gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (2010)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are constantly produced and are tightly regulated to maintain a redox balance (or homeostasis) together with antioxidants (e.g. superoxide dismutase and glutathione) under normal physiological circumstances. These ROS/RNS have been shown to be critical for various biological events including signal transduction, aging, apoptosis, and development. Despite the known beneficial effects, an overproduction of ROS/RNS in the cases of receptor-mediated stimulation and disease-induced oxidative stress can inflict severe tissue damage. In particular, these ROS/RNS are capable of degrading macromolecules including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids as well as polysaccharides, and presumably lead to their dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to highlight (1) chemical mechanisms related to cell-free and cell-based depolymerization of polysaccharides initiated by individual oxidative species; (2) the effect of ROS/RNS-mediated depolymerization on the successive cleavage of the glycosidic linkage of polysaccharides by glycoside hydrolases; and (3) the potential biological outcome of ROS/RNS-mediated depolymerization of polysaccharides.
Composite (2016)

The document defines the terms most commonly encountered in the field of polymer blends and composites. The scope has been limited to mixtures in which the components differ in chemical composition or molar mass and in which the continuous phase is polymeric. Incidental thermodynamic descriptions are mainly limited to binary mixtures although, in principle, they could be generalized to multicomponent mixtures.
Comparing the accuracy of the da Vinci Xi and da Vinci Si for image guidance and automation (2020)

The Xi can achieve submillimetric average error. Calibration improves accuracy, but excellent baseline accuracy of the Xi means that calibration may not be needed for some applications. Importantly, the external tracking systems needed to account for setup joint error in the Si are no longer required with the Xi.
Bistable switching in organic thin films (1971)

Field-induced switching between two impedance states has been observed in both pure and doped organic thin films. Aromatic hydrocarbon films display this phenomenon reproducibly when a mobile electrode material such as gallium-indium alloy is employed. Controlled doping of the hydrocarbons with electron acceptors leads to reproducible switching characteristics which are not electrode dependent. For the doped films, activation energies of conduction typical of bulk charge-transfer complexes characterize the low impedance states whereas the activation energies of the high impedance states are typical of organic insulating films. It is suggested that the switching mechanism involves the formation of conducting filaments.
Resveratrol analogue 4,4′-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene potently inhibits cancer invasion and metastasis (2016)

We investigated the preventive effects of resveratrol analogue 4,4'-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene (DHS) on cancer invasion and metastasis. Two different in vivo approaches of mouse and zebrafish lung cancer invasion models were employed in our study. The in vitro results showed that DHS displays potent inhibition on anchorage-dependent or -independent cell growth of LLC cells, leading to impairment of the cell cycle progression with reduction of cell numbers arresting at the G1 phase, an evident accumulation of pre-G1 events correlated with apoptotic behaviour. In addition, DHS induces a marked inhibition of LLC cell migration and matrigel invasion. In a murine lung cancer model, tumour volume, cell proliferation, and tumour angiogenesis were significantly inhibited by DHS. Importantly, liver metastatic lesions were significantly reduced in DHS-treated mice. Similarly, DHS significantly inhibits lung cancer cell dissemination, invasion and metastasis in a zebrafish tumour model. These findings demonstrate that DHS could potentially be developed as a novel therapeutic agent for treatment of cancer and metastasis.
On Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in 5G Systems (2015)

NOMA는 차세대 유망한 무선 접속 기술 중 하나다. 중첩코딩(SC: superposition coding) 기술을 활용한 송신부와 순차적 간섭 제거(SIC: successive interference cancellation) 기술을 탑재한 수신부를 갖춘 NOMA는 다수의 바람직한 특징을 가지고 있으며, 기존의 LTE에서 채택하고 있는 직교 다중 접속(OMA) 방식인 직교 주파수 분할 다중(OFDMA)기술에 비해 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 5G 시스템에서의 NOMA에 관한 최근의 연구 동향을 분석하였다. 먼저, NOMA의 기본 개념을 논하고 장래 무선 기술 분야에서의 그 중요성을 진단하였다. 다음은, 5G 시스템에서의 NOMA에 대한 가장 최근의 주요 기술들을 분석하고, 다양한 항목별로 분류하여 제시하였다. 마지막으로 NOMA의 성능을 수치해석 결과를 통해 분석하고; NOMA의 현안과 난제에 기반하여 향후 해결해야 할 이슈들을 제시하였다. The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is one of the fledging paradigms which next generation radio access technologies are sprouting toward. The NOMA with superposition coding (SC) in the transmitter and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the receiver comes with many desirable features and benefits over orthogonal multiple access (OMA) such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) adopted by Long-Term Evolution (LTE). In this paper, we study the recent research trends on NOMA in 5G systems. We discuss the basic concept of NOMA and explain its aspects of importance for future radio access. Then, we provide a survey of the state of the art in NOMA for 5G systems in a categorized manner. Further, we analyze the NOMA performances with numerical examples; and provide some avenues for future research on NOMA on a set of open issues and challenges.
3D-Antenna-in-Package Solution for Microwave Wireless Sensor Network Nodes (2011)

