gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systematics in the nanoparticle band gap of ZnS and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Zn</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>−</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>M</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Mn</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:math>Fe, Ni) for various dopant concentrations (2001)

We report a detailed study of the formation of semiconductor nanoparticles of the important compound ZnS and its Mn-doped variant ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{(1\ensuremath{-}x)}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{S}$ inside reverse micelle microreactors, by carefully varying the size of the reverse micelles at a fixed Mn concentration with $x=0.01.$ Dynamic light scattering techniques allow us to characterize the microreactor sizes and correlate them with the size of the resultant nanoparticles. Band gap measurements employing UV-visible spectroscopy clearly show that Mn-doped samples have higher band gaps, largely independent of the size of the vessel they were created in. This observation reflects the role of Mn as an inhibitor to the growth of the nanoparticles. This is further strengthened by the observation of inhibition by other elements of the first row transition metals. Substitution with Fe and Ni shows similar trends in band gap (and hence particle size) variation with the reaction chamber size as well as with the dopant concentration x of these elements, while such variations on substitution with Mn are distinct, possibly because the sulfides of Zn and Mn are isostructural.
Recovery of aconitic and lactic acids from simulated aqueous effluents of the sugar-cane industry through liquid-liquid extraction (2000)

The recovery of aconitic and lactic acids from dilute aqueous effluents of the sugar-cane industry by a solvent extraction technique has been investigated in order to reduce environmental pollution and in view of the possible uses of pure solutes in the field of foods and pharmaceuticals. Reactive extraction of carboxylic acids with tributylphosphate dissolved in dodecane was examined. Experiments were performed at 25 °C for three extractant concentrations of 50%, 60% and 70% (mass %) in dodecane. The decrease of specific gravity and viscosity of solvent resulting from the presence of an inert diluent was favourable to the phase settling and the mass transfer. The percentage of acids recovered in the organic phase for a volumetric solvent ratio varying from 0.5 to 5.0 was determined. Taking into account the difference between the partition coefficients for the carboxylic acids under consideration, the selectivity of solvent with regard to aconitic acid also was quantified. Moreover, owing to its water-insolubility, its availability and its low cost, tributylphosphate can be considered as a promising extractant for large-scale applications. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Generation of correlated photons via four-wave mixing in optical fibres (2001)

Correlated photons have been used in quantum optics for the generation of squeezed light, demonstration of quantum interference effects, quantum cryptography, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments and most recently, quantum teleportation. Usually, they are generated using chi ((2)) parametric processes to take advantage of large chi ((2)) nonlinearities and to wavelength separate the correlated photons from the pump photons. Here, we examine the generation of correlated photons using chi ((3)) parametric processes in optical fibres. We show that using such processes provides a simple and inexpensive correlated photon source readily compatible with communications technologies.
SERS at Structured Palladium and Platinum Surfaces (2007)

Palladium and platinum are important catalytic metals, and it would be highly advantageous to be able to use surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to study reactive species and intermediates on their surfaces. In this paper we describe the use of templated electrodeposition through colloidal templates to produce thin (<1 microm) films of palladium and platinum containing close packed hexagonal arrays of uniform sphere segment voids. We show that, even though these films are not rough, when the appropriate film thickness and sphere diameter are employed these surfaces give stable, reproducible surface enhancements for Raman scattering from molecules adsorbed at the metal surface. We report SERS spectra for benzenethiol adsorbed on the structured palladium and platinum surfaces of different thicknesses and void diameters and show that, for 633 nm radiation, enhancements of 1800 and 550 can be obtained for palladium and platinum, respectively.
The Raman spectra of polymers (1993)

A Brief Introduction to Molecular Vibrations. Raman Spectrometers. Recording and Presentation of the Spectra. Numbering of Spectra. Polymer Spectra. Solvent Spectra. Spectra of Natural Products. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polymers: A Brief Introduction. The Application of Near--Infrared Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy in the Polymer Industry. Crystallinity in Polymers. Nylons. Aromatic Thermoplastics and Composites. Paints. Liquid Crystalline Polymers. Elastomers. Micro--Raman Spectroscopy. Conducting Polymers. Miscellaneous Studies. Conclusion. Indexes.
Sequencing Branched Peptides with CID/PSD MALDI-TOF in the Low-Picomole Range:  Application to the Structural Study of the Posttranslational Polyglycylation of Tubulin (1997)

