gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Securing Sensor Nodes Against Side Channel Attacks (2008)

Side channel attacks are non-invasive attacks in which adversaries gain confidential information by passively observing the target computing device. Sensor nodes are particularly vulnerable to side channel attacks due to the lack of protective physical shielding and their deployment in open environments. As sensor nodes are increasingly being deployed in safety critical applications such as power grid, volcano monitoring, and even military applications, protecting sensor nodes from side channel attacks is critical. However, side channel attacks on sensor nodes have not been investigated in previous work. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of side channel attacks on sensor nodes. For each type of the attacks, we provide guidelines and approaches to thwart the attack. We also propose a new technique, called process obfuscation, which can be used as a countermeasure for a variety of side channel attacks on sensor nodes. Furthermore, to demonstrate the feasibility of side channel attacks, we conducted electromagnetic leakage attacks, a type of side channel attack, on popular Tmote-sky sensor nodes using commercially available equipment.
Aminoglycoside Dosage in Hemodialysis Patients (1986)

Regulating aminoglycoside dosage in patients undergoing hemodialysis is difficult because its elimination depends entirely on renal function and because the therapeutic margin is narrow. Guidelines for aminoglycoside dosage were derived from published population-based kinetics and investigated in a prospective clinical study over a 12-month period in 50 consecutive patients undergoing hemodialysis with acute (70%) or chronic (30%) renal failure. Based on body weight, each patient received one loading dose (1.5 mg/kg) and a daily maintenance dose (0.5 mg/kg) of netilmicin. The dosage interval was 24 hours. On each hemodialysis day, the dose of netilmicin was given immediately after hemodialysis. Each posthemodialysis dose (1.3 mg/kg) was the sum of the daily maintenance dose plus a supplementary dose to replace the amount of the drug removed during hemodialysis. A blood sample was taken at the start and the end of each hemodialysis and one hour after the start of the posthemodialysis dosage. Netilmicin plasma concentrations were determined by substrate-labeled fluorescence immunoassay. The mean (+/- standard deviation) peak plasma concentration of the pooled data for all patients was 7.5 +/- 2.7 mg/L, and the mean trough level was 3.6 +/- 1.3 mg/L. The theoretically postulated range of therapeutic peak levels (5-10 mg/L) was the same as in patients with normal renal function, whereas the theoretically postulated range of therapeutic trough levels (2.2-5.0 mg/L) was considerably higher than in healthy persons. Peak and trough levels within the postulated range were achieved in 81% of the patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Towards adaptive mesh PDE simulations on petascale computers (2008)

The advent of the age of petascale computing brings unprecedented opportunities for breakthroughs in scientific understanding and engineering innovation. However, the raw performance made available by petascale systems is by itself not sufficient to solve many challenging modeling and simulation problems. For example, the complexity of solving evolutionary partial differential equations scales as n at best, where n is the number of mesh points in each spatial direction.1 Thus, the three-orders-of-magnitude improvement in peak speed of supercomputers over the past dozen years has meant just a factor of 5.6 improvement in spatio-temporal resolution—not even three successive refinements of mesh size. For many problems of scientific and engineering interest, there is a desire to increase resolution of current simulations by several orders of magnitude. As just one example, current longrange climate models operate at O(300) km resolution; yet, O(10) km grid spacing is desirable to obtain predictions of surface temperature and precipitation in sufficient detail to analyze the regional and local implications of climate change, and to resolve oceanic mesoscale eddies [9]. Thus, although supercomputing performance has outpaced Moore’s Law over the past several decades due to increased concurrency [9], the curse of dimensionality imposes much slower scientific returns; e.g. improvement in mesh resolution grows at best with the onefourth power of peak performance in the case of evolutionary PDEs. The work requirements of scientific simulations typically scale as n. The power α can be reduced through the use of optimal solvers such as multigrid for PDEs and fast multipole for integral equations and N-body problems. Once α has been reduced as much as possible, further reductions in work can be achieved only by reducing n itself. This can be achieved in two ways: through the use of adaptive mesh refinement/coarsening (AMR) strategies, and by invoking higher order approximations (in space and time). The former place mesh points only where needed to resolve solution features, while the latter
L1 Makes Immunological Progress by Expanding Its Relations (1997)

