gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon Satellites: Picosats, Nanosats, and Microsats (1995)

Silicon, the most abundant solid element in the Earth's lithosphere, is a useful material for spacecraft construction. Silicon is stronger than stainless steel, has a thermal conductivity about half that of aluminum, is transparent to much of the infrared radiation spectrum, and can form a stable oxide. These unique properties enable silicon to become most of the mass of a satellite, it can simultaneously function as structure, heat transfer system, radiation shield, optics, and semiconductor substrate. Semiconductor batch-fabrication techniques can produce low-power digital circuits, low-power analog circuits, silicon-based radio frequency circuits, and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) such as thrusters and acceleration sensors on silicon substrates. By exploiting these fabrication techniques, it is possible to produce highly-integrated satellites for a number of applications. This paper analyzes the limitations of silicon satellites due to size. Picosatellites (approximately 1 gram mass), nanosatellites (about 1 kg mass), and highly capable microsatellites (about 10 kg mass) can perform various missions with lifetimes of a few days to greater than a decade.
Vitamin A and β-Carotene Concentrations at Different Depths of the Epidermis: A Preliminary Study in the Cow Snout (1987)

Vitamin A (retinol) is an anti-keratinizing agent essential for normal epithelial differentiation. In order to examine the epidermal distribution of vitamin A and provitamin A (beta-carotene), we took advantage of the extraordinarily thick snout epidermis of the cow which can be cut horizontally into at least 6 layers, representing keratinocytes at different stages of maturation. Extracts of saponified samples were analyzed for retinol and beta-carotene by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The highest retinol concentration (0.8 micrograms/g protein; n = 3) was recorded closest to the dermis; progressively decreasing amounts of retinol were found in the upper parts of epidermis. Maximum values of beta-carotene (1.0 micrograms/g; n = 7) were found in the lower parts of epidermis; substantially lower levels were seen at the dermal transition zone and in the upper parts of epidermis. The results suggest that the endogenous concentration of vitamin A in snout epidermis is inversely related to the degree of cellular differentiation.
The Effect of Acetaldehyde Concentrations on the Relative Rates of Formation of Acetaldehyde-Modified Hemoglobins (1984)

The effect of various concentrations of acetaldehyde (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mM) on the relative rates of formation of hemoglobin acetaldehyde adducts detected in fractions eluted from cation exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was investigated. When the hemoglobin and acetaldehyde mixtures were incubated at 37 degrees C for various time intervals up to 24 hr, increased amounts of HbA1c could be observed after 2 hr incubation with 1 mM or greater concentrations of acetaldehyde, or after 4 hr incubation with at least 0.5 mM acetaldehyde. An increase in the HbA1a + b fraction was not observed with 4 hr incubation time until the acetaldehyde level reached 1 mM. The HPLC method detected no difference in minor hemoglobins from alcoholic and normal subjects. Incubation of red blood cells at 37 degrees C for 1 hr with six consecutive pulses of 0.05 mM [14C]acetaldehyde showed no differences in the amounts of minor hemoglobins determined chromatographically at various pulse intervals. However, the measure of the 14C-label incorporation into hemoglobin showed that adducts eluting in the HbA1a+b fraction were formed at a faster rate than those eluting in the HbA1c or HbA0 fraction, respectively. The specific activities of the HbA1a+b fractions at 2, 4, and 6 pulses were 34, 128, and 949 cpm/mg hemoglobin; those of the HbA1c fraction were 15, 58, and 174 cpm/mg hemoglobin. This evidence of modification of hemoglobin by physiological levels of acetaldehyde from 14C-label incorporation suggests that an assay more sensitive than chromatographic separation of adducts might be clinically useful in detecting alcoholism or monitoring alcohol detoxification programs.
Comprehensive Care Model in Hemophilia (2011)

The backbone of hemophilia management is comprehensive care, a goal that about 140 federally-supported treatment centers in the United States provide. An idea that originated in 1973, these centers strive to enhance the quality of life and longevity of patients with bleeding disorders in a way no other models of care can provide, meeting the medical and psychosocial aspects of these patients in a setting that encourages, empowers and advocates for the needs of each individual patient and their families, while providing state of the art care. Despite ongoing challenges and difficulties, the future of these patients remains bright for those cared for in comprehensive care centers.
Minimal residual disease monitoring by quantitative RT-PCR in core binding factor AML allows risk stratification and predicts relapse: results of the United Kingdom MRC AML-15 trial (2012)

