gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pro-drugs for the oral delivery of disodium cromoglycate. (1988)

Bifunctional pro-drugs of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), incorporating both lipophilic and hydrophilic pro-moieties, were desined to improve the oral absorption of DSCG, an antiallergic agent used clinically. The synthesized pro-drugs were found to prossess the desired properties for an orally active pro-drug. Among the pro-drugs tested, KY-556 (carrying twin ethyl pro-moieties and an L-lysyl pro-moiety) was particularly well absorbed orally and, as expected, displayed good antiallergic activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test.
Region-based stereo image coding (2002)

A region-based stereo image coding algorithm is proposed and evaluated. Three types of regions are considered: occlusion, edge and smooth regions. The region in the right image that is occluded due to finite viewing area is estimated using a new approach. This region is independently coded. The non-occluded region is segmented into edge and smooth regions. Each region is composed of fixed size blocks. The disparity for each block in a non-occluded region is estimated using a block-based approach. The estimated disparity field is encoded employing a lossy residual uniform scalar quantizer and an adaptive arithmetic coder based on the segmentation information. The decoded vectors are used for the subspace projection technique, which is a combined disparity and illumination compensation algorithm. The proposed approach is shown to outperform standard block-based and independent coding algorithms.
Decoding the dynamics of cellular metabolism and the action of 3-bromopyruvate and 2-deoxyglucose using pulsed stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (2014)

By way of examples, we have applied this methodology to characterize central carbon metabolism of a panel of cancer cell lines and to determine the mode of metabolic inhibition of glycolytic inhibitors in times ranging from minutes to hours. Using pSIRM, we observed that 2-deoxyglucose is a metabolic inhibitor, but does not directly act on the glycolytic cascade.
Stability, Nonlinearity and Reliability of Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Devices (2007)

Electrostatic micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) is a special branch with a wide range of applications in sensing and actuating devices in MEMS. This paper provides a survey and analysis of the electrostatic force of importance in MEMS, its physical model, scaling effect, stability, nonlinearity and reliability in detail. It is necessary to understand the effects of electrostatic forces in MEMS and then many phenomena of practical importance, such as pull-in instability and the effects of effective stiffness, dielectric charging, stress gradient, temperature on the pull-in voltage, nonlinear dynamic effects and reliability due to electrostatic forces occurred in MEMS can be explained scientifically, and consequently the great potential of MEMS technology could be explored effectively and utilized optimally. A simplified parallel-plate capacitor model is proposed to investigate the resonance response, inherent nonlinearity, stiffness softened effect and coupled nonlinear effect of the typical electrostatically actuated MEMS devices. Many failure modes and mechanisms and various methods and techniques, including materials selection, reasonable design and extending the controllable travel range used to analyze and reduce the failures are discussed in the electrostatically actuated MEMS devices. Numerical simulations and discussions indicate that the effects of instability, nonlinear characteristics and reliability subjected to electrostatic forces cannot be ignored and are in need of further investigation.
Gel permeation chromatography: Fast flow rate studies with porous glass column packings (1973)

Abstract Comparisons have been made between gel permeation chromatograms obtained at solvent flow rates of 1.0 and 4.5 ml/min. Using a 24 ft column series packed with Bio Glas the pressure drop was 200 lb/in 2 which is within the operating range of all gel permeation chromatographs and is considerably less than when crosslinked polystyrene gels are used. The chromatograms from the Bio Glas packed columns exhibited skewing, similar to that reported previously for polystyrene gel packed columns. An analysis of these chromatograms indicated that the increased peak width caused by the faster flow rate was serious. Typically M w / M n values calculated at 4.5 ml/min were double their true values. Additionally skewing badly distorted the differential molecular weight distribution for molecular weights of 411 000 and higher. Previous studies in this area had not described quantitatively this adverse effect of increasing solvent flow rate in gel permeation chromatography.
Rapid assays for environmental and biological monitoring (1996)

Rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and selective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) now are utilized in environmental science. In this laboratory, many ELISAs have been developed for pesticides and other toxic substances and also for their metabolites. Compounds for which ELISAs have recently been devised include insecticides (organophosphates, carbaryl, pyrethroids, and fenoxycarb), herbicides (s-triazines, arylureas, triclopyr, and bromacil), fungicides (myclobutanil), TCDD, and metabolites of naphthalene and toluene. New rapid assays have been developed for mercury.
Immunohistochemical Staging of Neurofibrillary Degeneration in Alzheimerʼs Disease (1994)

