gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organ Culture of Mouse Vibrissal Hair Follicles in Serum‐free Medium (1993)

Abstract We developed a method for organ culture of mouse vibrissal hair follicles in a serum‐free medium. Cultures conducted at 31°C in 95% O 2 ‐5% CO 2 were found to be suitable for the follicles, with several findings of considerable interest pertaining to hair growth. During the 96 h culture period, the length of the isolated follicles significantly increased; the hair bulb cells maintained their normal morphology; and DNA and protein synthesis within the bulb increased time‐dependently. Furthermore, autoradiography showed that 3 H‐thymidine‐labeling was localized in the matrix cells below Auber's critical line in the hair bulb; 3 H‐leucine‐labeling was found in the epithelial region; and 35 S‐cysteine‐labeling was detected in the cortex of hair, particularly in the keratogenous zone. These results indicate that the culture system using mouse vibrissal hair would be potentially useful as an effective model for examination of hair growth.
Dose-specific Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on Experimental Pain (2011)

The level of hypoalgesic efficacy of TENS is clearly dependent on TENS parameter combination selection (defined in terms of intensity, frequency, and stimulation site) and experimental pain model. Future clinical RCTs may consider these TENS dose responses.
The Enhanced Pneumococcal LAMP Assay: A Clinical Tool for the Diagnosis of Meningitis Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (2012)

Compared to PCR, Sp LAMP detected S. pneumoniae with higher analytical and clinical sensitivity. This specific and sensitive LAMP method offers significant advantages for screening patients on a population basis and for diagnosis in clinical settings.
Enhanced Adhesion of<i>Pasteurella multocida</i>to Cultured Turkey Peripheral Blood Monocytes (1999)

Capsular hyaluronic acid (HA) mediates adhesion of serogroup A strains of Pasteurella multocida to elicited turkey air sac macrophages (TASM). In contrast, freshly isolated turkey peripheral blood monocytes (TPBM) do not bind serogroup A strains. Following culture of TPBM for 6 days in chamber slides, adhesion of the bacteria to TPBM increased gradually. Incubation in chamber slides coated with entactin-collagen IV-laminin (ECL) attachment matrix or exposure to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) further enhanced the adhesion of P. multocida to TPBM. Addition of HA, but not Arg-Gly-Asp peptide, to TPBM culture inhibited bacterial adherence similarly to the inhibition previously reported for TASM. Exposure of TPBM to monoclonal antibody directed against HA-binding cell surface proteoglycan (CD44) decreased binding of P. multocida. Collectively, these findings indicate that P. multocida adhesion to TPBM is mediated by capsular HA and can be increased by culture on ECL attachment matrix or PMA exposure. Additionally, the findings suggest that the capsular mucopolysaccharide of serogroup A strains of P. multocida recognizes an isoform of CD44 expressed on cultured TPBM.
Automatic Question Generation from Queries (2008)

With increasing popularity of community-based question answering services such as Yahoo! Answers, huge amounts of user gen-erated questions are available. In this paper, we propose using these data along with search engine query logs to create a question genera-tion shared task that aims to automatically generate questions given a query. At least two benefits could result from such a task. First, it can be used to rank possible candidate ques-tions; therefore, it would enable search of question answer archives. Second, it could be used as a more informative and richer way of query expansion to guide or aid search. 1
The Reaction of Arylaldehydes with Hexamethylphosphorous Triamide and the Use of the Resulting Products for the Synthesis of Enamines and Deoxybenzoins (1991)

The reaction between the arylaldehydes 1a,b and hexamethylphosphorous triamide 2 leads to the [aryl(dimethylamino)methyl]phosphonic bis(dimethylamides) 3a,b. These can be easily deprotonated by butyllithium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane and condensed with arylaldehydes to afford enamines 4a-f or deoxybenzoins 5a-f in fair to good yield.
Development of species-specific DNA probes for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting (1993)

