gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigations on the mechanism of silicon etching with chlorine-trifluoride (2005)

We investigated chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) etching of silicon with a patterned oxide mask layer prepared by e-beam lithography. The mask apertures varied from 0.1μmto300μm. This enables to adjust the flow rate of ClF3 molecules into the etched cavity leading to a strong variation of the ClF3 abundance at the silicon surface. A crucial dependence of the etch rate on the aperture area was observed revealing a maximum of the etch rate for a specific ClF3 abundance. A physical description of the etch process is developed in order to distinguish between different mechanisms within the etching process. At low ClF3 abundance the etch rate is limited due to a lack of ClF3. For high abundance the etch rate is assumed to be hampered by a diffusion like transport of ClF3 molecules through a fluorosilyl layer formed on the silicon surface. It can be shown that the etch rate of silicon with ClF3 is not limited by the chemical reaction at high ClF3 abundance. Additionally, we observed a change in etching behavior from isotropic to anisotropic with a strong correlation to the etching regime.
Matrix Decomposition Methods for Data Mining : Computational Complexity and Algorithms (2009)

Matrix decompositions, where a given matrix is represented as a product of two other matrices, are regularly used in data mining. Most matrix decompositions have their roots in linear algebra, but the needs of data mining are not always those of linear algebra. In data mining one needs to have results that are interpretable -- and what is considered interpretable in data mining can be very different to what is considered interpretable in linear algebra. --- The purpose of this thesis is to study matrix decompositions that directly address the issue of interpretability. An example is a decomposition of binary matrices where the factor matrices are assumed to be binary and the matrix multiplication is Boolean. The restriction to binary factor matrices increases interpretability -- factor matrices are of the same type as the original matrix -- and allows the use of Boolean matrix multiplication, which is often more intuitive than normal matrix multiplication with binary matrices. \n\nAlso several other decomposition methods are described, and the computational complexity of computing them is studied together with the hardness of approximating the related optimization problems. Based on these studies, algorithms for constructing the decompositions are proposed. \n\nConstructing the decompositions turns out to be computationally hard, and the proposed algorithms are mostly based on various heuristics. Nevertheless, the algorithms are shown to be capable of finding good results in empirical experiments conducted with both synthetic and real-world data.
Electric and magnetic FEM modeling strategies for micro-inductors (1999)

Electroplated micromagnetic components, such as planar and toroidal inductors and transformers with ferromagnetic cores are promising devices. The characteristics of the materials used in these micro-scale components differ significantly from the properties of the common materials used in large-scale magnetics. The dimensional constraints due to the fabrication process form a main difference as well. For the design of such devices, two- and three-dimensional numerical field modeling techniques, such as FEM, are essential. This paper discusses modeling strategies combining two- and three-dimensional FEM methods, along with circuit equations, allowing investigation of the behaviour and design of new components.
<b>Kinetic studies on recombinant human renin with recombinant human angiotensinogen derived from Chinese hamster ovary </b><b>cells </b> (1992)

The reaction kinetics of recombinant human renin (rh-renin) derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells reacting with recombinant human angiotensinogen (rhANG) has been shown to be similar to those of human renal renin with human plasma angiotensinogen. At pH 6.5 and 37C, the Michaelis constant (Km) of rh-renin reacting with rhANG was 1.62 ,uM, and catalytic center activity (kcat) was 1.05 per second. In this study, we provided a basis for the study of the structure-function relationships of the human renin-angiotensin system using recombinant proteins.
Investigation of Stabilizing Agents in Thin Sol-Gel Zirconium Oxide Anti-corrosion Coatings on Iron Materials (2010)

