gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Why are online catalogs still hard to use? (1996)

We return to arguments made 10 years ago (Borgman, 1986a) that online catalogs are difficult to use because their design does not incorporate sufficient understanding of searching behavior. The earlier article examined studies of information retrieval system searching for their implications for online catalog design; this article examines the implications of card catalog design for online catalogs. With this analysis, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of user behavior and to lay to rest the card catalog design model for online catalogs. We discuss the problems with query matching systems, which were designed for skilled search intermediaries rather than end-users, and the knowledge and skills they require in the information-seeking process, illustrated with examples of searching card and online catalogs. Searching requires conceptual knowledge of the information retrieval process—translating an information need into a searchable query; semantic knowledge of how to implement a query in a given system—the how and when to use system features; and technical skills in executing the query—basic computing skills and the syntax of entering queries as specific search statements. In the short term, we can help make online catalogs easier to use through improved training and documentation that is based on information-seeking behavior, with the caveat that good training is not a substitute for good system design. Our long term goal should be to design intuitive systems that require a minimum of instruction. Given the complexity of the information retrieval problem and the limited capabilities of today's systems, we are far from achieving that goal. If libraries are to provide primary information services for the networked world, they need to put research results on the information-seeking process into practice in designing the next generation of online public access information retrieval systems. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reaction of phosphorus oxyacid esters with p-toluenesulfonic acid. (1986)

The reaction of primary alkyl esters of phosphorus oxyacids with p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) in refluxing solvents gave the correspondinf p-toluenesulfonates (TsOR). We found that the secondary alkyl esters reacted with TsOH at lower temperature (r.t.-40°C) to afford TsORs in good yields. It is suggested that sulfonic acids may be useful for the selective dealkylation of mixed esters.
Characterization of the platelet-aggregating activity of tumor cells. (1980)

Two lines of mouse tumor cells were shown to be capable of aggregating mouse and rabbit platelets in vitro. This process required higher Mg2+ concentrations than were needed by other commonly used platelet-aggregating agents. Platelet-aggregating activity was also found in tumor cell membrane fragments. This membrane-bound platelet-aggregating material contained protein, lipid, and carbohydrate moieties. The presence of all three appeared to be essential for stimulating platelet aggregation. Destruction of any component abolished its activity: protein by trypsin; lipid by phospholipase A2 and non-ionic detergents; and sialic acid by neuraminidase. Platelet aggregation induced by tumor cell membrane fragments was associated with a secretory release reaction. In this process, growth-promoting activity for tumor cells was also released from platelets. These results underline the importance of platelets in establishing tumor metastases.
When CSI Meets Public WiFi (2016)

In this study, we present WindTalker, a novel and practical keystroke inference framework that allows an attacker to infer the sensitive keystrokes on a mobile device through WiFi-based side-channel information. WindTalker is motivated from the observation that keystrokes on mobile devices will lead to different hand coverage and the finger motions, which will introduce a unique interference to the multi-path signals and can be reflected by the channel state information (CSI). The adversary can exploit the strong correlation between the CSI fluctuation and the keystrokes to infer the user's number input. WindTalker presents a novel approach to collect the target's CSI data by deploying a public WiFi hotspot. Compared with the previous keystroke inference approach, WindTalker neither deploys external devices close to the target device nor compromises the target device. Instead, it utilizes the public WiFi to collect user's CSI data, which is easy-to-deploy and difficult-to-detect. In addition, it jointly analyzes the traffic and the CSI to launch the keystroke inference only for the sensitive period where password entering occurs. WindTalker can be launched without the requirement of visually seeing the smart phone user's input process, backside motion, or installing any malware on the tablet. We implemented Windtalker on several mobile phones and performed a detailed case study to evaluate the practicality of the password inference towards Alipay, the largest mobile payment platform in the world. The evaluation results show that the attacker can recover the key with a high successful rate.
An update on the pathophysiology of rhinovirus upper respiratory tract infections. (1999)

