gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of PET Technique to Monitor Effect of Drugs in Alzheimer Disease Treatment (1994)

Although extensive exploration and development in the research field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) during recent years, there is still no cure of the disorder. The clinical instruments for providing an accurate premortem clinical diagnosis of AD have improved significantly. This includes various imaging techniques valuable in differentiating AD from other types of dementia. Alzheimer disease is thus no longer solely an exclusion diagnosis. Further understanding of possible genetic (Clark and Goate, 1993) and environmental (Fratiglioni, 1993) causes and their relation to the underlying pathological and neurochemical mechanisms in brain will probably provide valuable information and guidelines for design of new drug profiles in AD.
Chlorophyll a fluorescence: can it shed light on fundamental questions in photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation? (1985)

Abstract A close, immediate and precise relationship between chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in vivo is demonstrated. The examples discussed include kinetics displayed during dark to light transitions plus oscillations and transients observed during changes in the gas phase surrounding the leaf. Remaining uncertainties surrounding the relationship between chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis are attributed to the underlying complexity of the regulatory mechanisms involved. Examples are also given that show how multiple simultaneous measurements of different aspects of the photosynthetic process may contribute to the resolution of these uncertainties. The practical relevance of these matters is also discussed, particularly in relation to the limitations of the photosynthetic process and to the use of chlorophyll fluorescence as a diagnostic probe of chemical and genetic manipulation and stress.
The non-nutritional performance characteristics of peptones made from rendered protein (2009)

Economic considerations require the use of inexpensive feedstocks for the fermentative production of moderate-value products. Our previous work has shown that peptones capable of supporting the growth of various microorganisms can be produced from inexpensive animal proteins, including meat and bone meal, feather meal, and blood meal, through alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis. In this work, we explore how these experimental peptones compare to commercial peptones in terms of performance characteristics other than chemical make-up; these characteristics can impact fermentation operating cost. It is shown that experimental peptone powders produced through enzymatic hydrolysis are highly hygroscopic and that their physical form is not stable to humid storage conditions; those produced through alkaline hydrolysis and commercial peptones are less hygroscopic. When used in growth medium, all peptones contribute haze to the solution; experiments show that the source of haze is different when using enzyme- versus alkali-hydrolyzed peptones. Alkali-hydrolyzed peptones and all peptones made from blood meal are stronger promoters of media foaming than the commercial peptones; some enzyme-hydrolyzed peptones support very little foam formation and are superior to the commercial peptones in this sense. Alkali-hydrolyzed peptones are roughly equivalent to commercial peptones in the coloration they contribute to media, while enzyme-hydrolyzed peptones contribute intense coloration to media. No peptone caused a significant change in the viscosity of media. The experimental peptones studied here may be acceptable low-cost substitutes for commercial peptones, but none is equivalent to the commercial products in all respects.
Modulation of lymphocyte function by sensory neuropeptides (1985)

Neuropeptides present in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) modify diverse functions of human, murine and guinea pig mononuclear leukocytes in vitro and in vivo by receptor-mediated mechanisms. Both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on lymphocytes and macrophages have been demonstrated for different neuropeptides in vitro at concentrations which are similar to those in the circulation and in tissues. The dissociation constant (KD) for the binding of a neuropeptide to its lymphocyte receptor is within the range of concentrations that evoke lymphocyte responses critical to immunity and hypersensitivity. The receptor-mediated interactions of diverse neuropeptides with immunocompetent cells provide one mechanism through which the PNS may influence localized immune responses and the CNS may alter systemic immunity.
Hydrocarbon Compositional Gradient Revealed by In-Situ Optical Spectroscopy (2008)

