gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Adjustable Triple-Bifurcation Unit Model for Air-Particle Flow Simulations in Human Tracheobronchial Airways (2008)

A new methodology for a swift and accurate computer simulation of large segments of the human lung airways is presented. Focusing on a representative tracheobronchial (TB) region, i.e., G0-G15, nano- and micron particle transports have been simulated for Q(in)=30 lmin, employing an experimentally validated computer model. The TB tree was geometrically decomposed into triple-bifurcation units with kinematically adjusted multilevel outlet/inlet conditions. Deposition patterns and maximum concentrations differ greatly between nanoparticles (1< or =d(p)< or =150 nm) and micron particles (1< or =d(p)< or =10 microm), which may relate uniquely to health impacts. In comparison with semi-analytical particle deposition results, it is shown that such simple "lung models" cannot predict local deposition values but can match computer simulation results for the entire TB region within 2.5-26%. The present study revealed that turbulent air-particle flow may propagate to G5 for the assumed inhalation flow rate. Geometry and upstream effects are more pronounced for micron particle deposition than for nanoparticle deposition.
A Proposed Standardization for Arabic Sign Language Benchmark Database (2015)

This The lack of a visualized representation for standard Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) makes it difficult to do something as commonplace as looking up an unknown word in a dictionary. The majority of printed dictionaries organize ArSL signs (represented in drawings or pictures) based on their nearest Arabic translation; so unless one already knows the meaning of a sign, dictionary look-up is not a simple proposition. In this paper we introduce the ASL database, a large and expanding public dataset containing video sequences of thousands of distinct ArSL signs. This dataset is being created as part of a project to develop an Arabic sign language translator. At the same time, the dataset can be useful for benchmarking a variety of computer vision and machine learning methods designed for learning and/or indexing a large number of visual classes especially approaches for analyzing gestures and human communication.
Traveltime tomography; a comparison of popular methods (1991)

Abstract Noisy or inconsistent traveltime data yield tomographic images that contain geologically unrealistic fluctuations. In addition to diverting attention away from structural patterns, these high-wavenumber fluctuations can generate shadow zones and caustics that destabilize iterative solution schemes requiring ray tracing. We evaluated the performance of a number of popular methods that have been designed to reduce this effect, using synthetic crosswell data containing Gaussian noise.Quantitative comparisons between tomography methods were based on the misfit with the true model, solution stability under different sets of noise of the same level, and resolution-covariance relationships. Other important factors included versatility and simplicity. Versatility is the ability to treat data with a wide range of noise levels as well as data generated by different structures. Simplicity is characterized by the number of adjustable inputs such as smoother shape, starting model, and damping or regularization parameters that may be required.Constraint parameters such as damping must be chosen before performing an inversion. The smallestmisfits between solutions and true models were found for constraint parameters lying just below a 'kink' or change in slope of the rms residual versus constraint parameter curve. The kink separates regions in which either data or smoothing constraints dominate the solution and provides a means for choosing the optimal constraint parameter.A first difference regularization method performed the best overall and proved both simple to use and versatile in terms of the range of noise levels for which it could be used effectively. Second difference schemes were not tested since the problem is singular in the limited coverage crosswell geometries that we used. Convolutional quelling proved the best of the damped least-squares methods, but had resolution limited by the dimension and shape of the smoothing function. A simple averaging smoother worked reasonably well on data generated by a smooth model, while a median smoother performed better on data generated by a model with large contrasts. An iterative L 1 norm method did not function well with Gaussian noise, but was effective in tests with long-tailed noise distributions.
Rationally designed siRNAs without miRNA-like off-target repression (2016)

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been developed to intentionally repress a specific gene expression by directing RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), mimicking the endogenous gene silencer, microRNAs (miRNAs). Although siRNA is designed to be perfectly complementary to an intended target mRNA, it also suppresses hundreds of off-targets by the way that miRNAs recognize targets. Until now, there is no efficient way to avoid such off-target repression, although the mode of miRNA-like interaction has been proposed. Rationally based on the model called "transitional nucleation" which pre-requires base-pairs from position 2 to the pivot (position 6) with targets, we developed a simple chemical modification which completely eliminates miRNA-like off-target repression (0%), achieved by substituting a nucleotide in pivot with abasic spacers (dSpacer or C3 spacer), which potentially destabilize the transitional nucleation. Furthermore, by alleviating steric hindrance in the complex with Argonaute (Ago), abasic pivot substitution also preserves near-perfect on-target activity (~80-100%). Abasic pivot substitution offers a general means of harnessing target specificity of siRNAs to experimental and clinical applications where misleading and deleterious phenotypes from off-target repression must be considered. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(3): 135-136].
Microwave arbitrary waveform generation via open-loop, reflective geometry Fourier transform pulse shaper (2004)

