gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunomodulation of autoimmune responses with monoclonal antibodies and immunoadhesins: treatment of ocular inflammatory disease in the next millennium (1999)

Non-infective inflammatory disease is a significant cause of ocular and associated systemic morbidity and, in cases of posterior intraocular conditions, results in severe visual loss in over 30% of cases.1 2 Steroids have long been used for the treatment of conditions such as uveitis,3 4 although their therapeutic window is small.5 In addition to the successful use of cyclosporin A over the past two decades, newer immunomodulatory agents have also been introduced such as tacrolimus6 and mycophenolate mofetil.7 8Despite their efficacy, all of these treatments have major drawbacks—patients require long term therapy and systemic side effects are common. Additionally, a significant proportion of patients remain refractory to therapy. With improvement in our knowledge of the immunobiology of non-infectious ocular inflammatory disease, however,9 10 and in our ability to develop and produce recombinant proteins, it has become possible to specifically target cells and mediators of the immune system. Novel therapeutics arising from such work include specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and receptor-Ig fusion proteins (immunoadhesins or IAs).11 

Non-infectious posterior intraocular inflammation (PSII), which includes uveitic disorders, and ocular surface inflammatory disorders, including scleritis and peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK), are arguably the commonest cause of immune mediated visual loss. Fifty per cent of these “autoimmune” disorders are limited to the eye (organ specific), whereas the remainder form part of more generalised diseases, including connective tissue and multisystem granulomatous disorders. Understanding basic immunopathological mechanisms from patients is hindered by the rarity of some diseases, genetic and clinical heterogeneity of patients, and limited access to clinical material from the site of disease. Consequently, most significant advances have arisen from experimental models of autoimmune disease, particularly with reference to the eye.12 Models of both posterior and anterior uveitis demonstrate a pivotal role for antigen specific CD4+ (T …
Preparation of poly(bis(trialkylammonium) 4,4?-oxydiphenylenepyromellitamate) films: A useful polyimide precursor film (1997)

A poly[bis(trialkylammonium) 4,4′-oxydiphenylenepyromellitamate] film not containing residual solvents was prepared first as a polyimide precursor film. The preparative method is composed of three process steps involving (1) polymerization of pyromellitic dianhydride with 4,4′-oxydianiline in a mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran/methanol, (2) addition of a mixture of methanol/trialkylamine to the resulting poly(4,4′-oxydiphenylenepyromellitamic acid) solution, and (3) casting onto glass plates and drying. The salt formation between the poly(amic acid) and trialkylamines was confirmed first by spectroscopic methods. The dried salt film is thermally cured to produce the polyimide film with a reduced coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2493–2499, 1997
Spherical array antenna using digital beamforming techniques for mobile satellite communications (1992)

Abstract Problems arise in providing excitation phases and amplitudes to individual antenna elements for wide‐angle scanning by applying spherical array antennas for mobile satellite communications for ships, automobiles, and aircraft. These antennas do not have many antenna elements. Thus, emphasis is on obtaining the maximum gain rather than realizing the characteristics of low sidelobe levels. This paper considers the application of spherical arrays for antennas of mobile satellite communications. An adoption of a control method is assumed which regulates the phases and amplitudes freely and accurately for individual antenna elements for the beamforming circuits of digital beamforming antennas. A beamforming method is examined for spherical arrays. First, a selection of necessary antenna elements is proposed utilizing the received signals and an adjustment of their phases and amplitudes. This method is applied to a 16‐element spherical array which had circular micro‐strip antennas. Their radiation characteristics are calculated. As a result, it was clarified that the maximum directive gain could be obtained almost without being influenced by the properties of individual antenna elements. Next, circuits are designed for the reception of binary PSK signals of constant envelope modulated waves. Carrier recovery circuits are established for individual antenna elements for spherical arrays, and a method is used to detect their phases and amplitudes. The method shows the effectiveness in obtaining the amount of gain reduction due to the detected phase and amplitude errors.
Loss of three major auto phosphorylation sites in the EGF receptor does not block the mitogenic action of EGF (1988)

