gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of genotoxicity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2006)

Nucleoside analogs were first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use against HIV-AIDS in 1987. Since then, these agents, now commonly referred to as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), have become essential components of the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) drug combinations used for treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infections. Their antiretroviral activity is likely two-fold: incorporation of the drug into viral DNA and inhibition of the viral reverse transcriptase. However, incorporation of the drug into host nuclear and mitochondrial DNA may be largely responsible for dose-limiting toxicities. Azidothymidine (AZT, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, zidovudine), the first NRTI approved for the therapy of HIV-1, is incorporated into DNA, causes mutations in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) and thymidine kinase (TK) genes, and induces micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, shortened telomeres, and other genotoxic effects in cultured cells. Genomic instability would be predicted as a consequence of these events. Metabolic pathways that result in the phosphorylation of AZT play a crucial role in AZT-DNA incorporation, and may be altered after prolonged treatment. For example, thymidine kinase 1, the enzyme responsible for AZT mono-phosphorylation, is down-regulated during long-term exposure and appears to be associated with AZT-induced replication inhibition and the accumulation of cells in S-phase. Detailed information on the mechanisms underlying NRTI-associated antiretroviral efficacy, toxicity, and metabolic resistance were not available when AZT was first approved for use as an antiretroviral agent. Current insights, based on 15 years of research, may lead to intervention strategies to attenuate toxicity without altering drug efficacy.
Assessment of computational methods for predicting the effects of missense mutations in human cancers (2013)

Our independent assessment of existing tools reveals various performance disparities. Cancer-trained methods did not improve upon more general predictors. No method or combination of methods exceeds 81% accuracy, indicating there is still significant room for improvement for driver mutation prediction, and perhaps more sophisticated feature integration is needed to develop a more robust tool.
Carbon discharge through municipal solid waste in Haikou, China (2007)

With rapid urban development, municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a pressing issue. Estimation of carbon discharge through municipal solid waste provides a way to assess environmental load of solid waste from the viewpoint of the carbon cycle. With few studies on carbon research and provides insights into human impacts on the carbon cycle. Based on a comprehensive fieldwork investigation of a typical Chinese tourist city – Haikou City, Hainan Island – the characteristics of MSW carbon discharge and human activities that influenced it were analysed. The results indicated that, in 2001, the total carbon discharge from 261.9 Gg of MSW was 105.1 GgC per year, and 174.6 kgC per capita per annum. Carbon is discharged in the form of food scraps (24%), plastics (20%), wood (17%), fabrics (14%), paper (13%), and dust and stone (12%). If landfill received all the waste, 4.7% of MSW carbon would be transformed into methane, with a value of 4.9 GgC. Between 1991 and 1999, Haikou's per capita MSW carbon discharge increased by 59.9%, and total MSW carbon discharge increased by 124.9%. MSW carbon discharge in Haikou is significantly affected by the growth of residential expenditure and urbanisation. Local characteristics of tourism also influence Haikou's MSW carbon discharge, not only in terms of its yearly variation, but also its monthly variation. Integrating data on carbon discharge with carbon consumption will provide a systematic view of the carbon metabolism in urban ecosystems, and further insights into the generation of urban environmental pollution.
Toeplitz Equations by Conjugate Gradients with Circulant Preconditioner (1989)

This paper studies the solution of symmetric positive definite Toeplitz systems $Ax = b$ by the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. The preconditioner is a circulant matrix C that copies the middle diagonals of A, and each iteration uses the Fast Fourier Transform. Convergence is governed by the eigenvalues of $C^{ - 1} A$–a Toeplitz-circulant eigenvalue problem—and it is fast if those eigenvalues are clustered. The limiting behavior of the eigenvalues is found as the dimension increases, and it is proved that they cluster around $\lambda = 1$. For a wide class of problems the error after q conjugate gradient steps decreases as $r^{q^2 } $.
Closed-Cycle Rare-Gas Electrical-Discharge Laser (1977)

