gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of chlorhexidine and phenoxyethanol on cell surface hydrophobicity of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (1992)

The surfaces of mutants of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were markedly more hydrophobic than the corresponding wild types, as were the latter when the organisms were pre-treated with chlorhexidine diacetate (CHA) or phenoxyethanol (POE). A combination of CHA and POE demonstrated that only at higher concentrations was there a marked effect on hydrophobicity compared with that of either drug used alone. The three methods used to determine hydrophobicity correlated well as long as constant conditions were employed.
Mitochondrial Ceramide-Rich Macrodomains Functionalize Bax upon Irradiation (2011)

Our recent studies in the C. elegans germline indicate that mitochondrial ceramide generation is obligate for radiation-induced apoptosis, although a mechanism for ceramide action was not delineated. Here we demonstrate that ceramide, generated in the mitochondrial outer membrane of mammalian cells upon irradiation, forms a platform into which Bax inserts, oligomerizes and functionalizes as a pore. We posit conceptualization of ceramide as a membrane-based stress calibrator, driving membrane macrodomain organization, which in mitochondria regulates intensity of Bax-induced MOMP, and is pharmacologically tractable in vitro and in vivo.
Structural and Electrical Properties of Thermally Evaporated SnxSe1-x Thin Films (2011)

IJAR - Indian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) IJAR is a double reviewed monthly print journal that accepts research works from scholars, academicians, professors, doctorates, lecturers, and corporate in their respective expertise of studies.
Effect of Crystal Orientation on Anisotropic Etching and MOCVD Growth of Grooves on GaAs (1989)

Grooves can be formed on by wet‐chemical anisotropic etching of surfaces masked by photoresist stripes. The effect of crystal orientation on the shape of the grooves etched and on subsequent epitaxial growth by MOCVD is presented. The polar lattice increases the complexity of the etching and growth processes. The slow‐etch planes defined by anisotropic etching are not always the same as the growth facets produced during MOCVD deposition, especially for deposition on higher order planes.
In Situ Determination of Lignin Phenolics and Wood Solubility in Imidazolium Chlorides Using<sup>31</sup>P NMR (2009)

Corn stover, Norway spruce, and Eucalyptus grandis were pulverized to different degrees. These samples were subjected to quantitative analyses, upon the basis of predissolution into the imidazolium chloride-based ionic liquids [amim]Cl and [bnmim]Cl followed by labeling of hydroxyl groups as phosphite esters and quantitative 31P NMR analysis. Analysis of different pulverization degrees provided semiempirical data to chart the solubility of Norway spruce in these ionic liquids. Further method refinment afforded an optimized method of analysis of the lignin phenolic functionalities, without prior isolation of the lignin from the fiber. The lignin in these samples was further enriched using cellulase and acidolysis treatments, allowing for comparison with the fibrous samples. Analysis of all samples charts the polymerized-monomer availability for each stage of the treatment. Conditions required for adequate signal-to-noise ratios in the 31P NMR analysis were established with a notable improvement observed upon the lignin enrichment steps
In Situ Single-Molecule Detection of Antibody−Antigen Binding by Tapping-Mode Atomic Force Microscopy (2002)

We performed in situ detection of specific and nonspecific binding during immunoreaction on surfaces at the same location before and after analyte was injected using tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) in liquid and demonstrated the ability of TM-AFM to monitor the occurrence of single-molecule binding events and to distinguish nonspecific from specific binding by examining topographical change. Two antigen/antibody pairs were investigated: chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)/mouse monoclonal anti-hCG and goat IgG (anti-intact hCG)/ mouse monoclonal anti-goat IgG. Antibody (or antigen) molecules were covalently immobilized on uniform mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) terminated with carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups. Mixed SAMs allow the control of the density of immobilized antibody (or antigen) on surfaces to achieve the detection of individual antigens, antibodies, and antigen/antibody complexes. This in situ TM-AFM-based detection method allows the single-molecule detection of antigen/antibody binding under near-physiological environment and the distinction of nonspecific from specific binding. It could be extended into a microarray.
Rotated infrared antenna transmitarray for the manipulation of circularly polarized wavefronts (2014)

An IR optical transmitarray is presented based on Antenna Array Sheet (AAS) for the manipulation of circularly polarized light. The unit cell of the transmitarray comprises three layers of metallic elliptical patches. Complete phase control is achieved through the local rotation of each unit cell. Thin refraction and focusing transmitarrays of this sort are demonstrated at infrared frequencies. Moreover, a new concept for realizing a polarization-discriminating device is introduced based on a flat refracting lens. These devices are compatible with current fabrication technology and can become crucial for the integration with other IR and nano-photonic devices.
Removal of uranium from drinking water by ion exchange and chemical clarification (1987)

