gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal performance and economic analysis of supercritical Carbon Dioxide cycles in combined cycle power plant (2019)

A closed-loop, indirect, supercritical Carbon Dioxide (sCO2) power cycle is attractive for fossil-fuel, solar thermal and nuclear applications owing to its ability to achieve higher efficiency, and compactness. Commercial Gas Turbines (GT’s) are optimised to yield maximum performance with a conventional steam Rankine cycle. In order to explore the full potential of a sCO2 cycle the whole plant performance needs to be considered. This study analyses the maximum performance and cost of electricity for five sCO2 cascaded cycles. The plant performance is improved when the GT pressure ratio is considered as a design variable to a GT to optimise the whole plant performance. Results also indicate that each sCO2 Brayton cycle considered, attained maximum plant efficiency at a different GT pressure ratio. The optimum GT pressure ratio to realise the maximum cost reduction in sCO2 cycle was higher than the equivalent steam Rankine cycle. Performance maps were developed for four high efficient cascaded sCO2 cycles to estimate the specific power and net efficiency as a function of GT turbine inlet temperature and pressure ratio. The result of multi-objective optimisation in the thermal and cost (c$/kWh) domains and the Pareto fronts of the different sCO2 cycles are presented and compared. A novel sCO2 cycle configuration is proposed that provides ideal-temperature glide at the bottoming cycle heat exchangers and the efficiency of this cycle, integrated with a commercial SGT5-4000F machine in lieu of a triple-pressure steam Rankine cycle, is higher by 1.4 percentage point.
A Novel Design Structure for WLCSP With High Reliability, Low Cost, and Ease of Fabrication (2007)

Wafer level chip scale packaging (WLCSP) has some advantages, such as real die size packaging, high electrical performance, and low manufacturing cost. However, because the mechanical reliability of a large die can not be guaranteed due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between silicon and organic printed circuit board (PCB), WLCSP technology is still not fully accepted. We have developed a new solder joint protection-WLCSP (SJP-WLCSP) structure with a delamination layer interposed between the top layer of the chip and the bottom insulating layer of the metal redistribution traces. The stress on the solder joints can be released by the cracks forming in the delamination layer, which protects the solder joints from cracking. Since the cracking of the delamination layer is irrelevant to the electrical circuits of the packaging, the packaged integrated circuits (IC) device remains functional. One of the possibilities for processing the SJP-WLCSP was implemented and validated successfully in the SiLK-wafer samples. The board level packaging samples, using the daisy chain resistance measurement passed 1000 cycles of the temperature cycling testing.
Transmission electron microscopic analysis of microstructural features in magnetic recording media (1993)

A study of the relationships between the microstructure and magnetic properties of cobalt alloy magnetic thin films and chromium underlayers deposited onto circumferentially textured NiP/Al substrates is presented. The variation of the chromium microstructure as a function of argon pressure and substrate temperature during sputtering is analyzed using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This combination shows that the layers grow in columns which have increasing physical separation with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature. Crystallographic grain separation, however, follows a different trend because intercolumnar crystallographic alignment decreases with increasing temperature. TEM is also used to show how the growth of the chromium underlayer affects the cobalt alloy layer and to analyze the resulting microstructures in different magnetic alloy layers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A survey of adaptable grammars (1990)

This paper is a comment on two recent contributions to Sigplan Notices.
Current status of chalcogenide phase change memory (2005)

Non-volatile memories (NVM) are playing an important role in the semiconductor market, thanks in particular to flash which is used mainly in cellular phones and other types of electronic portable equipment. In the coming years portable systems will demand even more NVM with high density and very high writing throughput for data storage application, or with fast random access for code execution. Flash memory has followed the scaling evolution, of the semiconductor map since its introduction in the late '80's but further scaling is becoming increasingly complex as some of the fundamental physical limitations are being approached. While continued research on floating gate techniques should extend the current flash technology capability through the end of this decade, there is increasing interest in new memory storage mechanisms and materials that have promise for scaling through at least the end of the next decade. Among the different NVM based on storage mechanisms alternative to the floating gate concept, phase-change memories (PCM), also called ovionic unified memory (OUM),is one of the most promising candidates, having the potential to improve the performance compared to flash as well as to be scalable beyond flash technology (Lai and Lowrey (2001), Lai (2003), Bez (2004)), In this review, the physics and operation of phase change memory is first presented, followed by discussion of current status of development. Finally, the scaling capability of the technology is absent
Synthesis and bioevaluation of a rapidly biodegradable tissue adhesive: 1,2‐Isopropylidene glyceryl 2‐cyanoacrylate (1986)

