gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Cholesterol Treatment Eligibility and Medication Use Among Adults — United States, 2005–2012 (2015)

A high blood level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) remains a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), although data from 2005 through 2012 has shown a decline in high cholesterol (total and LDL cholesterol) along with an increase in the use of cholesterol-lowering medications. The most recent national guidelines (published in 2013) from the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) expand previous recommendations for reducing cholesterol to include lifestyle modifications and medication use as part of complete cholesterol management and to lower risk for ASCVD. Because changes in cholesterol treatment guidelines might magnify existing disparities in care and medication use, it is important to describe persons currently eligible for treatment and medication use, particularly as more providers implement the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. To understand baseline estimates of U.S. adults on or eligible for cholesterol treatment, as well as to identify sex and racial/ethnic disparities, CDC analyzed data from the 2005-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Because the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines focus on initiation or continuation of cholesterol treatment, adults meeting the guidelines' eligibility criteria as well as adults who were currently taking cholesterol-lowering medication were assessed as a group. Overall, 36.7% of U.S. adults or 78.1 million persons aged ≥21 years were on or eligible for cholesterol treatment. Within this group, 55.5% were currently taking cholesterol-lowering medication, and 46.6% reported making lifestyle modifications, such as exercising, dietary changes, or controlling their weight, to lower cholesterol; 37.1% reported making lifestyle modifications and taking medication, and 35.5% reported doing neither. Among adults on or eligible for cholesterol-lowering medication, the proportion taking cholesterol-lowering medication was higher for women than men and for non-Hispanic whites (whites) than Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic blacks (blacks). Further efforts by clinicians and public health practitioners are needed to implement complementary and targeted patient education and disease management programs to reduce sex and racial/ethnic disparities among adults eligible for treatment of cholesterol.
Hacking the Xbox : an introduction to reverse engineering (2002)

Thank you for downloading and reading this book. No Starch Press and I have decided to release this free ebook version of Hacking the Xbox in honor of Aaron Swartz. As you read this book, I
Developmental Regulation of Antisense-Mediated Gene Silencing in <i>Dictyostelium</i> (1994)

In Dictyostelium, the expression of antisense transcripts has been successfully used to reduce or eliminate gene expression. In most cases this occurs on the level of RNA stability resulting in a loss of both sense and antisense transcript accumulation. We here show that the antisense effect is regulated during the developmental cycle, i.e., in certain developmental stages and under certain developmental conditions, complementary RNAs appear not to interact with each other, resulting in a failure to abolish expression of the gene of interest. We find that this is not only the case with artificially introduced antisense constructs but also with the endogenous, antisense-regulated PSV-A gene. Our data demonstrate that antisense-mediated gene silencing is conferred by a biochemical machinery that is subject to regulation in vivo. The results provide a basis to better understand this machinery and to dissect the components. They may also explain the failure of some antisense experiments in Dictyostelium and possibly in other organisms.
Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Callipeltoside A. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation and Reaction of 2-Aryl-3-silyl-1,3-butadiene (2005)

[reaction: see text] A conjugated pi-electron compound, 2-aryl-3-silyl-1,3-butadiene, was easily prepared from 1-benzyloxy-3-silyl-2-propyne, bis(iodozincio)methane, and an aryl halide in the presence of nickel catalyst. A subsequent cross-coupling reaction of the product with another aryl halide gave an unsymmetrical 2,3-diaryl-1,3-butadiene efficiently.
The method of auto exposure control for low-end digital camera (2009)

The method of automatically controlling exposure suggested in this paper can be divided into two stages: One is to construct a table storing values to establish an image sensor, and the other one is to control exposure by using the table created and actually establishing the sensor. To control exposure generally, it is possible to get an expected result by controlling analog/digital gains or exposure time. after constructing set values of the exposure control parameter, analog gains and exposure time, proper for each situation in the table in advance, it is possible to reduce computing amount by actually outputting the data stored in the table during the process of controlling exposure and setting the sensor.
The Neural Crest (1999)

