gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combating the Class Imbalance Problem in Small Sample Data Sets (2009)

The class imbalance problem is a recent development in machine learning. It is frequently encountered when using a classifier to generalize on real-world application data sets, and it causes a classifier to perform sub-optimally. Researchers have rigorously studied resampling methods, new algorithms, and feature selection methods, but no studies have been conducted to understand how well these methods combat the class imbalance problem. In particular, feature selection has been rarely studied outside of text classification problems. Additionally, no studies have looked at the additional problem of learning from small samples. This paper develops a new feature selection metric, Feature Assessment by Sliding Thresholds (FAST), specifically designed to handle small sample imbalanced data sets. FAST is based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) generated by moving the decision boundary of a single feature classifier with thresholds placed using an even-bin distribution. This paper also presents a first systematic comparison of the three types of methods developed for imbalanced data classification problems and of seven feature selection metrics evaluated on small sample data sets from different applications. We evaluated the performance of these metrics using AUC and area under the P-R curve (PRC). We compared each metric on the average performance across all problems and on the likelihood of a metric yielding the best performance on a specific problem. We examined the performance of these metrics inside each problem domain. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of these metrics to see which perform best across algorithms. Our results showed that signal-to-noise correlation coefficient (S2N) and FAST are great candidates for feature selection in most applications.
舰艇制造业中的“隐身”技术 (2002)

在一系列致力于提高现代和未来水面舰艇生命力的措施中，提高其雷达隐蔽性占据主要地位。这是因为采取传统措施(火力和防弹装置、无线电电子抑制，伪装等等)提高舰艇生命力现已收效甚微。人们对提高水面舰艇雷达隐蔽性这一问题之所以兴趣日浓，其原因之一是许多国家海军舰艇武备组成中都包括非常有效的海上作战武器，即带雷达自导头的飞航式反舰导弹(超过20种)。在此条件下，降低杀伤武器利用目标反射信号进行探测、分类和瞄准的效率可使舰艇的雷达隐蔽性增强，从而提高舰艇的战斗稳定性。
A transferable method for the automated grain sizing of river gravels (2005)

The spatial and temporal resolution of surface grain‐size characterization is constrained by the limitations of traditional measurement techniques. In this paper we present an extremely rapid image‐processing‐based procedure for the measurement of exposed fluvial gravels and other coarse‐grained sediments, defining the steps required to minimize the errors in the derived grain‐size distribution. This procedure differs significantly from those used previously. It is based around a robust object‐detection algorithm that produces excellent results on images exhibiting a wide range of sedimentary conditions, crucially, without any user intervention or site‐specific parameterization. The procedure is tested using a data set comprising 39 images from three rivers with contrasting grain lithology, shape, roundness, and packing configuration and representing a very wide range of textures. It is shown to perform more consistently than the best existing automated method, achieving a precision equivalent to that obtainable by Wolman sampling, but taking between one sixth and one twentieth of the time. The error in area‐by‐number grain‐size distribution percentiles is typically less than 0.05 ?.
Aromatase within the breast. (1999)

In situ aromatization and enhanced uptake of estradiol from plasma are two potential mechanisms for maintenance of high concentrations of estradiol found in breast tumors of postmenopausal patients. To test the relative importance of these two mechanisms, a nude mouse model was established by inoculating aromatase (A+) and/or sham (A-) transfected MCF-7 cells into ovariectomized mice. Postmenopausal hormonal status was simulated by providing estradiol Silastic implants which clamped plasma estradiol levels at 5-20 pg/ml. We demonstrated that in situ aromatization rather than the uptake mechanism is the key determinant of tumor estradiol levels and tumor growth rate under conditions reflecting the postmenopausal state. The importance of intratumoral aromatase was also suggested by the findings that long-term estrogen deprivation increases sensitivity to estradiol and enhances aromatase activity in MCF-7 cells. The results of our in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that complete blockade of in situ aromatization in the breast would provide added benefit to postmenopausal breast cancer patients, especially those who relapse from antiestrogen therapy.
Effect of HA-1A Monoclonal IGM Antibody on Endotoxin-Induced Proliferation of Cultured Rat Middle Ear Epithelium (1995)

