gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PVNN: A Neural Network Library for Photometric Vision (2017)

In this paper we show how a differentiable, physics-based renderer suitable for photometric vision tasks can be implemented as layers in a deep neural network. The layers include geometric operations for representation transformations, reflectance evaluations with arbitrary numbers of light sources and statistical bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models. We make an implementation of these layers available as a neural network library (PVNN) for Theano. The layers can be incorporated into any neural network architecture, allowing parts of the photometric image formation process to be explicitly modelled in a network that is trained end to end via backpropagation. As an exemplar application, we show how to train a network with encoder-decoder architecture that learns to estimate BRDF parameters from a single image in an unsupervised manner.
Suboptimal multi-user MLSE with partial interference cancellation by tentative decisions (2002)

Addressing the problem of intersymbol and interchannel interference (ICI and ISI), optimal and reduced complexity maximum-likelihood receivers for multi-user additive white gaussian noise matrix channels are considered. In general, a multi-dimensional MLSE, e.g., a Viterbi-algorithm is unfeasible for severe ICI, ISI and a large number of users. Applying a perfect decorrelating (noise whitening) matrix filter, the triangular structure of the resulting channel matrix allows a simplified ICI cancelling detector. More practically, an ICI cancelling structure without the necessity of a decorrelating matrix is presented. It comprises user-individual one-dimensional ISI-MLSEs where ICI is cancelled out by reliable tentative symbols of neighboring detectors. To overcome the problem of non-reliable tentative decisions of the ISI-MLSEs, they are delivered by an ICI sequence estimator with implemented ISI cancellation. Applying filters for minimum phase impulse responses, sequential decoding algorithms like the M-algorithm are suitable for a reduced complexity joint detection receivers.
Trilostane treatment in dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadreno‐corticism (2003)

Trilostane administration controlled pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in these dogs. It was safe, effective and free of side-effects at the doses used. Most dogs were initially quite sensitive to the drug for 10 to 30 days, then required higher doses until a prolonged phase of stable dose requirements occurred. Urinary corticoid:creatinine ratio was useful in assessing duration of drug effect. Some dogs treated for more than 2 years required reduction or temporary cessation of drug because of iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism.
The effect of plasma‐nitrided titanium surfaces on osteoblastic cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation (2013)

In this study, we evaluated the effect of new plasma-nitrided Ti surfaces on the progression of osteoblast cultures, including cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Ti surfaces were treated using two plasma-nitriding protocols, hollow cathode for 3 h (HC 3 h) and 1 h (HC 1 h) and planar for 1 h. Untreated Ti surfaces were used as control. Cells derived from human alveolar and rat calvarial bones were cultured on Ti surfaces for periods of up to 14 days and the following parameters were evaluated: cell morphology, adhesion, spreading and proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, extracellular matrix mineralization, and gene expression of key osteoblast markers. Plasma-nitriding treatments resulted in Ti surfaces with distinct physicochemical characteristics. The cell adhesion and ALP activity were higher on plasma-nitrided Ti surfaces compared with untreated one, whereas cell proliferation and extracellular matrix mineralization were not affected by the treatments. In addition, the plasma-nitrided Ti surfaces increased the ALP, reduced the osteocalcin and did not affect the Runx2 gene expression. We have shown that HC 3 h and planar Ti surfaces slightly favored the osteoblast differentiation process, and then these surfaces should be considered for further investigation using preclinical models.
Nanomagnetic circuits with spin torque majority gates (2011)

Nanomagnetic or spintronic circuits hold the promise of non-volatile and reconfigurable logic with small switching energy. The concept of circuits based on spin transfer torque switching in magnetic tunnel junctions is presented. Majority gates are concatenated without conversion to electric signals. A full adder circuit is simulated with a micromagnetic solver, dynamics of magnetization is explained via motion of domain walls. The switching speed and energy of the adder bit is comparable to single gates or nanomagnetic memories. A nonlinear transfer characteristic ensures noise margin.
In-situ melt identification during laser beam welding (2010)

