gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polyamines and Polyamine Amides as Potent Selective Receptor Probes, Novel Therapeutic Lead Compounds and Synthetic Vectors in Gene Therapy (1997)

The family of polyamines and polyamine amides, especially unsymmetrical synthetic members, is critically assessed with respect to chemical structure and pharmacological activity. Naturally occurring polyamines (and diamines) and mono- (and di-) acylated polyamines (polyamine amides) are blockers of cation channels that are receptor- or voltage-gated. Such compounds are leads for the design of novel therapeutic agents. Furthermore, polyamines and polyamine amides are templates for the design of synthetic vectors with potential application in gene therapy.

Natural di- and polyamines, spider and wasp venom polyamine amide toxins and their analogues, and totally synthetic polyamines, are potent cation-channel blockers with uses as selective receptor probes for nicotinic acetylcholine and glutamate (NMDA and non-NMDA) receptors, sodium and calcium channels. Therefore, as receptor probes, they may help us to understand the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration, and ultimately to design drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, especially stroke. Polyamine conjugates are also novel therapeutic lead compounds for possible treatments of cancer, diarrhoea, malaria and haemochromatosis (β-thalassaemia). The metal chelating properties of (poly-) ethylenediamines have led to their incorporation in ion chelators which are synthetic RNase and DNase enzymes. Synthetic polyamines and polyamine amides have potential as novel vectors in gene delivery. Such compounds can condense DNA to form toroidal particles which may be incorporated in a non-viral gene delivery system. The applications of polylysine, polyethylenimine, Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers, Transfectam (DOGS), cholic acid, and cholesterol conjugates to gene therapy are compared as a function of structure and pKa.

This assessment of polyamines and polyamine amides stresses the basicity of the amine functional groups. The pKa's of these functionalities are a major determinant in their binding to biological macromolecules. Selectivity of pharmacological action also encompasses contributions from solution conformation and lipophilicity as well as amine pKa. The use of these compounds as leads for the design of novel therapeutics or gene medicines is demonstrated to be practical as well as theoretically possible.
Stochastic Gradient Descent with Hyperbolic-Tangent Decay on Classification (2018)

Learning rate scheduler has been a critical issue in the deep neural network training. Several schedulers and methods have been proposed, including step decay scheduler, adaptive method, cosine scheduler and cyclical scheduler. This paper proposes a new scheduling method, named hyperbolic-tangent decay (HTD). We run experiments on several benchmarks such as: ResNet, Wide ResNet and DenseNet for CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets, LSTM for PAMAP2 dataset, ResNet on ImageNet and Fashion-MNIST datasets. In our experiments, HTD outperforms step decay and cosine scheduler in nearly all cases, while requiring less hyperparameters than step decay, and more flexible than cosine scheduler. Code is available at https://github.com/BIGBALLON/HTD.
Predicting source code changes by mining revision history (2009)

Software developers are often faced with modification tasks that involve source which is spread across a code base. Some dependencies between source, such as the dependencies between platform dependent fragments, cannot be determined by existing static and dynamic analyses. To help developers identify relevant source code during a modification task, we have developed an approach that applies data mining techniques to determine change patterns—files that were changed together frequently in the past—from the revision history of the code base. Our hypothesis is that the change patterns can be used to recommend potentially relevant source code to a developer performing a modification task. We show that this approach can reveal valuable dependencies by applying the approach to the Eclipse and Mozilla open source projects, and by evaluating the predictability and interestingness of the recommendations produced.
Sensors and actuators for intelligent mechatronic systems (2002)

The key aspect of mechatronic products is to add intelligent components and systems which combine an optimum use of multidisciplinary technologies to shorten the development cycle with reduced cost and increased quality. Advances in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have a profound impact in the field of sensors and actuators for intelligent mechatronic systems. Miniature sensors and actuators are fabricated using technologies from silicon integrated circuit industry. These micromachined sensors and actuators provide several advantages over the conventional counterparts, such as size reduction, new function, integration with control circuitry, cost reduction, and sensor/actuator arrays. MEMS technology has dramatically increased the number of sensors and actuators implemented in mechatronic systems. Nowadays, microsensors and actuators such as silicon pressure sensors, microfabricated print heads, acceleration sensor, gyro sensor, and micromechanical display devices have been used in a lot of mechatronic products. Some examples of micromachined sensors and micromachined actuators are given.
A New Look at Criminal Liability for Selling Dangerous Vehicles: Lessons from General Motors and Toyota (2019)

