gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of plasma on ultrashort pulse laser material processing (2006)

Machining with high power ultrashort-pulsed lasers is becoming a preferred technique in material processing. However, the laser beam passing through a medium, e.g., air, experiences the self-focusing Kerr effect. High intensities increased further by self-focusing cause optical breakdown of the air, generating plasma. The associated diffusion compensates for the Kerr effect but it also deforms the laser beam. In the present article, properties of the plasma columns so induced by the femtosecond laser pulses are studied, which are similar to the long filaments induced with collimated ultrashort pulses. It is found that the two effects balance each other very closely for the part of the beam. Thus, placing the focal position at an appropriate position results in improved drilling and cutting, i.e., with flat bottom, parallel wall, and less dross. Theoretical calculations of the intensity profile of the optical beam propagating through air are found to be commensurate with the experimental observations.
Acute Cocaine Exposure Weakens GABA <sub>B</sub> Receptor-Dependent G-Protein-Gated Inwardly Rectifying K <sup>+</sup> Signaling in Dopamine Neurons of the Ventral Tegmental Area (2011)

Enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission in dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), triggered by a single cocaine injection, represents an early adaptation linked to the more enduring effects of abused drugs that characterize addiction. Here, we examined the impact of in vivo cocaine exposure on metabotropic inhibitory signaling involving G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K(+) (Girk) channels in VTA DA neurons. Somatodendritic Girk currents evoked by the GABA(B) receptor (GABA(B)R) agonist baclofen were diminished in a dose-dependent manner in mice given a single cocaine injection. This adaptation persisted for 3-4 d, was specific for DA neurons of the VTA, and occurred in parallel with an increase in spontaneous glutamatergic neurotransmission. No additional suppression of GABA(B)R-Girk signaling was observed following repeated cocaine administration. While total Girk2 and GABA(B)R1 mRNA and protein levels were unaltered by cocaine exposure in VTA DA neurons, the cocaine-induced decrease in GABA(B)R-Girk signaling correlated with a reduction in Girk2-containing channels at the plasma membrane in VTA DA neurons. Systemic pretreatment with sulpiride, but not SCH23390 (7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol), prevented the cocaine-induced suppression of GABA(B)R-Girk signaling, implicating D(2/3) DA receptor activation in this adaptation. The acute cocaine-induced weakening of somatodendritic Girk signaling complements the previously demonstrated cocaine-induced strengthening of glutamatergic neurotransmission, likely contributing to enhanced output of VTA DA neurons during the early stages of addiction.
Segmentation of Human Body Parts Using Deformable Triangulation (2010)

This paper presents a novel segmentation algorithm to segment a body posture into different body parts using the technique of deformable triangulation. To analyze each posture more accurately, they are segmented into triangular meshes, where a spanning tree can be found from the meshes using a depth-first search scheme. Then, we can decompose the tree into different subsegments, where each subsegment can be considered as a limb. Then, two hybrid methods (i.e., the skeleton-based and model-driven methods) are proposed for segmenting the posture into different body parts according to its occlusion conditions. To analyze occlusion conditions, a novel clustering scheme is proposed to cluster the training samples into a set of key postures. Then, a model space can be used to classify and segment each posture. If the input posture belongs to the nonocclusion category, the skeleton-based method is used to divide it into different body parts that can be refined using a set of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). For the occlusion case, we propose a model-driven technique to select a good reference model for guiding the process of body part segmentation. However, if two postures' contours are similar, there will be some ambiguity that can lead to failure during the model selection process. Thus, this paper proposes a tree structure that uses a tracking technique so that the best model can be selected not only from the current frame but also from its previous frame. Then, a suitable GMM-based segmentation scheme can be used to finely segment a body posture into the different body parts. The experimental results show that the proposed method for body part segmentation is robust, accurate, and powerful.
Compressibility, Phase Transitions, and Oxygen Migration in Zirconium Tungstate, ZrW <sub>2</sub> O <sub>8</sub> (1997)

In situ neutron diffraction experiments show that at pressures above 2 kilobars, cubic zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) undergoes a quenchable phase transition to an orthorhombic phase, the structure of which has been solved from powder diffraction data. This phase transition can be reversed by heating at 393 kelvin and 1 atmosphere and involves the migration of oxygen atoms in the lattice. The high-pressure phase shows negative thermal expansion from 20 to 300 kelvin. The relative thermal expansion and compressibilities of the cubic and orthorhombic forms can be explained in terms of the "cross-bracing" between polyhedra that occurs as a result of the phase transition.
Contractor performance (1955)

