gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic Esterification of Diols in Reverse Micellar Media (1994)

Abstract With the help of highly dynamic reverse micellar media, lipase‐catalyzed esterification reactions can be carried out at ambient conditions without any agitation. Having low water contents in reverse micellar media, these reversible reactions favor the esterification direction instead of the normal hydrolysis catalyzed by lipases. A proposed enzyme kinetic model has successfully predicted the reaction mechanism of lauric acid with 1,3‐propanediol in reverse micellar media. However, experiments conducted showed a likelihood of substrate inhibition at higher lauric acid concentrations (>70 mM) and a strong bonding effect among 1,3‐propanediol, water, and AOT head groups. The effect of water concentration in the reaction media was shown to be important. The optimal W o 's for achieving the greatest initial reaction rate and final conversion were 9 and 4 for Candida rugosa and Rhizopus delemar , respectively. For both lipases, reverse micellar media experiments showed a lipase localization possibility.
Physico-chemical characteristics of gamma-irradiated gelatin (2014)

This article reports the effects of gamma irradiation (dose ranges 0.1-10 kGy from <sup>60</sup>Co source) on the characteristics of solid gelatin and the physico-mechanical, microstructural and bioactive properties of the scaffold prepared from irradiated gelatin solution. FTIR, intrinsic viscosity, bloom strength, thermal properties, SEM, tensile properties, water uptake ability and antimicrobial activities of non-irradiated and irradiated solid gelatin and its scaffolds were investigated. The detailed experimental results for the solid gelatin demonstrated that 1 kGy γ-irradiated samples showed higher intrinsic viscosity, enhanced thermal stability and bloom strength than other irradiated samples. Furthermore, the scaffold thus prepared from irradiated and non-irradiated gelatin also revealed that 1 kGy samples showed the highest tensile strength and modulus with good water resistivity than other irradiated and non-irradiated samples. In addition to the physico-mechanical properties, 1 kGy scaffolds have also exhibited the highest resistivity towards microbial growth that can have potentiality as scaffold in biomedical sector. The enhanced functional and bioactive properties at low irradiation doses (1 kGy) may occurred due to an initial breaking of hydrogen bonds of polypeptide chains in gelatin molecules that indicated by the shift of amide A, I and II peaks to higher wave numbers in FTIR. This enhancement resulted probably due to the domination of crosslinking over degradation at 1 kGy. It was also observed that 1 kGy γ-radiation-induced crosslinking has lowered the hydrophilicity by decreasing water uptake and mean pore diameter of the interconnected porous structures of gelatin.
Enaminosucres et sucres halogénoacétyléniques. Communication préliminaire (1976)

Enamino‐ and Halogenoacetylenic sugars Traitment of an aldehydosugar ( 1 ) with secondary amines gave in an essentially quantitative yield the expected enamines ( 4–6 ). Chloro‐ and bromo‐acetylenic sugars ( 11–14 ) were obtained in good yields by reacting with lithium methylphenylamide the corresponding gem ‐dihalo‐olefinic sugars ( 7–10 ), whereas a Z‐gem ‐fluoro‐enamine ( 17 ) was formed when the difluoro‐olefinic sugar 15 was submitted to the same reaction. The fluoro‐enamine 17 is a useful synthetic intermediate allowing the preparation of several kinds of C ‐glycosylic compounds bearing heterocycles like isoxazole, chromone or coumarin.
Estimating the Precision of Exact Mass Measurements on an Orthogonal Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (2001)

The combination of orthogonal TOF/ESI MS exact mass measurement and on-line chromatography represents a powerful analytical tool for identifying unknown components in complex mixtures and is being widely utilized. The precision of these mass data is often incorrectly estimated as the precision or mean deviation obtained for reference standards under standard conditions. But, the precision of a mass measurement is dependent on the number of ions sampled in the measurement and, thus, is likely to be different for every measurement. A simple procedure for correctly estimating the precision of a specific mass measurement is presented, the limits of the procedure are investigated, and the utility and validity of the procedure are demonstrated.
The economics of vocational training : past evidence and future considerations (1985)

