gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced reflectivity and stability of Sc/Si multilayers (2004)

Sc/Si multilayers were designed for normal incidence reflectivity in the wavelength range from 35 to 50 nm and were deposited by dc-magnetron sputtering. X-ray scattering of CuKα radiation, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and chemical analysis were used for the characterization of the multilayer structures. The normal incidence reflectivity was measured as a function of the wavelength, for different layer thickness ratios, number of layers and some important sputter parameters. Maximum reflectivities of 21% @ 38 nm and 54 % @ 46 nm for Sc/Si multilayer mirrors were achieved. Reflectivity up to 56 % @ 44.7 nm for a Sc/Si multilayers having enhanced interface structure due to Cr diffusion barriers will be under discussion. The increase in reflectivity is consistent with multilayers having sharper and smoother interfaces. The evolutions of optical properties in the temperature range from 50°C to 250°C for classical Sc/Si and interface engineered Sc/Cr/Si/Cr multilayers will be compared.
Study of ZrO2 thin films for gate oxide applications (2001)

We investigated the microstructures and electrical properties of ZrO2 films deposited by reactive dc magnetron sputtering on Si substrates for gate dielectrics applications. We observed that the refractive index value of the ZrO2 films increased with an increase in deposition powers and annealing temperatures. The ZrO2 films deposited at elevated temperatures are polycrystalline, and both the monoclinic and tetragonal phases exist in the films. Films with higher density and improved crystallinity are obtained at higher deposition temperatures. The interfacial oxide layer between ZrO2 films and Si substrates grew upon annealing in the O2 gas ambient, which is due to the oxidation of Si substrates by the diffusion of oxidizing species from O2 gas ambient. The accumulation capacitance value increased upon annealing in the N2 gas ambient due to the densification of the films, while it decreased in O2 gas ambient due to the growth of the interfacial oxide layer.
Al-qūhī Vs. Aristotle: On Motion (1999)

Al-Qūhī, mathematician of the 10th century, examines critically two arguments in the 6th book of the Aristotelian Physics . This critic does not follow the method of the philosophers, with doctrinal amendments, but with a mathematical and experimental style. For understanding of this critical examination and its influence, it is necessary to situate it in the mathesis of al-Qūhī and to produce its mechanical presuppositions. This is the purpose of the author of this paper.
Cerebral perfusion as a diagnostic marker of early Alzheimer's disease (1988)

Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer9s disease (AD) is not fully satisfactory, and laboratory markers of this disease are not yet established. We report substantial regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) abnormalities in patients with documented early stages of the disease, when differential diagnosis is most critical. Thirty-six patients with carefully documented clinical diagnosis of early AD (mean disease duration, 3.25 ± 1.80 years) and 12 elderly healthy controls participated in rCBF studies using the <sup>133</sup>Xe inhalation method. Whole-brain perfusion was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the AD group, and a characteristic perfusion deficit was consistently found in temporoparietal cortex of the AD patients. Discriminant analyses demonstrated over 90% correct classification of the two groups. Two subgroups of patients with mildest disease manifestations were equally well discriminated. The similarity of these findings to those in late stages, which have been validated neuro-pathologically, offers indirect confirmation of validity and specificity. These results suggest that rCBF procedures may provide an accurate and sensitive laboratory marker for early AD.
New first- and second-order very low sensitivity bandpass/bandstop complex digital filter sections (2002)

Very low magnitude sensitivity first- and second-order bandpass and bandstop complex coefficient orthogonal digital filter structures are derived by developing appropriate prototype sections and applying on them a circuit transformation. The bandstop and the multioutput universal orthogonal sections are proposed for first time. Then, a comparative study together with other known structures is conducted and it is shown that while having a canonic (minimum) number of multipliers and delay elements (many times less than those of the other known structures), the new structures have tens or hundreds of times lower sensitivity for narrow-band realizations. A method of approximation and design of higher orthogonal filters employing the new sections also is proposed. The lower sensitivity of the new structures is demonstrated experimentally.
Fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of Malaysian castor bean ricinus communis L. seed oil (2010)

