gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extending IR camera scene radiance dynamic range with cyclic integration times (2005)

Infrared cameras are often used to capture high-speed digital video of scenes with enormous ranges in in-band brightness. A simple example of this is a rocket launch, a scene which can consist of a cold rocket hardbody and an extremely hot exhaust plume. It can be next to impossible to fully span a scene like this with the brightness dynamic range of an infrared camera (typically ~12-14 bits) at a single exposure value. The brightest or hottest parts of the image will often be saturated, while at the same time the darkest or coldest parts of the scene may be buried in the noise floor of the camera and appear black in the image. Varying the exposure by adjusting the camera to an optimal shutter speed or integration time is necessary to maximize the useful information recorded by the camera. Sometimes, however, a single integration time is not enough to fully encompass a scene’s brightness (temperature) variations. The technique of superframing gets around this problem by exploiting the capabilities of high frame-rate IR cameras. The technique involves cycling a camera through a set of integration times on a frame-by-frame basis, then combines the resulting “subframes” into single “superframes” with greatly extended dynamic ranges. If the frame rate is sufficiently high, the scene will not change appreciably from one subframe to the next. The technique and some sample data are described in this paper.
Direct test of a model of efficient second-harmonic generation in glass optical fibers (1988)

We report the first direct test of the only viable model of efficient second-harmonic generation in glass optical fibers put forth to date. We conclude that modifications of the model are necessary.
Validity of NIR spectroscopy for quantitatively measuring muscle oxidative metabolic rate in exercise (2001)

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the quantitative measurement of muscle oxidative metabolism in exercise by near-infrared continuous-wave spectroscopy (NIRcws). Twelve male subjects performed two bouts of dynamic handgrip exercise, once for the NIRcws measurement and once for the (31)P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurement as a standard measure. The resting muscle metabolic rate (RMRmus) was independently measured by (31)P-MRS during 15 min of arterial occlusion at rest. During the first exercise bout, the quantitative value of muscle oxidative metabolic rate at 30 s postexercise was evaluated from the ratio of the rate of oxyhemoglobin/myoglobin decline measured by NIRcws during arterial occlusion 30 s after exercise and the rate at rest. Therefore, the absolute values of muscle oxidative metabolic rate at 30 s after exercise [VO(2NIR(30))] was calculated from this ratio multiplied by RMRmus. During the second exercise bout, creatine phosphate (PCr) resynthesis rate was measured by (31)P-MRS at 30 s postexercise [Q((30))] under the same conditions but without arterial occlusion postexercise. To determine the validity of NIRcws, VO(2NIR(30)) was compared with Q((30)). There was a significant correlation between VO(2NIR(30)), which ranged between 0.018 and 0. 187 mM ATP/s, and Q((30)), which ranged between 0.041 and 0.209 mM ATP/s (r = 0.965, P < 0.001). This result supports the application of NIRcws to quantitatively evaluate muscle oxidative metabolic rate in exercise.
The Albatrossenes:  Large, Cleft-Containing, Polyphenyl Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (1997)

The syntheses and X-ray structures of very large polycyclic aromatic compounds containing clefts defined by polyphenylaryl groups are described. The C2-symmetric “albatrossenes” 1,3-bis(heptaphenyl-2-naphthyl)benzene (7a) and 1,3-bis(heptaphenyl-1-naphthyl)benzene (12a), as well as brominated derivatives, were synthesized by the addition of tetraphenylbenzyne to the appropriate polyphenyl biscyclopentadienones. The 2-naphthyl isomers have wide, shallow clefts, and the 1-naphthyl isomers have deep, narrow clefts which were observed to change size dramatically in different crystal environments. In a similar way, 1,3,5-tris(pentaphenylphenyl)benzene (19), a D3-symmetric molecular propeller with a diameter of 21 Å, and 1,3,5-tris(heptaphenyl-2-naphthyl)benzene (22) were prepared by the addition of diphenylacetylene and tetraphenylbenzyne, respectively, to a triscyclopentadienone.
Energy Uptake and Allocation During Ontogeny (2008)

All organisms face the problem of how to fuel ontogenetic growth. We present a model, empirically grounded in data from birds and mammals, that correctly predicts how growing animals allocate food energy between synthesis of new biomass and maintenance of existing biomass. Previous energy budget models have typically had their bases in rates of either food consumption or metabolic energy expenditure. Our model provides a framework that reconciles these two approaches and highlights the fundamental principles that determine rates of food assimilation and rates of energy allocation to maintenance, biosynthesis, activity, and storage. The model predicts that growth and assimilation rates for all animals should cluster closely around two universal curves. Data for mammals and birds of diverse body sizes and taxa support these predictions.
A Novel Dynamic-Vision-Based Approach for Tactile Sensing Applications (2019)

