gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Downregulation of <scp>RWA</scp> genes in hybrid aspen affects xylan acetylation and wood saccharification (2017)

High acetylation of angiosperm wood hinders its conversion to sugars by glycoside hydrolases, subsequent ethanol fermentation and (hence) its use for biofuel production. We studied the REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION (RWA) gene family of the hardwood model Populus to evaluate its potential for improving saccharification. The family has two clades, AB and CD, containing two genes each. All four genes are expressed in developing wood but only RWA-A and -B are activated by master switches of the secondary cell wall PtNST1 and PtMYB21. Histochemical analysis of promoter::GUS lines in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) showed activation of RWA-A and -B promoters in the secondary wall formation zone, while RWA-C and -D promoter activity was diffuse. Ectopic downregulation of either clade reduced wood xylan and xyloglucan acetylation. Suppressing both clades simultaneously using the wood-specific promoter reduced wood acetylation by 25% and decreased acetylation at position 2 of Xylp in the dimethyl sulfoxide-extracted xylan. This did not affect plant growth but decreased xylose and increased glucose contents in the noncellulosic monosaccharide fraction, and increased glucose and xylose yields of wood enzymatic hydrolysis without pretreatment. Both RWA clades regulate wood xylan acetylation in aspen and are promising targets to improve wood saccharification.
Cyclization of aniline-acetylenedicarboxylate adducts. A modified Conrad-Limpach method for the synthesis of potential antimalarials (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclization of aniline-acetylenedicarboxylate adducts. A modified Conrad-Limpach method for the synthesis of potential antimalarialsNed D. Heindel, Ibrahim S. Bechara, Peter D. Kennewell, James Molnar, Cyrus J. Ohnmacht, Sally M. Lemke, and Thomas F. LemkeCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1968, 11, 6, 1218–1221Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00312a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00312a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views500Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Array SSA form and its use in parallelization (1998)

Static single assignment (SSA) form for scalars has been a significant advance. It has simplified the way we think about scalar variables. It has simplified the design of some optimizations and has made other optimizations more effective. Unfortunately none of this can be be said for SSA form for arrays. The current SSA processing of arrays views an array as a single object. But the kinds of analyses that sophisticated compilers need to perform on arrays, for example those that drive loop parallelization, are at the element level. Current SSA form for arrays is incapable of providing the element-level data flow information required for such analyses.In this paper, we introduce an Array SSA form that captures precise element-level data flow information for array variables in all cases. It is general and simple, and coincides with standard SSA form when applied to scalar variables. It can also be used for structures and other variable types that can be modeled as arrays. An important application of Array SSA form is in automatic parallelization. We show how Array SSA form can enable parallelization of any loop that is free of loop-carried true data dependences. This includes loops with loop-carried anti and output dependences, unanalyzable subscript expressions, and arbitrary control flow within an iteration. Array SSA form achieves this level of generality by making manifest its - functions as runtime computations in cases that are not amenable to compile-time analysis.
GENERAL ACID-BASE CATALYSIS IN THE INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROLYSIS OF PHTHALAMIC ACID<sup>1</sup> (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGENERAL ACID-BASE CATALYSIS IN THE INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROLYSIS OF PHTHALAMIC ACID1Myron L. BenderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 5, 1258–1259Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1957https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01562a059RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views294Altmetric-Citations62LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (273 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Evaluating space perception in NPR immersive environments (2002)

