gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and performance evaluation of microprocessor packaging capacitors using integrated capacitor-via-plane model (2000)

As clock speeds increase into the gigahertz regime and rise times decrease into the picosecond regime, the interaction between capacitors and power/ground planes of a package, interposer, or board on which they are mounted becomes vitally important to the performance of a power delivery system. To include the interaction, this paper provides an integrated model for a discrete capacitor mounted on pads over vias connected to power/ground planes with degassing holes. The mutual inductance between capacitor pads, vias, and power/ground planes are completely modeled. Through optimized via and capacitor pads placement designs, our modeling results show that the mutual inductance drastically changes the total loop inductance as compared to the self-inductance of the capacitor. To validate the integrated modeling method, a test package is built. A measurement technique is introduced to evaluate the total loop inductance of the test package with various capacitor form factors and types. The predicted results match well with the measured data. This paper discusses further the usage of the three-dimensional (3-D) integrated model for actual implementation of decoupling capacitors on packages in order to ensure the effectiveness of the capacitors. The first decoupling capacitor placement design on package that we will discuss is the Plastic Pin Grid Array (PPGA) package for Intel's CPU. Through the three-dimensional (3-D) integrated modeling, the inductance value of the power delivery system with and without capacitors are extracted. It was found that due to the pin-out constraint of CPU PPGA products, as well as unfavorable PPGA package design rules, decoupling capacitors placed in PPGA packages are not effective due to high loop inductance. The second package that we will discuss is the Flip Chip Pin Grid Array (FC-PGA) package, which is for Intel's future CPU packaging. It is found that the decoupling capacitor placement on the FC-PGA highly improves the performance of the power delivery system. For the same amount of cost, the total loop inductance for FCPGA package decoupling capacitors is found to be 1/9th the total loop inductance for the PPGA package.
Proinflammatory Exoprotein Characterization of Toxic Shock Syndrome <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2011)

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) clonal type USA200 is the most widely disseminated Staphylococcus aureus colonizer of the nose and is a major cause of toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Exoproteins derived from these organisms have been suggested to contribute to their colonization and causation of human diseases but have not been well-characterized. Two representative S. aureus USA200 isolates, MNPE (α-toxin positive) and CDC587 (α-toxin mutant), isolated from pulmonary post-influenza TSS and menstrual vaginal TSS, respectively, were evaluated. Biochemical, immunobiological, and cell-based assays, including mass spectrometry, were used to identify key exoproteins derived from the strains that are responsible for proinflammatory and cytotoxic activity on human vaginal epithelial cells. Exoproteins associated with virulence were produced by both strains, and cytolysins (α-toxin and γ-toxin), superantigens, and proteases were identified as the major exoproteins, which caused epithelial cell inflammation and cytotoxicity. Exoprotein fractions from MNPE were more proinflammatory and cytotoxic than those from CDC587 due to high concentrations of α-toxin. CDC587 produced a small amount of α-toxin, despite the presence of a stop codon (TAG) at codon 113. Additional exotoxin identification studies of USA200 strain [S. aureus MN8 (α-toxin mutant)] confirmed that MN8 also produced low levels of α-toxin despite the same stop codon. The differences observed in virulence factor profiles of two USA200 strains provide insight into environmental factors that select for specific virulence factors. Cytolysins, superantigens, and proteases were identified as potential targets, where toxin neutralization may prevent or diminish epithelial damage associated with S. aureus.
A Century of Grain and Seed Moisture Measurement by Sensing Electrical Properties (2012)

The importance of moisture measurement in grain and seed is discussed, and a brief history of the development of electrical moisture sensing instruments, based on sensing the electrical properties of these materials, is presented. Data are presented graphically on the permittivities or dielectric properties of grain and seed, showing their variation with frequency, moisture content, temperature, and bulk density, and references are cited for further information. More recent developments in higher frequency and microwave measurements for moisture content and bulk density sensing are briefly described, and numerous studies are cited providing sources of information on these newer techniques.
SiC nanocrystals: high-rate deposition and nano-scale control by thermal plasma (2014)

