gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modification of mesoporous TiO<sub>2</sub>electrodes by surface treatment with titanium(IV), indium(III) and zirconium(IV) oxide precursors: preparation, characterization and photovoltaic performance in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells (2007)

Post-treatment of titanium dioxide (TiO2) films for use in dye-sensitized solar cells has been carried out with titanium(IV), indium(III) and zirconium(IV) oxide precursor solutions. The nanostructured electrodes were characterized using nitrogen gas sorption (NGS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The change in the nanostructure was quantified and the thicknesses of the core?shell coatings determined. An evaluation of the dependence of thickness by HRTEM concluded that one coating step of either the indium or zirconium precursor gave thicknesses of 0.5?nm, with EDX and XPS confirming the presence of either In or Zr at the TiO2 electrode surface, respectively. These working electrodes were then used to fabricate dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells (DSSCs) whose performance was tested under AM1.5G 100?mW?cm?2 illumination. TiCl4 post-treatment was found to improve the photovoltaic efficiencies from 3.6% to 5.3%. Single coatings of either In2O3 or ZrO2 on the TiO2 working electrode resulted in an increased efficiency from 3.6% up to 5.0%. Thinner coatings gave the highest solar cell efficiency. The drop in performance was mainly due to a decrease in short circuit current density (Jsc) with the greater shell thicknesses. ZrO2-coated TiO2 electrodes subjected to microwave heat treatment using a 2.45?GHz microwave produced the highest efficiencies (5.6%) largely due to an increase in short circuit current from 11.4 to 13.3?mA?cm?2.
Ethnic differences in post-menopausal plasma oestrogen levels: high oestrone levels in Japanese-American women despite low weight (2000)

Breast cancer incidence in Japanese-American women is approaching that of US Whites. We investigated whether this shift is paralleled by similar post-menopausal plasma hormone levels in the two ethnic groups. We also included African-American and Latina women to further our understanding of possible ethnic differences in oestrogen metabolism. We measured androstenedione (A), oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2) in 30 Japanese-American, 39 non-Latina White ('White'), 66 African-American and 58 Latina women. The (age-adjusted) geometric mean E1 levels were 34 pg ml(-1) in Japanese-Americans, 28 pg ml(-1) in Whites, 35 pg ml(-1) in African-Americans and 31 pg ml(-1) in Latinas. After adjustment for body mass index, Japanese-Americans had the highest mean E1 value of all groups and this was statistically significantly greater than the value for Whites (P(t-test) = 0.05). The geometric mean A concentrations were also highest in Japanese-Americans. There was little ethnic difference in E2 levels. In conclusion, post-menopausal plasma oestrogen levels in Japanese-American women are at least as high as those in Whites.
A quasi-lumped ultra-broadband contiguous SSL-diplexer from DC to 80 GHz (2009)

A contiguous planar diplexer in suspended stripline technology with ultrawideband channels from DC to 40 GHz and 40 GHz to 80 GHz is presented. The design of the diplexer is based on quasi-complementary LC lowpass and highpass prototypes which are directly transformed into transmission line elements by using a quasi-lumped approach. This very straightforward design procedure requires no susceptance annulling networks and no introduction of unit elements which could limit the diplexer's operation bandwidth. For achieving an optimal compatibility with external circuits, an ultra-broadband SSL-MSL (suspended stripline - microstrip line) transition with a return loss of more than 18 dB from DC to 83 GHz was designed. The realized diplexer is extremely compact (6times4.5mm) and features a return loss of more than 12 dB from DC to 81 GHz with very low channel insertion losses of typically less than 1 dB after proper optimization.
Stability and availability of cyclosporine in 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. (1986)

The stability of cyclosporine in commonly used i.v. solutions and the percentage of the drug delivered via polyvinyl chloride administration tubing were studied. Cyclosporine injection was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and diluted with 5% dextrose injection (D5W) or with 0.9% sodium chloride injection (NS). Admixtures containing cyclosporine 2 mg/mL were prepared in polyvinyl chloride minibags (five for each solution) and in glass containers (three for each solution). The sample obtained at time zero from a glass container protected from light was the control. Additional samples were prepared in minibags and run through 70-inch polyvinyl chloride administration sets. An HPLC assay for cyclosporine was used. Exposure to room light did not significantly affect cyclosporine concentrations. More than 90% of the initial drug concentration remained after 24 hours under all storage conditions, but less than 95% remained after 6 hours in samples diluted with NS and stored in plastic. At times up to 60 minutes, cyclosporine concentrations were significantly different in solutions infused from the minibags through polyvinyl chloride tubing from those in control solutions. Under these conditions, cyclosporine is stable in D5W in glass containers or polyvinyl chloride minibags for 24 hours and in NS for 6 hours (polyvinyl chloride) to 12 hours (glass). However, because of the potential for leaching of plasticizers, cyclosporine admixtures should be stored in glass or used within six hours if stored in polyvinyl chloride minibags. Approximately 10% of the initial drug concentration is lost to 70-inch length polyvinyl chloride infusion tubing.
Analytic propagation matrix method for anisotropic magneto-optic layered media (2000)

