gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial Compression for Fronthaul-Constrained Uplink Receiver in 5G Systems (2019)

Cloud-radio access network (C-RAN) based architecture is widely considered as a fundamental part of 5G networks, where the disaggregation of RAN functionality between a Central Unit (CU) and multiple Distributed Unites (DU) is under hot discussion. With massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) implemented in the DU part to guarantee the high throughput performance, the limited capacity of the fronthaul between CU and DU becomes the bottleneck for the system performance improvement in the network deployment. Therefore, the spatial compression technique is essential in the uplink receiver structure. In this work, the fronthaul-constrained uplink CU-DU structure is fully discussed and the performance of two alternatives, closed-loop and open-loop spatial compression, are evaluated and compared with 2D cross-polarized antenna arrays. A 2D Kronecker product codebook to dynamically adapt with the antenna array dimension is proposed to achieve better compression performance and it is investigated in the context of the 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5G New Radio (NR) Release 15 standard. The link level simulation results show that the performance with the spatial compression is sensitive with the oversampling size of codebook and reference signal transmission period and the proposed adaptive codebook outperforms the traditional ones.
ATM direct connectionless service (2002)

A method is proposed by which an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network can directly provide a connectionless data service in a customer premises network. Cells that carry connectionless messages are routed to their destination based on an address written in the VPI/VCI field. This is performed directly by the ATM switches, without any overlay switching functions. The method applies to one addressing domain, which can match a customer premises network. The basic protocols and a buffer protection scheme which can be employed for implementing the service are given. For destinations outside the domain, the protocols allow a transparent use of the connectionless service defined by the CCITT.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Efficient segment-by-segment restoration (2004)

Abstract: A dynamic approach is proposed for segment-by-segment restoration in intelligent optical networks. This approach significantly improves the failure restoration time whilst bounding the restoration path length and maintaining low bandwidth overbuild. 1.
Hormone Induced Lactation in the Bovine. II. Response of Nulligravida Heifers to Modified Estrogen-Progesterone Treatment (1974)

Subcutaneous injection of 17/3-estradiol (60 rag/600 kg body weight per day) and progesterone (150 rag/600 kg body weight per day) for 7 days initiated lactation in nulligravida heifers. Lactation was initiated with 17/3-estradiol-progesterone ratios of 1:2.5, 1:2, and 1:1 when constant 17/~-estradiol (60 rag/600 kg body weight per day) was maintained. Varying the dose of 17/3-estradiol (20, 40, or 60 rag/600 kg body weight per day) while maintaining a constant 1713estradiol:progesterone ratio of 1:2.5 also initiated lactation at all rates of 1713estradiol.
Modelling the transmission of airborne infections in enclosed spaces (2006)

The Wells-Riley equation for modelling airborne infection in indoor environments is incorporated into an SEIR epidemic model with a short incubation period to simulate the transmission dynamics of airborne infectious diseases in ventilated rooms. The model enables the effect of environmental factors such as the ventilation rate and the room occupancy to be examined, and allows the long-term impact of infection control measures to be assessed. A theoretical parametric study is carried out to demonstrate how changes to both the physical environment and infection control procedures may potentially limit the spread of short-incubation-period airborne infections in indoor environments such as hospitals.
Biochemistry of Catecholamines (1971)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Traces through Time: a Case-study of Applying Statistical Methods to Refine Algorithms for Linking Biographical Data. (2015)

The Traces through Time project, which ran at The UK National Archives in 2015, developed algorithms and tools to link people appearing in historical records and to assign robust measures of confidence to the connections that are made. The method has application across the digital humanities, including for biographical research. Fuzzy matching relies on the availability of background statistics on the population, the distribution of data values, data quality and the type and frequency of errors. This paper describes work to refine the original algorithms through implementation of a learning approach in which insights arising from one analysis are fed back into the algorithm to improve the baseline statistics for subsequent analyses. We find that this iterative approach delivers significant improvements over 'raw’ scoring mechanisms. It enables us to carefully target the type and degree of fuzzy matching to be applied and can help balance the poor precision that results from allowing increased ‘fuzziness’ against the poor recall that arises from a more restrictive approach. Future work will extend the approach beyond names and dates of birth, and will embed these enhancements into the Traces through Time framework and tools.
The Cylinder Cooling of Internal Combustion Engines (1915)

It is worthy of remark that the period of pump trouble waa contemporaneous with that of the old coiled tube radiator (the "series" type).The plaoing of the radiator tubes '' in parallel " at once lowered the duty demanded of the pump, and the troubles ceased.LANCHESTE H. Q 9. I n view of the future importance of direct air cooling the * Those interested in the early history of direct air cooling, especially as relating to the question of priority, may be referred to an article by Mr. C. C.
Static induction thyristor (1978)