In this paper, a novel vision-based measurement (VBM) approach is proposed to estimate the contact force and classify materials in a single grasp. This approach is the first event-based tactile sensor which utilizes the recent technology of neuromorphic cameras. This novel approach provides higher sensitivity, a lower latency, and less computational and power consumption compared to other conventional vision-based techniques. Moreover, the dynamic vision sensor (DVS) has a higher dynamic range which increases the sensor sensitivity and performance in poor lighting conditions. Two time-series machine learning methods, namely, time delay neural network (TDNN) and Gaussian process (GP) are developed to estimate the contact force in a grasp. A deep neural network (DNN) is proposed to classify the object materials. Forty-eight experiments are conducted for four different materials to validate the proposed methods and compare them against a piezoresistive force sensor measurements. A leave-one-out cross-validation technique is implemented to evaluate and analyze the performance of the proposed machine learning methods. The contact force is successfully estimated with a mean squared error of 0.16 and 0.17 N for TDNN and GP, respectively. Four materials are classified with an average accuracy of 79.17% using unseen experimental data. The results show the applicability of event-based sensors for grasping applications.
A Sociologia Weberiana da Ciência (2012)

O artigo busca levantar subsídios para a reconstrução da análise weberiana da ciência enquanto fenômeno cultural e social. A intenção é demonstrar que a abordagem weberiana sobre o saber científico possui uma dimensão ao mesmo tempo geral (como processo histórico-cultural) e particular (como esfera social). Com base no paradigma da racionalização, procurase evidenciar que a ciência ocupa um papel essencial na análise que Max Weber realiza do processo cultural de racionalização teórica (desencantamento do mundo) e no processo social de racionalização formal das instituições modernas. Ao final, destaca-se ainda a dimensão crítico-normativa que a tematização weberiana da ciência adquire em sua avaliação dos paradoxos e dos desafios éticos e políticos da era moderna.
Naturally Acquired Humoral Immunity Against Plasmodium falciparum Malaria (2020)

Malaria remains a significant contributor to the global burden of disease, with around 40% of the world's population at risk of <i>Plasmodium</i> infections. The development of an effective vaccine against the malaria parasite would mark a breakthrough in the fight to eradicate the disease. Over time, natural infection elicits a robust immune response against the blood stage of the parasite, providing protection against malaria. In recent years, we have gained valuable insight into the mechanisms by which IgG acts to prevent pathology and inhibit parasite replication, as well as the potential role of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in these processes. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms, acquisition, and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity, and the relevance of these discoveries for the development of a potential vaccine against the blood stage of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>.
Chemiluminescent assay of alkaline phosphatase applied in an ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay of thyrotropin. (1989)

We compared a chemiluminescent assay and a colorimetric endpoint assay for measuring an alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) label in an enzyme immunoassay of thyrotropin (TSH). The substrate in the chemiluminescent assay is a derivative of adamantyl 1,2-dioxetane phosphate. On dephosphorylation, catalyzed by alkaline phosphatase, the 1,2-dioxetane decomposes further and emits a glow of light (lambda max 470 nm). We modified the Hybritech Tandem-E TSH High Sensitivity assay for chemiluminescent detection of bound alkaline phosphatase label by using this substrate (with 20-, 40-, and 60-min incubations). Detection limits (mean +2 SD of zero standard) were 6.0, 5.2, and 4.5 micro-int. units/L for these incubation periods, respectively, vs 20 micro-int. units/L for the conventional colorimetric version of the assay. Comparison of results for 44 clinical specimens assayed by the chemiluminescent (20-min incubation, y) and colorimetric (60-min endpoint, x) TSH immunoassays gave statistical values of: slope = 1.17, intercept = -0.22, and r = 0.98. Hemoglobin, but not bilirubin, lipids, or protein, interfered; but these interferents were removed by the washing steps in the enzyme immunoassay.
<title>The use of electromagnetic body forces to enhance the quality of laser welds</title> (2003)

The use of electromagnetic body forces in laser beam welding of aluminum alloys is a new method to shape the geometry and to enhance the quality of the weld seams. In this new approach, electromagnetic volume forces are utilized by applying magnetic fields and electric currents of various origins. Acting in the liquid metal, they directly affect the flow field and can lead to favourable conditions for the melt dynamics and energy coupling. Numerous welds with full and partial penetration using both CO<sub>2</sub> and Nd:YAG lasers demonstrate that this method directly influences the seam geometry and top-bead topography as well as the penetration depth and the evolution of pores and cracks. In the case of full penetration, it is also possible to lift or to lower the weld pool. The method, therefore, can be used to shape the geometry and to enhance the quality of the weld seam. Depending on the orientation of an external magnetic field, significant impacts are achieved in CO<sub>2</sub> welding, even without an external current: the shape of the cross-sectional area can be increased of up to 50% and also the seam width is changed. Whereas for such conditions with Nd:YAG lasers no significant effect could be observed, it turned out that, when an external electric current is applied, similar effects are present with both wavelengths. In further investigations, the effect of electromagnetic body forces resulting from the interaction of an external current and its self-induced magnetic field was studied. Hereby, the current was fed into the workpiece via a tungsten electrode or a filler wire. The resulting phenomena are the same independent from wavelength and means of current feed.
Design considerations for GPU‐aware collective communications in MPI (2018)

