gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
WebCIS: large scale deployment of a Web-based clinical information system. (1999)

WebCIS is a Web-based clinical information system. It sits atop the existing Columbia University clinical information system architecture, which includes a clinical repository, the Medical Entities Dictionary, an HL7 interface engine, and an Arden Syntax based clinical event monitor. WebCIS security features include authentication with secure tokens, authorization maintained in an LDAP server, SSL encryption, permanent audit logs, and application time outs. WebCIS is currently used by 810 physicians at the Columbia-Presbyterian center of New York Presbyterian Healthcare to review and enter data into the electronic medical record. Current deployment challenges include maintaining adequate database performance despite complex queries, replacing large numbers of computers that cannot run modern Web browsers, and training users that have never logged onto the Web. Although the raised expectations and higher goals have increased deployment costs, the end result is a far more functional, far more available system.
Efficient implementation of retiming (1994)

Retiming is a technique for optimizing sequential circuits. It repositions the registers in a circuit leaving the combinational cells untouched. The objective of retiming is to find a circuit with the minimum number of registers for a specified clock period. More than ten years have elapsed since Leiserson and Saxe first presented a theoretical formulation to solve this problem for single-clock edge-triggered sequential circuits. Their proposed algorithms have polynomial complexity; however naive implementations of these algorithms exhibit O(n3) time complexitiy and O(n2) space complexity when applied to digital circuits with n combinational cells. This renders retiming ineffective for circuits with more than 500 combinational cells. This paper addresses the implementation issues required to exploit the sparsity of circuit graphs to allow min-period retiming and constrained min-area retiming to be applied to circuits with as many as 10,000 combinational cells. We believe this is the first paper to address these issues and the first to report retiming results for large circuits.
Orbital-Assisted Metal-Insulator Transition in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>VO</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (2005)

We found direct experimental evidence for an orbital switching in the V 3d states across the metal-insulator transition in VO2. We have used soft-x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the V L2,3 edges as a sensitive local probe and have determined quantitatively the orbital polarizations. These results strongly suggest that, in going from the metallic to the insulating state, the orbital occupation changes in a manner that charge fluctuations and effective bandwidths are reduced, that the system becomes more one dimensional and more susceptible to a Peierls-like transition, and that the required massive orbital switching can only be made if the system is close to a Mott insulating regime.
Nitric Oxide Emissions From Stratified Charge Engines: Prediction and Control (1973)

Abstract A model is developed for calculating NO emissions for stratified charge engines in which the fuel is completely vaporized prior to combustion. The validity of the model is limited to single chamber geometry as it does not treat bulk gas motion typical of prechamber or divided chamber designs. The parameters of the model are fuel type, humidity of inlet air, overall equivalence ratio, stratification function, per cent EGR, intake manifold pressure, intake manifold temperature, compression ratio, piston connecting rod to crank radius ratio, RPM, and position and duration of combustion in the cycle. Stratification in which the first elements to burn are rich and the last elements to burn are lean is most effective relative to a uniform air-fuel mixture at overall air-fuel ratios near stoichiometric. Under these conditions almost all elements in the uniform charge are being “replaced” by elements of lesser NO-producing air-fuel ratios. On the overall rich side smaller reductions in NO level are possible with rich to lean stratification. However, if the stratification were poorly controlled and lean to rich stratification were to result, large increases in NO emissions would be expected. On the lean side stratification is not advisable since very close control of the air-fuel distribution is required to prevent increases in NO concentration. NO control achieved via stratification results in a loss in power and efficiency since the rich elements contain high concentrations of CO whose energy of oxidation is not converted to work if mixing takes place late in the expansion stroke. The effect of mixing the stratified burned gases on efficiency and NO control indicates the existence of an optimal crank angle for dissipating the stratification. Most NO activity terminates within 30° after the end of the combustion process at all levels of EGR including no EGR. Stratification beyond this point maintains high CO levels in rich regions reducing the cycle work with no further reduction in NO concentration. On a specific basis NO control decreases beyond this point. The greatest reduction in NO emissions at overall air-fuel ratios near stoichiometric results from step distribution functions in which the first half of the charge is rich and the latter half lean as opposed to a continuous progression. This is accompanied by a considerable loss in power and efficiency for the reasons cited above. For engines operating with stratification and EGR, increasing the compression ratio and retarding the combustion interval leaves the efficiency of the cycle unaltered but lowers specific NO emissions. For stratified charge engines operating with injection, this is a real possibility due to lower octane requirements.
Conclusion (2013)

The conclusion looks back over the preceding chapters, considering the inability of a small group of closely interconnected regional and national elites to reshape English attitudes about the nation’s collective ‘racial’ strength in the wake of the South African War. It considers the absence of references to racial decline as a reflection of an inability and an unwillingness of commentators to challenge the dominant narrative of British imperial supremacy.
Humid aging of plastics: Effect of molecular weight on mechanical properties and fracture morphology of polycarbonate (1979)