The cell-adhesion molecule L1 was originally described in the nervous system. It has recently been detected in CD4+ T lymphocytes, peripheral B lymphocytes, and granulocytes in the human immune system and in similar leucocyte types in the murine immune system. L1 mediates neural recognition by Ca+2, Mg+2-independent homophilic binding. In the human and murine immune systems, L1 binds to the "classical" vitronectin receptor, alphaVbeta3, and fibronectin receptor, alpha5beta1, respectively, and abstains from homophilic binding. Homophilic L1 binding probably involves antiparallel alignment of several interactive domains. Integrin binding is mediated by a short segment of immunoglobulinlike domain 6, which includes two RGD repeats in rodent L1 and one RGD motif in human L1. L1 is modulated in activated leucocytes in vitro in parallel to L-selectin, and diverse cell types release intact L1 in vivo and in vitro. Released L1 can bind to laminin and adheres to the extracellular matrix of sciatic nerve, M21 melanoma, and possibly spleen and other tissues. It can support integrin-dependent cell migration and preliminary data implicate it in tumor development and transnodal lymphocyte migration.
Secure Computation of Top-K Eigenvectors for Shared Matrices in the Cloud (2013)

With the development of sensor network, mobile computing, and web applications, data are now collected from many distributed sources to form big datasets. Such datasets can be hosted in the cloud to achieve economical processing and sharing. However, these data might be highly sensitive requiring secure storage and processing. We envision a cloud-based data storage and processing framework that enables users to economically and securely share and handle big datasets. Under this framework, we study the matrix-based data mining algorithms with a focus on the secure top-k eigenvector algorithm. Our approach uses an iterative processing model in which the authorized user interacts with the cloud to achieve the result. In this process, both the source matrix and the intermediate results keep confidential and the client-side incurs low costs. The security of this approach is guaranteed by using Paillier Encryption and a random perturbation technique. We carefully analyze its security under a cloud-specific threat model. Our experimental results show that the proposed method is scalable to big matrices while requiring low client-side costs.
Nonreductive Deiodination of <i>ortho</i>-Iodo-Hydroxylated Arenes Using Tertiary Amines (2005)

A convenient and nonreductive deiodination is reported for the ortho-iodo-hydroxylated arenes including derivatives of quinolinol, phenol, and naphthol. Tertiary amines pyridine, triethylamine, and N-methylmorpholine in the presence of water initiated deiodination of ortho-iodo-hydroxylated arenes without affecting para-iodine and other reduction-susceptible groups. This reported method also works efficiently for polyiodinated systems. Simplicity, short reaction times, and absence of reducing catalyst are features of this method.
Reliable client-server communication in distributed programs (2003)

The authors' premise is that applications have the ability to tolerate certain types of failures under certain situations. This may, in turn, relax the top-level constraint on failure recovery algorithms in the interprocess communication (IPC) layer and allow exploitation of the inherent tolerance of applications to failures in a systematic way to simplify failure recovery. Using this application-driven approach, the authors present a model of a distributed program based on the well-known client-server relationship among the processes of the program. The model reflects certain generic properties of the application layer that can be exploited by the IPC layer during failure recovery. New techniques as to how the properties can be used for recovery are outlined. The authors use remote procedure call and shared variable as communication abstractions for the client and the server processes in the program to communicate with one another. The simplicity and generality of the failure recovery renders the application-driven approach particularly useful in contemporary distributed systems which are large and heterogeneous and hence have complex failure modes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Avoiding loss of fairness owing to process crashes in fair data exchange protocols (2002)

