gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Gate Insulator Thickness on Characteristics of Normally-off GaN MOSFETs (2012)

We have fabricated normally-off two different GaN MOSFETs with Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> gate insulator with thickness of 38- and 54-nm and investigated the difference in device performance. From the C-V measurement, relatively higher threshold voltage and smaller threshold voltage shift were observed in the device with 54-nm-thick Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> gate insulator compared to those of the device with 38-nm-thick Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> gate insulator. Due to the decreased Cox with increased Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> thickness, the device with 54-nm-thick Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> gate insulator exhibited a little degraded DC performances compared to those of the device with 38-nm-thick Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> gate insulator. Also, the device with 54-nm-thick Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> exhibited better off-state characteristic with higher breakdown voltage than the device with 38-nm-thick Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> . However, no significant differences in the gate leakage characteristics were observed with low gate leakage current.
On the estimation of the binomial probability in multistage clinical trials (2004)

Due to the optional sampling effect in a sequential design, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) following sequential tests is generally biased. In a typical two-stage design employed in a phase II clinical trial in cancer drug screening, a fixed number of patients are enrolled initially. The trial may be terminated for lack of clinical efficacy of treatment if the observed number of treatment responses after the first stage is too small. Otherwise, an additional fixed number of patients are enrolled to accumulate additional information on efficacy as well as on safety. There have been numerous suggestions for design of such two-stage studies. Here we establish that under the two-stage design the sufficient statistic, i.e. stopping stage and the number of treatment responses, for the parameter of the binomial distribution is also complete. Then, based on the Rao-Blackwell theorem, we derive the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) as the conditional expectation of an unbiased estimator, which in this case is simply the maximum likelihood estimator based only on the first stage data, given the complete sufficient statistic. Our results generalize to a multistage design. We will illustrate features of the UMVUE based on two-stage phase II clinical trial design examples and present results of numerical studies on the properties of the UMVUE in comparison to the usual MLE.
The Flying Carpet: Aerodynamic High-Altitude Solar Reflector Design Study (2017)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Our concept studies indicate that a set of reflectors floated in the upper atmosphere can efficiently reduce radiant forcing into the atmosphere. The cost of reducing the radiant forcing sufficiently to reverse the current rate of Global Warming, is well within reach of global financial resources. This paper summarizes the overall concept and focuses on one of the reflector concepts, the Flying Carpet. The basic element of this reflector array is a rigidized reflector sheet towed behind and above a solar-powered, distributed electric-propelled flying wing. The vehicle rises above 30,480 m (100,000 ft) in the daytime by solar power. At night, the very low wing loading of the sheets enables the system to stay well above the controlled airspace ceiling of 18,288 m (60,000 ft). The concept study results are summarized before going into technical issues in implementation. Flag instability is studied in initial wind tunnel experiments. This has forced evolution of the concept to one similar to a hang-glider, the sheet supporting the propelled wing at very low flight speed. Later designs may dispense with the wing altogether. Lift-induced drag can be minimized by joining several elements together in flight to create a large aspect ratio, and by staggering elements in flight as long-distance birds do, with swarm flight control. The primary parameter is the areal density that can be achieved for the reflector sheet under aerodynamic loads. Successful designs can be closed even with 2-mil Mylar sheets, but going to strengthened versions of solar sails would offer strong advantages. Mass-based cost estimation allows an upper bound on architecture cost by comparing equivalent number of launch masses of a well-known large space launch system. The next level of cost analysis shows that the manufacturing cost which is dominant, is best addressed through automotive industry techniques.</div></div>
Interaction of glycyl-L-phenylalanine with Escherichia coli phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInteraction of glycyl-L-phenylalanine with Escherichia coli phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetaseSidney M. Hecht and S. D. HawrelakCite this: Biochemistry 1974, 13, 24, 4967–4975Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00721a015https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00721a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views36Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Burn depth determination by high-speed fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography at 1.3 μm (2000)

