gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Systems Perspective on Early Olfactory Coding (1999)

This review critically examines neuronal coding strategies and how they might apply to olfactory processing. Basic notions such as identity, spatial, temporal, and correlation codes are defined and different perspectives are brought to the study of neural codes. Odors as physical stimuli and their processing by the early olfactory system, one or two synapses away from the receptors, are discussed. Finally, the concept of lateral inhibition, as usually understood and applied to odor coding by mitral (or equivalent) cells, is challenged and extended to a broader context, possibly more appropriate for olfactory processing.
Synthesis utilising the β-carbonyl system. Part 5. A synthesis directed towards the fungal xanthone bikaverin (1979)

2-[3-(1-Oxo-3-aminobut-2-enyl)-7-methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-4H-benzopyran-2-ylmethyl]dioxolans, (7a and b), with an ethoxycarbonylmethyl or methyl substituent on the 2-position, have been synthesised starting with three precursors corresponding to β-tetra-, β-tri-, and β-di-carbonyl compounds. Acid treatment of the 2-ethoxycarbonylmethyl compound (7a) afforded ethyl 3-(1-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3,8-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-2-yl)-3-oxopropanoate (13a) as the major product together with three minor products, including ethyl 2-acetyl-1-hydroxy-6-methoxy-8-methyl-9-oxoxanthen-3-ylacetate (11); whereas the 2-methyl compound (7b) yielded 2-acetyl1-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3,8-dimethylxanthen-9-one (13b), exclusively. The structures of (13a) and (17) were cosnfirmed by 13C n.m.r. Spectroscopy using the long-range selective proton-decoupling (LSPD) method. Formation of (13a) from (7a) is explained in terms of a Wessely–Moser rearrangement of the intermediary benzopyranone (9a) or the xanthone (10a) under mild acidic conditions. Base-catalysed cyclisation of the xanthone3-acetate (11) gave 8,10,11-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-1-methyl-12H-benzo[b]xanthen-12-one (20) in excellent yield.
Polymers from multifunctional isocyanates. II. Synthesis and polyaddition reactions of novel aliphatic diisocyanatoesters (1989)

Abstract Trimethylsiloxyalkyl and ‐aryl isocyanates were reacted with alkanedioic acid dichlorides (oxalyl‐, adipoyl‐, suberoyl dichloride) or isocyanatoalkanoyl chlorides (3‐isocyanatopropanoyl‐, 6‐isocyanatohexanoyl chloride) to give liquid low viscous diisocyanatoesters and ‐diesters in high yield. From these and 1,4‐butanediol, polyurethanes were made having a regular sequence of ester and urethane groups. The properties of the polymers, especially their thermal stability, are discussed with respect to their structure. They are mostly crystalline materials (mp 100–240°C). Thermogravimetry data indicate that polyurethanes based on diisocyanatoalkyl oxalates decompose 50–80°C lower than those based on other acids.
Single-polarization optical fibers: Slab model (1979)

Calculations for a simple three-layer slab model show that sufficient anisotropic strain birefringence can be introduced into germanosilicate, phosphosilicate, and borosilicate single-mode fibers to reduce the coupling between orthogonally polarized modes to a level of practical interest for single-mode single-polarization propagation.
Location Estimation Using Differential RSS with Spatially Correlated Shadowing (2009)

In this paper, we propose a new localization technique using differential received signal strength (DRSS) which does not require signal source cooperation for location estimation. Specifically, we introduce a DRSS-based localization framework as well as its geometric interpretation for both local and global positioning to facilitate understanding of the approach. Then, a least-squares (LS) optimization framework is formulated for DRSS-based location estimation (DRLE) which makes full use of the DRSS measurements available. Our study shows that the localization performance of DRLE and its RSS-based counterpart (RLE) is substantially affected by spatially correlated shadow fading under which their localization behaviors are found to be different. Finally, we argue that DRLE has practical advantages over other positioning techniques, and show that its location accuracy is comparable or even superior to RLE.
Nucleotide sequence of a human heart cDNA encoding the mitochondrial phosphate carrier (1991)

