gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Iturin-like Lipopeptides Are Essential Components in the Biological Control Arsenal of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Against Bacterial Diseases of Cucurbits (2011)

The antibacterial potential of four strains of Bacillus subtilis, UMAF6614, UMAF6619, UMAF6639, and UMAF8561, previously selected on the basis of their antifungal activity and efficacy against cucurbit powdery mildew, was examined. Among these strains, UMAF6614 and UMAF6639 showed the highest antibacterial activity in vitro, especially against Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. These strains produced the three families of lipopeptide antibiotics known in Bacillus spp.: surfactins, iturins, and fengycins. Using thin-layer chromatography analysis and direct bioautography, the antibacterial activity could be associated with iturin lipopeptides. This result was confirmed by mutagenesis analysis using lipopeptide-defective mutants. The antibacterial activity was practically abolished in iturin-deficient mutants, whereas the fengycin mutants retained certain inhibitory capabilities. Analyses by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy revealed the cytotoxic effect of these compounds at the bacterial plasma membrane level. Finally, biological control assays on detached melon leaves demonstrated the ability of UMAF6614 and UMAF6639 to suppress bacterial leaf spot and soft rot; accordingly, the biocontrol activity was practically abolished in mutants deficient in iturin biosynthesis. Taken together, our results highlight the potential of these B. subtilis strains as biocontrol agents against fungal and bacterial diseases of cucurbits and the versatility of iturins as antifungal and antibacterial compounds.
Haunted by 'Specter of Unavailability,' Experts Huddle Over Critical Materials (2010)

The U.S. Department of Energy and counterparts in Japan and Europe have been holding workshops to brainstorm on how to ensure supplies of rare earth metals and other strategic minerals and to stimulate research on alternatives.
Phase I Clinical Trials of MRX-115 (1997)

MRX-115 is a promising new intravascular ultrasound contrast agent that was safe and well tolerated at the doses evaluated in these studies.
PET image reconstruction with anatomical edge guided level set prior (2011)

Acquiring both anatomical and functional images during one scan, PET/CT systems improve the ability to detect and localize abnormal uptakes. In addition, CT images provide anatomical boundary information that can be used to regularize positron emission tomography (PET) images. Here we propose a new approach to maximum a posteriori reconstruction of PET images with a level set prior guided by anatomical edges. The image prior models both the smoothness of PET images and the similarity between functional boundaries in PET and anatomical boundaries in CT. Level set functions (LSFs) are used to represent smooth and closed functional boundaries. The proposed method does not assume an exact match between PET and CT boundaries. Instead, it encourages similarity between the two boundaries, while allowing different region definition in PET images to accommodate possible signal and position mismatch between functional and anatomical images. While the functional boundaries are guaranteed to be closed by the LSFs, the proposed method does not require closed anatomical boundaries and can utilize incomplete edges obtained from an automatic edge detection algorithm. We conducted computer simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Two digital phantoms were constructed based on the Digimouse data and a human CT image, respectively. Anatomical edges were extracted automatically from the CT images. Tumors were simulated in the PET phantoms with different mismatched anatomical boundaries. Compared with existing methods, the new method achieved better bias-variance performance. The proposed method was also applied to real mouse data and achieved higher contrast than other methods.
Expanding the structure of shunting inhibitory artificial neural network classifiers (2003)

Shunting inhibitory artificial neural networks (SIANNs) are biologically inspired networks in which the neurons interact via a nonlinear mechanism called shunting inhibition. They are capable of producing complex, nonlinear decision boundaries. The structure and operation of feedforward SIANNs and some enhancements are presented. They are applied to several classification problems, and their performance is compared to that of the multilayer perceptron classifier.
A Research of the Application of Visual Simulation Technology in College English Teaching (2014)

The purpose of college English teaching is to improve students' English ability in comprehensive hearing, speech, reading, writing and other aspects, and the key measure to improve language skills is to create a good English interaction circumstances for students. In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology and continuous development of teaching philosophy, the use of visual simulation technology to promote the issue of college English teaching gradually come into the people’s horizon. Visual simulation uses high-end computer technology to form an virtual environment integrated with the visual sense, auditory sense and tactile sense, which is widely used in research because of its good interaction and environment immersion. This article will analyze the theoretical basis of visual simulation technology in college English teaching, conduct a detailed analysis of its application value and explore the visual simulation technology application foreground in college English teaching.
The Interchangeability of Learning Rate and Gain in Backpropagation Neural Networks (1996)

