gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A segmentation algorithm for contrast-enhanced images (2003)

Medical imaging often involves the injection of contrast agents and the subsequent analysis of tissue enhancement patterns. Many important types of tissue have characteristic enhancement patterns; for example, in magnetic resonance (MR) mammography, malignancies exhibit a characteristic "wash out" temporal pattern, while in MR angiography, arteries, veins and parenchyma each have their own distinctive temporal signature. In such image sequences, there are substantial changes in intensities; however, this change is due primarily to the contrast agent rather than the motion of scene elements. As a result, the task of segmenting contrast-enhanced images poses interesting new challenges for computer vision. We propose a new image segmentation algorithm for image sequences with contrast enhancement, using a model-based time series analysis of individual pixels. We use energy minimization via graph cuts to efficiently ensure spatial coherence. The energy is minimized in an expectation-maximization fashion that alternates between segmenting the image into a number of nonoverlapping regions and finding the temporal profile parameters which best describe the behavior of each region. Preliminary experiments on MR mammography and MR angiography studies show the algorithm's ability to find an accurate segmentation.
A Structural Model for the Mechanisms of Elicitor Release from Fungal Cell Walls by Plant [beta]-1,3-Endoglucanase (1995)

The release of elicitor-active carbohydrates from fungal cell walls by beta-1,3-endoglucanase contained in host tissues has been implicated as one of the earliest processes in the interaction between soybean (Glycine max) and the fungal pathogen Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea leading to host defense responses such as phytoalexin production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the primary structure of the glucanase-released elicitor (RE). Gel-filtration chromatography of carbohydrates released from mycelial walls by purified soybean beta-1,3-endoglucanase resolved them into the four fractions (elicitor-active RE-I, -II, and -III and elicitor-inactive RE-IV). Sugar composition analysis indicated that all of the fractions were composed almost entirely of glucose. 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated the presence of both beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-linkages for the elicitor-active RE-I, -II, and -III fractions and only beta-1,3 linkage for the elicitor-inactive RE-IV fraction. Methylation analysis and degradation studies employing beta-1,3-endo- and beta-1,3-exoglucanase further suggested that the basic structure of elicitor-active RE consists of beta-1,6-linked glucan backbone chains of various lengths with frequent side branches composed of beta-1,3-linked one or two glucose moieties. From these structural analyses of RE, a structural model of how RE is originally present in fungal cell walls and released by host beta-1,3-endoglucanase is also proposed.
Studies on Histoplasma Capsulatum and Similar form Species—I. Morphology and Development (1939)

The identity of the organism which is the etiological agent of the disease in man known as histoplasmosis has long been in question. The disease was originally described by Darling (4, 5, 6) as a result of his studies among the natives of Panama when first he encountered a case characterized clinically by emaciation, splenomegaly, leucopenia, anemia, and irregular pyrexia. Subsequently an autopsy upon the patient revealed that the pathological features were as follows: The invasion of the endothelial cells
Whole Genome Re-Sequencing and Characterization of Powdery Mildew Disease-Associated Allelic Variation in Melon (2016)

Powdery mildew is one of the most common fungal diseases in the world. This disease frequently affects melon (Cucumis melo L.) and other Cucurbitaceous family crops in both open field and greenhouse cultivation. One of the goals of genomics is to identify the polymorphic loci responsible for variation in phenotypic traits. In this study, powdery mildew disease assessment scores were calculated for four melon accessions, 'SCNU1154', 'Edisto47', 'MR-1', and 'PMR5'. To investigate the genetic variation of these accessions, whole genome re-sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform was performed. A total of 754,759,704 quality-filtered reads were generated, with an average of 82.64% coverage relative to the reference genome. Comparisons of the sequences for the melon accessions revealed around 7.4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 1.9 million InDels, and 182,398 putative structural variations (SVs). Functional enrichment analysis of detected variations classified them into biological process, cellular component and molecular function categories. Further, a disease-associated QTL map was constructed for 390 SNPs and 45 InDels identified as related to defense-response genes. Among them 112 SNPs and 12 InDels were observed in powdery mildew responsive chromosomes. Accordingly, this whole genome re-sequencing study identified SNPs and InDels associated with defense genes that will serve as candidate polymorphisms in the search for sources of resistance against powdery mildew disease and could accelerate marker-assisted breeding in melon.
Coronary Angiogenesis (1995)

We have reviewed briefly the current state of knowledge relating to the regulation of angiogenesis, including the role of angiogenic growth factors, and we have described the major structural components of the vascular wall and their changes during formation of new channels. Finally, we have described quantitative evaluations of vascular growth in cardiac muscle. Examples of substantial angiogenesis during the early postnatal stages of normal development were used together with examples depicting a more moderate stimulation of capillary growth in adult rat hearts treated with nifedipine or thyroxine. Adequate capillary supply is a precondition for tissue survival and proper function. This is probably why vascular growth is so tightly regulated by several systems which may alternately stimulate or inhibit the formation of new vessels. Recent advances in molecular biology have enabled us to study the mechanisms of angiogenesis under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, but the final assessment of vascular growth should be accomplished through morphometric analysis.
The international standard for anti-smallpox serum. (1970)

