gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Marketing Intelligence & Planning (1991)

Three approaches to marketing are reviewed: new tools for evaluating marketing performance in an organisation offer a practical guide; applying the principles of niche marketing to larger companies can be successful and profitable; today′s technology has transformed customer choice and marketing is now an integral part of how a company functions.
Local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia for preventing chronic pain after surgery (2012)

Epidural anaesthesia may reduce the risk of developing chronic pain after thoracotomy in about one patient out of every four patients treated. Paravertebral block may reduce the risk of chronic pain after breast cancer surgery in about one out of every five women treated. Our conclusions are significantly weakened by performance bias, shortcomings in allocation concealment, considerable attrition and incomplete outcome data. We caution that our evidence synthesis is based on only a few, small studies. More studies with high methodological quality, addressing various types of surgery and different age groups, including children, are needed.
Providing Seamless Communication through Heterogeneous Wireless IP Networks. (2004)

These results indicate distortion in retinal vascular branching in bipolar disorder. Disrupted branching may reflect disturbed prosperity of retinal vascular plexus in patients with bipolar disorder. Alterations in the retinal vessels might be indicators of disruption in cerebral vascular system efficiency and thus neurovascular unit dysfunction in bipolar disorder.
A New Approach to the Functional Design of a Digital Computer (1987)

The present methods of determining the functional design of computers are critically reviewed and a new approach proposed. This is illustrated by explaining, in abstracted form, part of the control organization of a new and different machine based, in part, on the ALGOL 60 language. The concepts of expression and procedure lead directly to use of a Polish string program. A new arrangement of control registers results, which provides for automatic allocation of temporary storage within expressions and procedures, and a generalized subroutine linkage. The simplicity and power of these notions suggests that there is much room for improvement in present machines and that more attention should be given to control functions in new designs.(1961).
Ineffective Airway Clearance: Physiology and Clinical Application (1985)

The cough is more than an annoying symptom of respiratory illness; it is the body's attempt to clear air passages of accumulated secretions. Certain diseases can impair the patient's ability to cough, but the assistance and guidance of the critical care nurse can help the patient maximize its effectiveness.
Randolph, A. Philip (1889–1979) (2009)

A. Philip Randolph was the most influential African American labor leader in the twentieth century. He was the founding president of the all‐black Brotherhood of sleeping Car Porters (BsCP) industrial union, established in 1925 after years of organizing efforts.
Effects of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall products (teichoic acid, peptidoglycan) and enterotoxin B on immunoglobulin (IgE, IgA, IgG) synthesis and CD23 expression in patients with atopic dermatitis. (1992)

The influence of staphylococcal cell wall products (teichoic acid, peptidoglycan) and enterotoxin B on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) was investigated. The parameters studied were spontaneous and interleukin-inducible immunoglobulin (IgA, IgE, IgG) synthesis and CD23 expression. PBL from non-atopic donors served as controls. Teichoic acid and peptidoglycan induced an enhanced synthesis of IgA and IgG in normal donors. However, IgA and IgG synthesis in PBL from patients with AD was significantly suppressed by teichoic acid and enterotoxin B. The incubation of PBL from normal donors with enterotoxin B and interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-5 led to a significant suppression of IgA and IgG synthesis. Co-stimulation of PBL with teichoic acid or peptidoglycan and IL-4 led to a pronounced increase in IgE synthesis and CD23 expression in patients with AD. Our data indicate that cell wall products and toxins of staphylococci modulate the cytokine-dependent humoral immunity in patients with AD and may be responsible for allergic skin reactions in AD.
The Effect of Acid Etching on Enamel, Dentin, and the Inner Surface of the Resin Restoration : A Scanning Electron Microscopic Investigation (1977)

