gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ochratoxin A: General Overview and Actual Molecular Status (2010)

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi that structurally consists of a para-chlorophenolic group containing a dihydroisocoumarin moiety that is amide-linked to L-phenylalanine. OTA is detected worldwide in various food and feed sources. Studies show that this molecule can have several toxicological effects such as nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic. A role in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy and its association to urinary tract tumors has been also proved. In this review, we will explore the general aspect of OTA: physico-chemical properties, toxicological profile, OTA producing fungi, contaminated food, regulation, legislation and analytical methods. Due to lack of sufficient information related to the molecular background, this paper will discuss in detail the recent advances in molecular biology of OTA biosynthesis, based on information and on new data about identification and characterization of ochratoxin biosynthetic genes in both Penicillium and Aspergillus species. This review will also cover the development of the molecular methods for the detection and quantification of OTA producing fungi in various foodstuffs.
Fine-grained adaptive CMP cache sharing through access history exploitation (2010)

Advances in semiconductor technologies have enabled the integration of multiple processor cores as well as varying sizes of L1 and L2 caches on a single chip. The ever growing complexity and diversity of the associated workloads impose a crucial challenge on the organization and management of the on-chip cache resources. As each core generates a varying amount of accesses to each cache line during execution, sharing a single L2 cache among all the cores can minimize off-chip misses. However, each access to a shared L2 cache imposes significant performance and power overhead, as the tags of all the blocks on a cache line need to be compared in parallel. To efficiently utilize cache resources while saving power, we present in this paper a fine-grained L2 cache management technique with minimum hardware overhead. Each core is allowed to set an ownership bit in an L2 cache block to directly signify the necessity of tag checking, thus reducing the latency and power consumption of each cache access. Joint block ownership approaches provide shareability, thus precluding costly data replication from which private L2 caches typically suffer. Meanwhile, through monitoring line-based access histories, a core that produces a large amount of misses is precluded from replacing blocks belonging to other cores, thus efficiently attaining fine-grained cache partitioning. Experimental results confirm that the proposed technique can effectively reduce the access latency and power consumption of traditional shared L2 caches, accompanied by additionally a slight reduction in the miss rate.
Evaluations of Unformulated and FormulatedDendrimer-Based Microbicide Candidates in Mouse and Guinea PigModels of GenitalHerpes (2003)

Prevention of sexually transmitted infections is a priority in developed and developing countries. One approach to prevention is the use of topical microbicides, and one promising approach is the use of dendrimers, highly branched macromolecules synthesized from a polyfunctional core. Three new dendrimer products developed to provide stable and cost-efficient microbicides were initially evaluated in vitro for anti-herpes simplex virus activity and then in vivo by using a mouse model of genital herpes. From these experiments one product, SPL7013, was chosen for further evaluation to define the dose and duration of protection. Unformulated SPL7013 provided significant protection from genital herpes disease and infection at concentrations as low as 1 mg/ml and for at least 1 h following topical (intravaginal) administration of 10 mg/ml. This compound was then formulated into three vehicles and further evaluated in mouse and guinea pig models of genital herpes infection. In the murine evaluations each of the formulations provided significant protection at concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/ml. Formulated compounds provided protection for at least 1 h at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. From these experiments formulation 2V was chosen for dose ranging experiments using the guinea pig model of genital herpes. The guinea pig evaluations suggested that doses of 30 to 50 mg/ml were required for optimal protection. From these studies a lead compound and formulation (2V of SPL7013) was chosen for ongoing evaluations in primate models of simian immunodeficiency virus and Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
The "pocket" porphyrin: a hemoprotein model with lowered carbon monoxide affinity (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe "pocket" porphyrin: a hemoprotein model with lowered carbon monoxide affinityJames P. Collman, John I. Brauman, Terrence J. Collins, Brent Iverson, and Jonathan L. SesslerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 9, 2450–2452Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00399a070https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00399a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views288Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Spray Mix Adjuvants for Spray Drift Mitigation - Progress Report (2003)

