gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Case 36-1962 (1962)

Presentation of CaseA sixty-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of cough and a mediastinal mass.Six months previously the patient began to have a constant tickle in the throat that led to paroxysms of hacking cough, leaving him weak and with epigastric pain. The cough was occasionally productive of a moderate amount of yellow sputum; no hemoptysis occurred. Two weeks before entry, after a particularly severe paroxysm, his physician noticed inflammation of the throat, persistently dilated, nonpulsatile neck veins and increased substernal dullness. A fluoroscopic examination of the chest revealed a large, nonpulsating substernal mass overriding the . . .
Gas Permeability of a Buckypaper Membrane (2003)

Gas permeability has been measured through a carbon nanotube-based “buckypaper” membrane and through commercially available porous anodized alumina membranes with 200 nm nominal pore dimensions. Permeation relationships through the alumina membrane are consistent with Knudsen-type diffusion. Permeation behavior in the “buckypaper” membrane, however, shows a strong dependence of permeability on pressure that is not explained by typical transport mechanisms. It is suggested that elastic deformation of the membrane from the pressure differential may contribute to this behavior.
A Chiral A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub> Macrocyclic Minireceptor with Extreme Enantioselectivity (2002)

We describe a novel macrocyclic minireceptor that is assembled from a chiral 1,2-diamine and 5-allyloxyisophthalic acid. After immobilization on HPLC silica, the chiral macrocycle preferentially binds the L-enantiomers of simple amino acid derivatives, with enantioselectivities values up to 3.0 kcal/mol. [structure: see text]
Measuring Economic Growth in Rural Communities: The Shift-Share Approach (1976)

Communities interested in economic growth and development need to be concerned with understanding at least three aspects of the development process. The first deals with identifying existing and historical composition of industry in the community, including an explanation of how changes in the study area differ from changes in other areas, and an identification of industries in which the community has had a comparative advantage. The second aspect deals with the many considerations involved in increasing desired economic activity in the community. This includes business and industrial development. The third aspect is addressed to estimating impacts of growth and development on the local community. Knowledge of expected consequences of alternative growth and development possibilities improves residents' ability to select preferred types of community growth. All three aspects must necessarily be considered as a community strives to expand and improve economic opportunity for its residents.
Motor Control by Sensory Cortex (2010)

Classical studies of mammalian movement control define a prominent role for the primary motor cortex. Investigating the mouse whisker system, we found an additional and equally direct pathway for cortical motor control driven by the primary somatosensory cortex. Whereas activity in primary motor cortex directly evokes exploratory whisker protraction, primary somatosensory cortex directly drives whisker retraction, providing a rapid negative feedback signal for sensorimotor integration. Motor control by sensory cortex suggests the need to reevaluate the functional organization of cortical maps.
Comparative Toxicity of Preservatives on Immortalized Corneal and Conjunctival Epithelial Cells (2009)

Generally, the order of decreasing toxicity at the most commonly used concentrations: Thi (0.0025%) > BAK (0.025%) > Cbl (0.25%) > MP (0.01%) > SP (0.0025%) approximately EDTA (0.01%). Even at low concentration, these agents will cause some degree of ocular tissue damage.
Synthesis of New Aromatic Pyrrolo[2,1- c] [1,4]benzodiazepines and Pyrrolo[1,2- a] thieno[3,2- e] [1,4]diazepines as Anti-tumoral Agents (2002)

Diazepine analogs of thieno[2,3-b]pyrrolizin-8-ones were synthesized by aromatization of 2-hydroxypyrrolo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e][1,4]diazepines. These compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antiproliferative activity against the L1210 leukemia cell line. The activity of these compounds was in the micromolar range, the best result being for the mixture of the isomers 5 and 6 which showed a 0.35 microM IC50 against cell growth.
Thermally-induced paramagnetism of spiropyrane iodides (2009)