Recent experimental results of Static Induction thyristor, in which the injection of the carrier is controlled by the electro-static field around the gate, are reported comparing with the theoretical estimations. SIT thyristor can switch even d.c. power with very high speed and with relatively high efficiency. Fall time and forward voltage drop have been able to be as small as 50 ns and 1.5 V, respectively.
A Novel Single-Molecule Study To Determine Protein−Protein Association Constants (2001)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is traditionally used as an imaging technique to gain qualitative information for a biological system. We have successfully used the imaging capabilities of the AFM to determine protein-protein association constants. We have developed a method to measure the molecular weight of a protein based on its volume determined from AFM images. Our volume determination method allows for rapid, accurate analysis of large protein populations. On the basis of the measured volume, the fraction of monomers as dimers was determined for the DNA helicase UvrD, and the dissociation constant (K(d)) for the helicase was calculated. We determined a K(d) for UvrD of 1.4 microM, which is in good agreement with published K(d) data obtained from analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) studies. Our method provides a rapid method for determining protein-protein association constants.
Efficient RAM and Control Flow in Verifiable Outsourced Computation (2015)

Author(s): Riad S. Wahby, Srinath Setty, Zuocheng Ren, Andrew J. Blumberg, Michael Walfish Download: Paper (PDF) Date: 7 Feb 2015 Document Type: Briefing Papers Additional Documents: Slides Associated Event: NDSS Symposium 2015 Abstract: Recent work on proof-based verifiable computation has resulted in built systems that employ tools from complexity theory and cryptography to address a … Continued
Improving Exploration in Evolution Strategies for Deep Reinforcement Learning via a Population of Novelty-Seeking Agents (2017)

Evolution strategies (ES) are a family of black-box optimization algorithms able to train deep neural networks roughly as well as Q-learning and policy gradient methods on challenging deep reinforcement learning (RL) problems, but are much faster (e.g. hours vs. days) because they parallelize better. However, many RL problems require directed exploration because they have reward functions that are sparse or deceptive (i.e. contain local optima), and it is unknown how to encourage such exploration with ES. Here we show that algorithms that have been invented to promote directed exploration in small-scale evolved neural networks via populations of exploring agents, specifically novelty search (NS) and quality diversity (QD) algorithms, can be hybridized with ES to improve its performance on sparse or deceptive deep RL tasks, while retaining scalability. Our experiments confirm that the resultant new algorithms, NS-ES and two QD algorithms, NSR-ES and NSRA-ES, avoid local optima encountered by ES to achieve higher performance on Atari and simulated robots learning to walk around a deceptive trap. This paper thus introduces a family of fast, scalable algorithms for reinforcement learning that are capable of directed exploration. It also adds this new family of exploration algorithms to the RL toolbox and raises the interesting possibility that analogous algorithms with multiple simultaneous paths of exploration might also combine well with existing RL algorithms outside ES.
Quantifying the triboelectric series (2019)

Triboelectrification is a well-known phenomenon that commonly occurs in nature and in our lives at any time and any place. Although each and every material exhibits triboelectrification, its quantification has not been standardized. A triboelectric series has been qualitatively ranked with regards to triboelectric polarization. Here, we introduce a universal standard method to quantify the triboelectric series for a wide range of polymers, establishing quantitative triboelectrification as a fundamental materials property. By measuring the tested materials with a liquid metal in an environment under well-defined conditions, the proposed method standardizes the experimental set up for uniformly quantifying the surface triboelectrification of general materials. The normalized triboelectric charge density is derived to reveal the intrinsic character of polymers for gaining or losing electrons. This quantitative triboelectric series may serve as a textbook standard for implementing the application of triboelectrification for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing.
Superconducting transformer failure: Testing and investigation (2009)

Abstract—A partial core superconducting transformer, that was built in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Depart-ment, was tested under no-load, short-circuit, full-load and a two minute full-load endurance run. The first no-load, short-circuit and full load tests were only partially successful because the accuracy of the meters were not satisfactory enough to confirm the mathematical models. The transformer failed the endurance run; voltage dipping and rapid liquid nitrogen boil-off was observed one minute and a half into the test. An investigative approach was taken to determine the cause of the failure. The radial field at ends of the partial core, was determined not to have caused the tape to go out of its superconducting state. An open circuit test was performed on one of the outside winding which led to the discovery of a shorted turn. The windings and insulation of the transformer were taken apart to visually observe the faulty turns. I.
Pyruvate kinase type M2: a crossroad in the tumor metabolome (2002)

