gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New nonvolatile memory with charge-trapping sidewall (2003)

This letter reports on the development of a new nonvolatile memory with charge-trapping sidewalls using sub-0.1-μm MOSFET technology. This memory has silicon nitride (SiN) sidewalls at both sides of the gate to store the charge. We have found that optimization of the p-n junction edge with the sidewall enables writing, reading, and erasing a 2-bit charge independently. The Vth window, which is the difference in the threshold voltage between forward and reverse read, was about 0.8 V with a gate length of 0.4 μm. In addition, it is scalable to 40 nm of the gate length. This device is attractive not only from the prospects of future size reduction, but also its compatibility with CMOS process.
ANIMAL MODELS OF PULMONARY INFECTION IN THE COMPROMISED HOST: Potential Usefulness for Studying Health Effects of Inhaled Particles (2000)

Pulmonary infection leading to pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Airborne particles have been associated with pneumonia through epidemiological research, but the mechanisms by which particles affect the incidence of pneumonia are not well established. The purpose of this review is to examine the potential of animal models to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which inhaled particles might affect the incidence and resolution of pulmonary infection. The pathogenesis of pneumonia in most animal models differs from that in humans because humans frequently have underlying diseases that predispose them to infection with relatively low doses of pathogens. Normal, healthy animals lack the underlying pathology often found in humans and clear bacteria and viruses rapidly from their lungs. To overcome this, animals are administered large inocula of pathogens, are treated with agents that cause mucosal lesions, or are treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Alternatively, pathogenic bacteria are protected from phagocytosis by encasing them in agar. No one animal model will replicate a human disease in its entirety, and the choice of model depends upon how well the animal infection mimics the particular human response being examined. The advantages and disadvantages of animal models in current use for bacterial and viral infections important in the etiology of human pneumonia are reviewed in detail. Considerable data indicate that prior exposure to particles compromises the ability of experimental animals to resolve a subsequent infection. In addition, information is available on the effects of particle exposure on various portions of respiratory defense including phagocytic function, ciliary movement, inflammation, and antibody response in the absence of infection. In contrast, little research to date has examined the consequences of particle exposure on the host defense mechanisms of animals already infected or on their ability to resolve their infection.
Recommendation for the triple data encryption algorithm (TDEA) block cipher (2012)

NIST is responsible
Development of Highly Active Titania-Based Nanoparticles for Energetic Materials (2011)

Recent advances in nanostructured fuels and oxidizers may lead to high-performance energetic materials for propulsion, but these nanoparticulates present serious challenges due to their inherent instability and safety hazards and difficulty of manufacture. In this paper, we develop an alternate route, the use of nanoscale metal-oxides to catalyze reactions between micrometer-scale energetic constituents. Methods to synthesize TiO2-based nanoparticles that are highly active toward energetic reactions and effectively incorporate them into energetic composites are reported. Activity was maximized by tuning the physical and chemical properties of the nano-TiO2 dispersion in the composite. An 81% increase in combustion rate was achieved with a nanoparticle loading of 1 wt %, making energetically active nano-TiO2 a viable material for advanced propulsion, without the hazards and difficulties of competing technologies.
Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care (1997)

Pediatric Intensive Care This is the third edition of a well-known text that has become a standard in pediatric intensive care units (ICUs). Readers familiar with past editions will find this one much more user-friendly. It now consists of a single volume instead of two, and textual references to tables are in bold print, allowing the reader to refer more easily between table and text. Otherwise, the organization remains similar to the second edition, with significant basic science, physiology, and literature review followed by treatment suggestions. Most chapters have been updated quite well, with a significant increase in the number of new tables and illustrations. I found the tables on the neuromuscular causes of respiratory failure to be very informative, allowing the physician to address the differential diagnosis more easily. The chapter "Cerebrovascular Disease and Vascular Anomalies" now appropriately includes the hypercoagulable states associated with pediatric strokes. In addition,
Electrochemical synthesis of chroman and euglobal skeletons via cycloaddition reaction of o-quinone methides and alkenes (1996)

