gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Node negative breast carcinoma: Hyperprolactinemia and/or overexpression of p53 as an independent predictor of poor prognosis compared to newer and established prognosticators (1996)

The purpose of this study was to investigate a prognostic indicator that can differentiate node negative breast cancer patients (N = 39, T2N0M0) with high risk and low risk for the development of recurrence or metastases. Preoperative plasma prolactin (PRL) was estimated by radioimmunoassay. The expression of PRL, p53, nm23, and c-erbB2 was investigated by immunohistochemical (IHC) localization; cathepsin D (CD, Enzyme Linked Sorbant Assay) and estrogen- and progesterone-receptors (ER and PR, Dextran coated charcoal method) were estimated in the tumor cytosols. The follow-up period was 2-6 years. Statistical comparisons were made between each marker for relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Of the 39 patients, 18 had hyperprolactinemia (PRL > 20.0 ng/ml plasma), whereas overexpression of p53 was observed in 55% (17/31) tumors. These were independently and in combination associated with a reduced RFS and OS. The rest of the investigated markers did not show promising results. Hyperprolactinemia and/or overexpression of p53 were associated with aggressiveness of the tumor, early disease relapse or metastases, and poor OS in patients with node negative breast cancer. These two markers may enhance our ability to identify node negative breast cancer patients with aggressive tumors, for whom the use of adjuvant chemo and/or endocrine therapy is unequivocally justified.
A Machine Learning Based Approach for Detecting DRDoS Attacks and Its Performance Evaluation (2016)

DRDoS (Distributed Reflection Denial of Service) attack is a kind of DoS (Denial of Service) attack, in which third-party servers are tricked into sending large amounts of data to the victims. That is, attackers use source address IP spoofing to hide their identity and cause third-parties to send data to the victims as identified by the source address field of the IP packet. This is called reflection because the servers of benign services are tricked into "reflecting" attack traffic to the victims. The most typical existing detection methods of such attacks are designed based on known attacks by protocol and are difficult to detect the unknown ones. According to our investigations, one protocol-independent detection method has been existing, which is based on the assumption that a strong linear relationship exists among the abnormal flows from the reflector to the victim. Moreover, the method is assumed that the all packets from reflectors are attack packets when attacked, which is clearly not reasonable. In this study, we found five features are effective for detecting DRDoS attacks, and we proposed a method to detect DRDoS attacks using these features and machine learning algorithms. Its detection performance is experimentally examined and the experimental result indicates that our proposal is of clearly better detection performance.
Basic concepts of optical measuring of bone thickness with IR-beam (2011)

This paper describes a new concept for measuring bone thickness via optically analyzing of hard tissue. In many surgical disciplines effecting bone treatment, like oral and maxillofacial surgery or otolaryngology, the knowledge of existing bone material is very important in order not to hurt anatomically sensitive structures. The existing bone material can be determined preoperatively using imaging procedures. However, the surgeon has no information about the residual bone thickness during the intervention. As a consequence of this, the distance between the tip of his instrument and sensitive structures is also unknown. Therefore, it would be very useful, if the bone thickness could be measured concurrently to the bone ablation. In this work, bone was irradiated with IR-Light and the reflection was detected. It would be examined, if there was an interrelation between bone thickness and reflection and how it could be measured. The results of the experiments show, that by means of this method it is possible to detect different bone thicknesses for a bone thickness < 1 mm.
Parallel man-machine training in development of EEG-based cursor control (2000)

A new parallel man-machine training approach to brain-computer interface (BCI) succeeded through a unique application of machine learning methods. The BCI system could train users to control an animated cursor on the computer screen by voluntary electroencephalogram (EEG) modulation. Our BCI system requires only two to four electrodes, and has a relatively short training time for both the user and the machine. Moving the cursor in one dimension, our subjects were able to hit 100% of randomly selected targets, while in two dimensions, accuracies of approximately 63% and 76% was achieved with our two subjects.
Mitigation of multipath in DGPS ground reference stations (1992)

