gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MICRONEEDLES: NOVEL APPROACH TO TRANDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (2012)

Excellent impervious nature of skin is the greatest challenge that has to be overcome for successfully delivering drug molecules to the systemic circulation by this route. Various formulation approaches used to systemically deliver drug molecules include use of prodrugs/lipophilic analogs, permeation enhancers, sub saturated systems and entrapment into vesicular systems. Further, the adhesive mixture, physical system of the delivery system and release liner influence drug release and its permeation across the skin. The novel microneedle dual-delivery method combines the advantages of hypodermic syringes and transdermal patches. Composed of dozens to hundreds of hollow microneedles, a (1â€“2)cm2 transdermal patch is applied to the skin to increase its permeability. An array of microneedles that are 100â€“1000 Î¼m in length poke through the top layers of skin and allow micron-scale drugs to pass into the body. The needles are too small to stimulate nerve endings; patients wouldnâ€™t feel any pain when a microneedle injection is performed. This review gives an overview of microneedles for drug delivery applications. The concept of miniaturized needles is presented and defined. Specific requirements for microneedles aimed for transdermal drug delivery are discussed and the scope is delimited. Some of the basic microfabrication methods used to fabricate microneedles is introduced and microneedles for drug delivery presented so far are reviewed and commented.Keywords: Transdermal drug delivery, microneedles, transcutaneous permeation, percutaneous permeation, Microelectromechanical Systems.Â Â
Application of mri for improved local control in complex radiotherapy of cervical cancer (2006)

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a modern medical imaging technique in radiotherapy with special emphasis on the integration of MRI and a novel technique in brachytherapy to optimize treatment outcome in cervical cancer. Methods: In addition to the CT based shrinking volume conformal teletherapy in 31 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer, MRI examination with a special adjustable applicator at the treatment site was performed for the brachytherapy planning. To avoid excessive doses to the healthy structures during complex cervical radiotherapy isodose curves were calculated upon the information of the MR image and dose distribution was evaluated. Results: The consecutive application of CT and MRI limited the possibility for overdosage of the critical organs and undertreatment of the advanced tumor spread in all cases. The overall response rate for the complex treatment was 74.2% with complete regression in 25.8% of the cases. Based on the exact information of the three dimensional digital data radiation doses could be optimized without increasing the possibility of acute complications rate. Conclusion: The introduction of 3D treatment planning for teletherapy pelvic and boost irradiation of cervical carcinoma as well as for the brachytherapy part of the complex treatment is to be recommended. .
VibD and VibH Are Required for Late Steps in Vibriobactin Biosynthesis in <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (2001)

Vibrio cholerae synthesizes the catechol siderophore vibriobactin. In this report, we present the complete map of a vibriobactin gene region containing two previously unreported vibriobactin biosynthetic genes. vibD encodes a phosphopantetheinyl transferase, and vibH encodes a novel nonribosomal peptide synthase. Both VibD and VibH are required for vibriobactin biosynthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF 1,3‐NAPHTHOXAZINE‐2,4‐DIONES (1976)

Abstract Die 1,3‐Napht oxazindione‐(2,4) (III), (V) und (VI) werden durch Behandlung entsprechender 2‐Hydroxy‐3‐naphthoesäurearylide wie (I), (IV) und Naphthol AS‐SR mit Äthylchlorformiat (II) dargestellt.
571. Cytotoxic compounds. Part I. p-(NN-di-2′-chloroethyl- and p-(NN-di-2′-bromoethyl-amino)thiophenol (1958)

M. H. Benn, L. N. Owen and A. M. Creighton, J. Chem. Soc., 1958, 2800 DOI: 10.1039/JR9580002800
Illuminating the Path: The Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics (2005)

This is the book form of the Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics to be published by IEEE in 2005.
Application of extended covariance intersection principle for mosaic-based optical positioning and navigation of underwater vehicles (2002)

