gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance (2001)

Summary: Although understanding of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance is less clearly established than that of other classes of antiretroviral drugs, certain facts have been established. The treatment-associated genetic mutation profiles of the available NNRTIs have been mapped, and resistance has been found to develop rapidly after initiation of NNRTI therapy. Despite the chemical diversity of the NNRTIs, cross-resistance among agents of this class is nearly universal. Although the viral replicative capacity (“fitness”) of NNRTI-induced viral variants has not been extensively studied, available data suggest that NNRTI-selected mutations confer little damage to viral fitness, and thus a single point mutation produces a strain that is both resistant and fit. Furthermore, with continued therapy, viral evolution persists, creating species with greater numbers of mutations and higher level phenotypic resistance. Taken together, these facts suggest that continued use of NNRTIs after emergence of resistance will produce variants of complex mutational patterns that limit future treatment options, and, therefore, strong consideration should be given to discontinuing NNRTIs after virologic failure is confirmed. This article describes the scientific literature establishing the efficacy and limitations of NNRTI therapy and attempts to define a role for this class of drug in the long-term treatment of HIV-1 disease.
Statistical approach for the detection of motion/noise artifacts in Photoplethysmogram (2011)

Motion and noise artifacts (MNA) have been a serious obstacle in realizing the potential of Photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals for real-time monitoring of vital signs. We present a statistical approach based on the computation of kurtosis and Shannon Entropy (SE) for the accurate detection of MNA in PPG data. The MNA detection algorithm was verified on multi-site PPG data collected from both laboratory and clinical settings. The accuracy of the fusion of kurtosis and SE metrics for the artifact detection was 99.0%, 94.8% and 93.3% in simultaneously recorded ear, finger and forehead PPGs obtained in a clinical setting, respectively. For laboratory PPG data recorded from a finger with contrived artifacts, the accuracy was 88.8%. It was identified that the measurements from the forehead PPG sensor contained the most artifacts followed by finger and ear. The proposed MNA algorithm can be implemented in real-time as the computation time was 0.14 seconds using Matlab®.
The (4 + 2) cycloaddition of ketenes and .beta.-methoxy .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones: 2-pyranones (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe (4 + 2) cycloaddition of ketenes and .beta.-methoxy .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones: 2-pyranonesWilliam T. Brady and Michael O. AghoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 26, 5337–5341Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00174a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00174a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views388Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Applications of shape analysis to domestic and international security. (2024)

The rapidly growing area of cooperative international security calls for pervasive deployment of smart sensors that render valuable information and reduce operational costs and errors. Among the sensors used, vision sensors are by far the most versatile, tangible, and rich in the information they provide about their environment. On the flip side, they are also the most complex to analyze automatically for the extraction of high-level information. The ability to process imagery in a useful manner requires at least partial functional emulation of human capabilities of visual understanding. Of all visual cues available in image data, shape is perhaps the most important for understanding the content of an image. In this paper we present an overview of ongoing research at LANL on geometric shape analysis. The objective of our research is to develop a computational framework for multiscale characterization, analysis, and recognition of shapes. This framework will enable the development of a comprehensive and connected body of mathematical methods and algorithms, based on the topological, metrical, and morphological properties of shapes. We discuss its potential applications to automated surveillance, monitoring, container tracking and inspection, weapons dismantlement, and treaty verification. The framework will develop a geometric filtering scheme for extracting semantically salient shape features. This effort creates a paradigm for solving shape-related problems in Pattern Recognition, Computer Vision, and Image Understanding in a conceptually cohesive and algorithmically amenable manner. The research aims to develop an advanced image analysis capability at LANL for solving a wide range of problems in automated facility surveillance, nuclear materials monitoring, treaty verification, and container inspection and tracking. The research provides the scientific underpinnings that will enable us to build smart surveillance cameras, with a direct practical impact on LANL's capabilities in domestic and international safeguards and security.
Mechanisms and Military Applications for Synthetic Pheromones (2001)

Agents guided by synthetic pheromones can imitate the stigmergetic dynamics of insects. The resulting software architecture is well suited to problems such as the control of unmanned robotic vehicles. We introduce the approach, describe the mechanisms we have developed, and summarize the technology&apos;s performance in a series of scenarios reflecting military command and control.
Novel cleaning solutions for polysilicon film post chemical mechanical polishing (2000)

Novel cleaning solutions were developed for post-CMP process, surfactant tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and/or chelating agent ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) were added into the diluted ammonium hydroxide (NH/sub 4/OH+H/sub 2/O) alkaline aqueous solution to enhance removal of metallic and organic contamination. From the experimental result, it is found that the particle and metal removal efficiency and the electrical characteristics are significantly improved for post-CMP cleaning.
Biomechanical Characterization of Needle Piercing Into Peripheral Nervous Tissue (2006)

