gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vascular sphingosine-1-phosphate S1P1 and S1P3 receptors (2004)

The sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) acts on five subtypes of G-protein- coupled receptors, termed S1P(1) (formerly endothelial differentiation gene-1 [Edg-1]), S1P(2) (Edg-5), S1P(3) (Edg-3), S1P(4) (Edg-6) and S1P(5) (Edg-8), and possibly several other "orphan" receptors, such as GPR3, GPR6 and GPR12. These receptors are coupled to different intracellular second messenger systems, including adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as Rho- and Ras-dependent pathways. Consistently with this receptor multiplicity and pleiotropic signaling mechanisms, S1P influences numerous cell functions. S1P(1)1, S1P(2) and S1P(3) receptors are the major S1P receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system, where they mediate the effects of S1P released from platelets, and possibly other tissues (such as brain). Thus S1P(1) and S1P(3) receptors enhance endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, playing a key role in developmental and pathological angiogenesis. In contrast, S1P(2) receptors inhibit migration of these cell types, probably because of their unique stimulatory effect on a GTPase-activating protein inhibiting the activity of Rac. S1P receptors can also cause relaxation and constriction of blood vessels. The former effect is mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive receptors (possibly S1P(1)) located on the endothelium and stimulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The vasoconstricting effect of S1P is likely to be mediated by S1P(2) and/or S1P(3) receptors, via Rho-Rho-kinase, and is more potent in coronary and cerebral blood vessels. Finally, S1P also protects endothelial cells from apoptosis through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS via S1P(1) and S1P(3) receptors. The variety of these effects, taken together with the existence of multiple receptor subtypes, provides an abundance of therapeutic targets that currently still await the development of selective agents.
Isolation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete from Mammals in Minnesota (1985)

Lyme disease spirochetes were isolated from the kidneys of two Peromyscus spp. trapped in Minnesota in September and October 1983. No spirochetes were isolated from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), red backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi), or shrews (Sorexy cinereus and Blarina brevicauda). This is the first report of the isolation of the Lyme disease spirochete from the midwestern United States and isolations from these animals, which were free of ticks, suggest that the Lyme disease spirochete may persist in animal organs for months.
Numerical analysis of stereolithography processes using the finite element method (1995)

Stereolithography (SLA) is one of the most important techniques used in rapid prototyping processes. It has a great industrial interest because it allows for dramatic time savings with respect to traditional manufacturing processes. One of the main sources of error in the final dimensions of the prototype is the curl distortion effect owing to the shrinkage of the resin during the SLA process. Presents a study of the influence of different constructive and numerical parameters in the curl distortion, an analysis which was made using the computer code stereolithography analysis program, developed to model SLA processes using the finite element method. Also briefly presents this code.
Potency and stability of extemporaneous nitroglycerin infusions (1979)

The potency and stability of extemporaneous intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG) solutions prepared according to methods currently used in three hospitals were studied. Intravenous NTG solutions were prepared and packaged according to three hospitals' protocols. The NTG solutions varied in concentration (32 microgram/ml); source (one of two manufacturers' sublingual NTG tablets or 10% NTG adsorbate in lactose); and storage (ambient room temperature or refrigerated). The concentration of NTG in the i.v. solutions was determined spectrophotometrically. Nitroglycerin was found to be stable for at least 70 days when stored in glass containers, regardless of source, diluent (5% dextrose in water or normal saline) and storage temperature. The loss of NTG from solution, after storage for seven days in plastic i.v. bags, was greater when stored at room temperature (55%) than when refrigerated (30%). Adsorption was shown to be responsible for this phenomenon because intact drug was completely recovered from the plastic i.v. bags after methanol elution. The results of this study allow formulation of recommendations regarding the extemporaneous preparation of i.v. NTG solutions.
Synthesis of Cyclic Carotenoids (1996)

For general remarks the reader is referred to Chapter 3 Part II Section A.
JEWEL-STUDDED MOLECULAR TREES (1999)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTJEWEL-STUDDED MOLECULAR TREESMetal nanoclusters encapsulated in dendrimers promise to advance catalysis, nanodevices, medicine, and other fieldsRON DAGANIView Author Information C&EN WashingtonCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1999, 77, 6, 33–36Publication Date (Print):February 8, 1999Publication History Published online12 November 2010Published inissue 8 February 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v077n006.p033https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v077n006.p033newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views7Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Copper,Metals,Nanoclusters,Polymer chains Get e-Alerts
Poly(vinyl ether)s and poly(propenyl ether)s containing mesogenic groups: A new class of side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers (1986)

