gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
VEX: vetting browser extensions for security vulnerabilities (2010)

The browser has become the de facto platform for everyday computation. Among the many potential attacks that target or exploit browsers, vulnerabilities in browser extensions have received relatively little attention. Currently, extensions are vetted by manual inspection, which does not scale well and is subject to human error. In this paper, we present VEX, a framework for highlighting potential security vulnerabilities in browser extensions by applying static information-flow analysis to the JavaScript code used to implement extensions. We describe several patterns of flows as well as unsafe programming practices that may lead to privilege escalations in Firefox extensions. VEX analyzes Firefox extensions for such flow patterns using high-precision, context-sensitive, flow-sensitive static analysis. We analyze thousands of browser extensions, and VEX finds six exploitable vulnerabilities, three of which were previously unknown. VEX also finds hundreds of examples of bad programming practices that may lead to security vulnerabilities. We show that compared to current Mozilla extension review tools, VEX greatly reduces the human burden for manually vetting extensions when looking for key types of dangerous flows. 1
Multiphase Homogeneous Catalysis (2005)

Preface. Contributors. Volume 1. 1 Introduction (Boy Cornils, Wolfgang A. Herrmann, Istvan T. Horvath, Walter Leitner, Stefan Mecking, Helene Olivier-Bourbigou, and Dieter Vogt). 2 Aqueous-Phase Catalysis (Boy Cornils and Wolfgang A. Herrmann). 2.1 Introduction (Boy Cornils). 2.2 State-of-the-Art. 2.3 Homogeneous Catalysis in the Aqueous Phase as a Special Unit Operation. 2.4 Typical Reactions. 2.5 Commercial Applications. 2.6 Supported Aqueous-Phase Catalysis as the Alternative Method (Henri Delmas, Ulises Jauregui-Haza, and Anne-Marie Wilhelm). 2.7 The Way Ahead: What Should be Done in the Future? (Boy Cornils and Wolfgang A. Herrmann). 3 Organic-Organic Biphasic Catalysis (Dieter Vogt). 3.1 Introduction (Dieter Vogt). 3.2 State-of-the-Art and Typical Reactions. 3.3 Economical Applications (SHOP Process) (Dieter Vogt). 3.4 Conclusions and Outlook (Dieter Vogt). 4 Fluorous Catalysis (Istvan T. Horvath). 4.1 Introduction (Istvan T. Horvath). 4.2 State-of-the-Art and Typical Reactions. 4.3 Concluding Remarks (Istvan T. Horvath). Volume 2. 5 Catalysis in Nonaqueous Ionic Liquids (ILs) (Helene Olivier-Bourbigou). 5.1 General Introduction (Yves Chauvin). 5.2 State-of-the-Art. 5.3 Commercial Applications and Aspects. 5.4 Preliminary (Eco-)Toxicological Risk Profiles of Ionic Liquids (Johannes Ranke, Frauke Stock, Reinhold Stormann, Kerstin Molter, Jens Hoffmann, Bernd Ondruschka, and Bernd Jastorff). 5.5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook (Helene Olivier-Bourbigou). 6 Catalysis using Supercritical Solvents (Walter Leitner). 6.1 Introduction (Aaron M. Scurto). 6.2 State-of-the-Art (Applications of SCFs in Areas other than Catalysis) (Nils Theyssen). 6.3 Homogeneous Catalysis in Supercritical Solvents as a Special Unit Operation (Charles M. Gordon and Walter Leitner). 6.4 Typical Reactions. 6.5 Economics and Scale-Up (Peter Licence and Martyn Poliakoff). 6.6 The Way Ahead: What Should be Done in the Future? (Walter Leitner). 7 Soluble Polymer-Bound Catalysts (Stefan Mecking). 7.1 Introduction (Stefan Mecking). 7.2 State-of-the-Art (Stefan Mecking). 7.3 Homogeneous Catalysis with Soluble Polymer-Bound Catalysts as a Unit Operation (Stefan Mecking). 7.4 Typical Reactions. 7.5 Toward Economic Applications (Uwe Dingerdissen and Juan Almena). 7.6 What Should be Done in the Future? (Stefan Mecking). 8 Multiphase Processes as the Future of Homogeneous Catalysis (Boy Cornils and Wolfgang A. Herrmann). Subject Index.
Energy-efficient jamming attack in IEEE 802.11 MAC (2009)