Upper respiratory tract infections are one of the most common infectious diseases in man and are characterized by relatively mild symptoms. However, complications of bacterial super-infection or asthma exacerbations are not seldomly seen. Most upper respiratory tract infections are caused by rhinoviruses. The rhinovirus is a non-enveloped 30 nm RNA-virus with over 100 serotypes that belongs to the Picornaviridae family and only replicates in primates. It is characterized by a single positive stranded genome acting not only as a template for RNA synthesis, but also encoding for a single polypeptide necessary for viral replication. The viral capsid has an icosahedral symmetry and demonstrates deep canyons, with a receptor-binding domain. Rhinoviruses are transmitted mainly via direct- or indirect contact with infected secretions and invade their host by binding to the ICAM-1 receptor on the nasal epithelium. Typical for rhinovirus upper respiratory tract infections are isolated scattered foci of infected epithelium, not showing any striking damage or cytopathic alterations, between large areas of normal epithelium. Today there is still little detailed knowledge on the pathophysiology of common cold, especially on the aspect of cellular migration and defense. A better understanding in mechanisms underlying this cellular response would not only have therapeutical consequences, but may also explain the relationship between viral infectious rhinitis and asthma or atopy. During a rhinovirus infection, a selective neutrophil and monocyte recruitment is observed. In vitro and in vivo data have demonstrated a time-limited, rhinovirus-induced increase in bradykinin, cytokine, chemokine and sICAM-1 concentrations. Epithelial derived proinflammatory cytokines initiate an adhesion cascade and activate T lymphocytes that create a TH1-type cytokine environment within the infected tissue, necessary to eradicate the virus infection. The selective recruitment of neutrophils seems linked to increased concentrations of the chemokine IL-8 and common cold symptoms. It is doubtful that the cytokine-regulated-production of specific neutralising immunoglobulins is necessary for recovery from viral illnesses and presumably only contributes to a late and temporary protection against rhinovirus reinfection. These observations confirm the crucial role that cytokines and mediators play in the pathogenesis of a rhinovirus infection by mediating chemotaxis, transmigration and activation of inflammatory- and immunocompetent cells.
Micro- and nanoscale characterization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic leaf surfaces (2006)

Superhydrophobic surfaces as well as low adhesion and friction are desirable for various industrial applications. Certain plant leaves are known to be hydrophobic in nature due to their roughness and the presence of a thin wax film on the surface of the leaf. The purpose of this study is to fully characterize the leaf surfaces on the micro- and nanoscale while separating out the effects of the micro- and the nanobumps of hydrophobic leaves on the hydrophobicity. Hydrophilic leaves were also studied to better understand the role of wax and roughness. Furthermore, the adhesion and friction properties of hydrophobic and hydrophilic leaves were studied. Using an optical profiler and an atomic/friction force microscope (AFM/FFM), measurements were made to fully characterize the leaf surfaces. It is shown that the nanobumps play a more important role than the microbumps in the hydrophobic nature as well as friction of the leaf. This study will be useful in developing superhydrophobic surfaces.
Protein-Losing Enteropathy in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome due to Intestinal Kaposi's Sarcoma (1987)

Patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) often have hypoalbuminemia. We report the case of a patient with AIDS in whom marked hypoalbuminemia developed due to a protein-losing enteropathy caused by small intestinal Kaposi's sarcoma--an entity not previously reported in AIDS. The patient presented with ankle edema, pleural effusions, and a decrease in albumin from 3.0 g/dL (30 g/L) to 1.7 g/dL (17 g/L) over one month. Protein-losing enteropathy was confirmed by a marked elevation in fecal alpha-1 antitrypsin, and extensive evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract revealed the source to be small intestinal Kaposi's sarcoma. A protein-losing enteropathy should be considered when hypoalbuminemia is encountered in a patient with AIDS.
Effects of taxol on microtubule organization in mouse splenic lymphocytes and on response to mitogenic stimulation. (1985)

