gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical and γ-ray energy spectrum response properties of PbI<sub>2</sub>crystal grown by physical vapor transport (2012)

Lead iodide single crystal was grown by physical vapor transport method. Two radiation detectors with different configurations were fabricated from the as-grown crystal. The electrical and γ-ray response properties at room temperature of the both detectors were investigated. It is found that the dark resistivity of the detectors are respectively 3 × 1010 Ω·cm for bias electric field parallel to crystal c-axis (E//c) and 2 × 108 Ω·cm for perpendicular to crystal c-axis (E⊥c). The energy spectrum response measurement shows that both detectors were sensitive to 241Am 59.5 keV γ-rays, and achieved a good energy resolution of 16.8% for the E ⊥ c-axis configuration detector with a full width at half maximum of 9.996 keV.
Functioning of the CARTOGAM portable gamma camera in a photon counting mode (2002)

The CARTOGAM portable gamma camera, particularly compact (15 kg including the shield, 8 cm in diameter), has been developed for gamma imaging applications in nuclear facilities. The detector is composed of a CsI(Tl) scintillator, an image intensifier and a CCD matrix. The ordinary mode for image acquisition with such a detector is an integrating mode and the main sources of noise are the photo-cathode thermo-electronic emission and the CCD leaking pixels. We have developed an alternative acquisition mode based on a morphological processing of the elementary images at the video frequency (25 im/s). In that mode, gamma events are individually identified and the noise due to isolated thermoelectrons or white pixels is efficiently filtered, thus leading to an important gain in sensitivity. We present here experimental results obtained in this photon counting mode concerning SNR, spatial resolution, saturation limit in dose rate, sensitivity and comparison with the integrating mode. We present also a short analysis of the problem of measuring the SNR in practice in such images.
Micro-Valences: Perceiving Affective Valence in Everyday Objects (2012)

Perceiving the affective valence of objects influences how we think about and react to the world around us. Conversely, the speed and quality with which we visually recognize objects in a visual scene can vary dramatically depending on that scene's affective content. Although typical visual scenes contain mostly "everyday" objects, the affect perception in visual objects has been studied using somewhat atypical stimuli with strong affective valences (e.g., guns or roses). Here we explore whether affective valence must be strong or overt to exert an effect on our visual perception. We conclude that everyday objects carry subtle affective valences - "micro-valences" - which are intrinsic to their perceptual representation.
<i>CISH</i> and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases (2010)

Variants of CISH are associated with susceptibility to diseases caused by diverse infectious pathogens, suggesting that negative regulators of cytokine signaling have a role in immunity against various infectious diseases. The overall risk of one of these infectious diseases was increased by at least 18% among persons carrying the variant CISH alleles.
Development of a long-wavelength fluorescent probe based on quinone–methide-type reaction to detect physiologically significant thiols (2008)

We synthesized a new long-wavelength latent fluorimetric probe BCC (6) to detect physiologically significant thiols. The fluorogenic chemical transformation of BCC triggered by thiols is through a tandem reaction, thiol-induced benzoquinone reduction, and quinone-methide-type rearrangement reaction, which are spontaneous and irreversible at physiological temperature in aqueous media. The fluorescence signal revealed by this process is specific and exhibited in the near-red spectrum region with emission maxima at 595 nm, and it could be competitively inhibited by thiols scavenger, N-ethylmaleimide. The fluorescent response of BCC is insensitive to various non-thiol amino acids and biological reductants. This novel fluorimetric probe demonstrates a good relationship in detecting thiols in 1-100 microM range, which presents to the applicability for the construction of fiber-optic biosensors in the future clinical diagnostic.
Allergen‐specific immunotherapy alters the expression of B and T lymphocyte attenuator, a co‐inhibitory molecule, in allergic rhinitis (2008)

These results suggest that both IL-5 production and down-regulation of BTLA in response to allergen are inhibited in SIT-treated patients with JCP. BTLA-mediated co-inhibition of IL-5 production may contribute to the regulation of allergen-specific T cell responses in patients receiving immunotherapy.
Pronounced Electronic Coupling in Rigidly Connected N,C,N‐Coordinated Diruthenium Complexes over a Distance of Up to 20 Å (1994)

