gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decoupling capacitance allocation and its application to power-supply noise-aware floorplanning (2002)

We investigate the problem of decoupling capacitance (decap) allocation for power supply noise suppression at floorplan level. First, we assume that a floorplan is given and consider the decap placement as a postfloorplan step. Second, we consider the decap placement as an integral part of a floorplanning methodology (noise-aware floorplanning). In both cases, the objective is to minimize the floorplan area while suppressing the power supply noise below the specified limit. Experimental results on MCNC benchmark circuits show that, for postfloorplan decap placement, the white space allocated for decap is about 6%-9% of the chip area for the 0.25-/spl mu/m technology. The power-supply noise is kept below the specified limit. Compared to postfloorplan approach, the peak power-supply noise can be reduced by as much as 40% and the decap budget can be reduced by as much as 21% by using noise-aware floorplanning methodology. The total area is also reduced due to the reduced total decap budget gained from reduced power supply noise.
The comparative metabolism of 2,6-dichlorothiobenzamide (Prefix) and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile in the dog and rat (1966)

1. A single oral dose of either [(14)C]Prefix or 2,6-dichlorobenzo[(14)C]nitrile to rats is almost entirely eliminated in 4 days: 84.8-100.5% of (14)C from [(14)C]Prefix is excreted, 67.3-79.7% in the urine, and 85.8-97.2% of (14)C from 2,6-dichlorobenzo-[(14)C]nitrile is excreted, 72.3-80.7% in the urine. Only 0.37+/-0.03% of the dose of [(14)C]Prefix and 0.25+/-0.03% of the dose of 2,6-dichlorobenzo[(14)C]nitrile are present in the carcass plus viscera after removal of the gut. Rats do not show sex differences in the pattern of elimination of the respective metabolites of the two herbicides. The rates of elimination of (14)C from the two compounds in the 24hr. and 48hr. urines are not significantly different (P >0.05) from one another. 2. After oral administration to dogs, 85.9-106.1% of (14)C from [(14)C]Prefix is excreted, 66.6-80.9% in the urine, and 86.8-92.5% of (14)C from 2,6-dichlorobenzo[(14)C]nitrile is excreted, 60.0-70.1% in the urine. Dogs do not show sex differences in the pattern of eliminating the metabolites of either Prefix or 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. 3. Dogs and rats do not show species differences in the patterns of elimination of the two herbicides. 4. Prefix and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile are completely metabolized; unchanged Prefix and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile are absent from the urine and faeces, and from the carcasses when elimination is complete. In the hydrolysed urine of rats dosed with either [(14)C]Prefix or 2,6-dichlorobenzo[(14)C]nitrile, 2,6-dichloro-3-hydroxybenzonitrile accounts for approx. 42% of the (14)C, a further 10-11% is accounted for by 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid, 2,6-dichloro-3- and -4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile collectively, and 25-30% by six polar constituents, of which two are sulphur-containing amino acids. 5. In the unhydrolysed urines of rats dosed with either [(14)C]Prefix or 2,6-dichlorobenzo[(14)C]nitrile, there are present free 2,6-dichloro-3- and -4-hydroxybenzonitrile, their glucuronide conjugates, ester glucuronides of the principal aromatic acids that are present in the hydrolysed urines, and two sulphur-containing metabolites analogous to mercapturic acids or premercapturic acids. 6. Prefix is thus extensively transformed into 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile: R.CS.NH(2)-->R.CN+H(2)S, where R=C(6)H(3)Cl(2). However, the competitive reaction: R.CS.NH(2)+H(2)O-->R.CO.NH(2)+H(2)S takes place to a very limited extent.
A method to improve the B<sub>O</sub> homogeneity of the heart <i>in vivo</i> (1996)

