gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Image covariance and lesion detectability in direct fan-beam x-ray computed tomography (2008)

We consider noise in computed tomography images that are reconstructed using the classical direct fan-beam filtered backprojection algorithm, from both full- and short-scan data. A new, accurate method for computing image covariance is presented. The utility of the new covariance method is demonstrated by its application to the implementation of a channelized Hotelling observer for a lesion detection task. Results from the new covariance method and its application to the channelized Hotelling observer are compared with results from Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, the impact of a bowtie filter and x-ray tube current modulation on reconstruction noise and lesion detectability are explored for full-scan reconstruction.
Nerve growth factor blockade for the management of osteoarthritis pain: what can we learn from clinical trials and preclinical models? (2016)

NGF blockade continues to represent a promising new approach for the treatment of osteoarthritis pain, but the actual benefits and risks remain to be fully elucidated. Preclinical models may suggest patient populations that could be best served while limiting side-effects, but future work should further investigate the mechanisms of benefits and unwanted side-effects.
Expression of 5-HT1A receptor mRNA in rat lumbar spinal dorsal horn neurons after peripheral inflammation (2002)

The present study observed the expression of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (1A) receptor mRNA in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn neurons following carrageenan inflammation using in situ hybridization (ISH). We also studied the co-localization of 5-HT(1A) receptor mRNA and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) or enkephalin (ENK) immunoreactivities using a combined fluorescent ISH and immunofluorescent histochemical double-staining technique. The finding of this study demonstrated that 5-HT(1A) receptor mRNA was widely distributed in the spinal dorsal horn with the highest density in laminae III-VI. Following carrageenan-induced inflammation, the 5-HT(1A) receptor mRNA expression in all layers of ipsilateral dorsal horn was significantly enhanced, and the peak occurred after 8h. Furthermore, the number of 5-HT(1A) receptor mRNA and GABA or ENK immunoreactive double-labeled cells was also markedly increased 8h after carrageenan injection. These findings suggested that following peripheral inflammation, the synthesis of 5-HT(1A) receptor was increased in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn neurons, especially in spinal GABA and ENK neurons.
Characterization of the active site of histidine ammonia‐lyase from <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> (2001)

Elucidation of the 3D structure of histidine ammonia-lyase (HAL, EC 4.3.1.3) from Pseudomonas putida by X-ray crystallography revealed that the electrophilic prosthetic group at the active site is 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one (MIO) [Schwede, T.F., Rétey, J., Schulz, G.E. (1999) Biochemistry, 38, 5355-5361]. To evaluate the importance of several amino-acid residues at the active site for substrate binding and catalysis, we mutated the following amino-acid codons in the HAL gene: R283, Y53, Y280, E414, Q277, F329, N195 and H83. Kinetic measurements with the overexpressed mutants showed that all mutations resulted in a decrease of catalytic activity. The mutants R283I, R283K and N195A were approximately 1640, 20 and 1000 times less active, respectively, compared to the single mutant C273A, into which all mutations were introduced. Mutants Y280F, F329A and Q277A exhibited approximately 55, 100 and 125 times lower activity, respectively. The greatest loss of activity shown was in the HAL mutants Y53F, E414Q, H83L and E414A, the last being more than 20 900-fold less active than the single mutant C273A, while H83L was 18 000-fold less active than mutant C273A. We propose that the carboxylate group of E414 plays an important role as a base in catalysis. To investigate a possible participation of active site amino acids in the formation of MIO, we used the chromophore formation upon treatment of HAL with l-cysteine and dioxygen at pH 10.5 as an indicator. All mutants, except F329A showed the formation of a 338-nm chromophore arising from a modified MIO group. The UV difference spectra of HAL mutant F329A with the MIO-free mutant S143A provide evidence for the presence of a MIO group in HAL mutant F329A also. For modelling of the substrate arrangement within the active site and protonation state of MIO, theoretical calculations were performed.
The Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger NHE1 Is an Akt Substrate Necessary for Actin Filament Reorganization by Growth Factors (2009)

