gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of comb-shaped copolymer as a filtration reducer and comparison with counterparts (2018)

A comb-shaped copolymer of 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS), allyl polyoxyethylene ether (APEG), <i>N</i>-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) was synthesized by free-radical polymerization. The structure of the comb-shaped copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and its molecular weight was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). FTIR measurements and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) analysis were used to characterize the working mechanism of different filtrate loss reducers. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) results showed that thermal degradation of the copolymer was significant only after 295.24 °C. The comb-shaped copolymer helped reduce filtration, while maintaining the rheological properties of the drilling fluid at high temperature and high salinity conditions as long PEG chains sterically stabilized colloids by protruding into the suspension. The filtration control of the comb-shaped copolymer was comparable to that of the sulfonated phenolic resin (SMP) mixture and outperformed AM/AMPS/NVP/SSS (NS-1) and polymeric product PAC in terms of high-temperature resistance and rheological advantages. The morphology of the comb-shaped copolymer was found with a compact 3-D film structure due to the intramolecular and intermolecular association by hydrogen bonding in the side chains. Small curly debris at high temperature and salinity remained capable of filtration control. The NS-1 had a lower temperature resistance, as large areas of flaky films thermally degraded into a small chain structure at 180 °C. Only separated filiform and coarse lines were found in PAC with a linear structure that makes the drilling fluid more viscous. Compact and structured films were formed with the SMP mixture at high temperature and salinity.
CER-IOS: Internal Resource Utilization Optimized I/O Scheduling for Solid State Drives (2015)

Modern Solid State Drives (SSDs) integrate more internal resources to get higher performance and capacity. Improving internal resource utilization by exploiting internal parallelism is important to enhance the performance of SSDs. Unfortunately, the internal resource utilization of SSDs is limited at runtime in practice because of the practical access conflicts to internal resources. In this paper, we propose a Conflict Eliminated Requests Based I/O Scheduler (CER-IOS) to better utilize internal parallelism of flash chips by scheduling I/O requests in a more fine-grained way. We introduce Conflict Eliminated Requests (CERs) in which parallelizable memory requests are grouped during the process of address translation in Flash Translation Layer. To schedule conflicting requests, we propose a small CER size prioritized resource distribution scheme, that ensures internal resources can always be distributed to valuable conflicting requests to further improve the efficiency of resource utilization. Our extensive experimental evaluation results show that CER-IOS provides significant improvement of resource utilization at runtime and reduces average I/O latency largely compared to state-of-the-art I/O schedulers implemented in operating systems.
Integrated optics on single-crystal lithium niobate thin film: Some recent progress (2016)

High-refractive-index-contrast optical waveguides can enable ultra-small waveguide with cross-section dimension below 1 µm and bending radii smaller than 20 µm, facilitating the development of ultra-compact photonic integrated devices and circuits. For lithium niobate material, a high-refractive-index-contrast structure can be lithium niobate film on SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> cladding (lithium niobate on insulator, LNOI). Single-crystal LN thin film with 3-inch diameter was fabricated by ion implantation and directly bonding technologies. Integrated optics devices, such as waveguides, photonic crystal, micro-ring resonators, Y-splitters, and E-O phase modulators were developed. These LNOI based devices can have applications in high-density integrated optics with high efficiency.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM: REFINED PROCESSING FOR BETTER ACCURACY (1986)

The author states that the results reported in the growing body of literature on GPS (Navstar Global Positioning System) leaves little doubt that GPS will replace all existing positioning systems in the near future. The text deals with the techniques and considerations that make GPS more accurate than other systems. It is also noted that GPS receivers can now be manufactured, in large volumes, at a lower cost than Loran receivers.
Machine Learning-Based Malicious Application Detection of Android (2017)

In this paper, we propose a machine learning-based approach to detect malicious mobile malware in Android applications. This paper is able to capture instantaneous attacks that cannot be effectively detected in the past work. Based on the proposed approach, we implemented a malicious app detection tool, named Androidetect. First, we analyze the relationship between system functions, sensitive permissions, and sensitive application programming interfaces. The combination of system functions has been used to describe the application behaviors and construct eigenvectors. Subsequently, based on the eigenvectors, we compare the methodologies of naive Bayesian, J48 decision tree, and application functions decision algorithm regarding effective detection of malicious Android applications. Androidetect is then applied to test sample programs and real-world applications. The experimental results prove that Androidetect can better detect malicious applications of Android by using a combination of system functions compared with the previous work.
Molecular Cloning Sequence and Distribution of Rat Calspermin, a High Affinity Calmodulin-binding Protein (1989)

