gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of maintaining stable SSPM-based detector gain by active bias control (2012)

It is well known that the gain and noise of solid-state photomultiplier (SSPM) is sensitive to the temperature, which is a big concern for its practical applications. In this study, we tested a simple method to maintain the overall detector signal output level (namely detector gain which includes factors of photon intensity, wavelength and SSPM gain) at different temperatures by active bias control (ABC), which measures the SSPM bias voltage as a function of temperature under the same detector output gain and uses it as a calibration for gain stability control. The experiment setup includes a laser LED (US-Lasers D650-5) as an input light source, a SSPM (Hammatsu MPPC), a enclosure box for the temperature control from 25 C to 37 C, a temperature sensor at the precision of 0.25 C, a bias control power supply with precision 0.01V and the dedicated detector readout electronics with an ASIC and FPGA-based signal processing and acquisition. All measurements, calibration, and control were automated with LabView based software. The measured bias-temperature relationship under the same detector gain shows a linear curve with a slop of 0.0565 VIC, matching with the vendor's specification. The results show that ABC can achieve high precision for detector gain stability control: the measured gain variations were within 1 % with gain stability control and ~70% without gain stability control, over the temperature ranging from 25 C to 37 C. In summary, the method is simple, straightforward for implementation, and effective to control the gain variations for SSPM-based detector.
Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data (2017)

<b>Objective</b> To characterise the determinants, time course, and risks of acute myocardial infarction associated with use of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).<b>Design</b> Systematic review followed by a one stage bayesian individual patient data meta-analysis.<b>Data sources</b> Studies from Canadian and European healthcare databases.<b>Review methods</b> Eligible studies were sourced from computerised drug prescription or medical databases, conducted in the general or an elderly population, documented acute myocardial infarction as specific outcome, studied selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors (including rofecoxib) and traditional NSAIDs, compared risk of acute myocardial infarction in NSAID users with non-users, allowed for time dependent analyses, and minimised effects of confounding and misclassification bias. <b>Exposure and outcomes</b> Drug exposure was modelled as an indicator variable incorporating the specific NSAID, its recency, duration of use, and dose. The outcome measures were the summary adjusted odds ratios of first acute myocardial infarction after study entry for each category of NSAID use at index date (date of acute myocardial infarction for cases, matched date for controls) versus non-use in the preceding year and the posterior probability of acute myocardial infarction.<b>Results</b> A cohort of 446 763 individuals including 61 460 with acute myocardial infarction was acquired. Taking any dose of NSAIDs for one week, one month, or more than a month was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. With use for one to seven days the probability of increased myocardial infarction risk (posterior probability of odds ratio >1.0) was 92% for celecoxib, 97% for ibuprofen, and 99% for diclofenac, naproxen, and rofecoxib. The corresponding odds ratios (95% credible intervals) were 1.24 (0.91 to 1.82) for celecoxib, 1.48 (1.00 to 2.26) for ibuprofen, 1.50 (1.06 to 2.04) for diclofenac, 1.53 (1.07 to 2.33) for naproxen, and 1.58 (1.07 to 2.17) for rofecoxib. Greater risk of myocardial infarction was documented for higher dose of NSAIDs. With use for longer than one month, risks did not appear to exceed those associated with shorter durations.<b>Conclusions</b> All NSAIDs, including naproxen, were found to be associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction. Risk of myocardial infarction with celecoxib was comparable to that of traditional NSAIDS and was lower than for rofecoxib. Risk was greatest during the first month of NSAID use and with higher doses.
A wafer-handling interface under processing ambient conditions for a single-wafer cluster tool (1998)

The pretreatment process used in semiconductor manufacturing can include over one-hundred processes, and about 90% of the wafer transfers are done between processors or process chambers that have different ambient conditions from each other; that is, between the atmosphere and a vacuum ambient or between a low and a high vacuum ambient. The throughput and yield from a semiconductor manufacturing line can be greatly improved by reducing the pumping and setting time of each process chamber ambient that is needed when transferring a wafer. We previously proposed a wafer-handling interface that operates under processing ambient conditions (the WHIPAC), with which the processing ambient conditions in the process chamber need not be changed for every wafer exchange and processing ambient fluctuations can be made smaller. We have developed a WHIPAC that allows the wafer in a process chamber under processing ambient conditions to be exchanged with a small mobile buffer chamber located in the transfer chamber at the center of a cluster tool used for single-wafer processing. This paper describes the principle of the WHIPAC for a single-wafer cluster tool and discusses the experimental results obtained from tests of a prototype system.
Useful Numerical Constants of Speech and Hearing (1925)

