gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth and Film Characteristics of  N 2 O  and NO Oxynitride Gate and Tunnel Dielectrics (1997)

Film characteristics of thin oxynitride dielectrics grown in nitrous oxide and nitric oxide (NO) gas ambients at 950°C were investigated by secondary ion mass spectrometry, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy. Compared to oxynitride, NO oxynitride exhibits very different surface chemistry, interface properties, and growth phenomena. NO oxynitride has the Nint sharply peaked on the Si substrate side of the interface, while it is broad and on the dielectric side of the interface for the oxynitride. The N (1s) XPS results reveal a clear distinction between oxynitride and NO oxynitride. Near the Si/dielectric interface the NO oxynitride shows primarily Si≡N bonds, while the films showed a N (1s) binding energy peak that is in between that of Si≡N bonds and . Further, the NO oxynitride surface roughness as determined by AFM is lower than that of the interface. The film characteristics of and NO oxynitrides after reoxidation in ambient are different. An anomalous increase in Nint content and a decrease in oxygen content of these oxynitrides were observed as a result of reoxidation in oxygen ambient. These results are explained on the basis of changes in matrix composition of reoxidized oxynitride films.
Flexural Strength by Fractography in Modern Brittle Materials (2013)

Thin components made from advanced brittle glasses or ceramics are becoming increasingly important due to the widespread adoption of portable consumer products as well as other modern electronic and medical devices. The strength of these brittle materials is traditionally estimated from empirical relationships relating the stress at failure to characteristic lengths derived from the fracture surface's topography. One example is Orr's relationship, σ f ∙ R m 1/2 = A m , which correlates the material strength, σ f , to the radius of the “mirror‐mist boundary region,” R m , through the empirical constant, A m . Although various studies have shown that, for flexural fractures (failed in bending), A m depends on the specimen's geometry, this effect has been generally neglected by arguing that the magnitude of A m is almost constant for thicker specimens. However, we show that this argument cannot be applied to thin geometries, and that by not accounting for the thickness of the sample, the flexural strength will be grossly underestimated. In this work, we introduce an expression based on an iterative fracture mechanics algorithm which yields more accurate estimates of flexural strength for thin brittle components in bending. The accuracy of the model is validated both through flexural strength tests on glass and by comparing our predictions to an extensive literature survey of experimental results.
Per subchannel equalization for MIMO FBMC/OQAM systems (2009)

In multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) filter bank multicarrier modulation (FBMC) systems, the frequency selective transmission channel causes intersymbol interference (ISI), and intercarrier interference (ICI), and using multiple antennas creates interantenna interference (IAI). To mitigate these distortions we derive an MMSE equalizer which takes into account all of them. Assuming spatial multiplexing is used, we propose a successive interference cancellation (SIC) and Ordered SIC (OSIC) techniques to extract the transmitted streams. In order to further improve the performance we also introduce a two stage OSIC (TSOSIC) technique. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed techniques over the classical one tap equalizer.
Fractal video compression (2003)

Techniques based on fractal geometry and the fractal transform yield a method for compressing video images which is independent of screen resolution and aspect ratio and provides incremental improvement over time for slowly varying images. It is (nearly) randomly accessible and transmission errors die out over time. Decompression with this system is extremely fast and, in fact, real-time decompression has been realized in software. Fractal video compression has the ability to display a single compressed image at a variety of screen resolutions where the rescaling is intrinsic to the representation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bortezomib therapeutic effect is associated with expression of FGFR3 in multiple myeloma cells. (2009)

Our data indicates that Y373C mutation and wild-type FGFR3 may be associated with bortezomib-related treatment resistance in multiple myeloma.
C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE INHIBITORY NANOTHERAPEUTICS FOR REGENERATIVE ELASTIC MATRIX REPAIR IN ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS (2017)