The crude oil of Malaysian castor bean Ricinus communis L. seed was extracted by Soxhlet method using hexane. The physicochemical characteristics of castor bean oil were evaluated. The results showed that Malaysian castor seeds contain a relatively high percentage of total lipids content; 43.3% (per dry weight), high iodine value (84.5 mg/g) and saponification value (182.96 mg/g). The seed oil moisture content, acid value and free fatty acid percentage (% FFA) were 0.2%, 4.88 mg/g and 3.4%, respectively. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) content were 97.5% of the total fatty acids composition. Ricinoleic acid comprises over 84% while other fatty acids present were linoleic (7.3%), oleic (5.5%), palmitic (1.3%), stearic (1.2%) and linolenic (0.5%), respectively. Five types of castor bean seed oil triacylglycerols were identified as triricinolein, RRR (84.1%), diricinoleoylstearoylglycerol, RRS (8.2%), diricinoleoyloleoyl-glycerol, RRO (5.6%), diricinoleoyllinoleoylglycerol, RRL (1.2%) and diricinoleoylpalmitoyl-glycerol, RRP (0.9%), respectively.
Initiation and growth of embryogenic callus and suspension cultures of Zea mays L. (1987)

The immature embryos of maize genotype H99 can be induced by dicamba to produce primarily type I embryogenic callus, that is firm, compact, relatively slow-growing. Immature embryos of one (G35 X B73)s line cultured in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) yield type II embryogenic callus, a rapidly-growing, highly friable callus exhibiting well-formed somatic embryos. A selected responsive (G35 X 373)s line can be induced to yield a high frequency of type II callus whereas embryos from a second selected nonresponsive (G35 X 373)s line cannot be induced to form somatic embryos under any known set of conditions. Immature embryos from these three corn lines were cultured, fixed at various times during the culture period, and embedded in paraffin and/or resin. The H99 embryos showed a generalized area of meristematic tissue that appeared to be initiated in the subepidermal layers of the scutellum. The immature embryos of the responsive (G35 X 373)s line showed distinct groups of meristematic cells at the scutellar surface. These groups were only 6-8 cells in size in contrast to the large meristematic regions observed in H99 immature embryos. The scutellar cells of the nonresponsive (G35 X 373)5 hybrid did not develop meristematic regions, and the cells of both the epidermal and
Strategy for epitope tagging the protein-coding region of any gene. (1994)

We describe the construction of a plasmid carrying a DNA cassette encoding the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA1) epitope. Insertion of this cassette into the coding region creates a gene encoding an epitope-tagged protein. The tagged protein can be detected and quantified by using a commercially available anti-HA1 antibody. A one-step procedure introduces the epitope at any restriction site within a gene while maintaining the open reading frame. An example of the application of this technique is presented and the different uses of the cassette are discussed.
[Study on effect of danshensu in directional differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells]. (2005)

DSS could induce differentiation of MSC to neuron-like cells in vitro, the action is concentration- and time-dependent.
Molecular Cloning of a Novel Human Collectin from Liver (CL-L1) (1999)

Collectins are a C-lectin family with collagen-like sequences and carbohydrate recognition domains. These proteins can bind to carbohydrate antigens of microorganisms and inhibit their infection by direct neutralization and agglutination, the activation of complement through the lectin pathway, and opsonization by collectin receptors. Here we report the cloning of a cDNA encoding human collectin from liver (CL-L1 (collectin liver 1)) that has typical collectin structural characteristics, consisting of an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a collagen-like domain, a neck domain, and a carbohydrate recognition domain. The cDNA has an insert of 831 base pairs coding for a protein of 277 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence shows that this collectin has a unique repeat of four lysine residues in its C-terminal area. Northern blot, Western blot, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that CL-L1 is present mainly in liver as a cytosolic protein and at low levels in placenta. More sensitive analyses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions showed that most tissues (except skeletal muscle) have CL-L1 mRNA. Zoo-blot analysis indicated that CL-L1 is limited to mammals and birds. A chromosomal localization study indicated that the CL-L1 gene localizes to chromosome 8q23-q24.1, different from chromosome 10 of other human collectin genes. Expression studies of fusion proteins lacking the collagen and N-terminal domains produced in Escherichia coli affirmed that CL-L1 binds mannose weakly. CL-L1 and recombinant CL-L1 fusion proteins do not bind to mannan columns. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree of CL-L1 and other collectins indicated that CL-L1 belongs to a fourth subfamily of collectins following the mannan-binding protein, surfactant protein A, and surfactant protein D subfamilies including bovine conglutinin and collectin-43 (CL-43). These findings indicate that CL-L1 may be involved in different biological functions.
Nanostructured DNA−Protein Aggregates Consisting of Covalent Oligonucleotide−Streptavidin Conjugates (2001)

