gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of a Ketolase Gene Mediates the Synthesis of Canthaxanthin in Synechococcus Leading to Tolerance Against Photoinhibition, Pigment Degradation and UV-B Sensitivity of Photosynthesis¶ (2001)

The potential of ketocarotenoids to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from damage caused by excess light and UV-B radiation was assessed. Therefore, the cyanobacterium Synechococcus was transformed with a foreign beta-carotene ketolase gene under a strong promoter leading to the accumulation of canthaxanthin. This diketo carotenoid is absent in the original strain. Most of the newly formed canthaxanthin was located in the thylakoid membranes. The endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylase was unable to interact with the ketolase. Therefore, only traces of astaxanthin were found. The transformant was treated with strong light (500 or 1200 mumol m-2 s-1) and with UV-B radiation. In contrast to a nontransformed strain the overall photosynthesis, measured as oxygen evolution, was protected from inhibition by light of 500 mumol m-2 s-1 and UV-B radiation of 6.8 W m-2. Furthermore, degradation in the light of chlorophyll and carotenoids at an irradiance of 1200 mumol m-2 s-1, which was substantial in the nontransformed control, was prevented. These results indicate that in situ canthaxanthin, which is formed at the expense of zeaxanthin and replaces this hydroxy carotenoid within the photosynthetic apparatus, is a better protectant against solar radiation. These findings are discussed on the basis of the in vitro properties such as inactivating peroxyl radicals, quenching of singlet oxygen and oxidation stability of these different carotenoid structures.
Evolución del concepto "relación jurídica" en su aplicación al Derecho público (1979)

as que permitan con procedimientos logicos deductivos conocer los productos concretos que cristalicen como verdades definitivas e inconmovibles. Pero tampoco parece totalmente aceptable una afirmacion rotunda de falta de logica en el razonamiento del jurista. Por lo menos es perfectamente reconocible un razonamiento basado en el principio de la no contradiccion que aparece informando la totalidad del discurso que, devenido en fase procesal, caracterizase por principio y termino mediatizados temporal y perfectamente encauzado por la supervision jurisdiccional. Se puede dejar claro que el punto de partida dificilmente podra dejar de ser arbitrario. Existe, como ha sido repetidamente indicado, una notoria indeterminacion en la eleccion del primer termino de la proposicion juridica, que solo queda escogido a traves de la propia experiencia. Pero si ello es cierto, no lo es menos que toda ciencia o tecnica que opere sobre la realidad, de frente a la solucion de un problema concreto, queda fijado por criterios extracientificos, que dificilmente podran ser encontrados en manuales; es decir, que esa falta no es propia del Derecho. Ademas, hay que tener en cuenta que el sistema de aplicacion de la norma al operar sobre un supuesto de hecho concreto reduce notoriamente el espectro sobre el que recaera esa presunta indeterminacion. Establecido ese primer postulado —que sera topico— si cabe hacer inferencias cuyo extremo limite vendra fijado por el principio negativo de la no contradiccion. Por supuesto que ademas regiran todos los mecanismos que permiten configurar un pensamiento como cierto, completo e integro. Tema este que ha sido especialmente tratado por los civilistas en materia de interpretacion de normas. Asi. criterios o fortiori, in speciale, a posteriori, etc. Ahora bien, como senala HERNANDEZ GIL (7), no puede desconocerse que tampoco existe una total coincidencia entre las diferentes formas de razonar. El abogado, frente al caso, lo hace asertoricamente. No asi el juez, que tiene que tomar una decision, ni el cientifico, que formula.una proposicion de decision, una decision indirecta o de segundo grado. De esta forma nos atrevemos a exponer la opinion que nos merece el significado de nuestro trabajo. En realidad habria que partir de una consideracion finalistica. El Derecho, como cualquier otra disciplina, sirve para resolver problemas que se generan, y aun mas (7) A. HERNANDEZ GIL: EI abogado y el razonamiento juridico, pp. 69 y ss.
Stabilization of very high-k tetragonal phase in Ge-doped ZrO2 films grown by atomic oxygen beam deposition (2009)

Ge-doped ZrO2 thin films are prepared on SiON/Si substrates by atomic oxygen beam deposition. It is shown that, at low growth temperatures (225–360 °C) and by using only a low amount of Ge (3–6.2 at. %), it is possible to develop a pure tetragonal zirconia phase, which remains stable after 1050 °C annealing in N2. The dielectric permittivity (k) shows pronounced correlation with the structural details of the oxide film and is increasing with Ge content to a maximum value of 37.7, which is obtained for a 6.2 at. % Ge-doped sample grown at 225 °C. The dielectric permittivity enhancement upon doping is attributed to the increase in the ZrO2 tetragonal distortion, as inferred from x-ray diffraction data. Obtaining tetragonal ZrO2 with very high k-values at low deposition temperatures and with excellent thermal stability could be beneficial for the integration of this dielectric in scaled devices requiring low equivalent oxide thickness.
Stacking Dies: Combined Virtual Prototyping and Reliability Testing Based Design Rules (2007)

