gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Near-infrared spectroscopic photoacoustic microscopy using a multi-color fiber laser source (2015)

We demonstrate a simple multi-wavelength optical source suitable for spectroscopic optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) of lipid-rich tissue. 1064 nm laser pulses are converted to multiple wavelengths beyond 1300 nm via nonlinear optical propagation in a birefringent optical fiber. OR-PAM experiments with lipid phantoms clearly show the expected absorption peak near 1210 nm. We believe this simple multi-color technique is a promising cost-effective approach to spectroscopic OR-PAM of lipid-rich tissue.
2-(3-<i>tert</i>-Butyldimethylsiloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)indole (2002)

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(32)H(39)NO(7)Si, all geometric parameters fall within experimental error of expected values. The analysis of molecular-packing plots reveals an infinite two-dimensional linear array running parallel to the b axis, formed by one N[bond]H...O intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interaction. Several potential C[bond]H...O interactions are also present.
Principles of Ad Hoc Networking (2007)

Principles of Ad Hoc Networking presents a systematic introduction to the fundamentals of ad hoc networks. An ad-hoc network is a small network, especially one with wireless or temporary plug-in connections. Typically, some of the network devices are part of the network only for the duration of a communications session or, in the case of mobile or portable devices, while in some close proximity to the rest of the network. These networks can range from small and static systems with constrained power resources to larger-scale dynamic and mobile environments. Wireless ad hoc networks facilitate numerous and diverse applications for establishing survivable dynamic systems in emergency and rescue operations, disaster relief and intelligent home settings. Principles of Ad Hoc Networking: Introduces the essential characteristics of ad hoc networks such as: physical layer, medium access control, Bluetooth discovery and network formation, wireless network programming and protocols. Explains the crucial components involved in ad-hoc networks in detail with numerous exercises to aid understanding. Offers key results and merges practical methodologies with mathematical considerations. Principles of Ad Hoc Networking will prove essential reading for graduate students in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Applied Mathematics and Physics as well as researchers in the field of ad hoc networking, professionals in wireless telecoms, and networking system developers. Check out www.scs.carleton.ca/~barbeau/pahn/index.htm for further reading, sample chapters, a bibliography and lecture slides!
Subdivision surfaces in MPEG-4 (2003)

SS (subdivision surfaces) are a powerful modelling paradigm for truly hierarchical (instead of merely progressive) 3D surface (as opposed to mesh) coding. Two SS-based tools of the MPEG-4 animation framework extension allow us to derive a piecewise smooth surface from an initial control mesh: if the subdivision process is run in its predefined form, the initial mesh is simply smoothed; if 3D details are added to the positions of the new vertices appearing after each subdivision step, a particular target surface may be approximated with an increasing accuracy. In both cases, multiresolution editing/animation is possible.
Susceptibility of various cell culture systems to bovine viral diarrhea virus. (1985)

A comparative study was carried out on the susceptibility of primary bovine embryo kidney (pBEK) cell cultures and those of three other cell culture systems, i.e., primary calf testicle (pCT) cells and two cell lines, one of which originated from bovine embryonic trachea (EBTr) and the other from buffalo lung (IMR-31), to bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus. The virus titers obtained in the three culture systems under study did not differ significantly from those of pBEK cells. Moreover, the growth curve study demonstrated thad the pCT cells, as well as the two cell lines, were similar to the pBEK cultures in their susceptibility to the virus. Accordingly, it appeared reasonable to conclude that pCT, EBTr and IMR-31 cell cultures possess the general requirements for use in studies on the BVD virus. However, inasmuch as the cytopathic effects (CPE) produced by the EBTr and the IMR-31 cell lines did not display any distinctive characteristics typical of BVD virus-induced CPE, it is recommended that the two cell lines not be used for isolation of the virus from specimen material.
Biologic markers and breast cancer: A multiparametric study—1. Increased serum protein levels (1982)

