gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flip chip contacts for high current conducting assemblies (2003)

Merging intelligence with power is one of the hot topics of the last few years. Not only driven by the automotive industry, but also by industrial electronics and consumer electronics, large markets await solutions to joint low power microcontrollers with high power semiconductor switches or regulators. Until now, standard surface mount technology has dominated, although hybrid assemblies also have their market niches. Miniaturisation by integrating the required semiconductor in the form of bare dice into a single package is still a challenge. Chip on board provides a technically feasible solution, but COB has only limited compatibility to the process used for passive component mounting in this package. Flip chip would provide the ultimate solution here, allowing fully SMD compatible processing. Unfortunately, power devices must pass tens of amperes through the contacts and must also dissipate a high thermal load. A detailed investigation to verify reliability under these conditions must be conducted. This paper evaluates the performance of flip chip contacts under both thermal and electrical load. Thermal simulation and metallurgical investigations show the performance of flip chip technology for power assemblies.
Design and Control of Axial-Flux Brushless DC Wheel Motors for Electric Vehicles—Part I: Multiobjective Optimal Design and Analysis (2004)

We have applied multiobjective optimal design to a brushless dc wheel motor. The resulting axial-flux permanent-magnet motor has high torque-to-weight ratio and motor efficiency and is suitable for direct-driven wheel applications. Because the disk-type wheel motor is built into the hub of the wheel, no transmission gears or mechanical differentials are necessary and overall efficiency is thereby increased and weight is reduced. The dedicated motor was modeled in magnetic circuits and designed to meet the specifications of an optimization scheme, subject to constraints such as limited space, current density, flux saturation, and driving voltage. In this paper, two different motor configurations of three and four phases are illustrated. Finite-element analyses are then carried out to obtain the electromagnetic, thermal, and modal characteristics of the motor for modification and verification of the preliminary design. The back-electromotive forces of prototypes are examined for control strategies of current driving waveforms.
The Central Role of PhEIN2 in Ethylene Responses throughout Plant Development in Petunia (2004)

The plant hormone ethylene regulates many aspects of growth and development. Loss-of-function mutations in ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) result in ethylene insensitivity in Arabidopsis, indicating an essential role of EIN2 in ethylene signaling. However, little is known about the role of EIN2 in species other than Arabidopsis. To gain a better understanding of EIN2, a petunia (Petunia x hybrida cv Mitchell Diploid [MD]) homolog of the Arabidopsis EIN2 gene (PhEIN2) was isolated, and the role of PhEIN2 was analyzed in a wide range of plant responses to ethylene, many that do not occur in Arabidopsis. PhEIN2 mRNA was present at varying levels in tissues examined, and the PhEIN2 expression decreased after ethylene treatment in petals. These results indicate that expression of PhEIN2 mRNA is spatially and temporally regulated in petunia during plant development. Transgenic petunia plants with reduced PhEIN2 expression were compared to wild-type MD and ethylene-insensitive petunia plants expressing the Arabidopsis etr1-1 gene for several physiological processes. Both PhEIN2 and etr1-1 transgenic plants exhibited significant delays in flower senescence and fruit ripening, inhibited adventitious root and seedling root hair formation, premature death, and increased hypocotyl length in seedling ethylene response assays compared to MD. Moderate or strong levels of reduction in ethylene sensitivity were achieved with expression of both etr1-1 and PhEIN2 transgenes, as measured by downstream expression of PhEIL1. These results demonstrate that PhEIN2 mediates ethylene signals in a wide range of physiological processes and also indicate the central role of EIN2 in ethylene signal transduction.
Radar Technology Encyclopedia (1997)

Offers the basic meaning of terms and concepts related to radar, antenna and microwave technology. This reference text covers every aspect of the technology, including systems, components, targets, performance features, environmental effects and more. More than 5000 alphabetically-arranged entries offer the reader concise descriptions, listings of related terms, detailed equations and illustrations, and up-to-date references for more advanced research.
Adaptation in distributed multimedia systems (1997)

The real-time requirements of continuous media call for careful resource management in distributed multimedia systems. In complex and mobile systems, however, effective resource reservation becomes almost impossible. Recent research suggests adaptive applications as a complementary solution. This article reviews heterogeneous networks and the rationale behind adaptation, gives implementation examples, and discusses some outstanding research issues.
Discovery of Isonicotinamides as Highly Selective, Brain Penetrable, and Orally Active Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitors (2016)

GSK-3 is a serine/threonine kinase that has numerous substrates. Many of these proteins are involved in the regulation of diverse cellular functions, including metabolism, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Inhibition of GSK-3 may be useful in treating a number of diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), type II diabetes, mood disorders, and some cancers, but the approach poses significant challenges. Here, we present a class of isonicotinamides that are potent, highly kinase-selective GSK-3 inhibitors, the members of which demonstrated oral activity in a triple-transgenic mouse model of AD. The remarkably high kinase selectivity and straightforward synthesis of these compounds bode well for their further exploration as tool compounds and therapeutics.
Squirrel monkey lateral thalamus. I. Somatic nociresponsive neurons and their relation to spinothalamic terminals (1994)

