gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Breaking Waves and Global-Scale Chemical Transport in the Earth's Atmosphere, with Spinoffs for the Sun's Interior (1998)

The atmosphere used to be thought of using classical ideas about turbulence that looked back to analogies with gas kinetic theory, involving among other things an assumption that departures from spatial homogeneity are weak. This led to problematic notions like ‘negative eddy viscosity’. However, more recent advances in understanding the global-scale atmospheric circulation have shown the importance of recognizing — as essential, leading-order features — the strong spatial inhomogeneity of atmospheric turbulence together with the crucial role of wave propagation. For this purpose one can usefully draw a rough analogy with an ocean beach, where (a) turbulence in the surf zone owes its existence to waves arriving from elsewhere, and where (b) the spatial inhomogeneity of that turbulence is an essential feature of what is called wave dissipation by breaking. There is a phase-coherent interaction between the waves and the highly inhomogeneous turbulence. One well known consequence is the generation of mean currents along beaches by the convergence of the radiation stress or wave-induced momentum transport. For the global atmospheric circulation, the two most important kinds of waves are internal gravity waves and Rossby or vorticity waves. The chirality of Rossby waves, tied to the sense of the Earth's rotation, results in an angular momentum transport that is intrinsically one-signed and therefore ratchet-like, producing via Coriolis effects an inexorable ‘gyroscopic pumping’ of air systematically poleward that dominates, for instance, the global-scale transport of chlorofluorocarbons and other long-lived greenhouse gases in the stratosphere. The Rossby-wave counterpart to ocean-beach wave breaking involves not 3-dimensional but ‘layerwise 2-dimensional’ turbulence, producing inhomogeneous mixing, quasi-horizontally along stratification surfaces, of a spin-like material invariant called the Rossby-Ertel potential vorticity. Some of the same considerations apply to the fluid dynamics of the Sun's stably stratified radiative interior. Together with recent helioseismic data they are forcing us to a novel conclusion: the Sun not merely can, but must, have in its radiative interior a poloidal magnetic field that is strong enough (∼1 gauss or 10-4 tesla by a preliminary rough estimate) to reshape, drastically, the circulation and differential rotation in the interior. This has far-reaching consequences for understanding solar spindown history and internal variability, and for performing helioseismic inversions. It is helping to disentangle magnetic from sound-speed effects in the inversions, and should yield otherwise unobtainable information about differential rotation in the Sun's deepest interior. It suggests a possible new resolution of the lithium-burning enigma.
Frequency Characterization of the Nonlinear Refractive Index in Optical Fiber (1999)

Abstract The Kerr and the electrostrictive contributions to the intensity-dependent nonlinear refractive index in optical fibers are discussed on both theoretical and experimental bases. Particular attention is devoted to the electrostrictive contribution that under particular conditions is enhanced by resonances. The resonant behavior of the electrostrictive effect is calculated, measured, and discussed for standard single-mode fibers and dispersion shifted fibers. Experimental results are also reported. Measure ments have been carried out with a simple and effective technique based on the cross-phase modulation effect that also allows one to evaluate the nonlinear refractive index at any bit rate. Electrostriction contributes 20 % to the total nonlinear refractive index but in the resonant regime becomes comparable to the Kerr effect. Keywords: Electrostriction Fiber Nonlinearities Fiber Measurements Kerr Effect
Assay-guided Fractionation Study of α-Amylase Inhibitors from <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> Pericarp (2007)

α-Amylase inhibitor (α-AI) activity of Garcinia mangostana, commonly known as mangosteen, pericarp extracts was studied by assay guided fractionations from lipophilic to hydrophilic using combined solvent extraction and Amberlite XAD2 adsorption chromatography. Neither the lipophilic, xanthone containing fraction, nor the highly polar fraction, which has no affinity on Amberlite XAD2, showed any α-AI. The fraction that shows very high inhibitory activity contains primarily polyphenols and can be adsorbed on Amberlite XAD2. The IC50 of 5.4 µg/mL of this fraction is comparable to that of acarbose, a prescribed α-AI used in the control of type II diabetes, at 5.2 µg/mL. Total phenolic content (TPC) of each fraction was measured and the TPC has no correlation with the α-AI activity. The lipophilic fraction contains mainly xanthones as revealed by HPLC-MS analysis. Colorimetric analysis coupled with UV–vis and IR spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that the fractions with high α-AI activity are primarily oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) with little gallate moiety. There is also evidence to show that the α-AI by these OPCs is not purely by nonspecific protein complexation. Both tannic acid and G. mangostana OPCs precipitate BSA equally well but G. mangostana OPCs are 56 times more effective in inhibiting α-amylase.
ENGINEERED BIORETENTION FOR REMOVAL OF NITRATE FROM STORMWATER RUNOFF (2000)

