gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards integrated pulse detonation propulsion and MHD power (1999)

The interest in pulse detonation engines (PDE) arises primarily from the advantages that accrue from the significant combustion pressure rise that is developed in the detonation process. Conventional rocket engines, for example, must obtain all of their compression from the turbopumps, while the PDE provides additional compression in the combustor. Thus PDE's are expected to achieve higher I(sub sp) than conventional rocket engines and to require smaller turbopumps. The increase in I(sub sp) and the decrease in turbopump capacity must be traded off against each other. Additional advantages include the ability to vary thrust level by adjusting the firing rate rather than throttling the flow through injector elements. The common conclusion derived from these aggregated performance attributes is that PDEs should result in engines which are smaller, lower in cost, and lighter in weight than conventional engines. Unfortunately, the analysis of PDEs is highly complex due to their unsteady operation and non-ideal processes. Although the feasibility of the basic PDE concept has been proven in several experimental and theoretical efforts, the implied performance improvements have yet to be convincingly demonstrated. Also, there are certain developmental issues affecting the practical application of pulse detonation propulsion systems which are yet to be fully resolved. Practical detonation combustion engines, for example, require a repetitive cycle of charge induction, mixing, initiation/propagation of the detonation wave, and expulsion/scavenging of the combustion product gases. Clearly, the performance and power density of such a device depends upon the maximum rate at which this cycle can be successfully implemented. In addition, the electrical energy required for direct detonation initiation can be significant, and a means for direct electrical power production is needed to achieve self-sustained engine operation. This work addresses the technological issues associated with PDEs for integrated aerospace propulsion and MHD power. An effort is made to estimate the energy requirements for direct detonation initiation of potential fuel/oxidizer mixtures and to determine the electrical power requirements. This requirement is evaluated in terms of the possibility for MHD power generation using the combustion detonation wave. Small scale laboratory experiments were conducted using stoichiometric mixtures of acetylene and oxygen with an atomized spray of cesium hydroxide dissolved in alcohol as an ionization seed in the active MHD region. Time resolved thrust and MHD power generation measurements were performed. These results show that PDEs yield higher I(sub sp) levels than a comparable rocket engine and that MHD power generation is viable candidate for achieving self-excited engine operation.
Expression and Localization of Plant Protein Disulfide Isomerase (1993)

A cDNA clone encoding a putative protein disulfide isomerase (PDI, EC 5.3.4.1) from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was expressed in Escherichia coli cells, and an antiserum was raised against the expressed PDI-active protein. The antiserum recognized a protein of approximately 60 kD in extracts from alfalfa, soybean, and tobacco roots and stems. Levels of this protein remained relatively constant on exposure of alfalfa cell suspension cultures to the protein glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin, whereas a slightly lower molecular mass form, also detected by the antiserum, was induced by this treatment. A lower molecular mass form of PDI was also observed in roots of alfalfa seedlings during the first 5 weeks after germination. PDI levels increased in developing soybean seeds up to 17 d after fertilization and then declined. Tissue print immunoblots revealed highest levels of PDI protein in the cambial tissues of soybean stems and petioles and in epidermal, subepidermal, cortical, and pith tissues of stems of alfalfa and tobacco. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed the localization of PDI to the endoplasmic reticulum in soybean root nodules.
Cell density-driven detailed placement with displacement constraint (2014)

Modern placement process involves global placement, legalization, and detailed placement. Global placement produce a placement solution with minimized target objective, which is usually wire-length, routability, timing, etc. Legalization removes cell overlap and aligns the cells to the placement sites. Detailed placement further improves the solution by relocating cells. Since target objectives like wire-length and timing are optimized in global placement, legalization and detailed placement should not only minimize their own objectives but also preserve the global placement solution. In this paper, we propose a detailed placement algorithm for minimizing wire-length, while preserving the global placement solution by cell displacement constraint and target cell density objective. Our detailed placer involves two steps: Global Move that allocates each cell into a bin/region that minimizes wire-length, while not overflowing the target cell density. Local Move that finely adjust the cell locations in local regions to further minimize the wire-length objective. With large-scale benchmarks from ICCAD 2013 detailed placement contest, the results show that our detailed placer, RippleDP, can improve the global placement results by 13.38% - 16.41% on average under displacement constraint and target placement density objective.
Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Blood by Gas Chromatography (1968)

