gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Circulating Factor(s) Mediates Cell Depolarization in Hemorrhagic Shock (1991)

Cell depolarization in hemorrhagic shock has been attributed to hypoperfusion, but the mechanism remains unclear. Suspensions of single cell lines loaded with the potential-sensitive fluorescent dye bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbiturioc acid) trimethine oxonal (DIBAC) and exposed for 30 minutes to rat plasma drawn either before or after hemorrhagic shock (bled 20 mL/kg: mean arterial blood pressure less than 40 mmHg) were studied. Plasma drawn after, but not before, hemorrhage led to partial depolarization regardless of cell type (rat H9C2 skeletal muscle, A-10 smooth muscle, C-9 liver, adrenal, kidney, red blood cell [RBC], white blood cell [WBC]) or species (cat, dog, pig RBC; cat WBC; mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle; and human intestinal smooth muscle [HISM]). Dialysis did not remove the factor(s), suggesting a molecular weight of more than 10,000 daltons. The factor appeared within 5 minutes of shock. The depolarization amplitude increased as a function of plasma concentration and demonstrated saturation kinetics indicating specific receptor binding. Cells were equivalently oxygenated, excluding hypoperfusion as a necessary condition for depolarization. Tumor necrosis factor or platelet activating factor alone or in combination were not effective in this system. Stable measurements can be obtained with this noninvasive system that avoids cell injury consequent to cell impalement with electrodes. This system provides a sensitive in vitro bioassay that should permit identification of the plasma factors mediating cell depolarization, as well as definition of the responsible intracellular mechanisms.
Development of coaxial shield via in silicon carrier for high frequency application (2006)

System-in-package (SiP) based on silicon carriers is a fast emerging technology that offers system design flexibility and integration of heterogeneous technologies. One of the key technologies enabler for silicon carrier is through wafer interconnects. The development of SiP will require the devices with different functionality operating at high frequency to be densely packed on the silicon substrate. However, silicon substrate is usually of low resistivity, when a high frequency signal is transmitted vertically through the substrate via, significant signal attenuation can occur that leads to substrate crosstalk and poor RF performance. In this paper, a novel coaxial shielded via in silicon carrier is presented for high frequency applications. Electrical modeling was carried out to obtain the required geometries for optimum performance. The coaxial shield via is able to suppress undesirable substrate crosstalk between vertical interconnects as well as provide excellent RF performance. The detailed fabrication process is also presented. A negative tone SU-8 photoresist is used as the dielectric for the coaxial shield via structure. A test vehicle is fabricated on 8-inch, 10 Omegamiddotcm resistivity silicon wafer with a target of achieving a transmission coefficient, S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> of greater than -0.5 dB at 40 GHz. SU-8 dielectric of approximately 112 mum thickness was deposited on the via sidewall of a 300 mum diameter through wafer via holes, and the via-holes filled with copper using bottom up electroplating approach to achieve a radius ratio, n of 4
<title>Development of new x-ray still-image detector 'XTV-PROM'</title> (1993)

A new type of x-ray real time still image detector named `X ray to Visible Light PROM (XTV-PROM)' has been developed. XTV-PROM consists of a thin Bi<SUB>12</SUB>SiO<SUB>20</SUB> (BSO) single crystal plate, transparent insulating layers, and two electrodes on both faces of the crystal plate. One electrode is transparent and the other refracts readout lights and lets in x rays. Several tens of keV x rays generate electron-hole pairs in the crystal and an x-ray image is recorded as a charge pattern. A voltage pattern generated from the charge pattern causes the Pockels effect and the recorded x-ray image is converted to the visible light image using the effect of the crystal. The recorded image can be erased and the device can be used repeatedly. The XTV-PROM with a large active area (18 X 18 mm<SUP>2</SUP>) and high resolution (25 micrometers ) has been made by a new process for polishing BSO crystal thinly. The XTV-PROM has a good response for bremsstrahlung x rays higher than 30 keV.
Circulating immune complexes and rheumatoid arthritis: the induction of immune complex formation between rheumatoid factor and IgG by polyethylene glycol. (1989)

Circulating immune complexes (CIC) as detected by the C1q binding assay (C1qBA) in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were not demonstrable in these sera with the indirect granulocyte phagocytosis test (IGPT). This discrepancy could be explained by the finding that polyethylene glycol (PEG), used in the C1qBA, enhanced the binding of rheumatoid factor IgM (RFIgM) and IgG resulting in immune complex (IC) formation. The addition of PEG to RA sera and subsequent testing of these sera in the IGPT revealed increased uptake of IC by these cells, dependent on the PEG dose. Addition of purified RFIgM to a normal human serum generated a positive IGPT in a dose dependent way. We conclude that in RA sera PEG induces IC between RFIgM and IgG. Therefore, assays devised to measure CIC in RA sera which are based on PEG (like the C1qBA) overestimate the amounts of IC present in the circulation in vivo.
Distributed Multimedia Database Technologies Supported by MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 (2003)

