gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Authentication Schemes for Unassisted Humans, Safe Against Spyware (2006)

Can we secure user authentication against eavesdropping adversaries, relying on human cognitive functions alone, unassisted by any external computational device? To accomplish this goal, we propose challenge response protocols that rely on a shared secret set of pictures. Under the brute-force attack the protocols are safe against eavesdropping, in that an observer who fully records any feasible series of successful interactions cannot practically compute the user’s secret. Moreover, the protocols can be tuned to any desired level of security against random guessing, where security can be traded-off with authentication time. The proposed protocols have two drawbacks: First, training is required to familiarize the user with the secret set of pictures. Second, depending on the level of security required, entry time can be significantly longer than with alternative methods. We describe user studies showing that people can use these protocols successfully, and quantify the time it takes for training and for successful authentication. We show evidence that the secret can be effortlessly maintained for a long time (up to a year) with relatively low loss. 1
Dehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane by Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts (2016)

Ammonia borane (AB), having a high hydrogen density of 19.6 wt %, has attracted much attention as a promising chemical hydrogen storage material. In the past few years, a number of highly active metal nanoparticle (NP) catalysts, which are easy to handle and separate, have been developed for AB dehydrogenation. In this Perspective, we summarize new progress in the development of metal NP catalysts, which are categorized into monometallic and heterometallic catalysts, with excellent activity and high recyclability for different AB dehydrogenation pathways, including solvolysis (hydrolysis and methanolysis) in protic solvents and dehydrocoupling in nonprotic solvents, and we survey the corresponding methods for the regeneration of AB. Moreover, the merits and drawbacks of solvolysis and dehydrocoupling are discussed.
Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs (2002)

The origin of the domestic dog from wolves has been established, but the number of founding events, as well as where and when these occurred, is not known. To address these questions, we examined the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation among 654 domestic dogs representing all major dog populations worldwide. Although our data indicate several maternal origins from wolf, >95% of all sequences belonged to three phylogenetic groups universally represented at similar frequencies, suggesting a common origin from a single gene pool for all dog populations. A larger genetic variation in East Asia than in other regions and the pattern of phylogeographic variation suggest an East Asian origin for the domestic dog, approximately 15,000 years ago.
The design of transducers and arrays for underwater data transmission (1991)

Consideration is given to the design of underwater acoustic projector transducers for communication purposes. Particular interest is focused upon broadband designs which provide the potential for high data-rate communication. The author introduces the underlying physics of sound propagation in solid-bar and disc structures typically used for manufacturing underwater acoustic transducers. The variability of sound speed with bar dimensions, in bar resonators, is discussed. Consideration is given to the nature and identification of different modal states in such structures. The possibilities and limitations in modeling and design are reviewed. An examination is made of several specific designs, including thin-disc and broadband high-frequency transducers as well as piston and tonpilz structures modified electrically and mechanically to produce broad, controlled passband responses. A variety of more exotic structures is also included. Attention is given to arrays of transducers and, particularly, to the problems involved in overcoming element interaction and inadequacies in element behavior.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Organic Thin‐film Transistors Based on Polythiophene Nanowires Embedded in Insulating Polymer (2008)

Blending poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and amorphous polystyrene (PS) using a marginal solvent (CH2Cl2) with temperature-dependent solubility allows a reduction of the semiconductor content to as low as 3 wt% without considerable degradation of the field-effect electronic properties. Morphological and structural studies reveal that the P3HT molecules in these blends form highly crystalline, interconnected nanofibrillar networks. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Identification of nitric oxide synthase in human uterus (1995)

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in human uterus. Tissues were obtained at operation from 10 women undergoing hysterectomy for benign disease. In-situ hybridization was used to determine the distribution of mRNA for NOS with a 483 bp digoxigenin-labelled antisense riboprobe. Localization of NOS was detected by (i) immunocytochemistry using a monoclonal antibody raised against bovine constitutive endothelial NOS, and (ii) NADPH diaphorase, which has been suggested to co-localize with brain NOS. Messenger RNA for NOS was detected in endometrium and myometrium from nine of 10 women, predominantly in endometrial glandular epithelium and stroma and myometrial blood vessels. NOS-like immunoreactivity was seen in endometrial stroma and myometrial blood vessels, whereas NADPH diaphorase activity was localized mainly to endometrial glandular epithelium and myometrial blood vessels. These studies suggest that different forms of constitutive NOS are present in human endometrium and myometrium, and that nitric oxide may play a role in the paracrine control of the uterine vascular bed.
An approach to a surface composition analysis of magnetic coatings (1990)