We report efficient microwave arbitrary waveform generation by using an open-loop, reflective geometry Fourier transform pulse shaper via dispersively-stretched optical pulse shaping. Application of this technique to ultra-wide bandwidth radio frequency (RF) communication is also discussed.
Suppression of urokinase receptor expression by bikunin is associated with inhibition of upstream targets of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase‐dependent cascade (2002)

Our laboratory showed that bikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, suppresses 4beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-induced urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression in different cell types. In addition to its effects on protease inhibition, bikunin could be modulating other cellular events associated with the metastatic cascade. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether bikunin was able to suppress the expression of uPA receptor (uPAR) mRNA and protein in a human chondrosarcoma cell line, HCS-2/8, and two human ovarian cancer cell lines, HOC-I and HRA. The present study showed that (a) bikunin suppresses the expression of constitutive and PMA-induced uPAR mRNA and protein in a variety of cell types; (b) an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation system is necessary for the PMA-induced increase in uPAR expression, as PD098059 and U0126, which prevent the activation of MEK1, reduce the uPAR expression; (c) bikunin markedly suppresses PMA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 at the concentration that prevents uPAR expression, but does not reduce total ERK1/2 antigen level; (d) bikunin has no ability to inhibit overexpression of uPAR in cells treated with sodium vanadate; and (e) we further studied the inhibition of uPAR expression by stable transfection of HRA cells with bikunin gene, demonstrating that bikunin secretion is necessary for inhibition of uPAR expression. We conclude that bikunin downregulates constitutive and PMA-stimulated uPAR mRNA and protein possibly through suppression of upstream targets of the ERK-dependent cascade, independent of whether cells were treated with exogenous bikunin or transfected with bikunin gene.
Flow Modeling of Wire Sweep in Transfer Molding (1996)

Abstract Transfer molding is one of the most widely used process for encapsulating integrated circuits. Wire sweep is becoming a critical process defect in the era of miniaturization of electronic products. This is because wire sweep can cause electrical short as integrated circuit lead count increases which leads to reducing wire pitches. Common practices in predicting wire sweeps in encapsulation calculate first the flow in the cavity without wires. The drag force on the wires is then calculated based on the local velocity using the flow drag relationship of flow in an infinite medium. Recent experimental result has shown that wire density had a strong influence on wire sweep. This paper describes both an empirical prediction and a stokes flow analysis of flow wire interaction on wire sweep. The analysis determined the flow induced loads on the wires for different wire shapes, spacing, and locations from the wall.
Controlled Release of Biologically Active Silver from Nanosilver Surfaces (2010)

Major pathways in the antibacterial activity and eukaryotic toxicity of nanosilver involve the silver cation and its soluble complexes, which are well established thiol toxicants. Through these pathways, nanosilver behaves in analogy to a drug delivery system, in which the particle contains a concentrated inventory of an active species, the ion, which is transported to and released near biological target sites. Although the importance of silver ion in the biological response to nanosilver is widely recognized, the drug delivery paradigm has not been well developed for this system, and there is significant potential to improve nanosilver technologies through controlled release formulations. This article applies elements of the drug delivery paradigm to nanosilver dissolution and presents a systematic study of chemical concepts for controlled release. After presenting thermodynamic calculations of silver species partitioning in biological media, the rates of oxidative silver dissolution are measured for nanoparticles and macroscopic foils and used to derive unified area-based release kinetics. A variety of competing chemical approaches are demonstrated for controlling the ion release rate over 4 orders of magnitude. Release can be systematically slowed by thiol and citrate ligand binding, formation of sulfidic coatings, or the scavenging of peroxy-intermediates. Release can be accelerated by preoxidation or particle size reduction, while polymer coatings with complexation sites alter the release profile by storing and releasing inventories of surface-bound silver. Finally, the ability to tune biological activity is demonstrated through a bacterial inhibition zone assay carried out on selected formulations of controlled release nanosilver.
Acceleration of the orthoester Claisen rearrangement by clay catalyzed microwave thermolysis: expeditious route to bicyclic lactones (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcceleration of the orthoester Claisen rearrangement by clay catalyzed microwave thermolysis: expeditious route to bicyclic lactonesRobert S. Huber and Graham B. JonesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 21, 5778–5780Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00047a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00047a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views618Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
High-resolution 3D shape measurement on specular surfaces by fringe reflection (2004)

