gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Osteosarcoma of the mandible mimicking an odontogenic abscess: a case report and review of the literature (2013)

This paper highlights the need for vigilant examination of even the commonest, innocuous-appearing periapical changes which sometimes are produced by some rare fatal disorders.
THE POUND AND THE PUNT REVISITED (1989)

Whereas the pound has remained outside the EMS for the last ten years, the Irish punt has been a fully participating member since the inception of the EMS in March 1979. As such the punt experienced the depreciation of the EMS bloc against the pound in 1980‐1 and, largely because of this, it suffered from a higher rate of inflation in the first half of the 1980s. But against a background of greater intra‐EMS stability, Irish inflation has fallen steadily. It is now closer to German inflation than at any time in the last twenty years and in the nearly three years since the last EMS realignment, has been well below inflation in the UK. At the same time output in Ireland has advanced steadily and the trade balance has moved into surplus. The Irish experience has therefore paralleled that of the EMS as a whole. After a shaky start, the EMS has proved to be a powerful force for convergence and by switching from a fixed link to the pound to one against the DM, the Irish economy is being transformed into a relatively low inflation economy. The contrast with the pound panty period is marked. It is different not to conclude that the UK' recent economic performance, particularly on inflation, would have been significantly improved if it too had chosen the route of full EMS membership.
Structure of 3α-Hydroxysteroid/Dihydrodiol Dehydrogenase Complexed with NADP<sup>+</sup> (1996)

Rat liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD) inactivates circulating steroid hormones and is involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carcinogenesis. It is the only HSD of known structure in the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily and may provide a paradigm for other mammalian HSDs in this family. The structure of the 3 alpha-HSD.NADP+ binary complex has been determined at 2.7 A resolution and refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 23.4% with good geometry. The model is similar to other binary complexes in the AKR superfamily in that NADP+ binds at the C-terminal end of an alpha/beta barrel. However, it is unique in that NADP+ is bound in two alternate conformations, probably because of the lack of a salt-linked "safety belt" over the pyrophosphate bridge. The structure supports a previously proposed catalytic mechanism for carbonyl reduction in which Tyr 55 is the general acid, and its effective pKa is lowered by the adjacent Lys 84. We present evidence that the structurally distinct short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily may have convergently evolved a similar catalytic mechanism. Insight into substrate binding is offered by a crystal packing contact in which a neighboring molecule inserts a tryptophan residue (Trp 227) into an apolar cleft in 3 alpha-HSD. This cleft is proximal to the bound NADP+ cofactor and contains a surface of apolar residues (Leu 54, Trp 86, Leu 122, Phe 128, Phe 129, Leu 137, Phe 139), making it a likely candidate for the substrate-binding site. Thus, in forming this crystal contact, Trp 227 may mimic a portion of a bound steroid. In addition, we propose that a water molecule in the active site indicates the position of the hydroxyl oxygen in a 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid substrate. Knowledge of the position of this water molecule, combined with the stereochemistry of hydride transfer, suggests that the alpha face of a bound steroid will be oriented toward the side of the apolar cleft containing Trp 86.
Nitric Acid Activated Carbon Aerogels for Supercapacitors (2013)

The electrochemical performances of resorcinol–formaldehyde-based carbon aerogels can be significantly enhanced by nitric acid activation.FT-IR spectra and SEM images reveal the constitution and morphology of samples .The electrochemical performances of materials were tested by cyclic voltammetry,galvanostatic charge/discharge test ,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic test. The results show that activation does not influence the molecular structure of carbon aerogels,which maintains their nano-porous structure. Activation increases the specific capacitance by 50% and improves the conductivity of carbon aerogels,resulting in fenfect cycling stability. So nitric acid activated carbon aerogels is an ideal electrode material for supercapacitors.
Do GANs actually learn the distribution? An empirical study (2017)

Do GANS (Generative Adversarial Nets) actually learn the target distribution? The foundational paper of (Goodfellow et al 2014) suggested they do, if they were given sufficiently large deep nets, sample size, and computation time. A recent theoretical analysis in Arora et al (to appear at ICML 2017) raised doubts whether the same holds when discriminator has finite size. It showed that the training objective can approach its optimum value even if the generated distribution has very low support ---in other words, the training objective is unable to prevent mode collapse. The current note reports experiments suggesting that such problems are not merely theoretical. It presents empirical evidence that well-known GANs approaches do learn distributions of fairly low support, and thus presumably are not learning the target distribution. The main technical contribution is a new proposed test, based upon the famous birthday paradox, for estimating the support size of the generated distribution.
The electromagnetic fields of a horizontal dipole over a vertically inhomogeneous and anisotropic Earth (1981)

