gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved Off-Current and Subthreshold Slope in Aggressively Scaled Poly-Si TFTs With a Single Grain Boundary in the Channel (2004)

A polycrystalline-silicon thin-film transistor (TFT), with a single grain boundary (GB) present in the channel, is simulated using two-dimensional numerical simulation, which includes a model of deep trap states at GBs. It is observed that the potential barrier resulting from a GB in the channel acts to suppress current flowing through the channel when the barrier height is greater than the thermal voltage. The conduction mechanism in the subthreshold regime is clarified. The turn-on characteristics of the device are controlled primarily by gate-induced grain barrier lowering as opposed to modulation of carriers in the channel by the gate voltage. In the negative bias region it is found that suppression of the off current is aided by the GB potential barrier. Scaling of the various geometrical parameters of the device are investigated. Improved subthreshold characteristics, compared to an equivalent silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure, are found for aggressively scaled devices, due to the presence of a GB in the channel.
Mutagenesis of hepatitis C virus E1 protein affects its membrane-permeabilizing activity (2001)

The E1 glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus is a transmembrane glycoprotein with a C-terminal anchor domain. When expressed in Escherichia coli, E1 induces a change in membrane permeability that is toxic to the bacterial cell. The C-terminal hydrophobic region (aa 331-383) of E1 is mainly responsible for membrane association and for inducing changes in membrane permeability. These observed changes are similar to those produced in E. coli by influenza virus M2, human immunodeficiency virus gp41 and poliovirus 3AB proteins, whose hydrophobic domains are thought to cause pore formation in biological membranes. To further characterize the activity of E1 at a molecular level, the membrane-permeabilizing ability of a second internal hydrophobic region (aa 262-291) was examined by expressing different deletion mutants of E1 in an E. coli system that is widely used for analysing membrane-active proteins from other animal viruses. Moreover, highly conserved amino acids in the C-terminal hydrophobic region were mutated to identify residues that are critical for inducing changes in membrane permeability. Analysis of cell growth curves of recombinant cultures and membrane-permeability assays revealed that synthesis of this fragment increased the flux of small compounds through the membrane and caused progressive cell lysis, suggesting that this domain has membrane-active properties. Furthermore, analysis of C-terminal mutants indicated that the conserved amino acids Arg(339), Trp(368) and Lys(370) play a critical role in protein function, as both cell lysis and changes in membrane permeability induced by the wild-type clone could be blocked by substitutions in these positions.
Formation of salivary-mucosal pellicle: the role of transglutaminase (1992)

The present investigation was carried out to identify salivary components of mucosal pellicles in vivo and explore further the mechanism of interaction between salivary molecules and buccal epithelial cells. By using specific antisera and immunoprotein blotting, high-(MG1) and low-(MG2) molecular-mass salivary mucins, amylase, salivary cystatins and proline-rich proteins were detected within mucosal pellicle in vivo. In addition, the data indicated that the mucins and proline-rich proteins could be cleaved into lower-molecular-mass products, whereas the proline-rich proteins could also be cross-linked into higher-molecular-mass complexes. The role of buccal epithelial cell transglutaminase in these interactions was further studied by utilizing purified iodinated amylase, neutral cystatin SN and acidic proline-rich proteins 1 and 3 (APRP1 and 3). After incubation with buccal epithelial cells in vitro 125I-labelled APRPs appeared to undergo a greater degree of cross-linking than 125I-labelled cystatin SN, as determined by SDS/PAGE/autoradiography. Amylase did not appear to be cross-linked at all. Recovery of 125I-labelled APRPs and 125I-labelled cystatin SN with epithelial cell envelopes after repeated extraction suggested that both molecules were cross-linked to envelope proteins, but that 125I-labelled APRPs were cross-linked to a greater degree than 125I-labelled cystatin SN. Cross-linking in buccal epithelial cell preparations was inhibited by an excess of methylamine hydrochloride, a transglutaminase substrate. In a further assessment of amylase, cystatin and APRPs as transglutaminase substrates, only APRP3 and a partially purified preparation of APRPs acted as an amine acceptor for the cross-linking of [14C]methylamine by purified transglutaminase, as determined by SDS/PAGE/fluorography. This reaction was completely inhibited by excess EDTA. The combined data from this study suggest that during mucosal pellicle formation multiple components of saliva adsorb to buccal epithelial cell surfaces, and that, within this group, selected components are enzymically cross-linked by an epithelial transglutaminase and/or proteolytically cleaved into smaller fragments.
Mutations in theRUNX2 gene in patients with cleidocranial dysplasia (2002)

