gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suramin inhibits growth and yet promotes insulin-like growth factor II expression in HepG2 cells. (1993)

Suramin, a drug shown to inhibit the growth of some tumor cell types in vivo and in vitro, was found to strongly inhibit the proliferation of the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, grown in either serum-supplemented medium or a serum-free, hormonally defined medium tailored for hepatoma cells. In parallel, suramin induced the expression of the 6.0-kilobase transcript of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) but had no significant effect on transforming growth factor beta 1 mRNA levels in these cells. The induction in the abundance of IGF II mRNA was posttranscriptionally regulated. The growth-inhibitory effect of suramin was not mediated through IGF II, since addition of IGF II directly to the medium mildly stimulated the growth of HepG2 cells in a dose-responsive manner. Treatment of cells with suramin for 24 h resulted also in increased albumin mRNA levels in both HepG2 cells and normal rat hepatocytes. Suramin's effect on albumin occurred only in cells in medium supplemented with serum and in freshly plated cells, i.e., cells that had not been in culture long enough to form their own extracellular matrix substratum. We hypothesize that, as for heparin, suramin can bind serum factor(s), adversely affecting the stability of albumin mRNA. Addition of either IGF I or IGF II directly to cells resulted in an increase in albumin mRNA in HepG2 cells after 4 days in culture, implicating a role for these factors in differentiation. Yet they showed no effect unless the cells were grown for 2 days in serum-supplemented medium and then switched to a hormonally defined medium. Thus, both mitogenic and differentiation effects of IGFs were observed, and the qualitative responses of the cells to IGFs were dictated by other variables. Neither suramin nor IGF II had an effect on total sulfation levels in cells or medium conditioned by HepG2 cells and rat hepatocytes, suggesting that they have few, if any, effects on glycosaminoglycan synthesis or the extent of sulfation. Therefore, at present, suramin's potent biological effects on the growth and differentiation of HepG2 cells and rat hepatocytes are clearly complex and mediated through as yet unclear mechanisms.
Temporal evolution of the shock wave and hot core air in laser induced plasma (2000)

The temporal evolution of electric breakdown in air at atmospheric pressure by Nd:yttrium–aluminum–garnet Q-switched nanosecond laser pulses was studied from the nanosecond to the millisecond time scale by shadowgraphy and interferometry techniques. The results were modeled with a gasdynamic code with good agreement. It was possible to simultaneously model the whole evolution of the plasma, the shock wave, and the hot core air. The shock wave velocity was determined to be ⩾60 km s−1 at 20 ns. The plasma temperature was found to reach about 1.7×104 K at 1 μs and the hot core air temperature was determined to be &lt;103 K at 100 μs. This letter presents an experimental work that extends the study of laser induced plasmas to millisecond time scales.
The circumstances and contributions of older persons in three Asian countries: Preliminary results of a cross-national study (1992)

"This article examines some of the findings from surveys carried out in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand as part of a cross-national study of ageing sponsored by the World Health Organization. It finds that the majority of elderly in these countries live in households with their children and in many cases also with their grandchildren. The elderly also contribute significantly to household activities. In the future, the special needs of very old women will have to be addressed as it will be difficult for their children to meet those needs without assistance."
Latency and bandwidth-minimizing failure detectors (2007)

Failure detectors are fundamental building blocks in distributed systems. Multi-node failure detectors , where the detector is tasked with monitoring N other nodes, play a critical role in overlay networks and peer-to-peer systems. In such networks, failures need to be detected quickly and with low overhead. Achieving these properties simultaneously poses a difficult tradeoff between detection latency and resource consumption. In this paper, we examine this central tradeoff, formalize it as an optimization problem and analytically derive the optimal closed form formulas for multi-node failure detectors. We provide two variants of the optimal solution for optimality metrics appropriate for two different deployment scenarios. √ s-LM is a latency-minimizing optimal failure detector that achieves the lowest average failure detection latency given a fixed bandwidth constraint for system maintenance. √ s-BM is a bandwidth-minimizing optimal failure detector that meets a desired detection latency target with the least amount of bandwidth consumed. We evaluate our optimal results with node lifetimes chosen from bimodal and Pareto distributions, as well as real-world trace data from PlanetLab hosts, web sites and Microsoft PCs. Compared to standard failure detectors in wide use, √ s failure detectors reduce failure detection latencies by 40% on average for the same bandwidth consumption, or conversely, reduce the amount of bandwidth consumed by 30% for the same failure detection latency.
Instantaneous frequency estimation and measurement: a quasi-local method (2002)

