gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study to Reduce the Fracture Pressure of High Strength Rocks Using a Novel Thermochemical Fracturing Approach (2019)

Current oil prices and global financial situations underline the need for the best engineering practices to recover remaining oil from unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. These hydrocarbon reservoirs are mostly situated in deep and overpressured formations, with high rock strength and integrity. Breakdown pressure of the rock is a function of their tensile strength and in situ stresses acting on them. Fracturing stimulation techniques become challenging when treating these types of rocks, and many cases approached to the operational limits. This leaves a small operational window to initiate and place hydraulic fractures. In this study, a new methodology to reduce the breakdown pressure of the high stressed rock is presented. The new method enables the fracturing of high stressed rocks more economically and efficiently. Fracturing experiments were carried out on different blocks, and the breakdown pressure was measured by creating a simulated borehole at the center of the block. Thermochemical fluids were injected to create the microfractures. These microfractures improved the permeability and porosity and reduced the elastic strength of the subjected samples prior to the main hydraulic fracturing job. The posttreatment experimental analysis confirmed the presence of microfractures which were originated due to the pressure pulse generated from the thermochemical reaction. The results of this study showed that the newly formulated method of thermochemical fracturing reduced the breakdown pressure by 38% in slim borehole blocks and 60% in large borehole blocks. Results also showed that the breakdown time to initiate the fractures was reduced to 19% in slim borehole blocks and 17% in large borehole blocks. The reduction in breakdown pressure and breakdown time happened due to the creation of microfractures by the pressure rise phenomenon in a new thermochemical fracturing approach.
An Intervention to Decrease Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in the ICU (2006)

An evidence-based intervention resulted in a large and sustained reduction (up to 66%) in rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection that was maintained throughout the 18-month study period.
Effect of Randomly Networked Carbon Nanotubes in Silicon-Based Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2009)

Despite the advantageous characteristics of a carbon nanotube (CNT), commercially reliable Si-CNT nanocomposites have not yet been developed due to the difficulties in effective dispersion of CNTs and low initial coulombic efficiency arising from the high surface area of CNTs. In this study, we present a facile wet-type milling process, providing Si-CNT nanocomposites with excellent electrochemical performances (initial , initial coulombic efficiency , and improved lifetime) through a proper selection of a liquid medium and a post-thermal treatment. The improved performance is largely contributed from a suppressed oxidation of silicon nanograins as well as a stronger linkage between silicon and CNTs. The comparison of a series of Si-carbon nanocomposites prepared by an identical method but using different types of carbons indicates that only the one-dimensional CNT achieved effective percolation through the randomly networked electrical conduction in silicon nanograin aggregates.
Major Scientific Advances with Dairy Foods in Nutrition and Health (2006)

A large body of scientific evidence collected in recent decades demonstrates that an adequate intake of calcium and other nutrients from dairy foods reduces the risk of osteoporosis by increasing bone acquisition during growth, slowing age-related bone loss, and reducing osteoporotic fractures. These results have culminated in the new (2005) Dietary Guidelines for Americans that now recommend 3 servings of milk products per day to reduce the risk of low bone mass and contribute important amounts of many nutrients that may have additional health attributes beyond bone health. A number of animal, observational, and clinical studies have shown that dairy food consumption can help reduce the risk of hypertension. Clinical trials indicate that the consumption of recommended levels of dairy products, as part of a healthy diet, can contribute to lower blood pressure in individuals with normal and elevated blood pressure. Emerging data also indicate that specific peptides associated with casein and whey proteins can significantly lower blood pressure. In addition, a growing body of evidence has provided support for a beneficial effect of dairy foods on body weight and fat loss. Clinical studies have demonstrated that during caloric restriction, body weight and body fat loss occurs when adequate calcium is provided by supplements and that this effect is further augmented by an equivalent amount of calcium supplied from dairy foods. Several studies support a role for calcium, vitamin D, and dairy foods against colon cancer. Additionally, conjugated linoleic acid, a fatty acid found naturally in dairy fat, confers a wide range of anticarcinogenic benefits in experimental animal models and is especially consistent for protection against breast cancer.
New perspectives on viable microbial communities in low-biomass cleanroom environments (2012)

