gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing sensitivity to interaural delays at high frequencies by using “transposed stimuli” (2002)

It is well-known that thresholds for ongoing interaural temporal disparities (ITDs) at high frequencies are larger than threshold ITDs obtained at low frequencies. These differences could reflect true differences in the binaural mechanisms that mediate performance. Alternatively, as suggested by Colburn and Esquissaud [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 59, S23 (1976)], they could reflect differences in the peripheral processing of the stimuli. In order to investigate this issue, threshold ITDs were measured using three types of stimuli: (1) low-frequency pure tones; (2) 100% sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) high-frequency tones, and (3) special, "transposed" high-frequency stimuli whose envelopes were designed to provide the high-frequency channels with information similar to that available in low-frequency channels. The data and their interpretation can be characterized by two general statements. First, threshold ITDs obtained with the transposed stimuli were generally smaller than those obtained with SAM tones and, at modulation frequencies of 128 and 64 Hz, were equal to or smaller than threshold ITDs obtained with their low-frequency pure-tone counterparts. Second, quantitative analyses revealed that the data could be well accounted for via a model based on normalized interaural correlations computed subsequent to known stages of peripheral auditory processing augmented by low-pass filtering of the envelopes within the high-frequency channels of each ear. The data and the results of the quantitative analyses appear to be consistent with the general ideas comprising Colburn and Esquissaud's hypothesis.
Coupling of conservative and dissipative forces in frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy (2006)

Frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) utilizes the principle of self-excitation to ensure the cantilever probe vibrates at its resonant frequency, regardless of the tip-sample interaction. Practically, this is achieved by fixing the phase difference between tip deflection and driving force at precisely $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. This, in turn, decouples the frequency shift and excitation amplitude signals, enabling quantitative interpretation in terms of conservative and dissipative tip-sample interaction forces. In this article, we theoretically investigate the effect of phase detuning in the self-excitation mechanism on the coupling between conservative and dissipative forces in FM-AFM. We find that this coupling depends only on the relative difference in the drive and resonant frequencies far from the surface, and is thus very weakly dependent on the actual phase error particularly for high quality factors. This establishes that FM-AFM is highly robust with respect to phase detuning, and enables quantitative interpretation of the measured frequency shift and excitation amplitude, even while operating away from the resonant frequency with the use of appropriate replacements in the existing formalism. We also examine the calibration of phase shifts in FM-AFM measurements and demonstrate that the commonly used approach of minimizing the excitation amplitude can lead to significant phase detuning, particularly in liquid environments.
The Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Supports Latent DNA Replication in Dividing Cells (2002)

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is a multifunctional protein that is consistently expressed in all KSHV-associated malignancies. LANA interacts with a variety of cellular proteins, including the transcriptional cosuppressor complex mSin3 and the tumor suppressors p53 and Rb, thereby regulating viral and cellular gene expression. In addition, LANA is required for maintenance of the episomal viral DNA during latency in dividing cells. Colocalization studies suggest that LANA tethers the viral genome to chromosomes during mitosis. In support of this model, a specific LANA- binding site has recently been identified within the terminal repeat unit, and a chromatin interaction domain was mapped to a short amino acid stretch within the N-terminal domain of LANA. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1), a functional homologue of LANA, is also required for genome segregation; in addition, EBNA-1 also supports efficient DNA replication of oriP-containing plasmids. By performing short-term replication assays, we demonstrate here for the first time that de novo synthesis of terminal-repeat (TR)-containing plasmids is highly dependent on the presence of LANA. We map the required cis-acting sequences within the TR to a 79-bp region and demonstrate that the DNA-binding domain of LANA is required for this DNA replication activity. Surprisingly, the 233-amino-acid C domain of LANA by itself partially supports replication. Our data show that LANA is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that, like EBNA-1, plays an important role in DNA replication and genome segregation. In addition, we show that all necessary cis elements for the origin of replication (ori) function are located within a single TR, suggesting that the putative ori of KSHV is different from those of other gammaherpesviruses, which all contain ori sequences within the unique long sequence outside of their TR. This notion is further strengthened by the unique modular structure of the KSHV TR element.
Smart-Cut: A New Silicon On Insulator Material Technology Based on Hydrogen Implantation and Wafer Bonding<sup>*1</sup> (1997)

An alternative route to existing silicon on insulator (SOI) material technologies such as SIMOX (separation by implanted oxygen) and BESOI (bonded and etch-back SOI) is the new Smart-Cut process, which appears to be a good candidate to achieve ULSI criteria. The Smart-Cut process involves two technologies: wafer bonding and ion implantation associated with a temperature treatment which induces a in-depth splitting of the implanted wafer. The details of the Smart-Cut process, the physical phenomena involved in the different technological steps such as hydrogen implantation related mechanisms and wafer bonding are discussed. The characteristics of the final structure in terms of thickness homogeneity, crystalline defects, surface microroughness, and electrical characterization are presented. Other applications of this process are also highlighted.
Standardization of Serum Ceruloplasmin Concentrations in International Enzyme Units with o-Dianisidine Dihydrochloride as Substrate (1974)