Non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) methods allow us to emphasize or omit detail in order to communicate information more effectively. An important issue to consider is how can we evaluate and validate the communication adequacy of these techniques? In this paper we present a methodology for quantitatively evaluating spatial perception in a functional, NPR, stereo, immersive environment. The methods described in this paper borrow from both the art and perceptual psychology communities and will provide NPR researchers with a methodology for conducting user studies to perceptually validate new rendering approaches within immersive environments.
Piston Fuel Films as a Source of Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Wall-Controlled Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Engine (2003)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Thin films of liquid fuel can form on the piston surface in spark-ignited direct-injection (SIDI) engines. These fuel films can result in pool fires that lead to deposit formation and increased hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions. Previous investigations of the effects of piston fuel films on engine-out HC and smoke emissions have been hampered by their inability to measure the fuel-film mass in operating direct-injection engines. In this paper, a recently developed high-speed refractive-index-matching imaging technique is used for quantitative time- and space-resolved measurements of fuel-film mass on a quartz piston window of an optically-accessible direct-injection engine operating over a range of fully-warmed-up stratified-charge conditions with both a high-pressure hollow-cone swirl-type injector and with a high-pressure multihole injector. Measured fuel-film mass is a small percentage of the total fuel injected with the high-pressure swirl injector (maximum of ∼1% with gasoline fuel and ∼0.1% with isooctane fuel). Most of the piston fuel-film mass evaporates during the cycle and burns as a pool fire. These pool fires are observed by endoscopic and through-the-piston imaging, and the occurrence and location of the pool fires are consistent with the measured piston fuel films. The fuel-film data are also correlated with engine-out HC and smoke emissions measurements from a conventional all-metal single-cylinder engine of the same design. Smoke emissions from the engine with a high-pressure swirl injector increase linearly with the measured fuel-film mass. Fuel films are found to be the dominant source of smoke emissions with the swirl injector in this engine, with ∼10% of the wall-film mass converted to emitted smoke mass. Smoke emissions from the engine with a high-pressure multihole injector are very small or zero, consistent with the much smaller measured fuel-film mass (∼0.05% of the injected gasoline fuel volume). In contrast, engine-out HC emissions do not correlate with fuel-film mass. For optimum injection timings, the measured fuel-film mass is so small that even in the unlikely event that all of the fuel film mass was converted to engine-out HC emissions, fuel films could account for less than 15% of the total HC emissions for the swirl injector and less than 2% for the multihole injector. For off-optimum injection timings, the HC emissions are significantly larger, but wall films can account for at most 35% of the unburned HC emissions. This is contrary to some previous studies that claimed fuel films were the largest contributor to HC emissions (∼80%) in stratified SIDI engines. The data from this engine support overmixing as the dominant source of HC emissions for optimum engine operating conditions. However, fuel films may be a significant source of HC emissions for cold start or low-speed engine-operating conditions.</div>
Studies on the Guinea Pig Pancreas (1974)

The protein mixture discharged by guinea pig pancreatic lobules incubated in vitro has been analyzed by two comple-
THE KON-TIKI MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS, VOL 5 (Review) (2000)

THE KON-TIKI MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS, VOL 5 ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF ARNE SKJ0LSVOLD, 7S YEARS Edited by Paul Wallin and Helene Martinsson-Wallin. The Kon-Tiki Museum, 2000 Review by Georgia Lee
Completely Halogenated Ethanes Containing Iodine<sup>1</sup> (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCompletely Halogenated Ethanes Containing Iodine1John T. Barr, J. Donald Gibson, and Robert H. Lafferty Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 3, 1352–1353Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1951https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01147a504RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views51Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (316 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Voltage-controlled superconducting quantum bus (2019)

We demonstrate the ability of an epitaxial semiconductor-superconductor nanowire to serve as a field-effect switch to tune a superconducting cavity. Two superconducting gatemon qubits are coupled to the cavity, which acts as a quantum bus. Using a gate voltage to control the superconducting switch yields up to a factor of 8 change in qubit-qubit coupling between the on and off states without detrimental effect on qubit coherence. High-bandwidth operation of the coupling switch on nanosecond time scales degrades qubit coherence.
Cellular Automata: Theory and Experiment (1991)