The incidence and response properties of nociresponsive neurons, their locations relative to spinothalamic terminals, and their relations to cytoarchitectonic borders were studied in the lateral thalamus of the squirrel monkey. Nociceptive neurons were found in ventral posterior inferior nucleus (VPI), in the lateral and medial nuclei (VPL and VPM) of the ventral posterior complex (VP = VPL + VPM), as well as the posterior complex (PO). The overall incidence of nociresponsive cells was 19% (50 of 270 cells). The proportion of nociresponsive neurons within VPI was 50% (23 of 46), 38% in PO (8 of 21), and 10% in VP (19 of 203). Most nociresponsive cells (90%) in VP were of wide-dynamic-range type, while within VPI 43% of nociresponsive cells were nociceptive-specific type. Most of these nociresponsive cells had thermal and mechanical responses, and a small number also responded to cooling. The receptive fields of nociresponsive cells in VPL were in continuity, in both size and body location, with surrounding low-threshold units. The receptive fields of VPI and PO nociresponsive cells were larger than those in VPL. The probability of encountering nociresponsive cells located within 100 microns of spinothalamic terminations was high in VPI (73%) and low in VPL (33%). On the other hand, the probability of encountering non-nociceptive cells located within 100 microns of spinothalamic terminals was low in both VPI (20%) and VPL (26%). The results indicate segregation of nociresponsive cell types across VP, VPI, and PO and suggest that VPI, and perhaps PO, is an important region for discriminative processing and perception of painful stimuli.
Measuring Patient Satisfaction with Radiation Therapy Service Delivery (2009)

Patient satisfaction is an important component in the evaluation of health services provided to patients. This study evaluates the results of a patient satisfaction survey collected over five years in a radiation therapy department. The analysis identifies that satisfaction has improved in almost all areas, but there is room for improvement in others. The key findings are the importance of treating patients with courtesy and respect and the relatively lower levels of satisfaction noted for patients treated with palliative intent, an area of concern given these patients' greater needs. We provide aggregate results, identify factors that influence overall satisfaction and demonstrate how the survey results have led to quality improvement initiatives, which in turn have resulted in improved levels of satisfaction for patients.
Klick‐Klick‐Klick: Ein‐ bis Dreifachmodifizierung von DNA (2008)

Eins, zwei oder drei: Ein effizientes, modulares und robustes Verfahren zur Mehrfachmodifizierung von DNA wurde entwickelt. Es beruht auf einer Klickreaktion von Aziden mit Alkinsubstituenten an einem Oligodesoxyribonucleotid (ODN), die zuvor mithilfe der Phosphoramidit-Methode eingeführt werden (siehe Schema). Auf diese Weise lassen sich ODNs mit zwei empfindlichen Markern verknüpfen, und sogar eine Dreifachmodifizierung ist möglich.
Estimating Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Mineralization from Short‐Term Carbon Dioxide Respiration (2008)

The measurement of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) respiration is a means to gauge biological soil fertility. Test methods for respiration employed in the laboratory vary somewhat, and to date the equipment and labor required have limited more widespread adoption of such methodologies. A new method to measure soil respiration was tested along with the traditional alkali trap and titration method. The new method involves the Solvita gel system, which was originally designed for CO2 respiration from compost but has been applied in this research to soils with treatments of increasing dairy manure compost. The objectives of this research are to (1) examine the relationship between the CO2 release after 1 day of incubation from soils amended with dairy manure compost that have been dried and rewetted as determined using the titration method and the Solvita gel system, and (2) compare water‐soluble organic nitrogen (N), as well as carbon (C), N, and phosphorus (P) mineralization after 28 days of incubation with 1‐day CO2 release from the titration method and Solvita gel system. One‐day CO2 from both titration and the Solvita gel system were highly correlated with cumulative 28‐day CO2 as well as the basal rate from 7–28 days of incubation. Both methods were also highly correlated with 28‐day N and P mineralization as well as the initial water‐extractable organic N and C concentration. The data suggest that the Solvita gel system for soil CO2 analysis could be a simple and easily used method to quantify soil microbial activity and possibly provide an estimate of potential mineralizable N and P. Once standardized soil sampling and laboratory analysis protocols are established, the Solvita method could be easily adapted to commercial soil testing laboratories as an index of soil microbial activity.
Supercritical fluids in biomedical and tissue engineering applications: a review (2009)

