gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Nitric Oxide Production by Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH) in Murine Microglial Cells, BV2 (2004)

Background: Microglial cells, major immune effector cells in the central nervous system, become activated in neurodegenerative disorders. Activated microglial cells produce proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-(IL-). These proinflammatory mediators have been shown to be significantly increased in the neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzhimer's disease and Pakinson's disease. It was known that one of the neurodegeneration source is stress and it is important to elucidate mechanisms of the stress response for understanding the stress-related disorders and developing improved treatments. Because one of the neuropeptide which plays a main role in regulating the stress response is corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), we analyzed the regulation of NO release by CRH in BV2 murine microglial cell as macrophage in the brain. Methods: First, we tested the CRH receptor expression in the mRNA levels by RT-PCR. To test the regulation of NO release by CRH, cells were treated with CRH and then NO release was measured by Griess reagent assay. Results: Our study demonstrated that CRH receptor 1 was expressed in BV2 murine microglial cells and CRH treatment enhanced NO production. Furthermore, additive effects of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) and CRH were confirmed in NO production time dependantly. Conclusion: Taken together, these data indicated that CRH is an important mediator to regulate NO release on microglial cells in the brain during stress.
Polyimides Containing Trans-1,4-cyclohexane Unit. Polymerizability of their Precursors and Low-CTE, Low-K and High-Tg Properties (2003)

The structure-polymerizability relationship has been investigated in a series of polyimide (PI) precursor, poly(amic acid) systems obtained from trans-1,4-cyclohexanediamine (CHDA) and various dianhydrides. The results have shown that the systems examined in this work can be classified into three groups on the basis of the solubility of the salt formed at the initial reaction stage: (A) polymerization proceeds at room temperature via gradual salt dissolution; (B) polymerization is initiated upon heating at an appropriate temperature; (C) no reaction takes place under any conditions owing to the formation of completely insoluble salt. The polymerizability based on the salt solubility in each system was considered from the points of view of the strength of acid in an initially formed low-molecular weight amic acid and their steric structures. In order to improve the non-polymerizability in the systems of group C, sequencecontrolled copolymerization was carried out using a rod-like fluorinated diamine as a comonomer and this resulted in high-molecular weight CHDA-containing copoly(amic acid)s. The properties of a series of CHDA-based PIs have also been investigated. Some of them simultaneously achieved a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), a low dielectric constant (K), a high glass transition temperature (T 9 ) and good film flexibility The structure-property relationship indicates the molecular-design of low-K and low-CTE PI materials.
Of Greek Heroes, Wiggling Worms, Mighty Mice, and Old Body Builders (2011)

HERACLES (Hercules according to the Romans) was probably the earliest and greatest body builder of all times and, without doubt, the greatest hero of Greek mythology. His conception, the result of a brief affair between the supreme deity Zeus and a mortal woman, made Zeus's wife Hera furious. She surreptitiously inserted two deadly snakes into Heracle's crib. According to legend, that evening, a nurse found the delighted baby giggling and joyfully playing with a strangled serpent in each hand. Are stronger people already stronger at birth, as the Heracles legend seems to suggest? Is the destiny of our muscles already encoded in our genes (1)? Perhaps more importantly, what is the role of genetics as opposed to behavioral and environmental factors in the maintenance of muscle mass and strength with aging?
Monitoring of laser and freezinginduced ablation in the liver with T1‐weighted MR imaging (1992)

During both interstitial laser ablation therapy and cryoablation therapy for liver tumors, real-time monitoring is necessary for assessment of ongoing thermal effects in tissue. With single-section images obtained every 30 seconds with a T1-weighted RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement) sequence, signal intensity changes in both ex vivo and in vivo animal liver were readily seen. The reversible loss of signal intensity that took place during laser irradiation and the increased intensity at the beginning of cooling can be explained mainly by altered T1 due to temperature change. The frozen area was seen as a sudden decrease in signal intensity at 0 degrees C due to a T2 decrease. This preliminary work showed that the protocol provides enough temporal and temperature resolution to accurately depict the extent of thermal damage, as confirmed at histologic examination. Signal intensity decreased linearly with temperature in the range 10 degrees C-50 degrees C, yielding a pixel-to-pixel temperature resolution of 5.37 degrees C.
A current source model for CMOS logic cells considering multiple input switching and stack effect (2008)

This paper presents a current source model (CSM) of a CMOS logic cell, which captures simultaneous switching of multiple inputs while accounting for the effect of internal node voltages of the logic cell. Characterization procedures for various components of the proposed CSM are described and application of the model to output waveform computation is discussed. Experimental results to assess the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed multiple input switching CSM in the context of noise and timing analyses in VLSI circuits are reported.
Optimizing Angkak Pigments and Lovastatin Production By Monascus purpureus (2008)

