gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal antibodies with defined recognition sequences in the stem region of CD44: detection of differential glycosylation of CD44 between tumor and stromal cells in tissue. (2003)

CD44 is an enigmatic cell adhesion molecule acting as a major receptor for hyaluronan and playing roles in many biological and pathological processes such as lymphocyte homing, T-cell activation, wound healing, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread of tumor cells. However, the complexity of the molecule, with its alternatively spliced variants, extensive glycosylation, and processing by different proteases, has hampered detailed analysis. In this study, we prepared four monoclonal antibodies (285-2F12, 284-43F1, 268-1F5, and 294-6F2) and one polyclonal antibody (C6) that recognize defined sequences in the stem region of CD44H. Interestingly, two of the monoclonal antibodies, 268-1F5 and 294-6F2, failed to recognize the CD44 expressed in five of the seven human tumor cell lines examined by Western blotting. Treatment of the samples with a combination of neuraminidase and O-glycosidase as well as the expression of mutants with site-directed mutations at possible modification sites rendered the CD44 reactive to the antibodies. Thus, the reactivity of the antibodies is sensitive to O-glycosylation presumably near the recognition sites. Glycosylation of CD44 that affects reactivity to the antibodies was found to be regulated differentially between tumor and stromal cells in two breast and three oral carcinoma tissues. Antibody 268-1F5 reacted to the tumor cells, but not to the cells in the surrounding stroma. On the other hand, the reactivity of 294-6F2 to the cells was opposite between the two tumor types. Thus, these sets of antibodies are useful to detect and analyze the as-yet-unknown roles of site-specific glycosylation of CD44, particularly in tumors.
Identification of a Previously Undescribed Satellite RNA Associated with a <i>Cucumber mosaic virus</i> Subgroup II Strain from <i>Pratia pedunculata</i> in Ohio (2013)

To our knowledge, the results represent the first confirmed report of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infecting Blue Star Creeper (Pratia pedunculata). These findings support the notion that ornamental hosts are serving as reservoirs for CMV and in some cases satRNA. Accepted for publication 17 June 2013. Published 1 September 2013.
Local intracerebral delivery of endogenous inhibitors by osmotic minipumps effectively suppresses glioma growth in vivo. (2003)

The systemic administration of endogenous inhibitors significantly reduced the growth of human glioma in vivo, but required the production of a large amount of biologically active protein. In this study we reduced the amount of protein needed and optimized the therapeutical response by delivering the endogenous inhibitors locally into the brain by osmotic minipumps. Human hemopexin fragment of MMP-2 or COOH-terminal fragment of platelet factor-4 were delivered locally and continuously into the brain of mice implanted intracranially with glioma cells, by osmotic minipumps connected to an intracranial catheter. Local delivery of human hemopexin fragment of MMP-2 and COOH-terminal fragment of platelet factor-4 significantly inhibited the growth of well-established malignant glioma in nude and BALB/C mice. When the inhibitors were given at the same concentration, the efficacy of the local delivery was much higher than that reached with the systemic administration, both when the inhibitor was administered daily or continuously by s.c. minipumps. Moreover, the local delivery reduced the amount of protein needed to reach a significant therapeutic response. Intracerebral delivery maintained a long-term control of glioma growth and inhibited glioma recurrence in a surgical resection model. Treatment showed no side effects. Histochemical analysis of tumors showed that the tumor growth inhibition was the result of a decrease in tumor vasculature and a change in tumor vessel morphology. Our data demonstrate that local intracerebral delivery of endogenous inhibitors effectively inhibits malignant glioma growth and reduces the amount of protein needed to reach a therapeutical response.
DIRECT CONVERSION OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND METHANE TO LIGHT HYDROCARBONS BY MICROWAVE PLASMA (1998)

A new method in which carbon monoxide and methane are directly converted to light hydrocarbons by microwave plasma (2.45 GHz) is reported. The factors affecting distribution of the products, e.g. microwave power, ratio of reactants, system pressure, were studied. Acetylene and ethane were the dominant organic products, and with microwave power increasing and system pressure or ratio of CH 4 to CO decreasing the content of acetylene increased, but ethane was contrary to it. A small amount of ethylene and C 3 hydrocarbons were also found, but C 4 hydrocarbons and oxygen containing organic compounds were not detected.
Selection and Characterization of Pre-mRNA Splicing Enhancers: Identification of Novel SR Protein-Specific Enhancer Sequences (1999)

