gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diastolic dysfunction and congestive heart failure. (1990)

Diastolic heart failure is characterized by increased resistance to diastolic filling of one or both cardiac ventricles. Although some degree of diastolic failure exists in most patients presenting clinically with heart failure, a substantial subset of patients have relatively pure diastolic heart failure with normal systolic function. Diastolic heart failure can be due to structural abnormalities that increase resistance to ventricular inflow, and these structural abnormalities can be extramyocardial (e.g., constrictive pericarditis and mitral stenosis) or intramyocardial (e.g., fibrosis and amyloidosis). In addition to structural abnormalities, physiological derangement of myocardial inactivation and relaxation can contribute importantly to diastolic dysfunction in patients with heart failure. There is mounting evidence that advanced myocardial hypertrophy is associated with increased resistance to ventricular diastolic inflow due to both structural alteration (increased wall thickness and altered collagen matrix) and impaired diastolic relaxation of the hypertrophied myocardium. Physiological mechanisms for impaired relaxation in advanced hypertrophy remain controversial but can include disordered function of myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum, subendocardial ischemia, and altered adenylate cyclase function. Diastolic dysfunction can play an important role in the genesis of flash pulmonary edema seen in patients with ischemic heart disease because myocardial ischemia is associated with a decline in relaxation rate, increased resistance to early diastolic filling, and in some cases, a striking upward shift in the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Syntheses and properties of B–C–N and BN nanostructures (2004)

The current status of research on boron-carbon-nitrogen (B-C-N) and boron nitride (BN) nanotubes is presented. The latest achievements in syntheses, analyses and property measurements of these nanoscale tubular architectures are reviewed. The characteristic features of B-C-N and BN nanotubes, compared with conventional C nanotubes, are paid special attention. In particular, the latest breakthroughs in the chemical vapour deposition synthesis of BN nanotubes and an insight into their unique structures are highlighted. A wide range of potential applications is also envisaged, based on the recent progress, which includes pioneering results in BN nanocable fabrication, gas adsorption, electron transport and field emission measurements.
Plant cell walls to ethanol (2012)

Conversion of plant cell walls to ethanol constitutes second generation bioethanol production. The process consists of several steps: biomass selection/genetic modification, physiochemical pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, fermentation and separation. Ultimately, it is desirable to combine as many of the biochemical steps as possible in a single organism to achieve CBP (consolidated bioprocessing). A commercially ready CBP organism is currently unreported. Production of second generation bioethanol is hindered by economics, particularly in the cost of pretreatment (including waste management and solvent recovery), the cost of saccharification enzymes (particularly exocellulases and endocellulases displaying kcat ~1 s-1 on crystalline cellulose), and the inefficiency of co-fermentation of 5- and 6-carbon monosaccharides (owing in part to redox cofactor imbalances in Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Some remarks on the orthogonality of generalized eigenfunctions for singular second-order differential equations (1966)

Some remarks on the orthogonality of generalized eigenfunctions for singular second-order differential equations By Yoshimi SAITO Let us consider a differential equation of second order (o. i) 4^-?(*M*)+ x <*) = > (o<*<oo) .
Light-generated oligonucleotide arrays forrapid DNA sequence analysis (sequendng byhybrdhzaton/comblnatorlal diocs) (1994)

Inmanyareas ofmolecular biology there isa need torapidly extract andanalyze genetic information; however, current technologie forDNAsequence analysis areslowand labor Intensive. Wereport here howmodernphotlithographic techniques canbeusedtofacilitate sequence analysis bygener- ating miniatuiz arrays ofdensely packed olgonuceotide probes. These probe arrays, orDNAchips, canthen beapplied top i DNAhybzn analysis, directiy yielding sequence informaton. Inap i experiment, a1.28 x1.28 cmarray of256dfferent o tideswasproduced in16chemical r cycles, ruiring 4hrtocomplete. Thehybridization patternOf fuorescendy labeled olignuleotide targets wasthen detected byepffluorescence miscopy. Thefluorescence signais from c mary probes were5-35times stronger than those withsingle ordouble base-pair hybridiztn misatches, dem- onstrating s it intheidentication ofcompletryse- quences. This Method should prove tobeapowerfMl tool forrapid nv s inhumangenetics andd nostics, pathogen de- tection, andDNAmdecular recognition. Conventional DNA sequencing technology isalaborious pro- cedure requiring electrophoretic sizeseparation oflabeled DNA fragments. Analternative approach todenovoDNA sequencing, termed sequencing byhybridization (SBH), has beenproposed (1-3). Thismethod usesasetofshort oligonu- cleotide probes ofdefined sequence tosearch forcomplemen- tary sequences onalonger target strand ofDNA.Thehybrid- ization pattern isthenusedtoreconstruct thetarget DNA sequence. Itisenvisioned that hybridization analysis oflarge numbers ofprobes canbeusedtosequence long stretches of DNA.Inmoreimmediate applications ofhybridization meth- odology, asmall number ofprobes canbeusedtointerrogate local DNA structure. Thestrategy ofSBHcanbeillustrated bythefollowing example. A 12-mer target DNA sequence, AGCCTAGCT- GAA,ismixed with acomplete setofoctanucleotide probes. Ifonly perfect hybridization complementarity isconsidered, 5ofthe65,536 octamerprobes-TCGGATCG, CGGAT- CGA,GGATCGAC,GATCGACT, andATCGACTT-will hybridize tothetarget. Alignment oftheoverlapping se- quences fromthehybridizing probes reconstructs thecom- plement oftheoriginal 12-mer target:
Enhancing Residential Gateways: A Semantic OSGi Platform (2008)

