gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibodies as a source of analytical errors. (1990)

This review discusses the interference in clinical chemical analysis caused by autoantibodies and by antibodies to foreign antigens. The nature of these disturbances, their occurrence, prevalence, and detection, the different ways in which they are manifested, the clinical consequences of the failure to recognize such interference, and finally methods for avoiding these disturbances are discussed. Interference by cold agglutinins in the automatic determination of the erythrocyte count, interference by cryoglobulins in the determination of the leukocyte count, and EDTA-induced thrombocyte agglutination are well documented as sources of error in the analysis of haematological parameters. Enzyme determinations may be affected by the occurrence of macro-complexes of the measured enzyme with immunoglobulins. This type of interference, for example, may occur in the determination of amylase and creatine kinase. Immunoassays for the determination of hormones or tumour markers are sensitive to autoantibodies and heterophilic antibodies. The former are particularly important in the determination of thyroid hormones, where the interference is method-dependent. In several immunoassays, interference by heterophilic antibodies can be abolished by the addition of non-immune serum. Finally, rheumatoid factors, antibodies administered for therapeutic purposes, and monoclonal gammopathies are possible sources of interference in the determination of various analytes.
Factors Influencing the Formation and Development of Microalgal Biofilms (2011)

Differences in biofilm formation between Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris were examined, as well as the effects of substrate properties.\nSpecies selection and species control had significant effects. In non-sterile conditions, C. vulgaris shifted from planktonic (23.7% attachment) to sessile (79.8% attachment) growth, and formed films of higher average thickness (52 ± 19 µm) than in sterile conditions (7 ± 6 µm). By contrast, S. obliquus attained similar thicknesses (54 ± 31 µm and 53 ± 38 µm) in both sterile and non-sterile conditions. \nThe effect of substrate properties was minimal. Both species grew films of similar thickness (~ 30 µm for S. obliquus, <10 µm for C. vulgaris) on materials ranging from hydrophilic (glass) to hydrophobic (polytetrafluoroethylene). Micropatterning the surface also had little effect on film formation.\nThe results indicate that species selection and species control are more important that substrate properties in the development of microalgal biofilms.
Directivity Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Nanoantennas (2011)

Directing the emission from optical emitters is highly desired for efficient detection and, by reciprocity, efficient excitation as well. As a scattering process, Raman benefits from directivity enhancements in both excitation and emission. Here we demonstrate directivity enhanced Raman scattering (DERS) using a nanoantenna fabricated by focused ion beam milling. The nanoantenna uses a resonant ring-reflector to shape the emitted beam and achieve DERS-this configuration is most similar to a waveguide antenna. The ring reflector boosts the measured Raman signal by a factor of 5.5 (as compared to the ground plane alone), and these findings are in quantitative agreement with comprehensive numerical simulations. The present design is nearly optimal in the sense that almost all the beam power is coupled into the numerical aperture of the microscope. Furthermore, the emission is directed out of the plane, so that this design can be used to achieve DERS using conventional Raman microscopes, which has yet to be achieved with Yagi-Uda and traveling wave antenna designs.
Blood–Nanoparticle Interactions and<i>in Vivo</i>Biodistribution: Impact of Surface PEG and Ligand Properties (2012)

Theranostic nanoparticles (NPs) cannot reach their target tissue without first passing through blood; however, the influence of blood protein and blood cell interactions on NP biodistribution are not well understood. The current work shows that 30 nm PEGylated gold NPs (GNPs) interact not only with blood proteins as thought before but also with blood cells (especially platelets and monocytes) in vivo and that longer blood circulation correlates strongly with tumor uptake. Further, GNP surface properties such as negative charge or lyophilization had either a minimal (i.e., charge) or 15-fold increase (i.e., fresh vs lyophilized) in blood retention times and tumor uptake. Tumor accumulation was increased over 10-fold by use of a bioactive ligand (i.e., TNF) on the lyophilized GNP surface. Resident macrophages were primarily responsible for the bulk of GNP uptake in liver while spleen uptake was highly surface property dependent and appears to involve macrophages and cellular interaction between the red and white pulp. This study shows that the PEG layer and ligand on the surface of the NP are critical to blood interactions and eventual tumor and RES organ biodistribution in vivo.
Control of Isopropyl Alcohol Dehydration System: Case with Single Temperature Break in Azeotropic Column (2004)