SiC nanocrystals were fabricated at a high rate with SiCl<sub>4</sub> as the Si source by using thermal-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition through the assembly of precursor atoms.
VizMal: A Visualization Tool for Analyzing the Behavior of Android Malware (2018)

Malware signature extraction is currently a manual and a time-consuming process. As a matter of fact, security analysts have to manually inspect samples under analysis in order to find the malicious behavior. From research side, current literature is lacking of methods focused on the malicious behavior localization: designed approaches basically mark an entire application as malware or non-malware (i.e., take a binary decision) without knowledge about the malicious behavior localization inside the analysed sample. In this paper, with the twofold aim of assisting the malware analyst in the inspection process and of pushing the research community in malicious behavior localization, we propose VizMal, a tool for visualizing the dynamic trace of an Android application which highlights the portions of the application which look potentially malicious. VizMal performs a detailed analysis of the application activities showing for each second of the execution whether the behavior exhibited is legitimate or malicious. The analyst may hence visualize at a glance when at to which degree an application execution looks malicious.
A Gain-of-Function Mutation in an Arabidopsis Toll Interleukin1 Receptor–Nucleotide Binding Site–Leucine-Rich Repeat Type R Gene Triggers Defense Responses and Results in Enhanced Disease Resistance (2002)

In a screen for suppressors of npr1-5-based salicylic acid (SA) insensitivity, we isolated a semidominant gain-of-function mutation, designated ssi4, that confers constitutive expression of several PR (pathogenesis-related) genes, induces SA accumulation, triggers programmed cell death, and enhances resistance to bacterial and oomycete pathogens. Through map-based cloning, ssi4 was identified and found to encode a putative protein belonging to the TIR-NBS-LRR (Toll Interleukin1 Receptor-Nucleotide Binding Site-Leu-Rich Repeat) class of R (resistance) proteins. Comparison between ssi4 and the corresponding wild-type sequence revealed a single amino acid substitution in the NBS. Epistasis analysis indicated that SA and EDS1 are required for ssi4-induced PR-1 expression and enhanced disease resistance; they also are required for the increased accumulation of SSI4 and EDS1 transcripts detected in the ssi4 mutant. Although high levels of ssi4 transcripts correlate with the appearance of the mutant phenotype, overexpression of the wild-type SSI4 gene failed to induce stunting, spontaneous lesion formation, or increased PR-1 expression associated with the ssi4 mutation. Thus, the ssi4 phenotype does not appear to be caused by overexpression of this R gene; rather, we propose that the NBS substitution generates a constitutively activated R protein. Furthermore, because SA treatment induced the expression of SSI4 and the closely related TIR-NBS-LRR genes RPP1 and RPS4 but had little effect on the expression of the coiled-coil NBS-LRR genes RPM1 and RPS2, we suggest that SA not only functions as a critical signal for downstream resistance events but also upregulates the expression of certain R genes.
FABRICATION OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE BUNDLE FOR THE MOLTEN-SALT REACTOR EXPERIMENT (1963)

The INOR-8 tube bundle of the primary heat exchanger of the Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment contains 163 1/2-in. dia. x 0.042-in.-wall U-tubes welded to a 1 1/2-in.-thick tube sheet, 17 in. in diameter. Procedures were successfully developed for welding and back brazing the closely spaced 326 tube-to-tube sheet joints in the unit. Trepan grooves were machined in the weld side of the tube sheet so that low-restraint edge-type welds could be made. The 82 Au18 Ni (wt%) brazing alloy used is corrosion resistant, ductile, and produces joints exhibiting satisfactory mechanical strength. A unique joint design incorporating a trepan groove and feeder holes was used for the braze side. Nondestructive inspection of the welds revealed no defects. Good general flow of the brazing alloy was evident, and ultrasonic examination of brazed joints showed only minor scattered porosity. The completed unit passed both heliumleak and 800-psi hydrostatic tests. (auth)
Robust NK Cell-Mediated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific Antibody-Dependent Responses in HIV-Infected Subjects (2008)