Simplified analytic expressions are derived for the optical propagation matrix of magnetic anisotropic Kerr media using the Lagrange-Sylvester interpolation polynomial. This expression is used to investigate magnetic Kerr films in Fabry-Pérot configurations, magneto-optic recording quadrilayers and alternating periodic stacks. It is found that the magneto-optic reflection coefficients are enhanced by a few orders of magnitude due to multiple reflections. Bragg-type reflection peaks from periodic structure appear solely due to the gyrotropy and it is shown that omnidirectional reflection is possible under certain conditions. This analytic approach is faster than using direct numerical calculation.
Protein Separation and Purification (2001)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction - From Art to Rational Protein Management Strategies for Protein Separation Techniques for Initial Fractionation of Crude Extracts Protein Chromatography - General Aspects Protein Size Methods - Gel Filtration Protein Charge Methods - Ion Exchange Chromatography and Chromatofocusing Protein Hydrophobicity Methods - Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography and Protein Affinity Methods - Affinity Chromatography Concluding Remarks Reversed Phase Chromatography References
Assay Validation for KIM-1: human urinary renal dysfunction biomarker (2009)

Urinary kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) is a sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury. The objective of the present work was to analytically validate this urinary renal injury biomarker. Duo-set reagents from R&D were used to develop the ELISA and validate the assay's linearity, intra-run precision, inter-run precision, lower limit of quantification, recovery, dilutional verification, reference range, stability, and length of run. The reference range data suggests that the healthy population falls within the assay range (59 - 2146 pg/mL) and upper limit of quantitation for this assay is 17168 pg/mL for the patient population. This is a robust assay to detect urinary levels of KIM-1, which serves as a non-invasive sensitive, reproducible, and potentially high-throughput method to detect early kidney injury in drug development studies.
Automatic white balance based on adaptive feature selection with standard illuminants (2008)

Automatic white balance is a key function to remove undesirable color cast in digital cameras. Assumption-based methods (e.g. gray world method, white patch method) are widely used for the AWB process of digital cameras because of their low computational costs. However, they are highly dependent on the validity of their assumption. To solve this problem, we propose an adaptive feature extraction scheme for finding neutral color. The proposed method uses three features which are complementary and computationally effective. Moreover, we use the standard illuminants for evaluating an estimated illuminant not only to improve the accuracy of illuminant estimation, but also to provide the AWB skip mode. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms conventional assumption-based methods and arrives at reasonable color compensation over a wide range of scenes.
Butadiene-Furfural Copolymers (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTButadiene-Furfural CopolymersJohn C. Hillyer, S. Swadesh, M. L. Leslie, and A. P. DunlopCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1948, 40, 11, 2216–2220Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50467a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50467a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views178Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Influence of Interior Packing and Hydrophobicity on the Stability of a Protein (1989)

Protein interiors contain many tightly packed apolar atoms in a nearly crystalline state. Both shielding of apolar atoms from solvent and efficient interior packing arrangements affect protein stability, but their relative importance is unclear. To separate these effects, the stabilities of wild-type and mutant gene V proteins from bacteriophage fl were studied by measuring resistance to denaturation. The effects of subtle interior packing changes, both separate from and combined with changes in buried side chain hydrophobicity, were measured. For the interior apolar-to-apolar substitutions studied, the two effects were of the same magnitude and alteration of packing without accompanying hydrophobicity changes substantially destabilized the protein.
A note on the Tertiary history of Indo-Australian plate-movements and the West Indonesian Tertiary stratigraphy. (2000)

