gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Search of the Divide Between the Private and Public Sector in Ecuador (2003)

ABSTRACT The divide between the private and public sector is one of the underlying assumptions of economic policy making, political debates and economic reforms; so much so, that we take for granted its predictions from a theoretical as well as empirical point of view. This paper is an attempt to confront these predictions with Ecuadorian data using a wide range of statistical and econometric techniques. Its findings challenge conventional wisdom: the private sector is not necessarily more profitable and efficient than its public counterpart; both sectors have more behavioural commonalities than dissimilarities; the macro-economic impulse responses to both sectors dismiss the rationale for privatisation. Its conclusion calls for the deconstruction of welfare economics and management theory to capture non-paretian or second best environments. RESUMEN. Una de las suposiciones subyacentes de la formación de la política económica, así como de los debates políticos y las reformas económicas yace en la separación entre el sector público y privado. A tal punto, que damos por sentado sus pronósticos tanto desde el punto de vista teórico como del empírico. Este estudio representa una tentativa de colocar frente a frente estos pronósticos con los datos ecuatorianos, utilizando una vasta gama de técnicas estadísticas y econométricas. Los hallazgos representan un desafío a la sabiduría convencional: el sector privado no es, necesariamente, más rentable y eficiente que su contraparte, el sector público; ambos sectores tienen más comunalidades comportamentales que diferencias; las respuestas a los impulsos macro-económicos para ambos sectores descartan las razones en pro de la privatización. Su conclusión aboga a favor de la deconstrucción de las economías asistecialistas y la teoría de la gestión usada para capturar entornos no paretianos o vengan en segundo lugar. RESUMO. O divisor de águas entre o setor público e o privado é um dos pressupostos fundamentais das decis[otilde]es de política econômica, dos debates políticos e das reformas econômicas; tanto é que aceitamos seus prognósticos tanto do ponto de vista teórico quanto empírico. Este trabalho tenta confrontar tais previs[otilde]es com base em dados do Equador, utilizando uma vasta gama de técnicas estatísticas e econométricas. As descobertas desafiam o conhecimento convencional: o setor privado não é necessariamente mais lucrativo e eficiente do que o seu correspondente público; ambos os setores possuem mais semelhanças comportamentais do que diferenças; as reaç[otilde]es ao estímulo macro- econômico em ambos os setores descartam os fundamentos da privatização. A sua conclusão requer a desconstrução da economia do bem-estar e da teoria de administração para capturar os ambientes não-paretianos ou os melhores da segunda classe.
Rational Design of Nanofiber Scaffolds for Orthopedic Tissue Repair and Regeneration (2013)

This article reviews recent significant advances in the design of nanofiber scaffolds for orthopedic tissue repair and regeneration. It begins with a brief introduction on the limitations of current approaches for orthopedic tissue repair and regeneration. It then illustrates that rationally designed scaffolds made up of electrospun nanofibers could be a promising solution to overcome the problems that current approaches encounter. The article also discusses the intriguing properties of electrospun nanofibers, including control of composition, structures, orders, alignments and mechanical properties, use as carriers for topical drug and/or gene sustained delivery, and serving as substrates for the regulation of cell behaviors, which could benefit musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. It further highlights a few of the many recent applications of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds in repairing and regenerating various orthopedic tissues. Finally, the article concludes with perspectives on the challenges and future directions for better design, fabrication and utilization of nanofiber scaffolds for orthopedic tissue engineering.
Bisphosphonate Prodrugs (2002)

Bisphosphonates (BP) are pyrophosphate analogs having a P-C-P backbone. The oral bioavailability of BPs is ca. 1%, due to high ionisation at physiological pH. Using the prodrug approach, oral absorption can be increased by masking one or more ionizable groups (clodronate, etidronate), or using a targeting carrier system (alendronate, pamitronate).
Molecular Pathways: Regulation and Therapeutic Implications of Multidrug Resistance (2012)

Multidrug transporters constitute major mechanisms of MDR in human cancers. The ABCB1 (MDR1) gene encodes a well-characterized transmembrane transporter, termed P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is expressed in many normal human tissues and cancers. P-gp plays a major role in the distribution and excretion of drugs and is involved in intrinsic and acquired drug resistance of cancers. The regulation of ABCB1 expression is complex and has not been well studied in a clinical setting. In this review, we elucidate molecular signaling and epigenetic interactions that govern ABCB1 expression and the development of MDR in cancer. We focus on acquired expression of ABCB1 that is associated with genomic instability of cancer cells, including mutational events that alter chromatin structures, gene rearrangements, and mutations in tumor suppressor proteins (e.g., mutant p53), which guard the integrity of genome. In addition, epigenetic modifications of the ABCB1 proximal and far upstream promoters by either demethylation of DNA or acetylation of histone H3 play a pivotal role in inducing ABCB1 expression. We describe a molecular network that coordinates genetic and epigenetic events leading to the activation of ABCB1. These mechanistic insights provide additional translational targets and potential strategies to deal with clinical MDR.
Limiting HARQ Retransmissions in Downlink for PoorRadio Link in LTE (2012)

