gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noisy Networks for Exploration (2017)

We introduce NoisyNet, a deep reinforcement learning agent with parametric noise added to its weights, and show that the induced stochasticity of the agent's policy can be used to aid efficient exploration. The parameters of the noise are learned with gradient descent along with the remaining network weights. NoisyNet is straightforward to implement and adds little computational overhead. We find that replacing the conventional exploration heuristics for A3C, DQN and dueling agents (entropy reward and $ε$-greedy respectively) with NoisyNet yields substantially higher scores for a wide range of Atari games, in some cases advancing the agent from sub to super-human performance.
10 Gbit/s optical soliton transmission experiment in a comb-like dispersion profiled fiber loop (2002)

We performed 10 Gbit/s optical soliton transmission experiment over 2,000 km with bit error rate of <10/sup -9/ in a comb-like dispersion profiled fiber loop of 80 km amplifier spacing which corresponds to nearly the twice of dispersion distance. We construct a recirculation loop using comb-like dispersion profiled fiber (CDPF) using standard single mode fiber and dispersion shifted fiber with the total length of 80 km to demonstrate a 10 Gbit/s optical soliton transmission.
Temporal dynamics of event‐related potentials related to goal conduciveness and power appraisals (2013)

The Component Process Model hypothesizes that appraisal--the mechanism that elicits and differentiates emotion--is processed sequentially. It predicts that the goal conduciveness check (motivational valence evaluation) is evaluated before the power check (evaluation of the degree of power to act on events). To test this prediction, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) during a gambling task in response to feedback that simultaneously presented the goal conduciveness (outcome: win, loss, or break-even) and the power check (options to act on the outcome) information. In line with the sequence hypothesis, mean amplitudes of subsequent ERPs were differentially modulated by the appraisal information. The feedback-related negativity was sensitive to the goal conduciveness check, and the P300 yielded main effects of both appraisal checks. Results suggest that neural evaluative processes associated with appraisal processing are sequential.
The crystal and molecular structure of phenothiazine‐10‐propionic acid (1972)

Abstract The crystal structure of phenothiazine‐10‐propionic acid, C 12 H 8 SNC 2 H 4 COOH, was determined from three‐dimensional X‐ray diffraction data collected with a manual diffractomer using MoKα (λ 0.71069 Å) radiation. The space group is P2 1 /c with a = 7.888 (2)Å, b = 8.703 (2)Å, c = 19.700 (8)Å, β = 101.42 (1)°, Z = 4, D meas = 1.35(2) g. cm −3 and D calc = 1.36 g. cm −3 at 23°. The structure was determined by the direct method and refined with 500 observed reflections by full‐matrix least squares to an R of 0.072. The molecule is folded along the S‐N axis and the dihedral angle is 136.5°. The C‐S‐C angle is 98.5(7)° and the average C‐S bond is 1.77(2)Å. The shortening of the C‐S bond, the small value of the C‐S‐C angle and the folding of the molecule are typical of the phenothiazine class of compounds and are assumed to be due to sulfur d orbital participation in ring bonding.
Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) displays increased attractiveness to infected individuals with Plasmodium vivax gametocytes (2014)

Gametocyte presence and fever in vivax malaria patients increased short distance host attractiveness to An. darlingi.
Multiscale Simulation as a Framework for the Enhanced Design of Nanodiamond-Polyethylenimine-Based Gene Delivery (2012)

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are emerging carbon platforms with promise as gene/drug delivery vectors for cancer therapy. Specifically, NDs functionalized with the polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) can transfect small interfering RNAs (siRNA) in vitro with high efficiency and low cytotoxicity. Here we present a modeling framework to accurately guide the design of ND-PEI gene platforms and elucidate binding mechanisms between ND, PEI, and siRNA. This is among the first ND simulations to comprehensively account for ND size, charge distribution, surface functionalization, and graphitization. The simulation results are compared with our experimental results both for PEI loading onto NDs and for siRNA (C-myc) loading onto ND-PEI for various mixing ratios. Remarkably, the model is able to predict loading trends and saturation limits for PEI and siRNA, while confirming the essential role of ND surface functionalization in mediating ND-PEI interactions. These results demonstrate that this robust framework can be a powerful tool in ND platform development, with the capacity to realistically treat other nanoparticle systems.
Electrophilic Displacement Reactions. XIV. Two Novel Reactions Involving Areneboronic Acids and Halogens<sup>1-3</sup> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrophilic Displacement Reactions. XIV. Two Novel Reactions Involving Areneboronic Acids and Halogens1-3HENRY G. KUIVILA, LAWRENCE E. BENJAMIN, CLARENCE J. MURPHY, ALLEN D. PRICE, and JOHN H. POLEVYCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 3, 825–829Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01050a032Request reuse permissionsArticle Views394Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (604 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Small-signal model of PWM converters for discontinuous conduction mode and its application for boost converter (2003)