Note: The material given in this paper was prepared in a more condensed form for publication in the International Critical Tables. In order to make it available in convenient form for the use of telephone engineers it was deemed advisable to publish it in this journal. The author is indebted to Dr. J. C. Steinberg for able assistance in collecting and arranging the material.
Electron Mirror Microscopy of Magnetic Domains (1957)

Electron mirror microscopy is a rather novel research instrument. It has recently been demonstrated that it can provide micrographs not only of the relief structure of a specimen but also of such purely electrical properties as contact potentials, conductivities, surface charges, and even space charges. This paper deals with the feasibility of electron mirror microscopy for pictorial representation of magnetic properties in general, and of magnetic domain patterns in particular. It is shown that electron mirror microscopy is actually a feasible and independent method for electronically depicting magnetic patterns. The section of the paper dealing with experimental work begins with magnetic specimens of artificial nature, e.g., a recorder head, containing one or more linear magnetic dipole stray fields which are controllable. After establishing the basic facts of magnetic contrast formation with this type specimen, the paper reports on experiments conducted with specimens of barium ferrite and nickel ferrite containing actual magnetic domain patterns. Samples of electron mirror micrographs of domain patterns of these materials are shown and compared with domain patterns of the same specimen areas obtained by the conventional powder technique. The identical nature of the configurations on both micrographs provided final proof of the feasibility of electron mirror microscopy in depicting magnetic patterns. Criteria required to distinguish magnetic patterns from those of electrical or relief origin are derived from the experimental findings and are verified by elementary theoretical considerations about magnetic contrast formation in electron mirror microscopy.
Rapid and inexpensive development of speech action classifiers for natural language call routing systems (2010)

Natural language call routing systems are an attractive alternative to interactive voice response systems and directed dialog systems for automating customer service functions. However, the up-front development cost of these systems is an obstacle to their widespread adoption. Much of the cost is associated with the collection and annotation of development data that are used in initial system construction. In this work, we show how the statistical language model and action classifier needed for speech action classification can be developed for a customer's call routing application using no development data. On live data, our approach has comparable performance to a model trained using 100k utterances of in-domain development data. Furthermore, our approach handles the “unknown” class more robustly. These promising experimental results indicate that our method can be used to rapidly and inexpensively deploy call routing systems.
Individual characterization of broadband sampling oscilloscopes with a nose-to-nose calibration procedure (1994)

A method is proposed to find the individual impulse response of broad-band sampling oscilloscopes (HP54124T, 50 GHz bandwidth). The method is based on the fact that, when the oscilloscope is sampling a dc voltage, pulses are launched from the sampler towards the input connector. These pulses contain information on the scope's characteristic and can be measured by a second oscilloscope. This type of measurement is called a "nose-to-nose" calibration. Applying deconvolution techniques to the result of this measurement, the characteristic of the two scopes can be found, assuming that the two scopes are identical. To avoid relying on this assumption, three oscilloscopes can be used. The nose-to-nose is then applied three times, with a different pair of scopes connected together each time. The individual characteristics of the three sampling oscilloscopes are then calculated. Both SPICE simulations and close correspondence between swept-sine measurements and this method indicate that it is probably the most accurate method available at this moment to calibrate broadband sampling oscilloscopes. Several measurement uncertainties and practical problems are identified. The phase contribution of the sampling aperture can never be determined by this method, but there is strong evidence that the effect is negligible. Practical measurement problems are related to linearity of the samplers, additive noise, time-base jitter, and time-base drift.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The DiveBone—an application-level network architecture for Internet-based CVEs (1999)

To allow the number of simultaneous participants and applications to grow, many Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) platforms are combining ideas such as loose consistency, absence of central servers and world sub-partitioning with IP multicasting. For long distance connections, most of these systems rely on the existence of the Internet multicast backbone - the MBone. However, its generality and complexity is often an obstacle to the establishment and testing of large-scale CVEs. This paper presents the DIVEBONE, an application-level network architecture built as a stand-alone part of the DIVE toolkit [5]. The DIVEBONE is an application-level backbone that can interconnect sub-islands with multicast connectivity and/or single local networks. Furthermore, the DIVEBONE allows for visual analysis of the connection architecture and network traffic and for remote maintenance operations. The DIVEBONE capabilities have been demonstrated and successfully used in a series of large-scale pan-European tests over the Internet, as well as in various experiments involving IP over ISDN and ATM. All trials have proven the qualitative and quantitative adequacy of the DIVEBONE in heterogeneous settings where multicast connectivity in other ways is limited.
Suppression of cyclotron instability in Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion sources by two-frequency heating (2015)

