gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Barkhausen noise in thin-film recording heads (1990)

Barkhausen noise in thin-film heads was studied by exciting the heads with an external magnetic field and with a head-coil-generated field. Observed pulses show an exponential growth and decay, resulting in a second-order wall energy versus displacement model. Analytical expressions are given for the observed pulse shapes. Most pulses are essentially associated with unstable regions around attractive interaction sites where a wall in equilibrium cannot exist. A method is presented which can detect in which pole piece (P/sub 1/ or P/sub 2/) a wall jump occurs. It also differentiates wall jumps located close to the pole faces from those occurring deeper in the yoke.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Review of Fast L(1)-Minimization Algorithms for Robust Face Recognition (2010)

Abstract : `1-minimization refers to finding the minimum `1-norm solution to an underdetermined linear system b = Ax. It has recently received much attention, mainly motivated by the new compressive sensing theory that shows that under quite general conditions the minimum `1-norm solution is also the sparsest solution to the system of linear equations. Although the underlying problem is a linear program, conventional algorithms such as interior-point methods suffer from poor scalability for large-scale real world problems. A number of accelerated algorithms have been recently proposed that take advantage of the special structure of the `1-minimization problem. In this paper we provide a comprehensive review of five representative approaches, namely, Gradient Projection, Homotopy, Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding, Proximal Gradient, and Augmented Lagrange Multiplier. The work is intended to fill in a gap in the existing literature to systematically benchmark the performance of these algorithms using a consistent experimental setting. In particular, the paper will focus on a recently proposed face recognition algorithm, where a sparse representation framework has been used to recover human identities from facial images that may be affected by illumination occlusion, and facial disguise. MATLAB implementations of the algorithms described in this paper have been made publicly available.
Validation of body fluid analysis on the Coulter LH 750. (2003)

The role of the hematology laboratory in the analysis of body fluid has been to provide accurate enumeration of red blood cells (RBCs), total nucleated cells (TNCs), and differentials by manual analysis. Three hospitals (London Health Sciences Centre, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and University of Michigan Health System) participated in the assessment of the performance of automated analysis of body fluid by the Beckman Coulter LH 750, an impedance-based hematology analyzer. We evaluated the accuracy of analysis results for both the TNCs and RBCs of 372 samples (158 serous fluid, 148 cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], 66 synovial fluid) run on the LH 750 compared to results obtained from manual chamber counting. Of the 372 samples, 152 were suitable for evaluation of accuracy of the automated TNC. The remaining 220 samples were either flagged for interfering substances or the reference results were < 0.2 x 10(9)/L, below the background limit of the analyzer. Correlation coefficients for serous fluid were 0.895, P = .88; for CSF, 0.993, P = .84; and for synovial fluid, 0.836, P = .94. Of the 372 samples, 106 had RBC counts greater than 0.01 x 10(12)/L and were used for method comparison. Correlation coefficients for serous fluid were 0.957, P = .66; for CSF, 0.849, P = .55; and for synovial fluid, 0.667, P = .81. Linearity and precision studies showed excellent agreement for both TNC and RBC parameters. Low-level sensitivity excluded the majority of cerebrospinal (119) and a small number of peritoneal dialysate fluid samples (8), which require accurate enumeration at clinical decision points between 0 to 100 cells/microliter. In the case of synovial and serous fluids, however, most clinicians are interested in TNC counts above 0.2 x 10(9)/L, and RBC counts are relevant only if they are significantly increased (> or = 0.05 x 10(12)/L). Adopting the criteria of reporting TNC counts as < 0.2 x 10(9)/L or accurate enumeration on counts > or = 0.2 x 10(9)/L, clinically relevant results could be provided by automated analysis in 93.8% of serous fluids and 85.8% of synovial fluids.
A molecular marker for centriole maturation in the mammalian cell cycle. (1995)

The centriole pair in animals shows duplication and structural maturation at specific cell cycle points. In G1, a cell has two centrioles. One of the centrioles is mature and was generated at least two cell cycles ago. The other centriole was produced in the previous cell cycle and is immature. Both centrioles then nucleate one procentriole each which subsequently elongate to full-length centrioles, usually in S or G2 phase. However, the point in the cell cycle at which maturation of the immature centriole occurs is open to question. Furthermore, the molecular events underlying this process are entirely unknown. Here, using monoclonal and polyclonal antibody approaches, we describe for the first time a molecular marker which localizes exclusively to one centriole of the centriolar pair and provides biochemical evidence that the two centrioles are different. Moreover, this 96-kD protein, which we name Cenexin (derived from the Latin, senex for "old man," and Cenexin for centriole) defines very precisely the mature centriole of a pair and is acquired by the immature centriole at the G2/M transition in prophase. Thus the acquisition of Cenexin marks the functional maturation of the centriole and may indicate a change in centriolar potential such as its ability to act as a basal body for axoneme development or as a congregating site for microtubule-organizing material.
Fusion reactor systems (1975)