We have isolated and characterized a full length cDNA clone encoding the precursor of the human heart mitochondrial phosphate carrier protein. The entire clone is 1330 bp in length with 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of 48 and 184 bp, respectively. The open reading frame encodes the mature protein consisting of 312 amino acids, preceded by a presequence of 49 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of the mature human phosphate carrier is 93.6, 94.2 and 33.6% identical to that of the phosphate carrier from beef, rat and yeast, respectively. Like other mitochondrial transport proteins, the human phosphate carrier has a tripartite structure. Each of the three repeats contains two hydrophobic regions which presumably span the membrane in the form of alpha-helices.
Antigen Measurement Using ELISA (2009)

The initial description of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) almost 30 yr ago (1) marked a technological advance that has had an immense impact in both clinical diagnostic and basic scientific applications. This assay represents a simple and sensitive technique for specific, quantitative detection of molecules to which an antibody is available. Although there are a huge number of variations based on the original ELISA principle, this chapter focuses on perhaps the two most useful and routinely performed: (1) the indirect sandwich ELISA—providing high sensitivity and specificity and (2) the basic direct ELISA—useful when only one antibody to the sample antigen is available.
A biologically-inspired model for dynamic saliency detection (2014)

This paper proposes a biologically inspired model for dynamic saliency detection. Our work simulates the visual processing procedure in primary visual cortex, which differs from previous work on spatio-temporal information extraction and feature integration. We compute the spatio-temporal features by a 3D Gabor filters to simulate the response of neurons to different stimulus of their relative receptive fields. To integrate meaningful features, perceptual grouping is introduced to eliminate distracting features. The facilitative and suppressive interactions among neurons are simulated by convolution and half-wave rectification. Effective spatial and motion features are outputs of the stable responses of neurons after the interaction. Dynamic saliency maps are computed from these features as previous work did. We compare our model with four state-of-the-art dynamic saliency detection models on the public available ASCMN database. Our model achieves higher score for AUC, CC and NSS metric.
Biometric Template Storage With Blockchain: A First Look Into Cost and Performance Tradeoffs (2019)

We explore practical tradeoffs in blockchain-based biometric template storage. We first discuss opportunities and challenges in the integration of blockchain and biometrics, with emphasis in biometric template storage and protection, a key problem in biometrics still largely unsolved. Blockchain technologies provide excellent architectures and practical tools for securing and managing the sensitive and private data stored in biometric templates, but at a cost. We explore experimentally the key tradeoffs involved in that integration, namely: latency, processing time, economic cost, and biometric performance. We experimentally study those factors by implementing a smart contract on Ethereum for biometric template storage, whose cost-performance is evaluated by varying the complexity of state-of-the-art schemes for face and handwriting signature biometrics. We report our experiments using popular benchmarks in biometrics research, including deep learning approaches and databases captured in the wild. As a result, we experimentally show that straightforward schemes for data storage in blockchain (i.e., direct and hash-based) may be prohibitive for biometric template storage using state-of-the-art biometric methods. A good cost-performance tradeoff is shown by using a blockchain approach based on Merkle trees.
Metal-Loaded MgAl Oxides for Transesterification of Glyceryl Tributyrate and Palm Oil (2008)

MgAl hydrotalcites (Mg/Al molar ratios 3 and 4) were synthesized using alkali and alkali-free methods at different pH's. They were calcined to form MgAl oxides, and then loaded with Na, K metals at different content. The characterization was performed with XRD, BET, and FTIR techniques, and the basicity was determined using the Hammett titration method. The oxides prepared using the alkali method gave higher soluble basicity than ones using the alkali-free method. Glyceryl tributyrate was used as a model compound for vegetable oil to study transesterification with methanol catalyzed by the metal-loaded MgAl oxides. The results showed that the catalysts synthesized with a Mg/Al molar ratio of 4 and at pH 11 are more basic than those with a ratio of 3 and at pH 8, due to higher incorporation of Mg in the oxides, resulting in higher catalytic activity. For the metal-loaded catalysts, under the same reaction conditions, it was found that the MgAl oxide loaded with 1.5% K gave the highest activity. It was therefore used for the biodiesel synthesis from palm oil. The ester content and yield of biodiesel were 96% and 87% at temperature 100 °C in 9 h. The catalyst could be regenerated by recalcination and reloading metal.
Calcitonin stimulates gluconeogenesis in fasted rats. (1981)

