gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Circadian and Sleep-Related Endocrine Rhythms in Schizophrenia (1991)

Plasma levels of prolactin, growth hormone, corticotropin, and cortisol were measured at 15-minute intervals for 24 hours in nine unmedicated male schizophrenic patients and in nine age-matched normal male subjects. Each study was preceded by 3 days of habituation to the laboratory environment. Sleep was polygraphically recorded. The circadian and pulsatile variations present in each hormonal profile were quantitatively characterized with the use of computer algorithms specifically designed for analyses of hormonal fluctuations. The major abnormality of neuroendocrine release that was observed in the schizophrenic patients was an almost threefold enhancement of the sleep-related increase in the prolactin level, associated with an intensified frequency of nocturnal prolactin pulses. This increased stimulatory effect of sleep on prolactin secretion was evident immediately after sleep onset. The normal inhibition of cortisol secretion during early sleep was absent in schizophrenic patients. The major sleep abnormalities were a prolonged sleep latency and a reduction in total rapid eye movement stage sleep. During wakefulness, prolactin and cortisol levels were normal. The 24-hour profile of growth hormone was unaltered in schizophrenic patients, and a sleep-onset growth hormone pulse was observed in all patients. No abnormalities were noted in the levels or temporal organization of corticotropin secretion. Both the amplitude and the timing of the cortisol rhythm were normal. We conclude that, in schizophrenic men, pituitary-adrenal function and circadian time-keeping are normal but prolactin secretion is hyperresponsive to the physiologic stimulus of sleep onset. Schizophrenia thus appears to be characterized by a subset of neuroendocrine disturbances distinct from that observed in major endogenous depression.
The interleukin-1 receptor in Raji human B-lymphoma cells. Molecular characterization and evidence for receptor-mediated activation of gene expression (1989)

In a previous paper [Horuk, Huang, Covington & Newton (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16275-16278] we reported that there were fundamental differences in the biochemical properties of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor between Raji and EL4 cell lines. In the present study we have investigated the basis for these differences. Kinetic studies measuring the on and off rates of IL-1 receptor binding revealed that the low-affinity IL-1-binding sites observed in Raji cells, compared with EL4 cells, result from a combination of a lower association rate and a higher dissociation rate in the Raji cells. The turnover of the Raji IL-1 receptor, measured by inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide, was much faster than that of the EL4 IL-1 receptor, with a half-time of 2 h as against 5 h. Treatment of 125I-IL-1-labelled IL-1 receptors in Raji and EL4 cells with neuraminidase decreased their molecular mass by approx. 2-5 kDa as assessed by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The covalently labelled IL-1 receptors in both cell types were sensitive to treatment with endoglycosidase F, which decreased their molecular mass on SDS/PAGE by 12-13 kDa. Incubation of Raji cells with maximally stimulating doses of IL-1 resulted in an increase in the nascent RNA levels of several genes, including the IL-2 receptor and the proto-oncogenes c-Ha-ras and c-myc.
Spinelli, Emily. <i>English Grammar for Students of Spanish.</i> Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Olivia and Hill Press, 1979 (1982)

"Spinelli, Emily. English Grammar for Students of Spanish. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Olivia and Hill Press, 1979." Canadian Modern Language Review, 38(2), p. 355
Large Adjustable Speed Fan Drives Including Static Converter Developments for Cement Plants (1977)

The continuing need for more efficient and productive process units has caused the cement industry to seriously consider larger better performing fan drives. Fans now being used in studies range up to 3500 hp, and an 1800-hp dc fan drive is on order. With the increased horsepower requirements and higher power rates, operating costs need to be carefully evaluated in the drive selection. In addition, drive performance characteristics are important. Fan characteristics and the different methods of obtaining adjustable flow are reviewed. The efficiency advantage of all-electric type speed control is emphasized, but other aspects and other drives are covered.
Satometer: how much have we searched? (2002)

We introduce Satometer, a tool that can be used to estimate the percentage of the search space actually explored by a backtrack SAT solver. Satometer calculates a normalized minterm count for those portions of the search space identified by conflicts. The computation is carried out using a zero-suppressed BDD data structure and can have adjustable accuracy. The data provided by Satometer can help diagnose the performance of SAT solvers and can shed light on the nature of a SAT instance.
The 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System (2007)

The fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumours of the central nervous system, published in 2007, lists several new entities, including angiocentric glioma, papillary glioneuronal tumour, rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour of the fourth ventricle, papillary tumour of the pineal region, pituicytoma and spindle cell oncocytoma of the adenohypophysis. Histological variants were added if there was evidence of a different age distribution, location, genetic profile or clinical behaviour; these included pilomyxoid astrocytoma, anaplastic medulloblastoma and medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity. The WHO grading scheme and the sections on genetic profiles were updated and the rhabdoid tumour predisposition syndrome was added to the list of familial tumour syndromes typically involving the nervous system. As in the previous, 2000 edition of the WHO 'Blue Book', the classification is accompanied by a concise commentary on clinico-pathological characteristics of each tumour type. The 2007 WHO classification is based on the consensus of an international Working Group of 25 pathologists and geneticists, as well as contributions from more than 70 international experts overall, and is presented as the standard for the definition of brain tumours to the clinical oncology and cancer research communities world-wide.
Epidemiology of Suicide and the Psychiatric Perspective (2018)

Suicide is a worldwide phenomenon. This review is based on a literature search of the World Health Organization (WHO) databases and PubMed. According to the WHO, in 2015, about 800,000 suicides were documented worldwide, and globally 78% of all completed suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries. Overall, suicides account for 1.4% of premature deaths worldwide. Differences arise between regions and countries with respect to the age, gender, and socioeconomic status of the individual and the respective country, method of suicide, and access to health care. During the second and third decades of life, suicide is the second leading cause of death. Completed suicides are three times more common in males than females; for suicide attempts, an inverse ratio can be found. Suicide attempts are up to 30 times more common compared to suicides; they are however important predictors of repeated attempts as well as completed suicides. Overall, suicide rates vary among the sexes and across lifetimes, whereas methods differ according to countries. The most commonly used methods are hanging, self-poisoning with pesticides, and use of firearms. The majority of suicides worldwide are related to psychiatric diseases. Among those, depression, substance use, and psychosis constitute the most relevant risk factors, but also anxiety, personality-, eating- and trauma-related disorders as well as organic mental disorders significantly add to unnatural causes of death compared to the general population. Overall, the matter at hand is relatively complex and a significant amount of underreporting is likely to be present. Nevertheless, suicides can, at least partially, be prevented by restricting access to means of suicide, by training primary care physicians and health workers to identify people at risk as well as to assess and manage respective crises, provide adequate follow-up care and address the way this is reported by the media. Suicidality represents a major societal and health care problem; it thus should be given a high priority in many realms.
The Formation of Large‐Area Conducting Graphene‐Like Platelets (2009)

The treatment of a suspension of graphite oxide (GO) with sodium azide leads to a material that, after reduction, features amino groups at the top and bottom of the sheets. These groups react through microcontact printing with an isothiocyanate monolayer on a silicon oxide substrate to form covalent bonds that strongly attach to the particles on the surface. With ultrasonication it is possible to obtain exfoliation of the sheets that are not covalently bound to the surface leaving single-layer platelets attached to the substrate. The azido derivative can be also used to functionalize the graphene oxide with long alkylic chains through a click chemistry approach. This functionalization results in the exfoliation of this material in dimethylformamide. The novel materials were fully characterized by different techniques including IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and solid state NMR spectroscopy. The material with amino groups, after the reduction step, is conductive with a resistivity only approximately seven times larger than that of unprocessed graphite. This implies that after reduction of the GO, the conjugated sp2 network is largely restored. We consider this to be an important step towards a chemical approach for forming conducting large-area platelet films of single-layer graphene.
Effect of Thermal Desorption Kinetics on Vapor Injection Peak Irregularities by a Microscale Gas Chromatography Preconcentrator (2012)

Microscale gas chromatography (μGC) is an emerging analytical technique for in situ analysis and on-site monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in moderately complex mixtures. One of the critical subcomponents in a μGC system is a microfabricated preconcentrator (μ-preconcentrator), which enables detection of compounds existing in indoor/ambient air at low (~sub ppb) concentrations by enhancing their signals. The prevailing notion is that elution peak broadening and tailing phenomena resulting from undesirable conditions of a microfabricated separation column (μ-column) are the primary sources of poor chromatographic resolution. However, previous experimental results indicate that the resolution degradation still remains observed for a μ-column integrated with other μGC subcomponents even after setting optimal separation conditions. In this work, we obtain the evidence that the unoptimized μ-preconcentrator vapor release/injection performance significantly contributes to decrease the fidelity of μGC analysis using our state-of-the-art passive preconcentrator microdevice. The vapor release/injection performance is highly affected by the kinetics of the thermal desorption of compounds trapped in the microdevice. Decreasing the heating rate by 20% from the optimal rate of 90 °Cs(-1) causes a 340% increase in peak tailing as well as 70% peak broadening (30% peak height reduction) to the microscale vapor injection process.
Thermostable variants of the recombinant xylanase a from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> produced by directed evolution show reduced heat capacity changes (2007)

