gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Addition of Amines to 4-Vinylpyridine (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Addition of Amines to 4-VinylpyridineArthur P. PhillipsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 17, 4441–4443Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01598a066https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01598a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views185Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Adaptive Finite Element Methods: A Review (1997)

The adaptive finite element method (FEM) was developed in the early 1980s. The basic concept of adaptivity developed in the FEM is that, when a physical problem is analyzed using finite elements, there exist some discretization errors caused owing to the use of the finite element model. These errors are calculated in order to assess the accuracy of the solution obtained. If the errors are large, then the finite element model is refined through reducing the size of elements or increasing the order of interpolation functions. The new model is re-analyzed and the errors in the new model are recalculated. This procedure is continued until the calculated errors fall below the specified permissible values. The key features in the adaptive FEM are the estimation of discretization errors and the refinement of finite element models. This paper presents a brief review of the methods for error estimates and adaptive refinement processes applied to finite element calculations. The basic theories and principles of estimating finite element discretization errors and refining finite element models are presented. This review article contains 131 references.
A Robust Variable Step Size Algorithm for Lms Adaptive Filters (2006)

This work presents a modified version of the variable step size Kwong and Johnston's algorithm (VSS) for LMS adaptive filtering. The new proposal, called robust variable step size (RVSS), presents less sensitivity to the power of the measurement noise with only a very small increase in the computational complexity. A theoretical analysis demonstrates the main properties of the new algorithm. For white Gaussian input signals the RVSS presents the same performance than the original VSS in a noise free environment. Simulation results are provided, showing the better performance of the new algorithm. The RVSS should find application, for example, in telephony applications when double talking interferences are significant
Inhibitory effects of propiverine, atropine and oxybutynin on bladder instability in rats with infravesical outlet obstruction (1998)

Partial bladder outlet obstruction successfully created a hyperactive (unstable) bladder, typified by increased BC, RV, frequency of SA and a marked decrease in compliance. The greater BC, lower MP and frequency and amplitude of SA were prominent after the administration of BUP-4. Thus it is suggested that BUP-4 effectively inhibited bladder instability in rats induced by infravesical outlet obstruction and was more effective than oxybutynin in increasing BC.
An Evaluation of Analog-Based Postprocessing Methods across Several Variables and Forecast Models (2015)

Abstract Recently, two analog-based postprocessing methods were demonstrated to reduce the systematic and random errors from Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model predictions of 10-m wind speed over the central United States. To test robustness and generality, and to gain a deeper understanding of postprocessing forecasts with analogs, this paper expands upon that work by applying both analog methods to surface stations evenly distributed across the conterminous United States over a 1-yr period. The Global Forecast System (GFS), North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM), and Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) forecasts for screen-height wind, temperature, and humidity are postprocessed with the two analog-based methods and with two time series–based methods—a running mean bias correction and an algorithm inspired by the Kalman filter. Forecasts are evaluated according to a range of metrics, including random and systematic error components; correlation; and by conditioning the error distributions on lead time, location, error magnitude, and day-to-day error variability. Results show that the analog methods are generally more effective than time series–based methods at reducing the random error component, leading to an overall reduction in root-mean-square error. Details among the methods differ and are elucidated upon in this study. The relative levels of random and systematic error in the raw forecasts determine, to a large extent, the effectiveness of each postprocessing method in reducing forecast errors. When the errors are dominated by random errors (e.g., where thunderstorms are common), the analog-based methods far outperform the time series–based methods. When the errors are strictly systematic (i.e., a bias), the analog methods lose their advantage over the time series methods. It is shown that slowly evolving systematic errors rarely dominate, so reducing the random error component is most effective at reducing the error magnitude. The results are shown to be valid for all seasons. The analog methods show similar performance to the operational model output statistics (MOS) while showing greater reduction of random errors at certain lead times.
Sol-gel silica-on-silicon buried-channel EDWAs (2003)