A rapidly biodegradable tissue adhesive, 1,2-isopropylidene glyceryl 2-cyanoacrylate, was synthesized and characterized by NMR. Bond strength was determined. Three types of corresponding polymers were prepared and evaluated for in vitro and in vivo toxicity. The polymers were generally found to be in the moderately toxic and toxic groups similar to the lower alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates.
CTLA-4 gene polymorphism is associated with predisposition to coeliac disease (1998)

The CTLA-4 gene polymorphism is a non-HLA determinant that predisposes to coeliac disease. Whether it directly contributes to disease susceptibility or represents a marker for a locus in linkage disequilibrium with CTLA-4 needs further investigation.
Placement of deep brain stimulator electrodes using real‐time high‐field interventional magnetic resonance imaging (2005)

A methodology is presented for placing deep brain stimulator electrodes under direct MR image guidance. The technique utilized a small, skull-mounted trajectory guide that is optimized for accurate alignment under MR fluoroscopy. Iterative confirmation scans are used to monitor device alignment and brain penetration. The methodology was initially tested in a human skull phantom and proved capable of achieving submillimeter accuracy over a set of 16 separate targets that were accessed. The maximum error that was obtained in this preliminary test was 2 mm, motivating use of the technique in a clinical study. Subsequently, a total of eight deep brain stimulation electrodes were placed in five patients. Satisfactory placement was achieved on the first pass in seven of eight electrodes, while two passes were required with one electrode. Mean error from the intended target on the first pass was 1.0 +/- 0.8 mm (range = 0.1-1.9 mm). All procedures were considered technical successes and there were no intraoperative complications; however, one patient did develop a postoperative infection.
OPTICKS. OR A TREATISE OF THE REFLECTIONS, REFRACTIONS, INFLECTIONS AND OF LIGHT (1933)

Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections & colours of light , Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections & colours of light , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Affinity isolation of heat-shock and other calmodulin-binding proteins following hyperthermia. (1990)

The interaction of calmodulin (CaM) with heat-shock and other binding proteins was studied in rat adenocarcinoma cells. Cells were equilibrium-labeled for 48 h prior to heating for 1 h at 43 degrees C, or pulse-labeled for 2 h at 37 degrees C after heating, to monitor the effect of heat on the affinity of CaM-binding proteins synthesized under these conditions. A CaM antagonist shown to sensitize to heat killing, W-7 [N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide], was used in competition assays to help monitor any changes in affinity. We found that heating tended to reduce the CaM-binding of proteins synthesized before heating relative to their 37 degrees C controls and proteins synthesized after heating tended to have increased binding relative to their respective controls. Members of the heat-shock protein (hsp) 90-, 70-, and 26-kDa families were among the proteins that bound to CaM and were eluted by W-7. The peak elution fractions for the hsp's and other cellular proteins varied, but hsp-70 eluted in the early fractions. The hsp-70 family was also found to be among a number of W-7-binding proteins. We conclude that the assumption that CaM antagonists potentiate killing of heated cells solely by competing nonspecifically for CaM-binding protein sites on CaM does not explain the process completely. These antagonists could also act by competing for CaM-binding sites with specific proteins whose interaction with CaM is important for survival following heating, or by directly binding to other proteins whose function is important for survival and inhibiting their activity. We do not have sufficient data to discern the predominant mechanism among these possibilities, but we believe all are likely to occur in heated cells and speculate that inhibition of the functions of the hsp-70 family is important in several of these antagonist actions.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF LIVING CELLS—RECENT ADVANCES IN METHODS OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH—OPTICAL SECTIONING WITH THE ULTRA-VIOLET MICROSCOPE (1930)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Estrogen modulates osteoblast proliferation and function regulated by parathyroid hormone in osteoblastic SaOS-2 cells: role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-5 (2000)

