gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Artesunate in the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma - first experiences (2005)

Artesunate (ART) is a derivative of artemisinin, the active principle of the Chinese herb Artemisia annua L. Artesunate is approved for the treatment of multidrug-resistant malaria and has an excellent safety profile. It has been shown that Artesunate, apart from its anti-malarial activity, has cytotoxic effects on a number of human cancer cell lines, including leukemia, colon cancer and melanoma. We report on the first long-term treatment of two cancer patients with ART in combination with standard chemotherapy. These patients with metastatic uveal melanoma were treated on a compassionate-use basis, after standard chemotherapy alone was ineffective in stopping tumor growth. The therapy-regimen was well tolerated with no additional side effects other than those caused by standard chemotherapy alone. One patient experienced a temporary response after the addition of ART to Fotemustine while the disease was progressing under therapy with Fotemustine alone. The second patient first experienced a stabilization of the disease after the addition of ART to Dacarbazine, followed by objective regressions of splenic and lung metastases. This patient is still alive 47 months after first diagnosis of stage IV uveal melanoma, a situation with a median survival of 2-5 months. Despite the small number of treated patients, ART might be a promising adjuvant drug for the treatment of melanoma and possibly other tumors in combination with standard chemotherapy. Its good tolerability and lack of serious side effects will facilitate prospective randomized trials in the near future.
Controlled Study of aNew Five-Component Acellular Pertussis Vaccine in Adults and Young Children (1992)

A new five-component acellular pertussis (AP) vaccine containing 10 micrograms of pertussis toxoid, 5 micrograms of filamentous hemagglutinin, 5 micrograms of combined agglutinogens 2 and 3, and 3 micrograms of pertactin was evaluated in adults and young children. AP vaccine was compared with saline placebo in 31 adults, and AP vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (ADTP) was compared with whole cell DTP in 41 children, ages 16-20 months, who had received whole cell DTP during infancy. AP was mildly to moderately reactogenic in adults, with pain noted within 72 h and 5-8 days after immunization. ADTP was less reactogenic than DTP in children, with significantly decreased pain, redness, irritability, and fever and less use of acetaminophen reported. No late reactions were observed in any child. The multicomponent ADTP was immunogenic, with four-fold or greater antibody rises to at least four pertussis antibody assays in all 15 immunized adults. Pertussis-specific antibody responses in children who received ADTP and DTP were similar. The multicomponent ADTP vaccine is currently being studied in a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored efficacy study in Sweden.
A model skin surface for testing adhesion to skin (1988)

A model skin surface (MSS) for testing adhesion to skin was developed as an alternative to costly and highly variable human skin substrates. This material, which is composed of a protein (crosslinked gelatin), a synthetic lipid-like substance, and water, was evaluated in terms of surface nergies. By measuring the contact angles of different liquids on MSS layers varying in protein:lipid ratio, it was found that with a ratio of 3:1, surfaces were obtained which approximated the polar and dispersive forces of human skin. Further surface characterization indicated a critical surface tension of 3 3.4 dynes/cm. Human topography was imparted to the MSS using a silicone elastomer eplication technique. Comparison of adhesion mea-surements made on human skin in vivo and on MSS layers for several medical tapes indicated the potential value of this substrate.
Entry of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes into mammalian cells (2007)

The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes causes food-borne illnesses leading to meningitis or abortion. Listeria provokes its internalization ('entry') into mammalian cells that are normally non-phagocytic, such as intestinal epithelial cells and hepatocytes. Entry provides access to a nutrient-rich cytosol and allows translocation across anatomical barriers. Here I discuss the two major internalization pathways used by Listeria. These pathways are initiated by binding of the bacterial surface proteins InlA or InlB to their respective host receptors, E-cadherin or Met. InlA mediates traversal of the intestinal barrier, whereas InlB promotes infection of the liver. At the cellular level, both InlA- and InlB-dependent entry require host signalling that promotes cytoskeletal rearrangements and pathogen engulfment. However, many of the specific signalling proteins in the two entry routes differ. InlA-mediated uptake uses components of adherens junctions that are coupled to F-actin and myosin, whereas InlB-dependent entry involves cytosolic adaptors that bridge Met to regulators of F-actin, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase and activators of the Arp2/3 complex. Unexpectedly, entry directed by InlB also involves endocytic components. Future work on InlA and InlB will lead to a better understanding of virulence, and may also provide novel insights into the normal biological functions of E-cadherin and Met.
Review of Pasteuria penetrans: Biology, Ecology, and Biological Control Potential. (1998)

