gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of Surface Tension in Pharmaceutical Sciences (2009)

Surface chemistry has a large influence in many industries. In the life sciences, surface area is gaining importance in the characterization of materials during their development, formulation and manufacturing. The chemical activity, adsorption, dissolution, and bioavailability of a drug may depend on the surface of the molecule. In order to meet manufacturing challenges and develop new and better performing products with improved qualities, knowledge of surface tension is of utmost importance. An attempt has been made in this paper to review the application of interfacial tension in the key domains of pharmaceutical applications.
Side-emitting illuminators using LED sources (2003)

This study investigates illuminators composed of light emitting diode (LED) array sources and side-emitting light guides to provide efficient general illumination. Specifically, new geometries are explored to increase the efficiency of current systems while maintaining desired light distribution. LED technology is already successfully applied in many illumination applications, such as traffic signals and liquid crystal display (LCD) backlighting. It provides energy-efficient, small-package, long-life, and color-adjustable illumination. However, the use of LEDs in general illumination is still in its early stages. Current side-emitting systems typically use a light guide with light sources at one end, an end-cap surface at the other end, and light releasing sidewalls. This geometry introduces efficiency loss that can be as high as 40%. The illuminators analyzed in this study use LED array sources along the longitude of a light guide to increase the system efficiency. These new geometries also provide the freedom of elongating the system without sacrificing system efficiency. In addition, alternative geometries can be used to create white light with monochromatic LED sources. As concluded by this study, the side-emitting illuminators using LED sources gives the possibility of an efficient, distribution-controllable linear lighting system.
NON-CONTACT SENSING OF HOG WEIGHTS BY MACHINE VISION (2006)

Non-contact weighing of animals can, as compared to the conventional direct weighing, minimize the stress onboth the animal and operator, reduce price dockage at sale, and enhance health monitoring. A literature review on the studiesof direct and indirect animal weighing was conducted, and a machine vision system was developed in this study to measurehog weights without physical contact. This method used image processing techniques to extract the characteristic featuresof the animal and correlate them to liveweight. A total of 187 hogs were imaged from the top, and physical and morphologicalfeatures including rear area and center width were extracted from the obtained images using Matrox imaging software. Resultsindicated that the best correlation was found to exist between the projected area and the hog weight (r = 0.96); a goodcorrelation also existed with the width (r = 0.95). Some features, such as compactness, elongation, and roughness, hadnegligible correlation to hog weight. Mathematical models were developed to estimate the hog weight based on the mostoutstanding feature (i.e., the rear area) identified through image processing. The suitability of the mathematical models forweight approximation was examined through regression analyses.
Structural and thermal stability of Czochralski grown GdCOB oxoborate single crystals (1998)

Properties such as chemical and structural stability, thermal expansion and thermal conductivity are investigated, with the purpose of better characterizing the behaviour of Czochralski grown GdCOB [Ca4GdO(BO3)3], oxoborate single crystals, to be used in optical devices.
Assessment of molecular cytogenetic methods for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities. (2006)

Some marker chromosomes and chromosome rearrangements are difficult to identify using G-bands by Giemsa staining after trypsin treatment (G-banding) alone. Molecular cytogenetic techniques, such as spectral karyotyping (SKY) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), can help to detect chromosomal aberrations precisely. We analyzed the karyotypes in 6 cases of multiple congenital abnormalities and 1 case of spontaneous abortion (case 2). Three cases (cases 1, 6, and 7) had marker chromosomes, and 4 cases (cases 2-5) had chromosomal rearrangements. The karyotypes in cases 1, 2, and 3 were determined using FISH with probes based on the clinical findings and family histories. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) analysis in cases 4-7 showed that this method is useful and saves time. The combination of SKY and FISH analyses defined the range of the ring chromosome in case 7. We demonstrated that a combination of G-banding, FISH, and SKY can be applied effectively to the investigation of chromosomal rearrangement and to the detection of marker chromosome origins. We suggest the use of these methods for prenatal diagnosis, in which the inherent time limitations are particularly important.
The synthesis and receptor binding affinities of DDD-016, a novel, potential, atypical antipsychotic (2012)

