gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detected in placentas of 2 coronavirus disease 2019–positive asymptomatic pregnant women—case report (2021)

There is limited evidence regarding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in the placenta of pregnant women who tested positive, and if this could be a route for vertical transmission of the virus in utero. We present the cases of 2 pregnant women in their third trimester who were admitted for delivery by cesarean delivery and who, through universal screening, tested positive for coronavirus disease 2019. The maternal and fetal sides of the placenta were sectioned from both patients for viral analysis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of the placental-extracted RNA revealed a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection on the fetal side of the placenta in both patients. The virus was isolated from the patient with the lowest cycle threshold value on the fetal side of the placenta. Whole genome sequencing showed that the virus detected in this placenta was from the B1 lineage. Immunohistochemical analysis of the placental tissue detected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the endothelial cells of chorionic villi vessels proximal to both the maternal and fetal sides, with a granular cytoplasmic pattern and perinuclear reinforcement. Histologic examination of the placenta also detected a dense infiltrate of lymphoid cells around decidual vessels and endothelial cells with cytopathic changes, especially on the maternal side. Nasopharyngeal swabs from the infants that were subjected to reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction testing were negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at 24 hours after birth. A follow-up analysis of the infants for immunoglobin G and immunoglobin M expression, clinical manifestations, and long-term developmental abnormalities is recommended.
The bunker cache for spatio-value approximation (2016)

The cost of moving and storing data is still a fundamental concern for computer architects. Inefficient handling of data can be attributed to conventional architectures being oblivious to the nature of the values that these data bits carry. We observe the phenomenon of spatio-value similarity, where data elements that are approximately similar in value exhibit spatial regularity in memory. This is inherent to 1) the data values of real-world applications, and 2) the way we store data structures in memory. We propose the Bunker Cache, a design that maps similar data to the same cache storage location based solely on their memory address, sacrificing some application quality loss for greater efficiency. The Bunker Cache enables performance gains (ranging from 1.08x to 1.19x) via reduced cache misses and energy savings (ranging from 1.18x to 1.39x) via reduced off-chip memory accesses and lower cache storage requirements. The Bunker Cache requires only modest changes to cache indexing hardware, integrating easily into commodity systems.
A Brief Review of Snubber Circuits for Flyback Converter (2018)

This paper reviews the different snubber circuit topologies for flyback converters. At low power levels, flyback converters are required to operate at fast switching frequencies to achieve higher power densities, low flux linkage and reduced converter size. However, at high frequencies, switching losses in flyback converters increase along with voltage and current stresses on the main electronic switches. Moreover, additional stored energy in the transformer's leakage inductance can give rise to high EMI losses and reduce the overall efficiency of the converter. Different proposed snubber circuit schemes to mitigate these problems in a flyback converter are reviewed and discussed. Finally, the features of these snubber circuits are analyzed and compared based on their advantages, possible improvements and number of components used.
Overexpression of Poplar Xylem Sucrose Synthase in Tobacco Leads to a Thickened Cell Wall and Increased Height (2015)

Sucrose synthase (SuSy) is considered the first key enzyme for secondary growth because it is a highly regulated cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and UDP into UDP-glucose and fructose. Although SuSy enzymes preferentially functions in the direction of sucrose cleavage at most cellular condition, they also catalyze the synthetic reaction. We isolated a gene that encodes a SuSy from Populus simonii×Populus nigra and named it PsnSuSy2 because it shares high similarity to SuSy2 in Populus trichocarpa. RT-PCR revealed that PsnSuSy2 was highly expressed in xylem, but lowly expressed in young leaves. To characterize its functions in secondary growth, multiple tobacco overexpression transgenic lines of PnsSuSy2 were generated via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The PsnSuSy2 expression levels and altered wood properties in stem segments from the different transgenic lines were carefully characterized. The results demonstrated that the levels of PsnSuSy2 enzyme activity, chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars, fructose and glucose increased significantly, while the sucrose level decreased significantly. Consequently, the cellulose content and fiber length increased, whereas the lignin content decreased, suggesting that PsnSuSy2 plays a significant role in cleaving sucrose into UDP-glucose and fructose to facilitate cellulose biosynthesis and that promotion of cellulose biosynthesis suppresses lignin biosynthesis. Additionally, the noticeable increase in the lodging resistance in transgenic tobacco stem suggested that the cell wall characteristics were altered by PsnSuSy2 overexpression. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to study the cell wall morphology of stem, and surprisingly, we found that the secondary cell wall was significantly thicker in transgenic tobacco. However, the thickened secondary cell wall did not negatively affect the height of the plants because the PsnSuSy2- overexpressing lines grew taller than the wildtype plants. This systematic analysis demonstrated that PsnSuSy2 plays an important role in cleaving sucrose coupled with cellulose biosynthesis in wood tissue.
Fast failure recovery for in-band OpenFlow networks (2013)

