gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of the human X-arrestin gene (1998)

Arrestins are signal transduction modulators that quench the activated state of receptors. X-arrestin (ARRX) is specifically expressed in the red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cone photoreceptors, and is most likely a modulator of cone phototransduction. The human gene for X-arrestin at Xcen-Xq22 has been shown to be approximately 20kb in size and to consist of 17 exons and 16 introns. The exons are generally small, including exon 16 of 10bp, and are clustered into three groups, separated by the two largest introns. This gene structure is generally similar to that of S-antigen, the rod photoreceptor arrestin. There is remarkable similarity, however, among the individual exons between the two genes in that 10 of the exons are identical in size. The 5' upstream region of the X-arrestin gene contains TATA and CAAT boxes, typical of genes expressed in a tissue-specific manner, in contrast to the S-antigen gene, which lacks these promoter sequences. The promoter elements, common to both the X-arrestin and S-antigen genes, include the Ret-1/PCE-1 (PCE-1-like in X-arrestin), CRX, and the thyroid hormone/retinoic acid-responsive sequences, the former two being present in a number of photoreceptor-expressed genes. Three CRX-binding elements, 15bp apart, are present in a cluster. The common promoter elements between the cone-expressed genes, X-arrestin and color opsins, include the TATA box, PCE-1, and CRX-binding sequences, the combination of which might be important for directing cone-specific expression.
Processibility of athabasca oil sand: Interrelationship between oil sand fine solids, process aids, mechanical energy and oil sand age after mining (1983)

Abstract Processibility curves have shown that strong inorganic bases or anionic surfactants are effective as process aids in the hot water extraction of bitumen from oil sand, but maximum bitumen recovery for each oil sand type is the same for both types of aid. Nonionic surfactants were not useful and there was no general relationship between recovery and surface tension or pH. Bitumen recovery could be correlated with the fine solids component of oil sand. The amount of NaOH required to reach maximum recovery and the rate of aging of oil sand were also functions of the fine solids content. Shear during slurrying was also found to be important, and it was shown that, without a certain amount of mechanical energy, good bitumen recovery could not be achieved, regardless of how much process aid was used. A theory of processibility is proposed to explain the interactions among process aids, mechanical energy, oil sand fines, and age of oil sand after mining.
A Machine Learning Approach to GNSS Scintillation Detection: Automatic Soft Inspection of the Events (2017)

Classical approaches for the automatic detection of ionospheric scintillation events in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are based on the observation of indices (e.g. S4) that are obtained by processing parameters assessed at the signal processing stages of the receiver. Such values are the result of algorithms that imply specific processing choices (such as detrending, averaging and threshold operations) which influence the final performance of the detection. To reach good levels of accuracy and generalization for the identification and classification of the physical phenomenon, these approaches may require an additional human effort to refine the detection results by means of a manual inspection of the events, which is expensive and time consuming. This paper proposes a new methodology for the detection of ionospheric scintillation events based on Machine Learning techniques applied to GNSS data. This method, based on Decision Trees algorithms, aims at overcoming the limitation of the classical approaches by identifying scintillation events “as if” done by a human operator through visual inspection. This approach is automatic, unbound from traditional scintillation indices and features improved detection, false alarm, and missed detection rates when compared to standard methods.
Possible role of nanocarriers in drug delivery against cervical cancer (2017)

<b>Introduction:</b> Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the largest cancer killer among women in most developing countries including India. Although, various drugs have been developed for cervical cancer, treatment with these drugs often results in a number of undesirable side effects, toxicity and multidrug resistance (MDR). Also, the outcomes for cervical cancer patients remain poor after surgery and chemo radiation. <b>Methods:</b> A literature search (for drugs and delivery systems against cervical cancer) was performed on PubMed and through Google. The present review discuss about various methods including its current conventional treatment with special reference to recent advances in delivery systems encapsulating various anticancer drugs and natural plant products for targeting towards cervical cancer. The role of photothermal therapy, gene therapy and radiation therapy against cervical cancer is also discussed. <b>Results:</b> Systemic/targeted drug delivery systems including liposomes, nanoparticles, hydrogels, dendrimers etc. and localized drug delivery systems like cervical patches, films, rings etc. are safer than the conventional chemotherapy which has further been proved by the several drug delivery systems undergoing clinical trials. <b>Conclusion:</b> Novel approaches for the aggressive treatment of cervical cancer will optimistically result in decreased side effects as well as toxicity, frequency of administration of existing drugs, to overcome MDR and to increase the survival rates.
A Dynamic Model for Rotary Rock Drilling (1982)