The advent of phylogenetic DNA microarrays and high-throughput pyrosequencing technologies has dramatically increased the resolution and accuracy of detection of distinct microbial lineages in mixed microbial assemblages. Despite an expanding array of approaches for detecting microbes in a given sample, rapid and robust means of assessing the differential viability of these cells, as a function of phylogenetic lineage, remain elusive. In this study, pre-PCR propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment was coupled with downstream pyrosequencing and PhyloChip DNA microarray analyses to better understand the frequency, diversity and distribution of viable bacteria in spacecraft assembly cleanrooms. Sample fractions not treated with PMA, which were indicative of the presence of both live and dead cells, yielded a great abundance of highly diverse bacterial pyrosequences. In contrast, only 1% to 10% of all of the pyrosequencing reads, arising from a few robust bacterial lineages, originated from sample fractions that had been pre-treated with PMA. The results of PhyloChip analyses of PMA-treated and -untreated sample fractions were in agreement with those of pyrosequencing. The viable bacterial population detected in cleanrooms devoid of spacecraft hardware was far more diverse than that observed in cleanrooms that housed mission-critical spacecraft hardware. The latter was dominated by hardy, robust organisms previously reported to survive in oligotrophic cleanroom environments. Presented here are the findings of the first ever comprehensive effort to assess the viability of cells in low-biomass environmental samples, and correlate differential viability with phylogenetic affiliation.
[Genetic diversity and differentiation of Fagopyrum tataricum and its related species in China]. (2002)

Genetic diversity and differentiation among 50 populations of total 8 species and 1 variety of Fagopyrum tataricum and its related species from 27 counties of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, Southwest China were investigated using allozyme electrophoresis. Seven enzymesat 12 loci were assessed. The result shows that among 8 species and 1 variety, inbreeding coefficient is -0.54(-)-0.80, which means hterozogote excess. Higher genetic diversity was found in the wild related species of F. tataricum than in F. tataricum. F. dibotrys has the highest Fst value, which means that more genetic variations exist among its populations. The lowest Fst value shows that less genetic variations exist among population of F. gracilipes whic is close to panmictic There is almost no genetic differentiation between populations of F. statice. Genetic similarity is 55.3%-65.2% between species of F. tataricum and its related species, which is close to the average level among species in seed plants. According to the cluster analysis of genetic similarity, F. gracillipes is most close to F. tataricum and F. esculentum. Jinsha River region is the distributional and original center of F. tataricum and its related species.
L-carnosine inhibits high-glucose-mediated matrix accumulation in human mesangial cells by interfering with TGF-  production and signalling (2011)

L-carnosine can modulate matrix accumulation in two ways. Firstly, inhibition of TGF-β production might result in an overall inhibition of matrix accumulation and secondly, L-carnosine inhibits TGF-β-induced matrix accumulation, most likely via inhibition of the ALK5 pathway.
A High Level Architecture-based Medical Simulation System (1999)

The Combat Trauma Patient Simulation (CTPS) is a dual purpose training and analysis simulation system that provides an "end-to- end" simulation of the military medical treat ment process for combat trauma injuries from the time of occurrence through initial treatment at the field hospital. CTPS was built by inte grating a set of existing commercial and mili tary simulations, each specialized for a differ ent part of the process. None of the integrated simulators was initially interoperable, or even designed to be interoperable, with the others. The integration was achieved using the High Level Architecture (HLA), together with inter face modules for each of the simulators. The HLA ownership transfer services were central to the system's design.
Enforced expression of Lin28b leads to impaired T-cell development, release of inflammatory cytokines, and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (2012)

LIN28A and LIN28B, the mammalian homologs of lin-28, are implicated in malignant transformation in part because of their ability to promote degradation of the let-7 family of miRs. In the present study, we show that overexpression of Lin28b in vivo leads to an aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) characterized by widespread infiltration of parenchymal organs with malignant CD4(+) cells. Similar to patients with PTCL, Lin28b-transgenic mice show signs of inflammation such as eosinophilia, increased C-reactive protein, release of inflammatory cytokines, and pleural effusion. The PTCLs that develop in Lin28b mice are derived from activated T cells and show decreased let-7 expression, increased Il6 expression, activation of NF-κB, and infiltration of B cells, all resulting in an inflammatory microenvironment. In addition, LIN28B is overexpressed 7.5-fold in PTCL patient samples compared with activated CD4(+) cells. The results of the present study demonstrate for the first time that Lin28b can transform primary cells in vivo, identify a previously unsuspected link between Lin28b and PTCL, and provide a unique animal model for the study of PTCL biology and therapy.
Permissive corridor and diffusible gradients direct medial ganglionic eminence cell migration to the neocortex (2003)

Young neurons born in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) migrate a long distance dorsally, giving rise to several types of interneurons in neocortex. The mechanisms that facilitate selective dorsal dispersion of MGE cells while restricting their movement ventrally into neighboring regions are not known. Using microtransplantation into fetal brain slices and onto dissociated substrate cells on floating filters (spot assay), we demonstrate that ventral forebrain regions neighboring the MGE are nonpermissive for MGE cell migration, whereas the dorsal regions leading to the neocortex are increasingly permissive. Spot assay experiments using filters with different pore sizes indicate that the permissive factors are not diffusible. We also show that MGE cells respond to chemoattractive and inhibitory factors diffusing from the neocortex and ventromedial forebrain, respectively. We propose that the final extent and regional specificity of MGE cell dispersion is largely dictated by contact guidance through a selectively permissive environment, flanked by nonpermissive tissues. In addition, we propose that chemotactic guidance cues superimposed over the permissive corridor facilitate efficient dorsal migration of MGE cells.
Gated Feedback Refinement Network for Coarse-to-Fine Dense Semantic Image Labeling (2018)

