gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization and expression analysis of a rice protein phosphatase 2C gene, <i>OsBIPP2C1</i>, and overexpression in transgenic tobacco conferred enhanced disease resistance and abiotic tolerance (2006)

A full‐length cDNA of a rice protein phosphatase 2C gene, OsBIPP2C1 , was cloned and identified. OsBIPP2C1 is predicted to encode a 569 amino acid protein that contains phosphatase domain at its C‐terminal and a relatively long N‐terminal extension. Expression profiles of OsBIPP2C1 in rice seedlings upon treatments with disease resistance inducers, pathogen infection, and mechanical wounding as well as various environmental stress conditions were analyzed. Expression of OsBIPP2C1 was activated upon treatments with benzothiadiazole (BTH), salicylic acid, and hydrogen peroxide, which are signal molecules in plant disease resistance responses, and was induced during the first 48 h after inoculation with Magnaporthe grisea in BTH‐treated rice seedlings. OsBIPP2C1 was also upregulated upon mechanical wounding and treatments with abscisic acid, high salt, low temperature, and drought stress. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing OsBIPP2C1 gene showed enhanced disease resistance against tobacco mosaic virus and Phytophthora paratisca and increased tolerance against salt and osmotic stresses. These results suggest that OsBIPP2C1 may play important roles in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
An Introduction to Requirements Traceability (1995)

This report surveys the requirements traceability literature and gives some recommendations for further research and for an approach to consultancy concerning traceability in the 2RARE project. The problem of maintaining traceability in a development project is viewed as the problem of maintaining an information system that maintains the relevant links between items developed during the process. These items may vary from requirements to design and implementation documents. To develop and implement such an information system, we must identify the needs for tracking information, made a model of this information, design usage procedures for the system, and implement the system. Accordingly, the literature on traceability is organized under the headings needs, models and usage. Furthermore, tracking tools are briefly reviewed.
Chemistry And Biological Effects Of Dietary Phenolic Compounds: Relevance To Cardiovascular Disease (2000)

1. There has been considerable recent interest in the possibility that increased intake of dietary anti-oxidants may protect against cardiovascular disease. This is partly due to the knowledge that oxidative events in vivo may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. 2. While dietary anti-oxidants, such as vitamins E and C, have received considerable attention in this regard, relatively little is known about a similar anti-oxidant role for plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, such as the flavonoids and phenolic acids. A review of the distribution, bioavailability and biological activity of these compounds suggests that they may have a physiological role as anti-oxidants. 3. Human trials on the anti-oxidant effects of beverages rich in polyphenolics, such as red wine, fruit juice or tea, have been limited and results are, at present, inconclusive. This is due, in part, to poor methodologies available to measure oxidative damage in vivo. 4. There is a sound rationale for considering polyphenolics as important contributors to the dietary anti-oxidant intake derived from fruits and vegetables. However, continuing research is needed using appropriate biomarkers of oxidant damage in vivo before these compounds can be conclusively considered as dietary anti-oxidants with nutritional benefit.
Regulatory regions 3' of the immunoglobulin heavy chain intronic enhancer differentially affect expression of a heavy chain transgene in resting and activated B cells. (1995)

We have compared the expression patterns of three Ig heavy chain transgenes. The three constructs differ only by deletion of J-C intron sequences located downstream of the Emu enhancer region. When stably transfected into a myeloma cell line, all three constructs are expressed at comparable levels. However, transgenic mice carrying each construct show dramatic differences in transgene expression. Our results indicate that, in addition to the Emu enhancer, at least two regions, RegA and RegS, within the J-C intron influence transgene expression. RegA, located directly downstream of the core Emu enhancer, is involved in up-regulation of transgene expression after LPS activation of splenocytes. RegS, located within or downstream of the Smu switch region, is important for normal levels of transgene expression in splenocytes of heavy chain transgenic mice.
Human Mononuclear Leukocyte Chemotaxis: A Quantitative Assay for Humoral and Cellular Chemotactic Factors (1972)

