gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anything Goes: Examining the State's Interest in Protecting Children from Controversial Speech (2000)

Despite doctrinal requirements that the state establish a compelling interest to justify content-based regulations on speech, Professor Ross argues that courts have routinely taken the government's interest at face value when it argues that it inhibits speech to protect children. The Article examines the Supreme Court's test which requires the state to establish a compelling interest by articulating the precise harm it wishes to address, demonstrating a nexus between that identified harm and the regulated speech, and showing that restriction of the speech will alleviate the harm. The author seeks to reframe the discussion surrounding controversial speech and children by calling on courts to scrutinize the interest asserted by the government. This Article examines the two compelling interests on which the government relies in justifying its efforts to shield children from controversial speech: an interest in reinforcing parental authority and an independent state interest in protecting children from material the government deems unsuitable. The author finds both arguments fatally flawed. Drawing on the literature of family law, Professor Ross offers a heuristic device for measuring the potential of regulations on speech to empower parents. She divides families into three categories: the "idealized normative family," the "imperfect normative family," and the "nonconformist family," which itself manifests a wide range of values. She then demonstrates that no regulatory scheme can accommodate the range of constitutionally protected parental preferences in all three types of families. The state's purported independent interest in shielding children from speech fares no better. In case after case, the government has failed to articulate any specific harm to children that would support such an independent interest, much less the required nexus between the speech and the harm. Even if proponents of particular regulations on speech were to succeed in meeting their burden of proof to demonstrate a compelling interest, a close question would still be presented, as the handful of lower court opinions that have expressly considered the government's asserted interest make clear. Then, and only then, would courts properly analyze whether the specific regulation survives balancing of competing constitutional interests and is narrowly tailored. Because the private market offers numerous mechanisms to respond to a range of parental preferences, it is unclear that government regulation would be necessary to alleviate demonstrable harms, much less the least restrictive alternative, in all but the narrowest of cases.
Expansion of the plasma stability range in radio-frequency atmospheric-pressure glow discharges (2005)

Reliable applications of atmospheric-pressure glow discharges (APGDs) depend critically on their plasma stability. A common technique of ensuring APGD stability is to keep their operation well within their stability range by decreasing their discharge current. However, this reduces the achievable densities of the reactive plasma species and, thereby, compromises the application efficiency. In this letter, the use of high excitation frequencies in radio-frequency APGD is shown to substantially expand their stability range. It is also demonstrated that high-frequency operation introduces an added benefit of higher electron energy and greater electron density, thus enabling more abundant reactive plasma species and improved application efficiency.
A digital technique for art authentication (2004)

We describe a computational technique for authenticating works of art, specifically paintings and drawings, from high-resolution digital scans of the original works. This approach builds a statistical model of an artist from the scans of a set of authenticated works against which new works then are compared. The statistical model consists of first- and higher-order wavelet statistics. We show preliminary results from our analysis of 13 drawings that at various times have been attributed to Pieter Bruegel the Elder; these results confirm expert authentications. We also apply these techniques to the problem of determining the number of artists that may have contributed to a painting attributed to Pietro Perugino and again achieve an analysis agreeing with expert opinion.
Determination of zinc in individual airborne particles by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with digital signal processing (2002)

A high-speed digital signal processing system has been developed as an individual particle analyzer combined with ICP-MS to achieve signal profiling with a time resolution of 20 µs and a lower detection limit. When air samples are directly introduced into the plasma, the ICP-MS generates a train of pulses corresponding to the ion population of a given element in the plasma. The present system can digitally count pulses from a channel electron multiplier used as a detector in ICP-MS in a duration time of 20 µs each. A time-resolved signal profile stored in the computer memory shows that each flash signal derived from individual airborne particles has a sharp peak with a time-width of 0.1–0.5 ms. The detection limit for zinc in a particle is lowered to sub-fg levels by precisely measuring the signal strength for each particle under a condition of low background noise. The profile of the flash signal for individual particles reflects the evaporation and ionization processes of each particle in the plasma and the extraction process of ions through the sampling orifice of the mass spectrometer.
New insights into the calibration of ToF-sensors (2008)

Time-of-flight (ToF) sensors have become an alternative to conventional distance sensing techniques like laser scanners or image based stereo. ToF sensors provide full range distance information at high frame-rates and thus have a significant impact onto current research in areas like online object recognition, collision prevention or scene reconstruction. However, ToF cameras like the photonic mixer device (PMD) still exhibit a number of challenges regarding static and dynamic effects, e.g. systematic distance errors and motion artefacts, respectively. Sensor calibration techniques reducing static system errors have been proposed and show promising results. However, current calibration techniques in general need a large set of reference data in order to determine the corresponding parameters for the calibration model. This paper introduces a new calibration approach which combines different demodulation techniques for the ToF- camera 's reference signal. Examples show, that the resulting combined demodulation technique yields improved distance values based on only two required reference data sets.
Simultaneous Detection of Pathogens in Clinical Samples from Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia by Real-Time PCR with Pathogen-Specific Molecular Beacon Probes (2006)

