gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting endoplasmic reticulum protein transport: a novel strategy to kill malignant B cells and overcome fludarabine resistance in CLL (2005)

Previous studies showed that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells exhibit certain mitochondrial abnormalities including mtDNA mutations, increased superoxide generation, and aberrant mitochondrial biogenesis, which are associated with impaired apoptosis and reduced sensitivity to fludarabine. Here we report that CLL cells and multiple myeloma cells are highly sensitive to brefeldin A, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi protein transport currently being developed as a novel anticancer agent in a prodrug formulation. Of importance, brefeldin A effectively induced apoptosis in fludarabine-refractory CLL cells. Disruption of protein trafficking by brefeldin A caused the sequestration of the prosurvival factors APRIL and VEGF in the ER, leading to abnormal ER swelling and a decrease in VEGF secretion. Such ER stress and blockage of secretory protein traffic eventually resulted in Golgi collapse, activation of caspases, and cell death. Notably, the cellular sensitivity to this compound appeared to be independent of p53 status. Taken together, these findings suggest that malignant B cells may be highly dependent on ER-Golgi protein transport and that targeting this process may be a promising therapeutic strategy for B-cell malignancies, especially for those that respond poorly to conventional treatments.
Structure of fructan oligomers in cheatgrass (<i>Bromus tectorum</i> L.) <sup>*</sup> (1993)

SUMMARY Leaves of field‐grown cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum L.) plants were sampled during early spring when day‐ and night‐time temperatures were relatively cool. Fructan oligomers with a degree of polymerization (DP) 3–6 were extracted and purified using gel and anion‐exchange chromatography. The structures of 13 cheatgrass fructans were established. They included two trisaccharides [1‐kestotriose (1‐kestose) and 6‐kestotriose (6‐kestose)], four tetrasaccharides [(1.1)‐kestotetraose (nystose), (1&6)‐kestotetraose (bifurcose), (6,1)‐kestotetraose and (6,6)‐kestotetraose], three pentasaccharides [(1,1&6)‐kestopentaose, (1&6,6)‐kestopentaose and (6;1&6)‐kestopentaose] plus four hexasaccharides [(1,1,1&6)‐kestohexaose (1&6,6,6)‐kestohexaose, (6;1&6,6)‐kestohexaose and (6;1,6&6)‐kestohexaose]. All fructans larger then DP 4 contained a branch point. Each member of the dominant series(1&6)‐kestotetraose, (1&6,6)‐kestopentaose and (1&6,6,6)‐kestohexaose, is a branched fructan in which two fructose moieties are linked to the fructose subunit of each sucrose molecule. Thus the dominant series is built upon (1&6)‐kestotetraose. Fructans larger than DP 3 with exclusively 2→1‐ or 2→6‐linkages were absent except for a very small amount of (6,6)‐kestotetraose. The unique fructan structures synthesized in cheatgrass, wheat and oats illustrate diversity in the enzymology of fructan biosynthesis among grass species.
Visible light communication using InGaN optical sources with AlInGaP nanomembrane down-converters (2016)

We report free space visible light communication using InGaN sources, namely micro-LEDs and a laser diode, down-converted by a red-emitting AlInGaP multi-quantum-well nanomembrane. In the case of micro-LEDs, the AlInGaP nanomembrane is capillary-bonded between the sapphire window of a micro-LED array and a hemispherical sapphire lens to provide an integrated optical source. The sapphire lens improves the extraction efficiency of the color-converted light. For the case of the down-converted laser diode, one side of the nanomembrane is bonded to a sapphire lens and the other side optionally onto a dielectric mirror; this nanomembrane-lens structure is remotely excited by the laser diode. Data transmission up to 870 Mb/s using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) with fractionally spaced decision feedback equalizer is demonstrated for the micro-LED-integrated nanomembrane. A data rate of 1.2 Gb/s is achieved using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ODFM) with the laser diode pumped sample.
Numerical Simulations of the Nonlinear Interaction of a Bubble Cloud and a High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Field (2019)

