gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dilated Recurrent Neural Networks (2017)

Learning with recurrent neural networks (RNNs) on long sequences is a notoriously difficult task. There are three major challenges: 1) complex dependencies, 2) vanishing and exploding gradients, and 3) efficient parallelization. In this paper, we introduce a simple yet effective RNN connection structure, the DilatedRNN, which simultaneously tackles all of these challenges. The proposed architecture is characterized by multi-resolution dilated recurrent skip connections and can be combined flexibly with diverse RNN cells. Moreover, the DilatedRNN reduces the number of parameters needed and enhances training efficiency significantly, while matching state-of-the-art performance (even with standard RNN cells) in tasks involving very long-term dependencies. To provide a theory-based quantification of the architecture's advantages, we introduce a memory capacity measure, the mean recurrent length, which is more suitable for RNNs with long skip connections than existing measures. We rigorously prove the advantages of the DilatedRNN over other recurrent neural architectures. The code for our method is publicly available at https://github.com/code-terminator/DilatedRNN.
Multifunctional Two-Photon Active Silica-Coated Au@MnO Janus Particles for Selective Dual Functionalization and Imaging (2014)

Monodisperse multifunctional and nontoxic Au@MnO Janus particles with different sizes and morphologies were prepared by a seed-mediated nucleation and growth technique with precise control over domain sizes, surface functionalization, and dye labeling. The metal oxide domain could be coated selectively with a thin silica layer, leaving the metal domain untouched. In particular, size and morphology of the individual (metal and metal oxide) domains could be controlled by adjustment of the synthetic parameters. The SiO2 coating of the oxide domain allows biomolecule conjugation (e.g., antibodies, proteins) in a single step for converting the photoluminescent and superparamagnetic Janus nanoparticles into multifunctional efficient vehicles for theranostics. The Au@MnO@SiO2 Janus particles were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-)TEM, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), optical (UV-vis) spectroscopy, confocal laser fluorescence scanning microscopy (CLSM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The functionalized nanoparticles were stable in buffer solution or serum, showing no indication of aggregation. Biocompatibility and potential biomedical applications of the Au@MnO@SiO2 Janus particles were assayed by a cell viability analysis by coincubating the Au@MnO@SiO2 Janus particles with Caki 1 and HeLa cells. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with CLSM revealed the silica-coated Au@MnO@SiO2 Janus particles to be highly two-photon active; no indication for an electronic interaction between the dye molecules incorporated in the silica shell surrounding the MnO domains and the attached Au domains was found; fluorescence quenching was observed when dye molecules were bound directly to the Au domains.
The ubc-2 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme involved in selective protein degradation. (1993)

The ubiquitin-protein conjugation system is involved in a variety of eukaryotic cell functions, including the degradation of abnormal and short-lived proteins, chromatin structure, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair. The ubiquitination of target proteins is catalyzed by a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and in some cases also requires auxiliary substrate recognition proteins (E3s). Multiple E2s have been found, and these likely possess specificity for different classes of target proteins. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a gene (ubc-2) encoding a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme which is involved in the selective degradation of abnormal and short-lived proteins in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The nematode ubc-2 gene encodes a 16.7-kDa protein with striking amino acid sequence similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae UBC4 and UBC5 and Drosophila UbcD1. When driven by the UBC4 promoter, ubc-2 can functionally substitute for UBC4 in yeast cells; it rescues the slow-growth phenotype of ubc4 ubc5 mutants at normal temperature and restores their ability to grow at elevated temperatures. Western blots (immunoblots) of ubc4 ubc5 yeast cells transformed with ubc-2 reveal a protein of the expected size, which cross-reacts with anti-Drosophila UbcD1 antibody. C. elegans ubc-2 is constitutively expressed at all life cycle stages and, unlike yeast UBC4 and UBC5, is not induced by heat shock. Both trans and cis splicing are involved in the maturation of the ubc-2 transcript. These data suggest that yeast UBC4 and UBC5, Drosophila UbcD1, and C. elegans ubc-2 define a highly conserved gene family which plays fundamental roles in all eukaryotic cells.
Light-catalyzed Organic Reactions. I. The Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds with 2-Methyl-2-butene in the Presence of Ultraviolet Light (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLight-catalyzed Organic Reactions. I. The Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds with 2-Methyl-2-butene in the Presence of Ultraviolet LightG. Büchi, Charles G. Inman, and E. S. LipinskyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 17, 4327–4331Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01646a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01646a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2786Altmetric-Citations282LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Promotion of spontaneous preneoplastic cells in rat liver as a possible explanation of tumor production by nonmutagenic compounds. (1983)

