gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collagen Matrix Remodeling in Stented Pulmonary Arteries after Transapical Heart Valve Replacement (2016)

The use of valved stents for minimally invasive replacement of semilunar heart valves is expected to change the extracellular matrix and mechanical function of the native artery and may thus impair long-term functionality of the implant. Here we investigate the impact of the stent on matrix remodeling of the pulmonary artery in a sheep model, focusing on matrix composition and collagen (re)orientation of the host tissue. Ovine native pulmonary arteries were harvested 8 (n = 2), 16 (n = 4) and 24 (n = 2) weeks after transapical implantation of self-expandable stented heart valves. Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy was used to assess the collagen (re)orientation of fresh tissue samples. The collagen and elastin content was quantified using biochemical assays. SHG microscopy revealed regional differences in collagen organization in all explants. In the adventitial layer of the arterial wall far distal to the stent (considered as the control tissue), we observed wavy collagen fibers oriented in the circumferential direction. These circumferential fibers were more straightened in the adventitial layer located behind the stent. On the luminal side of the wall behind the stent, collagen fibers were aligned along the stent struts and randomly oriented between the struts. Immediately distal to the stent, however, fibers on both the luminal and the adventitial side of the wall were oriented in the axial direction, demonstrating the stent impact on the collagen structure of surrounding arterial tissues. Collagen orientation patterns did not change with implantation time, and biochemical analyses showed no changes in the trend of collagen and elastin content with implantation time or location of the vascular wall. We hypothesize that the collagen fibers on the adventitial side of the arterial wall and behind the stent straighten in response to the arterial stretch caused by oversizing of the stent. However, the collagen organization on the luminal side suggests that stent-induced remodeling is dominated by contact guidance.
The Effect of 5-Alkyl Modification on the Biological Activity of Pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine Containing Classical and Nonclassical Antifolates as Inhibitors of Dihydrofolate Reductase and as Antitumor and/or Antiopportunistic Infection Agents (2008)

Novel classical antifolates (3 and 4) and 17 nonclassical antifolates (11-27) were synthesized as antitumor and/or antiopportunistic infection agents. Intermediates for the synthesis of 3, 4, and 11-27 were 2,4-diamino-5-alkylsubstituted-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, 31 and 38, prepared by a ring transformation/ring annulation sequence of 2-amino-3-cyano-4-alkyl furans to which various aryl thiols were attached at the 6-position via an oxidative addition reaction using I2. The condensation of alpha-hydroxy ketones with malonodinitrile afforded the furans. For the classical analogues 3 and 4, the ester precursors were deprotected, coupled with diethyl-L-glutamate, and saponified. Compounds 3 (IC50 = 60 nM) and 4 (IC50 = 90 nM) were potent inhibitors of human DHFR. Compound 3 inhibited tumor cells in culture with GI50 <or= 10(-7) M. Nonclassical 17 (IC50 = 58 nM) was a potent inhibitor of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) DHFR with >500-fold selectivity over human DHFR. Analogue 17 was 50-fold more potent than trimethoprim and about twice as selective against T. gondii DHFR.
High-pressure hypervelocity electrothermal wind-tunnel performance study and subscale tests (1993)

The feasibility of a Mach 10 to 20, high pressure electrothermal wind tunnel was assessed. A heater based on a continuous high power electric arc discharge capable of heating air to temperatures above 10,000 K and pressures of 15,000 atm is the key element of this wind tunnel. Results of analytical study indicate that the facility is capable of simulation conditions suitable for hypervelocity airbreathing propulsion testing up to Mach 16. In this case simulation was limited by pressure containment, high nozzle throat heat flux rates, and chemical freezing in the nozzle. The high total pressure capability improved the recombination chemistry in the facility nozzle as chemical equilibrium prevailed to the freezing point. Steady arc discharges were observed with liquid nitrogen flowing into the arc chamber during tests based on the two millisecond test facility. The measured steady pressure in the arc chamber was 4559 psi, which is two times greater than maximum total pressure obtainable in conventional arc heaters.
A sparse matrix representation for production scheduling using genetic algorithms (1995)

