gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interference and resonant cavity effects explain enhanced transmission through subwavelength apertures in thin metal films (2007)

Transmission through an opaque Au film with a single subwavelength aperture centered in a smooth cavity between linear grating structures is studied experimentally and with a finite element model. The model is in good agreement with measured results and is used to investigate local field behavior. It shows that a surface plasmon polariton (SPP) is launched along the metal surface, while interference of the SPP with the incident light along with resonant cavity effects give rise to suppression and enhancement in transmission. Based on experimental and modeling results, peak location and structure of the enhancement/suppression bands are explained analytically, confirming the primary role of SPPs in enhanced transmission through small apertures in opaque metal films.
Photochromism of 7-(N,N-diethylamino)-4′-hydroxyflavylium in a water–ionic liquid biphasic system (2007)

Photochromism of trans-4-(N,N-diethylamino)-2,4'-dihydroxychalcone, with formation of the photoproduct 7-(N,N-diethylamino)-4'-hydroxyflavylium, is promoted in the ionic liquid phase of a water/[bmim][PF6] biphasic system.
Chemistry of Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation (1983)

Abstract Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reactions occur simultaneously with hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) during catalytic hydrotreatment of liquid fuels. Extensive research activities in the areas of HDS and HDN have been dictated by environmental concern to limit SO2 and NOX emissions. Different aspects of catalytic HDN and HDS have been reviewed frequently, most recently by Katzer and Sivasubramanian [1] and Furimsky [2], respectively. HDO has not attracted as much attention. This may be attributed to the very low amounts of oxygen found in conventional crudes, the main source of commercial fuels. Also, during HDO, the O is removed in an environmentally harmfulness form.
Selective Electroless Nickel Plating of Particle Arrays on Polyelectrolyte Multilayers (2003)

Selective electroless nickel plating was demonstrated at the micron scale on 3-D surface microstructures using a two-step method. The 3-D patterned and functional surface microstructures consisted of microparticles, polyelectrolyte multilayers, and self-assembled monolayers, which were built by microcontact printing and directed self-assemblies of polyelectrolytes and particles. Selectively nickel-plated surfaces were characterized with optical microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Charged Pd catalyst complexes were first deposited on oppositely charged functional surfaces, and then were reduced to elemental nickel (0) selectively where the Pd complex was deposited on the surface. In this work, it was demonstrated that selective electroless nickel plating on complex 3-D microstructures with submicron resolution could be achieved using a two-step electroless plating method.
A cascade switching superconducting single photon detector (2007)

We have realized superconducting single photon detectors with reduced inductance and increased signal pulse amplitude. The detectors are based on a parallel connection of ultrathin NbN nanowires with a common bias inductance. When properly biased, an absorbed photon induces a cascade switch of all the parallel wires generating a signal pulse amplitude of 2mV. The parallel wire configuration lowers the detector inductance and reduces the response time well below 1ns.
Rearrangements in the 5′ Nontranslated Region and Phylogenetic Analyses of Cucumber Mosaic Virus RNA 3 Indicate Radial Evolution of Three Subgroups (1999)

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has been divided into two subgroups based on serological data, peptide mapping of the coat protein, nucleic acid hybridization, and nucleotide sequence similarity. Analyses of a number of recently isolated strains suggest a further division of the subgroup I strains. Alignment of the 5' nontranslated regions of RNA 3 for 26 strains of CMV suggests the division of CMV into subgroups IA, IB, and II and suggests that rearrangements, deletions, and insertions in this region may have been the precursors of the subsequent radiation of each subgroup. Phylogeny analyses of CMV using the coat protein open reading frame of 53 strains strongly support the further division of subgroup I into IA and IB. In addition, strains within each subgroup radiate from a single point of origin, indicating that they have evolved from a single common ancestor for each subgroup.
Statistical analysis of bilingual speaker’s speech for cross-language voice conversion (1991)

