gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photothermal FT-IR Spectroscopy: A Step towards FT-IR Microscopy at a Resolution Better Than the Diffraction Limit (1999)

We have used a miniaturized Wollaston wire resistive thermometer as a probe to record infrared absorption spectra of polymeric samples by detecting photothermally induced temperature fluctuations at the sample surface. This method opens the way to absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/microscopy with a spatial resolution that is no longer diffraction limited, but is determined instead by the size of the contact between probe and sample. At present, this is on the order of a few hundred nanometers. The thermal probe, of a type used in scanning thermal microscopy and microthermal analysis, allows us to detect the photothermal response of a specimen exposed to the beam of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and heated thereby. The signal from this probe measures the resulting temperature fluctuations, and thus provides an interferogram which replaces the interferogram normally obtained by means of direct detection of the IR transmitted by a sample.
A new approach to signal processing via sampled-data control theory (2005)

The main accomplishment of sampled-data control theory in the last decade is that it successfully derives a digital (discrete-time) control law that makes the overall analog (continuous-time) performance optimal. The same hybrid nature of designing a digital filter for analog signals is also prevalent in digital signal processing. A crucial observation is that the perfect band-limiting hypothesis can be inadequate for many practical situations. In practice, the original analog signals (sounds, images, etc.) are neither fully band-limited nor even close to be bandlimited in the current processing standards. This is the problem of interpolating high-frequency components, which in turn is that of recovering the intersample behavior. Sampled-data control theory provides an optimal platform for such problems. This paper provides a new problem formulation, design procedure, and various applications in sound processing/compression and image processing.
Y-Shaped Amphiphilic Brushes with Switchable Micellar Surface Structures (2003)

We observed novel nanoscale surface structures of segregated pinned micelles and craterlike micelles formed by grafted Y-shaped molecules and their reversible reorganization in selective solvents. The Y-shaped molecules have two incompatible polymer chains (polystyrene and poly(tert-butyl acrylate)) attached to a functional stemlike segment capable of covalent grafting to a functionalized silicon surface. Postgrafting hydrolysis of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) arms imparts amphiphilicity to the brush. We demonstrated that spatial constraints induced by a chemical junction of two relatively short (6-10 nm) dissimilar arms in such Y-shaped molecules lead to the formation of segregated micellar surface nanostructures in the grafted layer. We proposed a model of these segregated pinned micelles and the corresponding reverse micelles (craterlike structures) featuring different segregation states of hydrophobic polystyrene and hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) arms. The arms undergo conformational rearrangements in selective solvents in a controlled and reversible fashion. These nanoscale structural reorganizations define adaptive macroscopic wetting surface properties of the amphiphilic Y-shaped brushes. This surface structure and switchable behavior can be considered as a promising way toward the patterning of solid substrates with adaptive nanowells, which could be used for trapping of adsorbing nanoscale objects.
<i><b>De novo</b></i> assembly of transcriptome from next‐generation sequencing data (2016)

Reconstruction of transcriptome by de novo assembly from next generation sequencing (NGS) short‐sequence reads provides an essential mean to catalog expressed genes, identify splicing isoforms, and capture the expression detail of transcripts for organisms with no reference genome available. De novo transcriptome assembly faces many unique challenges, including alternative splicing, variable expression level covering a dynamic range of several orders of magnitude, artifacts introduced by reverse transcription, etc. In the current review, we illustrate the grand strategy in applying De Bruijn Graph (DBG) approach in de novo transcriptome assembly. We further analyze many parameters proven critical in transcriptome assembly using DBG. Among them, k ‐mer length, coverage depth of reads, genome complexity, performance of different programs are addressed in greater details. A multi‐ k ‐mer strategy balancing efficiency and sensitivity is discussed and highly recommended for de novo transcriptome assembly. Future direction points to the combination of NGS and third generation sequencing technology that would greatly enhance the power of de novo transcriptomics study.
Thermoacoustic enhancement of photoacoustic spectroscopy: Theory and measurements of the signal to noise ratioa) (1995)

