gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AtPng1p. The First Plant Transglutaminase  (2004)

Studies have revealed in plant chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell walls, and cytoplasm the existence of transglutaminase (TGase) activities, similar to those known in animals and prokaryotes having mainly structural roles, but no protein has been associated to this type of activity in plants. A recent computational analysis has shown in Arabidopsis the presence of a gene, AtPng1p, which encodes a putative N-glycanase. AtPng1p contains the Cys-His-Asp triad present in the TGase catalytic domain. AtPng1p is a single gene expressed ubiquitously in the plant but at low levels in all light-assayed conditions. The recombinant AtPng1p protein could be immuno-detected using animal TGase antibodies. Furthermore, western-blot analysis using antibodies raised against the recombinant AtPng1p protein have lead to its detection in microsomal fraction. The purified protein links polyamines-spermine (Spm) > spermidine (Spd) > putrescine (Put)-and biotin-cadaverine to dimethylcasein in a calcium-dependent manner. Analyses of the gamma-glutamyl-derivatives revealed that the formation of covalent linkages between proteins and polyamines occurs via the transamidation of gamma-glutamyl residues of the substrate, confirming that the AtPng1p gene product acts as a TGase. The Ca(2+)- and GTP-dependent cross-linking activity of the AtPng1p protein can be visualized by the polymerization of bovine serum albumine, obtained, like the commercial TGase, at basic pH and in the presence of dithiotreitol. To our knowledge, this is the first reported plant protein, characterized at molecular level, showing TGase activity, as all its parameters analyzed so far agree with those typically exhibited by the animal TGases.
Lectures on Elastic Curves and Rods (2008)

These five lectures constitute a tutorial on the Euler elastica and the Kirchhoff elastic rod. We consider the classical variational problem in Euclidean space and its generalization to Riemannian manifolds. We describe both the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian formulation of the rod, with the goal of examining the (Liouville‐Arnol'd) integrability. We are particularly interested in determining closed (i.e., periodic) solutions.
The Fine Line between a Two‐Phase and Solid‐Solution Phase Transformation and Highly Mobile Phase Interfaces in Spinel Li<sub>4+</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (2016)

Phase transitions play a crucial role in Li‐ion battery electrodes being decisive for both the power density and cycle life. The kinetic properties of phase transitions are relatively unexplored and the nature of the phase transition in defective spinel Li 4+ x Ti 5 O 12 introduces a controversy as the very constant (dis)charge potential, associated with a first‐order phase transition, appears to contradict the exceptionally high rate performance associated with a solid–solution reaction. With the present density functional theory study, a microscopic mechanism is put forward that provides deeper insight in this intriguing and technologically relevant material. The local substitution of Ti with Li in the spinel Li 4+ x Ti 5 O 12 lattice stabilizes the phase boundaries that are introduced upon Li‐ion insertion. This facilitates a subnanometer phase coexistence in equilibrium, which although very similar to a solid solution should be considered a true first‐order phase transition. The resulting interfaces are predicted to be very mobile due to the high mobility of the Li ions located at the interfaces. This highly mobile, almost liquid‐like, subnanometer phase morphology is able to respond very fast to nonequilibrium conditions during battery operation, explaining the excellent rate performance in combination with a first‐order phase transition.
복수의 토양정화책임자와 정화조치명령 대상자의 선택 - 2015년 개정 「토양환경보전법 시행령」제5조의3의 해석과 평가 - (2015)

