gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Viral RNA synthesis in tomato spotted wilt virus-infected Nicotiana rustica plants (1992)

The synthesis of viral RNA species in tomato spotted wilt virus-infected Nicotiana rustica plants was followed in terms of time and relative abundance. Systemic symptoms were visible after 4 days postinoculation (p.i.), but viral (v) and viral-complementary (vc) strands of all three genomic RNA segments [large (L) RNA, medium (M) RNA and small (S) RNA] were detected from 2 days p.i. In addition, two subgenomic mRNAs, derived from S RNA, were detected. For the L RNA segment no subgenomic mRNAs were detected, suggesting that this segment is expressed via the synthesis of a genome-sized vc mRNA. A possible M-specific subgenomic mRNA was detected, showing a similar time course of appearance as the subgenomic mRNAs derived from the S RNA segment. Analysis of cytoplasmic RNA fractions revealed that both v and vc strands of all three genomic segments associate with the nucleocapsid protein into nucleocapsid structures, the vcRNA species being present in lower amounts. Intact, enveloped virus particles contained only the v strand of the L RNA segment and, surprisingly, both v and vc strands of the M and S RNA segment, though in different ratios.
Expression of Human  -Lactalbumin in Transgenic Tobacco (1998)

alphaLA-Lactalbumin (alphaLA), a major milk protein, is the regulatory subunit of lactose synthase. To assess the production of recombinant alphaLA in plants, the cDNAs for human alphaLA with or without its own signal sequence were introduced into tobacco plants under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The gene integration and expression at the mRNA level were confirmed in several regenerated plants, while the expression at the protein level could be confirmed only in a transgenic tobacco transformed with the gene containing the signal sequence. The tobacco-expressed alphaLA migrated in SDS-PAGE with identical mobility to alphaLA prepared from human milk, indicating that the signal peptide of human alphaLA was correctly processed to yield a mature protein in tobacco plants. The expressed alphaLA (ca. 5 microg/g of fresh leaves) was found in the soluble fraction and eluted from a DEAE-Sepharose column in the same salt concentration range as the milk alphaLA. The partially purified tobacco-alphaLA was fully active in the synthesis of lactose when combined with galactosyltransferase. Thus, the transgenic tobacco produces a fully active mature alphaLA in a soluble form.
Detecting moving target based on reflectivity displacement method and wavelet transform (2005)

The reflectivity displacement method is one of the generally used methods to detect the moving target in the SAR system. However, in low signal-noise ratio (SNR) environment, it is still difficult to estimate the moving target's parameters correctly. To improve the estimating performance, wavelet transform is adopted as a further processing step to eliminate the noise of graphs obtained from the reflectivity displacement method in this paper. Simulation results demonstrate that it is effective to estimate the parameters of the moving target with the method proposed.
A Novel and Highly Efficient Photocatalyst Based on P25–Graphdiyne Nanocomposite (2011)

Titania nanoparticles (P25) are successfully chemically bonded with graphdiyne (GD) nanosheets by a facile hydrothermal treatment, to form a novel nanocomposite photocatalyst. The as-prepared P25-GD nanocomposite exhibits higher photocatalytic activity for degrading methylene blue under UV irradiation than not only P25 and P25-carbon nanotube composite but also the current well-known P25-graphene composite photocatalysts. Moreover, P25-GD also shows considerable visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity, since the formation of chemical bonds between P25 and GD effectively decreases the bandgap of P25 and extends its absorbable light range. The photocatalytic activity of P25-GD can be adjusted by changing the content of GD in composites and the optimized value is about 0.6 wt%. Such a nanocomposite photocatalyst might find potential application in a wide range of fields including air purification and waste water treatment.
The Excavation of et-Tell (Ai) in 1968 (1969)

man Wagner of
Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles Modified with Tetrathiafulvalene via Direct Sulfur Bridge (2005)