In this study, real-time PCR with pathogen-specific molecular beacons (MB) and primers was evaluated for prediction of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) causative agents, detecting six main CAP agents, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Streptococcus pyogenes, simultaneously. The PCR assay was evaluated for fresh clinical specimens from infants and children (n = 389) and from adults (n = 40). The MB probes and primers are both pathogen specific, namely, the lytA gene for S. pneumoniae, the mip gene for L. pneumophila, and 16S rRNA genes for the remaining four organisms. DNA extraction of clinical specimens was performed with a commercially available EXTRAGEN II kit, and amplification was performed with Stratagene Mx3000P. The limit of detection for these pathogens ranged from 2 copies to 18 copies. The whole process from DNA extraction to the analysis was finished in less than 2 h. The obtained sensitivity and specificity of this real-time PCR study relative to those of conventional cultures were as follows: 96.2% and 93.2% for S. pneumoniae, 95.8% and 95.4% for H. influenzae, 100% and 100% for S. pyogenes, and 100% and 95.4% for M. pneumoniae, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for M. pneumoniae relative to those of a serologic assay were 90.2% and 97.9%, respectively. In six clinical samples of C. pneumoniae, the real-time PCR gave positive predictable values, and in those cases, elevation of the titer value was also observed. In conclusion, we demonstrated that a real-time PCR assay with pathogen-specific MB is useful in identifying CAP causative agents rapidly and in examining the clinical course of empirical chemotherapy in a timely manner, supporting conventional culture methods.
Pilot Trial of FANG Immunotherapy in Ewing's Sarcoma (2015)

We report on 12 consecutive patients with advanced/metastatic Ewing's sarcoma who were treated as a separate cohort of a phase 1 trial of FANG autologous immunotherapy (1 × 10(6)-2.5 × 10(7) cells/intradermal injection each month for minimum 4 months). Safety and clinical response were monitored. Patient immune response to unmodified autologous tumor cells was assessed by gamma interferon-enzyme-linked immunospot (γIFN-ELISPOT) assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from baseline (pretreatment) and multiple postvaccination time points. None of the 12 patients (47 vaccinations) developed grade 2/3/4 drug-related toxicity. Median product release granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression was 1,941 pg/10(6) cells, and TGFβ1and TGFβ2 knockdown were 99 and 100%, respectively. Eight patients were assessed for ELISPOT response to autologous tumor cells at baseline and all (100%) were negative. In contrast, follow-up ELISPOT response at month 1 or month 4 (one patient) after FANG was positive in all eight patients. One patient achieved a partial tumor response (38% tumor reduction, RECIST 1.1). The Kaplan-Meier estimated survival of these 12 patients at 1 year was 75%. In this phase 1 study in patients with Ewing's sarcoma, FANG immunotherapy was well tolerated, elicited a tumor-specific systemic immune response in all patients, and was associated with favorable 1-year survival. Further clinical testing is indicated.
Reassessment of the effect of glucagon and nucleotides on Candida albicans germ tube formation. (1996)

The role of cyclic AMP in the process of germ tube formation in Candida albicans was investigated. The exogenous supply of the nucleotide or of agents that raise its intracellular levels stimulated germination induced by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; glucagon showed this same stimulatory effect on yeast cell transition to the hyphal form. Compounds, included glucagon, that stimulated hyphal formation, also notably enhanced the development of hyphae. The stimulatory effect of glucagon on germination was blocked by the specific antagonist des His1 [Glu9] glucagon amide, probably indicating an interaction of the hormone with a glucagon-like receptor on the membrane of the cells. Indirect immunofluorescence experiments showed that glucagon binds to the yeast cell surface. When N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was replaced by serum as inducing agent of germination, the stimulatory effect of glucagon was substantially augmented, the resulting of germination being more than 2.5-fold greater than that attained in the presence of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; moreover, the glucagon concentration needed for half maximal stimulatory activity with serum as inducing agent was at least 50-fold lower than with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Monoclonal and polyclonal anti-glucagon antibodies blocked the effect of the hormone. An interesting result observed during these experiments was the fact that a definite period of incubation of C. albicans yeast cells with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as inducer commits them to hyphal development. When serum was used as inducer, only yeast cells evaginated during the initial incubation period evolved to the hyphal form upon further incubation in the absence of serum.
The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review (2013)

