gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
OPC strategies to reduce failure rates with rigorous resist model stochastic simulations in EUVL (2019)

Stochastic effects are the ultimate limiters of optical lithography and are a major concern for next-generation technology nodes. In previous work, we compared the performance of several types of EUV resists on dense patterns or brightfield mask SRAM cells across technology nodes. It was shown that due to low photon/chemical shot noise and reduced blur, metal-oxide resists could potentially reduce lithography failures at the 5nm technology node though even at 7nm technology node failures may be noticeable if process variations are considered. Following up on work published the last three years, in this paper we study how different OPC strategies and photoresist properties might affect failure rates for a darkfield mask SRAM cell at the 5nm technology node. Four cases are considered: • Aerial image optimization by mask biasing; stochastic simulations are performed with an organic chemically amplified resist model. • Aerial image optimization by model-based OPC; stochastic simulations are performed with an organic chemically amplified and a metal-oxide resist model. • Aerial image model-based OPC enhanced by rigorous stochastic modeling; stochastic simulations are performed with an organic chemically amplified resist model. In all cases, a numerical aperture of 0.33 is used. Process windows are generated averaging ~2150 (3.5σ) stochastic simulations for each focus-dose combination, while best focus-dose target CDs are found by analyzing failure rates across focus and dose. Roughly 1.8 million (5σ) trials are then run at best condition for all cases to quantify part per million failures.
Photodamage of the skin: protection and reversal with topical antioxidants (2004)

Controversy exists as to whether topical antioxidants can be effective in protecting against and reversing photodamage to the skin. Topical vitamins C and E, as well as topical selenium, protect skin against sunburn, suntan and skin cancer and also reverse the mottled pigmentation and wrinkles of photoageing. However, only certain forms of these labile antioxidants are stable and active after percutaneous absorption. For effective topical application, vitamin C must be non-esterified, acidic and optimally at 20% concentration; vitamin E must be the non-esterified isomer d-alpha-tocopherol at 2-5% concentration. Selenium is only percutaneously absorbed and active when applied topically as l-selenomethionine, optimally at 0.02-0.05%. There are two great advantages in applying an active formulation of topical antioxidants to the skin. First, the skin attains far higher levels of each antioxidant than can be achieved by only taking these vitamins orally. The level of vitamin C attained in the skin by topical application is 20-40 times that achievable with oral vitamin C. With topical application, the concentration of vitamin E in the skin increases by a factor of 10.6 and selenium by a factor of 1.7. Second, topical application arms the skin with a reservoir of antioxidants that cannot be washed or rubbed off, a protection which stays in the skin for several days after application.
Transformation-Related Cellular Protein p53: Increased Level in Untransformed Rat Cells Following Treatment with the Tumorpromoter, Tetradecanoylphorbol-Acetate (1986)

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 100 ng ml-1), a tumor promoting phorbol ester, is able to induce enhanced levels of the transformation-associated cellular antigen p53 in normal rat 2 cells which had not been previously initiated by a carcinogen. p53 was estimated in ethanol-fixed treated cells on microtiter plates with ELISA using the monoclonal antibody Pab 1620 [EMBO J. 7, 1485, (1984)]. Induction of p53 was confirmed by immunoblotting. This effect of TPA is an additional phenotypic characteristic of tumor cells which can be induced by TPA in untransformed rodent cells.
Bone formation and bioresorption after implantation of injectable β‐tricalcium phosphate granules–hyaluronate complex in rabbit bone defects (2004)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a complex of beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) granules and 3.5% hyaluronate (beta-TCP granules-HY complex) compared with a beta-TCP block, in terms of osteoconductivity and biodegradability, to determine whether this complex would be a good candidate for bone void filler. Both materials were implanted into cavities drilled in rabbit femoral condyles. New bone formation and mineral apposition rate were evaluated to analyze osteoconductivity, whereas residual beta-TCP within the defects and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) cellular activity were studied for beta-TCP resorption. The results show that both the beta-TCP block and the beta-TCP granules-HY complex support bone ingrowth; however, bioresorption was rapid for beta-TCP granules-HY but weak for beta-TCP block. This biodegradation mechanism was considered to be a cell-mediated disintegration by numerous TRAP-positive giant cells. The time lag between the peak value of TRAP-positive giant cell population and that of new bone formation rate suggests that a coupling-like phenomenon could be occurring in the beta-TCP-filled bone defects. In addition, beta-TCP granules-HY complex, which is an injectable, pastelike material, has similar osteoconductive properties to beta-TCP block. Thus, this complex may be useful as a bone filler in clinical application.
온침을 이용한 수근관 증후군 환자5예에 대한 임상 증례 보고 (2010)

