gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural properties of GaN films grown on sapphire by molecular beam epitaxy (1996)

The structural characteristics of GaN films grown on sapphire substrates by molecular beam epitaxy have been investigated using high-resolution synchrotron x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. We find remarkable correspondence between the in-plane structural order (coherence length and mosaic spread) and the electrical and optical properties. Contrary to common belief, our observations show unequivocally that the out-of-plane structural features, which are considerably better developed than the in-plane counterparts, cannot be used for determining the material quality with respect to their optical and electrical activity. In particular, the (00l) mosaic spread is not a good indicator of film quality.
Insonation of Systemically Delivered Cisplatin-Loaded Microbubbles Significantly Attenuates Nephrotoxicity of Chemotherapy in Experimental Models of Head and Neck Cancer (2018)

The use of cisplatin (CDDP), the most common chemotherapy drug for head and neck cancer, is limited by its undesirable side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. We investigated ultrasound microbubbles (USMB) as a tool to increase the local intra-tumoral CDDP level while decreasing systemic CDDP cytotoxicity. We allowed CDDP to interact with human serum albumin and then sonicated the resulting CDDP‒albumin complex to generate CDDP-loaded MBs (CDDP-MBs). We then established a head-and-neck tumor-bearing mouse model by implanting FaDu-fLuc/GFP cells into severe combined immunodeficiency mice and used IVIS<sup>®</sup> bioluminescence imaging to determine the tumor xenograft formation and size. Twice weekly (until Day 33), we administered CDDP only, CDDP + MBs + US, CDDP-MBs, or CDDP-MBs + US intravenously by tail-vein injection. The US treatment was administered at the tumor site immediately after injection. The in vivo systemic distribution of CDDP indicated that the kidney was the most vulnerable organ, followed by the liver, and then the inner ear. However, CDDP uptake into the kidney and liver was significantly decreased in both the CDDP-MBs and CDDP-MBs + US groups, suggesting that MB binding significantly reduced the systemic toxicity of CDDP. The CDDP-MBs + US treatment reduced the tumor size as effectively as conventional CDDP-only chemotherapy. Therefore, the combination of CDDP-MBs with ultrasound is effective and significantly attenuates CDDP-associated nephrotoxicity, indicating a promising clinical potential for this approach.
Multiple reflection attenuation in seismic data using backpropagation (1998)

Multiple reflections in seismic data are generally considered to be unwanted noise that often seriously impedes correct mapping of the subsurface geology in search of oil and gas reservoirs. We train a backpropagation neural network in order to recognize and remove these multiple reflections and thereby bring out the primary reflections underneath. The training data consist of model data containing all multiples and the corresponding seismic sections containing only the primary arrivals. The basis for the modeling is data from a real well log that is typical for the area in which the data were gathered. In contrast to existing conventional deconvolution methods, the neural network does not depend on such restricting assumptions concerning the underlying model as, for example, the Wiener filter, and it has the potential to be successful in cases where other methods fail. A further advantage of the neural net approach is that it is possible to make extensive use of a priori knowledge about the geology, which is present in the form of well log data. Tests with realistic data show the ability of the neural network to extract the desired information.
Comparison of Performance of Structural Models: Evidence from China (2010)

In order to further empirical study of the performance of structural models in China, this paper empirically tests four structural models of corporate bonds pricing: those of Merton (1974), modified Merton with exogenous recovery rate, Black and Cox (1976) and Leland and Toft (1996). The article implement these models by using a sample of 45 Chinese firms issuing short-term financing bonds in 2006. Empirical results show that the predicted spreads in four models are lower than actual spreads on average, particularly those of Merton model. Comparing the different models we find the spreads from Black and Cox (1976) and Leland and Toft (1996) are higher than the basic structural models, but accuracy is a problem. The modified Merton model can further improve Merton (1974)'s underestimation. The basic structural models including Merton (1974) and modified Merton can more comparatively catch the trend of movement of credit spreads than so-called extended models. The performance of recently developed structural models is not superior to the original Merton models. More accurate structural models must not only avoid underestimation but also improve the accuracy.
High resolution DAS via sinusoidal frequency scan OFDR (SFS-OFDR) (2015)

There are many advantages to using direct frequency modulation for OFDR based DAS. However, achieving sufficiently linear scan via direct frequency modulation is challenging and poses limits on the scan parameters. A novel method for analyzing sinusoidal frequency modulated light is presented and demonstrated for both static and dynamic sensing. SFS-OFDR projects the measured signal onto appropriate sinusoidal phase terms to obtain spatial information. Thus, by using SFS-OFDR on sinusoidal modulated light it is possible to make use of the many advantages offered by direct frequency modulation without the limitations posed by the linearity requirement.
Therapeutic Index of Gramicidin S is Strongly Modulated by <scp>d</scp>-Phenylalanine Analogues at the β-Turn (2009)

