gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Strategies in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: Identification of Tumor Drivers to Personalize Therapy (2012)

Treatment for non-small cell lung cancer has been improving, with personalized treatment increasingly becoming a reality in the clinic. Unfortunately, these advances have largely been confined to the treatment of adenocarcinomas. Treatment options for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung have lagged behind, partly because of a lack of understanding of the oncogenes driving SCC. Cytotoxic chemotherapy continues to be the only treatment option for many of our patients, and no genetic tests are clinically useful for patients with SCC. Recent advances in basic science have identified mutations and alterations in protein expression frequently found in SCCs, and clinical trials are ongoing to target these changes.
A Local Market Model Involving Prosumers Taking Into Account Distribution Network Congestions in Smart Cities (2014)

In this paper, the authors describe how the smart grid technologies allow to realize aggregations of collaborative users in a Smart City context by a new entity, the City Energy Provider. The goal of the City Energy Provider is to manage the financial and physical energy transactions implementing local markets. In order to realize this aim, appropriate models of local electricity market are proposed. In particular, a model able to take into account congestions in the distribution network is proposed. It is based on the identification of critical area and the well-known market splitting procedure. Most significant numerical results on a test system are reported.
Fractal signature and lacunarity in the measurement of the texture of trabecular bone in clinical CT images (2001)

Fractal analysis is a method of characterizing complex shapes such as the trabecular structure of bone. Numerous algorithms for estimating fractal dimension have been described, but the Fourier power spectrum method is particularly applicable to self-affine fractals, and facilitates corrections for the effects of noise and blurring in an image. We found that it provided accurate estimates of fractal dimension for synthesized fractal images. For natural texture images fractality is limited to a range of scales, and the fractal dimension as a function of spatial frequency presents as a fractal signature. We found that the fractal signature was more successful at discriminating between these textures than either the global fractal dimension or other metrics such as the mean width and root-mean-square width of the spectral density plots. Different natural textures were also readily distinguishable using lacunarity plots, which explicitly characterize the average size and spatial organization of structural sub-units within an image. The fractal signatures of small regions of interest (32x32 pixels), computed in the frequency domain after corrections for imaging system noise and MTF, were able to characterize the texture of vertebral trabecular bone in CT images. Even small differences in texture due to acquisition slice thickness resulted in measurably different fractal signatures. These differences were also readily apparent in lacunarity plots, which indicated that a slice thickness of 1 mm or less is necessary if essential architectural information is not to be lost. Since lacunarity measures gap size and is not predicated on fractality, it may be particularly useful for characterizing the texture of trabecular bone.
The essential role of inflammation and induced gene expression in the pathogenic pathway of Alzheimer s disease (1998)

Alzheimer's disease is among the most common diseases of advanced age affecting almost one out of ten individuals who survive beyond the age of 65 years, and an another 10% for each additional decade of the life-span. The prognosis of the disease is an inexorable decline of mental functions leading to complete dependence on caretakers in the late stages of the disease. Alzheimer's disease will become a steadily increasing financial health-care problem in the industrialized world with the increasing longevity and ageing of the population. To-date there are no effective therapeutics. However, during the last years promising findings suggest that anti-inflammatory treatment strategies might be efficient. Here, we will review the experimental and epidemiological findings which support the idea that inflammatory mechanisms play an important role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. The review of the experimental findings will be focussed on the amyloid-associated proteins, alpha1-antichymotrypsin and apolipoprotein E, as well as the major cytokines. In addition, the epidemiological studies on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and traumatic head injury will be summarized. We hypothesize a pathogenic model for Alzheimer's disease in which the expression of amyloid-associated proteins/pathological chaperones, induced by inflammatory cytokines, plays an essential role in accelerating the disease progress, and suggest potential targets for drug discovery based on such a model.
Anesthesia modalities for cataract surgery (2000)

Research articles on anesthesia modalities for cataract surgery are reviewed. A growing trend toward the use of topical anesthesia is apparent. Particular emphasis in the literature is given to determining the safety and efficacy of various forms of topical anesthesia using injectable anesthesia as a frame of reference. A consensus of opinion points toward the use of topical application of anesthetic drops plus intracameral unpreserved lidocaine 1% as the anesthesia modality that provides the best level of analgesia and comfort to patients while not compromising ocular safety. Several articles reporting complications of injectable anesthesia are also reviewed.
SYNTHETIC AGGREGATES PROMISE NEW OPTIONS FOR ENGINEERS (2005)