Automobile safety is one of the most serious public health issues facing our country. In addition to the costs in terms of personal injury and death, automobile accidents cost society billions of dollars in lost productivity and medical costs. In 1966, there were over 50,000 deaths from automobile accidents. By 2015, this number had fallen to approximately 35,000 deaths and 2.4 million injuries resulting from automobile accidents. By some measures, this is a remarkable reduction that might lead us to conclude that automobile safety is no longer an important public policy concern. This article argues that automobile safety is still a major public health concern in light of the large number of recalls and the highprofile cases of the last few years. This article will further argue and that the current approach (of civil liability supplemented by the NHSTA) is inadequate to deter automobile manufacturers from designing and selling dangerous cars. It then considers possible public policy approaches to better protect consumers. In Part I, this article outlines the two cases used as examples: GM and Toyota.\nIn Part II, this article will outline the existing regulatory scheme starting with the traditional approach of civil liability and the regulatory scheme adopted by the Vehicle Safety Act implemented by the NHSTA and discuss the alternative of imposing criminal liability for what has traditionally been civil tort liability. In Part III, this article outlines will offer a two-pronged approach for imposing criminal liability.
Opposing Effects of Anti-Activation-Inducible Lymphocyte- Immunomodulatory Molecule/Inducible Costimulator Antibody on the Development of Acute Versus Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (2001)

The functional role of inducible costimulator (ICOS)-mediated costimulation was examined in an in vivo model of alloantigen-driven Th1 or Th2 cytokine responses, the parent-into-F(1) model of acute or chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), respectively. When the Ab specific for mouse ICOS was injected into chronic GVHD-induced mice, activation of B cells, production of autoantibody, and development of glomerulonephritis were strongly suppressed. In contrast, the same treatment enhanced donor T cell chimerism and host B cell depletion in acute GVHD induced host mice. Blocking of B7-CD28 interaction by injection of anti-B7-1 and anti-B7-2 Abs inhibited both acute and chronic GVHD. These observations clearly indicate that the costimulatory signal mediated by CD28 caused the initial allorecognition resulting in the clonal expansion of alloreactive T cells, whereas the costimulatory signal mediated by ICOS played a critical role in the functional differentiation and manifestation of alloreactive T cells. Furthermore, treatment with anti-ICOS Ab selectively suppresses Th2-dominant autoimmune disease.
Dynamical symmetry breaking with optimal control: Reducing the number of pieces (2013)

We analyze the production of defects during the dynamical crossing of a mean-field phase transition with a real order parameter. When the parameter that brings the system across the critical point changes in time according to a power-law schedule, we recover the predictions dictated by the well-known Kibble-Zurek theory. For a fixed duration of the evolution, we show that the average number of defects can be drastically reduced for a very large but finite system, by optimizing the time dependence of the driving using optimal control techniques. Furthermore, the optimized protocol is robust against small fluctuations.
993. The action of reducing agents on pyridine complexes of rhodium(III) (1964)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
<i>Candida</i>-Specific Antibodies during Experimental Vaginal Candidiasis in Mice (2002)

Protective host defense mechanisms against vaginal Candida albicans infections are poorly understood. Although cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is the predominant host defense mechanism against most mucosal Candida infections, the role of CMI against vaginal candidiasis is uncertain, both in humans and in an experimental mouse model. The role of humoral immunity is equally unclear. While clinical observations suggest a minimal role for antibodies against vaginal candidiasis, an experimental rat model has provided evidence for a protective role for Candida-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies. Additionally, Candida vaccination-induced IgM and IgG3 antibodies are protective in a mouse model of vaginitis. In the present study, the role of infection-induced humoral immunity in protection against experimental vaginal candidiasis was evaluated through the quantification of Candida-specific IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies in serum and vaginal lavage fluids of mice with primary and secondary (partially protected) infection. In naïve mice, total, but not Candida-specific, antibodies were detected in serum and lavage fluids, consistent with lack of yeast colonization in mice. In infected mice, Candida-specific IgA and IgG antibodies were induced in serum with anamnestic responses to secondary infection. In lavage fluid, while Candida-specific antibodies were detectable, concentrations were extremely low with no anamnestic responses in mice with secondary infection. The incorporation of alternative protocols-including infections in a different strain of mice, prolongation of primary infection prior to secondary challenge, use of different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay capture antigens, and concentration of lavage fluid-did not enhance local Candida-specific antibody production or detection. Additionally, antibodies were not removed from lavage fluids by being bound to Candida during infection. Together, these data suggest that antibodies are not readily present in vaginal secretions of infected mice and thus have a limited natural protective role against infection.
Autophagy and amino acid homeostasis are required for chronological longevity in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2009)