Accurate 3D shape measurement is of big importance for industrial inspection. Because of the robustness, accuracy and ease of use optical measurement techniques are gaining importance in industry. For fast 3D measurements on big surfaces fringe projection is commonly used: A projector projects fringes onto the object under investigation and the scattered light is recorded by a camera from a triangulation angle. Thus, it is possible reaching a depth resolution of about one by 10.000 of the measurement field size (e.g. 100 μm for a 1 m sized field). For non- or low scattering objects it is common to put scattering material like particle spray onto the object under investigation. Objects where this is not allowed are often regarded as problematic objects for full field non-coherent optical measurement techniques. The solution is to switch from fringe projection to fringe reflection. The fringe reflection technique needs a simple setup to evaluate a fringe pattern that is reflected from the surface under investigation. Like for fringe projection the evaluated absolute phase identifies the location of the originating fringe. This allows identifying the reflection angles on the object for every camera pixel. The results are high resolution local gradients on the object which can be integrated to get the 3D shape. The achievable depth resolution compared to fringe projection is much better and reaches to a depth resolution down to 1 nm for smooth surfaces. We have proven the ability, robustness and accuracy of the technique for various technical objects and also fluids. A parallel paper of this conference 'Evaluation Methods for Gradient Measurement Techniques' picks up further processing of the evaluated data and explains in more detail the performed calculations. This paper mainly concentrates on the fringe reflection principle, reachable resolution and possible applications.
Unbiased photon gathering for light transport simulation (2015)

Photon mapping (PM) has been widely regarded as an efficient solution for light transport simulation, including challenging caustics paths and many-bounce indirect lighting. The efficiency of PM comes from reusing traced photons. However, the handling of photon gathering in existing PM algorithms is universally biased -- the expected value of their results does not necessarily agree with the true solution of the rendering equation. We present a novel photon gathering method to efficiently achieve unbiased rendering with photon mapping. Instead of aggregating the gathered photons into an estimated density as in classical photon mapping, we process each photon individually and connect the corresponding light sub-path with the eye sub-path that generates the gather point, creating an unbiased path sample. The Monte Carlo estimate for such a path sample is calculated by evaluating all relevant terms in a strict and unbiased way, leading to a self-contained unbiased sampling technique. We further develop a set of multiple importance sampling (MIS) weights that allow our method to be optimally combined with bidirectional path tracing (BDPT), resulting in an unbiased rendering algorithm that can efficiently handle a wide variety of light paths and that compares favorably with previous algorithms. Experiments demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of our method.
Characterization of Repolarization Alternans During Ischemia: Time-Course and Spatial Analysis (2006)

T-wave alternans (TWA) has been linked to increased vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation in different settings including myocardial ischemia. In this study, we propose a methodology for the characterization of TWA induced by transient, regional ischemia. We studied the prevalence, magnitude and spatio-temporal relationship between TWA and ischemia in 95 patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Two electrocardiogram records of each patient, a control recording before PTCA and the PTCA record, were analyzed using a robust, recently proposed method for TWA analysis. The detected episodes were characterized in terms of their time-course, lead distribution and alternans waveform. One third of the patients (33.7%) showed TWA episodes during PTCA. The highest prevalence (51.7%) and amplitude were found in patients with left anterior descendent artery occlusion. The onset of TWA was detected after the first 1-2 min of occlusion, suggesting that some level of ischemia must be attained before TWA arises, while disappearance of TWA following reperfusion was much more rapid. The TWA lead distributions and waveforms showed distinct distributions according to the occluded artery reflecting the regional nature of the TWA phenomenon.
Synthesis of Reactive Condensation Products of Acetylacetone and Their Transformation into Deeply Coloured Methine Dyes (2000)

