gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on reflection of human skin with liquid paraffin as the penetration enhancer by spectroscopy (2013)

Optical clearing agents can improve tissue optical transmittance by reducing the diffuse reflection. The reflection on in vivo human skin before and after applying anhydrous glycerol and 30 to 50% liquid paraffin glycerol mixed solution are investigated in this paper. From their visible and near-infrared reflection spectroscopy, all of their diffuse reflections are reduced after applying the agents. It is found that the three mixed solutions show stronger effect than that of anhydrous glycerol. These results further prove liquid paraffin can enhance the percutaneous penetration of glycerol and take synergistically optical clearing effect with glycerol over visible and near-infrared wave bands.
Interpreting infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of simple organic compounds for the beginner (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInterpreting infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of simple organic compounds for the beginnerA. M. Ingham and R. C. Henson Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 8, 704Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1984Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 August 1984Published inissue 1 August 1984https://doi.org/10.1021/ed061p704Request reuse permissionsArticle Views330Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Theoretical study of the anisotropic diffraction of light waves by acoustic waves in lithium niobate crystals (1990)

The anisotropic diffraction of light by high frequency longitudinal ultrasonic waves in the tangential phase matching configuration may present some definite advantages over the same interaction using transverse acoustic waves. A systematic search for favorable crystal cuts in lithium niobate was worked out. The main results of this study are reported here; they enable the choice of the best configuration for a given operating center frequency.
Epoxyethers. XV.<sup>1,2</sup> Ketals from Secondary Monohydric Alcohols (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEpoxyethers. XV.1,2 Ketals from Secondary Monohydric AlcoholsCalvin L. Stevens, Robert L. McLean, and Alfred J. WeinheimerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 9, 2276–2279Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01542a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01542a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views109Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nafamostat Mesilate: A Regional Anticoagulant for Hemodialysis in Patients at High Risk for Bleeding (1993)

107 hemodialysis patients at high risk for intradialytic bleeding due to previous surgery or active bleeding from other sites were treated with nafamostat mesilate (FUT-175; FUT) as hemodialysis anticoagulant for 2 weeks. In contrast to heparin. FUT prolonged clotting times only in the extracorporeal circuit. Clotting times were not prolonged even at the conclusion of the treatment, and bleeding from the puncture site after removal of the needle was shorter than with heparin. The exacerbation of bleeding by hemodialysis was noted in only 21 out of 573 hemodialysis procedures (3.7%), and 134 of 145 hemodialysis procedures (92.4%) with active bleeding were successfully completed without increasing the bleeding. Adverse effects of FUT were noted in only 6 cases (5.6%) or 1.2% of HD procedures. These results indicate that FUT is a very useful anticoagulant for HD, especially in patients with high risk of bleeding.
Identification of a novel antigen from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis that protects sheep against caseous lymphadenitis (1994)

A 40-kDa protein antigen from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis has been identified by application of a strategy that employs locally derived antibody-secreting cells (ASC). ASC probes generated by culture of ASC obtained from the lymph node draining the site of infection showed a specificity restricted to a 40-kDa antigen. Analysis of immunoblots with sequential serum samples taken from sheep during the course of experimental primary infection with C. pseudotuberculosis also revealed the 40-kDa antigen as an early immunodominant antigen. Sheep vaccinated with two 100-micrograms doses of a 40-kDa antigen preparation in aluminium hydroxide adjuvant were protected against infection with C. pseudotuberculosis, with an 82% reduction in the proportion of infected sheep and a 98% reduction in lung lesions. Sera from vaccinated sheep exhibited a strong response only to the 40-kDa antigen on immunoblots. These results strongly suggest that the 40-kDa antigen plays a major role in immunity to caseous lymphadenitis.
Analysis and Design of an LCL-T Resonant Converter as a Constant-Current Power Supply (2005)

An LCL-T resonant converter (LCL-T RC) is shown to behave as a current source when operated at resonant frequency. A detailed analysis of the LCL-T RC for this property is presented. Closed-form expressions for converter gain, component stresses, and the condition for converter design optimized for minimum size of resonant network is derived. A design procedure is illustrated with a prototype 200-W 20-A current-source power supply and experimental results are presented. The LCL-T RC as a current source offers many advantages such as easy parallel operation and low circulating currents at light load. Additionally, with appropriate phase shift in paralleled modules, the peak-peak ripple in output current is reduced and the ripple frequency is increased, reducing filtering requirements. The leakage inductance of a transformer can be advantageously integrated into the resonant network. These merits make the topology applicable in various applications such as magnet power supply, capacitor charging power supply, laser diode drivers, etc.
The Effects of Professional Development on Co-Teaching for Special and General Education Teachers and Students (2013)