A new tetrathiafulvalene-modified gold colloid was prepared. The modification or coordination of 2-[4,5-ethylenedisulfanyl-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene]-1,3-dithiole-4-thiolate to the surface of gold nanoparticles was characterized by UV-Vis and Raman spectra, and cyclic voltammograms. The most valuable point of the modified gold nanoparticles is their redox activities. The cyclic voltammogram of the tetrathiafulvalene-modified gold colloid on a Pt electrode showed two pair of redox peaks, at E1/2 = +0.67 V and at +0.87 V (vs. a saturated calomel electrode, in MeCN-0.1 M Bu4NClO4), corresponding to TTF/TTF*+ and TTF*+/TTF2+, respectively. A gold electrode modified with a self-assembled monolayer of the tetrathiafulvalene was also prepared and its cyclic voltammogram behaviors were in accordance with those of the nano-Au system. The E1/2 data are higher than those of the neutral mother precursor and the separation of E1/2(1) to E1/2(2) becomes very narrow. The data of E1/2 also revealed that electrochemical behavior of the no-spacer system (TTF-S-Au) are different from that of a spacer system (TTF-S-(CH2)n-Au).
Localization of cis-acting sequence requirements in the promoter of the latency-associated transcript of herpes simplex virus type 1 required for cell-type-specific activity (1992)

We have previously demonstrated (A. H. Batchelor and P. O'Hare, J. Virol. 64:3269-3279, 1990) the selective activity in human neuroblastoma cells (IMR-32) of a promoter located upstream of the latency-associated transcript of herpes simplex virus type 1. In this work, we provide evidence for the basis of the selective activity of this latency-associated promoter (LAP). Recombinant constructs containing sequences up to -143 (relative to the LAP cap site) linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene retain strong activity in HeLa cells but exhibit extremely weak activity in IMR-32 cells. Sequences mapping within the 108 bp upstream of -143 to position -251 enhance LAP activity by over 15-fold, restoring optimal levels of expression in IMR-32 cells, but have little or no effect (1.5-fold) in HeLa cells. This cell-type-specific enhancement of promoter activity took place in two major steps, with sequences between -143 and -158 conferring a four- to fivefold effect and sequences between -177 and -251 conferring a further threefold effect. Furthermore, sequences mapping from -40 to -258 could transfer the ability to be expressed in neuroblastoma cells to the normally inactive immediate-early 110K promoter (IE110K), increasing levels of expression by 35-fold. By comparison, this region had a relatively minor effect (twofold) on the activity of the IE110K promoter in HeLa cells, even though this promoter is open to activation by other mechanisms. However, neither of the overlapping subregions from -40 to -143 or -138 to -258 could confer efficient IMR-32 cell expression on the IE110K promoter, and we present alternative models for multiple element requirements or the requirement for a critical site around -140 which is not retained in either subfragment. We provide consistent evidence for a site around -140 and demonstrate the presence selectively in IMR-32 cells of a DNA-binding factor which binds a probe spanning this region. We propose that this element and the cognate factor (IC-1) may be involved in the selective activity of the LAP in neuroblastoma cells.
Study of decentralized collaboration power control for spacecraft (2013)

Spacecraft have many components required for existence in orbit, e.g. subsystems for electrical power, thermal control, communication & data handling and attitude control, which are known as “BUS systems”. To increase the ratio of mission payloads in spacecraft, a compact and lightweight BUS system is demanded, in response to which JAXA has been studying the establishment of decentralized and collaboration power control. In this paper, we describe an algorithm of decentralized and collaboration power control and a test of an experimental model.
The monohelix: (1) five years of operation at the FBNML and (2) finite element stress analyses (1992)

The FBNML (Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory) has built and operated seven partial monohelices employing helices of Be-Cu, Cu-alumina, or Cr-Cu. Fabrication was by conventional lathe, numerically controlled lathe, or wire electric discharge machining. Each monohelix is the innermost coil of a hybrid magnet system which can generate 27 T in a 53-mm bore or 31 T in a 33-mm bore (35 T with holmium poles). Compared to their Bitter coil predecessors, these monohelices have demonstrated comparable performance and superior life. One helix gave 270 hours of service; another is still active after 230 hours. The finite element stress analysis program ABAQUS was used to calculate the stresses and strains in radially cooled Bitter coils and monohelices. At a maximum conductor strain of 0.8% (the approximate empirical limit for acceptable coil life), a perfect monohelix is structurally a third stronger than the Bitter coil analyzed. The strength of the partial monohelix design appears to depend on the relative thicknesses of the helix and cooling plates, and on the friction between them.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An<i>in vitro</i>system for accurate transcription Initiation of chloroplast protein genes (1985)