A three-dimensional packaging solution is introduced for wireless sensor network nodes at microwave frequencies. The package has a cubic geometry with radiating antennas on its surrounding faces. The cube which is called e-CUBE is designed in such a way that its radiation pattern resembles that of a simple dipole. The antenna is designed in a modular way and the final structure has a return loss better than 10 dB and a dipole-shape pattern at 17.2 GHz. Moreover, the measurement and simulation results show very good agreement.
An experimental study on cell interaction between fibroblasts of periodontal ligament and cells from Malassez epithelial rests co-cultured in vitro. (1995)

本研究はマラッセの上皮遺残由来の上皮細胞 (MER) と歯根膜線維芽細胞 (PLF) を混合培養することにより, 上皮-間葉の相互関係を検索することである。MERは敷石状に配列するKeratin弱陽性細胞で, PLFは紡錘形のVimentin弱陽性細胞であった。PLFは日数の経過とともに著明に増殖し, その増殖率は級数的であったが, MERの増殖率は緩やかであった。MERをPLF上で培養した群では日数の経過とともに, PLF上でMERの敷石状細胞集団が形成されその領域を増加させていく像が観察された。PLFをMER上で培養した群では集族するPLFの細胞集団とその辺縁から放射状に増殖する細胞が観察されるようになった。しかしその増殖は極めて弱いものであった。PLFおよびMERを混合培養した群では, 2日例でPLFの細胞が主体で, 散在性にMERが観察されたが日数の経過とともにPLFの占有率をしのぐまで増殖していた。以上の所見よりマラッセの上皮遺残由来の細胞は線維芽細胞に比べると緩慢ではあるが徐々に増殖を開始し, 線維性組織の上を覆い, 角化重層扁平上皮の構造をとるようになることが示唆された。
Analysis and testing for error tolerant motion estimation (2006)

We propose a novel system-level error tolerance approach specifically targeted for multimedia compression algorithms. In particular, we focus on the motion estimation process performed by most video encoders. While current manufacturing process classifies fabricated systems into two classes, namely, perfect and imperfect, our proposed scheme employs categories which are based on acceptable/unacceptable performance degradation. By enabling the use of systems that would otherwise have been discarded we seek to increase the overall yield rate in the system fabrication process. To achieve this, we propose testing algorithms that aim at determining if faults in a given chip produce acceptable performance degradation, and we propose a technique which can cancel the effect of those among the acceptable faults that can be compensated.
Inhibition of superantigen-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory arthritis in MRL-lpr/lpr mice by a transcriptional inhibitor of TNF-α (1996)

