gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of Selenium in Plants Grown on Selenium‐Treated Soil (1990)

Abstract High concentrations of Se found in the environment may be detrimental to sustainable agriculture in parts of the western USA. Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to study Se concentrations in different plant species grown in soil with added Se. Astragalus incanus L. (no common name), creeping saltbush ( Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. L.), Old Man saltbush ( Atriplex nummularia Lindl L.), wild brown mustard ( Brassica juncea Czern L.), and tall fescue grass ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb L.) were grown in potting soil to which 3.5 mg Se 6+ or Se 4+ kg −1 was added either as Na 2 SeO 4 or Na 2 SeO 3 , respectively. During the growing season, plants from both Se‐treated soils were clipped either once, twice, or three times. After 50 to 55 d in Se‐treated soil, plants were harvested, separated into shoots and roots, and analyzed for total tissue Se. Soils from each species were analyzed for total residual Se. Each species grown in Se 6+ ‐treated soils, accumulated significantly (P < 0.001) more Se than plants grown in Se 4+ ‐treated soil. For both Se 6+ and Se 4+ treatments, wild brown mustard and A. incanus had the highest and lowest tissue Se concentrations, respectively. Clipping of plants significantly ( P < 0.05) increased the accumulation of Se in the total harvested shoot tissue for wild brown mustard and slightly for the other species tested (except Old Man saltbush). Reduction in soil Se was observed for each species, with the greatest reduction occurring when plants of wild brown mustard were grown and clipped. Within any given treatment, wild brown mustard accumulated the highest concentrations of Se. In the remaining species, Se accumulated in the following order: Old Man saltbush > creeping saltbush > tall fescue > A. incanus . Selenium removal from soil by each species generally followed the same order as the accumulation of Se in the plant.
Improving Salesperson Recruitment: Examining Practices of Screening Candidates for Potential Success versus Potential Failure (2013)

Salesperson recruitment efforts largely target identifying candidates who appear to possess ‘sales success traits’. However, success traits may differ from failure traits. Theory and practice both devote low attention to understanding the unsuccessful salesperson, and how to incorporate sales failure into the recruitment process. This paper reports the results of an exploratory study that examines salesperson recruitment, tests the notion that recruiters ‘overlook ’ failure issues, and develops variables that should motivate failure probing, which should be useful for theory and practice.
Delta-Like 4/Notch Pathway Is Differentially Regulated in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Tissues (2011)

The detection of Notch1, Notch4, and DLL4 in thyrocytes and their regulation in various pathologies suggest that this pathway may play a role in thyroid carcinogenesis and angiogenesis.
Organic Analysis. XI. Infrared Spectra of Phenylsulfonyl Derivatives. (1). The SO<SUB>2</SUB> Stretching Frequencies. (1958)

Infrared spectra of 50 phenylsulfonyl derivatives were measured and substituent effect on the sulfonyl group was discussed. Inductive and mesomeric effects of substituents attached to the phenyl ring or directly to the sulfonyl group somewhat affected the frequencies of asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of SO2. The frequency shifts had some correlations with Hammett's σ-value of the chemical shifts of benzene derivatives. Synthesis of some phenylsulfonyl derivatives is also described.
Screening of in vitro antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula, Eclapta alba and Ocimum sanctum. (1989)

Study of in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts from the plants T. chebula, E. alba and O. sanctum was carried out by the disk diffusion technique. All showed such activity against human pathogenic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The activity against Salmonella organisms was shown only by T. chebula; against Shigella organisms by T. chebula and E. alha; but not by O. sanctum. The widest spectrum of antibacterial activity was shown by T. chebula. It was also most potent. The antibacterial spectrum of E. alba was in between that of T. chebula and O. sanctum. The narrowest spectrum of antibacterial activity was also most potent. The antibacterial spectrum of E. alba was in between that of T. chebula and O. sanctum. The narrowest spectrum of antibacterial activity was observed in O. sanctum.
CADAVERIC KIDNEYS FOR TRANSPLANTATION (1981)

The number of cadaveric kidneys currently available for transplantation is insufficient; therefore, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) undertook a collaborative pilot project to increase the number of cadaveric kidneys available for transplantation. In phase one, a retrospective review of medical records of in-hospital deaths was done to determine the potential number of cadaveric kidney donors and to define the characteristics of potential donors. The medical records of 10,420 (43.1%) of the 24,164 patients who died in 67 acute-care hospitals in Georgia, Kansas, and Missouri were retrieved. In addition to determining suitability for donorship, criteria were developed to reflect the broadest range of criteria in use. By center-specific criteria there were 1.7 potential donors/100 in-hospital deaths, which could make available 109 kidneys/million population. By broad intercenter criteria there were 3.5 potential donors/100 in-hospital deaths, which could provide 232 kidneys/million population. During 1975, by center-specific criteria, kidneys from 19.3% of the suitable potential donors were retrieved. The small number of transplantable cadaveric kidneys retrieved was not attributable to lack of suitable organs but rather the failure to identify suitable donors, obtain consent, and retrieve the kidneys.
Heat transfer mechanisms and thermal dosimetry. (1982)