Although there is clinical evidence showing that combined therapy with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estrogen is additively effective in increasing the bone mass of patients with osteoporosis, the mechanism of the interaction between these hormones remains unclear. The present study was performed to determine whether estrogen would affect osteoblast proliferation and function modulated by PTH in human osteoblastic SaOS-2 cells. Human PTH-(1-34) significantly inhibited [(3)H]thymidine (TdR) incorporation, which was attenuated by 24 h pretreatment with 10(-10) to 10(-7) M 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta-E(2)) in a concentration-dependent manner. PTH significantly stimulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen synthesis and type-1 procollagen mRNA expression after pretreatment with 17 beta-E(2 )in these cells. Tamoxifen, an anti-estrogen, antagonized these 17 beta-E(2)-induced effects. Pretreatment with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mimicked estrogen action, and coincubation of 3 microg/ml anti-IGF-I antibody antagonized the effects of 17 beta-E(2 )as well as those of IGF-I. In the presence of 17 beta-E(2 )pretreatment, PTH strongly stimulated IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-5 mRNA expression in these cells, and recombinant IGFBP-5 increased type-1 procollagen mRNA expression and ALP activity. In conclusion, estrogen attenuates PTH-induced inhibition of osteoblast proliferation and PTH stimulates osteoblast function in the presence of estrogen pretreatment. IGF-I and/or IGFBP-5 seemed to be involved in the estrogen-induced modulation of PTH action on osteoblast proliferation and function.
Iron coated sponge in arsenic removal (2004)

Arsenic (As) contamination in water has raised a grave concern in many regions of the world. Arsenic can lead to a number of health problems even at very low concentration. This paper presents the laboratory-scale experimental results on the specific treatment technology: iron coated sponge (IOCSp) adsorption in As removal. The results indicated that IOCSp could remove 47.3% to 65% of As (III) and As (V) after a 1 hour contact with IOCSp (initial As concentration = 260 μg/l; 0.15g sponge/100ml solution). A nine hour-adsorption led to a very high As removal efficiency (more than 92.4% removal for both As (III) and As (V)). Each gram of IOCSp adsorbed about 160μg of As (III) and As (V) upon a 9 hour - contact of IOCSp with the As solution. After adsorption, IOCSp can be easily regenerated by NaOH.
Dual-Homomorphic Message Authentication Code Scheme for Network Coding-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks (2015)

Network coding has shown a considerable improvement in terms of capacity and robustness compared to traditional store-and-forward transmission paradigm. However, since the intermediate nodes in network coding-enabled networks have the ability to change the packets en route, network coding-enabled networks are vulnerable to pollution attacks where a small number of polluted messages can corrupt bunches of legitimate messages. Recently, research effort has been put on schemes for protecting the transmitted messages against data pollution attacks. However, most of them cannot resist tag pollution attacks. This paper presents a new homomorphic MAC-based scheme, called Dual-Homomorphic MAC (Dual-HMAC), for network coding-enabled wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme makes use of two types of tags (i.e., MACs and D-MACs) to provide resistance against data pollution attacks and partially tag pollution attacks. Furthermore, our proposed scheme presents low communication overhead and low computational complexity compared to other existing schemes.
Influence of a Nano Phase Segregation on the Thermoelectric Properties of the p-Type Doped Stannite Compound Cu<sub>2+<i>x</i></sub>Zn<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>GeSe<sub>4</sub> (2012)

