gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Etching of InP surface oxide with atomic hydrogen produced by electron cyclotron resonance (1995)

The plasma output of an electron cyclotron resonance source operating with hydrogen has been characterized using optical emission spectroscopy to observe neutral excited atomic hydrogen H* and a Langmuir probe to observe H+ as a function of currents to the two electromagnets producing the magnetic field. The rate at which the hydrogen plasma etches the surface oxide on InP substrates has been measured as a function of substrate temperature over the range 250–485 °C for two operating conditions, one that maximizes H* and the other for which a combination of high H+ and minimal H* occurs. The results indicate that the plasma stream with maximum H* etches approximately five times faster than the plasma stream with high H+ and low H* content. However, the activation energy of the etching reaction, Ea∼0.45 eV, is the same for the two plasma conditions. Considering the oxide as InPO4, produced by exposing the substrates to ozone generated by ultraviolet light, the proposed reaction for the etching is InPO4+7.3H→2H2O+0.5PH2 +0.5PH3+0.8InH+0.2In.
Realization of the MonoDiameter Well: Evolution of a Game-Changing Technology (2002)

Abstract Solid expandable tubulars have been used to assist in the success and slimming of deepwater wellbores over the past two years. The expandable openhole liner system expands and seals the outside diameter of an expandable casing against the inside diameter of a string of conventionally set casing, thus slimming the wellbore compared to conventionally cased wellbores. Further slimming of wellbores was realized with the capability of expanding and sealing sequentially installed expandable casing strings, or "nested" expandable liners. This procedure decreases reduction of a typical hole size by approximately 50%. Nesting was the next step in the evolution of creating a monodiameter system, that is, a wellbore that has the same inside diameter from surface to total depth (TD). The first nesting of two expanded casings in a well was successfully completed in a drilling application in the Summer of 2001, a milestone toward creation of the monodiameter wellbore. Using nested expandable systems facilitates the employment of smaller, more economical drilling vessels to drill deepwater wells (wells drilled in water depths of 1,500 to 10,000 ft). The monodiameter system is created when the junctions of the nested expanded casing liners are "over-expanded, resulting in a single internal diameter (ID) wellbore. This type of well exhibits the ultimate diametric efficiencies" a constant ID from the top of the well to its TD. The first monodiameter "over-expanded" sealed liner overlap was produced in the lab in late 2000, opening the door for the creation of the monodiameter drill liner, followed by the production-quality monodiameter liner system. This paper reviews the evolutionary steps taken to date toward the realization of true monodiameter technology and discusses the installations that have served as milestones. This paper also discusses the potential savings realized when wellbores are slimmed using expandable systems, combined with more economic drilling vessels and the associated reduced spread-rates. Technical Evolution Solid expandable tubular technology essentially changes how to install the main load-carrying member around which all well designs are built, namely, the casing. The monodiameter system became a feasible idea with the advent of successfully expanding solid tubulars. This revolutionary concept was proven with the successful expansion of solid tubulars (initially automotive steel) by forcing an expansion cone through the tubular with hydraulic pressure and expanding it ?20%. After demonstrating conceptual proof, attention turned to refining the existing materials to address specific downhole conditions. These developments consisted of replicating desired automotive steel properties in Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG), changing the cone material makeup from a combination of ceramic and steel to one of all steel, and replacing welded connections with specially threaded, expandable connections. L-80 casing was developed with exceptional fracture toughness in order to achieve consistent success of expansion without pipe body failure.
Acute coronary occlusion secondary to radiofrequency catheter ablation of a left lateral accessory pathway (1995)

A case of asymptomatic acute coronary occlusion secondary to radiofrequency catheter ablation of a left lateral accessory pathway is reported. Due to post-procedural ST modifications of the surface ECG, a coronary angiography was performed which disclosed total occlusion of the first marginal branch of the left circumflex coronary artery. Acute myocardial infarction was confirmed by moderate cardiac enzyme release, abnormal myocardial perfusion scan and mild lateral hypokinesia at echocardiography. This rare but potentially harmful complication of interventional electrophysiology should be kept in mind and coronary angiography performed immediately when coronary occlusion related to radiofrequency application is suspected.
Physiology of Toxin Production by <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> Types A and B (1959)

and inositol was no greater than in the control medium which contained no added carbohydrate.Growth and toxin synthesis by strain JDT-I1V, which may be taken as representative for all the strains tested, are presented graphically in figure 1 and 2, respectively.Although equal growth rates were observed during the exponential growth phase with all the carbohydrates, maximum growth was achieved only with glucose and maltose.The degree to which growth was repressed with the other carbon compounds when compared to glucose, however, was not sufficient to account for the extreme differences in toxin production.It can also be noted that autolysis of the culture did not go to completion unless glucose or maltose was included in the growth medium.Sonic disintregation of the intact cells, which remained after 72 hr of incubation in the media containing carbohydrates other than glucose and maltose, did not result in the increased toxicity of the super- natant fluid showing that the toxin was not present intracellularly.
Integrated Raman and angular scattering microscopy reveals chemical and morphological differences between activated and nonactivated CD8+ T lymphocytes (2010)