Abstract This revised version of a speech presented at the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts Field Conference of November, 1954, discusses the reasons for delinquent performance under a contract and possible solutions to this problem.
A Proposed System Concept on Enhancing the Encryption and Decryption Method for Cloud Computing (2015)

Individual user and organizations benefit from cloud computing services, which allow permanent online storage of files. The problem occurs when companies store highly confidential documents in cloud servers. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce a backbone structure for a cloud storage system where the security and personal privacy is highly maximized. It is very obvious that cloud computing servers are highly protected against unauthorized access, but in some cases these files stored can be accessible by the maintenance staffs. Fully protection is needed to ensure that the files stored in the server are only accessible to owners. This paper proposes a system that will employ Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) combination encryption process using USB device. The files may be accessed in the cloud but all the files will remain encrypted till the USB device is plugged into the computer. The point of applying such method is to fully protect the files and avoid using one single password. The randomly generated passkeys are very complex combinations thus user will not be able to fully memorize them. The proposed system will detect the USB that contains the private-key used for the files to be downloaded from the cloud.
Efficient Barrier and Allreduce on Infiniband clusters using multicast and adaptive algorithms (2005)

Popular algorithms proposed in the literature for doing Barrier and Allreduce in clusters, such as pair-wise exchange, dissemination and gather-broadcast do not give an optimal performance when there is skew among the nodes in the cluster. In pair-wise exchange and dissemination, all the nodes must arrive for the completion of each step. The gather-broadcast algorithm assumes a fixed tree topology. We propose to use hardware multicast of InfiniBand in the design of an adaptive algorithm that performs well in the presence of skew. In this approach, the topology of the tree is not fixed but adapts depending on the skew. The last arriving node becomes the root of the tree if the skew is sufficiently large. We have carried out in-depth evaluation of our scheme and use synchronization delay as the performance metric for Barrier and Allreduce in the presence of skew. Our performance evaluation shows that our design scales very well with system size. Our designs can reduce the synchronization delay by a factor of 2.28 for Barrier and by a factor of 2.18 in the case of Allreduce. We have examined different skew scenarios and showed that the adaptive design performs either better or comparably to the existing schemes.
Time slot switching for integrated services in fiber optic PBX/LAN (1989)

A medium-access protocol called time-slot switching (TSS) is proposed for use in optical-fiber local area networks. This protocol incorporates features of time division, space division, and time compression for users to share a common medium. Very-large-integration (VLSI) CMOS electric crosspoints are used to switch traffic within individual time slots. With these features, data, voice, and video services can all be combined in a single network. In addition, the speed of the electronics can be maximized to match the available optical bandwidth. Operational principles of the TSS protocol are explained. A performance analysis is presented to show the tradeoffs among traffic capacity, frame guard time, blocking probability, and the results show that TSS is more attractive than broadcast protocols for voice traffic or constant-rate data traffic. An approach to integrating voice, data, and video traffic within TSS is also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electronic neural network chips (1987)

This paper reviews two custom electronic circuits that implement some simple models of neural function. The circuits include a thin-film array of read-only resistive synapses and an array of programmable synapses and amplifiers serving as electronic neurons. Circuit performance and architecture are discussed.
Characterization of long‐term mouse brain aggregating cultures: Evidence for maintenance of neural precursor cells (2004)

An extensive characterization of fetal mouse brain cell aggregates has been performed using immunohistochemical and stereological methods. Single cell suspensions from mechanically dissociated cortex and hippocampus were cultured in serum-free, B27-supplemented medium under constant gyratory agitation for up to 56 days. Three-dimensional aggregates started to form immediately after seeding and reached a final average size of 500 microm in diameter. Among the cell types identified, neurons were the most abundant cells in the aggregates, followed by astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Western blotting for synaptophysin and immunostaining for neurotransmitter-related molecules indicated the presence of well-defined phenotypic characteristics of the neurons in this culture system, suggesting functionality. Proliferating cells, many with neural precursor cell properties, were seen throughout the culture period and could be isolated from the aggregates even after 2 months in culture. Neural precursor cells were isolated from the aggregates after more than 1 month in culture; these cells were successfully differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The aggregate culture system may provide a versatile tool for molecular dissection of processes identified in mouse models, including transgenic animals and manipulation of neural precursor cells.
Environmentally-stable femtosecond ytterbium fiber laser with birefringent photonic bandgap fiber (2005)

