gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Configurable Multi-Precision CNN Computing Framework Based on Single Bit RRAM (2019)

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) play a vital role in machine learning. Emerging resistive random-access memories (RRAMs) and RRAM-based Processing-In-Memory architectures have demonstrated great potentials in boosting both the performance and energy efficiency of CNNs. However, restricted by the immature process technology, it is hard to implement and fabricate a CNN accelerator chip based on multi-bit RRAM devices. In addition, existing single bit RRAM based CNN accelerators only focus on binary or ternary CNNs which have more than 10% accuracy loss compared with full precision CNNs. This paper proposes a configurable multi-precision CNN computing framework based on single bit RRAM, which consists of an RRAM computing overhead aware network quantization algorithm and a configurable multi-precision CNN computing architecture based on single bit RRAM. The proposed method can achieve equivalent accuracy as full precision CNN but also with lower storage consumption and latency via multiple precision quantization. The designed architecture supports for accelerating the multi-precision CNNs even with various precision among different layers. Experiment results show that the proposed framework can reduce 70% computing area and 75% computing energy on average, with nearly no accuracy loss. And the equivalent energy efficiency is 1.6 ~ 8.6× compared with existing RRAM based architectures with only 1.07% area overhead.
Identification of two taurine receptor subtypes on the primary afferent terminal of frog spinal cord (1988)

1. Effects of taurine on primary afferent terminals in the frog spinal cord were examined by a sucrose-gap method applied to a dorsal root (9th or 10th segment). 2. In a normal Ringer solution, taurine (1 mM, applied for 5s at a rate of 0.04 ml s-1, 0.2 mumol) caused a hyperpolarization, but a higher concentration (10 mM, applied at the same rate, 2.0 mumol) caused a biphasic response consisting of a hyperpolarization followed by a slow onset depolarization. A similar biphasic response could also be observed in tetrodotoxin-treated preparations. 3. When the concentration of extracellular Mg2+ was increased up to 9.0 mM, the depolarizing response to taurine was augmented. The rate of the augmentation was dependent upon the extracellular Mg2+ concentration. 4. The depolarizing effect was selectively antagonized by bicuculline in concentrations (10-30 microM) that had no significant antagonizing action on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced depolarization. On the other hand the hyperpolarizing effect of taurine was selectively reduced by strychnine (0.1 microM) which had no antagonizing effect on responses to glycine. 5. These results suggest that in the frog spinal cord there are at least two subtypes of taurine receptor whose pharmacological profiles resemble GABA and glycine receptors in the mammalian central nervous system, and whose sensitivity may be modulated by extracellular Mg2+.
Prolonged Survival of Glutaraldehyde-Treated Skin Homografts (1971)

Treatment of mouse skin homografts in vitro with glutaraldehyde prolonged their average survival time from 12.4 to 39.2 days, presumably because the reagent became covalently bound to the histocompatibility antigen sites (or in their close vicinity) and shielded them from the immune apparatus of the recipient. The attachment to skin of the inert polymer poly((L)-lysine) via this bifunctional reagent increased the average survival time to 52.9 days. The simplicity and versatility of this approach might make it possible to screen a large number of reagents that can bind covalently to tissue constituents under physiological conditions. It seems possible that a particular treatment leading to a new contact surface in the transplant might favor the acceptance of homografts as well as of heterografts.
A European perspective on composite reconfigurable radio networks [Guest editorial] (2006)

Immense research and development effort is still being dedicated to the development of technologies for the future wireless world. This work delivers a powerful and affordable, high-speed, wireless access infrastructure. Currently, the wireless access landscape includes mobile communications (second through fourth generations, 2G/2.5G/3G/ 3.5G/4G), wireless local/metropolitan area networks (WLANs/WMANs), wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and short-range communications, as well as digital video/audio broadcasting (DVB/DAB). This infrastructure derives from the work conducted in the context of basic and applied research initiatives, different fora, as well as standardization and regulation bodies.
Recognition of Human Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) by Therapeutic Antibody Fragment (2012)

