gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Editors' Observations: Developing Intermediate Sanctions (1991)

? The first essay reviewed the chronology of steps Congress expected judges to take in laying the factual foundation for a sentence, then addressing its purposes and available sanctions, before considering relevant guidelines and possible de partures.1 ? The second essay analyzed the purpose-by purpose assessment Congress intended judges to make in each case. Different purposes would be appropriate for different offenses and offenders.2 ? In this essay we look at the kinds of sentences available, ?3553(a)(3), and analyze the task of developing intermediate sanctions.
Neoplastic transformation of a human prostate epithelial cell line by the v‐Ki‐<i>ras</i> oncogene (1993)

Investigations of mechanisms of human prostate carcinogenesis are limited by the unavailability of a suitable in vitro model system. We have demonstrated that an immortal, but nontumorigenic, human epithelial cell line (267B1) established from fetal prostate tissue can be malignantly transformed by a biological carcinogen, and can serve as a useful model for investigations of the progression steps of carcinogenesis. Activated Ki-ras was introduced into 267B1 cells by infection with the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Morphological alterations and anchorage-independent growth were observed; when cells were injected into nude mice, poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas developed. These findings represent the first evidence of malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells in culture, and support a role for Ki-ras activation in a multistep process for prostate neoplastic transformation.
A density functional theory study of the adsorption behaviour of CO2 on Cu2O surfaces (2016)

Copper has many applications, particularly in electro-catalysis, where the oxidation state of the copper electrode plays a significant role in the selectivity towards products. Although copper-based materials have clear potential as catalysts in the reduction of CO2 and conversion to products, fundamental understanding of CO2 adsorption and activation on different copper oxide surfaces is still limited. We have used DFT+U methodology to study the surface reconstruction of the three most exposed (111), (110), and (001) surfaces of Cu2O with different possible terminations. Considering several adsorbate geometries, we have investigated CO2 adsorption on five different possible terminations and proposed eight different configurations in which CO2 binds with the surface. Similar to earlier findings, CO2 binds weakly with the most stable Cu2O(111):O surface showing no molecular activation, whereas a number of other surfaces, which can appear in the Cu2O particles morphology, show stronger binding as well as activation of the CO2 molecule. Different CO2 coverages were studied and a detailed structural and electronic charge analysis is presented. The activation of the CO2 molecule is characterized by structural transformations and charge transfer between the surface and the CO2 molecule, which is further confirmed by considerable red shifts in the vibrational frequencies.
A Five-Step Synthesis of Psilocin from Indole-3-carbaldehyde (1998)

A novel preparative method of psilocin was established in only five steps from indole-3-carbaldehyde in 50% overall yield.psilocin2 ( 1 , Scheme 1) and psilocybin2 (2) are known to enter the central nervoussystem through the gastrointestinal trac? and cause powerful psychotomimetic effect.2-4~1thoughconsiderable efforts2.4have been devoted to the syntheses of psilocin analogs, there still remains to establish structure-activity relationships.While, recently, psychotic diseases such as depression, schizophrenia.Alzheimer's disease, and so on, are becoming social problems and the development for their medicines has been waited.With a hope to find a lead compound among psilocin analogs possesing suitable pharmacological effects, we have needed an effective preparative method of 1 which makes it possible to pursue systematic structure-activity relationship studies.In this paper, we wish to report the desired five-step preparative method of 1 from indole-3-carbaldehyde (3) as shown in Scheme 1.We have already reported one pot procedur& for preparing 4a from indole-3-carbaldehyde (3).The overall yield of
Enhanced optical forces between coupled resonant metal nanoparticles (2007)

We investigate numerically the optical forces between noble metal nanoparticles sustaining localized surface plasmon resonances. Our results first point out enhanced binding optical forces compared with dielectric nanoparticles and nonresonant metallic nanoparticles. We also show that under suitable illumination conditions, short-range forces tend to make the nanoparticles cluster, leading to intense and localized hot spots in the interstices. This effect corroborates recent experimental observations of an enhanced Raman signal in trapped metal sphere ensembles.
Assessment of a new hub design and the semiquantitative catheter culture method using an in vivo experimental model of catheter sepsis (1990)