Euglobal skeletons were synthesized by the intermolecular cycloaddition reaction of terpenes and o-quinone methides generated in situ by electrochemical oxidation. In a two-phase reaction medium composed of hexane-lithium perchlorate/nitromethane, 2-[1-(propylsulfanyl)alkyl]phenols were selectively oxidized to give the corresponding unstable o-quinone methides. These intermediates were trapped in situ by unactivated alkenes or easily oxidizable terpenes to form varied chromans and spirochromans including euglobal skeletons. In particular, in the presence of β-pinene, the euglobal IIb skeleton, which possesses a β-phellandrene moiety, is formed by the cycloaddition via skeletal rearrangement of β-pinene.
Identification and Quantification of Thiaarenes in the Flue Gas of Lignite-Fired Domestic Heating (2000)

Lignite briquettes with different sulfur contents were burned in a common type of domestic heating system. The levels of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH, thiaarenes) and their alkylated and phenylated derivatives in the flue gas were determined. The analytical method described comprises isokinetic sampling, GC/full scan-MS for screening analysis, HPLC/wavelength programmable fluorescence detection (selected PAHs used as internal standards for GC), GC/atomic emission detection or GC/pulsed flame photometric detection (sulfur-selective detection of thiaarenes), GC/high resolution MS (verification and quantification of thiaarenes), and the determination of the gas chromatographic retention indices. In total 57 thiaarene species (individual compounds if possible and groups of isomeric compounds such as alkylated/phenylated species) were identified, their retention indices determined, and quantified as flue gas emission concentrations. Not only thiophene-related thiaarenes but also species with two sulfur atoms in the molecule (e. g. thienothiophene derivatives) were found. The thiaarene emission pattern is discussed, as is the correlation between the thiaarene emissions and the sulfur content of the different briquette types burned.
Separate roles of PKA and EPAC in renal function unraveled by the optogenetic control of cAMP levels <i>in vivo</i> (2012)

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger that regulates a variety of essential processes in diverse cell types, functioning via cAMP-dependent effectors such as protein kinase A (PKA) and/or exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). In an intact tissue it is difficult to separate the contribution of each cAMP effector in a particular cell type using genetic or pharmacological approaches alone. We, therefore, utilized optogenetics to overcome the difficulties associated with examining a multicellular tissue. The transgenic photoactive adenylyl cyclase bPAC can be activated to rapidly and reversibly generate cAMP pulses in a cell-type-specific manner. This optogenetic approach to cAMP manipulation was validated in vivo using GAL4-driven UAS-bPAC in a simple epithelium, the Drosophila renal (Malpighian) tubules. As bPAC was expressed under the control of cell-type-specific promoters, each cAMP signal could be directed to either the stellate or principal cells, the two major cell types of the Drosophila renal tubule. By combining the bPAC transgene with genetic and pharmacological manipulation of either PKA or EPAC it was possible to investigate the functional impact of PKA and EPAC independently of each other. The results of this investigation suggest that both PKA and EPAC are involved in cAMP sensing, but are engaged in very different downstream physiological functions in each cell type: PKA is necessary for basal secretion in principal cells only, and for stimulated fluid secretion in stellate cells only. By contrast, EPAC is important in stimulated fluid secretion in both cell types. We propose that such optogenetic control of cellular cAMP levels can be applied to other systems, for example the heart or the central nervous system, to investigate the physiological impact of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways with unprecedented precision.
In vitro investigation of influence of temperature rising on periodontal tissue during endodontic treatment (2010)

Various manipulations during endodontic treatment and restoration of endodontic treated teeth can be associated with increase of the temperature in dental structure and periodontal tissue. These manipulations include: mechanical root canal preparation, obturation with warm condensation techniques, root -canal preparation for radicular post. The critical level of temperature, that doesn't cause irreversible consequences is 43C. The aim of this study is to investigate the temperature changes on external root surface during endodontic treatment depending of dentin thickness. Thirty six single -rooted, human teeth extracted for prosthetic or periodontal reasons were selected for this study. Teeth were divided into four groups-nine teeth in each one. The temperature changes during mechanical root canal preparation, vertical warm condensation, continious wave of condensation and root canal preparation for radicular post are explored and the results are presented.
Analysis of complex protein kinase B signalling pathways in human prostate cancer samples (2008)