A new pentacyclic compound, DDD-016 (10d) was designed and synthesized as a potential antipsychotic and screened for binding affinity in a broad panel of over 80 CNS and other receptors, monoamine transporters, and ion channels. The resulting receptor binding profile of DDD-016 is consistent with that of an improved atypical antipsychotic candidate.
Data Summarization Using Clustering and Classification: Spectral Clustering Combined with k-Means Using NFPH (2019)

Clustering has been very helpful in knowledge discovery. Data miners are focused in creating quality clusters with reduced time complexity to get the most significant information. This paper aims to analyse existing techniques used in data mining for clustering and find ways to maximize accuracy of clustering. The purpose of our paper is to improve an existing clustering algorithm. This paper will introduce a novel algorithm by combining Spectral clustering with k-means with NFPH. The proposed system replaces the initialization method for cluster centroids in classical k-means algorithms which should solve some of the limitations of the k-means algorithm. We aim to select the most appropriate first centroid rather than selecting randomly. Test data sets from the medical domain which are available for research purposes will be used to train the model and an open source data mining application called WEKA is used for testing. From tests carried out on 10 different UCI data sets using the proposed solution, we found that the clustering error was reduced up to 2 percent while the processing time increased from 4~5 seconds. The increase in processing time is caused by the replacement of the initialization method of k-means. The proposed system reduced the clustering error of the spectral clustering algorithm. This system improved levels of accuracy but the processing time increased to 4 seconds.
Cancer Research Campaign phase II trial of temozolomide in metastatic melanoma. (1995)

Temozolomide in the schedule used has as good activity in chemotherapy-naive metastatic melanoma as the other most active agents currently in use. Further studies of the drug on its own and in combination with other agents is recommended.
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper-, Zinc-, Manganese-, and Cobalt-Substituted Dimeric Heteropolyanions, [(α-XW<sub>9</sub>O<sub>33</sub>)<sub>2</sub>M<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>]<i><sup>n</sup></i><sup>-</sup> (<i>n</i> = 12, X = As<sup>III</sup>, Sb<sup>III</sup>, M = Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>; <i>n</i> = 10, X = Se<sup>IV</sup>, Te<sup>IV</sup>, M = Cu<sup>2+</sup>) and [(α-AsW<sub>9</sub>O<sub>33</sub>)<sub>2</sub>WO(H<sub>2</sub>O)M<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>10</sup><sup>-</sup> (M = Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>) (2001)

Interaction of the lacunary [alpha-XW9O33](9-) (X = As(III), Sb(III)) with Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) ions in neutral, aqueous medium leads to the formation of dimeric polyoxoanions, [(alpha-XW9O33)2M3(H2O)3](12-) (M = Cu(2+), Zn(2+); X = As(III), Sb(III)), in high yield. The selenium and tellurium analogues of the copper-containing heteropolyanions are also reported: [(alpha-XW9O33)2Cu3(H2O)3](10-) (X = Se(IV), Te(IV)). The polyanions consist of two [alpha-XW9O33] units joined by three equivalent Cu(2+) (X = As, Sb, Se, Te) or Zn(2+) (X = As, Sb) ions. All copper and zinc ions have one terminal water molecule resulting in square-pyramidal coordination geometry. Therefore, the title anions have idealized D3h symmetry. The space between the three transition metal ions is occupied by three sodium ions (M = Cu(2+), Zn(2+); X = As(III), Sb(III)) or potassium ions (M = Cu(2+); X = Se(IV), Te(IV)) leading to a central belt of six metal atoms alternating in position. Reaction of [alpha-AsW9O33](9-) with Zn(2+), Co(2+), and Mn(2+) ions in acidic medium (pH = 4-5) results in the same structural type but with a lower degree of transition-metal substitution, [(alpha-AsW9O33)2WO(H2O)M2(H2O)2](10-) (M = Zn(2+), Co(2+), Mn(2+)). All nine compounds are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The solution properties of [(alpha-XW9O33)2Zn3(H2O)3](12-) (X = As(III), Sb(III)) were also studied by 183W-NMR spectroscopy.
Differential Effects of Ozone on Lung Epithelial Lining Fluid Volume and Protein Content (1995)