Engineering nanostructure in bulk thermoelectric materials has recently been established as an effective approach to scatter phonons, reducing the phonon mean free path, without simultaneously decreasing the electron mean free path for an improvement of the performance of thermoelectric materials. Herein the synthesis, phase stability, and thermoelectric properties of the solid solutions Cu(2+x)Zn(1-x)GeSe(4) (x = 0-0.1) are reported. The substitution of Zn(2+) with Cu(+) introduces holes as charge carriers in the system and results in an enhancement of the thermoelectric efficiency. Nano-sized impurities formed via phase segregation at higher dopant contents have been identified and are located at the grain boundaries of the material. The impurities lead to enhanced phonon scattering, a significant reduction in lattice thermal conductivity, and therefore an increase in the thermoelectric figure of merit in these materials. This study also reveals the existence of an insulator-to-metal transition at 450 K.
ESR Microscopy and Nanoscopy with “Induction” Detection (2006)

Abstract The current state‐of‐the‐art in the fields of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) micro‐imaging is reviewed. Special attention is given to the uniqueness and the advantages of the conventional “induction” detection method with respect to other emerging sensitive magnetic resonance detection and imaging techniques. Following this, a theoretical description of the factors affecting the sensitivity and resolution in induction detection ESR is provided. Based on the theory, new approaches to substantially improve ESR capabilities, both at room temperature and at low cryogenic temperatures, are discussed. Representative results of experiments conducted at room temperature and at frequencies of 10–16 GHz show that with test samples, a sensitivity of ∼10 7 electron spins and a resolution of ∼3 microns are currently available. The results confirm the validity of the theoretical approach and confirm the value of striving for even higher frequencies and lower temperatures, in order to further improve the performance Finally, some of the current and potential applications of ESR microscopy and nanoscopy (involving imaging with a resolution of ∼100 nm or better) are presented.
Manufacturability issues with double patterning for 50-nm half-pitch single damascene applications using RELACS shrink and corresponding OPC (2007)

A double patterning (DP) process is discussed for 50nm half pitch interconnects, using a litho-etch-litho-etch approach on metal hard mask (MHM). Since an 0.85NA immersion scanner is used, the small pitch of 100nm is obtained by DP, the small trenches are made by a Quasar exposure followed by a shrink technique. The RELACS<sup>®</sup> process is used, realizing narrow trenches with larger DOF and less LER. For mask making, a design split is carried out, followed by adjustments of the basic design to make the patterns more litho-friendly. Assist features are placed next to isolated trenches to ensure sufficient DOF. Furthermore, an adjusted OPC calculation is carried out, taking into account proximity effects of both the exposure and the subsequent shrink process. After mask fabrication, this DP process is used for a single damascene application, with BDIIx as low-k material and TaN or TiN as MHM. Various problems are encountered, such as CD gain of the trenches during both MHM etch steps, poisoning and BARC thickness variations due to topography during the second litho step. For all these problems, solutions or work-arounds have been found, After the second MHM-etch, the 50nm half-pitch pattern is transferred successfully in the underlying low-k material.
Borderless Mobility in 5G Outdoor Ultra-Dense Networks (2015)

This paper considers borderless 5G ultra-dense networks (UDNs). In particular, a novel scheduling algorithm is proposed that achieves a more uniform distribution of user-throughput than that of the state-of-the-art maximum-throughput (MT) schedulers. The proposed scheduling algorithm also takes the coherence time of the channel into account as well as the impact to the acquired channel state information. A novel radio frame structure that is appropriate for achieving a 1-ms round trip time latency is also proposed. Such a low latency allows one to employ multiuser as well as cooperative multiple input multiple output schemes for mobile users. An evaluation of matched-filter and zero-forcing precoding for mobile users in UDNs is included. The performance of the proposed 5G UDN concept is assessed using a system-level simulator. Extensive numerical results show that the proposed borderless scheduling concept achieves ~77% higher median user-throughput than that of the MT scheduler at the cost of ~17% lower area-throughput. Such results are obtained for a high density of mobile users at velocities of ~50 km/h.
Ultra high speed digital processing for wireless systems using passive microwave logic (2002)