Antibodies to different phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated tau epitopes have been used to identify three histologically distinct types of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Intracellular tangles (Type 1) were identified by antibodies recognizing epitopes throughout the tau molecule, including the NH2-terminus. Compact extracellular tangles (Type 2) were characterized by the loss of NH2-terminal immunoreactivity and retention of other tau epitopes. Dispersed extracellular tangles (Type 3) were characterized by the presence of epitopes associated with the microtubule binding region and the COOH-terminus. These three types of tangles, found in situ in hippocampus, could be created experimentally by proteolytic treatment of brain sections. These findings suggest that three stages of neurofibrillary degeneration can be understood as a sequential stripping of paired helical filaments in which the loss of amino-terminus epitopes, followed by loss of phosphorylated epitopes, results in the appearance of dispersed extracellular tangles containing PHF-core epitopes.
Rheological characteristics of magnetic fluids. (1987)

Studies of the rheological characteristics of water-, hydrocarbon- and diester-based magnetic fluids were carried out with and without a magnetic field. Experimental studies were made by means of the concentric-cylinder-type rotating viscometer which is operated within a strong magnetic field to clarify the effects of magnetic field, temperature and shear rate on the rheological characteristics of the magnetic fluids. The magnetic fluids are Newtonian in the case of non magnetic field. In the case of applied magnetic field, the flow curve for hydrocarbon-based fluid is still Newtonian. On the other hand, the water-based and diester-based fluids show pseudoplastic behaviour. Empirical formulae are obtained on the theoretical consideration of the laminar flow between rotating concentric cylinders.
Social and content-based information filtering for a Web graphics recommender system (2003)

Existing social or content-based approaches to filtering-by-example are difficult to apply to image data. To realize a filtering-by-example system for image data, we propose a new approach to combine social and content-based filtering techniques. A content-based sub-system provides two types of clusters, equivalent items and virtual users, to overcome a disadvantage of social filtering, that is, a shortage of ratings. Since items similar in visual properties are not always similar in user tastes, a social sub-system controls the content-based sub-system with an evaluation function that estimates the validity of content-based clusters according to user ratings. Based on this approach, we have developed an image database, Web Graphics Navigator, that recommends graphics for Web pages according to the users' tastes. The database has been open to the public on the World-Wide Web to obtain user ratings. A preliminary observation of the user data shows promising results.
Isoflavone Profiles of Red Clovers and Their Distribution in Different Parts Harvested at Different Growing Stages (2006)

The isoflavone compositions and concentrations in the leaf, flower, petiole, and stem of 13 red clover cultivars were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array and a mass spectrometric detector with negative electrospray ionization. Different cultivars showed significantly different concentrations of individual and total isoflavones. The leaf contained the highest overall concentration, followed by the stem, petiole, and flower. Biochanin A and formononetin were the predominant isoflavones in all cultivars and all parts, along with eight other minor aglycones, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, irilone, orobol, pratensein, pseudobaptigenin, and prunetin, and four minor malonylglycosides, genistein-7-glucoside-6' '-malonate, orobol-7-glucoside-6' '-malonate, formononetin-7-glucoside-6' '-malonate, and biochanin A-7-glucoside-6' '-malonate. The isoflavone compositions and concentrations were also found to be different between red clover parts harvested at the early bud stage and the late flowering stage. Sample storage and handling prior to analysis were also found to be important. Samples in this study were kept at -5 degrees C for a few days before being freeze-dried and were found to contain mainly the aglycones of isoflavones. This may actually be an advantage in that "natural" and more bioactive isoflavones can be obtained without using chemical hydrolysis. Findings in this study therefore provide important information for developing isoflavone-rich red clovers and for optimizing harvest timing and choosing the right part of the red clover plant.
A Data System for Visualizing 4-D Atmospheric CO2 Models and Data (2010)

This paper describes a geospatial data system that produces KML representations of complex spatio-temporal datasets related to modeling the atmospheric carbon cycle. KML is an open standard language for transferring annotated geospatial data that can be used by many modern geospatial software packages, particularly virtual globe applications. The server component of the data system is built using a variety of open source software packages, which provide flexibility for creating custom geospatial representations of the datasets. The paper shows examples of how KML representations of atmospheric CO2 datasets and model outputs can be visualized with virtual globe client applications, allowing a diverse group of users to explore the complex scientific datasets that are central to the discussion of climate change and global warming.
Mass Production and Size Control of Lipid–Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles through Controlled Microvortices (2012)