Burn depth determination is a critical factor in the treatment of thermal injury. We have developed a technique, polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS- OCT), to assess burn depth non-invasively. Thermal injury denatures collagen in human skin. PS-OCT is able to measure the resulting reduction in collagen birefringence using depth resolved changes in the polarization of light propagated and reflected from the sample. In a previous study, we used a free space PS-OCT system at 850 nm to image in vivo the skin of rats burned for various amounts of time. Using a high-speed system at 1.3 micrometers has the advantages of greater depth penetration and reduction of motion artifacts due to breathing and small movements of the animal. Stokes vectors were calculated for each point in the scans and the relative birefringence was determined using different incident polarization states. Birefringence was correlated with actual burn depth determined by histological analysis. Our results show a marked difference between normal tissue and even the slightest burn, and a consistent trend for various degrees of burns.
<i>tert</i>-Dodecanethiol (2008)

[25103-58-6] C12H26S (MW 202.40) (mainly used as hydrogen-transfer reagent in many synthetic applications) InChI = 1S/C12H26S/c1-10(2,3)8-12(7,13)9-11(4,5)6/h13H,8-9H2,1-7H3 InChIKey = CXUHLUIXDGOURI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alternate Names: 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-4-heptanethiol (major, representative component), tert-dodecylmercaptan, tert-laurylmercaptan, TDM, tert-DDM, Sulfole®120. Physical Data: mp ca. −45 °C, bp 227–248 °C (760 mm Hg), d 0.86 g cm−3 (20 °C). Solubility: sol most organic solvents; water solubility: 0.25 mg dm−3 (20 °C). Form Supplied in: colorless to pale-yellow liquid; mercaptan odor; widely commercially available; for impurities, see next section. Preparative Methods: tert dodecanethiol is generally prepared by homogeneous or heterogeneous acid-catalyzed addition of hydrogen sulfide to branched C12 olefins.1 Typical starting materials are propylene tetramer and butene or isobutene trimers. Both feedstocks contain highly branched C12 olefins (mixture of isomers) as major components, accompanied by minor percentages of C10–C15 alkenes: the resulting thiol is therefore a mixture of isomeric tertiary dodecanethiols associated with minor amounts of other longer- and shorter-chain alkanethiols. The CAS number [25103-58-6] refers to that mixture of isomers, whose best-supported representative structure is 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-4-heptanethiol (eq 1). The differences in properties that might exist between the various isomers is not considered to be important. Common catalysts for the synthesis can be protic acids (e.g., hydrofluoric, methanesulfonic, and carbonic acids), Lewis acids (e.g., boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, tin(IV) chloride, and complexes thereof), and heterogeneous catalysts such as clays, resins (e.g., Amberlyst® 15), zeolites, silicoaluminates, and modified titania, zirconia, and alumina. (1) Purification: the commercially available product (mixture of isomers also containing minor quantities of other C10–C15 alkane thiols) is generally used without further purification as being highly satisfactory for most purposes. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: like most thiols, this compound has a tendency to undergo oxidation on exposure to air, but it remains essentially unchanged when stored at rt in the absence of air. Although much less malodorous than other alkanethiols, this compound has a typical mercaptan odor and should be used in a well-ventilated fume hood. Incompatible with strong bases and oxidizing agents. tert-Dodecanethiol has a low order of acute toxicity to mammals, the oral LD50 values in rats being included in the range 2150–15,000 mg kg−1.
An Analog Programmable Multidimensional Radial Basis Function Based Classifier (2007)

A compact analog programmable multidimensional radial basis function (RBF)-based classifier is demonstrated. The probability distribution of each feature in the templates is modeled by a Gaussian function that is approximately realized by the bell-shaped transfer characteristics of a proposed floating-gate circuit, which we term a floating-gate bump circuit. The maximum likelihood, the mean, and the variance of the distribution are stored in floating-gate transistors and are independently programmable. By cascading these floating-gate bump circuits, the overall transfer characteristics approximate a multivariate Gaussian function with a diagonal covariance matrix. An array of these circuits constitute a compact multidimensional RBF-based classifier that can easily implement a Gaussian mixture model. When followed by a winner-take-all circuit, the RBF-based classifier forms an analog vector quantizer. We use receiver operating characteristic curves and equal error rate to evaluate the performance of our RBF-based classifier as well as a resultant analog vector quantizer. We show that the classifier performance is comparable to that of digital counterparts. The proposed approach can be at least two orders of magnitude more power efficient than the digital microprocessors at the same task.
Anti-C1q autoantibodies amplify pathogenic complement activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (2004)