This article provides an insight into the radiation emission during laser beam welding of aluminum alloys. The core issue is the development of a system to monitor the welding process of challenging aluminum alloys with respect to their chemical composition in the melt pool. To reduce welding faults, like cracks or other metallurgically based faults, a high degree of process knowledge is necessary. This manuscript presents novel spectroscopic investigations used to analyze laser beam welding setups to gain insight into the process. The results were attained by processing common alloys of today’s manufacturing applications. Therefore, a composition of aluminum, silicon and magnesium being susceptible to hot cracks is under ivestigation. The results of these measurements allow an insight into laser welding techniques in consideration of designing a suitable process monitoring system.
Type dispatch for named hierarchical types (1999)

Type dispatch constructs are an important feature of many programming languages. Scheme has predicates for testing the runtime type of a value. Java has a class cast expression and a try statement for switching on an exception's class. Crucial to these mechanisms, in typed languages, is type refinement: The static type system will use type dispatch to refine types in successful branches. Considerable previous work has addressed type case constructs for structural type systems without subtyping, but these do not extend to named type systems with subtyping, as is common in object oriented languages. Previous work on type dispatch in named type systems with subtyping has not addressed its implementation formally.This paper describes a number of type dispatch constructs that share a common theme: class cast and class case constructs in object oriented languages, ML style exceptions, hierarchical extensible sums, and multimethods. I describe a unifying mechanism, tagging, that abstracts the operation of these constructs, and I formalise a small tagging language. After discussing how to implement the tagging language, I present a typed language without type dispatch primitives, and a give a formal translation from the tagging language.
Ionicity and proton transfer in protic ionic liquids (2010)

Proton transfer in protic ionic liquids is poorly understood. Some acid/base proton transfer reactions do not proceed to the extent that is expected from Delta pK(a)(aq) data from aqueous solutions, yet some do. In this work we have investigated protic ionic liquids obtained by proton transfer from a common acid, acetic acid, to a range of amine bases of similar pK(a)(aq) values. Probe indicator observations, transport property data allowing the construction of Walden plots and computational studies all suggest that there is a clear distinction between the behaviour of simple primary vs. tertiary amines, the proton transfer being more complete in the former case than the latter. The origins of this seem to be related to the hydrogen bonding ability of the ammonium ions in providing a good solvating environment for the ions produced by the proton transfer.
Efficient MPI Collective Operations for Clusters in Long-and-Fast Networks (2006)

Several MPI systems for grid environment, in which clusters are connected by wide-area networks, have been proposed. However, the algorithms of collective communication in such MPI systems assume relatively low bandwidth wide-area networks, and they are not designed for the fast wide-area networks that are becoming available. On the other hand, for cluster MPI systems, a beast algorithm by van de Geijn et al. and an allreduce algorithm by Rabenseifner have been proposed, which are efficient in a high bisection bandwidth environment. We modify those algorithms so as to effectively utilize fast wide-area inter-cluster networks and to control the number of nodes which can transfer data simultaneously through wide-area networks to avoid congestion. We confirmed the effectiveness of the modified algorithms by experiments using a 10 Gbps emulated WAN environment. The environment consists of two clusters, where each cluster consists of nodes with 1 Gbps Ethernet links and a switch with a 10 Gbps upper link. The two clusters are connected through a 10 Gbps WAN emulator which can insert latency. In a 10 millisecond latency environment, when the message size is 32 MB, the proposed beast and allreduce are 1.6 and 3.2 times faster, respectively, than the algorithms used in existing MPI systems for grid environment
Interfacial catalysis by phospholipase A2: determination of the interfacial kinetic rate constants (1991)