The application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting assays enables discrimination between species and strains of microorganisms. PCR primers aiming at arbitrary sequences in combination with primers directed against the repetitive extragenic palindrome (REP) or enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) motifs generate isolate-specific DNA banding patterns. Analysis of these PCR fingerprints obtained for 33 isolates of Campylobacter jejuni, 30 isolates of Campylobacter coli, and 8 isolates of Campylobacter lari revealed that besides generation of isolate-specific fragments, species-specific DNA fragments of identical size were synthesized. It appeared that these DNA fragments could be used as species-specific probes, since they are unique for the pattern which they are deriving from. The probes do not cross-react with amplified DNA originating from a large panel of nonrelated microorganisms. Moreover, these probes displayed species specificity, as they reacted with a single restriction fragment on Southern blots containing DNA from C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari and other Campylobacter species. This combination of PCR fingerprinting and probe hybridization results in a highly specific identification assay and provides an example of specific test development without the prior need for DNA sequence information. The principle of the procedure holds great promise for the rapid isolation of DNA probes which, in combination with a general PCR assay, may lead to efficient typing and detection procedures for a multitude of medically important nonviral microorganisms.
EPR-spin trapping kinetic studies of superoxide radicals produced by photosensitized hypocrellin A. A photodynamic therapeutic agent. (1996)

Kinetics of superoxide radicals generation by a photodynamic therapeutic agent, Hypocrellin A has been studied by EPR-spin trapping technique. The rate constant (k(g)) for superoxide radicals generation by Hypocrellin A was found to be 5.0 x 10(-3) s-1. The first-order rate constant (k1) and the half-life time (t0.5) for DMPO-O2- decay were 2.86 x 10(-3) s-1 and 242.3 s, respectively. It appears that oxyradicals, generated during the photodynamic process, may be associated with the treatment of various skin diseases by photodynamic therapy of Hypocrellin A.
Gel permeation chromatography. I. A new method for molecular weight distribution of high polymers (1996)

Polystyrene gels crosslinked in the presence of dilucnts have been made in fine-mesh bead form suitable for packing into chromatographic columns. A series of narrow molecular weight range polymer fractions was eluted through such columns with aromatic and chlorinated solvents. Effluent concentrations were detected and recorded by a continuous differential refractometer. The fractions were shown to be efficiently separated. Columns capable of separating adjacent polymeric samples of high molecular weight were prepared from gels crosslinked in the presence of large amounts of diluents having little or no solvent action on polystyrene. Smaller proportions of diluents and those with more solvent action yielded columns with lower molecular weight permeability limits. Such studies provided a unique quantitative view of the topology of the gels. They also demonstrated that rapid repetitive molecular weight distribution data can be obtained in this way on polymers for which solvents compatible with the gels are available.
A practical measurement system for the accurate determination of linear thermal expansion coefficients (1984)

An accurate and versatile system for the measurement of linear thermal expansion coefficient is described. The system consists of a double-path optical heterodyne laser interferometer and a parallel spring strip supporting system which provides both versatility and accuracy of measurement. The interferometer has a resolution of 1 nm and the parallel strip supporting system is used to accommodate various shapes and dimensions of specimens to be measured. From the measurements of twelve industrial materials including two standard reference materials at room temperatures, the measurement accuracy is estimated to be within 3 to 7*10-8 K-1 on material having corresponding expansion coefficients of between -1 and 23*10-6 K-1.
Optimal Operation of an Industrial PVC Dryer (2010)

