gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA and chromatin imaging with super‐resolution fluorescence microscopy based on single‐molecule localization (2010)

With the expansion of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy methods, it is now possible to access the organization of cells and materials at the nanoscale by optical means. This review discusses recent progress in super-resolution imaging of isolated and cell DNA using single-molecule localization methods. A high labeling density of photoswitchable fluorophores is crucial for these techniques, which can be provided by sequence independent DNA stains in which photoblinking reactions can be induced. In particular, unsymmetrical cyanine intercalating dyes in combination with special buffers can be used to image isolated DNA with a spatial resolution of 30-40 nm. For super-resolution imaging of chromatin, cell permeant cyanine dyes that bind the minor groove of DNA have the potential to become a useful alternative to the labeling of histones and other DNA-associated proteins. Other recent developments that are interesting in this context such as high density labeling methods or new DNA probes with photoswitching functionalities are also surveyed. Progress in labeling, optics, and single-molecule localization algorithms is being rapid, and it is likely to provide real insight into DNA structuring in cells and materials.
LEG CRAMPS IN THE ELDERLY: PREVALENCE, DRUG AND DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS (1999)

To determine the prevalence of leg cramps in elderly outpatients and their association any underlying diseases and concomitant drug intake, we conducted a cross-sectional study using an in-depth questionnaire. A total of 365 patients aged 65 years and over (mean 78.5 years) attending our outpatient clinic participated in the study. The prevalence of leg cramps was 50%. Cramps were commoner in females (56%) than in males (40%). Although reported to occur anytime throughout the 24 hours, cramps were most prevalent at night (62%). In many patients, leg cramps were a long-standing complaint: 20% had been suffering with them for more than 10 years, whereas only 9% of patients reported them first starting within the last six months. Only 73 (40%) sufferers had informed their practitioner; of these, 39 (53%) received treatment, of whom 26 gained benefit. Leg cramps were strongly associated with peripheral vascular disease (odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.89-4.55, p < 0.00001), arthritis (odds ratio 2.26, 95% CI 1.48-3.45, p = 0.0001) and female gender (odds ratio 1.96, 95% CI 1.28-3.03, p = 0.002). Heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and stroke were not significantly associated. Except for a causal association with analgesic use, no positive association could be shown with any other class of drugs, including diuretics.
Quadruple Frequency Double Sideband Carrier Suppressed Modulation Using High Extinction Ratio Optical Modulators for Photonic Local Oscillators (2005)

We proposed a novel scheme for the fourth order harmonic generation with two Mach-Zehnder (MZ) optical modulators. High extinction ratio intensity modulation technique with active trimmers is used for high spurious suppression ratio. Each modulator has a pair of trimmers in the arms of the MZ structure. The trimmers can compensate amplitude imbalance in the MZ structure, and suppress residual carrier in double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation. A photonic local signal of 42GHz was generated from a 10.5GHz modulating signal, where spurious component intensity was 41.8dBc without using any optical or electric filters for spurious suppression. The upper limit of modulating frequency in the state-of-the-art is about 50GHz. Thus, we can generate high-purity stable 200GHz photonic local signals by using this technique, which would be useful for large scale millimeter wave antenna arrays.
A theoretical description of magnetic switching experiments in picosecond field pulses (1996)

Siegmann et al. have reported that the magnetization in a perpendicularly oriented CoPt film with a uniaxial anisotropy field of 20 000 Oe was reversed when the film was exposed to a 20 000 Oe in-plane pulsed field lasting only 6 ps. From a calculation based on the Gilbert form of the Landau–Lifshitz equation (LLG), it is shown that the experimental result is consistent with the LLG model even for values of the damping constant α as larger as 0.5. The dependence of the switching time on the anisotropy field and the applied field are presented as a function of α and the angle β between the applied field and the easy axis. Experiments are suggested which could illuminate the damping mechanism at these very short times.
Methotrexate Inhibits Proteolysis of Dihydrofolate Reductase by the N-end Rule Pathway (1995)