Fair exchange between two or more potentially mutually distrusted parties has been identified as an important issue in electronic commerce. However, the correctness (fairness) of the existing fair exchange protocols that use a trusted third party (TTP) is based on the assumption that, during an exchange, there are no failures at any of the local systems involved in the exchange, which is too strong in many situations. This paper points out that (1) system failures could cause loss of fairness, and (2) existing fair exchange protocols that use TTPs cannot ensure fairness in presence of system failures. We present a systematic way to develop such data exchange systems that can recover from system failures without losing fairness. We identify a set of fairness loss risks caused by local system failures. We identify a fault-tolerance correctness criterion for fair data exchange, denoted "fairness-lossless recoverability". A fairness-lossless recoverable fair exchange system is immune from the set of fairness loss risks. Standard message logging approaches are then studied and extended to achieve fairness-lossless recoverability with good performance.
Nerve Gas-Induced Seizures: Role of Acetylcholine in the Rapid Induction of Fos and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Piriform Cortex (1998)

Soman (pinacolymethylphosphonofluoridate), a highly potent irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), causes seizures and rapidly increases Fos and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining in piriform cortex (PC). This suggests that the inhibition of AChE by soman leads to increased acetylcholine (ACh) and neuronal excitability in PC. The sole source of cholinergic input to PC is from the nucleus of the diagonal band (NDB). To investigate the role of ACh in soman-induced seizures, we lesioned cholinergic neurons in NDB unilaterally with 192-IgG-saporin. By 10 d, saporin eliminated staining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthetic enzyme for ACh, in NDB ipsilateral to the lesion. Staining for AChE, the degradative enzyme for ACh, was eliminated in PC ipsilateral to the lesioned NDB. By 45-60 min after soman, increased Fos and GFAP staining in PC was evident only ipsilateral to the unlesioned NDB. By 90-120 min after soman, Fos and GFAP staining increased bilaterally in PC. In a second experiment, electrical stimulation electrodes were implanted unilaterally in the NDB to activate focally the projections to PC in unanesthetized rats. Within 5 min of NDB stimulation, there were clear behavioral and EEG signs of convulsions. After 45-60 min of NDB stimulation, there was increased Fos and GFAP staining in layer II of PC ipsilateral to the stimulation site. Pretreatment with the selective muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine blocked the convulsions and prevented increased Fos and GFAP staining in PC. These results suggest that ACh release in PC triggers the initiation of seizures and gliosis after soman administration, predominantly by the activation of muscarinic receptors.
Flaming, Complaining, Abstaining: How Online Users Respond to Privacy Concerns (1999)

Abstract Attitudes and opinions about online advertising practices and consumer privacy concerns have been studied in both the academic and popular press. However, online consumers' response to privacy concerns have not been studied. This study examines this relationship using a national sample of individuals with personal e-mail accounts. Respondents' concerns with a series of situations which effect privacy online were assessed. This overall level of concern was subsequently correlated with the frequency that respondents adopted seven different online behaviors. Analysis demonstrates that the frequency of adopting five of the seven behaviors increased as respondents' privacy concern increased. Specifically, as privacy concern increased, respondents reported that they were more likely to provide incomplete information to web sites, to notify Internet Service Providers (ISPs) about unsolicited e-mail, to request removal from mailing lists, and to send a “flame” to online entities sending unsolicited e-mail. Additionally, as privacy concern increased, respondents reported that they were less likely to register for web sites requesting information. Implications for online advertisers are provided as a part of this study.
Impact of Physicochemical Characteristics on the Oxidative Stability of Fish Oil Microencapsulated by Spray-Drying (2007)

