified Euclid's Algorithm and its Architecture (2007)

This paper proposes a new simplified degree computationless modified Euclid's algorithm (S-DCME) and its architecture for Reed-Solomon decoders. The proposed S-DCME algorithm uses the new initial conditions, and thus, it can combine the data path for loading initial values and the data path for a switching operation. Hence, the S-DCME algorithm can reduce the number of multiplexers and has high performance compared with the existing DCME algorithm and the RiBM algorithm. The gate count using the MagnaChip HSI 0.25μm standard cell library is 17,800.
Desktop X‐ray microscopy and microtomography (1998)

Recent developments in X‐ray microtomography have made it possible to miniaturize a CT scanner into a versatile and cost‐effective desktop system that fits into any laboratory environment. The possibilities of the technique are demonstrated for a range of applications. It is also shown how an existing scanning electron microscope with an X‐ray detector can, with a specially developed attachment, be transformed into an X‐ray microscope and microtomograph.
Identification of DEBS 1, DEBS 2 and DEBS 3, the multienzyme polypeptides of the erythromycin‐producing polyketide synthase from <i>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</i> (1992)

The ery A region of the erythromycin biosynthetic gene cluster of Saccharopolyspora erythraea has previously been shown to contain three large open reading frames (ORFs) that encode the components of 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS). Polyclonal antibodies were raised against recombinant proteins obtained by overexpression of 3' regions of the ORF2 and ORF3 genes. In Western blotting experiments, each antiserum reacted strongly with a different high molecular weight protein in extracts of erythromycin-producing S. erythraea cells. These putative DEBS 2 and DEBS 3 proteins were purified and subjected to N-terminal sequence analysis. The protein sequences were entirely consistent with the and DEBS 3 proteins were purified and subjected to N-terminal sequence analysis. The protein sequences were entirely consistent with the translation start sites predicted from the DNA sequences of ORFs 2 and 3. A third high molecular weight protein co-purified with DEBS 2 and DEBS 3 and had an N-terminal sequence that matched a protein sequence translated from the DNA sequence some 155 base pairs upstream from the previously proposed start codon of ORF1.
A distributed object oriented language and operating system (2002)

The authors are developing an operating system to support distributed object processing. The operating system can be viewed as an extension of the runtime for concurrent object oriented C (cooC). The original runtime for cooC supported network transparent execution of Smalltalk/Objective-C like objects. The notion of a cooC machine served as the logical unit of distribution and resource allocation. Objects that share the same runtime are in the same cooC machine and are supported by a common resource. This model has now evolved into a three layer software architecture: object space (application layer); runtime space (operating system); and network and memory space (kernel). The object space is realized as cooC. The runtime is a resource boundary, possessing a number of threads and a mail queue, and allows for various scheduling and evaluation alternatives. The network and memory level provides a distributed object name space, support for runtime mobility, and persistence.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Autism interventions: a critical update (2005)

As yet, there is no aetiology-based intervention for autistic spectrum disorders (ASD); despite this, parents and professionals still need to make informed decisions regarding treatment options for children with ASD. This paper seeks to evaluate widely used interventions according to specific research criteria. Interventions presented are grouped into psychoeducational/behavioural approaches, psychopharmacological interventions, and the less traditional or complementary approaches. The conclusions are less than favourable: while some interventions do have empirical support, others have been proven to have no positive effects, and furthermore, there are no robust data favouring one approach over the others. Nevertheless, several criteria for choosing between treatment options are briefly discussed.