Following cessation of growth, yeast cells remain viable in a nondividing state for a period of time known as the chronological lifespan (CLS). Autophagy is a degradative process responsible for amino acid recycling in response to nitrogen starvation and amino acid limitation. We have investigated the role of autophagy during chronological aging of yeast grown in glucose minimal media containing different supplemental essential and nonessential amino acids. Deletion of ATG1 or ATG7, both of which are required for autophagy, reduced CLS, whereas deletion of ATG11, which is required for selective targeting of cellular components to the vacuole for degradation, did not reduce CLS. The nonessential amino acids isoleucine and valine, and the essential amino acid leucine, extended CLS in autophagy-deficient as well as autophagy-competent yeast. This extension was suppressed by constitutive expression of GCN4, which encodes a transcriptional regulator of general amino acid control (GAAC). Consistent with this, GCN4 expression was reduced by isoleucine and valine. Furthermore, elimination of the leucine requirement extended CLS and prevented the effects of constitutive expression of GCN4. Interestingly, deletion of LEU3, a GAAC target gene encoding a transcriptional regulator of branched side chain amino acid synthesis, dramatically increased CLS in the absence of amino acid supplements. In general, this indicates that activation of GAAC reduces CLS whereas suppression of GAAC extends CLS in minimal medium. These findings demonstrate important roles for autophagy and amino acid homeostasis in determining CLS in yeast.
Sound Traffic Control: An Interactive 3-D Audio System for Live Musical Performance (1998)

Sound Traffic Control (STC) is a system for interactively controlled 3-D audio, displayed using a loudspeaker array. The intended application is live musical performance. Goals of the system include flexibility, ease of use, fault tolerance, audio quality, and synchronization with external media sources such as MIDI, audio feeds from musicians, and video. It uses a collection of both commercial and custom components. The development and design of the current system is described, embodying ideas developed during over a decade of experimentation, and is evaluated based on the experiences of users and developers.
PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN AND CANINE NARCOLEPSY (1997)

Narcolepsy-cataplexy is a disabling neurological disorder that affects 1/2000 individuals. The main clinical features of narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness and symptoms of abnormal REM sleep (cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations) are currently treated using amphetamine-like compounds or modafinil and antidepressants. Pharmacological research in the area is facilitated greatly by the existence of a canine model of the disorder. The mode of action of these compounds involves presynaptic activation of adrenergic transmission for the anticataplectic effects of antidepressant compounds and presynaptic activation of dopaminergic transmission for the EEG arousal effects of amphetamine-like stimulants. The mode of action of modafmil is still uncertain, and other neurochemical systems may offer interesting avenues for therapeutic development. Pharmacological and physiological studies using the canine model have identified primary neurochemical and neuroanatomical systems that underlie the expression of abnormal REM sleep and excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy. These involve mostly the pontine and basal forebrain cholinergic, the pontine adrenergic and the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic systems. These studies confirm a continuing need for basic research in both human and canine narcolepsy, and new treatments that act directly at the level of the primary defect in narcolepsy might be forthcoming.
Reducing the critical current for spin-transfer switching of perpendicularly magnetized nanomagnets (2009)

We describe nanopillar spin valves with perpendicular anisotropy designed to reduce the critical current needed for spin transfer magnetization reversal while maintaining thermal stability. By adjusting the perpendicular anisotropy and volume of the free element consisting of a [Co/Ni] multilayer, we observe that the critical current scales with the height of the anisotropy energy barrier and we achieve critical currents as low as 120 μA in quasistatic room-temperature measurements of a 45 nm diameter device. The field-current phase diagram of such a device is presented.
The ways to the trace level analysis in infrared spectroscopy (2010)

The future of infrared (IR) spectroscopy as an analytical technique is assured due to its versatility and its numerous advantages; such as the possibility to obtain molecular specific information for virtually any sample in any state with no treatment or minimal sample preparation. However, spectroscopists are not satisfied with relegating IR spectroscopy just to major and minor component analysis and have been looking at analysis at the trace level too. This review is the recognition of the brilliant research performed during the past two decades and the advances achieved in this area, which have made possible the analysis of contaminants at parts per billion (ppb) levels by IR in different matrices; such as water and soils.
Alteration of pore properties of Escherichia coli OmpF induced by mutation of key residues in anti-loop 3 region (2002)

The Escherichia coli OmpF pore is governed by an internal constriction consisting of the negatively charged loop 3 folded into the lumen and the positively charged barrel wall located on the opposite side across the pore, ‘anti-loop 3'. To investigate the role of anti-loop 3 in solute diffusion, four site-directed mutations, K16A, K16D, R132A and R132D, were introduced into this eyelet region. The mutant porins were expressed efficiently and inserted into the outer membrane, and the thermal stabilities of the resulting trimers were determined. Diffusion of cefepime, a recently developed cephalosporin, was analysed in vivo. In vitro studies were performed on purified porins reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers to measure conductance, selectivity and voltage closure, as well as in liposomes for patch-clamp and sugar-swelling assays. All substitutions modified the ion-channel parameters, and minor conformational changes in the OmpF eyelet region were predicted from modelling studies. Our data show that Lys-16, and to a lesser extent Arg-132, are involved in voltage-gating and pore selectivity via their side-chain charges. Substitution K16D, which causes a severe decrease in critical voltage (Vc), may generate a channel susceptible to membrane potential, which perturbs cefepime diffusion. These results suggest that the Lys-16 residue plays an important role in the process of diffusion through the OmpF lumen.
Potential applications of RNA interference technology in the treatment of cancer (2005)