The OSGi (open service gateway initiative) service platform specification is the most widely adopted technology for building a control system for the networked home. Three main features contribute to its success. First, it supports various well-known protocols, simplifying communication among home devices. In addition, it defines a cooperative model for applications to dynamically discover and use services provided by others. Finally, it allows flexible remote management of these applications and the services they provide. So, an OSGi solution supports decentralization, diversification, and ubiquity not only in smart homes but in pervasive environments generally.
Israel's Water Policies (1980)

During the negotiations between Egypt, Israel and the United States on the future of the territories occupied by Israel in 1967, the questions least frequently raised in the Western media have been those concerned with the resources of these territories, both human and material, and their economic importance for Israel. When attention did centre on the subject, its main focus was Sinai oil and its future availability to Israel after the signing of the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Only very recently, however, was mention made of another liquid resource - water. So obscure is this subject that few outside the area realize its importance. Yet, inside Israel the debate on Israeli water policies and the possible implications for them of the proposed autonomy for the Palestinian Arab residents in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Transcriptome Analysis of Trichothecene-Induced Gene Expression in Barley (2007)

Fusarium head blight, caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum, is a major disease problem on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Trichothecene mycotoxins produced by the fungus during infection increase the aggressiveness of the fungus and promote infection in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Loss-of-function mutations in the TRI5 gene in F. graminearum result in the inability to synthesize trichothecenes and in reduced virulence on wheat. We examined the impact of pathogen-derived trichothecenes on virulence and the transcriptional differences in barley spikes infected with a trichothecene-producing wild-type strain and a loss-of-function tri5 trichothecene nonproducing mutant. Disease severity, fungal biomass, and floret necrosis and bleaching were reduced in spikes inoculated with the tri5 mutant strain compared with the wild-type strain, indicating that the inability to synthesize trichothecenes results in reduced virulence in barley. We detected 63 transcripts that were induced during trichothecene accumulation, including genes encoding putative trichothecene detoxification and transport proteins, ubiquitination-related proteins, programmed cell death-related proteins, transcription factors, and cytochrome P450s. We also detected 414 gene transcripts that were designated as basal defense response genes largely independent of trichothecene accumulation. Our results show that barley exhibits a specific response to trichothecene accumulation that can be separated from the basal defense response. We propose that barley responds to trichothecene accumulation by inducing at least two general responses. One response is the induction of genes encoding trichothecene detoxification and transport activities that may reduce the impact of trichothecenes. The other response is to induce genes encoding proteins associated with ubiquitination and cell death which may promote successful establishment of the disease.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Endorsement of Macrophage Polarization (2017)

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are effective therapeutic agents enhancing the repair of injured tissues mostly through their paracrine activity. Increasing evidences show that besides the secretion of soluble molecules, the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) represents an alternative mechanism adopted by MSCs. Since macrophages are essential contributors toward the resolution of inflammation, which has emerged as a finely orchestrated process, the aim of the present study was to carry out a detailed characterization of EVs released by human adipose derived-MSCs to investigate their involvement as modulators of MSC anti-inflammatory effects inducing macrophage polarization. The EV-isolation method was based on repeated ultracentrifugations of the medium conditioned by MSC exposed to normoxic or hypoxic conditions (EV<sup>Normo</sup> and EV<sup>Hypo</sup> ). Both types of EVs were efficiently internalized by responding bone marrow-derived macrophages, eliciting their switch from a M1 to a M2 phenotype. In vivo, following cardiotoxin-induced skeletal muscle damage, EV<sup>Normo</sup> and EV<sup>Hypo</sup> interacted with macrophages recruited during the initial inflammatory response. In injured and EV-treated muscles, a downregulation of IL6 and the early marker of innate and classical activation Nos2 were concurrent to a significant upregulation of Arg1 and Ym1, late markers of alternative activation, as well as an increased percentage of infiltrating CD206<sup>pos</sup> cells. These effects, accompanied by an accelerated expression of the myogenic markers Pax7, MyoD, and eMyhc, were even greater following EV<sup>Hypo</sup> administration. Collectively, these data indicate that MSC-EVs possess effective anti-inflammatory properties, making them potential therapeutic agents more handy and safe than MSCs. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017 Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1018-1028.
Intelligent systems for tourism (2002)

