gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Lysis by Cytotoxic T Cells (1995)

When a cytotoxic lymphocyte binds to an antigenic cell, there is a reorientation of the Golgi apparatus and a directed exocytosis of cytoplasmic granules toward the offending cell. In the model originally proposed by Henkart, these granules were hypothesized to contain lytic molecules that contribute to the demise of the target cell. Initially, perforin/cytolysin was believed to be the major player in the mechanism of lysis. Recent work, however, using a variety of biochemical, molecular biological, and genetic approaches, has provided convincing evidence that other granule-associated molecules contribute to the lytic pathway. Of particular note are the granzymes, whose proteolytic activity is intimately associated with the induction of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. In this review we summarize these recent experiments and present an updated view of the granule-mediated killing mechanism. For some years the universality of the granule-killing mechanism has been challenged. Experiments reported in the last few years on the characteristics of target cell death, detailed studies with cytolytic T cell lines, and, ultimately, with lymphocytes from mice that have been genetically altered using homologous recombination, have proven the existence of a second pathway. We discuss whether the existence of this alternate, Fas antigen/Fas ligand, mechanism really deals a knock-out blow to the granule exocytosis followers. Most likely it represents an important immunoregulatory system rather than a defense against pathogenesis. The granule-mediated and Fas-dependent mechanisms of cytolysis represent, at first sight, completely different pathways. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that once the kiss of death has been received, through either granules or Fas, the events within the target cell are remarkably similar. Considerable attention is now being focussed on a family of interleukin-1 beta-converting enzymes (ICEs) that become activated within the target cell after attack by a cytotoxic lymphocyte. These enzymes are particularly interesting as they have now been shown to be directly involved in developmentally controlled, programmed cell death.
Use of conventional optical fibers and fiber Bragg gratings for damage detection in advanced composite structures: A review (2003)

Structurally integrated sensors which are capable of continuous structural health monitoring represent an attractive option in view of their potential for providing real-time assessment/warning of structural damage. In recent years, optical fiber systems have attracted a considerable amount of attention and have been shown to be a very attractive option for health monitoring in advanced composite materials. These sensors have either been embedded or surface-bonded to the host material thereby allowing continuous assessment of the health of the structure. Structural health assessment takes the form of damage detection and/or monitoring of specific health indicators. In the former approach, the optical fiber systems are generally optimized to increase their sensitivity to the presence of damage in the composite structure, while the latter approach relies on the examination of characteristic changes in the monitored parameter to infer a loss in structural integrity. To this end, many investigators have demonstrated the potential of optical fiber sensors, most particularly intensity-based optical fiber systems and fiber Bragg grating sensors for structural health monitoring of advanced composite materials. The initial part of this paper provides an up-to-date review of the applications of optical fiber sensors in composite materials, focussing particularly on the use of intensity-based optical fiber systems and fiber Bragg grating sensors for damage detection. These optical fiber systems have been shown to be capable of detecting impact damage, transverse cracking, and delamination, and have the ability to monitor strain in structures. The introduction of optical fiber sensors into a composite material can inadvertently produce a geometrical discontinuity in the vicinity of the sensor. Numerous experimental investigations have also been performed to assess the possible reduction in the properties of the host structure. A review of the findings of these investigations reported in the literature is also given. This review article cites 161 references.
MTBITC mediates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in human HepG2 cells despite its rapid degradation kinetics in the in vitro model (2009)

