gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma Kinetics, Metabolism, and Urinary Excretion of Alpha‐Lipoic Acid following Oral Administration in Healthy Volunteers (2003)

R(+)-alpha-lipoic acid is a natural occurring compound that acts as an essential cofactor for certain dehydrogenase complexes. The redox couple alpha-lipoic acid/dihydrolipoic acid possesses potent antioxidant activity. Exogenous racemic alpha-lipoic acid orally administered for the symptomatic treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy is readily and nearly completely absorbed, with a limited absolute bioavailability of about 30% caused by high hepatic extraction. Although the pharmacokinetics of the parent drug have been well characterized in humans, relatively little is known regarding the excretion of alpha-lipoic acid and the pharmacokinetics of any metabolites in humans. In the present study, plasma concentration-time courses, urinary excreted amounts, and pharmacokinetic parameters of alpha-lipoic acid metabolites were evaluated in 9 healthy volunteers after multiple once-daily oral administration of 600 mg racemic alpha-lipoic acid. The primary metabolic pathways of alpha-lipoic acid in man, S-methylation and beta-oxidation, were quantitatively confirmed by an HPLC-electrochemical assay newly established prior to the beginning of this study. Major circulating metabolites were the S-methylated beta-oxidation products 4,6-bismethylthio-hexanoic acid and 2,4-bismethylthio-butanoic acid, whereas its conjugated forms accounted for the major portion excreted in urine. There was no statistically significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC, and tmax between day 1 and day 4. Despite the prolonged half-lives of the major metabolites compared to the parent drug, no evidence of accumulation was found. Mean values of 12.4% of the administered dose were recovered in the urine after 24 hours as the sum of alpha-lipoic acid and its metabolites. The results of the present study revealed that urinary excretion of alpha-lipoic acid and five of its main metabolites does not play a significant role in the elimination of alpha-lipoic acid. Therefore, biliary excretion, further electrochemically inactive degradation products, and complete utilization of alpha-lipoic acid as a primary substrate in the endogenous metabolism should be considered.
Improved negative selection protocol for Plasmodium berghei in the rodent malarial model (2012)

An improved methodology is presented here for transgenic Plasmodium berghei lines that express the negative selectable marker yFCU (a bifunctional protein that combines yeast cytosine deaminase and uridyl phosphoribosyl transferase (UPRT)) and substitutes delivery of selection drug 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) by intraperitoneal injection for administration via the drinking water of the mice. The improved methodology is shown to be as effective, less labour-intensive, reduces animal handling and animal numbers required for successful selection thereby contributing to two of the "three Rs" of animal experimentation, namely refinement and reduction.
PKCη is an anti-apoptotic kinase that predicts poor prognosis in breast and lung cancer (2014)

The successful treatment of cancer in a disseminated stage using chemotherapy is limited by the occurrence of drug resistance, often mediated by anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Thus the challenge is to pinpoint the underlying key factors and to develop therapies for their direct targeting. Protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes are promising candidates, as some PKCs were shown to be involved in regulation of apoptosis. Our studies and others have shown that PKCη is an anti-apoptotic kinase, able to confer protection on tumour cells against stress and chemotherapy. We have demonstrated that PKCη shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and that upon DNA damage is tethered at the nuclear membrane. The C1b domain mediates translocation of PKCη to the nuclear envelope and, similar to the full-length protein, could also confer protection against cell death. Furthermore, its localization in cell and nuclear membranes in breast cancer biopsies of neoadjuvant-treated breast cancer patients was an indicator for poor survival and a predictor for the effectiveness of treatment. PKCη is also a novel biomarker for poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus PKCη presents a potential target for therapy where inhibition of its activity and/or translocation to membranes could interfere with the resistance to chemotherapy.
Konvergenz der Medien und Urheberrecht (2000)

Convergence des media: vers l'unification des techniques de telephonie, telecopie, courrier electronique, radio et television. Consequences sur l'evolution du droit d'auteur
Synthesis, structure, and reactions of [Mo(SnCl3)(CN-tert-Bu)6][(Ph3B)2CN], containing a potentially useful new anion for crystallizations (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis, structure, and reactions of [Mo(SnCl3)(CN-tert-Bu)6][(Ph3B)2CN], containing a potentially useful new anion for crystallizationsChristen M. Giandomenico, John C. Dewan, and Stephen J. LippardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 6, 1407–1412Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1981https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00396a020Request reuse permissionsArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (795 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A statistical bone density atlas and deformable medical image registration (2002)