Production scheduling is characterised by closely related problems which have different manufacturing capabilities, many competing constraints, and performance requirements. A sparse matrix representation for such problems is presented and two new genetic operators are described, which ensure that job process sequence is maintained and the generated schedules are valid. Results are presented which show that the representation is effective at providing relevant information for interpreting schedules easily. We show that the cost of computing solutions with the sparse matrix representation is linear with the total number of processes. An extension to the genetic operators is discussed where the number of processes for different jobs is unequal. We show the performance of our representation through empirical results for the Job Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP), although the representation is not restricted to the JSSP.
Testing challenges of data center bridging networks (2012)

The ubiquity and familiarity of Ethernet has caused a surge of interest in convergence technologies over Ethernet. In order for some applications to migrate to an Ethernet network, enhancements needed to be made in the form of data center bridging (DCB). DCB consists of both point-to-point protocols as well as end-toend protocols that all need to be tested to ensure vendors' products work together in a heterogeneous environment to prevent frame loss during congestion. This article discusses what each of the four protocols is and how to test the protocols separately as well as in combination in order to observe the interactions of DCB with different applications. The information provided in this article is drawn from the authors' experience testing DCB over the past three years and in 13 different industry wide interoperability events.
Mappain, a New Cytotoxic Prenylated Stilbene from <i>Macaranga </i><i>m</i><i>appa</i> (2000)

A new prenylated stilbene, mappain (1), was isolated from leaves of Macaranga mappa by bioassay-guided fractionation. The structure was established by application of spectroscopic methods. Mappain is cytotoxic but it appears to be a poor substrate for P-glycoprotein-mediated transport because it is equally potent and effective against the drug-sensitive SK-OV-3 and drug-resistant SKVLB-1 ovarian cancer cell lines, exhibiting an IC(50) value of 1.3 microM in both cases.
In vitro human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of purified hematopoietic progenitors in single-cell culture (1995)

Uni- or multi-lineage suppression of hematopoiesis is observed in the majority of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The mechanism(s) underlying these abnormalities is not understood: particularly, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (HPCs/HSCs) is highly controversial. We report that CD34+ HPCs from adult peripheral blood (PB) are in part CD4+ and susceptible to in vitro HIV infection. Primitive CD34+ HPCs were approximately 80% purified from PB. Double labeling for CD34 and CD4 membrane antigens was shown for 5% to 20% of the purified cells, thus suggesting their potential susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. The enriched HPC population, challenged with purified or unpurified HIV-1 strains, was cloned in unicellular methylcellulose culture. The single colonies generated by erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM), and granulocyte-erythroid-macrophage-megakaryocyte colony-forming units (CFU-GEMM) were analyzed for the presence of HIV, ie, for gag DNA, tat mRNA, and p24 protein by PCR, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. In the first series of experiments incubation of HPCs with HIV-1 at multiplicities of infection (MOI) ranging from 0.01 to 10 TCID50/cell consistently yielded an 11% to 17% infection efficiency of BFU-E-generated colonies, thus indicating the sensitivity of HPCs to in vitro HIV infection. An extensive series of experiments was then performed on HPCs challenged with HIV at 0.1 MOI level. In the initial studies proviral gag sequences were detected in 9.2% of 121 analyzed CFU-GM colonies. In further experiments tat mRNA was monitored in 17% and 23% of BFU-E and CFU-GM colonies, respectively, but never in CFU-GEMM clones. Finally, 12% of CFU-GM clones and rare erythroid bursts were shown to be positive for the p24 viral protein. In control studies, purified HPCs grown in liquid suspension culture were induced to terminal unilineage erythroid, monocytic, or granulocytic differentiation: monocytes were consistently HIV-infected, whereas mature-terminal erythroblasts and granulocytes were not. Our observations indicate that a minority of primitive HPCs, but not of the multipotent type, is susceptible to in vitro HIV infection. These observations may reflect on the in vivo hematopoietic impairment in AIDS patients; more important, they provide an experimental model for studies on HIV hematopoietic infection and in vitro tests for anti-HIV HSC gene therapy.
A Study on Image Based Gender Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network (2019)

