gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicone-specific blood lymphocyte response in women with silicone breast implants (1994)

A blinded cross-sectional study was carried out with 99 women, 44 of whom had silicone breast implants. Group I consisted of 55 healthy volunteer women without breast implants; group II comprised 13 volunteer women with breast implants or explants who felt healthy; group III comprised 21 volunteer women with breast implants who had chronic fatigue, musculoskeletal symptoms, and skin disorders; and group IV comprised 10 women who had their prostheses explanted but still presented with clinical symptoms similar to those of the women in group III. Proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from all 99 women were measured by [3H]thymidine uptake after exposure to SiO2 silicon, or silicone gel. The levels of proliferative responses were expressed as stimulation indices, which were obtained by dividing the counts per minute of stimulated cells by the counts per minute of unstimulated cells. Abnormal responses to SiO2, silicon, or silicone gel were defined as a stimulation index of > 2.8, > 2.1, or > 2.4, respectively. Abnormal responses were observed in 0% of group I, 15% of group II, 29% of group III, and 30% of group IV (P < 0.0005 for group I versus groups II and IV). Thirty-one percent of symptomatic women with silicone gel breast implants had elevated serum silicon levels ( > 0.18 mg/liter); however, there was no significant correlation between abnormal cellular responses and silicon levels in blood serum, type of implant, time since first implantation, prosthesis explantation, number of implants, or report of implant leakage or rupture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Characterizations of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">2,2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> Algebras (2016)

The so-called ideal and subalgebra and some additional concepts of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> algebras are discussed. A partial order and congruence relations on <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> algebras are also proposed, and some properties are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACID AMIDES FROM LESS REACTIVE ESTERS (1980)

Abstract Durch Erhitzen der CarbonsäureesterU) in Ethylenglykol oder Diglyme als Lösungsmittel mit Ammoniakgas werden die Amide (II) erhalten.
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Cross Flow Micro Heat Exchangers. (2001)

Cross flow micro heat exchangers were designed to maximize heat transfer from a liquid (water) to a gas (air) for a given frontal area while holding the pressure drop across the heat exchanger of each fluid to values characteristic of conventional scale heat exchangers (car radiators). The cross flow micro heat exchanger design is unique since it produces a very high rate of heat transfer/volume between dissimilar fluids with low fluid pressure drops. Predicted performance for two types of cross flow micro heat exchangers is compared to each other and to current innovative car radiators. Although the cross flow micro heat exchanger has a lower rate of heat transfer/frontal area, it can transfer more heat/volume or mass than existing heat exchangers within the context of the design constraints specified. This can be important in a wide range of applications (automotive, home heating, and aerospace). One type of cross flow micro heat exchanger was fabricated by aligning, then bonding together, two plastic parts that had been molded using the LIGA process. The other type of heat exchanger was fabricated by first electroless plating a layer of nickel over a plastic part molded using the LIGA process, then dissolving the plastic. Performance of the fabricated heat exchangers was measured and compared to the predicted performance. At the design constraints, the mathematical model predicted the fluid pressure drops and heat transfer performance within 10% of the measured performance for the fabricated cross flow micro heat exchangers.
The business of exploiting induced pluripotent stem cells (2011)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) can be exploited for both research and clinical applications. The first part of this review seeks to provide an understanding of the financial drivers and key elements of a successful business strategy that underpin a company focused on developing iPS-related products and services targeted at the research market. The latter part of the review highlights some of the reasons as to why the reprogramming of somatic cells is currently being used to develop cell-based models to screen for small molecules with drug-like properties rather than to develop cell-based regenerative medicines per se. The latter may be used to repair or replace a patient's damaged cells and thereby have the potential to 'cure' a disease and, in doing so, prevent or delay the onset of associated medical conditions. However, the cost of an expensive regenerative medicine and time to accrue any benefit linked to a decrease in co-morbidity expenditure may not outweigh the benefit for a healthcare community that has finite resources. The implications of this are discussed together with evidence that the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the National Health Service (NHS) have established a precedent for a cost-sharing strategy with the pharmaceutical industry.
Direct reconstruction of spherical harmonics from interferometer observations of the cosmic microwave background polarization (2007)

Interferometric observation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization can be expressed as a linear sum of spherical harmonic coefficients a 2,lm of the CMB polarization. The linear weight for a 2,lm depends on the observational configuration such as antenna pointing, baseline orientation and spherical harmonic number l, m. Since an interferometer is sensitive over a finite range of multipoles, a 2,lm in the range can be determined by fitting a 2,lm for visibilities of various observational configurations. The formalism presented in this paper enables the determination of a 2,lm directly from spherical harmonic spaces without spherical harmonic transformation of pixellized maps. The result of its application to a simulated observation is presented with the formalism.
End-to-end delay of an adaptive selective repeat ARQ protocol (1994)