Recent developments in thermoacoustics have shown that the quality factor, Q, of an acoustic resonator can be controlled by establishing a temperature gradient across properly positioned thermoacoustic elements. Quite separate from thermoacoustics, acoustic resonators are used in photoacoustic spectroscopy, where a laser beam, modulated at the acoustic resonance frequency, is partially absorbed, thereby producing sound. The photoacoustic signal is typically measured with a microphone, and is proportional to the laser power, to the absorption coefficient, and to the resonator Q, among other factors. The acoustic signal to noise ratio is proportional to Q1/2. Thermoacoustics can be used to enhance the signal to noise ratio of photoacoustic spectrometers by increasing Q. Measurements and theory are reported for the signal to noise ratio of a photoacoustic cell, with thermoacoustic enhancement, as a function of both resonator Q and the bandwidth of the lock-in amplifier. Regimes where thermoacoustic enhancement is useful are identified.
Development of the Nonlinearity Correction for the Laser Tuning in OFDR System Using Zero-Crossing Sampling and Self-Reference (2019)

Tuning nonlinearity of the laser is the main source which will deteriorate the spatial resolution in optical frequency domain reflectometry system. We develop methods for tuning nonlinearity correction in the OFDR system from the aspects of data acquisition and also the posting-processing. A zero-crossing detection scheme is researched and implemented by a customized circuit. Equal-spacing frequency sampling is therefore achieved in real-time. The maximum sensing distance can reach to the same length of the auxiliary interferometer. The zero-crossing detection for the beating frequency of 20MHz is achieved. Then, a nonlinearity correction method based on the self-reference method is proposed. The auxiliary interferometer is no longer necessary in this scheme. The tuning information of the laser is extracted by a strong reflectivity point at the end of the sensing arm in the main interferometer. The tuning information can then be used to resample the raw signal and the nonlinearity correction can be achieved. The spatial resolution test and the distributed sensing experiments are both performed based on this nonlinearity correction method. The results validated the feasibility of the proposed method. The method reduces the hardware and data burden for the system and has a potential value on the system integration and miniaturization.
The Role of Interleukin 10 in the Regulation of Allergic Immune Responses (2001)

Several clinical studies and animal models have shown that Th2 lymphocytes play a key role in the pathophysiology of IgE-mediated allergic immune responses like allergic rhinitis and asthma or venom anaphylaxis. Classical specific immunotherapy (SIT) that has been proven to be clinically effective can serve as a role model for immunological changes that are associated with amelioration of allergic diseases. During SIT, the Th2-dominated immune response is modified towards a Th1 response leading to a decline in allergen-specific IgE and an increase in allergen-specific IgG production. Most importantly, however, production of the immunosuppressive/-regulatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) is also induced leading to T cell tolerance and prevention of tissue inflammation. In this article the role of IL-10-producing T cells in the regulation of allergic immune responses will be discussed.
Cooperative Interference Management With MISO Beamforming (2010)

In this correspondence, we study the downlink transmission in a multi-cell system, where multiple base stations (BSs) each with multiple antennas cooperatively design their respective transmit beamforming vectors to optimize the overall system performance. For simplicity, it is assumed that all mobile stations (MSs) are equipped with a single antenna each, and there is one active MS in each cell at one time. Accordingly, the system of interests can be modeled by a multiple-input single-output (MISO) Gaussian interference channel (IC), termed as MISO-IC, with interference treated as noise. We propose a new method to characterize different rate-tuples for active MSs on the Pareto boundary of the achievable rate region for the MISO-IC, by exploring the relationship between the MISO-IC and the cognitive radio (CR) MISO channel. We show that each Pareto-boundary rate-tuple of the MISO-IC can be achieved in a decentralized manner when each of the BSs attains its own channel capacity subject to a certain set of interference-power constraints (also known as interference-temperature constraints in the CR system) at the other MS receivers. Furthermore, we show that this result leads to a new decentralized algorithm for implementing the multi-cell cooperative downlink beamforming.
Mask metrology 2D application for measurement of OPC features and corner roundness (2004)

