gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automated endotoxin testing program for high-risk-level compounded sterile preparations at an institutional compounding pharmacy (2010)

A photometric endotoxins test that met all requirements of the BET was verified and implemented for high-risk-level CSPs prepared in an institutional pharmacy.
Fine Mapping of 28S rRNA Sites Specifically Cleaved in Cells Undergoing Apoptosis (1995)

Bona fide apoptosis in rat and human leukemia cells, rat thymocytes, and bovine endothelial cells was accompanied by limited and specific cleavage of polysome-associated and monosome-associated 28S rRNA, with 18S rRNA being spared. Specific 28S rRNA cleavage was observed in all instances of apoptotic death accompanied by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, with cleavage of 28S rRNA and of DNA being linked temporally. This indicates that 28S rRNA fragmentation may be as general a feature of apoptosis as internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and that concerted specific cleavage of intra- and extranuclear polynucleotides occurs in apoptosis. Apoptosis-associated cleavage sites were mapped to the 28S rRNA divergent domains D2, D6 (endothelial cells), and D8. The D2 cuts occurred in hairpin loop junctions considered to be buried in the intact ribosome, suggesting that this rRNA region becomes a target for RNase attack in apoptotic cells. D8 was cleaved in two exposed UU(U) sequences in bulge loops. Treatment with agents causing necrotic cell death or aging of cell lysates failed to produce any detectable limited D2 cleavage but did produce a more generalized cleavage in the D8 region. Of potential functional interest was the finding that the primary cuts in D2 exactly flanked a 0.3-kb hypervariable subdomain (D2c), allowing excision of the latter. The implication of hypervariable rRNA domains in apoptosis represents the first association of any functional process with these enigmatic parts of the ribosomes.
Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonists and Skin (2008)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 is an intracellular TLR that is expressed on membranes of endosomes and recognizes nucleosides and nucleotides from intracellular pathogens. Synthetic agonists of TLR7 comprise guanine nucleoside analogues, stabilized immune modulatory RNA, as well as imidoazoquinoline-based compounds. Activation of pattern recognition receptors such as TLR with appropriate agonists induces a sophisticated defense machinery of the innate immune system. Targeting TLR pathways represents a cleverly devised and promising therapeutic strategy. At present, imiquimod is the most frequently used TLR7 ligand in clinical practice and has been approved for the treatment of external genital warts and (pre-) cancerous skin lesions such as actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Upon topical application, this TLR7 agonist induces increased production of interferon-alpha, interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and a Th1 prone immune response. Imiquimod enforces the recruitment of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell subtypes and cytotoxic T cells, and increases the capacity of antigen-presenting cells to induce reactive T cells. Based on its multifaceted functions including proapoptotic, antifibrotic, antiangiogenic and antiaging effects, several reports about the efficacy of imiquimod as a treatment of various other skin diseases exist. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the immunological mechanisms induced by the TLR7 agonist imiquimod as well as established clinical therapies and putative applications of TLR7 agonists in the near future.
Flexible memory devices with tunable electrical bistability via controlled energetics in donor–donor and donor–acceptor conjugated polymers (2014)

Flexible nonvolatile memory devices were fabricated from benzodithiophene-based donor–donor and donor–acceptor 2D conjugated polymers with thermally/non-thermally recoverable memory behaviors.
Myocardial strain imaging: how useful is it in clinical decision making? (2015)

Myocardial strain is a principle for quantification of left ventricular (LV) function which is now feasible with speckle-tracking echocardiography. The best evaluated strain parameter is global longitudinal strain (GLS) which is more sensitive than left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as a measure of systolic function, and may be used to identify sub-clinical LV dysfunction in cardiomyopathies. Furthermore, GLS is recommended as routine measurement in patients undergoing chemotherapy to detect reduction in LV function prior to fall in LVEF. Intersegmental variability in timing of peak myocardial strain has been proposed as predictor of risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Strain imaging may be applied to guide placement of the LV pacing lead in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. Strain may also be used to diagnose myocardial ischaemia, but the technology is not sufficiently standardized to be recommended as a general tool for this purpose. Peak systolic left atrial strain is a promising supplementary index of LV filling pressure. The strain imaging methodology is still undergoing development, and further clinical trials are needed to determine if clinical decisions based on strain imaging result in better outcome. With this important limitation in mind, strain may be applied clinically as a supplementary diagnostic method.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF SEVEN‐COORDINATE, SUBSTITUTED MOLYBDENUM(II) AND TUNGSTEN(II) HALOCARBONYLS (1978)