Silica-on-silicon erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs) fabricated by the sol-gel route are demonstrated. The preparation of stable sols is first described, with emphasis on identifying chemical routes that allow the incorporation of sufficient concentration of erbium without precipitation or gelation. Erbium-doped glasses containing various codopants, such as phosphorus, aluminum, germanium and ytterbium are formed and used in the construction of buried channel guide EDWAs. A range of optical measurements is presented, and the effects of the dopants in eliminating erbium ion quenching and improving pumping efficiency are evaluated. The best material system-Er/Yb codoped aluminophosphosilicate glass-has low background loss and a net gain of 1.1 dB/cm.
Subunit organization of the abalone<i>Haliotis tuberculata</i>hemocyanin type 2 (HtH2), and the cDNA sequence encoding its functional units d, e, f, g and h (1999)

We have developed a HPLC procedure to isolate the two different hemocyanin types (HtH1 and HtH2) of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata. On the basis of limited proteolytic cleavage, two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, PAGE, N-terminal protein sequencing and cDNA sequencing, we have identified eight different 40-60-kDa functional units (FUs) in HtH2, termed HtH2-a to HtH2-h, and determined their linear arrangement within the elongated 400-kDa subunit. From a Haliotis cDNA library, we have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone which encodes the five C-terminal FUs d, e, f, g and h of HtH2. As shown by multiple sequence alignments, defg of HtH2 correspond structurally to defg from Octopus dofleini hemocyanin. HtH2-e is the first FU of a gastropod hemocyanin to be sequenced. The new Haliotis hemocyanin sequences are compared to their counterparts in Octopus, Helix pomatia and HtH1 (from the latter, the sequences of FU-f, FU-g and FU-h have recently been determined) and discussed in relation to the recent 2.3 A X-ray structure of FU-g from Octopus hemocyanin and the 15 A three-dimensional reconstruction of the Megathura crenulata hemocyanin didecamer from electron micrographs. This data allows, for the first time, an insight into the evolution of the two functionally different hemocyanin isoforms found in marine gastropods. It appears that they evolved several hundred million years ago within the Prosobranchia, after separation of the latter from the branch leading to the Pulmonata. Moreover, as a structural explanation for the inefficiency of the type 1 hemocyanin to form multidecamers in vivo, the additional N-glycosylation sites in HtH1 compared to HtH2 are discussed.
Studies on 4CaOAl <sub>2</sub> .O <sub>3</sub> .13H <sub>2</sub> O and the Related Natural Mineral Hydrocalumite (1959)

Single‐crystal X‐ray and electron‐diffraction studies show the existence in one polymorph of 4CaO.Al 2 O 3 . 13H 2 O of a hexagonal structural element with α= 5.74 a.u., c = 7.92 a. u. and atomic contents Ca 2 (OH) 7 ‐ 3H 2 O. These structural elements are stacked in a complex way and there are probably two or more poly‐types as in SiC or ZnS. Hydrocalumite is closely related to 4CaO.A1 2 O 3 .13H 2 O, from which it is derived by substitution of CO 3 2‐ for 20H ‐ + 3H 2 O once in every eight structural elements; similar substitutions explain the existence of compounds of the types 3CaO Al 2 O 3 .Ca Y 2 ‐ xH 2 O and 3CaO Al 2 O 3 Ca Y xH 2 O. On dehydration, 4CaO.Al 2 O 3 .13H 2 O first loses molecular water and undergoes stacking changes and shrinkage along c. At 150° to 250°C., Ca(OH) 2 and 4CaO.3Al 2 O 3 .3H 2 O are formed and, by 1000°C., CaO and 12CaO.7Al 2 O 8 . The dehydration of hydrocalumite follows a similar course, but no 4CaO.3Al 2 O 3 .3H 2 O is formed.
Photoacoustic microscopy of an integrated circuit (1980)

The in-phase and quadrature components of a photoacoustic signal have been used to form images of an integrated circuit with ∼6 μm resolution. These photoacoustic images contain information about subsurface properties of the sample.
Folate receptor‐targeted <sup>19</sup>F MR molecular imaging and proliferation evaluation of lung cancer (2018)

1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:1617-1625.
Layered hydrous titanium dioxide: potassium ion exchange and structural characterization (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLayered hydrous titanium dioxide: potassium ion exchange and structural characterizationTakayoshi Sasaki, Mamoru Watanabe, Yu Komatsu, and Yoshinori FujikiCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1985, 24, 14, 2265–2271Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1985https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00208a028RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views931Altmetric-Citations125LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (809 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Effects of F<sup>-</sup> Doping on the Photocatalytic Activity and Microstructures of Nanocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> Powders (2002)

