gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Holocene History of Lake Victoria (2000)

Recent investigations by the International Decade for the East African Lakes (IDEAL) have significantly advanced our knowledge on the history of Lake Victoria. Seismic reflection profiles confirm the origin of the lake as a result of regional tilting and provide an estimated age of 400 000 years for the lake basin. Three major desiccation events are recorded in the seismic records that may reflect the 100 000 year Milankovitch cycle of climate forcing. The most recent arid period resulted in complete desiccation of the pre-existing lake. Lake Victoria arose from a dry landscape 14 600 calendar years ago (14.6 ka). Primary production was extremely high as lake level rose in its first 500 years, nourished by the high input of nutrients from the flooded landscape. A few species of cichlids and other fish swam out of their fluvial refugia to colonize the new lake, generating hundreds of new endemic species over the ensuing 14 000 years. Lake level rose until a brief overflow event at about 14.2 ka to 13.6 ka. Closed-basin conditions returned during the Younger Dryas until 11.2 ka, when major outflow and open-basin conditions were permanently established. The lake experienced progressively stronger stratification and water-column stability through the first half of the Holocene, and diatom productivity dropped to a minimum from 9.8 to about 7.5 ka. This period coincides with, but is much longer than, the 8.2 ka climatic event that has been observed in many Holocene records from throughout the world. The degree of water-column mixing appears to have steadily increased over the last 6000 years. Short cores from the open lake, document a shift in lake conditions beginning in the 1930s that progressed to the major ecosystem collapse of the early 1980s. The coincidence of the shift in sediment properties in the 1930s with the beginning of rapid expansion of human population and agricultural activity suggests cause and effect. It is conceivable that the lake experienced similar conditions due to natural causes between about 9800 and 7500 years ago.
Intravesical and Intravenous Therapy of Human Bladder Cancer by the Herpes Vector G207 (2000)

G207, a conditionally replicating herpes vector, efficiently kills human bladder cancer cells in vitro. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of G207, we have established three in vivo models similar to the clinical situation. In vivo, G207 was intraneoplastically, intravesically, or intravenously inoculated in nude mice. Intraneoplastic inoculation into subcutaneous tumor caused significant tumor growth inhibition. Intravesical inoculation of G207 also caused decreased tumor growth in an orthotopic human bladder cancer model. Furthermore, multiple intravenous inoculation markedly inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth. These results suggest that intravesical therapy with G207 is effective for localized bladder tumor, especially for carcinoma in situ (CIS), and intravenous therapy with G207 is promising for invasive or metastasized bladder tumor.
Walking speed estimation using shank-mounted accelerometers (2010)

We studied the feasibility of estimating walking speed using two shank-mounted accelerometers. Our approach took advantage of the inverted pendulum-like behavior of the stance leg during walking to identify a new method for dividing up walking into individual stride cycles and estimating the initial conditions for the direct integration of the accelerometer signals. To test its accuracy, we compared speed to known values during treadmill walking. The speed estimation method worked well across treadmill speeds yielding a root mean square speed estimation error of only 8%. This accuracy is comparable to that achieved from shank-mounted inertial measurement unit, providing a robust and low-cost alternative in using accelerometer for walking speed estimation. Shank-mounted accelerometer may be of great benefit for estimating speed in walking for the embedded control of knee-mounted devices such as prostheses and energy harvesters.
Occurrence of bacteriocin production among environmental enterococci (1998)

The occurrence of enteroccoci in cattle dung water from the basins of 25 cattle farms of 15 northeastern Slovakia districts was screened as well as bacteriocin production among selective enterococcal isolates. The average total count of enterococci detected reached 5.0 x 10(3) cfu ml-1. Enterococcus faecium was the predominant species (25%) followed by Ent. casseliflavus (19.2%), Ent. faecalis (9.6%), Ent. avium and Ent. durans (1.9%). The antagonistic activity of isolates showed a mainly antilisterial effect. Enterococcus faecalis V24 strain produced a heat stable, largely hydrophobic antimicrobial substance with best production in the range pH 4 to 7 and with a strong inhibitory effect even against Gram-negative bacteria.
<i>In Vivo</i> Study of mIgM and mIgD Cross‐Linking on Murine B Cells (1994)