Abstract A method for the determination of CO content in blood is described. Carbon monoxide bound to hemoglobin is released by hemolysis and reaction with K3Fe(CN)6 in a closed system. The gases liberated are then swept onto a 5 A molecular sieve column where CO is separated from other blood gases. The CO, after catalytic reduction to methane, is detected by flame ionization. The method is rapid, specific, and sufficiently sensitive to permit analysis of 0.1-ml. samples of normal blood. The accuracy of the method, expressed as the coefficient of variation (S.D. x 100/mean), is 1.8% for normal human blood.
Cooperative Oligonucleotides Mediating Direct Capture of Hepatitis C Virus RNA from Serum (1998)

A novel method for direct capture of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA from clinical samples has been developed. This approach takes advantage of the cooperative interactions between adjacently hybridized oligonucleotides. Here, this cooperative effect was combined with solid-phase technology, whereby a capture probe was covalently coupled to magnetic beads and a second probe, which anneals adjacent to the capture probe site, was prehybridized in solution to the target. When these contiguously hybridized probes were used for the extraction of HCV RNA from clinical samples, the capture efficiency was increased up to 25-fold in comparison to capture with a single probe. The applicability of this sample preparation assay was further investigated by performing a comparative study with both a conventional guanidinium extraction method and a commercial quantitative assay.
On the Determination and Construction of Optimal Block Designs in the Presence of Linear Trends (1997)

Abstract This article considers experimental situations in which v treatments are to be applied to experimental units arranged in b blocks of size k and where there may be unknown or uncontrollable linear trends (possibly different) within blocks. Methods are given for determining and constructing universally optimal designs for such situations. Key Words: BIB designSemibalanced arrayUniversally optimal
A 5.4 mW/0.07 mm$^{2}$ 2.4 GHz Front-End Receiver in 90 nm CMOS for IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN Standard (2008)

An integrated 2.4 GHz CMOS receiver front-end according to the IEEE 802.15.4 standard is presented in this paper. It integrates the overall RF part, from the balun up to the first stage of the channel filter, as well as the cells for the LO signal conditioning. The proposed architecture is based on a 6 MHz low-IF topology, which uses an inductorless LNA and a new clocking scheme for driving a passive mixer. When integrated in a 90 nm CMOS technology, the receiver front-end exhibits an area of only 0.07 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , or 0.23 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> when including an input integrated balun. The overall chip consumes 4 mA from a single 1.35 V supply voltage and it achieves a 35 dB conversion gain from input power in dBm to output voltage in dBvpk, a 7.5 dB NF value, -10 dBm of IIP3 and more than 32 dB of image rejection.
Blended wing body structural concept development (2010)

Abstract A lightweight robust airframe design is one of the key technological advancements necessary for the successful launch of a blended wing body aircraft. The non-circular pressure cabin dictates that substantial improvements beyond current state-of-the-art aluminium and composite structures is needed, and that improvements of this magnitude will require radically new airframe design and manufacturing practices. Such an approach is described in this paper. It is a highly integrated structural concept that is tailored and optimised to fully exploit the orthotropic nature and unique processing advantages inherent in dry carbon fibres, while also employing stitching to enable a unique damage-arrest design approach.
Tailoring human embryonic stem cells for neurodegenerative disease therapy. (2006)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are expected to become a cell source and biological delivery system for use in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, and will likely play a role in the development of novel cell-based therapies for these indications. These applications require the in vitro differentiation of ES cells into stable, safe and functional neural cell populations. Initial experiments with mouse ES cells are now in the process of being translated and developed into studies on human (h)ES cells. Despite their potential, several hurdles must be overcome to render hES cells a reliable and efficient system to produce cell types for therapeutic application and as a model system for therapy development. This review discusses the current state of research into hES cells, with an emphasis on neurodegenerative diseases.
Full-Duplex Receiver And PA Integration With BAW Devices (2008)