Deregulation of p-PKB/Akt is common in localized prostate cancer and has a putative value as predictive marker for disease progression and as therapeutic target. However, as a consequence of the substantial heterogeneity in the expression and phosphorylation levels of relevant PKB/Akt effector pathways, for a rational use of specified inhibitors of the PI3K/PKB system a complex pattern testing of expression and activity of the respective target proteins for prediction of efficacy and prognosis seems mandatory.
A Simple Variable Expansion-Ratio, Spark Ignition, Four-Stroke, Engine (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A description is given of a new form of Otto-Atkinson type engine, which does not incorporate variable valve timing, in which the compression ratio is essentially invariant over the full range of operating conditions. A brief review of relevant thermodynamic considerations precedes a discussion of the mechanical aspects of the proposed engine. This is followed by performance predictions. It is shown theoretically, with support from experimental work by others, that the new engine offers the promise of fuel savings of about 21-24% at 30% of full load and of 10% at 80% of full load.</div>
Enthalpic domination of the chelate effect in cyclodextrin dimers (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnthalpic domination of the chelate effect in cyclodextrin dimersBiliang Zhang and Ronald BreslowCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 20, 9353–9354Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00073a087https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00073a087research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views786Altmetric-Citations141LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Flavonol Glycoside, Isolated From Roots of Panax notoginseng, Reduces Amyloid-β-Induced Neurotoxicity in Cultured Neurons: Signaling Transduction and Drug Development for Alzheimer's Disease (2010)

A Radix Notoginseng flavonol glycoside (RNFG), quercetin 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, was isolated from roots of Panax notoginseng. Among different biological properties tested, RNFG possessed a strong activity in preventing amyloid-beta (Abeta)-induced cell death. In an in vitro assay, RNFG inhibited the aggregation of Abeta in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, application of RNFG in cultured cortical neurons, or PC12 cells, reduced the Abeta-induced cell death in time- and dose-dependent manners, with the suppression of Abeta-induced DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation. In cultured neurons, the pre-treatment of RNFG abolished the increase of Ca(2+) mobilization triggered by Abeta. The neuroprotective properties of RNFG required a specific sugar attachment within the main chemical backbone because the flavonol backbone by itself did not show any protective effect. In memory impairment experiments using the passive avoidance task, the administration of RNFG reduced brain damage in scopolamine-treated rats. These results therefore reveal a novel function of Radix Notoginseng and its flavonol glycoside that could be very useful in developing food supplements for the prevention, or potential treatment, of Alzheimer's disease.
Mesenchymal stem cells play a potential role in regulating the establishment and maintenance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in MCF7 human breast cancer cells by paracrine and induced autocrine TGF-β (2012)

Although the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a normal process that occurs during development, it is thought to be associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Emerging evidence links mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the tumor microenvironment with the occurrence of EMT in cancer progression. In this study, the human breast cancer cell line MCF7 was co-cultured with human adipose-derived MSCs (hAD-MSCs) in a transwell system. Co-cultured cells were analyzed for changes in cellular morphology, EMT markers, protein expression and tumor characteristics. We found that co-cultured MCF7 cells underwent EMT and established a stable mesenchymal phenotype after prolonged co-culturing. Here, we demonstrate that paracrine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) secreted by hAD-MSCs regulated the establishment of EMT in MCF7 cells by targeting the ZEB/miR-200 regulatory loop. The downregulation of paracrine TGF-β1 levels can inhibit and reverse the EMT progress by downregulating ZEB1/2 and upregulating miR-200b and miR-200c. The maintenance of a stable mesenchymal state by MCF7 cells required the establishment of autocrine TGF-β signaling to drive and sustain ZEB expression, which had been initiated by the prolonged co-culturing with hAD-MSCs. These results suggest that MSCs may promote breast cancer metastasis by stimulating and facilitating the EMT process.
A <scp>DNA</scp> / <scp>HDAC</scp> dual‐targeting drug <scp>CY</scp> 190602 with significantly enhanced anticancer potency (2015)