As we progress into a future where more students with IEPs are in general education classes, teachers must be innovative, creative, and passionate about providing an opportunity for all students to succeed in the classroom. Rather than students with IEPs be taken from their classrooms to receive remedial services from their special education teacher, it is more beneficial to all students and teachers to have education specialists and general education teachers co-teach classes (Conderman, 2011). Education specialists have extensive knowledge in acquisition of literacy skills, how to scaffold, and present information through multiple mediums. General education teachers are experts in their content areas, and are effective in delivering instruction to an audience of learners with different needs. Together, they can learn from each other to create a more enriched learning environment where all students can succeed. This study examined the pre and post surveys of 35 (15 special education and 20 general education) middle school students and 22 teachers about their experiences with co-teaching.
Suppression of 4-Coumarate-CoA Ligase in the Coniferous Gymnosperm<i>Pinus radiata</i>    (2008)

Severe suppression of 4-coumarate-coenzyme A ligase (4CL) in the coniferous gymnosperm Pinus radiata substantially affected plant phenotype and resulted in dwarfed plants with a "bonsai tree-like" appearance. Microscopic analyses of stem sections from 2-year-old plants revealed substantial morphological changes in both wood and bark tissues. This included the formation of weakly lignified tracheids that displayed signs of collapse and the development of circumferential bands of axial parenchyma. Acetyl bromide-soluble lignin assays and proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed lignin reductions of 36% to 50% in the most severely affected transgenic plants. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies indicated that lignin reductions were mainly due to depletion of guaiacyl but not p-hydroxyphenyl lignin. 4CL silencing also caused modifications in the lignin interunit linkage distribution, including elevated beta-aryl ether (beta-O-4 unit) and spirodienone (beta-1) levels, accompanied by lower phenylcoumaran (beta-5), resinol (beta-beta), and dibenzodioxocin (5-5/beta-O-4) levels. A sharp depletion in the level of saturated (dihydroconiferyl alcohol) end groups was also observed. Severe suppression of 4CL also affected carbohydrate metabolism. Most obvious was an up to approximately 2-fold increase in galactose content in wood from transgenic plants due to increased compression wood formation. The molecular, anatomical, and analytical data verified that the isolated 4CL clone is associated with lignin biosynthesis and illustrated that 4CL silencing leads to complex, often surprising, physiological and morphological changes in P. radiata.
Analysis of Elemental Absorption and Excretion in Mice Bearing Malignant Ascites (1994)

Feces, kidney, and small intestine were sampled from the mice bearing malignant ascites at different stages of tumor growth to investigate the kinetics of elemental distribution in the body. The contents of 14 elements in samples were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The elements Br, Cl, Cu, Na, Se, and Zn increased, whereas Mn and Rb decreased in kidney with the growth of the tumor. The elements Cl, Na, and Fe, however, appeared to have significantly different behavior in the small intestine.
Predictive analytics for chronic kidney disease using machine learning techniques (2016)

Predictive analytics for healthcare using machine learning is a challenged task to help doctors decide the exact treatments for saving lives. In this paper, we present machine learning techniques for predicting the chronic kidney disease using clinical data. Four machine learning methods are explored including K-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), and decision tree classifiers. These predictive models are constructed from chronic kidney disease dataset and the performance of these models are compared together in order to select the best classifier for predicting the chronic kidney disease.
Enhanced Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Glycerol Monolaurate with Organic Acids (1994)

