gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Getting Started with Neural Models for Semantic Matching in Web Search (2016)

The vocabulary mismatch problem is a long-standing problem in information retrieval. Semantic matching holds the promise of solving the problem. Recent advances in language technology have given rise to unsupervised neural models for learning representations of words as well as bigger textual units. Such representations enable powerful semantic matching methods. This survey is meant as an introduction to the use of neural models for semantic matching. To remain focused we limit ourselves to web search. We detail the required background and terminology, a taxonomy grouping the rapidly growing body of work in the area, and then survey work on neural models for semantic matching in the context of three tasks: query suggestion, ad retrieval, and document retrieval. We include a section on resources and best practices that we believe will help readers who are new to the area. We conclude with an assessment of the state-of-the-art and suggestions for future work.
The Preparation of Carbodiimides from Isocyantes (1962)

Abstract Carbodiimides are formed with simultaneous evolution of CO 2 by the reaction of basic catalyst with sterically hindered isocynates. Another generally applicable synthesis of carbodiimides involves intermediate formation of cyclic adducts of isocyanates and carbodiimides, which, upon cleavage, exchange the isocyanate and carbodiimide functions. Both processes are suitable for the preparation of polycarboiimides. Several commercial applications of mono‐ and polycarbodiimides are pointed out.
A Design and Assessment of a Direction Finding Proximity Fuze Sensor (2013)

This paper presents the implementation and assessment of a direction finding proximity fuze sensor for anti-aircrafts or anti-air missiles. A higher rejection of clutter signals is achieved by employing a binary phase shift keying modulation using Legendre sequence. The direction finding is implemented by comparing received powers from six receiving antennas equally spaced by an angle of 60° around a cylindrical surface. In addition, target detection algorithms have been developed for a robust detection of the target, taking the wide variation of target related parameters into considerations. The performances of the developed fuze sensor are experimentally verified by constructing the fuze-specific encounter simulation test apparatus, which collects and analyzes reflected signals from a standard target. The developed fuze sensor can successfully detect the -10 dBsm target over a 10 m range as well as the direction with an out-of-range rejection of about 40 dB. Furthermore, the developed fuze sensor can clearly detect the target with mesh clutter environment. To assess realistic operation, the fuze sensor is tested using 155 mm gun firing test setup. Through the gun firing test, the successful fuzing range and direction finding performances are demonstrated.
Preparation and properties of novel Na specific adsorbent Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)(3) (2006)

A novel Na specific kind of adsorbent Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)(3) was synthesized by the high temperature solid state reaction method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and their adsorption performances were investigated. The results indicate that the low concentration (x l0.6) Al dopant does not affect the structure of the material but makes it can selectively adsorb sodium. The results show that its exchange capacity is very high, even reach 11.76mg/g, under x=0.4, pH=10.0 similar to 11.0. In addition, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopic studies for these materials were carried out and the vibrational bands were assigned. A novel Na specific kind of adsorbent Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)(3) was synthesized by the high temperature solid state reaction method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and their adsorption performances were investigated. The results indicate that the low concentration (x l0.6) Al dopant does not affect the structure of the material but makes it can selectively adsorb sodium. The results show that its exchange capacity is very high, even reach 11.76mg/g, under x=0.4, pH=10.0 similar to 11.0. In addition, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopic studies for these materials were carried out and the vibrational bands were assigned.
The status of demand response in New York (2004)

This paper describes the status of the three demand response programs as of early 2003, and identifies some of the market changes to be implemented in 2003. This paper overviews some of the following aspects: (I) background on the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) the NYISO operates the State's high voltage electric transmission system, (II) emergency demand response program (EDRP), (III) overall strategy for evaluating the effects of the price responsive load programs (PRL), and (VI) modifications to EDRP and SCR to reflect scarcity pricing in 2003. The NYISO's emergency demand response program (EDRP) allows participants to be paid for reducing their energy consumption upon notice from the NYISO that an operating reserves deficiency or major emergency exists.
Advances in targeted and immunobased therapies for colorectal cancer in the genomic era (2016)

