gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Observations of single-pass ion cyclotron heating in a trans-sonic flowing plasma (2010)

The VAriable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR®) is a high power electric spacecraft propulsion system, capable of Isp/thrust modulation at constant power [F. R. Chang Díaz et al., Proceedings of the 39th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, 8–11 Jan. 2001]. The VASIMR® uses a helicon discharge to generate plasma. This plasma is energized by an rf booster stage that uses left hand polarized slow mode waves launched from the high field side of the ion cyclotron resonance. In the experiments reported in this paper, the booster uses 2–4 MHz waves with up to 50 kW of power. This process is similar to the ion cyclotron heating (ICH) in tokamaks, but in the VASIMR® the ions only pass through the resonance region once. The rapid absorption of ion cyclotron waves has been predicted in recent theoretical studies. These theoretical predictions have been supported with several independent measurements in this paper. The single-pass ICH produced a substantial increase in ion velocity. Pitch angle distribution studies showed that this increase took place in the resonance region where the ion cyclotron frequency was roughly equal to the frequency on the injected rf waves. Downstream of the resonance region the perpendicular velocity boost should be converted to axial flow velocity through the conservation of the first adiabatic invariant as the magnetic field decreases in the exhaust region of the VASIMR®. This paper will review all of the single-pass ICH ion acceleration data obtained using deuterium in the first VASIMR® physics demonstrator machine, the VX-50. During these experiments, the available power to the helicon ionization stage increased from 3 to 20+ kW. The increased plasma density produced increased plasma loading of the ICH coupler. Starting with an initial demonstration of single-pass ion cyclotron acceleration, the experiments demonstrate significant improvements in coupler efficiency and in ion heating efficiency. In deuterium plasma, ≥80% efficient absorption of 20 kW of ICH input power was achieved. No clear evidence for power limiting instabilities in the exhaust beam has been observed.
Water-soluble Melatonins: Syntheses of Melatonins Carrying a Glycosyl Group at the 1-Position (2003)

1-(β-D-Xylopyranosyl)-(2a), 1-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(2b), 1-(β-Dgalactopyranosyl)-(2c), and 1-(α-D-arabinopyranosyl)melatonins (3b) are prepared as water-soluble melatonins starting from melatonin.Regulation of the circadian rhythms, 2 inhibition of Alzheimer β-fibrillogenesis, 3a anti-aging properties relating to radical scavenging, 3b antiproliferative effect on melanoma cells, 3c and so on 3 are well known biological activities 3 reported for melatonin 2 (1, Scheme 1), a pineal gland hormone.In our continuing project 4 for developing new biologically active compounds based on indole nucleus, we have thus far succeeded in finding our own synthetic method 4 for melatonin (1).With 1 in hand, we have now reached to the stage 1c for creating water-soluble melatonin 1c in order to examine whether such change in physical properties of 1 has a substantial effect on its biological activities.In this paper, we wish to report the results of our trial to produce 1-glycosylmelatonin derivatives (2a-c, 3b), chosen as our targets among various candidates for water-soluble melatonins.Preobrazhenskaya 5 and co-workers reported a synthetic method for 1-glycosylindoles without using any protecting group, consisting of heating indolines with an appropriate sugar component, followed by DDQ oxidation.So, we applied the procedure to meet our ends.Melatonin 4 (1), prepared through biologically active 1-hydroxytryptamines, 6 was first converted to 2,3dihydromelatonin (4) as reported 4d,e previously by reduction with Et 3 SiH 7 in CF 3 COOH in 99% yield.4e Although treatment of 4 with 3-mol eq. of D-xylose in refluxing MeOH afforded 1-glycosyl-2,3dihydromelatonin, its isolation in pure state was difficult.The reaction mixture was therefore acetylated with Ac 2 O-pyridine to afford a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers (5a) in 85% yield.Oxidation of the mixture with 1.2-mol eq. of DDQ in dioxane at room temperature produced 6a as a single isomer in 56% yield.
T-cell immune responses to Wilms tumor 1 protein in myelodysplasia responsive to immunosuppressive therapy (2010)

Clinical observations and laboratory evidence link bone marrow failure in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) to a T cell-mediated immune process that is responsive to immunosuppressive treatment (IST) in some patients. Previously, we showed that trisomy 8 MDS patients had clonally expanded CD8(+) T-cell populations that recognized aneuploid hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). Furthermore, microarray analyses showed that Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) gene was overexpressed by trisomy 8 hematopoietic progenitor (CD34(+)) cells compared with CD34(+) cells from healthy donors. Here, we show that WT1 mRNA expression is up-regulated in the bone marrow mononuclear cells of MDS patients with trisomy 8 relative to healthy controls and non-trisomy 8 MDS; WT1 protein levels were also significantly elevated. In addition, using a combination of physical and functional assays to detect the presence and reactivity of specific T cells, respectively, we demonstrate that IST-responsive MDS patients exhibit significant CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses directed against WT1. Finally, WT1-specific CD8(+) T cells were present within expanded T-cell receptor Vβ subfamilies and inhibited hematopoiesis when added to autologous patient bone marrow cells in culture. Thus, our results suggest that WT1 is one of the antigens that triggers T cell-mediated myelosuppression in MDS.
An Investigation of Wideband Rectennas for Wireless Energy Harvesting (2014)