To go further into integration and to understand parasitic coupling mechanisms in RF integrated circuits, this article describes an RF front-end direct conversion receiver co-integrated with a differential power amplifier (PA). It uses dedicated filtering functions based on bulk acoustic wave (BAW) technology. This circuit performs a prototype of complete transceiver which has been designed to address WCDMA FDD standard. It is realized in a 0.25 mum BiCMOS technology from STMicroelectronics using SiGe-C heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) and NLDEMOS transistors. BAW inter-stage filter and reject-cell are designed to improve isolation between transmission and reception bands by reducing coupling mechanisms between transmitter (TX) PA and receiver (RX) path. This circuit has been assembled and tested, RX chain gain is measured to be equal to 24 dB and it has more than 40 dB TX leakage attenuation at intermediate frequency (D7) mixer output under a 2.7 V voltage supply. Differential PA with BAW reject filter delivers up to 28 dBm linear output power.
Immunization: the reality behind the myth (1995)

List of Tables Preface Foreword by Robert S. Mendelsohn Acknowledgments Deprogramming The Tyranny of What Everyone Knows Are Immunizations Harmless? Are Immunizations Effective? (The Statistical Mill) Creating Natural Immunity Beyond Disease Wars Do Germs Cause Disease or Does Disease Cause Germs? Germ Fallout: Rabies, Pasteurization and Vaccines The New Biology, The New Immunology Holism, Epidemics, and Preventive Medicine Beautiful and Ugly Solutions Free to Choose Appointment with Tyranny Let My People Go Waking From the Propaganda Trance The Coming Revolution in Health Care Reclaiming Our Heritage: What You Can Do Now Appendix A: Keys to a Healthy Immune System Appendix B: Some Natural Remedies for Children's Ailments Appendix C: What You Can Do for a Vaccine Injured Child Appendix D: Instead of Sugar Appendix E: Questions and Answers Appendix F: I Have a Dream Appendix G: Resources Index
Controlling the Oxygenation Level of Hemoglobin by Using a Synthetic Receptor for 2,3‐Bisphosphoglycerate (2003)

A designed synthetic receptor (1), which has guanidinium groups and a CuII center, is highly effective and selective for binding 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in physiological media (see picture). The affinity is high enough that the receptor can deprive hemoglobin of available 2,3-BPG, and thus control the active level of 2,3-BPG and the related oxygenation level of hemoglobin. Cu=Green, N=blue, C=gray, P=yellow, O=red. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2003/z51165_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A simultaneous TX and RX I/Q imbalance calibration method (2008)

Digital I/Q compensation allows the transceivers to achieve high performance with relatively low-cost analog front-end. This paper presents a method that digitally calibrates both TX and RX I/Q imbalances. Unlike those methods that calibrate the TX and RX separately, with TX (or RX) alone being calibrated first using additional analog circuits, the proposed method simultaneously estimates the TX and RX I/Q imbalance parameters, assisted by a low-cost phase-shifter. Estimation of the TX and RX I/Q parameters is achieved by sending test signals and measuring the received signals entirely in baseband, in the digital domain. No RF/analog test signal or measurements are needed.
A direct signaling pathway through tyrosine kinase activation of SH2 domain-containing transcription factors (1995)

Studies on the mechanism of interferon-induced gene expression revealed a direct signaling pathway from cell surface receptors to transcription factors. In this pathway, signal transduction is mediated by a new class of transcription factor STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription). We have shown that STAT factors contain Src homology region 2 and 3 domains and are phosporylated and activated in the cytoplasm by receptor associated tyrosine kinases. The activated transcription factors then translocate to the nucleus, joined by a nuclear DNA binding factor, to form an active transcriptional complex. Recent studies have shown that this direct signaling pathway is the key to control of gene expression induced by many cytokines and growth factors.
Respiratory and Limb Muscle Weakness Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor- <b>α</b> : Involvement of Muscle Myofilaments (2002)

