gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Behavioral and transcriptomic analysis of Trem2-null mice: not all knockout mice are created equal (2017)

It is clear that innate immune system status is altered in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Human genetic studies have demonstrated that triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) coding variants have a strong association with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. To more thoroughly understand the impact of TREM2 in vivo, we studied the behavioral and cognitive functions of wild-type (WT) and Trem2-/- (KO) mice during basal conditions and brain function in the context of innate immune stimulation with peripherally administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Early markers of neuroinflammation preceded Aif1 and Trem2 upregulation that occurred at later stages (24-48 h post-LPS). We performed a transcriptomic study of these cohorts and found numerous transcripts and pathways that were altered in Trem2-/- mice both at baseline and 48 h after LPS challenge. Importantly, our transcriptome analysis revealed that our Trem2-/- mouse line (Velocigene allele) results in exaggerated Treml1 upregulation. In contrast, aberrantly high Treml1 expression was absent in the Trem2 knockout line generated by the Colonna lab and the Jackson Labs CRISPR/Cas9 Trem2 knockout line. Notably, removal of the floxed neomycin selection cassette ameliorated aberrant Treml1 expression, validating the artifactual nature of Treml1 expression in the original Trem2-/- Velocigene line. Clearly further studies are needed to decipher whether the Treml1 transcriptional artifact is functionally meaningful, but our data indicate that caution is warranted when interpreting functional studies with this particular line. Additionally, our results indicate that other Velocigene alleles or targeting strategies with strong heterologous promoters need to carefully consider downstream genes.
Chromosome Doubling in Early Spermatogonia Produces Diploid Spermatozoa in a Natural Clonal Fish1 (2009)

The natural clonal loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Teleostei: Cobitidae) is diploid (2n = 50) and produces genetically identical unreduced eggs, which develop into diploid individuals without any genetic contribution from sperm. Artificially sex-reversed clones created by the administration of 17alpha-methyltestosterone produce clonal diploid sperm. In metaphase spreads from testicular cells of the sex-reversed clones, spermatocytes had twice the normal number of chromosomes (50 bivalents) compared with those of normal diploids (25 bivalents). Thus, the production of unreduced diploid spermatozoa is initiated by premeiotic endomitosis (or endoreduplication), chromosome doubling before meiosis, and is followed by two quasinormal divisions. Larger nuclei in the germ cells were observed in all stages of type B spermatogonia in the testes of the sex-reversed clones. In contrast, besides having larger type A spermatogonia, the sex-reversed clones also had the type A spermatogonia that were the same size as those of normal diploids. It follows that chromosome duplication causing unreduced spermatogenesis occurred in the type A spermatogonia. The presence of tetraploid type A and early type B spermatogonia, identified by labeling with antispermatogonia-specific antigen 1, was verified using DNA content flow cytometry. These results support the conclusion that chromosome doubling occurs at the type A spermatogonial stage in diploid spermatogenesis in the clonal fish.
Nuclear Thermal Propulsion ( <scp>NTP</scp> ) (2010)

Abstract The nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) derives its energy from fissioning uranium‐235 atoms contained within fuel elements that comprise the engine's reactor core. During operation, hydrogen (H 2 ) propellant is pumped through coolant channels in the fuel elements where it is superheated to high temperatures and then expanded out a supersonic nozzle to generate high thrust at twice the specific impulse ( I sp ∼900 s) of today's best chemical rockets. This technology is not new. Twenty rocket reactors were designed, built, and ground tested during the Rover and NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications) programs conducted between 1955 and 1972. These programs demonstrated: (1) a wide range of thrust; (2) high‐temperature carbide‐based nuclear fuel; (3) sustained engine operation; (4) accumulated lifetime; and (5) restart capability. Ceramic metal fuels were also evaluated as a backup. The NTR has a significant growth capability. Configured as a “bimodal” system, the NTR can generate spacecraft electrical power. Adding an “afterburner” nozzle for oxygen (O 2 ) injection and supersonic combustion in the engine's hot H 2 exhaust downstream of the nozzle throat can enable a variable thrust and I sp capability. For future human missions to Mars, the NTR can reduce the required launch mass by ∼400 t compared to chemical propulsion. It also has fewer mission elements, simpler space operations, and the use of clustered, lower thrust engines can help reduce development cost and overall mission risk.
Māori oral histories and the impact of tsunamis in Aotearoa-New Zealand (2018)