This paper proposes two novel high-speed digital logic families that are implemented using passive microwave circuits. The proposed logic gates can process binary information represented in two high frequency carrier modulation formats-amplitude shift keying (ASK), and binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The fundamental logic gates (NOT, OR, AND) presented for both these data representations can process extremely high speed bit streams (1-100 Gbps). The combinational circuits formed from these passive logic gates can operate much faster than traditional electronic gates because they are not limited by the finite carrier mobility that is characteristic of semiconductors. Besides their higher operating speeds, these circuits are well suited for wireless communication systems because they process digital signals in a native high frequency transmission format and it is easy to integrate them with analog RF/microwave circuits.
Analysis of the <i>in vivo</i> phosphorylation state of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthase by fast‐atom‐bombardment mass spectrometry (1988)

The in vivo phosphorylation state of glycogen synthase was re-examined by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry and a procedure in which phosphoserine residues are first converted to S-ethylcysteine. In animals injected with the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, the phosphorylation sites in the N-terminal (N) and C-terminal (C) cyanogen bromide peptides were identified as the serine residues at N7, the region C28-C39, C42, C46 and C100. In animals injected with adrenalin, the phosphorylation of N7 increased from 0.6 to 0.8 mol/mol, the region C28-C39 from 0.7 to 1.2 mol/mol and C100 from 0.3 to 0.6 mol/mol. The phosphorylation states of C42 (0.7 mol/mol) and C46 (0.9 mol/mol) were unchanged. In addition, two further serine residues became phosphorylated at positions N10 (0.5 mol/mol) and C87 (0.5 mol/mol), which were not phosphorylated in the absence of adrenalin. Residues N10 and C42 have not been recognized as in vivo sites of phosphorylation previously. The results suggest that N10 is phosphorylated by a novel protein kinase which may be activated by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase. The phosphorylation of C42 is likely to be catalysed by glycogen synthase kinase 3. The protein kinases responsible for phosphorylating N7, the region C28-C39, C46, C87 and C100 in vivo and the molecular mechanisms by which adrenalin inactivates glycogen synthase in vivo are discussed. Residue N3, a major site phosphorylated by casein kinase-I in vitro is not phosphorylated in vivo. This and other evidence indicates that casein kinase-I is not a glycogen synthase kinase in vivo.
The role of inflammasome-derived IL-1 in driving IL-17 responses (2012)

NLRs are members of the PRR family that sense microbial pathogens and mediate host innate immune responses to infection. Certain NLRs can assemble into a multiprotein complex called the inflammasome, which activates casapse-1 required for the cleavage of immature forms of IL-1β and IL-18 into active, mature cytokines. The inflammasome is activated by conserved, exogenous molecules from microbes and nonmicrobial molecules, such as asbestos, alum, or silica, as well as by endogenous danger signals, such as ATP, amyloid-β, and sodium urate crystals. Activation of the inflammasome is a critical event triggering IL-1-driven inflammation and is central to the pathology of autoinflammatory diseases, such as gout and MWS. Recent studies have also shown IL-1 or IL-18, in synergy with IL-23, can promote IL-17-prduction from Th17 cells and γδ T cells, and this process can be regulated by autophagy. IL-1-driven IL-17 production plays a critical role in host protective immunity to infection with fungi, bacteria, and certain viruses. However, Th17 cells and IL-17-seceting γδ T cells, activated by inflammasome-derived IL-1 or IL-18, have major pathogenic roles in many autoimmune diseases. Consequently, inflammasomes are now major drug targets for many autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, as well as autoinflammatory diseases.
A cell transistor scalable array architecture for high-density DRAMs (2002)

The limitation of DRAM cell transistor scalability is a severe problem in scaled DRAMs. A DRAM requires thicker gate oxide than that in logic LSIs, because a high wordline voltage must be applied to a memory cell transistor in order to write "1" data into the cell capacitor via the cell transistor. A new DRAM array architecture for scaled DRAMs is proposed. This scheme reduces stress bias for cell transistors, and enables the cell transistor to shrink without speed penalty.