Mosaic-based positioning is a paradigm for the simultaneous construction of a photo-mosaic as a visual map, and its use to achieve accurate positioning. We discuss the application of a novel fusion principle, the so-called an extended covariance intersection (ECI), for addressing the mosaic-based positioning as a data fusion problem. The covariance intersection (CI) principle has been proposed for the fusion of highly correlated data. In contrast to the extended Kalman filter (EKF), the drawback is the conservative nature of the solution, as the extend of correlation becomes insignificant. The primary advantage of ECI, by decomposing the estimates from information sources into both dependent and independent components, is to arrive at improved estimates, neither as over-optimistic as from an EKF, nor as over-conservative as the CI solution. Experiments with real data are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed ECI-based formulation.
Introduction of an interlayer between metal and semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors (2006)

The concept of utilizing an organic interlayer between metal electrodes and underlying semiconductor is introduced for organic thin-film transistors. Inserting the interlayer between the source/drain electrodes and pentacene leads to improving the effective mobility by more than 1 order of magnitude and the on-off current ratio by almost 1 order of magnitude. The improvement can be attributed to a reduction in contact resistance that is made possible by reducing the energy barrier with the introduction of the interlayer. Simultaneous formation and patterning of both the electrodes and the interlayer is accomplished in one single-step transfer of a bilayer of metal on organic through a bilayer transfer technique based on rigiflex lithography.
Four-Cantilever Trace Explosive Sensors with Dual SAMs Functionalized for Specific-Sensing Improvement and Nonspecific-Adsorption Depression (2007)

A top-down formed four-cantilever micro-sensor structure is equipped with self-assembled dual monolayers on the surfaces for specific detection to trace explosive and depression of environmental cross-talk. Sensor design of the four-lever scheme, micro-fabrication, surface modification of the dual monolayers and experimental results for ultra-sensitive detection of explosive are sequentially related. The testing results confirm that the sensor can detect TNT at the resolution level of several tens of ppt and can effectively depress the influences from environmental temperature and humidity change.
Complement and neutrophil activation during cardiopulmonary bypassA randomized comparison of hypothermic and normothermic circulation (1997)

In conclusion, our study clearly demonstrates that warm CPB is associated with an increased ability to activate complement and neutrophils in patients undergoing coronary surgery.
Four-PAM Modulation of Ambient FM Backscattering for Spectrally Efficient Low-Power Applications (2018)

Ambient backscatter uses radio frequency signals available in the environment (e.g., radio broadcasting, television, or mobile telephony) to transmit data effectively leading to significant energy and cost efficiency increase. This paper presents a novel wireless tag, which for the first time utilizes 4-pulse amplitude modulation technique to modulate the ambient backscattered FM signals in order to send data to a nearby low-cost software defined radio reader. The tag is based on an RF front-end that uses a single transistor controlled by an ultralow-power microcontroller. The microcontroller includes an analog-to-digital converter for sensing and a digital-to-analog converter for RF front-end control. A proof-of-concept prototype is demonstrated in an indoor environment with the low bit rate of 345 b/s and power consumption 27 μW. It operated using a real FM station at 34.5 km away and the tag-to-reader distance was tested at 1 m. The value of energy spent in this modulator was 78.2 nJ/bit at 345 b/s and 27.7 nJ/bit at 10.2 kb/s.
Facile Synthesis for Ordered Mesoporous γ-Aluminas with High Thermal Stability (2008)