The backpropagation algorithm is widely used for training multilayer neural networks. In this publication the gain of its activation function(s) is investigated. In specific, it is proven that changing the gain of the activation function is equivalent to changing the learning rate and the weights. This simplifies the backpropagation learning rule by eliminating one of its parameters. The theorem can be extended to hold for some well-known variations on the backpropagation algorithm, such as using a momentum term, flat spot elimination, or adaptive gain. Furthermore, it is successfully applied to compensate for the nonstandard gain of optical sigmoids for optical neural networks.
Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of the PTFE and Nylon Membranes Modified Polyaniline (2014)

Ion-selective membranes have a high degree of separation of the solutions, both with low and high concentrations of dissolved salts. Besides solutions using ion selective membrane occurs in the low operating pressures of 0.1-2 bar, depending on the substrate to which the working layer is applied. Lately, in the production of conductive polymers are used, such as polyaniline (PANI), for example for the manufacture of solar cells, sensor devices, for making protection from electrostatic charges and corrosion, as well as ion-exchange membranes. Use in the preparation of PANI, or modification has the advantages of ion exchange membranes in the communication and availability of raw materials and ease of manufacture and also because of such quality as high selective permeability. Modification of membranes to form on the surface and in the pores of the PANI layer, which is a cationic, allows to obtain ion-exchange membranes are not inferior in selectivity by reverse osmosis on a number of cations. The aim is to establish the chemical nature of using FTIR spectroscopy layer surface modification of PTFE and nylon membranes by polymerization of aniline and the study of possible changes in the properties of membranes such as exchange capacity and moisture content. In this operation the composite membranes prepared from cation-modified surface layer on the substrate a polyaniline and nylon of PTFE. The results of the study by infrared spectroscopy of the molecular structure of polyaniline and a number of materials on its basis.
Reducing Branch Misprediction Penalty via Selective Branch Recovery (2005)

Branch misprediction penalty consists of two components: the time wasted on misspeculative execution until the mispredicted branch is resolved and the time to restart the pipeline with useful instructions once the branch is resolved. Current processor trends, large instruction windows and deep pipelines, amplify both components of the branch misprediction penalty. We propose a novel method, called selective branch recovery (SBR), to reduce both components of branch misprediction penalty. SBR exploits a frequently occurring type of control independence - exact convergence - where the mispredicted path converges exactly at the beginning of the correct path. In such cases, SBR selectively reuses the results computed during misspeculative execution and obviates the need to fetch or rename convergent instructions again. Thus, SBR addresses both components of branch misprediction penalty. To increase the likelihood of branch mispredictions that can be handled with SBR, we also present an effective means for inducing exact convergence on misspeculative paths. With SBR, we significantly improve performance (between 3%-22%, average 8%) on a wide range of benchmarks over our baseline processor that does not exploit SBR.
New use for the pen: outline-based image queries (1999)

A method for image-based queries and search is proposed which is based on the generation of object outlines in images by using the pen, e.g., on color pen computers. By exploiting the actual presence of the human users with their perceptual-motor abilities and by storing textually annotated queries, an incrementally learning image retrieval system can be developed. As an initial test domain, sets of photographs of motor bicycles were used. Classification performances are given for outline and bitmap-derived feature sets, based on nearest-neighbour matching, with promising results. The next step is to use outlines for edge matching in raw, non-annotated images, for which preliminary results are presented. The benefit of the approach will be a user-based multimodal annotation of image database, yielding a gradual improvement in performance over time.
Synthese von Fucopeptiden als Sialyl‐Lewis<sup>x</sup>‐Mimetica (1996)

Die gleiche biologische Aktivität wie die Antigendeterminante Sialyl‐Le‐wis x weist das Fucopeptid 1 im Bindungstest mit E‐Selectin auf. Beim Entwurf dieses Mimeticums wurden Art und Anordnung der für die Wechselwirkung zwischen Sialyl‐Le‐wis x und E‐Selectin wesentlichen funktionellen Gruppen berücksichtigt. Das möglicherweise entzündungshemmend wirkende Fucopeptid 1 ist aus Fucose, L‐Threonin, (2 S ,3 R )‐2‐Amino‐3,4‐dihydroxybuttersäure und Glutarsäure leicht zugänglich. magnified image
Serum levels of total homocysteine, homocysteine metabolites and of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in patients after renal transplantation (2003)

These results may indicate an association between high tHcy values and LVH. Further investigation is needed to determine whether a reduction of tHcy and Hcy metabolites and/or AGE serum concentrations would significantly improve patient outcome after undergoing renal transplantation.
Skeletal muscle and liver contain a soluble ATP + ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system (1987)

