gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Molecular genetics and problems found in genetic diagnosis of Duchenne Becker muscular dystrophy]. (1997)

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD and BMD, respectively) are the most common inherited muscular diseases and caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Half to two-thirds of DMD and BMD patients carry deletions (usually of several kilobases of genomic DNA). The clinical progression in DMD and BMD patients with deletions can be predicted in 92% of cases based on whether the deletion maintains or disrupts the translational reading frame (frame-shift hypothesis). However, some exceptional cases have been reported; BMD cases whose dystrophin gene exons 3 to 7 were deleted (out-of-frame), more severe case whose dystrophin gene deletion maintains reading frame but includes N-terminal region, and so on. Splicing mutation is one kind of mutations of dystrophin gene, and usually induced by small mutation of exon-intron boundary sequence. However, intraexonal small mutation also induces exon skipping, due to disruption of exon recognition sequence, which is intraexonal sequence and necessary for splicing of the upstream intron. For molecular diagnosis of DMD/BMD it is important to analyze not only in genomic DNA level, but also in mRNA, protein, and clinical levels. And the relationship between molecular abnormality and clinical phenotype should be examined, especially when extramuscular symptoms (heart failure and mental retardation) are prominent.
Breeding Multiline Oat Varieties for Iowa (1964)

To stay ahead of oat rust races that can multiply 50 percent per day in late June, oat breeders at the Iowa Experiment Station are breeding in earlier maturity and adding extra genetic resistance to oat diseases.
Tris(2-ammonioethyl)amine benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate 5.5-hydrate (2003)

The structure of the title compound, 2,2′,2′′-nitrilo­tri­(ethyl­ammonium) benzene-1,3,5-tri­carboxyl­ate 5.5-hydrate, C6H21N43+·C9H3O63−·5.5H2O, comprises the 1:1 organic salt of tris(2-ammonio­ethyl)­amine and benzene-1,3,5-tri­carboxyl­ate in a complex hydrogen-bonded network which also includes four full water mol­ecules and two with partial occupancies of 0.80 (2) and 0.70 (2).
Characterization of a novelCYP2A7/CYP2A6 hybrid allele (CYP2A6*12) that causes reduced CYP2A6 activity (2002)

The human CYP2A6 enzyme metabolizes certain drugs and pre-carcinogens and appears to be the most important enzyme for nicotine metabolism. At present, more than 10 different allelic variants are known that cause abolished or decreased enzyme activity. Genetic polymorphism in this gene might be of particular importance for an individual's need for nicotine and for susceptibility to lung and/or liver cancer. We have identified a new CYP2A6 allele (CYP2A6*12) which carries an unequal crossover between the CYP2A6 and CYP2A7 genes in intron 2. This results in a hybrid allele where the 5' regulatory region and exons 1-2 are of CYP2A7 origin and exons 3-9 are of CYP2A6 origin, resulting in 10 amino acid substitutions compared to the CYP2A6(*)1 allele. Phenotyping with the CYP2A6 substrate coumarin indicates that it causes reduced CYP2A6 activity in'vivo. Furthermore, when expressed in mammalian COS-1 cells, the enzyme variant catalyzed 7-hydroxylation of coumarin at a rate approximately 60% of that of the wild-type enzyme. The CYP2A6(*)12 allele was present at an allele frequency of 2.2% among Spaniards, but was absent in Chinese.
The Effect of Defects on Surface-breakage Strength of Coke (2001)

Single coals were carbonized at different bulk densities in a pilot coke oven. DI6150, micro-strength indices and porosities of cokes were measured and polished coke samples were observed under a low magnification microscope. It is shown that the strength of coke matrix does not depend on the rank of parent coal and that the surface-breakage strength of coke is determined by defects such as non-adhesion grain boundaries and connected pores. The formation mechanism of these defects are discussed.
Evaluation of Normalization Methods to Pave the Way Towards Large-Scale LC-MS-Based Metabolomics Profiling Experiments (2013)

Combining liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics experiments that were collected over a long period of time remains problematic due to systematic variability between LC-MS measurements. Until now, most normalization methods for LC-MS data are model-driven, based on internal standards or intermediate quality control runs, where an external model is extrapolated to the dataset of interest. In the first part of this article, we evaluate several existing data-driven normalization approaches on LC-MS metabolomics experiments, which do not require the use of internal standards. According to variability measures, each normalization method performs relatively well, showing that the use of any normalization method will greatly improve data-analysis originating from multiple experimental runs. In the second part, we apply cyclic-Loess normalization to a Leishmania sample. This normalization method allows the removal of systematic variability between two measurement blocks over time and maintains the differential metabolites. In conclusion, normalization allows for pooling datasets from different measurement blocks over time and increases the statistical power of the analysis, hence paving the way to increase the scale of LC-MS metabolomics experiments. From our investigation, we recommend data-driven normalization methods over model-driven normalization methods, if only a few internal standards were used. Moreover, data-driven normalization methods are the best option to normalize datasets from untargeted LC-MS experiments.
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy of Antibodies to a Capsular Polysaccharide Shared among Vancomycin-Sensitive and -Resistant Enterococci (2000)

