gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reservoir Computing Beyond Memory-Nonlinearity Trade-off (2017)

Reservoir computing is a brain-inspired machine learning framework that employs a signal-driven dynamical system, in particular harnessing common-signal-induced synchronization which is a widely observed nonlinear phenomenon. Basic understanding of a working principle in reservoir computing can be expected to shed light on how information is stored and processed in nonlinear dynamical systems, potentially leading to progress in a broad range of nonlinear sciences. As a first step toward this goal, from the viewpoint of nonlinear physics and information theory, we study the memory-nonlinearity trade-off uncovered by Dambre et al. (2012). Focusing on a variational equation, we clarify a dynamical mechanism behind the trade-off, which illustrates why nonlinear dynamics degrades memory stored in dynamical system in general. Moreover, based on the trade-off, we propose a mixture reservoir endowed with both linear and nonlinear dynamics and show that it improves the performance of information processing. Interestingly, for some tasks, significant improvements are observed by adding a few linear dynamics to the nonlinear dynamical system. By employing the echo state network model, the effect of the mixture reservoir is numerically verified for a simple function approximation task and for more complex tasks.
Conversion of aminoacylation specificity from tRNA<sup>Tyr</sup>to tRNA<sup>Ser</sup><i>in vitro</i> (1990)

The discrimination mechanism between tRNA(Ser) and tRNA(Tyr) was studied using various in vitro transcripts of E. coli tRNATyr variants. The insertion of only two nucleotides into the variable stem of tRNA(Tyr) generates serine charging activity. The acceptor activities of some of the tRNA(Tyr) mutants with insertions in the long variable arm were enhanced by changes in nucleotides at positions 9 and/or 20B, which are possible elements for dictating the orientation of the long variable arm. These findings suggest that the long variable arm is involved in recognition by seryl-tRNA synthetase in spite of sequence and length variations shown within tRNA(Ser) isoacceptors, and eventually serves as a determinant for selection from other tRNA species. Changing the anticodon from GUA to the serine anticodon GGA resulted in a marked decrease in tyrosine charging activity, but this mutant did not show any serine charging activity. The discriminator base, the fourth base from the 3' end of tRNA, was also important for aminoacylation with tyrosine. Complete specificity change in vitro was facilitated by insertion of three nucleotides into the variable arm plus two nucleotide changes at positions 9 and 73.
B-Cell Receptor Signaling Inhibitors for Treatment of Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases and B-Cell Malignancies (2013)

B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is essential for normal B-cell development, selection, survival, proliferation, and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells. Similarly, this pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple B-cell malignancies. Genetic and pharmacological approaches have established an important role for the Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase isoform p110delta (PI3Kδ) in coupling the BCR and other BCRs to B-cell survival, migration, and activation. In the past few years, several small-molecule inhibitory drugs that target PI3Kδ, Btk, and Syk have been developed and shown to have efficacy in clinical trials for the treatment of several types of B-cell malignancies. Emerging preclinical data have also shown a critical role of BCR signaling in the activation and function of self-reactive B cells that contribute to autoimmune diseases. Because BCR signaling plays a major role in both B-cell-mediated autoimmune inflammation and B-cell malignancies, inhibition of this pathway may represent a promising new strategy for treating these diseases. This review summarizes recent achievements in the mechanism of action, pharmacological properties, and clinical activity and toxicity of these BCR signaling inhibitors, with a focus on their emerging role in treating lymphoid malignancies and autoimmune disorders.
MIND: An inside Look at an Expert System for Electronic Diagnosis (1985)

Because of its intended purpose, it is very complicated to diagnose faults in VLSI test system hardware. When this problem is considered in the hardware design phase, it is apparent that VLSI test systems need to have built-in self-test features. For a self-test to be of any value, the circuit check program should minimize the hardware involved in each test. MIND is an expert system for VLSI test system diagnosis that integrates the principles of their hierarchical design and experts' heuristics to achieve a practical approach to reducing test system downtime.
Pharmacological Profile of the Novel α-Adrenoceptor Antagonist KT-611 (Naftopidil) (1991)

