gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved Incremental J-Integral Equations for Determining Crack Growth Resistance Curves (2012)

The J-integral resistance curve is the most important material properties in fracture mechanics that is often used for structural integrity assessment. ASTM E1820 is a commonly accepted fracture toughness test standard for measuring the critical value of J-integral at the onset of ductile fracture and J-R curve during ductile crack tearing. The recommended test procedure is the elastic unloading compliance method. For a stationary crack, the J-integral is simply calculated from the area under the load-displacement record using the η-factor equation. For a growing crack, the J-integral is calculated using the incremental equation proposed by Ernst et al. (1981, “Estimations on J-integral and Tearing Modulus T From a Single Specimen Test Record,” Fracture Mechanics: Thirteenth Conference, ASTM STP 743, pp. 476–502) to consider the crack growth correction. For the purpose of obtaining accurate J-integral values, ASTM E1820 requires small and uniform crack growth increments in a J-R curve test. In order to allow larger crack growth increments in an unloading compliance test, an improved J-integral estimation is needed. Based on the numerical integration techniques of forward rectangular, backward rectangular, and trapezoidal rules, three incremental J-integral equations are developed. It demonstrates that the current ASTM E1820 procedure is similar to the forward rectangular result, and the existing Garwood equation is similar to the backward rectangular result. The trapezoidal result has a higher accuracy than the other two, and thus it is proposed as a new formula to increase the accuracy of a J-R curve when a larger crack growth increment is used in testing. An analytic approach is then developed and used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed incremental equations using single-edge bending and compact tension specimens for different hardening materials. It is followed by an experimental evaluation using actual fracture test data for HY80 steel. The results show that the proposed incremental J-integral equations can obtain much improved results of J-R curves for larger crack growth increments and are more accurate than the present ASTM E1820 equation.
Condensations. XIII. The Alkylation of Ethyl Isobutyrate and of Certain other Esters by Means of Sodium Triphenylmethyl and Alkyl Halides (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCondensations. XIII. The Alkylation of Ethyl Isobutyrate and of Certain other Esters by Means of Sodium Triphenylmethyl and Alkyl HalidesBoyd E. Hudson Jr. and Charles R. HauserCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 9, 2457–2459Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01866a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01866a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Methanolysis of sphingomyelin: toward an epimerization-free methodology for the preparation of d-erythro-sphingosylphosphocholine (2000)

It is well known that acid hydrolysis of natural sphingomyelin in aqueous methanol or 1-butanol at refluxing temperature is accompanied by epimerization at the C-3 position of the long-chain base. An improved procedure for the hydrolysis of commercially available, naturally occurring sphingomyelin is described. Prolonged exposure (3;-4 days) of sphingomyelin to freshly prepared 0.5 M anhydrous methanolic hydrogen chloride (generated by trapping the gas evolved from the reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid with solid sodium chloride in anhydrous methanol) at 50 degrees C resulted in cleavage of the amide side chain. The extent of epimerization of the allylic alcohol stereocenter was quantified by integration of the C-5 signal of the (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of lysosphingomyelin. The method described here is superior to the traditional acid hydrolysis methods because it provides the product as a approximately 10:1 ratio of d-erythro/l-threo epimers; in contrast, a ratio of approximately 1. 3:1 was obtained by the previous methods. We also report that use of dichloromethane as a cosolvent with N,N-dimethylformamide in the reaction of lysosphingomyelin with an activated fatty acid reduced the time required for completion of the N-acylation reaction.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Calcium Homeostasis in Pancreatic Beta Cells (2019)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mediates the first steps of protein assembly within the secretory pathway and is the site where protein folding and quality control are initiated. The storage and release of Ca2+ are critical physiological functions of the ER. Disrupted ER homeostasis activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), a pathway which attempts to restore cellular equilibrium in the face of ER stress. Unremitting ER stress, and insufficient compensation for it results in beta-cell apoptosis, a process that has been linked to both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Both types are characterized by progressive beta-cell failure and a loss of beta-cell mass, although the underlying causes are different. The reduction of mass occurs secondary to apoptosis in the case of T2D, while beta cells undergo autoimmune destruction in T1D. In this review, we examine recent findings that link the UPR pathway and ER Ca2+ to beta cell dysfunction. We also discuss how UPR activation in beta cells favors cell survival versus apoptosis and death, and how ER protein chaperones are involved in regulating ER Ca2+ levels. Abbreviations: BiP, Binding immunoglobulin Protein ER; endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD, ER-associated protein degradation; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; KHE, proton-K+ exchanger; MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of young; PERK, PRKR-like ER kinase; SERCA, Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPases; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; UPR, unfolded protein response; WRS, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.
Transient-fault recovery for chip multiprocessors (2003)

