gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical Senses (1994)

In the last decade, studies using approaches from molecular biology have substantially advanced our understanding of the early events in olfaction and taste. The many odorants that we can recognize may well interact with many distinct receptor proteins. Of the four taste qualities that we recognize, studies on salty and sour suggest that these tastes involve ion channels in the membrane of receptor cells while sweets and bitters bind to receptor proteins. Some volatiles (pheromones) play special roles in reproductive behavior via the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the accessory olfactory system. Initial belief that humans lack a VNO has been questioned recently, thus raising the fascinating possibility of human pheromones. The roles that taste and smell play in the world of the newborn are very different. Acceptance of sweet and rejection of bitter appear to be hard-wired while the affect associated with odors depends much more on experience. Genetic variation may produce total losses (Kallman's syndrome produces anosmia and familial dysautonomia produces ageusia) or losses specific to certain stimuli. The best known of the specific anosmias is that for androstenone, which has no smell to some, a urinous smell to others, and a smell like sandalwood to still others. Analogous to the specific anosmias, some individuals are unable to taste PROP while others, supertasters, perceive PROP to be exceedingly bitter. Clinical studies reveal pathologies responsible for total or partial losses. The olfactory system, dependent on one cranial nerve, is more vulnerable than taste, and total anosmia is a relatively common clinical problem. Three cranial nerves carry taste and two of those nerves inhibit one another such that damage to one disinhibits the other and preserves over-all taste function. Total ageusia is very rare. Throughout these studies we see that taste and olfaction have different properties and often different functions (e.g. odor and reproduction). Yet taste and smell can also be integrated to determine what does or does not enter the body. In Adrian's words, "we are dealing with the sense organs which signal the quality of the air we breathe and that of the food and drink we propose to swallow."
Crystal structure of Ultralente—A microcrystalline insulin suspension (2008)

Ultralente insulin has been one of the commercially most important insulin preparations in diabetes treatment over the last 50 years. It is a suspension of insulin microcrystals which dissolve slowly following subcutaneous injection. Because of the small crystal size of about 25 x 25 x 5 microm(3) the atomic structure has been elusive until now. Here we present the crystal structures from Ultralente and their precursor microcrystals from the industrial manufacturing process. During this process insulin undergoes a conformational change within the microcrystals. Both structures show canonical folding of the insulin molecules but exhibit a number of new features when compared with other insulin structures. Surprisingly, we found that the Ultralente crystals bind the conservation agent methylparaben, which slows down dissolution of the crystals and thus contributes to the long duration of action.
Arabidopsis Phosphoribosylanthranilate Isomerase: Molecular Genetic Analysis of Triplicate Tryptophan Pathway Genes (1995)

Jiayang Li, Jianmin Zhao, Alan B. Rose, Renate Schmidt, Robert L. Last, Arabidopsis Phosphoribosylanthranilate Isomerase: Molecular Genetic Analysis of Triplicate Tryptophan Pathway Genes, The Plant Cell, Vol. 7, No. 4 (Apr., 1995), pp. 447-461
Δ<sup>9</sup>-Tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts mitochondrial function and cell energetics (2003)

We have observed rapid and extensive depletion of cellular energy stores by Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the pulmonary transformed cell line A549. ATP levels declined dose dependently with an IC(50) of 7.5 microg/ml of THC after 24-h exposure. Cell death was observed only at concentrations >10 microg/ml. Studies using JC-1, a fluorescent probe for mitochondrial membrane potential, revealed diminished mitochondrial function at THC concentrations as low as 0.5 microg/ml. At concentrations of 2.5 or 10 microg/ml of THC, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential was observed as early as 1 h after THC exposure. Mitochondrial function remained diminished for at least 30 h after THC exposure. Flow cytometry studies on cells exposed to particulate smoke extracts indicate that JC-1 red fluorescence was fivefold lower in cells exposed to marijuana smoke extract relative to cells exposed to tobacco smoke extract. Comparison with a variety of mitochondrial inhibitors demonstrates that THC produced effects similar to that of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, suggesting uncoupling of electron transport. Loss of red JC-1 fluorescence by THC was suppressed by cyclosporin A, suggesting mediation by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This disruption of mitochondrial function was sustained for at least 24 h after removal of THC by extensive washing. These results suggest that exposure of the bronchopulmonary epithelium to THC may have important health and physiological consequences.
Antioxidants and Viral Infections: Host Immune Response and Viral Pathogenicity (2001)