Concerns about the environmental effect and the economic burden of methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants are driving the search for ways to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. The use of direct-fed microbials (DFM) is one possible option to decrease CH4 emission from ruminants. Direct-fed microbials are already used in ruminants mainly to increase productivity and to improve health, and are readily accepted by producers and consumers alike. However, studies on the use of DFM as rumen CH4 mitigants are scarce. A few studies using Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown a CH4-decreasing effect but, to date, there has not been a systematic exploration of DFM as modulators of rumen methanogenesis. In this review, we explored biochemical pathways competing with methanogenesis that, potentially, could be modulated by the use of DFM. Pathways involving the redirection of H2 away from methanogenesis and pathways producing less H2 during feed fermentation are the preferred options. Propionate formation is an example of the latter option that in addition to decrease CH4 formation increases the retention of energy from the diet. Homoacetogenesis is a pathway using H2 to produce acetate, however up to now no acetogen has been shown to efficiently compete with methanogens in the rumen. Nitrate and sulphate reduction are pathways competing with methanogenesis, but the availability of these substances in the rumen is limited. Although there were studies using nitrate and sulphate as chemical additives, use of DFM for improving these processes and decrease the accumulation of toxic metabolites needs to be explored more. There are some other pathways such as methanotrophy and capnophily or modes of action such as inhibition of methanogens that theoretically could be provided by DFM and affect methanogenesis. We conclude that DFM is a promising alternative for rumen methane mitigation that should be further explored for their practical usage.
Cholera toxin inhibits T cell receptor signaling by covalent modification of the CD3-zeta subunit (1993)

In the Jurkat T cell line, triggering of the TCR leads to activation of phospholipase C, resulting in an increase in inositol trisphosphate (IP3) release followed by a rise in intracellular Ca2+. This signaling pathway is interrupted by cholera toxin (CTX) treatment. To possibly explain this inhibition, we demonstrate that CTX can affect the TCR/CD3 complex itself by causing a covalent modification of the CD3-zeta subunit. After exposure of Jurkat cells to CTX, CD3-zeta increases its apparent m.w. and becomes more acidic in isoelectric focusing. The time course of the modification correlates well with the reduction in IP3 generation and Ca2+ release after CTX treatment, suggesting that the modification of zeta might be the cause of the impaired TCR/CD3 signaling. As is true for the CTX-mediated decrease in TCR signaling, the change in CD3-zeta was cAMP-independent and cannot be evoked by the enzymatically inactive CTX-B subunit alone.
X-Ray Fluorescence Measurements of Lead Burden in Subjects with Low-Level Community Lead Exposure (1990)

A k-x-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) instrument that can measure in vivo bone lead at low levels was used on a population of 34 adults with no known history of excessive lead exposure. A questionnaire that gathered information relevant to occupational and environmental lead exposure was administered prior to the measurement. A 30-min measurement that produced an average estimated uncertainty of 6 mcg lead/g bone mineral was taken at the mid-tibial diaphysis for each subject. Eighteen subjects had bone lead levels below the measurement uncertainty. The remainder had bone lead levels ranging up to 21 mcg lead/g bone mineral. Bone lead levels were greater among older subjects. Among young adult subjects, bone lead levels greater than the measurement uncertainty were confined entirely to subjects who had grown up in housing that was estimated to have been build prior to 1955. Such a childhood environment is at high risk of fostering exposure to biologically absorbable lead through ingestion of lead paint-contaminated dust and lead pipe-contaminated water. We conclude that the K-XRF technique has the potential to distinguish between low levels of lead burden in epidemiologic studies.
PCR-based detection of chlamydial infection in swine and subsequent PCR-coupled genotyping of chlamydial <i>omp1</i>-gene amplicons by DNA-hybridization, RFLP-analysis, and nucleotide sequence analysis (2000)

Lung and intestine of 49 pigs with respiratory diseases and endocervical swabs from 205 sows with reproductive disorders were investigated for chlamydial infection by polymerase chain reaction. PCR primers targeted DNA sequences on the chlamydial omp1 or omp2 genes. PCR amplicons were generated from 49.0% of pigs with respiratory disease, from 60.0% of sows with reproductive disorders, from 24.5% of respiratory healthy controls, but from no endocervical swabs from fertile sows. By DNA hybridization, a high prevalence of mixed infections with Chlamydophila abortus and Chlamydia suis in the porcine lung and intestine was found and confirmed by RFLP and nucleotide analysis. Of the omp1-PCR amplicons from endocervical swabs 81.3% were identified as Chlamydophila abortus, indicating an association of this chlamydial species with reproductive disorders in sows. Nucleotide sequence analysis of omp1-amplicons identified as deriving from Chlamydia suis shared a maximum of 82.7% homology with the reference strain S45.
Molecular Structure of Canonical Liquid Crystal Interfaces (2017)