Urea dilution has been used to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in the respiratory tract. However, ELF volume may be overestimated as the result of rapid net diffusion of urea from tissues into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. This study established a protocol for rat BAL in a manner that minimizes this problem and then used this procedure to examine the edemagenic effects of ozone (O3) exposure on ELF volume and the concentrations of ELF protein and albumin. One passage lavage with variable dwell times up to 30 s showed no difference in recovered urea, protein, and albumin and ELF volume between 0 and 4 s, but a progressive increase of each thereafter. The calculated concentrations of protein and albumin in ELF did not vary significantly with dwell time. By increasing the number of lavage passages from one to three, the amounts of recovered urea, protein, and albumin and estimated ELF volume were increased with each passage. Again, the calculated concentrations of protein and albumin in ELF did not vary appreciably. When a single lavage passage and no added dwell time were used, it was observed that exposure of rats to 2 but not 0.5 and 1 ppm O3 increased urea, protein, and albumin in the BAL immediately after 6 h exposure. In addition, at 18 h postexposure to 1 ppm O3, ELF volume increased only 21%, but protein and albumin concentrations in ELF were 2.3- and 4.5-fold of control values, respectively. A higher O3 concentration (2 ppm) moderately increased ELF volume (+83%) and exerted even greater effects on concentrations of ELF protein (7.8-fold) and albumin (19-fold) while lower O3 dosage (0.5 ppm) had no significant effect. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that small serum proteins including albumin were greatly enriched in lung BAL fluid of 1 ppm O3-exposed rats. These results demonstrate that movement of water and protein into the airspaces after O3 exposure is not strictly coupled, and that protein recovery by BAL should cautiously be used to indicate airspace edema as a result of O3 injury.
Shape Resonances in Superconducting Thin Films (1963)

Received 26 February 1963DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.332©1963 American Physical Society
The effect of As2 and As4 molecular beam species on photoluminescence of molecular beam epitaxially grown GaAs (1980)

The first observation of several sharp photoluminescence lines with energies less than the energy of the recombination peak associated with the exciton bound to the neutral carbon acceptor in nominally undoped p-type GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is reported. The lines ranging from 1.5110 to 1.5040 eV are interpreted as radiative recombination of defect-induced bound excitons directly correlated with the interaction of As4 molecular beam species during MBE growth. These lines disappear totally when As2 instead of As4 beams are used. We then demonstrate that all sharp photoluminescence features, previously only detected in the best LPE samples, are now also observed in thin MBE GaAs layers when grown from As2 beam species.
Characterization of AKR murine leukemia virus sequences in AKR mouse substrains and structure of integrated recombinant genomes in tumor tissues (1981)

A specific cDNA probe of AKR murine leukemia virus (AKR-MLV) was prepared to detect AKR-MLV sequences in normal and tumor tissues in a variety of AKR mouse substrains. AKR strains contained up to six endogenous AKR-MLV genomes. All substrains tested had one AKR-MLV locus in common, and closely related substrains had several proviruses integrated in an identical site. Virus-induced tumors in the AKR/FuRdA and AKR/JS strains showed a reintegration pattern of AKR-MLV sequences unique for the individual animal, suggesting a monoclonal origin for the outgrown tumors. An analysis of tumor DNAs from the AKR/FuRdA and AKR/JS substrains with restriction enzymes cleaving within the proviral genome revealed a new EcoRI restriction site and BamHI restriction site not present in normal tissues. The positions of these sites corresponded both with cleavage sites of EcoRI and BamHI in integrated Moloney recombinants and with the structure of isolated AKR mink cell focus-forming viruses. All tumors analyzed to data contain nearly identical integrated recombinant genomes, suggesting a causal relationship between the formation of recombinants and the leukemogenic process.
Chemical Formation of a Solid Electrolyte Interface on the Carbon Electrode of a Li‐Ion Cell (1998)

