gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interneuron Migration from Basal Forebrain to Neocortex: Dependence on <i>Dlx</i> Genes (1997)

Although previous analyses indicate that neocortical neurons originate from the cortical proliferative zone, evidence suggests that a subpopulation of neocortical interneurons originates within the subcortical telencephalon. For example, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing cells migrate in vitro from the subcortical telencephalon into the neocortex. The number of GABA-expressing cells in neocortical slices is reduced by separating the neocortex from the subcortical telencephalon. Finally, mice lacking the homeodomain proteins DLX-1 and DLX-2 show no detectable cell migration from the subcortical telencephalon to the neocortex and also have few GABA-expressing cells in the neocortex.
Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores (2017)

Recent discussion in the public sphere about algorithmic classification has involved tension between competing notions of what it means for a probabilistic classification to be fair to different groups. We formalize three fairness conditions that lie at the heart of these debates, and we prove that except in highly constrained special cases, there is no method that can satisfy these three conditions simultaneously. Moreover, even satisfying all three conditions approximately requires that the data lie in an approximate version of one of the constrained special cases identified by our theorem. These results suggest some of the ways in which key notions of fairness are incompatible with each other, and hence provide a framework for thinking about the trade-offs between them.
A guide to picking the most selective kinase inhibitor tool compounds for pharmacological validation of drug targets (2012)

To establish the druggability of a target, genetic validation needs to be supplemented with pharmacological validation. Pharmacological studies, especially in the kinase field, are hampered by the fact that many reference inhibitors are not fully selective for one target. Fortunately, the initial trickle of selective inhibitors released in the public domain has steadily swelled into a stream. However, rationally picking the most selective tool compound out of the increasing amounts of available inhibitors has become progressively difficult due to the lack of accurate quantitative descriptors of drug selectivity. A recently published approach, termed 'selectivity entropy', is an improved way of expressing selectivity as a single-value parameter and enables rank ordering of inhibitors. We provide a guide to select the best tool compounds for pharmacological validation experiments of candidate drug targets using selectivity entropy. In addition, we recommend which inhibitors to use for studying the biology of the 20 most investigated kinases that are clinically relevant: Abl (ABL1), AKT1, ALK, Aurora A/B, CDKs, MET, CSF1R (FMS), EGFR, FLT3, ERBB2 (HER2), IKBKB (IKK2), JAK2/3, JNK1/2/3 (MAPK8/9/10), MEK1/2, PLK1, PI3Ks, p38α (MAPK14), BRAF, SRC and VEGFR2 (KDR).
Physical examination of the spine and extremities (1979)

1. Physical Examination of the Shoulder. 2. Physical Examination of the Elbow. 3. Physical Examination of the Wrist and Hand. 4. Physical Examination of the Cervical Spine and Temporomandibular Joint. 5. Examination of Gait. 6. Physical Examination of the Hip and Pelvis. 7. Physical Examination of the Knee. 8. Physical Examination of the Foot and Ankle. 9. Physical Examination of the Lumbar Spine. Bibliography. Index.
Biomimetic graphene films and their properties (2012)

Biomimetic fabrication has long been considered a short cut to the rational design and production of artificial materials or devices that possess fascinating properties, just like natural creatures. Considering the fact that graphene exhibits a lot of exceptional properties in a wide range of scientific fields, biomimetic fabrication of graphene multiscale structures, denoted as biomimetic graphene, is of great interest in both fundamental research and industrial applications. Especially, the combination of graphene with biomimetic structures would realize structural and functional integrity, and thus bring a new opportunity of developing novel graphene-based devices with remarkable performance. In this feature article, we highlight the recent advances in biomimetic graphene films and their structure-defined properties. Functionalized graphene films with multiscale structures inspired from a wide range of biomaterials including rose petals, butterfly wings, nacre and honeycomb have been collected and presented. Moreover, both current challenges and future perspectives of biomimetic graphene are discussed. Although research of the so-called "biomimetic graphene" is still at an early stage, it might become a "hot topic" in the near future.
Improvement of Two-Dimensional Image Quality in Coherent Optical Systems (1967)

When coherent light is used for imaging transparent objects, the images may be inferior because of Fresnel diffraction patterns from scattered light or may be degraded by granularity from diffuse illumination. This paper proposes a technique for improving image quality by using a spatially phase-modulated wavefront to illuminate the object. Analysis shows that the resulting image should be free from Fresnel diffraction patterns and should have a negligible amount of residual granularity. Experimental results verify these conclusions. Requirements of the imaging system and the wavefront are discussed. The technique is applicable to any nondiffuse, two-dimensional object and can be used in holography or with any other coherent imaging system.
Internal Compact Dual-Band Printed Loop Antenna for Mobile Phone Application (2007)

