gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens. IV. Investigations into the pathogenesis of the model. (1978)

Heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis can be induced in various strains of rats by one injection of heterologous antibody directed against antigens present in the brush border of the proximal. Although it is generally believed that an immune complex glomerulonephritis is caused by the deposition of soluble immune complexes from the circulation in the glomerular basement membrane, there are reasons for doubting whether this mechanism is also operating in the type of experimental glomerulonephritis presented here. In a study using injections of extra antibody and extra antigen to influence the formation and deposition of immune complexes, it is demonstrated that this type of glomerulonephritis is induced in a state of antibody excess. The theory that only immune complexes formed in antigen excess can deposit in the glomerular basement membrane, warrants the assumption that in our model a different pathogenetic mechanism is operating. The hypothesis is put forward that in the heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis free antibody crosses the glomerular basement membrane to combine with the antigen. This antigen either crosses the glomerular basement membrane separately or is already present as an integral part of this structure.
Lung scanning with 67gallium citrate for detection of acute radiation changes. (1982)

Radiogallium imaging plays a growing role in the investigation of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the lung. We studied a series of patients undergoing radiation treatment for carcinoma of the breast to evaluate the usefulness of imaging with 67gallium citrate in the detection of early radiation changes in the pulmonary parenchyma. In a series of 12 patients there was no correlation between the clinical and radiographic manifestations of radiation pneumonitis and the gallium scan.
Critical factors for early failure of magnet wires in inverter-fed motor (2002)

Recently, more AC motors are being controlled with pulse width modulated variable speed drives (known as inverters). However, the premature failure of wire insulation in these inverter-fed motors has been observed. The wire insulation in the inverter-fed motor is no longer experiencing a traditional sine-wave voltage which is a steady state condition with a maximum and a RMS value, but experiencing a pulse wave voltage with significant harmonics and transients. The effects of the overvoltage due to switching, rate of rise and switching frequencies on the performance of insulation are not clear. In the work presented here, the effects of some critical factors which characterize the power inverters (voltage, frequency, rate of rise, duty cycle, etc.) are investigated to help to understand the failure mechanism of wire insulations under such conditions. Conventional magnet wire insulation systems have relatively low life expectancy under conditions of high frequency pulses at high voltage and temperature. The mechanism of insulation failure under these conditions can be either localized pinhole-type or massive destruction depending on the voltage and frequency applied. The fast rate of rise combined with high repetitive frequency accelerates wire insulation degradation.
Pharmacology of β- <scp>l</scp> -Thymidine and β- <scp>l</scp> -2′-Deoxycytidine in HepG2 Cells and Primary Human Hepatocytes: Relevance to Chemotherapeutic Efficacy against Hepatitis B Virus (2002)

beta-L-Thymidine (L-dT) and beta-L-2'-deoxycytidine (L-dC) are potent and highly specific inhibitors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication both in vivo and in vitro (50% effective concentrations, 0.19 to 0.24 microM in 2.2.15 cells). The intracellular metabolisms of L-dT and L-dC were investigated in HepG2 cells and primary cultured human hepatocytes. L-dT and L-dC were extensively phosphorylated in both cell types, with the 5'-triphosphate derivative being the predominant metabolite. In HepG2 cells, the 5'-triphosphate levels were 27.7 +/- 12.1 and 72.4 +/- 1.8 pmol/10(6) cells for L-dT and L-dC, respectively. In primary human hepatocytes, the 5'-triphosphate levels were 16.5 +/- 9.8 and 90.1 +/- 36.4 pmol/10(6) cells for L-dT and L-dC, respectively. Furthermore, a choline derivative of L-dCDP was detected at concentrations of 15.8 +/- 1.8 and 25.6 +/- 0.1 pmol/10(6) cells in human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells, respectively. In HepG2 cells exposed to L-dC, the 5'-monophosphate and 5'-triphosphate derivatives of beta-L-2'-deoxyuridine (L-dUMP and L-dUTP, respectively) were also observed, reaching intracellular concentrations of 6.7 +/- 0.4 and 18.2 +/- 1.0 pmol/10(6) cells, respectively. In human hepatocytes, L-dUMP and L-dUTP were detected at concentrations of 5.7 +/- 2.4 and 43.5 +/- 26.8 pmol/10(6) cells, respectively. It is likely that deamination of L-dCMP by deoxycytidylate deaminase leads to the formation of L-dUMP, as the parent compound, L-dC, was not a substrate for deoxycytidine deaminase. The intracellular half-lives of L-dTTP, L-dCTP, and L-dUTP were at least 15 h, with intracellular concentrations of each metabolite remaining above their respective 50% inhibitory concentrations for the woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA polymerase for as long as 24 h after removal of the drug from cell cultures. Exposure of HepG2 cells to L-dT in combination with L-dC led to concentrations of the activated metabolites similar to those achieved with either agent alone. These results suggest that the potent anti-HBV activities of L-dT and L-dC are associated with their extensive phosphorylation.
X-ray powder diffraction data for some transition metal phosphites and hypophosphites (1994)