Sequencing conditions for postsource decay and collision-induced dissociation/postsource decay matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry have been optimized to elucidate the structure of polyglycylation of tubulin. This posttranslational modification involves the linkage of multiple glycine residues through the gamma-carboxyl of glutamic acid residues in the carboxyl termini of the protein. Individual alpha- and beta-tubulin polypeptides contain respectively three and four potential glycylation sites. The sample preparation we used was the thin-layer preparation of the target specimen in the presence of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and nitrocellulose. The study of different synthetic polyglycylated peptides fragmentation (modified peptides with the linear sequence DATAEEEGEFEEEGEQ) shows that the peptides fragment regularly to form major fragments of b- and y-type ions with negligible side-chain fragmentation. The rules were applied to the structural elucidation of a Paramecium beta-tubulin hexaglycylated peptide available in the subpicomole range. Polyglycylation was identified on the last four glutamic acid residues.
Interfacial superconductivity in semiconducting monochalcogenide superlattices (2002)

Superconducting and structural properties of superconducting semiconducting multilayers are investigated. These layered systems are obtained by epitaxial growth of the isomorphic monochalcogenides of Pb, Sn, and rare-earth elements on a KCl substrate. Some of these compounds are narrow-gap semiconductors (PbTe, PbS, PbSe, SnTe). Layered structures containing one or two narrow-gap semiconductors have a metallic type of conductivity and a transition to a superconducting state at temperatures in the range of 2.5--6 K. Structures containing only wide-gap semiconductors (YbS, EuS, EuSe) do not demonstrate such properties. All superconducting layered systems are type-II superconductors. The critical magnetic fields and the resistive behavior in the mixed state reveal features characteristic of other layered superconductors. However, data obtained in magnetic fields testify that the period of the superstructure corresponds to half of that obtained from x-ray-diffractometry investigations. This is evidence that the superconducting layers in these samples are confined to the interfaces between two semiconductors. Electron microscopy studies reveal that in the case of epitaxial growth the interfaces contain regular grids of misfit dislocations covering all the interface area. These samples appear to undergo a superconducting transition if they have a metallic type of conductivity in the normal state. Samples with island-type dislocation grids only reveal partial superconducting transitions. The correlations between the appearance of superconductivity and the presence of dislocations, which have been found experimentally, lead to the conclusion that the normal metallic conductivity as well as the superconductivity are induced by the elastic deformation fields created by the misfit dislocation grids. A theoretical model is proposed for the description of the narrow-gap semiconductor metallization, which is due to a band inversion effect and the appearance of electron- or hole-type inversion layers near the interfaces. For different combinations of the semiconductors, such inversion layers in the superlattices can have different shapes and topology. In particular, they can form multiply connected periodic nets having a repetition period coinciding with that of the dislocation grids. Numerical estimates show that such a scenario for the appearance of superconductivity is quite likely. It is shown that the new type of metallic and superconducting nanoscale two-dimensional structures with unusual properties may be obtained from monochalcogenide semiconductors.
Synthesis and biological properties of chitin synthetase inhibitors resistant to cellular peptidases (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and biological properties of chitin synthetase inhibitors resistant to cellular peptidasesPonniah Shenbagamurthi, Herbert A. Smith, Jeffrey M. Becker, and Fred NaiderCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29, 5, 802–809Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00155a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00155a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views206Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
User-Adaptive Brake Assist System for Rolling Walkers (2021)

Rolling walkers are popular mobility aids for older adults. A rolling walker usually has two swivel front wheels and two non-swivel rear wheels. It is designed to improve stability while walking and reduce the risk of falling. However, a considerable number of users have come close to or experienced falling. We developed a user-adaptive brake assist system for the walker. In the system, the usage of a walker is modeled in combination with the walking speed and the distance from the walker to the user. A brake pattern is generated based on usage data interpolated using the inverse distance weighting method. The pattern is referenced to activate brakes with the corresponding strength while walking. The applicability was confirmed by analyzing the walking data of two older adults, and the usability was positively evaluated in experiments with seven young adults wearing elderly simulation suits.
Ketonization of Carboxylic Acids: Mechanisms, Catalysts, and Implications for Biomass Conversion (2013)

