gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between mobility and residual-mechanical-stress as measured by Raman spectroscopy for nitrided-oxide-gate MOSFETs (2002)

The cause of unusual transconductance behavior in MISFETs with nitrided oxide gate insulator films was studied. In particular, the effect of mechanical stress induced by nitrided-oxide films on the transconductance was investigated. The residual mechanical stress in nitrided oxide films was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy and by two-dimensional mechanical stress simulation. It was found that, with higher interfacial nitrogen concentration, the tensile stress rises at the silicon and the gate insulator interface. The transconductance dependence on the mechanical stress was measured by deforming the wafer. All the results suggest that residual tensile stress is one of the causes of the transconductance behavior.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New designer drug α‐pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP): studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques (2009)

The aim of the present study was to identify the metabolites of the new designer drug alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP) in rat urine using GC/MS techniques. Eleven metabolites of PVP could be identified suggesting the following metabolic steps: hydroxylation of the side chain followed by dehydrogenation to the corresponding ketone; hydroxylation of the 2''-position of the pyrrolidine ring followed by dehydrogenation to the corresponding lactam or followed by ring opening to the respective aliphatic aldehyde and further oxidation to the respective carboxylic acid; degradation of the pyrrolidine ring to the corresponding primary amine; and hydroxylation of the phenyl ring, most probably in the 4'-position. The authors' screening procedure for pyrrolidinophenones allowed the detection of PVP metabolites after application of a dose corresponding to a presumed user's dose. In addition, the involvement of nine different human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes in the side chain hydroxylation of PVP was investigated and CYP 2B6, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 were found to catalyze this reaction.
Pulse Radiolytic Studies of Metallotexaphyrins in the Presence of Oxygen:  Relevance of the Equilibrium with Superoxide Anion to the Mechanism of Action of the Radiation Sensitizer Motexafin Gadolinium (Gd−Tex<sup>2+</sup>, Xcytrin) (2001)

Pulse radiolytic studies of aqueous solutions of four representative metallotexaphyrin complexes M−Tex2+ (M = Gd(III), Lu(III), Dy(III), and Y(III)), carried out in the presence of either dioxygen, or trimethyl-p-benzoquinone (TMQ). It was found that all four of these M−Tex2+ species set up an equilibrium with superoxide and the singly reduced TMQ (TMQ•-) on the pulse radiolytic time scale. Rate constants for the forward (k1) and back (k-1) reactions of Gd−Tex2+ with superoxide anions, at pH 8.5, were determined to be (9.8 ± 1.5) × 106 M-1 s-1 and (3.4 ± 0.5) × 106 M-1 s-1, respectively. For reaction with TMQ•-, the analogous rate constants were found to be (1.5 ± 0.2) × 107 M-1 s-1 and (3.7 ± 0.6) × 106 M-1 s-1, respectively. Equilibrium constants (Kkin), calculated from these kinetic parameters, were found to be 2.9 and 4.1 for Gd−Tex2+ reacting with O2•- (to produce Gd−Tex•+ and O2) and TMQ•- (to produce Gd−Tex•+ and TMQ), respectively. Equilibrium constants for the M-Tex2+ species reacting with O2•- and TMQ•- were also determined from analysis of the absorption following establishment of the equilibrium. The resulting values for Gd−Tex2+ were found to be 6.8 and 10.7, respectively. From these equilibrium constants, the redox potential for the M−Tex2+/M−Tex•+ couples at pH 8.5 were estimated and found to be ca. −110 mV vs NHE in the case of Gd−Tex2+.
An efficient approach to the key intermediate of rosuvastatin (2014)

Abstract An efficient synthetic approach to the synthesis of the 5-pyrimidinecarbaldehyde 2 , which is the key intermediate of rosuvastatin, involves the aerobic oxidation of the 5-pyrimidinemethanol 1 in the presence of Co(NO 3 ) 2 , dimethylglyoxime (DmgH 2 ), and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) under mild reaction conditions. The method does not require the use of hazardous or expensive chemicals and is suitable for scale-up.
The Influence of Variables on Boolean Functions (Extended Abstract) (1988)