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate if the oriental medicine treatment with hot acupuncture are more effective and safer in the carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods: We treated total 6 patients with hot acupuncture high-frequency radio waves. We evaluated VAS(visual analog scale) and subjective symptoms of patients after executing. Results: The following results were obtained: 1. It was evaluated that the oriental medicine treatment with hot acupuncture was significant in improvement of symptoms in each treatment. 2. In VAS score, It was evaluated that carpal tunnel syndrome patient were significant in improvement of symptoms. 3. In subjective symptoms. It was evaluated that carpal tunnel syndrome patient were significant in improvement of symptoms. Conclusion: The results suggest that hot acupuncture is the effective on the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.
Determination of the DNA-interacting region of the archaebacterial chromosomal protein MC1. Photocrosslinks with 5-bromouracil-substituted DNA (1991)

Protein MC1 is the major chromosomal protein in methanosarcinaceae. Using photochemical crosslinking on 5-bromouracil-substituted DNA, we identified the region of the protein that interacts with it. This region is located in the C-terminal part of the polypeptide chain, and the crosslinked amino-acids are in the region 74-86. Tryptophan 74 is one of the amino-acids crosslinked to DNA.
The unique structure of archaeal ‘hami’, highly complex cell appendages with nano‐grappling hooks (2005)

Proteinaceous, hair-like appendages known as fimbriae or pili commonly extend from the surface of prokaryotic cells and serve important functions such as cell adhesion, biofilm formation, motility and DNA transfer. Here we show that a novel group of archaea from cold, sulphidic springs has developed cell surface appendages of an unexpectedly high complexity with a well-defined base-to-top organization. It represents a new class of filamentous cell appendages, for which the term 'hamus' is proposed. Each archaeal cell is surrounded by a halo of about 100 hami, which mediate strong adhesion of the cells to surfaces of different chemical composition. The hami are mainly composed of 120 kDa subunits and remained stable in a broad temperature and pH range (0-70 degrees C; 0.5-11.5). Electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography revealed that the hamus filament possesses a helical basic structure. At periodic distances, three prickles emanate from the filament, giving it the character of industrially produced barbwire. At its distal end the hami carry a tripartite, barbed grappling hook (60 nm in diameter). The architecture of this molecular hook is reminiscent of man-made fishhooks, grapples and anchors. It appears that nature has developed a perfect mechanical nano-tool in the course of biological evolution, which also might prove useful in the field of nanobiotechnology.
microRNA Regulation as a Therapeutic Strategy for Cardiovascular Disease (2010)

microRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by either inhibiting mRNA translation or inducing mRNA degradation. These regulatory mechanisms occur in a sequence-specific manner through the direct binding of the microRNA to complementary reverse sequences in the 3' UTR of target mRNAs. The sequence-specific nature of microRNAs allows for the regulation of numerous target mRNAs, which often are related genes, resulting in the robust regulation of entire pathways. Previous studies have identified expression signatures of microRNAs during various pathological settings, including those of cardiovascular disease. As evident through gain- and loss-of-function studies in mice, it is apparent microRNAs play specific and essential roles during cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and contractility. The powerful effects of altering microRNA levels genetically have resulted in the rapid progression of oligo-based regulation of microRNAs as a new class of cardiovascular therapeutics. Here we summarize the current oligo-based technologies in use to regulate microRNA levels in vivo and how these technologies have been applied to multiple microRNAs during cardiovascular disease.
A bulk CMOS 20MS/s 7b flash ADC (1984)

