gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor Transport (2000)

The information revolution would have been radically different, or impossible, without the use of the materials known generically as semiconductors. The properties of these materials, particularly the potential for doping with impurities to create transistors and diodes and controlling the local potential by gates, are essential for microelectronics.Semiconductor Transport is an introductory text on electron transport in semiconductor materials and is written for advanced undergraduates and graduate students. The book provides a thorough treatment of modern approaches to the transport properties of semiconductors and their calculation. It also introduces those aspects of solid state physics, which are vitally important for understanding transport in them.
Kinetik der Fetthärtung und Vergleich verschiedener Katalysatoren (1986)

Abstract Unter spezieller Berücksichtigung der cis/trans‐Isomerie wurde die selektive Hydrierung pflanzlicher Fettrohstoffe in einem Rührautoklaven unter kinetisch kontrollierten, isothermen Bedingungen und konstantem Wasserstoffdruck untersucht. Verschiedene Katalysatoren wie Nickel, Palladium, Platin und Rhodium auf Kohle sowie Kupferchromit zeigten große Unterschiede bezüglich Aktivität und Selektivität, verhielten sich jedoch sehr ähnlich bezüglich der Bildung von trans‐Isomerem. Die Elaidinsäure (trans) wird größtenteils im Verlauf der Linolsäureabsättigung zum Monoen gebildet. Kinetische Messungen am System Sojaöl/Kupferchromit ergaben, daß der Wasserstoffdruck den größten Einfluß auf Selektivität und Isomerenverteilung ausübt. Mit einem modifizierten Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐Modell konnten alle Phänomene des Reaktionssystems beschrieben werden. Die berechneten Konzentrationsverläufe stimmen mit den gemessenen für ganz unterschiedliche Edukte wie Raps‐, Oliven‐, Soja‐, Sonnenblumen‐ und Distelöl gut überein.
Anatomy and histochemistry of spread‐wing posture in birds. 2. Gliding flight in the California Gull, Larus californicus: A paradox of fast fibers and posture (1997)

Gliding flight is a postural activity which requires the wings to be held in a horizontal position to support the weight of the body. Postural behaviors typically utilize isometric contractions in which no change in length takes place. Due to longer actin-myosin interactions, slow contracting muscle fibers represent an economical means for this type of contraction. In specialized soaring birds, such as vultures and pelicans, a deep layer of the pectoralis muscle, composed entirely of slow fibers, is believed to perform this function. Muscles involved in gliding posture were examined in California gulls (Larus californicus) and tested for the presence of slow fibers using myosin ATPase histochemistry and antibodies. Surprisingly small numbers of slow fibers were found in the M. extensor metacarpi radialis, M. coracobrachialis cranialis, and M. coracobrachialis caudalis, which function in wrist extension, wing protraction, and body support, respectively. The low number of slow fibers in these muscles and the absence of slow fibers in muscles associated with wing extension and primary body support suggest that gulls do not require slow fibers for their postural behaviors. Gulls also lack the deep belly to the pectoralis found in other gliding birds. Since bird muscle is highly oxidative, we hypothesize that fast muscle fibers may function to maintain wing position during gliding flight in California gulls. J. Morphol. 233:237–247, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation on the Blood Flow of the Spinal Cord and the Nerve Root (1988)

Hemodynamic changes in the spinal cord and the nerve root caused by electrical sciatic nerve stimulation in anesthetized dogs were measured with a thermal diffusion method. The electrical stimulation increased the blood flow of the stimulated spinal cord and the nerve root. The conditions of stimulation giving the maximum increase of blood flow were different for the spinal cord and the nerve root. Strong stimulation at a high frequency of 50 to 100 Hz was effective for increasing the blood flow. In the spinal cord, an increase of the local metabolic rate appeared to be important for the blood flow increase. In the nerve root, the sympathetic nerves may have an important effect in the blood flow increase.
Objective Prediction of the Sound Quality of Music Processed by an Adaptive Feedback Canceller (2012)