Effective integration of local and global contextual information is crucial for semantic segmentation and dense image labeling. We develop two encoder-decoder based deep learning architectures to address this problem. We first propose a network architecture called Label Refinement Network (LRN) that predicts segmentation labels in a coarse-to-fine fashion at several spatial resolutions. In this network, we also define loss functions at several stages to provide supervision at different stages of training. However, there are limits to the quality of refinement possible if ambiguous information is passed forward. In order to address this issue, we also propose Gated Feedback Refinement Network (G-FRNet) that addresses this limitation. Initially, G-FRNet makes a coarse-grained prediction which it progressively refines to recover details by effectively integrating local and global contextual information during the refinement stages. This is achieved by gate units proposed in this work, that control information passed forward in order to resolve the ambiguity. Experiments were conducted on four challenging dense labeling datasets (CamVid, PASCAL VOC 2012, Horse-Cow Parsing, PASCAL-Person-Part, and SUN-RGBD). G-FRNet achieves state-of-the-art semantic segmentation results on the CamVid and Horse-Cow Parsing datasets and produces results competitive with the best performing approaches that appear in the literature for the other three datasets.
A new wheel control system for the omnidirectional HERMIES-III robot (1992)

SUMMARY We have designed, built, and tested a new wheel control system for the HERMIES-III robot. HERMIES-III is a large mobile robot with omnidirectional steering that is designed for human scale experiments. During each cycle (at 20 Hz), the wheel control system moves the robot toward a goal and calculates the current position of the robot. The system has seven modes for moving to a goal and the goal may be changed during motion of the robot.
Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx and cAMP elevation overcame botulinum toxin A but not tetanus toxin inhibition of insulin exocytosis (2001)

Previous reports showed that cleavage of vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP-2) and synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) by clostridial neurotoxins in permeabilized insulin-secreting beta-cells inhibited Ca(2+)-evoked insulin secretion. In these reports, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein target receptor proteins might have formed complexes, which preclude full accessibility of the putative sites for neurotoxin cleavage. In this work, VAMP-2 and SNAP-25 were effectively cleaved before they formed toxin-insensitive complexes by transient transfection of insulinoma HIT or INS-1 cells with tetanus toxin (TeTx) or botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A), as shown by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. This resulted in an inhibition of Ca(2+) (glucose or KCl)-evoked insulin release proportionate to the transfection efficiency (40-50%) and an accumulation of insulin granules. With the use of patch-clamp capacitance measurements, Ca(2+)-evoked exocytosis by membrane depolarization to -10 mV was abolished by TeTx (6% of control) but only moderately inhibited by BoNT/A (30% of control). Depolarization to 0 mV to maximize Ca(2+) influx partially overcame BoNT/A (50% of control) but not TeTx inhibition. Of note, cAMP activation potentiated Ca(2+)-evoked secretion by 129% in control cells but only 55% in BoNT/A-transfected cells and had negligible effects in TeTx-transfected cells. These results indicate that, whereas VAMP-2 is absolutely necessary for insulin exocytosis, the effects of SNAP-25 depletion on exocytosis, perhaps on insulin granule pool priming or mobilization steps, could be partially reversed by higher levels of Ca(2+) or cAMP potentiation.
NDT education improvements through the North Central Collaboration for NDT (2001)

The North Central Collaboration for Education in NDE/NDT is an effort aimed at enhancing NDE education and improving articulation between community college technician programs and university technical degree programs. NDT instructors at four community colleges are working with the staff at the Center for NDE at Iowa State University. Through this arrangement, advanced teaching methods and new materials that allow students to learn concepts better and in less time are being developed. For example, materials have been developed that will facilitate the use of an X-ray inspection simulation program in teaching basic radiography. Course materials have been developed and posted on the Internet that allow instructors to use interactive Java applets to better illustrate and explain difficult to grasp concepts. Some of the materials introduce subjects that are not currently extensively taught such as real-time radiography and distance-amplitude-correction (DAC) through curved surfaces. This paper will review NDT technician education, discuss the need for improvement in the methods used to educate technicians and highlight some of the efforts of the collaboration.
Fast fisheye camera calibration method using stereoscopic calibration board (2016)