A homogeneous static (B0) magnetic field is required for many NMR experiments such as echo planar imaging, localized spectroscopy, and spiral scan imaging. Although semi-automated techniques have been described to improve the B0 field homogeneity, none has been applied to the in vivo heart. The acquisition of cardiac field maps is complicated by motion, blood flow, and chemical shift artifact from epicardial fat. To overcome these problems, an ungated three-dimensional (3D) chemical shift image (CSI) was collected to generate a time and motion-averaged B0 field map. B0 heterogeneity in the heart was minimized by using a previous algorithm that solves for the optimal shim coil currents for an input field map, using up to third-order current-bounded shims (1). The method improved the B0 homogenelty of the heart in all 11 normal volunteers studied. After application of the algorithm to the unshimmed cardiac field maps, the standard deviation of proton frequency decreased by 43%, the magnitude 1H spectral linewidth decreased by 24%, and the peak-peak gradient decreased by 35%. Simulations of the high-order (second- and third-order) shims in B0 field correction of the heart show that high order shims are important, resulting for nearly half of the improvement in homogeneity for several subjects. The T2* of the left ventricular anterior wall before and after field correction was determined at 4.0 Tesis. Finally, results show that cardiac shimming is of benefit in cardiac 31P NMR spectroscopy and cardiac echo planar imaging.
Suppression of microtubule dynamic instability and turnover in MCF7 breast cancer cells by sulforaphane (2008)

Sulforaphane (SFN), a prominent isothiocyanate present in cruciferous vegetables, is believed to be responsible along with other isothiocyanates for the cancer preventive activity of such vegetables. SFN arrests mitosis, possibly by affecting spindle microtubule function. A critical property of microtubules is their rapid and time-sensitive growth and shortening dynamics (dynamic instability), and suppression of dynamics by antimitotic anticancer drugs (e.g. taxanes and the vinca alkaloids) is central to the anticancer mechanisms of such drugs. We found that at concentrations that inhibited proliferation and mitosis of MCF7-green fluorescent protein-alpha-tubulin breast tumor cells by approximately 50% (~15 microM), SFN significantly modified microtubule organization in arrested spindles without modulating the spindle microtubule mass, in a manner similar to that of much more powerful antimitotic drugs. By using quantitative fluorescence video microscopy, we determined that at its mitotic concentration required to inhibit mitosis by 50%, SFN suppressed the dynamic instability of the interphase microtubules in these cells, strongly reducing the rate and extent of growth and shortening and decreasing microtubule turnover, without affecting the polymer mass. SFN suppressed the dynamics of purified microtubules in a similar fashion at concentrations well below those required to depolymerize microtubules, indicating that the suppression of dynamic instability by SFN in cells is due to a direct effect on the microtubules. The results indicate that SFN arrests proliferation and mitosis by stabilizing microtubules in a manner weaker than but similar to more powerful clinically used antimitotic anticancer drugs and strongly support the hypothesis that inhibition of mitosis by microtubule stabilization is important for SFN's chemopreventive activity.
Ligand-Induced Gold Nanocrystal Superlattice Formation in Colloidal Solution (1999)

Colloidal gold nanocrystal superlattices (NCSs) were formed by ligand modification of the nanocrystal surface. The effect of different ligands was compared and it was found that dodecanethiol was most effective in forming NCSs. TEM showed that the superlattice formation from a slightly polydisperse system was a self-size-selective process. Optical absorption proved that NCSs were thermally unstable. NCSs and single particles can be formed reversibly by changing the temperature of the colloid.
Tumor-Primed Human Natural Killer Cells Lyse NK-Resistant Tumor Targets: Evidence of a Two-Stage Process in Resting NK Cell Activation (2007)

NK cells are defined as those cells that lyse tumor cells without priming. In this study, we show that the preincubation of resting human NK cells with the leukemia cell CTV-1 primes NK cells to lyse NK-resistant cell lines, primary leukemias, and solid tumors even when HLA-matched, allogeneic or autologous. The primed NK cells remained nonresponsive to HLA-C matched and mismatched normal mononuclear cells from multiple donors. CD69, a known NK trigger receptor, was shown to be the predominant trigger on the tumor-primed NK cells because lysis was blocked with the rCD69 protein. The lack of lytic activity against normal hemopoietic cells implied that the ligand for CD69 is tumor restricted, and this was confirmed by experiments using fluorochrome labeled rCD69. It has been recently shown that resting NK cells require prior stimulation with IL-2 before triggering by all known NK-triggering ligands. In this study, we show that a tumor cell can provide the NK priming signal independently of IL-2. These data provide evidence for two NK evasion strategies for tumor cells, namely the prevention of priming (type1 evasion) and failure to trigger (type 2 evasion). Most NK-resistant cell lines are type 1 and fail to prime resting NK cells but are lysed by IL-2-primed NK cells. In contrast, CTV-1 cells prime resting NK cells but fail to trigger (type 2), and coincubation with CTV-1 primes for triggering by type 1 NK-resistant tumor cells. These tumor-activated NK cells lyse a broad spectrum of tumor cells with a degree of specificity never previously reported.
Rat prostate as one of the target organs for 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-induced carcinogenesis: effects of dietary ethinyl estradiol and methyltestosterone. (1985)

