gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An experimental model of bone metastasis by human lung cancer cells: the role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in bone metastasis. (1996)

In the formation of bone metastasis, osteoclastic bone resorption is necessary before the expansion of tumor cells from bone marrow to bone, and several cytokines, which possess osteoclast-stimulating activity, could be involved in this step. In this paper, we describe a bone metastasis model in nude mice using human lung squamous cell carcinoma-derived cells (HARA), in which the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene, one of the most potent osteoclast-activating factors, is strongly expressed. The injection of HARA cells (1 x 10(5)) into the left cardiac ventricle resulted in tumor colonies exclusively in the skeletal system at 4 and/or 8 weeks after inoculation. An anti-PTHrP antibody injected via a tail vein reduced the incidence of bone metastases, number of tumor colonies, and tumor volume after the inoculation of HARA cells. The injection of another line of human lung squamous cell carcinoma-derived cells (QG-56), in which the PTHrP gene is not expressed, resulted in no bone metastasis. These findings suggest that PTHrP plays an important role in the formation of bone metastasis.
An efficient technique for compressing chain-coded line drawing images (2003)

An efficient technique for compressing chain-encoded line drawings is presented. The technique constructs a codebook containing vectors of chains which recur frequently in the chain-encoded line drawings. The recurrent vectors are encoded as their corresponding addresses in the codebook preceded by header bits. The encoding procedure and an efficient way to organize and label the vectors, which turns out to be somewhat similar to the generalized chain codes, are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Antagonize Distinct Pathways to Suppress Tumorigenesis of Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (2015)

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is the most common soft tissue cancer in children. The prognosis of patients with relapsed or metastatic disease remains poor. ERMS genomes show few recurrent mutations, suggesting that other molecular mechanisms such as epigenetic regulation might play a major role in driving ERMS tumor biology. In this study, we have demonstrated the diverse roles of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the pathogenesis of ERMS by characterizing effects of HDAC inhibitors, trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; also known as vorinostat) in vitro and in vivo. TSA and SAHA suppress ERMS tumor growth and progression by inducing myogenic differentiation as well as reducing the self-renewal and migratory capacity of ERMS cells. Differential expression profiling and pathway analysis revealed downregulation of key oncogenic pathways upon HDAC inhibitor treatment. By gain-of-function, loss-of-function, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies, we show that Notch1- and EphrinB1-mediated pathways are regulated by HDACs to inhibit differentiation and enhance migratory capacity of ERMS cells, respectively. Our study demonstrates that aberrant HDAC activity plays a major role in ERMS pathogenesis. Druggable targets in the molecular pathways affected by HDAC inhibitors represent novel therapeutic options for ERMS patients.
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality (2007)

Text entry has never been so important as it is today. This is in large part due to the phenomenal, relatively recent success of mobile computing, text messaging on mobile phones, and the proliferation of small devices like the Blackberry and Palm Pilot. Compared with the recent past, when text entry was primarily through the standard qwerty keyboard, people today use a diverse array of devices with the number and variety of such devices ever increasing. 

The variety is not just in the devices, but also in the technologies used: Entry modalities have become more varied and include speech recognition and synthesis, handwriting recognition, and even eye-tracking using image processing on web-cams. Statistical language modeling has advanced greatly in the past ten years and so therein is potential to facilitate and improve text entry--increasingly, the way people communicate. 

This book consists of four parts, and covers these areas: Guidelines for Designing Better Entry Systems (including research methodologies, measurement, and language modelling); Devices and Modalities; Languages of the world and entry systems in those languages; and variety in users and their difficulties with text entry--and the possible design and guideline solutions for those individual user groups.

This book covers different aspects of text entry systems and offers prospective researchers and developers

* global guidelines for conducting research on text entry, in terms of design strategy, evaluation methodology, and requirements; 

* history and current state of the art of entry systems, including coverage of recent research topics;

* specific guidelines for designing entry systems for a specific target, depending on devices, modalities, language, and different physical conditions of users
Focusing of nitric oxide mediated nitrosation and oxidative nitrosylation as a consequence of reaction with superoxide (2002)