Abstract This article describes the design of a control structure architecture for an industrial polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dryer, currently operating at Braskem Company (Marechal Deodoro, Alagoas, Brazil). The underlying motivation is to search for a control configuration that leads to optimal economic operation, while promptly rejecting disturbances at lower layers in the control hierarchy. We start by optimizing a nonlinear model of the process with respect to reducing energy consumption as a criterion of optimization for different disturbance scenarios. The results show that it is optimal to control the temperature level of the utilities serving the dryer and the outlet PVC moisture contents at their respective upper bounds. In addition, the flow of air to the dryer should be fixed at its optimum nominal setpoint despite disturbances. Application of this strategy results in a reduction of about 16% in energy consumption with respect to the current dryer operation policy and a 22% increase in throughput under nominal operation. In addition, almost perfect indirect control of the outlet PVC moisture was achieved by tightly controlling a temperature difference in the dryer. The proposed decentralized control configuration gives good dynamic performance for the outlet PVC moisture content with maximum settling time of about 1.8 h for the more difficult disturbance of increasing the inlet slurry moisture content by 40% and magnitude of overshoot of ca. 5% w.r.t. the optimum setpoint for an increase of 20% in PVC feed flow rate to the dryer. Keywords: Control structurePolymer dryingPVC Notes 1All humidity units used in this article are given in dry basis unless otherwise indicated. a Inf means infeasible operation.
Universal Models of Multivariate Temporal Point Processes (2016)

With the rapidly increasing availability of event stream data there is growing interest in multivariate temporal point process models to capture both qualitative and quantitative features of this type of data. Recent research on multivariate point processes have focused in inference and estimation problems for restricted classes of models such as continuous time Bayesian networks, Markov jump processes, Gaussian Cox processes, and Hawkes Processes. In this paper, we study the expressive power and learnability of Graphical Event Models (GEMs) — the analogue of directed graphical models for multivariate temporal point processes. In particular, we describe a set of Graphical Event Models (GEMs) and show that this class can universally approximate any smooth multivariate temporal point process. We also describe a universal learning algorithm for this class of GEMs and show, under a mild set of assumptions, learnability results for both the dependency structures and distributions in this class. Our consistency results demonstrate the possibility of learning about both qualitative and quantitative dependencies from rich event stream data.
Organic Resist Materials (1988)

Recent developments in applications of polymers as resists in microlithography are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the advances in materials and processes associated with current photolithographic resists designed to extend the utility of photolithography into the submicrometer regime and to ensure continued dominance of photolithographic technology in commercial manufacture of integrated circuits.
Clinical Applications of Pharmacologic Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury (1996)

We review the evidence supporting the role of glucocorticosteroids, trilazad, and GM1 ganglioside in spinal cord injury and provide our critique of the published studies, along with our recommendations for pharmacologic therapy for this complex and difficult problem.
Cocaine-predictive stimulus induces drug-seeking behavior and neural activation in limbic brain regions after multiple months of abstinence: Reversal by D <sub>1</sub> antagonists (2001)

The conditioning of cocaine's subjective actions with environmental stimuli may be a critical factor in long-lasting relapse risk associated with cocaine addiction. To study the significance of learning factors in persistent addictive behavior as well as the neurobiological basis of this phenomenon, rats were trained to associate discriminative stimuli (S(D)) with the availability of i.v. cocaine vs. nonrewarding saline solution, and then placed on extinction conditions during which the i.v. solutions and S(D)s were withheld. The effects of reexposure to the S(D) on the recovery of responding at the previously cocaine-paired lever and on Fos protein expression then were determined in two groups. One group was tested immediately after extinction, whereas rats in the second group were confined to their home cages for an additional 4 months before testing. In both groups, the cocaine S(D), but not the non-reward S(D), elicited strong recovery of responding and increased Fos immunoreactivity in the basolateral amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (areas Cg1/Cg3). The response reinstatement and Fos expression induced by the cocaine S(D) were both reversed by selective dopamine D(1) receptor antagonists. The undiminished efficacy of the cocaine S(D) to elicit drug-seeking behavior after 4 months of abstinence parallels the long-lasting nature of conditioned cue reactivity and cue-induced cocaine craving in humans, and confirms a significant role of learning factors in the long-lasting addictive potential of cocaine. Moreover, the results implicate D(1)-dependent neural mechanisms within the medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala as substrates for cocaine-seeking behavior elicited by cocaine-predictive environmental stimuli.
Optimizing Abdominal MR Imaging: Approaches to Common Problems (2010)