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a autosomal dominant disorder characterized by skeletal anomalies such as patent fontanels, late closure of cranial sutures with Wormian bones, late erupting secondary dentition, rudimentary clavicles, and short stature. The locus for this disease was mapped to chromosome 6p21. RUNX2 is a member of the runt family of transcription factors and its expression is restricted to developing osteoblasts and a subset of chondrocytes. Mutations in the RUNX2 gene have been shown to cause CCD. Chromosomal translocations, deletions, insertions, nonsense and splice-site mutations, as well as missense mutations of the RUNX2 gene have been described in CCD patients. Although there is a wide spectrum in phenotypic variability ranging from primary dental anomalies to all CCD features plus osteoporosis, no clear phenotype-genotype correlation has been established. However analysis of the three-dimensional structure of the DNA binding runt domain of the RUNX proteins and its interaction with DNA, as well as the cofactor CBFB, start to provide an insight into how missense mutations affect RUNX2 function.
Morphology of the nervous system of cypris (1896)

About three years ago, on publishing a "Preliminary Note on the Nervous System of the Genus Cyp~is," I promised t o publish, in the near future, a histological monograph on the Ostracoda.This paper is intended as the first installment of such a monograph.In this communication it is intended to give a detailed discussion of the central and peripheral nervous systems of the Cypride.Owing to its large size, CypYis kerriclzi Turner has been selected as the type to study.To eliminate all mere size-variations, Cyprinotus incoizgrzims Ranidohr has been used as a check.For the study of the central nervous system, these two species have been considered representative types of the Cypuida ; but, in studying the peripheral sense organs, use has been made of all accessible genera.These genera a r e : Candona, Cycloypris, Cypyia, Cypns, Cypriizotzrs, and Cypidopsis.This paper being the embodiment of neurological investigations, any prolonged discussion of extra-neural systems would be out of place ; yet, in order to facilitate a comprehensive discussion of the nervous system, a few terse histological statements upon the associated systems have been made. UIBLIOGKAPIIY.
Immunohistochemical localisation of the serotonin 5‐HT2B receptor in mouse gut, cardiovascular system, and brain (1996)

We recently reported the cloning of a new member of the serotonin 5‐HT2 family, the 5‐HT2B receptor. We now report the production and characterisation of a specific antiserum directed against the C‐terminal portion of the mouse 5‐HT2B receptor. After affinity purification, this polyclonal antibody recognises specifically the mouse 5‐HT2B receptor. Immunohistochemical analysis of cryosections from various adult mouse tissues reveals a major 5‐HT2B receptor expression in stomach, intestine and pulmonary smooth muscles as well as in myocardium. Furthermore, the antiserum recognises specific areas of the mouse brain, including cerebellar Purkinje cells and their projection areas.
Thermodynamics of Micellization of Nonionic Saccharide-Based <i>N</i>-Acyl-<i>N</i>-alkylaldosylamine and <i>N</i>-Acyl-<i>N</i>-alkylamino-1-deoxyalditol Surfactants (1999)