Frontal face image based gender detection is an important module for many computer vision applications. In this paper, we presented a convolutional neural network (CNN) based gender classification model. The faces in image were first detected and located based on the histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) features. Then the 68 facial landmarks were extracted using the ensemble of regression tree (ERT) method. Based on the landmarks, the face was aligned and scaled to fixed size. The aligned and scaled face image was feed to the RestNet. Finally, the fully connected layers were built to classify the gender. The area under curve (AUC) on testing dataset achieved 0.95. In addition, the misidentified cases were analyzed to further understand the classification model.
Transglycosidase Activity of Chitotriosidase (2003)

Chitotriosidase is a chitinase that is massively expressed by lipid-laden tissue macrophages in man. Its enzymatic activity is markedly elevated in serum of patients suffering from lysosomal lipid storage disorders, sarcoidosis, thalassemia, and visceral Leishmaniasis. Monitoring of serum chitotriosidase activity in Gaucher disease patients during progression and therapeutic correction of their disease is useful to obtain insight in changes in body burden on pathological macrophages. However, accurate quantification of chitotriosidase levels by enzyme assay is complicated by apparent substrate inhibition, which prohibits the use of saturating substrate concentrations. We have therefore studied the catalytic features of chitotriosidase in more detail. It is demonstrated that the inhibition of enzyme activity at excess substrate concentration can be fully explained by transglycosylation of substrate molecules. The potential physiological consequences of the ability of chitotriosidase to hydrolyze as well as transglycosylate are discussed. The novel insight in transglycosidase activity of chitotriosidase has led to the design of a new substrate molecule, 4-methylumbelliferyl-(4-deoxy)chitobiose. With this substrate, which is no acceptor for transglycosylation, chitotriosidase shows normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics, resulting in major improvements in sensitivity and reproducibility of enzymatic activity measurements. The novel convenient chitotriosidase enzyme assay should facilitate the accurate monitoring of Gaucher disease patients receiving costly enzyme replacement therapy.
Density functional study of oxygen on Cu(100) and Cu(110) surfaces (2010)

Using density-functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation, we investigate the interaction between atomic oxygen and Cu(100) and Cu(110) surfaces. We consider the adsorption of oxygen at various on-surface and subsurface sites of Cu(100) for coverages of 1/8 to 1 monolayers (ML). We find that oxygen at a coverage of 1/2 ML preferably binds to Cu(100) in a missing-row surface reconstruction, while oxygen adsorption on the nonreconstructed surface is preferred at 1/4 ML coverage consistent with experimental results. For Cu(110), we consider oxygen binding to both nonreconstructed and added-row reconstructions at various coverages. For coverages up to 1/2 ML coverage, the most stable configuration is predicted to be a $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ missing-row structure. At higher oxygen exposures, a surface transition to a $c(6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ added strand configuration with 2/3 ML oxygen coverage occurs. Through surface Gibbs free energies, taking into account temperature and oxygen partial pressure, we construct $(p,T)$ surface phase diagrams for O/Cu(100) and O/Cu(110). On both crystal faces, oxygenated surface structures are stable prior to bulk oxidation. We combine our results with equivalent $(p,T)$ surface free energy data for the O/Cu(111) surface to predict the morphology of copper nanoparticles in an oxygen environment.
Expression of Genes for Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase and 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl CoA Reductase in Aged Potato Tubers Infected with Phytophthora infestans (1996)