We studied the effects of a small bubble cloud located at the pre-focal area of a high-intensity focused ultrasound field. Our objective is to show that bubbles can modify the bioeffects of an ultrasound treatment in muscle tissue. We model a three-dimensional ultrasound field in an idealized configuration of real operating conditions. Simulations are performed using a combined method based on the Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov equation, describing the ultrasound propagation, and a Rayleigh-Plesset equation, modeling the bubble oscillations. The nonlinear interaction of the ultrasound field and the bubble oscillations is considered. Results with and without bubbles for different void fractions of the cloud and different acoustic powers are compared. The cloud induces scattering, nonlinear distortion, and shielding of ultrasound, which increase the mechanical index in the pre-focal zone, shift the location, reduce the size, and modify the shape of the volume of tissue of high mechanical index values, and lower the pressure at the intended focus considerably. Although some hypothesis and parameters used in the models do not fit the real HIFU situations, the simulation results suggest that the effects caused by a bubble cloud located in the pre-focal area should be considered and monitored to ensure the safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound treatments.
Regulation of Raf-1 and Raf-1 Mutants by Ras-Dependent and Ras-Independent Mechanisms In Vitro (1995)

The serine/threonine kinase Raf-1 functions downstream from Ras to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, but the mechanisms of Raf-1 activation are incompletely understood. To dissect these mechanisms, wild-type and mutant Raf-1 proteins were studied in an in vitro system with purified plasma membranes from v-Ras- and v-Src-transformed cells (transformed membranes). Wild-type (His)6- and FLAG-Raf-1 were activated in a Ras- and ATP-dependent manner by transformed membranes; however, Raf-1 proteins that are kinase defective (K375M), that lack an in vivo site(s) of regulatory tyrosine (YY340/341FF) or constitutive serine (S621A) phosphorylation, that do not bind Ras (R89L), or that lack an intact zinc finger (CC165/168SS) were not. Raf-1 proteins lacking putative regulatory sites for an unidentified kinase (S259A) or protein kinase C (S499A) were activated but with apparently reduced efficiency. The kinase(s) responsible for activation by Ras or Src may reside in the plasma membrane, since GTP loading of plasma membranes from quiescent NIH 3T3 cells (parental membranes) induced de novo capacity to activate Raf-1. Wild-type Raf-1, possessing only basal activity, was not activated by parental membranes in the absence of GTP loading. In contrast, Raf-1 Y340D, possessing significant activity, was, surprisingly, stimulated by parental membranes in a Ras-independent manner. The results suggest that activation of Raf-1 by phosphorylation may be permissive for further modulation by another membrane factor, such as a lipid. A factor(s) extracted with methanol-chloroform from transformed membranes or membranes from Sf9 cells coexpressing Ras and SrcY527F significantly enhanced the activity of Raf-1 Y340D or active Raf-1 but not that of inactive Raf-1. Our findings suggest a model for activation of Raf-1, wherein (i) Raf-1 associates with Ras-GTP, (ii) Raf-1 is activated by tyrosine and/or serine phosphorylation, and (iii) Raf-1 activity is further increased by a membrane cofactor.
Design Of Reconfigurable Parasitic Antenna For Single Rf Chain Mimo Systems (2015)

In recent years parasitic antenna play major role in<br> MIMO systems because of their gain and spectral efficiency. In this<br> paper, single RF chain MIMO transmitter is designed using<br> reconfigurable parasitic antenna. The Spatial Modulation (SM) is a<br> recently proposed scheme in MIMO scenario which activates only<br> one antenna at a time. The SM entirely avoids ICI and IAS, and only<br> requires a single RF chain at the transmitter. This would switch ON a<br> single transmit-antenna for data transmission while all the other<br> antennas are kept silent. The purpose of the parasitic elements is to<br> change the radiation pattern of the radio waves which is emitted from<br> the driven element and directing them in one direction and hence<br> introduces transmit diversity. Diode is connect between the patch and<br> ground by changing its state (ON and OFF) the parasitic element act<br> as reflector and director and also capable of steering azimuth and<br> elevation angle. This can be achieved by changing the input<br> impedance of each parasitic element through single RF chain. The<br> switching of diode would select the single parasitic antenna for<br> spatial modulation. This antenna is expected to achieve maximum<br> gain with desired efficiency.
Cell density‐dependent VP‐16 sensitivity of leukaemic cells is accompanied by the translocation of topoisomerase IIα from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (2000)

