gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glucocorticoids drive human CD8+ T cell differentiation towards a phenotype with high IL-10 and reduced IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 production (2000)

Glucocorticoids are highly effective in the treatment of allergy and asthma and inhibit the synthesis of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by disease-promoting CD4(+) Th2 cells. CD8(+) T cells also synthesize these cytokines, and the aim of this study was to investigate how glucocorticoids effect cytokine production by these cells. When CD8(+) T cells are stimulated with anti-CD3 and IL-2 plus IL-4 or dexamethasone, production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is low in both primary and secondary cultures restimulated with anti-CD3 and IL-2 alone. However, when both are present, a synergistic effect on IL-10 synthesis is observed. The additional presence of antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the priming culture maintains IL-10 levels, but inhibits IL-4 and IL-5 production. CD4(+) T cells develop a similar glucocorticoid-induced phenotype. These cells demonstrate regulatory activity and inhibit CD4(+) T cell activation in an IL-10-dependent manner. Earlier reports show glucocorticoids promote a Th2 phenotype by effects on purified naive T cells or pretreatment of APC. This study demonstrates, more critically, that when APC are present, glucocorticoids induce CD4 and CD8 T cell populations synthesizing high levels of IL-10, but greatly reduced amounts of disease-promoting IL-4 and IL-5.
A novel approach to real-time verification of transport system design using FPGA based emulator (2002)

This paper discusses a new approach to efficient system design verification that uses an FPGA based real-time emulator. The architecture of a real-time emulator suitable for high-speed digital transmission system emulation and an experimental system are described. The proposed system consists of an emulation engine using the custom designed multi-chip module FPGA called PROTEUS-MCM, a program control unit, and a physical interface. The system can be used not only for real-time emulation of high-speed transmission systems, but also as initial systems for actual communication networks.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Young Women (2009)

In female youngsters displaying initiating stages of vascular pathology, blood pressure level and numerous nontraditional risk conditions showed a significant relation to high IMT. Our study indicates that (auto)immune processes, high lipoprotein(a), and environmental exposure to tobacco smoke and traffic exhaust may play a role in early atherogenesis.
Expression of molecular markers in blood of neonatal foals with sepsis (2006)

The cytokine profile in foals with sepsis may suggest an immunosuppressive state. Expression of IL-10 may be a marker for identification of foals with a guarded prognosis.
Space variant median filters for the restoration of impulse noise corrupted images (2001)

This brief proposes a generalized framework of median based switching schemes, called multi-state median (MSM) filter. By using a simple thresholding logic, the output of the MSM filter is adaptively switched among those of a group of center weighted median (CWM) filters that have different center weights. As a result, the MSM filter is equivalent to an adaptive CWM filter with a space varying center weight which is dependent on local signal statistics. The efficacy of the proposed filter has been evaluated by extensive simulations.
Quasi‐Aligned Single‐Crystalline W<sub>18</sub>O<sub>49</sub> Nanotubes and Nanowires (2003)

Quasi‐aligned W 18 O 49 nanotubes and nanowires with single‐crystalline monoclinic structure were prepared via a physical vapor deposition process. The axes of the nanotubes and nanowires were aligned along the [010] direction. Field‐emission measurement revealed a threshold field of 6.2 V μm –1 for W 18 O 49 nanowire films, indicating the prepared W 18 O 49 nanowires are excellent field emitters.
Targeting ultra-low power consumption with non-uniform sampling and filtering (2010)

Today signal processing systems uniformly sample analog signals without taking advantage of their intrinsic properties. For instance, temperature, pressure, electrocardiograms, speech signals significantly vary only during short moments. The digitizing system does not take into account this specificity and furthermore is highly constrained by the Shannon theory which fixes the sampling frequency at least twice the input signal frequency bandwidth. It has been proved that Analog-to-digital Converters (ADCs) using a non equi-repartition in time of samples leads to interesting power savings compared to Nyquist ADCs. A new class of ADCs called A-ADCs (for Asynchronous ADCs) based on level-crossing sampling (which produces non-uniform samples in time) and asynchronous technology has been developed. This article will present a fully non-uniform filtering technique associated to such an ADC which is able to drastically reduce the power consumption.
Lanolin with reduced sensitizing potential A preliminary note (1977)

