gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Millimeter-wave imaging using an electrooptic detector as a harmonic mixer (2000)

We have developed a new millimeter-wave (MMW) imaging system that uses an electrooptic (EO) detector. The EO detector functions as a harmonic mixer for the down-conversion of continuous wave (CW) MMWs. Both amplitude and phase images were simultaneously obtained with this method. Sensitivity, spatial resolution, and imaging of several objects were experimentally shown with MMWs of 60-GHz and 100-GHz frequencies.
Chemotherapeutische Nitroheterocyclen, III. Darstellung von Nitrofurfuryliden‐, Nitrothenyliden‐ und Nitropyrrolylmethylen‐Verbindungen substituierter 1‐Indanone und 1‐Tetralone (1970)

Abstract Es werden Derivate des 1‐Indanons und 1‐Tetralons mit 5‐Nitro‐furfural, 5‐Nitro‐furfuraldiacetat, 5‐Nitro‐thiophen‐2‐aldehyd, 5‐Nitro‐thiophen‐2‐aldehyd‐diacetat, 5‐Nitro‐pyrrol2‐aldehyd oder N ‐Methyl‐5‐nitro‐pyrrol‐2‐aldehyd kondensiert ( 8–66 , Tab. 1). Bei durch H 3 PO 4 bewirkten Kondensationen werden Acetylaminogruppen gleichzeitig hydrolysiert, bei in Acetanhydrid verlaufenden Kondensationen werden gleichzeitig Acetylierungen von OH‐Gruppen durchgeführt ( 78–83 , Tab. 2). Neue, am Benzol‐Kern substituierte 1‐Indanon‐und 1‐Tetralon‐Derivate werden beschrieben.
Functional Characterization of Connexin43 Mutations Found in Patients With Oculodentodigital Dysplasia (2005)

Specific mutations in GJA1, the gene encoding the gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43), cause an autosomal dominant disorder called oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD). Here, we characterize the effects of 8 of these mutations on Cx43 function. Immunochemical studies have shown that most of the mutant proteins formed gap junction plaques at the sites of cell-cell apposition. However, 2 of the mutations (a codon duplication in the first extracellular loop, F52dup, and a missense mutation in the second extracellular loop, R202H, produced full-length connexins that failed to properly form gap junction plaques. Cx43 proteins containing ODDD mutations found in the N-terminus (Y17S), first transmembrane domain (G21R, A40V), second transmembrane domain (L90V), and cytoplasmic loop (I130T, K134E) do form gap junction plaques but show compromised channel function. L90V, I130T, and K134E demonstrated a significant decrease in junctional conductance relative to Cx43WT. Mutations Y17S, G21R, and A40V demonstrated a complete lack of functional electrical coupling even in the presence of significant plaque formation between paired cells. Heterologous channels formed by coexpression of Cx43WT and mutation R202H resulted in electrically functional gap junctions that were not permeable to Lucifer yellow. Therefore, the mutations found in ODDD not only cause phenotypic variability, but also result in various functional consequences. Overall, our data show an extensive range of molecular phenotypes, consistent with the pleiotropic nature of the clinical syndrome as a whole.
FPGA based controller for heterogenous image processing system (2001)

In the present paper construction of a controller is described, which is used to control the RETINA image processing platform. The 32-bit RETINA card is dedicated to be used for image acquisition, processing and analysis. The module resources include Video ADC, Virtex FPGA device, floating point Motorola 96002 DSP and PCI Master interface, what enables the execution of all the operations in real-time. Controller is the main control centre for the module, supervising the modes and phases of its operation, and it is also used as a arbiter for the module's communication resources.
Projected fringe profilometry with multiple measurements to form an entire shape (2008)

A 3D sensing method to retrieve an entire shape from many segmented profiles is described. Image registration is not required in this method. Advantages of this method also include (1) very high integration accuracy, (2) improved robustness, (3) reduced computational time, (4) very low computation cost for the data fusion, and (5) capability of compensating distortions of the optical system at every pixel location.
Interaction of neutral vacancies and interstitials with the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Si</mml:mtext><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>001</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>surface (2004)