Targeted therapies require information on specific defective signaling pathways or mutations. Advances in genomic technologies and cell biology have led to identification of new therapeutic targets associated with signal-transduction pathways. Survival times of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) can be extended with combinations of conventional cytotoxic agents and targeted therapies. Targeting EGFR- and VEGFR-signaling systems has been the major focus for treatment of metastatic CRC. However, there are still limitations in their clinical application, and new and better drug combinations are needed. This review provides information on EGFR and VEGF inhibitors, new therapeutic agents in the pipeline targeting EGFR and VEGFR pathways, and those targeting other signal-transduction pathways, such as MET, IGF1R, MEK, PI3K, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and death-receptor signaling pathways for treatment of metastatic CRC. Additionally, multitargeted approaches in combination therapies targeting negative-feedback loops, compensatory networks, and cross talk between pathways are highlighted. Then, immunobased strategies to enhance antitumor immunity using specific monoclonal antibodies, such as the immune-checkpoint inhibitors anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1, as well as the challenges that need to be overcome for increased efficacy of targeted therapies, including drug resistance, predictive markers of response, tumor subtypes, and cancer stem cells, are covered. The review concludes with a brief insight into the applications of next-generation sequencing, expression profiling for tumor subtyping, and the exciting progress made in in silico predictive analysis in the development of a prescription strategy for cancer therapy.
Spore Germination and Germ Tube Growth of a Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus<i>in Vitro</i> (1982)

The effects of mineral nutrients, thiamine, pH, and organic substrates on germination and germ tube growth of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus were examined. Surfacesterilized azygospores of Gigaspora margarita were plated on 1% water agar containing different components and incubated at 28 C up to 30 da. Maximum germination and germ tube growth occurred when 20 mg 1-1 CaH2PO4 was used, whereas 24 mg 1-1 NH4NO3 did not affect germination and depressed germ tube growth by 55%. Potassium or concentrations of soluble nutrient salts as high as those used to grow seedlings axenically had no effect on spore germination or germ tube growth. Thiamine at 0.1 mg 1-1 increased germination, and maximum germ tube growth occurred at 0.01 mg 1-1. The interaction between medium pH and medium composition was significant. Spore germination was not enhanced by any of the organic substrates. Low concentrations (4 g 1-1) of sucrose favored germ tube growth. Relation of these results to nutrition and root-colonizing ability of VA mycorrhizal spores is discussed.
Preparation and Electrochemistry of Boron-Doped Diamond Nanoparticles on Glassy Carbon Electrodes (2011)

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) was prepared in nanosize particles and they were used as a support for noble metal-based nanoparticles. Nanosize platinum oxide was deposited on diamond nanoparticles as well as on boron-doped diamond nanoparticles by the sol–gel method. Cyclic voltammetric results showed an improvement in conductivity as well as in surface capacitance when diamond nanoparticles were doped with boron. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy boron binding energy peak showed , which is consistent with the electrochemical characterization. Platinum oxide deposition was studied by cyclic voltammetry with an improvement when BDD nanoparticles were used as a support.
Targeting pharmacoresistant epilepsy and epileptogenesis with a dual-purpose antiepileptic drug (2014)

