gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amino acid substitutions in the hepatitis C virus core region of genotype 1b are the important predictor of severe insulin resistance in patients without cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus (2009)

Previous studies provided a direct experimental evidence for the contribution of HCV core protein in the development of insulin resistance (IR), but the clinical impact of HCV core region on IR is still not clear. The present study evaluated the impact of Amino acid (aa) substitutions of HCV-1b core region on IR in 123 Japanese patients infected with HCV-1b without cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus, and investigated the treatment efficacy of 48-week pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) according to HOMA-IR values. Patients with IR (HOMA-IR > or = 2.5) and severe IR (HOMA-IR > or = 3.5) were present in 51.2% and 27.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified body mass index (> or = 25 kg/m(2)) and hepatocyte steatosis (> or = 5%) as significant determinants of IR. Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified hepatocyte steatosis (> or = 5%), aa substitutions of the core region (Gln70 (His70) and/or Met91), and age (> or = 55 years) as significant determinants of severe IR. Especially, significantly lower proportions of patients with Gln70 (His70) and/or Met91 were noted among those without severe IR (59.6%) than those with severe IR (82.4%). The rates of sustained virological response in patients with IR (50.0%) were not significantly different from those without IR (52.9%). Furthermore, the rates of non-virological response in patients with IR (28.9%) were not significantly also different from those without IR (20.6%). In conclusion, the present study indicated that substitutions of HCV-1b core region were the important predictor of severe IR in patients without cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus, but HOMA-IR values might be not useful as predictors of 48-week PEG-IFN plus RBV therapy.
Non‐Conjugated Flexible Linkers in Semiconducting Polymers: A Pathway to Improved Processability without Compromising Device Performance (2016)

Semiconducting polymers, in contrast to inorganic silicon, are solution processable and can potentially be printed cost efficiently on flexible large‐area substrates. However to do so it is of paramount importance to formulate the polymeric semiconductors into inks with specific viscosities. Herein, the synthesis of a new highly soluble isoindigo monomer and its incorporation into low bandgap semiconducting polymers is presented. Non‐conjugated flexible linkers are introduced into the conjugated backbone in order to modulate the materials processability. The viscoelastic properties of the new polymers are studied in detail by means of rheometry and dynamical mechanical analysis. The solution viscosity is directly proportional to the content of non‐conjugated linkers in the polymer backbone. In organic field‐effect transistors maximum hole mobilities of 1.7 cm 2 V −1 s −1 are achieved with the new polymers. Due to the enhanced solubility all‐polymer solar cells are fabricated by solution shearing, reaching power conversion efficiency values of 3.7%.
Network Coding over a Noisy Relay : a Belief Propagation Approach (2007)

In recent years, network coding has been investigated as a method to obtain improvements in wireless networks. A typical assumption of previous work is that relay nodes performing network coding can decode the messages from sources perfectly. On a simple relay network, we design a scheme to obtain network coding gain even when the relay node cannot perfectly decode its received messages. In our scheme, the operation at the relay node resembles message passing in belief propagation, sending the logarithm likelihood ratio (LLR) of the network coded message to the destination. Simulation results demonstrate the gain obtained over different channel conditions. The goal of this paper is not to give a theoretical result, but to point to possible interaction of network coding with user cooperation in noisy scenario. The extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart is shown to be a useful engineering tool to analyze the performance of joint channel coding and network coding in the network.
The International GPS Service: A Global Resource for GPS Applications and Research (1997)

Since June, 1992, the International GPS service has been coordinating a global civilian GPS infrastructure in order to support numerous GPS applications and research activities. A key aspect of the IGS is the reliability and quality of the analysis products that have been made available over the past five years through the IGS Analysis Centers and the Analysis Center Coordinator.
Infrared signal processing using a liquid crystal television (1991)

The ability of an inexpensive liquid crystal television to modulate both coherent and incoherent infrared light is reported. Experiments demonstrating light modulation for wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 1.1 μm have been performed. Potential applications to dynamic lR scene simulators, compact joint transform correlators, and novel electron trapping processors are described.
Manganese Dosimetry: Species Differences and Implications for Neurotoxicity (2005)

