gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities (2014)

The use of biopesticides and related alternative management products is increasing. New tools, including semiochemicals and plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs), as well as botanical and microbially derived chemicals, are playing an increasing role in pest management, along with plant and animal genetics, biological control, cultural methods, and newer synthetics. The goal of this Perspective is to highlight promising new biopesticide research and development (R&D), based upon recently published work and that presented in the American Chemical Society (ACS) symposium "Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities," as well as the authors' own perspectives. Although the focus is on biopesticides, included in this Perspective is progress with products exhibiting similar characteristics, namely those naturally occurring or derived from natural products. These are target specific, of low toxicity to nontarget organisms, reduced in persistence in the environment, and potentially usable in organic agriculture. Progress is being made, illustrated by the number of biopesticides and related products in the registration pipeline, yet major commercial opportunities exist for new bioherbicides and bionematicides, in part occasioned by the emergence of weeds resistant to glyphosate and the phase-out of methyl bromide. The emergence of entrepreneurial start-up companies, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fast track for biopesticides, and the availability of funding for registration-related R&D for biorational pesticides through the U.S. IR-4 program provide incentives for biopesticide development, but an expanded effort is warranted both in the United States and worldwide to support this relatively nascent industry.
Towards Accurate Non-Intrusive Recollection of Stress Levels Using Mobile Sensing and Contextual Recall (2014)

Existing user input sampling methods used for stress-related psychotherapy are plagued with problems of low recall accuracy and high intrusiveness. In this paper, we propose a contextual recall-based self-report method that uses mobile sensing technology to capture contextual cues including location
Application of Expert System and SCADA Technology to Operating Water/Wastewater Systems (1993)

The Water Board is a statutory authority set up in New South Wales to supply water, sewage, sewage treatment as well as storm water services to the people of Metropolitan Sydney and surrounding districts. The Board's area of activities is broken up into S regions. This paper is based on the work done in the lllawarra region of the Board. The Water Board's new IICATS SCADA system will give the users of the Board's assets a far greater control capacity than they have at the present time. As a part of the user requirements of the IICATS project it was identified that a new control philosophy was required. The new philosophy would control the assets on a system basis not on the asset by asset basis as is presently done. In developing control strategies and algorithms', it was soon recognised that they would have to be verified numerically by model simulation. This was required to improve the level of confidence in the proposed rules prior to their application to the water and wastewater systems via the IICATS SCADA. Initial simulation work was done using the Board's traditional hydraulic modelling package in combination with Lotus 123. This proved to be extremely time consuming and labour intensive. It was decided that an expert system modelling tool be investigated. The expert system shell 'G2' was chosen because of its design for real time applications and subsequent suitability for modelling and simulation. It provided a much more efficient simulation tool and enabled the Board to test its proposed system operations strategies. This led to improvements and fine tuning of the rules and increased operator confidence in the proposed control strategies prior to their implementation on the IICATS. During this initial phase of work with expert systems for operational application, several possible future developments have been identified. These include; the integration of G2 with the operating IICATS to provide operator advice, 'what if modelling, fault diagnosis, analysis of signal quality, and the development of hydraulic modelling capabilities within the 'G2' shell. The development of the G2 expert system shell for the simulation and verification of operational rules proposed for the lllawarra IICATS Project has proved a success. It has also opened the door for development of further applications throughout the Sydney Water Board.
Leoprosy- clinical aspectos of nerve involvement. (1975)

Leprosy is the cause of the commonest peripheral neuropathy. The predilection of Mycobacterium leprae for nerve tissue accounts for the clinical features that are most dreaded and most characteristic of the disease. Were it not for the progressive destruction of peripheral nerve trunks and the consequences of this, leprosy would largely remain a cutaneous condition of cosmetically unsightly hypopigmented or erythematous areas and aggregations of nodular thickenings. The neurologic damage in leprosy is confined to postganglionic changes. The central nervous system is protected, although rarely in experimental situations organisms have been reported in cerebral tissues.
Three-dimensional synthetic blood vessel generation using stochastic L-systems (2013)

Segmentation of blood vessels from magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA) images is a complex process that usually takes a lot of computational resources. Also, most vascular segmentation and detection algorithms do not work properly due to the wide architectural variability of the blood vessels. Thus, the construction of convincing synthetic vascular trees makes it possible to validate new segmentation methodologies. In this work, an extension to the traditional Lindenmayer system (L-system) that generates synthetic 3D blood vessels by adding stochastic rules and parameters to the grammar is proposed. Towards this aim, we implement a parser and a generator of L-systems whose grammars simulate natural features of real vessels such as the bifurcation angle, average length and diameter, as well as vascular anomalies, such as aneurysms and stenoses. The resulting expressions are then used to create synthetic vessel images that mimic MRA and CTA images. In addition, this methodology allows for vessel growth to be limited by arbitrary 3D surfaces, and the vessel intensity profille can be tailored to match real angiographic intensities.
The effect of pressure on micelle formation and solubility of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide in water (1977)

