gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Designing Verifiable and Reusable Data Access Layer Using Formal Methods and Design Patterns (2009)

Layering is a concept widely used in computer and software modeling. Many modern information systems are designed and built using a layered model where the function of each layer is specified and well defined. In this paper we will be discussing the layer whose responsibilities include data extraction, manipulation and provision of data to the rest of the application. Common design problems that designers face while designing object oriented system can be resolved by using design patterns. These patterns are reusable solutions used heavily in application framework design. Formal methods are mathematical techniques used to construct models that can be proved for consistency, completeness and correctness of computerized systems. We have applied formal methods to data access layer patterns which has resulted a verifiable recipes for solving data access layer design problems. Our formal models are described using VDM++ specification language and are analyzed and validated using the VDM++ toolbox.
Pseudorandomness for Approximate Counting and Sampling (2005)

We study computational procedures that use both randomness and nondeterminism. Examples are Arthur-Merlin games and approximate counting and sampling of NP-witnesses. The goal of this paper is to derandomize such procedures under the weakest possible assumptions. Our main technical contribution allows one to "boost" a given hardness assumption. One special case is a proof that EXP /spl nsube/ NP/poly /spl rArr/ EXP /spl nsube/ P/sub /spl par///sup NP//poly. In words, if there is a problem in EXP that cannot be computed by poly-size nondeterministic circuits then there is one which cannot be computed by poly-size circuits that make non-adaptive NP oracle queries. This in particular shows that the various assumptions used over the last few years by several authors to derandomize Arthur-Merlin games (i.e., show AM = NP) are in fact all equivalent. In addition to simplifying the framework of AM derandomization, we show that this "unified assumption" suffices to de-randomize several other probabilistic procedures. For these results we define two new primitives that we regard as the natural pseudorandom objects associated with approximate counting and sampling of NP-witnesses. We use the "boosting" theorem and hashing techniques to construct these primitives using an assumption that is no stronger than that used to derandomize AM. As a consequence, under this assumption, there are deterministic polynomial time algorithms that use non-adaptive NP-queries and perform the following tasks: 1) approximate counting of NP-witnesses: given a Boolean circuit A, output r such that (1 - /spl epsi/)|A/sup -1/(1)| /spl les/ r les; |A/sup -1/(1)|. 2) pseudorandom sampling of NP-witnesses: given a Boolean circuit A, produce a polynomial-size sample space that is computationally indistinguishable from the uniform distribution over A/sup -1/(1). We also present applications. For example, we observe that Cai's proof that S/sub 2//sup p/ /spl sube/ ZPP/sup NP/ and the learning algorithm of Bshouty et al. can be seen as reductions to sampling that are not probabilistic. As a consequence they can be derandomized under the assumption stated above, which is weaker than the assumption that was previously known to suffice.
Functional Templates for Hybrid Materials with Orthogonal Functionality (2009)

We demonstrate an integrated approach to prepare a nanostructured, multifunctional material with mutually exclusive, orthogonal properties. The hybrid material was obtained within a single step via self-assembly in solution. It consists of TiO(2) as a functional metal oxide and an amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(triphenylamine) (PEO-PTPA). Within the materials' synthesis, the block copolymer not only acts as a templating agent but also adds an electronic functionality to the resulting hybrid material. During the synthesis, a variety of self-assembled morphologies, ranging from spheres to wires, can be created. The obtained morphology depends on the weight fraction of the polymer, solvent, TiO(2), and acid (HNO(3)). When films on silicon wafers are studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a ternary phase diagram could be mapped, whereas the crystallinity of TiO(2) could be proved by high-resolution TEM. Different morphologies of this self-assembled hybrid material were tested for solar cell application. Even for devices with layer thicknesses of the active material below 10 nm, power conversion efficiencies up to 0.15% at 1 sun and 1.5 AM were observed.
Apoptosis and the response to anticancer therapy (2001)

Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death that reflects cleavage of a subset of intracellular polypeptides by proteases known as caspases. Two major intracellular caspase cascades, one activated predominantly by death receptor ligands and the other triggered by various cellular stresses, including DNA damage and microtubule disruption, have been delineated. Activation of these protease cascades is tightly regulated by a number of polypeptides, including Bcl-2 family members, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, and several protein kinases. The demonstration that many antineoplastic agents induce apoptosis in susceptible cells raises the possibility that factors affecting caspase activation and activity might be important determinants of anticancer drug sensitivity. Here, we review recent studies describing the regulation of apoptotic pathways and identify potential implications of these findings for resistance to antineoplastic agents.
Synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin derivatives. I. 2-Substituted-5(and 6)-sulfamoyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxins. (1988)