Abstract A new series of thermotropic liquid‐crystalline polymers, poly(vinyl ether)s and poly(propenyl ether)s, containing the mesogen 4‐methoxy‐4′‐hydroxybiphenyl in the side chain and different spacers between the mesogens and the backbone were synthesized and characterized by DSC and optical microscopy. Their mesomorphic behavior was compared to that of the corresponding polymethacrylates. In general the poly(propenyl ether)s showed lower transition temperatures and larger thermal stability ranges of their mesophases than the respective polymethacrylates, reflecting the effect of substituting the rigid ester bond connecting the spacer to the backbone in polymethacrylates by a more flexible ether bond. Also, poly(propenyl ether)s showed more ordered mesophases than the polymethacrylates, suggesting that a better decoupling of the mesogen and polymer backbone is obtained through the ether linkage.
Development of a School Nurse Education Model (1997)

One reason that school nursing education programs vary from one geographic region to another is the difference in requirements for nurse certification by the different state boards of education. This has led to fragmentation and conflicting beliefs between the education and nursing communities about what should be included in a core curriculum. Changing family structure and health care needs of children today demand a more specific health focus in the education of school nurses. A recently-developed curriculum used the basic nursing core of a baccalaureate nursing program to identify the outcomes of school nurse education as specified by the professional bodies of the ANA and the NASN. The model incorporates only education course work that does not duplicate that in the BSN program.
An Analysis of Major Errors and Equipment Failures in Anesthesia Management (1984)

Adaptations of the critical-incident technique were used to gather reports of anesthesia-related human error and equipment failure. A total of 139 anesthesiologists, residents, and nurse-anesthetists from four hospitals participated as subjects in directed or open-ended interviews, and 48 of them functioned as "trained observers." A total of 1,089 descriptions of preventable "critical incidents" were collected. Of these, 70 represented errors or failures that had contributed in some way to a "substantive negative outcome." From these incidents, ten potential strategies were developed for prevention or detection of incidents. Overall patterns observed in this wider study were similar to those of our earlier report. The incidents most frequently reported included breathing circuit disconnections, drug-syringe swaps, gas-flow control errors and losses of gas supply. Only 4% of the incidents with substantive negative outcomes involved equipment failure, confirming the previous impression that human error is the dominant issue in anesthesia mishaps. Among the broad categories of key strategies for mishap prevention were additional technical training, improved supervision, improved organization, equipment human-factors improvements, and use of additional monitoring instrumentation. The data also suggest that less healthy patients are more likely to be affected adversely by errors. It is suggested that, in future studies of anesthesia mortality and morbidity, untoward events should be classified according to preventive strategy rather than outcome alone as an aid to those who wish to apply the experience of others to lessen the risk in their individual practice.
High-Affinity DNA Targeting Using Readily Accessible Mimics of N2′-Functionalized 2′-Amino-α-L-LNA (2011)

N2'-Pyrene-functionalized 2'-amino-α-L-LNAs (locked nucleic acids) display extraordinary affinity toward complementary DNA targets due to favorable preorganization of the pyrene moieties for hybridization-induced intercalation. Unfortunately, the synthesis of these monomers is challenging (~20 steps, <3% overall yield), which has precluded full characterization of DNA-targeting applications based on these materials. Access to more readily accessible functional mimics would be highly desirable. Here we describe short synthetic routes to a series of O2'-intercalator-functionalized uridine and N2'-intercalator-functionalized 2'-N-methyl-2'-aminouridine monomers and demonstrate, via thermal denaturation, UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy experiments, that several of them mimic the DNA-hybridization properties of N2'-pyrene-functionalized 2'-amino-α-L-LNAs. For example, oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ONs) modified with 2'-O-(coronen-1-yl)methyluridine monomer Z, 2'-O-(pyren-1-yl)methyluridine monomer Y, or 2'-N-(pyren-1-ylmethyl)-2'-N-methylaminouridine monomer Q display prominent increases in thermal affinity toward complementary DNA relative to reference strands (average ΔT(m)/mod up to +12 °C), pronounced DNA-selectivity, and higher target specificity than 2'-amino-α-L-LNA benchmark probes. In contrast, ONs modified with 2'-O-(2-napthyl)uridine monomer W, 2'-O-(pyren-1-yl)uridine monomer X or 2'-N-(pyren-1-ylcarbonyl)-2'-N-methylaminouridine monomer S display very low affinity toward DNA targets. This demonstrates that even conservative alterations in linker chemistry, linker length, and surface area of the appended intercalators have marked impact on DNA-hybridization characteristics. Straightforward access to high-affinity building blocks such as Q, Y, and Z is likely to accelerate their use in DNA-targeting applications within nucleic acid based diagnostics, therapeutics, and material science.
Recent progress in the biology, chemistry and structural biology of DNA glycosylases (2001)