Human tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) exists in its functional state as a homotrimeric protein and is involved in inflammation processes and immune response of a human organism. Overproduction of TNF-α results in the development of chronic autoimmune diseases that can be successfully treated by inhibitors such as monoclonal antibodies. However, the nature of antibody-TNF-α recognition remains elusive due to insufficient understanding of its molecular driving forces. Therefore, we studied the energetics of binding of a therapeutic antibody fragment (Fab) to the native and non-native forms of TNF-α by employing calorimetric and spectroscopic methods. Global thermodynamic analysis of data obtained from the corresponding binding and urea-induced denaturation experiments has been supported by structural modeling. We demonstrate that the observed high affinity binding of Fab to TNF-α is an enthalpy-driven process due mainly to specific noncovalent interactions taking place at the TNF-α-Fab binding interface. It is coupled to entropically unfavorable conformational changes and accompanied by entropically favorable solvation contributions. Moreover, the three-state model analysis of TNF-α unfolding shows that at physiological concentrations, TNF-α may exist not only as a biologically active trimer but also as an inactive monomer. It further suggests that even small changes of TNF-α concentration could have a considerable effect on the TNF-α activity. We believe that this study sets the energetic basis for understanding of TNF-α inhibition by antibodies and its unfolding linked with the concentration-dependent activity regulation.
Stimulation of the secretion of luteinizing hormone by ginsenoside-Rb1 in male rats. (2003)

Ginsenoside-Rb1 is one of the pharmacologically active components of ginseng, the dry root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine. Ginseng enhanced mounting behaviour of male rats and increased sperm counts in rabbit testes. Some experimental results suggested no sex hormone-like function in ginseng but probably gonadotropin-like action. The present study was to explore the effect of ginsenoside-Rb1 on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) both in vivo and in vitro. Male rats were orchidectomized (Orch) for 2 weeks or subjected to swim training for 1 week before catheterization via the right jugular vein. They were intravenously injected with ginsenoside-Rb1 (10 microg/kg) or saline at 15 min prior to a challenge of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or 10 min-swim. Blood samples were collected at several time intervals following intravenous injection of ginsenoside-Rb1. In the in vitro experiment, male rats were decapitated and their anterior pituitary gland (APs) were either bisceted or enzymatically dispersed. The hemi-APs were preincubated with Locke's medium at 37 degrees C for 90 min and then incubated with Locke's medium containing ginsenoside-Rb1 (10(-7) - 10(-4) M) for 30 min. The dispersed AP cells (1 x 1(5) cells per well) were primed with dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 10(-8) M) for 3 days, and then challenged with ginsenoside-Rbl (10(-6) and 10(-5) M, n = 8) for 3 h. The concentrations of LH or testosterone in samples were measured by radioimmunoassays. Administration of ginsenoside-Rb1 did not alter the levels of plasma LH in both intact and Orch rats but significantly increased plasma LH concentration at the termination of the 10 min swimming exercise. Administration of ginsenoside-Rb1 resulted in a lower testosterone response to GnRH challenge or swimming exercise as compared with saline-treated rats. Ginsenoside-Rb1 dose-dependently increased the release of LH from both hemi-AP tissues and the DHT-primed dispersed AP cells in vitro. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rb1 increases LH secretion by acting directly on rat AP cells.
The Anisotropic Gaussian Kernel for SVM Classification of HRCT Images of the Lung (2005)