A multimedia system needs a mechanism to communicate with its environment, the Internet, clients, and applications. MPEG-7 provides a standard metadata format for global communication, but lacks the framework to let the various players in a system interact. MPEG-21 closes this gap by establishing an infrastructure for a distributed multimedia frame
A Hybrid Quantum-Classical Approach to Solving Scheduling Problems (2021)

An effective approach to solving complex problems is to decompose them and integrate dedicated solvers for those subproblems. We introduce a hybrid decomposition that incorporates: (1) a quantum annealer that samples from the configuration space of a relaxed problem to obtain strong candidate solutions, and (2) a classical processor that maintains a global search tree and enforces constraints on the relaxed components of the problem. Our framework is the first to use quantum annealing as part of a complete search. We consider variants of our approach with differing amounts of guidance from the quantum annealer. We empirically test our algorithm and compare the variants on problems from three scheduling domains: graph-coloring-type scheduling, simplified Mars Lander task scheduling, and airport runway scheduling. While we were only able to test on problems of small sizes, due to the limitation of currently available quantum annealing hardware, the empirical results show that results obtained from the quantum annealer can be used for more effective search node pruning and to improve node selection heuristics when compared to a standard classical approach.
An experimental study of vehicle automatic longitudinal control (1971)

It appears that both substantial improvement in high-speed high-density traffic flow and a decrease in highway accidents can be achieved by highway automation. An essential part of any approach to such automation is a method for the automatic longitudinal control of vehicles. The results of experimental tests of an automatic longitudinal control system in various lead-car overtaking, emergency braking, and car-following situations are reported. An examination of the data shows that this system can safely, efficiently, and comfortably control a vehicle during such maneuvers. The results of these tests corresponded to those predicted from previous theoretical and simulator studies.
16.4 An 89TOPS/W and 16.3TOPS/mm<sup>2</sup> All-Digital SRAM-Based Full-Precision Compute-In Memory Macro in 22nm for Machine-Learning Edge Applications (2021)

From the cloud to edge devices, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are widely used in many cognitive tasks, such as image classification and speech recognition. In recent years, research on hardware accelerators for AI edge devices has received more attention, mainly due to the advantages of AI at the edge: including privacy, low latency, and more reliable and effective use of network bandwidth. However, traditional computing architectures (such as CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and even existing AI accelerator ASICs) cannot meet the future needs of energy-constrained AI edge applications. This is because ML computing is data-centric, most of the energy in these architectures is consumed by memory accesses. In order to improve energy efficiency, both academia and industry are exploring a new computing architecture, namely compute in memory (CIM). CIM research is focused on a more analog approach with high-energy efficiency; however, lack of accuracy, due to a low SNR, is the main disadvantage; therefore, an analog approach may not be suitable for some applications that require high accuracy.
Chemical Characterization of Humic and Fulvic Acid Analogs Obtained from Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) at Different Severities (2018)

Due to depletion of conventional oil resources and the increasing energy demand, the role of heavy oils is significantly increasing. The heaviest portions of heavy oils are asphaltenes, which create tremendous problems in transportation and upgrading processes. Removal of asphaltenes from heavy oil improves the quality of oil and makes it easier to process. The oil industry is challenged to explore new alternatives that allow converting asphaltenes into valuable products by economical feasible routes. Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) is one proposed alternative, being herein examined together with fundamental aspects on hydrocarbon oxidation for its proper framing. The solubilization of asphaltenes in water has recently received attention due to the ease of mobilization and high level of dispersion. The WAO of asphaltenes rapidly produces both water-soluble and water insoluble oxygen rich species. The intermediate product of asphaltenes oxy-cracking reaction is Water Soluble Asphaltenes (WSA), and the final product is CO2. At low severities WSA had characteristics similar to humic analogs whereas at high severities, products aromaticity increased and lower molecular weight components (fulvic analogs) were formed. Processed asphaltenes were found to have oxygen functionalties like carboxylic acids and their salts, ketones, sulphoxides and sulphones, responsible for their aqueous solubilization. The effect of pH (base) on oxidation of asphaltene was determined using different experimental conditions. It was found that the concentration of chemical base used as acidic corrosion prevention and as catalysts are the most influential parameter for the solubilization of asphaltene, to achieve high conversion at low temperature. The humic/fulvic acids field of knowledge was identified as key for proper understanding of HC oxidation and other feasible industrial applications, like in agriculture.
Insect growth regulating effects of neem extract and azadirachtin on aphids (1994)

