gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional Screening Platform for the Highly Efficient Discovery of Aptamers with High Affinity and Specificity (2017)

Aptamers have attracted much attention as the next generation of affinity reagents. Unfortunately, the selection efficiency remains a critical bottleneck for the widespread application of aptamers. Herein, to accelerate aptamers discovery, a multifunctional microfluidic selection platform was developed, on which the selection efficiency was greatly improved and high-affinity and -specificity aptamers were generated within two round selections. The multifunctional screening platform, precisely manipulating magnetic beads on the micrometer scale, improved selection performance based on microfluidic continuous flow and enhanced the selection process control via in situ monitoring and real-time evaluation. This method could suppress ∼50-fold nonspecific binding nucleic acids compared to the conventional methods, further eliminate weakly bound nucleic acids within 9 min, and simultaneously perform the negative selection and positive selection. And the selection effectiveness was in situ and real-time monitoring. Three aptamers showed high affinity and specificity toward mucin 1 (MUC1) with dissociation constants (K<sub>d</sub>) in nanomolar range (from 22 to 65 nM). Furthermore, the selected aptamer was able to specially label cancer cells and efficiently capture exosomes with 64% capture efficiency. It demonstrated that the multifunctional screening platform was an efficient method to generate high-quality aptamers in a rapid and economic manner.
Optimizing MOS transistor mismatch (1998)

An investigation of MOS transistor mismatch is undertaken and a methodology is developed for optimizing mismatch without increasing layout area. Dramatic improvements of up to 300% in matching can be realized by selecting the optimum W/L ratio without changing the overall WL area product. The theoretical basis for the obtainable improvements is fully described and an expression is derived and verified by experiment to predict the W/L ratio which gives optimum matching.
Families Caring: Diverse Care Work of Families in Australia (2007)

This editorial presents an overview of this Family Matters edition, which highlights the different ways in which families engage in caring for family members and the issues they face. The articles in this edition further research knowledge of the nature, extent, and impact of formal and informal caring, and investigate child care, caring for people with disabilities, caring for adults who have been sexually assaulted, and caring for children who have suffered abuse or neglect.
A CMOS A/D converter circuit for thermocouple temperature measurement (1981)

A two-chip CMOS A/D converter, used in a hand-held digital thermometer, employing a compensating circuit for the reference junction of a thermocouple and a switching amplifier to resolve signals as small as 1μV will be discussed.
Development of a high density glass interposer based on wafer level packaging technologies (2014)

Currently glass is mainly used as unstructured wafers or panels with the highest market share in glass capping applications. Higher functionality in glass is driven by the applications in RF and Photonics. Since the technologies of via interconnects in Si and glass are completely different, it is challenging to perform a direct and fair comparison. Mainly laser technology and electrical discharge are used for forming the vias into the glass. Slightly modified thin film technologies already in mass production in WLP can be used to fill the vias with a copper metallization. Conformal metallization and full via plating are options. High yield and excellent reliability have been achieved. Generally, due to the lossy nature of silicon and complex polarization mechanism that occurs at the Si-SiO2, TSVs may suffer from severe signal integrity and EMI problems such as huge insertion loss, delay and cross-talk, depending on the Si-resistivity considered. Therefore, regarding the dielectric material, TGVs have significant advantages over TSV, especially when either LRS or MRS is used. In summary TGVs show excellent RF characteristics over TSVs. This has been proven for a test design up to 40 GHz.
Work Function Tunability of Refractory Metal Nitrides by Lanthanum or Aluminum Doping for Advanced CMOS Devices (2007)

A lanthanum (La)-doped HfN is investigated as an n-type metal gate electrode on SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> with tunable work function. The variation of La concentration in (HfinfinLa <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> )N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> modulates the gate work function from 4.6 to 3.9 eV and remains stable after high-temperature annealing (900degC to 1000degC), which makes it suitable for n-channel MOSFET application. An ultrathin high-fc dielectric layer was formed at the metal/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> interface due to the (HfinfinLa <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> )N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> and SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> interaction during annealing. This causes a slight reduction in the effective oxide thickness and improves the tunneling current of the gate dielectric by two to three orders. We also report the tunability of TaN with Al doping, which is suitable for a p-type metal gate work function. Based on our results, several dual-gate integration processes by incorporating lanthanum or aluminum into a refractory metal nitride for CMOS technology are proposed.
The Science of Luminescence (1989)