Cell proliferation is a process that consumes large amounts of energy. A reduction in the nutrient supply can lead to cell death by ATP depletion, if cell proliferation is not limited. A key sensor for this regulation is the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase, which determines whether glucose carbons are channelled to synthetic processes or used for glycolytic energy production. In unicellular organisms pyruvate kinase is regulated by ATP, ADP and AMP, by ribose 5-P, the precursor of the nucleic acid synthesis, and by the glycolytic intermediate fructose 1,6-P2 (FBP), thereby adapting cell proliferation to nutrient supply. The mammalian pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (M2-PK) displays the same kinetic properties as the pyruvate kinase enzyme from unicellular organisms. The mammalian M2-PK isoenzyme can switch between a less active dimeric form and a highly active tetrameric form which regulates the channeling of glucose carbons either to synthetic processes (dimeric form) or to glycolytic energy production (tetrameric form). Tumor cells are usually characterized by a high amount of the dimeric form leading to a strong accumulation of all glycolytic phosphometabolites above pyruvate kinase. The tetramer-dimer ratio is regulated by ATP, FBP and serine and by direct interactions with different oncoproteins (pp60v-src, HPV-16 E7). In solid tumors with sufficient oxygen supply pyruvate is supplied by glutaminolysis. Pyruvate produced in glycolysis and glutaminolysis is used for the synthesis of lactate, glutamate and fatty acids thereby releasing the hydrogen produced in the glycolytic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction.
BeStent—The Serpentine Balloon Expandable Stent: Review of Mechanical Properties and Clinical Experience (1998)

The objective of this study was to present the engineering and clinical aspects of a new balloon expandable coronary stent. A new tubular, serpentine design stainless steel balloon-expandable stent, the beStent, was designed based on clinical requirements for stents and has been clinically evaluated in multiple sites. The stent is featured by terminal gold markers and rotational junctions that assure no shortening upon expansion and lead to orthogonal locking, maximizing radial strength. In terms of methods and results, the stent was clinically evaluated in the framework of a pilot evaluation in a variety of lesion types. The short- and long-term results evaluated during the course of the beStent multicenter pilot evaluation and in our single center study are reported. A variety of patients were included, including patients with long complex lesions, restenosis lesions, and total occlusions. Short-term clinical success with stenting was achieved in more than 97% of the cases. Subacute thrombosis was low in 1% of the cases. Clinical restenosis rates were acceptable with an overall 85% 6 month event free survival. In conclusion, the mechanical features of the stent providing its flexibility, scaffolding properties, radial strength, and absence of shortening were tested in a clinical study, showing that it is safe and effective for treating simple as well as long and complex lesions associated with coronary disease with a relatively low rate of complications.
Hydrodynamic properties of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors solubilized from rat forebrain (1984)

Muscarinic receptors from rat forebrain have been solubilized by Lubrol PX, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), digitonin and cholate/1 M sodium chloride. The overall level of solubilization was characterized using receptors prelabelled with an irreversible antagonist. The recovery of nondenatured soluble binding activity was estimated using reversible tritiated antagonists. All these detergents solubilized 60-85% of the total binding sites. In Lubrol PX most of the receptors were recovered in a denatured form. In the other detergents 30-90% of the solubilized receptors were stable and capable of binding reversible [3H]-antagonists with high affinity. The hydrodynamic properties of the soluble receptors have been examined by gel filtration and sucrose gradient centrifugation in H2O and D2O. The soluble receptors in Lubrol PX, lysophosphatidylcholine and cholate were, in general, heterogeneous as regards their molecular size. Estimates of the molecular weight after correction for bound detergent, varied from 82,000 to 134,000. Conditions were identified under which the receptor was largely monodisperse, and the estimates of molecular weight agreed with values (ca. 83,000) from sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amount of bound detergent could not be calculated for the digitonin-muscarinic receptor complex which had an estimated overall median molecular weight of about 290,000. It is concluded that a subpopulation of muscarinic receptors from the rat forebrain is capable of existing in a monomeric soluble form and binding ligands. There is also evidence that complexes with other proteins can exist, but their specificity and functional relevance are not known.
A Comparison of the TempO-Seq S1500+ Platform to RNA-Seq and Microarray Using Rat Liver Mode of Action Samples (2018)

The TempO-Seq<sup>TM</sup> platform allows for targeted transcriptomic analysis and is currently used by many groups to perform high-throughput gene expression analysis. Herein we performed a comparison of gene expression characteristics measured using 45 purified RNA samples from the livers of rats exposed to chemicals that fall into one of five modes of action (MOAs). These samples have been previously evaluated using Affymetrix<sup>TM</sup> rat genome 230 2.0 microarrays and Illumina® whole transcriptome RNA-Seq. Comparison of these data with TempO-Seq analysis using the rat S1500+ beta gene set identified clear differences in the platforms related to signal to noise, root mean squared error, and/or sources of variability. Microarray and TempO-Seq captured the most variability in terms of MOA and chemical treatment whereas RNA-Seq had higher noise and larger differences between samples within a MOA. However, analysis of the data by hierarchical clustering, gene subnetwork connectivity and biological process representation of MOA-varying genes revealed that the samples clearly grouped by treatment as opposed to gene expression platform. Overall these findings demonstrate that the results from the TempO-Seq platform are consistent with findings on other more established approaches for measuring the genome-wide transcriptome.
Muscular dystrophy with marked Dysferlin deficiency is consistently caused by primary dysferlin gene mutations (2011)