In this review we consider deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reactors based on four different plasma-confinement and heating approaches: the tokamak, the theta-pinch, the magnetic-mirror, and the laser-pellet system. We begin with a discussion of the dynamics of reacting plasmas and basic considerations of reactor power balance. The essential plasma physical aspects of each system are summarized, and the main characteristics of the corresponding conceptual power plants are described. In tokamak reactors the plasma densities are about ${10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ values (ratio of plasma pressure to confining magnetic pressure) are approximately 5%. Plasma burning times are of the order of 100-1000 sec. Large superconducting dc magnets furnish the toroidal magnetic field, and 2-m thick blankets and shields prevent heat deposition in the superconductor. Radially diffusing plasma is diverted away from the first wall by means of null singularities in the poloidal (or transverse) component of the confining magnetic field. The toroidal theta-pinch reactor has a much smaller minor diameter and a much larger major diameter, and operates on a 10-sec cycle with 0.1-sec burning pulses. It utilizes shock heating from high-voltage sources and adabatic-compression heating powered by low-voltage, pulsed cryogenic magnetic or inertial energy stores, outside the reactor core. The plasma has a density of about ${10}^{22}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ values of nearly unity. In the power balance of the reactor, direct-conversion energy obtained by expansion of the burning high-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ plasma against the containing magnetic field is an important factor. No divertor is necessary since neutral-gas flow cools and replaces the "spent" plasma between pulses. The open-ended mirror reactor uses both thermal conversion of neutron energy and direct conversion of end-loss plasma energy to dc electrical power. A fraction of this direct-convertor power is then fed back to the ioninjection system to sustain the reaction and maintain the plasma. The average ion energy is 600 keV, plasma diameter 6 m, and the plasma beta 85%. The power levels of the three magnetic-confinement devices are in the 500-2000 MWe range, with the exception of the mirror reactor, for which the output is approximately 200 MWe. In Laser-Pellet reactors, frozen D-T pellets are ignited in a cavity which absorbs the electromagnetic, charged particle, and neutron energy from the fusion reaction. The confinement is "inertial," since the fusion reaction occurs during the disassembly of the heated pellet. A pellet-cavity unit would produce about 200 MWt in pulses with a repetition rate of the order of 10 ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Such units could be clustered to give power plants with outputs in the range of 1000 MWe.
WebPro: A proxy-based approach for low latency web browsing on mobile devices (2015)

To load a webpage, a web browser first downloads the base HTML file of the page in order to discover the list of objects referenced in the page. This process takes roughly one round-trip time and constitutes a significant portion of the web browsing delay on mobile devices as wireless networks suffer from longer transmission and access delays compared to wired networks. In this work, we propose a solution for eliminating this initial delay, which is transparent to end systems, does not require modifying HTTP, and is well suited for web browsing on mobile devices. Our solution, called WebPro, relies on a network proxy that builds an up-to-date database of resource lists for the websites visited frequently by network users. The proxy resides in the wired part of the network, and hence can afford to pro-actively build and refresh the resource list database periodically. When a request for a webpage comes to the proxy, it simultaneously fetches the base HTML and all referenced objects required to render the webpage using the corresponding resource list stored in the local database. We have built a working prototype of WebPro and have conducted live experiments over WiFi and LTE networks. Our results show an average of 26% reduction in page load time for a mix of popular web sites chosen from categories such as news, sports and shopping. Moreover, in comparison to another best known proxy-based solution, WebPro provides delay reductions ranging from 5% to 51% for a variety of web sites.
Silencing and Heterologous Expression of <i>ppo-2</i> Indicate a Specific Function of a Single Polyphenol Oxidase Isoform in Resistance of Dandelion (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i>) Against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>tomato</i> (2011)

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) possesses an unusually high degree of disease resistance. As this plant exhibits high polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and PPO have been implicated in resistance against pests and pathogens, we analyzed the potential involvement of five PPO isoenzymes in the resistance of dandelion against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Only one PPO (ppo-2) was induced during infection, and ppo-2 promoter and β-glucuronidase marker gene fusions revealed strong induction of the gene surrounding lesions induced by B. cinerea. Specific RNAi silencing reduced ppo-2 expression only, and concomitantly increased plant susceptibility to P. syringae pv. tomato. At 4 days postinoculation, P. syringae pv. tomato populations were strongly increased in the ppo-2 RNAi lines compared with wild-type plants. When the dandelion ppo-2 gene was expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant having no PPO gene, active protein was formed and protein extracts of the transgenic plants exhibited substrate-dependent antimicrobial activity against P. syringae pv. tomato. These results clearly indicate a strong contribution of a specific, single PPO isoform to disease resistance. Therefore, we propose that specific PPO isoenzymes be included in a new family of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins.
On the preparation and rearrangement of some vinylic sulphoxides (1991)