A rock drilling model is developed as a set of ordinary differential equations describing discrete segments of the drilling rig, including the bit and the rock. The end segment consists of a description of the bit as a “nonideal” transformer and a characterization of the rock behavior. The effects on rock drilling of bottom hole cleaning, drill string-borehole interaction, and tooth wear are represented in the model. Simulated drilling under various conditions, using this model, gave results which are similar to those found in field and laboratory drilling performance data. In particular, the model predicts the expected relationships between drilling rate and the quantities, weight on bit, differential mud pressure, and rotary speed. The results also suggest that the damping of the longitudinal vibrations of the drill string could be predominantly hydrodynamic as opposed to viscous. Pulsations in the mud flow are found to introduce “percussive” effects in the bit forces which seem to improve the penetration rate. However, it is known from field observations that drill pipe movements, if strong enough, may induce mud pressure surges which can cause borehole and circulation problems. Bit forces and torques are shown to be substantially coupled and the influence of certain rock parameters on variables which are measurable either at the bit or on the surface support the expectation that these signals can furnish useful data on the formation being drilled. Other results, though preliminary, show that the effects of the lateral deflections of the drill string may be large for the axial bit forces and significant for the torsional vibrations. For the latter, the unsteady nature of the rotation above the bit increases and the resistance to rotation due to rubbing contact between the drill string and the wellbore accounts for very large power losses between the surface and the bit.
Reducing Drifts in the Inertial Measurements of Wrist and Elbow Positions (2009)

In this paper, we present an inertial-sensor-based monitoring system for measuring the movement of human upper limbs. Two wearable inertial sensors are placed near the wrist and elbow joints, respectively. The measurement drift in segment orientation is dramatically reduced after a Kalman filter is applied to estimate inclinations using accelerations and turning rates from gyroscopes. Using premeasured lengths of the upper and lower arms, we compute the position of the wrist and elbow joints via a proposed kinematic model. Experimental results demonstrate that this new motion capture system, in comparison to an optical motion tracker, possesses an RMS position error of less than 0.009 m, with a drift of less than 0.005 ms <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> in five daily activities. In addition, the RMS angle error is less than 3°. This indicates that the proposed approach has performed well in terms of accuracy and reliability.
Report of the Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources. Optimal resource guidelines for radioactive tracer studies of the heart and circulation. (1975)

The status of radioactive tracer studies in cardiovascular diagnosis is summarized. Planning guidelines are suggested for a hospital nuclear medical service including a central nuclear medical facility and satellite units, and resource criteria are given for professional personnel including training and duties, equipment, space, and support system. The administrative organization of a nuclear medical service and case loads are discussed. Guidelines for equipment maintenance and quality controls are described.
Integration of Functional SOA on the Gain Chip of an External Cavity Wavelength Tunable Laser Using Etched Mirror Technology (2007)

A gap-mirror technology for integrating a functional section onto a laser gain chip is presented. A semiconductor optical amplifier, implementing several functions, is integrated on the gain chip used in an external cavity laser, and demonstrated as a high-performance variable attenuator and data modulator at 2.5 Gb/s. Control of the mirror properties through the gap geometry is demonstrated, and further optimization is realized by a gap-filling technique, which increases the output power to above 100 mW across the C -band.
Notch controls the magnitude of T helper cell responses by promoting cellular longevity (2012)

Generation of effective immune responses requires expansion of rare antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. The magnitude of the responding population is ultimately determined by proliferation and survival. Both processes are tightly controlled to limit responses to innocuous antigens. Sustained expansion occurs only when innate immune sensors are activated by microbial stimuli or by adjuvants, which has important implications for vaccination. The molecular identity of the signals controlling sustained T-cell responses is not fully clear. Here, we describe a prominent role for the Notch pathway in this process. Coactivation of Notch allows accumulation of far greater numbers of activated CD4(+) T cells than stimulation via T-cell receptor and classic costimulation alone. Notch does not overtly affect cell cycle entry or progression of CD4(+) T cells. Instead, Notch protects activated CD4(+) T cells against apoptosis after an initial phase of clonal expansion. Notch induces a broad antiapoptotic gene expression program that protects against intrinsic, as well as extrinsic, apoptosis pathways. Both Notch1 and Notch2 receptors and the canonical effector RBPJ (recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region) are involved in this process. Correspondingly, CD4(+) T-cell responses to immunization with protein antigen are strongly reduced in mice lacking these components of the Notch pathway. Our findings, therefore, show that Notch controls the magnitude of CD4(+) T-cell responses by promoting cellular longevity.
The interaction of alkynyl carboxylates with serine enzymes a potent new class of serine enzyme inhibitors (1989)