Carbon black electrodes were prepared as a model system in which to study the irreversible capacity observed in Li‐ion battery negative electrodes during the first cycle in an ethylene carbonate‐diethyl carbonate electrolyte. A chemical treatment of electrodes with n‐butyl lithium prior to cell construction was found to reduce the charge normally associated with the formation of a solid electrolyte interface. The effects of treatment time on the coulometric insertion profile, irreversible capacity, and electrode morphology were examined.
Retinal phagocytes in age-related macular degeneration (2015)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in industrial countries. Vision loss caused by AMD results from geographic atrophy (dry AMD) and/or choroidal neovascularization (wet AMD). Presently, the etiology and pathogenesis of AMD is not fully understood and there is no effective treatment. Oxidative stress in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is considered to be one of the major factors contributing to the pathogenesis of AMD. Also retinal glia, as scavengers, are deeply related with diseases and could play a role. Therefore, therapeutic approaches for microglia and Müller glia, as well as RPE, may lead to new strategies for AMD treatment. This review summarizes the pathological findings observed in RPE cells, microglia and Müller glia of AMD murine models.
Sublime: A Speech- and Language-Based Information Management Environment (2006)

With ever-increasing amounts of information to be organized in people's daily lives, current mechanisms for personal information management (PIM) leave much room for improvement. We present Sublime, a distributed, multimodal, and mobile environment for speech-based personal information management. In addition to discussing the design philosophy and evolution of the current prototype, this paper describes the functionality and architecture of the system, and indicates future research directions for the project
Biological effect of electromagnetic fields: New findings linking changes in organisms to irradiation by weak fields encourage researchers to posit theories, although research is incomplete (1984)

A panel discussion is presented of the changes in organisms irradiated by weak electromagnetic fields. The panel focuses on the following key questions: What is the most recent evidence for the existence of genetic effects from electromagnetic fields, i.e. effects on the nucleus of the cell? What new effects have been observed on the nervous system, and how do they relate to other effects on cell membranes? What progress is being made to tie experimental results to theoretical models? What new experiments, instrumentation, and approaches would aid in drawing firm conclusions?
Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitoring and Imaging (2003)

A wide variety of biomedical photonic technologies have been developed recently for clinical monitoring of early disease states; molecular diagnostics and imaging of physiological parameters; molec ...
Examining the Technology Acceptance Model Using Physician Acceptance of Telemedicine Technology (1999)

:The rapid growth of investment in information technology (IT) by organizations worldwide has made user acceptance an increasingly critical technology implementation and management issue. While such acceptance has received fairly extensive attention from previous research, additional efforts are needed to examine or validate existing research results, particularly those involving different technologies, user populations, and/or organizational contexts. In response, this paper reports a research work that examined the applicability of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in explaining physicians’ decisions to accept telemedicine technology in the health-care context. The technology, the user group, and the organizational context are all new to IT acceptance/adoption research. The study also addressed a pragmatic technology management need resulting from millions of dollars invested by healthcare organizations in developing and implementing telemedicine programs in recent years. The model’s overall fit, explanatory power, and the individual causal links that it postulates were evaluated by examining the acceptance of telemedicine technology among physicians practicing at public tertiary hospitals in Hong Kong. Our results suggested that TAM was able to provide a reasonable depiction of physicians’ intention to use telemedicine technology. Perceived usefulness was found to be a significant determinant of attitude and intention but perceived ease of use was not. The relatively low R-square of the model suggests both the limitations of the parsimonious model and the need for incorporating additional factors or integrating with other IT acceptance models in order to improve its specificity and explanatory utility in a health-care context. Based on the study findings, implications for user technology acceptance research and telemedicine management are discussed.
Plasma alkaline phosphatase assay: interconversion of results by two methods. (1977)