Multipath represents one of the most serious threats to accuracy in Differential GPS (DGPS). The theoretical foundations of multipath are presented and several multipath mitigation techniques are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on signal diffraction methods. Reflections enter peaks and nulls in the distorted antenna pattern in a random manner. This, coupled with the oscillations in relative phase (with respect to the direct signal), results in a multipath error signature which is noise-like. Since it is noise-like, it may be significantly reduced by averaging the code phase measurements against the more stable carrier-phase measurements. Exploitation of this effect to reduce multipath error represents a significant increase in accuracy for real time DGPS. Experiments have been performed which verify these conclusions.
Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in Alzheimer's disease and neurological disorders. (1991)

Recent studies indicate that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit an immune dysfunction at the central and peripheral levels. We have studied the concentration of IL-1 beta in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD, multi-infarct dementia (MID), normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), and multiple sclerosis (MS). CSF IL-1 beta levels were significantly higher in AD (131 +/- 17.33 pg/ml) than in MID (79.71 +/- 24.37 pg/ml, p less than 0.01), NPH (84.75 +/- 23.17 pg/ml, p less than 0.01), and MS (79.4 +/- 10.23 pg/ml, p less than 0.01). In patients with neurological disorders CSF IL-1 beta levels showed a progressive increase with age (r = +0.49, p less than 0.015). The concentration of IL-1 beta in CSF of demented patients correlated with mental deterioration (r = -0.476). According to these results we postulate that high levels of central IL-1 beta in AD might reflect a reactive neuroimmune response to: (a) abnormal epitopes exposed by lesioned neurons, (b) reactive microglia activated by exogenous and/or endogenous factors and (c) endogenous neurotrophic activation.
Lightly branched poly(vinyl alcohol) for fluid loss additive (2013)

ABSTRACT One kind of branched Poly(vinyl alcohol) has been synthesized via common radical copolymerization of vinyl acetate in methanol by adding a bifunctional monomer Allyl methacrylate (AMA) followed by saponification. The comonomer AMA has two reactive double bonds that can provide the branching points to macromolecule chain structure. With these reactive points, the copolymer with long chain branches can be obtained. The long chain branches bring the copolymer higher viscosity by the entanglement of them between macromolecules and strong hydrogen bonding between long chain branches. The viscosity of the water solutions increased with the amount of the comonomers' addition increased. The branched PVA has good water maintenance properties at relatively high temperature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4608–4612, 2013
CP Criteria for Reinforced Concrete in Marine Exposure Zones (2000)

A marine environment may be characterized by tidal, submerged, and atmospherically exposed zones. Cathodic protection (CP) of reinforced concrete in the submerged zone may induce reducing conditions associated with immunity to corrosion characterized by negative steel potentials. In the atmospheric zone CP induces an improvement in the local environment at the steel, promoting steel passivity, which may be monitored using a potential decay criterion in relatively dry conditions. Many protective effects will persist following the interruption of the current, providing a basis for intermittent CP in the tidal zone. However, conventional criteria may not be reliable in this case. The importance of the current-induced improvement in the tidal zone environment provides justification for the use of a protection current density criterion. The integrated current densities required to arrest high initial corrosion rates are relatively low. Protection criteria may also be based on a positive trend in measured potentials indicative of passivating steel and the induced voltage drop through the concrete cover that drives the removal of chloride ions and sustains a high hydroxyl concentration gradient between the steel and the external environment.
Stage-Specific Protein Synthesis by Isolated Spermatogenic Cells throughout Meiosis and Early Spermiogenesis in the Mouse (1987)