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are localized expansions of the aorta wall that continue to grow until they reach a critical size and fatally rupture. This growth is driven by the chronic disruption, degradation, and subsequent loss of aortal wall elastic fibers by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secreted by inflammatory cells recruited to the aorta wall following an injury stimulus, and the inherent inability of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to naturally repair or regenerate elastic fibers. This leads to a net loss of elastic matrix and the continuing weakening of the aortal wall until eventual rupture. Current treatments seek to reinforce the vessel wall with grafts or stents, but do not arrest or reverse AAA growth. Therefore, inhibiting the proteolytic degradation of the elastic matrix while also stimulating elastic matrix neoassembly is needed to stop AAA growth and regenerate the vessel wall. We have previously shown utility of doxycycline (DOX), an MMP inhibitor drug, to stimulate elastic matrix neoassembly and crosslinking at low µg/ml doses in addition to inhibiting MMPs. We currently show in aneurysmal SMC cultures, that effects of exogenous DOX in this dose range are linked to its upregulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß1) via its inhibition of the regulatory protein c-Jun-N-terminal kinase isoform 2 (JNK 2). We have identified a DOX dose range that stimulates elastogenesis and crosslinking without adversely impacting cell viability. Using JNK 2 inhibition as a metric for pro-regenerative matrix effects of DOX, we further demonstrate that sustained, steady state release of DOX at the useful dose, from poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs) provides pro-elastogenic and anti-proteolytic effects that could potentially be more pronounced than that of exogenous DOX. We attribute these outcomes to previously determined synergistic effects provided by cationic amphiphile groups functionalizing the polymer NP surface. Released DOX inhibited expression and phosphorylation of JNK to likely increase expression of TGF-ß1, which is known to increase elastogenesis and lysyl oxidase-mediated crosslinking of elastic matrix. Our results suggest that JNK inhibition is a useful metric to assess pro-elastic matrix regenerative effects and point to the combinatorial regenerative benefits provided by DOX and cationic-functionalized NPs.
Modeling of the TOA-based distance measurement error using UWB indoor radio measurements (2006)

Time of arrival (TOA) estimation used with ultra wideband (UWB) transmission is currently the most popular technique for accurate indoor geolocation. Due to severe indoor multipath conditions, these techniques often suffer from significant inaccuracy in location estimation. In this paper, we introduce a model for the error in estimated distance as measured from the estimated TOA of the direct path (DP) in a typical multipath indoor environment. The TOA estimation error has two components, (1) the errors caused by the multipath dispersion affecting any signal path and (2) the errors caused by undetected direct path (UDP) conditions. The statistical behavior of this error is also a function of the system bandwidth. The empirical data from UWB indoor measurements in an office building are used to design a model for the distance measurement error. This model relates the behavior of the two components of the TOA estimation error to the bandwidth of the system.
COMBUSTION PHENOMENA OF A SOLID PROPELLANT BASED ON ALUMINIUM POWDER (2002)

This paper presents the combustion behavior of a solid propellant formulation with 15% ultra-fine aluminum powder called Alex whose grain size is around 50 to 200 nm. To evaluate the propellant burning results, a second comparable solid propellant was produced, containing 15% conventional aluminum YX 76 (Pechiney) with a grain size in the order of 10 to 100 μm. Both aluminum powders are compatible with the propellant formulation. REM examinations show that the shape of Alex is spherical whereas YX 76 has the aspect of flakes. The combustion experiments are performed in a high-pressure closed vessel at loading densities corresponding to pressures up to 280 MPa. These experiments allow to determine the constants of the Abel equation of state (co-volume and force), the dynamic vivacity and the burning rate. Although both propellant grains have the same geometry (flakes), the burning behavior is quite different. For a given pressure, the burning rate of the Alex propellant is always higher than that of the YX 76 propellant. For each propellant, a VIEILLE burning law is given. The burning rate pressure exponent of the Alex propellant is very low, as compared to that of the YX 76 propellant. The Alex propellant can be useful for applications in the high-pressure rocket propulsion as an igniter or as a booster, and also for projectiles as an additional accelerator.
Mechanical Digital-To-Analog Converters (2002)

We have demonstrated a technique to create a digitalto-analog converter (DAC) from lever arms and actuator arrays. These DACs take digital electrical signals and produce mechanical displacements at the output. A 3-bit DAC with thermal actuator arrays operating on 5V signals has been demonstrated with 2 states of displacements. This DAC has a least significant bit (LSB) size of 0.74μm, an integral nonlinearity (INL) of ± 0.27LSB, and a differential nonlinearity (DNL) of ± 0.25LSB. The DAC was coupled to a hinged micro mirror to test the dynamic and transient response using a laser setup. Such devices could be used as digitally controlled actuators to drive mechanisms in micro optics, mechanical computing, and micro robotics.
DALI—the first human whole‐blood low‐density lipoprotein and lipoprotein (a) apheresis system in clinical use: procedure and clinical results (1998)

Based on this short-term evaluation, the DALI apheresis system is a well-tolerated, effective and simple way of reducing LDL and Lp(a) in human whole blood. The system has been introduced to clinical practice. However, to use the DALI apheresis system in clinical routine, further evaluation of long-term effects is required.
The inverse problem in electrocardiography: solutions in terms of epicardial potentials. (1988)