The EGF receptor cDNA has been transfected into receptor-negative Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A mutant cell line (CHO 11) was isolated that expresses a receptor of lower molecular weight than the EGF receptor from A431 cells (150,000 daltons compared to 170,000 daltons) and which appeared as a doublet on SDS-PAGE. By digestion of the receptor with endoglycosidase F it was shown that an altered pattern of glycosylation could not account for the smaller size of the protein, although it could explain the appearance of the CHO 11 receptor as a doublet protein. A deletion was located to the transfected cDNA and shown to involve the removal of coding sequences for the most C-terminal 20,000 daltons of the EGF receptor, which contains the three major autophosphorylation sites. Despite the loss of these sites the EGF receptor from CHO 11 cells binds EGF, demonstrates protein tyrosine kinase activity in response to EGF, and transduces a mitogenic signal. The CHO 11 receptor protein is still autophosphorylated on alternative tyrosine residues. We conclude that phosphorylation of the three tyrosines (P1, P2, and P3) in the C-terminal domain of the receptor is not required for signal transduction by the EGF receptor in these cells.
Reaction-diffusion model for the growth of avascular tumor (2002)

A nutrient-limited model for avascular cancer growth including cell proliferation, motility, and death is presented. The model qualitatively reproduces commonly observed morphologies for primary tumors, and the simulated patterns are characterized by its gyration radius, total number of cancer cells, and number of cells on tumor periphery. These very distinct morphological patterns follow Gompertz growth curves, but exhibit different scaling laws for their surfaces. Also, the simulated tumors incorporate a spatial structure composed of a central necrotic core, an inner rim of quiescent cells and a narrow outer shell of proliferating cells in agreement with biological data. Finally, our results indicate that the competition for nutrients among normal and cancer cells may be a determining factor in generating papillary tumor morphology.
The Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors (1992)

A number of metalloproteinases that degrade the extracellular matrix of connective tissues and two specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have now been isolated, characterized, and cloned. Comparison of the enzyme sequences has allowed the delineation of domain structures, and initial studies have been carried out to assess the contribution of these domains to their biochemical and biologic properties, including activation, inhibition by TIMPs, and matrix binding. Such events represent the major levels of extracellular regulation of metalloproteinase activity, which is thought to be an important aspect of their control. Activation is probably a cell surface phenomenon, involving the plasminogen activator cascade or other membrane-associated mechanisms. The inhibitory action of TIMPs is postulated to be as important in activation as in the subsequent regulation of enzyme degradation of the matrix.
Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings VII: An automated system for adhesion testing (2007)

An automated, high-throughput adhesion workflow that enables pseudobarnacle adhesion and coating/substrate adhesion to be measured on coating patches arranged in an array format on 4x8 in.(2) panels was developed. The adhesion workflow consists of the following process steps: (1) application of an adhesive to the coating array; (2) insertion of panels into a clamping device; (3) insertion of aluminum studs into the clamping device and onto coating surfaces, aligned with the adhesive; (4) curing of the adhesive; and (5) automated removal of the aluminum studs. Validation experiments comparing data generated using the automated, high-throughput workflow to data obtained using conventional, manual methods showed that the automated system allows for accurate ranking of relative coating adhesion performance.
An Assay for Hirsutella rhossiliensis Spores and the Importance of Phialides for Nematode Inoculation. (1989)

A spore assay was developed to measure the relative density of spores of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis in soil. Orchard soil containing H. rhossiliensis-parasitized Criconemella xenoplax was placed in vials and incubated for 0-120 days before the addition of probe nematodes, Heterorhabditis heliothidis juveniles. After 18 hours, H. heliothidis were extracted from the soil and examined for adhering spores of H. rhossiliensis. No spores were detected when H. heliothidis were added to freshly mixed soil, but the percentage of H. heliothidis with spores increased rapidly if soil was incubated undisturbed. Because mixing soil detaches spores from phialides, the results indicate that spores must be attached to phialides to adhere to nematodes. The spore assay was compared with a plate assay that measures the population density of H. rhossiliensis-parasitized C. xenoplax. Results from the two assays were highly correlated, suggesting that spores occur in three phases: reserves in nematodes that may be converted into spores; spores on phialides and therefore capable of adhering to nematodes; and spores detached from phialides and thus incapable of adhering to nematodes.
Target cell lysis and IL-2 secretion by <i>gamma/delta</i> T lymphocytes after activation with bacteria. (1990)