In OpenFlow, control and data plane are decoupled from switches/routers. Direct programming of routers/switches is realised from one or more servers (so called controllers). In the case of an in-band OpenFlow network, the control traffic (traffic to or from the controllers) is sent on the same channel used to transport data traffic. Therefore, when a failure occurs along the data traffic path, both control and data traffic can be affected. This paper explains how failure recovery can be deployed in such a network. To achieve carrier-grade quality, the network should be able to recover from the failure within 50 ms. We apply two well-known recovery mechanisms-restoration and protection- for the control and the data traffic, and run extensive emulation experiments. The emulation results show that restoration does not allow to recover within 50 ms. Moreover, the restoration of the control traffic delays the restoration of the data traffic. The emulation results also show that protection for both control and data traffic can meet the carrier-grade recovery requirement, even in a large-scale network serving many flows.
Cervarix™, the GSK HPV-16/HPV-18 AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine, demonstrates stability upon long-term storage and under simulated cold chain break conditions (2009)

Cervarix is a recombinant human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and -18 L1 virus-like-particle (VLP) AS04-adjuvanted vaccine designed to protect against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer caused by the HPV types 16 and 18. Assessment of the stability of the vaccine during long-term storage and after transient exposure to temperatures out of normal storage range is an integrated part of vaccine quality evaluation. This assessment was done with vaccine samples stored at 2-8 degrees C for up to 36 months, with or without simulated cold chain break (either one week at 37 degrees C, or two or four weeks at 25 degrees C). Among the stability-indicating parameters, antigenicity and immunogenicity were evaluated along with L1 antigen integrity and adsorption to aluminum. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the structural stability of the VLPs before and after vaccine formulation and over time. Cervarix was stable at 2-8 degrees C for at least three years, and the occurrence of cold chain break had no impact, as shown by unchanged product characteristics during the full storage period. DSC analysis demonstrated that the structure of the HPV-16 and -18 L1 proteins and their corresponding VLPs was not affected throughout the manufacturing process. Moreover, the structure of aluminum-adsorbed HPV-16 and -18 L1 VLPs was robust over a 14-month test period. In conclusion, Cervarix was very stable upon long-term storage at 2-8 degrees C with or without transient exposure to higher temperatures (up to 37 degrees C). The observed robust structure of the L1 VLPs contributes to the excellent stability of Cervarix.
Landmark-based elastic registration using approximating thin-plate splines (2001)

We consider elastic image registration based on a set of corresponding anatomical point landmarks and approximating thin-plate splines. This approach is an extension of the original interpolating thin-plate spline approach and allows to take into account landmark localization errors. The extension is important for clinical applications since landmark extraction is always prone to error. Our approach is based on a minimizing functional and can cope with isotropic as well as anisotropic landmark errors. In particular, in the latter case it is possible to include different types of landmarks, e.g., unique point landmarks as well as arbitrary edge points. Also, the scheme is general with respect to the image dimension and the order of smoothness of the underlying functional. Optimal affine transformations as well as interpolating thin-plate splines are special cases of this scheme. To localize landmarks we use a semi-automatic approach which is based on three-dimensional (3-D) differential operators. Experimental results are presented for two-dimensional as well as 3-D tomographic images of the human brain.
Synthesis and structure of zirconium(IV) alkyl complexes with bi-, tri-, tetra- and penta-dentate amido ligands (1997)

