gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The expression of melanoma antigen encoding gene in lung cancer. (2005)

Background : Because melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) was expressed in many kinds of cancers and MAGE expression is highly specific to cancer cells, MAGE has been studied as an important marker for cancer diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression rates of MAGE-A1 to A6 by common MAGE primer and to evaluate the difference of expression rates of MAGE according to the clinical stages and the cell types in lung cancer tissues. Methods : 114 cancer tissues (53 tissues surgically removed, 61 tissues bronchoscopically biopsied), 18 benign lung tissues and 45 normal lung tissues sampled from surgically removed lung cancer were investigated. The MAGE assay was performed by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR) using common MAGE primer. Results : The expression rate of MAGE was 83.0% in surgically removed lung cancer tissues and was 70.5% in bronchoscopically biopsied lung cancer tissues. But MAGE was not detected in 18 benign lesions. In surgically removed lung cancer tissues, the positive rate of MAGE expression was 86.1% in squamous cell carcinoma, 69.2% in adenocarcinoma, and 100% in small cell carcinoma and in lung cancer tissues obtained by bronchoscopy 77.5%, 71.4%, and 50.0%, respectively. The detection rates of MAGE assay were increased according to clinical stage, stage I (57.1%), II (60.0%), III (80.0%) and IV (85.7%) (p>0.05). Conclusion : Common MAGE RT-PCR method is highly sensitive and specific for lung cancer detection. It may be useful method for the diagnosis of lung cancer and could be effectively utilized for early lung cancer screening method.
Synthesis of indoloquinolones, triazoloindoloquinolines and its derivatives (2003)

1H,2H-2-Oxo-4-hydrazinoquinolines 1a-e on treatment with cyclohexanone give corresponding 1H,2H-2-Oxo-4-quinolinylcyclohexanonehydrazones 2a-e Thermal Fischer indolization of 2a-e yield 5,6-dihydro-11H-6-oxo-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline 3a-e. Chlorination of 3a-e affords the corresponding chloro compounds 11H-6-chloroindolo [3,2-c]quinolines 4a-e, which on treatment with hydrazine hydrate give 11H-6-indolo [3,2-c]quinolinylhydrazines 5a-e. This hydrazone is used as a building block to synthesize corresponding 3-chloro-1'-(11H-indolo[3,2-c[quinolin-6'yl-amino)-4-(4'-nitrophenyl) azetidin-2-ones 7a-e and 1-phenyl-8H-indolo[3,2-c[quinolin[3',4':1,2] triazoles 8a-e. la-e on treatment with p-nitrobenzaldehyde give 4-quinolinylhydrazono-1-4'-nitrophenyl methanes 9a-e, which on further treatment with chloroacetyl chloride in triethyl amine afford 3-chloro-1'-(4-quinolin-4'yl-amino)-4-(4'-nitrophenyl)azetidin-2-ones 10a-e. Some of these compounds have been screened for their biological activity.
Quench protection and stagnant normal zones in a large cryostable SMES (1997)

The quench protection system for a 30 MW SMES built by Babcock and Wilcox is discussed. The magnet uses a cryostable conductor with an aluminum stabilizer cooled by pool boiling helium. A general approach to the protection of a cryostable magnet is presented. The phenomenon of stagnant zones is identified as a catastrophic process which can raise the conductor temperature in a localized area to hundreds of K in several minutes and has been selected as the target for quench protection systems. A stagnant zone can appear in an area covered by vapor and is characterized by uncontrollably growing temperature in the center, while its fronts slowly advance in cryostable regions. Stagnant zones are difficult to detect because of the cryostable nature of the conductor and the existence of other types of normal zones analyzed in the paper, such as steady zones or traveling normal zones, each with its unique behavior. The complexity of quench detection for cryostable magnet and the authors' approach to the problem are discussed.
“This is our campus!” - Student perspectives of their 1st year experience at a new university campus (2007)

This study examines students' first-year perspectives as undergraduates at Australia's newest satellite campus. Those early experiences appear influential in securing successful transition (McInnis, James, & Hartley, 2000). This study sought to allow staff to better understand the inaugural cohort and strategically respond to their specific needs. The cohort sampled included several emerging demographic subgroups that researchers have recently requested be more fully investigated (Krause, Hartley, James, & McInnis, 2005). This paper details the findings of focus group interviews with members of those subgroups, and follows an earlier online survey of all first-year students. Findings reveal students thematically conceptualising their experiences in terms of commitment to their studies, a desire to engage in dialogue, and an 'us versus them' competitiveness. Mature age learners detailed their significant sacrifices made when undertaking university studies and the possibility of this factor being a variable influencing persistence and attrition is raised.
<b>Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Antioxidants in the Rhizobia-Legume Symbiosis</b>   (2003)