In wireless local area networks that use the Distributed Coordinated Function (DCF) of the IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, a collision may occur when two or more devices transmit simultaneously. When a collision results in failed reception of a packet, the stations involved increase their backoff window, which decreases the probability of transmission and hence that of further potential collision. A jammer trying to disrupt the communications can take advantage of this backoff mechanism to reduce the throughput of the system significantly with little energy expense. In this paper, the effect of jamming on the backoff mechanism of the IEEE 802.11 DCF is analyzed. Analytical expressions for throughput and jammer's power expenditure are derived as a function of probability of jamming. These results are experimentally verified with the help of a jammer built using commercially available IEEE 802.11 devices. It is found that under the standard DCF, the jammer's power expenditure decreases after the jamming probability increases beyond a threshold. This non-intuitive behavior constitutes a severe vulnerability of the IEEE 802.11 MAC to jamming attacks.
The Endogenous Tryptophan Metabolite and NAD+ Precursor Quinolinic Acid Confers Resistance of Gliomas to Oxidative Stress (2013)

Quinolinic acid is a product of tryptophan degradation and may serve as a precursor for NAD(+), an important enzymatic cofactor for enzymes such as the DNA repair protein PARP. Pathologic accumulation of quinolinic acid has been found in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer and Huntington disease, where it is thought to be toxic for neurons by activating the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and inducing excitotoxicity. Although many tumors including gliomas constitutively catabolize tryptophan, it is unclear whether quinolinic acid is produced in gliomas and whether it is involved in tumor progression. Here, we show that quinolinic acid accumulated in human gliomas and was associated with a malignant phenotype. Quinolinic acid was produced by microglial cells, as expression of the quinolinic acid-producing enzyme 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase (3-HAO) was confined to microglia in glioma tissue. Human malignant glioma cells, but not nonneoplastic astrocytes, expressed quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT) to use quinolinic acid for NAD(+) synthesis and prevent apoptosis when de novo NAD(+) synthesis was blocked. Oxidative stress, temozolomide, and irradiation induced QPRT in glioma cells. QPRT expression increased with malignancy. In recurrent glioblastomas after radiochemotherapy, QPRT expression was associated with a poor prognosis in two independent datasets. Our data indicate that neoplastic transformation in astrocytes is associated with a QPRT-mediated switch in NAD(+) metabolism by exploiting microglia-derived quinolinic acid as an alternative source of replenishing intracellular NAD(+) pools. The elevated levels of QPRT expression increase resistance to oxidative stress induced by radiochemotherapy, conferring a poorer prognosis. These findings have implications for therapeutic approaches inducing intracellular NAD(+) depletion, such as alkylating agents or direct NAD(+) synthesis inhibitors, and identify QPRT as a potential therapeutic target in malignant gliomas.
Nanoporous Poly(3-alkylthiophene) Thin Films Generated from Block Copolymer Templates (2007)

We report the synthesis and characterization of a new series of rod−coil block copolymers, regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)-b-polylactide (P3AT-PLA), where the alkyl chain in the polythiophene moiety is either 6 or 12 carbons in length. After utilizing a controlled polymerization technique to synthesize end-functionalized P3AT, these polymers were used as macroinitiators for the controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of d,l-lactide. The block copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In thin films of these materials (ca. 35 nm thickness), microphase separated domains are formed while the crystallinity of the P3AT majority phase is maintained. Upon chemical etching of the PLA block, we observed a nanopitted film where the crystallinity of the P3AT phase remains; characteristic pits are on the order of 35 nm in diameter with depths of up to 10 nm. The increase in the exposed surface area of the semiconducting polymer (∼150% that of the planar film) could be useful in a variety of organic electronic applications.
Mutagenesis at Pro<sup>309</sup> of single‐chain urokinase‐type plasminogen activator alters its catalytic properties (2005)

