gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The pain of chronic pancreatitis: a persistent clinical challenge (2013)

The pain of chronic pancreatitis represents a major challenge to those working in the field, including pain specialists, gastroenterologists and surgeons. This article describes the different aetiologies of chronic pancreatitis and lists the models for the pathogenesis of pain, including novel ideas such as the role of the immune system in the modulation of pain. The patient profile in chronic pancreatitis is discussed along with the social impact of the disease in relation to alcohol misuse. The range of treatment strategies including medical, endoscopic and surgical approaches are evaluated. Common analgesic regimes and their limitations are reviewed. The pain of chronic pancreatitis remains refractory to effective treatment in many cases and further study and understanding of the underlying pathophysiology are required.
Heart Failure, Saxagliptin, and Diabetes Mellitus: Observations from the SAVOR-TIMI 53 Randomized Trial (2014)

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01107886.
Elektrophile Aktivierung von Alkenen mit Platin(II): sehr viel mehr als eine langsame Variante von Palladium(II) (2007)

Abstract Die elektrophile Aktivierung von Alkenen durch Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren ist die erste Reaktionsstufe bei einer Vielzahl von katalytischen Prozessen. Das bekannteste Metall für diesen Zweck ist Palladium, in jüngerer Zeit konnten aber auch die besonderen Eigenschaften des verwandten Platins (starke Metall‐Ligand‐Bindungen, langsame Substitutionen) genutzt werden, um häufig komplementäre Umsetzungen zu entwickeln, die durch Addition von protischen Kohlenstoff‐, Stickstoff‐, Sauerstoff‐, Phosphor‐ sowie Alken‐ und Aren‐Nucleophilen an eine CC‐Bindung eingeleitet werden. Die Umsetzungen mit Platinreagentien zeigen oft sehr charakteristische Reaktivitätsprofile, die zu gänzlich neuen Reaktionsprodukten führen. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über Platin‐katalysierte elektrophile Aktivierungen von Alkenen, wobei die Beschreibung von Reaktionsmechanismen, die Unterschiede zwischen Platin‐ und Palladiumkatalysatoren und die Aussichten für die Entwicklung neuer Systeme im Mittelpunkt stehen.
A Baseline for Detecting Misclassified and Out-of-Distribution Examples in Neural Networks (2016)

We consider the two related problems of detecting if an example is misclassified or out-of-distribution. We present a simple baseline that utilizes probabilities from softmax distributions. Correctly classified examples tend to have greater maximum softmax probabilities than erroneously classified and out-of-distribution examples, allowing for their detection. We assess performance by defining several tasks in computer vision, natural language processing, and automatic speech recognition, showing the effectiveness of this baseline across all. We then show the baseline can sometimes be surpassed, demonstrating the room for future research on these underexplored detection tasks.
Further Studies of the d-Aspartic Acid-activating Enzyme of Streptococcus faecalis and Its Attachment to the Membrane (1972)

Abstract The d-aspartic acid-activating enzyme of Streptococcus faecalis is found both in the supernatant solution and bound to the membrane. Under the gentlest conditions of lysis, virtually all of the enzyme is on the membrane fraction. When the enzyme is prepared from the supernatant fraction, it has a higher molecular weight than when it is prepared from the membrane, but it can be disaggregated by treatment with salt. Both preparations can be rebound to saltdepleted membranes under certain conditions. Both preparations also contain d-aspartyltransferase activity which can transfer aspartic acid from β-d-aspartyl phosphate (the presumed intermediate) either to a uridine nucleotide acceptor or to a lipid intermediate in peptidoglycan synthesis. The transferase and the activating enzyme have not been separated so far.
Automatic Extraction of Causal Relations from Natural Language Texts: A Comprehensive Survey (2016)