We have developed an homologous in vitro system from spinach chloroplasts that correctly initiates transcription of the plastid genes for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) and the beta subunit of the plastid ATPase (atpB). The transcriptionally active extracts from spinach chloroplasts require circular DNA templates for specific initiation. The RNA polymerase activity is insensitive to rifampicin. The extent of transcription in vitro is a function of the extract:template ratio. The efficiency of the rbcL transcription in vitro is more than one transcript per one hundred templates per hour.
Phase separation, porous structure, and cure kinetics in aliphatic epoxy resin containing hyperbranched polyester (2006)

Abstract Thermosetting blends of an aliphatic epoxy resin and a hydroxyl‐functionalized hyperbranched polymer (HBP), aliphatic hyperbranched polyester Boltorn H40, were prepared using 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent. The phase behavior and morphology of the DDM‐cured epoxy/HBP blends with HBP content up to 40 wt % were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cured epoxy/HBP blends are immiscible and exhibit two separate glass transitions, as revealed by DMA. The SEM observation showed that there exist two phases in the cured blends, which is an epoxy‐rich phase and an HBP‐rich phase, which is responsible for the two separate glass transitions. The phase morphology was observed to be dependent on the blend composition. For the blends with HBP content up to 10 wt %, discrete HBP domains are dispersed in the continuous cured epoxy matrix, whereas the cured blend with 40 wt % HBP exhibits a combined morphology of connected globules and bicontinuous phase structure. Porous epoxy thermosets with continuous open structures on the order of 100–300 nm were formed after the HBP‐rich phase was extracted with solvent from the cured blend with 40 wt % HBP. The DSC study showed that the curing rate is not obviously affected in the epoxy/HBP blends with HBP content up to 40 wt %. The activation energy values obtained are not remarkably changed in the blends; the addition of HBP to epoxy resin thus does not change the mechanism of cure reaction of epoxy resin with DDM. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 889–899, 2006
Determination of 16S rRNA Sequences of Enterococci and Application to Species Identification of Nonmotile <i>Enterococcus gallinarum</i> Isolates (1998)

The 16S rRNA sequences of enterococcal species E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus/flavescens, E. dispar, E. pseudoavium, E. sulfureus, E. malodoratus, E. raffinosus, E. cecorum, E. hirae, E. saccharolyticus, E. seriolicida, E. mundtii, E. avium, E. durans, E. columbae, and E. solitarius are presented herein. These data were utilized to confirm the species identification of two nonmotile E. gallinarum isolates which had been previously phenotypically identified as E. faecium. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Bril: A Novel Bone-Specific Modulator of Mineralization (2008)

In the course of attempting to define the bone "secretome" using a signal-trap screening approach, we identified a gene encoding a small membrane protein novel to osteoblasts. Although previously identified in silico as ifitm5, no localization or functional studies had been undertaken on this gene. We characterized the expression patterns and localization of this gene in vitro and in vivo and assessed its role in matrix mineralization in vitro. The bone specificity and shown role in mineralization led us to rename the gene bone restricted ifitm-like protein (Bril). Bril encodes a 14.8-kDa 134 amino acid protein with two transmembrane domains. Northern blot analysis showed bone-specific expression with no expression in other embryonic or adult tissues. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in mouse embryos showed expression localized on the developing bone. Screening of cell lines showed Bril expression to be highest in osteoblasts, associated with the onset of matrix maturation/mineralization, suggesting a role in bone formation. Functional evidence of a role in mineralization was shown by adenovirus-mediated Bril overexpression and lentivirus-mediated Bril shRNA knockdown in vitro. Elevated Bril resulted in dose-dependent increases in mineralization in UMR106 and rat primary osteoblasts. Conversely, knockdown of Bril in MC3T3 osteoblasts resulted in reduced mineralization. Thus, we identified Bril as a novel osteoblast protein and showed a role in mineralization, possibly identifying a new regulatory pathway in bone formation.
Optimierung von Schlitzdüsentrocknern auf Grund neuer Versuchsergebnisse über den Wärme‐ und Stoffübergang in solchen Apparaten (1973)