Our research focuses on anatomical atlases and medical image registration. Anatomical atlases are useful tools to study human anatomical structures and diagnose abnormal anatomical variations. Registration techniques enable two subjects to be analyzed in a common frame of reference. 
We propose a statistical bone density atlas and develop methods for its construction. The atlas is represented as a tetrahedral mesh structure equipped with embedded Bernstein polynomial density functions on the barycentric coordinates of the tetrahedron. And the prior information of both shape properties and density properties of the anatomical structure is incorporated in the atlas. 
Investigations on deformable 2D/3D and 3D/3D registration between the statistical atlas and medical images like CT and X-rays have been carried out. Our deformable registration method utilizes both the shape properties and the density properties of the model, together with the prior information extracted from a training set. Several validation experiments have been conducted using CT images and simulated projection images.
Lipophilic cisplatin analogues entrapped in liposomes: role of intraliposomal drug activation in biological activity. (1992)

cis-Bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum (II) (NDDP), a lipophilic cisplatin analogue containing two branched leaving groups of 10 carbon atoms, is undergoing clinical evaluation in a liposomal formulation. In previous studies, NDDP entrapped in multilamellar vesicles composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) at a 7:3 molar ratio was non-nephrotoxic in humans, not cross-resistant with cisplatin in different in vitro and in vivo systems, and more active than cisplatin against murine models of experimental liver metastases whereas free NDDP was devoid of in vivo antitumor activity at the optimal dose of L-NDDP and barely active at higher doses. To elucidate the mechanisms by which the liposomal carrier enhances the biological properties to this class of antitumor agents, we studied the effect of the liposome composition, size of the branched leaving groups of the platinum compound, and pH and composition of the aqueous phase on the entrapment efficiency, drug leakage, drug stability, and in vivo toxicity and antitumor activity of different liposomal formulations of these agents. In experiments using normal saline as aqueous phase, the presence of DMPG in the lipid bilayer resulted in a decreased stability and an increased biological activity of NDDP, whereas NDDP entrapped in liposomes composed of DMPC alone (not containing DMPG) was stable but devoid of antitumor activity. In studies with structurally related analogues with branched leaving groups of 5, 6, 7, and 9 carbon atoms, similar trends were observed. In addition, the number of carbon atoms in the leaving groups was directly and inversely related to the entrapment efficiency and stability of the analogues, respectively, independently of lipid composition; increasing the size of the branched leaving groups resulted in an increased in situ degradation of the platinum compound and enhanced biological activity and potency. These results suggest that this class of platinum compounds exerts its biological activity through the formation of active intermediates in situ within the lipid bilayers and that the activation reaction is highly dependent on the presence of DMPG and the size of the lipophilic leaving group.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoproteins by rat liver hepatocytes: biochemical characterization of the endosomal compartments. (1985)

The endocytic compartments of the asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) pathway in rat hepatocytes were studied using a combined morphological and biochemical approach in the isolated perfused liver. Use of electron microscopic tracers and a temperature-shift protocol to synchronize ligand entry confirmed the route of ASGP internalization observed in our previous in vivo studies (1) and established conditions under which we could label the contents of successive compartments in the pathway for subcellular fractionation studies. Three endosomal compartments were demonstrated in which ASGPs appear after they enter the cell via coated pits and vesicles but before they reach their site of degradation in lysosomes. These three compartments could be distinguished by their location within the hepatocyte, by their morphological appearance in situ, and by their density in sucrose gradients. The distributions of ASGP receptors, both accessible and latent (revealed by detergent permeabilization), were also examined and compared with that of ligand during subcellular fractionation. Most accessible ASGP receptors co-distributed with conventional plasma membrane markers. However, hepatocytes contain a substantial intracellular pool of latent ASGP binding sites that exceeds the number of cell surface receptors and whose presence is not dependent on ASGP exposure. The distribution of these latent ASGP receptors on sucrose gradients (detected either immunologically or by binding assays) was coincident with that of ligand sequestered within the early endosome compartments. In addition, both early endosomes and the membrane vesicles containing latent ASGP receptors had high cholesterol content, because both shifted markedly in density upon exposure to digitonin.
STUDIES ON CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY IV. PROPERTIES OF GAMMA-DELTA-DIHYDROXY-CARBONYL DERIVATIVES AND THEIR BEARING ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES (1923)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSTUDIES ON CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY IV. PROPERTIES OF GAMMA-DELTA-DIHYDROXY-CARBONYL DERIVATIVES AND THEIR BEARING ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF POLYSACCHARIDESHarold Hibbert and John Arrend TimmCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1923, 45, 10, 2433–2439Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1923Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1923https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01663a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01663a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Combining the lazy label evaluation with focusing techniques in an ATMS (1994)