Abstract : The recently developed technology of high-pressure molecular lasers has been combined with ultrahigh-vacuum technology to develop a fast-flow high- pressure laser system capable of long-duration closed-cycle operation with rare gases. The system has been used to investigate laser media excited by short, fast-rising high-voltage pulses under conditions of high pressure, fast flow, and low-background impurity level. Experimental results of parametric investigations of high-repetition-rate laser performance for Ar-Xe and He-Xe mixtures are given. Ultraviolet photoionization characteristics of molecular lasers are presented. The photoabsorption cross sections and photoionization yields of N,N-dimethylaniline, triethylamine, trimethylamine, and tri-n- propylamine are given and their use as laser seed compounds discussed; nitric oxide is also considered. UV emission spectra of spark sources applicable to CO and CO2 preionized lasers are presented.
Angiotensin II analogs. 11. Des-aspartyl-angiotensin II (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAngiotensin II analogs. 11. Des-aspartyl-angiotensin IIEugene C. Jorgensen, Ilona C. Kiraly-Olah, Thomas C. Lee, and Graham C. WindridgeCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1974, 17, 3, 323–326Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00249a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00249a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views39Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
MPI-ACC: An Integrated and Extensible Approach to Data Movement in Accelerator-based Systems (2012)

Data movement in high-performance computing systems accelerated by graphics processing units (GPUs) remains a challenging problem. Data communication in popular parallel programming models, such as the Message Passing Interface (MPI), is currently limited to the data stored in the CPU memory space. Auxiliary memory systems, such as GPU memory, are not integrated into such data movement frameworks, thus providing applications with no direct mechanism to perform end-to-end data movement. We introduce MPI-ACC, an integrated and extensible framework that allows end-to-end data movement in accelerator-based systems. MPI-ACC provides productivity and performance benefits by integrating support for auxiliary memory spaces into MPI. MPI-ACC's runtime system enables several key optimizations, including pipelining of data transfers and balancing of communication based on accelerator and node architecture. We demonstrate the extensible design of MPIACC by using the popular CUDA and OpenCL accelerator programming interfaces. We examine the impact of MPI-ACC on communication performance and evaluate application-level benefits on a large-scale epidemiology simulation.
PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG PRICING: THE INTERNET AS A SOLUTION FOR THIS HEALTH ISSUE TURNED FINANCIAL ISSUE (2019)

Over the course of five decades, American annual expenditure on pharmaceutical drugs has increased by more than $350 billion. This drastic increase has led many patients to struggle to afford their necessary, and potentially life-saving, medications. Today’s high pharmaceutical prices are largely due to the fact that name-brand drug manufacturers have few restrictions on how much they can charge for their products. Additionally, name-brand manufacturers are able to monopolize the manufacture of their drugs because patent laws prevent other manufacturers from using the formula of these drugs for two decades. To combat these high prices, this Note proposes a partnership between telemedicine companies and online pharmacies that promotes the prescription of cheaper, generic-brand drugs. By combining the cheaper, mobile services of telemedicine with generic-brand drugs offered by online pharmacies, this partnership can increase access and quality of healthcare while driving down price.
From proximity sensing to spatio-temporal social graphs (2014)

Understanding the social dynamics of a group of people can give new insights into social behavior. Physical proximity between individuals results from the interactions between them. Hence, measuring physical proximity is an important step towards a better understanding of social behavior. We discuss a novel approach to sense proximity from within the social dynamics. Our primary objective is to construct a spatio-temporal social graph from noisy proximity data. We address the technical and algorithmic challenges of measuring proximity reliably and accurately. Simulations and real world experiments demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of our approach. Our algorithms doubles the sensitivity of proximity detections at the cost of a slight reduction in specificity.
Artificial Organic Host Molecules for Anions (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTArtificial Organic Host Molecules for AnionsFranz P. Schmidtchen and Michael BergerView Author Information Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 5, 1609–1646Publication Date (Web):August 5, 1997Publication History Received23 January 1997Revised23 May 1997Published online5 August 1997Published inissue 1 August 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr9603845https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9603845research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7276Altmetric-Citations1608LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Cations,Complexation,Receptors,Selectivity Get e-Alerts
Recommender Systems with Personality (2016)