Abstract Polycarbonate tensile bars were aged up to 18 months at 0%, 75%, and 100% relative humidity and temperatures of 65–93°C. In the humid aged samples hydrolysis caused progressive reductions in molecular weight. Below a critical molecular weight ( M w = 33,800, M n = 14,300) tensile strength dropped off rapidly. A transition from ductile to brittle failure was also observed at that point. Extrapolations indicate that the ductile–brittle transition at 38°C will be reached after 5 years at 100% relative humidity for the polycarbonate studied. Elongation was affected even in the early stages of hydrolysis. This suggests that whenever the degradation mechanism is a molecular weight reduction, toughness will be affected before the strength properties are lost. Mechanical properties are affected by annealing and antiplasticization which reduce localized stresses and increase short‐range order. The brittle fracture surfaces of polycarbonate consist of four distinct regions. The size of the regions and the prominence of the features changed as the molecular weight decreased.
Endothelial apoptosis initiates acute blood-brain barrier disruption after ionizing radiation. (2003)

Acute disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) is well recognized after radiation therapy to the central nervous system (CNS). We assessed the genetic regulation of acute BBB disruption and its relationship to vascular endothelial cell death in the CNS after irradiation. Adult rats were given graded single doses of X-ray to the cervical spinal cord. At different time intervals after irradiation, the irradiated spinal cord was processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier was assessed using albumin immunohistochemistry, i.v. injection of Evans blue dye, and (99m)Tc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. In the rat spinal cord, there was a dose-dependent apoptotic response during the first 24 h after irradiation, and apoptotic cells consisted of both endothelial and glial cells, as described previously (1, 2). A dose-dependent reduction in endothelial cell density was observed at 24 h after irradiation. This was associated with a similar dose-dependent disruption in blood-spinal cord barrier as demonstrated by albumin immunohistochemistry. Radiation-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells has been shown to be dependent on the acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) pathway. After a single 50-Gy dose to the cervical spinal cord of ASMase +/+ mice, there was a 47.7% reduction in endothelial cell density at 24 h compared with nonirradiated controls. No decrease in endothelial cell density was observed in irradiated ASMase -/- mice. In the irradiated spinal cord of ASMase +/+ mice, there was evidence of albumin immunoreactivity and Evans blue dye staining around microvessels, and (99m)Tc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid uptake increased at 24 h. Nonirradiated controls and the irradiated spinal cord of ASMase -/- mice demonstrated no evidence of leakage. We conclude that apoptosis of endothelial cells initiates acute BBB disruption in the CNS after irradiation and that acute BBB disruption after irradiation is mediated by the ASMase pathway.
TLR-4 and Sustained Calcium Agonists Synergistically Produce Eicosanoids Independent of Protein Synthesis in RAW264.7 Cells (2007)

Arachidonic acid is released by phospholipase A(2) and converted into hundreds of distinct bioactive mediators by a variety of cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LO), and cytochrome P450s. Because of the size and diversity of the eicosanoid class of signaling molecules produced, a thorough and systematic investigation of these biological processes requires the simultaneous quantitation of a large number of eicosanoids in a single analysis. We have developed a robust liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method that can identify and quantitate over 60 different eicosanoids in a single analysis, and we applied it to agonist-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Fifteen different eicosanoids produced through COX and 5-LO were detected either intracellularly or in the media following stimulation with 16 different agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLR), G protein-coupled receptors, and purinergic receptors. No significant differences in the COX metabolite profiles were detected using the different agonists; however, we determined that only agonists creating a sustained Ca(2+) influx were capable of activating the 5-LO pathway in these cells. Synergy between Ca(2+) and TLR pathways was detected and discovered to be independent of NF-kappaB-induced protein synthesis. This demonstrates that TLR induction of protein synthesis and priming for enhanced phospholipase A(2)-mediated eicosanoid production work through two distinct pathways.
A critical role for Telethonin in regulating t-tubule structure and function in the mammalian heart (2012)