For large problems the ATMS often becomes the main resource consumer in any reasoning system. We propose an archi- tecture (the 2vATMS) that combines the advantages of two tech- niques aiming to reduce the complexity of the ATMS tasks: (i) fo- cusing on a few possible worlds, which abandons the requirement of global label completeness; and (ii) the lazy label evaluation, which avoids the label update work as long as there is no evi- dence that it would be relevant for the problem solver. The 2vATMS integrates two logically dependent views on data: The first view stores by which focus environments a node is sup- ported. This information is easy to maintain and corresponds to the information provided by a set of simple monotonic TMSs. The second view provides more detailed information, i.e. about the dependence on the assumptions. The labels of the detailed view are similar to the ones computed by a focused ATMS, but their maintenance is ensured only by request. The content of the first view helps to achieve a very tight control of the environment propagation in the detailed view. Moreover, the problem solver has the opportunity to decide when the information offered by the monotonic TMSs is sufficient, and when the switch to the more detailed view is valuable.
Dry Etching for VLSI—A Review (1982)

Dry etching in rf generated plasmas is currently used in semiconductor manufacturing and development laboratories to pattern a number of films including silicon, silicon compounds, resist, and aluminum. In this review, the etching requirements of VLSI, for example, the requirements for anisotropic etching, selective etching, and clean etching will be discussed. Four etching tools which differ markedly in geometry, position of substrates, and operating conditions will be contrasted. The etching characteristics of each will be described and related to the physical features of the reactor.
Automatic code generation of convolutional neural networks in FPGA implementation (2016)

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have gained great success in various computer vision applications. However, state-of-the-art CNN models are computation-intensive and hence are mainly processed on high performance processors like server CPUs and GPUs. Owing to the advantages of high performance, energy efficiency and reconfigurability, Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have been widely explored as CNN accelerators. In this paper, we propose parallel structures to exploit the inherent parallelism and efficient computation units to perform operations in convolutional and fully-connected layers. Further, an automatic generator is proposed to generate Verilog HDL source code automatically according to high-level hardware description language. Execution time, DSP consumption and performance are analytically modeled based on some critical design variables. We demonstrate the automatic methodology by implementing two representative CNNs (LeNet and AlexNet) and evaluate the execution time models by comparing estimated and measured values. Our results show that the proposed automatic methodology yields hardware design with good performance and saves much developing round time.
2014 Index IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol. 40 (2015)

This index covers all technical items - papers, correspondence, reviews, etc. - that appeared in this periodical during the year, and items from previous years that were commented upon or corrected in this year. Departments and other items may also be covered if they have been judged to have archival value. The Author Index contains the primary entry for each item, listed under the first author's name. The primary entry includes the co-authors' names, the title of the paper or other item, and its location, specified by the publication abbreviation, year, month, and inclusive pagination. The Subject Index contains entries describing the item under all appropriate subject headings, plus the first author's name, the publication abbreviation, month, and year, and inclusive pages. Note that the item title is found only under the primary entry in the Author Index.
Structural flexibility of a copper-based metal–organic framework: sorption of C<sub>4</sub>-hydrocarbons and in situ XRD (2014)

Structural transitions of a flexible Cu-MOF are observed by pressure-dependent<italic>in situ</italic>XRD with C<sub>4</sub>-hydrocarbons whereby only 1-butene sorption shows two transformations.
Acoustic radiation pressure in an infinite lossy medium (1995)

Theories on acoustic radiation pressure associated with plane acoustic waves and lossless media have been examined extensively. The radiation pressure produced by a non-plane wave in a lossy unbounded medium was analyzed. The distinction between Lagrangian and Eulerian pressure was used to clarify the understanding of radiation pressure. The radiation pressure exerted on a perfectly absorbing pointwise target by an arbitrary acoustic wave in an unbounded lossy medium was then considered. By using an indirect approach developed in Chu and Apfel [B.-T. Chu and R. E. Apfel, 1673–1687 (1982)], the radiation pressure was analyzed without appealing to the detailed solutions of the governing fluid dynamic equations. It was shown that even in lossy media with arbitrary waves, the radiation pressure experienced by a pointwise target is equal to the Langevin pressure which is the time average energy density at that point. The radiation pressure exerted on a specific target by an arbitrary acoustic wave in an infinite lossy medium was studied and a concise theoretical result was obtained. [The work was supported by grants CA 43920 and HL 41046 from the National Institutes of Health.]
Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty (1983)

