gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave‐assisted extraction of bioactive saponins from chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L) (2004)

Abstract Growing interest in plant secondary metabolites has brought with it the need for economical, rapid and efficient extraction protocols. Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) was used to extract saponins from chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ). Several MAE conditions were tested, and the method proved to be superior to Soxhlet extraction with regard to amounts of solvents required, time and energy expended. The use of a butanol/H 2 O mixture showed selectivity towards saponin extraction. Using TLC, two distinct saponins were observed in the various chickpea extracts. The identification of the major saponin as a DDMP‐conjugated saponin was verified using 1 H and 13 C NMR, for the first time in chickpea. The MAE procedure most likely contributed to the conservation of the heat‐sensitive DDMP moiety. The pure chickpea saponin exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Penicillium digitatum and additional filamentous fungi. Two Fusarium strains tested were highly tolerant to the saponin. The potential for using MAE for the efficient extraction of natural products may assist in expediting the chemical analysis and characterization of the biological activities of such compounds. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO CANCER OF THE PROSTATE RISK ASSESSMENT SCORE: A STRAIGHTFORWARD AND RELIABLE PREOPERATIVE PREDICTOR OF DISEASE RECURRENCE AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY (2005)

The UCSF-CAPRA score is a straightforward yet powerful preoperative risk assessment tool. It must be externally validated in future studies.
Improvement of spatial resolution of keyhole effect images (1998)

An algorithm is proposed which improves the spatial resolution of difference or effect images acquired with a keyhole sampling strategy. This new reconstruction algorithm uses a priori information about sharp structures in the observed signal changes from a high resolution reference scan. The potential of this algorithm even being able to deal with noisy effect images is illustrated by application to functional MRI data.
Ensemble neural network methods for satellite-derived estimation of chlorophyll α (2004)

In this paper, neural network-based methods incorporating ensemble learning techniques are presented that estimate chlorophyll /spl alpha/ (chl /spl alpha/) concentration in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Maine (GOM). A dataset was constructed consisting of in situ chl measurements from the GOM matched with satellite data from the sea-viewing wide-field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS). These data were used to develop models using diverse neural network ensembles for estimation of chl /spl alpha/ concentration from satellite-retrieved ocean reflectances. Results indicate that the models are able to generalize across geographical and temporal variation, and are resilient to uncertainty such as that introduced by poor atmospheric correction, or radiance contributions from non-chl /spl alpha/ components in case 2 waters.
Differential screening of a human chromosome 3 library identifies hepatocyte growth factor-like/macrophage-stimulating protein and its receptor in injured lung. Possible implications for neuroendocrine cell survival. (1997)

Transient pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and non-neuroendocrine lung tumors develop in nitrosaminetreated hamsters, which we hypothesized might modulate epithelial cell phenotype by expressing gene(s) homologous to human chromosome 3p gene(s) deleted in small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCLC). We differentially screened a chromosome 3 library using nitrosamine-treated versus normal hamster lung cDNAs and identified hepatocyte growth factor-like/macrophage-stimulating protein (HGFL/MSP) in injured lung. HGFL/MSP mRNA is low to undetectable in human SCLC and carcinoid tumors, but the HGFL/MSP tyrosine kinase receptor, RON, is present and functional on many of these neuroendocrine tumors. In H835, a pulmonary carcinoid cell line, and H187, a SCLC cell line, HGFL/ MSP induced adhesion/flattening and apoptosis. Using viable cell counts to assess proliferation after 14 d of treatment with HGFL/MSP, there is growth inhibition of H835 but not H187. Nitrosamine-treated hamsters also demonstrate pulmonary neuroendocrine cell apoptosis in situ during the same time period as expression of the endogenous HGFL/ MSP gene, immediately preceding the spontaneous regression of neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. These observations suggest that HGFL/MSP might regulate neuroendocrine cell survival during preneoplastic lung injury, which could influence the ultimate tumor cell phenotype.
Laboratory study of the loads, speeds and times to finish and polish direct restorative materials (2005)