Automatic extraction of cause-effect relationships from natural language texts is a challenging open problem in Artificial Intelligence. Most of the early attempts at its solution used manually constructed linguistic and syntactic rules on small and domain-specific data sets. However, with the advent of big data, the availability of affordable computing power and the recent popularization of machine learning, the paradigm to tackle this problem has slowly shifted. Machines are now expected to learn generic causal extraction rules from labelled data with minimal supervision, in a domain independent-manner. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of causal relation extraction techniques from both paradigms, and analyse their relative strengths and weaknesses, with recommendations for future work.
A Microwave and Microfluidic Planar Resonator for Efficient and Accurate Complex Permittivity Characterization of Aqueous Solutions (2013)

A microwave resonator is presented as a microfabricated sensor dedicated to liquid characterization with perspectives for chemistry and biology. The nanolitter range aqueous solution under investigation is located on top of the planar resonator thanks to a microfluidic channel compatible with a future lab-on-a-chip integration. The interaction between the electric field and the liquid translates into a predictable relationship between electrical characteristics of the resonator (resonant frequency and associated insertion loss) and the complex permittivity of the fluid (real and imaginary parts). A prototype of the resonator has been fabricated and evaluated with de-ionized water/ethanol mixtures with ethanol volume fraction ranging from 0% to 20%. Good agreement has been reached between theoretical and measured electrical parameters of the resonator. The discrepancy on the resonant frequency is estimated to 0.5%, whereas the one on the associated transmission coefficient is lower than 1%. This translates into a maximum relative error on the real and imaginary part of the predicted relative permittivity of less than 6.5% and 4%, respectively, validating the principle of this accurate permittivity characterization methodology.
Self-Healing Self-Assembly of Aspect-Ratio-Tunable Chloroplast-Shaped Architectures (2009)

Challenges are emerging that demand facile approaches to control the self-assembly of nanocrystal morphology-specific higher-order architectures. Herein, we show a novel reversible wet-chemical approach to control the self-assembly of ZnS nanocrystals into well-defined, uniform, three-dimensional, aspect-ratio-tuned, micrometer-scale, self-healing architectures, which resemble chloroplast in shape. We can control the aspect ratio and the chemical potential of the 3D chloroplast-shaped architectures by adjusting the concentration of ammonia and the ratio of S2−ions to Zn2+ ions. Possible mechanism of the controllable self-assembly is proposed. This self-assembly concept can also be applicable to a wide range of other transition-metal sulfide chloroplast-shaped architectures, such as CdS, CuS, and Ag2S.The present study could open a new avenue to understand the important nanocrystal self-assembly phenomenon.
Evaluation of COTS silicon carbide photodiodes for a radiation-hard, low-energy x-ray spectrometer (2011)

Wide band-gap semiconducting materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) are attractive alternatives for radiation detection in more rugged environments due to low leakage currents, superior radiation hardness, and temperature insensitivity. However, the development of these technologies has been hindered by serious materials problems that restrict the quality and size of detector grade crystals. Recent developments in epitaxial growth of thin crystals on a substrate are yielding detector-grade material of reasonable dimension. While applications for ionizing radiation detectors are still limited primarily to small academic and R&D ventures, an active market exists for very thin epitaxial SiC photodiodes for the purpose of detecting UV light in high-temperature environments. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the utility of these commercially available SiC UV photodiodes for the purpose of detection and measurement of low-energy x-rays. We present results from bench-top electronic characterization, radioactive source measurements, x-ray source measurements at Los Alamos National Lab, and responsivity measurements performed at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Lab.
The US department of Energy's R&D program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through beneficial uses of carbon dioxide (2011)