Pasteuria penetrans is a mycelial, endospore-forming, bacterial parasite that has shown great potential as a biological control agent of root-knot nematodes. Considerable progress has been made during the last 10 years in understanding its biology and importance as an agent capable of effectively suppressing root-knot nematodes in field soil. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the biology, ecology, and biological control potential of P. penetrans and other Pasteuria members. Pasteuria spp. are distributed worldwide and have been reported from 323 nematode species belonging to 116 genera of free-living, predatory, plant-parasitic, and entomopathogenic nematodes. Artificial cultivation of P. penetrans has met with limited success; large-scale production of endospores depends on in vivo cultivation. Temperature affects endospore attachment, germination, pathogenesis, and completion of the life cycle in the nematode pseudocoelom. The biological control potential of Pasteuria spp. have been demonstrated on 20 crops; host nematodes include Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Heterodera spp., Meloidogyne spp., and Xiphinema diversicaudatum. Pasteuria penetrans plays an important role in some suppressive soils. The efficacy of the bacterium as a biological control agent has been examined. Approximately 100,000 endospores/g of soil provided immediate control of the peanut root-knot nematode, whereas 1,000 and 5,000 endospores/g of soil each amplified in the host nematode and became suppressive after 3 years.
Changes in Dental Enamel Crystals by Bleaching (2008)

In recent years, enamel bleaching has been widely conducted clinically. Bleaching involves degrading pigments that are organic substances, and has been thought to have no effect on inorganic substances. However, no study has examined in detail how the enamel changes by bleaching. In the present study, the effects of two commercial bleaching agents; Hi-Lite (Hi-L) and Nite White Excel (NWE), on enamel were investigated by observations with contact microradiography (CMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro X ray diffractometer (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), focusing on the effects on enamel crystals. CMR showed no change in degree of mineralization after bleaching with Hi-L or NWE as compared with the control. On SEM, gaps along the prism sheath and cracks between crystals were observed on the enamel surface of Hi-L-bleached and NWE-bleached enamel. XRD demonstrated no remarkable differences in crystal composition and crystallinity after bleaching by both agents as compared with the control. On HR-TEM, crystal growth findings were observed in some regions of Hi-L-bleached enamel, while crystal demineralization findings were observed in NWE-bleached enamel. All the above changes were limited to the very superficial layer of enamel in all the samples.
Sp1 regulates expression of MET, and ribozyme-induced down-regulation of MET in fibrosarcoma-derived human cells reduces or eliminates their tumorigenicity (2004)

Changes in expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, MET, are associated with formation and malignant progression of human tumors. In the present study, 10 of 11 human fibrosarcoma cell lines tested expressed significantly higher levels of MET than were found in a series of normal human fibroblast lines. Still more significant, MET was constitutively phosphorylated in all 11 fibrosarcoma lines, whereas the normal fibroblasts exhibited very low levels of the phosphorylated form. All the cell lines expressed HGF mRNA. To determine the role of MET and/or HGF in tumorigenesis, a fibrosarcoma line expressing high levels of MET protein and low levels of HGF/NK2 mRNA was stably transfected with a hammerhead ribozyme targeting MET. In addition, a fibrosarcoma line expressing high levels of both MET protein and HGF/NK2 mRNA was transfected with a ribozyme targeting MET, or with a ribozyme targeting MET and another targeting HGF. The transfectant cell lines no longer formed tumors, or did so at a greatly reduced frequency and/or longer latency. Because Sp1 is a transcription factor for MET, we assayed the cell lines for their level of Sp1 protein. Sp1 was markedly overexpressed in 7 of the 11 fibrosarcoma lines compared to normal fibroblast lines. Deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of the MET promoter revealed that tandem Sp1 sites in the proximal promoter are critical for transcription of MET. Increased expression of Sp1 in a normal human fibroblast line containing a MET promoter-luciferase construct resulted in a dose-dependent increase in luciferase. Conversely, inhibition of Sp1 binding to DNA in a fibrosarcoma cell line, using an Sp1 decoy, dramatically reduced MET expression. Taken together, these results indicate that in human fibrosarcoma cells, high levels of the phosphorylated form of MET are required for tumor formation and that Sp1 can function to control the level of MET.
Surface degradation mechanism of InP/InGaAs APDs (1988)