Foci of putative preneoplastic cells were detected in the livers of untreated aged Wistar rats of both sexes. The foci exhibited markers similar to those of their counterparts in carcinogen-treated rats such as increased cytoplasmic basophilia, clearness of cytoplasm, or expression of gamma-glutamyltransferase. Rates of DNA synthesis in foci were higher than in normal liver and were further increased by single doses of liver mitogens assumed to promote liver tumor development (phenobarbital, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, cyproterone acetate, nafenopin). Thus, cells in the spontaneous foci appear to possess a defect in growth control, rendering them more susceptible to endogenous and exogenous growth stimuli. This defect has been found previously in carcinogen-induced foci and may be used as a marker for putative preneoplastic cells. The spontaneous foci are present at low incidence in 8-month-old rats; at 2 years, all of 50 rats studied possessed foci. These observations suggest that nongenotoxic compounds can produce liver tumors if they promote tumor development from preneoplastic foci. Therefore, long-term bioassay for carcinogenicity will not discriminate between initiating and promoting compounds if preneoplastic lesions develop in control animals.
<i>Escherichia coli</i> induces DNA damage in vivo and triggers genomic instability in mammalian cells (2010)

Escherichia coli is a normal inhabitant of the human gut. However, E. coli strains of phylogenetic group B2 harbor a genomic island called "pks" that codes for the production of a polyketide-peptide genotoxin, Colibactin. Here we report that in vivo infection with E. coli harboring the pks island, but not with a pks isogenic mutant, induced the formation of phosphorylated H2AX foci in mouse enterocytes. We show that a single, short exposure of cultured mammalian epithelial cells to live pks(+) E. coli at low infectious doses induced a transient DNA damage response followed by cell division with signs of incomplete DNA repair, leading to anaphase bridges and chromosome aberrations. Micronuclei, aneuploidy, ring chromosomes, and anaphase bridges persisted in dividing cells up to 21 d after infection, indicating occurrence of breakage-fusion-bridge cycles and chromosomal instability. Exposed cells exhibited a significant increase in gene mutation frequency and anchorage-independent colony formation, demonstrating the infection mutagenic and transforming potential. Therefore, colon colonization with these E. coli strains harboring the pks island could contribute to the development of sporadic colorectal cancer.
A new route to spin-orbit torque engineering via oxygen manipulation (2013)

Spin transfer torques allow for electrical manipulation of magnetization at room temperature, which is utilized to build future electronic devices such as spin transfer torque memories. Recent experiments have discovered that the combination of the spin transfer torque with the spin Hall effect enables more efficient manipulation. A versatile control mechanism of such spin-orbit torques is beneficial to envision device applications with competitive advantages over the existing schemes. Here we report that the oxidation manipulation of spin-orbit torque devices triggers a new mechanism, and the resulting torques are estimated to be about two times stronger than that of the spin Hall effect. Our result introduces an entirely new way to engineer the spin-orbit torques for device operation via oxygen manipulation. Combined with electrical gating for the control of the oxygen content, our finding may also pave the way for towards reconfigurable logic devices.
Electrospun Composite Nanofiber Fabrics Containing Uniformly Dispersed Antimicrobial Agents As an Innovative Type of Polymeric Materials with Superior Antimicrobial Efficacy (2010)

Herein we report that electrospun composite nanofiber fabrics containing uniformly dispersed antimicrobial agents and having large surface-to-mass ratios are an innovative type of antimicrobial polymeric materials with durable, nonleachable, and biocompatible characteristics, and more importantly, superior antimicrobial efficacy. Specifically, electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) nanofiber fabrics containing an N-halamine antimicrobial agent of bis(N-chloro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (Cl-BTMP) were prepared and evaluated; the results of antimicrobial efficacy indicated that the electrospun composite nanofiber fabrics substantially outperformed the control samples that were solution-cast films containing identical amounts of CA and Cl-BTMP. Additionally, the results of trypan blue assay test suggested that the electrospun composite nanofiber fabrics also had excellent mammal cell viability. The developed electrospun composite nanofiber fabrics with superior antimicrobial efficacy are expected to find vital applications in biomedical, hygienic, and many other fields.
Browserless Web Data Extraction (2018)

