gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Free Fatty Acids, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (1999)

Evidence is presented that shows that free fatty acids (FFA) are one important link between obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Plasma FFA levels are elevated in most obese subjects, and physiological elevations of plasma FFA inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into muscle. This peripheral insulin resistance is caused by an FFA-induced defect, which develops 3-4 hr after raising plasma FFA, in insulin-stimulated glucose transport or phosphorylation, or both. This resistance is also caused by a second defect, which develops after 4-6 hr, consisting of inhibition of glycogen synthase activity. Whether elevated plasma FFA levels inhibit insulin action on endogenous glucose production (EGP), that is, cause central insulin resistance, is more difficult to demonstrate. On the one hand, FFA increase gluconeogenesis, which enhances EGP; on the other hand, FFA increase insulin secretion, which decreases EGP. Basal plasma FFA support approximately one third of basal insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects and, hence, are responsible for some of the hyperinsulinemia in obese, normoglycemic patients. In addition, elevated plasma FFA levels potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion acutely and during prolonged exposure (48 hr). It is hypothesized that obese subjects who are genetically predisposed to develop type 2 diabetes will become partially "lipid blind," that is, unable to compensate for their FFA-induced insulin resistance with FFA-induced insulin oversecretion. The resulting insulin resistance/secretion deficit will then have to be compensated for with glucose-induced insulin secretion, which, because of their partial "glucose blindness," will result in hyperglycemia and eventually in type 2 diabetes.
Design and performance of an enhanced IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol for multihop coverage extension (2003)

Ad hoc communication is gaining popularity, not only for pure ad hoc communication networks but also as a viable solution for coverage extension in wireless networks. Especially for upcoming WLAN hotspots, this is an interesting option to decrease installation costs. In this article we introduce a new MAC protocol that needs only marginal changes to the standard and enables efficient multihop networking. We advocate the use of multiple IEEE 802.11 channels, where one channel is reserved as a common signalling channel for the task of assigning the others (data channels) among wireless terminals. The proposed MAC protocols are based on a four-way handshake over the common signalling channel, while data transmission occurs on a dedicated channel. We propose a further optimization applying multiple wireless network interface cards. This improvement in performance comes at the price of a slightly more complex hardware. Two different simulation models are implemented to investigate our approach. The first model investigates the MAC protocol and its improvements, while the second model analyzes the multihop performance in terms of delivery ratio and transmission delay. BY means of numerous simulations we present the performance of our MAC approach in comparison with two standard approaches in terms of bandwidth, packet delivery, and transmission delay. For our performance evaluation we apply the IEEE 802.11a technology, but we note that our approach can also be used for IEEE 802.11b.
The discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemists (1932)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemistsMary Elvira Weeks Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1932, 9, 1, 11Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1932Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 January 1932Published inissue 1 January 1932https://doi.org/10.1021/ed009p11RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views588Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (5 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Process Using Finite-Element Micromagnetic Simulation (2006)

The perpendicular magnetic recording process of a shielded-pole-type head was studied using the finite-element micromagnetic simulation. When the return and write pole are sufficiently close to each other, 40 nm in our simulation, the effective recording field is tilting at an angle of around 30deg. The tilted recording field leads to a more efficient writing since the recording media switching field is reduced according to Stoner-Wohlfarth model. This means that the shielded-pole-type head can be used to write higher coercivity recording media and allow for higher recording density and better thermal stability
[Studies on the minor alkaloids of Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook. f]. (1985)

Five minor alkaloids were isolated from Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook. f. Alkaloids Ⅱ and Ⅴ were identified as 3-epimethylschelhammericine B and 3-epischelhammericine. Both were first reported to be present in this plant. Alkaloid Ⅲ was identified as isocephalotaxinone which was isolated from natural source for the first time. Alkaloid Ⅳ is a new alkaloid. Its structure was postulated to be Ⅳ by spectroscopic analysis and designated as 2-epicephalofortuneine.Structure determination of alkaloid I is still underway.
Compact device modeling for circuit simulation (2002)

This paper reviews issues related to compact modeling for circuit simulation. The major emphasis is to detail common-sense guidelines for compact modeling and characterization that are not so common, and to highlight common numerical weaknesses and their solution. Aspects of high frequency modeling that are often overlooked are also addressed.
Aprendizaje y Enseñanza de la Física a través de los Procesos Didácticos (2016)