Summary This paper presents a case study of a North Sea appraisal well in which a vertical fluid-composition variation, missed by a conventional pressure-gradient-analysis method, was observed in situ in real time by a new fluid-composition analyzer using visible near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. For optimal oil production, assessing the spatial variation of fluid properties is as vital as assessing the spatial variation of formation properties. Conventional wireline triple-combination measurements showed that the interval of interest was uniform and free of noticeable impermeable layers. A resistivity log showed an approximate oil/water contact (OWC). Wireline pressure testing identified three different pressure gradients corresponding to gas, oil, and water, all in hydraulic communication. However, the pressure testing did not indicate a gradient in hydrocarbon composition. Fluid was sampled and analyzed in real time by a wireline fluid-sampling-analyzing tool string that included the fluid-composition analyzer. This tool analyzes petroleum fluid and gives concentrations for four group compositions (C1, C2–C5, C6+, and CO2), gas/oil ratio (GOR), and qualitative information regarding heavy-end content and stock-tank crude density. The analyzer showed that the hydrocarbon fluid in an oil-bearing zone was not vertically homogeneous but, instead, had a vertical variation. The samples captured by the wireline sampling tool were sent to a laboratory for compositional analysis that confirmed the variation determined by the downhole analysis. Both results identified the heterogeneity of hydrocarbon fluid in the interval. This paper also briefly covers the measurement principle of the analyzer and discusses the impacts and benefits brought about by the new technology. The concept of flexible fluid sampling is particularly important because it enables operators to make sampling decisions on the basis of real-time fluid-analysis results rather than a predetermined job plan.
Is Dexamethasone a Better Partner for Abiraterone Than Prednisolone? (2015)

Dexamethasone may be a better partner for abiraterone compared with prednisolone in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Upfront use of dexamethasone with abiraterone or a switch from prednisolone to dexamethasone at prostate-specific antigen progression might be feasible options and are currently being tested in larger trials.
Impact of molecular structure on intermolecular interactions and organic solid state luminescence in supramolecular systems (2010)

Abstract Supramolecular chemistry provides a versatile approach to tune organic solid state luminescence by controlling the molecular organization through weak interactions. In this study, we have successfully tuned the solid state luminescence of 2‐cyano‐3(4‐(diphenylamino)phenyl)acrylic acid (CDPA) by co‐crystallizing with substituted pyridines. The position of methyl group on the pyridine (4‐picoline, 3‐picoline, and 2‐picoline) has a dramatic effect on the supramolecular interactions formed, from usual carboxylic acid–pyridine interactions to deprotonation of CDPA in the crystal lattice and that allows to tune the CDPA solid state luminescence from 587 to 548 nm gradually. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron Transport Properties in Dye-Sensitized Nanoporous−Nanocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> Films (1996)

Spectral response measurements have been performed on dye-sensitized nanoporous−nanocrystalline TiO2 photoelectrodes. The effects of film thickness, electron scavengers in the electrolyte, and surface treatment of the nanocrystalline film were studied by means of action spectra for front- and back-side illumination. Our results show that electron acceptors such as dioxygen and iodine strongly decrease the IPCE. Surface treatment of the electrode with pyridine induces a substantial increase of the photocurrent yields. The observations are discussed in terms of kinetics at the semiconductor−electrolyte interface. IPCE values for sandwich cells were generally much higher than those obtained from three-electrode measurements.
Expression of Erythropoietin and Erythropoietin Receptor in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinomas (2005)

Epo-R was expressed in almost all samples and Epo was expressed in one half of samples on immunohistochemistry and in 100% of samples by mRNA detection, suggesting a potential paracrine and/or autocrine role of endogenous Epo in non-small cell lung carcinoma. The detection of stabilized HIF-1alpha suggests a possible role in Epo expression. Moreover, in the light of these results, the potential interactions between therapeutic recombinant Epo and the putative neoplastic Epo/Epo-R signaling pathways must be considered.
Cooperative interplay between a flexible PNN-Ru(<scp>ii</scp>) complex and a NaBH<sub>4</sub> additive in the efficient catalytic hydrogenation of esters (2017)

Low catalyst loadings of the PNN-bearing ruthenium(<sc>ii</sc>) complex, [<italic>fac</italic>-PNN]RuH(PPh<sub>3</sub>)(CO), in combination with 5 mol% of NaBH<sub>4</sub>, efficiently catalyze the hydrogenation of a broad range of esters to their corresponding alcohols under mild pressures of H<sub>2</sub>.
Usefulness of monitoring of B cell depletion in rituximab-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients in order to predict clinical relapse: a prospective observational study (2014)