Numerous applications of liquid crystals rely on control of molecular orientation at an interface. However, little is known about the precise molecular structure of such interfaces. In this work, synchrotron X-ray reflectivity measurements, accompanied by large-scale atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, are used for the first time to reconstruct the air-liquid crystal interface of a nematic material, namely, 4-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB). The results are compared to those for 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) which, in addition to adopting isotropic and nematic states, can also form a smectic phase. Our findings indicate that the air interface imprints a highly ordered structure into the material; such a local structure then propagates well into the bulk of the liquid crystal, particularly for nematic and smectic phases.
Development of New Control Methods to Improve Response of Throttle Type Traction Control System (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A description is made of new control methods to improve response of wheel slip regulation. These methods enabled a new Traction Control (TRC) system based on throttle control rather than brake pressure to be developed. Major points are as follows:</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(1)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Use of fuel injection cut-off to minimize delay</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(2)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Additional adaptive throttle control logic</div></li> </ol> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">By these means, a response nearly equal to that with brake pressure control is achieved at lower cost and with a considerable weight saving. Furthermore, the system, by suppressing noise and vibration, enhances the driver's control ability.</div>
Monitoring eukaryotic and bacterial UDG repair activity with DNA-multifluorophore sensors (2013)

We report the development of simple fluorogenic probes that report on the activity of both bacterial and mammalian uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) enzymes. The probes are built from short, modified single-stranded oligonucleotides containing natural and unnatural bases. The combination of multiple fluorescent pyrene and/or quinacridone nucleobases yields fluorescence at 480 and 540 nm (excitation 340 nm), with large Stokes shifts of 140-200 nm, considerably greater than previous probes. They are strongly quenched by uracil bases incorporated into the sequence, and they yield light-up signals of up to 40-fold, or ratiometric signals with ratio changes of 82-fold, on enzymatic removal of these quenching uracils. We find that the probes are efficient reporters of bacterial UDG, human UNG2, and human SMUG1 enzymes in vitro, yielding complete signals in minutes. Further experiments establish that a probe can be used to image UDG activity by laser confocal microscopy in bacterial cells and in a human cell line, and that signals from a probe signalling UDG activity in human cells can be quantified by flow cytometry. Such probes may prove generally useful both in basic studies of these enzymes and in biomedical applications as well.
Electrocatalytic Performance of Gold Nanoparticles Supported on Activated Carbon for Methanol Oxidation in Alkaline Solution (2011)

Gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon (Au/C) are prepared by rapid reduction of AuCl4− on the surface of activated carbon with KBH4 in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone. Through the characterization of the transmission electron microscope, the Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) are highly well dispersed on the carbon support. Cyclic voltammetry, quasi-steady-state polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods are employed to investigate the catalytic activity of the Au/C catalyst for the methanol electro-oxidation (MEO) and the reaction kinetics. The results indicate that the Au/C catalyst shows good catalytic activity toward the MEO, and the weakly adsorbed OH− on the surface of AuNPs has auxiliary catalysis for the MEO. On the basis of this crucially auxiliary catalysis, a novel mechanism of the rate-determining step of the MEO catalyzed by Au/C in alkaline solution is proposed.
Review of Luminescence and Magnetic Properties of Antiferromagnetic KMnCl<sub>3</sub>, RbMnCl<sub>3</sub>, TlMnCl<sub>3</sub> and (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>MnCl<sub>4</sub> (n = 1, 2) (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nonlinear image processing for optimum composite source coding (1983)

The concept of composite source coding for efficient image transmission or storage is addressed in the paper, and specific properties characterising the component sources are determined. An approach is developed which decomposes typical image signals into two independent additive components. Each component is subsequently encoded separately for storage or transmission. These individual components are combined at the receiver (or recovery stage) to produce a replica of the original signal. Special attention is focused on the optimality of the signal partitioning in the sense that the rate required to transmit the two components is minimum for a priori specified values of the average distortion in the reconstruction of the original signal. A formulation of the mathematical problem is effected in such a way that nonlinear techniques based on dynamic programming are used to achieve efficiently the optimum partitioning. Of the two components, only one is allowed a certain but controllable degree of degradation for the purpose of transmission rate reduction. The other component, which is associated with certain perceptually essential image features, is transmitted without distortion. The subjective quality of the reconstructed image is thereby preserved without incurring further increase in the total transmission rate.
Static Validation of Dynamically Generated HTML (2001)

<p>We describe a static analysis of <bigwig> programs that efficiently<br />decides if all dynamically computed XHTML documents presented<br />to the client will validate according to the official DTD. We employ<br />two interprocedural flow analyses to construct a graph summarizing<br />the possible documents. This graph is subsequently analyzed to<br />determine validity of those documents.</p>