gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using <b><i>in situ</i></b> rheology to characterize the microstructure in photopolymerized polyacrylamide gels for DNA electrophoresis (2006)

Photopolymerized cross-linked polyacrylamide hydrogels are attractive sieving matrix formulations for DNA electrophoresis owing to their rapid polymerization times and the potential to locally tailor the gel pore structure through spatial variation of illumination intensity. This capability is especially important in microfluidic systems, where photopolymerization allows gel matrices to be precisely positioned within complex microchannel networks. Separation performance is also directly related to the nanoscale gel pore structure, which is in turn strongly influenced by polymerization kinetics. Unfortunately, detailed studies of the interplay among polymerization kinetics, mechanical properties, and structural morphology are lacking in photopolymerized hydrogel systems. In this paper, we address this issue by performing a series of in situ dynamic small-amplitude oscillatory shear measurements during photopolymerization of cross-linked polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels to investigate the relationship between rheology and parameters associated with the gelation environment including UV intensity, monomer and cross-linker composition, and reaction temperature. In general, we find that the storage modulus G' increases with increasing initial monomer concentration, cross-linker concentration, and polymerization temperature. The steady-state value of G', however, exhibits a more complex dependence on UV intensity that varies with gel concentration. A simple model based on rubber elasticity theory is used to obtain estimates of the average gel pore size that are in surprisingly good agreement with corresponding data obtained from analysis of DNA electrophoretic mobility in gels cast under identical polymerization conditions.
Multiple-way network partitioning with different cost functions (1993)

An adaptation to multiple blocks of a two-block network partitioning algorithm by Krishnamurthy was previously presented and analyzed by the author (see ibid., vol.38, p.62-81, 1989). The algorithm assumed one of several possible generalizations of two-way partitioning to multiple-way partitioning. The problem of adapting this algorithm to work with different generalizations more suitable for other types of applications of network partitioning is considered. It is shown that certain portions of the algorithm must be revised in order to maintain a relatively low time complexity for the modified algorithms. Experimental results are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sensitometric Characteristics of Hardened Dichromated-Gelatin Films (1971)

A method is described to characterize the effect of 4880-Å light on a thin layer of hardened dichromated gelatin in terms of the dielectric constant of the gelatin. The light diffracted by a periodic variation of the dielectric constant of a thin layer is calculated numerically and plotted as a function of the relevant parameters of the thin layer. The change of the dielectric constant of the thin layer of gelatin after exposure to 4880-Å light is obtained by comparing experimentally obtained data with the calculated data.
Antiretroviral therapy: a guide to the most important trials. (1997)

AIDS and HIV infection have stimulated an unprecedented amount of research. In this review we have selected a few publications illustrating key issues. Viral load monitoring is useful because short-term changes in viremia, caused by antiretroviral treatment, predict long-term outcome. Combination therapy with AZT plus either ddl or ddC produces better results than therapy with AZT only, but the differences are slight and appeared only after several years of follow-up. In contrast, the effect of adding 3TC to AZT-containing regimens was statistically significant after only one year, halving mortality and the incidence of new AIDS-defining opportunistic infection. Adding ritonavir had a similar effect after 20 week's follow-up in far-advanced HIV infection. The most potent regimens combine AZT, 3TC, and either ritonavir or indinavir; in the majority of patients thus treated viremia became undetectable (< 500 copies/ml).
Stochastic Scheduling Problems for Maximizing the Expected Number of Early Jobs with Common or Exchangeable Due Dates (2012)

In this paper, stochastic scheduling problems are considered when processing times and due dates follow arbitrary distributions and due dates are either common or exchangeable. For maximizing the expected number of early jobs, two policies, one, based on pairwise comparisons of the processing times, and the other, based on survivabilities, are introduced. In addition, it is shown that the former guarantees optimal solutions when the processing times and due dates are deterministic and that the latter guarantees optimal solutions when the due dates follow exponential distributions. Then a new approach, exploiting the two policies, is proposed and analyzed which turns out to give better job sequences in many situations. In fact, the new approach guarantees optimal solutions both when the processing times and due dates are deterministic and when the due dates follow exponential distributions.
Maxwell Fluids Unsteady Mixed Flow and Radiation Heat Transfer Over a Stretching Permeable Plate With Boundary Slip and Nonuniform Heat Source/Sink (2013)

This paper presents an analysis for the unsteady mixed boundary-layer flow and radiation heat transfer of generalized Maxwell fluids toward an unsteady stretching permeable surface in presence of boundary slip and nonuniform heat source/sink. The governing partial differential equations are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations and analytical approximations of solutions are derived by homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effects of the unsteadiness parameter, nonuniform heat source/sink parameter, suction/injection parameter, thermal radiation parameter and slip parameter on the fluid flow, and heat transfer characteristics are shown graphically and analyzed.
Generating image filters for target recognition by genetic learning (1994)