Twenty consecutive weekly sc injections of 50 mg/kg body weight of 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB), a multipotential carcinogen, were given to male F344 rats and subsequently groups of animals were treated with dietary ethinyl estradiol (EE, 2.5 ppm) or methyltestosterone (MT, 300 ppm) for up to 40 weeks. Prostate carcinomas were found in 4 out of 32 rats given DMAB followed by MT and in 2 out of 29 rats given DMAB alone. Atypical hyperplasia of the prostate epithelium in these two groups was found in 22% and 14%, respectively. Neither carcinoma nor atypical hyperplasia was seen in the prostate of animals given DMAB followed by EE. In other organs, tumors were frequently found in the ear duct, skin, and large intestine and less frequently in the lung, preputial glands, small intestine and liver. EE significantly suppressed tumor incidence of the ear duct and sebaceous glands while increasing the incidence of liver tumor and mesothelioma. The present data indicates DMAB to be a useful carcinogen for the induction of prostate carcinomas in rats.
Cost-free scan: a low-overhead scan path design methodology (1995)

Conventional scan design imposes considerable area and delay overhead by using larger scan flip-flops and additional scan wires without utilizing the functionality of the combinational logic. We propose a novel low-overhead scan design methodology, called cost-free scan, which exploits the controllability of primary inputs to establish scan paths through the combinational logic. The methodology aims at reducing scan overhead by (1) analyzing the circuit to determine all the cost-free scan flip-flops, and (2) selecting the best primary input vector to establish the maximum number of cost-free scan flip-flops on the scan chain. Significant reduction in the scan overhead is achieved on ISCAS89 benchmarks, where in full scan environment, as many as 89% of the total flip-flops are found cost-free scannable, while in partial scan environment, reduction can be as high as 97% in scan flip-flops needed to break sequential loops.
New Economy — Wirtschaft der Zukunft oder gigantische Seifenblase? (2001)

Seit einigen Jahren geistert der Begriff der New Economy durch die Welt der Wirtschaft und der Medien. Kaum eine Rede innovationsfreudiger Politiker, kaum ein Vortrag etablierter Unternehmensberater und kaum ein Statement großer Konzernbosse, in denen nicht die vermuteten oder tatsächlichen Segnungen der Neuen Wirtschaft gepriesen wurden. Bei den Hochzeiten des Internet-Booms eine gern gesehene Entwicklung, denn die Jungunternehmer aus der High Tech-Branche konnten so viel Fürsprache aus dem Munde Berufener gut gebrauchen.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors:  DNA Cloning and Inhibition Studies of the α-Carbonic Anhydrase from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, A New Target for Developing Sulfonamide and Sulfamate Gastric Drugs (2006)

We have cloned and sequenced Helicobacter pylori alpha-class carbonic anhydrase (hpCA) from patients with different gastric mucosal lesions, including gastritis (n=15), ulcer (n=6), and cancer (n=16). Although several polymorphisms were newly identified such as 12Ala, 13Thr, 16Ile, and 168Phe, there was no significant relevance of any polymorphism with gastric mucosal lesion types. A library of sulfonamides/sulfamates has been investigated for the inhibition of hpCA, whereas new derivatives have been obtained by attaching 4-tert-butyl-phenylcarboxamido/sulfonamido tails to benzenesulfonamide/1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide scaffolds. All types of activity for inhibition of hpCA have been detected. Dorzolamide and simple 4-substituted benzenesulfonamides were weak inhibitors (KI 873-4360 nM). Sulfanilamide, orthanilamide, some of their derivatives, and indisulam showed better activity (KI 413-640 nM), whereas most of the clinically used inhibitors, such as methazolamide, ethoxzolamide, dichlorophenamide, brinzolamide, topiramate, zonisamide, etc., acted as medium-potency inhibitors (KI 105-378 nM). Some potent hpCA inhibitors were detected too (KI 12-84 nM) among acetazolamide, 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide and some newly designed compounds incorporating lipophilic tails. Some of the newly prepared derivatives had selectivity ratios for inhibiting hpCA over hCA II in the range of 1.25-3.48, showing thus some selectivity for inhibiting the bacterial enzyme. Since hpCA is essential for the survival of the pathogen in acid, it might be used as a new pharmacologic tool in the management of drug-resistant H. pylori.
Categorizing and Assessing the Severity of Disruptive Cyber Incidents (2017)