Eight homologous series of nonionic carbohydrate-derived surfactants in which the alkyl chains are linked through N-acylated amine bonds were synthesized, and their critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) and standard enthalpies of micellization were determined using titration microcalorimetry. Gibbs energies of micellization (ΔmicG°) were calculated from the critical micelle concentrations. N-Acyl-N-alkylaldosylamines (acyl = acetyl/propionyl, aldosyl = glucosyl/lactosyl) and N-acyl-N-alkylamino-1-deoxyalditols (acyl = acetyl/propionyl, alditol = glucitol/lactitol) with alkyl chain lengths of 8, 10, and 12 carbon atoms show a 10-fold decrease in cmc when the length of the chain is increased by two methylene groups. The enthalpograms for the C8 analogs are more complicated than those for the C10 and C12 analogs. Therefore, the enthalpograms were modeled using a computer-based program which takes account of the nonideal properties of the solutions, yielding enthalpies of micelle formation. Increments in the thermodynamic parameters show satisfactory self-consistency. Each CH2 group contributes −2.4 kJ mol-1 to ΔmicH°, ΔmicG°(CH2) is −3.0 kJ mol-1 for each series, and TΔmicS°(CH2) is 0.7 kJ mol-1 at 40 °C. Although the change in entropy is the main driving force for micellization, the enthalpy of micellization may also contribute significantly to the Gibbs energy of micellization, particularly for longer alkyl chains.
Myocardial Infarction and Cigarette Smoking in Women Younger Than 50 Years of Age (1985)

The modifying influence of individual risk factors on the relation between myocardial infarction (MI) and cigarette smoking was evaluated in a case-control study of women younger than 50 years of age. Data from 555 women who survived first MIs were compared with those of 1,864 hospital controls of similar ages. The risk of MI increased with the number of cigarettes smoked, both in the presence and absence of factors that predispose to an infarction. In particular, the association was apparent at all ages, at all levels of total serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and in the presence and absence of oral contraceptive use, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, blood group A, tendency to type A behavior, and family history of MI. The relative increase in risk was generally greater the lower the underlying predisposition to MI. There was clear evidence, however, that recent oral contraceptive use substantially augmented the increased risk for smokers, and hypercholesterolemia may have had the same effect.
The philosophy of mathematics and mathematics education (1985)

It is suggested that the philosophy of mathematics is relevant to mathematics education (1) because the philosophical schools of thought have a direct bearing on educational issues and (2) because new entrants to teaching may bring with them undiluted theoretical views on the nature of mathematics. The views of the following five schools of thought are sketched: Logicism, Formalism, Constructivism, Platonism and Falliblism. Subsequently the relationship between these views and certain current issues in mathematics education is discussed. It is concluded that each of the views provides insights as to the nature of mathematics, but that Falliblism is perhaps the only viewpoint compatible with humane mathematics education.
Feasibility of Intraocular Projection for Treatment of Intractable Corneal Opacity (2019)

Despite many decades of research and development, corneal opacity remains a leading cause of reversible blindness worldwide. Corneal transplantation and keratoprosthesis can restore corneal clarity, but both have well-known limitations. High-resolution electronic microdisplays may offer an alternative to traditional methods of treating corneal disease using an intraocular implant to project imagery onto the retina, obviating the need for a clear cornea. In this study, we review previous work and recent technologic developments relevant to the development of such an intraocular projection system.
Two new restriction endonucleases from Proteus vulgaris (1981)

Two novel sequence-specific endonucleases have been isolated from Proteus vulgaris, ATCC 13315. PvuI recognizes the sequence: 5' C G A T decrease C G 3' 3' G C increase T A G C 5' and PvuII recognizes the sequence: 5' C A G decrease C T G 3' 3' G T C increase G A C 5' and cleave as indicated by the arrow (decrease). PvuI is an isoschizomer of XorII, RshI, and XniI. No enzyme with the specificity of PvuII has been described previously.
Reinforced AdaBoost Learning for Object Detection with Local Pattern Representations (2013)