A novel dual-band printed loop antenna very promising for application in mobile phones as an internal antenna is presented. The antenna comprises an outer loop strip and an inner inverted-L strip connected to and enclosed by the outer loop strip. The antenna occupies a compact area of 15 times 50 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> only, yet generating three resonant modes to form two wide bands at about 900 and 1800 MHz for the Global System for Mobile Communication/Digital Communication System operation. Detailed design considerations of the three excited modes are described in the paper. When a shielding metal case is placed close to the antenna, small effects on the antenna's impedance matching are seen, allowing compact integration of the antenna with nearby conducting elements or electronic components. The antenna is also found to result in small excited surface current distributions on the system ground plane of the mobile phone. This behavior is expected to lead to reduced user's hand effects on the radiation efficiency of the antenna
Effects of Extender and Insemination Dose on Postthaw Quality and Fertility of Bovine Sperm (1987)

Quality and fertility of sperm extended in egg yolk-Tes-Tris were compared with those of sperm in egg yolk-citrate and homogenized milk extenders. Extended semen was frozen in .5-ml plastic straws at 11, 15, 17, or 22 X 10(6) sperm per insemination dose. Laboratory evaluations at 0, 1, 2, and 4 h after thawing semen utilized four tests of spermatozoal quality. Use of egg-yolk citrate extender resulted in a higher percentage of progressively motile sperm as determined visually at 0 h after thawing than use of egg yolk-Tes-Tris or homogenized milk extenders. Sperm extended in egg yolk-citrate had 18% lower activity of bound amidase at 0 h than sperm extended in egg yolk-Tes-Tris. The 75-d nonreturn rates were affected by insemination dose but not be extender or the interaction of extender and insemination dose. Fertility was lower after insemination of 11 X 10(6) sperm than for pooled data for the three higher insemination doses (64 vs. 68%). Based on all data, postthaw quality of sperm processed in the one-step egg yolk-Tes-Tris extender was similar to that for sperm extended in egg yolk-citrate or homogenized milk.
Comparison of Thoracic Radiographs and Single Breath-Hold Helical CT for Detection of Pulmonary Nodules in Dogs with Metastatic Neoplasia (2006)

Abstract Imaging studies in people indicate that x-ray computed tomography (CT) is a more sensitive technique than thoracic radiography for the detection of pulmonary metastasic neoplasia. Systematic studies comparing CT and thoracic radiographic techniques in veterinary patients have not been performed. The present retrospective study was designed to directly compare the efficacy of these 2 techniques in detecting pulmonary nodules in dogs. Eighteen dogs with histologically confirmed pulmonary metastatic neoplasia had contemporaneous thoracic radiographs and pulmonary CT scans compared. Quantitative analyses included estimation of pulmonary nodule size, number, and lobar distribution on thoracic radiographs and CT images. Only 9% of CT-detected pulmonary nodules were identified on thoracic radiographs (P &lt;.003). The lower size threshold was approximately 1 mm to detect pulmonary nodules on CT images and 7–9 mm to reliably detect nodules on radiographs (P &lt;.0001). Additionally, pulmonary nodules were detected in a significantly greater number of lung lobes using CT as compared with thoracic radiographs (P &lt;.0001). These data indicate that CT is significantly more sensitive than thoracic radiography for detecting soft-tissue nodules in dogs. As such, thoracic CT should be considered in any patient with neoplasia that has potential for pulmonary metastasis to more reliably stage the disease, particularly when accurate characterization of the extent and distribution of pulmonary metastatic disease affects therapeutic planning.
EVALUATION OF NOVEL INPUT OUTPUT TRAITS IN SORGHUM THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY (2010)

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the fifth most important cereal crop world-wide as well as an important source of feed, fiber and biofuel. It is a C4 plant and is well adapted to environments subject to high temperature and water limitation. Despite these agronomic qualities, it suffers from limitations of sensitivity to low temperature and the grain has drawbacks in relation to functionality and digestibility. The objectives of this study are: (1) To promote seed germination at low temperature and to enhance the seedling cold tolerance. (2) To enhance the grain digestibility and functionality. In an attempt to augment cold tolerance, we introduced the glycine rich RNA binding protein gene atRZ-1a from Arabidopsis, Bcl-2 mRNA sequence 725-1428 representing the 3’ non coding region of the gene from humans and rice Ca-dependent protein kinase 7 (OsCDPK7), all of which are known to improve the cold tolerance of plants. None of these genes resulted in the improvement of cold tolerance in sorghum. On the other hand ectopic expression of OsCDPK7 in sorghum led to local lesions formation in leaves. The data generated from this study indicated that constitutive modulation of the CDPK signal transduction pathway in sorghum can trigger a localized cell death response. Further we targeted improving the grain digestibility and functionality. To accomplish this objective we introduced the wheat high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) into sorghum which are known to have significant impact on flour quality. Transgenic events expressing HMW-GS showed improvement in protein digestibility of the uncooked ground grain. In separate complementary set of sorghum transformations we introduced genetic cassettes designed to specifically down-regulate the accumulation of the sorghum alpha and gamma kafirins. Down-regulation of alpha kafirin showed presence of distorted protein bodies in the transgenic seed. The long-term goal of this project is to stack the HMW-GS trait with the modulated kafirins events, as a means to address both end-use functionality and digestibility.
Superconducting transition-edge microcalorimeters for X-ray microanalysis (1999)

