gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Out-of-Domain Detection for Natural Language Understanding in Dialog Systems (2020)

Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is a vital component of dialogue systems, and its ability to detect Out-of-Domain (OOD) inputs is critical in practical applications, since the acceptance of the OOD input that is unsupported by the current system may lead to catastrophic failure. However, most existing OOD detection methods rely heavily on manually labeled OOD samples and cannot take full advantage of unlabeled data. This limits the feasibility of these models in practical applications. In this paper, we propose a novel model to generate high-quality pseudo OOD samples that are akin to IN-Domain (IND) input utterances and thereby improves the performance of OOD detection. To this end, an autoencoder is trained to map an input utterance into a latent code. Moreover, the codes of IND and OOD samples are trained to be indistinguishable by utilizing a generative adversarial network. To provide more supervision signals, an auxiliary classifier is introduced to regularize the generated OOD samples to have indistinguishable intent labels. Experiments show that these pseudo OOD samples generated by our model can be used to effectively improve OOD detection in NLU. Besides, we also demonstrate that the effectiveness of these pseudo OOD data can be further improved by efficiently utilizing unlabeled data.
Hybrid QconCAT-Based Targeted Absolute and Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Label-Free Quantification Enables In-Depth Proteomic Characterization of Wheat Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitor Extracts (2021)

Wheat amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) have gained significant relevance as inducers of intestinal and extra-intestinal inflammation. In this study, we present a novel hybrid data-independent acquisition (DIA) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approach, combining QconCAT technology with short microflow LC gradients and DIA and apply the method toward the quantitative proteome analysis of ATI extracts. The presented method is fast, robust, and reproducible and provides precise QconCAT-based absolute quantification of major ATI proteins while simultaneously quantifying the proteome by label-free quantification (LFQ). We analyzed extracts of 60 varieties of common wheat grown in replication and evaluated the reproducibility and precision of the workflow for the quantification of ATIs. Applying the method to analyze different wheat species (i.e., common wheat, spelt, durum wheat, emmer, and einkorn) and comparing the results to published data, we validated inter-laboratory and cross-methodology reproducibility of ATI quantification, which is essential in the context of large-scale breeding projects. Additionally, we applied our workflow to assess environmental effects on ATI expression, analyzing ATI content and proteome of same varieties grown at different locations. Finally, we explored the potential of combining QconCAT-based absolute quantification with DIA-based LFQ proteome analysis for the generation of new hypotheses or assay development.
Challenges and Perspectives for NASICON‐Type Electrode Materials for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries (2017)

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted increasing attention in the past decades, because of high overall abundance of precursors, their even geographical distribution, and low cost. Apart from inherent thermodynamic disadvantages, SIBs have to overcome multiple kinetic problems, such as fast capacity decay, low rate capacities and low Coulombic efficiencies. A special case is sodium super ion conductor (NASICON)-based electrode materials as they exhibit - besides pronounced structural stability - exceptionally high ion conductivity, rendering them most promising for sodium storage. Owing to the limiting, comparatively low electronic conductivity, nano-structuring is a prerequisite for achieving satisfactory rate-capability. In this review, we analyze advantages and disadvantages of NASICON-type electrode materials and highlight electrode structure design principles for obtaining the desired electrochemical performance. Moreover, we give an overview of recent approaches to enhance electrical conductivity and structural stability of cathode and anode materials based on NASICON structure. We believe that this review provides a pertinent insight into relevant design principles and inspires further research in this respect.
The antiviral protein, viperin, localizes to lipid droplets via its N-terminal amphipathic α-helix (2009)

Lipid droplets are intracellular lipid-storage organelles that are thought to be derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Several pathogens, notably hepatitis C virus, use lipid droplets for replication. Numerous questions remain about how lipid droplets are generated and used by viruses. Here we show that the IFN-induced antiviral protein viperin, which localizes to the cytosolic face of the ER and inhibits HCV, localizes to lipid droplets. We show that the N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix of viperin that is responsible for ER localization is also necessary and sufficient to localize both viperin and the fluorescent protein dsRed to lipid droplets. Point mutations in the alpha-helix that prevent ER association also disrupt lipid droplet association, and sequential deletion mutants indicate that the same number of helical turns are necessary for ER and lipid droplet association. Finally, we show that the N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix of the hepatitis C viral protein NS5A can localize dsRed and viperin to lipid droplets. These findings indicate that the amphipathic alpha-helices of viperin and NS5A are lipid droplet-targeting domains and suggest that viperin inhibits HCV by localizing to lipid droplets using a domain and mechanism similar to that used by HCV itself.
Real-time data-driven rigid motion detection and correction for brain scan with listmode PET (2016)

