gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A selective co-sensitization approach to increase photon conversion efficiency and electron lifetime in dye-sensitized solar cells (2012)

Ruthenium-based C106 and organic D131 sensitizers have been judicially chosen for co-sensitization due to their complementary absorption properties and different molecular sizes. Co-sensitization yields a higher light-harvesting efficiency as well as better dye coverage to passivate the surface of TiO(2). The co-sensitized devices C106 + D131 showed significant enhancement in the performance (η = 11.1%), which is a marked improvement over baseline devices sensitized with either D131 (η = 5.6%) or C106 (η = 9.5%). The improved performance of the co-sensitized cell is attributed to the combined enhancement in the short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and the fill-factor of the solar cells. J(sc) is improved because of the complementary absorption spectra and favorable energy level alignments of both dyes; whereas, V(oc) is improved because of the better surface coverage helping to reduce the recombination and increase the electron life time. The origins of these enhancements have been systematically studied through dye desorption, absorption spectroscopy, and intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy investigations.
Polymers containing enzymatically degradable bonds, 8. Degradation of oligopeptide sequences in <i>N</i>‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers by bovine spleen cathepsin B (1983)

Abstract Three types of copolymers of N ‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide(HPMA) were prepared which contain oligopeptide sequences: (a) HPMA copolymers containing oligopeptide side‐chains terminated with p ‐nitroaniline; (b) soluble HPMA copolymers containing oligopeptide sequences in crosslinks connecting two poly(HPMA) chains; (c) a hydrophilic gel, i.e. a three dimensional copolymer of HPMA containing an oligopeptide sequence in the crosslinks. These polymeric substrates (suitable as drug carriers) containing potentially degradable oligopeptide sequences were incubated with an intracellular proteolytic enzyme, bovine spleen cathespin B. The degradation process of the substrates made it possible to reveal the relationship between the structure of oligopeptide sequences and their degradability. The results suggest an important role played by cathepsin B in the degradation of polymeric substrates investigated in this study under physiological conditions.
<i>N</i>‐Halogen‐acylamide zur Darstellung von Tetrazolium‐, Triazolium‐ und 8‐Aza‐indazolium‐Salzen (1953)

Abstract Zur cyclisierenden Dehydrierung von Formazanen, 1‐Benzolazo‐2‐arylamino‐naphthalinen sowie von syn ‐Formen der Phenyl‐hydrazone des Pyridin‐aldehyds‐(2) und Chinolin‐aldehyds‐(2) sind N ‐Brom‐succinimid und weitere N ‐Halogen‐acylamide sehr geeignet.
Argon ion and matrix polyatomic ion loss phenomena in ICP/MS and ICP/ITMS (1996)

In this report, the authors describe preliminary results of DC current measurements in the ICP ion sampling portion of the instrument. One goal of this work is to compare these measurements with similar measurements on a conventional ICP/MS instrument. The authors will also compare these currents with the number of ions detected by the ITMS. The authors hope to acquire a semi-quantitative understanding of where the sampled beam current ({le} mA at the base of the skimmer) is lost on its way to the trap. If there is a selective reduction in the Ar{sup +} current relative to the analyte current, as suggested in earlier work, these measurements may provide clues as to the mechanism responsible for such selective neutralization.
A Transient Assay System for the Functional Assessment of Defense-Related Genes in Wheat (1999)

The generation and characterization of transgenic wheat plants is a tedious and time-consuming process that limits the number of putatively important transgenes that can be tested. We therefore established a transient assay system based on wheat leaves to study the effect of transiently expressed genes on the interaction with the wheat powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe (syn. Blumeria) graminis f. sp. tritici. Young wheat leaves were bombarded with tungsten particles coated with a mixture of plasmids carrying the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and a test gene. Leaves were subsequently challenge inoculated with E. graminis and the fungus was allowed to develop for 40 h. After being stained for GUS enzymatic activity as well as for epiphytic fungal structures, the phenotype of transformed epidermal cells was evaluated by bright-field microscopy. The fungus was routinely found to penetrate cells transiently expressing GUS with an efficiency of approximately 35%, which should suffice to detect putative transgene effects. Transgenes encoding a low-molecular-weight cell-wall protein of wheat (WIR1), a thaumatin-like protein, and a glucanase had no effect on fungal penetration of transformed epidermal cells. On the other hand, trans-genes encoding a pathogen-induced wheat protein of unknown function (WCI5), a chitinase, a glucose oxidase, and a putative peroxidase significantly reduced fungal penetration.
Intensity modulated proton therapy and its sensitivity to treatment uncertainties 2: the potential effects of inter-fraction and inter-field motions (2008)