Summary GPU accelerators have established themselves in the state‐of‐the‐art clusters by offering high performance and energy efficiency. In such systems, efficient inter‐process GPU communication is of paramount importance to application performance. This paper investigates various algorithms in conjunction with the latest GPU features to improve GPU collective operations. First, we propose a GPU Shared Buffer‐aware (GSB) algorithm and a Binomial Tree Based (BTB) algorithm for GPU collectives on single‐GPU nodes. We then propose a hierarchical framework for clusters with multi‐GPU nodes. By studying various combinations of algorithms, we highlight the importance of choosing the right algorithm within each level. The evaluation of our framework on MPI_Allreduce shows promising performance results for large message sizes. To address the shortcoming for small and medium messages, we present the benefit of using the Hyper‐Q feature and the MPS service in jointly using CUDA IPC and host‐staged copy types to perform multiple inter‐process communications. However, we argue that efficient designs are still required to further harness this potential. Accordingly, we propose a static and a dynamic algorithm for MPI_Allgather and MPI_Allreduce and present their effectiveness on various message sizes. Our profiling results indicate that the achieved performance is mainly rooted in overlapping different copy types.
Beyond the metal-insulator transition in polymer electrolyte gated polymer field-effect transistors (2006)

We have studied the carrier transport in poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) field-effect transistors (FETs) at very high field-induced carrier densities (10(15) cm(-2)) using a polymer electrolyte as gate and gate dielectric. At room temperature, we find high current densities, 2 x 10(6) A/cm(2), and high metallic conductivities, 10(4) S/cm, in the FET channel; at 4.2 K, the current density is sustained at 10(7) A/cm(2). Thus, metallic conductivity persists to low temperatures. The carrier mobility in these devices is approximately 3.5 cm(2).V(-1).s(-1) at 297 K, comparable with that found in fully crystalline organic devices.
Clinical and experimental pathology of Moyamoya disease. (2003)

The etiology of Moyamoya disease may involve allergic angiitis. A possible mechanism is that proximal portions of the circle of Willis first develop chronic stenosis or occlusion, leading to compensatory small vessel proliferation, which perforates into the cerebral parenchyma.
Head Tracking for Using a GPS-Aided 3D Audio MEMS IMU (2006)

Spatial orientation plays a critical role in aviation, especially under conditions of instrument flight rules. The ability to detect the direction of an aircraft's heading, the ground, an airfield, and approaching aircraft is particularly challenging at night or in stormy weather. This article describes ongoing work to develop a GPS/IMU-based head tracking system to provide 3D audio dues that can help pilots orient themselves in adverse circumstances.
Efficient Intra Refresh Using Motion Affected Region Tracking for Surveillance Video over Error Prone Networks (2008)

Intra refresh is well-known as a simple technique for eliminating temporal error propagation in a predictive video coding system. However, for surveillance video systems, most of the existing intra refresh methods do not make good use of the properties of surveillance video. This paper proposes an efficient error recovery scheme using a novel intra refresh based on motion affected region tracking (MTIR). For every frame between two successive intra refresh frames, the motion affected regions are statistic analyzed and the error sensitive ones are intra refreshed in an refreshed frame. To suppress the potential spatial and temporal error propagation, constrained intra prediction is used for the intra refreshed macroblocks, and the reference number of an inter predicted frame which behinds an intra refreshed frame is limited. Experimental results show that compared with existing intra refresh methods and flexible macroblock ordering, the proposed method can achieve a considerable improvement on both objective peak signal noise ratio (PSNR) and subjective visual quality at the same bit rate and packet loss rate.
Numerical analysis of helical dielectric elastomer actuator (2017)

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) are known for its capability of experiencing extreme strains, as it can expand and contract based on specific actuation voltage applied. On contrary, helical DEA (HDEA) with its unique configuration does not only provide the contractile and extendable capabilities, but also can aid in attaining results for bending and torsion. The concept of HDEA embraces many new techniques and can be applied in multiple disciplines. Thus, this paper focuses on the simulation of HDEA with helical compliant electrodes that is a major factor prior to its application. The attributes of the material used to build the structure plays a vital role in the behavior of the system. For numerical analysis of HDEA, the material characteristics are input into a commercial grade software, and then the appropriate analysis is performed to retrieve its outcome. Applying the material characteristics into numerical analysis modeling, the functionality of HDEA for various activations can be achieved, which is used to test and comply with the fabricated final product.
Otto Th. Schulz, Vom Prinzipat zum Dominat. Das Wesen des römischen Kaisertums des dritten Jahrhunderts (1920)