Abstract Electromagnetic (EM) field components are expressed as a set of improper integrals, the integrands of which depend upon two impedance functions that satisfy nonlinear differential equations. The components are normalized with factors representing the solution for a homogeneous half-space having the same conductivity characteristics as the first layer. The normalized components of the magnetic field depend only upon the longitudinal conductivity sigma l . Their variation with normalized distance d 1 (actual distance divided by first-layer skin depth computed using sigma 1 ) reflects the change of resistivity with depth. The normalized components of the electrical field depend upon both sigma l and transversal conductivity sigma t and thus reflect changes with depth of both 1/sigma l and 1/sigma t . The examples considered show that anisotropy is felt for small normalized distances. Transition layers result in moderate variation of the field components with d 1 as compared to stacks of homogeneous layers presenting abrupt changes in electrical properties of the structure.
Genetic Analysis of Glufosinate Resistance in Crosses Between Transformed Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) and Red Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) (1998)

Reciprocal controlled crosses were made in the greenhouse between Gulfmont rice transformed with the bialaphos resistance (BAR) gene and red rice and BAR-transformed Koshihikari rice and red rice to assess the inheritance of glufosinate resistance. All F 1 plants were resistant to 2.2 kg ai/ha glufosinate. Ammonia accumulation as a measure of glufosinate resistance in the F 1 hybrids was assayed at 4 and 8 days after treatment (DAT). Ammonia accumulation in hybrids 4 DAT was similar to glufosinate treated, transformed rice, while treated nontransformed plants accumulated 14 to 23 times more ammonia compared with the hybrids. The nature of inheritance of glufosinate resistance in F 2 rice plants was studied by a glufosinate dip test, a spray test, and ammonia assay. All three tests confirmed that glufosinate resistance, as influenced by the BAR gene, segregated in a 3 (resistant): 1 (susceptible) ratio.
The chronic myeloid leukaemias: guidelines for distinguishing chronic granulocytic, atypical chronic myeloid, and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: Proposals by the French ‐ American ‐ British Cooperative Leukaemia Group (1994)

We have reviewed our experience with four of the entities that are included under the generic term chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), namely the classic Ph+ CGL, both BCR+ and BCR-, aCML and CMML. We have developed a statistical model that confirms that CGL, aCML and CMML can be distinguished from each other with reasonable success employing five quantitative parameters (WBC, percentage immature granulocytes, percentage monocytes, percentage basophils, percentage erythroid precursors in bone marrow) and one qualitative parameter (granulocytic dysplasia). It is hoped that these detailed recommendations will enable investigators to improve their diagnostic accuracy. This should permit more uniform comparisons of molecular biologic and clinical studies.
Short Notices (1967)

Short Notices Get access A. R. MYERS A. R. MYERS University of Liverpool Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume LXXXII, Issue CCCXXII, January 1967, Pages 214–215, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/LXXXII.CCCXXII.214 Published: 01 January 1967
The network of P-glycoprotein and microRNAs interactions (2013)

Overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) contributes to the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype found in many cancer cells. P-gp has been identified as a promising molecular target, although attempts to find successful therapies to counteract its function as a drug efflux pump have largely failed to date. Apart from its role in drug efflux, P-gp may have other cellular functions such as being involved in apoptosis, and is found in various locations in the cell. Its expression is highly regulated, namely by microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). In addition, P-gp may regulate the expression of miRs in the cell. Furthermore, both P-gp and miRs may be found in microvesicles or exosomes and may be transported to neighboring, drug-sensitive cells. Here, we review this current issue together with recent evidence of this network of interactions between P-gp and miRs.
Hidden Markov models: a guided tour (2003)

