gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time and frequency distribution over packet switched networks (2009)

Moving from time division multiplexing (TDM)-based to packet-based network, frequency distribution has become a significant issue for network operators in view of strong requirements necessary for applications such as the backhauling of different wireless technologies. In this context the International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have competing standards to identify the right answer in terms of migration and achievable performance. This competition promotes segmentation of the network synchronization architecture, since the synchronization technologies are evolving separately at the expense of the benefits of interworking, potentially leading to future interoperability issues. Following a brief description of the aforementioned synchronization technologies focusing on their relative strengths and weaknesses, potential interworking schemes will be discussed. Both accurate frequency and time distribution will be considered. Time distribution, in particular, appears to be a key issue for emerging wireless network technologies, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Long Term Evolution (LTE). Finally, we will propose a new vision of a unified synchronization management approach in order to simplify the deployment of adapted synchronization technologies in various environments.
Synergy of inhibition of DNA synthesis in human bone marrow by azidothymidine plus deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B12? (1990)

The effect of azidothymidine (Zidovudine, AZT) on pyrimidine (thymidine, deoxyuridine, and thymidine triphosphate) incorporation into DNA in folate- and/or vitamin B12-deficient and normal human bone marrow cells was studied to investigate whether such vitamin deficiency affects susceptibility to AZT-induced hematologic toxicity. Bone marrow cells from 12 patients were studied: 5 had folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiency; 7 controls included 5 with anemia related to chronic disease and 2 with iron deficiency. At 0.2 microM AZT (3 hr, 37 degrees C), the approximate pharmacologic serum trough level, pyrimidine incorporation into DNA was suppressed by 12 to 19% in folate- and/or vitamin B12-deficient cells and by 16 to 23% in normal cells. At 2.0 microM AZT (3 hr, 37 degrees C), the approximate pharmacologic serum peak level, this was suppressed by 15 to 40% in folate- and/or vitamin B12-deficient cells and by 32 to 47% in controls. Deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was inhibited significantly greater than thymidine at 2.0 microM AZT (3 hr, 37 degrees C) in both groups. Inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation was not reversed with methyltetrahydrofolate or vitamin B12. There tended to be less striking suppression by AZT of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA in bone marrow cells from vitamin B12-deficient patients, which was made more striking by adding vitamin B12. This suggests that some of what passes for "AZT damage" to bone marrow cells may in fact be coincident deficiency of vitamin B12. AZT inhibition of DNA synthesis in 3 hr bone marrow cultures is relatively consistent in a variety of hematologic disorders. As approximately two-thirds of AIDS patients appear to be in negative balance with respect to folate and/or vitamin B12, the fact that AZT-induced inhibition of pyrimidine incorporation into DNA is occurring in cells which may be megaloblastic, i.e., in a state of impaired DNA synthesis, suggests that these cells may be more susceptible to AZT toxicity. The data also support the notion that AZT inhibition results predominantly from termination of DNA chain elongation. Whether folate or vitamin B12 supplementation may partially overcome apparent "AZT inhibition" of DNA synthesis (hematologic toxicity) and whether the benefit of such therapy exceeds the risk will require further study.
Organolanthanoid Compounds (1984)

Abstract Up to little more than a decade ago organolanthanoid compounds were still a curiosity. Apart from the description of an isolated number of cyclopentadienyl and indenyl derivatives, very few significant contributions had been made to this interesting sector of organometallic chemistry. However, subsequent systematic studies using modern preparative and analytical techniques, together with X‐ray single crystal structure determinations, enabled the isolation and characterization of a large number of very interesting homoleptic and heteroleptic compounds in which the lanthanoid is bound to hydrogen, to substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl groups, to allyl or alkynyl groups, or even to phosphorus ylides, trimethylsilyl, and carbonylmetal groups. These compounds, which are all extremely sensitive to oxygen and water, open up new possibilities in the field of catalysis and have great potential in organic synthesis—as recent studies with pentamethylcyclopentadienyl derivatives, organolanthanoid(II) compounds, and hexamethyllanthanoid complexes have already shown.
[Morphological bases of myocardial revascularization by laser radiation]. (1984)

The mechanism of myocardial revascularization was studied in 30 dogs with the aid of impulse carbonic acid laser after ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. In the control group, 4 dogs died of myocardial infarction. In 26 animals laser canals were formed. The walls of the canals comprised cardiomyocytes with the manifestations of a coagulation thermal necrosis. Morphological studies disclosed the aseptic productive nature of the inflammatory reaction and the absence of marked leukocytic infiltration of the tissues adjacent to the area of necrosis. The laser canals were lined with endothelium by the 10th-14th day after operation, they were not obliterated or sclerosed. Morphological, laboratory, and radionuclide studies attest to adequate perfusion of the myocardium with the aid of the laser canals preventing the development of myocardial ischemia and infarction.
Erratum: 3D-printed microelectronics for integrated circuitry and passive wireless sensors (2015)