Part 1 Mathematical analysis of cellular automata: aperiodicity in one-dimensional cellular automata, E. Jen cyclic cellular automata and related processes, R. Fisch nearest neighbour cellular automata over Z2 with periodic boundary conditions, B. Voorhees cellular automaton ruled by an eccentric conservation law, A.M. Barbe Boolean derivatives on cellular automata, G. Vichniac. Part 2 Structure of the space of cellular automata: transition phenomena in cellular automata: transition phenomena in cellular automata rule space, W. Li, et al is there a sharp phase transition for deterministic cellular automata?, W.W. Wootters and C.G. Langton Wolfram's class IV automata and a good life, H.V. McIntosh criticality in cellular automata, H. Chate and P. Manneville a hierarchical classification of cellular automata, H.A. Gutowitz. Part 3 Learning rules with specified properties: adaptive stochastic cellular automata - theory, Y.C. Lee, et al adaptive stochastic cellular automata - experiment, S. Qian, et al extracting cellular automaton rules directly from experimental data, F.C. Richards, et al. Part 4 Cellular automata and the natural sciences - biology: what can automaton theory tell us about the brain?, J.D. Victor simulation of HIV-infection in artificial immune systems, H. Sieburg, et al physics and chemistry - invertible cellular automata - a review, T. Toffoli and N. Margolus digital mechanics - an informational process based on reversible universal cellular automata, E. Fredkin representations of geometrical and topological quantities in cellular automata, M.A. Smith relaxation properties of elementary reversible cellular automata, S. Takesue a comparison of spin exchange and cellular automaton models for diffusion-controlled reactions, A. Canning and M. Droz reversible cellular automata and chemical turbulence, H. Hartman and P. Tamayo soliton turbulence in one-dimensional cellular automata, Y. Aizawa, et al knot invariants and cellular automata, B. Hasslacher and D.A. Meyer critical dynamics of one-dimensional irreversible systems, O. Martin. Part 5 comutation theory of cellular automata, computation theoretic aspects of cellular automata, K. Culik II reversibility of 2D cellular automata is undecidable, J. Kari classifying circular cellular automata, K. Sutner formal languages and global cellular automaton behaviour, K. Culik II a characterization of constant-time cellular automata computation, S. Kim and R. McCloskey constructive chaos by cellular automata and possible sources of an arrow to time, K. Svozil. Part 6 Generalizations of cellular automata: cellular automata and discrete neural networks, M. Garzon attractor dominance patterns in sparsely connected Boolean nets, C.C. Walker periodic orbits and log transients in coupled map lattices, R. Livi. Appendices: a brief review of cellular automata packages, D. Hiebeler maps of recent cellular automata and lattice gas automata literature, H.A. Gutowitz.
Semitransparent polymer solar cells (2013)

Abstract Bulk heterojunction based polymer:fullerene solar cells have attracted intensive research interest both in academic and industrial communities in the last two decades, mainly related to their potential low‐cost production process. A power conversion efficiency of over 10% has been reported recently, making the commercialization of this clean and cheap solar energy convertor a realistic prospect for the near future. The intrinsic features of semitransparency and color tunability of the thin polymeric photoactive films are the greatest asset for polymer solar cells. Recently, aesthetic semitransparent polymer solar cells ( ST‐PSCs ) that can be integrated into transparent windows, roofs, glass and other semitransparent architectural elements have received much attention. In this perspective paper, we present the progress in achieving high performance ST‐PSCs , discuss the requirements for transparent electrodes, focusing on alternatives to tin‐doped indium oxide, and address the challenges ahead to make ST‐PSC viable for real applications. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Fatigue Life Enhancement and High Interference Bushing Installation Using the ForceMate Bushing Installation Technique (1986)

The patented ForceMate bushing installation process, originally developed by McDonnell Aircraft, involves expansion of a hole and simultaneous installation of an interference fitted bushing. The process provides a significant improvement in the fatigue life of bushed holes in metallic structures and offers reduced bushing installation costs. Fatigue life improvement is attributed both to the creation of residual compressive stresses in the metal surrounding the hole and to the reduction in applied cyclic stress range caused by the interference fitted bushing. Installation is accomplished without loss of corrosion protection because of the initial clearance fit of the bushing in the hole. Installation costs are reduced by the elimination of liquid nitrogen needed for shrinkage of bushings, as well as the significant reduction in installation time and manpower. This paper describes the ForceMate process in detail. Fatigue lives of simulated aluminum lug geometries with bushings installed using the ForceMate process were compared with lives of lugs with bushings installed using conventional shrink fit methods. Constant amplitude and flight-by-flight spectrum loading were used for cyclic testing. Life improvement factors of greater than 3:1 were shown. Bushing-to-hole interferences were significantly greater than those achievable with traditional shrink-fit installation techniques. The process was demonstrated effectively with bushings manufactured from beryllium-copper, aluminum-nickel-bronze, and steel alloys.
Tribopolymerization as a Mechanism of Boundary Lubrication (2004)