Numerous drift reduction adjuvants and spray deposition aids are available toapplicators of crop production and protection chemicals. Performance of many of the newlyintroduced drift control adjuvants has not been well documented for aerial application. Sincethere are no product labeling or efficacy regulations for these adjuvants, applicators must relyon experience or information in the technical literature for evaluating their performance. Severalnew drift control adjuvants were selected for atomization studies in a wind tunnel to documenttheir performance as applicable to aerial application. Spray droplet size is the primary factorinfluencing spray drift that applicators can control. Atomization performance of spray adjuvantsin a wind tunnel is closely related to their performance under field conditions. The adjuvantswere mixed at the highest recommended label rate in a blank emulsifiable concentrate tank mix.Atomization data were collected with a laser spectrometer on the first and eighth passesthrough a gear pump. The eighth pass simulates any effect of shear breakdown and loss ofeffectiveness of the adjuvant from circulation in the spray tank during application. Most of theadjuvants move the droplet spectra classification from fine to medium. The most effectiveadjuvant moved the droplet spectra classification from fine to coarse. This performanceinformation will aid aerial applicators in selecting drift reduction agents to meet the driftmitigation criterion for a given application.
La aportación de los Equipos de Trabajo a la Gestión del Conocimiento mediante la socialización del “saber hacer” organizacional. (2003)

Ernesto Cilleruelo Carrasco, Francisco Sanchez Fuente, Ibon Zamanillo Elguezabal, Ma Begona Echevarria Robledo Catedratico (Doctor, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Alameda de Urquijo, s/n 48013 Bilbao, oepcicae@bi.ehu.es) Profesor Titular (Doctor, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Alameda de Urquijo, s/n 48013 Bilbao, oepzaeli@bi.ehu.es) Profesor Titular (Doctor, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Alameda de Urquijo, s/n 48013 Bilbao, oepsafuf@bi.ehu.es) Profesor Asociado(Doctor, Escuela Universitaria de Ingenieria Tecnica Industrial, La Casilla no3 48012 Bilbao, beroble@lycos.es)
TMAO and sorbitol attenuate the deleterious action of atmospheric pressure non-thermal jet plasma on α-chymotrypsin (2012)

Enzymes exhibit a substantial degree of structural variability in the folded state and they are very sensitive to environmental changes. In order to investigate the effect of environmental changes on enzymes, we have studied the effect of cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJ) on α-chymotrypsin (CT). The APPJ consists of microdischarges, which are ejected from porous alumina through a 1 mm hole, reaching the CT samples and resulting in changes in the CT conformation. Furthermore, to gain insight into the contribution of the co-solvents, such as osmolytes (1 M trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), 1 M proline, 1 M betaine, 1 M sorbitol and 1 M glycerol) and the denaturant (1 M urea), on CT against the APPJ action, we monitored the associated structural changes in α-chymotrypsin (CT) using circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence and NMR measurements. Contrasting results are obtained from experimental data in the case of TMAO and urea, which allow us to infer that TMAO is able to attenuate strongly the deleterious action of APPJ on CT. Furthermore, the deleterious action of urea is enhanced in the presence of APPJ. The alterations in the secondary structure of this β/β protein, as quantified by the CD spectra, show reasonable enhancement for the β-strands in the presence of osmolytes as compared to buffer, even after the treatment with APPJ.
Video shot boundary detection with local feature post refinement (2008)

Video shot boundary detection is a fundamental step for content base video analysis and has been widely studied in recent years. In this paper, a novel shot boundary detection algorithm is proposed. The algorithm uses feature space kernel smoothing to segment video into shots. The method is demonstrated to have high accuracy in both cuts and gradual transition detection. For flashlights and fast background change which cause the false detection, a post refinement strategy using local feature analysis is also studied in this paper. The effectiveness of the method is also verified by the experiments.
Substituted 1,2-Dihydrophthalazines:  Potent, Selective, and Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the AMPA Receptor (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUELetterNEXTSubstituted 1,2-Dihydrophthalazines: Potent, Selective, and Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the AMPA ReceptorJeffrey C. Pelletier, David P. Hesson, Kenneth A. Jones, and Anna-Maria CostaView Author Information Symphony Pharmaceuticals, 76 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355 Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 2, 343–346Publication Date (Web):January 19, 1996Publication History Received6 October 1995Published online19 January 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm950740whttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm950740wrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views535Altmetric-Citations81LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Assays,Inhibition,Monomers,Peptides and proteins,Receptors Get e-Alerts
CO2 Laser Stapedotomy (1989)