Spermatogenic cells isolated from prepubertal and adult mice by unit gravity sedimentation have been used to examine proteins synthesized in a stage-specific manner throughout meiosis and early spermiogenesis. Preleptotene, leptotene/zygotene, and pachytene spermatocytes were isolated from 17-day-old mice. Adult pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids were isolated from mature animals. These germ cells were then cultured in defined medium with [35S]methionine [( 35S]met) for 4-5 h. For each cell type, relative [35S]met incorporation was determined and labeled proteins were compared by two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Levels of [35S]met incorporation by isolated germ cells correlate closely with previous autoradiographic estimates of protein synthesis during spermatogenesis (Monesi, 1967). Pachytene spermatocytes from prepubertal mice incorporate the highest levels of [35S]met, when expressed either as cpm/-10(6) cells or cpm/mg protein. Comparisons of 2D autoradiograms indicated that many proteins, including actin and tubulins, are synthesized at approximately equal levels in all stages examined. Other proteins, including heat-shock proteins and multiple plasma membrane constituents, are synthesized in a stage-specific manner in leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, and round spermatids. These studies define conditions for monitoring protein synthesis in isolated spermatogenic cells prior to the pachytene stage of meiosis, provide a 2D map of proteins synthesized at these earlier meiotic stages, and examine the synthesis of several proteins previously identified on 2D gels with biochemical and immunological methods.
Design, synthesis of novel N prenylated indole-3-carbazones and evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity and 5-LOX inhibition activities (2015)

A series of novel N-1 and C-3 substituted indole derivatives (5a–f) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic properties, viz Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay (BSLB) besides 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitory activities through in vitro assays. Structure Activity Relation (SAR) studies showed that compound 5d with an LC50 of 6.49 μM and 5c with an IC50 of 33.69 μM were found to be interesting for cytotoxicity and 5-LOX inhibitory activity respectively.
Additive Effects of Raloxifene and Alendronate on Bone Density and Biochemical Markers of Bone Remodeling in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis (2002)

Both raloxifene (RLX) and alendronate (ALN) can treat and prevent new vertebral fractures, increase bone mineral density (BMD), and decrease biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. This phase 3, randomized, double-blind 1-yr study assessed the effects of combined RLX and ALN in 331 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (femoral neck BMD T-score, less than -2). Women (aged < or = 75 yr; > or = 2 yr since their last menstrual period) received placebo, RLX 60 mg/d, ALN 10 mg/d, or RLX 60 mg/d and ALN 10 mg/d combined. At baseline, 6 and 12 months, BMD was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry. The bone turnover markers serum osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and urinary N- and C-telopeptide corrected for creatinine were measured. The effects of RLX and ALN were considered to be independent and additive if the interaction effect was not statistically significant (P > 0.10) in a two-way ANOVA model. All changes in BMD and bone markers at 12 months were different between placebo and each of the active treatment groups, and between the RLX and RLX+ALN groups (P < 0.05). On average, lumbar spine BMD increased by 2.1, 4.3, and 5.3% from baseline with RLX, ALN, and RLX+ALN, respectively. The increase in femoral neck BMD in the RLX+ALN group (3.7%) was greater than the 2.7 and 1.7% increases in the ALN (P = 0.02) and RLX (P < 0.001) groups, respectively. The changes from baseline to 12 months in bone markers ranged from 7.1 to -16.0% with placebo, -23.8 to -46.5% with RLX, -42.3 to -74.2% with ALN, and -54.1 to -81.0% in the RLX+ALN group. RLX and ALN increased lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, and decreased osteocalcin and C-telopeptide corrected for creatinine in an additive and independent manner, because the interaction effects were not significant. Although the ALN group had changes in BMD and bone markers that were approximately twice the magnitude as in the RLX group, it is not known how well these changes correlate to the clinical outcome of fracture. RLX+ALN reduced bone turnover more than either drug alone, resulting in greater BMD increment, but whether this difference reflects better fracture risk reduction was not assessed in this study.
Evolutionary Theories of Detection (2005)

Current, mid-term and long range technologies for detection of pathogens and toxins are briefly described in the context of performance metrics and operational scenarios. Predictive (evolutionary) and speculative (revolutionary) assessments are given with trade-offs identified, where possible, among competing performance goals.
A comparison between 1,25-dihydroxy-22-oxavitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regarding suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion and calcaemic action (2002)