Most modern web scrapers use an embedded browser to render web pages and to simulate user actions. Such scrapers (or wrappers) are therefore expensive to execute, in terms of time and network traffic. In contrast, it is magnitudes more resource-efficient to use a "browserless" wrapper which directly accesses a web server through HTTP requests, and takes the desired data directly from the raw replies. However, creating and maintaining browserless wrappers of high precision requires specialists, and is prohibitively labor-intensive at scale. In this paper, we demonstrate the principal feasibility of automatically translating browser-based wrappers into "browserless" wrappers. We present the first algorithm and system performing such an automated translation on suitably restricted types of web sites. This system works in the vast majority of test cases and produces very fast and extremely resource-efficient wrappers. We discuss research challenges for extending our approach to a general method applicable to a yet larger number of cases.
The hydrated hydronium ion (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe hydrated hydronium ionH. Lawrence Clever Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 12, 637Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1963Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 December 1963Published inissue 1 December 1963https://doi.org/10.1021/ed040p637RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views423Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (4 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Where Usability and Security Go Hand-in-Hand (2017)

Gestures have recently gained interest as a secure and usable authentication method for mobile devices. Gesture authentication relies on recognition, wherein raw data is collected from user input and preprocessed into a more manageable form before applying recognition algorithms. Preprocessing is done to improve recognition accuracy, but little work has been done in justifying its effects on authentication. We examined the effects of three variables: location, rotation, and scale, on authentication accuracy. We found that an authentication-optimal combination (location invariant, scale variant, and rotation variant) can reduce the error rate by 45.3% on average compared to the recognition-optimal combination (all invariant). We analyzed 13 gesture recognizers and evaluated them with three criteria: authentication accuracy, and resistance against both brute-force and imitation attacks. Our novel multi-expert method (Garda) achieved the lowest error rate (0.015) in authentication accuracy, the lowest error rate (0.040) under imitation attacks, and resisted all brute-force attacks.
Design and user issues in personality-based recommender systems (2010)

Recommender systems have emerged as an intelligent information filtering tool to help users effectively identify information items of interest from an overwhelming set of choices and provide personalized services. Studies show that personality influences human decision making process and interests. However, little research has ventured in incorporating it into recommender systems. The utilization of personality characteristics into recommender systems and the exploration of user perception to such systems are the focuses of my thesis. The overall goal is to develop an efficient personality-based recommender system and to arrive at a series of design guidelines from the perspective of human computer interaction. In this paper, I present my up-to-date results on a proposed personality-based music recommender prototype, user perception investigations, and my ongoing research about addressing new user problem by utilizing personality characteristics. Finally, I shall present future works.
Mobile IPv4 Challenge/Response Extensions (2000)

Mobile IP, as originally specified, defines an authentication extension (the Mobile-Foreign Authentication extension) by which a mobile node can authenticate itself to a foreign agent. Unfortunately, this extension does not provide ironclad replay protection for the foreign agent, and does not allow for the use of existing techniques (such as CHAP) for authenticating portable computer devices. In this specification, we define extensions for the Mobile IP Agent Advertisements and the Registration Request that allow a foreign agent to use a challenge/response mechanism to authenticate the mobile node.
A new improved method for computation of radial stiffness of permanent magnet bearings (1994)

The new method for the computation of the radial stiffness is based on the perturbative treatment of the deviation from the cylindrical symmetry of the magnetic field due to the small displacements of the rotor. It turns out that the partial differential equations of the vector potential are 2D and can be easily solved by means of appropriately adapted FEM programs. The present method is more general than the exact Coulomb integral method which can be applied only for force calculation in bearings without iron parts and is more exact and needs less computation effort than the method based on Cartesian development of the system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Current distribution in a moving spot flux pump (1987)

A theoretical investigation for the distribution of the current around a moving spot in a flux pump has been analyzed. A quasi-static approach has been used to obtain the governing equations for the current distribution. Numerical solutions of these equations by means of a successive over-relaxation technique yields the location of the normal spot in the flux pump at which the current ahead of the moving spot jumps to the back of the spot. The results of these calculations are used to interpret the drooping voltage-current characteristics of flux pumps, as well as, the occurrence of parasitic oscillations.
Pseudo-CMOS: A novel design style for flexible electronics (2010)