The reaction of C 6 H 10 (NLiSiMe 3 ) 2 -1,2 (Li 2 L 1 ) with [ZrCl 4 (thf) 2 ] (thf = tetrahydrofuran) afforded the tetraamide [ZrL 1 2 ] 1. Similarly treatment of (RHNSiMe 2 ) 2 O (H 2 L 2 , R = Bu t ; H 2 L 3 , R = cyclohexyl) with LiBu n followed by [ZrCl 4 (thf) 2 ] led to [ZrL 2 2 ] 2 and [ZrL 3 2 ] 3, respectively. Reaction of Zr(CH 2 Ph) 4 with H 2 L 3 gave the pale yellow zirconium dibenzyl compound [Zr(CH 2 Ph) 2 L 3 ] 4, while the analogous reaction with H 2 L 4 (R = quinolin-8-yl) led to ruby-red [Zr(CH 2 Ph) 2 L 4 ] 5. In addition the bis(pyrrole) [(2-C 4 H 3 NH)CHNCH 2 ] 2 (H 2 L 5 ) reacted with Zr(CH 2 Ph) 4 giving the complex [Zr(CH 2 Ph) 2 L 5 ] 6. The crystal structures of 1, 4 and 5 have been determined. Compound 1 has a distorted tetrahedral structure. In 4 and 5 all available donor atoms co-ordinate to zirconium, including the silyl ether moiety, leading to a distorted trigonal bipyramidal structure for 4 and an approximately pentagonal bipyramidal geometry for 5. Although L 3 and L 4 have flexible frameworks, in both 4 and 5 the heteroatom donors and the metal form an essentially coplanar arrangement. The zirconium–amido nitrogen distances proved to be highly variable, depending on the degree of electron deficiency and the co-ordination of the metal centres, and range from an average of 2.056 Å in 1 and 2.096 Å in 4 to 2.169 Å in 5. Complexes 1 and 4 activated with methylaluminoxane gave high molecular weight polyethylene with moderate activity.
Responses to amplitude-modulated tones in the auditory nerve of the cat (1992)

Sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (AM) tones are frequently used in psychophysical and physiological studies, yet a comprehensive study on the coding of AM tones in the auditory nerve is lacking. AM responses of single auditory-nerve fibers of the cat are studied, systematically varying modulation depth, frequency, and sound level. Synchrony-level functions were nonmonotonic with maximum values that were inversely correlated with spontaneous rate (SR). In most fibers, envelope phase-locking showed a positive gain. Modulation transfer functions were uniformly low pass. Their corner frequency increased with characteristic frequency (CF), but changed little for CFs above 10 kHz. The highest modulation frequencies to which phase locking occurred were more than 0.8 oct lower than the highest frequencies to which phase locking to pure tones occurs. Cumulative, or unwrapped, phase increased linearly with modulation frequency: The slope was inversely related to CF, and slightly higher than group delays reported for pure tones. High SR, low CF fibers showed the poorest envelope phase locking. In some low CF fibers, phase locking increased at high levels, associated with "peak-splitting" phenomena. Changes in average rate due to modulation were small, and could be enhancement or suppression.
Persistent-state checkpoint comparison for troubleshooting configuration failures (2004)

Application failures characterized by the phrases, “it worked yesterday, but it doesn’t work today” and “it worked on that machine, but it doesn’t work on this machine” are a major source of computer user frustration and a major component in the total cost of ownership. The typical symptom-based troubleshooting approach relies too much on creative thinking and may lead users or support technicians in directions far from the actual root cause. In this paper, we propose a state-based troubleshooting approach for configuration failures that aims at making the diagnostic process as mechanical as possible. In the narrow-down phase, we use checkpoint comparison and application tracing to determine which pieces of persistent state have changed and are affecting current application execution; ongoing self-monitoring of persistent-state changes by the machine is used to help eliminate false positives. In the solution-query phase, state-to-task mapping and searches of online databases are used to translate low-level state information into highlevel user interfaces and articles. We describe the design and implementation of a troubleshooter that uses this state-based approach and present preliminary results to demonstrate its effectiveness in diagnosing several actual configuration failures.
Thermal and Photoinduced Copper-Promoted C–Se Bond Formation: Synthesis of 2-Alkyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2<i>H</i>)-ones and Evaluation against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2017)

