gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liberal Environmentalism and Global Environmental Governance (2002)

Global environmental governance rests on a set of norms best characterized by the label “liberal environmentalism.” The 1992 Earth Summit catalyzed the process of institutionalizing these norms, which predicate environmental pro tection on the promotion and maintenance of a liberal economic order. To support this claim, this article identifies the specific norms institutionalized since Rio that undergird international environmental treaties, policies and programs. It also explains why a shift toward liberal environmentalism occurred from earlier, very different, bases of environmental governance. The implications of this shift are then outlined, with examples drawn from responses to climate change, forest protection and use, and biosafety. The article is not an endorsement of liberal environmentalism. Rather, it shows that institutions that have developed in response to global environmental problems support particular kinds of values and goals, with important implications for the constraints and opportunities to combat the world's most serious environmental problems.
Two ScFv antibody libraries derived from identical VL-VH framework with different binding site designs display distinct binding profiles (2013)

In directed evolution experiments, a single randomization scheme of an antibody gene does not provide optimal diversity for recognition of all sizes of antigens. In this study, we have expanded the recognition potential of our universal library, termed ScFvP, with a second distinct diversification scheme. In the second library, termed ScFvM, diversity was designed closer to the center of the antigen binding site in the same antibody framework as earlier. Also, the CDR-H3 loop structures were redesigned to be shorter, 5-12 aa and mostly without the canonical salt bridge between Arg106H and Asp116H to increase the flexibility of the loop and to allow more space in the center of the paratope for binding smaller targets. Antibodies were selected from the two libraries against various antigens separately and as a mixture. The origin and characteristics of the retrieved antibodies indicate that complementary diversity results in complementary functionality widening the spectrum of targets amenable for selection.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Both <i>syn- </i>and <i>anti</i>-<i>N</i>-<i>tert</i>-Alkylamines Using Highly Stereospecific Crotylation of Ketone-Derived Acylhydrazones with Crotyltrichlorosilanes (2002)

Crotyltrichlorosilanes reacted with ketone-derived N-benzoylhydrazones in DMF without any catalyst. This is the first example of highly stereospecific crotylation of ketimine analogues leading to both syn- and anti-N'-tert-alkyl-N-benzoylhydrazines. Different reactivities between (Z)- and (E)-crotylsilanes in terms of yields and selectivities were observed. A kinetic study with both geometrically pure (Z)- and (E)-crotylsilanes was performed. These reactions are most likely to proceed via a cyclic chairlike transition state where the aromatic group of hydrazones takes an axial position. Both diastereomers of allylation products can be converted to the corresponding alpha,alpha-disubstituted homoallylic amines without epimerization.
Control of Adaptive Immune Responses by Staphylococcus aureus through IL-10, PD-L1 and TLR2 (2012)

Microbes induce innate immune responses in hosts. It is critical to know how different microbes control adaptive responses through innate pathways. The impact of gram-positive bacteria on the innate and adaptive responses is unclear. Herein we report that Staphylococcus aureus induces IL-10, Th17-inducing cytokines IL-6 and IL-23, chemokines, and regulates dendritic cell markers. S. aureus inhibits T-cell IL-2 responses through modulation of HLA-DR, CD86 and PD-L1. IFN-gamma, Src kinase inhibitors, or TLR2 antibodies prevented the down-modulation of HLA-DR by S. aureus. Our data demonstrate that innate TLR signaling induces multi-dimensional inhibition of adaptive immune responses, which may contribute to the lack of protective immunity to bacteria or microbe tolerance. IL-10 and PD-L1 antagonists may boost immunity to vaccines for S. aureus and other microbes.
Review of Critical Flowmeters for Gas Flow Measurements (1962)

Critical flowmeters for accurately measuring the mass flow rates of nonreacting real gases were reviewed. Discussions were presented on theoretical flow functions, on parameters for correlating discharge coefficients, and on the importance of real gas properties. The performance characteristics of critical nozzles and orifices of several designs were reviewed. Approaches were discussed to problems which must be researched before the fullest potential of this type of flow measurement can be realized.
Severity of psychiatric symptoms as a predictor of benefits from psychotherapy: the Veterans Administration-Penn study [published erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1989 Dec;146(12):1651] (1984)

One hundred ten nonpsychotic opiate addicts were randomly assigned to receive paraprofessional drug counseling alone, counseling plus cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, or counseling plus supportive-expressive psychotherapy. Patients were classified low-severity, mid-severity, or high-severity on the basis of the number and severity of their psychiatric symptoms. Overall, the addition of professional psychotherapy was associated with greater benefits than was drug counseling alone. Low-severity patients made considerable and approximately equal progress with added psychotherapy or with counseling alone. Mid-severity patients had better outcomes with additional psychotherapy than with counseling alone, but counseling did effect numerous significant improvements. High-severity patients made little progress with counseling alone, but with added psychotherapy made considerable progress and used both prescribed and illicit drugs less often.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Molecular Species from Free Sterols and Sterylglycosides Isolated from Oat Leaves and Seeds1 (1985)