The effect of human monoclonal antibody HA-1A (Centoxin) on the effect of endotoxin on cultured rat middle ear epithelium was investigated. The addition of endotoxin to the standard culture medium revealed a concentration-related proliferative effect on cultured rat middle ear epithelium, leading to cobblestone cells, cell tracks, and stratification of epithelium, whereas rat middle ear epithelium cultured in standard medium grew as a monolayer composed of flat polygonal cells. Addition of HA-1A to standard medium supplemented with endotoxin gave rise to a statistically significant suppression of the proliferative effects of endotoxin on these cells. The morphology of rat middle ear epithelium cultured in the presence of HA-1A and endotoxin showed that these cells still had a tendency to form cobblestone-like cells and cell tracks, but to a substantially lower degree. The present results support the hypothesis that HA-1A suppresses the proliferative and morphological effects of endotoxin on rat middle ear epithelium and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of otitis media.
A Study of Helicopter Crash-Resistant Fuel Systems (2002)

This report presents the results of a study, funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), of helicopter Crash-Resistant Fuel Systems (CRFS). It covers the historical efforts that led to the current state of the art in military helicopter fuel systems and the more recent modifications to civil certification standards in Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 27 (Normal Category Rotorcraft) and Part 29 (Transport Category Rotorcraft). It describes the basic research, testing, field investigations, and production efforts that have led to the highly successful CRFS, that have saved many lives and have reduced the costs of accidents. While the hardware and fabrics are available today to create the CRFS, the adequacy of the integration of these items into existing and new civil fuel system designs cannot be assessed because of the lack of cuiTent field investigation data on civil helicopter crashes. This report reviews this problem, including the forms used for reporting and the current level of available data, which is essentially nonexistent. Training of field investigators in specific crashworthiness technology is of great importance, as well as the need for trained engineers in the design and certification process. A discussion of the civil and military crash environments is provided to give a background for the discussion of the need for reevaluation of the rationale used in establishing the current civil regulatory standards. The value of full-scale crash testing during the early development of the military CRFS is reviewed. The lack of any planned tests for the CRFS in current civil helicopters is an area of concern. A section of the study discusses the individual components of a CRFS, with guidance on the application of each item to the overall system design. This report provides guidance to designers looking for information about CRFS design problems and analytical tools for use in product improvements.
Dispersion Trimming in a Reconfigurable Wavelength Selective Switch (2008)

We experimentally demonstrate dispersion compensation in a wavelength selective switch, and characterize the bandwidth-dispersion product. At a channel bit-rate of 80 Gbit/s, we compensate for various amounts of dispersion (up to ±60 ps/nm), tunable for each wavelength division multiplexed channel, solely by adjusting the phase front of the optical signal inside the wavelength selective switch. Error-free operation is obtained for all of the channels, and for each output port after propagation over various lengths of dispersive fiber.
Analyzing and Classifying User Search Histories for Web Search Engine Optimization (2014)

The job of finding relevant information related to a specific topic is difficult in web due to the enormity of internet data. This scenario makes search engine optimization techniques into an indispensable method in the eyes of researchers, academicians, and industrialists. Search history analysis is the detailed examination of web data from different users for the purpose of understanding and optimizing web handling. Query log or user search history includes users' previously submitted queries and their corresponding clicked documents or sites' URLs. Thus query log analysis is considered as the most used method for enhancing the users' search experience. The proposed method analyzes and classifies user search histories for the purpose of search engine optimization. In this approach, the problem of organizing users' historical queries into groups in a dynamic and automated fashion is studied. The automatically classified query groups will help in different search engine optimization techniques like query suggestion, search result re-ranking, query alterations etc. The proposed method considers a query group as a collection of queries together with the corresponding set of clicked URLs that are related to each other around a general information need. This method proposes a new method of combining word similarity measures along with document similarity measures to form a combined similarity measure. In the proposed method other query relevance measures such as query reformulation and clicked URL concept are also considered. Evaluation results show how the proposed method outperforms existing methods.
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> CagA protein targets the c-Met receptor and enhances the motogenic response (2003)

