gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A differential digital to analog converter using a CMOS digital PWM (2002)

This paper describes the design and the experimental results measured in a digital CMOS Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) aimed to be used as a cell in digital circuits which need this type of versatile analog interface. Due to the novel architecture, a differential Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) can be easily implemented.
The use of silver tips in scanning tunneling microscopy (1993)

We propose to use silver tips for scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Silver is the cheapest noble metal that is practically chemically inactive in the air environment. A simple reliable procedure of the tip preparation and resharpening is presented. The procedure is based on two-step electrochemical processing resulting in final tip curvature of less than 200 nm in radius as seen by an electron microscope. The tips show durability for at least a week of daily operation in an air STM.
Generation of surface electromagnetic waves in semiconductors under the action of femtosecond laser pulses (2009)

It is demonstrated that intense photoexcitation of the surface of a semiconductor with femtosecond laser pulses can induce fundamental changes in its optical response and ensure conditions for the generation of surface electromagnetic waves of various types. The connection between electronic processes initiated in the surface layer by photoexcitation and the formation of periodic surface microstructures observed in experiments on irradiation of Si targets is considered. The importance of photoemission in the processes taking place under ultrashort excitation is confirmed.
Effects of Anti-Nerve Growth Factor Antibody on Symptoms in the NC/Nga Mouse, an Atopic Dermatitis Model (2005)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important substance in the skin, where it can modulate nerve maintenance and repair. However, the direct link between NGF and pruritic disease such as atopic dermatitis is not yet fully understood. To determine whether NGF plays a major role in atopic dermatitis and in the development or maintenance of skin lesions, we performed a study using NC/Nga mice and compared mice with and without skin lesions. Our examinations of the NC/Nga mice sought to detect nerve fibers in the epidermis, measured serum and skin NGF content, and observed skin NGF by immunohistochemistry staining. We also examined the effects of anti-NGF antibody on dermatitis symptoms in NC/Nga mice. In these mice, nerve fibers were significantly increased in the epidermis of lesioned skin, and the NGF content of the serum and skin was significantly elevated. Anti-NGF antibodies significantly inhibited the development and proliferation of skin lesions and epidermal innervation and significantly inhibited any growth in scratching but did not ameliorate scratching already developed. Our findings suggest that NGF plays important roles in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions and that inhibiting the physiological effects of NGF or suppressing increased NGF production may prevent or even moderate the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.
ChEBI: An Open Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics Resource (2009)

Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) is a freely available dictionary of molecular entities focused on "small" chemical compounds. This unit provides a detailed guide to browsing, searching, downloading, and programmatic access to the ChEBI database.
New Approaches to Teaching Early Confucianism (1999)

Teachers are often tempted to present early Confucianism as an abstract ethical philosophy whose wisdom stands outside of time and space. Nevertheless, this kind of rarefied treatment makes it difficult for students to understand. Instead, one should try to make Confucianism more tangible by firmly placing it in its historical and intellectual context. This can be done in the following ways: Use indigenous nomenclature for words like “Confucius” and “Confucianism.” Closely examine the history and character of the Confucian community. Draw attention to the overwhelming importance of ritual in Confucian doctrine. Underline the all‐encompassing nature of Confucian religiosity. Show the popular stories and images by which Confucians transmitted their teachings. Although these methods focus on the otherness of early Confucianism and thereby might make it less appealing to modern tastes, they will provide students with a lively and vivid image of the early tradition and its advocates.
Summary Abstract: Preparation and optical properties of reactively evaporated VO2 thin films (1984)

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Growth of RuO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films by Pulsed-Chemical Vapor Deposition Using RuO<sub>4</sub> Precursor and 5% H<sub>2</sub> Reduction Gas (2010)

RuO2 thin films were grown on thermal SiO2(100 nm) and Ta2O5(4 nm)/SiO2(100 nm) substrates at 230 °C by pulsed-chemical vapor deposition using a RuO4 precursor dissolved in blend of chosen organic solvent (with fluorinated solvents) and 95% N2/5% H2 mixed gas as the Ru precursor and reactant gas, respectively. The phase of the deposited film, either being RuO2 or Ru, was controlled by the N2/H2 mixed gas feeding time. This was due to the fact that the time constant of the N2/H2 mixed gas for oxygen atom removal from the reaction surface was related to the reaction kinetics even under identical thermodynamic conditions. High-quality RuO2 films could be deposited at the N2/H2 gas feeding time of 1−10 s, whereas a Ru film was grown with longer N2/H2 gas feeding times of >15 s. The saturated growth rate and resistivity of the RuO2 thin films were 0.24 nm/cycle and ∼250 μΩ cm, respectively. Although the fundamental growth mechanism of the RuO2 film was based on self-decomposition of the RuO4 precursor, the N2/H2 reactant feeding served to enhance RuO2 growth by the surface hydroxyl group-mediated chemisorption of the RuO4 precursor. The RuO2 film showed excellent step coverage inside a capacitor hole structure with an aspect ratio of 10 (opening diameter: 100 nm).
Global Shapes of F-actin Depolymerization-competent Minimal Gelsolins (2013)