Angkak pigments and lovastatin had been reported very useful as natural coloring agents, as an agent to increase thrombocyte level in Dengue hemorrhagic fever, and also as a compound that was able to control blood cholesterol level. Three strains of fungus Monascus purpureus AKI, AKII, and 915 were selected to produce angkak pigments and lovastatin in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The best fungus strain, which is AKII, was then applied in three kinds of rice media (white rice IR-42, red rice BP-1804-IF-9, and a combination of 1:1 (w/w) white IR-42 and red rice BP-1804-IF-9 for solid fermentation. The best medium and fermentation times were determined for the production of angkak pigments and lovastatin separately. Results showed that strains, media, and duration of fermentations gave significant effect on the amount of pigment produced. Strain AKII produced highest concentration of angkak pigments. The combination of rice (White IR-42 and red rice BP-1804-IF-9) produced the highest pigment than the individual white and red rie it self. The optimum duration of fermentation was 16 days for strains AKI and AKII, but only 15 days for strain 915. Therefore the strain AKII with media combination of rice and a fermentation time of 16 days were used to investigate the additional effect of various minerals. Addition of the mineral individually gave significant increased on angkak pigment production by AKII, where as the addition of minerals mixture in the forth tube did not.
Homozygote for Huntington disease. (1989)

Four offspring of three different Huntington disease (HD) affected x affected matings were assessed by genetic linkage analysis for possible homozygosity. One individual was found to have a 95% likelihood of being an HD homozygote. The homozygote individual had an age at onset and symptoms which were similar to those of affected HD heterozygote relatives, including some with younger onset. This confirms the observation of Wexler et al. that in HD the homozygote is not more severely afflicted than the heterozygote.
PHTHALIC ACID DERIVATIVES; CONSTITUTION AND COLOR, XI.<sup>1</sup> PHENOLTETRAIODOPHTHALEIN AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES. (1918)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPHTHALIC ACID DERIVATIVES; CONSTITUTION AND COLOR, XI.1 PHENOLTETRAIODOPHTHALEIN AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES.David S. Pratt and Asher F. ShuppCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1918, 40, 1, 254–264Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1918Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1918https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja02234a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02234a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views65Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dietary approaches reducing boar taint—Importance of<i>Lawsonia intracellularis</i>colonisation for interpreting results (2018)

In the fattening of male pigs, boar odour is a major problem with regard to the acceptance of the meat by consumers. Skatole can be one cause. Tryptophan from non-digested feed ingredients and intestinal cell debris can be the precursor in skatole formation. Lawsonia intracellularis, one of the most widespread pathogens in swine, promotes the epithelial cell turnover and might favour the tryptophan influx into the hindgut. Therefore, the question arises how far the severity of a Lawsonia intracellularis infection has an effect on results of dietary experiments with specific issues. Fifty finishing boars from a specific pathogen-free farm were randomly allotted to ten boxes in five feeding groups. Natural developing Lawsonia intracellularis colonisation was monitored serologically (twice individually) and molecular biologically (weekly individually). Over 4 weeks, animals were fed either a finely ground pelleted diet (FP), a coarsely ground meal diet (CM), a meal diet either with 22% cracked corn (CORN), 16.9% dried whey (WHEY) or 30% raw potato starch (RPS). Fifty % of animals showing lower differences in serological Lawsonia intracellularis values between the start and the end of the trial were characterised by a higher dry matter content in faeces (256 ± 29.4 vs. 239 ± 23.6 g/kg). Lawsonia intracellularis-negative caecal samples showed the highest butyrate concentrations (27.2 ± 7.53 mmol/kg). Lawsonia intracellularis-negative faecal samples of group FP showed the highest DM levels in faeces (neg: 290 ± 46.1/pos: 250 ± 52.2 g/kg); negative samples from group RPS had the lowest values (217 ± 24.4 g/kg). Lawsonia intracellularis-negative faecal samples from the group CM were lower in skatole than positive samples (82.8 ± 32.8 vs. 119 ± 29.3 μg/g DM). RPS group samples without pathogen detection had the lowest skatole concentrations (30.5 ± 36.3 μg/g DM). This study provides first evidence that clinically unremarkable colonisation with intestinal pathogens might influence the results of dietary approaches.
Regional Distribution of Economic Activity (1987)