The objective of the inverse problem in electrocardiography is to recover noninvasively regional information about intracardiac electrical events from electrical measurements on the body surface. The choice of epicardial potentials as the solution to the inverse problem is motivated by the availability of a unique epicardial potential solution for each body surface potential distribution, by the ability to verify experimentally the inverse-recovered epicardial potentials, by the proven relationship between epicardial potentials and the details of intracardiac regional events, and by the possibility of using the inverse solution as a supplement or possible replacement to clinical epicardial potential mapping prior to surgical intervention. Although, in principle, the epicardial potential distribution can be recovered from the body surface potential distribution, the inverse problem in terms of potentials is ill-posed, and naive attempts to reconstruct the epicardial potentials result in incorrect solutions which are highly oscillatory. Large deviations from the actual solution may result from inaccuracy of the data measurement, incomplete knowledge of the potential data over the entire torso, and inaccurate description of the inhomogeneous torso volume conductor. This review begins with a mathematical and qualitative description of the inverse problem in terms of epicardial potentials. The ill-posed nature of the problem is demonstrated using a theoretical boundary value problem. Effects of inaccuracies in the body surface potential data (stability estimates) are introduced, and a sensitivity analysis of geometrical and inhomogeneity parameters is presented using an analytical eccentric spheres model. Various computational methods for relating epicardial to body surface potentials, i.e., the computation of the forward transfer matrix, are described and compared. The need for regularization of the inverse recovery of epicardial potentials, resulting from the need to invert the ill-conditioned transfer matrix, is demonstrated. Several regularization techniques are compared in terms of their performance regarding noise in the data and inaccuracies in geometry and inhomogeneities. Finally, several existing, regularized inverse procedures that compute epicardial potentials from measured body surface potential data are introduced and compared. The review concludes with a section that points toward future directions for improving the quality of the inverse-reconstructed epicardial potentials. Future directions for the use of the inverse problem to obtain epicardial potential distributions noninvasively in both experimental animals and patients in a clinical se
High-power and highly efficient composite laser with an anti-reflection coated layer between a laser crystal and a diamond heat spreader fabricated by room-temperature bonding (2017)

We have succeeded in bonding a Nd:YAG crystal and an anti-reflection coated diamond crystal to realize a composite laser which minimizes the Fresnel-reflection loss at the bonded interface for the first time. This newly developed composite laser has realized higher output power at higher pump power than a non-composite Nd:YAG laser while keeping nearly the same slope efficiency.
Oligodendrocyte-Specific Activation of PERK Signaling Protects Mice against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2013)

There is compelling evidence that oligodendrocyte apoptosis, in response to CNS inflammation, contributes significantly to the development of the demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Therefore, approaches designed to protect oligodendrocytes would likely have therapeutic value. Activation of pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress increases cell survival under various cytotoxic conditions. Moreover, there is evidence that PERK signaling is activated in oligodendrocytes within demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis and EAE. Our previous study demonstrated that CNS delivery of the inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ before EAE onset protected mice against EAE, and this protection was dependent on PERK signaling. In our current study, we sought to elucidate the role of PERK signaling in oligodendrocytes during EAE. We generated transgenic mice that allow for temporally controlled activation of PERK signaling, in the absence of ER stress, specifically in oligodendrocytes. We demonstrated that persistent activation of PERK signaling was not deleterious to oligodendrocyte viability or the myelin of adult animals. Importantly, we found that enhanced activation of PERK signaling specifically in oligodendrocytes significantly attenuated EAE disease severity, which was associated with reduced oligodendrocyte apoptosis, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. This effect was not the result of an altered degree of the inflammatory response in EAE mice. Our results provide direct evidence that activation of PERK signaling in oligodendrocytes is cytoprotective, protecting mice against EAE.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for postoperative pain management after lumbar spine surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2008)

This meta-analysis provides evidence that the addition of NSAIDs to opioid analgesics in lumbar spine surgery provided better pain control than opioid analgesics alone.
End-to-end congestion control for infiniband (2003)

Infiniband system area networks (SANs) which use link-level flow control experience congestion spreading, where one bottleneck link causes traffic to block throughout the network. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end congestion control scheme that avoids congestion spreading, delivers high throughput, and prevents flow starvation. It couples a simple switch-based ECN packet marking mechanism appropriate for typical SAN switches with small input buffers, together with a source response mechanism that uses rate control combined with a window limit. The classic fairness convergence requirement for source response functions assumes network feedback is synchronous. We relax the classic requirement by exploiting the asynchronous behavior of packet marking. Our experimental results demonstrate that compared to conventional approaches, our proposed marking mechanism improves fairness. Moreover, rate increase functions possible under the relaxed requirement reclaim available bandwidth aggressively and improve throughput in both static and dynamic traffic scenarios.
Accurate rotor position detection and sensorless control of SRM for super-high speed operation (2002)