Directed evolution techniques have been used to improve the thermal stability of the xylanase A from Bacillus subtilis (XylA). Two generations of random mutant libraries generated by error prone PCR coupled with a single generation of DNA shuffling produced a series of mutant proteins with increasing thermostability. The most Thermostable XylA variant from the third generation contained four mutations Q7H, G13R, S22P, and S179C that showed an increase in melting temperature of 20 degrees C. The thermodynamic properties of a representative subset of nine XylA variants showing a range of thermostabilities were measured by thermal denaturation as monitored by the change in the far ultraviolet circular dichroism signal. Analysis of the data from these thermostable variants demonstrated a correlation between the decrease in the heat capacity change (deltaC(p)) with an increase in the midpoint of the transition temperature (T(m)) on transition from the native to the unfolded state. This result could not be interpreted within the context of the changes in accessible surface area of the protein on transition from the native to unfolded states. Since all the mutations are located at the surface of the protein, these results suggest that an explanation of the decrease in deltaC(p) should include effects arising from the protein/solvent interface.
A surface-charge induction motor (1971)

A motor that uses an electric field interaction with surface charges induced on the surface of a lossy dielectric rotor as the force mechanism is described. A theory of force generation and efficiency for a transverse-magnetic wave interaction with a moving conducting medium and a space-harmonic analysis of a practical circuit to carry such a wave are presented. A comparison is made between the results of this analysis and test results on a three-phase 60-Hz motor using a Bakelite or a Plexiglas rotor. Satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment is obtained in most respects. Motor operation was observed in both directions of rotation, as a result of interaction with the first backward space harmonic. Generator operation is also theoretically possible and the theory for a single-harmonic-wave generator is presented. Generator operation was not observed, however, in the device that was tested.
The Google Story (2005)

The Google Story is the definitive account of one of the most remarkable organizations of our time. Every day over sixty-four million people use Google in more than one hundred languages, running billions of searches for information on everything and anything. Through the creative use of cutting-edge technology and a series of groundbreaking business ideas, Google's thirty-five year old founders, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, have in ten years taken Google from being just another internet start-up to a company with a market value of over US$80 billion. Based on scrupulous research and extraordinary access to the inner workings of Google, this book takes you inside the creation and growth of a company that has become so familiar its name is used as a verb around the world. But even as it rides high, Google wrestles with difficult challenges in a business that changes at lightning speed. In this new and updated edition to celebrate Google's 10th birthday, David A. Vise has written a new preface and new final chapter which look at further developments since 2005 and how Google will continue to expand and innovate while trying to follow its founders' mantra: Do No Evil. 'If you want to know how the Google boys became wealthy and powerful beyond dreams, then David Vise's assiduously researched The Google Story is for you' - Sunday Telegraph. 'If Google were to take on critical faculties as well as its other attributes Vise's book would probably come out on top' - The Times.
Toward Scintillator High‐Gain Avalanche Rushing Photoconductor Active Matrix Flat Panel Imager (<scp>SHARP</scp>‐<scp>AMFPI</scp>): Initial fabrication and characterization (2017)

We demonstrate the feasibility of a solid-state HARP x-ray imager and have fabricated the largest active area HARP sensor to date. Procedures to reduce secondary quantum and dark noise are outlined. Future work will improve optical coupling and charge transport which will allow for frequency DQE and temporal metrics to be obtained.
A micro differential viscosity detector for polymer separation system (2005)

In this paper we present the first micromachined viscosity detector suitable for coupling to conventional, commercially available polymer separation systems. The μ-viscometer (viscochip) has a reduced dead volume compared to conventional viscometers. It is shown that this results in better chromatographic resolution.
A stabilized mode-locked Nd:YAlG laser using electronic feedback (1973)

Techniques for constructing a stable mode-locked Nd:YAlG laser source suitable for long term unattended operation are described. These techniques involve the use of two types of electronic feedback loops-the oscillator loop and the servo loop. An additional auxiliary loop to provide for long term operation is described and demonstrated. The detuning properties of the mode-locked laser, using both intracavity loss and phase modulation, are obtained experimentally for the open loop. It was found that the loss-modulated mode-locked laser was noisy due to relaxation oscillations. However, the use of a phase-modulated mode-locked laser presented other problems due to the possibility of a spontaneous 180 ° switch in envelope phase of the pulses. A technique for quenching this phase switching is described. The results of applying these techniques led to the experimental demonstration of a mode-locked Nd : YAlG laser that operated for long times (48 h), with an error rate (dropping a pulse or mistiming of a pulse) of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1.4 \times 10^{-10}</tex> , with and rms variation of 8.2 percent in the second harmonic at 0.53 μm and with an absence of relaxation oscillation.
An ordered probit analysis of transaction stock prices (1990)

"Latest revision: January 1991."
Trypanosomes of some Fennoscandian birds (1994)