ABSTRACT Glycerol monolaurate (ML) inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes was affected by pH and testing matrix. We investigated antimicrobial effects of ML combined with acetic, benzoic, citric, and lactic acids (AA, BA, CA, and LA) on L. monocytogenes in broth medium and crawfish tail meat. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were lower when ML was combined with each acid in dual combination. ML combined with sublethal amounts of AA, BA, or LA gave greater inhibition than for the most active compound alone. No interaction occurred between ML and CA. ML had no influence on pH of media containing organic acids. ML or LA in crawfish tail meat had reduced activity. ML activity was influenced by type of organic acid used. Combining ML with organic acids may provide similar protection to other precooked ready‐to‐eat foods.
The Molecular Virology of Hepatitis B Virus (2013)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the smallest enveloped DNA viruses and the prototype member of the family of Hepadnaviridae that causes acute and chronic infections of mammals (including human) and birds. HBV has evolved an extreme adaptation and dependency to differentiated hepatocytes of its host. Despite its very limited coding capacity with only four open-reading frames, HBV is able to evade the immune system of the host and persist lifelong within infected hepatocytes. During active replication, HBV produces enormous viral loads in the blood and a massive surplus of subviral surface antigen particles in the serum of infected patients without killing their hepatocytes. Together with the use of a reverse transcriptase during replication, it provides an enormous genetic flexibility for selection of viral mutants upon selective pressure, for example, by the immune system or antiviral therapy. In addition, viral wild-type and mutated genomes are stably archived in the nucleus of the infected hepatocyte in an episomal DNA form that provides independence from cellular replication or integration within the host genome. We are just beginning to understand the delicate molecular and cellular interactions during the HBV replicative cycle within infected hepatocytes, so further studies are urgently needed to provide a better basis for further diagnostic and therapeutic options.
CTGF is a central mediator of tissue remodeling and fibrosis and its inhibition can reverse the process of fibrosis (2012)

CTGF is a secreted matricellular protein with very complex biology. It has been shown to modulate many signaling pathways leading to cell adhesion and migration, angiogenesis, myofibroblast activation, and extracellular matrix deposition and remodeling, which together lead to tissue remodeling and fibrosis. It has been reported in the literature that inhibition of CTGF expression by siRNA prevents CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and can reverse fibrosis when administered after significant collagen deposition is observed. A monoclonal antibody to CTGF that is currently in clinical development (FG-3019) has demonstrated the ability to reverse vascular stiffening and improve cardiac function in a rat model of diabetic complications. FG-3019 has also exhibited activity in a murine radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. When FG-3019 was administered to mice after a significant radiation-induced increase in lung density could be observed by CT imaging, the density of the lungs was observed to decrease over the period during which the antibody was administered and to remain stable after therapy had ceased. When considered together, these data indicate that inhibition of CTGF can prevent and reverse the process of fibrosis.
Regulation of the Activities of Multifunctional Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases (2001)

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM-kinases) II, IV, and I play important roles as Ca2+ responsive multifunctional protein kinases in controlling a variety of cellular functions in response to an increase in intracellular Ca2+, and hence regulation of their activities is very important. CaM-kinase II is activated through autophosphorylation of threonine-286 (in the case of alpha isoform), and CaM-kinases IV and I are activated through phosphorylation of threonine-196 and 177, respectively, by CaM-kinase kinase. After activation, CaM-kinases II and IV lose their Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent activity upon autophosphorylation of threonine-305 and serine-332, respectively, in the absence of Ca2+, becoming Ca2+/calmodulin-independent forms. The activated CaM-kinases II, IV, and I are deactivated upon dephosphorylation of phosphothreonine-286, 196, and 177, respectively, by CaM-kinase phosphatase or other multifunctional protein phosphatases and restored to the original ground states. Thus, the activities of the three multifunctional CaM-kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
Solubility of Diamantane, Trimantane, Tetramantane, and Their Derivatives in Organic Solvents (2008)

The solubility of diamantane, trimantane, tetramantane, and their derivatives in acetone, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, toluene, heptane, and 1-pentanol was measured using the solid disappearance method for temperatures ranging from (273.15 to 348.15) K. The experimental solubility data have been correlated with different thermodynamic models to obtain engineering parameters for use in process design.
Multilingual access to web resources: an overview (2000)

The World Wide Web offers access to information resources in many languages. Certain developments facilitate multilingual exploitation of these resources. Some search engines, for example, allow the user to restrict retrieved sites to those in particular languages; some also provide the searcher with an interface in a chosen language. Many web sites also offer their information in several languages, one of which typically is English. Systran, a machine translation system available from the AltaVista search engine, can even translate a search statement or a retrieved page from one language to another. Despite these features, however, language also creates obstacles to full exploitation of web resources. Not all languages are catered for by these multilingual tools. Machine translation output typically is but a rough and ready version of a human translation. The variety of scripts in which the written forms of the world’s languages appear also create major problems in searching, inputting, displaying and printing text in non‐roman scripts. The paper offers an overview of multilingual information access issues in relation to the Web.
Very large scale modeling (1996)

