gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ohmic contacts to <i>n</i>-GaAs using graded band gap layers of Ga1−<i>x</i>In<i>x</i>As grown by molecular beam epitaxy (1981)

Ohmic contacts were studied on structures which utilize the fact that for InAs surfaces Fermi level pinning occurs at or in the conduction band. It was found that an epitaxial layer of n-Ga1−xInxAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy on n-GaAs which is graded in composition from x = 0 at the GaAs interface to 0.8?x?1.0 at the surface will produce a structure with a nearly zero Schottky barrier height for the metal–Ga1−xInxAs interface and hence a low resistance ohmic contact. A transmission line measurement of non-alloyed contact resistance of 5×10−7&lt;Rc&lt;5×10−6 ohm cm2 was obtained for a Ag/n-Ga1−xInxAs/n-GaAs MESFET structure.
Structure-activity relationships in a series of novel 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid antiallergy agents (1980)

A series of more than 50 new 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid derivatives and related compounds with substituent variations at the 2, 3, and 5--9 positions was prepared and evaluated for antiallergy activity using the rat PCA assay. These compounds were obtained by the condensation of the appropriately substituted 2-aminoquinoline-3-carboxamides with dialkyl oxalates, followed by further chemical transformations. More than two-thirds of the compounds prepared exhibited intravenous activity ranging from 1 to 400 times disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). Structure--activity data suggest that the presence of a carboxylic acid moiety at the 2 position affords optimal potency and that esters are preferred for good oral absorption. Best oral activity, with ED50 values ranging from 0.3 to 3.0 mg/kg, was displayed by ethyl esters with methoxy and/or ethoxy groups at the 7 and 8 positions.
The handwritten signature in pen computing (1994)

The handwritten signature has many purposes and meanings; underlying these related purposes there are two ideas: the handwritten signature is a distinctive personal mark, because it is distinctive, its authenticity can be verified. Both these ideas can be called into question. A handwritten signature is distinctive and verifiable only if forgery is detectable and hence impracticable. It is illuminating to contrast what an electronically-captured signature might be with its paper equivalent. Needless to say, a paper signature is bulky to store and difficult to retrieve. Much of the visual verification which is currently done is cursory and depends on subjective criteria; it is totally impracticable to apply such techniques to large volumes of signatures. Finally, the data captured on paper are relatively few. By contrast, dynamic signature capture using a digitizer gives us stroke order, pen speed and acceleration as well as the image itself. This gives the opportunity to perform biometric tests to determine those characteristic aspects of an individual's performance which are unique to him. The use of such data for verification purposes leaves a forger with more and bigger hurdles to surmount. >
Werner's syndrome: from clinics to genetics. (2001)

Werner's syndrome (WS), a representative progeroid syndrome with chromosomal instability caused by the mutation of RecQ type DNA/RNA helicase, manifests skin changes similar to those observed in systemic sclerosis (SSc). In addition, patients with WS show a variety of the signs and symptoms of normal ageing at an early stage of their life; gray hair, alopecia, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, cataracts, hypogonadism, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, malignancy, brain atrophy, and senile dementia. Although no direct evidence has been presented linking RecQ type DNA/RNA helicase dysfunction with the occurrence of premature ageing symptoms in WS, WS may give us a unique model to analyze the skin changes and the mechanisms of fibrosis in SSc.
Factor analytic multiplicative mixed models in the analysis of multiple experiments (2004)