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) produces lung images with a high level of detail which makes it suitable for diagnosis of diffuse lung diseases. Segmentation of abnormal lung patterns is a necessary stage in the construction of a computer-aided diagnosis system. We interpret lung patterns as textures and develop a texture classification technique for segmentation of lung patterns. The wavelet transform is used to extract texture features and then the support vector machines (SVM) machine learning algorithm is applied to texture classification. The parameters of the SVM play a crucial role in the performance of the algorithm. We apply gradient-based optimization of the radius/margin bound of a generalization error to tune parameters of the SVM algorithm. We compare the performance of isotropic and anisotropic Gaussian kernels and study the applicability of the radius/margin bound to tuning parameters of the SVM algorithm on the problem of lung pattern classification.
Fuel System Requirements for Light Aircraft Turbocharged Reciprocating Engines (1974)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Due to the desire to fly light aircraft higher and faster, the turbocharged reciprocating engine has been developed. The turbocharger supplies more air to the engine at increased manifold pressure and temperature than a naturally aspirated engine can breathe, thus producing more horsepower. When different powers are selected from a turbocharged engine, manifold pressure and temperature changes occur very rapidly. Operating a turbocharged engine also produces problems in engine cooling and detonation.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The fuel system for the turbocharged engine, while similar to those on naturally aspirated engines, must be more intricate to compensate for the above mentioned conditions.</div>
Programmable vector-matrix multipliers for artificial neural networks (1989)

A vector matrix multiply operation is a general function needed for the vast majority of neural network algorithms.
New Human Microvascular Endothelial Cell Lines with Specific Adhesion Molecules Phenotypes (2002)

Vascular endothelial cells recognize blood-borne circulating cells and allow them to extravasate in a tissue-specific manner. Because this property determines the selectivity of lymphocyte homing, it is fundamental in physiological as well as pathological processes (inflammation, autoimmune diseases, metastasis). As a tool to assess the molecular basis of endothelium selectivity, microvascular endothelial cell lines of distinct tissue origin were established. Endothelial cells, isolated from lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes and appendix) and from nonlymphoid immune sites--intestine, lung, and skin--were immortalized in vitro. Their general endothelial characteristics, such as the presence of von Willebrand factor (wWf), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), VE-cadherin, and the intracellular E-selectin, were preserved. This article shows that these cell lines display phenotypic characteristics related to their tissue origin. Hence, endothelial cells from lymph nodes expressed peripheral lymph node addressins (PNAds). Endothelial cells from nonlymphoid tissues were ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and CD49e positive, whereas P-selectin was not equally distributed among the cell lines. Endothelial cells from mucosal sites reacted with antibody against human MAdCAM-1 (mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule). In the adhesion test, lymphoid and myeloid cells adhere to endothelial cell lines in a distinct manner. These lines could be useful to study molecular mechanisms involved in tissue-specific cell-cell interaction.
The influence of IL-2 family cytokines on activation and function of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (2008)

IL-2 is essential for CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3+ (FoxP3+) naturally occurring regulatory T cell (Treg) homeostasis and activation. Binding of IL-2 to its receptor leads to phosphorylation of STAT5, and binding of phosphorylated STAT5 to the foxp3 promoter increases foxp3 transcription, resulting in elevated levels of FoxP3 protein in Tregs. Transcriptional regulation by the elevated levels of FoxP3 is thought to be essential for the strong suppressor function seen in activated Tregs. IL-2 belongs to a family cytokines, which all depend on the common gamma-receptor chain (gammac). Given the well-documented effects of IL-2 on Treg function, the effect of other IL-2 family cytokines (IL-7, -15, and -21) on Tregs was examined. We observed that IL-7 and IL-15 induce STAT5 phosphorylation and up-regulation of FoxP3 in Tregs. STAT5 activation correlated with enhanced viability. However, only in the presence of IL-2 did Tregs acquire potent suppressor function. This finding is surprising, as IL-15 as well as IL-2 use the same IL-2R betac and gammac for signaling. In contrast, IL-21 activated STAT3 but did not activate STAT5 and had no effect on Treg viability, activation, or function. We therefore conclude that phosphorylation of STAT5, mediated through the IL-2Rgamma, promotes Treg survival in a resting and activated state. However, activation of STAT5 alone in conjunction with TCR signaling is not sufficient for the induction of potent suppressor function in Tregs, as IL-7 and IL-15 are not capable of inducing potent Treg suppressor function.
A moment method for analyzing breakthrough curves of step inputs (1999)