In comparison with tissues of unaged potato tubers, tissues of aged tubers rapidly express features of resistance, such as hypersensitive cell death, browning and the accumulation of phytoalexins in response to infection by an incompatible race of Phytophthora infestans. Expression of two putative defense genes, namely, genes for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and the activities of the corresponding enzymes were determined in aged, inoculated potato discs. The level of HMGR activity was higher after inoculation with an incompatible than with a compatible race of the pathogen. The levels of the transcripts in the total RNA were, however, nearly identical in both cases. When we examined polysomal RNA, we found an enhanced level of transcripts for HMGR only in tissues that had been infected with the incompatible race. Furthermore, comparison of the patterns of distribution of HMGR mRNA associated with polysomes in two gradients revealed modulation of HMGR at the level of initiation of translation. These results suggest that the activity of HMGR in aged potato tubers that have been attacked by P. infestans might be regulated, in part, at the post-transcriptional level in a race-cultivar-specific manner. By contrast, the levels of PAL mRNA in both the total and the polysomal RNA fractions, as well as the enzymatic activity, were higher in the incompatible than in the compatible interaction. The results suggest that the activity of PAL is regulated differentially at the transcriptional level during the interactions.
Corécepteurs lymphocytaires (2006)

The activation of the immune system is tightly regulated by positive and negative receptors that allow the fine tuning of the immune cells. This regulation relies on receptors that were initially described in T lymphocytes, but have now been identified on cells from both innate and acquired immunity. The co-stimulatory receptors can allow cell activation or amplify it, regulate cell suvival and determine their effector functions. The co-inhibitory receptors can either prevent, decrease of inhibit the activation and differentiation process. The co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules belong mainly to the so-called Ig superfamily and historically were called << CD28 and B7 family >>. The members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family devoid of intra-cytoplasmic death domain but binding TNF receptor associated factors (TRAF) are also important but are up to now mainly co-stimulatory. The prototypical co-stimulatory molecules belonging to CD28 family are CD28 and ICOS, whereas the co-inhibitory molecules identified so far are CTLA-4, PD-1 and BTLA. Their receptors belong in most instances to the B7 family. For instance, B7.1/CD80 and B7.2/CD86 interact both with CD28 and CTLA-4 ; PDL1 and PDL2 bind to PD-1. The exception being so far BTLA which interacts with the TNFR family member HVEM (Herpes virus entry mediator). Three other B7 family members B7-H3, B7-H4 and BT3.1 are orphan receptors until now. The basis of co-inhibition rely on distinct mechanisms, one that has been postulated being the ability of the intracytoplasmic domain of PD-1 and BTLA to bind to the protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2. The pathways used by the co-stimulatory receptors are also not completely understood and rely for CD28 both on signal similar to the one elicited by TcR and consequently increasing the overall signal and other more specific, elicited by the activation of PI3-OH kinase, vav1 and rearrangement of cytoskeleton. Recently, reverse signaling has been described for B7 family members which further increases the spectrum of functions elicited by these families. Co-stimulation and co-inhibition are among the most promising molecules and pathways to be targeted by mAbs, recombinant proteins and drugs in auto-immune diseases, transplantation and cancer.
Mutations in the E1a gene of adenovirus type 5 alter the tumorigenic properties of transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells. (1986)

The adenovirus type 5 mutants H5hr1 and H5dl101 contain modifications in the E1a gene affecting the 13S mRNA-encoded 289-amino acid polypeptide and exhibit a cold-sensitive transformation phenotype upon infection of cloned rat embryo fibroblast (CREF) cells. Transformed cell lines expressing solely E1a or E1a and E1b gene products derived from these viruses display enhanced anchorage-independent growth at 37 degrees C versus 32 degrees C and display a cytoskeletal architecture resembling untransformed fibroblastic CREF cells. In contrast, CREF cells transformed by H5wt or the E1a and E1b region of H5wt grow with similar efficiency in agar at 37 degrees C or 32 degrees C and exhibit an epithelioid morphology that is associated with an altered cytoskeleton. Regardless of the expression or presence of other viral early regions, including E1b, E2a, and E4 genes, specific CREF cell lines expressing an altered 289-amino acid protein and a wild-type 12S mRNA-encoded 243-amino acid protein were capable of inducing tumors in nude mice and in immunocompetent syngeneic Fischer rats. In sharp contrast, cells expressing a wild-type 289-amino acid protein were unable to induce tumors in either nude mice or syngeneic rats. The ability to induce tumors did not correlate with alterations in the pattern of viral DNA integration or differential expression of the E1a and E1b genes, nor was the tumor induction a consequence of unique properties of the immortal parental CREF cell line.
Quality of Life of Patients Who Undergo Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy: Effects of Personality Characteristics (2011)