The clinical value of serial minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring in core binding factor (CBF) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by quantitative RT-PCR was prospectively assessed in 278 patients [163 with t(8;21) and 115 with inv(16)] entered in the United Kingdom MRC AML 15 trial. CBF transcripts were normalized to 10(5) ABL copies. At remission, after course 1 induction chemotherapy, a > 3 log reduction in RUNX1-RUNX1T1 transcripts in BM in t(8;21) patients and a > 10 CBFB-MYH11 copy number in peripheral blood (PB) in inv(16) patients were the most useful prognostic variables for relapse risk on multivariate analysis. MRD levels after consolidation (course 3) were also informative. During follow-up, cut-off MRD thresholds in BM and PB associated with a 100% relapse rate were identified: for t(8;21) patients BM > 500 copies, PB > 100 copies; for inv(16) patients, BM > 50 copies and PB > 10 copies. Rising MRD levels on serial monitoring accurately predicted hematologic relapse. During follow-up, PB sampling was equally informative as BM for MRD detection. We conclude that MRD monitoring by quantitative RT-PCR at specific time points in CBF AML allows identification of patients at high risk of relapse and could now be incorporated in clinical trials to evaluate the role of risk directed/preemptive therapy.
Inclusion Effect and Structural Basis of Cyclodextrins for Increased Extraction of Medicinal Alkaloids from Natural Medicines (2007)

The enhancing effects of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins (CyDs) on the aqueous extraction of ephedrine and berberine from the natural medicines were investigated in HPLC analysis, and the greatest effect was observed for beta- and gamma-CyDs. To clarify the structural basis of such an increased extraction effect with beta-CyD, possible interaction modes of (1R,2S)-ephedrine with alpha-, beta-, and gamma-CyDs were investigated using molecular dynamic simulations in an aqueous solution system. It was shown that the wrapping model of ephedrine by beta-CyD is the most compact and thus increases the solubility most effectively, compared with those by other CyDs. The same mode could be possible for the greatest effect of gamma-CyD on the extraction of berberine from natural medicines. This clearly shows that CyDs are useful additives for the effective extraction of bioactive alkaloids from natural medicines.
Effort constraints in adaptive feedforward control (1996)

Adaptive algorithms are presented for constrained multichannel feedforward control. They minimize the sum of squared error signals while limiting the value of either the sum of squared control signals (total effort) or the mean square value of each individual control signal (individual efforts). It is shown that the exact least squares solutions for these problems have a simple form, which can be approached with an adaptive algorithm. The properties of the resulting algorithm are illustrated by simulation.
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Sortase Transpeptidase SrtA:  Insight into the Kinetic Mechanism and Evidence for a Reverse Protonation Catalytic Mechanism (2005)

The Staphylococcus aureus transpeptidase SrtA catalyzes the covalent attachment of LPXTG-containing virulence and colonization-associated proteins to cell-wall peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria. Recent structural characterizations of staphylococcal SrtA, and related transpeptidases SrtB from S. aureus and Bacillus anthracis, provide many details regarding the active site environment, yet raise questions with regard to the nature of catalysis and active site cysteine thiol activation. Here we re-evaluate the kinetic mechanism of SrtA and shed light on aspects of its catalytic mechanism. Using steady-state, pre-steady-state, bisubstrate kinetic studies, and high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry, revised steady-state kinetic parameters and a ping-pong hydrolytic shunt kinetic mechanism were determined for recombinant SrtA. The pH dependencies of kinetic parameters k(cat)/K(m) and k(cat) for the substrate Abz-LPETG-Dap(Dnp)-NH(2) were bell-shaped with pK(a) values of 6.3 +/- 0.2 and 9.4 +/- 0.2 for k(cat) and 6.2 +/- 0.2 and 9.4 +/- 0.2 for k(cat)/K(m). Solvent isotope effect (SIE) measurements revealed inverse behavior, with a (D)2(O)k(cat) of 0.89 +/- 0.01 and a (D)2(O)(k(cat)/K(m)) of 0.57 +/- 0.03 reflecting an equilibrium SIE. In addition, SIE measurements strongly implicated Cys184 participation in the isotope-sensitive rate-determining chemical step when considered in conjunction with an inverse linear proton inventory for k(cat). Last, the pH dependence of SrtA inactivation by iodoacetamide revealed a single ionization for inactivation. These studies collectively provide compelling evidence for a reverse protonation mechanism where a small fraction (ca. 0.06%) of SrtA is competent for catalysis at physiological pH, yet is highly active with an estimated k(cat)/K(m) of >10(5) M(-)(1) s(-)(1).
Measurement of the transmittance coefficient spectrum of Cuprophan and RP69 membranes: applications to middle molecule removal via ultrafiltration. (1976)

