gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycosyltransferase Inhibitors:  Synthesis of<scp>d</scp>-<i>threo</i>-PDMP,<scp>l</scp>-<i>threo</i>-PDMP, and Other Brain Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitors from<scp>d</scp>- or<scp>l</scp>-Serine (1998)

The synthesis of enantiomerically pure (1S,2S)-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-N-morpholino-1-propanol (l-threo-PDMP) (1a) from l-serine, and the enantiomer (1R,2R)-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (d-threo-PDMP] (1b) from d-serine is reported. Reductive alkylation of the fully protected O'Donnell's Schiff base (3b) derived from d-serine provided the β-amino alcohol 5b in high yield and excellent selectivity, which yielded optically pure 1b in high yield after six steps. Three other d-threo-PDMP analogues with various amine groups have been synthesized using the same methodology, including the more potent pyrrolidine compound d-threo-PDPP (1e). A key feature of the synthesis is the isolation of tosylate (8b), which allows for the divergent synthesis of many analogues from a common advanced intermediate. The synthesis is amenable to large-scale production of d-threo-PDMP, l-threo-PDMP, and similar compounds.
Effects of surface treatment on the surface chemistry of NiTi alloy for biomedical applications (1998)

Alloys of NiTi have gained popularity in biomedical applications; however, Ni is known to cause toxic and allergic reactions in the body, and concerns have been expressed regarding the material's biocompatibility. In this study, coupons of equiatomic NiTi were prepared by four methods, namely, mechanically polishing to a mirror finish, electropolishing, chemical etching and argon plasma etching, to produce various levels of roughness, and then examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), XPS and AES. The resulting surface chemistry depended upon the method of preparation and was found not to be a function of surface roughness. The mechanically polished samples, although having the smoothest surface, showed the highest level of Ni in the near-surface region. The other preparation methods produced surfaces that were predominantly TiO2, with the electropolished surfaces showing the next smoothest surface and the least Ni in the near-surface region. The correlation between method of preparation, surface roughness and surface chemistry may be important in the preparation of NiTi for biomedical applications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface Electronic Properties of Self-Assembled, Oppositely Charged Macrocycle and Polymer Multilayers on Conductive Oxides (2000)

Using the layer-by-layer self-assembly technique, we have deposited multilayer thin films on conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces by alternatively dipping ITO substrates in a polymer PDDA or poly(diallydimethylammonium) chloride solution and a macrocyle NiPc or nickel phthalocyanine solution. In addition to characterizing PDDA-NiPc systems with X-ray reflectometry and cyclic voltammetry, we monitored the growth of PDDA/NiPc multilayers on conductive oxides with Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy at an external grazing-angle reflection configuration. IR spectra with polarization perpendicular to the conductive ITO surfaces revealed vibration bands at 1227 and 1200 cm-1 corresponding to salt bridges of −SO3-··· Me2N+ binding between PDDA and NiPc. An oscillation of the surface electronic potential was observed with a Kelvin Probe as the surface layer alternated between PDDA and NiPc. The average gap of the surface potential difference between NiPc and PDDA monolayers is about 400 mV. Oscillation of surface potential or work function is caused by the modulation in electron affinity of ITO due to the dipolar effect generated by the highly charged layers of PDDA or NiPc.
Multiple layers of silicon-on-insulator (MLSOI) islands fabrication process and fully-depleted SOI pMOSFETs (2002)

