gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser fusion with nonlinear force driven plasma blocks: Thresholds and dielectric effects (2009)

Abstract Anomalous interaction of picosecond laser pulses of terawatt to petawatt power is due to suppression of relativistic self-focusing if prepulses are cut-off by a contrast ratio higher than 10 8 , resulting in quasi-neutral directed plasma blocks with deuterium tritium ion current densities above 10 11 A/cm 2 . This is still not high enough for ignition of solid-state density deuterium tritium because the energy flux density E * has to be higher than the threshold of 4 ×10 8 J/cm 2 obtained within the theory of Chu (1972). A revision of this evaluation shows a reduction of this threshold by a factor 20 if the later discovered inhibition factors for thermal conduction because of double layer effects as well as the shorter stopping lengths of the alpha particles due to collective effects are taken into account. Under these relaxed conditions, the parameters of nonlinear force generated blocks of dielectrically increased thickness for deuterium tritium ignition with directed ions of energies near the 80 keV resonances are discussed.
Test set embedding in a built-in self-test environment (2003)

The authors describe a built-in self-test (BIST) technique where the on-chip test pattern generator is a binary counter with associated XOR gates. A precomputed set of tests (obtained through some test generation scheme) is required for this approach. A subset of this set of tests forms the basis for the synthesis of the binary counter and accompanying (combinational) logic using linear algebraic techniques. Simulation of this BIST technique on various benchmark circuits has given good results in terms of both coverage and hardware size.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Exploiting MAC Flexibility in WiMAX for Media Streaming (2005)

The IEEE 802.16 standard (commonly known as WiMAX), which has emerged as a broadband wireless access technology, is capable of delivering very high data rates. However, providing performance guarantees to delay sensitive applications like streaming media is still a challenge. We study the media access control (MAC) layer of WiMAX and exploit its flexible features to construct MAC packet data units (MPDU) dynamically. The sizes of the MPDUs are constantly modified based on channel state information. The desired payload is obtained either by aggregation or fragmentation of the upper layer data units. The robustness of MPDUs is also made tunable by means of cyclic redundancy code bits. We consider both the scenarios - with and without feedback. We adhere to the 802.16 specifications and propose adapting the MPDU length for streaming media for better performance. Three metrics are defined: restore probability; goodput; dropping probability. Simulation experiments are conducted which show the performance enhancements of the proposed ARQ-enabled adaptive algorithm in terms of these three metrics.
A new approach to solid-state on load tap changing transformers (1998)

This paper presents a new approach to solid-state load tap changing system. The tap changing system is comprised of solid-state devices (SCRs) and a number of transformer taps. Through judicious choice of the tap changer topology and a novel control approach, our system is able to offer up to 48 steps in place of the 16 steps associated with mechanical tap changers. Further, it is able to do this with fewer transformer tap windings and with the ability to move from one tap to another tap without passing through any intermediate taps. The tap changer concept has been experimentally verified. Examples are presented to illustrate the concepts and how they can be applied to support 34.5 kV, 30 MVA and 115 kV, 100 MVA systems. Economic analysis of these sample systems indicates that the approach presented can be 20-50% less expensive than previous efforts to realize solid-state tap changers.
Isolation of Mammalian 26S Proteasomes and p97/VCP Complexes Using the Ubiquitin-like Domain from HHR23B Reveals Novel Proteasome-Associated Proteins (2009)

Recent studies, mainly in yeast, have identified various cofactors that associate with the 26S proteasome and appear to influence its function. To identify these proteins in different cells and physiological states, we developed a method to gently and rapidly isolate 26S proteasomes and associated proteins without the need for genetic modifications of the proteasome. This method is based on the affinity of this complex for the ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain of hHR23B and elution with a competing polypeptide containing a ubiquitin-interacting motif. Associated with 26S proteasomes from rat muscle were a variety of known proteasome-interacting proteins, activators, and ubiquitin conjugates. In addition, we identified over 40 proteins not previously known to associate with the 26S proteasome, some of which were tightly associated with the proteasome in a substoichiometric fashion, e.g., the deubiquitinating enzymes USP5/isopeptidase T and USP7/HAUSP and the ubiquitin ligases ARF-BP1/HUWE1 and p600/UBR4. By altering buffer conditions, we also purified by this approach complexes of the ATPase p97/VCP associated with its adaptor proteins Ufd1-Npl4, p47, SAKS1, and FAF1, all of which contain ubiquitin-binding motifs. These complexes were isolated with ubiquitin conjugates bound and were not previously known to bind to the UBL domain of hHR23B. These various UBL-interacting proteins, dubbed the UBL interactome, represent a network of proteins that function together in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, and the UBL method offers many advantages for studies of the diversity, functions, and regulation of 26S proteasomes and p97 complexes under different conditions.
Photoemission Spectroscopy of Tethered CdSe Nanocrystals: Shifts in Ionization Potential and Local Vacuum Level As a Function of Nanocrystal Capping Ligand (2010)

