gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anodic oxidation of di-tert-butyl disulfide: a facile method for the preparation of N-tert-butylamides (1993)

The electrochemical oxidation of di-tert-butyl disulfide is shown to correspond to a one electron process; at 1.3 V, one carbon–sulfur bond is cleaved yielding two intermediate special : the tret-butyl cation and the radical ButS–S˙; a Ritter reaction occurs with the cation when the sovent is a nitrile and the cation dimerizes in to a tetrasulfide; at a more positive potential (1.9V) the two carbon–sulfur bonds are cleaved giving But+ and sulfur.
Electroanalytical studies on green leaf volatiles for potential sensor development (2012)

An electrochemical study for detecting green leaf plant volatiles from healthy and infected plants has been devised and tested. The electrocatalytic response of plant volatiles at a gold electrode was measured using cyclic voltammetry, amperometric current-time (i-t) analysis, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and hydrodynamic experiments. The sensitivity of the gold electrode in i-t analysis was 0.13 mA mM(-1) cm(-2) for cis-3-hexenol, 0.11 mA mM(-1) cm(-2) for cis-hexenyl acetate and 0.02 mA mM(-1) cm(-2) for hexyl acetate. The limits of detection of cis-3-hexenol, cis-hexenyl acetate and hexyl acetate by i-t analysis were 0.5, 0.3 and 0.6 μM, respectively, at a signal to noise ratio of 3. The hydrodynamic studies yielded the electro-kinetic parameters such as diffusivities of plant volatiles in solution and the rate constants for their electrochemical reactions. The DPV and interference studies reveal that the gold electrode possessed high sensitivity for plant volatiles determination in synthetic samples, which imitates both healthy and infected plants.
Exploiting Molecular Virulence Determinants in Burkholderia to Develop Vaccine Antigens (2015)

The Burkholderia genus is a highly diverse group of species that are distributed throughout a wide range of environments and habitats. Among this group, which is remarkable for its adaptability to a wider range of environmental conditions including disinfectants and organic solvents, are a subgroup that represents some of the most difficult to treat infections. This subgroup includes Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis; B. mallei, the causative agent of glanders and B. cepacia complex (Bcc) which causes opportunistic infections in people with cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised patients. The latter pathogen is itself a group of 18 distinct, but, closely related species. The adaptability of this group allows the expression of a rich selection of molecular virulence determinants to facilitate its survival in the diverse habitats that it colonises. This review will describe a selection of these associated with human infection; comparing them across the three pathogens and highlighting their potential roles as vaccine candidates. Better integration of the knowledge on the pathogenesis and molecular determinants of virulence for these Burkholderia spp may allow the development of more efficacious vaccines.
Cloning, expression, and distribution of a Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel beta-subunit from human brain. (1996)

We have cloned and expressed a Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel beta-subunit from human brain. The open reading frame encodes a 191-amino acid protein possessing significant homology to a previously described subunit cloned from bovine muscle. The gene for this subunit is located on chromosome 5 at band q34 (hslo-beta). There is no evidence for alternative RNA splicing of this gene product. hslo-beta mRNA is abundantly expressed in smooth muscle, but expression levels are low in most other tissues, including brain. Brain subregions in which beta-subunit mRNA expression is relatively high are the hippocampus and corpus callosum. The coexpression of hslo-beta mRNA together with hslo-alpha subunits in either Xenopus oocytes or stably transfected HEK 293 cells give rise to Ca(2+)-activated potassium currents with a much increased calcium and/or voltage sensitivity. These data indicate that the beta-subunit shows a tissue distribution different to that of the alpha-subunit, and in many tissues there may be no association of alpha-subunits with beta-subunits. These beta-subunits can play a functional role in the regulation of neuronal excitability by tuning the Ca2+ and/or the voltage dependence of alpha-subunits.
Observations on the clinical manifestations and treatment of an experimental infection with Brugia malayi in man. (1989)