This paper describes a method for estimating the instantaneous frequency and instantaneous amplitude of real signals. The method is based on engineering ideas and uses frequency separation with a filter similar to those found in radio devices. The method approximates the analytic signal, and the estimated amplitude and frequency are practically the same as those given by the analytic signal. The method is simple, fast, precise, robust to noise, easy to implement, free of parasitic cross-terms and gives results which compare very favourably with other methods for the measurement of frequency modulated signals, associated or not with amplitude modulation. Examples are given, both of mathematical signals and of real world signals (a bat echo-location signal), showing that the method can be used for precise analysis of a very large variety of signals.
Coherent Optical Spectroscopy of a Strongly Driven Quantum Dot (2007)

Quantum dots are typically formed from large groupings of atoms and thus may be expected to have appreciable many-body behavior under intense optical excitation. Nonetheless, they are known to exhibit discrete energy levels due to quantum confinement effects. We show that, like single-atom or single-molecule two- and three-level quantum systems, single semiconductor quantum dots can also exhibit interference phenomena when driven simultaneously by two optical fields. Probe absorption spectra are obtained that exhibit Autler-Townes splitting when the optical fields drive coupled transitions and complex Mollow-related structure, including gain without population inversion, when they drive the same transition. Our results open the way for the demonstration of numerous quantum level-based applications, such as quantum dot lasers, optical modulators, and quantum logic devices.
Combining tags with error codes (1983)

Many computer systems include extra bits in each word of storage to allow detection (and possibly correction) of memory failures. These same bits can be used to implement tag-checking without sacrificing their normal error-handling properties. The tagging facility so provided can be used to detect a variety of hardware and software errors that might otherwise go undetected. Because no extra storage is required, the cost of adding such tagging can be small even though the benefit derived can be large.
Energy Transport Model in Semiconductor Science (2003)

This is a survey lecture on energy transport models in semiconductor science. We will discuss the initial boundary value problem with insulated boundary of two typical energy transport models in two aspects. One is the existence of a kind of strong solution, and the other is the global existence and large time behavior of smooth solution.
3-D FDTD design analysis of a 2.4-GHz polarization-diversity printed dipole antenna with integrated balun and polarization-switching circuit for WLAN and wireless communication applications (2003)

Detailed numerical simulation, fabrication, and experimental measurements of a 2.4-GHz polarization-diversity printed dipole antenna are presented for wireless communication applications. Two orthogonal printed dipole antennas, each with a microstrip via-hole balun feeding structure, are combined and fabricated on an FR-4 printed-circuit-board substrate. A p-i-n diode circuit is used to switch and select the desired antenna polarization. In the antenna design simulation, a full-wave method of a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is employed to analyze the entire structure of the printed antenna including the lumped elements of the polarization-selected p-i-n diode switching circuit. The Berenger perfectly matched layer absorbing-boundary condition is used for the FDTD computation. Numerical and measured results of antenna radiation characteristics, including input standing-wave ratio, radiation patterns, and polarization diversity are presented.
Potassium current suppression in patients with peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (1999)

Acquired neuromyotonia (Isaac's syndrome) is considered to be an autoimmune disease, and the pathomechanism of nerve hyperexcitability in this syndrome is correlated with anti-voltage-gated K(+) channel (VGKC) antibodies. The patch-clamp technique was used to investigate the effects of immunoglobulins from acquired neuromyotonia patients on VGKCs and voltage-gated Na(+) channels in a human neuroblastoma cell line (NB-1). K(+) currents were suppressed in cells that had been co-cultured with acquired neuromyotonia patients' immunoglobulin for 3 days but not for 1 day. The activation and inactivation kinetics of the outward K(+) currents were not altered by these immunoglobulins, nor did the immunoglobulins significantly affect the Na(+) currents. Myokymia or myokymic discharges, with peripheral nerve hyperexcitability, also occur in various neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and idiopathic generalized myokymia without pseudomyotonia. Immuno-globulins from patients with these diseases suppressed K(+) but not Na(+) currents. In addition, in hKv 1.1- and 1.6-transfected CHO (Chinese hamster ovary)-K1 cells, the expressed VGKCs were suppressed by sera from acquired neuromyotonia patients without a change in gating kinetics. Our findings indicate that nerve hyperexcitability is mainly associated with the suppression of voltage-gated K(+) currents with no change in gating kinetics, and that this suppression occurs not only in acquired neuromyotonia but also in Guillain-Barré syndrome and idiopathic generalized myokymia without pseudomyotonia.
The Role of Meta-Level Inference in Problem-Solving Strategy for a Knowledge-Based Dynamics Analysis Aid (1991)