A 3.5μm bulk CMOS Si-gate process applied to the design of a 20MS/s flash A/D converter powered by a single 5V supply, will be reported. By employing non-sampling amplifiers in a comparator array, 7b accuracy has been achieved with a power dissipation of 150mW.
High-quality HDR rendering technologies for emerging applications (2010)

This paper introduces high-dynamic-range (HDR) technologies that enable real-time HDR rendering for emerging imaging applications on both current and upcoming platforms. The technologies introduced in this paper are based on two key methods for real-time transformation of the photographic-quality Reinhard tone-mapping operator on emerging appliances, without compromising its quality. The first allows computing convolutions “selectively,” yielding faster computation than state-of-the-art convolution techniques while requiring a significantly lower memory footprint. The second utilizes machine learning to decrease the number of required convolutions per pixel. Both methods allow for scalable parallel implementation on commodity multicore processors and embedded processors. We also extend this implementation to 3-D and higher dimensions on massively parallel architectures for possible important applications such as medical imaging and multispectral or hyperspectral imaging applications. The inverse tone-mapping operation is equally important for rendering legacy content on new HDR displays. We used the underlying tone-mapping operator to perform inverse tone mapping using the two key methods described above. While existing techniques generally extend the dynamic range from the highlights side, our new operator performs two-sided expansion, yielding enhanced details in shades (and highlights) with generally negligible visible contrast loss. Applications of these technologies include 3-D volume rendering for the medical and seismic industries, video display on HDR television screens, and next-generation digital cameras and smart phones performing on-the-fly tone mapping.
Stroke In China, 1986 Through 1990 (1995)

The stroke incidence rates in China, like those in Japan, are among the higher ones in the world. In recent years, there has been an apparent decline in stroke incidence. Marked differences in rates were found between males and females with decline in incidence occurring almost exclusively in males. There were also marked differences in stroke incidence among the cities studied. These differences may result in part from differences in diet, alcohol and cigarette consumption, or prevalence of hypertension.
Multiple reading procedures: The performance of diagnostic tests (1988)

This paper examines the effects on sensitivity and specificity of various multiple reading procedures. Multiple reading procedures entail the performance of a diagnostic test several times and consequent assignment of the subject to an 'affected' or 'unaffected' group. A Unanimity rule (that is, all tests must be positive) leads to the largest predictive value positive, but may have unacceptably low sensitivity. The rule which classifies the subject as positive based on the majority of the tests increases both the sensitivity and specificity of the individual test. Variability of subjects' sensitivity and specificity (that is, case of correct diagnosis on a test) affects the performance of these rules. We also study alternative procedures in which the final test is a better, but more expensive, test.
GALLO: a genetic algorithm for floorplan area optimization (1996)

The paper describes a Genetic Algorithm for the Floorplan Area Optimization problem. The algorithm is based on suitable techniques for solution encoding and evaluation function definition, effective cross-over and mutation operators, and heuristic operators which further improve the method's effectiveness. An adaptive approach automatically provides the optimal values for the activation probabilities of the operators. Experimental results show that the proposed method is competitive with the most effective ones as far as the CPU time requirements and the result accuracy is considered, but it also presents some advantages. It requires a limited amount of memory, it is not sensible to special structures which are critical for other methods, and has a complexity which grows linearly with the number of implementations. Finally, we demonstrate that the method is able to handle floorplans much larger (in terms of number of basic rectangles) than any benchmark previously considered in the literature.
Extrusion Texturization of Air‐Classified Pea Protein (1999)