The conductivities of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) in water have been measured in the concentration range 2×10^-4～4×10^-3 mol-dm^-3 at pressures up to 2500kg/cm^2 at 25℃, and used to determine the critical micelle concentrations (c.m.c.) and the apparent solubilities. The limiting equivalent conductivities of hexadecyltrimethylammonium ion, λ°(HTA^+) decrease with increasing pressure. The c.m.c. increase with the increase in pressure up to about 1000kg/cm^2 and decrease at higher pressures. The fact that the maximum pressure of the c.m.c. of HTAB is not so much different from those of the lower homologues appears to indicate that there occurs no solidification at the maximum pressure. The partial molal volume change accompanying the micelle formation at 1 atm, ΔV^^-^(1) is 10cm^3・mol^-1, being calculated from the pressure dependence of the c.m.c. The rate of decrease in the apparent solubilities of HTAB with increasing pressure is very large up to about 1500kg/cm^2 and rather small at higher pressures.
A Combinatorial Central Limit Theorem (1951)

Let $(Y_{n1}, \cdots, Y_{nn})$ be a random vector which takes on the $n!$ permutations of $(1, \cdots, n)$ with equal probabilities. Let $c_n(i, j), i,j = 1, \cdots, n,$ be $n^2$ real numbers. Sufficient conditions for the asymptotic normality of $S_n = \sum^n_{i=1} c_n(i, Y_{ni})$ are given (Theorem 3). For the special case $c_n(i,j) = a_n(i)b_n(j)$ a stronger version of a theorem of Wald, Wolfowitz and Noether is obtained (Theorem 4). A condition of Noether is simplified (Theorem 1).
A case of ulcerating granuloma refractory to intravenous injections of antimony, X-rays, and other forms of treatment (1917)

A case of ulcerating granuloma refractory to intravenous injections of antimony, X-rays, and other forms of treatment George C. Low, M.A., M.D., C.M., George C. Low, M.A., M.D., C.M. 1Assistant Physician and Lecturer, London School of Tropical Medicine, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H.B. Newham, M.D., M.R.C.P. H.B. Newham, M.D., M.R.C.P. 2Director, London School of Tropical Medicine, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 10, Issue 6, April 1917, Pages 109–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(17)80005-5 Published: 01 April 1917
Anatomic development of the oral and pharyngeal portions of the vocal tract: An imaging study (2009)

The growth of the vocal tract (VT) is known to be non-uniform insofar as there are regional differences in anatomic maturation. This study presents quantitative anatomic data on the growth of the oral and pharyngeal portions of the VT from 605 imaging studies for individuals between birth and 19 years. The oral (horizontal) portion of the VT was segmented into lip-thickness, anterior-cavity-length, oropharyngeal-width, and VT-oral, and the pharyngeal (vertical) portion of the VT into posterior-cavity-length, and nasopharyngeal-length. The data were analyzed to determine growth trend, growth rate, and growth type (neural or somatic). Findings indicate differences in the growth trend of segments/variables analyzed, with significant sex differences for all variables except anterior-cavity-length. While the growth trend of some variables displays prepubertal sex differences at specific age ranges, the importance of such localized differences appears to be masked by overall growth rate differences between males and females. Finally, assessment of growth curve type indicates that most VT structures follow a combined/hybrid (somatic and neural) growth curve with structures in the vertical plane having a predominantly somatic growth pattern. These data on the non-uniform growth of the vocal tract reveal anatomic differences that contribute to documented acoustic differences in prepubertal speech production.
Proteolipid protein modulates preservation of peripheral axons and premature death when myelin protein zero is lacking (2015)

Protein zero (P0) is the major structural component of peripheral myelin. Lack of this adhesion protein from Schwann cells causes a severe dysmyelinating neuropathy with secondary axonal degeneration in humans with the neuropathy Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS) and in the corresponding mouse model (P0(null)-mice). In the mammalian CNS, the tetraspan-membrane protein PLP is the major structural myelin constituent and required for the long-term preservation of myelinated axons, which fails in hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG type-2) and the relevant mouse model (Plp(null)-mice). The Plp-gene is also expressed in Schwann cells but PLP is of very low abundance in normal peripheral myelin; its function has thus remained enigmatic. Here we show that the abundance of PLP but not of other tetraspan myelin proteins is strongly increased in compact peripheral myelin of P0(null)-mice. To determine the functional relevance of PLP expression in the absence of P0, we generated P0(null)*Plp(null)-double-mutant mice. Compared with either single-mutant, P0(null)*Plp(null)-mice display impaired nerve conduction, reduced motor functions, and premature death. At the morphological level, axonal segments were frequently non-myelinated but in a one-to-one relationship with a hypertrophic Schwann cell. Importantly, axonal numbers were reduced in the vital phrenic nerve of P0(null)*Plp(null)-mice. In the absence of P0, thus, PLP also contributes to myelination by Schwann cells and to the preservation of peripheral axons. These data provide a link between the Schwann cell-dependent support of peripheral axons and the oligodendrocyte-dependent support of central axons.
<i>IEX</i> -1L, an Apoptosis Inhibitor Involved in NF-κB-Mediated Cell Survival (1998)

