gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of <i>WXP1</i>, a putative <i>Medicago truncatula</i> AP2 domain‐containing transcription factor gene, increases cuticular wax accumulation and enhances drought tolerance in transgenic alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) (2005)

The identification of leaf wax genes involved in stress tolerance is expected to have great potential for crop improvement. Here we report the characterization of a novel AP2 domain-containing putative transcription factor gene from the model legume Medicago truncatula. The gene, designated WXP1, is able to activate wax production and confer drought tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), the most important forage legume species in the world and a close relative of M. truncatula. The predicted protein of WXP1 has 371 aa; it is one of the longest peptides of all the single AP2 domain proteins in M. truncatula. WXP1 is distinctly different from the most studied genes in the AP2/ERF transcription factor family such as AP2s, CBF/DREB1s, DREB2s, WIN1/SHN1 and GL15. Transcript level of WXP1 is inducible by cold, abscisic acid and drought treatment mainly in shoot tissues in M. truncatula. Overexpression of WXP1 under the control of the CaMV35S promoter led to a significant increase in cuticular wax loading on leaves of transgenic alfalfa. Scanning electron microscopy revealed earlier accumulation of wax crystals on the adaxial surface of newly expanded leaves and higher densities of wax crystalline structures on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of mature leaves. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that total leaf wax accumulation per surface area increased 29.6-37.7% in the transgenic lines, and the increase was mainly contributed by C30 primary alcohol. WXP1 overexpression induced a number of wax-related genes. Transgenic leaves showed reduced water loss and chlorophyll leaching. Transgenic alfalfa plants with increased cuticular waxes showed enhanced drought tolerance demonstrated by delayed wilting after watering was ceased and quicker and better recovery when the dehydrated plants were re-watered.
Water‐soluble polymers bearing biologically active residues, 1. Synthesis and characterization of poly(ether‐ester)s bearing hydroxyl side groups and their derivatization with 1‐naphthylacetic acid (1993)

Abstract The synthesis of low‐molecular‐weight poly(ether‐ester)s bearing hydroxyl side groups by poly‐condensation, in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone at 105–110°C, of the potassium salts of racemic malic and ( R , R )‐tartaric acids and α‐(2‐bromoethyl)‐ω‐bromopoly(oxyethylene)s of different molecular weights is described. The polymers were characterized by GPC and 1 H and 13 C NMR. The fixation of 1‐naphthylacetic acid, a plant growth regulating agent, was successfully achieved in the case of poly(ether‐ester)s deriving from tartaric acid, by carrying out the esterification reaction at room temperature in the presence of N , N ′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4‐dimethylaminopyridine.
Quantitative Descriptors of Corneal Shape Derived from Computer-assisted Analysis of Photokeratographs (1989)

The goal of this retrospective study was to derive clinically useful quantitative measures of corneal shape from computer-assisted analyses of photokeratoscope photographs. Algorithms were developed to determine a new index of corneal symmetry, the Surface Asymmetry Index (SAI). The SAI correlated well with best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and may be useful clinically for predicting the level of spectacle-corrected visual acuity that could be expected based on the corneal surface topography in the otherwise normal eye of an individual patient. Algorithms were also developed to determine the centrally-weighted average corneal power and the power and location of the steepest and flattest corneal meridians. The average surface power and the power of the steepest meridian determined from the photokeratographs correlated well with values obtained using the keratometer in the retrospective series (correlation coefficient = 0.98 for the average surface power and 0.97 for the power of the steepest meridian).
Immunization with Rough Mutants of Salmonella minnesota. IV. Protection by Antisera to O and Rough Antigens Against Endotoxin (1983)

The protection by antisera to O antigens and antigens (lipid A, the Re 595 mutant of Salmonella minnesota, and the J5 mutant of Escherichia coli) of the core portion of endotoxin against lethal challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was compared. Rabbits immunized with the Re mutant developed antibody that protected mice against challenge with S. minnesota or Salmonella typhosa LPS. Antisera to heterologous O antigen and lipid A were not protective, whereas homologous antisera and antiserum to the Re or J5 mutant protected against lethal challenge. On a volumetric basis, O-specific antiserum was consistently somewhat more protective than antiserum to the Re mutant, which was slightly more protective than antiserum to the J5 mutant. When comparisons were made using passive transfer to similar quantities of hemagglutinating or precipitating antibody, antiserum to the Re mutant was considerably more protective than O-specific antiserum. This greater protection is hypothesized to result from more effective masking of the toxic lipid A moiety by antibody to the rough mutants than by O-specific antibody.
Naproxen does not alter indices of muscle damage in resistance-exercise trained men (1999)