A small-signal circuit model for pulsewidth-modulated DC-DC converters operated in discontinuous conduction mode is presented. The model is composed of controlled current sources, an independent voltage source and resistances. The principle of energy conservation approach is used to take into account parasitic resistances of the transistor and diode and the diode threshold voltage. The proposed model is suitable for small-signal, frequency-domain representation of the converters. This model is used to derive the expressions for a boost converter control-to-output transfer function, input-to-output voltage transfer function, input impedance and the output impedance. Bode plots are also given for these transfer functions. The predicted and experimental results were in excellent agreement.
Solid Form Selection of Highly Solvating TAK-441 Exhibiting Solvate-Trapping Polymorphism (2014)

Solid form selection of active pharmaceutical ingredients is essential for pharmaceutical development. Solvates, except for hydrates, are rarely selected because of their physical instability and the potential toxicity of solvent. Here, the solid form selection of TAK-441, a highly solvating compound, was conducted. Anhydrate form I and 12 solvates were obtained from solution. The solvates showed isomorphism and could be placed into three categories. Anhydrate forms II, III, and IV were obtained via the desolvation of different type solvates, and anhydrate form V crystallized following thermal conversion of solvates. Equilibrium solubility analysis suggested that certain thermodynamic relationships between anhydrates were enantiotropic in nature. Moreover, form I was more stable than other polymorphs at ambient temperature, and was thus selected for further development. Finally, crystal structure analyses revealed that form I was an isomorphic desolvate of another solvate type (type 4), which immediately desolvated upon harvesting, and that TAK-441 crystallized only via solvate formation. Notably, types 2 and 3 solvates possessed unique channel structures, and pores of type 4 solvate were much larger than those of other types. This large pore size may cause extreme instability of type 4 solvate.
Prolonged Hyperalimentation in Catabolic Chronic Dialysis Therapy Patients (1981)

Plasma concentrations of 25 essential (EAA) and nonessential (NEAA) amino acids were measured pre- and postdialysis in 46 chronic hemodialysis therapy (CDT) patients. Sixteen of these patients with prior weight loss of 14.5 +/- 2.37 pounds in 24 months were administered a GAA solution (EAA + NEAA + glucose) for 20 weeks during each dialysis. Eight of these patients (group 1) responded with improved appetite and weight gain; the remaining eight patients (group 2) with clinically advanced metabolic bone disease continued to lose weight. Five other patients (group 14), biochemically similar to group 1 but with shorter prior dialysis experience, who received EAA (plus glucose) hyperalimentation (including oral I-histidine), experienced weight gain similar to group 1 but displayed significantly different plasma aminograms indicating a deficit of NEAA. When EAA and glucose hyperalimentation was administered without histidine (1 patient) no weight gain occurred and aminograms differed significantly from other groups. Plasma aminograms of 25 weight-stable, nonhyperalimented CDT patients were obtained for comparison. Results indicate GAA hyperalimentation can promote weight gain in catabolic CDT patients with inadequate prior nutritional intake (as in groups 1 and 14) but cannot reverse weight loss when the primary clinical setting is advanced metabolic bone disease and myopathy due to hyperparathyroidism (group 2). Hyperalimentation with glucose and an amino acid solution specifically tailored to the needs of CDT patients may improve results. Plasma phosphoethanolamine levels, normal for weight-stable and elevated in catabolic CDT patients, suggest a possible role for phosphoethanolamine as a marker for catabolism.
Grasp motion planning for box opening task by multi-fingered hands and arms (2009)

The aim of our project is to develop a robot to manipulate an object in human environment. In this paper, as a first step, we focus on opening paper box such as tea box, and present a method to plan grasp motion by 2 arms with multi-fingered hands. we propose a task priority based scheme to plan grasping area consistent with whole steps of the given task procedure. Based on the grasping area and the concept of preshape, we derive desired fingertip positions and hand base position and orientation for preshape. Based on the vector field approach, we propose a motion planning method for the planned grasp by multi-fingered hands to avoid any undesired collisions. This method can be applied to regrasping and a motion in which collision is required.
The Use of Asynchronous Discussion: Creating a Text of Talk (2005)