This paper analyzes the end-to-end delay of a selective-repeat ARQ protocol which tries to adaptively use the channel idle time. The end-to-end delay consists of three parts: queueing delay at the transmitter, transmission delay over the channel, and resequencing delay at the receiver. Although this paper succeeds only in obtaining approximate end-to-end delay, the agreement with simulation is generally good.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Studies in detoxication. 28. The biosynthesis of <i>o</i>-, <i>m</i>- and <i>p</i>-cyanophenylglucuronides (1949)

Studies in progress in this laboratory on the fate of cyanobenzene in the rabbit These compounds were made biosynthetically by feeding the necessary phenols to rabbits and isolating the glucuronides from the urine. Onlyp-cyanophenylglucuronide was isolated as such, the o-and m-glucuronides being obtained as crystalline amides and triacetyl methyl esters.
Vug Characterization and Pore Volume Compressibility for Numerical Simulation of Vuggy and Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs (2002)

Abstract Three porosity types, matrix, vugs and fractures, are usually present in naturally fractured, vuggy carbonate reservoirs. The vugs are generally considered connected either to the matrix or to the fractures in numerical simulation. One of the challenges of modeling these reservoirs is the partitioning of the porosities into two components since dual porosity reservoir simulators can only handle two rock components, namely matrix system and fracture system. The goal of this study is to characterize the vugs in these systems, and to determine the pore volume compressibility for the simulation of vuggy, naturally fractured reservoirs. Sequential laboratory experiments were designed and conducted to determine the amount of secondary porosity in the core samples. A combination of capillary pressure (centrifuge and mercury injection experiments) and NMR experiments was used to determine the vug or secondary porosity of the samples from pore size and T2 (relaxation time) distributions. The results were compared and reconciled with those from porosity logs and image logs. Pore volume compressibility tests and compaction tests were used to determine the compressibility of each sample. The compaction and pore volume compressibility tests were evaluated at different net stresses to determine the influence of vuggy porosity in the samples. The composite (sample) compressibility versus porosity plots showed that pore volume compressibility increases as secondary porosity increases. This dependence, which is strong at low net stresses, gradually disappears as the reservoir pressure decreases or the net stress increases. This implies that the effects of secondary porosity on pore volume compressibility of the total system are minimal at low reservoir pressures. Based on these results, pore volume compressibility was generated for various values of effective and secondary porosity and served as input data to the numerical flow models. The development of the vug porosity, pore volume compressibility and the construction of the simulation flow model are described in this paper.
Data farming: discovering surprise (2004)

Data Farming is a methodology and capability that makes use of high performance computing to run models many times. This capability gives modelers and their clients the enhanced ability to discover trends and outlier in results, do sensitivity studies, verify and validate over extended ranges of input parameters, and consider modeling and analyzing non-linear phenomena with characteristics that can not be precisely defined. As high performance computing, in the form of distributed computing capabilities and commodity node systems becomes more pervasive and cost effective, Data Farming can become more available to modelers. In this paper the authors summarize Data Farming and the processes and data architecture of Data Farming systems that make high performance computing readily available to modelers.
Traffic Re-engineering: Extending Resource Pooling Through the Application of Re-feedback (2014)

Parallelism pervades the Internet, yet efficiently pooling this increasing path diversity has remained elusive. With no holistic solution for resource pooling, each layer of the Internet architecture attempts to balance traffic according to its own needs, potentially at the expense of others. From the edges, traffic is implicitly pooled over multiple paths by retrieving content from different sources. Within the network, traffic is explicitly balanced across multiple links through the use of traffic engineering. This work explores how the current architecture can be realigned to facilitate resource pooling at both network and transport layers, where tension between stakeholders is strongest. The central theme of this thesis is that traffic engineering can be performed more efficiently, flexibly and robustly through the use of re-feedback. A cross-layer architecture is proposed for sharing the responsibility for resource pooling across both hosts and network. Building on this framework, two novel forms of traffic management are evaluated. Efficient pooling of traffic across paths is achieved through the development of an in-network congestion balancer, which can function in the absence of multipath transport. Network and transport mechanisms are then designed and implemented to facilitate path fail-over, greatly improving resilience without requiring receiver side cooperation. These contributions are framed by a longitudinal measurement study which provides evidence for many of the design choices taken. A methodology for scalably recovering flow metrics from passive traces is developed which in turn is systematically applied to over five years of interdomain traffic data. The resulting findings challenge traditional assumptions on the preponderance of congestion control on resource sharing, with over half of all traffic being constrained by limits other than network capacity. All of the above represent concerted attempts to rethink and reassert traffic engineering in an Internet where competing solutions for resource pooling proliferate. By delegating responsibilities currently overloading the routing architecture towards hosts and re-engineering traffic management around the core strengths of the network, the proposed architectural changes allow the tussle surrounding resource pooling to be drawn out without compromising the scalability and evolvability of the Internet.
<i>In Vitro</i>Selection of Variants Resistant to β-Lactams plus β-Lactamase Inhibitors in CTX-M β-Lactamases: Predicting the<i>In Vivo</i>Scenario? (2011)