Abstract Thin protective zirconium oxide coatings prepared via sol-gel with zirconium propoxide and acetyl acetone (acac) or hydroxypropyl cellulose as stabilizers have been successfully deposited onto iron substrates at low temperature. Electrochemical current density vs. potential scans showed a reduction of the iron dissolution current density and coating porosity in comparison to uncoated iron, with a strong decrease of these parameters around 5 orders of magnitude for a HPC concentration = 0.004 g/l. This result is expected as the steric effect of HPC. A mixed oxide layer of zirconium and iron was observed in SIMS depth profiles. The mixed oxide layer thickness showed a dependence on the acac molar ratio. Increases of acac shorted the overall film thickness, while the mixed oxide layer was thicker. ZrO2-HPC coatings displayed however, a thicker mixed oxide layer and additional increases of the zirconium intensity direct onto substrate surface. So a higher interdiffusion of zirconium into deeper layers and of iron towards coating surface was reached. XRD revealed that the mixed oxide layer is localized between the substrate and coating surface and possess crystalline structure. At a HPC concentration = 0.004 g/l no ZrO2 reflexes could be detected. ZrO2 crystals of 70 nm size were identified by TEM in ZrO2-acac coatings. However, ZrO2-HPC films showed an amorphous structure constituted of ZrO2 and iron oxide containing nanocrystalline zirconium oxide particles immersed in the mixed oxide layer. The crystals (monoclinic 112) size was between 5 and 10 nm. This result explains why there were not zirconium oxide reflexes visible in the XRD analysis. Obviously the ZrO2 crystalline particles are too small (less than 10 nm) to be detected by XRD so they appear as amorphous material [83]. The particles are immersed in a compact and amorphous mixed oxide matrix. The correlation between growth of the mixed oxide phase and decrease of dissolution current density suggests that it is the mixed oxide phase with zirconium nanoparticles that is responsible for the reduction of film porosity and the good corrosion protection properties of the films.
An attack on hash function HAVAL-128 (2005)

In this paper, we give a fast attack against hash function-HAVAL-128.HAVAL was presented by Y. L. Zheng et al. at Auscrypto'92. It can be processed in 3,4 or 5 passes, and produces 128, 160, 192, or 224-bit fingerprint. We break the HAVAL with 128-bit fingerprint. The conclusion is that, given any 1024-bit message m, we just make some modifications about m, and the modified message m can collide with another message m' only with probability 1/27, where m' = m +△m, in which △m is a fixed difference selected in advance. In addition, two collision examples for HAVAL-128 are given in this paper.
Which Daily Price is Less Noisy? (2006)

The daily efficient price is the price that would prevail if the market were frictionless. I show that volume-weighted average price (VWAP) provides a less noisy estimate for the unobservable efficient price as compared to the closing price. The variance of daily returns computed with VWAPs is smaller than that computed with closing prices. The difference between these two realized variances is economically significant. The volatility of log closing price change tends to understate the beta risk and Sharpe ratio. A higher noise level in the closing price leads to derivative prices that favor option and volatility-related swap writers.
Silver nanoparticle-embedded polymersome nanocarriers for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections (2015)

The rapidly diminishing number of effective antibiotics that can be used to treat infectious diseases and associated complications in a physician's arsenal is having a drastic impact on human health today. This study explored the development and optimization of a polymersome nanocarrier formed from a biodegradable diblock copolymer to overcome bacterial antibiotic resistance. Here, polymersomes were synthesized containing silver nanoparticles embedded in the hydrophobic compartment, and ampicillin in the hydrophilic compartment. Results showed for the first time that these silver nanoparticle-embedded polymersomes (AgPs) inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli transformed with a gene for ampicillin resistance (bla) in a dose-dependent fashion. Free ampicillin, AgPs without ampicillin, and ampicillin polymersomes without silver nanoparticles had no effect on bacterial growth. The relationship between the silver nanoparticles and ampicillin was determined to be synergistic and produced complete growth inhibition at a silver-to-ampicillin ratio of 1 : 0.64. In this manner, this study introduces a novel nanomaterial that can effectively treat problematic, antibiotic-resistant infections in an improved capacity which should be further examined for a wide range of medical applications.
The Anthropology of Immortality and the Crisis of Posthuman Conscience (2015)