The uppermost pigment particles of a magnetic coating are covered by a thin layer of organic material. Compared to the bulk of the binder formulation, this layer is highly inhomogeneous. At the phase boundaries to air and pigments, concentration gradients are observed which influence the mechanical behavior of the coating, especially when changes take place that are effected by time and climatic conditions. By applying ESCA and SIMS techniques, important information on this surface layer could be obtained concerning: (1) the thickness of this layer, its distribution, and its differences between magnetic and nonmagnetic particles; (2) the incompatibilities and varying distribution of the components of a given formulation; and (3) the mobility of low molecular additives (alteration during changes of climatic conditions or transfer of substances onto contacting bodies).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
L2S: Transforming Natural Language Questions into SQL Queries (2015)

The reliability of a question answering system is bounded by the availability of resources and linguistic tools. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid approach to transforming natural language questions into structured queries. It alleviates the lack of experts in domain observation and the deficient performance of linguistic tools. Specifically, we exploit the semantic information for mapping natural language terminologies to structured query and bipartite graph model for the matching phase. Experimental results on the Vietnam national university entrance exam dataset and the Geoqueries880 dataset achieve accuracies of 91.14% and 87.55%, respectively.
Single-Molecule Devices as Scaffolding for Multicomponent Nanostructure Assembly (2007)

We report here a method to integrate discrete multicomponent assembly into molecular electronic devices. We first functionalize a molecule wired between the ends of a single-walled carbon nanotube so that it can be derivatized with a probe molecule. This probe then binds to a complementary biomolecule to form a noncovalent complex. Each step of chemical functionalization and biological assembly can be detected electrically at the single event level. Through this combination of programmed chemical reactions and molecular recognition, we are able to create complex multimeric nanostructures incorporating isolated metallic nanoparticles.
Active learning with sampling by uncertainty and density for word sense disambiguation and text classification (2008)

This paper addresses two issues of active learning. Firstly, to solve a problem of uncertainty sampling that it often fails by selecting outliers, this paper presents a new selective sampling technique, sampling by uncertainty and density (SUD), in which a k-Nearest-Neighbor-based density measure is adopted to determine whether an unlabeled example is an outlier. Secondly, a technique of sampling by clustering (SBC) is applied to build a representative initial training data set for active learning. Finally, we implement a new algorithm of active learning with SUD and SBC techniques. The experimental results from three real-world data sets show that our method outperforms competing methods, particularly at the early stages of active learning.
The isolation of duplex DNA fragments containing (dG.dC) clusters by chromatography on poly(rC)-Sephadex (1978)

Duplex DNA containing oligo(dG.dC)-rich clusters can be isolated by spe cific binding to poly(rC)-Sephadex. This binding, probably mediated by the formation of an oligo(dG.dC)rC + triple helix, is optimal at pH 5 in 50% for mamide, 2 N LiCl; the bound DNA is recovered by elution at pH 7.5. Using this method we find that the viral DNAs PM2, lambda and SV40 con tain at least 1, 1 and 2 sites for binding to poly(rC)-Sephadex, respectively. These binding sites have been mapped in the case of SV40; the binding sites can in turn be used for physical mapping studies of DNAs containing (dG.dC) clusters. Inspection of the sequence of the bound fragments of SV40 DNA shows that a (dG.dC) tract is required for the binding of duplex DNA to poly(rC)-Sephadex. Although about 60% of rabbit DNA cleaved with restric tion endonuclease KpnI binds to poly(rC)-Sephadex, no binding is observed for the 5.1 kb DNA fragment generated by KpnI digestion, which contains the rabbit β-globin gene. This indicates that oligo(dG.dC) clusters are not found close to the rabbit β-globin gene.
Oviposition Day Effect on Incidence of Agonadal Progeny of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Infected with a Virus (1996)

An agonadal condition of moths in a laboratory colony of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), was studied. This condition was associated with nonoccluded baculovirus like particles which replicated in parts of the abnormal reproductive tracts of agonadal moths and some apparently normal, i.e., fertile, moths. Agonadal female moths exhibited a waxy plug protruding from the vulva. This plug consisted of almost pure virus like particles within vesicles. The incidence of agonadal progeny in a colony increases with oviposition day from 5.4% for day 1 and 17% for day 2 to 62.8% for day 3. Using an aqueous suspension of material from the waxy plug as inoculum to inject 3- and 4-d-old larvae and to surface-treat eggs, the agonadal condition was produced in moths from a colony of H. zea that had never exhibited the condition. The agonadal condition was produced in progeny of moths that fed on a suspension of virus like particles, and there was an increase in the incidence of agonadal progeny with progressive oviposition day of infected female parents. An increase in the incidence of agonadal progeny with progressive oviposition day also occurred in progeny of female moths from a noninfected colony mated to males from the infected colony.
<b>Spatial specificity of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>‐generating oxalate oxidase gene expression during wheat embryo germination</b> (1998)

