gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Light microscopic analysis of golgi‐impregnated rat subthalamic neurons (1985)

The neuronal morphology of the rat subthalamic nucleus (STH) was studied using Golgi techniques and Nissl stain. The results show that the somatic shapes of STH neurons vary from fusiform to oval or polygonal. Somatic cross-sectional areas vary between 140 microns2 and 440 microns2. Some of the cells have a few somatic spines. Two to six primary dendrites gave rise to tapering daughter dendrites which extend up to 500 microns. These dendrites are sparsely covered with spines. Some distal dendrites and primary dendrites of the STH also bear filiform appendages. Neurons located in the deep portion of the STH have oval dendritic fields whose long axis is parallel to the long axis of the nucleus in frontal or sagittal planes. Some of these neurons have one or two dendrites which cross the borders of the STH into the zona incerta, the lateral hypothalamus, or the cerebral peduncle. Generally, neurons located at the borders of the STH have their dendritic fields extending parallel to the borders and are confined to the nucleus. However, some neurons adjacent to the ventrolateral border of the nucleus have some dendrites extending into the cerebral peduncle. Quantitative analysis of the STH neurons showed a unimodal distribution of somatic sizes as well as the number of primary dendrites. No neurons with obvious Golgi type II characteristics were found. Two types of afferent fibers were observed entering the STH. One type consists of axon collaterals arising from the cerebral peduncle ventrolaterally, or the internal capsule rostrally, while the other enters the nucleus after crossing the internal capsule rostrally. These results suggest that the rat STH is an open nucleus in contrast to other species such as man, monkey, and cat, where it is closed, and that the rat STH may contain only one type of neuron.
Identification and Characterization of a Highly Efficient Anti-HIV Pol Hammerhead Ribozyme (2009)

The aim of this study was to identify and to characterize a highly active anti-HIV ribozyme. Therefore, the genome of HIV-1 IIIb was screened for not yet addressed GUC triplets within highly conserved sequences. Here we report the in vitro characteristics and the antiviral activity of the fittest identified anti-HIV hammerhead ribozyme, targeting the 13th GUC triplet within the HIV-1 pol gene (HHPol13). Multiple turnover kinetics were determined in vitro and revealed very promising kinetic data: V(max) = 39 nM/minute, K(m) = 576 nM, k(cat) = 3.9/minute, and K(cat)/K(m) = 6.8/minute/microM. To analyze its antiviral activity the hammerhead ribozyme was expressed retrovirally in Hut78 cells followed by HIV-1 infection. The newly identified ribozyme conferred a long-term inhibition of HIV-1 replication until the end of the observation period at day 56. We were able to demonstrate that the antiviral activity was mainly due to a ribozyme effect combined with a limited antisense activity. Additionally, the effect of the identified ribozyme was compared with a retrovirally expressed siRNA directed against the same target in the HIV-1 pol gene. This siRNA (siPol13) showed no inhibition of HIV replication. In summary, the hammerhead ribozyme HHPol13 was demonstrated to confer superior cleavage and antiviral activity against HIV-1. These results suggest that even in the RNAi era ribozymes still have the potential as highly active antiviral agents.
PnP-AdaNet: Plug-and-Play Adversarial Domain Adaptation Network at Unpaired Cross-Modality Cardiac Segmentation (2019)

Deep convolutional networks have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on various challenging medical image processing tasks. Leveraging images from different modalities for the same analysis task holds large clinical benefits. However, the generalization capability of deep networks on test data sampled from different distribution remains as a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a plug-and-play adversarial domain adaptation network (PnP-AdaNet) for adapting segmentation networks between different modalities of medical images, e.g., MRI and CT. We tackle the significant domain shift by aligning the feature spaces of source and target domains at multiple scales in an unsupervised manner. With the adversarial loss, we learn a domain adaptation module which flexibly replaces the early encoder layers of the source network, and the higher layers are shared between two domains. We validate our domain adaptation method on cardiac segmentation in unpaired MRI and CT, with four different anatomical structures. The average Dice achieved 63.9%, which is a significant recover from the complete failure (Dice score of 13.2%) if we directly test an MRI segmentation network on CT data. In addition, our proposed <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PnP-AdaNet</i> outperforms many state-of-the-art unsupervised domain adaptation approaches on the same dataset. The experimental results with comprehensive ablation studies have demonstrated the excellent efficacy of our proposed method for unsupervised cross-modality domain adaptation. Our code is publically available at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/carrenD/Medical-Cross-Modality-Domain-Adaptation</uri>
The Neurobiological Pathogenesis of Poststroke Depression (2014)