Abstract The participation of the mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) in wound healing and in host immunity is well documented (1, 2). Despite this, the mechanism by which these cells accumulate in local tissue sites is poorly defined. Recent studies have shown that MNLs derived from rabbit or guinea pig inflammatory exudates can respond chemotactically to various stimuli in vitro (3–6; M. S. Hausman, R. Snyderman and S. E. Mergenhagen, submitted for publication). However, quantitative methods for the study of human MNL chemotactic activity have not been previously reported. An assay of human MNL chemotaxis would allow a clearer definition of human MNL chemotactic factors and also the assessment of MNL function in various human disease states. The present report describes a reproducible, quantitative assay for humoral and cellular factors of human origin which are chemotactic for human MNLs. Materials and Methods. Source of MNLs. Blood was drawn from healthy adult laboratory personnel into heparinized (approx. 10 µ/ml blood) syringes. Mononuclear cells were separated from erythrocytes and granulocytes by a modification of the Ficoll-Hypaque method (7). All cell washes were performed with Gey's balanced salt solution at pH 7.0 (M. S. Hausman, R. Snyderman and S. E. Mergenhagen, submitted for publication). The cells were resuspended at a concentration of 5 × 106 mononuclear cells/ml. They consisted of approximately 30% large monocytes and 70% small lymphocytes.
Induced Association of μ Opioid (MOP) and Type 2 Cholecystokinin (CCK<sub>2</sub>) Receptors by Novel Bivalent Ligands (2008)

Both mu-opioid (MOP) and type 2 cholecystokinin (CCK2) receptors are present in areas of the central nervous system that are involved in modulation of pain processing. We conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) studies on COS cells coexpressing MOP and CCK2 receptors to determine whether receptor heterodimerization is involved in such modulation. These studies revealed the absence of constitutive or monovalent ligand-induced heterodimerization. Heterodimerization of MOP and CCK2 receptors therefore is unlikely to be responsible for the opposing effects between morphine and CCK in the CNS. However, association was induced, as indicated by a positive BRET signal, on exposure of the cells to bivalent ligands containing mu-opioid agonist and CCK2 receptor antagonist pharmacophores linked through spacers containing 16-22 atoms but not with a shorter (9-atom) spacer. These studies demonstrate for the first time that an appropriately designed bivalent ligand is capable of inducing association of G-protein-coupled receptors. The finding that opioid tolerance studies with these ligands in mice showed no correlation with the BRET data is consistent with the absence of association of MOP and CCK2 receptors in vivo.
Interferon α prevents spontaneous apoptosis of clonal Th2 cells associated with chronic hypereosinophilia (2000)

A recent study identified a clonal expansion of CD3(-)CD4(+)cells secreting Th2-type cytokines in 4 patients with chronic hypereosinophilia. Because interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) is used in the therapy of the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, the effects of this cytokine on the survival of clonal Th2 cells isolated from the blood of 2 patients were determined. First, these cells displayed a high rate of spontaneous apoptosis on culture in cytokine-free medium and were also sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis induced by soluble Fas ligand. Addition of IFN-alpha or interleukin-2 (IL-2) to culture medium resulted in significant protection against spontaneous but not Fas-induced apoptosis. Although spontaneous apoptosis of the clonal Th2 cells was clearly associated with down-regulation of both bcl-2 and bcl-x(L) levels, IFN-alpha had no significant effect on the expression of these antiapoptotic proteins, whereas addition of IL-2 resulted in higher levels of bcl-2. On the other hand, IFN-alpha decreased the numbers of cells with disrupted mitochondrial transmembrane potential both during spontaneous apoptosis and after exposure to protoporphyrin IX. Thus, IFN-alpha might promote the survival of clonal Th2 cells, an effect that could be relevant to the therapeutic approach for patients with chronic hypereosinophilia caused by clonal expansion of Th2-type cells. (Blood. 2000;96:4285-4292)
Interferometric signature of non-Abelian anyons (2009)