Calspermin is a heat-stable, acidic calmodulin-binding protein predominantly found in mammalian testis. The cDNA representing the rat form of this protein has been cloned from a rat testis lambda gt11 library. Sequence analysis of two overlapping clones revealed a 232-nucleotide 5'-nontranslated region, 510 nucleotides of open reading frame, a 148-nucleotide 3'-untranslated region, and a poly(A) tail. Authenticity of the clones was confirmed by comparison of a portion of the deduced amino acid sequence with the sequence of a tryptic peptide obtained from the rat testis protein. The lambda gt11 fusion protein was recognized by affinity purified antibodies to pig testis calspermin and bound 125I-calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Calspermin cDNA encodes a 169-residue protein with a calculated Mr of 18,735. The putative calmodulin-binding domain is very close to the amino terminus of the protein. This region shows 46% identity with the calmodulin-binding region of rat brain Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and 32% identity with the equivalent region of chicken smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase. The 5'-nontranslated region reveals significant homology with a portion of the catalytic region of the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase family. Calspermin contains a stretch of 17 contiguous glutamic acid residues in the central region of the molecule. Computer analysis predicts calspermin to be 81% alpha-helix and 14% random coil. Analysis of genomic DNA indicates calspermin to be the product of a unique gene. Northern blot analysis of rat testis RNA reveals a 1.1-kilobase mRNA. This RNA is restricted to testis among several rat tissues examined and could not be identified in total RNA isolated from testes of other mammals. Analysis of cells isolated from rat testis reveals calspermin mRNA to be predominantly expressed in postmeiotic cells indicating that it may be specific to haploid cells.
Introduction to Aeronautics: A Design Perspective (1997)

Design Thinking Operating Environment Aerodynamics and Airfoils Wings and Airplanes Performance and Constraint Analysis Stability and Control Structures Sizing Cost Design Case Studies and the Future of Aircraft Design.
Pathophysiological aspects of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (1988)

Traditionally, research in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) has focussed on immunological and histopathological aspects. The present review introduces a physiological approach to EAE. As EAE is characterized by many small, focal lesions in the central nervous system (CNS), methods with a high spatial resolution should be used to conduct studies on regional pathophysiology in the condition. Quantitative autoradiography seems an ideal method as it offers, 1) high regional resolution (approximately 50 um), 2) precise quantitation and, 3) a direct correlation between regional histopathology and pathophysiology. By the use of this method, the author has performed studies on 1) regional blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and 2) regional metabolism of energy substrate and related subjects, (i.e. regional cerebral blood flow, regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate and regional pH). Corresponding to the EAE lesions (lymphocytic accumulations), there is a considerable increase in BBB permeability. Metabolism of energy substrate at the lesion sites is severely deranged, which is expressed in a CBF/CMR ratio of 3 ml/mumol compared to the normal 1.5 ml/mumol. No changes in regional pH are seen in the lesions. Unrelated to the lesion sites there is a 50% decrease in blood flow in cerebral cortex. This observation probably reflects a functional decrease in cortical flow due to sensory motor impairment.
Hydrogen: Automotive fuel of the future (2004)

This work presents a perspective on the production and use of hydrogen as an automotive fuel. Hydrogen has been hailed as the key to a clean energy future primarily because it can be produced from a variety of energy sources, it satisfies all energy needs, it is the least polluting, and it is the perfect carrier for solar energy in that it affords solar energy a storage medium. Efforts are underway to transform the global transportation energy economy from one dependent on oil to that based on sustainable hydrogen. The rationale behind these efforts is that hydrocarbon-based automobiles are a significant source of air pollution, while hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles produce effectively zero emissions. Besides the transportation area, fuel cells can also reduce emissions in other applications such as the residential or commercial distributed electricity generation. Hydrogen is the perfect partner for electricity, and together they create an integrated energy system based on distributed power generation and use. A discussion on the sources of hydrogen in the near- and long-term future as well as the cost of hydrogen production is provided.
Desorption characteristics of isopropanol (IPA) and moisture from IPA vapor dried silicon wafers (1989)

In order to estimate the cleanliness of wafer surfaces cleaned and dried with various procedures, the outgassing from these wafer surfaces was analyzed by highly sensitive atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (APIMS). In particular, the desorption of isopropanol (IPA) and moisture from wafers after IPA vapor drying was investigated by introducing the desorbed gases from wafer surfaces into APIMS. It is shown that desorbed trace impurities, the amounts of which are as small as 1/10 of a monomolecular layer of adsorption, were qualitatively and quantitatively detectable under these experimental conditions. As a result, it was confirmed that the desorption behavior is influenced by the surface condition of the wafers, caused by the wet chemical processes and the drying methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Perspective of Launch Vehicle Size and Weight Based on Propulsion System Concept (2002)

