gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoid Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase-mediated Signal Transduction and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) Expression in the Murine T-cell Line, EL4.IL-2 (1996)

Cannabinoid receptors negatively regulate adenylate cyclase through a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein. In the present studies, signaling via the adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway was investigated in the murine thymoma-derived T-cell line, EL4.IL-2. Northern analysis of EL4.IL-2 cells identified the presence of 4-kilobase CB2 but not CB1 receptor-subtype mRNA transcripts. Southern analysis of genomic DNA digests for the CB2 receptor demonstrated identical banding patterns for EL4.IL-2 cells and mouse-derived DNA, both of which were dissimilar to DNA isolated from rat. Treatment of EL4.IL-2 cells with either cannabinol or Delta9-THC disrupted the adenylate cyclase signaling cascade by inhibiting forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation which consequently led to a decrease in protein kinase A activity and the binding of transcription factors to a CRE consensus sequence. Likewise, an inhibition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin-induced interleukin 2 (IL-2) protein secretion, which correlated to decreased IL-2 gene transcription, was induced by both cannabinol and Delta9-THC. Further, cannabinoid treatment also decreased PMA/ionomycin-induced nuclear factor binding to the AP-1 proximal site of the IL-2 promoter. Conversely, forskolin enhanced PMA/ionomycin-induced AP-1 binding. These findings suggest that inhibition of signal transduction via the adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway induces T-cell dysfunction which leads to a diminution in IL-2 gene transcription.
Strength Characteristics of Composite Materials. (1965)

Abstract : The strength characteristics of quasi-homogeneous, nonisotropic materials are derived from a generalized distortional work criterion. For unidirectional composites, the strength is governed by the axial, transverse, and shear strengths, and the angle of fiber orientation. The strength of a laminated composite consisting of layers of uni-directional composites depends on the strength, thickness, and orientation of each constituent layer and the temperature at which the laminate is cured. In the process of lamination, thermal and mechanical interactions are induced which affect the residual stress and the subsequent stress distribution under external load. A method of strength analysis of laminated composites is delineated using glass-epoxy composites as examples. The validity of the method is demonstrated by appropriate experiments. Commonly encountered material constants and coefficients for stress and strength analyses for glass-epoxy composites are listed in the Appendix.
Towards a language independent Twitter bot detector (2019)

This article describes our work in developing an application that recognizes automatically generated tweets. The objective of this machine learning application is to increase data accuracy in sociolinguistic studies that utilize Twitter by reducing skewed sampling and inaccuracies in linguistic data. Most previous machine learning attempts to exclude bot material have been language dependent since they make use of monolingual Twitter text in their training phase. In this paper, we present a language independent approach which classifies each single tweet to be either autogenerated (AGT) or human-generated (HGT). We define an AGT as a tweet where all or parts of the natural language content is generated automatically by a bot or other type of program. In other words, while AGT/HGT refer to an individual message, the term bot refers to non-personal and automated accounts that post content to online social networks. Our approach classifies a tweet using only metadata that comes with every tweet, and we utilize those metadata parameters that are both language and country independent. The empirical part shows good success rates. Using a bilingual training set of Finnish and Swedish tweets, we correctly classified about 98.2% of all tweets in a test set using a third language (English)
A study Investigating the Stage-by-Stage Pre-Order PlatformStrategiestaking Online Pre-Order Catering Platforms for Example (2018)

Through online shopping, it is convenient and fast for consumers to find the products they need. Whats important is that online shopping is not limited by time and space and can effectively stimulate consumers online transactions and generate considerable revenue. For O2O pre-order catering, online catering reservation platforms have been set up since 1998, such as the Open Table, GH, Panera Bread, and Dunkin Donuts in the U.S. and EZTable and Weiby iStore in Taiwan, which all have created brand new and surprising experiences. However, these platforms need to implement the right platform strategies at the right time to stand out. This study enrolled successful online catering reservation platforms in the U.S., Germany, and Taiwan as the subjects to perform analyses. This study performed cross-analyses and inductions on multiple successful subjects, used the innovation diffusion model to analyze the operating strategies of these pre-order platforms based on the strategy model of Delta Model, summarized the critical factors affecting the sustainable operation of online platforms, and developed propositions that can be put into practice.
Theoretical prediction of ferromagnetic MnN layers embedded in wurtzite GaN (2006)

