gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using a Supercapacitor to Power Wireless Nodes from a Low Power Source such as a 3V Button Battery (2009)

Portable and remote data gathering systems often need to be powered from small long life batteries and are required to transmit data sporadically. GPRS RF transmitters typically operate at a minimum voltage of 3.2 Volts and draw pulsed currents in the order of 1 to 2 Amps. Zigbee typically requires 10 - 100 mA transmit current from a 3 V battery. These peak load powers are too great to be supplied by small long life batteries such as a CR2032, even though the battery can supply the average system power. This paper offers a solution using a single cell supercapacitor to supply the peak loads with low cost circuitry. A single cell supercapacitor cannot operate at 3 V, but does not require a balancing circuit and is lower cost and half the size of a dual cell supercapacitor required for 3 V operation.
Three-dimensional model for numerical electromagnetic field analyses of coated superconductors and its application to Roebel cables (2012)

We developed a novel model for numerical electromagnetic field analysis of assembled conductors, considering their three-dimensional structure. Since the superconductor layer of a coated conductor is very thin, we applied a thin-strip approximation, where the current flows only in a direction parallel to the wide face of the coated conductor. Although the amount of computation was reduced by the application of the thin-strip approximation, the three-dimensional geometry of each strand was retained in the modeling: the superconductor layer of each strand was modeled as a thin curved strip that follows the three-dimensional shape of the strand. The electromagnetic interaction between strands was considered in the modeling. The established model was then applied to a high-Tc superconductor (HTS) Roebel cable in which coated conductors are interlaced as strands and exhibit a complex three-dimensional structure. Analyses were performed for an HTS Roebel cable in typical cases: carrying ac current, exposed to an ac magnetic field, and carrying ac current while exposed to an ac magnetic field. The current profile and distribution of ac loss, that is, power dissipation on the wide face of the strand, were observed.
Transmitter and Dispersion Eye Closure Quaternary (TDECQ) and Its Sensitivity to Impairments in PAM4 Waveforms (2018)

This paper presents the principles behind the transmitter and dispersion eye closure quaternary (TDECQ) test. A novel method to decompose TDECQ values is proposed where the result is separated into penalties from signal impairments that are either equalizable or nonequalizable by the reference receiver, enabling a more comprehensive study of signal quality. Moreover, the impact of selected impairments is studied in terms of their TDECQ penalty and its composition. This is achieved by producing generic test signals, where isolated impairments are applied to a high-quality reference signal. The impairments include low-pass filtering, amplitude noise, compression and eye skew. Low-pass filtering is shown to contribute mainly to increase the equalizable penalty while noise, compression and eye skew are shown to affect mainly the nonequalizable part. The results serve as a generic guideline to understand the engineering rules and parameter limits that are needed to design links using TDECQ.
Adiabatic cluster-state quantum computing (2010)

Models of quantum computation (QC) are important because they change the physical requirements for achieving universal QC. For example, one-way QC requires the preparation of an entangled ``cluster'' state, followed by adaptive measurement on this state, a set of requirements which is different from the standard quantum-circuit model. Here we introduce a model based on one-way QC but without measurements (except for the final readout), instead using adiabatic deformation of a Hamiltonian whose initial ground state is the cluster state. Our results could help increase the feasibility of adiabatic schemes by using tools from one-way QC.
Making 3D objects through bimanual actions (2002)

While many sophisticated 3D rendering methods become available to produce realistic output, 3D data input still is a tedious and time-consuming task. The paper proposes a method for creating 3D objects using hand gestures. Two types of 3D shape forming tasks are considered. One is to create a completely new object from scratch and the other is to make it by changing an existing one. In the first case, a 3D modeling method is designed and implemented to provide functions like creation, blending and deformation of multiple 3D shapes easily controlled by intuitive bimanual gestures. The implicit superquadric functions are applied to building a gesture-based 3D object modeler with extensions of blending and deformations. In the second case, a 3D data management function is proposed to share and reuse existing shapes created by using the 3D modeler mentioned above. All 3D data are kept small in size and retrieved by picturing partial shapes with the user's hands. As a consequence, the proposed method allows users to consistently deal with all object modeling tasks including creation, storage and reuse of 3D objects through natural and intuitive hand gestures. Some 3D objects and a miniature solid model are shown to present the expressive power and usefulness of the proposed method.
Rapid cell culture procedure for tissue samples (1987)

Cell culture is an integral part of genetic studies, including cytogenetic, metabolic, and DNA analyses. Standard culture procedures used today involve plating minced tissue explants in dishes and waiting 3 to 4 weeks for adequate growth. We describe a method that utilizes collagenase digestion of tissue biopsies, enabling cell harvest as soon as 3 days after culture initiation; this has been used successfully in our laboratory for cytogenetic and metabolic studies. Culture duration can be controlled by the cell plating density. Although collagenase digestion of tissues is commonly used in cytogenetics laboratories for tumor or chorionic villous dissociation, we have found that few labs have considered using this rapid and efficient procedure for routine tissue samples.
Trial design and rationale for APOLLO, a Phase 3, placebo-controlled study of patisiran in patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (2017)

