gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Copolymerization of Ethylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, and an Olefin‐Containing Fluorosulfonyl Fluoride: Synthesis of High‐Proton‐Conductive Membranes for Fuel‐Cell Applications (2004)

Excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties are exhibited by high-proton-conductive membranes synthesized by a facile copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene, and CH2CHCF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F (see scheme and AFM image). These membranes have been successfully used in a direct MeOH fuel cell. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z461104_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Effects of advancing age on peripheral nerve regeneration (1992)

Following axotomy, the regrowth of peripheral axons takes longer in older individuals than in young ones. The present study compares the crush-induced process of degeneration and regeneration in the buccal branch of the facial motor nerve in groups of rats aged 3 months and 15 months. Observations are based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of the nerve 20 mm from the site of injury in rats 1, 2, 4, 16, 21, 28, and 56 days after crush. The buccal branch is purely motor and contains a unimodal population of about 1,600 axons commonly in a single fascicle. During the first 28 days post crush (dpc) in the 3-month animals, the progression of myelin and axon degeneration, myelin clearance, regrowth of axon sprouts, and axon maturation are relatively synchronized and uniform. In the older rats, the degeneration of myelin and axons, myelin clearance, and the appearance of axon sprouts at the site of sample are all delayed. In the younger animals, axon sprouts increase in numbers from their first appearance at 4 dpc through the 2 weeks examined following the restoration of whisking behavior. The numbers of regenerating older axons increase at a rate comparable to that in the younger animals through the time that bilaterally symmetrical whisking behavior is evident, but afterwards the number of axon sprouts decreases. At 2 months after crush the young animals have 30% more fibers in the buccal branch than control nerves, while the older animals have fewer than control numbers. In the 3-month regenerated nerve, 2 months post crush, 30% of the regenerated fibers are of very small caliber, less than 3 microns2 in cross sectional area, and typically these small axons have unusually thick myelin sheaths; the older nerves do not have such a skewed distribution of axon areas. The older regenerated axons at 2 months post crush have an unusually high density of microtubules compared to the younger regenerated ones (and controls), and the ratio of neurofilaments to microtubules is very low. The conclusions are that motor neurons in older animals regenerate damaged axons after a delay not apparent in the young; the strong regenerative response apparent initially in animals of both age groups is not maintained in the older animals; and the relationship between the numerical density of cytoskeletal elements and the axon cross-sectional area deviates from normal in the regenerated axons of the older animals.
AGR2 Is a Novel Surface Antigen That Promotes the Dissemination of Pancreatic Cancer Cells through Regulation of Cathepsins B and D (2011)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal cancers largely due to disseminated disease at the time of presentation. Here, we investigated the role and mechanism of action of the metastasis-associated protein anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. AGR2 was induced in all sporadic and familial pancreatic intraepithelial precursor lesions (PanIN), PDACs, circulating tumor cells, and metastases studied. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometric analyses indicated that AGR2 localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the external surface of tumor cells. Furthermore, induction of AGR2 in tumor cells regulated the expression of several ER chaperones (PDI, CALU, RCN1), proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway (HIP2, PSMB2, PSMA3, PSMC3, and PSMB4), and lysosomal proteases [cathepsin B (CTSB) and cathepsin D (CTSD)], in addition to promoting the secretion of the precursor form pro-CTSD. Importantly, the invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells was proportional to the level of AGR2 expression. Functional downstream targets of the proinvasive activity of AGR2 included CTSB and CTSD in vitro, and AGR2, CTSB, and CTSD were essential for the dissemination of pancreatic cancer cells in vivo. Taken together, the results suggest that AGR2 promotes dissemination of pancreatic cancer and that its cell surface targeting may permit new strategies for early detection as well as therapeutic management.
In Vivo Action of the <i>HRD</i> Ubiquitin Ligase Complex: Mechanisms of Endoplasmic Reticulum Quality Control and Sterol Regulation (2001)