Despite the great variety of structure homologous, experimental research on the cancer preventive properties of isothiocyanates (ITCs) is limited to only a fractional amount thereof so far. Especially the degradation of these compounds in the experimental system has not been investigated so far. In this study, we investigated the effect of 4-methylthiobutyl isothiocyante (MTBITC) on the proliferation of human hepatoma (HepG2) cells and underlying mechanisms. A concentration and time-dependent reduction in proliferation activity could be observed in cells treated with MTBITC exceeding 10 microM. At these concentrations MTBITC-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells could be observed by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, flow cytometry analysis, and the detection of single-stranded apoptotic DNA. In all the three assays, clear apoptotic events were present after 6-hr exposure to MTBITC. Apoptosis induction was accompanied by a time-dependent arrest of HepG2 cells at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. This study shows for the first time the inhibitory potency of MTBITC on metabolically competent hepatoma cells, whereas the loss of reduced glutathione and its impact on mitochondria seem to be the major processes involved in the initiation and execution of the apoptotic cell death. The results of this study also showed that irrespective of the intense degradation kinetics of MTBITC, the strong cytostatic effect of the ITC was not markedly affected by it and suggests that although ITCs are only present at maximum concentrations in a living system for a rather short time, this might be sufficient to exert their therapeutic effects.
The Development of Phased-Array Radar Technology (2000)

■ Lincoln Laboratory has been involved in the development of phased-array radar technology since the late 1950s. Radar research activities have included theoretical analysis, application studies, hardware design, device fabrication, and system testing. Early phased-array research was centered on improving the national capability in phased-array radars. The Laboratory has developed several test-bed phased arrays, which have been used to demonstrate and evaluate components, beamforming techniques, calibration, and testing methodologies. The Laboratory has also contributed significantly in the area of phased-array antenna radiating elements, phase-shifter technology, solid-state transmit-andreceive modules, and monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology. A number of developmental phased-array radar systems have resulted from this research, as discussed in other articles in this issue. A wide variety of processing techniques and system components have also been developed. This article provides an overview of more than forty years of this phased-array radar research activity.
Molecular Identification of Cordyceps sinensis Related Fungi (2006)

Multiple fungi have been isolated and identified from natural Cordyceps sinensis, a precious tonic herb used in China for centuries. We reported simultaneous isolation at a temperature of 10–15 degree C of 2 major fungi, Hirsutella sinensis and Paecilomyces hepiali, from 200 pieces of fresh C. sinensis, supporting the multi‐fungi hypothesis for C. sinensis (FASEB J 19(5): A1033, 2005). We further confirmed P. hepiali and H. sinensis via molecular approaches in this study. Total rDNA was isolated from P. hepiali and H. sinensis. ITS segments of the DNA containing the 3¡ ¯ end of nuclear 18S rDNA, ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 and the 5¡ ¯ end of 28S rDNA were amplified by use of primers ITS4 (5‐TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC) and ITS5 (5‐GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG), followed by DNA sequencing. The ITS segments of the 2 fungi showed 73.6% sequence identity. The distinct regions of the sequences were identified and used to design “specific” primers for P. hepiali. The specificity of the “specific” primers was confirmed by amplifying DNA segments by PCR against P. hepiali DNA templates, but not against H. sinensis templates. Restriction enzymes were selected on the basis of ITS DNA sequences of P. hepiali and H. sinensis: Ava I and Alu I specific for H. sinensis, and Bam HI and Acc I specific for P. hepiali. The above results allow us to further examine the molecular existence of P. hepiali and H. sinensis in natural C. sinensis (on going).
Human solute carrier SLC6A14 is the β‐alanine carrier (2008)

The beta-alanine carrier was characterized functionally in the 1960s to 1980s at the luminal surface of the ileal mucosal wall and is a Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent transporter of a number of essential and non-essential cationic and dipolar amino acids including lysine, arginine and leucine. beta-Alanine carrier-like function has not been demonstrated by any solute carrier transport system identified at the molecular level. A series of experiments were designed to determine whether solute carrier SLC6A14 is the molecular correlate of the intestinal beta-alanine carrier, perhaps the last of the classical intestinal amino acid transport systems to be identified at the molecular level. Following expression of the human SLC6A14 transporter in Xenopus laevis oocytes, the key functional characteristics of the beta-alanine carrier, identified previously in situ in ileum, were demonstrated for the first time. The transport system is both Na(+) and Cl(-) dependent, can transport non-alpha-amino acids such as beta-alanine with low affinity, and has a higher affinity for dipolar and cationic amino acids such as leucine and lysine. N-methylation of its substrates reduces the affinity for transport. These observations confirm the hypothesis that the SLC6A14 gene encodes the transport protein known as the beta-alanine carrier which, due to its broad substrate specificity, is likely to play an important role in absorption of essential nutrients and drugs in the distal regions of the human gastrointestinal tract.
InP/InGaAs heterojunction phototransistors for optoelectronic receivers (2004)