Manganese (Mn) is an essential mineral that is found at low levels in food, water, and the air. Under certain high-dose exposure conditions, elevations in tissue manganese levels can occur. Excessive manganese accumulation can result in adverse neurological, reproductive, and respiratory effects in both laboratory animals and humans. In humans, manganese-induced neurotoxicity (manganism) is the overriding concern since affected individuals develop a motor dysfunction syndrome that is recognized as a form of parkinsonism. This review primarily focuses on the essentiality and toxicity of manganese and considers contemporary studies evaluating manganese dosimetry and its transport across the blood-brain barrier, and its distribution within the central nervous system (CNS). These studies have dramatically improved our understanding of the health risks posed by manganese by determining exposure conditions that lead to increased concentrations of this metal within the CNS and other target organs. Most individuals are exposed to manganese by the oral and inhalation routes of exposure; however, parenteral injection and other routes of exposure are important. Interactions between manganese and iron and other divalent elements occur and impact the toxicokinetics of manganese, especially following oral exposure. The oxidation state and solubility of manganese also influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of manganese. Manganese disposition is influenced by the route of exposure. Rodent inhalation studies have shown that manganese deposited within the nose can undergo direct transport to the brain along the olfactory nerve. Species differences in manganese toxicokinetics and response are recognized with nonhuman primates replicating CNS effects observed in humans while rodents do not. Potentially susceptible populations, such as fetuses, neonates, individuals with compromised hepatic function, individuals with suboptimal manganese or iron intake, and those with other medical states (e.g., pre-parkinsonian state, aging), may have altered manganese metabolism and could be at greater risk for manganese toxicity.
Microwave‐assisted Cadogan reaction for the synthesis of 2‐aryl‐2<i>H</i>‐indazoles, 2‐aryl‐1<i>H</i>‐benzimidazoles, 2‐carbonylindoles, carbazole, and phenazine (2009)

Abstract magnified image The Cadogan reaction, a widely accepted route for the synthesis of nitrogen containing heterocycles, is modified by using microwave radiation as the source of heat instead of the conventional heating by reflux in a nitrogen atmosphere for several hours. Appropriate starting materials were mixed with triethyl phosphite or triphenylphosphine and irradiated with microwaves for several minutes at a specific power to give the desired products. The indazoles were prepared by irradiating N ‐(2‐nitrobenzylidene) anilines with triethyl phosphite at 200 W for 12–14 min to give 85–92% product yields. Irradiation of the mixture of N ‐benzylidene‐2‐nitroanilines and triphenylphosphine at 200 W for 3–5 min yielded 93–96% of the benzimidazoles. The carbonylindoles were obtained in 61–68% yields by irradiating 2‐nitrochalcone or alkyl 2‐nitrocinnamates and triphenylphosphine with microwaves at 80–200 W for 8–11 min. The mixture of 2‐nitrobiphenyl and triphenylphosphine yielded 96% of carbazole when irradiated with microwaves at 200 W for 2 min while 75% of phenazine was obtained by irradiating the mixture of 2‐nitrodiphenylamine and triphenylphosphine with microwaves at 200 W for 3.5 min. These results show that microwave‐assisted Cadogan reactions gave better product yields at shorter reaction times. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Possible involvement of stem-like populations with elevated ALDH1 in sarcomas for chemotherapeutic drug resistance (2010)

Elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) has been proposed as one of the possible candidates for a stem cell maker that can be used for the isolation of cancer stem cells from cancers such as leukemia and breast cancer. In the current study, we found that subpopulations with elevated ALDH1 were present in the human sarcoma cell lines, MG63 (osteosarcoma) and HT1080 (fibrosarcoma), using Aldefluor assay. Both ALDH1 positive and negative cell populations were isolated from the MG63 cell line, by cell-sorting using FACSAria. Both subpopulations had a comparable ability to differentiate similarly to the parental MG63, under normal monolayer culture condition. Subpopulations with the ability to form spheres in anchorage-independent, serum-starved conditions showed increased ALDH1 mRNA expression in addition to strong mRNA expression of the stem cell-related genes, such as Nanog, Oct3/4, Stat3 and Sox2, and possessed ability for self-renewal with secondary sphere formation. Sarcosphere cells from the MG63 cell line showed strong chemo-resistance against both doxorubicin and cisplatin compared with monolayer, adherent cells. In conclusion, sphere-forming cells with elevated ALDH1 are a possible candidate for sarcoma stem cells, possessing strong chemo-resistant capacities. Although ALDH1 elevation was not sufficient for representing sarcoma stem cells, the efficient detoxification could contribute to the chemo-resistant properties of the stem-like sphere cells form human sarcoma.
Detection of instantaneous torque using the magnetostrictive effect in a practical ferromagnetic shaft (1988)