 Abstract—HARQ is a stop and wait protocol supporting soft combination of retransmitted data which is used for facilitating fast error detection and correction. In Long term Evolution (LTE), HARQ is implemented by MAC level module called HARQ entity. The justification of HARQ retransmissions lies in recovering data correctly, though they consume radio resources. In this paper, it is proposed that the maximum number of HARQ retransmissions in downlink may be limited in order to save radio resources for UEs with poor radio link in LTE. Adequate simulation results with LTE link level simulator strengthen the basis of this proposal.
A self‐regulating TCP acknowledgment (ACK) pacing scheme (2002)

Abstract We describe in this paper a new TCP ACK pacing scheme that dynamically tunes its behavior to account for variations or changes in the network load. The scheme does not require the knowledge of when TCP is in the slow‐start or congestion avoidance phase to determine the proper ACK pacing rate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal architectures and algorithms for mesh-connected parallel computers with separable row/column buses (1993)

A two-dimensional mesh of processing elements (PE's) with separable row and column buses (i.e., broadcast mechanisms for rows and columns that can be logically divided into a number of local buses through the use of PE-controlled switches) has been shown to be quite effective for semigroup computation, prefix computation, and a wide class of other computations that do not require excessive communication or data routing. For meshes with separable row/column buses, the authors show how semigroup and prefix computations can be performed with the same asymptotic time complexity without the provision of buses for every row and every column and discuss the VLSI implications of this new architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Integrated Vulnerability Management System for Enterprise Networks (2005)

The number of vulnerabilities in enterprise networks has greatly increased recently as seen from frequent vulnerability reports from organizations, such as Microsoft and the CERT. Researchers in a number of organizations are currently working to develop and deploy frameworks to comprehensively manage these network vulnerabilities. This paper examines the existing attempts to solve this problem and the gaps in the existing methodologies. The paper presents our proposed integrated vulnerability management (IVM) framework based on open software standards.
The Low-Threshold Calcium Channel Cav3.2 Determines Low-Threshold Mechanoreceptor Function (2015)

The T-type calcium channel Cav3.2 emerges as a key regulator of sensory functions, but its expression pattern within primary afferent neurons and its contribution to modality-specific signaling remain obscure. Here, we elucidate this issue using a unique knockin/flox mouse strain wherein Cav3.2 is replaced by a functional Cav3.2-surface-ecliptic GFP fusion. We demonstrate that Cav3.2 is a selective marker of two major low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs), Aδ- and C-LTMRs, innervating the most abundant skin hair follicles. The presence of Cav3.2 along LTMR-fiber trajectories is consistent with critical roles at multiple sites, setting their strong excitability. Strikingly, the C-LTMR-specific knockout uncovers that Cav3.2 regulates light-touch perception and noxious mechanical cold and chemical sensations and is essential to build up that debilitates allodynic symptoms of neuropathic pain, a mechanism thought to be entirely A-LTMR specific. Collectively, our findings support a fundamental role for Cav3.2 in touch/pain pathophysiology, validating their critic pharmacological relevance to relieve mechanical and cold allodynia.
Accumulation of Glycinebetaine in Chloroplasts Provides Osmotic Adjustment During Salt Stress (1986)

Glycinebetaine was determined in leaves and in isolated chloroplasts of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Some leakage of glycinebetaine from the chloroplasts occurred during the isolation so the concentration in chloroplasts in vivo could be up to 1.5 times higher than that measured in isolated chloroplasts. It was demonstrated that any contamination of the chloroplast preparations by glycinebetaine originating from other cellular compartments or from broken chloroplasts would have amounted to less than 10% of the measured values. Leaf osmotic potential of salt-stressed plants was -2.09 MPa compared to -0.91 MPa in non-stressed controls. This was accompanied by a sixfold increase in glycinebetaine content in the leaf but the levels of choline and proline were not increased. In chloroplasts isolated from control leaves the calculated glycinebetaine concentration was 26 mM which was 10-fold higher than the concentration in the leaf as a whole but only contributed 7% of the osmotic potential of the chloroplast. Chloroplasts from salt-stressed plants contained up to 300 mM glycinebetaine which was 20 times the concentration in the leaf as a whole. The glycinebetaine concentration in chloroplasts from salt-stressed leaves was equivalent to an osmotic potential of -0.75 MPa and this contributed 36% of the osmotic potential of the chloroplast and 64% of the decrease in osmotic potential induced by salt stress. At least 30-40% of the total leaf glycinebetaine was localized in the chloroplast. The results demonstrate that glycinebetaine accumulates in chloroplasts to provide osmotic adjustment during salt stress and provide support for the hypothesis that glycinebetaine is a compatible cytoplasmic solute which may be preferentially located in the cytoplasm of cells.
Volatilization of Mercury from Mercuric Chloride by<i>Thiobacillus thiooxidans</i> (1985)