Faced with a rapidly growing volume and range of cyber attacks, policymakers and organizational leaders have had difficulty setting priorities, allocating resources, and responding effectively without a standard way to categorize cyber events and estimate their consequences. Presidential Policy Directive 41 laid out the Obama administration’s principles for executive branch responses to significant cyber incidents in the public or private sector. But it neither drew important distinctions between different types of cyber incidents, nor gave a standard way to determine where a particular incident falls on its 0-5 point severity scale. This policy brief demonstrates how an analytical framework developed at the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland (CISSM) can help address these problems. It first differentiates between low-level incidents and more significant cyber events that result in either exploitation of information and/or disruption of operations. It categorizes five types of disruptive events and analyzes 2,030 cyber events in a dataset developed from media sources, showing that cyber exploitation remains more common than disruption, and that most disruptive activity fits into two categories: message manipulation and external denial of service attacks. Finally, the brief offers a standard method to assess the severity of different categories of disruptive attacks against different kinds of organizations based on the scope, magnitude, and duration of the event. This Cyber Disruption Index (CDI) is then applied to survey data on Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in the private sector to assess severity within a common category of disruptive events. Of 3,900 cases reported, only 5 events (less than 1% of the DDoS cases) had a combined scope, magnitude, and duration severe enough to be a priority for prevention and potentially warrant government involvement.
Cutaneous Immunomodulation and Coordination of Skin Stress Responses by α‐Melanocyte‐Stimulating Hormone<sup>a</sup> (1998)

The capacity of the skin immune system to mount various types of immune responses is largely dependent on their ability to release and respond to different signals provided by immunoregulatory mediators such as cytokines. There is recent evidence that neuropeptides such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha MSH), upon stimulation, are released by epidermal cells including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, and melanocytes as well as immunocompetent cells. Moreover, alpha MSH recently has been recognized as a potent immunomodulating agent, which inhibits the production and activity of immunoregulatory and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, interferon-gamma, downregulates the expression of costimulatory molecules (B7) on antigen-presenting cells; and recently turned out to be a potent inducer of inhibitory mediators such as cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor interleukin-10. Recently, it also was discovered that monocytes among the five known melanocortin (MC) receptors only express MC-1, which is specific for alpha MSH. The expression of MC-1 on monocytes is upregulated by mitogens, endotoxins, and proinflammatory cytokines. There is also recent evidence for the in vivo relevance of the immunosuppressing capacity of alpha MSH. Accordingly, in animals alpha MSH has been shown to inhibit the induction of contact hypersensitivity reactions and to induce hapten-specific tolerance. These findings indicate that, in addition to the cytokine network, neurohormones within the cutaneous microenvironment are a crucial element for the induction, elicitation, and regulation of cutaneous immune and inflammatory responses.
Hologram multiplexing method with photorefractive beam-fanning speckle (2004)