The respiratory and limb skeletal muscles become weakened in sepsis, congestive heart failure, and other inflammatory diseases. A potential mediator of muscle weakness is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, a cytokine that can stimulate muscle wasting and also can induce contractile dysfunction without overt catabolism. This study addressed the latter process. Murine diaphragm and limb muscle (flexor digitorum brevis [FDB]) preparations were used to determine the relative sensitivities of these muscles to TNF-alpha. Intact muscle fibers were isolated from FDB and microinjected with indo-1 to measure changes in sarcoplasmic calcium regulation. We found that TNF-alpha depressed tetanic force of the diaphragm and FDB to comparable degrees across a range of stimulus frequencies. In isolated muscle fibers, TNF-alpha decreased tetanic force without altering tetanic calcium transients or resting calcium levels. We conclude that (1) TNF-alpha compromises contractile function of diaphragm and limb muscle similarly, and (2) TNF-alpha decreases force by blunting the response of muscle myofilaments to calcium activation.
Influence of Anteflexion of Head Position on the Shape of Pharyngeal Space by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. (2002)

目的: 閉塞型睡眠時無呼吸症候群の歯科的治療に用いられる口腔内装置の有用性は報告されているが, 治療効果の判定や効果の予測のために本装置の中咽頭軟組織に及ぼす影響については, 磁気共鳴像 (MRI) 学的に十分に明らかにされていない. そこで本研究は, MRI撮像時の頭位前屈が咽頭腔形態に及ぼす影響をMRI画像によって検討したものである.方法: 被験者は, いびきを認めない健常者16名とした. MRI撮像は, 厚さ1cmのアクリル板を後頭部に2, 4, 6, 8枚介在させた4頭位 (H2, H4, H6, H8) とアクリル板を介在させない頭位 (H0) について行った. 咽頭腔矢状面形態の測定は, 前後径3カ所 (後鼻棘後方, 口蓋垂後方, 舌根部後方) と面積をMRI画像から求めた. 分析は, H0の値を1としたときの各頭位における比率を求め, 頭位を要因とする反復測定分散分析を用い, 各頭位間の検定を行った.結果: MRI矢状面において咽頭腔面積, 咽頭腔の後鼻棘後方前後径および口蓋垂後方前後径では, 有意な差は認められなかった. しかし, 咽頭腔の舌根部後方前後径において有意差が認められた. 舌根部後方前後径は, 頭位H6およびH8で頭位H2およびH4に比べて有意に減少した.結論: 以上の結果から, MRI画像による正中矢状面咽頭腔形態評価には, 頭位規制の必要性が示唆された.
Characterization and processing of Biodegradable polymer blends of poly(lactic acid) with poly(butylene succinate adipate) (2005)

We investigated thermal, rheological, morphological and mechanical properties of a binary blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate adipate) (PBSA). The blends were extruded and their molded properties were examined. DSC thermograms of blends indicated that the thermal properties of PLA did not change noticeably with the amount of PBSA, but thermogravimetric analysis showed that thermal stability of the blends was lower than that of pure PLA and PBSA. Immiscibility was checked with thermal data. The rheological properties of the blends changed remarkably with composition. The tensile strength and modulus of blends decreased with PBSA content. Interestingly, however, the impact strength of PLA/ PBSA (80/20) blend was seriously increased higher than the rule of mixture. Morphology of the blends showed a typical sea and island structure of immiscible blend. The effect of the blend composition on the biodegradation was also investigated. In the early stage of the degradation test, the highest rate was observed for the blend containing 80 wt % PBSA.
Toll-like receptor pathway signaling is differently regulated in neutrophils and peripheral mononuclear cells of patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock* (2008)

Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK The authors have not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.
5‐HT<sub>4</sub>‐elicited positive inotropic response is mediated by cAMP and regulated by PDE3 in failing rat and human cardiac ventricles (2008)