The heat transfer mechanisms that led to the development of the bioheat equation are reviewed. Thermal modeling and analytical judgments which must be made in application of the equation are noted. Temperature profiles that result from solution of the equation with a simple spherical model are considered with particular emphasis on the influence of thermal conductivity and perfusion. Thermal conductivity values of a host of both normal and tumor tissues are discussed. The importance of adequate macroscopic thermal dosimetry to the evaluation of the ultimate promise of hyperthermia is observed. Experience in the quantification of temperature, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and perfusion from a single, minimally invasive measurement in small volumes of tissue with the thermal diffusion probe is presented.
Instantaneous spectral bandwidth and dominant frequency with applications to seismic reflection data (1993)

Abstract Fourier power spectra are often usefully characterized by average measures. In reflection seismology, the important average measures are center frequency, spectral bandwidth, and dominant frequency. These quantities have definitions familiar from probability theory: center frequency is the spectral mean, spectral bandwidth is the standard deviation about that mean, and dominant frequency is the square root of the second moment, which serves as an estimate of the zero-crossing frequency. These measures suggest counterparts defined with instantaneous power spectra in place of Fourier power spectra, so that they are instantaneous in time though they represent averages in frequency. Intuitively reasonable requirements yield specific forms for these instantaneous quantities that can be computed with familiar complex seismic trace attributes. Instantaneous center frequency is just instantaneous frequency. Instantaneous bandwidth is the absolute value of the derivative of the instantaneous amplitude divided by the instantaneous amplitude. Instantaneous dominant frequency is the square root of the sum of the squares of the instantaneous frequency and instantaneous bandwidth.Instantaneous bandwidth and dominant frequency find employment as additional complex seismic trace attributes in the detailed study of seismic data. Instantaneous bandwidth is observed to be nearly always less than instantaneous frequency; the points where it is larger may mark the onset of distinct wavelets. These attributes, together with instantaneous frequency, are perhaps of greater use in revealing the time-varying spectral properties of seismic data. They can help in the search for low frequency shadows or in the analysis of frequency change due to effects of data processing. Instantaneous bandwidth and dominant frequency complement instantaneous frequency and should find wide application in the analysis of seismic reflection data.
Using inaccurate models in reinforcement learning (2006)

In the model-based policy search approach to reinforcement learning (RL), policies are found using a model (or "simulator") of the Markov decision process. However, for high-dimensional continuous-state tasks, it can be extremely difficult to build an accurate model, and thus often the algorithm returns a policy that works in simulation but not in real-life. The other extreme, model-free RL, tends to require infeasibly large numbers of real-life trials. In this paper, we present a hybrid algorithm that requires only an approximate model, and only a small number of real-life trials. The key idea is to successively "ground" the policy evaluations using real-life trials, but to rely on the approximate model to suggest local changes. Our theoretical results show that this algorithm achieves near-optimal performance in the real system, even when the model is only approximate. Empirical results also demonstrate that---when given only a crude model and a small number of real-life trials---our algorithm can obtain near-optimal performance in the real system.
<i>DCDC2</i> is associated with reading disability and modulates neuronal development in the brain (2005)

DYX2 on 6p22 is the most replicated reading disability (RD) locus. By saturating a previously identified peak of association with single nucleotide polymorphism markers, we identified a large polymorphic deletion that encodes tandem repeats of putative brain-related transcription factor binding sites in intron 2 of DCDC2. Alleles of this compound repeat are in significant disequilibrium with multiple reading traits. RT-PCR data show that DCDC2 localizes to the regions of the brain where fluent reading occurs, and RNA interference studies show that down-regulation alters neuronal migration. The statistical and functional studies are complementary and are consistent with the latest clinical imaging data for RD. Thus, we propose that DCDC2 is a candidate gene for RD.
Fourier Domain Mode Locking (FDML): Three-dimensional OCT imaging at 906 frames per second (2006)

Fourier domain mode locking is a new operation regime of lasers. Highly chirped frequency swept waveforms rather than short pulses are generated. The mechanism and its application for ultrahigh-speed biomedical OCT imaging are discussed.
Structural and functional studies of HLA-DR restricted antigen recognition by human helper T lymphocyte clones by using transfected murine cell lines. (1988)

