gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Widespread and selective induction of major histocompatibility complex-determined antigens in vivo by gamma interferon. (1985)

gamma Interferon (IFN-gamma) caused remarkable increases in class I (H-2Kk) and class II (I-Ak) antigens throughout the body by 6-9 d. Heart, kidney, and adrenals showed increases of 4-8 times their previous levels of class I antigen content, while the pancreas and small intestine increased 13-17-fold. Lesser increases were found in spleen, liver, and lung, which showed higher resting antigenic potency. Increases of class II antigenicity of 6-10-fold were found in heart, kidney, pancreas, lung, liver, adrenal, and small intestine, with lesser increases in thymus and spleen, and none in lymph node. Topographical analysis revealed that IFN-gamma induced class I and II antigens on most tissues in a highly selective fashion. For example, the renal proximal tubules expressed large amounts of both class I and II antigens, whereas the distal tubules and collecting ducts did not. In some epithelial cells class I and II determinants were induced only on the basal aspects of the cell membrane. IFN-gamma caused a remarkable increase in class II-positive dendritic cells in the liver, pancreas, salivary glands, and thyroid. Whether these cells were of local or systemic origin is uncertain, but the finding of a simultaneous depletion of dendritic cells from lymph nodes and spleen raises the possibility that they may have been derived, at least in part, from these sites. The dynamic and selective induction of class I and II antigen expression by IFN-gamma is likely to be important in regulation of the immune response in tissues.
Control of the pharyngeal musculature during wakefulness and sleep: Implications in normal controls and sleep apnea (2011)

Respiration involves the complex coordination of several pump and upper airway/pharyngeal muscles. From a respiratory perspective, the major function of the pharyngeal muscles is to keep the airway patent allowing for airflow in and out of the lung with minimal work by the respiratory pump muscles. The activity of each of the pharyngeal muscles varies depending on its function, but many reduce their activity during sleep. In healthy individuals, these muscles can respond to respiratory stimuli during sleep to prevent airway collapse. However, in individuals with an anatomically small airway, the muscles cannot always compensate for the increased mechanical load. Thus a vulnerable situation in which the airway is prone to collapse may occur with the development of obstructive sleep apnea. This article describes the current understanding regarding the control of the pharyngeal musculature during wakefulness and sleep, as well as the implications for obstructive sleep apnea.
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), an antimicrobial protein with chemotactic activities for dendritic cells (2003)

Recent publications have highlighted the chemotactic activities of antimicrobial proteins derived from the granules of neutrophils and basophils. Eosinophil granules also contain antimicrobial proteins. One of them is eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), a protein belonging to the ribonuclease A (RNase A) superfamily, which has recently been found to have antiviral activity in vitro. We found that EDN was selectively chemotactic for dendritic cells (DCs). The DC chemotactic activity of EDN was inhibited by either pretreatment of DCs with pertussis toxin or by simultaneous addition of placental RNase inhibitor to inhibit the activity of EDN. EDN was not chemotactic for leukocytes other than DCs. Mouse eosinophil-associated RNase 2 (mEAR2), one of a cluster of divergent orthologs of human EDN, was also chemotactic for human as well as mouse DCs. Sequence and mutational analysis demonstrated the importance of the N-terminal region of mEAR2 in mediating its chemotactic effect on DCs. EDN also induced the activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in DCs. Furthermore, injection of mEAR2 into the air pouches of mice resulted in the recruitment of DCs into the air pouches. Thus, EDN and its mouse ortholog, mEAR2, are eosinophil granule-derived antimicrobial RNases that function as chemoattractants for DCs in vitro and in vivo.
The construction and operational analysis of an interference-free, coaxial N<sub>2</sub>laser system (1977)