Three primary elements determine launcher size and weight. These are the configuration concept, the propulsion concept and the industrial material/fabrication capability. These three can be represented as a sizing index [P. Czysz, C. Bruno, K. Kato, Interactions between propulsion systems and the configuration concepts defines the design space, AIAA-2001-1924, 10th International Space planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference, Kyoto, Japan, April 2001]. For a given industrial materials/fabrication capability, the configuration and propulsion concepts interact directly. One method identifying the solution space for each combination of parameters is discussed in the 10th International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference in Kyoto, Japan in April 2001. A significant number of propulsion system concepts have been studied and reported. This paper focuses on those that are applicable to launch vehicles. Each propulsion system concept is briefly described and accompanied by a sketch. The intent is to show weight ratio and the onboard oxygen carried by the vehicle drive this direct interaction. The lesser the weight ratio and the smaller the oxygen-to-fuel ratio, the smaller is the size and gross weight of the vehicle. D 2003 Lister Science.
ChemInform Abstract: YTTRIUM RHODIUM SILICIDE (Y3RHSI3): MEMBER OF THE STRUCTURAL SERIES WITH FORMULA RN+2T2SIN+2 (1985)

Abstract Die durch konventionelles Bogenschmelzen aus den Elementen dargestellte Titelverbindung ist isotyp zu Sc 3 NiSi 3 (C2/ m).
High Nitrogen Steels. Structural Control of Stainleaa Steel by Nitrogen Absorption in Solid State. (1996)

Nitrogen addition to stainless steels is very effective for improving mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Powder metallurgy process, which is the sintering of stainless powder in N2 gas atmosphere, has some beneficial points to the production of high nitrogen stainless steels, because a large amount of nitrogen can be absorbed into powder particles in a very short time. In this paper, the behavior of nitrogen absorption into an Fe-23mass%Cr ferritic alloy powder was investigated in association with the structural changes. The results obtained are as follows: (1) Since the amount of nitrogen absorbed is dependent on the surface equilibrium between N2 gas and nitrogen content of steels, the saturation nitrogen content increases with lowed sintering temperature. (2) At 1473 K in 1 atm-N2 gas, the saturation nitrogen content of an Fe-23mass%Cr alloy is about 1 mass%N and the nitrogen absorption causes a structural change of the matrix from ferrite to austenite. The nitrogen content is also enough to give a stable austenitic structure at room temperature for the alloy. (3) The Fe-23mass%Cr-1mass%N alloy developed by the above sintering treatment has a high yield strength and a moderate elongation in spite of containing about 12 vol% of retained pores. Such good mechanical properties are attributed to the solid-solution of a great deal of nitrogen into the steel.
FastHybrid: A hybrid model for efficient answer selection (2016)

Answer selection is a core component in any question-answering systems. It aims to select correct answer sentences for a given question from a pool of candidate sentences. In recent years, many deep learning methods have been proposed and shown excellent results for this task. However, these methods typically require extensive parameter (and hyper-parameter) tuning, which give rise to efficiency issues for large-scale datasets, and potentially make them less portable across new datasets and domains (as re-tuning is usually required). In this paper, we propose an extremely efficient hybrid model (FastHybrid) that tackles the problem from both an accuracy and scalability point of view. FastHybrid is a light-weight model that requires little tuning and adaptation across different domains. It combines a fast deep model (which will be introduced in the method section) with an initial information retrieval model to effectively and efficiently handle answer selection. We introduce a new efficient attention mechanism in the hybrid model and demonstrate its effectiveness on several QA datasets. Experimental results show that although the hybrid uses no training data, its accuracy is often on-par with supervised deep learning techniques, while significantly reducing training and tuning costs across different domains.
The role of nitric oxide in endothelium-dependent vasodilation of hypercholesterolemic patients. (1993)

These findings indicate that hypercholesterolemic patients have a defect in the bioactivity of nitric oxide that may explain their impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation.
Identification of Conserved and Species-Specific Functions of the Listeria monocytogenes PrsA2 Secretion Chaperone (2015)