Two major classes of compounds have been developed from the concept of tribopolymerization proposed by Furey and Kajdas. The first, condensation-type monomers, formed the core of Furey’s early work. It was suggested that high surface temperatures generated in tribological contact initiated the “in situ” polymerization of adsorbed monomers [1]. The second class, addition-type monomers, was also investigated, spurred on by the ideas proposed by Kajdas, who postulated that the polymerization of these compounds (e.g., vinyl-type monomers) was initiated by the emission of low-energy electrons from the surfaces in contact [2]. Experimental evidence supporting the action of each monomer class was obtained. We believe that we now have a better understanding of the mechanism(s) of tribopolymerization in reducing wear. However, several questions concerning detailed action remain. It is a complex and challenging problem of tribochemistry.
CUDA compatible GPU cards as efficient hardware accelerators for Smith-Waterman sequence alignment (2008)

The results show that graphic cards are now sufficiently advanced to be used as efficient hardware accelerators for sequence alignment. Their performance is better than any alternative available on commodity hardware platforms. The solution presented in this paper allows large scale alignments to be performed at low cost, using the exact Smith-Waterman algorithm instead of the largely adopted heuristic approaches.
A pulse transmission mode Q-switched Nd:YLF laser pumped by cylindrical microlens-collimated diode bars (1994)

A Q-switched cavity-dumped single-transverse-mode Nd:YLF laser pumped by two 60-W quasi-CW diode bars collimated using cylindrical microlens technology produced 4-mJ, 4.5-ns pulses. The pump geometry employed has many of the advantages of longitudinal pumping yet allows the use of high-power quasi-CW bars while requiring only 1 optical element.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES (1960)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Endothelial transdifferentiation in hepatocellular carcinoma: loss of Stabilin‐2 expression in peri‐tumourous liver correlates with increased survival (2013)

Abstract Background & Aims Hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) is a malignant tumour that is characterized by extensive vascular remodelling and responsiveness to treatment with the anti‐angiogenic multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. The aim was to study endothelial remodelling in HCC . Methods The murine inducible albumin‐ SV 40‐large T‐antigen model and two tissue microarrays ( TMA ) with 295 tumourous and 83 peri‐tumourous samples of 296 patients with HCC were analysed for expression of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell ( LSEC )‐specific marker proteins, stabilin‐1 and stabilin‐2, LYVE ‐1 and CD 32b. Results LSEC marker proteins were sequentially lost during HCC progression in the murine HCC model being absent from tumour nodules larger than 800 μm in diameter. Similarly, the TMA analysis of human HCC s revealed loss of all four marker proteins in the majority of tumourous tissue samples. Preservation of LYVE ‐1 expression showed a significant correlation with low grading (G1). In corresponding peri‐tumourous liver tissue, loss of all marker proteins was seen in a minor proportion of cases (34%) while the majority of cases retained expression of at least one of the marker proteins. Loss of stabilin‐2 expression in peri‐tumourous liver tissue of patients with HCC was significantly less likely to occur (38%) than loss of the other marker proteins (63–95%) and it was associated with significantly longer tumour‐specific ( P = 0.0523) and overall ( P = 0.0338) survival. Loss of stabilin‐2 may enhance survival in HCC by preventing endothelial‐tumour cell adhesive interactions and microvascular invasion. Conclusions In summary, endothelial transdifferentiation is a major pathogenic event in HCC development indicating a switch from vessel co‐option/intussusceptive angiogenesis to sprouting angiogenesis.
A policy-based infrastructure for the dynamic control of agent mobility (2003)

There is an increasing research interest toward the mobility of software components. However, mobility adds complexity to the design of applications because programmers have to decide when, where and which components to migrate. The typical approach to mobility is to embed migration directives into component code at design time. This makes difficult to dynamically change migration strategies in order to adapt to evolving conditions of the execution environment. This paper advocates a policy-based approach for the specification and dynamic control of component mobility and presents a framework obtained by integrating a policy-based management system in a mobile agent environment.
Avionics for manned spacecraft (1989)

The author describes the avionic equipment for manned spacecraft, past, present, and future. He treats the four classic avionic systems-crew interface, flight control, navigation, and communication-and adds a fifth called subsystem management which refers to the monitoring and reconfiguration of equipment when faults occur. He starts by describing the functions of spacecraft avionics in general. He then discusses what he considers to have been the first manned spacecraft, the X-15. He continues with the early US and Soviet spacecraft (including their space stations), the US shuttle, and the European Spacelab. He concludes with projections for the avionics in future manned spacecraft, such as the US Space Station, a lunar base, and planetary explorers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>