This paper is focused on a wireless energy harvesting system using a rectifying antenna (rectenna). The proposed device consists of a wideband cross-dipole antenna, a microwave low-pass filter and a doubling rectifying circuit using Shottcky diodes as rectifying elements. Previously, a few of wideband rectennas have been investigated at 1.7 to 2.5 GHz. The originality of this paper is on the new wideband rectenna design which can harvest the ambient radio frequency (RF) power at 1.7 to 2.5 GHz. In this system, a new wideband cross dipole is designed and used to achieve the required bandwidth and duel-polarization. In addition, the voltage doubling rectifying circuit is optimized to achieve the best performance at power density levels 2 which are typical in urban environments. The characteristics of the proposed rectenna over the desired frequency range are investigated, and the integrated rectenna is simulated, made and tested for low input power densities from 5 to 200 μW/cm2. The simulation and measurement results of the rectenna are compared and a good agreement is achieved. The results demonstrate that the maximum rectenna conversion efficiency is nearly 57% around 1.7 GHz and over 20% over the wideband of interest for the incident power density of 120 μW/cm2. It is noted that the impedance matching is one of the main factors affecting the rectenna energy conversion efficiency. This new wideband rectenna has great potential to harvest wireless energy in GSM/3G/4G and ISM 2.4 GHz bands.
Macrolides selectively inhibit mutant KCNJ5 potassium channels that cause aldosterone-producing adenoma (2017)

Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) are benign tumors of the adrenal gland that constitutively produce the salt-retaining steroid hormone aldosterone and cause millions of cases of severe hypertension worldwide. Either of 2 somatic mutations in the potassium channel KCNJ5 (G151R and L168R, hereafter referred to as KCNJ5MUT) in adrenocortical cells account for half of APAs worldwide. These mutations alter channel selectivity to allow abnormal Na+ conductance, resulting in membrane depolarization, calcium influx, aldosterone production, and cell proliferation. Because APA diagnosis requires a difficult invasive procedure, patients often remain undiagnosed and inadequately treated. Inhibitors of KCNJ5MUT could allow noninvasive diagnosis and therapy of APAs carrying KCNJ5 mutations. Here, we developed a high-throughput screen for rescue of KCNJ5MUT-induced lethality and identified a series of macrolide antibiotics, including roxithromycin, that potently inhibit KCNJ5MUT, but not KCNJ5WT. Electrophysiology demonstrated direct KCNJ5MUT inhibition. In human aldosterone-producing adrenocortical cancer cell lines, roxithromycin inhibited KCNJ5MUT-induced induction of CYP11B2 (encoding aldosterone synthase) expression and aldosterone production. Further exploration of macrolides showed that KCNJ5MUT was similarly selectively inhibited by idremcinal, a macrolide motilin receptor agonist, and by synthesized macrolide derivatives lacking antibiotic or motilide activity. Macrolide-derived selective KCNJ5MUT inhibitors thus have the potential to advance the diagnosis and treatment of APAs harboring KCNJ5MUT.
Adapting the Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy to Model Performance of Automotive Catalytic Converters (1987)

Using theory for mass transfer of a diffusing specie with very low concentration, rate equations and a mass-balance equation can be combined to derive a differential equation for mass transfer in an automotive catalytic converter. A closed-form solution to this equation shows conversion efficiency to be a function of the dimensionless size of the converter, or the number of transfer units, Ntum. This mass-transfer-limited analysis does not include catalyst kinetics; hence it is limited to fully warm, fresh catalyst performance. However, a technique is developed to model lightoff of a catalytic converter by combining convective heat transfer when warming up with mass-transfer-limited conversion when fully warm. Realistic assessment of the merit of a catalytic converter must also include the influence of size and shape on flow pressure drop. Accordingly the size and shape of square-cell monoliths and packed-sphere bead beds are correlated with both conversion performance and pressure drop. Applications of these correlations are shown to compare realistically the size versus performance characteristic of monoliths with that for bead beds, in spite of drastically different flow patterns for the two converters. Model predictions are confirmed by engine-dynamometer and vehicle test results.
Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2013)