1alpha,25-dihydroxy-22-oxavitamin D(3) (maxacalcitol;OCT), a vitamin D analogue with reduced calcemic activity, showed potency 10 times greater than 1alpha,25 (OH) (2)D(3) in differentiation induction of HL-60 cells. In addition, OCT showed immunomodulating activity, anti-proliferative effect and a suppressive effect on PTH secretion in vitro. OCT suppressed the expression of PTH mRNA in both normal and nephrectomized rats, and up-regulated VDR in the parathyroid gland in uremic rats to the same degree as 1alpha,25 (OH) (2)D(3). The results of a comparison between OCT and 1alpha,25 (OH) (2)D(3) indicate that the dissociation between efficacy and side effects with OCT is greater than with 1alpha,25 (OH) (2)D(3) in uremic rats. In future, we expect that OCT would contribute a great deal to the dialysis field in clinical.
Being obese and diabetic: Can we help? (1996)

This article discusses the current problems met when treating obesity, not only when it occurs independently of other conditions, but most obviously when it occurs with diabetes. This view is personal and from a dietetic standpoint. There are many invasive forms of treating obesity which will not be discussed here; the focus of this discourse is the art of the dietitian in giving dietary information that hopefully will help those who are overweight, to lose weight.
2′ deoxycoformycin (pentostatin) for refractory non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: A calgb phase II study (1990)

Seventy-six eligible patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were treated with 2'-deoxycoformycin (pentostatin) at a dose of 4 mg/m2 intravenously weekly for three weeks and then every other week for a minimum of five total treatments. All patients had measurable disease, near normal hematologic, renal, and hepatic function, and a performance status of 0 or 1. Severe hematologic toxicity was observed in 13% of patients; severe renal or neurologic toxicity was observed in less than 5% of patients. There were no treatment-related deaths. Objective therapeutic responses were seen in 16% of patients (five complete response [CR] and seven partial response [PR]). However, in three of the patients achieving CR and one patient achieving PR, dexamethasone was employed as an anti-emetic, making the response of these patients to pentostatin difficult to evaluate. There were eight responses (3 CR) in patients with diffuse histologies and four responses (2 CR) in patients with nodular or mixed histologies. Three responses were in patients with a T-cell phenotype. Three of five patients with diffuse well-differentiated lymphoma (IWF A) responded. We conclude that 2' deoxycoformycin is only minimally active at this dose and schedule against refractory or relapsed NHL. The possibility that low grade B- and T-cell malignancies are more sensitive to 2' deoxycoformycin deserves further investigation.
Angular characteristics of the Pathfinder AVHRR land thermal data and radiative transfer modeling (2002)

In order to understand the angular characteristics observed from the Pathfinder AVHRR land thermal data, a simplified narrow-band radiative transfer model is developed based on a series of approximations for the vertical structures of the atmospheric conditions, which also take into account the directional variation of the upwelling surface radiation. The LOWTRAN-7 code is then applied to validate the present model. Different water vapor content, air temperature and surface temperature are used to simulate the AVHRR ch4/ch5 radiance at the top of the atmosphere as the function of the viewing zenith angle. A directional snow emissivity model and measured emissivity of the agricultural soil are inputed into this model to evaluate the effects of the surface anisotropy on the AVHRR ch4/ch5 radiance. Upwelling radiance usually decreases as the viewing zenith angle increases in thermal regions. However, the angular pattern may reverse when the air temperature is larger than surface temperature.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Translational Repression of Human Matrix Metalloproteinases-13 by an Alternatively Spliced Form of T-cell-restricted Intracellular Antigen-related Protein (TIAR) (2003)