The aim of the present research was to identify principal parameters determining the oxidative stability of microencapsulated fish oil. Microcapsules were prepared by spray-drying using different types of n-octenylsuccinate-derivatized starch, gum Arabic, sugar beet pectin, sodium caseinate, and/or glucose syrup. Two principal components to classify the different microcapsules accounting for up to 79% of the variance were identified. The principal components were determined by physicochemical parameters reflecting the emulsifying ability of the encapsulant and the drying behavior of the parent emulsion. Microcapsules, which were identified by principal component analysis to be significantly different, exhibited a low stability upon storage, showing that the principal components and, thus, the underlying physicochemical parameters analyzed in the present study are correlated with core material stability.
Anatomical and Functional Aspects of the Septo‐Hippocampal Projections (1978)

The origins, distribution, and cellular targets of the septo-hippocampal projections are reviewed. It appears that the distribution of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in the medial septum and diagonal bands and those cells labelled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into the hippocampus coincide; however, the possibility of a non-acetylcholinesterase septal projection remains. Good agreement is found between the distribution of hippocampal acetylcholinesterase and the patterning of silver grains after injection of [3H]leucine into the medial septum. A major target of septal efferents to the hippocampus is the interneuron population; the possibility of septal mediation of intrahippocampal circuitry via this anatomical arrangement is discussed.
Immersion disinfection of irreversible hydrocolloid impressions. Part 2: Effects on gypsum casts. (1995)

This study evaluated the quality of gypsum casts recovered from disinfected irreversible hydrocolloid impressions. Four disinfectants were evaluated: 0.525% sodium hypochlorite, Alcide LD, Iodofive, and OMC II. Water served as the control. Specimens were evaluated for roughness, surface detail, and dimensional stability. Impressions disinfected with NaOCI or Alcide produced gypsum casts with physical properties that were generally equal or superior to casts from impressions rinsed with water. OMC II and Iodofive generally produced casts inferior to the controls.
Autonomous battery swapping system for small-scale helicopters (2010)

A large focus of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) community has been shifted to addressing the requirements necessary for managing systems of UAVs. The ability to automate the process of tracking and responding to the health of UAVs contributes to the reliable and persistent operation of multiple UAV systems. In particular, the automation of managing UAVs and their resources removes a critical, frequent, and time consuming task from an operator's workload. We have developed a battery swapping mechanism capable of `refueling' UAVs autonomously. This paper presents an automated battery swapping system for multiple small-scale UAVs. The system includes a battery swapping mechanism and online algorithms to address resource management, vehicle health monitoring, and precision landing onto the battery swapping mechanism's landing platform.
Mg and O codoping in <i>p</i>-type GaN and AlxGa1−xN (0&lt;x&lt;0.08) (2002)

We describe Mg and O codoping experiments in gas-source molecular-beam epitaxy of GaN and AlGaN that produce high levels of Mg incorporation and activation. In order to obtain the highest level of Mg incorporation the surface stoichiometry was optimized by adjusting the NH3/Ga and NH3/(Ga+Al) flux ratios. The lowest acceptor activation energy and the highest hole concentration, p=2×1018 cm−3, were measured in samples of p-GaN and p-AlxGa1−xN with well-defined Mg/O ratios determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Measurements of the temperature dependence of diffusion current in p–n junctions formed in Al0.08Ga0.92N and GaN show acceptor activation energy of 195±10 and 145±15 meV, respectively. Low activation energies are attributed to successful codoping.
Characterization of the stress-inducing effects of homocysteine (1998)

