gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of the Amino-Terminal Extracellular Domain of CXCR-4 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry (1997)

We have studied the role of the N-terminal extracellular domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor, CXCR-4, in the entry and fusion of syncytium-inducing strains of HIV-1. Progressive deletions were introduced in the N-terminal extracellular domain of CXCR-4 and the effect on infection by different isolates was tested. Infection of cells expressing the different CXCR-4 deletion mutants by HIV-1 LAI and 89.6 was reduced only about twofold. In contrast, the HIV-1 GUN-1 and RF isolates were substantially more impaired in their ability to mediate cell-free infection and cell-cell fusion. Since LAI and RF are T-cell line-tropic viruses while 89.6 and GUN-1 are dual tropic, no clear correlation between tropism and requirements for CXCR-4 N-terminal sequences emerged. We also introduced point mutations at the two N-linked glycosylation sites. The isolates tested (LAI, RF, GUN-1, and 89.6) were not affected by the removal of predicted N-linked glycosylation sites in CXCR-4. We conclude that distinct virus strains interact differently with the CXCR-4 coreceptor and that the N-terminal extracellular domain is not the sole functional domain important for HIV-1 entry.
Enterotoxins and Adhesins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Are They Risk Factors for Acute Diarrhea in the Community? (1990)

A cohort of 228 Mexican children less than 5 years old was followed during the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC) season. The incidence of ETEC diarrhea-associated and asymptomatic infections was determined, and E. coli strains isolated from stool samples were tested for heat-labile and heat-stable toxins and for expression of colonization factor antigens (CFA). Of the children, 61% had at least one ETEC infection. Children with ETEC isolated from stools were more likely to have diarrhea than were ETEC-free age-matched control children (odds ratio [OR] = 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.9-7.0). Strains carrying CFA/IV, CFA/I, or CFA/II were found in 23%, 18%, and 5% of ETEC infections, respectively. The risk of having diarrhea associated with a CFA-expressing versus a CFA-negative ETEC strain was the same (age-adjusted OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.4-1.6). These data should be considered in the development of a diarrhea vaccine containing only CFAs.
A novel synchronous rectifiers based ZVS-PWM DC-DC power converter with extended soft-switching operation range (2003)

In this paper, a full bridge edge-resonant zero voltage mode based soft-switching PWM DC-DC power converter with a high frequency transformer link is presented. Active power MOSFETs operating as synchronous rectifier are implemented in the rectifier stage to reduce conduction losses and also to extend ZVS commutation area of the primary side power MOSFETs from rated to zero load without requirement of a magnetizing current. The operation of this phase-shift PWM controlled converter is described in comparison with conventional ZVS phase-shifted PWM DC-DC power converter with diodes rectifier. Moreover, the experimental results of the switching power losses analysis are discussed in this paper. The practical effectiveness of the power DC-DC power converter treated here is proved from a practical point of view by using 2.5 kW, 32 kHz breadboard circuit. An actual efficiency 97% of this converter is measured in the experiment.
Minimum delay placement with influence of nets and hierarchical clustering (2002)

This paper proposes a minimum delay placement employing a new net weighting method. A new factor to express the influence of a net on critical paths is incorporated in the conventional weight using slack allocation. This influence is defined for each net as the number of critical paths passing through it. An algorithm to calculate the influence is presented whose time complexity is O(n+b), where n is the number of nets and b is the number of blocks respectively. This net weighting method has been applied to the min-cut placement based on hierarchical clustering. The program has decreased the longest path delay by 21% for a benchmark containing 13141 blocks as compared with the case using only slack allocation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multiple electronic signatures on multiple documents (2004)

European, international and Internet standards are available to support electronic signatures. The most common signature formats are defined via the ASN.1 syntax with DER encoding, or the XML language. Furthermore PDF is a widespread document format with support for e-signatures. Application of signatures to e-documents must consider several aspects: long term signature validity, non-repudiation, qualified certificates, and many others. This paper focuses on the relationships among multiple documents and multiple signatures and analyses the support provided by current formats to this problem. Where lack of standardization or standard profiling is found, a proposal is made towards better application of e-signatures.
Heart Disease in Women (2007)