지난 2015년 3월 24일, 개정된 「토양환경보전법 시행령」에서는 복수의 정화책임자에 대한 정화조치명령의 재량권 행사기준을 구체화하고 있다. 이 글에서는 개정 「토양환경보전법 시행령」의 주요내용을 분석함으로써 그 해석론을 제시하는 한편, 「토양환경보전법」의 입법취지나 목적에 비추어 다소 미흡한 부분을 지적함으로써 이를 보완하기 위한 입법론을 함께 제시하고 있다. 개정 시행령은 정화책임자가 여러 명인 경우 정화조치명령의 발동과 관련하여, 토양오염에 직접적으로 기여한 자를 우선순위로 하여 정화조치명령을 내리도록 규정하고 있다. 시행령에서 정하고 있는 정화책임자 간의 순위나 그 적용에 대한 예외사유 그 자체는 비교적 적정하게 정해진 것으로 볼 수 있으나, 토양정화조치명령의 대상자 선택에 관한 고려요소까지도 보다 구체적으로 명시하였더라면 하는 아쉬움이 남는다. 시행령에서 정하고 있는 순위는 어디까지나 각각의 유형에 해당하는 정화책임자가 각기 따로 존재하는 경우에 대한 기준만을 제공할 수 있을 뿐, 동일 유형에 속하는 정화책임자가 여러 명인 경우에는 아무런 기준도 제공하지 못한다는 한계가 있다. 그리고 모법인 「토양환경보전법」제10조의4 제3항을 고려할 때, 단지 각 유형의 정화책임자 간의 순위를 정하고 특별한 사유에 해당함을 행정청이 입증하지 못하는 한 반드시 그 순서에 따라 정화조치명령을 내리도록 하는 것만으로는 모법이 규정하는 바와 같이 각 정화책임자의 귀책정도와 신속하고 원활한 토양정화 등의 가능성이 충분히 고려될 수 있을 것인지 의문이다. 여하튼 이와 같이 순위를 명시하는 입법방식을 채용하였다고 하더라도, 보다우선순위에 있는 자가 조치명령의 대상자가 되었다고 해서 그 후순위에 있는 자가정화책임으로부터 완전히 자유로워지는 것은 아니라는 점을 유의하여야 할 것이다. 이는 어디까지나 제1차적 영역에서의 정화조치명령의 “대상”에 관한 우선순위를 정한 것일 뿐, 제2차적 영역에서의 내부비용부담관계의 문제는 여전히 존재하는 것이다.
Monitoring the Simultaneous Presentation of Spatialized Speech Signals in a Virtual Acoustic Environment (1998)

Abstract : The effect of spatial auditory information on a listener's ability to detect, identify, and monitor multiple simultaneous speech signals was evaluated using virtual audio technology. Factorial combinations of three variables - the number of localized speech signals, the location of the speech signals around the horizontal plane, and the sex of the talker - were employed using a within-subjects design. Participants were required to detect the presentation of a critical speech signal among a background of non-signal speech events. Results indicated that the spatialization of simultaneous speech signals (1) increased the percentage of correctly detected and identified critical speech signals and (2) did not affect the response times of correctly detected signals. Implications for the use of this technology as an applied interface are discussed.
Satisfaction begins at home (2006)

A brief synopsis of Corporate Service Intelligence: What It Is, Why It Is Important, How to Measure It, and How to Make It Happen (Valtera Corp. working paper, 2005) by Benjamin Schneider, Scott A. Young and William H. Macey
A Voting-Based System for Ethical Decision Making (2018)

We present a general approach to automating ethical decisions, drawing on machine learning and computational social choice. In a nutshell, we propose to learn a model of societal preferences, and, when faced with a specific ethical dilemma at runtime, efficiently aggregate those preferences to identify a desirable choice. We provide a concrete algorithm that instantiates our approach; some of its crucial steps are informed by a new theory of swap-dominance efficient voting rules. Finally, we implement and evaluate a system for ethical decision making in the autonomous vehicle domain, using preference data collected from 1.3 million people through the Moral Machine website.
Ionized Clusters: A Technique For Low Energy Ion Beam Deposition (1985)

Ionized cluster Beams (ICB) are widely used to deposit metal, semiconductor and insulating films. The paper describes the current state of this technology in both fundamental and applications areas. One important ambiguity in the theory of metal cluster formation is addressed. RBS is used to measure the extent of any displacement of surface atoms caused by ICB. The minimal amount of such surface damage is confirmed by the close-to-ideal values measured for Schottky barrier height on an Al/Si interface. Several examples of ICB application are described.
Saponin content of soya and some commercial soya products by means of high‐performance liquid chromatography of the sapogenins (1986)

Abstract Quantitative high‐performance liquid chromatography of the sapogenins was used to estimate the saponin content of soya beans ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and commercially prepared soya flours, protein concentrate, protein isolate and soya milks. The level of saponin in whole soya beans as estimated (0.47%) was in agreement with other recent estimates. Saponins were also found in the various soya flours (0.43–0.67%), protein isolate (0.76%), soya milks (0.022–0.026%) but not in the protein concentrate.
Complex pattern of immunoglobulin mu gene expression in normal and transgenic mice: nonoverlapping regulatory sequences govern distinct tissue specificities. (1991)