Peripheral blood T lymphocytes from healthy donors were stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and afterward analyzed phenotypically. Marked expansion of the gamma/delta T cell population (3- to 21-fold) was observed in 15/21 donors 7 to 10 days after stimulation. In addition to M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae (six of eight) as well as the gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (two of six), group A streptococci (seven of nine), and Listeria monocytogenes (four of eight) augmented gamma/delta TCR expression in peripheral blood T cells of many donors. gamma/delta T lymphocytes expressed IL-2R and secreted IL-2 upon restimulation with M. tuberculosis. Stimulation with M. tuberculosis evoked specific cytolytic activities in gamma/delta T lymphocytes because: gamma/delta T cells lysed M. tuberculosis pulsed but not unpulsed targets; high concentrations of TCR delta 1 mAb facilitated killing of unpulsed target cells; and low doses of anti-TCR delta 1 mAb blocked killing of pulsed targets. Furthermore, gamma/delta T cells from four donors, after activation with M. tuberculosis or with group A streptococci, respectively, only lysed targets pulsed with the homologous agents, whereas in other donors some cross-reactivity was observed. We conclude that, upon contact with mycobacteria and perhaps other microorganisms, gamma/delta T cells are activated which contribute to immunity against infection via IL-2 secretion and specific target cell lysis.
Machine vision-based sensing for helicopter flight control (2000)

Machine vision-based sensing enables automatic hover stabilization of helicopters. The evaluation of image data, which is produced by a camera looking straight to the ground, results in a drift free autonomous on-board position measurement system. No additional information about the appearance of the scenery seen by the camera (e.g. landmarks) is needed. The technique being applied is a combination of the 4D-approach with two dimensional template tracking of a priori unknown features.
Kinetic Analysis by Fluorescence of the Interaction between Ras and the Catalytic Domain of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Cdc25<sup>Mm</sup> (1998)

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) activate Ras proteins by stimulating the exchange of GTP for GDP in a multistep mechanism which involves binary and ternary complexes between Ras, guanine nucleotide, and GEF. We present fluorescence measurements to define the kinetic constants that characterize the interactions between Ras, GEF, and nucleotides, similar to the characterization of the action of RCC1 on Ran [Klebe et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 12543-12552]. The dissociation constant for the binary complex between nucleotide-free Ras and the catalytic domain of mouse Cdc25, Cdc25(Mm285), was 4.6 nM, i.e., a 500-fold lower affinity than the Ras.GDP interaction. The affinities defining the ternary complex Ras. nucleotide.Cdc25(Mm285) are several orders of magnitude lower. The maximum acceleration by Cdc25(Mm285) of the GDP dissociation from Ras was more than 10(5)-fold. Kinetic measurements of the association of nucleotide to nucleotide-free Ras and to the binary complex Ras. Cdc25(Mm285) show that these reactions are practically identical: a fast binding step is followed by a reaction of the first order which becomes rate limiting at high nucleotide concentrations. The second reaction is thought to be a conformational change from a low- to a high-affinity nucleotide binding conformation in Ras. Taking into consideration all experimental data, the reverse isomerization reaction from a high- to a low-affinity binding conformation in the ternary complex Ras. GDP.Cdc25(Mm285) is postulated to be the rate-limiting step of the GEF-catalyzed exchange. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the disruption of the Mg2+-binding site is not the only factor in the mechanism of GEF-catalyzed nucleotide exchange on Ras.
Enantioselective Aza-Henry Reaction with an <i>N</i>-Sulfinyl Urea Organocatalyst (2007)

A new class of organocatalyst has been developed that incorporates a sulfinyl group as a urea or thiourea substituent. The sulfinyl group serves to simultaneously acidify the urea and provide asymmetric induction in hydrogen-bond-catalyzed reactions. The utility of this new catalyst structure is demonstrated by the high selectivity provided in the aza-Henry reaction not only for aromatic N-Boc imine substrates but also for aliphatic imines for which enantioselective H-bonding catalysis has not previously been demonstrated.
Runtime dependency analysis for loop pipelining in high-level synthesis (2013)