Describes results obtained from applying genetic algorithms to the problem of detecting targets in image data. The method described is a two-layered approach, with the first layer providing a focus-of-attention function for the second layer. The first layer is called a Screener and selects subimages from the original image data to be processed by the second layer, called the Classifier. The Screener reduces the computational load of the system. Each layer consists of a set of linear operators (filters) applied directly to the image data. A genetic algorithm is applied to populations of filters based on fitness criteria. The authors note that the statistical classifier chosen for the Classifier stage drives the evolution of filters that are useful for that classifier to make good discriminations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ischemia-Triggered Glutamate Excitotoxicity From the Perspective of Glial Cells (2020)

A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and disability worldwide. Brain ischemia stems from cardiac arrest or stroke, both responsible for insufficient blood supply to the brain parenchyma. Glucose and oxygen deficiency disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, which results in energy depletion and ionic imbalance, followed by cell membrane depolarization, calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) overload, and extracellular accumulation of excitatory amino acid glutamate. If tight physiological regulation fails to clear the surplus of this neurotransmitter, subsequent prolonged activation of glutamate receptors forms a vicious circle between elevated concentrations of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions and aberrant glutamate release, aggravating the effect of this ischemic pathway. The activation of downstream Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent enzymes has a catastrophic impact on nervous tissue leading to cell death, accompanied by the formation of free radicals, edema, and inflammation. After decades of "neuron-centric" approaches, recent research has also finally shed some light on the role of glial cells in neurological diseases. It is becoming more and more evident that neurons and glia depend on each other. Neuronal cells, astrocytes, microglia, NG2 glia, and oligodendrocytes all have their roles in what is known as glutamate excitotoxicity. However, who is the main contributor to the ischemic pathway, and who is the unsuspecting victim? In this review article, we summarize the so-far-revealed roles of cells in the central nervous system, with particular attention to glial cells in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, its origins, and consequences.
Fringe projection method for measuring 3D profile and position of a moving object (2000)

It is difficult to measure three dimension profile and positions of a moving object by using only one group of grating projection fringes because the absolute position of the object couldn't be determined. We introduce two reference-tracking fringes into the conventional fringe pattern projection system, from which we determine the moving direction and absolute coordinate of the moving object. The 3D profile of the object is determined from the distorted fringes, and the absolute coordinate of that is determined from the angle of the reference-tracking fringes. This method enables us to track a moving object, and measure it with a large measurement range.
Berberine in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: From Mechanisms to Therapeutics (2019)

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (CVMD) are the leading causes of death worldwide, underscoring the urgent necessity to develop new pharmacotherapies. Berberine (BBR) is an eminent component of traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine for more than 2000 years. Recently, BBR has attracted much interest for its pharmacological actions in treating and/or managing CVMD. Recent discoveries of basic, translational and clinical studies have identified many novel molecular targets of BBR (such as AMPK, SIRT1, LDLR, PCSK9, and PTP1B) and provided novel evidences supporting the promising therapeutic potential of BBR to combat CVMD. Thus, this review provides a timely overview of the pharmacological properties and therapeutic application of BBR in CVMD, and underlines recent pharmacological advances which validate BBR as a promising lead drug against CVMD.
LF 15-0195 Treatment Protects against Central Nervous System Autoimmunity by Favoring the Development of Foxp3-Expressing Regulatory CD4 T Cells (2006)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an instructive model for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. Lewis (LEW) rats immunized with myelin-basic protein (MBP) develop EAE characterized by a single episode of paralysis, from which they recover spontaneously and become refractory to a second induction of disease. LF 15-0195 is a novel molecule that has potent immunosuppressive effects in several immune-mediated pathological manifestations, including EAE. In the present study, we show that a 30-day course of LF 15-0195 treatment not only prevents MBP-immunized LEW rats from developing EAE but also preserves their refractory phase to reinduction of disease. This effect is Ag driven since it requires priming by the autoantigen during the drug administration. In contrast to other immunosuppressive drugs, short-term treatment with this drug induces a persistent tolerance with no rebound of EAE up to 4 mo after treatment withdrawal. This beneficial effect of LF 15-0195 on EAE does not result from the deletion of MBP-specific Vbeta8.2 encephalitogenic T cells. In contrast, this drug favors the differentiation of MBP-specific CD4 T cells into Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells that, upon adoptive transfer in syngeneic recipients, prevent the development of actively induced EAE. Finally, we demonstrate that the tolerance induced by LF 15-0195 treatment is not dependent on the presence of TGF-beta. Together, these data demonstrate that short-term treatment with LF 15-0195 prevents MBP-immunized LEW rats from EAE by favoring the development of Foxp-3-expressing regulatory CD4 T cells.
Determination of the diffusion length of charge carriers in nonstoichiometric sillenite-type crystals by the technique of nonsteady-state photocurrents (2003)