We have used immunofluorescence staining with antibodies to tubulin and electron microscopy to examine the effects of microtubule assembly-promoting drug taxol on the organization of microtubules in unstimulated and in mitogen stimulated mouse splenic lymphocytes. A 4-h exposure to 10 microM taxol of unstimulated or stimulated cells results in an extensive reorganization of the microtubule system to form one to a few large bundles of microtubules which extend from the centrosome. Concomitantly, the centrosome is displaced from the normal position near the nucleus to a position near the plasma membrane. The Golgi apparatus is not disrupted by this treatment and also appears to be displaced in association with the centrosome. We then examined the capacity of lymphocytes with taxol-reorganized microtubules to respond to stimulation by the mitogen concanavalin A. The taxol-induced reorganization of microtubules has no effect on the increase in cell size (blastogenesis), the changes in structure of the nucleus and cytoplasm, or on the DNA replication that occurs in response to mitogen. The stimulated cells, however, do not proliferate and appear to accumulate in mitosis with the appearance of multiple asters. We conclude that all of the major events of mitogenic stimulation up to the first mitosis can occur in the presence of a highly reorganized microtubule system. Our results suggest that taxol will be a useful drug in determining those lymphocyte functions that are dependent on the presence of normal microtubule organization.
Automatic generation of platforms in cloud computing (2012)

Cloud computing has been established in recent years as an important area of research. This reality has been consolidated because, currently, tasks such as obtainment, manipulation, sharing and exploitation of large amounts of data are common and require many computational resources, so cloud computing can contribute because it can provide this resources indefinitely, including processing, memory, storage and others, all them for immediate use. Cloud computing has many challenges, among them, the specification of work platforms in a cloud environment. In this context, the use of models can help insofar as they may contain several types of information that can be handled with the intention of automating the process of creation of an environment. A template can contain information about the user, hardware and software that can be used by computer systems to automatically build the necessary infrastructure for the operation of a virtual machine on a cloud computing environment. In addition, models can be easily exported to other formats used by cloud services providers. The use of concepts of Service Level Agreements - SLA to control the utilization of computational resources of a provider is common in computing environments and can be used to ensure the quality of services that being offered. The objective of this work is to combine these paradigms, cloud, models and SLA, in order to use the resources of a computational cloud to provide automatically a platform as a service - PaaS. This project will be developed in a web environment, using a model-driven approach to create the platforms and the management of resources and quality will be made by SLA.
Delivery of dsRNA for RNAi in insects： an overview and future directions (2013)

抽象 RNA 干扰(RNAi ) 指外长的双 stranded RNA (dsRNA ) silencing 的过程互补内长的送信人 RNA。RNAi 广泛地在昆虫学的研究被使用了因为主要因为它的高特性，在为基于 RNAi 的害虫控制的许多昆虫和它的潜力的功能的 genomics 逐渐地被强调了。这评论集中于介绍 dsRNA 进昆虫房间或昆虫身体导致有效 RNAi 的途径。三个很普通的交货方法，也就是 microinjection，摄取，并且浸泡，在细节和他们的优点被说明，限制为可行 RNAi 研究的目的被总结。在这评论，我们简短也在昆虫学介绍二可能的 dsRNA 举起机械，另外的 dsRNA 交货方法和 RNAi 的历史。在 RNAi 研究影响象 transfection 试剂， dsRNA 区域的选择，长度，和 dsRNA 的稳定性那样的 RNAi 的特性和效率的因素为进一步的研究被讨论。
Growth and differentiation of human gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma stem cells in soft agarose. (1981)