ABSTRACT Air‐classified pea protein was texturized using a twin‐screw extruder. The effects of moisture, screw speed and barrel temperature on the physical, functional and nutritional characteristics of texturized pea protein were investigated. Increased dough moisture increased product bulk density (BD) and available lysine (LYS) of texturized pea products, but decreased water‐holding capacity (WHC) and in vitro protein digestibility (DIG). Raising the screw speed reduced BD and LYS of texturized pea protein, but increased WHC and DIG. Bulk density and LYS decreased as barrel temperature was increased, whereas WHC and DIG increased. Texturized pea protein resembled commercial texturized soy products with respect to most physical and functional properties.
The viscoelastic properties of rubber–resin blends. III. The effect of resin concentration (1985)

Abstract The viscoelastic properties of a rubber–resin blend, which influences performance of the blend as a pressure‐sensitive adhesive, depend upon the structure of the resin as well as its molecular weight. The effect of the concentration of a compatible resin in the blend was examined using a mechanical spectrometer. Four types of resins were used. These are the rosin esters, polyterpenes, pure monomer resins such as polystyrene and poly(vinyl cyclohexane), and petroleum stream resins. Each was examined in blends with both natural rubber and styrene–butadiene rubber over a range of concentrations. It is shown that the temperature of the tan δ peak for compatible systems can be predicted by the Fox equation, T = W 1 T + W 2 T , where W 1 and W 2 are the weight fractions of the resin and rubber, respectively, and the T g 's are the tan δ peak temperatures in K. The plateau modulus G for a blend can be identified as the G ′ value in the rubbery plateau at the point where tan δ is at a minimum. The relationship between G and G , the plateau modulus for the undiluted elastomer, is shown to be proportional to the volume fraction of the elastomer raised to the 2.3–2.4 power for natural rubber with six different compatible resins. The exponent for styrene–butadiene rubber is 2.5–2.6 with four different resins. Using these relationships, both the tan δ peak temperature and plateau modulus can be predicted for a rubber–resin system from data on the unmodified elastomer and on one typical rubber–resin blend.
Loss of Antigenicity in Stored Sections of Breast Cancer Tissue Microarrays (2004)

Immunohistochemical characterization of tumor tissues in epidemiological studies is a promising approach to identify breast cancer subtypes with distinct etiology. The recent development of the tissue microarray (TMA) technique allows for standardized, rapid, and cost-effective immunohistochemical characterization of many cases, which is critical in epidemiological studies. Sectioning paraffin blocks at different times results in loss of material, which can be reduced by preparing many sections each time a block is cut. However, data suggest that staining intensity declines in whole sections prepared from conventional paraffin blocks with storage time, resulting in false-negative results. This problem would be accentuated in TMAs because of the limited tissue representation of each case. To evaluate this concern, we prepared a single TMA block from 125 invasive breast carcinomas collected in a population-based case-control study conducted in Poland and compared estrogen receptor (ER-alpha), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression in sections cut and stored for 6 months at room temperature with sections cut from the same TMA block and stained on the same day. Percentage of positive cases for stored versus fresh sections was similar for ER (59.0%) but significantly higher in fresh sections for PR (56.3% versus 64.1%, P = 0.01) and HER2 (45.5% versus 64.4%, P < 0.001). Among cases positive in both stored and fresh sections, the median percentage of immunoreactive cells was significantly reduced and the staining intensity was consistently lower in stored compared with fresh sections. We conclude that loss of immunoreactivity is an important problem in TMAs of breast cancer. Improved methods for sectioning TMAs and storing tissue sections aimed at reducing loss of immunoreactivity are critical for the use of TMAs in epidemiological studies.
Role of ions in SiO2 deposition with pulsed and continuous helicon plasmas (2002)

Abstract Good-quality silicon dioxide films have been deposited at low temperature (200 °C) using continuous and pulsed oxygen/silane plasmas coupled in a high-density, low-pressure helicon reactor. Although the total ion flux determines many of the structural properties of the deposited oxide, we have found that silicon-containing ions contribute to the film growth (up to 50 %) and appear to be responsible for the measured compressive stress.
Drug Therapy for Advanced-Stage Liver Cancer (2014)