NSAID administration did not alter CK rise, muscle force deficit at 24 h postexercise, nor perceived muscle pain. In addition, the increased CK at 24 h postexercise was not associated with an acute myofibrillar inflammatory cell infiltrate in moderately trained men after resistance exercise.
Interaction of Plastics in Mixed-Plastics Pyrolysis (1998)

The pyrolysis of mixed-plastic waste has been proposed as a means of recycling to produce petrochemical feedstock. The interaction of the main plastic types in plastic mixtures is significant in predicting the likely yield and composition of products from different plastic mixtures. The six main plastics in municipal solid waste are high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Each of the plastics was pyrolyzed individually in a fixed-bed reactor heated at 25 °C min-1 to a final temperature of 700 °C. Polystyrene was then mixed with each of the other five plastics in a ratio of 1:1 and pyrolyzed in the fixed-bed reactor under the same pyrolysis conditions. The yield and composition of the derived oil/wax and gases was determined. The main gases produced from the individual plastics were hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, butane, and butene and for the PET plastic carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Hydrogen chloride was also produced with PVC. Analysis of the oil/wax showed that the polyalkene plastics, HDPE, LDPE, and PP, gave a mainly aliphatic composition consisting of a series of alkanes, alkenes, and alkadienes. PVC gave a mainly aromatic oil, and PS and PET, which have aromatic groups in their structures, also showed a more aromatic composition. There was a higher gas yield from the mixtures of the plastics with PS than would be expected from the pyrolysis of the individual plastics, coupled with a reduction in the oil/wax phase. The average molecular weight of the oil/wax from the mixed plastics was less than expected from the individual molecular weights. Compositional analysis of the oil/wax showed that changes in the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were produced with the mixture compared to that expected from the individual plastics.
Measurement of Oxidized/Reduced Glutathione Ratio (2010)

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant in aerobic cells, present in micromolar (microM)-concentrations in bodily fluids and in millimolar (mM) concentrations in tissue. GSH is critical for protecting the brain from oxidative stress, acting as a free radical scavenger and inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. GSH also participates in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide by various glutathione peroxidases. The ratio of reduced GSH to oxidized GSH (GSSG) is an indicator of cellular health, with reduced GSH constituting up to 98% of cellular GSH under normal conditions. However, the GSH/GSSG ratio is reduced in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Measuring the GSH/GSSG ratio in pathological tissues and experimental models thereof in comparison to the results in controls is an excellent way to assess potential therapeutics efficacy in maintaining cellular redox potential. The availability of UV/Visible instruments equipped with 96-well plate readers as common laboratory equipment has made measuring the GSH/GSSG ratio on multiple samples a manageable procedure.
A widespread sequence-specific mRNA decay pathway mediated by hnRNPs A1 and A2/B1 (2016)

3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) specify post-transcriptional fates of mammalian messenger RNAs (mRNAs), yet knowledge of the underlying sequences and mechanisms is largely incomplete. Here, we identify two related novel 3' UTR motifs in mammals that specify transcript degradation. These motifs are interchangeable and active only within 3' UTRs, where they are often preferentially conserved; furthermore, they are found in hundreds of transcripts, many encoding regulatory proteins. We found that degradation occurs via mRNA deadenylation, mediated by the CCR4-NOT complex. We purified trans factors that recognize the motifs and identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) A1 and A2/B1, which are required for transcript degradation, acting in a previously unknown manner. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to confirm hnRNP A1 and A2/B1 motif-dependent roles genome-wide, profiling cells depleted of these factors singly and in combination. Interestingly, the motifs are most active within the distal portion of 3' UTRs, suggesting that their role in gene regulation can be modulated by alternative processing, resulting in shorter 3' UTRs.
Modern Aircraft Geometry (1956)

THE determination of the shape and position of the various constructional elements in an aircraft must be based on principles different from those used in the case of an ordinary machine such as, for example, a lathe. In the latter case, the position of the parts in relation to each other can be given by measurements to existing plane base surfaces and centre lines. In aircraft work, on the other hand, where such base surfaces and centre lines are lacking, an attempt was made from the beginning to work with certain imaginary base planes named according to their position in the aircraft, such as datum plane, plane of symmetry, wing datum plane, and so on. This was unsatisfactory, however, and now the conception of co‐ordinates forms the basis for dimensioning.
<i>In silico</i> pharmacology for drug discovery: methods for virtual ligand screening and profiling (2007)

Pharmacology over the past 100 years has had a rich tradition of scientists with the ability to form qualitative or semi-quantitative relations between molecular structure and activity in cerebro. To test these hypotheses they have consistently used traditional pharmacology tools such as in vivo and in vitro models. Increasingly over the last decade however we have seen that computational (in silico) methods have been developed and applied to pharmacology hypothesis development and testing. These in silico methods include databases, quantitative structure-activity relationships, pharmacophores, homology models and other molecular modeling approaches, machine learning, data mining, network analysis tools and data analysis tools that use a computer. In silico methods are primarily used alongside the generation of in vitro data both to create the model and to test it. Such models have seen frequent use in the discovery and optimization of novel molecules with affinity to a target, the clarification of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties as well as physicochemical characterization. The aim of this review is to illustrate some of the in silico methods for pharmacology that are used in drug discovery. Further applications of these methods to specific targets and their limitations will be discussed in the second accompanying part of this review.
Preparation and purification of monoclonal antibodies against human chorionic gonadotrophin (2010)