The facile synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous aluminas with high thermal stability and tunable pore sizes is systematically investigated. The general synthesis strategy is based on a sol-gel process associated with nonionic block copolymer as templates in ethanol solvent. Small-angle XRD, TEM, and nitrogen adsorption and desorption results show that these mesoporous aluminas possess a highly ordered 2D hexagonal mesostructure, which is resistant to high temperature up to 1000 degrees C. Ordered mesoporous structures with tunable pore sizes are obtained with various precursors, different acids as pH adjustors, and different block copolymers as templates. These mesoporous aluminas have large surface areas (ca. 400 m2/g), pore volumes (ca. 0.70 cm3/g), and narrow pore-size distributions. The influence of the complexation ability of anions and hydro-carboxylic acid, acid volatility, and other important synthesis conditions are discussed in detail. Utilizing this simple strategy, we also obtained partly ordered mesoporous alumina with hydrous aluminum nitrate as the precursor. FTIR pyridine adsorption measurements indicate that a large amount of Lewis acid sites exist in these mesoporous aluminas. These materials are expected to be good candidates in catalysis due to the uniform pore structures, large surface areas, tunable pore sizes, and large amounts of surface Lewis acid sites. Loaded with ruthenium, the representative mesoporous alumina exhibits reactant size selectivity in hydrogenation of acetone, D-glucose, and D-(+)-cellobiose as a test reaction, indicating the potential applications in shape-selective catalysis.
Audio Style Transfer (2018)

“Style transfer” among images has recently emerged as a very active research topic, fuelled by the power of convolution neural networks (CNNs), and has become fast a very popular technology in social media. This paper investigates the analogous problem in the audio domain: How to transfer the style of a reference audio signal to a target audio content? We propose a flexible framework for the task, which uses a sound texture model to extract statistics characterizing the reference audio style, followed by an optimization-based audio texture synthesis to modify the target content. In contrast to mainstream optimization-based visual transfer method, the proposed process is initialized by the target content instead of random noise and the optimized loss is only about texture, not structure. These differences proved key for audio style transfer in our experiments. In order to extract features of interest, we investigate different architectures, whether pre-trained on other tasks, as done in image style transfer, or engineered based on the human auditory system. Experimental results on different types of audio signal confirm the potential of the proposed approach.
Where fewer pixels give you more image (2018)

Single-pixel cameras are both elegant and intellectually appealing, but can they outperform a camera based upon a focal-plane detector array? Single-pixel cameras use a digital mirror device to apply a time varying mask to an image of the scene, and a single-pixel detector to measure the light transmission through each of these masks. Given knowledge of the mask patterns and the measured transmissions, an image of the object is calculated.
Effect of Learning Core Fundamental Nursing Skill with Social Network Service (SNS) for Nursing Students in South Korea (2018)

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of learning core fundamental nursing skills with Social Network Service (SNS) on the learning satisfaction, self-efficacy, and core fundamental nursing skills of nursing students. This study is quasi-experimental study has a non-equivalent control group. The participants of this study were seventy-six junior nursing students placed into experimental (39) and control (37) groups at a regional university. This study selected tracheostomy care as a training item. The intervention concentrated on interactive communication and feedback between instructors and learners using SNS. Through the intervention, the group with SNS showed statistically significant improvement regarding learning satisfaction and self-efficacy. In addition, the experimental group showed significantly higher improvement than the control group regarding self-efficacy. Therefore, learning core fundamental nursing skills using SNS can be an effective way of improving nursing students’ learning satisfaction and self-efficacy.
A clinical analysis of complete video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries for management of multiple fractured ribs with thoracic traumas (2019)

Objective
To evaluate the surgical approaches and effectiveness of exploration, repair and homeochronous micro-invasive treatments of rib fractures for multiple fractured ribs with chest traumas through complete video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).


Methods
The clinical data of 22 cases of multiple fractured ribs with chest traumas such as traumatic hemopneumothorax, open chest trauma, progressive hemothorax, flail chest, rupture of the diaphragm, and intrathoracic foreign body in our hospital from January 2016 to November 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.


Results
Satisfactory effect of stabilization of chest wall were obtained in all the 22 patients with rib fractures using VATS exploration. We carried out exploration, hemostasis, lung-repair and diaphragm repair first, then dissected and exposed the broken end of ribs through operating holes without cutting off chest muscles, and selectively focused on stabilizing multi-fractures of ribs finally. No conversion to thoracotomy in this cohort. All the cases were successfully completed with the operation of rib fracture internal fixation under VATS, based on primary and/or auxiliary operating holes, except 3 cases with added longitudinal incision nearby spinal column. Delayed incision healing occurred in 3 cases and cured with systemic anti-biotics and local dressing changes. Pulmonary air leakage occurred in 1 case, and treated by closed drainage of thoracic cavity and chest tube was removed in 7 days. Follow up results showed reliable rib fixation and satisfactorily bony union. Intercostal neuralgia occurred in 1 case. Numbness of the chest occurred in 3 cases. Local pleural thickening occurred in 6 cases.


