gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Orthopoxvirus Type I Interferon-Binding Molecule as a Vaccine Target in the Vaccinia Virus Intranasal Murine Challenge Model (2010)

The biological threat imposed by orthopoxviruses warrants the development of safe and effective vaccines. We developed a candidate orthopoxvirus DNA-based vaccine, termed 4pox, which targets four viral structural components, A33, B5, A27, and L1. While this vaccine protects mice and nonhuman primates from lethal infections, we are interested in further enhancing its potency. One approach to enhance potency is to include additional orthopoxvirus immunogens. Here, we investigated whether vaccination with the vaccinia virus (VACV) interferon (IFN)-binding molecule (IBM) could protect BALB/c mice against lethal VACV challenge. We found that vaccination with this molecule failed to significantly protect mice from VACV when delivered alone. IBM modestly augmented protection when delivered together with the 4pox vaccine. All animals receiving the 4pox vaccine plus IBM lived, whereas only 70% of those receiving a single dose of 4pox vaccine survived. Mapping studies using truncated mutants revealed that vaccine-generated antibodies spanned the immunoglobulin superfamily domains 1 and 2 and, to a lesser extent, 3 of the IBM. These antibodies inhibited IBM cell binding and IFN neutralization activity, indicating that they were functionally active. This study shows that DNA vaccination with the VACV IBM results in a robust immune response but that this response does not significantly enhance protection in a high-dose challenge model.
Immunologic aspect of ovarian cancer and p53 as tumor antigen (2005)

Abstract Ovarian cancer represents the fifth leading cause of death from all cancers for women. During the last decades overall survival has improved due to the use of new chemotherapy schedules. Still, the majority of patients die of this disease. Research reveals that ovarian cancer patients exhibit significant immune responses against their tumor. In this review the knowledge obtained thus far on the interaction of ovarian cancer tumor cells and the immune system is discussed. Furthermore the role of p53 as tumor antigen and its potential role as target antigen in ovarian cancer is summarized. Based on the increased knowledge on the role of the immune system in ovarian cancer major improvements are to be expected of immunotherapy based treatment of this disease.
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Tumor Cell Metabolism and Application to Therapy Response Monitoring (2016)

Cancer cells do reprogram their energy metabolism to enable several functions, such as generation of biomass including membrane biosynthesis, and overcoming bioenergetic and redox stress. In this article, we review both established and evolving radioprobes developed in association with positron emission tomography (PET) to detect tumor cell metabolism and effect of treatment. Measurement of enhanced tumor cell glycolysis using 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose is well established in the clinic. Analogs of choline, including [(11)C]choline and various fluorinated derivatives are being tested in several cancer types clinically with PET. In addition to these, there is an evolving array of metabolic tracers for measuring intracellular transport of glutamine and other amino acids or for measuring glycogenesis, as well as probes used as surrogates for fatty acid synthesis or precursors for fatty acid oxidation. In addition to providing us with opportunities for examining the complex regulation of reprogramed energy metabolism in living subjects, the PET methods open up opportunities for monitoring pharmacological activity of new therapies that directly or indirectly inhibit tumor cell metabolism.
Selective Imaging and Inactivation of Bacteria over Mammalian Cells by Imidazolium-Substituted Polythiophene (2017)

Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections have become a serious public health threat. In an effort to address this threat, we develop an imidazolium-functionalized conjugated polyelectrolyte that exhibits profound light-activated biocidal activity. Here we report the synthesis, photophysical properties, and biocidal activity of a regioregular head-to-tail polythiophene substituted with cationic imidazolium units (P3HT-Im) prepared by Grignard metathesis controlled polymerization. In water, P3HT-Im has a broad absorption in the visible region and exhibited a remarkably high biocidal efficiency with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at sub-microgram per milliliter concentrations. Moreover, mammalian cell studies suggest that P3HT-Im is nontoxic to mammalian cells at concentrations of ≤20 μg/mL over a short time scale (≤1 h) in the dark and light, and the targeting rate-dependent selective mechanism is revealed. This study demonstrates the capability of P3HT-Im to achieve selective imaging and inactivation of bacteria over mammalian cells, suggesting that the polymer has significant potential for ameliorating antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a clinical setting.
Untersuchungen zum reaktionsverhalten beim vorliegen von depolymerisationsreaktionen. Untersuchung von copolymerisationen des α‐methylstyrols (1996)

