gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The European database on small subunit ribosomal RNA (2002)

The European database on SSU rRNA can be consulted via the World WideWeb at http://rrna.uia.ac.be/ssu/ and compiles all complete or nearly complete small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. Sequences are provided in aligned format. The alignment takes into account the secondary structure information derived by comparative sequence analysis of thousands of sequences. Additional information such as literature references, taxonomy, secondary structure models and nucleotide variability maps, is also available.
Strömungsvorgänge bei der Zerkleinerung in Strahlmühlen (1970)

Abstract Es werden die Entwicklung und Funktion der Spiral‐, Ovalrohr‐ und Gegenstrahlmühlen sowie deren Anwendung in der chemischen Fabrik kurz beschrieben. In der Regel werden Spiral‐ und Ovalrohrstrahlmühlen mit Gutaufgabeinjektoren beschickt und die Beschleunigungsrohre von Gegenstrahlmühlen als selbstansaugende Injektoren betrieben. Rechnungen und Versuche lieferten die Druck/Gutdurchsatz‐Kennlinien der Injektoren sowie die entsprechenden Kennlinien der Strahlmühlen. Mit Hilfe dieser Abhängigkeiten kann man die Apparate so auslegen, daß die Injektoren im ganzen Betriebsbereich, insbesondere auch beim Anschalten, stabil arbeiten. Druckund Geschwindigkeitsmessungen an Spiral‐ und Ovalrohrstrahlmühlen ergaben in Verbindung mit einfachen Abschätzungen und Rechnungen Diagramme für die Abhängigkeit der mittleren Mahlfeinheit vom Gutdurchsatz und von der Mühlengröße.
QTc prolongation measured by standard 12-lead electrocardiography is an independent risk factor for sudden death due to cardiac arrest. (1991)

These data indicate that in patients without intraventricular conduction defects and cardiac dysfunction, QTc prolongation measured from the standard electrocardiogram is a risk factor for sudden death independent of age, history of myocardial infarction, heart rate, and drug use. In patients with cardiac dysfunction, QTc duration is not related to the risk for sudden death.
Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (2018)

Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) is the most relevant cause of late non-relapse morbidity and subsequent mortality (approximately 25%) following allo-HSCT (Grube et al. 2016).
A new array architecture for parallel testing in VLSI memories (2003)

The authors describe a novel array architecture and its application to a 16-Mb DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) suitable for the line mode test (LMT) with test circuits consisting of a multipurpose register (MPR) and a comparator. The LMT can test all memory cells connected to a word line simultaneously. Testing with random patterns along a word line is easily realized by using the MPR as a pattern register after setting random test data in the MPR. Test time is reduced to approximately 1/1000. Owing to the MPR, the present LMT can achieve flexible testing with high fault coverage. The excess area penalty due to the circuits for the LMT is suppressed within 0.5% in application to the 16-Mb DRAM.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hybrid projection–reflection method for phase retrieval (2003)

The phase-retrieval problem, fundamental in applied physics and engineering, addresses the question of how to determine the phase of a complex-valued function from modulus data and additional a priori information. Recently we identified two important methods for phase retrieval, namely, Fienup's basic input-output and hybrid input-output (HIO) algorithms, with classical convex projection methods and suggested that further connections between convex optimization and phase retrieval should be explored. Following up on this work, we introduce a new projection-based method, termed the hybrid projection-reflection (HPR) algorithm, for solving phase-retrieval problems featuring nonnegativity constraints in the object domain. Motivated by properties of the HPR algorithm for convex constraints, we recommend an error measure studied by Fienup more than 20 years ago. This error measure, which has received little attention in the literature, lends itself to an easily implementable stopping criterion. In numerical experiments we found the HPR algorithm to be a competitive alternative to the HIO algorithm and the stopping criterion to be reliable and robust.
Molecular Composition Dynamics and Structure of Cocoa Butter (2009)

The present study endeavors to understand how small changes in the composition of cocoa butter affect its crystal habit, crystallization behavior, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Such compositional variations were attained by blending cocoa butter with 1 and 5% 1,2,3-tristearoyl-glycerol (SSS) or 1,2,3-trilinoleoyl-glycerol (LLL). Structural parameters such as crystallization kinetics, crystal structure, microstructure, and mechanical strength were obtained via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and texture analysis. Changes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) profile of cocoa butter affected its crystal structure and therefore its functionality. The high melting saturated SSS becomes rapidly undercooled, reducing cocoa butter’s onset crystallization times and temperatures. SSS molecules are spatially bigger (i.e., straighter) relative to cocoa butter’s symmetric monounsaturated TAG (the unsaturated oleic acid in the sn-2 position introduces a kink into the TAG structure), and hence infringe upon the order of the crystal domain, reducing the crystal−melt interfacial tension, and delaying polymorphic transformations. On the other hand, the limited molecular compatibility between cocoa butter’s TAGs and the fully unsaturated low melting LLL prevents it from co-crystallizing with the bulk of cocoa butter’s TAGs, only slightly affecting the crystallization behavior, increasing the liquid fraction, having no impact on crystal structure yet accelerating polymorphic transformations into the stable β form.
Multiple Time-Gate Module for Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (2001)