We demonstrate an environmentally-stable mode-locked ytterbium fiber laser. The large birefringence of hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber allows it to control polarization in the laser while it provides the anomalous dispersion necessary for stretched-pulse operation. The laser generates 1-nJ pulses, which are dechirped to 70 fs.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Constrained Heterocyclic Analogues of Combretastatin A4 (2011)

A series of combretastatin A4 (CA4) analogues with a lactam or lactone ring fused to the trimethoxyphenyl or the B-phenyl moiety were synthesized in an efficient and stereoselective manner by using a domino Heck-Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. The vascular-disrupting potential of these conformationally restricted CA4 analogues was assessed by various in vitro assays: inhibition of tubulin polymerization, modification of endothelial cell morphology, and disruption of endothelial cell cords. Compounds were also evaluated for their growth inhibitory effects against murine and human tumor cells. B-ring-constrained derivatives that contain an oxindole ring (in contrast to compounds with a benzofuranone ring) as well as analogues bearing a six-membered lactone core fused to the trimethoxyphenyl ring are endowed with significant biological activity. The most potent compound of this series (oxindole 9 b) is of particular interest, as it combines chemical stability and a biological activity profile characteristic of a vascular-disrupting agent.
Control system segmentation (2002)

Over the past seven years, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility's (Jefferson Lab) control system has grown to include more than two hundred distributed computers running over a complex segmented network, controlling a number of semi-independent operational plants. Several of the plants, including that used for the running beam for physics users, operate around the clock with only brief, scheduled interruptions for machine repairs. Because of this, high control system availability is critical. Dividing computing resources into distinct sections, called fiefdoms, improves the availability of the control system for each plant while facilitating periodic maintenance. In order to maximize the uptime, each fiefdom operates as a completely independent control system consisting of a file server machine with a complete set of control system software and files, a local network, operator consoles and computers to execute high and low level control programs. The fiefdoms are isolated using network hardware, while still allowing limited communication between them. By segmenting the control system in this manner, the effect of a computer failure is minimized and machines can be taken down for periodic maintenance and upgrades without disabling other controls capabilities for the site.
Review Essay (1985)

Journal Article Review Essay Get access Helping the Elderly: The Complementary Roles of Informal Networks and Formal Systems, by Eugene Litwak. The Cuilford Press, New York, 1985, 306 pp. (cloth). Elizabeth W. Markson, PhD, Elizabeth W. Markson, PhD Book Review Editor Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Warren A. Peterson, PhD Warren A. Peterson, PhD Director Midwest Council for Social Research in Aging University of Missouri-Kansas CityKansas City, MO 64108 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Gerontologist, Volume 25, Issue 5, October 1985, Pages 554–556, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/25.5.554 Published: 01 October 1985
622 Mbit/s CMOS limiting amplifier with 40 dB dynamicrange (1996)

A monolithic, fully differential limiting amplifier has been successfully demonstrated in 1 µm CMOS technology. The amplifier exhibits high input dynamic range of 40 dB (from 15 mVP-P to 1.5 VP-P) at constant output voltage swing of 800 mVP-P into 50 Ω, operating at 622 Mbit/s. This CMOS limiting amplifier is characterised by high speed, with sensitivity, and wide dynamic range.
Design of Polysaccharide-5-Fluorouracil Conjugates Exhibiting Antitumor Activities (1991)

In order to provide a macromolecular prodrug of 5-fluorouracil(5FU) with reduced side-effects, having affinity for tumor cells and exhibiting a high antitumor activity, the design of polysaccharide-5FU conjugates was investigated. Chitin-5FU, chitosan-5FU, α-1,4-polygalactosamine-5FU, partially N-acetylated α-1,4-polygalactosamine-5FU, hyaluronic acid-5FU and dextran-5FU conjugates exhibited significant survival effects against p388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice by intraperitoneal(ip) transplantation/intraperitoneal(ip) injection. Chitosan-5FU, chitosamino-oligosaccharide-5FU, and galactosamino-oligosaccharide-5FU conjugates showed higher growth-inhibitory effects against MH134Y hepatoma and Meth-A fibrosarcoma in mice than 5FU, chitin, oligosaccharides and their blends by subcutaneous(sc) implantation/intravenous(iv) injection. The obtained conjugates did not display an acute toxicity in the high dose ranges.
The role of business process capabilities and market-based assets in creating customer value and superior performance (2008)