This paper applies methods from harmonic analysis to prove some general theorems on boolean functions. The result that is easiest to describe says that &quot;Boolean functions always have small dominant sets of variables.&quot; The exact definitions will be given shortly, but let us be more specific: Let f be an n variable boolean function taking the value zero for half of the 2^n variable assignments. Then there is a set of o(n) variables such that almost surely the value of f is undetermined as long as these variables are not assigned values. This proves some of the conjectures made in [BL]. These new connections with...
Circulation weather types and their influence on temperature and precipitation in Estonia (2024)

An existing objective classification scheme of the atmospheric circulation, where daily circulation is determined through the strength, direction and vorticity of the geostrophic flow has been applied over the Baltic Sea region for the time period of 1968–1997. The results at sea level and the higher isobaric levels of 500 hPa, 700 hPa and 850 hPa are presented here. The analysis revealed that the most common circulation types are anticyclonic and cyclonic. The mean-square-error skill scores are used to investigate classification's suitability for describing the variability of the local (Pärnu) daily weather elements. The skill scores of the objective classification are essentially higher than those for the German Weather Service's \Grosswetterlagen\ scheme, but the scores are still low due to the high variability of daily temperature and precipitation within the weather types. Temperature is best described by the classifications at higher levels of pressure (500 hPa and 700 hPa), but precipitation is best described by those at the lower levels (sea level and 850 hPa). Developing one good classification for both variables is non-trivial.
Steady-state kinetic analysis of soluble methane mono-oxygenase from <i>Methylococcus capsulatus</i> (Bath) (1986)

A steady-state kinetic analysis of purified soluble methane mono-oxygenase of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) was performed. The enzyme was found to follow a concerted-substitution mechanism. Methane binds to the enzyme followed by NADH, which reacts to yield reduced enzyme and NAD+. The reduced enzyme-methane complex binds O2 to give a second ternary complex, which breaks down to release water and methanol. In this way the enzyme can control the supply of electrons to the active site to coincide with the arrival of methane. Product-inhibition studies (with propylene as substrate) supported the reaction mechanism proposed. Ki values for NAD+ and propylene oxide are reported. The Km for NADH varied from 25 microM to 300 microM, depending on the nature of the hydrocarbon substrate, and thus supports the proposed reaction sequence. With methane as substrate the Km values for methane, NADH and O2 were shown to be 3 microM, 55.8 microM and 16.8 microM respectively. With propylene as substrate the Km values for propylene, NADH and O2 were 0.94 microM, 25.2 microM and 12.7-15.9 microM respectively. Methane mono-oxygenase was shown to be well adapted to the oxidation of methane compared with other straight-chain alkanes.
Molybdenum as a Micronutrient for <i>Nitrobacter</i> (1965)

Finstein, M. S. (University of California, Davis), and C. C. Delwiche. Molybdenum as a micronutrient for Nitrobacter. J. Bacteriol. 89:123-128. 1965.-The requirement of Nitrobacter for molybdenum was investigated by use of a medium purified by chemical means, as well as by depletion by the prior growth of this autotrophic bacterium. During 5 days of growth, added molybdenum induced an approximately 11-fold increase in both nitrite utilization and cell-mass development. In short-term studies, maximal response was obtained with concentrations as low as 10(-9)m. No other metal tested substituted for molybdenum. It is estimated that a minimum of 2,000 atoms of molybdenum is required for the synthesis of one Nitrobacter cell. Molybdenum did not directly influence the thermodynamic efficiency of Nitrobacter. The efficiency of molybdenum-deficient cultures and of cultures supplied with the micronutrient declined equally during the early stage of development, despite large differences in the amount of nitrite consumed. After the utilization of about 100 mumoles of nitrite per ml, cultures supplied with molybdenum became relatively less efficient. A procedure is described whereby large masses of Nitrobacter cells can be obtained with relative ease.
The Type 1 Interleukin-1 Receptor Is Essential for the Efficient Activation of Microglia and the Induction of Multiple Proinflammatory Mediators in Response to Brain Injury (2002)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is induced immediately after insults to the brain, and elevated levels of IL-1 have been strongly implicated in the neurodegeneration that accompanies stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. In animal models, antagonizing IL-1 has been shown to reduce cell death; however, the basis for this protection has not been elucidated. Here we analyzed the response to penetrating brain injury in mice lacking the type 1 IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1) to determine which cellular and molecular mediators of tissue damage require IL-1 signaling. At the cellular level, fewer amoeboid microglia/macrophages appeared adjacent to the injured brain tissue in IL-1R1 null mice, and those microglia present at early postinjury intervals retained their resting morphology. Astrogliosis also was mildly abrogated. At the molecular level, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and IL-6 expression were depressed and delayed. Interestingly, basal levels of Cox-2, IL-1, and IL-6 were significantly lower in the IL-1R1 null mice. In addition, stimulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mRNA was depressed in the IL-1R1 null mice, and correspondingly, there was reduced diapedesis of peripheral macrophages in the IL-1R1 null brain after injury. This observation correlated with a reduced number of Cox-2+ amoeboid phagocytes adjacent to the injury. In contrast, several molecular aspects of the injury response were normal, including expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the production of nerve growth factor. Because antagonizing IL-1 protects neural cells in experimental models of stroke and multiple sclerosis, our data suggest that cell preservation is achieved by abrogating microglial/macrophage activation and the subsequent self-propagating cycle of inflammation.
Fine-grained mobility characterization (2010)