The Tertiary movements of the Indo-Australian plate are re-evaluated, based on the magnetic anomaly zones on the south off the Australian continent. The re-evaluated history of the plate's movements shows a good consistency with the Tertiary tectono-stratigraphic records of tectonic and sedimentary events in petroliferous West Indonesia.The magnetic anomaly zones studied are distributed in the area between the George V Fracture Zone and the Australia-Antarctica Magnetic Discordance Zone. The magnetic anomalies are symmetrically developed with respect to the Southeast Indian Oceanic Ridge in the area. They preserve laterally and chronologically high continuity. The re-evaluation indicates more detailed historical changes in the northward movement of the Indo-Australian plate during the Tertiary than the previous works.This study shows two geohistorical phases in the Indo-Australian plate movements: (I) a slow northward movement of the Australian plate till the latest Eocene, and a sudden acceleration of the movement around the earliest Oligocene, (II) the Late Oligocene acceleration and a plateau of high movement rate till the late Early Miocene, and the early Middle Miocene remarkable acceleration. These events in the plate movements were well recorded in the mega-sequence of the Indonesian Tertiary and Quaternary systems as well as stratigraphic controls of the eustatic sea level fluctuations.The tectono-stratigraphic history in the West Indonesia established an excellent petroleum systems that have been evaluated to yield ca. 46.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent of recoverable hydrocarbons in total.
Corrosion studies under conditions of thermal desalination. II. The influence of oxygen content, pH value, flow rate and impurities on the corrosion rates of unalloyed and low alloyed steels (1978)

Abstract Corrosion rates determined on the basis of weight loss and polarization resistance are considerably lower for a 6% chromium steel than for an unalloyed steel C 15 (DIN 17210), a base‐melt and a 5.5% Ni steel. The results of a 100 hrs test and a short duration parameter studies at various oxygen concentrations show that above 100°C there is a minimum corrosion rate at 10 ppb oxygen. At oxygen concentrations above 20 ppb there is a transition from uniform corrosion to pitting. The dependence of corrosion rate on pH is in accordance with expectations; the same is true with the dependence on flow rate. Sulphides as impurities in sea‐water become corrosion stimulators only below pH 7, but are highly active even in the ppm range. Addition of 1 ppm copper ions gives rise to considerable stimulation, too. The results obtained in this study enable conclusions to be drawn with respect to the operation of sea‐water desalination plant.
The Parathyroid Polyhormones: New Concepts in the Spectrum of Peptide Hormone Action* (1991)

WE WILL review a series of studies in the field of calcium metabolism which, over the last 3 yr, have added a new complexity to our concepts about peptide hormone action. The traditional view of peptide hormone action holds that a peptide hormone bears a region that is configured to possess high affinity for a receptor on the membrane of the target cell. Interaction with that receptor alters other membrane components to initiate a cascade of intracellular events, mediated by changes in intracellular AMP, calcium, phosphatidyl inositol metabolites, or other second messengers. An increased ambient concentration of the hormone will cause an increased occupancy of receptors and greater action on the target cell. The organ specificity of the hormone is determined by the spectrum of cell types that bear the appropriate receptor. Additional orders of complexity were added by the findings that receptor number can vary (exposure to the hormone, for example, can decrease the number of receptors), that postreceptor events may become refractory for a time after an episode of increased receptor occupancy, that other peptides can sometimes interact with a given hormone's receptor (insulin-like growth factors, for example), and that a hormone may have more than one class of receptors.
A Validated Questionnaire for Quantifying Skin Oiliness (2014)

Increased sebum production is a common skin complaint and plays an important role in acne and oily scalp conditions. To choose the correct skin care products, which mostly are marketed for dry, oily or normal skin, the consumer must self-assess their skin type. Studies show that individuals incorrectly self-assess their sebum secretion levels. In order to be able to correctly determine skin oiliness, we have developed a six-item skin oiliness scale (SOS) that correlates with sebumeter measurements. The resulting correlation was 0.54, which was significantly different from zero (p is easy to administer questionnaire to accurately determine skin oiliness and can be useful in screening and recruiting patients for research trials, performing outcome research, and recommending skin care products and procedures. Our study shows that this skin oiliness scale is an accurate way to identify and quantify skin oiliness.
Growth Enhancement of Anchorage‐Dependent and Anchorage‐Independent Cells by Coimmobilization of Insulin with Poly(allylamine) or Gelatin (1995)