Flexible electronics have attracted much attention since they enable promising applications such as low-cost RFID tags and e-paper. Thin-film transistors (TFTs) are considered as an ideal candidate to implement flexible electronics on low-cost substrates. Most TFT technologies, however, have only mono-type - either n- or p-type - devices and thus modern design technologies for silicon-based electronics cannot be directly applied. In this paper, we propose a novel design style Pseudo-CMOS for flexible electronics that uses only mono-type TFTs while achieving comparable performance with the complementary-type designs. The manufacturing cost and complexity can therefore be significantly reduced while the circuit yield and reliability are also enhanced with the built-in capability of post-fabrication tuning. Some standard cells have been designed and fabricated in p-type organic and n-type InGaZnO (IGZO) TFT technologies which successfully verify the superiority of the proposed Pseudo-CMOS design style. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first design solution that has proven superior performance for both types of TFT technologies.
DTN overlay on OLSR network (2010)

Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are characterized by frequent and unpredictable disconnections, due to mobility, interference, power management or any other issues. Such disconnections result in the failure of MANET routing protocols that are designed to establish end-to-end paths between the communicating nodes.
Anatomical accuracy of brain connections derived from diffusion MRI tractography is inherently limited (2014)

Tractography based on diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is widely used for mapping the structural connections of the human brain. Its accuracy is known to be limited by technical factors affecting in vivo data acquisition, such as noise, artifacts, and data undersampling resulting from scan time constraints. It generally is assumed that improvements in data quality and implementation of sophisticated tractography methods will lead to increasingly accurate maps of human anatomical connections. However, assessing the anatomical accuracy of DWI tractography is difficult because of the lack of independent knowledge of the true anatomical connections in humans. Here we investigate the future prospects of DWI-based connectional imaging by applying advanced tractography methods to an ex vivo DWI dataset of the macaque brain. The results of different tractography methods were compared with maps of known axonal projections from previous tracer studies in the macaque. Despite the exceptional quality of the DWI data, none of the methods demonstrated high anatomical accuracy. The methods that showed the highest sensitivity showed the lowest specificity, and vice versa. Additionally, anatomical accuracy was highly dependent upon parameters of the tractography algorithm, with different optimal values for mapping different pathways. These results suggest that there is an inherent limitation in determining long-range anatomical projections based on voxel-averaged estimates of local fiber orientation obtained from DWI data that is unlikely to be overcome by improvements in data acquisition and analysis alone.
Multilocus sequence analysis and comparative evolution of virulence-associated genes and housekeeping genes of Clostridium difficile (2005)

A multilocus sequence analysis of ten virulence-associated genes was performed to study the genetic relationships between 29 Clostridium difficile isolates of various origins, hosts and clinical presentations, and selected from the main lineages previously defined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of housekeeping genes. Colonization-factor-encoding genes (cwp66, cwp84, fbp68, fliC, fliD, groEL and slpA), toxin A and B genes (tcdA and tcdB), and the toxin A and B positive regulator gene (tcdD) were investigated. Binary toxin genes (cdtA and cdtB) were also detected, and internal fragments were sequenced for positive isolates. Virulence-associated genes exhibited a moderate polymorphism, comparable to the polymorphism of housekeeping genes, whereas cwp66 and slpA genes appeared highly polymorphic. Isolates recovered from human pseudomembranous colitis cases did not define a specific lineage. The presence of binary toxin genes, detected in five of the 29 isolates (17 %), was also not linked to clinical presentation. Conversely, toxigenic A-B+ isolates defined a very homogeneous lineage, which is distantly related to other isolates. By clustering analysis, animal isolates were intermixed with human isolates. Multilocus sequence analysis of virulence-associated genes is consistent with a clonal population structure for C. difficile and with the lack of host specificity. The data suggest a co-evolution of several of the virulence-associated genes studied (including toxins A and B and the binary toxin genes) with housekeeping genes, reflecting the genetic background of C. difficile, whereas flagellin, cwp66 and slpA genes may undergo recombination events and/or environmental selective pressure.