Germin, a molecular marker of wheat embryo germination, is a protease-resistant, apoplastic, homopentameric glycoprotein with peroxide-generating oxalate oxidase activity. The spatial specificity of germin-like oxalate oxidase (gl-OXO) gene expression has been determined in tissues of germinating wheat embryos by a combination of histochemical, immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization techniques. The synthesis and accumulation of gl-OXO mRNA and protein is localised within the enveloping tissues of the embryonic axis (particularly the coleorhiza) during the first 24 h of imbibition. By 48 h germination, gl-OXO accumulation is detected throughout the root, with the exception of the postmitotic zone of cell elongation, where accumulation of its transcript is restricted to outer cell layers. At this time in the elongating shoot, gl-OXO is restricted to the coleoptile where it is detected only in the epidermal cell layer, the vascular bundles and bundle sheath cells. In older seedlings (approximately 9 days post-imbibition) gl-OXO activity is detected in leaves, but only within the vascular bundles. These patterns of expression are consistent with the hypothesis that the biological function of gl-OXO is to restrict cell growth by participating in cell-wall restructuring through the local provision of hydrogen peroxide for cross-linking of wall components.
Sublime dreams of living machines: the automaton in the European imagination (2011)

From the dawn of European civilization to the twentieth century, the automaton - better known today as the robot - has captured the Western imagination and provided a vital lens into the nature of humanity. Historian Minsoo Kang argues that to properly understand the human-as-machine and the human-as-fundamentally-different-from-machine, we must trace the origins of these ideas and examine how they were transformed by intellectual, cultural, and artistic appearances of the automaton throughout the history of the West. Kang tracks the first appearance of the automaton in ancient myths through the medieval and Renaissance periods, marks the proliferation of the automaton as a central intellectual concept in the Scientific Revolution and the subsequent backlash during the Enlightenment, and details appearances in Romantic literature and the introduction of the living machine in the Industrial Age. He concludes with a reflection on the destructive confrontation between humanity and machinery in the modern era and the reverberations of the humanity-machinery theme today. Sublime Dreams of Living Machines is an ambitious historical exploration and, at heart, an attempt to fully elucidate the rich and varied ways we have utilized our most uncanny creations to explore essential questions about ourselves.
4,4′,4″-Tris(levulinoyloxy)trityl as a New Type of Primary Hydroxyl Protecting Group (1985)

Abstract The 4,4′,4″-tris(levulinoyloxy)trityl (TLTr) group was introduced selectively on the 5′-oxygen of thymidine by use of in situ generated 4,4′,4″-tris(levulinoyloxy)trityl bromide. The TLTr group was found to be sufficiently stable to acids and readily removed by hydrazinolysis followed by warming to 50 °C in pyridine–acetic acid without damage of other protecting groups such as the O-acetyl and 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl groups. The utility of this new protecting group was demonstrated by the successful synthesis of thymidylyl(3′–5′)-thymidine where the TLTr group was employed as the 5′-hydroxyl-protecting group.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activities of Liquiritigenin (2010)

Liquiritigenin(1) in total yield of 36.4% was synthesized from resorcinol and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde by the reaction of Friedel-Crafts acylation,hydroxyl protection,aldol condensation,Michael addition and deprotection.The structure was confirmed by 1HNMR,13C NMR,IR and MS.The antitumor activities of 1 on human lung adenocarcinoma cell line,human prostate cancer cell line(DU-145),human gastric cancer cell line,human colon cancer cell line(HCT-116) and hepatoma cell line were investigated by MTT method using fluorouracil as reference.The results showed that 1 has moderate inhibitory effects on HCT-116 and DU-145.
Bootstrapping Clients using (2005)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the &quot;Internet Official Protocol Standards &quot; (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) is a proposed transport protocol for Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) that operates on top of TCP. This memo describes a standard mechanism for enabling clients to bootstrap themselves using the iSCSI protocol. The goal of this standard is to enable iSCSI boot clients to obtain the information to open an iSCSI session with the iSCSI boot server. 1.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) co-infection induced chlamydial persistence/stress does not require viral replication (2014)