Free steroli and sterylglycosides (SG) from oat leaves and seeds were isolated by conventional thin layer chromatography (TLC) and subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for resolution of molecular species. Acylsterylglycolides, isolated by TLC, were converted to SG by mild alkaline hydrolysis and determined as SG. Sterols and SG were injected onto the column without any chemical treatment and the separated species were detected at 200 nm. The separation of SG-species follows exactly the separation of free sterols.
Bacteriophage replication modules (2006)

Bacteriophages (prokaryotic viruses) are favourite model systems to study DNA replication in prokaryotes, and provide examples for every theoretically possible replication mechanism. In addition, the elucidation of the intricate interplay of phage-encoded replication factors with 'host' factors has always advanced the understanding of DNA replication in general. Here we review bacteriophage replication based on the long-standing observation that in most known phage genomes the replication genes are arranged as modules. This allows us to discuss established model systems--f1/fd, phiX174, P2, P4, lambda, SPP1, N15, phi29, T7 and T4--along with those numerous phages that have been sequenced but not studied experimentally. The review of bacteriophage replication mechanisms and modules is accompanied by a compendium of replication origins and replication/recombination proteins (available as supplementary material online).
A Surgical Case of Tailgut Cyst (2006)

Tailgut cystは直腸後面に存在する嚢胞性腫瘤で,比較的稀な疾患である.今回,我々はtaigut cystの手術症例を経験したので報告する.症例は52歳の女性.黒色便を認めたために近医を受診した,内視鏡検査等で異常を認めず,精査のために施行したCT,MRIで骨盤腔内の直腸右背側に13×10cmの嚢腫様病変を認めた.骨盤内嚢胞性腫瘤の術前診断で,5月23日経仙骨式腫瘤摘出術,尾骨合併切除術を施行した.腫瘤は13.5×10×8cmの嚢腫状で,中に灰緑黄色,クリーム状の約400mlの液体が認められた.病理所見では,嚢胞壁に扁平上皮の他,絨毛円柱上皮,円柱上皮が認められ,tailgut cystと診断された.尾骨合併切除を追加することで大きなtailgut cystでも経仙骨的に摘出が可能であり,より低侵襲に手術が行えた.今後,画像診断による定期的フォローアップの予定である.
Emergent Use of Anticoagulation for Treatment of Patients With Ischemic Stroke (2002)

These results suggest that most patients with acute stroke should not be treated with unfractionated heparin or other rapidly acting anticoagulants after stroke. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism among bedridden patients is the only established indication for early anticoagulation after acute ischemic stroke.
Capillary Exchange Modeling (1970)

In the well-perfused visceral organs, active flow occurs in most capillaries, and they are packed closely. In this situation, lateral diffusion equilibration is relatively rapid and the distribution of exchanging materials is governed chiefly by the permeability of the capillary walls. We modeled extravascular distribution of exchanging substances from this kind of capillary and illustrated the changes expected in the outflow profile with increasing permeability, the evolution from the barrier-limited to the flow-limited case. We then examined the two extremes of the assemblies of such capillaries in an organ. In one, the large-vessel transit times are constant and the capillary transit times account for the outflow distribution of the vascular reference substance; in the other, the capillary transit times are constant but the large-vessel transit times vary. The barrier-limited and flow-limited cases corresponding to these are very different. In the case intermediate between these two extremes, the transit times in both the large vessels and the capillaries in the organs vary. If the organ is functionally homogeneous, the distribution of capillaries supplied by each large vessel is the same, and the situation may be described by a product distribution. The formulation for this intermediate case may then be used both to quantify capillary permeability and to describe the distributions of large-vessel and capillary transit times.
A parvovirus isolated from royal python (Python regius) is a member of the genus Dependovirus (2004)

Parvoviruses were isolated from Python regius and Boa constrictor snakes and propagated in viper heart (VH-2) and iguana heart (IgH-2) cells. The full-length genome of a snake parvovirus was cloned and both strands were sequenced. The organization of the 4432-nt-long genome was found to be typical of parvoviruses. This genome was flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 154 nt, containing 122 nt terminal hairpins and contained two large open reading frames, encoding the non-structural and structural proteins. Genes of this new parvovirus were most similar to those from waterfowl parvoviruses and from adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), albeit to a relatively low degree and with some organizational differences. The structure of its ITRs also closely resembled those of AAVs. Based on these data, we propose to classify this virus, the first serpentine parvovirus to be identified, as serpentine adeno-associated virus (SAAV) in the genus Dependovirus.
The Monopole Mass Spectrometer (1968)