Erratum to: Microsystems & Nanoengineering (2015) 1, 15013; doi: 10.1038/micronano.2015.13; Published online: 20 July 2015 Since the publication of this article, the authors would like to make two corrections in the third(last) paragraph of “Design and Fabrication” section as follows: Replace “fused deposition modeling technology” with “multi-jet modeling (MJM)”; The company information of “ProJet HD 3000 printer, Hewlett-Packard Company, Palo Alto, CA, USA” should be replaced with “ProJet HD 3000 printer, 3D Systems Inc.
Low voltage MOSFET optimized for low V<inf>DS</inf> transient voltages (2013)

A 30V power MOSFET technology, employing a low voltage superjunction approach, has been optimized for operation as a low-side switch in a DC-DC buck converter. In particular, this technology has been designed with an emphasis on minimizing the voltage overshoots that occur in high efficiency DC-DC converters by modification of the MOSFET's body diode and output capacitance, C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OSS</sub> . This has resulted in a significant reduction in V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> overshoot of ≈50%.
The frequency and scale content of biological signals (2002)

We discuss the frequency and scale content of biological signals. We argue that generally the frequency is not constant. We develop a model of a harmonic oscillator with non-constant coefficients which produces an arbitrary instantaneous frequency law.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Strategic Strain Improvement of Antibiotic Producer. (1991)

We have applied knowledges obtained during studies of antibiotic biosynthesis to improve antibiotic producers as follows; (1) The increase in antibiotic productivity and the production of a new component by gene dosage effect: (2) The production of new analogs of antibiotics by the introduction of heterogeneous biosynthetic gene(s): (3) Selective production of useful components by inactivation or activation of genes involving in antibiotic production.Mutants that do not produce antibacterial, antifungal and antimycoplasma antibiotic kalafungin were isolated from kalafungin-producing Streptomyces tanashiensis and classified into seven distinct biosynthesis phenotypes. By colony hybridization with the genes for polyketide synthase (actI and III) as probes, a clone carrying a large DNA fragment was picked up from a genomic library of this strain. In this DNA fragment, the gene cluster for kalafungin biosynthesis containing at least eight genes (kalI to VII, and a regulatory gene) were identified. Although kalafungin is an intermediate of actinorhodin biosynthesis in S. coelicolor A3(2), this gene cluster for kalafungin biosynthesis in S. tanashiensis was not the same as that in S. coelicolor. When the wild type strain and kal mutants of S. tanashiensis were transformed with the cloned DNA fragment, not only the increase in the production of kalafungin and dihydrokalafungin but also production of a new antimicrobial product named tetrahydrokalafungin were caused.The anthelmintic antibiotic avermectin complex produced by Streptomyces avermitilis is a family of eight closely related components, A1a, A1b, A2a, A2b, B1a, B1b, B2a and B2b. The component B1a is the most highly effective. However, since it is not easy to separate the “a” and “b” components in the industrial processes, the “B1” components B1a and B1b and their hydrogenated products are used as an important anthelmintic agent. After a mutagenesis, two kinds of mutants, K2021 and K2034, which produced only the specific components, were obtained. Strain K2034 lacked avermectin B2 5-O-methyltransferase activity and produced the “B” components, B1a, B1b, B2a and B2b. In the other mutant, K2021, the incorporation of L-isoleucine and its keto acid was efficient, but very little L-valine and its keto acid were incorporated into avermectins. This mutant produced the “a” components, A1a, A2a, B1a and B2a. The recombinant strains, which have both phenotypes of the above mutants, were designed by in vivo recombination. The strains produced the components B1a and B2a only. Genetic mapping showed that the locus of the mutation affecting the selectivity of the incorporation of branched-chain keto acids into the avermectin skeleton apparently is sufficiently distant from the gene cluster for avermectin biosynthesis.
Calpain I remains intact and intracellular during platelet activation. Immunochemical measurements with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (1987)

As a step towards understanding the physiological function of calpain (Ca2+-activated neutral proteinase, EC 3.4.22.17) in blood platelets, and in view of some suggestions that calpain is transferred to the platelet external surface during platelet activation, the enzyme was studied with immunochemical methods in resting and thrombin-activated cells. (1) A mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody was prepared which binds strongly only to the denatured large subunit of human calpain I, and weakly to that of human calpain II. A polyclonal antibody raised against rat calpain II was available which, apart from binding strongly to rat calpain II, binds to the large subunits of human calpain I and II about equally. (2) With these antibodies, it was found that calpain could be detected in fixed platelets in suspension only after permeabilization with 0.1% saponin, and could not be detected on the exterior surface of resting or of activated platelets, or in the supernatant media of these platelets. It was concluded that calpain is not significantly externalized during platelet activation. (3) Immunoblotting showed that conversion of the larger calpain I subunit from 80 kDa into 76-78 kDa occurred only when thrombin-activated platelets were stirred to permit aggregation, and did not occur during unstirred thrombin activation. Although an action of calpain in the 80 kDa form on possible platelet substrates such as cytoskeletal proteins cannot be excluded, calpain is certainly not present as the 76-78 kDa form, which is assumed to be its active form, until aggregation is initiated.
A probability diversity combiner for digital h.f. transmission (1976)

