gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Scene Matching With Feature Detection</title> (1979)

The Rockwell Pattern Matcher (RPM) is a feature based image matcher which has been demonstrated on passive IR and active laser images. Edge features are extracted and used to match electro-optical images. Matches have been made to reference images at the same wavelength as well as with reference imagery at the optical wavelength. In addition, a technique using three dimensional edge references has been utilized to automatically compensate the effects of geometric distortions due to different perspectives. Recent advances in computing technology make it passible to perform the required digital processing for a variety of applications.
Quest for I (Intelligence) in AI (Artificial Intelligence): A Non-Elusive Attempt (2021)

This chapter essentially makes a non-elusive attempt in quest of ‘I’ (Intelligence) in ‘AI’ (Artificial Intelligence). In the year 1950, Alan Turing proposed “the imitation game” which was a gaming problem to make a very fundamental question — “can a machine think?”. The said article of Turing did not provide any tool to measure intelligence but produced a philosophical argument on the issue of intelligence. In 1950, Claude Shannon published a landmark paper on computer chess and rang the bell of the computer era. Over the past decades, there have been huge attempts to define and measure intelligence across the fields of cognitive psychology and AI. We critically appreciate these definitions and evaluation approaches in quest of intelligence, which can mimic the cognitive abilities of human intelligence. We arrive at the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (C–H–C) concept, which is a three-stratum theory for intelligence. The C–H–C theory of intelligence can be crudely approximated by deep meta-learning approach to integrate the representation power of deep learning into meta-learning. Thus we can combine crystallized intelligence with fluid intelligence, as they complement each other for robust learning, reasoning, and problem-solving in a generalized setup which can be a benchmark for flexible AI and eventually general AI. In far-reaching future to search for human-like intelligence in general AI, we may explore neuromorphic computing which is essentially based on biological neurons.
<i>TID1</i>, a human homolog of the<i>Drosophila</i>tumor suppressor<i>l</i>(<i>2</i>)tid, encodes two mitochondrial modulators of apoptosis with opposing functions (1999)

Mitochondria have emerged as central regulators of apoptosis. Here, we show that TID1, a human homolog of the Drosophila tumor suppressor lethal (2) tumorous imaginal discs, l(2)tid, encodes two mitochondrial matrix proteins, designated hTid-1(L) and hTid-1(S). These splice variants are both highly conserved members of the DnaJ family of proteins, which regulate the activity of and confer substrate specificity to Hsp70 proteins. Both hTid-1(L) and hTid-1(S) coimmunoprecipitate with mitochondrial Hsp70. Expression of hTid-1(L) or hTid-1(S) have no apparent capacity to induce apoptosis but have opposing effects on apoptosis induced by exogenous stimuli. Expression of hTid-1(L) increases apoptosis induced by both the DNA-damaging agent mitomycin c and tumor necrosis factor alpha. This activity is J domain-dependent, because a J domain mutant of hTid-1(L) can dominantly suppress apoptosis. In sharp contrast, expression of hTid-1(S) suppresses apoptosis, whereas expression of a J domain mutant of hTid-1(S) increases apoptosis. Hence, we propose that TID1 gene products act to positively and negatively modulate apoptotic signal transduction or effector structures within the mitochondrial matrix.
Automatic Disassembly and Total Ordering in Three Dimensions (1991)

Generating a sequence of motions for removing components in a three-dimensional assembly, one at a time, is considered—the robot motion being strictly translational. We map the boundary representation of a given assembly to a tree structure called Disassembly Tree (DT). Traversing the DT in pre- and post-order yields a minimal sequence of operations for disassembly and assembly, respectively. In this paper, an assembly is classified by the logical complexity of its DT (an ordered graph whose nodes are components of the given assembly) and by the geometric complexity of the nodes in DT (in terms of the number of motions needed to remove a single component). Next, whether a component can be removed in one motion is described as a predicate. This predicate is then used in an algorithm for constructing the DT. For a class of assemblies that exhibit total ordering, the algorithm decides whether each component can be removed in a single motion, by constructing a DT in O(N log N) time, on the average, where N is the total number of mating faces in the assembly.
Dependence of the GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice ionization rate on Al content (1989)

Al content dependence of GaAs/Alx Ga1−xAs superlattice ionization rates was studied. The electron ionization rate is enhanced when the AlGaAs of the barrier is a direct transition type. It is drastically reduced at the Γ-X band crossover in the AlGaAs layer. The ionization rate ratio (hole to electron) as determined by excess multiplication noise measurement is reduced from a value of 0.5 at x=0.3 to 0.14 at x=0.45. At higher values of x, corresponding to the onset of indirect electron transitions, the noise is increased.
ML0405 and ML2331 Are Antigens of<i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>with Potential for Diagnosis of Leprosy (2006)