From early 1972 to the end of 1976, the profiles of several serum protein were used to monitor disease stage and prognosis of 207 patients with breast cancer. Six of these proteins, alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha-AT), alpha 2-ceruloplasmin (Cp), beta 1-transferrin, IgA, C4, and C5, were significantly elevated in these cancer patients and were used as biologic markers in a multiparametric study. Among these breast cancer patients, 72% had at least two of these protein levels elevated, of which alpha-AT (55%), C5 (38%), and IgA (36%) levels were most commonly raised. The number of elevated proteins was parallel to disease progression as 61% (Group 1) and 74% (Group 2) of the patients with operable breast cancer and 90% of patients with metastatic disease showed an elevation of two or more of these nonspecific proteins. There was also a positive correlation between the number of elevated proteins and prognosis; of the 26 patients who died during the five-year follow-up, only four (15%) had no more than one protein level elevated, and 22 (85%) had two or more protein levels elevated. On the other hand, when considered as a group, patients with no or only one protein level elevated had a better prognosis than patients with two or more levels elevated (P less than 0.03). This multiparametric study tends to indicate that the high level of these serum proteins, reflecting an abnormal biochemical profile, provides valuable information that relates to the stage of the disease and patients' prognosis. Results also suggest that these proteins may aid in differentiating the group with high recurrent risks from that with a more favorable prognosis for a given clinical and pathologic stage, illustrating their importance as biologic markers in breast cancer.
Systemic Injection of FGF-2 Stimulates Endocortical Bone Modelling in SAMP6, a Murine Model of Low Turnover Osteopenia. (1999)

The effects of systemically administered fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) at doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg/day for 7 days were investigated 5-week-old male SAMP6 mice, a model of low turnover osteopenia. The bone histomorphometry in the distal epiphyseal growth plate of the femur showed that 0.3 mg/kg/day of FGF-2 decreased the longitudinal growth rate and cartilage cell production rate and increased the growth plate width. Growth plate chondrocytes showed the features of defective endochondral ossification at the same dosage level. In the distal one third of the femur, the marrow trabecular area, endocortical mineral apposition rate and/or bone formation rate were increased in both the SAMP6 mice given 0.1 and 0.3 mg of FGF-2/kg/day. In this region, the endocortical osteoblasts were hypertrophied with some layers of overlying proliferated fibroblastic mesenchymal cells. The presence of small foci of bone formation within the layers of these mesenchymal cells indicates their osteogenic potential. On the other hand, the periosteal bone formation rate in the mid-shaft of the femur was depressed in the 0.3 mg/kg/day group. These results suggest that systemically administered FGF-2 may have the possibility to increase the peak bone mass in SAMP6 by stimulating the osteoprogenitor cells to proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts and enhancing endocortical bone modelling. The higher dose of FGF-2, however, inhibited both endochondral and periosteal bone formation.
Impaired Antigen Presentation and Effectiveness of Combined Active/Passive Immunotherapy for Epithelial Tumors (2004)

Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells can destroy epithelium expressing HPV16 E7 tumor antigen, but presentation of E7 antigen from skin is insufficient to reactivate memory CD8+ T cells induced by immunotherapy. Thus, effective cancer immunotherapy in humans may need to invoke sufficient effector as well as memory T cells.
The treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia. (1997)

Induction therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with standard-dose chemotherapy will result in 52% to 72% of patients achieving a complete remission (CR) on bone marrow morphology. Newer agents that appear to improve the outcome of induction therapy are etoposide, idarubicin, and high-dose cytarabine. New studies are now required to define new induction combinations and the place of these and other promising new drugs in the treatment. Standard attenuated postremission therapy is required after standard induction to maintain remission. However, new intensified postremission therapies have significantly improved outcome in de novo AML. This development has required re-examination of the value of intensive treatment. There is now clear clinical evidence that a dose-response effect is present for cytarabine in AML. The optimal placement of intensified treatment and marrow transplantation requires further study. In the future, it is likely that new treatment strategies will be defined by identifying new prognostic subgroups. To identify new successful induction treatments in AML, more precise measures of CR are required including an attempt to define cytogenetic CR and molecular CR wherever it can be applied. A theoretical model of blast cell kill would suggest that remission duration may be a useful clinical end point to study the influence of new induction therapies on residual resistant leukemia.
Pedunculated islet-cell tumour of the duodenum (1966)