This paper reports clinical observations made during experimental Brugia malayi infection in man. This was induced by 52 infective larvae-carrying mosquitoes, Anopheles sinensis. A monkey, Maccaca mulatta, was inoculated with infective larvae from the mosquitoes infected with nocturnally periodic type of B. malayi from patients. Six months later, the monkey became a microfilaria carrier. Nine days later, the subject was experimentally bitten by mosquitoes infected from biting the monkey, with an estimated delivery of over 200 infective larvae. Seven days after the infection, general (but fluctuating) pruritus developed, followed by lymphadenitis and swelling of the hand and forearm, with a mild pyrexia for nearly 3 months. The eosinophil counts continuously increased. There were four separate attacks of lymphangitis. On day 142, microfilaraemia was first detected. After two more weeks, the subject was treated with a total dose of 15 g diethylcarbamazine (DEC) over 30 days. During this period, 28 small tender subcutaneous nodules appeared on his arms. After treatment, microfilaraemia gradually disappeared and the swelling of his arms improved. Three months later, the eosinophil count of his blood returned to normal but some temporary and scattered small pruritic erythematous patches still persisted over his left forearm. Lymphangitis has not recurred.
Die Konfiguration der optisch aktiven Propylendiamine, 2‐Methyl‐4,5‐diaminopentane und α‐Pyrrolidyl‐methylamine (1955)

Abstract Durch Reduktion der Amide von L‐Alanin, L‐Leucin und L‐Prolin mit LiAlH 4 wurden L‐Propylendiamin, L‐2‐Methyl‐4, 5‐diaminopentan und L‐α‐Pyrrolidyl‐methylamin dargestellt.
Synthesis of Novel Mannoside Glycolipid Conjugates for Inhibition of HIV-1 <i>Trans</i>-Infection (2012)

Mannose-binding lectins, such as dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), are expressed at the surface of human dendritic cells (DCs) that capture and transmit human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) to CD4+ cells. With the goal of reducing viral trans-infection by targeting DC-SIGN, we have designed a new class of mannoside glycolipid conjugates. We report the synthesis of amphiphiles composed of a mannose head, a hydrophilic linker essential for solubility in aqueous media, and a lipid chain of variable length. These conjugates presented unusual properties based on a cooperation between the mannoside head and the lipid chain, which enhanced the affinity and decreased the need for multivalency. With an optimal lipid length, they exhibited strong binding affinity for DC-SIGN (Kd in the micromolar range) as assessed by surface plasmon resonance. The most active molecules were branched trimannoside conjugates, able to inhibit the interaction of the HIV-1 envelope with DCs, and to drastically reduce trans-infection of HIV-1 mediated by DCs (IC50s in the low micromolar range). This new class of compounds may be of potential use for prevention of HIV-1 dissemination, and also of infection by other DC-SIGN-binding human pathogens.
Towards Matrix Models of IIB Superstrings (2006)

I review the properties of a matrix action of relevance for IIB superstrings. This model generalizes the action proposed by Ishibashi, Kawai, Kitazawa, and Tsuchiya by introducing an auxillary field Y, which is the matrix version of the auxillary field g in the Schild action.
Improving Oilwell Stimulations With Compatible Oils (1986)