Our objective was to evaluate the contribution of monitoring B cell subset depletion after rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in order to guide reintroduction to forestall relapse. This prospective, monocentre study included all RA patients receiving two 1-g rituximab infusions at a 15-day interval. The patients were followed clinically and biologically every 2 months until rituximab reintroduction. The physician was blinded to lymphocyte-typing results to diagnose relapse and, hence, retreatment. Among the 39 patients included between March 2010 and December 2011 and followed until April 2013, seven received two rituximab cycles, yielding a total of 46 cycles for analysis. After the two rituximab cycles, the total number of CD19(+) B cells decreased significantly (0·155 versus 0·0002 G/l, P < 0·0001), with complete depletions in all patients of CD19(+) CD38(++) CD24(++) (transitional) (P < 0·0001) and CD19(+) CD27(+) (memory) B lymphocytes. A significant majority of patients relapsed within the 4 months following repopulation of total B (P = 0·036), B transitional (P = 0·007) and B memory (P = 0·01) lymphocytes. CD19(+) B lymphocyte repopulation preceded clinical RA relapse and enabled its prediction 4 months in advance. Hence, monitoring of CD19(+) B lymphocytes could serve as a tool to predict those relapses.
Microalgae in the postgenomic era: a blooming reservoir for new natural products (2011)

Bacteria, fungi, algae and higher plants are the most prolific producers of natural products (secondary metabolites). Compared to macroalgae, considerably fewer natural products have been isolated from microalgae, which offer the possibility of obtaining sufficient and well-defined biological material from laboratory cultures. Interest in microalgae is reinforced by large-scale data sets from genome sequencing projects and the development of genetic tools such as transformation protocols. This review highlights what is currently known about the biosynthesis and biological role of natural products in microalgae, with examples from isoprenoids, complex polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxylipins, alkaloids, and aromatic secondary metabolites. In addition, we introduce a bioinformatic analysis of available genome sequences from totally 16 microalgae, belonging to the green and red algae, heterokonts and haptophytes. The results suggest that the biosynthetic potential of microalgae is underestimated and many microalgal natural products remain to be discovered.
Generating Singing Voice Expression Contours Based on Unit Selection (2013)

A common problem of many current singing voice synthesizers is that obtaining a natural-sounding and expressive performance requires a lot of manual user input. This thus becomes a time-consuming and difficult task. In this paper we introduce a unit selection-based approach for the generation of expression parameters that control the synthesizer. Given the notes of a target score, the system is able to automatically generate pitch and dynamics contours. These are derived from a database of singer recordings containing expressive excerpts. In our experiments the database contained a small set of songs belonging to a single singer and style. The basic length of units is set to three consecutive notes or silences, representing a local expression context. To generate the contours, first an optimal sequence of overlapping units is selected according to a minimum cost criteria. Then, these are time scaled and pitch shifted to match the target score. Finally, the overlapping, transformed units are crossfaded to produce the output contours. In the transformation process, special care is taken with respect to the attacks and releases of notes. A parametric model of vibratos is used to allow transformation without affecting vibrato properties such as rate, depth or underlying baseline pitch. The results of a perceptual evaluation show that the proposed approach is comparable to parameters that are manually tuned by expert users and outperforms a baseline system based on heuristic rules. 1.
N‐methylation of N<sup>α</sup>‐acylated, fully C<sup>α</sup>‐methylated, linear, folded peptides: Synthetic and conformational aspects (2006)

Peptides characterized by single or multiple N-methylated, C(alpha)-trisubstituted (e.g., protein) amino acids are of great interest in medicinal chemistry. Several naturally occurring peptides, remarkably stable to enzymatic attacks, are based on N-methylated residues. The classical conditions (CH(3)I/Ag(2)O in DMF, 24 h, room temperature) for N-methylation of the peptide function are useful tools for distinguishing solvent exposed from intramolecularly H-bonded -CO-NH- groups in peptides. In this work we have extended this reaction to N(alpha)-acylated, linear peptides based exclusively on helicogenic C(alpha)-tetrasubstituted alpha-amino acids, e.g., Aib (alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) or (alphaMe)Nva (C(alpha)-methyl norvaline) residues. Under the experimental conditions used, only amide monomethylation (on the N-terminal, acylated, residue) takes place. Methylation of internal peptide groups linking two C(alpha)-tetrasubstituted residues was not observed. Our FT-IR absorption, NMR, and X-ray diffraction investigations support the view that the beta-turn and 3(10)-helical conformations preferred by the original peptides are not dramatically perturbed in the derivatives monomethylated at position 1. In particular, the tertiary amide bonds are trans. Conversely, the packing modes in the crystals are strongly influenced by the reduction of the number of H-bonding donors. The MeXxx-Xxx peptide bond is readily disrupted under mild acidic conditions.
The Apparent Size of Objects as Observed in the Electron Microscope (1950)