We believe that in the future, the most common form of recommender systems will be present in a personal assistant. We claim that such an intelligent agent must be personal, i.e., know its user's preferences and recommend relevant content, a dynamic learner, instructable, supportive and affable. We describe the current state of the art and the challenges which should be addressed in each of these agent properties and provide examples of how we expect future personal agents to convey these properties.
Adaptive Change Detection (2009)

In this paper we propose a method to detect meaningful changes between two images. By meaningful changes we refer to those due to variations in the visual content of the images, rejecting illumination changes as non-meaningful. The method has been devised in order to assure a low number of wrong detections and it depends on a few parameters. These parameters can be tuned once and for all for any input images, which makes the method virtually automatic.
Three-phase induction generator connected to a single-phase electrical distribution system including harmonic effects (2002)

This paper presents a time domain mathematical model of a three phase induction generator feeding a single-phase electrical distribution system including space harmonic effects. The objective in this work is to analyze the three-phase induction generator when working in the conditions described above. From such a model it is possible to make a more precise analysis, since some problems should be easily observed using the time domain technique, such as unbalancing of magnetomotive forces (MMF) at the machine inner magnetic circuit. This is impossible to visualize when using frequency domain modeling. A 2 HP three-phase induction generator model is used in digital simulation. Through the results it is easy to show that the proposed model is very efficient.
Multiple Administrations of Viral Nanoparticles Alter <i>in Vivo</i> Behavior—Insights from Intravital Microscopy (2016)

Multiple administrations of nanoparticle-based formulations are often a clinical requirement for drug delivery and diagnostic imaging applications. Steady pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles is desirable to achieve efficient therapeutic or diagnostic outcomes over such repeat administrations. While clearance through mononuclear phagocytic system is a key determinant of nanoparticle persistence <i>in vivo</i>, multiple administrations could potentially result in altered pharmacokinetics by evoking innate or adaptive immune responses. Plant viral nanoparticles (VNPs) represent an emerging class of programmable nanoparticle platform technologies that offer a highly organized proteinaceous architecture and multivalency for delivery of large payloads of drugs and molecular contrast agents. These very structural features also render them susceptible to immune recognition and subsequent accelerated systemic clearance that could potentially affect overall efficiency. While the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of VNPs have been reported, the biological response following repeat administrations remains an understudied area of investigation. Here, we demonstrate that weekly administration of filamentous plant viruses results in the generation of increasing levels of circulating, carrier-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. Furthermore, PVX specific immunoglobulins from the serum of immunized animals quickly form aggregates when incubated with PVX <i>in vitro</i>. Such aggregates of VNP-immune complexes are also observed in the mouse vasculature <i>in vivo</i> following repeat injections when imaged in real time using intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM). The size of aggregates diminishes at later time points, coinciding with antibody class switching from IgM to IgG. Together, our results highlight the need for careful <i>in vivo</i> assessment of (viral) nanoparticle-based platform technologies, especially in studying their performance after repeat administration. We also demonstrate the utility of intravital microscopy to aid in this evaluation.
GENETIC CONTROL BY THE <i>hr</i> -LOCUS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE TO LEUKEMIA (1969)

Leukemia was observed in 45 per cent of hairless mice at 8 to 10 months of age and 72 per cent at 18 months. The incidence of leukemia in normal heterozygous mice of the same age is about one per cent at 10 months and increases to 20 per cent at 18 months. Other tumors are rare; two mammary adenocarcinomas occurred in heterozygotes, and an epidermal squamous cell carcinoma was found in a hairless mouse. Murine leukemia virus was isolated from normal and leukemic mice of both genotypes on SWR/J- and C57L/J-METC, but not BALB/cJ-METC. If this virus is responsible for the leukemia in HRS/J mice, the mutant gene (hr) enhances susceptibility and the wild-type allele (+) induces resistance to leukemogenesis, i.e., malignant transformation of reticulo-endothelial tissues occurs rather than inhibition of viral replication as both genotypes harbor virus in high titers. The two types of HRS/J mice, hr/hr and hr/+, are congenic, i.e., they differ only with respect to one allele (hr or +) at the mutant locus. This single gene difference should lend itself to analysis of the interaction of a specific gene and murine leukemia virus.
EHF Fiber Optic-Based Antenna Array (1988)