In order to study new sulfonamide diuretics, two series of 6- and 5-sulfamoyl-2, 3-dihydro-1, 4-benzodioxins were synthesized and tested for diuretic and antihypertensive activities in rats. Starting from 4-chloro(or 3, 4-dichloro)-1, 2-dihydroxybenzene, these sulfamoyl compounds were prepared by two different routes. In method A, 6-sulfamoyl compounds (8 or 11) were obtained by conversion of the nitro function into sulfonamide via the Sandmeyer reaction. In method B, 5-sulfamoyl compounds (16) were synthesized by direct introduction of sulfonyl chloride into the dihydrobenzodioxin, followed by amination. The sulfamoyl dihydrobenzodioxins showed lower diuretic and antihypertensive activities than trichloromethiazide.
Application of Analysis and Control for Corrosion Damage in Cooling Water Systems Using Corrosion Monitoring (2009)

Abstract In chemical plants, there are lots of equipments for chemical products. Among these, heat exchangers are the most prominent. Because of this, heat exchanger maintenance is important in the maintenance management in chemical plants. While management techniques have been established for various fluids types, heat exchanger damage control is difficult when cooling is carried out using uncontrolled fluids such as raw river water. Heat exchanger damage has been increased due to the use of cooling water with unmonitored water quality in recent years. As a result, investigations were carried out into the measurement equipments that allow monitoring of the damage occurring in heat exchangers. As a result of these investigations, a corrosion monitor for on-site measurement was selected and adopted for use. In the cooling water system, the coupled multielectrode array sensors (CMAS) was found to be suitable for measuring the corrosion rate and the electrochemical noise method (ENM) was suitable for measuring changes in cooling water quality. This paper introduces a comparison for experimental evaluations of the two electrochemical methods, CMAS and ENM, and basis for the design of the corrosion monitoring device for cooling water system.
Mechanistic Studies of the Copper-Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Diorganozinc Reagents and Development of a Zinc-Free Protocol (2007)

[reaction: see text] An SN2 mechanism for the copper-catalyzed amination of diorganozinc reagents by O-benzoyl-N,N-dialkylhydroxylamines is supported by following stereochemically defined organometallics through the reaction and by employing the endocyclic restriction test. A copper-catalyzed electrophilic amination of organomagnesium compounds is also described in which the use of zinc halides has been eliminated.
Effect of changes in mass on middle ear function (1993)

Vibrating systems such as the middle ear are affected by changes in mass. After disease or ear surgery, significant changes in mass may contribute positively or negatively to the postoperative hearing threshold. This article describes experiments in 15 human temporal bones of the addition or reduction of mass on the middle ear transfer function. Measurement of stapes and umbo vibration was performed using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer before and after the addition of different masses at several sites on the tympanic membrane (TM) and ossicular chain. The input was 61 pure tones swept from 147 to 19433 Hz at 80 dB SPL. The addition of mass onto the TM produced varying detrimental effects on sound transmission, depending on the location and amount of mass. The insertion of ventilation tubes, weighing 12 to 17 mg each, produced losses at 1.5 to 5.0 kHz compared with tympanotomy alone. Addition of mass to the umbo and malleus head produced a loss at mid and high frequencies, whereas addition of mass on the incus long process and stapes also produced a high-frequency decrease in stapes displacement. Reduction of TM mass by removal of the epithelium produced an increase, especially at 2.0 to 4.0 kHz.
Detection of fume hood operator based on image processing technology (2011)

It is a key parameter whether there is an operator or not in front of the fume hood when controlling it. The detection method is required to meet the needs of real-time, reliability, low cost and low complexity. In this paper, a new algorithm based on frame difference and histogram similarity comparison is presented to determine whether there exists an operator or not accurately under the situation such as unclear image, personnel accounts for most of the image and personnel stillness in short time. The algorithm is simple and reliable, and could easily used in embedded system. The experiment results indicate that the algorithm has achieved a good accuracy and adaptability in detecting the fume hood operator under the conditions of operator free activities, short time stillness, and so on.
Feature extraction methods for mutation screening (2011)

DNA sequencing is the gold standard in clinical diagnosis of genetic disorders. Existing mutation screening methods heavily depends on base-calling algorithms which produces DNA sequences by analysing the peaks in the chromatogram signal. This study introduces a new method working only on signals eliminating the possible errors caused by base-calling. The method compares a patient's DNA chromatogram with a reference to discover possible mutations. First step is to transform the original signals to the frequency domain via DCT. They are next used to create a similarity matrix in which consecutive high similarity points along the main diagonal is obtained by using dynamic programming. The chromatograms are re-sampled to produce a new equal length pair by using coordinates of the path. Values of similarity matrix along the path itself corresponds to the difference of chromatograms in which possible mutations are detected by inspecting the peaks. We compared the performance of our method to a mutation screening software.
A Technical Overview of VP9 – The Latest Open-Source Video Codec (2013)