Despite the distance of four para-phenylene units between them, the Ru centers in complex 1 are strongly coupled. This system, in which two aromatic rings separate the Ru-coordinating benzene anions, has the same strong metal-metal coupling as the isoelectronic system in which two coordinating pyridine rings are directly connected. The strong coupling in 1 can be explained by the efficient interaction of the energetically similar metal and ligand orbitals.
Specificity of SNP detection with molecular beacons is improved by stem and loop separation with spacers (2017)

Molecular beacons (MBs) are valuable tools in molecular biology, clinical diagnostics and analytical chemistry. Here we describe a novel approach for the design of MBs with nucleotide or non-nucleotide linkers between the stem and loop regions. Such modified MBs have significantly improved specificity and performance for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection. These advantages are especially distinct, when compared to the classic MBs, in the case of possible interactions between the stem and loop regions. We demonstrated the applicability of such modified MBs for the discrimination of common Factor V, NOS3 and ADRB2 SNPs in model plasmids and in clinical samples. The developed approach could be applicable not only to fluorescently labeled MBs, but also to other biosensors based on nucleic acids with stem-loop structures.
Immunity in rats to superinfection with Fasciola hepatica. (1972)

Infection of rats with an existing infection of F. hepatica resulted in 92.5% less flukes than had been recovered from infection of previously uninfected rats. The first infection was not detectably affected by the second. Under the experimental conditions, age or weight of the rats at the time of reinfection did not appreciably alter fluke recoveries. Rats were highly immune to superinfection under the conditions described. Some years ago, Thorpe and Broome (1962) suggested that an acquired immunity to a challenge infection had developed in rats previously exposed to irradiated metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Further reports have not been noted until the recent article of Corba et al. (1971) who reported that rats which received lymphoid cells from donor animals infected with F. hepatica and animals which had previously been exposed to irradiated metacercariae showed an immunity to challenge infection. While both papers indicated the capacity of rats to develop acquired immunity to F. hepatica, the presence of immunity in rats with an existing infection derived from normal metacercariae remains to be reported. Further, no information is presently available to show the effect, if any, of a challenge infection on an existing infection in rats. This study was designed to show the presence of acquired immunity in rats to superinfection with F. hepatica under conditions which allowed differentiation of parasites from first and second infections and with a control for the possible influence of age resist ance on fluke recovery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male, CD albino rats (Charles River) were used in the experiment. Unexposed rats from this source have been repeatedly negative for F. hepatica at necropsy. Three groups of similar age and weight were infected as follows: Group 1-infected on days 0 and 49; Group 2-infected on day 0 only; Group 3-infected on day 49 only; and a fourth group (Group 4), whose age and weight on day 49 were similar to those of the above groups on day 0, was infected on day 49 only. All groups were necropsied on day 70. These time periods allowed for distinguishing the parasites resulting Received for publication 8 June 1972. from each infection on the basis of degree of development. Details of the experimental design are shown in the attached table. Metacercariae of F. hepatica were naturally shed by a laboratory-maintained culture of Lymnaea tomentosa infected previously with miracidia obtained from eggs of F. hepatica recovered from the bile of experimentally infected sheep. Each cyst was examined microscopically prior to use, and only those with typical internal morphology were selected (Hayes, 1970). All infections were with 5 metacercariae per rat given by esophageal intubation.
Immunopathology and Cytokine Responses in Broiler Chickens Coinfected with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens with the Use of an Animal Model of Necrotic Enteritis (2008)