Malnutrition has long been associated with increased susceptibility to infectious disease. The increase in severity from and susceptibility to infectious disease in malnourished hosts is thought to be the result of an impaired immune response. For example, malnutrition could influence the immune response by inducing a less effective ability to manage the challenge of an infectious disease. Work in our laboratory has demonstrated that not only is the host affected by the nutritional deficiency, but the invading pathogen is as well. Using a deficiency in selenium (Se) as a model system, mice deficient in Se were more susceptible to infection with coxsackievirus, as well as with influenza virus. Se-deficient mice develop myocarditis when infected with a normally benign strain of coxsackievirus. They also develop severe pneumonitis when infected with a mild strain of influenza virus. The immune system was altered in the Se-deficient animals, as was the viral pathogen itself. Sequencing of viral isolates recovered from Se-deficient mice demonstrated mutations in the viral genome of both coxsackievirus and influenza virus. These changes in the viral genome are associated with the increased pathogenesis of the virus. The antioxidant selenoenzyme, glutathione peroxidase-1, was found to be critically important, as glutathione peroxidase knockout mice developed myocarditis, similar to the Se-deficient mice, when infected with the benign strain of myocarditis. This work points to the importance of host nutrition in not only optimizing the host immune response, but also in preventing viral mutations which could increase the viral pathogenicity.
Ad Libitum Water Intake by Neonatal Calves and Its Relationship to Calf Starter Intake, Weight Gain, Feces Score, and Season (1984)

Water intakes and other experimental data over 3 yr encompassing 335 calves raised under an early weaning program at the Purina Research Farm were summarized. Water intake closely paralleled calf starter intake particularly during the last 2 wk of the 4-wk feeding period. Calves with weight gains below the median daily gain of 272 g had reduced water and starter intake. Scouring, due apparently to rotavirus infection, peaked at the end of the 1st wk. Water intake did not change appreciably prior to or after peak scouring. Season of year had minor effect on both water and starter intake. In a feeding study with 41 calves, weight gain was reduced by 38% and starter intake by 31% for calves deprived of water. Extent and duration of scouring did not differ between treatments. Calf feeding and management systems should include ad libitum water to maximize starter intake and weight gain. There is no evidence that scouring will be affected negatively by water intake.
Incorporating User Behavior Patterns to Discover Workflow Models from Event Logs (2013)

We propose a novel approach to discover workflow models from event logs. The proposed approach addresses two major limitations of current process mining approaches. First, they assume either a single workflow model for the entire event log or the availability of workflow ids that can be used to group logs associated with the same workflow model together. Nonetheless, these assumptions are oversimplified as a complex system typically runs multiple workflow models, all of which share the same log system. Second, existing process mining approaches do not consider the usage patterns of workflow users. Most systems support multi-users and each user is typically associated with (or use) certain number of operation sequences, which may all follow one or several workflow models. Hence, we propose to leverage User Behavior Patterns (or UBPs) to improve the outcome of process mining. In particular, we exploit machine learning techniques to incorporate UBPs into sequence clustering for workflow model discovery. We model a UBP as a probabilistic distribution on sequences, which allows to compute the distance between a UBP and any sequence. We apply three-way matrix factorization onto a UBP-sequence distance matrix to co-cluster users and sequences. In this way, users that share similar UBPs are grouped together while the clustering of similar sequences will lead to the discovery of workflow models. An comprehensive experimental study is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Galanin antisense oligonucleotides reduce galanin levels in dorsal root ganglia and induce autotomy in rats after axotomy. (1994)

Antisense (AS) oligonucleotides (ONs) to galanin (GAL) were applied to the proximal end of a transected sciatic nerve, allowing their cellular uptake and transport into injured axons. GAL expression in dorsal root ganglia and self-mutilation behavior (autotomy) were then studied. AS-ONs with phosphorothioate or allyl modifications significantly suppressed the axotomy-induced increase in GAL levels, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and exaggerated autotomy behavior, whereas no significant effect on GAL mRNA levels could be demonstrated with in situ hybridization. Allyl-ONs were more effective than phosphorothioate-ONs. An AS-ON with three base mismatches did not induce any of the above effects. These results support the view that the inhibition of axotomy-induced GAL up-regulation is related to autotomy.
Graphene-Based Sensors for Human Health Monitoring (2019)