Semi-conductor manufacturers in Taiwan often produce large amount of waste solution containing isopropyl alcohol (IPA)and water (H2O).In order to purify IPA, a simple pre-purification column is used first to purify the waste solution into the azeotropic composition of IPA and H2O.Then, an entrainer is added to further separate into high purity IPA product and waste water. In this work, control of an industrial scale complete heterogeneous azeotropic distillation column system of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) + water(H2O)with cyclohexane (CyH)as an entrainer is investigated. The complete system includes a heterogeneous azeotropic column, an additional recycle column, a decanter, and a recycle stream from the recycle column back to the azeotropic column. In early study of this system, the IPA product purity at the bottom of the azeotropic column is specified to be ultra pure with over 99.999 mol% IPA. The temperature profile of the azeotropic column for this ultra pure separation is characterized by two temperature breaks inside the column. In this paper, the IPA product purity is relaxed to specify at 99.9 mol%. With this purity, the temperature profile and the route of the composition profile for the azeotropic column is completely different than the previous case. The suitable overall control strategy of this complete heterogeneous azeotropic distillation column system has been studied extensively in this paper. From process analysis and dynamic simulation, the overall control strategy is developed which requires reverse-paired two temperature loops in the first column and one temperature loop in the second column. The overall control strategy is tested with composition and flow rate variations in the fresh feed stream. The specifications of the IPA product and waste water stream with both purities at 99.9 mol% can be met despite various disturbance changes.
Recombinant gamma interferon induces hypertriglyceridemia and inhibits post-heparin lipase activity in cancer patients. (1986)

Animals suffering from malignancy or chronic infection develop characteristic metabolic abnormalities, including a well-defined hypertriglyceridemic state. These abnormalities have been attributed to release of one or more mediators from activated macrophages. We report that cancer patients receiving RIFN-gamma, a potent macrophage activator, at doses of greater than or equal to 0.25 mg/m2/d i.m. show marked increases in triglyceride but not in cholesterol levels (pretreatment triglyceride level of 180 +/- 190 mg/dl [mean +/- SD] vs. a day-14 level of 370 +/- 242 mg/dl, n = 23, p less than 0.001 by the paired t test). This hypertriglyceridemia was characterized by an increase in very low-density lipoproteins and a decrease in plasma post-heparin lipase activity, consistent with defective triglyceride clearance (mean pretreatment lipase level of 2.1 mumol/ml/h vs. a day-14 level of 1.2 mumol/ml/h, n = 6, p = 0.02 by the paired t test). rIFN-gamma did not directly inhibit lipoprotein lipase enzymatic activity in vitro. Other possible mechanisms of action, such as suppression of lipase by an rIFN-gamma-induced mediator released from activated macrophages, or a direct effect of interferon on lipase biosynthesis, require further investigation. Our observations provide evidence that factors produced by the immune system can regulate lipid metabolism in man.
High performance 10 Gb/s PIN and APD optical receivers (2003)

The increasing market demand for high-speed optical-transmission systems at rates of 10 Gb/s has resulted in technical challenges for suppliers of high-performance, manufacturable opto-electronic components and systems. In particular, the performance of the InP semiconductor devices, integrated circuits (ICs) and hybrid IC modules strongly influences the achievable transmission capability. An optical receiver design is presented which incorporates an InP-based p-i-n photodetector (PD) or avalanche photodetector (APD) and a GaAs HEMT pre-amplifier integrated circuit. Several aspects of the receiver design are presented, including the p-i-n PD and APD structures and performance, pre-amplifier performance, hybrid module layout and electrical simulation and results. The use of analytical techniques and theory commonly used in the design of microwave amplifiers and circuits is emphasized. Receiver test results are included which are in close agreement with predicted theoretical performance.
Antipsychotic drug therapy and sexual dysfunction in men (1982)