Hidden Markov modeling is a probabilistic technique for the study of time series. Hidden Markov theory permits modeling with any of the classical probability distributions. The costs of implementation are linear in the length of data. Models can be nested to reflect hierarchical sources of knowledge. These and other desirable features have made hidden Markov methods increasingly attractive for problems in language, speech and signal processing. The basic ideas are introduced by elementary examples in the spirit of the Polya urn models. The main tool in hidden Markov modeling is the Baum-Welch (or forward-backward) algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters. This iterative algorithm is discussed both from an intuitive point of view as an exercise in the art of counting and from a formal point of view via the information-theoretic Q-function. Selected examples drawn from the literature illustrate how the Baum-Welch technique places a rich variety of computational models at the disposal of the researcher.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[The regulatory effect of human bone morphogenetic protein 7 gene transfer on the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells]. (2003)

hBMP-7 can be transferred and stably expressed in the cultured rabbit bone marrow stem cells. Proliferation and cell cycle of the transferred cell were not affected. hBMP7 gene transfer can be used to induce differentiation of BMSc into osteoblast-like cells.
Homogeneous catalytic formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds. 2. Catalytic activation of the silicon-nitrogen bond (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHomogeneous catalytic formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds. 2. Catalytic activation of the silicon-nitrogen bondM. T. Zoeckler and R. M. LaineCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 15, 2539–2543Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00163a023https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00163a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views439Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Windows 7 Secrets (2009)

Tips, tricks, treats, and secrets revealed on the latest operating system from Microsoft: Windows 7 You already know the ups and downs of Windows Vista-now it's time to learn the ins and outs of Windows 7! Internationally recognized Windows experts, Microsoft insiders, and authors Paul Thurrott and Rafael Rivera cut through the hype to pull away the curtain and reveal useful information not found anywhere else. Regardless of your level of knowledge, you'll discover little-known facts on how things work, what's new and different, and how you can modify Windows 7 to meet your own specific needs. A witty, conversational tone tells you what you need to know to go from Windows user to Windows expert and doesn't waste time with basic computer topics while point-by-point comparisons demonstrate the difference between Windows 7 features and functionality to those in Windows XP and Vista. Windows 7 is the exciting update to Microsoft's operating system Authors are internationally known Windows experts and Microsoft insiders Exposes tips, tricks, and secrets on the new features and functionality of Windows 7 Reveals best practices for customizing the system to work for you Investigates the differences between Windows 7 and previous versions of Windows No need to whisper! Window 7 Secrets is the ultimate insider's guide to Microsoft's most exciting Windows version in years.
Short notices (1906)

Journal Article Short notices Get access P. V. P. V. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume XXI, Issue LXXXI, January 1906, Pages 195–196, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/XXI.LXXXI.195 Published: 01 January 1906
Discrete Hartley transform (1983)

The discrete Hartley transform (DHT) resembles the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) but is free from two characteristics of the DFT that are sometimes computationally undesirable. The inverse DHT is identical with the direct transform, and so it is not necessary to keep track of the +i and −i versions as with the DFT. Also, the DHT has real rather than complex values and thus does not require provision for complex arithmetic or separately managed storage for real and imaginary parts. Nevertheless, the DFT is directly obtainable from the DHT by a simple additive operation. In most image-processing applications the convolution of two data sequences f1 and f2 is given by DHT of [(DHT of f1) × (DHT of f2)], which is a rather simpler algorithm than the DFT permits, especially if images are. to be manipulated in two dimensions. It permits faster computing. Since the speed of the fast Fourier transform depends on the number of multiplications, and since one complex multiplication equals four real multiplications, a fast Hartley transform also promises to speed up Fourier-transform calculations. The name discrete Hartley transform is proposed because the DHT bears the same relation to an integral transform described by Hartley [ HartleyR. V. L., Proc. IRE30, 144 ( 1942)] as the DFT bears to the Fourier transform.
Fast and robust method to compute colon centerline in CT colonography (2003)

We developed a method for generating the centerline of a colon in CT Colonography that is computationally fast, and robust to collapsed regions. Patients underwent CT Colonography after standard pre-colonoscopy cleansing. The colonic lumen was segmented using an existing anatomy-based approach, and a distance map of the colonic lumen was computed using a distance transform. The centerline was computed as follows: Local maxima representative for the centerline were sparsely extracted from the distance map. Iteratively, each pair of maxima satisfying a set of connection criteria were connected, creating a graph-like structure containing a main centerline with additional branches. Branches were later removed and the resulting centerline was stored. Centerlines of the colon were computed, and also manually and independently drawn by two radiologists, for 33 CT Colonographic data sets. The data sets were chosen to give a wide spectrum of colons, ranging from cases with good segmentation and extension to cases with collapsed regions and numerous extra-colonic components such as small bowel. On average, 94% of the human-generated centerlines were correctly identified by the computer-generated centerlines. The average displacement between the human- and computer-generated centerlines was 4.0 mm. Average centerline computation time was less than 4 seconds.
The Impact of Information Technology on the Organization of Economic Activity: The “Move to the Middle” Hypothesis (1993)