We studied, using the spin density functional theory, the manganese mononitride (MnN) grown on GaN in the wurtzite phase, forming the GaN∕MnN heterostructures. We obtained a ferromagnetic ground state with a higher magnetic moment than the hypothetical wurtzite bulk MnN. This behavior can be explained in terms of the high magnetization of the MnN interface monolayers that have longer first and second neighbors bond lengths due to structure relaxation. We suggest that this system can be applied to the new spintronics technology by being able to provide spin polarized carriers in the important wide-gap nitride systems.
Plasma Treatment of Railway Rails to Improve Traction (1971)

Plasma torch treatments of track rails to improve locomotive wheel traction were investigated as a potential substitute for rail sanding. Rolling friction tests were conducted under simulated rail-wheel load conditions at about 200,000 psi contact stress. Although traction was improved significantly in laboratory tests, total power required to significantly improve the coefficient of friction for a diesel electric operation at low speeds appears excessive. Power required at 80 mph is prohibitive. Moreover, safety, maintenance, and mechanical aspects require a considerable amount of further development before such an application can be considered possible on American railroads.
A Functional Role for Hemostasis in Early Cancer Development (2005)

Blood coagulation disorders have been known to be associated with cancer for many years. However, the mechanisms responsible for their relationship have not been understood. Recent work indicates that activation of the MET oncogene, which drives invasion and metastasis in cancer, can promote a cancer-associated thrombohemorrhagic syndrome that is mediated by transcriptional up-regulation of the procoagulation factors plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. These findings reveal a long-sought mechanistic link between coagulation and cancer, highlighting a clinically important perspective on malignant invasion and metastasis.
Total synthesis of the quinonoid alcohol dehydrogenase coenzyme (1) of methylotrophic bacteria (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of the quinonoid alcohol dehydrogenase coenzyme (1) of methylotrophic bacteriaE. J. Corey and Alfonso TramontanoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 18, 5599–5600Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00408a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00408a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1487Altmetric-Citations105LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phase transformation of thin sputter-deposited tungsten films at room temperature (2002)

Thin films of W have application in semiconductor interconnect structures as diffusion barriers and potentially as seed layers for electroplating. Thin W films have been deposited by sputtering [physical vapor deposition (PVD)] at near-room temperature, using Ar as the working gas, for evaluation of the electrical and structural properties of the films in the thickness range of 3 to 150 nm. Films deposited at 45 nm or greater thickness are composed of alpha (bcc) phase (only) with an electrical resistivity of 12 μΩ cm. Films deposited at thicknesses below 5 nm are mostly beta (A15 cubic) phase as-deposited with significantly higher resistivity, which is due partly to the phase and partly to electron-surface scattering (the “size effect”). In the thickness range of 5 to 45 nm, the as-deposited films are mostly beta phase and undergo transformation to the alpha phase at room temperature in tens of hours to several days. The resistivity also declines concurrently, as much as 70%. The exact mechanism driving the phase transformation is unclear, but is expected to be due to energy stored at grain boundaries and at the film–substrate interface coupled with the metastable nature of the beta phase. The transition is thermally driven and can be enhanced by heating or slowed by cooling. The effective activation energy for the phase transformation measured by the modified Kissenger method for the change in sheet resistance, the disappearance of the W-beta peaks, or the appearance of the W-alpha peaks has an average value of 1.1±0.2 eV. It does not appear that there is any critical thickness for the transition. However, since the deposition process for PVD-W is intrinsically hot, thicker films are effectively deposited at higher temperatures, which drives the beta-to-alpha transition to completion. Thicker films deposited cold (&lt;20 °C) show beta-phase peaks, which then transform to alpha in 10–20 h at 25 °C. In addition, the scaling of the resistivity of the resultant alpha W with thickness suggests an electron scattering mean-free path of 10–12 nm, much below the reported 41 nm.
Localization of Labile Posttranslational Modifications by Electron Capture Dissociation:  The Case of γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid (1999)