The transverse (t)-tubule system plays an essential role in healthy and diseased heart muscle, particularly in Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR), and its structural disruption is an early event in heart failure. Both mechanical overload and unloading alter t-tubule structure, but the mechanisms mediating the normally tight regulation of the t-tubules in response to load variation are poorly understood. Telethonin (Tcap) is a stretch-sensitive Z-disc protein that binds to proteins in the t-tubule membrane. To assess its role in regulating t-tubule structure and function, we used Tcap knockout (KO) mice and investigated cardiomyocyte t-tubule and cell structure and CICR over time and following mechanical overload. In cardiomyocytes from 3-month-old KO (3mKO), there were isolated t-tubule defects and Ca(2+) transient dysynchrony without whole heart and cellular dysfunction. Ca(2+) spark frequency more than doubled in 3mKO. At 8 months of age (8mKO), cardiomyocytes showed progressive loss of t-tubules and remodelling of the cell surface, with prolonged and dysynchronous Ca(2+) transients. Ca(2+) spark frequency was elevated and the L-type Ca(2+) channel was depressed at 8 months only. After mechanical overload obtained by aortic banding constriction, the Ca(2+) transient was prolonged in both wild type and KO. Mechanical overload increased the Ca(2+) spark frequency in KO alone, where there was also significantly more t-tubule loss, with a greater deterioration in t-tubule regularity. In conjunction, Tcap KO showed severe loss of cell surface ultrastructure. These data suggest that Tcap is a critical, load-sensitive regulator of t-tubule structure and function.
Self-study with language learning software in the workplace: What happens? (2011)

Many language training software packages are intended for self-study and marketed as complete language learning solutions; however, little is known about how well they work or under what conditions they should be used.This article reports on a research study conducted at the University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language that explores the way adult learners use Rosetta Stone and Auralog's TELL ME MORE-two popular, commercially available, technology-mediated self-study packages.Volunteers from different United States government agencies agreed to use these programs according to each manufacturer's usage guidelines and to complete regular assessments to document their language proficiency throughout the study.The most striking finding was severe participant attrition, which was likely due to a variety of technological problems as well as the lack of sufficient support for autonomous learning in the workplace.This lack of compliance with self-study suggests that despite the logistical ease of providing language learning software, more resource-intensive types of language training are more likely to be effective.
Mobile social networks and urban public space (2010)

The development and proliferation of mobile social networks have the potential to transform ways that people come together and interact in public space. These services allow new kinds of information to flow into public spaces and, as such, can rearrange social and spatial practices. Dodgeball is used as a case study of mobile social networks. Based on a year-long qualitative field study, this article explores how Dodgeball was used to facilitate social congregation in public spaces and begins to expand our understanding of traditional notions of space and social interaction. Drawing on the concept of parochial space, this article examines how ideas of mobile communication and public space are negotiated in the everyday practice and use of mobile social networks.
Computing Low Latency Batches with Unreliable Workers in Volunteer Computing Environments (2009)

Internet based volunteer computing projects such as SETI@home are currently restricted to performing coarse grained, embarrassingly parallel master-worker style tasks. This is partly due to the “pull” nature of task distribution in volunteer computing environments, where workers request tasks from the master rather than the master assigning tasks to arbitrary workers. In this paper we propose algorithms for computing batches of medium grained tasks with deadlines in pull-style volunteer computing environments. We develop models of unreliable workers based on analysis of trace data from an actual volunteer computing project. These models are used to develop algorithms for task distribution in volunteer computing systems with a high probability of meeting batch deadlines. We develop algorithms for perfectly reliable workers, computation-reliable workers and unreliable workers. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms through simulations using traces from actual volunteer computing environments.
Combined treatment of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> biofilms with bacteriophages and chlorine (2012)

Bacterial biofilms are a growing concern in a broad range of areas. In this study, a mixture of RNA bacteriophages isolated from municipal wastewater was used to control and remove biofilms. At the concentrations of 400 and 4 × 10(7) PFU/mL, the phages inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation by 45 ± 15% and 73 ± 8%, respectively. At the concentrations of 6,000 and 6 × 10(7) PFU/mL, the phages removed 45 ± 9% and 75 ± 5% of pre-existing P. aeruginosa biofilms, respectively. Chlorine reduced biofilm growth by 86 ± 3% at the concentration of 210 mg/L, but it did not remove pre-existing biofilms. However, a combination of phages (3 × 10(7) PFU/mL) and chlorine at this concentration reduced biofilm growth by 94 ± 2% and removed 88 ± 6% of existing biofilms. In a continuous flow system with continued biofilm growth, a combination of phages (a one-time treatment at the concentration of 1.9 × 10(8) PFU/mL for 1 h first) with chlorine removed 97 ± 1% of biofilms after Day 5 while phage and chlorine treatment alone removed 89 ± 1% and 40 ± 5%, respectively. For existing biofilms, a combined use of a lower phage concentration (3.8 × 10(5) PFU/mL) and chlorination with a shorter time duration (12 h) followed by continuous water flushing removed 96 ± 1% of biofilms in less than 2 days. Laser scanning confocal microscopy supplemented with electron microscopy indicated that the combination treatment resulted in biofilms with lowest cell density and viability. These results suggest that the combination treatment of phages and chlorine is a promising method to control and remove bacterial biofilms from various surfaces.
Development and Validation of Deep Learning Algorithms for Detection of Critical Findings in Head CT Scans (2018)