Personality dimensions and patterns of interpersonal functioning produce significant effects on patients' quality of life during breast reconstruction. Patients with high harm avoidance are apprehensive and doubtful. Restoration of body image could help them to reduce social anxiety and insecurity. Vindictive/self-centered patients are resentful and aggressive. Breast reconstruction could symbolize the conclusion of a reparative process and fulfill the desire of revenge on cancer.
Production of the Subdomains of the <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Apical Membrane Antigen 1 Ectodomain and Analysis of the Immune Response (2004)

The apical membrane antigen 1 of Plasmodium falciparum is one of the leading candidate antigens being developed as a vaccine to prevent malaria. This merozoite transmembrane protein has an ectodomain that can be divided into three subdomains (D I, D II, and D III). We have previously expressed a major portion of this ectodomain and have shown that it can induce antibodies that prevent merozoite invasion into red blood cells in an in vitro growth and invasion assay. To analyze the antibody responses directed against the individual subdomains, we constructed six different genes that express each of the domains separately (D I, D II, or D III) or in combination with another domain (D I+II, D II+III, or D I+III). These proteins were purified and used to immunize rabbits to raise construct-specific antibodies. We demonstrated that D I+II induced a significant amount of the growth-inhibitory antibodies active in the growth and invasion assay.
Determination of permittivity variations in the troposphere by scatter-propagation methods (1962)

An account of an experimental tropospheric scatter-propagation investigation is given. The theoretical background on which the experiments are based is briefly sketched, and the atmospheric permittivity distribution in a general form is discussed in some detail. Finally the results are presented of a set of experiments which are believed to contribute to the general understanding of the conditions in the troposphere which are of importance to long-distance communication.
Effect of physical parameters, carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of alkaline protease from a newly isolatedBacillus pseudofirmus SVB1 (2009)

The effect of process physical parameters (initial pH of the medium, temperature and rpm of the shaking incubator) on the production of alkaline protease from a newly isolatedBacillus pseudofirmus SVB1 was studied using central composite design technique. The individual optimum levels of initial pH of the medium, temperature and rpm of the shaking incubator were found to be 9.2, 27.3 °C and 195, respectively for the production of alkaline protease (specific activity, u/mg of protein) and 11, 28.9 °C and 210, respectively for cell growth. By applying multiresponse analysis method of generalized distance approach for production and growth, the optimal levels were found to be 9.9, 28.1 °C and 202, for initial pH of the medium, temperature and rpm of the shaking incubator, respectively. After optimization, the production of alkaline protease and cell growth were enhanced by 36.23 and 44.29%, respectively. Also, the various nutritional parameters, which have significant effect on the production of alkaline protease, are delineated in the present study. Alkaline protease production was found to be influenced by media components,viz., types of C/N source and presence of metal ions. Finally an overall 6.2 fold increase in the production was achieved using casein as both carbon and nitrogen source.
Transition metal-catalyzed C–H activation reactions: diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity (2009)

This critical review discusses historical and contemporary research in the field of transition metal-catalyzed carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bond activation through the lens of stereoselectivity. Research concerning both diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity in C-H activation processes is examined, and the application of concepts in this area for the development of novel carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions is described. Throughout this review, an emphasis is placed on reactions that are (or may soon become) relevant in the realm of organic synthesis (221 references).