gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chitosan-decorated selenium nanoparticles as protein carriers to improve the in vivo half-life of the peptide therapeutic BAY 55-9837 for type 2 diabetes mellitus (2014)

Lei Rao,* Yi Ma,* Manjiao Zhuang, Tianjie Luo, Yayu Wang, An Hong Department of Cell Biology, Guangdong Province Key Lab of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Gene Engineering Medicine, Institute of Biological Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Purpose: As a potential protein therapeutic for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), BAY 55-9837 is limited by poor stability and a very short half-life in vivo. The purpose of this study was to construct a novel nanostructured biomaterial by conjugating BAY 55-9837 to chitosan-decorated selenium nanoparticles (CS-SeNPs) to prolong the in vivo half-life of BAY 55-9837 by reducing its renal clearance rate.Materials and methods: BAY 55-9837-loaded CS-SeNPs (BAY-CS-SeNPs) were prepared, and their surface morphology, particle size, zeta potential, and structure were characterized. The stability, protein-loading rate, and in vitro release of BAY 55-9837 from CS-SeNPs were also quantified. Additionally, a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed for the quantification of BAY 55-9837 in mouse plasma. Thereafter, mice were injected via the tail vein with either BAY 55-9837 or BAY-CS-SeNPs, and the plasma concentration of BAY 55-9837 was determined via our validated HPLC method at different time intervals postinjection. Relevant in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters (half-life, area under the curve from time 0 to last sampling point, observed clearance) were then calculated and analyzed.Results: BAY-CS-SeNPs were successfully synthesized, with diameters of approximately 200 nm. BAY-CS-SeNPs displayed good stability with a high protein-loading rate, and the release process of BAY 55-9837 from the CS-SeNPs lasted for over 70 hours, with the cumulative release reaching 78.9%. Moreover, the conjugation of CS-SeNPs to BAY 55-9837 significantly reduced its renal clearance to a rate of 1.56 mL/h and extended its half-life to 20.81 hours.Conclusion: In summary, our work provides a simple method for reducing the renal clearance rate and extending the half-life of BAY 55-9837 in vivo by utilizing CS-SeNPs as nanocarriers. Keywords: BAY 55-9837, selenium nanoparticles, clearance, half-life, type 2 diabetes
TGF-β superfamily expression and actions in the endometrium and placenta (2006)

Abstract Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily members are closely associated with tissue remodelling events and reproductive processes. This review summarises the current state of knowledge regarding the expression and actions of TGFβ superfamily members in the uterus, during the menstrual cycle and establishment of pregnancy. TGFβs and activin β subunits are abundantly expressed in the endometrium, where roles in preparation events for implantation have been delineated, particularly in promoting decidualisation of endometrial stroma. These growth factors are also expressed by epithelial glands and secreted into uterine fluid, where interactions with preimplantation embryos are anticipated. Knockout models and embryo culture experiments implicate activins, TGFβs, nodal and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in promoting pre- and post-implantation embryo development. TGFβ superfamily members may therefore be important in the maternal support of embryo development. Following implantation, invasion of the decidua by fetal trophoblasts is tightly modulated. Activin promotes, whilst TGFβ and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) inhibit, trophoblast migration in vitro, suggesting the relative balance of TGFβ superfamily members participate in modulating the extent of decidual invasion. Activins and TGFβs have similar opposing actions in regulating placental hormone production. Inhibins and activins are produced by the placenta throughout pregnancy, and have explored as a potential markers in maternal serum for pregnancy and placental pathologies, including miscarriage, Down’s syndrome and pre-eclampsia. Finally, additional roles in immunomodulation at the materno-fetal interface, and in endometrial inflammatory events associated with menstruation and repair, are discussed.
Determination and enhancement of the capacitance contributions in carbon nanotube based electrode systems (2009)

