gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Muscarinic M<sub>1</sub>receptor agonists and M<sub>2</sub>receptor antagonists as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer’s disease (2002)

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is the most common form of senile dementia and is of increasing medical and economic importance. One of the earliest findings in the systematic study of Alzheimer's disease was the progressive loss of acetylcholinergic neurons. This lead to the so-called cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and provoked a search for cholinergic replacement therapies. This has resulted in compounds capable of inhibiting the catabolism of acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) being licensed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, the search for directly acting, selective, muscarinic M1 receptor agonists and M2 receptor antagonists, that are capable of increasing acetylcholine levels in the neocortex, has not yet proved successful. For the muscarinic agonists this failure has been largely due to the difficulty in finding genuinely selective compounds. As a result, there has been a reduction in the number published patents in this area. This review discusses the rationale, progress and the possible future for these two potential approaches to the therapy of Alzheimer's disease especially in light of some recent patents containing selective compounds.KeywordsacetylcholineAlzheimer's diseaseM1 receptor agonistsM2 receptor antagonistsmuscarinic receptors
Simulation of sub-micron GMR memory cells (1995)

A program has been developed for simulating submicron GMR memory cells. The simulation program is based on a two dimensional micro-magnetic equation; exchange forces, important at these dimensions, are included in the calculations. Simulation results are used to estimate the resistance change and required switching fields for 0.2 /spl mu/m by 0.7 /spl mu/m memory cells. The calculated values, /spl Delta/R of 0.028 /spl Omega/ and word field of 1500 Oe for switching, closely approximate the measured values of 0.015 /spl Omega/ to 0.03 /spl Omega/ and about 1700 Oe.
Therapies directed against endotoxin--has the time come? (1993)

improved understanding of the need to control plasma cholesterol levels, and this information is now being translated into preventive measures that can be expected to substantially affect the future expression of CAD.The NCEP guidelines are currently being revised to accommodate the new information that has recently accumulated.This information will undoubtedly be dis- seminated rapidly and effectively, and appropriate cam- paigns to achieve this goal are needed.Studies such as that done by Walsh and colleagues are important in help- ing to assess the effectiveness of such campaigns.Similarly, as new therapies emerge from ongoing basic and clinical research, effective strategies to disseminate the new information need to be developed in parallel.Edu- cating physicians and the public is a vital link in the process of improving the public health.
Berechnung von L‐Flanschen mit unterschiedlichen Kontaktflächen/Ringflanschformen nach DIN 4133 (2000)

Abstract Flansche mit reduzierten, ausgearbeiteten Kontaktflächen können mit den bisher üblicherweise verwendeten Verfahren nicht berechnet werden. In DIN 4133 sind zwei L‐förmige Ringflanschformen mit unterschiedlichen Berührungsflächen, und zwar mit vollflächiger und mit reduzierter Ausdehnung, dargestellt. Diese beiden Flanschformen werden mit Hilfe des elastisch gebetteten Balkens rechnerisch untersucht und verglichen. Die berechneten nichtlinearen Verläufe der Schraubenkräfte werden mit Hilfe vorliegender Versuchsergebnisse verifiziert. Für die praktische Anwendung wird ein Konstruktionsvorschlag angegeben. Zwei Parameterstudien geben einen Einblick in das Tragverhalten vorgespannter L‐Flansche sowie zentrisch belasteter Verbindungen.
Welding as a Repair Option for BWR In‐Vessel Components (1999)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Observations of In-Vessel Cracking Mitigation and Repair Strategies Description of Research Effort Relevance to Code Requirements Summary
Cerebral and systemic circulatory effects of arterial hypotension induced by adenosine (1983)

In six dogs anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lowered to 40 mm Hg for an average of 90 minutes by intravenous infusion of adenosine. The hypotensive effect of the adenosine was potentiated by administering dipyridamole to block its intravascular inactivation. Blood flow to the brain, spinal cord, heart, kidneys, and skeletal muscle was measured six times in each animal using the radioactive microsphere technique. Determinations were made before, during, and 30 minutes after the hypotensive period. During the hypotensive period, MAP was decreased 61% and was related to a proportional decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. Cardiac index decreased 14%. Total cerebral blood flow (CBF) decreased an average of 28% and cerebral vascular resistance decreased 53%. The reduction in CBF was heterogeneous; the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum were most affected and the brain stem least affected. No change occurred in the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen usage (CMRO2). Left ventricle flow increased 147% and right ventricle flow increased 271%. Blood flow to the kidneys decreased 70%, and to the liver decreased to 6% of control. Jejunum blood flow increased 138% during recovery, while stomach flow varied but showed no statistical change. There was no tachyphylaxis, rebound hypertension, or toxicity associated with the adenosine-induced hypotension. These properties suggest that adenosine may be a useful agent for inducing arterial hypotension in neurosurgical patients.
Characterization of microsecond tuning speed in miniature fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filters (1995)