Since the discovery in 1974 of uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG), the first member of the family of enzymes involved in base excision repair (BER), considerable progress has been made in the understanding of DNA glycosylases, the polypeptides that remove damaged or mispaired DNA bases from DNA. We also know the enzymes that act downstream of the glycosylases, in the processing of abasic sites, in gap filling and in DNA ligation. This article covers the most recent developments in our understanding of BER, with particular emphasis on the mechanistic aspects of this process, which have been made possible by the elucidation of the crystal structures of several glycosylases in complex with their respective substrates, substrate analogues and products. The biological importance of individual BER pathways is also being appreciated through the inactivation of key BER genes in knockout mouse models.
A Study on Iris Recognition by Iris Feature Extraction from Polar Coordinate Circular Iris Region (2007)

In previous researches for iris feature extraction, they transform a original iris image into rectangular one by stretching and interpolation, which causes the distortion of iris patterns. Consequently, it reduce iris recognition accuracy. So we are propose the method that extracts iris feature by using polar coordinates without distortion of iris patterns. Our proposed method has three strengths compared with previous researches. First, we extract iris feature directly from polar coordinate circular iris image. Though it requires a little more processing time, there is no degradation of accuracy for iris recognition and we compares the recognition performance of polar coordinate to rectangular type using by Hamming Distance, Cosine Distance and Euclidean Distance. Second, in general, the center position of pupil is different from that of iris due to camera angle, head position and gaze direction of user. So, we propose the method of iris feature detection based on polar coordinate circular iris region, which uses pupil and iris position and radius at the same time. Third, we overcome override point from iris patterns by using polar coordinates circular method. each overlapped point would be extracted from the same position of iris region. To overcome such problem, we modify Gabor filter's size and frequency on first track in order to consider low frequency iris patterns caused by overlapped points. Experimental results showed that EER is 0.29%, d' is 5,9 and EER is 0.16%, d' is 6,4 in case of using conventional rectangular image and proposed method, respectively.
Stereochemistry and drug efficacy and development: relevance of chirality to antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs (2002)

Many drugs contain a chiral center or a center of unsaturation, or such centers result during metabolism of these drugs. Often such drugs are marketed as a mixture of the resultant enantiomers (racemates) or of geometric isomers, respectively. These enantiomers (molecules that are not superimposible on their mirror image) or geometric isomers may differ markedly from each other with regard to their pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic properties. This review deals primarily with drugs with chiral centers, and possible complications arising from the use of racemates are discussed. Recent developments in resolution of enantiomers, increased knowledge of the molecular structure of specific drug targets and a heightened awareness of several possible advantages of using single enantiomers rather than racemic mixtures of drugs have led to an increased emphasis on understanding the role of chirality in drug development. This has resulted in increased investigation of individual enantiomers early on in the development of drugs and in 'chiral switching', i.e. the replacement of a racemate of a drug which has already been approved or marketed by a single enantiomer. Although stereochemistry is an important matter to consider in drugs of virtually all classes, this review focuses on the relevance of chirality to antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Examples of the effects of chiral centers on the properties of antidepressants (tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, viloxazine, bupropion, mianserin, venlafaxine, mirtazapine and reboxetine), antipsychotics and/or some of their metabolites are discussed.
SBS suppression and acoustic management for high-power narrow-linewidth fiber lasers and amplifiers (2010)

This paper discusses the transverse acoustic index design of Yb-doped large mode area (LMA) LP01 optical fibers that provide ~10 dB of SBS threshold suppression relative to conventional LMA fibers with homogeneous elastic properties and equivalent optical effective areas Aeff. SBS suppression is achieved with a ramp-like negative acoustic lens structure that refracts the electrostrictive density fluctuations away from the optical mode thereby reducing the acousto-optic interaction that generates the stimulated light scattering. The fundamentals of the SBS process and its mitigation are briefly reviewed. Two figures-of-merit (FsOM) are identified to quantify the SBS suppression capability; the SBS reflectivity RSBS and the SBS threshold power Pth. An initial design of an SBS suppressing Yb-doped double clad fiber is incorporated in the power amplifier stage of a 200 W cw singlefrequency (SF) four stage master-oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA). The MOPA is also exercised as a pulsed amplifier and is utilized to measure the SBS reflectivities and thresholds in passive (i.e. un-pumped) fibers with ~100 ns pulses exhibiting peak powers up to ~250 W. In separate experiments, the SBS suppressing fibers are incorporated into the final stage of the pulsed four stage MOPA and the SBS reflectivities of the active gain fibers are measured. Pulsed SF MOPAs with peak pulsed power outputs ~900 W are demonstrated and confirm the kilowatt SF performance capability of these SBS suppressing fibers.
Volatiles H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, and CO in Silicate Melt Inclusions in Quartz Phenocrysts from the Rhyolitic Bandelier Air-Fall and Ash-Flow Tuff, New Mexico (1977)

