gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The capacity of the Hopfield associative memory (1987)

Techniques from coding theory are applied to study rigorously the capacity of the Hopfield associative memory. Such a memory stores <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> -tuple of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\pm 1</tex> 's. The components change depending on a hard-limited version of linear functions of all other components. With symmetric connections between components, a stable state is ultimately reached. By building up the connection matrix as a sum-of-outer products of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> fundamental memories, one hopes to be able to recover a certain one of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> memories by using an initial <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> -tuple probe vector less than a Hamming distance <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n/2</tex> away from the fundamental memory. If <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> fundamental memories are chosen at random, the maximum asympotic value of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> in order that most of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> original memories are exactly recoverable is <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n/(2 \log n)</tex> . With the added restriction that every one of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> fundamental memories be recoverable exactly, <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> can be no more than <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n/(4 \log n)</tex> asymptotically as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> approaches infinity. Extensions are also considered, in particular to capacity under quantization of the outer-product connection matrix. This quantized memory capacity problem is closely related to the capacity of the quantized Gaussian channel.
Registration Based on Projective Reconstruction Technique for Augmented Reality Systems (2005)

In AR systems, registration is one of the most difficult problems currently limiting their application. In this paper, we propose a simple registration method using projective reconstruction. This method consists of two steps: embedding and tracking. Embedding involves specifying four points to build the world coordinate system on which a virtual object will be superimposed. In tracking, a projective reconstruction technique is used to track these four specified points to compute the model view transformation for augmentation. This method is simple, as only four points need to be specified at the embedding stage and the virtual object can then be easily augmented onto a real scene from a video sequence. In addition, it can be extended to a scenario using the projective matrix that has been obtained from previous registration results using the same AR system. The proposed method has three advantages: 1) It is fast because the linear least square method can be used to estimate the related matrix in the algorithm and it is not necessary to calculate the fundamental matrix in the extended case. 2) A virtual object can still be superimposed on a related area even if some parts of the specified area are occluded during the whole process. 3) This method is robust because it remains effective even when not all the reference points are detected during the whole process, as long as at least six pairs of related reference points correspondences can be found. Some experiments have been conducted to validate the performance of the proposed method.
Aspects of funding for BOO projects (1998)

This paper comments on the attitude of Banks to the HM Guidelines, for PFI as well as analysing the cost of finance obtained under the Guidelines and comparing it with finance from other sources. This analysis is extended, by way of example, to t he Dalmuir sewage treatment works project, as capital expenditure under EU Directives in Scotland.
Emformer: Efficient Memory Transformer Based Acoustic Model For Low Latency Streaming Speech Recognition (2020)

This paper proposes an efficient memory transformer Emformer for low latency streaming speech recognition. In Emformer, the long-range history context is distilled into an augmented memory bank to reduce self-attention's computation complexity. A cache mechanism saves the computation for the key and value in self-attention for the left context. Emformer applies a parallelized block processing in training to support low latency models. We carry out experiments on benchmark LibriSpeech data. Under average latency of 960 ms, Emformer gets WER $2.50\%$ on test-clean and $5.62\%$ on test-other. Comparing with a strong baseline augmented memory transformer (AM-TRF), Emformer gets $4.6$ folds training speedup and $18\%$ relative real-time factor (RTF) reduction in decoding with relative WER reduction $17\%$ on test-clean and $9\%$ on test-other. For a low latency scenario with an average latency of 80 ms, Emformer achieves WER $3.01\%$ on test-clean and $7.09\%$ on test-other. Comparing with the LSTM baseline with the same latency and model size, Emformer gets relative WER reduction $9\%$ and $16\%$ on test-clean and test-other, respectively.
Diff Graphs for a fast Incremental Pointer Analysis (2017)

A wide range of optimizations and program analyses, including bug finding by means of escape or race analyses, need accurate pointer information. Since accuracy takes time, there is a need for a fast incremental pointer analysis that re-uses prior results and only re-analyzes program changes and their effects instead of the whole program.
Positive Selection for Male-Sterile Mutants of <i>Arabidopsis</i> Lacking Adenine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Activity (1988)

Three mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana deficient in adenine phosphoribosyl transferase activity were isolated by selecting for germination of seeds on a medium containing 0.1 millimolar 2,6-diaminopurine. In each of the mutants, diaminopurine resistance was due to a recessive nuclear mutation at a locus designated apt. The mutants grow more slowly than wild type, and are male sterile due to abortion of pollen development after the meiotic divisions of the pollen mother cells. The reliability and ease with which the mutants can be selected should afford novel opportunities to investigate purine metabolism, pollen development, and genetic problems which require the ability to select for loss-of-function mutations.
Genome Instability and Aging (2013)