Poststroke depression (PSD) is an important consequence after stroke, with negative impact on stroke outcome. The pathogenesis of PSD is complicated, with some special neurobiological mechanism, which mainly involves neuroanatomical, neuron, and biochemical factors and neurogenesis which interact in complex ways. Abundant studies suggested that large lesions in critical areas such as left frontal lobe and basal ganglia or accumulation of silent cerebral lesions might interrupt the pathways of monoamines or relevant pathways of mood control, thus leading to depression. Activation of immune system after stroke produces more cytokines which increase glutamate excitotoxicity, results in more cell deaths of critical areas and enlargement of infarctions, and, together with hypercortisolism induced by stress or inflammation after stroke which could decrease intracellular serotonin transporters, might be the key biochemical change of PSD. The interaction among cytokines, glucocorticoid, and neurotrophin results in the decrease of hippocampal neurogenesis which has been proved to be important for mood control and pharmaceutical effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and might be another promising pathway to understand the pathogenesis of PSD. In order to reduce the prevalence of PSD and improve the outcome of stroke, more relevant studies are still required to clarify the pathogenesis of PSD.
Ge O x interface layer reduction upon Al-gate deposition on a HfO2∕GeOx∕Ge(001) stack (2008)

The metallization of HfO2∕Ge by Al at room temperature was studied using photoemission and inverse photoemission. Upon deposition, Al reduces the GeOx interfacial layer between Ge and HfO2, and a thin Al2O3 layer is formed at the Al∕HfO2 interface. The band alignment across the Al∕HfO2∕Ge stacks is also addressed.
MxA protein assay for optimal monitoring of IFN-β bioactivity in the treatment of MS patients (2008)

The MxA EIA assay seems to be a practical method for large-scale analysis of the bioactivity of IFN-beta treatment.
Assembly planning for large truss structures in space (2002)

The approach is based on a graph search algorithm. A relational data structure is used to represent a truss structure. There are four types of entities: units, faces, edges, and vertices. There are contain/contained relationships for every pair of entity types, as well as in-contact relationships between faces. A best-first algorithm constitutes the core of the planner. The cost function in the current implementation corresponds to a combination of the rigidity of the intermediate structures and the total distance to be traversed by the agent executing the assembly tasks
Human t(1;19)(q23;p13) pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (1993)

Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were injected intravenously with 5 x 10(6) primary bone marrow (BM) blasts from newly diagnosed patients with E2A-PBX1 fusion transcript positive t(1;19)(q23;p13) pre- B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A marked variation existed in the pattern and extent of leukemic cell engraftment in SCID mice challenged with t(1;19) pre-B ALL blasts. Blasts from some patients caused disseminated leukemia that was detected by histopathology and/or flow cytometry, whereas blasts from other patients produced occult leukemia that was only detected by flow cytometry and/or polymerase-chain reaction. Notably, the ability of primary t(1;19) pre-B ALL blasts to cause disseminated leukemia in SCID mice was associated with poor prognosis. Six of six patients whose blasts caused disseminated leukemia in SCID mice relapsed at a median of 7.8 months (range: 5.7 to 25.2 months). In contrast, the remaining four patients whose blasts did not engraft or only partially engrafted remain in complete remission at 28 to 47 months. A new E2A-PBX-1 fusion transcript positive t(1;19) pre- B ALL cell line (designated LC1;19) with the composite immunophenotype CD7-CD10+CD19+CD45-HLA-DR+C mu+ was established by expanding BM blasts from a SCID mouse, which died of human t(1;19) ALL at 7 weeks after inoculation of primary leukemic blasts from a t(1;19) ALL patient. This cell line caused disseminated and invariably fatal leukemia when greater than 10(4) cells were injected intravenously into SCID mice. Total body irradiation followed by syngeneic BM transplantation (BMT) showed limited efficacy against LC1;19 leukemia in SCID mice. To our knowledge, this study is the first to (1) examine the in vivo growth of primary t(1;19) pre-B ALL blasts in SCID mice and (2) show that leukemic blasts from a majority of newly diagnosed t(1;19) pre-B ALL patients cause disseminated human leukemia in SCID mice. Our results indicate that t(1;19) pre-B ALL is biologically heterogeneous with regard to its in vivo growth pattern in SCID mice, a feature that may be predictive of prognosis. The described LC1;19 SCID mouse model may prove particularly useful for designing more effective treatment strategies against poor-prognosis t(1;19) ALL.
The LEAR submission at Thumos 2014 (2014)

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et a ̀ la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Astrocyte Regulation of Endothelial Tissue Plasminogen Activator in a Blood-Brain Barrier Model (1998)

Expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) substantially determines endothelial-dependent fibrinolysis. We used a blood-brain barrier (BBB) model to analyze regulation of brain capillary endothelial tPA and its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). This model consists of coculture of murine astrocytes with bovine brain capillary endothelial cells grown as capillary-like structures (CS); after 1 week, astrocytes become extensively associated with CS, and the BBB-associated enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is present. We measured tPA and PAI-1 mRNA and tPA activity in this model. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies showed similar tPA and PAI-1 mRNA levels after 1 day mono-culture (endothelial cells only) versus astrocyte-endothelial coculture preparations. After 7 days (i.e., when elements of the BBB are present), astrocyte-endothelial cocultures (compared with endothelial mono-cultures) showed a 50.7%+/-27.1% (mean +/- SD) reduction in tPA mRNA (P < 0.03) and a 183.3%+/-86.9% increase in PAI-1 mRNA expression (P < 0.02). Moreover, 7-day cocultures demonstrated reduced tPA activity compared with mono-cultures (14.6+/-2.9 IU/mL versus 30.2+/-7.7 IU/mL, P < 0.01); 1-day cocultures and mono-cultures had similar tPA activity. These findings demonstrate that astrocytes regulate brain capillary endothelial expression of tPA when elements of the BBB phenotype are present in this model. These data suggest an important role for astrocytes in the regulation of brain capillary endothelial fibrinolysis.
Adaptive control strategies for flexible space structures (1996)

The problem of controlling flexible space structures in the presence of significant uncertainties using only position measurements is considered. Adaptive controllers, which are capable of controlling partially known dynamical systems and delivering good performance by providing a time-varying compensation on-line, are desirable for such system. We present an adaptive controller which can globally stabilize a class of flexible structures. This controller is applicable whether position measurements, rate measurements, or combinations thereof are available, as well as for colocated and noncolocated actuator-sensor pairs that are sufficiently close. The improvement in performance generated using such controllers is demonstrated using two practical structural system.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults (2000)

The diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults has been a source of controversy, with some prominent researchers questioning its very existence and others suggesting it is an urgent clinical problem. This article reviews five domains of data addressing the validity of adult ADHD: clinical correlates, family history, treatment response, laboratory studies, and long-term outcome. It then shows how the debate over adult ADHD reflects a clash of theoretical paradigms and concludes by suggesting ways in which psychological science can collect the data needed to clarify the validity of adult ADHD.
Loose anagen hair syndrome mimicking the uncombable hair syndrome. (1996)