La didactica es un campo interdisciplinar cuyo objeto de estudio son los procesos de aprendizaje y ensenanza, reconociendo los procesos como el conjunto de actividades ordenadas, interrelacionadas e interdependientes entre si, tendientes a la consecucion de un fin que es el aprendizaje significativo. De alli el origen de los procesos didacticos, siendo estos una forma simple y adaptada al entorno, facilitando la comprension por parte del aprendiz, evitando la abstraccion del contexto. Considerando lo antes expuesto, el objetivo principal de dicha investigacion es lograr un proceso de aprendizaje y ensenanza desde una vision integral y para ello dicha indagacion se desarrollo siguiendo la metodologia de investigacion documental, puesto que se sustento en fuentes de caracter documental tales como articulos o ensayos de revistas. Para el desarrollo de la planificacion empleada en la investigacion, se trato el libro de la Coleccion Bicentenario de tercer ano, tomo I y de los resultados obtenidos se concluye que el educando y el educador, lograron desarrollar la capacidad de abstraccion a traves de metodos innovadores que parten de la cotidianidad y la experiencia, contribuyendo a la superacion de los problemas que se le presentan en su realidad, reconociendo las prioridades en el ambito comunitario, regional, nacional y mundial, basados en una vision interdisciplinar y transdisciplinar de los contenidos y procesos de Fisica.
Codon-specific translational defect caused by a wobble modification deficiency in mutant tRNA from a human mitochondrial disease (2004)

Point mutations in the mitochondrial (mt) tRNA(Leu(UUR)) gene are responsible for mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), a subgroup of mitochondrial encephalomyopathic diseases. We previously showed that mt tRNA(Leu(UUR)) with an A3243G or T3271C mutation derived from patients with MELAS are deficient in a normal taurine-containing modification (taum5U; 5-taurinomethyluridine) at the anticodon wobble position. To examine decoding disorder of the mutant tRNA due to the wobble modification deficiency independent of the pathogenic point mutation itself, we used a molecular surgery technique to construct an mt tRNA(Leu(UUR)) molecule lacking the taurine modification but without the pathogenic mutation. This "operated" mt tRNA(Leu(UUR)) without the taurine modification showed severely reduced UUG translation but no decrease in UUA translation. We thus concluded that the UUG codon-specific translational defect of the mutant mt tRNAs(Leu(UUR)) is the primary cause of MELAS at the molecular level. This result could explain the complex I deficiency observed clinically in MELAS.
Detection of ventricular fibrillation by sequential testing (2003)

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) must be accurately detected by an automatic implantable cardioconverter-defibrillator and must also be discriminated from ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). A sequential decision rule is described to discriminate probability distributions of VF from VT and SVT. Intracardiac signals are first converted to binary sequences by comparison with a threshold. Probability distributions of threshold-crossing intervals are determined. The sequential test calculates a log-likelihood and compares that with preset detection thresholds. The thresholds are set so as to result in desired test accuracy. Essentially, the sequential algorithm trades off the time to reach decision (number of sequential decision steps) with accuracy. In a study of 170 electrograms from humans, 95.3% of VF signals are classified in 3 s, 97.6% in 5 s, and 100% in 7 s. The sequential algorithm offers ease of implementation for implantable devices and excellent performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Invest offshore, but watch out for SARS : offshore investing (2016)

The allure of foreign markets gleams ever brighter in the turbulent market conditions facing the ordinary South African investor. Considering that since December 2015, the JSE All Share Index had lost 4.22% (at the time of writing) and dropped 10.19% at its worst point, and that the rand had lost 10.93% against the US dollar (although it has since staged a bit of a recovery), investors may look to diversify their investments internationally and invest in a more stable currency as an inflation hedge.
New prodrugs derived from 6-aminodopamine and 4-aminophenol as candidates for melanocyte-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (MDEPT) (2005)

Two novel tyrosinase mediated drug delivery pathways have been investigated for the selective delivery of cytotoxic units to melanocytes from urea and thiourea prodrugs. The synthesis of these prodrugs is reported, as well as oximetry data that illustrate that the targets are substrates for tyrosinase. The stability of each of the prodrugs in (i) phosphate buffer and (ii) bovine serum is discussed, and the urea prodrugs are identified as lead candidates for further studies. Finally, HPLC studies and preliminary cytotoxicity studies in a melanotic and an amelanotic cell line, that illustrate the feasibility of the approach, are presented.
Expression of nitric oxide synthase by syncytiotrophoblast in human placental villi (1993)