A set of nine transition metal oxophosphorous compounds, consisting of four hypophosphites and five phosphites has been synthesized and studied using X-ray powder diffraction techniques. The compounds are α -Mn(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 ·H 2 O, Co(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 ·0.53H 2 O, MCl(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 ·H 2 O (M = Co 2+ , Ni 2+ ), M 2 (HPO 3 ) 2 ·2H 2 O (M = Co 2+ , Ni 2+ ), and M 11 (HPO 3 ) 8 (OH) 6 (M = Zn 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ ). Unit cells and X-ray powder patterns are reported.
An Undetectable Computer Virus (2000)

One of the few solid theoretical results in the study of computer viruses is Cohen&apos;s 1987 demonstration that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible viruses [1]. This brief paper adds to the bad news, by pointing out that there are computer viruses which no algorithm can detect, even under a somewhat more liberal definition of detection. We also comment on the senses of &quot;detect&quot; used in these results, and note that the immediate impact of these results on computer virus detection in the real world is small.
Dissemination of High-Level Penicillin-, Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-, and Erythromycin-Resistant <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Clones in Taiwan (1999)

Sixty-seven clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (40 of serotype 23F, 19 of serotype 19F, and 8 of serotype 6B) with decreased susceptibilities to penicillin and erythromycin were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility patterns; DNA restriction endonuclease cleavage profiles of the penicillin-binding protein genes pbp1a, pbp2b, and pbp2x; random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns generated by arbitrarily primed PCR; and chromosomal macrorestriction profiles based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A total of 22 clones (identical or closely related pulsotypes and identical RAPD patterns) were identified; 14 clones of 23F, 6 of 19F, and 2 of 6B. Three 23F clones (26 isolates) and one 19F clone (9 isolates) expressed high-level resistance to penicillin, cefotaxime, and erythromycin (MICs >/= 256 microg/ml). These data strongly suggest that multiple high-level penicillin-, extended-spectrum cephalosporin-, and macrolide-resistant clones of S. pneumoniae have been disseminated in Taiwan.
Pump–probe reflective polarization-sensitive nonlinear optics (1996)

We report on the phenomenological theory of frequency degenerate pump–probe polarization-sensitive wave interactions at the boundary with a nonlinear medium. We consider media with local and nonlocal optical responses. The general analytical solutions for polarization-plane azimuth rotation and ellipticity of the transmitted and reflected probe waves are obtained. It is found that the pump-intensity-dependent change of the polarization state of transmitted and reflected probe waves has coherent and incoherent contributions. Nonlinear polarization phenomena of the specular inverse Faraday effect, the specular optical Kerr effect, the specular nonlinear anisotropic effect, specular nonlinear optical activity, and specular nonlinear nonlocal birefringence are discussed.
The Application of Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels to Retinal Progenitor Cell Transplantation (2012)