Since the desire for real-time human health monitoring as well as seamless human-machine interaction is increasing rapidly, plenty of research efforts have been made to investigate wearable sensors and implantable devices in recent years. As a novel 2D material, graphene has aroused a boom in the field of sensor research around the world due to its advantages in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Numerous graphene-based sensors used for human health monitoring have been reported, including wearable sensors, as well as implantable devices, which can realize the real-time measurement of body temperature, heart rate, pulse oxygenation, respiration rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, electrocardiogram signal, electromyogram signal, and electroencephalograph signal, etc. Herein, as a review of the latest graphene-based sensors for health monitoring, their novel structures, sensing mechanisms, technological innovations, components for sensor systems and potential challenges will be discussed and outlined.
Characterization of the active site of mouse submaxillary gland renin (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharacterization of the active site of mouse submaxillary gland reninKunio S. Misono and Tadashi InagamiCite this: Biochemistry 1980, 19, 12, 2616–2622Publication Date (Print):June 10, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 10 June 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00553a013https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00553a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views30Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Swap Retrieval (2015)

Query-by-example remains popular in image retrieval because it can exploit contextual information encoded in the image, that is difficult to express in a traditional textual query. Textual queries, on the other hand, give more flexibility in that it's easy to reformulate and refine a text query based on initial results.
An empirical study of representation methods for reusable software components (1994)

An empirical study of methods for representing reusable software components is described. Thirty-five subjects searched for reusable components in a database of UNIX tools using four different representation methods: attribute-value, enumerated, faceted, and keyword. The study used Proteus, a reuse library system that supports multiple representation methods. Searching effectiveness was measured with recall, precision, and overlap. Search time for the four methods was also compared. Subjects rated the methods in terms of preference and helpfulness in understanding components. Some principles for constructing reuse libraries. Based on the results of this study, are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A novel technique for quantifying changes in vascular density, endothelial cell proliferation and protein expression in response to modulators of angiogenesis using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay (2004)

Reliable quantitative evaluation of molecular pathways is critical for both drug discovery and treatment monitoring. We have modified the CAM assay to quantitatively measure vascular density, endothelial proliferation, and changes in protein expression in response to anti-angiogenic and pro-angiogenic agents. This improved CAM assay can correlate changes in vascular density with changes seen on a molecular level. We expect that these described modifications will result in a single in vivo assay system, which will improve the ability to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying the angiogenic response.
14 alpha-Ethyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-ene-3 beta,15 alpha-diol, a potent inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis, has two sites of action in cultured mammalian cells. (1982)

14a-Ethyl-5a-cholest"i-ene-3/3,15a-diol is a very potent inhibitor of sterol synthesis in mouse L-cells
Robust Text Processing in Automated Information Retrieval (1993)

We report on the results of a series of experiments with a prototype text retrieval system which uses relatively advanced natural language processing techniques in order to enhance the effectiveness of statistical document retrieval. In this paper we show that large-scale natural language processing (hundreds of millions of words and more) is not only required for a better retrieval, but it is also doable, given appropriate resources. In particular, we demonstrate that the use of syntactic compounds in the representation of database documents as well as in the user queries, coupled with an appropriate term weighting strategy, can considerably improve the effectiveness of retrospective search. The experiments reported here were conducted on TIPSTER database in connection with the Text REtrieval Conference series (TREC).
Developing the Sentinel System — A National Resource for Evidence Development (2011)

Using the distributed data network of the new Mini-Sentinel program, the FDA can now query the electronic health information of more than 60 million people, posing specific questions in order to monitor the safety of approved medical products.
Creep recovery of acrylate urethane oligomer/acrylate networks (1996)

Creep recovery of acrylate urethane/acrylate networks was investigated as a function of time and temperature. An important outcome was the capacity for superimposition of experimental data obtained at various temperatures. Arrhenius type temperature dependence of the creep recovery was also observed. The master curve obtained did not significantly depend on the measuring mode of creep recovery or the crosslink density, and the response could be approximated by the Bueche theory. The dynamic mechanical properties of the systems were also investigated. Retardation spectrum L obtained from the dynamic mechanical data overlapped with that obtained from the creep recovery data. The activation energy obtained from the temperature dependence of the shift factor aT also agreed with that obtained from the temperature dependence of the creep recovery. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cycloartane Glycosides from Cimicifuga dahurica. (2001)

A new cycloartane bisdesmoside and two new trinorcycloartane glycosides, along with four known cycloartane compounds, were isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga dahurica (Ranunculaceae). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl cimigenol 15-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 24-hydroxy-12beta-acetoxy-25,26,27-trinorcycloartan-16,23-dione 3beta-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside, and 16alpha,24alpha-dihydroxy-12beta acetoxy-25,26,27-trinor-16,24-cyclocycloartan-23-one 3beta-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside by extensive NMR methods, FAB-MS, and hydrolysis.
Branched fatty acids in dairy and beef products markedly enhance alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase expression in prostate cancer cells in vitro. (2003)

