gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical studies of the structure of porous silicon films formed in p-type degenerate and non-degenerate silicon (1984)

The detailed structure of porous Si (PS) layers formed in p-type wafers with resistivities 0.01-25 Omega cm has been investigated using reflectance, transmission, ellipsometry and photoluminescence techniques. Marked differences were observed in the optical properties of PS formed in degenerate or non-degenerate Si and these results are correlated with the results of other techniques. The optical techniques together with effective medium modelling have been shown to be useful non-destructive methods for either assessment of PS density or detection of unsuspected phases. The degenerate PS layers consistently showed good retention of the single-crystal characteristics of the starting wafer, only c-Si and voids being detected. For these samples, good agreement was obtained between optical and gravimetric densities. However, the non-degenerate PS had much greater variability, with greater loss of crystallinity and significant incorporation of oxygen, due to partial oxidation having occurred on or immediately after anodisation. Oxide fractions have been determined both optically and gravimetrically, with up to 50% oxide being detected in some samples. Non-degenerate PS samples with high oxygen concentrations appeared to be in the form of a chemical mixture, SiO x , from interpretation of the optical constants. Photoluminescence measurements together with the other techniques indicated a complex mixture of phases in the latter samples-voids, alpha -Si:O (and/or alpha -Si:H), an unknown amorphous phase and silicon oxide. This complex structure probably contributes to the observed instability of thick non-degenerate PS layers when heated in UHV as part of the cleaning procedure prior to epitaxial growth, all degenerate samples being able to withstand heat treatment.
Stimulation and inhibition of anti-hapten responses in guinea pigs immunized with hybrid liposomes. (1975)

Guinea pigs were immunized with liposomal model membranes containing phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or glycerophosphorylethanolamine (GPE) derivatives in which the amino function was substituted with either dinitrophenylaminocaproyl (Dnp-Cap) or mono(p-azobenzenearsonic acid)tyrosyl (ABA-Tyr) residues. Previous studies have demonstrated that hapten-specific antibodies are elicited by DNP-Cap-PE or ABA-Tyr-PE sensitized liposomes and that cell-mediated immunity is induced by ABA-Tyr-PE (but not Dnp-Cap-PE) sensitized liposomes. These liposomes differ from conventional immunogens in which haptens are covalently attached to immunogenic carriers. This investigation describes two new aspects of liposomal immunogenicity in animals immunized with hybrid liposomes containing both Dnp-Cap-PE and ABA-Tyr-PE. (1) Stimulation of the anti-Dnp response by incorporation of increasing amounts of ABA-Tyr-PE; (2) inhibition of anti-ABA antibody formation by incorporation of increasing amounts of DNnp-Cap-PE. The two phenomena are dependent on the presence of each determinant in the same lipid bilayer. Thus, entrapment of the water-soluble deacylated derivative of ABA-Tyr-PE (i.e., ABA-Tyr-GPE) in a aqueous compartments of Dnp-Cap-PE sensitized liposomes does not enhance anti-Dnp antibody production. Similarly, entrapment of the non-amphipathic derivative of DNP-Cap-PE (i.e., Dnp-Cap-GPE) within ABA-Tyr-PE sensitized liposomes does not suppress anti-ABA antibody formation. Furthermore, mixtures of Dnp-Cap-PE sensitized liposomes and ABA-Tyr-PE sensitized liposomes neither stimulated nor inhibited the anti-hapten responses. These results indicate that preparation of hybrid liposomes with different N-substituted PE derivatives provides an extremely convenient method for controlling hapten and/or immunologic carrier determinant density.
Mechanical activation of magnesium turnings for the preparation of reactive Grignard reagents (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanical activation of magnesium turnings for the preparation of reactive Grignard reagentsKaren V. Baker, John M. Brown, Nigel Hughes, A. Jerome Skarnulis, and Ann SextonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 2, 698–703Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00002a039https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00002a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views9838Altmetric-Citations150LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Onset of Protective Immunity in Chicks after Vaccination with a Recombinant Herpesvirus of Turkeys Vaccine Expressing Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion and Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Antigens (1996)

The onset of protective immunity from lethal Newcastle disease virus (NDV) challenge of chicks was determined after vaccination with a recombinant herpes virus of turkeys (HVT) expressing the fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins of NDV. One-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks devoid of maternal antibodies to NDV were vaccinated with 130 to 3300 plaque forming units of HVT (depending on the trial) and then challenged at 4, 7, 10, and 14 days postvaccination (DPV) with a neurotropic velogenic strain of NDV (GB Texas). The recombinant vaccine afforded 0%, 35-75%, 85%, and 94-100% protection when the vaccinated birds were challenged at 4, 7, 10, and 14 DPV, respectively. In all trials, challenge caused 100% mortality in unvaccinated control chicks. Newcastle disease virus was reisolated from the lung, liver, spleen, and brain of birds dying in all trials regardless of vaccine dosage or time of challenge, except when challenge occurred at 14 DPV.
Introduction (2008)