This study investigated the loads, speeds and times required to achieve the smoothest surface on samples of amalgam, composite resin and glass-ionomer cement using the four grades of a disc polishing system. The tests were conducted on a specially constructed jig. The restorations were abraded with the appropriate disc using a range of loads, speeds and times based on a previous practitioner study. The surface roughness of each material was measured before and after abrading. The load was varied first, followed by speed and finally time. Photomicrographs were taken of a sample finished at the optimum load, speed and time and of loads above and below the optimum that produced the smoothest surface finish. In addition the fractured edge of a sample finished at the optimum values was examined. There was an optimum load, speed and time that produced the smoothest surface for each restorative material. For amalgam and composite the surface roughness value decreased as the discs became finer. There was a reduction in the roughness value for glass-ionomer cement using the two roughest discs. The values obtained were substantially in contrast from the earlier practitioner study. There were specific values for load, speed and time that produced a smoother surface for each material.
Serotonin release and cell proliferation are under the control of α‐bungarotoxin‐sensitive nicotinic receptors in small‐cell lung carcinoma cell lines (1994)

Neuronal type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) have recently been identified in small-cell lung carcinoma. We here show that both nicotine and cytisine stimulate [3H]serotonin release in a dose-dependent manner; this effect is antagonized by alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha Bgtx) and alpha-conotoxin MI (alpha Ctx). Nicotine and cytisine stimulate in vitro SCLC proliferation and this effect is completely antagonized by both alpha Bgtx and alpha Ctx. By PCR analysis, we demonstrate the presence in SCLC of both the alpha 7 and the beta 2 nAchR subunits mRNA. These data show that nAchRs play an important role in the biology of SCLC, and that alpha Bgtx-sensitive receptors of the alpha 7 subtype are crucially involved in both the secretagogue and mitogenic effects of nicotinic agonists.
Polarization crosstalk in high index contrast planar silica waveguides (2002)

Polarization crosstalk and the effect of the waveguide sidewall slope angle in a planar silica waveguide with high index contrast is calculated by using rigorous full vectorial numerical approaches.
Signature-Tagged Transposon Mutagenesis Studies Demonstrate the Dynamic Nature of Cecal Colonization of 2-Week-Old Chickens by <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> (2005)

We have constructed plasmids to be used for in vitro signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) of Campylobacter jejuni and used these to generate STM libraries in three different strains. Statistical analysis of the transposon insertion sites in the C. jejuni NCTC 11168 chromosome and the plasmids of strain 81-176 indicated that their distribution was not uniform. Visual inspection of the distribution suggested that deviation from uniformity was not due to preferential integration of the transposon into a limited number of hot spots but rather that there was a bias towards insertions around the origin. We screened pools of mutants from the STM libraries for their ability to colonize the ceca of 2-week-old chickens harboring a standardized gut flora. We observed high-frequency random loss of colonization proficient mutants. When cohoused birds were individually inoculated with different tagged mutants, random loss of colonization-proficient mutants was similarly observed, as was extensive bird-to-bird transmission of mutants. This indicates that the nature of campylobacter colonization in chickens is complex and dynamic, and we hypothesize that bottlenecks in the colonization process and between-bird transmission account for these observations.
Streak artifact reduction in filtered backprojection using a level line-based interpolation method. (2000)

The IPC process succeeded in reducing the streak artifact. This process did not require any modification in acquisition and was not operator dependent. The increase in the number of projections is likely a necessary but not a sufficient condition to reduce the streak artifact: if not corrected, the attenuation could be a limiting factor in the removal of this artifact when the number of projections increases.
Gender, Dietary Copper and Carbohydrate Source Influence Cardiac Collagen and Lysyl Oxidase in Weanling Rats (1995)