Abstract Stoffübergangsmessungen bei Prallströmung aus Schlitzdüsenfeldern mit relativen Düsenflächen von 0,9% bis 21% werden in einem weiten Bereich der äußeren Einflußgrößen empirisch korreliert. Die gefundene Beziehung wird benutzt, um optimale Düsengeometrien bezüglich der Ventilatorleistung pro m 2 Warenfläche zu ermitteln. Außerdem gelingt es, durch eine eindimensionale Berechnung der Strömungsverhältnisse den gemessenen Verlauf der Stoffübergangskoeffizienten über die Breite der Warenbahn zu erklären. Die bei einigen Anwendungen gestellte Forderung nach einer hohen Gleichmäßigkeit dieses Verlaufs führt zwangsläufig zu aufwendigen Konstruktionen mit sehr hohen Abströmkanälen oder freiem Abzug zwischen den Schlitzen. Daher wird zusätzlich eine andere Möglichkeit untersucht, konstanten Wärme‐ und Stoffübergang über die Bahnbreite zu erzielen. Diese besteht in einer vorausberechen baren Form der Düsenschlitze mit kontinuierlich vom Bahnrand zur Mitte hin zunehmender Schlitzweite.
Conscientious Objection to Military Service: The European Commission on Human Rights and the Human Rights Committee (2001)

Despite early jurisprudence to the effect that neither the European Convention on Human Rights' nor the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 2 protect a right of conscientious objection, 3 cases continue to be brought under both instruments alleging that refusal to allow objection to military service is contrary to the guarantee of freedom of religion.'Constant complaints by individuals before international organizations have thus encouraged States to recognize the right of conscientious objection in their legislation and their practice.As the recent report of the United Nations Human Rights Commission documents, not only is there a tendency towards abolishing conscription, but the number of States in which provision is made for civilian and or unarmed service in lieu of military service is also on the rise. 6
A syntactic algorithm for peak detection in waveforms with applications to cardiography (1975)

Peaks in a digitized waveform are detected by an algorithm incorporating piecewise linear approximation and tabular parsing techniques. Several parameters serve to identify the waveform context enabling accurate measurement of peak amplitude, duration, and shape. The algorithm is of sufficient speed to allow on-line real-time processing. An example of its application is demonstrated on an electrocardiogram.
Characteristics of the {111} Surfaces of the III–V Intermetallic Compounds (1960)

Surface characteristics of the {111} crystallographic planes of the III–V intermetallic compounds (zinc‐blende structure), and in particular those of , are discussed. The polarity of these compounds along the 〈111〉 directions leads to pronounced physical chemical differences between the {111} surfaces terminating with group III atoms and those terminating with group V atoms. Differences in etching, dislocation etch pit formation, and electrode potential are presented. Dislocation etch pits form on the group III surfaces and not on the group V surfaces of the six compounds investigated (, , , , , and ). A proposed interpretation is based on the relative reactivity of the group III and group V atoms as affected by their bond configuration and the polarity of the zinc‐blende structure.
Rare eventaccident research methodology (1977)

The topics addressed at the , workshop and reflected in the papers in this volume include system safety engineering, hypothesis generation in accident research, epidemiological approaches to in- jury research, observational techniques for studying com- plex tasks, accident simulation, and methodological con- | siderations being forced by the law.
Statistical Classification of Spatial Relationships among Mathematical Symbols (2009)

In this paper, a statistical decision method for automatic classification of spatial relationships between each adjacent pair is proposed. Each pair is composed of mathematical symbols and/or alphabetical characters. Special treatment of mathematical symbols with variable size is important. This classification is important to recognize an accurate structure analysis module of math OCR. Experimental results on a very large database showed that the proposed method worked well with an accuracy of 99.57% by two important geometric feature relative size and relative position.
Automotive torque measurement: A summary of seven different methods (1982)

Various methods of torque measurement which are utilized in the automotive industry are reviewed. Seven methods are described in order of usage, starting with the most frequently used types and continuing to less frequently used types of torque measurement. Performance limitations for each method of torque measurement also are summarized.
Efficient Destruction of CF<sub>4</sub> through In Situ Generation of Alkali Metals from Heated Alkali Halide Reducing Mixtures (2002)