We report the characterization of the frontier orbital energies and interface dipole effects for bare and ligand-capped 3.6 and 6.0 nm diameter CdSe nanocrystals (NC) tethered to smooth gold substrates, using He(I) and He(II) UV photoemission spectroscopy. Changes in the ionization potential (IP) of the NCs and local effective work function of the films were explored as a function of the dipolar nature of the NC capping ligands. The addition of thiol-capping ligands 1-hexanethiol, 1-benzenethiol, and 4-fluorothiophenol to both sizes of NCs produces negligible shifts in energy offset between the high kinetic energy edge of the CdSe NCs and the gold substrate Fermi energy. However, the local vacuum level and IP of the nanocrystal layer are altered by as much as 0.3 eV. We demonstrate the importance of determining both the local vacuum level and the high kinetic energy edge of a tethered NC sample. These studies demonstrate a method that can be used in the future to characterize the frontier orbital energy offsets for modified or unmodified nanocrystalline films, in which the NCs are incorporated into host materials, for applications ranging from photovoltaics to light-emitting diodes.
Effect of formalin on extraction of mRNA from a formalin‐fixed sample: a basic investigation (2004)

Formalin has direct and indirect ill effects on RNA during the extraction process.
Early life influences on life‐long patterns of behavior and health (2003)

The stability of a child's early life has profound effects on physical and mental health, and unstable parent-child relationships, as well as abuse, can lead to behavioral disorders and increased mortality and morbidity from a wide variety of common diseases later in life. One common consequence, namely, depressive illness, is associated with chemical imbalances in the brain and hormonal dysregulation, constituting a form of allostatic load that alters interpretations of stimuli and influences, behavioral, and hormonal responses to potentially stressful situations. The brain not only encodes information and controls the behavioral responses but it is also changed structurally by those experiences. Structural changes in the hippocampus and amygdala, which are important brain structures for cognition and emotion, are representative of what may be occurring throughout the brain as a result of allostatic load resulting from the chronic stress of a disorder such as depression. Such structural changes include dendritic debranching and hypertrophy, cell proliferation, and synaptic remodeling; they are produced by the combined overactivity of stress hormones and endogenous neurotransmitters. These mediators are normally involved in adaptation, but can also promote damage when they are dysregulated and over-active. They are very likely to be strongly biased by early life experiences. The findings from animal models thus provide a basis for understanding potential mechanisms of environmental and developmental determinants of individual differences in human stress reactivity, as well as anxiety, depression, and a host of related systemic disorders. There is an increasing amount of translational research that is beginning to tie the basic research to clinical outcomes of individuals exposed to abusive or inconsistent care-giving in early life. A major goal of studies on this important topic is to define times in development and strategies for intervening to prevent or reverse the effects of adverse early life experiences. Although prevention is clearly the preferable route, some degree of reversal of psychopathology and pathophysiology caused by early life adversity appears to be an achievable goal.
Polishing the Right Apple: Anytime Classification Also Benefits Data Streams with Constant Arrival Times (2010)

Classification of items taken from data streams requires algorithms that operate in time sensitive and computationally constrained environments. Often, the available time for classification is not known a priori and may change as a consequence of external circumstances. Many traditional algorithms are unable to provide satisfactory performance while supporting the highly variable response times that exemplify such applications. In such contexts, anytime algorithms, which are amenable to trading time for accuracy, have been found to be exceptionally useful and constitute an area of increasing research activity. Previous techniques for improving anytime classification have generally been concerned with optimizing the probability of correctly classifying individual objects. However, as we shall see, serially optimizing the probability of correctly classifying individual objects K times, generally gives inferior results to batch optimizing the probability of correctly classifying K objects. In this work, we show that this simple observation can be exploited to improve overall classification performance by using an anytime framework to allocate resources among a set of objects buffered from a fast arriving stream. Our ideas are independent of object arrival behavior, and, perhaps unintuitively, even in data streams with constant arrival rates our technique exhibits a marked improvement in performance. The utility of our approach is demonstrated with extensive experimental evaluations conducted on a wide range of diverse datasets.
Lowpass and Bandpass Filters (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Lowpass Filters Bandpass Filters References
VCSEL-Based Interconnects for Current and Future Data Centers (2014)