The authors review the literature on male sexual dysfunction associated with antipsychotic drug treatment. Erectile and ejaculatory disturbances have been most frequently reported. Changes in libido have also been reported, but the effects of these drugs on sexual drive have apparently not been systematically studied. Fortunately, most types of sexual dysfunction associated with antipsychotic drugs appear to be medically benign and reversible with drug discontinuation. An exception is priapism, which necessitates prompt urological consultation and may require surgical intervention.
Measurements of the Vapor Pressure of Supercooled Water Using Infrared Spectroscopy (2008)

Abstract Measurements are presented of the vapor pressure of supercooled water utilizing infrared spectroscopy, which enables unambiguous verification that the authors’ data correspond to the vapor pressure of liquid water, not a mixture of liquid water and ice. Values of the vapor pressure are in agreement with previous work. Below −13°C, the water film that is monitored to determine coexistence of liquid water (at one temperature) and ice (at another, higher, temperature) de-wets from the hydrophilic silicon prism employed in the authors’ apparatus. The de-wetting transition indicates a quantitative change in the structure of the supercooled liquid.
POLY ( -HYDROXYALKANOATES): NATURAL BIOCOMPATIBLE AND BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS PRODUCED BY BACTERIA (1989)

A wide variety of different types of microorganisms are known to produce intracellular energy and carbon storage products, which have been generally described as being poly (β-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, but which are, more often than not, copolymers containing different alkyl groups at the β-position. Hence, PHB belongs to the family ofpoly (β-hydroxyalkanoastes), PHA, all of which are usually formed as intracellular inclusions in bacteria under unbalanced growth conditions. Recently, it became of industrial interest to evaluate these PHA polyesters as natural biodegradable and biocompatible plastics for a wide range of possible applications, such as surgical sutures or packaging containers. For industrial applications, the controlled incorporation of repeating units with different chain lengths into a series of copolymers is desirable in order to produce polyesters with a range of material properties because physical and chemical characteristics depend strongly on the polymer composition. Such tailor-made copolymers can be produced under controlled growth conditions in that, if a defined mixture of substrates for a certain type of microorganisms is supplied, a well defined and reproducible copolymer is formed.
Extraction and Characterization of Oil from Mudong bayberry (Myrica rubra) Kernels (2016)

The extraction of oil from Mudong bayberry (Myrica rubra) kernels was performed using the organic solvent leaching method. The extraction time, liquid/solid ratio, and temperature were optimized by the response surface methodology. The fatty acid content of kernel oil was also analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the optimal extraction time, liquid/solid ratio, and temperature for oil yield were 140 min, 7.5:1(v/w), and 48.5°C, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the oil yield was 62.52% (w/w). The GC-MS analysis showed that oleic acid accounted for 47.90% and linoleic acid accounted for 37.30% of total fatty acids in the Mudong bayberry kernels. Furthermore, a small amount of linolenic acid (0.12%), 11-eicosenoic acid (0.29%), and palmitic acid (0.88%) were also found in the extracted oil of Mudong bayberry kernels. This study revealed that Mudong bayberry kernels have a high lipid content, and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids found is close to those found in other varieties of bayberry and olive oil. Mudong bayberry kernels have a great potential as alternative plant oil in the world.
Therapeutic potential of GnRH antagonists in the treatment of precocious puberty (2002)