The construction of an interference-free, water-cooled, oil-insulated, sealed, coaxial N2 laser is described. By introducing an adjustable self-inductance into the pulse generator the time evolution of the high-tension laser electrode voltage has been synchronized with the gas breakdown delay period in such a way that the laser output and stability are maximized. The electrical functions of the system are explained by comparison of the measured time evolution of the high-voltage electrode potential with the numerical results of an exact equivalent circuit analysis. Increasing the repetition rate from 10 to 400 Hz, the peak value pulse-to-pulse reproducibility remains better than 3%, but due to heating of the laser medium a fivefold decrease in peak output power is observed.
Enhanced robot audition based on microphone array source separation with post-filter (2005)

We propose a system that gives a mobile robot the ability to separate simultaneous sound sources. A microphone array is used along with a real-time dedicated implementation of geometric source separation and a post-filter that gives us a further reduction of interferences from other sources. We present results and comparisons for separation of multiple non-stationary speech sources combined with noise sources. The main advantage of our approach for mobile robots resides in the fact that both the frequency domain geometric source separation algorithm and the post-filter are able to adapt rapidly to new sources and non-stationarity. Separation results are presented for three simultaneous interfering speakers in the presence of noise. A reduction of log spectral distortion (LSD) and increase of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of approximately 10 dB and 14 dB are observed.
Reducing Uncertainty and Confronting Ignorance about the Possible Impacts of Weathering Plastic in the Marine Environment (2017)

Plastic in the global oceans fulfills two of the three conditions for pollution to pose a planetary boundary threat because it is causing planetary-scale exposure that is not readily reversible. Plastic is a planetary boundary threat if it is having a currently unrecognized disruptive effect on a vital Earth system process. Discovering possible unknown effects is likely to be aided by achieving a fuller understanding of the environmental fate of plastic. Weathering of plastic generates microplastic, releases chemical additives, and likely also produces nanoplastic and chemical fragments cleaved from the polymer backbone. However, weathering of plastic in the marine environment is not well understood in terms of time scales for fragmentation and degradation, the evolution of particle morphology and properties, and hazards of the chemical mixture liberated by weathering. Biofilms that form and grow on plastic affect weathering, vertical transport, toxicity, and uptake of plastic by marine organisms and have been underinvestigated. Laboratory studies, field monitoring, and models of the impact of weathering on plastic debris are needed to reduce uncertainty in hazard and risk assessments for known and suspected adverse effects. However, scientists and decision makers must also recognize that plastic in the oceans may have unanticipated effects about which we are currently ignorant. Possible impacts that are currently unknown can be confronted by vigilant monitoring of plastic in the oceans and discovery-oriented research related to the possible effects of weathering plastic.
A probabilistic approach to modeling two-dimensional pointing (2005)

We investigate and model two-dimensional pointing where the target distance and size vary as does the angle of movement. We first study the spread of hits in a rapid approximate pointing task at varied distances and movement angles. Consistent with the literature, our results show that the spread of hits along the movement direction deviate more than the spread of hits in the direction perpendicular to movement, and both spreads increase with distance. Based on the distribution of this spread of hits, we propose and validate a new probabilistic model that describes two-dimensional pointing. Unlike previous models, our model accounts for more variables of two-dimensional pointing and can be generalized to any target shape, size, orientation, location, and dimension. In contrast to previous work, which suggests that target height has minimal impact on performance when it is larger than the width, our results show that, even when height is greater than width, it can significantly impact movement time.
The Nose Revisited: A Brief Review of the Comparative Structure, Function, and Toxicologic Pathology of the Nasal Epithelium (2006)