The goal of cross-language voice conversion is to preserve the speech characteristics of one speaker when that speaker's speech is translated and used to synthesize speech in another language. In this paper, two preliminary studies, i.e., a statistical analysis of spectrum differences in different languages and the first attempt at a cross-language voice conversion, are reported. Speech uttered by a bilingual speaker is analyzed to examine spectrum difference between English and Japanese. Experimental results are (1) the codebook size for mixed speech from English and Japanese should be almost twice the codebook size of either English or Japanese; (2) although many code vectors occurred in both English and Japanese, some have a tendency to predominate in one language or the other; (3) code vectors that predominantly occurred in English are contained in the phonemes /r/, /ae/, /f/, /s/, and code vectors that predominantly occurred in Japanese are contained in /i/, /u/, /N/; and (4) judged from listening tests, listeners cannot reliably indicate the distinction between English speech decoded by a Japanese codebook and English speech decoded by an English codebook. A voice conversion algorithm based on codebook mapping was applied to cross-language voice conversion, and its performance was somewhat less effective than for voice conversion in the same language.
The <i>msl-2</i> dosage compensation gene of <i>Drosophila</i> encodes a putative DNA-binding protein whose expression is sex specifically regulated by <i>Sex-lethal</i> (1995)

In Drosophila dosage compensation increases the rate of transcription of the male's X chromosome and depends on four autosomal male-specific lethal genes. We have cloned the msl-2 gene and shown that MSL-2 protein is co-localized with the other three MSL proteins at hundreds of sites along the male polytene X chromosome and that this binding requires the other three MSL proteins. msl-2 encodes a protein with a putative DNA-binding domain: the RING finger. MSL-2 protein is not produced in females and sequences in both the 5' and 3' UTRs are important for this sex-specific regulation. Furthermore, msl-2 pre-mRNA is alternatively spliced in a Sex-lethal-dependent fashion in its 5' UTR.
Intramuscular Olanzapine in the Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Hospitalized Older Adults: A Retrospective Descriptive Study (2015)

Background. While behavioral and psychological symptoms are frequent in hospitalized older adults with dementia or delirium, data supporting the off-label use of intramuscular atypical antipsychotics remain scarce. We examined the use of short-acting intramuscular (IM) olanzapine in hospitalized older adults to manage behavioral and psychological symptoms. Methods. A retrospective observational study of inpatients 65 years or older with at least one order for olanzapine IM during admission in urban Ontario Canada was conducted. Patient demographics, prescriptions for olanzapine IM, reason for administration, perceived effectiveness, adverse events, concurrently prescribed psychotropics, comorbidities, and patient discharge destination were recorded. Results. Among 82 patients aged 65-96 years (mean ± SD 79.3 ± 7.7) 85 cases were identified. Cognitive impairment or dementia affected 63.5% and 50.6% had comorbidities. Olanzapine IM was ordered 102 times and 34 patients (41%) received at least one dose. The intended efficacy was achieved in 79.4% of 78 cases of 124 doses given (62.9%). Fourteen (41%) patients who received doses experienced adverse events, with sedation and hypotension being the most common. Conclusions. Olanzapine IM appears effective in hospitalized older adults but is associated with potential adverse events. Structured monitoring and documentation are needed to ensure safe use in this high-risk population.
A study of rf nonlinearities in nickel (1979)

A new and very sensitive method (1 part in 1019) for studying nonlinear properties of metallic systems under the influence of radio-frequency fields is described. The method is applied to a study of the intermodulation generation at 150 MHz in nickel as a function of a dc field and as a function of the power of the two simultaneously applied rf fields at 146 and 148 MHz. As the dc field is increased for a given applied rf power, the intermodulation signal shows a number of linear regions of decrease on a semilogarithmic graph. Different results are obtained which depend on the relative orientations of the dc and rf magnetic fields. The power of the intermodulation signal shows a cubic or quadratic dependence on the power of the applied rf fields for low or high values of the dc field, respectively. These results are discussed in terms of the interaction of the rf field with the domain walls using a recent model of an electroplated nickel domain structure proposed by others.
Herb Container Gardens (2002)