The present investigation was conducted to determine the effects of consumption of diets containing fructose or cornstarch on cardiac collagen metabolism in weanling male and female rats fed copper-deficient or copper-adequate diets for 5 wk. Although both male and female rats that consumed the copper-deficient diet containing fructose were similarly copper deficient, only the males showed severe cardiac pathologies and two died prematurely due to heart-related abnormalities. These pathologies were accompanied by a significant reduction of cardiac lysyl oxidase activity and elevated soluble and total cardiac collagen concentrations compared with rats fed copper-adequate diets. These abnormalities were less severe in copper-deficient rats fed cornstarch. The data show that the activity of the copper-containing enzyme lysyl oxidase is affected by both dietary carbohydrate and gender. The pathologies of heart tissue could be the result of abnormal crosslinking of collagen induced by the combination of copper deficiency, fructose feeding and the sex of the rats.
Quantum radar cross sections (2010)

The radar cross section σ<sub><i>C</i></sub> is an objective measure of the "radar visibility" of an object. As such, σ<sub><i>C</i></sub> is an important concept for the correct characterization of the operational performance of radar systems. Furthermore, σ<sub><i>C</i></sub> is equally essential for the design and development of stealth weapon systems and platforms. Recent years have seen the theoretical development of <i>quantum radars</i>, that is, radars that operate with a small number of photons. In this regime, the radar-target interaction is described through photon-atom scattering processes governed by the laws of quantum electrodynamics. As such, it is theoretically inconsistent to use the same σ<sub><i>C</i></sub> to characterize the performance of a quantum radar. In this paper we define a <i>quantum radar cross section </i>σ<sub><i>Q</i></sub> based on quantum electrodynamics and interferometric considerations. We discuss the theoretical challenges of defining σ<sub><i>Q</i></sub>, as well as computer simulations of σ<sub><i>C</i></sub> and σ<sub><i>Q</i></sub> for simple targets.
<title>Structural characteristics and performances of rf-sputtered Mo/Si and Co/Si multilayers for soft x-ray optics</title> (1992)

Precise structural analysis of Mo/Si multilayers deposited by a diode rf-sputtering system has been made using in-situ kinetic ellipsometry, grazing x-ray reflection, x-ray diffraction, Auger profile analysis, Rutherford backscattering, and high-resolution electron microscopy. The main structural imperfections (interface roughness and interdiffusion) have been related to the Mo crystallization and to the molybdenum silicide formation at the interfaces. The comparison to Co/Si multilayers deposited in the same conditions was useful to deduce the influence of the intrinsic properties of these systems on their structural behavior. Silicide layers are formed in real-time during the growth of the samples. They are completely amorphous and their composition is not far from defined compounds (MoSi2 and CoSi2). In Mo/Si multilayers the Mo on Si interface is always thicker than the other interface (approximately equals 15 angstrom compared to 8 angstrom). It is not due to the deposition conditions but to the crystallization of the molybdenum layers which reduces the silicon diffusion at the Si on Mo interface. The higher reactivity of cobalt with silicon produces thicker quasi-symmetric silicide layers (approximately equals 25 angstrom). The thermal behavior of the two systems is also controlled by the interdiffusion and the crystallization of the silicide layers. Absolute soft x-ray reflection was measured on different Mo/Si x-ray mirrors by synchrotron radiation at various wavelengths above the Si L-(alpha) line and related to the structural characteristics. In spite of the occurrence of thin silicide layers at each interface, reflectivities as high as 55% in normal incidence have been obtained at 130 angstrom.
Performance of conical abutment (Morse Taper) connection implants: A systematic review (2013)