Ketonization is a reaction in which two carboxylic acids convert into a ketone, carbon dioxide, and water. While this reaction once found its industrial application for acetone production, it is regaining interest for its value in the upgrading of biomass-derived oxygenates, for example, bio-oils obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomass. Namely, ketonization is crucial to reduce the detrimental effects of carboxylic acids in bio-oil. This review addresses reaction mechanisms, families of materials that catalyze the reaction (metal oxides and zeolites), and current applications of ketonization in the upgrading of biomass-derived oxygenates. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the ketonization reaction, and these proposals are critically discussed. The role of the α-hydrogen has been proven as a critical requirement for ketonization over catalysts that are active for surface ketonization and serves as the initial basis for the discussion. The role of crucial reaction intermediates such as ketene, beta-keto-acids, carboxylates, and acyl carbonium ions is critically evaluated. Finally, the importance of amphoteric properties of metal oxides on the ketonization reaction is explained. This analysis also explains the positive influence of additives, as well as prereduction treatments, on catalytic performance.
In vivo Colocalization of Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase Activity and Its Donor Substrate in the Elongation Zone of Arabidopsis Roots (2000)

Kris Vissenberg, Immaculada M. Martinez-Vilchez, Jean-Pierre Verbelen, Janice G. Miller, Stephen C. Fry, In vivo Colocalization of Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase Activity and Its Donor Substrate in the Elongation Zone of Arabidopsis Roots, The Plant Cell, Vol. 12, No. 7 (Jul., 2000), pp. 1229-1237
A High-Valent Nonheme Iron Intermediate. Structure and Properties of [Fe2(.mu.-O)2(5-Me-TPA)2](ClO4)3 (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA High-Valent Nonheme Iron Intermediate. Structure and Properties of [Fe2(.mu.-O)2(5-Me-TPA)2](ClO4)3Yanhong Dong, Hiroshi Fujii, Michael P. Hendrich, Randolph A. Leising, Gaofeng Pan, Clayton R. Randall, Elizabeth C. Wilkinson, Yan Zang, Lawrence Que Jr., and Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10, 2778–2792Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00115a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00115a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2328Altmetric-Citations185LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
[The persistence of chemically different glass fibers in rat lungs]. (1990)

The half-times of glass fibre samples of different chemical composition and size was analysed in the rat lung. Up to two years after intratracheal instillation the number of fibres in the ashed lungs was determined by SEM. Half-times of fibre clearance of 40 to 240 days were calculated.
FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF EXOSOMES (2014)

The cells continuously secrete a large number of different types of microvesicles including macro- and micro-molecules into the extracellular fluids. One of them are exosomes, which are nano-sized vesicles capable of transferring the DNAs, microRNAs, non-coding RNAs and lipids with or without direct cell to cell contact, so representing the novel way of intracellular communication. In this review, we tried to summarize the exosomal structure, composition, formation, and isolation. We also discussed their active role in pathogen- esis. The potential use of exosomes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various diseases is also discussed. Exosomes are perceived to be used as carriers between different locations of body. Exosomes are secreted by all types of cells and are also found abundantly in the body fluids such as: saliva, blood, urine and breast milk. The major role of exosomes is to carry the information by delivering various effectors or signaling molecules between specific cells. This review summarizes current knowledge about the exosomes, their functions, bio- logical and therapeutic use as well as emerging exosomes based therapies that could not be applied before.
A highly manufacturable low power and high speed HfSiO CMOS FET with dual poly-Si gate electrodes (2003)

For 90 nm node poly-Si gated MISFETs with HfSiO (1.8 nm) insulator, a nearly symmetrical set of Vths for NFET and PFET: (0.38 V and -0.46 V, respectively) have been realized for low power device operation. The key technology is the suppression of Vth instability in PFETs arising from oxidation of the poly-Si/HfSiO interface, combined with channel engineering for the PFET. Our poly-Si/HfSiO gate-stacked CMOSFETs realize low I/sub off/ (N/PFET: 4.8/3.6 pA//spl mu/m) and high I/sub on/ (N/PFET: 469/140 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m) at V/sub DD/=1.2 V. Further, for SRAM cell using this CMOS, normal operation has been achieved.
Nanoscale and mechanical properties of the physiological cell–ECM microenvironment (2015)