Murine L cells expressing the products of transfected HLA-DR1 genes functioned as APC for two influenza-specific, human Th cell clones with comparable efficiency to a DR1-expressing human lymphoblastoid cell line. In order to investigate the restriction specificity of the two Th clones, a transfectant expressing the species-mismatched MHC class II dimer DR1:I-E was tested as an APC. Both T cells showed no loss of Ag sensitivity due to substitution of the murine chain. One of the Th clones, TLC 72, showed even greater degeneracy by responding to Ag in the context of I-Ek. Taking into account the lower level of MHC class II expression on the I-Ek transfectant, there is remarkably little loss of efficiency of Ag-induced T cell activation due to the substitution of I-E for DR as restriction element. The Ag-specific responses of both clones were inhibited by anti-CD4 antibody when DR-transfected L cells or human lymphoblastoid cells were used as APC. This inhibition was also seen when Ag was presented to TLC72 by the I-Ek-expressing transfectant. Whether this inhibition is the result of negative signaling or of blocking an interaction between human CD4 and I-Ek is discussed. Similarly the inhibitory effects of mAb against the T cell accessory molecule LFA/1 were the same for both clones when either the transfectants or the lymphoblastoid cell line were used as APC, suggesting that L cells may express a molecule that is capable of acting as a ligand for human LFA/1. The results presented here further illustrate the value of transfectants in analyzing T cell recognition and accessory cell requirements. The patterns of degeneracy of MHC restriction exhibited by these clones provides a platform for a more detailed analysis of key residues involved in MHC class II-restricted T cell Ag recognition.
Introduction (1992)

During the year-long Israeli experiment in community policing (1983/84), the neighbourhood police officers were closely monitored. They were frequently debriefed of their experience in and perceptions of the project’s progress. All officers were veteran car patrollers with many years on the force, most had supervisory experience, and most were sergeants or sergeant majors. Yet these officers ‘were volunteered’ to become neighbourhood police officers and initially displayed displeasure and even resentment. This reflected, more than anything, their fear of the unknown as they entered a new role they were not sure how to handle. One officer probably expressed the sentiment of his peers when he said that ‘… this is not a job for real officers, this is a job for sissies.’ After the project was well under way, that same officer was asked in one of the ensuing debriefing sessions to describe his progress in some detail. He, as did his peers before and after him, provided a rather lengthy, detailed, and enthusiastic account of the ties he successfully established with block and neighbourhood associations, with volunteers, with several PTAs, and with individual residents on his beat (section) who now recognize him and receive him well.
Caffeine as a probe for human cytochromes P450 (1992)

The molecular basis for the use of caffeine (CA; 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) as a probe for specific human cytochromes P450 has been investigated. The CA 1-, 3- and 7-demethylations (to form theobromine, paraxanthine and theophylline, respectively) all followed biphasic kinetics in human liver microsomes. Mean apparent Km values for the high- and low-affinity components of the demethylations ranged from 0.13-0.31 nM and 19.2-30.0 mM, respectively. cDNA-expressed CYP1A2 catalysed all three CA demethylations, and the apparent Km for CA 3-demethylation (the major metabolic pathway in humans) by the expressed enzyme was similar to the Km for the high-affinity liver microsomal CA 3-demethylase. IC50 values for inhibition of the CA demethylations by alpha-naphthoflavone were similar for both expressed CYP1A2 and the high-affinity microsomal demethylases. Moreover, CA was a competitive inhibitor of expressed CYP1A2 catalysed phenacetin O-deethylation, with the apparent Ki (0.080 mM) closely matching the apparent Km (0.082 mM) for CA 3-demethylation by the expressed enzyme. Expressed CYP1A1 was additionally shown to catalyse the 3-demethylation of CA, although activity was lower than that observed for CYP1A2. While these data indicate that CYP1A2 is responsible for the high-affinity component of human liver CA 3-demethylation, two limitations associated with the use of CA as an in vitro probe for CYP1A2 activity have been identified: (i) CA 3-demethylation reflects hepatic CYP1A2 activity only at appropriately low substrate concentrations; and (ii) CA is a non-specific CYP1A substrate and CYP1A1 may therefore contribute to CA 3-demethylase activity in tissues in which it is expressed. An anti-CYP3A antibody essentially abolished the 8-hydroxylation of CA to form trimethyluric acid, suggesting formation of this metabolite may potentially serve as a marker of CYP3A isozyme(s) activity.
Intelligent subject matter classification and retrieval (2002)

