gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monovision: a Review of the Scientific Literature (2001)

We reviewed the scientific literature on monovision to compare the visual performance of monovision patients with that of others wearing more traditional prescriptions. We found that visual performance of monovision patients was comparable to that of control patients wearing a balanced binocular correction, provided that reading adds were not greater than about +2.5 D, that illumination was photopic, and that stimuli were presented at supra-threshold levels. Under these conditions, monovision patients were satisfied with their perceptual experience and performed within 2 to 6% of balanced binocular control patients on a range of occupational tasks. It is noteworthy that monovision patients had relatively more difficulty with acuity-based tasks than with tasks demanding good depth perception. With reading adds over +2.5 D, at low levels of illumination, or with near-threshold level stimuli, visual performance of monovision patients was reduced compared with controls. Subjectively, under low levels of illumination, monovision patients experienced problems with glare and halos around point sources of light.
Correlation between angiogenesis and basic fibroblast growth factor expression in experimental brain infarct. (1994)

Cerebral endothelial cells are quiescent under normal conditions; they are stimulated to proliferate around an infarct, although the mechanism is unclear. In the present study we explored the relation between angiogenesis and the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by participating cells in brain infarct.Brain infarct was created in rats by ligation of a branch of the left middle cerebral artery followed by permanent occlusion of the left common carotid artery and temporary occlusion of the right common carotid artery. The brains were removed after 1 to 14 days and studied with histological and immunohistochemical methods. Bromodeoxyuridine (BRdU) was used as an S-phase marker for the proliferative cells.Enhanced bFGF immunoreactivity was observed in neurons adjacent to the infarct after 1 day, and the change subsequently spread to distant neurons in the ipsilateral hemisphere. After 2 days blood vessels and glial cells around the infarct began to incorporate BRdU. During the first week ne...
MEETING THE ACCURACY CHALLENGE IN AIRBORNE LIDAR BATHYMETRY (2000)

The essential qualities for a successful airborne lidar bathymeter are accuracy, capability, and cost effectiveness. Over the past twenty five years, developments in lasers, optics, electronics, and com-puters have made it somewhat easier to construct viable airborne lidar systems with varying pur-poses, and an increasing number are being constructed. Fewer than ten airborne lidar bathymeters exist in the world today, however, because of limited demand and because of the fact that it is still very difficult to meet the above three requirements, particularly the first. It is not hard to get an-swers from a system. It takes a great deal of understanding and effort, however, to obtain results that will meet international accuracy standards and the operational requirements of the typical cus-tomer. The primary considerations in the design, construction, and operation of an airborne bathymeter must be data quality and depth measurement accuracy. Both the physical environment and system hardware components contribute many error sources that must be overcome. This requires thoughtful hardware and software system design and construction, as well as the prediction, modelling, and application of appropriate correctors. Operational procedures for quality control, calibration, and maintenance must
SIL2 and SIL3 ECU - Safety Controller for Off-Highway (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Electronically controlled safety-critical functions are becoming more and more prevalent in the off-highway industry (construction, agricultural or forestry machinery etc). Failures of such safety-critical functions may cause serious injury or death to people. Therefore, product safety and liability are becoming increasingly important for all OEMs in this industry. Currently, IEC 61508 [<span class="xref">1</span>] is considered the state-of-the-art standard for the development of safety-critical systems. Safety integrity levels (SIL) 2 and 3 are the most common levels required by off-highway applications.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper shows a scalable architecture with a single ECU type that allows fulfilling both SIL2 and SIL3 requirements: A 1oo1D architecture (single ECU) will be used for systems with SIL2 requirements, a 1oo2D architecture for SIL3 requirements. In the 1oo2D variant two redundant ECUs exchange data over a time-triggered protocol. Due to this scalability the controller is suited for the majority of safety-critical applications in the off-highway industry.</div>
Lethal mists: an introduction to the natural and military sciences of chemical, biological warfare and terrorism (2000)

This is a non-technical narrative of chemical, biological warfare and terrorism (CBWT) for the general, non-scientist, non-military background reader. It examines the scientific and military basis and considerations behind the use of chemical and biological agents to injure and kill people. It explains in the simplest terms possible the various agent types, their use, effects on people, how they injure or kill, and the means of detection, treatment, antidotes and decontamination. Where technical terms are introduced, they are clearly and simply defined. The tactical considerations for the use of CBWT agents also is explained as it applies to terrorist use against civilian populations. The book also views the nature of the threat to civilians, self-defence and warning techniques, and measures one may take to protect family and self if living near a chemical plant. It is for education and where possible, self-defence and awareness. After all, the greatest weapons used by the terrorist is ignorance and fear.
The corrosion resistance of zinc-nickel composite coatings (2011)