Analogues of the cationic antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S (GS), cyclo(Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro)2, with d-Phe residues replaced by different (restricted mobility, mostly) surrogates have been synthesized and used in SAR studies against several pathogenic bacteria. While all D-Phe substitutions are shown by NMR to preserve the overall beta-sheet conformation, they entail subtle structural alterations that lead to significant modifications in biological activity. In particular, the analogue incorporating D-Tic (1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) shows a modest but significant increase in therapeutic index, mostly due to a sharp decrease in hemolytic effect. The fact that NMR data show a shortened distance between the D-Tic aromatic ring and the Orn delta-amino group may help explain the improved antibiotic profile of this analogue.
Optimization of three‐ and four‐color multiparameter DNA analysis in lymphoma specimens (2003)

These advantageous features of DRAQ5 make it a reliable candidate for multiparameter clinical studies.
Alcohol counselling in a general hospital (1994)

In June 1992 The Scottish Office granted funding to the Department of Psychological Medicine at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh for the establishment of a two-year research study on the detection of 'problem drinkers' in the hospital. The authors were employed to set up a service that has evolved to encompass screening problem drinkers, implementing appropriate interventions and increasing staff awareness. In addition, developing their advisory roles and strengthening links with community-based alcohol agencies have been key elements of the initiative.
Rome and her client states in the east (1940)

(1940). Rome and her client states in the east. Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 201-210.
PHAP: Password based Hardware Authentication using PUFs (2012)

Hardware security is gaining significant importance with more emphasis on integrated circuit identification and authentication. To facilitate this process, Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have been proposed as a viable solution. Many of the existing PUF based authentication protocols help to authenticate the device and does not authenticate the user. Here, we present Password based Hardware Authentication using PUF (PHAP), a system that can distinguish between a trusted party and an adversary based on a simple user password during authentication. The hardware authentication is accomplished by providing a seed to a Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) in PHAP, whose output will serve as the final challenge for a PUF block. The seed is obtained by interleaving a shared secret key (session password) with an initial PUF response corresponding to the challenge sent by trusted authority for authentication. We also show that the time difference between real time execution of the system by a trusted party and simulation time by an adversary can be very large which is an attractive property of the new Simulation Possible but Laborious (SIMPL) systems. Our simulation results show that the probability of an adversary successfully attacking the system (by predicting user/session password) is very low (<;10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> %) for a given t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> (10 ms), where t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> is the time within which the response must be computed for valid authentication.
Interest Rate Variations, Mortgage Prepayments and Household Mobility (1987)

The volatility of interest rates and the deregulation of the mortgage lending sector have meant that many homeowners also own mortgages at terms more favorable than current interest rates. This paper presents a model of residential mobility decisions and an empirical analysis that evaluates the importance of the ownership of these mortgages upon the mobility of homeowners. The results, based upon proportional and nonproportional hazard models, indicate that these effects are quite large. The empirical analysis distinguishes between different regulatory regimes that govern the assumption of existing mortgages, and indicates the implications of these findings for the pricing and valuation of mortgage-backed securities. Copyright 1987 by MIT Press.
Interworking architecture between oneM2M service layer and underlying networks (2014)

In the realization of end-to-end Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications it is necessary to provide interworking architectures between the service layer platforms and underlying communication networks. The oneM2M and 3 GPP standards organizations have recently taken the initiative to develop such interworking architectures. This paper aims to provide an overall view of these interworking architectures, which enables exposure of various underlying network services for M2M applications running on top of the service layer, such as device triggering, device location, device management, etc.
Enzyme catalysed modification of synthetic polymers (1999)

The first example of an enzyme catalysed modification of the backbone of a synthetic polymer is described. An immobilised lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) catalyses the selective epoxidation of polybutadiene in organic solvents in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and catalytic quantities of acetic acid. The cis and trans alkene bonds of the backbone are epoxidised in yields of up to 60% whilst the pendent vinyl groups are untouched. The effect of varying a number of reaction parameters suggests that higher yields of epoxide could not be obtained because of the conformational properties of the partially epoxidised polymer. Application of this same enzymatic process to the Baeyer–Villiger reactions of poly(phenyl vinyl ketone) and poly(methyl vinyl ketone) were unsuccessful. The lack of reactivity was found to be a property of the polymers rather than of the enzymatic system.
The application of selective electroless plating for microelectronics applications (1990)