This clinical study was preceded by two laboratory experiments. The first experiment compared temperature changes in the vestibule while vaporizing a 0.6-mm stapedotomy with Argon, KTP-532, and CO2 lasers. Data demonstrated that the CO2 laser possesses superior tissue characteristics for stapedotomy. In the second experiment safe energy parameters were established for various Sharplan CO2 laser models. Using these safe power settings, 153 consecutive CO2 laser stapedotomies were performed under local anesthesia. No patient experienced intraoperative dizziness during or immediately following the application of the CO2 laser to the stapes footplate. Long-term postoperative hearing results demonstrated that 87% of the patients maintained an air/bone gap to within 10 dB and 94% maintained an air/bone gap to within 15 dB (mean follow-up 32 months). No patient incurred a significant sensorineural hearing loss (greater than 10 dB) in the speech range. Four patients developed a perilymph fistula (three immediate and one delayed) and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, but all were successfully repaired without significant permanent nerve deafness. At 4,000 Hz, five patients lost 20 dB and two patients dropped 40 dB compared with preoperative levels. Postoperative complications included four perilymph fistulas, two prostheses displaced from the stapedotomy opening, one fixed prosthesis, and one fixed incus. Seven of eight of these complications were successfully revised. At the time of this writing, 6/153 patients have a persistent conductive hearing loss greater than 20 dB and have not been revised. Using appropriate energy parameters, the CO2 laser provides a safe, efficient microsurgical tool for performing stapedotomy simply and with minimum inner ear trauma.
Domain Wall Mobility in Single-Crystal Yttrium Iron Garnet (1961)

Reasonable agreement between the damping constant inferred from the resonance linewidth and that obtained from the domain wall mobility has previously been found for ferrites. However, the recent linewidths reported for yttrium iron garnet (YIG) by Spencer, LeCraw, and Clogston are substantially narrower than those for ferrites. On using this narrow linewidth to calculate the YIG wall mobility, one obtains about 106 cm/sec oe. We have measured the YIG wall mobility as a function of temperature and find it to be less than 104 cm/sec oe. This discrepancy can be interpreted in terms of a model for domain wall motion which is based on a type of energy conversion process different from that usually assumed. The customary treatment requires that the domain walldissipate entirely to the lattice all of the magnetostatic energy stored in a given region during the time that the wall passes through this region. For small damping such as exists in YIG, this requirement appears to be unreasonable. The wall motion model proposed here allows the wall to be followed by a wake in which the original magnetostatic energy is temporarily stored as exchange,anisotropy, and demagnetizing energy. The measured wall velocities in single-crystal YIG are in reasonable agreement with quantitative estimates based on this model.
A scalable hierarchical motion estimation algorithm for MPEG-2 (2002)

In this paper, a new scalable hierarchical motion vector estimation algorithm is developed for MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 encoder applications. The scalable hierarchical motion estimation architecture uses a 4-layer pyramid switching from one-bit/pixel to eight-bit/pixel representation according to the available platform resources and/or user's choices. The scalability is realized in terms of computational complexity, memory requirement and communication bandwidth. Four picture quality levels correspond to four complexity levels. With such features, platform-adaptive encoding and computing is made possible.
Biomarkers in cancer epidemiology: an integrative approach (2009)

There are different reasons for the increase in the use of biomarkers in cancer epidemiology which is as follows: (i) the fact that the identification of new carcinogens, characterized by complex exposure circumstances and weak effects, has become increasingly difficult with traditional epidemiological approaches; (ii) the increasing understanding of mechanisms of carcinogenesis and (iii) technical developments in molecular biology and genetics. While a distinction is made between biomarkers of exposure, intermediate events, disease, outcome and susceptibility, their integration in a unique conceptual model is needed. The use of exposure biomarkers in cancer epidemiology aims at measuring the biologically relevant exposure more validly and precisely. In some instances, there is an obvious improvement in using an exposure biomarker, as in the case of urinary markers of aflatoxin and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Intermediate (effect) biomarkers measure early--in general non-persistent--biological events that take place in the continuum between exposure and cancer development. These include cellular or tissue toxicity, chromosomal alterations, changes in DNA, RNA and protein expression and alterations in functions relevant to carcinogenesis (e.g. DNA repair, immunological response, etc.). The analysis of acquired TP53 mutations is an example of the potentially important. Biomarkers should be validated and consideration of sources of bias and confounding in molecular epidemiology studies should be no less stringent than in other types of epidemiological studies. The overarching goal is the integration of different types of biomarkers to derive risk and outcome profiles for healthy individuals as well as patients.
Mode selection and stability of a semiconductor laser with weak optical feedback (1989)