Several neural interfaces have been developed to control neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems. Among them, intraneural electrodes are very promising because they represent an interesting trade-off between the needs for high selectivity and for reduced invasiveness. However, in most of the cases, no particular attention has been devoted so far to the design of these systems starting from the mechanical properties of the system to be interfaced. The aim of this paper was to study and characterize in a quantitative way the piercing of peripheral nervous tissue in order to gather useful information to design intraneural interfaces able to reduce (as much as possible) the damages provoked by this task. In particular, attention has been paid to determine the values of force and pressure to carry out the piercing task in different velocity conditions. From the experimental data it was possible to characterize indirectly the tissue sinking under the needle tip. For each experimental velocity (ranging from 1 to 2000 mm/min) a threshold, under which the tissue cannot be pierced, has been calculated. The force magnitude required for piercing was shown to be in the range 0.3-25 mN for the different velocities. Moreover, differences between piercing carried out at very low velocity (multi-piercing) and at low velocity (mono-piercing) have been characterized and correlated with the physical characteristics of the nervous tissue. Experimental data have been integrated with a theoretical analysis of the neural interfaces piercing structures. The problem of buckling, representing for these structures the main cause of tissue piercing impossibility, has been analyzed. The nonlinear theoretical model allows to compare different needle geometries and materials with regard to piercing possibility at different velocities. Moreover, an optimization of piercing elements geometry with regard to amount of used material and space has been provided.
Holographic optical element fabrication using chalcogenide layers (1995)

Investigations in the field of diffractive optical element (DOE) fabrication using optical methods and registering media based on chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors are reviewed. The peculiarities of the holographic diffraction grating (HDG) fabrication processes using such resists are investigated and the factors that influence the groove profiles are determined. Ways of optimizing media parameters, exposure, and treatment processes are shown. High-quality HDGs are obtained with spatial frequencies in the range 600 to 3600 mm<sup>-1</sup>, diffraction efficiencies of 80 to 85% in polarized light, and a stray light level of 10<sup>-6</sup>. The processes of Fresnel lense formation by the holographic method with the consequent diffraction pattern transfer into the substrate are developed and investigated. This provides an opportunity to obtain binary lenses with high numerical apertures and small sizes. The results of investigations of the fabrication processes of DOEs with blazed profiles are discussed. Most promising is the method of direct DOE recording using a sharply focused laser beam, which enables one to obtain kinoform elements with m icrometer-sized distant zones. Additional treatment methods (wet or dry) enable one to obtain blazed gratings using the initial HDG with a symmetrical profile fabricated on the base of the chalcogenide layers.
Context-Aware CNNs for Person Head Detection (2015)

Person detection is a key problem for many computer vision tasks. While face detection has reached maturity, detecting people under full variation of camera view-points, human poses, lighting conditions and occlusions is still a difficult challenge. In this work we focus on detecting human heads in natural scenes. Starting from the recent R-CNN object detector, we extend it in two ways. First, we leverage person-scene relations and propose a global CNN model trained to predict positions and scales of heads directly from the full image. Second, we explicitly model pairwise relations among the objects via energy-based model where the potentials are computed with a CNN framework. Our full combined model complements R-CNN with contextual cues derived from the scene. To train and test our model, we introduce a large dataset with 369,846 human heads annotated in 224,740 movie frames. We evaluate our method and demonstrate improvements of person head detection compared to several recent baselines on three datasets. We also show improvements of the detection speed provided by our model.
Rapid and Reversible High-Affinity Binding of the Dinitroaniline Herbicide Oryzalin to Tubulin from Zea mays L (1993)