The feasibility of using electroless Nickel deposition for contact hole filling in Si VLSI technology has been demonstrated. The fundamentals of nickel plating are observed in the effects of such variables as temperature, nickel concentration and pH. Three types of electroless nickel solutions have been examined. In the first bath, the reducing agent was Nickel Hypophosphite, in the second, DMAB and in the third, Hydrazine. Pretreatment of the wafers involved immersing the wafers in an organic solvent. Surface topography and planarisation has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while the plating solution composition was investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).
Regulated Expression of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 by Specific Patterns of Neural Impulses (1995)

Development of the mammalian nervous system is regulated by neural impulse activity, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. If cell recognition molecules [for example, L1 and the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)] were influenced by specific patterns of impulse activity, cell-cell interactions controlling nervous system structure could be regulated by nervous system function at critical stages of development. Low-frequency electrical pulses delivered to mouse sensory neurons in culture (0.1 hertz for 5 days) down-regulated expression of L1 messenger RNA and protein (but not NCAM). Fasciculation of neurites, adhesion of neuroblastoma cells, and the number of Schwann cells on neurites was reduced after 0.1-hertz stimulation, but higher frequencies or stimulation after synaptogenesis were without effect.
A Policy-Definition Language and Prototype Implementation Library for Policy-based Autonomic Systems (2006)

This paper presents work towards generic policy toolkit support for autonomic computing systems in which the policies themselves can be adapted dynamically and automatically. The work is motivated by three needs: the need for longer-term policy-based adaptation where the policy itself is dynamically adapted to continually maintain or improve its effectiveness despite changing environmental conditions; the need to enable non autonomics-expert practitioners to embed self-managing behaviours with low cost and risk; and the need for adaptive policy mechanisms that are easy to deploy into legacy code. A policy definition language is presented; designed to permit powerful expression of self-managing behaviours. The language is very flexible through the use of simple yet expressive syntax and semantics and facilitates a very diverse policy behaviour space through both hierarchical and recursive uses of language elements. A prototype library implementation of the policy support mechanisms is described. The library reads and writes policies in well-formed XML script. The implementation extends the state of the art in policy-based autonomics through innovations which include support for multiple policy versions of a given policy type, multiple configuration templates and meta-policies to dynamically select between policy instances and templates. Most significantly, the scheme supports hot-swapping between policy instances. To illustrate the feasibility and generalised applicability of these tools, two dissimilar example deployment scenarios are examined. The first is taken from an exploratory implementation of self-managing parallel processing and is used to demonstrate the simple and efficient use of the tools.
Fast in‐memory XPath search using compressed indexes (2013)

Summary Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents consist of text data plus structured data (markup). XPath allows to query both text and structure. Evaluating such hybrid queries is challenging. We present a system for in‐memory evaluation of XPath search queries , that is, queries with text and structure predicates, yet without advanced features such as backward axes, arithmetics, and joins. We show that for this query fragment, which contains Forward Core XPath , our system, dubbed Succinct XML Self‐Index (‘SXSI’), outperforms existing systems by 1–3 orders of magnitude. SXSI is based on state‐of‐the‐art indexes for text and structure data. It combines two novelties. On one hand, it represents the XML data in a compact indexed form, which allows it to handle larger collections in main memory while supporting powerful search and navigation operations over the text and the structure. On the other hand, it features an execution engine that uses tree automata and cleverly chooses evaluation orders that leverage the speeds of the respective indexes. SXSI is modular and allows seamless replacement of its indexes. This is demonstrated through experiments with (1) a text index specialized for search of bio sequences, and (2) a word‐based text index specialized for natural language search. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal Radio-Frequency Instrumentation System (IRIS) Overview (2018)

Wireless instrumentation has long been sought for spaceflight applications, but practical implementations capable of providing the utility of wired sensors have proven elusive. The power needed to drive transmitters/receivers in traditional "active" wireless sensor radios requires either frequent battery replacement or prohibitive duty cycling. This prevents installing such sensors early in a vehicle's integration and treating them as always-on throughout its operation. "Passive" solutions such as radio frequency identification (RFID) techniques provide an appealing alternative, though most common RFID sensing approaches such as surface acoustic wave (SAW) RFID do not lend themselves easily to integrating arbitrary suites of sensors and sensor processors. In this talk we detail the design, fabrication, and evaluation of the Internal Radio-frequency Instrumentation System (IRIS), an RFID-enabled instrumentation solution that integrates an EPC Global Class 1 Generation 2 interface with processor-based wireless sensors. IRIS thermocouple sensors can operate in a low-power hibernation state with instantaneous over-the-air wakeup for nearly a decade on a small (255 mAh) coin cell battery. In their active state, they can acquire and stream 10 Hz data for more than 200 days. This allows wireless sensors to be installed and powered on early in vehicle integration and continue to operate after launch through a lengthy mission, opening the vehicle design trade space to wireless sensing in a meaningful and unprecedented way.
Recent Advances on Polypyrrole Electroactuators (2017)