Purpose: The aim of this work was to estimate the corrosion resistance of composite Zn+Ni and (Ni-Zn+Ni)/Zn coatings by salt spray test, electrochemical methods and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) method. Design/methodology/approach: The corrosion resistance properties of zinc-nickel coatings in 5% NaCl solution were investigated by salt spray test in 5% NaCl solution and electrochemical methods. Using Stern method the corrosion potential Ecorr, corrosion current density icorr, and polarization resistance Rp. have been determined as a measure of corrosion resistance. Phase composition of the corrosion products was determined by X-ray diffraction using Bragg-Brentano and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) methods. Findings: The corrosion resistance of zinc-nickel coatings is dependent on Ni content and it grows with the increase in Ni percentage in the coatings. The higher corrosion resistance could be attributed to the presence of intermetallic Ni2Zn11 phase. The maximum protective ability is reached for the coatings above 40% Ni, where the content of this phase is the highest. The results of salt spray test exhibit the appearance of white rust corrosion, which is characteristic for zinc oxidation process. The main component of corrosion products was Zn5(OH)8Cl2H2O phase. The products related to the nickel or steel substrate corrosion process were not found. The application of the GIXD technique has allowed to determine the changes in the phase composition of the corrosion products in the zinc and zinc-nickel coatings versus the penetration depth of the X-ray radiation. The presence of corrosion products on the electrode surface results in further improve in their protective ability and the limiting of the corrosion processes. Research limitations/implications: Special attachment for GIXD technique is required for the experiment. Practical implications: The zinc-nickel coatings could be applied as protective coatings for steel substrates. Originality/value: The application of GIXD technique allows to determine the chemical composition of corrosion products along the coating thickness.
High-precision interferometric alignment using checker grating (1989)

This paper presents a double-diffraction alignment method using a checker grating. An interferometric method, which utilizes a novel pair of grating marks located on a mask and a wafer, has been developed. A one-dimensional grating for the mask mark and a checker grating for the wafer mark were used. A 633-nm He–Ne laser was chosen for the alignment light, which is transparent to the photoresist on the wafer. Two correction mirrors corrected the chromatic aberration due to the difference in wavelength between the exposure light and the alignment light. The mirrors allowed only the two first-order diffracted beams to be projected at the mask mark. These two diffracted beams formed a moire image on the mask, and interfered with the mask grating. The zero-order diffracted-light intensity from the mask grating was detected as the alignment signal. This alignment signal was not influenced by defocusing because only the two diffracted beams took part in the image formation on the mask. The alignment-signal sensitivity must not be varied in order to achieve high-precision alignment. By using a new AGC (auto gain control) technique, the signal sensitivity was hardly varied by the optical signal fluctuation. The performance of this alignment method was experimentally evaluated using large-scale integrated processed marks; as a result, a higher than 0.15-μm (3σ) alignment accuracy has been obtained.
THREE EARLY MAPS OF THE ISLE OF AXHOLME (1971)

The Isle of Axholme is of considerable importance to historical geographers. An area of inland fen, formed from the confluence of the rivers Don, Ouse and Trent, surrounding a ridge of higher land, it stretches over the borders of three counties, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire. Its inhabitants created for themselves both a distinctive social structure and a productive economy based on a mixed arable and pasture agriculture, combined with the exploitation of the natural resources of the countryside, peat, fish and fowl, and a healthy domestic industry using the hemp so widely grown throughout the Isle. At the same time, it was the area chosen for a first major capitalized onslaught on the drainage problem, and the results of the work of Sir Cornelius Vermuyden and his Participants in 1626–8 caused the region to acquire a notoriety no less with historians than with contemporaries. The quarrels of the commoners and the disputes among the Participants in this early venture have resulted in the preservation of a large bulk of records, all revealing as much the customary mode of life among the natives of the region as the particular issues which caused the strife.
A useful application of CMOS ternary logic to the realisation of asynchronous circuits (2002)

This paper shows how the application of a CMOS ternary logic is useful in the realisation of delay insensitive (DI) asynchronous circuits. It is shown that fully DI asynchronous circuits are obtained with a ternary handshake protocol which employs the third logic level as idle state of the asynchronous interface. The advantages obtained are a dramatic reduction of the communication requirement and a lower power consumption as compared to other asynchronous solutions. It is then discussed how general purpose delay-insensitive circuits can be designed with ternary logic elements and finally an asynchronous sequence recognition circuit is described as an application of the approach.
Tomographic diffractive microscopy of transparent samples (2008)

We report a tomographic diffractive microscope, which permits imaging non-labelled transparent or semi-transparent samples. Based on a combination of microholography with a tomographic illumination, our set-up creates 3-D images of the index of refraction distribution within the sample. One acquires successively interferograms, rotating the illumination (the specimen being static) and using phase-shifting holography. Within the first Born approximation, each interferogram is interpreted as a subset of the Fourier transform of the specimen index of refraction distribution. The reconstruction is therefore similar to synthetic aperture imaging: one recombines the information in the Fourier space, and a final Fourier transform gives a 3-D image of the specimen. First recalling the theoretical foundations, we then describe our experiment, and show initial results obtained on biological samples.
Spin-Transfer Torque MRAMs for Low Power Memories: Perspective and Prospective (2011)