Control of retinal progenitor cell (RPC) survival, delivery, and differentiation following transplantation into the retina remains a challenge. This is largely due to the use of culture systems that involve poorly defined animal products and do not mimic the natural developmental milieu. We describe the use of hyaluronic acid (HA) based hydrogels to encapsulate mouse RPCs and a delivery system for injectable tissue engineering. We selected HA because of its role in early development and as a feeder layer in stem cell cultures, and the relative ease with which various parameters can be controlled (e.g., hydrogel architecture, mechanics, and degradation). When encapsulated in three-dimensional HA hydrogels, RPCs maintained their undifferentiated state and readily formed neurospheres. These hydrogels were viscous solutions, exhibiting properties ideal for delivery to a subretinal space. The transplants caused very little disruption to the host retinal architecture. Hydrogels were completely degraded and RPCs distributed evenly in the subretinal space by week 3 and expressed the mature photoreceptor marker recoverin. HA hydrogels, with their developmentally relevant composition and malleable physical properties, provide a unique microenvironment for self renewal and differentiation of RPCs for retinal repair.
Notizen: The Crystal Structure of MnIn<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>4</sub>, a Ternary Layered Semiconductor (1991)

Single crystals of MnIn 2 Se 4 have been grown by the chemical vapour phase transport technique using AlCl 3 as the transporting agent. The structure was refined to R = 0.064, R w , = 0.059 for 609 reflections. MnIn 2 Se 4 (R 3̄m, hexagonal axes a = 4.051(1), c = 39.464(2) Å, c/a = 9.74, Z = 3) crystallizes with a nearly close-packed layered structure (sequence of the Se layers ABCA|CABC|BCAB) with M oct (= 0.56 Mn + 0.44 In) in octahedral coordination (M oct ,–Se = 6 × 2.721(1) A) and M tet (= 0.78 In + 0.22 Mn) in tetrahedral coordination (M tet -Se = 1 × 2.527(2) and 3 × 2.593(1) Å). The overall layer sequences is ΑβΒαCyA| Cα AγBβC| BγCβAα B.
Risk of Person‐to‐Person Transmission of Pneumonic Plague (2005)

Plague has received much attention because it may be used as a weapon by terrorists. Intentionally released aerosols of Yersinia pestis would cause pneumonic plague. In order to prepare for such an event, it is important, particularly for medical personnel and first responders, to form a realistic idea of the risk of person-to-person spread of infection. Historical accounts and contemporary experience show that pneumonic plague is not as contagious as it is commonly believed to be. Persons with plague usually only transmit the infection when the disease is in the endstage, when infected persons cough copious amounts of bloody sputum, and only by means of close contact. Before antibiotics were available for postexposure prophylaxis for contacts, simple protective measures, such as wearing masks and avoiding close contact, were sufficient to interrupt transmission during pneumonic plague outbreaks. In this article, I review the historical literature and anecdotal evidence regarding the risk of transmission, and I discuss possible protective measures.
Collaborative Networked Communication: MUDs as Systems Tools. (1993)

A systems administration group is only as effective as its internal communication mechanisms. On-line communication has traditionally been managed via electronic mail or news, which are neither real-time nor truly collaborative. Communication tools which let multiple parties work together in real-time have become widespread on the Internet in the last several years. In an effort to keep a physically disjoint systems staff working together effectively, we have explored the use of MUDs as communications tools. By allowing many people to interact in an extensible environment, MUDs have solved many of the problems that we had with on-line communication, and provided many unexpected benefits as well. Introduction Multi User Dungeons, or MUDs, are widely used on the Internet as interactive role-playing games. They use valuable network resources, attract unruly users, and are often run by students who didn&apos;t quite bother to ask the permission of the local authorities. As such, they are cons...
SLIP CASTING OF ALUMINUM OXIDE* (1949)