A soft agarose clonogenic assay is presented which has been optimized for the growth of human gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Samples from 15 gastric and colonic solid tumors and from 2 noncancerous stomachs (control cultures) were disaggregated by treatment with collagenase at 37 degrees overnight. Colonies appeared 10 to 15 days after plating, with a cloning efficiency between 0 and 0.82%, which was markedly improved by a fibroblastic feeder layer. The results suggest a correlation between cloning efficiency and the degree of differentiation of the initial tumor. Histochemistry, electron microscopy, and a carcinoembryonic antigen immunofluorescence assay showed that the colonies consisted of cells with the same characteristics as those of the original tumor.. This colony formation assay appears to be potentially useful for assessing the stem cell pool of gastrointestinal tumors. It will be valuable for studying their response to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro. This clonogenic assay may also permit the establishment of cancer cell lines.
Performance bounded reinforcement learning in strategic interactions (2004)

Despite increasing deployment of agent technologies in several business and industry domains, user confidence in fully automated agent driven applications is notice-ably lacking. The main reasons for such lack of trust in complete automation are scalability and non-existence of reasonable guarantees in the performance of self-adapting software. In this paper we address the latter issue in the context of learning agents in a Multiagent System (MAS). Performance guarantees for most exist-ing on-line Multiagent Learning (MAL) algorithms are realizable only in the limit, thereby seriously limiting its practical utility. Our goal is to provide certain mean-ingful guarantees about the performance of a learner in a MAS, while it is learning. In particular, we present a novel MAL algorithm that (i) converges to a best re-sponse against stationary opponents, (ii) converges to a Nash equilibrium in self-play and (iii) achieves a con-stant bounded expected regret at any time (no-average-regret asymptotically) in arbitrary sized general-sum games with non-negative payoffs, and against any num-ber of opponents.
Effect of a CD4-Depleting Antibody on the Development of<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>-Induced Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis in Mice (2006)

Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) is a hypersensitivity lung disease in which fungal colonization is accompanied by an allergic response to the fungus. Using a mouse model of ABPM caused by Cryptococcus neoformans infection of C57BL/6 mice, the goal of the present studies was to determine the effect of the CD4-depleting monoclonal antibody GK1.5 on the development of the allergic responses seen during active fungal infection. These results would provide insight into the role of CD4(+) T cells in this disease. Our results show that GK1.5 treatment resulted in attenuation of pulmonary inflammation and eosinophilia in these animals. These mice also had reduced T2 cytokine production and no serum immunoglobulin E production. Absence of CD4(+) T cells did not affect recruitment of CD8(+) T cells to the site of infection; however, the numbers of CD19(+) B cells were severely reduced in the lungs of CD4(+) T-cell-depleted animals. We also examined changes in the pulmonary architecture and found that depletion of CD4(+) T cells was associated with a significant reduction in mucus production and goblet cell metaplasia in these mice. Interestingly, attenuation of Th2 responses in CD4(+) T-cell-depleted animals did not increase the fungal load in their lungs. We also compared development of ABPM in young and mature mice and did not find any differences at any of the time points. Overall, our results show that depletion of CD4(+) T cells prevents the development of Th2 responses seen during ABPM.
Miniature linear-to-rotary motion actuator (1993)

A miniature hydraulic actuation system capable of converting linear actuator motion to control surface rotary motion has been designed for application to active controls on dynamic wind tunnel models. Due to space constraints and the torque requirements of an oscillating control surface at frequencies up to 50 Hertz, a new actuation system was developed to meet research objectives. This new actuation system was designed and developed to overcome the output torque limitations and fluid loss/sealing difficulties associated with an existing vane type actuator. Static control surface deflections and dynamic control surface oscillations through a given angle are provided by the actuation system. The actuator design has been incorporated into a transonic flutter model with an active trailing edge flap and two active spoilers. The model is scheduled for testing in the LaRC 16 Foot Transonic Dynamics Tunnel during Summer 1993. This paper will discuss the actuation system, its design, development difficulties, test results, and application to aerospace vehicles.
Error concealment using motion field interpolation (2002)