Simple tools for studying the effects of inter-fraction and inter-field motions on intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans have been developed, and have been applied to both 3D and distal edge tracking (DET) IMPT plans. For the inter-fraction motion, we have investigated the effects of misaligned density heterogeneities, whereas for the inter-field motion analysis, the effects of field misalignment on the plans have been assessed. Inter-fraction motion problems have been analysed using density differentiated error (DDE) distributions, which specifically show the additional problems resulting from misaligned density heterogeneities for proton plans. Likewise, for inter-field motion, we present methods for calculating motion differentiated error (MDE) distributions. DDE and MDE analysis of all plans demonstrate that the 3D approach is generally more robust to both inter-fraction and inter-field motions than the DET approach, but that strong in-field dose gradients can also adversely affect a plan's robustness. An important additional conclusion is that, for certain IMPT plans, even inter-fraction errors cannot necessarily be compensated for by the use of a simple PTV margins, implying that more sophisticated tools need to be developed for uncertainty management and assessment for IMPT treatments at the treatment planning level.
Thyroid disease and abnormal thyroid function tests in women with eating disorders and depression. (1995)

Forty-two female patients with an eating disorder and major depression were compared with 48 female patients with major depression in a retrospective chart study for the prevalence of thyroid disease and laboratory thyroid function abnormalities in the absence of thyroid disease. Eating disorder patients, aged 30-80 years, had a significantly higher incidence in thyroid diseases (53%) then those with major depression alone (17%). The incidence of thyroid disease did not differ between the two groups among patients aged 11-29 years. Abnormal thyroid screening values occurred in 40% of euthyroid eating disorder patients and 34% of those with major depression. While the overall prevalence of thyroid disease in depressed females (15%) was similar to that in the general population (10.5%), thyroid disease in the eating disordered/depressed patients was twice the rate expected (24%) in the general population. Female patients who require psychiatric hospitalization should be routinely evaluated for thyroid function, especially those diagnosed with an eating disorder and depression.
Regulation of metastasis-related gene expression by p53: A potential clinical implication (1999)

Tumor metastasis is the main cause of mortality and treatment failure in cancer patients. It is a complex biological process regulated by alternations in expression of many genes. The p53 tumor suppressor gene has been shown to regulate expression of some metastasis-related genes. P53 transcriptionally activates expression of the genes encoding epidermal growth factor receptor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, cathepsin D, and thrombospondin-1 but represses expression of the genes encoding basic fibroblast growth factor and multidrug resistance-1. Decreased expression of E-cadherin is associated with p53 alternations. Because these p53-regulatory genes either promote or inhibit tumor metastasis, the net effect of p53 expression on tumor metastasis depends upon the pattern of expression of these genes in a particular tumor. Because radiotherapy has been shown to increase tumor metastasis in both animal and human studies and because p53 is activated by radiation or DNA-damaging reagents, here we propose the working hypothesis that p53 may promote tumor metastasis upon induction by local radiotherapy or chemotherapy in some tumor types. For patients whose tumors contain wild-type p53, MMP inhibitors might be given with or before radiotherapy or chemotherapy to prevent an increase in tumor metastasis. Special caution should be taken with patients with cancers such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma in which p53 mutation is infrequent and radiotherapy is the main choice of treatment. To test our hypothesis, three studies are proposed and could serve as an initial step in understanding the complex biological process following radiation-induced p53 activation and its roles in regulation of tumor metastasis. Mol. Carcinog. 24:25–28, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pharmacological evaluation of minaprine dihydrochloride, a new psychotropic drug. (1982)

Minaprine (3-[2-morpholino-ethlamino]-4-methyl-6-phenyl-pyridazine dihydrochloride; 30038CM; trade name in France: Cantor) is a new psychotropic drug. The therapeutic profile of minaprine differs from that of other known psychotropic agents; in man the drug antagonizes the "inhibitory syndrome" characterized by decreased spontaneous activity, reduction in basic drives, slowed thoughts, feelings of tiredness and social withdrawal. Preliminary clinical trials have indicated that minaprine may also be effective in certain depressive states. This finding prompted us to study the effects of minaprine in animal models for depression. Like most antidepressants minaprine antagonizes behavioral despair, but the effect exhibits a slow onset and maximal activity is reached 24 h after administration. Minaprine also antagonizes reserpine-induced ptosis, this effect has a rapid onset, and is long-lasting. In contrast, minaprine poorly antagonizes reserpine-induced hypothermia. Unlike most antidepressants minaprine does not potentiate yohimbine-induced lethality. Minaprine potently antagonizes prochlorperazine-induced catalepsy in rats and potentiates amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior, suggesting that the drug may enhance dopaminergic transmission. Finally, minaprine does not antagonize either oxotremorine-induced tremors or physiostigmine-induced lethality. Taken together the results of the present study indicate that minaprine is active on certain, but not all, animal models for depression and suggest the drug may have a potential clinical utility in the treatment of human depressions.
Image stablization for 2D barcode in handheld devices (2007)