Conclusions
For chest trauma with fractures of multiple ribs, which satisfies the standards of thoracoscopic exploration, homochromous fixation of fractured ribs using exploratory incision of thoracoscope is safe and feasible. This procedure has advantage of rapid recovery and fewer complications, without adding extra injury.


Key words: 
Chest trauma; Rib fracture; Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; Minimally invasive treatment; Dissociating in the way of tunnel-type; Selective stabilization
Effect of Inhibition of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome-System and IκB Kinase on Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness in a Murine Model of Asthma (2011)

The current treatment of asthma is far from optimal and there is a need for novel therapeutic approaches. NFkB has recently been highlighted as an important pro-inflammatory transcriptional factor and its blockade is believed to represent a new therapeutic approach for asthma. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of blocking the actions of NFkB, through inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) or IkB kinase (IKK), in a murine model of asthma. Treatment with the UPS inhibitor, MG-132 (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg), did not significantly affect the ovalbumin-induced increase in total and differential cell numbers, histological changes such as perivascular and peribronchial inflammatory cell infiltration, perivascular and peribronchial fibrosis or the increased Penh to methacholine. In contrast, treatment of mice with the IKK inhibitor, BAY 11-7085, (3 and 10 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited the ovalbumin-induced increase in airway leukocyte influx and decreased the percentage of airway lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. Also, BAY 11-7085-treated (10 mg/kg) mice showed a significant decrease in the histologically assessed inflammatory indices as well as a significant reduction in the ovalbumin-induced increase in Penh to inhaled methacholine. Furthermore, BAY 11-7085 significantly inhibited the ovalbumin-induced increase in the level of phosphorylation of IkBalpha and extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, whilst MG-132 significantly increased the phosphorylation of (ERK) 1/2. These findings confirm the critical role that NFkB plays in airway inflammation, highlight the importance of IKK in regulating the pro-inflammatory activity of NFkB and also suggest that UPS may not be a useful drug target for asthma treatment.
Cryopreservation of Embryos of<i>Lucilia sericata</i>(Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2014)

Embryos of Lucilia (Phaenicia) sericata (Meigen) (Diptera Calliphoridae), the green blowfly, were successfully cryopreserved by vitrification in liquid nitrogen and stored for 8 yr. Embryos incubated at 19 degrees C for 17 h after oviposition were found to be the most appropriate stage to cryopreserve. Removal of the embryonic surface water was done using 2-propanol before the alkane treatment to permeabilize the embryo. Exposure to 2-propanol for > 10 s caused necrotic tissue damage in the embryos. Among the alkanes used, hexane was found to be a superior permeabilizing solvent compared with heptane or octane, with embryo hatching rates on par with the controls. Treatment with the vitrification solution for < 12 min was insufficient to vitrify the embryos. Treatment time in the solution beyond 15 min reduced embryo viability. However, the percentage of embryos vitrifying upon exposure to liquid nitrogen vapor remained constant after 12 min of treatment. Long-term storage was initiated in 2004, and the mean hatch percentage recorded then for the short-term cryopreserved embryos was 9.51%. When the long-term stored samples were retrieved in 2012, 8.47% of the embryos hatched, 66.36% larvae pupariated, and 36.96% of the pupae eclosed. Recent optimization of the technique has resulted in a hatch rate of 34.08 +/- 15.5%, of which 67.5% of the larvae pupariated and 72% of the pupae eclosed to normal flies.
Analysis of CRISPR system function in plant pathogen<i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> (2009)