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often develop glomerulonephritis (i.e., inflammation in the glomeruli of the kidney), commonly referred to as lupus nephritis. Patients with lupus nephritis typically have autoantibodies to the complement classical pathway protein C1q. Whether these anti-C1q antibodies play any role in the development of lupus nephritis has been unclear. In this issue of the JCI, a new study demonstrates that anti-C1q antibodies can amplify glomerular injury but only when they are bound within the glomerulus to C1q that has been already brought to that site by other types of glomerular-reactive autoantibodies . These studies are the first, to our knowledge, to provide a causal link between anti-C1q antibodies and target organ damage in SLE.
THE EFFECT OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL ON THE ANTERIOR HYPOPHYSIS OF THYROIDECTOMIZED RATS (1947)

IN summarizing the changes in the anterior hypophysis induced by hyperthyroidism, Severinghaus (1942, p. 374) has made the following statement: “Strangely enough the basophiles are again increased in size and number and vacuolation occurs, but to a more limited extent [than after thyroidectomyl. The acidophiles on the other hand show increases in size and number, a greater affinity of their granules for plasma stains, and a definite hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus which we have agreed to regard as an indication of increased secretory activity.” The portion of this characterization which pertains to the acidophiles also summarizes the changes which we (Baker and Everett, 1944) observed in the acidophiles following treatment of immature rats with small doses of diethylstilbestrol administered for brief periods of time. Hence, we were led to suspect that this estrogen might have modified the hypophysis indirectly through a stimulation of thyroid activity.
Increased cAMP production after short‐term capacitively coupled stimulation in bovine growth plate chondrocytes (1988)

Growth plate chondrocytes from newborn calf costochondral junctions grown in monolayer were subjected to a capacitive AC signal of 500 V peak to peak (P-P) at 60 kHz for 48 h and were analyzed for [3H]thymidine uptake. The stimulated chondrocytes showed a 130% greater uptake over unstimulated controls. Other newborn calf growth plate chondrocytes were stimulated at 500 V P-P at 60 kHz for 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 min and were analyzed for cAMP. Chondrocytes stimulated for 2.5 and 5.0 min showed a 142.8% (p less than 0.05) and 394.5% (p less than 0.01) increase over controls, respectively. The chondrocytes stimulated for 10.0 and 20.0 min showed no significant difference from the controls. It is concluded that short-term exposure of growth plate chondrocytes to an appropriate capacitively coupled field stimulates cAMP production, but longer-term application of the electrical field is ineffective.
Pardaxin, an Antimicrobial Peptide, Triggers Caspase-Dependent and ROS-Mediated Apoptosis in HT-1080 Cells (2011)

Pardaxin is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that was first isolated from secretions of the Red Sea Moses sole. The role of pardaxin in inducing apoptosis for preventing cancer has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we examined the antitumor activity of pardaxin against human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells; pardaxin inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis, as demonstrated by an increase in the externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine and the presence of chromatin condensation. Additionally, pardaxin-treated cells showed elevation of caspase-3/7 activities, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Inhibition of ROS production and caspase-3/7 activities reduced pardaxin-induced effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that pardaxin may be a potential anticancer agent for selectively inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.
Improvement of Abrasive Wear Resistance of Titanium by Laser Gas Alloying in Nitrogen-Air Atmosphere (2003)

Surface gas alloying of commercially pure titanium was carried out with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser using various nitrogen-air gas mixtures in order to produce a composite layer with high abrasion resistance. The composition, microstructure, hardness and abrasive wear resistance of coated titanium specimens were determined. The presence of Ti(N,O) compounds within the surface layer was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The abrasive wear resistance of the laser treated specimens was clearly improved compared to that of the non-treated titanium and the best results were obtained using a (98.7%N2+1.3%O2) reactive atmosphere.
Some observations on the design and performance of distributed amplifiers (1992)