With the ubiquitous of cellular phones, mobile applications with 2D barcodes have drawn a lot of attentions in recent years. However, the previous works for extracting 2D barcodes from an image do not consider the distortion resulted from camera shake. Moreover, the previous works for extracting 2D barcodes from an image do not take a complex background into account. In this paper, therefore, we propose an efficient and effective algorithm to extract 2D barcode from a complex background in a camera-shaken image. Compared with previous approaches, our algorithm outperforms in not only smaller running time but also higher accuracy of the barcode recognition.
Sharp-Line Luminescence from<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Os</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Mo</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cs</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Hf<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cl</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1971)

Sharp-line luminescence spectra have been obtained for ${\mathrm{Os}}^{4+}$ ($5{d}^{4}$) and ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{3+}$ ($4{d}^{3}$) in single cubic crystals of ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$Hf${\mathrm{Cl}}_{6}$. For ${\mathrm{Os}}^{4+}$, luminescence from both the $^{1}E({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{3})$ and $^{1}T({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{5})$ levels of the ${t}^{4}$ configuration to all the spin-orbit split levels of the $^{3}T_{1}$ ground state are observed. Luminescence spectra from the $^{2}E$ ("$R$" lines) of ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{3+}$ are reported for the first time. Sharp vibronic lines are observed in the vicinity of 1. 1 \ensuremath{\mu} due to coupling with odd-mode vibrations of the nearest-neighbor complex. Excitation spectra reveal pumping due to absorption into the $^{4}T_{2}$ and $^{4}T_{1}$ bands at 23.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and 19.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively, and to the $^{2}T$ level at 14.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The excitation bands do not correlate with the major absorption bands observed in these crystals, suggesting that other charge states of molybdenum are simultaneously present in the crystals.
Note Highlights: Surfacing Relevant Concepts from Unstructured Notes for Health Professionals (2017)

Health and social care professionals are under increasing pressure to assimilate the ever-growing volume of data from case notes and electronic medical records. In this paper, we propose and evaluate with domain experts a cognitive system for patient-centric care that leverages and combines natural language processing, semantics, and learning from users over time to support care professionals making informed and timely decisions while reducing the burden of interacting with large volumes of unstructured patient notes. We propose methods for highlighting the entities embedded in the unstructured data and providing a personalized view of an individual. We evaluate through a user study and show a consensus between what the domain experts and the system consider relevant and discuss early feedback on the value of our Note Highlights methods to domain experts.
Tie-2 and Angiopoietin-1 Expression in Human Thyroid Tumors (2002)

Tie-2 is an endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinase involved in vascular maturation and remodeling. Although its expression is considered to be restricted to vascular endothelial cells and hematopoietic progenitors, our immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies showed that Tie-2 and its ligand, angiopoietin (Ang)-l were expressed not only in benign and malignant human thyroid tumor cells but also in hyperplastic regions of adenomatous goiter. To confirm the expression in these tissues further, we used a laser capture microdissection system to isolate epithelial tumor cells from tissue specimens selectively, and demonstrated the expression of Tie-2 and Ang-1 mRNAs in tumor cells by RT-PCR analysis. Furthermore, Tie-2 and Ang-1 mRNAs and proteins were also detected in rat thyroid cell lines, FRTL-5 and PCCL-3. Our results suggest that Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling may be involved in the proliferation of thyroid epithelial cells.
Unimodal and Multimodal Signals to Support Control Transitions in Semiautonomous Vehicles (2019)

Semiautonomous driving still requires the driver's control and attention in certain situations. Especially control transitions, i.e. take-over and hand-over situations, are important for safety. Our aim was to study control transitions supported by unimodal (i.e. visual, auditory, or haptic) or multimodal (i.e. visual, auditory and haptic) signals indicating change from manual to autonomous driving and vice versa. The signals were abstract visual blinks, auditory beeps, or haptic vibrations. The task was to take over driving while either looking through the windshield or playing a game. In addition, in half of the control transitions a feedback signal indicated successful control transition. The results showed that a secondary task slowed down the reaction times, but there was a great variation between individuals. In general, the response to auditory signal was slower than to visual, haptic, or multimodal signals. Moreover, users preferred feedback during control transitions but this slowed down the reaction time.
Water Metabolism and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Response Following Thermal Injury (1980)