Pituitary-gonadal axis activation depends upon pulsatile hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. This phenomenon has led to clinical use of GnRH agonists in the treatment of central precocious puberty. GnRH analogues contain substitutions of the native decapeptide. Depending upon the substitutions, the analogues have GnRH agonistic or antagonistic properties. The pharmacokinetics of GnRH agonists, the established treatment of precocious puberty, includes an initial 'flare-up' of the pituitary-gonadal axis, followed by a reduced luteinising hormone secretion by desensitisation of pituitary GnRH receptors. Antagonistic GnRH analogues act by competitive binding to the pituitary GnRH receptors, thereby preventing the action of endogenous GnRH - theoretically offering a more direct and dose-dependent treatment alternative. The antagonist available today in Germany is a concomitant in assisted reproduction with only 1 - 3 days duration. However, long-acting depot preparations of other GnRH antagonists are in primate-testing phase. Our animal tests indicate strong potential for the development and testing of long-acting depot preparations of GnRH antagonists in treating precocious puberty.
Layered Depth Panoramas (2007)

Representations for interactive photorealistic visualization of scenes range from compact 2D panoramas to data-intensive 4D light fields. In this paper, we propose a technique for creating a layered representation from a sparse set of images taken with a hand-held camera. This representation, which we call a layered depth panorama (LDP), allows the user to experience 3D by off-axis panning. It combines the compelling experience of panoramas with limited 3D navigation. Our choice of representation is motivated by ease of capture and compactness. We formulate the problem of constructing the LDP as the recovery of color and geometry in a multi-perspective cylindrical disparity space. We leverage a graph cut approach to sequentially determine the disparity and color of each layer using multi-view stereo. Geometry visible through the cracks at depth discontinuities in a frontmost layer is determined and assigned to layers behind the frontmost layer. All layers are then used to render novel panoramic views with parallax. We demonstrate our approach on a variety of complex outdoor and indoor scenes.
Elements of artificial emotion (2002)

Recent implementations of action selection dynamics (ASD) with learning in situated/embodied form, increased the potential for more timely, dynamic, and vigorous interactions between the autonomous agent and its environment than Maes' (1989) simulation of ASD demonstrated and implied. The most recent implementations of ASD is an attempt to create a framework in which the Urge Theory of M. Toda can be investigated. It produced improvements in implementational efficiency and theoretical accuracy of ASD. The ASD network gets inputs from several different sensors (including vision), and supports learning to change inter-agent network relationships. Emotional states such as fear, curiosity, affection-seeking, hunger, joy, irritation, and anger are supported as emergent phenomena. The robot's on-board voice synthesis unit announces its internal states.
The impact of tangled code changes (2013)

When interacting with version control systems, developers often commit unrelated or loosely related code changes in a single transaction. When analyzing the version history, such tangled changes will make all changes to all modules appear related, possibly compromising the resulting analyses through noise and bias. In an investigation of five open-source Java projects, we found up to 15% of all bug fixes to consist of multiple tangled changes. Using a multi-predictor approach to untangle changes, we show that on average at least 16.6% of all source files are incorrectly associated with bug reports. We recommend better change organization to limit the impact of tangled changes.
THE USE OF TOMATO PULP POWDER AS A THICKENING AGENT IN THE FORMULATION OF TOMATO KETCHUP (2008)

ABSTRACT In this current study, tomato pulp powder, the main waste of the tomato processing industry, was used as a thickening agent in the formulation of a commercial tomato ketchup at different levels (1, 2, 5, 7 and 10% w/w). Color parameters ( L and a/b ) and rheologic properties of the formulated ketchups with and without added tomato pulp powder were determined and compared. The addition of the pulp powder caused a significant increase in the L value of the samples, while a/b ratio decreased notably. The rheologic data obtained were fitted using a power law equation. The analysis of the data obtained revealed that low levels of tomato pulp powder can compete with other hydrocolloids in improving the consistency of tomato ketchup. All ketchup samples in this study were non‐Newtonian fluids and the apparent viscosity of the ketchups increased significantly with increasing concentration of tomato pulp powder and decreased with temperature increase. Chemical composition (protein, total fat, reducing and total sugars, fiber, ascorbic acid and ash contents) and some physicochemical properties of the tomato pulp powder, including water absorption and solubility, were determined and the data were used for the interpretation of the rheologic and color changes as a result of the inclusion of the pulp powder in the formulation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The direct use of food industry wastes in food formulations can help in reducing the production costs by decreasing raw material and disposal costs. The classic design of the tomato processing plants results in generating a large amount of tomato pulp. The results of this research confirmed that tomato pulp powder can be used instead of other hydrocolloids in tomato‐based products. The reuse of tomato pulp powder in foods can be beneficial to producers and the environment.
Copolymers from α-Pinene. 2. Cationic Copolymerization of Styrene and α-Pinene (1985)