CTX-M β-lactamases are the most prevalent group of enzymes within the extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). The therapeutic options for CTX-M-carrying isolates are scarce, forcing the reexamination of the therapeutic possibilities of β-lactams plus β-lactamase inhibitors (BBLIs). Inhibitor-resistant CTX-M β-lactamases (IR-CTX-M) have not hitherto been described in natural isolates. In this study, 168 cultures of the hypermutagenic Escherichia coli GB20 strain carrying plasmid pBGS18 with different bla(CTX-M) genes were submitted to parallel experimental evolution assays in the presence of increasing concentrations of a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate. Fourteen CTX-M β-lactamases belonging to the three most representative clusters (CTX-M-1, -2, and -9) and the two main phenotypes (cefotaxime resistance and cefotaxime-ceftazidime resistance) were studied. Three types of IR-CTX-M mutants were detected, having mutations S130G, K234R, and S237G, which are associated with different resistance patterns. The most frequently recovered mutation was S130G, which conferred the highest resistance levels to BBLIs (reaching 12 μg/ml for amoxicillin-clavulanate and 96 μg/ml for piperacillin-tazobactam when acquired by CTX-M-1 cluster enzymes). The S130G change also provided a clear antagonistic pleiotropy effect, strongly decreasing the enzyme's activity against all cephalosporins tested. A double mutation, S130G L169S, partially restored the resistance against cephalosporins. A complex pattern observed in CTX-M-58, carrying P167S and S130G or K234R changes, conferred ESBL and IR phenotypes simultaneously. The K234R and S237G changes had a smaller effect in providing inhibitor resistance. In summary, IR-CTX-M enzymes might evolve under exposure to BBLIs, and the probability is higher for enzymes belonging to the CTX-M-1 cluster. However, this process could be delayed by antagonistic pleiotropy.
A low power 4<sup>th</sup> order MASH switched-capacitor &#x03A3;&#x0394; modulator using ultra incomplete settling (2014)

A discrete-time, switched-capacitor, MASH 2–2 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> order ΣΔ modulator, clocked with frequency of 1 GHz, was designed in a 65 nm CMOS technology. This modulator uses passive integrators based on the ultra-incomplete settling (UIS) concept. Electrical simulations show that the modulator achieves a peak SNDR of 66.8 dB, a peak SNR of 67.7 dB, an ENOB of 10.8 bits and DR of 70dB for a signal with a bandwidth of 10 MHz, while dissipating 1.5 mW from a 1.1 V power supply voltage, indicating that, a FOM of 42.7 fJ/conv.-step can be reached.
Evidence for biological nitrification inhibition in<i>Brachiaria</i>pastures (2009)

Nitrification, a key process in the global nitrogen cycle that generates nitrate through microbial activity, may enhance losses of fertilizer nitrogen by leaching and denitrification. Certain plants can suppress soil-nitrification by releasing inhibitors from roots, a phenomenon termed biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Here, we report the discovery of an effective nitrification inhibitor in the root-exudates of the tropical forage grass Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick. Named "brachialactone," this inhibitor is a recently discovered cyclic diterpene with a unique 5-8-5-membered ring system and a gamma-lactone ring. It contributed 60-90% of the inhibitory activity released from the roots of this tropical grass. Unlike nitrapyrin (a synthetic nitrification inhibitor), which affects only the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) pathway, brachialactone appears to block both AMO and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase enzymatic pathways in Nitrosomonas. Release of this inhibitor is a regulated plant function, triggered and sustained by the availability of ammonium (NH(4)(+)) in the root environment. Brachialactone release is restricted to those roots that are directly exposed to NH(4)(+). Within 3 years of establishment, Brachiaria pastures have suppressed soil nitrifier populations (determined as amoA genes; ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea), along with nitrification and nitrous oxide emissions. These findings provide direct evidence for the existence and active regulation of a nitrification inhibitor (or inhibitors) release from tropical pasture root systems. Exploiting the BNI function could become a powerful strategy toward the development of low-nitrifying agronomic systems, benefiting both agriculture and the environment.
On the Electrooxidation and Amperometric Detection of NO Gas at the Pt/Nafion® Electrode (2003)