An unusual islet-cell tumour found at necropsy in a patient who had died from a myocardial infarction is described. Of particular interest were the pedunculated nature and large size of the tumour. The clinical features of the case are considered. Four islet-cell tumours in the duodenum have previously been reported and it seems probable that such tumours arise in heterotopic pancreas.
Handbook of Fiber Chemistry (2006)

The Handbook of Fiber Chemistry, Third Edition provides complete coverage of scientific and technological principles for all major natural and synthetic fibers. Incorporating new scientific techniques, instruments, characterization, and processing methods, the book features important technological advances from the past decade, particularly
Combined Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) and MRI System for Cancer Imaging in Small Animals (2006)

Recently, there has been a great amount of interest in developing multi-modality imaging techniques for oncologic research and clinical studies with the aim of obtaining complementary information and, thus, improving the detection and characterization of tumors. In this present work, the details of a combined MR-diffuse optical imaging system for dual-modality imaging of small animals are given. As a part of this effort, a multi-spectral frequency domain diffuse optical tomography system is integrated with an MRI system. Here, a network analyzer provides the rf modulation signal for the laser diodes and measures the amplitude and the phase of the detected signals. Photomultiplier tubes are utilized to measure low-level signals. The integration of this optical imaging system with the 4T MRI system is realized by incorporating a fiber adaptive interface inside the MR magnet. Coregistration is achieved by a special probe design utilizing fiducial markers. A finite element algorithm is used to solve the diffusion equation and an inverse solver based on this forward solver is implemented to calculate the absorption and scattering maps from the acquired data. The MR a priori information is used to guide the optical reconstruction algorithm. Phantom studies show that the absorption coefficient of a 7 mm inclusion in an irregular object located in 64 mm phantom is recovered with 11% error when MR a priori information is used. ENU induced tumor model is used to test the performance of the system in vivo.
A new code construction for polar codes using min-sum density (2014)

Polar codes are capacity achieving codes for binary-input symmetric memoryless channels (B-SMCs) if the code word length tends to infinity. Its encoding and decoding complexity is low. However, low complexity in code construction holds only for some special B-SMCs like the binary erasure channel (BEC). For all other B-SMCs, the code construction becomes a trade off between low complexity and construction accuracy. This paper gives an overview on the most popular code construction methods including a new approach yielding to near optimum code construction while reducing the complexity and increasing robustness against numerical problems. In addition, we compare the performance of the presented methods in terms of frame error rates (FERs) for codes of length 2048.
Tolerating Soft Errors in Deep Learning Accelerators with Reliable On-Chip Memory Designs (2018)

Deep learning neural network (DNN) accelerators have been increasingly deployed in many fields recently, including safety-critical applications such as autonomous vehicles and unmanned aircrafts. Meanwhile, the vulnerability of DNN accelerators to soft errors (e.g., caused by high-energy particle strikes) rapidly increases as manufacturing technology continues to scale down. A failure in the operation of DNN accelerators may lead to catastrophic consequences. Among the existing reliability techniques that can be applied to DNN accelerators, fully-hardened SRAM cells are more attractive due to their low overhead in terms of area, power and delay. However, current fully-hardened SRAM cells can only tolerate soft errors produced by single-node-upsets (SNUs), and cannot fully resist the soft errors caused by multiple-node-upsets (MNUs). In this paper, a Zero-Biased MNU-Aware SRAM Cell (ZBMA) is proposed for DNN accelerators based on two observations: first, the data (feature maps, weights) in DNNs has a strong bias towards zero; second, data flipping from zero to one is more likely to cause a failure of DNN outputs. The proposed memory cell provides a robust immunity against node upsets, and reduces the leakage current dramatically when zero is stored in the cell. Evaluation results show that when the proposed memory cell is integrated in a DNN accelerator, the total static power of the accelerator is reduced by 2.6X and 1.79X compared with the one based on the conventional and on state-of-the-art full-hardened memory cells, respectively. In terms of reliability, the DNN accelerator based on the proposed memory cell can reduce 99.99% of false outputs caused by soft errors across different DNNs.
A YSO/LSO phoswich array detector for single and coincidence photon imaging (1998)