Growing herbs can be a fun and rewarding gardening experience.A container herb garden is an attractive and useful asset to the patio, balcony, or doorstep for people with little or no garden space.The key to a successful container herb garden is selection of appropriate: a.Container garden sites b.Container sizes c.Potting media d.Container-friendly
A New Instrument for Continuous Measurement of Tissue Blood Flow by Light Beating Spectroscopy (1980)

A new instrument for measurement of regional tissue blood flow based on the laser Doppler principle is reported. The theoretical background of light beating spectroscopy is discussed and a detection technique which makes possible the suppression of the adverse effects of laser-mode interference and wide-band beam amplitude noise is described. Instead of using a single square-law photodetector a differential detector technique is introduced that reduces common-mode noise to a negligible level, without influencing the blood flow related signal. The new instrument has proved to be highly stable and sensitive. Continuous recordings of tissue blood flow can be performed in the laboratory as well as at the bedside.
Novel Triphosphate Phosphohydrolase Activity of Clostridium thermocellum TTM, a Member of the Triphosphate Tunnel Metalloenzyme Superfamily (2007)

Triphosphate tunnel metalloenzymes (TTMs) are a newly recognized superfamily of phosphotransferases defined by a unique active site residing within an eight-stranded beta barrel. The prototypical members are the eukaryal metal-dependent RNA triphosphatases, which catalyze the initial step in mRNA capping. Little is known about the activities and substrate specificities of the scores of TTM homologs present in bacterial and archaeal proteomes, nearly all of which are annotated as adenylate cyclases. Here we have conducted a biochemical and structure-function analysis of a TTM protein (CthTTM) from the bacterium Clostridium thermocellum. CthTTM is a metal-dependent tripolyphosphatase and nucleoside triphosphatase; it is not an adenylate cyclase. We have identified 11 conserved amino acids in the tunnel that are critical for tripolyphosphatase and ATPase activity. The most salient findings are that (i) CthTTM is 150-fold more active in cleaving tripolyphosphate than ATP and (ii) the substrate specificity of CthTTM can be transformed by a single mutation (K8A) that abolishes tripolyphosphatase activity while strongly stimulating ATP hydrolysis. Our results underscore the plasticity of CthTTM substrate choice and suggest how novel specificities within the TTM superfamily might evolve through changes in the residues that line the tunnel walls.
Scaling and Availability for Dynamic Content Web Sites (2002)

We investigate the techniques necessary for building highly-available, low-cost, scalable servers, suitable for supporting dynamic content web sites. We focus on replication techniques for scaling and availability of a dynamic content site using a cluster of commodity computers running Web servers and database engines. Our techniques allow scaling without undue development, maintenance, and installation costs, avoiding modi cations to both the Web server and the database engine.
“Opting Out”: An Experiment with Jurisdiction in Northern Nigeria (1964)

With the commencement of the Native Courts (Amendment) Law, 1961, the Government of the Northern Region of Nigeria abolished “opting out”, an experiment with jurisdiction which must surely be unique within the history of modern legal systems and therefore worthy of recording before the facts are obscured and lest any other African state, faced with similar difficulties, is tempted to adopt this expedient as a temporary palliative to meet a similar situation. It is all the more desirable to publish the facts since the strong case for abolition presented by the Northern Regional Government is in danger of being lost by default. On 14th October, 1961, the Daily Service in Nigeria published a bitter attack on the Native Courts (Amendment) Law, 1961, under the title “The light goes out in the North”.
Multi-pass microscopy (2016)

Microscopy of biological specimens often requires low light levels to avoid damage. This yields images impaired by shot noise. An improved measurement accuracy at the Heisenberg limit can be achieved exploiting quantum correlations. If sample damage is the limiting resource, an equivalent limit can be reached by passing photons through a specimen multiple times sequentially. Here we use self-imaging cavities and employ a temporal post-selection scheme to present full-field multi-pass polarization and transmission micrographs with variance reductions of 4.4±0.8 dB (11.6±0.8 dB in a lossless setup) and 4.8±0.8 dB, respectively, compared with the single-pass shot-noise limit. If the accuracy is limited by the number of detected probe particles, our measurements show a variance reduction of 25.9±0.9 dB. The contrast enhancement capabilities in imaging and in diffraction studies are demonstrated with nanostructured samples and with embryonic kidney 293T cells. This approach to Heisenberg-limited microscopy does not rely on quantum state engineering.
Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Core–Shell Particles (2004)