In the context of block-based video coding, two error concealment algorithms are presented. The first algorithm is based on bilinear motion field interpolation (BMFI). For each pel in a damaged block, the algorithm recovers a motion vector using bilinear interpolation of neighbouring motion vectors. This vector is then used to conceal the damaged pel. A reduced complexity version of this algorithm is also presented. The second algorithm uses overlapped motion compensation to combine the first algorithm with a boundary matching error concealment algorithm. Simulation results show that at low error rates the first algorithm outperforms other concealment techniques, but its performance starts to deteriorate with increasing error rate. The second algorithm, however, maintains a superior performance regardless of the error rate. Simulation results within an H.263 codec are also presented.
Generating Natural Questions About an Image (2016)

Nasrin Mostafazadeh, Ishan Misra, Jacob Devlin, Margaret Mitchell, Xiaodong He, Lucy Vanderwende. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2016.
Microstructure and reliability of copper interconnects (1999)

The effects of texture and grain structure on the electromigration lifetime of Cu interconnects are reported. Using different seed layers, [111]- and [200]-textured CVD Cu films with similar grain size distributions are obtained. The electromigration lifetime of [111] CVD Cu is about four times longer than that of [200] CVD Cu. For Damascene CVD Cu interconnects, the electromigration lifetime degrades for linewidths in the deep submicron range because the grains are confined as a result of conformal deposition in narrow trenches. In contrast, electroplated Cu has relatively larger grains in Damascene structure, resulting in longer electromigration lifetime than CVD Cu and no degradation for linewidths in the deep submicron range.
Construction of a Large Signature-Tagged Mini-Tn <i>5</i> Transposon Library and Its Application to Mutagenesis of <i>Sinorhizobium meliloti</i> (2006)

Sinorhizobium meliloti genome sequence determination has provided the basis for different approaches of functional genomics for this symbiotic nitrogen-fixing alpha-proteobacterium. One of these approaches is gene disruption with subsequent analysis of mutant phenotypes. This method is efficient for single genes; however, it is laborious and time-consuming if it is used on a large scale. Here, we used a signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis method that allowed analysis of the survival and competitiveness of many mutants in a single experiment. A novel set of signature tags characterized by similar melting temperatures and G+C contents of the tag sequences was developed. The efficiencies of amplification of all tags were expected to be similar. Thus, no preselection of the tags was necessary to create a library of 412 signature-tagged transposons. To achieve high specificity of tag detection, each transposon was bar coded by two signature tags. In order to generate defined, nonredundant sets of signature-tagged S. meliloti mutants for subsequent experiments, 12,000 mutants were constructed, and insertion sites for more than 5,000 mutants were determined. One set consisting of 378 mutants was used in a validation experiment to identify mutants showing altered growth patterns.
Low-Dose Gene Therapy for Murine PKU Using Episomal Naked DNA Vectors Expressing PAH from Its Endogenous Liver Promoter (2017)

Limited duration of transgene expression, insertional mutagenesis, and size limitations for transgene cassettes pose challenges and risk factors for many gene therapy vectors. Here, we report on physiological expression of liver phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) by delivery of naked DNA/minicircle (MC)-based vectors for correction of homozygous enu2 mice, a model of human phenylketonuria (PKU). Because MC vectors lack a defined size limit, we constructed a MC vector expressing a codon-optimized murine Pah cDNA that includes a truncated intron and is under the transcriptional control of a 3.6-kb native Pah promoter/enhancer sequence. This vector, delivered via hydrodynamic injection, yielded therapeutic liver PAH activity and sustained correction of blood phenylalanine comparable to viral or synthetic liver promoters. Therapeutic efficacy was seen with vector copy numbers of <1 vector genome per diploid hepatocyte genome and was achieved at a vector dose that was significantly lowered. Partial hepatectomy and subsequent liver regeneration was associated with >95% loss of vector genomes and PAH activity in liver, demonstrating that MC vectors had not integrated into the liver genome. In conclusion, MC vectors, which do not have a defined size-limitation, offer a favorable safety profile for hepatic gene therapy due to their non-integration in combination with native promoters.