A bioretention unit is a simple, plant- and soil-based, low-impact treatment and infiltration facility for treating stormwater runoff in developed areas. Nitrate, however, is not attenuated in conventional bioretention facilities. Thus, this study systematically evaluated a reengineered concept of bioretention for nitrate removal via microbial denitrification, which incorporates a continuously submerged anoxic zone with an overdrain. Experimental studies were performed in four phases. In the first two phases, column studies demonstrated that, overall, newspaper is the best solid-phase electron-donor substrate for denitrification out of the set studied (alfalfa, leaf mulch compost, newspaper, sawdust, wheat straw, wood chips, and elemental sulfur) based on superior nitrate removal and effluent water quality. The nitrate loading and hydraulic loading studies in the second phase provided design information. In the third phase, system viability after 30- and 84-day dormant periods was evaluated in column studies, demonstrating that newspaper-supported biological denitrification should be effective under conditions of intermittent loadings. Finally, in the fourth phase, pilot-scale bioretention studies demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed design, showing nitrate plus nitrite mass removals of up to 80%. These results indicate that engineered bioretention for the removal of nitrogen from stormwater runoff has the potential for successful application as an urban stormwater treatment practice.
Clot Burden Score on Admission T2*-MRI Predicts Recanalization in Acute Stroke (2013)

T2*-CBS, a new reproducible semiquantitative score adapted from the computed tomography angiography-CBS, is associated with 24-hour recanalization and 3-month outcome after intravenous thrombolysis. This score needs external validation and could be useful to identify poor responders to intravenous thrombolysis.
<title>Color modular ACPDP for high-resolution large-screen display</title> (1996)

A high-resolution, large-screen color AC plasma display can be assembled by using color modular display panels. The screen area can be expanded at will to meet the user's requirements. The resolution of the screen reaches 256 line per meter, that is, pixel pitch equals to 3.91 mm. The screen is an edgeless display panel with no perceivable loss of display, and the display picture is successive and clear. This device can be applied to the computer terminal large- screen display on many occasions. The size of the minimum unit of the large screen-modular display panel is 200 mm X 250 mm. The number of display cell in modular panel is 52 X 64 X 3 dots. Our paper describes the module structure, main characteristic parameters, key techniques in module assembling, and some ideas in drive circuit designing.
Hill plots for yield evaluation in a doubled haploid recurrent selection program in barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) (1996)

Seven selected doubled haploid lines, from each of three cycles (C0, C1, C2) of a diallel recurrent selection program, the seven original parents and two check cultivars were evaluated in replicated hill and row plots at two locations in Ontario in 1988 and 1989. Comparison of hill and row plots using means ranges, coefficient of variation, repeatability and correlations among traits indicated that grain yield, days to heading plant height and powdery mildew resistance could be evaluated with similar accuracy and precision using either of the methods. Regression of row plot yield on hill plot yield was positive and highly significant showing a strong relationship between the two plot types for grain yield. Selection efficiency in hill plots was high for all the traits. The percentage of lines with similar performance for yield in both the plot types was high. The hill plot method appears to be a useful technique for evaluating homozygous lines for yield and other agronomic traits in a doubled haploid recurrent selection program in six-row barley. Key words:Hordeum vulgare L., barley, breeding methods, yield, powdery mildew, doubled haploid, recurrent selection
The stability and fate of a spliced intron from vertebrate cells (1999)

Introns constitute most of the length of typical pre-mRNAs in vertebrate cells. Thus, the turnover rate of introns may significantly influence the availability of ribonucleotides and splicing factors for further rounds of transcription and RNA splicing, respectively. Given the importance of intron turnover, it is surprising that there have been no reports on the half-life of introns from higher eukaryotic cells. Here, we determined the stability of IVS1Cβ1, the first intron from the constant region of the mouse T-cell receptor-β (TCR-β) gene. Using a tetracycline (tet)-regulated promoter, we demonstrate that spliced IVS1Cβ1 and its pre-mRNA had half-lives of 6.0 ± 1.4 min and 3.7 ± 1.0 min, respectively. We also examined the half-lives of these transcripts by using actinomycin D (Act.D). Act.D significantly stabilized IVS1Cβ1 and its pre-mRNA, suggesting that Act.D not only blocks transcription but exerts rapid and direct posttranscriptional effects in the nucleus. We observed that in vivo spliced IVS1Cβ1 accumulated predominantly as lariat molecules that use a consensus branchpoint nucleotide. The accumulation of IVS1Cβ1 as a lariat did not result from an intrinsic inability to be debranched, as it could be debranched in vitro, albeit somewhat less efficiently than an adenovirus intron. Subcellular-fractionation and sucrose-gradient analyses showed that most spliced IVS1Cβ1 lariats cofractionated with pre-mRNA, but not always with mRNA in the nucleus. Some IVS1Cβ1 also appeared to be selectively exported to the cytoplasm, whereas TCR-β pre-mRNA remained in the nucleus. This study constitutes the first detailed analysis of the stability and fate of a spliced nuclear intron in vivo.
Metal Nanoparticles: Layered Metal Nanoparticle Structures on Electrodes for Sensing, Switchable Controlled Uptake/Release, and Photo‐electrochemical Applications (Small 1/2016) (2016)