2-Alkyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones, represented by ebselen (1a), are being studied intensively for a range of medicinal applications. We describe both a new thermal and photoinduced copper-mediated cross-coupling between potassium selenocyanate (KSeCN) and N-substituted ortho-halobenzamides to form 2-alkyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones containing a C-Se-N bond. The copper ligand (1,10-phenanthroline) facilitates C-Se bond formation during heating via a mechanism that likely involves atom transfer (AT), whereas, in the absence of ligand, photoinduced activation likely proceeds through a single electron transfer (SET) mechanism. A library of 15 2-alkyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones was prepared. One member of the library was azide-containing derivative 1j that was competent to undergo a strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The library was evaluated for inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth and Mtb Antigen 85C (Mtb Ag85C) activity. Compound 1f was most potent with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 μg/mL and an Mtb Ag85C apparent IC<sub>50</sub> of 8.8 μM.
Functional analysis of the pseudoknot structure in human telomerase RNA (2005)

Telomerase is essential for maintaining telomere length and chromosome stability in stem cells, germline cells, and cancer cells. The telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex consists of two essential components, a catalytic protein component and an RNA molecule that provides the template for telomeric repeat synthesis. A pseudoknot structure in the human telomerase RNA is conserved in all vertebrates and is essential for telomerase activity. It has been proposed that this highly conserved structure functions as a dynamic structure with conformational interchange between the pseudoknot and a hairpin with intraloop base pairings. To examine the structural and functional requirements of the pseudoknot structure, we made mutations in the proposed base-paired regions in the pseudoknot. Although mutations that disrupted the pseudoknot P3 helix abolished activity as predicted, mutations that disrupted the intraloop hairpin base pairings did not reduce telomerase activity, indicating that the intraloop hairpin is not required for telomerase function. This functional study thus provides evidence against the previous proposed molecular-switch model of telomerase pseudoknot function and supports a static pseudoknot structure. The mutational analysis further suggests that telomerase RNA can function independent of the proposed intermolecular pairings between pseudoknot regions on two RNA molecules.
[Dacron and polytetrafluoroethylene aorto-bifemoral grafts]. (1997)

Inhospital mortality rate was 11 (7%). Distal reconstructions significantly increased the mortality rate when simultaneously performed with aortobifemoral bypass graft (p < 0.01). The follow-up period was from 2 months to 9.5 years (mean 3.6 years). The early patency rate was 97% from PTFE and 99.4% for Dacron grafts, while the late patency rate was 94.9% for PTFE and 96.6% for Dacron grafts. The type of the graft had no statistical influence on the early and late graft patency (p > 0.05) (Graphs 1, 2, 3). Six (2.1%) early unilateral limb occlusions were observed. Five patients had the PTFE and one the Dacron graft, without statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The reasons for early graft occlusion were: stenosis of distal anastomosis in 3 patients, and pure run off in 3 patients. In 5 patients urgent reoperation (limb thrombectomy with profundoplasty or femoro-popliteal bypass graft above the knee) were done with complete recovery of legs. However, in one patient the above knee amputation was done. During the follow-up period, 14 (5.2%) late graft occlusions were recorded. There were 11 unilateral limb occlusions and 3 bilateral. All patients with bilateral occlusions had PTFE grafts but this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) comparing two types of grafts. Taking into account all late occlusions, there were 7 PTFE and 7 Dacron grafts. There was no statistical difference betwe
B7RP-1-ICOS Interactions Are Required for Optimal Infection-Induced Expansion of CD4+ Th1 and Th2 Responses (2006)

