gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ASSESSING UNUSUAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE INCORRECT ANSWERS OF TWO EXAMINEES USING THE K‐INDEX: STATISTICAL THEORY AND EMPIRICAL SUPPORT (1996)

ABSTRACT Test security and other concerns can lead to an interest in the assessment of how unusual it is for the answers of two different examinees to agree as much as they do. At Educational Testing Service, a measure called the K‐index is used to assess ‘unusual agreement’ between the incorrect answers of two examinees on a multiple‐choice test. Here, I describe the K‐index and give the results of an empirical study of some of the assumptions that underlie it and its use. The results of this study show that the K‐index can be expected to give a conservative estimate of the probability of chance agreement in the typical situations for which it is used, and that several important assumptions underlying the K‐index are supported by relevant data. In addition, the results presented here suggest a minor modification of the current (as of 1993) application of K‐index to part of the SAT to better insure that it is a conservative measure of chance agreement.
Neonatal beta-cell apoptosis: a trigger for autoimmune diabetes? (2000)

In neonatal rodents, the beta-cell mass undergoes a phase of remodeling that includes a wave of apoptosis. Using both mathematical modeling and histochemical detection methods, we have demonstrated that beta-cell apoptosis is significantly increased in neonates as compared with adult rats, peaking at approximately 2 weeks of age. Other tissues, including the kidney and nervous system, also exhibit neonatal waves of apoptosis, suggesting that this is a normal developmental phenomenon. We have demonstrated that increased neonatal beta-cell apoptosis is also present in animal models of autoimmune diabetes, including both the BB rat and NOD mouse. Traditionally, apoptosis has been considered a process that does not induce an immune response. However, recent studies indicate that apoptotic cells can do the following: 1) display autoreactive antigen in their surface blebs; 2) preferentially activate dendritic cells capable of priming tissue-specific cytotoxic T-cells; and 3) induce the formation of autoantibodies. These findings suggest that in some circumstances physiological apoptosis may, in fact, initiate autoimmunity. Initiation of beta-cell-directed autoimmunity in murine models appears to be fixed at approximately 15 days of age, even when diabetes onset is dramatically accelerated. Taken together, these observations have led us to hypothesize that the neonatal wave of beta-cell apoptosis is a trigger for beta-cell-directed autoimmunity.
Tall Cross-Laminated Timber Building: Design and Performance Session WW300 Experimental and Modeling Studies on Wood Frame Buildings (2014)

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is widely perceived as the most promising option for building high-rise wood structures due to its structural robustness and good fire resistance. While gravity load design of a tall CLT building is relatively easy to address because all CLT walls can be utilized as bearing walls, design for significant lateral loads (earthquake and wind) can be challenging due to the lack of ductility in current CLT construction methods that utilize wall panels with low aspect ratios (height to length). Keeping the wall panels at high aspect ratios can provide a more ductile response, but it will inevitably increase the material and labor costs associated with the structure. In this study, a solution to this dilemma is proposed by introducing damping and elastic restoring devices in a multi-story CLT building to achieve ductile response, while keeping the integrity of low aspect ratio walls to reduce the cost of construction and improve fire resistance. The design methodology for incorporating the response modification devices is proposed and the performance of the as-designed structure under seismic is evaluated.
[Maternal mortality at the University Hospital Center of Donka (Conakry, Guinea)]. (1989)

We report the first results of the analysis of maternal mortality at the university hospital of Donka, Conakry, Guinée. This paper details the mortality rate [12.47/1,000] in a consultant service which has very limited facilities. It outlines the causes of death, the dramatic circumstances in which the accidents occur and it discusses the notion of responsibility and above all the means to reduce these terrible mortality figures: an increase in primary health care, peripheral obstetrical services, training of health personnel and of traditional birth attendants, as well as education of the population.
Synthetic mixed-signal computation in living cells (2016)

Living cells implement complex computations on the continuous environmental signals that they encounter. These computations involve both analogue- and digital-like processing of signals to give rise to complex developmental programs, context-dependent behaviours and homeostatic activities. In contrast to natural biological systems, synthetic biological systems have largely focused on either digital or analogue computation separately. Here we integrate analogue and digital computation to implement complex hybrid synthetic genetic programs in living cells. We present a framework for building comparator gene circuits to digitize analogue inputs based on different thresholds. We then demonstrate that comparators can be predictably composed together to build band-pass filters, ternary logic systems and multi-level analogue-to-digital converters. In addition, we interface these analogue-to-digital circuits with other digital gene circuits to enable concentration-dependent logic. We expect that this hybrid computational paradigm will enable new industrial, diagnostic and therapeutic applications with engineered cells.
Towards Prediction of Metabolic Products of Polyketide Synthases: An In Silico Analysis (2009)

