gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Road Weather Information through Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (2007)

Vehicle infrastructure integration (VII) represents a concept with the potential to aid in the reduction of weather-related accidents on U.S. roadways while increasing surface transportation mobility and efficiency. Technological advancements in the automotive and telecommunications industries have resulted in the ability of vehicles to acquire and use high temporal- and spatial-resolution information associated with environmental and roadway conditions. VII would enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications through dedicated short-range communications (wireless radio communication at 5.9 GHz). This capability could potentially serve as a means of gathering and distributing vehicle data in support of applications and products designed to diagnose and predict road weather conditions. It is believed that the inclusion of VII-enabled data in road weather applications will improve weather and road condition analyses and forecasts. A summary is given of vehicle data elements that are likely to contribute to development and improvement of road weather products. A synopsis of probable VII product enhancements is provided, along with examples of how vehicle data can be used in the application development process. Developing a broad understanding of how to use vehicle data properly will require a significant amount of research. Research needs aimed at addressing the technical issues and barriers associated with the use of VII-enabled data are discussed.
Signal Processing in the TGF-β Superfamily Ligand-Receptor Network (2006)

The TGF-beta pathway plays a central role in tissue homeostasis and morphogenesis. It transduces a variety of extracellular signals into intracellular transcriptional responses that control a plethora of cellular processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. We use computational modeling to show that coupling of signaling with receptor trafficking results in a highly versatile signal-processing unit, able to sense by itself absolute levels of ligand, temporal changes in ligand concentration, and ratios of multiple ligands. This coupling controls whether the response of the receptor module is transient or permanent and whether or not different signaling channels behave independently of each other. Our computational approach unifies seemingly disparate experimental observations and suggests specific changes in receptor trafficking patterns that can lead to phenotypes that favor tumor progression.
Light-emitting diode device from a luminescent organocopper(I) compound (1999)

A highly luminescent tetranuclear copper(I) compound, ]Cu 4(C≡CPh) 4L 2] (Cu 4) ]L = 1,8-his(diphenylphosphino)3,6-dioxaoctane], was used as an emitting material for fabrication of light-emitting diode (LED) devices. The Cu 4 doped poly(vinyl carbazole) device displays electroluminescence (λ(max) = 520 nm) that is similar in energy to the photoluminescence recorded in dichloromethane. The device characteristics and mechanism of electroluminescence have been studied.
Velocity filters for multiple interference attenuation in geophysical array data (1988)

The problem of velocity filtering a record of seismic data with the objective of extracting a desired signal by attenuating the coherent interferences traveling at different velocities is considered. A two-dimensional (N-input (N-M+1)-output) processing scheme is used where the (N-M+1) output traces are generated from the N-input traces by multichannel processing of overlapping subsets of M-input races. Each output is generated by using a vector of multichannel arrays filters designed to attenuate multiple coherent interference and random noise. The two-dimensional frequency-wavenumber expression corresponding to the proposed multiple-input-multiple-output processing scheme is derived so that it can be implemented using the two-dimensional fast Fourier transform. Two illustrative examples are included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A formulation of tissue- and water-equivalent materials using the stoichiometric analysis method for CT-number calibration in radiotherapy treatment planning (2012)

Tissue- and water-equivalent materials (TEMs) are widely used in quality assurance and calibration procedures, both in radiodiagnostics and radiotherapy. In radiotherapy, particularly, the TEMs are often used for computed tomography (CT) number calibration in treatment planning systems. However, currently available TEMs may not be very accurate in the determination of the calibration curves due to their limitation in mimicking radiation characteristics of the corresponding real tissues in both low- and high-energy ranges. Therefore, we are proposing a new formulation of TEMs using a stoichiometric analysis method to obtain TEMs for the calibration purposes. We combined the stoichiometric calibration and the basic data method to compose base materials to develop TEMs matching standard real tissues from ICRU Report 44 and 46. First, the CT numbers of six materials with known elemental compositions were measured to get constants for the stoichiometric calibration. The results of the stoichiometric calibration were used together with the basic data method to formulate new TEMs. These new TEMs were scanned to validate their CT numbers. The electron density and the stopping power calibration curves were also generated. The absolute differences of the measured CT numbers of the new TEMs were less than 4 HU for the soft tissues and less than 22 HU for the bone compared to the ICRU real tissues. Furthermore, the calculated relative electron density and electron and proton stopping powers of the new TEMs differed by less than 2% from the corresponding ICRU real tissues. The new TEMs which were formulated using the proposed technique increase the simplicity of the calibration process and preserve the accuracy of the stoichiometric calibration simultaneously.
Data synchronization between adjacent user devices for personal cloud computing (2012)