Google has recently finalized a next generation open-source video codec called VP9, as part of the libvpx repository of the WebM project (http://www.webmproject.org/). Starting from the VP8 video codec released by Google in 2010 as the baseline, various enhancements and new tools were added, resulting in the next-generation bit-stream VP9. The bit-stream was finalized with the exception of essential bug-fixes, in June 2013. Prior to the release however, all technical developments in fact were being conducted openly in the public experimental branch of the repository for many months. This paper provides a brief technical overview of the coding tools included in VP9, along with coding performance comparisons with other state-of-the-art video codecs — namely H.264/AVC and HEVC — on standard test sets. While a completely fair comparison is impossible to conduct because of the limitations of the respective encoder implementations, the tests show VP9 to be quite competitive with main-stream state-of-the-art codecs.
Bewältigung allgemeiner Problemsituationen bei Kindern mit chronischen Kopfschmerzen (2006)

Zusammenfassung. Auf dem Hintergrund transaktionaler Stresskonzepte führen fehlende Passung zwischen situativen Anforderungen und Bewältigungshandeln zu Anpassungsproblemen. Diese Studie untersucht, ob Kinder mit chronischen Kopfschmerzen ihr Bewältigungshandeln an der Kontrollierbarkeit von Situationen orientieren und ob diese Passung mit der Schmerzverarbeitung zusammenhängt. Untersucht wurden 71 Kinder mit chronischen Kopfschmerzen. Die Anwendung verschiedener Bewältigungsstrategien wurde beurteilt für kurze Beschreibungen von kontrollierbaren und unkontrollierbaren Situationen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Kinder in ihrem Bewältigungsverhalten nach der Kontrollierbarkeit der Situation differenzieren: Problemlösen wird in kontrollierbaren Situationen häufiger verwendet, Problemausweichen in unkontrollierbaren. Konstruktive Emotionsbewältigung und Suche nach sozialer Unterstützung sind dominant in unkontrollierbaren Situationen. Ein hohes Ausmaß ungünstiger Schmerzverarbeitung liegt vor, wenn Problemlösen und -ausweichen nicht den situativen Anforderungen angepasst werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Bewältigung kontextabhängig ist. Dabei spielt die Kontrollierbarkeit von Situationen eine Rolle und steht mit ungünstiger Schmerzverarbeitung in Zusammenhang.
An Efficient Synthesis of a Dual PPAR α/γ Agonist and the Formation of a Sterically Congested α-Aryloxyisobutyric Acid via a Bargellini Reaction (2005)

A practical synthesis of benzisoxazole 1 and its conversion to alpha-aryloxyisobutyric acid 2 using 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol (chloretone) was developed. Benzisoxazole 1 was formed in high yields by the action of either methanesulfonyl chloride/base upon intermediate oxime 8 or with thionyl chloride/base, which initially forms cyclic sulfite 10. A highly reactive, short-lived intermediate derived from chloretone was detected by ReacIR and its half-life determined to be approximately 5 min. Reaction conditions for the Bargellini reaction were developed that resulted in a 95% yield of 2 from the reaction of highly hindered phenol 1 with chloretone hemihydrate and powdered NaOH in acetone. Thus highly hindered alpha-aryloxyisobutyric acids can be made in a single step in high yield.
The effect of polyamines on cell culture cells (1969)

Abstract Growth of KB cells was inhibited by both spermine and spermidine, but the inhibition is reduced in conditioned medium. The amount of spermine required for 50% inhibition of plating varied according to the type of serum used with medium 199 (calf, fetal bovine, and horse; 0.55, 0.9, and 24 μg/ml respectively). The spermine oxidase activity of the three sera was calf > horse > fetal bovine, which is not the same ordering as was obtained for the inhibition. When the concentration of sera in the media was varied, the inhibition decreased as calf and fetal bovine sera concentration increased, whereas, with horse serum, an increase in serum concentration increased the inhibition. The opposite effects of increasing concentrations of the sera on the inhibition suggest that at least two factors are involved in the inhibition. A scheme which involves three factors (spermine oxidase, another enzyme and its activator) is postulated to account for the inhibitions and reversals observed. Spermine oxidase alone cannot account for the action of polyamine on cells.
Effect of pharmacologic agents on the function of the hypothermically preserved dog kidney during normothermic reperfusion. (1988)