Genome instability has long been implicated as the main causal factor in aging. Somatic cells are continuously exposed to various sources of DNA damage, from reactive oxygen species to UV radiation to environmental mutagens. To cope with the tens of thousands of chemical lesions introduced into the genome of a typical cell each day, a complex network of genome maintenance systems acts to remove damage and restore the correct base pair sequence. Occasionally, however, repair is erroneous, and such errors, as well as the occasional failure to correctly replicate the genome during cell division, are the basis for mutations and epimutations. There is now ample evidence that mutations accumulate in various organs and tissues of higher animals, including humans, mice, and flies. What is not known, however, is whether the frequency of these random changes is sufficient to cause the phenotypic effects generally associated with aging. The exception is cancer, an age-related disease caused by the accumulation of mutations and epimutations. Here, we first review current concepts regarding the relationship between DNA damage, repair, and mutation, as well as the data regarding genome alterations as a function of age. We then describe a model for how randomly induced DNA sequence and epigenomic variants in the somatic genomes of animals can result in functional decline and disease in old age. Finally, we discuss the genetics of genome instability in relation to longevity to address the importance of alterations in the somatic genome as a causal factor in aging and to underscore the opportunities provided by genetic approaches to develop interventions that attenuate genome instability, reduce disease risk, and increase life span.
Ranking Attacks Based on Vulnerability Analysis (2010)

Now that multiple-known attacks can affect one software product at the same time, it is necessary to rank and prioritize those attacks in order to establish a better defense. The purpose of this paper is to provide a set of security metrics to rank attacks based on vulnerability analysis. The vulnerability information is retrieved from a vulnerability management ontology, which integrates commonly used standards like CVE, CWE, CVSS, and CAPEC. Among the benefits of ranking attacks through the method proposed here are: a more effective mitigation or prevention of attack patterns against systems, a better foundation to test software products, and a better understanding of vulnerabilities and attacks.
High density lipoprotein mediated lipid efflux from retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture (2006)

The findings suggest a role for HDL and apoA-I in regulating lipid and cholesterol transport from RPE cells that may influence the pathological lipid accumulation associated with age related macular degeneration.
Gut reactions: How the blood–brain barrier connects the microbiome and the brain (2017)

A growing body of evidence indicates that the microbiome interacts with the central nervous system (CNS) and can regulate many of its functions. One mechanism for this interaction is at the level of the blood-brain barriers (BBBs). In this minireview, we examine the several ways the microbiome is known to interact with the CNS barriers. Bacteria can directly release factors into the systemic circulation or can translocate into blood. Once in the blood, the microbiome and its factors can alter peripheral immune cells to promote interactions with the BBB and ultimately with other elements of the neurovascular unit. Bacteria and their factors or cytokines and other immune-active substances released from peripheral sites under the influence of the microbiome can cross the BBB, alter BBB integrity, change BBB transport rates, or induce release of neuroimmune substances from the barrier cells. Metabolic products produced by the microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids, can cross the BBB to affect brain function. Through these and other mechanisms, microbiome-BBB interactions can influence the course of diseases as illustrated by multiple sclerosis. Impact statement The connection between the gut microbiome and central nervous system (CNS) disease is not fully understood. Host immune systems are influenced by changes to the microbiota and offers new treatment strategies for CNS disease. Preclinical studies provide evidence of changes to the blood-brain barrier when animals are subject to experimental gut infection or when the animals lack a normal gut microbiome. The intestine also contains a barrier, and bacterial factors can translocate to the blood and interact with host immune cells. These metastatic bacterial factors can signal T-cells to become more CNS penetrant, thus providing a novel intervention for treating CNS disease. Studies in humans show the therapeutic effects of T-cell engineering for the treatment of leukemia, so perhaps a similar approach for CNS disease could prove effective. Future research should begin to define the bacterial species that can cause immune cells to differentiate and how these interactions vary amongst CNS disease models.
65 nm CMOS technology (CMOS5) with high density embedded memories for broadband microprocessor applications (2003)

In this paper, we present a 65 nm CMOS technology for high performance SoC (system-on-chip), especially for broadband core chip applications. Logic gate length is scaled down to 30 nm, and embedded SRAM cell size is shrunk to 0.6 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. Embedded DRAM cell size is 0.11 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. MOSFET's in this technology have high nitrogen concentration plasma nitrided oxide gate dielectrics to suppress gate leakage current. Furthermore poly-SiGe gate electrode and Ni Salicide were adopted to control high gate electrode activation and USJ (ultra shallow junctions) under low thermal budget. Hi-NA193-nm lithography with alternating phase shift mask and the slimming process combined with non-slimming trim mask process were employed to achieve a small SRAM cell. Cu interconnects; using low-k dielectrics has an 180 nm pitch.
Genomic Nucleotide Sequence of an Arabidopsis thaliana Gene Encoding a Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase (1995)

