gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and Performances of Plasticized Melt-Spun Polyacrylonitrile Precursor Fiber (2015)

The structure and performances of melt-spun PAN precursor fiber were studied by combination of SEM, DSC, UV and so on. The tensile strength of melt-spun PAN precursor fiber is 0.68GPa. The surface is very smooth and the cross-section is around. Due to the partially cyclized structure of melt-spun precursor fiber, the exothermic peak becomes broader with reducing intensity in compared with commercial fibers from solution-spun.
Tenascin during gut development: appearance in the mesenchyme, shift in molecular forms, and dependence on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions [published erratum appears in J Cell Biol 1989 Mar;108(3):following 1175] (1988)

Tenascin, an extracellular matrix protein, is expressed in the mesenchyme around growing epithelia in the embryo. We therefore investigated whether epithelial cells can stimulate expression of tenascin in embryonic mesenchyme. Mesenchyme from the presumptive small intestine was used because it is known that reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are important for gut morphogenesis. Rat monoclonal antibodies against mouse tenascin were raised and were found to react specifically with mouse tenascin in ELISA. In supernatants of cultured fibroblasts, the antibodies precipitated two peptides of Mr 260 and 210 kD. One of the antibodies also reacted with these tenascin chains in immunoblots of tissue extracts. We found that tenascin was absent during early stages of gut development, at stages when the mesenchyme is already in contact with the stratified epithelium of the endoderm. Rather, it appeared in the mesenchyme when the homogenous endodermal epithelium differentiated into the heterogenous absorptive epithelium. Tenascin remained present in the stroma of the adult gut, close to the migration pathways of the continuously renewing epithelium. When first detected during intestinal differentiation, the 210-kD component was predominant but at birth the relative amount of the 260-kD component had increased. The expression data suggested that the appearance of tenascin in the mesenchyme was dependent on the presence of epithelium. To test this, isolated gut mesenchymes from 13-d-old mouse embryos were cultured for 24 h either alone or together with epithelial and nonepithelial cells. Whereas mesenchyme cultured alone or in the presence of nonepithelial B16-F1 melanoma cells produced only trace amounts of tenascin, expression was strongly stimulated by the epithelial cell line, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK). We propose that growing and differentiating epithelia produce locally active factors which stimulate synthesis of tenascin in the surrounding mesenchyme.
Analysis of Thermally Induced Protein Folding/Unfolding Transitions Using Free Solution Capillary Electrophoresis (1993)

It is shown that free solution capillary electrophoresis (FSCE) can be used to monitor the temperature-dependent folding/unfolding transitions of proteins. Furthermore, analysis of the data obtained by FSCE can be used to estimate the apparent thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy change (delta HvH), entropy change (delta S), and transition temperature (Tm)) associated with the folding/unfolding transition. In addition to mobility changes associated with the transition, FSCE analysis is unique in its ability to provide access to the population distribution of mobility states. This is demonstrated by the temperature-dependent change in the electrophoretic peak width and by the appearance of multiple peaks for very slow equilibrium or irreversible processes. Moreover, by comparing the mobility of the denatured state to that of unstructured model peptides, it is possible to characterize the relative degree of structure present in the unfolded state of a protein. This methodology has been applied to the analysis of the thermally induced unfolding of lysozyme at low pH. It is shown that the mobility of thermally denatured lysozyme can be described by the same function that describes unstructured, fully solvated peptides. On the contrary, the mobility of the native lysozyme is significantly higher than the value predicted by the same function. The accuracy of the apparent thermodynamic parameters obtained by this methodology compare within error with values obtained by direct calorimetric measurements using differential scanning calorimetry.
New Nucleoside Analogues for the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infections (2019)

Eight different compounds, all nucleoside analogues, could presently be considered as potential drug candidates for the treatment of Ebola virus (EBOV) and/or other hemorrhagic fever virus (HFV) infections. They can be considered as either (i) adenine analogues (3-deazaneplanocin A, galidesivir, GS-6620 and remdesivir) or (ii) guanine analogues containing the carboxamide entity (ribavirin, EICAR, pyrazofurin and favipiravir). All eight owe their mechanism of action to hydrogen bonded base pairing with either (i) uracil or (ii) cytosine. Four out of the eight compounds (galidesivir, GS-6620, remdesivir and pyrazofurin) are C-nucleosides, and two of them (GS-6620, remdesivir) also contain a phosphoramidate part. The C-nucleoside and phosphoramidate (and for the adenine analogues the 1'-cyano group as well) may be considered as essential attributes for their antiviral activity.
Facilitating the use of built-in-place refuge alternatives in mines. (2015)

An RI that explores 3 issues to facilitate use of BIP RAs: (1) locating BIP RAs further from the face; (2) providing a consistent process for the design and approval of RA stoppings; (3) delivering a reliable supply of clean, breathable air to a BIP RA.
A computational model of bounded developable surfaces with application to image‐based three‐dimensional reconstruction (2012)