Starting from acetylacetone 1, boric acid and a diol, or a 2-aminothiazole 16 and perchloric acid several dimethyl-substituted 1,3,2-dioxaborines 5 and thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidinium salts 17, resp., have been prepared and transformed by raction with 4-N,N-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde 3a or 3-methyl-2-methylmercapto-benzthiazolium perchlorate 13 into deeply colored polymethine dyes 11, 12, 14, 15, and 18—21, and 23—24 their spectroscopic data were recorded.
Aging of quenched polypropylene (1972)

Abstract Structural changes occurring during the aging of polypropylene quenched from the melt have been investigated by measurements of gas transport parameters and mechanical properties. Major changes in diffusion and sorption behavior during the first 30 hr of aging at room temperature were found to be strongly dependent on the atomic size of the inert gas penetrants. Tensile mechanical properties increased with aging time, while resilience and mechanical damping showed more complex behavior. The interpretation of the combined results suggests that the aging process may involve molecular rearrangements generally comparable to those for secondary crystallization processes, but within domains comparable in size to that of the smaller penetrant species. The relaxation of a residual stress distribution related to nonuniform plastic flow during quenching may be superimposed on the rearrangement phenomena.
HPLC Method Validated for the Simultaneous Analysis of Cichoric Acid and Alkamides in <i>Echinacea purpurea</i> Plants and Products (2003)

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed to determine caffeic acid derivatives, for example, cichoric acid, and alkamides in plant parts and herbal products of Echinacea purpurea. The method consists of an extraction procedure whereby the hydrophilic phenolics as well as the lipophilic alkamides are released from the samples, followed by the analytical HPLC procedure for quantitative determination of these compounds. The method is the first one validated for the determination of these two groups of compounds in the same procedure. Naringenin has been used as an internal standard, as no other flavanones are present in the extract and it does not interfere with any of the compounds under investigation. Analysis of Danish-grown plant material shows that it is possible to raise plants of a very high chemical quality in Denmark. A selection of international herbal products available on the Danish market show surprisingly variable quality, not necessarily reflecting the product information given on the labels.
Building and using flexible models incorporating grey-level information (2002)

The authors describe a technique for building compact models of the shape and appearance of flexible objects seen in 2-D images. The models are derived from the statistics of sets of labeled images of example objects. Each model consists of a flexible shape template, describing how important points of the object can vary, and a statistical model of the expected grey levels in regions around each model point. Such models have proved useful in a wide variety of applications. A description is given on how the models can be used in local image search, and examples of their application are included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isolation and Characterization of a Urobilinogenoidic Chlorophyll Catabolite from Hordeum vulgare L. (2001)

A new type of chlorophyll catabolite was isolated from extracts of de-greened primary leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Lambic). Its constitution was elucidated by one-dimensional and two-dimensional [(1)H,(13)C]-homo- and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopic techniques and by high resolution mass spectroscopy. The isolated catabolite, a water-soluble, colorless, and nonfluorescent linear tetrapyrrole, resembles urobilinogen in which one of the propionic side chains forms a five membered isocylic ring system, indicating its origin from the chlorophylls.
The Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationships of 3‐Amino‐4‐benzylquinolin‐2‐ones: Discovery of Novel KCNQ2 Channel Openers. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phase transition behavior and defect chemistry of [001]-oriented 0.15Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-0.57Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.28PbTiO3-Mn single crystals (2015)

The ferroelectric single crystals 0.5 mol. % Mn-doped 0.15Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-0.57Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.28PbTiO3 (PIMNT-Mn) with rhombohedral perovskite structure were grown by a modified Bridgman method. Dielectric performance analysis reveals that the as-grown PIMNT-Mn single crystals exhibit complex dielectric behavior after polarization, in which the dielectric constant depends on frequency apparently around the ferroelectric phase transition temperatures TR-M and Tm. The temperature and electric-field induced ferroelectric phase transitions were investigated by the temperature dependent unipolar strain curves. The electric-field induced discontinuous ferroelectric phase transitions at elevated temperatures exhibit first-order like phase transition character. The converse piezoelectric constant (d33), maximum strain value (Smax%), and longitudinal electrostrictive coefficient (Q) increase considerably when the temperature approaches the ferroelectric phase transition temperatures TR-M and TM-T. The complex impedance curves (Z″-Z′) present typical semicircle shapes from 425 °C to 550 °C. The activation energy calculated by the Arrhenius law is 0.86 eV, indicating that the high-temperature conduction mechanism is dominated by the extrinsically formed oxygen vacancies.