The rapid shrink of device dimensions requires reduced feature size on reticles and hence, improved CD uniformity and CD measurement precision in order to achieve tight process control. To meet this on-going trend the industry is in a quest for higher resolution metrology tools, which in-turn drives the use of SEM metrology into standard mask and manufacturing process. This paper concentrates on one specific area of Mask Metrology, being measurement of 2D (Two Dimensional) features such as contacts with sub resolution features -0 using a new SEM metrology tool, the Applied Materials' RETicleSEM. We consider the basic requirements for performing 2D measurements on a reticle as well as the algorithmic development to generalize a solution for these requirements. We consider three main requirements from such algorithm: a) It should be generic and deal with general shape features; b) It should provide new geometric metrics - such as contact area and corner roundness; c) It should measure new geometric patterns such as OPC (Optical Proximity Corrections) features and small CDs. We discuss the following issues/challenges related to the development of a generic algorithm for general shape 2D analysis: a) Limitations of the standard approach for Contacts qualification based on the Area loss measurement (Area based). b) A generic segmentation of the feature. It should be robust to noise, as well as brightness and contrast changes. c) The complexity of two dimensional general shape features metrology, especially OPC measurements. Limitations of the standard CD SEM metrology based on metrics describing simple geometric shapes such as ellipses and lines. The obtaining of new metrics can be useful as handles for advanced process control (i.e. what to measure on the 2D feature with complex shape such as contact with OPC structures).
The quasistatic and fatigue performance of the implant/bone‐cement interface (1981)

Abstract Loosening is a major cause of failure in total arthroplasties. The efficacy of the fixation systems depends not only on the bulk properties of the components but also on the interfaces through which they interact. This study was initiated to examine the implant/bone‐cement interface for four of the most commonly used implant materials, CoCrMo, Ti6Al‐4V, 316SSLVM and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The surface preparation, specimen design, joining, and testing techniques were studied and then standardized in a manner which accurately represents current clinical procedures. The interfaces were tested for both their quasistatic and fatigue properties. Finite‐element and fracture toughness analyses of the quasistatic shear specimens were performed in order to provide results of an absolute nature which could be subsequently compared to bulk material properties of bone cement. The interfaces were tested “dry” (i.e., at room temperature and 50% R.H.) and in physiological saline at 37°C. The interfaces demonstrated both fracture toughness and fatigue properties far inferior to those of bone cement. A predominantly interfacial type failure was observed using SEM fractography. The ultimate compressive strength (U.C.S.) of bone cement was measured after prolonged exposure to saline at 37°C and showed no decrease in U.C.S. suggesting that the reasons for the interface strength reductions were interfacial rather than bulk in nature. The “wetting'” ability of bone cement was measured using contact angles at various cure times on the four implant materials. These measurements showed that intimate interfacial contact is impossible with current clinical methods. This study indicates that failure of the implant/bonecement interface is likely only a short period after implantation and therefore may be a major contributor to implant loosening.
Equation-Based Congestion Control for Unicast and Multicast Data Streams (2003)

