gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Effect of the Fringe Fields on the Electrostatic Force in Vertical Comb Drives (2014)

The equation that describes the relationship between the applied voltage and the resulting electrostatic force within comb drives is often used to assist in choosing the dimensions for their design. This paper re-examines how some of these dimensions-particularly the cross-sectional dimensions of the comb teeth-affect this relationship in vertical comb drives. The electrostatic forces in several vertical comb drives fabricated for this study were measured and compared to predictions made with four different mathematical models in order to explore the amount of complexity required within a model to accurately predict the electrostatic forces in the comb drives.
The enhancement of InGaAs Schottky barrier height by the addition of Pr2O3 and In2O3 in the liquid phase epitaxy (1997)

In this work, a barrier height of ∼0.7 eV is constantly observed from the In0.53Ga0.47As Schottky diodes, regardless of the utilization of different metals as Schottky contacts. By the addition of Pr2O3 and In2O3 in the liquid phase epitaxy, a very low background impurity concentration is also obtained. The low background concentration is credited to the gettering effect from the addition of Pr and oxygen in the growth melt. The high Schottky barrier is attributed to the formation of a stable oxide layer on the surface of the epilayer, which in turn forms a metal-insulator-semiconductor structure in our Schottky diodes. The high Schottky barrier is very stable even at a high measuring temperature and was repeatedly obtained after four months of exposure to the environment.
Purification and Identification of Polyclonal IgE Antibodies from Ragweed-Sensitized Dog Sera (1993)

We have purified and characterized polyclonal dog IgE. Serum IgE was precipitated by (NH4)2SO4 and then purified by two different procedures. Ion exchange on DEAE-Sephacel, followed by HPLC using Tonen hydroxylapatite and then Protein G-Sepharose, produced a highly purified IgE fraction (No. 1) free of IgG, IgA and IgM as measured by ELISA, but recovery of IgE as measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was low. Gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300, Con A-Sepharose and Protein G-Sepharose recovered 18% of initial IgE, 0.02% IgG, 0.4% IgM and 0.3% IgA. This IgE fraction (No. 2) was used to induce antibody production in rabbits. Western blot analysis was then performed for dog IgE fractions No. 1 and 2. Using the rabbit anti-dog IgE, a prominent IgE band with an apparent molecular mass of 226 kD was identified in fractions No. 1 and 2 subjected to nonreducing SDS-PAGE. This band also reacted with anti-human IgE, but not with anti-dog IgG or anti-dog IgA. Under reducing conditions the approximate molecular mass for the IgE & chain, estimated by Western blot using rabbit anti-dog IgE, was 73 kD, providing a molecular mass of 196 kD for dog IgE.
B‐type natriuretic peptide measurement in heart failure (2004)

Serum testing for the hormone B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) may have clinical utility in congestive heart failure (CHF). This hormone is secreted predominantly by the left ventricular myocardium in patients with CHF. Measurement of serum BNP may improve diagnosis of CHF and may also help guide therapy in patients with CHF. The literature regarding the clinical utility of BNP measurement in CHF is reviewed.
IPstash: a set-associative memory approach for efficient IP-lookup (2005)

IP-lookup is a challenging problem because of the increasing routing table sizes, increased traffic and higher speed links. These characteristics lead to the prevalence of hardware solutions such as TCAMs (ternary content addressable memories), despite their high power consumption, low update rate and increased board area requirements. We propose a memory architecture called IPStash to act as a TCAM replacement, offering at the same time, high update rate, higher performance and significant power savings. The premise of our work is that full associativity is not necessary for IP-lookup. Rather, we show that the required associativity is simply a function of the routing table size, Thus, we propose a memory architecture similar to set-associative caches but enhanced with mechanisms to facilitate IP-lookup and in particular longest prefix match (LPM). To reach a minimum level of required associativity we introduce an iterative method to perform LPM in a small number of iterations. This allows us to insert route prefixes of different lengths in IPStash very efficiently, selecting the most appropriate index in each case. Orthogonal to this, we use skewed associativity to increase the effective capacity of our devices. We thoroughly examine different choices in partitioning routing tables for the iterative LPM and the design space for the IPStash devices. The proposed architecture is also easily expandable. Using the Cacti 3.2 access time and power consumption simulation tool we explore the design space for IPStash devices and we compare them with the best blocked commercial TCAMs.
Energy storage applications of activated carbons: supercapacitors and hydrogen storage (2014)