The image formed in the electron microscope of shadowed polystyrene latex spheres is larger than the image of unshadowed spheres. This increase in image size and probable causes are discussed. Implications of this phenomena on the study of viruses and other biological specimens are mentioned.
Intelligent Screening Systems for Cervical Cancer (2014)

Advent of medical image digitalization leads to image processing and computer-aided diagnosis systems in numerous clinical applications. These technologies could be used to automatically diagnose patient or serve as second opinion to pathologists. This paper briefly reviews cervical screening techniques, advantages, and disadvantages. The digital data of the screening techniques are used as data for the computer screening system as replaced in the expert analysis. Four stages of the computer system are enhancement, features extraction, feature selection, and classification reviewed in detail. The computer system based on cytology data and electromagnetic spectra data achieved better accuracy than other data.
New architectures for high-performance arbitrary waveform generators (AWG) (2013)

Peer Reviewed
Δ<sup>9</sup>-Tetrahydrocannabinol Disrupts Estrogen-Signaling through Up-Regulation of Estrogen Receptor β (ERβ) (2013)

Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) has been reported as possessing antiestrogenic activity, although the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly delineated. In this study, we used the estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, as an experimental model and showed that Δ(9)-THC exposures markedly suppresses 17β-estradiol (E2)- induced MCF-7 cell proliferation. We demonstrate that these effects result from Δ(9)-THC's ability to inhibit E2-liganded ERα activation. Mechanistically, the data obtained from biochemical analyses revealed that (i) Δ(9)-THC up-regulates ERβ, a repressor of ERα, inhibiting the expression of E2/ERα-regulated genes that promote cell growth and that (ii) Δ(9)-THC induction of ERβ modulates E2/ERα signaling in the absence of direct interaction with the E2 ligand binding site. Therefore, the data presented support the concept that Δ(9)-THC's antiestrogenic activities are mediated by the ERβ disruption of E2/ERα signaling.
The ‘pair of sugar tongs’ site on the non‐catalytic domain C of barley α‐amylase participates in substrate binding and activity (2007)

Some starch-degrading enzymes accommodate carbohydrates at sites situated at a certain distance from the active site. In the crystal structure of barley alpha-amylase 1, oligosaccharide is thus bound to the 'sugar tongs' site. This site on the non-catalytic domain C in the C-terminal part of the molecule contains a key residue, Tyr380, which has numerous contacts with the oligosaccharide. The mutant enzymes Y380A and Y380M failed to bind to beta-cyclodextrin-Sepharose, a starch-mimic resin used for alpha-amylase affinity purification. The K(d) for beta-cyclodextrin binding to Y380A and Y380M was 1.4 mm compared to 0.20-0.25 mm for the wild-type, S378P and S378T enzymes. The substitution in the S378P enzyme mimics Pro376 in the barley alpha-amylase 2 isozyme, which in spite of its conserved Tyr378 did not bind oligosaccharide at the 'sugar tongs' in the structure. Crystal structures of both wild-type and S378P enzymes, but not the Y380A enzyme, showed binding of the pseudotetrasaccharide acarbose at the 'sugar tongs' site. The 'sugar tongs' site also contributed importantly to the adsorption to starch granules, as Kd = 0.47 mg.mL(-1) for the wild-type enzyme increased to 5.9 mg.mL(-1) for Y380A, which moreover catalyzed the release of soluble oligosaccharides from starch granules with only 10% of the wild-type activity. beta-cyclodextrin both inhibited binding to and suppressed activity on starch granules for wild-type and S378P enzymes, but did not affect these properties of Y380A, reflecting the functional role of Tyr380. In addition, the Y380A enzyme hydrolyzed amylose with reduced multiple attack, emphasizing that the 'sugar tongs' participates in multivalent binding of polysaccharide substrates.
BMS-310705 Bristol-Myers Squibb/GBF. (2004)