The interaction of neutral vacancies and interstitials with the clean $\text{Si}(001)$ surface is studied using density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation. We find both vacancies and interstitials within topmost three subsurface layers are significantly stabilized by their strong interactions with the surface. Their formation energies are predicted to be a few eV lower than those at the bulk. This study suggests that a large fraction of neutral interstitials may reside in the subsurface layers. However, most vacancies will eventually remain in the form of missing dimers due to their significant formation energy difference. Along with structure and energetics, we analyze bonding of vacancies and interstitials based on electron density and electron localization function topologies. We also show the diffusion pathways and barriers of vacancies on the surface and at the subsurface layers.
Immunohistology of Joint Inflammation Induced in Rats by Cell Wall Fragments of <i>Eubacterium aerofaciens</i> (1992)

After a single intraperitoneal injection of cell wall fragments of Eubacterium aerofaciens, a main resident from the human intestinal flora, an acute arthritis develops within 2 days which is followed by a chronic arthritis that lasts at least 90 days. In an earlier report the histological appearance of the joint inflammation during this period has been described. In this study we investigated in more detail the cell types that are involved in the development of arthritis by using cell-type-specific monoclonal antibodies in an immunohistological assay. In the acute phase of arthritis, T-helper cells appeared in the synovial tissue together with ED1-positive (ED1+) and ED3-positive (ED3+) macrophages. After a temporary decline at day 12 all macrophage subsets, as well as T-helper cells, reappeared or increased again at day 33. Later, in the chronic phase (days 47-90), an increased number of ED1-positive (ED1+) cells in the synovial tissue and a decreased number of ED2-positive (ED2+) cells in the synovial lining was the most prominent finding when compared with control rats. These results indicate that, apart from T lymphocytes, macrophages also play an important role in the development and continuation of chronic arthritis in this model.
Sequence-based class tagging for robust transcription in ASR (2015)

We present a method of modeling non-lexical vocabulary items such as numbers, times, dates, monetary amounts and address components that avoids the data sparsity and out-of-vocabulary problems of written-domain language models. Like previous approaches, we use a class-based language model and efficient finite-state class grammars during run-time decoding. We mitigate the problem of context-independent replacement of class items by employing a contextual sequence labeling model to identify which class instances should be replaced, leaving others to appear in their original form. Applied to the task of general voice-search audio transcription, our method achieves 10% relative error reduction (on the numeric error rate metric) compared to the previous system (based on a verbalizer transducer). On a numeric entity recognition task, our method achieves a 23% relative error reduction on the same metric. In both cases, word error rate remains the same or is reduced.
Resource provisioning for virtualized server applications (2021)

Data centre virtualization creates an agile environment for application deployment. Applications run within one or more virtual machines and are hosted on various servers throughout the data centre. One key mechanism provided by modern virtualization technologies is dynamic resource allocation. Using this technique virtual machines can be allocated resources as required and therefore, occupy only the necessary resources for their hosted application. In fact, two of the main challenges faced by contemporary data centres, server consolidation and power saving, can be tackled efficiently by capitalising on this mechanism. This dissertation shows how to dynamically adjust the CPU resources allocated to virtualized server applications in the presence of workload fluctuations. In particular it employs a reactive approach to resource provisioning based on feedback control and introduces five novel controllers. All five controllers adjust the application allocations based on past utilisation observations. A subset of the controllers integrate the Kalman filtering technique to track the utilisations and based on which they predict the allocations for the next interval. This approach is particularly attractive for the resource management problem since the Kalman filter uses the evolution of past utilisations to adjust the allocations. In addition, the adaptive Kalman controller which adjusts its parameters online and dynamically estimates the utilisation dynamics, is able to differentiate substantial workload changes from small fluctuations for unknown workloads. In addition, this dissertation captures, models, and builds controllers based on the CPU resource coupling of application components. In the case of multi-tier applications, these controllers collectively allocate resources to all application tiers detecting saturation points across components. This results in them acting faster to workload variations than their single-tier counterparts. All controllers are evaluated against the Rubis benchmark application deployed on a prototype virtualized cluster built for this purpose.
Dollar-sterling exchange rate in the 1920s: purchasing power parity and the Norman conquest of $4.86 (1992)