A pilot demonstration was conducted of ion exchange and chemical clarification equipment for removing uranium from drinking water. Four commercial-type ion exchange columns and a prefiltering and regeneration solution system were constructed along with a pilot-scale chemical clarification unit. These units were assembled and installed in a van trailer for location at a well site containing uranium-contaminated water. Uranium concentrations in the well varied during the study period from 190 to 400{mu}g/L. The four ion exchange columns each contained 2 ft/sup 3/ of resin. Three different ion exchange resins were used. The 1-gal/min chemical clarification unit consisted of a rapid-mix tank and precoat rotary vacuum filter. In addition to the pilot study, the report analyzes several currently operating water treatment systems whose feed supplies contain uranium. Cost analysis data for capital equipment is also included in the report along with a discussion of ultimate disposal methods for uranium-containing water treatment wastes.
Electric power from vertical-axis wind turbines (1987)

Nomenclature a = interference factor aD = downstream interference factor av = upstream interference factor A = actuator disk area & = blade aspect ratio C = blade chord CD = drag coefficient CL = lift coefficient Cn = sine response coefficient Cp = power coefficient based on wind speed CPm = maximum power coefficient based on wind speed CR = chord-to-radius ratio [ C] = Coriolis matrix Dn = cosine response coefficient F = streamwise force on actuator disk Fa = vibratory aerodynamic forces Fa = steady aerodynamic forces Fc = centrifugal forces Fg = gravitational forces K = tip speed ratio at which Kpmax occurs Kp = power coefficient based on rotor speed Kpmsx = maximum power coefficient based on rotor speed [K] = stiffness matrix m =mass flow rate through turbine M = tip speed ratio at which CPm occurs [M] = mass matrix rms = root-mean-square response R = radius of rotor [S] = softening matrix u = structural deflection U streamwise velocity at actuator disk UD = downstream disk velocity Ufj = upstream disk velocity UR = relative fluid velocity in plane of airfoil section Uw = wind velocity in far wake UWD = downstream wake velocity 'wu
Resistive switching characteristics of PECVD‐deposited porous SiO <sub>2</sub> ‐based electrochemical metallisation memory cells (2016)

Porous silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) solid‐electrolyte was prepared by the plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) method using silane and oxygen as reactive gases. The resistive switching characteristics of the ∼280 nm‐thick porous SiO 2 ‐based electrochemical metallisation memory cells were investigated. The SEM and TEM images showed that the PECVD‐deposited SiO 2 film was composed of nanogranular SiO 2 particles with a plenty of nano‐channels. The electrical measurements showed that the silver/porous SiO 2 /indium tin oxide vertical cells exhibited good resistive switching behaviours with low switching voltage (<1.0 V) and good retention performance. Such porous SiO 2 ‐based devices are promising for memory‐based flexible electronics applications.
Immunological study of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) distribution in the eye (1989)

During the last ten years, several groups, including the present authors, have detected growth factor activities in various ocular tissues, and the presence of a ubiquitous Eye-Derived Growth Factor (EDGF) has been described. More recently, isolation and characterization of this growth factor activity from the retina led to the identification of two molecules. These molecules were shown to be identical to other growth factors isolated from neuronal and non-neuronal tissues and are now designated as acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF, bFGF). The biological function and the reason for the ubiquitous distribution of these factors remain unclear. Understanding may be improved by quantification of this distribution in various tissues during development. In the present study, specific polyclonal antibodies were raised against acidic FGF, aFGF was determined in various ocular tissues by enzyme immunoassay, and the localization of immunoreactive aFGF by immunohistological staining with fluorescent antibodies or with enzyme- or gold-labeled antibodies was studied. In almost all tissues tested aFGF was found; but the retina, cornea, and vitreous body contained the highest levels of aFGF per gram of tissue. In the retina, aFGF was associated primarily with the nerve fiber layer and the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptors, whereas corneal aFGF was detected in the cytoplasma of the basal layer of epithelial cells.
Non-Invasive Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates Bone Healing in the Rabbit (1990)