Aiming at the complexity of current fisheye camera calibration procedures, a study on fast fisheye camera calibration method is carried out in this paper. A stereoscopic calibration board is designed, which comprises three chessboards with red boundaries. After image segmentation according to the planes that different chessboard zones belong to, and running corner detection on each part separately, mapping between 2D image coordinates and 3D world coordinates is achieved. Based on a catadioptric imaging model, a method is introduced to calculate the pa?rameters for stereoscopic calibration. Experiments are conducted to compare this stereoscopic calibration with usual plane?multi?image calibration. The calibration accuracy is evaluated by results of distortion correction and the accu?racy of projection from image coordinates to world coordinates. Results indicate that stereoscopic calibration has the same accuracy as that of plane?multi?images calibration and has even greater robustness. Moreover, stereoscopic calibration simplifies the calibration process and shortens the time involved to a great extent.
Power electronics in hybrid electric vehicle applications (2003)

Hybrid electric vehicles are enjoying moire widespread customer acceptance than battery electric vehicles because of their performance and economy. Today two of the major global automotive companies have hybrid electric vehicles for sale in most areas of the globe with cumulative sales now exceeding 120k. Whereas battery electric vehicles may find niche applications in route travel and short commuting the hybrid electric vehicle provides un-compromised utility and fuel economy benefits ranging from 5% to 50% or higher compared to the nonhybrid base vehicle. AC drives are now ubiquitous in hybridized power trains due to their high durability and ease of control via power electronics. However, because of the unique application requirements of an automotive propulsion system the present AC drives are still inadequate in meeting the full drive system performance requirements and package volume targets. Consequently, today's hybridized power trains continue to utilize AC drives that have either over rated electric machines or power electronics or both. This paper is motivated by the premise that the most economical solution to wide CPSR and overall performance of AC drives for hybrids rests on power electronics. The paper describes the present situation and what efforts are underway, principally in transmission systems, to provide AC drives that are better matched to personal transportation vehicles.
PHOTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF OXAZINE, THIAZINE AND SELENAZINE DYES. THE REACTIVITY OF PROTOLYTIC TRIPLET FORMS IN ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS (1976)

Abstract— The photoreduction of oxonine, thionine and selenine with the reducing agent allylthiourea was investigated by flash photolysis. The oxonine triplet state was produced by triplet‐triplet energy transfer with 9,10‐dibromoanthracene as donor. For all three dyes the rate constant of the electron transfer is considerably higher for the acid triplet form than that of the corresponding reaction of the basic triplet form. It is shown that the higher reactivity of the acid triplet can be related to its higher reduction potential which is available from the difference of the pK values of triplet and semiquinone of the dye.
A self-adaptive algorithm for small targets detection in clutter scene inspired by insects compound eye (2010)

It is an intriguing challenge that insects can catch small moving targets amidst the clutter and moving scene accurately by the compound eye system which is with limited resolution. Especially when the velocity of the target is matched to the background, insect can also detect and catch it. Inspired by the neural mechanism of compound eye, this paper proposed a bio-inspired nonlinear self-adaptive detector algorithm to detect small move targets in the clutter scene. At first, multiple spatial-temporal filters were used to degrade the clutter background and enhanced the contrast between target and background. Then the scene was divided into two independent polarity contrast channels, so that the texture and noise were suppressed effectively. At last the different polarity channels were correlated like Reichardt Elementary Motion-Detector. This proposed algorithm didn't need to estimate the background and the relative motion between target and background, just dependent on the multi-spatiotemporal filter to extract the small targets. Compared with the common signal process algorithm, the bio-inspired detection algorithm was fast, easy and robust.
Characterization of Nkx6-2-Derived Neocortical Interneuron Lineages (2009)

Ventral telencephalic progenitors expressing the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx6-2 have been shown to give rise to a multitude of cortical interneuron subtypes usually associated with origin in either the medial ganglionic eminence or the caudal ganglionic eminence. The function of Nkx6-2 in directing the fate of those progenitors has, however, not been thoroughly analyzed. We used a combination of genetic inducible fate mapping and in vivo loss-of-function to analyze the requirement of Nkx6-2 in determining the fate of cortical interneurons. We have found that interneuron subtypes are born with a characteristic temporal pattern. Furthermore, we extend the characterization of interneurons from the Nkx6-2 lineage through the application of electrophysiological methods. Analysis of these populations in Nkx6-2 null mice suggests that there is a small and partially penetrant loss of delayed non-fast spiking somatostatin/calretinin double positive cortical interneurons in the absence of Nkx6-2 gene function.
Self-assembly of well-defined ferrocenetriblock copolymers and their template synthesis of ordered iron oxide nanoparticles (2012)

Well-defined ferrocene-containing triblock copolymers were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and self-assembled into highly ordered hexagonal arrays of cylinders via solvent annealing. The thin films were further used as a template and converted into highly ordered iron oxide nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3) by UV/ozonolysis and thermal pyrolysis.