The effect of calcitonin (CT) on gluconeogenesis was studied in fasted rats. The subcutaneous administration of CT (80 MRC mU/100 g BW) produced a significant increase in serum glucose concentration and a corresponding decrease in serum lactic acid, free fatty acid and alanine concentrations. These alterations were dose-dependent (20 and 40 MRC mU/100g BW). On the other hand, the serum glucose concentration was significantly elevated by a single intraperitoneal injection of alamine (100 mg/100 g BW). This increase was markedly enhanced by CT administration, and the appreciable effect was observed at a dose of 20 MRC mU/100 g BW. Also, the significant increase in serum glucose concentration caused by the injections of lactate, pyruvate. and alpha-ketoglutarate (100mg/100 g BW, respectively) was further enhanced by CT administration. The present results indicate that CT stimulates gluconeogenesis in fasted rats.
Direct Asymmetric Three‐Component Organocatalytic anti‐Selective Mannich Reactions in a Purely Aqueous System. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Solid-State Thin-Film Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode Coated with Graphene Oxide and Its Use in a pH Sensor (2015)

In this study, we describe a novel solid-state thin-film Ag/AgCl reference electrode (SSRE) that was coated with a protective layer of graphene oxide (GO). This layer was prepared by drop casting a solution of GO on the Ag/AgCl thin film. The potential differences exhibited by the SSRE were less than 2 mV for 26 days. The cyclic voltammograms of the SSRE were almost similar to those of a commercial reference electrode, while the diffusion coefficient of Fe(CN)63- as calculated from the cathodic peaks of the SSRE was 6.48 × 10-6 cm2/s. The SSRE was used in conjunction with a laboratory-made working electrode to determine its suitability for practical use. The average pH sensitivity of this combined sensor was 58.5 mV/pH in the acid-to-base direction; the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99. In addition, an integrated pH sensor that included the SSRE was packaged in a secure digital (SD) card and tested. The average sensitivity of the chip was 56.8 mV/pH, with the correlation coefficient being greater than 0.99. In addition, a pH sensing test was also performed by using a laboratory-made potentiometer, which showed a sensitivity of 55.4 mV/pH, with the correlation coefficient being greater than 0.99.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane over Lanthanum-Substituted Layered Complex Bismuth Chloride Oxide Catalysts (1997)

Abstract By the replacement of bismuth ion by lanthanum ion in the cation-oxygen sheet of SrBi3O4Cl3 catalyst having a layer structure, c value of the lattice decreased clearly, making the cation-oxygen sheet and the chlorine sheet closer, and the catalytic activity increased prominently for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. The activity increase can be attributed to the enhanced oxidation ability of the cation-oxygen sheet by the introduction of La.
Current status of novel antifibrotic therapies in patients with chronic liver disease (2011)

Fibrosis accumulation is a dynamic process resulting from a wound-healing response to acute or chronic liver injury of all causes. The cascade starts with hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis, which instigate inflammatory signaling by chemokines and cytokines, recruitment of immune cell populations, and activation of fibrogenic cells, culminating in the deposition of extracellular matrix. These key elements, along with pathways of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, represent fertile therapeutic targets. New therapies include drugs specifically designed as antifibrotics, as well as drugs already available with well-established safety profiles, whose mechanism of action may also be antifibrotic. At the same time, the development of noninvasive fibrogenic markers, and techniques (e.g. fibroscan), as well as combined scoring systems incorporating serum and clinical features will allow improved assessment of therapy response. In aggregate, the advances in the elucidation of the biology of fibrosis, combined with improved technologies for assessment will provide a comprehensive framework for design of antifibrotics and their analysis in well-designed clinical trials. These efforts may ultimately yield success in halting the progression of, or reversing, liver fibrosis.
Effect of the Core Material on Gelation of a HPAM / Chromium System at High Temperature (1996)