An in vivo model of hub-related catheter sepsis in rabbits is reported. The model was used to investigate the protection offered by a new hub design against external contamination by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus epidermidis and to reassess the diagnostic value of the semiquantitative culture method in bacteremia of endoluminal origin. Contamination of conventional Luer-Lock connectors was followed by clinical sepsis, positive catheter segment cultures, or both, whereas contamination of the new hub was followed by complete protection. Clinical and bacteriological discrepancies observed between contamination with P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis suggest that the virulence of microorganisms may account for differences in the natural history of hub-originated catheter sepsis. The semiquantitative extraluminal method for catheter culture yielded less than 15 CFU in three animals with proven bacteremia and should not be used as the "gold standard" to define catheter-related bacteremia.
Irish Travellers and anti-Traveller racism (2019)

After a long campaign by Traveller and other activists, the official recognition of the ethnic identity of Travellers in Ireland on March 1 st 2017 was a blow against prejudice, racism and oppression in Ireland.1 It seriously undermined one of the most consistent arguments against addressing the oppression of travellers, an oppression which can be seen in the systematic discrimination in access to housing, education and employment in particular: the argument that they are not a group with an identifiable culture or ethnicity, that is, that they don’t exist. While Travellers have shared much in common with the mistreatment of the poor working class in Ireland since the foundation of the State - from the impoverishment of the countryside, the drive to emigrate or move into regional big towns and cities, to poor health, poor housing, unemployment, incarceration in Industrial schools and imprisonment -- denial of ethnicity meant a denial of oppression on the specific grounds of being a Traveller. The grounds of ancestry, language and a distinctive nomadic and occupational culture puts the question of the ethnicity of Travellers beyond any doubt; however, racism and prejudice are never based on a fair evaluation of the facts.
Improving GPU performance via large warps and two-level warp scheduling (2011)

Due to their massive computational power, graphics processing units (GPUs) have become a popular platform for executing general purpose parallel applications. GPU programming models allow the programmer to create thousands of threads, each executing the same computing kernel. GPUs exploit this parallelism in two ways. First, threads are grouped into fixed-size SIMD batches known as warps, and second, many such warps are concurrently executed on a single GPU core. Despite these techniques, the computational resources on GPU cores are still underutilized, resulting in performance far short of what could be delivered. Two reasons for this are conditional branch instructions and stalls due to long latency operations.
Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with a Humanized Antibody to the α <sub>4</sub> β <sub>7</sub> Integrin (2005)

In this short-term study, MLN02 was more effective than placebo for the induction of clinical and endoscopic remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis.
<title>Real-time multiple-object tracking and anomaly detection</title> (2005)

In this paper we describe a real time video surveillance system which is capable of tracking multiple objects simultaneously and detecting violations. The number of objects is unknown and varies during tracking. Based on preliminary results of object detection in each image which may have missing and/or false detections, the multiple object tracking algorithm keeps a graph structure where it maintains multiple hypotheses about the number and the trajectories of the objects in the video. The image information drives the process of extending and pruning the graph, and determines the best hypothesis to explain the video. The multiple object tracking algorithm gives feedbacks which are predictions of object locations to the object detection module. Therefore, the algorithm integrates object detection and tracking tightly. The most possible hypothesis provides the multiple object tracking result which is used to accomplish anomaly detection. The trajectories generated by the tracking algorithm provide information of object identifications, motion histories, timing at sensitive areas and object interactions. The system has been running at a few access control areas for more than eighteen months. Experimental results on human tracking are presented and applications to anomaly detection are described.
A multiphase series-resonant converter with a new topology and a reduced number of thyristors (1995)