The kinase Akt mediates signals from growth factor receptors for increased cell proliferation, survival, and migration, which contribute to the positive effects of Akt in cancer progression. Substrates are generally inhibited when phosphorylated by Akt; however, we show phosphorylation of the plasma membrane sodium-hydrogen exchanger NHE1 by Akt increases exchanger activity (H(+) efflux). Our data fulfill criteria for NHE1 being a bona fide Akt substrate, including direct phosphorylation in vitro, using mass spectrometry and Akt phospho-substrate antibodies to identify Ser(648) as the Akt phosphorylation site and loss of increased exchanger phosphorylation and activity by insulin and platelet-derived growth factor in fibroblasts expressing a mutant NHE1-S648A. How Akt induces actin cytoskeleton remodeling to promote cell migration and tumor cell metastasis is unclear, but disassembly of actin stress fibers by platelet-derived growth factor and insulin and increased proliferation in growth medium are inhibited in fibroblasts expressing NHE1-S648A. We predict that other functions shared by Akt and NHE1, including cell growth and survival, might be regulated by increased H(+) efflux.
A simple approach to spectrally resolved fluorescence and bright field microscopy over select regions of interest (2016)

A standard wide field inverted microscope was converted to a spatially selective spectrally resolved microscope through the addition of a polarizing beam splitter, a pair of polarizers, an amplitude-mode liquid crystal-spatial light modulator, and a USB spectrometer. The instrument is capable of simultaneously imaging and acquiring spectra over user defined regions of interest. The microscope can also be operated in a bright-field mode to acquire absorption spectra of micron scale objects. The utility of the instrument is demonstrated on three different samples. First, the instrument is used to resolve three differently labeled fluorescent beads in vitro. Second, the instrument is used to recover time dependent bleaching dynamics that have distinct spectral changes in the cyanobacteria, Synechococcus leopoliensis UTEX 625. Lastly, the technique is used to acquire the absorption spectra of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbBr<sub>3</sub> perovskites and measure differences between nanocrystal films and micron scale crystals.
Differential expression of RNA transcripts encoding unique carboxy-terminal sequences of human parathyroid hormone-related peptide. (1994)

The human gene encoding PTH-related peptide (hPTHrP) is a complex transcriptional unit that gives rise to multiple messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts in normal and neoplastic tissues. The utilization of three different transcription start sites and alternative splicing of exons encoding 5'-untranslated sequences accounts for some of the heterogeneity in hPTHrP gene expression; however, the pattern and potential significance of alternative exon splicing at the 3'-end of the hPTHrP gene have not been systematically examined. We have used exon-specific primers and reverse transciptase-polymerase chain reaction to analyze hPTHrP gene expression in nonneoplastic human tissues and human tumors. PTHrP mRNA transcripts encoding PTHrP-(1-139), -(1-173), or -(1-141) were identified in the majority of tissues analyzed. PTHrP mRNAs containing either exon 6 [PTHrP-(1-139)] or exon 8 [PTHrP-(1-141)] sequences were considerably more abundant than mRNAs encoding PTHrP-(1-173) (exon 7) in nonneoplastic tissues. In contrast, a switch in the profile of the different hPTHrP mRNAs was detected in some neoplastic tissues, with an increase in mRNA transcripts encoding PTHrP-(1-173) and a decrease in mRNA transcripts encoding PTHrP-(1-141) observed in several tumors. The differential properties of specific PTHrP 3'-untranslated sequences encoded by unique exons were examined by creating a series of luciferase-PTHrP fusion genes and examining the contribution of PTHrP sequences to relative luciferase activity after transfection of heterologous cell lines. LUC-PTHrP fusion genes containing exon 6 or exon 8 sequences generated consistently higher luciferase activity than fusion genes containing sequences from exon 7. Furthermore, distinct differences in the relative profiles of luciferase activities were observed after transfection of several human, but not rodent, cell lines. These studies suggest that exon splicing at the 3'-end of the hPTHrP gene may be an important determinant of the biological complexity of hPTHrP gene expression.
Consensus ranking under the exponential model (2012)

We analyze the generalized Mallows model, a popular exponential model over rankings. Estimating the central (or consensus) ranking from data is NP-hard. We obtain the following new results: (1) We show that search methods can estimate both the central ranking pi0 and the model parameters theta exactly. The search is n! in the worst case, but is tractable when the true distribution is concentrated around its mode; (2) We show that the generalized Mallows model is jointly exponential in (pi0; theta), and introduce the conjugate prior for this model class; (3) The sufficient statistics are the pairwise marginal probabilities that item i is preferred to item j. Preliminary experiments confirm the theoretical predictions and compare the new algorithm and existing heuristics.
Depolymerization Reactions of <i>cis</i>-Polyisoprene and Scrap Rubber in Supercritical Toluene (1992)

cis-Polyisoprene was thermolysed in supercritical toluene at 349°C and 13.8 MPa in a 1-liter batch autoclave. The reaction products were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 171 components including isomers were identified. The extensive cracking of the polymer results in low molecular weight aromatics mainly consisting of xylenes, alkylbenzenes, and diphenylalkanes. Similar results were observed when scrap rubber from an aircraft tire is processed in toluene under identical operating conditions.
Home broadband adoption 2007 (2007)