The charge of Lys300(c143) located within a flexible loop(297-313) of sc-uPA has been identified as an important determinant for its high intrinsic activity. Mutations affecting the flexibility of the loop also modulate the intrinsic activity. Glu-plasminogen activation by sc-uPA is strongly promoted by fibrin fragment E but not fibrin fragment D-dimer, whereas plasminogen activation by t-PA is strongly promoted by fragment D-dimer but not fragment E. To further investigate the effect of conformation changes in the flexible loop on catalytic properties of sc-uPA, cassette mutations at Pro309(c152) were made and characterized. It was found that the activation of Pro309(c152) mutants by Lys-plasmin was only moderately affected. In contrast, the intrinsic and two-chain activities of Pro309(c152) mutants against S2444 were both significantly decreased. The two-chain activities of these mutants against Glu-plasminogen were also reduced in a range of 1.1- to 127-fold. The mutations of Pro309(c152) to Trp/Phe and Arg/Asp more significantly affected both intrinsic and two-chain activities, while only a moderate decrease in activity was found with mutations to Ala/Ser/Thr. In contrast to wild-type sc-uPA, plasminogen activation by Pro309(c152) mutants was found to be promoted by both fibrin fragment E and D-dimer. In the presence of 2.0 microM D-dimer, plasminogen activation by mutant Pro309(c152) --> His was promoted by 22-fold, while only 2.0-fold promotion was found with mutant Pro309(c152) --> Gly. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that conformation changes in the flexible loop of sc-uPA not only affect its intrinsic and two-chain activity, but also extend its promotion of plasminogen activation by fragment E to D-dimer.
Photochemistry of Intramolecular Charge Transfer Excited States in Donor-Acceptor-Substituted Diamines (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemistry of Intramolecular Charge Transfer Excited States in Donor-Acceptor-Substituted DiaminesYingsheng Wang and Kirk S. SchanzeCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 18, 6876–6888Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100018a019https://doi.org/10.1021/j100018a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views169Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Method of refractive index profile reconstruction from effective index of planar optical monomode waveguides: Application to potassium ion-exchanged waveguides (1993)

A simple nondestructive method for determination of refractive index profile of single-mode waveguides using the measured effective refractive indexes is proposed. The method is based on the extraction of the additional data about the waveguide profile from the investigation of its evolution with the duration of fabrication process. The profile reconstructions are carried out using an appropriate algorithm in the frames of the WKB approximation. The method is applied for few- and single-mode waveguides, obtained by K/sup +/-Na/sup +/ field assisted ion exchange. The results are corroborated with the reconstruction from the effective refractive indexes measured at a shorter wavelength, as well as with profile study by means of step-by-step etching.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Colored ultrathin hybrid photovoltaics with high quantum efficiency (2014)

Most current solar panels are fabricated via complex processes using expensive semiconductor materials, and they are rigid and heavy with a dull, black appearance. As a result of their non-aesthetic appearance and weight, they are primarily installed on rooftops to minimize their negative impact on building appearance. The large surfaces and interiors of modern buildings are not efficiently utilized for potential electric power generation. Here, we introduce dual-function solar cells based on ultrathin dopant-free amorphous silicon embedded in an optical cavity that not only efficiently extract the photogenerated carriers but also display distinctive colors with the desired angle-insensitive appearances. Light-energy-harvesting colored signage is demonstrated. Furthermore, a cascaded photovoltaics scheme based on tunable spectrum splitting can be employed to increase power efficiency by absorbing a broader band of light energy. This study pioneers a new approach to architecturally compatible and decorative thin-film photovoltaics. Ultrathin solar cells that can also act as coloured signs and displays have been developed by scientists in the USA. Kyu-Tae Lee and co-workers from the University of Michigan fabricated them by embedding a very thin (10–30 nm) layer of amorphous silicon within a metal–semiconductor–metal optical cavity. The cavity acts as a Fabry–Pérot resonator that reflects a particular colour; importantly, it is insensitive to the polarization state or angle (up to 60°) of the incident light. By combining cells of different thickness (and hence different colours), arbitrary patterns or images can be created. The design has yielded solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of around 3%, despite using an amorphous silicon layer that is ten times thinner than those usually found in solar cells.
A System of Systems Digital Twin to Support Life Time Management and Life Extension of Subsea Production Systems (2019)

This paper explores the use of System of Systems of Systems concepts to develop a framework and a road map, for a digital twin architecture and implementation model, to support life time management and life extension of subsea production systems.
Alignment Characteristics of an Optical Maser with a Corner Prism (1967)

Gaseous laser oscillation has been obtained in a modified Fabry-Perot resonator in which one of the plane mirrors is replaced by a corner-cube prism. The alignment characteristics of such an optical cavity were measured experimentally. Though the alignment tolerance of the plane mirror remained to be a few minutes, the tolerance of the prism alignment exceeded a few degrees. This means an improvement over that of a conventional Fabry-Perot resonator by three orders of magnitude. Some of the basic properties of a corner-cube prism as well as this type of resonator are also described.
Influence of Wetting and Dispersing Agents on the Interaction between Talc and Hydrophobic Particles (2009)