A reinforced AdaBoost learning algorithm is proposed for object detection with local pattern representations. In implementing AdaBoost learning, the proposed algorithm employs an exponential criterion as a cost function and Newton's method for its optimization. In particular, we introduce an optimal selection of weak classifiers minimizing the cost function and derive the reinforced predictions based on a judicial confidence estimate to determine the classification results. The weak classifier of the proposed method produces real-valued predictions while that of the conventional AdaBoost method produces integer valued predictions of +1 or -1. Hence, in the conventional learning algorithms, the entire sample weights are updated by the same rate. On the contrary, the proposed learning algorithm allows the sample weights to be updated individually depending on the confidence level of each weak classifier prediction, thereby reducing the number of weak classifier iterations for convergence. Experimental classification performance on human face and license plate images confirm that the proposed method requires smaller number of weak classifiers than the conventional learning algorithm, resulting in higher learning and faster classification rates. An object detector implemented based on the proposed learning algorithm yields better performance in field tests in terms of higher detection rate with lower false positives than that of the conventional learning algorithm.
Perfluorocarbon liquid effects on corneal endothelial permeability. (1992)

We investigated the effects of perfluoro-n-octane liquid on the rabbit corneal endothelial permeability to inulin and dextran. Permeability measurements were made either after 10 minute in vitro exposure of the endothelium to 50 microliters of the test liquid or after one week exposure in vivo following injection of 50 microliters of the test fluid into the anterior chamber. Retention of the perfluorocarbon on the in vitro cornea and in the anterior chamber during the appropriate exposure time was visually verified. The corneal endothelial permeability was unchanged after either short or sub-chronic treatment with perfluoro-n-octane indicating an absence of toxicity for this substance should it reach the cornea either intraoperatively or postoperatively.
Design Considerations for DOI-encoding PET Detectors Using Phosphor-Coated Crystals (2014)

Driven by a need for high and uniform spatial resolution, as well as depth correction to improve time-of-flight PET, the design of PET detectors with depth-of-interaction (DOI) information is of great interest. To combine the advantages of continuous DOI information with a single-ended readout of the crystal, we have proposed a solution based on the use of phosphor-coated crystals. Here we build on our initial work to optimize the coating process and detector design, thus taking a significant step towards making this approach practical. We implemented a new method to coat 20 mm-long unpolished LSO crystals with a mixture of YAG phosphor powder and UV-curable optical cement that provides accurate, robust, and reproducible coatings. Using this new coating process, critical parameters such as coating thickness, coating shape, and crystal size were studied. The performance of different coating configurations was evaluated by recording pulses at different irradiation depths and extracting the decay time of individual pulses. The delayed charge integration method was used to characterize the pulses acquired at various DOI. The coating thickness was decreased from 250 μm (previous work) to 50 μm with minimal degradation in performance. 100 μm-thick coating provided the best trade-off between performance and additional volume around the crystal, which will be important to build crystal arrays with high packing fraction. Additionally, varying the coating length on the different crystal faces allowed for better DOI encoding along the crystal length, when compared to previous coating configurations. Crystal face sizes ranging from 2 mm × 2 mm to 5 mm × 5 mm were studied; best performance was obtained with the 2 mm × 2 mm crystals.
Broad-band high-efficiency optoacoustic generation using a novel photonic crystal-metallic structure (2011)

Various optical structures have been investigated for high-frequency optoacoustic generation via thermoelastic effect, including metal films, mixture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and carbon black, two-dimensional (2-D) gold nanostructure with PDMS film, etc. However, they suffer from either low light absorption efficiency which affects the amplitude of generated ultrasound, or thick films that attenuate the amplitude and restrict its spectra bandwidth. Here we propose a novel one-dimensional photonic crystal-metallic (PCM) structure, which can be designed to absorb 100% optical energy of specific wavelengths in a total-internal-reflection geometry. The unique configuration enables us to choose suitable polymer films on top of the metallic structure, which can act as an ideal ultrasound transmitter to generate broad-band ultrasound with high conversion efficiency. Experimental results show that the PCM structure generated several times stronger ultrasound pressure than our previously demonstrated 2-D gold nanostructures [Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 093901 (2006)]. Moreover, the generated ultrasound exhibited almost the same frequency spectrum as the input laser pulse (duration width 6 ns). This shows that the PCM structure has great potential to generate broad-band ultrasound signal. It is also important to mention that the simple PCM structure with the polymer film forms a Fabry-Pérot resonator and can play a role of an ultrasound receiver, which provides a convenient method to construct a broad-band and all-optical ultrasound transducer.
Combustion controls for alternative fuels (1981)