The recently reported alkynyl esters, propynyl benzoate and propynyl p-methoxybenzoate, were found to interact with a variety of serine enzymes. alpha-Chymotrypsin was inhibited very rapidly by an equivalent amount of the esters. Trypsin, elastase and pronase were also inhibited by the esters. On the other hand, liver esterase started to hydrolyze the alkynyl esters rapidly, but the enzyme became inhibited during the course of reaction. The inhibited enzymes exhibited slow reactivation which could be considerably enhanced by hydroxylamine.
Structure, properties, and thermal stability of <i>in</i> <i>situ</i> phosphorus-doped hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (1991)

The correlations between structural, chemical, electrical, optical properties of in situ phosphorus-doped hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition have been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, secondary-ion mass spectrometry, electrical conductivity, and optical measurements. Microcrystallinity has been observed at a substrate temperature as low as 100 °C with a 1% dilution of (1% PH3/SiH4) in H2. In situ phosphorous-doped hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon is best grown at 200–300 °C in terms of microstructure, H and P content, and dopant activation. The effects of thermal processing and the use of silicon nitride cap deposited prior to anneal on the structure and properties of phosphorous-doped hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon are also reported. The use of a silicon nitride capping layer is shown to inhibit recrystallization of hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon during rapid thermal anneal.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of optical isomers of ether and thioether lipids (1993)

Four 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates (ara-C) (1a, b and 2a, b) of sn-1 and sn-3 isomers of 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol and its 1-S-alkyl analogue have been synthesized, and their antitumor activity against L1210 lymphoid leukemia in mice were compared with those of the previous conjugates (3a, b) of racemates in order to determine the significance of chirality of the glycerol moieties for activity. Administration (i.p.) of a single dose (300 mg/kg) of conjugates of sn-1 (1a), sn-3 (2a) and rac (3a) isomers of the ether lipid increased lifespan of i.p. implanted L1210 lymphoid leukemic DBA/2J mice by 169, 175 and 236%, respectively. The sn-1 (1b), sn-3 (2b), and rac (3b) isomers of the thioether lipid with a single dose of 300 mg/kg produced an increase in lifespan values of 238, 263 and 250%, respectively. The results indicate that chirality of the glycerol moieties appears not to be critical for the activity, and racemates 3a and 3b are promising prodrugs of ara-C for further clinical investigations.
Acoustic lens with variable focal length for photoacoustic microscopy (2013)

A liquid acoustic lens with variable focal length is described for photoacoustic microscopy. This liquid lens takes advantage of the elastic and deformable lens interface to tune its focal length in a pneumatical manner. The curvature of the lens interface as well as the dependant focal length was characterized as a function of the infusion volume of the liquid. Experiments were carried out to demonstrate the zooming ability of this liquid acoustic lens. Targets embedded at different depths were photoacoustically imaged without performing mechanically axial scanning.
Nervous Transmission in Sea-Anemones (1916)

Finally, and this applies to all the regions involved, there is to be taken into account the many species, weeds and cultivated plants, which have been introduced through the agency of man.A study of these immi- grants-the origin of most of which can be fairly well ascertained, espe- cially when they have been long established in their new habitat- ought to be one of the best means of determining the effects, if any, of a changed environment.The vexed question of the inheritance of such acquired changes can thus be studied on a large scale and under normal conditions.It is surprising that so little attention has been paid to this great field by the many students of mutation and genetics who set the fashions in biology just now.These are but a few of the many problems which might be undertaken by the botanist in this vast region which it is proposed to explore.It is perhaps presumptuous for one whose work has been mainly in other directions, to suggest what are the most important lines of work in fields in which he is very much of an amateur.
Linking intestinal homeostasis and liver disease (2013)

A combination between an initiating liver insult and a disturbance of the gut-host symbiosis synergize in progression of liver disease.
Optical cable fault location using correlation technique (1980)

The letter describes a correlation based optical cable fault location technique which, using a 1.3 μm wavelength, can detect a broken point 10 km distant from source.
Production of Glycolipid Biosurfactants and Their Functional Development (2003)

バイオサーファクタント (BS) は, 微生物によって作り出される両親媒性の機能性脂質である。BSは, 優れた界面活性や高い生分解性を示すばかりでなく, 様々な界面で合成界面活性剤とは異なる挙動, 機能を発現する。マンノシルエリスリトールリピッド (MEL) は, 酵母によって大量に生産される糖脂質型のBSである。MELは, 優れた自己集合特性 (表面・界面張力低下能, 巨大ベシクル形成能) を示すばかりでなく, 抗微生物活性や動物細胞に対する分化誘導活性も有している。MELは, 氷粒子に対して優れた凝集抑制効果を示すため, 氷スラリーを利用した冷熱蓄熱システムの高効率化にも有効である。さらに, ヒト抗体に対して高い結合性や結合容量を示すことから, そのアフィニティ分離担体としての利用の可能性もある。最近, MELを組み込んだリボソームが, 腫瘍細胞に対して非常に高い遺伝子導入効率 (リボソーム法としてはこれまでの最高レベル) を示すことが判った。このように糖脂質型BSは, 環境適合性と多機能性を併せ持つため, グリーンテクノロジーばかりでなく, ナノテクや先端医療技術など幅広い産業分野で, その機能利用が期待される。
A Diamond:H/MoO<sub>3</sub> MOSFET (2014)