Abstract Die elektrochemische Reduktion der siebenfach‐koordinierten Dihalogeno‐tricarbonyl‐bis‐[triphenylphosphin, ‐arsin oder ‐stibin]‐Mo‐ oder ‐W‐Komplexe in Methylenchlorid oder Aceton an Hg‐ und Pt‐Elektroden ist eine irreversible Zweielektronen‐Reduktion.
Publication Explosion (1961)

It has been estimated that the average scientist—and the same may probably be said for the average ophthalmologist—regularly covers 3-4 journals of his professional interest. At least he subscribes to them, looks at the titles, reads some of the articles and for some indeterminate time, keeps them on his desk or at his bedside. The more conscientious ophthalmologist worries that he is not reading as much as he should or subscribing to as many journals as he should. He gets small comfort from the statement<sup>1</sup>of Dr. Richard F. Orr, Executive Director of the Institute for the Advancement of Medical Communications, that "At no time in the history of medicine has the gap been wider between what the practicing physician could and should know... and what the average doctor does know..." Like the public debt, the number of medical articles published is approaching explosive proportions. For the year 1959
Termite-egg mimicry by a sclerotium-forming fungus (2006)

Mimicry has evolved in a wide range of organisms and encompasses diverse tactics for defence, foraging, pollination and social parasitism. Here, I report an extraordinary case of egg mimicry by a fungus, whereby the fungus gains competitor-free habitat in termite nests. Brown fungal balls, called 'termite balls', are frequently found in egg piles of Reticulitermes termites. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated that termite-ball fungi isolated from different hosts (Reticulitermes speratus, Reticulitermes flavipes and Reticulitermes virginicus) were all very similar, with no significant molecular differences among host species or geographical locations. I found no significant effect of termite balls on egg survivorship. The termite-ball fungus rarely kills termite eggs in natural colonies. Even a termite species (Reticulitermes okinawanus) with no natural association with the fungus tended termite balls along with its eggs when it was experimentally provided with termite balls. Dummy-egg bioassays using glass beads showed that both morphological and chemical camouflage were necessary to induce tending by termites. Termites almost exclusively tended termite balls with diameters that exactly matched their egg size. Moreover, scanning electron microscopic observations revealed sophisticated mimicry of the smooth surface texture of eggs. These results provide clear evidence that this interaction is beneficial only for the fungus, i.e. termite balls parasitically mimic termite eggs.
Hypermethylation of <i>let-7a-3</i> in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Is Associated with Low Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Expression and Favorable Prognosis (2007)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenous noncoding small RNAs that regulate the activity of mRNAs. Many miRNA genes, including let-7a-3, are located in CpG islands, suggesting possible epigenetic regulation of their expression. Promoter CpG island methylation of tumor suppressor genes is involved in cancer development and progression. Using real-time methylation-specific PCR and real-time reverse transcription-PCR, we analyzed DNA methylation in the let-7a-3 gene and miRNA expression of let-7a in 214 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer to assess the effect of let-7a-3 methylation on the expressions of let-7a as well as a possible target of let-7 regulation, insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II). The association of let-7a-3 methylation with patient survival outcomes was also evaluated. let-7a-3 methylation was detected in epithelial ovarian cancer, and the expression of let-7a was slightly affected by the methylation, but the effect was not substantial. The methylation of let-7a-3, however, was inversely correlated with IGF-II expression and positively with insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) expression. Patients with methylated let-7a-3 seemed to have reduced risk for death compared with those without, and the association was independent of patient age at surgery, tumor grade, disease stage, and IGF-II or IGFBP-3 expression. No association was found for let-7a-3 methylation and disease progression. These results suggest that the let-7a-3 gene is methylated and the methylation may affect IGF-II expression and the survival of ovarian cancer patients. Further investigation of the role of miRNAs and their regulation in cancer is warranted.
Question Answering as Global Reasoning Over Semantic Abstractions (2018)