Bias-temperature tests of InP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes have been conducted to evaluate long-term reliability at temperatures from 200-250 degrees C. Wearout -failure modes with a gradual increase in dark current occur at all testing levels. Failure analyses using the light-beam-induced current method suggest that the degradation is caused by local avalanche multiplication in the guard-ring periphery. A surface degradation mechanism is proposed, namely, positive charge accumulation in the passivation film above the guard-ring region, followed by local avalanche multiplication at the guard-ring periphery. A tentative activation energy of 1.7 eV is obtained for this failure mode, and the extrapolated median life exceeds 10/sup 10/ h in practical use.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
HRF-Relaxed (2015)

Memory consistency models, or memory models, allow both programmers and program language implementers to reason about concurrent accesses to one or more memory locations. Memory model specifications balance the often conflicting needs for precise semantics, implementation flexibility, and ease of understanding. Toward that end, popular programming languages like Java, C, and C++ have adopted memory models built on the conceptual foundation of Sequential Consistency for Data-Race-Free programs (SC for DRF). These SC for DRF languages were created with general-purpose homogeneous CPU systems in mind, and all assume a single, global memory address space. Such a uniform address space is usually power and performance prohibitive in heterogeneous Systems on Chips (SoCs), and for that reason most heterogeneous languages have adopted split address spaces and operations with nonglobal visibility. There have recently been two attempts to bridge the disconnect between the CPU-centric assumptions of the SC for DRF framework and the realities of heterogeneous SoC architectures. Hower et al. proposed a class of Heterogeneous-Race-Free (HRF) memory models that provide a foundation for understanding many of the issues in heterogeneous memory models. At the same time, the Khronos Group developed the OpenCL 2.0 memory model that builds on the C++ memory model. The OpenCL 2.0 model includes features not addressed by HRF: primarily support for relaxed atomics and a property referred to as scope inclusion. In this article, we generalize HRF to allow formalization of and reasoning about more complicated models using OpenCL 2.0 as a point of reference. With that generalization, we (1) make the OpenCL 2.0 memory model more accessible by introducing a platform for feature comparisons to other models, (2) consider a number of shortcomings in the current OpenCL 2.0 model, and (3) propose changes that could be adopted by future OpenCL 2.0 revisions or by other, related, models.
The Good, the Bad, and the Volatile: Can We Have Both Healthy Pools and Healthy People? (2010)

Swimming is a healthful activity that comes with increased risk of exposure to pathogenic microorganisms and disinfection agents/byproducts.
Tyrosine phosphatase-dependent/tyrosine kinase-independent induction of nuclear factor-kappa B by tumor necrosis factor-alpha: effects on prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 mRNA accumulation. (1998)