Lipid-polymer hybrid (LPH) nanoparticles can deliver a wide range of therapeutic compounds in a controlled manner. LPH nanoparticle syntheses using microfluidics improve the mixing process but are restricted by a low throughput. In this study, we present a pattern-tunable microvortex platform that allows mass production and size control of LPH nanoparticles with superior reproducibility and homogeneity. We demonstrate that by varying flow rates (i.e., Reynolds number (30-150)) we can control the nanoparticle size (30-170 nm) with high productivity (∼3 g/hour) and low polydispersity (∼0.1). Our approach may contribute to efficient development and optimization of a wide range of multicomponent nanoparticles for medical imaging and drug delivery.
Design and modeling of a tunable optical antenna enabled by a micromachined actuator (2009)

A MEMS-based tunable optical nanoantenna is described. The optical performance of the tunable antenna has been investigated using rigorous finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. It reveals that peak wavelengths and local field enhancements are largely affected by the size and shape of the bowtie antenna. The optical field can be drastically enhanced by reducing the gap size less than 30 nm which can easily be achieved by the MEMS system. Studies for field localization also shows possibility of bowtie antennas producing isotropic field patterns with an aspect ratio close to one, essential for full 2-D surface scanning purposes.
Production and annealing of electron irradiation damage in ZnO (1999)

High-energy (&gt;1.6 MeV) electrons create acceptors and donors in single-crystal ZnO. Greater damage is observed for irradiation in the [0001] direction (Zn face) than in the [0001̄] direction (O face). The major annealing stage occurs at about 300–325 °C, and is much sharper for defects produced by Zn-face irradiation, than for those resulting from O-face irradiation. The defects appear to have a chain character, rather than being simple, near-neighbor vacancy/interstitial Frenkel pairs. These experiments suggest that ZnO is significantly more “radiation hard” than Si, GaAs, or GaN, and should be useful for applications in high-irradiation environments, such as electronics in space satellites.
Therapeutic Potential of Retinoid X Receptor Modulators for the Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome (2007)

The increasing prevalence of obesity is a fundamental contributor to the growing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Rexinoids, a class of compounds that selectively bind and activate RXR, are being studied as a potential option for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. These compounds have glucose-lowering, insulin-sensitizing, and antiobesity effects in animal models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, undesirable side effects such as hypertriglyceridemia and suppression of the thyroid hormone axis also occur. This review examines and compares the effects of four RXR-selective ligands: LGD1069, LG100268, AGN194204, and LG101506, a selective RXR modulator. Similar to selective modulators of other nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptor (SERMs), LG101506 binding to RXR selectively maintains the desirable characteristic effects of rexinoids while minimizing the undesirable effects. These recent findings suggest that, with continued research efforts, RXR-specific ligands with improved pharmacological profiles may eventually be available as additional treatment options for the current epidemic of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and all of the associated metabolic sequelae.
Intrathecal Movement and Tension of the Lumbosacral Roots Induced by Straight-Leg Raising (2006)

The intrathecal movement and tension of the lumbosacral roots induced by straight-leg raising were <2.5 mm and <500 g, respectively. The movement and tension induced by straight-leg raising tended to be greater in more distal segmental roots.
TRIACYLGLYCEROL STRUCTURES OF FOOD FATS HIGH IN SATURATED ACIDS BY HPLC AND MASS SPECTROMETRY (2001)

Triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions by area percent were obtained by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) of highly saturated fatty acid fats, such as coconut, cocoa butter, palm, randomized palm, palm olein, and randomized palm olein oils. Accurate identification and quantitation of these TAG compositions were obtained and proved by comparison of the fatty acid composition calculated from the TAG composition obtained by APCI-MS with the fatty acid composition obtained by gas chromatography of the methyl esters of the transmethylated oils. Also, APCI-MS accuracy was proved by comparison of the experimental TAG composition with the predicted TAG composition for randomized oils. Average absolute errors, with respect to TAG quantitation and identification, were less than 1%. Our study identified and quantitated these TAGs present at greater than 0.1% (oil, number of TAGs): coconut, 99; palm, 27; randomized palm, 28; palm olein, 28; randomized palm olein, 29, and cocoa butter, 19. Concentrations of UUU, UUS, USS, and SSS TAGs, which can be determined accurately from RP-HPLC/APCI-MS of the actual TAG species, affected the physical properties of food formulation fats.
[Ionized calcium and total calcium in the cat]. (1995)