Asynchronous discussion allows students to read and respond &quot;out-of-time. &quot; This form of online discussion, as experienced in a college literacy course, creates a text of talk that has the potential to be reflective given the freedom participants have in their response time. However, students often struggle with reflection. Instructors need to structure discussion online so that it becomes a forum for communication as well as critical thinking. They also need to view writing online as both process (discussion) and product (document to be assessed). Twenty years. That is the time difference that separates the research findings by Durkin (1978-1979) and Pressley (1998). Yet the results are the same. Durkin in 1978 initially reported that teachers did not teach students to comprehend, yet these same students were tested on comprehensio n skills they were expected to acquire. Twenty years elapse, and Pressley comes to the same conclusion after observing fourth and fifth graders. The only difference in variables seems to be the tests on comprehension themselves. Are Durkin&apos;s findings still relevant today? Another five years have passed since the last study, so it may be difficult to say. However, after reading the chapter, it seems that Pressley still seems to think so (Farstrup &amp; Samuels, 2002, p. 303). [Referring to instruction in reading comprehension during an asynchronous discussion, this quote is a student&apos;s partial response to the question “Are Durkin&apos;s findings still relevant today? Explain.&quot;]
Effects of the lipase inhibitor orlistat on intake and preference for dietary fat in rats (1996)

Orlistat (Ols), a potent inhibitor of pancreatic lipase, was added to the fat source (1 or 4 mg Ols/g fat) of a macronutrient self-selection diet fed to adult female rats. The rats responded to the drug-induced reduction in fat absorption by decreasing their dietary fat intake and increasing their protein and carbohydrate intake in a dose-related manner. Total caloric intake also increased, but body weight gain was inhibited compared with the nondrug control group. When Ols was removed from the diet, nutrient selection, caloric intake, and body weight returned to control levels. In additional short-term experiments (30 min/day), rats developed a preference for a plain fat diet over an Ols-fat diet (4 mg/g fat) and also for a cue flavor paired with plain fat over a flavor paired with Ols-fat. Yet, when not given the choice, the rats consumed nearly as much Ols-fat as plain fat diet. These results indicate that, by reducing fat absorption, Ols reduced the attractiveness of dietary fat, although it did not make the fat diet aversive. In clinical use, lipase inhibitors may be effective in reducing dietary fat intake by reducing both the consumption and absorption of fat.
Desiccants: Benefits for the second century of air-conditioning (1997)

Desiccant technology now stands where mechanical\ncooling stood in the 1930's. Desiccant systems have\nbeen used by industrial engineers to achieve\nproductivity and energy benefits which far outweigh\ntheir installed cost. Now, with lower cost desiccant\ncomponents, commercial buildings are using\ndesiccant systems because they provide benefits\nbeyond those of air cooling technology alone.\nIn many ways, the rise of desiccant systems is parallel\nto the 80-year-old transition from fan-only cooling to\nmechanical cooling. Mechanical cooling did not\nreduce the need for fans and blowers. Likewise,\ndesiccant technology may not reduce the need for\nmechanical cooling. And just as mechanical cooling\nadds cost to a fan-only system, desiccant equipment\ncan sometimes cost more than mechanical cooling.\nBut just as cooling coils add functionality to a\nventilation system, desiccant systems provide benefits\nwhich are beyond the reach of mechanical cooling\nsystems. Specifically, desiccant systems can provide:\nTotal control of humidity, independent of\ntemperature.\nDew points below the practical limits of cooling\ntechnology.\nHumidity control in cold environments and cold\nair streams.\nLower operating cost\nLower peak electrical demand.\nAbility to use low-cost thermal energy to control\nboth humidity and temperature.\nDry duct systems in accordance with ASHRAE\nStandard 62, avoiding microbial and fungal\ngrowth associated with sick building syndrome.
Thermally initiated cationic polymerization and properties of epoxy siloxane (2006)

Abstract Difunctional epoxy siloxane monomers containing disiloxane, trisiloxane, and tetrasiloxane were prepared by hydrosilylation of an α,ω‐difunctional SiH‐terminated siloxane with a vinyl‐functional epoxide. Cationic polymerization of these monomers using 3‐methyl‐2‐butenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate and their reactivities were examined. The reactivity order was disiloxane > trisiloxane > tetrasiloxane. Thermal discoloration of these polymers increased with catalyst concentration and also with the length of dimethyl siloxane. UV discoloration was also accelerated by catalyst. From the thermo gravimetric analysis, it was found that the thermal stabilities of polymers increased with increasing the length of dimethyl siloxane chain. Mechanical properties of polymers were also tested by thermal mechanical analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis, and it was found that the flexibility of polymers was increased with increasing siloxane chain length. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2010–2019, 2006
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in microcrystalline silicon probed by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (2009)

We present the results of optical-pump--terahertz probe experiments applied to a set of thin-film microcrystalline silicon samples, with structures varying from amorphous to fully microcrystalline. The samples were excited at wavelengths 800 and 400 nm and studied at temperatures down to 20 K. The character of nanoscopic electrical transport properties markedly change on a subpicosecond time scale. The initial transient photoconductivity of the samples is dominated by hot free carriers with a mobility of $\ensuremath{\sim}70\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{2}/\text{Vs}$. These carriers are rapidly (within 0.6 ps) trapped into weakly localized hopping states. The hopping process dominates the terahertz spectra on the picosecond and subnanosecond time scales. The saturated high-frequency value of the hopping mobility is limited by the sample disorder in the amorphous sample and by electron-phonon interaction for microcrystalline samples.
Efficient Synchronization for GPGPU (2018)