The issue of long-run purchasing power parity for the US dollar–UK sterling exchange rate during the 1920s float is re-examined, and it is concluded that a form of long-run purchasing-power parity did in fact hold for dollar-sterling during this period. The new results are also employed to gauge the degree of overvaluation of sterling relative to the imposed pre-war parity of $4.86 on its return to gold in 1925 and for 12 months afterwards.
CHEMISTRY OF HEMATOPORPHYRIN‐DERIVED PHOTOSENSITIZERS (1987)

Abstract The hematoporphyrin‐derived tumor‐localizing preparation HPD consists of porphyrin monomers, which are‘inactive’(not tumor‐localizing), and a dimer/oligomer fraction which is responsible for the localizing phenomenon. In an organic solvent system, gel‐exclusion chromatography can separate HPD into fractions containing porphyrin monomers, dimers or oligomers. The relative amount of the dimer/oligomer fraction of HPD was a function of the pH of the mixture used to transform HP mono/di acetate to HPD. HPD prepared by the‘Upson’procedure contained dimer/oligomer linkages which are labile to 1 M NaOH (in 50% tetrahydrofuran), and are reduced by LiAlH 4 to alcohols. These properties are characteristic of esters. But a commercial product, Photofrin II, contained approx. 50% of material refractory to both reagents described above. This behavior is characteristic of an ether linkage. These observations show that the nature of the linkage joining the porphyrin units is sensitive to conditions employed in HPD preparation. Tumor localization derives, in part, from affinity of these oligomers for plasma lipoprotein, and is associated with conformational alterations characteristic of these porphyrin‐porphyrin linkages.
Anomalous behaviour of surface leakage currents in heavily-doped MOS structures (1992)

The anomalous gate voltage- and dopant dependence of surface leakage currents in heavily-doped MOS gated-diode structures is described. It is shown that, by using a recombination model which includes tunnelling effects, a good quantitative description of surface leakage currents can be obtained. This resulted in a revision of the classical description of these currents. Simple design criteria to avoid excessive surface leakage currents are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The effect of midazolam maleate and diazepam on intraocular pressure in adults. (1981)

The effect on intraocular pressure of induction of anesthesia with 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazol[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine (midazolam, Ro 21-3981, Dormicum) as maleate or 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-(2H)-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (diazepam) has not previously been reported. We induced anesthesia in 30 patients, free of ophthalmologic disease and in good general health, with either midazolam maleate, diazepam or 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid (thiopental). Ten patients were treated with each agent for induction. Intraocular pressure was measured with a hand-held Perkins applanation tonometer before induction, 1 and 3 min after induction, 1 min after succinylcholine, 1 mg/kg, and 1 min after tracheal intubation. A significant (p less than 0.001) decrease in intraocular pressure occurred after each induction agent both 1 and 3 min after induction. Also, after each agent, a significant rise in intraocular pressure compared with control occurred after succinylcholine and tracheal intubation. We conclude that midazolam maleate and diazepam reduce intraocular pressure to the same degree as thiopental and would be safe for procedures in which a fall in intraocular pressure is desirable; however, none of these drugs will protect against the rise in intraocular pressure seen following the administration of succinylcholine or tracheal intubation during a rapid sequence induction of general anesthesia.
Separation of the Subtypes of Type V Collagen Molecules, [ l(V)]2 2(V) and  1(V) 2(V) 3(V), by Chain Composition-Dependent Affinity for Heparin: Single  1(V) Chain Shows Intermediate Heparin Affinity between Those of the Type V Collagen Subtypes Composed of [ 1(V)]2 2(V) and of  1(V) 2(V) 3(V) (1996)