A theoretical and experimental analysis of the performance of InP/InGaAs heterostructure phototransistors (HPT) has been carried out and comparisons made with avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and PIN-HBT photodetectors. Although the APDs are intrinsically faster, the HPT in travelling-wave form has demonstrated excellent responsivity and power handling capability.
Introductory discussion of the perovskites (2006)

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Sour compression process for the removal of SO and NO from oxyfuel-derived CO2 (2011)

Coal-fired power stations under oxyfuel combustion produce a raw CO2 product which contains impurities such as water, oxygen, nitrogen and argon from excess oxygen and air leakages. There are also acid gases present, such as SO3, SO2, HCl and NOX produced as by-products of combustion. These acidic impurities will need to be removed from the CO2 stream before it is introduced into the pipeline to prevent corrosion and comply with possible regulations. There may also be stringent requirements on purity, particularly for applications such as enhanced oil recovery. A novel compression method of producing NOx-free, SO2free CO2 was proposed in GHGT-8 [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6] where SO2 and NOx are removed as H2SO4 and HNO3respectively by compression and water contact of the flue gas. At GHGT-9, initial experimental results were presented using actual fluegas via a sidestream from Doosan Babcock's 160 kW coal-fired oxyfuel rig, showing the feasibility of the process eliminating 99% SOx and 90% NOx compounds. In this paper, we report on the effects of pressure, temperature, residence time and presence of water in a laboratory scale apparatus using synthetic flue gas.
Context-Aware for Smartphone Sensing in Over-the-Counter Market: Ambient Intelligence in Mobile Stock Markets (2013)

An Ambient Intelligence (AmI) environment is primary developed using intelligent agents and wireless sensor networks. The intelligent agents could automatically obtain contextual information in real time using Near Field Communication (NFC) technique and wireless ad-hoc networks. In this research, we propose a stock trading and recommendation system with mobile devices (Android platform) interface in the over-the-counter market (OTC) environments. The proposed system could obtain the real-time financial information of stock price through a multi-agent architecture with plenty of useful features. In addition, NFC is used to achieve a context-aware environment allowing for automatic acquisition and transmission of useful trading recommendations and relevant stock information for investors. Finally, AmI techniques are applied to successfully create smart investment spaces, providing investors with useful monitoring tools and investment recommendation.
Pathogenicity of antigenic variants of Newcastle disease virus Italian strain selected with monoclonal antibodies. (1987)

Antigenic variants of the Italian strain of NDV were selected using monoclonal antibodies directed against the HN and F proteins of Italian virus. Antigenic mapping of the HN and F proteins using variant viruses in cross neutralization tests revealed the presence of at least two different epitopes on HN and four epitopes on F protein. Immunoselected variant viruses were demonstrated to have different intravenous pathogenicity index than the parental Italian virus.
An Examination of the Production of Hydrolytic Enzymes and Toxins by Pathogenic Strains of Candida albicans (1971)