Integrated Raman and angular-scattering microscopy (IRAM) is a multimodal platform capable of noninvasively probing both the chemistry and morphology of a single cell without prior labeling. Using this system, we are able to detect activation-dependent changes in the Raman and elastic-scattering signals from CD8+ T cells stimulated with either Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). In both cases, results obtained from the IRAM instrument correlate well with results obtained from traditional fluorescence-based flow cytometry for paired samples. SEB-mediated activation was distinguished from resting state in CD8+ T cells by an increase in the number and mean size of small ( approximately 500-nm) elastic scatterers as well as a decrease in Raman bands, indicating changes in nuclear content. PMA-mediated activation induced a different profile in CD8+ T cells from SEB, showing a similar increase in small elastic scatterers but a different Raman change, with elevation of cellular protein and lipid bands. These results suggest the potential of this multimodal, label-free optical technique for studying processes in single cells.
α CÉTOPHOSPHONATES ET ESTERS CYCLIQUES D'HYDROXYMÉTHYLÈNES DIPHOSPHONATES SYNTHESES, STRUCTURES ET HYDROLYSE (1986)

Abstract Synthesis of symmetrical diesters derived from hydroxy methylene diphosphonic acids 1 to 8 is described either in one step or via the corresponding α ketophosphonate 1a to 8a. Study of the diphosphonates (1 to 6) → phosphate-phosphonates (1b to 6b) isomerization has been realized. Results related to peculiar cases in connection with nonsymmetrical esters 10, 11, 17 and study of the hydrolysis reaction of diphosphonates are presented.
Light Sheet Microscopy for Single Molecule Tracking in Living Tissue (2010)

Single molecule observation in cells and tissue allows the analysis of physiological processes with molecular detail, but it still represents a major methodological challenge. Here we introduce a microscopic technique that combines light sheet optical sectioning microscopy and ultra sensitive high-speed imaging. By this approach it is possible to observe single fluorescent biomolecules in solution, living cells and even tissue with an unprecedented speed and signal-to-noise ratio deep within the sample. Thereby we could directly observe and track small and large tracer molecules in aqueous solution. Furthermore, we demonstrated the feasibility to visualize the dynamics of single tracer molecules and native messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) in salivary gland cell nuclei of Chironomus tentans larvae up to 200 microm within the specimen with an excellent signal quality. Thus single molecule light sheet based fluorescence microscopy allows analyzing molecular diffusion and interactions in complex biological systems.
Boundary-layer transition and structure of spiral vortices on a rotating axisymmetric bodies (1984)

The behaviour of spiral vortices and the detailed process of boundary layer transition were observed for circular disk, cones and spheres rotating in still air or in axial air flow. Flow patterns in the transition region were visualized by spreading titanium tetrachloride on the rotating test bodies, while a hot-wire anemometer was used to measure the velocity field. The results show that the spiral vortices are relatively fixed to the rotating body surface, and that there are two types of the cross-sectional flow pattern for the spiral vortices, which correspond to two types.of the transition process. The critical and transition Reynolds numbers, the direction of the vortex axis and the number of the vortices on the rotating bodies were also measured.
RAPID BEER PRODUCTION AND CONDITIONING USING A PLUG FERMENTOR (1973)

Beer has been produced very rapidly, with residence time of less than 1 hour, by passing wort continuously through a plug formed from a yeast/kieselguhr mixture. Using malt wort the total output from the fermentor is limited by gradual blockage of the plug; nevertheless output is high per unit of yeast used. Prolonged operation is possible using nitrogen-free sugar solutions. The properties of beer produced from normal wort vary over the period of operation of the fermentor and blending is required to give a constant product. The average pH and nitrogen content of the beer is high if conventional wort is used but can be reduced to normal levels by control of wort composition. Details of a procedure for controlling the content of diacetyl and 2,3-pentane-dione in the beer are described and the potential value of a yeast-plug unit for beer conditioning is discussed.
Prevention of Pet Wild Cat Mortality: Conservation Aspects (1972)

The worldwide decline of many wild cat populations is becoming increasingly evident. This decline may be attributed to several factors: (1) the fur trade; (2) the pet trade; (3) habitat destruction; (4) predator control programs; and (5) trophy hunting activities. Legislation in the form of the Endangered Species Conservation Act has moved to counteract such population decreases through partial restriction of wild felid importation.
Thickness Scaling Effect on Interfacial Barrier and Electrical Contact to Two-Dimensional MoS<sub>2</sub> Layers (2014)

