gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Density of organic matrix of native mineralized bone measured by water‐ and fat‐suppressed proton projection MRI (2003)

Water- and fat-suppressed projection MR imaging (WASPI) utilizes the large difference between the proton T(2) (*)s of the solid organic matrix and the fluid constituents of bone to suppress the fluid signals while preserving solid matrix signals. The solid constituents include collagen and some molecularly immobile water and exhibit very short T(2) (*). The fluid constituents include mobile water and fat, with long T(2) (*). In WASPI, chemical shift selective low-power pi/2 pulses excite mobile water and fat magnetization which is subsequently dephased by gradient pulses, while the magnetization of collagen and immobile water remains mostly in the z-direction. Additional selective pi pulses in alternate scans further cancel the residual water and fat magnetization. Following water and fat suppression, the matrix signal is excited by a short hard pulse and the free induction decay acquired in the presence of a gradient in a 3D projection method. WASPI was implemented on a 4.7 T MR imaging system and tested on phantoms and bone specimens, enabling excellent visualization of bone matrix. The bone matrix signal per unit volume of bovine trabecular specimens was measured by this MR technique and compared with that determined by chemical analysis. This method could be used in combination with bone mineral density measurement by solid state (31)P projection MRI to determine the degree of bone mineralization.
Clone detection in automotive model-based development (2008)

Model-based development is becoming an increasingly common development methodology. In important domains like embedded systems already major parts of the code are generated from models specified with domain-specific modelling languages. Hence, such models are nowadays an integral part of the software development and maintenance process and therefore have a major economic and strategic value for the software-developing organisations. Nevertheless almost no work has been done on a quality defect that is known to seriously hamper maintenance productivity in classic code-based development: Cloning. This paper presents an approach for the automatic detection of clones in large models as they are used in model-based development of control systems. The approach is based on graph theory and hence can be applied to most graphical data-flow languages. An industrial case study demonstrates the applicability of our approach for the detection of clones in Matlab/Simulink models that are widely used in model-based development of embedded systems in the automotive domain.
Multispectral image visualization with nonlinear projections (1996)

Two visualization techniques based on nonlinear projections for fusing multispectral image data sets into a single most informative gray scale image are described. These techniques are fast, theoretically attractive, complement linear techniques, and may be of value in highlighting specific regions where the component images should be examined in detail.
Antibacterial and Antiviral Value of the Genus Ganoderma P. Karst. Species (Aphyllophoromycetideae): A Review (2003)

Various effective synthetic antibacterial and antiviral agents have been developed, but drug resistance and toxicity may occur. Herbal medicines may represent a safe and useful approach for the treatment of infectious diseases. Ganoderma lucidum and other Ganoderma species, alone or more often in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, have been used to treat chronic infectious diseases such as chronic hepatitis and bronchitis, although there is limited clinical data available. Data from in vitro and in vivo animal studies indicate that G. lucidum and other Ganoderma species exhibit a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antiviral activities. A recent randomized placebo-controlled clinical study indicates that treatment with G. lucidum polysaccharides at 5400 mg/day for 12 weeks caused inhibitory effects on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, as indicated by the decreased serum HBV DNA and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) levels. It appears that both polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the major antiviral constituents of Ganoderma species, while the polysaccharides play a more important role for its antibacterial activity. There appears to be a structure-activity relationship for triterpenoid-mediated antiviral effect. The mechanisms for the antibacterial and antiviral activities of G. lucidum and other Ganoderma species are largely undefined. Ganoderma constituents (e.g., polysaccharides and triterpenoids) may inhibit viral replication by interfering with their adsorption, virus-hepatocyte fusion and endocytosis, and viral integration, assembly, and release. Currently available data suggest that G. lucidum and some other Ganoderma species may play an adjunct role for the management of various infectious diseases, and further experimental and clinical studies are needed.
Modeling Late Reverberation in Acoustic Echo Suppression (2012)

The traditional approach to cope with acoustic echoes is the use of an acoustic echo canceler (AEC). Usually, subband acoustic echo suppression (AES) is used after the AEC to suppress residual echoes which have not been subtracted. Recently, the use of only AES has been proposed without precise echo path estimation, but modeling parametrically the echo path with a delay and a single real-valued gain at each frequency of the short-time spectra. This approach captures only a fraction of the length of a typical echo path. We propose an extension to this simple echo path model, based on the consideration and estimation of the exponential decay of room impulse responses. Simulation results show an improvement of near-end speech quality when including the proposed reverberation modeling in AES. An important feature of the proposed AES system is its robustness against phase distortions, as only magnitude information of the loudspeaker and microphone signals are considered.
Base Effects on Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Embedded Silica Nanocomposite for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) (2011)