In human epilepsy, pharmacoresistance to antiepileptic drug therapy is a major problem affecting a substantial fraction of patients. Many of the currently available antiepileptic drugs target voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to a rate-dependent suppression of neuronal discharge. A loss of use-dependent block has emerged as a potential cellular mechanism of pharmacoresistance for anticonvulsants acting on voltage-gated sodium channels. There is a need both for compounds that overcome this resistance mechanism and for novel drugs that inhibit the process of epileptogenesis. We show that eslicarbazepine acetate, a once-daily antiepileptic drug, may constitute a candidate compound that addresses both issues. Eslicarbazepine acetate is converted extensively to eslicarbazepine after oral administration. We have first tested using patch-clamp recording in human and rat hippocampal slices if eslicarbazepine, the major active metabolite of eslicarbazepine acetate, shows maintained activity in chronically epileptic tissue. We show that eslicarbazepine exhibits maintained use-dependent blocking effects both in human and experimental epilepsy with significant add-on effects to carbamazepine in human epilepsy. Second, we show that eslicarbazepine acetate also inhibits Cav3.2 T-type Ca(2+) channels, which have been shown to be key mediators of epileptogenesis. We then examined if transitory administration of eslicarbazepine acetate (once daily for 6 weeks, 150 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg) after induction of epilepsy in mice has an effect on the development of chronic seizures and neuropathological correlates of chronic epilepsy. We found that eslicarbazepine acetate exhibits strong antiepileptogenic effects in experimental epilepsy. EEG monitoring showed that transitory eslicarbazepine acetate treatment resulted in a significant decrease in seizure activity at the chronic state, 8 weeks after the end of treatment. Moreover, eslicarbazepine acetate treatment resulted in a significant decrease in mossy fibre sprouting into the inner molecular layer of pilocarpine-injected mice, as detected by Timm staining. In addition, epileptic animals treated with 150 mg/kg, but not those that received 300 mg/kg eslicarbazepine acetate showed an attenuated neuronal loss. These results indicate that eslicarbazepine potentially overcomes a cellular resistance mechanism to conventional antiepileptic drugs and at the same time constitutes a potent antiepileptogenic agent.
A novel micro-machining method for the fabrication of thick-film SU-8 embedded micro-channels (2000)

In this paper, a novel method to realize embedded micro-channels is presented. The presented technology is based on a direct write technique using proton beams to pattern thick-film SU-8. This proton micro-machining method allows the production of high aspect ratio and complex three-dimensional micro-structures in polymers with aspect ratios of over 100 and 20 using poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and SU-8 respectively. As the SU-8 is used as a structural material, its mechanical properties have to be characterized. For a start, the Young's modulus of the proton beam exposed SU-8 is determined using a stylus-type load-deflection method. The second part of this paper describes the underlying theory and method used by the author to determine the Young's modulus of the proton beam exposed SU-8. Measurements of the SU-8 micro-structures show that the Young's modulus is dependent on the proton beam exposure dose. An exposure dose of 9.5 nC mm-2 results in an average Young's modulus value of 4.254 GPa.
Overexpression of Neprilysin Reduces Alzheimer Amyloid-β42 (Aβ42)-induced Neuron Loss and Intraneuronal Aβ42 Deposits but Causes a Reduction in cAMP-responsive Element-binding Protein-mediated Transcription, Age-dependent Axon Pathology, and Premature Death in Drosophila (2008)

The amyloid-beta42 (Abeta42) peptide has been suggested to play a causative role in Alzheimer disease (AD). Neprilysin (NEP) is one of the rate-limiting Abeta-degrading enzymes, and its enhancement ameliorates extracellular amyloid pathology, synaptic dysfunction, and memory defects in mouse models of Abeta amyloidosis. In addition to the extracellular Abeta, intraneuronal Abeta42 may contribute to AD pathogenesis. However, the protective effects of neuronal NEP expression on intraneuronal Abeta42 accumulation and neurodegeneration remain elusive. In contrast, sustained NEP activation may be detrimental because NEP can degrade many physiological peptides, but its consequences in the brain are not fully understood. Using transgenic Drosophila expressing human NEP and Abeta42, we demonstrated that NEP efficiently suppressed the formation of intraneuronal Abeta42 deposits and Abeta42-induced neuron loss. However, neuronal NEP overexpression reduced cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-mediated transcription, caused age-dependent axon degeneration, and shortened the life span of the flies. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of endogenous fly NEP genes and phosphoramidon-sensitive NEP activity declined during aging in fly brains, as observed in mammals. Taken together, these data suggest both the protective and detrimental effects of chronically high NEP activity in the brain. Down-regulation of NEP activity in aging brains may be an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon, which could predispose humans to developing late-onset AD.
State of Art of Supercapacitor (2014)

