gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CAT2000: A Large Scale Fixation Dataset for Boosting Saliency Research (2015)

Saliency modeling has been an active research area in computer vision for about two decades. Existing state of the art models perform very well in predicting where people look in natural scenes. There is, however, the risk that these models may have been overfitting themselves to available small scale biased datasets, thus trapping the progress in a local minimum. To gain a deeper insight regarding current issues in saliency modeling and to better gauge progress, we recorded eye movements of 120 observers while they freely viewed a large number of naturalistic and artificial images. Our stimuli includes 4000 images; 200 from each of 20 categories covering different types of scenes such as Cartoons, Art, Objects, Low resolution images, Indoor, Outdoor, Jumbled, Random, and Line drawings. We analyze some basic properties of this dataset and compare some successful models. We believe that our dataset opens new challenges for the next generation of saliency models and helps conduct behavioral studies on bottom-up visual attention.
Image Reversal Resist for g-line Exposure: Chemistry and Lithographic Evaluation (1989)

Fundamentals and mechanism of a direct image reversal process, which switches the tone of a resist from positive to negative without added bases are presented. A sulfonic acid generated photochemically from an aryl naphthoquinonediazide-sulfonate catalyzes the crosslinking of exposed resist areas. Based on this principle, a concept for a new naphthoquinonediazide with sufficient absorptivity at g-line and preserved acid generating capability was developed. The desired functionality of the PAC, prepared in a multistep synthesis, is proven. Guidelines for optimization of the most important process parameters are established for the newly formulated g-line image reversal resist. Lithographic results include 0.6 μm equal lines and spaces with nearly vertical side walls using a 0.35 NA g-line stepper.
Microtubule Disruption Induces the Formation of Actin Stress Fibers and Focal Adhesions in Cultured Cells: Possible Involvement of the Rho Signal Cascade. (1996)

To obtain insight into the molecular dynamics and involvement of microtubules and the related signal molecules in the regulation of cell locomotion, we studied the influence of microtubule disruption on actin stress fibers and focal adhesion assembly in addition to cell morphology. We found that all microtubule-disrupting drugs including colcemid and vinblastine rapidly and reversibly induce the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions containing vinculin, accompanied by activated cell motility in serum-starved Balb/c 3T3 cells. In contrast, taxol, a microtubule-stabilizing drug, completely inhibited these effects of the microtubule-disrupting drugs. A microinjection of C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase, a specific inhibitor of rho GTPase, blocked the stress fiber and focal adhesion assembly induced by the microtubule disruption. These results suggested that microtubules contain signal molecules that regulate the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions by activating the rho signal cascade. We postulate that microtubule-releasing and stress fiber-inducing factors link the intrinsically variable and irregular actin filament dynamics to coordinated and directional locomotion in the process of cell movement.
Cell Fate Reprogramming by Control of Intracellular Network Dynamics (2015)

Identifying control strategies for biological networks is paramount for practical applications that involve reprogramming a cell's fate, such as disease therapeutics and stem cell reprogramming. Here we develop a novel network control framework that integrates the structural and functional information available for intracellular networks to predict control targets. Formulated in a logical dynamic scheme, our approach drives any initial state to the target state with 100% effectiveness and needs to be applied only transiently for the network to reach and stay in the desired state. We illustrate our method's potential to find intervention targets for cancer treatment and cell differentiation by applying it to a leukemia signaling network and to the network controlling the differentiation of helper T cells. We find that the predicted control targets are effective in a broad dynamic framework. Moreover, several of the predicted interventions are supported by experiments.
Low cost titanium--myth or reality (2001)

