gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance for Violations: Threat Assessment Algorithm Development and Evaluation Method (2010)

This paper describes an analysis method for developing and evaluating candidate threat assessment algorithms for automotive collision avoidance systems. The method is described in the context of a Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations (CICAS-V), the project under which the method was formulated. The CICAS-V project goal was to develop and test a system to reduce the number of crashes at intersections due to violations of traffic light and stop sign traffic control devices. This is accomplished through the presentation of a timely and salient in-vehicle warning to those drivers who are predicted to violate. The warning is intended to help drivers avoid a violation that may possibly lead to an intersection crash. The method described herein was used during the development and evaluation of candidate CICAS-V threat assessment algorithms. The threat assessment algorithm predicts whether a vehicle will violate a stop sign or traffic light based on kinematic vehicle data. Algorithms were devised based on analyses of a large vehicle intersection approach database. These algorithms were then evaluated in a pseudo-real-time simulation by overlaying algorithms on this database. Using the principles of signal detection theory, the performance of each algorithm was evaluated on its ability to predict a pending violation while minimizing false alerts. The best-performing algorithms were subsequently validated when integrated into the prototype hardware and warning interfaces. The method developed for the CICAS-V could be applied to a variety of collision avoidance systems to evaluate threat assessment algorithms.
Refractory metal contacts to GaAs: Interface chemistry and Schottky-barrier formation (1982)

A survey of the interface chemistry of the refractory metals W, Ta, Re, Ir, and Mo during room- temperature Schottky-barrier contact formation to GaAs by using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) is reported. The metals were deposited onto clean n-type GaAs (100) surfaces within the XPS system by two methods: Evaporation and plasma sputtering. For each metal a distinct interfacial reaction which produced GaAs dissociation and formation of a new metal arsenide is observed. Refractory metals are in general not chemically inert in contact to GaAs and nonabrupt interfaces ∠10 Å in width are formed. XPS was also used to correlate interface chemistry with measurement of Schottky-barrier height during contact formation. XPS measured barrier heights ranged from 0.9–0.7 eV, in the order W, Ir, Mo, Ta, and Re.
Neuroendocrine (small-cell) carcinomas: why they teach us essential lessons about prostate cancer. (2014)

Atypical clinical features in men with prostate cancer-such as clinical evidence of disease progression in the absence of a proportional increase in serum prostate-specific antigen level, bulky symptomatic tumor masses, exclusive visceral metastases, or a predominance of lytic bone metastases-should alert the clinician that an aggressive prostate cancer variant is present or emerging. Aggressive variants of prostate cancer often take the form of neuroendocrine or small-cell carcinomas, which frequently lack androgen receptor expression and respond poorly to hormonal therapies. Indeed, the finding of neuroendocrine or small-cell prostate carcinoma indicates the need for multimodality treatments that incorporate early combination chemotherapy and locoregional control of bulky tumor deposits, including untreated or recurrent primaries. As we learn to recognize this prostate cancer variant more often, we are reminded that not all prostate cancers share the same biology and that the androgen receptor is not the sole driver of this disease.
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msup><mml:mi>Mn</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>as a Radial Pressure Gauge in Colloidal Core/Shell Nanocrystals (2007)

The fluorescence of Mn2+ doped in the shell of CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals at radially controlled position is used as a local probe of pressure in the nanocrystal shell. The redshift of the fluorescence with increasing shell thickness indicates a pressure of more than 4 GPa for 7.5 monolayers of ZnS. The radial dependence and magnitude of the pressure derived from the Mn2+ fluorescence shift are in good agreement with the spherically symmetric elastic continuum model and the 7% misfit between the core and the epitaxial shell.
Expansion of laser-generated plumes near the plasma ignition threshold (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExpansion of laser-generated plumes near the plasma ignition thresholdLaszlo. Balazs, Renaat. Gijbels, and Akos. VertesCite this: Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 4, 314–320Publication Date (Print):February 15, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 February 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00004a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00004a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views510Altmetric-Citations95LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Augmented Reality for Smartphones (2011)