ABSTRACT Developable surfaces have been extensively studied in computer graphics because they are involved in a large body of applications. This type of surfaces has also been used in computer vision and document processing in the context of three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction for book digitization and augmented reality. Indeed, the shape of a smoothly deformed piece of paper can be very well modeled by a developable surface. Most of the existing developable surface parameterizations do not handle boundaries or are driven by overly large parameter sets. These two characteristics become issues in the context of developable surface reconstruction from real observations. Our main contribution is a generative model of bounded developable surfaces that solves these two issues. Our model is governed by intuitive parameters whose number depends on the actual deformation and including the “flat shape boundary”. A vast majority of the existing image‐based paper 3D reconstruction methods either require a tightly controlled environment or restricts the set of possible deformations. We propose an algorithm for reconstructing our model's parameters from a general smooth 3D surface interpolating a sparse cloud of 3D points. The latter is assumed to be reconstructed from images of a static piece of paper or any other developable surface. Our 3D reconstruction method is well adapted to the use of keypoint matches over multiple images. In this context, the initial 3D point cloud is reconstructed by structure‐from‐motion for which mature and reliable algorithms now exist and the thin‐plate spline is used as a general smooth surface model. After initialization, our model's parameters are refined with model‐based bundle adjustment. We experimentally validated our model and 3D reconstruction algorithm for shape capture and augmented reality on seven real datasets. The first six datasets consist of multiple images or videos and a sparse set of 3D points obtained by structure‐from‐motion. The last dataset is a dense 3D point cloud acquired by structured light. Our implementation has been made publicly available on the authors' web home pages. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended Noninvasive Fetal Monitoring by Detailed Analysis of Data Measured With Phonocardiography (2010)

This paper presents a complex heuristic method for the evaluation of fetal heart sounds, applying simultaneously several algorithms, where the autocorrelation technique has been completed with the wavelet transform and the matching pursuit methods. In this way, a more reliable heart rate variability can be achieved and further parameters of the cardiac operation can be assessed in addition to the conventional cardiotocographic examination. This also comprises those parameters, which can be investigated only with long-term or continuous monitoring, and those, which rely on a very accurate estimation of the heart rate variability. The proposed method provides a way for assessing fetal heart murmurs, which is a completely new possibility for monitoring the well-being of the fetus.
The luminous efficacy of daylight: a review (1985)

Luminous efficacy relates two important quantities-daylight and solar radiation. Its use enables calculations of daylight availability and passive solar gain in buildings to be integrated to a large extent. Luminous efficacy also enables daylight data to be generated where directly measured illuminances are not available. This paper reviews measured and calculated luminous efficacies obtained by authors in various parts of the world. For direct sunlight luminous efficacy increases noticeably with solar altitude (70-105 lm/W). For diffuse skylight average luminous efficacies range from around 130 lm/W (clear) down to around 110 lm/W for overcast skies. Global efficacies are around 105 lm/W for clear skies and for average conditions. In each case'measured luminous efficacies are not constant but can vary over a substantial range depending, for example, on solar altitude, atmospheric aerosol and water vapour content, and type and amount of cloud. These effects are examined in detail and their influence on luminous efficacy discussed. Finally an Appendix describes the experimental measurement of luminous efficacy and outlines the types of experimental error that can occur.
Signaling pathway of morphine induced acute thermal hyperalgesia in mice (2006)

Systemic administration of morphine induced a hyperalgesic response in the hot plate test, at an extremely low dose (1-10 microg/kg). We have examined in vivo whether morphine, at an extremely low dose, induces acute central hypernociception following activation of the opioid receptor-mediated PLC/PKC inositol-lipid signaling pathway. The PLC inhibitor U73122 and the PKC blocker, calphostin C, dose dependently prevented the thermal hypernociception induced by morphine. This effect was also prevented by pretreatment with aODN against PLCbeta3 at 2 nmol/mouse and PKCgamma at 2-3 nmol/mouse. Low dose morphine hyperalgesia was dose dependently reversed by selective NMDA antagonist MK801 and ketamine. This study demonstrates the presence of a nociceptive PLCbeta3/PKCgamma/NMDA pathway stimulated by low concentrations of morphine, through muOR1 receptor, in mouse brain. This signaling pathway appears to play an opposing role in morphine analgesia. When mice were treated with a morphine analgesic dose (7 mg/kg), the downregulation of PLCbeta3 or PKCgamma at the same aODN doses used for the prevention of the hyperalgesic effect induced, respectively, a 46% and 67% potentiation in analgesic response. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that opioid may activate pronociceptive systems, leading to pain hypersensitivity and short-term tolerance, a phenomenon encountered in postoperative pain management by acute opioid administration. The clinical management of pain by morphine may be revisited in light of the identification of the signaling molecules of the hyperalgesic pathway.
Analysis of Membrane Separation Parameters. II. Counter-current and Cocurrent Flow in a Single Permeation Stage (1972)