A novel and simple method for preparing highly photoactive nanocrystalline F--doped TiO2 photocatalyst with anatase and brookite phase was developed by hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide in a mixed NH4F−H2O solution. The prepared F--doped TiO2 powders were characterized by differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetry (DTA-TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV−vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectra (PL), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BET surface areas. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the photocatalytic oxidation of acetone in air. The results showed that the crystallinity of anatase was improved upon F- doping. Moreover, fluoride ions not only suppressed the formation of brookite phase but also prevented phase transition of anatase to rutile. The F--doped TiO2 samples exhibited stronger absorption in the UV−visible range with a red shift in the band gap transition. The photocatalytic activity of F--doped TiO2 powders prepared by this method exceeded that of Degussa P25 when the molar ratio of NH4F to H2O was kept in the range of 0.5−3.
Design and simulation of the PSA truck with trailer (2010)

In conjunction with the Port of Singapore Authority (PSA), the model of the tractor semitrailer was created separately by SolidWorks based on the detail drawing. In the simulation, the tractor semitrailer was modeled as two rigid bodies hinged together and in-plane motion. The virtual scene of the port had been presented by importing containers models to the animation and redefining the ground conditions. The animation of simulation shows a realistic event of a PSA truck happened on the road by the port.\n\n\n\nBased on the excellent work done by the author’s senior, a literature review of the theory and factors of a truck’s behavior were undertaken. Truck accidents especially Jackknife are often caused by maneuvers such as braking with subsequent brake lock-up at high speed, from suddenly steering into a turn where the cornering may lead to lateral wheel skidding, or from some combination of these factors.\n\n\n\nDifferent events and accidents had been simulated and analyzed using simulation software. The analysis performed on the simulation results suggested that dry road surface and equipment of ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) have a very positive influence on safety. While it is difficult to evaluate the accuracy of the simulation results, this study serves as a guide to physical jackknife analysis.\n\n\n\nThis study can be further developed to analysis more factors that contribute to accidents. The effectiveness of accident prevention measures can be evaluated using the simulation software. A vista of the future is that by application of virtual control system or station equipped with devices like steering wheel or Joystick, users can “drive” the vehicle virtually and record the behavior data in real time. Theoretically, this technique can be realized and improved by existing techniques in the field of virtual reality.
Multistage ADC based on integrating quantiser and gated ring oscillator (2013)

Dual slope ADCs have been shown to implement noise shaping when converted into integrating quantisers, turning amplitude information into time encoded pulses. A way to increase the resolution of an integrating quantiser is to use a gated ring oscillator (GRO) to estimate the pulse length. Such combination benefits from the noise shaping effect inherent to GROs. Hence, a noise shaping order increase can be achieved by a multistage configuration when an integrating quantiser is cascaded with a GRO. The architecture and behavioural simulation of such a MASH converter is discussed. Also, the on‐line calibration of the noise cancellation filters is described.
Universal Compression and Retrieval (1994)

From the Publisher:
This volume constitutes a comprehensive self-contained course on source encoding. This is a rapidly developing field and the purpose of this book is to present the theory from its beginnings to the latest developments, some of which appear in book form for the first time. The major differences between this volume and previously-published works is that, here, information retrieval is incorporated into source coding instead of discussing this separately. Secondly, this volume places an emphasis on the trade-off between complexity and the quality of coding, i.e. what is the price of achieving a maximum degree of data compression? Thirdly, special attention is paid to universal families which contain a good compressing map for every source in a set. The volume presents a new algorithm for retrieval, which is optimal with respect to both program length and running time, and algorithms for hashing and adaptive on-line compressing. All the main tools of source coding and data compression such as Shannon, Ziv-Lempel, Gilbert-Moore codes, Kolmogorov complexity and entropy, lexicographic and digital search, are discussed. Moreover, data compression methods are described for developing short programs for partially specified Boolean functions, short formulas for threshold functions, identification keys, stochastic algorithms for finding the occurrence of a word in a text, and T-independent sets. Researchers and graduate students of information theory and theoretical computer science. It will also serve as a useful reference for communication engineers and data base designers.
Robust mode space approach for atomistic modeling of realistically large nanowire transistors (2018)