Genotoxic drugs constitute a major treatment modality for human cancers; however, cancer cells' intrinsic DNA repair capability often increases the threshold of lethality and renders these drugs ineffective. The emerging roles of HDACs in DNA repair provide new opportunities for improving traditional genotoxic drugs. Here, we report the development and characterization of CY190602, a novel bendamustine-derived drug with significantly enhanced anticancer potency. We show that CY190602's enhanced potency can be attributed to its newly gained ability to inhibit HDACs. Using this novel DNA/HDAC dual-targeting drug as a tool, we further explored HDAC's role in DNA repair. We found that HDAC activities are essential for the expression of several genes involved in DNA synthesis and repair, including TYMS, Tip60, CBP, EP300, and MSL1. Importantly, CY190602, the first-in-class example of such DNA/HDAC dual-targeting drugs, exhibited significantly enhanced anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide rationales for incorporating HDAC inhibitory moieties into genotoxic drugs, so as to overcome the repair capacity of cancer cells. Systematic development of similar DNA/HDAC dual-targeting drugs may represent a novel opportunity for improving cancer therapy.
Effect of interferon on Sindbis virus growth in chick-embryo cell cultures (1969)

A study of the effect of interferon on the growth of Sindbis virus in cultures of chick-embryo cells has shown that interferon forms an association with cells (uptake) and that the action of interferon is concentration rather than amount dependent. Evidence has also been obtained that interferon acts to reduce the yield of virus from cells, but does not reduce the number of cells synthesizing virus (all or none effect).
Protective immunity induced in Aotus monkeys by a recombinant SERA protein of Plasmodium falciparum: adjuvant effects on induction of protective immunity (1993)

We report the results of vaccination trial 2 of Panamanian Aotus monkeys with a recombinant blood-stage antigen, SERA 1, of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Monkeys were immunized with SERA 1, a 262-amino-acid fragment (amino acids 24 to 285) of the 989-amino-acid SERA protein produced by the Honduras 1 strain of the parasite. Immunization mixtures contained 100 micrograms of recombinant SERA 1 protein per dose mixed with one of five different adjuvants. The protein mixed with either Freund's adjuvant or MF75.2 adjuvant stimulated protective immunity. When other P. falciparum antigens were included in the SERA 1-Freund's adjuvant mixture, no protective immunity was observed, although high anti-SERA 1 antibody titers were produced. Three other adjuvants mixed with SERA 1 failed to induce a protective immune response. These results, their relationship to those reported previously in the first vaccination trial (trial 1), and their relationships to the quantitative measurement of anti-SERA 1 antibodies in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays provided insights into the induction of a protective immune response in vaccinated monkeys.
Development and Validation of a One-Step Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Subtype H5, H7, and H9 Avian Influenza Viruses (2008)

Among the different hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza (AI) viruses, H5, H7, and H9 are of major interest because of the serious consequences for the poultry industry and the increasing frequency of direct transmission of these viruses to humans. The availability of new tools to rapidly detect and subtype the influenza viruses can enable the immediate application of measures to prevent the widespread transmission of the infection. In this study, a novel one-step real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RRT-PCR) was developed to detect simultaneously the H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AI viruses from clinical samples of avian origin. The sensitivity of the RRT-PCR assay was determined by using in vitro-transcribed RNA and 10-fold serial dilutions of titrated AI viruses. High sensitivity levels were obtained, with limits of detection ranging from 10(1) to 10(3) RNA copies and from 10(1) 50% egg infectious dose (EID(50))/100 microl to 10(2.74) EID(50)/100 microl with titrated viruses. Excellent results were achieved in the intra- and interassay variability tests. The comparison of the results with those obtained from the analysis of 725 avian samples by means of the reference method (virus isolation [VI]) showed a high level of agreement. To date, this is the first real-time PCR protocol available for the simultaneous detection of AI viruses belonging to subtypes H5, H7, and H9, and the results obtained indicate that this method is suitable as a routine laboratory test for the rapid detection and differentiation of the three most-important AI virus subtypes in samples of avian origin.
High Power Active Filter using LC Tuned Filter. (1992)

Usually, to eliminate the harmonics of transmission lines, LC tuned filters are employed to let bypass these harmonic components. But the elimination ability is limited by its damping resistance. Therefore, active filters composed of high frequency PWM converters are desirable. Comparing with the LC tuned filters, the cost would be very high even in high power systems.