This paper: (i) presents a partial survey of the literature on the economics of vocational training to draw some lessons for evaluations; and (ii) indicates how much evaluations may be undertaken using data on pay, inputs and outputs. There are three important lessons. First, social, corporate and private returns to vocational training in developing countries appear to be high enough to justify expanding training activity. However, training in industrial institutes and vocational secondary schools is less cost-effective than more informal firm-based training, at least in Kenya, India and Israel. Also, Latin American data indicate that there may be substitutability between schooling and formal institutional vocational training. Second, in some sectors a more labour-intensive method of production is economically more efficient than current methods. Third, sophisticated production function analyses are plagued by statistical and measurement problems. Training can be evaluated using earnings data or output and input data. In all cases there are technical problems. In the face of such problems with earnings data a simpler before/after plant level study of changes in inputs or output associated with training may offer the most tractable evaluation method.
An NADH-Dependent Bacterial Thioredoxin Reductase-like Protein in Conjunction with a Glutaredoxin Homologue Form a Unique Peroxiredoxin (AhpC) Reducing System in <i>Clostridium pasteurianum</i> (2002)

Many eubacterial genomes including those of Salmonella typhimurium, Streptococcus mutans, and Thermus aquaticus encode a dedicated flavoprotein reductase (AhpF, Nox1, or PrxR) just downstream of the structural gene for their peroxiredoxin (Prx, AhpC) homologue to reduce the latter protein during turnover. In contrast, the obligate anaerobe Clostridium pasteurianum codes for a two-component reducing system upstream of the ahpC homologue. These three structural genes, herein designated cp34, cp9, and cp20, were previously identified upstream of the rubredoxin gene in C. pasteurianum, but were not linked to expression of the latter gene [Mathieu, I., and Meyer, J. (1993) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 112, 223-227]. cp34, cp9, and cp20 have been expressed in Escherichia coli, and their products have been purified and characterized. Cp34 and Cp9 together catalyze the NADH-dependent reduction of Cp20 to effect the reduction of various hydroperoxide substrates. Cp34, containing noncovalently bound FAD and a redox-active disulfide center, is an unusual member of the low-M(r) thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) family. Like Escherichia coli TrxR, Cp34 lacks the 200-residue N-terminal AhpC-reducing domain present in S. typhimurium AhpF. Although Cp34 is more similar to TrxR than to AhpF in sequence comparisons of the nucleotide-binding domains, experiments demonstrated that NADH was the preferred reductant (Km = 2.65 microM). Cp9 (a distant relative of bacterial glutaredoxins) is a direct electron acceptor for Cp34, possesses a redox-active CXXC active site, and mediates the transfer of electrons from Cp34 to several disulfide-containing substrates including 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), insulin, and Cp20. These three proteins are proposed to play a vital role in the defense of C. pasteurianum against oxidative damage and may help compensate for the putative lack of catalase activity in this organism.
Dual Requirement for the Yeast<i>MMS19</i>Gene in DNA Repair and RNA Polymerase II Transcription (1996)

Genetic and biochemical studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have indicated the involvement of a large number of protein factors in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of UV-damaged DNA. However, how MMS19 affects this process has remained unclear. Here, we report on the isolation of the MMS19 gene and the determination of its role in NER and other cellular processes. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that besides its function in NER, MMS19 also affects RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription. mms19delta cells do not grow at 37 degrees C, and mutant extract exhibits a thermolabile defect in Pol II transcription. Thus, Mms19 protein resembles TFIIH in that it is required for both transcription and DNA repair. However, addition of purified Mms19 protein does not alleviate the transcriptional defect of the mms19delta extract, nor does it stimulate the incision of UV-damaged DNA reconstituted from purified proteins. Interestingly, addition of purified TFIIH corrects the transcriptional defect of the mms19delta extract. Mms19 is, however, not a component of TFIIH or of Pol II holoenzyme. These and other results suggest that Mms19 affects NER and transcription by influencing the activity of TFIIH as an upstream regulatory element. It is proposed that mutations in the human MMS19 counterpart could result in syndromes in which both NER and transcription are affected.
Transfer alignment from a personal locator system to a handheld or head-mounted instrument (2011)