Based on the general nonlinear magnetizing model (GNMM) from our previous research work, an improved method of detecting rotor position for sensorless control of SRMs in super-high speed operation has been developed. With minimum input data, the approximated GNMM is obtained and the rotor speed estimated. Then the rotor position is detected by the motion equation. To remove rotor position error, the proposed scheme updates the reference at critical points using the flux observation. Further, the GNMM is adaptively tuned based on the updated information. The improved rotor position detection method has been implemented by fully exploring the computation power of the modern DSP. Laboratory verification on different types of SRMs with sensorless control up to 20000 rpm is accomplished.
Surface blending for machining purposes: A brief survey and application for machining compound surfaces (2001)

Rolling ball blending techniques are widely used for rounding edges and corners of mechanical parts in computer aided design. The techniques of computing trim curves for blending are used in this paper to delimit the domains of machinability of parametric surfaces. Whereas the principle of the rolling ball can be used for machining single or compound surfaces, the focus here is only on compound surfaces. A survey of existing methods is given followed by an application for a new approach for the generation of flow line tool paths.
A Mammalian Homologue of GCN2 Protein Kinase Important for Translational Control by Phosphorylation of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2α (2000)

A family of protein kinases regulates translation in response to different cellular stresses by phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2alpha). In yeast, an eIF-2alpha kinase, GCN2, functions in translational control in response to amino acid starvation. It is thought that uncharged tRNA that accumulates during amino acid limitation binds to sequences in GCN2 homologous to histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS) enzymes, leading to enhanced kinase catalytic activity. Given that starvation for amino acids also stimulates phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha in mammalian cells, we searched for and identified a GCN2 homologue in mice. We cloned three different cDNAs encoding mouse GCN2 isoforms, derived from a single gene, that vary in their amino-terminal sequences. Like their yeast counterpart, the mouse GCN2 isoforms contain HisRS-related sequences juxtaposed to the kinase catalytic domain. While GCN2 mRNA was found in all mouse tissues examined, the isoforms appear to be differentially expressed. Mouse GCN2 expressed in yeast was found to inhibit growth by hyperphosphorylation of eIF-2alpha, requiring both the kinase catalytic domain and the HisRS-related sequences. Additionally, lysates prepared from yeast expressing mGCN2 were found to phosphorylate recombinant eIF-2alpha substrate. Mouse GCN2 activity in both the in vivo and in vitro assays required the presence of serine-51, the known regulatory phosphorylation site in eIF-2alpha. Together, our studies identify a new mammalian eIF-2alpha kinase, GCN2, that can mediate translational control.
Genetic Diversity Patterns among Phytophthora Resistant Soybean Plant Introductions Based on SSR Markers (2002)

Genetic diversity is low among elite Northern American soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding populations. Fewer than 20 soybean cultivars are responsible for 80% of the genes in public soybean cultivars released in recent years. Diversifying the soybean germplasm base could introduce new genes for agronomic diversity as well. Recently, soybean plant introductions (PIs) have been identified as additional sources of both partial and specific resistance to Phytophthora sojae M.J. Kaufmann & J.W. Gerdemann (syn. P megasperma Drechs. f. sp. glycinea T. Kuan & D.C. Erwin). The objective of this study was to compare the genetic diversity present among soybean PIs resistant to P sojae in relation to cultivars and breeding lines that represent U.S. breeding germplasm, and to develop guidelines for the genetic study and practical use of these resistant resources in applied breeding. Ninety-three accessions from South Korea, China, and Japan and 15 genotypes from the USA were evaluated for 52 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs. The South Korean material included 32 P sojae resistant, 49 partially resistant, and 7 susceptible accessions. The SSR data were used to compute Nei's distance estimates. Clustering and multivariate analysis of Nei's distance estimates demonstrated that accessions from South Korea are genetically different from U.S. germplasm. These results indicate that the South Korean germplasm may contain alleles not present in U.S. cultivars, such as new alleles for P sojae resistance. Additionally, this study identifies SSR markers that can be used to begin mapping P sojae resistance alleles in South Korean germplasm.
New observation and the modeling of gate and drain currents in off-state P-MOSFET's (1994)

The work reports new observations concerning the gate and drain currents measured at off-state conditions in buried-type p-channel LDD MOSFET devices. Detailed investigation of the observed phenomena reveals that 1) the drain current can be separated into two distinct components: band-to-band tunneling in the gate-to-drain overlap region and collection of holes generated via impact ionization by electrons inside the oxide; and 2) the gate current can be separated into two distinct components: the hot electron injection into the oxide and the Fowler-Nordheim electron tunneling through the oxide, At low negative drain voltage, the dominant component of the drain current is the hole generation inside the oxide. At high negative drain voltage, the drain current is essentially due to band-to-band tunneling, and it is correlated with the hot-electron injection-induced gate current.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Separation of Marek's disease virus DNA by field inversion gel electrophoresis. (1990)

[in Japanese]