The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. In eukaryotes, the N-end rule pathway is a ubiquitin-dependent, proteasome-based system that targets and processively degrades proteins bearing certain N-terminal residues. Arg-DHFR, a modified dihydrofolate reductase bearing an N-terminal arginine (destabilizing residue in the N-end rule), is short lived in ATP-supplemented reticulocyte extract. It is shown here that methotrexate, which is a folic acid analog and high affinity ligand of DHFR, inhibits the degradation but not ubiquitination of Arg-DHFR by the N-end rule pathway. The degradation of other N-end rule substrates is not affected by methotrexate. We discuss implications of these results for the mechanism of proteasome-mediated protein degradation.
Metabolic compensation for profound erythrocyte adenylate kinase deficiency. A hereditary enzyme defect without hemolytic anemia. (1983)

A child with hemolytic anemia was found to have severe erythrocyte adenylate kinase (AK) deficiency, but an equally enzyme-deficient sibling had no evidence of hemolysis. No residual enzyme activity was found in erythrocytes by spectrophotometric methods that could easily have detected 0.1% of normal activity. However, concentrated hemolysates were shown to have the capacity to generate small amounts of ATP and AMP from ADP after prolonged incubation. Hemolysates could also catalyze the transfer of labeled gamma-phosphate from ATP to ADP. Intact erythrocytes were able to transfer phosphate from the gamma-position of ATP to the beta-position, albeit at a rate substantially slower than normal. They could also incorporate 14C-labeled adenine into ADP and ATP. Thus, a small amount of residual AK-like activity representing about 1/2,000 of the activity normally present could be documented in the deficient erythrocytes. The residual activity was not inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, which completely abolishes the activity of the normal AK1 isozyme of erythrocytes. The minute amount of residual activity in erythrocytes could represent a small amount of the AK2 isozyme, which has not been thought to be present in erythrocytes, or the activity of erythrocyte guanylate kinase with AMP substituting as substrate for GMP. Peripheral blood leukocytes, cultured skin fibroblasts, and transformed lymphoblasts from the deficient subject manifested about 17, 24, and 74%, respectively, of the activity of the concurrent controls. This residual activity is consistent with the existence of genetically independent AK isozyme, AK2, which is known to exist in these tissues. The cause of hemolysis in the proband was not identified. Possibilities include an unrelated enzyme deficiency or other erythrocyte enzyme defect and intraction of another unidentified defect with AK deficiency.
Delivery of High Solubility Polyols by Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer to Enhance Mucociliary Clearance (2012)

A nebulized xylitol solution has potential clinical application for promoting rapid mucociliary clearance. Both vibrating mesh nebulizers facilitate quick treatment times. Future in vivo studies would compare the efficacy of nebulized xylitol to commercial hyperosmolar agents and establish any potential polyol-associated antibacterial activity.
Donnan mechanism of mucin release and conditioning in goblet cells: the role of polyions. (1989)

Mucin, the principal polymeric species in the mucus matrix, is condensed inside secretory granules and undergoes massive swelling upon exocytosis. Mucin swelling is governed by a Donnan equilibrium. However, the effect of polyions such as soluble proteins on the swelling of mucin granules has not been investigated. The experiments reported here were designed to evaluate the effect of albumin on swelling kinetics of mucin granules exocytosed from respiratory goblet cells in culture. The kinetics of swelling was monitored by video-microscopy. The diffusivity of newly released mucins, in the presence of different concentrations of serum albumin, was evaluated using the expression: D = r2f/tau where tau is the characteristic time of the swelling, and rf is the final equilibrium radius of the swollen granule. Preliminary results indicate that serum albumin at concentrations of 10(-7) M, which are equivalent to those found in the bronchial mucus of asthmatic or cystic fibrosis patients, can produce up to a 90% decrease in the diffusivity of newly released mucins. Albumin is commonly present on the surface of the respiratory mucosa, and its concentration is increased in asthma and other bronchial inflammatory diseases. The evidence presented here shows that soluble proteins can strongly modulate the rate of swelling of newly released mucins, as predicted by Donnan equilibrium. Since swelling is a critical determinant of mucus rheology, the concentration of plasma proteins on the mucosa could play an important role in the regulation of the rheological properties of mucus. Also, the characteristically thick mucus found in chronic bronchial inflammatory diseases could be at least partially explained by the high levels of albumin found in the airways of these patients.
Assortment diversity in relation to financial productivity: contributions towards merchandising theory (2001)