The authors discuss travel recommender systems, adaptive context aware mobility support for tourists, tourism information systems, information delivery and travel planning information gathering agents.
Domain structure and dynamics in the helical filaments formed by RecA and Rad51 on DNA (2001)

Both the bacterial RecA protein and the eukaryotic Rad51 protein form helical nucleoprotein filaments on DNA that catalyze strand transfer between two homologous DNA molecules. However, only the ATP-binding cores of these proteins have been conserved, and this same core is also found within helicases and the F1-ATPase. The C-terminal domain of the RecA protein forms lobes within the helical RecA filament. However, the Rad51 proteins do not have the C-terminal domain found in RecA, but have an N-terminal extension that is absent in the RecA protein. Both the RecA C-terminal domain and the Rad51 N-terminal domain bind DNA. We have used electron microscopy to show that the lobes of the yeast and human Rad51 filaments appear to be formed by N-terminal domains. These lobes are conformationally flexible in both RecA and Rad51. Within RecA filaments, the change between the "active" and "inactive" states appears to mainly involve a large movement of the C-terminal lobe. The N-terminal domain of Rad51 and the C-terminal domain of RecA may have arisen from convergent evolution to play similar roles in the filaments.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (1999)

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is characterized by the widespread activation of coagulation, which results in the intravascular formation of fibrin and ultimately thrombotic occlusion of small and midsize vessels.13 Intravascular coagulation can also compromise the blood supply to organs and, in conjunction with hemodynamic and metabolic derangements, may contribute to the failure of multiple organs. At the same time, the use and subsequent depletion of platelets and coagulation proteins resulting from the ongoing coagulation may induce severe bleeding (Figure 1). Bleeding may be the presenting symptom in a patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation, a factor that can complicate decisions about . . .
Clustered insulated gate bipolar transistor: a new power semiconductor device (2001)

For the first time, the authors demonstrated a new MOS gated thyristor called the clustered insulated gate bipolar transistor (CIGBT), which is formed by clustering power MOSFET cathode cells within common n- and p-wells. The n- and p-wells also provide a unique self-clamping feature that protects the cathode from any surge current or voltage and thus improve its safe operating area. Detailed electrical simulations of 3 kV structures derived directly from a process simulator indicate at least 30% improvement in the on-state and switching performance of the CIGBT in comparison to an IGBT.
Understanding Heme Transport (2005)

A newly identified protein — heme carrier protein 1 — apparently mediates the uptake of cellular heme. Mutations impairing the activity of this protein might account, in part, for the broad spectrum of clinical severity observed in patients with genetic hemochromatosis.
Trans-Fatty Acids and Their Effects on Lipoproteins in Humans (1995)

Trans fatty acids raise plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in volunteers when exchanged for cis unsaturated fatty acids in the diet. In addition, trans fatty acids may lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and raise triglyceride and lipoprotein(a) levels in plasma. Trans and cis unsaturated fatty acids are thus not equivalent, and diets aimed at reducing the risk of coronary heart disease should be low in both trans and saturated fatty acids.
Erythrocytes volume and refractive index measurement with a digital holographic microscope (2007)

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a technique that allows obtaining, from a single recorded hologram, quantitative phase image of living cell with interferometric accuracy. Specifically the optical phase shift induced by the specimen on the transmitted wave front can be regarded as a powerful endogenous contrast agent, depending on both the thickness and the refractive index of the sample. We have recently proposed a new and efficient decoupling procedure allowing to directly obtain separate measurements of the thickness and the integral refractive index of a given living cell. Consequently, it has been possible to accurately measure (with a precision of 0.0003) the mean refractive index and the volume of living erythrocytes. Here, application of this decoupling procedure on erythrocyte allows to measure a refractive index of 1.40 and a mean volume of about 106 μm<sup>3</sup>.
Deviation-Based LFSR Reseeding for Test-Data Compression (2009)