This paper presents a method for computing position and attitude of an instrument attached to the human body such as a handheld or head-mounted video camera. The system uses two Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). One IMU is part of our earlier-developed Personal Dead-Reckoning (PDR) system, which tracks the position and heading of a walking person relative to a known starting position. The other IMU is rigidly attached to the handheld or head-mounted instrument. Our existing PDR system is substantially more accurate than conventional IMU-based systems because the IMU is mounted on the foot of the user where error correction techniques can be applied that are unavailable for IMUs mounted anywhere else on the body. However, if the walker is waving a handheld or head-mounted instrument, the position and attitude of the instrument is not known. Equipping the instrument with an additional IMU is by itself an unsatisfactory solution because that IMU is subject to accelerometer and gyro drift, which, unlike in the case of the foot-mounted IMU, cannot be corrected and cause unbounded position and heading errors. Our approach uses transfer alignment techniques and takes advantage of the fact that the handheld IMU moves with the walker. This constraint is used to bound and correct errors by a Kalman filter. The paper explains our method and presents extensive experimental results. The results show up to a five-fold reduction in heading errors for the handheld IMU.
Electrical Power from Sea and River Water by Reverse Electrodialysis: A First Step from the Laboratory to a Real Power Plant (2010)

Electricity can be produced directly with reverse electrodialysis (RED) from the reversible mixing of two solutions of different salinity, for example, sea and river water. The literature published so far on RED was based on experiments with relatively small stacks with cell dimensions less than 10 × 10 cm(2). For the implementation of the RED technique, it is necessary to know the challenges associated with a larger system. In the present study we show the performance of a scaled-up RED stack, equipped with 50 cells, each measuring 25 × 75 cm(2). A single cell consists of an AEM (anion exchange membrane) and a CEM (cation exchange membrane) and therefore, the total active membrane area in the stack is 18.75 m(2). This is the largest dimension of a reverse electrodialysis stack published so far. By comparing the performance of this stack with a small stack (10 × 10 cm(2), 50 cells) it was found that the key performance parameter to maximal power density is the hydrodynamic design of the stack. The power densities of the different stacks depend on the residence time of the fluids in the stack. For the large stack this was negatively affected by the increased hydrodynamic losses due to the longer flow path. It was also found that the large stack generated more power when the sea and river water were flowing in co-current operation. Co-current flow has other advantages, the local pressure differences between sea and river water compartments are low, hence preventing leakage around the internal manifolds and through pinholes in the membranes. Low pressure differences also enable the use of very thin membranes (with low electrical resistance) as well as very open spacers (with low hydrodynamic losses) in the future. Moreover, we showed that the use of segmented electrodes increase the power output by 11%.
Self-Convergent Scheme for Logic-Process-Based Multilevel/Analog Memory (2005)

A multilevel/analog electrically erasable programmable read only memory cell fabricated by standard CMOS logic process is presented. The cell is operated by select-gate-controlled channel current induced drain avalanche hot hole for programming and hot electron for erasing. The self-convergent programming scheme proposed allows this cell to be easily adopted for the multilevel or analog storage. In addition, a compact SPICE subcircuit model of the cell has been established to facilitate cell behavior simulation with its interfacing circuits, especially for multilevel/analog nonvolatile memory applications.
Children's roles using keyword search interfaces at home (2010)