We consider the tunneling current through a double point-contact Fabry-P\'erot interferometer such as used in recent experimental studies of the fractional quantum Hall plateau at filling fraction $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$. We compare the predictions of several different models of the state of the electrons at this plateau: the Moore-Read, anti-Pfaffian, $\text{SU}{(2)}_{2}$ NAF, $K=8$ strong pairing, and (3,3,1) states. All of these predict the existence of charge $e/4$ quasiparticles, but the first three are non-Abelian while the last two are Abelian. We give explicit formulas for the scaling of charge $e/2$ and charge $e/4$ quasiparticle contributions to the current as a function of temperature, gate voltage, and distance between the two point contacts for all three models. Based on these, we analyze several possible explanations of two phenomena reported for recent experiments by Willett et al., namely, halving of the period of the observed resistance oscillations with rising temperature and alternation between the same two observed periods at low temperatures as the area of the interference loop is varied with a side gate. We conclude that the most likely explanation is that the observed alternation is due to switching between even and odd numbers of charge $e/4$ quasiparticles enclosed within the loop as a function of side-gate voltage, which is a clear signature of the presence of non-Abelian anyons. However, there are important features of the data which do not have a simple explanation within this picture. We suggest further experiments which could help rule out some possible scenarios. We make the corresponding predictions for future tunneling and interference experiments at the other observed second Landau level fractional quantum Hall states.
A controlled model of moist wound healing: comparison between semi-permeable film, antiseptics and sugar paste. (1990)

An established wound model in the pig has been modified using a Stomahesive ring to enable study of the effects of fluids used in wound care. Full thickness wounds (up to 9 mm deep) were treated with the substances under test. Each application was held in place with a Stomahesive flange, the inner part of which had been excised as far as the hard plastic ring. All dressings were then covered with OpSite which allowed gaseous exchange whilst retaining treatment fluids and secretions. Wounds were treated immediately and at 2 and 4 days. The experiment was terminated after 7 days and the whole wound, with dressing, was excised for histological examination. The wounds covered with OpSite alone and those treated with sugar paste under Opsite were found to be infilled with granulation tissue over which epidermal migration was taking place. Those wounds which had been packed with gauze, to which had been added one of the following: chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2%, Irgasan 0.2%, povidone iodine 0.8% or EUSOL half-strength, showed delayed healing in that less infilling had taken place over the same time period. This delay could be attributed to the nature of the chemicals used and/or the influence of gauze packing. This delay in the healing of wounds treated with chemical agents was least with EUSOL half-strength and greatest with chlorhexidine. No toxic effects were observed with sugar paste which may be preferable to antiseptics for the management of dirty or infected wounds.
Construction risk assessment by linguistics (1989)

The authors introduce the concept of construction project analysis by fuzzy set theory and provide a methodology for risk assessment by linguistics. It is shown that the use of fuzzy sets will allow an analyst to communicate degrees of risk of individual project elements to people in readily understood language terms. Once these individual risk elements are communicated, fuzzy set theory would then permit an evaluation of the overall risk of a construction project. An illustrative example is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expression of mRNA for neurotrophic factors and their receptors in the rat dorsal root ganglion and sciatic nerve following nerve injury (1993)

The adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) produces mRNA for the neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and contains large populations of neurons responsive to these factors. We report that following a focal crush injury of the sciatic nerve, NGF mRNA expression increases threefold and BDNF mRNA two-fold, in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 DRGs. The mRNAs encoding the cognate neurotrophin receptors, p75NGFR, trkA, and trkB were expressed in the DRG throughout the post-injury time course, suggesting that DRG neurons remain responsive to both NGF and BDNF. p75NGFR mRNA levels became transiently depressed in the DRG during the first several days after the lesion but returned to normal within 1 week. trkB mRNA was expressed in the normal sciatic nerve and levels were not altered by nerve crush. RNase protection assays detected both full-length and truncated trkB transcripts in the DRG, but only truncated trkB mRNA, lacking the tyrosine kinase domain, was detected in the sciatic nerve. Likewise, trkA transcripts were not detected by RNase protection in normal sciatic nerve or in a segment of nerve distal to the crush site. These results are consistent with a model in which regenerating sensory neurons are supported by neurotrophic factors synthesized within the DRG.
Purple (<i>Cyperus rotundus</i>) and Yellow Nutsedge (<i>C. esculentus</i>) Control in Bermudagrass (<i>Cynodon dactylon</i>) Turf<sup>1</sup> (2000)

Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine postemergence control of purple (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) by single and sequential applications of bentazon, halosulfuron, and sulfentrazone; sequential applications of MSMA; and single applications of imazaquin and imazaquin plus MSMA. Sequential applications of halosulfuron at 70 g ai/ha controlled purple nutsedge more effectively at 10 wk after initial application (WAI) than all other herbicides. Single applications of imazaquin (0.56 kg ai/ha) or imazaquin plus monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid (MSMA, 2.24 kg ai/ha) controlled purple nutsedge adequately 6 WAI (78 and 90%, respectively) but not 18 WAI. Single applications of either halosulfuron (70 g/ha) or imazaquin plus MSMA or sequential applications of either bentazon (1.12 kg ai/ha), MSMA (2.8 kg/ha), or halosulfuron controlled yellow nutsedge greater than 80% by the end of the season in 1996 when nutsedge was in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). However, in absence of bermudagrass in 1997, only sulfentrazone or the halosulfuron sequential treatments controlled yellow nutsedge 13 WAI. In 1996, single and sequential applications of halosulfuron reduced viability of purple nutsedge tubers to 33 and 30%, respectively, compared to 84% in the nontreated control. However, herbicide treatments did not reduce tuber viability in 1997. Sulfentrazone (0.28 kg ai/ha) plus MSMA (2.24 kg/ha) and sequential MSMA applications reduced viability of yellow nutsedge tubers to 6 and 31%, respectively, in 1997.Nomenclature: Bentazon, 3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide; halosulfuron, methyl 5-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonylami-nosulfonyl]-3-chloro-1-methyl-1-H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate; imazaquin, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid; MSMA, monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid; sulfentrazone, N-[2,4-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl] phenyl] methanesulfonamide; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. #3 CYPRO; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. # CYPES; bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. #CYNDA.Additional index words: Tuber viability, weed management, CYNDA, CYPES, CYPRO.Abbreviations: fb, followed by; MSMA, monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid; NIS, nonionic surfactant; POST, postemergence; WAI, weeks after initial treatment; WP, wettable powder.
Energy feedback in buildings: improving the infrastructure for demand reduction (2008)

The concept of market transformation is being widened to include a range of processes, including information flows. The paper argues that feedback to energy users on their consumption (via improved metering, billing and displays) complements other tools such as energy labelling and minimum standards, increasing the likelihood that decisions on built fabric and equipment will be grounded in the realities of daily usage. Different types of feedback to energy users, mostly in the residential sector, are considered for their impact in the short- and long-term. Implications are examined for energy policy in relation to feedback, including the relative importance to different actors of load control and demand reduction, as well as the question about how priorities should be set in debates over the future of metering. Le concept de la transformation du marché est élargi de façon à inclure une gamme de processus, notamment les flux d'informations. D'après l'auteur, le retour d'information vers les consommateurs d'énergie concernant leur consommation (grâce à l'amélioration des moyens de mesure, de la facturation et de l'affichage) complète d'autres outils comme l'étiquetage de l'énergie et les normes minimales, ce qui augmente les chances que les décisions relatives au tissu construit et aux équipements soient prises en fonction de la réalité de l'usage quotidien. L'auteur examine différents types de retours d'information destinés aux consommateurs d'énergie, la plupart dans le secteur résidentiel, en termes de leur impact dans une perspective plus ou moins lointaine. Les implications sont examinées dans le cas de la politique énergétique en relation avec le retour d'information, y compris de l'importance relative pour différents acteurs du contrôle des charges et de la réduction de la demande ainsi que la façon d'établir les priorités dans les débats concernant l'avenir des systèmes de mesure. Mots clés: comportement, facturation, gestion de la demande, retour d'information, habitants, bâtiments intelligents, transformations du marché, mesure, systèmes socio-techniques
Theory of conduction through narrow constrictions in a three-dimensional electron gas (1994)