Layered metal nanoparticle structures have been shown to have application across a broad range of fields, notably as a specific and sensitive imprinting matrix for sensing targets, as a substrate for electrochemical reactions, and as a surface with which to control the uptake and release of molecules. On page 51 I. Willner and co-workers review how the synthesis of layered nanoparticles on an electrode provides a means of both recording sensitive responses to changes within the layers and inducing changes through electrochemical triggering.
Soliton Self-Frequency Shift Cancellation in Photonic Crystal Fibers (2003)

We report the cancellation of the soliton self-frequency shift in a silica-core photonic crystal fiber with a negative dispersion slope. Numerical and experimental results show that stabilization of the soliton wavelength is accompanied by exponential amplification of the red-shifted Cherenkov radiation emitted by the soliton. The spectral recoil from the radiation acts on the soliton to compensate for the Raman frequency shift. This phenomenon may find applications in the development of a family of optical parametric amplifiers.
A Comparison of Interferon Responses to Poly ICLC in Males and Females (1985)

Interferon (IFN) responses to polyriboinosinic acid polyribocytidylic acid in poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylccllulose (poly ICLC) have been studied in detail in 6 men and 3 women as part of a preliminary trial in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients received intravenous (i.v.) doses of 100 μg/kg poly ICLC, and serum IFN levels were determined serially every 4 h for 16 h. Men and women produced substantial levels of IFN at 8, 12, and 16 h after infusion, but levels in men were consistently and significantly higher (p < 0.05). Interferon responses were examined also in 3 male and 3 female Rhesus monkeys. Serum samples were obtained 8 and 24 h after i.v. injections of 1 mg/kg of poly ICLC. Again, there were significantly higher levels of IFN in males. The observed differences may reflect sex-linked differences in either drug metabolism or specific sensitivity to IFN induction by poly ICLC. The most interesting possibility is that the difference is due to a more general difference in IFN response between males and females. Studies are currently in progress to evaluate these possibilities.
Association of Renal Insufficiency With In-Hospital Mortality Among Japanese Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (2006)

It is not yet clear whether a difference in in-hospital morality between patients with and without renal insufficiency undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) exists. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate if such as association exists in Japan. Data from the Tokai Acute Myocardial Infarction Study II were used. This was a prospective study of all 3274 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to the 15 participating hospitals from 2001 to 2003. We abstracted the baseline and procedural characteristics as well as in-hospital mortality from detailed chart reviews. Patients were stratified into 2 groups according to the estimated creatinine clearance on admission. The creatinine clearance values were available in 2116, 107 of whom had renal insufficiency. The patients with renal insufficiency were more likely to be older, female, not independent in their daily activities, have lower body mass index and higher heart rate values on admission, lower prevalences of hypercholesterolemia and peptic ulcers, greater prevalences of diabetes, angina, previous heart failure, previous renal failure, previous cerebrovascular disease, aortic aneurysm, worse clinical course such as bleeding, and a multivessel coronary disease. Vasopressors, an intra-aortic balloon pump, and mechanical ventilation were frequently used in the patients with renal insufficiency, while thrombolytics were used less frequently. The patients with renal insufficiency had a higher in-hospital mortality rate than those without. Multivariate analysis identified renal insufficiency as an independent predictor of in-hospital death. The results suggest that renal insufficiency is an independent predictor of in-hospital death among AMI patients undergoing PCI.
An interlaced extended Kalman filter (1999)

An estimation algorithm for a class of discrete time nonlinear systems is proposed. The system structure we deal with is partitionable into in subsystems, each affine w.r.t. the corresponding part of the state vector. The algorithm consists of a bank of m interlaced Kalman filters, and each of them estimates a part of the state, considering the remaining parts as known time-varying parameters whose values are evaluated by the other filters at the previous step. The procedure neglects the subsystem coupling terms in the covariance matrix of the state estimation error and counteracts the errors so introduced by suitably "increasing" the noise covariance matrices. Comparisons through numerical simulations with the extended Kalman filter and its modified versions proposed in the literature illustrate the good trade-off provided by the algorithm between the reduction of the computational load and the estimation accuracy.
Quilt Packaging: A Novel High Speed Chip-to-Chip Communication Paradigm for System-in-Package (2022)