The allergens of lanolin appear to lie in the content of natural free fatty alcohols rather than in the total alcohols as hitherto supposed. The detectable incidence of allergy is increased by the simultaneous presence of detergent. Amongst selected lanolin-sensitive skin patients, removal of both free fatty alcohols and detergent from lanolin reduces the incidence of detectable hypersensitivity by 96%. Methods are described for determining free fatty alcohols and detergent in lanolin, and for removing them.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 18/2011 (2011)

Back Cover: The back cover image shows the cationic polymerization of cyclic imino ethers together with representative examples of cyclic imino ethers other than the most commonly used 2-substituted-2-oxazolines, which are covered in this review article. Various block copoly(2-oxazine)s have been featured as non-ionic surfactants while chiral 4- or 5-substituted poly(2-oxazoline)s form secondary structures like helices. Further details can be found in the article by M. M. Bloksma, U. S. Schubert,* and R. Hoogenboom* on page 1419.
Improvement in Shift Quality in a Multi Speed Gearbox of an Electric Vehicle through Synchronizer Location Optimization (2017)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Electrical and Series Hybrid Vehicles are generally provided with single speed reduction gearbox. To improve performance and drive range, a two-speed gearbox with coordinated control of traction motor and gearshift actuator is proposed. For a two-speed gearbox, gearshift without clutch would increase the shifting effort. Active Synchronization is introduced for a smoother gearshift even without clutch. The quality of gearshift is considered as a function of applied shift force and time taken. To enhance the quality of the gearshift further, the location of the synchronizer in the transmission system is optimized. To validate the improvement in the quality of the gearshift, a mathematical model of the two-speed gearbox incorporating proposed location of synchronizer assembly along with active synchronization is developed. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results achieved is presented.</div></div>
Materials Optimisation in Hydrocarbon Production (2005)

Abstract Effective and successful utilisation of materials for oil and gas production systems is the essential integral part of a strategy to provide safety and sustaining economy. In this context, selection and optimisation of appropriate materials which can tolerate production scenarios are the underpinning issues. This paper describes the approach taken to optimise materials for sweet and sour service duties focusing on environmental and hydrodynamic parameters bearing in mind whole life costing. Past successes in effective use of carbon and low alloy steels are included highlighting key enabling criteria allowing extended use of these alloys. The paper combines extensive existing data, field experience with options for laboratory assessment hence offering progressive means of corrosion design for materials optimisation in hydrocarbon production.
A Queue-Aware Discrete Scheduling Simulator for Full-Duplex OFDMA Wireless Networks (2018)

With the promise of doubling a wireless network's capacity, researchers on full-duplex wireless networks need to address multiple issues such as user equipment pairing, power control, and the availability of channel state information. In this paper, we propose a discrete simulator for scheduling and power allocation proposals in full-duplex orthogonal frequency division multiple access networks. Our simulator is queue-aware and adaptable to different scheduling objectives. It enables varying the path-loss model, user distribution, noise conditions, and throughput demands. Additionally, it permits the calculation of packet level performance metrics such as the waiting delay.
Optical Fiber End Preparation for Low-Loss Splices (1973)

Cables made from brittle materials like glass require new techniques of end preparation for the purpose of splicing, especially if such splices are to be made in the field. We report here on a method of breaking fibers in a way which invariably produces flat and perpendicular end faces. We explain the underlying theory and derive optimal parameters that permit the design of a simple breaking tool. Experiments with a tool of this kind show that the tolerances for successful fracture are not critical. Laboratory splices of multimode fibers prepared by this method exhibited losses of less than 1 percent (0.04 dB) when joined in index-matching fluid.
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing induces megabase-scale chromosomal truncations (2019)

