gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frontier search (2005)

The critical resource that limits the application of best-first search is memory. We present a new class of best-first search algorithms that reduce the space complexity. The key idea is to store only the Open list of generated nodes, but not the Closed list of expanded nodes. The solution path can be recovered by a divide-and-conquer technique, either as a bidirectional or unidirectional search. For many problems, frontier search dramatically reduces the memory required by best-first search. We apply frontier search to breadth-first search of sliding-tile puzzles and the 4-peg Towers of Hanoi problem, Dijkstra's algorithm on a grid with random edge costs, and the A* algorithm on the Fifteen Puzzle, the four-peg Towers of Hanoi Problem, and optimal sequence alignment in computational biology.
HLA-B27 DNA Typing using Group Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (1996)

HLA-B27 gene, one of the HLA-class Ⅰ molecule, is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis. It has been most frequently used as a disease-correlated HLA gene by clinicians. In most laboratories, conventional HLA-B27 typing is still performed by cell cytotoxicity tests or fluorescence serology with specific antibodies. In this study, DNA typing method for HLA-B27 was developed by using group specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Four HLA-B27 cell lines (HOM-2, JESTHOM, WT24 and BTB) and fifty six B27 Korean individuals defined by serology were used. The results of control cell and B-27 positive individual samples were correlated well with the data which was performed by serological method. All of B27 positive PCR products gave positive signals on Southern blot hybridization with B27 specific probe. This study shows that the HLA-B27 DNA typing is a relatively simple, fast and practical tool for the determination of the HLA-B27 gene in routine clinical laboratory work.
IL-4 gene therapy for collagen arthritis suppresses synovial IL-17 and osteoprotegerin ligand and prevents bone erosion (2000)

Bone destruction is the most difficult target in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we report that local overexpression of IL-4, introduced by a recombinant human type 5 adenovirus vector (Ad5E1mIL-4) prevents joint damage and bone erosion in the knees of mice with collagen arthritis (CIA). No difference was noted in the course of CIA in the injected knee joints between Ad5E1mIL-4 and the control vector, but radiographic analysis revealed impressive reduction of joint erosion and more compact bone structure in the Ad5E1mIL-4 group. Although severe inflammation persisted in treated mice, Ad5E1mIL-4 prevented bone erosion and diminished tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, indicating that local IL-4 inhibits the formation of osteoclast-like cells. Messenger RNA levels of IL-17, IL-12, and cathepsin K in the synovial tissue were suppressed, as were IL-6 and IL-12 protein production. Osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL) expression was markedly suppressed by local IL-4, but no loss of OPG expression was noted with Ad5E1mIL-4 treatment. Finally, in in vitro studies, bone samples of patients with arthritis revealed consistent suppression by IL-4 of type I collagen breakdown. IL-4 also enhanced synthesis of type I procollagen, suggesting that it promoted tissue repair. These findings may have significant implications for the prevention of bone erosion in arthritis.
Solubilization and Properties of Oxytocin Receptors from Rat Mammary Gland* (1987)

Oxytocin (OT)-binding activity was extracted with the zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPSO) from rat involuted mammary glands with about 20% yield. The binding in detergent extracts was characterized and shown to be similar or identical to that of OT receptors on intact plasma membranes. Solubilized receptors had a high affinity site (Kd approximately 2 nM) and a lower affinity component, whereas the membrane receptor has only the high affinity site. Several synthetic OT analogs inhibited [3H]OT binding in the same rank order in both solubilized and intact membrane preparations. Both solubilized and membrane-associated receptor required Mn2+ for [3H]OT binding. The concentration of OT-binding sites in solubilized extracts of uterine myometrium from rats in late pregnancy was substantially greater in uteri from rats in labor than in that from rats 2 days before labor, as we have seen previously with receptors on intact membranes. The affinity of the solubilized myometrial receptor (Kd approximately 5 nM) was comparable to that of the membrane-associated receptor. Binding of [3H]OT to solubilized extracts of intestinal smooth muscle, which is not a target for OT, was negligible. Gel filtration analysis on columns of Sepharose 6B indicated that the solubilized [3H]OT-binding component from mammary gland was present in multiple mol wt forms, but the smallest major form eluted with an average apparent mol wt of about 40,000. These studies indicate that CHAPSO-solubilized binding sites for [3H]OT are the same as those in intact membranes and, therefore, are components of the OT receptor.
Using a water‐soluble melamine‐formaldehyde resin to improve the hardness of Norway spruce wood (2004)