An exact calculation of the quantum conduction through a curvilinear constriction in a three-dimensional electron gas is presented. We show that the conductance behavior presents significant differences with respect to the two-dimensional case. Importantly, we find that the conductance of a circular point contact deviates from the classical Sharvin result and the conductance per unit area is not constant except in the limit of macroscopic areas. We show that quantum finite-size effects can be taken into account by a simple semiclassical correction to the Sharvin formula. Recent experiments and calculations on quantum constrictions formed in atomic-scale point contacts are discussed.
A Cooperative Action of the ATP-Dependent Import Motor Complex and the Inner Membrane Potential Drives Mitochondrial Preprotein Import (2006)

The import of mitochondrial preproteins requires an electric potential across the inner membrane and the hydrolysis of ATP in the matrix. We assessed the contributions of the two energy sources to the translocation driving force responsible for movement of the polypeptide chain through the translocation channel and the unfolding of preprotein domains. The import-driving activity was directly analyzed by the determination of the protease resistances of saturating amounts of membrane-spanning translocation intermediates. The ability to generate a strong translocation-driving force was solely dependent on the activity of the ATP-dependent import motor complex in the matrix. For a sustained import-driving activity on the preprotein in transit, an unstructured N-terminal segment of more than 70 to 80 amino acid residues was required. The electric potential of the inner membrane was required to maintain the import-driving activity at a high level. The electrophoretic force of the potential exhibited only a limited capacity to unfold preprotein domains. We conclude that the membrane potential increases the probability of a dynamic interaction of the preprotein with the import motor. Polypeptide translocation and unfolding are mainly driven by the inward-directed translocation activity based on the functional cooperation of the import motor components.
The effect of synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone on CYP1A1 inducibility in adult rat and human hepatocytes (2004)

Glucocorticoids act synergistically with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in increasing mRNA and protein levels of CYP1A1 in rat liver. The action of dexamethasone to modify CYP1A1 expression has been investigated in adult human hepatocytes. The effect of dexamethasone on the induction of CYP1A1 by 3-methylcholanthrene is different in rat and human liver cells. Dexamethasone potentiates the induction of CYP1A1 about 3- to 4-fold in rat cells. In human hepatocytes, it reduces CYP1A1 induction by 50-60% at enzyme protein level, while it does not have an effect on CYP1A1 mRNA amount.
A Review of Cleaning Methods for Motor Windings (2008)

Stator winding contamination by oil, dust, and a host of other materials that may be present in a cement plant can lead to its failure from accelerated thermal aging and electrical tracking between phases, or to ground. Also the reduction on winding cooling that results from contamination will increase motor l <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> R losses to reduce motor efficiency. This paper discusses the effectiveness of winding cleaning methods for removing debris from stator windings and cores which include steam cleaning, dry ice blasting and scrubbing with solvents. But, of course, preventing contamination in the first place remains the most effective cure.
Geometric and texture cue based depth-map estimation for 2D to 3D image conversion (2011)

We present a novel framework for estimating depth-map in a single 2D image. The proposed framework employs both vanishing point and superpixels as geometric and texture cues, respectively. The combination of both cues can generate a feasible perceptual depth-map, which will be applied to 2D to 3D image conversion.