Recent popularization of personal hand-held mobile devices makes it important to characterize the mobility pattern of mobile device users, so as to accurately predict user mobility in the future. Currently, the user mobility pattern is mostly characterized at a coarse-grained level, in the form of transition among wireless Access Points (APs). There is limited research effort on the fine-grained characterization of geographical user movement. In this paper, we present a novel approach to characterize the steady-state and transient-state user mobility behaviors at a fine-grained level, based on the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) formulation of user mobility. By applying our approach on both realistic mobility traces and synthetic mobility scenarios, we show that our approach is effective in characterizing user mobility pattern and making accurate mobility prediction. We also experimentally demonstrate that fine-grained user mobility knowledge is more effective to improve the performance of a variety of mobile computing applications.
Clinical Applications of Corneal Optical Coherence Tomography (2012)

Optical coherence tomography can accurately map corneal, epithelial, stromal thicknesses, and measure corneal curvatures. It’s useful in keratoconus screening, intraocular lens power calculation, phototherapeutic keratectomy guidance, imaging of corneal diseases and surgeries (implantation and transplantation).
Unified Analysis of Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Elliptic Problems (2002)

We provide a framework for the analysis of a large class of discontinuous methods for second-order elliptic problems. It allows for the understanding and comparison of most of the discontinuous Galerkin methods that have been proposed over the past three decades for the numerical treatment of elliptic problems.
Code cache management schemes for dynamic optimizers (2005)

A dynamic optimizer is a software-based system that performs code modifications at runtime, and several such systems have been proposed over the past several years. These systems typically perform optimization on the level of an instruction trace, and most use caching mechanisms to store recently optimized portions of code. Since the dynamic optimizers produce variable-length code traces that are modified copies of portions of the original executable, a code cache management scheme must deal with the difficult problem of caching objects that vary in size and cannot be subdivided without adding extra jump instructions. Because of these constraints, many dynamic optimizers have chosen unsophisticated schemes, such as flushing the entire cache when it becomes full. Flushing minimizes the overhead of cache management but tends to discard many useful traces. This paper evaluates several alternative cache management schemes that identify and remove only enough traces to make room for a new trace. We find that by treating the code cache as a circular buffer, we can reduce the code cache miss rate by half of that achieved by flushing. Furthermore, this approach adds very little bookkeeping overhead and avoids the problems associated with code cache fragmentation. These characteristics are extremely important in a dynamic system since more complex strategies will do more harm than good if the overhead is too high.
Molecular properties of anti-DNA induced in preautoimmune NZB/W mice by immunization with bacterial DNA (1997)