This review presents the state-of-the-art with respect to synthesis of activated carbons, and their use as electrode materials in supercapacitors and as hydrogen storage materials.
Video personalization and summarization system (2004)

A video personalization and summarization system is designed and implemented to dynamically generate a personalized video summary. The personalization system adopts the three-tier server-middleware-client architecture in order to select, adapt, and deliver rich media content to the user. The server stores the content sources along with their corresponding MPEG-7 metadata descriptions. These semantic metadata are provided through the use of our VideoAnnEx MPEG-7 video annotation tool. When the user initiates a request for content, the client communicates the user request and usage environment descriptions to the middleware. The middleware is powered by the personalization engine and the content adaptation engine. Our personalization engine includes the VideoSue summarization on usage environment engine that selects the optimal set of desired contents according to user preferences. Afterwards, the adaptation engine performs the required transformations and compositions of the selected contents for the specific usage environment using our VideoEd editing and composition tool. Finally, a personalization and summarization system is demonstrated on the IBM Websphere Portal Server for PCs and pervasive devices.
Inhibition of HIV-1 Rev−RRE Interaction by Diphenylfuran Derivatives (1996)

The interactions between RNA structures, such as RRE in the HIV-1 genome, and proteins, such as Rev of HIV-1, are essential for efficient viral replication. Compounds that bind specifically to such RNAs and disrupt their protein complexes offer a novel mechanism for inhibition of replication of the virus. As a step in this approach, we have designed and characterized a series of synthetic diphenylfuran cations that selectively inhibit Rev binding to RRE. Fluorescence titrations and gel band-shift results indicate that the diphenylfurans bind to RRE and inhibit Rev complex formation in a structure-dependent manner. The derivative with the greatest affinity for RRE has an association constant of greater than 10(7) M-1 and inhibits formation of the Rev--RRE complex at concentrations below 1 microM. It binds to RRE considerably more strongly than it binds to simple RNA duplexes. Spectral changes and energy transfer results on complex formation suggest that the compound has a nonclassical intercalation binding mode. CD studies with modified RRE hairpins indicate that the active diphenylfurans bind at the structured internal loop of RRE and cause a conformational change. The most active diphenylfurans are tetracations that appear to bind to RRE by a threading intercalation mode and cause a conformational change in the RNA that is essential for inhibition of Rev complex formation with RRE.
Variation in aspects of cysteine proteinase catalytic mechanism deduced by spectroscopic observation of dithioester intermediates, kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations (2001)

The possibility of a slow post-acylation conformational change during catalysis by cysteine proteinases was investigated by using a new chromogenic substrate, N-acetyl-Phe-Gly methyl thionoester, four natural variants (papain, caricain, actinidin and ficin), and stopped-flow spectral analysis to monitor the pre-steady state formation of the dithioacylenzyme intermediates and their steady state hydrolysis. The predicted reversibility of acylation was demonstrated kinetically for actinidin and ficin, but not for papain or caricain. This difference between actinidin and papain was investigated by modelling using QUANTA and CHARMM. The weaker binding of hydrophobic substrates, including the new thionoester, by actinidin than by papain may not be due to the well-known difference in their S2-subsites, whereby that of actinidin in the free enzyme is shorter due to the presence of Met211. Molecular dynamics simulation suggests that during substrate binding the sidechain of Met211 moves to allow full access of a Phe sidechain to the S2-subsite. The highly anionic surface of actinidin may contribute to the specificity difference between papain and actinidin. During subsequent molecular dynamics simulations the P1 product, methanol, diffuses rapidly (over &lt; 8ps) out of papain and caricain but ‘lingers’ around the active centre of actinidin. Uniquely in actinidin, an Asp142–Lys145 salt bridge allows formation of a cavity which appears to constrain diffusion of the methanol away from the catalytic site. The cavity then undergoes large scale movements (over 4.8 Å) in a highly correlated manner, thus controlling the motions of the methanol molecule. The changes in this cavity that release the methanol might be those deduced kinetically.
Localization of Usher 1 proteins to the photoreceptor calyceal processes, which are absent from mice (2012)

