gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Soil fungal and bacterial biomass determined by epifluorescence microscopy and mycorrhizal spore density in different sugarcane managements (2014)

Crop productivity and sustainability have often been related to soil organic matter and soil microbial biomass, especially because of their role in soil nutrient cycling. This study aimed at measuring fungal and bacterial biomass by epifluorescence microscopy and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spore density in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields under different managements. We collected soil samples of sugarcane fields managed with or without burning, with or without mechanized harvest, with or without application of vinasse and from nearby riparian native forest. The soil samples were collected at 10cm depth and storage at 4°C until analysis. Fungal biomass varied from 25 to 37µg C g-1 dry soil and bacterial from 178 to 263µg C g-1 dry soil. The average fungal/bacterial ratio of fields was 0.14. The AMF spore density varied from 9 to 13 spores g-1 dry soil. The different sugarcane managements did not affect AMF spore density. In general, there were no significant changes of microbial biomass with crop management and riparian forest. However, the sum of fungal and bacterial biomass measured by epifluorescence microscopy (i.e. 208-301µg C g-1 dry soil) was very close to values of total soil microbial biomass observed in other studies with traditional techniques (e.g. fumigation-extraction). Therefore, determination of fungal/bacterial ratios by epifluorescence microscopy, associated with other parameters, appears to be a promising methodology to understand microbial functionality and nutrient cycling under different soil and crop managements.
Key technologies for novel wavelength-selective photodetectors (2004)

One-Mirror-Inclined Three-Mirror-Cavity (OMITMiC) photodetector, which combines a Fabry-Perot filtering-cavity with a taper absorption-cavity, features high-speed, high quantum efficiency and ultra-narrow spectral linewidth simultaneously and allows wide range tuning when proper tuning mechanism is introduced. First fabrication and demonstration of this kind of device on GaAs substrate had been done in our laboratory. A quantum efficiency of 75% and a spectral linewidth of 0.8 nm (FWHM) were achieved with an absorption layer as thin as 0.119 /spl mu/m. Relevant micromechanical tunable Fabry-Perot filter with a tuning range about 30 nm had been achieved. Research works on the key technologies to transfer our success to InP based long wavelength device are also presented.
Effect of Dietary Enrichment with Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids on in Vitro Neutrophil and Monocyte Leukotriene Generation and Neutrophil Function (1985)

The effects of dietary fish-oil fatty acids on the function of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of peripheral-blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes were determined in seven normal subjects who supplemented their usual diet for six weeks with daily doses of triglycerides containing 3.2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and 2.2 g of docosahexaenoic acid. The diet increased the eicosapentaenoic acid content in neutrophils and monocytes more than sevenfold, without changing the quantities of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. When the neutrophils were activated, the release of [3H]arachidonic acid and its labeled metabolites was reduced by a mean of 37 per cent, and the maximum generation of three products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway was reduced by more than 48 per cent. The ionophore-induced release of [3H]arachidonic acid and its labeled metabolites from monocytes in monolayers was reduced by a mean of 39 per cent, and the generation of leukotriene B4 by 58 per cent. The adherence of neutrophils to bovine endothelial-cell monolayers pretreated with leukotriene B4 was inhibited completely, and their average chemotactic response to leukotriene B4 was inhibited by 70 per cent, as compared with values determined before the diet was begun and six weeks after its discontinuation. We conclude that diets enriched with fish-oil-derived fatty acids may have antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in neutrophils and monocytes and inhibiting the leukotriene B4-mediated functions of neutrophils.
Dysfunctional HDL as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Target (2009)

The atheroprotective effects of HDL are mediated by several mechanisms, including its role in reverse cholesterol transport and via its antiinflammatory properties. However, not all HDL is functionally similar. HDL and apolipoprotein A-I may become dysfunctional or even proinflammatory and thus promote atherosclerosis. ApoAI posttranslational modification can have a large impact on its function. Myeloperoxidase modification of apoAI impairs its function as a cholesterol acceptor, and the molecular changes induced by myeloperoxidase have been studied in detail. These studies provide the basis for the development of an oxidant-resistant form of apoAI and clinical measures of HDL modification and dysfunction, which may be useful as a treatment criterion.
Design and implementation of power line sensornet for overhead transmission lines (2009)

The task of monitoring asset status and optimizing asset utilization for the power grid, given millions of assets and hundreds of thousands of miles of power lines distributed over millions of square miles, seems costly, if not impossible. Given the traditionally high cost of sensing and communications, the current grid has minimal dasiasmartspsila with much of the intelligence located at major substations. Dramatic reductions in sensor, computing and communications costs, coupled with significant performance enhancements has increased the possibility of realizing widely and massively power line sensor networks (PLSNs) to monitor utility asset status. A NSF funded a project, ldquoPower Line Sensornet for Enhancing Line Reliability and Utilizationrdquo, has led to the development of an integrated multi-task power line sensor (PLS) module. This paper mainly addresses the design and implementation issues for such a sensor module.
Aliphatic polyurethane elastomers with high performance properties (1987)