Analysis of groups of experiments or multi-environment trials (MET) has been traditionally based on simple models assuming error variance homogeneity between trials, independent error within trials, genotype x environment (g x e) effects as a set of independent random effects. The combined analysis of MET data through realistic models is a complex statistical problem which requires extensions to the standard linear mixed model. The relaxation of the assumption concerning the independence of g x e effects can be achieved with the use of multiplicative models. Such models have been popularised as additive main effects and multiplicative interaction effects (AMMI) and a number of applications have been found. However, AMMI analysis presents at least five great limitations: it considers the genotype and g x e effects as fixed; it is suitable only for balanced data sets; it does not consider spatial variation within trials; it does not consider the heterogeneity of variance between trials; it does not consider the different number of replications across sites. These features are not realistic in analysing field data. In a mixed model setting, Piepho (1998) presented a factor analytic multiplicative mixed (FAMM) model with random genotype and g x e effects which is conceptually and functionally better than AMMI. In the same context, Smith et al. (2001) presented a general class of FAMM models that encompass the approach of Piepho (1998) and include separate spatial errors for each environment (FAMMS). Such general class of models provides a full realistic approach for analysing MET data. The present paper deals with the application of FAMM and FAMMS models in two large unbalanced data sets (on eucalypt and tea plant) aiming at emphasising their advantages over AMMI models in terms of the assumptions of error variance homogeneity between trials and independent error within trials. Also, the ability of FAMM models in providing parsimonious models is also stressed. Parsimonious FAMM models were found for the two data sets. There were great advantages of heterogeneous variance FAMM models over homogeneous variance FAMM models. This reveals the superiority of FAMM models over AMMI models. It was noted that there was heterogeneity among the specific variances in individual environments; therefore, factor analytic models with common specific variances for all sites were not suitable. FAMM models provided estimates of the full correlation structure, facilitating practical decisions to be made. FAMM models with heterogeneous variance among traits and spatial errors within traits were advantageous over FAMM models with variance homogeneity and non-spatial error. This also shows the superiority of FAMM models over AMMI models, which do not allow for dependent or spatial errors. For analysing multi-environment data sets with longitudinal data, FAMMS models proved to be a very useful tool.
The ATPases: a new family for a family-based drug design approach (2003)

The rapid discovery of new drugs is greatly facilitated when a family of related proteins is targeted with a similar approach in chemistry. Few protein families have so far been investigated using this kind of 'family-based' approach. Therefore, to increase the size of our Pharmacopeia and to cure human diseases more efficiently, new druggable protein families must be identified. It is shown in this review that ATPases are very good candidates for a family-based approach. The human proteome contains many ATPases, which are involved in several diseases. All the ATPases contain a nucleotide-binding site, and it is therefore possible to target all of them with a single strategy in chemistry; the design of competitive ATP inhibitors. Moreover, because a similar approach has been conducted with the protein kinases, the compound libraries and the knowledge developed in the kinase field can be directly applied to the ATPases.
A Study of Photoresist Pattern Freezing for Double Imaging using 172nm VUV Flood Exposure (2008)

Numerous alternate processes are under industry wide evaluation as simplifications to current double patterning methods. Reduction in process complexity and cost may be achieved by use of track-based photoresist stabilization methods that eliminate one etch step by allowing a second resist to be patterned over a first resist pattern. Here, we describe studies of 172nm flood UV exposure as one example of a resist stabilization method. When properly implemented, we observe that 172nm stabilization allows superior retention of photoresist profiles vs. longer wavelength UV treatment. For the commercial 193nm photoresist studied, judicious choice of 172nm dose and subsequent bake is required for pattern stabilization to second resist processing. FT-IR studies indicate that distinct chemical processes occur during 172nm flood exposure and subsequent bake: 172nm flood exposure appears to cause selective decarboxylation of lactones present in the photoresist, while baking leads to photoacid-mediated loss of blocking groups and other processes that are not conclusively characterized at present. At 800 mJ/cm2 172nm dose, resist patterns are sufficiently stabilized to prevent reflow in the subsequent bake. Approximately 25% volumetric shrinkage accompanies 172nm stabilization. This shrinkage is manifested as controllable CD trimming and thickness loss as well as 3-dimensional resist pattern distortion including line-end tilting and corner bowing. At insufficient 172nm cure doses, photoresist reflow occurs during the subsequent stabilizing bake. 3-Dimensional resist pattern distortions are dramatically larger under these conditions. These findings indicate that shrinkage control during any stabilizing process is a critical factor in resist design for simplified double patterning methods.
Highly accurate P‐SV complete synthetic seismograms using modified DSM operators (1996)