We characterize the methodology of, and a possible way to enhance, the capacitance of carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode based electrochemical capacitors. Argon irradiation was used to controllably incorporate extrinsic defects into CNTs and increase the magnitude of both the pseudocapacitance and double-layer capacitance by as much as 50% and 200%, respectively, compared to untreated electrodes. Our work has implications in analyzing the prospects of CNT based electrochemical capacitors, through investigating ways and means of improving their charge storage capacity and energy density.
Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Highly Conserved Antigens (2009)

We developed an efficient and universal method for generating surrogate or therapeutic antibodies against "difficult antigens" to facilitate the development of therapeutic antibodies.
On the essential oil of achasma walang val (1938)

Abstract The investigation of this essential oil showed that it contains 2‐decene‐1‐al I published a preliminary communication on 2‐decene‐1‐a1 in Proc. Royal Netherlands Acad. Amsterdam 32 (1929). .) as its principal constituent. Further 2‐octene‐1‐al was encountered in the lower boiling fractions, as well as a small amount of a laevorotatory terpene boiling at 165° and finally some acids, probably already partially produced by the oxidation of the aldehydes in air in the steam distillation and further on storage in incompletely filled or incompletely closed bottles. 2‐dodecene‐1‐al was detected in the highest boiling fraction.
Influence of Bosch Etch Process on Electrical Isolation of TSV Structures (2011)

Bosch process is widely used in the fabrication of through silicon via (TSV) holes for 3-D integrated circuit and 3-D Packaging applications mainly due to its high silicon etch rate and selectivity to mask. However, the adverse impact on the electrical performance of the TSV due to the sidewall scallops or wavy profile due to the cyclical nature of the Bosch process has not been thoroughly investigated. This paper therefore focuses on the impact of sidewall scallops on the inter-via electrical leakage performance. Based on finite element analysis, this paper describes that the high stress concentration on the dielectric and barrier layers at the sharp scallops can potentially contribute to barrier failure. It is demonstrated that by smoothening the sidewalls of the TSV, the thermo-mechanical stresses on the dielectric and tantalum barrier is significantly reduced. A test vehicle is designed and fabricated with different geometry of deep silicon vias to study the impact of sidewall profile smoothening for different copper diffusion barrier stacks. It is experimentally demonstrated that the inter-via electrical leakage current can be reduced by almost three orders of magnitude when the sidewall roughness is reduced or replaced by a smoother sidewall. It is also indicated that it is sufficient to smoothen the initial few micrometers of the TSV depth by using a non-Bosch etch process. It is concluded that the Bosch etch process can still be used, with all its merits of high etch rate and high etch selectivity, by tailoring a short initial etch step to smoothen the top sidewalls to minimize the adverse effects of the sidewall scallops.
Interface and doping profile characteristics with molecular-beam epitaxy of GaAs: GaAs voltage varactor (1974)

Studies of the doping profile characteristics of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) of GaAs on GaAs substrates are reported. Highly resistive regions at the substrate—epitaxial-layer interface, and within the epitaxial layer, may occur if the growth is interrupted. It is shown that almost any arbitrary voltage dependence of the capacitance of such structures can be achieved by varying the dopant deposition rate during epitaxy. To illustrate the versatility of this growth technique, voltage-variable capacitors have been prepared with Schottky barriers on MBE GaAs layers with precisely controlled doping profiles. Low-frequency measurements (up to 100 MHz) demonstrate that capacitance variations in excess of a factor of 10 have been achieved by varying the applied bias voltage V from 0.3 V (with no significant forward conduction) to −1.0 V. The feasibility of frequency tuning diodes with C−1/2[sine wave]φ−V, where φ is the effective barrier height, is shown. At -3 V bias, cutoff frequencies &gt;40 GHz have been measured. With an improved diode design, cutoff frequencies in excess of 200 GHz are expected at similar bias voltages.
Anisotropic and selective reactive ion etching of polysilicon using SF6 (1981)