The complete reduction of molecular oxygen to water requires four electrons and is catalyzed by cytochrome oxidase in aerobic bacteria and mitochondria. However, 1% to 3% of all oxygen consumed by respiration is inevitably reduced to superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These and other
Analysis of musical-instrument tones (1969)

POWERFUL NEW METHODS are now available for the study of tone quality of both existing and new instruments. The new methods involve both new tools (primarily computers) and new applications of experimental psychology (psychophysics and subjective judgments).
A Tale of Two Towns: The Significance of a School to a Rural Community (2009)

The great majority of America’s population now resides in urban/suburban locales and consequently most Americans don’t struggle with the question of whether their community can, or should, maintain its own school. Nevertheless, this question continues to confront many rural dwellers in all states. What follows is an action research project intended to examine the consequences of the decision to keep or remove a school from a rural community. The subjects in this study are two Kansas towns that exist a mere five miles from one another. The town that kept its school continues to sustain itself, while the town that lost its school has almost disappeared. Waldo and Luray, Kansas, are two small communities that have both existed over a hundred years just a few miles apart along rural Highway 18. The pair is fairly typical for rural Kansas. They both served as hubs for area farmers for many years, and each had their own schools, banks, churches, stores, doctors, auto and tractor repair businesses, and other similar kinds of enterprise. The two towns were established by hearty pioneers in a day when five miles was a tiring distance on horseback, and a lengthy journey by carriage. In the last half of the nineteenth century, it didn’t seem unusual for two towns to exist so close together. The circumstances that make an examination of these two little communities so interesting now is that one has declined in population to the point that most all its businesses and services are gone. Worse yet, it has lost its school. It is clinging to existence with the steadfast commitment of a handful of proud citizens who don’t want to lose their town. The other community continues on in a kind of steady state, maintaining a more sizable and somewhat consistent population. It works to keep its businesses and schools going. It is surviving modern life on the Kansas plains as well as it can. The contrast between the two communities begs the question, “why is one town surviving, and the other nearing its end?” The answers aren’t simple, but there is clearly a history of indicators that might be seen as ‘tipping points’ for both towns.
Rugged, no-moving-parts windspeed and static pressure probe designs for measurements in planetary atmospheres (1993)

Instruments developed for making meteorological observations under adverse conditions on Earth can be applied to systems designed for other planetary atmospheres. Specifically, a wind sensor developed for making measurements within tornados is capable of detecting induced pressure differences proportional to wind speed. Adding strain gauges to the sensor would provide wind direction. The device can be constructed in a rugged form for measuring high wind speeds in the presence of blowing dust that would clog bearings and plug passages of conventional wind speed sensors. Sensing static pressure in the lower boundary layer required development of an omnidirectional, tilt-insensitive static pressure probe. The probe provides pressure inputs to a sensor with minimum error and is inherently weather-protected. The wind sensor and static pressure probes have been used in a variety of field programs and can be adapted for use in different planetary atmospheres.
Future optical fiber transmission technology and networks (1988)

The authors contend that optical system developments, which so far have followed a straightforward and logical path from direct link replacement to the proposed transwitching networks, will evolve towards passive (fiber-only) networks that could ultimately see the eradication of the central office. To explain this view of the future, they briefly trace optical system developments to the present day before citing the technology developments that have led them to the conclusion. They discuss present network and technology trends, focusing on the reduction of the amount of electronic hardware, the disappearance of bandwidth efficiency as an important factor, and the state of the optical network today. They then turn to the future network and technology, showing how the central office can be dispensed with by operating the network on a radio mode, with each terminal assigned a specific frequency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The impedance matrix localization (IML) method for moment-method calculations (1990)

The impedance matrix localization (IML) method, a modification of the standard method of moments that can be implemented as a modification to existing computer programs, is examined. This modification greatly eases the excessive storage requirements and long computation times of moment-method approaches by using novel bases and testing function that localize the important interactions to only a small number of elements within the impedance matrix elements can be made so small (typically 10/sup -4/ to 10/sup -6/ in relative magnitude) that they may be approximated by zero. In the case of a two-dimensional body with unknowns on its surface, both analytical arguments and numerical calculations suggest that, for an N*N matrix, about 100N matrix elements will need to be kept, even for very large N. The resulting sparse matrix requires storage for only 100N complex numbers rather than for N/sup 2/ numbers. Similar results are expected in three dimensions. The structure of the resulting matrix problem allows the use of highly efficient solution methods. Results are given for one such possibility: iteration preconditioned by incomplete LU decomposition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
8 Gbit/s GaAs-on-InP 1.3 µm wavelength OEIC transmitter (1995)