The switched a posteriori probability (s.a.p.) diversity combiner has equivalent performance to maximum a posteriori probability (m.a.p.) combiner for dual diversity when binary transmission is used. Moreover, it is much simpler to implement since it is similar in principle to the conventional switched diversity combiner. The difference is that instead of switching to the branch with the highest signal-to-noise ratio, the switching is done between the branches on a bit-by-bit basis and to the branch which is most likely to be correct about what was sent. Some examples of impulse noise are used to show the difference between the m.a.p. (or s.a.p.) methods and the conventional methods of maximal ratio combining, selector branch combining, and no diversity, in terms of average error probability.The examples also illustrate the different processing that is done on the signals by the different methods. One possible method of implementing the s.a.p. technique is proposed for the case of 4-phase p.s.k. with differential encoding.
Word Translation Without Parallel Data (2017)

State-of-the-art methods for learning cross-lingual word embeddings have relied on bilingual dictionaries or parallel corpora. Recent studies showed that the need for parallel data supervision can be alleviated with character-level information. While these methods showed encouraging results, they are not on par with their supervised counterparts and are limited to pairs of languages sharing a common alphabet. In this work, we show that we can build a bilingual dictionary between two languages without using any parallel corpora, by aligning monolingual word embedding spaces in an unsupervised way. Without using any character information, our model even outperforms existing supervised methods on cross-lingual tasks for some language pairs. Our experiments demonstrate that our method works very well also for distant language pairs, like English-Russian or English-Chinese. We finally describe experiments on the English-Esperanto low-resource language pair, on which there only exists a limited amount of parallel data, to show the potential impact of our method in fully unsupervised machine translation. Our code, embeddings and dictionaries are publicly available.
Lower order modes of YBCO/STO/YBCO circular disk resonators (1996)

Lower order modes in a single crystal strontium titanate (STO) circular disk resonator are studied experimentally. Superconducting epitaxial YBCO films form the parallel-plates of the resonator. Due to the extremely high dielectric constant of STO, the electric fields are concentrated between the plates, while there is a substantial magnetic fringing field which affects both the resonant frequencies, Q-factors, and tunability of all modes, especially the TM/sub 110/ and TM/sub 210/.
Enhancing the Performance of a Supported Titanium Epoxidation Catalyst by Modifying the Active Center (1998)

Significant effects on catalytic activity in the epoxidation of cyclohexene with alkyl hydroperoxides are observed when the surface of mesoporous silica (MCM-41) is modified with either Ge(IV) or Sn(IV) prior to the grafting of tetracoordinated Ti(IV). Titanium centers attached via oxygen to two silicons and one germanium show an increase in turnover frequency of up to 140% compared to centers attached via three Si−O bonds to a purely siliceous MCM-41. The tin-modified catalyst, in contrast, shows poor activity. The environments of the Ti, Ge, and Sn centers were probed directly by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and also by ex situ transmission electron microscopy. The germanium-modified silica contains evenly distributed, anchored tetrahedral Ge(IV) species, whereas the tin-containing material forms extraframework particles of SnO2.
Mechanistic Insight into Oxide‐Promoted Palladium Catalysts for the Electro‐Oxidation of Ethanol (2014)

Recent advancements in the development of alternatives to proton exchange membrane fuel cells utilizing less-expensive catalysts and renewable liquid fuels, such as alcohols, has been observed for alkaline fuel cell systems. Alcohol fuels present the advantage of not facing the challenge of storage and transportation encountered with hydrogen fuel. Oxidation of alcohols has been improved by the promotion of alloyed or secondary phases. Nevertheless, currently, there is no experimental understanding of the difference between an intrinsic and a synergistic promotion effect in high-pH environments. This report shows evidence of different types of promotion effects on palladium electrocatalysts obtained from the presence of an oxide phase for the oxidation of ethanol. The correlation of mechanistic in situ IR spectroscopic studies with electrochemical voltammetry studies on two similar electrocatalytic systems allow the role of either an alloyed or a secondary phase on the mechanism of oxidation of ethanol to be elucidated. Evidence is presented for the difference between an intrinsic effect obtained from an alloyed system and a synergistic effect produced by the presence of an oxide phase.
A systematic review of the prevalence and determinants of nonadherence to phosphate binding medication in patients with end-stage renal disease (2008)