Experiments performed in a reactive ion etching system are discussed with the purpose of displaying the influence of reactive gas nature, ion energy, and the nature of the cathode on etching anisotropy and selectivity. Using SF6 etching, isotropy or anisotropy is believed to be related to the enthalpy of product formation reaction. Cathodes consisting of elements that form volatile fluorides lead to perfect anisotropic etching and low selective etching of polysilicon over Si02; whereas cathode material which does not react leads to higher selectivity but undercutting appears with an overetch. The possibility of achieving anisotropic and selective etching of polysilicon over thermal Si02 (etch rate ratio = 10:1) is demonstrated for NMOS technology. Examples of polysilicon gates of submicron (0.6 μ) MOST are given.
Purification and characterization of the CelB endoglucanase from Streptomyces lividans 66 and DNA sequence of the encoding gene (1994)

The endoglucanase CelB isolated from culture filtrates of Streptomyces lividans IAF9 has an M(r) of 36,000. With carboxymethyl cellulose as the substrate, the Vmax and Km values are 110 IU/mg of enzyme and 1.3 mg/ml, respectively. Comparison of primary amino acid sequences classifies CelB in the H family of cellulases.
Plant immunomodulators for termination of unwanted pregnancy and for contraception and reproductive health (1997)

Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) seed and leaf extracts have spermicidal, anti‐microbial, anti‐fungal and anti‐viral properties. They are also immunomodulators that induce primarily a TH, type response. These properties are being exploited to develop two different useful methods of fertility control. Neem extracts given orally at early post‐implantation stage terminate pregnancy in rodents and primates. Treatment has no residual permanent effect and fertility is regained in subsequent cycles. The mechanism by which the action occurs is not fully clear. A transient increase in CD 4 and more significantly in CD 8 cells is noticed in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. A rise in immunoreactive and bioactive TNF‐α and IFN‐γ in draining lymph nodes, serum and foetal‐placental tissue is observed. A polyherbal cream and pessary have been developed containing three active ingredients of plant origin. These have synergistic spermicidal properties on human sperm as determined by the Sander Cramer test. Their use before mating has high contraceptive efficacy in rabbits and baboons. Another interesting property is their inhibitory action on a wide spectrum of micro‐organisms, including Candida albicans. C. tropicalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae , the multidrug‐resistant Slaphylococcus aureus and urinary tract Escherichia coli. Herpes simplex‐2 and HIV‐1, Phase I clinical trials have been completed in India, Egypt and the Dominican Republic, and indicate the safety of the formulation, its acceptability and beneficial action invaginosis due to infections.
Propargylic Carbenoids. Part 4. High Kinetic Resolution in the Addition of a Racemic Allenylzinc onto Enantiopure N‐tert‐Butanesulfinimines: Concise Synthesis of Enantiopure trans‐2‐Ethynylaziridines. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hemoglobin as a Direct Inhibitor of Cartilage Growth In Vitro (1989)

Growth retardation is a feature of several diseases associated with chronic hemolysis (i.e., uremia and the hemoglobinopathies). Although the growth failure is undoubtedly multifactorial, circulating hemoglobin (Hb) may inhibit cartilage growth directly. We tested this hypothesis using the hypophysectomized rat costal cartilage sulfation bioassay and the embryonic chicken pelvic rudiment bioassay, both very sensitive to growth factors and growth inhibitors. In the rat bioassay, Hb produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both basal and normal rat serum (NRS)-stimulated 35SO4 uptake. In the chick bioassay, NRS stimulated cartilage growth as expected, but Hb severely inhibited both basal and NRS-stimulated growth. However, after the cartilages were preincubated with Hb for 2 days, subsequent exposure to NRS allowed them to resume growth at the same rate as cartilage exposed to NRS for the entire 5 days. The growth inhibition could be accounted for by the heme contained in Hb. We conclude that Hb produces a dose-dependent and reversible inhibition of cartilage growth and may contribute to the growth retardation associated with chronic hemolytic conditions.
Review of <i>information appliances and beyond</i> (2000)

No abstract available.
Low Frequency Oscillations in Power Systems: A Review (2014)

Low frequency oscillations (LFO) are a frequent harmful phenomenon which increases the risk of instability for the power system. They limit the steady-state power transfer and change the operational system economics and security. The identification of LFO and solution to LFO problems with reference to power system stabilizer is carried out in this literature survey.
Efficient evaluation of multiple linear recursions (1991)