Because of its ability to rapidly depolymerize F-actin, plasma gelsolin has emerged as a therapeutic molecule in different disease conditions. High amounts of exogenous gelsolin are, however, required to treat animal models of different diseases. Knowing that the F-actin depolymerizing property of gelsolin resides in its N terminus, we made several truncated versions of plasma gelsolin. The smaller versions, particularly the one composed of the first 28-161 residues, depolymerized the F-actin much faster than the native gelsolin and other truncates at the same molar ratios. Although G1-G3 loses its dependence on Ca(2+) or low pH for the actin depolymerization function, interestingly, G1-G2 and its smaller versions were found to regain this requirement. Small angle x-ray scattering-based shape reconstructions revealed that G1-G3 adopts an open shape in both the presence and the absence of Ca(2+) as well as low pH, whereas G1-G2 and residues 28-161 prefer collapsed states in Ca(2+)-free conditions at pH 8. The mutations in the g2-g3 linker resulted in the calcium sensitivity of the mutant G1-G3 for F-actin depolymerization activity, although the F-actin-binding sites remained exposed in the mutant G1-G3 as well as in the smaller truncates even in the Ca(2+)-free conditions at pH 8. Furthermore, unlike wild type G1-G3, calcium-sensitive mutants of G1-G3 acquired closed shapes in the absence of free calcium, implying a role of g2-g3 linker in determining the open F-actin depolymerizing-competent shape of G1-G3 in this condition. We demonstrate that the mobility of the G1 domain, essential for F-actin depolymerization, is indirectly regulated by the gelsolin-like sequence of g2-g3 linker.
Aspen International Conference on Fourier Spectroscopy, 1970 (1971)

The report constitutes the proceedings of the Aspen International Conference on Fourier Spectroscopy. The tutorial lectures, which are also included in the proceedings, were intended to bring the participants to the point where the invited and contributed papers would be beneficial to all. These lectures began with a mathematical introduction and with a comprehensive outline of the technique of Fourier spectroscopy. The following specific topics were treated in more detail: signal-to-noise considerations, interferometers for Fourier spectroscopy, double-beaming techniques, refractometry, data handling and processing, and finally a speculative digression on the impact new developments in sources and detectors might have on Fourier spectroscopy. The invited and contributed papers ran the gamut of high and low resolving power instrumentation and results; from resolutions of tens of wavenumbers to thousandths of wavenumbers. The topics covered included new instrumentation, new data handling and analysis techniques, advantages of Fourier techniques as demonstrated by recent results, theoretical considerations on general problems associated with the technique, and applications of the technique under adverse conditions. Finally, it was decided to accept papers on multiplex techniques other than Fourier and/or interferometric. These papers were presented in the last session of the meeting and are also included in this volume.
Recent translational research: microarray expression profiling of breast cancer – beyond classification and prognostic markers? (2004)

Genomic expression profiling has greatly improved our ability to subclassify human breast cancers according to shared molecular characteristics and clinical behavior. The logical next question is whether this technology will be similarly useful for identifying the dominant signaling pathways that drive tumor initiation and progression within each breast cancer subtype. A major challenge will be to integrate data generated from the experimental manipulation of model systems with expression profiles obtained from primary tumors. We highlight some recent progress and discuss several obstacles in the use of expression profiling to identify pathway signatures in human breast cancer.
Novel Markers in Zero-Hour Kidney Biopsies Indicate Graft Quality and Clinical Outcome (2010)

Zero-hour biopsies of renal allografts may provide useful information on subclinical pathological changes in the grafted kidney. The identification of CCL19/21 or PSMB8/9/10 makes these molecules particularly suitable as potential candidate targets for therapeutic interventions.
Thiazolidinediones Downregulate Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 Gene Expression in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes (1997)

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are known to have potent increases of insulin sensitivity. Because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), a receptor for TZDs, is mainly expressed in adipocytes, we tried to search the TZD-targeted genes in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. By the mRNA differential display method, one band repressed by troglitazone was obtained, which corresponded to the partial sequences of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene. Troglitazone dramatically decreased SCD1 mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Pioglitazone also repressed the SCD1 mRNA expression, whereas WY-14,643 had no apparent effect. Both troglitazone and pioglitazone raised the composition (weight percentage) of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), and stearic acid (C18:0), but lowered the composition of the delta9-cis desaturated fatty acids such as myristoleic acid (C14:1, delta9), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, delta9), oleic acid (C18:1, delta9), and linoleic acid (C18:2, delta9,12). These results indicate that TZDs repress SCD1 activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via downregulating SCD1 enzyme gene expression.
Chemokine gene expression in the brains of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (1997)