Summary form only given. As device scaling approaches ever smaller regimes, multiple layer device fabrication is necessary to increase chip integration up to and beyond the gigascale regime. This paper presents multiple layer SOI (MLSOI) islands fabricated using Si SEG and ELO. The MLSOI fabrication process used was an extension of the single layer SOI island process (Neudeck et al, 1997). The first SOI layer was created by forming oxide wells via oxidation, RIE oxide etch, and re-oxidation. Adjacent to the wells, a SEG/ELO seed window is opened. SEG/ELO was grown from the seed window and laterally over the field oxide until the recessed oxide wells were filled. Excess SEG/ELO over the recess wells was removed by CMP down to the field oxide level, isolating Si in the recessed wells from the seed and thus creating SOI active device islands. The second SOI layer was similarly fabricated, but a PECVD oxide was used to create the next recessed well layer. The PECVD oxide layer wells were created by timed RIE or wet etching, but an intermediate etch stop layer can be incorporated by using LPCVD Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ prior to oxide PECVD. By repeating the fabrication process presented, additional SOI layers can be fabricated. The potential benefits of MLSOI designs are immense. Packing densities can be dramatically increased. Different device processes can be incorporated into the different MLSOI layers, e.g. making pMOSFETs on one layer and nMOSFETs on another. By designing two SRAM cells (using eight nMOSFETs and four pMOSFETs) in three Si layers with pMOSFETs in the middle layer between nMOSFET layers, area saved is about 3/spl times/.
Targeted Oligonucleotides for Treating Neurodegenerative Tandem Repeat Diseases (2019)

Nucleotide repeat disorders encompass more than 30 diseases, most of which show dominant inheritance, such as Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, and myotonic dystrophies. Yet others, including Friedreich's ataxia, are recessively inherited. A common feature is the presence of a DNA tandem repeat in the disease-associated gene and the propensity of the repeats to expand in germ and in somatic cells, with ensuing neurological and frequently also neuromuscular defects. Repeat expansion is the most frequent event in these diseases; however, sequence contractions, deletions, and mutations have also been reported. Nucleotide repeat sequences are predisposed to adopt non-B-DNA conformations, such as hairpins, cruciform, and intramolecular triple-helix structures (triplexes), also known as H-DNA. For gain-of-function disorders, oligonucleotides can be used to target either transcripts or duplex DNA and in diseases with recessive inheritance oligonucleotides may be used to alter repressive DNA or RNA conformations. Most current treatment strategies are aimed at altering transcript levels, but therapies directed against DNA are also emerging, and novel strategies targeting DNA, instead of RNA, are described. Different mechanisms using modified oligonucleotides are discussed along with the structural aspects of repeat sequences, which can influence binding modes and efficiencies.
Reviews (1995)

Aerial Mapping: Methods and Applications, Edgar Falkner, ISBN l-56670–103-l. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, 1995.322 p. Environmental GIS; Applications to Industrial Facilities, William J. Douglas, ISBN O-87371–991–3. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, 1995. 121 p. Designing Surveys in Two and Three Dimensions, Dale Stone, ISBN l-56080–073–9. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, 1994. 244 p. $72. Geophysical Signatures of Western Australian Mineral Deposits, Edited by M.C. Denith, K.F. Francombe, S.E. Ho, J.M. Shepherd, D.I. Groves, and A. Trench, ISBN 0–909704–84-K Geology and Geophysics Department (Key Centre) and UWA Extension, The University of Western Australia Publication No. 26 (ASEG Special Publication No. 7), 1994.399 p. $74.
Conveyance monitoring to improve mine hoisting safety (2002)

Technology to enhance safety during mine hoisting is being investigated by researchers at the Spokane Research Center National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USA. The objective is to test sensor technology and engineering controls to prevent injuries and fatalities related to vertical movement of personnel and materials in mine shafts. Improved monitoring and inspection technology will provide operational data on the mine shaft conveyance to a hoist operator in real time and warn of potentially dangerous situations. Assessment of current technology determined what conditions and equipment should be monitored and the availability of appropriate sensors. A state-of-the-art hoisting facility was constructed, and new sensors and data acquisition interfaces were developed. A computer-based system controls the hoisting motor, material loading and dumping and related hoisting functions. A new sensor was developed to determine conveyance loads and slack and tight rope conditions. Data on wire rope tension, conveyance position and guide displacement are acquired with a custom-designed data acquisition board. Data transmission up the shaft has been successful for a distance of 600 m (1800 ft) via 2.4 GHz, spread-spectrum modems when using a directional antenna. Data are received with a patch antenna and transmitted to the serial port on a personal computer and processed with a Visual C++ computer program.
Correlation between tip-apex shape and surface modification by scanning tunneling microscopy (1999)