Nanoelectronic transistors have reached 3D length scales in which the number of atoms is countable. Truly atomistic device representations are needed to capture the essential functionalities of the devices. Atomistic quantum transport simulations of realistically extended devices are, however, computationally very demanding. The widely used mode space (MS) approach can significantly reduce the numerical cost, but a good MS basis is usually very hard to obtain for atomistic full-band models. In this work, a robust and parallel algorithm is developed to optimize the MS basis for atomistic nanowires. This enables engineering-level, reliable tight binding non-equilibrium Green's function simulation of nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with a realistic cross section of 10 nm × 10 nm using a small computer cluster. This approach is applied to compare the performance of InGaAs and Si nanowire n-type MOSFETs (nMOSFETs) with various channel lengths and cross sections. Simulation results with full-band accuracy indicate that InGaAs nanowire nMOSFETs have no drive current advantage over their Si counterparts for cross sections up to about 10 nm × 10 nm.
Carrier Phase and Code Based Absolute Slant Ionosphere Gradient Monitor for GBAS (2012)

After standard hip arthroplasty, an 82-year-old patient with previously undiagnosed diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis of the cervical spine experienced life-threatening side effects after use of a supraglottic airway device (i-gel). Extensive mucosal erosion and denudation of the cricoid cartilage caused postoperative supraglottic swelling and prolonged respiratory failure requiring tracheostomy. In this case report, we highlight the importance of evaluating risk factors for failure of supraglottic airway devices.
Geminiviruses (1981)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
Correspondence and Confrontation between William Duffy, Manager, and John Hamilton, Actor (1972)

Still regarded by many as little more than vagrants, most actors in nineteenth-century America had no sense of economic security; many were continually on the edge of abject poverty, others victims of excessive drink. These difficulties produced countless emotionally charged confrontations between actors and managers all over the nation, much like the one between William Duffy and John Hamilton in Albany, New York.
Atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (1983)

Abstract Atmospheric pressure ionization has been used to great effect by mass spectrometrists in widely diverse fields. The aim of this brief review is to set down the advantages of API/MS to fundamental and analytical chemists alike through discussion of the basic processes of ionisation and through its application.
A low-profile omnidirectional planar antenna with vertical polarization employing two in-phase elements (2011)

A novel technique for designing a low-profile miniaturized omnidirectional planar antenna with vertical polarization is presented. The proposed antenna is designed using two short in-phase vertical elements. To achieve in-phase radiation the short vertical pins should be λ/2 away from each other. To minimize the λ/2 transmission line a T-type 180 degree phase shifter with a capacitive impedance inverter can be used. However, the drawback of using this phase shifter is the generation of an out-of-phase conduction current going vertically down through the capacitor. The radiated fields from the conduction current cancel out radiated fields from in-phase currents on the two vertical elements, leading to the suppression of vertically polarized radiation. In this study, the conduction current is eliminated by substituting the capacitor connected to the shorting via with an open stub. The geometry of the open stub is optimized to obtain appropriate capacitance values giving the antenna lateral dimensions (λ/8X λ/8) and height (λ/40). An important advantage of the proposed antenna is omnidirectional radiation pattern and high gain.
BUCKLING OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION CLUTCH PLATES DUE TO THERMOELASTIC/PLASTIC RESIDUAL STRESSES (1998)

The plates of multidisk automatic transmission are known to buckle under extreme operating conditions. Axisymmetric (coning) and nonaxisymmetric (potato chip) modes can be obtained. It is shown that these modes result from in-plane axisymmetric residual bending moments in the disk and the critical value for each mode is found. A numerical algorithm is then developed to determine the residual moment due to a prescribed axisymmetric thermal history. Allowance is made for the temperature dependence of yield stress, elastic modulus, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The results show that susceptibility to buckling depends on a dimensionless geometric shape factor, the material properties, and the magnitude of the largest thermal excursion. With steel disks and typical design values for the shape parameter, buckling is predicted for temperature differences of about 600°C between inner and outer radii
Spectral resolution in clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1987)

We observe linewidths of 0.1-0.4 ppm in 31P spectra of human muscle, liver, and brain. T2 measurements of muscle phosphocreatine, together with previous brain studies, indicate that further improvements in linewidth to 0.02-0.05 ppm might often be achieved, but in some lesions magnetic susceptibility variations may limit spectral resolution.