gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Properties of Indomethacin and Related Compounds Co-Spray Dried with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (1985)

The spray drying of indomethacin produced a viscous liquid phase which then solidified to an amorphous glassy solid mass. This amorphous phase was physically unstable and converted on storage to crystalline indomethacin forms II and I. Co -spray drying indomethacin with up to 20% PVP also gave a fused amorphous solid. Apparent solubility and dissolution studies illustrated the higher energy of indomethacin in these systems. The presence of PVP in the solid retarded conversion of indomethacin to a crystalline phase, the effect increasing with increasing PVP content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the growth, with time, of needle-like whiskers on the surface of the amorphous products. Co-spray drying indomethacin with more than 20% PVP resulted firstly in products composed of a fused network of spherical particles, then partially coalesced spheres and ultimately, above 25% PVP, in individual agglomerated microspherical particles. The spray drying of either naproxen, ketoprofen or ibuprofen did not result in the formation of an amorphous glassy solid, Co-spray drying with PVP led to reduced crystallinity; the size of the melting endotherm decreased with increasing PVP content and became absent at 50% PVP. As the PVP percentage increased a microspherical product also developed, but at PVP levels greater than that observed for indomethacin.
Efficacy and Safety of Levetiracetam for Outpatient Alcohol Detoxification (2010)

The findings of this study provide some evidence that levetiracetam is an efficacious and safe treatment option for outpatient alcohol detoxification. Further randomised, controlled trials including mid- and long-term follow-ups are needed to confirm these findings.
Crosstalk between Estrogen Receptor and Growth Factor Receptor Pathways as a Cause for Endocrine Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer (2005)

Data suggest that breast cancer growth is regulated by coordinated actions of the estrogen receptor (ER) and various growth factor receptor signaling pathways. In tumors with active growth factor receptor signaling (e.g., HER2 amplification), tamoxifen may lose its estrogen antagonist activity and may acquire more agonist-like activity, resulting in tumor growth stimulation. Because treatments designed to deprive the ER of its ligand estrogen will reduce signaling from both nuclear and membrane ER, aromatase inhibitors might be expected to be superior to tamoxifen in tumors with high growth factor receptor content, such as those overexpressing HER2. Recent clinical studies suggest that this is the case in humans, as trials of aromatase inhibitors show superior results compared with tamoxifen, especially in tumors overexpressing HER2. Although estrogen deprivation therapy is often effective in ER-positive breast cancer, de novo and acquired resistance are still problematic. Experimental models suggest that in one form of resistance to estrogen deprivation therapy, the tumor becomes supersensitive to low residual estrogen concentrations perhaps because of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Such tumors respond to additional treatment with fulvestrant or even tamoxifen. On the other hand, in tumors overexpressing HER2, acquired resistance to estrogen deprivation therapy involves the loss of ER and ER-regulated genes and further up-regulation of growth factor signaling rendering the tumor hormonal therapy resistant. This process can be delayed or reversed by simultaneous treatment with growth factor pathway inhibitors. This strategy is now being tested in clinical trials.
Transformed-Key Asymmetric Watermarking System (2004)

This letter proposes a new asymmetric watermarking system. In the proposed system, a linear transformation A is applied to the primitive key u to form the private encoding key Au and the public decoding key A/sup -t/u, where -t denotes inverse transpose. The transformation mostly cancels out when the decoding key is correlated to watermarked signal containing the encoding key, which is possibly contaminated with noise. Our analysis shows that this simple scheme provides not only reliability in watermark detection but also security from any attempts to identify or erase the "encoding" key. We also address the issue of selecting a good transformation matrix. The proposed system can be made fit for each application by properly designing the transform.
Mathematical methods for the design of color scanning filters (1997)

The problem of the design of color scanning filters is addressed in this paper. The problem is posed within the framework of the vector space approach to color systems. The measure of the goodness of a set of color scanning filters presented in earlier work is used as an optimization criterion to design color scanning filters modeled in terms of known, smooth, nonnegative functions. The best filters are then trimmed using the gradient of the mean square DeltaE(ab) error to obtain filters with a lower value of perceptual error. The results obtained demonstrate the utility of the method.
The vibration measuring system for monitoring core and winding condition of power transformer (2002)