An enzyme previously identified as alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is overexpressed in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and in a majority (60-100%) of prostate cancers (CaPs) as compared with normal and benign hyperplastic lesions of the prostate, where it is minimally expressed. This enzyme is required for the beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids, which include phytanic acid and its alpha-oxidation product, pristanic acid. Interestingly, there is an established correlation between CaP risk and the consumption of dairy and beef products, which also contain marked quantities of these two phytols. In this context, it has also been reported that sex steroids influence lipogenesis through the induction of fatty acid synthase in CaP-derived cell lines and CaP tissues. These findings indicate a potential role for AMACR and the possible influence of sex steroids in both the early development and subsequent progression of CaP. Despite the recent interest in AMACR as a histological marker for CaP, little is known about the regulation of this enzyme and its role in CaP development. To identify potential AMACR-regulating factors, we treated LNCaP cells (an androgen-responsive CaP-derived cell line) and NPrEC cells (a normal prostate basal epithelial cell line) with increasing concentrations of pristanic acid, phytanic acid, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and 17beta-estradiol. Neither the biologically potent androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone nor 17beta-estradiol had any apparent effect on AMACR expression at the protein or transcriptional levels in either cell line. Conversely, pristanic acid and, to a much lesser extent, phytanic acid markedly increased AMACR protein levels selectively in the LNCaP cell line, but not the NPrEC cell line. However, no change was measured at the transcriptional level in either cell line. AMACR is therefore significantly increased at the protein level in CaP cells, through what appears to be the stabilizing effect of the same fatty acids that are present at appreciable concentrations in beef and dairy products, which have been associated with CaP risk. Our findings therefore provide a link between the consumption of dietary fatty acids and the enhanced expression of AMACR, an enzyme that may play an important role in genesis and progression of CaP.
ChemInform Abstract: NITRAMINES, 7. NITRAZAALKANOIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES (1976)

Abstract Acrylnitril (I) addiert sich an die primären Nitramine (II) unter Bildung von (III).
Tunable lasers at 1080 nm for helium optical pumping (1990)

We describe the current status of tunable, cw, solid-state lasers in the infrared region of the spectrum which may be tuned to the helium resonance transition near 1083 nm. The principal use for these laser devices is the optical pumping of 3He and 4He atoms via the 23S1 metastable state. The tunable lasers we have examined include Nd3+-doped YAlO3, LaxNd1−xMgAl11O19 (x ∼0.15), Nd:LiNbO3, and Nd:silica glass fibers. Power outputs from these lasers range from a milliwatt to more than 1 W at the helium transition. Laser emission bandwidths range from less than 40 MHz (single-mode operation) to several GHz. Applications include magnetometry, dense nuclear targets, and polarized electron beams.
Evolutionary algorithms: A critical review and its future prospects (2016)

Evolutionary algorithm (EA) emerges as an important optimization and search technique in the last decade. EA is a subset of Evolutionary Computations (EC) and belongs to set of modern heuristics based search method. Due to flexible nature and robust behavior inherited from Evolutionary Computation, it becomes efficient means of problem solving method for widely used global optimization problems. It can be used successfully in many applications of high complexity. This paper presents a critical overview of Evolutionary algorithms and its generic procedure for implementation. It further discusses the various practical advantages using evolutionary algorithms over classical methods of optimization. It also includes unusual study of various invariants of EA like Genetic Programming (GP), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Evolution Strategies (ES). Extensions of EAs in the form of Memetic algorithms (MA) and distributed EA are also discussed. Further the paper focuses on various refinements done in area of EA to solve real life problems.
Photonic nanojet focusing for hollow-core photonic crystal fiber probes (2012)

Large-pitch kagome-lattice hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCFs) offer appealing optical properties for beam delivery and remote sensing. However, focusing their optical mode on a submicrometer spot can be challenging due to the large mode diameter and low numerical aperture of these fibers. Here, we demonstrate that a 30 μm latex microsphere directly set at the HC-PCF end-face provides an efficient means to focus the fiber mode down to a spot of 540 nm full width at half-maximum thanks to a photonic nanojet effect. The system is used for fluorescence imaging and direct laser writing on a thin absorbing layer. Potential applications include inspection of semiconductor wafers, photolithography, laser surgery, fluorescence sensing, or optical transfection.