gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sleep on the Night Shift: 24‐Hour EEG Monitoring of Spontaneous Sleep/Wake Behavior (1989)

The present study sought to objectively describe the spontaneous sleep/wakefulness pattern of shift workers during a 24-hour period. Portable Medilog tape-recorders were used for ambulatory EEG monitoring of 25 male papermill workers (25-55 years) during days with night and afternoon work. The results showed that sleep after night work was two hours shorter than after afternoon work. The sleep reduction affected mainly Stage 2 and REM sleep while slow wave sleep was unchanged. In connection with night work 28% of the workers took a nap in the afternoon. These naps contained a large proportion of slow wave sleep and were, apparently, caused by the sleep deficit after the short main sleep period. The EEG recordings also revealed that 20% of the participants had sleep episodes during night work. These naps were as long as the afternoon naps, were experienced as "dozing offs" rather than naps, occurred at the time of the trough of the circadian wakefulness rhythm, and were concomitant with extreme subjective sleepiness and low rated work load. It was concluded that not only the sleep of shift workers was disturbed, but also the wakefulness--to the extent that sleepiness during night work sometimes reached a level where reasonable wakefulness could not be maintained. The latter observation is probably of special importance in work situations demanding a great responsibility for human lives or for great economic values.
Enantioselective synthesis of homoallylic amines. Evidence of reversible addition of allylzinc bromide to aromatic imines derived from (S)-valine methyl ester and (S)-valinol (1993)

The reaction of aromatic and aliphatic imines derived from (S)-valine methyl ester and (S)-valinol with allyl bromide and zinc in tetrahydrofuran affords homoallylic amines with up to 100% diastereoisomeric excess (d.e.), but in the case of the aromatic imines the diastereoselectivity is lowered by increasing the reaction time, owing to the reversibility of the allylation reaction.
High-performance hydrogen fuel cell using nitrate reduction reaction on a non-precious catalyst (2011)

The H(2)-NO(3)(-) electrochemical cell using nitrate reduction on a non-precious cathode catalyst shows much improved efficiency despite ∼75% reduction of Pt metal loading as compared to typical PEMFCs using typical ORR on precious catalysts.
Abiotic transformation of chlorpyrifos to chlorpyrifos oxon in chlorinated water (2003)

In vivo transformation of chlorpyrifos to chlorpyrifos oxon is believed to be a prerequisite for this insecticide to display acute toxicity to organisms. We discovered that active chlorine dispersed in water causes the rapid abiotic transformation of chlorpyrifos to chlorpyrifos oxon. The proposed mechanism for the transformation is an electrophilic attack by hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on the thion (P=S) double bond of chlorpyrifos followed by desulfuration of chlorpyrifos to its oxon analog. The pH of a Cl-aqueous solution controls the speciation of HOCl and hypochlorite (OCl-) in water and thereby influences the transformation process. Chlorpyrifos oxon is a potent anticholinesterase that is about 1,000 times more toxic than chlorpyrifos. Because chlorination is commonly used for treatment of domestic water supplies, the findings raise a new concern about the safety of domestic use of chlorpyrifos products.
0.1 THz rectangular waveguide on GaAs semi-insulatingsubstrate (1995)

The realisation of a millimetre-wave rectangular waveguide fabricated using traditional monolithic technology is presented. The rectangular waveguide has a cutoff frequency of 100 GHz and an operating frequency of 105 GHz. The measured performance clearly shows that the dominant TE10 mode of propagation is supported.
The utility of the TDx test in the assessment of fetal lung maturity (1992)

Accurate assessment of fetal lung maturity is essential in the management of high-risk obstetric patients. New rapid techniques have been developed to supplement time-consuming chromatographic methods. We compared one of these newer methods, the TDx-FLM, to the standard tests for fetal pulmonary maturity. There was an excellent correlation between the TDx and the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (r = 0.78). Although a TDx value of 70 or greater is considered mature, we found a value of 50 or greater predictive of fetal lung maturity in 100% of cases, and have chosen to redefine a mature value as 50 or greater in our institution. This value has greatly enhanced the clinical applicability of the test, allowing use of a large number of specimens from the previously poorly understood and often disregarded borderline category.
Convergence of stochastic learning in perceptrons with binary synapses (2005)