Electric utilities are concerned about the availability and reliability of power transformers. The ability to diagnose the integrity of the transformer windings and core through the nonintrusive vibration tests would be useful to accurately assess transformer condition. In this article, the principle of monitoring the power transformer core and winding' conditions via measuring the tank vibration is described. By reasonably choosing the vibration sensor and the charge-amplifier, a set of measuring system was set up, also some techniques of anti-interference were adopted. Using this measuring system, the tank vibration signals of transformer were picked up in the lab. From the frequency spectra of the vibration signals, it can indicate that it is feasible to monitor on-line the core and winding condition of the power transformer by measuring the tank vibration.
Antidepressant-like activity of S 20098 (agomelatine) in the forced swimming test in rodents: involvement of melatonin and serotonin receptors (2004)

These results demonstrate the antidepressant-like activity of repeated administration of S 20098 in the FST. Moreover, the combination of 5-HT agonists and antagonists leads to more powerful effects with S 20098 than with melatonin, thereby emphasizing the contribution of 5-HT receptors to the antidepressant activity of S 20098. Compared with imipramine and fluoxetine, the 5-HT receptor subtypes that may be involved in the antidepressant-like activity of S 20098 are not similar. Indeed, when considering the binding properties of S 20098, the 5-HT(2C) receptor subtype appears to be the most attractive candidate. It is concluded that the antidepressant-like activity of S 20098 in this model most probably involves a combination of both its melatonin agonist and 5-HT(2C )receptor antagonist properties.
On‐site alginate gelation for enhanced cell proliferation and uniform distribution in porous scaffolds (2008)

High cell density and uniformity in a tissue-engineered construct is essential to expedite the formation of a uniform extracellular matrix. In this study, we demonstrated an on-site gelation approach to increase cellular population and uniformity through porous scaffolds using alginate as gelling material. The on-site gelation was triggered during cell seeding and was shown to effectively restrain the cells in the porous scaffold during subsequent cell cultivation. The initial demonstration of the effectiveness of this system was made with chondrocyte cells, targeted at functional restoration of damaged or dysfunctional cartilage. By limiting cellular mobility, cell population increased by 89% after 7 days of cell culture in scaffolds encapsulating alginate gel as opposed to a 36% increase in scaffolds without gel. The cell distribution throughout the gelled scaffold was found to be more uniform than in the nongelled scaffold. SEM analysis revealed that the cells exhibited typical chondrocytic morphology. Improved cellular functionality was verified by low levels of collagen type I gene expression and steady gene activity levels of collagen type II over 3 weeks of cell cultivation. Alternatively, cells seeded in scaffolds with the conventional cell-seeding method demonstrated increased levels of collagen type I gene expression, indicating the possibility of cell dedifferentiation over long-term cell culture. Success with the chitosan-alginate scaffold model suggested that this flexible on-site gelation method could be potentially applied to other cell and tissue types for enhanced tissue engineering development.
Menthol attenuates respiratory irritation responses to multiple cigarette smoke irritants (2011)

Menthol, the cooling agent in peppermint, is added to almost all commercially available cigarettes. Menthol stimulates olfactory sensations, and interacts with transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) ion channels in cold-sensitive sensory neurons, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), an irritant-sensing channel. It is highly controversial whether menthol in cigarette smoke exerts pharmacological actions affecting smoking behavior. Using plethysmography, we investigated the effects of menthol on the respiratory sensory irritation response in mice elicited by smoke irritants (acrolein, acetic acid, and cyclohexanone). Menthol, at a concentration (16 ppm) lower than in smoke of mentholated cigarettes, immediately abolished the irritation response to acrolein, an agonist of TRPA1, as did eucalyptol (460 ppm), another TRPM8 agonist. Menthol's effects were reversed by a TRPM8 antagonist, AMTB. Menthol's effects were not specific to acrolein, as menthol also attenuated irritation responses to acetic acid, and cyclohexanone, an agonist of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1. Menthol was efficiently absorbed in the respiratory tract, reaching local concentrations sufficient for activation of sensory TRP channels. These experiments demonstrate that menthol and eucalyptol, through activation of TRPM8, act as potent counterirritants against a broad spectrum of smoke constituents. Through suppression of respiratory irritation, menthol may facilitate smoke inhalation and promote nicotine addiction and smoking-related morbidities.
Sensor systems for bioprocess monitoring (2015)