The mechanisms underlying retinal dystrophy in Usher syndrome type I (USH1) remain unknown because mutant mice lacking any of the USH1 proteins-myosin VIIa, harmonin, cadherin-23, protocadherin-15, sans-do not display retinal degeneration. We found here that, in macaque photoreceptor cells, all USH1 proteins colocalized at membrane interfaces (i) between the inner and outer segments in rods and (ii) between the microvillus-like calyceal processes and the outer segment basolateral region in rods and cones. This pattern, conserved in humans and frogs, was mediated by the formation of an USH1 protein network, which was associated with the calyceal processes from the early embryonic stages of outer segment growth onwards. By contrast, mouse photoreceptors lacked calyceal processes and had no USH1 proteins at the inner-outer segment interface. We suggest that USH1 proteins form an adhesion belt around the basolateral region of the photoreceptor outer segment in humans, and that defects in this structure cause the retinal degeneration in USH1 patients.
Possible strategies for anti-fibrotic drug intervention in scleroderma (2011)

There are no approved drugs for treating the fibrosis in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc). Myfibroblasts within connective tissue express the highly contractile protein α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and are responsible for the excessive synthesis and remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) characterizing SSc. Drugs targeting myofibroblast differentiation, recruitment and activity are currently under consideration as anti-fibrotic treatments in SSc but thus far have principally focused on the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), endothelin-1 (ET-1), connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) pathways, which display substantial signaling crosstalk. Moreover, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ also appears to act by intervening in TGFβ signaling. This review discusses these potential candidates for antifibrotic therapy in SSc.
Electro-optical printed circuit board (EOPCB) (2002)

Recently attention has been given to optical waveguides in order to elude the interconnect bottleneck caused by insufficient discrete copper wiring at the board-level. But the cost increase, due to additional manufacturing steps and equipment, are justifiable only for those applications where electronic interconnections are unable to perform satisfactorily. That's why the future high-performance board will most likely be a hybrid carrier which combines electrical and optical circuitry. This paper will introduce a suitable technology to generate multimode waveguides on standard base materials like FR4. Great importance has been attached to designing a manufacturing process for the optical layer, which is essentially compatible with conventional PCB production. The results of early characterizations encouraged us to pursue this technology. Our layout contains bent waveguides, optical bifurcations and even crosses, the latter being unthinkable in electrical wiring layout. We will also address concerns like sidewall roughness of the waveguide structures, propagation loss, thermal and environmental stability, etc. which all are significant to the high performance EOPCB.
Chondrogenic Potential of <i>in Vitro</i> Multiplied Rabbit Perichondrium Cells Cultured in Alginate Beads in Defined Medium (2000)