In 1998, approximately 57,000 tons of titanium metal was consumed in the form of mill products (1). Only about 5% of the 4 million tons of titanium minerals consumed each year is used to produce titanium metal, with the remainder primarily used to produce titanium dioxide pigment. Titanium metal production is primarily based on the direct chlorination of rutile to produce titanium tetrachloride, which is then reduced to metal using the Kroll magnesium reduction process. The use of titanium is tied to its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. Aerospace is the largest application for titanium, and titanium cost has prevented its use in non-aerospace applications including the automotive and heavy vehicle industries.
The ageing lung under stress (2020)

Healthy ageing of the lung involves structural changes but also numerous cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic alterations. Among them are the age-related decline in central cellular quality control mechanisms such as redox and protein homeostasis. In this review, we would like to provide a conceptual framework of how impaired stress responses in the ageing lung, as exemplified by dysfunctional redox and protein homeostasis, may contribute to onset and progression of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We propose that age-related imbalanced redox and protein homeostasis acts, amongst others (<i>e.g.</i> cellular senescence), as a "first hit" that challenges the adaptive stress-response pathways of the cell, increases the level of oxidative stress and renders the lung susceptible to subsequent injury and disease. In both COPD and IPF, additional environmental insults such as smoking, air pollution and/or infections then serve as "second hits" which contribute to persistently elevated oxidative stress that overwhelms the already weakened adaptive defence and repair pathways in the elderly towards non-adaptive, irremediable stress thereby promoting development and progression of respiratory diseases. COPD and IPF are thus distinct horns of the same devil, "lung ageing".
Communicative English in the primary classroom: implications for English-in-education policy and practice in Bangladesh (2012)

Globalisation and the global spread of English have led nation-states to introduce English into the early years of schooling to equip their citizens with communicative competence in order to compete within a global economy for individual and national development. In teaching English as a Second/Foreign Language, nations have adopted learner-centred approaches such as communicative language teaching to conform to neoliberal discourses of global capitalism and liberal democracy on the one hand and policy directions and imperatives of world policy organisations and funding agencies on the other. In this paper, the implications of these global imperatives within the local context of Bangladeshi primary English classrooms are investigated and a comprehensive picture of the pedagogy in practice in terms of classroom discourses and interactions, learning activities and teacher and learner behaviours is drawn. This picture is supplemented by qualitative insights into primary L1 (first language) literacy pedagogy to demonstrate how materials and methods policies are acted out in the classroom context. It is argued that communicative English and learner-centred pedagogy cannot be seen, to a desirable extent, in actual classroom practice, thus impeding L2 teaching goals in the country.
Tin and Methyltin Species in Seawater: Concentrations and Fluxes (1982)

The concentrations of tin and methyltin species in rivers, an estuary, and the surface and deep ocean generally are less than 50 picomoles of tin per liter. Estuarine profiles and river concentrations suggest that the dissolved riverine input of tin is only a minor source of this element to the oceans. Oceanic concentrations of inorganic tin decrease both with distance from land and with increasing depth from the surface, an indication of atmospheric transport to the surface ocean. Most of the contemporaneous eolian influx of tin to the oceans is anthropogenic. The vertical structure oftin concentrations in the northwestern Atlantic can be explained in terms of a model based on eolian input, advective processes, and removal of tin by particulate scavenging.
Spherical environment maps for image-based rendering (1998)

Spherical environment maps capture all of the light visible from a given point in space. From such a representation it is possible to render any perspective view along any direction from a fixed eye position located at the center of the sphere. In this paper this idea is extended to allow for eye movement within a bounded region of space. A novel method for reconstructing views from a set of precaptured images is presented. Image information is manipulated to create new views of the captured environment. These views provide correct parallax information from the particular viewpoint and, therefore, enable occluded regions to be viewed. Unlike other related methods, there is no reliance on geometric information, thus making the approach completely content independent. Basic interpolation techniques are employed to improve the quality of the reconstructed images and results are presented.
An Ensemble Classification-Based Approach Applied to Retinal Blood Vessel Segmentation (2012)