The effect of ultrasound (US) on the rate of fibula osteotomy healing in 139 mature New Zealand white rabbits was assessed in this study. Bilateral midshaft fibular osteotomies were made using a 1-mm Gigli saw. US was noninvasively applied to one limb for 20 minutes daily, while the contralateral limb served as a control. A 2.5-cm PZT transducer was applied to both limbs, with the treated limb receiving a 200-microseconds burst of 1.5-MHz sine waves repeated at 1.0 kHz. The incident intensity was approximately 30 mW/cm2. Animals were killed at intervals between 14 and 28 days. Maximum strength increases (significant to p less than or equal to 0.01) ranged from 40 to 85% from postoperative day 14 to 23. On day 28, no significant difference in ultimate strength was noted. From day 17 through day 28, all US-treated fractures were as strong as intact bones (p less than or equal to 0.005). On the other hand, the ultimate strength of the control osteotomies attained intact values only by day 28. These results indicate that biomechanical healing is accelerated by a factor of nearly 1.7. This occurs with an overall acceleration of the healing curve in this fresh fracture model. If noninvasive low-intensity pulsed sine wave ultrasound can significantly accelerate bone repair in clinical application with an in-home treatment of 20 minutes daily, then US may be a useful adjunct for fracture care with a concomitant impact on patient morbidity.
Interferon‐α/β enhances the expression of Ly‐6 antigens on T cells <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> (1986)

Interferons (IFN) have been shown to modulate the expression of a number of cell surface antigens on macrophages and lymphocytes. Because such phenotypic alterations may be involved in the functional effects of IFN, it appears important to characterize further these alterations. In the present work, we evaluated the response to IFN of Ly-6-encoded molecules on murine T cells. Two types of Ly-6 antigens, Ly-6A and Ly-6C, normally present on minor subsets of mature T cells were studied. It was found that in vivo treatment of mice with the IFN inducer poly(I . C) or with purified IFN-alpha/beta resulted two days later in augmented expression of these antigens. Purified T cells cultured in vitro for 2 days in the presence of 5% serum from poly(I . C)-treated mice or of 10(4) units/ml IFN-alpha/beta also displayed dramatically increased (4-12-fold) amounts of Ly-6 antigens. Under the same conditions, the T cell markers Thy-1, Ly-1, Lyt-2 and MT4 were unaffected or slightly diminished while surface expression of H-2 or beta 2-microglobulin antigens was increased by only 10-36%. Therefore, poly(I . C)-induced or purified IFN interacts with resting T cells to selectively enhance Ly-6 antigen expression. This phenomenon was found to correlate functionally with increased proliferative response of the T cells, in presence of phorbol myristate acetate, to anti-Ly-6 antibodies cross-linked on their surface. Enhancement of Ly-6 antigen expression on T cells may thus play a role in IFN-mediated immunoregulation.
Alternative Pair-wise Key Exchange Protocols (IEEE 802.11i) in Wireless LANs (2006)

The security flaws of the current the IEEE 802.11 standard are well known and have widely been publicized. To provide improvements in security and enhance the current 802.11 MAC, the IEEE 802.11 task group has proposed a new security architecture called robust security network (RSN). The proposed improvements in the new architecture focus on two areas; the IEEE 802.1X standard for access control and encryption using advanced encryption standard (AES). RSN uses a pair-wise key exchange protocol utilizing 802.1X for mutual authentication. In this paper, we present two alternative pair-wise key exchange protocols to provide mutual authentication in robust security networks. We utilize the same message structures used in RSN and reduce the number of handshake messages. These alternative protocols improve the timing requirements for mobility in WLANs, reduce channel contention, and decrease computational load on all users in WLANs. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of our proposed protocols in terms of complexity and vulnerabilities.
Overcoming limitations in diffusion‐weighted MRI of breast by spatio‐temporal encoding (2014)

SPEN-based sequences yielded diffusion-weighted breast images with minimal artifacts and distortions, enabling the calculation of improved ADC maps and the identification of decreased ADCs in malignant regions.
The Composition, Structure and Origin of Proteose-peptone Component 8F of Bovine Milk (1978)

Proteose-peptone component 8F (or ‘8-fast’) has been prepared from bovine milk. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and gel filtration in urea-containing buffers all gave molecular weight values between 3300 and 3900. The N-terminal sequence was found to be Arg-Glu- by dansylation and Edman degradation. Hydrazinolysis released lysine from the C-terminus. A mixture of carboxypeptidases A and B showed that the C-terminal sequence was -Thr-(Arg,lle,Asn)-Lys. The phosphate content was 3.8 mol/mol and was completely released by a short alkaline hydrolysis indicating linkage to serine. This and all other aspects of the composition were entirely consistent with the identification of this proteose-peptone as residues 1–28 of the β-casein molecule. This identity was confirmed by a peptide mapping procedure. Thus proteose-peptone component 8F represents the N-terminal fragment when the γ1-caseins are formed by proteolysis of β-casein.
A facile method for preparation of aromatic isocyanates using bis( trichloromethyl)carbonate (2002)