Abstract A study of the copolymerization of α-pinene and styrene has been carried out at 10°C using anhydrous AlCl3 as the initiator. It is found that styrene forms copolymer with α-pinene at all mono-meric ratios. A copolymer of 2320–3080 molecular weight is obtained. The softening range of the copolymer is 82 to 85°C. The copolymers are of commercial value.
Genetic characterization of clones of the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes causing epidemic disease. (1989)

One hundred and seventy-five isolates of the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes recovered from human clinical (blood and cerebrospinal fluid), animal, and environmental sources in Europe, North America, and elsewhere were analyzed electrophoretically for allelic variation at 16 genetic loci encoding metabolic enzymes. Forty-five distinctive allele profiles (electrophoretic types, ETs) were distinguished, among which mean genetic diversity per locus (H) was 0.424. Cluster analysis of a matrix of genetic distances between paired ETs revealed two primary phylogenetic divisions of the species separated at a distance of 0.54. ETs in division I were presented by strains of serotypes 4b, 1/2b, and 4a, whereas strains of ETs in division II were of serotypes 1/2a and 1/2c. Human and animal isolates did not represent distinctive subsets of ETs. The occurrence of linkage disequilibrium between enzyme loci and the widespread distribution of certain ETs indicate that the genetic structure of L. monocytogenes is clonal. One clone, marked by ET1, caused major epidemics of human disease in western Switzerland in the period 1983-1987 and in Los Angeles County, California, in 1985, both of which were attributed to contamination of soft cheese. ET 1 is closely related to the clone (ET7) that caused two large outbreaks of listeriosis in Massachusetts in 1979 and 1983.
Limited tactile stimulus for prosthetic hands (1973)

Heat and pressure transducers mounted in prosthetic hand permit wearer to sense temperature and pressure to which hand is subjected.
Quenching Effect of Blood on Fluorescent Glucose Analogue NBDG. (1996)

A fluorescent glucose analogue, 6-deoxy-N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl)-aminoglucose (NBDG) has been used for studies of glucose transport. The fluorescence from NBDG was observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The fluorescence in the blood vessels, however, could not be observed even though substantial amount of NBDG was present in the blood. We investigated the causative factors responsible for this non-fluorescence. It was found that NBDG made an uncertain complex with hemoglobin which decreased the fluorescence intensity of NBDG. However, it appeared that the principal causative factor was absorbance of excitation and emission wave lengths by hemoglobin which resulted in a significant decrease of fluorescence intensity from NBDG in the blood vessels.
<i>p</i>-type ZnSe by nitrogen atom beam doping during molecular beam epitaxial growth (1990)

A novel approach to producing p-type ZnSe epitaxial layers is reported which involves nitrogen atom beam doping during molecular beam epitaxial growth. Net acceptor concentrations as large as 3.4×1017 cm−3 have been measured in nitrogen atom beam doped ZnSe/GaAs heteroepitaxial layers which represents the highest acceptor concentration reported to date for ZnSe:N epitaxial material grown by molecular beam epitaxy. In addition, light-emitting diodes based on ZnSe:N/ZnSe:Cl, p-n homojunctions have been found to exhibit dominant electroluminescence in the blue region of the visible spectrum at room temperature.