Children want to find information about their world, but there are barriers to finding what they seek. Young people have varying abilities to formulate multi-step queries and comprehend search results. Challenges in understanding where to type, confusion about what tools are available, and frustration with how to parse the results page all have led to a lack of perceived search success for children 7-11 years old. In this paper, we describe seven search roles children display as information seekers using Internet keyword interfaces, based on a home study of 83 children ages 7, 9, and 11. These roles are defined not only by the children's search actions, but also by who influences their searching, their perceived success, and trends in age and gender. These roles suggest a need for new interfaces that expand the notion of keywords, scaffold results, and develop a search culture among children.
ENCAPSULATION AND GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE DIFFERENT CELLS IN ALGINATE GEL BEADS CONTAINING RECONSTITUTED COLLAGEN FIBERS (2006)

Alginate gel beads containing reconstituted collagen fibers were fabricated and used to culture three different cells - GH3 pituitary tumor cells, L929 fibroblasts and rat calvaria osteoblasts. These cells when entrapped within the collagen-containing alginate behaved differently from those grown in the alginate matrix. Of the three cells tested, the existence of collagen fibers is most beneficial for the viability and proliferation of GH3 cells which can grow either as suspended or attached to the matrix. For the case of osteoblasts derived from the primary culture of rat calvaria, most of the cells entrapped in alginate lost their viability after seeding. The collagen fibers in the alginate gel beads nevertheless decelerated the apotosis process. Furthermore, the entrapped osteoblasts were capable of migrating out of the collagen-containing alginate matrix when the alginate gel beads were in contact with the culture dish. The mineralization of matrix, a key phenotypic expression of osteoblatic cells, was shown by von-Kosa staining on the culturing dish after 14 days cultivation of the cells which crawled out of the gel beads. The collagen-containing alginate beads appear to be more versatile than the conventional alginate gel beads for biomedical applications.
Encapsulation and Composition of Ontologies (1998)

Ontology concerns itself with the representation of the objects in the universe and the web of their various connections. The traditional task of ontol-ogists has been to extract from this tangle a single ordered structure, in the form of a tree or lattice. This structure consists of the terms that represent the objects, and the relationships that represent connections between objects. Recent work in on-tology goes so far as to consider several distinct, superimposed structures, which each represent a classification of the universe according to a partic-ular criterion. Our purpose is to defer the task of globally clas-sifying terms and relationships. Instead, we focus on composing them for use as we need them. We define contexts to be our unit of encapsulation for ontologies, and use a rule-based algebra to com-pose novel ontological structures within them. We separate context from concept, the unit of onto-logical abstraction. Also, we distinguish compo-sition from subsumption, or containment, the re-lationships which commonly provide structure to ontologies. Adding a formal notion of encapsula-tion and composition to ontologies leads to more dynamic and maintainable structures, and, we be-lieve, greater computational efficiency for knowl-edge bases.
Internet of things cloud mediator platform (2014)

Internet of things (IoT) will connect a huge amount of devices to the Internet. There will also be many applications that will use the generated data to provide a service to end-user. This presents a problem in situations when the application owner is not the device owner. Application owner needs to find and contact the owners of the devices that provide the data he needs. When done by a human, this process lasts a long time and costs a lot of money. In this paper, we propose a middleware architecture that connects the appropriate devices and applications. It is based on software agents representing devices and applications negotiating between each other on the terms by which the data can be used.
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay Detection of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Illicit Amphetamine Analogues* (1993)

The Abbott Diagnostics Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II and Amphetamine Class reagents were evaluated on the Abbott TDx for cross-reactivity to amphetamine and methamphetamine stereoisomers, several of their metabolites, and various illicit analogues, including 2-methoxyamphetamine, 4-hydroxymethamphetamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamine (DMA), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DOB), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine (BDMPEA), 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDA) N,N-dimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine, N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (N-OH MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOE), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), and mescaline in concentrations ranging from 100 to 100,000 ng/mL. Results demonstrate the utility of this assay for detection of several of the above compounds; unfortunately many are still not detectable. Significant differences were observed between the Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II and Amphetamine Class reagents, particularly regarding their cross-reactivity to over-the-counter medications. Detection of the drugs amphetamine, methamphetamine, and the illicit analogues is not enhanced with the Amphetamine Class reagents, and unless detection of the over-the-counter compounds is of interest, these reagents are a poor choice compared to the Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II reagents. Cross-reactivity of some of the illicit analogues is such that the assay can reliably be used for the routine screening of these compounds.
A new normal mode dv/dt filter with resistor failure detection circuit (2016)