A versatile multiple time-gate fluorescence lifetime acquisition module is presented. The module is used as an add-on to a two-photon scanning laser microscope equipped with pulsed excitation for fluorescence lifetime imaging. It enables the recording of fluorescence lifetimes by capturing the intensity decay in four or eight time gates. The module allows fluorescence lifetime imaging at high count rates and with a high efficiency. The module is equipped with computer-controlled variable-delay lines for setting the gate widths. Decay times can be accurately measured in the 0.5 ns-1 μs range. Fluorescence lifetime imaging experiments on a number of single dye solutions with different (mono-exponential) fluorescence lifetimes are in excellent agreement with the reference values obtained with time-correlated single photon counting. Measurements on a test specimen exhibiting a bi-exponential decay demonstrate that the two decay components can be quantified with high accuracy. In a specimen containing six different lifetimes, in the range 2.8 to 12 ns, all lifetimes could be well distinguished. As an example, the results of a pH imaging experiment on oral biofilm using carboxyfluorescein are presented. Here, fluorescence lifetime imaging is used both to separate the short-lifetime autofluorescence from the carboxyfluorescein fluorescence and to determine the pH in the biofilm.
Modification and Uses of Endophyte‐Enhanced Turfgrasses: A Role for Molecular Technology (1997)

Over the past decade, the significance of symbiotic fungal endophytes in turfgrasses was established as having the potential for supplementing the genetics of turfgrass improvement since endophyte‐infected grasses frequently show enhanced performance. Endophyte‐enhanced traits include insect and mammalian deterrence to herbivory, and often increased tolerance of drought and other abiotic stresses. However, not all endophytes are suited for use in enhancing grass performance, and only those fungi that are symptomless endophytes of grasses are currently being used. The endophytes that are of the major focus for current use include species of Neotyphodium (= Acremonium ), e.g., N. coenophialum , N. lolli , and other species of Neotyphodium . The Neotyphodium endophytes do not reproduce sexually, and only produce conidia under laboratory culture, suggesting that they should be genetically stable. These endophytes can be removed from the host, transformed by molecular technology, and reinserted into the host. However, these fungi have other means for genetic variation, which might include chromosome polymorphisms, altered chromosome structures, and loss of nonessential chromosomes. Thus, the genetics related to an endophyte‐enhanced trait of that turfgrass might not be stable. However, the potential for genetic engineering of the endophytes is growing nearer with recent application of DNA mediated techniques. Furthermore, genetic engineering or other approaches may soon lead to endophyte‐grass associations that have further enhanced fitness or are more benign to wildlife. Before such genetically modified systems are marketed, particular attention and extensive field tests should be applied to ensure that they retain their beneficial characteristics and have truly acquired their intended improvements. Continued research into the biochemical and genetics basis of endophyte‐enhanced traits should eventually identify genes that ultimately can be use for the production of transgenic grasses.
Eyelid Tumors: Clinical Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment. (1988)

Diagnosis and Management Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Tumours Malignant Tumours Benign Tumours and Related Conditions Treatment of Eyelid Tumors Reconstruction of the Eyelids Surgical Anatomy General Principles of Eyelid Reconstruction and Radiosurgery Lower Eyelid Reconstruction Upper Eyelid Reconstruction Repair of Defects that do not involve Eyelid Margins Reconstruction of the Medial and Lateral Canthi References Index
Phylogenetic Lineages of Invasive and Colonizing Strains of Serotype III Group B Streptococci from Neonates: a Multicenter Prospective Study (2006)

This study compares the phylogenetic lineages of invasive serotype III group B streptococci (GBS) to those of colonizing strains in order to determine lineages associated with invasive disease. Isolates from 29 infants with early-onset disease (EOD) and from 196 colonized infants, collected in a prospective, multicenter study, were assigned a sequence type (ST) by multilocus sequence typing. Overall, 54.5% of the isolates were in the ST-19 complex, and 40.4% were in the ST-17 complex. Invasive strains were more likely to be in the ST-17 complex than were colonizing strains (59% versus 38%, P = 0.03). After we adjusted for potential confounders, the ST-17 complex was more likely to be associated with EOD than were other lineages (odds ratio = 2.51, 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 6.20). These data support the hypothesis that ST-17 complex GBS are more virulent than other serotype III GBS.
Synthetic Tritium Labeling: Reagents and Methodologies (2002)