Journal Article Volatilization of Mercury from Mercuric Chloride by Thiobacillus thiooxidans Get access Shigeru Nishikawa, Shigeru Nishikawa Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Ohkubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Satoshi Ibaragi, Satoshi Ibaragi Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Ohkubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hitoshi Hoshino, Hitoshi Hoshino Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Ohkubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kuniki Kino, Kuniki Kino Technical Research Laboratory, Hofu Plant, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Kyowa-cho 1-1, Hofu-shi, Yamaguchi 747, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Shoji Usami Shoji Usami Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Ohkubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 49, Issue 5, 1 May 1985, Pages 1513–1515, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1985.10866930 Published: 01 May 1985 Article history Received: 15 August 1984 Published: 01 May 1985
Self-organising fuzzy modeling for nonlinear system control (2003)

The authors propose an algorithm for self-organizing fuzzy modeling (SOFM) which models the system by learning rules from input and output data, even though the rule set is empty at the beginning. The concept of tuning the cut value and gain introduced to SOFM helps to model the system more accurately and quickly. The cut value, like a filter, can be used to prune unimportant data and decide suitable rules from data possibilities. The gain, like a scaling factor, can adjust membership functions to determine the fuzzy model sensitivity. Simulation of a nonlinear system has shown the fuzzy model obtained in this way to be satisfactory. Pseudorandom binary sequence and Gaussian random noise signals have been added to the system to validate the modeling robustness. Using these results, the design of a hierarchical self-organizing fuzzy logic control structure which will include modeling, control and fault detection, is being investigated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A novel application specific emission tomograph (ASET) for breast imaging (2005)

A novel, dedicated and compact single photon ASET dedicated to pendant-breast nuclear medicine-based lesion imaging is developed. The prototype ASET system utilizes a compact gamma camera mounted on a support with variable radius-of-rotation, which is coupled to a polar goniometric cradle, all on an azimuthal vertical axis-of-rotation stage. The combination of radial, polar and azimuthal motions can achieve nearly any contiguous 3D acquisition orbit on an inverted hemispherical domain of the pendant breast reference frame. Tomographic resolution and volume sampling considerations were evaluated with cold rod and disk phantoms imaged with simple orbits, with the projection data reconstructed using an OSEM algorithm which accounts for the arbitrary Euler angles of the camera's vantage. With parallel-beam collimation, the 3.1 mm cold rods were visualized with the smallest radius-of-rotation; increasing polar tilt angle demonstrated insufficient sampling of the Orlov volume for the highly symmetric cold disk phantom, but can be ameliorated by the complex 3D orbits possible with the system. An uncompressed breast phantom containing Tc-99m and 0.6 and 1.0 cm diameter hot lesions was affixed to an anthropomorphic torso phantom with total activity concentration ratios for lesions: breast+body: cardiac+liver of 11:1:19. Despite insufficient sampling with simple orbits about the volume, as well as torso background contamination, the hot lesions were easily visualized on the uniform breast background, yielding signal-to-noise ratios and contrasts which were >9 times higher than for planar data; scatter correction further increased the SNR and contrast improvements. This new, compact, dedicated ASET imaging system has the potential of providing valuable, fully 3D, functional imaging information about small (<1 cm), otherwise indeterminate breast lesions as an adjunct to diagnostic mammography.
Numerical Analysis on Hydrogen Diffusionin Solid Around The Crack Tip. (1993)

Construction of physical model and numerical analysis were carried out concerning hydrogen diffusion in solid under the elastic and elastic-plastic local stress field. These analyses showed that hydrogen diffuses and concentrates at the site of the elastic-plastic boundary in the direction of crack length, when the gradient of the initial density of hydrogen exists in this region. The characteristic of hydrogen concentration in this region is accelerated when yield stress becomes larger. These analytical results were related to the sensitivity of corrosion cracking.
Self-adaptive logical processes: the probabilistic distributed simulation protocol (2002)