Ubiquitination is used to target both normal proteins for specific regulated degradation and misfolded proteins for purposes of quality control destruction. Ubiquitin ligases, or E3 proteins, promote ubiquitination by effecting the specific transfer of ubiquitin from the correct ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, or E2 protein, to the target substrate. Substrate specificity is usually determined by specific sequence determinants, or degrons, in the target substrate that are recognized by the ubiquitin ligase. In quality control, however, a potentially vast collection of proteins with characteristic hallmarks of misfolding or misassembly are targeted with high specificity despite the lack of any sequence similarity between substrates. In order to understand the mechanisms of quality control ubiquitination, we have focused our attention on the first characterized quality control ubiquitin ligase, the HRD complex, which is responsible for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) of numerous ER-resident proteins. Using an in vivo cross-linking assay, we directly examined the association of the separate HRD complex components with various ERAD substrates. We have discovered that the HRD ubiquitin ligase complex associates with both ERAD substrates and stable proteins, but only mediates ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme association with ERAD substrates. Our studies with the sterol pathway-regulated ERAD substrate Hmg2p, an isozyme of the yeast cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme HMG-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), indicated that the HRD complex discerns between a degradation-competent "misfolded" state and a stable, tightly folded state. Thus, it appears that the physiologically regulated, HRD-dependent degradation of HMGR is effected by a programmed structural transition from a stable protein to a quality control substrate.
Is Dual Site Better Than Single Site Atrial Pacing in the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation? (2000)

Long-term prevention of atrial fibrillation is not constantly realized by single-site right atrial pacing, and the beneficial role of multisite atrial pacing is still being studied. Accordingly, we compared the effectiveness of dual site and single site atrial pacing in 83 patients (50 men, 33 women, aged 69 +/- 10 years), who received a DDD device for primary sinus node dysfunction or bradycardia with documented atrial fibrillation. Inclusion criteria for dual site pacing were a sinus P wave > or = 120 ms and at least two episodes of documented paroxysmal AF in the 6 months preceding implantation. Dual site atrial pacing (high right atrium-coronary sinus ostium) was performed in 30 cases, and was compared to 53 single site paced patients, 21 with a P wave > or = 120 ms and 32 with a P wave < 120 ms. The basic pacing rate was programmed at 68 +/- 4 beats/min (range 60-75 beats/min). Sinus P wave (133 +/- 20 vs 95 +/- 9 ms; P < 0.001), paced P wave (107 +/- 14 vs 99 +/- 15; P < 0.05), number of antiarrhythmic drugs used (2.4 +/- 1.2 vs 1.6 +/- 1.5, P < 0.05), and the duration of symptoms (8.1 +/- 4.5 vs 3.8 +/- 2.4 years; P < 0.001) were significantly higher in dual site patients. The other characteristics were similar. During the follow-up of 18 +/- 15 months (range 3-30 months), paroxysmal AF was documented in 33 patients. Among these patients, 13 developed permanent AF following at least one episode of paroxysmal AF. When comparing dual site patients and single site patients with a P wave duration > or = 120 ms, paroxysmal AF incidence was lower in the dual site group (9/30 patients vs 15/21 patients, P < 0.01), as well as permanent AF (1/30 patients vs 8/21 patients, P < 0.01). By contrast, comparison between dual site patients and the group of single site patients with a P wave duration < 120 ms did not evidence any significant differences in paroxysmal (9/30 patients vs 9/32 patients) and permanent (1/30 patients vs 4/32 patients) AF incidences. Dual site seems better able than single site atrial pacing to improve the natural history of patients with a prolonged P wave, reducing the incidence of paroxysmal and permanent AF. No benefit could be expected in patients with a normal P wave duration.
Modulation of Auditory and Visual Processing by Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol: an fMRI Study (2011)

Although the effects of cannabis on perception are well documented, little is known about their neural basis or how these may contribute to the formation of psychotic symptoms. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the effects of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) during visual and auditory processing in healthy volunteers. In total, 14 healthy volunteers were scanned on three occasions. Identical 10 mg THC, 600 mg CBD, and placebo capsules were allocated in a balanced double-blinded pseudo-randomized crossover design. Plasma levels of each substance, physiological parameters, and measures of psychopathology were taken at baseline and at regular intervals following ingestion of substances. Volunteers listened passively to words read and viewed a radial visual checkerboard in alternating blocks during fMRI scanning. Administration of THC was associated with increases in anxiety, intoxication, and positive psychotic symptoms, whereas CBD had no significant symptomatic effects. THC decreased activation relative to placebo in bilateral temporal cortices during auditory processing, and increased and decreased activation in different visual areas during visual processing. CBD was associated with activation in right temporal cortex during auditory processing, and when contrasted, THC and CBD had opposite effects in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus, the right-sided homolog to Wernicke's area. Moreover, the attenuation of activation in this area (maximum 61, -15, -2) by THC during auditory processing was correlated with its acute effect on psychotic symptoms. Single doses of THC and CBD differently modulate brain function in areas that process auditory and visual stimuli and relate to induced psychotic symptoms.
Beginning ASP.NET 4.5.1: in C# and VB (2008)