The vast majority of optical links within the data center are based on vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) operating at 850 nm over multimode optical fiber. Deployable links have evolved in speed from 1 Gb/s in 1996 to 28 Gb/s in 2014. Serial data links at 40 and 56 Gb/s are now under development and place even more demand on the VCSEL and photodiodes. In this paper, we present the characteristics of VCSELs and photodiodes used in current generation 28 Gb/s links and present several methods to extend link distances using more advanced data encoding schemes. Finally, we will present results on wavelength division multiplexing on multimode optical fiber that demonstrate 40 Gb/s Ethernet connections up to 300 m on duplex OM3 optical fiber, and present results on fiber optimized for modal bandwidth in the 850 to 980 nm range.
New Biologic Frontiers in Ovarian Cancer: Olaparib and PARP Inhibition (2015)

Introduction Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition was first introduced as a novel cancer-targeting strategy in 2005, following the publication of preclinical work showing activity in BRCA-mutated tumor cells. Compared with wild-type cells, BRCA1and BRCA2-deficient cells were up to 1000-fold more sensitive to PARP inhibition. In vivo, the growth of BRCA2-deficient tumors was decreased by PARP inhibitors, the first demonstration that inhibition of a DNA repair mechanism could be used to target cancer cells. These studies highlighted the application of synthetic lethality as a potentially effective anticancer therapy and inspired further clinical investigation. PARP inhibitors are now known to work through a variety of mechanisms, in addition to inducing synthetic lethality. PARP inhibition stimulates nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) selectively in homologous repair-deficient cells. This is achieved via inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase substrates, leading to genetic instability, chromosome rearrangement, and cell death. PARP inhibitors have also been shown to trap PARP-1 and PARP-2 on DNA, leading to PARP-DNA complexes. This concept, known as “PARP trapping,” is thought to be responsible for the synergism seen with PARP inhibition and alkylating agents and does not occur with all PARP inhibitors. Since their introduction, PARP inhibitors have been studied in many BRCA-deficient cancers, including ovarian cancer, where they have had notable success. The most extensively studied PARP inhibitor in ovarian cancer is olaparib, an orally available compound with activity against PARP-1 and PARP-2. The recent FDA approval of olaparib in relapsed ovarian cancer brings this drug class to the forefront of new anticancer therapy in this disease. This timely review will discuss the early clinical investigation of olaparib, as well as emerging phase II and III data and future directions in ovarian cancer.
Identification of differential protein interactors of lamin A and progerin (2010)

The nuclear lamina is an interconnected meshwork of intermediate filament proteins underlying the nuclear envelope. The lamina is an important regulator of nuclear structural integrity as well as nuclear processes, including transcription, DNA replication and chromatin remodeling. The major components of the lamina are A- and B-type lamins. Mutations in lamins impair lamina functions and cause a set of highly tissue-specific diseases collectively referred to as laminopathies. The phenotypic diversity amongst laminopathies is hypothesized to be caused by mutations affecting specific protein interactions, possibly in a tissue-specific manner. Current technologies to identify interaction partners of lamin A and its mutants are hampered by the insoluble nature of lamina components. To overcome the limitations of current technologies, we developed and applied a novel, unbiased approach to identify lamin A-interacting proteins. This approach involves expression of the high-affinity OneSTrEP-tag, precipitation of lamin-protein complexes after reversible protein cross-linking and subsequent protein identification by mass spectrometry. We used this approach to identify in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and cardiac myocyte NklTAg cell lines proteins that interact with lamin A and its mutant isoform progerin, which causes the premature aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). We identified a total of 313 lamina-interacting proteins, including several novel lamin A interactors, and we characterize a set of 35 proteins which preferentially interact with lamin A or progerin.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 mRNAs in the peripheral target fields of developing inner ear ganglia. (1992)

In situ hybridization was used to study the site and timing of the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin 5 (NT-5) mRNAs in the developing inner ear of the rat. In the sensory epithelia, the levels of NGF and NT-5 mRNAs were below the detection limit. NT-3 and BDNF mRNAs were expressed in the otic vesicle in overlapping but also in distinct regions. Later in development, NT-3 transcripts were localized to the differentiating sensory and supporting cells of the auditory organ and vestibular maculae. In these sensory epithelia, the intensity of NT-3 mRNA expression decreased in parallel with maturation. The expression of BDNF mRNA was restricted to the sensory cells of both the auditory and vestibular organs, including ampullary cristae. In bioassays, BDNF and NT-3, but not NGF, at physiological concentrations induced neurite outgrowth from the statoacoustic ganglion explants. These results demonstrate that NT-3 and BDNF, rather than NGF and NT-5, are the primary neurotrophins present in the target fields of the cochlear and vestibular neurons. Expression of NT-3 and BDNF mRNAs in the otic vesicle before and during the ingrowth of neurites from the statoacoustic ganglion suggests that NT-3 or BDNF or both may serve as chemoattractants for the early nerve fibers. The results also suggest that these neurotrophins have a role in later development of the cochlear and vestibular neurons.
A Simple Intraductal Aspiration Method for Cytodiagnosis in Nipple Discharge (2000)