Despite the success of multidrug therapy in reducing the number of registered leprosy cases worldwide, evidence suggests that Mycobacterium leprae continues to be transmitted. A serological diagnostic test capable of identifying and allowing treatment of early-stage disease could reduce transmission and prevent the onset of the disability, a common complication of the disease in later stages. Serological diagnosis based on antibody recognition of phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) cannot reliably identify individuals with lower bacterial indices (BI). One strategy that might improve this situation is the provision of highly specific serological antigens that may be combined with PGL-I to improve the sensitivity of diagnosis. Using serological expression cloning with a serum pool of untreated lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients, we identified 14 strongly reactive M. leprae proteins, 5 of which were previously unstudied. We present results suggesting that two of these proteins, ML0405 and ML2331, demonstrate the ability to specifically identify LL/borderline lepromatous (BL) patients on the basis of immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivity. In a household contact study, LL index cases were identified on the basis of this reactivity, while household contacts of these patients demonstrated undetectable reactivity. At a serum dilution of 1:800, suitable to reduce background PGL-I IgM reactivity, two BL patients with a BI of <4 showed anti-human polyvalent immunoglobulin G, A, and M reactivity measured with a combination of ML0405, ML2331, and natural disaccharide O-linked human serum albumin (NDOHSA) (synthetic PGL-I) that was markedly higher than IgM reactivity to NDOHSA alone. We suggest that ML0405 and ML2331 may have utility in serological leprosy diagnosis.
New Molecular Mechanism Underlying Dominance Relationships (2011)

有性生殖で生まれる子供は，両親から1組ずつの遺伝子を受け継ぐ．受け継いだ2組の対立遺伝子のうち，メンデルの優性の法則に従って，いずれか一方の形質のみが現われる場合が数多く知られている．しかし，なぜ一方の対立遺伝子の形質のみが現われるのか，その機構がきちんと解明された例は意外に少ない．アブラナ科植物の自家不和合性の花粉側S因子をコードするSP11遺伝子の優劣性現象を解析する過程で，従来の機構とはまったく異なる優劣性制御機構が発見された．ここでは，small RNAを介したSP11遺伝子の優劣性制御機構について紹介する．
Long-term behavior of expansive concrete drilled shafts (1986)

The research reported here is a continuation of work reported earlier in which it was concluded that the use of expansive cement concrete increased the side resistance of drilled shafts (bored piles) in stiff clay by as much as 50% over that in normal concrete shafts and reduced the settlement by about 50%. The conclusions were based on tests conducted at a concrete age of about 2 months. A year and a half later, the three shafts (one made with normal concrete and two made with expansive concrete) were tested again and the same comparatively better behavior of expansive concrete shafts was observed. The base capacities of all the shafts increased over this period owing to the consolidation of soil caused by residual base stresses following the initial tests. The shafts were later extracted for visual observation and coring. The compression tests on concrete cores obtained from various depths along the shafts indicated that expansive concrete behaves as a sound structural material in the long term. The gains in strength and stiffness of expansive concrete over normal concrete over a period of 2 years were found to be significant. Key words: base bearing capacity, bored pile, cement (expansive), concrete (structural), drilled shaft, expansion, frictional capacity, long-term behavior, settlement.
A Minimal Spiking Neural Network to Rapidly Train and Classify Handwritten Digits in Binary and 10-Digit Tasks (2015)

This paper reports the results of experiments to develop a minimal neural network for pattern classification. The network uses biologically plausible neural and learning mechanisms and is applied to a subset of the MNIST dataset of handwritten digits. The research goal is to assess the classification power of a very simple biologically motivated mechanism. The network architecture is primarily a feedforward spiking neural network (SNN) composed of Izhikevich regular spiking (RS) neurons and conductance-based synapses. The weights are trained with the spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) learning rule. The proposed SNN architecture contains three neuron layers which are connected by both static and adaptive synapses. Visual input signals are processed by the first layer to generate input spike trains. The second and third layers contribute to spike train segmentation and STDP learning, respectively. The network is evaluated by classification accuracy on the handwritten digit images from the MNIST dataset. The simulation results show that although the proposed SNN is trained quickly without error-feedbacks in a few number of iterations, it results in desirable performance (97.6%) in the binary classification (0 and 1). In addition, the proposed SNN gives acceptable recognition accuracy in 10-digit (0-9) classification in comparison with statistical methods such as support vector machine (SVM) and multi-perceptron neural network.
Hyperproduction of tryptophan by Escherichia coli: genetic manipulation of the pathways leading to tryptophan formation (1979)