This book is for anyone who wants to learn how to build rich and interactive web sites that run on the Microsoft platform. With the knowledge you gain from this book, you create a great foundation to build any type of web site, ranging from simple hobby-related web sites to sites you may be creating for commercial purposes. Anyone new to web programming should be able to follow along because no prior background in web development is assumed although it helps if you do have a basic understanding of HTML and the web in general. The book starts at the very beginning of web development by showing
A Reflective Mirror with Spherical Lens Arrays for Multi-Channel Optical Interconnectors (2009)

We present a reflective mirror with spherical lens arrays (RMS) for multi-channel optical interconnectors. The coupling loss from a 9/125µm SMF to a 62.5/125µm MMF of the RMS samples is measured to be about 0.22dB.
A general synthesis of aryl phosphines by palladium catalyzed phosphination of aryl bromides using triarylphosphines (2000)

Palladium catalyzed phosphination of substituted aryl bromides using triarylphosphines as the phosphinating agents has been developed; this method tolerates ketone, aldehyde, ester, nitrile, ether and chloride functional groups.
Synthesis and Characteristics of Epoxides (2018)

The term epoxy is a prefix referring to a bridge consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to two other atoms already united in some way. This chapter deals only with the synthesis and characteristics of the three-membered ring α- or 1,2-epoxides wherein the other two atoms are carbon. The capability of this group to undergo a large variety of addition and polymerization reactions leads to the numerous thermoplastic and thermosetting forms of epoxy resins. We define an epoxy resin as any molecule containing one or more 1,2-epoxy groups. The chemistry of 1,2-epoxides has been reviewed by numerous authors, including Winstein and Henderson [1], Eliel [2], Parker and Isaacs [3], Rosovsky [4], Malinovskii [5], and Buchanan and Sable [6]. Reviews on epoxy resins have been published by Lee and Neville [7], Coderre [8], Skeist [9], Paquin [10], Harper [11], St. Pierre [12], Kastens [13], Wismer [14], Furukawa and Saegusa [15], Schrade [16], Landau and Lidov [17], Ishii and Sakai [18], Pruckmayr [19], May and Tanaka [20], and Sandler and Karo [21]. Some aspects of epoxide chemistry have also reviewed by Dittus [22], Staude and Patat [23], Schoenberg [24], Yandovskii and Ershov [25], Buddrus [26], Tomalia [27], Wohl [28], Lane [29], Meleshevich [30], Huisgen [31], Stirling [32], and other [33–46].
Simulation in hospitals (1996)

Health care costs continue to rise because increased demand for services and limited budgets put pressure on resources, however efficiently they may be used. Proposes discrete event simulation as an effective tool in the search for more efficient health care systems. Looks at the application of a desktop computer simulation package to model part of a hospital subsystem. The simulation package shows how efficiency might be improved by moderating available resources and times taken to complete tasks. Maintains that the principles expounded here are applicable to many different aspects of health care management.
<b>The GalF protein of <i>Escherichia coli</i> is not a UDP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase but interacts with the GalU protein possibly to regulate cellular levels of UDP‐glucose</b> (1996)

We report the functional characterization of the galF gene of strain VW187 (Escherichia coli O7:K1), which encodes a polypeptide displaying structural features common to bacterial UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylases, including the E. coli GalU protein. These enzymes catalyse a reversible reaction converting UTP and glucose-1-phosphate into UDP-glucose and PPi. We show that, although the GalF protein is expressed in vivo, GalF-expressing plasmids cannot complement the phenotype of a galU mutant and extracts from this mutant which only produces GalF are enzymatically inactive. In contrast, the presence of GalU and GalF proteins in the same cell-free extract caused a significant reduction in the rate of pyrophosphorolysis (conversion of UDP-glucose into glucose-1-phosphate) but no significant effect on the kinetics of synthesis of UDP-glucose. The presence of GalF also increased the thermal stability of the enzyme in vitro. The effect of GalF in the biochemical properties of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase required the co-synthesis of GalF and GalU, suggesting that they could interact as components of the oligomeric enzyme. The physical interaction of GalU and GalF was demonstrated in vivo by the co-expression of both proteins as fusion products using a yeast two-hybrid system. Furthermore, using a pair of galF-/galU+ and galF/galU+ isogenic strains, we demonstrated that the presence of GalF is associated with an increased concentration of intracellular UDP-glucose as well as with an enhancement of the thermal stability of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in vivo. We propose that GalF is a non-catalytic subunit of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase modulating the enzyme activity to increase the formation of UDP-glucose, and this function is important for bacterial adaptation to conditions of stress.
Semi-exhaustive reduced-complexity recursive block decoding for MIMO systems (2016)

