gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Materials for A Domestic History of England (1873)

There are as many different modes of writing the history of each country, as there are differences between one country and another in all those various qualities which contribute to constitute the character of a nation. Some histories treat on the laws and constitution, some on the political contentions, some on the commercial enterprises, and some on the natural productions, of a country. That, however, which appears to me to be the most important and the most interesting department of history relating to any country,—that which comes home nearest to our hearts and feelings,—is its domestic history, embracing an account of the manners and customs, the pursuits and habits, and every-day life of the people at large. This, however, strange as it may seem, is one of the most neglected portions of history, not only as regards nations in general, but more particularly as regards our own.
Apparent slip flows in hydrophilic and hydrophobic microchannels (2003)

The slip effects of water flow in hydrophilic and hydrophobic microchannels of 1 and 2 μm depth are examined experimentally. High-precision microchannels were treated chemically to enhance their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The flow rates of pure water at various applied pressure differences for each surface condition were measured using a high-precision flow metering system and compared to a theoretical model that allows for a slip velocity at the solid surface. The slip length was found to vary approximately linearly with the shear rate with values of approximately 30 nm for the flow of water over hydrophobic surfaces at a shear rate of 105 s−1. The existence of slip over the hydrophilic surface remains uncertain, due to the sensitivity of the current analysis to nanometer uncertainties in the channel height.
δ‐Aminolevulinic acid: Influences on synaptic GABA receptor binding may explain CNS symptoms of porphyria (1977)

Symptoms of acute porphyria have been attributed to effects of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). We report that ALA selectively competes for the binding of tritiated gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) associated with synaptic GABA receptors in central nervous system membranes. Concentrations of ALA that inhibit GABA receptor binding are consistent with levels of ALA thought to exist in the central nervous system of porphyric patients. Some of the symptoms of acute porphyria resemble those elicited by muscimol, a potent GABA agonist drug. Barbiturates, which exacerbate porphyric symptoms, are potent facilitators of the synaptic actions of GABA. The results suggest that some symptoms of acute porphyria might be attributable to a mimicking by ALA of GABA at its central nervous system receptor sites.
Interaction of Methylglyoxal and Hydrogen Sulfide in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (2009)

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gasotransmitter with multifaceted physiological functions, including the regulation of glucose metabolism. Methylglyoxal (MG) is an intermediate of glucose metabolism and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance syndromes. In the present study, we investigated the effect of MG on H(2)S synthesis and the interaction between these two endogenous substances. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), MG (10, 30, and 50 microM) significantly decreased cellular H(2)S levels in a concentration-dependent manner, while H(2)S donor, NaHS (30, 60, and 90 microM), significantly decreased cellular MG levels. The expression level and activity of H(2)S-producing enzyme, cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), were significantly decreased by MG treatment. NaHS (30-90 microM) significantly inhibited MG (10 or 30 microM)-induced ROS production. Cellular levels of GSH, cysteine, and homocysteine were also increased by MG or NaHS treatment. Furthermore, direct reaction of H(2)S with MG in both concentration- and time-dependent manners were observed in in vitro incubations. In conclusion, MG regulates H(2)S level in VSMCs by downregulating CSE protein expression and directly reacting with H(2)S molecule. Interaction of MG with H(2)S may be one of future directions for the studies on glucose metabolism and the development of insulin resistance syndromes.
Formal specification and verification of safety and performance of TCP selective acknowledgment (2002)

We present a formal specification of the selective acknowledgment (SACK) mechanism that is being proposed as a new standard option for TCP. The formal specification allows one to reason about the SACK protocol; thus, we are able to formally prove that the SACK mechanism does not violate the safety properties (reliable, at most once, and in order message delivery) of the acknowledgment (ACK) mechanism that is currently used with TCP. The new mechanism is being proposed to improve the performance of TCP when multiple packets are lost from one window of data. The proposed mechanism for implementing the SACK option for TCP is sufficiently complicated that it is not obvious that it is indeed safe, so we think it is important to formally verify its safety properties. In addition to safety, we are also able to show that SACK can improve the time it takes for the sender to recover from multiple packet losses. With the additional information available at a SACK sender, the round-trip time that a cumulative ACK sender waits before retransmitting each subsequent packet lost after the very first loss can be saved. We also show that SACK can improve performance even with window sizes as small as four packets and in situations where acknowledgment packets are lost.
Monitoring the supervisee (2003)

The clinical and theoretical component of the Qualifying Course of the Institute of Group Analysis spans three academic years, during which time students are required to conduct two weekly groups under supervision at the Institute. The first training group is set up in the second term and is a mixed adult outpatient stranger group of psychoneurotic patients which continues throughout the training period and longer if so required by the Training Committee; there is no obligation to terminate this group at the end of the training period. The second, recently introduced, is set up at the end of the second year to commence at the beginning of the final year and is an approved time-limited patient group which terminates at the end of the course and which reflects the many different interests and work experiences of the students, for example inpatient groups, children’s groups, groups for elderly patients, couples’ groups, groups of women sexually abused in childhood and other homogeneous or single-sex groups.
Selective Calcium Sensitivity in Immature Glioma Cancer Stem Cells (2014)

