gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mining Audit Data to Build Intrusion Detection Models (1998)

In this paper we discuss a data mining framework for constructing intrusion detection models. The key ideas are to mine system audit data for consistent and useful patterns of program and user behavior, and use the set of relevant system features presented in the patterns to compute (inductively learned) classifiers that can recognize anomalies and known intrusions. Our past experiments showed that classifiers can be used to detect intrusions, provided that sufficient audit data is available for training and the right set of system features are selected. We propose to use the association rules and frequent episodes computed from audit data as the basis for guiding the audit data gathering and feature selection processes. We modify these two basic algorithms to use axis attribute(s) as a form of item constraints to compute only the relevant ("useful") patterns, and an iterative level-wise approximate mining procedure to uncover the low frequency (but important) patterns. We report our experiments in using these algorithms on real-world audit data.
An integrated methodology for studying short‐term grazing behaviour of cattle (1992)

Abstract Grazing studies are hampered by difficulty in controlling the characteristics of that part of the sward encountered by animals. A methodology was developed to study the effects of sward height, density and spatial arrangement on bite dimensions, bite weight and instantaneous intake rate by cattle. Hand‐constructed swards (HCS) consisted of tillers threaded through wooden modules and attached to a base board. The microphone of a cordless transmitter was attached to the forehead of steers before swards were grazed. HCS were bolted onto a force plate which recorded the forces exerted during grazing. Grazing sessions were videotaped. Height and density of swards were successfully controlled by hand‐construction. Bite weight was determined more accurately by dry matter (DM) disappearance than by the reduction of fresh weight corrected for moisture loss and herbage DM content. Bite area and bite depth were precisely measured by counting and measuring the residual height of grazed plant parts. Bites and chews were identified and counted from the soundtrack of video tapes. Visual count of chews was inaccurate because animals can prehend new herbage and chew herbage previously gathered with the same jaw movement. Many jaw movements involve only manipulation of herbage without biting or chewing. Bite dimensions result from the physical interaction of relatively fixed motor patterns, such as tongue sweeps, with vegetation structure. Thus, bite dimensions measured by this technique are relevant to field situations.
Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest (1977)

Phase equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water, by G
In Situ Observations of Blistering of a Metal Irradiated with 2-MeV Protons (2017)

A vacuum-insulated tandem accelerator was used to observe in situ blistering during 2-MeV proton irradiation of metallic samples to a fluence of up to 6.7 × 1020 cm−2. Samples consisting of copper of different purity, tantalum and tantalum-copper compounds were placed on the proton beam path and forced to cool. The surface state of the samples was observed using a charge-coupled device camera with a remote microscope. Thermistors, a pyrometer and an infrared camera were applied to measure the temperature of the samples during irradiation. After irradiation, the samples were analyzed on an X-ray diffractometer, laser and electron microscopes. The present study describes the experiment, presents the results obtained and notes their relevance and significance in the development of a lithium target for an accelerator-based neutron source, for use in boron neutron capture therapy of cancer.
Adaptive optics for high-resolution imaging of the living human retina (1996)

Summary form only given. The resolution limit imposed by the aberrations of the eye generally prohibits imaging structures in the living retina the size of single cells. Though it is possible to correct defocus and astigmatism with spectacle lenses, additional aberrations such as coma, spherical, and higher order aberrations remain. The authors have constructed an adaptive optical system that measures the wave aberration of the eye and compensates for it with a deformable mirror. A Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor measures the local slopes of the wavefront in the pupil plane produced by a point source on the retina. The wave aberration is calculated from the wavefront slopes with a least squares technique. The authors compensate for the wave aberration with a deformable mirror that has 37 actuators with each 3-/spl mu/m stroke (Xinetics, Inc.). In one subject with a 6-mm pupil and 632.8-nm light, adaptive compensation reduced the peak to peak-phase error from 2.9 /spl mu/m to less than 0.5 /spl mu/m. A figure shows the retinal point spread function in this subject calculated from the wave aberration when no adaptive correction had been made. Defocus and astigmatism have been removed from the wave aberration because they can be corrected with spectacle lenses.
Cetuximab preclinical antitumor activity (monotherapy and combination based) is not predicted by relative total or activated epidermal growth factor receptor tumor expression levels (2006)