Perichondrium has a chondrogenic capacity and is therefore a candidate tissue for engineering of cartilage in vitro. Donor age and culture conditions probably influence chondrogenesis. The aim of this study was to compare the chondrogenic capacity of ear and nasal perichondrium from young and adult rabbits, using serum containing and serum-free culture conditions. This study demonstrates that more than 1 million cells can be generated out of 1 cm(2) of perichondrium tissue in 3-5 weeks of culture, irrespective of age. Culturing of these cells in alginate in medium with 2, 10, or 20% fetal calf serum did result in the production of small amounts of glycosaminoglycan, but no collagen type II was demonstrated. When serum was replaced however by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (10 ng/mL) plus transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) (10 ng/mL) an increased glycosaminoglycan production and induction of collagen type II was found, especially in cells isolated from perichondrium of the ear. Cells derived from perichondrium of young rabbits showed larger chondrogenic potential than cells from perichondrium of adult rabbits. Moreover, stimulation of both glycosaminoglycan synthesis and collagen type II production was about five times higher in cells isolated from the ear perichondrium of young rabbits than of adult rabbits. We conclude that young auricular perichondrium seems a useful source of cells for tissue engineering of cartilage when cultured in serum-free medium in combination with IG-F1 and TGF-beta2.
Individual Co site contributions to the magnetic anisotropy of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Co</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>compounds and related structures (1979)

NMR results are used to evaluate the spin-orbit contribution to the magnetic anisotropy of Co atoms at individual Co sites in $R{\mathrm{Co}}_{5}$ compounds. The easy $c$-axis Co anisotropy of $R{\mathrm{Co}}_{5}$ compounds is found to arise from the ($2c$) sites, while the ($3g$) sites make a smaller opposing contribution. The anisotropy parameters of the individual sites are used to calculate the variation of anisotropy with composition in mixed $R{({\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x})}_{5}$ compounds and also to estimate anisotropy parameters at individual sites in some structures related to the $R{\mathrm{Co}}_{5}$ phase.
Syntheses and Derivatives of Squaric Acid (1966)

Abstract Squaric acid (dihydroxycyclobutenedione), the dianion of which may be regarded as a novel aromatic system, has recently become readily accessible by simple syntheses. The acidic character of squaric acid manifests itself in the formation of salts and of lower alkyl esters, which can be converted into the amides. Squaric acid dichloride shows in its reactions typical acyl chloride behavior. Condensation of squaric acid with pyrrole, phenol, and azulene derivatives yields cyclotrimethine dyes.
A method for video shot boundary detection based on HSV color histogram and DPHA feature (2017)

With the explosion of video data, the demand of efficient video content analysis grows rapidly. Video shot boundary detection is the first and significant step for content based video retrieval (CBVR), which is one of the hottest research highlights. The histogram method is a major algorithm which is a reasonable compromise between processing and complexity. In this paper, a new method is proposed to improve the precision and integrity of shot boundary detection (SBD). The HSV color histogram method is used to be the first step of our detection and the histogram difference between two adjacent frames is calculated. Then, the dct perceptual hash algorithm (DPHA) is utilized to make further detection, which eliminates the fake boundaries from the results gave above. Experimental results indicate the improvement in precision and recall ratio of the proposed method.
In Vitro Antifungal Activities of D11-2040, a .BETA.-1,6-Glucan Inhibitor, with or without Currently Available Antifungal Drugs (2010)

We recently reported our discovery of small molecule beta-1,6-glucan inhibitor named D75-4590 and the anti-Candida activity of its derivatives D11-2040 and D21-6076. In this study, we further evaluated the antifungal profile of D11-2040. It alone strongly inhibited the vegetative growth and/or hyphal development of various Candida species, but no significant activity was observed against Cryptococcus neoformans or any of the filamentous fungi tested. Synergism was detected for C. albicans in the interaction of D11-2040 and caspofungin by the chequerboard method and in that of D11-2040 and fluconazole by the time-kill method. Slight but positive interactions were observed in several combinations for C. neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus as well. These results suggested that beta-1,6-glucan inhibitors have promising potential as single drugs as well as concomitants.
PD-L1 blockade improves survival in experimental sepsis by inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis and reversing monocyte dysfunction (2010)