In this article we aim to distinguish between the transhuman and posthuman condition, according to their anthropological, ontological, and ethical natures. We will show that the current historical moment can be considered the beginning of a transhuman civilisation, given that the characteristics of the transhuman are already present in today s human being. We will show that a series of decisive limitations for belonging to the human condition are in the process of being transcended due to acquisition of attributes of divinity that human beings do not currently possess: omnipotence, omnipresence (ubiquity), ex nihilo creation starting from the divine creative ideation and immortality. Humans are increasingly taking on the attributes of divinity in the process of human enhancements. We will discuss the ways in which technology allows the human to overcome these limitations, elevating humans past their current condition, in a process in which they gain technological transcendence. Excepting immortality, all other limitations, once exceeded, generate a transhuman condition. Immortality generates a posthuman condition, since it can only be obtained by modifying the human ontological status from that of a biological being to that of a resident being in informatics networks. In order to clarify this process, we will discuss the concepts of everlastingness and artificial life prolongation.
Analysis of Self-Assembled Cationic Lipid−DNA Gene Carrier Complexes Using Flow Field-Flow Fractionation and Light Scattering (2001)

Self-assembled cationic lipid-DNA complexes have shown an ability to facilitate the delivery of heterologous DNA across outer cell membranes and nuclear membranes (transfection) for gene therapy applications. While the size of the complex and the surface charge (which is a function of the lipid-to-DNA mass ratio) are important factors that determine transfection efficiency, lipid-DNA complex preparations are heterogeneous with respect to particle size and net charge. This heterogeneity contributes to the low transfection efficiency and instability of cationic lipid-DNA vectors. Efforts to define structure-activity relations and stable vector populations have been hampered by the lack of analytical techniques that can separate this type of particle and analyze both the physical characteristics and biological activity of the resulting fractions. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF) to separate cationic lipid-DNA complexes prepared at various lipid-DNA ratios. The compatibility of the lipid-DNA particles with several combinations of FFF carrier liquids and channel membranes was assessed. In addition, changes in elution profiles (or size distributions) were monitored as a function of time using on-line ultraviolet, multiangle light scattering, and refractive index detectors. Multiangle light scattering detected the formation of particle aggregates during storage, which were not observed with the other detectors. In comparison to population-averaged techniques, such as photon correlation spectroscopy, flow FFF allows a detailed examination of subtle changes in the physical properties of nonviral vectors and provides a basis for the definition of structure-activity relations for this novel class of pharmaceutical agents.
Structure and dynamics processes in free-base chlorins controlled by chemical modifications of macroring and aryl groups in meso-positions (2017)

The synthesis, detailed structural characterization and analysis of molecular motion for unsymmetrical pyrrolidine-fused chlorins employing NMR, UV spectroscopy and DFT theoretical calculations are presented.
CYP2E1 mediated isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. (2004)

The metabolite of INH, hydrazine, plays an important role in INH-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The induction of CYP2E1 by hydrazine is involved in the hepatotoxicity of INH. RFP does not exacerbate INH-induced hepatotoxicity in short term, which relates to down-regulation of CYP2E1.
A Role for the DOF Transcription Factor BPBF in the Regulation of Gibberellin-Responsive Genes in Barley Aleurone (2002)

Functional analyses of a number of hydrolase gene promoters, induced by gibberellin (GA) in aleurone cells following germination, have identified a GA-responsive complex as a tripartite element containing a pyrimidine box motif 5'-CCTTTT-3'. We describe here that BPBF, a barley (Hordeum vulgare) transcription factor of the DOF (DNA-Binding with One Finger) class, previously shown to be an activator of reserve protein encoding genes during development, also has a role in the control of hydrolase genes following seed germination. Northern-blot, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization analyses evidenced that the transcripts of the BPBF-encoding gene (Pbf), besides being present during endosperm development, are also expressed in aleurone cells of germinated seeds where they are induced by GA, an effect counteracted by abscisic acid. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays have shown that the BPBF protein binds specifically to the pyrimidine box motif in vitro within the different sequence contexts that naturally occur in the promoters of genes encoding a cathepsin B-like protease (Al21) and a low-isoelectric point alpha-amylase (Amy2/32b), both induced in the aleurone layers in response to GA. In transient expression experiments, BPBF repressed transcription of the Al21 promoter in GA-treated barley aleurone layers and reverted the GAMYB-mediated activation of this protease promoter.
Carbamazepine‐Valnoctamide Interaction in Epileptic Patients: In Vitro/In Vivo Correlation (1993)