We believe that the emergence of congestion control mechanisms for relatively-smooth congestion control for unicast and multicast traffic can play a key role in preventing the degradation of end-to-end congestion control in the public Internet, by providing a viable alternative for multimedia flows that would otherwise be tempted to avoid end-to-end congestion control altogether. The design of good congestion control mechanisms is a hard problem, even more so for multicast environments where scalability issues are much more of a concern than for unicast.\n\nIn this dissertation, equation-based congestion control is presented as an alternative form of congestion control to the well-known TCP protocol. We focus on areas of equation-based congestion control which were not yet well understood and for which no adequate solutions existed. Starting from a unicast congestion control mechanism which in contrast to TCP provides smooth rate changes, we extend equation-based congestion control in several ways. We investigate how it can work together with applications which can only operate in a very limited region of available bandwidth and whose rate can thus not be adapted to the network conditions in the usual way. Such a congestion control\nmechanism can also complement conventional equation-based congestion control in regimes where available bandwidth is too low for further rate reduction. When extending unicast congestion control to multicast, it is of paramount importance to ensure that changes in the network conditions anywhere in the multicast tree are reported back to the sender as quickly as possible to allow the sender to adjust the rate accordingly. A scalable feedback mechanism that allows timely congestion feedback in the face of potentially very large receiver sets is one of the contributions of this dissertation. But also other components of a congestion control protocol, such as the rate increase/decrease policy or the slow-start mechanism, need to be adjusted to be able to use them in a multicast environment. Our resulting multicast congestion control protocol was implemented in a simulation environment for extensive protocol testing and turned into a library for the use in real-world applications. In addition, a\nsimple video transmission tool was built for test purposes that uses this congestion control library.
Feather keratin hydrolysates obtained from microbial keratinases: effect on hair fiber (2013)

These results show that the enzymatic method to produce keratin peptides for hair care products is an attractive and eco- friendly method with a great potential in the cosmetic industry.
Memory foams for robot grippers (1991)

This paper considers a wide range of techniques which are applicable to the provision of both passive and active mechanical compliance for the purposes of developing effective shape adaptive robot end-effectors. Some results on the measurement of the characteristics of memory foams useful for this type of application together with some potential implementations are presented. Aspects of the controllability of such compliant mediums are also compared.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter Bpt1p mediates vacuolar sequestration of glutathione conjugates in yeast (2002)

Vacuolar sequestration or cellular extrusion of glutathione-conjugated xenobiotics and catabolites by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is an important detoxification mechanism operating in many species. In this study, we show that the yeast ABC transporter Bpt1p, a paralogue of Ycf1p, acts as an ATP-dependent vacuolar pump for glutathione conjugates. Bpt1p, which is inhibited by vanadate and glibenclamide, accounts for one third of the total vacuolar transport of glutathione conjugates. Furthermore, immunoblot analyses show that Bpt1p levels are strongly elevated in early stationary phase, consistent with a function of Bpt1p in vacuolar detoxification.
High-temperature superconductivity in yttrium-barium-copper oxide: identification of a copper-rich superconducting phase (1987)

For the past 15 years, advances in superconductivity have come about only slowly and even a 0.5 K increase in transition temperature was noteworthy. Until April 1986, the highest transition temperatures were near 23 K. At that time, Bednorz and Muller reported superconductivity in La-Ba-Cu-0 compounds above 30K. Following this breakthrough, there were further studies of these phases and superconductivity was found also in similar solids containing Sr and Ca instead of Ba. The superconducting phase was identified as a layered perovskite A2-xBxCu04 with tetragonal symmetry, where A = La3+ and B = Ca2+, Sr2+, or Ba2+. The Sr compounds with x = 0.15 show the highest transition temperatures with Tc near 36 K.5 These studies lead to the investigation of other ternary copper oxides and soon thereafter Chu and co-worker found that compounds with a nominal composition of Y1.2Ba0.8Cu04could be prepared with superconducting transitions near 100 K. In contrast to the La2-x,SrXCuO4 phases,the analogous Y2-xBa,Cu04 materials contain more than one phase. We report here the composition and properties of a superconducting phase containing Y, Ba, Cu, and 0 which is copper-rich compared with Y1.2Ba0.8Cu04.
Improving surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect using gold-coated hierarchical polystyrene bead substrates modified with postgrowth microwave treatment (2008)