A probabilistic distributed discrete event simulation strategy is developed as a performance efficient compromise between the two classical approaches in parallel and distributed simulation, the conservative and the optimistic approach. It weakens the conservative "block until safe-to-process"-rule in a sense that if the time instant of the occurrence of an external event is in the time interval /spl lsqb/s, t/spl rsqb/, it allows progressing simulation up until the forecasted next event instant t/spl circ/(O), s/spl les/t/spl circ/(O)/spl les/t, but further progression only with controlled probability. t/spl circ/(O) is an estimate based on the arrival instant differences O=(/spl deltasub 1/,/spl deltasub 2/,.../spl deltasub n/) observed during a time window by some logical (simulation) process. Compared to the optimistic strategy it prevents from propagating incorrect computations too far ahead into the simulated future, and thus avoids unnecessary communication overhead by breaking rollback cascades as early as possible. The arrival patterns observed in O are used to dynamically adapt the logical process' synchronization behavior at runtime, to what is the best tradeoff among blocking and optimistically progressing with respect to the parallelism inherent to the simulation model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Organised Genome Dynamics in the Escherichia coli Species Results in Highly Diverse Adaptive Paths (2009)

The Escherichia coli species represents one of the best-studied model organisms, but also encompasses a variety of commensal and pathogenic strains that diversify by high rates of genetic change. We uniformly (re-) annotated the genomes of 20 commensal and pathogenic E. coli strains and one strain of E. fergusonii (the closest E. coli related species), including seven that we sequenced to completion. Within the approximately 18,000 families of orthologous genes, we found approximately 2,000 common to all strains. Although recombination rates are much higher than mutation rates, we show, both theoretically and using phylogenetic inference, that this does not obscure the phylogenetic signal, which places the B2 phylogenetic group and one group D strain at the basal position. Based on this phylogeny, we inferred past evolutionary events of gain and loss of genes, identifying functional classes under opposite selection pressures. We found an important adaptive role for metabolism diversification within group B2 and Shigella strains, but identified few or no extraintestinal virulence-specific genes, which could render difficult the development of a vaccine against extraintestinal infections. Genome flux in E. coli is confined to a small number of conserved positions in the chromosome, which most often are not associated with integrases or tRNA genes. Core genes flanking some of these regions show higher rates of recombination, suggesting that a gene, once acquired by a strain, spreads within the species by homologous recombination at the flanking genes. Finally, the genome's long-scale structure of recombination indicates lower recombination rates, but not higher mutation rates, at the terminus of replication. The ensuing effect of background selection and biased gene conversion may thus explain why this region is A+T-rich and shows high sequence divergence but low sequence polymorphism. Overall, despite a very high gene flow, genes co-exist in an organised genome.
Circadian variation of sudden cardiac death reflects age-related variability in ventricular fibrillation. (1993)

The circadian pattern of sudden cardiac death reflects primarily a circadian variation in onset of ventricular fibrillation. The different circadian patterns of ventricular fibrillation, pulseless bradyarrhythmias, and asystole suggest different pathophysiological mechanisms of causation of death. The age dependence of the pattern of ventricular fibrillation may indicate different underlying external or endogenous triggers.
Mammogram Mass Classification with Temporal Features and Multiple Kernel Learning (2015)

Based on previous work on regional temporal mammogram registration, this study investigates the combination of image features measured from single regions (single features) and image features measured from the matched regions of temporal mammograms (temporal features) for the classification of malignant masses. Three SVM kernels, the multilayer perceptron kernel, the polynomial kernel, and the gaussian radial basis function kernel, and the combination of these kernels, the multiple kernel learning method, were applied to both single and temporal features for the mass classification. To combine the two types of features, 3 combination rules, Linear combination, Max and Min, were used to combine classification results obtained on single and temporal features. The results showed that combining the MKL classification results on single features, and MKL classification results on temporal features, with Min rule produces the best classification results. The experiment result indicates that incorporating the temporal change information in mammography mass classification can improve the performance detection.
Synthesis of New Nitrogen Analogues of Salacinol and Deoxynojirimycin and Their Evaluation as Glycosidase Inhibitors (2006)

The synthesis of two enantiomerically pure iminosugars, analogues of 1-L-deoxynojirimycin (l-DNJ) and 1-D-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ), was achieved using cyclic sulfate substituted isoxazoline derivatives. The piperidine ring was formed via the reduction of an isoxazoline into an amine which underwent a spontaneous intramolecular cyclization by reaction with the cyclic sulfate moiety. The nucleophilic attack of these two trisubstituted piperidines and morpholine on L- and D-erythritol-1,3-cyclic sulfates gave six new nitrogen analogues of salacinol. The inhibitory properties of the synthesized salacinol analogues were evaluated on several commercial glycosidases.