Conversion of glucose and ammonium salts into tryptophan by mutants of Escherichia coli was examined as part of a feasibility study on the manufacture of tryptophan. This involved construction, largely by transduction, or a variety of multiple-mutation strains with defined genotypes. By comparing the properties of these strains, we were able to define in biochemical terms several changes that significantly enhance process productivity, namely (i) release of the first enzyme of the common pathway of aromatic biosynthesis and the first enzyme of the tryptophan pathway (3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase and the anthranilate aggregate, respectively) from inhibition by end products, (ii) blockage of the diversion of chorismate to phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis, and (iii) presence of highly elevated tryptophan pathway enzyme levels, such as result from interference with both repression and attenuation, combined with gene amplification. By using strains carrying appropriate mutations to effect all of these changes, high values of specific productivity were obtained in bath culture (approximately 80 mg/g [dry weight] per h). Furthermore, a pronounced decay in the level of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase activity was implicated as a cause of declining process producitivity during stationary phase, emphasizing the value of having derepressed levels of this enzyme.
Involvement of SNAP-25 in TRH-induced exocytosis in pituitary GH4C1 cells (1997)

The synaptic membrane protein synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP-25) has recently been implicated as one of the key proteins involved in exocytotic membrane fusion in neurons. However, the role of SNAP-25 in pituitary hormone release is not known. In this study, we determined that SNAP-25 is involved in regulated exocytosis in the clonal pituitary cell line GH4C1. SNAP-25 messenger RNA and protein were detected in GH4C1 cells by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis, respectively. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that SNAP-25 protein was localized in the plasma membrane. Next, to determine the function of SNAP-25 in GH4C1 cells, specific inhibitors of SNAP-25, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)/A or /E, and antisense SNAP-25 oligonucleotide were used. Neither BoNT/A nor BoNT/E affected thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced cytosolic Ca2+ increase, but both inhibited TRH-induced exocytosis. Moreover, they dose-dependently inhibited TRH-induced prolactin release. The introduction of antisense oligonucleotide into the cells also inhibited TRH-induced prolactin release. These results suggest that SNAP-25 is involved in regulated exocytosis in GH4C1 cells.
Formation of bis(chloromethyl) ether from formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of bis(chloromethyl) ether from formaldehyde and hydrogen chlorideLawrence S. Frankel, Keith S. McCallum, and Ledelle CollierCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1974, 8, 4, 356–359Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60089a002https://doi.org/10.1021/es60089a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views363Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Metoprolol CR/XL in Female Patients With Heart Failure (2002)

The beneficial effects of metoprolol CR/XL extend to women with heart failure, including women with clinically stable severe heart failure.
A self-contained polymeric cartridge for automated biological sample preparation (2011)

Sample preparation is one of the most crucial processes for nucleic acids based disease diagnosis. Several steps are required for nucleic acids extraction, impurity washes, and DNA/RNA elution. Careful sample preparation is vital to the obtaining of reliable diagnosis, especially with low copies of pathogens and cells. This paper describes a low-cost, disposable lab cartridge for automatic sample preparation, which is capable of handling flexible sample volumes of 10 μl to 1 ml. This plastic cartridge contains all the necessary reagents for pathogen and cell lysis, DNA/RNA extraction, impurity washes, DNA/RNA elution and waste processing in a completely sealed cartridge. The entire sample preparation processes are automatically conducted within the cartridge on a desktop unit using a pneumatic fluid manipulation approach. Reagents transportation is achieved with a combination of push and pull forces (with compressed air and vacuum, respectively), which are connected to the pneumatic inlets at the bottom of the cartridge. These pneumatic forces are regulated by pinch valve manifold and two pneumatic syringe pumps within the desktop unit. The performance of this pneumatic reagent delivery method was examined. We have demonstrated the capability of the on-cartridge RNA extraction and cancer-specific gene amplification from 10 copies of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The on-cartridge DNA recovery efficiency was 54-63%, which was comparable to or better than the conventional manual approach using silica spin column. The lab cartridge would be suitable for integration with lab-chip real-time polymerase chain reaction devices in providing a portable system for decentralized disease diagnosis.
Treatment of Ankle Sprains With External Compression and Early Mobilization (1985)

In brief: Edema associated with the inversion ankle sprain can be minimized by using a U- shaped compression pad held in place against the soft tissue around the fibular malleolus by an elastic wrap or tape. Control of edema allows earlier mobilization of the ankle joint, which reduces recovery time and permits the earliest possible return to sports participation. Factors to be considered in the construction of a compression pad include shaping, firmness, and conformability to the contours of the ankle and foot. Optimal results are obtained through continuous use of a U-shaped pad beneath an adjustable form of compression for as long as the potential for edema exists.
An Integrated Approach to Finish Machining of RP Parts (2002)