Article Otto Th. Schulz, Vom Prinzipat zum Dominat. Das Wesen des römischen Kaisertums des dritten Jahrhunderts was published on August 1, 1920 in the journal Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung (volume 41, issue 1).
Automatic surveillance system using fish-eye lens camera (2011)

This letter presents an automatic surveillance system using fish-eye lens camera. Our system achieves wide-area automatic surveillance without a dead angle using only one camera. We propose a new human detection method to select the most adaptive classifier based on the locations of the human candidates. Human regions are detected from the fish-eye image effectively and are corrected for perspective versions. An experiment is performed on indoor video sequences with different illumination and crowded conditions, with results demonstrating the efficiency of our algorithm.
Photoacoustic tomography of biological tissues with high cross‐section resolution: Reconstruction and experiment (2002)

A modified back-projection approach deduced from an exact reconstruction solution was applied to our photoacoustic tomography of the optical absorption in biological tissues. Pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser (4.7 ns FWHM at 789.2 nm) were employed to generate a distribution of photoacoustic sources in a sample. The sources were detected by a wide-band nonfocused ultrasonic transducer at different positions around the imaging cross section perpendicular to the axis of the laser irradiation. Reconstructed images of phantoms made from chicken breast tissue agreed well with the structures of the samples. The resolution in the imaging cross section was experimentally demonstrated to be better than 60 microm when a 10 MHz transducer (140% bandwidth at -60 dB) was employed, which was nearly diffraction limited by the detectable photoacoustic waves of the highest frequency.
Automatic Generation of Component Wrappers by Composition of Hardware Library Elements Starting from Communication Service Specification (2006)

A system-on-chip is composed of heterogeneous components interacting through a communication network. Wrappers are hardware components aimed to adapt these heterogeneous components to the network. Such an adaptation can be specified as a set of provided and required services, according to communication requirements and available resources. System-on-chip designers are required to quickly adapt to the fast changing system specifications, but the design of a wrapper can be time consuming. So this paper presents a new methodology for their automatic generation starting from a communication service specification. This specification, already used in the computer network community, is refined to an RTL model using a systematic library based approach. The effectiveness of the methodology is shown on an example.
Gene therapy as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: innovative vectors and therapeutic genes (2006)

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition to conventional therapy, novel biologicals targeting tumour necrosis factor-alpha have successfully entered the clinic. However, the majority of the patients still has some actively inflamed joints and some patients suffer from side-effects associated with the high systemic dosages needed to achieve therapeutic levels in the joints. In addition, due to of the short half-life of these proteins there is a need for continuous, multiple injections of the recombinant protein. An alternative approach might be the use of gene transfer to deliver therapeutic genes locally at the site of inflammation. Several viral and non-viral vectors are being used in animal models of RA. The first gene therapy trials for RA have already entered the clinic. New vectors inducing long-term and regulated gene expression in specific tissue are under development, resulting in more efficient gene transfer, for example by using distinct serotypes of viral vectors such as adeno-associated virus. This review gives an overview of some promising vectors used in RA research. Furthermore, several therapeutic genes are discussed that could be used for gene therapy in RA patients.
Steroidogenic Factor-1 Regulates Transcription of the Human Anti-müllerian Hormone Receptor (1998)

Anti-müllerian hormone type II receptor (AMHRII) is a serine/threonine receptor and a member of type II receptors of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. AMHRII has been recently identified in humans, mice, rats, and rabbits. In the male embryo, the AMHRII gene has been shown to be expressed in Sertoli's cells, in Leydig's cells and in the mesenchymal cells surrounding the müllerian duct. To determine the functional region of the AMHRII promoter as well as the factors controlling AMHRII gene expression, we used a 1.1-kilobase DNA fragment from the 5'-flanking region of the human AMHRII gene to generate a series of deletion or mutation and analyzed the resulting transcriptional activities after transfection of the NT2/D1 teratocarcinoma cell line. Our results indicate that maximal expression of the AMHRII promoter in this particular cell line, a cell line positive for endogenous AMHRII expression, requires a conserved estrogen receptor half-site element (AGGTCA) identical to the binding element for steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). Studies of this SF-1 binding element using gel mobility shift, antibody supershift assays, and transient transfections of reporter constructs indicate that SF-1 can bind and transactivate the AMHRII promoter. Finally, SF-1 protein expression in human male embryos was shown to display a good coincidence with the previously reported AMHRII expression profile. We then propose that SF-1 may be a key transcriptional regulator of AMHRII gene expression during early human development.