The purpose of this study was to contribute to merchandising theory development by testing and refining Rupe and Kunz’s Volume per Stock‐keeping unit for an Assortment (VSA) and Assortment Diversity Index(ADI), using multiple merchandising performance measures. Behavioural Theory of the Apparel Firm with a Quick Response construct (BTAF/QR), was used as the theoretical framework for the study. The data were generated by a computer simulation of the merchandising process called Sourcing Simulator. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation coefficients and regressions. The VSA had significant correlations with all 14 merchandising performance measures (p < 0:001), and the ADI was a consistent indicator of financial productivity considering all 14 merchandising performance measures. The results of the study supported the proposal of additional assumptions as well as propositions and hypotheses related to merchandising responsibility for BTAF/QR.
An investigation into the feasibility of the structural use of glass reinforced plastics in long span lightly loaded structures (1976)

The problem of feasibility is approached by first reviewing the general properties of grp. In Chapter three, the more relevant properties are discussed in greater depth. Experimentally determined data is presented for both long and short term strength and stiffness characteristics. Results show that elastic properties can be predicted reasonably well by theory, and that empirical creep data can be represented by power laws. In Chapter four, analyses are presented to determine the effect of fibre volume fraction and the relative cost of fibres and resin on the cost-effectiveness of laminates under various loading conditions. Also, various production processes and their associated costs are analysed at various production levels to assist in making design and manufacturing decisions. On the basis of the properties of grp, a roof structure is chosen as a suitable structure to investigate, in order to establish economical and structural feasibility of long span lightly loaded grp structures in general. The structural feasibility is tested by the design of a 60 m span roof, and the building and testing of a 10 m span model roof. The economic feasibility is investigated by comparing the estimated cost of grp roofs with the cost of conventional roof structures. It is concluded that 60 m grp roofs, and, therefore, long span lightly loaded grp structures are structurally and economically feasible. Grp roofs are competitive with conventional roof structures at a span of 20 - 30 m and their position improves with increasing span. It is estimated that the annual British market for glass fibres in this application is 5600 Tonnes.
Autocrine CSF-1R activation promotes Src-dependent disruption of mammary epithelial architecture (2004)

Elevated coexpression of colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R) and its ligand, CSF-1, correlates with invasiveness and poor prognosis of a variety of epithelial tumors (Kacinski, B.M. 1995. Ann. Med. 27:79-85). Apart from recruitment of macrophages to the tumor site, the mechanisms by which CSF-1 may potentiate invasion are poorly understood. We show that autocrine CSF-1R activation induces hyperproliferation and a profound, progressive disruption of junctional integrity in acinar structures formed by human mammary epithelial cells in three-dimensional culture. Acini coexpressing receptor and ligand exhibit a dramatic relocalization of E-cadherin from the plasma membrane to punctate intracellular vesicles, accompanied by its loss from the Triton-insoluble fraction. Interfering with Src kinase activity, either by pharmacological inhibition or mutation of the Y561 docking site on CSF-1R, prevents E-cadherin translocation, suggesting that CSF-1R disrupts cell adhesion by uncoupling adherens junction complexes from the cytoskeleton and promoting cadherin internalization through a Src-dependent mechanism. These findings provide a mechanistic basis whereby CSF-1R could contribute to invasive progression in epithelial cancers.
Spiral vector theory of AC motor analysis and control (2002)

The spiral vector theory is proposed. In AC circuit theories it unifies steady-state AC theory and transient-state theory by providing common variable expressions. In analyses of three phase machines the spiral vector method makes it possible to write performance equations in terms of variables of one phase (the phase segregation method). Based on the analytical results obtained FAM control of induction motor torque is proposed. Superior control features are derived for the induction motor, making torque-speed curves completely straight, and torque response instantaneous. Transfer functions are derived for induction motor torque control. Transient phenomena of controlled synchronous motors were analyzed by means of the spiral vector method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Semiautomatic acquisition of semantic structures for understanding domain-specific natural language queries (2002)