Sequence data arising from an increasing number of partial and complete genome projects is revealing the presence of the polyketide synthase (PKS) family of genes not only in microbes and fungi but also in plants and other eukaryotes. PKSs are huge multifunctional megasynthases that use a variety of biosynthetic paradigms to generate enormously diverse arrays of polyketide products that posses several pharmaceutically important properties. The remarkable conservation of these gene clusters across organisms offers abundant scope for obtaining novel insights into PKS biosynthetic code by computational analysis. We have carried out a comprehensive in silico analysis of modular and iterative gene clusters to test whether chemical structures of the secondary metabolites can be predicted from PKS protein sequences. Here, we report the success of our method and demonstrate the feasibility of deciphering the putative metabolic products of uncharacterized PKS clusters found in newly sequenced genomes. Profile Hidden Markov Model analysis has revealed distinct sequence features that can distinguish modular PKS proteins from their iterative counterparts. For iterative PKS proteins, structural models of iterative ketosynthase (KS) domains have revealed novel correlations between the size of the polyketide products and volume of the active site pocket. Furthermore, we have identified key residues in the substrate binding pocket that control the number of chain extensions in iterative PKSs. For modular PKS proteins, we describe for the first time an automated method based on crucial intermolecular contacts that can distinguish the correct biosynthetic order of substrate channeling from a large number of non-cognate combinatorial possibilities. Taken together, our in silico analysis provides valuable clues for formulating rules for predicting polyketide products of iterative as well as modular PKS clusters. These results have promising potential for discovery of novel natural products by genome mining and rational design of novel natural products.
EVENODD: an optimal scheme for tolerating double disk failures in RAID architectures (2002)

Presents a novel method, called EVENODD, for tolerating up to two disk failures in RAID architectures. EVENODD is the first known scheme for tolerating double disk failures that is optimal with regard to both storage and performance. EVENODD employs the addition of only two redundant disks and consists of simple exclusive-OR computations. A major advantage of EVENODD is that it only requires parity hardware, which is typically present in standard RAID-5 controllers. Hence, EVENODD can be implemented on standard RAID-5 controllers without any hardware changes. The only previously known scheme that employs optimal redundant storage (i.e. two extra disks) is based on Reed-Solomon (RS) error-correcting codes, requires computation over finite fields and results in a more complex implementation. For example, the authors show that the number of exclusive-OR operations involved in implementing EVENODD in a disk array with 15 disks is about 50% of the number required when using the RS scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A memory and computation efficient three-dimensional simulation system for the UV lithography of thick SU-8 photoresists (2012)

This paper presents a memory and computation efficient three dimensional simulation system for the ultraviolet (UV) lithography process of thick SU-8. The simulation system is developed based on a novel fast marching method based on full hash table. To investigate the simulation system, some simulations under different lithography conditions have been conducted by this system, using various simulation grid arrays. The corresponding experiments have been implemented to verify the simulation results, and all studies are carried out on SU-8 2075 under UV source with 365nm (2.6mW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) radiation. The simulated development profiles demonstrate to be in agreement with the experimental results, and the memory usage during the lithography simulations has been reduced by about 60%, compared with current approaches.
Ramp signal generation in Voltage mode CCM Random switching Frequency Buck converter for conductive EMI reduction (2010)

An output voltage ripple aware design of different voltage ramp signal of Voltage mode CCM Random Frequency Buck converter for conductive EMI reduction has been presented in this paper. Simulation and experimental results with a standard CMOS-0.35μm process verifies the proposed design and analysis. From experimental result, a carefully designed ramp can reduce output voltage ripple by more than 8 times with no influence on the inductor current spectrum spread and without any increment of inductance and capacitance comparing to conventional design.
Computational Nondestructive Evaluation Handbook : Ultrasound Modeling Techniques (2020)

Introducing computational wave propagation methods developed over 40 years of research, this comprehensive book offers a computational approach to NDE of isotropic, anisotropic, and functionally graded materials. It discusses recent methods to enable enhanced computational efficiency for anisotropic materials. It offers an overview of the need for and uses of NDE simulation. The content provides a basic understanding of ultrasonic wave propagation through continuum mechanics and detailed discussions on the mathematical techniques of six computational methods to simulate NDE experiments. In this book, the pros and cons of each individual method are discussed and guidelines for selecting specific simulation methods for specific NDE scenarios are offered.