Six patients stabilized with carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy received an 8-day "add-on" supplement of valnoctamide (VCD), a tranquilizer available over the counter (OTC) in several European countries that exhibits promising anticonvulsant activity in animal models. During VCD intake, serum levels of the active CBZ metabolite, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E), increased fivefold from 1.5 +/- 0.7 micrograms/ml at baseline to 7.4 +/- 4.4 micrograms/ml after 4 days of VCD therapy and 7.7 +/- 3.1 micrograms/ml after 7 days of VCD therapy (means +/- SD, p < 0.01). In 4 patients, the increase in serum CBZ-E levels was associated with clinical signs of CBZ intoxication. CBZ-E levels returned to baseline after VCD therapy was discontinued. Serum CBZ levels remained stable throughout the study. The interaction observed in this study is similar to that described in patients treated with CBZ and valpromide (VPD, an isomer of VCD). In a mechanistic study, therapeutic concentrations of VCD inhibited hydrolysis of styrene oxide in human liver microsome preparations. Thus, VCD is a potent inhibitor of microsomal epoxide hydrolase (IC50 15 microM). There was a striking similarity between in vitro and in vivo inhibition potencies. In this study, VCD clearance was higher in epileptic patients (treated with CBZ) than in healthy subjects.
Organic heterojunctions utilizing two conducting polymers: Poly(acetylene)/poly(<i>N</i>-methylpyrrole) junctions (1985)

The first solid-state heterojunction device involving two conducting organic polymers has been fabricated from polyacetylene, (CH)x and p-doped poly(N-methylpyrrole), (PNP). Its electronic properties can be modified by chemically partly reducing or partly oxidizing the PNP. The junction has been characterized by J-V studies and by preliminary photovoltaic measurements.
Comparison of Methods to Determine Oxygen Demand for Bioremediation of a Fuel Contaminated Aquifer (1988)

Abstract Four analytical methods were compared for estimating concentrations of fuel contaminants in subsurface core samples. The methods were total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, and a solvent extraction of fuel hydrocarbons combined with a gas chromatographic technique. Presently the most applicable and convenient technique for our purposes, based on greatest apparent contaminant recovery, is the solvent extraction gas chromatographic method. Sample heterogeneity and opportunity for losses due to contaminant volatility require consideration during sample handling, analysis, and when interpreting analytical data. Key Words: Oxygen demandbioremediationsubsurface coresfuel contaminationanalysesmethods
Design for warranty cost reduction (2008)

This paper develops a process based cost model for warranty events and applies it to a number of product instances in the computer and related high tech businesses. It identifies the principle support dasiameta-processespsila that typically contributes >70% to the total cost of warranty. From this model the key warranty cost drivers are identified and the set of strategies are derived that product development teams can use to reduce the cost of warranty for products under development. Proven frameworks for applying the model and warranty cost reduction strategies during the product development cycle are presented. Case study instances are presented that illustrate how product development teams have applied the model, strategies and frameworks that reduced the total warranty costs by 35% are discussed.
Efficient Free Space Reclamation in WAFL (2017)

NetApp ® WAFL ® is a transactional file system that uses the copy-on-write mechanism to support fast write performance and efficient snapshot creation. However, copy-on-write increases the demand on the file system to find free blocks quickly, which makes rapid free space reclamation essential. Inability to find free blocks quickly may impede allocations for incoming writes. Efficiency is also important, because the task of reclaiming free space may consume CPU and other resources at the expense of client operations. In this article, we describe the evolution (over more than a decade) of the WAFL algorithms and data structures for reclaiming space with minimal impact to the overall performance of the storage appliance.
Photosynthate and Nitrogen Requirements for Seed Production by Various Crops (1975)