This paper describes ad hoc data synchronization among devices for sharing contents. The purpose of this paper is to share user data in heterogeneous environments, without depending on central server. This technology can be applied to synchronize personal data between a device and a personal cloud storage for personal cloud services. The ad hoc synchronization needs sync agent service discovery module, user authentication module, network adapter, and application data synchronization module. The method described in this paper is better than existing synchronization technology based on client-server in availability, performance, and scalability quality attributes.
Effect of cyanamide and DNOC/oil on budbreak, yield and fruit size of Golden Delicious apples (1989)

Calcium cyanamide (CaCN2), hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) and DNOC/oil (dinitro-o-cresol/oil emulsion) were evaluated as rest-breaking agents on Golden Delicious apples during two seasons and in two climatic zones. In the moderate climatic zone, a double and single application of DNOC/oil gave significant improvements in vegetative budbreak and the highest concentration of calcium cyanamide gave a significant improvement in yield relative to the control. In the marginal zone, most treatments significantly increased vegetative budbreak and fruit set but no treatment significantly increased the final yield relative to the control. Considering both cost and efficiency, DNOC/oil applied at the correct time and concentration should be the rest-breaking agent used on mature Golden Delicious trees.
Stefan-Boltzmann Radiation on Non-convex Surfaces (1997)

We consider the stationary heat equation for a non-convex body with Stefan–Boltzmann radiation condition on the surface. The main virtue of the resulting problem is non-locality of the boundary condition. Moreover, the problem is non-linear and in the general case also non-coercive and non-monotone. We show that the boundary value problem has a maximum principle. Hence, we can prove the existence of a weak solution assuming the existence of upper and lower solutions. In the two dimensional case or when a part of the radiation can escape the system we obtain coercivity and stronger existence result. © 1997 by B.G. Teubner Stuttgart-John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of mitochondrial permeability transition in taurine deficiency-induced apoptosis. (2011)

It has recently been shown that taurine deficiency leads to impaired respiratory chain function, resulting in reduced ATP generation and enhanced oxidative stress. Because cardiomyopathy develops in taurine-deficient animals, the hypothesis that mitochondrial oxidative stress may contribute to the development of cardiomyocyte dysfunction and cell death was tested. Isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes incubated in medium containing the taurine transport inhibitor, beta-alanine, lost nearly one-half of their cellular taurine content after 48 h. Accompanying the loss of taurine was a time-dependent increase in apoptosis, which was prevented by the mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor, cyclosporin A. Two taurine-dependent factors, oxidative stress and calcium overload, serve as important regulators of the mitochondrial permeability transition. Although taurine deficiency slowed the removal of calcium from the cytosol, it had no effect on diastolic calcium content and only modestly reduced systolic calcium content, suggesting that calcium overload is not the trigger for mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation. On the other hand, the glutathione redox ratio was significantly altered in the taurine-deficient cardiomyocyte, suggesting that oxidative stress is the primary initiator of mitochondrial permeability transition and apoptosis in the taurine-deficient cardiomyocyte.
Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (2010)

Waveguide-based cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRD) can be used for quantitative measurements of chemical concentrations in small amounts of liquid, in gases or in films. The change in ring-down time can be correlated to analyte concentration when using fiber optic sensing elements that change their attenuation in dependence of either sample absorption or refractive index. Two types of fiber cavities, i.e., fiber loops and fiber strands containing reflective elements, are distinguished. Both types of cavities were coupled to a variety of chemical sensor elements, which are discussed and compared.
High Melting Temperature Lead Free Solder for Die Attach Application (2011)

Two lead free solders were developed for die attach application. The bismuth based solder has a melt temperature of 271C and thermal conductivity of 18W/mK. The zinc based solder has a melt temperature of 337C and thermal conductivity of 85W/mK. Both solders have acceptable wetting on bare copper and nickel plated copper substrate, could be processed using modified high lead solder process condition and survived 260C board level reflow simulation. This paper discusses the solder material properties, and presents the die attach process and reliability test results in a manufacturing environment.
A Survey of Communications and Networking Technologies for Energy Management in Buildings and Home Automation (2012)