In this paper, we studied on the effect of organic bases in the case of ethylene glycol based fabrication of silver nanoparticles embedded silica nanocomposite (Ag SNC) without heating. Considering their chemical structures, butylamine (BA), ethanolamine (EA), triethanolamine (TEA), tributylamine (TBA), octylamine (OA) and Jeffamine 500 (JA) were used as an organic base. In addition, the effect of the concentrations of AgNO3 and organic bases on the formation of Ag SNC was also examined. In conformity with the characteristics of Ag SNC, SERS signal intensity of benzenethiol on Ag SNC was measured. As a result, the SERS signal intensity of Ag SNCs was strongly dependent on the reaction conditions. Furthermore, when reacted under the best reaction condition with concentrations of AgNO3 and OA, 3 mM and 5 mM, respectively, a large-scale production of Ag SNC was possible under the mild conditions.
Increasing availability and security of an authentication service (1993)

Authentication, the process by which one satisfies another about one's claim of identity, is typically provided by an authentication server via an authentication protocol. Compromise of the authentication service can lead to the compromise of the whole system, and the service is a performance bottleneck because many activities cannot proceed unless the identities of concerned parties can be satisfactorily established. Therefore, a desirable authentication service should be both highly secure and highly available. A general solution in which the authentication server is replicated so that a minority of malicious and colluding servers cannot compromise security or disrupt service is proposed. Some unusual features of such a distributed authentication service, including the tradeoff between availability and security, are discussed. Such a distributed service is also useful when clients cannot identify or agree upon trusted servers prior to authentication. For example, in some cooperative or federated systems, clients simply cannot all trust the same set of servers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of Zn-Doped Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles Via Coprecipitation Method for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent (2014)

Two different preparations of biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), both (MnFe2O4 and Mn0.91Zn0.09Fe2O4) coated with methoxy polyethylene glycol aldehyde (m-PEG-CHO) were prepared through coprecipitation method. The prepared powder was reanalyzed for material structure with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and for particle size using a transition electron microscope (TEM). Magnetic saturation (MS) and coercivity (HC) of the formed particles were examined by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Surface structure of the samples was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Biocompatible ferrofluids were intravenously injected into four rabbits. Then the magnetic resonance (MR) images of brain were obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments before and after intravenous injection of ferrofluids. The MNPs demonstrate super paramagnetic behavior with a spinel structure measuring 30–40 nm in size. Doping of these magnetite nanoparticles with zinc resulted in decreases in crystallite size from 24.23 nm to 21.15 nm, the lattice parameter from 8.45 Å to 8.43 Å and the coercivity from 41.20 Oe to 13.07 Oe. On the other hand, saturation magnetization increased from 50.12 emu/g to 57.36 emu/g following zinc doping. Image exposure analysis revealed that the reduction of MR signal intensity for zinc-doped magnetite nanoparticles was more than nondoped nanoparticles (shorter T2 relaxation time) thereby making the images darker.
Submicron wiring technology with tungsten and planarization (2003)

A versatile wiring technology has been developed which is suitable for high-density memory and multilevel logic applications. This fully integrated technology features CVD-tungsten (W) and planarization. Virtual W studs maximise density by reducing contact/via ground rules and by facilitating the use of thick insulators for minimum capacitance. Complementary insulator and W planarization eliminate steps and ease patterning. As a result, circuit performance is enhanced without sacrificing yield or reliability. The chosen materials and process combinations make possible aggressive metal pitch for DRAM, reliable space saving vertical studs for contact/via intensive SRAM, and provide vertical wiring for high-density multilevel logic. Device and reliability results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
DIA-SIFT: A Precursor and Product Ion Filter for Accurate Stable Isotope Data-Independent Acquisition Proteomics (2018)

Quantitative mass spectrometry-based protein profiling is widely used to measure protein levels across different treatments or disease states, yet current mass spectrometry acquisition methods present distinct limitations. While data-independent acquisition (DIA) bypasses the stochastic nature of data-dependent acquisition (DDA), fragment spectra derived from DIA are often complex and challenging to deconvolve. In-line ion mobility separation (IMS) adds an additional dimension to increase peak capacity for more efficient product ion assignment. As a similar strategy to sequential window acquisition methods (SWATH), IMS-enabled DIA methods rival DDA methods for protein annotation. Here we evaluate IMS-DIA quantitative accuracy using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). Since SILAC analysis doubles the sample complexity, we find that IMS-DIA analysis is not sufficiently accurate for sensitive quantitation. However, SILAC precursor pairs share common retention and drift times, and both species cofragment to yield multiple quantifiable isotopic y-ion peak pairs. Since y-ion SILAC ratios are intrinsic for each quantified precursor, combined MS1 and y-ion ratio analysis significantly increases the total number of measurements. With increased sampling, we present DIA-SIFT ( SILAC Intrinsic Filtering Tool), a simple statistical algorithm to identify and eliminate poorly quantified MS1 and/or MS2 events. DIA-SIFT combines both MS1 and y-ion ratios, removes outliers, and provides more accurate and precise quantitation (<15% CV) without removing any proteins from the final analysis. Overall, pooled MS1 and MS2 quantitation increases sampling in IMS-DIA SILAC analyses for accurate and precise quantitation.
The costimulatory molecule B7-H4 promote tumor progression and cell proliferation through translocating into nucleus (2013)