The nose is a very complex organ with multiple functions that include not only olfaction, but also the conditioning (e.g., humidifying, warming, and filtering) of inhaled air. The nose is also a "scrubbing tower" that removes inhaled chemicals that may be harmful to the more sensitive tissues in the lower tracheobronchial airways and pulmonary parenchyma. Because the nasal airway may also be a prime target for many inhaled toxicants, it is important to understand the comparative aspects of nasal structure and function among laboratory animals commonly used in inhalation toxicology studies, and how nasal tissues and cells in these mammalian species may respond to inhaled toxicants. The surface epithelium lining the nasal passages is often the first tissue in the nose to be directly injured by inhaled toxicants. Five morphologically and functionally distinct epithelia line the mammalian nasal passages--olfactory, respiratory, squamous, transitional, and lymphoepithelial--and each nasal epithelium may be injured by an inhaled toxicant. Toxicant-induced epithelial lesions in the nasal passages of laboratory animals (and humans) are often site-specific and dependent on the intranasal regional dose of the inhaled chemical and the sensitivity of the nasal epithelial tissue to the specific chemical. In this brief review, we present examples of nonneoplastic epithelial lesions (e.g., cell death, hyperplasia, metaplasia) caused by single or repeated exposure to various inhaled chemical toxicants. In addition, we provide examples of how nasal maps may be used to record the character, magnitude and distribution of toxicant-induced epithelial injury in the nasal airways of laboratory animals. Intranasal mapping of nasal histopathology (or molecular and biochemical alterations to the nasal mucosa) may be used along with innovative dosimetric models to determine dose/response relationships and to understand if site-specific lesions are driven primarily by airflow, by tissue sensitivity, or by another mechanism of toxicity. The present review provides a brief overview of comparative nasal structure, function and toxicologic pathology of the mammalian nasal epithelium and a brief discussion on how data from animal toxicology studies have been used to estimate the risk of inhaled chemicals to human health.
Laser-phakopuncture in the treatment of soft cataracts. (1975)

A new method of treating soft cataracts by laser irradiation is described ("laser-phakopuncture"). Rupture of the lens capsule can be produced by a strong laser pulse focused on the anterior surface of the lens. This is followed by gradual reabsorption of the lens substance (in much the same manner as with a conventional discission procedure). Pigment deposits on the capsule are usually necessary to ensure sufficient absorption of light energy at the target point. The laser beam can also be employed in a preliminary procedure to produce such pigmented spots, and to prepare the eye for a subsequent laser-phakopuncture. The method was first investigated experimentally on animal eyes. The so-called Q-switched lasers proved to be most effective in producing a tear in the capsule. It was then tried clinically in nine juvenile patients and reabsorption of the lens substance was the eventual result in all cases, although full visual acuity was achieved in only tow of them. These of lasers offers a completely new approach to the treatment of cataract without surgery.
Code Bad Smell Detection through Evolutionary Data Mining (2015)

The existence of code bad smell has a severe impact on the software quality. Numerous researches show that ignoring code bad smells can lead to failure of a software system. Thus, the detection of bad smells has drawn the attention of many researchers and practitioners. Quite a few approaches have been proposed to detect code bad smells. Most approaches are solely based on structural information extracted from source code. However, we have observed that some code bad smells have the evolutionary property, and thus propose a novel approach to detect three code bad smells by mining software evolutionary data: duplicated code, shotgun surgery, and divergent change. It exploits association rules mined from change history of software systems, upon which we define heuristic algorithms to detect the three bad smells. The experimental results on five open source projects demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves higher precision, recall and F-measure.
The Availability of CO2 Detectors (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The study by Drs Cobb and Etzel<sup>1</sup>on unintentional carbon monoxide related deaths represents a meaningful undertaking. However, they are incorrect in stating that "detection of the gas requires expensive equipment" and in their implication that such devices are unavailable. After more than 18 months of research and development, we have in production a small (10.1×5×3.7-cm) detector with visual and audible alarm powered by 12-V DC or 110-V AC, aptly named AIR-CHEK. Since hemoglobin has an affinity for carbon monoxide 250 times greater than for oxygen, the detector has timing factors that produce a warning sound when the air concentration of carbon monoxide is 50 ppm for 6 hours or 200 ppm for 1.5 hours, or when the level reaches 400 ppm at any time. The detector is priced at $79.95 and is made possible by new semiconductor and printed circuit-board technology. It is hoped that
ACCELERATION OF IONS IN PLASMA BEAMS (1963)