The transmittance coefficients of Cuprophan PT-150 and Rhone-Poulenc AN69 have been defined over a broad MW range. The results can be completely characterized by a simple Gaussian distribution employing 2 parameters, the selectivity and the mean molecular diameter. The selectivities of the membranes studies are identical. The mean MW at 50% cutoff for Cuprophan and RP69 are 2,500 and 11,500, respectively. A membrane model illustrating a semi-empirical correlation between permeability and transmittance has been developed.
Latency Bounding by Trading off Consistency in NoSQL Store: A Staging and Stepwise Approach (2012)

Latency is a key service factor for user satisfaction. Consistency is in a trade-off relation with operation latency in the distributed and replicated scenario. Existing NoSQL stores guarantee either strong or weak consistencies but none provides the best consistency based on the response latency. In this paper, we introduce dConssandra, a NoSQL store enabling users to specify latency bounds for data access operations. dConssandra dynamically bounds data access latency by trading off replica consistency. dConssandra is based on Cassandra. In comparison to Cassandra's implementation, dConssandra has a staged replication strategy enabling synchronous or asynchronous replication on demand. The main idea to bound latency by trading off consistency is to decompose the replication process into minute steps and bound latency by executing only a subset of these steps. dConssandra also implements a different in-memory storage architecture to support the above features. Experimental results for dConssandra over an actual cluster demonstrate that (1) the actual response latency is bounded by the given latency constraint; (2) greater write latency bounds lead to a lower latency in reading the latest value; and, (3) greater read latency bounds lead to the return of more recently written values.
Timelines from Text: Identification of Syntactic Temporal Relations (2007)

We propose and evaluate a linguistically motivated approach to extracting temporal structure necessary to build a timeline. We considered pairs of events in a verb-clause construction, where the first event is a verb and the second event is the head of a clausal argument to that verb. We selected all pairs of events in the TimeBank that participated in verb-clause constructions and annotated them with the labels before, overlap and after. The resulting corpus of 895 event-event temporal relations was then used to train a machine learning model. Using a combination of event-level features like tense and aspect with syntax-level features like the paths through the syntactic tree, we were able to train a support vector machine (SVM) model which could identify new temporal relations with 89.2% accuracy. High accuracy models like these are a first step towards automatic extraction of timeline structures from text.
Direct hybridization to DNA from small numbers of flow‐sorted nucleated newborn cells (1987)

A technique is described that allows direct hybridization to the DNA of cells flow sorted onto nitrocellulose filters, which obviates an intervening DNA isolation step. The feasibility of this technique for studying small numbers of cells is demonstrated with human cord blood, which has a high proportion of nucleated cells. The cells are stained with fluorescein-conjugated anti-HLe-l, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes mature leucocytes. Anti-HLe-l-positive cells are all nucleated, and a controlled, precise number of them may be sorted directly onto a nitrocellulose membrane. In cord blood, a small percentage of anti-HLe-l-negative cells are nucleated erythrocytes, which may also serve as a source of DNA. Studies were performed on male or female newborn cells flow sorted onto nitrocellulose membranes and hybridized with either a non-specific human repeat DNA probe or a Y chromosome-specific probe. Importantly, the sex of the newborn could be determined at the DNA level from as few as 50 sorted cord blood leucocytes or 5,000 HLe-l-negative cells. Since nucleated erythrocytes are common in fetal blood but rarely found in the peripheral circulation of adults, the method has potential application for the determination of fetal sex from analysis of flow-sorted nucleated erythrocytes present in the maternal circulation during pregnancy.
Cutting Edge: Differential Production of Prostaglandin D2 by Human Helper T Cell Subsets (2000)