Bi 12 GeO 20 and Bi12SiO20 single crystals have been grown from melts with different GeO2 and SiO2 contents, respectively, to investigate the influence of an intrinsic defect, the antisite defect (Bi on Ge or Si site), on the diffusion length and the mobility-lifetime product of excited charge carriers. Measurements of nonsteady-state photocurrents show that both quantities increase with decreasing concentration of the antisite defect.
Development and evaluation of carboplatin-loaded PCL nanoparticles for intranasal delivery (2014)

CPC-08 effectively improves nasal absorption of carboplatin and can be used for intranasal administration of carboplatin for improved brain delivery.
Transgenic isolation of skeletal muscle and kidney defects in lamininβ2 mutant mice: implications for Pierson syndrome (2006)

Pierson syndrome is a recently defined disease usually lethal within the first postnatal months and caused by mutations in the gene encoding laminin beta2 (LAMB2). The hallmarks of Pierson syndrome are congenital nephrotic syndrome accompanied by ocular abnormalities, including microcoria (small pupils), with muscular and neurological developmental defects also present. Lamb2(-/-) mice are a model for Pierson syndrome; they exhibit defects in the kidney glomerular barrier, in the development and organization of the neuromuscular junction, and in the retina. Lamb2(-/-) mice fail to thrive and die very small at 3 weeks of age, but to what extent the kidney and neuromuscular defects each contribute to this severe phenotype has been obscure, though highly relevant to understanding Pierson syndrome. To investigate this, we generated transgenic mouse lines expressing rat laminin beta2 either in muscle or in glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) and crossed them onto the Lamb2(-/-) background. Rat beta2 was confined in skeletal muscle to synapses and myotendinous junctions, and in kidney to the glomerular basement membrane. In transgenic Lamb2(-/-) mice, beta2 deposition in only glomeruli prevented proteinuria but did not ameliorate the severe phenotype. By contrast, beta2 expression in only muscle restored synaptic architecture and led to greatly improved health, but the mice died from kidney disease at 1 month. Rescue of both glomeruli and synapses was associated with normal weight gain, fertility and lifespan. We conclude that muscle defects in Lamb2(-/-) mice are responsible for the severe failure to thrive phenotype, and that renal replacement therapy alone will be an inadequate treatment for Pierson syndrome.
Melanin‐concentrating hormone: A structural and conformational study based on synthesis, biological activity, high‐field nmr, and molecular modeling techniques (1990)

A series of Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) fragments have been synthesized and their biological activities compared with the parent peptide. The substructural units, 5-14 linear and 5-14 cyclic, have been used as models for MCH-- H-Asp1-Thr-Met-Arg-Cys-Met-Val-Gly-Arg HO-Val17-Glu-Trp-Cys-Pro-Arg-Tyr-Val in 1H-nmr conformational studies. Conformational features predicted by molecular dynamics analyses find support in the nmr experiments.
Chemotopic odorant coding in a mammalian olfactory system (2007)

Systematic mapping studies involving 365 odorant chemicals have shown that glomerular responses in the rat olfactory bulb are organized spatially in patterns that are related to the chemistry of the odorant stimuli. This organization involves the spatial clustering of principal responses to numerous odorants that share key aspects of chemistry such as functional groups, hydrocarbon structural elements, and/or overall molecular properties related to water solubility. In several of the clusters, responses shift progressively in position according to odorant carbon chain length. These response domains appear to be constructed from orderly projections of sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium and may also involve chromatography across the nasal mucosa. The spatial clustering of glomerular responses may serve to "tune" the principal responses of bulbar projection neurons by way of inhibitory interneuronal networks, allowing the projection neurons to respond to a narrower range of stimuli than their associated sensory neurons. When glomerular activity patterns are viewed relative to the overall level of glomerular activation, the patterns accurately predict the perception of odor quality, thereby supporting the notion that spatial patterns of activity are the key factors underlying that aspect of the olfactory code. A critical analysis suggests that alternative coding mechanisms for odor quality, such as those based on temporal patterns of responses, enjoy little experimental support.
Retrofocusing techniques for high rate acoustic communications (2005)