Seed biochemical composition was the basis for segregating 24 crops into four distinct groups. Nitrogen requirements of pulses and soybeans were so great that sustained seed growth demanded continued nitrogen translocation from vegetative tissues. This translocation must eventually induce senescence in these tissues, restrict the duration of the seed-fill period, and limit seed yield.
Utilization of an intra‐oral diamagnetic passive shim in functional MRI of the inferior frontal cortex (2003)

Due to the presence of gross magnetic susceptibility artifacts, functional MRI (fMRI) has proved problematic in studies of the human inferior frontal cortex (IFC). There is a strong desire, therefore, to employ techniques that mitigate susceptibility artifacts in the IFC while preserving the imaging parameters of an fMRI study. It has been shown that the use of a single, strongly diamagnetic, intra-oral passive shim significantly improves the homogeneity of the static magnetic field (B(0)) and, as a result, alleviates the susceptibility artifacts within the IFC. In this study, practical issues regarding the use of an intra-oral passive shim are examined. We investigated B(0) instabilities within the IFC resulting from subject head motion in order to calculate the effects of an intra-oral passive shim on the temporal variance of an EPI time series. These studies show that the addition of an intra-oral passive shim improves both B(0) homogeneity and signal stability, and increases sensitivity to functional activation.
Homologous xylanases from <i>Clostridium thermocellum</i>: evidence for bi-functional activity, synergism between xylanase catalytic modules and the presence of xylan-binding domains in enzyme complexes (1999)

Clostridium thermocellum produces a consortium of plant-cell-wall hydrolases that form a cell-bound multi-enzyme complex called the cellulosome. In the present study two similar xylanase genes, xynU and xynV, were cloned from C. thermocellum strain YS and sequenced. The deduced primary structures of both xylanases, xylanase U (XylU) and xylanase V (XylV), were homologous with the previously characterized xylanases from C. thermocellum strain F1. Truncated derivatives of XylV were produced and their biochemical properties were characterized. The xylanases were shown to be remarkably thermostable and resistant to proteolytic inactivation. The catalytic domains hydrolysed xylan by a typical endo-mode of action. The type VI cellulose-binding domain (CBD) homologue of XylV bound xylan and, to a smaller extent, Avicel and acid-swollen cellulose. Deletion of the CBD from XylV abolished the capacity of the enzymes to bind polysaccharides. The polysaccharide-binding domain was shown to have a key role in the hydrolysis of insoluble substrates by XylV. The C-terminal domain of XylV, which is absent from XylU, removed acetyl groups from acetylated xylan and acted in synergy with the glycosyl hydrolase catalytic domain of the enzyme to elicit the hydrolysis of acetylated xylan.
Biodegradability and aquatic toxicity of glycoside surfactants and a nonionic alcohol ethoxylate (1996)

Abstract The environmental properties of three glycoside surfactants and one alcohol ethoxylate were examined by standardized laboratory methods. All of the surfactants biodegraded extensively in aerobic screening tests and may be assumed to approach 100% removal in aerobic wastewater treatment plants, except in cases of high loadings or otherwise exceptional conditions. Anaerobic biodegradability tests showed that an ethyl glycoside monoester (EGE) and a linear alkyl polyglycoside (APG) were both mineralized (>70%) under methanogenic conditions. In contrast, a branched APG resisted anaerobic degradation, while the alcohol ethoxylate was partially mineralized by anaerobic bacteria. The EGE surfactant was most rapidly mineralized in aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability tests. None of the surfactants inhibited respiration in activated sludge at the highest concentration tested (200 mg/L). Tests with aquatic organisms showed increasing toxicity in the following order: branched APG<EGE<linear APG<alcohol ethoxylate. Negligible aquatic toxicity was observed for the branched APG, while the alcohol ethoxylate was highly toxic to examined organisms. This evaluation demonstrates that considerable variation in biodegradability and toxicity responses can be seen within structurally related glucose‐based surfactants.
Nonlinear effects in long-haul transmission over bimodal optical fibre (2010)

A model for nonlinear propagation over bimodal fiber is proposed. Through numerical simulations, the tolerance to nonlinear effects of Mode Division Multiplexing (MDM) is estimated using the example of a 7×200Gb/s WDM MDM-QPSK transmission over 1200km.