Linear feedback shift register (LFSR) reseeding forms the basis for many test-compression solutions. A seed can be computed for each test cube by solving a system of linear equations based on the feedback polynomial of the LFSR. Despite the availability of numerous LFSR-reseeding-based compression methods in the literature, relatively little is known about the effectiveness of these seeds for unmodeled defects, particularly since there are often several candidate seeds for a test cube. We use the recently proposed output deviation measure of the resulting patterns as a metric to select appropriate LFSR seeds. Experimental results are reported using test patterns for stuck-at and transition faults derived from selected seeds for the ISCAS-89 and the IWLS-05 benchmark circuits. These patterns achieve higher coverage for transition and stuck-open faults than patterns obtained using other seed-generation methods for LFSR reseeding. Given a pattern pair ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> , <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) for transition faults, we also examine the transition-fault coverage for launch on capture by using <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> to separately compute output deviations. Results show that <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> tends to be better when there is a high proportion of do-not-care bits in the test cubes, while <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> is a more appropriate choice when the transition-fault coverage is high.
Double-layered NiPt nanobowls with ultrathin shell synthesized in water at room temperature (2012)

Double-layered NiPt nanobowls with diameter of ∼200 nm and layer thickness of ∼3 nm have been synthesized through a “one-pot” route in water at room temperature without pre-made templates. The nanobowls are self-assembled with asymmetric double layers and exhibit alignment behavior with different orientation on silicon wafer within different dispersant solutions. The as-prepared nanobowls can serve as fluorescence modifiers of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules, attributed to their bowl-like shape with a hollow cavity between layers. It provides a new facile route for synthesis and manipulation of bowl-like nanostructures through a self-assembly method without pre-made templates.
Superconducting noise bolometer for terahertz radiation (2005)

We present a superconducting noise bolometer that is a bolometric detector sensing radiation via radiation-induced changes of its own microwave noise. The detector represents a nanostrip made from a thin NbN superconducting film. It operates in the superconducting state and carries a supercurrent slightly less than the critical current. Radiation couples with the detector via an immersion lens and a planar antenna, which jointly define the useful spectral range from 1to5THz. At an ambient temperature of 4.2K, the optically measured noise-equivalent power amounts at ≈10−13WHz−1∕2 along with a time constant of approximately 150ps.
A Novel Dynamin-like Protein Associates with Cytoplasmic Vesicles and Tubules of the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Mammalian Cells (1998)

Dynamins are 100-kilodalton guanosine triphosphatases that participate in the formation of nascent vesicles during endocytosis. Here, we have tested if novel dynamin-like proteins are expressed in mammalian cells to support vesicle trafficking processes at cytoplasmic sites distinct from the plasma membrane. Immunological and molecular biological methods were used to isolate a cDNA clone encoding an 80-kilodalton novel dynamin-like protein, DLP1, that shares up to 42% homology with other dynamin-related proteins. DLP1 is expressed in all tissues examined and contains two alternatively spliced regions that are differentially expressed in a tissue-specific manner. DLP1 is enriched in subcellular membrane fractions of cytoplasmic vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum. Morphological studies of DLP1 in cultured cells using either a specific antibody or an expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)- DLP1 fusion protein revealed that DLP1 associates with punctate cytoplasmic vesicles that do not colocalize with conventional dynamin, clathrin, or endocytic ligands. Remarkably, DLP1-positive structures coalign with microtubules and, most strikingly, with endoplasmic reticulum tubules as verified by double labeling with antibodies to calnexin and Rab1 as well as by immunoelectron microscopy. These observations provide the first evidence that a novel dynamin-like protein is expressed in mammalian cells where it associates with a secretory, rather than endocytic membrane compartment.
Evolution of Enzymatic Activities in the Enolase Superfamily:  Functional Assignment of Unknown Proteins in <i>Bacillus subtilis </i>and <i>Escherichia coli</i> as <scp>l</scp>-Ala-<scp>d</scp>/<scp>l</scp>-Glu Epimerases (2001)

The members of the mechanistically diverse enolase superfamily catalyze different overall reactions by using a common catalytic strategy and structural scaffold. In the muconate lactonizing enzyme (MLE) subgroup of the superfamily, abstraction of a proton adjacent to a carboxylate group initiates reactions, including cycloisomerization (MLE), dehydration [o-succinylbenzoate synthase (OSBS)], and 1,1-proton transfer (catalyzed by an OSBS that also catalyzes a promiscuous N-acylamino acid racemase reaction). The realization that a member of the MLE subgroup could catalyze a 1,1-proton transfer reaction, albeit poorly, led to a search for other enzymes which might catalyze a 1,1-proton transfer as their physiological reaction. YcjG from Escherichia coli and YkfB from Bacillus subtilis, proteins of previously unknown function, were discovered to be L-Ala-D/L-Glu epimerases, although they also catalyze the epimerization of other dipeptides. The values of k(cat)/K(M) for L-Ala-D/L-Glu for both proteins are approximately 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). The genomic context and the substrate specificity of both YcjG and YkfB suggest roles in the metabolism of the murein peptide, of which L-Ala-D-Glu is a component. Homologues possessing L-Ala-D/L-Glu epimerase activity have been identified in at least two other organisms.