Abstract Samples of Norway spruce wood were impregnated with a water‐soluble melamine formaldehyde resin by using short‐term vacuum treatment and long‐term immersion, respectively. By means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV microspectrophotometry, it was shown that only diffusion during long‐term immersion leads to sufficient penetration of melamine resin into the wood structure, the flow of liquids in Norway spruce wood during vacuum treatment being greatly hindered by aspirated pits. After an immersion in aqueous melamine resin solution for 3 days, the resin had penetrated to a depth > 4 mm, which, after polymerization of the resin, resulted in an improvement of hardness comparable to the hardwood beech. A finite element model describing the effect of increasing depth of modification on hardness demonstrated that under the test conditions chosen for this study, a minimum impregnation depth of 2 mm is necessary to achieve an optimum increase in hardness. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1900–1907, 2004
Correlation Between Atherosclerosis and Periodontal Putative Pathogenic Bacterial Infections in Coronary and Internal Mammary Arteries (2007)

The absence of putative pathogenic bacteria in internal mammary arteries, which are known to be affected rarely by atherosclerotic changes, and their presence in a high percentage of atherosclerotic coronary arteries support the concept that periodontal organisms are associated with the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
Deal or No Deal? End-to-End Learning of Negotiation Dialogues (2017)

Much of human dialogue occurs in semicooperative settings, where agents with different goals attempt to agree on common decisions. Negotiations require complex communication and reasoning skills, but success is easy to measure, making this an interesting task for AI. We gather a large dataset of human-human negotiations on a multi-issue bargaining task, where agents who cannot observe each other's reward functions must reach an agreement (or a deal) via natural language dialogue. For the first time, we show it is possible to train end-to-end models for negotiation, which must learn both linguistic and reasoning skills with no annotated dialogue states. We also introduce dialogue rollouts, in which the model plans ahead by simulating possible complete continuations of the conversation, and find that this technique dramatically improves performance. Our code and dataset are publicly available.
Gain measurements in 1.3 µm InGaAsP-InP double heterostructure lasers (1982)

The net gain per unit length ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</tex> ) versus current ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</tex> ) is measured at various temperatures for 1.3 μm InGaAsP-InP double heterostructure lasers. <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</tex> is found to vary linearly with the current <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</tex> at a given temperature. The gain bandwidth is found to decrease with decreasing temperature. The lasing photon energy decreases at 0.325 meV/K with increasing temperature. Also, the slope <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dG/dI</tex> at the lasing photon energies decreases with increasing temperature. This decrease is more rapid for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T > \sim210</tex> K. This faster decrease is consistent with the observed higher temperature dependence of threshold (low T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> at high temperatures) of 1.3 μm InGaAsP lasers. A carrier loss mechanism, due to Auger recombination, also predicts that <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dG/dI</tex> should decrease much faster with increasing temperature at high temperatures. We also find that the slope <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dG/dI</tex> decreases slowly with increasing temperature for a GaAs laser, which is consistent with the observed temperature dependence of threshold of these lasers.
Role of Gemcitabine in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer (2007)

The US FDA has recently approved the combination of carboplatin and gemcitabine as a second-line therapy for recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. This article briefly reviews the pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action of gemcitabine and its synergistic effect with platinum. An overview of the literature on the role of gemcitabine in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer is also presented.
Implementation of three robotic control architectures for robot navigation (2003)

In this paper three simple robotic control architectures for the safe navigation across a small room with static obstructions will be implemented. The first system is to be deliberative. It is to have a method for storing the room information, determining an appropriate path across the room, and executing the determined solution. The second system is to be reactive. It will have no knowledge of the room. Instead it will use its sensors and a set of rules to safely navigate across the room. The last system is to make use of a neural network in determining the navigation path.
Antiangiogenic Therapy Decreases Integrin Expression in Normalized Tumor Blood Vessels (2006)