Thermally stimulated paramagnetism has been found in the iodides of organic spiropyrane molecules, namely 1-isopropyl-3,3,5′,6′-tetramethylspiro(indolino-2,2′-[2H]pyrano[3,2-b]pyridinium) (SpSpSp) and spiro(1,3,3,7′-tetramethyl-indolino-2,3′-3H-pyrano[3,2-f]quinolinium) (Sp2Sp2). The activation energy of their triplet states was determined from the temperature dependence of their magnetic moments: 0.023 and 0.032 eV, respectively. It was found that the magnetic moment, μeff, increases under UV light (250–400 nm) due to the formation of high-spin (S = 3) states of the molecules.
Differential Production of <i>meta</i> Hydroxylated Phenylpropanoids in Sweet Basil Peltate Glandular Trichomes and Leaves Is Controlled by the Activities of Specific Acyltransferases and Hydroxylases (2002)

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) peltate glandular trichomes produce a variety of small molecular weight phenylpropanoids, such as eugenol, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid, that result from meta hydroxylation reactions. Some basil lines do not synthesize eugenol but instead synthesize chavicol, a phenylpropanoid that does not contain a meta hydroxyl group. Two distinct acyltransferases, p-coumaroyl-coenzyme A:shikimic acid p-coumaroyl transferase and p-coumaroyl-coenzyme A:4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid p-coumaroyl transferase, responsible for the production of p-coumaroyl shikimate and of p-coumaroyl 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, respectively, were partially purified and shown to be specific for their substrates. p-Coumaroyl-coenzyme A:shikimic acid p-coumaroyl transferase is expressed in basil peltate glands that are actively producing eugenol and is not active in glands of noneugenol-producing basil plants, suggesting that the levels of this activity determine the levels of synthesis of some meta-hydroxylated phenylpropanoids in these glands such as eugenol. Two basil cDNAs encoding isozymes of cytochrome P450 CYP98A13, which meta hydroxylates p-coumaroyl shikimate, were isolated and found to be highly similar (90% identity) to the Arabidopsis homolog, CYP98A3. Like the Arabidopsis enzyme, the basil enzymes were found to be very specific for p-coumaroyl shikimate. Finally, additional hydroxylase activities were identified in basil peltate glands that convert p-coumaroyl 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid to its caffeoyl derivative and p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid.
Alendronate, Vitamin D, and Calcium for the Treatment of Osteopenia/Osteoporosis Associated With HIV Infection (2005)

Alendronate, vitamin D, and calcium are safe and potentially useful in the treatment of osteopenia/osteoporosis associated with HIV infection.
A Recombinant Sendai Virus Is Controlled by CD4<sup>+</sup>Effector T Cells Responding to a Secreted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein (2007)

The importance of antigen-specific CD4(+) helper T cells in virus infections is well recognized, but their possible role as direct mediators of virus clearance is less well characterized. Here we describe a recombinant Sendai virus strategy for probing the effector role(s) of CD4(+) T cells. Mice were vaccinated with DNA and vaccinia virus recombinant vectors encoding a secreted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein and then challenged with a Sendai virus carrying a homologous HIV-1 envelope gene. The primed mice showed (i) prompt homing of numerous envelope-primed CD4(+) T cell populations to the virus-infected lung, (ii) substantial production of gamma interferon, and interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-5 in that site, and (iii) significantly reduced pulmonary viral load. The challenge experiments were repeated with immunoglobulin(-/-) microMT mice in the presence or absence of CD8(+) and/or CD4(+) T cells. These selectively immunodeficient mice were protected by primed CD4(+) T cells in the absence of antibody or CD8(+) T cells. Together, these results highlight the role of CD4(+) T cells as direct effectors in vivo and, because this protocol gives such a potent response, identify an outstanding experimental model for further dissecting CD4(+) T-cell-mediated immunity in the lung.
A 60 GHz Variable Gain Amplifier with a Low Phase Imbalance in 0.18 &#956;m SiGe BiCMOS Technology (2012)