Bristol-Myers Squibb, in collaboration with the German Research Centre for Biotechnology, is developing BMS-310705, an epothilone analog, for the potential treatment of cancer. By April 2002, phase I trials of BMS-310705 were underway.
The influence of oral immunization on local and systemic immune responses to heterologous antigens. (1983)

Oral immunization with 25 mg/day of ovalbumin resulted in a number of changes in non-specific immune responsiveness, including increases in antibody produced to T-dependent but not T-independent antigens and the abrogation of tolerance induced by both oral and intravenous routes. The effect was transient, sex- and strain-dependent. Evidence suggests that it is a consequence of cell-mediated immunity to the oral immunogen.
Fabrication of Thin‐Film SrCe <sub>0.9</sub> Eu <sub>0.1</sub> O <sub>3−δ</sub> Hydrogen Separation Membranes on Ni–SrCeO <sub>3</sub> Porous Tubular Supports (2009)

SrCe 0.9 Eu 0.1 O 3−δ thin‐film (∼30 μm) tubular hydrogen separation membranes were developed in order to obtain high hydrogen fluxes. Fifteen centimeters long, one end closed, NiO–SrCeO 3 tubular supports were fabricated by tape casting, followed by rolling the green tape on a circular rod. SrCe 0.9 Eu 0.1 O 3−δ powders were prepared by the citrate process and coated on partially sintered NiO–SrCeO 3 tubular supports. Leakage‐free hydrogen membrane cells were obtained by adjusting the presintering and final sintering temperatures to reduce the difference of linear shrinkage rates between SrCe 0.9 Eu 0.1 O 3−δ thin films and NiO–SrCeO 3 supports. A hydrogen flux of 2.2 cm 3 /min was obtained for the SrCe 0.9 Eu 0.1 O 3−δ on Ni–SrCeO 3 tubular hydrogen separation membranes at 900°C using 25% H 2 balanced with Ar and 3% H 2 O as the feed gas and He as the sweep gas. Thus, a 40% single pass yield of pure H 2 was achieved with this membrane.
Iridium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Amidation of sp<sup>3</sup> C–H Bonds: Late-Stage Functionalization of an Unactivated Methyl Group (2014)

Reported herein is the iridium-catalyzed direct amidation of unactivated sp(3) C-H bonds. With sulfonyl and acyl azides as the amino source, the amidation occurs efficiently under mild conditions over a wide range of unactivated methyl groups with high functional group tolerance. This procedure can be successfully applied for the direct introduction of an amino group into complex compounds and thus can serve as a powerful synthetic tool for late-stage C-H functionalization.
An In Vitro Rapid-Turnover Assay for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Selects for Cell-to-Cell Spread of Virus (2000)

We have developed a rapid-turnover culture system where the life span of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cell is controlled by periodic addition of a cytotoxic agent, mitomycin C. These mitomycin C-exposed cells are cocultured with a constant number of uninfected cells as new targets for the virus. Passage of the virus-infected cells under these conditions led to the emergence of a viral variant that was able to replicate efficiently in this culture system. After biologic and molecular cloning, we were able to identify a single frameshift mutation in the vpu open reading frame that was sufficient for growth of the mutant virus in the rapid-turnover assay. This virus variant spread more efficiently by cell-to-cell transfer than the parental virus did. Electron micrographs of cells infected with the delta vpu virus revealed a large number of mature viral capsids attached to the plasma membrane. The presence of these mature virus particles on the cell surface led to enhanced fusion and formation of giant syncytia with uninfected cells. Enhanced cell-to-cell transfer of the delta vpu virus provides an explanation for the survival of this mutant virus in the rapid-turnover culture system. The in vitro rapid-turnover culture system is a good representation of the in vivo turnover kinetics of infected cells and their continual replacement by host lymphopoietic mechanisms.