Hydrolysis of vesicles of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphomethanol (DMPM) by pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) occurs in a highly processive "scooting" mode, and the rate is comparable to or exceeds the rates observed with detergent-dispersed mixed micelles under optimal conditions. A complete kinetic description of the steady-state time course of the hydrolysis is developed. The analysis covers the whole Michaelis-Menten space: it emphasizes the key features of interfacial catalysis by a detailed theoretical analysis, describes the experimental protocols to determine the values of the kinetic and equilibrium constants for interfacial catalysis, and provides an interpretation of the effect of calcium, substrate, products, apparent activators, and competitive inhibitors on the reaction progress curve by a single set of rate and equilibrium parameters. In this paper, the integrated reaction progress curve was rigorously interpreted in terms of a minimal model involving the Michaelis-Menten reaction sequence in the interface: E* + S in equilibrium E*S----E*P in equilibrium E* + P, and most of the individual rate and equilibrium constants for the catalytic cycle were determined. This rigorous description of interfacial catalysis was made experimentally possible by examining the action of PLA2 in the scooting mode under conditions of at most one enzyme per vesicle, where it hydrolyzed all of the substrate in the outer monolayer of vesicles without leaving the surface. Other experimentally verified constraints for this analysis include the following: all enzyme was bound to vesicles; the integrity of vesicles was maintained during the course of hydrolysis; and the substrate, enzyme, and products did not exchange between vesicles nor did they exchange across the bilayer. The mechanistic significance of the rate constants is discussed in the accompanying papers.
Food Habits of Baltimore, Maryland, Cats in Relation to Rat Populations (1951)

Journal Article Food Habits of Baltimore, Maryland, Cats in Relation to Rat Populations Get access William B. Jackson William B. Jackson Vertebrate Ecology Division of The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 32, Issue 4, November 1951, Pages 458–461, https://doi.org/10.2307/1375794 Published: 01 November 1951 Article history Received: 30 August 1950 Published: 01 November 1951
Efficient Near-Infrared Downconversion and Energy Transfer Mechanism of Ce<sup>3+</sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup> Codoped Calcium Scandate Phosphor (2015)

An efficient near-infrared (NIR) downconversion has been demonstrated in CaSc2O4: Ce(3+)/Yb(3+) phosphor. Doping concentration optimized CaSc2O4: 1%Ce(3+)/5%Yb(3+) shows stronger NIR emission than doping concentration also optimized typical YAG: 1%Ce(3+)/5%Yb(3+) under 470 nm excitation. The NIR emission from 900 to 1100 nm is enhanced by a factor of 2.4. In addition, the main emission peak of Yb(3+) in the CaSc2O4 around 976 nm matches better with the optimal spectral response of the c-Si solar cell. The visible and NIR spectra and the decay curves of Ce(3+): 5d → 4f emission were used to demonstrate the energy transfer from Ce(3+) ions to Yb(3+) ions. The downconversion phenomenon has been observed under the direct excitation of Ce(3+) ions. On analyzing the dependence of energy transfer rate on Yb(3+) ion concentration, we reveal that the energy transfer (ET) from Ce(3+) ions to Yb(3+) ions in CaSc2O4 occurs mainly by the single-step ET process. Considering that the luminescence efficiency of CaSc2O4: Ce(3+) is comparable to that of commercial phosphor YAG: Ce(3+), the estimated maximum energy transfer efficiency reaches 58% in the CaSc2O4: 1%Ce(3+)/15%Yb(3+) sample, indicating that CaSc2O4: Ce(3+)/Yb(3+) sample has the potential in improving the conversion efficiency of c-Si solar cells.
Relationship between mineral nutrition of the beef cow and reproductive performance (1995)

Maintaining fertility in beef cattle requires adequate dietary intake and absorption of essential minerals. The minerals are necessary for normal function of various enzyme systems. Feeding a diet deficient in a single mineral can negatively affect reproduction in beef cows and bulls. The influence of an iodine, copper, zinc or manganese deficiency on fertility is summarized in Table 5. When evaluating cattle diets for the different stages of production, levels and interactions of minerals should be considered. If a deficiency is evident, then supplementing to meet the animal's requirement could have a positive impact on reproduction and profitability for the beef cattle producer.
Invasion Pathways and Malaria Severity in Kenyan <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Clinical Isolates (2007)

The invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum occurs through multiple pathways that can be studied in vitro by examining the invasion of erythrocytes treated with enzymes such as neuraminidase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. We have studied the invasion pathways used by 31 Kenyan P. falciparum isolates from children with uncomplicated or severe malaria. Six distinct invasion profiles were detected, out of eight possible profiles. The majority of isolates (23 of 31) showed neuraminidase-resistant, trypsin-sensitive invasion, characteristic of the pathway mediated by an unknown parasite ligand and erythrocyte receptor "X." The neuraminidase-sensitive, trypsin-sensitive phenotype consistent with invasion mediated by the binding of parasite ligand erythrocyte binding antigen 175 to glycophorin A, the most common invasion profile in a previous study of Gambian field isolates, was seen in only 3 of 31 Kenyan isolates. No particular invasion profile was associated with severe P. falciparum malaria, and there was no significant difference in the levels of inhibition by the various enzyme treatments between isolates from children with severe malaria and those from children with uncomplicated malaria (P, >0.1 for all enzymes; Mann-Whitney U test). These results do not support the hypothesis that differences in invasion phenotypes play an important role in malaria virulence and indicate that considerable gaps remain in our knowledge of the molecular basis of invasion pathways in natural P. falciparum infections.
Gallium-Incorporated TiN Metal Gate With Band-Edge Work Function and Excellent Thermal Stability for PMOS Device Applications (2011)

A cost-effective method for modulating the effective work function (EWF) of a metal gate while simultaneously decreasing the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of a high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> dielectric is proposed for the first time. By incorporating gallium (Ga) into the TiN/HfLaON/interfacial layer (IL) SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> PMOS gate stack, a band-edge EWF of 5.18 eV and an EOT of 0.57 nm can be obtained. Excellent thermal stability was maintained even after the post metal anneal (PMA) at 1000°C. The impacts of TiN thickness, Ga implant doses, and PMA conditions on the properties of the Ga-incorporated TiN/HLaON/IL SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gate stack are investigated, and the corresponding possible mechanisms are discussed. This technique has been successfully applied to the gate-first process flow to fabricate PMOSFETs with a minimum gate length of 28 nm.
FUZZY SCHEDULING OF REGIONAL QFT CONTROLLERS (1997)

A novel optimization-based controller synthesis method is developed for nonlinear dynamic systems with structured parametric uncertainty. Fuzzy logic is used to smoothly schedule independently designed regional robust controllers over the plant's operational envelope. These linear controllers are synthesized using established conventional control design techniques, e.g., quantitative feedback theory. The resulting full envelope nonlinear dynamic controller handles complex dynamic systems which cannot otherwise be addressed by simple fuzzy logic control (FLC). An analytical representation of the membership functions of FLC allows the optimization to chose the location parameters of the regional controllers. The scheduled controller's valid region of operation is maximized, thus efficiently achieving full envelope operation, while guaranteeing pre-specified tracking performance. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper was produced under the auspices of the US Government and it is therefore not subject to copyright in the US.
Vanadium(<scp>iii</scp>) phenoxyimine complexes for ethylene or ε-caprolactone polymerization: mononuclear versus binuclear pre-catalysts (2012)