This review presents a survey of new high specific activity tritium labeling reagents and methodologies developed in recent years and their applications to tritium labeling chemistry. The review is organized on the basis of reagent type, its development and applications. Emphasis is placed on the synthetic applications of the reagents and techniques that have an exceptionally high capability to produce high specific activity tritium labeled compounds. The focus of this review is on chemical labeling syntheses and does not include heterogeneous/homogeneous metal-catalyzed hydrogen-tritium exchange and biochemical reactions.
The Relationship Between Growth and Investment (2004)

This paper utilizes the growth accounting framework to derive and analyze the relationship between the rate of growth of output and the ratio of investment to output. With plausible parametric assumptions this framework is used to examine the recent controversy in Fiji on investment and growth. Our results support the concerns of some USP economists that a 5% growth rate for Fiji needs significantly higher investment rates and institutional reforms.
Beta-lactamase inhibitors from laboratory to clinic (1988)

beta-Lactamases constitute the major defense mechanism of pathogenic bacteria against beta-lactam antibiotics. When the beta-lactam ring of this antibiotic class is hydrolyzed, antimicrobial activity is destroyed. Although beta-lactamases have been identified with clinical failures for over 40 years, enzymes with various abilities to hydrolyze specific penicillins or cephalosporins are appearing more frequently in clinical isolates. One approach to counteracting this resistance mechanism has been through the development of beta-lactamase inactivators. beta-Lactamase inhibitors include clavulanic acid and sulbactam, molecules with minimal antibiotic activity. However, when combined with safe and efficacious penicillins or cephalosporins, these inhibitors can serve to protect the familiar beta-lactam antibiotics from hydrolysis by penicillinases or broad-spectrum beta-lactamases. Both of these molecules eventually inactivate the target enzymes permanently. Although clavulanic acid exhibits more potent inhibitory activity than sulbactam, especially against the TEM-type broad-spectrum beta-lactamases, the spectrum of inhibitory activities are very similar. Neither of these inhibitors acts as a good inhibitor of the cephalosporinases. Clavulanic acid has been most frequently combined with amoxicillin in the orally active Augmentin and with ticarcillin in the parenteral beta-lactam combination Timentin. Sulbactam has been used primarily to protect ampicillin from enzymatic hydrolysis. Sulbactam has been used either in the orally absorbed prodrug form as sultamicillin or as the injectable combination ampicillin-sulbactam. Synergy has been demonstrated for these combinations for most members of the Enterobacteriaceae, although those organisms that produce cephalosporinases are not well inhibited. Synergy has also been observed for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus, and anaerobic organisms. These antibiotic combinations have been used clinically to treat urinary tract infections, bone and soft-tissue infections, gonorrhea, respiratory infections, and otitis media. Gastrointestinal side effects have been reported for Augmentin and sultamicillin; most side effects with these agents have been mild. Although combination therapy with beta-lactamase inactivators has been used successfully, the problem of resistance development to two agents must be considered. Induction of cephalosporinases can occur with clavulanic acid. Permeability mutants could arise, especially with added pressure from a second beta-lactam.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Binge eating disorder: Its further validation in a multisite study (1993)

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a new eating disorder that describes the eating disturbance of a large number of individuals who suffer from recurrent binge eating but who do not regularly engage in the compensatory behaviors to avoid weight gain seen in bulimia nervosa. This multisite study of BED involved 1,785 subjects drawn from 18 weight control programs, 942 subjects from five nonpatient community samples, and 75 patients with bulimia nervosa. Approximately 29% of subjects in weight control programs met the criteria for BED. In the nonpatient community samples BED was more common than purging bulimia nervosa. The validity of BED was supported by its strong association with (1) impairment in work and social functioning, (2) overconcern with body/shape and weight, (3) general psychopathology, (4) significant amount of time in adult life on diets, (5) a history of depression, alcohol/drug abuse, and treatment for emotional problems.
Adversarial Attacks and Defences: A Survey (2018)

Deep learning has emerged as a strong and efficient framework that can be applied to a broad spectrum of complex learning problems which were difficult to solve using the traditional machine learning techniques in the past. In the last few years, deep learning has advanced radically in such a way that it can surpass human-level performance on a number of tasks. As a consequence, deep learning is being extensively used in most of the recent day-to-day applications. However, security of deep learning systems are vulnerable to crafted adversarial examples, which may be imperceptible to the human eye, but can lead the model to misclassify the output. In recent times, different types of adversaries based on their threat model leverage these vulnerabilities to compromise a deep learning system where adversaries have high incentives. Hence, it is extremely important to provide robustness to deep learning algorithms against these adversaries. However, there are only a few strong countermeasures which can be used in all types of attack scenarios to design a robust deep learning system. In this paper, we attempt to provide a detailed discussion on different types of adversarial attacks with various threat models and also elaborate the efficiency and challenges of recent countermeasures against them.
Virtual Screening of Novel and Selective Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B over T-Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Using a Bidentate Inhibition Strategy (2018)