For patients with spontaneous nipple discharge, the intraductal aspiration method provides much more accurate cytodiagnosis than does the conventional squeezing method.
The effect of nucleotide substitution on DNA denaturation profiles (1987)

The melting profiles were obtained for DNA restriction fragments of approx. 1150 bp with deletion of one, five or six base pairs making them different from each other. In all cases the deletions caused a shift of one melting peak without affecting the positions of the other three peaks. The effect amounted to 0.28 +/- 0.03C upon the deletion of one GC pair. The melting of DNA fragments was also studied by electrophoresis in denaturing gradient gels. The deletion of one GC pair was shown to cause an appreciable shift of the electrophoretic denaturation profile.
DNA Fingerprinting of<i>Salmonella enterica</i>subsp.<i>enterica</i>Serovar Typhimurium with Emphasis on Phage Type DT104 Based on Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Loci (2003)

Seventy-eight human and environmental strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, as well as 18 isolates of other Salmonella serovars and 6 isolates of Escherichia coli, were subjected to a novel variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR)-based fingerprinting method that showed high discrimination and reproducibility for typing serovar Typhimurium isolates. The method is based on capillary separation of PCR products from fluorescence-labeled VNTR in the serovar Typhimurium genome. The serovar Typhimurium isolates displayed 54 VNTR patterns, and the VNTR assay correctly identified strains from a well-characterized outbreak. Among 37 serovar Typhimurium phage type DT104 isolates, 28 distinct VNTR patterns were found. This VNTR-based method is fast and suitable for complete automation. Our VNTR-based method was capable of high discrimination within the homogeneous serovar Typhimurium DT104 phage type and can be used to trace outbreaks and to monitor DT104 as well as other phage types. The VNTR assay was compared to XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, integron-cassette profiles and gene PCR of intI1, qacEDelta1, sulI1, and floR. The VNTR assay showed greatly improved resolution compared to all other tested methods in this study.
Absolute distance measurements by variable wavelength interferometry (1981)

This paper describes a laser interferometer which provides absolute distance measurements using tunable lasers. An active feedback loop system, in which the laser frequency is locked to the optical path length difference of the interferometer, is used to tune the laser wavelengths. If the two wavelengths are very close, electronic frequency counters can be used to measure the beat frequency between the two laser frequencies and thus to determine the optical path difference between the two legs of the interferometer.
Non-Cooperative Grids: Game-Theoretic Modeling and Strategy Optimization (2004)

Selfish behaviors of individual machines in a Grid can potentially damage the performance of the system as a whole. However, scrutinizing the Grid by taking into account the non-cooperativeness of machines is a largely unexplored research problem. In this paper, we first present a new hierarchical game-theoretic model of the Grid that matches well with the physical administrative structure in real-life situations. We then focus on the impact of selfishness in intra-site job execution mechanisms. Based on our novel utility functions, we analytically derive the Nash equilibrium and optimal strategies for the general case.
A World-Wide-Web architecture for collaborative software design (2003)

Rosetta is a tool that supports the creation of object-oriented design documents, and which automatically checks the conformance of Java implementations to those designs. Rosetta is based on a novel World Wide Web (WWW) architecture, supporting collaborative use with heterogeneous development tools under a coevolutionary development process. Rosetta has been used extensively in our research group and in teaching at the first-year university level, and is currently undergoing industrial field trials. Rosetta has proved successful, but its deployment over the WWW has not proved as transparent to users as we had hoped.
Synthesis of<i>N</i>-Alkyl-<i>N</i>'-cyano-<i>N</i>″-4-pyridylguanidines from 4-Pyridyldithiocarbamic Acid<i>via</i><i>N</i>-Alkyl-<i>N</i>′-4-Pyridylthioureas, or<i>via</i>4-Pyridylcyaniminothiocarbamic Acid (1984)

Abstract Several years ago a number of antihypertensive N-alkyl-N′-cyano-N″-pyridylguanidines was prepared by addition of cyanamide to N-alkyl-N′-pyridylcarbodiimides which were obtained from the respective thioureas and phosgene or triphenylphosphine/carbon tetrachloride1. Recently we have described some attractive synthetic methods for N-alkyl-N′-4-pyridylthioureas2, based on 4-pyridyldithiocarbamic acid (1) (Scheme 1). We now report on the synthesis of N-alkyl-N′-cyano-N″-4-pyridylguanidines (4) from (1) by two different routes which ultimately may pass through a common intermediate (3) (Scheme 1).