With the exploding power consumption in private households and increasing environmental and regulatory restraints, the need to improve the overall efficiency of electrical networks has never been greater. That being said, the most efficient way to minimize the power consumption is by voluntary mitigation of home electric energy consumption, based on energy-awareness and automatic or manual reduction of standby power of idling home appliances. Deploying bi-directional smart meters and home energy management (HEM) agents that provision real-time usage monitoring and remote control, will enable HEM in “smart households.” Furthermore, the traditionally inelastic demand curve has began to change, and these emerging HEM technologies enable consumers (industrial to residential) to respond to the energy market behavior to reduce their consumption at peak prices, to supply reserves on a as-needed basis, and to reduce demand on the electric grid. Because the development of smart grid-related activities has resulted in an increased interest in demand response (DR) and demand side management (DSM) programs, this paper presents some popular DR and DSM initiatives that include planning, implementation and evaluation techniques for reducing energy consumption and peak electricity demand. The paper then focuses on reviewing and distinguishing the various state-of-the-art HEM control and networking technologies, and outlines directions for promoting the shift towards a society with low energy demand and low greenhouse gas emissions. The paper also surveys the existing software and hardware tools, platforms, and test beds for evaluating the performance of the information and communications technologies that are at the core of future smart grids. It is envisioned that this paper will inspire future research and design efforts in developing standardized and user-friendly smart energy monitoring systems that are suitable for wide scale deployment in homes.
Genomic Changes of Chagas Disease Vector, South America (2004)

We analyzed the main karyologic changes that have occurred during the dispersion of Triatoma infestans, the main vector of Chagas disease. We identified two allopatric groups, named Andean and non-Andean. The Andean specimens present C-heterochromatic blocks in most of their 22 chromosomes, whereas non-Andean specimens have only 4-7 autosomes with C-banding. These heterochromatin differences are the likely cause of a striking DNA content variation (approximately 30%) between Andean and non-Andean insects. Our study, together with previous historical and genetic data, suggests that T. infestans was originally a sylvatic species, with large quantities of DNA and heterochromatin, inhabiting the Andean region of Bolivia. However, the spread of domestic T. infestans throughout the non-Andean regions only involved insects with an important reduction of heterochromatin and DNA amounts. We propose that heterochromatin and DNA variation mainly reflected adaptive genomic changes that contribute to the ability of T. infestans to survive, reproduce, and disperse in different environments.
A Vocabulary Frequency Count: Based on Three Leading West German Newspapers (1970)

In the MLA Study of 1924-1928, considerable effort was devoted to the formulation of instructional objectives of modern foreign languages. Among the many results that came of this study were badly needed vocabulary counts in French, German, and Spanish which were used for the development of language curricula, reading materials and objective tests. [The earliest frequency count of this type was Kaeding's Hi~ufigkeitsw6rterbuch der deutschen Sprache (1898). Later investigations were Volume Nine of the MLA Study (1924-1928), which was based on Kaeding's study; the Chicago German Frequency List (1925); the New York State Basic Word List (1933); Vail's Basic Word and Idiom List (1933); the AATG study of Wadepuhl and Morgan (1934); and Purin's A Standard German Vocabulary (1937).] However, these eminently useful frequency counts can hardly be considered valid today in view of the changed goals and objectives in FL teaching.
Galvinoxyl as scavenger in the radical polymerization of styrene initiated by AIBN (1988)

Abstract The initiation of the polymerization of styrene by AIBN has been studied at 59, 8°C and 69, 9°C, using Galvinoxyl as a free radical scavenger, by spectrophotometric means. Rates of 7×10 −9 and 2×10 −8 mol·1 −1 · s −1 have been measured for the scavengeable free radicals formation in the initiation process of the thermal polymerization of pure styrene, respectively. Values of 6×10 −6 s −1 and 2, 4×10 −5 s −1 have been obtained for the rate constants of production of scavengeable pairs of free radicals (kdf) from AIBN assuming an ideal kinetic scheme.
A switched wavelength optical pulse source for wavelength division multiplexed applications (2000)

Summary form only given.Variable wavelength actively mode-locked fiber ring lasers are attracting great interest for a variety of applications. In such lasers, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG's) form a convenient means to realize wavelength tuning or switching. The laser demonstrated recently has overcome disadvantages by incorporating a cavity whose lengths for all wavelengths selected by a set of discrete gratings are intrinsically identical. However, such a scheme suffers from a longer cavity and less efficient use of power because of the inclusion of a 50:50 coupler.
Activation of the Human Ah Receptor by Aza-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Halogenated Derivatives. (2003)

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor through which dioxins and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause altered gene expression and toxicity. Ten aza-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (aza-PAHs), consisting of nitrogen substituted naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, chrysenes, and benzo[a]pyrenes (BaPs), were subjected to analysis of their structure-activity relationships as an AhR ligand by using a yeast AhR signaling assay, in which AhR ligand activity was evaluated as lacZ units. Most of the aza-PAHs showed similar or more potent AhR ligand activities than the corresponding parent PAHs. About a 100-fold increased in ligand activity was observed in 10-azaBaP compared with BaP. Halogen-substitution effects on AhR ligand activity in aza-polycyclic aromatics were also investigated with quinoline, benzo[f]quinoline (BfQ), benzo[h]quinoline (BhQ) and 1,7-phenanthroline (1,7-Phe). Position-specific induction of AhR ligand activity was observed in aza-tricyclic aromatic compounds, BfQ, BhQ, and 1,7-Phe, and the ratio of the ligand activities (lacZ units/microM) of monochlorinated and monobrominated aza-tricyclic aromatic compounds to those of the corresponding parent non-halogenated compounds ranged from 2.2- to 254-fold. Greatest enhancement of ligand activity was observed in 2-brominated BfQ (2-Br-BfQ), and its ligand activity was higher than that of BaP. These results suggest that even monohalogenation markedly enhances AhR ligand activity in aza-PAHs.
An enzymic, reaction-rate assay for serum creatinine with a centrifugal analyzer. (1982)