Buccal cavities were prepared in vivo on 22 contralateral tooth pairs. The cavities and the surrounding enamel were either etched or cleaned with a surface-active solution (the control). The cavities were filled with Concise Enamel Bond and composite or left unrestored. The teeth were extracted immediately after treatment. Treated surfaces or the inner surface of the restorations were studied in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). An "in-pair" evaluation of the results of 320 photographs was done. The etched axial wall had a smooth surface with widened and patent dentinal tubule apertures. The corresponding inner resin surfaces were irregular, sporadically showing tags of varying length corresponding to the dentinal tubules and alternating with pits of varying size. Etching for 15 seconds or two minutes gave no apparent difference in appearance of enamel, dentin, and inner surface of the restoration.
Chemical Library Screening Identifies a Small Molecule That Downregulates SOD1 Transcription for Drugs to Treat Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2011)

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) accounts for 10% of ALS cases, and about 25% of fALS cases are due to mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Mutant SOD1-mediated ALS is caused by a gain of toxic function of the mutant protein, and the SOD1 level in nonneuronal neighbors, including astrocytes, determines the progression of ALS (non-cell-autonomous toxicity). Therefore, the authors hypothesized that small molecules that reduce SOD1 protein levels in astrocytes might slow the progression of mutant SOD1-mediated ALS. They developed and optimized a cell-based, high-throughput assay to identify low molecular weight compounds that decrease SOD1 expression transcriptionally in human astrocyte-derived cells. Screening of a chemical library of 9600 compounds with the assay identified two hit compounds that selectively and partially downregulate SOD1 expression in a dose-dependent manner, without any detectable cellular toxicity. Western blot analysis showed that one hit compound significantly decreased the level of endogenous SOD1 protein in H4 cells, with no reduction in expression of β-actin. The assay developed here provides a powerful strategy for discovering novel lead molecules for treating familial SOD1-mediated ALS.
Fractal signatures for the characterization of mammograms (2009)

In this paper mammograms are characterized into normal and those with microcalcifications, benign and malignant masses using fractal signatures and distance measures. Here, the gray level intensity surface of the mammogram is assumed to be a blanket of different thickness. Different areas and volumes of this blanket are used to estimate the fractal dimension and hence the fractal signatures and the distance measures. It is found that the fractal signatures of the normal mammograms are much smaller than the cancerous ones. The results show that the differential distance measure could correctly distinguish the normal mammograms from the cancerous mammograms. The mammograms for the study were obtained from the online MIAS database.
Restriction of Gas Coning by a Novel Gel/ Foam Technique (1998)

Abstract The laboratory and field studies were focused on development of a well treatment technology which can be used for restriction of gas coning in the Algyo reservoir. The method is based on simultaneous placement of a polymer/silicate gel at the GOC and a supporting foam pillow into the oil bearing layer. Extensive laboratory studies were carried out to tailor the chemical system to the field conditions. Use of short chain alcohol and natural protein as additives improved the efficiency of chemical mechanism. Special attention was paid to implementation of the technology. Two-point injection regime was elaborated to develop a horizontal barrier between the oil and gas bearing zones. The field test resulted only in a partial success: the hydrodynamic measurement definitely shown that the barrier was correctly placed, the oil flow in the pay zone was not effected, the GOR temporarily improved and the WOR positively changed. The long-term observations are, however, discourages: the investment and the return rate of expenditure is not balanced. The Hungarian experts take a stand on extending the observation period for more cycles and to collect abundant arguments to continue or to suspend the R&D activities and the field projects. P. 491
5-Aminolevulinate synthase is at 3p21 and thus not the primary defect in X-linked sideroblastic anemia. (1988)

The gene for 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS) has been mapped to 3pter-3q13.2 by Southern blot hybridization analysis of a mouse/human hybrid cell panel. In situ hybridization maps the gene to 3p21, distal to the common fragile site at 3p14.2 (FRA3B). The mapping of this gene to an autosome makes it improbable that it is the site of the primary defect in X-linked sideroblastic anemia.
Inkjet printed highly transparent and flexible graphene micro-supercapacitors (2017)

