gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sample Preparation:  Quo Vadis? (2003)

The sample preparation step in an analytical process typically consists of an extraction procedure that results in the isolation and enrichment of components of interest from a sample matrix. Extraction can vary in degree of selectivity, speed, and convenience and depends not only on the approach and conditions used but on the geometric configurations of the extraction phase. Increased interest in sample preparation research has been generated by the introduction of nontraditional extraction technologies. These technologies address the need for reduction of solvent use, automation, and miniaturization and ultimately lead to on-site in situ and in vivo implementation. These extraction approaches are frequently easier to operate but provide optimization challenges. More fundamental knowledge is required by an analytical chemist not only about equilibrium conditions but, more importantly, about the kinetics of mass transfer in the extraction systems. Optimization of this extraction process enhances overall analysis. Proper design of the extraction devices and procedures facilitates convenient on-site implementation, integration with sampling, and separation/quantification, automation, or both. The key to rational choice, optimization, and design is an understanding of the fundamental principles governing mass transfer of analytes in multiphase systems. The objective of this perspective is to summarize the fundamental aspects of sample preparation and anticipate future developments and research needs.
Removal by ultra‐violet lamp of ethylene and other hydrocarbons produced by bananas (1971)

Abstract A small, germicidal u.v. lamp was found to destroy ethylene produced by bananas. In addition to ethylene, the fruit produced ethane, propane, propene, isobutane, butane, butene‐2 and isopentane, which were also destroyed by the u.v, lamp.
Increase in the data capacity of holographic disks carrying one-dimensional holograms (1989)

An experimental study was made of multichannel recording of one-dimensional high-density ( 5 × 107 bit/cm2) holograms. Characteristics of the process of recording of one-dimensional holograms in bulk photosensitive media were analyzed and the recorded data density was increased by a superposition of a hologram. The dependences of the recorded data density on the number of superpositions of holograms, on the thickness of the photosensitive layers, and on other parameters of the recording and reconstruction (readout) schemes were determined. The possibility of increasing the data capacity of holographic disks by interference copying and multiple superposition in thick-layer photosensitive materials was studied.
A NOVEL RESCUE DRUG, 15-DEOXYSPERGUALIN (1990)

The present multicentral clinical study performed in 6 institutes demonstrated that the novel immunosuppressive agent, 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG), is very effective on rejection. In 34 cases of rejection, 30 were treated with DSG at 40 mg/m2 (1 case), 80 mg/m2 (7 cases), 120 mg/m2 (9 cases), 180 mg/m2 (9 cases), and 220 mg/m2 (8 cases). The overall remission rate was 79% in 34 cases of rejection including accelerated, acute, and chronic rejection in different periods after transplantation. Analyzing the remission rates of early phase acute rejection occurring within 3 months after transplantation according to treatment pattern, the remission rate was 100% in 3 cases treated with DSG alone (using DSG 1 week or longer after other agents), 88% in 8 cases treated by rescue use of DSG (using DSG within 1 week after other agents), and 86% in 7 cases treated by combined use of DSG with other agents. Adverse reactions included reductions in WBC and platelets, anemia, perioral numbness, gastrointestinal troubles, and others. However all these symptoms were so mild that DSG treatment was not discontinued. Further studies are necessary on the effect of DSG, especially in acute rejection under conditions that reduce the many influences of other agents as much as possible.
Classification of in vivo autofluorescence spectra using support vector machines (2004)

An algorithm based on support vector machines (SVM), the most recent advance in pattern recognition, is presented for use in classifying light-induced autofluorescence collected from cancerous and normal tissues. The in vivo autofluorescence spectra used for development and evaluation of SVM diagnostic algorithms were measured from 85 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) lesions and 131 normal tissue sites from 59 subjects during routine nasal endoscopy. Leave-one-out cross-validation was used to evaluate the performance of the algorithms. An overall diagnostic accuracy of 96%, a sensitivity of 94%, and a specificity of 97% for discriminating nasopharyngeal carcinomas from normal tissues were achieved using a linear SVM algorithm. A diagnostic accuracy of 98%, a sensitivity of 95%, and a specificity of 99% for detecting NPC were achieved with a nonlinear SVM algorithm. In a comparison with previously developed algorithms using the same dataset and the principal component analysis (PCA) technique, the SVM algorithms produced better diagnostic accuracy in all instances. In addition, we investigated a method combining PCA and SVM techniques for reducing the complexity of the SVM algorithms.
Household pets as a potential reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection. (1983)