The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that relies on the regulated secretion and activity of a variety of proteins that sustain life within diverse environments. PrsA2 has recently been identified as a secreted peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase and chaperone that is dispensable for bacterial growth in broth culture but essential for L. monocytogenes virulence. Following host infection, PrsA2 contributes to the proper folding and activity of secreted proteins that are required for bacterial replication within the host cytosol and for bacterial spread to adjacent cells. PrsA2 is one member of a family of Gram-positive secretion chaperones that appear to play important roles in bacterial physiology; however, it is not known how these proteins recognize their substrate proteins or the degree to which their function is conserved across diverse Gram-positive species. We therefore examined PrsA proteins encoded by a variety of Gram-positive bacteria for functional complementation of L. monocytogenes mutants lacking prsA2. PrsA homologues encoded by Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactococcus lactis were examined for functional complementation of a variety of L. monocytogenes PrsA2-associated phenotypes central to L. monocytogenes pathogenesis and bacterial cell physiology. Our results indicate that while selected aspects of PrsA2 function are broadly conserved among diverse Gram-positive bacteria, PrsA2 exhibits unique specificity for L. monocytogenes target proteins required for pathogenesis. The L. monocytogenes PrsA2 chaperone thus appears evolutionarily optimized for virulence factor secretion within the host cell cytosol while still maintaining aspects of activity relevant to more general features of Gram-positive protein translocation.
MPEG-4 constant-quality constant-bit-rate controls (2005)

Most video rate-control research emphasizes constant bit-rate (CBR) applications. These aim to produce a CBR bitstream with the highest possible quality, within the bitrate constraint and with no consideration for quality variation. In this paper, two MPEG-4 Constant-Quality (CQ) CBR controls are proposed. These aim to produce a CBR bitstream that meets a target quality level whenever possible. The Frame-level Laplacian CQ (FLCQ) algorithm uses a distortion model based on a Laplacian model for DCT coefficients. In contrast, the MB-level Viterbi CQ (MVCQ) algorithm uses the Viterbi algorithm to determine the best combination of MB-QP’s. “CQ” is measured by the deviation of the mean quality from the target quality, and by quality variance over time. Simulation results suggest that the proposed algorithms perform better than Q2 and TM5 under these measures. In some cases, they produce bitstreams with fewer bits while having higher average PSNR, and smaller variance. The FLCQ algorithm has more variation in quality than the MVCQ algorithm. With extra computational complexity, the MVCQ algorithm gives the best performance over all algorithms tested. Often, it precisely meets the target PSNR with no variation. This is truly a CQ rate-control algorithm.
Review of Combination of Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis as a Modality of Treatment for End‐stage Renal Disease (2004)

Because the contribution of residual renal function (RRF) to total solute clearance is often significant in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), loss of RRF over time can lead to inadequate dialysis if appropriate prescription management strategies are not pursued. Additionally, declines in ultrafiltration caused by increases in peritoneal permeability may limit continuation of CAPD therapy. Peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis (PD + HD) combination therapy (complementary dialysis therapy) is an alternative method. This therapy allows the patient to maintain daily activities, as with CAPD, while undergoing once-a-week HD supplements for the insufficient removal of solutes and water. This therapy allows for the continuation of PD without shifting to total HD in PD patients who continue to have uremic symptoms even after individualization of the PD prescription. This treatment option is psychologically more acceptable to patients and may be expected to provide such accompanying beneficial effects as peritoneal resting, improvement of QOL and reduction in medical cost.
PARTIAL BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ACTIVATED ESTERASE REQUIRED IN THE COMPLEMENT-DEPENDENT CHEMOTAXIS OF RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES (1967)

It was shown in the preceding paper that incubation of the rabbit polymorphonuclearleukocyteswith phosphonate esters leads to an irreversible inhibition of the ability of the leukocyte to respond to the chemotactic factor. This "cell-dependent inhibition" was attributed to the inactivation by the phosphonates of an esterase existing in or on the leukocyte in an already activated state. As shown in this paper, incubating the leukocyte with phosphonate in the presence of certain esters prevents this cell-dependent inhibition. The protection is specific; the ester must be an acetate. Ethyl formate, ethyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, ATP, tosyl arginine methyl ester, or acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester do not protect. The protection is independent of the phosphonate used to inhibit, and the degree of protection depends on the relative concentrations of acetate and phosphonate. Those acetates which protect are also the esters which inhibit chemotaxis when added to the leukocyte in the upper part of the chemotaxis chamber. It is concluded that the activated esterase is an enzyme capable of specifically splitting, or binding acetates, or doing both. Presumably the esterase is some type of acetylesterase or acetylase. The known aliesterase present in the leukocyte is not the activated esterase. Inhibition of the activated esterase by phosphonates has no effect on endogenous or exogenous glycolysis.