College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou-310014, P. R. China E-mail : xuzymail@mail.hz.zj.cn Fax : 86-571-88320609 <em>Manuscript received 15 February 2002, accepted 21 June 2002</em> A facile synthesis of aromatic isocyanates using bis(trichlorometbyl)carbonate (BTC) is reported with high yields of products. BTC is used to supply phosgene <em>in situ</em> in stoichiometric amounts.
Count-Based Exploration with Neural Density Models (2017)

Bellemare et al. (2016) introduced the notion of a pseudo-count, derived from a density model, to generalize count-based exploration to non-tabular reinforcement learning. This pseudo-count was used to generate an exploration bonus for a DQN agent and combined with a mixed Monte Carlo update was sufficient to achieve state of the art on the Atari 2600 game Montezuma's Revenge. We consider two questions left open by their work: First, how important is the quality of the density model for exploration? Second, what role does the Monte Carlo update play in exploration? We answer the first question by demonstrating the use of PixelCNN, an advanced neural density model for images, to supply a pseudo-count. In particular, we examine the intrinsic difficulties in adapting Bellemare et al.'s approach when assumptions about the model are violated. The result is a more practical and general algorithm requiring no special apparatus. We combine PixelCNN pseudo-counts with different agent architectures to dramatically improve the state of the art on several hard Atari games. One surprising finding is that the mixed Monte Carlo update is a powerful facilitator of exploration in the sparsest of settings, including Montezuma's Revenge.
Multi-band oversampled noise shaping analog-to-digital conversion (1996)

Oversampled noise shaping analog to digital (A/D) converters, which are commonly known as delta-sigma (ΔΣ) converters, have the ability to convert relatively low bandwidth signals with very high resolution. Such converters achieve their high resolution by oversampling, as well as processing the signal and quantization noise with different transfer functions. The signal transfer function (STF) is typically a delay over the signal band while the noise transfer function (NTF) is designed to attenuate quantization noise in the signal band. A side effect of the NTF is an amplification of the noise outside the signal band. Thus, a digital filter subsequently attenuates the out-of-band quantization noise.\nThe focus of this thesis is the investigation of ΔΣ architectures that increase the bandwidth where high resolution conversion can be achieved. It uses parallel architectures exploiting frequency or time slicing to meet this objective. Frequency slicing involves quantizing different portions of the signal frequency spectrum using several quantizers in parallel and then combining the results of the quantizers to form an overall result. Time slicing involves quantizing various groups of time domain signal samples with different quantizers in parallel and then combining the results of the quantizers to form an overall output.\nSeveral interesting observations can be made from this general perspective of frequency and time slicing. Although the representation of a signal are completely equivalent in time or frequency, the thesis shows that this is not the case for known frequency and time sliced A/D architectures. The performance of such systems under ideal conditions are compared for PCM as well as for ΔΣ A/D converters. A multi-band frequency sliced architecture for delta-sigma conversion is proposed and its performance is included in the above comparison. The architecture uses modulators which realize different NTFs for different portions of the signal band. Each band is converted in parallel. A bank of FIR filters attenuates the out of-band noise for each band and achieves perfect reconstruction of the signal component. A design procedure is provided for the design of the filter bank with reduced computational complexity. The use of complex NTFs in the multi-band ΔΣ architecture is also proposed. The peformance of real and complex NTFs is compared. Performance evaluations are made for ideal systems as well as systems suffering from circuit implementation imperfections such as finite opamp gain and mismatched capacitor ratios.
JRed: Program Customization and Bloatware Mitigation Based on Static Analysis (2016)

Modern software engineering practice increasingly brings redundant code into software products, which has caused a phenomenon called bloatware, leading to software system maintenance, performance and reliability issues as well as security problems. With the rapid advances of smart devices and a more connected world, it is never more important to trim bloatware to improve the leanness, agility, reliability, performance, and security of the interconnected software and network systems. Previous methods have limited scopes and are usually not fully automated. In this paper, we propose a new static-analysis-enabled approach to trimming unused code from both Java applications and Java Runtime Environment (JRE) automatically. We have built a tool called JRed on top of the Soot framework. We have conducted a fairly comprehensive evaluation of JRed based on a set of criteria: code size, code complexity, memory footprint, execution and garbage collection time, and security. Our experimental results show that, Java application size can be reduced by 44.5% on average and the JRE code can be reduced by more than 82.5% on average. The code complexity is significantly reduced according to a set of well-known metrics. Furthermore, we report that by trimming redundant code, 48.6% of the known security vulnerabilities in the Java Runtime Environment JRE 6 update 45 has been removed.