Oryzalin, a dinitroaniline herbicide, was previously reported to bind to plant tubulin with a moderate strengthe interaction (dissociation constant [Kd] = 8.4 [mu]M) that appeared inconsistent with the nanomolar concentrations of drug that cause the loss of microtubules, inhibit mitosis, and produce herbicidal effects in plants (L.C. Morejohn, T.E. Bureau, J. Mole-Bajer, A.S. Bajer, D.E. Fosket [1987] Planta 172: 252-264). To characterize further the mechanism of action of oryzalin, both kinetic and quasi-equilibrium ligand-binding methods were used to examine the interaction of [14C]-oryzalin with tubulin from cultured cells of maize (Zea mays L. cv Black Mexican Sweet). Oryzalin binds to maize tubulin dimer via a rapid and pH-dependent interaction to form a tubulin-oryzalin complex. Both the tubulin-oryzalin binding strength and stoichiometry are underestimated substantially when measured by kinetic binding methods, because the tubulin-oryzalin complex dissociates rapidly into unliganded tubulin and free oryzalin. Also, an uncharacterized factor(s) that is co-isolated with maize tubulin was found to noncompetitively inhibit oryzalin binding to the dimer. Quasi-equilibrium binding measurements of the tubulin-oryzalin complex using purified maize dimer afforded a Kd of 95 nM (pH 6.9; 23[deg]C) and an estimated maximum molar binding stoichiometry of 0.5. No binding of oryzalin to pure bovine brain tubulin was detected by equilibrium dialysis, and oryzalin has no discernible effect on microtubules in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, indicating an absence of the oryzalin-binding site on mammalian tubulin. Oryzalin binds to pure taxol-stabilized maize microtubules in a polymer mass- and number-dependent manner, although polymerized tubulin has a much lower oryzalin-binding capacity than unpolymerized tubulin. Much more oryzalin is incorporated into polyment during taxol-induced assembly of pure maize tubulin, and half-maximal inhibition of the rapid phase of taxol-induced polymerization of 5 [mu]M tubulin is obtained with 700 [mu]M oryzalin. The data are consistent with a molecular mechanism whereby oryzalin binds rapidly, reversibly, and with high affinity to the plant tubulin dimer to form a tubulin-oryzalin complex that, at concentrations substoichiometric to tubulin, copolymerizes with unliganded tubulin and slows further assembly. Because half-maximal inhibition of maize callus growth is produced by 37 nM oryzalin, the herbicidal effects of oryzalin appear to result from a substoichiometric poisoning of microtubules.
New Rugged Multicontact Connectors (1958)

Current and anticipated Army field tactics, requiring rugged communication ground equipment to withstand a wide range of environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature extremes, shock, vibration, sand, and mud, with a high degree of mobility, have established the need for a series of reliable general purpose, multicontact, power connectors which are capable of meeting these requirements. The AN series of connectors which have been employed to a great extent on military electronic equipments are considered unsuitable for present-day needs because of their high insertion and withdrawal forces, tedious coupling mechanisms, relatively high contact resistance characteristics, susceptibility to contact damage, poor mounting features, large number of maintenance parts, variety of connector classifications for specific applications, and general lack of ruggedness. The Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories in conjunction with the Scintilla Division of the Bendix Aviation Corporation have recently completed a five-year program which resulted in the development of a new series of connectors, designated as the Q series, to replace the AN series for Army applications. This paper presents the design features and performance data on the Q connectors with emphasis being placed on those features which contribute to its ruggedness and reliability.
Cycloadditions of <i>N</i>‐Aryl‐<i>C</i>‐(trifluoromethyl)nitrilimines with dimethyl fumarate and maleate (1985)

Abstract The cycloadditions of N ‐aryl‐ C ‐(trifluoromethyi)nitrilimines 1 , generated in situ from various precursors, with dimethyl fumarate and maleate are described. N ‐Aryltrifluoroacetohydrazonoyl bromides 2 reacted with fumarate in the presence of triethylamine to give the trans‐4,5‐dimethoxycarbonylpyrazolines 4 whereas the reactions with maleate afforded the 4,5 ‐dimethoxycarbonylpyrazoles 5 as well as 4. In the reactions with the chloride 6 under the more drastic conditions, both fumarate and maleate gave the pyrazole 5a. From thermolysis of the oxadiazaphosphole 8 , the trans ‐pyrazoline 4a was formed in both cases of fumarate and maleate. The preparation of the cis ‐pyrazoline 9 was attempted from 8 and maleic anhydride but 9 was found to be so unstable as to be epimerized under the mild conditions.
Phase Transition in SnTe with Low Carrier Concentration (1975)

The phase transition in SnTe was investigated on a single crystal with low carrier concentration (0.88×10 20 cm -3 ) by the neutron diffraction method. A second-order phase transition takes place at 98 K. Comparison of this considerably high transition temperature with previous data has revealed that the phase transition is strongly dependent on the carrier concentration and that the above temperature may be taken as an almost carrier-free limit. Possible origins of this dependence are speculated. Temperature change of the relative displacement of two sublattices in the rhombohedral phase was derived. At 25 K the single atom-position parameter deviates by 0.0040 from the value, 0.25, in the cubic phase. In the pseudobinary Pb 1- x Sn x Te system no evidence of phase transition was found for tin content x up to 0.35 at temperatures higher than 5 K even with low carrier concentration samples.
Frequency Control of a Nd^3+ Glass Laser (1966)