The resistance of several leukaemic and myeloma cell lines (CCRF, L1210, HL-60, KG-1a and RPMI 8226) to VP-16 was found to increase with cell density and to be maximal (3.5- to 39-fold) in plateau phase cell cultures, as measured by clonogenic and MTT assays. Non-transformed confluent Flow 2000 human fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were also five- and 15-fold resistant to VP-16 respectively. The transition from log to plateau phase was accompanied by a drastic decrease in topoisomerase (topo) IIalpha content in CHO cells and human fibroblasts, while the leukaemic cells maintained constant cellular levels of topo IIalpha and topo IIbeta. However, the nuclear topo IIalpha content was found to decrease as a result of translocation of the enzyme to the cytoplasmic compartment in the leukaemic cells. This was confirmed by subcellular fractionation experiments, Western blotting analyses and immunocytochemistry studies. The quantity of topo IIalpha in plateau phase cytoplasmic fractions ranged from 18% in L1210 cells to 50% in HL-60 and 8226 cells, as measured by both immunoblotting and quantification of the label in immunofluorescent images. The cytoplasmic fraction from plateau phase cells retained topo II catalytic activity, as measured by the decatenation of kinetoplast DNA. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of topo IIalpha may be critical in determining the sensitivity of leukaemic cells to topo II inhibitors. Cytoplasmic trafficking of topo IIalpha was observed in plasma cells obtained from patients with multiple myeloma, and perhaps contributes to drug resistance in this disease.
Some recent advances in non-communicable diseases in the tropics (1991)

Vital statistics indicate that cardiovascular disorders are now major causes of morbidity and mortality in many Caribbean communities. In Trinidad and Tobago, for example, the death rate from myocardial infarction is now similar to that in the UK and USA. In a 10-year prospective survey of 1386 men aged 35 to 69 years at entry, who belonged to a defined community in Port-of Spain, Trinidad, serum high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were very similar to those found by the same methods in Bristol, England. The age-adjusted incidence of first coronary heart disease (CHD) events in men clinically free of the disease at recruitment (per 1000 person-years) was 16.4 in men of Indian descent, 6.8 in those of African origin, 6.2 in those of European origin, and 2.4 in men of mixed descent (the contemporaneous figure for Bristol was about 12/1000 person-years). Serum HDL and LDL cholesterol concentrations were strong and independent predictors of CHD in Trinidad, as they are in temperate climes. With effective control of tropical infectious diseases, and adoption of western patterns of consumerism, tropical developing communities will rapidly acquire the CHD risk factor status once more or less exclusive to developed populations in more temperate climes.
Helix-with-Loops Structure of Polynucleotide. I. Poly(C+IC) and Poly(C+GU) (1967)

Abstract A copolymer of 57% riboinosinic acid plus 43% ribocytidylic acid has been prepared. The ultraviolet absorbances of aqueous solutions of mixtures of this copolymer and polyribocytidylic acid of various mole ratios were measured. The results indicate that, in these aqueous solutions, a “helix-with-loops” structure is formed; this structure has the hypoxantine-cytosine base pair and the unpaired cytidylic acid residues in the loops. A copolymer of 58% riboguanylic acid plus 42% ribouridylic acid has also been prepared. A similar ultraviolet examination was made of a mixture of this copolymer and polyribocytidylic acid; again the formation of a “helix-with-loops” structure was indicated. This structure is considered to have the guanine-cytosine base pair and the uridylic acid residues in the loops.
KTAN: Knowledge Transfer Adversarial Network (2018)