The correlation between the shape of a probe tip apex for scanning tunneling microscopy and the surface modification patterns on a Si(111)-7×7 surface is demonstrated by using an in situ tip evaluation technique. The tip apex is inversely imaged by using a very sharp nanoneedle fabricated on the sample surface by applying a high voltage between the tip and the surface. When a large current of 100–300 nA flows between the tip and the surface, silicon atoms on the surface are extracted and a trench pattern is formed. The trench pattern agrees well with the geometry of the tip apex. The correlation between the tip shape and the fabrication pattern is discussed in terms of the electric field under the tip.
Electrical Properties of All-Perovskite Oxide (SrRuO<sub>3</sub>/Ba<sub>x</sub>Sr<sub>1-x</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>/SrRuO<sub>3</sub>) Capacitors (1997)

Thin film capacitors consisting totally of perovskite oxides ( SrRuO 3 /Ba x Sr 1- x TiO 3 (20 nm) / SrRuO 3 ) were fabricated on Si and SrTiO 3 substrates by rf magnetron sputtering. The dielectric constants for polycrystalline and single-crystal epitaxial films were observed to be 274 and 681, respectively. The lowest SiO 2 equivalent thickness for the single-crystal epitaxial capacitor was 0.11 nm. The leakage current density was less than 1×10 -7 A/cm 2 for a bias of ±1.2 V. The electrical properties of all-perovskite oxide capacitors were compared with those of samples with Pt top electrodes, and large differences in the values of the dielectric constant were observed. These are explained in terms of differences in the interface between the dielectric and the top electrode and the possible existence of a low- ε layer at the interface between the Pt top electrode and Ba x Sr 1- x TiO 3 . In addition, the origin of the large difference in the dielectric constants for polycrystalline and single-crystal epitaxial capacitors are discussed in terms of the lattice distortion in Ba x Sr 1- x TiO 3 .
Silencing CD40 in Dendritic Cells by siRNA (2004)

We have previously demonstrated that short interfering RNA (siRNA) is an effective method of gene-specific immune modulation in dendritic cells (DC) (J Immunol 171:691). In this study we investigated the feasibility of generating tolerogenic DC through silencing of CD40, one of the most important costimulatory molecules. Screening of effective siRNA specific to murine CD40 sequence was performed using the novel strategy of siRNA expression cassettes (SEC). Amongst the 4 designed SECs targeting the CD40 sequence (CD40-SEC), two SEC completely and partially suppressed CD40 expression on mature DCs. Functionally, CD40-SEC inhibited allostimulatory activity of DC in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLR). These data suggest that CD40-SEC is a useful tool for generating tolerogenic DC. Keywords: Dendritic cells, Gene silencing, RNA interference, siRNA, CD40 Abbreviations: DC, dendritic cells; RNAi, RNA interference; siRNA, small interfering RNA, SEC, siRNA-expression cassette.
On the Potential of Interference Rejection Combining in B4G Networks (2013)

Beyond 4th Generation (B4G) local area networks will be characterized by the dense uncoordinated deployment of small cells. This paper shows that inter-cell interference, which is a main limiting factor in such networks, can be effectively contained using Interference Rejection Combining (IRC). By simulation we investigate two significantly different interference scenarios with dense small cell deployment. The results show that IRC brings considerable improvement in outage as well as in peak and median throughputs in both scenarios, and thus has a big potential as a capacity and coverage enhancing technique for B4G. The IRC gain mechanism depends strongly on the interference scenario and to some extent on the use of frequency reuse. These results are achieved with no coordination between cells and suggests that MIMO rank adaptation and IRC can be done independently.
Blood coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in 105 patients with hemorrhagic syndrome caused by accidental contact with Lonomia obliqua caterpillar in Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil (2003)