Several effector molecules, including cytokines, are differentially produced by Th1 and Th2 cells. We used a gene expression screen method to identify a gene encoding hematopoietic PG D synthase (hPGDS) which was preferentially expressed in human Th2 but not Th1 clones. Studies with anti-hPGDS mAbs confirmed the Th2-dominated expression of hPGDS protein. Upon stimulation with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAbs, coordinated cyclooxygenase-2 expression and PGD2 production were induced in Th2 lines. hPGDS expression was also observed in a small population (<1.0%) of peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocytes from healthy adults. Most hPGDS-expressing CD4+ lymphocytes showed a typical Th2-type cytokine pattern. Our results suggest that, at the sites of Ag presentation, at least part of the Th2 cell population produces PGD2, which may be involved in various aspects of Th2-related immune responses similar to mast cells.
Vital Involvement of a Natural Killer Cell Activation Receptor in Resistance to Viral Infection (2001)

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that can be distinguished from T and B cells through their involvement in innate immunity and their lack of rearranged antigen receptors. Although NK cells and their receptors were initially characterized in terms of tumor killing in vitro, we have determined that the NK cell activation receptor, Ly-49H, is critically involved in resistance to murine cytomegalovirus in vivo. Ly-49H requires an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing transmembrane molecule for expression and signal transduction. Thus, NK cells use receptors functionally resembling ITAM-coupled T and B cell antigen receptors to provide vital innate host defense.
Magnetic ordering at the edges of graphitic fragments: Magnetic tail interactions between the edge-localized states (2005)

To understand the formation mechanism of magnetic moments at the edges of graphitic fragments, we carry out first-principles density-functional calculations for the electronic and magnetic structures of graphitic fragments with various spin and geometric configurations. We find that interedge and interlayer interactions between the localized moments can be explained in terms of interactions between the magnetic tails of the edge-localized states. In addition, the dihydrogenated edge states as well as Fe ad-atoms at the edge are studied in regard to the magnetic order and proximity effects.
Brain–Tumor Interaction Biophysical Models for Medical Image Registration (2008)

State-of-the art algorithms for deformable image registration are based on the minimization of an image similarity functional that is regularized by adding a penalty term on the deformation map. The penalty function typically represents a smoothness regularization. In this article, we use a constrained optimization formulation in which the image similarity functional is coupled to a biophysical model. This formulation is pertinent when the data have been generated by imaging tissue that undergoes deformations due to an actual biophysical phenomenon. Such is the case of coregistering tumor-bearing brain images from the same individual. We present an approximate model that couples tumor growth with the mechanical deformations of the surrounding brain tissue. We consider primary brain tumors—in particular, gliomas. Glioma growth is modeled by a reaction-advection-diffusion PDE, with a two-way coupling with the underlying tissue elastic deformation. Tumor bulk, infiltration, and subsequent mass effects are not regarded separately but are captured by the model itself in the course of its evolution. Our formulation allows for updating the tumor diffusion coefficient following structural displacements caused by tumor growth/infiltration. Our forward problem implementation builds on the PETSc library of Argonne National Laboratory. Our reformulation results in a very small parameter space, and we use the derivative-free optimization library APPSPACK of Sandia National Laboratories. We test the forward model and the optimization framework by using landmark-based similarity functions and by applying it to brain tumor data from clinical and animal studies. State-of-the-art registration algorithms fail in such problems due to excessive deformations. We compare our results with previous work in our group, and we observed up to 50% improvement in landmark deformation prediction. We present preliminary validation results in which we were able to reconstruct deformation fields using four degrees of freedom. Our study demonstrates the validity of our formulation and points to the need for richer datasets and fast optimization algorithms.
Problemas de la División de la Investigación en Función de los Métodos Utilizados: Inductivos/ Deductivos (2004)