The efficacy of a biological synapse is naturally bounded, and at some resolution, and is discrete at the latest level of single vesicles. The finite number of synaptic states dramatically reduce the storage capacity of a network when online learning is considered (i.e., the synapses are immediately modified by each pattern): the trace of old memories decays exponentially with the number of new memories (palimpsest property). Moreover, finding the discrete synaptic strengths which enable the classification of linearly separable patterns is a combinatorially hard problem known to be NP complete. In this paper we show that learning with discrete (binary) synapses is nevertheless possible with high probability if a randomly selected fraction of synapses is modified following each stimulus presentation (slow stochastic learning). As an additional constraint, the synapses are only changed if the output neuron does not give the desired response, as in the case of classical perceptron learning. We prove that for linearly separable classes of patterns the stochastic learning algorithm converges with arbitrary high probability in a finite number of presentations, provided that the number of neurons encoding the patterns is large enough. The stochastic learning algorithm is successfully applied to a standard classification problem of nonlinearly separable patterns by using multiple, stochastically independent output units, with an achieved performance which is comparable to the maximal ones reached for the task.
The Scott wiring technique for direct repair of lumbar spondylolysis (1992)

Between 1979 and 1989, we treated 22 patients with symptomatic lumbar spondylolysis which had not responded to conservative treatment by a modified Scott wiring technique to give direct repair of the lytic defects with stabilisation. The patients' mean age at the time of operation was 15 years; the mean follow-up period was four years. All 19 patients under 25 years old had satisfactory results. Two of the three patients over 25 years old had poor results. The age of the patient at surgery seems to be an important determinant of outcome. Radiologically confirmed fusion is of secondary importance. The presence of a grade I spondylolisthesis did not prejudice the result. We recommend the Scott wiring technique to stabilise the direct repair of a lumbar spondylolysis.
MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING GENE EXPRESSION IN CARCINOGENESIS (2002)

Many genes and signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, death, differentiation, and genomic integrity are involved in cancer development. Various methods are available for detection and quantification of messenger RNA. Older methods such as Northern blots, nuclease protection, plaque hybridization, and slot blots suffer from being inherently serial, measure a single mRNA at a time, or being difficult to automate. New techniques for analysis of gene expression include: (a) comprehensive open systems such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), differential display (DD) analysis, RNA arbitrarily primer (RAP)-PCR, restriction endonucleolytic analysis of differentially expressed sequences (READS), amplified restriction fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP), total gene expression analysis (TOGA), and use of internal standard competitive template primers (CTs) in a quantitative multiplex RT-PCR method [StaRT-(PCR)], and (b) focused closed systems such as: high density cDNA filter hybridization (HDFCA) analysis, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), differential screening (DS), several forms of high-density cDNA arrays, or oligonucleotide chips, and tissue microarrays. Sometimes, a combination of these systems is used to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the assays. While closed systems are excellent for the initial screening of large number of sequences, the value of the information generated is generally limited to an often arbitrarily chosen known sequence. On the other hand, only the open system platform has the potential to evaluate the expression patterns of tens of thousands of genes that have not yet been cloned or partially sequenced in a quantitative manner. A cost analysis of the most commonly used expression technologies is provided. A method for purifying tumors from surrounding stroma and normal tissue employing laser microdissection, and subsequent RNA isolation/amplification from few cells employing sensitive kits are also discussed.
Muscle sparing in muscle RING finger 1 null mice: response to synthetic glucocorticoids (2011)

Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs under a variety of conditions and can result from alterations in both protein synthesis and protein degradation. The muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, MuRF1 and MAFbx, are excellent markers of muscle atrophy and increase under divergent atrophy-inducing conditions such as denervation and glucocorticoid treatment. While deletion of MuRF1 or MAFbx has been reported to spare muscle mass following 14 days of denervation, their role in other atrophy-inducing conditions is unclear. The goal of this study was to determine whether deletion of MuRF1 or MAFbx attenuates muscle atrophy after 2 weeks of treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX). The response of the triceps surae (TS) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles to 14 days of DEX treatment (3 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was examined in 4 month-old male and female wild type (WT) and MuRF1 or MAFbx knock out (KO) mice. Following 14 days of DEX treatment, muscle wet weight was significantly decreased in the TS and TA of WT mice. Comparison of WT and KO mice following DEX treatment revealed significant sparing of mass in both sexes of the MuRF1 KO mice, but no muscle sparing in MAFbx KO mice. Further analysis of the MuRF1 KO mice showed significant sparing of fibre cross-sectional area and tension output in the gastrocnemius (GA) after DEX treatment. Muscle sparing in the MuRF1 KO mice was related to maintenance of protein synthesis, with no observed increases in protein degradation in either WT or MuRF1 KO mice. These results demonstrate that MuRF1 and MAFbx do not function similarly under all atrophy models, and that the primary role of MuRF1 may extend beyond controlling protein degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system.
Sοlmsen F. Indogermanische Eigennamen als Spiegel der Kulturgeschichte. Herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Ernst Fraenkel. Heidelberg, Winter, 1922 (1923)