Africa, during the second half of the twentieth century, was not a priority for U.S. foreign policy. Senior Cold War strategists concentrated their efforts elsewhere. Whereas the memoirs of past presidents and former secretaries of state contain regular references to the Soviet Union, Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, the Middle East, and East-West relations generally, recollections of African issues are few and far between. Relations between United States and this part of the world tended to be managed lower down the foreign policy-making hierarchy. The continent was the preserve of specialist executive officials, and scrutinized by junior subcommittees of the U.S. Congress. Overall, African states were only a minor consideration within Washington DC's prosecution of the Cold War.
<i>Retracted:</i> Novel approaches for gene‐specific interference via manipulating actions of microRNAs: Examination on the pacemaker channel genes <i>HCN2</i> and <i>HCN4</i> (2007)

Recent evidence has suggested microRNAs as viable therapeutic targets for a wide range of human disease. However, lack of gene-specificity of microRNA actions may hinder this application. Here we developed two new approaches, the gene-specific microRNA mimic and microRNA-masking antisense approaches, to explore the possibility of using microRNA's principle of actions in a gene-specific manner. We examined the value of these strategies as rational approaches to develop heart rate-reducing agents and "biological pacemakers" by manipulating the expression of the cardiac pacemaker channel genes HCN2 and HCN4. We showed that the gene-specific microRNA mimics, 22-nt RNAs designed to target the 3'untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of HCN2 and HCN4, respectively, were efficient in abrogating expression and function of HCN2 and HCN4. The gene-specific microRNA mimics repressed protein levels, accompanied by depressed f-channel conductance and the associated rhythmic activity, without affecting mRNA levels of HCN2 and HCN4. Meanwhile, we also designed the microRNA-masking antisense based on the miR-1 and miR-133 target sites in the 3'UTRs of HCN2 and HCN4 and found that these antisense oligodeoxynucleotides markedly enhanced HCN2/HCN4 expression and function, as reflected by increased protein levels of HCN2/HCN4 and If conductance, by removing the repression of HCN2/HCN4 expression induced by endogenous miR-1/miR-133. The experimental examination of these techniques and the resultant findings not only indicate feasibility of interfering miRNA action in a gene-specific fashion but also may provide a new research tool for studying function of miRNAs. The new approaches also have the potential of becoming alternative gene therapy strategies.
Preparation of Micron-size Monodisperse Polymer Particles by Dispersion Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with Poly(2-oxazoline) Macromonomer. (1991)

Micron-size monodisperse polymer particles were prepared by dispersion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with a hydrophilic poly(2-oxazoline) macromonomer in an aqueous methanol solution, in which the macromonomer acted as a comonomer as well as a stabilizer. A small amount of the macromonomer was sufficient to produce such polymer particles. The particle size decreased with increasing the amount of the macromonomer. From ESCA analysis of the particles, poly(2-oxazoline) chains were found to be locally present on the surface.
Modulation of NFAT-5, an outlying member of the NFAT family, in human keratinocytes and skin. (2009)

These studies provide the first observation of expression of NFAT-5/TonEBP mRNA protein in cultured keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and possible functional regulation in cultured keratinocytes. CsA and raffinose effects on NFAT-5/TonEBP in cultured keratinocytes suggest diverse intracellular signaling pathways for NFAT-5/TonEBP in these cells, and that NFAT-5/TonEBP might function to translate different extracellular stimuli into appropriate functional responses.
Memory-restricted multiscale dynamic time warping (2016)

Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) is an established method for finding a global alignment between two feature sequences. However, having a computational complexity that is quadratic in the input length, memory consumption becomes a major issue when dealing with long feature sequences. Various strategies have been proposed to reduce the memory requirements of DTW. For example, online alignment approaches often have a constant memory consumption by applying forward path estimation strategies. However, this comes at the cost of robustness. Efficient offline DTW based on multiscale strategies constitutes another approach. While methods built on this principle are usually robust, their memory requirements are still dependent on the input length. By combining ideas from online alignment approaches and offline multiscale strategies, we introduce a novel alignment procedure that allows for specifying a constant upper bound on its memory requirements. This is an important aspect when working on devices with limited computational resources. Experiments show that when restricting the memory consumption of our proposed procedure to eight megabytes, it basically yields the same alignments as the standard DTW procedure.
Mobile IP Interactive Connectivity Establishment (M-ICE) (2008)