Chip-level redundant threading with recovery (CRTR) for chip multiprocessors extends previous transient-fault detection schemes to provide fault recovery. To hide interprocessor latency, CRTR uses a long slack enabled by asymmetric commit and uses the trailing thread state for recovery. CRTR increases bandwidth supply by pipelining communication paths and reduces bandwidth demand by extending the dependence-based checking elision.
Effects of Long‐Term in Vitro Cultivation on Leishmania donovani Promastigotes (1985)

Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani that had been subcultured in modified Tobie's medium for 2 to 3 years showed decreased infectivity and lack of virulence for hamsters and mice compared to newly transformed promastigotes. Amastigotes derived from these long-term promastigote cultures decreased in number rapidly in hamsters, but only slightly in mice, over a 48-day period. In cultured mouse and hamster macrophages infected in vitro, amastigotes derived from long-term cultures rapidly decreased to low numbers, which persisted. The same pattern was seen in macrophages treated with catalase, an inhibitor of the oxygen-dependent killing mechanism of the macrophage. Promastigotes from long-term cultures also differed from virulent first-passage promastigotes in size, growth patterns in Tobie's medium, and in the quantities of some of their antigens.
Prólogo a la segunda edición de los Principia Ethica (1995)

Este prologo inedito * aparece aqui reproducido por gentileza del Bibliotecario de la Universidad y de Timothy Moore. Al igual que ocurre con la mayor parte de los manuscritos de Moore, aparecen numerosas tachaduras y anadidos. Los he seguido alpreparar el texto, salvo en una excepcion que aparece aplicada en una nota almismo. En el sobre que contenia elpresente manuscrito se encontraban otras cuantas paginas que parecen corresponder a borradores mas antiguos del texto. Estas no se hallan reproducidas aqu4 pues es probable que Moore las hubiese rechazado, y no suponen una adicion significativa al texto principal. Entre los papeles de Moore se encuentran, asimismo, otros dos man uscrita¶, que
연구논문 : 서남극 King George 섬 , Fildes 반도의 동쪽 해빈퇴적물 (海濱堆積物) (1988)

This paper discusses heavy mineral assemblages, organisms and micropaleontology from the eastern beach sediments of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands. The aims of this paper are to present preliminary results and to give clues to future research of the study and/or related areas. Heavy mineral assemblages are composed mainly of altered mineral and opaque minerals, clinopyroxenes, amphiboles and epidote. Most of the heavy minerals are derived from volcanic rocks present in Fildes Peninsula. However, relatively high content of mica suggests it might be originated not to be from volcanic rocks of Fildes Peninsula, but to be from acidic rocks present in other areas around Maxwell Bay. Cluster analysis of the data(Q-mode) using UPG method shows three facies: represented by Ardley Cove Hydrographers Cove, and the southern tip of Fildes Peninsula. Hydrographers Cove is separated from Ardley Cove by Ardley Island, and is somewhat protected from the strong wave action of Maxwell Bay. On the other hand, Ardley Cove and the southern tip of Fildes Peninsula are open to the strong wave action of Maxwell Bay. The benthic organisms of the study area is mainly consist of interstitial animals such as very small-sized polychaetes, gastropods, turbellarians and nemertines. Polychaetes are the dominant faunal group as seen in other areas of South Shetland Islands. Occurrence of Foraminifera and Ostracoda seems to reflect faunal ecology and sedimentary environment of the study area. It is recommended that a rather large sample size($gt;1 liter) be made for a quantitative study of micropaleontology and benthic ecology of the areas similar to the study area.
Location of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) p19 antigen on virus-producing cells (1984)