Abdominal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging involves many challenges and is complicated by physiologic motion not encountered to the same degree in other regions of the body. Problems that uniquely affect abdominal MR imaging include motion artifact (from respiratory, cardiac, gastrointestinal, and voluntary movement), susceptibility artifact, conductive and dielectric effects, and wraparound artifact. Techniques to minimize these artifacts often need to be addressed within the time constraints of a single breath hold. Patient motion during image acquisition is minimized by using physical restraint, respiratory gating, and reduction of acquisition time. Correction of motion-induced dephasing (through gradient moment nulling), signal averaging, and suppression of signal in moving structures all address unavoidable motion (eg, cardiac pulsation). Acquisition time is minimized by obtaining fewer phase-encoding steps, decreasing repetition time, and increasing efficiency with use of parallel imaging and multiecho acquisitions. Adjusting the echo time does not directly affect scanning time, but it does allow more time for section sampling per repetition time interval in multisection acquisitions by means of closer echo spacing and it plays a pivotal role in optimizing image quality. Familiarity with basic MR imaging principles and the ability to minimize the effects of motion and other artifacts are essential to optimizing abdominal MR imaging protocols and improving efficiency.
An Oscillometric Detector for Capillary Electrophoresis (1998)

An oscillometric detector for capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been described. Two 2-mm silver rings separated by 1 mm were painted over the polyimide coating of a fused-silica capillary (75-μm i.d. and 360-μm o.d.) and used as electrodes for oscillometric measurements. A function generator was used to apply a sinusoidal signal over one of the electrodes; the other one was connected to a current-to-voltage converter. The rectified signal is proportional to the admittance of the cell, which is a function of the inner solution conductivity in the region of the electrodes. Electropherograms of alkaline and alkaline-earth cations showed good signal-to-noise ratio. For typical electrophoretic conditions, the limit of detection for lithium was 1.5 μM, and there was good linearity (R = 0.998 for eight data points) up to 2 mM. Indirect conductivity detection of quaternary ammonium salts was achieved by using potassium acetate running buffer, showing results similar to those from conventional conductometric detectors. Despite the cell length (5 mm), good resolution was obtained in the electropherograms. Equivalent electrical circuits were proposed for the cell. The most simplified model comprises a resistor−capacitor couple in parallel with another capacitor. The resistor stands for the inner solution resistivity, the series capacitor stands for the fused-silica wall dielectric properties in the region between the electrodes and the solution, and the parallel capacitor stands for the leakage through the wall and edge capacitance effects.
Model-based PPC verification methodology with two dimensional pattern feature extraction (2003)

A Novel model-based process proximity correction (PPC) verification methodology is proposed. This methodology features the comparison between actual processed wafers and target CAD data. The new system makes it possible to compare extracted two-dimensional pattern features on actual processed wafers with target pattern features on CAD data at any “hot spot” patterns. The “hot spot” patterns have relatively large CD errors on wafers after PPC in lithography simulation. In addition to this methodology, the model-based PPC verification flow was constructed with a feedback loop of the results. The application of this methodology to the 90nm-node CMOS gate yielded useful information on accurate CD control. The qualitative and quantitative consideration from the results indicated suitable subsequent actions regarding wafer fabrication, mask re-fabrication, PPC re-modeling and PPC re-parameterization in the feedback loop.
[A study of HSP70 and NF in brain contusion timing]. (2000)

The changes of HSP70 and NF after brain contusion were studied by the immunohistochemistry method. HSP70 and NF were seen at 30 min after injury around the wound area, but faded away after 12-24 h. The result suggests that these two proteins could be used to estimate brain contusion time, to diagnose brain wound and to distinguish antemortem and postmortem brain contusion.
Species and Genus Specificity of the Intergenic Spacer (IGS) in the Ribosomal RNA Genes of Cucurbitaceae (1989)