Analysis of normal mice and transgenic mice carrying a rearranged immunoglobulin mu gene revealed a more complex tissue-specific pattern of mu gene expression than anticipated from previous observations. Expression of the endogenous mu locus and the mu transgene was detected both in lymphoid tissues and in skeletal muscle. Analysis of the expression pattern of mu transgenes containing intragenic deletions or point mutations in binding sites for Oct transcription factors (OCTA sites) indicated that distinct regulatory sequences control lymphoid- and muscle-specific mu gene expression. Consistent with previous transfection experiments, mu gene expression in lymphoid tissues is dependent on the intragenic enhancer and the OCTA site in the promoter. However, neither of these regulatory sequences is required for mu gene expression in skeletal muscle that is governed by a muscle-specific control region located 3' of the enhancer. An "off-state" of the mu transgene was observed only in liver and embryonal fibroblasts, whereas enhancer-dependent mu transgene expression was detected at low levels in other nonlymphoid tissues. From these data we suggest a model for the regulation of tissue-specific mu gene expression in which a "ubiquitous" competence for basal transcription is up-regulated in lymphoid and muscle tissues by distinct cell type-specific regulatory sequences and down-regulated in liver and fibroblastic cells by putative negative sequence elements.
Lagophthalmos (2010)

Lagophthalmos is the incomplete or defective closure of the eyelids. The inability to blink and effectively close the eyes leads to corneal exposure and excessive evaporation of the tear film. The main cause of lagophthalmos is facial nerve paralysis (paralytic lagophthalmos), but it also occurs after trauma or surgery (cicatricial lagophthalmos) or during sleep (nocturnal lagophthalmos). The main cause for paralytic lagophthalmos is Bell's palsy but it may be secondary to trauma, infections, tumors, and many other conditions. The main purpose when treating lagophthalmos is to prevent exposure keratitis and reestablish eyelid function. It is equally important for the patient to regain a cosmetically acceptable appearance. Clinical treatment includes lubricant drops and ointments. Surgical procedures include dynamic and static techniques. The decision about the most appropriate method for reconstruction depends on the location, extent, degree and duration of paralysis, etiology, patient's age, health, and expectations. The indications and technical steps of the most used static procedures are described in this review.
Chemical communication between bacteria and cell-free gene expression systems within linear chains of emulsion droplets (2016)

Position-dependent gene expression in gradients of morphogens is one of the key processes involved in cellular differentiation during development. Here, we study a simple artificial differentiation process, which is based on the diffusion of genetic inducers within one-dimensional arrangements of 50 μm large water-in-oil droplets. The droplets are filled with either bacteria or cell-free gene expression systems, both equipped with genetic constructs that produce inducers or respond to them via expression of a fluorescent protein. We quantitatively study the coupled diffusion-gene expression process and demonstrate that gene expression can be made position-dependent both within bacteria-containing and cell-free droplets. By generating diffusing quorum sensing signals in situ, we also establish communication between artificial cell-free sender cells and bacterial receivers, and vice versa.
Characterization of Apomictic BC<sub>7</sub> and BC<sub>8</sub> Pearl Millet: Meiotic Chromosome Behavior and Construction of an ASGR‐carrier Chromosome‐specific Library (2010)

Apospory in Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen is inherited as a single‐locus dominant trait. Molecular analysis has identified the apospory‐specific genomic region (ASGR), a large segment of one chromosome that is necessary and sufficient to confer apomixis. To transfer apospory from P. squamulatum to pearl millet [ P. glaucum (L.) R. Br.], advanced backcrosses were generated. Here we report the characterization of apomictic BC 7 and BC 8 generations. A BC 7 –derived genotype has two P. squamulatum chromosomes, while BC 8 –derived apomictic lines inherited only the ASGR chromosome that confers apospory to pearl millet. Morphologically, no significant differences were observed between backcross generations for plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and first internode and inflorescence lengths. However, the BC 7 and BC 8 lines differed significantly with regard to pollen viability, flowering time, and seed set. Pollen viability increased to 81% in the BC 8 lines compared with 37% in BC 7 . The frequency of aposporous embryo sacs was lower in BC 8 (79%) lines compared to BC 7 (93%). Meiotic behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I showed that BC 8 typically had a single univalent, identified as the ASGR chromosome by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) and GISH (genomic in situ hybridization). Utilizing its unique behavior during meiosis the ASGR chromosome was microdissected and a chromosome‐specific library was constructed and sequenced. Analysis of sequences identified both novel and previously known ASGR‐linked sequences.
Disk scheduling policies with lookahead (2002)