:Investments to increase the level of explicit coordination with outside agents have generally resulted in increased risk to the firm; firms have traditionally avoided this increased risk by becoming vertically integrated or by underinvesting in coordination. This paper argues that information technology (11) has the ability to lower coordination cost without increasing the associated transactions risk, leading to more outsourcing and less vertically integrated firms. Lower relationship-specificity of IT investments and a better monitoring capability imply that firms can more safely invest in information technology for interfirm coordination than in traditional investments for explicit coordination such as co-Iocated facilities or specialized human resources; firms are therefore more likely to coordinate with suppliers without requiring ownership to reduce their risk. This enables them to benefit from production economies of large specialized suppliers. Moreover, rapid reduction in the cost of IT and reduction in the transactions risk of explicit coordination makes possible substantially more use of explicit coordination with suppliers. The resulting transaction economies of scale, learning curve effects, and other factors favor a move toward long-term relationships with a smaller set of suppliers. We call this combination-a move to more outsourcing, but from a reduced set of stable partnerships-the “move to the middle” hypothesis.
Brass among the Gold (2004)

Nicola Williams has held an honorary position at Monash University's School of Chemistry since retiring as a senior lecturer in March 2002. Her interests in fields of mineralogy and mining are linked to her special fascination with old assay balances, especially those made by the UK firm of Oertling. She is currently compiling a database of assay, bullion, chemical and other balances that were exported to Australia and other Colonies in the late 19th and 20th centuries and is collaborating with two UK scientists who are writing a history of the firm. The data will be part of an Oertling Survivors Index, which will contribute to the understanding both of the overseas activities of the firm, and scientific activities of the Colonies. This paper describes some of the highlights of the search for Oertling balances around Australia between 1990 and 2003.
Critical Time Window for Intra-Arrest Cooling With Cold Saline Flush in a Dog Model of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (2006)

Early application of mild hypothermia with cold saline during prolonged CPR enables intact survival. Delay in the induction of mild hypothermia in this setting markedly reduces its efficacy. Our data suggest that if mild hypothermia is used during CPR, it should be applied as early as possible.
Exploiting an Allosteric Binding Site of PRMT3 Yields Potent and Selective Inhibitors (2013)

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) play an important role in diverse biological processes. Among the nine known human PRMTs, PRMT3 has been implicated in ribosomal biosynthesis via asymmetric dimethylation of the 40S ribosomal protein S2 and in cancer via interaction with the DAL-1 tumor suppressor protein. However, few selective inhibitors of PRMTs have been discovered. We recently disclosed the first selective PRMT3 inhibitor, which occupies a novel allosteric binding site and is noncompetitive with both the peptide substrate and cofactor. Here we report comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies of this series, which resulted in the discovery of multiple PRMT3 inhibitors with submicromolar potencies. An X-ray crystal structure of compound 14u in complex with PRMT3 confirmed that this inhibitor occupied the same allosteric binding site as our initial lead compound. These studies provide the first experimental evidence that potent and selective inhibitors can be created by exploiting the allosteric binding site of PRMT3.
Solubility Based Identification of Green Solvents for Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells (2013)

Replacing halogenated solvents in the processing of organic solar cells by green solvents is a required step before the commercialization of this technology. With this purpose, some attempts have been made, although a general method is yet to be developed. Here, the potential of the Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) analysis for the design of green ink formulations for solution‐processed active layer in bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices based on small molecules is demonstrated. The motivation of moving towards organic small molecules stems from their lower molecular weight and more definite structure which makes them more likely to be dissolved in a wider variety of organic solvents. In the first step, the HSP of selected active materials are determined, namely, the star‐shaped D‐π‐A tris{4‐[5′′‐(1,1‐dicyanobut‐1‐en‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bithiophen‐5‐yl]phenyl}amine N(Ph‐2T‐DCN‐Et) 3 small molecule and fullerene derivative [6,6]‐phenyl‐C 71 ‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC 70 BM). Secondly, computer simulations based on HSP allow the prediction of suitable green solvents for this specific material system. The most promising green solvents, according to the simulations, are then used to fabricate solar cell devices using pristine solvents and two solvents mixtures. These devices show power conversion efficiencies around 3.6%, which are comparable to those obtained with halogenated solvents. This good performance is a result of the sufficient solubility achieved after a successful prediction of good (green) solvents.