Modern energy storage devices for portable and wearable technologies must fulfill a number of requirements, such as small size, flexibility, thinness, reliability, transparency, manufacturing simplicity and performance, in order to be competitive in an ever expanding market. To this end, a comprehensive inkjet printing process is developed for the scalable and low-cost fabrication of transparent and flexible micro-supercapacitors. These solid-state devices, with printed thin films of graphene flakes as interdigitated electrodes, exhibit excellent performance versus transparency (ranging from a single-electrode areal capacitance of 16 μF cm<sup>-2</sup> at transmittance of 90% to a capacitance of 99 μF cm<sup>-2</sup> at transmittance of 71%). Also, transparent and flexible devices are fabricated, showing negligible capacitance degradation during bending. The ease of manufacturing coupled with their great capacitive properties opens up new potential applications for energy storage devices ranging from portable solar cells to wearable sensors.
Sensititre autoreader for same-day breakpoint broth microdilution susceptibility testing of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (1987)

The Sensititre Autoreader system is an instrument-assisted broth microdilution susceptibility test procedure based on the detection of fluorogenic growth substrate metabolism by test bacteria with different concentrations of antimicrobial agents. In the current investigation, this system was assessed as a means for predicting the in vitro activity of 17 antimicrobial agents versus numerous species of the family Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using a breakpoint broth microdilution test format. Same-day and overnight determinations of susceptibility were made with the Sensititre Autoreader system, and in both cases, the results were compared with those obtained with a manual overnight breakpoint broth microdilution susceptibility test. Among a total of 6,086 organism-antimicrobial agent comparisons with Enterobacteriaceae, concordance was noted between the results of the same-day Autoreader system and the manual overnight test in 94.4% of cases. The same-day Autoreader results with members of the Enterobacteriaceae other than Proteus spp. were determined after 4 h of incubation; with Proteus spp. the same-day Autoreader results were determined after 5 h of incubation. When the Enterobacteriaceae Autoreader results were determined after 18 h of incubation, concordance was noted in 97.2% of comparisons. Among a total of 1,377 organism-antimicrobial agent comparisons with P. aeruginosa after 18 h of incubation, agreement of results from the manual overnight test and the Autoreader system was achieved in 92.2% of cases.
THE EFFECT OF DONOR-SPECIFIC BLOOD TRANSFUSION, CYCLOSPORINE, AND DIET AR Y PROST AGLANDIN PRECURSORS ON RAT CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL. II. Effectiveness of a 24-hour induction period with DST and CsA in Inducing Long-Term Graft Survival1 (1989)

We investigated the effect of donor-specific transfusion given 24 hours pretransplant, a short course of low-dose cyclosporine, and dietary enrichment with the prostaglandin precursor linoleic acid (LA) to see which of the modalities could act synergistically on cardiac allograft survival in a stringent animal model. ACI male rats (RT1a) were used as blood and heart donors, and Lewis male rats (RT1l) were used as recipients. DST alone (1 ml) given 24 hr pretransplant or LA alone started 24 hr pretransplant and given daily p.o. until rejection prolonged cardiac allograft survival slightly but significantly, from 6 to 8 days. CsA alone started at the time of transplant at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day s.c. and given daily for 14 days prolonged cardiac survival to 11.8 days. However, when CsA was started 24 hr pretransplant and continued for two weeks, there was a significantly prolonged allograft survival to 55 days. CsA given together with DST 24 hr pretransplant and continued for two weeks posttransplant significantly prolonged cardiac allograft survival to 80 days and resulted in permanent tolerance in some animals. The addition of LA to a DST and CSA treatment regimen did not further improve allograft survival. CsA blood levels were determined in a separate group of Lewis rats. Three dosages of CsA were administered s.c. for 2 weeks: 2.5 mg/kg/day, 5 mg/kg/day, and 10 mg/kg/day. One injection of the three CsA doses did not achieve what are considered therapeutic levels in man. After 5 days, all three doses of CsA achieved significant blood levels. Significant blood levels were still present one week, but not 3 weeks after CsA was stopped. We conclude that DST given 24 hr before transplant and a 2-week course of low-dose CsA started one day pretransplant have strong synergism in inducing long-term graft survival in this rat model. Linoleic acid started 24 hr pretransplant, together with DST and CsA, did not contribute significantly to graft survival compared with the group given CsA and DST alone. Prolonged heart allograft survival was not due to persistently high CsA levels after the drug was discontinued.
Differential expression of matrilysin and cyclooxygenase-2 in intestinal and colorectal neoplasms (1999)