In this study, we have analysed in mice the effects on the immune response of in vivo treatment with different rat monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against IgM and IgD. Although the effects of IgD cross-linking have been studied already, no attempt has been made to characterize the effects of in vivo IgM crosslinking, probably because of the higher IgM serum levels compared to IgD. We have used a panel of nine monoclonal rat anti-mouse IgM and three anti-IgD antibodies and we have characterized their isotypes, avidities, immunoglobulin (Ig) cross-linking and internalization abilities. Our results show that injection of mice with some rat MoAb against IgM led to an important decrease of IgM serum level and internalization of membrane IgM (mIgM) on almost all B cells. Similarly, treatment with a high-avidity anti-IgD antibody induced disapperance of mIgD on B cells. Treatment with rat MoAb against IgM or IgD led to a synthesis of specific antibodies and there was a direct relationship between the Ig internalization abilities of rat MoAb and the induction of specific antibody production. Finally, treatment with a high-avidity rat MoAb against IgD induced a polyclonal IgE and IgG1 secretion. The significance of these results on mIg receptor functions is discussed.
Biosynthesis of blood group I antigens. Identification of a UDP-GlcNAc:GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal(-R) beta 1-6(GlcNAc to Gal) N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in hog gastric mucosa. (1984)

A 81-6N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase has been identified in microsomal preparations from hog gastric mucosa which is able to synthesize branch points in branched lactosaminoglycans (blood group I antigenic structures).The enzyme can be assayed specifically using the synthetic trisaccharide GlcNAc81-3Gal@l-4GlcB-OMe as acceptor.The product of the transferase reaction was isolated and identified by methylation analysis as, / GlcNAcfi 1Into this tetrasaccharide two galactose residues were incorporated by the specific @-N-acetylglucosaminide @1-4-galactosyltransferase from bovine milk.Thus a hexasaccharide was formed which was shown to inhibit strongly a murine monoclonal and a human anti-I antibody.Using a variety of oligosaccharides and glycolipids, which correspond to structures found in linear lactosaminoglycan chains, the acceptor substrate specificity of the branching enzyme was determined.From these results it is concluded that branching occurs only during the elongation process at the nonreducing end and follows a well-defined order.N-Acetylglucosamine is first transferred to position 3 of a terminal galactose followed immediately by the addition of a second Nacetylglucosamine to position 6; only then the 1-3 and de la Santk et de la Recherche MBdicale, CRL no 811030.Part of this
Syntheses of Anthracenones. 1. Sodium Dithionite Reduction of <i>peri</i>-Substituted Anthracenediones (1996)

The reaction of peri-substituted anthracenediones with sodium dithionite in dimethylformamide and water has been investigated. The system selectively reduces the carbonyl group flanked by the peri substituents of the anthracenediones to give the corresponding 4,5-disubstituted 9(10H)-anthracenones and thus provides a route to anthracenones which are otherwise difficult to obtain. Many functional groups can be tolerated, the reaction is compatible with the presence of peri alkoxy groups and unsaturated side chains of the starting anthracenediones, and the reduction does not go beyond the anthracenone stage. However, the formation of anthracenones depends on the nature of the peri substituents. No products were obtained from the 1,8-dimethyl-substituted anthracenedione and the parent compound with no substituents.
Precision, repeatability and accuracy of Optotrak<SUP align=right>®</SUP> optical motion tracking systems (2009)