The authors study the efficient evaluation of side-coherent multiple linear recursions, which can be further classified into three types: multiple one-sided, multiple balanced k-sided, and multiple mixed k-sided. New techniques are developed by integrating the existing single-linear recursive query evaluation methods with the idea of side-relation unioned processing, which leads to a set of efficient query evaluation algorithms such as a side-relation unioned transitive closure algorithm for the processing of Type I ML recursions and a generalized side-relation unioned magic sets method for the processing of Types II and III ML recursions. The authors describe the processing of single-probe queries on side-coherent ML recursions. They outline the processing of complex queries on ML recursions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two Neuronal G Proteins are Involved in Chemosensation of the <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Dauer-Inducing Pheromone (1997)

Caenorhabditis elegans uses chemosensation to determine its course of development. Young larvae can arrest as dauer larvae in response to increasing population density, which they measure by a nematodeexcreted pheromone, and decreasing food supply. Dauer larvae can resume development in response to a decrease in pheromone and increase in food concentration. We show here that two novel G protein alpha subunits (GPA-2 and GPA-3) show promoter activity in subsets of chemosensory neurons and are involved in the decision to form dauer larvae primarily through the response to dauer pheromone. Dominant activating mutations in these G proteins result in constitutive, pheromone-independent dauer formation, whereas inactivation results in reduced sensitivity to pheromone, and, under certain conditions, an alteration in the response to food. Interactions between gpa-2, gpa-3 and other genes controlling dauer formation suggest that these G proteins may act in parallel to regulate the neuronal decision making that precedes dauer formation.
Shape‐Switchable Azo‐Macrocycles (2009)

Abstract The synthesis of four shape‐switchable macrocycles comprising different peripheral substituents is described. The macrocycles 1 – 4 consist of m ‐terphenyl semicircles interlinked by two azo joints. These macrocycles were assembled from nitro‐functionalized m ‐terphenyl moieties through reductive dimerization. The semicircles were assembled through Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions. The molecular weights of the macrocycles were determined by vapour pressure osmometry, because mass spectrometry failed in the cases of 2 and 3 . The E → Z photoisomerization reactions were analysed by UV/Vis spectroscopy complemented by 1 H NMR studies. A very slow thermal back‐reaction indicated considerable stabilization of the Z isomer. The reduced efficiency of the thermal back‐reaction probably arises from the reduced degree of freedom due to the mechanical interlinking of the two azo groups. The photostationary state consisted of all‐ Z (85 %) and all‐ E isomers (15 %). The E → Z transformation induced by irradiation displayed simple exponential kinetics, which indicates pairwise switching of the two azo groups in a macrocycle, at least on the timescale under investigation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Classification of herbicides according to chemical family for weed resistance management strategies – an update (2015)

Summary There are inaccuracies in the chemical families of the WSSA and HRAC herbicide classification systems which could limit their practical use in herbicide‐based weed management strategies. In essence, these inaccuracies could be divided into four parts: (i) the nomenclature of many of the chemical families is not correct, (ii) distinct active ingredients are grouped in same chemical families, (iii) many chemical families have been repeated in at least two modes of action/herbicide groups, and (iv) many active ingredients have not been assigned to chemical family, herbicide group or mode of action. The aim of this study was to revise the current classifications and to propose corrections for the current ones. Detailed investigations on chemical structure of the active ingredients of the registered herbicides showed that some moieties have the same mechanisms of action. According to this study, these moieties have been assigned to the names of chemical families and active ingredients are then classified within the chemical families accordingly. This study has 119 chemical families, compared with 145 in the WSSA system and 58 in the HRAC system. A major priority of this study is the number of active ingredients covered; we included 410 active ingredients with known mechanisms of action and herbicide groups, more than 100 active ingredients more than the current classification systems. Overall, this study provides better opportunities for the management of resistance to herbicides through the application of improved pure and applied knowledge.
Optimization of extraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from plant material (2006)