Both the matrix metalloproteinase matrilysin and the prostaglandin H synthase cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), are thought to play key roles in colorectal carcinogenesis. These enzymes are overexpressed in 85-90% of human colorectal cancers. Furthermore, mice carrying an adenomatous polyposis coli germline mutation that are also nullizygous for either matrilysin or Cox-2 display a significant reduction in tumor multiplicity. To determine if there is a direct link between matrilysin and Cox-2, their expression was characterized in two mouse models of intestinal carcinogenesis and in human colorectal tumor samples. Both matrilysin and Cox-2 expression was increased in the mouse models and in the human colorectal cancers; however, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization indicated that their localization within the tumors was different. In the mouse models, Cox-2 was expressed in the superficial stroma, whereas matrilysin expression was localized exclusively to the neoplastic epithelium. In contrast, in human colorectal cancers, both Cox-2 and matrilysin were expressed in the neoplastic epithelium. Although over 80% of the specimens expressed both matrilysin and Cox-2, the levels and localization of matrilysin and Cox-2 expression were distinct. Cox-2 expression was strongest in well-differentiated areas, and matrilysin immunostaining was strongest in the more dysplastic and invasive regions of the tumor. These results indicate that these two important modulators of colorectal tumorigenesis are differentially expressed and imply that the therapeutic benefit may be improved by combination therapy utilizing selective Cox-2 and matrilysin inhibitors.
THE ROLE OF GASTROINTESTINAL FACTORS IN ALCOHOL METABOLISM (1997)

Although the liver is the major organ responsible for ethanol metabolism, such metabolism also occurs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, compared to the liver, GI metabolism of ethanol is quantitatively much lower. Various enzyme systems have been characterized in GI mucosal cells including various isozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1) and catalase. Gastric ADH activity is one factor by which first pass metabolism (FPM) is influenced and its activity is modulated by genetics, gender, age, drugs and gastric morphology. Another important factor in FPM of ethanol is the speed of gastric emptying. In addition to mucosal ethanol metabolism, ethanol can also be oxidized by many bacterial species in the upper GI tract including oropharynx and stomach as well as in the large intestine. GI metabolism of ethanol may influence systemic bioavailability of ethanol and may lead to local toxicity most likely mediated by acetaldehyde. Such toxicity could be of importance in ethanol-associated carcinogenesis.
Acrolein cytotoxicity and glutathione depletion in n-3 fatty acid sensitive- and resistant human tumor cells. (1999)

Acrolein is a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde formed endogenously and present in the environment. Acrolein efficiently reduces glutathione-contents and is highly cytotoxic in two lung carcinoma cell lines (A-427 and SK-LU-1) and the glioblastoma cell line A-172. A-427, which has the lowest GSH content of the cell lines, is also more sensitive to growth inhibition and more depleted in GSH after acrolein exposure. A-427 is also highly sensitive to docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3, DHA) and acrolein potentiates the cytotoxic effect of DHA in this cell line, but not in the DHA-resistant cell lines SK-LU-1 and A-172. Surprisingly, the cytotoxic effect of acrolein was partially reversed by vitamin E, selenite and 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (ebselen, a Se-glutathione peroxidase mimic) in A-427 cells, but not in SK-LU-1 and A-172 cells. Using the TUNEL assay a strong nuclear fluorescence was observed in DHA-treated A-427 cells, indicating death by apoptosis, whereas acrolein apparently did not induce apoptosis.
Proteolysis by Calpains: a Possible Contribution to Degradation of p53 (1997)