The purpose of this study was to assess the carriage of Clostridium difficile by household pets to determine their potential as a reservoir of infection. The selective cycloserine-cefoxitin medium was used for C difficile isolation, and tissue culture used for detection of cytotoxin. Carriage of C difficile by household pets was found to be common (23%). The carriage tends to be transient and does not appear to be associated with gastrointestinal disease. Although carriage was higher in animals who had antecedent antibiotic treatment (31%) compared to those which had not (19%), the differences were not statistically significant. In most cases non-cytotoxigenic strains were isolated. Of the cytotoxigenic strains isolated at least one strain was pathogenic in a well documented animal model of human disease. Both cytotoxigenic and non-cytotoxigenic strains of C difficile could be isolated from the environment of the animals studied.
Nucleotide sequence of the third cytokine LD78 gene and mapping of all three LD78 gene loci to human chromosome 17 (1992)

Cytokine LD78 is a member of a newly identified cytokine superfamily. We cloned the third human gene for the LD78, termed LD78 gamma and the sequence analysis showed that it is a 5'-truncated pseudogene. Exons 2 and 3 and the intron between them are highly homologous to those of the LD78 beta gene, hence, the gamma gene was probably derived from the beta gene. Southern blot analysis of human x mouse somatic hybrid cell DNAs and in situ hybridization experiments mapped all the three gene loci on human chromosome 17q21.1-q21.3. Analysis of DNAs from family members supports our previous finding that the beta and gamma genes on each of the paired chromosome 17 vary in copy number and that the LD78 alpha gene is presumably a single copy. In our analyses of cosmid clones, the LD78 beta gene and the second gene for AT744, which is also a member of the superfamily are closely linked in a head-to-head arrangement. The mechanism of generation of the three LD78 genes is discussed.
Partial least squares analysis with cross‐validation for the two‐class problem: A Monte Carlo study (1987)

Abstract A method for statistical analysis of two independent samples with respect to difference in location is investigated. The method uses the partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS) with cross‐validation. The relation to classical methods is discussed and a Monte Carlo study is performed to describe how the distribution of the test‐statistic employed depends on the number of objects, the number of variables, the percentage variance explained by the first PLS‐component and the percentage missing values. Polynomial approximations for the dependency of the 50 per cent and the 5 per cent levels of the test‐statistic on these factors are given. The polynomial for the 50 per cent level is complicated, involving several first‐, second‐ and third‐degree terms, whereas the polynomial for the 5 per cent level is dependent only on the number of objects and the size of the first component. A separate Monte Carlo experiment indicates that a moderate difference in sample size does not affect the distribution of the test‐statistic. The multi‐sample location problem is also studied and the effect of increasing the number of samples on the test‐statistic is shown in simulations.
Electrophysiological Evidence of Adaptation to Colored Filters (1982)

Subjects wore blue filters (Kodak Wratten 45) in front of their normal spectacle correction for a period of 4.5 hr. Visual evoked potential (VEP's) were measured (monocularly) before, in white light and through the blue filters at the start and finish of wearing the filters. Predictably, from the chromatic interval, the subjects initially showed some degree of myopia, confirmed by more negative lens power required to give maximum VEP response. However, after 4.5 hr of wear of the filters, VEP's were measured again and it was found that the maximum VEP response was obtained in each case with less negative lens power, indicating adaptation of the visual system toward emmetropia. The role of accommodation in this adaptive process is discussed.
Laser cutting of aluminium stripes for debugging integrated circuits (1985)

The laser cutting of aluminium stripes on a semiconductor integrated circuit chip is investigated using a nitrogen-laser-pumped dye laser with a 12-ns pulse duration of 0.51-/spl mu/m wavelength. Stripe cutting, without damaging the underlayers, is performed using an aperture projection method in which laser power density is uniformly distributed and edge resolution is sharp. The effects of stripe and SiO/SUB 2/ layer thicknesses, laser power, and aperture size on the removal of stripes are presented. In addition, the thermal effects on device characteristics are calculated. This technique is shown to be effective as a debugging tool in VLSI development, either at the research stages or at the production stages.
Modified Atmosphere Packaging (2005)

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has been successfully and widely used commercially, for both whole and fresh-cut or minimally processed (MP) fruits and vegetables, as a packaging strategy for maintenance of product safety andextension of shelf life. MAP technology and systems development has striven to parallel the increasing demand for longer shelf life, improved food safety, and expanded variety of convenient MP ready-to-eat (RTE) or ready-to-use (RTU) fruits and vegetables. MAP systems have been shown to have the potential to increase the shelf life of specific produce commodities by 50 to 400% [1], particularly when used in concert with hurdle technologies such as active packaging, postharvest handling strategies and other newly evolving technologies in an integrated approach.
Humoral factors in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension. (1985)