Using GaAs-on-InP heteroepitaxial technology, a 1.3 µm OEIC transmitter combining a BRS laser with two GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect-transistors has been fabricated. The device design, fabrication processing and performance are described. 8 Gbit/s NRZ direct modulation is demonstrated. This is the highest bit rate ever reported for GaInAsP laser GaAs-on-InP transistor circuits.
Risk Aversion Behaviors of Consumers with Different Impulse Buying Tendency (2014)

In order to know more about the rational factors in consumer irrational behavior, this paper analyzed 370 consumers' actual online shopping data with nonparametric test, trying to find out whether there are any risk aversion behavior discrepancies among consumers with different impulse buying tendency. Customers were automatically clustered into three categories, and the results show that high impulsiveness consumers are really no different in SI-RAB (strong initiative risk aversion behavior) and MI-RAB (medium initiative risk aversion behavior) than those other consumers, while tending to overlook the risk factors in the act of weak initiative risk aversion (WI-RAB).
Yeast diversity of Ghanaian cocoa bean heap fermentations (2009)

The fermentation of the Theobroma cacao beans, involving yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, and acetic acid bacteria, has a major influence on the quality of the resulting cocoa. An assessment of the microbial community of cocoa bean heap fermentations in Ghana resulted in 91 yeast isolates. These were grouped by PCR-fingerprinting with the primer M13. Representative isolates were identified using the D1/D2 region of the large subunit rRNA gene, internal transcribed spacer sequences and partial actin gene sequences leading to the detection of 15 species. Properties of importance for cocoa bean fermentation, namely sucrose, glucose, and citrate assimilation capacity, pH-, ethanol-, and heat-tolerance, were examined for selected isolates. Pichia kudriavzevii (Issatchenkia orientalis), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Hanseniaspora opuntiae formed the major components of the yeast community. Hanseniaspora opuntiae was identified conclusively for the first time from cocoa fermentations. Among the less frequently encountered species, Candida carpophila, Candida orthopsilosis, Kodamaea ohmeri, Meyerozyma (Pichia) caribbica, Pichia manshurica, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, and Yamadazyma (Pichia) mexicana were not yet documented from this substrate. Hanseniaspora opuntiae was preferably growing during the earlier phase of fermentation, reflecting its tolerance to low pH and its citrate-negative phenotype, while no specific temporal distribution was recognized for P. kudriavzevii and S. cerevisiae.
A design study for the safe integration of Unmanned Aerial Systems into the National Airspace System (2016)

Since 2013 Unmanned Aerial Systems, commonly called drones, have become a disruptive technology in the consumer market and the National Airspace System due to their decreasing costs and increased consumer interest. Sales of drones have experienced growth in excess of 500 percent from 2014 to 2016. According to the Federal Aviation Administration the number of incidents involving drones has also grown. The Federal Aviation Administration currently provides few regulations for drones, instead offering advisories to drone operators. In order to determine a course of action for safe integration, the Federal Aviation Administration instituted a pilot reporting database of incidents involving drones. In over 97% of the incidents reported, the drone operators were not following altitude and location advisories. This paper examines the effectiveness of geofencing systems for drones and compares its effectiveness to the current proposed regulations and traditional collision avoidance systems. A Monte Carlo simulation using growth and incident rates of drones based on the incident data is used to determine the utility of each alternative. The alternatives are then analyzed through a utility function and evaluated on a cost/utility basis. The result shows that limiting flight operations to the regulated thresholds provides a cost effective method for adding safety to the operation of drones within the National Airspace System.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Catalyses. Part 70. The High Enantioselective Co‐Catalyzed Homo‐Diels‐Alder Reaction of Norbornadiene With Acetylenes. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Evidence for Cu Ion Formation by Dissolution and Dealloying the Al[sub 2]CuMg Intermetallic Compound in Rotating Ring-Disk Collection Experiments (2000)

Rotating ring‐disk collection experiments and stripping voltammetry have been used to detect Cu ions generated by dissolution of the intermetallic compound in aqueous chloride solutions. Cu ions are generated under open‐circuit conditions (open‐circuit potential ), or by slight anodic or cathodic polarization (±0.050 V from the open‐circuit potential). In all cases, Cu ion generation occurs even though the electrode potential is hundreds of millivolts negative of the equilibrium potential, . Results show that Cu ion generation is strongly dependent on the degree of solution aeration, indicating a role for Cu oxidants in the liberation process. Copper chloride‐complex formation and local surface curvature effects can shift the Cu equilibrium potential in the active direction, but neither phenomenon appears to play a primary role in oxidation of Cu from the intermetallic compound. Rather, the results of this study support the notion that Cu ion generation involves (i) dealloying of the intermetallic compound. (ii) nonfaradaic liberation of mechanically and electrically isolated metallic Cu clusters by physical coarsening of the dealloyed particle, and (iii) oxidation of the electrically isolated Cu clusters. This Cu ion generation mechanism is believed to be a significant factor contributing to the poor corrosion resistance and poor conversion coating characteristics of alloys. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Birefringence and Confinement Loss Properties in Photonic Crystal Fibers Under Lateral Stress (2008)