In the progressing effort of energy susceptibility super capacitor ensures a promising yield due to their high energy density, fast charging recharging time, low level of heating, long term operation stability and non disposable parts. Though supercapcitors are presided over the same fundamental rules of conventional capacitor, the higher surface area and thinner dielectric enable to contribute more capacitance than conventional capacitors. This property allows utilizing the supercapacitor in many applications such as power electronics, transport system, windmill, smart grid etc. This review paper enlightens on the recent development of the super capacitor as well as emphasizing the major components of supercapacitors like electrode materials, separator and various types of electrolytes
“Internal p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>'s” in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers: Coupling Protons and Salt (2002)

In situ UV−vis absorption spectroscopy is used to probe the extent of dissociation of a weak polycarboxylic acid incorporated within a polyelectrolyte multilayer. The effective acid dissociation constant is shown to depend on the nature of the multilayer. Salt counterion and proton populations within the multilayer are shown to be coupled, leading to a quantitative relationship between polyelectrolyte acidity and salt within these reluctant exchangers.
A hepatitis E virus variant from the United States: molecular characterization and transmission in cynomolgus macaques. (1999)

The partial sequence of a hepatitis E virus (HEV-US1) isolated from a patient in the United States (US), suffering from acute viral hepatitis with no known risk factors for acquiring HEV, has been reported. These sequences were significantly different from previously characterized HEV isolates, alluding to the existence of a distinct human variant. In this paper, we report the near full-length sequences of HEV-US1 and a second US isolate (HEV-US2). HEV-US2 was identified in a US patient suffering from acute viral hepatitis. These sequences verify the presence of a new HEV strain in North America and provide information as to the degree of variability between variants. The HEV-US nucleotide sequences are 92% identical to each other and only 74% identical to the Burmese and Mexican strains. Amino acid and phylogenetic analyses also demonstrate that the US isolates are genetically distinct, suggesting the presence of three genotypes of HEV. Serum from the second US patient induced hepatitis following inoculation into a cynomolgus macaque. Within 2-4 weeks, HEV-US2 RNA was detectable in both the serum and faecal material coinciding with elevated serum alanine transaminase levels. Infection resolved as antibody titres increased 8 weeks post-inoculation.
Estimation of low-density lipoprotein by the Friedewald formula and by electrophoresis compared. (1985)

Journal Article Estimation of low-density lipoprotein by the Friedewald formula and by electrophoresis compared. Get access R S Niedbala, R S Niedbala Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K J Schray, K J Schray Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R Foery, R Foery Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G Clement G Clement Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 31, Issue 10, 1 October 1985, Pages 1762–1763, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.10.1762a Published: 01 October 1985
Application of large-scale active microvibration control system using piezoelectric actuators to semiconductor manufacturing equipment (1997)

This paper verifies the performance of the active microvibration control system using the piezoelectric actuators with a table of length 3 m, width 1.8 m and weight 4,000 kg, which was applied to the large-scale semiconductor manufacturing equipment whose microlithographic accuracy was actually degraded due to the constant vibration. The mounted equipment was the integral-design semiconductor manufacturing equipment weighing 2,600 kg. The controller was designed by the method dependent on the coprime factor plant model in the preceding study for preventing the elastic vibration of the equipment and table from causing the spillover phenomena of the control system. For frequency forming algorithm, the model matching method and H<SUP>(infinity</SUP> ) method were employed. As a result of this system's application, the microlithographic accuracy of the manufacturing equipment could be recovered.
A computational model of color perception and color naming (1995)