A 60GHz variable gain amplifier is designed and fabricated in 0.18 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. A phase compensation technique is employed for the minimization of the phase imbalance at different gain states. With a 3.3 V supply, the amplifier achieves a variable gain ranging from -2.7 dB to 17.7 dB at 60 GHz, consuming DC power of 50 mW. The measured RMS phase imbalance is less than 2.8° at 57-66 GHz of the 60 GHz full band. The output 1-dB gain compression point is >; 2 dBm for all of the gain states at 60 GHz.
Expression of Siva-1 Protein or Its Putative Amphipathic Helical Region Enhances Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells: Effect of Elevated Levels of BCL-2 (2005)

Effective treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers with tamoxifen is often curtailed by the development of drug resistance. Antiestrogen-resistant breast cancers often show increased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor family members, ErbB1 and ErbB2. Tamoxifen activates the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27 to mediate G(1) arrest. ErbB2 or ErbB1 overexpression can abrogate tamoxifen sensitivity in breast cancer lines through both reduction in p27 levels and inhibition of its function. Here we show that the dual ErbB1/ErbB2 inhibitor, lapatinib (GW572016), can restore tamoxifen sensitivity in ER-positive, tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer models. Treatment of MCF-7(pr), T-47D, and ZR-75 cells with lapatinib or tamoxifen alone caused an incomplete cell cycle arrest. Treatment with both drugs led to a more rapid and profound cell cycle arrest in all three lines. Mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase B were inhibited by lapatinib. The two drugs together caused a greater reduction of cyclin D1 and a greater p27 increase and cyclin E-cdk2 inhibition than observed with either drug alone. In addition to inhibiting mitogenic signaling and cell cycle progression, lapatinib inhibited estrogen-stimulated ER transcriptional activity and cooperated with tamoxifen to further reduce ER-dependent transcription. Lapatinib in combination with tamoxifen effectively inhibited the growth of tamoxifen-resistant ErbB2 overexpressing MCF-7 mammary tumor xenografts. These data provide strong preclinical data to support clinical trials of ErbB1/ErbB2 inhibitors in combination with tamoxifen in the treatment of human breast cancer.
Molecular Redox‐Switches by Ligand Exchange (1996)

Simply by flipping up, suitable ligand units attached to the calix[4]arene -- iron(III) complex represented schematically on the right can bind the “soft” iron(II) ion generated on reduction (X = coordinating buffer molecules). The calixarene bears two sets of ion-binding groups: one for “hard” and one for “soft” metal ions. The metal complex switches between the two states during redox reactions, and this switching process can be followed in real time by UV/V is spectroscopy.
Building portable options: skill transfer in reinforcement learning (2007)

The options framework provides methods for reinforcement learning agents to build new high-level skills. However, since options are usually learned in the same state space as the problem the agent is solving, they cannot be used in other tasks that are similar but have different state spaces. We introduce the notion of learning options in agentspace, the space generated by a feature set that is present and retains the same semantics across successive problem instances, rather than in problemspace. Agent-space options can be reused in later tasks that share the same agent-space but have different problem-spaces. We present experimental results demonstrating the use of agent-space options in building transferrable skills, and show that they perform best when used in conjunction with problem-space options. 1
An Autofocus Sensor With Global Shutter Using Offset-Free Frame Memory (2010)

An autofocus (AF) sensor with global shutters using offset-free frame memory is presented. A cross-shaped AF sensor array has left and right horizontal arrays and top and bottom vertical arrays. AF is achieved by calculating the phase difference from the digital code of the light illumination difference between the left and right (or top and bottom) arrays. The global shutter was implemented by using offset-free frame memories for accuracy enhancement. The proposed offset-free frame memories consist of flip-around sample-and-hold amplifiers with correlated double sampling. An active pixel sensor array, offset-free frame memories, a programmable gain amplifier, a 10-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter, and digital control circuits are fully integrated on the chip fabricated on the 0.18-μm CMOS image sensor technology. It occupies 7 × 8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with bonding pads. Each active pixel size is 15 × 100 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The total power consumption of the AF sensor is 660 mW at 3.3-V supply voltage.
Size-dependent CO and propylene oxidation activities of platinum nanoparticles on the monolithic Pt/TiO<sub>2</sub>–YO<sub>x</sub>diesel oxidation catalyst under simulative diesel exhaust conditions (2015)