Chemokines are pivotal in the trafficking of leukocytes. In the present study, we examined the expression of multiple chemokine genes during the course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) in mice. In noninfected mice, no detectable chemokine gene expression was found in the brain; however, by day 3 postinfection, the induction of a number of chemokine mRNAs was observed as follows (in order from the greatest to the least): cytokine responsive gene-2 or interferon-inducible 10-kDa protein (Crg-2/IP-10), RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1beta), and MCP-3. At day 6 postinfection, the expression of these chemokine mRNAs was increased, and low expression of lymphotactin, C10, MIP-2, and MIP-1alpha mRNAs was detectable. Transcript for T-cell activation-3 was not detectable in the brain at any time following LCM virus (LCMV) infection. With some exceptions, a pattern of chemokine gene expression similar to that in the brain was observed in the peripheral organs of LCMV-infected mice. Mice that lacked expression of gamma interferon developed LCM and had a qualitatively similar but quantitatively reduced cerebral chemokine gene expression profile. In contrast, little or no chemokine gene expression was detectable in the brains of LCMV-infected athymic mice which did not develop LCM. Expression of Crg-2/IP-10 RNA was localized to predominantly resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and overlapped with sites of viral infection and immune cell infiltration. These findings demonstrate the expression of a number of chemokine genes in the brains of mice infected with LCMV. The pattern of chemokine gene expression in LCM may profoundly influence the characteristic phenotype and response of leukocytes in the brain and contribute to the immunopathogenesis of this fatal CNS infection.
A Novel Chimeric Lysin Shows Superiority to Mupirocin for Skin Decolonization of Methicillin-Resistant and -Sensitive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains (2010)

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for a number of serious and sometimes fatal infections. One of its reservoirs on the human body is the skin, which is known to be a source of invasive infection. The potential for an engineered staphylococcus-specific phage lysin (ClyS) to be used for topical decolonization is presented. We formulated ClyS into an ointment and applied it to a mouse model of skin colonization/infection with S. aureus. Unlike the standard topical antibacterial agent mupirocin, ClyS eradicated a significantly greater number of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and -resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteria: a 3-log reduction with ClyS as opposed to a 2-log reduction with mupirocin in our model. The use of ClyS also demonstrated a decreased potential for the development of resistance by MRSA and MSSA organisms compared to that from the use of mupirocin in vitro. Because antibodies may affect enzyme function, we tested antibodies developed after repeated ClyS exposure for their effect on ClyS killing ability. Our results showed no inhibition of ClyS activity at various antibody titers. These data demonstrate the potential of developing ClyS as a novel class of topical antimicrobial agents specific to staphylococcus.
Oxygen Exchange in La<sub>0.6</sub>Sr<sub>0.4</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>0.8</sub>O<sub>3−δ</sub> Thin-Film Heterostructures under Applied Electric Potential (2015)

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used to investigate oxygen surface exchange behavior in La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ/Gd2O3-doped CeO2/Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (LSCF/GDC/YSZ) epitaxial thin-film heterostructures. Applying electrical potentials across the heterostructure under high temperature and controlled oxygen partial pressure conditions resulted in significant changes in oxygen vacancy concentrations due to differing rates of oxygen transport across the LSCF/air surface and LSCF/GDC buried interface. These changes in stoichiometry were correlated with time-dependent out-of-plane LSCF lattice parameter changes. An electrochemical reaction rate analysis was used to determine that the rate constant associated with oxygen exchange at the LSCF/air surface dominates the behavior of the sample as a whole and that the rate of oxygen transport across the LSCF/air surface is smaller than or equal to the rate of oxygen transport across the buried LSCF/GDC interface.
Analytical expressions for the tonotopic sensory scale (1990)

Accuracy and simplicity of analytical expressions for the relations between frequency and critical bandwidth as well as critical-band rate (in Bark) are assessed for the purpose of applications in speech perception research and in speech technology. The equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) is seen as a measure of frequency resolution, while the classical critical-band rate is considered a measure of tonotopic position. For the conversion of frequency to critical-band rate, and vice versa, the inversible formula z=[26.81/(1+1960/f )]−0.53 is proposed. Within the frequency range of the perceptually essential vowel formants (0.2–6.7 kHz), it agrees to within ±0.05 Bark with the Bark scale, originally published in the form of a table.
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and neurological disorders in HIV infection. (1992)