The condensation of methyl benzenesulphinylacetate 1 with a series of aldehydes has been explored using different catalysts. With zinc chloride, the enolate of 1 produces the conjugated ester directly. A base-catalysed rearrangement of these conjugated esters to the corresponding γ-hydroxy unsaturated ester can be effected. Alternatively, the use of magnesium methoxide as catalyst during the condensation of the aldehydes with the reagent 1 produces these hydroxy esters directly.
Amyloid plaques in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease stain with prion protein antibodies (1986)

Amyloid plaques are found in the brains of some patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and all patients with a related transmissible disorder, Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome (GSS). In scrapie, a prion disease of animals, amyloid plaques have been shown to be composed of prion proteins (PrP), which form filaments of relatively uniform diameter. We report here that antisera raised against hamster scrapie PrP specifically stain amyloid plaques in the brains of both humans and rodents with CJD as well as a human subject with GSS. Earlier studies showed that these antibodies react with both rodent and human CJD PrP. The immunostained congophilic amyloid plaques in rodent brains measured 10 to 30 micron in diameter and exhibited a Maltese cross appearance. Limited proteolysis enhanced immunostaining of amyloid plaques in human brain sections from patients with CJD or GSS. Presumably proteolysis increases the exposure of those epitopes shared by human and rodent PrP. The differences in immunoreactivity between rodent and human amyloid plaques are consistent with other findings showing that cellular genes, not infectious purified prions, encode PrP.
A Layered Network Protocol for Packet Voice and Data Integration (1983)

This paper discusses considerations in the design of packet protocols suitable for interactive voice and interactive data communication, and then outlines a potential layered protocol architecture for the internal communication of a long haul network that might support packet voice and packet data transport. Following the protocol description, the paper compares potential delays for two voice/data packet network architectures: one using only link retransmission, the other using only edge retransmission for data (as included by the voice/data protocol). The underlying data traffic loads offered to the network are the same for the two methods, although they give rise to different traffic patterns. This preliminary analysis shows that the average delay using an edge-to-edge recovery discipline can be made comparable to the delays introduced with a link-by-link recovery discipline, if the network uses high speed transmission facilities (e.g., over 1 Mbits/s) having good error characteristics (e.g., one or less packets corrupted in each 1000), and sends up to 128 bytes of customer data as a single packet.
Fast Retrieval of Electronic Documents in Digital Libraries (Extended Abstract) (1995)

This paper presents an index structure for retrieving electronic documents in digital libraries. The documents we consider may contain mistyped words or spelling errors, Given a query string (e.g., a search key), we want to find those documents that approximately contain the query, i.e., certain inserts, deletes and mismatches are allowed when matching the query with a word (or phrase) in the documents. Our approach is to store the documents sequentially in a database and hash their “fingerprints” into a number of “jingerprint files.” When the query is given, its fingerprints are also hashed into the files and a histogram of votes is constructed on the documents. We derive a lower bound, based on which one can prune a large number of nonqualifying documents (Le., those whose votes are below the lower bound) during searching. The paper presents some experimental results, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the index structure and the lower bound.
Evanescent wave modulator for medium infrared wavelengths (8-12 μm) (2010)

We present a new modulation concept for medium infrared (8 - 12 μm) wavelengths. The operation principle of the presented modulator is based on evanescent wave absorption by means of a bulk, single or multiple quantum well structure. A sub-wavelength grating ensures efficient coupling of the optical field to the absorption medium. Modulation is then achieved by depletion of this absorption medium. We present an analysis of concept parameters and point out their respective advantages and disadvantages with respect to the modulation performance. In this context, we investigated the impact of different absorption media as bulk, single and multiple quantum well structures and found that single quantum well structures are best suited for modulation purposes. Simulations pointed out that an absolute modulation depth of the order of 60% can be achieved. We also investigated the impact of the diffraction order on the modulation performance. Furthermore, some preliminary experimental results on this modulation concept are presented and compared with simulations.
Electrokinetic Lab-on-a-BioChip for Multi-ligand/Multi-analyte Biosensing (2010)