CRISPR-Cas9 is a promising technology for genome editing. Here we use Cas9 nuclease-induced double-strand break DNA (DSB) at the UROS locus to model and correct congenital erythropoietic porphyria. We demonstrate that homology-directed repair is rare compared with NHEJ pathway leading to on-target indels and causing unwanted dysfunctional protein. Moreover, we describe unexpected chromosomal truncations resulting from only one Cas9 nuclease-induced DSB in cell lines and primary cells by a p53-dependent mechanism. Altogether, these side effects may limit the promising perspectives of the CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease system for disease modeling and gene therapy. We show that the single nickase approach could be safer since it prevents on- and off-target indels and chromosomal truncations. These results demonstrate that the single nickase and not the nuclease approach is preferable, not only for modeling disease but also and more importantly for the safe management of future CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene therapies.
Simultaneous Transgenic Suppression of LePG and LeExp1 Influences Fruit Texture and Juice Viscosity in a Fresh Market Tomato Variety (2003)

Tomatoes are grown for fresh consumption or for processing of the fruit. Some ripening-associated processes of the fruit can either contribute to or degrade attributes associated with both fresh and processing quality. For example, cell wall disassembly is associated with loss of fresh fruit firmness as well as with loss of processed tomato product viscosity. Several enzymes contribute to cell wall polysaccharide disassembly. Polygalacturonase (PG, poly[1,4-alpha-d-galactouronide] glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.15) is among the most abundant polysaccharide hydrolases in ripening tomato fruit and is the major contributor to pectin depolymerization. Expansin (LeExp1) is also abundant in ripening fruit and is proposed to contribute to cell wall disassembly by nonhydrolytic activity, possibly by increasing substrate accessibility to other enzymes. Suppression of either LePG or LeExp1 expression alone results in altered softening and/or shelf life characteristics. To test whether simultaneous suppression of both LePG and LeExp1 expression influences fruit texture in additive or synergistic ways, transgenic Lycopersicon esculentum var. Ailsa Craig lines with reduced expression of either LePG or LeExp1 were crossed. Fruits from the third generation of progeny, homozygous for both transgenic constructs, were analyzed for firmness and other quality traits during ripening on or off the vine. In field-grown transgenic tomato fruit, suppression of LeExp1 or LePG alone did not significantly increase fruit firmness. However, fruits suppressed for both LePG and LeExp1 expression were significantly firmer throughout ripening and were less susceptible to deterioration during long-term storage. Juice prepared from the transgenic tomato fruit with reduced LePG and LeExp1 expression was more viscous than juice prepared from control fruit.
Catalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation of Aldehydes with Two VANOL‐Derived Chiral Borate Catalysts (2018)

A highly diastereo- and enantioselective method for the epoxidation of aldehydes with α-diazoacetamides has been developed with two different borate ester catalysts of VANOL. Both catalytic systems are general for aromatic, aliphatic, and acetylenic aldehydes, giving high yields and inductions for nearly all cases. One borate ester catalyst has two molecules of VANOL and the other only one VANOL. Catalysts generated from BINOL and VAPOL are ineffective catalysts. An application is shown for access to the side-chain of taxol.
Computer Jotto and Crash (1997)

The August 1996 article "Playing Jotto Against a Computer" discusses the game of Jotto as played by a commercial computer program. Toward the end of the article, the authors suggest a "better" (minimax) value of play. I agree that their method is too difficult to implement, but I also believe that it is based on a weak premise and would be useless even if implemented. There can be no compleat strategy to Jotto. Guessing your opponent's word is a matter of bookkeeping plus a little luck. Since the computer is a better bookkeeper and knows its vocabulary better than a human opponent, its best strategy is thoughtful random play.
Olig1 is downregulated in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation (2008)