Motivation for this work arises from a critical need in future multiwavelength packet-switched data-communication networks for optical filters that are capable of microsecond tuning speed, as well as polarization insensitivity and low loss. Fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filters (FFP-TFs) have been used extensively in wavelength-division-multiplex (WDM), erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), and channel-switched data-communication research1 because of their excellent optical and environmental performance. Piezoelectric or nematic liquid-crystal Fabry-Perot filters are typically reported to have millisecond tuning speeds, and to date the only microsecond-speed alternative has been acousto-optic filters. Here we report, for the first time to our knowledge, tuning speeds for miniature FFP-TFs with low-voltage multilayer piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) approaching one free spectral range (FSR) per microsecond.
Representation Learning by Learning to Count (2017)

We introduce a novel method for representation learning that uses an artificial supervision signal based on counting visual primitives. This supervision signal is obtained from an equivariance relation, which does not require any manual annotation. We relate transformations of images to transformations of the representations. More specifically, we look for the representation that satisfies such relation rather than the transformations that match a given representation. In this paper, we use two image transformations in the context of counting: scaling and tiling. The first transformation exploits the fact that the number of visual primitives should be invariant to scale. The second transformation allows us to equate the total number of visual primitives in each tile to that in the whole image. These two transformations are combined in one constraint and used to train a neural network with a contrastive loss. The proposed task produces representations that perform on par or exceed the state of the art in transfer learning benchmarks.
Polarized User and Topic Tracking in Twitter (2016)

Digital traces of conversations in micro-blogging platforms and OSNs provide information about user opinion with a high degree of resolution. These information sources can be exploited to understand and monitor collective behaviours. In this work, we focus on polarisation classes, i.e., those topics that require the user to side exclusively with one position. The proposed method provides an iterative classification of users and keywords: first, polarised users are identified, then polarised keywords are discovered by monitoring the activities of previously classified users. This method thus allows tracking users and topics over time. We report several experiments conducted on two Twitter datasets during political election time-frames. We measure the user classification accuracy on a golden set of users, and analyse the relevance of the extracted keywords for the ongoing political discussion.
Distributed Sensing for Spectrum Agility: Incentives and Security Considerations ⋆ (2012)

Abstract. In the last few years, we have witnessed a tremendous growth in the number of wireless devices operating in unlicensed spectrum. Wi-Fi equipment has become standard in laptops and handhelds, while Bluetooth prevails for short-range connectivity. The vision of the Internet of Things, where myriads of heterogeneous devices will interconnect over wireless sublayers, forming a huge network of networks is fast approaching its realization. In view of these advances, traditional Internet architectures at all layers will need to transform and adapt to accommodate for the increasing communication demands. Unlicensed wireless spectrum is scarce and we need agile sharing schemes to achieve its increased utilization. The cost for the lack of strict regulation is interference; for spectrum agility, thus, alternative interference mitigation strategies are necessary. A crucial step in this process is sensing the wireless environment to detect interference conditions. In this work, we focus on distributed unlicensed spectrum sensing, where information on spectrum usage conditions from multiple sources are fused to come to smart spectrum access decisions. In the heterogeneous open access environment that we envisage, multiple self-interested entities participate in the sensing and sharing processes. This poses security challenges, which we discuss in this paper. 1
MitoRCA-seq reveals unbalanced cytocine to thymine transition in Polg mutant mice (2015)

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can lead to a wide range of human diseases. We have developed a deep sequencing strategy, mitoRCA-seq, to detect low-frequency mtDNA point mutations starting with as little as 1 ng of total DNA. It employs rolling circle amplification, which enriches the full-length circular mtDNA by either custom mtDNA-specific primers or a commercial kit, and minimizes the contamination of nuclear encoded mitochondrial DNA (Numts). By analyzing the mutation profiles of wild-type and Polg (mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ) mutant mice, we found that mice with the proofreading deficient mtDNA polymerase have a significantly higher mutation load by expanding the number of mutation sites and to a lesser extent by elevating the mutation frequency at existing sites even before the premature aging phenotypes appear. Strikingly, cytocine (C) to thymine (T) transitions are found to be overrepresented in the mtDNA of Polg mutated mice. The C → T transition, compared to other types of mutations, tends to increase the hydrophobicity of the underlying amino acids, and may contribute to the impaired protein function of the Polg mutant mice. Taken together, our findings may provide clues to further investigate the molecular mechanism underlying premature aging phenotype in Polg mutant mice.
Production System Development for Expert Systems Using a Recursive Partitioning Induction Approach: An Application to Mortgage, Commercial, and Consumer Lending (1991)