CAD (EC 1.1.1.195) catalyzes the conversion of cinnamaldehydes to the corresponding alcohols, the final step in the biosynthesis of the lignin precursors. CAD is considered one of the target enzymes for the modification of lignin biosynthesis (Whetten and Sederoff, 1991). This enzyme has been purified and characterized from severa1 plant species. cDNAs of CAD-encoding genes have been cloned from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) (Knight et al., 19921, Eucalyptus gunni i (Feuillet et al., 1993), Aralia cordata (Hibino et al., 1993), Pinus taeda (OMalley et al., 1992), Picea abies (Galliano et al., 1993), and poplar and alfalfa (Van Doorsselaere et al., 1995). Furthermore, a genomic clone has been obtained from Eucalyptus botryoides (Hibino et al., 1994). Here we report on the nucleotide sequence of the 3614-bp Arabidopsis tkaliana cad gene. The poplar cad cDNA (Van Doorsselaere et al., 1995) was used as a probe to screen a genomic library from A. tkaliana (Krebbers et al., 1988). A 5-kb HindIII fragment hybridizing with both the 5’ end and the 3‘ end of the poplar cad cDNA was isolated. This fragment was subcloned in pUC18 and sequenced. The analysis of the genomic clone revealed four introns and five exons encoding a polypeptide of 365 amino acids (Table I). The 5‘ sequenced region contains a putative TATA box and a CAT box at 126 bp and 200 bp upstream of the ATG, respectively. The cis element TAACGT, present in the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in maize, could be identified. The calculated molecular mass of the encoded protein is 39.1 kD. The sequence identities with other CAD polypeptides were 75% ( E . gunnii), 76% (alfalfa), 67% (P. abies), 78% (poplar), 76% (tobacco), and 80% (A. cordata) at the amino acid level. Moreover, the A. tkaliana cad-coding sequence has 50% identity with the Eli3 gene from A. thaliana (Kiederowski et al., 1992). Eli3 also encodes an alcohol dehydrogenase and has a potential role in plant defense toward pathogens.
Morphologic and functional evaluation of peripheral nerve fibers regenerated through polyimide sieve electrodes over long‐term implantation (2002)

We evaluated by morphologic and functional analysis the regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers through polyimide regenerative-type electrodes over long-term implantation. Polyimide sieve electrodes were placed in silicone chambers and implanted between the severed ends of the sciatic nerve in rats. The sieve part had 281 round via holes of 40 microm in diameter, with nine integrated recording-stimulating electrodes arranged around the via holes. The degree of axonal regeneration was examined at 2, 7, and 12 months postimplantation (mpi). Regeneration was successful in 12 of the 13 animals implanted. Reinnervation of distal muscle and nerves increased with time, reaching a plateau about 7 mpi. The number of myelinated fibers increased from 2 to 7 months, at which time it was similar to control values. With time the myelinated fibers matured, with significant increases in axon diameter and myelin thickness. Only 0.6% of the regenerated axons showed evidence of compression near the implanted electrode. The majority of the myelinated fibers that crossed the via holes and had been regenerated through the distal nerve had a normal appearance. Sieve electrodes were useful for nerve stimulation at postimplantation. Stimulation through different active electrodes excited nerve bundles, evoking compound muscle action potentials of varying shape and amplitude, indicative of selective axonal stimulation.
Isolation and Molecular Analysis of the Gene Cluster for the Arginine Deiminase System from <i>Streptococcus gordonii</i> DL1 (2002)

The arginine deiminase (AD) system (ADS) is one of two major ammonia-generating pathways in the oral cavity that play important roles in oral biofilm pH homeostasis and oral biofilm ecology. To initiate a study of the Streptococcus gordonii ADS, the ADS gene cluster was isolated from subgenomic DNA libraries of S. gordonii DL1 by using an arcB-specific probe. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed six open reading frames (ORFs) that were arranged contiguously; the first five ORFs were transcribed in the same direction, as an apparent operon, and the sixth was transcribed in the opposite direction. The ORFs were found to share significant homologies and to correspond closely in molecular mass to previously characterized arc genes; thus, they were designated arcA (AD), arcB (ornithine carbamyltransferase), arcC (carbamate kinase), arcD (arginine-ornithine antiporter), arcT (dipeptidase), and arcR (regulator). A putative sigma(70) promoter (ParcA [TTGTGT-N(19)-TAGAAT]) was mapped 5' to arcA by primer extension, and the expression of ParcA was shown to be inducible by arginine and repressible by glucose, in agreement with AD specific activities measured in the wild-type strain. To investigate the function of ArcR in the differential expression of the arc operon, arcR was insertionally inactivated by a KM resistance marker flanked by T4 transcription/translation termination signals, and the expression of ParcA was monitored by primer extension in the wild-type and ArcR-deficient strains. Lower levels of arcA expression, as well as lower levels of AD activity, were consistently observed in the ArcR-deficient strain compared to wild-type cells, regardless of the growth conditions. Thus, ArcR is a transcriptional activator that is required for induction and optimal expression of the S. gordonii ADS gene cluster.
Model-based head pose estimation for air-traffic controllers (2004)