The incidence of necrotic enteritis (NE) due to Clostridium perfringens (CP) infection in commercial poultry has been increasing at an alarming rate. Although pre-exposure of chickens to coccidia infections is believed to be one of the major risk factors leading to NE, the underlying mechanisms of CP virulence remain undefined. The objectives of this study were to utilize an experimental model of NE produced by Eimeria maxima (EM) and CP coinfection to investigate the pathologic and immunologic parameters of the disease. Broilers coinfected with EM plus CP exhibited more severe gut pathology compared with animals given EM or CP alone. Additionally, EM/CP coinfection increased the numbers of intestinal CP bacteria compared with chickens exposed to an identical challenge of CP alone. Coinfection with EM and CP repressed nitric oxide synthase gene expression that was induced by EM alone, leading to lower plasma NO levels. Intestinal expression of a panel of cytokine and chemokine genes following EM/CP coinfection showed a mixed response depending on the transcript analyzed and the time following infection. In general, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, and TGF-beta4 were repressed, whereas IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, and LITAF were increased during coinfection compared with challenge by EM or CP alone. These results are discussed in the context of EM and CP to act synergistically to create a more severe disease phenotype leading to an altered cytokine/chemokine response than that produced by infection with the individual pathogens.
Business Models and Pricing Issues in the Digital Domain (1997)

The transition from the printed page to the digital packet has been problematic for both creators of proprietary materials and users of those materials. Legal and economic models for traditional physical objects, such as books and journals, have been taxed by new intellectual property unbounded by physical constraints. Concepts of licensing of copyrighted materials and issues of pricing have taken on new meaning within this world. This paper will discuss the new technologies and their influence upon evolving legal and economic models in the digital domains
Living Cationic Polymerization of <i>p</i>-Chlorostyrene and Related Para-Substituted Styrene Derivatives at Room Temperature (1996)

Cationic polymerizations of p-chlorostyrene (pClSt), p-(chloromethyl)styrene (pCMS), and p-(acetoxymethyl)styrene (pAcOMS) were examined with HCl−vinyl monomer adduct (1; CH3CH(R)Cl; 1a: R = Ph, 1b: R = OCH2CH2Cl)/SnX4 initiating systems in the presence or absence of an ammonium salt. Living polymers were obtained from pClSt using the 1-phenylethyl chloride (1a)/SnCl4/nBu4NCl initiating system in CH2Cl2 at 0 °C. Thus, without the ammonium salt, the 1a/SnCl4 system led to a conventional cationic polymerization to give polymers with bimodal molecular weight distributions (MWDs), but in the presence of nBu4NCl, polymers with unimodal and very narrow MWDs (M̄w/M̄n ≈ 1.1) were obtained. The number-average molecular weight (M̄n; by 1H NMR) of the polymers increased in direct proportion to conversion, agreed with the calculated value assuming that one polymer chain forms per molecule of 1a, and further increased on addition of a fresh pClSt feed into a completely polymerized solution. More important, living poly(pClSt) with narrow MWDs were also obtained even at +25 °C, where the corresponding polymerization of styrene is not living. This is the first example of living polymerization of pClSt at room temperature. Living polymers were also obtained by initiating the polymerization with the vinyl ether adduct (1b), and end-functionalized polymers of pClSt could be prepared by a functionalized vinyl ether adduct in a similar way. In contrast to pClSt, neither pCMS nor pAcOMS was polymerized in a living fashion.
Improving prefrontal cortex function in schizophrenia through focused training of cognitive control (2010)

Previous research has shown that individuals with schizophrenia show deficits in cognitive control functions thought to depend on the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), and its interactions with related regions. The current study explored the effects of instructed strategy training on improving cognitive control functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Event-related fMRI was used to test whether effects of such training were associated with changes in brain activity dynamics during task performance. Patients with schizophrenia (N = 22) performed the AX-CPT cognitive control task in two-sessions, with the first occurring pre-training and second following strategy training. The training protocol emphasized direct encoding of contextual cues and updating response selection goals in accordance with cue information. A matched group of healthy controls (N = 14) underwent the same protocol but were only scanned in the pre-training session. In the pre-training session, patients exhibited behavioral evidence of impaired utilization of contextual cue information, along with reduced cue-related activity - but increased activation during probe and response periods - in a network of regions associated with cognitive control, centered on the lateral PFC. Following training, this pattern of activation dynamics significantly shifted, normalizing towards the pattern observed in controls. These activation effects were associated with both clinical symptoms and behavioral performance improvements. The results suggest that focused strategy training may facilitate cognitive task performance in patients with schizophrenia by changing the dynamics of activity within critical control-related brain regions.
A radar history of World War II: technical and military imperatives (2000)