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) is a bacterial immunity system that requires a perfect sequence match between the CRISPR cassette spacer and a protospacer in invading DNA for exclusion of foreign genetic elements. CRISPR cassettes are hypervariable, possibly reflecting different exposure of strains of the same species to foreign genetic elements. Here, we determined CRISPR cassette sequences of two Xanthomonas oryzae strains and found that one of the strains remains sensitive to phage Xop411 despite carrying a cassette that has a spacer exactly matching a fragment of the Xop411 genome. To explain this apparent paradox, we identified X. oryzae CRISPR spacers of likely phage origin and defined a consensus sequence of a motif adjacent to X. oryzae phage protospacers. Our analysis revealed that the Xop411 protospacer that matches the CRISPR spacer has this motif mutated, which likely explains the phage's ability to infect its host. While similar observations were made previously with Streptococcus thermophilus and its phages, the conserved motif in X. oryzae phages is located on a protospacer side opposite to the S. thermophilus phages' motif. The results thus point to a considerable degree of variety of CRISPR-mediated phage resistance mechanisms in different bacteria.
Über neue Glykoside aus den Samen von Strophanthus kombé. 17. Mitteilung über Herzglykoside (1961)

Abstract Duch Chromatographie an Silicagel‐Säulen wird aus „Strophanthin”︁, dem gereinigten Äthanolextrakt der Samen von Strophanthus kombé , das dritte Hauptglykosid Erysimosol (= Strophanthidol‐digitoxoside‐glucosid) und das Nebenglykosid Erysimosol (= Strophanthidol‐digitoxosido‐glucosid) isoliert. Die Existenz der Nebenglykoside Glucocymarol (= k‐Strophanthol‐β) und Glucoerysimosid wird nachgewiesen.
Limited expression of poliovirus by vaccinia virus recombinants due to inhibition of the vector by proteinase 2A (1990)

A recombinant vaccinia virus was constructed that expressed poliovirus coat precursor protein P1 fused to about two-thirds of the 2A proteinase. The truncated 2A segment could be cleaved away from the P1 region by coinfecting with poliovirus type 1, 2, or 3 or with human rhinovirus 14 but not with encephalomyocarditis virus. Further cleavage of the vector-derived P1 to yield mature poliovirus capsid proteins was not observed. Attempts to isolate vaccinia virus recombinants containing portions of the poliovirus genome that encompassed the complete gene for proteinase 2A were unsuccessful, unless expression of functional 2A was abolished by insertion of a frameshift mutation. We conclude that an activity of the 2A proteinase, probably its role in translational inhibition, prevented isolation of vaccinia virus recombinants that expressed 2A.
Precision Angle Measurement with a 2-Frequency HeNe Laser (1987)

In the past, radial grating optical shaft encoders have generally provided the highest attainable resolution and precision for the measurement of angular rotation. These encoders employ relatively coarse gratings, and use incoherently illuminated Moire-type grating readout heads. A 24-bit version of such an encoder has an angular resolution of 0.4 microradians, is about 18-inches in diameter and generally somewhat fragile, and can be a major perturbation to the shaft to which it is attached. A precision laser-based angular measurement system has recently been developed in which the encoder is a cylindrical diffraction grating, and the readout head is replaced by a moving interference fringe pattern formed by beams from a stabilized 2-frequency HeNe laser. The sensor head is small, stable, and capable of angular resolution appreciably in excess of that provided by other currently available techniques. In this paper we describe a configuration in which a 600 line/mm grating on a 3 cm diameter shaft is used with two laser readout heads to independently measure both angular rotation and cross-axis wobble with a resolution and precision of better than 0.5 microradians. The sensor head is less than 2 cubic inches (30cm3) in volume. The laser beam is brought. to the sensor by polarization-preserving monomode fiber, and the optical signals are carried to detectors by multimode fibers. The maximum update rate and angular velocity are 225 KHz and 5 rad/sec respectively. By increasing the diameter of the cylindrical grating, the angular resolution can be increased proportionally: using the same grating and readout head with a 12-inch diameter shaft, a 28-bit incremental encoder can be achieved--having art angular resolution on the order of 20 narioradians.