Abstract As high CO 2 ‐emitting utilities and other industries move toward implementing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to manage greenhouse gas emissions, more and more CO 2 will become available as a resource for multiple applications. CO 2 will be a plentiful potential feedstock (carbon source) for many products, including commercial chemicals, plastics, and improved cement. Unfortunately, CO 2 is a stable compound with a low energy state and does not readily participate in chemical reactions without added energy. Additionally, the supply of CO 2 that may be available as the USA moves toward a carbon‐constrained economy far exceeds the current demand for CO 2 as a commodity chemical. Thus, identifying candidate chemistries and economically feasible approaches that utilize large amounts of CO 2 as a feedstock for high‐demand products is very challenging. The United States Department of Energy (DOE), through its National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), has an active carbon sequestration program. The goal of the CO 2 Utilization Focus Area is to identify and develop a suite of technologies that can beneficially use CO 2 to produce useful products that can generate revenue to offset capture costs associated with CCS implementation, contribute to CO 2 emissions reductions, and reduce the demand for petroleum based feedstocks and products. Currently, projects being supported fall into the categories of (i) enhanced hydrocarbon recovery, (ii) chemicals production, (iii) mineralization processes for building products, and (iv) plastics production. This perspective discusses the current status of CO 2 use and presents a review of DOE's program to identify and demonstrate uses for captured CO 2 . © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Temperature Dependency of the Equilibrium Constant for the Formation of Carbamate From Diethanolamine (1997)

The equilibrium constant for the formation of diethanolamine carbamate was determined experimentally at (303, 313, 323, and 331) K for ionic strengths up to 1.8 mol dm-3, the inert electrolyte being NaClO4. A linear relationship was found to hold between log K and I0.5. The thermodynamical constant has been determined and expressed by the equation log K1 = −5.12 + 1.781 × 103 K/T.
Robust shearography system for inspection of defects in composite material using diffractive optics (2017)

The increasing industry demand for specialized materials promotes a breakthrough in material engineering. In this context, composite materials have gained recognition and have been increasingly employed in the most diverse segments of the industry. When applied to equipment with structural requirements, it is fundamentally important to periodically inspect these materials to ensure their integrity and safety. Often inspections are performed in the field, under unstable conditions generated by operational and environmental factors. Shearography is a valuable method of nondestructive testing (NDT) for industrial applications. This optical technique is less sensitive to environmental disturbances when compared to other interferometric techniques. This paper presents a new shearography configuration based on Diffractive Optical Elements (DOE). In the proposed configuration, a diffraction grating is positioned between the camera sensor and the imaging lens. Therefore, a more compact and robust system is obtained. Another advantage of the proposed system is related to phase shifting, which is generated by the lateral movement of the diffraction grating. Thus, phase shifting is relative to the diffraction grating period and not the laser wavelength as in traditional interferometers. This feature makes the system insensitive to variations in laser wavelengths. Since the period of the diffraction grating used is about 60 times greater than the laser wavelength applied, the shearography system using diffraction grating becomes much more robust for external influences compared to other configurations based on the Michelson interferometer. This paper also presents the evaluation of the proposed shearography system as well as prospective steps.
Nanowire encapsulation with polymer for electrical isolation and enhanced optical properties (2017)

Light management and electrical isolation are essential for the majority of optoelectronic nanowire (NW) devices. Here, we present a cost-effective technique, based on vapor-phase deposition of parylene-C and subsequent annealing, that provides conformal encapsulation, anti-reflective coating, improved optical properties, and electrical insulation for GaAs nanowires. The process presented allows facile encapsulation and insulation that is suitable for any nanowire structure. In particular, the parylene-C encapsulation functions as an efficient antireflection coating for the nanowires, with reflectivity down to <1% in the visible spectrum. Furthermore, the parylene-C coating increases photoluminescence intensity, suggesting improved light guiding to the NWs. Finally, based on this process, a NW LED was fabricated, which showed good diode performance and a clear electroluminescence signal. We believe the process can expand the fabrication possibilities and improve the performance of optoelectronic nanowire devices.
Seismic signal enhancement with three-component detectors (1964)