Very Large Scale Modeling (VLSM) requires a harmonious blend of language, algorithms and tools to be done successfully and efficiently. The sheer size of the modeling problem raises issues which are trivial when dealing with small problems. This work addresses the problems associated with formulating, representing and solving problems with up to 250,000 nonlinear differentialalgebraic equations on a workstation class machine. The primary hypothesis is that for this undertaking to be successful, a dedicated VLSM environment is required. A requirements analysis of a VLSM environment is performed and the primary issues of memory, speed and complexity are recognized. A review of the state of the art in modeling environments shows that they are deficient in satisfying the needs of a VLSM environment. A strongly typed, object-oriented, equation based language, ASCEND IV, which is based on the ASCEND III language, is designed to fulfill this role. Using partial implementations, ASCEND IV has ...
Controlled optical properties of GaSb/InGaAs type-II quantum dots grown on InP substrate (2012)

Effect of GaSb/InGaAs quantum dots (QDs) morphology and In composition in InGaAs interlayer on the optical properties of GaSb/InGaAs QD material system was studied in this work. The interband transition of GaSb QD and type-II transition from the InGaAs conduction band to the GaSb hole level were observed. It was found that both QD morphology and In composition in InGaAs interlayer had an influence on the optical properties of GaSb/InGaAs QD material system. Note that the linear relationship exists between In composition in InGaAs interlayer and photoluminescence peak positions, which indicates the structural characteristics of the InGaAs matrix can be used as an important tool to adjust the optical properties of GaSb/InGaAs QD material system. This experimental result shows that the optical properties of GaSb/InGaAs type-II QD material system can be more precisely controlled than the widely studied GaSb/GaAs QD material system.
Combination of TRAIL and actinomycin D liposomes enhances antitumor effect in non-small cell lung cancer (2012)

The intractability of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to multimodality treatments plays a large part in its extremely poor prognosis. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising cytokine for selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells; however, many NSCLC cell lines are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The therapeutic effect can be restored by treatments combining TRAIL with chemotherapeutic agents. Actinomycin D (ActD) can sensitize NSCLC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulation of death receptor 4 (DR4) or 5 (DR5). However, the use of ActD has significant drawbacks due to the side effects that result from its nonspecific biodistribution in vivo. In addition, the short half-life of TRAIL in serum also limits the antitumor effect of treatments combining TRAIL and ActD. In this study, we designed a combination treatment of long-circulating TRAIL liposomes and ActD liposomes with the aim of resolving these problems. The combination of TRAIL liposomes and ActD liposomes had a synergistic cytotoxic effect against A-549 cells. The mechanism behind this combination treatment includes both increased expression of DR5 and caspase activation. Moreover, systemic administration of the combination of TRAIL liposomes and ActD liposomes suppressed both tumor formation and growth of established subcutaneous NSCLC xenografts in nude mice, inducing apoptosis without causing significant general toxicity. These results provide preclinical proof-of-principle for a novel therapeutic strategy in which TRAIL liposomes are safely combined with ActD liposomes.
MRI-Based Attenuation Correction for PET Reconstruction (2008)

In this study we proposed and developed a simple attenuation mapping approach based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the purpose of reconstructing positron emission tomography (PET) images in PET/MRI imaging devices.After experimental development, an in vivo calibration was performed by whole body scanning of five beagles on both a PET/CT and MRI.The attenuation was determined by using an automatic segmentation algorithm to segment regions of air, lung, soft tissue, and bone and assigning them values of 0.002 cm -1 , 0.030 cm -1 , 0.098 cm -1 , and 0.130 cm -1 respectively.The CT attenuated PET images and the MRI attenuated PET images were very similar, and average standardized uptake values (SUV) for most regions of interest differed by 1% -6%.Also, mean relative differences (MRD) between the images were between 5% and 9% for most regions.The only exception is bone, where the three region MRI attenuated PET images had an SUV 9% less on average than the CT attenuation images, and the MRD averaged 14%.Also, additional segmentation of bone in the four region MRI attenuated PET images reduced the SUV difference to 3% and the MRD to 6%.However, the differences between the CT and 3 region attenuations were much smaller than the differences between CT attenuated and unattenuated PET images, which had average SUVs of 1-37% and MRDs of 10-45%.In particular the spine had an average SUV difference of 29% and MRD of 45%.Therefore, despite the improvements in the four region segmentation,