We propose a novel method for exploiting the semantic structure of text to answer multiple-choice questions. The approach is especially suitable for domains that require reasoning over a diverse set of linguistic constructs but have limited training data. To address these challenges, we present the first system, to the best of our knowledge, that reasons over a wide range of semantic abstractions of the text, which are derived using off-the-shelf, general-purpose, pre-trained natural language modules such as semantic role labelers, coreference resolvers, and dependency parsers. Representing multiple abstractions as a family of graphs, we translate question answering (QA) into a search for an optimal subgraph that satisfies certain global and local properties. This formulation generalizes several prior structured QA systems. Our system, SEMANTICILP, demonstrates strong performance on two domains simultaneously. In particular, on a collection of challenging science QA datasets, it outperforms various state-of-the-art approaches, including neural models, broad coverage information retrieval, and specialized techniques using structured knowledge bases, by 2%-6%.
Studies of interactions of femtosecond laser pulses with foil targets (2001)

The emission of hot electrons is measured in the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with foil targets at a moderate laser intensity. A collimated jet of backward hot electrons is observed in the target's normal direction whereas forward hot electrons are found to be deflected to the laser propagation direction. The low energy electrons spread into a much wider cone angle due to the collisional effects in the plasma and the target material. These results are supported by 3D Monte Carlo simulations. The temperature dependence of the hot electrons and laser absorption measurements imply the resonance absorption is partly responsible for the generation of hot electrons.
Genotyping with microfluidic devices (2006)

In the past few years, electrophoresis microchips have been increasingly utilized to interrogate genetic variations in the human and other genomes. Microfluidic devices can be readily applied to speed up existing genotyping protocols, in particular the ones that require electric field-mediated separations in conjunction with restriction fragment analysis, DNA sequencing, hybridization-based techniques, allele-specific amplification, heteroduplex analysis, just to list the most important ones. As a result of recent developments, microfabricated electrophoresis devices offer several advantages over conventional slab-gel electrophoresis, such as small sample volume requirement, low reagent consumption, the option of system integration and easy multiplexing. The analysis speed of microchip electrophoresis is significantly higher than that of any other electric field-mediated separation techniques. State-of-the-art microfluidic bioanalytical devices already claim their place in most molecular biology laboratories. This review summarizes the recent developments in microchip electrophoresis methods of nucleic acids, particularly for rapid genotyping, that will most likely play a significant role in the future of clinical diagnostics.
A multicenter evaluation of a new antibody test kit for lymphatic filariasis employing recombinant Brugia malayi antigen Bm-14 (2010)

Antibody tests are useful for mapping the distribution of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in countries and regions and for monitoring progress in elimination programs based on mass drug administration (MDA). Prior antibody tests have suffered from poor sensitivity and/or specificity or from a lack of standardization. We conducted a multicenter evaluation of a new commercial ELISA that detects IgG4 antibodies to the recombinant filarial antigen Bm14. Four laboratories tested a shared panel of coded serum or plasma samples that included 55 samples from people with microfilaremic Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia infections and 26 control samples. Qualitative results were identical in all four test sites. In addition, each laboratory tested samples from their own serum banks. The test detected antibodies in 32 of 36 samples (91%) from people with Brugian filariasis and in 96 of 98 samples (98%) from people with Bancroftian filariasis. Specificity testing showed that many serum or plasma samples from patients with other filarial infections such as onchocerciasis had positive antibody tests. Specificity was otherwise excellent, although 3 of 30 samples from patients with ascariasis and 4 of 51 with strongyloidiasis had positive antibody tests; it is likely that some or all of these people had previously lived in filariasis-endemic areas. Antibody test results obtained with eluates from blood dried on filter paper were similar to those obtained with plasma tested at the same dilution. This test may be helpful for diagnosing LF in patients with clinical signs of filariasis. It may also be a useful tool for use in LF endemic countries to monitor the progress of filariasis elimination programs and for post-MDA surveillance.
Rigid polyurethane foams based on soybean oil (2000)

Both HCFC- and pentane-blown rigid polyurethane foams have been prepared from polyols derived from soybean oil. The effect of formulation variables on foam properties was studied by altering the types and amounts of catalyst, surfactant, water, crosslinker, blowing agent, and isocyanate, respectively. While compressive strength of the soy foams is optimal at 2 pph of surfactant B-8404, it increases with increasing the amount of water, glycerin, and isocyanate. It also increases linearly with foam density. These foams were found to have comparable mechanical and thermoinsulating properties to foams of petrochemical origin. A comparison in the thermal and thermo-oxidative behaviors of soy- and PPO-based foams revealed that the former is more stable toward both thermal degradation and thermal oxidation. The lack of ether linkages in the soy-based rather than in PPO-based polyols is thought to be the origin of improved thermal and thermo-oxidative stabilities of soy-based foams. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 467–473, 2000
[Effect of asarinin on the acute heart transplantation rejection and the expression of adhesion molecule]. (2006)