Transcription factors of the nuclear factor-kappaB/rel (NF-kappaB) family may be important in cell survival by regulating unidentified, anti-apoptotic genes. One such gene that protects cells from apoptosis induced by Fas or tumor necrosis factor type alpha (TNF), IEX-1L, is described here. Its transcription induced by TNF was decreased in cells with defective NF-kappaB activation, rendering them sensitive to TNF-induced apoptosis, which was abolished by transfection with IEX-1L. In support, overexpression of antisense IEX-1L partially blocked TNF-induced expression of IEX-1L and sensitized normal cells to killing. This study demonstrates a key role of IEX-1L in cellular resistance to TNF-induced apoptosis.
Constrained NMPC via state-space partitioning for input-affine non-linear systems (2004)

State-space partitioning and judicious use of graph theory is deployed to propose a novel nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) approach that is suitable for fast sampling applications. The efficacy of the approach is demonstrated by means of a design study.
Internal structure of multiphase zinc-blende wurtzite gallium nitride nanowires (2008)

In this paper, the internal structure of novel multiphase gallium nitride nanowires in which multiple zinc-blende and wurtzite crystalline domains grow simultaneously along the entire length of the nanowire is investigated. Orientation relationships within the multiphase nanowires are identified using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of nanowire cross-sections fabricated with a focused ion beam system. A coherent interface between the zinc-blende and wurtzite phases is identified. A mechanism for catalyst-free vapor-solid multiphase nanowire nucleation and growth is proposed.
Relational.OWL: a data and schema representation format based on OWL (2005)

One of the research fields which has recently gained much scientific interest within the database community are Peer-to-Peer databases, where peers have the autonomy to decide whether to join or to leave an information sharing environment at any time. Such volatile data nodes may appear shortly, collect or deliver some data, and disappear again. It even can not be assured that a peer joins the network ever again.
Intramyocardial bone marrow stem cell treatment for myocardial regeneration (2006)

Transplantation of stem cells has been shown by substantial experimental evidence as well as by initial clinical studies to improve cardiac function in patients with post-infarction myocardial injury. Both angiogenic and myogenic properties of bone-marrow-derived stem cells have been evidenced to be involved in its beneficial effect on heart function after transplantation into area of ischaemic injury. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms involved in regenerative potential of bone-marrow-derived stem cells, with special attention to the clinical experience with cell transplantation during cardiac surgery.
Expression of Thermotoga maritima Endo-${\beta}$-1,4-xylanase Gene in E. coli and Characterization of the Recombinant Enzyme (2004)

Gene encoding endo-1,4--xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) was isolated from hyperthermophilic microorganism, Thermotoga maritima by polymerase chain reaction. Open reading frame (ORF) of xylanase gene is 3,180 bp long and encodes 1,059 amino acid residues. Estimated molecular weight of polypeptide is 119,642 Da. To analyze enzymatic activity and biochemical properties of xylanase, ORF of xylanase gene was introduced into E. coli expression vector, and overexpressed in E. coli BL21. Purified recombinant xylanase showed highest activity at , and pH 6.0, and was stable below . D-xyloseand xylooligosacharide-producing activities of purified recombinant xylanase was tested using oatspelts arabinoxylan and birchwood xylan as substrates. Enzyme activity of recombinant enzyme was 170 U/ml on oatspelts arabinoxylan.
Polymer Functionalized AFM tips for Long‐Term Measurements in Single‐Molecule Force Spectroscopy (2004)

Tips for long life: A long-term stable polymer coating of AFM tips (see graphic) can be achieved by the use of a mixed self-assembled monolayer of alkanethiols. More than 10 000 force–extension curves under various environmental conditions, for example, different substrates, can be recorded without any hint of degradation. Thus the results can be better compared, as deviations arising from different sample preparations are ruled out.
Improved Retinoids Production from Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli with a Two-phase Culture System (2012)