Splicing enhancers are RNA sequences required for accurate splice site recognition and the control of alternative splicing. In this study, we used an in vitro selection procedure to identify and characterize novel RNA sequences capable of functioning as pre-mRNA splicing enhancers. Randomized 18-nucleotide RNA sequences were inserted downstream from a Drosophila doublesex pre-mRNA enhancer-dependent splicing substrate. Functional splicing enhancers were then selected by multiple rounds of in vitro splicing in nuclear extracts, reverse transcription, and selective PCR amplification of the spliced products. Characterization of the selected splicing enhancers revealed a highly heterogeneous population of sequences, but we identified six classes of recurring degenerate sequence motifs five to seven nucleotides in length including novel splicing enhancer sequence motifs. Analysis of selected splicing enhancer elements and other enhancers in S100 complementation assays led to the identification of individual enhancers capable of being activated by specific serine/arginine (SR)-rich splicing factors (SC35, 9G8, and SF2/ASF). In addition, a potent splicing enhancer sequence isolated in the selection specifically binds a 20-kDa SR protein. This enhancer sequence has a high level of sequence homology with a recently identified RNA-protein adduct that can be immunoprecipitated with an SRp20-specific antibody. We conclude that distinct classes of selected enhancers are activated by specific SR proteins, but there is considerable sequence degeneracy within each class. The results presented here, in conjunction with previous studies, reveal a remarkably broad spectrum of RNA sequences capable of binding specific SR proteins and/or functioning as SR-specific splicing enhancers.
<i>Z</i>-Selective Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of 3-Substituted Cyclooctenes by Monoaryloxide Pyrrolide Imido Alkylidene (MAP) Catalysts of Molybdenum and Tungsten (2013)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of a series of 3-substituted cyclooctenes (3-MeCOE, 3-HexCOE, and 3-PhCOE) initiated by various Mo and W MAP complexes leads to cis,HT-poly(3-RCOE) polymers. The apparent rate of polymerization of 3-HexCOE by W(N-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(Pyr)(OHMT) (1c; Pyr = pyrrolide; OHMT = O-2,6-Mesityl2C6H3) is greater than the rate of polymerization by Mo(N-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(Pyr)(OHMT) (1b), but both gave the same cis,HT polymer structures. Formation of HT-poly(3-RCOE) employing 1c takes place via propagating species in which the R group (methyl, hexyl, or phenyl) is on C2 of the propagating alkylidene chain, a type of intermediate that has been modeled through the preparation of W(N-t-Bu)(CHCHMeEt)(Pyr)(OHMT). The rate of ROMP is exceedingly sensitive to steric factors: e.g., W(N-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(Me2Pyr)(OHMT), the dimethylpyrrolide analogue of 1c, essentially did not polymerize 3-HexCOE at 22 °C. When a sample of W(N-t-Bu)(CHCHMeEt)(Pyr)(OHMT) and 3-methyl-1-pentene in CDCl3 is cooled to −20 °C, the alkylidene resonances for W(N-t-Bu)(CHCHMeEt)(Pyr)(OHMT) disappear and resonances that can be ascribed to protons in a synα/synα′ disubstituted trigonal bipyramidal metallacyclobutane complex appear. 3-Methyl-1-pentene is readily lost from this metallacycle on the NMR time scale at room temperature.
THE REACTION OF PYRIDINE ALDEHYDES WITH PHENYLACETONITRILES (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE REACTION OF PYRIDINE ALDEHYDES WITH PHENYLACETONITRILESRAYMOND N. CASTLE and WILLIAM S. SEESECite this: J. Org. Chem. 1955, 20, 8, 987–989Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01365a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01365a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views358Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Carbon nanotube dry adhesives with temperature-enhanced adhesion over a large temperature range (2016)

Conventional adhesives show a decrease in the adhesion force with increasing temperature due to thermally induced viscoelastic thinning and/or structural decomposition. Here, we report the counter-intuitive behaviour of carbon nanotube (CNT) dry adhesives that show a temperature-enhanced adhesion strength by over six-fold up to 143 N cm<sup>-2</sup> (4 mm × 4 mm), among the strongest pure CNT dry adhesives, over a temperature range from -196 to 1,000 °C. This unusual adhesion behaviour leads to temperature-enhanced electrical and thermal transports, enabling the CNT dry adhesive for efficient electrical and thermal management when being used as a conductive double-sided sticky tape. With its intrinsic thermal stability, our CNT adhesive sustains many temperature transition cycles over a wide operation temperature range. We discover that a 'nano-interlock' adhesion mechanism is responsible for the adhesion behaviour, which could be applied to the development of various dry CNT adhesives with novel features.
In Code: A Mathematical Journey (2002)