Using the finite-element method, we investigate lateral stress-induced novel characteristics of birefringence and confinement loss in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) of hexagonal symmetry. The results of simulation show us strong stress dependence of birefringence and confinement loss. We also find that the contribution of the geometrical effect that is related only to deformation of the PCF and the stress-related contribution to birefringence and confinement loss are entirely different. Furthermore, polarization-dependent stress sensitivity of confinement loss is proposed in this letter.
Steam Circulation in Horizontal Wellbores (1990)

ABSTRACT A model to evaluate heat losses, steam quality and pressure profiles during steam circulation in a wellbore has been developed. The model's unique ability to simulate countercurrent flow streams accounts for the interactions of heat transfer, fluid flow, phase changes, slippage between steam and water, and flow regime changes. It is based on the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy. The energy conservation equations can account for heat transfer in a stagnant annular gas blanket as well as the transient heat loss to the overburden and the reservoir. The mixture densities and frictional pressure drops were evaluated from two phase flow correlations. The heat transfer from the flowing streams was calculated from overall heat transfer coefficients involving thermal resistances and film condensation/vaporization coefficients. The conservation equations were solved iteratively by the Newton-Raphson method. The development of this model arose from a need to determine the wellbore heatloss distribution during the warm-up phase in Mobil Oil Canada's horizontal well at Cold Lake. Results from the model are verified with actual field data.
Radiation sources and diagnostics with ultrashort electron bunches (2002)

The basic principles and design of radiation sources (transition radiation, Cerenkov radiation, radiation from periodic structures, etc.) and radiation-based diagnostics will be discussed, with an emphasis on radiation from ultrashort electron bunches. Ultrashort electron bunches have the potential to produce high peak flux radiation sources that cover wavelength regimes where sources are currently not widely available (coherent THz/IR) as well as ultrashort x-ray pulses (3–100 fs). While radiation from the electron bunch contains the full signature of the electron beam and/or medium it has traveled through, the deconvolution of a single property of interest can be difficult due to a large number of contributing properties. The experimental implementation of novel solutions to this problem will be described for beams from 30 MeV to 30 GeV, including fluctuational interferometry, source imaging, phase matched cone angles and laser-based techniques, which utilize optical transition radiation, wiggler and Cerenkov radiation, and Thomson scattering. These novel diagnostic methods have the potential to resolve fs bunch durations, slice emittance on fs scales, etc. The advantages and novel features of these techniques will be discussed.
Perinatal Expression of Type I IGF Receptors in Porcine Small Intestine* (1990)

The gastrointestinal tract of the pig undergoes enhanced growth as well as morphological and functional differentiation during the perinatal period. Concurrently, porcine neonates ingest physiologically significant amounts of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) via colostrum and milk. The objectives of this study were to examine newborn pig small intestine for the presence of high affinity, IGF-I receptors and to evaluate the possible contributions of maternally derived and locally produced IGF-I to receptor-mediated postnatal growth of intestine. The specific binding of 125I-IGF-I to membranes prepared from scraped intestinal mucosa was time, temperature, and pH dependent; optimal conditions were 48 h, 4 C, and a pH of 7.8, respectively. Several pure peptides were evaluated for competition with 125I-IGF-I in binding to intestinal membrane sites. The relative order of competition was IGF-I greater than insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) greater than insulin, whereas bombesin and epidermal growth factor were noncompetitive. Chemical cross-linking of 125I-IGF-I to binding sites, followed by denaturing SDS-PAGE and autoradiography, demonstrated labeled protein complexes of Mrs 135,000 and 260,000. Both autoradiographic bands were diminished when excess unlabeled IGF-I or IGF-II was included in the binding step. Insulin at higher concentrations also slightly inhibited labeling of both membrane proteins. Membranes prepared from intestinal mucosa of piglets at days 0 (less than 2-h old, colostrum-deprived), 3, 5, and 21 postnatal were evaluated for developmental variations in specific binding of 125I-IGF-I. Binding was highest at birth, declined (-43%) by day 3, remained low at day 5, and increased by day 21. Receptor affinity was relatively invariant whereas receptor number (per mg membrane protein) was variable. Intestine wt increased disproportionately to body wt between days 0 to 3, postnatal. Radioimmunoassay of extracts of the corresponding intestinal mucosa revealed a significant increase in content of IGF-I by day 3 (P = 0.05), whereas RNA dot-blot hybridization demonstrated low and unchanging IGF-I mRNA abundance in intestine. The quantitative variations in IGF-I protein content and IGF receptor numbers temporally coincide with intestinal villous growth, cessation of intestinal transport of macromolecules (closure), and onset of maturation of intestinal function.