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) will soon be replaced by wide band gap devices (SiC and GaN) as the choice for power semi-conductor switch in Voltage Source Inverters. These devices have extremely fast rise time and fall time compared to IGBT devices. The high dv/dt of PWM outputs create excessive voltage stress in the insulation system of AC motors due to voltage reflection issues associated with motors at large distances from the drive. In many oil field applications, the distance between the motor and the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) approaches 300m. In walking rig applications, it is common to use multiple smaller sized conductors per phase, bunched together, to achieve the desired ampacity. This practice results in higher than usual value of the cable parasitic capacitance. Traditional dv/dt filters used for mitigating over-voltage at motor terminals, have been found to be inadequate in reducing the over voltage at the motor terminals in such oil field installations. The damping resistor often experiences high voltage and gets damaged. A new dv/dt filter suitable for use with high power AC motors at distances nearing 300m with a built-in resistor failure detection circuit is proposed here. Test results are given to demonstrate its efficacy.
Differential Expression of Myrosinase Gene Families (1993)

In mature seeds of Brassica napus three major and three minor myrosinase isoenzymes were identified earlier. These myrosinases are known to be encoded by at least two different families of myrosinase genes, denoted MA and MB. In the work described in this paper the presence of different myrosinase isoenzymes in embryos, seedlings, and vegetative mature tissues of B. napus was studied and related to the expression of myrosinase MA and MB genes in the same tissues to facilitate future functional studies of these enzymes. In developing seeds, myrosinases of 75, 73, 70, 68, 66, and 65 kD were present. During seedling development there was a turnover of the myrosinase pool such that in 5-d-old seedlings the 75-, 70-, 66-, and 65-kD myrosinases were present, with the 70- and 75-kD myrosinases predominating. In 21-d-old seedlings the same myrosinases were present, but the 66- and 65-kD myrosinase species were most abundant. At flowering the mature organs of the plant contained only a 72-kD myrosinase. MA genes were expressed only in developing seeds, whereas MB genes were most highly expressed in seeds, seedling cotyledons, young leaves, and to a lesser extent other organs of the mature plant. During embryogenesis of B. napus, myrosinase MA and MB gene transcripts started to accumulate approximately 20 d after pollination and reached their highest level approximately 15 d later. MB transcripts accumulated to about 3 times the amount of MA transcripts. In situ hybridization analysis of B. napus embryos showed that MA transcripts were present predominatly in myrosin cells in the axis, whereas MB genes were expressed in myrosin cells of the entire embryo. The embryo axiz contained 75-, 70-, and 65-kD myrosinases, whereas the cotyledons contained mainly 70- and 65-kD myrosinases. Amino acid sequencing revealed the 75-kD myrosinase to be encoded by the MA gene family. The high degree of cell and tissue specificity of the expression of myrosinase genes suggests that studies of their transcription should provide interesting information concerning a complex type of gene regulation.
REAR SPEED DISPLAY : A MNEMONIC DEVICE TO IMPROVE DRIVER SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (1997)

In this paper, the authors describe a mnemonic rear speed display system which will allow a driver to simultaneously process the rear traffic scene as well as speed data. They first propose a theory of driving behavior known as event-drive calibration in which a driver is prompted to verify the intuitive sense of actual speed against the speedometer at the cue of a speed limit sign. This cognitive process is then exploited to enhance crash avoidance by placing a speed display at the backlight. The authors discuss the system hardware and present experimental test results and evaluation of the system. The advantages of such a system include solving the design problem in which the steering wheel blocks the dash cluster as well as being visually comfortable to use.