Abstract. Māori oral histories from the northern South Island of Aotearoa-New Zealand provide details of ancestral experience with tsunami(s) on, and surrounding, Rangitoto (D'Urville Island). Applying an inductive-based methodology informed by collaborative storytelling, exchanges with key informants from the Māori kin groups of Ngāti Koata and Ngāti Kuia reveal that a folk tale, published in 1907, could be compared to and combined with active oral histories to provide insights into past catastrophic saltwater inundations. Such histories reference multiple layers of experience and meaning, from memorials to ancestral figures and their accomplishments to claims about place, authority and knowledge. Members of Ngāti Koata and Ngāti Kuia, who permitted us to record some of their histories, share the view that there are multiple benefits to be gained by learning from differences in knowledge, practice and belief. This work adds to scientific as well as Maōri understandings about tsunami hazards (and histories). It also demonstrates that to engage with Māori oral histories (and the people who genealogically link to such stories) requires close attention to a politics of representation, in both past recordings and current ways of retelling, as well as sensitivities to the production of new and plural knowledges. This paper makes these narratives available to a new audience, including those families who no longer have access to them, and recites these in ways that might encourage plural knowledge development and co-existence.
Methods of DNA methylation analysis (2007)

No single method of DNA methylation analysis will be appropriate for every application. By understanding the type of information provided by, and the inherent potential for bias and artifact associated with, each method, investigators can select the method most appropriate for their specific research needs.
The Evolving Approach to Management of Cancer Cachexia. (2017)

Weight loss is distressing to cancer patients and caregivers. Anorexia/cachexia syndrome is characterized by lipolysis and the loss of lean body mass, and is not reversible by increasing caloric intake. The pathophysiology of cancer cachexia is complex and includes symptoms that impact caloric intake, as well as chronic inflammation, hypermetabolism, and hormonal alterations. Cancer patients require routine screening for cachexia and, ideally, interventions should be initiated in the early stages of weight loss. No guidelines exist for the treatment of cancer cachexia. Appetite stimulants, such as megestrol acetate and glucocorticoids, have been shown to increase appetite and weight; however, single pharmaceutical interventions alone for cachexia do not result in meaningful functional outcomes. In the future, clinicians should consider multimodality treatment that is personalized for each patient. These interventions would include nutritional counseling, assessing and treating symptoms that have an impact on caloric intake, and a rational combination of pharmacologic approaches directed at underlying pathophysiology. Use of an appetite stimulant could be considered for patients who exhibit decreased appetite. Treatment with an anti-inflammatory agent should be considered for patients with elevated C-reactive protein, and hormonal alterations resulting from anti-cachexia therapy should be thoughtfully addressed.
Design of Redispersible Dry Emulsion as an Advanced Dosage Form of Oily Drug (Vitamin E Nicotinate) by Spray-Drying Technique. (1993)

AbstractAn oily drug, dl-α-tocopherol nicotinate (VEN) was transformed to the newly developed powdered form, termed dry emulsion, by spray-drying the emulsified VEN or oily solutions of VEN with additives. The drug releasing property from the resultant particles was dependent on various factors such as the emulsifying method and the type and amount of the oily carrier and surfactant formulated. The desired releasing property was offered by use of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) as the oily carrier and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-blockcopolymer (Pluronic F-68) or polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaulate (Tween 80) as the emulsifying agent. The difference in drug releasing property with various formulations was found to be mainly attributed to the difference in physical state of VEN surfactant in the dry emulsion particle, which was detected by differential scanning calorimetry.
Direct role of viral hemagglutinin in B-cell mitogenesis by influenza viruses (1987)

The mitogenic activity of influenza virus is a function of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule. Purified HA is mitogenic for murine B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes. Furthermore, like the intact virus, HA of the H2 (but not H3) subtype is mitogenic only for B cells expressing the class II major histocompatibility complex glycoprotein I-E. Since virus bearing uncleaved HA is as mitogenic as virus bearing cleaved HA, the membrane fusion activity of the HA molecule is not involved.
[A case of alpha-fetoprotein producing primary intracranial embryonal carcinoma treated with combination chemotherapy with cis-platinum, vinblastine and bleomycin (author's transl)]. (1981)