The pharmacological profile of a new alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, KT-611 (naftopidil), was studied in vitro. In the dog mesenteric and carotid arteries and in the rabbit, guinea pig and rat thoracic aortae, KT-611 competitively inhibited α1-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions induced by noradrenaline with pA2 values ranging from 6.73 to 8.15. KT-611 also inhibited the postjunctional α2-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions in the dog saphenous vein (pA2 = 6.77) or dog basilar artery. However, the responses mediated through prejunctional α2-adrcnoccptors (rat vas deferens), β-adrenoceptors (rat atria), muscarinic receptors (guinea pig ileum) and 5-HT2 receptors (dog mesenteric artery) were little affected by KT-611. KT-611 also inhibited the sympathetic adrenergic contraction evoked by electrical transmural stimulation in the dog mesenteric artery, and the inhibition was not relieved upon repetitive washing for 1 hour with the drug-free solution. 3H-prazosin and 3H-clonidine binding to the rat cortex membranes was inhibited by KT-611 with pKi values of 7.69 and 5.75, respectively. These results suggest that KT-611 is an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a weak antagonistic activity to postjunctional α2-adrenoceptors.
New and revisited insights into the promotion of methanol synthesis catalysts by CO2 (2013)

CO hydrogenation, CO2 hydrogenation, and water–gas shift (WGS) reactions have been simultaneously investigated over industry-like catalysts based on Cu–ZnO–Al2O3, under methanol synthesis conditions (513 K, 5.0 MPa). For this, a novel methodology has been applied: the concentration of carbon dioxide in the syngas feed was consecutively increased (R = CO2:(CO + CO2) = 0–100) resulting in a volcano-type plot of the rate of methanol formation and forming a hysteresis loop when decreasing the CO2 concentration again. H2O co-feeding experiments revealed that the enhancement of activity can be correlated with the WGS activity linking both hydrogenation paths of CO and CO2. On the other hand, excessive amounts of surface hydroxyls seem to inhibit methanol production, explaining the drop in activity at high CO2 concentrations. An investigation of the catalytic performance was accompanied by an extensive characterisation of the fresh and used catalytic materials by X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction by H2, N2O pulse chemisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. It was shown that the copper surface area affects the CO2 hydrogenation; however, this parameter is unambiguously not the key descriptor for CO2-promoted methanol synthesis, which is a consequence of the synergistic interaction of zinc oxide and copper. This structural feature is further promoted by Al2O3 through stabilisation of the surface. The position of the activity maximum is determined by the surface ratio Cu : Zn. The hysteresis behaviour is a result of the continuous decrease of Cu dispersion and the fixation of copper species in its monovalent oxidation state, both detrimental for CO2 hydrogenation. CO hydrogenation is strongly affected by the Cu : Zn bulk ratio and thus the reducibility of the catalyst. These facts could be substantiated by the use of impregnated model catalysts.
Solubilities of 4-Carboxybenzaldehyde and 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid in <i>N</i>-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone in the Temperature Range from (343.2 to 468.2) K (2004)

Using the steady-state method, solubilities of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid in the solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in the temperature range from (343.2 to 468.2) K at a pressure of 1.6 MPa were determined. The experimental results were correlated by an empirical equation.
Kinetic isotope effects on cytochrome P-450-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Evidence for the irreversible formation of an activated oxygen intermediate of cytochrome P-448. (1984)