The concentrations of total calcium (Catot), of the biologically active ionized calcium fraction (Caion), and of albumin were measured from the plasma of 92 healthy cats and 154 patients. Only a moderate correlation existed between the concentrations of Catot and Caion (r = 0.718), so that the concentration of Catot reflects the calcium homeostasis only to a limited extent. An essential reason for this lies in the distinct dependence of the Catot on the albumin concentration (r = 0.628). On the basis of the 2.5 and 97.5% quantile of the healthy cats, the reference range for Caion was 1.15-1.37 mmol/l (age group > or = 6 months, < 2 years: 1.23-1.38; > or = 2 years: 1.14-1.35 mmol/l), for Catot 2.49-2.87 mmol/l (2.52-2.92; 2.35-2.81 mmol/l) and the fraction of Caion of the Catot 44.5-50.6%. Like the Catot, the Caion also showed no dependence on the sex. Against that, the distinct dependence on age of these two parameters (p < 0.001), which expresses the decreasing Ca concentration in older animals, should be regarded for a discriminating interpretation of measurement results.
Major ABO Blood Group Mismatch Increases the Risk for Graft Failure after Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (2007)

Two hundred twenty-four patients with leukemia transplanted with an unrelated donor between 1991 and 2003 at the Karolinska University Hospital were analyzed according to association between graft failure and ABO, RhD, MNSs, and Kidd blood group antigen compatibility. Median age was 29 years (range: 0-55). Conditioning consisted of total-body irradiation or busulfan-based myeloablative conditioning. A bone marrow graft was given to 152 patients, and 72 patients received peripheral blood stem cells. Most patients received graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis with cyclosporine and MTX. Graft failure (GF) was seen in 6 (2.7%) patients. In the multivariate analysis major ABO mismatch (odds ratio [OR] 14.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.01-110, P = .008) and HLA-allele mismatch (6.42, 1.19-34.8, P = .03) was significantly associated to GF. In patients with and without major ABO mismatch the incidence of GF was 7.5% and 0.6% (P = .02), respectively. Using an ABO major mismatched graft increases the risk for GF after unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Measurement of blood analytes in turbid biological tissue using near-infrared Raman spectroscopy (2001)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2001.
Thermal Performance Analysis of a Silicon Microreactor for Rapid DNA Analysis (2006)

This paper describes the use of thermal modelling tools in the design and characterisation of a multi-function silicon microreactor polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermocycler system for rapid DNA diagnostic assays. MEMS technologies have been successfully applied to this application and the miniaturization of devices offers several advantages; including reduced assay times, reduced amounts of expensive reagents required as well as allowing rapid heating/cooling rates due to the lower thermal mass. This technique involves repetitive cycling at three different temperatures and requires rapid and accurate temperature changes. However, the direct measurement and monitoring of the temperature distribution on the nanostructures is still a challenge. Thus, this paper describes the use of static and transient thermal modeling to analyse the thermal performance of the system. The CFD code Flotherm was used to construct a 3D model of the PCR system. The system included assisted fan cooling in the thermal cycling chamber. Static thermal analysis was undertaken to simulate the temperature profile within the overall system and thus determine the fan characteristics needed to maintain system temperatures within operating requirements. Secondly, the PCR system operation involves repetitive thermal cycling of DNA at three different temperatures and requires rapid and accurate temperature changes. The thermal modeling results were used to determine the input power levels needed to obtain this required temperature/time profile
COST EFFECTIVENESS IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (1996)

Effective policies to reduce true costs will require integrated information systems and demand behavioral changes from providers. A congenial environment must be created among medical educators, providers, vendors, and consumers if cost reduction is to be accomplished without compromising quality or access to critical care services. Physicians should do everything they believe may be of benefit for their patients, but we have an obligation to educate the public about the limitations of our art and the fact that "doing everything" is not always best for the patient or the grieving family. A significant method of controlling ICU costs is closely monitoring which patients are admitted and when they are discharged. Laboratory tests represent a source of cost reduction, and physicians must learn to order specific tests and not simply a battery of tests which includes the actual test desired. Limits should be placed on the tests that are ordered in terms of number and frequency. Improved efficiency of the utilization of resources should improve the care of our patients. The largest budget item of any or most critical care units is nursing; it is paramount that this essential and invaluable resource be utilized in a cost-effective manner. Diminishing unnecessary activity will both decrease complications and have salutary effects. Having more time to be with patients and their families will decrease our sense of failure and fulfill the important goal of caring. Physicians and nurses can return to thinking, assessing, and decision making instead of frenetically ordering, reacting, and intervening, which, we believe, accurately describes informational overload created by undue emphasis on high technology. In this way, we can respond to Fuch's exhortation that "physicians consider the possibility of contributing more by doing less." In responding, however, we must never forget that the societal, not merely the economic impact of medical care, is our principal consideration. We must first contribute more by achieving a greater understanding of the medical care process. Only then can we know how to do less at the bedside. We can and must distinguish between costly and high-quality care--they are not necessarily synonymous.