The impact of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis on different biological cascades can rapidly change dependent on the rate of NO formation and composition of the surrounding milieu. With this perspective, we used diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and diaminofluorescein (DAF) to examine the nitrosative chemistry derived from NO and superoxide (O2-) simultaneously generated at nanomolar to low micromolar per minute rates by spermine/NO decomposition and xanthine oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of hypoxanthine, respectively. Fluorescent triazole product formation from DAN and DAF increased as the ratio of O2- to NO approached equimolar, then decreased precipitously as O2- exceeded NO. This pattern was also evident in DAF-loaded MCF-7 carcinoma cells and when stimulated macrophages were used as the NO source. Cyclic voltammetry analysis and inhibition studies by using the N2O3 scavenger azide indicated that DAN- and DAF-triazole could be derived from both oxidative nitrosylation (e.g., DAF radical + NO) and nitrosation (NO+ addition). The latter mechanism predominated with higher rates of NO formation relative to O2-. The effects of oxymyoglobin, superoxide dismutase, and carbon dioxide were examined as potential modulators of reactant availability for the O2- + NO pathway in vivo. The findings suggest that the outcome of NO biosynthesis in a scavenger milieu can be focused by O2- toward formation of NO adducts on nucleophilic residues (e.g., amines, thiols, hydroxyl) through convergent mechanisms involving the intermediacy of nitrogen dioxide. These modifications may be favored in microenvironments where the rate of O2- production is temporally and spatially contemporaneous with nitric oxide synthase activity, but not in excess of NO generation.
Hysteresis loop collapse for linear response in magnetic-tunnel-junction sensors (2009)

In our Al2O3 magnetic-tunnel junction (MTJ) samples that have a Neel coupling equal to or larger than their easy-axis coercivities, we found that the hysteresis loop totally collapses into a near-linear response upon rotating the easy axis of the sample off the applied field axis. A very high magnetic field sensitivity of 138%/mT (13.8%/Oe), which is among the highest reported so far, with near-linear response, was exhibited by Al2O3 MTJs using this loop collapsing technique. This phenomenon can be explained by the switching astroid curve. In order to make this technique applicable in an actual sensor, we devised a two-step procedure whereby both easy-axis and hard-axis fields are used to accomplish the same loop collapsing effect as rotation. These result is one of the best combinations of saturation field and tunneling magnetoresistance ever achieved for MTJs, in addition to the linear nonhysteretic response at zero field that is so important for magnetic sensors.
A simple method for determining sol—gel transition temperatures in weak polymer jellies (1971)

Abstract A simple method for determining sol‐gel transition temperatures in mechanically weak thermoreversible gels has been developed. Only 0–3 ml of gel is required and gels with a rigidity modulus as low as 100 dyne cm −2 can be used.
Dynamic scheduling of real-time messages over an optical network (2002)

This paper proposes real-time traffic management algorithms over a multihop optical network. Our algorithms consider dynamic scheduling of (time, wavelength) slots in a multihop TWDM transmission schedule, so that a set of time-critical messages can meet their hard (and, soft) deadlines. Hard real-time messages are assigned to the highest priority level, while soft real-time messages are assigned to user-defined, progressively lower priority levels. The objective is to schedule these messages, all or as many as possible following the priority ordering. Previous research in this direction are either static scheduling policies (which cannot adapt to varying traffic conditions), or dynamic scheduling but for non-realtime traffic. Performance is measured in simulation. Where input factors include load, proximity of the deadline values, relative mix of hard and soft real-time messages, and priority levels of the messages.
Update on photoprotection (2012)

Photoprotection by sunscreens, clothing and glasses are important to protect the skin against the detrimental effects of sun exposure. In order to achieve complete protection, topical strategies must shield against the range of solar wavelengths ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B, infrared radiation that can damage the skin. To provide the necessary broad spectrum coverage, combinations of chemical and physical UV filters along with molecules that are capable of interfering with and/or preventing the deleterious effects of sunlight are discussed in this review.
Below bandgap transitions in an AlGaN/GaN transistor heterostructure observed by photoreflectance spectroscopy (2006)

Abstract Photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy has been applied to study the optical transitions in an AlGaN/GaN transistor heterostructure at room temperature. A strong PR feature at ∼3.37 eV has been observed besides PR features related to the band‐to‐band absorption in GaN and AlGaN layers. This feature has been attributed to an electron transition between the valence band and a donor‐like state located ∼50 meV below the conduction band. Such a transition is possible to observe in absorption‐type experiment (such as PR spectroscopy) at room temperature because the donor‐like state is ionized by the strong electric field existing in GaN layer. The existence of the electric field with a magnitude of ∼233 kV/cm has been confirmed by the observation of GaN‐related Franz‐Keldysh oscillations in the PR spectra. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In<sub>0.5</sub>Ga<sub>0.5</sub>As/InAlAs Modulation-doped Field Effect Transistors on GaAs Substrates Grown by Low-Temperature Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1991)