Purpose To prepare monoclonal antibody against hCG.Methods Balb/c mice were immunized with hCG,and spleen cells from the mice were fused with myeloma cells SP2/0 at ratio of 5∶1.Positive clones were screened by indirect enzyme-linked-immunoadsorbent assay(ELISA),then the clones were subcloned by limiting dilution and amplified further.After intraperitoneal injection of hybridoma cells,mouse ascites antibody was prepared.Titres and specificity of the ascites antibody were identified and determined by indirect ELISA.The ascites were purified by protein A affinity chromatography.Results Two strains of hybridoma cell lines obtained could secrete MAb stably.The titre of MAb of cell culture supernate is more than 10-3,and the titre of prepared ascites MAb is more than 10-7.The purity of the obtained monoclonal antibody was more than 98% and recovery reached 75% after purification.Conclusion The obtained two strains of hybridoma cell lines can secrete MAb stably.The monoclonal antibodies can be used in the research of early pregnancy and tumor diagnosis.
When Is a Heterophile Antibody Not a Heterophile Antibody? When It Is an Antibody against a Specific Immunogen (1999)

Heterophile antibodies are antibodies produced against poorly defined antigens. These are generally weak antibodies with multispecific activities. Human anti-animal antibodies that develop as a result of treatments with animal immunoglobulins are antibodies with strong avidities, produced against well-defined antigens. Although heterophile antibodies and human anti-animal antibodies interfere with immunological assays by similar mechanisms, modes for identifying the sources of the antibodies and for circumventing or retarding the interference may differ. Unfortunately, there has not been a well-organized attempt to encourage correct definition of these antibodies. This problem of inexact definition is highlighted by recent articles in this Journal. In the present discussion, we examine the history leading to this problem and discuss the origins and the reasons that the nature of the antibody is important for rectifying the problem. We propose a simple nomenclature for general usage that should appropriately characterize these antibodies in most cases.
Large Scale Diagnostic Code Classification for Medical Patient Records (2008)

A critical, yet not very well studied problem in medical applications is the issue of accurately labeling patient records according to diagnoses and procedures that patients have undergone. This labeling problem, known as coding, consists of assigning standard medical codes (ICD9 and CPT) to patient records. Each patient record can have several corresponding labels/codes, many of which are correlated to specific diseases. The current, most frequent coding approach involves manual labeling, which requires considerable human effort and is cumbersome for large patient databases. In this paper we view medical coding as a multi-label classification problem, where we treat each code as a label for patient records. Due to government regulations concerning patient medical data, previous studies in automatic coding have been quite limited. In this paper, we compare two efficient algorithms for diagnosis coding on a large patient dataset. 1
Laterally stacked glass substrates with high density electrical feedthroughs (2007)

This paper reports a novel method to produce high density feedthrough glass wafers with sufficient thickness for the packaging and interconnection of high density array micro electromechanical systems (MEMS). Pyrex glass wafers with thin film metal lines on the surface are stacked and bonded with each other using phenyl methyl siloxane-based adhesive. The stacked glass wafer block is then sliced using a wire saw as the slicing surfaces cross the adhesive bonding interfaces vertically. Prototyped feedthrough glass wafers were subjected to anodic bonding to a silicon wafer with diaphragms. The anodic bonding was successful, but hermetic sealing was not achieved. The bending of the bonded sample can be reduced by annealing the sample at 400 °C in a vacuum before anodic bonding.
Development of Improved Fruit, Vegetable, and Ornamental Crops Using the CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Technique (2019)

Horticultural crops, including fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plants are an important component of the agriculture production systems and play an important role in sustaining human life. With a steady growth in the world's population and the consequent need for more food, sustainable and increased fruit and vegetable crop production is a major challenge to guarantee future food security. Although conventional breeding techniques have significantly contributed to the development of important varieties, new approaches are required to further improve horticultural crop production. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) has emerged as a valuable genome-editing tool able to change DNA sequences at precisely chosen loci. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was developed based on the bacterial adaptive immune system and comprises of an endonuclease guided by one or more single-guide RNAs to generate double-strand breaks. These breaks can then be repaired by the natural cellular repair mechanisms, during which genetic mutations are introduced. In a short time, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has become a popular genome-editing technique, with numerous examples of gene mutation and transcriptional regulation control in both model and crop plants. In this review, various aspects of the CRISPR/Cas9 system are explored, including a general presentation of the function of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in bacteria and its practical application as a biotechnological tool for editing plant genomes, particularly in horticultural crops.
Performance Analysis of Content-Based Identification Using Constrained List-Based Decoding (2012)