Haemostatic disorders caused by Lonomia obliqua caterpillars has reached epidemic proportions in southern Brazil. Here we evaluated coagulation and fibrinolysis in 105 patients after accidental contact with Lonomia obliqua caterpillars. Global coagulation tests were prolonged in most cases and patients were divided into 3 groups according to fibrinogen (Fg) level: <or=0.5 g/l (group A); 0.51-1.5 g/l (group B), >1.5 g/l (group C). There was a significant reduction of factors V, XIII, VIII and prekallikrein in group A, with no change in factors X, II and von Willebrand factor. Thrombin-antithrombin and prothrombin F1+2 were elevated in most patients. Antithrombin and protein S were not changed whereas protein C levels were reduced in group A. Plasminogen and alfa2-antiplasmin levels were significantly reduced in group A and D-Dimer levels were extremely high in all groups, showing that fibrinolysis had been activated, possibly secondary to fibrin production. Levels of t-PA were normal and PAI-1 was mildly elevated in group A. The platelet count remained above 150 x 109 platelets/ml in 97% of cases. In summary, our results suggest that Lonomia obliqua envenoming is characterized by a consumption coagulopathy and secondary fibrinolysis.
Recent understanding in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. (2003)

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe disease associated with infection of the reticuloendothelial system by Leishmania species. The infection is acquired through sandfly bites. Recent large scale epidemics of VL in east Africa and India and the emergence of a HIV epidemic make VL a priority for the World Health Organization. Pentavalent antimonials have been cornerstone of treatment for the last six decades. The appearance of antimonial-resistance and the development of lipid formulations of amphotericin B have changed the pattern of VL treatment. Within the past five years, miltefosine has been demonstrated as the first effective and safe oral treatment against VL. The price of miltefosine is yet to be determined. However, miltefosine will certainly be cheaper than lipid formulations of amphotericin B, which are beyond the financial capacity of the poor countries. Because it can be administered orally, miltefosine is suited for the treatment of large number of patients who get affected during epidemics, particularly in regions where the parasites are resistant to the currently used agents. Here, we recommend different treatment schedules according to the resistance pattern and the region-specific socio-economical and cultural factors.
Analysis of the forward biased safe operating area of the super junction MOSFET (2002)

In this paper, the forward biased safe operating area (FBSOA) of the super junction MOSPET (also called CoolMOS) is studied. The FBSOA of a 600-V CoolMOS transistor-SPP20N60S5 is experimentally obtained. The FBSOA characteristic and the FBSOA failure mechanisms are analyzed in detail with the help of numerical simulations. The impact of the charge imbalance on the FBSOA is also studied in this work.
Effect of specific surface area on the reactivity of CaO with SO<sub>2</sub> (1986)

Abstract The rate of reaction of calcined limestone with SO 2 and O 2 was measured at conditions that eliminate all resistances not associated with the CaO grain surface. Reactivity increased with the square of the BET surface area when grain size was varied as an experimental parameter. The observed effects of surface area and temperature account for the SO 2 capture reported for boiler tests of the limestone injection process.
The gene encoding phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase (ADE2) is essential for growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid (1993)

A cryptococcal meningitis model in corticosteroid-treated rabbits was used to assess the requirement for the phosphoribosylaminoimidazole gene (ADE2) for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. A wild-type strain (H99), an ade2 auxotroph of H99 (M001), and a randomly selected prototrophic transformant of M001 (M001.1c) which had received the cloned ADE2 cDNA copy were inoculated intrathecally into immunosuppressed rabbits. While M001 was avirulent in the central nervous system model, virulence was completely restored to wild-type pathogenicity in the prototrophic transformant. This study identifies the pathogenic importance of an endogenous adenine pathway in this yeast and confirms that purine biosynthesis is a potential target for antifungal therapy. It also demonstrates that the virulence of C. neoformans can be molecularly changed and detected within a clinically relevant animal model.
Chemical Flood Simulation of Laboratory Corefloods for the Mangala Field: Generating Parameters for Field-Scale Simulation (2008)