We previously have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increases prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGHS-2) mRNA accumulation and tyrosine phosphorylation in the fibrosarcoma cell line, MCA-101. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, and tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, phenylarsine oxide (PAO), blocked TNF-alpha-mediated induction of PGHS-2 mRNA in these cells. Because the PGHS-2 promoter has a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) binding motif, which is important for PGHS-2 gene transcription in some cell types, we have evaluated the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and PAO on TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation. TNF-alpha (1 nM) rapidly induced translocation of NF-kappa B, an event accompanied by degradation of inhibitory protein I kappa B-alpha. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), a serine protease inhibitor, inhibited I kappa B-alpha degradation and NF-kappa B activation in response to TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner (25, 50, 100 microM). TPCK also inhibited PGHS-2 mRNA accumulation. These data suggest that NF-kappa B contributed to PGHS-2 mRNA accumulation in MCA-101 cells stimulated with TNF-alpha. PAO (2.4 microM) completely abolished activation of NF-kappa B and degradation of I kappa B-alpha induced by TNF-alpha at a concentration that blocked PGHS-2 mRNA accumulation. However, four tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein, tyrphostin 47, herbimycin A and erbstatin, failed to block translocation of NF-kappa B and degradation of I kappa B-alpha. These data demonstrate that tyrosine kinase pathways are not required for TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation in MCA-101 cells and suggest that signaling via these pathways mediates TNF-alpha-induced PGHS-2 mRNA accumulation via an NF-kappa B-independent mechanism. Moreover, an upstream tyrosine phosphatase pathway may mediate PGHS-2 mRNA accumulation by TNF-alpha via an NF-kappa B-dependent mechanism.
Targeted medication delivery using magnetic nanostructures (2007)

We use quaternion molecular dynamics simulations to describe field-induced structural transitions in systems of few magnetic dipoles and their use for targeted medication delivery. Compact ring isomers of magnetic particles are contained, together with molecules of an active medication, inside inert microcapsules. The filled microcapsules may be transported within the body using a weak, inhomogeneous magnetic field. Medication release is triggered by puncturing the container during a structural transition within the magnetic subsystem, induced by an externally applied strong magnetic field. Our simulations describe not only the time evolution of the magnetic subsystem during a successful medication release, but also address ways to suppress an accidental release induced by thermal and magnetic fluctuations.
Monoclonal Antibodies in the Diagnosis of Hodgkinʼs Disease (1988)

A novel, comprehensive panel of monoclonal antibodies was tested in a large series of routinely processed lymph node biopsy specimens from patients with Hodgkin's disease (69 cases), with the object of developing either definitive or adjunctive diagnostic criteria. B- and T-cell lymphomas and reactive states that could mimic Hodgkin's disease were also assessed with the same monoclonal antibody panel. In addition to the popularly used anti-Leu-M1 (CD15), the panel included the recently produced Ber-H2 (CD30) antibody, which detects a formalin-resistant epitope of the Ki-1 antigen. The other monoclonal antibodies were directed against epithelial membrane antigen (Dako-EMA) and leukocyte common antigen (Dako-LC) (CD45), as well as B-cell (LN-1 and LN-2) and T-cell (MT1) associated antigens. The results showed clear phenotypic separation of nodular lymphocyte predominant subtype of Hodgkin's disease from other subtypes. The lymphocytic and histiocytic cells of nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease were reactive for LN-1 (all cases) and anti-EMA (most cases) but negative for anti-Leu-M1 and Ber-H2. Within the other subtypes--i.e. nodular sclerosis and mixed cellularity--nearly all Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin's cells were positive for both anti-Leu-M1 and Ber-H2. Ber-H2 monoclonal antibody was observed to react more frequently with Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin's cells in Bouin's- or formalin-fixed tissues. Pleomorphic T-cell lymphomas, which could mimic Hodgkin's disease on morphology, created the same problem on phenotypic analysis. However, MT1 identified a significant proportion of T-cell lymphomas with Reed-Sternberg-like cells, having proven negative for Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin's cells in Hodgkin's disease. Thus, a combination of anti-Leu-M1, Ber-H2, anti-EMA, LN-1, and MT1 monoclonal antibodies appears at present to be the most useful panel for the diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease.
Controlled nitroxide‐mediated and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of <i>N</i>‐vinylpyrrolidone: Synthesis of block copolymers with styrene and 2‐vinylpyridine (2005)

Nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization were applied to the controlled polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone. In the case of NMP, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(phenylethoxy)piperidine and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy radical (TEMPO) were employed as unimolecular and bimolecular initiating systems, respectively. Three different chain-transfer agents were used under various experimental conditions for the RAFT polymerization methodology. The controlled/living character of the poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) homopolymers was confirmed by the successful synthesis of block copolymers with styrene and 2-vinylpyridine.
NEGOTIATING THE BAR (2010)

Southeast Asian sex workers are stereotypically understood as passive victims of the political economy, and submissive to western men. The advent of HIV/AIDS only compounds this image. Sex Work in Southeast Asia is a cultural critique of HIV/AIDS prevention programmes targetting sex tourism industries in Southeast Asia.
Blocking Myristoylation of Src Inhibits Its Kinase Activity and Suppresses Prostate Cancer Progression (2017)

Protein <i>N</i>-myristoylation enables localization to membranes and helps maintain protein conformation and function. <i>N</i>-myristoyltransferases (NMT) catalyze co- or posttranslational myristoylation of Src family kinases and other oncogenic proteins, thereby regulating their function. In this study, we provide genetic and pharmacologic evidence that inhibiting the <i>N</i>-myristoyltransferase NMT1 suppresses cell-cycle progression, proliferation, and malignant growth of prostate cancer cells. Loss of myristoylation abolished the tumorigenic potential of Src and its synergy with androgen receptor in mediating tumor invasion. We identified the myristoyl-CoA analogue B13 as a small-molecule inhibitor of NMT1 enzymatic activity. B13 exposure blocked Src myristoylation and Src localization to the cytoplasmic membrane, attenuating Src-mediated oncogenic signaling. B13 exerted its anti-invasive and antitumor effects against prostate cancer cells, with minimal toxic side-effects <i>in vivo</i> Structural optimization based on structure-activity relationships enabled the chemical synthesis of LCL204, with enhanced inhibitory potency against NMT1. Collectively, our results offer a preclinical proof of concept for the use of protein myristoylation inhibitors as a strategy to block prostate cancer progression. <i>Cancer Res; 77(24); 6950-62. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Measurement correlation for multiple sensor tracking in a dense target environment (1982)

In this note, we describe an algorithm for correlating measurements from several sensors. This is a problem area in multiple sensor tracking in a dense target environment. It is shown that the correlation problem is similar to the assignment problem in operation research with assignment penalties being equal to the sufficient statistic of the generalized likelihood ratio test.
Kinetic and mechanistic studies on the block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by Ce4+-poly (ethylene glycol) redox system (1997)

The kinetic and mechanistic features of tetravalent cerium-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, molecular weight 6000) redox couple initiated block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) have been investigated in aqueous acidic medium in the temperature range 30–50°C. The block copolymerization behavior as a function of [Ce4+], [PEG], [MMA], [H+], [NO3−], as well as temperature, have been studied. The overall rate of polymerization (Rp), the rate of disappearance of Ce4+ (RCe), and the number average molecular weight (Mn) have been determined from gravimetry, cerimetry, and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. Rp has been found to bear a square dependence on [MMA] and independent of both [Ce4+] and [H+]. RCe has been found to be directly proportional to [Ce4+] and [H+], and independent of [MMA]. Both Rp and RCe have been found to be retarded on adding nitrate ions, while increase of temperature accelerated the rates. The Mn of the block copolymer has been found to depend on [Ce4+], [PEG], [MMA], and [H+] as well as on temperature. A plausible reaction scheme has been derived and suitable kinetic expressions have been evaluated based on these observations. It has been concluded that by varying the temperature and concentration of the components of the redox system, it is possible to control the rate of polymerization and the molecular weight of the resulting block copolymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mechanisms of the photodecomposition of initiators (1986)

Due to increased activity in the commercial use of ultraviolet polymerizations of coatings, inks and adhesives, many review articles on photoinitiators have appeared in the literature in recent years. This article discusses the mechanisms by which the various types of compounds photochemically decompose to yield initiating radicals.