The explicit representation of knowledge in knowledge-based analysis tools may help designers by improving the nature of their interaction with the tools. This work shows how meta-level inference makes knowledge-based architectures feasible for building engineering analysis tools, particularly in the field of dynamics. Meta-level inference improves performance and makes control knowledge explicit so that it may be more easily understood by humans than if it were embedded in domain knowledge. Also shown are some methods which further improve the performance of meta-level representation and its ability to represent control knowledge.
Regulation of antibody specificity to <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> merozoite surface protein-1 by adjuvant and MHC haplotype. (1994)

An effective malaria vaccine must be capable of eliciting a protective immune response in individuals of diverse genetic makeup. In this report, we describe the co-regulation of immune responsiveness to growth-inhibitory Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) epitopes by MHC-linked immune response genes and by the adjuvant used in MSP-1 vaccine formulations. When congenic mice differing in MHC haplotype were immunized with MSP-1 either in CFA or incorporated into a synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A (LA-15-PH)-liposome formulation, mice of different haplotypes produced anti-MSP-1 Abs capable of inhibiting P. falciparum growth. Mice of H-2b and H-2ja haplotypes produced Abs possessing high levels of inhibitory activity upon immunization with MSP-1 in LA-15-PH/liposomes whereas these haplotypes produced noninhibitory Abs when immunized with MSP-1 in CFA. Conversely, H-2d haplotype mice produced inhibitory Abs when immunized with MSP-1 in CFA but not when immunized with MSP-1 in LA-15-PH/liposomes. The LA-15-PH/liposome adjuvant was more effective than CFA in inducing growth-inhibitory Abs. The level of parasite growth inhibition observed for a particular mouse strain correlated with Ab titers against conserved, C-terminal MSP-1 epitopes, which appear to be important targets for Ab-mediated inhibition in mice immunized with both adjuvant formulations. Our results suggest that adjuvant formulation and MHC genes act in a reciprocal manner to control immune responsiveness to specific epitopes, and raise the possibility of manipulating genetically-controlled responsiveness to vaccine Ags by utilizing alternative adjuvants in vaccine formulations.
Modified melanocortin tetrapeptide Ac‐His‐<scp>d</scp>Phe‐Arg‐Trp‐NH<sub>2</sub> at the arginine side chain with ureas and thioureas (2005)

The Ac-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2 tetrapeptide is a nonselective melanocortin agonist and replacement of Arg in the tetrapeptide with acidic, basic or neutral amino acids results in reduced potency at the melanocortin receptor (MCR) isoforms (MC1R and MC3-5R). To determine the importance of the positive charge and the guanidine moiety for melanocortin activity, a series of urea- and thiourea-substituted tetrapeptides were designed. Replacement of Arg with Lys or ornithine reduced agonist activity at the mouse mMC1 and mMC3-5 receptors, thus supporting the hypothesis that the guanidine moiety is important for receptor potency, particularly at the MC3-5 receptors. The Arg side chain-modified tetrapeptides examined in this study include substituted phenyl, naphthyl, and aliphatic urea and thiourea residues using a Lys side-chain template. These ligands elicit full-agonist pharmacology at the mouse MCRs examined in this study.
Phase equilibria studies of the “MnO”–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–SiO<sub>2</sub> system in equilibrium with metallic alloy. Part 2: phase equilibria (2015)

Abstract The phase equilibria in the “MnO”–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 system in equilibrium with metallic alloy have been determined. This paper is the second of two papers presenting research undertaken as part of a broader study on the phase equilibria in the Al 2 O 3 –CaO–Li 2 O–“MnO”–SiO 2 multi-component system, representing the major components of the lithium ion battery recycling slag. The experimental procedures involve equilibration of high purity powder mixtures at high temperatures, rapid quenching, and accurate measurement of phase compositions using electron probe micro-analysis. The liquidus surface is determined at temperatures between 1373 K and 1523 K in the tridymite, rhodonite, tephroite, galaxite, spessartine, corundum and Mn-anorthite primary phase fields resulting in an accurate representation of the phase diagram. The system is found to contain three binary peritectics and four binary eutectics, six ternary peritectics and three ternary eutectics.
Effect of substituent on reactions remote from silicon: regioselective .alpha.-alkylation of .alpha.-silylallyl carbanions (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of substituent on reactions remote from silicon: regioselective .alpha.-alkylation of .alpha.-silylallyl carbanionsRaymond F. Horvath and Tak Hang ChanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 2, 317–327Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00263a012https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00263a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views599Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Antibacterial potential of non-volatile constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis against 37 clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria (2013)