We report on the lattice-mismatched growth and electrical properties of In 0.5 Ga 0.5 As/InAlAs modulation-doped heterostructures on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy using a wide-gap InAlAs graded buffer layer and low-temperature Molecular Beam Epitaxial growth at about 350°C. A drastic reduction in residual carrier accumulation has been achieved, and a high electron mobility at room temperature of 11100 cm 2 /V·s was obtained with an electron concentration of 3×10 12 /cm 2 . It was found that the cause of residual carrier accumulation is related to the growth interruption or temperature rise after the growth of the graded buffer layer. The fabricated Modulation-doped Field Effect Transistors showed low output conductance, good pinch-off characteristics and no kink effect. The higher transconductance of 270 mS/mm was also obtained.
Theoretical Investigation of Trigate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2013)

The operation of AlGaN/GaN trigate high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures is investigated by numerical simulations. It is shown that the threshold voltage of such structures strongly depends on the width of the AlGaN/GaN bodies and that solely by decreasing the body width a transition from normally-on to normally-off operation can be achieved. Furthermore, the impact of uncertain device and/or material parameters such as strain relaxation, Schottky barrier heights, and dielectric constants on the threshold voltage is studied as well as the influence of the AlGaN barrier design (Al content, thickness). The results of this paper show that the trigate concept is a viable option to realize normally-off AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
OPTICAL PULSES FROM cw GaAs INJECTION LASERS (1969)

Intensity pulsations of continuously operating GaAs injection lasers have been directly observed for the first time, with fast sampling techniques. The width of the self-induced pulses has been measured to be approximately 390 psec at a repetition rate of 620 MHz. In addition, this pulsewidth has been reduced to less than 200 psec by locking the pulsations with an external modulation of the injection current.
Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Application of MnZn Ferrite and MnZn Ferrite@Au Nanoparticles (2009)

The ability to tune the magnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles by manipulating the composition or surface properties of the nanoparticles is important for exploiting the application of the nanomaterials. This report describes preliminary findings of an investigation of the viability of synthesizing MnZn ferrite and core @ shell MnZn ferrite @ Au nanoparticles as potentially magnetization-tunable nanomaterials. The synthesis of the core-shell magnetic nanoparticles involved a simple combination of seed formation of the MnZn ferrite magnetic nanoparticles and surface coating of the seeds with gold shells. Water-soluble MnZn ferrite nanoparticles of 20-40 nm diameters and MnZn ferrite @ Au nanoparticles of 30-60 nm have been obtained. The MnZn ferrite @ Au nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be viable in magnetic separation of nanoparticles via interparticle antibody-specific binding reactivity between antibodies on the gold shells of the core-shell magnetic particles and proteins on gold nanoparticles. These findings have significant implications to the design of the core @ shell magnetic nanomaterials with core composition tuned magnetization for bioassay application.
Overlay multi-hop fec scheme for video streaming over peer-to-peer networks (2005)

Overlay networks offer promising capabilities for video streaming, due to their support for application-layer processing at the overlay forwarding nodes. In this paper we propose a novel overlay multi-hop FEC (OM-FEC) scheme that provides FEC encoding/decoding capabilities at intermediate nodes in an overlay path. Based on the current network conditions, the end-to-end overlay path is partitioned into segments, and appropriate FEC codes are applied over those segments. We evaluate our work in a real-world scenario and illustrate that the proposed OM-FEC can outperform a pure end-to-end strategy by 10-15 dB in terms of video PSNR.
Overview of ARQ and HARQ in beyond 3G systems (2010)

In this paper, we present a review of automatic repeat request (ARQ) and hybrid ARQ (HARQ) mechanisms implemented or proposed in beyond 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> generation (B3G) wireless systems based on OFDMA. In particular, we will focus on part of the IEEE 802.16 standard family (IEEE 802.16-2005, IEEE 802.16m) and on 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE). In the second part of this overview, some performance curves show how HARQ can help in reducing performance degradation in mobility context.
Quantitative Analysis of Tyrosine Hydroxylase mRNA for Sensitive Detection of Neuroblastoma Cells in Blood and Bone Marrow (2003)

Quantitative analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in blood and bone marrow is reliable and easy to perform and may be used for upfront staging, prognostic assessment, and treatment monitoring of neuroblastoma.
Dispersion and Grinding of Pesticides (1984)

The incorporation of insouluble, powdered solids into liquid media is generic to the chemical coatings, printing ink and pigment dispersions and likewise to the preparation of dispersion concentrates of pesticides. Lessons learned from paints and inks in achieving complete wetting of powders and separation of particles to micron levels with dispersion stability to forestall settling and caking are quite applicable to aqueous and nonaqueous flowables. Available simple mixing and dispersing systems will be discussed relative to producing stable wet concentrates of pesticides. Agricultural chemicals known as pesticides include herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. These have been marketed as granules or powders and today there is a large market for water based suspensions. The suspensions contain in addition to the active ingredients, additives like surfactants, emulsifiers, and sometimes antifreeze. Suspensions ease filling and handling problems in the field, as well as storage problems in humid areas. Conditions for a good quality suspension
Real-time simulation of arbitrary visual fields (2002)