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a potentially effective adaptive immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The study of ADCC responses has been hampered by the lack of simple methods to quantify these responses and map effective epitopes. We serendipitously observed that standard intracellular cytokine assays on fresh whole blood from a cohort of 26 HIV-infected subjects identified non-T lymphocytes expressing gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in response to overlapping linear peptides spanning HIV-1 proteins. The effector cells were CD3(-) CD4(-) CD8(-) CD14(-) CD2(+) CD56(+/-) NK lymphocytes and degranulated granzyme B and perforin in response to antigen stimulation. Serum transfer assays demonstrated that the specific response was mediated by immunoglobulin G. Fresh blood samples from half of the HIV-infected cohort demonstrated robust HIV peptide-specific IFN-gamma expression by NK cells, predominately to Env, Pol, and Vpu HIV-1 proteins. Responses were readily mapped to define minimal epitopes utilizing this assay. Antibody-dependent, HIV-specific NK cell recognition, involving components of both innate and adaptive immune systems, represents a potentially effective immune response to induce by vaccination.
Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization: Historical Background and Future Directions (1997)

Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) was investigated as a possible treatment alternative for patients with refractory coronary artery disease. This paper is a summary of nearly four decades of research by the authors. Beginning in 1969 experimental studies were conducted on the beating heart. A prototype 450 W carbon dioxide laser was used to create channels in the ischemic myocardium. Initial clinical studies began in 1984. A protocol was developed for TMLR as an adjunct to CABG in those patient who had at least one vessel which could be bypassed and areas of ischemia which were not amenable to bypass. In the early 1990's the development of a 850 W CO2 laser for clinical use allowed us to begin investigation of TMLR on the beating heart. Patients with end stage coronary artery disease who were not candidates for other forms of treatment were selected. The early results are encouraging with patient followup of from 3 months to 5 years. There are numerous controversies regarding the effects of TMLR on myocardial function and perfusion. To quantify these effects the authors have performed acute and chronic studies on swine using sophisticated techniques with 3D cine magnetic resonance imaging. We concluded TMLR improved left ventricular function and perfusion in acute and chronic ischemia.
Functionalization of Liquid‐Exfoliated Two‐Dimensional 2H‐MoS<sub>2</sub> (2015)

Layered two-dimensional (2D) inorganic transition-metal dichalchogenides (TMDs) have attracted great interest as a result of their potential application in optoelectronics, catalysis, and medicine. However, methods to functionalize and process such 2D TMDs remain scarce. We have established a facile route towards functionalized layered MoS2 . We found that the reaction of liquid-exfoliated 2D MoS2 , with M(OAc)2 salts (M=Ni, Cu, Zn; OAc=acetate) yielded functionalized MoS2 -M(OAc)2 materials. Importantly, this method furnished the 2H-polytype of MoS2 which is a semiconductor. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) provide strong evidence for the coordination of MoS2 surface sulfur atoms to the M(OAc)2 salt. Interestingly, functionalization of 2H-MoS2 allows for its dispersion/processing in more conventional laboratory solvents.
I<sub>2</sub>/TBPB Mediated Oxidative Reaction of <i>N</i>-Tosylhydrazones with Anilines: Practical Construction of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles under Metal-Free and Azide-Free Conditions (2014)

An efficient I2 (20 mol %)/TBPB mediated oxidative formal [4 + 1] cycloaddition of N-tosylhydrazones with anilines via C-N/N-N bond formation and S-N cleavage has been developed. This protocol represents a simple, general, and efficient approach for the construction of 1,2,3-triazoles under metal-free and azide-free conditions by utilizing a catalytic amount of I2.
Preliminary Evaluation of a FPGA-Based-Prototype of DIMMnet-2 Network Interface (2006)