Lightwave circuits have a number of advantages over conventional metallic conductors for both analog and digital signal distributions in a phased array antenna. Potential architectures and system issues involved in implementing a fiber optic based EHF subarray will be discussed.
Dietary fish oil plus lovastatin decreases both VLDL and LDL apo B production in miniature pigs. (1992)

Our previous apolipoprotein (apo) B kinetic studies of miniature pigs fed fish oil (Maxepa) demonstrated that very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) apo B concentrations were markedly reduced but that low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations were only modestly lowered because of a threefold increase in the conversion of VLDL apo B to LDL. In the present study, the effect of Maxepa plus lovastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, on apo B metabolism was assessed. Miniature pigs (n = 6) were simultaneously injected with autologous 131I-VLDL and 125I-LDL after a diet of pig chow supplemented with 30 g/day of Maxepa and again after the addition of lovastatin, 30 mg/day. Kinetic data were analyzed by compartmental analysis with use of the CONSAM program. Compared with Maxepa alone, the addition of lovastatin reduced VLDL apo B concentrations by 21% (p less than 0.003) because of reduced VLDL apo B production (26%, p less than 0.005), as the fractional clearance rate was not affected. Conversion of VLDL apo B to LDL was reduced by 48% (p less than 0.005), and the direct removal of VLDL apo B from plasma was reduced by 25% (p less than 0.01). Maxepa plus lovastatin reduced LDL apo B concentrations by 44% (p less than 0.004). This was due to a 38% (p less than 0.002) decrease in LDL production, which was primarily derived from VLDL. The LDL apo B fractional catabolic rate was not significantly changed. Thus, a combination of Maxepa and lovastatin reduces both VLDL and LDL apo B concentrations, primarily by decreasing production rates.
Extracting attribute-value pairs from product specifications on the web (2017)

Comparison shopping portals integrate product offers from large numbers of e-shops in order to support consumers in their buying decisions. Product offers often consist of a title and a free-text product description, both describing product attributes that are considered relevant by the specific vendor. In addition, product offers might contain structured or semi-structured product specifications in the form of HTML tables and HTML lists. As product specifications often cover more product attributes than free-text descriptions, being able to extract attribute-value pairs from these specifications is a critical prerequisite for achieving good results in tasks such as product matching, product categorisation, faceted product search, and product recommendation.
A peer-to-peer approach to task scheduling in computation grid (2005)

Most of the existing solutions on task scheduling and resource management in grid computing are based on the traditional client/server model, enforcing a homogenous policy on making decisions and limiting the system flexibility and scalability. In this paper, we propose a peer-to-peer (P2P)-based decentralised approach, which off-loads the intermediate server by letting the peers in the grid to make the scheduling decision among themselves using their own scheduling policies. A generic architecture for metascheduler on peers, called PGS (P2P grid scheduler), and the task scheduling framework based on PGS have been developed. Both push and pull modes are used for distributing the tasks to peers with the support of load balancing and fault tolerance. A prototype of the proposed architecture and mechanism has been developed and simple performance tests have been conducted.
Expression of functional <i>Raphanus sativus</i> antifungal protein in yeast (1994)

Rs-AFP2 is a 51 amino acid cysteine-rich peptide isolated from radish (Raphanus sativus) seeds that exhibits potent inhibitory activity against filamentous fungi. A cDNA clone encoding the Rs-AFP2 preprotein was modified by recombinant DNA methods to allow expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This peptide was expressed in yeast as a fusion protein carrying at its N-terminus the prepro-sequences derived from the precursor of the yeast pheromone mating factor alpha 1. These sequences allow secretion of the biologically active peptide in a correctly processed form. Deletion of the mating factor alpha 1 pro-peptide drastically reduced the expression level of the peptide.
Surface electromagnetic wave excitation on one-dimensional photonic band-gap arrays (1999)

Experiments are described on the prism-coupled excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in one-dimensional photonic band-gap arrays. The low loss of photonic band-gap materials leads to narrow angular reflectivity resonances and high surface fields. These attributes, coupled with the ability to engineer the optical properties of photonic band-gap arrays, suggest these materials as powerful replacements for metal films in many applications that make use of surface-plasmon resonance.