Studying biological processes in vitro requires faithful and successful reconstitution of the in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment. However, the physiological basis behind in vitro studies is often forgotten or ignored. A number of diverse cell-ECM interactions have been characterized throughout the body and in disease, reflecting the heterogeneous nature of cell niches. Recently, a greater emphasis has been placed on characterizing both the chemical and physical characteristics of the ECM and subsequently mimicking these properties in the lab. Herein, we describe physiological measurement techniques and reported values for the three main physical aspects of the ECM: tissue stiffness, topography, and ligand presentation.
<i>Chlamydia Pneumoniae</i> and Atherosclerosis: Current State and Future Prospectives (2009)

Chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterial pathogen, is known as a leading cause of human respiratory tract infections worldwide. Over the last decade, several reports in the literature have suggested that infection with C. pneumoniae may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In order to play a causative role in chronic disease, C. pneumoniae would need to persist within infected tissue for extended periods of time, thereby stimulating a chronic inflammatory response. C. pneumoniae has been shown to disseminate systemically from the lungs through infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to localize in arteries where it may infect endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages and promote inflammatory atherogenous process. The involvement of C. pneumoniae in atherosclerosis was investigated by seroepidemiological and pathological studies, in vivo and in vitro studies, and in clinical antibiotic treatment trials. This review will provide an update on the role of C. pneumoniae in atherosclerosis focusing on the recent insights and suggesting areas for future research.
The Role of Free Tissue Transfer in Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (2012)

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon neuroendocrine malignancy with a propensity for the head and neck. It typically presents asymptomatically in elderly Caucasians and is characterized by early local and regional spread. There is currently limited data on the appropriate algorithm for treatment of MCC. However, multimodal therapy with wide surgical excision with or without radiation therapy has become standard of care. The location of the primary tumor and intensive adjuvant therapy is often required, provides a challenge to the reconstructive head and neck surgeon. Occasionally, free tissue transfer reconstructive techniques are employed in the reconstruction of MCC defects. This paper will discuss the role of free tissue transfer as a reconstructive option after surgery for advanced head and neck MCC.
Vectorcardiographic monitoring to assess early vessel patency after reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (1995)

Reperfusion therapy has lowered mortality in patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction. Failure to reperfuse is associated with an increased short- and long-term mortality. In a prospective study we used dynamic vectorcardiography to monitor 96 patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with reperfusion therapy to non-invasively assess coronary patency. The results from continuous monitoring were compared to those obtained from angiography. By using trend-analysis of QRS vector difference and ST vector magnitude, we were able to correctly identify 58 of the 70 patients (83%) with a reperfused infarct-related artery, and 19 of the 26 patients (73%) with a persistently occluded artery demonstrated at an early angiogram (diagnostic accuracy 80%). In patients with high-grade collateral flow to the infarct-related area, the results of the vectorcardiographic monitoring and of angiography showed the largest disagreement, whereas the accuracy of vectorcardiographic monitoring was high: 88% among patients without collaterals. The present results suggest that QRS complex and ST segment vectorcardiographic monitoring is a useful tool for assessing early coronary artery patency, and that dynamic vectorcardiography may help in identifying candidates for emergency coronary angiography.
Experiences in Collection of Handwriting Data for Online Handwriting Recognition in Indic Scripts (2004)

In this paper, we describe initial efforts at Hewlett-Packard Labs, Bangalore, to create datasets of online handwriting in Indic scripts to support research in online handwriting recognition for the Indic scripts. The term online here refers to the fact that handwriting is captured as a stream of (x,y) points using an appropriate pen position sensor (often called a digitizer), rather than as a bitmap (image). The paper describes the structure of Indic scripts in brief. It identies different choices for segmenting characters into simpler shapes that can then be recognized using pattern recognition techniques. The paper discusses these issues in the context of the Tamil script. The remainder of the paper provides an overview of two distinct data collection efforts for the Tamil script- one at the isolated character level, and the other for isolated words. In the context of these efforts, we briey describe the data collection procedure, tools for collection and subsequent annotation, user-interface issues, the annotation scheme, and the organization of the dataset. The paper concludes with the current status of the effort and future directions. 1.