p53 is a short-lived transcription factor that is frequently mutated in tumor cells. Work by several laboratories has already shown that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway can largely account for p53 destruction, at least under specific experimental conditions. We report here that, in vitro, wild-type p53 is a sensitive substrate for milli- and microcalpain, which are abundant and ubiquitous cytoplasmic proteases. Degradation was dependent on p53 protein conformation. Mutants of p53 with altered tertiary structure displayed a wide range of susceptibility to calpains, some of them being largely resistant to degradation and others being more sensitive. This result suggests that the different mutants tested here adopt slightly different conformations to which calpains are sensitive but that cannot be discriminated by using monoclonal antibodies such as PAb1620 and PAb240. Inhibition of calpains by using the physiological inhibitor calpastatin leads to an elevation of p53 steady-state levels in cells expressing wild-type p53. Conversely, activation of calpains by calcium ionophore led to a reduction of p53 in mammalian cells, and the effect was blocked by cell-permeant calpain inhibitors. Cotransfection of p53-null cell lines with p53 and calpastatin expression vectors resulted in an increase in p53-dependent transcription activity. Taken together, these data support the idea that calpains may also contribute to the regulation of wild-type p53 protein levels in vivo.
High-quality GaN films grown on chemical vapor-deposited graphene films (2012)

We report the growth of high-quality GaN films on large-size graphene films for visible light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The graphene films were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition and then transferred onto amorphous silica (SiO2) substrates that do not have an epitaxial relationship with GaN. Before growing the high-quality GaN thin films, ZnO nanowalls were grown on the graphene films as an intermediate layer. The structural and optical characteristics of the GaN films were investigated, and the films exhibited stimulated emission even at room temperature, a highly c-axis-oriented crystal structure, and a preferred in-plane orientation. Visible LEDs that emitted strong electroluminescence under room illumination were fabricated using the GaN thin films. Transparent light emitters are of considerable interest for lighting applications or as displays in flat screens or mobile phones. However, existing transparent light emitters made from organic materials typically do not have light-emission efficiencies that match those of conventional semiconductors. Gyu-Chul Yi and colleagues from Seoul National University have now constructed a system based on a glass-bound layer of the semiconductor gallium nitride — which has been grown on a layer of graphene - that offers a solution to this problem. Gallium nitride is well-known from its use in blue light-emitting diodes, but its growth on transparent substrates such as glass has been challenging due to surface mismatches at the atomic level. If graphene, an atomically thin sheet of carbon atoms, is used as a buffer on top of the glass the quality of the films increases markedly. This makes possible efficient light emission, promising applications for transparent displays made from semiconductors. We demonstrate the growth of high-quality GaN films with flat surface and uniform morphology on large-scale polycrystalline chemical vapor-deposited graphene films. The films exhibit stimulated emission even at room temperature, a highly c-axis-oriented crystal structure, and a preferred in-plane orientation. Furthermore, the GaN films grown on the graphene films can be used for fabrication of blue and green light-emitting diodes.
Modeling and optimization of anaerobic digested sludge converting starch to hydrogen (2000)

The pH and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of a chemostat reactor were varied according to a central composite design methodology with the aim of modeling and optimizing the conversion of starch into hydrogen by microorganisms in an anaerobic digested sludge. Experimental results from 23 runs indicate that a maximum hydrogen production rate of 1600 L/m(3)/d under the organic loading rate of 6 kg starch m(3)/d obtained at pH = 5.2 and HRT = 17 h. Throughout this study, the hydrogen percentage in the biogas was approximately 60% and no methanogenesis was observed. while the reactor was operated with HRT of 17 h, hydrogen was produced within a pH range between 4.7 and 5.7. Alcohol production rate was greater than hydrogen production rate if the pH was lower than 4.3 or higher than 6.1. Supplementary experiments confirm that the optimum conditions evaluated in this study were highly reliable; while a hydrogen production yield of 1.29 l H(2)/g starch-COD was obtained. An examination of the response surfaces, including hydrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and alcohols production, led us to the belief that clostridium sp. predominated in the anaerobic hydrogen-producing microorganisms in this study. Experiment results obtained emphasize that the response of metabolites was a more useful indicator than hydrogenic activity for obtaining efficient hydrogen production. Furthermore, expressions of contour plots indicate that Response-Surface Methodology may provide easily interpretable advice on the operation of a hydrogen-producing bioprocess.