Abstract Für die radikalischen Copolymerisationen von α‐Methylstyrol (MS) mit Methacrylnitril (MAN) sowie MS mit Acrylnitril (AN) wurden Untersuchungen zur Prüfung der in der Literatur postulierten kinetischen Modelle des „sequenzlängenunabhängigen”︁ bzw. „sequenzlängenabhängigen”︁ Terminalmodells mit Depolymerisationsschritten durchgeführt. Sie basieren auf Analysen der Sequenzverteilungen aus 13 C‐NMR‐Spektren. Resultate von 13 C‐NMR‐Untersuchungen an MS/MAN‐Polymeren variabler Zusammensetzung werden vorgestellt. Reaktionsparameter und Gleichgewichtskonstanten wurden direkt aus den Informationen der 13 C‐NMR‐Spektren für das Terminalmodell mit Depolymerisationsschritten in Abhängigkeit von der Reaktionstemperatur der Polymeren bestimmt. Hieraus konnten die Polymerisationsenthalpie ΔH = 26,5 ± 0,5 kJ mol −1 , die Polymerisationsentropie ΔS = 95 ± 5 J mol −1 K −1 sowie die Ceilingtemperatur T ceiling = 65 ± 1°C für MS bestimmt werden. Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß im Rahmen der Terminalnäherung auch mit Berücksichtigung von Depolymerisationseinflüssen keine adäquate Beschreibung des Copolymerisationsverhaltens im Falle der untersuchten Systeme möglich ist. Vielmehr konnten als Ergebnis der Untersuchungen sowohl in Copolymeren von MS mit AN als auch mit MAN signifikante Penultimate‐Effekte nachgewiesen werden. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wird die Anwendung eines auf einer Penultimate‐Näherung basierenden Modells, welches auch das Gleichgewicht in den Wachstumsreaktionen von MS berücksichtigt, zur theoretischen Vorhersage des Copolymerisationsverhaltens vorgeschlagen.
Electronic structure of the amorphous oxide semiconductor a‐InGaZnO<sub>4–<i>x</i></sub>: Tauc–Lorentz optical model and origins of subgap states (2009)

Abstract This paper discusses an optical model and subgap electronic states for a representative amorphous oxide semiconductor, InGaZnO 4 (a‐IGZO). Parameterized optical models were developed based on the Tauc–Lorentz model combined with a Lorentz‐type oscillator. The measured optical absorption spectra exhibit nearly linear dependences on photon energy ( E ) between 3 eV < E < 5 eV, which requires the transition energies in the Tauc–Lorentz model ( E 0,TL ) being around 4 eV. The optimized parameters for the fixed E 0,TL of 3.7 eV are provided for four different a‐IGZO films with root‐mean‐square errors less than 1%. Formation energies of crystalline IGZO, stoichiometric a‐IGZO, oxygen deficient a‐IGZO and their constituent oxides were calculated by the density functional theory using the local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation with PBE96 functionals (PBE). PBE gives larger unit cell volumes at the ground states and better agreement in the formation energies than LDA does. The formation energies of an oxygen deficiency in a‐IGZO were calculated to be 3.2–3.5 eV. The calculated electronic structures of stoichiometric a‐IGZO models exhibit somewhat large dispersions for conduction bands (CB), which are not largely affected by the disordered structure in a‐IGZO, while the dispersions of the valence bands (VBs) are very small, unlike the crystalline IGZO, showing that a‐IGZO have strongly localized states at the VB maximums (VBMs). Oxygen‐deficient a‐IGZO models showed that oxygen deficiencies form both a deep localized state at 0.4–1 eV above VBM and a shallow donor state depending on local atomic configurations. An oxygen deficiency that forms a deep state breaks the dispersion of the CB, which could be an origin of the subgap states observed near CB. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cryptographic support for fault-tolerant distributed computing (1996)