Research on High-Level Synthesis has mainly focused on applications with statically determinable characteristics and current tools often perform poorly in presence of data-dependent memory accesses. The reason is that they rely on conservative static scheduling strategies, which lead to inefficient implementations. In this work, we propose to address this issue by leveraging well-known techniques used in superscalar processors to perform runtime memory disambiguation. Our approach, implemented as a source-to-source transformation at the C level, demonstrates significant performance improvements for a moderate increase in area while retaining portability among HLS tools.
Handbook of vinyl polymers : radical polymerization, process, and technology (2009)

PART I: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RADICAL VINYL POLYMERIZATION The Fundamentals Y. Yagci and M.K. Mishra Chemistry and Kinetic Model of Radical Vinyl Polymerization Y. Yagci and M.K. Mishra Special Characteristics of Radical Vinyl Polymerization Y. Yagci and M.K. Mishra PART II: THE INITIATING SYSTEMS Initiation of Vinyl Polymerization by Organic Molecules and Nonmetal Initiators I. Reetz, Y. Yagci, and M.K. Mishra Chemical Initiation by Metals and Metal-Containing Compounds Y. Yagci, I. Reetz, and M.K. Mishra Suspension Polymerization Redox Initiators M.K. Mishra, N.G. Gaylord, and Y. Yagci Vinyl Polymerization Initiated by High-Energy Radiation I. Reetz, Y. Yagci, and M.K. Mishra Photoinitiated Radical Vinyl Polymerization N. Arsu, I. Reetz, Y. Yagci, and M.K. Mishra Functionalization of Polymers Y. Yagci and M.K. Mishra Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization U. Tunca, G. Hizal, M.H. Acar, M.A. Tasdelen, Y. Yagci, and M.K. Mishra Block and Graft Copolymers A.E. Muftuoglu, M.A. Tasdelen, Y. Yagci, and M.K. Mishra PART III: TECHNICAL PROCESSES OF VINYL POLYMERIZATION Continuous Processes for Radical Vinyl Polymerization K.Y. Choi Technical Processes for Industrial Production K.Y. Choi, B-G. Kwag, S.Y. Park, and C.H. Cheong PART IV: VINYL POLYMER TECHNOLOGY Vinyl Polymer Degradation C.K. Das, R. Rajasekar, and C.S. Reddy Fiber-Filled Vinyl Polymer Composites C.K. Das, M. Mukherjee, T. Das Particulate-Filled Vinyl Polymers Composites C.S. Reddy, R.N. Mahaling, and C.K. Das Vinyl Polymer Applications and Special Uses C.K. Das, T. Rath, and S. Kumar Recycling of Vinyl Polymers M.M.A. Nikje Processing of Vinyl Polymers C.T. Ratnam and H. Ismail Characterization of Interfaces in Composites Using Micro-Mechanical Techniques M.J. Jacob, R.D. Anandjiwala, and S. Thomas PART V: PARAMETERS Data and Structures Y. Yagci and M.K. Mishra Index
High-Dose Inhaled Budesonide May Substitute for Oral Therapy After an Acute Asthma Attack (1998)

Patients attending the emergency room with acute asthma, participating in a study comparing salbutamol (albuterol in the United States) via a dry powder inhaler (Turbuhaler) with pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI), were included in this 1-week follow-up study with the aim of assessing whether inhaled budesonide via Turbuhaler may be an alternative to prednisolone tablets after an acute asthma attack. Eighty-one patients with a mean age of 38 years and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) of 64% predicted normal value after treatment with salbutamol were randomized in this double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group study. The doses given were budesonide 1600 microg b.i.d. or prednisolone in daily doses from 40 mg (day 1) decreased to 5 mg (day 7). FEV1 was recorded before and after the 7-day treatments and peak expiratory flow (PEF) morning and evening, clinical symptoms (visual analogue scale 0-100), and doses of rescue medication (terbutaline Turbuhaler 0.25 mg/dose) were recorded daily. The mean increase in FEV1 from baseline to day 7 was 17.3% in the budesonide Turbuhaler group and 17.6% in the prednisolone group. Mean values of morning PEF increased from day 1 to day 7 by 67 L/min in the budesonide Turbuhaler group and by 57 L/min in the prednisolone group (not significant). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in clinical symptoms and in the number of doses of rescue medication. Because of disease deterioration, five patients in the Turbuhaler group and three in the prednisolone group needed additional symptomatic as well as corticosteroid treatment. Inhaled budesonide in high doses may be a substitute for oral therapy as follow-up treatment after an acute asthma attack.
Studies on topical antiperspirant control of axillary hyperhidrosis (1975)