From the Publisher:
In January 1999, Sarah Flannery, sports-loving teenager from Blarney in County Cork, Ireland, was awarded Ireland's Young Scientist of the Year for her extraordinary research and discoveries in Internet cryptography. The following day, her story began appearing in Irish papers and soon after was splashed across the front page of the London Times, complete with photo of Sarah and caption calling her brilliant. Just sixteen, she was mathematician with an international reputation.
In Code is heartwarming story that will have readers cheering Sarah on. Originally published in England and cowritten with her mathematician father, David Flannery, In Code is a wonderfully moving story about the thrill of the mathematical chase (Nature) and a paean to intellectual adventure (Times Educational Supplement). A memoir in mathematics, it is all about how girl next door, nurtured by her family, moved from the simple math puzzles that were the staple of dinnertime conversation to prime numbers, the Sieve of Eratosthenes, Fermat's Little Theorem, googols--and finally into her breathtaking algorithm. Parallel with each step is modest girl's own self-discovery--her values, her burning curiosity, the joy of persistence, and, above all, her love for her family.
QSGD: Communication-Efficient SGD via Gradient Quantization and Encoding (2016)

Parallel implementations of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) have received significant research attention, thanks to excellent scalability properties of this algorithm, and to its efficiency in the context of training deep neural networks. A fundamental barrier for parallelizing large-scale SGD is the fact that the cost of communicating the gradient updates between nodes can be very large. Consequently, lossy compression heuristics have been proposed, by which nodes only communicate quantized gradients. Although effective in practice, these heuristics do not always provably converge, and it is not clear whether they are optimal. In this paper, we propose Quantized SGD (QSGD), a family of compression schemes which allow the compression of gradient updates at each node, while guaranteeing convergence under standard assumptions. QSGD allows the user to trade off compression and convergence time: it can communicate a sublinear number of bits per iteration in the model dimension, and can achieve asymptotically optimal communication cost. We complement our theoretical results with empirical data, showing that QSGD can significantly reduce communication cost, while being competitive with standard uncompressed techniques on a variety of real tasks. In particular, experiments show that gradient quantization applied to training of deep neural networks for image classification and automated speech recognition can lead to significant reductions in communication cost, and end-to-end training time. For instance, on 16 GPUs, we are able to train a ResNet-152 network on ImageNet 1.8x faster to full accuracy. Of note, we show that there exist generic parameter settings under which all known network architectures preserve or slightly improve their full accuracy when using quantization.
Über Herstellung und Eigenschaften von 2‐Thioxo‐oxazolidonen‐(5) (1971)

Abstract Verschiedene Methoden zur Synthese von 2‐Thioxo‐oxazolidonen‐(5) ( 2 ) wurden untersucht; dabei erwies sich nur die Alkoholyse von α‐Isothiocyanato‐carbonsäure‐trimethylsilylestern ( 20 ) als erfolgreich. Die Titelverbindungen 2 sind thermolabil und polymerisieren bei Raum‐temperatur unter Abspaltung von COS zu Polypeptiden. Parallel dazu verläuft eine Isomerisierung zu den stabileren Thiazolidindionen‐(2.5) ( 3 ). In Lösung befinden sich die 2‐Thioxo‐oxazolidone‐(5) ( 2 ) mit geringen Mengen der isomeren α‐Isothiocyanato‐carbonsäuren ( 21 ) im Gleichgewicht. Silylierung von 2 führt schon bei 0° schnell zu einer vollständigen Umlagerung in die α‐Isothiocyanato‐carbonsäure‐trimethylsilylester ( 20 ).
Expression of mdr-1 gene in cancer tissue and its association with morphological indexes of esophageal carcinoma in Anyang (1997)

Because of highly expressive level of mdr-1 gene in untreated esophageal carcinoma, we should choose appropriate chemotherapeutic regimen for esophageal Ca. The expression of mdr-1 gene in untreated esophageal cancer was independent of morphologic prognostic indexes without correlation between mdr-1 gene expression and morphological indexes.
<title>Automatic classification of defects in semiconductor devices</title> (1990)

In recent years autcinatic defect detection systems have been used to detect the presence of sub-micron defects in semiconductor devices . The analysis of the defects has been traditionally performed off-line and delegated to trained fab personnel using semi-autcmatic review systems . The purpose of this paper is to report on the development of an in-line autcmatic classification capability, which will be used in conjunction with an automatic defect detecticn system. The technology to be discussed in the paper is based upn reflected light microscopy, digital image processing techniques and unique algorithms . Definiticns of classification, as applied to semiconductor multi-level patterned wafers, will be presented . The schema developed for a unique set of examples will be discussed. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the limitaticns of the approach and the directicns for future development.
Complex Wavelet Structural Similarity: A New Image Similarity Index (2009)

We introduce a new measure of image similarity called the complex wavelet structural similarity (CW-SSIM) index and show its applicability as a general purpose image similarity index. The key idea behind CW-SSIM is that certain image distortions lead to consistent phase changes in the local wavelet coefficients, and that a consistent phase shift of the coefficients does not change the structural content of the image. By conducting four case studies, we have demonstrated the superiority of the CW-SSIM index against other indices (e.g., Dice, Hausdorff distance) commonly used for assessing the similarity of a given pair of images. In addition, we show that the CW-SSIM index has a number of advantages. It is robust to small rotations and translations. It provides useful comparisons even without a preprocessing image registration step, which is essential for other indices. Moreover, it is computationally less expensive.
Laboratory studies on the anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (1995)

The anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) is a new high rate anaerobic process (U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,079) that has been under development by Dague and co‐workers at Iowa State University. In the research reported in this paper, four, 12‐L ASBRs of different configurations were operated at a constant temperature of 35°C. The objectives of the work were to evaluate the fundamental factors affecting solids separation in the ASBR, including reactor configuration, mixing (continuous versus intermittent), gas‐production rate, mixed liquor suspended solids concentration, and bioflocculation‐granulation, and to determine the effect of these factors on the performance of the ASBR treating a soluble, synthetic substrate (nonfat dry milk). The ASBRs were capable of achieving in excessof90% soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction on the synthetic milk substrate over a range of COD loadings from 2 to 12 g/L · d at hydraulic retention times of 48, 24, and 12 hours. Reactor configuration is significant in the development of granular sludge. Relatively tall, slender reactors tended to select for granules better than the short, stout reactors. However, the shorter reactors were capable of accumulating higher concentrations of biomass than were the tall reactors. Intermittent mixing was found to be preferable to continuous mixing from both COD removal and methane production standpoints.
Sensor value validation based on systematic exploration of the sensor redundancy for fault diagnosis KBS (1994)

For a physical system whose operating state is monitored by various sensors, one of the crucial steps involved in fault monitoring and diagnosis process is to validate the sensor values. A sensor value can be validated by observing redundant measurement values. When numerous sensors are installed at different locations in a system and if there exist certain relationships among the measured parameters, the redundancies of the sensors can be viewed as embedded throughout the system. In this paper, a technique is proposed that can systematically explore such embedded redundancies of the sensors in a system and utilize them in quickly validating sensor values. The technique is based on causal relations and their interrelations within sensor redundancy graphs (SRG's) as defined in this paper. Any sensor in an SRG can potentially benefit from any other sensor involved in the same SRG in validation. A validity level is defined and used to express the strength of the validity of a sensor value as supported by varying degrees of evidence. The validation results also yield valuable clues to the systems' fault diagnosis knowledge-based systems on the occurrences of system faults and their locations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electronic structure and microscopic charge‐transport properties of a new‐type diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based material (2015)

Recently, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based materials have attracted much interest due to their promising performance as a subunit in organic field effect transistors. Using density functional theory and charge-transport models, we investigated the electronic structure and microscopic charge transport properties of the cyanated bithiophene-functionalized DPP molecule (compound 1). First, we analyzed in detail the partition of the total relaxation (polaron) energy into the contributions from each vibrational mode and the influence of bond-parameter variations on the local electron-vibration coupling of compound 1, which well explains the effects of different functional groups on internal reorganization energy (λ). Then, we investigated the structural and electronic properties of compound 1 in its isolated molecular state and in the solid state form, and further simulated the angular resolution anisotropic mobility for both electron- and hole-transport using two different simulation methods: (i) the mobility orientation function proposed in our previous studies (method 1); and (ii) the master equation approach (method 2). The calculated electron-transfer mobility (0.00003-0.784 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) from method 1 and 0.02-2.26 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) from method 2) matched reasonably with the experimentally reported value (0.07-0.55 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) ). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the transport parameters of compound 1 were calculated in the context of band model and hopping models, and both calculation results suggest that the intrinsic hole mobility is higher than the corresponding intrinsic electron mobility. Our calculation results here will be instructive to further explore the potential of other higher DPP-containing quinoidal small molecules.
Closure of the subclavian artery puncture site with a percutaneous suture device after removal of an arterial pacemaker lead (2006)

We describe the closure of a subclavian artery puncture site with a percutaneous suture device after removal of a pacemaker lead 1 week after its inadvertent positioning in the left ventricle via the subclavian artery. The lead was retracted from the left ventricle into the aorta and linked to a guiding catheter introduced via femoral artery access. The lead and the guiding catheter were removed from the artery to the subclavian area. This manoeuvre allowed the placement of a percutaneous arterial suture device (Perclose) to close the puncture site.
A Method of Forming Contacts Between Two Conducting Layers Separated by a Dielectric (1984)

A technique for vertically interconnecting two conducting layers separated by an insulater is described. The technique offers advantages over present methods, including complete step coverage over vertical via walls and a planarized surface. In addition, this technique can be extended easily to form multiconductor‐insulator interconnects. Moreover, as device dimensions are reduced to the micron and submicron level, the planarization and therefore the interconnection will improve. The method will have applications in integrated electronics and perhaps integrated optics and other semiconductor devices.