Mobile processes, or agents, have been proposed for a variety of applications in the Internet and other large distributed systems. But little work has been directed at operating-system support for agents. This paper discusses one aspect of the problem---implementing fault-tolerance without specialized hardware.In traditional client-server settings, a central and trusted host may send all messages and receive all replies, thereby implementing a star-shaped communications pattern. In contrast, an agent can execute autonomously at a succession of remote sites without returning to the host that launched it. Thus, computations structured using agents may consume less network-bandwidth in performing tasks that involve multiple hosts. Moreover, for some settings, it is unrealistic to presume the existence of a central host that remains connected to the network---mobile computing and wireless networks are obvious examples.In an open distributed system, agents comprising an application must not only survive (possibly malicious) failures of the hosts they visit, but they must also be resilient to the potentially hostile actions of other hosts. Correctness of a computation should depend only on hosts that would be visited in a failure-free run. We assume that faulty hosts produce erroneous messages, that they can masquerade as other faulty hosts, but that they cannot assume the identities and do not have access to secrets of non-faulty hosts.Replication and voting are necessary to survive malicious behavior by visited hosts. However, faulty hosts that are not visited by agents can confound a naive replica-management scheme by spoofing. With this in mind, we have been investigating protocols for replication and voting in a family of applications. Our protocols use cryptographic techniques in novel ways. Furthermore, our experiments reveal that fast (correct) hosts can mask delays caused by slow ones, so replication actually speeds up some applications.Section 2 characterizes the family of applications treated in this paper. Section 3 describes experiments we ran to explore performance implications of replication and voting in this setting. The role of cryptographic techniques in our protocols is discussed in section 4. Section 5 contains our conclusions.
Bayesian wavelet shrinkage with edge detection for SAR image despeckling (2004)

In this paper, we present a wavelet-based despeckling method for synthetic aperture radar images and derive a Bayesian wavelet shrinkage factor to estimate noise-free wavelet coefficients. To preserve edges during despeckling, we apply a modified ratio edge detector to the original image and use the obtained edge information in our despeckling framework. Experimental results demonstrate that our method compares favorably to several other despeckling methods on test images.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF OPTOMETRY (1956)

School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, California Oakland, California School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, California *Read before the Second Western Regional Meeting of the American Academy of Optometry, Los Angeles, California, April 16, 1955. For publication in the January, 1956, issue of the American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry. †Optometrist. M.Opt. Graduate Student in Physiological Optics. ‡Optometrist. B.S. §Optometrist. Ph.D., Member of faculty. Fellow, American Academy of Optometry.
Dynamic universal accumulators for DDH groups and their application to attribute-based anonymous credential systems (2009)

We present the first dynamic universal accumulator that allows (1) the accumulation of elements in a DDH-hard group G and (2) one who knows x such that y = gx has - or has not - been accumulated, where g generates G, to efficiently prove her knowledge of such x in zero knowledge, and hence without revealing, e.g., x or y. We introduce the Attribute-Based Anonymous Credential System, which allows the verifier to authenticate anonymous users according to any access control policy expressible as a formula of possibly negated boolean user attributes. We construct the system from our accumulator.
Traffic-Incident Detection-Algorithm Based on Nonparametric Regression (2005)