This paper presents a new supervised method for segmentation of blood vessels in retinal photographs. This method uses an ensemble system of bagged and boosted decision trees and utilizes a feature vector based on the orientation analysis of gradient vector field, morphological transformation, line strength measures, and Gabor filter responses. The feature vector encodes information to handle the healthy as well as the pathological retinal image. The method is evaluated on the publicly available DRIVE and STARE databases, frequently used for this purpose and also on a new public retinal vessel reference dataset CHASE_DB1 which is a subset of retinal images of multiethnic children from the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE) dataset. The performance of the ensemble system is evaluated in detail and the incurred accuracy, speed, robustness, and simplicity make the algorithm a suitable tool for automated retinal image analysis.
CREATININE EXCRETION, GROWTH PROGRESS AND BODY STRUCTURE IN NORMAL CHILDREN (1947)

It is generally agreed that the amount of creatinine excreted per 24 hours increases in the urine of human individuals from birth to maturity. Furthermore, following the concepts of Folin (i, 2, 3), it is widely accepted that the creatinine excretion rate is higher in a large, muscular individual than in a thin, non-muscular individual of the same height. Even though there is some disagreement as to the magnitude of daily variation, there does appear to be a creatinine excretion rate which is more or less characteristic for the individual.
Mobile speed estimation for TDMA-based hierarchical cellular systems (1999)

In this paper, a new algorithm is presented for estimating mobile speed for handoff in hierarchical cellular systems. The proposed algorithm contains six steps. Firstly, the instantaneous power of the received baseband signal is calculated to remove the frequency offset and data/speech information-bearing signals, while keeping the Doppler frequency information. Secondly, the calculated power signal is filtered using a lowpass linear phase finite impulse response (FIR) filter to suppress interference and noise. Thirdly, the filtered power signal is decimated to ease the computational burden, while the decimation factor is properly chosen to avoid frequency aliasing. Fourthly, autocorrelation values of the decimated filtered power signals are calculated on shifting slot by slot to suppress the "slot burst frequency" interference. Fifthly, the calculated autocorrelation values are normalized to suppress the power fluctuation of the received signals. Finally, the normalized autocorrelation values are compared with thresholds to estimate mobile speed. The simulation results indicate that the new algorithm works very well for both non-dispersive channels and dispersive channels to distinguish fast and slow moving mobiles. The method has very low latency, with results being available typically within one second after communication is established, and it can report estimation results every second or less.
THE COLLAGEN FAMILY OF PROTEINS - 2 DISTINCT LINES OF EVOLUTION (1992)

International audience
A new multi-ramp driver model with RLC interconnect load (2004)

As the feature size is scaled down to 90 nm and below, fundamental modeling changes, such as the nonlinearity and higher frequencies of signals, require driver-load models to take into account propagation delay and slew rates. The conventional single Ceff (one-ramp) with lumped RC model is no longer accurate. In this paper we propose a new multi-ramp model with general RLC interconnects as loads. This new model accurately predicts both the 50% delay and the overall output waveform shape with inductance effects.
Time representation of mitochondrial morphology and function after acute spinal cord injury (2016)

Changes in mitochondrial morphology and function play an important role in secondary damage after acute spinal cord injury. We recorded the time representation of mitochondrial morphology and function in rats with acute spinal cord injury. Results showed that mitochondria had an irregular shape, and increased in size. Mitochondrial cristae were disordered and mitochondrial membrane rupture was visible at 2-24 hours after injury. Fusion protein mitofusin 1 expression gradually increased, peaked at 8 hours after injury, and then decreased to its lowest level at 24 hours. Expression of dynamin-related protein 1, amitochondrial fission protein, showed the opposite kinetics. At 2-24 hours after acute spinal cord injury, malondialdehyde content, cytochrome c levels and caspase-3 expression were increased, but glutathione content, adenosine triphosphate content, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and mitochondrial membrane potential were gradually reduced. Furthermore, mitochondrial morphology altered during the acute stage of spinal cord injury. Fusion was important within the first 8 hours, but fission played a key role at 24 hours. Oxidative stress was inhibited, biological productivity was diminished, and mitochondrial membrane potential and permeability were reduced in the acute stage of injury. In summary, mitochondrial apoptosis is activated when the time of spinal cord injury is prolonged.
Simultaneous Optical Flow and Intensity Estimation from an Event Camera (2016)