Performance improvement of interconnection networks for a PC cluster brings a bottleneck in a standard I/O bus such as PCI bus. DIMMnet is a network interface plugged into a memory slot instead of standard I/O buses. This strategy is one of the solutions in order to balance growing performance with future micro processors. DIMMnet-2 is a prototype which can be plugged into a DDR-DIMM slot to confirm its functions. In this paper, outline of FPGA-based DIMMnet-2 prototype and improvements from DIMMnet-1 to DIMMnet-2 are mentioned. Although the DIMMnet-2 uses an FPGA instead of an ASIC, the latency for writing 8 bytes into remote memory is only 0.948 /spl mu/s. It is about 3 times fewer latency than that of a high performance commercial network interface QsNET II plugged into PCI-X bus on Intel-based IA32 PC. The delay of CoreLogic part for BOTF sending of FPGA based DIMMnet-2 is 5.75 times as fast as that of DIMMnet-1.
Cannabidiol (CBD) modulation of apelin in acute respiratory distress syndrome (2020)

Considering lack of target-specific antiviral treatment and vaccination for COVID-19, it is absolutely exigent to have an effective therapeutic modality to reduce hospitalization and mortality rate as well as to improve COVID-19-infected patient outcomes. In a follow-up study to our recent findings indicating the potential of Cannabidiol (CBD) in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), here we show for the first time that CBD may ameliorate the symptoms of ARDS through up-regulation of apelin, a peptide with significant role in the central and peripheral regulation of immunity, CNS, metabolic and cardiovascular system. By administering intranasal Poly (I:C), a synthetic viral dsRNA, while we were able to mimic the symptoms of ARDS in a murine model, interestingly, there was a significant decrease in the expression of apelin in both blood and lung tissues. CBD treatment was able to reverse the symptoms of ARDS towards a normal level. Importantly, CBD treatment increased the apelin expression significantly, suggesting a potential crosstalk between apelinergic system and CBD may be the therapeutic target in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19 and many other pathologic conditions.
Urinary iron excretion (1937)

Abstract The urinary iron excretion of 100 men ranged from 0.09 to 1.29 mg. per day with an average of 0.395 mg. The urinary iron excretion of 100 women during the intermenstrual period varied from 0.08 to 1.63 mg. per day with an average of 0.489 mg. This is 24 per cent greater than the urinary iron output in men. There was no apparent correlation between the urinary iron and the age of the individual or the blood hemoglobin. There was no constant correlation between the volume of the urine and the urinary iron. Patients with idiopathic hypochromic anemia excreted a larger amount of urinary iron than any other group of patients studied. The amount of iron excreted in the urine was fairly constant in the same individual regardless of the iron intake.
Preliminary characterization of a polymorphonuclear leukocyte stimulant isolated from alkali-treated collagen. (1988)

This study reports the preliminary characterization of a stimulant released from alkali-treated collagen which activates the respiratory burst of PMNs. The supernatant fraction from alkali-treated collagen (SATC) was precipitated with ammonium sulfate, resuspended, and centrifuged through a sucrose gradient (10-30%, W/V). Proteins were detected throughout the gradient but PMN stimulatory activity was found mainly in fractions 1 and 2 (bottom of gradient), indicating a very high molecular weight. When SATC was layered on a denser sucrose gradient (20-85%, W/V), protein was spread over the upper half of the gradient. The peak of PMN stimulatory activity was found in the middle of the gradient (fractions 8 and 9), indicating a molecular weight similar to the 200,000 dalton standard. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of fractions from this heavier sucrose gradient showed a small peak, followed by a much higher main peak. The small peak, with the highest molecular weight peptide, is responsible for stimulation of the respiratory burst of PMNs (fraction 8 and 9). The source of this stimulant is yet to be determined.
The contour of the femoral head-neck junction as a predictor for the risk of anterior impingement (2002)