The mononuclear {[C6H4NCH(ArO)]2VCl(THF)} (Ar = 2,4-t-Bu2C6H2 (1), Ar = C6H4 (2)), {O[C6H4NCH(ArO)]2}VCl(THF) (Ar = 2,4-t-Bu2C6H2 (3), Ar = C6H4 (4)) and the binuclear vanadium(III) complexes {[C6H4NCH(ArO)]VCl2(THF)2}2(μ-CH2CH2) (Ar = 2,4-t-Bu2C6H2 (5), Ar = C6H4 (6)), have been synthesized and fully characterized. The compounds [C6H5NCH(ArO)]VCl2(THF)2 (Ar = 2,4-t-Bu2C6H2 (7), Ar = C6H4 (8)), [2,4,6-Me3–C6H2NCH(ArO)]VCl2 (Ar = 2,4-t-Bu2C6H2 (9), Ar = C6H4 (10)) and [2,6-i-Pr2-C6H3NCH(ArO)]VCl2(THF)2 (Ar = 2,4-t-Bu2C6H2 (11), Ar = C6H4 (12)), {μ-CH2CH2[NCH(C6H4O)]2VCl(THF)} (14) and {C6H4[NCH(C6H4O)]2VCl(THF)} (15) were synthesized for comparative polymerization studies. The dizwitterionic compound [2,6-i-Pr2-C6H3N+(H)CH(C6H4O)]2VCl2O (13) was also isolated, and presumably formed via a fortuitous hydrolysis reaction. The complexes 2, 5 and 13 have been structurally characterized; the molecular structure of the parent ligand (L5) in 5 is also reported. All complexes have been screened for ethylene as well as ε-caprolactone polymerization, and results are compared against those for known related mono- and bi-nuclear counterparts to evaluate for possible cooperative effects. The compounds 10 and 12 have been supported on modified SiO2, analysed by XPS and subjected to homo-polymerization (ethylene) and co-polymerization (1-hexene and ethylene) studies.
Characterization of Blood-Flow Patterns from Phase-Contrast MRI Velocity Fields (2014)

Hemodynamic information has proven valuable for analysis of cardiovascular diseases. Aberrant blood-flow patterns,for instance, often relate to disease progression. Magnetic resonance imaging enables blood-flow measurementsthat provide three-dimensional velocity fields during one heartbeat. However, visual analysis of these data ischallenging, because of the abundance and complexity of information. Explicit feature extraction can facilitate thepattern characterization, and hence support visualization techniques to effectively convey anomalous flow areas.In this work, we improve on existing pattern matching methods that characterize blood-flow patterns in volumetricimaging data. To this end, we propose a set of helical and vortical patterns that can be parameterized by a singlevariable. The characterization performance is validated on both synthetic and imaging blood-flow data. Moreover,we present a comprehensive visualization based on the pattern matching results, enabling semi-quantitativeassessment of the patterns in relation to the cardiovascular anatomy.
Recycling technology of poly(ethylene terephthalate) materials (1998)

Abstract Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has become one of major post consumer plastics wastes, in addition to polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The challenge to large‐volume plastics companies is to learn how to collect, separate, reprocess and market their low‐cost products and make a profit, too. The effort of PET recycling, however, is the most successful story in the plastic recycling technology, including both reclaim and upgrade of PET waste. Beverage bottles made of PET are recycled more than 20% of the total production. The technology of today can reclaim the post‐consumer PET bottles to produce high‐quality granulated PET with better than 99% purity. A practical reclaim process for recycling PET bottles (including bottle, HDPE base cup, aluminum cap, liner, label and adhesive) is available by the Center for Plastics Recycling Research in USA. PET recycling process, like for other plastics, can be divided into three categories: incineration, physical recycling, and chemical recycling. To make the plastic recycling business pay requires more than simple recovery and marketing. Greatest profit potential is in upgraded and value‐added reclaim products. Upgrading involves compounding with additives to make material more processable, adding reinforcement, or producing extrusions or finished parts from reclaim resins. For instance, a modified injection‐moldable resin made from PET bottle scrap is claimed to provide high impact and processability at less cost than competitive materials. It is foreseen that chemical recycling of waste PET bottle becomes feasible if the price of raw material goes up. Three economical processes are involved in this technology: pyrolysis, hydrocracking, and hydrolysis. The hydrolysis process is presently employed to recover the raw material for unsaturated polyester resin manufacture or polyols for the production of polyurethane resin. It is reported in this presentation that polymer concrete could be a huge potential market for chemical reclaim of PET materials, especially for green or mixed‐color PET, which are priced lower than colorless PET reclaim materials.
Optimization by Random Search on the Analog Computer (1959)

One method of searching a system for optimum operating conditions is to evaluate system performance for many randomly-chosen combinations of the independent parameters. This paper explains the use of standard electronic analog computer equipment to accomplish such a search of a mathematical model quickly and economically. Gaussian noise sources generate values of the independent parameters and sample-hold circuits hold those values which give the best value of the optimization criterion. An application of the method to a production allocation problem is mentioned.