Liver cancer was traditionally treated by surgery or interventional ablative treatments, or, if these options were not feasible, by best supportive care. Since 2008, systemic therapy with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib has become available worldwide and has become the standard of care for unresectable/non-ablatable or advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sorafenib is able to improve the median overall survival by approximately 3 months. Despite this significant advance in the non-surgical/non-interventional management of liver cancer, this improvement in overall survival is only a first step toward more potent, more targeted, and better tolerated oral antitumor treatments. Since the introduction of sorafenib into clinical practice, several attempts have been made to develop even more effective first-line treatments as well as an effective second-line treatment for HCC. None of these endeavors has been successful so far. The development of drug treatments for HCC has been particularly hampered by the unfortunate push to establish the diagnosis of liver cancer by non-invasive imaging alone, without requiring a liver biopsy for histologic confirmation: this precluded the very necessary search for informative biomarkers and the search for molecular targets for drug development in HCC. This important drawback is being increasingly recognized and corrected. Despite several obstacles remaining to be overcome, it seems reasonable to assume that using a rational, data-driven approach, we will be able to develop better drug treatments for liver cancer in the coming years.
Membrane transport of Tc-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, I. Brain uptake by passive transport. (1979)

The membrane transport properties of twelve Tc-99m complexes were studied by determining each complex's brain uptake index (BUI), extent of protein binding, and octanol-to-saline partition coefficient. The chelating agents used were classified as either N-substituted carbamoylmethyliminodiacetates, substituted oxines, N,N'-diesters of EDTA, or N-substituted derivatives of DTPA. The Tc-99m complexes were found to cross the blood--brain barrier in proportion to their lipophilicity. Of the four types of chelating agents tested, substituted oxines appear to be most suitable for the development of diffusible Tc-99m-labeled compounds for imaging nonexcretory organs.
The domino effect of password reuse (2004)

One weak spot is all it takes to open secured digital doors and online accounts causing untold damage and consequences.
A high short-circuit impedance electrical transformer (2011)

We present a notional design for a special, high short-circuit impedance electrical transformer. The technical solution that provides for a high short-circuit voltage concerns the usage of magnetic shunts placed between the windings. This paper reports analytic sizing recipes based on 2D models for the electromagnetic field for sizing medium power units. A more complex, 3D model is used to evaluate the results of the analytic design. Numerical simulation results, by the finite element method, unveil insights in the magnetic field distribution inside the more realistic, less restrictive model, and compare satisfactorily well with the simpler, analytic results.
Status of the High Average Power Diode-Pumped Solid State Laser Development at HiLASE (2015)

An overview of the latest developments of kilowatt-level diode pumped solid state lasers for advanced applications at the HiLASE Centre is presented. An overview of subcontracted and in-house-developed laser beamlines is presented. The aim of development is to build kW-class beamlines delivering picosecond pulses between 1- and 100-kHz repetition rates and high-energy nanosecond pulses at 10 Hz. The picosecond beamlines are based on Yb:YAG thin-disk amplifiers and chirped pulse amplification. The current status of the beamlines’ performance is reported. The advantages of zero-phonon line and pulsed pumping are demonstrated with respect to efficiency, thin disk temperature and beam quality. New diagnostics methods supporting the high average power lasers’ development, such as the high-resolution spectroscopy of Yb-doped materials, in situ thin disk deformation measurements, single-shot M2 measurement, realization of wavefront correction by a deformable mirror and the laser performance of a new mixed garnet ceramics, are described. The energetic, thermal and fluid-mechanical numerical modeling for the optimization of the multi-slab amplifiers is also described.
Electron Impact Mass Spectra of Some Arylpyridines (1997)

Abstract The mass spectra of 56 arylpyridines were studied under EI conditions. The fragmentations of this series of compounds are relatively simple because of a stable skeleton containing two aromatic rings. The orientations of cleavage of the methoxyl and methoxycarbonyl groups strongly depend on their position on the pyridine ring and can be applied to the differentiation of the isomers.