The performance of a phoswich array detector module for possible use in a combined single and coincidence photon imaging system has been evaluated. The detector consist of a linear array of discrete 4/spl times/4/spl times/15 mm/sup 3/ YSO elements coupled to a combined detector array/light guide of LSO, 10 mm thick. Since the scintillation light decay time is different in YSO and LSO (70 and 40 ns, respectively), events originating from the two detector materials can be separated by pulse shape discrimination. The front layer of YSO could then be used for detection of low energy, single photon events and the LSO layer for coincidence detection of annihilation radiation. The light collection of the PMTs coupled to the detector was found to be adequate to accurately identify each detector element in the array using the same positioning logic used in conventional EGO block detectors. The average energy resolution of the YSO elements at 140 keV for the block detector was found to be 14.5% FWHM, ranging from 13.8 to 15.4%. Spatial resolution of the detector block in single photon mode, using a high resolution collimator (geometric resolution 6.5 mm at 10 cm) was measured by scanning a /sup 99m/Tc line source. The resolution at 5 and 10 cm from the collimator face was found to be 5.9 and 8.5 mm FWHM, respectively.
Reduced-Order Modeling of Stratospheric Winds and Its Application in High-Altitude Balloon Trajectory Simulations (2017)

Abstract The knowledge of weather conditions at the stratosphere is important for the planning and execution of high-altitude balloon flights, which require an accurate modeling of weather data over a period of time. Various methods based on statistical analysis, artificial neural networks, and cluster analysis have been employed to model the temporal variation of weather parameters. In the present study, a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method has been used to study the spatial as well as temporal variations of wind data in Singapore. The use of POD facilitates a compact representation of the weather dataset and aids in faster computation of wind profiles for use in balloon trajectory simulation. Further, the results reveal the existence of the quasi-biennial oscillation phenomenon, which is characteristic of equatorial easterly–westerly winds. This phenomenon enables the development of a Fourier prediction model, which can be used in real-time balloon trajectory simulations. The Fourier model is observed to be sensitive to wind velocity fluctuations, especially in the vicinity of alternating wind directions. However, it provides a reasonable projection of balloon trajectory, which can be used in preliminary planning and testing of high-altitude flights. Thus, a prior knowledge of wind profiles based on POD or a Fourier model aids in balloon station keeping. A simple case of altitude-controlled balloon flight is presented, and the results highlight the advantages of the present method in balloon station keeping.
Relative Stability of Membrane Proteins in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1981)