Acceleration of ions in a plasma column located in a strong longitudinal magnetic field and permeated by an intense beam of fast electrons is investigated experimentally. It is found that ion acceleration is due to instability of the intense electron beam in the plasma until respect to virtual cathode formation. It is shown that the phenomenon can be employed for filling up magnetic mirror traps with a hydrogen plasma in which the ions have an energy of the order of 1 to 2 kev. (auth)
Regulated Expression of the Arabidopsis G Protein α Subunit Gene GPA1 (1994)

Heterotrimeric GTP-binding (G) proteins are important signaling molecules found in many eukaryotic organisms. In Arabidopsis thaliana, GPA1 is the only known gene that encodes a G protein α subunit. Results from previous experiments indicate that the GPA1 mRNA is found in both vegetative and floral organs of Arabidopsis. To gain insight into the function of GPA1, we sought to obtain detailed information about the distribution of the GPA1 gene product. To this end, we have constructed a translational fusion between the GPA1 genomic DNA and the bacterial reporter gene uidA, encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS), and introduced it into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Histochemical analysis of the GPA1-uidA transgenic plants shows that GPA1 is expressed throughout development from early seedling to the mature flowering plant. During seedling development, GPA1 is first expressed in and near root tips, later also in cotyledons, developing leaves, and much of the roots. In adult plants, GPA1 continues to be expressed in rosette and cauline leaves, floral stems, and roots. The GPA1 expression in these vegetative organs is higher in the vascular tissues, as well as the newly formed portions of roots including root tips and elongation zone. In mature flowers, carpels exhibit strong GUS staining, whereas sepals and stamens have lower GPA1 expression, most of which is in the vascular tissues. Finally, GPA1 is also expressed in developing seeds, but the expression diminishes gradually to undetectable levels as the seeds mature. Our results on GPA1 expression indicate that it may be involved in a number of processes including cell growth, differentiation, and nutrient transport.
Enhancing the Time-To-Fix for the unaided single-frequency integer ambiguity resolution in GNSS attitude determination applications (2010)

GNSS-based attitude determination is a viable technique with a large spectrum of applications. Attitude determination requires an accurate relative positioning solution, that can be provided by the very precise GNSS carrier phase observables. The phase observables are, however, biased by unknown integer ambiguities, that must be resolved in order to fully exploit their higher precision. By applying the optimal integer least-squares (ILS) principle and introducing a nontrivial modification of the popular LAMBDA method, a set of geometrical nonlinear constraints given by the known antennas placement on the platform is embedded in the ambiguity search method. The multivariate constrained LAMBDA method is described and tested: the large improvement in fixing the correct set of integer ambiguities from single-frequency, single-epoch observations is stressed, as this is the most challenging scenario for ambiguity resolution. The method is tested by processing and analyzing actual GNSS data, collected on both static and dynamic platforms. The experimental results show the enormous improvement obtained when applying the nonlinearly constrained, mixed integer GNSS attitude model, resulting in a very strong reduction in the Time-To-Fix.
Dynamic changes in 5-hydroxymethylation signatures underpin early and late events in drug exposed liver (2013)