At the request of the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization, the National Institute for Medical Research, London, obtained 63 samples of convalescent human plasma from patients recovering from smallpox. The sera were pooled and distributed into ampoules and freeze-dried.The freeze-dried material was examined in 11 laboratories in 6 countries in an international collaborative assay during 1964 and 1965.The results from 10 laboratories were more or less consistent, but relative potencies in terms of the proposed international standard estimated by one of the laboratories were exceptionally low. Since this laboratory used a strain of virus different from that used in all the other laboratories, it was suspected that antigenic properties or avidity of the virus might have caused the divergence of results; this is being investigated.After considering the report of the international collaborative assay, the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization established the material as the International Standard for Anti-Smallpox Serum, and a unitage was assigned so that 1 International Unit of activity was contained in 0.08416 mg, and each ampoule contains (on average) 1000 IU of activity.
Page segmentation of historical document images with convolutional autoencoders (2015)

In this paper, we present an unsupervised feature learning method for page segmentation of historical handwritten documents available as color images. We consider page segmentation as a pixel labeling problem, i.e., each pixel is classified as either periphery, background, text block, or decoration. Traditional methods in this area rely on carefully hand-crafted features or large amounts of prior knowledge. In contrast, we apply convolutional autoencoders to learn features directly from pixel intensity values. Then, using these features to train an SVM, we achieve high quality segmentation without any assumption of specific topologies and shapes. Experiments on three public datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach.
Antigen Synthesis: The Preparation of Selected Dodecapeptide Carriers with Systematically Altered Structures by a Two‐Phase Method (1972)

Abstract The synthesis of a series of dodecapeptide ethyl esters containing L ‐leucine, L ‐ala‐nine, glycine and L ‐lysine is described. These peptides are suitable carriers for the preparation of haptenic conjugates to be used in antigenicity studies. The strategy for preparing intermediary hexapeptides has been called a two‐phase approach since the elongation of the peptide chain is carried out stepwise in a water‐immiscible organic phase, whereas removal of side‐products and excess reagent is effected by means of a suitably adapted aqueous phase. The method allows an efficient production of relatively large amounts of fully defined peptide antigens.
Antibodies against Inner-Ear Proteins in the Sera of Patients with Inner-Ear Diseases (1997)

Sera from patients with various inner-ear diseases, especially Ménière's disease, were investigated by Western blot against guinea pig inner-ear proteins. Of 45 patients, 24 (53%) with various inner-ear diseases had antibodies against inner-ear proteins, compared with 0 of 10 (0%) in control subjects without inner-ear diseases. Of the 10 proteins that showed a positive reaction with patient sera, the 28-kD band was unique in that it appeared only in the membranous fraction of the inner ear and was highly positive (28%) in reaction with Ménière's disease patient sera. The results in the present study with proteins extracted from guinea pig inner ear were consistent with our previous study using proteins from human inner ear, suggesting that the 28-kD protein may be a candidate for detecting autoimmune inner-ear disease.
MMTM: Multimodal Transfer Module for CNN Fusion (2020)

In late fusion, each modality is processed in a separate unimodal Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) stream and the scores of each modality are fused at the end. Due to its simplicity, late fusion is still the predominant approach in many state-of-the-art multimodal applications. In this paper, we present a simple neural network module for leveraging the knowledge from multiple modalities in convolutional neural networks. The proposed unit, named Multimodal Transfer Module (MMTM), can be added at different levels of the feature hierarchy, enabling slow modality fusion. Using squeeze and excitation operations, MMTM utilizes the knowledge of multiple modalities to recalibrate the channel-wise features in each CNN stream. Unlike other intermediate fusion methods, the proposed module could be used for feature modality fusion in convolution layers with different spatial dimensions. Another advantage of the proposed method is that it could be added among unimodal branches with minimum changes in the their network architectures, allowing each branch to be initialized with existing pretrained weights. Experimental results show that our framework improves the recognition accuracy of well-known multimodal networks. We demonstrate state-of-the-art or competitive performance on four datasets that span the task domains of dynamic hand gesture recognition, speech enhancement, and action recognition with RGB and body joints.
The Proton Transfer Reactions of Muscle Pyruvate Kinase (1972)

Rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase detritiates phosphoenolpyruvate 3-tritium under conditions of the net forward reaction prior to the release of pyruvate. This exchange requires that release of pyruvate is not rapid with respect to reversal of the proton transfer steps involved in the catalysis of its enolization. This conclusion is consistent with the low tritium isotope effect that is observed for the hydrogen exchange on pyruvate that is activated by ATP. An intrinsic isotope effect for the proton abstraction step as high as 26 can be expected since such high values were observed in the enzymatic enolization of pyruvate activated by other phosphate compounds. Considerable exchange of tritium from tritiated water into remaining phosphoenolpyruvate during the course of the forward pyruvate kinase reaction is observed, indicating that the enzyme-bound pyruvate-ATP complex that is generated in the forward reaction can return to substrate form at a significant rate relative to product release. A kinetic analysis indicates that the release of phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP may be a rate-determining factor in this exchange rate. Thus, the conclusions of earlier workers that muscle pyruvate kinase follows rapid equilibrium kinetics require re-examination. The effects of varying pH, mono- and divalent cations, temperature, and alternative activators on the rates of proton exchange are reported.
Experimental investigation of etch pit formation on quartz sand grains (1979)

Summary An experimental investigation into the formation of crystallographically orientated etch pits on quartz sand grains was undertaken. The methods and materials used in the experiments differ considerably from those of other workers in this field. Using natural as opposed to artificial solutions, V-shaped or triangular etch pits as well as rectangular pits have been produced on the quartz grains after time periods of 4 hours and 20 hours. Features of intense surface disintegration have also been recorded. The etch pits are compared to those of natural occurrence on grains from the Millstone Grit (Namurian) sediments and the differences discussed.
Visualisation of data from an intranet training systems using Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML) (2003)

This paper describes the design of a generic computer-based training information system (TIS) and visualisation of the data that it generates. Today's desktop training applications are delivered over the Internet to users who can exploit this flexibility and train when and where they like. However, the training manager or the author of the training material require a record of who has been trained, when they were trained and what kind of progress they made. The TIS coordinates this by remotely recording each training session, then sending a small summarising session database back to a central collection point for collation and subsequent analysis. Because of the large amounts of data that this generates in large companies we are beginning to use virtual reality for analysis and presentation of training results. Described in this paper are the results from a session of monitored intranet training that was undertaken by approximately 60 students over a one week period.
Sensors for Structural Displacement Measurement (2005)

Displacement measurements in large-scale structures are used to characterize structural response to dynamic excitation. A review of the current applicable sensor technologies presents alternatives to the traditional accelerograph method for obtaining those displacements.
Novel High-$Q$ MEMS Curled-Plate Variable Capacitors Fabricated in 0.35-$\mu{\hbox {m}}$ CMOS Technology (2008)

Two microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) curled-plate variable capacitors, built in 0.35-mum CMOS technology, are presented. The plates of the presented capacitors are intentionally curled upward to control the tuning performance. A newly developed maskless post-processing technique that is appropriate for MEMS/CMOS circuits is also presented. This technique consists of dry-and wet-etching steps and is developed to implement the proposed MEMS variable capacitors in CMOS technology. The capacitors are simulated mechanically by using the finite-element method in ANSYS, and the results are compared with the measured results. Two novel structures are presented. The first capacitor is a tri-state structure that exhibits a measured tuning range of 460% at 1 GHz with a flat capacitance response that is superior to that of conventional digital capacitors. The proposed capacitor is simulated in Ansoft's high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and the capacitance extracted is compared with the measured capacitance over a frequency range of 1-5 GHz. The second capacitor is an analog continuous structure that demonstrates a measured continuous tuning range of 115% at 1 GHz with no pull-in. The measured quality factor is better than 300 at 1.5 GHz. The proposed curled-plate capacitors have a small area and can be realized to build a system-on-chip.
Mucopolysaccharidosis in a Cat with Arylsulfatase B Deficiency: A Model of Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome (1977)

A Siamese cat that presented clinical signs similar to those seen in humans with mucopolysaccharidoses was studied. The animal excreted increased amounts of polymeric glycosaminoglycans in the urine, consisting almost entirely of dermatan sulfate. Electron microscopy of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes revealed the presence of many membrane-bound lamellar inclusion bodies. Sulfate incorporation studies with cultured skin fibroblasts indicated defective glycosaminoglycan degradation. These cells showed a deficiency in arylsulfatase B activity. The disorder appears similar or identical to the Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome described in humans.
Postoperative pain relief by topical lidocaine in the surgical wound of hysterectomized patients (1996)

A single dose of lidocaine aerosol topically administered in the surgical wound of hysterectomy patients improved analgesia during the first postoperative day with minimal risk of side effects.
Morphine Acutely Regulates Opioid Receptor Trafficking Selectively in Dendrites of Nucleus Accumbens Neurons (2003)