The mechanism by which homocysteine causes endothelial cell (EC) injury and/or dysfunction is not fully understood. To examine the stress-inducing effects of homocysteine on ECs, mRNA differential display and cDNA microarrays were used to evaluate changes in gene expression in cultured human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) exposed to homocysteine. Here we show that homocysteine increases the expression of GRP78 and GADD153, stress-response genes induced by agents or conditions that adversely affect the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Induction of GRP78 was specific for homocysteine because other thiol-containing amino acids, heat shock or H2O2 did not appreciably increase GRP78 mRNA levels. Homocysteine failed to elicit an oxidative stress response in HUVEC because it had no effect on the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) including HSP70, nor did it activate heat shock transcription factor 1. Furthermore homocysteine blocked the H2O2-induced expression of HSP70. In support of our findings in vitro, steady-state mRNA levels of GRP78, but not HSP70, were elevated in the livers of cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice with hyperhomocysteinaemia. These studies indicate that the activation of stress response genes by homocysteine involves reductive stress leading to altered ER function and is in contrast with that of most other EC perturbants. The observation that homocysteine also decreases the expression of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and natural killer-enhancing factor B suggests that homocysteine could potentially enhance the cytotoxic effect of agents or conditions known to cause oxidative stress.
Vision-based autonomous quadrotor landing on a moving platform (2017)

We present a quadrotor system capable of autonomously landing on a moving platform using only onboard sensing and computing. We rely on state-of-the-art computer vision algorithms, multi-sensor fusion for localization of the robot, detection and motion estimation of the moving platform, and path planning for fully autonomous navigation. Our system does not require any external infrastructure, such as motion- capture systems. No prior information about the location of the moving landing target is needed. We validate our system in both synthetic and real-world experiments using low-cost and lightweight consumer hardware. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a fully autonomous quadrotor system capable of landing on a moving target, using only on-board sensing and computing, without relying on any external infrastructure.
The importance of neovascularization and its inhibition for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2011)

GVHD and tumor relapse are fundamental problems in allogeneic HSCT. Recent research has linked neovascularization to GVHD, tumor growth, and graft-versus-tumor (GVT) activity. Damage of the endothelium by the conditioning regimen provides the initiation stimulus for recruitment of donor-derived endothelial cells and their progenitors. During the early inflammatory phase of GVHD there is considerable neovascularization facilitating migration of inflammatory cells to target organs. In the course of GVHD, however, the vasculature itself becomes a target of alloreactive donor T cells. As a consequence, later stages of GVHD are characterized by fibrosis and rarefaction of blood vessels. Importantly, the inhibition of tumor-neovascularization by activated donor T cells that release antiangiogenic substances contributes to GVT and may be enhanced by pharmacologic inhibition of neovascularization. Furthermore, the therapeutic inhibition of neovascularization may improve immunotherapy for cancer by enhancing leukocyte infiltration in tumor tissue because of normalization of tumor vessels and stimulation of leukocyte-vessel wall interactions. These insights identify important mechanisms underlining the importance of neovascularization for allogeneic immune responses and move therapeutic approaches targeting neovascularization into the spotlight. This perspective covers current knowledge of the role of neovascularization during GVHD as well as GVT and its implications for HSCT.
Not-a-Bot: improving service availability in the face of botnet attacks (2009)

A large fraction of email spam, distributed denial-ofservice (DDoS) attacks, and click-fraud on web advertisements are caused by traffic sent from compromised machines that form botnets. This paper posits that by identifying human-generated traffic as such, one can service it with improved reliability or higher priority, mitigating the effects of botnet attacks. The key challenge is to identify human-generated traffic in the absence of strong unique identities. We develop NAB (“Not-A-Bot”), a system to approximately identify and certify human-generated activity. NAB uses a small trusted software component called an attester, which runs on the client machine with an untrusted OS and applications. The attester tags each request with an attestation if the request is made within a small amount of time of legitimate keyboard or mouse activity. The remote entity serving the request sends the request and attestation to a verifier, which checks the attestation and implements an application-specific policy for attested requests. Our implementation of the attester is within the Xen hypervisor. By analyzing traces of keyboard and mouse activity from 328 users at Intel, together with adversarial traces of spam, DDoS, and click-fraud activity, we estimate that NAB reduces the amount of spam that currently passes through a tuned spam filter by more than 92%, while not flagging any legitimate email as spam. NAB delivers similar benefits to legitimate requests under DDoS and click-fraud attacks. 1