Substitution of deuterium for hydrogen on the alpha-carbon of 7-ethoxycoumarin results in an intrinsic isotope effect of approximately 14 during the cytochrome P-448-catalyzed O-deethylation of this substrate (G. T. Miwa, J. S. Walsh, and A. Y. H. Lu (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 3000-3004). This dramatic decrease in the C-H bond cleavage rate does not, however, alter the rate of 7-ethoxycoumarin disappearance or the rates of NADPH and oxygen consumption indicating that the catalytic turnover of this enzyme is unaffected. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide formation and the concentrations of an oxycytochrome P-448 complex (lambda max = 440 nm) are also unchanged demonstrating that the steady state concentrations of various oxy intermediates of cytochrome P-448 are also unchanged. An inescapable conclusion from these data is that an irreversible step exists between the formation of these intermediates and the oxidation of the substrate. These data are in agreement with the view that an irreversible cleavage of the dioxygen bond precedes substrate oxidation. Moreover, the oxidatively competent form of the cytochrome must then be committed to substrate oxidation. The latter conclusion is substantiated from high performance liquid chromatography studies which demonstrate the formation of a second metabolite, 6-hydroxy-7-ethoxycoumarin, from the deuterated substrate arising from the metabolic switching away from the O-ethyl group to the aromatic ring of this substrate.
Fundamental study of automatic cyto-screening for uterine cancer. III. New system of automated apparatus (CYBEST) utilizing the pattern recognition method. (1977)

An investigation was carried out, both from the point of view of combining features which are considered as being of the highest reliability based on pattern analysis of the nuclear structure and cytoplasm of cells, and the complexity of the apparatus. Several features such as "ambiguity" function were extracted by mathematical and statistical processing, and these were then made the parameters of a diagnostic logic. Also, a method in which a "differential histogram" and a "threshold value" are combined was developed for segmentation of cells. It became possible to operate an automatic scanning machine at a speed of about six minutes per slide using two-stage coarse and fine scanning of a flying spot scanner. The advantage of this system is flexibility of diagnostic program logic and speed of algorithms for a determined number of cellular features. An automatic focusing system was also developed and it functions satisfactorily at high speed on a fully extended regular object slide.
Real-time Gesture Recognition Based on AdaBoost Algorithm and Optical Flow Matching (2012)

Focusing on more general and more convenient application,a novel real-time gesture recognition method based on AdaBoost algorithm and optical flow matching was put forward.In detail,the AdaBoost algorithm was used to traverse the whole image for the recognition of static gestures.As to the dynamic gestures,the method combining optical flow with template matching was utilized.The whole system has strong robustness in the recognition of both static and dynamic gestures.
The chemotactic activity for granulocytes produced by virally infected fibroblasts is identical to monocyte‐derived interleukin 8 (1989)

So far, the role of fibroblasts in inflammatory processes has been underestimated. We have previously shown that stimulation of fibroblasts with viruses or bacteria results in a simultaneous production of several cytokines, including interferon-beta, interleukin (IL) 6 and colony-stimulating factors. We here report that virally infected fibroblasts produce also a chemotactic factor for granulocytes. The activity is inducible not only by measles virus but also by IL 1 beta and the double-stranded RNA poly(rI).poly(rC). This factor, when purified to homogeneity, occurs as a 6-7-kDa protein doublet upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pure protein is serologically related to a fully characterized granulocyte chemotactic peptide (GCP) from monocytes, designated IL8. Furthermore, the chemotactic factor from fibroblasts has an NH2-terminal sequence identical to that of GCP/IL8, small differences in NH2-terminal processing being observed. Finally, in addition to diploid fibroblasts, the osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line is also a producer of GCP/IL8. It can thus be concluded that GCP/IL8 can be produced by several cell types in response to infection and that fibroblasts can contribute to chemotaxis in inflammation.
High Linearity Transmit Power Mixers Using Baseband Current Feedback (2019)