We have developed high-performance X-ray microcalorimeters based on superconducting transition-edge sensors. These superconducting detectors, which are cooled by a compact adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator mounted on a scanning electron microscope, provide significant new capabilities for X-ray microanalysis. The performance characteristics of these detectors are nearly ideal for many applications in X-ray microanalysis, attaining an energy resolution of 3-4 eV at a counting rate of 500 s/sup -/ and an effective collection area of 4 mm/sup 2/. The excellent energy resolution enables measurements of chemical shifts in X-ray spectra caused by changes in electron binding energy due to chemical bonding. Another important application of these detectors is analysis of contaminant particles and defects for the semiconductor industry. We present data demonstrating the analysis of particles on Si wafers, including 0.3 /spl mu/m tungsten particles and 0.1 /spl mu/m alumina particles.
Adsorption Kinetics of Asphaltenes at the Oil–Water Interface and Nanoaggregation in the Bulk (2012)

Asphaltenes constitute high molecular weight constituents of crude oils that are insoluble in n-heptane and soluble in toluene. They contribute to the stabilization of the water-in-oil emulsions formed during crude oil recovery and hinder drop-drop coalescence. As a result, asphaltenes unfavorably impact water-oil separation processes and consequently oil production rates. In view of this there is a need to better understand the physicochemical effects of asphaltenes at water-oil interfaces. This study elucidates aspects of these effects based on new data on the interfacial tension in such systems from pendant drop experiments, supported by results from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies. The pendant drop experiments using different asphaltene concentrations (mass fractions) and solvent viscosities indicate that the interfacial tension reduction kinetics at short times are controlled by bulk diffusion of the fraction of asphaltenes present as monomer. At low mass fractions much of the asphaltenes appear to be present as monomers, but at mass fractions greater than about 80 ppm they appear to aggregate into larger structures, a finding consistent with the NMR and DLS results. At longer times interfacial tension reduction kinetics are slower and no longer diffusion controlled. To investigate the controlling mechanisms at this later stage the pendant drop experiment was made to function in a fashion similar to a Langmuir trough with interfacial tension being measured during expansion of a droplet aged in various conditions. The interfacial tension was observed to depend on surface coverage and not on time. All observations indicate the later stage transition is to an adsorption barrier-controlled regime rather than to a conformational relaxation regime.
sComment on ``Resonantly excited photoluminescence spectra of porous silicon'' (1997)

In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. B 51, 10 539 (1995)], M. Rosenbauer et al. presented a comprehensive work on the luminescence in porous silicon under resonant excitation. The main conclusion of their paper is that there are two distinct luminescence mechanisms: one is the well-known very efficient one and the other is a rather weak one that shows phonon structures at low temperatures. The aim of this Comment is to show that the assumption of two mechanisms is not necessary to understand their experimental results and that some of their data seem to support our model based on the absorption spectrum of indirect gap semiconductors.
A Parallel-Plate Waveguide Approach to Microminiaturized, Planar Transmission Lines for Integrated Circuits (1967)

The parallel-plate waveguide with a two-layer loading medium, a conducting semiconductor substrate, and a relatively thin dielectric layer approximates the interconnections in many integrated systems if the fringing fields are ignored. The fundamental mode of this structure is an E mode which is a surface wave. Its propagation behavior is analyzed in this paper and the equations are evaluated by highly accurate numerical methods. The semiconducting substrate is characterized by its dielectric constant and conductivity. A critical conductivity /spl sigma//sub min/ exists and is related to the cross sectional and material parameters. If the substrate conductivity is given by /spl sigma//sub min/ then the attenuation constant of the line is a minimum. The same value of conductivity yields minimum phase distortion at maximum bandwidth. If the conductivity is larger than /spl sigma//sub min/ the substrate acts as a poor conductor with associated skin effect; if it is smaller, lossy dielectric behavior results. Analysis shows that it is appropriate to subdivide the frequency range into three intervals. The lowest-frequency interval is characterized by propagation which resembles diffusion. This is caused by the loss in the dielectric layer. The next frequency range extends to some upper frequency which is determined by substrate conductivity and the cross-sectional dimensions. In this interval, the phase velocity of the fundamental mode is controlled by the ratio of dielectric to semiconductor thickness, which, if typical interconnections are considered, implies a very low velocity. This property indicates that the structure can serve as a delay line. Further increases in frequency result in higher phase velocities. Skin effect and dielectric loss behavior describe the propagation in this third interval.
Les vecteurs non-viraux de thérapie génique. (1996)