In this systematic review, we aimed to compare conical versus nonconical implant-abutment connection systems in terms of their in vitro and in vivo performances. An electronic search was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases with the logical operators: "dental implant" AND "dental abutment" AND ("conical" OR "taper" OR "cone"). Names of the most common conical implant-abutment connection systems were used as additional key words to detect further data. The search was limited to articles published up to November 2012. Recent publications were also searched manually in order to find any relevant studies that might have been missed using the search criteria noted above. Fifty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. As the data and methods, as well as types of implants used was so heterogeneous, this mitigated against the performance of meta-analysis. In vitro studies indicated that conical and nonconical abutments showed sufficient resistance to maximal bending forces and fatigue loading. However, conical abutments showed superiority in terms of seal performance, microgap formation, torque maintenance, and abutment stability. In vivo studies (human and animal) indicated that conical and nonconical systems are comparable in terms of implant success and survival rates with less marginal bone loss around conical connection implants in most cases. This review indicates that implant systems using a conical implant-abutment connection, provides better results in terms of abutment fit, stability, and seal performance. These design features could lead to improvements over time versus nonconical connection systems.
Carbon Nanotubes as Fillers (2005)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been drawing much attention as fillers for composites because they have extraordinarily high strength, elastic moduli, flexibility and aspect ratios as well as superior electrical and thermal properties. In this article, author review the studies on composites fabricated with CNTs and resin, metal or elastomer matrices including the latest researches on CNT-filled aluminium composites and elastomer composites. When CNTs were uniformly incorporated in elastomers, isotropic enhancement in their tensile strength and moduli were observed. The flow phenomena at high temperatures disappeared in non-cured rubber matrix composites and thermoplastic elastomer matrix composites with uniform CNT dispersion. These CNT reinforcements are thought to be applicable for producing high efficiency rubber products and their recycling.
Phosphorylation of Ser1166 on GluN2B by PKA Is Critical to Synaptic NMDA Receptor Function and Ca<sup>2+</sup>Signaling in Spines (2014)

The NMDA-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) is essential for synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and higher cognitive function. Emerging evidence indicates that NMDAR Ca(2+) permeability is under the control of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. Whereas the functional impact of PKA on NMDAR-dependent Ca(2+) signaling is well established, the molecular target remains unknown. Here we identify serine residue 1166 (Ser1166) in the carboxy-terminal tail of the NMDAR subunit GluN2B to be a direct molecular and functional target of PKA phosphorylation critical to NMDAR-dependent Ca(2+) permeation and Ca(2+) signaling in spines. Activation of β-adrenergic and D1/D5-dopamine receptors induces Ser1166 phosphorylation. Loss of this single phosphorylation site abolishes PKA-dependent potentiation of NMDAR Ca(2+) permeation, synaptic currents, and Ca(2+) rises in dendritic spines. We further show that adverse experience in the form of forced swim, but not exposure to fox urine, elicits striking phosphorylation of Ser1166 in vivo, indicating differential impact of different forms of stress. Our data identify a novel molecular and functional target of PKA essential to NMDAR-mediated Ca(2+) signaling at synapses and regulated by the emotional response to stress.
Visible Light Metasurfaces Based on Single-Crystal Silicon (2016)

Semiconducting nanostructures are promising as components in high-performance metasurfaces. We show that single-crystal silicon can be used to realize efficient metasurface devices across the entire visible spectrum, ranging from 480 to 700 nm. Alternative forms of silicon, such as polycrystalline and amorphous silicon, suffer from higher absorption losses and do not yield efficient metasurfaces across this wavelength range. To demonstrate, we theoretically and experimentally characterize the resonant scattering peaks of individual single-crystal silicon nanoridges. In addition, we design high-efficiency metagratings and lenses based on nanoridge arrays, operating at visible wavelengths, using a stochastic optimization approach. We find that at wavelengths where single-crystal silicon is effectively lossless, devices based on high aspect ratio nanostructures are optimal. These devices possess efficiencies similar to those made of titanium oxide, which is an established material for high-efficiency visible wavelength metasurfaces. At blue wavelengths, where single-crystal silicon exhibits absorption losses, optimal devices are instead based on coupled low aspect ratio resonant nanostructures and are able to provide reasonably high efficiencies. We envision that crystalline silicon metasurfaces will enable compact optical systems spanning the full visible spectrum.
Influence of Growth Factors Erythropoietin and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor on Mechanical Strength and Healing of Colonic Anastomoses in Rats (1999)