We have used fas-defective MRL-lpr/lpr mice to study the effects of the staphylococcal enterotoxin superantigens on the development of autoimmune, inflammatory joint disease in animals that are susceptible to the development of rheumatoid arthritis-like disease. We show that systematic administration by a single i.p. injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB; 10 micrograms/mouse) caused a mild, inflammatory arthritis +30 days postchallenge in the knee joints of young (< 2-mo-old) MRL-lpr/lpr mice, but not aged-matched MRL +/+ mice. In aged (> 8-mo-old) MRL-lpr/lpr mice, but not in aged MRL +/+ mice, SEB caused a severe, inflammatory arthritis, as assessed histologically, and systemic autoimmune disease, including glomerulonephritis and autoantibody production. Furthermore, in aged MRL-lpr/lpr mice, SEB but not heat-denatured SEB caused acute weight loss and elevated levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines. Compared with highly purified peritoneal macrophages obtained from either aged MRL +/+, young MRL-lpr/lpr, or young MRL +/+, peritoneal macrophages obtained from aged MRL-lpr/lpr mice constitutively expressed 2- to 10-fold greater levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-10, and produced elevated amounts of these cytokines when treated in vitro with SEB. SEB-challenged aged MRL-lpr/lpr mice treated with anti-TNF mAb (100 micrograms/mouse; every other day), anti-V beta 8 TCR mAb (250 micrograms/mouse; every other day), or orally with the novel TNF-alpha inhibitor MDL 201,449A (9-[(1R, 3R)-trans-cyclopentan-3-ol] adenine; 25 mg/kg/day) exhibited reduced inflammatory arthritis, autoantibody formation, and serum TNF-alpha levels, but not IL-10 levels, after +30 days of treatment. These data suggest that SEB is an extremely potent macrophage-activating factor in vitro and in vivo, enhancing several aspects of autoimmune disease in MRL-lpr/lpr mice, and that anti-TNF therapies may have potential use in inflammatory arthritis.
Freeway incident detection based upon pattern classification (1975)

The detection of accidents and other capacity reducing incidents, e.g., occurrences of disabled vehicles in traveled lanes, on urban freeways is an important aspect of freeway traffic management. This function has been automated in several existing freeway surveillance and control systems in the form of incident detection algorithms. Multiple feature incident detection algorithms use two or more functions of traffic data and associated thresholds to signal the occurrence of incidents. These algorithms are constructed to distinguish patterns of traffic conditions distinctive of incidents. In this paper, a general approach to the calibration and evaluation of multiple-feature algorithms which are structured as decision trees is described. This methodology is applied to the California algorithm.
Sound propagation in amorphous Co-P (1977)

Sound velocity measurements in Co-P are reported. The velocity of longitudinal and transverse waves has been measured around 90 MHz, down to 0.4K. The acoustical properties are similar to those observed in all other amorphous materials but the coupling parameter is very small (5*106 erg cm-3).
Soluble Paramagnetic Chelates and Stabilized Colloidal Particle Solutions of Iron Oxides as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2005)

The development of contrast agents shortening the relaxation times of protons began more than 20 years ago in order to improve the capability of diagnosing disease by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A variety of extracellular and tissue specific contrast agents were developed based on two types of molecules. One type was related to soluble paramagnetic chelates and the other type to stabilized colloidal particle solutions of iron oxides. The chelate or metal complex of gadopentetate dimeglumine was the pioneering magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent used in 1988. Chemical modifications of this chelate and the design of new chelates led to tissue or blood pool specificity in MRI. Similarly, modifications in coating materials and variations in size of iron oxide particles allowed for tissue specificity or blood pool properties in MRI. Both types of contrast agents offer excellent perspectives for clinical MRI and for molecular imaging.
On Reservoir Fluid-Flow Control with Smart Completions (2007)

Summary Poor displacement efficiency in hydrocarbon formations is often caused by the natural variation in the mobility of fluids across the reservoir strata. Historically, completions with cemented casing, packers, conformance controlling fluids/gels, and selective perforations have been used to mitigate the disparities in water encroachment over the reservoir interval. Recently, completion technologies using downhole valves, which allow production and injection control over multiple zones, have become available. The central idea is that downhole control may be used to adjust flow distributions along the wellbore to correct undesired fluid-front movement. In this paper, we address several technical issues related to downhole controls. We consider a single system comprising the reservoir, the completion, the measurement, and the feedback algorithm that adjusts flow-control devices, with quantitative models for each of the components. Both pressure and flow-rate control systems are discussed. Downhole control is modeled for electrical, reversible hydraulic, and unidirectional hydraulic valves. The design methodology for different valve systems is described and the disadvantages of hydraulic systems are discussed. In particular, it is shown that in conjunction with an automated feedback control, hydraulic valves will oscillate. Computations also show that all other factors remaining equal, these oscillations occur most easily in low-permeability zones. For unidirectional hydraulic valves, we also illustrate novel anticipatory control algorithms that prevent overshooting. For communicating layered systems, a front movement equation is derived using perturbation techniques. This technique provides the zone of influence of wellbore flow-control devices, and illustrates the maximal benefit that may be obtained through down-hole control, thus providing a ready comparison with the cost of completion.
Response of the pulp of dogs to capping with mineral trioxide aggregate or a calcium hydroxide cement (2001)