Article Sοlmsen F. Indogermanische Eigennamen als Spiegel der Kulturgeschichte. Herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Ernst Fraenkel. Heidelberg, Winter, 1922 was published on January 2, 1923 in the journal Indogermanische Forschungen (volume 41, issue s1).
Peptide catalysis in aqueous emulsions (2014)

Amphiphilic tripeptides catalyze conjugate addition reactions of aldehydes to nitroolefins in water with high yields and stereoselectivities. The amphiphilic nature shields the peptidic catalyst from the water and stabilizes the emulsion formed by the reactants in the aqueous environment. The findings have intriguing implications for the chemical evolution of enzymes.
Enzymic Studies on TPN L-Hexonate Dehydrogenase from Rat Liver (1961)

Journal Article Enzymic Studies on TPN L-Hexonate Dehydrogenase from Rat Liver Get access YOSHITAKE MANO, YOSHITAKE MANO From Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of TokyoTokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar KANTARO SUZUKI, KANTARO SUZUKI From Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of TokyoTokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar KAZUO YAMADA, KAZUO YAMADA From Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of TokyoTokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar NORIO SHIMAZONO NORIO SHIMAZONO From Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of TokyoTokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 49, Issue 6, June 1961, Pages 618–634, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a127352 Published: 01 June 1961 Article history Received: 23 February 1961 Published: 01 June 1961
The Pathologic Effects of Photodynamic Therapy on the Larynx: Experimental Study (1988)

Using an argon pump dye laser at a wavelength of 630 nm, varying amounts of energy (10 to 170 J/cm2) were delivered to the presensitized (hematoporphyrin derivative) canine larynx. There appear to be four energy zones that result in progressive degrees of tissue response. Between 10 and 40 J/cm2 the larynx appears normal, with only mild erythema noted at 60 J/cm2. Above 100 J/cm2 moderate to severe erythema and edema were seen, with two upper-airway deaths observed. Transmission pattern analysis revealed that by either increasing the total energy applied and/or positioning the cylindrical diffuser tip at different levels of the larynx, the entire structure including the undersurface of the vocal cord and subglottic region could be exposed to red light.
Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urine, benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in lymphocyte DNA, and antibodies to the adducts in sera from coke oven workers exposed to measured amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere. (1986)

Workers in coke oven plants have a higher incidence of lung cancer than the general population. They are exposed to a variety of chemicals, in particular the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including benzo(a)pyrene. To evaluate the genotoxic effects of PAH exposure, air samples and urine samples were analyzed for PAH by capillary gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Since benzo(a)pyrene is activated to 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-(9 alpha,10 alpha)-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BPDE) and binds to DNA, we have used ultrasensitive enzymatic radioimmunoassay and synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry to measure BPDE-DNA adducts in lymphocyte DNA. The results show that workers were exposed to high concentrations of atmospheric PAH. However, the mean PAH exposure levels are reduced 60% when the workers wore masks during work. When compared to exposure levels, the urinary excretion of PAH was relatively low. Approximately one-third of the workers had detectable putative BPDE-DNA adducts in lymphocytes by ultrasensitive enzymatic radioimmunoassay, and 10% of the samples had emission peaks at 379 nm by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry. The four most positive samples were the same in both of the assays. Antibodies to an epitope(s) on BPDE-DNA were found in the sera of approximately one-third of the workers. Detection of DNA adducts and antibodies to these adducts are internal indicators of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene.
Frequency tuning of bipolar ring oscillators (2005)

Bipolar ring oscillators are used extensively in digital gates for the measurement of gate delays. As an application to analog circuits, bipolar ring oscillators may be used as a voltage coutrolled oscillators (VCO) if the frequency tuning of the oscillator is performed by voltage/current. In this paper three different techniques of frequency tuning of ring oscillators are described. A PLL circuit is designed and tested using bipolar ring oscillator.
Word stress assessment for computer aided language learning (2009)

In this paper an automatic word stress assessment system is proposed based on a top-to-bottom scheme. The method presented is text and language independent. The utterance pronounced by the student is directly compared with a reference one. The trend similarity of F0 and energy contours are compared frame-byframe by using DTW alignment. The stress assessment evaluation system gives an EER equal to 21.5%, which in turn is similar to the error observed in phonetic quality evaluation schemes. These results suggest that the proposed system can be employed in real applications and applicable to any language.
Relay Lab at NTNU (2014)