Multiphase series resonant (SR) power converters provide a flexible way to transform power between a utility grid and a multiphase load or source. The current implementations all suffer from a high component count, which makes the use of these power converters unattractive from an economical point of view. A new topology for multiphase SR power converters has been proposed in the literature in a simulation context. This topology uses half the number of power semiconductors compared to the existing multiphase SR power converters. The present paper addresses the implementation of the new topology in a prototype power converter. The old and new topologies are presented. The operation of the new topology is explained. In the new topology the resonant circuit is grounded at one side, which compared to the old topology imposes a restriction on the operation. The paper shows both simulation data and measured waveforms. It is explained that the economical gain due to the reduction in component count is offset by a lower power rating. The paper finishes with conclusions and acknowledgments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Graph connection Laplacian methods can be made robust to noise (2016)

Recently, several data analytic techniques based on graph connection Laplacian (GCL) ideas have appeared in the literature. At this point, the properties of these methods are starting to be understood in the setting where the data is observed without noise. We study the impact of additive noise on these methods and show that they are remarkably robust. As a by-product of our analysis, we propose modifications of the standard algorithms that increase their robustness to noise. We illustrate our results in numerical simulations.
AERODYNAMICS: THE NEW AUTOMOTIVE FRONTIER (1981)

This article discusses how the principles of aerodynamics can be used to improve the efficiency of cars. It has been found that, as a rough rule of thumb, a 10% reduction in drag can result in about a 3% increase in fuel economy in EPA composite testing. Basically, there are two ways to reduce drag: reduce the frontal area and reduce the drag coefficient. Since there is a limit to how much the frontal area can be reduced, it's a maximum reduction in drag that the aerodynamicist must seek.
Novel strong PUF based on nonlinearity of MOSFET subthreshold operation (2013)

Many strong silicon physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are known to be vulnerable to machine-learning attacks due to linear separability of the output function. This significantly limits their potential as reliable security primitives. We introduce a novel strong silicon PUF based on the exponential current-voltage behavior in subthreshold region of FET operation which injects strong nonlinearity into the response of the PUF. The PUF, which we term subthreshold current array (SCA) PUF, is implemented as a pair of two-dimensional n × k transistor arrays with all devices subject to stochastic variability operating in subthreshold region. Our PUF is fundamentally different from earlier attempts to inject nonlinearity via digital control techniques, which could also be used with SCA-PUF. Voltages produced by nominally identical arrays are compared to produce a random binary response. SCA-PUF shows excellent security properties. The average inter-class Hamming distance, a measure of uniqueness, is 50.2%. The average intra-class Hamming distance, a measure of response stability, is 4.17%. Crucially, we demonstrate that the introduced PUF is much less vulnerable to modeling attacks. Using machine-learning techniques of support-vector machine with radial basis function kernel and logistic regression for best nonlinear learnability, we observe that “information leakage” (rate of error reduction with learning) is much lower than for delay-based PUFs. Over a wide range of the number of observed challenge-response pairs, the error rate is 3-35X higher than for the delay-based PUF. We also demonstrate an enhanced SCAPUF design utilizing XOR scrambling and show that it has an up to 30X higher error rate compared to the XOR delay-based PUF.
No correlation between BRAF<sup>V600E</sup> mutation and clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinomas in Taiwan (2005)

BRAFV600E mutation is the most prevalent oncogene in PTCs in Taiwan. Our data did not suggest that BRAFV600E mutation could be a potentially useful marker of prognosis in patients with papillary carcinomas in the population studied.
Interactive Software: Tools for Building Interactive User Interface (1991)