This study was conducted to observe the response of dogs' dental pulp to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and a calcium hydroxide cement when used as pulp capping materials. After the pulps of 30 teeth were exposed, they were capped with either MTA or a calcium hydroxide cement. Histological analysis was performed 2 months after treatment. Results showed a healing process with complete tubular dentin bridge formation and no inflammation in any of the pulps capped with MTA. On the other hand, only five specimens from the calcium hydroxide cement group formed a complete dentin bridge. In this experimental group, pulp inflammation was observed in all but three cases. In conclusion, MTA exhibited better results than the calcium hydroxide cement for the capping of the pulp in dogs.
Alloplasty in Surgery of the Eye (1958)

Lid SurgeryIf the levator of the upper lid is functioning, a ptosis is usually corrected by one of several lid-shortening procedures. If there is partial or complete paresis of the levator, the frontalis muscle can be made to replace levator action. The tarsus is usually attached to the frontalis muscle by various substances. The most popular is fascia lata.22 However, this requires two operative sites and is a fairly long procedure. Buried, braided, waxed silk can also be used for this purpose. The sutures pass under the skin from the free border of the eyelid upward to above the . . .
Elastase and cell matrix interactions in the pathobiology of vascular disease (1995)

Ultrastructural observations in lung tissue implicated an endogenous vascular elastase (EVE), in the pathobiology of pulmonary vascular disease. In experimental rats, increased activity of a 20 kDa serine proteinase related to adipsin precedes the development of sustained pulmonary hypertension and vascular abnormalities. A further increase in activity is related to malignant progression of the disease. A cause and effect relationship was suggested by studies in which elastase inhibitors successfully prevented or retarded progression of pulmonary hypertension. In vitro studies have shown that both serum and endothelial factors induce EVE via tyrosine kinase intracellular signalling. Induction of EVE can release basic fibroblast growth factor from the extracellular matrix in an active form stimulating smooth muscle cell proliferation. Elastase activity was also observed in the process of smooth muscle cell migration and neointimal formation in coronary arteries following experimental cardiac transplantation. An immune/inflammatory response is observed with increased production of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 beta, reciprocally up-regulating production of fibronectin, a glycoprotein which mediated smooth muscle cell migration. The action of IL-1 beta in inducing fibronectin is facilitated by the production of elastin peptides generated by increased activity of an elastase in the coronary arteries. Our studies suggest that ligation of the elastin binding protein by elastin peptides unmasks IL-1 receptors. Fibronectin also stimulates transendothelial migration of lymphocytes which perpetuates the inflammatory response leading to neointimal formation in this model. Masking integrins on T cells with a decoy synthetic CS-1 (fibronectin) peptide largely prevented transendothelial migration and coronary neointimal formation following cardiac transplant.
Hydrolytic Pretreatment of Softwood and Almond Shells. Degree of Polymerization and Enzymatic Digestibility of the Cellulose Fraction (1997)

Autohydrolysis and dilute-acid hydrolysis were used as pretreatment methods to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose in two different lignocellulosic substrates, a softwood mixture and an agricultural residue of almond shells. The changes in the chemical composition of the softwood mixture during dilute-acid pretreatment were studied, and the results were grouped by using a severity parameter, KROH, which was derived from the kinetics of hemicellulose solubilization. The average degree of polymerization of the cellulose retained in the pretreated substrate, DPv, was investigated and its trend compared with that of almond shells. Cellulose DPv decreased for both the substrates from a value of 700 for the untreated lignocellulosic to around 200, which corresponds to the leveling-off degree of polymerization, as there is no significant variation in DPv when severity increases. Glucose yields after enzymatic saccharification of the pretreated substrates turned out to be higher for almond shells than for the softwood mixture, which had a very low susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis throughout the spectrum of experimental conditions investigated. At KROH = 15 000, the glucose yield for the softwood mixture is 44% of the potential fraction present in the pretreated pulp, while for almond shells the maximum yield surpasses 97% for KROH = 3. The different behavior between these lignocellulosic species is not caused by different degrees of cellulose depolymerization nor by the removal of different amounts of carbohydrates during pretreatments in equivalent conditions.
Detecting Curve Text in the Wild: New Dataset and New Solution (2017)