Abstract Crude oils, diesels and similar distillates are often considered to be inert stimulation fluids for use in oil wells. In fact they may contain or create plugging materials which can reduce or destroy permeability. It is common knowledge chat produced crudes may contain clays, fines, sulphur, salt, organic debris, asphaltenes, as well as any chemicals added to assist production. Although crudes are still used to hydraulically fracture wells because of low cost, distilled oils are commonly used in an attempt to avoid the mentioned problems. However, clean fluids such as diesel and condensate are still incompatible with some crudes and particularly the asphaltic crudes common in western Canada. Special refining can produce oil which is very compatible with, crudes. One such oil is available at a cost comparable to diesel and has been used as a workover fluid, fracturing fluid, and acidizing spacer. Results of more than one year of field evaluation confirms that the fluid is practical to use and is meeting our expectations. Laboratory results and theoretical background are also provided. Introduction It is the intention of this paper to discuss some important aspects of the use of oils in well completions. Most ideas are relatively familiar to many readers, however, they will be reviewed in reference to a new product which has become available. In the majority of cases oil is used because of concerns over formation damage. In such cases, oil is often regarded as relatively benign in comparison to water-based fluids. There are many good reasons to believe this. The main ones are listed as follows:—Fresh water in contact with any smectite clays in the formation will be absorbed into the clay structure and cause swelling. The swelling restricts the pore throat to reduce the permeability.—Kaolinite clays and other migratable fines which are water wet or are loosely attached to the pore surface will only move within the connate water phase. When water invades a formation with irreducible water saturation, the fines will then become movable and begin plugging the pore throats.—Water, being the most universal inorganic solvent known, can carry a variety of chemicals, cations and anions into the formation. Incompatible water, sometimes even with very low concentrations of contaminants, can cause a variety of precipitates, emulsions and sludges which can reduce or destroy the formation permeability.—Even a very low percentage of fines contained in water can easily plug perforations or the formation. This point can more easily be appreciated since very dirty water is recognizable with the naked eye. It should be kept in mind that occasionally clear water contains enough fines to do serious formation damage. In contrast oils are perceived, although sometimes inaccurately, to have the following behavior:"Oil does not react with smectite clays to cause swelling. Further to this, oils are not expected to react with any clays present to produce detrimental results. ""Oil does not open the door for lines migration to begin. "
Emu: Enhancing Multilingual Sentence Embeddings with Semantic Specialization (2019)

We present Emu, a system that semantically enhances multilingual sentence embeddings. Our framework fine-tunes pre-trained multilingual sentence embeddings using two main components: a semantic classifier and a language discriminator. The semantic classifier improves the semantic similarity of related sentences, whereas the language discriminator enhances the multilinguality of the embeddings via multilingual adversarial training. Our experimental results based on several language pairs show that our specialized embeddings outperform the state-of-the-art multilingual sentence embedding model on the task of cross-lingual intent classification using only monolingual labeled data.
Effective hardware-based data prefetching for high-performance processors (1995)

Memory latency and bandwidth are progressing at a much slower pace than processor performance. In this paper, we describe and evaluate the performance of three variations of a hardware function unit whose goal is to assist a data cache in prefetching data accesses so that memory latency is hidden as often as possible. The basic idea of the prefetching scheme is to keep track of data access patterns in a reference prediction table (RPT) organized as an instruction cache. The three designs differ mostly on the timing of the prefetching. In the simplest scheme (basic), prefetches can be generated one iteration ahead of actual use. The lookahead variation takes advantage of a lookahead program counter that ideally stays one memory latency time ahead of the real program counter and that is used as the control mechanism to generate the prefetches. Finally the correlated scheme uses a more sophisticated design to detect patterns across loop levels. These designs are evaluated by simulating the ten SPEC benchmarks on a cycle-by-cycle basis. The results show that 1) the three hardware prefetching schemes all yield significant reductions in the data access penalty when compared with regular caches, 2) the benefits are greater when the hardware assist augments small on-chip caches, and 3) the lookahead scheme is the preferred one cost-performance wise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A triazine functionalized porous organic polymer: excellent CO<sub>2</sub>storage material and support for designing Pd nanocatalyst for C–C cross-coupling reactions (2014)

One-pot bottom-up synthesis involving extended aromatic electrophilic substitution on to a pyrrole has been employed for the design of a novel triazine-functionalized porphyrin-based porous organic polymer, TPOP-1. Hydrothermal treatment of 4,4′,4′′-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(oxy)tribenzaldehyde and pyrrole in glacial acetic acid in the presence of FeCl3 leads to the formation of TPOP-1, which is a highly porous and robust material, and which exhibits a high surface area and bimodal pore sizes ranging from large micropores to mesopores. The presence of porphyrin and triazine functionality within the network structure enables formation of electron-donating basic N-sites at the surface of the porous organic framework and thus favors the adsorption of Lewis acidic CO2 molecules and decoration of the material by palladium nanoparticles at its surface to form Pd-TPOP-1. TPOP-1 showed good CO2 storage capacity (6.2 mmol g−1 or 27.3 wt% at 3 bar/273 K), suggesting its potential application in environmental clean-up. Moreover, this post Pd-functionalized material forms fine colloidal suspensions in organic solvent and exhibits high catalytic activity for Sonogashira cross-coupling of aryl halides with aryl alkynes under mild reaction conditions.
Solving Multiclass Learning Problems via Error-Correcting Output Codes (1995)