Abstract Detailed laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential for various chemical flood processes (polymer, alkali-polymer, and alkali-surfactant-polymer) in Mangala, a large oilfield in India containing waxy crude with viscosity of 7–20cp. Experiments included fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interaction studies, followed by a series of linear and radial corefloods. Simulation of the corefloods was carried out using STARS, the advanced compositional simulator available from CMG. The main coreflood simulation objective was to shed light on the various process mechanisms and to generate chemical flood parameters for field-scale simulation forecasts. Primary matching parameters included performance of the base waterflood, injection pressures to define shear-thinning polymer behavior, chemical flood performance to define interpolations between appropriate relative permeability curves based on capillary numbers, and produced chemical concentrations to define adsorption parameters. Sensitivity studies on the matching parameters examined the impacts of heterogeneity within the large-diameter radial cores, chemical adsorption, and capillary pressure and gravity effects. The coreflood simulations provided significant insights into the chemical flood process mechanisms and eliminated uncertainties such as the effect of gravity in radial coreflood experiments; although some issues including the role of capillary end-effects have not as yet been completely resolved. The modeling showed that in situ saturation monitoring (scanning) of the cores is critical for future planned corefloods. The study also showed some of the current limitations in modeling these complex processes. Chemical flood parameters fine-tuned during the coreflood simulations have been used in field-scale simulations to evaluate expected performance and to aid in design of a field-scale pilot project. Extensive field-scale simulations have been used to design an appropriate chemical flood implementation strategy. These works indicate potential field-scale incremental recoveries over waterflooding of ~7% STOIIP for a polymer flood and ~15% STOIIP for an alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood.
Physical Aspects of Process Control in Selective Laser Sintering of Metals (2003)

Abstract Direct selective laser sintering (SLS) is a layered manufacturing technique that can produce fully dense, functional components in high performance metals. In this review paper, a first step is taken towards identifying and understanding some of the important physical mechanisms in direct SLS. This study not only provides an insight into phenomena observed during direct SLS processing of a variety of metallic materials but also helps in selecting those materials that are most amenable to direct SLS processing. The physical mechanisms discussed include oxidation, non‐equilibrium wetting, epitaxial solidification, metal vaporization, and oxide purification. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the design of direct SLS machines, process development, and process control.
Immune reactivity of diabetes-associated human monoclonal autoantibodies defines multiple epitopes and detects two domain boundaries in glutamate decarboxylase (1996)

Autoreactive islet cell Abs (ICA) accompany the pathogenic destruction of pancreatic beta cells in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Human monoclonal ICA (MICA 1-6), previously derived from a DR1/DR7-positive newly diagnosed diabetic patient, recognized the islet cell autoantigen glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and defined two distinct conformational (MICA 1/3 and MICA 4/6) and one linear (MICA 2) autoimmune epitopes in this molecule. We have isolated 4 new ICA-reactive B cell lines, one from a DR4/DR11-positive newly diagnosed IDDM patient (MICA 7) and three from a DR3 homozygous patient with both IDDM and Graves' disease (MICA 8-10). Like MICA 1-6, MICA 7-10 are specific for GAD65, suggesting that GAD65-reactive B cells dominate the ICA response in IDDM. Comparative analysis of MICA 1-6 and MICA 7-10, using GAD65 mutants and blocking experiments, showed that MICA 7-10 define three novel conformational autoimmune epitopes in GAD65. Further structural analysis of the MICA 1-10 epitopes revealed two distinct and one overlapping region of epitope clusters. Thus, the C-terminal region, defined by amino acids 450 to 570, harbors the conformational MICA1/3 and MICA 7 epitopes as well as the linear epitope of MICA 2 (amino acids 506-531). The MICA 4/6 and MICA 10 epitopes are located in the middle region of the molecule defined by amino acids 245 to 449, whereas the N-terminal region contributes only to the MICA 8/9 epitopes (encompassed in amino acids 39-585). MICA 1-6, 7, and 8-10, derived from three IDDM patients of different HLA haplotypes, define six different epitopes in GAD65 and represent tools to determine the spectrum, possible HLA association, and temporal order of epitope recognition in IDDM.