This thesis presents background on power system protection, relay principles, modern relay technology and relay testing, to support the design, practical set up and proposals for use of a new relay lab at NTNU. The paper includes a theoretical part describing the components of power system protection, their function and attributes. To better the understanding of the importance of power system protection, a short study of the different types of faults that may occur in a power system and how they can be calculated has been made. One chapter covering the principles of protective relaying functions relevant for the lab, is included. It covers the theory of overcurrent (including directional), distance and differential protection, as well as challenges one may encounter when applying these protective functions. A chapter on modern relay technology, describing the possibilities and benefits of micro-processor based relays, especially with regards to communication, is a part of the report. This chapter also includes sections describing the inputs and outputs, logic and function of modern relays. The essentials of relay testing is described in the paper. The different methods available for the testing of relays; scaled physical networks, relay testers and fault simulators are mentioned. Focus has been put on use of relay testers as it is most relevant for the lab. A description of common test procedures is also included. Selected relevant software has been studied to find a software which can be used in the lab exercises. Discussion of practicalities regarding the lab, i.e. the design and set up of the lab is also made in the thesis. Opportunities for, and use of the lab have been discussed. The basics of relay configuration is explained. Proposals for lab exercises that can be performed in the new relay lab are presented near the end. A list covering proposals for further work for the relay lab is the final part of the thesis.
Toll‐like receptors and adaptor molecules in liver disease (2008)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and signal through adaptor molecules, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), Toll/IL-1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), Toll/IL-1 receptor domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF), and TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM) to activate transcription factors, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, activator protein 1 (AP-1), and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) leading to the initiation of innate immunity. This system promptly initiates host defenses against invading microorganisms. Endogenous TLR ligands such as the products from dying cells may also engage with TLRs as damage-associated molecular patterns. Although Kupffer cells are considered the primary cells to respond to pathogen associated molecular patterns in the liver, recent studies provide evidence of TLR signaling in hepatic nonimmune cell populations, including hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells. This review highlights advances in TLR signaling in the liver, the role of TLRs in the individual hepatic cell populations, and the implication of TLR signaling in acute and chronic liver diseases. We further discuss recent advances regarding cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, RNA helicases that represents a new concept in chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
Mixed metal films with switchable optical properties (2002)

Thin, Pd-capped metallic films containing magnesium and first-row transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co) switch reversibly from their initial reflecting state to visually transparent states when exposed to gaseous hydrogen or following cathodic polarization in an alkaline electrolyte. Reversion to the reflecting state is achieved by exposure to air or by anodic polarization. The films were prepared by cosputtering from one magnesium target and one manganese, iron, or cobalt target. Both the dynamic optical switching range and the speed of the transition depend on the magnesium-transition metal ratio. Infrared spectra of films in the transparent, hydrided (deuterided) states support the presence of the intermetallic hydride phases Mg3MnH7, Mg2FeH6, and Mg2CoH5.
Clinical Biofilms: A Challenging Frontier in Wound Care (2014)

<b>Significance:</b> Biofilms have been implicated in a variety of wound complications. <b>Recent Advances:</b> Research has confirmed that biofilms form in wounds of patients experiencing delayed healing and may be a precursor to infection. <b>Critical Issues:</b> Research into the strength of this association is still in its infancy. Is biofilm formation a cause of these complications, a step toward them, or a signal that unresolved factors injuring tissue or delaying healing are setting the stage for biofilm formation, infection, and healing delay? To qualify biofilms for use in informing clinical practice decisions, biofilm characteristics supporting those decisions need standardized definitions and valid evidence that they predict or diagnose healing or infection outcomes. Literature searches of relevant terms reviewed biofilm definitions and validation of their role in predicting and diagnosing delayed wound healing or infection. <b>Future Directions:</b> Further research is needed to provide a rapid accurate technique to identify and characterize biofilms in ways that optimize their validity in diagnosing or screening patient risk of infection or delayed healing and to inform clinical decisions. This research will help validate biofilm's capacity to support wound care clinical practice decisions and establish their importance in guiding clinical practice.
Identification And Elimination Of Second-Order Nonlinear Distortion Of Loudspeaker Systems Using Digital Volterra Filter (2015)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Tampere, Finland, 2000
New Biocide with Both <i>N</i>‐Chloramine and Quaternary Ammonium Moieties Exerts Enhanced Bactericidal Activity (2012)

Considering the rise of antibiotic resistance, the development of new antibacterial agents with improved biocidal functions is urgently required. In this study, ionic 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMH) analogues containing either a quaternary ammonium moiety (2)-4) or a phosphonate functional group (5),-6), were designed and synthesized to investigate the possible enhancing effect of quaternary ammonium moieties on the antibacterial performance of N-chloramines. These ionic DMH analogues were converted to their N-chloramine counterparts either in free form or after being covalently immobilized on a polymer surface via the "click" chemistry method. In the subsequent antimicrobial assessment against multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDR-E. coli) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), chlorinated 2 and 3, the cyclic N-chloramines with a structural cation, exhibited distinctly enhanced biocidal functions in solution and after immobilization on surfaces.