Mouse monoclonal antibody to HTLV p19 was used to locate HTLV p19 on the surface of cells and virions by immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). When HTLV-producing cells HUT 102 (B2 clone), MT-2 and strain A were used as target cells, HTLV p19 was detected on the surface of cells and virions as spots or small sectors by both IFM and IEM. Cells infected with animal type-C retroviruses, e.g., gibbon ape leukemia virus, simian sarcoma virus, feline leukemia virus, and Gross murine leukemia virus, were completely negative for HTLVp19 expression. Other human T cells not producing HTLV, including HUT78 and HSB2-0, immature or pre-T cells (Molt-3) derived from leukemia patients, and fresh peripheral blood T cells from healthy persons, were also negative. In addition, B cells including Rob-B, IM-9, Raji, and BT-1 did not react with the monoclonal antibody to HTLV p19. In the light of the presence of HTLV p19 in the periphery of acetone-fixed HTLV-producing cells as shown by IFM, it seems most likely that HTLV p19 is an internal antigen of HTLV with part of its structure protruding out of the viral and cell membrane. The monoclonal antibody to HTLV p19 did not lyse HTLV-producing cells in the presence of complement, as expected, because the antibody is an IgG1. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was also studied by the 51Cr-release assay. No cytotoxicity was observed. Although HTLV p19 does not contribute to the destruction of malignant T cells for treatment and/or virions for prophylaxis, this protein is an important marker for diagnosis of HTLV infection. The patterns of HTLV p19 expression described above were exactly the same for American HTLV-producing HUT 102 (B2 clone), for strain A cells and for Japanese HTLV-producing MT-2 cells. These results further substantiate the close relationship of the Japanese and American HTLV isolates.
A Plasma-Column Band-Pass Microwave Filter (1962)

A tunable band-pass filter using the dipole resonance of a plasma column has been investigated. The center frequency of the pass band can be electronically tuned over a large portion of a waveguide band. For the prototype investigated at S band, the insertion loss at the center frequency was less than 2 db, with isolation for frequencies outside the pass band on the order of 12 db. A typical 3-db bandwidth of this prototype was 150 Mc. It is expected that this figure can be improved by choice of better discharges than the positive column of the mercury discharge used here. An analysis of the external Q's for the input and output coupling is presented. From these calculations, it is possible to determine approximately the various coupling parameters that produce a given degree of overcoupling.
Beyond Logics of Preservation and Burial: The Display of Distance and Proximity of Traditions in Scriptural Reasoning (2007)

The chapters by Basit Koshul and Steve Kepnes perform a vital service for contemporary discussions of the relations of members of the Abrahamic traditions. Basit Koshul, following Murad, has argued that Islam "squares the circle" by being a vital dissenting voice within modern cultures. He goes on to also argue that that Scriptural Reasoning may be a fruitful means of accomplishing this (see chapter 2, this volume). One aim of this paper is to show that some non-Muslims are sufficiently attentive to this friendly dissent: an unheard voice is not an effective form of criticism, and (to use Koshul's image) circles remain unsquared. I shall make some remarks about this at the end. The more immediate task is to respond, from a Christian perspective, to Steve Kepnes' paper.
Comment on: Audiometric changes associated with the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with co-artemether (2004)