Enterococci are important nosocomial pathogens that are increasingly difficult to treat due to intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics, including vancomycin. A recently described capsular polysaccharide (CP) isolated from Enterococcus faecalis 12030 was used to evaluate the potential efficacy of active or passive immunotherapy regimens as adjunctive treatments. Evaluation of protective efficacy was carried out in immunocompetent mice challenged intravenously (i.v.) with live enterococci. In nonimmune mice, i.v. inoculations resulted in high levels of bacteria in kidneys, spleens, and livers 5 days after challenge. Mice immunized with four 10-microg doses of CP antigen/mouse were protected against challenge with the homologous E. faecalis strain. High-titer opsonic immunoglobulin G was also induced by immunizing rabbits with the purified CP, and passive transfer of this antiserum to mice produced significantly lower bacterial counts in organs than did normal rabbit serum or sterile saline. Antibodies to the polysaccharide isolated from E. faecalis 12030 were protective against Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF and against two serologically related, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates. Antibodies to this CP antigen were also effective as a therapeutic reagent in mice when passive therapy was initiated 48 h after live bacterial challenge. These data indicate that CP antigens from enterococci are potential targets of protective antibodies and that these antibodies may be useful for prophylaxis and treatment of enterococcal infections.
Les eaux thermales en traitement adjuvant dermatologique et dermo-cosmétologique : exemple de l'eau thermale d'Avène (2006)

Dermatosis causes concern because of their recurrence and their drug consumption, together with an important influence on the quality of life. Thus, alternative methods for treatment have been developed, in particular with the use of natural spring waters: this work studies their interest as a dermatological or cosmetic dermatological auxiliary treatment. The anti-inflammatory and soothing properties of Avène natural spring water have been evaluated in various dermatological situations performing randomised versus comparative treatment clinical studies. These properties are beneficial in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, radio-dermatitis, post-laser and also in all other situations where the skin needs to be soothed. Natural spring waters are therefore of real interest and can decrease iatrogenic diseases and drug consumption. Finally, the knowledge of natural spring waters and of their properties gives the pharmacist increased value in his consultative role.
Neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a center coordinating energy metabolism (1994)

Intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y (NPY) has two effects on energy metabolism in addition to increased feeding: decreased brown fat thermogenesis and increased white fat lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzymatic activity. We hypothesized that the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is the controlling neural site for these responses. We further hypothesized that NPY stimulation at PVN would reduce gene expression for the critical brown fat thermogenic protein, uncoupling protein (UCP), and increase gene expression for the key white fat storage enzyme, LPL. In the first experiment, three groups of rats received injections every 6 h for 24 h (5 injections total) into the PVN:1) NPY (1 micrograms/1 microliters injection) and ad libitum food; 2) NPY (1 micrograms/1 microliters injection) and food restricted to control intake; 3) saline injection (1 microliter) and ad libitum food. Both NPY-treated groups showed significant reductions (P < 0.05) in brown fat UCP mRNA levels and marked stimulation of LPL mRNA levels relative to controls. In the second experiment, four groups of seven rats had NPY injected into the PVN:0 (vehicle control); 0.1 microgram; 0.5 microgram; and 1 microgram. Injections were made every 6 h for 24 h. There was a dose-related reduction in UCP mRNA produced by the NPY treatment. NPY treatment increased LPL mRNA, but a smooth dosing effect was not evident. The observation that NPY in the PVN can coordinate more than one component of energy metabolism is significant when considered with many reports of responsiveness of NPY activity in the arcuate nucleus-PVN neural circuit to perturbations of energy balance such as fasting and feeding, diabetes, and genetic obesity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MiR-142-5p and miR-486-5p as biomarkers for early detection of chronic antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplantation (2016)