Understanding the interfacial electrical properties between metallic electrodes and low-dimensional semiconductors is essential for both fundamental science and practical applications. Here we report the observation of thickness reduction induced crossover of electrical contact at Au/MoS2 interfaces. For MoS2 thicker than 5 layers, the contact resistivity slightly decreases with reducing MoS2 thickness. By contrast, the contact resistivity sharply increases with reducing MoS2 thickness below 5 layers, mainly governed by the quantum confinement effect. We find that the interfacial potential barrier can be finely tailored from 0.3 to 0.6 eV by merely varying MoS2 thickness. A full evolution diagram of energy level alignment is also drawn to elucidate the thickness scaling effect. The finding of tailoring interfacial properties with channel thickness represents a useful approach controlling the metal/semiconductor interfaces which may result in conceptually innovative functionalities.
Accentuation of the Di-p-Methane Reactivity by Central Carbon Substitution in the 4-(Phenylmethyl)-2(5H)-furanone System (1990)

The effect of 'central methane' substitution on the di-nmethane rearrangement in 4-(phenylmethy1)-2(5H)-ftiranones ( L b d j was investigated.Significant enhancement of efficiency in the reaction leading in high combined yields to two isomeric products (gnd.o:2and e x o -2 ) was discussed in terms of bath the substituent effects at the .~.
A New Route to the Synthesis of Fine-Grain Gibbsite (2001)

A fine-grain gibbsite (<20 μm) is obtained in 2 days compared with the usually reported several weeks. One of the parameters, which considerably affected the nature of the resulting aluminum hydroxide, has been the concentration of ammonia solution used to precipitate the aluminum gel together with the amount of aged sample. The dehydration sequence of this gibbsite was via χ-alumina. This is the path characteristic of gibbsites with fine grain. XRD, BET, TG, and SEM techniques were employed to characterize the solids obtained. A seeding experiment shows that the gibbsite prepared can be used in the Bayer process. Pure α-aluminas of 13 and 18 m2 g-1 were obtained after calcination at 1223 K for 1.30 h of the gibbsites prepared in 2 and 4 days, respectively.
Steroid Studies. XII. On the Methylation of 3-Oxosteroids. (2). (1959)

Formylation of progesterone (I) gives the 2, 21-bis (hydroxymethylene) compound (II) and 2-hydroxymethylene compound (III). Methylation of (III) and subsequent deformylation affords 2α-methylprogesterone (V). Formylation of the 5α-dihydro compound (VIII) of (I) results in the sole formation of the 2-hydroxymethylene compound (IX), and its methylation followed by deformylation gives the 2α-methyl derivative (VI). On the contrary, the 5β-dihydro compound (X) of (I) affords only the 4, 21-bis (hydroxymethylene) compound (XI).
The effect of ischaemia on nerve conduction in the carpal tunnel syndrome (1963)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is widely known for its poor prognosis because it is often diagnosed when the cancer is in a later stage. We built a model to analyze the microenvironment of pancreatic cancer in order to better understand the interplay between pancreatic cancer, stellate cells, and their signaling cytokines. Specifically, we have used our model to study the impact of inducing four common mutations: KRAS, TP53, SMAD4, and CDKN2A. After implementing the various mutation combinations, we used our stochastic simulator to derive aggressiveness scores based on simulated attractor probabilities and long-term trajectory approximations. These aggression scores were then corroborated with clinical data. Moreover, we found sets of control targets that are effective among common mutations. These control sets contain nodes within both the pancreatic cancer cell and the pancreatic stellate cell, including PIP3, RAF, PIK3 and BAX in pancreatic cancer cell as well as ERK and PIK3 pancreatic stellate cell. Many of these nodes were found to be differentially expressed among pancreatic cancer patients in the TCGA database. Furthermore, literature suggests that many of these nodes can be targeted by drugs currently in circulation. The results herein help provide a proof of concept in the path towards personalized medicine through a means of mathematical systems biology. All data and code used for running simulations, statistical analysis, and plotting is available on a GitHub repository at https://github.com/drplaugher/PCC_Mutations.
A Simple Distributed Method for Relay Selection in Cooperative Diversity Wireless Networks, based on Reciprocity and Channel Measurements (2005)

We propose a simple distributed method to find out the "best" end-to-end path between source and destination, among M possible relays. The method requires no explicit communication among the relays, assumes no prior knowledge of network geometry and is based on instantaneous wireless channel measurements and reciprocity. The success (or failure) to select the "best" available path, depends on the statistics of the wireless channel, and a methodology to evaluate performance for any kind of wireless channel statistics, is provided. Benefits of cooperative diversity are increased with increased number of cooperating relays, even though a single relay transmits. The method simplifies required space-time coding and coordination among the cooperating terminals.
Russeting of Apples, an Interpretive Review1 (1972)