To elucidate the mechanism of Ag drive in the anti-DNA response, the Ab response to bacterial DNA has been analyzed in normal and autoimmune mice. Preautoimmune NZB/W mice immunized with Escherichia coli dsDNA produce Abs that resemble spontaneous autoantibodies and bind mammalian dsDNA. In contrast, normal mice, when immunized similarly, produce Abs that bind only bacterial dsDNA. To characterize further the responsiveness of NZB/W mice to bacterial DNA, we determined the molecular properties of mAbs from preautoimmune NZB/W mice immunized with E. coli DNA. Of nine Abs studied, all were IgM and all bound mammalian ssDNA, while four had appreciable reactivity with mammalian dsDNA. The induced anti-dsDNA resembled spontaneous anti-DNA from autoimmune mice in V gene utilization and V(H) CDR3 arginine content. These Abs lacked evidence of somatic mutation, however, indicating that affinity maturation via somatic mutation is not essential for dsDNA reactivity. The findings suggest that preautoimmune NZB/W mice have immunoregulatory defects that allow activation of mammalian dsDNA reactive B cells by bacterial DNA.
Synthesis and proton conductivities of phosphonic acid containing poly‐(arylene ether)s (2001)

Abstract A novel phosphonic acid containing bisphenol was successfully synthesized from phenolphthalein and m ‐aminophenylphosphonic acid. A series of homo‐ and copoly‐(arylene ether)s containing phosphonic acid groups were prepared by solution nucleophilic polycondensation. These phosphonic acid containing polymers can readily be dissolved in common organic solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, N ‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, and N ‐cyclohexylpyrrolidinone, and can be cast into tough and smooth films. The presence of phosphonic acid pendants in the poly‐(arylene ether)s was confirmed by NMR, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and conductivity measurements. This is the first report on the attachment of phenylphosphonic acid groups as side chains to aromatic polyethers. These poly‐(arylene ether)s had very high glass‐transition temperatures ranging from 254 to >315 °C and high molecular weights. The conductivities of the synthesized polymers were analyzed by the Cole–Cole method, and they ranged from 10 −5 to 10 −6 Scm −1 . The synthesized polymers also exhibited good solution processability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3218–3226, 2001
Intracellular biomass flocculation as a key mechanism of rapid bacterial killing by cationic, amphipathic antimicrobial peptides and peptoids (2017)

Many organisms rely on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as a first line of defense against pathogens. In general, most AMPs are thought to kill bacteria by binding to and disrupting cell membranes. However, certain AMPs instead appear to inhibit biomacromolecule synthesis, while causing less membrane damage. Despite an unclear understanding of mechanism(s), there is considerable interest in mimicking AMPs with stable, synthetic molecules. Antimicrobial N-substituted glycine (peptoid) oligomers ("ampetoids") are structural, functional and mechanistic analogs of helical, cationic AMPs, which offer broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and better therapeutic potential than peptides. Here, we show through quantitative studies of membrane permeabilization, electron microscopy, and soft X-ray tomography that both AMPs and ampetoids trigger extensive and rapid non-specific aggregation of intracellular biomacromolecules that correlates with microbial death. We present data demonstrating that ampetoids are "fast killers", which rapidly aggregate bacterial ribosomes in vitro and in vivo. We suggest intracellular biomass flocculation is a key mechanism of killing for cationic, amphipathic AMPs, which may explain why most AMPs require micromolar concentrations for activity, show significant selectivity for killing bacteria over mammalian cells, and finally, why development of resistance to AMPs is less prevalent than developed resistance to conventional antibiotics.
Accelerated Echo Planer J-resolved Spectroscopic Imaging of Putamen and Thalamus in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2016)

Positive correlations were found between: left thalamus mI/Cr and baseline oxygen saturation (SaO2); right putamen tCho/Cr and apnea hypopnea index; right putamen GABA/Cr and baseline SaO2; left putamen PE/Cr and baseline SaO2; and left putamen NAA/Cr and SaO2 nadir (all p < 0.05). Negative correlations were found between left putamen PE/Cr and SaO2 nadir. These findings suggest underlying inflammation or glial activation, with greater alterations accompanying lower oxygen saturation. These metabolite levels may provide biomarkers for future neurochemical interventions by pharmacologic or other means.
Cutaneous injection of the capsaicin analogue, NE-21610, produces analgesia to heat but not to mechanical stimuli in man (1995)