A case of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) producing primary intracranial embryonal carcinoma was reported with special reference to the chemotherapy. The patient was a 14-year-old male who had suffered from vomiting and disturbance of consciousness. CT scan revealed a tumor originating in the anterior part of the third ventricle and expanding into both lateral ventricles. Right frontotemporal craniotomy was performed and the tumor was totally removed under the microscope. The histological diagnosis was embryonal carcinoma. Inspite of the elevated amount of AFP in the serum, we could not verify the yolk sac element in the surgical specimen. Three months later, he became drowsy and another CT scan revealed recurrence of the tumor. Ommaya's reservoir was placed and CSF was drained to control the intracranial hypertension. But the disturbance of consciousness did not improve. We then started a combination chemotherapy with cis-platinum, vinblastine and bleomycin. Cis-platinum was given in a dosage of 20 mg/m2 body surface area as a 15 min. intravenous infusion for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks for three courses. Vinblastine was given in a dosage of 0.4 mg/kg body weight intravenously for 2 consecutive days every 3 weeks for three courses. Bleomycin was given in a dosage of 30 mg intravenously 6 hours after vinblastine weekly for a total of 12 weeks. The AFP level of the serum and CSF was monitored every several days. After the chemotherapy, the AFP level of the serum and CSF decreased. Repeated CT scan revealed no evidence of tumor. His clinical condition improved remarkably. Toxicity was vomiting, proteinuria and leukopenia, but not so severe. Proteinuria continued after the chemotherapy, but BUN and creatinine did not elevate. It was emphasized that the combination chemotherapy with cis-platinum, vinblastine and bleomycin is effective remission-induction treatment for AFP producing primary intracranial embryonal carcinoma.
An associative RAM-based CAM and its application to broadband communications systems (1998)

The content addressable memory (CAM) is a memory device that executes fast recognition and validation of binary patterns of a limited set, as opposed to the random access memory (RAM) that executes slow recognition of a large set of patterns. Here, we present a logic circuit which, combined with existing RAM's, constructs an associative RAM-based content addressable memory (AR-CAM) that executes fast pattern recognition of very large pattern sets. In addition, we describe the applicability of the AR-CAM to broad-band communications systems. Broadband communications systems with an aggregate bandwidth of tens or hundreds of Gbps require real-time recognition and translation of large pattern sets. Although CAM's are a good candidate for such applications, nevertheless we demonstrate that AR-CAM's can better and inexpensively accomplish this task.
In vivo regional delivery of retrovirally mediated foreign genes to rat liver cells: need for partial hepatectomy for successful foreign gene expression. (1993)

A novel surgical technique was developed to deliver retroviral gene vectors directly to a rat liver lobe in vivo. It was observed that viral infection efficiency was enhanced by inducing hepatocyte DNA synthesis by prior partial hepatectomy. Two retroviral vectors were used to integrate specific bacterial genes: an amphotropic virus expressing the hph gene for hygromycin B phosphotransferase and an ecotropic virus expressing the lac-Z gene for beta-galactosidase. The vectors were directed to the liver by in situ selective perfusion of the posterior liver lobes with a viral suspension with inflow and outflow catheters. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Animals in the first group underwent 70% partial hepatectomy and the remnant liver lobes were allowed to regenerate for 20 hours before perfusion with the viral supernatant. Group 2 rats were perfused with viral supernatant and 2 hours later underwent 70% partial hepatectomy. Animals in the third group were perfused with the viral supernatant without partial hepatectomy. Viral transduction of hepatocytes was assessed 4 or 6 days after treatment. Hygromycin B-resistant hepatocytes were isolated from the liver remnants of rats in group 1 (21.6%) and group 2 (26.9%). No resistant hepatocytes could be detected in hepatocytes from either control rats perfused with medium alone or those from rats that did not undergo hepatectomy (group 3). In animals that received the ecotropic virus, only those that underwent hepatectomy before virus exposure (group 1) showed a small number of hepatocytes expressing beta-galactosidase in liver sections.
A Parallel Simulated Annealing Algorithm for the Placement of Macro-Cells (1987)

A modification of the classical Simulated Annealing algorithm for the macro-cell placement problem is proposed for implementation on multiprocessor systems. The algorithm has been implemented on the Sequent Balance 8000, a multiprocessor system with a shared-memory architecture. Experimental results show that the new algorithm obtains results comparable in quality to those of the single processor version; processor utilization is greater than 80 percent using up to eight processors.
Preparation and Study of Finely Dispersed Magnetic Oxide in Polymer Matrix (1997)

The paper describes the synthesis and characterisation of a composite of Fe-Co with copolymer of aniline formaldehyde by chemical processing. The resulting material was studied by XRD, X-ray microradiography, TEM, Mossbauer effect and magnetisation measurements. Uniform dispersion of spherical shaped nano-sized particles of spinel magnetic oxide in polymer matrix is inferred.
Culture of Adipose Tissue and Isolated Adipocytes (2003)

Adipose tissue (AT) function is regulated by both short-term and long-term mechanisms. Long-term adaptations to hormonal, nutritional, and developmental factors take place over a time course of hours to days. For example, chronic alterations in the hormonal milieu (analogous to those that may occur during over- or underfeeding) have long-term effects on the cellular capacity for lipogenesis and lipolysis (1–3), as well as on the production of adipocyte secretory proteins (4,5). The mechanisms underlying these metabolic adaptations may involve pre- or posttranscriptional events that change the amount of enzyme protein or the number or activity of specific receptors or transporters. Elucidation of the mechanisms of long-term adaptations requires methods that maintain the function for AT ex vivo for periods up to 1 wk.
A Prospective Cohort Study on Toenail Selenium Levels and Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancer (1993)