Patient motion can cause image blurring effects and mismatch of attenuation maps during a brain scan. To detect and correct patient head movement during a PET scan, external devices are usually used. The goal of this study is to present a method that automatically detects and corrects rigid patient motion in real time, without any additional external device using only the listmode data. Within each time interval (1 second) the listmode data were first rebinned into 3D sinogram. First and second moment of the data (expectation and variance) was then calculated for each angle. The mathematical relationship of the expected values, covariance matrix of the three dimensions in the image space and the calculated first and second moment from the listmode data were then derived. The expected values of the three dimensions in the image spaces represent the shift information, and the eigenvector matrix of the covariance matrix represents the rotation information. The acquired motion information was then applied directly on the listmode data to reduce motion effects. Several brain scans were carried out with FDG tracer to evaluate the method. Conventional method using dynamic frames were also implemented to compare with the new method. The measured translation and rotation information over time using both new listmode based approach and conventional dynamic frame approach matched very well. The motion corrected images using the new method shows much reduced blurring effects. This result demonstrated the possibility of applying data-driven approach for detection and correction of patient head movement during PET scans without adding additional hardware and procedure, or additional post processing time.
Human Placenta-Derived Adherent Cells Improve Cardiac Performance in Mice With Chronic Heart Failure (2015)

Human placenta-derived adherent cells (PDACs) are a culture-expanded, undifferentiated mesenchymal-like population derived from full-term placental tissue, with immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and neuroprotective properties. PDA-001 (cenplacel-L), an intravenous formulation of PDAC cells, is in clinical development for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We tested the therapeutic effects of PDA-001 in mice with chronic heart failure (CHF). Three weeks after transaortic constriction surgery to induce CHF, the mice underwent direct intramyocardial (IM) or i.v. injection of PDA-001 at a high (0.5 × 10(6) cells per mouse), medium (0.5 × 10(5) cells per mouse), or low (0.5 × 10(4) cells per mouse) dose. The mice were sacrificed 4 weeks after treatment. Echocardiography and ventricular catheterization showed that IM injection of PDA-001 significantly improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function compared with injection of vehicle or i.v. injection of PDA-001. IM injection of PDA-001 also decreased cardiac fibrosis, shown by trichrome staining in the vicinity of the injection sites. Low-dose treatment showed the best improvement in cardiac performance compared with the medium- and high-dose groups. In another independent study to determine the mechanism of action with bromodeoxyuridine labeling, the proliferation rates of endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes were significantly increased by low or medium IM dose PDA-001. However, no surviving PDA-001 cells were detected in the heart 1 month after injection. In vivo real-time imaging consistently revealed that the PDA-001 cells were detectable only within 2 days after IM injection of luciferase-expressing PDA-001. Together, these results have demonstrated the cardiac therapeutic potential of PDA-001, likely through a paracrine effect.
Conjugated polymers and related materials : the interconnection of chemical and electronic structure : proceedings of the Eighty-first Nobel Symposium (1993)

Chemical synthesis and structure electronic structure and excitations applications spectroscopies related concepts and materials.
DOWNHOLE VIBRATION MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM (2003)

The purpose of this program is to develop the Drilling Vibration Monitoring & Control System (DVMCS) to both record and reduce drilling vibrations in a ''smart'' drill string. It is composed of two main elements. The first is a multi-axis active vibration damper to minimize harmful axial, lateral and torsional vibrations, and thereby increase both rate of penetration (ROP) and bit life, as well that the life of other drillstring components. The hydraulic impedance (hardness) of this damper will be continuously adjusted using unique technology that is robust, fast-acting and reliable. The second component is a real-time system to monitor 3-axis drillstring vibration, and related parameters including weight- and torque-on-bit (TOB) and temperature. This monitor will determine the current vibration environment and adjust the damper accordingly. In some configurations, it may also send diagnostic information to the surface via real-time telemetry. Phase I of this program addresses an evaluation of the environment in which the DVMCS will operate; modeling of a drillstring response including the active damper; a top-level design of the mechanical and electronic systems; analyzing the anticipated performance of the damper by modeling and laboratory testing of small prototypes; and doing preliminary economic, market, environmental and financing analyses. This phase is scheduled to last fourteen months, until November 30, 2003. During this first quarter, significant progress was achieved on the first two objectives, and work was begun on several others. Initial designs of the DVMCS are underway.
The Catholic Source Book (1990)

Completely revised and given a fresh new look, the Catholic Source Book contains the essential teachings and basic texts of Catholic beliefs, prayers, practices and traditions.Better than any almanac and more useful than an encyclopedia or dictionary, this is the one Catholic reference book that every home, parish and classroom needs. Catechumens and lifelong Catholics, teachers and students, adults and children will all find this book interesting, informative and essential both for reading and reference.
Medical treatment of ulcerative colitis (1996)