Abstract Analytical expressions are presented for calculating the extent of separation of binary gas mixtures achievable in a permeation stage, as well as the required membrane area, when the high- and low-pressure streams in the stage flow either countercurrently or cocurrently to each other. The derivations are similar to those of Oishi et al., but are cast in a form suitable for computer calculations. The results of a parametric study on the separation of oxygen from air are presented for four different flow patterns inside the stage: (a) countercurrent flow, (b) cocurrent flow, (c) cross-flow, and (d) perfect mixing. In the first three cases it is assumed that no mixing occurs on the two sides of the stage (or membrane). The type of flow in the permeation stage can have a significant effect on the degree of separation, but has relatively little effect on the membrane area at low separation factors. Countercurrent flow is the most efficient flow pattern, whereas perfect mixing is the least efficient one, both from the viewpoints of extent of separation and membrane area requirements.
Analysis of the liver mitochondrial proteome in response to ethanol and<i>S</i>-adenosylmethionine treatments: novel molecular targets of disease and hepatoprotection (2010)

S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) minimizes alcohol hepatotoxicity; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for SAM hepatoprotection remain unknown. Herein, we use proteomics to determine whether the hepatoprotective action of SAM against early-stage alcoholic liver disease is linked to alterations in the mitochondrial proteome. For this, male rats were fed control or ethanol-containing liquid diets +/- SAM and liver mitochondria were prepared for proteomic analysis. Two-dimensional isoelectric focusing (2D IEF/SDS-PAGE) and blue native gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) were used to determine changes in matrix and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) proteins, respectively. SAM coadministration minimized alcohol-dependent inflammation and preserved mitochondrial respiration. SAM supplementation preserved liver SAM levels in ethanol-fed rats; however, mitochondrial SAM levels were increased by ethanol and SAM treatments. With use of 2D IEF/SDS-PAGE, 30 proteins showed significant changes in abundance in response to ethanol, SAM, or both. Classes of proteins affected by ethanol and SAM treatments were chaperones, beta oxidation proteins, sulfur metabolism proteins, and dehydrogenase enzymes involved in methionine, glycine, and choline metabolism. BN-PAGE revealed novel changes in the levels of 19 OxPhos proteins in response to ethanol, SAM, or both. Ethanol- and SAM-dependent alterations in the proteome were not linked to corresponding changes in gene expression. In conclusion, ethanol and SAM treatment led to multiple changes in the liver mitochondrial proteome. The protective effects of SAM against alcohol toxicity are mediated, in part, through maintenance of proteins involved in key mitochondrial energy conserving and biosynthetic pathways. This study demonstrates that SAM may be a promising candidate for treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
Cyano-Substituted Oligothiophenes: A New Approach to n-Type Organic Semiconductors (2002)

A series of α,ω-cyano oligothiophenes with three to six rings, as well as seven β,β′-substituted cyano terthiophenes have been synthesized using a palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction via organotin or organozinc intermediates. The structure of an oliothiophene trimer has been determined by X-ray crystallography; its space group is monoclinic (C2/c) with four molecules per unit cell (Z = 4). The molecules adopt the π–π stacking structure. UV-vis spectra of these materials as thin films show a bathochromic shift compared to unsubstituted oligothiophenes. These bathochromic shifts are interpreted in the light of charge transfer exciton. Cyano end-capped sexithiophene (CN-6T-CN) sandwiched between various metals (metal/CN-6T-CN/metal), to form Schottky diode structures, were fabricated by vapor deposition. The electron injection and rectification ratio strongly depend on the metal contact, namely the work function of the metal is compatible with the electron affinity of the organic material. The current–voltage results are compatible with n-type conduction in CN-6T-CN.
Mutations in the glycoprotein of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus that affect virulence for fish and the pH threshold for membrane fusion. (1999)

To study the molecular basis of virulence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), we used a cross-reactive neutralizing MAb to select MAb-resistant (MAR) mutants with reduced pathogenicity for fish. From sequence determination of the G gene of MAR mutants, attenuated laboratory variant and avirulent field strains, we identified two distant regions of the glycoprotein associated with virulence: region I (aa 135-161), homologous to the putative fusion peptide of both rabies virus (RV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and region II (surrounding aa 431-433), homologous to RV and VSV domains controlling the conformational changes necessary for the fusion process to take place. Simultaneous mutations in both regions resulted in the most attenuated phenotype and we obtained genetic evidence that regions I and II may be structurally linked. As the MAR mutants had mutations in or near domains involved in fusion, the fusion properties of VHSV and its variants were analysed. This work allowed us to postulate that the fusion domain of VHSV is probably constituted of two distinct regions of the protein connected through a disulfide bridge between cysteines 110 and 152. Finally, we obtained evidence suggesting that the pH threshold for fusion is a determinant for virulence: restriction of fusion to a more acidic pH was associated with attenuation for the variant tr25 which had a shift of the threshold for maximal fusion from pH 6.30 (for the parental strain) to pH 6.00; conversely, two field strains which had maximal fusion at pH 6.60 were the most virulent.
X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Crystallization in Elastomers (1956)