Electron-spin based data storage for on-chip memories has the potential for ultrahigh density, low power consumption, very high endurance, and reasonably low read/write latency. In this article, we analyze the energy-performance characteristics of a state-of-the-art spin-transfer-torque based magnetic random access memories (STT-MRAM) bit-cell in the presence of parametric process variations. In order to realize ultra low power under process variations, we propose device, bit-cell and architecture level design techniques. Such design methods at various levels of design abstraction has been found to achieve substantially enhanced robustness, density, reliability and low power as compared to their charge-based counterparts for future embedded applications.
Unproven techniques in allergy diagnosis. (2005)

Mainstream allergy diagnosis and treatment is based on classical allergy testing which involves well-validated diagnostic methods and proven methods of treatment. By contrast, a number of unproven tests have been proposed for evaluating allergic patients including cytotoxic food testing, ALCAT test, bioresonance, electrodermal testing (electroacupuncture), reflexology, applied kinesiology a.o. There is little or no scientific rationale for these methods. Results are not reproducible when subject to rigorous testing and do not correlate with clinical evidence of allergy. Although some papers suggest a possible pathogenetic role of IgG, IgG4 antibody, no correlation was found between the outcome of DBPCFC and the levels of either food-specific IgG or IgG4, nor was any difference seen between patients and controls. The levels of these and other food-specific immunoglobulins of non-IgE isotype reflect the intake of food in the individual and may thus be a normal and harmless finding. The so-called "Food Allergy Profile" with simultaneous IgE and IgG determination against more than 100 foodstuffs is neither economical nor useful for diagnosis. DBPCFC must be the reference standard for food hypersensitivity and any new test must be validated by it. As a result, all these unproven techniques may lead to misleading advice or treatments, and their use is not advised.
Congenital hypothyroidism (2010)

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) occurs in approximately 1:2,000 to 1:4,000 newborns. The clinical manifestations are often subtle or not present at birth. This likely is due to trans-placental passage of some maternal thyroid hormone, while many infants have some thyroid production of their own. Common symptoms include decreased activity and increased sleep, feeding difficulty, constipation, and prolonged jaundice. On examination, common signs include myxedematous facies, large fontanels, macroglossia, a distended abdomen with umbilical hernia, and hypotonia. CH is classified into permanent and transient forms, which in turn can be divided into primary, secondary, or peripheral etiologies. Thyroid dysgenesis accounts for 85% of permanent, primary CH, while inborn errors of thyroid hormone biosynthesis (dyshormonogeneses) account for 10-15% of cases. Secondary or central CH may occur with isolated TSH deficiency, but more commonly it is associated with congenital hypopitiutarism. Transient CH most commonly occurs in preterm infants born in areas of endemic iodine deficiency. In countries with newborn screening programs in place, infants with CH are diagnosed after detection by screening tests. The diagnosis should be confirmed by finding an elevated serum TSH and low T4 or free T4 level. Other diagnostic tests, such as thyroid radionuclide uptake and scan, thyroid sonography, or serum thyroglobulin determination may help pinpoint the underlying etiology, although treatment may be started without these tests. Levothyroxine is the treatment of choice; the recommended starting dose is 10 to 15 mcg/kg/day. The immediate goals of treatment are to rapidly raise the serum T4 above 130 nmol/L (10 ug/dL) and normalize serum TSH levels. Frequent laboratory monitoring in infancy is essential to ensure optimal neurocognitive outcome. Serum TSH and free T4 should be measured every 1-2 months in the first 6 months of life and every 3-4 months thereafter. In general, the prognosis of infants detected by screening and started on treatment early is excellent, with IQs similar to sibling or classmate controls. Studies show that a lower neurocognitive outcome may occur in those infants started at a later age (> 30 days of age), on lower l-thyroxine doses than currently recommended, and in those infants with more severe hypothyroidism.
Circadian clock proteins control adaptation to novel environment and memory formation (2010)