Medical treatment of ulcerative colitis aims at extinguishing disease flare-up and preventing relapses. For severe attacks in cases refractory to intravenous steroids, studies have confirmed that cyclosporine may be of value for short-term control; long-term results, however, are less satisfactory. Anecdotal reports of efficacy of heparin and interferon- α are exciting but need be validated. Mild and moderate attacks are usually well controlled with topical treatment, but may require supplementation with oral salicylates and steroids. Patients with refractory distal colitis, a more widely recognized entity, may benefit from the combined use of topical short-chain fatty acids and 5-aminosalicylic acid. Oral salicylates are the firstline approach for maintenance treatment in distal colitis. Topical salicylates may be useful maintenance therapy
Interspecies recombination between the penA genes of Neisseria meningitidis and commensal Neisseria species during the emergence of penicillin resistance in N. meningitidis: natural events and laboratory simulation (1994)

The penicillin-binding protein 2 genes (penA) of penicillin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis have a mosaic structure that has arisen by the introduction of regions from the penA genes of Neisseria flavescens or Neisseria cinerea. Chromosomal DNA from both N. cinerea and N. flavescens could transform a penicillin-susceptible isolate of N. meningitidis to increased resistance to penicillin. With N. flavescens DNA, transformation to resistance was accompanied by the introduction of the N. flavescens penA gene, providing a laboratory demonstration of the interspecies recombinational events that we believe underlie the development of penicillin resistance in many meningococci in nature. Surprisingly, with N. cinerea DNA, the penicillin-resistant transformants did not obtain the N. cinerea penA gene. However, the region of the penA gene derived from N. cinerea in N. meningitidis K196 contained an extra codon (Asp-345A) which was not found in any of the four N. cinerea isolates that we examined and which is known to result in a decrease in the affinity of PBP 2 in gonococci.
Selective Hydrogenation of Cyclooctadienes Using Colloidal Palladium in Poly(<i>N</i>-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (1985)

Abstract Selective hydrogenation of 1,3-, 1,4-, and 1,5-cyclooctadiene to cyclooctene was carried out at 30 °C under atmospheric hydrogen pressure using colloidal palladium which was prepared by reducing palladium(II) chloride with refluxing methanol in the presence of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone). The yields of cyclooctene were 99.9% and 97.8% for hydrogenation of 1,3- and 1,5-cyclooctadiene, respectively at the point that an equimolar hydrogen was uptaken by cyclooctadienes. The hydrogenation rate of 1,3- and 1,4-cyclooctadiene (R1) is expressed as R1=k1[H2][Pd], and that of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (R2) is expressed as R2=k2[H2]0.7[Pd], where k1 and k2 are the rate constants. Alcohols were found to be good solvents for hydrogenation. In particular the fastest rate and the highest selectivity for monoene were observed in methanol among the solvents examined. Effect of bases on the monoene selectivity has also been investigated.
RSVP-TE LSP egress fast-protection (2013)

RFC4090 defines a fast reroute mechanism for locally repairing an
RSVP-TE LSP in the order of 10s of milliseconds, in the event of a
downstream link or node failure. However, this mechanism does not
provide node protection for LSP egress nodes, even when an alternate
egress node (a backup egress) is available that could carry the
traffic to its ultimate destination. This document addresses this
scenario and describes how to provide egress protection by
establishing a bypass LSP from the penultimate-hop node of a LSP to
the backup egress node. The methods described in this document enable
local repair in the order of 10s of milliseconds, in the event of the
egress node failure. These methods are only applicable if traffic
carried by the LSP can be rerouted to its ultimate destination by the
backup egress node.
Distance Measurement Error in Time-of-Flight Sensors Due to Shot Noise (2015)

Unlike other noise sources, which can be reduced or eliminated by different signal processing techniques, shot noise is an ever-present noise component in any imaging system. In this paper, we present an in-depth study of the impact of shot noise on time-of-flight sensors in terms of the error introduced in the distance estimation. The paper addresses the effect of parameters, such as the size of the photosensor, the background and signal power or the integration time, and the resulting design trade-offs. The study is demonstrated with different numerical examples, which show that, in general, the phase shift determination technique with two background measurements approach is the most suitable for pixel arrays of large resolution.
Blind Signal Estimation in Widely-Linear Signal Models With Fourth-Order Circularity: Algorithms and Application to Receiver I/Q Calibration (2012)

In-phase/quadrature (I/Q) imbalance degrades heavily the image rejection performance of direct-conversion radios. I/Q imbalance also changes the statistics of the received signal, and in particular makes a circular signal non-circular. This fact has been utilized in compensating receiver I/Q imbalances, utilizing second-order statistics. In this article, we investigate whether moment circularity of order higher than two can be exploited in receiver I/Q imbalance compensation. It is established that the fourth-order moment E[ <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x*</i> ] is a suitable statistic for measuring the circularity of common communications signals based on complex-valued alphabets such as <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -QAM and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -PSK with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> >; 2. Two blind algorithms, based on Newton's method, are then proposed for receiver I/Q imbalance compensation. They are shown by simulations to converge faster or, alternatively, to give lower steady-state variance, than the reference methods that are based on second-order statistics.
Comparison of the Neuromuscular Profile of the First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle and the Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscle as Measured by Electromyography (2011)