Although Erbitux (cetuximab) has proven therapeutic benefit in the clinical setting, the molecular determinants predicting responsiveness to this agent are still not very well understood. Here, we assessed the relationship between basal total and activated (pY1068) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) levels in a tumor and the responsiveness to cetuximab monotherapy or combination-based treatment using human xenograft models. Cetuximab treatment alone (0.25-1 mg/mouse/injection, q3d, i.p.) effectively delayed the growth of GEO and L2987 tumors by a minimum of 10 days corresponding to log cell kill values of >or=1.0. Borderline activity was seen in the A549 and WiDr xenografts. However, cetuximab failed to show any significant antitumor activity in the HT29, HCT116, LOVO, Colo205, LX-1, HCC70, and N87 models. All of the studied tumors had detectable yet variable levels of EGFR. For combination regimens, cetuximab (1 mg/mouse/injection, q3dx5, i.p.) and cisplatin (4.5 mg/kg/injection, q3dx5, i.v.) proved to be significantly more efficacious than individual monotherapies in the cisplatin-refractory yet cetuximab-responsive GEO tumor model (P < 0.001). However, no therapeutic enhancement was observed in the cisplatin and cetuximab weakly responsive A549 xenograft. Similarly, combinations of CPT-11 (48 mg/kg/injection, q3dx5, i.v.) with cetuximab (1 mg/mouse/injection, q3dx5, i.p.) failed to show any improvements over individual monotherapies in the cetuximab resistant/weakly responsive HT29, A549, and WiDr models. We conclude that preclinical activity associated with cetuximab monotherapy does not correlate directly with relative basal levels of total or activated (pY1068) EGFR in a tumor. Moreover, robust single-agent activity by cetuximab may be the best predictor for this agent to potentiate chemotherapy-mediated antitumor activities.
How Not to Read Literature: The Nazis’ Appropriation of The Merchant of Venice (2020)

In his essay “Reading Law, Reading Literature: Law as Language,” legal scholar James Boyd White extols the interpretive flexibility of literary and legal texts and warns against viewing literature as having “objective and determinate meanings.” White’s warning raises the question of whether a literary work's meaning can be used to promote a morally corrupt agenda. This paper seeks to explore the danger of reducing a work of literature's meaning to a determinate claim by focusing on how Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice was utilized by the Nazis as anti-Semitic political propaganda. Shakespeare’s play experienced a massive surge in popularity during Nazi rule, quickly becoming one of the most performed plays during a time when most literary and dramatic works were repressed. The play was promoted as demonstrating Jewish inferiority through its central antagonist, Shylock, whose avaricious and vengeful behavior was viewed as emblematic of the Jewish race’s wickedness. The Reichsdramaturgie, Germany’s theatre branch under Joseph Goebbels’s Ministry of Propaganda, created a heavily edited version of The Merchant of Venice that attempted to destroy the play’s complex handling of Jewish identity. This chiefly concerned altering Shylock’s Jewish daughter Jessica, whose marriage to a Christian would be forbidden under the Nuremberg Laws, to his Aryan foster child. Lines meant to evoke sympathy for Shylock were cut, most notably his famous “Hath not a Jew eyes?” monologue. Nazi-directed stage productions stereotyped Shylock even further, most notably during a notoriously Anti-Semitic production at Vienna's Burgtheater in 1943. This paper’s exploration of The Merchant of Venice's propogandization by the Nazi Party strives to demonstrate that reducing a work of literature to welding a set legal or political message threatens to destroy the complexity of its characters and potentially normalize harmful social prejudices.
Damascene technique applied to surface acoustic wave devices (2007)

A new process technology for the wafer-level fabrication of surface acoustic wave (SAW) structures in piezoelectric LiNbO3 is reported. The complete Cu-based metallization system is embedded in the surface by applying the damascene technology. This technique includes ion based dry etching procedures, metallization by sputter deposition (physical vapor deposition) and electrochemical deposition, and finally planarization by chemical-mechanical polishing. The process steps were monitored by means of different evaluation techniques. SAW wave field measurements provided evidence for a good surface quality after planarization.
The Implications of Regional Variations in Medicare Spending. Part 2: Health Outcomes and Satisfaction with Care (2003)

Medicare enrollees in higher-spending regions receive more care than those in lower-spending regions but do not have better health outcomes or satisfaction with care. Efforts to reduce spending should proceed with caution, but policies to better manage further spending growth are warranted.
Adaptive active contour algorithms for extracting and mapping thick curves (2002)

Two new adaptive active contour algorithms for the extraction and mapping of the skeleton of a thick curve are described. They are based on conditions which guarantee uniqueness and fidelity of the solution. Both algorithms modify the regularization constant K/sub o/ in an attempt to maintain convexity of the energy function while simultaneously improving the fidelity of the result. The first algorithm changes K/sub o/ over time while the second adapts K/sub o/ spatially. Both algorithms are evaluated on experiments with synthetic curves; both demonstrate an improved performance compared to a fixed-parameter active contour algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Identification of Amyloidogenic Light Chains Requires the Combination of Serum-Free Light Chain Assay with Immunofixation of Serum and Urine (2009)