Aberrant DNA methylation is a common feature of neoplastic lesions, and early detection of such changes may provide powerful mechanistic insights and biomarkers for carcinogenesis. Here, we investigate dynamic changes in the mouse liver DNA methylome associated with short (1 day) and prolonged (7, 28 and 91 days) exposure to the rodent liver non-genotoxic carcinogen, phenobarbital (PB). We find that the distribution of 5mC/5hmC is highly consistent between untreated individuals of a similar age; yet, changes during liver maturation in a transcriptionally dependent manner. Following drug treatment, we identify and validate a series of differentially methylated or hydroxymethylated regions: exposure results in staged transcriptional responses with distinct kinetic profiles that strongly correlate with promoter proximal region 5hmC levels. Furthermore, reciprocal changes for both 5mC and 5hmC in response to PB suggest that active demethylation may be taking place at each set of these loci via a 5hmC intermediate. Finally, we identify potential early biomarkers for non-genotoxic carcinogenesis, including several genes aberrantly expressed in liver cancer. Our work suggests that 5hmC profiling can be used as an indicator of cell states during organ maturation and drug-induced responses and provides novel epigenetic signatures for non-genotoxic carcinogen exposure.
The limits of extended Kalman filtering for pulse train deinterleaving (2002)

If more than one pulse train is transmitted over the same communication channel, a challenge is to separate them for source identification at the receiver. This is known as pulse train deinterleaving, and is clearly a fundamental problem in the study of discrete-event systems. We present an approach for deinterleaving pulse trains and estimating their periods using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). A form of smoothing of the discontinuities is proposed so that the EKF approach becomes attractive. The advantage of this EKF approach is that it is less computationally expensive than most previously proposed methods. The method proposed appears to give useful results for up to seven or so pulse trains, particularly when there is some a priori information on the pulse frequencies, which can be obtained using computations of order Nlog N.
Simultaneous Water and Gas Injection Pilot at the Kuparuk River Field, Reservoir Impact (1995)

Abstract Immiscible water-alternating-gas injection has effectively managed produced gas at the Kuparuk River Field, increasing field oil rate and recovery. Although I WAG economics are very favorable, a pilot study was undertaken to ascertain whether the separate gas injection system can be eliminated by simultaneously injecting water and gas in waterflood lines. Static mixers were found to be necessary to disperse gas in a multiphase mixture flowing through a network of pipes. However, scale-up criteria for gas dispersing static mixers in multiphase pipe networks require additional refinement. Reservoir simulation done to support the pilot project showed that simultaneous water-and-gas injection should provide better control of gas mobility than IWAG. This resulted in increased oil recovery and more steady gas production. During the typical IWAG process, the magnitude and the cyclic nature of GOR responses have caused problems for gas handling at the field facilities. During the pilot, loss of injection rate was observed as the gas fraction in the injection mixture increased and the surface injection pressure was kept stable at about 2800 psi. Examination of Well 2D-16 data suggests that the observed rate loss was more likely due to the lower bottom-hole pressures than the relative permeability effects expected of two-phase flow in porous media.
Collagen-Coated Cellulose Sponge: Three-Dimensional Matrix for Tissue Culture of Walker Tumor 256 (1967)

Three-dimensional growth of large populations of cells in vitro has been observed in the interstices of a matrix consisting of collagen-coated cellulose sponge. The growth of Walker tumor 256 in this composite matrix is compared with that found in a matrix composed of either cellulose sponge alone or collagen sponge alone. The composite matrix is superior to either one. Collagen-coated cellulose sponge may provide a simple tool for the study of social interaction of cells in the formation of organized elementary tissue structures.
Sub-10 nm electron beam lithography using cold development of poly(methylmethacrylate) (2004)

We investigate poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) development processing with cold developers (4–10 °C) for its effect on resolution, resist residue, and pattern quality of sub-10 nm electron beam lithography (EBL). We find that low-temperature development results in higher EBL resolution and improved feature quality. PMMA trenches of 4–8 nm are obtained reproducibly at 30 kV using cold development. Fabrication of single-particle-width Au nanoparticle lines was performed by lift-off. We discuss key factors for formation of PMMA trenches at the sub-10 nm scale.
Prevalence and predictors of interval colorectal cancers in Medicare beneficiaries (2011)

A significant proportion of patients developed interval colorectal cancer, particularly in the proximal colon. Contributing factors likely included both procedural and biologic factors, emphasizing the importance of meticulous examination of the mucosa.