This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT01960348 ); October 9, 2013.
Controllable Surface Haptics via Particle Jamming and Pneumatics (2015)

The combination of particle jamming and pneumatics allows the simultaneous control of shape and mechanical properties in a tactile display. A hollow silicone membrane is molded into an array of thin cells, each filled with coffee grounds such that adjusting the vacuum level in any individual cell rapidly switches it between flexible and rigid states. The array clamps over a pressure-regulated air chamber with internal mechanisms designed to pin the nodes between cells at any given height. Various sequences of cell vacuuming, node pinning, and chamber pressurization allow the surface to balloon into a variety of shapes. Experiments were performed to expand existing physical models of jamming at the inter-particle level to define the rheological characteristics of jammed systems from a macroscopic perspective, relevant to force-displacement interactions that would be experienced by human users. Force-displacement data show that a jammed cell in compression fits a Maxwell model and a cell deflected in the center while supported only at the edges fits a Zener model, each with stiffness and damping parameters that increase at higher levels of applied vacuum. This provides framework to tune and control the mechanical properties of a jamming haptic interface.
A strong and highly flexible aramid nanofibers/PEDOT:PSS film for all-solid-state supercapacitors with superior cycling stability (2016)

A highly flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor using an aramid nanofibers/PEDOT:PSS (ANFs/PEDOT:PSS) film exhibits excellent energy density and cycling stability.
Extremely low power transmitter/receiver GaAs MMIC circuits at L band (2003)

The authors have developed an enhancement GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) process which is capable of producing very-low-power, highly efficient transmitting/receiving circuits which can be operated from unipolar 3-V batteries. They have demonstrated key circuits such as a surface acoustic wave (SAW) locked oscillator, a variable-gain 180 degrees phase shifter, and a variable-gain power amplifier. The amplifier required a DC current of 4 mA and delivered 4 dBm to 50- Omega loads with greater than 25 dB of gain. The process is capable of producing high-gain devices with low knee voltages of less than 1 V which pinch-off at 0 V. The very low substrate losses and current leaks associated with the process allow design of RF circuits in high-impedance environments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered patient cohort and their implications (2020)

Background The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus threatens global public health. Currently, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) versus this virus are expected to correlate with recovery and protection of this disease. However, the characteristics of these antibodies have not been well studied in association with the clinical manifestations in patients. Methods Plasma collected from 175 COVID-19 recovered patients with mild symptoms were screened using a safe and sensitive pseudotyped-lentiviral-vector-based neutralization assay. Spike-binding antibody in plasma were determined by ELISA using RBD, S1, and S2 proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The levels and the time course of SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs and the spike-binding antibodies were monitored at the same time. Findings SARS-CoV-2 NAbs were unable to cross-reactive with SARS-CoV virus. SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs were detected in patients from day 10-15 after the onset of the disease and remained thereafter. The titers of NAb among these patients correlated with the spike-binding antibodies targeting S1, RBD, and S2 regions. The titers of NAbs were variable in different patients. Elderly and middle-age patients had significantly higher plasma NAb titers (P<0.0001) and spike-binding antibodies (P=0.0003) than young patients. Notably, among these patients, there were ten patients whose NAb titers were under the detectable level of our assay (ID50: < 40); while in contrast, two patients, showed very high titers of NAb, with ID50 :15989 and 21567 respectively. The NAb titers were positive correlated with plasma CRP levels but negative correlated with the lymphocyte counts of patients at the time of admission, indicating an association between humoral response and cellular immune response. Interpretation The variations of SARS-CoV-2 specific NAbs in recovered COVID-19 patients may raise the concern about the role of NAbs on disease progression. The correlation of NAb titers with age, lymphocyte counts, and blood CRP levels suggested that the interplay between virus and host immune response in coronavirus infections should be further explored for the development of effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus. Furthermore, titration of NAb is helpful prior to the use of convalescent plasma for prevention or treatment. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
Phosphate‐Activated Glutaminase in Relation to Huntington's Disease and Agonal State (1983)