A bstract Fused alumina, after being subjected to ball milling and acid treatment, may be suspended in water to form a slip. Deflocculation is obtained by the addition of the proper amount and type of either an acid or a base. Both drain and solid castings can be produced successfully from acidic or basic slips. The casting behavior of the slips and the properties of the cast pieces are summarized for variations in pH and specific gravity, the range of pH being 3.00 to 12.50 and the range of specific gravity, 2.60 to 3.00. Although no extensive investigation of the firing behavior was made, sufficient firing was done to indicate that no special techniques are required.
Measurement and modeling of solvent removal for spin coating (1996)

Abstract Solvent concentration is an important factor for spin‐coated film planarization. Two techniques, one an on‐line optical method and the other an off‐line gel permeation chromatography method, have been used to investigate the coating concentration change during spinning. The experimental observations are compared with the spin‐coating model predictions. The modeled concentration and thickness are in close agreement with experiment. Under certain conditions, the spin‐coating model can be significantly simplified. These conditions are discussed.
Oxygenases and Dehalogenases: Molecular Approaches to Efficient Degradation of Chlorinated Environmental Pollutants (2006)

Microbial oxygenases and dehalogenases are key enzymes in the degradation of highly chlorinated compounds, which often become significant environmental pollutants. Oxygenases engineered by the methods of directed evolution exhibit enhanced degradation of PCBs and other chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene and pentachloroethane. Dehalorespiration is an efficient dechlorination mechanism that is coupled with energy-yielding phosphorylation. Recently, a variety of chloroethene-dehalorespiring anaerobes have been isolated, and their reductive dehalogenases have been characterized in biochemical and genetic bases. This review describes our recent studies on dioxygenases and reductive dehalogenases.
On the efficiency of secure beaconing in VANETs (2010)

Direct inter-vehicle communication enables numerous safety applications like intersection collision warning. Beacons - periodic one-hop link-layer broadcast messages containing, e.g., location, heading, and speed - are the basis for many such applications. For security, current work often requires all messages to be signed and to carry a certificate to ensure integrity and authenticity. However, high beacon frequency of 1 - 10 Hz and dense traffic situations lead to significant communication and computational overhead. In this paper, we propose several mechanisms to significantly reduce this overhead while maintaining a comparable level of security. The general idea is to omit signatures, certificates, or certificate verification in situations where they are not necessarily required. This creates a security-performance trade-off that we analyze in detail. The results show that significant savings can be achieved with only small impact on security.
Ion-Induced Rectification of Nanoparticle Quantized Capacitance Charging in Aqueous Solutions (2001)

Ion-induced rectification of nanoparticle quantized capacitance charging was studied using nanoparticle self-assembled monolayers in aqueous solutions in the presence of some unique electrolyte ions. The rectified charging features were interpreted on the basis of a Randles equivalent circuit where the binding of hydrophobic electrolyte ions to surface-confined particle molecules led to the manipulation of the electrode interfacial capacitance. It was found that the rectification effects were directly related to the ion hydrophobicity, manifested by the cathodic (anodic) shift of the onset potential with anions (cations) of increasing hydrophobicity Additionally, the voltammetric responses evolved from those similar to conventional molecular diodes to those of quantized charging rectifiers with increasing anion hydrophobicity. Electron-transfer kinetics evaluated by using various electrochemical methods yielded a rate constant within the range of 10-100 s(-1) which decreased with increasing length of the alkyl spacers with a coupling coefficient (beta) within the range of 0.8-0.9. Comparisons with conventional electroactive functional moieties were also discussed.
Productivity Analysis of Public and Private Airports: A Causal Investigation (2006)