A method is presented by which instantaneous torque can be detected from a ferromagnetic shaft using magnetic-head-type pickups. The method assumes linearity of the torque sensor. The output of the torque sensor is sampled per 2 pi /N radian, from which the corresponding zero level is subtracted, and then multiplied by a coefficient to correct sensitivity fluctuation. The coefficients for N sampling points are inversely proportional to the sensitivity at each sampling point. The coefficients are estimated from the sensitivities measured at M points (M<<N). The usefulness of the method has been demonstrated using an S45C carbon steel motor shaft with no heat treatment. The nominal carbon content is about 0.42% approximately 0.48%. Peak-to-peak fluctuations in zero level and sensitivity were originally about 30%/FS (FS=10 Nm) and 10% approximately 15%, respectively. After application of the method, the total error was reduced to within +3%/FS for M=8 and N=250.<<ETX>>
Effect of Slow-Release Fluoride Devices and Casein Phosphopeptide/Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Nanocomplexes on Enamel Remineralization in vitro (2010)

To investigate the remineralization effect of slow-release fluoride glass devices (SFGD), casein phosphopeptide/amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes (CPP-ACP) and SFGD and CPP-ACP together on enamel pH cycling in vitro. Eighty bovine enamel slabs were allocated to each of 4 groups (20/group): SFGD; CPP-ACP; SFGD + CPP-ACP; control. Baseline surface microhardness (SMH; Knoop number) was measured for all slabs which were then subjected to a pH cycling regime for 10 days, and SMH was then remeasured. The pH cycling regime involved immersion 5 times daily (each for 5 min) in demineralization solution with the slabs immersed in artificial saliva between dipping. The treatment for the enamel slabs in the SFGD group involved exposure all the time to 2 SFGD devices per group during the cycling regime. In contrast, slabs in the CPP-ACP group were exposed to CPP-ACP slurry once daily for 30 min after the last demineralization challenge of the day. The slabs in the SFGD + CPP-ACP group received both treatments as the SFGD and CPP-ACP groups. The control group received no treatment during the cycling. There was a statistically significant difference in enamel SMH change among the groups (one-way ANOVA; p < 0.0001). Enamel SMH values in the SFGD, CPP-ACP and SFGD + CPP-ACP groups were all significantly higher than in the control group (Bonferroni; p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in enamel SMH between the SFGD and CPP-ACP groups (p > 0.05). The use of both SFGD + CPP-ACP showed a non-significant trend for improvement in enamel SMH in comparison to SFGD or CPP-ACP alone.
Axl Receptor Blockade Ameliorates Pulmonary Pathology Resulting from Primary Viral Infection and Viral Exacerbation of Asthma (2014)

Viruses use Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptor tyrosine kinases to infect and modulate the immune properties of various cell types, which led us to investigate whether TAM receptor activation affected primary viral infection and viral exacerbation of asthma in experimental models. In these lung-specific models, we observed that Axl was the most abundantly induced TAM receptor protein. During primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, anti-Axl mAb treatment significantly increased the number of IFN-γ-producing T cells and NK cells and significantly suppressed RSV replication and whole lung levels of IL-4 and IL-13. Intrapulmonary H1N1 infection induced lethal pulmonary inflammation, but anti-Axl mAb treatment of infected mice significantly increased the number of IFN-β-producing macrophages and dendritic cells and significantly suppressed neutrophil infiltration. Consequently, the lethal effect of H1N1 infection in this model was significantly reduced in the mAb-treated group compared with the IgG control-treated group. Targeting Axl also inhibited airway hyperresponsiveness, IL-4 and IL-13 production, and goblet cell metaplasia in an Aspergillus fumigatus-induced asthma model. Finally, infection of mice with RSV during fungal asthma significantly exacerbated airway inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia, and airway remodeling, but all of these features in this viral exacerbation model were ameliorated by anti-Axl mAb treatment. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Axl modulates the pulmonary immune response during viral and/or allergic pathology, and they also suggest that targeting this TAM receptor might provide a novel therapeutic approach in these infectious diseases.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory mediators augment IL-6 secretion by human endothelial cells. (1989)