Falciparum malaria remains as big a killer as ever, and is rapidly becoming resistant to available antimalarial drugs. Indeed, the parasite moves at a faster pace than control measures, with drug resistance outpacing drug development. Antimalarial drug resistance is probably one of the biggest public health threats that we face at present, and it is most acutely felt in Africa, which carries most of the malaria burden with limited resources. WHO currently advocates artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) as a strategy to avoid drug resistance. The logic underpinning ACT is compelling: during treatment with two drugs, the chance of a mutant resistant to both drugs emerging can be calculated from the product of the individual per parasite mutation rates (assuming that the resistance mutations are not ‘linked’). The artemisinin-derivatives reduce the parasite biomass by around 4 logs for each asexual cycle and this makes them the most rapidly efficacious antimalarial drugs in use, and makes ACT an attractive proposition.
Compressed Sensing Techniques for Ultrasonic Imaging of Cargo Containers (2016)

This contribution presents a compressed sensing (CS)-based ultrasonic imaging system for fast, low-cost inspection of metallic cargo containers. The idea is to detect the footprint of metallic objects within the container that can be used to conceal smuggling goods. This ultrasonic technology can complement currently deployed X-ray-based radiographic systems and millimeter-wave scanners, thus increasing the probability of detection. The proposed hardware consists of an array of acoustic transceivers that is attached to the metallic structure of the metallic cargo container to create a guided acoustic wave. Variations in the thickness of the metallic structure create reflections that can be located by backpropagating the measured reflected wave. Aiming to reduce the number of acoustic transceivers, this contribution evaluates the feasibility of applying CS techniques in the proposed acoustic imaging system. It has been observed that in the majority of the cases, the acoustic images retrieved by the cargo inspection system are sparse, that is, only those image pixels corresponding to discontinuities in the metallic plate (due to gaps, joints, placement of a metallic object on it) are different from zero. Thus, sparsity condition, which is one of the CS requirements, is satisfied for this particular application. A simulation-based example resembling a real case of cargo inspection is considered for validation purposes. A comparison between standard backpropagation and CS for different number of samples is presented, proving that CS is able to recover the acoustic image with as few as 10% of the samples required by Nyquist sampling rate.
SGN-35, an Anti-CD30 Antibody-Drug Conjugate, Exhibits Potent Antitumor Activity for the Treatment of CD30+ Malignancies. (2005)

Abstract Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cells express high levels of the cell surface receptor CD30, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. To augment the antitumor activity of anti-CD30 based therapies, a novel synthetic anti-mitotic agent, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), has been conjugated to the anti-CD30 antibody cAC10. MMAE was synthetically modified to include a maleimide for conjugation to an antibody and a protease cleavable Val-Cit peptide linker to release the drug from the antibody. The in vitro and in vivo activity of SGN-35, the resulting antibody-drug conjugate, is outlined. SGN-35 has an average of four MMAE molecules per antibody. Cell surface binding, internalization and intracellular release of MMAE were monitored by immunofluoresence and isotope labeling methods. The H-RS cell line L540cy translocates SGN-35 to lysosomes within 16 hours. Analysis of the cellular contents demonstrated that MMAE is rapidly and efficiently liberated from the antibody, and MMAE accumulates inside the cells. After treating L540cy cells with 200 ng/mL of SGN-35 (6 nM MMAE), the intracellular concentration of MMAE reaches 800 nM after 24 hours, rising to nearly 1000 nM after 72 hours. From 24 to 72 hours, about 70% of the intracellular drug is liberated MMAE, while 30% is still bound to the antibody. In vitro potency of SGN-35 was measured by incubating various concentrations of SGN-35 with CD30+ tumor cells and measuring cell viability in culture. SGN-35 had potent, selective in vitro activity with IC50s ranging from 4 to 35 ng/mL for CD30+ cell lines, and an IC50 > 1000 ng/mL for the CD30− line WSU-NHL. This demonstrates that the conjugation of the novel cytotoxic agent MMAE to an antibody can be accomplished without compromising the antibody’s specific binding and internalization. SCID mice were implanted with L540cy and treated with intravenous doses of SGN-35. In mice bearing L540cy xenografts, complete tumor regressions were achieved at doses as low as 2 mg/kg q4dx4. SGN-35 is also highly effective in treating mice with disseminated L540cy implants, at well tolerated doses. Based on the potent cytotoxicity, efficacy in xenograft models, and tolerability, SGN-35 is being advanced toward clinical development in CD30-positive hematologic malignancies.
Effect of food on absorption of cefpodoxime proxetil oral suspension in adults (1995)