This report describes an algorithm and software for creating and displaying, in real time, arbitrary variable resolution displays, contingent on the direction of gaze. The software produces precise, artifact-free video at high frame rates in either 8-bit gray scale or 24-bit color. The software is demonstrated by simulating the visual fields of normal individuals and low-vision patients.
On the Correlation of Geographic and Network Proximity at Internet Edges and Its Implications for Mobile Unicast and Multicast Routing (2007)

Significant effort has been invested recently to accelerate handover operations in a next generation mobile Internet. Corresponding works for developing efficient mobile multicast management are emergent. Both problems simultaneously expose routing complexity between subsequent points of attachment as a characteristic parameter for handover performance in access networks. As continuous mobility handovers necessarily occur between access routers located in geographic vicinity, this paper investigates on the hypothesis that geographically adjacent edge networks attain a reduced network distances as compared to arbitrary Internet nodes. We therefore evaluate and analyze edge distance distributions in various regions for clustered IP ranges on their geographic location such as a city. We use traceroute to collect packet forwarding path and round-trip-time of each intermediate node to scan-wise derive an upper bound of the node distances. Results of different scanning origins are compared to obtain the best estimation of network distance of each pair. Our results are compared with corresponding analysis of CAIDA Skitter data, overall leading to fairly stable, reproducible edge distance distributions. As a first conclusion on expected impact on handover performance measures, our results indicate a general optimum for handover anticipation time in 802.11 networks of 25 ms.
Molecular designer self-assembling peptides (2006)

Chemistry has generally been associated with inorganic and organic syntheses, metal-organic composites, coordinate metal chemistry, catalyses, block copolymer, coating, thin film, industrial surfactants and small-molecule drug development. That is about to change. Chemistry will also expand to the discovery and fabrication of biological and molecular materials with diverse structures, functionalities and utilities. The advent of biotechnology, nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology has accelerated this trend. Nature has selected and evolved numerous molecular architectural motifs at nanometer scale over billions of years for particular functions. These molecular nanomotifs can now be designed for new materials and nanodevices from the bottom up. Chemistry will again harness Nature's enormous power to benefit other disciplines and society. This tutorial review focuses on two self-assembling peptide systems.
Writing and Digital Media (2006)

Digital media has become an increasingly powerful force in modern society. This volume brings together outstanding European, American and Australian research in "writing and digital media" and explores its cognitive, social and cultural implications. The book is divided into five sections, covering major areas of research: writing modes and writing environments (e.g. speech technology), writing and communication (e.g. hypervideos), digital tools for writing research (e.g. web analysis tools, keystroke logging and eye-tracking), writing in online educational environments (e.g. collaborative writing in L2), and social and philosophical aspects of writing and digital media (e.g. CMC, electronic literacy and the global digital divide).In addition to presenting programs of original research by internationally known scholars from a variety of disciplines, each chapter provides a comprehensive review of the current state-of-the-art in the field and suggests directions for future research.
Extended spatial scalability for non dyadic video formats: from SDTV to HDTV (2005)

High Definition Television is currently a hot topic that generates research and commercial interests in video industry. This paper relates to video coding devices and methods for easy and fast conversion of video formats for digital TV. The proposed algorithm provides a generic framework that allows any video format conversions in a scalable way. We focused particularly on solutions to extract Standard Definition video signals from High Definition ones. Practically, we address spatial scalability solutions between video formats that are not linked up by dyadic decomposition and/or istropic decomposition. The challenge is to generate a single scalable bitstream in a compliant way that permits any spatial resolution decodings while saving bandwidth compared to classical simulcast approaches. Practically, our scalable coder is based on a multi-layer approach and on frame scales and borders introduction. Moreover, to encode/decode the macroblocks of the high resolution pictures, usual video coding approaches exploit the inheritance knowing the macroblocks of the decoded low resolution pictures. Approaches for inter-layer prediction of motion data have already been proposed for dyadic decompositions but do not work in case of non dyadic inter-layer resolutions. Consequently we propose a different managing of the inter layer prediction. All these techniques have been successfully implemented in the MPEG-SVC reference software. Obtained results achieve good coding efficiency and are comparable to the simulcast state of the art while providing features induced by scalability.