Our starting point for discussing the regional distribution of economic activity within nations is the recognition that economists interested in the emergence and persistence of economic disparities between regions have drawn heavily on theories relevant for understanding international economic relations between countries. There are, of course, important differences between regions and sovereign nation states, but they are often differences of degree rather than kind. Critically important for a region is its openness and interdependence with other regions. This arises because of the generally greater importance of trade to the region compared with the nation but also because of its greater dependence on investment brought in from other regions. Regions within a nation also share a common currency and this removes the possibility of currency adjustments. Inevitably this puts more weight on internal price flexibility and factor mobility between regions as means by which regions adjust to economic circumstances than is the case with nations. The mobility of labour and capital is greater between regions than countries and as we shall see this has been a major route by which regions adjust to change.
Promoting Appreciation for Literature (1968)

To accept the notion "A love of good reading is more likely to be caught than taught," 1 is to contradict the claim "good books must be introduced to pupils in ways which help them to read with increasing ability to analyze and interpret and evaluate." Such a notion is also contrary to the statement, "The only ceiling on effective ways of bringing books and people together is the creative imagination of the adult who is the guide." Yet, these three quotes are taken from the same article-the first and third quotes having been juxtaposed and classified as a summary of "many books describing many techniques for reading guidance."
Scanning tunneling microscope with micrometer approach and thermal compensation (1987)

A scanning tunneling microscope that uses a micrometer coarse approach mechanism is described. The approach mechanism can be decoupled from the rest of the microscope to result in a thermally compensated instrument. Thirty minutes after establishing tunneling, lateral thermal drift in our instrument is down to 0.5 Å/min. Construction details of the microscope and high resolution images of pyrolytic graphite and 2H-NbSe2 samples are presented.
EFFICIENCY STUDIES OF A CONTINUOUS DIFFUSION APPARATUS FOR THE RECOVERY OF BETALAINES FROM THE RED TABLE BEET (1979)

ABSTRACT The stability of betalaines in beet tissue at 25°C and at simulated diffuser temperatures of 75°, 85° and 90°C under nitrogen and atmospheric conditions in combination with water and various levels of citric acid solutions was investigated. The major objectives of the model system studies were to inactivate endogenous oxidases which are firmly bound to the subcellular structure of the beet tissue and which may catalyze decoloration of the betalaines and to study betalaine stability during these treatments. Operations of the continuous counter‐current diffusion apparatus to recover betalaines from thinly sliced beets showed that an initial fill temperature of 85° C followed by a lower temperature (75° C) and a juice pH of 5.2 were best conditions if extraction of both red and yellow colorants were required. To optimize recovery of betacyanines, a slightly more acid pH of 4.8 was preferred. A 90% recovery of betacyanines under these conditions compared with a 71% recovery of betacyanines in previous work performed at 70–74°C at DH 5.5. Highest betaxanthine recovery of 80% was found at a juice pH of 6.0 and an initial fill temperature of 85° C. Higher initial extraction temperatures and proper acidification by the solvent tended to eliminate the need of N 2 for satisfactory recovery of the betalaines.
Efficacy of colchicine treatment in COVID-19 patients: A case-control study (2022)

Aim: Various clinical studies have been conducted on many alternative options in treating COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic process. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of colchicine treatment in patients hospitalized in clinical wards due to COVID-19.  Methods: The study was retrospectively planned between October 2020 and October 2021. A total of 110 cases who received colchicine + standard treatment (favipiravir + corticosteroid + anticoagulant + symptomatic treatment) were included in the study group. The control group included randomly selected 220 patients who received only standard treatment. All cases' demographic characteristics, features of antibiotic and corticosteroid treatment, comorbidities, and clinical courses were recorded. Patients who received treatment for less than three days due to COVID-19, patients aged >95 years and
Pulsed, high-current, in-line reversal electron attachment detector (1989)

A new, pulsed, high-current, in-line reversal electron attachment ionizer/detector is described. The ionizer is capable of delivering a beam of electrons into an electrostatic mirror field to form a planar wall of electrons having zero kinetic energy. Electron attachment to a molecular target at the reversal point produces either parent or fragment negative ions through a zero-energy (s-wave) state. The atomic or molecular ion is pulsed out of the attachment region approximately 2 μs after the electrons are pulsed off, and focused onto the entrance plane of a quadrupole mass analyzer. The sensitivity of the apparatus is preliminarily assessed, and its higher-energy behavior with regard to molecular attachment and ionization is described.
Indirect NFC-Login on a Non-NFC Device using an NFC-Smartphone (2013)

Smartcard based authentication on web services stays a niche application because of the lack of smartcard readers on the vast majority of internet devices. In this paper we discuss a method that uses an NFC-enabled Smartphone in order to login via NFC-enabled smartcard on basically any internet device. We explain the details of this method and analyze its security, deployability, and usability aspects.
Cognitive heuristics in software engineering applying and extending anchoring and adjustment to artifact reuse (2004)