This report should help developers and content publishers who want to take advantage of the latest developments in smartphone and augmented reality (AR) technology to create novel and exciting new learning experiences. Not so long ago, augmented reality was an experimental technology that rarely left the lab and required a high level of technical expertise and knowledge to create new applications. Now, thanks to advances in smartphone hardware, AR technology is much more available and easily accessible for users and developers alike. With several innovative young companies offering out the box AR “browsers” and tools for creating, publishing and hosting virtual content, it is even possible to create augmented reality experiences without any programming knowledge at all. Many new applications and frameworks have been launched, each with its own set of capabilities and requiring different levels of technical knowledge to publish content and customize the interface. This report will help you to navigate this emerging landscape and pick out the best tools and platforms for your needs. As this report is written primarily for developers it will focus its analysis on browsers and platforms that allow some level of customization or ability to publish your own content rather than the many standalone applications where both content and interface are tightly controlled by the vendor. However it will briefly describe some other applications that might be useful in a teaching and learning context. It will also take a look at the various tools and hosting platforms that are available to make it easier to create and share Point of Interest (POI) content and draw together best practice on implementing POI services. Being able to share the same content across platforms is also an important consideration in embarking on a project that aims for sustainable output. With this in mind, this report will discuss the initiatives that have recently sprung up to define new standards and protocols around the emerging Augmented Reality industry. As this is still a technology in its infancy it is important to understand its limitations, particularly in the area of user experience. Current work on user experience patterns in augmented reality will be reviewed. Finally a look will be taken at augmented reality in education to provide some inspiration for educators interested in deploying this technology in a teaching and learning context. It is intended that this report will equip developers and content publishers with all the information they need to make the right decisions about where and how to employ this inspiring new technology and create some exciting innovations in teaching and learning.
Power Scaling Laws and Near-Field Behaviors of Massive MIMO and Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (2020)

The use of large arrays might be the solution to the capacity problems in wireless communications. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) grows linearly with the number of array elements N when using Massive MIMO receivers and half-duplex relays. Moreover, intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) have recently attracted attention since these can relay signals to achieve an SNR that grows as N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which seems like a major benefit. In this article, we use a deterministic propagation model for a planar array of arbitrary size, to demonstrate that the mentioned SNR behaviors, and associated power scaling laws, only apply in the far-field. They cannot be used to study the regime where N → ∞. We derive an exact channel gain expression that captures three essential near-field behaviors and use it to revisit the power scaling laws. We derive new finite asymptotic SNR limits but also conclude that these are unlikely to be approached in practice. We further prove that an IRS-aided setup cannot achieve a higher SNR than an equal-sized Massive MIMO setup, despite its faster SNR growth. We quantify analytically how much larger the IRS must be to achieve the same SNR. Finally, we show that an optimized IRS does not behave as an “anomalous” mirror but can vastly outperform that benchmark.
Design and Control of the MINDWALKER Exoskeleton (2014)

Powered exoskeletons can empower paraplegics to stand and walk. Actively controlled hip ab/adduction (HAA) is needed for weight shift and for lateral foot placement to support dynamic balance control and to counteract disturbances in the frontal plane. Here, we describe the design, control, and preliminary evaluation of a novel exoskeleton, MINDWALKER. Besides powered hip flexion/extension and knee flexion/extension, it also has powered HAA. Each of the powered joints has a series elastic actuator, which can deliver 100 Nm torque and 1 kW power. A finite-state machine based controller provides gait assistance in both the sagittal and frontal planes. State transitions, such as stepping, can be triggered by the displacement of the Center of Mass (CoM). A novel step-width adaptation algorithm was proposed to stabilize lateral balance. We tested this exoskeleton on both healthy subjects and paraplegics. Experimental results showed that all users could successfully trigger steps by CoM displacement. The step-width adaptation algorithm could actively counteract disturbances, such as pushes. With the current implementations, stable walking without crutches has been achieved for healthy subjects but not yet for SCI paraplegics. More research and development is needed to improve the gait stability.
Elucidating a Key Component of Cancer Metastasis: CXCL12 (SDF-1α) Binding to CXCR4 (2014)