Small platinum oxide particles are beneficial for forming Pt<sup>0</sup>active species under diesel exhaust conditions, hence showing better DOC reactivity.
Blood Glucose Concentrations are Reduced in Children Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA), and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels are Increased in SGA with Blunted Postnatal Catch-up Growth (2003)

Fetal growth restriction is associated with an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. In addition, 10-20% of children born small for gestational age (SGA) do not achieve a normal final height. The purpose of this study was to investigate insulin sensitivity and endocrine status in SGA children, compared with that in children born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Furthermore, within the SGA group, we aimed to relate postnatal growth to anthropometric, biochemical, and endocrine parameters. Eighty-two SGA children (with a mean age of 8.6 +/- 3.5 yr) and 53 short-AGA children (with a mean age of 9.3 +/- 3.3 yr) were studied. A case-control study was carried out in 26 SGA and 26 short-AGA subjects. For each SGA subject, we selected a short-AGA child matched for sex, age (within 1 yr), pubertal status, body mass index (within 0.5 kg/m(2)), and height (within 0.25 z-score). Children's statures were corrected for their midparental height, and SGA children were subdivided into 2 groups: catch-up growth (CG) group (children with corrected height with at least 0 z-score); and non-CG (NCG) group (subjects with corrected height with less than 0 z-score). Comparing SGA with short-AGA subjects, no significant differences in fasting insulin, fasting glucose/insulin ratio, homeostasis assessment model for insulin resistance, and homeostasis assessment model-beta-cell values were observed. SGA children showed significantly reduced levels of glucose (4.4 +/- 0.6 vs. 4.9 +/- 0.6 mM, P < 0.0001), total cholesterol (160.1 +/- 28.8 vs. 171.8 +/- 28.5 mg/dl, P = 0.02), and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (53.3 +/- 12.1 vs. 58 +/- 11.4 mg/dl, P = 0.02). The analysis of the subjects selected for the case-control study confirmed that SGA children did not have significant differences in the indices of insulin sensitivity but showed significantly lower glucose levels (4.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 4.9 +/- 0.4 mM, P < 0.005). Subdividing the SGA group into CG (n = 25) and NCG (n = 57) children, we found that NCG children showed significantly higher levels of TSH (2.5 +/- 1.3 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.6 mU/liter, P = 0.002). Our data indicate that SGA children do not have altered insulin sensitivity when compared with auxologically identical AGA subjects but show a significant reduction of glucose concentrations. Whether the lower glucose levels are attributable to an early phase of augmented insulin sensitivity, as previously reported in animal models, has to be established. The finding of higher TSH concentrations in SGA children with blunted CG suggests that intrauterine reprogramming might involve thyroid function, which, in turn, might affect postnatal growth and cholesterol metabolism, eventually increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Optimization Alignment:Down,Up,Error,and Improvements (2002)