These data support a suggestive but inconsistent inverse association between selenium levels and risk of stomach cancer. Our findings, like those of other studies, do not suggest an inverse association with risk of colorectal cancer.
Regulation of hypertrophy and atrophy in cultured adult heart cells. (1993)

Mechanical loading and alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation have both been shown to induce hypertrophy in isolated neonatal heart cells. The present study examined the effects of adrenergic hormones and contractile activity on the hypertrophic response in isolated adult feline cardiomyocytes maintained for more than 14 days in insulin- and serum-supplemented medium. Measurements of the hypertrophic response included cell size, total protein content, myosin heavy chain content, and the time course of activation of increased protein synthesis. Reactivation of the "fetal" gene program was evaluated by secretion of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) into the medium. Significant myocyte hypertrophy was induced in both quiescent myocytes treated with alpha 1-adrenergic agonists and in beating myocytes treated with beta-adrenergic agonists. However, there were both quantitative and qualitative differences in the response to each type of stimulation. alpha-Adrenergic agonists promoted an increase in cell size, protein content, and ANF secretion but not myofibrillar reorganization, which was observed only in beating myocytes. In contrast to results reported for neonatal heart cells, determinants of hypertrophy in beating myocytes exceeded those in nonbeating alpha 1-adrenergic agonist-treated heart cells in every parameter examined. In addition, in the case of both beating and alpha-adrenergic stimulation, there were marked time-dependent variations in rates of protein synthesis over the interval of 4 hours to 7 days of treatment with each type of stimulus. Differences were also encountered in correlations between rates of protein synthesis and protein accumulation over this interval. The effect of beating was particularly important both to the reorganization of myofibrillar structure and the metabolism of myosin heavy chain. In cultures in which beating was inhibited with the calcium channel antagonist nifedipine, the loss of myosin heavy chain was significantly greater than that of total protein.
Microfluidic serpentine antennas with designed mechanical tunability (2014)

This paper describes the design and characterization of microfluidic serpentine antennas with reversible stretchability and designed mechanical frequency modulation (FM). The microfluidic antennas are designed based on the Poisson's ratio of the elastomer in which the liquid alloy antenna is embedded, to controllably decrease, stabilize or increase its resonance frequency when being stretched. Finite element modelling was used in combination with experimental verification to investigate the effects of substrate dimensions and antenna aspect ratios on the FM sensitivity to uniaxial stretching. It could be designed within the range of -1.2 to 0.6 GHz per 100% stretch. When the aspect ratio of the serpentine antenna is between 1.0 and 1.5, the resonance frequency is stable under stretching, bending, and twisting. The presented microfluidic serpentine antenna design could be utilized in the field of wireless mobile communication for the design of wearable electronics, with a stable resonance frequency under dynamic applied strain up to 50%.
The use of shaft voltage to detect air gap eccentricity and shorted turns in salient pole alternators (1995)

Electrical machine manufacturers deem that if an induced shaft voltage is measured higher than 250 mV rms on a ball and roller bearing or 400 mV rms on a sleeve type bearing, the nondrive end bearing shall be insulated from the frame to avoid bearing damaging circulating currents. Irregularities in the magnetic circuit may cause a small amount of flux to link the shaft, with the result that an electromotive force is generated between the shaft ends. This electromotive force will produce a current to flow through the shaft, bearings, bearing supports, machine framework and back to the other end of the shaft, unless this circuit is interrupted by insulation. If the rotor pole has shorted turns or the stator to rotor air gap is eccentric, then this will cause a magnetic unbalance as described above. There could also be some electromagnetic effect transmitted to the shaft from the DC cables which run along the shaft to feed the rotor poles. Diesel driven salient pole alternators are the main power generation facility of most offshore drilling rigs. Failure of these units can have drastic effects on the drilling activity as well as safety implications. Prevention of such failures is vital. This paper describes the rationale adopted and noninvasive tests conducted to detect malfunctions within salient pole alternator rotors, while the machine is in service. Results are presented showing that shaft voltage can be used as a predictive maintenance technique and condition monitoring tool on this type of alternator rotor.
Cochinmicins, novel and potent cyclodepsipeptide endothelin antagonists from a Microbispora sp. I. Production, isolation, and characterization. (1992)

Cochinmicins I, II, III are novel peptolides produced in submerged-fermentation cultures of Microbispora sp. ATCC 55140. These closely related compounds are separated by HPLC and are novel competitive endothelin antagonists. Cochinmicins II and III are stereoisomeric to each other. Cochinmicin I is the deschloro analog of cochinmicin III.