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of 28 residue peptides harboring gamma-carboxylated glutamic acid residues, a posttranslational modification of several proenzymes of the blood coagulation cascade, using either collisions or infrared photons results in complete ejection of the gamma-CO2 moieties (-44 Da) before cleavage of peptide-backbone bonds. However, MS/MS using electron capture dissociation (ECD) in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer cleaves backbone bonds without ejecting CO2, allowing direct localization of this labile modification. Sulfated side chains are also retained in ECD backbone fragmentations of a 21-mer peptide, although CAD causes extensive SO3 loss. ECD thus is a unique complement to conventional methods for MS/MS, causing less undesirable loss of side-chain functionalities as well as more desirable backbone cleavages.
Case-based reasoning for market surveillance (2002)

Stock market surveillance is an enormously difficult task. Exchange surveillance departments must sift through data on thousands of transactions each day, pick out suspicious price movements, investigate the transactions, and determine if action is necessary. Knowledge-based systems have been applied in this domain with mixed results, primarily due to a lack of clear-cut criteria for identifying anomalous activity. The authors present a novel approach to knowledge-based market monitoring: intelligent market monitor. The IMM is an application of case-based reasoning that evaluates trading patterns in the context of additional company, industry, and market data, and identifies possibly suspicious trades.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The interaction between policy and research in the implementation of server training (1993)

This paper describes the relationship between research and policy in the development of server training policy in Ontario. With the emergence of civil liability for the conduct of intoxicated patrons, there has been a growing movement toward the training of managers and servers in licensed establishment in the responsible service of alcohol. As part of a major government reform of alcohol regulations which has led to a new Liquor Licence Act, all persons who serve alcohol in licensed establishments in Ontario will be required to attend a server training course. The process leading to new alcohol regulations in Ontario is summarized with particular attention to the implementation of mandatory server training. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of research in policy development. It is argued that the role of research in policy making is limited by an inherent conflict between the nature of scientific enquiry and the exigencies of policy development.
Honeycomb Compound Na<sub>3</sub>Ni<sub>2</sub>BiO<sub>6</sub>as Positive Electrode Material in Na Cells (2016)

Honeycomb compound Na3Ni2BiO6 was synthesized and studied as positive electrode material in sodium cells for the first time. This material exhibits a reversible capacity of ∼80 mAh/g and an average voltage of ∼3.1 V, corresponding to the reversible removal of half of the sodium from the structure. The sodiation/desodiation mechanism was studied by in situ X-ray diffraction and involves multiple phase transitions. It was observed that the phase transitions are different for the first charge/discharge processes, possibly due to kinetic hindrance. The multiple phase transitions may lead to sluggish kinetics that are responsible for the poor rate capability.
Requirements driven methodology for conducting risk analyses of unclassified networks (2002)

This paper describes a simple method for local area network (LAN) administrators and their managers to assess the protection afforded by the unclassified LANs for which they are responsible. A goal of each automated information system security program is to assure that each LAN has a level of security that is commensurate with the risk and magnitude of the harm that could result from the loss, misuse, unauthorized disclosure, or unauthorized modification of the information contained in the system. This requirements driven process focuses on ensuring data availability, integrity, and confidentiality through standardization and simplification of standard industry practices. The methodology has been implemented using off-the-shelf commercially available spreadsheet software applications.
Multi-axis force sensing with pre-stressed resonant composite plates: An alternative to strain gauge force sensors (2014)

Industrial robots embedding multi-axis force sensors at the robot/environment interface presents numerous advantages in terms of safety, dexterity and collaborative perspectives. The key-point of these developments remains the availability of cheap but sufficiently precise multi-axis force sensors. This paper proposes a model-based approach to design a new alternative to commonly used strain gauge sensors. The principle of the device relies on pre-stress resonant composite plates where feedback control and measurement are achieved with piezoelectric transducers. The main originality of this work is that the force to be measured may present multi-axis components. Based on pre-stress and piezoelectric theories, a complete electromechanical model is proposed. This one is used during the design of a resonating composite Mindlin plate, embedding piezoelectric patches. It is shown that the effects of in-plane and out-of-plane external forces can be considered as pre-stress components. These ones, at the root of buckling phenomena, alter the stiffness of the structure and shift the plate resonance frequencies. Then, by solving the eigenvalue problem of the pre-stress vibrating structure, we can find the relationship between the natural frequencies of the structure and the externally applied multi-axis force. The proof of concept of this sensor is achieved on a case study. Finally, numerical results from both, home-made and commercial, finite element software demonstrates the interest of our approach to design integrated and inexpensive multi-axis force sensors solutions.
Laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LAMMS) analysis of beryllium, sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases. (1989)