The chemotactic signaling induced by the binding of chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1α) to chemokine receptor CXCR4 is of significant biological importance and is a potential therapeutic axis against HIV-1. However, as CXCR4 is overexpressed in certain cancer cells, the CXCL12:CXCR4 signaling is involved in tumor metastasis, progression, angiogenesis, and survival. Motivated by the pivotal role of the CXCL12:CXCR4 axis in cancer, we employed a comprehensive set of computational tools, predominantly based on free energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, to obtain insights into the molecular recognition of CXCR4 by CXCL12. We report, what is to our knowledge, the first computationally derived CXCL12:CXCR4 complex structure which is in remarkable agreement with experimental findings and sheds light into the functional role of CXCL12 and CXCR4 residues which are associated with binding and signaling. Our results reveal that the CXCL12 N-terminal domain is firmly bound within the CXCR4 transmembrane domain, and the central 24-50 residue domain of CXCL12 interacts with the upper N-terminal domain of CXCR4. The stability of the CXCL12:CXCR4 complex structure is attributed to an abundance of nonpolar and polar intermolecular interactions, including salt bridges formed between positively charged CXCL12 residues and negatively charged CXCR4 residues. The success of the computational protocol can mainly be attributed to the nearly exhaustive docking conformational search, as well as the heterogeneous dielectric implicit water-membrane-water model used to simulate and select the optimum conformations. We also recently utilized this protocol to elucidate the binding of an HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop in complex with CXCR4, and a comparison between the molecular recognition of CXCR4 by CXCL12 and the HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop shows that both CXCL12 and the HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop share the same CXCR4 binding pocket, as they mostly interact with the same CXCR4 residues.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DERIVATIVES OF THIAZOLOBENZOXAZOLES AND PREPARATION OF CYANINE DYES FROM THEM (1978)

Abstract Nach bekannten Verfahren setzt man 2‐Methyl‐6‐azido‐benzothiazol (I) in Gegenwart von Polyphosphorsäure (PPS) mit Carbonsäuren (II) zu den in 7‐Stellung substituierten 2‐Methyl‐thiazolo[4,5‐g]benzoxazolen (IIIa)‐(IIIc) um.
1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces maturation of the human monocyte cell line U937, and, in association with a factor from human T lymphocytes, augments production of the monokine, mononuclear cell factor. (1984)

The monocyte factor, interleukin 1, or other factors homologous with interleukin 1, modulates functions of a variety of cells, including T and B lymphocytes, synovial cells, and chondrocytes. We have reported that a human monocyte cell line, U937, produces interleukin 1 when incubated with a soluble factor from lectin-stimulated T lymphocytes. We have also shown that U937 cells have a specific cytosolic receptor for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25[OH]2D3). We now report that 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3(10(-11)-10(-10) M) induces maturational changes in the U937 cells similar to those produced by conditioned medium from lectin-stimulated T lymphocytes (increase in Fc receptors and OKM1 binding and decrease in proliferation), but does not induce monokine production as measured by mononuclear cell factor activity. 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 is 200-300-fold more effective than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, which is consistent with the known biological potency of these vitamin D3 metabolites. 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 and the lymphokine together markedly augment maturational effects and, in addition, augment monokine production. The specificity of the interaction is further demonstrated by the lack of augmentation of monokine production with 1 beta,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the presence of lymphokine. These interactions of a classical hormone and the hormonelike product(s) of the immune system with U937 cells serve as a model for human monocyte/macrophage differentiation and suggest a role for these interactions in some aspects of inflammation.
A Psychological Basis for Anesthesiologists’ Operating Room Managerial Decision-Making on the Day of Surgery (2007)

In a companion article, we showed that clinicians tended to make decisions that increased the clinical work per unit time at each moment in each OR, even when doing so resulted in an increase in overutilized OR time, higher staffing costs, unpredictable work hours, and/or mandatory overtime. The current studies show that such efforts to work fast cannot be explained as a consequence of efforts to reduce surgeon and patient waiting. Rather, the heuristic followed is consistent with increasing one's personal clinical work per unit time at one's assigned anesthetizing location.
Modeling and optimization of acoustofluidic micro-devices (2014)

We investigate how the combination of numerical simulation tools and optimization routines can be used to design micro-devices. Experimental devices that are designed in this way can only provide optimal performance if the simulation model, used in the optimization procedure, reflects the real device characteristics accurately. Owing to this fact, the modeling of acoustofluidic devices is summarized. The mathematical formulation of the optimization problem, the parameterization of the device design and the implementation of the optimization loop is addressed alongside with practical recommendations for the chosen genetic algorithm optimization. In order to validate the implementation, an optimized planar resonator is compared with the optimal geometry given in the literature. The optimization of a typical 3D micro-device shows that devices can be designed to generate any desired acoustic mode shape at maximum pressure amplitude. The presented automatic design approach is of great practical relevance for the development of highly optimized micro-devices and it can speed up and facilitate the design-process in the growing field of acoustofluidics.
Diffusion Resistant, High-Purity Wafer Carriers For SI Semiconductor Production (2000)

The Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) was directed towards development of diffusion resistant, high-purity wafer carriers for Si semiconductor production with improved properties compared to current materials. The determination of the infiltration behavior is important for controlling the fabrication process to obtain consistent high-quality products. Ammonium molybdate or molybdenum carbide were found to be suitable as a precursor to produce SiC-MoSi{sub 2}-Si composites by Si infiltration into carbon preforms. Experiments on the pyrolysis of the preforms showed variable infiltration behavior by the molten Si (within the range of conditions in the present study). Further research is required to reproducibly and consistently fabricate flaw-free articles. The strength of the composites fabricated to-date was 325 {+-} 124 MPa, which is higher than current commercial products. Better process control should result in higher average strengths and reduce the variability.
A new approach to the description of colony color of cytophagas and their allies (1974)

Descriptive microbiology is in urgent need of more precise definitions of morphological parameters. The introduction of an objective, qualitative system to replace the very subjective and limited naming of colonies is long overdue. A simple method is described by which the color of a bacterial colony can be recorded rapidly and accurately using the Munsell system of color notation. The results of investigations with cytophagas and flavobacteria showed that the method is reliable and reproducible under standard conditions.
A new approach to prototyping Ada-based hardware/software systems (1990)

Prototyping is not a single technique, but rather a collection of widely diverse activities, with highly fragmented support technology. TRW and Stanford have recently collaborated to develop an approach for reducing this fragmentation in the future. This approach is particularly supportive of the development of large distributed systems in Ada. It is based upon the design of a prototyping language and system which we are tentatively calling Reality. The Reality language is a departure from “normal” programming languages, but bears similarities in form and concepts to standard languages Ada and VHDL. In fact, it can be viewed as both
Minimal Energy Dissipation in Logic (1970)

Minimal energy dissipations for the logic process based on thermodynamics and general phase space considerations are known. The actual availability of these minimal dissipations has not, however, been demonstrated. These minimal dissipation sources in a computing system also act as noise sources and thereby lead to questions about the ultimate available reliability of the computing process. A new and hypothetical device is presented in this paper and used to construct a physically analyzable computing system. It is demonstrated that this system has dissipations larger than, but of the same order of magnitude as, the original minimal quantities. It is also shown that any required reliability can be obtained with this device, without increased energy expenditure, but at the expense of an increasing time per computational step.
Fully programmable and scalable optical switching fabric for petabyte data center (2015)

We present a converged EPS and OCS switching fabric for data center networks (DCNs) based on a distributed optical switching architecture leveraging both WDM & SDM technologies. The architecture is topology adaptive, well suited to dynamic and diverse ∗-cast traffic patterns. Compared to a typical folded-Clos network, the new architecture is more readily scalable to future multi-Petabyte data centers with 1000 + racks while providing a higher link bandwidth, reducing transceiver count by 50%, and improving cabling efficiency by more than 90%.
Construction and Characterization of Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibodies Directed against the <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> Surface Adhesins Filamentous Hemagglutinin and Pertactin (2007)

A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library against Bordetella pertussis was constructed using M13 phage display. The library was enriched for phages surface displaying functional scFv by biopanning against B. pertussis immobilized on polystyrene plates. Two hundred eighty-eight individual clones from the enriched library were screened for binding to B. pertussis cells, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), and pertactin (PRN) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Based on the binding ability, the clones were put into eight groups. The scFv DNA inserts from the 288 clones were digested with BstOI, and 18 unique restriction patterns, named types 1 to 18, were found. Eight clones (types 1 to 7 and 18) were selected for further testing against FHA, PRN, and B. pertussis by ELISA. The results showed that types 1, 5, 7, and 18 bound strongly to B. pertussis cells as well as FHA and PRN. Type 3 bound strongly to the cells and FHA but weakly to PRN. Types 4 and 6 bound FHA only, and type 2 did not bind to the cells or antigens. The ability of the eight clones to inhibit B. pertussis from binding to HEp-2 cells was assayed. Types 1, 5, and 7, but not the remaining clones, inhibited the adherence of B. pertussis to HEp-2 cells. The scFvs were sequenced, and the deduced amino acid sequence showed that the scFvs were different antibodies. Maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusion proteins composed of three different regions of FHA (heparin-binding domain, carbohydrate recognition domain, and the RGD triplet motif) were constructed. The three fusion proteins and Mal85 (MBP-FHA type I domain) were used to map the binding sites for scFvs of types 1, 5, and 7 by ELISA. The results showed that all three scFvs bound to the heparin-binding domain fusion protein but not the other fusion proteins. BALB/c mice who received recombinant phage-treated B. pertussis had reduced bacterial counts in the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs compared to the control groups.