The ability to measure all process variables is of great importance in the field of bioprocess monitoring and control, and continuous, real‐time measurements are highly desired. The more complete and real‐time the measurements are, the more stable, reproducible, and efficient the process can be, leading to reproducibly high‐quality products. This additional information allows the operator to better document the entire process. The process analytical technologies initiative of the US Food and Drug Administration is strongly related to the analysis and control of biopharmaceutical processes. The aim of the initiative is to create processes, generating products of ensured quality by measuring quality‐related process variables. The quality of the product is enhanced by a deep understanding of the process, which is enabled by an effective and suitable sensor system. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current and emerging sensors for bioprocess monitoring. Sensors directly interfaced to bioreactors for measuring important variables from the gas phase, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration, are discussed, as well as sensors for the monitoring of the biomass concentration and morphology and of the changing medium composition. Furthermore, sensor systems are discussed. These involve sensors (especially biosensors) that are not implemented directly inside the bioreactor but rather are used in conjunction with sample‐taking systems such as flow injection analysis. A major focus is given to spectroscopic sensors, which are noninvasive and offer interesting options for a simultaneous analysis of various compounds. Since data handling is extremely important for this kind of sensor, chemometrics are also included. Soft sensors are discussed as technology that allows a user to incorporate more process data as it become available. Finally, the current state of disposable sensor technology is presented. These sensors are needed for the growing area of disposable and continuous biomanufacturing.
Gene Therapy with Galectin-3 Inhibits Bronchial Obstruction and Inflammation in Antigen-challenged Rats through Interleukin-5 Gene Downregulation (2002)

The pathophysiology of asthma involves an intricate network of molecular and cellular interactions. Elevated Th2 cytokines (interleukin [IL]-5 and IL-4) associated with eosinophilic inflammation characterize allergic diseases and provide potential targets for immunomodulation. Recent evidence has demonstrated that galectin-3 induces selective downregulation of IL-5 gene expression in several cell types (eosinophils, T cell lines, and antigen specific T cells). Accordingly, we sought to elucidate whether in vivo intratracheal instillation of plasmid DNA encoding galectin-3 would inhibit an experimental asthmatic reaction in a rat model with increased eosinophils and T cells in bronchoalveolar fluid and impaired pulmonary function. We found that instillation of galectin-3 gene in these rats led to normalization of the eosinophil and T cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and that there was a strong concomitant inhibition of IL-5 mRNA in the lungs. As a consequence, galectin-3-treated rats showed recovery of pulmonary functional parameters, such as pulmonary pressure and expiratory flows. These data emphasize the potential utility of galectin-3 as a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of allergic asthma.
Physiologically Active Compounds. III. Hydrochlorides of Amino Esters of Phenylcyclohexylglycolic Acids, of Amides of Benzilic, Phenylcyclohexyl- and Dicyclohexylglycolic, and Phenylcyclohexylacetic Acids; 2-Methylthioethyl Ester Methiodides of Substituted Benzilic Acids (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhysiologically Active Compounds. III. Hydrochlorides of Amino Esters of Phenylcyclohexylglycolic Acids, of Amides of Benzilic, Phenylcyclohexyl- and Dicyclohexylglycolic, and Phenylcyclohexylacetic Acids; 2-Methylthioethyl Ester Methiodides of Substituted Benzilic AcidsH. A. SMITH, C. A. BUEHLER, T. A. MAGEE, K. V. NAYAK, and D. M. GLENNCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 9, 1301–1309Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01091a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01091a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views164Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
R. P. Ivan Kologrivof S. J., Le Verbe de Vie, Collection « Renaissance et tradition ». Bruges, Beyaert et Paris, Casterman, 1951 (1952)

Dumas André. R. P. Ivan Kologrivof S. J., Le Verbe de Vie, Collection « Renaissance et tradition ». Bruges, Beyaert et Paris, Casterman, 1951. In: Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses, 32e année n°2,1952. pp. 139-141.
Investigation of the functional groups on the surface of activated carbons (2004)

Activated carbons were produced in the laboratory from wood using a 20-run Plackett–Burman experimental design for 19 factors. The obtained batches of activated carbon were analysed by potentiometric titration and FTIR spectroscopy to determine the surface functional groups. The results obtained by potentiometric titration displayed the distribution of individual acidity constants of those groups in the pK range. Considering this parameter, the surface functional groups were divided into carboxyl, lactone and phenol. The linear regression equations reflecting the influence of each operation used for the synthesis on the amount of these functional groups in the obtained activated carbons were generated. The FTIR spectra were used in parallel for the evaluation of the amount and the type of the surface functional groups. Relationships between the two data sets obtained by potentiometric titration and FTIR spectroscopy were evaluated by correlation analysis. It was established that the amount of surface functional groups determined by potentiometric titration positively correlates with the intensity of the peaks of hydrophilic functional groups in the FTIR spectra. At the same time the negative correlation between potentiometrically determined amount of surface functional groups and the intensity of peaks of hydrophobic functional groups was observed. Most probably, these non-polar formations can take part in the interaction of carbon surface with H+/OH- ions and diminish the strength of existent functional groups.
Development of a Mixed Finite-Element-Based Compositional Reservoir Simulator (1993)