Tumor blood vessels normalized by antiangiogenic therapy may provide improved delivery of chemotherapeutic agents during a window of time but it is unknown how protein expression in tumor vascular endothelial cells changes. We evaluated the distribution of RGD-4C phage, which binds alpha(v)beta(3), alpha(v)beta(5), and alpha(5)beta(1) integrins on tumor blood vessels before and after antiangiogenic therapy. Unlike the control phage, fd-tet, RGD-4C phage homed to vascular endothelial cells in spontaneous tumors in RIP-Tag2 transgenic mice in a dose-dependent fashion. The distribution of phage was similar to alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(5)beta(1) integrin expression. Blood vessels that survived treatment with AG-013736, a small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors, had only 4% as much binding of RGD-4C phage compared with vessels in untreated tumors. Cellular distribution of RGD-4C phage in surviving tumor vessels matched the alpha(5)beta(1) integrin expression. The reduction in integrin expression on tumor vessels after antiangiogenic therapy raises the possibility that integrin-targeted delivery of diagnostics or therapeutics may be compromised. Efficacious delivery of drugs may benefit from identification by in vivo phage display of targeting peptides that bind to tumor blood vessels normalized by antiangiogenic agents.
Analysis of tissue optical coefficients using an approximate equation valid for comparable absorption and scattering (1992)

New photosensitizers activated by longer wavelengths than 630 nm light used with Photofrin II are under evaluation by various groups for the treatment of malignancies. Any increase in tumour volume destroyed by these agents as compared to Photofrin II will be partly determined by tissue penetrance at the longer wavelengths. Attenuation coefficients were measured for various tissues at 630 nm and the more penetrative near infrared wavelength of 789 nm. A new model of light propagation in tissue is shown to be accurate for arbitrary ratios of absorption and scattering, by comparison with a rigorous solution to the transport equation. Absorption and transport scattering coefficients of tissues at 630 and 789 nm were obtained by fitting this model to optical attenuation measurements. In vitro tissues included bovine heart, kidney and tongue, pig liver and fat, and chicken muscle; in vivo tissues included Dunning R3327-AT and R3327-H tumours. The penetration depth was found to be 1.35-2.25 times greater at 789 than 630 nm, depending on tissue type. The greatest differences in penetration between the two wavelengths were in the highly pigmented tissues. These substantial increases in penetration in the infrared may be important in future applications of photodynamic therapy.
Hapten-specific tolerance induced by hapten conjugates of D-glutamic acid, D-lysine (D-Gl) or isologous gamma-globulin: evidence for central B cell tolerance in the presence of carrier-primed helper T cells. (1978)

A comparison has been made of the well known hapten-specific tolerance systems induced, respectively, by hapten-D-GL or hapten-isologous gamma-globulin conjugates. The principal question addressed in this study concerned the comparative maintenance of B cell tolerance, induced by one or the other method, after adoptive transfer into carrier-primed, irradiated recipient animals and, in addition, what role, if any, might be played by T lymphocytes in the tolerant donor cell population in maintaining such tolerance. The results clearly show that insofar as the hapten-specific B cell is concerned, no obvious difference exists in the capacity to maintain tolerance adoptive transfer between the hapten-D-GL and hapten-isologous gamma-globulin systems; such cells remained tolerant even in the presence of excess helper T cell activity. Moreover, under the conditions employed, depletion of T lymphocytes from the tolerant donor cell population did not affect the maintenance of hapten-specific B cell tolerance after adoptive transfer to irradiated recipients.
Molecular Container Assembly Capable of Controlling Binding and Release of Its Guest Molecules:  Reversible Encapsulation of Organic Molecules in Sodium Ion Complexed Cucurbituril (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTMolecular Container Assembly Capable of Controlling Binding and Release of Its Guest Molecules: Reversible Encapsulation of Organic Molecules in Sodium Ion Complexed CucurbiturilYou-Moon Jeon, Jaheon Kim, Dongmok Whang, and Kimoon KimView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Center for Biofunctional Molecules Pohang University of Science and Technology San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, South Korea Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 40, 9790–9791Publication Date (Web):October 9, 1996Publication History Received20 June 1996Published online9 October 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja962071xhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja962071xrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3219Altmetric-Citations325LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Encapsulation,Ions,Metals,Molecules,Sodium Get e-Alerts
The Immersive Education Laboratory: understanding affordances, structuring experiences, and creating constructivist, collaborative processes, in mixed-reality smart environments (2014)