The endogenous biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO) is increased during gestation. To begin our investigation of a possible tissue source (or sources), we examined the placenta. We postulated that analogous to the endothelium of blood vessels, the syncytiotrophoblast (STr) cell layer that lines the intervillous blood space of the human placenta would express NO synthase. Our results show that human placental villi express a calcium- and calmodulin-sensitive form of NO synthase, located mainly in the microsomal cell fraction. By in situ hybridization using a riboprobe generated from human endothelial NO synthase cDNA, we observe NO synthase mRNA expression in STr. The STr also shows NADPH-diaphorase staining, indicating the presence of NO synthase, and most likely other flavin-containing enzymes involved in sex steroid metabolism. NO synthase activity was also detected in the villi of a complete mole placenta (which lacks fetal vessels), further supporting a trophoblastic origin. Our findings suggest a previously unrecognized role for STr-derived NO in placental function.
Introduction (2013)

Abstract The ‘Introduction’ explains that a review of American Legal History must confront the defining issues in the development of American civilization and culture. The law is connected to, has reacted to, and has helped to shape America's geographic isolation, economic abundance, transatlantic settlement, the relations between European settlers and indigenous tribes, African American slavery, the importance of agricultural householding, the growth of industrial enterprise and urbanization, and the emergence of the United States as a world power. The focus of this VSI is on the topics and issues that are connected to central themes in American history.
<i>CCR</i> 20th Anniversary Commentary: Paving the Way for Circulating Tumor Cells (2015)

Cancer cells can enter the bloodstream, form distant metastases, and ultimately lead to death. A study by Allard and colleagues, which was published in the October 15, 2004, issue of Clinical Cancer Research, concluded that the CellSearch system could be used as a reliable tool to investigate circulating tumor cells and their clinical utility, and it spurred a still-growing interest in the field.
Novel low-cost millimeter-wave system for road surface characterization (2011)

A novel low-cost low-complexity design based on Radar technology operating at millimeter wave is presented for the characterization of road surface conditions in real-time. At frequencies of 24-77 GHz the wavelength is long enough to obtain slight penetration in the top 1-2" of asphalt or concrete surface, but is also short enough to resolve details such as crack or pothole depth/etc. The Radar system operates by continuously outputting radiation and sampling the roadway-reflected radiation through a receiver-downconverter-sampler system. In initial laboratory testing, the received signal strength was observed to obey the inverse distance 1/R2 relationship. The received signal is further dependent on the incidence angle between the plane of the sensor and the plane of the roadway. One observation from this is the need of auxiliary sensors for determining the distance above the road surface as well as providing incident angle data. The sensor was further mounted on a movable cart used to measure the reflected signal on a variety of road surfaces (smooth, rough, surface defects, and environment factors such as various levels of moisture). By comparing measurements of the material after soaking to measurements in the dry state, there is substantial differentiation in measurements, which indicates the ability to measure the porosity of various materials. Lastly the sensor bandwidth provides the capability to measure surface roughness illustrated in the standard deviation of measurement data. On a macroscopic level, the aggregate in a roadway acts as a series of random scatterers and rough roadways or roadways with surface voids show a large variance between measurements of nearby points.
Effects of exercise on appetite control: loose coupling between energy expenditure and energy intake. (1998)

The relationship between physical activity and energy intake (food consumption) can take a number of forms, depending on the intensity, duration and frequency of the activity, and upon the degrees of fitness and physiological status of the individual. At extremes of energy expenditure such as those found in long distance cyclists, voluntary energy intake may be sufficient to balance the enormous daily expenditure; this is due to an entraining effect. Under more normal situations, there is a widely held belief that physical activity is a poor strategy for losing weight, since the energy expended drives up hunger and food intake to compensate for the energy deficit incurred. Recent studies in both normal weight and obese individuals show that substantial periods of exercise do not increase hunger and do not drive up food intake. Comparisons between sedentary and normally active individuals, or between enforced periods of rest or strenuous activity, generate little or no effect on levels of hunger or daily energy intake, indicating a rather loose physiological coupling between energy expenditure and food intake. This view generates an optimistic view of the role of exercise in weight loss and weight control, as it indicates that intake is not automatically driven up to compensate for energy expended. Reasons why physical activity often produces disappointing effects, rise from inappropriate food choices, a desire for self-reward after exercise and misjudgements about the relative rates at which energy can be expended (by exercise) or taken in (by eating). This means that physical activity will be most beneficial for weight control, if carried out in conjunction with a low energy dense diet or with judicious control of eating.
Swift observations of GRB 060614: an anomalous burst with a well behaved afterglow (2007)