Although protein breakdown in most cells seems to require metabolic energy, it has only been possible to establish a soluble ATP-dependent proteolytic system in extracts of reticulocytes and erythroleukemia cells. We have now succeeded in demonstrating in soluble extracts and more purified preparations from rabbit skeletal muscle a 12-fold stimulation by ATP of breakdown of endogenous proteins and a 6-fold stimulation of 125I-lysozyme degradation. However, it has still not been possible to demonstrate such large effects of ATP in similar preparations from liver. Nevertheless, after fractionation by DEAE-chromatography and gel filtration, we found that extracts from liver as well as muscle contain both the enzymes which conjugate ubiquitin to 125I-lysozyme and an enzyme which specifically degrades the ubiquitin-protein conjugates. When this proteolytic activity was recombined with the conjugating enzymes, ATP + ubiquitin-dependent degradation of many proteins was observed. This proteinase is unusually large, approx. 1500 kDa, requires ATP hydrolysis for activity and resembles the ubiquitin-protein-conjugate degrading activity isolated from reticulocytes. Thus the ATP + ubiquitin-dependent pathway is likely to be present in all mammalian cells, although certain tissues may contain inhibitory factors.
Model-based control for semiconductor and advanced materials processing: an overview (2004)

A semiconductor wafer undergoes a wide range of processes before it is transformed from a bare silicon wafer to one populated with millions of transistor circuits. Such processes include physical or chemical vapor deposition, (PVD, CVD), chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP), plasma etch, rapid thermal processing (RTP), and photolithography. As feature sizes keep shrinking, process control plays an increasingly important role in each of these processes. We have found the model-based approach to be an effective means of designing commercial controllers for both semiconductor and advanced materials processing. It is our experience that the best models for control design borrow heavily from the physics of the process. The manner in which these models are used for a specific control application depends on the performance goals. In some cases (e.g., RTP), the closed-loop control depends entirely on having very good physical models of the system. For other processes, physical models have to be combined with empirical models or are entirely empirical. The resulting controller may be in-situ feedforward-feedback or run-to-run controller, or a combination thereof. The three case studies that are presented in this tutorial session (RTP, CMP, and PVD) are representative of the applications in this industry. Highlights of the session include physical modeling, model reduction and sensor selection, and feedback and run-to-run controller design.
The challenge of visualising multiple overlapping classification. (1999)

Techniques for visualising hierarchies have concentrated on displaying static structures or, in the case of dynamic hierarchies, adding or deleting nodes from the hierarchy. However, none have adequately dealt with the situation of visualising change occurring in the structure between existing nodes. We present initial work that outlines the difficulties of visualising such an event, with specific regard to the multiple classifications of information that are produced in botanical taxonomy.
Nanoparticle-Mediated Wild-Type p53 Gene Delivery Results in Sustained Antiproliferative Activity in Breast Cancer Cells (2004)

Gene expression with nonviral vectors is usually transient and lasts for only a few days. Therefore, repeated injection of the expression vector is required to maintain a therapeutic protein concentration in the target tissue. Biodegradable nanoparticles (approximately 200 nm diameter) formulated using a biocompatible polymer, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), have the potential for sustained gene delivery. Our hypothesis is that nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery would result in sustained gene expression, and hence better efficacy with a therapeutic gene. In this study, we have determined the antiproliferative activity of wild-type (wt) p53 gene-loaded nanoparticles in a breast cancer cell line. Nanoparticles containing plasmid DNA were formulated using a multiple-emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. To understand the mechanism of sustained gene expression with nanoparticles, we monitored the intracellular trafficking of both the nanoparticles and the nanoparticle-entrapped DNA, and also determined p53 mRNA levels over a period of time. Cells transfected with wt-p53 DNA-loaded nanoparticles demonstrated a sustained and significantly greater antiproliferative effect than those with naked wt-p53 DNA or wt-p53 DNA complexed with a commercially available transfecting agent (Lipofectamine). Cells transfected with wt-p53 DNA-loaded nanoparticles demonstrated sustained p53 mRNA levels compared to cells which were transfected with naked wt-p53 DNA or the wt-p53 DNA-Lipofectamine complex, thus explaining the sustained antiproliferative activity of nanoparticles. Studies with fluorescently labeled DNA using confocal microscopy and quantitative analyses using a microplate reader demonstrated sustained intracellular localization of DNA with nanoparticles, suggesting the slow release of DNA from nanoparticles localized inside the cells. Cells which were transfected with naked DNA demonstrated transient intracellular DNA retention. In conclusion, nanoparticle-mediated wt-p53 gene delivery results in sustained antiproliferative activity, which could be therapeutically beneficial in cancer treatment.
Direct determination of tetraethyllead and tetramethyllead in gasoline by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection at mercury electrodes (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect determination of tetraethyllead and tetramethyllead in gasoline by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection at mercury electrodesA. M. Bond and N. M. McLachlanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 4, 756–758Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00295a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00295a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views91Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<i>Near Andersonville</i> (2010)