Transmit mixers frequently use Gilbert cells driven by common-source baseband amplifiers. Class-AB biasing is used in the latter for high efficiency, but this causes poor linearity. In this article, linearity is enhanced by using negative feedback to directly sense and linearize the baseband current flowing into the switching pair of the mixer. By suppressing both gate- and drain-induced nonlinearities, it achieves higher linearity and permits a higher power output compared to using replica devices of the common-source amplifiers in negative feedback. The technique is demonstrated using two prototypes: a 130 nm prototype designed for 1.9 GHz long term evolution (LTE) signals and a 65 nm LP prototype designed for Bluetooth basic data rate (BDR) and enhanced data rate (EDR) modes. The 130 nm prototype has an adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of -41.3/-40.4/-37.6 dBc for LTE5/10/20 at 11.7 dBm output, -148.6 dBc/Hz noise at 80 MHz offset for 10 dBm output, and -53.8 dBc CIM3 for 9 dBm output power. It consumes 335 mW from 3 V and 1.3 V supplies, including 79 mW in the LO buffers. The 4.4% efficiency represents 70% improvement over the state-of-the-art. The 65 nm prototype provides 4 dBm output power (EDR) while consuming 50.5 mW from 1.8 V.
Control strategies for active lower extremity prosthetics and orthotics: a review (2015)

: Technological advancements have led to the development of numerous wearable robotic devices for the physical assistance and restoration of human locomotion. While many challenges remain with respect to the mechanical design of such devices, it is at least equally challenging and important to develop strategies to control them in concert with the intentions of the user.This work reviews the state-of-the-art techniques for controlling portable active lower limb prosthetic and orthotic (P/O) devices in the context of locomotive activities of daily living (ADL), and considers how these can be interfaced with the user's sensory-motor control system. This review underscores the practical challenges and opportunities associated with P/O control, which can be used to accelerate future developments in this field. Furthermore, this work provides a classification scheme for the comparison of the various control strategies.As a novel contribution, a general framework for the control of portable gait-assistance devices is proposed. This framework accounts for the physical and informatic interactions between the controller, the user, the environment, and the mechanical device itself. Such a treatment of P/Os--not as independent devices, but as actors within an ecosystem--is suggested to be necessary to structure the next generation of intelligent and multifunctional controllers.Each element of the proposed framework is discussed with respect to the role that it plays in the assistance of locomotion, along with how its states can be sensed as inputs to the controller. The reviewed controllers are shown to fit within different levels of a hierarchical scheme, which loosely resembles the structure and functionality of the nominal human central nervous system (CNS). Active and passive safety mechanisms are considered to be central aspects underlying all of P/O design and control, and are shown to be critical for regulatory approval of such devices for real-world use.The works discussed herein provide evidence that, while we are getting ever closer, significant challenges still exist for the development of controllers for portable powered P/O devices that can seamlessly integrate with the user's neuromusculoskeletal system and are practical for use in locomotive ADL.
Hyaluronic Acid-based Nanofibers via Electrospinning (2006)

Electrospinning is a novel technology that uses an electric field to form fibrous materials from a polymer solution. Unlike traditional spinning techniques, electrospinning can produce fibers, on the order of 100 nm, that can be utilized in applications where nanoscale fibers are necessary for specific applications, including tissue engineering and filtration. Outside of a smaller fiber diameter, electrospun nanofibers are also advantageous for biomedical applications because they have a larger surface area and pore size which promotes cell growth. A number of polymers have been electrospun successfully, including polyethylene (PEO) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which are two the most investigated electrospun materials. For the purpose of this study, hyaluronic acid (HA), a widely used biopolymer found in the extracellular matrix, was the chosen polymer to investigate the successful production of HA nanofibers for use in tissue engineering. Few studies have been conducted on electrospinning HA. Indeed, when this project was initiated, no investigations on electrospinning HA had been published. The goal of this research was to produce continuous fibrous strands of HA to be used as a mesh or scaffolding material. The high viscosity and surface tension of HA make it challenging to electrospin, as both are important parameters in successful production of nanofibers. To promote HA fiber formation by electrospinning, the effects of salt (NaCl), which is used to reduce the viscosity of aqueous HA solutions; molecular weight of the HA; and an additional biocompatible polymer (e.g., PEO) were investigated.
An Internal Voltage Generation System of Flash Memory Module Embedded in a Microcontroller (2005)