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Liver lipid peroxidation induced by cholesterol and its treatment with a dihydroquinoline type free radical scavenger in rabbits. (1984)

Lipid peroxidation has been induced by means of an atherogenic diet causing hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, increased LDL and decreased HDL serum fractions in addition to the fatty degeneration, vacuolization of the liver cells and accumulation of malondialdehyde in the liver. Increased release of acid phosphatase and N-beta-glucuronidase was also observed pointing to cholesterol-induced lysosomal membrane damage. In response to pretreatment with, and simultaneous administration of, 6,6'-methylene bis (2,2-dimethyl-4-methane sulphonic acid sodium salt-1,2-dihydroquinoline) the signs and symptoms of fatty liver degeneration, the tissue, plasma and platelet malondialdehyde concentrations and the LDL serum fraction significantly decreased and HDL serum fraction increased. Lisosomal membrane stability was restored, resulting in physiological acid phosphatase and N-beta-glucuronidase activities. The pathological and clinical aspects of lipid peroxidation in several diseases of the digestive organs and the suggested therapeutic uses of non-toxic radical scavengers have been outlined.
Kinetics of the pH-induced inactivation of human cathepsin L (1993)

Cathepsin L is known as the most unstable lysosomal cysteine proteinase at neutral or alkaline pH. The kinetics of inactivation of human cathepsin L was studied by mixing the enzyme with a substrate and recording the release of product. The inactivation was found to be a first-order process, and the rate of the process decreased with the substrate concentration. The substrate-independent inactivation rate constant kinact was found to be 0.15 s-1 at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C and increased 85-fold between pH 7.0 and 8.0. At pH 7.4, kinact increased 3200-fold between 5 and 37 degrees C with an energy of activation 174.7 kJ/mol. Inactive cathepsin L did not reactivate at pH 5.5. The rate of inhibition of cathepsin L by stefin B or chicken cystatin at pH 7.4 was much faster than the rate of spontaneous inactivation of the enzyme. The stefin B-cathepsin L complex incubated at pH 7.4 released active enzyme at pH 5.5, suggesting that the cysteine proteinase inhibitors might act as extracellular carriers of the cysteine proteinases.
Change detection based on auto-encoder model for VHR images (2013)

Change detection of VHR (Very High Resolution) images is very difficult due to the impacts caused by the seasonal changes, the imaging condition, and so on. To address the above difficulty, a novel unsupervised change detection algorithm is proposed based on deep learning, where the complex correspondence between the images is established by Auto-encoder Model. By taking advantages of the powerful ability of deep learning in compensating the impacts implicitly, the multi-temporal images can be compared fairly. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Investigations of the Factors Affecting the Stability of Dihydrogen Adducts of Platinum(II) (1998)

The preparation and study of Pt(II) H2 adducts and Pt(IV) dihydride complexes are described. The species of interest are generated by protonation of hydridoplatinum(II) complexes of the type trans-(PCy3)2Pt(H)X [X = SiH3, H, CH3, Ph, Cl, Br, I, CN, CF3SO3] and [trans-(PCy3)2Pt(H)L][BArf4] [L = CO, 4-picoline; BArf4 = B(3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)4]. The proton attacks one of three different sites on these complexes (hydride, platinum, or the trans ligand), depending on which ligand is trans to hydride. These studies reveal several factors affecting the stability and reactivity of Pt(II) σ adducts, which thus have implications for C−H activation by Pt(II).
Inflammasome activation in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (<scp>EAE</scp>) (2016)

The aptly named inflammasomes are powerful signaling complexes that sense inflammatory signals under a myriad of conditions, including those from infections and endogenous sources. The inflammasomes promote inflammation by maturation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18. Several inflammasomes have been identified so far, but this review focuses mainly on the NLRP3 inflammasome. By still ill-defined activation mechanisms, a sensor molecule, NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3), responds to danger signals and rapidly recruits ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) and pro-caspase-1 to form a large oligomeric signaling platform-the inflammasome. Involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in infections, metabolic disorders, autoinflammation, and autoimmunity, underscores its position as a central player in sensing microbial and damage signals and coordinating pro-inflammatory immune responses. Indeed, evidence in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests inflammasome activation occurs during disease. Experiments with the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), specifically describe the NLRP3 inflammasome as critical and necessary to disease development. This review discusses recent studies in EAE and MS which describe associations of inflammasome activation with promotion of T cell pathogenicity, infiltration of cells into the central nervous system (CNS) and direct neurodegeneration during EAE and MS.
Analysis of differentially expressed genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma using suppression subtractive hybridization (2001)