Type II diabetes has been estimated to account for up to 90-95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. In addition to the staggering number of diagnosed cases, a recent United States Department of Health and Human Services study identified that approximately 40% of US adults from 40-71 years of age are “prediabetic.”This condition is silent and may not be identified by the patient but results in increasing risk for cardiovascular disease and the development of type II diabetes.The increasing proportion of younger patients with impaired glucose tolerance or type II diabetes represent a critical public health issue with profound future implications for increasing prevalence of cardiovasculardisease in younger age groups after decades that have been spent in hopes of “delaying”cardiovascular disease in the elderly.
Structural elements in glycoprotein 70 from polytropic Friend mink cell focus-inducing virus and glycoprotein 71 from ecotropic Friend murine leukemia virus, as defined by disulfide-bonding pattern and limited proteolysis (1994)

The disulfide-bonding pattern of glycoprotein 70 (gp70), the surface glycoprotein (SU) encoded by the envelope gene of polytropic Friend milk cell focus-inducing virus, was elucidated and compared with that of glycoprotein 71 (gp71), the corresponding glycoprotein of the ecotropic Friend murine leukemia virus, which had previously been determined (M. Linder, D. Linder, J. Hahnen, H.-H. Schott, and Stirm, Eur. J. Biochem. 203:65-73, 1992). In the carboxy-terminal constant domain, in which these glycoproteins have about 97% sequence homology, the location of the four disulfide bonds was found to be analogous. In the amino-terminal differential domain, with about 37% sequence homology, 8 of the 12 cysteine residues of the ecotropic SU are conserved in the polytropic SU. In this domain, a similar clustering of disulfide bonds was detected, which led to the identification of three distinct disulfide-bonded regions in both glycoproteins. However, because of deletions and sequence deviations, the glycoproteins must have significantly different three-dimensional structures in these regions. Since the receptor-binding functions of both glycoproteins have been attributed to their amino-terminal domains and since each binds to a different receptor, these disulfide-bonded structures are likely candidates for receptor-binding functions. Limited proteolysis of both glycoproteins with various endoproteinases led to the identification of preferential proteolytic sites between disulfide-bonded regions, at the beginning of the hypervariable proline-rich region, and between differential and constant domains, further confirming the structural organization of the folded glycoproteins.
Recombinant fusion protein for simple detection of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin by GM1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1990)

A recombinant gene fusion protein composed of an Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) peptide epitope fused to the amino end of the cholera toxin B subunit was used to detect STa produced by clinical isolates of enterotoxigenic E. coli (STa-ETEC) by a single monoclonal antibody-based inhibition GM1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In this test, 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity were observed for use of the recombinant protein in either its purified form or as crude Vibrio cholerae culture supernatants in detection of STa-ETEC.
Genetic Mapping of Linked Antibiotic Resistance Loci in <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> (1974)

Loci for resistance to several antibiotics in laboratory-derived strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were mapped by genetic transformation. Genes for high-level resistance to streptomycin (str) and spectinomycin (spc) and for low-level resistance to tetracycline (tet) and chloramphenicol (chl) were linked. Also, a locus for high-level resistance to rifampin (rif) was linked to str and tet. The apparent order was rif... str... tet... chl... spc. Loci for resistance to other antibiotics (penicillin, erythromycin) were transferred independently of each other and were not linked to the cluster around str. Similar linkage relationships were found with str, tet, chl, and spc loci obtained from naturally occurring (clinical) isolates of N. gonorrhoeae.
Physical, chemical, and in vitro toxicological characterization of nanoparticles in chemical mechanical planarization suspensions used in the semiconductor industry: towards environmental health and safety assessments (2015)