In previous papers [ Cummins et al., 1994ab] (hereafter referred to as DSMI and DSMII respectively), we presented accurate methods for computing complete synthetic seismograms for SH and P‐SV respectively in a spherical earth model. The SH calculations used computationally efficient modified matrix operators, but the P‐SV synthetics were computationally intensive. Geller and Takeuchi [1995] (hereafter referred to as GT95) presented a general theory for deriving modified operators and gave the explicit form of the modified operators for the P‐SV case in cylindrical or cartesian coordinates. In this paper we extend GT95's results to derive modified operators for the P‐SV case in spherical coordinates. The use of the modified operators reduces the CPU time by a factor of about 5 without a loss of accuracy. 10 CPU min on a SPARC‐20 workstation with one CPU are required to compute a profile of synthetic seismograms from DC to 20 sec period.
Secretion of Testicular Transferrin by Cultured Sertoli Cells is Regulated by Hormones and Retinoids (1982)

We have previously reported that Sertoli cells in culture secrete a transferrin-like protein (Skinncr and Griswold, 1980). The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), insulin and testosterone, and vitamin A can regulate the amount of testicular transferrin secreted by cultured Sertoli cells. Sertoli cell culture medium was collected every 48 h for the duration of culture and the amount of testicular transferrin in the medium was quantitated with a radioimmunoassay. The maximum amount of transferrin was detected in cell cultures which had been maintained in medium supplemented with FSH, insulin, retinol, and testosterone. During the first 48 h of culture these cells secreted 65 ± 10 ng transferrin/105 cells compared to control cultures which secreted 56 ± 8 ng transferrin/105 cells. In the 48 h collection ending on Day 6 of culture, the amount of transferrin secreted into the medium had risen to 164 ± 16 ng transferrin/105 cells in treated cultures compared to 25 ± 5 ng transferrin/105 cells in control cultures. It was found that the secretion of transferrin was regulated by the interaction of insulin with FSH, testosterone and retinol. When insulin was present in the medium, the cells, if untreated or treated with FSH or testosterone, secreted nearly twice as much transferrin as when the insulin was deleted. Both retinol and retinoic acid stimulated the secretion of transferrin by cultures maintained in medium which contained insulin. The secreted proteins were labeled with [35S] methionine and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Untreated Sertoli cell cultures secreted nearly undetectable amounts of [35S] methionine-labeled transferrin while cultures treated with FSH, insulin, testosterone and retinol secreted a greately increased amount of radioactive transferrin. Transferrin secretion was also stimulated when calf serum was added to the medium. It was found that as the concentration of serum was increased, the relative response of the cells to FSH, insulin, testosterone, and retinol decreased. As the percentage of calf serum was increased to 10%, the amount of secreted transferrin in the medium approached a constant level which was equivalent to that amount of transferrin secreted by serum-free cultures which were maintained in FSH, insulin, testosterone and retinol. Sertoli cell cultures from 10, 20 and 60-day-old rats all secreted transferrin. No detectable transferrin was secreted by cultured peritubular fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that the secretion of transferrin by Sertoli cells in culture is regulated by a complex interaction of hormones, vitamin A and serum factors.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Enokipodins A–D, Antimicrobial Sesquiterpenes Produced by the Mushroom, <i>Flammulina velutipes</i> (2005)

The first enantioselective total synthesis of enokipodins A, B, C and D, highly oxidized alpha-cuparenone-type sesquiterpenoids possessing antimicrobial activity, was accomplished in 8-28% overall yields from methyl (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)acetate by applying Meyers' diastereoselective alkylation protocol for the construction of their C7-quaternary asymmetric center. The present synthesis confirmed the absolute configuration of the enokipodins, and also constitutes a formal enantioselective synthesis of (S)-1,4-cuparenediol and (S)-cuparene-1,4-quinone.
Landfill Management, Leachate Generation, and Leach Testing of Solid Wastes in Australia and Overseas (2005)