The use of luminescence methods to measure the properties of chemical and biochemical systems has expanded so greatly in recent years that technical reviews and bibliographies no longer attempt to encompass the entire field, dealing instead with some restricted portion of the major subdivisions that have evolved. In the 1986 Fundamental Reviews of Analytical Chemistry, Wehry (1) lists 639 references in a biannual review titled "Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence" which is focused mainly on analytical applications, and totally excludes the major topics of atomic fluorescence; molecular luminescence in flames, plasmas, and discharges; infrared fluorescence; solid state phosphor and semiconductor luminescence; radioluminescence; liquid scintillation counting; X-ray induced luminescence; and luminescence probing of biochemical, macromolecular, and micellar systems. Activity in each of the excluded areas is at least comparable to that in analytical applications of luminescence and the literature dealing with applications to biochemical, macromolecular, and micellar systems is by far
Modelling superconducting nanowire single photon detectors in a waveguide cavity (2016)

In this work we report on a single photon detector system which offers near-unity detection efficiency using waveguide-coupled superconducting nanowires with lengths on the order of 1 m.This is achieved by embedding the nanowires in a racetrack resonator where the interaction time with the photons trapped in the cavity is increased, thereby allowing for shorter nanowires.We expect this to lead to a higher fabrication yield as the amount of inhomogeneities decreases for shorter nanowires.Our simulations show a system with a 1 m long superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) operating at near-unity detection efficiency using design parameters that can be realistically achieved with conventional fabrication processes.The resonant cavity introduces spectral selectivity to the otherwise broad-band SNSPDs and the cavity induced timing jitter is shown to be insignificant for SNSPDs longer than 1 m.
Interferometry and its Applications in Surface Metrology (2017)

Interferometry has been a time-honored technique for surface topography measurement. Interferometric measurements of surface shape are relative measurement techniques in which the shape of a known surface is compared with that of an unknown surface, and the difference is displayed as a series of interference fringes. Noise attached in the interference fringes can have catastrophic effects on the phase-unwrapping process, so denoising is essential before reconstruction. Some noise may be generated due to vibrations when multiple images over a finite time period are captured for reconstruction by phase-shifting technique. This harmful noise is drastically reduced when fast phase shifting–based single-shot parallel four-step combined with Fizeau interferometer is applied. Measuring the shape of strongly curved surfaces using two-beam interferometry is very complicated due to the higher fringe density. This problem may be solved by multiple-beam interferometry, thanks to the very sharp interference fringes. The experimental results show the feasibility and high precision of multiple-beam interferometry.
Isolation of Anaerobic Bacteria from Human Gingiva and Mouse Cecum by Means of a Simplified Glove Box Procedure (1969)

An anaerobic glove box constructed of clear flexible vinyl plastic is described. It is sufficiently inexpensive and simple in operation to be used not only in research but also in a clinical laboratory by technicians without special training. Conventional bacteriological techniques may be used inside the glove box for culturing and transferring anaerobic bacteria. The box may be heated to 37 C and thus serve as an anaerobic incubator as well, permitting inspection of cultures at any time. Media may be prepared and agar plates may be poured on the laboratory bench in the conventional manner. An overlay of trace amounts of palladium black catalyst over plated agar media reduces the medium to an oxidation-reduction (O-R) potential of - 300 mv within 2 days after introduction into the glove box. In spite of its greater simplicity, the system matched or excelled the roll tube method with respect to all parameters tested, including O-R potential obtainable in the media, O(2) concentration in the gas phase, and efficiency in isolating anaerobic bacteria from the mouse cecum. Comparative studies indicate that the conventional anaerobic jar method was inadequate for the isolation of strict anaerobes from human gingival specimens and from the mouse cecum. This was due to the exposure of specimens and media to air during plating on the open laboratory bench. Anaerobic jars were adequate for maintaining the proper conditions for growth of anaerobic bacteria once these had been established in the glove box.
Altered Innate Defenses in the Neonatal Gastrointestinal Tract in Response to Colonization by Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli (2013)

Two-day-old (P2), but not 9-day-old (P9), rat pups are susceptible to systemic infection following gastrointestinal colonization by Escherichia coli K1. Age dependency reflects the capacity of colonizing K1 to translocate from gastrointestinal (GI) tract to blood. A complex GI microbiota developed by P2, showed little variation over P2 to P9, and did not prevent stable K1 colonization. Substantial developmental expression was observed over P2 to P9, including upregulation of genes encoding components of the small intestinal (α-defensins Defa24 and Defa-rs1) and colonic (trefoil factor Tff2) mucus barrier. K1 colonization modulated expression of these peptides: developmental expression of Tff2 was dysregulated in P2 tissues and was accompanied by a decrease in mucin Muc2. Conversely, α-defensin genes were upregulated in P9 tissues. We propose that incomplete development of the mucus barrier during early neonatal life and the capacity of colonizing K1 to interfere with mucus barrier maturation provide opportunities for neuropathogen translocation into the bloodstream.
Progress of Pharmaceutical Continuous Crystallization (2017)