Tumor-initiating cells are a subpopulation in aggressive cancers that exhibit traits shared with stem cells, including the ability to self-renew and differentiate, commonly referred to as stemness. In addition, such cells are resistant to chemo- and radiation therapy posing a therapeutic challenge. To uncover stemness-associated functions in glioma-initiating cells (GICs), transcriptome profiles were compared to neural stem cells (NSCs) and gene ontology analysis identified an enrichment of Ca2+ signaling genes in NSCs and the more stem-like (NSC-proximal) GICs. Functional analysis in a set of different GIC lines regarding sensitivity to disturbed homeostasis using A23187 and Thapsigargin, revealed that NSC-proximal GICs were more sensitive, corroborating the transcriptome data. Furthermore, Ca2+ drug sensitivity was reduced in GICs after differentiation, with most potent effect in the NSC-proximal GIC, supporting a stemness-associated Ca2+ sensitivity. NSCs and the NSC-proximal GIC line expressed a larger number of ion channels permeable to potassium, sodium and Ca2+. Conversely, a higher number of and higher expression levels of Ca2+ binding genes that may buffer Ca2+, were expressed in NSC-distal GICs. In particular, expression of the AMPA glutamate receptor subunit GRIA1, was found to associate with Ca2+ sensitive NSC-proximal GICs, and decreased as GICs differentiated along with reduced Ca2+ drug sensitivity. The correlation between high expression of Ca2+ channels (such as GRIA1) and sensitivity to Ca2+ drugs was confirmed in an additional nine novel GIC lines. Calcium drug sensitivity also correlated with expression of the NSC markers nestin (NES) and FABP7 (BLBP, brain lipid-binding protein) in this extended analysis. In summary, NSC-associated NES+/FABP7+/GRIA1+ GICs were selectively sensitive to disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis, providing a potential target mechanism for eradication of an immature population of malignant cells.
A DRD4/BDNF gene–gene interaction associated with maximum BMI in women with bulimia nervosa (2007)

These results provide further evidence that the hypofunctional 7R allele of DRD4 contributes to weight gain in women with BN and that the BDNF gene interacts with DRD4 to influence weight regulation in these subjects.
Single-photon non-linear optics with a quantum dot in a waveguide (2015)

Strong non-linear interactions between photons enable logic operations for both classical and quantum-information technology. Unfortunately, non-linear interactions are usually feeble and therefore all-optical logic gates tend to be inefficient. A quantum emitter deterministically coupled to a propagating mode fundamentally changes the situation, since each photon inevitably interacts with the emitter, and highly correlated many-photon states may be created. Here we show that a single quantum dot in a photonic-crystal waveguide can be used as a giant non-linearity sensitive at the single-photon level. The non-linear response is revealed from the intensity and quantum statistics of the scattered photons, and contains contributions from an entangled photon-photon bound state. The quantum non-linearity will find immediate applications for deterministic Bell-state measurements and single-photon transistors and paves the way to scalable waveguide-based photonic quantum-computing architectures.
The crystal structure of the secreted aspartic proteinase 3 from <i>Candida albicans</i> and its complex with pepstatin A (2007)

The family of secreted aspartic proteinases (Sap) encoded by 10 SAP genes is an important virulence factor during Candida albicans (C. albicans) infections. Antagonists to Saps could be envisioned to help prevent or treat candidosis in immunocompromised patients. The knowledge of several Sap structures is crucial for inhibitor design; only the structure of Sap2 is known. We report the 1.9 and 2.2 A resolution X-ray crystal structures of Sap3 in a stable complex with pepstatin A and in the absence of an inhibitor, shedding further light on the enzyme inhibitor binding. Inhibitor binding causes active site closure by the movement of a flap segment. Comparison of the structures of Sap3 and Sap2 identifies elements responsible for the specificity of each isoenzyme.
High-Rate Quantum Key Distribution with Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (2010)

We demonstrate the potential for 1.85 Mbit/s secure key rates over 101 km of fiber, >100 times faster than previously demonstrated, using the differential phase shift quantum key distribution protocol and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors.
Analytical Modeling in Applied Electromagnetics (2003)