This 1999 edition of The Neural Crest contains comprehensive information about the neural crest, a structure unique to the vertebrate embryo, which has only a transient existence in early embryonic life. The ontogeny of the neural crest embodies the most important issues in developmental biology, as the neural crest is considered to have played a crucial role in evolution of the vertebrate phylum. Data that analyse neural crest ontogeny in murine and zebrafish embryos have been included in this revision. This revised edition also takes advantage of recent advances in our understanding of markers of neural crest cell subpopulations, and a full chapter is now devoted to cell lineage analysis. The major research breakthrough since the first edition has been the introduction of molecular biology to neural crest research, enabling an elucidation of many molecular mechanisms of neural crest development. This book is essential reading for students and researchers in developmental biology, cell biology, and neuroscience.
A Microdot Multilayer Oxide Device: Let Us Tune the Strain-Ionic Transport Interaction (2014)

In this paper, we present a strategy to use interfacial strain in multilayer heterostructures to tune their resistive response and ionic transport as active component in an oxide-based multilayer microdot device on chip. For this, fabrication of strained multilayer microdot devices with sideways attached electrodes is reported with the material system Gd0.1Ce0.9O(2-δ)/Er2O3. The fast ionic conducting Gd0.1Ce0.9O(2-δ) single layers are altered in lattice strain by the electrically insulating erbia phases of a microdot. The strain activated volume of the Gd0.1Ce0.9O(2-δ) is investigated by changing the number of individual layers from 1 to 60 while keeping the microdot at a constant thickness; i.e., the proportion of strained volume was systematically varied. Electrical measurements showed that the activation energy of the devices could be altered by Δ0.31 eV by changing the compressive strain of a microdot ceria-based phase by more than 1.16%. The electrical conductivity data is analyzed and interpreted with a strain volume model and defect thermodynamics. Additionally, an equivalent circuit model is presented for sideways contacted multilayer microdots. We give a proof-of-concept for microdot contacting to capture real strain-ionic transport effects and reveal that for classic top-electrode contacting the effect is nil, highlighting the need for sideways electric contacting on a nanoscopic scale. The near order ionic transport interaction is supported by Raman spectroscopy measurements. These were conducted and analyzed together with fully relaxed single thin film samples. Strain states are described relative to the strain activated volumes of Gd0.1Ce0.9O(2-δ) in the microdot multilayer. These findings reveal that strain engineering in microfabricated devices allows altering the ionic conduction over a wide range beyond classic doping strategies for single films. The reported fabrication route and concept of strained multilayer microdots is a promising path for applying strained multilayer oxides as active new building blocks relevant for a broad range of microelectrochemical devices, e.g., resistive switching memory prototypes, resistive or electrochemical sensors, or as active catalytic solid state surface components for microfuel cells or all-solid-state batteries.
Combination chemotherapy for small cell carcinoma of the lung: continuous versus alternating non-cross-resistant combinations. (1982)

After stratification for extent of small cell lung cancer, 109 patients were randomized to receive cycles of chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and VP-16-213 [CAVP16 (regimen I)] or to receive CAVP16 to maximum response (minimum of three courses) and then chemotherapy with CCNU, methotrexate, vincristine, and procarbazine (COMP) alternating with CAVP16 (regimen II). A group of patients who achieved complete remission were randomized to receive whole-brain irradiation or to have observation only. Of the 44 patients with limited disease, 28 (64%) achieved a complete remission and 11 (26%) achieved a partial remission. Of the 65 patients with extensive disease, 26 (40%) achieved a complete remission and 28 (46%) achieved a partial remission. There were no significant differences between the regimens in response or survival. The projected median survival times are 14 and 10 months for limited and extensive disease, respectively. Nearly 30% of patients with limited disease will be 2-year, disease-free survivors. Twenty-nine patients were randomized to receive cranial irradiation or observation only; none of the 15 irradiated patients developed cerebral metastases, but five of 14 randomized to observation relapsed in the brain (P = 0.02). One patient died with necropsy evidence of only intracranial disease. The principal hematologic toxic effect was leukopenia. There were 31 febrile episodes (21 infectious) during neutropenia and four toxic deaths. Nonhematologic toxicity was mild. Cranial irradiation in patients who achieve complete remission delays or reduces the incidence of CNS metastases. Although alternating chemotherapy is not beneficial, combination chemotherapy with CAVP16 alone is highly effective treatment modality for small cell.
Uptake Pathway of Polyomavirus via Ganglioside GD1a (2004)