In the field of biomechanics, optical motion tracking systems are commonly used to record human motion and assist in surgical navigation. Recently, motion tracking systems have been used to track implant and bone motion on a micron-level. The present study evaluated four different Optotrak® motion tracking systems to determine the precision, repeatability and accuracy under static testing conditions. The distance between the camera systems and the rigid body, as well as the tilt angle of the rigid body, did affect the resulting precision, repeatability and accuracy of the camera systems. The precision and repeatability, calculated as the within-trial and between-trial standard deviations, respectively, were less than 30 µm; with some configurations producing precision and repeatability less than 1 µm. The accuracy was less than 0.53% of the total displacement for the in-plane motion and less than 1.56% of the total displacement for the out-of-plane motion.
Composition-Tunable Properties of CdS<i><sub>x</sub></i>Te<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub> Alloy Nanocrystals (2008)

Ternary CdSxTe1−x semiconductor quantum dots with both homogeneous and gradient composition have been fabricated via pyrolysis of organometallic precursors. The nanocrystal structure, size, and composition were characterized by UV−visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray elemental analysis, and X-ray diffractrometry. It was found that the band gap of homogeneously alloyed CdSxTe1−x is highly nonlinear with the crystalline composition, which was evidenced by a significant red-shift in the fluorescence of these nanocrystals with respect to the emission wavelength of their CdS and CdTe binary compounds. This effect, also known as optical bowing, seems to be enhanced in CdSxTe1−x nanocrystals because of large differences in atomic radii and electronegativities of S and Te chalcogens. Properties of gradient ternary alloys were found to be markedly different from those of homogeneous CdSxTe1−x. Their absorption and emission profiles, for instance, had a relatively low spectral overlap leading to large Stokes shifts of up to 150 nm. Other properties of fabricated CdSxTe1−x nanocrystals and their significance to applications in areas of biomedical imaging, solar cells, and quantum dot-based LEDs are discussed.
RSA/Rabin Bits are 1/2 + 1 / Poly (Log N) Secure (1984)

We prove that RSA least significant bit is 1/2 + (1/[log <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sup> N]) secure, for any constant c (where N is the RSA modulus). This means that an adversary, given the ciphertext, cannot guess the least sigiiilicatnt bit of the plaintext with probability better than 1/2 + (1/[log <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sup> N]), unless he can break RSA.
Road to independence (2016)

Purpose The paper aims to explore the road to independence of the less-fortunate women in early Hong Kong society and their means in passing of wealth after death. In the 1970s, about 400 Chinese wills from the 1840s to the 1940s were dug up on a construction site in Hong Kong. One-fourth of these were from women who had held a substantial amount of property. How they obtained this property intrigued us because, at that time, women were seen as subordinate to men and excluded from the labor market. Why they had wills led to further questions about Hong Kong society of that time and the role of women in it. Design/methodology/approach The analysis of this paper is based on archival data gathered from the Hong Kong Public Records Office. These data include 98 women’s wills filed from the 1840s to the 1940s and a 500-page government investigation report on the prostitution industry released in 1879. The former recorded valuable information of brief testators’ family and personal life history, amount of assets, and profolio of investment, etc. The latter included testimonials of brothel keepers and prostitutes and their life stories and the background of legalizing prostitution in early Hong Kong. Apart from basic quantitative analysis on women’s marital status, number of properties, nature of wills and number of brothels, qualitative analysis is directed to review the testator’s life of self-reliance, wealth accumulation and reasons of using wills for arranging wealth transmission after death. Findings In this paper, the authors found that because the colonial government declared prostitution legal, and only women could obtain employment by becoming prostitutes or brothel keepers, they earned their own livelihood, saved money and finally became independent. However, because these professions were not seen as “decent”, and these women were excluded from the formal marriage system, intestacy could cause problems for them. Through their socio-business connections, they became familiar with the Western concept of testate inheritance. So, they tended to use wills – a legal document by which a person assigns someone to distribute his or her property according to his or her wishes after his or her death – to assign their property. Research limitations/implications Because only archival data are chosen for analysis, the research results may lack generalizability. Follow-up researches to examine whether the studied women acquired their wealth through their own work or simply as gifts from others are required. Originality/value This paper explores the understudied women’s life and method of estate passing after death in the early Hong Kong society. It fills the academic gap of women’s contribution to Hong Kong’s success and enriches our understanding on the important factors that could attribute women’s real independence.
Algorithmic Nuggets in Content Delivery (2015)