The interaction between human endothelial cells and leukocytes during immunologic and inflammatory responses is in part mediated through the release of soluble mediators. We report that cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells secrete IL-6 when stimulated with LPS. This effect was inhibited by polymyxin-B. The monokines IL-1 and TNF-alpha were also potent inducers of IL-6, whereas lymphotoxin was only effective at much higher concentrations. Endothelial cell supernatant IL-6 was active as hybridoma-plasmacytoma growth factor and as B-cell stimulating factor. Endothelial IL-6 activity was neutralized by a specific anti-IL-6 antibody and by immunoprecipitation it was shown to be identical in size to human fibroblast-derived IL-6. As IL-6 is possibly an important regulator of host defense responses, production of this cytokine by endothelial cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and immunologic diseases.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A Novel Mediator of T Cell Tolerance (2005)

In recent years, several investigators have unraveled a previously unrecognized role for G-CSF in the regulation of T cell and dendritic cell functions. The experimental evidence in favor of G-CSF-mediated immune regulation includes the ability to switch T cell cytokine secretion profile to Th2 responses and the promotion of regulatory T cell and tolerogenic dendritic cell differentiation. Interestingly, G-CSF is beneficial in animals for the prevention and/or treatment of immune-mediated diseases, e.g., graft-vs-host disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetes, suggesting a potential role in human autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the growing body of evidence that supports a critical role for G-CSF as a novel mediator of T cell tolerance.
471. Some reactions of 2-2′-pyrrolyl-1-pyrrolines (1965)

J. H. Atkinson and A. W. Johnson, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 2614 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650002614
Calibration procedures and instrumental accuracy estimates of ATLAS air temperature and relative humidity measurements (2003)

Calibration procedures for sensors measuring air temperature and relative humidity from NextGeneration Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System (ATLAS) moorings are described. Sensor accuracy when first deployed and calibration drift are quantified. Modifications to sensors and procedures since a previous report (Freitag et al., 1994) are documented. Instrumental error for air temperature measurements is estimated to be 0.22◦C, nearly equal to that from the previous report. Instrumental error for relative humidity (RH) measurements is estimated to be 2.73 %RH, smaller than the previously reported value of 4.1 %RH. The decrease in relative humidity is due to improvements in instrumentation and calibration procedures.
Solution Structure of a POU-Specific Homeodomain: 3D-NMR Studies of Human B-Cell Transcription Factor Oct-2 (1994)

The POU DNA-binding motif defines a conserved family of eukaryotic transcription factors involved in regulation of gene expression. This bipartite motif consists of an N-terminal POU-specific domain (POUs), a flexible linker, and a C-terminal POU-specific homeodomain (POUHD). Here we describe the solution structure of a POU-specific homeodomain. An NMR model is obtained from Oct-2, a human B-cell specific transcription factor which participates in the regulation of immunoglobulin genes. A fragment of Oct-2 containing POUHD and an adjoining linker was expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized by three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (3D-NMR) spectroscopy. Complete 1H and 15N resonance assignment of the POUHD moiety is presented. The POUHD solution structure, as calculated by distance geometry and simulated annealing (DG/SA), is similar to that of canonical homeodomains. A salient difference between solution and crystal structures is observed in the C-terminal segment of alpha-helix 3 (the HTH recognition helix), which is not well ordered in solution. Because this segment presumably folds upon specific DNA binding, its flexibility in solution may reduce the intrinsic DNA affinity of POUHD in the absence of POUs.
Reaktionen von Oxazolon‐(5)‐Anionen, III. Acylierung von Oxazolonen‐(5) mit Carbonsäurehalogeniden, eine Erweiterung der Dakin‐West‐Reaktion (1969)