Abstract Neem, Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.), seed oil (NSO) applied to leaf discs at a concentration of 1.0% resulted in 94% to 100% mortality of second instar nymphs of currant‐lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribis‐nigri (Mosley), and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), after nine days. The equivalent amount of pure azadirachtin (AZA) (ã40 ppm), the principle active ingredient of neem, was as effective as NSO. The survival of adult aphids was unaffected by NSO or AZA, but the survival of offspring from treated adult M. persicae and N. ribis‐nigri was reduced significantly. The lethal concentration of AZA resulting in 50% mortality of second instar nymphs of nine species of aphids ranged from 2.4 ppm for M. persicae on pepper to 635.0 ppm for the strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), on strawberry. For M. persicae , the growth regulating effect of AZA was influenced by the host plant and the nymphal instar treated.
Cocaine and Metabolites Urinary Excretion after Controlled Smoked Administration* (2007)

Understanding cocaine and metabolites urinary excretion following smoking is important for interpretation of urine test results in judicial, workplace and treatment settings. In National Institute on Drug Abuse approved studies on a secure research unit, six subjects smoked placebo, 10, 20, and 40 mg cocaine with a precise dose delivery device and six different subjects smoked 42 mg cocaine in a glass pipe. Urine specimens (n = 700) were collected for up to seven days and analyzed for cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), ecgonine methylester (EME), m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (mOHBE), p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (pOHBE), norbenzoylecgonine (NBE), and ecgonine (EC) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results (mean +/- SE) for the 40-mg precise delivery doses are as follows: (Table can not be represented) Mean C(max) for all analytes linearly increased with increasing dose. T(max) was not dose-dependent. All metabolites were detected in some subjects within 2 h. EC concentrations were significantly higher after smoked cocaine in a precise delivery coil compared to a glass "crack" pipe.
Properties of quadratic covariance bounds (2002)

We investigate the properties of quadratic covariance bounds for parametric estimators. The Cramer-Rao, Bhattacharyya (1946), and Barankin (1949) bounds have this quadratic structure and the properties of these bounds are uniquely determined by their respective score functions. We enumerate some characteristics of score functions which generate tight bounds. We also introduce projection operator and integral/kernel representations for this class of quadratic covariance bounds. These representations are useful as analysis and synthesis tools. We also address the issue of efficiency for this class of bounds.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Supply and substrate noise tolerance using dynamic tracking clusters in configurable memory designs (2004)

Pattern-sensitive soft errors, subject to varied supply and substrate noises, have become increasingly significant for configurable memories embedded in SoCs. In this paper, we study their effects on memory cell, array, and circuit design. It is found that the ground bounce reduces the cell current more severely than the supply voltage drop and substrate bias dip. This encourages the use of metal wires along the wordline or row direction. Bitline tracking by current ratio achieves better accuracy and design for manufacturing (DFM) capability than by capacitance ratio. It requires further enhancement to be resilient to the supply and substrate noises. The proposed dynamic tracking cluster technique provides necessary timing relaxation, while minimizing the speed degradation. Configurable embedded SRAM and ROM in 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS process are studied.
Role of Crystallization on Polyolefin Interfaces: An Improved Outlook for Polyolefin Blends (2018)

Polyolefins including linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) account for nearly 2/3 of the worldwide plastics market. With wide-ranging applications, often short term in nature such as packaging, recycling of polyolefins is becoming increasingly important in developing a sustainable worldwide plastics market. However, it is difficult to separate polyolefins in mixed recycle streams; it would be advantageous to melt blend them, but their immiscibility leads to blends with poor properties. Here we demonstrate the role of synthetic history (i.e., site specific metallocene vs heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalyzed) on the oligomer content of HDPE, LLDPE, and iPP and its influence on adhesion between PE and iPP. Using a range of polymers and processing conditions, we identify four classes of such interfaces with a wide range of interfacial adhesion strengths (GIC): excess oligomer (GIC < 30 N/m), easy chain pullout (GIC ≅ 100 N/m), kinetically trapped entanglements (GIC ≅ 600 N/m), and crystallization across the interface (GIC > 1200 N/m). Using molecular weight distribution data, we identified a critical oligomer content where the interfacial failure mechanism transitions from cohesive failure (GIC > 1200 N/m) to adhesive failure (GIC ≅ 100 N/m). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) highlight distinct interfacial semicrystalline morphologies for each class of polyolefin interface which are defined by molecular parameters and processing conditions. Polyolefin blends were compression molded to highlight the role of interfacial strength in blends formed from mixed polyolefin streams; weak interfaces resulting from excess oligomer buildup yielded brittle failure while superior interfacial adhesion resulted in ductile blend failure.
Sensitization of photographic emulsions by colloidal materials (1928)