This paper presents a new and simple moment method for analyzing breakthrough curves for step inputs. An advantage of moment analyses, in general, is that the underlying physical model is not needed, unlike other techniques such as fitting convective (or advective) dispersion equations. Therefore moment calculations allow multispecies (such as partitioning tracers) to be considered in one, two, or three dimensions. Previous analyses using moments have emphasized the response for a pulse input. Generally, the travel (residence) time is of importance, and previous solution techniques do not perform well for long pulse or step inputs. In this paper the presented method is used to analyze breakthrough curves for step inputs, and the results are compared to fitted analytical solutions for the one‐dimensional convection dispersion equation. Only negligible differences between the new moment method and the fitted analytical solutions are found for both simulated and experimental data. Superior performance over previous methods used for evaluating moments for step inputs is demonstrated.
<i>DROSOPHILA</i> POLYRIBOSOMES (1970)

Two populations of polyribosomes have been isolated from third instar larvae of D. melanogaster. One population appeared to be soluble while the second seemed membrane-bound. Short-term labeling of the two RNP fractions with radioactive nucleic acid and protein precursors was achieved by using a feeding stimulant. RNA was extracted from both polyribosomal fractions following 25, 40, and 60 min of in vivo uridine-(3)H incorporation. Soluble polyribosomes exhibited more rapid uptake of uridine into ribosomal and heterogeneous RNA fractions than did membrane-bound polyribosomes at comparable time periods. In vivo amino acid incorporation into the two polyribosomal populations was examined after 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 min of incubation in leucine-(3)H. In this case, the membrane-bound polyribosomes reached a higher specific activity than did the soluble ones. These functional differences confirmed the observation, based on cellular fractionation studies, that the two classes of polyribosomes represented functionally distinct populations. These data have been compared with those from studies on other metazoan systems. In addition, dithiothreitol has been demonstrated to be a powerful ribonuclease inhibitor.
Mining Frequent Trajectory Patterns for Activity Monitoring Using Radio Frequency Tag Arrays (2007)

Activity monitoring, a crucial task in many applications, is often conducted expensively using video cameras. Also, effectively monitoring a large field by analyzing images from multiple cameras remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we introduce a novel application of the recently developed RFID technology: using RF tag arrays for activity monitoring, where data mining techniques play a critical role. The RFID technology provides an economically attractive solution due to the low cost of RF tags and readers. Another novelty of this design is that the tracking objects do not need to attach any transmitters or receivers, such as tags or readers. By developing a practical fault-tolerant method, we offset the noise of RF tag data and mine frequent trajectory patterns as models of regular activities. Our empirical study using real RFID systems and data sets verifies the feasibility and the effectiveness of our design
A Fully Nonmetallic Gas Turbine Engine Enabled by Additive Manufacturing of Ceramic Composites (2015)

This publication is the third part of a three part report of the project entitled A Fully Nonmetallic Gas Turbine Engine Enabled by Additive Manufacturing funded by NASA Aeronautics Research Institute (NARI). The objective of this project was to conduct additive manufacturing to produce ceramic matrix composite materials and aircraft engine components by the binder jet process. Different SiC powders with median sizes ranging from 9.3 to 53.0 microns were investigated solely and in powder blends in order to maximize powder packing. Various infiltration approaches were investigated to include polycarbosilane (SMP-10), phenolic, and liquid silicon. Single infiltrations of SMP-10 and phenolic only slightly filled in the interior. When the SMP-10 was loaded with sub-micron sized SiC powders, the infiltrant gave a much better result of filling in the interior. Silicon carbide fibers were added to the powder bed to make ceramic matrix composite materials. Microscopy showed that the fibers were well distributed with no preferred orientation on the horizontal plane and fibers in the vertical plane were at angles as much as 45deg. Secondary infiltration steps were necessary to further densify the material. Two to three extra infiltration steps of SMP-10 increased the density by 0.20 to 0.55 g/cc. However, the highest densities achieved were 2.10 to 2.15 g/cc. Mechanical tests consisting of 4 point bend tests were conducted. Samples from the two CMC panels had higher strengths and strains to failure than the samples from the two nonfiber reinforced panels. The highest strengths were from Set N with 65 vol% fiber loading which had an average strength of 66 MPa. Analysis of the fracture surfaces did not reveal pullout of the reinforcing fibers. Blunt fiber failure suggested that there was not composite behavior. The binder jet additive manufacturing method was used to also demonstrate the fabrication of turbine engine vane components of two different designs and sizes. The binder jet method has benefits over the conventional manufacturing of CMCs in that prototype and production parts can be fabricated quickly and economically with no tooling and extensive hand layup.
Electrochemistry of Individual Molecules in Zeptoliter Volumes (2008)