The relative stability of membrane proteins in Escherichia coli was investigated to determine whether these proteins are degraded at heterogeneous rates and, if so, whether the degradative rates are correlated with the sizes or charges of the proteins. Cells growing in a glucose-limited chemostat with a generation time of 15 h were labeled with [(14)C]leucine. After allowing 24 h for turnover of (14)C-labeled proteins, the cells were labeled for 15 min with [(3)H]leucine. By this protocol, the rapidly degraded proteins have a high ratio of (3)H to (14)C, whereas the stable proteins have a lower ratio. The total cell envelope fraction was collected by differential centrifugation, and the proteins were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative ratio for each protein was determined by dividing its (3)H/(14)C ratio by the (3)H/(14)C ratio of the total membrane fraction. Although most of the 125 membrane proteins had relative ratios close to the average for the total membrane fraction, 19 varied significantly from this value. These differences were also observed when the order of addition of [(14)C]leucine and [(3)H]leucine was reversed. In control cultures labeled simultaneously with both isotopes, the relative ratios of these 19 proteins were similar to that of the total membrane fraction. Thirteen of these proteins had low relative ratios, which suggested that they were more stable than the average protein. An experiment in which the normal labeling procedure was followed by a 60-min chase period in the presence of excess unlabeled leucine suggested that the low relative ratios of 3 of these 13 proteins may be due to a slow post-translational modification step. Six membrane proteins had high relative ratios, which indicated that they were degraded rapidly. In contrast to the relationships found for soluble proteins in mammalian cells, there were no strong correlations between the degradative rates and either the isoelectric points or the molecular weights of membrane proteins in E. coli.
[The influence of oxygen partial pressure change and vascularization of rabbit wound through negative pressure wound therapy]. (2012)

PtO2 of wound surface could be reduced significantly by VSD. Expression of HIF-1α and content of VEGF were increased by VSD for enhancing differentiated state of VEC and construction of NBC, which were better for vascularization and wound healing.
Mathematical study of a petroleum-engineering scheme (2003)

Models of two phase flows in porous media, used in petroleum engineering, lead to a system of two coupled equations with elliptic and parabolic degenerate terms, and two unknowns, the saturation and the pressure. For the purpose of their approximation, a coupled scheme, consisting in a finite volume method together with a phase-by-phase upstream weighting scheme, is used in the industrial setting. This paper presents a mathematical analysis of this coupled scheme, first showing that it satisfies some a priori estimates: the saturation is shown to remain in a fixed interval, and a discrete L2(0,T;H1(Ω)) estimate is proved for both the pressure and a function of the saturation. Thanks to these properties, a subsequence of the sequence of approximate solutions is shown to converge to a weak solution of the continuous equations as the size of the discretization tends to zero.
Spectroscopic identification of 3-substituted 4-methoxycarbonyl-1,3-thiazolidine(or -oxazolidine)-2-thiones and 2-substituted thio-4-methoxycarbonyl-.DELTA.2-1,3-thiazolines(or -oxazolines). (1988)

rac-4-Methoxycarbonyl-Δ2-1, 3-thiazolines 2a-z and rac-4-methoxycarbony1-1, 3-thiazoline-2-thiones 3a, d-t were examined by carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet spectroscopic methods to provide a basis for spectroscopic identification of Δ2-1, 3-oxazolines and 1, 3-oxazolidine-2-thiones. X-Ray structural analysis of 3-(4'-bromobenzy1)-2-thioxo-1, 3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 4n was also carried out.
Clock Jitter Compensation in High-Rate ADC Circuits (2012)

Clock timing jitter refers to random perturbations in the sampling time in analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The perturbations are caused by circuit imperfections in the sampling clock. This paper analyzes the effect of sampling clock jitter on the acquired samples in the midst of random noise. We propose low-complexity digital signal processing methods for estimating the jitter in real-time for direct downconversion receivers at high sampling rates. We also propose adaptive compensation methods for the jitter and analyze the performance of the proposed techniques in some detail as well as through simulations.
Precursor‐Directed Biosynthesis of Polyketide and Nonribosomal Peptide Natural Products (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled Introduction Natural Product Biosynthesis Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis Applications of Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis Conclusion References
Electrically small PCB stack hemispherical helix antenna with air core (2017)

One benefit of electrically small antennas is the reduction in volume occupied by the antenna in a design. In order to further maximize the total volume afforded to the antenna, this paper investigates the impact of two different antenna core compositions that allow for circuit components to be placed within the antenna structure. An electrically small, hemispherical helix antenna realized through a stack of printed circuit boards has been evaluated with two different core configurations: an air core and a composite metal core. The composite metal core consists of both air and copper in order to achieve an integral Faraday cage, which is used to isolate the antenna from the components within the antenna structure.