This tutorial review focuses on aqueous slurries of dispersed engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) used in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) for polishing wafers during manufacturing of semiconductors.
Solid–gas interaction of nitrogen oxide adsorbed on MnOx–CeO2: a DRIFTS study (2001)

The formation of fluorite-type solid solutions with compositions (n)MnOx–(1 − n)CeO2 is effective in increasing adsorptive NO uptake. Solid–gas interactions for NO adsorbed onto preoxidized samples was studied by the use of diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to elucidate the role of each oxide component. On exposure to a flowing gas containing 0.04% NO, several different types of nitrate and/or nitrite were yielded depending on temperature (25 and 150 °C), O2 concentration (0, 2, and 10%) in the gas feed, and composition of the binary oxide (n = 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0). On CeO2 (n = 0), chelating nitrite (NO−2) prevailed, while only small amounts of bidentate and unidentate nitrates (NO−3) were formed at 150 °C. By contrast, adsorption onto MnOx (n = 1.0) at 150 °C produced bidentate nitrate even in the absence of O2, suggesting that the lattice oxygen takes part in the NO oxidation process. On MnOx–CeO2 (n = 0.25 and 0.5), chelating nitrite bound to Ce ions was increasingly converted to nitrate at higher O2 concentration and at elevated temperature. A surface reaction model on the basis of the DRIFTS results reveals that the redox of Mn ions with simultaneous oxygen equilibration with the gas phase should play a key role in facilitating the oxidative adsorption of NO.
Rapid construction of functioning physical interfaces from cardboard, thumbtacks, tin foil and masking tape (2006)

Rapid, early, but rough system prototypes are becoming a standard and valued part of the user interface design process. Pen, paper, and tools like Flash™ and Director™ are well suited to creating such prototypes. However, in the case of physical forms with embedded technology, there is a lack of tools for developing rapid, early prototypes. Instead, the process tends to be fragmented into prototypes exploring forms that look like the intended product or explorations of functioning interactions that work like the intended product - bringing these aspects together into full design concepts only later in the design process. To help alleviate this problem, we present a simple tool for very rapidly creating functioning, rough physical prototypes early in the design process - supporting what amounts to interactive physical sketching. Our tool allows a designer to combine exploration of form and interactive function, using objects constructed from materials such as thumbtacks, foil, cardboard and masking tape, enhanced with a small electronic sensor board. By means of a simple and fluid tool for delivering events to "screen clippings," these physical sketches can then be easily connected to any existing (or new) program running on a PC to provide real or Wizard of Oz supported functionality.
Quantum dots luminescence enhancement due to illumination with UV/Vis light (2009)

Quantum dots (QDs) are a novel class of inorganic fluorophores, which are gaining widespread recognition as a result of their exceptional photophysical properties. They are rapidly being integrated into existing and emerging technologies, and could play an important role in many areas in the future. Significant phenomena, such as photoactivation, are still unknown and must be understood and more fully defined before they can be widely validated. This review provides an overview of the photoactivation process of quantum dots in a systematic way, covering QD characteristics, solubilisation strategies, and a description of different photoactivation mechanisms, depending on the type of QDs and their surrounding environment.
Design and Evaluation of Data Annotation Workflows for CAVE-like Virtual Environments (2016)

Data annotation finds increasing use in Virtual Reality applications with the goal to support the data analysis process, such as architectural reviews. In this context, a variety of different annotation systems for application to immersive virtual environments have been presented. While many interesting interaction designs for the data annotation workflow have emerged from them, important details and evaluations are often omitted. In particular, we observe that the process of handling metadata to interactively create and manage complex annotations is often not covered in detail. In this paper, we strive to improve this situation by focusing on the design of data annotation workflows and their evaluation. We propose a workflow design that facilitates the most important annotation operations, i.e., annotation creation, review, and modification. Our workflow design is easily extensible in terms of supported annotation and metadata types as well as interaction techniques, which makes it suitable for a variety of application scenarios. To evaluate it, we have conducted a user study in a CAVE-like virtual environment in which we compared our design to two alternatives in terms of a realistic annotation creation task. Our design obtained good results in terms of task performance and user experience.
Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of the Plastoquinone Derivatives Isolated from Roldana barba-johannis (2002)