Over the past several years, the definition of a scaffold for tissue engineering has changed dramatically, from a material that acts only as an inert structural support for cell attachment to serving as a more complex and dynamic environment for tissue development. This paper is a review on the existing and on the new emerging techniques based on supercritical fluid technology for the preparation of scaffolds and particles for tissue engineering applications. Supercritical fluid technology has already proven to be feasible for many pharmaceutical applications and is now emerging as an alternative to conventional materials’ processing methods for the preparation of three-dimensional structures and injectable particles suitable to be used in regenerative medicine. The basic principles underlying each technique are here presented as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each process. The state of the art is reviewed and the major conclusions of the studies reported in the literature are discussed
A scalable bottom-up data mining algorithm for relational databases (2002)

Machine learning induction algorithms are difficult to scale to very large databases because of their memory-bound nature. Using virtual memory results in a significant performance degradation. To overcome such shortcomings, we developed a classification rule induction algorithm for relational databases. Our algorithm uses a bottom-up rule generation strategy that is more effective for mining databases having large cardinality of nominal variables. We have successfully used our algorithm to mine a retail grocery database containing more than 1.6 million records in about 5 hours on a dual Pentium processor PC.
Cationic Phosphonolipids Containing Quaternary Phosphonium and Arsonium Groups for DNA Transfection with Good Efficiency and Low Cellular Toxicity** (2000)

Replacing the ammonium polar head in cationic lipids 1 (A=N) by a phosphonium or an arsonium group (A=P, As) improves their properties as synthetic vectors for DNA transfection. The increased volume of the cationic head is supposed to modify the interactions of the vector with the solvent and DNA.
Solubilization, partial purification and photolabeling of the integral membrane protein lysophospholipid:acyl‐CoA acyltransferase (LAT) (2000)

In the present study, we defined experimental conditions that allowed the extraction of the integral membrane protein lysophospholipid:acyl-CoA acyltransferase (LAT, EC 2.3.1.23) from membranes while maintaining the full enzyme activity using the nonionic detergent n-octyl glucopyranoside (OGP) and solutions of high ionic strength. We found that the optimal OGP concentration depended on the ionic strength of the solubilization buffer. Fluorescence measurements with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene indicated that the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of OGP decreased with increasing salt concentrations. Analogous studies revealed that the zwitterionic detergent Chaps was ineffective in extracting LAT from membranes in the absence of salt, whereas its solubilization efficiency increased with increasing salt concentrations. Detailed lipid analysis of the different protein/lipid/detergent mixed micelles showed that the protein/lipid/OGP mixed micelles were relatively enriched with sphingomyelin (SPM) compared to protein/lipid/Chaps mixed micelles, indicating that the differences in the solubilization efficiency may be due to the ability to extract more SPM from membranes. When the protein/lipid/OGP mixed micelles were dissociated into protein/detergent and lipid/detergent complexes by the addition of increasing Chaps concentrations, one-tenth of the LAT enzyme activity was preserved making the enzyme accessible to protein purification. Analysis by native PAGE revealed that in the presence of excess Chaps a high molecular mass protein complex migrated into the gel which could be photolabeled by 125I-labelled-18-(4'-azido-2'-hydroxybenzoylamino)-oleyl-CoA. This fatty acid analogue has been shown to be a competitive inhibitor of LAT enzyme activity in the dark, and an irreversible inhibitor after photolysis. Therefore, this protein complex is assumed to contain the LAT enzyme.
Role of impurities in zone melting recrystallization of 10 μm thick polycrystalline silicon films (1988)

Zone melting recrystallization (ZMR) of polycrystalline silicon on SiO2 can offer an interesting, i.e., cheaper, alternative to the dielectric isolation technology used for high-voltage integrated circuits or smart power devices. For that purpose crystalline Si layers of 10–15 μm thickness are needed. In this work a mercury-arc lamp stripheater was used to recrystallize 10 μm thick polycrystalline silicon films. In unseeded layers, grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries appeared. By applying seeding, single crystalline areas of at least 1 mm by 1 mm were obtained. In these layers stacking faults were revealed as being the major crystal defect. In ZMR oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon are the major impurities which are incorporated into the silicon either intentionally or unintentionally. Among these impurities, nitrogen and carbon are believed to play a crucial role in promoting the wetting of the insulator and cap layer by liquid silicon. In this paper the distribution and transport of oxygen and nitrogen during ZMR are studied. It is shown that nitrogen can cause dendritic growth and that oxygen is unlikely to do so.
Hardware as a service - enabling dynamic, user-level bare metal provisioning of pools of data center resources. (2014)

We describe a “Hardware as a Service (HaaS)” tool for isolating pools of compute, storage and networking resources. The goal of HaaS is to enable dynamic and flexible, user-level provisioning of pools of resources at the so-called “bare-metal” layer. It allows experimental or untrusted services to co-exist alongside trusted services. By functioning only as a resource isolation system, users are free to choose between different system scheduling and provisioning systems and to manage isolated resources as they see fit. We describe key HaaS use cases and features. We show how HaaS can provide a valuable, and somehwat overlooked, layer in the software architecture of modern data center management. Documentation and source code for HaaS software are available at: https://github.com/CCI-MOC/haas
Biosynthesis and interaction of endothelium-derived vasoactive mediators. (1991)