Preliminaries: Radio vision for war. Electromagnetic waves. Perceptions of air power, 1919-1939. Navigation in 1939. Antiaircraft artillery, 1914-1939. Origins: Electronic component development. Beginnings, 1902-1934. Britain builds an air defense system. American and Germans build prototypes. Five other nations. First clashes: War in Europe. The Battle of Britain and the Blitz. The Atlantic, 1941. Friend, foe or home? The Japanese realize they are behind. New ideas: Microwaves. The Tizard mission. The radiation laboratory. The proximity fuze - the smallest radar. Greater and lesser microwave sets. Years of Allied despair and hope: The Mediterranean, 1940-1942. War in the Pacific. The Channel, 1942. Carrier warfare defined. The South Pacific, 1942. The Eastern front. The great radar war: The destruction of German cities initiated. Countermeasures. An air war of attrition. Arbeitsgemeinschaft-Rotterdam. The destruction of German cities completed. Allied victory in sight: The battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1945. Radar in arctic waters. The Mediterranean, 1943-1945. Japanese shipping destroyed. The wide Pacific. The end in Europe: Invasion. Flying bombs. The battlefield transformed. Post mortem. The end in Asia: The Philippines and Okinawa. The destruction of Japanese cities. The measure of radar: Navigation transformed. Science and the electronic age. Secrecy and the technical imperative. An evaluation. Appendix: A few radar essentials.
Human Uveal Melanoma Cells Produce Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factor to Prevent Lysis by NK Cells (2000)

Human uveal melanoma arises in an immune privileged ocular environment in which both adaptive and innate immune effector mechanisms are suppressed. Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular tumor in adults and is derived from tissues in the eye that produce macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF), a cytokine that has recently been demonstrated to produce immediate inhibition of NK cell-mediated lytic activity. Although NK cell-mediated lysis of uveal melanomas is inhibited in the eye, melanoma cells that disseminate from the eye are at risk for surveillance by NK cells. Moreover, uveal melanoma cells demonstrate a propensity to metastasize to the liver, an organ with one of the highest levels of NK activity in the body. Therefore, we speculated that uveal melanomas produced MIF as a means of escaping NK cell-mediated lysis. Accordingly, seven primary uveal melanoma cell lines and two cell lines derived from uveal melanoma metastases were examined for their production of MIF. MIF was detected in melanoma culture supernatants by both ELISA and the classical bioassay of macrophage migration inhibition. Melanoma-derived MIF inhibited NK cell-mediated lysis of YAC-1 and uveal melanoma cells. Cell lines derived from uveal melanoma metastases produced approximately twice as much biologically active MIF as cultures from primary uveal melanomas. Inhibition of NK cell-mediated killing by uveal melanoma-derived MIF was specifically inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by anti-MIF Ab. The results suggest that human uveal melanoma cells maintain a microenvironment of immune privilege by secreting active MIF that protects against NK cell-mediated killing.
Absolute Configuration of Kelsoene and Prespatane (1999)

The absolute configurations of the rare sesquiterpenes, kelsoene and prespatane, were determined to be (1S, 2R,5S, 6S, 7R, 8R)-2,8-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)tricyclo[5.3.0.0(2,5)] decane (IUPAC name) and (1R, 2S, 5R, 6R, 7R, 8S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-(1-methylethenyl) tricyclo-[5.3.0.0(2,6)] decane, respectively, on the basis of the observed chemical shifts and NOEs in NOESY and NOEDS experiments after conversion with the chiral reagent, 2'-methoxy-1,1'-binaphthalene-2-carbohydroximoyl chloride (MBCC). The absolute configurations of kelsoene and prespatane thus determined suggest that initial cyclization of FPP from the si-face at C-10 to form a 10R-germacradienyl cation leads to kelsoene, while that from the re-face leads to prespatane via the 10S-germacradienyl cation.
An evaluation of diabetes self-management applications for Android smartphones (2012)