This article focuses on synthetic aggregates and their potential in road and bridge applications. Synthetic aggregates can be classified into two categories: 1) pyro-processed ceramic aggregates that are formed by intense heat treatment to natural matter such as clay, shale, or slate; and, 2) plastic aggregates that are formed by intense heat treatment to reclaimed industrial by-products and post-consumer plastics. Both types are known as lightweight aggregates, and their applications on roads is increasing. The article first describes how pyro-processed aggregates are produced, followed by their use in bridge construction and re-decking. Their benefits are outlined, such as improved skid-resistance and freeze/thaw durability, and reduced micro-cracking. Lightweight ceramic aggregates also form an excellent bond to asphalt in chip seal applications, thus making highways skid resistant and motorists less likely to have chipped windshield. Plastic aggregates are commonly formed from reclaimed plastic and high-carbon-content fly ash from coal-burning. The plastic content in synthetic lightweight aggregate forms a unique bond with hot liquid asphalt, and this can lead to benefits in pavement performance. Although fly ash/synthetic lightweight aggregate lacks the compressive strength of conventional aggregates, it adds ductility to concrete, thus making it more beneficial in sudden loadings. Overall, even though lightweight aggregate technology is still young, its application to bridge and road construction to date is impressive.
Proving properties of rule-based systems (2002)

A deductive method is applied to the validation of rule-based systems. A number of validation tasks, including the detection of errors or anomalies, the proof of termination, the verification of properties, and the generation of test cases, are all translated into conjectures. If the conjectures in an appropriate system theory are proved, the corresponding validation task is accomplished. The method applies to nonmonotonic rule systems, which may delete elements from working memory, as well as monotonic ones, which do not. Validation conjectures are proved or disproved in a new theorem-proving system, SNARK, which has facilities for reasoning in first-order theories with mathematical induction. The system has already been applied to establish properties of a number of simple rule-based systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phenotypic modulation by Legionella pneumophila upon infection of macrophages (1993)

Since many pathogenic bacteria manifest a coordinate regulation of gene expression in response to different environmental stimuli, we examined the phenotypic response of Legionella pneumophila to infection of macrophage-like U937 cells. Intracellular L. pneumophila was radiolabeled, and cell extracts were subjected to two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At least 35 Legionella proteins were selectively induced during infection of macrophages, and one of these proteins was not detected in organisms grown in vitro. Expression of at least 32 proteins was selectively repressed during infection of macrophages, and 9 of these proteins were undetectable in intracellularly grown organisms. Thirteen of the macrophage-induced proteins were also induced by one or more of several stress conditions in vitro, and two of these proteins were the heat shock GroEL- and GroES-like proteins. Nineteen of the macrophage-repressed proteins were also repressed by one or more of the stress conditions in vitro. Our data showed that intracellular L. pneumophila manifested a phenotypic modulation and a global stress response to the intracellular environment of the macrophage. The data suggested that multiple regulons are involved in this modulation, which may contribute to the survival of L. pneumophila within alveolar macrophages.
28.1 A programmable 0.7-to-2.7GHz direct ΔΣ receiver in 40nm CMOS (2014)

The software-defined radio paradigm calls for increasingly digital-intensive programmable receivers, ideally placing the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) right at the antenna. Such an RF ADC should be tunable over several GHz, have programmable gain, low noise, be blocker-tolerant, and consume minimal power. As an attempt to satisfy these requirements, delta-sigma (ΔΣ) modulation close to the antenna interface has been proposed in both bandpass [1], [2] and downconverting [3], [4] configurations. The latter technique enables simpler GHz-range wideband (WB) operation with low power consumption, but such receivers navigate a tradeoff between sensitivity and blocker toleration. The narrowband (NB) direct ΔΣ structure introduced in [3] combined RF N-path filtering, upconverted ΔΣ RF feedback, and a second RF gain stage to obtain acceptable noise and linearity simultaneously. In this paper we present a WB direct ΔΣ receiver, designed for programmable, inductorless operation in the long-term evolution (LTE) frequency division duplexing bands from 0.7 to 2.7GHz. The 40nm CMOS circuit uses a supply of 1.1V and provides RF channel bandwidths up to 20MHz, 37dB maximum gain, NF of 5.9 to 8.8dB, and −2dBm IIP3. A design strategy that emphasizes ΔΣ coefficient programmability ensures good performance throughout the frequency range.
Antitumor Effects of Antibody—Diphtheria Toxin Conjugates. III. Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immune Unresponsiveness to Conjugates2 (1975)

Of 9 hamsters immunized with diphtheria toxin-hamster gamma-globulin conjugates and rechallenged with this antigen 15 days later, 8 exhibited neutralizing antibodies against the conjugates 22 days after the initial immunization. Hamsters identically immunized, but also given cyclophosphamide (CY) 20 hours after the first immunization, had a much lower incidence of positive responses (2/10) and lower antibody levels in the positive responders. After further immunization with the conjugates, all CY-treated hamsters eventually developed neutralizing antibodies, but exhibited a reduction in antibody levels after a second exposure to CY. Hamsters immunized with diphtheria toxoid developed antibodies that were effective in neutralizing diphtheria toxin, but less effective against the diphtheria toxin conjugates.
Study of the performance of dielectric thin film beam dividing systems (1961)