In this paper we investigated the antibacterial activity of a methanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and their main constituents, carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, against 37 nosocomial strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Results obtained showed that both the rosemary extract and carnosic acid inhibited all clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant and Enterococcus faecalis gentamicin and streptomycin-resistant bacteria examined (MICs 60 μg/mL vs. 200 μg/mL, respectively). Rosemary extract showed MIC values between 400 and 1600 μg/ml against the Gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii and Providencia stuartii, while carnosic acid showed MIC of 120 to 240 μg/mL. Bactericidal effect of carnosic acid against S. aureus and E. faecalis was observed at their MIC value, while 2 x MIC to 4 x MIC were needed to kill Gram-negative bacteria. Rosmarinic acid showed a narrow spectrum of action against a few Gram-negative clinical isolates. Our findings suggest that carnosic acid would be a good lead candidate useful in counteracting drug-resistant infections.
Characterization of Wild-Type and Cidofovir-Resistant Strains of Camelpox, Cowpox, Monkeypox, and Vaccinia Viruses (2002)

Cidofovir ([(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine] [HPMPC])-resistant forms of camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses were developed by prolonged passage in Vero 76 cells in the presence of drug. Eight- to 27-fold-higher concentrations of cidofovir were required to inhibit the resistant viruses than were needed to inhibit the wild-type (WT) viruses. Resistant viruses were characterized by determining their cross-resistance to other antiviral compounds, examining their different replication abilities in two cell lines, studying the biochemical basis of their drug resistance, and assessing the degrees of their virulence in mice. These viruses were cross resistant to cyclic HPMPC and, with the exception of vaccinia virus, to (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine. Three of the four resistant cowpox and monkeypox viruses exhibited reduced abilities to infect and replicate in 3T3 cells compared to their abilities in Vero 76 cells. Compared to the WT virus polymers the resistant cowpox virus DNA polymerase was 8.5-fold less sensitive to inhibition by cidofovir diphosphate, the active form of the drug. Intracellular phosphorylation of [3H]cidofovir was not stimulated or inhibited by infection with resistant cowpox virus. In intranasally infected BALB/c mice, WT cowpox virus was 80-fold more virulent than the resistant virus. Cidofovir treatment (100 mg/kg of body weight, given one time only as early as 5 min after virus challenge) of a resistant cowpox virus infection could not protect mice from mortality. However, the drug prevented mortality in 80 to 100% of the mice treated with a single 100-mg/kg dose at 1, 2, 3, or 4 days after WT virus challenge. By application of these results to human orthopoxvirus infections, it is anticipated that resistant viruses may be untreatable with cidofovir but their virulence may be attenuated. Studies will need to be conducted with cidofovir-resistant monkeypox virus in monkeys to further support these hypotheses.
Laser ignition of pyrotechnic mixtures: Ignition mechanisms (1993)

A laser method for studying the ignition processes of a pyrotechnic mixture is presented. The experimental equipment consists mainly of a 250 W CO2 laser, an explosive chamber, a power meter, and a mechanical shutter. Using the laser ignition apparatus a parametrical study of the ignitability of a pyrotechnic mixture (Mg/NaNO3) was conducted. The influence of the following parameters on the ignition energy was studied: pulse width, beam radius, particle size, different sorts of Mg, and gas pressure. These measurements are complemented by some ignition measurements on a Mg/BaO2 mixture where the influence of catalysis is studied. Furthermore some high-speed photography of the ignition process is presented. The thermal explosion theory is then applied to these measurements for a calculation of some of the important parameters followed by a discussion of the ignition mechanisms. The activation energy (Ea=148 kJ/mol), frequency factor (K0=7.1×1017 s−1), and absorption coefficient (α=3.1104 m−1) were calculated from the measurements. Using the experimentally determined parameters a 2D finite-element computer modeling of the ignition was carried out, showing that the ignition energy can be calculated with a fair degree of accuracy but that the time to ignition cannot be modeled with a pure heat transfer model. The study is concluded with a discussion of ignition mechanisms for pyrotechnic mixtures, which especially points out that the ignition mechanism for Mg/NaNO3 is a melting of the oxidizer followed by a decomposition of the oxidizer, diffusion of the produced oxygen through the oxide layer on the magnesium particles with a consecutive reaction of oxygen and magnesium.