A phytochemical study of Roldana barba-johannis afforded two triterpenic esters, an eremophilanolide and three compounds structurally related to the antioxidants vitamin E and plastoquinone. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of sargahydroquinoic acid, sargachromenol, their mixture, and their methyl esters showed that most of them are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
EcdGHK Are Three Tailoring Iron Oxygenases for Amino Acid Building Blocks of the Echinocandin Scaffold (2013)

The echinocandins are a small group of fungal N-acylated cyclic hexapeptides that are fungicidal for candida strains and fungistatic for aspergilli by targeting cell wall 1,3-β-glucan synthases. The side chains of all six amino acid building blocks have hydroxyl groups, including the nonproteinogenic 4R,5R-dihydroxy-Orn1, 4R-OH-Pro3, 3S,4S-dihydroxy-homoTyr4, and 3S-OH-4S-Me-Pro6. The echinocandin (ecd) gene cluster contains two predicted nonheme mononuclear iron oxygenase genes (ecdG,K) and one encoding a P450 type heme protein (ecdH). Deletion of the ecdH gene in the producing strain Emericella rugulosa generates an echinocandin scaffold (echinocandin D) lacking both hydroxyl groups on Orn1. Correspondingly, the ΔecdG strain failed to hydroxylate C3 of the homoTyr residue, and purified EcdG hydroxylated free L-homoTyr at C3. The ΔecdK strain failed to generate mature echinocandin unless supplemented with either 4R-Me-Pro or 3S-OH-4S-Me-Pro, indicating blockage of a step upstream of Me-Pro formation. Purified EcdK is a Leu 5-hydroxylase, acting iteratively at C5 to yield γ-Me-Glu-γ-semialdehyde in equilibrium with the cyclic imine product. Evaluation of deshydroxyechinocandin scaffolds in the in vitro anticandidal assays revealed up to a 3-fold loss of potency for the ΔecdG scaffolds, but a 3-fold gain of potency for the ΔecdH scaffold, in line with prior results on deoxyechinocandin homologues.
VisGets: Coordinated Visualizations for Web-based Information Exploration and Discovery (2008)

In common Web-based search interfaces, it can be difficult to formulate queries that simultaneously combine temporal, spatial, and topical data filters. We investigate how coordinated visualizations can enhance search and exploration of information on the World Wide Web by easing the formulation of these types of queries. Drawing from visual information seeking and exploratory search, we introduce VisGets--interactive query visualizations of Web-based information that operate with online information within a Web browser. VisGets provide the information seeker with visual overviews of Web resources and offer a way to visually filter the data. Our goal is to facilitate the construction of dynamic search queries that combine filters from more than one data dimension. We present a prototype information exploration system featuring three linked VisGets (temporal, spatial, and topical), and used it to visually explore news items from online RSS feeds.
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation normal phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry of chlorophyll <i>a</i> allomers (2002)

Four oxidation products formed during the allomerisation reaction of chlorophyll a in methanol have been separated and identified using normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and photodiode array detection. Fragmentation pathways of the main stereoisomers of the four major products, Mg-purpurin-7 dimethyl phytyl ester, 15(1)-MeO-lact-chl a, 13(2)-MeO-chl a and 13(2)-HO-chl a, have been assigned using APCI-MS(n) aided by examination of deuteriated counterparts of the purpurin and the lactone. Diagnostic fragmentations have been determined, including those for Mg-purpurin-7 dimethyl phytyl ester and 15(1)-MeO-lact-chl a, which display very similar full MS and MS/MS spectra. The use of NP-HPLC offers a rapid and efficient method which, combined with MS/MS, reduces reliance on precursor ion mass for assignment of structure in the allomerisation reaction where major and minor components are often isobaric.
Structural and functional analysis of a lycopene β‐monocyclase gene isolated from a unique marine bacterium that produces myxol (2003)