This paper describes a methodology for semiautomatic grammar induction from unannotated corpora of information-seeking queries in a restricted domain. The grammar contains both semantic and syntactic structures, which are conducive to (spoken) natural language understanding. Our work aims to ameliorate the reliance of grammar development on expert handcrafting or on the availability of annotated corpora. To strive for reasonable coverage on real data, as well as portability across domains and languages, we adopt a statistical approach. Agglomerative clustering using the symmetrized divergence criterion groups words "spatially". These words have similar left and right contexts and tend to form semantic classes. Agglomerative clustering using mutual information groups words "temporally". These words tend to co-occur sequentially to form phrases or multiword entities. Our approach is amenable to the optional injection of prior knowledge to catalyze grammar induction. The resultant grammar is interpretable by humans and is amenable to hand-editing for refinement. Hence, our approach is semiautomatic in nature. Experiments were conducted using the ATIS (Air Travel Information Service) corpus and the semiautomatically-induced grammar G/sub SA/ is compared to an entirely handcrafted grammar G/sub H/. G/sub H/ took two months to develop and gave concept error rates of 7 percent and 11.3 percent, respectively, in language understanding of two test corpora. GSA took only three days to produce and gave concept errors of 14 percent and 12.2 percent on the corresponding test corpora. These results provide a desirable trade-off between language understanding performance and grammar development effort.
Improved image quality in digital mammography with image processing (2000)

Bayesian image estimation can be used with digital mammography to reduce scatter fractions. This technique is very useful as it can reduce scatter content effectively without introducing any adverse effects, such as grid line aliasing. Bayesian processing can also increase image CNR, which may potentially increase the visualization of subtle masses. Preliminary work shows an improvement in CNR to values greater than that provided by a standard grid.
Syntheses, structural characterization and CO releasing properties of boranocarbonate [H3BCO2H]− derivatives (2010)

CO plays an important role in biological processes and molecules which release CO in a controllable way could therefore be used for medicinal purposes. Beside organometallic carbonyl complexes, boranocarbonate [H(3)BCO(2)H](-) is one of the most promising candidates but releases CO too rapidly. In order to delay the CO release, we have prepared boranocarbamates [H(3)BCONH-R](-) from [H(3)BCO(2)H](-) which comprise histamine, morpholine, aniline and ethylene-diamine bound via amides to the {H(3)BCO} moiety. The syntheses of the new derivatives is described together with their structural characterization. These compounds release CO at a much slower rate than the parent compound and are therefore potential CO releasing molecules for biological and medicinal application.
Acellular Allogenic Dermis Does Not Hinder Initial Engraftment in Burn Wound Resurfacing and Reconstruction (1997)

Donor site morbidity, including pain and potential hypertrophic scarring, increases directly as donor site thickness increases. Autograft hypertrophy increases inversely to the thickness of autograft harvest. Both of these liabilities might be lessened by the ready availability of a functioning, "off-the-shelf" dermal substitute. The most immunogenic components of transplanted allograft skin are the cellular elements of the epidermis and dermis. If these components are removed, the remaining noncellular dermal tissue is relatively immunologically inert. We grafted 10 sites with matched control areas in six patients, with limited (< 25%) areas of the body surface appropriate for donor harvest, who required either acute resurfacing or a reconstructive procedure requiring split-thickness autografting. The six children (three girls and three boys) had an average age of 5.2 +/- 0.9 years (range, 2.8 to 10), and an average burn size of 68.7% +/- 6.7% (range, 47% to 85%). The 10 study and control sites were all parts of 10 separate procedures in these massively burned children, nine sites being reconstructive releases, and one excised acute burn. Successful epithelialization was noted at 7 days over 83% +/- 3.4% (range, 60% to 95%) at the cryopreserved acellular human dermis sites and 83.3% +/- 4.3% (range, 60% to 98%) at the control sites (NS, p = 0.96). Duration of follow-up has been 11.9 +/- 3.5 weeks (range, 2 to 29), with no difference in results by Vancouver Scar Scores. We conclude that cryopreserved acellular human dermis will engraft successfully and support engraftment of overlying thin autograft. Initial results relating to the effectiveness of cryopreserved acellular human dermis in optimizing appearance and function are encouraging, but longer follow-up is required before definitive conclusions can be made.
Polyamine pathway inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach to treating neuroblastoma (2012)