Multiclass learning problems involve finding a definitionfor an unknown function f(x) whose range is a discrete setcontaining k > 2 values (i.e., k ``classes''). Thedefinition is acquired by studying collections of training examples ofthe form [x_i, f (x_i)]. Existing approaches tomulticlass learning problems include direct application of multiclassalgorithms such as the decision-tree algorithms C4.5 and CART,application of binary concept learning algorithms to learn individualbinary functions for each of the k classes, and application ofbinary concept learning algorithms with distributed outputrepresentations. This paper compares these three approaches to a newtechnique in which error-correcting codes are employed as adistributed output representation. We show that these outputrepresentations improve the generalization performance of both C4.5and backpropagation on a wide range of multiclass learning tasks. Wealso demonstrate that this approach is robust with respect to changesin the size of the training sample, the assignment of distributedrepresentations to particular classes, and the application ofoverfitting avoidance techniques such as decision-tree pruning.Finally, we show that---like the other methods---the error-correctingcode technique can provide reliable class probability estimates.Taken together, these results demonstrate that error-correcting outputcodes provide a general-purpose method for improving the performanceof inductive learning programs on multiclass problems.
Multi-axial micromanipulation organized by versatile micro robots and micro tweezers (2008)

In this paper, we describe development of the multi-axial micromanipulation organized by versatile micro robots using micro tweezers. To conduct microscopic operations, a unique locomotion mechanism composed of four piezoelectric actuators and two electromagnets is proposed. Here two legs arranged to cross each other are connected by four piezoelectric actuators so that the robot can move in any direction, i.e. in X and Y directions as well as rotate at the specified point precisely in the manner of an inchworm. To manipulate micro objects by these versatile micro robots, we have developed micro tweezers driven by 3 piezoelectric actuators. We have also developed an electromagnetic spherical micromanipulator to position the micro tweezers. The electromagnetic spherical micromanipulator rotates in yaw, roll and pitch directions independently. The electromagnetic spherical micromanipulator is a 1-inch cube size, so we can easily attach them on top of the versatile micro robots. We have developed the multi-axial micromanipulation organized by 3 versatile micro robots with the electromagnetic spherical micromanipulator and micro tweezers. The whole manipulation device is very small, 200 mm in diameter and 70 mm in height, so we can easily attach the device to micro processing instruments even if the working area is very small. This device has 21 DOF with less than 100 nm resolution. In experiments, we have demonstrated flexible handling of miniscule glass spheres with a diameter of 20 mum. We have also succeeded in fixing miniscule glass spheres on a sample table by an ultraviolet cure adhesive. The design procedure, basic performance and micro-assembling applications of this tiny robot are also discussed as part of the new field of micro robotics requiring especially high precision in certain regions.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects cancer in draining lymph nodes. (1993)

The spread of cancer cells to draining lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor for many cancers and influences postoperative therapy in patients. Histopathology is used routinely to assess if lymph nodes contain metastases. There are, however, time and resource constraints on the volume of lymph node tissue that can be examined by the pathologist in a routine laboratory (less than 2% of each node), thus major sampling errors are possible. Conventional histopathology also relies on identifying aggregates of malignant cells for a positive diagnosis. Proton (1H) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy can detect chemical changes, specifically increased levels of lactate, choline, fucose and amino acids, in lymph nodes infiltrated by cancer. Increase in lactate indicates the presence of anaerobically respiring cells, whereas choline reports that the cells are replicating. Since MR spectroscopy can identify early infiltration by malignant cells, before cell clusters are visible under the light microscope, it detects micrometastases in lymph nodes missed histopathologically. Furthermore, MR spectroscopy eliminates sampling errors since the entire lymph node is examined.
High temperature characteristics of Nylon-11 and Nylon-7 piezoelectrics (1991)