Multiple frequency heating is one of the most effective techniques to improve the performance of Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion sources. The method increases the beam current and average charge state of the extracted ions and enhances the temporal stability of the ion beams. It is demonstrated in this paper that the stabilizing effect of two-frequency heating is connected with the suppression of electron cyclotron instability. Experimental data show that the interaction between the secondary microwave radiation and the hot electron component of ECR ion source plasmas plays a crucial role in mitigation of the instabilities.
Comparison of Platelet Function Tests in Predicting Clinical Outcome in Patients Undergoing Coronary Stent Implantation (2010)

Context High on-treatment platelet reactivity is associated with atherothrombotic events following coronary stent implantation. Objective To evaluate the capability of multiple platelet function tests to predict clinical outcome. Design, Setting, and Patients Prospective, observational, single-center cohort study of 1069 consecutive patients taking clopidogrel undergoing elective coronary stent implantation between December 2005 and December 2007. On-treatment platelet reactivity was measured in parallel by light transmittance aggregometry, Verify Now P2Y12 and Platelet works assays, and the IMPACT-R and the platelet function analysis system (PFA-100) (with the Dade PFA collagen/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) cartridge and Innovance PFA P2Y). Cutoff values for high on-treatment platelet reactivity were established by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Main Outcome Measurement The primary end point was defined as a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and ischemic stroke. The primary safety end point included TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) criteria major and minor bleeding. Results Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that at 1-year follow-up, the primary end point occurred more frequently in patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity when assessed by light transmittance aggregometry (52 [11.7%; 95% confidence interval {CI}, 8.9%-15.0%] vs 36 [6.0%;95%CI, 4.2%-8.2%] P.001; n=1049),Verify Now (54 [13.3%; 95% CI, 10.2%-17.0%] vs 37 [5.7%; 95% CI, 4.1%-7.8%]P.001; n=1052), Platelet works (33 [12.6%; 95% CI, 8.8%-17.2%] vs 21 [6.1%;95% CI, 3.8%-9.2%] P=.005; n=606), and Innovance PFA P2Y (18 [12.2%; 95%CI; 7.4%-18.6%] vs 28 [6.3%; 95% CI, 4.3%-8.9%] P=.02; n=588). ROC-curve analysis demonstrated that light transmittance aggregometry (area under the curve[AUC], 0.63; 95% CI, 0.58-0.68), Verify Now (AUC, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.57-0.67), and Platelet works (AUC, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.53-0.69) had modest ability to discriminate between patients with and without primary end point at 1-year follow-up. The IMPACT-R(n=905) and the Siemens PFA Collagen/ADP (n=812) were unable to discriminate between patients with and without the primary end point at 1-year follow-up (all AUCs included 0.50 in the CI). None of the tests identified patients at risk for bleeding. Conclusions Of the platelet function tests assessed, light transmittance aggregometry,Verify Now, Platelet works, and Innovance PFA P2Y were significantly associated with the primary end point. However, the predictive accuracy of these 4 tests was only modest. None of the tests provided accurate prognostic information to identify patients at higher risk of bleeding following stent implantation. Trial Registration clinical trials.gov Identifier: NCT00352014 [corrected].
Virgil: a database of rich links between GDB and GenBank (1998)

Database interconnection requires the development of links between related objects from different databases. We built a database of links, called Virgil, to manage and distribute rich (documented) links between GDB genes and GenBank human sequences. Virgil contains 18 667 unique links. In addition to a simple Web form for ad-hoc queries, we propose a generic Web interface and a prototype CORBA server for link distribution. Materials described in this paper are available from http://www.infobiogen.fr/services/virgil/home. html
Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions (2017)

Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, is a chemical produced by more than 100 species of mushrooms worldwide. It has high affinity for several serotonin receptors, including 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>, located in numerous areas of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and thalamus. With legislation introduced in 1992, more work is being done to further understand the implications of psilocybin use in a number of disease states. Certain mental health disease states and symptoms have been studied, including depressed mood, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol use disorder, and tobacco use disorder. This article provides an in-depth review of the study design and results of psilocybin in each of these conditions and discusses the clinical potential for use.
Optical Properties and Nondestructive Estimation of Anthocyanin Content in Plant Leaves¶ (2001)