Abstract The time-averaged cross-product of vertical and radial components of ground motion is multiplied by the original signal producing a function of ground motion in which rectilinearly polarized motion is enhanced. This provides some separation of seismic signals from noise when both occupy the same frequency and velocity bands. The vertical and radial motion is decomposed into its Fourier components, and the parameters of an equivalent ellipse are computed at each instant of time. The eccentricity, major axis, and angle of inclination of the ellipse provide criteria for identifying P and SV waves of different velocities.
<title>Interpretation Of Geometric Structure From Image Boundaries</title> (1981)

General constraints on the interpretation of image boundaries are described and implemented. We illustrate the use of these constraints to carry out geometric interpretation of images up to the volumetric level. A general coincidence assumption is used to derive suggestive but incomplete interpretations for local features. A reasoning system is described which can use these suggestive hypotheses to derive consistent global interpretations, while maintaining the ability to remove the implications of hypotheses which are disproved in the face of further evidence. An important aspect of interpretation is the classification of image boundaries (intensity discontinuities) into those caused by geometric, reflectance, or illumination discontinuities. These interact with other hypotheses regarding occlusion by solid objects, the direction of illumination, aspects of object geometry, and the production of illumination discontinuities by geometric discontinuities. Although only a subset of the constraints and system design features have been implemented to date, we demonstrate the successful interpretation of some simulated image boundaries up to the volumetric level, including the construction of a three-space model.
Interruption of the Tnfrsf4/Tnfsf4 (OX40/OX40L) Pathway Attenuates Atherogenesis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice (2006)

We conclude that blocking the OX-40/OX40L interaction reduced atherogenesis by inhibition of IL-4 mediated Th2 induced isotype switching and subsequent increased levels of anti-oxLDL IgM.
Characterization of TFE/norbornene-based fluoropolymer resist for 157-nm lithography (2004)

Fluoropolymers are key materials in the single-layer resists used in 157-nm lithography. We have been studying fluoropolymers to determine their potential use as base resins. These polymers are main-chain fluorinated polymers synthesized by co-polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and functional norbornene. We developed a new polymer that is highly transparent and has high dry-etching resistance by attaching a PG-F protecting group, which has high dry-etching resistance, to a TFE/norbornene-based fluorinated polymer. The dry-etching rate for the 15 % blocked polymer was 1.50 times that of a KrF resist and its absorption coefficient at a 157-nm-exposure wavelength was 1.06 /μm. We introduced various photoacid generators (PAGs) to the polymer, and compared lithographic performance. As a result, we found polymer with a triphenylsulfonium-salts-based PAG had a good pattern profile, and polymer with a high-acidity PAG resolved a fine pattern. In particular, polymer with a triphenylsulfonium perfluorooctane sulfonate PAG was able to resolve a 60-nm line and space pattern. We then added various quenchers to the polymer and the PAG, and compared pattern profiles. We found that the use of a high-basicity quencher improved the resolution of the resist and line edge roughness. Consequently, that the polymer with the triphenylsulfonium perfluorooctane sulfonate PAG and tributylamine quencher could resolve a 55-nm line and space pattern. These results provided guidelines for choosing the PAG and quencher for this polymer.
Dual frequency transducer design for suppression of multiple scattering (2016)

Reverberation noise reduces the contrast resolution in ultrasound images. In some cases the signal from the anatomy can be completely masked out, making diagnosis challenging. SURF (Second-order Ultrasound Field) imaging is a dual band imaging technique that has shown the capability to suppress reverberation noise and enhance the anatomical signal, providing a higher contrast resolution. SURF transducers radiate pulse complexes comprised of two widely separated frequencies through a partially common radiation surface. In order to achieve optimal noise suppression, careful design of the acoustic stack and radiation apertures is needed. This paper presents the optimisation criteria for SURF probes, and describes design solutions using a 9/0.5 MHz linear array for carotid imaging as an example. Simulated transfer functions are compared to those of a manufactured probe.
Pressure dependence of the electrical resistivity of some metallic glasses (1982)