Abstract Disposal of waste to landfill remains the most common means of waste management worldwide. The most serious environmental impact of waste disposal to landfill is contamination of local groundwater by the generated leachate. One measure designed to prevent this occurring is the classification of the nature of the waste (hazardous or nonhazardous) in order to determine the most appropriate means of disposal. Of the numerous tests developed to classify solid waste, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) is the most commonly used in Australia. This test was developed in the United States. Since its dissemination, the TCLP has been subject to extensive scrutiny regarding its effectiveness as a compliance tool for waste classification, particularly in view of the advances in waste management practices over the past decade. Within Australia, concerns also exist regarding its applicability for Australian conditions. This review on landfill practices and waste classification found the TCLP to be limited in its usefulness as a regulatory tool within Australia. Moreover, this review identified various gaps in the knowledge pertaining to landfills, leachate generation, and waste classification that necessitate action to improve waste management practices in the future.
Piecewise linear image coding using surface triangulation and geometric compression (2002)

The provably NP-hard problem of finding optimal piecewise linear approximation for images is extended from 1D curve fitting to 2D surface fitting by a dual-agent algorithm. The results not only yield a storage-efficient codec for range, or intensity, images but also a surface triangulation technique to generate a succinct, accurate and visually pleasant 3D visualization model. Compared with the traditional piecewise linear image coding (PLIC) algorithms, triangulation of a range image is more adaptive due to conformity of the shape, orientation and size of triangles with the image contents. The triangularization algorithm presented here differs from previous approaches in that it strives to minimize the total number of triangles (or vertices) needed to approximate the image surface while keeping the deviation of any intensity value to within a prescribed error tolerance. Unlike most methods of bottom-up triangularization, which could bog down before any mesh simplification even begins, this algorithm fits the surface in a top-down manner, avoiding the generation of most unnecessary triangles. When combined with an efficient 3D triangulation-encoding scheme, the algorithm achieves compact code length with guaranteed error bound, thus providing a more faithful representation of all image features. A variety of benchmark test images have been experimented with and compared.
Experimental observation of high-brightness microbunching in a photocathode rf electron gun (1996)

We report the measurement of very short, high-brightness bunches of electrons produced in a photocathode rf gun with no magnetic compression. The electron beam bunch length and the charge distribution along the bunch were measured by passing the energy chirped the electron beam through a momentum selection slit while varying the phase of the rf linac. The bunch compression as a function of rf gun phase and electric field at the cathode were investigated. The shortest measured bunch is 370\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}100 fs (at 95% of the charge) with 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ electrons (170 A peak current); the normalized rms emittance of this beam was measured to be $0.5\ensuremath{\pi}$ mm mrad and the energy spread is 0.15%.
Amplifying limited expert input to sanitize large network traces (2011)

We present a methodology for identifying sensitive data in packet payloads, motivated by the need to sanitize packets before releasing them (e.g., for network security/dependability analysis). Our methodology accommodates packets recorded from an incompletely documented protocol, in which case it will be necessary to consult a human expert to determine what packet data is sensitive. Since expert availability for such tasks is limited, however, our methodology adopts a hierarchical approach in which most packet inspection is done by less-trained workers whose designations of sensitive data in selected packets best match the expert's. At the core of our methodology is a data reduction and presentation algorithm that selects candidate workers based on their evaluations of a small number of packets; that solicits these workers' designations of sensitive data in a larger (but still minuscule) subset of packets; and then applies these designations to mark sensitive data in the entire data set. We detail our algorithms and evaluate them in a realistic user study.
A hybrid parallel M-D FFT algorithm without interprocessor communication (1993)