1. Introduction. 2. Framework for Designing User Interfaces. 3. Conceptual Model Design. 4. Specifying Functions for the Conceptual Mode. 5. Representing Device-Independent Dialogs. 6. State Transition Systems for Representing Dialogs. 7. Grammars for Representing Dialogs. 8. Forms and Constraint-Based Techniques for Representing Dialogs. 9. Object-Oriented Techniques. 10. Other Models for Dialog Description. 11. Basic Interaction Objects. 12. Composite Interaction Objects. 13. Menu and Forms Systems. 14. Windowing Systems. 15. Object Oriented Systems. 16. User Interface Management Systems (UIMS). 17. Special Interface Tools for Designers. 18. Future Trends.
Re-emergence of dengue in Réunion, France, January to April 2012 (2012)

Since January 2012, 20 autochthonous cases of dengue virus (DENV) infection have been identified in Réunion. The first cases were detected on the western coast, but the two co-circulating viruses (DENV-1 and DENV-3) seemed to have spread later to different cities of the island. There is a non-negligible risk of increase in viral transmission over the following weeks, so health professionals and public health authorities in Réunion are preparing to face a potential epidemic.
Pyruvate and lactate metabolism in the in vivo dog heart (1993)

Pyruvate increases the phosphorylation potential in perfused heart to a greater extent than the closely correlated substrate L-lactate. Therefore, metabolism of these compounds was studied in the myocardium of intact dogs. Phosphocreatine/ATP was increased 23% at 5.3 mM plasma pyruvate but was not significantly increased by lactate except at the highest concentration (17.5 mM in blood). Calculated [ADP] fell during pyruvate infusion from 51.5 +/- 2.0 to 38.6 +/- 3.3 microM but did not change significantly during lactate infusion. Intracellular free [Mg2+] fell from 705 +/- 53 to 498 +/- 30 microM at the highest pyruvate infusion and from 692 +/- 112 to 417 +/- 19 microM with lactate infusion. Extraction of both substrates was linear at low concentrations, reaching 0.56 mumol lactate.min-1.g wet wt-1 at 17.5 mM blood lactate and 0.58 mumol pyruvate.min-1.g wet wt-1 at 5.3 mM plasma pyruvate. Therefore, lactate uptake was almost five times lower than pyruvate uptake at similar concentrations. Elevated pyruvate (> 3 mM) resulted in almost complete inhibition of net lactate uptake. Infused [3-13C]lactate or -pyruvate gave rise to labeled glutamate and alanine in vivo, but labeled lactate was not visible when [3-13C]pyruvate was the substrate. The 13C enrichment of myocardial lactate was similar to alanine and acetyl CoA with infused [3-13C]lactate but was only one-half that of alanine and acetyl CoA when [3-13C]-pyruvate was the substrate, indicating a possible inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase.
Assessment of Size of Small Volume Foeto-maternal Bleeds. A New Method of Quantification of the Kleihauer Technique (1969)

The risk of Rh-isoimmunization is probably related to the volume of foeto-maternal bleeding. With the Kleihauer technique foetal cells may be detected in maternal blood, but estimation of the size of foetal bleed the cells represent is at present difficult and open to serious error.A new method of quantifying the technique by using a standard volume of maternal blood, and a simple machine for the preparation of comparable blood films, is described. The new method eliminates many of the errors of previous techniques, and should be capable of automation for large-scale screening programmes.
The Detection of Hamster Connexins: A Comparison of Expression Profiles with Wild-Type Mouse and the Cancer-Prone<i>Min</i>Mouse (2004)

The open reading frames of 17 connexins from Syrian hamster (using tissues) and 16 connexins from the Chinese hamster cell line V79, were fully (Cx30, Cx31, Cx37, Cx43 and Cx45) or partially sequenced. We have also detected, and partially sequenced, seven rat connexins that previously were unavailable. The expression of connexin genes was examined in some hamster organs and cultured hamster cells, and compared with wild-type mouse and the cancer-prone Min mouse. Although the expression patterns were similar for most organs and connexins in hamster and mouse, there were also some prominent differences (Cx29 and 30.3 in testis; Cx31.1 and 32 in eye; Cx46 in brain, kidney and testis; Cx47 in kidney). This suggests that some connexins have species-specific expression profiles. In contrast, there were minimal differences in expression profiles between wild type and Min mice. Species-specific expression profiles should be considered in attempts to make animal models of human connexin-associated diseases.
Interpretation of Repeated Tuberculin Tests: Boosting, Conversion, and Reversion (1999)