Abstract A new diisocyanate, 1,4‐eyclohexane diisocyanate (CHDI), has been used in a series of polyether‐based polyurethane elastomers. The slightly opaque samples are semicrystalline in nature with high performance properties, including high softening temperature, very good thermal stability, high tensile and tear strengths, excellent solvent resistance, and low hysteresis in compressive fatigue. Polymer properties are in part due to the small, compact, symmetrical structure of the aliphatic CHDI. Comparison of the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of polyurethanes prepared from the aliphatic diisocyanate 4,4′‐dicyclohexylmethane dilsocyanate (H 12 MDI) reveal the H 12 MDI polymers to be more flexible and transparent elastomers with lower softening temperatures and tensile moduli and higher hysteretic heat build up. They are generally soluble in organic solvents.
The analogy between streamline curvature and buoyancy in turbulent shear flow (1969)

A formal algebraic analogy is drawn between meteorological parameters, such as the Richardson number, and the parameters describing the effect of rotation or streamline curvature on a turbulent flow. The analogy between the phenomena is a good first approximation. Semi-quantitative use of the analogy to apply meteorological data to curved shear layers shows that the effects of curvature on the apparent mixing length are appreciable if the shear-layer thickness exceeds roughly 1/300 of the radius of curvature; larger effects may occur in compressible flow. Application of the Monin-Oboukhov formula considerably improves the agreement between prediction and experiment in boundary layers on curved surfaces.
Pulse Oximetry Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Defects in Asymptomatic Newborn Babies (2012)

Early diagnosis of critical congenital heart defects (CHDs) in newborn babies can improve the likelihood of a good outcome. A number of studies have reported that pulse oximetry is a useful screening method for detection of these defects in asymptomatic newborn babies. However, the value of this test as a newborn screening strategy has been questioned because of concern over false-positive rates and test accuracy. The low prevalence of CHDs also limited the accuracy of previous studies and systematic reviews. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the performance of pulse oximetry as a screening method in asymptomatic newborn babies for the detection of critical CHDs. A electronic search was performed of MEDLINE (1951–2011), EMBASE (1974–2011), Cochrane Library (2011), and Scisearch (1974–2011) for relevant citations that met predefined selection criteria. Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity were calculated using a random-effects model; true-positive and false-positive rates at various test thresholds were plotted on a receiver operating characteristic curve. The effect of test timing (<24 vs ≥24 hours after birth) on test accuracy was evaluated. Among the 552 studies screened, 13 eligible studies were identified with data for 229,421 newborn babies. Overall, pulse oximetry showed high specificity (99.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 99.7–99.9) and moderately high sensitivity (76.5%; 95% CI, 67.7–83.5) for detection of critical CHDs. The false-positive rate was low (0.014%; 95% CI, 0.06–0.33). When pulse oximetry was done after 24 hours, the false-positive rate for detection of defects was substantially lower than when done before 24 hours (0.05% vs 0.50; P = 0.0017). These findings show that pulse oximetry is a highly specific test with moderate sensitivity for detection of critical CHDs in asymptomatic newborn babies. The data provide strong-evidence use of this test as a screening method in clinical practice.
Frontoparietal cortical networks for directing attention and the eye to visual locations: Identical, independent, or overlapping neural systems? (1998)

Functional anatomical and single-unit recording studies indicate that a set of neural signals in parietal and frontal cortex mediates the covert allocation of attention to visual locations, as originally proposed by psychological studies. This frontoparietal network is the source of a location bias that interacts with extrastriate regions of the ventral visual system during object analysis to enhance visual processing. The frontoparietal network is not exclusively related to visual attention, but may coincide or overlap with regions involved in oculomotor processing. The relationship between attention and eye movement processes is discussed at the psychological, functional anatomical, and cellular level of analysis.
CNS manifestations of Nasu–Hakola disease (2001)

Although PLOSL in most patients manifests by bone fractures, some patients do not show any osseous symptoms and signs before the onset of neurologic manifestations. Consequently, patients with frontal-type dementia of unknown origin should be investigated by x-ray of ankles and wrists. The current results suggest early basal ganglia involvement in PLOSL.
Finite Moments for Inventory Processes (1994)