Absorption and reflectance spectra of maple (Acer platanoides), cotoneaster (Cotoneaster alaunica), dogwood (Cornus alba) and pelargonium (Pelargonium zonale) leaves with a wide range of pigment content and composition were studied in visible and near-infrared spectra in order to reveal specific anthocyanin (Anth) spectral features in leaves. Comparing absorption spectra of Anth-containing and Anth-free leaves with the same chlorophyll (Chl) content, absorption spectra of Anth in leaves were derived. The main spectral feature of Anth absorption in vivo was a peak around 550 nm; the peak magnitude was closely related to Anth content. A quantitative nondestructive technique was developed to subtract Chl contribution to reflectance in this spectral region and retrieve Anth content from reflectance over a wide range of pigment content and composition. Anth reflectance index in the form ARI = (R550)-1 - (R700)-1, where (R550)-1 and (R700)-1 are inverse reflectances at 550 and 700 nm, respectively, allowed an accurate estimation of Anth accumulation, even in minute amounts, in intact senescing and stressed leaves.
Designing <sup>129</sup>Xe NMR Biosensors for Matrix Metalloproteinase Detection (2006)

Xenon-129 biosensors offer an attractive alternative to conventional MRI contrast agents due to the chemical shift sensitivity and large nuclear magnetic signal of hyperpolarized (129)Xe. Here, we report the first enzyme-responsive (129)Xe NMR biosensor. This compound was synthesized in 13 steps by attaching the consensus peptide substrate for matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), an enzyme that is upregulated in many cancers, to the xenon-binding organic cage, cryptophane-A. The final coupling step was achieved on solid support in 80-92% yield via a copper (I)-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition. In vitro enzymatic cleavage assays were monitored by HPLC and fluorescence spectroscopy. The biosensor was determined to be an excellent substrate for MMP-7 (K(M) = 43 microM, V(max) = 1.3 x 10(-)(8) M s(-1), k(cat)/K(M) = 7,200 M(-1) s(-1)). Enzymatic cleavage of the tryptophan-containing peptide led to a dramatic decrease in Trp fluorescence, lambda(max) = 358 nm. Stern-Volmer analysis gave an association constant of 9000 +/- 1,000 M(-1) at 298 K between the cage and Trp-containing hexapeptide under enzymatic assay conditions. Most promisingly, (129)Xe NMR spectroscopy distinguished between the intact and cleaved biosensors with a 0.5 ppm difference in chemical shift. This difference most likely reflected a change in the electrostatic environment of (129)Xe, caused by the cleavage of three positively charged residues from the C-terminus. This work provides guidelines for the design and application of new enzyme-responsive (129)Xe NMR biosensors.
Optimizing Solubility and Permeability of a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class 4 Antibiotic Drug Using Lipophilic Fragments Disturbing the Crystal Lattice (2013)

Esterification was used to simultaneously increase solubility and permeability of ciprofloxacin, a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class 4 drug (low solubility/low permeability) with solid-state limited solubility. Molecular flexibility was increased to disturb the crystal lattice, lower the melting point, and thereby improve the solubility, whereas lipophilicity was increased to enhance the intestinal permeability. These structural changes resulted in BCS class 1 analogues (high solubility/high permeability) emphasizing that simple medicinal chemistry may improve both these properties.
MRI in the diagnosis and surgical management of abnormal placentation (2012)

Placental MRI provides excellent characterization of the degree and extension of placental invasion. Its usefulness in cases of adherent placentation is directly associated to the therapeutic measures, especially where dissection maneuvers are needed. Diagnostic differences between ultrasound and MRI related to the presence or not of placenta previa and uterine scar thinning.
Characterization of NpgA, a 4′-phosphopantetheinyl transferase of Aspergillus nidulans, and evidence of its involvement in fungal growth and formation of conidia and cleistothecia for development (2015)

The null pigmentation mutant (npgA1) in Aspergillus nidulans results in a phenotype with colorless organs, decreased branching growth, delayed of asexual spore development, and aberrant cell wall structure. The npgA gene was isolated from A. nidulans to investigate these pleiomorphic phenomena of npgA1 mutant. Sequencing analysis of the complementing gene indicated that it contained a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) superfamily domain. Enzymatic assay of the PPTase, encoded by the npgA gene, was implemented in vivo and in vitro. Loss-of-function of LYS5, which encoded a PPTase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was functionally complemented by NpgA, and Escherichia coli-derived NpgA revealed phosphopantetheinylation activity with the elaboration of 3'5'-ADP. Deletion of the npgA gene caused perfectly a lethal phenotype and the absence of asexual/sexual sporulation and secondary metabolites such as pigments in A. nidulans. However, a cross feeding effect with A. nidulans wild type allowed recovery from deletion defects, and phased-culture filtrate from the wild type were used to verify that the npgA gene was essential for formation of metabolites needed for development as well as growth. In addition, forced expression of npgA promoted the formation of conidia and cleistothecia as well as growth. These results indicate that the npgA gene is involved in the phosphopantetheinylation required for primary biological processes such as growth, asexual/sexual development, and the synthesis of secondary metabolites in A. nidulans.