This paper "peeks under the covers" at the subsystems that provide the basic functionality of a leading content delivery network. Based on our experiences in building one of the largest distributed systems in the world, we illustrate how sophisticated algorithmic research has been adapted to balance the load between and within server clusters, manage the caches on servers, select paths through an overlay routing network, and elect leaders in various contexts. In each instance, we first explain the theory underlying the algorithms, then introduce practical considerations not captured by the theoretical models, and finally describe what is implemented in practice. Through these examples, we highlight the role of algorithmic research in the design of complex networked systems. The paper also illustrates the close synergy that exists between research and industry where research ideas cross over into products and product requirements drive future research.
An Analysis of the Duration of Fentanyl and Its Metabolites in Urine and Saliva (1993)

This study was undertaken to determine if metabolites of fentanyl might be useful in the detection and monitoring of substance abuse. The presence of fentanyl and two of its metabolites in the urine and saliva of seven female patients receiving small doses (110 +/- 56 micrograms) of fentanyl was studied up to 96 h from the time of administration. Fentanyl and its two metabolites (norfentanyl and despropionylfentanyl) were extracted from samples and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Unchanged fentanyl was detectable in urine in all patients immediately postoperatively and in 3 of 7 patients at 24 h. By 72 h, fentanyl was undetectable. Norfentanyl was present in larger quantities than fentanyl immediately postoperatively and was detected in all patients at 48 h and in 4 of 7 patients at 96 h. Despropionylfentanyl was not detected in any of the urine specimens tested. Neither fentanyl nor its metabolites could be detected consistently at any time in saliva. Saliva testing does not appear to be a viable alternative to urine testing based on this study. Urinary norfentanyl might be considered as the substance of choice when testing for fentanyl abuse.
Determination of the Relative Concentrations of the Major Aldehydes in Lemon, Orange and Grapefruit Oils by Gas Chromatography <sup>a,</sup> <sup>b</sup> (1961)

SUMMARY The Girard‐T reagent was used to recover the aldehydes from cold‐pressed lemon, orange and grapefruit oils for subsequent quantitative gas chromatographic analysis. Optimum conditions for analysis were worked out with a known mixture of citral and the saturated aliphatic aldehydes which occur in major concentration in lemon oil. Isopropanol was used in the preparative step to eliminate acetal formation and isopentane in the final extractions to reduce losses of the lower‐molecular‐weight aldehydes during vacuum concentration of the sample for gas chromatographic analysis. Typical analyses are given for samples of domestic cold‐pressed citrus oils.
Non-foster circuits and stability theory (2011)

Antenna engineers have realized that non-Foster circuits offer new approaches to antenna loading, broadband impedance matching, and making single- and double-negative metamaterials (SNG, DNG) having considerable bandwidth. Non-Foster circuits are examined from the perspective of active linear network theory. A definition of a non-Foster network is given. Realizability and synthesis of such networks is discussed followed by a discussion of stability assessment for linear circuits generally and non-Foster circuits in particular. An example of a non-Foster impedance matching network designed and built to match an electrically small monopole is described. The impedance match bandwidth of the non-Foster circuit was found to exceed the infinite-complexity Fano limit by a substantial margin.
Highly a-axis-oriented Nb-doped Pb(TixZr1−x)O3 thin films grown by sol–gel technique for uncooled infrared dectors (2004)

Pb ( Nb 0.02 Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8 ) O 3 thin films with thickness of 900nm were spincoated on platinized silicon substrate using the sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy show that the films are highly a-axis-oriented with columnar structure. A large remnant polarization (Pr+) ∼92.2μC∕cm−2 was observed for as-grown films. The coercive field (Ec+) for these films was 159.3kV∕cm. Good pyroelectric properties are obtained as a result of large remnant and spontaneous polarization and their strong temperature dependence. The pyroelectric coefficient and figure of merit at room temperature (22°C) are 10.8×10−4Cm−2K−1 and 2.34×10−5Pa−1∕2, respectively.
Differentiation of Adult Leydig Cells in the Neonatal Rat Testis Is Arrested by Hypothyroidism1 (1998)

