gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New approach to real-time nucleic acids detection: folding polymerase chain reaction amplicons into a secondary structure to improve cleavage of Förster resonance energy transfer probes in 5′-nuclease assays (2009)

The article describes a new technology for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of nucleic acids. Similar to Taqman, this new method, named Snake, utilizes the 5'-nuclease activity of Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase that cleaves dual-labeled Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes and generates a fluorescent signal during PCR. However, the mechanism of the probe cleavage in Snake is different. In this assay, PCR amplicons fold into stem-loop secondary structures. Hybridization of FRET probes to one of these structures leads to the formation of optimal substrates for the 5'-nuclease activity of Taq. The stem-loop structures in the Snake amplicons are introduced by the unique design of one of the PCR primers, which carries a special 5'-flap sequence. It was found that at a certain length of these 5'-flap sequences the folded Snake amplicons have very little, if any, effect on PCR yield but benefit many aspects of the detection process, particularly the signal productivity. Unlike Taqman, the Snake system favors the use of short FRET probes with improved fluorescence background. The head-to-head comparison study of Snake and Taqman revealed that these two technologies have more differences than similarities with respect to their responses to changes in PCR protocol, e.g. the variations in primer concentration, annealing time, PCR asymmetry. The optimal PCR protocol for Snake has been identified. The technology's real-time performance was compared to a number of conventional assays including Taqman, 3'-MGB-Taqman, Molecular Beacon and Scorpion primers. The test trial showed that Snake supersedes the conventional assays in the signal productivity and detection of sequence variations as small as single nucleotide polymorphisms. Due to the assay's cost-effectiveness and simplicity of design, the technology is anticipated to quickly replace all known conventional methods currently used for real-time nucleic acid detection.
Accessing multidimensional Data Types in Oracle 9i Release 2. (2003)

In former Releases of the Oracle Database, multidimensional data types did not exist. In typical Warehouse situations, especially if more advanced analytics was needed, an additional database had to be chosen to store and analyze the data. These databases offered a lot functionality for advanced analytics like what-if analysis, statistical queries and so on and an excellent query performance due to their optimized physical storage concept. But, on the other hand, these databases had some issues regarding size, integration and manageability. In Oracle 9i Release 2, both technologies have been integrated in one database to achieve both optimal results for relational and multidimensional data . This document describes how the multidimensional Data types are stored in the database and could be accessed using SQL and PL/SQL.
Preparation and Applications of Functionalized Organozinc Compounds (2001)

Abstract Organozinc compounds have been known for more than 150 years. With the exception of zinc enolates (Reformatsky reagents) and iodomethylzinc derivatives (Simmons‐Smith, Furukawa, and Sawada reagents), their synthetic potential has only been recently recognized. This is certainly due to their low reactivity and to the absence of general methods of preparation. Although the carbon‐zinc bond in diethylzinc has a dissociation energy of 34.5 kcal/mol, it has, because of the similar electronegativities of zinc and carbon, a highly covalent character (ca. 85 %), which is comparable to a carbon‐tin bond. The carbon‐zinc bond is therefore inert to moderately polar electrophiles such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, or nitriles. On the other hand, the presence of empty low‐lying p orbitals at the zinc center allows transmetallations with a number of transition metal complexes. This is favored for both kinetic and thermo‐dynamic reasons. The availability of d orbitals at the metal center in these compounds allows for new reaction pathways with electrophilic reagents that were not available for the corresponding zinc reagents. This reactivity has been exploited for the formation of new carbon‐carbon bonds and efficient cross‐coupling reactions between organozinc derivatives and unsaturated organic halides, as Negishi has demonstrated using catalytic amounts of palladium(0) salts. Similar catalytic processes have been reported with copper(I) and titanium(IV) complexes, which can mediate numerous reactions of organozinc reagents with organic electrophiles. The scope and synthetic applications of zinc organometallics were greatly extended when it was found that these species can accommodate a wide range of functional groups. They are ideally suited for the construction of polyfunctional organic molecules without the use of multiple protection and deprotection steps. Although some functionalized organozinc compounds bearing ester groups such had been reported, it was only recently that systematic studies have shown the synthetic potential of these reagents. This chapter describes methods for the preparation of functionalized organozinc halides, diorganozincs, and organozincates and their reactions with electrophilic reagents in the presence of transition metal catalysts, as well as synthetic applications demonstrating their synthetic utility for natural product synthesis. Only the preparation and reactivity of zinc organometallics bearing relatively reactive functional groups are covered. Thus, the chemistry of organozinc compounds bearing an ether, acetal, ketal, trialkylsilyl, or polyfluoroalkyl group is, in general, not covered.
Composites graphite/sel pour le stockage d'énergie à haute température : étude des effets du graphite et de la microstructure des composites sur les propriétés de changement de phase des sels (2008)

Dans la poursuite d'une efficacité énergétique accrue, le stockage d'énergie thermique à haute température peut jouer un rôle significatif dans les secteurs industriel et de production d'électricité. Les matériaux à changement de phase, en particulier les sels, seraient de bons candidats pour se faire. Néanmoins, pour des applications exigeantes en termes de puissance, la faible conductivité thermique des sels est souvent rédhibitoire. Afin de remédier à cette difficulté, la capacité de stockage des sels est associée aux propriétés conductrices du graphite. Toutefois, il est nécessaire de vérifier que l'amélioration des propriétés de transfert des composites graphite/sel ne se fait pas au détriment des propriétés de stockage souhaitées. C'est l'objet de cette Note où l'analyse calorimétrique des composites permet d'observer les effets du graphite et de la microstructure des composites sur les propriétés de changement de phase des sels.
Water Resistant-Breathable Hydrophilic Polyurethane Coatings (1995)

Polyurethane (PU) coatings on nylon fabric that have high moisture permeability and water repellency properties have been developed. These PU coatings are prepared by reacting ∈-caprolactam-4,4'-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) adduct with hydrophobic polyols; subsequently deblocking of ∈-caprolactam was carried out using polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molec ular weights at ambient temperature. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic segment bal ance was adjusted by changing the molecular weight of PEG to impart optimum moisture permeability properties.
Inhibition of transformed T cell growth in vitro by monoclonal antibodies directed against distinct activating molecules. (1988)

Stimulatory of antigen-specific murine T cell hybridomas with the appropriate antigen has been shown to cause lymphokine secretion and inhibition of spontaneous cell growth. In this study, the effect of cellular activation on the growth of transformed T cells, of known or unknown antigen specificity, was explored with stimulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that recognize nonclonally distributed T cell surface molecules. Anti-CD3 antibodies stimulated interleukin 2 (IL-2) secretion while they inhibited murine and human T cell tumor growth in vitro. Both responses required external cross-linking of the anti-CD3 antibodies. Activation via two molecules that are not physically associated with the T cell antigen receptor, Thy-1 and Ly-6, also inhibited transformed T cell growth while inducing IL-2 secretion. Notably, an anti-Thy-1 mAb that did not cause the transformed T cells to secrete lymphokines failed to affect their growth, and in fact blocked the growth inhibition induced by the stimulatory mAb. Regardless of which stimulating mAb was used, IL-2 production and cell growth were inversely proportional, manifesting similar antibody dose-response curves. Activation of a T cell hybridoma with stimulatory mAb resulted in rapid lysis, as evidenced by the release of 51Cr and lactate dehydrogenase. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that cellular activation was accompanied by a cell cycle block between the G1 and S phases, and probably a slowing of the transit of cells already in S. These results demonstrate that the growth of a spectrum of neoplastic T cells, murine and human, can be inhibited by what are normally growth-promoting signals for non-transformed T cells.
Assessment of Disease Severity and Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (1993)

(1993). Assessment of Disease Severity and Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-9.
Urban Gas Symposium Commentary (2009)

Undoubtedly, like any new discovery, the Barnett Shale, has brought wealth and prosperity to a considerable number of people. Great wealth, however, does not come without a price. Accordingly, new discoveries always lead to new controversies, new misunderstandings, and new disputes. The articles in this issue of the Law Review offer a diverse and well-rounded examination of some of these items and make an effort at offering some explanation and guidance for the future.
Arterial Stiffness and Cardiovascular Events (2010)

Higher aortic stiffness assessed by PWV is associated with increased risk for a first cardiovascular event. Aortic PWV improves risk prediction when added to standard risk factors and may represent a valuable biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk in the community.
Liposome-based therapy of human ovarian cancer: parameters determining potency of negatively charged and antibody-targeted liposomes. (1988)

Liposomes containing cytotoxic agents may be highly efficacious for intracavitary therapy of malignancies such as ovarian carcinoma, which resides principally in the peritoneal cavity. We have examined in vitro the cytotoxicity of a variety of liposome-drug formulations against OVCAR-3, a human ovarian cancer cell line. Two drugs tested, methotrexate-gamma-aspartate and 5-fluoroorotate, show increased cytotoxicity on various cultured cell lines following encapsulation in liposomes and can be considered liposome-dependent agents. With the optimal lipid composition used in this study, the maximal increase in potency on OVCAR-3 is 2.6-fold for methotrexate-gamma-aspartate and 5.2-fold for 5-fluoroorotate. Studies on liposome-cell association suggest a low capacity of OVCAR-3 to bind and internalize phospholipid vesicles, which limits the in vitro potency of liposomes for these cells. OC-125, a monoclonal antibody recognizing an antigen common to a number of human ovarian cancers (CA-125), has been coupled covalently to the liposome surface. Liposomes bearing OC-125 and containing methotrexate-gamma-aspartate show an 8-fold increase in potency against OVCAR-3 cells in a 96-h growth inhibition assay. Briefer exposure of tumor cells to treatment accentuates the advantage of targeted liposomes. The cytostatic effect of 1 h exposure to OC-125 liposomes is 100-fold greater than the equivalent exposure to free drug and equal to the maximal cytostatic effect achieved with free drug for 96 h. Attachment of OC-125 antibody also confers upon liposomes the capacity to recognize OVCAR-3 cells growing as an ascites tumor in nude mice. After i.p. injection, control liposomes bind tumor cells in relatively low numbers, while fluorescent OC-125 liposomes can be observed bound specifically to tumor cell masses for periods of days.
The effect of exhalation flow on endogenous particle emission and phospholipid composition (2017)

Exhaled particles constitute a micro-sample of respiratory tract lining fluid. Inhalations from low lung volumes generate particles in small airways by the airway re-opening mechanism. Forced exhalations are assumed to generate particles in central airways by mechanisms associated with high air velocities. To increase knowledge on how and where particles are formed, different breathing manoeuvres were compared in 11 healthy volunteers. Particles in the 0.41-4.55μm diameter range were characterised and sampled. The surfactant lipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was quantified by mass spectrometry. The mass of exhaled particles increased by 150% (95% CI 10-470) for the forced exhalation and by 470% (95% CI 150-1190) for the airway re-opening manoeuvre, compared to slow exhalations. DPPC weight percent concentration (wt%) in particles was 2.8wt% (95%CI 1.4-4.2) and 9.4wt% (95%CI 8.0-10.8) for the forced and the airway re-opening manoeuvres, respectively. In conclusion, forced exhalation and airway re-opening manoeuvres generate particles from different airway regions having different DPPC concentration.
Effect of ultrasound on extrusion of PP/EPDM blends: Structure and mechanical properties (2004)

Abstract The effects of ultrasonic irradiation on the mechanical properties, morphology, and crystal structure of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer (EPDM) blends were examined. Results show that appropriate irradiation intensity can noticeably increase the toughness of the PP/EPDM blends without reducing rigidity. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation shows that with ultrasonic irradiation, the morphology of a well‐dispersed EPDM phase is formed in the PP/EPDM blend. The glass transition temperatures of PP and EPDM phase approach each other as a result of ultrasonic irradiation. Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) analysis indicates that the crystallinities of the PP and EPDM phases increase with ultrasonic irradiation, and β crystals of PP form in the PP/EPDM blend with ultrasonic irradiation, which is proven by wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1509–1513, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Channel-Selective Multi-Cell Digital Predistorter for Multi-Carrier Transmitters (2012)

This paper demonstrates a new channel-selective multi-cell processing predistortion technique that compensates for the nonlinearities of multi-carrier transmitters. The proposed technique uses independent processing cells to compensate for the intra-band and inter-band distortions of nonlinear transmitters. This frequency-selective feature of the proposed technique significantly reduces the minimum sampling rate requirements of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, which are a critical issue for conventional digital predistortion (DPD) techniques dealing with wideband signals. The proposed technique was evaluated with four-carrier (1001) and six-carrier (100001) WCDMA signals, using a nonlinear 10-Watt power amplifier. The performance of the proposed technique was compared with look-up table, multi-branch and recently proposed frequency-selective DPDs, in terms of adjacent-channel power ratios (ACPRs) and sampling rate requirements. The proposed technique improved the ACPR and the carrier-to-intermodulation power ratio (CIMPR) of the 1001 WCDMA signal by more than 13 dB and 10 dB, respectively.
Combined State of Charge and State of Health estimation over lithium-ion battery cell cycle lifespan for electric vehicles (2014)

A combined SOC (State Of Charge) and SOH (State Of Health) estimation method over the lifespan of a lithium-ion battery is proposed. First, the SOC dependency of the nominal parameters of a first-order RC (resistor-capacitor) model is determined, and the performance degradation of the nominal model over the battery lifetime is quantified. Second, two Extended Kalman Filters with different time scales are used for combined SOC/SOH monitoring: the SOC is estimated in real-time, and the SOH (the capacity and internal ohmic resistance) is updated offline. The time scale of the SOH estimator is determined based on model accuracy deterioration. The SOC and SOH estimation results are demonstrated by using large amounts of testing data over the battery lifetime.
<i>In situ</i>force mapping of mammary gland transformation (2011)

Tumor progression is characterized by an incremental stiffening of the tissue. The importance of tissue rigidity to cancer is appreciated, yet the contribution of specific tissue elements to tumor stiffening and their physiological significance remains unclear. We performed high-resolution atomic force microscopy indentation in live and snap-frozen fluorescently labeled mammary tissues to explore the origin of the tissue stiffening associated with mammary tumor development in PyMT mice. The tumor epithelium, the tumor-associated vasculature and the extracellular matrix all contributed to mammary gland stiffening as it transitioned from normal to invasive carcinoma. Consistent with the concept that extracellular matrix stiffness modifies cell tension, we found that isolated transformed mammary epithelial cells were intrinsically stiffer than their normal counterparts but that the malignant epithelium in situ was far stiffer than isolated breast tumor cells. Moreover, using an in situ vitrification approach, we determined that the extracellular matrix adjacent to the epithelium progressively stiffened as tissue evolved from normal through benign to an invasive state. Importantly, we also noted that there was significant mechanical heterogeneity within the transformed tissue both in the epithelium and the tumor-associated neovasculature. The vascular bed within the tumor core was substantially stiffer than the large patent vessels at the invasive front that are surrounded by the stiffest extracellular matrix. These findings clarify the contribution of individual mammary gland tissue elements to the altered biomechanical landscape of cancerous tissues and emphasize the importance of studying cancer cell evolution under conditions that preserve native interactions.
Innovative self-aligned triple patterning for 1x half pitch using single "spacer deposition-spacer etch" step (2011)

We successfully demonstrate a new approach to achieve 15nm half pitch with a spacer based selfaligned triple patterning (SATP). This new concept has a single spacer deposition and etch step to achieve 15nm half pitch using immersion lithography. Current spacer based triple or quadruple patterning approaches use two iterations of "spacer deposition / spacer etch" for pitch splitting, thus generating multi-modal trench CD, line CD and, trench depth population leading to challenging process control. The new concept overcomes CD population issues and reduces additional steps over implemented double patterning, thus could relax process window. The key innovative aspect is an undercut dry trim achieved by a selective dry etch process, followed by a flowable CVD (Eterna<sup>TM</sup> FCVD<sup>TM</sup>) based gap-fill that can fill the undercut structures.
Aspects of Astigmatism (1949)

SummaryThe following points may be briefly reiterated:— 1 Meridianal irregularity is far commoner than generally realised. Its correction is best accomplished by Cross Cyl. methods.2 Spherical aberration in the human eye may now be measured in the consulting room, if necessary, as part of routine examination. Its effect on the final prescription may be estimated. It becomes of importance when considering vision under varying degrees of illumination.3 Recent advances in objective refraction have again emphasised the importance of having the correct sphere in place before introducing minus cylinders in subjective testing.4 Work on near point variations in astigmatism cannot yet be said to have reached the stage where different cylinders for distance and near can be prescribed with any reasonable degree of certainty or even satisfaction.
A Calorimeter for High-Power CW Lasers (1972)

A calorimeter is described that can measure megajoules of laser energy from CW lasers whose output wavelength is in the region from 1 to 11 μm. The calibration of this device is traceable to NBS electrical standards. This calorimeter can measure total energies from 3 × 104 to 107 J. The laser power range this device can handle ranges from 300 to 100 000 W.
Cyclic AMP-Mediated Inhibition of Cell Growth Requires the Small G Protein Rap1 (2001)

In many normal and transformed cell types, the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) blocks the effects of growth factors and serum on mitogenesis, proliferation, and cell cycle progression. cAMP exerts these growth-inhibitory effects via inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade. Here, using Hek293 and NIH 3T3 cells, we show that cAMP's inhibition of the MAP kinase cascade is mediated by the small G protein Rap1. Activation of Rap1 by cAMP induces the association of Rap1 with Raf-1 and limits Ras-dependent activation of ERK. In NIH 3T3 cells, Rap1 is required not only for cAMP's inhibition of ERK activation but for inhibition of cell proliferation and mitogenesis as well.
Genetic regulation and potentially therapeutic application of cancer‐associated fibroblasts in oral cancer (2013)

Carcinoma-associated fibroblast (CAF) is the most important host cell type in tumor microenvironment, which greatly contributes to tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Therefore, a large amount of data has emerged, showing the cancer-promoting function of these cells via paracrine effects that escort tumor cells through all the steps of cancer development. CAF is a heterogeneous cell population that can arise from the differentiation of resting fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of CAFs in tumor progression, with a particular focus on the cellular and molecular features and recent advances in researches on the genetic status and microRNA regulation, and addresses the potential prognostic and therapeutic values for patients with oral cancer by targeting CAFs.