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are the most potent green house gases that are very recalcitrant at destruction. An effective way of converting PFCs using hot solid reagents into safe products has been recently introduced. By investigating the thermal reductive destruction of tetrafluoromethane (CF4) we provided new insight and more physicochemical consideration on this novel process. The complete destruction of CF4was successfully achieved by flowing the gas through a heated reagent bed (400-950 degrees C) that contained powder mixtures of alkali halides, CaO, and Si. The silicon acted as a reducing agent of alkali halides for the in-situ production of alkali metals, and the calcium oxide played the role of a halide ion acceptor. The absence of any single component in this ternary mixture drastically reduced the destruction efficiency of CF4. The CF4 destruction efficiencies with the solid reagent containing the alkali halide, MX, increased in the order of Li approximately Na < K < Cs for alkali cations and I < Br < Cl < F for halide anions. This trend agreed with the endothermicity of the alkali metal generation reaction: the higher the endothermicity, the lower the destruction efficiency. Alkali metal generation was indirectly detected by monitoring H2 production from its reaction with water. The production of alkali metals increased with NaF, KF, and CsF in this order. The CsF/CaO/Si system exhibited the complete destruction of CF4 at as low as 600 degrees C. The solid product analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the formation of CaF2 and the depletion of Si with black carbon particles formed in the solid reagent residue. No CO/CO2 and toxic HF and SiF4 formation were detected in the exhaust gas.
INDOLE: THE MOLECULE OF DIVERSE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES (2012)

A large number of efforts were made to synthesize different heterocyclic compounds and their derivatives in the past decade and were found to posses promising antitumor, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, anti‐tubercular and anti diabetic activities. Although indole moiety is very small but is fascinated by scientists because of the diverse biological activities by not only indole but its various substituted derivatives as well. This review was focused on the indole and its derivatives that are now in development. Due to its wider applications in pharmaceutical industries, they will replace many existing heterocyclic based pharmaceuticals. Now days, many drugs are in the world market, while several hundred are in clinical trials.
ChemInform Abstract: THE EFFECT OF SULFUR ON THE ANODIC HYDROGEN (NICKEL) ELECTRODE IN FUSED LITHIUM CARBONATE‐POTASSIUM CARBONATE AT 650°C (1982)

Abstract Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses von Sauf die Polarisation von Ni‐Anoden in Brennstoffzellen mit geschmolzenen Carbonaten wurden Polarisationskurven für rotierende Ni‐Drähte in der Titelschmelze (62 mol‐% Li 2 CO 3 ) mit H2‐ und H 2 S‐Gasanteilen aufgenommen.
Kinetics of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 2 (AAV2) and AAV8 Capsid Antigen Presentation <i>In Vivo</i> Are Identical (2013)

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors 2 and 8 have been used in clinical trials for patients with hemophilia, and data suggest that the capsid-specific CD8⁺ T cell response has had a negative impact on therapeutic success. To date the pattern of capsid cross-presentation from AAV2 and AAV8 transduction in vivo has not been elucidated. Previously, we have demonstrated that an engineered AAV2 virus carrying the immune-dominant SIINFEKL peptide in the capsid backbone was indistinguishable from wild type with respect to titer, tropism, and the ability to induce capsid-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses in vivo. In this study, we used the same strategy to engineer an AAV8 vector and demonstrated that antigen from SIINFEKL peptide-integrated AAV8 capsid was effectively presented via either plasmid transfection or AAV8 transduction in vitro. The tissue tropism and transgene expression kinetics of the engineered AAV8 vector in vivo were identical to that of wild-type AAV8. Animal studies show that capsid antigen presentation from AAV transduction was dose dependent, and more importantly, the proliferation of capsid-specific CD8⁺ T cells had similar kinetics (detectable before 30 days and undetectable after 40 days) for both AAV2 and AAV8 vectors. Elucidation of the kinetics of capsid antigen presentation from AAV transduction by various serotypes provides new insight into the potential impact CD8⁺ T cells can have during clinical trials and may help with rational design of effective strategies to prevent capsid-specific CD8⁺ T cell-mediated elimination of AAV-transduced target cells.