In 42 spontaneously hypertensive rats of the Münster strain either parabiosis or cross circulation with normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats was performed. Cross circulation was made through the common carotid arteries and external jugular veins using a peristaltic pump. In parabiosis and in cross circulation experiments hypertension was transmitted from the spontaneously hypertensive rats to normotensive rats. Nephrectomy or adrenalectomy in the spontaneously hypertensive rat before cross circulation abolished this effect. After volume depletion in the hypertensive animals hypertension was not transmitted either. It is concluded that humoral factors causing vasoconstriction play an essential role in the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide from H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> Using Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Supported Au−Pd Catalysts (2006)

The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from H2 and O2 using a range of alumina supported Au, Pd, and Au−Pd metal catalysts is described and discussed in detail for both fresh catalysts and materials that have been aged in storage. The conditions previously identified as being optimal for hydrogen peroxide synthesis (i.e., low temperatures (2 °C) and short reaction residence times) are employed, and the effect of catalyst composition and preparation was investigated in detail for the fresh catalysts. The addition of Pd to the Au catalyst increases the rate of hydrogen peroxide synthesis as well as the concentration of hydrogen peroxide formed. Interestingly, the addition of relatively small amounts of Pd to the Au/Al2O3 catalyst, replacing up to 20% of the Au, significantly increases the formation of hydrogen peroxide. The microstructure of the catalysts was studied using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for both the fresh and the aged catalyst, and the supported bimetallic particles were found to be of core−shell morphology with a Pd-rich surface. Hence, relatively little Pd is needed to induce the enhanced catalytic formation of hydrogen peroxide. Calcination at 400 °C leads to the formation of stable reusable catalysts, whereas lower temperature pretreatments generate unstable catalysts that leach both Au and Pd into solution. Catalysts that have been aged in storage give an increase in activity for hydrogen peroxide synthesis by a factor of ca 3, and the relationship between the catalyst structure and this activity is discussed. The catalysts were also investigated for CO oxidation at 25 °C, and all were found to be inactive or almost inactive; similarly, catalysts that are very effective for low-temperature CO oxidation were found to be totally inactive for H2 oxidation to H2O2. This suggests an inverse correlation between catalysts that are active for either CO or H2 activation, and this is commented on with respect to the mechanism.
Molecular modelling of four penicillins: bencylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin (2009)

<strong>Background:</strong>Penicillins differ structurally among themselves by the lateral chains. At the same time, they have differences in their pharmacological action that can be associated to modifications included in the betalactamic ring and/or effects localized in the same chains. Making it clear would be a contribution to the search of the most adequate structural and electronic characteristics to design better penicillins. <br /><strong>Objective:</strong>To compare structural properties, density of the atomic charges and the frontier orbitals of four penicillins: bencylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin. <strong><br />Method:</strong>The molecular structures were optimized with PM3 semiempirical calculi. The molecular properties were calculated according to the Density Functional Theory, at a B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The density of the atomic charges and the frontier orbitals were analyzed. The effect of the substituents on the properties of the betalactamic ring was evaluated. <strong><br />Results:</strong> The structural parameters of the betalactamic ring do not change as consequence of the modifications in the lateral chain linked to carbon 6. The ring has a marked tendency to planarity. There are no variations in the density of the positive charge of the carbonylic carbon. <strong><br />Conclusions:</strong> The structures and electronic properties of the betalactamic ring, structural basis of these antibiotics, do not have significant modifications among modelled penicillins.
Cotylenins and Fusicoccins Stimulate Seed Germination of <i>Striga hermonthica</i> (Del.) Benth and <i>Orobanche minor</i> Smith (1998)

Several fungal metabolites were examined for their effects on germination of the root parasitic weeds witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth, and clover broomrape, Orobanche minor Smith. Among these metabolites cotylenins (CNs) and fusicoccins (FCs) at concentrations as low as 10-5 M induced high seed germination (>50%) of both parasites. Inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis [2-(2-aminoethoxyvinyl)glycine (AVG)] and action [silver thiosulfate (STS)] reduced CN- and FC-induced Striga germination but not that of Orobanche. This suggests that induction of Striga germination by CNs and FCs, as is the case with the true natural stimulant “strigol”, requires both ethylene biosynthesis and action, while that of Orobanche does not. Keywords: Cotylenin; fusicoccin; Orobanche minor; seed germination; Striga hermonthica
A review of aeroassisted orbit transfer (1982)

The development of a theory of aeroassisted orbital plane change maneuvers and necessary equipment is traced and an assessment is made of potential applications. Synergetic plane changes are effected through a combination of aerodynamic and propulsive forces involving the dip of an orbiting vehicle into the atmosphere, performance of an aerodynamic turn using thrust if necessary, then reboosting into a reconfigured orbit. The Orbiter is noted to possess large synergetic plane change capability, and configurations of spacecraft such as the Venus Orbiting Imaging radar for using aeroassist to brake interplanetary velocities before establishing orbits are described. Technology advances necessary to construct effective aerobrake, aerocapture, and orbital transfer vehicles are explored, including fabrication of inflatable ballutes, lighter L/D configurations, and lifting brakes, which are considered to be minor extensions of current capabilities.
Competitive Parallel Processing For Compression Of Data (1990)