2,2,4,4-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the persistent organic pollutants, seriously influences the quality of life; however, its pathological mechanism remains unclear. Troxerutin is a flavonoid with pharmacological activity of antioxidation and anti-inflammation. In the present study, we investigated troxerutin against BDE-47-induced kidney cell apoptosis and explored the underlying mechanism. The results show that troxerutin reduced renal cell apoptosis and urinary protein secretion in BDE-47-treated mice. Western blot analysis shows that troxerutin supplement enhanced the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax; inhibited the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the activation of procaspase-9 and procaspase-3, and the cleavage of PARP; and reduced FAS, FASL, and caspase-8 levels induced by BDE-47. In addition, troxerutin decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased the activities of antioxidative enzymes. Furthermore, troxerutin blunted Nrf2 ubiquitylation, enhanced the activity of Nrf2, decreased the activity of NOX2, and ameliorated kidney oxidant status of BDE-47-treated mice. Together, these results confirm that troxerutin could alleviate the cytotoxicity of BDE-47 through antioxidation and antiapoptosis, which suggests that its protective mechanism is involved in the inhibition of apoptosis via suppressing NOX2 activity and increasing Nrf2 signaling pathway.
High Resolution Single-shot Time Stretch Spectroscopy with Wavelength Demultiplexer at One Billion Frames per Second (2017)

To improve spectral resolution or capturable pulse-repetition-rate, we introduce a wavelength demultiplexing technique into 1-GHz pulse-by-pulse single-shot spectrum measurement based on time stretch dispersive Fourier Transform. Three times higher resolution of conventional one is achieved.
Dynamic alignment control for fluid-immersion lithographies using interferometric-spatial-phase imaging (2005)

We demonstrate the application of a high-sensitivity alignment method called interferometric-spatial-phase imaging (ISPI) to a nanometer-level overlay in fluid-immersion lithography, using step-and-flash imprint lithography as the test vehicle. As a stringent test we used alignment marks that consist of pure phase gratings in a fused silica template, immersed in a fluid of similar refractive index, resulting in a low-contrast alignment signal. Feedback control of alignment is demonstrated with mean=0.0nm and σ=0.1nm using an immersed template. Overlay results, with UV-exposed imprint fluid, were limited to ∼4nm, due to a mechanical disturbance. Because ISPI enables continuous monitoring of the alignment signal, we were able to identify the origin of the mechanical disturbance and can eliminate it in future experiments. In addition, we demonstrate the ability to actively reduce misalignment during the progression of crosslinking in the imprint fluid.
Excitation of the half-frequency of the input signal in the response of an antenna immersed in a plasma (1990)

The nonlinear response of a cylindrical monopole antenna immersed in a steady-state collisionless magnetic-field-free plasma and driven by a single-frequency RF source is investigated. The thickness of the ion sheath surrounding the antenna is controlled by a DC bias applied to the latter. It is found that at frequencies of the driving signal close to twice the frequency of a sheath wave resonance, the 1/2-subharmonic is excited, provided that the input power level is sufficiently high. The dependence of this process on the sheath thickness and on the electron plasma density is studied in the vicinity of several sheath wave resonances. This nonlinear effect is interpreted as a parametric excitation due to the periodic modulation of the sheath thickness, and hence its capacitance, by the applied RF signal. A similar effect can be obtained by replacing the antenna-sheath-plasma structure in the measuring circuit by a variable capacitance diode. A numerical analysis of the differential equation describing the current waveform in a microwave network modeling the antenna-sheath-plasma system is presented. It confirms the fact that a periodically modulated capacitance embedded in a linear circuit is responsible for the observed excitation of the half-frequency of the input signal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An uncoupling channel within the c-subunit ring of the F <sub>1</sub> F <sub>O</sub> ATP synthase is the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (2014)

Mitochondria maintain tight regulation of inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) permeability to sustain ATP production. Stressful events cause cellular calcium (Ca(2+)) dysregulation followed by rapid loss of IMM potential known as permeability transition (PT), which produces osmotic shifts, metabolic dysfunction, and cell death. The molecular identity of the mitochondrial PT pore (mPTP) was previously unknown. We show that the purified reconstituted c-subunit ring of the FO of the F1FO ATP synthase forms a voltage-sensitive channel, the persistent opening of which leads to rapid and uncontrolled depolarization of the IMM in cells. Prolonged high matrix Ca(2+) enlarges the c-subunit ring and unhooks it from cyclophilin D/cyclosporine A binding sites in the ATP synthase F1, providing a mechanism for mPTP opening. In contrast, recombinant F1 beta-subunit applied exogenously to the purified c-subunit enhances the probability of pore closure. Depletion of the c-subunit attenuates Ca(2+)-induced IMM depolarization and inhibits Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species-induced cell death whereas increasing the expression or single-channel conductance of the c-subunit sensitizes to death. We conclude that a highly regulated c-subunit leak channel is a candidate for the mPTP. Beyond cell death, these findings also imply that increasing the probability of c-subunit channel closure in a healthy cell will enhance IMM coupling and increase cellular metabolic efficiency.
Induction of Hydroxycinnamoyl-Tyramine Conjugates in Pepper by <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i>, a Plant Defense Response Activated by <i>hrp</i> Gene-Dependent and <i>hrp</i> Gene-Independent Mechanisms (2001)