Adaptive feedback cancellers in hearing aids can produce unpleasant sounding distortion artifacts (entrainment) in response to periodic inputs, including music. Reliable objective metrics that predict user-perceived distortion could significantly reduce development costs for new hearing aids. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the ability of different objective metrics to predict subjective ratings of the sound quality of music processed by adaptive feedback cancellation. The metrics tested consisted of perceptual measures from established audio quality models (including Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ), PEMO-Q and .Rnonlin). Neural networks were used to map between the values of the perceptual measures and a subjective scale of perceived quality. Training data consisted of values of perceptual measures obtained from ten different excerpts of orchestral music processed by a simplified model of a hearing aid with an adaptive feedback canceller, and corresponding subjective quality ratings from 27 normal hearing subjects. An optimal combination of perceptual measures to use as inputs to a network input was found using an extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST). Our results suggest that the most salient inputs to a multivariate model of measured quality ratings consist of perceptual measures related to spectral noise loudness, modulation differences between clean and processed signals, and correlation-based measurement of nonlinear distortion. The intraclass correlation between mean subjective ratings and the output of a network combining these perceptual measures was high , which compares favorably to results from previous studies of perceptual quality metrics applied to audio signals with other forms of noise or distortion.
In-core nuclear fuel management optimization for pressurized water (1991)

This paper reports on an in-core nuclear fuel management code for pressurized water reactor reload design developed that combines the stochastic optimization technique of simulated annealing with a computationally efficient core physics model based on second-order accurate generalized perturbation theory. The approach identifies the placements of feed fuel, exposed fuel with assembly orientations, and burnable poisons within the core lattice that optimize fuel cycle performance or thermal margin according to one of the following objectives: maximization of k{sub eff} at a target end-of-cycle (EOC) burnup, minimization of the maximization radial power peaking over the cycle, or maximization of region average discharge burnup, and subject to constraints on radial power peaking, discharge burnup and moderator temperature coefficient.
Über ein Imidazolium‐Analogon des Thiamins mit antagonistischer Wirkung (1968)

Abstract Eine Thiamin‐analoge Verbindung ( 2 ), in der der Thiazolium‐Teil des Thiamins durch ein entsprechend substituierte N ‐Methyl‐imidazolium‐Gruppe ersetzt ist, wird dargestellt und erweist sich bei Lactobacillus fermenti als Thiamin‐Antagonist.
Adsorption and release properties of growth factors from biodegradable implants (2001)

The present investigation was performed to study the adsorption behavior of growth factors and their release characteristics from biodegradable implants in an in vitro study. We investigated the stability of growth factors administered on various scaffolds. We used porous tricalcium phosphate ceramics (alpha-TCP), a neutralized glass-ceramics (GB9N), a composite (polylactid/-glycolid/GB9N), and solvent dehydrated human bone as carriers. Block shaped scaffolds (sized: 7 x 7 x 10 mm) were loaded with 5 microg of either bone morphogenetic protein (rxBMP-4), basic fibroblast growth factor (rh-bFGF), or vascular endothelial growth factor (rh-VEGF) solved in 150 microL PBS. The growth factors were labeled with Iodine125 (I-125) for detecting the adsorbed and released amount of growth factors by counting the samples for total I-125 activity. We observed that the adsorption of these growth factors seems to depend on two different parameters: first on the nature of the tested material, and second on the growth factors on their own. The release kinetics of the growth factors from the biodegradable implants can be described as a two phase process-a very rapid release during the first hours by an elution of not adsorbed protein, followed by a specific release, which depends upon the chemical/physical interaction of the material and the growth factor used. Analyzing the eluted proteins on SDS-PAGEs rh-VEGF was degraded into a smaller fragment with a size of around 15 kDa, while rxBMP-4 and rh-bFGF showed a complete degradation into fragments smaller than 3 kDa after more than 3 days. Although this in vitro study suggests that biodegradable implants might be successfully used as carriers for osteogenic growth factors, the different release kinetics as well as the alteration of their molecular structure including loss of biological activity should be considered.
Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, Applications, and Therapeutic Approaches (2016)

Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology radically changed the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent various diseases in all aspects of human life. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most vital and fascinating nanomaterials among several metallic nanoparticles that are involved in biomedical applications. AgNPs play an important role in nanoscience and nanotechnology, particularly in nanomedicine. Although several noble metals have been used for various purposes, AgNPs have been focused on potential applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we discuss the synthesis of AgNPs using physical, chemical, and biological methods. We also discuss the properties of AgNPs and methods for their characterization. More importantly, we extensively discuss the multifunctional bio-applications of AgNPs; for example, as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-cancer agents, and the mechanism of the anti-cancer activity of AgNPs. In addition, we discuss therapeutic approaches and challenges for cancer therapy using AgNPs. Finally, we conclude by discussing the future perspective of AgNPs.
Immune Complexes in Infective Endocarditis (1976)

One of the unresolved issues dealing with the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis is whether some of the extravascular manifestations of this infection such as the glomerulitis, arthritis or skin lesions like Osler's nodes or Janeway's lesions are the result of microemboli or are a consequence of an allergic response to the micro-organism or the host. The immunopathogenetic mechanism received a major boost by the demonstration of IgG and complement in the glomerular basement membrane in renal biopsies from patients with infective endocarditis.1 These findings were generally accompanied by hypocomplementemia, a laboratory abnormality that has been described in many patients with . . .
Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook and Media Revie...Book and Media ReviewNEXTIntroduction to chemical engineering thermodynamicsJ. M. Smith Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1950, 27, 10, 584Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1950Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 October 1950Published inissue 1 October 1950https://doi.org/10.1021/ed027p584.3RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views17147Altmetric-Citations85LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
A robotic stepper for retraining locomotion in spinal-injured rodents (2002)

We describe the design and testing of a robotic system to assist locomotion training of spinal-injured rodents. The goal of the system is to control and quantify spatial-temporal patterns of movement and forces during the stance and swing phases of rat locomotion. This approach will allow us to provide varying levels of assistance to limb movement during stepping and to quantify the effects of assistance on step training. Our initial finding was that the rat spinal cord could perform stepping on a virtual treadmill generated by the robot system, with careful design of the virtual environment. Based on the conditions required for this "virtual stepping", we suggest several design principles for robot-assisted rehabilitative step trainers, including devices for humans.
A Direct Interaction between Cdc42 and Vesicle-associated Membrane Protein 2 Regulates SNARE-dependent Insulin Exocytosis (2004)

In pancreatic beta cells, insulin granule exocytosis is regulated by SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor protein (SNAP) receptor) proteins, and this is coupled to cortical F-actin reorganization via the Rho family GTPase Cdc42 by an unknown mechanism. We investigated interactions among the target SNARE protein Syntaxin 1A and the vesicle-associated membrane SNARE protein (VAMP2) with Cdc42 and compared these structural interactions with their functional importance to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in MIN6 beta cells. Subcellular fractionation analyses revealed a parallel redistribution of Cdc42 and VAMP2 from the granule fraction to the plasma membrane in response to glucose that temporally corresponded with the glucose-induced activation of Cdc42. Moreover, within these fractions Cdc42 and VAMP2 were found to co-immunoprecipitate under basal and glucose-stimulated conditions, suggesting that they moved as a complex. Furthermore, VAMP2 bound both GST-Cdc42-GTPgammaS and GST-Cdc42-GDP, indicating that the Cdc42-VAMP2 complex could form under both cytosolic GDP-bound Cdc42 and plasma membrane GTP-bound Cdc42 conformational conditions. In vitro binding analyses showed that VAMP2 bound directly to Cdc42 and that a heterotrimeric complex with Syntaxin 1A could also be formed. Deletion analyses of VAMP2 revealed that only the N-terminal 28 residues were required for Cdc42 binding. Expression of this 28-residue VAMP2 peptide in MIN6 beta cells resulted in the specific impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, indicating a functional importance for the Cdc42-VAMP2 interaction. Taken together, these data suggest a mechanism whereby glucose activates Cdc42 to induce the targeting of intracellular Cdc42-VAMP2-insulin granule complexes to Syntaxin 1A at the plasma membrane.
Increased resistance to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) in NIH 3T3 cells transformed by ras oncogenes. (1988)