ABSTRACT The concepts of expert systems and decision support systems have received considerable attention recently. While systems have been proposed for various problem areas in business, difficulties still exist in the knowledge acquisition phase of development. This paper presents a recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) approach to knowledge acquisition. The RPA production system approach was applied to data sets representing the mortgage, commercial, and consumer lending problems. Comparison of the classification rates across these problems to the results of a generalized inductive inference production system (Quinlan's ID3 algorithm) and across the mortgage and commercial lending problems to traditional statistical modeling approaches indicated that the RPA approach provided superior results while using fewer variables.
Influence of Cation Order on the Electric Field‐Induced Phase Transition in Pb(Mg <sub>1/3</sub> Nb <sub>2/3</sub> )O <sub>3</sub> ‐Based Relaxor Ferroelectrics (2005)

The effect of cation ordering on an electric field‐induced relaxor to normal ferroelectric phase transition in Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (PMN)‐based ceramics was investigated. Both A‐site La doping and B‐site Sc doping were found to enhance the chemical ordering in these relaxor ceramics. However, the enhanced chemical orderings showed different impacts on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties in these perovskite materials. The 5% La doping was observed to shift the dielectric maximum temperature ( T max ) to a significantly lower temperature and suppress the electric field‐induced transition to a ferroelectric phase. In contrast, the 5% and 10% Sc doping showed little effect on T max but strengthened the ferroelectric coupling. The difference is discussed on the basis of cation size and charge imbalance. An electric field‐temperature phase diagram is also proposed for the 0.90PMN–0.10Pb(Sc 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 based on its history dependence of the electric field‐induced phase transition.
CMOS with active well bias for low-power and RF/analog applications (2002)

We show that with a forward body bias, CMOS performance can be improved for those applications which are primarily concerned with speed, and for those which have fixed performance targets but desire lower switching energy (higher MHz/mW). Thus V/sub t/ can be set according to standby power requirement or device design (well and halo engineering), forward body bias is then applied to improve speed or to reduce active power. No compromise in I/sub off/ results if the forward bias is applied when the circuits are active, during which time I/sub off/ and the leakage current are small compared to the switching current. Therefore a low-power CMOS strategy should use a MOSFET as a four-terminal device with a fast top gate and a slow bottom gate shared by a block. Deep-trench isolation with STI provides fine-grain isolation for body bias blocks without area penalty. Making the body available also improves the device analog properties and enables new applications. We present an active-well VCO/mixer as an example.
The World Health Report 1995--bridging the gaps. (1995)

At the request of WHO's governing bodies, the first of a new series of annual reports was launched at the World Health Assembly in May 1995. The report is a self-contained, concise and analytical publication, which provides a review of the global health situation and needs and of problems faced by health systems, in order to recommend priorities for international health action and the Organization's activities in that context. The target readership is non-medical professionals such as policy-makers, planners for development, heads of donor agencies and other international funding institutions, financial experts and the educated public, as well as opinion-makers in the media and elsewhere. This article summarizes the first chapter of The World Health Report 1995--Bridging the gaps (1).
Applications to nonthermal plasma processing (2001)

Surface Interactions in Plasma Processing Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Sources Vacuum Plasma Sources Plasma Reactors for Plasma Processing Specialized Techniques and Devices for Plasma Processing Parametric Plasma Effects on Plasma Processing Diagnostics for Plasma Processing Plasma Treatment of Surfaces Surface Modification by Implantation and Diffusion Thin Film Deposition by Evaporative Condensation and Sputtering Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD) Plasma Etching
Modeling and Simulation to Support Dose Selection and Clinical Development of SC-75416, a Selective COX-2 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pain (2007)

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models were developed and clinical trial simulations were conducted to recommend a study design to test the hypothesis that a dose of SC-75416, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, can be identified that achieves superior pain relief (PR) compared to 400 mg ibuprofen in a post-oral surgery pain model. PK/PD models were developed for SC-75416, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, and ibuprofen relating plasma concentrations to PR scores using a nonlinear logistic-normal model. Clinical trial simulations conducted using these models suggested that 360 mg SC-75416 could achieve superior PR compared to 400 mg ibuprofen. A placebo- and positive-controlled parallel-group post-oral surgery pain study was conducted evaluating placebo, 60, 180, and 360 mg SC-75416 oral solution, and 400 mg ibuprofen. The study results confirmed the hypothesis that 360 mg SC-75416 achieved superior PR relative to 400 mg ibuprofen (DeltaTOTPAR6=3.3, P<0.05) and demonstrated the predictive performance of the PK/PD models.
Based on the SIFT digital image blind detection algorithms (2013)