Abstract Oxazolone‐(5) ( 1 ) liefern mit aliphatischen Carbonsäurehalogeniden und Triäthylamin 5‐Acyloxy‐oxazole ( 4 ), mit aromatischen Säurehalogeniden Gemische von 4 und 4‐Acyl‐oxazolonen‐(5) ( 3 ) und mit Säurehalogeniden und Pyridin 3 . Die Abhängigkeit des O/C ‐Acylierungsverhältnisses von verschiedenen Faktoren wird untersucht. Beim Behandeln mit Pyridin oder Alkylpyridinen lagern sich die Oxazole 4 in 3 um. Die Acyl‐oxazolone 3 werden von wasserfreier Oxalsäure oder Eisessig/Pyridin in hohen Ausbeuten in α‐Acylaminoketone ( 8 ) übergeführt. Diese Umwandlung von Carbonsäurehalogeniden in α‐Acylaminoketone hat gegenüber der üblichen Dakin‐West‐Reaktion zahlreiche Vorteile.
Rapid-Learning System for Cancer Care (2010)

Compelling public interest is propelling national efforts to advance the evidence base for cancer treatment and control measures and to transform the way in which evidence is aggregated and applied. Substantial investments in health information technology, comparative effectiveness research, health care quality and value, and personalized medicine support these efforts and have resulted in considerable progress to date. An emerging initiative, and one that integrates these converging approaches to improving health care, is "rapid-learning health care." In this framework, routinely collected real-time clinical data drive the process of scientific discovery, which becomes a natural outgrowth of patient care. To better understand the state of the rapid-learning health care model and its potential implications for oncology, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine held a workshop entitled "A Foundation for Evidence-Driven Practice: A Rapid-Learning System for Cancer Care" in October 2009. Participants examined the elements of a rapid-learning system for cancer, including registries and databases, emerging information technology, patient-centered and -driven clinical decision support, patient engagement, culture change, clinical practice guidelines, point-of-care needs in clinical oncology, and federal policy issues and implications. This Special Article reviews the activities of the workshop and sets the stage to move from vision to action.
<b>Distribution of β<sub>7</sub> integrins in human intestinal mucosa and organized gut‐associated lymphoid tissue</b> (1996)

Two alternative integrins involved in mucosal homing (alpha 4 beta 7) or epithelial retention (alpha E beta 7) of lymphocytes were examined in the human gut. The distribution of the beta 7 subunit [monoclonal antibody (mAb) M301] was bimodal in that it was strongly expressed by alpha E beta 7 + cells but weakly by alpha 4 beta 7 + cells. More than 90% of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), including the minor subsets of CD4+, T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma/delta +, and CD3- cells, expressed alpha E beta 7 as did most lamina propria CD8+ (88%) and a fraction (36%) of CD4+ lymphocytes. Conversely, B-lineage cells (CD19+) and macrophages (CD68+) were negative. In gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT: Peyer's patches and appendix) only a few (< 5%) cells were positive for alpha E beta 7 (confined to CD8+ lymphocytes and CD11c+ putative dendritic cells). A relatively small fraction of IEL (30-50%) expressed alpha 4 beta 7 (mAb Act-1), while most (70%) lamina propria T and B lymphocytes, blasts, plasma cells and macrophages were positive. In GALT, T lymphocytes expressed similar levels of alpha 4 beta 7 as in the lamina propria whereas relatively few B lymphocytes (< 50%) were positive. Isolated lamina propria CD8+, CD4+, CD19+, and CD38+ cells contained mRNA for alpha 4 and the former three subsets as well as appendix CD8+ cells also for beta 7 while only lamina propria CD8+ cells had mRNA for alpha E. Together, the results suggested that alpha E beta 7 and alpha 4 beta 7 are differentially regulated in inductive sites and effector sites of the human gut. Because lymphoid cells at both sites expressed mainly alpha 4 beta 7, this integrin may be a homing receptor on memory and effector cells bound for lamina propria as well as on naive lymphocytes extravasating in GALT. Conversely, because alpha E beta 7 was mainly expressed by CD8+ cells in epithelium and lamina propria, it was probably induced after extravasation, in agreement with the observation that IEL and a fraction of lamina propria T lymphocytes (mainly CD8+ cells) generally expressed higher levels of beta 7 than most CD4+ and B cells. Also a subset of putative dendritic cells located near the follicle-associated epithelium of GALT expressed alpha E beta 7, perhaps reflecting epithelial interaction during primary immune responses.