Although initial reports linked the costimulatory molecule ICOS preferentially with the development of Th2 cells, there is evidence that it is not required for protective type 2 immunity to helminths and that it contributes to Th1 and Th2 responses to other parasites. To address the role of ICOS in the development of infection-induced polarized Th cells, ICOS(-/-) mice were infected with Trichuris muris or Toxoplasma gondii. Wild-type mice challenged with T. muris developed Th2 responses and expelled these helminths by day 18 postinfection, whereas ICOS(-/-) mice failed to clear worms and produced reduced levels of type 2 cytokines. However, by day 35 postinfection, ICOS(-/-) mice were able to mount an effective Th2 response and worms were expelled. This delay in protective immunity was associated with a defect in infection-induced increases in the number of activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells. Similarly, following challenge with T. gondii ICOS was required for optimal proliferation by CD4+ T cells. However, the reduced number of activated CD4+ T cells and associated defect in the production of IFN-gamma did not result in increased susceptibility to T. gondii, but rather resulted in decreased CNS pathology during the chronic phase of this infection. Taken together, these data are consistent with a model in which ICOS is not involved in dictating polarity of the Th response but rather regulates the expansion of these subsets.
HSC exam guide: how to help your kids through this stressful time (2014)

Final exams are a nightmare for most year 12 students, but crucial given they are decisive in getting into university. The period of preparation can be painful and hard. Students spend many hours studying and experiencing outstandingly high levels of stress and anxiety. There are ways parents and teachers can help diffuse some of the stress during this time, and things to look out for if your child is experiencing high levels of stress or anxiety.
DCB substrates: solution for high temperature applications (2003)

Summary form only given. DBC (Direct Bonded Copper) substrates have been proved over many years to be the most cost effective and reliable solution for circuits in power electronics. The bases of these substrates are ceramics, either alumina or aluminium nitride. The metallisation consists of copper layers bonded to ceramic at high temperature. DBC differs from thick film metallisation in that the copper layers consist of pure metal with high electric conductivity whereas the DBC process is carried out at temperatures above 1065/spl deg/C; the working temperature of DBC substrates can be up to 900/spl deg/C. DBC substrates are successfully brazed to covar at temperatures of 850/spl deg/C to 900/spl deg/C without affecting their functionality. At temperatures above 500/spl deg/C in hydrogen atmosphere the copper/ceramic interface peel strength is reduced. The copper surface of DBC substrates can be protected against oxidation by plating (Ni+Au) as a standard process. The range thickness of DCB is between 0.2 and 0.7 mm. Standard thicknesses are 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm. The reliability of DBC substrate temperature cycling is dependent on the absolute temperature and the temperature range. For military and automotive specifications the reliability could be improved by reducing the copper thickness at the copper edges by a simple low cost etching process.
Mutations in Ribosomal Protein L16 and in 23S rRNA in <i>Enterococcus</i> Strains for Which Evernimicin MICs Differ (2002)

Mutations in ribosomal protein L16 and in 23S rRNA were investigated in 22 Enterococcus strains of different species and for which the MICs of evernimicin differ (MICs, 0.023 to 16 micro g/ml). Amino acid changes (Arg56His, Ile52Thr, or Arg51His) in protein L16 were found in seven strains, and a nucleotide G2535A mutation in 23S rRNA was found in 1 strain among 13 for which the MICs are > or =1 micro g/ml.
Structural components of alginic acid. I. The crystalline structure of poly‐β‐<scp>D</scp>‐mannuronic acid. Results of X‐ray diffraction and polarized infrared studies (1973)

Abstract A Structure determination of the naturally occuring marine algal polysaccharide poly‐β‐ D ‐mannuronic acid is described. The structure consists of 1e → 4e linked D ‐mannuronic acid chains with the monosaccharide units in the C1 chair conformation. The X‐ray fiber diffraction photograph obtained from bundles of fibers prepared from Fucus vesiculosus has been indexed to an orthorhombic unit cell in which a =7.6 Å, b (fiber axis) = 10.4 Å, c = 8.6 Å, the unit cell containing two disaccharide chain segments with space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 . A sheet‐like structure involving one intra‐chain, one intra‐sheet, and one inter‐sheet hydrogen bond per monosaccharide is proposed. Features of the chain‐packing arrangement are compared with mannan.