The genetic basis of cellular resistance to the anticancer drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CP) is not well understood. In the course of identifying genes from human tumors capable of conferring resistance to CP, we tested the ability of several types of cellular and viral ras oncogene (H, K, and N) to alter the CP response of mouse cells. Using clonogenic assays, we found that NIH 3T3 fibroblasts transformed with missense mutation-activated ras oncogenes demonstrated substantially increased resistance to 1-h exposures to CP (P less than 0.05 to less than 0.001, at different drug concentrations), with 50% inhibitory concentration ratios (compared to NIH 3T3) of 4.5-8.5. Cells transformed with v-mos v-fms, and with a normal ras protooncogene activated by overproduction driven by an MLV ltr, demonstrate intermediate resistance (50% inhibitory concentration ratio, approximately 2.0). Cells transfected with the pSV2neo plasmid or with human genomic DNA that is not transforming had survival curves no different from those of NIH 3T3. ras genes are highly conserved in mammalian cells. Should these findings also prove to apply to human tumors, the presence of activated ras genes might help predict clinical response to CP.
The hemodynamic link between insulin resistance and hypertension (1991)

Julius, Stevo; Gudbrandsson, Thorkell; Jamerson, Kenneth; Shahab, S Tariq; Andersson, Ove Author Information
The chemistry of indoloindoles (2007)

Methods for the synthesis of substituted and unsubstituted indoloindoles are considered. Characteristic features of electrophilic substitution in the indoloindole system and some transformations in the side chains are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL APPROACH TO CYCLIC BETA‐CARBONYL‐ENAMINES, DELTA(7,8)‐LYSERGIC ACID DERIVATIVES VIA THE POLONOVSKI REACTION (1974)

Abstract Bei der Behandlung mit Acetanhydrid erhält man aus dem N‐Oxid (I) der Lysergsuäure‐ Reihe nach einer Polonovsky‐Reaktion das erwartete Acetyl‐Derivat (II) zwar als Hauptprodukt, daneben entstehen jedoch noch höhere Anteile an einem Enamin (IIIa).
Single-Step Conversion of Electron-Deficient Aldehydes into the Corresponding Esters in Aqueous Alcohols in the Presence of Iodine and Sodium Nitrite (2009)

The direct conversion of aldehydes into their corresponding esters in the presence of iodine and sodium nitrite in aqueous alcohols is reported. In all these reactions, alcohol serves as reactant and also as reaction medium. Almost quantitative yields were obtained with aldehydes containing electron-withdrawing substituents and heterocyclic aldehydes.
Sensitive<i>J</i>-coupling spectroscopy using high-<i>T</i><sub>c</sub>superconducting quantum interference devices in magnetic fields as low as microteslas (2009)

In this work we present a sensitive J-coupling spectroscopy in one shot using high-Tc superconducting quantum interference devices and a flux transformer in microtesla fields. In the proposed NMR detection scheme the precession of proton spin was inductively coupled to the SQUID magnetometer. We enhanced the SNR signal and the spectral resolution significantly by applying a pre-polarization field of 0.045 T. In microtesla fields where chemical shifts are absent, we demonstrate proton–phosphate coupling J3[H,P] = (10.94 ± 0.08) Hz in trimethyl phosphate. The sensitive NMR spectrometer will be of great interest for diagnosis information of molecular structure and biological applications.
Surface Proteome of “Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis” during the Early Stages of Macrophage Infection (2012)

"Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis" is a robust and pervasive environmental bacterium that can cause opportunistic infections in humans. The bacterium overcomes the host immune response and is capable of surviving and replicating within host macrophages. Little is known about the bacterial mechanisms that facilitate these processes, but it can be expected that surface-exposed proteins play an important role. In this study, the selective biotinylation of surface-exposed proteins, streptavidin affinity purification, and shotgun mass spectrometry were used to characterize the surface-exposed proteome of M. avium subsp. hominissuis. This analysis detected more than 100 proteins exposed at the bacterial surface of M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Comparisons of surface-exposed proteins between conditions simulating early infection identified several groups of proteins whose presence on the bacterial surface was either constitutive or appeared to be unique to specific culture conditions. This proteomic profile facilitates an improved understanding of M. avium subsp. hominissuis and how it establishes infection. Additionally, surface-exposed proteins are excellent targets for the host adaptive immune system, and their identification can inform the development of novel treatments, diagnostic tools, and vaccines for mycobacterial disease.
Protection strategies for direct access to virtualized I/O devices (2008)

Commodity virtual machine monitors forbid direct access to I/O devices by untrusted guest operating systems in order to provide protection and sharing. However, both I/O memory management units (IOMMUs) and recently proposed software-based methods can be used to reduce the overhead of I/O virtualization by providing untrusted guest operating systems with safe, direct access to I/O devices. This paper explores the performance and safety tradeoffs of strategies for using these mechanisms. The protection strategies presented in this paper provide equivalent inter-guest protection among operating system instances. However, they provide varying levels of intra-guest protection from driver software and incur varying levels of overhead. A simple direct-map strategy incurs the least overhead, providing native-level performance but offering no enhanced protection from misbehaving device drivers within the guest operating system. Additional protection against guest drivers can be achieved by limiting IOMMU page-table mappings to memory buffers that are actually used in I/O transfers. Furthermore, the cost incurred by this limitation can be minimized by aggressively reusing these mappings. Surprisingly, a software-only strategy that does not use an IOMMU at all performs competitively, and sometimes better than, hardware-based strategies while maintaining strict inter-guest isolation. 1
Optimization of Triboelectric Nanogenerator Charging Systems for Efficient Energy Harvesting and Storage (2014)

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology has emerged as a new mechanical energy harvesting technology with numerous advantages. This paper analyzes its charging behavior together with a load capacitor. Through numerical and analytical modeling, the charging performance of a TENG with a bridge rectifier under periodic external mechanical motion is completely analogous to that of a dc voltage source in series with an internal resistance. An optimum load capacitance that matches the TENGs impedance is observed for the maximum stored energy. This optimum load capacitance is theoretically detected to be linearly proportional to the charging cycle numbers and the inherent TENG capacitance. Experiments were also performed to further validate our theoretical anticipation and show the potential application of this paper in guiding real experimental designs.
NB‐506, an indolocarbazole topoisomerase I inhibitor, binds preferentially to triplex DNA (2000)

A novel competition dialysis method was used to study the structural selectivity of the nucleic acid binding of NB-506, a promising indolocarbazole anticancer agent. A pronounced preference for NB-506 binding to the DNA triplex poly [dA]:(poly[dT])(2) was observed among potential binding to 12 different nucleic acid structures and sequences. Structures included in the assay ranged from single-stranded DNA, through a variety of right-handed DNA duplexes, to multistranded triplex and tetraplex forms. RNA and left-handed Z DNA were also included in the assay. The preferential binding to triplex was confirmed by UV melting experiments. The novel and unexpected structural selectivity shown by NB-506 may arise from a complementary shape between its extended aromatic ring system and the planar triplex stack.