GRB 060614 is a remarkable gamma-ray burst (GRB) observed by Swift with puzzling properties, which challenge current progenitor models. In particular, the lack of any bright supernova (SN) down to very strict limits and the vanishing spectral lags during the whole burst are typical of short GRBs, strikingly at odds with the long (102 s) duration of this event. Here we present detailed spectral and temporal analysis of the Swift observations of GRB 060614. We show that the burst presents standard optical, ultraviolet and X-ray afterglows, detected beginning 4 ks after the trigger. An achromatic break is observed simultaneously in the optical and X-ray bands, at a time consistent with the break in the R-band light curve measured by the VLT. The achromatic behaviour and the consistent post-break decay slopes make GRB 060614 one of the best examples of a jet break for a Swift burst. The optical and ultraviolet afterglow light curves have also an earlier break at 29.7 ± 4.4 ks, marginally consistent with a corresponding break at 36.6 ± 2.4 ks observed in the X-rays. In the optical, there is strong spectral evolution around this break, suggesting the passage of a break frequency through the optical/ultraviolet band. The very blue spectrum at early times suggests this may be the injection frequency, as also supported by the trend in the light curves: rising at low frequencies, and decaying at higher energies. The early X-ray light curve (from 97 to 480 s) is well interpreted as the X-ray counterpart of the burst extended emission. Spectral analysis of the BAT and XRT data in the ~80 s overlap time interval show that the peak energy of the burst has decreased to as low as 8 keV at the beginning of the XRT observation. Spectral analysis of following XRT data shows that the peak energy of the burst continues to decrease through the XRT energy band and exits it at about 500 s after the trigger. The average peak energy Ep of the burst is likely below the BAT energy band (<24 keV at the 90% confidence level) but larger than 8 keV. The initial group of peaks observed by BAT (~5 s) is however distinctly harder than the rest of the prompt emission, with a peak energy of about 300 keV as measured by Konus Wind. Considering the time-averaged spectral properties, GRB 060614 is consistent with the , , and correlations.
Structure-Based Drug Design Strategies in Medicinal Chemistry (2009)

A broad variety of medicinal chemistry approaches can be used for the identification of hits, generation of leads, as well as to accelerate the development of high quality drug candidates. Structure-based drug design (SBDD) methods are becoming increasingly powerful, versatile and more widely used. This review summarizes current developments in structure-based virtual screening and receptor-based pharmacophores, highlighting achievements as well as challenges, along with the value of structure-based lead optimization, with emphasis on recent examples of successful applications for the identification of novel active compounds.
Application of biotechnology for future sugar industry diversification (2002)

Genetically engineering agricultural crops to produce the raw materials for the energy, manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries may well be the driving force behind the next economic revolution. The first experiments to develop sugarcane as a biofactory producing higher value products have been established. To determine the feasibility of using sugarcane as a biofactory, the three-gene pathway encoding the precursors of a biodegradable plastic, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), was transformed into sugarcane callus tissue using the biolistic method. Preliminary results from both callus and leaves from young plantlets indicate that PHB is being produced. To significantly improve the amount of product produced, especially for bulk chemicals and pharmaceuticals, chloroplast transformation of sugarcane is also being developed.
Lateral habenula projections to dopamine and GABA neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area (2009)

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons and their forebrain projections are critically involved in reward processing and cognitive functions. Descending projections from the lateral habenula (LHb) play a central role in inhibiting DA cell activity in response to the absence of expected rewards. As LHb efferents are reportedly glutamatergic, their ability to inhibit DA cells would theoretically require a disynaptic connection involving VTA GABA neurons and their local collateral inputs to DA cells. We therefore used anterograde tract-tracing from the LHb to investigate the relative selectivity of LHb synapses onto GABA versus DA VTA neurons. LHb axons were visualized using immunoperoxidase, and DA and GABA cells were marked by immunogold-silver labeling for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or GABA, respectively. By ultrastructural analysis, 16% of LHb axons were observed to form synaptic contacts in the VTA, and most of these were of an intermediate morphological type that did not exhibit definitive asymmetric or symmetric character. LHb axons synaptically targeted TH- and GABA-labeled dendrites to a comparable extent (45 and 52% observed incidence, respectively). Pre-embedding immunogold labeling for the vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 and post-embedding immunogold staining for GABA confirmed that approximately 85% of LHb terminals were glutamatergic and not GABAergic. These results suggest that the robust inhibition of DA cells evoked by the LHb is unlikely to arise from a selective innervation of VTA GABA neurons. Moreover, the LHb may mediate a direct excitation of DA cells that is over-ridden by indirect inhibition originating from an extrinsic source.