Monopole mass spectrometer characteristics were determined by analyzing ion trajectories under various operating conditions. The trajectories were computed by numerical integration of the Mathieu equations of motion. The mode of operation was chosen to correspond with that in general use, with ion injection being parallel to the axis of the instrument. The simulation was made specific by considering a monopole under operating conditions such that an ion with m/e=72 spends 12 rf cycles within the field. Information was obtained concerning peak shape, sensitivity, and resolution. The influence of entrance and exit slit dimensions and of rod-Vee block spacing was determined.
Video indirect ophthalmoscopy using a hand-held video camera (2010)

Fundus photography in adults and cooperative children is possible with a fundus camera or by using a slit lamp-mounted digital camera. Retcam TM or a video indirect ophthalmoscope is necessary for fundus imaging in infants and young children under anesthesia. Herein, a technique of converting and using a digital video camera into a video indirect ophthalmoscope for fundus imaging is described. This device will allow anyone with a hand-held video camera to obtain fundus images. Limitations of this technique involve a learning curve and inability to perform scleral depression.
The Safety and Efficacy of Zolpidem in Insomniac Patients: A Long-Term Open Study in General Practice (1992)

The safety and efficacy of 10 or 20 mg/day zolpidem, a new hypnotic belonging to the imidazopyridine class, were studied over a 180-day period in 96 patients with sleep disorders. The treatment was continued for a further 180 days by 49 of these patients. Follow-up information from 21 patients who discontinued treatment after 180 days showed no rebound insomnia or withdrawal signs. Efficacy of treatment with respect to reduction of sleep onset latency and number of nocturnal wakenings, and improvement in duration of sleep, quality of sleep and morning wakenings was found in nearly 90% of patients and was maintained in those patients who continued treatment for 360 days. This efficacy was achieved with a stable percentage of patients receiving 10 mg/day and 20 mg/day zolpidem from day 30 to the final visit. Zolpidem, therefore, has been shown to be an effective and safe hypnotic, and to be devoid of rebound and withdrawal effects.
Data Poisoning Attacks on Factorization-Based Collaborative Filtering (2016)

Recommendation and collaborative filtering systems are important in modern information and e-commerce applications. As these systems are becoming increasingly popular in industry, their outputs could affect business decision making, introducing incentives for an adversarial party to compromise the availability or integrity of such systems. We introduce a data poisoning attack on collaborative filtering systems. We demonstrate how a powerful attacker with full knowledge of the learner can generate malicious data so as to maximize his/her malicious objectives, while at the same time mimicking normal user behaviors to avoid being detected. While the complete knowledge assumption seems extreme, it enables a robust assessment of the vulnerability of collaborative filtering schemes to highly motivated attacks. We present efficient solutions for two popular factorization-based collaborative filtering algorithms: the alternative minimization formulation and the nuclear norm minimization method. Finally, we test the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms on real-world data and discuss potential defensive strategies.
A Novel Desulfurization Process for Fuel Oils Based on the Formation and Subsequent Precipitation of S-Alkylsulfonium Salts. 1. Light Oil Feedstocks (2001)

A novel desulfurization process for light oils has been investigated, based on the precipitation of S-alkylsulfonium salts produced by the reaction of sulfur-containing compounds with alkylating agents (CH3I and AgBF4). Dibenzothiophenes (DBTs) and benzothiophenes (BTs), present in the light oils, were methylated by the addition of the alkylating agents, in the presence of dichrolomethane, to be removed as precipitates under moderate conditions. A semiempirical molecular orbital (MO) calculation shows that the desulfurization reactivity for both DBTs and BTs increases with increasing electron density on the sulfur atom, lying parallel to the plane of the molecules, and that the desulfurization activity for BTs decreases with electron density (bond order) on the unsaturated bond in the thiophene ring. The desulfurization of light oil, containing a high amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, was relatively difficult, because the methylation of aromatics occurs competitively with the S-methylation reaction. Desulfurization was, however, accelerated by an increase in the quantity of the alkylating agents added, such that the sulfur content of the light oils was decreased successfully to less than 0.005 wt %. The resulting light oil products confirm that the proposed process is satisfactory for application to the deep desulfurization of light oils. The desulfurization reactivity of the individual sulfur-containing compounds in light oils was found to depend on the aromatic content of the light oils. This is because the S-methylsulfonium salts are converted to parent sulfur-containing compounds by reaction with aromatic hydrocarbons.
The bacterial toxin RelE induces specific mRNA cleavage in the A site of the eukaryote ribosome (2007)