To reduce the large computation and storage cost of a deep convolutional neural network, the knowledge distillation based methods have pioneered to transfer the generalization ability of a large (teacher) deep network to a light-weight (student) network. However, these methods mostly focus on transferring the probability distribution of the softmax layer in a teacher network and thus neglect the intermediate representations. In this paper, we propose a knowledge transfer adversarial network to better train a student network. Our technique holistically considers both intermediate representations and probability distributions of a teacher network. To transfer the knowledge of intermediate representations, we set high-level teacher feature maps as a target, toward which the student feature maps are trained. Specifically, we arrange a Teacher-to-Student layer for enabling our framework suitable for various student structures. The intermediate representation helps the student network better understand the transferred generalization as compared to the probability distribution only. Furthermore, we infuse an adversarial learning process by employing a discriminator network, which can fully exploit the spatial correlation of feature maps in training a student network. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve the performance of a student network on both image classification and object detection tasks.
Risk of Cancer and Exposure to Gasoline Vapors (1997)

Until the introduction of self-service around 1970, service station workers in the Nordic countries were exposed to gasoline vapors. Based on measurements reported in the literature, the 8-hour time-weighted average benzene exposure was estimated to be in the range of 0.5-1 mg/m3. We studied the cancer incidence in a cohort of 19,000 service station workers from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. They were identified from the 1970 censuses and followed through 20 years, where 1,300 incident cancers were observed. National incidence rates were used for comparison. The incidence was not increased for leukemia (observed = 28, standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 0.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-1.3) not for acute myeloid leukemia (observed = 13, SIR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.7-2.1). The incidence was slightly elevated for kidney cancer observed = 57, SIR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.7) and for pharyngeal, laryngeal, and lung cancer. A 3.5-fold risk of nasal cancer was found (observed = 12, SIR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.8-6.1). This cohort exposed to gasoline vapors with benzene levels estimated to be 0.5-1 mg/m3 showed no excess risk of leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia, a 30% elevated risk of kidney cancer, and a previously unnoticed risk of nasal cancer.
Performance Monitoring for Run-time Management of Reconfigurable Devices. (2005)

High-performance computing (HPC) systems with hardware-reconfigurable devices have the potential to achieve major performance increases over parallel computing systems based solely on traditional processors. However, providing services upon which users of traditional HPC systems have come to depend is essential for large-scale reconfigurable computing (RC) systems to become mainstream. Along with critical needs for management services, core libraries, user-friendly interface, etc., mechanisms for system resource monitoring to support debug and performance analysis and optimization is an important feature in conventional HPC systems that is currently lacking in their RC counterparts. This paper presents the concept of hardware monitoring probes within the CARMA framework for RC-based HPC and examines several design options. Experimental results analyze probe design considerations on a case-study application.
Ability of Anti-HIV Agents to Inhibit HIV Replication in Monocyte/Macrophages or U937 Monocytoid Cells Under Conditions of Enhancement by GM-CSF or Anti-HIV Antibody (1990)

Monocyte/macrophages (M/M) are an important target cell for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the body. The study of HIV infection in these cells, however, is rather complicated because they represent a variable population, and because HIV entry and replication in M/M may be markedly influenced by a number of factors. These must be considered in therapeutic approaches to HIV infection. In the present set of experiments, we studied the interaction between certain agents which increase the infection of monocyte/macrophages (M/M) by HIV and two groups of anti-HIV agents: dideoxynucleosides and specific inhibitors of gp120-CD4 binding. We found that the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which markedly enhances HIV replication in M/M, does not affect the activity of recombinant soluble CD4 (sCD4) or OKT4A, two agents which block gp120-CD4 binding. However, it had varying effects on different dideoxynucleosides: GM-CSF increased the net anti-HIV activity of 3'-azido2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), while at the same time it reduced the activity of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC) and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI). These effects probably represent an interplay between varying effects of GM-CSF on drug entry and phosphorylation. In additional experiments, we showed that very low concentrations of anti-HIV antibodies could enhance HIV infection of the U937 monocytoid cell line. Interestingly, while this effect has been hypothesized to occur through a CD4-independent mechanism, we found that the anti-HIV activities of both sCD4 and OKT4A were unchanged under conditions of enhancement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structure and Properties of Germanium Carbide Films Prepared by RF Reactive Sputtering in Ar/CH<sub>4</sub> (1997)