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) concentrations were determined in the CSF from 42 HIV-infected patients, with or without CNS involvement. In addition, 14 subjects with various neurological disorders but without HIV antibodies were included as controls. Raised CSF concentrations of TNF-alpha (greater than 40 ng/l) were detected both in patients with AIDS dementia complex (ADC) (6/9) and with CNS opportunistic infections (10/19) and, less commonly, in HIV infected subjects without CNS diseases (2/14) and in anti-HIV negative controls (1/14). The highest CSF concentrations of TNF-alpha (greater than 100 ng/l), however, were found in seven out of eight patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Although a role for TNF-alpha in demyelinating lesions associated with ADC has been suggested, our results indicate that a clear elevation of TNF-alpha in the CSF from HIV positive patients mostly occurs in acute inflammatory disorders, such as cryptococcal meningitis.
Very Short-Term Current and Load Forecasting for Distribution Systems in Data Constrained Situations (2021)

Load and current forecasting are useful tools for distribution systems (DSs) real-time monitoring and operation. Many techniques have been successfully applied to this task with various different time horizons. For real-time operation, forecasting algorithms must provide fast answers and be able to deal with high granularity and data availability that may be much smaller than in ideal conditions. This paper presents a methodology that combines renowned techniques, gradient boosting and persistence, into a predictor that can adjust itself to real-time changes in DSs and requires very little data to be trained. This method is tested using only 21 days as training dataset to predict the behavior of a portion of a real DSs with average errors lower than 5%.
ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF STERIC-BLOCK OLIGONUCLEOTIDES TARGETING THE HIV-1 <i>TRANS</i>-ACTIVATION RESPONSE AND PACKAGING SIGNAL STEM-LOOP RNAS (2005)

Mixmer oligonucleotides consisting of residues of both 2'-O-methylnucleosides (OMe) and locked nucleic acids (LNA) were designed targeting two stem-loops in the 5'-UTR of HIV-1 RNA, the transactivation response region (TAR), which is the site of binding of the Tat protein, and the SL3 loop, which is the primary packaging element that binds the Gag polyprotein. These oligonucleotides were found to inhibit syncitia formation dose- and sequence-dependently when delivered to HeLa T4 LTR beta-Gal cells and subsequently infected with HIV-1.
Sound radiation from boxes with tone holes. (1996)

The normal modes of a hollow box with one or more sound holes, such as forms the radiating element of a typical string instrument, are combinations of ‘‘wood modes’’ and ‘‘air modes.’’ Wood modes have an average frequency spacing independent of frequency, whereas the average spacing of air modes is inversely proportional to frequency for frequencies low enough to make the ‘‘thin’’ dimension of the box smaller than half a wavelength, becoming inversely proportional to the square of the frequency for frequencies above that. As a result, the density of modes of, say, a violin, is generally dominated by wood modes at low frequencies and by air modes at high frequencies. The interplay of the two types of modes has radical consequences for the directivity of string instruments, in that the directional pattern can change drastically within very small musical intervals, perhaps accounting for the special ‘‘flashing brilliance’’ that such instruments exhibit. This talk will outline the theory of these effects and support it with experimental observations. [Work supported by NSF.]
Conjugated polymers containing a 2,2′-biimidazole moiety—a novel fluorescent sensing platform (2011)

Two novel conjugated polymers containing a 2,2'-biimidazole moiety have been designed, synthesized, and demonstrated to be used as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for detection of Ag(+) and cysteine. This is the first example utilizing a fluorescent conjugated polymer-Ag(+) complex to selectively detect Cys with a nanomolar range detection limit.
SemaDroid (2015)

While mobile sensing applications are booming, the sensor management mechanisms in current smartphone operating systems are left behind -- they are incomprehensive and coarse-grained, exposing a huge attack surface for malicious or aggressive third party apps to steal user's private information through mobile sensors.
A current review of olanzapine's safety in the geriatric patient: from pre-clinical pharmacology to clinical data (2001)

In vitro receptor characterization methods, when done using physiologically relevant conditions allow accurate prediction of the relatively low rate of anticholinergic-like adverse events, extrapyramidal symptoms, and cardiovascular adverse events during treatment with OLZ. Currently available clinical data suggest olanzapine is predictably safe in treating adult patients of any age with schizophrenia and acute bipolar mania, as well as in treatment of patients with some types of neurodegenerative disorders.
Angular dependence and polarization of out-of-plane optical scattering from particulate contamination, subsurface defects, and surface microroughness (1997)

The angular dependence and the polarization of light scattered by a small particle a distance d inside and outside a reflecting surface is calculated in the Rayleigh limit. This calculation yields expressions for the polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function matrices for in-plane and out-of-plane scattering. The results are compared with those obtained from microroughness-induced scattering. For the p-in/p-out configuration with oblique incidence, there exist out-of-plane angles for which scattering that is due to one of the mechanisms vanishes, whereas that from the others does not. By exploiting this knowledge, we can make improvements in the detection of small particles or subsurface defects. It is also shown that one must take care when differentiating subsurface-defect-induced scattering from microroughness-induced scattering using in-plane scattering and wavelength scaling laws.