BARGREN, JOHN H. M.D.; BLAHA, J. D. M.D.; FREEMAN, M. A.R. F.R.C.S., M.D.Editor(s): POST, MELVIN M.D. Author Information
Linear relationship between the volume of hypertrophic chondrocytes and the rate of longitudinal bone growth in growth plates (1991)

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hypertrophic cell volume varies directly with the rate of longitudinal bone growth. The volume of hypertrophic chondrocytes (using stereological techniques) and longitudinal bone growth per 24 h (using oxytetracycline labeling techniques) were measured in the proximal and distal radial growth plates and the proximal and distal tibial growth plates of 21- and 35-day-old hooded rats and 21- and 35-day-old Yucatan pigs. We demonstrated a high coefficient of correlation (rats 0.98, pigs 0.83) between the final volume of hypertrophic chondrocytes and the rate of longitudinal bone growth over a wide range of growth rates and volumes of hypertrophic chondrocytes. In addition, we demonstrated a positive linear relationship between the rate of longitudinal bone growth and the final volume of hypertrophic chondrocytes. The slope of the regression line was different for rats than for pigs. The relationship was independent of the location of the growth plate in the animal and the age of the animal. The data suggest that mechanisms regulating volume changes in hypertrophic chondrocytes may exist and that chondrocytic volume increase is a major determinant of the rate of longitudinal bone growth. However, the relative contribution of cellular hypertrophy to longitudinal bone growth may be different in rats than in pigs.
Early cutaneous gene transcription changes in adult atopic dermatitis and potential clinical implications (2006)

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common pruritic dermatitis with macroscopically non-lesional skin that is often abnormal. Therefore, we used high-density oligonucleotide arrays to identify cutaneous gene transcription changes associated with early AD inflammation as potential disease control targets. Skin biopsy specimens analysed included normal skin from five healthy non-atopic adults and both minimally lesional skin and nearby or contralateral non-lesional skin from six adult AD patients. Data were analysed on an individual gene basis and to identify biologically relevant gene networks. Transcription levels of selected genes were also analysed by quantitative PCR. Differential transcription occurring early in AD skin was indicated for (i) individual genes such as C-C chemokine ligand (CCL)18, CCL13, and interferon-alpha2 (IFNalpha2), (ii) genes associated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha- and PPARgamma-regulated transcription, and possibly for (iii) immunoglobulin J-chain and heavy chain isotype transcripts. These data suggest that local changes in immunoglobulin-associated transcription may favour IgE over secretory immunoglobulin (multimeric IgM and IgA) expression in AD skin. Decreased PPAR activity appears common to both AD and psoriasis, and reduced cutaneous IFNalpha2 transcription also appears characteristic of AD. Identification of these genes and pathways will direct future research towards controlling AD.
A New Type of IPT System with Large Lateral Tolerance and its Circuit Analysis (2012)

A new kind of inductive power transfer (IPT) structure for electric vehicles (EV) appears recently. The new structure can greatly increase the air gap and lateral tolerance. Those merits are described and analyzed in this paper. It can be seen from analysis that a longer, wider magnetic core and wider coil width increase the coupling coefficient. A new circuit structure composed of LCL compensation and the buck circuit is also described in this paper. Current in the primary side of the circuit will vary with load demand. This way, higher efficiency can be achieved when power transferred is small. A 2kW prototype IPT system is built based on these techniques. When the air gap and lateral tolerance reaches 38cm and 40cm separately, the efficiency is acceptable.
Matrix Multiplication by Optical Methods: Experimental Verification (1972)

Matrix multiplication has been performed by optical analog methods using the scheme of Heinz et al. The most critical element was F(a), the spatial filter corresponding to the two-dimensional Fourier transform of a. In the operation c = b x a, errors in the c elements were 1-2% when the a elements were all approximately the same. Very large errors occurred when the a elements differed significantly, and these were used directly [instead of the F(a) derived values] in the numerical comparisons. These errors were attributed to the limited linear range of the amplitude transmittance characteristic of the film used. Suggestions for future work are made.