In this paper we describe how the iClassroom and other technologies are providing the testbed through which we are able to design, develop, and research future intelligent environments. We describe the process of distinguishing between the technical and pedagogical aspects of immersive learning envi
Externally bound metal ion complexes of buckminsterfullerene, MC60+, in the gas phase (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExternally bound metal ion complexes of buckminsterfullerene, MC60+, in the gas phaseYongqing Huang and Ben S. FreiserCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 24, 9418–9419Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00024a086https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00024a086research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views115Altmetric-Citations95LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comparison of the Hypoalgesic Efficacy of Low-Frequency and Burst-Modulated Kilohertz Frequency Currents (2007)

Pulsed current and BMAC appear to be equally effective at elevating the cold pain threshold. Analysis indicated that if any real difference exists, it would only be apparent with large (100) subject numbers. Any differences in hypoalgesic efficacy thus are not likely to be clinically important.
Catalytic synthesis of organic compounds by the carbonylation of unsaturated hydrocarbons and alcohols (1989)

The methods of synthesis of organic compounds by the carbonylation of acetylene, diene, and alkene hydrocarbons as well as alcohols in the presence of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts based on Group VIII metals and acid catalysts are examined. Data are presented on the synthesis of unsaturated and saturated mono- and di-carboxylic acids and their esters, lactones, and ketones from hydrocarbons and alcohols as well as the activities, selectivities, and stabilities of the catalytic systems in the carbonylation reaction. The bibliography includes 256 references.
Type III hyperlipoproteinemic phenotype in transgenic mice expressing dysfunctional apolipoprotein E. (1993)

Transgenic mice were prepared that expressed a dysfunctional apo E variant, apo E (Arg-112, Cys-142), which is associated with dominant inheritance of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (type III HLP) in humans. Among eight founder mice, plasma apo E (Arg-112, Cys-142) levels varied 100-fold and directly correlated with plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. On a normal chow diet, mice expressing high levels (> 70 mg/dl) of the dysfunctional apo E had grossly elevated plasma lipids, with cholesterol levels of up to 410 mg/dl and triglyceride levels of up to 1,210 mg/dl. Upon agarose electrophoresis, plasma from these mice demonstrated beta-very low density lipoproteins (beta-VLDL). Mice expressing low (< 2.5 mg/dl) or intermediate (21 mg/dl) levels of the apo E variant had much less severe hyperlipidemia and did not have beta-VLDL. Although the transgenic mouse beta-VLDL were enriched in cholesteryl esters compared with normal mouse VLDL, they were not as cholesterol enriched as human beta-VLDL from type III HLP subjects. Transgenic mouse beta-VLDL injected into normal mice were cleared from plasma at a significantly slower rate than normal mouse VLDL, demonstrating the impaired catabolism of beta-VLDL. Thus, transgenic mice expressing high levels of the dysfunctional apo E (Arg-112, Cys-142) variant have many characteristics of the human type III HLP phenotype and appear to be a suitable animal model for this disorder.
Control effort weighting in feedforward adaptive control systems (1996)

Active control of noise and vibration in large dimensional complex systems is generally accomplished with adaptive feedforward control algorithms based on the steepest descent optimization approach. This paper examines the effects of incorporating control effort weighting into the cost function that is minimized by an adaptive control algorithm. When the plant matrix is rank-deficient, the least-squares solution to which the control algorithm converges is nonunique. In such situations, the control signals can drift with no change in performance. Small amounts of uniform control effort weighting can enforce a unique solution at the expense of decreased performance. A nonuniform form of control effort weighting is introduced that yields a unique solution without a performance penalty. With ill-conditioned systems, small amounts of effort weighting can provide significant reductions in the control signals with only a very small increase in residual error. A form of effort weighting is introduced for ill-conditioned systems based on the results for the rank-deficient case. Stability and robustness issues are examined for each form of weighting. It is shown that the nonuniform forms of control effort weighting can significantly diminish the trade-off between performance and robustness in the presence of plant model error.