As state-of-the-art transistor features continue to shrink and the incorporation of high-k, low-k isolation dielectric materials and strained and SiGe layers on silicon becomes common, chip density and performance are improved. However, system performance has not kept up with the pace especially at multi-GHz clock rates. The bottleneck is packaging. Conventional packaging techniques require high driving current and large in-die area for bonding pads, and provide limited bandwidth. As a result, several technologies, such as system-on-chip, system-in-packaging and system-on-packaging, have been actively pursed to meet the demands of low power, high I/O counts and fast chip-to-chip communication. Here, we present a novel packaging technique, Quilt Packaging (QP), for system-in-package. QP uses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) inspired fabrication techniques to form contacts along the vertical edge facets of the integrated circuits (ICs) during the back-end-of-line process, enabling the ICs to be interconnected by butting them against each other. A shorter path between chips is established compared with other system-in-packaging techniques pursued by industry, which leads to shorter delay, less power consumption and better signal integrity. The contacts are formed by copper nodules embedded inside the silicon substrate. Nodules are made of trenches into the silicon substrate by deep reactive ion etch (DRIE), which are filled by electrolytic copper plating followed by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). Different QP structures are fabricated with nodule depth of 20 åµm and widths from 10 åµm to 100 åµm. To further improve the transmission performance, tapered nodules, which provide better impedance matching to on-chip interconnects, are designed and fabricated. QP is a novel packaging technique for ultra-fast and low-power chip-to-chip communications. The fabrication process of QP can be easily integrated into standard IC process with an extra two masks, one for the nodules and the other for the separation of the chips. The system performance by implementing QP can be dramatically improved along with the improvement of the ICs trends
The effects of unsaturated fatty acids on Helicobacter pylori in vitro (1995)

The effects of three unsaturated free fatty acids on Helicobacter pylori growth in vitro was determined. Growth of H. pylori in Brucella broth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by arachidonic, linoleic and oleic acids. The degree of inhibition at any one concentration was related to the degree of fatty acid unsaturation. Triolein, a triacylglycerol ester of oleic acid did not inhibit growth. Inhibition of H. pylori growth was associated with disruption of cell membranes. Incubation with 14C linoleic acid and 14C oleic acid showed incorporation of these fatty acids into H. pylori cell mass and phospholipids leading to alteration of the phospholipid composition of the organism. Incorporation was greater with linoleic than oleic acid and this was associated with a greater inhibition of growth. These findings indicate that H. pylori is sensitive to unsaturated free fatty acids through their incorporation into phospholipids and membrane destruction. This may have therapeutic implications.
Structurally simplified biphenyl combretastatin A4 derivatives retain in vitro anti-cancer activity dependent on mitotic arrest (2017)

The cis-stilbene, combretastatin A4 (CA4), is a potent microtubule targeting and vascular damaging agent. Despite promising results at the pre-clinical level and extensive clinical evaluation, CA4 has yet to be approved for therapeutic use. One impediment to the development of CA4 is an inherent conformational instability about the ethylene linker, which joins two aromatic rings. We have previously published preliminary data regarding structurally simplified biphenyl derivatives of CA4, lacking an ethylene linker, which retain anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity, albeit at higher doses. Our current study provides a more comprehensive evaluation regarding the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of biphenyl CA4 derivatives in both 2D and 3D cancerous and non-cancerous cell models. Computational analysis has revealed that cytotoxicity of CA4 and biphenyl analogues correlates with predicted tubulin affinity. Additional mechanistic evaluation of the biphenyl derivatives found that their anti-cancer activity is dependent on prolonged mitotic arrest, in a similar manner to CA4. Lastly, we have shown that cancer cells deficient in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis experience delayed cell death following treatment with CA4 or analogues. Biphenyl derivatives of CA4 represent structurally simplified analogues of CA4, which retain a similar mechanism of action. The biphenyl analogues warrant in vivo examination to evaluate their potential as vascular damaging agents.
Super-Resolution Reconstruction of Compressed Video Based on Adaptive Quantization Constraint Set (2006)

Super-resolution (SR) technique is to estimate the High-resolution (HR) images by combining the nonredundant information that is available into a set of Low-resolution (LR) images, which has been a great focus for compressed video. Based on the theory of Projection Onto Convex Set (POCS), this paper constructs Quantization Constraint Set (QCS) using the motion between the frames and the quantization information embedded from the video bit stream. By combing the statistical properties of image and the Human Visual System (HVS), a novel Adaptive Quantization Constraint Set (AQCS) is proposed. The proposed algorithm and its performance analysis are also described. Simulation results show that AQCSbased SR algorithm obtains better performance in both objective and subjective quality, which is applicable for compressed video.
Nanopipettes for Metal Transport (2004)

Here we demonstrate, for the first time experimentally, a nanopipette action for metals using multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The process relies on electromigration forces, created at high electron current densities, enabling the transport of material inside the hollow core of carbon nanotubes. In this way nanoparticles of iron were transported to and from electrically conducting substrates.