ADH has been implicated in the development of a positive water balance in thermal injury. However, the association of plasma ADH levels to the hemodynamic response and water and electrolyte balance of early thermal injury has not been defined. Plasma ADH was measured by radioimmunoassay in 13 patients with greater than 15% body surface area burns. In three patients frequent hemodynamic measurements were also made. Large individual variations of ADH were noted, but in general the ADH levels peaked early in the postburn period and declined thereafter. The highest mean ADH value was on day 2 (53.8 = 27 pg/ml); the lowest value on day 7 (13.4 +/- 8 pg/ml). Urine electrolytes demonstrated wide variation (Na+, 2 to 236 mEq/L; K+, 2 to 228 mEq/L) as did serum (261--331 mOsm/kg) and urine (557--785 mOsm/kg) osmolalities. No correlation was noted between ADH levels and osmolalities or hemodynamic variables. These data suggest that ADH response following burns is a stress response producing levels beyond the physiologic range for an antidiuretic effect and that the osmolar, hypovolemic, and hypotensive feedback loops are not involved: ADH seems to act as a vasoconstrictor and to have no significant effect on quality or quantity of urine. We conclude that the positive water balance following burns is not ADH mediated.
Analysis of peptides and proteins affinity-bound to iron oxide nanoparticles by MALDI MS (2007)

Iron oxide nanoparticles modified with oleate have been employed for the extraction of peptides and proteins from aqueous solution before matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometric (MS) analysis. Adsorption of peptides and proteins onto the nanoparticles were mainly through electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interaction. The analyte-adsorbed iron oxide nanoparticles could be efficiently collected from solution using a magnet. No elution step was needed. With this preconcentration strategy, the lowest detectable concentration of angiotensin I, insulin, and myoglobin in 500 microL of aqueous solution were 0.1 nM, 0.1 nM, and 10.0 nM, respectively. In addition, the nanoparticles could extract the analytes from solution with a high content of salt and surfactant, thus eliminating suppression effect during MALDI MS analysis. This method was successfully applied to concentrate the tryptic digest products of cytochrome c. In addition, the tryptic digestion of cytochrome c can be directly conducted on the iron oxide nanoparticles.
Design of grating-assisted waveguide couplers with weighted coupling (1991)

The design of grating-assisted, channel waveguide codirectional couplers is demonstrated using the Gel'fand-Levitan-Marchenko inverse scattering method. Weighted coupling coefficients are computed from rational expression for the desired wavelength response. Approximate formulas that relate the waveguide and grating geometries to the computed coupling coefficients are derived. The technique is illustrated by designing a directional coupler with a third-order Butterworth filter characteristic and a 130 AA full-width-half-maximum bandwidth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
HLA-DR4 subtype frequencies in rheumatoid arthritis indicate that DRB1 is the major susceptibility locus within the HLA class II region. (1989)

Susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be due to the presence of shared functional epitopes common to the HLA-DR beta chains of several RA-associated haplotypes. We have obtained direct evidence for this hypothesis by using the polymerase chain reaction and sequencing the DRB1 and DQB1 genes from RA patients. A highly conserved epitope present on DR beta chains of DR4 and DR1 haplotypes was found in 83% of 149 patients with classical or definite RA but was found in only 46% of 100 control individuals (P less than 0.0001). Two Dw subtypes of DR4 (Dw4 and Dw14) were associated with disease susceptibility but two other subtypes (Dw10 and Dw13) were not. Sequence differences between these subtypes implicate those residues around the putative antigen binding site of the DR beta molecule in the pathogenesis of RA. These data provide a basis for understanding host susceptibility to RA at a molecular level.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Thin Layers Composed of Fullerene-Cyclic Peptide Conjugate and Pyrene Derivative (2008)

A bilayer structure was constructed on gold by Langmuir-Blodgett deposition of a fullerene (C 60)-cyclic peptide-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugate and thereafter a pyrene derivative from the air/water interface. The cyclic peptide moiety acts as a scaffold to prevent the fullerenes from self-aggregation and accordingly makes the monolayer homogeneous and stable. In addition to this gold/C 60-cyclic peptide-PEG/pyrene bilayer, a pyrene monolayer, a gold/C 60-PEG conjugate/pyrene bilayer (lacking the peptide scaffold), and a gold/pyrene/C 60-cyclic peptide-PEG bilayer (with the opposite order of layers) were also prepared, and their anodic photocurrent generation were studied in an aqueous solution containing a sacrifice electron donor. The most efficient photocurrent generation was observed in the gold/C 60-cyclic peptide-PEG/pyrene bilayer. It is considered that the C 60 unit acts not only as sensitizer but also as an electron acceptor facilitating the electron transfer from the excited pyrene unit to gold, and that the fullerene layer suppresses quenching of the excited pyrene unit by energy transfer to gold. Furthermore, the cyclic peptide scaffold helps the fullerenes disperse without aggregation in the membrane and seems to protect their redox properties or inhibit self-quenching of their excited state. It is thus concluded that a bilayer structure with desired orientation of functional units is important for efficient photoinduced electron transfer and that a cyclic peptide scaffold is useful to locate hydrophobic functional groups properly in a thin layer.