gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Origami Reconfigurable Electromagnetic Systems (2017)

With the ever-increasing demand for wireless communications, there is a great need for efficient designs of electromagnetic systems. Reconfigurable electromagnetic systems are very useful because such designs can provide multi-functionality and support different services. The geometrical topology of an electromagnetic element is very important as it determines the element’s RF performance characteristics. Origami geometries have significant advantages for launch-and-carry electromagnetic devices where devices need to fold in order to miniaturize their size during launch and unfold in order to operate after the platform has reached orbit. This dissertation demonstrates a practical process for designing reconfigurable electromagnetic devices using origami structures. Four different origami structures are studied and the integrated Mathematical-Computational-Electromagnetic models of origami antennas, origami reflectors and origami antenna arrays are developed and analyzed. These devices provide many unique capabilities compared with the traditional designs, such as band-switching, frequency tuning, polarization adjustment and mode reconfigurability. Prototypes are also manufactured to validate the performances of the designs. These designs change their geometry naturally, and they can be compactly packaged into small volume, which make them very suitable for spaceborne and satellite communication. Origami antennas and origami electromagnetics are expected to impact a variety of applications related to communications, surveillance and sensing.
Intercalation of Mono‐ and Difunctional Azobenzenes as Photoresponsible Guest Molecules into Poly(muconic acid) Host Crystals (2011)

Abstract An intercalation system consisting of layered PMA crystals as the host material and amino‐functionalized azobenzene derivatives as the guests is studied. The intercalation of difunctional guest molecules yields low conversions compared to the intercalation results using the corresponding monofunctional guests. Investigation of the cis–trans photoisomerization of the intercalated azo compounds reveals that the isomerization rate depends on the packing structure and the mobility of the azobenzene moieties in the host crystals. The monofunctional azobenzene moieties with a longer alkyl spacer undergo fast and reversible photoisomerization. XRD and UV results reveal the arrangement of the guest molecules present in the interlayer space of the host PMA crystals. magnified image
Novel method of separating probe and wire bond regions without increasing die size (2004)

The drive for enhanced electrical performance and reduced silicon area bas triggered significant changes in wafer fabrication, wafer level testing, and packaging technologies. In the wafer fah, copper is quickly replacing aluminum as the interconnect metal of choice for technologies 0.13~ and below. To overcome the dfiiculty of wire bonding onto readily oxidized copper bond pads, capping copper bond pads with aluminum bas been the industry standard remetalization for wire bonding fa copper technology. In terms of wafer level testing and packaging, the resulting fme pitch geometry has created challenges for both cantilever probe and wire bond processes. Pad damage due to probe marks has been shown to cause “non-sticks” and “lifted bonds“ at wire bonding. The wire bond yield loss due to pad damage is aggravated for fine pitch since increasingly smaller bonded ball diameters are formed on top of the same damage area caused by the probe mark. Wire Bond parameter optimization can minimize wire bond yield loss but cannot eliminate the problem. One logical solution is to lengthen the bond pad to create separate regions for probing and wire bonding. However, this method can result in a larger die size. This paper will reveal a unique bond pad structure that provides separate regions but yet results in no impact to the existing die size. This bond pad structure utilizes the aluminum cap layer to create a longer bond pad without changing the size of the underlying copper last metal, resulting in no impact to the existing die size. Evaluations were conducted on 0.13~ CMOS technology, with cantilever probing and wire bonding on 52p bond pad size. Failure analysis and test methods to detect failures will be discussed. Designs of experiments for probing and wire bonding processes, characterization studies, and reliability results will be presented.
Descartes before the Horse: I Clone, Therefore I Am: The Hepatitis C Virus in Current Perspective (1991)