A gene coding for lycopene beta-monocyclase, which metabolizes lycopene (psi,psi-carotene) to gamma-carotene (beta,psi-carotene), was isolated for the first time from a unique marine bacterium strain P99-3 that produces myxol (a gamma-carotene derivative). This lycopene beta-monocyclase gene (designated crtYm) was included in the gene cluster which contained carotenoid biosynthetic gene (crtI, crtB, crtZ, crtY, and crtA) homologs. CrtYm, the CrtY homolog, metabolized lycopene to gamma-carotene, which was confirmed by deletion/expression analysis of the crtYm and by subsequent analysis of the metabolites from lycopene based on the retention times on high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-visible absorption spectra, and mass spectrometry.
Idea selection and Information Aggregation Markets (2008)

Several methods and software tools exist for evaluating new ideas in corporate environments, which provide significant help to decision makers when selecting the most promising suggestions for innovation. In this paper, we identify five criteria for assessing idea evaluation methods (number and type of ideas, number and motivation of evaluators, type of feedback) and we use them to review prominent methods (multi-criteria analysis, statistical analysis, qualitative research, rapid prototyping, feasibility studies and Information Aggregation Markets). We identify Information Aggregation Markets as a prominent new method and we present a novel system that implements the concept of Information Aggregation Markets as well as early results from its evaluation.
Dementia of the eye: the role of amyloid beta in retinal degeneration (2015)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of irreversible blindness affecting nearly 50 million individuals globally. The disease is characterised by progressive loss of central vision, which has significant implications for quality of life concerns in an increasingly ageing population. AMD pathology manifests in the macula, a specialised region of the retina, which is responsible for central vision and perception of fine details. The underlying pathology of this complex degenerative disease is incompletely understood but includes both genetic as well as epigenetic risk factors. The recent discovery that amyloid beta (Aβ), a highly toxic and aggregate-prone family of peptides, is elevated in the ageing retina and is associated with AMD has opened up new perspectives on the aetiology of this debilitating blinding disease. Multiple studies now link Aβ with key stages of AMD progression, which is both exciting and potentially insightful, as this identifies a well-established toxic agent that aggressively targets cells in degenerative brains. Here, we review the most recent findings supporting the hypothesis that Aβ may be a key factor in AMD pathology. We describe how multiple Aβ reservoirs, now reported in the ageing eye, may target the cellular physiology of the retina as well as associated layers, and propose a mechanistic pathway of Aβ-mediated degenerative change leading to AMD.
Characterization of a surface micromachined pressure sensor array (1995)

A surface micromachined pressure sensor array has been designed and fabricated. The sensors are based upon deformable, silicon nitride diaphragms with polysilicon piezoresistors. Absolute pressure is detected by virtue of reference pressure cavities underneath the diaphragms. For this type of sensor, design tradeoffs must be made among allowable diaphragm deflection, diaphragm size, and desireable pressure ranges. Several fabrication issues were observed and addressed. Offset voltage, sensitivity, and nonlinearity of 100 micrometers diameter sensors were measured.
Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium in Aqueous Solutions by Polypyrrole (1993)

Spontaneous electron transfer, along with anion uptake by doping, form the basis of a new concept for the reduction of toxic Cr(VI) using an electronically conductive polymer, e.g., polypyrrole. Proof of concept experiments are described which show that aqueous sulfuric acid solutions containing 5–100 ppm Cr(VI) can be thus converted at ∼100% efficiency to the environmentally more tractable Cr(III) species at time intervals spanning several minutes. The reversibility of the polymer redox process enables the electrochemical recycling of polypyrrole for repeated treatment of Cr(VI). The key advantages relative to the chemical and electrochemical cleanup strategies currently employed include those related to material recyclability, selectivity, and efficiency at low (ppm) Cr(VI) levels.