This paper proposes an improved nonparametric regression (INPR) algorithm for forecasting traffic flows and its application in automatic detection of traffic incidents. The INPRA is constructed based on the searching method of nearest neighbors for a traffic-state vector and its main advantage lies in forecasting through possible trends of traffic flows, instead of just current traffic states, as commonly used in previous forecasting algorithms. Various simulation results have indicated the viability and effectiveness of the proposed new algorithm. Several performance tests have been conducted using actual traffic data sets and results demonstrate that INPRs average absolute forecast errors, average relative forecast errors, and average computing times are the smallest comparing with other forecasting algorithms.
Subchondral Bone Marrow Edema in Patients with Degeneration of the Articular Cartilage of the Knee Joint (2006)

Higher grades of articular cartilage defects are associated with higher prevalence and greater depth and cross-sectional area of subchondral bone marrow edema.
Synthetic Photochromic Sodalite (1969)

Synthetic photochromic sodalite was prepared (1) by solid‐state reaction, (2) from zeolite X‐SO 2 or zeolite X‐H 2 S, and (3) hydrothermally; the preparations are compared and discussed. X‐ray diffraction, ultraviolet and visible light absorption (transmission and reflection), and ESR data served to follow the reactions and characterize the products. The content of sulfur and chlorine and the S: C1 ratio affect the depth of color and the bleaching rate. The partial substitution of other halogens for C1 may speed up or slow down the coloring rate as a function of electronegativity. Fluorine may shift the visible absorption maximum from 5300 to 5100 Å. Stoichiometry and ESR data indicate that the photochromism is effected by the transfer of an electron between sulfur as S 2 = and a C1 vacancy between four sodium atoms.
Engineering Molecular Crystals: Backbreaking, yet Gratifying (2017)

A personal account of the hurdles encountered when studying each of the aspects of crystal engineering, namely, designing, building, and using crystal structures. Examples are given to illustrate the "backbreaking" nature of the crystal engineering endeavor, as well as the limitations of our current abilities to understand, engineer, and maintain molecular crystals.
FKBP12 Binding to RyR1 Modulates Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Mouse Skeletal Myotubes (2003)

The skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel or ryanodine receptor (RyR1) binds four molecules of FKBP12, and the interaction of FKBP12 with RyR1 regulates both unitary and coupled gating of the channel. We have characterized the physiologic effects of previously identified mutations in RyR1 that disrupt FKBP12 binding (V2461G and V2461I) on excitation-contraction (EC) coupling and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis following their expression in skeletal myotubes derived from RyR1-knockout (dyspedic) mice. Wild-type RyR1-, V246I-, and V2461G-expressing myotubes exhibited similar resting Ca2+ levels and maximal responses to caffeine (10 mm) and cyclopiazonic acid (30 microm). However, maximal voltage-gated Ca2+ release in V2461G-expressing myotubes was reduced by approximately 50% compared with that attributable to wild-type RyR1 (deltaF/Fmax = 1.6 +/- 0.2 and 3.1 +/- 0.4, respectively). Dyspedic myotubes expressing the V2461I mutant protein, that binds FKBP12.6 but not FKBP12, exhibited a comparable reduction in voltage-gated SR Ca2+ release (deltaF/Fmax = 1.0 +/- 0.1). However, voltage-gated Ca2+ release in V2461I-expressing myotubes was restored to a normal level (deltaF/Fmax = 2.9 +/- 0.6) following co-expression of FKBP12.6. None of the mutations that disrupted FKBP binding to RyR1 significantly affected RyR1-mediated enhancement of L-type Ca2+ channel activity (retrograde coupling). These data demonstrate that FKBP12 binding to RyR1 enhances the gain of skeletal muscle EC coupling.
Chemical reaction at the Al–GaAs interface (1981)

Interfacial chemical reactions between thermally aged films of aluminum on GaAs have been observed using surface reflection Raman scattering. The measurements provide identification of the chemical composition of the reacted interfacial layer. Under thermal aging conditions in which the aluminum overlayer is not totally reacted, AlAs was observed as the reaction product. Depletion of the aluminum overlayer followed by continued reaction leads to the observation of an interdiffused AlxGa1−xAs layer.
Frank elastic-constant anisotropy measured from transmission-electron-microscope images of disclinations (1989)