Involvement of phosphate-activated glutaminase in Huntington's disease and agonal state was investigated in caudate nucleus and frontal cortex from postmortem brains. In Huntington's disease the activities of phosphate-activated glutaminase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, succinic dehydrogenase, choline acetyltransferase, and acetylcholinesterase were significantly reduced in the caudate nucleus, but not in the frontal cortex. The activity of phosphate-activated glutaminase, and to a lesser extent of glutamic acid decarboxylase, was reduced in cases of terminal illness, as compared with cases of sudden death. Succinic dehydrogenase and choline acetyltransferase were reduced only in the few cases of prolonged and severe terminal illness. Enzyme activities of the caudate nucleus were more affected by agonal state than were those of frontal cortex. Results indicate that phosphate-activated glutaminase could be a useful marker of neuronal damage due to agonal state, and that phosphate-activated glutaminase and succinic dehydrogenase are reduced in Huntington's disease.
Impairment of endothelium‐dependent relaxation in aortae from spontaneously diabetic rats (1988)

1. Diabetes mellitus is known to produce alterations in vascular reactivity. The present study examined the effects of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent relaxing substances on thoracic aorta from control and spontaneously diabetic rats. 2. Endothelium-dependent relaxation produced by acetylcholine or the calcium ionophore, A23187, in aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine was significantly attenuated in diabetic vessels. 3. Relaxations produced by sodium nitroprusside or adenosine in diabetic preparations were comparable to those in control vessels. 4. The results show that diabetes leads to a specific impairment of endothelial-dependent relaxation.
Specific Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) I- and II-Binding Sites on Rat Granulosa Cells: Relation to IGF Action* (1986)

Although insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin have been shown to augment rat granulosa cell differentiation, their mechanism(s) of action has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we have examined granulosa cells obtained from immature hypophysectomized estrogen-treated rats for specific IGF-binding sites that might mediate the effects of the insulin-like peptides. Using synthetic [125I]iodo-IGF-I, we have found specific high affinity, low capacity (Kd = 1.36 +/- 0.131 nM; 3250 +/- 662 sites/cell) IGF-I-binding sites that have lower affinities for the related peptides IGF-II and insulin (potency ratio, 1:9:700 for IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin). We have also found specific binding sites for [125I]iodo-IGF-II, a newly available synthetic peptide. The IGF-II-preferring sites were of a single class (Kd = 1.54 +/- 0.32 nM; 4728 sites/cell) and exhibited a rank competition order of IGF-II greater than IGF-I much greater than insulin. To study the functional correlates of these binding activities, granulosa cells were cultured for 2 days in serum-free medium in the presence of FSH, with or without increasing concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II, or insulin. Medium steroids were then determined by specific RIA, and cellular LH/hCG receptors were measured by specific [125I]iodo-hCG binding. Treatment with FSH increased estrogen and progestin production and induced the formation of LH/hCG receptors. Concomitant treatment with the three peptides dose-dependently enhanced both FSH-stimulated steroidogenesis and LH/hCG receptor induction, with a rank order of potency of IGF-I greater than IGF-II greater than insulin (potency ratio, 1:8:36). This rank order of potency of the insulin-like peptides was more closely correlated with their ability to compete for IGF-I binding rather than IGF-II binding, suggesting the preferential involvement of IGF-I receptors in the ovarian actions of the IGFs, although the involvement of IGF-II and insulin receptors cannot be dismissed. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, a biological action of synthetic IGF-II in granulosa cells and further show a novel insulin effect, enhancement of LH/hCG receptor induction. These findings also indicate that rat granulosa cells possess specific IGF-I and IGF-II-binding sites that may mediate the gonadotropin-enhancing actions of the insulin-like peptides. Since IGF-I appears to be the most biologically potent peptide, it is likely to be the most important insulin-like peptide involved in granulosa cell differentiation in vivo.
Confining the state of light to a quantum manifold by engineered two-photon loss (2014)

Physical systems usually exhibit quantum behavior, such as superpositions and entanglement, only when they are sufficiently decoupled from a lossy environment. Paradoxically, a specially engineered interaction with the environment can become a resource for the generation and protection of quantum states. This notion can be generalized to the confinement of a system into a manifold of quantum states, consisting of all coherent superpositions of multiple stable steady states. We have experimentally confined the state of a harmonic oscillator to the quantum manifold spanned by two coherent states of opposite phases. In particular, we have observed a Schrodinger cat state spontaneously squeeze out of vacuum, before decaying into a classical mixture. This was accomplished by designing a superconducting microwave resonator whose coupling to a cold bath is dominated by photon pair exchange. This experiment opens new avenues in the fields of nonlinear quantum optics and quantum information, where systems with multi-dimensional steady state manifolds can be used as error corrected logical qubits.
A Clinical Guide for Contraception (1992)