The expense of implementing marketing strategies has always been classified as a cost to the firm. However, recent research has demonstrated these costs might be more appropriately viewed as investments in creating assets. The present research augments the growing body of research examining the interface between the marketing and financial departments. The model is grounded in the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm. The RBV postulates that firms must posses certain assets and deploy them successfully to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Specifically, the role marketing assets (relational and intellectual) play in creating customer value, SCA and, firm performance is examined. One of the criticisms of the RBV is also addressed--demonstrating a linkage between an endogenous variable (assets) and an exogenous variable (competitive advantage). Additionally, three core business processes are examined: customer relationship management (CRM), supply chain management (SCM) and product innovation management (PIM). In the RBV, these processes can be viewed as strategic, interrelated capabilities. Marketing managers have substantial influence over these inter-functional processes. It is posited that a linear relationship exists between market-based assets and customer value, SCA and performance. The model is empirically tested with data collected in a business-to-business context. Data is collected from both sides of the buyer-seller dyad. In general, the results were very positive. Support was found for nine of the eleven hypotheses examined. Support was found for the relationship between market-based assets and customer perceived value and competitive advantage; human resource assets and competitive advantage; SCM, CRM and PIM capabilities and customer perceived value (both individually as well as collectively as a block); customer perceived value and competitive advantage; and competitive advantage and performance. Support was not found for the moderating role of BPC between the relationship between market-based assets and customer value nor the mediating role of Human Resource Assets between market-based assets and competitive advantage.
Low-Dose Streptozocin-Induced Diabetes in Mice: Electron Microscopy Reveals Single-Cell Insulitis Before Diabetes Onset (1988)

We investigated the morphology of mouse islets 5 days after completion of low-dose streptozocin treatment of C57BL/6 mice by electron microscopy. At this stage, mice were still normoglycemic and light microscopy did not reveal massive islet infiltration. The electron-microscopic investigation revealed two characteristics indicative of ongoing islet cell destruction. In all islets investigated, lysed islet beta-cells were recognized by disrupted plasma membranes and concomitantly decreased plasma contrast. Many of the lysed islet beta-cells still contained numerous insulin granules. We also found immunocytes scattered throughout the islets, most of which could be identified as macrophages. Some were found engaged in phagocytosis of islet beta-cell debris. This early stage of islet lesion termed single-cell insulitis is followed by the well-known later stage of massive infiltration easily recognized in light microscopy. Administration of silica particles to mice treated with low-dose streptozocin inhibited macrophage infiltration of islets as shown by immunocytochemistry with macrophage-specific monoclonal antibody F4/80. In parallel, the development of hyperglycemia was suppressed. The observations favor a pathogenic role of macrophages in islet destruction.
Reviewing automatic language identification (1994)

The Oregon Graduate Institute Multi-language Telephone Speech Corpus (OGI-TS) was designed specifically for language identification research. It currently consists of spontaneous and fixed-vocabulary utterances in 11 languages: English, Farsi, French, German, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Spanish, Tamil, and Vietnamese. These utterances were produced by 90 native speakers in each language over real telephone lines. Language identification is related to speaker-independent speech recognition and speaker identification in several interesting ways. It is therefore not surprising that many of the recent developments in language identification can be related to developments in those two fields. We review some of the more important recent approaches to language identification against the background of successes in speaker and speech recognition. In particular, we demonstrate how approaches to language identification based on acoustic modeling and language modeling, respectively, are similar to algorithms used in speaker-independent continuous speech recognition. Thereafter, prosodic and duration-based information sources are studied. We then review an approach to language identification that draws heavily on speaker identification. Finally, the performance of some representative algorithms is reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using estimates from behavioral synthesis tools in compiler-directed design space exploration (2004)

This paper considers the role of performance and area estimates from behavioral synthesis in design space exploration. We have developed a compilation system that automatically maps high-level algorithms written in C to application-specific designs for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), through a collaboration between parallelizing compiler technology and high-level synthesis tools. Using several code transformations, the compiler optimizes a design to increase parallelism and utilization of external memory bandwidth, and selects the best design among a set of candidates. Performance and area estimates from behavioral synthesis provide feedback to the compiler to guide this selection. Estimates can be derived far more quickly (up to several orders of magnitude faster) than full synthesis and place-and-route, thus allowing the compiler to consider many more designs than would otherwise be practical. In this paper, we examine the accuracy of the estimates from behavioral synthesis as compared to the fully synthesized designs for a collection of 209 designs for five multimedia kernels. Though the estimates are not completely accurate, our results show that the same design would be selected by the design space exploration algorithm, whether we use estimates or actual results from place-and-route, because it favors smaller designs and only increases complexity when the benefit is significant.