I define a computational model of color perception and color naming which is based in part on neurophysiological data and which can explain results in psychological, anthropological, and linguistic studies on color naming and categorization. In particular, the model explains the graded nature and foci of color categories. This model constitutes a semantic model of basic color terms, grounded in perception. It allows an artificial cognitive agent to name color samples, point out examples of named colors in its environment, and select objects from its environment by color, consistent with human performance on the same tasks. An algorithm and implementation for the computational model is presented, and evaluated theoretically and experimentally.
The contributions of this work are in autonomous agent architecture on the one hand, particularly in the area of symbol grounding and embodiment, and in perceptual modeling, particularly color vision, on the other hand. The application presented is a vertically integrated one, ranging from real visual input to symbolic description, and back.
Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Heteroaryl‐Substituted Dihydrochalcones Through Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles and Pyrrole (2009)

A highly enantioselective Friedel-Crafts (F-C) alkylation of indoles and pyrrole with chalcone derivatives catalyzed by a chiral N,N'-dioxide-Sc(OTf)(3) complex has been developed that tolerates a wide range of substrates. The reaction proceeds in moderate to excellent yields and high enantioselectivities (85-92 % enantiomeric excess) using 2 mol % (for indole) or 0.5 mol % (for pyrrole) catalyst loading, which showed the potential value of the catalyst system. Meanwhile, a strong positive nonlinear effect was observed. On the basis of the experimental results and previous reports, a possible working model is proposed to explain the origin of the activation and asymmetric induction.
Increased IGF-1 in muscle modulates the phenotype of severe SMA mice (2011)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an inherited motor neuron disease caused by the mutation of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene and deficiency of the SMN protein. Severe SMA mice have abnormal motor function and small, immature myofibers early in development suggesting that SMN protein deficiency results in retarded muscle growth. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stimulates myoblast proliferation, induces myogenic differentiation and generates myocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that increased expression of IGF-1 specifically in skeletal muscle would attenuate disease features of SMAΔ7 mice. SMAΔ7 mice overexpressing a local isoform of IGF-1 (mIGF-1) in muscle showed enlarged myofibers and a 40% increase in median survival compared with mIGF-1-negative SMA littermates (median survival = 14 versus 10 days, respectively, log-rank P = 0.025). Surprisingly, this was not associated with a significant improvement in motor behavior. Treatment of both mIGF-1(NEG) and mIGF-1(POS) SMA mice with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), resulted in a further extension of survival and improved motor behavior, but the combination of mIGF-1 and TSA treatment was not synergistic. These results show that increased mIGF-1 expression restricted to muscle can modulate the phenotype of SMA mice indicating that therapeutics targeted to muscle alone should not be discounted as potential disease-modifying therapies in SMA. IGF-1 may warrant further investigation in mild SMA animal models and perhaps SMA patients.
Interaction of CO2 laser pulses of microsecond duration with Al2O3 ceramic substrates (1991)

The working efficiency and other properties of laser-induced surface plasmas have been compared for the case where two kinds of CO2 laser pulse interact with alumina substrates. Pulses of several times 10-μs duration are able to drill hole patterns while producing negligible mechanical stresses in the material. However, because of the formation of a laser-induced plasma which shields the material against the incoming laser beam, the drilling efficiency is rather low. A simple vaporization model shows that 30%–100% of the laser-pulse energy is used for material processing. There is in addition a threshold energy of about 50 mJ, below which no material processing occurs. Plasma diagnosis verifies characteristic times of absorptive modulation in the range of 5–10 μs. Therefore, laser pulses of high repetition rate (≳10 kHz) and of a pulse duration below 5 μs have been used in order to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages. An important role with respect to the shielding effect is played by the electron density inside the laser-induced plasmas, because the absorption coefficient of the laser light in these surface plasmas is proportional to the square of the electron density. The spatial and temporal distribution of the electron density during material processing is therefore continuously monitored by a beam-deflection technique.