Scene text detection has been made great progress in recent years. The detection manners are evolving from axis-aligned rectangle to rotated rectangle and further to quadrangle. However, current datasets contain very little curve text, which can be widely observed in scene images such as signboard, product name and so on. To raise the concerns of reading curve text in the wild, in this paper, we construct a curve text dataset named CTW1500, which includes over 10k text annotations in 1,500 images (1000 for training and 500 for testing). Based on this dataset, we pioneering propose a polygon based curve text detector (CTD) which can directly detect curve text without empirical combination. Moreover, by seamlessly integrating the recurrent transverse and longitudinal offset connection (TLOC), the proposed method can be end-to-end trainable to learn the inherent connection among the position offsets. This allows the CTD to explore context information instead of predicting points independently, resulting in more smooth and accurate detection. We also propose two simple but effective post-processing methods named non-polygon suppress (NPS) and polygonal non-maximum suppression (PNMS) to further improve the detection accuracy. Furthermore, the proposed approach in this paper is designed in an universal manner, which can also be trained with rectangular or quadrilateral bounding boxes without extra efforts. Experimental results on CTW-1500 demonstrate our method with only a light backbone can outperform state-of-the-art methods with a large margin. By evaluating only in the curve or non-curve subset, the CTD + TLOC can still achieve the best results. Code is available at https://github.com/Yuliang-Liu/Curve-Text-Detector.
Typen des Märchens (1990)

Die Märchenforschung verfügt über ein Typensystem, das allgemein gehandhabt wird und die Verständigung, die praktische Arbeit überhaupt ungemein erleichtert; wissenschaftliche Märcheneditionen richten sich in ihrem Aufbau nach ihm, und auch manche populäre Sammlung versieht ihre Erzählungen mit den international gängigen Typennummern. Dieses System ist von dem finnischen Märchenforscher Antti Aarne vorwiegend auf Grund von finnischen, dänischen (Grundtvig) und deutschen Märchen (Grimm) geschaffen und 1910 zum erstenmal veröffentlicht worden; die zweite Ausgabe, in englischer Sprache, wurde von Stith Thompson bearbeitet und beträchtlich erweitert (1928); eine dritte, wiederum von Thompson besorgte Ausgabe hat mit 588 Seiten mehr als das Siebenfache des ursprünglichen Umfangs erreicht (1961). Das Werk, zitiert als AaTh, ATh, AT, Mt (= Märchentypus) oder, wie im vorliegenden Bändchen, einfach als T., darf als der Linné der Märchenforschung bezeichnet werden.
Solder bump size and shape modeling and experimental validation (1997)

Capillary physics was used to predict the size of solder bumps processed through a heated reflow cycle. Based on the density, surface tension, and volume of the solder material the effects of body forces are negligible compared to surface tension effects. For this case the predicted equilibrium shape of the molten solder is a truncated sphere, where the base of the sphere is defined by the bump input/output (I/O) pad on the integrated circuit (IC). Experiments using different size bumps on Si wafers were conducted to test the validity of the truncated sphere model. The experimental results matched the model to within 11% for the predicted height and 8% for the predicted radius. Using dimensionless variables for the solder volume, bump height, and bump radius allows these results for reflowed height and radius to each be plotted on a single curve and fitted with a single equation. These results can be used to design ICs, solder bumps, and solder bump assemblies in order to ensure that the attached IC can be underfilled reliably, and to ensure reliable products.
Organic Light-Emitting Diode Using Eu<sup>3+</sup> Polymer Complex as an Emitter (1999)

A new fluorescent Eu 3+ polymer complex with the trivalent europium (Eu 3+ ) ion directly bonded to a polymer chain was synthesized, and a new organic electroluminescent (EL) device in which it is used as the emitting layer was fabricated successfully for the first time. It was found that the EL and PL spectra of the device and its film were different from each other; for the former, the emission peaks lie at 595 nm and 657 nm, while it is at 618 nm for the latter. The difference between EL and PL was also discussed.