Crystallization is an important unit operation in the pharmaceutical industry. At present, most pharmaceutical crystallization processes are performed in batches. However, due to product variability from batch to batch and to the low productivity of batch crystallization, continuous crystallization is gaining increasing attention. In the past few years, progress has been made to allow the products of continuous crystallization to meet different requirements. This review summarizes the progress in pharmaceutical continuous crystallization from a product engineering perspective. The advantages and disadvantages of different types of continuous crystallization are compared, with the main difference between the two main types of crystallizers being their difference in residence time distribution. Approaches that use continuous crystallization to meet different quality requirements are summarized. Continuous crystallization has advantages in terms of size and morphology control. However, it also has the problem of a process yield that may be lower than that of a batch process, especially in the production of chirality crystals. Finally, different control strategies are compared.
Endorsing Legitimacy to Avoid IPO Underpricing When Markets for Technology Fail (2012)

Bringing institutional theory and the signalling effect of patents in the debate, we investigate how to avoid IPO underpricing in different appropriability regimes. Empirical evidence remains that in the industry with a transparent link between R&D expenditures and value appropriation, the level of R&D expenditures does not even have a negative impact on IPO underpricing and a venture’s patent stock effectively mitigates investors’ concerns of its future prospect. Conversely, when the transparency of innovations to future returns is not clear, the endowment of legitimacy is extremely prevalent for new ventures, especially for high-tech IPOs. It serves as a credible and observable signal for investors to make accurate assessment of firm value. Post hoc analysis shows that endorsing legitimacy does decrease the level of IPO underpricing caused by innovation-based information asymmetry, proxied by the R&D expenditures of ventures. We examine the relationships in a sample of 770 IPOs. The result extends information asymmetry theory by considering institutional prospective and by contextualizing firm information. It also contributes to institutional theory by showing how this theory contributes most to our understanding of firm behaviour in the absence of well-functioning markets (such as the market for technology).
If Anybody Asks You Who I Am: An Outsider's Story of the Duty to Establish Paternity (1993)

When Minerva looked into the face of her child asleep beside her in the bed, she saw peace, she saw freshness, she saw the world the way it should be. Contentment slept in Kiji's lips, pink brown lips closed loosely like a small bow. In the curl of her lashes rested hope. In her balled fists, strength and vulnerability. Minerva hated to wake her. The morning light had just begun to diffuse blue-grey into the small bedroom of Minerva's mother's house. They had to get up early to make it to court on time. The lawyer had said they needed to be there by eight. After dressing herself, Minerva slipped the baby's night clothes off and gently slid her head and arms into the ruffled red dress that James had bought for her. Kiji looked like a valentine in it, all red with white lace. James even bought her a little bow to put in her thick black curls. It was made from white satin ribbon and had a red heart in the middle. Minerva was so proud of the gift that she even told the lady lawyer down at child support about it. That lawyer had smiled a wily, sly kind of smile when she told Minerva to clothe the baby in that pretty dress. She called it "a nice touch." Minerva had looked puzzled. To explain, the child-support lawyer added, "Just in case." Just in case, what? Minerva wanted to know. Just in case James denied that the baby was his. If he did, then the lawyer could ask Minerva who had bought the child her dress
Using modeling and simulation for rapid prototyping and system integration (2002)

Reports on using the modeling and simulation based system integration approach to the development of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle A3 System (BEV A3). BFV A3 System is a system upgrade of the existing BFV A2 System that is the backbone of the US Army mechanized infantry. The upgrade enhances system performance by adopting new fire control and full digitization of the vehicle control system. The integration window was reduced from 18 months to six months by using this revolutionary approach. The modeling and simulation based system integration approach also produced powerful tools to perform over 80% of testing and evaluation functions.
Flexible free-standing hollow Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/graphene hybrid films for lithium-ion batteries (2012)