In an unprecedented approach to viral discovery, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was cloned before it was established by conventional methods of viral detection or by genomic characterization. Hepatitis C virus is a small (10-kb), single-stranded RNA virus with a genomic organization that places it in the family Flaviviridae. The virus is global in distribution, with a prevalence between 0.3% and 1.5%. The same agent causes parenterally acquired and sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Nonparenteral modes of spread are poorly defined, but low-level sexual transmission is probable. There is a strong association between the presence of antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) and hepatocellular carcinoma; a causal role for HCV is suspected but has not been proved. Hepatitis C virus accounts for at least 85% of the cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis; an anti-HCV-reactive donor was retrospectively identified in nearly 90% of cases. Among donors confirmed by recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) to be anti-HCV positive, 80% to 90% are infectious. Hepatitis C virus RNA can be detected within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure and persists throughout the course of infection. Generally, the presence of anti-HCV cannot be confirmed until 9 to 20 weeks after exposure, creating a window period of seronegativity and potential infectivity. It is anticipated that the anti-HCV assay will reduce the number of cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis by 50% in the United States; a 70% reduction has been documented in Spain.
Multiple cis-Elements Mediate the Transcriptional Activation of Human fra-1 by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in Bronchial Epithelial Cells (2003)

Recent studies indicate a potential role for Fra-1, a heterodimeric partner of activator protein 1 (AP1), in toxicant-induced epithelial injury, repair, and cellular transformation. Here, we have investigated the transcriptional regulation of fra-1 by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, which are the direct targets of inhaled toxins/carcinogens. In contrast to a transient induction by H2O2, TPA persistently activated fra-1 transcription, principally at the transcriptional level. A deletion analysis of the fra-1 promoter revealed that several cis-elements located between -105/+32 and -283/-105 bp mediate minimal and basal promoter activities, respectively. A region between -379 and -283 bp, which harbors a putative TPA response element, a GC box, and an Ets-like binding site, was required for high level TPA-inducible expression. Mutations in any of these cis-elements markedly reduced both basal and TPA-inducible expression. Thus, cooperative interactions between factors binding to multiple cis-elements of the -379/-283 promoter region appear to regulate TPA-induced fra-1 transcription in HBE cells. Consistent with this finding, electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated the formation of multiple complexes consisting of the AP1-, Sp-, and ETS-specific family of transcription factors with the -379/-283 fragment. Members of the AP1 family distinctly regulated the fra-1 promoter. In particular, coexpression of c-Jun, Jun-D, and Fra-2 up-regulated fra-1 transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed an enhanced recruitment of c-Jun, Jun-D, and Fra-2 to the endogenous fra-1 promoter upon TPA stimulation. These results underscore the regulatory role of c-Jun, Jun-D, and Fra-2 in TPA-inducible fra-1 expression in HBE cells in vivo.
Imaging laser scanners for 3-D modeling and surveying applications (2002)

In order to establish mobile robot operations and to realize survey and inspection tasks, robust and precise measurements of the geometry of the 3-D environment is a required basic sensor technology. For visual inspection, surface classification, and documentation purposes, however additional information concerning reflectance of measured objects is necessary. High-speed acquisition of both geometric and visual information is achieved by the described active laser radar developed at Zoller+Frohlich (Z+F). In contrast to other range sensing devices, the Z+F system is designed for high-speed and high-performance operation in real indoor and outdoor environments, emitting a minimum of near-infrared laser energy. It integrates a single-point laser measurement system and a mechanical deflection system for 3D environmental measurements. Experimental results are reported from surface inspections in tunnels, the generation of 3D CAD models of a work cell in an automotive manufacturing plant and the modeling of free form surfaces such as historic sculptures.
Dynamic Interaction of Intense Rain with Water Waves (1990)