A theoretical and practical study has been made to compare the optical performance of single layer λ/4 TiO2 and double layer λ/4 MgF2-λ/4 TiO2 coatings when used as beam-dividing systems. Theoretical and experimental values of the spectral response for light arriving at normal incidence and at 45° incidence are given together with the values for reflectance as a function of angle of incidence for monochromatic light. The optical characteristics of glass-film-glass beam dividing systems are also investigated. It is further shown that the efficiency of a system consisting of a reflecting single λ/4 layer between glass boundaries is improved by the introduction of a second λ/4 low refractive index film layer.
Nonlinear wave interaction in a magnetron plasma (2000)

Oscillations in the frequency range 10&lt;f&lt;300 MHz were measured using a Langmuir probe in a magnetron plasma. Dual probes were used to obtain wave number information. Three distinct peaks were observed that obeyed the nonlinear selection rule ω=ω0−ω1, where ω0 is the pump frequency, and ω and ω1 are the decay frequencies. The phase velocity of the highest frequency wave (f=262 MHz) was consistent with beam plasma oscillations driven by secondary electrons from the target. The nonlinearly driven lower frequency wave had a phase velocity enabling efficient Landau damping. The resulting transfer of energy from the secondary electrons to the waves to the bulk electrons may explain the enhanced ionization of sputtered material observed in some high power density magnetron discharges.
Toward low-flying autonomous MAV trail navigation using deep neural networks for environmental awareness (2017)

We present a micro aerial vehicle (MAV) system, built with inexpensive off-the-shelf hardware, for autonomously following trails in unstructured, outdoor environments such as forests. The system introduces a deep neural network (DNN) called TrailNet for estimating the view orientation and lateral offset of the MAV with respect to the trail center. The DNN-based controller achieves stable flight without oscillations by avoiding overconfident behavior through a loss function that includes both label smoothing and entropy reward. In addition to the TrailNet DNN, the system also utilizes vision modules for environmental awareness, including another DNN for object detection and a visual odometry component for estimating depth for the purpose of low-level obstacle detection. All vision systems run in real time on board the MAV via a Jetson TX1. We provide details on the hardware and software used, as well as implementation details. We present experiments showing the ability of our system to navigate forest trails more robustly than previous techniques, including autonomous flights of 1 km.
System optimization in digital color imaging (2005)

The work presents an overview of a color imaging system and its elements and then highlights techniques in the literature that attempt to account for system interactions for improved quality or performance. After that, presented in greater detail, are two specific examples of approaches that take into account interactions between elements that are normally treated independently. Finally, concluding remarks are presented.
Erythrocytosis and Pulmonary Hypertension in a Mouse Model of Human HIF2A Gain of Function Mutation (2013)

The central pathway for oxygen-dependent control of red cell mass is the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein (PHD):hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway. PHD site specifically prolyl hydroxylates the transcription factor HIF-α, thereby targeting the latter for degradation. Under hypoxia, this modification is attenuated, allowing stabilized HIF-α to activate target genes, including that for erythropoietin (EPO). Studies employing genetically modified mice point to Hif-2α, one of two main Hif-α isoforms, as being the critical regulator of Epo in the adult mouse. More recently, erythrocytosis patients with heterozygous point mutations in the HIF2A gene have been identified; whether these mutations were polymorphisms unrelated to the phenotype could not be ruled out. In the present report, we characterize a mouse line bearing a G536W missense mutation in the Hif2a gene that corresponds to the first such human mutation identified (G537W). We obtained mice bearing both heterozygous and homozygous mutations at this locus. We find that these mice display, in a mutation dose-dependent manner, erythrocytosis and pulmonary hypertension with a high degree of penetrance. These findings firmly establish missense mutations in HIF-2α as a cause of erythrocytosis, highlight the importance of this HIF-α isoform in erythropoiesis, and point to physiologic consequences of HIF-2α dysregulation.
USING AUCTIONS TO ALLOCATE AND PRICE LONG-TERM CREDIT (1993)

Most long-term credit in developing countries is allocated through negotiated agreements between government institutions and financial intermediaries or final borrowers, and often at administered rates. Yet may developing countries have no long-term credit market whose interest rates can be used as benchmarks for these loans. If credit is priced improperly, it will be allocated inefficiently and the development of capital markets may be stunted. In light of the generally disappointing experience with conventional methods of allocating development credit, some countries have introduced credit auctions as an alternative. Among the advantages are greater transparency and fairness, lower transaction costs, and increased competition and efficiency. Among the disadvantages are a greater vulnerability to collusion, which can lead to lower interest rates and revenue, and a tendancy to attract the least desirable participants (adverse selection) and to lend for riskier projects (moral hazard), which can lead to lower repayment rates and a higher probability of default. All these factors can lead to inefficiency in the allocation of funds. This article suggests ways to lessen these negative effects and presents various elements of auction design that affect the efficiency of credit auctions and their suitability to specific circumstances. When properly designed, auctions can be used in a variety of environments to allocate development credit more efficiently than current methods do.
Effect of vitamin B6 on lenses of diabetic rats. (1998)