The heparin affinities of heat-treated type V collagen alpha-chains and the triple-helical molecules were evaluated in terms of the NaCl concentration required for prevention of binding to a heparin-Sepharose column. After heat treatment, alpha 1(V) chain required approximately two-fold higher NaCl concentration to pass through the column than the other two chains, alpha 2(V) and alpha 3(V). Thus, the heparin affinity of alpha 1(V) may be approximately two-fold higher than those of the other alpha (V)-chains. The type V collagen molecules in triple-helical conformation were separated into two fractions at 170 mM NaCl in 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, containing 2 M urea; bound and non-bound. The ratio of the three alpha-chains, alpha 1(V): alpha 2(V): alpha 3(V) was 2 : 1 : 0 and 1 : 1 : 1 in the bound and flow-through fractions, respectively, on analysis by SDS-PAGE. The differential affinity of the two fractions could be accounted for by the number of alpha 1(V) chains in the triple-helical molecule, if these fractions contained triple-helical subtypes with the chain compositions of [alpha 1(V)]2 alpha 2(V) and alpha 1(V) alpha 2(V) alpha 3(V), respectively. From the comparison of the NaCl concentration required for prevention of the binding, [alpha 1(V)]2, alpha 2(V) had about two-fold higher affinity than alpha 1(V) alpha 2(V) alpha 3(V), and the separated alpha 1(V) chain showed an intermediate affinity. A possible explanation for difference in heparin affinity among the subtypes of molecules and the separated alpha-chains is that the heparin affinity of type V collagen molecule is governed by the number of alpha 1(V) chains contained in the molecule and that steric restraint in a triple-helical conformation weakens the binding of alpha 1(V) chain to heparin.
Effects of Testosterone Plus Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Semen Quality, Reproductive Hormones, and Germ Cell Populations in Normal Young Men (2002)

Testosterone (T) treatment suppresses gonadotropin levels and sperm counts in normal men, but the addition of a progestin may improve the efficacy of hormonal contraception. This study aimed to investigate the speed and extent of suppression of testicular germ cell number induced by T plus or minus progestin treatment and correlate these changes with serum gonadotropins and inhibin B levels, testicular androgens, and sperm output. Thirty normal fertile men (31-46 yr) received either testosterone enanthate (TE, 200 mg im weekly) alone or TE plus depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA, 300 mg im once) for 2, 6, or 12 wk (n = 5 per group) before vasectomy and testis biopsy. Five men (controls) proceeded directly to surgery. The inclusion of DMPA led to a more rapid fall in serum FSH/LH levels (time to 10% baseline: FSH; 12.6 +/- 2.6 vs. 7.9 +/- 1.4 d; LH, 9.9 +/- 3.4 vs. 3.4 +/- 1.7 d, TE vs. TE+DMPA, respectively, mean +/- SD, both P < 0.0001), yet the mean time to reach a sperm count 10% of baseline was not different (23.7 +/- 7.3 vs. 25.3 +/- 13.9 d, NS). The maximum extent of FSH/LH suppression was identical at 12 wk (mean serum FSH 1.2 and 1.6%, and mean LH 0.3 and 0.2% of baseline: TE vs. TE+ DMPA, respectively) as was sperm count suppression (5 of 5 and 4 of 5 men, respectively, with sperm counts < or =0.1 x 10(6)/ml). Serum inhibin decreased to 55% control at 12 wk in the TE+DMPA group (P < 0.05) but was unchanged by TE treatment (86% control, NS). Testicular T levels declined to approximately 2% of control levels, but testicular dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (Adiol) levels were not different to control. Germ cell numbers as determined by stereological methods did not differ between TE and TE+DMPA except at 2 wk when type B spermatogonia and early spermatocytes were significantly lower in the TE+DMPA group (P < 0.05). In all groups, a marked inhibition of Apale-->B spermatogonial maturation was seen along with a striking inhibition of spermiation. We conclude that: 1) the addition of DMPA hastens the onset of FSH/LH suppression, correlating with a more rapid impairment of spermatogonial development, but in the longer term, neither germ cell number nor sperm count differed; 2) testicular dihydrotestosterone and Adiol levels are maintained during FSH/LH suppression despite markedly reduced T levels suggesting up-regulation of testicular 5alpha-reductase activity; and 3) spermatogonial inhibition is a consistent feature, but spermiation inhibition is also striking and is an important determinant of sperm output.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Air-Stable N-Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate Complexes (2007)