Germanium carbide ( Ge x C 1- x ) films have been prepared by RF reactive sputtering at various mixtures of argon and methane from a germanium target. The compositions, structures and properties of Ge x C 1- x films have been investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Visible near-infrared photometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The AES analyses show the atomic ratio (Ge/C) of the films decreased with increasing the gas flow ratio CH 4 /( Ar+CH 4 ). The XRD and SEM results indicate that the films were generally smooth and featureless, and had amorphous structure. The refractive index of Ge x C 1- x films can be varied between 1.8 and 4.3 by changing the gas flow ratio. The hardness values of the films grew with the augmentation of the amount of carbon content in the films, and were higher than those of IR optical material Ge and ZnS. It can be predicted that Ge x C 1- x films possess excellent abrasion resistance.
Bone formation in a carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite implant is inhibited by zoledronate (2008)

Carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite (CHA) is more osteoconductive and more resorbable than hydroxyapatite (HA), but the underlying mode of its action is unclear. We hypothesised that increased resorption of the ceramic by osteoclasts might subsequently upregulate osteoblasts by a coupling mechanism, and sought to test this in a large animal model. Defects were created in both the lateral femoral condyles of 12 adult sheep. Six were implanted with CHA granules bilaterally, and six with HA. Six of the animals in each group received the bisphosphonate zoledronate (0.05 mg/kg), which inhibits the function of osteoclasts, intra-operatively. After six weeks bony ingrowth was greater in the CHA implants than in HA, but not in the animals given zoledronate. Functional osteoclasts are necessary for the enhanced osteoconduction seen in CHA compared with HA.
High speed circuit technology for mainframe VLSI (1987)

A high speed circuit with precharged technology is described, k 32-bit ALU which employs this technology has been designed. New ALU realized about 2.5 times faster speed than that of former one which was designed by poly-cell technology, A carry-propagation delay time by the carry-lookahead and the conditional-sum was 5.0ns, which is 3.6 times faster than that of poly-cell approach. This technology has been actually adopted to an ALU macro-cell on mainframe VLSI, and other applications are being developed.
Conductance Quantization at Zero Magnetic Field in InSb Nanowires (2016)

Ballistic electron transport is a key requirement for existence of a topological phase transition in proximitized InSb nanowires. However, measurements of quantized conductance as direct evidence of ballistic transport have so far been obscured due to the increased chance of backscattering in one-dimensional nanowires. We show that by improving the nanowire-metal interface as well as the dielectric environment we can consistently achieve conductance quantization at zero magnetic field. Additionally we study the contribution of orbital effects to the sub-band dispersion for different orientation of the magnetic field, observing a near-degeneracy between the second and third sub-bands.
Commentary Glycosylation and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (2001)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has been known for the past 11 years to be a membrane glycoprotein with chloride channel activity. Only recently has the glycosylation of CFTR been examined in detail, by O’Riordan et al in Glycobiology. Using cells that overexpress wild-type (wt)CFTR, the presence of polylactosamine was noted on the fully glycosylated form of CFTR. In the present commentary the results of that work are discussed in relation to the glycosylation phenotype of cystic fibrosis (CF), and the cellular localization and processing of ∆F508 CFTR. The significance of the glycosylation will be known when endogenous CFTR from primary human tissue is examined.
Functional analysis of the FimE integrase of <i>Escherichia coli</i> K‐12: isolation of mutant derivatives with altered DNA inversion preferences (1999)

Phase variable expression of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli arises from a site-specific recombination event that inverts a short segment of chromosomal DNA carrying the promoter for transcription of the gene encoding the fimbrial subunit protein. Two integrase-like recombinases are involved in switching. The FimB recombinase inverts the DNA segment in either orientation, whereas the FimE protein inverts it predominantly in the ON-to-OFF direction. In this paper, we report the isolation of a FimE mutant protein that has enhanced bidirectional switching activity. This protein has an arginine-to-lysine substitution at position 59, and this confers a FimB-like switching character on FimE without altering its ability to bind to DNA. The arginine was not a member of the arginine-histidine-arginine-tyrosine catalytic tetrad that is common to all integrase-like recombinases. The catalytic tetrad members of FimE were identified at positions 41, 136, 139 and 171 and shown to be essential for FimE function. In addition, other amino acid residues that make important contributions to the DNA binding activity of FimE or its ON-to-OFF inversion efficiency were identified.