RelE/RelB is a well-characterized toxin-anti-toxin pair involved in nutritional stress responses in Bacteria and Archae. RelE lacks any eukaryote homolog, but we demonstrate here that it efficiently and specifically cleaves mRNA in the A site of the eukaryote ribosome. The cleavage mechanism is similar to that in bacteria, showing the feasibility of A-site cleavage of mRNA for regulatory purposes also in eukaryotes. RelE cleavage in the A-site codon of a stalled eukaryote ribosome is precise and easily monitored, making "RelE printing" a useful complement to toeprinting to determine the exact mRNA location on the eukaryote ribosome and to probe the occupancy of its A site.
New constant-frequency current-mode control for power converters, stable for all values of duty ratio, and usable in all four quadrants (1990)

A constant-frequency, current-mode, pulse-width modulator (PWM) for switching power converters is presented. The PWM is stable for any value of the duty ration ( delta ) and is suitable for operation in one to four quadrants of the output current-voltage plane. The control system can be used with most DC-DC power-converter topologies. Due to its unique properties of delta range stability and four-quadrant operation, the control process is particularly useful in DC-AC conversion. The process is clearly advantageous compared to the other current-mode control method, the bang-bang process. It has all the advantages inherent to constant-frequency operation, including the possibility of paralleling different converters without low-frequency beating and the suppression of low-frequency subharmonics in DC-AC conversion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Status of the Microwave Power Transmission Components for the Solar Power Satellite (1981)

During the 1970-1980 time period a substantial advance has heen made in developing all portions of a microwave power transmission system for the solar power satellite (SPS). The most recent advances pertain to the transmitting portion of the system in the satellite and are based upon experimental observations of the use of the magnetron combined with a passive directional device to convert it into a highly efficient directional amplifier with excellent low-noise properties and potentially very long life. The ability of its microwave output to track a phase reference makes it possible to combine it with many other radiating units to provide a highfy coherent microwave beam. The ability of its output to track an amplitude reference while operating from a dc power source with varying voltage makes it possible to eliminate most of the power conditioning equipment that would otherwise be necessary.
Effects of melatonin, vitamin E and octreotide on lipid peroxidation during ischemia- reperfusion in the guinea pig retina. (2002)

This study demonstrates the inhibitory effect of melatonin, vitamin E and octreotide on MDA levels during retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. (Eur J Ophthalmol 2002; 12: 77-83).
Qoe-based rate adaptation scheme selection for resource-constrained wireless video transmission (2010)

This paper proposes a Quality of Experience (QoE) based rate adaptation scheme selection approach for multi-user wireless video delivery. Transcoding and packet dropping are used as examples of rate adaptation schemes, and we investigate their impact on user perceived video quality. In the presence of constrained computation resources, the most suitable rate adaptation scheme is determined for each video stream such that the overall quality degradation is minimized. The proposed scheme selection approach is integrated with QoE-based resource allocation in presence of constrained transmission resources. Simulation results obtained from an emulated High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) show that the QoE-based approach leads to significant improvements of user perceived quality compared to other approaches including a non-optimized HSDPA systems
CLOSED-CENTER SYSTEMS - 1966 (1966)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A typical open-center and three closed-center hydraulic systems (constant pressure, feathered pump and load-sensitive systems) are compared. No one is found to have advantages in every category (pump life, valve metering capacity, power loss and hardware cost). Selection of an optimum system for a particular vehicle requires careful analysis of vehicle functions and duty cycles.</div>
Preparation of Testosteronephosphoric Acid<sup>1</sup> (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of Testosteronephosphoric Acid1Walter J. Gensler and A. P. MahadevanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 23, 6192Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01652a097https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01652a097research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The trick of the tail: protein–protein interactions of metabotropic glutamate receptors (2006)

It was initially believed that G-protein-coupled receptors, such as metabotropic glutamate receptors, could simply be described as individual proteins that are associated with intracellular signal cascades via G-proteins. This view is no longer tenable. Today we know that metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) can dimerize and bind to a variety of proteins in addition to trimeric G-proteins. These newly identified protein interactions led to the discovery of new regulatory mechanisms that are independent of and sometimes synergistic with the classical G-protein-coupled second messenger pathways. Notably, several of these mechanisms connect mGluR-mediated signaling to other receptor classes, thereby creating a network of different receptor types and associated signal cascades. The intracellular C-termini of mGluRs play a key role in the regulation of these networks, and various new protein interactions of these domains were described recently. Because mGluRs are involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes, some of the proteins interacting with this receptor class have potential as valuable pharmaceutical targets. This review will give a comprehensive overview of proteins interacting with mGluR C-termini, highlight new evolving regulatory mechanisms for glutamatergic signal transduction and discuss possibilities for future drug development.