An anchorage-dependent cell, mouse fibroblast STO cell and an anchorage-independent cell, K562 cell, were cultured on a polymer membrane coimmobilized with insulin and adhesion factors, poly(allylamine), and gelatin. The former is cationic and electrostatically (non-biospecifically) enhances cell adhesion, and the latter is a hydrolyzate of collagen and biospecifically enhances cell adhesion. They were immobilized onto a surface-hydrolyzed poly(methyl methacrylate) membrane by water-soluble carbodiimide. The adhesion of both STO and K562 cells was accelerated by the immobilization of poly(allylamine) or gelatin. The insulin immobilization did not affect adhesion of either cell. Although the growth of STO cells was enhanced on the insulin-immobilized membrane, the growth of K562 cells was not. However, the coimmobilizaiton of insulin and a cell-adhesion factor accelerated growth of both cells. It was considered that an increased frequency of interaction between the immobilized insulin and the receptor led to the cell growth acceleration.
Dirofilaria immitis: Studies on Anti-Microfilarial Immunity in Lewis Rats (1989)

The effect of vaccination on rates of microfilarial clearance using Dirofilaria immitis in male Lewis rats was examined. Animals were immunized with whole, dead microfilariae or a PBS extract of microfilariae in Freund's adjuvant. The immunized animals, as well as untreated and adjuvant controls, were challenged intravenously with 4 x 10(5) viable microfilariae (mf). The duration of microfilaremia was 15.5 days in rats vaccinated with whole mf, 17.7 days in those vaccinated with a PBS extract, 36.3 days for those vaccinated with adjuvant alone, and greater than 70 days for the untreated group. Analysis of the anti-microfilarial IgG response by ELISA and Western blots demonstrated that immunization induced significant amounts of antibody against high molecular weight peptides, particularly a peptide located at 105 kDa. Antibody levels in both groups of immunized animals continued to rise following challenge, reaching peak levels of 78-80 micrograms/ml on the day of microfilarial clearance. Decreasing microfilaremia following challenge was associated with an enhanced recognition of low molecular weight peptides.
Cationic allylmetal complexes. 9. Dimerization of acrylates catalyzed by allylpalladium complexes. Role of the ligand and indirect evidence for the occurrence of hydridopalladium species (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCationic allylmetal complexes. 9. Dimerization of acrylates catalyzed by allylpalladium complexes. Role of the ligand and indirect evidence for the occurrence of hydridopalladium speciesPierre Grenouillet, Denis Neibecker, and Igor TkatchenkoCite this: Organometallics 1984, 3, 7, 1130–1132Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00085a034https://doi.org/10.1021/om00085a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views231Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Salvage chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide for recurrent temozolomide‐refractory anaplastic astrocytoma (2005)

CYC demonstrated modest efficacy with acceptable toxicity in this cohort of adult patients with recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma, all of whom had failed prior TMZ chemotherapy.
Light propagation in biological tissue (2003)

Biological tissue scatters light mainly in the forward direction where the scattering phase function has a narrow peak. This peak makes it difficult to solve the radiative transport equation. However, it is just for forward peaked scattering that the Fokker-Planck equation provides a good approximation, and it is easier to solve than the transport equation. Furthermore, the modification of the Fokker-Planck equation by Leakeas and Larsen provides an even better approximation and is also easier to solve. We demonstrate the accuracy of these two approximations by solving the problem of reflection and transmission of a plane wave normally incident on a slab composed of a uniform scattering medium.
Langevin Model of the Temperature and Hydration Dependence of Protein Vibrational Dynamics (2005)

The modification of internal vibrational modes in a protein due to intraprotein anharmonicity and solvation effects is determined by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of myoglobin, analyzing them using a Langevin model of the vibrational dynamics and comparing the Langevin results to a harmonic, normal mode model of the protein in vacuum. The diagonal and off-diagonal Langevin friction matrix elements, which model the roughness of the vibrational potential energy surfaces, are determined together with the vibrational potentials of mean force from the MD trajectories at 120 K and 300 K in vacuum and in solution. The frictional properties are found to be describable using simple phenomenological functions of the mode frequency, the accessible surface area, and the intraprotein interaction (the displacement vector overlap of any given mode with the other modes in the protein). The frictional damping of a vibrational mode in vacuum is found to be directly proportional to the intraprotein interaction of the mode, whereas in solution, the friction is proportional to the accessible surface area of the mode. In vacuum, the MD frequencies are lower than those of the normal modes, indicating intramolecular anharmonic broadening of the associated potential energy surfaces. Solvation has the opposite effect, increasing the large-amplitude vibrational frequencies relative to in vacuum and thus vibrationally confining the protein atoms. Frictional damping of the low-frequency modes is highly frequency dependent. In contrast to the damping effect of the solvent, the vibrational frequency increase due to solvation is relatively temperature independent, indicating that it is primarily a structural effect. The MD-derived vibrational dynamic structure factor and density of states are well reproduced by a model in which the Langevin friction and potential of mean force parameters are applied to the harmonic normal modes.