A transmission-electron-microscope technique enables direct visualization of the director field of a liquid-crystal polymer at a resolution of 30 nm. Continuum mechanics is used to describe distortions in the director field produced by a disclination, and the relative bend and splay elastic anisotropy for various polymers is measured. The elastic anisotropy varies significantly with small chemical differences. Effect of molecular weight is discussed. This technique should also yield information of disclination core structure.
Determination of D-Glucose in Corn Sirups (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of D-Glucose in Corn SirupsR. L. Whistler, Leslie Hough, and J. W. HylinCite this: Anal. Chem. 1953, 25, 8, 1215–1216Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60080a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60080a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views93Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Möglichkeiten zur Gewinnung von Ubichinonen aus methylotrophen Bakterienbiomassen (1992)

Abstract Methylotrophe Bakterienbiomassen. die bei biotechnologischen Verfahren als Sekundärprodukt anfallen, können eine Rohstoffquelle für Ubichinone, insbesondere für das Ubichinon‐10, darstellen. Möglichkeiten zur Gewinnung der Ubichinone wurden an Anfall‐Biomassen aus der mikrobiellen Gluconsäureproduktion, aus der Produktion von intrazellulärer Poly‐β‐hydroxybuttersäure (PHB) sowie aus der Abwasserreinigung studiert. Die Ubichinone wurden aus den Biomassen mittels Hochdruckextraktion mit CO 2 unter Zusatz von Methanol oder Ethanol als Selektivlösungsmittel extrahiert. Die Hochdruckextraktion der Ubichinone ist gegenüber der Flüssigextraktion besonders effektiv. Vorteile sind der Anfall geringer Extraktmengen und hohe Ubichinongehalte im Extrakt. Die Reingewinnung der Ubichinone kann mittels präparativer HPLC vorgenommen werden.
Chemically Modified Emulsion SBR in Tire Treads (2008)

Abstract A series of Emulsion SBRs (E-SBR) with polar and nonpolar third co-monomers are studied in silica filled compounds. The applied third co-monomers include polar types such as acrylonitrile (ACN), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) and 1-vinylpyridine (VP) and nonpolar types such as isoprene and 1,3-pentadiene. The impact of the third co-monomers on compound reinforcement, hysteresis, abradability and viscoelastic properties is studied for single polymer compounds as well as polymer blends with 1,4-cis-polybutadiene (cis-BR) and Natural Rubber (NR). Changes in miscibility of the polymer blends are studied via viscoelastic temperature sweeps and via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). All blends show a miscibility behavior in agreement with Hildebrand solubility parameter predictions. The nonpolar co-monomers lead to an increased miscibility while the polar co-monomers reduce the miscibility with cis-BR and NR. These changes only show up in blend Tg's and viscoelastic response and stay associated with a heterogeneous AFM blend structure with different degrees of mixed phase compositions. The impact of the third co-monomers is more pronounced in the case of cis-BR than in the case of NR blends in this study. The preferred chemically modified ESBR is the one with 3% HPMA showing improved performance relative to unmodified ESBR and unmodified Solution SBR (SSBR).
Statistical analysis of NIR data: data pretreatment (1997)

In the statistical analysis of near-infrared (NIR) data arising from the calibration of NIR instruments, two steps are often involved. The first one is data pretreatment, which usually refers to transformation of NIR spectra (e.g. the samples of predictor variables using statistical regression terminology) with the goal of reducing large baseline variations, dimensionality, collinearity and/or noise level of the observed spectra. The pretreatment is needed partly because measured spectra usually have large baseline variation and/or substantial noise and have a low ratio of the sample size to the number of predictor variables. The second step is calibration modeling and involves the application of statistical regression methods to the pretreated NIR data. This paper deals with the data pretreatment step and in particular, a method based on principal component analysis is presented for attacking the problem of large baseline variation. The usefulness of the described method is illustrated through a simulation study and its application to the analysis of a set of real NIR data. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.