The use of intergenic spacer (IGS) fragments of plant ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for the differentiation between genera and species is tested by cross-hybridization experiments with different IGS probes of two Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita pepo (zucchini) and Cucumis sativus (cucumber). Hybridization with cloned fragments of different parts of the IGS of ribosomal DNA exhibit a different degree of conservation within and between the Cucurbitaceae genera. In general, Cucurbita species seem to be closer related to each other than the Cucumis species. A repetitive element of the external transcribed spacer (ETS) shows a more genus-specific pattern, reacting only with the respective genera; the region preceding the ETS is conserved between the Cucurbita species but also cross-hybridizes weakly with the Cucumis species. A GC-rich element of the Cucumis sativus IGS ("Cfo-cluster") is present in small amounts in Cucumis melo (melon) and even less represented in other genera of the Cucurbitaceae.
Mechanical disruption of mammalian cells in a microfluidic system and its numerical analysis based on computational fluid dynamics (2012)

The lysis of mammalian cells is an essential part of different lab-on-a-chip sample preparation methods, which aim at the release, separation, and subsequent analysis of DNA, proteins, or metabolites. Particularly for the analysis of compartmented in vivo metabolism of mammalian cells, such a method must be very fast compared to the metabolic turnover-rates, it should not affect the native metabolite concentrations, and should ideally leave cell organelles undamaged. So far, no such a method is available. We have developed a microfluidic system for the effective rapid mechanical cell disruption and established a mathematical model to describe the efficiency of the system. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were disrupted with high efficiency by passing through two consecutive micronozzle arrays. Simultaneous cell compression and shearing led to a disruption rate of ≥90% at a sample flow rate of Q = 120 μL min(-1) per nozzle passage, which corresponds to a mean fluid velocity of 13.3 m s(-1) and a mean Reynolds number of 22.6 in the nozzle gap. We discussed the problem of channel clogging by cellular debris and the resulting flow instability at the micronozzle arrays. The experimental results were compared to predictions from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and the critical energy dissipation rate for the disruption of the CHO cell population with known size distribution was determined to be 4.7 × 10(8) W m(-3). Our model for the calculation of cell disruption on the basis of CFD-data could be applied to other microgeometries to predict intended disruption or undesired cell damage.
Planar Patch Clamping (2007)

The technique of patch clamping can be seen in retrospect as a combination of two separate lines of development that both originated in the 1960s and 1970s. The classical biophysics of the nerve impulse had by then been established in the squid giant axon using a combination of (1) voltage clamping with axial wire electrodes and (2) internal perfusion or dialysis. This combination had given experimenters control of both the electrical and the chemical gradients governing membrane ion flux. The problem of the day was to extend this type of analysis to smaller, noncylindrical, cellular structures (such as neuronal somata) that would not allow insertion of metal wires, let alone tolerate any of the procedures used for internal perfusion or dialysis of squid axons. While intracellular glass microelectrodes () afforded intracellular electrical access to most cellular somata, two independent electrodes for current passing and voltage recording, respectively, were initially necessary, until time-sharing systems made single-microelectrode voltage clamping possible (). Even then, however, two severe problems remained: (1) spatially nonuniform voltage control (the so-called space-clamp problem), and (2) the lack of control over intracellular ionic composition.
Superresolution Localization Methods (2013)

Superresolution localization microscopy methods produce nanoscale images via a combination of intermittently active fluorescent probes and algorithms that can precisely determine the positions of these probes from single-molecule or few-molecule images. These algorithms vary widely in their underlying principles, complexity, and accuracy. In this review, we begin by surveying the principles of localization microscopy and describing the fundamental limits to localization precision. We then examine several different families of fluorophore localization algorithms, comparing their complexity, performance, and range of applicability (e.g., whether they require particular types of experimental information, are optimized for specific situations, or are more general). Whereas our focus is on the localization of single isotropic emitters in two dimensions, we also consider oriented dipoles, three-dimensional localization, and algorithms that can handle overlapping images of several nearby fluorophores. Throughout the review, we try to highlight practical advice for users of fluorophore localization algorithms, as well as open questions.