A study concerning the synthesis of new N-heterocyclic carbene gold(I) complexes using the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate moiety (Tf2N-) as a weakly coordinating counteranion is described. These new air-stable (NCH)AuNTf2 complexes are convenient to prepare, stoe, and handle and proved to be active in a range of gold(I)-catalyzed transformations.
MicroRNA expression profiling outperforms mRNA expression profiling in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. (2009)

microRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22nt RNAs that regulate target gene expression. Altered expression of miRNAs has been demonstrated in many different human cancers. Many studies using microarray technologies to characterize miRNA expression profiles have relied on fresh tissue to determine the miRNA signatures. In this study, we prepared total RNA from paired samples of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and fresh frozen malignant melanoma, and used that in microarray experiments to compare miRNA expression profiles between FFPE and fresh tissue with corresponding mRNA expression profiles from the same tissue sources. We demonstrate that miRNA expression profile from FFPE tissues closely resembles that from fresh tissues, and the correlation is significantly better than that for mRNA profiles from FFPE and fresh tissues. These results underscore the suitability of FFPE tissues as appropriate resources for molecular expression analyses and support the notion that miRNAs are more vigorous analytes for this purpose than mRNAs.
Decorating carbon nanotubes with metal or semiconductor nanoparticles (2007)

Due to their large chemically active surface and stability at high temperatures carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used as a support material for the dispersion and stabilization of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs). These hybrid materials have found several applications in catalysis, nanoelectronics, optics, nanobiotechnology, etc. Several ways have been described in the literature to immobilize NPs on CNTs and they can be divided into two main pathways: (a) the formation (and stabilization) of metal NPs directly on the carbon nanotube surface, and (b) the connection of chemically modified NPs to carbon nanotubes or to modified CNTs. A plethora of methods for the synthesis of different NPs have been very recently developed. This know-how is now available for the generation of a large variety of new hybrid products in combination with CNTs. A selection of representative examples of the synthesis, properties and applications of NP–CNTs is here reported and discussed.
Depressive disorders (2013)

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The optical grating hydrophone (1981)

An optical hydrophone has been developed having an output which is a direct intensity modulated representation of an incident acoustic field. The principle of operation involves the relative displacement induced by an acoustic field of two optical gratings which lie between a constant optical source and an optical receiver. The received light intensity is a function of the relative displacement of the two optical gratings. The optical source may be coherent or incoherent light, and a simple pin-photodiode detector affords adequate receiver sensitivity. Large, multimode optical fibers can be used to carry the light to and from the hydrophone. Since the device is photon-noise limited, arbitrarily high sensitivities can be obtained by increasing the optical power, and/or increasing the spatial frequency of the optical gratings. The direct intensity-modulated output eliminates the need for more sophisticated detection techniques that are often applied to phase modulating optical hydrophones. However, comparable sensitivities can be realized with the optical grating approach. Fabrication of the device is straightforward, without any advanced optical techniques required. Several prototypes have been built and have already demonstrated dynamic ranges as high as 160 dB, with the ability to detect acoustically induced displacements of less than 0.01Å.