We present a new internal voltage generation system of flash memory module embedded in a microcontroller. One of the features is wide range voltage generator for the evaluation of the memory cell, which is effective mainly at the development early stage. The second feature is new temperature dependency voltage generator matched to memory cell property for the improvement of reliability. The third is an auto-trimming system that arranges output of internal voltage generators with target values. Using embedded CPU the auto-trimming system suppresses voltage variations for many chips simultaneously, so we can reduce test cost and improve reliability of flash memory module in the stage of mass production
Using Patellofemoral Braces for Anterior Knee Pain (1999)

Disorders of the patellofemoral joint are common in recreational and competitive athletes. The pathophysiology of these disorders is unclear but may be related to malalignment of the patella and femoral trochlea, which may produce the characteristic anterior knee symptoms (1). Diagnosing and treating patellofemoral pain syndrome is challenging but important, since patellofemoral abnormalities can result in substantial discomfort and disability.
Simultaneous Multiplex Detection and Confirmation of the Proteinaceous Toxins Abrin, Ricin, Botulinum Toxins, and Staphylococcus Enterotoxins A, B, and C in Food (2010)

Detection of proteinaceous toxins in complex heterogeneous mixtures requires highly specific and sensitive methods. Multiplex technology employing multiple antibodies that recognize different epitopes on a toxin provides built-in confirmatory analysis as part of the initial screen and thereby increases the reliability associated with both presumptive positive and negative results. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were obtained for abrin, botulinum toxins, ricin, and Staphylococcus enterotoxins A, B, and C (SEA, SEB, and SEC). Food samples were spiked with the toxins either individually or mixed and analyzed following 40-fold dilution. Abrin, botulinum toxin A complex, ricin, and SEB displayed limits of detection in the original food samples ranging from 0.03 to 1.3 microg/mL, from 0.03 to 0.07 microg/mL, from 0.01 to 0.1 microg/mL, and from <0.01 to 0.03 microg/mL, respectively. Redundancy, that is, multiple antibodies for each toxin, some recognizing different epitopes or displaying different binding affinities, provided a "fingerprint" for the presence of the toxins and built-in confirmation, thus reducing the likelihood of false-positive and false-negative results. Inclusion of internal controls, including a unique protein, helped control for variations in dilution. Paramagnetic microspheres facilitated the detection of analyte in foods containing particulate matter incompatible with the use of filter plates normally used in the wash steps of assays employing standard polystyrene microspheres.
Unusual film‐forming properties of aromatic heterocyclic ladder polymers (1971)

Abstract A new method of obtaining films of aromatic heterocyclic ladder polymers has been found which circumvents casting from high‐boiling acidic solvents. The BBL ladder polymer has been formed into tough, durable films by collecting suspensions of the polymer obtained from acid reprecipitations upon a fritted glass funnel. After drying, the polymer can be removed as film, with thickness dependent upon the amount of material used. Such a film has a tensile strength of 9,600 lb/in. 2 as compared to a tensile strength of 16,000 lb/in. 2 obtained from the same polymer when cast from methanesulfonic acid solution.
Slope-contact-type Cavity Adjustment Method and Experiment Study for Ring Laser Gyroscope (2014)

摘要： 调腔是激光陀螺制造过程中的关键环节。为实现复杂的激光陀螺调腔任务，在分析调腔原理的基础上，提出一种倾斜接触式的调腔方法，依靠球面镜自身重力使其贴合在谐振腔的光胶面上，保证了调腔的高平行度要求。由此开发一套倾斜接触式的由光学模块、调腔机构及控制模块、视觉检测模块及损耗测量模块组成的自动调腔系统。利用视觉检测模块及损耗测量模块获得的谐振腔输出光信息实现球面镜位置的闭环控制。通过分析损耗与光束光阑位置偏差之间的关系，设计粗、精结合的球面镜最佳位置自动搜索算法。调腔试验结果验证了倾斜接触式调腔方法的有效性。