Polyamines are highly regulated essential cations that are elevated in rapidly proliferating tissues, including diverse cancers. Expression analyses in neuroblastomas suggest that up-regulation of polyamine pro-synthetic enzymes and down-regulation of catabolic enzymes is associated with poor prognosis. Polyamine sufficiency may be required for MYCN oncogenicity in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma, and targeting polyamine homeostasis may therefore provide an attractive therapeutic approach. ODC1, an oncogenic MYCN target, is rate-limiting for polyamine synthesis, and is overexpressed in many cancers including neuroblastoma. Inhibition of ODC1 by difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) decreased tumor penetrance in TH-MYCN mice treated pre-emptively, and extended survival and synergized with chemotherapy in treating established tumors in both TH-MYCN and xenograft models. Efforts to augment DFMO activity, or otherwise maximally reduce polyamine levels, are focused on antagonizing polyamine uptake or augmenting polyamine export or catabolism. Since polyamine inhibition appears to be clinically well tolerated, these approaches, particularly when combined with chemotherapy, have great potential for improving neuroblastoma outcome in both MYCN amplified and non-MYCN amplified neuroblastomas.
5′ Stem-Loop of Collagen α1(I) mRNA Inhibits Translationin Vitro but Is Required for Triple Helical Collagen Synthesis in Vivo (2003)

The 5' stem-loop is a conserved sequence element found around the translation initiation site of three collagen mRNAs, alpha1(I), alpha2(I), and alpha1(III). We show here that the 5' stem-loop of collagen alpha1(I) mRNA is inhibitory to translation in vitro. The sequence 5' to the translation initiation codon, as a part of the 5' stem-loop, is also not efficient in initiating translation under competitive conditions. This suggests that collagen alpha1(I) mRNA may not be a good substrate for translation. Since the 5' stem-loop binds protein factors in collagen-producing cells, this binding may regulate its translation in vivo. We studied in vivo translation of collagen alpha1(I) mRNA after transfecting collagen alpha1(I) genes with and without the 5' stem-loop into Mov 13 fibroblasts. The mRNA with the alpha1(I) 5' stem-loop was translated into pepsin-resistant collagen, which was secreted into the cellular medium. This mRNA also produced more disulfide-bonded high molecular weight collagen found intracellularly. The mRNA in which the 5' stem-loop was mutated, but without affecting the coding region of the gene, was translated into pepsin-sensitive collagen and produced only trace amounts of disulfide-bonded collagen. This suggests that the 5' stem-loop is required for proper folding or stabilization of the collagen triple helix. To our knowledge this is the first example that an RNA element located in the 5'-untranslated region is involved in synthesis of a secreted multisubunit protein. We suggest that 5' stem-loop, with its cognate binding proteins, targets collagen mRNAs for coordinate translation and couples translation apparatus to the rest of the collagen biosynthetic pathway.
Dual-Gate MESFET Variable-Gain Constant-Output Power Amplifier (1981)

The use of a dual-gate GaAs FET as a broad-band variable gain and constant output power amplifier is described. A five-stage variable gain-constant output power amplifier has been realized which provides a constant output power of 3 dBm (/spl plusmn/2 dB) for a large dynamic range of input power of -45 dBm to 0 dBm over the 4-8-GHz band. The amplifier uses a feed-forward AGC circuit for preadjusting the gain of the amplifier stages depending upon the strength of the signal at the output of preceding stages. The amplifier has the capability of detecting two or more simultaneous RF pulses having different amplitudes and separated by more than 15-ns time intervals. Also it preserves any amplitude modulation of the individual pulse.