A 7-year-old female presented with messy, difficult to manage scalp hair and mild, diffuse alopecia. Hair pull specimens, diagnostic for loose anagen hair syndrome, also showed hair shaft abnormalities described in the uncombable hair syndrome. We suggest that dysmorphic hair shafts observed on our patient account for her clinically unmanageable hair. Pertinent clinical, pathologic, and diagnostic features of both syndromes are reviewed.
Radiation dosimetry with fiber Bragg gratings (2014)

The measurement and monitoring of radiation dose delivered in patient tissues is a critical aspect in radiation therapy. Various dosimeters have proven effective in measuring radiations at low doses. However, there is a growing demand for new dosimeters based on small, non-invasive and high resolution devices. Here we report on a miniature dosimeter based on an optical fiber cavity. We demonstrate an ultimate detection limit of 160 mGy with an effective interaction region of 6 x 10<sup>-4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>. Due to its reliability, compactness and biomedical dose level sensitivity, our system shows itself suitable for applications in radiation therapy dosimetry.
Nonparametric, Model-Based Radial Lens Distortion Correction Using Tilted Camera Assumption (2002)

Radial lens distortion prohibits use of simple pinhole camera models in computer vision applications, especially when using wide-angle lenses, which result in barreltype distortion. Usual approach to radial distortion is by the means of polynomial approximation, which introduces distortion-specific parameters into the camera model and requires iterative methods for their calculation. Based on the properties of distorted images, an alternative approach is proposed in this paper. The basic assumption is that distortion occurs due to transformation of the observed differential of radius and is locally dependent of the angle of principal rays. The geometric relations which result from this assumption are complemented with the equations of the perspective radial lens projection function to derive model of radial distortion with single parameter - focal length. Experiments were conducted to illustrate the validity and performance of this approach.
From traditional manufacturing to additive manufacturing (2017)

Traditional manufacturing relies on tools and techniques developed and honed over several decades of making things. From a technological standpoint, manufacturing involves the making of products from raw materials through the use of human labor and resources that include machines, tools, and facilities. Open-source and consumer-level 3D printers allow for creating products at home, thus advancing the concept of distributed additive manufacturing. Selection of a manufacturing process or a sequence of processes depends on a variety of factors including the desired shape of a part and its material properties for performance expectations. Polymer extrusion is a process for making semifinished polymer products such as rods, tubes, sheets, and film in mass quantities. Manufacturing systems are systems that are employed to manufacture products and the parts assembled into those parts. A manufacturing system is the collection of equipment, people, information, processes, and procedures to realize the manufacturing targets of an enterprise.
Experimental assessment of the speed of light perturbation in free-fall absolute gravimeters (2015)

Precision absolute gravity measurements are growing in importance, especially in the context of the new definition of the kilogram. For the case of free-fall absolute gravimeters with a Michelson-type interferometer tracking the position of a free falling body, one of the effects that needs to be taken into account is the speed of light perturbation due to the finite speed of propagation of light. This effect has been extensively discussed in the past, and there is at present a disagreement between different studies. In this work, we present the analysis of new data and confirm the result expected from the theoretical analysis applied nowadays in free-fall gravimeters. We also review the standard derivations of this effect (by using phase shift or Doppler effect arguments) and show their equivalence.
Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in Magnetic Topological Insulator GdBiTe3 (2011)

The quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) state is a two-dimensional bulk insulator with a non-zero Chern number in absence of external magnetic fields. Protected gapless chiral edge states enable dissipationless current transport in electronic devices. Doping topological insulators with random magnetic impurities could realize the QAH state, but magnetic order is difficult to establish experimentally in the bulk insulating limit. Here we predict that the single quintuple layer of GdBiTe3 film could be a stoichiometric QAH insulator based on ab-initio calculations, which explicitly demonstrate ferromagnetic order and chiral edge states inside the bulk gap. We further investigate the topological quantum phase transition by tuning the lattice constant and interactions. A simple low-energy effective model is presented to capture the salient physical feature of this topological material.
Synthesis of 4′-Ethynyl-2′-deoxy-4′-thioribonucleosides and Discovery of a Highly Potent and Less Toxic NRTI (2011)