A theory for determining the dynamic effect of intense rain on water waves is established, based on momentum exchange. The theory takes into account the rain intensity, angle of incidence and fall velocity, and the wave amplitude, frequency and water depth. It is found that the rain induces a uniform increase of pressure in the water column and a uniform mass transport in a thin boundary layer affected by the momentum exchange. The rain also induces a fluctuating pressure and shear stress on the free surface. For vertical or near vertical rainfall, these fluctuating free surface forces are responsible for a non-negligible wave amplitude decay, particularly in the high frequency range. In the case of high winds, the rain horizontal velocity component is large and the corresponding stress on the free surface is nearly in phase with free surface slope. Then instead of causing a decay, the rain adds its effect to the wind and enhances the growth of high frequency waves. It is concluded that this effect, previously neglected, should be considered for insertion as a sink-source mechanism in advanced air-sea interaction models.
Precursor Lesions for Sporadic Pancreatic Cancer: PanIN, IPMN, and MCN (2014)

Pancreatic cancer is still a dismal disease. The high mortality rate is mainly caused by the lack of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools, and most of the patients are diagnosed in an advanced and incurable stage. Knowledge about precursor lesions for pancreatic cancer has grown significantly over the last decade, and nowadays we know that mainly three lesions (PanIN, and IPMN, MCN) are responsible for the development of pancreatic cancer. The early detection of these lesions is still challenging but provides the chance to cure patients before they might get an invasive pancreatic carcinoma. This paper focuses on PanIN, IPMN, and MCN lesions and reviews the current level of knowledge and clinical measures.
Effect of lithium alkoxide and hydroxide on polymerization initiated with alkyllithium (1970)

Abstract The effects of lithium tert ‐butoxide on rates of initiation, propagation, and polymerization of butyllithium‐initiated polymerization of butadiene and styrene were examined. Toluene and cyclohexane were used as solvent and the experiments covered BuLi/‐ t ‐BuOLi ratios from 1:0 to 1:6. Both polymerization and propagation rates declined in the presence of alkoxide. The initiation rate in cyclohexane increased to a maximum at BuLi/ t ‐BuOLi ratio of 1:0.5 and then decreased. A mechanism of rapid dissociation of butyllithium oligomer by alkoxide and multiple complexation of butyllithium with excess alkoxide is proposed. Lithium alkoxide also reduced the copolymerization rate but did not affect the copolymerization characteristies. Water reacted with organolithium compound rapidly to form hydroxide. It was found that the hydroxide reacted very slowly with more organolithium compound in hydrocarbon solution to form oxide. Their effects on polymerization were investigated.
Visual word recognition in bilinguals: Evidence from masked phonological priming. (1999)

Bilingual written language representation was investigated with the masked phonological priming paradigm. Pseudohomophonic and control primes of French target words were used to show that Dutch-French bilinguals exhibit the same pattern of phonological and orthographic priming as native French speakers, which suggests that the same processes underlie first-and second-language processing. It was also found that for bilinguals, but not monolinguals, it is possible to prime a target word of the second language with a homophonic stimulus (either word or nonword) of the first language. This interlingual phonological priming effect was of the same size as the intralingual priming effect. Implications for theories of bilingual written language representation and for the interpretation of the masked phonological priming paradigm are discussed.
Effects of Annealing on Proton-Exchanged LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides Fabricated Using Octanoic Acid (1992)

Annealing properties of proton-exchanged optical planar waveguides in z-cut LiNbO 3 fabricated using octanoic acid have been studied systematically. Waveguide propagation losses decrease with annealing time, and variations in the surface refractive index and waveguide depth with annealing time follow a power law relationship. The annealing process is shown to be an effective means of improving and modifying waveguide properties.
Immunoglobulins on the Surface of Lymphoid Cells in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia (1972)

Immunofluorescence study of viable and fixed cells was performed on marrow and blood samples from 25 patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Whereas intracytoplasmic staining for IgM was restricted to the plasma cells and to a limited number of lymphocytic cells, the vast majority of the pleomorphic "lymphoid" proliferating cells in the marrow were shown to bear the monoclonal IgM on their surface. All IgM-secreting plasma cells displayed membrane positivity. Most lymphocytic proliferating cells carried the monoclonal IgM on their surface in the absence of detectable amounts of intracytoplasmic IgM. Despite the usual absence of increase in blood lymphocyte counts, a large number of circulating lymphocytes were shown to bear membrane-bound monoclonal IgM in patients with active disease. The number of fluorescent spots, their size and brightness varied greatly from cell to cell in marrow and blood samples of a given patient, and this finding is in contrast to the homogeneous fluorescent pattern observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The data suggest that macroglobulinemia represents the proliferation of a clone of B cells which continues to mature and differentiate.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking Failure of Brass Electrical Connectors in an Outdoor Atmospheric Environment (1987)