Infection with the human microbial pathogen Helicobacter pylori is assumed to lead to invasive gastric cancer. We find that H. pylori activates the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor c-Met, which is involved in invasive growth of tumor cells. The H. pylori effector protein CagA intracellularly targets the c-Met receptor and promotes cellular processes leading to a forceful motogenic response. CagA could represent a bacterial adaptor protein that associates with phospholipase Cgamma but not Grb2-associated binder 1 or growth factor receptor-bound protein 2. The H. pylori-induced motogenic response is suppressed and blocked by the inhibition of PLCgamma and of MAPK, respectively. Thus, upon translocation, CagA modulates cellular functions by deregulating c-Met receptor signaling. The activation of the motogenic response in H. pylori-infected epithelial cells suggests that CagA could be involved in tumor progression.
Digital filters applied to computer relaying [of power lines] (2002)

This work presents a comparative study of some well established digital filtering techniques for the extraction of fundamental components (60 Hz) from highly corrupt voltage and current waveforms. This study is vital for the development of algorithms applied to the digital protection of power transmission lines. The studied techniques are based on the discrete Fourier transform, Walsh functions as well as Kalman filtering.
Cathepsin L is an Intracellular and Extracellular Protease in <i>Paramecium Tetraurelia</i> (1996)

The ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia secretes large amounts of a cysteine protease into the growth medium, presumably for extracellular food digestion. Two endoprotease isozymes (30 and 33 kDa on SDS/PAGE, respectively), both present in cell homogenates and in spent growth medium, were purified to homogeneity. Peptide sequence analysis revealed that these isozymes share identities at the amino acid level but are probably differently processed. Enzymatic characterization of the isolated proteases and sequencing of the cloned cDNA demonstrated that the enzymes belong to the cathepsin-L protease subfamily. Although the identity with mammalian and other protozoan L cathepsins was only around 30%, all important signature sequences for cathepsin L in the preproregion as well as in the catalyst of the enzyme were fully retained. The cDNA of this cysteine protease codes for a preproregion of 108 amino acids. The putative proregion of 86 amino acids which contained the characteristic conserved ERFNIN motif, was fused with a His6 tag, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. Both cathepsin L isozymes of Paramecium tetraurelia were inhibited by their cognate propeptide in the nanomolar concentration range. All other cysteine proteases tested (papain and mammalian cathepsin B, G and H) were unaffected by the propeptide up to 10 microM.
Eu<sup>2+</sup>luminescence in strontium aluminates (2015)

The luminescence properties of Eu(2+) doped strontium aluminates are reported and reviewed for a variety of aluminates, viz. SrAl12O19, SrAl4O7, Sr4Al14O25, SrAl2O4 and Sr3Al2O6. The aim of the research is to investigate the role of local coordination and covalency of the aluminate host lattice, related to the Sr/Al ratio, on the optical properties of the Eu(2+) ion. The UV and VUV excited luminescence spectra as well as luminescence decay curves were recorded to characterize the luminescence properties of the investigated aluminates. The emission of Eu(2+) ions varies over a wide spectral range, from ultraviolet (UV) to red, for the series of aluminates. The variation in emission color can be related to the crystal-field splitting of the 5d levels and the covalent interaction with the surrounding oxygen anions. In the least covalent material, viz. SrAl12O19:Eu(2+), narrow line emission due to the (6)P7/2-(8)S7/2 transition occurs at 4 K, indicating that the 4f(6)5d excited state is situated above the (6)P7/2(4f(7)) excited state around 360 nm. The most alkaline material, viz. Sr3Al2O6:Eu(2+) is the most covalent host and exhibits several d-f emission bands in the yellow to red spectral range due to the Eu(2+) ions located on different crystallographic Sr(2+) sites. The Eu(2+) emission spectra in the other aluminates confirm the trend that with increasing Sr/Al ratio the Eu(2+) emission shifts to longer wavelengths. Interesting differences are observed for the Eu(2+) from different crystallographic sites which cannot always be related with apparent differences in the first oxygen coordination sphere. The discussion gives insight into how in a similar class of materials, strontium aluminates, the emission color of Eu(2+) can be tuned over a wide spectral region.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Enhanced Transmission of Light through Gold-Coated Diffraction Gratings (2008)