The volume holographic data storage has been attractive because of its large capacity due to the three-dimensional recording and the fast data transfer rate due to the two-dimensional retrieving. Among various holographic storage media, photorefractive crystals are expected because of rewritability. To enhance the storage density, several multiplexing techniques have already been suggested. Especially, the speckle multiplexing technique allows the easy implementation of the hologram multiplexing by the simple optical setup, in which only a diffuser such as the ground glass or the multimode optical fiber is embedded to generate the deterministic speckle-encoded reference beam. In this paper, we propose a hologram multiplexing method with the reference beam speckled by the photorefractive beam-fanning effect. Compared with the conventional speckle multiplexing method, this method realizes the facile implementation of the speckle multiplexing with the simple and compact optical setup because the external apparatus for generating the speckled reference beam is not required. A bulk photorefractive crystal takes the role of generating various speckle fields as well as storing holograms. All-optically controlled hologram multiplexing and retrieving would also be realized because the beam-fanning effect can be controlled only by light. We demonstrate the hologram multiplexing and the selective retrieving with the speckled reference beam generated by the beam-fanning effect in a photorefractive BaTiO3 crystal. The speckle field of the reference beam to record multiple holograms is varied by changing the boundary condition of the incident beam such as the incident position and the spatial phase distribution. We can successfully reconstruct the desired image from four multiplexed holograms with the reference beam speckled by the photorefractive beam-fanning effect in both procedures.
Broad Signal Constraints for Management of the Spectrum in Telephone Loop Cables (1986)

It is shown that the maximum instantaneous near-end crosstalk interference voltage on a cable pair can be constrained by restricting the energy transmitted in any time interval of a duration determined by the cable properties. The maximum interference is proportional to the sum of the energies in the impulse responses of the equalized near-end crosstalk paths to the disturbed pair.
CAN RANDOM BALLON PULSATION ENHANCE GAS EXCHANGE IN A PULSATING RESPIRATORY SUPPORT CATHETER? (2005)

Our lab is exploring further improvements to our respiratory support catheter while its current version (the Hattler Catheter ®) is undergoing commercialization and readiness for human clinical trials. Our current respiratory support catheter uses a pulsating balloon to enhance O2 and CO2 exchange, with pulsation at a constant beat rate and balloon volume. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that using random balloon pulsation rates and volumes could disrupt fluid entrainment within the fiber bundle, improve overall mixing, and increase gas exchange. We compared random pulsation rates and volumes with standard constant pulsation at the average rates and balloon volumes used in random pulsation. Gas exchange of our catheter with 100% O2 sweep gas was measured in a 3 L/min water flow loop at 37 °C. For constant balloon volume, CO2 gas exchange with random pulsation from 200–400 beats per minute (BPM) was not significantly different than for constant pulsation using the average beat rate (286 BPM) of the random pulsations: 302.2 ± 1.4 versus 299.5 ± 0.9 ml/min/m2. For a constant pulsation rate of 300 BPM, CO2 gas exchange using random versus constant balloon volume was statistically significant but negligible: 294.3 ± 0.6 versus 301.1 ± 1.7 ml/min/m2. Random versus constant rate and volume pulsation also showed a negligible change for O2 exchange. We conclude that random balloon pulsation of either rates or volumes does not impact overall mixing sufficiently to improve gas exchange in our respiratory catheter.
Scanning electron microscopy of myeloma cells. (1976)

The surface structure of myeloma cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The cells were collected from the pleural effusion of a multiple myeloma patient and purified by Conray-Ficoll gradient sedimentation. The cell size ranged from 8 mu to 12 mu in diameter and the microvilli were from 0.8 mu to 1.2 mu in length. The surfaces of the majority of the observed myeloma cells were more villous than lymphocytes.
Treemaps as a Tool for Social Network Analysis (2005)

We apply treemap technology in the analysis of large, social network datasets-principally for examining network subgroups.A treemap is graphically-based information and exploration tool which is used in diverse fields such as computer science, finance, and human-gene research; from our experience, we find treemaps also useful in the social network analysis setting.A treemap represents hierarchical and categorical data in a mosaic form containing embedded, rectangular shapes, where the size of each shape is germane.Treemap displays are especially helpful when examining data in an interactive mode (as opposed to a static or printed form).We have found that treemaps are a powerful tool for exploring large social-networks, particularly during the exploratory data analysis phase.Their use quickly leads to a thorough perspective of the holistic characteristics of the network and to easier identification of significant subgroups; both of these perspectives may otherwise remain hidden using traditional visualization techniques.In this report, we introduce treemap technology, first broadly, then, specifically how it can be applied to social network analysis.We also show how we have actually applied treemaps to an interactive study of a large, real-world dataset.As a result of our experiences, we encourage other social network analysts to consider applying treemaps in their work.