It is found that laser emission can be obtained in narrow lines less than 0.1 A wide anywhere within a 130-A interval centered about the peak emission at 1.06 mu by the use of thin reflecting plates acting as wavelength-sensitive mode selectors. For a plate aligned perpendicular to the axis of the laser the emission is at those wavelengths at which the plate thickness is an odd number of quarter wavelengths. The plate tends to produce a spiking emission as a function of time and no loss in output energy.
Direct evidence of nanocluster-induced luminescence in InGaN epifilms (2005)

x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry, and cathodoluminescence measurements have been employed to study the correlation between optical and structural properties in InGaN epitaxial films. In-rich quantum dots were found to be dispersed throughout the film. By the combination of these measurements, we clearly identify that brighter luminescence arises from In-rich regions while dimmer luminescence corresponds to the Ga-rich matrix regions.
5-Arylidenethioxothiazolidinones as Inhibitors of Tyrosyl–DNA Phosphodiesterase I (2012)

Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1) is a cellular enzyme that repairs the irreversible topoisomerase I (Top1)-DNA complexes and confers chemotherapeutic resistance to Top1 inhibitors. Inhibiting Tdp1 provides an attractive approach to potentiating clinically used Top1 inhibitors. However, despite recent efforts in studying Tdp1 as a therapeutic target, its inhibition remains poorly understood and largely underexplored. We describe herein the discovery of arylidene thioxothiazolidinone as a scaffold for potent Tdp1 inhibitors based on an initial tyrphostin lead compound 8. Through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies we demonstrated that arylidene thioxothiazolidinones inhibit Tdp1 and identified compound 50 as a submicromolar inhibitor of Tdp1 (IC₅₀ = 0.87 μM). Molecular modeling provided insight into key interactions essential for observed activities. Some derivatives were also active against endogenous Tdp1 in whole cell extracts. These findings contribute to advancing the understanding on Tdp1 inhibition.
Introduction (2011)

Abstract This book focuses on Larry Brown, a Mississippi writer who loved the world he grew up in and never really left it. In appearance and manner, Brown seemed a typical inhabitant of the area. Rugged, weathered, and gentle, he was a humorous yet warm and sensitive human being. A man of ambition, Brown pursued every activity in his life with incredible determination. Writing provided a positive outlet for this sometimes troubled man. When not writing, he sought relief from his depression in Oxford, where he frequently partied with his many friends. With the publication of Facing the Music in 1988, Brown became one of the most touted of the new group of working-class writers who emerged in the South as the literary descendants of Harry Crews, a Floridian whose background in many ways resembled Brown’s and whose novels offered sometimes shocking portraits of lower-class life.
Coliphage P1-mediated transduction of cloned DNA from Escherichia coli to Myxococcus xanthus: use for complementation and recombinational analyses (1983)

We have found that coliphage P1 can be used to transduce cloned DNA from Escherichia coli to Myxococcus xanthus. Transduction occurred at a high efficiency, and no evidence for DNA restriction was observed. The analysis of the transductants showed that they fall into three general categories: (i) haploid cells which contain portions of the cloned DNA substituted for homologous chromosomal DNA; (ii) heterozygous merodiploids which contain the recombinant plasmid integrated into the chromosome at a region of homology; and (iii) homozygous merodiploids which contain two copies of a portion of the cloned DNA with the loss of the chromosomal copy of the genes. The merodiploids, once formed, are relatively stable. They were used to analyze two genes necessary for aggregation and thus fruiting body formation. P1 transduction also permits the reintroduction and substitution of mutated regions of cloned DNA into M. xanthus for the analysis of the role of the DNA in cellular physiology and development.
Evaluation of clinical dental variables to build classifiers to predict celiac disease. (2008)

Logistic discriminant analysis built with salivary variables shows that these are good for predicting this eating pathology with 85% accuracy.
The Three Crowns (1990)

The Jewish national revival of our times has stimulated scholarly interest in the historical origins and manifestations of Jewry's distinctive traditions of constitutional thought and political action. This study is a contribution to that enquiry. Focusing on the structures of communal rule forged during the first five centuries of the common era, the book presents an analysis of the processes whereby the rabbis and their disciples replaced both priests and civic rulers as foci of political royalty and instruments of domestic government throughout the Jewish world. Cohen argues that much of Jewish political history during the age of the Mishnah and Talmud can be read as a record of the attempt to reinterpret the ancient concept of the three crowns (or clusters of rulership which determined Jewish public behaviour) and adapt it to rabbinic purposes.