Event cameras are bio-inspired vision sensors which mimic retinas to measure per-pixel intensity change rather than outputting an actual intensity image. This proposed paradigm shift away from traditional frame cameras offers significant potential advantages: namely avoiding high data rates, dynamic range limitations and motion blur. Unfortunately, however, established computer vision algorithms may not at all be applied directly to event cameras. Methods proposed so far to reconstruct images, estimate optical flow, track a camera and reconstruct a scene come with severe restrictions on the environment or on the motion of the camera, e.g. allowing only rotation. Here, we propose, to the best of our knowledge, the first algorithm to simultaneously recover the motion field and brightness image, while the camera undergoes a generic motion through any scene. Our approach employs minimisation of a cost function that contains the asynchronous event data as well as spatial and temporal regularisation within a sliding window time interval. Our implementation relies on GPU optimisation and runs in near real-time. In a series of examples, we demonstrate the successful operation of our framework, including in situations where conventional cameras suffer from dynamic range limitations and motion blur.
SOME PATHS TOWARD MAKING PRAXIS SCORES MORE USEFUL (1998)

ABSTRACT In this study we describe an analytic method for aiding in the generation of subscales that characterize the deep structure of tests. In addition we also derive a procedure for estimating scores for these scales that are much more statistically stable than subscores computed solely from the items that are contained on that scale. These scores achieve their stability through augmentation with information from other related information on the test. These methods were used to complement each other on a data set obtained from a Praxis administration. We found that the deep structure of the test yielded ten subscales, and that because the test was essentially unidimensional ten subscores could be computed; all with very high reliability. This result was contrasted with the calculation of six traditional subscales based on surface features of the items. These subscales also yielded augmented subscores of high reliability.
Dynamic rheology of branched poly(ethylene terephthalate) (2000)

Branched poly(ethylene terephthalate)s (BPET) of varying molar mass have been synthesized with glycerol and pentaerythritol as branching comonomers, and their rheological behaviour has been measured. In this study, we describe the use of dynamic and steady shear measurements to examine the influence of the proportion and type of branching comonomers on the melt viscosity of BPET. Steady shear rheology has been used to measure the shear rate dependence on the apparent viscosity. Dynamic (oscillatory) measurements have been used to obtain the complex viscosity η* (ω) and the storage modulus G′ (ω) as a function of frequency. G′ (ω) represents the elastic component of the viscoelastic melt; this variable was measured as a function of frequency at various temperatures in the linear viscoelastic domain. Linear poly(ethylene terephthalate) (LPET) exhibited nearly Newtonian behaviour, while BPET became shear thinning at relatively low shear rates. The viscosity and elasticity increased with increase in molar mass and specific branching composition. This was attributed to increasing chain entanglements at higher molar mass and to increasing branching of the BPET. At higher shear rates or frequencies, the BPET show much greater shear thinning character than LPET and this is more pronounced with higher branching proportions. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Control speculation for energy-efficient next-generation superscalar processors (2006)