Importance: Non-contrast head CT scan is the current standard for initial imaging of patients with head trauma or stroke symptoms. Objective: To develop and validate a set of deep learning algorithms for automated detection of following key findings from non-contrast head CT scans: intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and its types, intraparenchymal (IPH), intraventricular (IVH), subdural (SDH), extradural (EDH) and subarachnoid (SAH) hemorrhages, calvarial fractures, midline shift and mass effect. Design and Settings: We retrospectively collected a dataset containing 313,318 head CT scans along with their clinical reports from various centers. A part of this dataset (Qure25k dataset) was used to validate and the rest to develop algorithms. Additionally, a dataset (CQ500 dataset) was collected from different centers in two batches B1 & B2 to clinically validate the algorithms. Main Outcomes and Measures: Original clinical radiology report and consensus of three independent radiologists were considered as gold standard for Qure25k and CQ500 datasets respectively. Area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for each finding was primarily used to evaluate the algorithms. Results: Qure25k dataset contained 21,095 scans (mean age 43.31; 42.87% female) while batches B1 and B2 of CQ500 dataset consisted of 214 (mean age 43.40; 43.92% female) and 277 (mean age 51.70; 30.31% female) scans respectively. On Qure25k dataset, the algorithms achieved AUCs of 0.9194, 0.8977, 0.9559, 0.9161, 0.9288 and 0.9044 for detecting ICH, IPH, IVH, SDH, EDH and SAH respectively. AUCs for the same on CQ500 dataset were 0.9419, 0.9544, 0.9310, 0.9521, 0.9731 and 0.9574 respectively. For detecting calvarial fractures, midline shift and mass effect, AUCs on Qure25k dataset were 0.9244, 0.9276 and 0.8583 respectively, while AUCs on CQ500 dataset were 0.9624, 0.9697 and 0.9216 respectively.
Magnetization Transfer and T<sub>2</sub> Relaxation Components in Tissue (1995)

T2 relaxation makes an important contribution to tissue contrast in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Many tissues are known to exhibit multicomponent T2 relaxation that suggests some compartmental segregation of mobile protons on a T2 timescale. Magnetization transfer (MT) is another relaxation mechanism that can be used to produce tissue contrast in MR imaging. The MT process depends strongly on water-macromolecular interactions. To investigate the relationship between multicomponent T2 relaxation and the MT process, multiecho T2 measurements have been combined with MT measurements for freshly excised samples of cardiac muscle, striated muscle, and white matter. For muscle, short T2 components show greater MT than long T2 components, consistent with the belief that they represent distinct water environments. For white matter, quantitative MT measurements were identical for the two major T2 components, apparently because of exchange between the T2 compartments on a time-scale characteristic of the MT experiment. Implications for accurate modeling of MT in tissue and the use of MT for MR image contrast are discussed.
Kinodynamic motion planning for mobile robots using splines (2009)

This paper presents an approach to time-optimal kinodynamic motion planning for a mobile robot. A global path planner is used to generate collision-free straight-line paths from the robot's position to a given goal location. With waypoints of this path, an initial trajectory is generated which defines the planned position of the robot over time. A velocity profile is computed that accounts for constraints on the velocity and acceleration of the robot. The trajectory is refined to minimize the time needed for traversal by an any-time optimization algorithm. An error-feedback controller generates motor commands to execute the planned trajectory. Quintic Be¿zier splines are used to allow for curvature-continuous joins of trajectory segments, which enables the system to replan trajectories in order to react to unmapped obstacles. Experiments on real robots are presented that show our system's capabilities of smooth, precise, and predictive motion.
Observation on backscattered electron image (BEI) of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in semi-thin sections prepared for light microscopy. (1983)

In order to examine semi-thin section for light microscopy with the backscattered electron mode (BE mode), identical sites in tissue sections were comparatively observed with both light microscopy and BE mode. Tissue blocks (ca. 3 X 3 X 1 mm) were fixed in glutaraldehyde or combined formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution. After dehydration in alcohol, they were embedded in Kushida's GMA-Quetol 523. 1.0 micron sections on glass slides coated with indium oxide were stained with hematoxylin-eosin or toluidine blue or by the Giemsa method, and then treated with osmium tetroxide vapor or aqueous KMnO4 solution or uranyl acetate-lead citrate solution. The identical places of such sections could be examined with the accelerating potential of 6 kV and the probe current of 8 X 10(-10) A using a JSM-35C SEM with BEIS BE detector. Photographs were taken with the 2500-line resolution cathode ray tube and the time of exposure was 100 sec. The sections were placed at a distance of 5mm from the BE detector. BE images from osmium tetroxide vapor staining showed a distinctly improved contrast especially when the sections were previously stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The cellular structure was clearly demonstrated under the electron microscope in the BE mode. Identical sites in tissue samples could be compared exactly with both light and electron micrographs.
Wave Field Synthesis Simulation By Means Of Finite-Difference Time-Domain Technique (2004)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Viena, Austria, 2004