Intradermal injection of the capsaicin analogue, NE-21610 (Procter and Gamble), inactivates nociceptors but not low-threshold mechanoreceptors in monkey. The present study examined the effects of cutaneous NE-21610 on heat and mechanical sensation in normal human volunteers. In the first series of experiments, subjects received intradermal (i.d.) injections (30 microliters) of the vehicle alone or with the drug (0.3, 3.0, 10 micrograms) into different sites on the volar forearm. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 protocols to examine drug-evoked pain (n = 8), or alterations in pain to heat (n = 8) or mechanical (n = 8) stimuli induced by the drug. An additional 7 subjects rated pain to mechanical and heat stimuli before and after subcutaneous (s.c.) injections (300 microliters) of the vehicle or drug (100 micrograms). The peak pain occurred at the time of injection, was of short duration, and was similar for vehicle and drug injections. A mild, dose-related pain followed that lasted up to 2 h. Von Frey thresholds for detection, sharpness, and pain at the injection site (measured 24 h after injection) were not significantly altered by either i.d. or s.c. drug administration. However, pain to stepped heat stimuli was reduced in a dose-dependent fashion for both types of injection. At the highest drug doses, analgesia to heat stimuli was still present 1 week after injection. Recovery of heat sensitivity occurred several weeks after injection. This dissociated loss of heat but not mechanical pain sensibility may be due to: (1) a selective action of the drug on heat transducers in nociceptors responsive to both heat and mechanical stimuli, or (2) a selective action on that subset of nociceptors responsible for signaling heat-evoked pain.
Friction-Reducing Surface-Texturing in Reciprocating Automotive Components (2001)

Abstract A model is presented to study the potential use of micro-surface structure in the form of micro pores to improve tribological properties of reciprocating automotive components. The Reynolds equation and the equation of motion are solved simultaneously for a simplified "piston/cylinder" system with surface texturing. The solution provides the time behavior of both the clearance and the friction force between the "piston ring" and "cylinder liner" surfaces. It is shown that surface texturing can efficiently be used to maintain hydrodynamic effects even with nominally parallel surfaces. It is also shown that optimum surface texturing may substantially reduce the friction losses in reciprocating automotive components. Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting Orlando, Florida May 20–24, 2001 KEY WORDS: AutomotiveFrictionHydrodynamic LubricationPiston RingsSurface Texturing Notes Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting Orlando, Florida May 20–24, 2001
Thin single-wall BN-nanotubes formed inside carbon nanotubes (2013)

We report a high yield synthesis of single-wall boron nitride nanotubes (SWBNNTs) inside single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), a nano-templated reaction, using ammonia borane complexes (ABC) as a precursor. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), high angle annular dark field (HAADF)-scanning TEM (STEM), electron energy loss spectra (EELS) and high resolution EELS mapping using aberration-corrected TEM system clearly show the formation of thin SWBNNTs inside SWCNTs. We have found that the yield of the SWBNNT formation is high and that the most of ABC molecules decompose and fuse to form the thin BNNTs at a temperature of 1,673 K having a narrow diameter distribution of 0.7 ± 0.1 nm. Optical absorption measurements suggest that the band gap of the thin SWBNNTs is about 6.0 eV, which provide the ideal insulator nanotubes with very small diameters.
Acyclic <i>N</i>-Halamine Coated Kevlar Fabric Materials: Preparation and Biocidal Functions (2008)

Polymethacrylamide (PMAA) was coated onto the surfaces of Kevlar fabrics through the in situ polymerization of methacrylamide (MAA) within coating polymer binders. Upon chlorine bleach treatment, the amide groups of the coated PMAA side chains were transformed into stable acyclic N-halamines. The resultant fabric materials provided potent, durable, and rechargeable biocidal activities against E. coli (gram-negative bacteria), S. aureus (gram-positive bacteria), C. tropicalis (fungi), MS2 virus, and Bacillus subtilis spores. The excellent thermal and mechanical properties of the original Kevlar fabrics were successfully retained after the coating treatment.
Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infection and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums (2001)

The important role of appropriate breastfeeding practices in the survival of infants is clear from this analysis. The reduction of ARI deaths underscores the broad-based beneficial effect of exclusive breastfeeding in prevention of infectious diseases beyond its role in reducing exposure to contaminated food, which may have contributed to the strong protection against diarrhea deaths.