Inhibition of growth and progression of cancer cells is a challenge with major potential impact. RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been rapidly developed as a laboratory tool for the downregulation of the expression of a gene of interest. Moreover, RNAi offers a new potential for gene therapy of particular neoplasms by the specific inhibition of a cancer-associated target. This article will briefly describe the mechanism and application possibilities of RNAi, and illustrate the therapeutic potential in cancer gene therapy. The utilization of RNAi technology as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of cancer will be discussed in detail for two specific targets; the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase and the multidrug transporter MDR1/P-glycoprotein.
Porphyrias Associated with Malignant Tumors: Results of Treatment with Ionizing Irradiation (2001)

Radiation therapy is not a 'stimulating' factor in activating porphyria symptoms.
Unsymmetrical Squaraines Incorporating the Thiophene Unit for Panchromatic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2010)

Two unsymmetrical squaraines, where the electron-rich 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene or bithiophene conjugated fragment was used to link unconventionally the squaraine core and the hexyloxyphenyl amino group, were applied for DSCs. The corresponding photovoltaic devices exhibit an attractively panchromatic response and also convert a portion of the near-infrared photons into electricity.
ORegAnno: an open access database and curation system for literature-derived promoters, transcription factor binding sites and regulatory variation (2006)

ORegAnno is available directly through MySQL, Web services, and online at http://www.oreganno.org. All software is licensed under the Lesser GNU Public License (LGPL).
Optical fibre Brillouin ring laser gyroscope (1989)

An active all-fibre ring resonator gyroscope based on stimulated Brillouin scattering is demonstrated. The occurrence of guided acoustic modes in certain optical fibres is found to increase the lock-in range, and a novel method to reduce lock-in for this type of gyroscope is investigated.
Subcooled convective boiling in structured surface microchannels (2009)

Experiments are performed to investigate subcooled flow boiling, on side wall cavities with angles of 60°, 90° and 120° with bottom-wall asymmetrical heating, for a microchannel heat sink containing 75 parallel 100 µm × 200 µm channels. The heated surface is made of a Cu metal sheet with/without 2 µm thickness diamond film. Tests and measurements are conducted with de-ionized water, de-ionized water + 1 vol.% MCNT additive solution, FC-72 fluids over a mass velocity range of 820–1600 kg m−2 s, inlet temperatures of 15 (8.6), 25 (13.6), 44 (24.6) and 64 °C (36.6 °C) for DI water (FC-72) and heat fluxes up to 800 W cm−2. Flow morphologies, boiling incipience, two-phase heat transfer coefficients and critical heat fluxes are obtained and presented. Both cavities' structured and sputtered diamond ultrathin film surfaces in nanofluid flow boiling in a microchannel are shown to significantly enhance heat transfer through the promotion of bubble ebullitions and to reduce boiling incipience. A significant increase in critical heat flux (CHF) is also found.
Constant voltage stress induced degradation in HfO2/SiO2 gate dielectric stacks (2002)

Defect generation in HfO2/SiO2 gate dielectric stacks under constant voltage stress is investigated. It is found that the stress induced electrical degradation in HfO2/SiO2 stacks is different than in the SiO2 layer. The variation of the gate leakage current with different polarities shows different degradation characteristics after stress. Positive charge generation is also observed under both negative and positive gate voltage polarities. These degradation phenomena are explained by the composite effect of three components: neutral trap generation, electron trapping, and positive charge generation in the gate stacks.
Optically driven nonlinear microrheology of gelatin (2008)

We demonstrate the microscopic equivalent of a step-stress rheological measurement. An optical torque is applied to a birefringent wax microdisk embedded in gelatin, a highly entangled viscoelastic biopolymer, using circularly polarized laser tweezers. By increasing the laser power and measuring the angular displacement of the disk, we explore the microscopic rheological response of presheared gelatin from the linear to the nonlinear regime and observe yielding at the microscale. The shape of the microscopic torque-angle relationship matches the stress-strain relationship from a macroscopic measurement of presheared gelatin; from this, we extract an applied stress and deduce the effective strain induced by the rotating disk.
Element–organic frameworks with high permanent porosity (2008)

Microporous hydrophobic polysilanes with high specific surface areas (700-1100 m2 g(-1)) for applications in gas adsorption are obtained using an organolithiation route.