Nonadherence to phosphate binding medication appears to be prevalent in ESRD. Several potentially modifiable psychosocial factors were identified as predictors of nonadherence. There is a need for further, high-quality research to explore these factors in more detail, with the aim of informing the design of an intervention to facilitate adherence.
Scalable in Situ Diazomethane Generation in Continuous-Flow Reactors (2011)

Diazomethane is a valuable derivatizing agent but very difficult to handle for large-scale chemical transformations. We report here the base-induced decomposition of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea under continuous-flow conditions that enables the production up to 19 mol d–1 of diazomethane, at a total flow rate of 53 mL min–1.
Efficient Transformation of Suspension-cultured Rice Cells Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. (2001)

The efficiency of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer in rice was improved by air-drying of the suspension-cultured cells. The suspension-cultured rice calli showed less efficient transformation mediated by Agrobacterium than usual calli cultured on the solid medium. However, simple air-drying of the calli suspension-cultured for 10 to 15min increased the transformation frequency 10-fold or more. The suspension cultures were established from the calli derived from mature rice seeds and subcultured every week. The frequency of transformation varied with the period of suspension culture and the size of the callus. The calli suspension-cultured for 4 weeks showed a higher transformation frequency than the control (not suspension-cultured), and the highest frequency was as high as 20%. However, the frequency was dramatically lowered by the extension of suspension-culture period up to 7 weeks or more. The transformation occurred frequently in the callus 1 to 2mm in diameter. Plant regeneration was observed in transformed calli suspension-cultured for 1 to 12 weeks, but plants abnormal in morphology and seed fertility were regenerated from the calli suspension-cultured for 7 weeks. In conclusion, rice calli suspension-cultured for less than 4 weeks were useful as targets of transformation mediated by Agrobacterium.
Clinical evaluation of high-copper dental amalgams with and without admixed indium. (1992)

High-copper amalgam alloys containing 5% and 10% admixed indium, shown in previous studies to have improved properties and acceptable biological behavior, were evaluated in a clinical study designed to examine factors relating to clinical success. One hundred and seventy-five Class I and Class II amalgam restorations were placed in 25 patients. Each patient received all three dispersed-phase amalgams tested: without indium (Dispersalloy), with 5% indium (Indisperse 5), with 10% indium (Indisperse 10). After 30 months, 22 patients were recalled and 146 restorations evaluated. The margins of the indium-containing amalgam restorations incurred slightly less marginal breakdown, an effect that could be attributed to the addition of admixed indium and to the increase in silver-copper eutectic spheres which is found in these alloys. These amalgams also demonstrated a slightly darker appearance, and were slightly rougher than the non-indium-containing amalgam. These differences were minor; at 30 months, all restorations were well within the clinically acceptable range for each parameter evaluated.
Thermooptic deflection and switching in glass (1982)

New types of active optical device in glass such as deflectors and modulators/switches using the thermooptic effect originating from the temperature dependence of the refractive index are proposed and demonstrated. Thermally induced index changes for light deflection and switching are provided by applying an appropriate voltage to a small film heater deposited on the glass surface. Thermooptic waveguide switches fabricated by the ion-exchange technique successfully exhibited a switching speed of the order of 1 msec with 0.5-W driving electric power.
Ki67 is a promising molecular target in the diagnosis of cancer (Review) (2014)

The expression of Ki67 is strongly associated with tumor cell proliferation and growth, and is widely used in routine pathological investigation as a proliferation marker. The nuclear protein Ki67 (pKi67) is an established prognostic and predictive indicator for the assessment of biopsies from patients with cancer. Clinically, pKi67 has been shown to correlate with metastasis and the clinical stage of tumors. In addition, it has been shown that Ki67 expression is significantly higher malignant tissues with poorly differentiated tumor cells, as compared with normal tissue. According to its predictive role, pKi67 expression identifies subpopulations of patients who are more likely to respond to a given therapy. The Ki67 labeling index is an independent prognostic factor for survival rate, which includes all stages and grade categories. There is a correlation between the ratio of Ki67‑positive malignant cells and patient survival. It has been shown that blocking of Ki67 either by microinjection of antibodies or through the use of antisense oligonucleotides leads to the arrest of cell proliferation. Specifically, antisense oligonucleotides and antibodies against pKi67 have been shown to inhibit the progression of the cell cycle. The Ki67 protein is well characterized at the molecular level and is extensively used as a prognostic and predictive marker for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Increasing evidence indicates that Ki67 may be an effective target in cancer therapy. It therefore merits further development, including testing in more sophisticated in vitro and appropriate in vivo models. This review provides an overview of recent advances in this field.