A p-type MOSFET based on a heterointerface of hydrogenated-diamond transfer doped with MoO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (Diamond:H/MoO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) is demonstrated for the first time. This is an important new heterostructure system due to its potentially improved temperature stability as compared with the better established Diamond:H/H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O system. MOSFETs using HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> as gate insulator show excellent output characteristics and gate control over the 2-D hole gas at the Diamond:H/MoO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> interface. In 3.5-μm gate length devices, we obtain a maximum drain-current ON-OFF ratio of three orders of magnitude and a maximum transconductance of 2.5 μS/μm.
Reproduction and growth of Mytilus edulis chilensis from the Falkland Islands (1997)

SUMMARY: Although widely distributed and locally abundant throughout much of the Falkland Islands, surprisingly little information is available for M. edulis in this particular part of its geographic range. In this paper we therefore document several ecologically important aspects of mussel populations from three sites. Annual reproductive cycles were determined stereologically from stained histological preparations. Reproductive development proceeded through early to late spring (September-December), whilst spawning occurred mainly during the southern summer (January-February). The age and growth rate of individual mussels were determined from microgrowth bands present in acetate peel replicas of shell sections. Growth curves fitted using the von Bertalanffy growth model predicted L ∞ and k values ranging between 52.9 and 73.6 mm and 0.419 and 0.579, respectively. Population structure varied significantly between study sites, and there was no congruence between modal distributions and the size at age estimated from shell sections. The incidence (ranging from 2-46%) of a hitherto unidentified isopod living within the mantle cavity, and its effect on host condition, are described.
Autocatalytic Synthesis of a Viral RNA in vitro (1965)

Experiments with an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ("replicase") purified from Escherichia coli infected with an RNA bacteriophage (Qbeta) demonstrate that the enzyme generates a polynucleotide of the same molecular weight as viral RNA; the "replicase" cannot distinguish the polynucleotide from its own RNA genome. By starting reactions at input ratios below the saturation levels of template to enzyme, autocatalytic kinetics of RNA increase are observed. The data are consistent with the conclusion that self-propagation of complete viral genomes is occurring in this simple system.
Physikalische Modellbildung von IGCTs für die Schaltungssimulation (2002)

The thesis presented here deals with a model for the Integrated Gate Commutated Transistor (IGCT), which can be used for circuit simulation.The main interest focusses on the dynamic behaviour of this power electronic device.According to the physical characteristics of bipolar power devices, it is necessary to choose a mathematical approach which is based on semiconductor physics.Calculations performed with the model presented here, show a good agreement with corresponding experimental results.An interesting application example on the one hand and an object of a detailed analysis on the other hand is the series connection of IGCTs.It can be shown that even small differences between the IGCTs in series, or their gate drives respectively, yield considerable asymmetry regarding the blocking voltages of each single IGCT during turn off.Finally, a new concept for an active drive with a corresponding circuit, that ensures symmetry without applying large scale snubber circuits, is presented.
<i>Salmonella</i>, the host and disease: a brief review (2006)

Salmonella species cause substantial morbidity, mortality and burden of disease globally. Infections with Salmonella species cause multiple clinical syndromes. Central to the pathophysiology of all human salmonelloses is the induction of a strong host innate immune/inflammatory response. Whether this ultimately reflects an adaptive advantage to the host or pathogen is not clear. However, it is evident that both the host and pathogen have evolved mechanisms of triggering host responses that are detrimental to the other. In this review, we explore some of the host and pathogenic mechanisms mobilized in the two predominant clinical syndromes associated with infection with Salmonella enterica species: enterocolitis and typhoid.
DNA with Ionic, Atomic, and Clustered Silver: An XPS Study (2017)

The rapidly developing field of bionanotechnology requires detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of interaction between inorganic matter and biomolecules. Under conditions different from those in an aqueous solution, however, the chemistry of these systems is elusive and may differ dramatically from their interactions in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report for the first time a photoemission study of a metal silver-DNA interface, formed in vacuo, in comparison with DNA-Ag<sup>+</sup> and fluorescent DNA-Ag complexes formed in solution. The high-resolution photoelectron spectra reveal that in vacuo silver atoms interact mainly with oxygen atoms of the phosphodiester bond and deoxyribose in DNA, in contrast to the behavior of silver ions, which interact preferentially with the nitrogen atoms of the bases. This offers new insight into the mechanism of DNA metallization, which is of importance in creating metal-bio interfaces for nanotechnology applications.