An integrated approach to finish machining of RP parts and tools has been developed at the University of Rhode Island. Pre-processing operations, including surface offsets to add machining stock, and post-processing operations, including CNC tool-path generation, have been combined into one integrated set of software algorithms to make possible the effective finishing of near-net parts and tools from RP. An in-depth description of the uniquely developed STL vertex offset algorithm will be explored as well as an automatic method for adaptive raster milling, sharp edge contour machining and hole drilling from STL files. The time involved and surface finish benefits of the developed methodology will be compared to alternative approaches.
Advanced SOI CMOS transistor technologies for high-performance microprocessor applications (2009)

We present an overview of partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator (PD-SOI) CMOS transistor technologies for high-performance microprocessors. To achieve a ldquohigh performance per wattrdquo figure of merit, transistor technology elements like PD-SOI, strained Si, aggressive junction scaling, and asymmetric devices need hand-in-hand development with multiple-core and power-efficient designs. These techniques have been developed, applied, and optimized for 45 nm SOI volume manufacturing at GLOBALFOUNDRIES in Dresden. To enable further transistor scaling to 32 nm design rules, high-K metal-gate (HKMG) technology is key. Gate-first and replacement-gate HKMG integration as well as future strained Si technologies like strained silicon directly bonded on SOI and embedded Si:C are discussed.
Genome duplication and mutations in <i>ACE2</i> cause multicellular, fast-sedimenting phenotypes in evolved <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2013)

Significance The shift from unicellular to multicellular life forms represents a key innovation step in the evolution of life on Earth. However, knowledge on the evolutionary pressures resulting in the selection of multicellular life forms and the underlying molecular mechanisms is far from complete. Our study provides a complete identification of the specific genetic changes by which the unicellular eukaryote S. cerevisiae can acquire a multicellular, fast-sedimenting phenotype. We demonstrated that a minimal evolutionary mechanism encompassed a deregulation of the late step of the cell cycle through mutation in ACE2 followed by whole genome duplication.
Pyridazines. I. 3-Methylpyridazine N-Oxides. (1963)

3-Methylpyridazine 1-oxide (II) and 2-oxide (III) were separated from the N-oxidation products of 3-methylpyridazine (I). Nitration of II could not be accomplished, but III gave 3-methyl-mononitropyridazine 2-oxide (VI) in good yield. The nitro group of VI was proved to be in 5-position. Reaction of 3-methyl-6-methoxypyridazine 2-oxide (IX) with phosphoryl chloride gave 3-methyl-5-chloro-6-methoxypyridazine (XIX) and with acetic anhydride gave 6-methoxy-3-pyridazinemethanol acetate (XXI).
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase-Rescue of Dystrophin/Utrophin Double Knockout Mice does not Require nNOS Localization to the Cell Membrane (2011)

Survival of dystrophin/utrophin double-knockout (dko) mice was increased by muscle-specific expression of a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) transgene. Dko mice expressing the transgene (nNOS TG+/dko) experienced delayed onset of mortality and increased life-span. The nNOS TG+/dko mice demonstrated a significant decrease in the concentration of CD163+, M2c macrophages that can express arginase and promote fibrosis. The decrease in M2c macrophages was associated with a significant reduction in fibrosis of heart, diaphragm and hindlimb muscles of nNOS TG+/dko mice. The nNOS transgene had no effect on the concentration of cytolytic, CD68+, M1 macrophages. Accordingly, we did not observe any change in the extent of muscle fiber lysis in the nNOS TG+/dko mice. These findings show that nNOS/NO (nitric oxide)-mediated decreases in M2c macrophages lead to a reduction in the muscle fibrosis that is associated with increased mortality in mice lacking dystrophin and utrophin. Interestingly, the dramatic and beneficial effects of the nNOS transgene were not attributable to localization of nNOS protein at the cell membrane. We did not detect any nNOS protein at the sarcolemma in nNOS TG+/dko muscles. This important observation shows that sarcolemmal localization is not necessary for nNOS to have beneficial effects in dystrophic tissue and the presence of nNOS in the cytosol of dystrophic muscle fibers can ameliorate the pathology and most importantly, significantly increase life-span.
Management of Childhood Onset Nephrotic Syndrome (2009)

The therapeutic approach to childhood nephrotic syndrome is based on a series of studies that began with an international collaborative effort sponsored by the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children in 1967. The characteristics of children presenting with nephrotic syndrome have changed over recent decades with greater frequency of the challenging condition focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and a greater prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus, which may be resistant to glucocorticoids in the former and exacerbated by long-term glucocorticoid therapy in the latter 2 conditions. The Children's Nephrotic Syndrome Consensus Conference was formed to systematically review the published literature and generate a children's primary nephrotic syndrome guideline for use in educational, therapeutic, and research venues.