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a promising target for type II diabetes, obesity, and cancer therapeutics, plays an important negative role in insulin signaling pathways. However, the lack of selectivity over other PTPs, especially for T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), is still a challenge for inhibitor development. Recent studies have suggested that the second phosphotyrosine (pTyr) binding site, close to the catalytic domain, may elevate binding affinity while bringing selectivity to inhibitors. Inspired by these studies, a virtual screening method based on a bidentate strategy was employed to identify novel selective inhibitors of PTP1B. Targeting both the active site and the second pTyr binding site of PTP1B, three compounds (CD00466, JFD02943, JFD02945) were found to be competitive inhibitors ( K<sub>i</sub> range from 1.79 to 10.49 μM). The most effective compound, CD00466, exhibited selectivity over TCPTP (31-fold). Using molecular dynamics simulation and the MM/GBSA binding free energy calculation, this study confirmed that the three inhibitors bound to PTP1B in a bidentate pattern. Our work indicates that bidentate virtual screening is a potential approach to the further investigation of selective PTP1B inhibitors.
Comparing Recommendation Strategies in a Commercial Context (2007)

From an industrial perspective, recommender systems constitute the base technology for providing interactivity and personalization in electronic business-to-consumer marketplaces. Robin Burke distinguishes between five different recommendation techniques: collaborative, content based, utility based, demographic, and knowledge based.
Visual Observations on the Malter Effect (1937)

The thin film field emission (Malter effect) from ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ films on Al was investigated (1) by coating the film with a fine dust of willemite and observing the behavior of the primary beam; (2) by forming an electron image of the surface by means of the Malter current from it. The behavior of these films, while exhibiting the Malter effect, may be summarized as follows: 1. The potential of the front surface of the electrode is a saw-tooth function of time at any point, and nonuniform over the surface at any instant. 2. The current density of the primary beam at the surface varies, correspondingly, because of the varying electric field above the surface. 3. A time lag exists between the application of voltage across the film and the establishment of the Malter current. 4. The Malter current issues chiefly from a number of isolated points on the surface, and the current from any one of these points varies with time. 5. The emitting points are scattered over the entire surface of the electrode, with some preferential grouping in the region covered by the primary beam. 6. Some of the electrons constituting the Malter current have a kinetic energy corresponding in order of magnitude to the voltage drop across the film. 7. The Malter electrons leave the film with a wide range of speeds.
18 GHz and 7 GHz superharmonic injection-locked dividers in 0.25µm CMOS technology (2002)

In this paper we propose novel ring-oscillator based superharmonic injection-locked dividers for various modulus applications. To prove the viability of the operating schemes, 2 prototypes including modulo-3 and modulto-5 dividers are implemented and tested. Fabricated in a 0.25-µm CMOS process, the modulo-5 divider is capable of operating at 18 GHz, while the modulo-3 divider is capable of operating at 7.1 GHz. The power consumptions for modulo-5 and modulo-3 frequency dividers are 1.75 mW and 3.75 mW respectively under a single 2.5 V supply.
Activation of P-TEFb by Androgen Receptor-Regulated Enhancer RNAs in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2016)

The androgen receptor (AR) is required for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression, but the function and disease relevance of AR-bound enhancers remain unclear. Here, we identify a group of AR-regulated enhancer RNAs (e.g., PSA eRNA) that are upregulated in CRPC cells, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and patient tissues. PSA eRNA binds to CYCLIN T1, activates P-TEFb, and promotes cis and trans target gene transcription by increasing serine-2 phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II-Ser2p). We define an HIV-1 TAR RNA-like (TAR-L) motif in PSA eRNA that is required for CYCLIN T1 binding. Using TALEN-mediated gene editing we further demonstrate that this motif is essential for increased Pol II-Ser2p occupancy levels and CRPC cell growth. We have uncovered a P-TEFb activation mechanism and reveal altered eRNA expression that is related to abnormal AR function and may potentially be a therapeutic target in CRPC.
A Comparision Study for Estimation of Gymnemic Acids by HPLC and Gravimetry Method for Various Extracts of Gymnema sylvestres (2008)

Objective: To compare the method of estimation of Gymnemic acids by HPLC and Gravimetry. Material and methods: Gymnema sylvestres leaves, Glass ware for Gravimetry analysis, Vacuum Tray driers (VTD), an Isocratic, Reversed phase (RP) HPLC procedure has been adopted using a mixture of Acetonitrile (23%) and 0.1% Orthophosphoric acid as mobile phase, C 18 column as stationary phase and UV detector. Results: The comparative method shows high resolution, accuracy and reproducibility. Conclusion: The Comparative method shows that HPLC method of analysis is better than Gravimetry estimation of Gymnemic acids in Gymnema sylvestres .