This document describes how the Interactive Connectivity Establishment
(ICE) methodology can be used for IP to determine whether end-
to-end communication is possible. ICE makes use of the Session
Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) protocol in addition to mechanisms
for checking connectivity between peers. After running the ICE the two
MIP end points will be able to communicate directly or through a relay
via Network Address Translators (NATs), Network Address and Port
Translators (NAPTs) and firewalls. This document addresses also the
problems raised in RFC 4487 Mobile IPv6 and Firewalls: Problem
Statement.
Methods for Analysis of DNA Methylation (2006)

1.1. Introduction Although assessing DNA methy-lation has not yet become commonplace in the diagnostic molecular pathology laboratory, many tests involving methyla-tion analysis will become part of routine practice. In this chapter, a practical approach will be taken toward evaluating DNA methylation. The principal question likely to be asked in the pathology laboratory is whether a specific gene or region is methylated in a specific pathological situation; for example, is the MLH1 gene promoter methylated in a colorectal cancer specimen showing microsatellite instability? This chapter will deal with methods that examine specific sequences for methy-lation rather than those examining total genomic methylation or those screening for new sites of recurrent methylation.
Motion control of an aerial work platform (2009)

An articulated aerial work platform is a type of off highway vehicle with a long/flexible beam to provide temporary access to inaccessable areas. The motivation of the research is to improve productivity and safety of the work platform via advanced control schemes. In this paper, a motion control architecture is presented for trajectory tracking and vibration suppression. By using the sensors integrated in hydraulic power elements, a closed loop coordinated control is presented to allow the end effector of the work platform to track a desired trajectory, thus alleviating the demand on operators' proficiency and improving productivity. In order to reduce the tracking error caused by the beam deflection, a Static Deflection Compensation Controller has been developed. In terms of vehicle safety, it has been observed that vibration associated with the long beam is significant, and the vibration characteristics change according to vehicle geometry. A unique input shaper is presented with the two impulses and the time varying parameters. The benefits are gaining robustness with respect to geometric variation, as well as reducing time delay for better responsiveness. The experimental study validates the controller.
Prevention of transfusion‐associated Chagas' disease: efficacy of white cell‐reduction filters in removing <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> from infected blood (1995)

The present experimental data provide evidence that white cell-reduction filters are effective in reducing the number of parasites in T. cruzi-infected blood and that this efficacy depends, in part, on the concentration of parasites in the artificially infected blood. Properly designed clinical studies of known carriers of T. cruzi must be conducted to determine whether the use of white cell-reduction filters may be an alternative method of reducing the incidence of TA-CD.
[Heparin-induced thrombopenia: significance and difficulties of precise identification of the immunologic mechanism]. (1998)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a drug induced immunohematologic adverse reaction which is a rare but potentially very severe accident. Its diagnosis is important for epidemiologic and drug surveillance studies and in order to decide the most appropriate treatment. Its importance is enhanced since there is no gold standard diagnostic criteria. In clinical practice the diagnosis is based on a group of criteria related to clinical events and laboratory tests. We have established a score based on anamnestic criteria which allowed us to evaluate and compare two different laboratory tests: a platelet aggregation test (PAT) and a test for the detection of heparin dependent antibodies (Heparin Platelet Induced Antibodies or HPIA). The functional test PAT which is commonly used in expert laboratories detects antibodies inducing platelet aggregation in the presence of heparin. The HPIA test more recently developed is an ELISA test which detects antibodies directed at heparin-platelet factor 4 complexes. The relative value of theses two methods for the diagnosis of HIT is not well documented. We have analysed the results of these two tests in 273 consecutive patients with a suspicion of HIT. The results were concordant in 70% of patients. In selecting the patients with the lowest and the highest probability of HIT according to the score, PAT was found a more sensitive and HPIA a more specific test than the other. At low probability PAT is more often positive than HPIA 18% and 9% respectively. No test is 100% reliable, the specificity being limited for both tests since in about 20% of cases one or both tests are negative contrasting with a highly probable HIT. In this last group of patients, PAT was more frequently positive (86%) than HPIA (72%). Both tests are negative in 6% of patients suggesting the existence of presently unknown antigenic targets. Considering a group of 19 patients with a high probability of HIT, we have found antibodies against IL-8 or NAP-2 in only 7 patients. The discrepancy between a HPIA positive and a PAT negative encountered in 8% of patients may be explained by the existence of IgA or IgM immunoglobulins since in contrast to IgG they are unable to promote platelet aggregation via the CD32 platelet membrane receptor. This work suggests than neither test is 100% reliable and that they play a complementary role in the diagnosis of HIT. The potential advantage of using both tests should be confirmed in complementary studies
The Biology of Facial Fillers (2009)