The pathway of entry of polyomavirus (Py) has been investigated with glycolipid-deficient C6 cells and added ganglioside GD1a as a specific virus receptor. Unsupplemented C6 cells show a low basal level of infection but become highly infectable by Py following preincubation with the sialic acid-containing ganglioside GD1a (38). Addition of GD1a has no effect on the overall level of virus binding but mediates the internalization and transit of virus to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This pathway of entry is cholesterol and caveola dependent and requires intact microtubules as well as a dynamic state of the microfilament system. In contrast to vesicular transport of other cargo via glycolipids, Py particles do not appear to pass through the Golgi apparatus. Colcemid and brefeldin A block transport of the virus to the ER in GD1a-supplemented cells and lead to accumulation of virus in a caveolin-1-containing environment. Several features distinguish the efficient GD1a-mediated pathway of virus uptake from the less-efficient pathway of basal infection in C6 cells.
Cross-reactive antibody responses to nsp1 and nsp2 of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (2007)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) non-structural proteins (nsps) play a key role in processing and maturation of the repertoire of structural and nsps of the virion, but little is known about the anti-nsp immune response. Here, it was hypothesized that pronounced antibody responses are generated to PRRSV nsp1 and nsp2, as they are present in infected cells and cytolytic infection releases viral proteins into interstitial spaces. Accordingly, nsp1 and nsp2 were cloned and expressed, and antibody responses in the sera of infected and vaccinated pigs were determined. Pigs mounted significant cross-reactive antibody responses that appeared equivalent to or greater than the response to nucleocapsid (N). Antibody reactivity to nsp1 and N was highly dependent on refolding of denatured proteins, suggesting that the porcine antibody response is directed primarily to conformational epitopes. The proteins reacted with sera from pigs infected with other PRRSV strains, indicating that multiple epitopes are conserved. Antibody responses to nsp1 and nsp2 were much higher than those to nsp4, which is encoded on the same RNA molecule and is equivalent in predicted antigenicity. These findings suggest either that nsp1 and nsp2 are highly immunogenic or that they are expressed at higher levels than nsp4 in PRRSV-infected cells, or both. Strong antibody responses to nsp1 and nsp2 may benefit the host by limiting potentially pathological consequences of viral protease activities encoded in these proteins that are released from dying cells. The identification of strain-specific antibody responses to a highly variable region of nsp2 may also provide the basis for immunoassays that differentiate serological responses of vaccines from field isolates.
Investment, Debt and Growth: a Diversity of Experience (1989)

The starting-point is the fact (if we can trust at least the broad message of the macroeconomic statistics) that during the 1970s the developing countries as a group even if we exclude major oil exporters — maintained their rates of economic growth in fece of the slow-down of growth in the industrial countries of the North, the rise in energy prices, balance of payments problems, upheavals in commodity prices, the accumulating debt, inflation.… Summary figures are shown in Table 7.1, and the outcome is not quite in accord with those ‘centre-periphery’ or ‘dependency’ explanations of North-South relationships which allot the role of ‘motor of growth’ in the world economy to the industrialised regions. Was the transmission chain from North to South weakened? Does this short period of history indicate a greater capacity of the South for self-reliance, or for resistance to external misfortunes, than would have been expected a decade or two ago? And if, as many ‘growth pessimists’ hold, the North passed in the 1970s a turning-point in the historical series of Kondratief cycles what conclusions can be drawn for the prospects for economic progress in the South?
Emotive alert (2005)