PD-L1 blockade exerts a protective effect on sepsis at least partly by inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis and reversing monocyte dysfunction. Anti-PD-L1 antibody administration may be a promising therapeutic strategy for sepsis-induced immunosuppression.
Direct functional interaction of initiation factor eIF4G with type 1 internal ribosomal entry sites (2009)

Viral internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) mediate end-independent translation initiation. There are 4 major structurally-distinct IRES groups: type 1 (e.g., poliovirus) and type 2 (e.g., encephalomyocarditis virus), which are dissimilar except for a Yn-Xm-AUG motif at their 3' borders, type 3 (e.g., hepatitis C virus), and type 4 (dicistroviruses). Type 2-4 IRESs mediate initiation by distinct mechanisms that are nevertheless all based on specific noncanonical interactions with canonical components of the translation apparatus, such as eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4G (type 2), 40S ribosomal subunits (types 3 and 4), and eIF3 (type 3). The mechanism of initiation on type 1 IRESs is unknown. We now report that domain V of type 1 IRESs, which is adjacent to the Yn-Xm-AUG motif, specifically interacts with the central domain of eIF4G. The position and orientation of eIF4G relative to the Yn-Xm-AUG motif is analogous in type 1 and 2 IRESs. eIF4G promotes recruitment of eIF4A to type 1 IRESs, and together, eIF4G and eIF4A induce conformational changes at their 3' borders. The ability of mutant type 1 IRESs to bind eIF4G/eIF4A correlated with their translational activity. These characteristics parallel the mechanism of initiation on type 2 IRESs, in which the key event is binding of eIF4G to the J-K domain adjacent to the Yn-Xm-AUG motif, which is enhanced by eIF4A. These data suggest that fundamental aspects of the mechanisms of initiation on these unrelated classes of IRESs are similar.
A Mathematical Model of the Fluid Mechanics and Gas‐Phase Chemistry in a Rotating Disk Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor (1989)

We describe a mathematical model of the coupled fluid mechanics and gas‐phase chemical kinetics in a rotating disk chemical vapor deposition reactor. The analysis is for the flow between an infinite radius, heated nonporous rotating disk and a parallel infinite radius porous surface through which reactive fluid is injected normal to the disk. The analysis extends the usual von Karman transformation to allow specification of the normal velocity at the porous disk, and reduces to a stagnation point flow in the limit of zero rotating rate. The deposition of silicon from silane is used as an example system. A new reaction mechanism and set of rate constants are given for the thermal decomposition of silane. We present an RRKM analysis of several of the unimolecular reactions in the mechanism. Calculated velocity and temperature profiles, chemical species density profiles, and deposition rates as functions of susceptor temperature, spin rate, and inlet flow velocity are presented.
Basic Network Mobility Support (2003)

To gain further insight into the kinetics of airway inflammatory response and explore the possibility of nitric oxide as a surrogate marker of the lower airway inflammatory response to ozone, nine subjects with mild atopic asthma were exposed to filtered air or 0.2 ppm ozone for 2 hours with intermittent exercise. Lung function was measured at baseline and immediately after exposures. Sputum induction was performed at 6 hours and at 24 hours after exposures, and exhaled nitric oxide levels were measured at baseline, immediately, 6, and 24 hours after both exposures. A significant decline in forced expiratory volume in one second and inspiratory capacity was detectable following exposure to ozone. In addition, a 2-fold increase was observed in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes 6 hours after exposure to ozone, with no changes in other biomarkers at this time point. By 24 hours after ozone exposure, the neutrophilia had subsided but there was an increase in albumin, total protein, myeloperoxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein. Exhaled nitric oxide levels, histamine, interleukin-8, and growth-related oncogene-alpha in sputum did not change significantly following ozone exposure. It was concluded that short-term ozone exposure induces an acute inflammatory response in asthmatic airways, characterized by early polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx followed by plasma extravasation and activation of eosinophils and neutrophils. Exhaled nitric oxide is not a useful marker for detecting inflammatory response to ozone in persons with mild asthma.