To reduce or eliminate the interprocessor communications, I. Gertner, R. Tolimieri, and their colleagues proposed an M-D fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, called the reduced transform algorithm (RTA). In the present work, the idea of RTA is extended to the M-D Cooley-Tukey (C-T) FFT algorithm and M-D Good-Thomas (G-T) prime factor algorithm. A new implementation strategy for these algorithms that requires no interprocessor communication is discussed. A hybrid algorithm which combines the C-T or G-T algorithm with RTA is also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Protective Effects of Preheparinization on the Microvasculature During and After Hemorrhagic Shock (1992)

Despite the fact that trauma patients are not heparinized at the time of injury, most models of hemorrhagic shock involve heparinization before the initiation of hemorrhage. To determine whether preheparinization has any effects on the microvasculature of organs during or after hemorrhage, rats (with and without preheparinization) were bled to a mean arterial blood pressure (BP) of 40 mm Hg. In two groups, this pressure was maintained by withdrawing additional blood until BP could no longer be maintained at 40 mm Hg (maximal bleedout, MB). In another two groups, the BP was maintained at 40 mm Hg until 40% of the MB volume was returned in the form of lactated Ringer's solution. The rats were then resuscitated with four times the volume of MB with lactated Ringer's. At MB or immediately after resuscitation, colloidal carbon black was rapidly infused and the liver, kidney, and spleen were excised, fixed, and sectioned. In additional animals, blood samples for platelet counts and total body fibrinogen estimates were taken before hemorrhage and at MB or at the end of resuscitation. The results indicate that at MB, microvascular patency in the kidney and liver was significantly depressed in the nonheparinized rats but not depressed in the preheparinized rats. This protective effect of heparin is not directly attributable to its anticoagulant properties, since there were no differences in the consumption of platelets or fibrinogen between the nonheparinized and preheparinized groups. Although the microvascular patency improved with resuscitation in the nonheparinized group, the glomeruli counts and perfusion of the spleen remained significantly lower than in the preheparinized group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
α-Helix Nucleation Constant in Copolypeptides of Alanine and Ornithine or Lysine (1998)

The α-helix is one of a small number of fundamental structural motifs of the peptide backbone that are abundant in native proteins. The forces responsible for its stability have attracted a great deal of theoretical and experimental attention. Helix formation can naturally be considered in terms of two processes, initial nucleation of a helix from a sequence of disordered residues and propagation or growth of helical structure from such a nucleus. Data from a variety of short peptide and polypeptide models have revealed more details about the propagation of helix structure than about helix nucleation. To investigate helix nucleation, we have synthesized two series of high molecular weight polypeptides containing differing ratios of alanine and one of the basic side chains, ornithine or lysine; poly l-alanine is insoluble in water. The CD signals of these copolymers have been analyzed by a program that evaluates the helix content in terms of the experimental chain-length distribution and composition, with the helix nucleation constant (σ value) and the propagation constants (s values) for the amino acids involved. Fitting the CD data allows the determination of the propagation constants for Orn (s = 0.45) and Lys (s = 0.8) in addition to that of the helix nucleation constant once the s value for Ala is specified. The value of σ is sensitive to the dependence of the CD signal on helix length; using the Yang equation, [θ]222 = −41000(n − x)/n, with x = 2.5, the nucleation constant value is σ = 0.004 ± 0.002 at 4 °C in the presence of 1 M salt. This value is consistent with earlier estimates based on analysis of the helix−coil transition in poly(Lys), poly(Glu), and shorter Ala-rich peptides. However, if x is taken to be zero, the resulting σ value is 0.02, considerably larger than the above estimates.
Automatic Tuning of Time Constants in Continuous-Time Delta&ndash;Sigma Modulators (2007)

We describe a digital technique for estimating and correcting time constant shifts in continuous-time delta-sigma modulators. The proposed method is based on the principle that the in-band gain and the out-of-band performance of a modulator are related. If the modulator output is denoted as v(n), we show that the variance of p(n)equivv(n)-v(n-1) is a good indicator of the modulator RC time constants. An alternative indicator, which is easier to implement in hardware is proposed. Simulation results demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed techniques are given