Olig1 is a transcription factor that is essential for oligodendrogenesis. It is important to understand the upstream regulation of Olig1 expression because of its critical role in remyelination repair. A mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation model was established to explore Olig1 transcriptional activity during OPC differentiation. Using an Olig1 promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid, we found that Olig1 transcription is dramatically decreased during OPC differentiation in response to 0.5% fetal bovine serum. Olig1 protein expression is also remarkably decreased as revealed by immunostaining and western blotting. Thus, Olig1 is downregulated during OPC differentiation, suggesting that Olig1 is not actively required in differentiated oligodendrocytes.
Use of serum antibody and lysozyme levels for diagnosis of leprosy and tuberculosis (1992)

Active tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy are difficult to diagnose early because there are few organisms to detect and the specific immune response does not distinguish between active and inactive disease. We developed an immunoassay for lysozyme to see whether serum lysozyme levels could be used to identify individuals with clinical leprosy or TB. The immunoassay for lysozyme proved superior to standard enzyme assays that were less sensitive and reliable. The lysozyme assay was compared with assays for antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and M. leprae phenolic glycolipid-1. The sera tested were from Ethiopian leprosy (paucibacillary and multibacillary) and TB patients and from healthy Ethiopian and U.S. controls. The lysozyme assay was able to detect more of the individuals with TB (sensitivity, 100% for 19 patients) or leprosy (sensitivity, 86% for 36 patients) than either antibody assay. In particular, lysozyme levels were raised in a higher proportion of the paucibacillary leprosy patients (83% of 17), for whom the antibody assays were less sensitive; the LAM IgG and the phenolic glycolipid-1 IgM levels were raised in only 62 and 44% of 16 patients, respectively. The data suggest that lysozyme measurements may be useful in the diagnosis of mycobacterial infections and other chronic infectious granulomatoses.
Anomalous system call detection (2006)

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are used to detect traces of malicious activities targeted against the network and its resources. Anomaly-based IDSs build models of the expected behavior of applications by analyzing events that are generated during the applications' normal operation. Once these models have been established, subsequent events are analyzed to identify deviations, on the assumption that anomalies represent evidence of an attack. Host-based anomaly detection systems often rely on system call sequences to characterize the normal behavior of applications. Recently, it has been shown how these systems can be evaded by launching attacks that execute legitimate system call sequences. The evasion is possible because existing techniques do not take into account all available features of system calls. In particular, system call arguments are not considered. We propose two primary improvements upon existing host-based anomaly detectors. First, we apply multiple detection models to system call arguments. Multiple models allow the arguments of each system call invocation to be evaluated from several different perspectives. Second, we introduce a sophisticated method of combining the anomaly scores from each model into an overall aggregate score. The combined anomaly score determines whether an event is part of an attack. Individual anomaly scores are often contradicting and, therefore, a simple weighted sum cannot deliver reliable results. To address this problem, we propose a technique that uses Bayesian networks to perform system call classification. We show that the analysis of system call arguments and the use of Bayesian classification improves detection accuracy and resilience against evasion attempts. In addition, the paper describes a tool based on our approach and provides a quantitative evaluation of its performance in terms of both detection effectiveness and overhead. A comparison with four related approaches is also presented.
An improved microinjection protocol for the transfer of<i>Wolbachia pipientis</i>between infected and uninfected strains of the flour beetle<i>Tribolium confusum</i> (1996)

The lethality of halocarbon and other oils to hatching larvae of the flour beetle Tribolium confusum limits existing microinjection protocols, because postinjection survivorship is only 5.6% of the eggs injected. We report the development of an oil-free protocol that improves survivorship fivefold. We used this protocol to transfect the cytoplasmic endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis from infected donor eggs to uninfected host eggs and observed reproductive incompatibility in 40% of the surviving, injected eggs. Compared with mock injected controls (35.9% survival) or microinjection of uninfected cytoplasm (32.3% survival), injection of Wolbachia-infected cytoplasm into host eggs significantly reduced egg-to-adult survival (25.1%).
Hydroxy Sulfonated Fatty Acid Esters as Surface Active Agents VI: Ester and Amide Derivative Surfactants (1970)