Presents results of a survey on the use of broadband Internet connections at home from May 2007 to May 2008 by race/ethnicity, income, and location. Provides data on types of broadband, pricing of broadband and dial-up connections, and user behavior.
Quantitative interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns of mixtures. II. Adiabatic principle of X-ray diffraction analysis of mixtures (1974)

All the information relating to the quantitative composition of a mixture is coded and stored in its X-ray diffraction pattern. It has been the goal of X-ray diffraction analysts since the discovery of X-rays to retrieve and decode this information directly from the X-ray diffraction pattern rather than resort to calibration curves or internal standards. This goal appears to be attained by the application of the `matrix-flushing theory' and the now-proposed `adiabatic principle' in applied X-ray diffraction analysis. The matrix-flushing theory offers a simple intensity-concentration equation free from matrix effects which degenerates to `auto-flushing' for binary systems. The adiabatic principle establishes that the intensity–concentration relationship between each and every pair of components in a multi component system is not perturbed by the presence or absence of other components. A key equation is derived which conducts the decoding process. Both the matrix-flushing theory and the adiabatic principle are experimentally verified.
Sequence and Structural Selectivity of Nucleic Acid Binding Ligands (1999)

The sequence and structural selectivity of 15 different DNA binding agents was explored using a novel, thermodynamically rigorous, competition dialysis procedure. In the competition dialysis method, 13 different nucleic acid structures were dialyzed against a common ligand solution. More ligand accumulated in the dialysis tube containing the structural form with the highest ligand binding affinity. DNA structural forms included in the assay ranged from single-stranded forms, through a variety of duplex forms, to multistranded triplex and tetraplex forms. Left-handed Z-DNA, RNA, and a DNA-RNA hybrid were also represented. Standard intercalators (ethidium, daunorubicin, and actinomycin D) served as control compounds and were found to show structural binding preferences fully consistent with their previously published behavior. Standard groove binding agents (DAPI, distamycin, and netropsin) showed a strong preference for AT-rich duplex DNA forms, along with apparently strong binding to the poly(dA)-[poly(dT)](2) triplex. Thermal denaturation studies revealed the apparent triplex binding to be complex, and perhaps to result from displacement of the third strand. Putative triplex (BePI, coralyne, and berberine) and tetraplex [H(2)TmPyP, 5,10,15, 20-tetrakis[4-(trimethylammonio)phenyl]-21H,23H-porphine, and N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX] selective agents showed in many cases less dramatic binding selectivity than anticipated from published reports that compared their binding to only a few structural forms. Coralyne was found to bind strongly to single-stranded poly(dA), a novel and previously unreported interaction. Finally, three compounds (berenil, chromomycin A, and pyrenemethylamine) whose structural preferences are largely unknown were examined. Pyrenemethylamine exhibited an unexpected and unprecedented preference for duplex poly(dAdT).
Microbial reduction of a series of substituted benzils. Optical properties and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of products (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMicrobial reduction of a series of substituted benzils. Optical properties and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of productsMitsuru Imuta and Herman ZifferCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 17, 3319–3323Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00411a012https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00411a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views368Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structural reorganization of phosphatidylcholine vesicle membranes by poly(2-ethylacrylic acid): influence of the molecular weight of the polymer (1989)

Three samples of poly(2-ethylacrylic acid) (PEAA) of different molecular weights (M_w = 164000,\n43000, and 12000) were prepared by radical polymerization of 2-ethylacrylic acid in bulk. The conformational\nproperties of the samples were determined and correlated with the pH-dependent structural reorganization\nobserved in phosphatidylcholine vesicles suspended in the respective polymer solutions. In all experiments\nthe sample of lowest molecular weight behaved differently from the other two: The cooperativity of the\nconformational transition was reduced and the transition midpoint was shifted to lower pH as compared to\nthe samples of higher molecular weight. These effects of polymer molecular weight were reflected in the behavior\nof the vesicle-to-micelle transition observed upon acidification of aqueous mixtures of PEAA and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine.
A Consensus Statement on the Use of Ketamine in the Treatment of Mood Disorders (2017)