Abstract This paper presents the findings of a failure analysis performed on brass electrical connectors (pins) that had failed during service in outdoor switch yards, and the results of laboratory studies performed in conjunction with the failure analysis. The results conclusively indicate that the failure of the electrical connectors was the result of intergranular SCC in the outdoor environment. The cracks propagated in the connectors along the interface between a severely cold-worked microstructure and a more homogeneous microstructure unaffected by the cold working. The intergranular SCC failure was successfully reproduced in the laboratory tests in an accelerated SCC environment. The role of the environment, the metallurgical factors, including alloy composition and microstructure, and the applied and residual stresses, on the service failures of the brass electrical connectors are discussed.
Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithm Based on FCFS (2009)

In a load balancing cluster, the core of task distribution is the load balance algorithm. This paper briefly discusses load balancing, algorithms and their merits and demerits, then introduces a kind of load balancing algorithm that every node sends a corresponding request stream to remark its real-time load based on FCFS principle. The results of experience and measurement show that this dynamic load balancing algorithm is more effective than static algorithm.
Estimation of the ECG signal spectrum during ventricular fibrillation using the fast Fourier transform and maximum entropy methods (2002)

The aim of this study was to compare two approaches for estimating the spectrum of the surface ECG during ventricular fibrillation (VF): the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and maximum entropy spectral analysis (MESA). The first 10 s of 10 recordings of clinical VF sampled at 250 Hz were separated into 1 s epochs for analysis by the FFT, zero padded FFT and Burg algorithm with 5, 10, 20 and 50 coefficients. The mean difference in dominant frequency between the FFT and Burg algorithm with 50 coefficients was 0.04 Hz (SD 0.56). The mean frequency of the dominant peak in the spectrum of VF can be measured accurately using either the FFT, zero padded FFT or MESA with a model order of more than 10. The overall accuracy of the standard FFT when compared to MESA is not limited by its poor resolution as long as results are averaged over large numbers of recordings.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transportation of newborn infants. (1990)

The benefit of an organized neonatal transport system is well established. Over a 30 month period, January 1987 to June 1989, 172 babies were transported to the Dublin maternity hospitals. Birth weights ranged from 640 to 5,180g 106 (62%) were less than 37 weeks gestation. Indications for transport included respiratory distress syndrome (54), prematurity only (43), convulsions and/or neurologic dysfunction (23), jaundice (11) and apnoea (11). One hundred and sixty-eight were transferred by ambulance and four by helicopter. Twenty travelled more than 100 miles. Forty (23%) received assisted ventilation during transport. On arrival 37 (21%) had temperature less than 36 degrees C; 22 (13%) had blood sugar less than 2.2 m mol/l and 34 (20%) had arterial ph less than 7.25. Fifty per cent of referral letters had incomplete information. Treatment and care given en route was recorded in only 28 babies. Twenty-four babies (14%) died. Infants who died were more likely to have been of low birth weight, travelled a long distance, been hypothermic, had poor arterial gases, had blood sugars less than 2.2 m mol/l, and had poor referral letters. This review indicates that death and morbidity continue to be associated with the present system of postnatal transfer of newborn infants. The urgent need for an organized neonatal transport service remains unmet.
Covalent Binding of Acetaldehyde to Proteins: Participation of Lysine Residues (1987)