Deficiency of the transcription factor BMAL1, a core component of the circadian clock, results in an accelerated aging phenotype in mice. The circadian clock regulates many physiological processes and was recently implicated in control of brain-based activities, such as memory formation and the regulation of emotions. Aging is accompanied by the decline in brain physiology, particularly decline in the response and adaptation to novelty. We investigated the role of the circadian clock in exploratory behavior and habituation to novelty using the open field paradigm. We found that mice with a deficiency of the circadian transcription factor BMAL1 display hyperactivity in novel environments and impaired intra- and intersession habituation, indicative of defects in short- and long-term memory formation. In contrast, mice double-deficient for the circadian proteins CRY1 and CRY2 (repressors of the BMAL1-mediated transcription) demonstrate reduced activity and accelerated habituation when compared to wild type mice. Mice with mutation in theClock gene (encoding the BMAL1 transcription partner) show normal locomotion, but increased rearing activity and impaired intersession habituation. BMAL1 is highly expressed in the neurons of the hippocampus - a brain region associated with spatial memory formation; BMAL1 deficiency disrupts circadian oscillation in gene expression and reactive oxygen species homeostasis in the brain, which may be among the possible mechanisms involved. Thus, we suggest that the BMAL1:CLOCK activity is critical for the proper exploratory and habituation behavior, and that the circadian clock prepares organism for a new round of everyday activities through optimization of behavioral learning.
Integration of Workflow Partitioning and Resource Provisioning (2012)

The recent increased use of workflow management systems by large scientific collaborations presents the challenge of scheduling large-scale workflows onto distributed resources. This work aims to partition large-scale scientific workflows in conjunction with resources provisioning to reduce the workflow make span and resource cost.
Observation and Characterization of Cellulose Pyrolysis Intermediates by<sup>13</sup>C CPMAS NMR. A New Mechanistic Model (2003)

The composition of char from heated Avicel cellulose was monitored as a function of heating time and temperature, using 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR. Complex NMR line shapes observed in the carbohydrate region of the spectra are indicative of the presence of multiple carbohydrate forms. By successive spectral subtractions of the 300 °C pyrolysis char, the complex line shapes were separated into three distinct carbohydrate components that correspond to the crystalline cellulose starting material (SM), an intermediate cellulose (IC) that resembles a low degree-of-polymerization (low-DP) amorphous cellulose, and a disordered final carbohydrate (FC) that is characterized by a very broad 13C line width. Curve fitting was used to monitor the changes in the approximate abundance of these different carbohydrate forms relative to the aliphatic, aromatic, carboxyl, and ketone clusters of compounds of the char. The time evolution of the IC, together with its spectral line shapes, associate this component with the “active cellulose” intermediate that has long been postulated in many kinetic mechanisms for cellulose pyrolysis. After a heating period of 30 min, FC was the only remaining carbohydrate component. When subjected to prolonged heating, FC converted to aromatic carbons but not to aliphatic carbons, with little or no loss in char mass. This property distinguishes the FC as a char component that has not previously been recognized. Pyrolyses of cellulose with 1% K+ as KCl, and of pectin at 300 °C and cellulose at 350 °C were also performed. Evaluation of the combined data led to a new model for low-temperature cellulose pyrolysis. In this model, all char products are formed from IC, with FC being capable of forming aromatic carbon.
The use of adaptive algorithms for obtaining optimal electrical shimming in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1989)

A method of determining the dc coil current values to electrically shim the static magnetic fields used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using modified steepest descent adaptive algorithm is described. Using a 32 cm diameter by a 40 cm long water phantom as the test volume, the algorithm achieved field homogeneities of 0.2 parts per million (ppm) peak-to-peak within a 20 cm diameter spherical imaging volume, and 1.3 ppm peak-to-peak within the entire phantom. The algorithm achieved an inhomogeneity variance of 0.18 ppm2. The shim system was successfully modeled as a sum of adaptive linear combiners. The model contains 13 parameters that can be varied, 12 shim coil currents, and the receiver mixer frequency. The model was then used to predict key adaptive algorithm parameters. Experimental verification of these parameters lends support to the accuracy of the model.
Modulo-N incarnation numbers for cache-based transport protocols (2002)

To provide reliable connection management, a transport protocol uses 3-way handshakes in which user incarnations are identified by bounded incarnation numbers from some modulo-N space. Recently, several caching schemes have been proposed to reduce the 3-way handshake to a 2-way handshake. The authors define a class of caching protocols and determine the minimum value of N needed as a function of real-time constraints (e.g., message lifetime, incarnation creation rate, inactivity duration, cache residency times, etc.). The protocols use the client-server architecture and handle failures and recoveries. Both clients and servers generate incarnation numbers from a local counter (e.g., a clock). These protocols assume a maximum duration for each incarnation; without this assumption, there is a very small probability of misinterpretation of incarnation numbers. This restriction can be overcome with some additional caching.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two-Dimensional Numerical Analysis of Amorphous-Silicon Field-Effect Transistors (1985)

A two-dimensional transistor model for short-channel amorphous-silicon (a-Si) field-effect transistors has been developed, taking the localized states in a-Si into account, and the basic characteristics of the transistors have been clarified by numerical computation. The mechanisms determining the short-channel transistor performance have been discussed. It is predicted that a 1 µm transistor with satisfactory performance can be fabricated by thinning the active a-Si region to 20 nm.