We study a continuous time inventory process that is a reflection mapping of a semimartingale netput process. Inventory processes of this type include the workload process in queues, dam and storage processes (with perhaps pure jump Levy input), as well as processes arising in fluid models. We establish sufficient conditions on the netput ensuring that the steady-state inventory has finite moments of order $k \geq 1$, and derive explicit bounds for these moments. The sufficient conditions require that the netput have a negative (local) drift and that the (conditional) $(k + 1)$th moment of its increments be bounded.
Clinical Aspects of Fatty Liver Disease (2004)

The global emergence of obesity as an epidemic has made fatty liver disease a public health problem in the Western world. The increased incidence of obesity has been paralleled by an increase in metabolic syndrome in the same cohort of patients. The net consequence of insulin resistance in a large majority of these obese individuals is hepatic steatosis, which over time in a proportion of these patients progresses to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Despite the increased awareness among physicians regarding its presence, the diagnostic process has been hampered by the lack of sensitive and specific population-based screening tests. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis as well as for grading and staging of the disease process but its precise role in the diagnostic conundrum continues to be debated.
Protection wrappers (1998)

In open and configurable applications, external programs are often used to handle different functions and data formats. This is particularly true for applications that communicate through the Internet, where new protocols and data formats are frequently introduced.
Brain circuitry and signaling in psychiatry (2002)

Preface. Introduction to functional neural circuitry. Introduction to neural signaling pathways. Neural circuitry and signaling in schizophrenia. Neural circuitry and signaling in addiction. Neural circuitry and signaling in anxiety. Neural circuitry and signaling in depression. Neural circuitry and signaling in bipolar disorder. Neural circuitry and signaling in dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Index.
Accelerating Strain-Promoted Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition Using Micellar Catalysis (2015)

Bioorthogonal conjugation reactions such as strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) have become increasingly popular in recent years, as they enable site-specific labeling of complex biomolecules. However, despite a number of improvements to cyclooctyne design, reaction rates for SPAAC remain significantly lower than those of the related copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. Here we explore micellar catalysis as a means to increase reaction rate between a cyclooctyne and hydrophobic azide. We find that anionic and cationic surfactants provide the most efficient catalysis, with rate enhancements of up to 179-fold for reaction of benzyl azide with DIBAC cyclooctyne. Additionally, we find that the presence of surfactant can provide up to 51-fold selectivity for reaction with a hydrophobic over hydrophilic azide. A more modest, but still substantial, 11-fold rate enhancement is observed for micellar catalysis of the reaction between benzyl azide and a DIBAC-functionalized DNA sequence, demonstrating that micellar catalysis can be successfully applied to hydrophilic biomolecules. Together, these results demonstrate that micellar catalysis can provide higher conjugation yields in reduced time when using hydrophobic SPAAC reagents.
Accelerating Drug Development Using Biomarkers: A Case Study with Sitagliptin, A Novel DPP4 Inhibitor for Type 2 Diabetes (2008)

The leveraged use of biomarkers presents an opportunity in understanding target engagement and disease impact while accelerating drug development. For effective integration in drug development, it is essential for biomarkers to aid in the elucidation of mechanisms of action and disease progression. The recent years have witnessed significant progress in biomarker selection, validation, and qualification, while enabling surrogate and clinical endpoint qualification and application. Biomarkers play a central role in target validation for novel mechanisms. They also play a central role in the learning/confirming paradigm, particularly when utilized in concert with pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling. Clearly, these attributes make biomarker integration attractive for scientific and regulatory applications to new drug development. In this review, applications of proximal, or target engagement, and distal, or disease-related, biomarkers are highlighted using the example of the recent development of sitagliptin for type 2 diabetes, wherein elucidation of target engagement and disease-related biomarkers significantly accelerated sitagliptin drug development. Importantly, use of biomarkers as tools facilitated design of clinical efficacy trials while streamlining dose focus and optimization, the net impact of which reduced overall cycle time to filing as compared to the industry average.
Will the real error floor please stand up? (2012)

In this paper we continue our study of the influence of message saturation and quantization on the error-rate performance of iterative, message-passing decoders for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. We extend our previous analytical results for the min-sum algorithm (MSA) and its variants to the sum-product algorithm (SPA), demonstrating the significant impact of message saturation on the appearance and location of error floors. Simulation results for selected LDPC codes on the binary symmetric channel (BSC) and the additive white Gaussian noise channel (AWGNC) confirm that the benefits of a quasiuniform quantization scheme, already observed in the context of MSA decoding, apply also to SPA-based decoding.
Loss-of-Function Mutation in Toll-Like Receptor 4 Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance (2007)

Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and a state of abnormal inflammatory response. The Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 has an important role in inflammation and immunity, and its expression has been reported in most tissues of the body, including the insulin-sensitive ones. Because it is activated by lipopolysaccharide and saturated fatty acids, which are inducers of insulin resistance, TLR4 may be a candidate for participation in the cross-talk between inflammatory and metabolic signals. Here, we show that C3H/HeJ mice, which have a loss-of-function mutation in TLR4, are protected against the development of diet-induced obesity. In addition, these mice demonstrate decreased adiposity, increased oxygen consumption, a decreased respiratory exchange ratio, improved insulin sensitivity, and enhanced insulin-signaling capacity in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver compared with control mice during high-fat feeding. Moreover, in these tissues, control mice fed a high-fat diet show an increase in IκB kinase complex and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activity, which is prevented in C3H/HeJ mice. In isolated muscles from C3H/HeJ mice, protection from saturated fatty acid–induced insulin resistance is observed. Thus, TLR4 appears to be an important mediator of obesity and insulin resistance and a potential target for the therapy of these highly prevalent medical conditions.
Actin in young and senescent fibroblasts (1978)

Double labelling and the isolation of peptides specific to muscle actin were used to determine the amount of actin in young and senescent fibroblasts from chicken embryo. A 20-residue peptide produced from the C-terminus of muscle actin was found in amounts that indicated 6.9% of the protein of young fibroblasts and 11.5% of the protein of senescent fibroblasts to be actin. Two other peptides of muscle actin were present in very small amounts. This indicates that the actin of both young and senescent fibroblasts is homologous to, but not identical with, muscle actin. Increased actin content of senescent fibroblasts may be related to their loss of proliferative capacity and low cell density at confluence.
Laboratory evaluation of insecticidal properties of Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus and O. sanctum Linnaeus plant's essential oils and their major constituents against vector mosquito species (1993)

Insecticidal properties of essential oils and major constituents of aromatic plants, Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus and O. sanctum Linnaeus were evaluated against Anopheles stephensi Liston, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) mosquito species under laboratory conditions. The bioassay tests revealed that the essential oil of O. basilicum and its major constituent, methyl chavicol are more effective as compared to O. sanctum. Dosages of 0.003 ml/43.0 cm2 of essential oil and 0.001 ml/43.0 cm2 of methyl chavicol extracted from O. basilicum induced 100 per cent mortality in all the three mosquito species in a period ranging from 10 to 25 minutes. However, in the case of O. sanctum, a dosage of 0.01 ml/43.0 cm2 0f essential oil gave 100 per cent mortality in a period varying from 20 to 60 minutes, whereas its major constituent eugenol induced 100.0 per cent mortality at a much lower dosage of 0.003 ml/43.0 cm2 in 30–35 minutes. The essential oils and their major constituents were more toxic to An. stephensi, followed by Ae. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Since both the plant species grow in wild form in different parts of the country and can easily be cultivated on large scale for the extraction of essential oils and their major constituents, the findings have added significance in as much as they provide promise to use natural insecticides for the control of vector mosquito species.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Human behaviour recognition and monitoring based on deep convolutional neural networks (2019)

We, the Editors and Publisher of the journal Behaviour & Information Technology, have retracted the following article which was part of the Special Issue on Behaviour Monitoring and Management of Customers, People and Organizations using Deep Learning:Kechao Wang, Tiantian Wang, Lin Liu & Chengjun Yuan (2019) Human behaviour recognition and monitoring based on deep convolutional neural networks, Behaviour & Information Technology, DOI: 10.1080/0144929X.2019.1702101After publication it came to our attention that the person named as the Guest Editor of the Special Issue was impersonated by a fraudulent entity and the articles were not reviewed fully in line with the journal’s peer review standards and policy. We did not find any evidence of misconduct by the authors. However, in order to ensure full assessment has been conducted, we sought expert advice on the validity and quality of the published articles from independent peer reviewers. Following this post publication peer review, the editor has determined that the articles do not meet the required scholarly standards to remain published in the journal, and therefore has taken the decision to retract the articles. The authors have been informed of this decision.We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions.The retracted articles will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but they will be digitally watermarked on each page as ‘Retracted’.
End of Service Life Indicator (ESLI) for Respirator Cartridges. Part 1: Literature Review (2005)

One of the critical elements related to efficiency and safe use of respirator filter cartridges is their operational life span. Predicting the life span of a respirator cartridge is difficult because it is dependant on parameters such as environmental temperature, the nature and concentration of the contaminants and the rate of breathing. Ideally, respirator cartridges should include an End of Service Life Indicator (ESLI) system to warn the wearer when it is time to change cartridges. The development of a cheap, reliable, disposable ESLI would significantly improve the protection of military units in a chemical warfare (CW) environment. Currently, no ESLI is available on the market that is capable of detecting a range of CW agents and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and therefore, the commercialisation potential of a successful ESLI is high. This report reviews all prior art relating to ESLIs for respirator cartridges which will provide the foundation for future development in this area.