Chlamydiae may exist at the site of infection in an alternative replicative form, called the aberrant body (AB). ABs are produced during a viable but non-infectious developmental state termed "persistence" or "chlamydial stress." As persistent/stressed chlamydiae: (i) may contribute to chronic inflammation observed in diseases like trachoma; and (ii) are more resistant to current anti-chlamydial drugs of choice, it is critical to better understand this developmental stage. We previously demonstrated that porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) co-infection induced Chlamydia pecorum persistence/stress in culture. One critical characteristic of persistence/stress is that the chlamydiae remain viable and can reenter the normal developmental cycle when the stressor is removed. Thus, we hypothesized that PEDV-induced persistence would be reversible if viral replication was inhibited. Therefore, we performed time course experiments in which Vero cells were C. pecorum/PEDV infected in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX), which inhibits viral but not chlamydial protein synthesis. CHX-exposure inhibited PEDV replication, but did not inhibit induction of C. pecorum persistence at 24 h post-PEDV infection, as indicated by AB formation and reduced production of infectious EBs. Interestingly, production of infectious EBs resumed when CHX-exposed, co-infected cells were incubated 48-72 h post-PEDV co-infection. These data demonstrate that PEDV co-infection-induced chlamydial persistence/stress is reversible and suggest that this induction (i) does not require viral replication in host cells; and (ii) does not require de novo host or viral protein synthesis. These data also suggest that viral binding and/or entry may be required for this effect. Because the PEDV host cell receptor (CD13 or aminopeptidase N) stimulates cellular signaling pathways in the absence of PEDV infection, we suspect that PEDV co-infection might alter CD13 function and induce the chlamydiae to enter the persistent state.
Role of CCR2 in Inflammatory Conditions of the Central Nervous System (2014)

CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) plays important roles in extravasation and transmigration of monocytes under inflammatory conditions. CCR2 and its ligands have been extensively studied in a range of inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke. This brief review summarizes our current understanding of the physiologic and pathologic roles of CCR2, focusing on its involvement in CNS inflammatory diseases. There appears to be a rationale for exploring therapies involving CCR2 inhibition in multiple sclerosis and ischemic stroke, but there is also evidence for immunomodulatory and protective effects of CCR2 activity during CNS inflammation. The critical balance between protective and detrimental roles of CCR2-dependent recruitment of leukocytes must therefore be carefully examined to guide safe and effective development of any therapies involving CCR2 modulation.
Barrier properties created by dispersion coating (2013)

The objective of this work was to gain insight into 1) how a coating layer with barrier properties is built up, 2) how different polymer dispersions and pigments function as a barrier against gases and fluids, and 3) how the thickness and evenness of the coating layer affect barrier properties. In addition to tests for permeability of water vapor, barrier properties required for functional applications (i.e., against solvents and acids) were studied. Permeability of an organic solvent (ortho-dichlorobenzene) and hydrochloric acid was studied as a function of barrier layer structure. Providing a barrier to these materials is important in the processing of printing functionality on paper. Pigment particle orientation and tortuosity were examined by infrared spectroscopy and by high-resolution, focused ion beam milling and imaging. The barrier properties were influenced by the thickness and evenness of the coating layer and the mass ratio between the pigment and latex. A barrier against water vapor did not always ensure a barrier against the organic solvent or the acid. In addition to barrier properties, the choice of coating materials affects coatability and may provide possibilities for cost savings.
Multiresolution adaptive speckle filtering: a comparison of algorithms (2002)

Speckle filtering in multiresolution frameworks is the key to extend spatial adaptivity also across scales. Several procedures based on wavelets and pyramids, in which the different resolutions are adaptively filtered, have been introduced for selective speckle smoothing with preservation of features and point targets. In this work, comparison tests on true and synthetic speckled images show significant advances of the multi- over the single-scale approach, especially for the pyramid based scheme proposed by the authors, where visual comparisons on SAR images show better texture preservation.
Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling Regulates Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Activation and Lipid Generation in Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Macrophages (2005)

Inflammatory lipid mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) is a key enzyme in the generation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Here, we found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is essential for LPS-induced cPLA(2) activation and lipid release. Inhibition of TLR4 protein expression by TLR4 small interfering RNA or neutralization of TLR4 by the specific antibody against TLR4/MD2 blocked cPLA(2) phosphorylation and cPLA(2)-hydrolyzed arachidonic acid release. Furthermore, activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway by LPS regulated cPLA(2) activation and lipid release. cPLA(2) phosphorylation and cPLA(2)-hydrolyzed lipid release were significantly impaired when TLR4 adaptor protein, either MyD88 or TRIF, was knocked down in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Similarly, LPS-induced arachidonate release was inhibited in cells transfected with a dominant-negative MyD88 or TRIF construct. Subsequently, cPLA(2) activation could be suppressed by inhibition of the TLR4 adaptor protein-directed p38 and ERK MAPK pathways. These findings suggest that, in LPS-induced inflammation, the TLR4-mediated MyD88- and TRIF-dependent MAPK pathways result in cPLA(2) activation and production of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators.