gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenol hydrogenation over palladium supported on magnesia: Relationship between catalyst structure and performance (2001)

A series of magnesia-supported palladium catalysts (Pd loading in the range 0.5–7.0 wt.%) has been prepared by impregnation from aqueous solutions of PdCl2 , Pd(NH3)4Cl2 and Pd(CH3COO)2 and characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), CO chemisorption and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The gas-phase hydrogenation of phenol was employed as a model reaction to probe the dependence of catalytic activity/selectivity on changes in Pd particle size and surface acid–base properties. The catalyst prepared from the acetate precursor exhibited the greatest Pd dispersion when compared with the chloride and amine precursors. The surface mobility of the metal chloride resulted in larger Pd particles from the Cl-containing precursors while the presence of residual Cl in the activated catalysts lowered the hydrogenation rate and was responsible for a decline in activity with time-on-stream. The effects of varying such process variables as temperature, hydrogen/phenol mol ratio and inlet molar phenol feed rate are presented and discussed while the question of structure sensitivity is addressed. The reaction exhibited a negative dependence on phenol partial pressure up to 503 K but a positive dependence was evident at higher temperatures. The order of the reaction with respect to hydrogen remained positive and was close to unity at 563 K; an apparent activation energy of 63 kJ mol−1 was recorded. The effect of doping the support with calcium and fluoride has shown that modifications to the acid–base properties of magnesia can be used to control catalytic activity/selectivity.
Coeliac Disease Gliadin is a Good Substrate of Several Transglutaminases: Possible Implication in the Pathogenesis of Coeliac Disease (2002)

Background: Deamidation of distinct glutamines in HLA-DQ2 restricted gliadin epitopes, considered critical in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease (CD), can be mediated by tissue transglutaminase (tTG). To elucidate the possible role of other transglutaminases in CD we investigated whether different mammalian, microbial and vegetable transglutaminases can use gliadin as substrate. Methods: Studies in which small amounts of transglutaminase have been measured have led to our modifying a microtitre plate assay. We used proteolytically digested gliadin as solid phase substrate and Europium-labelled streptavidine to quantify the biotinylated product covalently linked by the enzyme to the plate. Results: The modified assay is ultrasensitive and quantitative, measuring guinea pig liver transglutaminase concentrations between 0.5 and 50 ng/well. The specific activities of the enzymes (counts/min/mg) against gliadin and N,N-dimethylcasein, respectively, are: tTG 9800/4900, Factor XIII 97330/55620, epidermal transglutaminase 47650/50770, streptoverticillium transglutaminase 4290/2200, phytophora cactorum transglutaminase 6910/4110. For the first time, we have detected transglutaminase activity in bean sprouts, spinach leaves and green peas, which are commonly used vegetables. Conclusion: Gliadin is a good substrate for endogenous, microbial and plant transglutaminases. An interesting alternative is that gliadins are deamidated by microbial or food transglutaminases in the intestinal lumen. The assay described provides an ultrasensitive method for measuring small amounts of transglutaminase and is considered a helpful tool in further studies of the possible role of transglutaminases in the pathogenesis of CD.
Optimizing isolation culture and freezing methods to preserve <scp>W</scp>harton's jelly's mesenchymal stem cell (<scp>MSC</scp>) properties: an <scp>MSC</scp> banking protocol validation for the <scp>H</scp>ellenic <scp>C</scp>ord <scp>B</scp>lood <scp>B</scp>ank (2014)

These data showed that viable MSCs can only be isolated from fresh UC-WJ tissue, setting the foundation for clinical-grade banking.
A Comparison of Research University and Two-Year College Library Web Sites: Content, Functionality, and Form (1999)

The authors examined the library home pages of fifty Ph.D.-granting institutions and fifty two-year colleges to determine the home pages’ purpose as manifested by their content and its placement within the structure of the site. By looking at the library Web sites of contrasting academic institutions, the authors identified those aspects of the sites that reflect institutional character. They further identified a core common content that exists across academic library Web sites independent of the parent institution.
Was War Necessary? National Security and U.S. Entry Into War (1981)

A diplomatic historian examines six major international wars involving the United States and concludes that American involvement was unjustified in each case. America's national security was not in fact sufficiently threatened to merit a call to arms. The author analyzes the events leading up to each war and the justification of wars in general. His book combines lively history with lucid and relevant general argument. '...the book is provocative and unquestionably will serve once more to bring the important question Was War Necessary before the public.' -- Journal of the Early Republic, April 1982 'Small's book is successful. It undoubtedly will provoke readers to think about the irrationality of most wars and to develop a clearer rationale for those circumstances under which they would support American belligerency.' -- The Journal of American History, December 1981 'This is one of those rare books in which the author does exactly what he set out to do and does it well. Given his definition of national security in terms of territorial integrity, economic well-being, and honour, Professor Small raises many pointed questions about US war involvements.His lucid narration, unfettered by excess detail and sprinkled with a dry and often cynical humour, provides excellent and balanced accounts of the events and politics preceding US entry into the Wars of 1812, the Mexican-American and Spanish-American Wars, the two World Wars, and the Korean War. ..I recommend this book most highly as a superb general introduction to US war involvement for the lay public and for college courses. It does cause one to think and to question.' -- Political Studies, Vol 29 No 3, Sept 1981
Characteristics and <i>in vivo</i> occurrence of type VIII collagen (1990)

Type VIII collagen was isolated from bovine Descemet's membranes by pepsin treatment and salt fractionation, as described by Kapoor et al. [(1986) Biochemistry 25, 3930-3937]. Contaminating type IV collagen was removed by ion-exchange chromatography. Purified type VIII collagen consisted of two different polypeptide chains and, compared to the fiber forming collagens, showed a higher thermal stability. Corresponding fractions isolated from pepsinized human Ewing's sarcoma and fetal calf aorta reacted immunologically with a protein of similar molecular mass. After extraction of Descemet's membranes with guanidine hydrochloride, a peptide of about 60 kDa was obtained. This seems to be the tissue form of type VIII collagen.
The Ketogenic Diet in Refractory Epilepsy: The Experience of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (2000)

The ketogenic diet appears to be effective in reducing seizure frequency in patients with epilepsy refractory to antiepileptic drug therapy. Reported seizure frequencies before and after the diet was initiated were obtained for 48 patients started on the ketogenic diet between December 1994 and January 1998 at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. The majority of patients (71%) were able to achieve > or = 50% reduction in seizure activity. Of these, more than half (53%) had > 90% reduction in seizures after 45 days of diet therapy. Complications included gastrointestinal complaints and infrequent lipid abnormalities. The ketogenic diet appears to be an effective method of treatment for children with epilepsy refractory to drug therapy.
Evaluating how developers use general-purpose web-search for code retrieval (2018)

Search is an integral part of a software development process. Developers often use search engines to look for information during development, including reusable code snippets, API understanding, and reference examples. Developers tend to prefer general-purpose search engines like Google, which are often not optimized for code related documents and use search strategies and ranking techniques that are more optimized for generic, non-code related information.
The semi-algebra low-density parity-check codes (2004)

In this paper, the construction of semi-algebra Low-density parity-check (LDPC) code with an arbitrary block length is presented. The encoding circuit is based on the original semi-algebra design and users can have the choice of using the matrix pattern and various code rates to design for different communication applications. Especially, a novel girth scheme named Adaptive Slope Group (ASG) is proposed for the semi-algebra code design with the large girth and maximum minimum distance. We can compare the performance of this novel semi-algebra LDPC code against the Shannon limit for several rates. The simulation results show our codes can perform a large coding gain at high SNRs with BPSK modulation over AWGN channels. However, column weight j is not random, only for j=2.
Flow and separation in a long countercurrent gas centrifuge (1963)

A theory is developed for the separation of isotopes in a long countercurrent gas centrifuge. With the selection of a suitably simplified hydrodynamic model, velocity profiles are obtained which permit the evaluation of the integrals arising in the separation theory. The treatment provides estimates of the axial variation of light component composition in each of the countercurrent streams in the centrifuge.
RFLP Molecular Analysis of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Gene (2003)

Several cell biological studies have shown that the invasiveness of a variety of tumors depend on the regulated expression of proteolytic enzymes that degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix and dissociate cell-cell and/or cell-matrix attachments. One such enzyme, the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), converts enzymatically inactive plasminogen into the widely acting protease plasmin, which degrades several extracellular matrix components and also activates proenzyme forms of matrix metalloproteases. Thus, uPA is a central molecule in pericellular proteolysis (1-1). uPA (as well as other factors of the plasminogen activator system, the cell surface-associated uPA receptor [uPAR], and the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 [PAI-1]) is an important prognostic factor predicting relapse-free and/or survival in patients with a variety of solid malignant tumors including ovarian cancer; in all cases, high levels of uPA are associated with a poor prognosis (4-6).
Self-Assembling Bionanoparticles of Poly(ε-Lysine) Bearing Cholesterol as a <i>Biomesogen</i> (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteSelf-Assembling Bionanoparticles of Poly(ε-Lysine) Bearing Cholesterol as a BiomesogenMichiya Matsusaki, Takehito Fuchida, Tatsuo Kaneko, and Mitsuru AkashiView Author Information Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Nanostructured and Advanced Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, 332-0012, Japan Cite this: Biomacromolecules 2005, 6, 4, 2374–2379Publication Date (Web):May 27, 2005Publication History Received16 March 2005Revised28 April 2005Published online27 May 2005Published inissue 1 July 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bm050204dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/bm050204dbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views476Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chemical structure,Hydrophobicity,Molecular structure,Nanoparticle formation,Nanoparticles Get e-Alerts
A novel soluble form of mouse VCAM‐1 is generated from a glycolipid‐anchored splicing variant (1994)

VCAM-1 is a cytokine-induced endothelial adhesion molecule which belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and mediates the binding of various leukocytes. In addition to the 110-kDa form of VCAM-1, we have found four additional glycoproteins on mouse brain-derived endothelioma cells after stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which are recognized by several monoclonal antibodies against VCAM-1. Biochemical analysis revealed that the two smaller proteins (35 kDa and 37 kDa) are intracellular precursors of the two larger forms (44 kDa and 45 kDa), that the 44 kDa and 45 kDa proteins are glycolipid-anchored at the cell surface and that they differ in their N-glycosylation. Most likely they are identical to the recently identified glycolipid-anchored splice variant of VCAM-1, since they are recognized by the M3 antiserum which we raised against a peptide from the unique protein domain of this splicing variant. With the help of this antiserum we could show by immunohistology that the corresponding VCAM-1 protein variant is induced in vivo by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on endothelium of the mouse. In addition, we found a 42-kDa soluble form of VCAM-1 in the serum of LPS-stimulated mice, which was recognized by the M3 antiserum. This soluble form was undetectable in the serum of unstimulated mice in contrast to the soluble 100-kDa form of VCAM-1 which was clearly detected in serum of unstimulated mice and only increased 2-3-fold upon stimulation with LPS. Thus, only the expression of the 42-kDa shredded form and not of the 100-kDa soluble form of VCAM-1 is strictly dependent on stimulation by LPS.
A New Grid GIS Prototype for Vector Geospatial Data (2009)

Spatial Data Grid allows for solving larger problems and executing applications that traditional Web GIS (Geographic Information System) can not handle efficiently. The purpose of this paper is to design and implement a new mechanism to organize miscellaneous Vector Map Services, built on GT 4 (Globus Toolkit 4), and based on WSRF (Web Services Resource Framework). In this paper, we illustrate the architecture of the Domain Vector Map Service and then some experimental results are brought forth. In addition, a new method to buffer the geospatial information based on WSRF is amplified. The new mechanism allows more flexible usage of available resources in the Grid and is expected to decrease the efforts needed to configure and maintain nodes in Spatial Data Grid, and it buffers some frequently accessed information in resources, in this way, access times of GIS Server will be sharply decreased and query time will be reduced.
<title>Multifiltering approach to adaptive speckle reduction in textured SAR images</title> (1997)

Speckle reduction in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is a key point to facilitate applicative tasks. A filter aimed at speckle reduction should energetically smooth homogeneous regions, while preserving point targets, edges, and linear features. A tradeoff, however, should be arranged on textured areas. Filtering capabilities depend on local image characteristics, and generally no filter outperforms the others in every situation. In this work, a set of adaptive filters is considered with attention to those oriented towards a multiresolution approach. Images are individually processed by each filter, and the output at each pixel position is obtained by choosing one out of the channels. The selection is based on thresholding local features accounting for both space-varying statistics and geometry. Results on true SAR images show that also an empirical choice of thresholds is noncritical: the novel scheme outperforms each filter individually, at least according to visual criteria.
Untranslated Regions of FbRbcS1 mRNA Mediate Bundle Sheath Cell-specific Gene Expression in Leaves of a C4 Plant (2006)

C4 photosynthesis typically requires two specialized leaf cell types, bundle sheath (bs) and mesophyll (mp), which provide the foundation for this highly efficient carbon assimilation pathway. In leaves of Flaveria bidentis, a dicotyledonous C4 plant, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) accumulates only in bs cells surrounding the vascular centers and not in mp cells. This is in contrast to the more common C3 plants, which accumulate rubisco in all photosynthetic cells. Many previous studies have focused on transcriptional control of C4 cell type-specificity; however, post-transcriptional regulation has also been implicated in the bs-specific expression of genes encoding the rubisco subunits. In this current study, a biolistic leaf transformation assay has provided direct evidence that the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of F. bidentis FbRbcS1 mRNA (from a nuclear gene encoding the rubisco small subunit), in themselves, confer strong bs cell-specific expression to gfpA reporter gene transcripts when transcribed from a constitutive CaMV promoter. In transformed leaf regions, strong bs cell-specific GFP expression was accompanied by corresponding bs cell-specific accumulation of the constitutively transcribed FbRbcS1 5'-UTR-gfpA-3'-UTR mRNAs. Control constructs lacking any RbcS mRNA sequences were expressed in all leaf cell types. These findings demonstrate that characteristic cell type-specific FbRbcS1 expression patterns in C4 leaves can be established entirely by sequences contained within the transcribed UTRs of FbRbcS1 mRNAs. We conclude that selective transcript stabilization (in bs cells) or degradation (in mp cells) plays a key role in determining bs cell-specific localization of the rubisco enzyme.
Ciencia, tecnologia e innovacion en Argentina - un perfil sobre temas y practicas (2005)

This document draws a profile on the strengths and weaknesses of the national system for innovations in Argentina, in order to identify efficient policies. Argentina has established strong institutions at the national level for the control and support of science and technology. However, there is an unrealized potential in the adoption of a coherent focus relative to research and development (R&D), in particular, that of strengthening public and private partnerships. Data comparisons reveal Argentina under-invests in R&D: private sector participation in R&D is very low compared with international standards. This can be partly attributed to the predominance of small and medium enterprises in the country, whose innovative product sales are scarce. Furthermore, the national system for innovations is characterized by weak linkages between private enterprises, universities, and research institutions. Private and public sector participation only exists if related to research financing. Another weakness within the system for innovations is the lack of R&D personnel holding post-graduate degrees. Strengthening graduate education, strengthening private participation in R&D, and fostering adequate linkages as mentioned above, would be the first fundamental steps in building a competitive system for innovation at a global level.
The Long Road to Energy Independence (2007)

面对越来越严峻的能源问题,各国都在积极寻找能减少石油消耗的方法,使用各种燃料来替代汽油就是途径之一,但这种方法实际吗?有专家从各方面提出了质疑。目前从谷物中提取乙醇作燃料的方法会对农产品价格产生压力,运输乙醇需要专门的车辆而不是传统的石油管道,即使是乙醇燃料自身也还存在问题。我们离新型能源究竟还有多远?
Emerging drugs for the treatment of pruritus (2015)

The current pharmacological development is very promising especially for patients suffering from chronic pruritus in inflammatory dermatoses, chronic kidney diseases and hepatobiliary diseases. However, there are still several pruritic diseases in which neither mediators nor specific target populations (e.g., children) nor stages of diseases, have been identified; however, it can be assumed that within the next 10 years, major changes in the possibilities of antipruritic treatment will take place.
Single-Beam Z-Scan: Measurement Techniques and Analysis (1997)

The Z-scan technique is a popular method for measuring degenerate (single frequency) optical nonlinearities using a single laser beam. In order to perform reliable measurements, it is necessary to carefully characterize and control a number of experimental parameters, such as the beam quality, the power and temporal characteristics of the laser, the collection aperture size and position, the sample reflectivity, sample thickness and imperfections in the sample. Failure to control these parameters leads to inaccurate determinations of the nonlinearities. In this paper, we review the theory of Z-scan and examine each of these issues from experimental and theoretical viewpoints. This work will be of interest to anyone who performs Z-scan experiments and to those interested in optical power limiting and nonlinear optical propagation.
Standardized Perfusion Value: Universal CT Contrast Enhancement Scale that Correlates with FDG PET in Lung Nodules (2001)

The standardized enhancement value and standardized perfusion value allow comparison between different methods for quantification of contrast enhancement during computed tomography (CT). Standard perfusion values calculated from CT measurements of perfusion within pulmonary nodules compared favorably with those derived from previously reported enhancement data and correlated with standardized uptake values obtained from positron emission tomographic images (r = 0.8, P <.01).
Charge-carrier kinetics in semiconductors by microwave conductivity measurements (1995)

Theory and measurements of the conductivity and the (transient) photoconductivity in the microwave frequency range are presented. The theory is tested on noninvasive measurements of semiconductors with known properties, i.e., Si wafers, in a simple apparatus. Quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is found without the use of adjustable parameters. A contactless and accurate determination of the conductivity of Si wafers in a restricted conductivity range is proposed. The quantitative evaluation of photoconductivity measurements makes a detailed discussion of nonuniform photoconductivity possible. The requirements for reliable measurements of nonhomogeneous charge carrier kinetics are discussed.