The extensive literature on reuse in software engineering has focused on technical and organizational factors, largely ignoring cognitive characteristics of individual developers. Despite anecdotal evidence that cognitive heuristics play a role in successful artifact reuse, few empirical studies have explored this relationship. This paper proposes how a cognitive heuristic, called anchoring, and the resulting adjustment bias can be adapted and extended to predict issues that might arise when developers reuse code and/or designs. The research proposes that anchoring and adjustment can be manifested in three ways: propagation of errors in reuse artifacts, failure to include requested functionality absent from reuse artifacts, and inclusion of unrequested functionality present in reuse artifacts. Results from two empirical studies are presented. The first study examines reuse of object classes in a programming task, using a combination of practicing programmers and students. The second study uses a database design task with student participants. Results from both studies indicate that anchoring occurs. Specifically, there is strong evidence that developers tend to use the extraneous functionality in the artifacts they are reusing and some evidence of anchoring to errors and omissions in reused artifacts. Implications of these findings for both practice and future research are explored.
Real-Time Gas Identification by Analyzing the Transient Response of Capillary-Attached Conductive Gas Sensor (2010)

In this study, the ability of the Capillary-attached conductive gas sensor (CGS) in real-time gas identification was investigated. The structure of the prototype fabricated CGS is presented. Portions were selected from the beginning of the CGS transient response including the first 11 samples to the first 100 samples. Different feature extraction and classification methods were applied on the selected portions. Validation of methods was evaluated to study the ability of an early portion of the CGS transient response in target gas (TG) identification. Experimental results proved that applying extracted features from an early part of the CGS transient response along with a classifier can distinguish short-chain alcohols from each other perfectly. Decreasing time of exposition in the interaction between target gas and sensing element improved the reliability of the sensor. Classification rate was also improved and time of identification was decreased. Moreover, the results indicated the optimum interval of the early transient response of the CGS for selecting portions to achieve the best classification rates.
A novel skeletal drug delivery system for anti-bacterial drugs using self-setting hydroxyapatite cement. (1990)

To solve the problem of delivering drugs to skeletal tissue at high enough local concentrations for desirable therapeutic effects, we report a novel approach using a self-setting hydroxyapatite cement, with cephalexin and norfloxacin as model drugs. After setting, the cement was transformed into hydroxyapatite with affinity for hard bone tissue. Continuous in-vitro drug release profiles from loaded cement pellets (0.9-4.8% by weight) in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C followed the Higuchi equation.
A New Wideband, Low Insertion Loss, High Linearity SiGe RF Switch (2020)

This letter presents new wideband single-pole double-throw (SPDT) RF switches utilizing SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) for both series and shunt switches. SiGe HBT, when used as a series switch, exhibits small parasitic components compared to bulk CMOS, which improves insertion loss at high frequency and supports wider bandwidth. For a series switch, three configurations are proposed: using the collector as an input (CI), using the emitter as an input (EI), and using a combination of the two in an antiparallel (AP) fashion. While all three configurations exhibit similar performance, the SPDT switch with the EI SiGe HBT exhibits the best insertion loss and isolation achieving dc-to-above 110-GHz bandwidth, 2.5 dB of insertion loss, and 27.3 dB of isolation at 60 GHz. The SPDT switch with AP SiGe HBT pair exhibits the highest linearity, with 15.6 dBm of input 1-dB compression point (IP 1 dB) at 10 GHz. With 0.61 mW of power dissipation, these new SPDT switches using SiGe HBTs exhibit similar performance to silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS while obtaining higher power capability among conventional series-shunt SPDT designs.
Effect of Water Penetration on the Strength and Toughness of Silica Glass (2011)

In this paper, we discuss the effect of water on the strength and static fatigue of silica glass. When a crack is formed in silica glass, the surrounding environment rushes into the crack; water then diffuses from the environment into the newly formed fracture surfaces to generate a zone of swelling around the crack tip. Because the swollen material is constrained from expanding by the surrounding glass, a zone of compressive stress is generated at the fracture surface around the crack tip. The results are similar to those found for transformation toughened zirconium oxide, with the exception that the transformation zone in silica glass grows with time, so that the effect gets progressively stronger. Using diffusion data from the literature, we show that the diffusion of water into silica glass can explain several significant experimental observations: the reported strengthening of silica glass by soaking in water at 88°C; an increase in the slope of dynamic fatigue curve by prior exposure to water at 88°C; the observation of a static fatigue limit in silica glass at very low values of the applied stress‐intensity factor; and the observation of crack face displacements caused by water penetration into the glass at the crack tip.