The electrochemical oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) gas at the Pt/Nafion® electrode has been studied at a concentration of 500 ppm. The electrooxidation of NO taking place over a wide potential range can be described by a transcendental equation, from which the half-wave potential of the reaction can be determined. For NO oxidation with appreciable overpotentials but negligible mass-transfer effects, the Tafel kinetics applies. The obtained charge transfer coefficient (a) and the exchange current density (io) are 0.77 and 14 mA/cm2, respectively. An amperometric NO gas sensor based on the Pt/Nafion® electrode has been fabricated and tested over the NO concentration range from 0 to 500 ppm. The Pt/Nafion® electrode was used as an anode at a fixed potential, preferably 1.15 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/sat. KCl), which assures current limitation by diffusion only. The sensitivity of the electrochemical sensor was found to be 1.86 mA/ppm/cm2. The potential interference by other gases, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), was also studied in the range 0-500 ppm. Both sensitivity for NO and selectivity of NO over NO2/CO show significant enhancement upon using a cyclic voltammetric (CV) activation, or cleaning procedure.
Intelligent 3D packing using a grouping algorithm for automotive container engineering (2014)

Abstract Storing, and the loading and unloading of materials at production sites in the manufacturing sector for mass production is a critical problem that affects various aspects: the layout of the factory, line-side space, logistics, workers' work paths and ease of work, automatic procurement of components, and transfer and supply. Traditionally, the nesting problem has been an issue to improve the efficiency of raw materials; further, research into mainly 2D optimization has progressed. Also, recently, research into the expanded usage of 3D models to implement packing optimization has been actively carried out. Nevertheless, packing algorithms using 3D models are not widely used in practice, due to the large decrease in efficiency, owing to the complexity and excessive computational time. In this paper, the problem of efficiently loading and unloading freeform 3D objects into a given container has been solved, by considering the 3D form, ease of loading and unloading, and packing density. For this reason, a Group Packing Approach for workers has been developed, by using analyzed truck packing work patterns and Group Technology, which is to enhance the efficiency of storage in the manufacturing sector. Also, an algorithm for 3D packing has been developed, and implemented in a commercial 3D CAD modeling system. The 3D packing method consists of a grouping algorithm, a sequencing algorithm, an orientating algorithm, and a loading algorithm. These algorithms concern the respective aspects: the packing order, orientation decisions of parts, collision checking among parts and processing, position decisions of parts, efficiency verification, and loading and unloading simulation. Storage optimization and examination of the ease of loading and unloading are possible, and various kinds of engineering analysis, such as work performance analysis, are facilitated through the intelligent 3D packing method developed in this paper, by using the results of the 3D model.
Effects of a New Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (Idrapril) in Rats with Left Ventricular Dysfunction After Myocardial Infarction (1996)

We evaluated the effects of a new angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (idrapril) in terms of hemodynamics and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. The animals were randomly assigned to four experimental groups. Myocardial infarction was induced by left coronary artery ligation in the first two groups treated with either idrapril (300 mg kg-1 day-1) or vehicle for 4 weeks after myocardial infarction. Two groups of sham-operated rats were treated accordingly. Hemodynamics were measured, and the diastole-arrested hearts were analyzed morphometrically to quantify left ventricular (LV) remodeling and infarct size. In infarcted rats, idrapril reduced the arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 128 +/- 10 to 97 +/- 6 mm Hg (p < 0.05) and LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from 19 +/- 3 to 13 +/- 3 mm Hg (p < 0.01). The decrease in diastolic wall stress conferred by idrapril to infarcted rats (from 499 +/- 99 to 269 +/- 68 dynes mm-2, p < 0.05) was mainly due to a reduction in LVEDP and, to a lesser extent, in LV volume. Idrapril also reduced body and heart weights as compared with those of vehicle-treated animals. Four-week treatment with idrapril initiated immediately after myocardial infarction reduced LVEDP and limited LV wall stress, a major prognostic factor for the progression toward chronic ventricular failure.
Heteroatom‐Substituted Secondary Phosphine Oxides (HASPOs) as Decomposition Products and Preligands in Rhodium‐Catalysed Hydroformylation (2011)

O,O'-3,3'-Di-tert-butyl-5,5'-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-diyl phosphonate (1) is the hydrolysis product of several mono- and bis-phosphites used as ligands in industrial hydroformylation and other catalytic reactions. As a result of a tautomeric equilibrium, this pentavalent heteroatom-substituted phosphine oxide (HASPO) can rearrange to the corresponding trivalent phosphorus compound. The latter is able to react with typical rhodium-containing precursors frequently used for the generation of catalysts. The resulting species were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray structure analysis. Proof is given that a rhodium complex of 1 forms an active hydroformylation catalyst. Moreover, 1 can add to aldehydes, which are generated as products in the hydroformylation. Thus a broad range of subsequent reactions can be associated with the degradation of the original phosphite ligands, which has a strong influence on the overall outcome of the hydroformylation reaction.