Silicate melt inclusions in quartz phenocrysts from air-fall and ash-flow tuff were studied from a section of Bandolier Tuff in Sandia Canyon, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. My aim was to estimate the concentration of some major volatile species (H2O, CO2, and CO) in the magma before explosive eruption. On a microscope heating stage, I determined the melting points of the inclusions and, with an electron microprobe, determined the bulk chemical composition. I estimated total H2O, CO2, and CO by difference on the basis of the microprobe analyses and measured H2O, CO2, and CO separately by quantitative mass spectrometry. I found several textural varieties of modified inclusions that correlate with field occurrence and cooling rate: devitrivication, zoning, and resorption of the host mineral are evidence of slow cooling. The modified inclusions are unsuitable for chemical analysis using the microprobe. Unmodified inclusions in the quartz phenocrysts from air-fall pumice are clear and glassy, and presumably contain the intratelluric assemblage of volatiles. Bulk chemical analysis of these clear glassy inclusions by electron microprobe revealed a rhyolitic composition of the glass consistent with petrography. Electron microprobe analysis by difference techniques were used to determine volatile contents in the glass. Oxide totals range from 2.4 to 7.0 ± 2.5% weight percent volatiles (average 5.4 wt.%). Using the melting point determinations of the inclusions (average 935°C ± 10°C), quantitative monitoring mass spectrometry revealed an average volatile content of the inclusions to be 3.6 ± 0.9 wt.%. The principal volatile species were found to be H2O 91.9%, CO2 2.7%, and CO 4.8% (in percent of total volatiles). Utilizing the temperature-compositional data, I used the melt inclusions as geobarometers, which revealed a depth to chamber of about 5 km that is consistent with geologic estimates.
Effect of Catalysts on Hydrogenolysis of Coal (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of Catalysts on Hydrogenolysis of CoalM. Pelipetz, E. M. Kuhn, S. Friedman, and H. H. StorchCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1948, 40, 7, 1259–1264Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50463a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50463a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views74Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Technology trend of flash-EEPROM-Can flash-EEPROM overcome DRAM? (2003)

It is pointed out that the EEPROMs have the potential to replace magnetic hard and floppy disks as computer memories. The cost and technical aspects of EEPROM devices are discussed. The particular advantages of NAND EEPROMs are also considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High operating temperature split-off band infrared detectors (2006)

Heterojunction interfacial work function internal photoemission detectors were used to demonstrate infrared response originating from hole transitions between light/heavy hole bands and the split-off (spin-orbit) band. A GaAs∕AlGaAs heterojunction with a threshold wavelength of ∼20μm indicated an operating temperature of 130K for split-off response in the range of 1.5–5μm with a peak D* of 1.0×108 Jones. Analysis suggests that practical devices with optimized parameters are capable of achieving room temperature operation with higher specific detectivity. Possible approaches to tailor the threshold for the split-off response to different wavelength ranges using different materials such as phosphides and nitrides are also discussed.
Effects of Nickel, Cobalt, and Molybdenum on Performance of Methanogenic Fixed-Film Reactors (1981)

The conversion of acetic acid to methane and carbon dioxide by a mixed methanogenic population from an anaerobic fixed-film digestor was stimulated by the addition of nickel (100 nM) and cobalt (50 nM) and especially by the addition of these elements in combination. Molybdenum addition (50 nM) was only slightly stimulatory when added in combination with both nickel and cobalt. The addition of these trace metals to anaerobic fixed-film digestors, which treat food processing waste, greatly enhanced reactor performance. Total gas and methane productions were increased 42%, greater volumes of waste could be effectively treated, and reactor residence time was shortened. However, the lag period for reactor start-up was not reduced. Tests showed that reactor performance was increased because trace nutrient addition allowed accumulation of a thicker methanogenic fixed film.