SUMMARY: Attempts to demonstrate the production of toxin by pathogenic strains of Candida albicans have proved negative; a variety of growth conditions and methods of organism extraction were used, several of which were previously described by other workers as yielding toxins. Toxin production appears to be a strain characteristic and not a property of all pathogenic strains. Acid phosphatases with pH optima at 3·6 and 5·6, a peptidase with optimum pH 6·6 and β-glucosidase have been isolated from both blastospore and mycelial forms of C. albicans and their properties examined. The occurrence in organism extracts of alkaline phosphatase and peptidase (optimum pH 3·6) has been confirmed; no activity of mucopolysaccharase, neuraminidase, β-glucuronidase or phospholipase A and B could be demonstrated. The possible role of hydrolytic enzymes in pathogenicity is discussed.
Effects of Postemergence Herbicides on Seedling Development of Selected Legumes (1987)

Three herbicides were evaluated in a series of growth chamber experiments for possible phytotoxic or growth retarding effects on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) seedlings emerging through a straw mulch treated with the herbicides. After legumes were planted in a coarse, sterile sand and covered with a .25 in. layer of chopped bermndagrass, treatments of Fusilade (0, .125, .25, and .50 lb. a.i.lacre), Roundup (0, .45, .90, and 1.8 lb. a.i.lacre), and Paraquat (0, .25, .50, and 1.0 lb. a.i./acre) were applied. One-half of each herbicide treat-ment received a daily misting while the other received water only as needed to maintain plant health. A daily misting apparently gave significantly higher emergence percentages compared to the 4-day interval when Paraquat was applied to either crimson or subterranean clover plantings. Herbicide treatment apparently had little or no effect on hypocotyl or radicle elongation of subterranean clover. However, a significant reduction in a radicle length was seen with the Roundup treatment on crimson clover while a similar trend was observed with subterranean clover.
A Historical Cohort Study of Pedicle Screw Fixation in Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral Spinal Fusion (1994)

Yuan, Hansen A. MD; Garfin, Steven R. MD; Dickman, Curtis A. MD; Mardjetko, Steven M. MD Author Information
InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Wells Grown on Nonpolar Facets of Vertical GaN Nanorod Arrays (2012)

Uniform GaN nanorod arrays are grown vertically by selective area growth on (left angle bracket 0001 right angle bracket) substrates. The GaN nanorods present six nonpolar {1⁻100} facets, which serve as growth surfaces for InGaN-based light-emitting diode quantum well active regions. Compared to growth on the polar {0001} plane, the piezoelectric fields in the multiple quantum wells (MQWs) can be eliminated when they are grown on nonpolar planes. The capability of growing ordered GaN nanorod arrays with different rod densities is demonstrated. Light emission from InGaN/GaN MQWs grown on the nonpolar facets is investigated by photoluminescence. Local emission from MQWs grown on different regions of GaN nanorods is studied by cathodoluminescence (CL). The core-shell structure of MQWs grown on GaN nanorods is investigated by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy in both axial and radial directions. The results show that the active MQWs are predominantly grown on nonpolar planes of GaN nanorods, consistent with the observations from CL. The results suggest that GaN nanorod arrays are suitable growth templates for efficient light-emitting diodes.
Einfache Herstellung von zum Teil in 5,6-Stellung anellierten 2-Amino-thieno [2,3-<i>d</i>][1,3]thiazin-4-onen (1987)

The Facile Synthesis of 2-Aminothieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazin-4-ones, in Some Cases 5,6-Anellated The cyclization of ethyl 2-thioureidothiophene-3-carboxylates is known to give 2-thioxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones not only under basic conditions but also upon treatment with ethanolic hydrochloric acid. On the other hand, we have found that ethyl 2-thioureidothiophene-3-carboxylates 1 on treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid, polyphosphoric acid or anhydrous perchloric acid undergo cyclocondensation to give 2-aminothieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazin-4-ones 2a-2r. Reaction of 2 with phosphorus (V) sulfide yielded the thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazine-4-thiones 3b and 3c; ring cleavage of the aminothienothiazinones 2k, 2m, 2n with diluted sodium hydroxide gave the 2-thioureidothiophene-3-carboxylic acids 5k, 5m, 5n, respectively.
State of the art in in-vitro oocyte maturation (2004)