Narrow peaks are observed in the transmission spectra of p-polarized light passing through a thin gold film that is coated on the surface of a transparent diffraction grating. The spectral position and intensity of these peaks can be tuned over a wide range of wavelengths by simple rotation of the grating. The wavelengths where these transmission peaks are observed correspond to conditions where surface plasmon resonance occurs at the gold-air interface. Light diffracted by the grating couples with surface plasmons in the metal film to satisfy the resonant condition, resulting in enhanced light transmission through the film. Notably, this phenomenon is not observed at flat, gold-coated surfaces or uncoated gratings, where coupling to surface plasmons does not occur. The nature of the coupling and, thus, the details of light transmission are governed by the momentum matching conditions between the diffracted light and the surface plasmons. In the presence of bound analytes or surface films, the enhanced transmission peaks are red-shifted, making a simple, yet highly responsive sensing platform. The utility of this platform is demonstrated for ex situ sensing by analyzing thin films of various thicknesses and detecting a model immunoreaction between bovine serum albumin and anti-bovine serum albumin. This grating-based transmission surface plasmonic device represents a simple and sensitive platform, which can be readily tuned to enhance performance and be used in the study of a variety of surface adsorption processes or analysis of biomolecular interactions.
Photoactive Modified Chitosan (2008)

A water-soluble polymeric photosensitizer that contains naphthyl chromophores and absorbs light in the near UV region was obtained by modification of chitosan. The excitation energy can be used to induce photochemical reactions via energy and electron transfer.
Connectivity maintenance in mobile wireless networks via constrained mobility (2011)

We explore distributed mechanisms for maintaining the physical layer connectivity of a mobile wireless network while still permitting significant area coverage. Moreover, we require that these mechanisms maintain connectivity despite the unpredictable wireless propagation behavior found in complex real-world environments. To this end, we propose the Spreadable Connected Autonomic Network (SCAN) algorithm, a fully distributed, on-line, low overhead mechanism for maintaining the connectivity of a mobile wireless network. SCAN leverages knowledge of the local (2-hop) network topology to enable each node to intelligently halt its own movement and thereby avoid network partitioning events. By relying on topology data instead of locality information and deterministic connectivity models, SCAN can be applied in a wide range of realistic operational environments. We believe it is for precisely this reason that, to our best knowledge, SCAN was the first such approach to be implemented in hardware. Here, we present results from our implementation of SCAN, finding that our mobile robotic testbed maintains full connectivity over 99% of the time. Moreover, SCAN achieves this in a complex indoor environment, while still allowing testbed nodes to cover a significant area.
Molybdate transport through the plant sulfate transporter SHST1 (2008)

Molybdenum is an essential micronutrient required by plants. The mechanism of molybdenum uptake in plants is poorly understood, however, evidence has suggested that sulfate transporters may be involved. The sulfate transporter from Stylosanthes hamata, SHST1, restored growth of the sulfate transport yeast mutant, YSD1, on media containing low amounts of molybdate. Kinetic analysis using 99MoO4(2-) demonstrated that SHST1 enhanced the uptake of molybdate into yeast cells at nM concentrations. Uptake was not inhibited by sulfate, but sulfate transport via SHST1 was reduced with molybdate. These results are the first measurement of molybdate transport by a characterised plant sulfate transport protein.
A Mobile Force Plate and Three-Dimensional Motion Analysis System for Three-Dimensional Gait Assessment (2011)