Abstract Two methods for measuring plasma alkaline phosphatase activity are compared: one makes use of phenyl phosphate, carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, and continuous-flow methodology; the other of p-nitrophenyl phosphate, diethanolamine buffer, and reaction-rate analysis. Results by the methods correlate well (r = 0.98) over a wide range of values (up to 10-fold the upper limit of normal). A factor can therefore be applied to convert results by one method into those that would be obtained by the other. The possibility that the presence of different proportions of isoenzymes in the plasma will affect this factor is considered. We have used the new method, with a conversion factor, as the routine method of alkaline phosphatase measurement in a clinical chemistry laboratory, with no problems.
No‐carrier added synthesis of <sup>18</sup>F‐labelled nucleosides using Stille cross‐coupling reactions with 4‐[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroiodobenzene (2004)

Abstract The radiosyntheses of 5‐(4′‐[ 18 F]fluorophenyl)‐uridine [ 18 F]‐11 and 5‐(4′‐[ 18 F]fluorophenyl)‐2′‐deoxy‐uridine [ 18 F]‐12 are described. The 5‐(4′‐[ 18 F]fluoro‐phenyl)‐substituted nucleosides were prepared via a Stille cross‐coupling reaction with 4‐[ 18 F]fluoroiodobenzene followed by basic hydrolysis using 1 M potassium hy‐droxide. The Stille cross‐coupling reaction was optimized by screening various palladium complexes, additives and solvents. By using optimized labelling conditions (Pd 2 (dba) 3 /CuI/AsPh 3 in DMF/dioxane (1:1), 20 min at 65°C), 550 MBq of [4‐ 18 F]fluoroiodobenzene could be converted into 120 MBq (33%, decay‐corrected) of 5‐(4′‐[ 18 F]fluorophenyl)‐2′‐deoxy‐uridine [ 18 F]‐12 within 40 min, including HPLC purification. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fog Collection on Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Fibers: Influence of Cross Section and Surface Structure (2017)

Fog-collecting meshes show a great potential in ensuring the availability of a supply of sustainable freshwater in certain arid regions. In most cases, the meshes are made of hydrophilic smooth fibers. Based on the study of plant surfaces, we analyzed the fog collection using various polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers with different cross sections and surface structures with the aim of developing optimized biomimetic fog collectors. Water droplet movement and the onset of dripping from fiber samples were compared. Fibers with round, oval, and rectangular cross sections with round edges showed higher fog-collection performance than those with other cross sections. However, other parameters, for example, width, surface structure, wettability, and so forth, also influenced the performance. The directional delivery of the collected fog droplets by wavy/v-shaped microgrooves on the surface of the fibers enhances the formation of a water film and their fog collection. A numerical simulation of the water droplet spreading behavior strongly supports these findings. Therefore, our study suggests the use of fibers with a round cross section, a microgrooved surface, and an optimized width for an efficient fog collection.
Dephosphorylation of Microtubule‐Associated Protein 2, τ Factor, and Tubulin by Calcineurin (1985)

Calcineurin dephosphorylated microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and tau factor phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent and Ca2+, calmodulin-dependent protein kinases from the brain. Tubulin, only phosphorylated by the Ca2+, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, served as substrate for calcineurin. The concentrations of calmodulin required to give half-maximal activation of calcineurin were 21 and 16 nM with MAP2 and tau factor as substrates, respectively. The Km and Vmax values were in ranges of 1-3 microM and 0.4-1.7 mumol/mg/min, respectively, for MAP2 and tau factor. The Km value for tubulin was in a similar range, but the Vmax value was lower. The peptide map analysis revealed that calcineurin dephosphorylated MAP2 and tau factor universally, but not in a site-specific manner. The autophosphorylated Ca2+, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase was not dephosphorylated by calcineurin. These results suggest that calcineurin plays an important role in the functions of microtubules via dephosphorylation.