Voicemail has become an integral part of our personal and professional communication. The number of messages that accumulate in our voice mailboxes necessitate new ways of prioritizing them. Currently, we are forced to actively listen to all messages in order to find out which ones are important and which ones can be attended to later on. In this paper, we describe Emotive Alert, a system that can detect some of the significant emotions in a new message and notify the account owner along various affective axes, including urgency, formality, valence (happy vs. sad) and arousal (calm vs. excited). We have used a purely acoustic, HMM-based approach for identifying the emotions, which allows application of this system to all messages independent of language.
Strategy of Dynamic Spectrum Access Based-on Spectrum Pool (2008)

Under static frequency allotment scheme, each licensed operator is allocated a frequency band in which its user can transmit, but the spectrum may not be fully utilized either on geographical or at temporal level. On the other hand, on some hot spot business frequency bands, spectrum resources become in short supply. Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) technology based on cognitive radio is an effective measure to improve the spectrum utility efficiency. It can increase spectrum income for spectrum holder, and provide a variety of services to users. Many papers discussed the technology of dynamic spectrum access and sharing based on cognitive radio. However, few reaches to the field of system performances evaluation based on spectrum pool strategy. In this paper, we propose two DSA strategies: one based on instant access manner, and the other based on spectrum pool access manner. Both theoretical and simulation results indicate that the DSA strategy based on spectrum pool has obvious advantages. Optimal capacity and update time of spectrum pool are all studied. It is found that there is quantitative mathematical relationship between the optimal capacity of spectrum pool and system efficiency. Update time of spectrum pool varies according to spectrum characteristics and user's quality of service (QoS) demands. There are different update strategies in licensed and unlicensed frequency bands. Under the assumed conditions, the update interval varies within one hour in most cases.
Efficient generation of multigigawatt rf power by a klystronlike amplifier (1990)

This article addresses the new development of high-power rf klystronlike amplifiers using modulated intense relativistic electron beams. Development of these amplifiers follows earlier research in which the interaction between a high-impedance (120-Ω) intense relativistic electron beam and a low-power rf pulse resulted in the generation of coherent bunches of electrons with excellent amplitude and phase stabilities. In the present experiment a low-impedance (30-Ω) large-diameter (13.2-cm) annular electron beam of power ∼8 GW was modulated using an external rf source (magnetron at 1.3 GHz) of 0.5 MW power. The interaction of the modulated electron beam with a structure generated a 3-GW rf pulse that was radiated into the atmosphere. The self-fields of the intense beam provided significant electrostatic insulation against vacuum breakdown at the modulating gaps and at the rf extraction gap.
Thrice-Weekly Low-Dose Rituximab Decreases CD20 Loss via Shaving and Promotes Enhanced Targeting in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2006)

Abstract Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients with standard dose infusion of rituximab (RTX), 375 mg/m2, induces clearance of malignant cells from peripheral blood after infusion of 30 mg of RTX. After completion of the full RTX infusion, substantial recrudescence of CLL cells occurs, and these cells have lost &gt;90% of CD20. To gain insight into mechanism(s) of CD20 loss, we investigated the hypothesis that thrice-weekly low-dose RTX (20 or 60 mg/m2) treatment for CLL over 4 wk would preserve CD20 and enhance leukemic cell clearance. During initial infusions in all 12 patients, the first 30 mg of RTX promoted clearance of &gt;75% leukemic cells. Four of six patients receiving 20 mg/m2 RTX retained ≥50% CD20, and additional RTX infusions promoted further cell clearance. However, four of six patients receiving 60 mg/m2 had CD20 levels &lt;20% baseline 2 days after initial infusions, and additional RTX infusions were less effective, presumably due to epitope loss. Our results suggest that when a threshold RTX dose is exceeded, recrudesced RTX-opsonized cells are not cleared, due to saturation of the mononuclear phagocytic system, but instead are shaved of RTX-CD20 complexes by acceptor cells. Thrice-weekly low-dose RTX may promote enhanced clearance of circulating CLL cells by preserving CD20.
Pd-Catalyzed Homocoupling Reaction of Arylboronic Acid: Insights from Density Functional Theory (2008)