Since the last 2-4 years, the focus in microelectronics is gradually changing from front-end to packaging. More added values are put into packages, where System in Packages (SiP) is an answer for the ongoing function integration trend. In SiP several dies are placed into one package, either side-by-side or on top of each other. The miniaturization trend more or less forbids placing dies side-by-side, since it will make the package larger. Several stacking die concepts exist, in this paper we have investigated two different ones: silicon spacer versus ball spacer. In the silicon-spacer concept, a thin piece of silicon is used to separate the actives dies in the stack. In the glue-spacer concept this is accomplished with a filler-filled die-attach. Virtual prototyping techniques are used to explore the stress/strain hotspots for different package types, being QFN, BGA, QFP, and LQFP using both stacking concepts. It is found that the QFN package type has the highest stress levels compared to BGA and QFP. Optimization techniques are used to explore the design space of the worst-case package type. For example, it is found that the spacer thickness should be equal or thinner than the die stacked on top of it to prevent the occurrence of die crack. Standard qualification experiments on specific worst-case design will be conducted in future to verify the calculated responses. By combining virtual prototyping techniques with smartly chosen reliability tests allows that possible failure mechanisms within stacked die SiP packages to be better understood and thus prevented.
Zero-crossing rates of functions of Gaussian processes (1991)

Formulas for the expected zero-crossing rates of random processes that are monotone transformations of Gaussian processes can be obtained by using two different techniques. The first technique involves derivation of the expected zero-crossing rate for discrete-time processes and extends the result of the continuous-time case by using an appropriate limiting argument. The second is a direct method that makes successive use of R. Price's (1958) theorem, the chain rule for derivatives, and S.O. Rice's (1954) formula for the expected zero-crossing rate of a Gaussian process. A constant, which depends on the variance of the transformed process and a second-moment of its derivative, is derived. Multiplying Rice's original expression by this constant yields the zero-crossing formula for the transformed process. The two methods can be used for the general level-crossing problem of random processes that are monotone functions of a Gaussian process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phylogeny based discovery of regulatory elements (2006)

The experimental validation of a regulatory element prediction missed by other large-scale motif finding studies demonstrates that our approach is a useful addition to the current suite of tools for finding regulatory motifs.
From Azides to Nitriles. A Novel Fast Transformation Made Possible by BrF<sub>3</sub> (2005)

Various alkyl and aryl azides, readily obtained from halides or alcohols, were transformed into the corresponding nitriles using bromine trifluoride in moderate to good yields. The reaction is general and gives positive results with aliphatic, aromatic, cyclic, and functionalized azides. It can also be applied to the synthesis of optically active nitriles.
Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis affects interleukin-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-10 production by human mononuclear phagocytes. (2001)

Microbial virulence and cytokine-mediated immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are important determinants of the pathogenesis of human tuberculosis. To determine the interrelationship between mycobacterial virulence and cytokine induction, human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with attenuated (H37Ra) and virulent (H37Rv and CH306) strains of M. tuberculosis and the amount of proinflammatory [interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)- 1] and inhibitory (IL- 10) cytokines was measured in the culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Infection with live bacilli induced de novo synthesis of IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-10, since cytokine release was abolished when cells were preincubated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. A differential production of antiinflammatory and inhibitory cytokines was observed. The amount of IL-8 and MCP-1 release was inversely related to strain virulence, the attenuated H37Ra strain being more prone than virulent strains to induce secretion of chemokines. In contrast, virulent strains induced greater amounts of the inhibitory cytokine IL-10. Efficient upregulation of IL-10 synthesis, but not of chemokines, required infection of cells with live bacilli, since heat killing of organisms or challenge with soluble mycobacterial products completely abrogated the effect. Moreover, cells infected with virulent strains produced IL-10 even at a very low bacillus-to-cell ratio and secreted IL-10 continuously during the 96 h that followed infection. The results suggest that the degree of virulence affects host cell responses to M. tuberculosis infection. Continued production of IL-10 may be one of the means by which M. tuberculosis downregulates acute local inflammatory reactions, favoring the development of tuberculosis.
Enhanced susceptibility of cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 knockout mice to high fat diet induced atherosclerosis (2009)

Cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 is one of the most potent inhibitors of aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation, a key mediator of atherosclerosis. This study tests if p2l deficiency will result in severe atherosclerosis in a mouse model. p21-/- and strain matched wild type mice were fed with high fat diet for 21 weeks. Analysis for biochemical parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides) in serum and mRNA expression of CD36, HO-1, TGF-beta, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, PPAR-gamma and NADPH oxidase components (p22phox, NOX-1 and Rac-1) was performed in aortic tissues by Real Time PCR. p21-/- mice gained significantly (p < 0.01) more weight than wild type mice, triglycerides (p < 0.05) and cholesterol levels (p < 0.01) were more pronounced in the sera of p21-/- compared to wild type mice fed with high fat diet. High fat diet resulted in significantly decreased TGF-beta (p < 0.02), HO-l (p < 0.02) and increased CD36 (p < 0.03) mRNA expression in aortic tissues of p21-/- mice compared to animal fed with regular diet. IFN-gamma mRNA expression (235 +/- 11 folds) increased significantly in high fat diet fed p21-/- mice and a multifold modulation of PPAR-gamma(136 +/- 7), p22phox, NOX-1 and Rac-1 (15-35-folds) mRNA in aortic tissues from p21-/- mice compared to the wild type mice. Severity of atherosclerotic lesions was significantly higher in p21-/- compared to wild type mice. The results demonstrate that the deficiency of p21 leads to altered expression of pro-atherogenic genes, and severe atherosclerosis in mice fed with high fat diet. This opens the possibility of p21 protein as a therapeutic tool to control progression of atherosclerosis.
Enlargement or reduction of digital images with minimum loss of information (1995)

The purpose of this paper is to derive optimal spline algorithms for the enlargement or reduction of digital images by arbitrary (noninteger) scaling factors. In our formulation, the original and rescaled signals are each represented by an interpolating polynomial spline of degree n with step size one and Delta, respectively. The change of scale is achieved by determining the spline with step size Delta that provides the closest approximation of the original signal in the L(2)-norm. We show that this approximation can be computed in three steps: (i) a digital prefilter that provides the B-spline coefficients of the input signal, (ii) a resampling using an expansion formula with a modified sampling kernel that depends explicitly on Delta, and (iii) a digital postfilter that maps the result back into the signal domain. We provide explicit formulas for n=0, 1, and 3 and propose solutions for the efficient implementation of these algorithms. We consider image processing examples and show that the present method compares favorably with standard interpolation techniques. Finally, we discuss some properties of this approach and its connection with the classical technique of bandlimiting a signal, which provides the asymptotic limit of our algorithm as the order of the spline tends to infinity.
Deciding to disclose childhood sexual abuse The experiences of Taiwanese women with their non-offending mothers (2005)

The support of non-offending mothers is important for daughters' adjustment to the experience of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). However, most child victims of CSA do not reveal their sexual abuse experience, and little is known about the impact of maternal reactions when daughters do disclose. The purpose of this study is to explore how Taiwanese women with a history of CSA look back on the disclosure of CSA and their mothers' reactions. A life history approach was used. Multiple in-depth interviews were conducted to collect retrospective narrative data from 11 voluntary participants in Taiwan. Two significant categories emerged: the decision to tell/not to tell their mothers in childhood and adolescence, and the decision to reveal CSA in adulthood. Implications of the findings for social work practice, limitations of the study, and recommendations for future research were also addressed.
Three-dimensional modeling and migration of seismic data using Fourier transforms (1988)

Abstract Programs for 3-D modeling and migration, using 3-D Fourier transforms to solve the scalar wave equation in frequency-wavenumber space, are developed, implemented, tested, and applied to synthetic and scale-model data. With microtasking to fully use four CRAY processors in parallel, we can solve a complete 512 3 modeling problem in about 2.5 minutes (elapsed time); of this time, the two 3-D Fourier transforms take 1 minute and the wave-equation calculations take 1.5 minutes. The corresponding migration also takes 2.5 minutes. Thus, even iterative 3-D processing is now feasible.The two main assumptions in our algorithm are that the earth has a constant velocity and that the data are zero-offset (or stacked). Tests with model data verify that the algorithm produces the correct results when these assumptions are satisfied. Tests with scale-model data show that approximate images may still be obtained when the assumptions are not strictly met; but the images contain a variety of distortions, primarily related to undermigration and overmigration, so caution is required in interpretation.
Control of Polycrystalline Silicon Structure by the Two-Step Deposition Method (2000)

Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) films are obtained at temperatures below 400°C by the catalytic chemical vapor deposition (Cat-CVD), often called “hot-wire CVD” method, using two-step deposition (TSD). In TSD, the substrate temperature is changed during deposition from the initial step for a short time of 200 s to the second step of 820 s. A comparative study on the structural properties of Cat-CVD poly-Si films prepared by the TSD method and those of the films prepared by conventional method was carried out using Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, reflection high-energy electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy observation. It is found that the surface morphology, grain structure and thickness of the amorphous Si incubation layer are all correlated, and the structures are changed by TSD method.
MicroRNA Signature of Malignant Mesothelioma with Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications (2009)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of target genes, and may behave as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Human malignant mesothelioma is an asbestos-related cancer, with poor prognosis and low median survival. Here we report, for the first time, a cross-evaluation of miRNA expression in mesothelioma (MPP-89, REN) and human mesothelial cells (HMC-telomerase reverse transcriptase). Microarray profiling, confirmed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, revealed a differential expression of miRNAs between mesothelioma and mesothelial cells. In addition, a computational analysis combining miRNA and gene expression profiles allowed the accurate prediction of genes potentially targeted by dysregulated miRNAs. Several predicted genes belong to terms of Gene Ontology (GO) that are associated with the development and progression of mesothelioma. This suggests that miRNAs may be key players in mesothelioma oncogenesis. We further investigated miRNA expression on a panel of 24 mesothelioma specimens, representative of the three histotypes (epithelioid, biphasic, and sarcomatoid), by quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-29a, miR-30c, miR-30e-5p, miR-106a, and miR-143 was significantly associated with the histopathological subtypes. Notably, the reduced expression of two miRNAs (miR-17-5p and miR-30c) correlated with better survival of patients with sarcomatoid subtype. Our preliminary analysis points at miRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers of mesothelioma, and suggests novel tools for the therapy of this malignancy.
How to shine a brighter light on light (2017)

In response to the news story (November p10) on the global impact of the 2015 International Year of Light.
Efficient Multiscale Sampling from Products of Gaussian Mixtures (2003)

The problem of approximating the product of several Gaussian mixture distributions arises in a number of contexts, including the nonparametric belief propagation (NBP) inference algorithm and the training of product of experts models. This paper develops two multiscale algorithms for sampling from a product of Gaussian mixtures, and compares their performance to existing methods. The first is a multiscale variant of previously proposed Monte Carlo techniques, with comparable theoretical guarantees but improved empirical convergence rates. The second makes use of approximate kernel density evaluation methods to construct a fast approximate sampler, which is guaranteed to sample points to within a tunable parameter # of their true probability. We compare both multiscale samplers on a set of computational examples motivated by NBP, demonstrating significant improvements over existing methods.
A Comparison of Conventional, Final-Offer, and "Combined" Arbitration For Dispute Resolution (2001)

This paper presents results from a controlled laboratory study of bargaining behavior and dispute rates under three types of arbitration procedures. Two of these-conventional and final-offer arbitration-are commonly used in practice, while an innovative procedure called "Combined Arbitration" (Brams and Merrill 1986) is not currently used. Combined Arbitration combines the rules of the two most commonly used forms of binding arbitration (conventional and final-offer arbitration) in such a way as to generate convergent final offers in theory. Controlled laboratory results show, however, that disputes are most likely in Combined Arbitration and least likely in conventional arbitration. These results challenge the theoretical predictions of Combined Arbitration as well as the hypothesis that final-offer arbitration would be more likely to reduce disputes compared to conventional arbitration. The results may be consistent with the hypothesis that disputants are relatively optimistic about the arbitrator's notion of a fair settlement. Implications of these findings are also discussed.
A correlation between structural changes in a Ni-Cu catalyst during decomposition of ethylene/ammonia mixture and properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (2013)

Changes of a 65Ni25Cu10Al2O3 catalyst consisting of Ni-enriched and Cu-enriched alloys were investigated in the bulk and on the surface during the growth of nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (N-CNFs) by decomposition of a 50%C 2H4 /50%NH3 mixture using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. It was shown that N-CNF growth at 450 650 C is accompanied by dissolution of carbon and nitrogen in the Ni-enriched alloy, whereas Cu-enriched alloy remains inactive. A correlation between nickel and copper surface concentrations and properties of N-CNFs in relation to the nitrogen content was found. It was demonstrated that phase composition of the catalyst during N-CNF growth determines the type of N-CNFs structure.
Efficient Synthesis of Benzofurans Utilizing [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement Triggered by <i>N</i>‐Trifluoroacetylation of Oxime Ethers: Short Synthesis of Natural 2‐Arylbenzofurans (2007)

Abstract A new synthetic method for the preparation of benzofurans has been developed. The key step of this method is the [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement of N ‐trifluoroacetyl‐ene‐hydroxylamines, which was triggered by acylation of oxime ethers. TFAA has been proved to be the best reagent to induce [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement for the synthesis of cyclic oracyclic dihydrobenzofurans. On the other hand, the TFAT‐DMAP system is found to be the most effective for constructing various benzofurans. Synthetic utility of this reaction is demonstrated by the short synthesis of natural benzofurans without protection of the hydroxy group. The synthesis of Stemofuran A was accomplished via condensation of ketones with aryloxyamine and subsequent reaction with TFAT‐DMAP in a four‐step synthesis with 72 % overall yield. Similarly, Eupomatenoid 6 and Coumestan were synthesized through the reaction of oxime ether with TFAT‐DMAP. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)