The effects of propyl thiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism on testicular interstitial cells and androgen secretion in vitro in the neonatal rat were investigated using Sprague Dawley rats of 1, 7, 14, and 21 days. The results revealed that the fetal Leydig cell (FLC) number per testis was unchanged between and within treatment groups at all ages tested. FLC size was 50% smaller in 21-day controls than in all other groups. Adult Leydig cells (ALCs) were present at Days 14 and 21 in controls but were absent in PTU rats. ALCs approximated FLCs of 21-day controls in size. ALC number per testis showed a sharp increase at Day 21. 11ss-HSD1-positive cells were absent in 21-day PTU testes, but a few were present in 21-day control testes. Testosterone secretion per testis was unchanged in 1- to 21-day controls and 7- to 21-day PTU rats. However, at Day 21, a significantly lower value was seen in controls compared to PTU rats. Testicular androstenedione secretion was not significantly different between control and PTU rats up to 14 days, but a sharp rise was observed in controls at Day 21. At this age, androstenedione levels in PTU rats were similar to those at younger ages. In summary, histological studies showed that hypothyroidism prevented the hypotrophy of FLC and the emergence of ALC in the neonatal rat testis, and agreed favorably with results concerning testicular androgen secretion in vitro. These findings suggest that thyroid hormones have a regulatory role in precursor cell differentiation into Leydig cells in the neonatal rat testis to establish the ALC population.
Efficient Synthesis of Chiral Isoquinoline and Pyrido[1,2-b]-isoquinoline Derivatives via Intramolecular Heck Reactions (2001)

The palladium(0)-catalyzed reaction of derivatives of γ-amino-α,β-unsaturated esters bearing an N-(2-iodobenzoyl) substituent results in an intramolecular Heck reaction, the outcome of which depends on the structure of the substrate as well as on the experimental conditions. The methodology developed has been applied to the efficient syntheses of chiral isoquinoline and pyrido[1,2-b]–isoquinoline derivatives.
Induction and Coexpression of Latent Transforming Growth Factor β-Binding Protein-1 and Fibrillin-1 in Experimental Glomerulonephritis (2005)

Mesangial expression of LTBP-1 and fibrillin-1 is induced early in experimental nephritis and LTBP-1 and fibrillin-1 are partially colocalized in the nephritic glomerulus. An interaction of these molecules could stabilize latent TGF-beta complexes and thus attenuate the activation of TGF-beta during this self-limited glomerular disease.
On Row-by-Row Coding for 2-D Constraints (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A constant-rate encoder–decoder pair is presented for a fairly large family of two-dimensional (2-D) constraints. Encoding and decoding is done in a row-by-row manner, and is sliding-block decodable. </para>
Glioblastoma multiforme: can neural stem cells deliver the therapeutic payload and fulfill the clinical promise? (2011)

Keywords:: cell carriergene therapyglioblastomagliomamesenchymal stem cellsneural stem cellsoncolytic virusstem cells
Enhancements to the ADMIXTURE algorithm for individual ancestry estimation (2011)

The enhancements we have described make ADMIXTURE a more accurate, efficient, and versatile tool for ancestry estimation.
Harmonic propagation on an electric distribution system: field measurements compared with computer simulation (1993)

Increasing use of power electronic loads on distribution feeders together with greater use of power factor correction capacitors on the distribution system can result in poor operating conditions in the form of high harmonic levels propagating through a distribution system. HARMFLO (Harmonic Power Flow Study Program) was developed by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) for use in the analysis of harmonics on a power system. However, for a typical analysis of a distribution system, data for some of the parameters required by HARMFLO are not available. Furthermore, exact load information is usually not available. Harmonic levels determined from field tests on a distribution system are compared to results of HARMFLO simulations to determine if this analysis tool can provide useful results despite the lack of exact information for load modeling and other system parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>