Abstract The system studied is designed for deep injector treatment, and can also be applied for treatment of a hot producer. Hence, it consists of polymer at a rather low concentration (0.5 weight% polyacrylamide) to ensure high mobility of the gelant. The crosslinker is chromium (oxidation state 3) protected by malonic acid, in order to slow down the gelation process, and to reduce retention. Large differences in the gelation process are observed depending on whether the gelation occurs in bulk or in a core. Also, large differences are observed between different cores. Here two outcrop sandstones (Berea and Bentheimer), and a North Sea reservoir sandstone have been used. The gelation process shows variations in: gelation time, critical chromium concentration, and changes in pH during gelation. Three important properties of the core material causing this behavior have been identified: 1) content of carbonates (mainly CaMg(CO3)2 and CaCO3) which controls the pH, and thereby the gelation time, the stability of the gel, and precipitation of chromium; 2) content of iron (mainly as FeCO3) - which affects the stability of the polymer; and 3) the amount of clays, which governs the cationic exchange capacity, and thereby the retention. The gelant behavior in the core material has to a large extent been reproduced in bulk by adding appropriate amounts of kaolinite, and the minerals/chemicals mentioned above, to the bulk solution. It is also shown how to compensate for these changes induced by the core material. The results from our study show that it is extremely important to know the mineral composition of the reservoir rock before a gel treatment is applied. This knowledge will enable us to avoid breakdown of our gel in regions where we want it to block water, and the prediction of shut-in time in case of a producer treatment is improved. In addition, our findings suggest that for reservoirs where there is a good correlation between low permeability and high clay content of the sand, which often is the case, one might avoid zone isolation when placing the gelant. Even for a relatively high value of vertical to horizontal permeability, a successful gel treatment seems possible with bullhead injection. The treatment can be used both for injectors and producers, and the effect will increase with increasing depth.
Modulation of sex hormone secretion in cows by acute infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (2002)

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a major pathogen of cattle and is responsible for considerable reproductive loss. In this study, the in vivo responses in six multiparous cows were investigated after a non-cytopathogenic BVDV challenge (strain Pe 515; 5 x 10(6) tissue culture infective dose 50) given 9 days before a synchronized ovulation. Six similar cows challenged with non-infectious culture medium served as controls. The experimental noncytopathogenic BVDV infection was followed by a viraemia and leucopenia at days 5-9 after challenge, but no other clinical signs of infection were detected. However, the BVDV infection altered endocrine function. Mean LH pulse frequency immediately before CIDR withdrawal was lower (P < or = 0.05) in the BVDV-infected (2.17 +/- 0.34 pulses per 8 h) compared with the sham-infected (4.83 +/- 1.04 pulses per 8 h) animals. At day 3 after CIDR withdrawal, plasma oestradiol concentrations remained high (P < 0.05) in the infected cows (2.19 +/- 0.51 pg ml(-1)) compared with the sham-infected controls (0.72 +/- 0.29 pg ml(-1)). However, there was no difference in the peak oestradiol concentration (BVDV: 2.31 +/- 0.29 versus sham: 2.34 +/- 0.41 pg ml(-1)). In addition, non-cytopathogenic BVDV significantly (P < 0.05) increased the duration of the interval between ovulation and onset of the postovulatory progesterone increase (values 1.0 ng ml(-1)) (BVDV: 3.0 +/- 0.26 versus sham: 4.0 +/- 0.26 days). The viral infection also significantly (P < 0.01) decreased mean plasma progesterone concentrations between day 3 and day 11 after ovulation (BVDV: 2.59 +/- 0.32 versus sham: 4.13 +/- 0.27 ng ml(-1)). These data show that non-cytopathogenic BVDV viraemias during the follicular phase can modulate the secretion of gonadotrophins and sex steroids, in particular progesterone, during a synchronized oestrous cycle. Therefore, viraemias during the follicular phase may reduce the fertility of cattle by disrupting the capacity of the ovulatory follicle to form a competent corpus luteum, thereby compromising early embryo development and maternal recognition of pregnancy.
Generation of high-power femtosecond light pulses at 1 kHz in the mid-infrared spectral range between 3 and 12 µm by second-order nonlinear processes in optical crystals (2001)