Linear measurements and derived indices of trypanosomes from species of Fennoscandian birds were compared to those reported form Trypanosoma avium, T. everetti, T. ontarioensis and T. paddae. The trypanosomes encountered in the Fennoscandian birds were identified as T. avium from Tengmalm's owl Aegolius funereus and the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, T. everetti from the great tit Parus major and collared flycatcher F. albicollis and T. ontarioensis from the collared flycatcher; T. paddae was not seen.
Fine undercut control in bilayer PMMA-P(MMA-MAA) resist system for e-beam lithography with submicrometer resolution (1991)

Lift-off process is proved to be one of the simplest and most reliable technique for fabrication of microstructures [1], including those with submicrometer sizes [2]. The control of resist image profiles becomes of increasing importance if desired image size is decreased. The easiest way to control the profile is to involve multilayer resist systems with a bottom planarizing layer more soluble by the developer than a top image recording layer. In trilayer systems intermediate layer usually of inorganic matter serves as a separator preventing the two resist layers mixing. The intermediate layer's drawback is necessity of its removal in openings before the development of the bottom layer. Bilayered resist system for submicrometer E-beam lithography based on PMMA as the top imaging layer and P(MMA-MAA)-copolymer as planarizing underlayer has been recently reported by Kuzmin et al [3]. Earlier Dolan [4] proposed offset mask technique for lift-off photoprocessing in order to obtain metal lines as narrow as 0.25 pm. To get appropriate amount of undercut in his trilayer system Dolan applied blanket exposure of the bottom layer of photoresist to provide its solubility by the developer. Image transfer has been made into top layer of the photoresist spun on an opaque separating metal film. In E-beam lithography similar approach has been applied for fabrication of nanometer scale structures [3]. The authors of [3] used two selective developers for the top and the bottom layers to control the undercut. In order to improve E- beam resist profile control we combined methodic from [3] and the Dolan's blanket exposure of the copolymer bottom layer before spinning on of the top PMMA image layer in the bilayer system.
Nanocharacterization in Dentistry (2010)

About 80% of US adults have some form of dental disease. There are a variety of new dental products available, ranging from implants to oral hygiene products that rely on nanoscale properties. Here, the application of AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) and optical interferometry to a range of dentistry issues, including characterization of dental enamel, oral bacteria, biofilms and the role of surface proteins in biochemical and nanomechanical properties of bacterial adhesins, is reviewed. We also include studies of new products blocking dentine tubules to alleviate hypersensitivity; antimicrobial effects of mouthwash and characterizing nanoparticle coated dental implants. An outlook on future "nanodentistry" developments such as saliva exosomes based diagnostics, designing biocompatible, antimicrobial dental implants and personalized dental healthcare is presented.
The Role of DNA Repair in Somatic Hypermutation of Immunoglobulin Genes (1998)

I mmunoglobulin (Ig) genes are first modified through the V(D)J (V, variable; D, diversity; J, joining) recombination process in pre-B cells.The Rag1/Rag2-dependent V(D)J recombination generates a large repertoire of B lymphocytes, each expressing a unique antibody molecule.Rearranged Ig genes are further modified by the somatic hypermutation process in activated germinal center B lymphocytes.Through somatic hypermutation, point mutations are introduced into Ig genes at the average frequency of one mutation/10 2 base pairs.After the mutation process, B cells with nucleotide substitutions resulting in higher affinity antibody are selected for proliferation and differentiation into memory or plasma cells.Several molecular features are characteristic of somatic hypermutation (1).The mutations are mostly single substitutions, very rarely deletions or insertions.Hot spots of mutation have been observed and of these most notable are the AGY trinucleotides.Somatic mutation of Ig genes is confined to a region of 1.5 kb downstream of the variable region gene promoter.The constant region exon, which is separated from the variable region exon by several kb of intron, is usually not targeted for mutation.There also appears to be a strand bias and A T bias (2).Which strand is the preferential substrate of the mutation process has, however, not been determined.Further insights into the mechanism of somatic hypermutation were made possible by the use of transgenic mice bearing Ig genes with various modifications.A transgenic construct with deletion of the Ig intronic enhancer no longer mutates (3).Surprisingly, insertion of an Ig promoter just upstream of the constant region exon results in mutations in the constant region in addition to the variable region, but sparing of the region in between (4).The link between promoter proximity and mutation targeting, as well as the evidence of strand bias and the need for enhancers, strongly suggests that there is a link between transcription and Ig gene somatic hypermutation (4).However, how a mechanism linked to RNA transcription introduces point mutations into Ig genes is still largely a mystery, although a role for RNA polymerase pausing and deposition of a mutator factor with sequence preferences is suggested by recent findings (Storb, U., E. Klotz, J. Hackett, K. Kage, G. Bozek, and T.E.Martin, manuscritp submitted for