Asarinin may play important roles in suppressing the immune rejection, prolong the allografts survival time and protect the donor organ, which was similar to CsA. The expression level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 is increased in suppressing the course of acute rejection and asarinin can inhibit their expression level. Asarinin can decrease the dosage of CsA.
Attenuation of experimental pain by vibro‐tactile stimulation in patients with chronic local or widespread musculoskeletal pain (2011)

Vibro-tactile stimulation effectively recruited analgesic mechanisms not only in NC but also in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain, including FM. Distraction did not seem to contribute to this analgesic effect.
Automated discovery of workflow models from hospital data (2001)

Workflow nets, a subclass of Petri nets, are known as attractive models for analysing complex business processes. In a hospital environment, for example, the processes show a complex and dynamic behavior, which is difficult to control; the workflow net which models such a complex process provides a good insight into it, and due to its formal representation offers techniques for improved control. We propose a method whose main advantage consists in discovering the workflow Petri nets automatically from process logs. We illustrate the functioning of our method on simulated hospital process logs, containing information about medical actions over time. The results of our experiments indicate that this method is able to discover processes whose underlying models are acyclic and sound WF nets, involving parallel, conditional and sequential constructs. We argue that solutions have to be found for cyclic and freechoice /non-free-choice workflow nets.
Potential for biological control of Phytophthora rootrot of chickpea by antagonistic root-associated bacteria (1993)

Over 1000 bacteria were isolated from rhizospheres of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and evaluated for their potential as biological control agents of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis root rot of chickpea in vitro. Following in vitro plate assays for fungal antagonism, initial pot assay results showed 31 isolates with the ability to limit or delay chickpea seedling disease in a pasteurized soil. The most promising isolates were identified as Pseudomonas cepacia (seven strains) and P. fluorescens (two strains). No relationship was observed between biological control activity of the bacteria and the soils, chickpea cultivars or the methods used in their isolation.
Energy aware consolidation for cloud computing (2008)

Consolidation of applications in cloud computing envi-ronments presents a significant opportunity for energy optimization. As a first step toward enabling energy effi-cient consolidation, we study the inter-relationships be-tween energy consumption, resource utilization, and per-formance of consolidated workloads. The study reveals the energy performance trade-offs for consolidation and shows that optimal operating points exist. We model the consolidation problem as a modified bin packing prob-lem and illustrate it with an example. Finally, we outline the challenges in finding effective solutions to the con-solidation problem. 1
The Genetics and Transcriptional Profiles of the Cellulose Synthase-Like <i>HvCslF</i> Gene Family in Barley (2008)

Cellulose synthase-like CslF genes have been implicated in the biosynthesis of (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucans, which are major cell wall constituents in grasses and cereals. Seven CslF genes from barley (Hordeum vulgare) can be divided into two classes on the basis of intron-exon arrangements. Four of the HvCslF genes have been mapped to a single locus on barley chromosome 2H, in a region corresponding to a major quantitative trait locus for grain (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucan content. The other HvCslF genes map to chromosomes 1H, 5H, and 7H, and in two cases the genes are close to other quantitative trait loci for grain (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucan content. Spatial and temporal patterns of transcription of the seven genes have been defined through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In developing barley coleoptiles HvCslF6 mRNA is most abundant. Transcript levels are maximal in 4- to 5-d coleoptiles, at a time when (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucan content of coleoptile cell walls also reaches maximal levels. In the starchy endosperm of developing grain, HvCslF6 and HvCslF9 transcripts predominate. Two peaks of transcription are apparent. One occurs just after endosperm cellularization, 4 to 8 d after pollination, while the second occurs much later in grain development, more than 20 d after pollination. Marked varietal differences in transcription of the HvCslF genes are observed during endosperm development. Given the commercial importance of cereal (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucans in human nutrition, in stock feed, and in malting and brewing, the observation that only two genes, HvCslF6 and HvCslF9, are transcribed at high levels in developing grain is of potential relevance for the future manipulation of grain (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucan levels.