We describe a procedure for specific, rapid, kinetic determination of creatinine, in which a manual coupled-enzyme micro-scale assay is adapted to a centrifugal analyzer. The creatinine reaction is ultimately linked to NADH utilization, which is measured by the absorbance change at 340 nm. This procedure requires 15 microL of serum and the standard curve is linear to a creatinine concentration of 200 mg/L. A four-point kinetic algorithm allows the dynamic range of the assay to be extended without sacrificing sensitivity, and makes a separate serum blank unnecessary. The within-run precision (CV) for samples with a creatinine concentration of 11 and 52 mg/L was 5.6 and 2.4%, respectively; day-to-day CV for a creatinine concentration of 11 mg/L was 7.7% (n = 21). We compared this procedure with a kinetic Jaffé procedure, with excellent agreement (r = 0.996; y = 0.96x + 2.4 mg/L). Bilirubin, non-esterified fatty acids, and ketone bodies do not affect creatinine determinations by this method; thus the method is especially useful for monitoring the renal function of diabetics.
Electromagnetic scattering from the spherical Luneberg lens (1994)

This study presents a newly developed technique for obtaining the theoretical scattering characteristics of the Luneberg lens. Generally, such calculations are approximated by using multi-layered, concentric sphere models. Here the Fredholm Integral Method (FIM) has been applied to the scattering problem, involving a single inhomogeneous sphere, where the refractive index of the sphere varies with radial distance from its centre. Comparisons are presented between scattering from the Luneberg lens, modeled by 3-, 5- and 10-layered spheres and by the FIM technique, for k0a values in the range 1.0 to 5.0. A comparison is also given, at k0a = 5.0 , with a differential equation solution.
Encapsulation of hydrogen storage alloy by polymer. (1991)

The behavior of encapsulated LaNi5, a typical hydrogen storage alloy, was investigated with the aim of improving unfavorable behavior such as disintegration. A sieved fraction (250/400 mesh) of LaNi5 particles was encapsulated with polystyrene (polymerization degree 1000–1400). The effect of polystyrene/LaNi5 weight ratio (0.015, 0.075, 0.15 and 0.30) on the material characteristics was investigated by using an absorption-desorption apparatus. The number of activation pretreatment increased with increasing of the polystyrene/LaNi5 ratio. The absorption capacity was not influenced by the encapsulating treatment. The initial absorption rate decreased with increasing polystyrene/LaNi5 ratio. Disintegration did not occur in the range of polystyrene/LaNi5 ratio larger than 0.15. From these results, the optimum ratio was found to be 0.15.
Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor-mediated Uptake Is Defective in Acid Sphingomyelinase-deficient Macrophages (2004)

Progressive accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages is a hallmark of the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-deficient forms of Niemann-Pick disease (i.e. Types A and B NPD). To investigate the mechanisms underlying enzyme replacement therapy for this disorder, we studied the uptake of recombinant, human ASM (rhASM) by alveolar macrophages from ASM knock-out (ASMKO) mice. The recombinant enzyme used for these studies was produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells and contained complex type, N-linked oligosaccharides. Binding of radiolabeled, rhASM to the ASMKO macrophages was enhanced as compared with normal macrophages, consistent with their larger size and increased surface area. However, internalization of the enzyme by the ASMKO cells was markedly reduced when compared with normal cells. Studies using receptor-specific ligands to inhibit enzyme uptake revealed that in normal cells rhASM was taken up by a combination of mannose and mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MR and M6PR, respectively), whereas in the ASMKO cells the M6PR had a minimal role in rhASM uptake. Expression of M6PR mRNA was normal in the ASMKO cells, although Western blotting revealed more receptors in these cells when compared with normal. We therefore hypothesized that lipid accumulation in ASMKO macrophages led to abnormalities in M6PR trafficking and/or degradation, resulting in reduced enzyme uptake. Consistent with this hypothesis, we also found that, when rhASM was modified to expose terminal mannose residues and target mannose receptors, the uptake of this modified enzyme form by ASMKO cells was approximately 10-fold greater when compared with the "complex" type rhASM. These findings have important implications for NPD enzyme replacement therapy, particularly in the lung.