Inoculation of pepper leaves, Capsicum annuum cv. Early Calwonder ECW 10R, with strains of Xanthomonas campestris led to an accumulation of the phenolic conjugates feruloyltyramine (FT) and p-coumaroyltyramine (CT) 24 h postinoculation in nonhost- and gene-for-gene-determined incompatible interactions with X. campestris pv. campestris and X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, respectively. In contrast, neither compound was detected in compatible interactions with X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. The accumulation of FT and CT was preceded by an increase in the extractable activity of tyrosine decarboxylase as well as increases in the transcription of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyramine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase. No such changes were detected in compatible interactions. Very rapid accumulation of FT and CT occurred (4 h postinoculation) in pepper in response to a X. campestris pv. campestris mutant carrying a deletion of the hrp gene cluster. In contrast, hrp mutants of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria failed to elicit the production of FT and CT. These observations suggest the existence of hrp gene-dependent and -independent activation mechanisms of a defense response involving hydroxycinnamoyltyramines.
Excluding venous thromboembolism using point of care D-dimer tests in outpatients: a diagnostic meta-analysis (2009)

In outpatients suspected of venous thromboembolism, point of care D-dimer tests can contribute important information and guide patient management, notably in low risk patients (that is, those patients with a low score on a clinical decision rule).
Delboeuf illusion study. (2006)

In psychophysical experiments, the Delboeuf illusion was measured as a function of spatial parameters of the stimulus pattern. During the experiments, the stimulus shape, size, luminance, and the dimensions of inducing surround varied. Subjects were asked to change the size of the test part of the stimulus by adjusting its diameter to value that made the test part appear equal to the perceived size of the referent part. The difference in diameters between the test and referent parts of the stimulus, determined after the perceived equality was achieved, was considered to be the value of the illusion magnitude. The magnitude of the Delboeuf illusion was dependent on the type of the stimuli and their contrast: the filled circles with the luminance contrast yielded stronger illusion than the open circles and the stimuli with isoluminant colors. The magnitude of the illusion did not change noticeably with variations of the luminance of the stimulus, but diminished when the luminance of the stimulus approached the level of isoluminance with the background. The neurophysiological spatial filtering model, applied to the Delboeuf stimuli patterns, has provided computational results similar to the present experimental findings.
Stimulation of in-vivo growth hormone secretion in young chickens by rat hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor and synthetic analogues (1986)

Rat hypothalamic GH-releasing factor (rhGRF), at doses between 0.1 and 10 micrograms/kg, increased plasma GH concentrations in immature domestic fowl 5-10 min after i.v. injection. Sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia blunted the GH responses to rhGRF, although in both conscious and anaesthetized chicks the maximal responses were induced by a dose of 1 microgram rhGRF/kg. The stimulatory effect of rhGRF on in-vivo GH secretion was less than that provoked by corresponding doses of human pancreatic GRF, but greater than that elicited by two rhGRF analogues, (Nle27)-rhGRF(1-32) and (Nle27)-rhGRF(1-29). These results demonstrate that the chicken pituitary is responsive to mammalian GRF and provide evidence of structure-activity relationships of GRF in the domestic fowl.
Quantitation of fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Predictively useful correlations of relative response factors with empirical formula (1995)

Abstract Relative response factors (molar sensitivities relative to dibutyl phthalate) for homologous series of n ‐alkanes (C 12 C 26 ), trimethylsilyl esters of C 10 C 20 fatty acids (FAs) and bistrimethylsilyl derivatives of C 8 C 16 ω‐hydroxy fatty acids (HOF As) were determined by integration of total ion chromatograms obtained using a conventional gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer in the electron impact ionization mode. For the alkanes up to C 22 and for the FA‐TMS derivatives up to C 18 (C 21 including the TMS carbons), response factors increased linearly with total number of carbons ( r 2 > 0.99). The slope of this correlation (response factor = 0.0775 n − 0.338, where n is the total number of carbon atoms in each analyte) is essentially identical with those determined in earlier studies for smaller molecules not containing silicon. For the HOFA derivatives up to C 14 (C 20 including TMS carbons), the molar response factors also increased linearly with total number of carbons, but for reasons not yet apparent the regression line for these homologs was different (response factor = 0.0330 n + 0.456; r 2 > 0.99). Response factors for higher homologs in all three series fell below the regression line for the lower homologs, the deviation increasing with increasing molecular mass and increasing GC retention time. In all three series the upper limit to the linear portion of the correlation corresponded to the homolog whose GC retention time was ca 15 min under the conditions used; a high injection port temperature was found to be the most critical factor in extending the linear range of the correlation.