We review methods for frequency conversion of amplified femtosecond laser pulses from the near- to the mid-infrared. The potential of all commercially available optical crystals is evaluated on the basis of the specific requirements in the high-power femtosecond regime. A comparative experimental study of a number of materials (birefringent and quasi-phase-matched) employed in a seeded optical parametric amplifier pumped near 800 nm is presented, where the generated idler is tunable between 3 and 4 µm. Internal conversion efficiencies as high as 40% and pulse energies as high as 20 µJ are achieved in this spectral range. Wavelength tunability up to 12 µm with energies exceeding 1 µJ is demonstrated by pumping optical parametric amplifiers and generators near 1.25 and 2 µm, as well as by difference frequency generation with a quantum efficiency of 40-80%. In all cases the generated mid-infrared pulses are almost bandwidth limited with a duration of 100-200 fs.
Creating a diabetes foot reminder-based registry using theelectronic medical record (2010)

The registry system resulted in improved discrimination of the highest foot risk. Further testing is recommended.
Bone and Suture Regeneration in Calvarial Defects by e-PTFE-Membranes and Demineralized Bone Matrix and the Impact on Calvarial Growth: An Experimental Study in the Rat (2002)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of: guided tissue regeneration (GTR) alone, implantation of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) alone, and of the combined treatment on the healing of craniectomy defects involving the sagittal cranial suture, and to examine subsequent calvarial growth. Sixty four-week-old rats were used in the study. These animals were randomly assigned to five groups (A-E) of 12 animals. In four groups (A-D), a calvarial defect (5.0 mm) involving the sagittal suture was produced in each animal. Group A: The defect was left untreated. Group B: DBM was implanted into the defect. Group C: The cerebral and the galeal aspect of the defect was covered with an e-PTFE membrane. Group D: The defect was treated with the double membrane technique combined with implantation of DBM. Group E: The animals were sham-operated, no defect was created. In all groups, two gutta-percha points were placed to indicate the lateral borders of the parietal bones. Histological analysis 4 months following surgery showed that the untreated cranial defects (A) had healed with fibrous connective tissue in the midportion of the defect. The DBM grafted defects (B) healed either completely with bone containing DBM particles or partially with bone and connective tissue. The defects (D) treated with DBM combined with GTR healed completely with bone, while the defects (C) treated with membranes alone healed with bone but a suture-like tissue similar to the normal sagittal suture of the sham-operated controls (E) was always present in the midportion of the defect. Cephalometric radiography demonstrated that the membrane-treated (C) and the sham-operated animals (E) exhibited similar coronal growth of the cranial vault following treatment. Craniometric measurements on chemically defleshed specimens showed that sham-operated and membrane-treated animals presented significantly more biparietal width than the animals treated with DBM alone or DBM combined with GTR (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that predictable osseous healing including the formation of a sagittal suture can be accomplished in craniectomy defects by GTR, and undisturbed cranial growth reestablished. The treatment of the defects with DBM alone or DBM combined with GTR resulted in craniosynostosis and reduced cranial growth.
Gain deficit effect in the fractional delay filter design by the window method (2009)

The window method is a fast and efficient approach to fractional delay filter design. However, gain of designed filter, differs from the ideal value which should be equal one. This effect, called gain deficit, negatively affects filter quality. The essence of the gain deficit problem as well as method and results of gain deficit correction are stated in this article. The influence of gain deficit correction on frequency response of the fractional delay filter and approximation error is discussed. An algorithm for finding optimum gain deficit correction factor has been proposed and relations between correction factor and filter and window parameters are presented in the paper.