High-performance General Purpose Graphics processing units (GPGPUs) have exposed bottlenecks in synchronizations of threads and cores. The massively parallel computing cores and complex hierarchies of threads present new challenges for synchronizations at different granularities. Performance of GPU is hindered by inefficient global and local synchronizations. I propose hardware-software cooperative frameworks for efficient synchronization of GPGPU to address the following issues. To provide efficient global synchronization (Gsync), an API with direct hardware support is proposed. The GPU cores are synchronized by an on-chip Gsync controller. Partial context switch is employed to guarantee deadlock-free execution. The proposed Gsync avoids expensive API calls and alleviates data thrashing. Prioritized warp scheduling is used to increase the overlap of context switch with kernel execution. To efficiently exploit the inherent parallelism of producer-consumer problems, a flexible wait-signal scheme is proposed at thread-block level. I propose dedicated APIs to express fine-grained static and dynamic dependencies with hardware support. The proposed scheme can accelerate wavefront, graph and machine learning applications. The architectural design of on-chip wait-signal controller eliminates busy wait loop and long-latency memory operations. I also propose thread block dispatch scheduling to address the problem of load imbalance and large context switch overhead. To reduce stall due to synchronizations, a synchronization-aware warp scheduling is proposed to coordinate multiple warp schedulers upon synchronization events. Both performance and hardware utilization are improved by resolving the barrier sooner.
Discrete finger and Palmar feature extraction for personal authentication (2004)

A new method of a reliable and real-time authentication is proposed. Finger geometry and feature extraction of the palmar flexion creases are integrated in discrete points of characteristics. A video image of either palm, palm placed freely facing toward a video camera in front of a low-reflective board, is acquired. Fingers are brought together without any constraints. Discrete feature point extraction for each of the four fingers involves: intersection points of the three digital (finger) flexion creases on the finger skeletal line; skeletal lengths of the finger segments between the three creases; distances between the intersection points and the corresponding points of the adjacent fingers. Discrete feature extraction for the palm involves: intersection points of the major palmar flexion creases on the extended finger skeletal line; orientation of the crease at each point of the intersection. These metrics define the feature vectors for matching. Matching results are perfect for 50 subjects so far. This point wise integration of the finger and palmar feature extraction, extracting enough feature from non contacting video image, requiring no time-consumptive palm print image analysis, and requiring less than one second processing time, will contribute to a real-time and reliable authentication.
Meeting the unmet: from traditional to cutting-edge techniques for poly lactide and poly lactide-co-glycolide microparticle manufacturing (2019)

Polylactides (PLA) and poly lactide-co-glycolides (PLGA) undoubtedly are among the major drivers in the pharmaceutical market. Their relevance in pharmaceutics and biomedicine is well established in light of their sustainability, safety, tunable biodegradability, and versatility. However, polymer degradability and plasticity can somehow restrain industrial developability of PLA and PLGA formulations, especially in the form of microparticles (MP). This review wants to deal with the known manufacturing issues of PLA/PLGA MP, debating the potential contribution of modern and cutting-edge manufacturing technologies to the solution of unmet production needs. Technological and regulatory aspects will be considered outlining the potential role of advanced manufacturing techniques in the advancement of PLA/PLGA MP production processes. The multifaceted complexity of PLA/PLGA MP manufacturing processes demands adequate standardization and updated guidelines covering the so far unmet industrialization requirements. Novel and evolving manufacturing technologies will surely support the future development of bench-to-production plant transfer for such products. Careful evaluation of production costs is demanded in order to ensure process sustainability and patient’s outreach.
Multiview extensive partition operators for semantic video object extraction (2001)

Occlusion/disocclusion is one of the fundamental problems for semantic video object (SVO) extraction, where pixel-wise accuracy is required. This issue is critical because the degradation in tracking due to object occlusion/disocclusion significantly increases the amount of user interaction required in off-line video editing applications. We present an approach based on the application of an extensive operator on a lattice of partitions, which exploits information from various views of the scene, based on a probabilistic formulation. Our multiview operator builds on the regional application of the maximum a posteriori principle, by integrating a single-view region classification stage with a multiview stage that improves classification for those disoccluded regions labeled as uncertain. Results on several real sequences show that our approach improves the SVO tracking compared to the single-view case and that, as a result, increases the quality of the extracted SVOs and reduces the total amount of user interaction.