Covers ultrasonic CNDE fundamentals to provide understanding of NDE simulation methods


Offers a catalog of effective CNDE methods to evaluate and compare


Provides exercises on real-life NDE problems with mathematical steps


Discusses CNDE for common material types, including isotropic, anisotropic, and functionally graded materials


Presents readers with practical knowledge on ultrasonic CNDE methods


This work is an invaluable resource for researchers, advanced students, and industry professionals across materials, mechanical, civil, and aerospace engineering, and anyone seeking to enhance their understanding of computational approaches for advanced material evaluation methods.
Efficient Calibration through Statistical Behavioral Modeling of a High-Speed Low-Power ADC (2006)

We address the problem of calibrating a flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for ultra-wide band energy-constrained receivers. To achieve a superior power efficiency the ADC exploits an unusual comparator architecture that is capable of avoiding the reference ladder, but need threshold calibration for offset compensation. In this work, we present a foreground calibration technique, which aims at reducing the required energy by minimizing the number of clock cycles required for calibration. Optimization is performed relying on a fast and accurate ADC statistical behavioral model, which is also useful to characterize different calibration schemes and provide feedback to the system designer, avoiding expensive electrical simulations. The proposed technique is successfully applied to a 4-bit 90nm CMOS ADC prototype, obtaining INL< 0.15LSB, DNL<0.2LSB and 3.7-ENOB at 1.25GS/s at the expense of only 15.17nJ ADC energy
Pharmacologic Treatment of Common Symptoms in Dialysis Patients: A Narrative Review (2015)

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving hemodialysis experience a heavy burden of disease-related symptoms, which lead to reduced quality of life. This review focuses on aspects of ESRD-related pharmacokinetics and on efficacy of drugs for treatment of somatic symptoms. Fatigue, pruritus, insomnia, and cramps are the most common symptoms in ESRD, and studies suggest that they are often undertreated. However, few evidence-based guidelines exist to guide therapy in patients received dialysis. In the context of this review, we examine the role of l-Carnitine in the treatment of fatigue and cramps; human growth hormone analog Norditropin and anabolic steroid Nandrolone for the treatment of fatigue; Gabapentin and other agents for the management of pruritis; Vitamin and creatine supplementation in the management of dialysis-associated cramps, and somnambulates in the treatment of dialysis-related insomnia. Treatment decisions should be made in consultation with patients with a full accounting of the potential risks and benefits of these therapies.
MIMIC-III, a freely accessible critical care database (2016)

MIMIC-III ('Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care') is a large, single-center database comprising information relating to patients admitted to critical care units at a large tertiary care hospital. Data includes vital signs, medications, laboratory measurements, observations and notes charted by care providers, fluid balance, procedure codes, diagnostic codes, imaging reports, hospital length of stay, survival data, and more. The database supports applications including academic and industrial research, quality improvement initiatives, and higher education coursework.
Safety and Feasibility of Balloon-Assisted Embolization with Onyx of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Revisited: Personal Experience with the Scepter XC Balloon Microcatheter (2018)

Utilization of the extra-compliant balloon microcatheter results in safe and effective BAE, which adds to the growing experience with BAE for AVM treatment.
Involvement of SMARCA2/BRM in the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex in schizophrenia (2009)

Chromatin remodeling may play a role in the neurobiology of schizophrenia and the process, therefore, may be considered as a therapeutic target. The SMARCA2 gene encodes BRM in the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, and associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to schizophrenia were found in two linkage disequilibrium blocks in the SMARCA2 gene after screening of 11 883 SNPs (rs2296212; overall allelic P = 5.8 x 10(-5)) and subsequent screening of 22 genes involved in chromatin remodeling (rs3793490; overall allelic P = 2.0 x 10(-6)) in a Japanese population. A risk allele of a missense polymorphism (rs2296212) induced a lower nuclear localization efficiency of BRM, and risk alleles of intronic polymorphisms (rs3763627 and rs3793490) were associated with low SMARCA2 expression levels in the postmortem prefrontal cortex. A significant correlation in the fold changes of gene expression from schizophrenic prefrontal cortex (from the Stanley Medical Research Institute online genomics database) was seen with suppression of SMARCA2 in transfected human cells by specific siRNA, and of orthologous genes in the prefrontal cortex of Smarca2 knockout mice. Smarca2 knockout mice showed impaired social interaction and prepulse inhibition. Psychotogenic drugs lowered Smarca2 expression while antipsychotic drugs increased it in the mouse brain. These findings support the existence of a role for BRM in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Plastic Encapsulated MCM Technology for High Volume, Low Cost Electronics (1995)