Impingement by prominence at the femoral head-neck junction on the anterior acetabular rim may cause early osteoarthritis. Our aim was to develop a simple method to describe concavity at this junction, and then to test it by its ability to distinguish quantitatively a group of patients with clinical evidence of impingement from asymptomatic individuals who had normal hips on examination. MR scans of 39 patients with groin pain, decreased internal rotation and a positive impingement test were compared with those of 35 asymptomatic control subjects. The waist of the femoral head-neck junction was identified on tilted axial MR scans passing through the centre of the head. The anterior margin of the waist of the femoral neck was defined and measured by an angle (α). In addition, the width of the femoral head-neck junction was measured at two sites. Repeated measurements showed good reproducibility among four observers. The angle α averaged 74.0° for the patients and 42.0° for the control group (p < 0.001). Significant differences were also found between the patient and control groups for the scaled width of the femoral neck at both sites. Using standardised MRI, the symptomatic hips of patients who have impingement have significantly less concavity at the femoral head-neck junction than do normal hips. This test may be of value in patients with loss of internal rotation for which a cause is not found.
Vicarious certification and billing agent for Web information service (2002)

In this paper, we describe the concepts and implementation of agent providing vicarious certification and billing methods in World Wide Web. The object of vicarious certification is to provide open interface to users (clients) for using World Wide Web information service. The billing agent has enhanced functions: usage based mini payment method, vicarious billing management instead of each CPs (Content Provider), which gives reduction of costs needed for billing management. Our approach works with every WWW browser on every system. No additional software has to be installed at the user's computer or CP's server side.
ChemInform Abstract: TSAO Analogues. Part 3. Synthesis and Anti‐HIV‐1 Activity of 2′,5′‐Bis‐ O‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl 3′‐Spiro‐5′′‐(4′′‐ amino‐1′′,2′′‐oxathiole 2′′,2′′‐dioxide) Purine and Purine‐Modified Nucleosides. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The adhesion function of the sodium channel beta subunit (β1) contributes to cardiac action potential propagation (2018)

Computational modeling indicates that cardiac conduction may involve ephaptic coupling - intercellular communication involving electrochemical signaling across narrow extracellular clefts between cardiomyocytes. We hypothesized that β1(SCN1B) -mediated adhesion scaffolds <i>trans</i>-activating Na<sub>V</sub>1.5 (SCN5A) channels within narrow (<30 nm) perinexal clefts adjacent to gap junctions (GJs), facilitating ephaptic coupling. Super-resolution imaging indicated preferential β1 localization at the perinexus, where it co-locates with Na<sub>V</sub>1.5. Smart patch clamp (SPC) indicated greater sodium current density (I<sub>Na</sub>) at perinexi, relative to non-junctional sites. A novel, rationally designed peptide, βadp1, potently and selectively inhibited β1-mediated adhesion, in electric cell-substrate impedance sensing studies. βadp1 significantly widened perinexi in guinea pig ventricles, and selectively reduced perinexal I<sub>Na</sub>, but not whole cell I<sub>Na</sub>, in myocyte monolayers. In optical mapping studies, βadp1 precipitated arrhythmogenic conduction slowing. In summary, β1-mediated adhesion at the perinexus facilitates action potential propagation between cardiomyocytes, and may represent a novel target for anti-arrhythmic therapies.
Creep rate measurement with laser interferometer (2009)

Laser-interferometric creep rate meter (LICRM) is the original high-resolution method developed in the Materials Dynamics Laboratory at Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Saint-Petersburg). LICRM has been successfully applied to solving various problems of polymer physics and materials science, especially being combined with other techniques. LICRM setup allows to register precisely creep rates on the basis of deformation increment of 150–300 nm. This approach provided absolutely new experimental possibilities exhibiting the superiority in resolution and sensitivity to the conventional relaxation spectrometry techniques. Amongst such possibilities are creep studying on submicro-, micro- and meso-scale levels; revealing the connections between stepwise microplasticity and polymer morphology; getting kinetic information on creep at any temperature and deformation degree, the discrete analysis of dynamics within an each relaxation region; analyzing microplasticity, relaxations and phase transitions in brittle materials; using creep rate spectra for non-destructive prediction of the temperature anomalies in mechanical behavior of materials, etc. The report represents this method and some (not all) results of numerous studies performed with applying of LICRM setups for different polymeric materials in the form of bulk specimens, films or thin fibers.