Abstract Russeting of apples in a humid environment is a major concern of fruit growers. In 1970 and 1971, two meetings were held in Pennsylvania exclusively to discuss this important problem.3
Intrathecal cytotoxic T-cell immunotherapy for metastatic leptomeningeal melanoma. (2001)

A 49-year-old patient with primary, recurrent melanoma on the lower extremity developed metastatic leptomeningeal melanoma that did not respond to treatment with radiation therapy or intrathecal interleukin 2 (IL-2). Disease was characterized by neurological symptoms, including loss of hearing, loss of short-term memory, and gait disturbance. CD8+ CTLs were generated in vitro using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with peptides from the melanoma-associated antigens tyrosinase (145-156), Melan-A/MART-1 (26-35), and gp100/Pmel 17 (209-217). The CTLs exhibited up to 74% specific lysis against peptide-pulsed autologous EBV-transformed B cells, with Melan-A-specific CTLs yielding the greatest lytic activity. CD8+ CTLs possessed a type 1 cytokine profile, expressing tumor necrosis factor alpha and IFNgamma but not IL-4. Infusions of CTLs were supported with systemic low-dose IL-2 administration. 111In labeling and computerized gamma imaging were used to monitor the distribution of CTLs up to 48 h after infusion. Intra-arterial delivery via the right carotid artery was followed by redistribution of the CTLs to the lungs, liver, and spleen within 16 h. In contrast, delivery via an indwelling Ommaya reservoir resulted in prolonged retention of CTLs within the brain for at least 48 h after infusion. Marked but transient elevations in tumor necrosis factor alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid were observed within 4 h of CTL infusion. There was no evidence of tumor progression throughout the treatment period, and clinically the patient showed some resolution of neurological symptoms.
ADDP and PS-PPh<sub>3</sub>: an efficient Mitsunobu protocol for the preparation of pyridine ether PPAR agonists (2006)

A series of pyridine ether PPAR agonists were synthesized through an ADDP and PS-PPh3 modified Mitsunobu protocol, which eliminated significant by-product formation. This method proved to be versatile, efficient and amenable to parallel synthesis.
Active pull-down protection for full substrate current isolation in smart power IC's (2003)

Substrate current injection, and particularly minority carrier injection, is one of the major causes for redesign in smart power technology. This substrate parasitic current induces unexpected failure system such as latch-up in CMOS circuitry or analog signal perturbation. In this paper, we propose an efficient and compact protection, called active pull-down protection, against this substrate current. It reduces by more than 8 decades the injected current level.
OX40 (CD134) Blockade Inhibits the Co-stimulatory Cascade and Promotes Heart Allograft Survival (2004)

These results show that CD134-CD134L interaction plays an important role in the co-stimulatory cascade and that blockade of this molecular interaction may be of therapeutic value in helping to prevent allograft rejection.
Analysis of Pools of Targeted Salmonella Deletion Mutants Identifies Novel Genes Affecting Fitness during Competitive Infection in Mice (2009)

Pools of mutants of minimal complexity but maximal coverage of genes of interest facilitate screening for genes under selection in a particular environment. We constructed individual deletion mutants in 1,023 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium genes, including almost all genes found in Salmonella but not in related genera. All mutations were confirmed simultaneously using a novel amplification strategy to produce labeled RNA from a T7 RNA polymerase promoter, introduced during the construction of each mutant, followed by hybridization of this labeled RNA to a Typhimurium genome tiling array. To demonstrate the ability to identify fitness phenotypes using our pool of mutants, the pool was subjected to selection by intraperitoneal injection into BALB/c mice and subsequent recovery from spleens. Changes in the representation of each mutant were monitored using T7 transcripts hybridized to a novel inexpensive minimal microarray. Among the top 120 statistically significant spleen colonization phenotypes, more than 40 were mutations in genes with no previously known role in this model. Fifteen phenotypes were tested using individual mutants in competitive assays of intraperitoneal infection in mice and eleven were confirmed, including the first two examples of attenuation for sRNA mutants in Salmonella. We refer to the method as Array-based analysis of cistrons under selection (ABACUS).
Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus in Women with Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (1985)

Four women are described with acute salpingitis confirmed by laparoscopy who had herpes simplex virus (HSV) isolated from the cervix or the upper genital tract (endometrium, fallopian tube, or cul-de-sac) or both. None of the patients had overt genital herpes, but one had typical HSV cervitis on a cervicovaginal smear stained with Papanicolaou's stain, one had a significant change in level of antibodies to HSV, and one had an endometrial biopsy specimen positive for HSV antigen. There are at least three potential explanations for these findings: chronic viral shedding, viral reactivation caused by acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), or that the PID was actually caused by HSV. Further prospective studies are needed to document the role of HSV in causing PID.