Morphine stimulates the internalization of mu-opioid receptors (MORs) in transfected cell models to a lesser degree than opioid peptides and other analgesic drugs, such as methadone, and previous studies have reported that morphine does not produce a detectable redistribution of MORs in neural tissue after either acute or chronic administration. Nevertheless, morphine produces profound physiological effects, raising the question of whether receptor trafficking plays any role in the in vivo actions of morphine. We investigated the effects of opiate drugs on recombinant and native opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens, which plays an important role in mediating the behavioral effects of opiate drugs. Morphine and methadone differed in their effects on the internalization of epitope-tagged MORs in cell bodies, introduced by viral gene transfer and imaged by fluorescence microscopy. A mutation of the cytoplasmic tail that confers morphine-induced internalization in cultured cells had a similar effect on receptor trafficking in nucleus accumbens cell bodies. Surprisingly, in contrast to its failure to affect MOR distribution detectably in cell bodies, acute morphine administration produced a pronounced change in MOR distribution visualized in the processes of the same neurons. A similar effect of acute morphine administration was observed for endogenously expressed MORs by immunoelectron microscopy; the acute administration of morphine increased the density of MORs associated with internal membrane structures specifically in dendrites. These results provide the first evidence that morphine regulates the distribution of MORs in neuronal processes, suggesting that "compartment-selective" membrane trafficking represents a previously unanticipated type of opioid receptor regulation contributing to the in vivo effects of opiate drugs on a physiologically relevant population of CNS neurons.
Plutonium Aerosol Size Characteristics (1974)

Field sampling in three AEC plutonium processing plants has provided size characteristics and activity concentrations of plutonium aerosols generated by a variety of research, production and recovery operations. These data provide basic information for the design and testing of air cleaning systems for plutonium plants. Isokinetic sampling with eight-stage impactors immediately upstream of process ventilation exhaust HEPA filters collected particles representing “worst normal” challenge aerosols. Where particle diameters met established statistical criteria for a lognormal distribution, activity median aerodynamic diameter (amad) and geometric standard deviation (sigmag) were determined by a least squares computer fit of the cumulative radiometric data vs impactor stage effective cutoff diameters. Amad's varied from 0.10 microm to 11.0 microm and sigmag's from 1.5 to 9.0. All impactor data, including size distributions which were apparently non-lognormal, were treated on a stage-by-stage basis; i.e. mean fraction of total activity deposited on a given stage. A Pu recovery plant produced the smallest aerosol encountered, with the size range under 1 microm containing over 70% of total activity. Fabricating plants produced a larger aerosol with over 50% of total activity associated with particles in the 1–5 microm range. Research and development facilities produced a broader spectrum of particle sizes, predominantly in the 1–2 microm range. Details of these results and a description of sampling, data handling and statistical techniques are presented.
Osterix Overexpression in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulates Healing of Critical-Sized Defects in Murine Calvarial Bone (2007)

Osterix (Osx) is a zinc-finger-containing transcription factor that is expressed in osteoblasts of all endochondral and membranous bones. In Osx null mice, osteoblast differentiation is impaired, and bone formation is absent. We hypothesized that overexpression of Osx in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) would enhance osteogenic differentiation during bone regeneration in vivo. Overexpression of Osx in mouse BMSCs was achieved using retroviral infection together with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) vector to monitor transduction efficiency and determine the source of regenerative cells in implantation studies. Bone regeneration in vivo was evaluated by implanting BMSCs overexpressing Osx into 4-mm calvarial bone defects in adult mice using type I collagen sponge as a carrier. New bone formation in the defects was quantified using radiological and histological procedures 5 weeks after implantation. The results showed that implantation of Osx-transduced BMSCs resulted in 85% healing of calvarial bone defects as detected using radiological analyses. Histological examination of the implants demonstrated that the Osx-transduced group exhibited amounts of newly formed bone that was five times as high as in a group transduced with the empty vector. Immunohistochemistry for GFP showed positive immunoreaction localized to areas of newly engineered bone in the Osx-transduced group. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against the extracellular matrix protein bone sialoprotein resulted in strong staining in areas of new bone formation. In addition, the clonal BMSCs showed an osteogenic potential similar to that of primary cultures of BMSCs, suggesting the usefulness of this model in bone tissue engineering. These results indicate that ex vivo gene therapy of Osx is a useful therapeutic approach in regenerating adult bone tissue.
Laccase/TEMPO-mediated system for the thermodynamically disfavored oxidation of 2,2-dihalo-1-phenylethanol derivatives (2014)

An efficient methodology to oxidize β,β-dihalogenated secondary alcohols employing oxygen was achieved in a biphasic medium using the laccase from Trametes versicolor/TEMPO pair, providing the corresponding ketones in a clean fashion under very mild conditions. Moreover, a chemoenzymatic protocol has been applied successfully to deracemize 2,2-dichloro-1-phenylethanol combining this oxidation with an alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed bioreduction.