In image area replication-transformation-mobile-paste manipulation,establishes the tamper with the model,is proposed based on SIFT mark image feature vector of the blind identification algorithm,can effectively detect and positioning after rotation,scaling transformation of tamper with the area,but also can resist gaussian blur,gaussian white noise and JPEG compression heavy post-processing.And based on the traditional SIFT feature vector detection algorithm,this algorithm to tamper with the regional scale transformation has higher robustness.
The Radiation-Induced Polymerization and Copolymerization of Butadiene in Emulsion (1974)

Abstract The polymerization of butadiene in emulsion initiated by 6 0Co gamma radiation has been studied in some detail. Similar studies with styrene and styrene-butadiene comonomer mixtures were also conducted. The rates of polymerization were found to be much lower than anticipated from the reported kp values for butadiene and for the comonomer mixtures. Styrene, on the other hand, polymerizes at normal rates. A number of possible explanations for this behavior is discussed.
A Searchable Knowledge Map Based on Ontology (2008)

Knowledge visualization and retrieval are the key techniques to implement effective knowledge management. Traditional research on knowledge map emphasizes on building global view of knowledge base, but ignores its support to knowledge retrieval. In this paper, a searchable knowledge map model is proposed. Based on this model, we extent the search-ability of knowledge map and propose three practical algorithms to retrieve related entities (knowledge and information) and relationships respectively. In these algorithms, entity search finds all information and knowledge relative with the target entity in knowledge map; relationship search discoveries all relation paths ordered by their importance between class and class or instance and instance in which we accelerate the instances relationship search utilizing search result set from classes. Finally, We build a searchable visual knowledge map in our knowledge map system and give a case study and evaluation.
Childhood-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tic Disorders: Case Report and Literature Review (2003)

A subgroup of childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders has been found to have a postinfectious autoimmune-mediated etiology. Clinical observations and systematic investigations have shown that a subgroup of children with OCD and/or tic disorders have the onset and subsequent exacerbations of their symptoms following infections with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS). This subgroup has been designated by the acronym PANDAS: pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections. Five clinical characteristics define the PANDAS subgroup: presence of OCD and/or tic disorder, prepubertal symptom onset, sudden onset or abrupt exacerbations, association with neurological abnormalities during exacerbations (adventitious movements or motoric hyperactivity), and the temporal association between symptom exacerbations and GABHS infections. The proposed poststreptococcal inflammatory etiology provides a unique opportunity for treatment and prevention, including immunomodulatory therapies such as plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin. A placebo-controlled trial revealed that both intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange were effective in reducing neuropsychiatric symptom severity (40 and 55% reductions, respectively) for a group of severely ill children in the PANDAS subgroup. Further research is required to determine why the treatments are helpful and to ascertain whether or not antibiotic prophylaxis can help prevent poststreptococcal symptom exacerbations.
Automatic generation of visualization code for the Connection Machine (2002)

A technique for automatically adding graphics code to application programs is described. It has been found that many visualization strategies can be described solely in terms of the productions in the programming language's BNF; therefore, a source-to-source transformation mechanism, whereby a user's nongraphics application can be transformed into a consistently functioning variant that also has graphics display operations methodically inserted, is being implemented. The ultimate goals is to discover principles whereby some clear image of an application's state can be communicated to a user by automatic source code analysis. The initial step has been to focus on a concrete architecture, the Connection Machine (CM), for which a set of high-level display functions has been fixed. Source programs written in C, and containing high-level directives, are passed through a parser and analysis program, which creates a variant program having graphics code installed. The transformation program implemented for the experiments is called CmVis. It has been prototyped using a parser generator called NewYacc, a Yacc-based tool that is enhanced by allowing rewrite rules to be associated with the language's BNF productions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Low-power design methodology for an on-chip with adaptive bandwidth capability (2004)

This paper describes a low-power design methodology for a bus architecture based on hybrid current/voltage mode signaling for deep sub-micrometer on-chip interconnects that achieves high data transmission rates while minimizing the number of repeaters by nearly 1/3. The technique uses low-impedance current-mode sensing to increase the data throughput and minimizes the static power dissipation inherent to current-mode signaling by adaptively changing the interconnection bandwidth given a change in input signal activity. Since bandwidth is related to power dissipation, the adaptive bus attains energy efficient data transmission by expending minimum power required to support the bus signal activity.The design method is based on statistical analysis of address streams extracted for typical benchmark programs using a microprocessor time-based simulator in combination with circuit-level power analysis. Simulation results indicate improvements in power dissipation of up to 65% and 40% over current and voltage mode signaling schemes, respectively.