Honeywell has analyzed the feasibility, nature, performance, and benefits of new and traditional controls for the combustion of conventional and supplemental fuels from the standpoints of efficiency improvement, flame sensing, and emissions control. Factors affecting combustion efficiency include firing rate and excess air, fuel interchangeability, inert compounds in the fuel and air, fuel additives, and the boiler's outlet-water or steam temperature. The dependence of flue-gas temperature (a measure of combustion efficiency) on firing rate and excess air provides an accurate means of predicting the efficiency of equipment fired with different fuels. Using this relationship, analysts calculated that firing low- or medium-Btu fuel gases may lead to higher boiler efficiencies than firing methane or hydrogen under certain conditions. The study also points out that increasing the intake-air temperature raises efficiency. Ultraviolet detectors and flame-ionization techniques are effective flame sensors for hydrocarbon, CO, and H/sub 2/ gases.
Extrusion die design for slowly reacting materials (1997)

Abstract The flow distribution of slowly reacting polymeric materials inside an extrusion die was analyzed by lubrication theory. The viscosity of the polymeric liquid was assumed to be time‐dependent owing to chemical reaction. Three types of extrusion dies were considered: a T‐die, a linearly tapered coat‐hanger die with a choker bar, and a curvilinearly tapered coat‐hanger die. It was found that the T‐die is not suitable to deliver the polymeric liquid films, whereas the two coat‐hanger dies can deliver the polymeric liquid films with acceptable flow uniformity and residence time distribution.
Extending the business engineering framework for application integration purposes (2005)

Current concepts of enterprise application integration often focus on technical issues only. Previous, more holistic approaches of deriving information system concepts from business requirements often addressed the development of a new information system replacing the existing, not integrated systems. In this paper, we describe an extension of the Business Engineering framework for application integration purposes.
A Pilot Study of Topical Treatment with an alpha2-agonist in Patients with Retinal Dystrophies (2008)

The findings of this pilot study suggest a trend for slower progression in the eyes of patients with retinal dystrophy when treated with brimonidine, according to one of the parameters that was studied (visual field loss). Further studies that include a larger number of patients and a longer follow-up period are needed to clarify and confirm the potential neuroprotective effect of alpha2-agonists in human retinal dystrophies.
Electroencephalogram-based pharmacodynamic measures: a review (2012)

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics can provide a useful modeling framework for predicting drug activity and can serve as a basis for dose optimization. Determining a suitable biomarker or surrogate measure of drug effect for pharmacodynamic models can be challenging. The electroencephalograph is a widely-available and non-invasive tool for recording brainwave activity simultaneously from multiple brain regions. Certain drug classes (such as drugs that act on the central nervous system) also generate a reproducible electroencephalogram (EEG) effect. Characterization of such a drug-induced EEG effect can produce pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models useful for titrating drug levels and expediting development of chemically-similar drug analogs. This paper reviews the relevant concepts involved in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling using EEG-based pharmacodynamic measures. In addition, examples of such models for various drugs are organized by drug activity as well as chemical structure and presented.
Chalk, Cheese, and Cloth: The Settling of Quaker Communities in Seventeenth-Century Wiltshire (2006)

The underlying geology of Wiltshire was responsible for the county's contrasting farming and settlement patterns of the seventeenth century, and gave rise to its distinctive north-south 'chalk and cheese' divide. These particular characteristics, which also shaped the road networks and the location of the cloth-producing industry, played a significant role in determining the way in which the early Quaker movement developed within the county. This paper not only places the development of Wiltshire Quakerism within the context of the county's topography but also identifies the influence of other factors, such as patronage and the presence of other religious groups, on the settling of the network of Quakers' Meetings.