Axillary hyperhidrotics is reviewed from the standpoint of anatomical factors, physiological mechanisms and the history of methods of control. Anhydrous aluminum chloride and anhydrous zirconium tetrachloride are shown to be superior topical agents for partial control of axillary sweating when applied as a powder or in anhydrous nonreactive vehicles. Complete anhidrosis as demonstrated by sustained garment armpit dryness could be achieved in hyperhidrotics within 48 hours by the following trinary antiperspirant system: (1) a saturated solution of aluminum chloride hexahydrate or zirconyl chloride in absolute ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, (2) application to the dry axilla at times of sleep or other prolonged non-sweating period, (3) water vapor occlusion of area for 6 to 8 hours by means of Saran wrap. The hypothesis is presented that metallic antiperspirants act by reflux entrance into the terminal intraepidermal eccrine duct, slowly combining with the intraductal keratin, to produce a fibrillar contraction (super contraction) of keratin and hence functional closure, not histologically evident. This altered keratin is shed weeks later, with the consequent return of ductal patency and sweating.
Aneuploidy in breast cancer: A fluorescence in situ hybridization study (1995)

Although ploidy is associated with the development and progression of most breast cancers, the value of flow cytometric ploidy as a clinical prognostic factor remains controversial. The technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be used not only to determine overall ploidy, but also to assess the over-representation or under-representation of specific chromosomes in interphase cells. This information may be of prognostic value. We studied 84 primary breast cancers and 20 metastatic tumors by FISH, using chromosome-specific fluorescent centromeric probes. Of these, 100 cases were also studied by DNA flow cytometry. The FISH studies were concordant with DNA flow cytometry with regard to distinguishing aneuploid from diploid tumors in 78% of cases. The FISH data suggested that aneuploidy arises by a process of chromosome complement doubling with subsequent chromosome loss. In tumors that exhibited evidence of more than one round of chromosome complement doubling, the selective accumulation of multiple copies of specific chromosomes or chromosome segments was common. Multiple copies of chromosomes centromeres 1, 3, and 17 were accumulated selectively in the cells of individual tumors more frequently than chromosomes centromeres 7, 11, and 16. Multiple copies of chromosomes centromeres 10 and 20 were selectively accumulated only rarely, if at all. Aneuploidy in breast cancer can be divided into distinct stages using fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. The stages of aneuploidy provide potential landmarks in the genetic evolution of this disease with possible links to chromosome-specific evolutionary changes.
Spatial Interpolation Methods: A Review (1983)

Two forms of spatial interpolation, the interpolation of point and areal data, are distinguished. Traditionally, point interpolation is applied to isarithmic, that is, contour mapping and areal interpolation to isopleth mapping. Recently, areal interpolation techniques have been used to obtain data for a set of administrative or political districts from another set of districts whose boundaries do not coincide. For point interpolation, the numerous methods may further be classified into exact and approximate. Exact methods include most distance-weighting methods, Kriging, spline interpolation, interpolating polynomials, and finite-difference methods. Approximate methods include power-series trend models, Fourier models, distance-weighted least-squares, and least-squares fitting with splines. Areal interpolation methods, on the other hand, are classified according to whether they preserve volume. Traditional areal interpolation methods which utilize point interpolation procedures are not volume-preserving, whereas the map overlay and pycnophylactic methods are. It is shown that methods possessing the volume-preserving property generally outperform those that do not.