Closed-form analytic expressions for the voltage and power distribution along the drain of an ideal distributed amplifier are presented. It is shown that the power generation is very nonuniform and that some FETs may actually absorb power rather than generate it over a portion of the frequency band.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Imperfectly-Rational Agents, Volatility of Reserves and Customer Markets (2005)

Potential customers in customer markets are typically dichotomised into actual and prospective customers. If the firm holds its price firm, the actual customers hold their reserves/reservation price firm and repeat their purchases. On the other hand, prospective customers' reserves may be volatile due to their non-equilibrium market experience. One may regard a prospective buyer with a volatile reserve as imperfectly rational. On the other hand, one may suppose that an actual customer with a firm reserve is fully rational. We examine this hitherto-neglected asymmetry in customer markets to highlight that a firm can use imperfectly rational and prospective customers-characterised by their volatile reserves-as a European option. As the volatility increases, so does the value of the option of selling the products to the prospective customers. We also establish that volatility of reserves and hence imperfection in rationality of buyers, can have positive impact on output and employment in customer markets.
Infrared Study of OH and NH<sub>2</sub> Groups on the Surface of a Dry Silica Aerogel (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared Study of OH and NH2 Groups on the Surface of a Dry Silica AerogelJ. B. PeriCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1966, 70, 9, 2937–2945Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100881a037https://doi.org/10.1021/j100881a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1975Altmetric-Citations271LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Characterization of α<sub>1</sub>‐adrenoceptor subtypes in tension response of human prostate to electrical field stimulation (1995)

1. The effects of various alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists and nifedipine on tension responses of human prostate to electrical field stimulation were evaluated in this study. 2. Prazosin (3 x 10(-10) to 10(-8) M) and 5-methyl-urapidil (10(-9) to 3 x 10(-8) M) blocked concentration-dependently the tension responses to electrical field stimulation and completely abolished them in the maximal concentrations (10(-8) M and 3 x 10(-8) M, respectively); in contrast, chloroethylclonidine (CEC), in the maximal concentration of 100 microM, blocked these effects by only 50%. 3. The contractile responses of rat vas deferens and spleen to exogenously-applied alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists were competitively inhibited by prazosin and 5-methyl-urapidil; in addition, the pA2 values were calculated and the relative potencies with reference to prazosin were obtained. The relative potency of 5-methyl-urapidil in human prostate (0.105) was close to that in rat vas deferens (0.257), which contains primarily putative alpha 1A-adrenoceptors. However, it was much more than that in rat spleen (0.011), which contains primarily putative alpha 1B-adrenoceptors. 4. Nifedipine (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) inhibited concentration-dependently the contractile responses to electrical field stimulation in human prostate; in addition, the inhibition percentages were similar to those to exogenously-applied noradrenaline in rat vas deferens. In contrast, CEC (10 microM), which almost flattened the concentration-response curve of the rat spleen to phenylephrine, only partially inhibited (by 33.1%) the nerve-mediated contraction of human prostate. 5. The involvement of prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors situated on the sympathetic nerve terminals of human prostate was also examined. Clonidine (3 x 10-9 to 3 x 10- M) blocked concentration-dependently the contractile response to electrical field stimulation of human prostate and this inhibitory effect was reversed by yohimbine (10-7 M). Additionally, the inhibitory effect of CEC (3 x 10-6 to 3 x 10-4 M)to the nerve-mediated contraction was also partially reversed by yohimbine (10-7 M).6. It is suggested that the putative czA-adrenoceptors in human prostate may be functionally confined to the synaptic region whereas only minor populations of the putative alpha 1B- and/or alpha 1c-adrenoceptors exist in this region.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation and Characterization of New Sulfenate Salts via Ipso‐ Substitution of Azaheterocyclic Sulfoxides. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.