Optimization Alignment (OA) is a method for taking unaligned sequences and creating parsimonious cladograms without the use of multiple alignment. The method consists of two parts. First, a “down-pass” that moves “down” the tree from the terminal taxa (tips) to the root or base of the cladogram and, second, an “up-pass” which moves back up from the base to the tips. The down-pass creates preliminary (i. e., provisional) hypothetical ancestral sequences at the cladogram nodes and generates the cladogram length as a weighted sum of the character transformations (nucleotide substitutions and insertion-deletion events) required by the observed (terminal) sequences. The up-pass takes the information from the down-pass and creates the “final” estimates of the hypothetical ancestral sequences. From these the most parsimonious synapomorphy scheme can be derived to how which character transformation events characterize the various lineages on the tree. The combination of these two procedures allows phylogenetic searches to take place on unaligned sequence data, resulting in improvements in execution time and quality of results. This process differs from multiple alignment procedures (such as that of Sankoff and Cedergren [1]) in that OA attempts to determine the most parsimonious cost of a homology schemes would seem to be strengths. The heuristic nature of the cladogram length and ancestral sequence reconstruction would seem to be weaknesses. These can be improved, however, as described above. Although the problem is unlikely to be solved exactly, improvements along the lines suggested here could well bring incremental benefits and, combined with ideas of others, generate more satisfactory methods and more reliable results.
Reduced CSF Water Influx in Alzheimer’s Disease Supporting the β-Amyloid Clearance Hypothesis (2015)

UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000011939.
Liquidity risk, liquidity demand of investors and asset pricing (2012)

Among the field of asset pricing theory, the theoretical significance of market liquidity risk premium is a hot topic. This paper decomposes market liquidity risk into exogenous and endogenous liquidity risk, and introduces liquidity demand as a state variable, giving rise to the random holding horizon, and develops a liquidity risk-adjusted capital asset pricing model. Besides agreement with the previous theoretical literatures about the effect of exogenous liquidity risk on asset pricing, we find that different elasticity value of price impact can make a cross-sectional dispersion in required return for the level of liquidity and market liquidity risk. The state variable of liquidity demand affects market liquidity risk premium increasingly, and could induce the known time-varying phenomenon of liquidity risk premium.

	 

	Key words: Liquidity risk, liquidity demand, asset pricing.
Model-Driven Deep Learning for Physical Layer Communications (2018)

Intelligent communication is gradually considered as the mainstream direction in future wireless communications. As a major branch of machine learning, deep learning (DL) has been applied in physical layer communications and has demonstrated an impressive performance improvement in recent years. However, most of the existing works related to DL focus on data-driven approaches, which consider the communication system as a black box and train it by using a huge volume of data. Training a network requires sufficient computing resources and extensive time, both of which are rarely found in communication devices. By contrast, model-driven DL approaches combine communication domain knowledge with DL to reduce the demand for computing resources and training time. This article reviews the recent advancements in the application of model-driven DL approaches in physical layer communications, including transmission scheme, receiver design, and channel information recovery. Several open issues for further research are also highlighted after presenting the comprehensive survey.
Irreversible Enzyme Inhibitors. CVII.<sup>1</sup> Proteolytic Enzymes. II.<sup>2</sup> Bulk Tolerance within Chymotrypsin-Inhibitor Complexes (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIrreversible Enzyme Inhibitors. CVII.1 Proteolytic Enzymes. II.2 Bulk Tolerance within Chymotrypsin-Inhibitor ComplexesB. R. Baker and Jeffrey A. HurlbutCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1967, 10, 6, 1129–1133Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00318a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00318a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views329Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The effects of a new selective β <sub>3</sub> ‐adrenoceptor agonist (GW427353) on spontaneous activity and detrusor relaxation in human bladder (2006)

Neuropathic bladder dysfunction is characterized by increased spontaneous activity and involuntary detrusor contractions, which can result in urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia and incontinence. The novel feature of GW427353 is the ability to suppress spontaneous activity and produce significant relaxation in human detrusor tissue at low concentrations, whilst also inhibiting evoked detrusor contractions at higher concentrations.
Indian Kisan Credit Card Scheme: An Analytical Study (2016)

Kisan Credit Card (KCC) has now been regarded as the only medium of short-term credit for agriculture. The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced by the Finance Minister in his budget speech in the year 1998-99. From the year 1998-99, the scheme was implemented by public sector commercial banks, RRBs (Regional Rural Banks) and cooperative banks in the country. It has emerged as an innovative credit distribution system to meet the production credit requirements of the farmers in a timely and easy manner. The present paper is aimed to study role of Kisan Credit Card in the rural credit facilitation in India.