Retinoids are lipophilic isoprenoids molecules, which are related to vitamin A. Retinoids consist of a cyclic group and a linear chain with hydrophilic end group. They include retinol, retinal, retinyl esters and also exist in other various structures by their functional groups. Carotenoids including retinoids are derived from IPP and DMAPP which are building blocks of isoprenoids. Generally, IPP and DMAPP are synthesized from MEP or MVA pathway. The expression of five exogenous genes encoding GGPP synthase (crtE), phytoene synthase (crtB), phytoene desaturase (crtI), lycopene cyclase (crtY), codon optimized beta-carotene 15,15’-mono(di)oxygenase (BCM (D)O) can make E. coli to produce retinal from IPP and DMAPP. To prevent intracellular retinoid degradation, a two-phase culture system using dodecane was performed for in situ extraction of retinoids from the cells. Under 2% glycerol as carbon source, we produced high amount retinoids using recombinant E. coli. This work was supported by a grant (2009-0084490) from the Basic Research Program, MEST, a grant from the Next- Generation BioGreen 21 Program (SSAC PJ0081842012), Rural Development Administration, and a BK21 Program of Korea.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND CELL-BASED APPROACH FOR EARLY SCREENING OF PHOSPHOLIPIDOSIS-INDUCING POTENTIAL (2006)

Some of the principal requisites of toxicity screening methods in drug discovery are their ease to perform and high throughput, as well as the possibility to predict the occurrence of clinical events. Phospholipidosis is one of the toxicities often induced by potential drugs. Several physicochemical methods for the prediction of phospholipidosis have been reported. The purpose of the present study was to examine the predictability of methods based on lipophilicity and charge parameters. We employed a test set of 33 compounds including 11 in-house compounds. The phospholipidosis-inducing potential (PLIP) of the test set compounds was determined by the fluorescence-labeled lipid accumulation assay using isolated rat hepatocytes. This assay was verified by transmission electron microscopy (EM). The usefulness of the ClogP - most basic pK(a) (pK(a) -MB) plot to the PLIP of compounds was examined. This plot was unable to predict the PLIP of zwitterions. In order to improve its predictability, the net charge of a given molecule (NC) was introduced instead of pK(a) - MB, since the NC corresponds directly to the ionization state of compounds in the organelles. Compounds with high ClogP (> 1) and high NC (1< or =NC< or =2) tended to be positive. This finding was also confirmed using 30 additional validation set compounds obtained from the literature. The ClogP - NC plot differentiated positive and negative compounds with more than 98% accuracy (62/63), indicating its usefulness in drug discovery.
Effect of deposition parameters on the microstructure of ion beam assisted deposition TiN films (1994)

The structure of TiNx films formed by low energy ion-assisted deposition has been investigated by electron microscopy techniques. A dual ion beam system was used for the deposition with two Kaufman sources; one producing a 1 keV beam for sputtering Ti, the other a 100–400 eV argon or nitrogen ion beam. The variables of the experiment are the ion energy (100–400 eV), ion species (Ar+ or N+2), ion/atom arrival ratio, the angle of incidence of the ions with respect to the film and the partial pressure of nitrogen during deposition. The structure of the films has been examined using a 200 keV electron microscope for production of electron diffraction patterns and bright and dark field images of the films. It is found that films formed by reactive sputtering (i.e., no ion bombardment) are single phase TiNx which has fcc structure. The grain sizes of the microcrystals, which are randomly orientated, are 10–15 nm. Ion bombardment during deposition generally leads to strong preferential (100) orientation of the microcrystals parallel to the surface of the film and this is coupled with a reduction in the grain size of the microcrystals in the film. Grain growth also appears to take place approximately along the direction of bombarding ions. Results suggest that the degree of orientation depends on the added energy per atom during deposition, indeed there seems to be an energy ‘window’ within which strong, preferred orientations are observed.
High Viscosity of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids with the Hydrogen Sulfate Anion: A Raman Spectroscopy Study (2012)

Ionic liquids based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations and the hydrogen sulfate (or bisulfate) anion, HSO(4)(-), are much more viscous than ionic liquids with alkyl sulfates, RSO(4)(-). The structural origin of the high viscosity of HSO(4)(-) ionic liquids is unraveled from detailed comparison of the anion Raman bands in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate with available data for simple HSO(4)(-) salts in crystalline phase, molten phase, and aqueous solution. Two Raman bands at 1046 and 1010 cm(-1) have been assigned as symmetric stretching modes ν(s)(S═O) of HSO(4)(-), the latter being characteristic of chains of hydrogen-bonded anions. The intensity of this component increases in the supercooled liquid phase. For comparison purposes, Raman spectra of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate have been also obtained. There is no indication of difference in the strength of hydrogen bond interactions of imidazolium cations with HSO(4)(-) or RSO(4)(-) anions. Raman spectra at high pressures, up to 2.6 GPa, are also discussed. Raman spectroscopy provides evidence that hydrogen-bonded anions resulting in anion-anion interaction is the reason for the high viscosity of imidazolium ionic liquids with HSO(4)(-). If the ionic liquid is exposed to moisture, these structures are disrupted upon absorption of water from the atmosphere.