Abstract Geometrically complex geological features, such as faults, cross stratified beds and large scale inclined strata, can have very significant effects on the flow of reservoir fluids. Standard finite difference methodology lacks the geometric flexibility required for modeling flow through or around such structures. Triangle based discretization methods, by contrast, offer an attractive means to discretize and simulate flow through geometrically complex features accurately. In this paper, a triangle based mixed finite element – finite volume technique for compositional reservoir simulation is developed. The formulation is of IMPES type and is applicable to three phase, multicomponent systems in two dimensions. Most previous mixed finite element formulations were restricted to two phase or fully miscible systems. The compositional approach presented here extends these earlier techniques though it retains the general structure of the more limited formulations. Specifically, the governing equations are cast in terms of a pressure equation and a series of component mass balance equations expressed in terms of the ‘total’ velocity. A triangle based mixed finite element method is applied to the solution of the pressure equation while a finite volume technique is employed for solution of the component mass balance equations. The overall methodology is particularly well suited for the modeling of flow through complex geological strata characterized by heterogeneous, generally anisotropic permeability fields. This is demonstrated explicitly through application of a preliminary implementation of the method to the simulation of flow through a faulted cross section with a complex permeability description. Extension of the formulation to the three dimensional case is also discussed.
Tandem SN2-Michael reactions for the preparation of simple five- and six-membered-ring nitrogen and sulfur heterocycles (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTandem SN2-Michael reactions for the preparation of simple five- and six-membered-ring nitrogen and sulfur heterocyclesRichard A. Bunce, Christopher J. Peeples, and Paul B. JonesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 6, 1727–1733Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00032a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00032a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views777Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Automatic Image Annotation by Ensemble of Visual Descriptors (2007)

Automatic image annotation systems available in the literature concatenate color, texture and/or shape features in a single feature vector to learn a set of high level semantic categories using a single learning machine. This approach is quite naive to map the visual features to high level semantic information concerning the categories. Concatenation of many features with different visual properties and wide dynamical ranges may result in curse of dimensionality and redundancy problems. Additionally, it usually requires normalization which may cause an undesirable distortion in the feature space. An elegant way of reducing the effects of these problems is to design a dedicated feature space for each image category, depending on its content, and learn a range of visual properties of the whole image from a variety of feature sets. For this purpose, a two-layer ensemble learning system, called Supervised Annotation by Descriptor Ensemble (SADE), is proposed. SADE, initially, extracts a variety of low-level visual descriptors from the image. Each descriptor is, then, fed to a separate learning machine in the first layer. Finally, the meta-layer classifier is trained on the output of the first layer classifiers and the images are annotated by using the decision of the meta-layer classifier. This approach not only avoids normalization, but also reduces the effects of dimensional curse and redundancy. The proposed system outperforms a state-of-the-art automatic image annotation system, in an equivalent experimental setup.
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Efficient Hydration of Alkynes to Ketones by Tin–Tungsten Mixed Oxides (2010)

The Sn-W mixed oxide prepared by calcination of the Sn-W mixed hydroxide precursor with a Sn/W molar ratio of 2:1 at 800 °C (SnW2-800) acts as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the hydration of alkynes. Structurally diverse terminal and internal alkynes, including aromatic, aliphatic, and double-bond-containing ones, can be converted into the corresponding ketones in moderate to high yields. The catalytic activity of SnW2-800 is much higher than those of previously reported heterogeneous catalysts and commonly utilized acid catalysts. The observed catalysis was truly heterogeneous, and the retrieved catalyst can be reused at least three times with retention of its high catalytic performance. The reaction rate for the SnW2-800-catalyzed hydration was decreased by addition of 2,6-lutidine and the hydration hardly proceeded in the presence of an equimolar amount of this compound with respect to that of the Brønsted acid sites in SnW2-800. Therefore, the present hydration is mainly promoted by the Brønsted acid sites in SnW2-800.