A method for estimating the point of fixation of an air traffic controller from a low resolution video sequence is presented. A geometric model of the head is used to estimate head orientation; head pose estimates are combined with a 3D model of the environment to compute the target of gaze. The head model is constructed from a small set of images. Two lighting models are considered: in the first, we only use ambient lighting; in the second, we add a finite distance point source. In both cases, we jointly estimate the albedo of each facet of the head model and the parameters of the lighting model. Because ground-truth data are unavailable, the absolute accuracy of the gaze estimates is unknown. With either method, the results are sufficiently accurate to answer questions of operational interest, such as "is the controller looking out the window".
Human osteoblast‐like cells response to nanofunctionalized surfaces for tissue engineering (2007)

Cells are sensitive both to the micro/nanotopographic and chemical features of their surrounding environment. The engineering of the surface properties of biomaterials is then critical to develop bioactive devices with which to elicit appropriate cellular responses. To this regard, the layer by layer (LBL) self assembly technique represents a simple and versatile method to modify surface properties by the deposition of ultrathin films with specific and predetermined properties. In this work biomimetic coatings containing fibronectin, an adhesive glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, were assembled by means of the LBL technique, and tested for the growth of MG63 human osteoblast-like cells, in order to evaluate their potential for the treatment of materials employed in bone-tissue engineering. As a first step the assembly process was optimized by quartz crystal microbalance measurements and subsequently was repeated on nickel/titanium, silicon and glass samples. The results obtained from the investigation of cell response to the modified surfaces, put in evidence that the deposited nanostructured ultrathin films are effective in promoting cell proliferation. Our results show the high potential of the developed bioactive coatings for the engineering of biomimetic implants and for the optimization of their integration with the surrounding tissues.
Irreversible property changes of small loblolly pine specimens heated in air, nitrogen, or oxygen (1988)

The objective of this research was to characterize the roles played by atmospheric oxygen and wood moisture in the thermal degradation of loblolly pine as measured by selected physical and mechanical properties. These two factors relate, respectively, to the oxidation and hydrolysis reactions that comprise the total degradation reaction. Small clear specimens were individually heated at 150 C from 1 to 16 hours in airtight cylinders, which were flushed with oxygen, nitrogen, or air prior to being to sealed. Measured properties were rellectance, specific gravity, hygroscopicity, and the moduli of rupture and elasticity in bending. Property values generally exhibited a decrease with increasing exposure time. The properties can be ranked from most-to-least degraded as follows: relfectance, modulus of rupture, hygroscopicity, modulus of elasticity, and specific gravity. The degradation of these properties was not adequately described by first-order reaction kinetics, Instead, a nonlinear equation was used, which accurately described the data and still reflected a rate controlled process. The rate of property loss was accelerated by the presence of wood moisture, with the exception of residual hygroscopicity. The greatest decrease in property due to the presence of wood moisture occurred with reflectance. The degradation of modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity was directly related to the amount of wood moisture present. The apparent role of oxygen in total thermal degradation depended on specimen moisture content. The influence of oxygen on the the degradation process was apparent for specimens heated in the oven-dry condition. When moist specimens were heated, however, losses caused by hydrolysis overshadowed oxygen-dependent degradation. Oxygen-dependent degradation was most visible for moduli of rupture and elasticity, and, to a lesser degree for reflectivity. No effect due to the presence of oxygen could be discerned for residual specific gravity and hygroscopicity.
Surrogate Test for Pseudoperiodic Time Series Data (2001)

For time series exhibiting strong periodicities, standard (linear) surrogate methods are not useful. We describe a new algorithm that can test against the null hypothesis of a periodic orbit with uncorrelated noise. We demonstrate the application of this method to artificial data and experimental time series, including human electrocardiogram recordings during sinus rhythm and ventricular tachycardia.