Electrochemical experiments were carried out in a nanometer-sized cylindrical thin layer cell (TLC) formed by etching the surface of a disk-type platinum nanoelectrode (5- to 150-nm radius). Using high frequency ac voltage, the surface of such an electrode was etched to remove a very thin (> or = 1-nm-thick) layer of Pt. The resulting zeptoliter-scale cavity inside the glass sheath was filled with aqueous solution containing redox species, and the etched electrode was immersed in a dry (no external solution) pool of mercury to produce a TLC. Several approaches based on steady-state voltammetry and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) were developed to independently evaluate the electrode radius and the etched volume. The number of redox molecules in the TLC could be varied between one and a few hundred by changing its volume and solution concentration. In this way, the transition between a random and deterministic number of trapped molecules was observed. High quality steady-state voltammograms of > or = 1 molecules were obtained for different neutral and charged redox species and different concentrations of supporting electrolyte. The analysis of such voltammograms yields information about mass transfer, adsorption, electron transfer kinetics, and double-layer effects on the nanoscale.
Diagnostics of stator winding failures in wind turbine pitch motors using Vold-Kalman filter (2019)

Pitch systems are among the most failure-prone components in wind turbines. Winding failures in pitch motors are common due to high start-up loads and poor ventilation. This article presents a diagnostics scheme that can detect the stator winding failures in the pitch motors under time-varying speed and load conditions. The proposed approach based on three-phase motor currents can be directly integrated into the motor drive and can be used for induction as well as permanent magnet synchronous machines. The extended Park's vector calculated on the motor currents is order tracked based on the supply frequency from the drive using Vold-Kalman filter. The approach is shown to be robust under arbitrary load and speed variations in a laboratory setup of a pitch drive.
The mitochondrial uncoupling protein gene. Correlation of exon structure to transmembrane domains. (1988)

The mitochondrial uncoupling protein, a protein essential for the thermogenic properties of brown fat in mammals, is inserted in the inner mitochondrial membrane by means of six alpha-helical hydrophobic transmembrane domains. We have sequenced a complete cDNA and parts of the gene to determine that the mitochondrial uncoupling protein gene is composed of six exons, each of which encodes a transmembrane domain. We also show that transcription of the uncoupling protein gene is from a single start site; however, the use of alternative poly(A) addition signal sequences results in two mRNAs, the major species of 1221 nucleotides, not including the poly(A) tail, and a minor species of about 1600 nucleotides. The 5'-untranslated region of the mRNA is composed of 231 nucleotides, and the 3'-untranslated region contains 81 nucleotides prior to addition of the poly(A) tail.
Co(III) Imidos Exhibiting Spin Crossover and C–H Bond Activation (2012)

The reaction of ((Ar)L)Co(py) with (t)BuN(3) afforded the isolable three-coordinate Co-imido complex ((Ar)L)Co(N(t)Bu), which is paramagnetic at room temperature. Variable-temperature (VT) (1)H NMR spectroscopy, VT crystallography, and magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that ((Ar)L)Co(N(t)Bu) undergoes a thermally induced spin crossover from an S = 0 ground state to a quintet (S = 2) state. The reaction of ((Ar)L)Co(py) with mesityl azide yielded an isolable S = 1 terminal imido complex that was converted into the metallacycloindoline ((Ar)L)Co(κ(2)-NHC(6)H(2)-2,4-Me(2)-6-CH(2)) via benzylic C-H activation.