Advances in magnetic recording technology have resulted in a rapid increase in disk capacities, but improvements in the mechanical characteristics of disks have been quite modest. For example the access time to random disk blocks has decreased by a mere factor of two, while disk capacities have increased by several orders of magnitude. High performance OLTP applications subject disks to a very demanding workload, since they require high access rates to randomly distributed disk blocks and gain limited benef£t from caching and prefetching. We address this problem by re-evaluating the performance of some well known disk scheduling methods, before proposing and evaluating extensions to them. A variation to CSCAN takes into account rotational latency, so that the service time of further requests is reduced. A variation to SATF considers the sum of service times of several successive requests in scheduling the next request, so that the arm is moved to a (temporal) neighborhood with many requests. The service time of further requests is discounted, since their immediate processing is not guaranteed. A variation to the SATF policy prioritizes reads with respect to writes and processes winner write requests conditionally, i.e., when the ratio of their service time to that of the winner read request is smaller than a certain threshold. We review previous work to put our work into the proper perspective and discuss plans for future work.
Relationship between Hip and Knee Strength and Knee Valgus during a Single Leg Squat (2006)

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hip and knee strength, and valgus knee motion during a single leg squat. Thirty healthy adults (15 men, 15 women) stood on their preferred foot, squatted to approximately 60 deg of knee flexion, and returned to the standing position. Frontal plane knee motion was evaluated using 3-D motion analysis. During Session 2, isokinetic (60 deg/sec) concentric and eccentric hip (abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, and internal/external rotation) and knee (flexion/extension) strength was evaluated. The results demonstrated that hip abduction (r2=0.13), knee flexion (r2=0.18), and knee extension (r2=0.14) peak torque were significant predictors of frontal plane knee motion. Significant negative correlations showed that individuals with greater hip abduction (r=-0.37), knee flexion (r=-0.43), and knee extension (r=-0.37) peak torque exhibited less motion toward the valgus direction. Men exhibited significantly greater absolute peak torque for all motions, excluding eccentric internal rotation. When normalized to body mass, men demonstrated significantly greater strength than women for concentric hip adduction and flexion, knee flexion and extension, and eccentric hip extension. The major findings demonstrate a significant role of hip muscle strength in the control of frontal plane knee motion.
Use of quiet zone prediction in the design of compact antenna test ranges (1996)

The physical optics technique is used to compare the performance of single offset compact antenna test ranges having different reflector edge treatments and rim shapes. The equivalence of using the range reflector's edge taper or rim serrations to control edge diffraction is demonstrated. A geometrical optics/geometrical theory of diffraction process is then applied to the compact antenna test range at Queen Mary & Westfield College and a parametric study showing the relationship between the quiet zone size as a function of edge illumination and frequency is presented. The result demonstrates that the low frequency performance of compact antenna test ranges can be improved by careful choice of the reflector's edge taper.
Phase Current Unbalance Estimation in Multiphase Buck Converters (2008)

A method for estimating the phase current unbalance in a multiphase buck converter is presented. The method uses the information contained in the voltage drop at the input capacitor's effective series resistance (ESR) to estimate the average current in each phase. Although the absolute estimation of the currents depends on the value of the ESR and is therefore not absolutely accurate, the relative estimates of the currents with respect to one other are shown to be very accurate. The method can be implemented with a low-rate down-sampling A/D converter and is not computationally intensive. Experimental results are presented, showing good agreement between the estimates and the measured values.
Degumming of vegetable oil by membrane technology (2002)

Conventional method of degumming of crude vegetable oil, which involves the treatment of oil with steam followed by acid, is associated with many drawbacks, such as loss of oil, generation of wash waters, poor quality of degummed oil, etc. These drawbacks can be eliminated by the use of membrane technology being energy efficient, ecofriendly, and simple in operation. In order to explore the possibilities of utilizing membrane based separation process for the degumming of crude vegetable oil, this study has been conducted. The findings of the study indicate that membranes can remove phospholipids approximately 90% and above from castor oil, salicorniaseed oil and cottonseed oil. The permeability of membrane depends on the pressure applied. Ultrafiltration membranes exhibit higher permeability comparative to nanofiltration membrane. In addition to removal of phospholipids, membranes can simultaneously remove colour approximately 80% from the oil.
Preparation and dispersion of Ni–Cu composite nanoparticles (2002)