Conventional front-end designs attempt to maximize the number of "in-flight" instructions in the pipeline. However, branch mispredictions cause the processor to fetch useless instructions that are eventually squashed, increasing front-end energy and issue queue utilization and, thus, wasting around 30 percent of the power dissipated by a processor. Furthermore, processor design trends lead to increasing clock frequencies by lengthening the pipeline, which puts more pressure on the branch prediction engine since branches take longer to be resolved. As next-generation high-performance processors become deeply pipelined, the amount of wasted energy due to misspeculated instructions will go up. The aim of this work is to reduce the energy consumption of misspeculated instructions. We propose selective throttling, which triggers different power-aware techniques (fetch throttling, decode throttling, or disabling the selection logic) depending on the branch prediction confidence level. Results show that combining fetch-bandwidth reduction along with select-logic disabling provides the best performance in terms of overall energy reduction and energy-delay product improvement (14 percent and 10 percent, respectively, for a processor with a 22-stage pipeline and 16 percent and 13 percent, respectively, for a processor with a 42-stage pipeline).
Proteomics, Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.) and Other Recalcitrant and Orphan Forest Tree Species: How do They See Each Other? (2019)

Proteomics has had a big impact on plant biology, considered as a valuable tool for several forest species, such as <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Pines</i>, <i>Poplars</i>, and <i>Eucalyptus</i>. This review assesses the potential and limitations of the proteomics approaches and is focused on <i>Quercus ilex</i> as a model species and other forest tree species. Proteomics has been used with <i>Q. ilex</i> since 2003 with the main aim of examining natural variability, developmental processes, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as in other species of the genus <i>Quercus</i> or <i>Pinus</i>. As with the progress in techniques in proteomics in other plant species, the research in <i>Q. ilex</i> moved from 2-DE based strategy to the latest gel-free shotgun workflows. Experimental design, protein extraction, mass spectrometric analysis, confidence levels of qualitative and quantitative proteomics data, and their interpretation are a true challenge with relation to forest tree species due to their extreme orphan and recalcitrant (non-orthodox) nature. Implementing a systems biology approach, it is time to validate proteomics data using complementary techniques and integrate it with the -omics and classical approaches. The full potential of the protein field in plant research is quite far from being entirely exploited. However, despite the methodological limitations present in proteomics, there is no doubt that this discipline has contributed to deeper knowledge of plant biology and, currently, is increasingly employed for translational purposes.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOPROPANOL DURCH DIREKTHYDRATATION VON PROPYLEN MIT WASSER (1975)

Abstract Die direkte Hydratisierung von Propylen (I) mit Wasser zu Isopropanol (II) gelingt in einem fFlüssigphasen‐Verfahren bei 130‐1600, 80‐100 atü und einem sauren Kationenaustauscherharz als Katalysator.
Effect of speckle on lidar pulse–pair ratio statistics (1997)

The ratio of temporally adjacent lidar pulse returns is commonly used in differential absorption lidar (DIAL) to reduce correlated noise. These pulses typically are generated at different wavelengths with the assumption that the dominant noise is common to both. This is not the case when the mean number of laser speckle integrated per pulse by the lidar receiver is small (namely, less than 10 speckles at each wavelength). In this case a large increase in the standard deviation of the ratio data results. We demonstrate this effect both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical value for the expected standard deviation of the pulse-pair ratio data compares well with the measured values that used a dual CO(2) laser-based lidar with a hard target. Pulse averaging statistics of the pulse-pair data obey the expected varsigma(1)/ radicalN reduction in the standard deviation, varsigma(N), for N-pulse averages. We consider the ratio before average, average before ratio, and log of the ratio before average methods for noise reduction in the lidar equation. The implications of our results are discussed in the context of dual-laser versus single-laser lidar configurations.
Kinetik der thermischen Zersetzung von Silberoxalat (1956)

Abstract Die thermische Zersetzung von möglichst reinen und homodispersen Silberoxalatpräparaten wurde unter den verschiedensten Versuchsbedingungen und bei Anwesenheit verschiedener Gase untersucht. Die kinetischen Kurven wurden auf Grund des Prinzips des „Vierstufen‐Mechanismus”︁ angenähert und manche Folgerungen betreffend des Mechanismus der Reaktion gezogen. Demnach ist die Zersetzung eine verzweigte Kettenreaktion, die hauptsächlich durch stoffliche Kettenträger fortgepflanzt wird.