Beryllium was detected in the granulomas of all thirty-three cases of CBD examined and was absent in thirty cases of sarcoidosis. It was also found in association with coal dust in one of twelve normal lungs. Beryllium could also be detected in Schaumann bodies and hyalinized scars. Beryllium, though sometimes present in Kveim negative biopsies of CBD patients, was not found in any originating Kveim antigen. Rare earths (La, Ce, Pr and Nd) were unexpectedly found in two of the thirty sarcoid patients but not in any other samples. We have identified the crystalline component of Schaumann bodies as calcite and shown that they, as well as calispherules of microlithiasis, contain calcium phosphate. Al and Ti may be found in normal lungs but when associated with hypersensitivity granulomatous disease, their oxides were also present.
Analysis of the spatial‐frequency‐dependent DQE of optically coupled digital mammography detectors (1994)

The effect of optical coupling efficiency on the spatial‐frequency‐dependent propagation of signal and noise is considered for x‐ray image detectors for digital mammography in which a phosphor screen is optically coupled to a charge‐coupled device (CCD) image array. For experimental purposes, optical coupling between a Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb phosphor screen and a CCD image array was provided by relay lenses. Neutral density filters were inserted between the lenses to vary the optical coupling efficiency without altering the inherent spatial resolution. The total coupling efficiency, defined as the number of electrons ( e − ) recorded in the CCD per x‐ray interaction in the phosphor, was calculated in each case. The modulation transfer function, and the contributions to the total noise power spectrum (NPS) of x‐ray quantum noise, secondary quantum noise, and inherent detector noise were measured as a function of coupling efficiency. These data were used to calculate the spatial‐frequency‐dependent detective quantum efficiency [DQE( f )]. The NPS due to x‐ray quantum noise had a significant spatial‐frequency dependence for coupling efficiencies of more than 9 e − per x‐ray interaction, but little spatial‐frequency dependence for coupling efficiencies of less than 2 e − per x‐ray interaction. These results indicate that to preserve high spatial‐frequency values of DQE( f ), and to ensure that images are x‐ray quantum‐noise limited at high spatial frequencies, a coupling efficiency on the order of 10 e − per x‐ray interaction is required. This is contrary to the common belief, based on zero spatial‐frequency analysis, that a coupling efficiency on the order of 1 e − per x‐ray interaction is sufficient to acquire x‐ray quantum‐noise‐limited images.
Electrocaloric cooler combining ceramic multi-layer capacitors and fluid (2016)

In this paper, an electrocaloric (EC) cooler prototype made of 150 ceramic-based Multi-Layer Capacitors (MLCs) has been detailed. This cooler involves a column of dielectric fluid where heat exchange with the MLCs takes place. The maximum variation of temperature in the fluid column due to the EC effect reaches 0.13 K whereas the heat exchanged during one stroke is 0.28 J. Although this prototype requires improvements with respect to heat exchange, the basic principle of creating a temperature gradient in a column of fluid has been validated.
Sequence Analysis of the Cryptic Plasmid pMG101 from <i>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</i> and Construction of Stable Cloning Vectors (2000)

A 15-kb cryptic plasmid was obtained from a natural isolate of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The plasmid, designated pMG101, was able to replicate in R. palustris and in closely related strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and phototrophic Bradyrhizobium species. However, it was unable to replicate in the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides and in Rhizobium species. The replication region of pMG101 was localized to a 3.0-kb SalI-XhoI fragment, and this fragment was stably maintained in R. palustris for over 100 generations in the absence of selection. The complete nucleotide sequence of this fragment revealed two open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1 and ORF2. The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF1 is similar to sequences of Par proteins, which mediate plasmid stability from certain plasmids, while ORF2 was identified as a putative rep gene, coding for an initiator of plasmid replication, based on homology with the Rep proteins of several other plasmids. The function of these sequences was studied by deletion mapping and gene disruptions of ORF1 and ORF2. pMG101-based Escherichia coli-R. palustris shuttle cloning vectors pMG103 and pMG105 were constructed and were stably maintained in R. palustris growing under nonselective conditions. The ability of plasmid pMG101 to replicate in R. palustris and its close phylogenetic relatives should enable broad application of these vectors within this group of alpha-proteobacteria.