The results of this study demonstrate that lysine is the major amino acid participating in the binding of acetaldehyde to proteins. The formation of both stable and unstable acetaldehyde-albumin adducts was shown to occur via the reaction of acetaldehyde with lysine residues. This conclusion was based on the following experimental evidence: (a) the ratio of stable to unstable adducts of bovine serum albumin was similar to that observed for polylysine; (b) acetylation of albumin markedly reduced acetaldehyde binding; (c) the radio-activity profiles (obtained by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis) of [14C]acetaldehyde modified amino acids hydrolyzed from total and stable adducts of albumin were nearly identical to those of polylysine or alpha-t-boc-lysine. Analysis of stable adducts of albumin indicated two major modified lysine residues; one residue was much more acidic and the other more basic than unmodified lysine. Unstable adducts were shown to be Schiff bases since NaBH4 treatment resulted in the formation of N-ethyllysine residues. The reducing agents, NaCNBH3 and ascorbic acid, both increased stable adduct formation via increased binding to lysine residues; however, a different elution profile of modified lysine residues was observed for these reducing agents. NaCNBH3 increased the formation of N-ethyllysine residues exclusively, whereas ascorbate increased the formation of the acidic adduct of lysine and also caused the formation of an additional modified lysine residue which was present only in the ascorbate-treated polypeptides. In addition to their detection by radioactivity measurements, the acetaldehyde-lysine adducts could also be detected by the fluorescence of their ophthalaldehyde derivatives.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A novel access scheme suppressing disturbance for a cross-point type ferroelectric memory (2004)

To resolve the disturbance problem of stored data being destroyed in a cross-point type FeRAM, which has prevented it from being put into practical use, we propose a novel access scheme for read-restore sequence. The unique point of this scheme is two restore sequences that are dynamically changed according to read-out data. Based on this scheme, the reduction of polarization induced by the disturbance is suppressed to be less than 17% after stress iteration of 10/sup 9/ times.
Comparison of Parallel and Serial Resonance Circuits for Generation of Surface Barrier Discharges (2003)

Two different principles of power supplies for generation of planar dielectric barrier discharges at atmospheric pressure were investigated. The comparison of parallel and serial resonance circuits has been made and the power loss mechanism in both cases has been studied. A power supply based on serial resonant circuit of plasma source has been developed.
A High Performance IP Traffic Generation Tool Based On The Intel IXP2400 Network Processor (2006)

Traffic generation is essential in the processes of testing and developing new network elements, such as equipment, protocols and applications, regarding both the production and research area. Traditionally, two approaches have been followed for this purpose: the first is based on software applications that can be executed on inexpensive Personal Computers, while the second relies on dedicated hardware. Obviously, performance in the latter case (in terms of sustainable rates, precision in delays and jitters) outclasses that in the former, but also the costs usually grow of some order of magnitude. In this paper we describe a software IP traffic generator based on a hardware architecture specialized for packet processing (known as Network Processor), which we have developed and tested. Our approach is positioned between the two different philosophies listed above: it has a software (and then flexible) implementation running on a specific hardware only slightly more expensive than PCs.
Friction Stir Welding of AA6082 Thin Aluminium Alloy Reinforced with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanoparticles (2019)

In this present investigation, AA6082-T6 thin aluminium alloy plates of 2 mm thickness were friction stir welded using fine ceramic Al2O3 nanoparticles as the reinforcing materials between the adjoining plates. The joining was done by hexagonal pin profile tool of tungsten carbide material with tool rotational speeds 710 rpm and 900 rpm. The number of passes of the welds was 2 and 3 with constant tool traverse speed of 40 mm/min. Microstructural study was done by employing an optical microscope and electron microscopy. The microstructural results show that the weld produced with tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, tool traverse speed of 40 mm/min and the number of passes 3 has the good distribution of the alumina nanoparticles in the stir zone leading to grain refinement. The reinforced sample welded with 3 passes achieved the highest average grain size number of 16.02 and highest ultimate tensile strength of 227.61 MPa, yield strength of 154.9 MPa and elongation percentage of 10.5%. The reinforcement-included welded sample exhibited highest hardness value of 74 Hv in the weld nugget zone.