Abstract : The piezoelectric strain constant, d31, stress constant, e31, and the electromechanical coupling coefficients, k31, of Nylon-11 and Nylon-7 films were measured up to a temperature close to their melting points. They were found to exhibit their highest values and, in addition, excellent thermal stability at temperatures between 100 C and 200 C. Maximum stable values were d312= 14pC/n and e31 = 21 mC/m2 for Nylon-11, and d31 = 17 pC/N and e31 = 27 mC/m2 for Nylon- 7. Corresponding values of k31 were 0.49 and 0.54. Poled and then annealed Nylon samples exhibit little decay of these values even after annealing at 185 C and 200 C for Nylon-11 and Nylon-7, respectively while poly(vinylidene fluoride) samples showed a large decay in response, decreasing to 4.9 pC/N, 11 mC/m, and k = 0.019 after annealing at 175 deg. C. The extraordinary stability of the piezoelectric activity of these Nylon samples was considered to be related to ferroelectric reorientation of the amide groups dipoles followed by closer packing of the hydrogen bonded sheet structure in the crystalline regions after the annealing treatment.
On the Design of Energy-Efficient Mixed-Line-Rate (MLR) Optical Networks (2011)

With increasing energy consumption of the Internet, it is now imperative to design energy-efficient network architectures and protocols. Optical technologies have significant promise in improving the energy efficiency of network infrastructures. Future optical backbone networks will be heterogeneous in nature where a single link may carry various line-rate signals. This mixed-line-rate (MLR) network architecture is shown to be cost effective in satisfying heterogeneous traffic demands. In this study, we present mathematical models that can act as references for designing energy- and cost-efficient MLR optical networks. We also perform a comparative study of the energy efficiency of MLR and special cases of MLR design, named as single-line-rate networks (where all the links have same line rates). We explore the scenarios where the MLR networks minimize energy consumption. Finally, we investigate the relationship between energy-minimized and cost-minimized MLR network design.
Transfer Learning for User Action Identication in Mobile Apps via Encrypted Trafc Analysis (2018)

Recent academic studies have demonstrated the possibility of inferring user actions performed in mobile apps by analyzing the resulting encrypted network traffic. Due to the multitude of app versions, mobile operating systems, and device models (collectively referred to in this paper as configurations) previous approaches are not applicable to real life settings. In this work, we ex-tend the ability of these approaches to generalize across different configurations. We treat the different configurations as a case for transfer learning, and adapt the co-training method to sup-port the transfer learning process. Our approach leverages a small number of labeled instances of encrypted traffic from a source configuration, in order to construct a classifier capable of identi-fying a users actions in a different (target) configuration which is completely unlabeled. Experi-ments on real datasets collected from different applications on Android devices show that the proposed method achieves F1 measures over 0.8 for most of the considered user actions.
A study on band-pass filtering for calculating foot displacements from accelerometer and gyroscope sensors (2009)

As a promising alternative to laboratory-constrained video capture systems in studies of human movement, inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes) are recently gaining popularity. Secondary quantities such as velocity, displacement and joint angles can be calculated through integration of acceleration and angular velocities. It is broadly accepted that this procedure is significantly influenced by accumulative errors due to integration, arising from sensor noise, non-linearities, asymmetries, sensitivity variations and bias drifts. In this paper, we assess the effectiveness of applying band-pass filtering to raw inertial sensor data under the assumption that sensor drift errors occur in the low frequency spectrum. The normalized correlation coefficient rho of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectra corresponding to vertical toe acceleration from inertial sensors and from a video capture system as a function of digital band-pass filter parameters is compared. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the vertical toe displacement for 30 second walking windows is calculated for 2 healthy subjects over a range of 4 walking speeds. The lowest RMSE and highest cross correlation achieved for the slowest walking speed of 2.5Km/h was 3.06cm and 0.871 respectively, and 2.96cm and 0.952 for the fastest speed of 5.5Km/h.