We reviewed diabetes apps for Android smartphones. We compiled a list of free and paid apps in April 2011 by searching the Android Market for apps which could track self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), diabetes medications or calculate prandial insulin dosages. Two reviewers independently evaluated six features per app, using a five-point Likert scale. The sum of the six ratings was the composite usability score, and the mean score of an app's features was the average usability score. Of the 80 Android diabetes apps identified, 42 unique apps were eligible for the study. SMBG recording was present in 36 (86%) of the apps, a tool to track insulin or oral diabetic medications was found in 19 (45%) apps, and a prandial insulin dose calculator existed for 11 (26%) apps. Eighteen apps were free of charge and the other 24 apps had a mean purchase price of $2.86 (range 0.99-6.99). The mean composite usability score was 11.3 out of a possible 30. The mean average usability score was 3.0 out of a possible 5.0. Only four of the 42 apps had a composite usability score above 20 and none offered direct data input from glucometers, suggesting that few provided a comprehensive method of diabetes management. The apps Glucool Diabetes, OnTrack Diabetes, Dbees and Track3 Diabetes Planner were the highest rated. Clinicians may find it useful to recommend these apps.
Impacto de “El Bogotazo” en las actividades residenciales y los servicios de alto rango en el centro histórico de Bogotá Estudio de caso (2009)

El inicio de la segunda mitad del siglo XX en Bogotá estuvo marcado por el asesinato del líder liberal\nJorge Eliécer Gaitán el 9 de abril de 1948 y la posterior destrucción parcial del centro de la ciudad.\nLas consecuencias de �El Bogotazo� marcarán una ciudad en tránsito hacia la modernización. A\npartir de una serie de modelos urbanos construidos en base a información registrada en directorios\ntelefónicos entre 1946 y 1956 se busca determinar el impacto de estos hechos en la actividad\nresidencial y terciaria de alto rango en el centro histórico de la ciudad.
A dynamic 60 GHz radio channel model for system level simulations with MAC protocols for IEEE 802.11ad (2010)

This paper presents a dynamic 60 GHz radio channel model for system level simulations with MAC Protocols. It is based on radio propagation measurements investigating the influence of moving humans on the 60 GHz channel, which has been performed in the framework of IEEE 802.11ad 60 GHz WLAN standardization.
A DTD Complexity Metric. (2003)

Self-healing composites containing microcapsules exhibit improved fatigue resistance compared to microcapsule-free non-self-healing composites.
Increased Mosquito Feeding on Rift Valley Fever Virus-Infected Lambs (1984)

Experiments were conducted to determine whether or not mosquitoes exhibited an increase in feeding on Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus-infected lambs as compared to uninfected ones. Overall, when given a choice between a viremic lamb, or its uninfected twin, 65% (1,264/1,943) of the engorged female Culex pipiens obtained blood from the viremic lamb. This excess of feedings on viremic lambs was demonstrated regardless of the age of the lambs, or the time period between inoculation of the lambs and exposure to mosquitoes. With 3-day-old and 6- to 8-week-old lambs, 66% of the mosquitoes obtained blood from the viremic lamb. At 28, 48, and 52 hours after infection, the percentages of mosquitoes feeding on viremic lambs were 72, 68, and 64, respectively. Temperature, as measured by the difference in temperature of the viremic lamb minus that of the control lamb, was positively correlated with mosquito feedings on young lambs (3 days old), but not on older lambs (6 to 8 weeks old). When Cx. pipiens and Aedes taeniorhynchus were simultaneously given the opportunity to feed on 3-week-old lambs, a significantly higher percentage of engorged Cx. pipiens (94/108, 87%) fed on the viremic lamb than did engorged Ae. taeniorhynchus (187/350, 53%). The data generated by this study (e.g., an excess of feedings on the viremic lambs) warrant further study to determine the significance of this observation under field conditions.