The synthesis of 4'-ethynyl-2'-deoxy-4'-thioribonucleosides was carried out utilizing an electrophilic glycosidation in which 4-ethynyl-4-thiofuranoid glycal <b>16</b> served as a glycosyl donor. Electrophilic glycosidation between <b>16</b> and the silylated nucleobases (<i>N</i><sup>4</sup>-acetylcytosine, <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-benzoyladenine and <i>N</i><sup>2</sup>-acetyl-<i>O</i><sup>6</sup>-diphenylcarbamoylguanine) was carried out in the presence of <i>N</i>-iodosuccinimide (NIS) leading to the exclusive formation of the desired β-anomers <b>29, 33</b> and <b>36</b>. Anti-HIV studies demonstrated that these 4'-thio nucleosides were less cytotoxic to T-lymphocyte (i.e. MT-4 cells) than the corresponding 4'-ethynyl derivatives of 2'-deoxycytidine (<b>44</b>), 2'-deoxyadenosine (<b>45</b>) and 2'-deoxyguanosine (<b>46</b>). Comparison of the selectivity indices (SI) was made between 4'-thionucleosides (<b>32, 41</b> and <b>43</b>) and the corresponding 4'-oxygen analogues <b>44-46</b> by using the reported CC<sub>50</sub> and EC<sub>50</sub> values. In the case of cytosine and adenine nucleosides, comparable SI values were obtained: <b>32</b> (545) and <b>45</b> (458); <b>41</b> (>230) and <b>45</b> (1,630). In contrast, 4'-ethynyl-2'-deoxy-4'-thioguanosine <b>43</b> was found to possess a SI value of >18,200, which is twenty times better than that of <b>46</b> (933).
Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Developing Osteophytes in Murine Experimental Osteoarthritis and in Rats Inoculated with Growth Hormone-Secreting Tumor (1999)

Osteophytes are one of the characteristic features of osteoarthritis and are often found in acromegalic arthropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) involvement in osteophyte formation. One percent collagenase solution was injected into murine knee joints as an osteoarthritis model. In a different animal group, GH-secreting tumor cells were inoculated s.c. to the rat thigh as an acromegaly model. A series of osteophyte formation was examined histologically. IGF-I messenger RNA was detected using the in situ hybridization method. Type I IGF receptors were detected immunohistochemically. In the osteoarthritis model, osteophyte formation appeared as synovial or perichondral cell proliferation adjacent to the articular cartilage on day 5, followed by cartilage formation on day 7 and endochondral ossification on day 14. In the acromegaly model, synovial or perichondral cell proliferation was observed 4 weeks after inoculation, followed by osteophyte formation at 8 weeks. In both models, IGF-I messenger RNA and type I IGF receptor were coexpressed by proliferating synovial or perichondral cells, proliferating chondrocytes, and osteoblasts within the developing osteophytes. These results suggest that IGF-I regulated the initiation and development of osteophyte formation in both models in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion.
Wind Speed Estimation Based Sensorless Output Maximization Control for a Wind Turbine Driving a DFIG (2008)

This paper proposes a wind speed estimation based sensorless maximum wind power tracking control for variable-speed wind turbine generators (WTGs). A specific design of the proposed control algorithm for a wind turbine equipped with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is presented. The aerodynamic characteristics of the wind turbine are approximated by a Gaussian radial basis function network based nonlinear input-output mapping. Based on this nonlinear mapping, the wind speed is estimated from the measured generator electrical output power while taking into account the power losses in the WTG and the dynamics of the WTG shaft system. The estimated wind speed is then used to determine the optimal DFIG rotor speed command for maximum wind power extraction. The DFIG speed controller is suitably designed to effectively damp the low-frequency torsional oscillations. The resulting WTG system delivers maximum electrical power to the grid with high efficiency and high reliability without mechanical anemometers. The validity of the proposed control algorithm is verified by simulation studies on a 3.6MW WTG system. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed wind speed estimation algorithm is demonstrated by experimental studies on a small emulational WTG system.