An innovative embedded chip MCM technology is being developed to address the packaging needs of the high volume, non‐military electronics industries. This development has evolved out of the GE High Density Interconnect (HDI) embedded chip MCM technology that was aimed at very high performance electronics in harsh military environments. In the HDI process, multiple bare chips are placed into cavities formed in a ceramic substrate and interconnected using an overlay polymer film, thin film metallisation and laser formed vias. Multiple levels of fine line (20 to 40 microns) interconnections and reference planes are used to form the circuit. In this new process, a plastic encapsulated substrate is formed by moulding a polymer resin around the bare die after placement on to a flat polymer film pre‐coated with an adhesive layer. After curing of the resin, the circuit is formed by patterning via holes through the polymer film to the components, metallising the polymer film and patterning the metal into the desired interconnect pattern. Feature sizes are readily scaled to the complexity needed by the circuit, permitting the use of lower cost and higher yield board photopatterning processes and equipment. This paper will cover the development of this low cost technology and will describe the process. It will also describe the thermal, mechanical and electrical features of this process and show actual working prototype modules.
Squeezed States and Sub-Poissonian Photon Statistics (1982)

It is pointed out that, although squeezing and sub-Poissonian photon statistics need not go together, in the sense that an electromagnetic field may exhibit one but not the other, the method that is normally used to detect a squeezed state automatically generates sub-Poissonian photon statistics. However, when these considerations are applied to the fluorescence from a coherently driven atom, which exhibits both squeezing and sub-Poisson fluctuations, one finds that the statistics of the emitted photons show even larger departures from classical field theory than the squeezing.
Dual-gate SOI CMOS technology by local overgrowth (LOG) (2003)

Summary form only given. A dual-gate CMOS process with excellent device performance is discussed. The low parasitics of SOI devices can be obtained without the penalty of degraded channel mobility that is often observed in zone melting recrystallized (ZMR) material. Low mask count, reduced diffusion times compared to bulk CMOS processing, and excellent planarity enable further stacking or multilayer metallization. Interconnect complexity is greatly simplified by vertical vias to the substrate, providing one power bus. The process gets simpler as device dimensions are scaled down.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Unique Electrochemical Catalytic Behavior of Pt Nanoparticles Deposited on TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes (2012)

In this study, we have directly deposited Pt nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2/Pt) using a facile photoassisted reduction method. The Pt nanoparticles deposited on the TiO2 nanotube arrays possess a large electrochemically active surface area and exhibit remarkable kinetic behaviors. The peaks for the oxide formation and reduction progressively decrease and eventually disappear completely after 800 cycles, whereas the integrated charge for hydrogen adsorption and desorption reaches a constant, ∼70% of the initial value. In addition, an S-shaped cyclic voltammogram observed for the methanol oxidation at the electrochemically treated TiO2/Pt electrode was dramatically different from the results obtained at a bulk Pt electrode. The self-refreshment functionality and anatomy of the reconstructed TiO2-supported Pt nanoparticles described in this study provide a new approach for improving the catalytic activity of Pt nanomaterials in renewable energy applications.
Influence of laser phase and frequency fluctuations on photon-echo data erasure (1996)

Erasure of data stored by use of photon echoes has been investigated as a function of data writing time and data storage time. The results clarify the requirements on laser phase and frequency stability for performing photon-echo data erasure. The analysis of phase and frequency stability of a light source by the photon-echo erasure process is illustrated. A theoretical analysis emphasizing the physical processes that affect the erasure efficiency as well as an extensive discussion of possible error sources are given. Finally, an approach to bit-selective photon-echo data erasure that is insensitive to laser phase and frequency fluctuations is suggested.
Novel Integrable 80V Silicon Lateral Trench Power MOSFETs for High Frequency DC-DC Converters (2007)

We propose novel integrable 80V silicon lateral trench power MOSFETs with low Figures of Merit (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> times Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> times Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gd</sub> ) proving very attractive for high frequency DC- DC converter applications. The performance of these lateral trench power MOSFETs was simulated using a 2-D device simulator, and an analytical model was developed and implemented in MAST HDL. Circuit simulations indicate a 4X reduction in the switching losses over a comparable commercial device, especially at high switching frequencies ( >500kHz).