The genetic basis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been fully understood. Although various methods have been developed to detect differentially expressed genes in malignant diseases, efficient analysis from clinical specimens is generally difficult to perform due to the requirement of a large amount of samples. In the present study, we analysed differentially expressed genes with a small amount of human HCC samples using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Total RNA were obtained from the hepatitis C virus-associated HCC and adjacent non-HCC liver tissues. cDNA was synthesized using modified RT-PCR, and then tester cDNA was ligated with 2 different kinds of adaptors and hybridized with an excess amount of driver cDNA. Tester specific cDNA was obtained by suppression PCR and the final PCR product was subcloned and sequenced. We identified 7 known genes (focal adhesion kinase, deleted in colon cancer, guanine binding inhibitory protein alpha, glutamine synthetase, ornithine aminotransferase, M130, and pepsinogen C) and 2 previously unknown genes as being overexpressed in HCC, and 1 gene (decorin) as suppressed in HCC. Quantitative analysis of gene expression using quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated the differential expression of these genes in the original and other HCC samples. These findings demonstrated that it is possible to identify the previously unknown, differential gene expression from a small amount of clinical samples. Information about such alterations in gene expression could be useful for elucidating the genetic events in HCC pathogenesis, developing the new diagnostic markers, or determining novel therapeutic targets.
A method for synthesizing animation to transmit sign language by intelligent communication (1993)

Abstract The following intelligent communication system is considered for the transmission of the animation image information. The structural models are prepared both at the transmitter and the receiver. Only the information concerning the motion of the object is transmitted to provide the model with the motion parameters, and the animation image is synthesized. In such a system, the real‐time image synthesis based on the motion parameters is required. This paper aims at the intelligent communication of the sign language image using a personal computer. A method of real‐time synthesis is discussed which is based on the parameter representation of the hand motion and the computer graphics (CG) of the animation image. When the animation image for the human body is to be generated in real‐time, using the three‐dimensional shape model, the real‐time system is difficult to realize at the present stage by a personal computer from the viewpoint of the computation time. An idea is to use the key‐frame figure interpolation (which is a two‐dimensional figure processing) instead of the three‐dimensional shape model to reduce the computation time in generating the animation. However, it is difficult in this method to derive the rotational image of a three‐dimensional object such as the human hand. From such a viewpoint, the stick‐figure model for the upper limb is adopted in this study, aiming at the intelligent transmission of the sign language image. The state of connection of the three‐dimensional segments, which are obtained by the segmentation at the joints, is represented by a vector. The skeleton represented by the vector is shaped appropriately into a geometrical shape. Then, using the three‐dimensional vector representing the skeleton motion, the shapes of the figure, etc., are constructed and the result is projected on the two‐dimensional plane.
MCT (MOS controlled thyristor) reliability investigation (2003)

The authors outline some of the ruggedness features observed in recent MCTs. The MCT capabilities described cover the last stages of tests performed on devices that were production-line fabricated and aimed at 400 to 1600 V blocking levels but small enough in die size to be packaged in a TO-220 or TO-218 plastic package. The goal of 100-A operation, a 1-V forward drop at 20 A, and a 1- mu s turn-off time has been achieved in 0.2 to 0.4 cm/sup 2/ production-line-fabricated MCTs. The high-current ruggedness, including di/dt, is due to low forward drop plus uniform MOS-gated turn-on. Turn-off current ruggedness is the result of small cell size and the fact that the MCT blocking junction is flat. High-temperature capability along with excellent noise capability and virtually zero Miller gate capacitance are due to the very dense off-FET shorts and the low (<1 V) FET source-drain voltage and off-FET average current.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ultrahigh-Pressure Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography in Packed Capillary Columns (1997)

The use of extremely high pressures in liquid chromatography can improve the efficiency and reduce analysis time for columns packed with small particles. In this work, fused-silica capillaries with inner diameters of 30 microns are slurry packed with 1.5 microns nonporous octadecylsilane-modified silica particles. These columns are prepared in lengths up to 66 cm with packing pressures as high as 4100 bar (60,000 psi). Near the optimum flow rate, columns generate as many as 300,000 theoretical plates for lightly retained compounds (k' < 0.5) and over 200,000 plates for more retained compounds (k' approximately 2). These translate to plate heights (Hmin) as low as 2.1 microns. The pressures required to run at optimum flow rates are on the order of 1400 bar (20,000 psi). Analysis times at these pressures are on the order of 30 min (k' approximately 2) and can be reduced to less than 10 min at higher than optimum flow rates. Capacity factors are observed to increase linearly with applied pressure.
La gimnasia y los gimnasios en Bilbao a finales del siglo XIX y primer tercio del siglo XX (1997)

Con la llegada a Bilbao de Felipe Serrate en 1866 la institucionalizacion de la Gimnasia y su difusion comenzo a consolidarse. La fundacion del Club Deportivo en 1931 significo su consagracion en la sociedad bilbaina.