The interactions between a natural talc surface and a model hydrophobic particle have been investigated in aqueous solutions by employing the atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probe technique. The results demonstrate the presence of long-range attractive forces due to bridging via preadsorbed or induced bubbles/cavities. Due to the natural heterogeneity of talc, and the stochastic nature of the bubble bridging process, the variability in the range and magnitude of the attraction is larger than that for cases when other interactions predominate or than that when only model surfaces are used. Addition of poly(acrylic acid), a common dispersing agent, did not affect the measured forces. Thus, we conclude that poly(acrylic acid) does not adsorb to the basal plane of talc. In sharp contrast, addition of Pluronic PE6400, a nonionic triblock polymer used as wetting agent, resulted in complete removal of the bubble-induced attractive force. Instead, a short-range steric repulsion is the dominating feature. Clearly, Pluronic PE6400 is able to displace air bubbles from the surface and prevent their formation when the particles come into contact. These are suggested to be important features of efficient wetting agents.
Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook (1989)

The TMEH Desk Edition presents a unique collection of manufacturing information in one convenient source. Contains selected information from TMEH Volumes 1-5--over 1,200 pages of manufacturing information. A total of 50 chapters cover topics such as machining, forming, materials, finishing, coating, quality control, assembly, and management. Intended for daily use by engineers, managers, consultants, and technicians, novice engineers or students.
Conversion of lignin into a precursor for the production of graphitic carbon materials (1995)

Lignin is the most abundant renewable aromatic material. There are roughly 25 x 10{sup 6} tons of lignin produced each year as a byproduct of pulp and papermaking which has a fuel value of between $0.00 and $0.04 per pound. Carbon materials are among the highest value products can be produced from lignin. Consequently, the development of processes which can utilize lignins for carbon fibers or the production of other high value carbon materials has the potential for a high payoff. It would also result in the utilization of lignin as a raw material for high technology, internationally competitive industries. The ability to form graphitic carbon materials from pitch depends on the development of a liquid crystal system called mesophase. A major problem with using lignin as a precursor for the production of mesophase pitch is the high oxygen functional group concentration of lignin which makes it reactive toward crosslinking. Hydrothermal treatment of lignin allows for selective removal of the reactive oxygen functional groups from lignin which normally prevent extensive mesophase formation. Hydrothermal pretreatment of lignin substantially increases the mesophase content of lignin-derived pitch. This development will make lignin a suitable precursor for a range of carbon materials applications.
Virtual teams: a virtue for the conventional team (2002)

While some modern organisations have established “virtual work teams”, which are said to be comprised of people who are geographically separated and who work across boundaries of space and time using computer driven communication technologies, it is also true that many organisations remain structured around conventional face‐to‐face teams. Increasingly, the conventional face‐to‐face team is endeavouring to increase its productivity by utilising some of the technology and characteristics of the virtual team. In fact, it may not be practical any longer to draw a distinction between conventional face‐to‐face teams and virtual teams, due to the invasive nature of technology throughout most modern organisations.
Scotish ballad controversy (1860)

Journal Article Scotish ballad controversy Get access J. M. J. M. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s2-X, Issue 237, 14 July 1860, Pages 30–33, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s2-X.237.30e Published: 14 July 1860
Design, fabrication, and evaluation of a multichannel diffractive optic rotary joint (1999)

A multichannel diffractive optic rotary joint was designed, fabricated by electron-beam lithography, and evaluated with regard to cross talk and to output signal power variations. High cross-talk margin (>25 dB) and low output signal power variations (<2 dB) were achieved. The sensitivity to input-light-beam wavelength uncertainty was investigated. Two design examples are presented. The first design eliminates cross talk due to unwanted diffraction orders and shows that for a ten-channel joint the wavelength uncertainty of an 850-nm emitting laser must be less than 8 nm. In the second design cross talk due to the second diffraction order is permitted, which results in a tolerance level that is three times better for wavelength uncertainty.
Temperature variation within and between nests of the green sea turtle, <i>Chelonia mydas</i> (Chelonia: Cheloniidae) on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef (2001)

Four temperature data-loggers were placed in each of five green sea turtle nests on Heron Island in the 1998–99 nesting season. Temperatures in all nests increased as incubation progressed due to general sand heating and increased metabolic heat production of the developing embryos. Even at the top of nests no daily diurnal fluctuation in temperature was evident. The temperature of eggs in the middle of the nest increased above those in the nest periphery during the last third of incubation. However, this metabolic nest heating would have little effect on hatchling sex ratio because it occurred after the sex-determining period. Small differences in temperature between regions of a nest persisted throughout incubation and may be important in ensuring the production of at least some individuals of the opposite sex in nests that have temperatures close to either the all-male or all-female determining temperatures. Location and degree of shading of nests had little effect on mean nest temperature, but deeper nests were generally cooler and therefore were predicted to produce a higher proportion of males than were shallower nests. Nest temperature profile data indicated that the 1998–99 nesting season on Heron Island would have produced a strongly female-biased sex ratio amongst hatchlings.