Plusieurs sytemes sont en cours d'etude pour le transfert cible de genes. A cote des systemes viraux, des systemes purement chimiques sont developpes : transfert par des liposomes, condensation de l'ADN sur des lipides cationiques, des polymeres ou des peptides, injection directe de l'ADN nu dans l'organe cible. Les systemes non viraux actuels sont mal adaptes a l'injection par voie generale. En revanche, ils restent tres attrayants pour les traitements par voie locale : traitement des arteres, aerosol pour traitement pulmonaire, injection intratumorale. Le quart environ des essais cliniques actuels de therapie genique font appel a des transferts non viraux de genes, mais nombreux sont les problemes encore non resolus, en particulier la biodisponibilite, l'efficacite de transfection et la duree d'expression des transgenes. Rappelons par ailleurs que l'injection intramusculaire directe de l'ADN plasmidique semble etre une voie majeure de developpement des vaccins futurs.
Circularly permuted dihydrofolate reductase of <i>E.coli</i> has functional activity and a destabilized tertiary structure (1994)

Three circularly permuted variants of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase genes were constructed. Linkers coding tri- and pentapeptides were used to connect the natural 5'- and 3'-terminal ends. Only one variant of circularly permuted protein with tripeptide linker and the cleavage of the peptide bond between 107 and 108 amino acid residues was produced in a good yield. The expressed protein was insoluble in the cells, but at pH 8.0 and higher the isolated protein was soluble. Enzymatic assay and physical studies have shown that permuted dihydrofolate reductase has a destabilized tertiary structure. Only the addition of the natural substrates or inhibitors lead to the protein with the native-like structure and functional activity.
Etiological role of Alternaria alternata in human esophageal cancer. (1992)

In this paper, the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), and their relevance to the etiology of human esophageal cancer were studied. These mycotoxins were produced by Alternaria alternata which was the main contaminating fungi isolated from the grain in Linxian County, an area with high incidence of esophageal cancer. This study demonstrated that: 1. AME and AOH might cause cell mutagenicity and transformation; 2. AME and AOH could combine with the DNA isolated from human fetal esophageal epithelium, activate the oncogens, c-H-ras and c-mys in it, and promote proliferation of human fetal esophageal epithelium in vitro; 3. squamous cell carcinoma of the fetal esophagus could be induced by AOH. According to the results of the studies of AME and AOH mentioned above, we consider that Alternaria alternata plays an important role in the etiology of human esophageal cancer.
Stochastic model for quantifying effect of surface roughness on light reflection by diffuse reflectance standards (2018)

Diffuse reflectance standards of known hemispherical reflectance Rh are widely used in optical and imaging studies. We have developed a stochastic surface model to investigate light reflection and roughness dependence. Through Monte Carlo simulations, the angle-resolved distributions of reflected light have been modeled as the results of local surface reflection with a constant reflectance Rs representing the overall ability of a reflectance standard. The surface was modeled by an ensemble of random Gaussian surface profiles parameterized by a mean surface height δ and transverse correlation length a. By decreasing δ / a, the calculated reflected light distributions were found to transit from Lambertian to specular reflection regime. Reflected light distributions were measured with three standards by nominal reflectance Rh valued at 10%, 80%, and 99%. The calculated results agree well with the measured data in their angular distributions at different incident angles by setting Rs = Rh and δ = a = 3.5 μm.
Motion Compensated Lossy-to-Lossless Compression of 4-D Medical Images Using Integer Wavelet Transforms (2005)

This paper proposes a method for progressive lossy-to-lossless compression of four-dimensional (4-D) medical images (sequences of volumetric images over time) by using a combination of three-dimensional (3-D) integer wavelet transform (IWT) and 3-D motion compensation. A 3-D extension of the set-partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm is employed for coding the wavelet coefficients. To effectively exploit the redundancy between consecutive 3-D images, the concepts of key and residual frames from video coding is used. A fast 3-D cube matching algorithm is employed to do motion estimation. The key and the residual volumes are then coded using 3-D IWT and the modified 3-D SPIHT. The experimental results presented in this paper show that our proposed compression scheme achieves better lossy and lossless compression performance on 4-D medical images when compared with JPEG-2000 and volumetric compression based on 3-D SPIHT.
Nitric Oxide Synthesis Leads to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Synthesis via the NO/Cyclic Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate (cGMP) Pathway in Human Corpus Cavernosal Smooth Muscle Cells (2008)

CCSMCs express eNOS and synthesize NO. NO synthesis leads to enhancement of VEGF synthesis via the NO/cGMP pathway. Combined L-arg and vardenafil treatment, which can enhance VEGF production, may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction as well as endothelial dysfunction in general.