In-vitro maturation treatment can now be offered as a successful option to infertile women with polycystic ovaries or polycystic ovary syndrome. It is possible to combine natural cycle in-vitro fertilization with immature oocyte retrieval followed by in-vitro maturation, and thus offer women with various causes of infertility reasonable pregnancy and implantation rates without recourse to ovarian stimulation. Further research remains to be done to address the mechanism of oocyte maturation in order to refine culture conditions and improve the implantation rate of oocytes matured in vitro.
Characterization of the carboxypeptidase N secreted by Hep G2 cells. (1988)

Human hepatoma (Hep G2) cells secrete nanogram quantities of carboxypeptidase enzymes which are capable of hydrolyzing COOH-terminal lysine and arginine residues. A carboxypeptidase with a neutral pH optimum (greater than pH 7.0) was partially purified from the conditioned medium and compared with pure plasma carboxypeptidase N. The two enzymes behaved in a similar manner on gel filtration (apparent Mr = 280,000), DE52 ion exchange chromatography, and concanavalin A-affinity chromatography and were indistinguishable enzymatically and immunologically. Immunoblots of the Hep G2 and plasma carboxypeptidase N before and following deglycosylation with peptide-N4-[N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl]asparagine amidase F revealed a similar, if not identical, multimeric structure. A second carboxypeptidase with a lower molecular weight and a pH optimum of 5.0 was also detected in the Hep G2 medium.
Signal processing method of ambient trace-gas monitoring with tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (2009)

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is a new method to detect trace-gas qualitatively or quantificationally based on the scan characteristic of the diode laser to obtain the absorption spectroscopy in the characteristic absorption region. It needs to combine with a long absorption path in the ambient trace-gas measurements. TDLAS has a significant advantage not only in sensitivity but also in rapidity of response. It has been widely used in many atmospheric trace-gases detection, ground trace-gas detection and gas leakage detection. On-line signal processing is necessary to most trace gas monitor. In this paper, data processing method for retrieval of gas concentration, as well as the wavelength alignment algorithm based on correlation detecting technique is described, realizing the aim of wavelength alignment between the standard signal spectral line and the measurement signal spectrum. So the precision of the retrieving system is improved satisfactorily.
Clinical Efficacy of High-Dose Acyclovir in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Individual Patient Data (1998)

A meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials (1792 patients, 2947 patient-years of follow-up) showed that acyclovir (> or = 3200 mg/day) offered a significant survival benefit (P = .006 by log-rank test) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The treatment effect did not vary significantly in patient subgroups of different CD4 cell counts, hemoglobin levels, age, race, and sex, and with or without AIDS diagnosis. Acyclovir treatment (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-0.93), higher CD4 cell count (P < .001), higher hemoglobin level (P < .001), and younger age (P < .001) reduced the hazard of mortality. Acyclovir decreased herpes simplex virus infections (odds ratio [OR], 0.28; 95% CI, 0.21-0.37) and varicella-zoster virus infections (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.13-0.63) but not cytomegalovirus disease or mortality from lymphoma or Kaposi's sarcoma. A survival advantage was seen specifically in studies with high incidence of clinical herpesvirus infections (> or = 25% per year). Given the wide confidence intervals, the small effect in low-risk patients, and recent changes in HIV therapeutics, the results should be interpreted cautiously, but the meta-analysis supports the importance of pathogenetic interactions between herpesviruses and HIV.
A megahertz nanomechanical resonator with room temperature quality factor over a million (2008)

We demonstrate the fabrication and operation of high aspect ratio tensile stressed silicon nitride string resonators. We explore the parameter space of small cross sections, on the order of 100nm, and long lengths up to 325μm, demonstrating that such high aspect ratio resonators can be made with standard wet release processing using a material with internal tensile stress. Room temperature quality factors exceed one million at frequencies above 1MHz. The utility of such high quality factor flexural resonators to probe the interaction of high frequency nanoscale devices with rarefied gases is demonstrated.