This paper describes a research project entitled Expert Patent Search Assistant (EPSA) under contract with Consumer and Corporate Affairs Canada. The project developed a method of automating the expertise required to navigate the Canadian Patent Classification Scheme, and to retrieve classifications appropriate to user information requests. These requests are of the type received by the Canadian Patent Office from the general public. A member of the general public is an individual with no specialized training in either classification or searching. Classification retrieval is inherently a problem of determining the closeness of two attribute vectors. The first vector is the list of words supplied by the user. The second vector describes for each classification in the classification scheme a list of words derived from the patents in the respective classification. Each word of the second vector can have an associated numeric value that is a measure of the relevance of the word to each classification. A method of determining the relevance of a list of words to a respective classification using machine extractable information inherent in the patents and the classifications was explored. The information inherent in a patent document comprised the patent title, abstract, and various word counts. The information inherent in the classification comprised the cross-references between classifications, clusters or groupings of similar classifications, and the relationships of classifications within the hierarchy in the classification. The minimum requirements for obtaining the relevance of all words to a respective classification were explored. These requirements included the minimum number of patents per classification as well as the minimum quantity and quality of the derived words. A method of navigating the table in accordance with the rules for navigating and using the patent classification schemes was developed. The vector of relevant words for classifications was implemented as two tables. The first table represented the closeness between classifications. The second table comprised rows representing classifications and the columns representing words. The intersection of rows and columns represented a measure of the relevance of a word to a respective classification. The method determined the closeness of the first vector for each classification and retrieved appropriate classifications in accordance with the rules for classification retrieval. The method took into account the hierarchical organization of the classifications and used knowledge of this organization to optimize the size and the navigation of the tables.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rules of thumb for minimizing subsoil compaction (2012)

Abstract Subsoil compaction is persistent and can affect important soil functions including soil productivity. The aim of this study was to develop recommendations on how to avoid subsoil compaction for soils exposed to traffic by machinery at field capacity. We measured the vertical stress in the tyre–soil contact area for two traction tyres at ca. 30‐ and 60‐kN wheel loads on a loamy sand at field capacity. Data on resulting stress distributions were combined with those from the literature for five implement tyres tested at a range of inflation pressures and wheel loads. The vertical stress in the soil profile was then predicted using the Söhne model for all tests in the combined data set. The predicted stress at 20 cm depth correlated with the maximum stress in the contact area, tyre inflation pressure, tyre–soil contact area and mean ground pressure. At 100 cm depth, the predicted vertical stress was primarily determined by wheel load, but an effect of the other factors was also detected. Based on published recommendations for allowable stresses in the soil profile, we propose the ‘50‐50 rule’: At water contents around field capacity, traffic on agricultural soil should not exert vertical stresses in excess of 50 kPa at depths >50 cm . Our combined data provide the basis for the ‘8‐8 rule’: The depth of the 50‐kPa stress isobar increases by 8 cm for each additional tonne increase in wheel load and by 8 cm for each doubling of the tyre inflation pressure . We suggest that farmers use this simple rule for evaluating the sustainability of any planned traffic over moist soil.
β-Glucuronidase activity following complex coacervation and spray drying microencapsulation (1998)

The objective was to develop a microencapsulation process suitable for the controlled release of an active protein drug. beta-glucuronidase was selected as a model protein and a combination of complex coacervation (gelatin/sodium alginate, gelatin/acacia and albumin/acacia) and spray drying was investigated. Coacervates were either spray dried or glutaraldehyde crosslinked to form microcapsules. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol were investigated as potential coacervate enhancers and stabilizers. beta-glucuronidase/polymer mixtures were spray dried to determine any polymer protective effects on protein activity. A BUCHI 190 Spray Drier was used, beta-glucuronidase activity was determined using a Sigma Kit and microcapsule particle size was measured by Accusizer analysis (light blockage). All non-crosslinked coacervates investigated, with the exceptions of albumin/acacia and albumin/acacia/beta-glucuronidase/PVP, were unsuitable for spray drying as they rapidly phase separated and blocked the spray drier nozzle. beta-glucuronidase activity in the albumin/acacia coacervates approximated to 99% prior to and 80% following spray drying. This can be compared to activities of approximately 30% and 68% when spray dried alone and with albumin, respectively, and of 18% in albumin/acacia microcapsules crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Microcapsule particle size was affected by coacervation pH, additives and spray drying. In vitro beta-glucuronidase release was biphasic, with an initial burst release followed by a zero order release phase and continued over the 12 day study period. In conclusion, the spray drying albumin/acacia/PVP method described is useful for the preparation and collection of controlled release microcapsules with minimal loss of beta-glucuronidase activity.
WysiWyg Web Wrapper Factory (W4F) (1999)

In this paper, we present the W4F toolkit for the generation of wrappers for Web sources. W4F consists of a retrieval language to identify Web sources, a declarative extraction language (the HTML Extraction Language) to express robust extraction rules and a mapping interface to export the extracted information into some userdefined data-structures. To assist the user and make the creation of wrappers rapid and easy, the toolkit offers some wysiwyg support via some wizards. Together, they permit the fast and semi-automatic generation of ready-to-go wrappers provided as Java classes. W4F has been successfully used to generate wrappers for database systems and software agents, making the content of Web sources easily accessible to any kind of application. Keywords: Web wrapper, information extraction, HTML parsing, HTML to XML conversion. 1 A need for Web wrappers and design guidelines The Web has become a major conduit to information repositories of all kinds. Because it is based o...