We report a novel postgrowth microwave heating implementation by selectively modifying hierarchical polystyrene (PS) bead substrates coated with gold (Au) films to effectively improve the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect on the analytes. The SERS signal of probe molecule rhodamine 6G (Rh 6G) on the microwave-treated Au-PS substrates can be improved by 10-fold, while the detection limit of Rh 6G in concentration can be enhanced by two orders of magnitude compared to the as-growth substrates. The high-quality SERS spectrum of saliva can also be acquired using the modified substrates, demonstrating the potential for the realization of the high-performance SERS substrates for biomedical applications.
First Isolation of Rotavirus Associated with Neonatal Diarrhoea in Guanacos (Lama guanicoe) in the Argentinean Patagonia Region (2001)

Group A rotavirus (RV) and coronavirus (CV) are common viral pathogens associated with neonatal diarrhoea in numerous animal species. The purpose of this work was to investigate the presence of these viral agents in two farm populations of captured guanacos (Lama guanicoe) in the Argentinean Patagonia region, that developed severe diarrhoea outbreaks. Stool and serum samples were analysed for RV and bovine CV antigen and antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Rotavirus was detected in faeces from two new-born guanacos with acute diarrhoea, one in each farm. After electrophoretic analysis, each isolated strain, showed a distinctive long dsRNA electropherotype characteristic of group A rotaviruses (4:2:3:2). In addition, 95% (38 of 40) of the sampled animals were positive for RV antibodies, suggesting a high prevalence of RV infection in the populations tested. No evidence of CV circulation by antigen or antibody analysis was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection and isolation of RV associated with neonatal diarrhoea in Lama guanicoe.
Effect of Different Strains of<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>on Production of Volatiles in Napa Gamay Wine and Petite Sirah Wine (2002)

Napa Gamay grapes were fermented with four different strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (VL1, MI16, Fermirouge, and RA17). Petite Sirah grapes were fermented with seven different strains of the same yeast (BM45, Fermirouge, RA17, NI, CX3079, A350, and A796). Volatile compounds formed in the wines were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Volatile compounds found in both wines were alcohols, esters, and acids, as well as some miscellaneous compounds. Isoamyl alcohol was the compound found in the highest relative amount with all four yeast strains in the Napa Gamay wines, followed by 2-phenyl ethanol, monoethyl succinate, and hexanoic acid. The relative amounts of isoamyl alcohol ranged from 30.84% (VL1) to 43.28% (RA17). Major volatile compounds found in Petite Sirah wines were isoamyl alcohol, 2-phenyl ethanol, 2-hydroxy ethyl propanoate, monoethyl succinate, and octanoic acid. The several esters, including 2-hydroxyethyl propanoate, may contribute to the fruity flavor of Petite Sirah wines. Overall, the S. cerevisiae yeast strains used to ferment Napa Gamay grapes and Petite Sirah grapes produced the same major components, with certain variations in formation levels.
Effect of particle size on the <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> degradation rates of poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) microcapsules (1988)

Three different sieve size fractions of ergot-containing biodegradable microcapsules were examined both in vitro and in vivo. The sieve sizes and average particle diameter, (micron), were: less than 45-75 (mean = 30); 75-106 (mean = 79); 106-177 (mean = 130). These microcapsules contained ca. 9% drug and were produced from 50:50 poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide). The objective was to determine the effect of particle size on in vivo and in vitro degradation rates. The microcapsules were injected into rat gastrocnemius muscle and excised and examined at various time points up to 70 days. Initially a minimal tissue response was noted which was characterized by a sharply localized acute inflammatory reaction. Following this, connective tissue and foreign body giant cells engulfed the microcapsules at 20-30 days. Only vestiges of the microcapsules were found surrounded by minimal connective tissue and foreign body giant cells after 60-70 days. The tissue reaction was a minimal, sharply localized foreign body giant cell and connective tissue process for all three size groups of microcapsules. The largest microcapsules (mean = 130 microns) exhibited a slightly greater tendency to undergo in vivo and in vitro degradation relative to the other groups. However, it can be concluded that over the microcapsule size ranges examined minimal differences in the degradation properties of the polymeric matrices and consequently those of the microcapsules were noted.