Abstract In general, extension of an elastomer results in a degree of preferred orientation of the molecular chains composing the amorphous phase. Therefore the amorphous fraction of a partially crystalline elastomer must be related to the integrated intensity of the amorphous diffraction halo rather than to the intensity at any one azimuth. A noteworthy exception is natural rubber, for which simple meridional measurements suffice. A Geiger-counter apparatus, with beam monitor and temperature-controlling accessories, is described for making accurate measurements of the x-ray intensities scattered at any azimuth and at small or moderate Bragg angles. Measurements of crystallinity in natural rubber are in essential agreement with the findings of previous workers. When polybutadiene is extended at room temperature, molecular orientation occurs, but little if any crystallization. Measurements at lowered temperatures show that the crystalline fraction becomes appreciable at about 0° C and that it increases with further reduction of temperature and with increasing extension ratio. Preferred orientation of the crystalline regions in extended polybutadiene has been measured quantitatively with the object of providing jointly with birefringence measurements a value of the birefringence of a single crystal of polybutadiene.
Dynamic modifications to the plasmon resonance of a metallic nanoparticle coupled to a planar waveguide: beyond the point-dipole limit (2002)

We show that the effects of a nearby surface on the plasmon resonance of a metallic nanoparticle of finite size can be modeled by expanding the secondary local field at the particle position in terms of an integral expansion of elementary waves that has the form of a Sommerfeld integral. In this way it is a straightforward matter to apply the Fresnel reflection coefficients of the surface to the secondary field and thus derive a corrected expression for the effective polarizability of the particle. We apply our theoretical result to particles near metal-clad and multilayer-dielectric waveguides and show that a substantial amount of the light scattered by a particle can propagate radially outward confined to the guided modes of the substrate.
A modified method for ICSI in the pig: injection of head membrane-damaged sperm using a 3-4  m diameter injection pipette (2003)

Our results demonstrated that, in the pig, the procedures of pursuing, capturing and immobilizing a spermatozoon and producing deliberate damage to the tail membrane in conventional ICSI were not required in the modified ICSI. We believe that the present study provides sufficient technical advancement to replace conventional ICSI with the modified ICSI, which is more effective and also avoids unnecessary procedures involved in conventional ICSI.
Activation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Mediates Endothelial Angiogenesis Independently of Nitric-oxide Synthase (2010)

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy state and a regulator of cellular homeostasis. In endothelial cells, AMPK is stimulated via the upstream kinases LKB1 and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta (CaMKKbeta). Previously, AMPK has been reported to activate endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates AMPK in human and mice endothelial cells via CaMKKbeta. VEGF-induced AMPK activation is potentiated under conditions of energy deprivation induced by 2-deoxyglucose. To investigate the role of AMPK in endothelial function, CaMKKbeta, AMPKalpha1, or AMPKalpha2 was down-regulated by RNA interference, and studies in AMPKalpha1(-/-) mice were performed. We demonstrate that AMPK does not mediate eNOS phosphorylation at serine residue 1177 or 633, NO- dependent cGMP generation, or Akt phosphorylation in response to VEGF. Using inhibitors of eNOS or soluble guanylyl cyclase and small interfering RNA against eNOS, we show that NO does not act upstream of AMPK. Taken together, these data indicate that VEGF-stimulated AMPK and eNOS pathways act independently of each other. However, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a key enzyme in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, was phosphorylated in response to VEGF in an AMPKalpha1- and AMPKalpha2-dependent manner. Our results show that AMPKalpha1 plays an essential role in VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro (tube formation and sprouting from spheroids) and in vivo (Matrigel plug assay). In contrast, AMPKalpha2 was not involved in VEGF-triggered sprouting. The data suggest that AMPKalpha1 promotes VEGF-induced angiogenesis independently of eNOS, possibly by providing energy via inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Exploring the core-mantle boundary (1996)

About 4.5 billion years ago, the Earth formed when rocky objects of various sizes that were spinning around the forming Sun collided and began to aggregate. As the planet grew larger, gravity caused denser compounds to move towards its centre and lighter ones towards the surface. This movement of matter was enhanced by the high temperatures associated with meteorite impacts, viscous dragging and radioactive heating. Thus the Earth formed as a series of chemically distinct concentric shells. Understanding the structure, chemical composition, dynamics and interactions in these diverse layers is the cornerstone of modern Earth sciences.