Finely dispersed sandwich composite nanoparticles of Cu–Ni–Cu were prepared by a novel method combining template synthesis and an ultrasonic treatment method. The composite nanoparticles have uniform cylinder shape with tunable diameter and length. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction (ED) were employed to characterize the nanoparticles. This method can be used to fabricate shape- and size-controlled composite nanoparticles in a wide range of metals and other materials. The so-prepared particles may be suitable candidates as nanoscale blocks for assembling nanodevices.
Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2007)

Invariant natural killer T cells are found in low numbers in the airways of subjects with asthma, subjects with COPD, and controls.
Re-scan confocal microscopy: scanning twice for better resolution (2013)

We present a new super-resolution technique, Re-scan Confocal Microscopy (RCM), based on standard confocal microscopy extended with an optical (re-scanning) unit that projects the image directly on a CCD-camera. This new microscope has improved lateral resolution and strongly improved sensitivity while maintaining the sectioning capability of a standard confocal microscope. This simple technology is typically useful for biological applications where the combination high-resolution and high-sensitivity is required.
Nek2A contributes to tumorigenic growth and possibly functions as potential therapeutic target for human breast cancer (2012)

Nek2A (NIMA-related kinases 2A) has been known as an important centrosome regulatory factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Nek2A and the role it played in different stages of breast cancer. We detected the expression of Nek2A in both mRNA and protein levels in MCF10 cell lines including MCF-10A, MCF-10DCIS.com, MCF-10CA1a and in human breast samples which contained normal breast tissue (NBT), breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Our study revealed that the mRNA and protein expression of Nek2A were significantly up-regulated in MCF-10DCIS.com and MCF-10CA1a cell lines as well as in human primary breast cancer tissue (DCIS and IDC). Our study also presented a correlation between Nek2A mRNA expression and some clinic pathological factors. We found that Nek2A mRNA expression was associated with molecular subtypes, ER, PR and Ki-67 immunoreactivity (P<0.05) in DCIS and associated with histological grade, lymph node metastasis, molecular subtypes, c-erbB-2, and Ki-67 expression (P<0.05) in IDC. In addition, we observed that ectopic expression of Nek2A in "normal" immortalized MCF-10A breast epithelial cell resulted in increased Nek2A which lead to abnormal centrosomes. Furthermore, knockdown of Nek2A in MCF-10DCIS.com could remarkably inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest in MCF-10DCIS.com cell line. These data suggested that Nek2A might bear a close relationship with development and progression of breast carcinoma, and highlighted its role as a novel potential biomarker for diagnosis and a possible therapeutic target for human breast cancer especially for DCIS.
YADD Mutants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase Are Resistant to Lamivudine Triphosphate (3TCTP) In Vitro (2001)

When human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is selected for resistance to 3TC, the methionine normally present at position 184 is replaced by valine or isoleucine. Position 184 is the X of the conserved YXDD motif; positions 185 and 186 form part of the triad of aspartic acids at the polymerase active site. Structural and biochemical analysis of 3TC-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) led to a model in which a beta-branched amino acid at position 184 would act as a steric gate. Normal deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) could still be incorporated; the oxathiolane ring of 3TCTP would clash with the beta branch of the amino acid at position 184. This model can also explain 3TC resistance in feline immunodeficiency virus and human hepatitis B virus. However, it has been reported (14) that murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) with valine (the amino acid present in the wild type), isoleucine, alanine, serine, or methionine at the X position of the YXDD motif are all resistant to 3TC. We prepared purified wild-type MLV RT and mutant MLV RTs with methionine, isoleucine, and alanine at the X position. The behavior of these RTs was compared to those of wild-type HIV-1 RT and of HIV-1 RT with alanine at the X position. If alanine is present at the X position, both MLV RT and HIV-1 RT are relatively resistant to 3TCTP in vitro. However, the mutant enzymes were impaired relative to their wild-type counterparts; there appears to be steric hindrance for both 3TCTP and normal dNTPs.