Flexible free-standing hollow Fe3O4/graphene (H-Fe3O4/GS) films were fabricated through vacuum filtration and thermal reduction processes, in which graphene formed a three-dimensional conductive network, with hollow and porous Fe3O4 spindles being captured and distributed homogeneously. Using the films as binder-free and free-standing electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, H-Fe3O4/GS with 39.6 wt% graphene exhibited a high specific capacity (1555 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1), enhanced rate capability and excellent cyclic stability (940 and 660 mA h g−1 at 200 and 500 mA g−1 after 50 cycles, respectively). The superior electrochemical performance of this novel material can be attributed to two factors. One is that the three dimensional (3D) graphene network formed is very helpful for keeping H-Fe3O4 in good electrical contact. Another is the short transport length for both lithium ions and electrons due to the porous nature which accommodates volume change and favors electrolyte penetration. It is believed that the strategy for preparing free-standing H-Fe3O4/GS films presented in this work will provide new insight into the design and synthesis of other metal oxide/GS electrodes for flexible energy storage devices.
The Use of Hollow Plastic Balls as Energy Conservation Devices in Heated Open Tanks (1983)

The problem of heat losses from open liquid filled tanks is as old as industry itself. This paper will present the advantages of using an insulating blanket of hollow plastic spheres as a mechanism to conserve this type of industrial energy loss. \n\nFIRST: The theory of a floating ball blanket will be covered. Claims on the effectiveness of a ball blanket will be substantiated by results obtained from independent testing laboratories. Slides and graphs of these results, as well as photographs of industrial applications will be presented. \n\nNEXT: Attention will be given to specific industries in which open tank energy loss is common. Metal finishing, chemical manufacturing, power generation, sewage/wastewater, and food manufacturing will be highlighted. \n\nOther benefits obtainable from floating ball blankets, such as evaporation control and odor control will be briefly discussed. \n\nQuestions and answers of specific interest from conference attendees will be answered following the presentation. \n\nVarious methods are available to industry to reduce open tank heating losses. I will present information on the use of an insulating blanket of floating balls to conserve on these open tank heating losses. Where test results are referred to, please keep in mind that these tests were conducted by Capricorn Chemicals Corporation on ALLPLAS type floating ball blankets. ALLPLAS balls are patented by Capricorn Chemicals Corporation.
Mimic Encryption System for Network Security (2018)

With the rapid development of the Internet, increasingly more attention has been paid to network security problems. A network security defense technology has become a very important research field. Currently, most network equipment transmits data in plaintext at the data link layer, which exposes important information, such as IP addresses, port numbers, and application protocols, to an attacker and provides an opportunity for network attacks. To protect a network against attacks and ensure its security, this paper proposes a mimic encryption system for network security. Based on the concepts of moving target defense and mimic security defense, using the principles of randomization, dynamism, and diversification, a data link layer mimic encryption system is constructed from the underlying network of an information system. By transforming the frame format, a reconfigurable encryption algorithm, an hash algorithm, and a pseudo-random number generator are used to design different combination encryption modes. Then, the hash value of an encrypted frame is obtained by performing the hash operation, and feedback update is performed to generate new key parameters for the hash key pool. In addition, the pseudo-random selection of combinations of encryption algorithms and keys is performed to achieve “one frame-one key”. Finally, an FPGA is used as the network encryption card, and a CPU is used to realize two-party key agreement and the upper layer application. Using the FPGA + CPU hardware and software collaboration, the attack surface is expanded. Taking advantage of the high anti-interference property of an FPGA, part of the attack against the software system is filtered. The experimental results and analysis show that the encryption and decryption performance of this system in a 10 G network are approximately 500 MB/s. Thus, the system can effectively prevent the leakage of user data and resist network sniffing, vulnerability attacks, exhaustive key search attacks, and ciphertext-only attacks. Moreover, this system provides high security.
Repeated vas occlusion and non‐invasive reversal with styrene maleic anhydride for male contraception in langur monkeys (2000)

The feasibility of a spacing method for contraception, using Styrene Maleic Anhydride (SMA) as a vas occlusive agent, has been assessed in male langur monkeys. The vas deferens of 6 animals were occluded with 60 mg SMA in 120 microL DMSO. After 150 days, the occlusion was reversed by a technique which involved palpation, percutaneous electrical stimulation, forced vibratory movement, suprapubic percussion and per-rectal digital massage of the vas segments. The vas deferens were then re-occluded with SMA and reversed by the non-invasive method after three consecutive azoospermic samples. The second vas occlusion resulted in uniform azoospermia after the third ejaculation and reversal caused the reappearance of spermatozoa in the semen to severe oligozoospermic levels in the first two ejaculations and rising to normospermia in the subsequent ejaculations. Ultrastructure of the spermatozoa by SEM and TEM and sperm function tests revealed that the spermatozoa had recovered normal morphology. Vas morphology also regained a normal pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing basal and principal cells. The results suggest that the SMA-based spacing technique for male contraception could be extrapolated to the human by use of no-scalpel injection and non-invasive reversal.