The electrical resistance of metallic glasses was measured as a function of temperature between 1.5 and 300K under pressures of up to 12 GPa (120 kbar). Depending on the system, the resistivity is either found to increase (Mg70Zn30) or to decrease (Cu57Zr43, Ti50Be40Zr10). This behaviour is in contrast to the negative temperature coefficient of resistivity which all the amorphous alloys considered here exhibit. The results are compared with theoretical predictions.
Highly sensitive spintronic strain-gauge sensor and Spin-MEMS microphone (2019)

Abstract Strain-gauge sensors consisting of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) have attracted attention because of their high strain sensitivity based on a novel strain sensing scheme different from the piezoresistive effect. To maximize the strain sensitivity of these spintronic strain-gauge sensors (Spin-SGSs), we previously developed an MTJ film with magnetostrictive material that acutely rotates with strain. This review presents a Spin-SGS with a high gauge factor in excess of 5000, which was achieved by adopting an amorphous FeB-based sensing layer with high magnetostriction and low coercivity in a high magnetoresistance Mg–O barrier MTJ. We also investigated the feasibility of using this Spin-SGS in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensor devices. This review also describes the properties of a “Spintronic MEMS (Spin-MEMS) microphone,” in which Spin-SGSs are integrated onto a bulk micromachined diaphragm.
Magnetization and Switching Characteristics of Composite Thin Magnetic Films (1965)

Composite magnetic thin films consisting of layers of different magnetic materials in close molecular contact with one another are studied. Because of ferromagnetic exchange coupling between spins, the magnetization in the neighborhood of the interface of the layers is expected to rotate continuously as in Bloch walls. The experimental magnetization curve of an extremely soft magnetic layer on an extremely hard magnetic layer agrees well with the theoretical curve based on such rotation models. Drastic deformations in critical switching curves from the asteroid of conventional uniaxial films, improvement in nondestructive reading characteristics, and existence of a new switching mode which is dependent upon the sequence of external magnetic fields are also expected from a theory based on a lumped-constant approximation to the continuous rotation model. All of these theoretical predictions have been confirmed by experiments using electroplated composite films.
First-principles study of ferroelectric domain walls in multiferroic bismuth ferrite (2009)

We present a first-principles density-functional study of the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of the ferroelectric domain walls in multiferroic ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}$. We find that domain walls in which the rotations of the oxygen octahedra do not change their phase when the polarization reorients are the most favorable and of these, the $109\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ domain wall centered around the BiO plane has the lowest energy. The $109\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and $180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ walls have a significant change in the component of their polarization perpendicular to the wall; the corresponding step in the electrostatic potential is consistent with a recent report of electrical conductivity at the domain walls. Finally, we show that changes in the Fe-O-Fe bond angles at the domain walls cause changes in the canting of the Fe magnetic moments which can enhance the local magnetization at the domain walls.
An integrated optical detection method for capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (2002)

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) have so far relied on traditional detection methods where the capacitance change due to membrane deflection is measured under constant voltage. Sensitivity of this method is proportional to the frequency of the acoustic signal and the capacitance of the device. This limits the low-frequency operation and the maximum power output of the cMUTs. This paper describes an integrated optical detection method, which offers electrical isolation between transmit-receive electronics and displacement sensitivity independent of the gap thickness and acoustic frequency. These features alleviate the limitations on the transmit signal and DC bias levels. The method is demonstrated on a cMUT made of 1.3 /spl mu/m thick, 100 /spl mu/m diameter aluminum membranes fabricated on a fused quartz substrate. The aluminum back electrode of each membrane is shaped in the form of an optical diffraction grating. Thus the cMUT membrane and the diffraction fingers on the substrate form a phase sensitive diffraction grating. For displacement detection, the grating is illuminated through the quartz substrate by a laser and the intensity of reflected diffraction orders are monitored to provide the sensitivity of an optical interferometer. Displacement measurements on the cMUT array elements and ultrasonic pulse-echo experiments in air at 1.87 MHz are presented.