Abstract We describe a method for calculating the absorptivity (in terms of substrate consumed) of the colored solution obtained when o-dianisidine dihydrochloride is oxidized by ceruloplasmin. By oxidizing o-dianisidine dihydrochloride with known amounts of hydrogen peroxide we could determine that the molar reacting ratio of o-dianisidine to hydrogen peroxide is 2:1. So calculated, absorptivity is 9.6 ml µmol-1 cm-1, the figure used to estimate ceruloplasmin oxidase activity in terms of International Units.
Ecotropic murine leukemia virus-induced fusion of murine cells (1986)

Extensive fusion occurs upon cocultivation of murine fibroblasts producing ecotropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) with a large variety of murine cell lines in the presence of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B, the active component of the antifungal agent Fungizone. The resulting polykaryocytes contain nuclei from both infected and uninfected cells, as evidenced by autoradiographic labeling experiments in which one or the other parent cell type was separately labeled with [3H]thymidine and fused with an unlabeled parent. This cell fusion specifically requires the presence of an ecotropic MuLV-producing parent and is not observed for cells producing xenotropic, amphotropic, or dualtropic viruses. Mouse cells infected with nonecotropic viruses retain their sensitivity toward fusion, whereas infection with ecotropic viruses abrogates the fusion of these cells upon cocultivation with other ecotropic MuLV-producing cells. Nonmurine cells lacking the ecotropic gp70 receptor are not fused under similar conditions. Fusion is effectively inhibited by monospecific antisera to gp70, but not by antisera to p15(E), and studies with monoclonal antibodies identify distinct amino- and carboxy-terminal gp70 regions which play a role in the fusion reaction. The enhanced fusion which occurs in the presence of amphotericin B provides a rapid and sensitive assay for the expression of ecotropic MuLVs and should facilitate further mechanistic studies of MuLV-induced fusion of murine cells.
ANALYTICAL-SCALE SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTANALYTICAL-SCALE SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTIONSteven B. HawthorneCite this: Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 11, 633A–642APublication Date (Print):June 1, 1990Publication History Published online6 June 2012Published inissue 1 June 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00210a722https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00210a722research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1709Altmetric-Citations253LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[Pre- and probiotics increase host-cell immunological competence, improve bowel movement, and prevent the onset of colon cancer--an analysis based on movements of intestinal microbiota]. (2009)

The activation of host immunological competence through improvement of the intestinal environment by pre and probiotics has been reported. NK cell activity, the bactericidal phagocytic activities of neutrophils in peripheral blood, and bowel movements and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in intestinal microbiota increase after the administration of pre- and probiotics. SCFAs shift to acidosis of the intestinal environment and advance apoptosis. Furthermore, SCFAs promote intestinal peristaltic movements through SCFA receptors such as GPT 41 and GPR43, located in the intestinal epithelium. It is known that the acceleration of intestinal apoptosis prevents the onset of colon cancer. Improvement of the intestinal environment leads to an increase in host-cell immunological competence, bowel movements, and the prevention of colon cancer.
A fully monolithic InSb infrared CCD array (1980)

Fully monolithic infrared CCD arrays have been fabricated in InSb, and detection and readout with the arrays have been demonstrated. The device reported is a 20-element linear array combining MOS detectors and a four-phase, overlapping-gate surface-channel CCD. The CCD's are p channel and utilize implanted planar p-n junctions for fat-zero (FZ) input and charge output. The charge transfer efficiency of the present devices is 0.995, limited by lateral surface potential variations rather than surface states, the density of which is very low. The transfer gate timing can be changed to either multiplex the twenty detector outputs or add them to achieve time-delay-and-integration; operation in both modes will be shown. The detectivity of the array has been measured in the multiplexing mode for a 5-ms integration time, operating temperature of 65 K, and background flux of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> photons . s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . These measurements yielded single-element peak D-stars above 8 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> cm. Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> . W <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> with an array average of 6.4 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> cm. Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> . W <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> .
<i>In vitro</i> hydrolysis of natural and synthetic γ‐linolenic acid‐containing triacylglycerols by pancreatic lipase (1995)