Lower limb muscles recover faster than upper limb muscles following administration of nondepolarizing neuromuscular relaxants until the train-of-four ratio (TOFR) reached 0.7. However, no study has been conducted to evaluate the recovery time of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle (FHBM), up to a TOFR of 0.9, which indicates satisfactory recovery of neuromuscular blockade. The aim of this study was to determine electromyographically the relationship between the TOFRs of the FHBM and the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDIM), following 0.1 mg/kg of vecuronium. Eighteen patients were enrolled in this study. Electromyography of the FDIM and the FHBM was monitored. Onset times and recovery times to TOFRs of 0.7 and 0.9 of both muscles after administration of vecuronium were measured. The onset time in the FDIM was not different from that in the FHBM ( = 0.10). Recovery time to TOFR 0.7 was significantly faster in the FHBM than in the FDIM ( < 0.013). There was no significant difference in the meantime to reach TOFR 0.9 between the FDIM and the FHBM ( = 0.11). There is no clinical importance in the difference of neuromuscular recovery between the FHBM and the FDIM after TOFR reached 0.9 following administration of vecuronium.
Pharmacological Modulation of GSAP Reduces Amyloid-β Levels and Tau Phosphorylation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Plaques and Tangles (2014)

Accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) is a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and an important player in its clinical manifestations. Formation of Aβ is controlled by the availability of an enzyme called γ-secretase. Despite its blockers being attractive therapeutic tools for lowering Aβ, this approach has failed because of their serious toxic side-effects. The discovery of the γ-secretase activating protein (GSAP), a co-factor for this protease which facilitates Aβ production without affecting other pathways responsible for the toxicity, is giving us the opportunity to develop a safer anti-Aβ therapy. In this study we have characterized the effect of Imatinib, an inhibitor of GSAP, in the 3×Tg mice, a mouse model of AD with plaques and tangles. Compared with controls, mice receiving the drug had a significant reduction in brain Aβ levels and deposition, but no changes in the steady state levels of AβPP, BACE-1, ADAM-10, or the four components of the γ-secretase complex. By contrast, Imatinib-treated animals had a significant increase in CTF-β and a significant reduction in GSAP expression levels. Additionally, we observed that tau phosphorylation was reduced at specific epitopes together with its insoluble fraction. In vitro studies confirmed that Imatinib prevents Aβ formation by modulating γ-secretase activity and GSAP levels. Our findings represent the first in vivo demonstration of the biological role that GSAP plays in the development of the AD-like neuropathologies. They establish this protein as a viable target for a safer anti-Aβ therapeutic approach in AD.
Recovery of stereopsis through perceptual learning in human adults with abnormal binocular vision (2011)

Stereopsis, the perception of depth based on the disparity of the images projected to the retinas of the two eyes, is an important process in our three-dimensional world; however, 3-5% of the population is stereoblind or has seriously impaired stereovision. Here we provide evidence for the recovery of stereopsis through perceptual learning, the repetitive practice of a demanding visual task, in human adults long deprived of normal binocular vision. We used a training paradigm that combines monocular cues that were correlated perfectly with the disparity cues. Following perceptual learning (thousands of trials) with stereoscopic gratings, five adults who initially were stereoblind or stereoanomalous showed substantial recovery of stereopsis, both on psychophysical tests with stimuli that contained no monocular cues and on clinical testing. They reported that depth "popped out" in daily life, and enjoyed 3D movies for the first time. After training, stereo tests with dynamic random-dot stereograms and band-pass noise revealed the properties of the recovered stereopsis: It has reduced resolution and precision, although it is based on perceiving depth by detecting binocular disparity. We conclude that some human adults deprived of normal binocular vision can recover stereopsis at least partially.
Frequency and transmission of glutamate receptors GRIK2 and GRIK3 polymorphisms in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (2004)

Several lines of evidence suggest that obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) could be the consequence of glutamatergic dysfunction. We performed a case-control study in 156 patients and 141 controls and the transmission disequilibrium test in 124 parent-offspring trios to search for association between OCD and two kainate receptors, GRIK2 and GRIK3. Using three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in GRIK2 and one in GRIK3, we found no evidence for association in case-control or family-based analyses. Only the GRIK2 SNP I867, recently associated with autism, was less transmitted than expected (p < 0.03), supporting a functional role for this variant. These findings suggest the need for further investigation of the role of GRIK2 in OCD.