The identification of amyloidogenic light chains cannot rely on a single test and requires the combination of a commercially available FLC assay with immunofixation of both serum and urine.
Risk Score Based Pre-Screening of Breast Tumor Using Compression Induced Sensing System (2018)

A pre-screening device that quantifies mechanical properties of tumors will be used as an early stage breast tumor warning system. In this paper, a compression induced sensing system (CISS) is developed, which determines the mechanical properties of tumors. The optical sensing probe of CISS is made of transparent elastomer and works on the total internal reflection principle. 3-D interpolation method and deformation index computation method are developed to estimate the size of the tumor and deformation of the sensing tip due to the applied pressure. After having satisfactory phantom tests using CISS and the developed algorithms, in vivo clinical studies of twenty-one patients were performed. Based on the estimated mechanical properties, a risk score range is developed which can be used to pre-screen or classify breast tumors as malignant or benign. The quantified results were correlated with the pathology report of the test cases. The developed system showed an accuracy of 90.5% in classifying the breast tumor cases.
Histological grading of papillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: prognostic value of the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification system and comparison with conventional grading systems (2002)

The prognostic value of the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification system is limited to predicting PFS, especially between PNLMP and HGPUC. The prognostic value of this system over other grading systems is questionable.
Laser ranging at 1550 nm with 1-GHz sine-wave gated InGaAs/InP APD single-photon detector (2011)

We demonstrated a laser ranging system with single photon detection at 1550 nm. The single-photon detector was a 1-GHz sine-wave gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode. In daylight, 8-cm depth resolution was achieved directly by using a time-of-flight approach based on time-correlated single photon counting measurement. This system presented a potential for low energy level and eye-safe laser ranging system in long-range measurement.
Association of Serum Antibodies to Heat-Shock Protein 65 With Carotid Atherosclerosis (1999)

These findings indicate a sustained existence of anti-hsp65 antibodies in subjects with severe atherosclerosis, which is predictive for mortality.
Diurnal variation of the QT interval--influence of the autonomic nervous system. (1986)

To assess the influence of diurnal changes in the autonomic nervous system on the QT interval, 24 hour dynamic electrocardiographic monitoring was performed in six pacemaker dependent patients with normally innervated hearts, in six cardiac transplant patients with anatomically denervated hearts (but which respond to circulating catecholamines), and in nine diabetic patients with confirmed autonomic neuropathy. QT and RR intervals from hourly intervals were measured and Bazett's formula was used to correct QT intervals during sinus rhythm. All QT intervals were normalised by dividing by the mean QT for the 24 hours in each patient and were expressed as a percentage. There was pronounced diurnal variation of normalised QT in the patients with normally innervated hearts. QT intervals were longer during sleep than during waking hours (06.00 vs 18.00 h, 102.5% vs 97.8%). Diurnal variation was blunted in the transplant patients (101.3% vs 98.1%) and absent in the diabetic patients (100.0% vs 100.3%). In the normally innervated patients changes were most pronounced at the time of waking (06.00 vs 09.00 h, 102.5% vs 95.4%). There was no change in normalised QT in the transplant and diabetic patients at this time. There was no significant difference between normalised QT for the three groups during sleep, but this variable was shorter in innervated patients during waking hours (for example at 10.00 h, innervated 96.5%, transplant 100.7%, diabetic 100.7%). Diurnal changes of the QT interval may be pronounced in the innervated heart and are dependent on both variations in autonomic tone and concentrations of circulating catecholamines. These changes in repolarisation may be related to the reported diurnal pattern of ventricular arrhythmias.
Voltammetric Method for Determining the Trace Moisture Content of Organic Solvents Based on Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions with Quinones (2010)

Voltammetry experiments were performed on the natural quinone, vitamin K(1) (VK(1)), in a range of organic solvents of varying dielectric constant that are commonly used for electrochemical measurements [dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile (MeCN), propionitrile (EtCN), butyronitrile (PrCN), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), dichloromethane (DCM), and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE)]. The water content of the solvents was accurately measured using Karl Fischer (KF) coulometric titrations, and the voltammetric data were used to estimate the degree of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the reduced forms of VK(1) and variable levels of water, thereby allowing a ranking of water-substrate interactions in the different solvents. The voltammetric data were analyzed based on interactions that occur between reduced forms of VK(1) and the water, the solvent, and the supporting electrolyte. Calibration data were obtained that are independent of the nature of the reference electrode and allow the water content of the solvents to be calculated by performing a single voltammetric scan in the presence of VK(1) and 0.2 M supporting electrolyte (Bu(4)NPF(6)).
Synthesis and Characterization of Unsaturated Thermotropic Polyesters Prepared via Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization (2004)

Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization was employed to prepare thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (TLCPs) bearing double bonds within flexible spacers. Starting from a diene monomer, 2-tert-butyl-1,4-phenyl bis(4-pentenyloxybenzoate) (5tB), we successfully synthesized unsaturated liquid crystalline oligomers and polymers, P5tBn, via ADMET polymerization. Such unsaturated TLCPs were developed to allow the preparation of tailored, thermally cross-linkable, liquid crystalline thermosets as adhesives and composite matrix resins. High degrees of polymerization were achieved and the resulting polymers showed clear mesomorphic behavior with complete absence of crystallization. Thermal analysis of polymers prepared with varying synthetic conditions showed that TLCPs prepared using different ruthenium metathesis catalysts featured substantially different transition temperatures, implying an influence of the catalyst on the resulting TLCP chain microstructure. In light of these observations, NMR studies (1D 1H and 13C, and 2D COSY and HMQC) were carried out, allowing determination of the selectivity of the catalysts toward trans/cis linkage and coupling/isomerization of units in the polymer chain. Furthermore, by studying the polymerization and isomerization kinetics, we shed light on the cause of isomerization. It was found that the degradation product of Grubbs catalyst is implicated in isomerization catalysis, in agreement with reports on the metathesis of 1-octene. In contrast, second-generation Grubbs catalyst itself (not a degradation product) apparently causes isomerization. For a related catalyst, developed by Nolan, both the catalyst and its degradation product are concluded to be responsible for the isomerization reaction.
Profile measurement of objects with discontinuous surfaces by modified temporal phase unwrapping (2005)

A profile measurement technique for objects with spatially isolated surfaces is presented. The technique is based on the Fourier fringe analysis combined with temporal phase unwrapping. A sequence of sinusoidal fringe patterns with a varying pitch is projected onto objects, and the temporal variation of the fringe signal is recorded with a CCD camera. The phase of the temporal fringe signal is detected at each pixel by the Fourier transform method, and is temporally phase unwrapped, independently from other pixels. The temporal frequency of the fringe signal estimated from the time slope of the unwrapped phase provides the information about the absolute surface heights of the objects. It will be shown that, because of its filtering function that can exclude higher order harmonics, the Fourier transform method is more robust to the nonlinear characteristics of a LCD projector and a CCD image sensor, than the phase shift technique that assumes a pure sinusoidal fringe signal. The measurement of objects with large discontinuities and/or spatially isolated surfaces is demonstrated by experiment.
Synthesis and characterization of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane–siloxane-modified polyimide hybrid nanocomposites (2012)

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)–siloxane-modified polyimide (PI) hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by the reaction of siloxane-modified polyamic acid (PAA) with octaaminophenylsilsesquioxane (OAPS). PAA was prepared by the reaction of 4,4-diaminodiphenylsulfone with pyromellitic dianhydride in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), followed by the reaction of PAA with bis(3-aminopropyl) polydimethylsiloxane to obtain siloxane-modified. The siloxane-modified PI was further blended with varying weight percentages of OAPS using NMP solution. The reactions occurred during the formation of hybrid nanocomposites were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra. The siloxane-modified PI OAPS nanocomposites were characterized for their thermal properties using differential scanning calorimeter and by thermogravimetric analysis. Morphological studies of the nanocomposites indicate that the incorporation of siloxane moieties creates heterogeneous morphology. Data from thermal studies indicate that the incorporation of POSS appreciably enhanced the glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and char yield of hybrid nanocomposites compared to neat PI.
Abnormal maternal serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin free subunits in trisomy 18 (1990)

We have measured maternal serum levels of free alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation in 704 women at increased risk for trisomy. This group was studied because of advanced maternal age or a previous birth with chromosomal abnormality. All sera had been collected prior to chorion villus biopsy for prenatal diagnosis. Serum levels of free alpha and beta hCG were determined by specific monoclonal antibody-based immunoradiometric assays. Analysis of chorionic tissue showed that in 38 of 704 (5.4%) pregnancies the fetus had a chromosome abnormality. There were 8 fetuses with trisomy 18 (1.1%) and 9 (1.3%) with trisomy 21. In all pregnancies carrying a trisomy 18 fetus, we observed either high levels of free alpha hCG or low levels of free beta hCG or both. More importantly, the calculated ratio of free beta hCG/alpha hCG was less than 0.25 multiples of the median (MoM) in 6 of 8 (75%) trisomy 18 cases. Only 21 of 666 mothers (3.2%) carrying a normal fetus had a ratio less than 0.25 MoM (P less than 0.0001). There was no difference between this ratio in trisomy 21 and normal pregnancy. Thus, when adjusted for gestational age, a low free beta hCG/alpha hCG ratio in maternal serum indicates a pregnancy at high risk [RR = 72 (95% CI 32, 162)] for trisomy 18.