5-HT(4) receptor-mediated positive inotropic responses in failing rat ventricle were cAMP-dependent. PDE3 was the main PDE regulating this response and involvement of PDE4 was disclosed by concomitant inhibition of PDE3 in both postinfarction rat and failing human hearts. 5-HT, PDE3 and PDE4 may have pathophysiological functions in heart failure.
Understanding Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy: The Synergy Between Clinical Observation and Investigation (2016)

Glaucoma is a complex disorder of aging defined by the death of retinal ganglion cells and remodeling of connective tissues at the optic nerve head. Intraocular pressure-induced axonal injury at the optic nerve head leads to apoptosis. Loss of retinal ganglion cells follows a slowly progressive sequence. Clinical features of the disease have suggested and corroborated pathological events. The death of retinal ganglion cells causes secondary loss of neurons in the brain, but only as a by-product of injury to the retinal ganglion cells. Although therapy to lower intraocular pressure is moderately effective, new treatments are being developed to alter the remodeling of ocular connective tissue, to interrupt the injury signal from axon to soma, and to upregulate a variety of survival mechanisms.
Calculation of parameter values from node voltage measurements (1979)

In this paper a theorem is given for the necessary and sufficient test conditions required to determine the value of a circuit component from node voltage measurements at a single test frequency. Several techniques are then presented for the calculation of circuit component values from voltage measurements, including a new technique based on the adjoint circuit concept. In addition, some results are presented on the measurement of component values using different test frequencies.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Recombinant Marek's Disease Virus Field Strain with One Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Long Terminal Repeat Insert (2012)

Marek's disease virus (MDV) Chinese strain GX0101, isolated in 2001 from a vaccinated flock of layer chickens with severe tumors, was the first reported recombinant MDV field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) insert. GX0101 belongs to very virulent MDV (vvMDV) but has higher horizontal transmission ability than the vvMDV strain Md5. The complete genome sequence of GX0101 is 178,101 nucleotides (nt) and contains only one REV-LTR insert at a site 267 nt upstream of the sorf2 gene. Moreover, GX0101 has 5 repeats of a 217-nt fragment in its terminal repeat short (TRS) region and 3 repeats in internal repeat short (IRS) region, compared to the other 10 strains with only 1 or 2 repeats in both TRS and IRS.
Partition Regression (1974)

Abstract This article considers an approach to partition or unconstrained piece-wise regression which begins with an ordering of the observations and applies a dynamic program from cluster analysis to greatly reduce the number of calculations involved in its application.
Automatic Speaker Verification Using Cepstral Measurements (1969)

Automatic speaker verification was accomplished in this study using cepstral measurements to characterize short segments in each of the first two vowels of the standard test phrase “My code is .” The length of the word “my” and the speaker's pitch were used as additional parameters. The verification decision is treated as a two-class problem, the speaker being either the authorized speaker or an impostor. Reference data is used only for the authorized speaker. The decision is based on the test sample's distance to the nearest reference sample. Data is presented to show that, if reference samples are collected over a period of many days, then verification is possible more than two months later, whereas, if reference data is collected at one sitting, verification is highly inaccurate as little as 1 h later. Four authorized speakers and 30 impostors were examined, with error rates obtained from 6% to 13%. Impostors attempting to mimic the authorized speaker could not improve their ability to deceive the system significantly.
Nondistorting lateral edge support of large telescope mirrors (1994)

Simply by push-pull shear action at their outer edge, large circular telescope mirrors can be laterally supported free from bending distortion, if the upright mirror is kept in balance by a cosine distribution of weak axial forces applied at its outer rim and possibly also at the central hole. The flexure-induced comalike wave-front aberration of a thin 8-m meniscus mirror was reduced to an rms value of 0.5 nm over the full aperture; the largest path difference was reduced to 2.4 nm. A comparable result has also been calculated for a meniscus mirror of different geometry and a material with different elastic constants. Realizing such possibilities in practice demands accurate engineering. A helpful artifice is investigated for the correct application of the tangential supporting forces.