The suggestions provided are intended to facilitate clinical decision making and encourage an evidence-based approach to using ketamine in the treatment of psychiatric disorders considering the limited information that is currently available. This article provides information on potentially important issues related to the off-label treatment approach that should be considered to help ensure patient safety.
On-line monitoring system of insulator leakage current based on ARM (2012)

A ceramic insulator has an excellent anti-pollution performance, but sometimes flashover occurs on it and then the outage of power network follows. This paper analyzes the formation mechanism of flashover and the result is that the RMS of leakage current(LC) and discharge pulses reflect the contamination severity approximately. This shows that to a large extent the flashover accident can be avoided by means of monitoring the leakage current value and the discharge pulses. Existing monitoring device for contaminated insulators inspects either leakage currents or discharge pulses, also, it is difficult to meet the requirements of the client for low-power consumption, low cost and high reliability. In this paper, a novel low-power and low-cost online monitoring system is presented, which is based on ARM Cortex-M and Zigbee wireless network. In addition, the monitoring system not only acquires the leakage current and discharge pulses of insulator strings, but also measures the environmental temperature and humidity and then comprehensively analyzes the severity of insulator pollution. After that the results will be displayed on the LCD or sent to the control center through the Zigbee network. Tests show that the monitoring system has good accuracy and good practical performance.
Using advanced transaction meta‐models for creating transaction‐aware web service environments (2005)

Recently, the software industry has published several proposals for transactional processing in the Web service world. Even though most proposals support arbitrary transaction models, there exists no standardized way to describe such models. This paper describes potential impacts and use cases of utilizing advanced transaction meta‐models in the Web service world and introduces two suitable meta‐models for defining arbitrary advanced transaction models. In order to make these meta‐models more usable in Web service environments, they had to be enhanced, and XML representations of the enhanced models had to be developed.
Photoshrinkage in Polysaccharide Gels with Trivalent Metal Ions. (2012)

The giant anionic polysaccharide "sacran", which is composed of 6-deoxyhexoses, pentoses, uronic acids as well as hexoses, showed hydrophobization and insolubilization phenomena in response to ultraviolet light irradiation. The sacran solution became turbid, and microparticles were formed by photoirradiation. To visualize the results of this photoreaction, anionic polysaccharide gels cross-linked by metal cations were used. As a result, we observed that sacran-gels with trivalent metal ions gradually contracted depending on the photoirradiation energy. In contrast, alginate gels used as a comparison degraded instead of contracting. This photoshrinkage of the sacran gels may be attributed to the hydrophobization of uronic acid based on photodecarboxylation. We propose that sacran-metal ion gels can function as effective, photoresponsive gels.
EQUILIBRIUM IN THE REACTION BETWEEN SULFUR DIOXIDE AND WATER. (1922)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEQUILIBRIUM IN THE REACTION BETWEEN SULFUR DIOXIDE AND WATER.F. Russell BichowskyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1922, 44, 1, 116–132Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1922Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1922https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01422a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01422a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views712Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Optimum Binary to Symbol Coding for 6PSK and Bit Error Rate Performance (2007)

This paper proposes the optimum binary to symbol coding for 6PSK (senary PSK) that minimizes bit errors. 6PSK is expected to be able to transmit data at a higher information rate than QPSK with lower required E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> compared with 8PSK. In this paper, after discussing general principles of 6PSK, the authors propose the optimum 5 bit to 2 symbol coding for 6PSK (2.5bit/symbol). The authors derive a theoretical formula for bit error rate (BER) versus E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> and simulate performance with and without differential coding. The required E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> for 6PSK is 1.4dB less than that for 8PSK at BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> . Penalty of differential coding is estimated about 0.2dB at BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> . The authors study BER performance of 6PSK in the presence of transmitter nonlinearity. 6PSK still outperforms 8PSK even for a small value of output back-off (OBO).
Total recall (2003)

Total Recall introduces a new way to view captured whiteboard annotations. To digitize drawings we used a modified commercial system. However, instead of displaying the annotations on a separate computer screen, Total Recall shows the annotations at the place on the board where they were actually made. The user holds a hand-held computer to the board and moves it to reveal the desirable portion of the captured annotations. By using ultra-sonic positioning and optimized graphics, we achieve a high frame-rate (30 fps), allowing for very smooth panning and interaction. We argue that this way of viewing captured whiteboard annotations is more natural and intuitive than current desktop-based systems.