The tuberculin skin test is one of the few tests developed in the 19th century that is still in present use in clinical medicine. The first tuberculin test material was prepared by Robert Koch (1); its use for detection of tuberculosis (TB) infection was first described in 1907 by von Pirquet (2). Given such a long history of use, it may seem surprising that aspects of interpretation of this test remain controversial. However, this reflects changes in the populations affected with tuberculosis and their relative frequency of true positive tests from TB infection, and false-positive tests associated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, or nontuberculous mycobacteria, as well as the recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Particular problems have arisen with use of repeated tuberculin tests to detect new infection in high-risk populations such as initially tuberculin-negative contacts of active cases, and workers with occupational exposure. This has revealed that tuberculin reactions may decrease in size (reversion) or increase in size because of: ( 1 ) random variability from differences in administration, reading, or biologic response; ( 2 ) immunologic recall of preexisting delayed type hypersensitivity to mycobacterial antigens (boosting); or ( 3 ) new infection (conversion). This review has been undertaken to provide information regarding factors causing changes in the size of repeated tuberculin reactions.
Singlet and Other States with Extended Lifetimes (2010)

Nuclear singlet states may have lifetimes that are much longer than the conventional relaxation time of nuclear spin magnetization. The article explains how these states may be observed and exploited in solution NMR. Potential applications are discussed.
Study of the improved Sf9 transient gene expression process (2013)

Insect cells have been widely used for the production of recombinant proteins using recombinant baculovirus for gene delivery [1]. To simplify protein production in insect cells, we have previously described a method, based on transient gene expression (TGE) with cultures of suspension-adapted Sf9 cells using polyethylenimine (PEI) for DNA delivery [2]. Expression of GFP has been realized at high efficiency and a tumor necrosis factor receptor-Fc fusion protein (TNFR-Fc) was produced at a level of 40 mg/L. However, the efficiency of the insect cells TGE system has not been studied and further opti- mization may improve protein titers. Here, we studied the efficiency of PEI for plasmid delivery in Sf9 cells.
Index-Based Futures and Options Markets in Real Estate (1991)

Most institutional and individual portfolios are very undiversified in real estate: many hold no real estate at all, many have holdings highly concentrated in certain regions or types of real estate. The risk of these concentrated holdings is not hedged. We propose here that cash-settled futures and options markets be opened on real estate to better allow diversification and hedging, and show that these markets solve problems that have hampered other real estate hedging media in the past. Related institutions, such as home equity insurance, might develop around the futures and options markets. The establishment of these markets is likely to increase the quantity of reproducible real estate, and lower rents on real estate. It may also reduce the amplitude of speculative real estate price movements and dampen the business cycle.
Ultra-low dielectric constant low density material (k=2.2) for Cu damascene (2002)

We have examined film properties of ultra-low dielectric constant low-density spin on glass with a dielectric constant of 2.2 (SOG-2.2). SOG-2.2 can stand higher shear strength and demonstrates better adhesion with PE-SiON than PE-SiN in scratch test. However, SOG-2.2 is damaged by conventional O2 plasma for photoresist stripping and also by wet processes for polymer removal. Using N2/H2 plasma for resist stripping, the damage can be minimized and moisture adsorption is significantly reduced, as evident in FTIR. In this work, SOG-2.2/Cu single damascene has been developed which demonstrates line-to-line capacitance reduction of 50%, compared with USG/Cu single damascene. Though there is leakage current in 0.23 /spl mu/m narrow spacing Cu line, TEM examination suggests that no Cu diffusion in low density SOG-2.2 inter-metal dielectric.