The vascular endothelium, which envelopes the circulating blood in a continuous monolayer, is not only a physical barrier between blood and vessel wall, but a highly complex "organ" which is involved in the regulation of blood vessel tone and permeability, blood coagulation, angiogenesis, leukocyte and platelet reactivity, phagocytosis of bacteria and the metabolism of many vascular mediators. This article focuses on the biosynthesis, biological actions and interactions of endothelium-derived vasoactive mediators, namely, prostacyclin, endothelium-derived relaxing factor--now characterized as nitric oxide--and endothelin, in the regulation of blood vessel tone under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The formation of these highly vasoactive substances in modulated by changes in intracellular messengers (cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, calcium), by interactions of endothelium with blood-borne cells and plasma constituents and finally by the interaction of these mediators themselves. The current evidence supports the view that nitric oxide plays a pivotal role for the regulation of blood vessel tone under physiological conditions, while the generation of prostacyclin is primarily an important defense mechanism to maintain a sufficient blood vessel patency and tissue viability under conditions of a compromised blood supply. Although the physiological role of the endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 is less well defined, it is apparent that any potential harmful vasoconstrictor effects resulting from an enhanced formation of endothelin under pathophysiological conditions are modulated by the simultaneous generation of prostacyclin, nitric oxide and tissue-plasminogen activator, thus preventing excessive vasoconstriction and thrombotic occlusion of the vascular bed concerned.
Global Vehicle Tracking and Computerized Vehicle Diagnostics: A Conceptual Discussion of a Future Integration (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The ability to globally track vehicle position via satellite is a reality. So is the ability to diagnose heavy-duty diesel powertrains and their peripheral support components. However, the integration of these two accepted methods for vehicular operation and maintenance have yet to be merged together; <b>specifically the use of computerized vehicle diagnostics and failure analysis through artificial intelligence as a performance analyzer</b>. As a result of these two emerging technologies, vehicle powertrain diagnostics may soon be conducted through satellite communications between the disabled vehicle and the office of origin for the disabled vehicle. At the time of this publication a system of this nature has not been developed. This paper will discuss the nature of such a concept as well as a description of each of the major software components, their history, operation and how they may be integrated.</div>
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry characterization of oxidized amyloid beta peptides as potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (2006)

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the deposition of senile plaques that consist primarily of amyloid beta peptides. There is substantial evidence that amyloid beta is oxidized in vivo, which has led to the suggestion that oxidative stress is an important mediator of Alzheimer's disease. Metal-catalyzed oxidation can mimic in vivo oxidation of amyloid beta because the metal ion binds to the amino acid residues at the site of oxidation, which then deliver reactive oxygen species to that site. Based on electrospray mass spectrometry, it has been suggested that metal-catalyzed oxidation occurs on histidines-13 and -14. Unfortunately, the amyloid beta peptides provide complex spectra, so it is difficult to definitively characterize the sites of oxidation. Trypsin digestion of both native and oxidized amyloid beta1-16 and amyloid beta1-40 resulted in the formation of tryptic peptides corresponding to amyloid beta6-16, which could be separated by liquid chromatography (LC). Sites of oxidation were then unequivocally characterized as histidine-13 and histidine-14 by LC/tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis of the tryptic peptides. The ability to analyze the specific amyloid beta6-16 tryptic fragments derived from full-length amyloid beta peptides will make it possible to determine whether oxidation in vivo occurs at specific histidine residues and/or at other amino acid residues such as methionine-35. Using methodology based on LC/MS/MS it will also be possible to analyze the relative amounts of oxidized peptides and native peptide in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease as biomarkers of oxidative stress.
DC to AC series-resonant converter system with high internal frequency generating synthesized waveforms for multikilowatt power levels (1984)

A new method of power pulse modulation with internal frequencies of tens of kHz and suited for multikilowatt power levels is applied to a series-resonant converter system for generating synthesized unipolar and bipolar waveforms. The high pulse frequency allows the principle of modulation and demodulation to be applied for fast system response, output waveforms with low distortion and prevents excessive stresses on components. Natural current commutation of the thyristors is obtained by the use of a series-resonant circuit for power transfer and control. Test results of a 4 kW thyristor converter system generating sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveforms independently of the load characteristics demonstrate the significane aspects for this class of power conversion. The material presented indicates the capability of the system to avoid excessive component stresses as well as the possibilities for fast acting four-quadrant dc to dc, single-phase or polyphase dc to ac and ac to ac converter systems.