The authors present measurements that show that a semiconductor laser with weak optical feedback oscillates in the external-cavity mode with the narrowest linewidth rather than the mode with minimum threshold gain. A frequency fluctuation model that explains this narrowest linewidth operation is proposed. This model also correctly predicts mode-hopping frequencies. It is shown that the frequency span of the external-cavity modes determines the critical feedback level that causes coherence collapse.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evolving ASDF (2010)

We present ASDF2, the current state of the art in CL build systems. From a technical standpoint, ASDF2 improves upon ASDF by integrating previous common extensions, making configuration easy, and fixing bugs. However the overriding concern driving these changes was social rather than technical: ASDF plays a central role in the CL community and we wanted to reduce the coordination costs that it imposed upon CL programmers. We outline ASDF's history and architecture, explain the link between the social issues we faced and the software features we added, and explore the technical challenges involved and lessons learned, notably involving inplace code upgrade of ASDF itself, backward compatibility, portability, testing and other coding best practices.
Pruning Random Forests for Prediction on a Budget (2016)

We propose to prune a random forest (RF) for resource-constrained prediction. We first construct a RF and then prune it to optimize expected feature cost & accuracy. We pose pruning RFs as a novel 0-1 integer program with linear constraints that encourages feature re-use. We establish total unimodularity of the constraint set to prove that the corresponding LP relaxation solves the original integer program. We then exploit connections to combinatorial optimization and develop an efficient primal-dual algorithm, scalable to large datasets. In contrast to our bottom-up approach, which benefits from good RF initialization, conventional methods are top-down acquiring features based on their utility value and is generally intractable, requiring heuristics. Empirically, our pruning algorithm outperforms existing state-of-the-art resource-constrained algorithms.
Migration and blooming of waxes to the surface of rubber vulcanizates (1980)

Abstract When certain substances, notably waxes, are incorporated into rubber during vulcanization, the surface of the vulcanized rubber may subsequently become covered by a film of the substance diffusing out. This phenomenon, known as blooming, depends on the substance being soluble at the vulcanization temperature but only partially soluble at the temperature of blooming. A study has been made using pure waxes in natural rubber vulcanizates with a range of crosslink densities. The mass of bloomed material has been determined as a function of time, and the expected dependence on the square root of the time has been found to hold over the anticipated range. It has been shown that the kinetics of the process cannot be explained simply in terms of the degree of supersaturation of the wax in the rubber, the observed rates being much too low. This appears to be related to the precipitation of the wax in the body of the material. A theory has been developed based on a calculation of the stresses set up around such a precipitated particle and the effect of the consequent free‐energy gradient on the rate of diffusion. Comparison with experiment shows satisfactory agreement with the theory.
Boy with Acute Pharyngitis (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Patient History Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Tests Results Pathogenesis Treatment and Prevention Additional Points Suggested Reading
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Promotes Motor Neuron Survival and Synergizes with Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (1997)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to function as a potent mitogen for a variety of cells, transducing its signal through the c-met tyrosine kinase receptor. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a cytokine that has been shown to promote survival of motor neurons. We show here that c-met mRNA is present in the embryonic rat spinal cord. Peak expression of c-met (at E14) coincides with the period of naturally occurring cell death in motor neurons, suggesting a possible role of HGF in the regulation of this process. Utilizing a neuron-enriched culture system, we established that HGF, like CNTF, stimulates choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in motor neurons. When co-administered to motor neuron cultures, saturating concentrations of HGF and CNTF produced a synergistic increase in CAT levels. We show that this synergy reflects enhanced motor neuron survival. Exposure of motor neuron cultures to the cytostatic agent vincristine markedly decreased CAT levels; co-treatment with HGF and CNTF (but not either factor alone) restored CAT activity to control levels. Our findings indicate that HGF is a survival factor for motor neurons, that it acts synergistically with CNTF, and that HGF and CNTF can together be neuroprotective in the face of vincristine toxicity.