The effect of a high-fat meal on absorption of a 200-mg dose of cefpodoxime proxetil oral suspension was evaluated in 20 healthy, male volunteers in a randomized, two-way crossover study. The concentrations of cefpodoxime in plasma and in urine were determined by sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography methods. The area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve, time to peak concentration, and urinary excretion of cefpodoxime were significantly greater (P < or = 0.05) after administration of cefpodoxime proxetil oral suspension with food than under fasting conditions. However, the difference in the areas under the curve between fed and fasted treatments was only 11%, and application of the two one-sided tests procedure showed bioequivalence between treatments for this parameter. The slight increase in the extent of drug absorption and the slower rate of absorption which results when cefpodoxime proxetil is given with food are unlikely to be of clinical importance.
Note on the transmission of radio waves through the Earth (1942)

Abstract Experiments are described and data reported on the attenuation suffered by radio signals in passing through shallow layers of the earth. Comparison is made between the measured attenuations and values computed from published formulae.
Tumor necrosis factor: receptors and inhibitors. (1991)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a highly potent pleiotropic response modifier in inflammatory and immunologic host defense reactions. It can also be toxic to cells and elicit toxic systemic reactions, as evinced by certain pathophysiologic conditions that are initiated or aggravated by an excess of TNF. The cellular mechanisms for transducing TNF signals are complex. There are two forms of TNF, alpha and beta, and two distinct TNF receptors. Many cells express both receptor types simultaneously, even though neither membrane receptor can distinguish between TNF-alpha and TNF-beta. The effects of TNF are inhibited by binding proteins that are truncated fragments of the extracellular domains of the TNF receptors. The mechanisms by which these components of the TNF signal transmission pathways interact to mediate the pleiotropic effects of TNF remain unclear.
Implicit Structure and the Dynamics of Blogspace (2004)

Weblogs link together in a complex structure through which new ideas and discourse can flow. Such a structure is ideal for the study of the propagation of information. In this paper we describe general categories of information epidemics and create a tool to infer and visualize the paths specific infections take through the network. This inference is based in part on a novel utilization of data describing historical, repeating patterns of infection. We conclude with a description of a new ranking algorithm, iRank, for blogs. In contrast to traditional ranking strategies, iRank acts on the implicit link structure to find those blogs that initiate these epidemics.
An energy sensitive cassette for dual‐energy mammography (1989)

A cassette for simultaneously acquiring dual-energy mammographic images is proposed and studied utilizing a theoretical noise analysis model. The cassette consists of a sandwich of two storage phosphor plates separated by a copper filter. The front, low atomic number, plate was assumed to be comprised of SrFBr and the rear, high atomic number, plate of commercially available BaFBr (98 mg/cm2 coating weight). Assuming a constant x-ray tube voltage of 50 kVp and a typical breast thickness, the theoretical model yielded a front SrFBr phosphor coating weight of approximately 21 mg/cm2. The study indicates that a relatively large separation in the average of x-ray photon energies absorbed in the two plates can be obtained. It also indicates that both a high-quality conventional (single energy) digital image and a tissue canceled digital image (i.e., a calcium image) can be obtained at dose levels comparable to those currently employed. The latter image could potentially improve the early detection of cancerous microcalcifications and also lends itself to computer aided diagnosis.