In this work we propose a new recursive block decoding method for MIMO systems. A complexity reduction is obtained compared to existing methods by avoiding the exhaustive decoding on one block. We propose the use of a semi-exhaustive search using a list composed of the Maximum Likelihood (ML) solution and its neighborhoods. We show through error probability derivation that we can achieve the full diversity by fixing a judicious choice of the list size or equivalently a threshold metric. A desired diversity order can be obtained by changing the list size. Simulation results show the obtained performances and the complexity gain.
Looking at Genes (1982)

WE usually diagnose genetic disorders, not by detecting abnormal genes, but by detecting the results of the abnormal genes' actions. Sickle-cell anemia, for example, is diagnosed by demonstrating aberrant properties of β-globin caused by the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 in the β-globin molecule. Since β-globin is made only in red-cell precursors, prenatal diagnosis of sickle-cell anemia by assaying the abnormal protein requires the demanding and potentially hazardous technique of fetoscopy or of placental aspirations. Whereas only fetal red-cell precursors make β-globin, all fetal cells — including easily accessible amniotic-fluid cells — contain β-globin genes. Thus, . . .
Brazilian Pre-Salt: The Challenges of Coring at a New Frontier (2010)

Abstract The recent discovered pre-salt reservoirs in Brazil have been plenty of challenges to coring, as well as other upstream areas. Its coring campaign warmed up in the middle of 2009 and has experienced good and bad moments, but the results were in general quite positive. This paper describes the problems and lessons up till now learned during these coring operations. The reservoirs are Cretaceous carbonate formations overwhelmed by a thick layer of rock; hence they are very hard and abrasive. Furthermore, the presence of faults increases jamming occurrence, when the core sample is not able to enter the barrel anymore due to friction factors. The unusual peculiarities of this scenario require unusual techniques, a new train of thought and an expertise restarting from square one. The lessons up till now learned will guide the next coring jobs at this scenario. This paper also presents the results of an analysis obtained at this scenario, comparing the performance between different kinds of equipments or techniques, and jamming occurrence. Finally, the paper describes the obstacles faced during a salt coring. There will probably be a big exploration movement at this scenario in the next years. Start a coring job aware of what we will face may save a substantial time and money.
Effects of H[sub 2]O[sub 2] on Electrochemical Characteristics of Silicon Wafers during Chemical Mechanical Polishing (2008)

Semiconductor silicon plays a significant role in microelectronic industries. In this paper, the effects of concentration on electrochemical characteristics of silicon wafers during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) as well as under static conditions were investigated by dc polarization and ac impedance techniques. The results revealed that concentration had a strong influence on the electrochemical behaviors of silicon wafers. The passivation strengthened with increasing concentration under the static condition. The addition of into the slurry increased the potential drop between static and polishing conditions, and the maximal potential drop was observed in the slurry with . There existed an optimal concentration to obtain the maximum corrosion current density and polishing rate. A low surface roughness could be obtained after CMP.
A Novel Synthesis of 3- and 4-Alkenylpyridines (1984)

A new approach for the simple preparation of 3-and 4alkenylpyridines that relys upon the palladium catalyzed cross coupling reactmn of dlethylpyridylboranes with vmylic bromides is described.In view of significance of alkenylpyridines as pharmacological interest and synthetic intermediates, much attention have been focused on thls structural unit and a large number of synthetic routes have been described.1Previously, we have reported that the palladium catalyzed cross coupling reaction of diethyl(3-pyridyl)borane(e) with aryl and heteroaryl halides offers a potential and satisfactory means for the preparation of 3-aryl-and 3-heteroarylpyridines. 2In the present paper, we descrlbe the extension of this methodology to the synthesis of 3and 4&alkenylpyridines(2), as shown in Chart 1.Thus, diethylpyridylboranes(l), obtained by the reaction of lithiopyridines and diethylmethoxyborane in high yields(G, 80%; g, 71%),3 could be smoothly converted to 2 by the palladium catalyzed coupllng reaction with various vinylic bromides(?), and the results were summarized in Table 1.