Abstract The present study compared the in vitro hydrolysis of two 18:3n‐6‐rich oils—evening primrose oil (EPO) and borage oil (BO)—and different synthetic 18:3n‐6‐containing triacylglycerols (TG). Incubation of EPO and BO with pancreatic lipase lipolyzed 18:3n‐6 from the TG species. The rate of lipolysis of TG species containing two or three molecules of 18:3n‐6, which comprised 36% of total 18:3n‐6 in BO and only 7% in EPO, was significantly slower than those containing only one molecule of 18:3n‐6. This was found especially in those with two molecules of linoleic acid, which constituted 20% of total 18:3n‐6 in BO, whereas over 80% were present in EPO. In a separate study, various synthetic 18:3n‐6‐containing TG were also subjected to in vitro hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase. Results showed that release of 18:3n‐6 from the sn ‐1/ sn ‐3 positions was significantly slower when two other stereospecific positions in the same TG molecule were occupied by either palmitic acid (16:0) or monounsaturated (18:1 and 20:1) fatty acids than when occupied by 18:2n‐6. The rate of hydrolysis of sn ‐2‐γ‐linolenyl‐ sn ‐1(3)‐diacylglycerol to form sn ‐2‐mono‐γ‐linolenyl glycerol was also significantly slower when both the sn ‐1 and sn ‐3 positions in TG molecules were occupied by either saturated fatty acids (16:0 and 18:0) or long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acids than when occupied by 18:2n‐6. These findings suggest that the stereospecific position of 18:3n‐6 in TG molecules and the constituent of its neighboring fatty acids modulated availability of 18:3n‐6 from 18:3n‐6‐containing TG or 18:3n‐6‐rich oils.
PREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS SKIN DISEASES IN THE CENTRAL PRISON OF KERMAN (2000)

Background: Living in colonies and public places may cause increase in infectious diseases. Prisons are places with high-density population. Prisoners don’t persist on moral and social dictum bases and usually have low educational and cultural levels. So they are at high risk of several diseases including contagious skin diseases. Objective: As contagious skin diseases are important for social health care, this study was done to determine the prevalence of these diseases in a prison in Kerman. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 3525 prisoners, comprising about half of the prisoners, in the Central Prison of Kerman. Results: 2851 of the case were male and 674 were female. The mean age of male cases was 36.05±11.3 years and for female was 35.5±14.0 years. Among all prisoners 4.6% had pediculosis. 1.2% had scabies and 3.7% had tinea pedis. Among the prisoners 55.8% were addict and 73.6% were smokers. There were no meaningful relationship between addiction or smoking and the diseases (P=0.576 and P=0.660). Conclusion: Contagious skin diseases are common in prisons. Health and security authorities should plan for a community free of drugs, prisons and prisoners.
Chemical trends of defect formation and doping limit in II-VI semiconductors: The case of CdTe (2002)

Using first-principles band structure methods we studied the general chemical trends of defect formation in II-VI semiconductors. We systematically calculated the formation energies and transition energy levels of intrinsic and extrinsic defects and defect complexes in the prototype CdTe and investigated the limiting factors for p-type and n-type doping in this material. Possible approaches to significantly increase the doping limits are discussed. Our general understanding of the chemical trends of defect formation energies and transition energy levels in CdTe is expected to be applicable also to other II-VI semiconductors.
Spectrum and Risk of Neoplasia in Werner Syndrome: A Systematic Review (2013)

WS confers a strong predisposition to several specific types of neoplasia. These results serve as a guide for WS clinical care, and for additional analyses to define the mechanistic basis for cancer in WS and the general population.
B lymphocytes as direct antigen-presenting cells for anti-tumor DNA vaccines (2016)

In spite of remarkable preclinical efficacy, DNA vaccination has demonstrated low immunogenicity in humans. While efforts have focused on increasing cross-presentation of DNA-encoded antigens, efforts to increase DNA vaccine immunogenicity by targeting direct presentation have remained mostly unexplored. In these studies, we compared the ability of different APCs to present antigen to T cells after simple co-culture with plasmid DNA. We found that human primary peripheral B lymphocytes, and not monocytes or in vitro derived dendritic cells (DCs), were able to efficiently encode antigen mRNA and expand cognate tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells ex vivo. Similarly, murine B lymphocytes co-cultured with plasmid DNA, and not DCs, were able to prime antigen-specific T cells in vivo. Moreover, B lymphocyte-mediated presentation of plasmid antigen led to greater Th1-biased immunity and was sufficient to elicit an anti-tumor effect in vivo. Surprisingly, increasing plasmid presentation by B cells, and not cross presentation of peptides by DCs, further augmented traditional plasmid vaccination. Together, these data suggest that targeting plasmid DNA to B lymphocytes, for example through transfer of ex vivo plasmidloaded B cells, may be novel means to achieve greater T cell immunity from DNA vaccines.
Explosives standoff detection using Raman spectroscopy: from bulk towards trace detection (2010)