Cuando analizamos con detalle una investigacion podemos identificar, de forma mas o menos clara que modo de hacer ciencia ha utilizado su autor de forma prioritaria. Daniel Marti (2004, 29 de mayo) diferencia cuatro modos o maneras de desarrollar un trabajo cientifico.
The Roles of pH and Concentration in Lactic Acid-induced Stimulation of Epidermal Turnover (1998)

The desquamative and proliferation-stimulating effects of lactic acid are very pH and concentration dependent, suggesting the "free acid" concentration is the active moiety.
Quantitative Assays of Chemotaxis and Chemokinesis for Human Neural Cells (2004)

Cell migration is vital for many physiological processes, and its modulation is likely to be of therapeutic benefit. In this study we have developed fluorescence image-based chemokinesis and chemotaxis assays on the Cellomics® (Pittsburgh, PA) ArrayScan™ platform, which would be suitable for industrial drug discovery in a variety of fields. Studying the migratory characteristics of neural stem cells is of interest for understanding the therapeutic potential of these cells, in terms of both cellular transplantation and the activation of endogenous populations of stem cells. Growth conditions were identified whereby human neural precursors could be maintained as neurospheres and plated out into microtitre plates for high-content assays. Chemokinesis was assessed using fluorescent bead-coated 96-well microtitre plates, whilst chemotaxis was assessed using BD Biosciences (Oxford, UK) Fluoroblok™ 24-well plates. Assays for both chemokinesis and chemotaxis were developed that were quantified automatically using the ArrayScan and appropriate algorithms. Using the two complementary techniques, foetal bovine serum was observed to have chemokinetic effects on the cells, whilst platelet-derived growth factor isoform AB was chemotactic. The two assays described here are suitable for screening for novel modulators of cell migration, or for performing more detailed mechanistic follow-up studies. These assays enable us to perform cell motility studies with minimal laboratory handling, in an automated manner, thereby allowing quantitative studies of cell behaviour to be incorporated in a routine drug discovery screening cascade.
MicroRNA Signature in Wound Healing Following Excimer Laser Ablation: Role of miR-133b on TGFβ1, CTGF, SMA, and COL1A1 Expression Levels in Rabbit Corneal Fibroblasts (2013)

Significant changes occur in key miRNAs during early corneal wound healing, suggesting novel miRNA targets to reduce scar formation.
Are Hydrotropes Distinct from Surfactants? (2011)

The physicochemical properties of a homologous series of sodium p-n-alkylbenzoates have been investigated. The objective was to determine whether there is a clear transition point from hydrotropic to surfactant-like behavior with increasing alkyl chain length n, so as to shed clear light on the aggregation mechanism of so-called "hydrotropes". Electrical conductivity measurements were used for a first estimation of the critical aggregation concentrations (cac). As for classical surfactants, log(cac) depends on alkyl chain length n, but two branches of behavior were observed: one having a gradient typical of long chain fatty acid salts and the other with a more shallow dependence. Surface tension (γ) measurements of high purity aqueous solutions were used to generate limiting headgroup areas A(cac), which were in the range (40-50 Å(2)) being consistent with monolayer formation. Small-angle neutron scattering conclusively shows that the lower chain length homologues (classed as hydrotropes) exhibit sharp transitions in aggregation as a function of bulk concentration, typical of regular surfactants. As such, there is little to suggest from this study that hydrotropes differ in association behavior from regular surfactants.
Characterization of antireflection moth-eye film on crystalline silicon photovoltaic module (2011)

We have characterized antireflection (AR) moth-eye films placed on top of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules by indoor and outdoor experiments and examined improvements in conversion efficiency. The effects of the ratio of diffuse solar irradiation to total solar irradiation (diffusion index) and incident angle on efficiency have been quantitatively analyzed. Using computer simulations, yearly efficiency improvements under different installation conditions have been projected. We have shown that the use of AR moth-eye films offers the best advantages. Further, vertical tilt angle installation leads to the highest efficiency improvement, whereas spectral matching with the PV modules influences the efficiency improvement.