Abstract Maleic acid derivatives of hydroxy sulfonated fatty acid esters were prepared by heating the lauric acid salt of 1‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropane‐3‐sulfonic acid (NaCHPS) with maleic anhydride under reflux. The surfactants thus obtained exhibited superior foaming and wettability to initial detergents that were prepared from lauric acid. Amide derivatives of lauric surfactants were prepared by reacting sodium salt of lauric acid amide with NaCHPS under reflux, in the presence of cello‐solve and xylene. In acidic medium these amide derivatives possess better foaming properties and wettability than the initial detergents.
An Approach to Automated Deburring by Robot Manipulators (1986)

The deburring process of manufactured parts has been investigated theoretically and experimentally as a frequency domain control problem with special regard to application by industrial robot manipulators. A new control strategy has been developed for precision deburring to guarantee burr removal while compensating for robot oscillations and small uncertainties in the location of the part relative to the robot. Compliant tool-holders, designed according to the above control strategy, provide the required normal and tangential forces for deburring. A servo positioning table used to holds parts, has been considered in this study to compensate for robot oscillations up to 80 percent. The robot, the compliant tool-holder, and the servo positioning table, working together with a closed-loop process control, form a new automated system that deburrs manufactured parts.
Protein labelling via deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization (1996)

A novel method of radiolabelling antibodies and other proteins is described. A small single-stranded DNA was covalently conjugated to an antibody and labelled by hybridization following the addition of the complementary single-stranded DNA labelled with technetium-99m (99Tc(m)) or indium-111 (111In). Antibody labelling efficiencies were 100% in about 1 h at room temperature with specific activities of up to 30 microCi micrograms-1 of IgG for 99Tc(m). Both diester and thioate DNAs were used. Both the diester- and thioate-labelled antibodies showed complete label stability in 37 degrees C saline. After 24 h in 37 degrees C serum, however, about 40% of the label in the case of the diester antibody was on low molecular weight species--probably labelled catabolites from nuclease degradation of the phosphodiester DNA. In contrast, the 99Tc(m) label on the thioate antibody was immediately and quantitatively bound to serum proteins--probably due to non-specific binding through the sulphur groups. Biodistribution studies in normal mice reflect these in vitro observations: 99Tc(m) on the diester antibody was rapidly cleared through the kidneys, probably as low molecular weight catabolite, while on the thioate antibody, the 99Tc(m) label was predominately deposited in the liver. In conclusion, by modifying with a single-stranded DNA, proteins may be readily labelled with a variety of radionuclides by DNA hybridization. The properties of the radiolabel are strongly influenced by the nature of the DNA.
Macrophage Plasma Membrane Cholesterol Contributes to <i>Brucella abortus</i> Infection of Mice (2002)

Brucella abortus is a facultative intracellular bacterium capable of surviving inside macrophages. Intracellular replication of B. abortus requires the VirB complex, which is highly similar to conjugative DNA transfer systems. In this study, we show that plasma membrane cholesterol of macrophages is required for the VirB-dependent internalization of B. abortus and also contributes to the establishment of bacterial infection in mice. The internalization of B. abortus was accelerated by treating macrophages with acetylated low-density lipoprotein (acLDL). Treatment of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, HL-004, to macrophages preloaded with acLDL accelerated the internalization of B. abortus. Ketoconazole, which inhibits cholesterol transport from lysosomes to the cell surface, inhibited the internalization and intracellular replication of B. abortus in macrophages. The Niemann-Pick C1 gene (NPC1), the gene for Niemann-Pick type C disease, characterized by an accumulation of cholesterol in most tissues, promoted B. abortus infection. NPC1-deficient mice were resistant to the bacterial infection. Molecules associated with cholesterol-rich microdomains, "lipid rafts," accumulate in intracellular vesicles of macrophages isolated from NPC1-deficient mice, and the macrophages yielded no intracellular replication of B. abortus. Thus, trafficking of cholesterol-associated microdomains controlled by NPC1 is critical for the establishment of B. abortus infection.