Abstract Core–shell molecularly imprinted polymers (CS‐MIPs) have been prepared by aqueous emulsion polymerization using water‐soluble template molecules. An amphiphilic binding monomer, oleyl phenyl hydrogen phosphate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were used in the formation of highly crosslinked surfaces around divinyl benzene crosslinked polystyrene core colloids. Evidence was obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for a change in surface morphology when the polymer shell was formed in the presence of a template. The caffeine‐imprinted polymers were shown to bind caffeine in preference to theophylline from an equimolar mixture of the compounds in aqueous solution at pH 7.0, whilst concentration–binding (Scatchard) curves revealed the presence of two populations of binding sites in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 8.0 for caffeine and theophylline. Similar studies were also carried out for ( S )‐propranolol and ( S )‐atenolol at pH 5.5, which also revealed the presence of two populations of binding sites for core–shell particles imprinted with these compounds. ( S )‐Propranolol was selectively removed from a solution of ( S )‐propranolol and ( S )‐atenolol by both of the CS‐MIPs, whereas the non‐imprinted particle showed no selectivity for either component.
A novel block truncation coding of color images using a quaternion-moment-preserving principle (1997)

Block truncation coding (BTC) is an efficient tool for image compression. To compress color-pixel blocks, a novel color BTC algorithm, called quaternion-moment block truncation coding (QMBTC), is presented. Analytical formulas for QMBTC, whose computation time is on the order of pixel block size, are derived by using quaternion arithmetic and the moment-preserving principle. The proposed color BTC algorithm can adaptively truncate a pixel block into one or two output classes according to the distribution of the color values inside the blocks. The experimental results show that the compression ratio is increased as compared with existing color BTC algorithms, and the picture quality of the reconstructed images is satisfactory. In addition, a post-BTC data compression scheme is proposed to further compress the subimage constructed by reproduction colors of truncated pixel blocks. Using a lookup table to display decoded data, this postprocessing scheme can output images acceptable to human eyes.
Trifluorinated Liquid Crystals for TFT Displays (1995)

Abstract 3,4,5-tri-fluorobenzene derivatives with different core structures have been synthesized and their physical properties have been determined. Most of the compounds are nematic with broad existence regions. The materials have large dielectric anisotropy, low viscosity, low optical anisotropy and very good voltage holding ratio and high chemical stability and are valuable components for mixtures to be used in TFT displays. The good voltage holding ratio of the compounds is related to their high electrical resistivity. In order to reproduce the dependence of the resistivity on the dielectric constant, we derived a general formula. Its derivation is based on the interaction of the impurity ions with the induced and permanent dipoles of the liquid crystal molecules. We are able to show, that ion/ion interactions in highly purified liquid crystals may be neglected.
Region analysis: a parallel elimination method for data flow analysis (2002)

Parallel data flow analysis methods offer the promise of calculating detailed semantic information about a program at compile-time more efficiently than sequential techniques. Previous work on parallel elimination methods has been hampered by the lack of control over interval size; this can prohibit effective parallel execution of these methods. To overcome this problem, we have designed the region analysis method, a new elimination method for data flow analysis. Region analysis emphasizes flow graph partitioning to enable better load balancing in a more effective parallel algorithm. We present the design of region analysis and the empirical results we have obtained that indicate: the prevalence of large intervals in flow graphs derived from real programs; and the performance improvement of region analysis over parallel Allen-Cocke interval analysis. Our implementation analyzed programs from the Perfect Benchmarks and netlib running on a Sequent Symmetry S81.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Detection and correction of frequency instabilities for volumetric <sup>1</sup>H echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging (2005)