Dysferlin is a 237-kDa transmembrane protein involved in calcium-mediated sarcolemma resealing. Dysferlin gene mutations cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) 2B, Miyoshi myopathy (MM) and distal myopathy of the anterior tibialis. Considering that a secondary Dysferlin reduction has also been described in other myopathies, our original goal was to identify cases with a Dysferlin deficiency without dysferlin gene mutations. The dysferlin gene is huge, composed of 55 exons that span 233 140 bp of genomic DNA. We performed a thorough mutation analysis in 65 LGMD/MM patients with ≤20% Dysferlin. The screening was exhaustive, as we sequenced both genomic DNA and cDNA. When required, we used other methods, including real-time PCR, long PCR and array CGH. In all patients, we were able to recognize the primary involvement of the dysferlin gene. We identified 38 novel mutation types. Some of these, such as a dysferlin gene duplication, could have been missed by conventional screening strategies. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay was evident in six cases, in three of which both alleles were only detectable in the genomic DNA but not in the mRNA. Among a wide spectrum of novel gene defects, we found the first example of a 'nonstop' mutation causing a dysferlinopathy. This study presents the first direct and conclusive evidence that an amount of Dysferlin ≤20% is pathogenic and always caused by primary dysferlin gene mutations. This demonstrates the high specificity of a marked reduction of Dysferlin on western blot and the value of a comprehensive molecular approach for LGMD2B/MM diagnosis.
Fundus reflectometry for photocoagulation dosimetry (1989)

A dosimetry technique has been developed which utilizes three-wavelength fundus reflectometry, a quantitative model of fundus reflectance, and a model of thermal tissue damage to control photocoagulation lesion size. The fundus reflectance model uses Lambert-Beer's law exponential attenuators to describe the ocular media, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choriocapillaris transmission characteristics while the choroid is described as a Kubelka-Munklike homogeneous scatterer/absorber. Three reflecting layers are included in the model at the retinal inner limiting membrane, Bruch's membrane, and the sclera. Measured lesion size variability contained components which resulted from variations in choroidal blood and melanin and RPE melanin concentration. Photocoagulation dosimetry was found to reduce the photocoagulation lesion size coefficient of variation for red light from 45% to 10% for the control and dosimetry cases, respectively. Similar improvement was noted for yellow photocoagulation light.
MUTATIONAL EVENTS IN THE TRIPLO- AND HAPLO-LETHAL REGION (83DE) OF THE <i>DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER</i> GENOME (1980)

The Drosophila melanogaster genome contains a single region (at 83DE on the polytene chromosome map) for which both heterozygous deficiency and heterozygous duplication are inviable. Seven EMS-induced mutations have been recovered that are viable in combination with a duplication of this region. Two classes of mutations are reported: (1) Mutations that allow survival of flies with either a duplication or a normal third chromosome. These mutations retain Ki, a closely linked marker on the mutagenized chromosome. They fail to complement, and one has been mapped to the vicinity of 83DE. (2) Mutations that allow survival only in heterozygous combination with a duplication and have lost the Ki marker. These mutations represent new deletions of the dose-sensitive information. The possible structural organization of the 83DE region is discussed in light of these two classes of mutations.
Survivable SONET networks—design methodology (1994)

A prototype software system that implements a methodology for the strategic planning of survivable interoffice networks is presented. The software system determines strategic locations and ring types for synchronous optical network ring placement. Two types of survivable network architectures are considered/spl mdash/1:1 diverse protection and SONET self-healing rings. The software considers three types of SONET self-healing rings/spl mdash/unidirectional, 2-fiber bidirectional, and 4-fiber bidirectional. Hubbing is assumed in all architectures. Inputs include nodes, links, connectivity, facility hierarchy, and multiyear point-to-point demands, together with the costs of fiber material and splicing, route mileage (installation), and multiplexors and regenerators of different rates. The outputs are a set of near-optimal rings based on cost, specifying the ring types and rates, fiber span sizes and counts, regenerator locations and speeds, the topology (set of links to be used), and the network cost. In addition, the software outputs the time in the planning period that each ring and fiber span should be installed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A new synthesis of phenanthroindolizidine (1969)

(±)-Phenanthro[9,10-f]indolizidine (I), the basic skeleton of the Tylophora alkaloids, was synthesized by a modification of the method used for the synthesis of cryptopleurine.