This paper gives a brief overview on our latest progress in the area of standoff detection. Standoff Raman measurements from 200 m and 470 m distance have been performed on bulk amounts of TATP and AN respectively, the former through a double sided window, the latter under heavy rain. Resonance Raman measurements on TNT, DNT and NM vapors in the ppm concentration regime are presented, showing resonance enhancement in the range of 2 200 (NM) to 57 000 (TNT) as compared to 532 nm Raman cross sections. Finally, the application of hyper spectral Raman imaging is described, exemplified by the resolution of four different samples (sulphur, AN, DNT, and TNT) in the form of 5 mm wide discs in one single image.
Coronaviruses (2011)

In order to survive and propagate, RNA viruses must achieve a balance between the capacity for adaptation to new environmental conditions or host cells with the need to maintain an intact and replication competent genome. Several virus families in the order Nidovirales, such as the coronaviruses (CoVs) must achieve these objectives with the largest and most complex replicating RNA genomes known, up to 32 kb of positive-sense RNA. The CoVs encode sixteen nonstructural proteins (nsp 1-16) with known or predicted RNA synthesis and modification activities, and it has been proposed that they are also responsible for the evolution of large genomes. The CoVs, including murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and SARS-CoV, encode a 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease activity (ExoN) in nsp14. Genetic inactivation of ExoN activity in engineered SARS-CoV and MHV genomes by alanine substitution at conserved DE-D-D active site residues results in viable mutants that demonstrate 15- to 20-fold increases in mutation rates, up to 18 times greater than those tolerated for fidelity mutants of other RNA viruses. Thus nsp14-ExoN is essential for replication fidelity, and likely serves either as a direct mediator or regulator of a more complex RNA proofreading machine, a process previously unprecedented in RNA virus biology. Elucidation of the mechanisms of nsp14-mediated proofreading will have major implications for our understanding of the evolution of RNA viruses, and also will provide a robust model to investigate the balance between fidelity, diversity and pathogenesis. The discovery of a protein distinct from a viral RdRp that regulates replication fidelity also raises the possibility that RNA genome replication fidelity may be adaptable to differing replication environments and selective pressures, rather than being a fixed determinant.
Bis(oxazolinyl)phenylrhodium(III) Aqua Complexes:  Synthesis, Structure, Enantioselective Allylation of Aldehydes, and Mechanistic Studies (2001)

The reaction of (Phebox)SnMe3 (4; Phebox = 2,6-bis(oxazolinyl)phenyl) and [(cyclooctene)2RhCl]2 in the presence of CCl4 provided the air-stable and water-tolerant (Phebox)RhCl2(H2O) complexes 5. These neutral (noncationic) aqua complexes 5 acted as asymmetric catalysts for enantioselective allylation of aldehydes with allyltin reagents in the presence of 4 Å molecular sieves (MS 4A). Furthermore, these aqua complexes could be recovered quantitatively from the reaction media. Detailed mechanistic studies of this catalytic system using X-ray and NMR spectroscopy revealed that the (Phebox)RhCl2 fragment, generated by releasing H2O from aqua complex 5, is an active catalyst and the reaction proceeds by a Lewis acid catalyzed mechanism. The relative stereochemistry of the major adduct of the reaction of benzaldehyde with crotyltin reagents was anti (threo). The observed anti diastereoselectivity and si-face attack of allyltins on the carbonyl carbon of aldehydes were explained by the inverse antiperiplanar transition-state model.
Treatment of kid foot soft tissue defect with reverse flap with cutaneous branch of fibular artery combine with sural nerve nutritional vessel axial (2010)

Objective To investigate the clinical efficiency of kid foot soft tissue defect with reverse flap with cutaneous branch of fibular artery combine with sural nerve nutritional vessel axial. Methods From Feb. 2006 to Feb. 2009, according to the position and size of the soft tissue defects, the sural nerve nutritional vessel flap combine with the cutaneous branch of the peroneal artery were desingned and obtained to repair the 5 cases soft tissue defects of the foot. The flap size ranged from 8 cm × 7 cm to 18 cm × 10 cm. The vessel pedicle of cutaneous branches ranged from 1.7 cm to 3.0 cm. The distribution of the vessel pedicle of cutaneous branches ranged from 4.5 cm to 8.0 cm on the lateral malleolus. Results All flaps survived completely in 6 cases. The outline and function were satisfactory during 6-18 months follow-up. Among of 6 cases, the sural nerve were anastomosed with the acceptor sensory nerve in all cases. The skin sense were sat-isfactory after 1 year of operation and 2-point discrimination was 10-13 mm. Conclusion The blood supply of this flap is reliable without sacrifice of major arteries. Flap elevation is easy. It can reverse to a long dis-tance and can repair large skin defects. Especially this flap could have some sensory nerve. It is very useful in repairing kid foot large soft tissue defect.

Key words: 
Peroneal arterial cutaneous branch; Sural nerve; Island flap; Transplantation; Microsurgery operation