We present a simple electrokinetic lab-on-a-biochip (EKLB) with four microchannels integrated with a surface plasmon resonance imaging (iSPR) label-free biosensor that is operated using a single electrical voltage for the simultaneous transport of reagents in all microchannels without conventional fluidic plumbing. We demonstrate the utility of the simple approach with various biosensing experiments, including single injection kinetics (multiple varied ligand densities and single analyte concentration), one shot kinetics (single ligand densities and multiple varied analyte concentrations), and multi-ligand/multianalyte detection. In all cases, the binding kinetics and affinity were extracted using a conventional 1:1 interaction model. Since the reagent transport is done with a single electrical voltage source, scaling up to hundreds to thousands of simultaneous experiments is straightforward.
Optimized Generation of High-Affinity, High-Specificity Single-Chain Fv Antibodies from Multiantigen Immunized Chickens (2010)

High-affinity, highly specific binding proteins are a key class of molecules used in the development of new affinity chromatography methods. Traditionally, antibody-based methods have relied on the use of whole immunoglobulins purified from immune animal sera, from egg yolks, or from murine monoclonal hybridoma supernatants. To accelerate and refine the reagent antibody generation process, we have developed optimized methods that allow the rapid assembly of scFv libraries from chickens immunized with pools of immunogens. These methods allow the simplified generation of a single moderately sized library of single-chain Fv (scFv) and the subsequent isolation of diverse, high-affinity, and high-specificity monoclonals for each individual immunogen, via phage display. Using these methods, antibodies can be derived that exhibit the desired selectivity, such as complete specificity or cross-reactivity to multiple orthologues of the same protein.
Low-Thermal-Budget Process-Controlled Monolayer Level Incorporation of Nitrogen into Ultra-Thin Gate Dielectric Structures: Applications to MOS Devices (1995)

1995 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials,Low-Thermal-Budget Process-Controlled Monolayer Level Incorporation of Nitrogen into Ultra-Thin Gate Dielectric Structures: Applications to MOS Devices
Selective inactivation of adenosine A<sub>2A</sub>receptors in striatal neurons enhances working memory and reversal learning (2011)

The adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) is highly enriched in the striatum where it is uniquely positioned to integrate dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and other signals to modulate cognition. Although previous studies support the hypothesis that A(2A)R inactivation can be pro-cognitive, analyses of A(2A)R's effects on cognitive functions have been restricted to a small subset of cognitive domains. Furthermore, the relative contribution of A(2A)Rs in distinct brain regions remains largely unknown. Here, we studied the regulation of multiple memory processes by brain region-specific populations of A(2A)Rs. Specifically, we evaluated the cognitive impacts of conditional A(2A)R deletion restricted to either the entire forebrain (i.e., cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, fb-A(2A)R KO) or to striatum alone (st-A(2A)R KO) in recognition memory, working memory, reference memory, and reversal learning. This comprehensive, comparative analysis showed for the first time that depletion of A(2A)R-dependent signaling in either the entire forebrain or striatum alone is associated with two specific phenotypes indicative of cognitive flexibility-enhanced working memory and enhanced reversal learning. These selective pro-cognitive phenotypes seemed largely attributed to inactivation of striatal A(2A)Rs as they were captured by A(2A)R deletion restricted to striatal neurons. Neither spatial reference memory acquisition nor spatial recognition memory were grossly affected, and no evidence for compensatory changes in striatal or cortical D(1), D(2), or A(1) receptor expression was found. This study provides the first direct demonstration that targeting striatal A(2A)Rs may be an effective, novel strategy to facilitate cognitive flexibility under normal and pathologic conditions.
The worldwide epidemiology of prostate cancer: perspectives from autopsy studies. (2008)

Improved cancer registration is needed in developing nations. The prevalence of prostate cancer must be established to predict the expected incidence of the disease and in order to plan rational detection and treatment strategies. Clinically significant disease should be distinguished from insignificant disease which may pose little or no biological danger to the patient.
Modulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Function via Phosphorylation (2004)

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is phosphorylated at multiple serine residues in a hormone-dependent manner. It has been suggested that GR phosphorylation affects turnover, subcellular trafficking, or the transcriptional regulatory functions of the receptor, yet the contribution of individual GR phosphorylation sites to the modulation of GR activity remains enigmatic. This review critically evaluates the literature on GR phosphorylation and presents more recent work on the mechanism of GR phosphorylation from studies using antibodies that recognize GR only when it is phosphorylated. In addition, we present support for the notion that GR phosphorylation modifies protein-protein interactions, which can stabilize the hypophosphorylated form of the receptor in the absence of ligand, as well as facilitate transcriptional activation by the hyperphosphorylation of GR via cofactor recruitment upon ligand binding. Finally, we propose that GR phosphorylation also participates in the nongenomic activation of cytoplasmic signaling pathways evoked by GR. Thus, GR phosphorylation is a versatile mechanism for modulating and integrating multiple receptor functions.