De novo donor-specific HLA antibody (DSA) would not necessarily contribute to chronic antibody-mediated rejection (CAMR) in kidney transplantation. Here, we investigated whether PBMC miRNAs could be predictable biomarkers for CAMR. Microarray profiling of 435 mature miRNAs in pooled samples was conducted. Individual analysis revealed that miR-142-5p was significantly (p < 0.01) underexpressed in patients with DSA. After DSA production, miR-486-5p and its target PTEN/foxO3 mRNA were significantly overexpressed (p < 0.01) and underexpressed (p < 0.01), respectively, in patients with biopsy-proven CAMR, compared with non-CAMR. Our studies suggest that miRNA expression patterns may serve as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to evaluate immune response and kidney allograft status.
Suppressors of an Arabidopsis thaliana phyB Mutation Identify Genes That Control Light Signaling and Hypocotyl Elongation (1998)

Ambient light controls the development and physiology of plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana photoreceptor phytochrome B (PHYB) regulates developmental light responses at both seedling and adult stages. To identify genes that mediate control of development by light, we screened for suppressors of the long hypocotyl phenotype caused by a phyB mutation. Genetic analyses show that the shy (short hypocotyl) mutations we have isolated fall in several loci. Phenotypes of the mutants suggest that some of the genes identified have functions in control of light responses. Other loci specifically affect cell elongation or expansion.
Windup of Flexion Reflexes in Chronic Human Spinal Cord Injury: A Marker for Neuronal Plateau Potentials? (2003)

The physiological basis of flexion spasms in individuals after spinal cord injury (SCI) may involve alterations in the properties of spinal neurons in the flexion reflex pathways. We hypothesize that these changes would be manifested as progressive increases in reflex response with repetitive stimulus application (i.e., "windup") of the flexion reflexes. We investigated the windup of flexion reflex responses in 12 individuals with complete chronic SCI. Flexion reflexes were triggered using trains of electrical stimulation of plantar skin at variable intensities and inter-stimulus intervals. For threshold and suprathreshold stimulation, windup of both peak ankle and hip flexion torques and of integrated tibialis anterior electromyographic activity was observed consistently in all patients at inter-stimulus intervals < or =3 s. For subthreshold stimuli, facilitation of reflexes occurred only at intervals < or =1 s. Similarly, the latency of flexion reflexes decreased significantly at intervals < or =1 s. Patients that were receiving anti-spasticity medications (e.g., baclofen) had surprisingly larger windup of reflex responses than those who did not take such medications, although this difference may be related to differences of spasm frequency between the groups of subjects. The results indicate that the increase in spinal neuronal excitability following a train of electrical stimuli lasts for < or =3 s, similar to previous studies of nociceptive processing. Such long-lasting increases in flexion reflex responses suggest that cellular mechanisms such as plateau potentials in spinal motoneurons, interneurons, or both, may partially mediate spinal cord hyperexcitability in the absence of descending modulatory input.
« Un sentiment moral à l’épreuve de l’artialisation – Sentiment d’Injustice et Chanson Populaire » (2014)

International audience
Fusion of Infrared and Visible Light Images Based on Region Segmentation (2009)

This article proposes a novel method to fuse infrared and visible light images based on region segmentation. Region segmentation is used to determine important regions and background information in the input image. The non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) provides a flexible multiresolution, local and directional image expansion, and also a sparse representation for two-dimensional (2-D) piecewise smooth signal building images, and then different fusion rules are applied to fuse the NSCT coefficients for given regions and optimize the quality of the fused image. With the proposed method, the fused image exhibits good infrared target features as well as clear visible background. Experimental results have evidenced the simplicity and effectiveness of the method and its advantages over the conventional approaches.
Experiences of the use of FOX, an intelligent agent, for programming cochlear implant sound processors in new users (2010)

It is concluded that this approach is feasible to start up CI fitting and yields good outcome.
The Discovery of Nitric Oxide in the Vessel Wall (1993)

William Altemeier spent a lifetime studying the bacteriology and treatment of sepsis. The story I am going to tell you today will illustrate one of the most important steps forward in our understanding of this condition, which still represents one of the biggest problems in surgery. I am going to tell you about nitric oxide (NO) and use the work from our group at the Wellcome Research Laboratories (Beckenham) in the United Kingdom to illustrate the essential points that relate NO to the pathogenesis of sepsis. In particular, I will focus on the role of NO in the control of blood pressure and on its role in tissue damage. In the last 4 years, the formation of NO from the amino acid L-arginine has been shown in many cells and tissues.<sup>1</sup>I will only discuss some of these, focusing on those that may contribute to our understanding of the
The Mechanisms of Noise Generation in a Compressor Model (1967)

A study is being undertaken in order to gain a better understanding of how compressor noise is produced. To facilitate mathematical analysis, the noise-generating mechanisms of axial-flow compressor blades have been investigated using flat blades. Analytical expressions are given for calculating the compressor noise due to blade thickness, loading, and vortex shedding. Measured values of compressor noise show good agreement with analytical predictions. It has been found that the lift, or loading noise, dominates the blade thickness noise. Rotor-stator spacing is an important parameter in rotor noise generation.
Introduction (1996)