Covalent conjugates consisting of streptavidin and a 24-mer single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide have been oligomerized by cross-linking with a 5',5'-bis-biotinylated 169-base-pair double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) fragment. The oligomeric conjugates formed have been analyzed by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis and scanning-force microscopy (SFM). The comparison of analogous oligomers, prepared from native STV and the bis-biotinylated dsDNA fragment, revealed that the covalent STV-oligonucleotide hybrid conjugates self-assemble to generate oligomeric aggregates of significant smaller size, containing on average only about 2.5 times less dsDNA fragments per aggregate. Likely, this is a consequence of electrostatic or steric repulsion between the dsDNA and the single-stranded oligomer covalently attached to the hybrid, as indicated from control experiments. Nevertheless, the single-stranded oligonucleotide moiety within the oligomeric conjugates can be used as a selective molecular handle for further functionalization and manipulation. For instance, it was used for specific DNA-directed immobilization at a surface, previously functionalized with complementary capture oligonucleotides. Moreover, we demonstrate that macromolecules, such as STV and antibody molecules, which are tagged with the complementary oligonucleotide, specifically bind to the supramolecular DNA-STV oligomeric conjugates. This leads to a novel class of functional DNA-protein conjugates, suitable, for instance, as reagents in immuno-PCR or as building blocks in molecular nanotechnology.
The effect of the addition of lignocaine on propofol emulsion stability (1996)

The stability of propofol emulsion following the addition of various amounts of lignocaine solution was investigated. The investigations used were macroscopic and microscopic observations and electroacoustic determination of both droplet size and zeta potential. Evidence of emulsion instability was present following the addition of even small amounts of lignocaine. Resultant changes are unlikely to be clinically important following the addition of less than 20 mg of lignocaine to 200 mg of propofol (20 ml of propofol emulsion). It is recommended, however, that anaesthetists consider the possibility of destabilisation of propofol emulsion when adding larger doses of lignocaine, or when there is a delay between formulation and administration of the propofol-lignocaine mixtures.
Ersatzschaltungen (1965)

Die relativ komplizierten Frequenzabhängigkeiten des Modelltransistors lassen es geraten scheinen, nach einfachen und anschaulichen Darstellungsmethoden zu suchen. Solche Möglichkeiten bieten sich in den Ersatzschaltungen. Der Übergang vom Modell zur Ersatzschaltung kann auf zweierlei Arten vollzogen werden: von der Kontinuitätsgleichung mit den jeweiligen Randbedingungen ausgehend über die Vierpolbeziehungen, zum anderen kann man von Anfang an das den physikalischen Vorgängen analoge elektrische Verhalten ausnützen und so mit rein elektrischen Größen und Begriffen auskommen [5.36] [2.33] [6.9] [7.2] [7.44] [7.107].
Reactivity of some 3‐substituted derivatives of 2,6‐dihalogenopyridines towards potassium amide in liquid ammonia [a] (1985)