Spectral quality in 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) critically depends on the stability of the main magnetic field. For echo-planar MRSI implemented at 3 T, temperature variation in the passive steel shims of the magnet system can lead to a significant drift in the resonance frequency. A method is presented that incorporates interleaved measurement of the instantaneous resonance frequency of a reference water signal into a volumetric MRSI sequence and allows correction for the drift during postprocessing. Results from normal human brain at 3 T indicate that the correction largely removes lineshape distortions, recovers metabolite signal loss, and improves spectral quality by reducing the width of spectral lines; however, particularly in inferior regions, other sources of distortion may be present that cause broadening of spectral lines.
Characterization of a symbol rate timing recovery technique for a 2B1Q digital receiver (1994)

This paper presents a study of several implementations of the Mueller and Muller symbol rate timing recovery algorithm (1976) for ISDN transmission over digital subscriber loops (DSL). Implementations of this algorithm using various estimates of a specified timing function are investigated. It will be shown that despite the fact that all of the estimates considered are derived based on one set of conditions, their performance varies widely in a real system. The intrinsic properties of these estimates are first analyzed, then their performance on real subscriber loops is studied through extensive simulations of a practical digital receiver. The effect of various system parameters such as channel distortion and additive noise are included. Possible sources of convergence problems are also identified and corrective action proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dynamic Policy-Driven Quality of Service in Service-Oriented Systems (2010)

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) middleware has emerged as a powerful and popular distributed computing paradigm due to its high-level abstractions for composing systems and hiding platform-level details. Control of some details hidden by SOA middleware is necessary, however, to provide managed quality of service (QoS) for SOA systems that need predictable performance and behavior. This paper presents a policy-driven approach for managing QoS in SOA systems. We discuss the design of several key QoS services and empirically evaluate their ability to provide QoS under CPU overload and bandwidth-constrained situations.
Synthesis of Phosphorus‐Doped Graphene and its Wide Potential Window in Aqueous Supercapacitors (2014)

Phosphorus-doped (P-doped) graphene with the P doping level of 1.30 at % was synthesized by annealing the mixture of graphene and phosphoric acid. The presence of P was confirmed by elemental mapping and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while the morphology of P-doped graphene was revealed by using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. To investigate the effect of P doping, the electrochemical properties of P-doped graphene were tested as a supercapacitor electrode in an aqueous electrolyte of 1 M H2 SO4. The results showed that doping of P in graphene exhibited significant improvement in terms of specific capacitance and cycling stability, compared with undoped graphene electrode. More interestingly, the P-doped graphene electrode can survive at a wide voltage window of 1.7 V with only 3 % performance degradation after 5000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g(-1), providing a high energy density of 11.64 Wh kg(-1) and a high power density of 831 W kg(-1).
Light Scattering and Viscosity of Polyvinylbenzylammonium Salts in Various Salt Solutions (1964)

高分子強塩基のポリピニルベンジルトリメチルアンモニウム塩の各種塩類溶液中における性状,特に対イオンが高分子イオンの拡がりにおよぼす影響を研究するために, 重合度一定として対イオンの異なる6 種の試料( Cl-,Br-,NO3-,=,I-およびSO42-型)の光散乱および粘度の測定を行なった。第2ビリヤル係数(A2),拡がり,または粘度は従来知られているように,塩の添加と共に減少するが,同一イオン強度でも対イオンによりそれらの大きさが著しく異なることがわかった。A2および[η]の結果をそれぞれOrofino-FloryおよびFlory理論により解析した結果,有効解離度はイオンの種類により著しく異なる値を得た。またその大きさは無塩系での浸透圧係数の値と同程度で,SO42-型を除けば,無塩系と同様にCl->N O 3 - , B r -> T . S -> I - の順に小さくなることが判明した。これらの結果は塩類溶液中でも無塩系の場合と同様に,クーロン力以外の相互作用の存在を示唆している。