The admired American painter Winslow Homer rose to national attention during the Civil War. But one of his most important early images remained unknown for a century. The renowned artist is best known for depicting ships and sailors, hunters and fishermen, rural vignettes and coastal scenes. Yet he also created some of the first serious black figures in American art. Near Andersonville (1865–66) is the earliest and least known of these impressive images. Peter Wood, a leading expert on Homer’s images of blacks, reveals the long-hidden story of this remarkable Civil War painting. His brisk narrative locates the picture in southwest Georgia in August 1864 and provides its military and political context. Wood underscores the agony of the Andersonville prison camp and highlights a huge but little-known cavalry foray ordered by General Sherman as he laid siege to Atlanta. Homer’s image takes viewers “behind enemy lines” to consider the utter failure of “Stoneman’s Raid” from the perspective of an enslaved black Southerner. By examining the interplay of symbolic elements, Wood reveals a picture pregnant with meaning. He links it to Abraham Lincoln’s presidential campaign of 1864 and underscores the enduring importance of Homer’s thoughtful black woman. The painter adopted a bottom-up perspective on slavery and emancipation that most scholars needed another century to discover. By integrating art and history, Wood’s provocative study gives us a fresh vantage point on Homer’s early career, the struggle to end slavery, and the dramatic closing years of the Civil War.
Efficient Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure β<sup>2</sup>-Amino Acids via Chiral Isoxazolidinones (2003)

We report a practical and scalable synthetic route for the preparation of alpha-substituted beta-amino acids (beta(2)-amino acids). Michael addition of a chiral hydroxylamine, derived from alpha-methylbenzylamine, to an alpha-alkylacrylate followed by cyclization gives a diastereomeric mixture of alpha-substituted isoxazolidinones. These diastereomers are separable by column chromatography. Subsequent hydrogenation of the purified isoxazolidinones followed by Fmoc protection affords enantiomerically pure Fmoc-beta(2)-amino acids, which are useful for beta-peptide synthesis. This route provides access to both enantiomers of a protected beta(2)-amino acid.
Laser sources at 460 nm based on intracavity doubling of extended-cavity surface-emitting lasers (2004)

Laser sources emitting at 460nm have been developed through intracavity doubling of an extended cavity, surface emitting semiconductor laser. These lasers are compact, spectrally pure, efficient, and have a high quality beam. The basic design is similar to previously reported work[1] at 488nm using Novalux Extended Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (NECSEL) structures. The choice of nonlinear material was found to be critical, with periodically poled materials providing distinct benefits over bulk materials. Output powers exceeded 20mW. The reliability of the completed lasers was found to be excellent.
Adult mortality in developing countries (1990)

For the past decade, the international health community has focused on the burden of childhood mortality and morbidity in developing countries. As a consequence, there has been little comprehensive, as contrasted with disease-specific, interest in the health problems of adults. Underlying this lack of attention is the widespread belief that once a person reaches adulthood, there is little difference in mortality experience between developing and industrialized countries. Some would probably go so far as to suggest that adult mortality should be lower in some developing countries because of the rarity of certain ‘western’ risk factors for chronic diseases. The reality is different: adult mortality, as well as child mortality, is much higher in developing than in industrialized countries and represents an important target for development policy and intervention. Adults may be defined with reference to the roles that they play in society. They are the parents, the workers, and the leaders in all communities. Adults are also the providers and care-givers for children and the elderly. A functional definition of adulthood, while appealing, is not well suited to quantitative analysis. We have, therefore, defined adulthood as the population aged 15 to 59 years. This definition is consistent with the United Nations defmition of the ‘aged’, which includes the population over age 60. The age-span 15 to 59 includes those age-groups in which, in industrialized countries, we expect mortality to remain quite low. For most of us, deaths before age 60 are premature and should be prevented. With this definition of adulthood, 56% of the developing world’s population are adults; they number a httle over 2x 10 ; and 32% of them live in China. According to World Bank estimates, in the developing world as a whole, 38% of deaths occur in children aged ti years, while 27% occur in adults (15-59). To adjust for the expected age-distribution of deaths in a low mortality country, we can calculate avoidable deaths. These are deaths that would not occur if the mortality rates of a specified low mortality reference population applied to developing countries. Japanese death rates in 1987 have been used as a reference-Japan has the highest life expectancy in the world. According to these computations, there are 8 million avoidable adult deaths each year in the