Erythropoietin enhances the healing of anastomosis in rat colon by increasing the number of fibroblasts and accelerating the maturation of new vessels.
A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae (1929)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Nuclear Backscattering Analysis of Nb–Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>–Bi Structure (1972)

The technique of nuclear backscattering has been used to analyze the interface reactions of Nb-Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</inf> -Bi multilayer films. This new analytical technique is explained in detail. It has been concluded that the drastic and erratic changes in the electrical properties of niobium oxide switchable resistor devices that take place at 450°C are associated with the gross migration of oxygen from the oxide to the niobium layer. The accompanying reactions of bismuth with the oxide are relatively moderate, diffusing less than 3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> atoms/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of bismuth into the oxide layer.
A stream query language TPQL for anomaly detection in facility management (2012)

In facility management for plants and buildings, needs of facility diagnosis for saving energy or facility management cost by analyzing time series data from sensors of equipments in facilities have been increasing. This paper proposes a relation-based stream query language TPQL (Trend Pattern Query Language) for expressing constraints in time series data for anomalies detection in facilities. The features of TPQL are the following. (1) TPQL introduces a convolution operator into a stream query language in order to describe constraints over sliding window. A convolution operator which takes a window function as an argument can express various domain dependent functions extracting feature over sliding windows such as duration constraint and hunting constraint. (2) TPQL introduces time-interval based join into stream query language in order to join time series data with different sampling rates.
A Facile Preparation of Thioglycolurils from Glycolurils, and Regioselectivity in Thioglycoluril Template-Directed Crossed-Claisen Condensations (1997)

Mono- (5) and dithio (4) analogues of 3,4,7,8-tetramethylglycoluril (2) are readily prepared using Lawesson's reagent (1 equiv or excess, respectively). This novel application of Lawesson's reagent to glycolurils can be extended to N-acylglycolurils. Thus the N-acetyl and N-butanoyl derivatives of 2 are converted into the monoacyl-monothio analogues 8 and 9 in which thionation occurs at the least hindered urea carbonyl. Compared to the parent glycoluril 2, the thio analogues are more readily acylated; initial acylation of 5 occurs exclusively on the NH site adjacent to sulfur to give 13, while 4 is converted to either the monoacetyl (11) or diacetyl (12) derivative by acetic anhydride, depending on temperature. Unlike 2, acylation of 4 can be accomplished with tert-butoxide as base and then acyl halide. Further acetylation of 11 gives 12, while 8 gives the unsymmetrical diacetyl-monothioglycoluril 15 or acetyl butanoyl thioglycoluril 17, and 9 gives the isomeric acetyl butanoyl thioglycoluril 16. Derivative 12 undergoes a crossed Claisen-like condensation between the two acetyl groups to give acetoacetyldithioglycoluril (18), in a manner similar to the diacetyl derivative of the parent glycoluril, while 15 undergoes selective crossed-Claisen condensation, predominantly by deprotonation of the acetyl group adjacent to oxygen (2.2:1 ratio of 19:20). In crossed-Claisen condensations, both isomers of acetylbutanoylmonothioglycoluril rearranged to 3-ketohexanoyl and 2-ethyl-3-ketobutanoyl thioglycolurils (16 to 24 and 25; 17 to 26 and 27, respectively). When the selectivities for deprotonation of the acetyl moiety over the butanoyl moiety, and for deprotonation of the acyl group adjacent to oxygen over that adjacent to sulfur, reinforced each other, highly selective crossed-Claisen condensation was achieved (26:27 6:1). In contrast, when these two selectivities worked in opposition, reversal of the regiochemical outcome occurred (24:25 0.75:1). The results show that thionation provides a more sophisticated and selective template for development of intramolecular crossed-Claisen methodology using the glycoluril template-directed approach.