This paper is dedicated to the performance analysis of content-based identification using binary fingerprints and constrained list-based decoding. We formulate content-based identification as a multiple hypothesis test and develop analytical models of its performance in terms of probabilities of correct detection/miss and false acceptance for a class of statistical models, which captures the correlation between elements of either the content or its extracted features. Furthermore, in order to determine the block/codeword length impact on the identification's accuracy, we analyze exponents of these probabilities of errors. Finally, we develop a probabilistic model, justifying the accuracy of identification based on list decoding by evaluating the position of the queried entry on the output list. The obtained results make it possible to characterize the performance of traditional unique decoding, based on the maximum likelihood for the situations when the decoder fails to produce the correct index. This paper also contains experimental results that confirm theoretical findings.
Light-emitting diode pumped polymer lasers (2008)

Semiconducting polymers are very promising optoelectronic materials enabling the simple fabrication of devices such as light-emitting diodes, lasers and solar cells. However, the development of polymer lasers has been hampered by the low charge mobility of these materials preventing electrically driven lasers. We find that this problem can be overcome by taking advantage of the complementary properties of inorganic semiconductors. We show that by separating the charge transporting and lasing regions in a structure combining an indium gallium nitride light-emitting diode with a semiconducting polymer distributed feedback laser, an electrically pumped hybrid polymer laser can be made. This provides a new route to simple, convenient, compact and low-cost visible lasers with the potential for applications in security, sensing, spectroscopy, and medical diagnostics.
High Frequency Dispersion in <i>n</i>-Propanol (1952)

Two dispersion regions in the liquid in addition to the primary dispersion have been measured at audio-and radiofrequencies below −120°C, which make small but significant contributions to the dielectric constant. Both move rapidly to lower frequencies with decreasing temperature and the relaxation times of the intermediate dispersion are 200 times smaller than for the primary one. The temperature and frequency dependences are those to be expected for orientation rather than induced polarization.
Hollow Fibers for Hepatocyte Encapsulation and Transplantation: Studies of Survival and Function in Rats (1994)

In this study, the feasibility of transplanting hepatocytes using hollow fibers (HF) was investigated. Experiments were carried out in vitro and in vivo to determine the viability and function of hepatocytes encapsulated in four different types of commercially available HF: regenerated cellulose HF (RCHF), polysulfone HF of two different sizes (PSHF-1 and PSHF-2), and polyvinylidine HF (PVDF). Hepatocytes remained viable in all types of HF for at least 1 wk in vitro as measured by light microscopy and their ability to synthesize protein and secrete albumin. However, the levels of protein synthesis and albumin secretion in these cells varied significantly between different HF (RCHF > PSHF-2 > PVDF approximately PSHF-1) and appeared to be inversely related to their internal diameters (215, 500, 1000, and 1100 microns for RCHF, PSHF-2, PVDF, and PSHF-1, respectively). While PSHF-2, PVDF, and PSHF-1 did not support long term viability in vivo, hepatocytes in RCHF survived after implantation in the mesentery. After 24 h in vivo, the hepatocytes appeared morphologically intact and exhibited a similar rate of protein synthesis when compared with cells cultured in parallel. The hepatocytes in RCHF also maintained the ability to synthesize protein after 7 days in vivo. These results suggest that HF of appropriate size may be useful for hepatocyte transplantation applications in which prevascularization is not possible.
Antibodies and vaccines against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (2019)

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has spread through 27 countries and infected more than 2,200 people since its first outbreak in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The high fatality rate (35.4%) of this novel coronavirus and its persistent wide spread infectiousness in animal reservoirs have generated tremendous global public health concern. However, no licensed therapeutic agents or vaccines against MERS-CoV are currently available and only a limited few have entered clinical trials. Among all the potential targets of MERS-CoV, the spike glycoprotein (S) has been the most well-studied due to its critical role in mediating viral entry and in inducing a protective antibody response in infected individuals. The most notable studies include the recent discoveries of monoclonal antibodies and development of candidate vaccines against the S glycoprotein. Structural characterization of MERS-CoV S protein bound with these monoclonal antibodies has provided insights into the mechanisms of humoral immune responses against MERS-CoV infection. The current review aims to highlight these developments and discuss possible hurdles and strategies to translate these discoveries into ultimate medical interventions against MERS-CoV infection.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline (2012)

The evidence-based statements are provided for diagnosis and overall management of OAB, as well as for the various treatments. Diagnosis and treatment methodologies can be expected to change as the evidence base grows and as new treatment strategies become obtainable.