The thoroughly updated Fifth Edition of this practical handbook is a current, reliable, and readable guide to the intelligent use of today's contraceptive options. The authors provide the essential information that clinicians and patients need to choose the best contraceptive method for the patient's age and medical, social, and personal characteristics. The book concisely covers all available drugs and devices. Each contraceptive method is covered in a single chapter that includes history of the contraceptive, method of action, pharmacology (when applicable), contraindications, and use. This edition includes new and updated information on new oral contraceptive pills, transdermal and vaginal delivery, post-pregnancy contraception, use of Essure for sterilization, and uses of contraceptives for non-contraceptive indications.
Signature of balancing selection in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2002)

Natural selection and genetic linkage cause DNA segments to have genealogical histories resembling those of the selected sites. When a polymorphism maintained by selection is old, it will have an island of enhanced sequence variability surrounding it, which represents a detectable "signature of selection." We investigate the structure of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a 20-kb interval containing the Arabidopsis thaliana disease resistance gene RPS5, a locus containing common alleles for the presence/absence of the entire locus. The alleles are considerably diverged at surrounding sites, indicative of an old polymorphism maintained by selection. The island of "enhanced" variability extends several kilobases to either side of the RPS5 deletion junction, and these SNPs are in nearly complete linkage disequilibrium with the RPS5 insertion/deletion. At a distance of 10 kb to either side of the locus, however, we find low levels of polymorphism and the absence of linkage disequilibrium between individual SNPs and RPS5 alleles. Our results show that the interval of enhanced variability surrounding this balanced polymorphism in Arabidopsis is large enough to be readily detected, but small enough to span the focal gene and few others. For this species it should be possible to identify the complete set of genes with long-lived polymorphisms, a potentially important subset of genes segregating for functional variants.
The Piezoelectric Resonator and the Effect of Electrode Spacing upon Frequency (1936)

A new formulation of piezo-resonator theory, called for convenience the ``mechanical theory,'' is developed for a crystal resonator with gap between crystal and electrodes, involving the increase in effective stiffness caused by space or surface charge, and explaining the increase in resonance frequency with increasing gap. The cases treated are thickness vibrations (both compressional and shear) of a plate, and lengthwise compressional vibrations of a bar. Specialized values of the elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric constants are employed, depending upon the nature of the elastic reactions for each cut and for each mode of vibration. The mechanical theory is compared with the customary ``electrical theory,'' according to which the resonator maintains a constant stiffness, the increase in frequency with increasing gap being accounted for by the electrical reactance of the gap considered as a series capacitance. When the crystal surfaces are equipotential (thickness vibrations, or lengthwise vibrations of a bar whose surfaces have been covered with a metallic deposit), the two theories are in agreement. It is shown that the mechanical theory, unlike the electrical theory, describes correctly the performance of a vibrating crystal bar that is not metallically coated. The characteristics of the resonator and the contrast between the two theories are illustrated by resonance-circle and phase diagrams. The relative increase in frequency caused by the gap is shown to be Δf/f0=Uw/(e+kw), where f0 is the frequency at zero gap, f0+Δf the frequency with a gap of width w, e the thickness of the crystal in the direction of the applied electric field, k the dielectric constant and U=16ε2/πc, ε being the appropriate piezoelectric constant and c the effective elastic constant at zero gap. In the case of the uncoated bar, the function U has to be multiplied by π2/8. Observations were made with eight quartz crystals of the following cuts: Y-cut, X-cut, BT- and AC-cuts (notation of Lack, Willard and Fair) for thickness vibrations, and an X-cut bar for lengthwise vibrations. With small gaps, the experimental values of the function U are, except with the BT- and AC-cuts, from 13 to 60 percent smaller than the theoretical values. In most cases the discrepancy becomes still greater at large gap values. The probable reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, with the conclusion that a large increase in frequency with gap may be taken as a criterion of a good resonator (large piezoelectric constant, freedom from twinning and coupling). A Rochelle salt Y-cut 45° bar when tested for the gap effect showed a satisfactory agreement with theory, considering the uncertainty in the values of the dielectric and piezoelectric constants. It is shown that the effect of gap upon frequency can be utilized in determining approximately the piezoelectric constant of a crystal. The theory of the dependence of frequency upon gap for overtone vibrations is briefly discussed.
Highly uniform N-InAlAs/InGaAs HEMT's on a 3-in InP substrate using photochemical selective dry recess etching (1992)

Large-area photochemical selective dry etching has been developed for use in InGaAs/InAlAs heterojunction fabrication involving CH/sub 3/Br gas and a low-pressure mercury lamp. The etch rate of the InGaAs layer was 17 nm/min and the etch ratio of InGaAs to InAlAs was around 25 to 1. The dry recess was performed for N-InAlAs/InGaAs HEMT's on a 3-in wafer using photochemical etching. The standard deviation of the threshold voltage across the wafer was 18 mV at a threshold voltage of -0.95 V, and the transconductance of 456 mS/mm was obtained for a 1.1- mu m-long gate within a standard deviation of 14.9 mS/mm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>