We examined how a combination of pharmacologic agents ("rescue" agents) affect the function of hypothermically preserved dog kidneys at the time of reperfusion. Dog kidneys were preserved either by simple cold storage in EuroCollins' solution for 24 or 48 hours or by continuous perfusion at 5 degrees C in Belzer's gluconate-hydroxyethyl starch solution for as long as 5 days. After preservation, renal functions were measured with the isolated perfused kidney model. Kidneys were reperfused at normothermia either with or without the addition of a combination of rescue agents to the reperfusion medium. The rescue agents studied were allopurinol (1 mmol/L); superoxide dismutase (32,000 U/L); catalase (137,500 U/L); dimethylthiourea (3 mmol/L); glutathione (3 mmol/L); desferrioxamine (0.2 gm/L), for protection against O2 free radical injury and lipid peroxidation injury; verapamil (25 mg/L), as a Ca channel blocker; and ATP-MgCl2 (0.3 mmol/L), to stimulate energy metabolism. The renal functions we measured were glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (creatinine clearance), urine production, perfusate flow, urinary protein concentration, Na reabsorptive capacity, and tissue concentrations of ATP, K, and total tissue water. GFR was reduced by 75% to 90% after all periods of preservation, and the rescue agents had no effect on GFR. Sodium reabsorption was reduced from 98% to a range of 40% to 50% after 48 hours of cold storage or 5 days of machine perfusion and was not increased by rescue agents. There was a time-dependent increase in the amount of urine protein that was not affected by rescue agents. The addition of rescue agents did not affect total tissue water or concentrations of ATP or K in kidneys after normothermic reperfusion. These results demonstrate that pharmacologic agents previously suggested to suppress reperfusion damage in kidneys are not effective in this model. Therefore it is likely that kidneys damage occurs primarily during preservation, which suggest that optimal function on reperfusion calls for the development of better methods of preservation.
Subfemtomolar Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase at a Disposable Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with a Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Film (1997)

A carbon-based ink composed of graphite particles and polystyrene was used in association with a manual screen-printer to prepare electrodes on a flexible polyester film. The screen-printing step was followed by a drying step which was achieved within 1 h at room temperature. The screen-printed electrode (SPE) was coated by a polyanionic Nafion film in which electroactive cationic species could be accumulated. A detection limit of 10-9 M was thus obtained by cyclic voltammetric (CV) determination of [[(4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]carboxyl]cobaltocenium (P+) after accumulation for 60 min. Since this cationic phenol derivative P+ could be generated from the corresponding anionic ester phosphate (S-) by alkaline phosphatase (AP) hydrolysis, the new S- substrate was synthesized and the sensitive indirect CV determination of AP was performed at a Nafion-coated SPE. The S- substrate did not interfere on the electrochemical response of P+ owing to the permselectivity of Nafion. An AP detection of 4 × 10-16 M was thus achieved in Tris buffer (pH 9) after hydrolysis of S- (10-4 M) to P+ (Michaelis constant Km = 48 μM) and simultaneous accumulation of P+ within Nafion for 1 h. The Nafion-SPE was stuck successfully to the bottom of a microwell, making it possible to work with solution volumes ranging from 50 to 250 μL, well adapted to enzyme immunoassays.
The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a review with particular reference to the use of radionuclides (1971)

Summary Pulmonary embolism was first recognized as an important entity early in the nineteenth century. The evolution of our knowledge of this disorder has been reviewed with particular emphasis on the various diagnostic techniques which have been used to assist in its recognition. These have included physical examination to demonstrate the presence of classical physical signs, electrocardiography, biochemical tests, radiological examinations, pulmonary function tests, ultra-sound and methods employing radionuclides. The wide variety of techniques applied to this problem clearly indicates that no currently available test is entirely satisfactory alone. Probably the most significant advance in recent years has been the development of lung perfusion scanning which has provided at the very least a valuable screening test and a ready method of studying serially the natural history of the perfusion defects produced by thromboembolic disease.
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE PREPARATION OF MONOLAYERS OF MESOTHELIUM (1972)

A technique for the preparation of monolayers of mesothelial cells using gelatincoated slides is described. These preparations were adequate for both general histologic and radioautographic studies.
Olefin Epoxidations Using the Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide−H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> System (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTOlefin Epoxidations Using the Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide−H2O2 SystemRobert W. Murray and Kaliappan IyanarView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5, 1730–1731Publication Date (Web):February 18, 1998Publication History Received16 October 1997Published online18 February 1998Published inissue 1 March 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo9719160https://doi.org/10.1021/jo9719160brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1226Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Ethanol,Hydrocarbons,Organic reactions,Solvents Get e-Alerts
Effect of a Spreading Adjuvant on Mesotrione Photolysis on Wax Films (2009)

There is little information about pesticide photostability on plants, especially when considering the effects of the formulation. We evaluated the photostability of a herbicide, mesotrione, on wax films. These surfaces are good systems to mimic the outer layer of the leaf. Within the range of recommended agricultural rates, pure mesotrione half-life on cuticular wax films was between 100 and 160 min. Formulated, the phototransformation rate was multiplied by a factor of 4.8. We assume that the acceleration is mainly due to the surfactants, agents that allow a better spreading of the active ingredient at the leaf surface. Since mesotrione photolysis is a fast process on wax films, we can assume that this process would be significant in the field after treatment.