Recent evidence indicates that photographic sensitivity is greatly increased by the presen~e of ultramicrosc~pic particles on the silver halide grains of an emulsion. Theories of this effect are discussed in some detail. Technique has been developed by which, without altering other variables, it is possible to introduce colloidal particles into the emulsion to test the possibility that these may be adsorbed by the grains and function as sensit ivity nuclei. The experiments were carried out with a number of types of emulsion, including emulsions with the silver halide grains positively charged by adsorption of silver ions. Emulsions of this type were particularly adapted to sensitization by negatively, charged m etallic colloids ; they were made stable enough for experimental purposes by new technique. The presence of the colloids interfered with afterripening to such an extent that the ultimate effect was desensit ization, but the direct res ult with colloidal gold and silver was an increase in speed at constant or decreased contrast. This may be explained, as proposed by Sheppard, by localization of the photochemical action in the grain around the nucleus, thus increasing develop ability. The theory that the sensitivity nucleus is a bromine acceptor does not apply to this case. Colloidal silver iodide produced a marked increase in contrast, on chemical development of the emulsion, and in total sensit ivity, on physical development. The hypothesis of nucleus exposure which has been used to explain similar results on bathing in iodide solutions can not be applied h ere; both effects are explained by increased rate of development, probably caused by incr eased adsorption of the developer.
Apatite-Coated Ag/AgBr/TiO<sub>2</sub> Visible-Light Photocatalyst for Destruction of Bacteria (2007)

Apatite-coated Ag/AgBr/TiO2 was prepared by deposition of Ag as novel metal to generate electron−hole pairs by extending the excitation wavelength to the visible-light region, AgBr, and hydroxy apatite as photosensitive material and adsorption bioceramic, respectively. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry clearly showed the presence of Ti, Ag, Ca, and P elements on the surface of catalyst. The bactericidal experiments in dark media indicated that only the novel catalyst shows inhibiting growth of bacteria in this case. A transmission electron microscopy image illustrated that catalyst nanoparticles adhere to the outer membrane of the cell and act as an inhibitor to the nourishment of bacteria from aqueous media. The novel catalyst also showed higher photocatalytic activity compared to Ag/AgBr/TiO2 photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation. The inactivation of E. coli is due to the ability of the catalyst to adhere to the outer cell in addition to destruction of the cell wall by various reactive species.
Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications (2007)

The absorption spectrum of collagen powder is measured between 610 and 1040 nm by time-resolved transmittance spectroscopy. Absorption spectra of breast from healthy volunteers are then interpreted, adding collagen to the other absorbers previously considered (i.e., oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, water, and lipids). A significant amount of collagen, depending on breast type, is estimated to be present. Adding collagen to the fitting procedure affects remarkably the estimated values of blood content and oxygenation. The quantification of collagen has potential implications for the assessment of breast density and cancer risk.
Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of mixtures of styrene and <i>n</i>‐butyl acrylate onto cellulose and cellulose triacetate (1972)

Abstract Mixtures of styrene and n ‐butyl acrylate of various compositions were grafted onto cellulose and cellulose triacetate fibers preirradiated with γ‐rays at 0°C in air. Monomer reactivity ratios of the grafted copolymers were found to be different from those of the nongrafted copolymers or those of AIBN‐initiated copolymers. The active species initiating the graft copolymerization were trapped radicals for cellulose and peroxides for cellulose triacetate. Kinetic investigations of the graft copolymerization of styrene onto preirradiated cellulose triacetate fibers were also carried out, and it was found that the kinetic scheme for radical polymerization is also applicable to graft copolymerization in a heterogeneous system.
Clinical effects of oral cilostazol on suppression of platelet function in patients with cerebrovascular disease. (1985)

A new antithrombotic drug, cilostazol (6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-qui nolinone OPC-13013), was administered at daily oral doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg for 2 weeks in 15 patients with cerebrovascular disease including cerebral thrombosis, transient ischemic attacks and cerebral arteriosclerosis, and patient response was determined based on the degree of suppression of the platelet function. The antiplatelet-aggregating effect of the drug was determined by measuring the rate of inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by aggregation inducers such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen and epinephrine. The inhibition rates (percent difference between pre- and post-treatment rates/pre-treatment rate) obtained with the drug at 75 mg/day were 25.5, 36.5 (p less than 0.1) and 10.9% when platelet rich plasma (PRP) was added to ADP, collagen and epinephrine, respectively. The corresponding values at 150 mg/day were 34.2 (p less than 0.1), 50.7 (p less than 0.05) and 48.0% (p less than 0.1), and those at 300 mg/day were 62.1 (p less than 0.01), 71.7 (p less than 0.01) and 48.2% (p less than 0.1), respectively. The inhibitory effect of the drug thus appeared to be dose-related. Adhesiveness was also reduced by the drug, though a bleeding tendency was not indicated, and the reduction was found to be significant at 300 mg/day (p less than 0.05). The drug can, therefore, be considered to be a potent and safe antiplatelet-aggregating agent.