High rate underwater communications have traditionally relied on equalization methods to overcome the intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath propagation. An alternative technique has emerged in the form of time-reversal, which comes at virtually no cost in computational complexity, but sacrifices the data rate and relies on the use of large arrays to reduce ISI. In this paper, spatiotemporal processing for optimal multipath suppression is addressed analytically. A communication link between a single element and an array is considered in several scenarios: uplink and downlink transmission, with and without channel state information and varying implementation complexity. Transmit/receive techniques are designed which simultaneously maximize the data detection signal-to-noise ratio and minimize the residual ISI, while maintaining maximal data rate in a given bandwidth and satisfying a constraint on transmitted energy. The performance of so-obtained focusing techniques is compared to the standard ones on a shallow water channel operating in a 5 kHz bandwidth around a 15 kHz center frequency. Results demonstrate benefits of focusing techniques whose performance is not conditioned on the array size. Optimal configurations are intended as a basis for adaptive system implementation in which channel estimates will replace the actual values.
Immobilization of Enzymes (2006)

The term “immobilized enzymes” refers to “enzymes physically confined or localized in a certain defined region of space with retention of their catalytic activities, and which can be used repeatedly and continuously”;. Besides the application in industrial processes, the immobilization techniques are the basis for making a number of biotechnological products with applications in diagnostics, bioaffinity chromatography, and biosensors. Initially, only immobilized single enzymes were used, but the 1970s saw the development of more complex systems—including two-enzyme reactions with co-factor regeneration and living cells. The major components of an immobilized enzyme system are the enzyme, the matrix, and the mode of attachment. The enzymes can be attached to the support by interactions ranging from reversible physical adsorption and ionic linkages to stable covalent bonds. The covalent reactions commonly employed give rise to binding through amide, ether, thio-ether, or carbamate bonds. As a consequence of enzyme immobilization, some properties such as catalytic activity or thermal stability become altered. These effects have been demonstrated and exploited. The concept of stabilization has been an important driving force for immobilizing enzymes. True stabilization at the molecular level has been demonstrated (e.g., proteins immobilized through multipoint covalent binding).
Automatic Detection of Pacemaker Pulses in Ambulatory ECG Recording (1982)

This paper discusses the problem of pacing pulse detection in electrocardiograms (ECG) recorded from ambulatory patients It is concluded that for optimal performance a device for automatic pulse detection must be implemented as a preprocessor prior to the record/reproduce system The accuracy of such a detector, realized as a bandpass filter followed by a threshold eiement, has been evaluated in 12 patients with artificial pacemakers
A malignant melanoma imaging agent: synthesis, characterization, in vitro binding and biodistribution of iodine-125-(2-piperidinylaminoethyl)4-iodobenzamide. (1993)

In order to develop improved radiopharmaceuticals for imaging malignant melanoma, we have synthesized and characterized 125I-and 131I-labeled (2-piperidinylaminoethyl)4-iodobenzamide (PAB). In vitro binding profiles of IPAB and N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)4-iodobenzamide (IDAB, a structurally related analog of IPAB) for a variety of neurotransmitter receptors suggested that both IPAB and IDAB possessed a high sigma-1 affinity and a low affinity for sigma-2 sites. In vitro homologous competition binding studies of [125I]PAB with human malignant melanoma cell A2058 showed that the tracer was bound to the cells with a high affinity (Ki = 6.0 nM) and that the binding was saturable. Biodistribution studies in nude mice implanted with human malignant melanoma xenografts showed good tumor uptake (3.87% ID/g at 1 hr, 2.91% ID/g at 6 hr and 1.02% ID/g at 24 hr) of [125I]PAB. High tumor-to-nontarget organ ratios were obtained at 24 hr postinjection. Tumor-to-blood, liver, muscle, lung, intestines, heart and brain ratios at 24 hr were 17.80, 3.88, 94.58, 14.29, 10.87, 37.07 and 90.01, respectively. Tumor imaging with [131I]PAB in a nude mice model xenografted with human malignant melanoma at 24 hr clearly delineated the tumor with very little activity in any other organ. These results demonstrate that sigma-1 receptors could be used as external markers for malignant melanoma.
Low-Complexity DSP Using Undersampling for Heterodyne Receivers in Coherent Passive Optical Access Networks (2012)

The first application of bandpass sampling in a heterodyne coherent optical communication system is presented. An undersampling receiver achieving a 50% reduction in ADC rate is developed in DSP and its penalty-free operation verified in a 76km coherent UDWDM-PON scenario.
Biogenesis of circular <scp>RNA</scp>s and their roles in cardiovascular development and pathology (2017)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of RNA generated by back-splicing of precursor mRNA and found in many species. They are, expressed in a tissue-specific manner and fulfill regulatory activities in many biological processes. Recent research has revealed that circRNAs play critical roles in the development and pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Some of these circRNAs show aberrant expression and regulatory activities during heart disease including heart failure and cardiac infarction and hypertrophy. These findings suggest that circRNAs might be a suitable target for the treatment and prevention of heart disease. In this review, we summarize the latest research on the biogenesis and functions of circRNAs with emphasis on the regulatory roles of circRNAs in the development and pathologies of the cardiovascular system.