Human matrix metalloproteinases-13 (HMMP13) shows a wide substrate specificity, and its expression is limited to pathological situations such as chronic inflammation and cancer. The coding sequence for HMMP13 is 86% identical to rat matrix metalloproteinases-13 (RMMP13); however, the regulation of HMMP13 and RMMP13 protein synthesis in renal mesangial cells is strikingly different. In human cells there is a discordance between HMMP13 mRNA levels and protein expression. Following IL-1 beta or TGF-beta(1) stimulation, HMMP13 mRNA levels increase significantly, whereas the protein expression is absent. This discordance is because of a species-dependent translational repression. In addition to the 3'-untranslated region of the matrix metalloproteinases-13 (MMP13) gene, the differential expression of an alternatively spliced transcript of the RNA-binding protein TIAR in human cell cultures is also critical for this post-transcriptional regulation. Transient expression of the 17-amino acid insert of the alternatively spliced form of TIAR reverses the HMMP13 mRNA silencing observed in human and primate species. In addition, co-transfection of the alternatively spliced form of TIAR and HMMP13 into Rat2 cells suppresses HMMP13 protein expression. Thus, we report for the first time that a species-dependent TIAR isoform plays a major role in the post-transcriptional silencing for HMMP13.
Can deterministic replay be an enabling tool for mobile computing? (2011)

Deterministic record and replay is fast becoming a vital technology in desktop and server computing environments. Yet, the applicability of this technology to computation run on small, mobile devices such as cell phones has not yet been explored. We argue that there are several potential uses of replay that are especially beneficial when applied to mobile phones: dual execution on cloud or cloudlet computers to reduce latency and possibly phone energy use, operation shipping for file synchronization, and offloading of expensive security and reliability checks to remote servers. In this paper, we explore these potential uses, as well as some of the unique challenges posed by implementing replay on phones.
Carrier multiplication and noise in avalanche devices (1978)

The standard theories of avalanche statistics for two carrier impact ionization by Tager, McIntyre, Personnick, and others, tacidly assume that the number of possible ionizations per primary carrier transit is very large; this assumption is not valid in modern small dimension devices. A new realistic theory is presented based on a finite number of discrete ionization processes. New expressions are derived for the gain and the noise. The latter is shown to be smaller than follows from the standard theories, which can explain recent low noise data by Goedbloed and Smeets on silicon n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> - p-π-p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> avalanche photodiodes.
Hydroxy- and alkoxy-bridged dinuclear uranyl–Schiff base complexes: hydrolysis, transamination and extraction studies (2008)

The reaction of uranyl nitrate with 1,3-bis(salicylideneamino)-2-propanol (H(3)L1) and 1,3-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneamino)-2-propanol (H(3)L2) in the presence of triethylamine (Et(3)N) yielded hydroxy- and alkoxy-bridged dinuclear complexes; [(UO(2))(2)(L1)(OH)(MeOH)(2)].(MeOH)(2) (.(MeOH)(2)) and [(UO(2))(2)(L2)(OH)(MeOH)(2)].(MeOH)(2) (.(MeOH)(2)). The crystal structures of .(DMF)(2) and .(DMF)(2) exhibit an unsymmetrical central U(2)O(2) core involving bridging alkoxy- and hydroxy-oxygen atoms. The geometry around the uranium center in .(DMF)(2) and .(DMF)(2) is that of a distorted pentagonal bipyramid with the solvent molecule occupying the fifth coordination site. The flexible nature of the ligand backbone is more pronounced in .(DMF)(2) compared to .(DMF)(2), yielding two molecules per unit cell in different conformations. Under similar reaction conditions, using ethylenediamine as a base, the respective Salen-based uranyl compounds, [UO(2)(Salen)(MeOH)] () and [UO(2)(Bu(t)(2)-Salen)(MeOH)] () are obtained due to transamination of the ligand backbone. Complexes .(MeOH)(2) and .(MeOH)(2) when reacted with an excess of ethylenediamine failed to yield the respective Salen-based complexes, and , respectively. The new compounds have been characterized using solution (NMR and UV-Vis) and solid-state (IR, X-ray crystallography) techniques. Hydrolysis of .(MeOH)(2) and .(MeOH)(2) in the pH range 1-14 was studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy and compared with the hydrolysis of and [UO(2)(Salophen)(MeOH)] (). A two-phase extraction study suggests quantitative removal of uranyl ions from the aqueous phase at higher pH conditions.