Momentarily-best compression algorithm selected. Proposed competitive-parallel-processing system compresses data for transmission in channel of limited band-width. Likely application for compression lies in high-resolution, stereoscopic color-television broadcasting. Data from information-rich source like color-television camera compressed by several processors, each operating with different algorithm. Referee processor selects momentarily-best compressed output.
Form-Birefringence in ITO Thin Films Engineered by Ultrafast Laser Nanostructuring (2017)

The field of surface nanostructuring is growing rapidly with the need to search for more advanced fabrication solutions. The major challenge is the lack of appropriate combination of time/cost efficient techniques and medium possessing the advantages of both flexibility and tunable optical properties. Here we demonstrate direct-write femtosecond laser nanostructuring of indium–tin-oxide thin film where the deep-subwavelength ripples with periodicity of down to 120 nm are realized originating the form birefringence (|Δn| ≈ 0.2), which is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the commonly observed in uniaxial crystals or femtosecond laser nanostructured fused quartz. The demonstrated nanoripples with its continuously controlled space-variant orientation lead to the high density two-dimensional printing of flat optical elements. The technique can be extended to any highly transparent films that support laser-induced periodic surface structures, and can be effectively exploited for the integration of polarization sensitive modifications into multidimensional optical data storage.
Treatment of interstitial peumopathy by fei tong oral liquid in the malignant tumor patients after radio- and/or chemotherapy. (2003)

Fei Tong Kou Fu Ye ([symbol: see text]) Fei Tong Oral Liquid) was used to treat 30 cases of interstitial pneumopathy after radio- and/or chemotherapy. In comparison with the control group (15 cases) treated with hormones, the therapeutic effects in improving dyspnea, cough, respiratory rate, cyanosis, findings in X-films and CT examination, partial pressure of oxygen in artery, FVC and VC were found significantly better (P < 0.05). The total effective rate obtained was 83.33%.
Space-charge-mediated delayed electroluminescence from polyfluorene thin films (2003)

In polyfluorene thin films, an electrically induced short-lived delayed fluorescence (of the order of μs) is observed, which grows in intensity as the temperature is increased from 30 K to 290 K. From bias-offset-dependent electroluminescence intensity measurements and decay kinetics measurements, we conclude that the delayed recombination of space-charge carriers, along with the long-lasting tail of the prompt electrofluorescence, give rise to the short-lived delayed fluorescence.
Phase separation behavior of three common alcohols with methoxy-nonafluorobutane or ethoxy-nonafluorobutane in waterA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science. (2009)

Laboratory experiments are conducted to determine the liquid–liquid phase separation behavior of six three-component systems with each system comprised of a common alcohol (namely ethanol, isopropanol, or methanol), water, and one of two engineered dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) manufactured by the 3M™ Corporation (namely methoxy-nonafluorobutane (HFE-7100) or ethoxy-nonafluorobutane (HFE-7200)). The experimental results are presented on ternary phase diagrams and compared against available published experimental data where tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and (or) trichloroethylene (TCE) is the dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). Results show that the two engineered fluids exhibit similar phase separation behavior in the presence of the same alcohol. Furthermore, these engineered fluids exhibit similar phase separation behavior to that of PCE, but relatively dissimilar phase separation behavior to that of TCE.
Introduction (2007)

Michael Haneke's Caché/Hidden (2005) is a film that seems to generate endless discussion. Part thriller, part mystery, part ghost story, it seems to haunt people long after they see it, prompting them to talk about it to the point at which one would normally expect the interpretive possibilities to be exhausted – but still, new interpretations keep bubbling up, sometimes unbidden. And yet, although this film is certainly puzzling in many respects, it resists attempts to read it as a puzzle to be decoded. Perhaps it is compelling not because it has great deal to say (in the sense that its silences are just as informative as its utterances), but because it elicits an unusually wide range of responses from so many different perspectives. Having found the film so generative ourselves, we were keen to extend this conversation and conceived of a collection of pieces drawn from writers with whom we had previously collaborated, or whose work we had drawn on or had simply admired from afar. In keeping with the film's transnational pedigree (Haneke is an Austrian director working in France and the film addresses the Franco-Algerian War and its aftermath), this dossier crosses boundaries, both geographical and disciplinary, and touches on questions of concern to fields of inquiry ranging from cultural, social and literary theory to film aesthetics, history, philosophy and psychoanalysis.