The biologic behavior of a facial filler determines its advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this article is to look at the relevant biology as part of a logical basis for making treatment decisions. Historical perspectives and biologic characteristics such as local tissue reaction (including phagocytosis and granulomatous inflammation) cross-linking, particle concentration, immunogenicity, biofilm formation, gel hardness, and collagen neogenesis are considered. Bovine collagen is the most immunogenic facial filler. Porcine and bioengineered human collagen implants have very low immunogenicity, but allergic reactions and elevations of IgG are possible. Cross-linking and concentration affect the longevity of collagen and hyaluronic acid fillers. Gel hardness affects how a hyaluronic acid filler flows through the syringe and needle. Calcium hydroxylapatite, poly-L-lactic acid, and polymethylmethacrylate fillers have been shown to stimulate collagen neogenesis. It appears that any facial filler can form a granuloma. Bacterial biofilms may play a role in the activation of quiescent granulomas. Various authors interpret the definition and significance of a granuloma differently.
A digital watermark (2002)

The paper discusses the feasibility of coding an "undetectable" digital water mark on a standard 512/spl times/512 intensity image with an 8 bit gray scale. The watermark is capable of carrying such information as authentication or authorisation codes, or a legend essential for image interpretation. This capability is envisaged to find application in image tagging, copyright enforcement, counterfeit protection, and controlled access. Two methods of implementation are discussed. The first is based on bit plane manipulation of the LSB, which offers easy and rapid decoding. The second method utilises linear addition of the water mark to the image data, and is more difficult to decode, offering inherent security. This linearity property also allows some image processing, such as averaging, to take place on the image, without corrupting the water mark beyond recovery. Either method is potentially compatible with JPEG and MPEG processing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Unsupervised speaker adaptation of spectra based on a minimum fuzzy vector quantization error criterion (1988)

Reference spectral code vectors are adapted to an input speaker by adding a distance-dependent linear combination (an interpolated vector) of speaker difference vectors (unknown adaptation vectors) at given typical points in the reference spectral space. The unknown adaptation vectors are estimated so as to minimize the total fuzzy vector quantization errors for training vectors using an adapted reference codebook. This minimization is iteratively resolved under a restriction on the sum of the norms over all the unknown adaptation vectors. The above adaptation process is applied in a stepwise manner by increasing the number of typical spectral points. The fuzziness, interpolation parameters and the limits of the norm were examined through 28 word recognition tests for 4 male and 4 female speakers, using reference patterns from a male speaker. Under the best conditions, with 16 adaptation vectors, this method achieved the same recognition accuracy as a supervised speaker adaptation for male speakers with training samples as short as 3 s.
Human papillomavirus. Frequency and distribution in plantar and common warts. (1982)

Fifty-nine (24 plantar, 35 common) warts surgically excised from 44 patients (15 female, 29 male), 18 to 32 years old, were examined by electron microscopy (EM) for papillomavirus particles and by fluorescent antibody (FA) and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) tests for human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV-1)-specific antigens and papillomavirus genus-specific (common) antigens. Fifty per cent of plantar warts and 52 per cent of common warts were positive for HPV by EM. When examined by FA and PAP for genus-specific antigens, 58 per cent of plantar warts and 68 per cent of common warts were positive. Fifty per cent of plantar warts and 11 per cent of common warts were caused by HPV-1 as determined by reactivity with HPV-1 type-specific antiserum. All warts positive by EM were positive by FA and PAP. Sampling error accounted for warts positive by FA and PAP but not by EM. Forty-two per cent of plantar warts and 31 per cent of common warts were negative by both EM and FA and PAP. The warts caused by HPV-1 contained more virus and were more clinically aggressive than warts caused by other HPV. This study shows that the results obtained by the PAP technique using papillomavirus genus- and type-specific antisera on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue available to the diagnostic pathologist are concordant with the results obtained by methodology usually available only to the experimental pathologist.
Refractive Indices of Amino Acids, Proteins, and Related Substances (1964)

The molar refractions of the amino acids were determined by measurements on their aqueous solutions and the expanded Lorenz-Lorentz equation. The refractive indices of a number of proteins were calculated from their amino acid compositions and the values for the refraction of the amino acid residues. These calculated results are in good agreement with those experimentally determined, demonstrating that refractive index is a unique characteristic of a protein. A comparison of the refractive index of heat denatured β-lactoglobulin with the native protein demonstrated that changes in structure produced a small change in refractive index, not associated with a change in volume.