Vitamin B6 is essential for the metabolism of fat, carbohydrate and protein. In this study the effect of vitamin B6 on diabetes induced impairments in rat lenses was investigated. Although macroscopic examination revealed no opacification of rat lenses in any groups, uncontrolled induced diabetes caused significant decreases in lens glutathione and increases in lens protein nonenzymatic glycosylation and blood glucose. Administration of vitamin B6 did not inhibit these diabetes induced alterations significantly. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed some significant differences in some protein bands between groups.
The limits of qualitative simulation (1985)

Qualitative simulation is a key inference process in qualitative causal reasoning, In this paper, we present the QSIM algorithm, a new algorithm for qualitative simulation that generalizes the best features of existing algorithms, and allows direct comparisons among alternate approaches. QSIM is an efficient constraint-satisfaction algorithm that can follow either its standard semantics allowing the creation of new landmarks, or the {+, 0, -} semantics where 0 is the only landmark value, by changing a table of legal state-transitions. We argue that the QSIM semantics make more appropriate qualitative distinctions since the {+, 0, -} semantics can collapse the distinction among increasing, stable, or decreasing oscillation. We also show that (a) qualitative simulation algorithms can be proved to produce every actual behavior of the mechanism being modeled, but (b) existing qualitative simulation algorithms, because of their local points of view, can predict spurious behaviors not produced by any mechanism satisfying the structural description. These observations suggest specific types of care that must be taken in designing applications of qualitative causal reasoning systems, and in constructing and validating a knowledge base of mechanism descriptions.
BlockCIS—A Blockchain-Based Cyber Insurance System (2018)

While the cyber insurance market has been growing significantly in recent years, its insurance providers face several challenges: first, there is a lack of standardized frameworks to rate ""cyber""; second, there's a shortage of relevant data to calculate premiums; and third, security postures of insured organizations constantly change. Unlike other types of insurance, cyber insurance requires creating a continuous feedback loop between customers and insurers. In this article, we introduce BlockCIS, a blockchain-based continuous monitoring and processing system for cyber insurance. BlockCIS aims to realize an automated, real-time, and immutable feedback loop between the insurer, its customer, third parties and potential auditors. As an example instantiation, we prototype BlockCIS using the open source Hyperledger Composer blockchain framework.
Development of large steelmaking slag blocks using a new carbonation process (2000)

Porous slag blocks (1 m 3 ) were produced by carbonation of steelmaking slag over a period of 12 days. The compressive strength and bulk density of the blocks were 18·4 ± 3·3 MPa and 2·4 g/cm 3 , respectively. To make a large block, the optimum amount of water and bulk density of the compact were 5·3–6·3 mass% and 2·30–2·37 g/cm 3 , respectively. The carbonation reaction occurred homogeneously in the blocks, and the amount of CO 2 that reacted with the slag was approximately 6 mass% at all depths from the surface of the block. When left exposed to various weather conditions for 1 year, the blocks showed no cracks or destruction.
Selecting the Gain of Hearing Aids for Persons with Sensorineural Hearing Impairments (1976)

A procedure is described for determining the gain requirements as a function of frequency for persons who have sensorineural hearing impairments. It is based on delivering sounds at preferred listening levels which are estimated from hearing threshold levels. Adjustments are incorporated in the procedure so that all frequency components of a speech signal will be presented with approximately equal loudness, thus enabling the maximum amount of speech signal to be delivered without exceeding comfort level in any frequency region. Special advantages of the procedure are that it is more widely applicable than many others and that the final selection is in terms of real-ear gain measured with the selected hearing aid being wom by the individual.
Using Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) for Wastewater Treatment (2009)

Using Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) for Wastewater TreatmentMicrobial electrolysis cells are devices that produce hydrogen gas electrochemically (abiotically) at the cathode from current generated by bacteria from the degradation of organic matter. Energy is required to be put into the system (a voltage is added to the circuit) because the potential generated by the bacteria alone is insufficient to drive hydrogen gas evolution. We review here recent tests...Author(s)Bruce LoganRachel WagnerRoland CusickPriscilla SelemboSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 15 - Microbial Fuel CellsDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2009ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20090101)2009:17L.536;1-DOI10.2175/193864709793956130Volume / Issue2009 / 17Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)536 - 541Copyright2009Word count225Subject keywordsMicrobial fuel cellsmicrobial electrolysis cellsbiohydrogenwastewater treatment