One of the most routine observations about modern life concerns the rapid pace of technical change and the consequences of this for every aspect of society. Of course, this is not just a phenomenon of the 1990s. The social impact of ceaselessly changing science and technology has been a classical theme of writers, social scientists and scientists since the Industrial Revolution. Generally, the tone has been deterministic, suggesting that science and technology have their own objective logic to which society must adapt as best it can.
Prospects for Implementation of Thermoelectric Generators as Waste Heat Recovery Systems in Class 8 Truck Applications (2013)

With the rising cost of fuel and increasing demand for clean energy, solid-state thermoelectric (TE) devices are an attractive option for reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Although they are reliable energy converters, there are several barriers that have limited their implementation into wide market acceptance for automotive applications. These barriers include: the unsuitability of conventional thermoelectric materials for the automotive waste heat recovery temperature range; the rarity and toxicity of some otherwise suitable materials; and the limited ability to mass-manufacture thermoelectric devices from certain materials. One class of material that has demonstrated significant promise in the waste heat recovery temperature range is skutterudites. These materials have little toxicity, are relatively abundant, and have been investigated by NASA-JPL for the past twenty years as possible thermoelectric materials for space applications. In a recent collaboration between Michigan State University (MSU) and NASA-JPL, the first skutterudite-based 100 W thermoelectric generator (TEG) was constructed. In this paper, we will describe the efforts that have been directed towards: (a) enhancing the technology-readiness level of skutterudites to facilitate mass manufacturing similar to that of Bi2Te3, (b) optimizing skutterudites to improve thermal-to-electric conversion efficiencies for class 8 truck applications, and (c) describing how temperature cycling, oxidation, sublimation, and other barriers to wide market acceptance must be managed. To obtain the maximum performance from these devices, effective heat transfer systems need to be developed for integration of thermoelectric modules into practical generators.
THE EPRI EDE CALCULATOR???A SOFTWARE PACKAGE FOR ASSESSING EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT FROM HOT PARTICLES ON THE SKIN (2006)

Whole body exposure from photon-emitting hot particles is receiving new attention because of changes in skin dose regulations. A recent study calculated and tabulated effective dose equivalent (EDE) and effective dose (ED) for photon energies between 0.1 MeV and 2 MeV for point sources at 74 locations on the skin. This technical note describes a software package called the EPRI EDE Calculator that allows a user to input exposure data and to calculate the EDE and ED automatically.
Base-layer motion estimation with limited enhancement-layer search window for hardware H.264/SVC encoder (2012)

In the hardware design of ME, memory bandwidth and on-chip memory size are major constraints to be considered, especially for mobile video encoder, so as to reduce power consumption and area. In a spatial scalable video encoder, with limited memory bandwidth and on-chip memory size to fetch and store reference frames, the search window for enhancement layer (EL) becomes relatively smaller than that of base layer (BL). However, the smaller search window in EL causes quality loss because scaled base-layer MVs may not be inside it and therefore inter-layer prediction cannot be fully exploited. To address this issue in the hardware H.264/SVC encoder, the base-layer ME with a new MV cost is proposed in this work. The proposed method can improve the coding efficiency of EL up to around 17 % at the cost of marginal BL quality and trade off the qualities of BL and EL.
Emission of terahertz pulses from vanadium dioxide films undergoing metal–insulator phase transition (2015)

This paper describes research on the optics of functional materials, which can change their dielectric properties according to their function. Vanadium dioxide is a good example of such a material where the insulator-to-metal phase transition offers the possibility to control dielectric properties and to use them as a triggering element for photonic applications in the wide spectral range from optical to terahertz frequencies. We observed emission of terahertz (THz) radiation from VO2 films in insulating and conductive phase states under femtosecond pulse irradiation. We found that the efficiency of THz emission increases up to 30 times after the insulator-to-metal phase transition. This process occurs in thin films while it is fundamentally forbidden in the bulk material, and polarization analysis of the emitted radiation reveals the crucial importance of interface contributions. The properties of the THz radiation emitted by VO2 are determined by displacement photocurrents at the VO2–air and VO2–substrate interfaces induced by the incident laser light. In each phase state the contributions of the two boundaries are different. Properties of the effective dielectric susceptibility χ(2) tensor for the insulating phase were defined. In demonstrating the conversion of optical into THz radiation in VO2 films, we found that fundamental symmetry restrictions are not applicable to problems of nonlinear optics of thin films.