Abstract Reactions of 2,6‐dichloro‐3‐phenyl‐, 2,6‐dibromo‐3‐phenyl‐, 2,6‐dichloro‐3‐dimethylamino‐ and 2,6‐dibromo‐3‐dimethylaminopyridine with potassium amide in liquid ammonia were investigated. Whereas 2,6‐dichloro‐3‐phenylpyridine yields 4‐amino‐2‐benzylpyrimidine, from 2,6‐dibromo‐3‐phenylpyridine as a product of a novel ring fission 2‐amino‐l‐cyano‐l‐phenyl‐but‐l‐en‐3‐yne was isolated, together with 4‐amino‐6‐bromo‐3‐phenylpyridine and 2,6‐diamino‐3‐phenylpyridine. It was shown that neither 2‐amino‐6‐bromo‐3‐phenyl‐ nor 6‐amino‐2‐bromo‐3‐phenylpyridine are intermediates in the formation of the 2,6‐diamino derivative, as these bromo compounds are transformed in the basic medium into 1,3‐dicyano‐l‐phenylpropene. From both 2,6‐di‐chloro‐3‐dimethylamino‐ and 2,6‐dibromo‐3‐dimethylaminopyridine mixtures are obtained from which only 2‐amino‐l‐cyano‐l‐dimethylamino‐but‐l‐en‐3‐yne and 4‐amino‐6‐halogeno‐3‐dimethylaminopyridine were isolated. Mechanisms for the reactions studied are proposed, i.e. a S N (ANRORC) mechanism for the aminodebromination of 2,6‐dibromo‐3‐phenylpyridine into the corresponding 2,6‐diamino compound.
Improvement in the resolution of three-dimensional data sets collected using optical serial sectioning (1989)

In this paper an approach for improving the quality of 3-D microscopic images obtained through optical serial sectioning is described and implemented. A serially sectioned image is composed of a sequence of 2-D images obtained by incrementing the focusing plane of the microscope through the specimen of interest; ideally, the image obtained at each focusing plane should be in focus, and should contain information lying only within that plane. In practice, however, the images obtained contain redundant information from neighbouring focusing planes and are blurred by a three-dimensional low-pass distortion. These degradations are a consequence of the limited aperture of any optical system; using principles of geometric optics and allowing for the passage of light through the specimen, we are able to demonstrate that the microscope distortion can be described as a linear system, if the absorption of the specimen is assumed to be linear and non-diffractive. The transfer function of the microscope is found to zero a biconic region of 3-D spatial frequencies orientated along the optical axis; a closed-form expression is derived for the low-pass transfer function of the microscope outside the region of missing frequencies. The planar resolution of the serial sections can be greatly improved by convolving the image obtained with the inverse of the low-pass distortion function, although the missing cone of frequencies is not recoverable. The reconstruction technique is demonstrated using both simulated images, to demonstrate more clearly the effects of the distortion and the accuracy of the subsequent reconstruction, and actual experiments with a pollen grain and a stained preparation of human cerebellum tissue.
Phase-shifting schlieren: high-resolution quantitative schlieren that uses the phase-shifting technique principle (2003)

A quantitative autocalibrated high-resolution schlieren technique for quantitative measurement of reflective surface shape is proposed. It combines the schlieren principle with the phase-shifting technique that is generally used in interferometry. With an appropriate schlieren filter and appropriately tailored setup, some schlieren fringes are generated. After application of the phase-shift technique, the schlieren phase is calculated and converted into beam deviation values. Theoretical and experimental demonstrations are given. The technique is validated on a reference target, and then its application in a fluid physics experiment is demonstrated. These two examples show the potential of the phase-shifting schlieren technique that in some situations can become competitive with interferometry but with a much better dynamic range and with variable sensitivity. The technique can also be used to measure refractive-index gradients in transparent media.
Effects of Wellbore Pressure on Perforator Penetration Depth (1988)

ABSTRACT Industry has generally assumed that perforator penetration depth is independent of wellbore pressure. However, recent test data clearly show that modern perforator penetration performance is significantly affected by wellbore pressure. Two series of tests were performed using unstressed and stressed Berea sandstone. The unstressed tests used modified API Section II Berea test targets with wellbore pressure equal to pore pressure. Three different perforators at a 0.75-in. gun-to-casing clearance were tested. The penetration reduction from ambient to 15,000 psi wellbore/pore pressure was charge dependent and ranged from 22% to 28%. Tests with nonequal wellbore and pore pressures in unstressed Berea targets showed penetration reduction to be independent of pore pressure. Test of a single perforator in stressed Berea at an effective stress of 2000 psi also showed penetration reduction with wellbore pressure. This penetration reduction suggests that for the perforator tested, wellbore pressure may be a more dominant effect than in situ stress for deep wells.
Toll-like receptor–mediated activation of neutrophils by influenza A virus (2008)

Influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract is characterized by a neutrophil infiltrate accompanied by inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. We and others have reported that Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins are present on human neutrophils and that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment enhances IL-8 (CXCL8) secretion in response to stimulation with TLR ligands. We demonstrate that influenza virus can induce IL-8 and other inflammatory cytokines from GM-CSF-primed human neutrophils. Using heat inactivation of influenza virus, we show that viral entry but not replication is required for cytokine induction. Furthermore, endosomal acidification and viral uncoating are necessary. Finally, using single-cell analysis of intracellular cytokine accumulation in neutrophils from knockout mice, we prove that TLR7 is essential for influenza viral recognition and inflammatory cytokine production by murine neutrophils. These studies demonstrate neutrophil activation by influenza virus and highlight the importance of TLR7 and TLR8 in that response.
A common haplotype at the CD36 locus is associated with high free fatty acid levels and increased cardiovascular risk in Caucasians (2004)

CD36 is a class B scavenger receptor recognizing a variety of ligands including long-chain fatty acids and modified LDL. We investigated whether genetic variability at this locus is a determinant of free fatty acid (FFA) plasma levels and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Caucasians. Typing of 21 polymorphic markers, evenly spanning the CD36 gene, revealed two linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks that could be tagged by five polymorphisms (-33137A>G, -31118G>A, 25444G>A, 27645del>ins and 30294G>C). In 585 non-diabetic individuals of Caucasian origin, the 30294G>C polymorphism was significantly associated with FFA levels (P = 0.02)--an effect that was especially visible among men (P = 0.009). A similar association was observed in this gender at -33137 (P = 0.008) and -31118 (P = 0.028). When the five tag polymorphisms were considered together, men carrying the AGGIG haplotype had 31% higher FFA (P = 0.0002) and 20% higher triglycerides (P = 0.025) than non-carriers. The same haplotype was associated with increased risk of CAD in 197 type 2 diabetic individuals from the US (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.2). A similar tendency was observed in a group of 321 type 2 diabetic individuals from Italy (OR = 1.4, 0.9-2.3), resulting in an overall relative risk of 1.6 (1.1-2.3, P = 0.015) in the two populations considered together. By targeted resequencing, we identified a common variant in the CD36 promoter that is in strong LD with the AGGIG haplotype and could be partly responsible for these findings. In conclusion, this comprehensive study of CD36 variability indicates that the common polymorphisms at this locus modulate lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk in Caucasians.
Preparation and mass spectra of 2,5‐diaryl‐1,4‐dithiins (1972)

Abstract 2 Seven5‐diaryl‐1,4‐dithiins were prepared from phenacyl halides via the corresponding Bunte salts. The mass spectra showed a number of similarities within this series of compounds. Various dipositive ions were observed in all cases while the unsubstituted and p ‐methyl derivatives formed tripositive ions. Ir, nmr, and chemical analysis were also completed and reported.
A Skin-Stretching Device for the Harnessing of the Viscoelastic Properties of Skin (1993)

A skin-stretching device that is designed to harness the viscoelastic properties of the skin using incremental traction is presented as an addition to the surgeon's armamentarium. It has proved to be of value in helping to close problematic areas of skin shortage which would otherwise have required more complicated procedures for their solution. It is simple in application and can even be put to use at the bedside. It consists of two pins that are threaded through the dermis of the wound margins on either side of the defect and which are in turn engaged by the hooks of the stretching device. The stretching force on the skin margins is spread over a wide area, thus preventing damage to the skin itself that individual hooks applied to the skin might cause. The device is employed over a duration of 20 to 30 minutes to 1 to 3 days depending on the condition of the skin adjoining the defect. The device can be applied over three different periods of time: (1) preoperatively (presuturing), lasting 1 to 2 days, (2) intraoperatively, extending over a period of 20 to 30 minutes, and (3) postoperatively (or delayed), which takes place over a time span of hours to 1 to 3 days. Five illustrative cases are presented.