Featuring controllable electrochemomechanical deformation and excellent biocompatibility, polypyrrole electroactuators used as artificial muscles play a vital role in the design of biomimetic robots and biomedical devices. In the past decade, tremendous efforts have been devoted to their optimization on electroactivity, electrochemical stability, and actuation speed, thereby gradually filling the gaps between desired capabilities and practical performances. This review summarizes recent advances on polypyrrole electroactuators, with particular emphases on novel counterions and conformation-reinforcing skeletons. Progress and challenges are comparatively demonstrated and critically analyzed, to enlighten future developments of advanced electroactuators based on polypyrrole and other conducting polymers.
Carbon capture and storage: physical, chemical, and biological methods (2015)

Sponsored by the Carbon Capture and Storage Task Committee of the Technical Committee on Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Engineering of the Environmental Council of EWRI.
Privacy Obfuscation with Bloom Filter for Effective Advertisement (2013)

Advertisements shown on web browser have been infiltrated into commerce on Internet. Especially, web sites with free contents such as news sites, shopping sites, game sites, etc. usually have advertisements instead of charge for users. Those sites have been evolved and have a method in which specific advertisements are effectively shown on users. Recent web sites collect personal information of users while storing logs of chosen items by the users on the sites, so that advertisements shown on browser will be related with favorites of users. Social Networking Service (SNS) is one of the best systems for collecting personal information for commercial use. However, personal information sometimes includes information of privacy. The information collected on the sites might be used for personal identification or identifying specific ideology. Therefore, I propose a method which obfuscates personal information for identification while keeping a certain accuracy of information for advertisement. It will act as a deterrent against elimination of people with specific ideology or against identification of a target for slandering.
Amoeboid leukocyte crawling through extracellular matrix: lessons from the<i>Dictyostelium</i>paradigm of cell movement (2001)

Cell movement within three-dimensional tissues is a cycling multistep process that requires the integration of complex biochemical and biophysical cell functions. Different cells solve this challenge differently, which leads to differences in migration strategies. Migration principles established for leukocytes share many characteristics with those described for ameba of the lower eukaryote Dictyostelium discoideum. The hallmarks of amoeboid movement include a simple polarized shape, dynamic pseudopod protrusion and retraction, flexible oscillatory shape changes, and rapid low-affinity crawling. Amoeboid crawling includes haptokinetic adhesion-dependent as well as biophysical migration mechanisms on or within many structurally and functionally different substrates. We describe central aspects of amoeboid movement in leukocytes and the implications for leukocyte crawling and positioning strategies within interstitial tissues.
A whole-body counter with an invariant response to radionuclide distribution and body size (1969)

The operation and characteristics of the Brookhaven 54-detector whole body counter and its associated computer facility are described. The counter is unique in that it incorporates the following properties: high sensitivity and spectral resolution, relative invariance of counting response to radionuclide distribution and body size of subject, and the ability to provide data on rapidly-translocating short-lived radionuclides. On the basis of the response of the individual detectors to a 'broad-beam' source of 137Cs, it is possible to obtain, empirically, correction factors for geometry and for absorption for each subject. The accuracy and precision of the in vivo measurements performed with this counter are presented for several clinical studies.
ENERGY ON CALL (1976)

There is a tremendous range of possible approaches and concepts for storing energy in electric utility systems. Of these, seven were selected for consideration in this article. These are hydro pumped storage, compressed-air storage, thermal storage, electrochemical (battery) storage, flywheel (inertial) storage, chemical (hydrogen) storage, and superconducting magnetic energy storage. The article reports on a study whose objectives included determining the amount and distribution of off-peak energy on a seasonal, weekly, and daily basis, estimating the amount of on-peak energy that could be supported by off-peak energy, determining duty cycles for energy-storage devices, and determining break-even costs for energy-storage devices so they can be compared economically. The relative attractiveness of various forms of energy storage are shown in a chart.