B7-H4, a member of B7 family, is a transmembrane protein and inhibits T-cells immunity. However, in a variety of tumor cells, B7-H4 was detected predominantly in intracellular compartments with unknown mechanism and functions. In this study, we analyzed B7-H4 expression and subcellular distribution by immunohistochemistry in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. B7-H4 protein was detected on the membrane, in the cytosol and/or in the nucleus in tumor tissues. The membrane and nuclear expression of B7-H4 was significantly correlated with the tumor stages of RCC. Moreover, the membrane localization of B7-H4 was inversely correlated with the intensity of tumor infiltrates lymphocyte (TILs), whereas no association was observed between nuclear expression of B7-H4 and the density of TILs status. We further identified that B7-H4 is a cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling protein containing a functional nuclear localization sequence (NLS) motif. A point mutation of B7-H4 NLS motif blocked the leptomycin B -induced nuclear accumulation of B7-H4. HEK293 cells stably expressing B7-H4 NLS mutant exhibited more potent inhibition in T-cell proliferation and cytokine production through increasing its surface expression compared with wild-type B7-H4 transfected cells owing to their increased surface expression. Most importantly, overexpression of wild-type B7-H4 in HEK293 cells enhanced tumor cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo, promoted G1/S phase transition. The regulation of cell cycle by wild-type B7-H4 was partialy due to upregulation of Cyclin D 1 and Cyclin E. A mutation of B7-H4 NLS motif abolished the B7-H4-mediated cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation. Furthermore, B7-H4 wild-type confers chemoresistance activity to RCC cell lines including Caki-1 and ACHN. Our study provides a new insight into the functional implication of B7-H4 in its subcellular localization.
Does Half-Life Matter After Antipsychotic Discontinuation? (2017)

ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00086320, NCT00111189, and NCT01529515.
The language of ecclesiastical polity and Jacobean conformist thought (2005)

The chief intellectual tension that underlay Jacobean ecclesiological debates is illustrated by disputes about the proper relationship between civil and ecclesiastical authority. These disputes stemmed from the decision – taken first under Henry VIII and subsequently refined under Elizabeth I – to define the Church of England as the Church authorised by Christ to continue His earthly ministry; this claim served as the basis for the proposition that since the Church of England was so authorised, it retained within itself power and discretion over matters of doctrine and discipline. This authority did not come solely from the Word, but also from statutes that established the Church. After this initial 'founding', conformists were obliged to make an articulate case for why a Church established in law could also agree with scripture and the practice of the Apostolic church. As later chapters will show, the retention of certain ceremonies and episcopal governance drew, from Protestant critics, arguments fleshed out with doctrinal or historical criticism, and designed to undermine the authority of the Church and its human governors. At the root of the debate was a difficult question: how could a church so evidently grounded in the realm of human creation, of culture and custom, also take part in the world of the divine creation, that is, the community of believers joined to Christ and one another in a spiritual association that was by its very nature free from the direction of human agents? This question absorbed contemporary defenders of the established Church and others interested in the development of a theory of ecclesiastical polity.
Pharmacophore Identification of Hydroxamate HDAC 1 Inhibitors (2009)

Abstract A three‐dimensional pharmacophore model was established based on 24 hydroxamate histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors by HypoGen algorithm embedded in Catalyst software. The best pharmacophore hypothesis (Hypo1), consisting of four chemical features (one hydrogen‐bond acceptor, one aromatic ring and two hydrophobic groups), has a correlation coefficient of 0.946. The Hypol was also validated by a test set consisting of 20 other compounds. Compared with the prior studies towards HDAC inhibitors the detailed chemical features of the "CAP" region in the reported HDAC inhibitors were for the first time depicted, which would be helpful in the further designing of novel HDAC inhibitors.
Detection of PCR products amplified from DNA of epizootic pathogens using magnetic nanoparticles and SERS (2010)