Various techniques of extraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from comfrey have been developed and compared. Different extraction media: methanol, ethanol, 1% methanolic solution of tartaric acid, 2.5% HCl solution, 5% CH 3 COOH solution, alkaline chloroform-methanol mixture at various temperatures (room temperature, 50-60°C, solvent's boiling point) have been used in various extraction techniques (percolation, electric basket, ultrasonic water bath) and various extraction times. Total concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) was estimated from UV-VIS spectrophotometric studies according to Dann--Mattocks procedure. For the most promising extraction techniques one determined recoveries of monocrotaline added to crude pre-extracts. Extraction and co-extraction processes were investigated using UV-VIS spectra of the adducts of3,4-dehydro-PAs and Ehrlich's reagent. The best result of PAs extraction from comfrey was obtained using 1% methanolic solution of tartaric acid and electric basket technique at the temperature 100 ± 5°C for 2 h. Possible applications of the method have been discussed.
Rethinking Spatiotemporal Feature Learning For Video Understanding. (2017)

In this paper we study 3D convolutional networks for video understanding tasks. Our starting point is the state-of-the-art I3D model, which inflates all the 2D filters of the Inception architecture to 3D. We first consider deflating the I3D model at various levels to understand the role of 3D convolutions. Interestingly, we found that 3D convolutions at the top layers of the network contribute more than 3D convolutions at the bottom layers, while also being computationally more efficient. This indicates that I3D is better at capturing high-level temporal patterns than low-level motion signals. We also consider replacing 3D convolutions with spatiotemporal-separable 3D convolutions (i.e., replacing convolution using a k * k * k filter with 1 * k * k followed by k * 1 * 1 filters); we show that such a model, which we call S3D, is 1.5x more computationally efficient (in terms of FLOPS) than I3D, and achieves better accuracy. Finally, we explore spatiotemporal feature gating on top of S3D. The resulting model, which we call S3D-G, outperforms the state-of-the-art I3D model by 3.5% accuracy on Kinetics and reduces the FLOPS by 34%. It also achieves a new state-of-the-art performance when transferred to other action classification (UCF-101 and HMDB-51) and detection (UCF-101 and JHMDB) datasets.
The removal of hydrocarbons and silicone grease stains from silicon wafers (1990)

A relatively new method of removing hydrocarbon and silicone grease stains from silicon wafer surfaces is discussed. In this technique, high purity liquid or gaseous CO2 is expanded in a special nozzle to form a high speed jet. The jet contains numerous small diameter particles of solid CO2. The CO2 particles, referred to as snow, strike the surface and remove adherent particles (even submicron sizes), hydrocarbon stains such as fingerprints and noseprints, and silicone grease. Indeed, CO2 snow cleaning of clean wafer surfaces has led to sizable reductions in the adventitious hydrocarbons; in one case, the reduction was about 60%. Surface analysis of clean and contaminated silicon wafers indicates that CO2 snow cleaning causes no apparent chemical interactions and leaves no detectable residues.
Closed-Loop Control of Chemical Injection Rate for a Direct Nozzle Injection System (2016)

To realize site-specific and variable-rate application of agricultural pesticides, accurately metering and controlling the chemical injection rate is necessary. This study presents a prototype of a direct nozzle injection system (DNIS) by which chemical concentration transport lag was greatly reduced. In this system, a rapid-reacting solenoid valve (RRV) was utilized for injecting chemicals, driven by a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal at 100 Hz, so with varying pulse width the chemical injection rate could be adjusted. Meanwhile, a closed-loop control strategy, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) method, was applied for metering and stabilizing the chemical injection rate. In order to measure chemical flow rates and input them into the controller as a feedback in real-time, a thermodynamic flowmeter that was independent of chemical viscosity was used. Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the performance of DNIS and PID control strategy. Due to the nonlinear input-output characteristics of the RRV, a two-phase PID control process obtained better effects as compared with single PID control strategy. Test results also indicated that the set-point chemical flow rate could be achieved within less than 4 s, and the output stability was improved compared to the case without control strategy.