In order to implement an unobstructed assessment of three-dimensional (3-D) gait, we developed a mobile force plate and 3-D motion analysis system (M3D) to measure triaxial ground reaction forces (GRF) and 3-D orientations of feet. Calibration and test experiments were conducted to characterize the sensor developed. To test the accuracy of the new measurement system, validation experiments by using the reference measurements of a commercially available measurement system were performed in a gait laboratory, where a stationary force plate, a motion capture system based on high-speed cameras and a motion track system of XSENS were adopted to analyze human movements. Experimental results supported the proposal that the developed system can be used to measure triaxial GRF and orientations with an acceptable precision during successive walking gait.
The MPI Message Passing Interface Standard (1994)

The diverse message passing interfaces provided on parallel and distributed computing systems have caused difficulty in movement of application software from one system to another and have inhibited the commercial development of tools and libraries for these systems. The Message Passing Interface (MPI) Forum has developed a de facto interface standard which was finalised in Ql of 1994. Major parallel system vendors and software developers were involved in the definition process, and the first implementations of MPI are already appearing. This article presents an overview of the MPI initiative and the standard interface, in particular those aspects which merge demonstrated research with common practice.
Complete differentiation between enkephalinase and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by retro-thiorphan. (1983)

Thiorphan, N-[(R,S)-3-mercapto-2-benzylpropanoyl]glycine is a highly potent inhibitor (Ki = 3.5 nM) of "enkephalinase," a metalloendopeptidase cleaving the Gly-Phe bond (positions 3 and 4) of enkephalins in brain tissue. In accordance with this property, thiorphan displays antinociceptive activity after systemic administration. However, thiorphan also inhibits to a lesser extent (Ki = 140 nM) the widely distributed angiotensin-converting enzyme, a carboxydipeptidase implicated in blood pressure regulation. Therefore, in view of an eventual clinical use of enkephalinase inhibitors, it was very important to develop fully specific compounds. Such derivatives were obtained taking into account that N-methylation of the ultimate amide bond of dipeptides strongly decreases enkephalinase affinity without affecting angiotension-converting enzyme recognition, whereas retro-inversion of the amide bond leads to the inverse effect. Thus, the retro-inverso dipeptide (R)-H2N-CH(CH2 phi)-NHCO-CH2-CO2H exhibits an inhibitory potency on enkephalinase (IC50 approximately equal to 12 muM) close to that of the natural dipeptide L-Phe-Gly (IC50 approximately equal to 3 muM). This result shows the topological analogy between the crucial components involved in enkephalinase recognition both in active dipeptides and structurally related retro-inverso isomers. Taking into account these observations, retro-thiorphan, (R,S)-HS-CH2-CH-(CH2 phi)-NHCO-CH2-COOH, was prepared. As compared to thiorphan, the retro isomer is 50% as potent (Ki = 6 nM) on enkephalinase but displays a drastic loss of potency on angiotension-converting enzyme (IC50 greater than 10,000 nM). This specificity was interpreted as a consequence of differences in the stereochemical constraints involving enzyme-inhibitor hydrogen bonding. This hypothesis is supported by reported crystallographic studies on related enzymes such as thermolysin and carboxypeptidase A. As expected, retro-thiorphan exhibits about the same analgesic potency as thiorphan on the hot plate and writhing tests in mice. Therefore, the topological concept of retro-inverso isomers could be extended to other enkephalinase inhibitors, allowing the design of potent and highly selective compounds occurring as new classes of analgesic and psychoactive agents.
Fully Electronic CMOS DNA Detection Array Based on Capacitance Measurement with On-Chip Analog-to-Digital Conversion (2006)

An 8 X 16 array of sensing micro-sites employs a fully-electrical label-free technique for DNA recognition using capacitance measurement and is fabricated in 0.5mum CMOS with added noble metal. Repeatability and parallel detection capability have been demonstrated. The DNA-chip is suitable for low-cost, fully-integrated point-of-care applications