Abstract Here we present a novel approach using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy for the sequence‐specific detection of DNA utilizing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the enrichment of the target molecules. To achieve fast and efficient binding of longer DNA strands, e.g. PCR products, the hybridization procedure is performed in solution. To further purify and enrich the DNA strands of interest, MNPs are used for their separation. Following the binding of the target DNA, a dye‐modified, short synthetic ssDNA is hybridized, which serves as label for the SERS detection. The SERS spectra are used to identify the bound molecules. The applicability of this approach was first tested with short synthetic oligonucleotides to evaluate its specificity. Afterward, the system was applied to detect PCR products amplified from DNA of specific agents of epizootic diseases. Sequences of the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony type ( Mmm SC), causing contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) were used as PCR targets. To demonstrate the multiplexing capability of SERS, the simultaneous detection of three different PCR products labeled with three dyes was performed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A vectorial solver for free-form vector gradients (2012)

The creation of free-form vector drawings has been greatly improved in recent years with techniques based on (bi)-harmonic interpolation. Such methods offer the best trade-off between sparsity (keeping the number of control points small) and expressivity (achieving complex shapes and gradients). In this paper, we introduce a vectorial solver for the computation of free-form vector gradients. Based on Finite Element Methods (FEM), its key feature is to output a low-level vector representation suitable for very fast GPU accelerated rasterization and close-form evaluation. This intermediate representation is hidden from the user: it is dynamically updated using FEM during drawing when control points are edited. Since it is output-insensitive, our approach enables novel possibilities for (bi)-harmonic vector drawings such as instancing, layering, deformation, texture and environment mapping. Finally, in this paper we also generalize and extend the set of drawing possibilities. In particular, we show how to locally control vector gradients.
Marangoni Flow-Induced Self-Assembly of Hexagonal and Stripelike Nanoparticle Patterns (2008)

We have developed a simple Marangoni flow-induced method for self-assembling nanoparticles (NPs) into both hexagonal and stripelike patterns. First, a NPs/ethanol suspension was spread on a slightly nonwettable and a wettable silicon oxide substrate. The Marangoni flow, induced by simultaneous evaporation of ethanol and condensation of water, leads to the formation of the corresponding hexagonal distributed circular NP rings and dotted stripes. The inter-ring spacing and ring size of the hexagonal patterns can be tuned by varying the relative humidity of the N2 stream blown over the slightly nonwettable substrate. Hexagonal patterns of circular NP patches can also be fabricated by lowering the evaporation of the condensed water droplets. On the wettable substrate, complex patterns result when the humidity of the N2 stream changes.
Role of oxygen radicals in tumor promotion (1984)

Tumor promoters provoke the elaboration of oxygen radicals by direct chemical generation and through the indirect activation or alteration of cellular sources including membrane oxidases, peroxisomes, and electron transport chains in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Although direct measurement of amplified oxygen radical production in response to tumor promoters in target tissues remains problematic, studies with scavengers of reactive oxygen species demonstrate inhibition of biochemical and biological sequelae of tumor promoter exposure and provide strong presumptive evidence for oxygen radical involvement in this late stage of carcinogenesis. The critical macromolecular targets for these oxygen radicals remain undefined; however, they may include lipids, DNA, DNA repair systems, and other enzymes.
Summary of the WHO collaborating centre for neurotrauma task force on mild traumatic brain injury (2005)

This report aims to summarize the key findings of a recent, systematic review of the literature performed by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Neurotrauma Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury published in a supplement of the Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. The Task Force performed a comprehensive search and critical review of the literature published between 1980 and 2002 to assemble the best evidence on the epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of MTBI. The Task Force identified 38,806 citations and 743 relevant studies, of which 313 (42%) were accepted on scientific merit and formed the basis of the best evidence synthesis.
Recent Progress in Corpus-Based Spontaneous Speech Recognition (2005)

This paper overviews recent progress in the development of corpus-based spontaneous speech recognition technology. Although speech is in almost any situation spontaneous, recognition of spontaneous speech is an area which has only recently emerged in the field of automatic speech recognition. Broadening the application of speech recognition depends crucially on raising recognition performance for spontaneous speech. For this purpose, it is necessary to build large spontaneous speech corpora for constructing acoustic and language models. This paper focuses on various achievements of a Japanese 5-year national project Spontaneous Speech: Corpus and Processing Technology that has recently been completed. Because of various spontaneous-speech specific phenomena, such as filled pauses, repairs, hesitations, repetitions and disfluencies, recognition of spontaneous speech requires various new techniques. These new techniques include flexible acoustic modeling, sentence boundary detection, pronunciation modeling, acoustic as well as language model adaptation, and automatic summarization. Particularly automatic summarization including indexing, a process which extracts important and reliable parts of the automatic transcription, is expected to play an important role in building various speech archives, speech-based information retrieval systems, and human-computer dialogue systems.
Progression of Renal Disease and Renal Hypertrophy (1995)

Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and ...Read More