The key step in the mechanism of the Palladium-catalyzed homocoupling of arylboronic acids ArB(OH)(2)(Ar = 4-Z-C(6)H(4) with Z = MeO, H, CN) in the presence of dioxygen, leading to symmetrical biaryls, has been elucidated by using density functional theory. In particular, by starting from the peroxo complex O(2)PdL(2)(L = PPh(3)), generated in the reaction of dioxygen with the Pd(0) catalyst, the fundamental role played by an intermediate formed by coordination of one oxygen atom of the peroxo complex to the oxophilic boron atom of the arylboronic acid has been pointed out. This adduct reacts with a second molecule of arylboronic acid to generate a cis-Ar-Pd(OOB(OH)(2))L(2) complex that can form the stable intermediate trans-Ar-Pd(OH)L(2) (experimentally characterized) through a sequence of hydrolysis and isomerization reactions. All theoretical insights are in agreement and do substantiate the experimentally postulated mechanism. Furthermore, direct comparison of experimental and computed spectroscopic parameters (here, (31)P chemical shifts) allows us to confirm the formation of the intermediate.
Resazurin Test Paper Method for Determining the Sanitary Quality of Raw Milk (1969)

appear in the enzyme hydrolysate. These observations indicate that there is a difference in breakdown products formed by the two processes and that the ninhydrin method used did not provide a satisfactory index of protein digestion for the B. subtilis enzyme hydroIysate. Although the Pseudomonas hydrolysate contained cellular material, calculations from data in a previous report (2) indicate that cellular nitrogen would be less than 0.5% of the total nitrogen. It is doubtful if this would have a measurable effect in the analyses performed.
Image formation in extreme ultraviolet lithography and numerical aperture effects (1999)

The problem of image formation in extreme ultraviolet lithography from the mask to the wafer is studied by physical modeling along with computer simulations. The reflective properties of multilayer mirrors and some of the demands that they impose upon the optical system design for accurate replication of mask patterns is discussed. Numerical aperture size effects in relation to the critical dimension at the wafer is presented along with several illustrative examples.
Synthesis of derivatives of thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine. Part I (1969)

Reaction of 2,4-diamino-5-bromo-6-hydroxypyrimidine with thiourea gave the isothiouronium salt, which with alkali afforded di-(2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidin-5-yl) disulphide and not the thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine claimed by an earlier worker. Kaufmann thiocyanation of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine yielded the 5-thiocyanato-compound, which did not readily cyclise to a thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine as previously claimed by other workers. Cyclisation of the thiocyanato-compound has been effected with acetic anhydride. Deacetylation of the resulting diacetamido-derivative gave 2,5-diamino-7-hydroxythiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine.
<sup>15</sup>N NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY OF AMMONIUM ION ASSIMILATION BY <i>LEMNA GIBBA</i> L. (1987)

<sup>15</sup> N Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to follow nitrogen assimilation and amino acid production in Lemna gibba L. exposed to 0.4 mM <sup>15</sup> NH<sub>4</sub> Cl solution for 24 h. NMR analysis of the <sup>16</sup> N content of the treated plant tissues (aqueous extract) revealed <sup>15</sup> N incorporation into glutamine (N-amide plus amino-N or amide-N only) and glutamic acid and no detectable free ammonium ion. Methionine sulphoximine (MSO), an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, at 1.0 mM inhibited completely the incorporation of <sup>15</sup> N. In the presence of 0.5 mM azaserine (AZA), a glutamate synthase inhibitor, the incorporation of <sup>15</sup> N was detected only in the amide group of glutamine. The results confirm the involvement of the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/ GOG AT) pathway in the assimilation of ammonium ions.
Pentagon copying is more impaired in dementia with Lewy bodies than in Alzheimer's disease (2001)

For patients with MMSE scores > or = 13, an inability to accurately copy the pentagons suggests that the diagnosis is more likely DLB than AD. The results confirm the work of others on visuospatial/constructional impairment in DLB and indicate that this feature may be helpful in its diagnosis.