Around the world, airports are being viewed as enterprises, rather than public services, which are expected to be managed efficiently and provide passengers with courteous customer services. Governments are, increasingly, turning to the private sectors for their efficiency in managing the operation, financing, and development, as well as providing security for airports. Operational and financial performance evaluation has become increasingly important to airport operators due to recent trends in airport privatization. Assessing performance allows the airport operators to plan for human resources and capital investment as efficiently as possible. Productivity measurements may be used as comparisons and guidelines in strategic planning, in the internal analysis of operational efficiency and effectiveness, and in assessing the competitive position of an airport in transportation industry. The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate the operational and financial efficiencies of 22 major airports in the United States and Europe. These airports are divided into three groups based on private ownership (7 British Airport Authority airports), public ownership (8 major United States airports), and a mix of private and public ownership (7 major European Union airports. The detail ownership structures of these airports are presented in Appendix A. Total factor productivity (TFP) model was utilized to measure airport performance in terms of financial and operational efficiencies and to develop a benchmarking tool to identify the areas of strength and weakness. A regression model was then employed to measure the relationship between TFP and ownership structure. Finally a Granger causality test was performed to determine whether ownership structure is a Granger cause of TFP. The results of the analysis presented in this paper demonstrate that there is not a significant relationship between airport TFP and ownership structure. Airport productivity and efficiency is, however dependent upon the level of competition, choice of the market, and regulatory control.
The antigenic determinants recognized by three monoclonal antibodies to keratan sulphate involve sulphated hepta- or larger oligosaccharides of the poly(N-acetyllactosamine) series (1986)

The carbohydrate determinants of keratan sulphate recognized by three monoclonal antibodies (5-D-4, 1-B-4 and MZ15) have been investigated by solid-phase radioimmunoassay using bovine corneal keratan sulphate as the immobilized reference antigen. The antibodies appeared highly specific for sulphated poly(N-acetyllactosamine) sequences, for their binding was strongly inhibited by preparations of keratan sulphate, but not by glycoproteins with non-sulphated poly(N-acetyllactosamine) sequences of I and i antigen types, a desulphated keratan sulphate hexasaccharide, an array of neutral and sulphated mono- and disaccharides and other glycosaminoglycans. Inhibition of binding assays using a series of structurally characterized sulphated di, tetra-, hexa-, octa- and decasaccharides, and partially characterized larger oligosaccharides, isolated from bovine corneal keratan sulphate after digestion with endo-beta-galactosidase (see preceding two papers in this journal) showed that the smallest oligosaccharide reactive with all three antibodies was the linear pentasulphated hexasaccharide, E-II although antibody 1-B-4 reacted with a tetrasulphated analogue. The heptasulphated octasaccharide, G-III, was more active; among the structurally characterized keratan sulphate oligosaccharides the nonasulphated decasaccharide, I-IV, was the most active. Thus, the hepta- and octasaccharide sequences, indicated by brackets below are proposed as candidate antigenic structures recognized by the three monoclonal antibodies. (Formula: see text). Antibody 5-D-4 differs from the other two antibodies in reacting relatively strongly with a minor oligosaccharide which chromatographs as a hexasulphated octasaccharide, G-I, and most strongly with a minor sulphated, linear dodecasaccharide, J-II, which has been partially characterized [Tang, P.W., Scudder, P., Mehmet, H., Hounsell, E. F. & Feizi, T., unpublished results] and may contain N-sulphated glucosamine residues.
Magneto-optical properties of ultrathin ferromagnetic films (1989)

The surface magneto-optic Kerr effect (SMOKE) has been used to explore the properties of ultrathin ferromagnetic films. The ultrathin regime corresponds to thicknesses less than the depth penetration of light and includes the monolayer range. The ultrathin regime possesses unique magneto-optic properties: the Kerr rotation and ellipticity, in general, behave differently than in the thick film limit. Measurements and simulation in the longitudinal geometry for bcc Fe on Au(100) provide a dramatic example of the metallic reflector enhancement effect due to the nonmagnetic Au underlayer. The rotation enhancement is accompanied by a high reflectivity, as opposed to being at the expense of the reflectivity. Measurements in both polar and longitudinal geometries for epitaxially-stabilized fcc Fe films grown on Cu(100) and Pd(100) indicate the presence of perpendicular surface anisotropy, which suggests new approaches to realizing vertical data-storage media. 31 refs., 7 figs.
Power line carrier communications for the benmore-haywards h.v.d.c. transmission scheme (1966)

When the decision to proceed with the interisland power link was made, consideration was given to the question of communications between the terminal stations, as this would play an important part in their satisfactory operation.