gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of dead elements in ultrasound transducers (2013)

Ultrasound is a common modality used in healthcare today. The ultrasound images can be used as a diagnostic tool and the image quality is therefore important. Earlier studies have shown that transducers used clinically are often damaged; a type of damage is dead elements in the transducer. In this study, it has been evaluated how the number and the placement of the dead elements impact the beam profile and how this is reflected in the image quality. This has been performed with two types of simulations, one simulated beam profiles and the other simulated dead elements in a transducer used to create real images. The results showed that the beam profile was affected by both the number and the placement of dead elements. It has not been determined how the altered beam profile affected the image quality, but there were indications that the image quality deteriorated when there were dead elements in the transducer. As both the number of dead elements and their placement affected the beam profile, an acceptance level could not be suggested regarding the number of dead elements.
Real-time stereo vision with multiple arrayed camera (2003)

Real-time stereo vision using a multiple arrayed camera system, named MAC vision, is proposed. MAC vision processes the correspondence problem, one of the basic problems in stereo vision, very rapidly by making use of the simple geometric relationship of images on the same-height scanning lines. Several problems involved in MAC vision are discussed. The results of experiments performed on a newly constructed five-camera prototype are presented. The experimental results showed that a speed of 16 (frames/s), where each frame included 1800 points.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The comprehensive study and the reduction of contact resistivity on the n-InGaAs M-I-S contact system with different inserted insulators (2015)

Five different kinds of insulators including BaTiO3, TiO2, Al2O3, CdO and ZnO on the n-type InGaAs metal-insulator-semiconductor (M-I-S) ohmic contact structure are studied. The effect for the dielectric constant (ε) of inserted insulator and the conduction band offset (CBO) between an insulator and semiconductor substrate is analyzed by a unified M-I-S contact model. Based on the theoretical model and experimental data, we demonstrates that the inserted ZnO insulator with the high electron affinity and the low CBO (∼0.1 eV) to the InGaAs substrate results in ∼10 times contact resistivity reduction, even the ε of ZnO is not pretty high (∼10).
72.44 The Milton Keynes labyrinth (1988)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Simple tree-construction heuristics for the fanout problem (2002)

We address in this paper the fanout tree problem introduced by Berman, et. al., that is using buffer fanout trees to reduce the fanout delay in a technology mapped network. We construct two basic types of fanout trees and provide simple techniques to manipulate them for further delay reduction. These trees are inserted along critical paths throughout the network. We also perform gate-transformation, that is substitution of a gates of equivalent logical functions, if the technology permits. Experimental results show improvement over Touati's LT-tree construction technique.
Antibodies to Placental Immunoregulatory Ferritin with Transfer of Polyclonal Lymphocytes Arrest MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Growth in a Nude Mouse Model (2007)

The recently cloned human gene named "placental immunoregulatory ferritin" (PLIF) is a pregnancy-related immunomodulator. Recombinant PLIF and its bioactive domain C48 are immune-suppressive and induce pronounced IL-10 production by immune cells. PLIF is expressed in the placenta and breast cancer cells. Blocking PLIF in pregnant mice by anti-C48 antibodies inhibited placental and fetal growth and modulated the cytokine network. It has been revealed that anti-C48 treatment inhibited MCF-7 tumor growth in nude mice. However, this significant effect was observed only in those transfused with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blocking PLIF in tumor-engrafted human immune cell transfused mice resulted in massive infiltration of human CD45+ cells (mainly CD8+ T cells), both intratumorally and in the tumor periphery, and a significant number of caspase-3+ cells. In vitro, anti-C48 treatment of MCF-7 tumor cells cocultured with human lymphocytes induced a significant increase in interferon-gamma secretion. We conclude that blocking PLIF inhibits breast cancer growth, possibly by an effect on the cytokine network in immune cells and on breakdown of immunosuppression.
Efficient Alternative to Control Sand Production in Wells with Oil/Water Contact at the Wellbore (2004)

Abstract Sand production has proved to be a severe and often costly problem in many wells in the Oriente basin of Ecuador. Sand production has a negative impact over the productivity and lifting cost when it accumulates as sand plugs in the tubing, the surface flowlines or the surface pipes or vessels, and also when eroding the stages of the electric submersible pumps, shortening their run lives. Traditional techniques used to control sand production, such as conventional screens or gravel packs have been tried by Alberta Energy Company (AEC) in Ecuador resulting in impaired productivities of up to 75%, and therefore, are considered inefficient. Other techniques are not effective because of the broad grain size distribution, and also because the production of AEC in Ecuador typically comes from moderately thin and clean reservoirs, with bottom aquifers in the well. AEC and the majority of operators in Ecuador have not yet been able to control sand production without substantially reducing the oil production. This paper presents an efficient and economic alternative to control sand production. It consists of a filter that is run in front of the perforations and that once properly packed, can virtually stop the sand without affecting the production of fluids. The completion is simple and significantly less expensive than comparable techniques. The proposed methodology has been tested so far in six AEC producers in Ecuador at flow rates up to 3000 bfpd, controlling the sand without affecting the total flow rate or the flowing pressure. A significant part of the success is attributable to a new procedure, introduced here, to naturally pack the screen. This work summarizes the experience of AEC Ecuador in techniques to effectively control the sand production and it is supported by an extensive amount of field data. The results obtained here have served to demonstrate that designs customized to fit specific reservoir conditions can help maximize the well's productivity and to optimize the completion costs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of New Acid‐Labile Resins of sec‐Alcohol Type and Their Application in Peptide Synthesis. (1989)

Abstract Some substituted diphenylmethyl resins and one α‐methylbenzyl resin are prepared and esterified with trityl‐ and fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino acids using the Mitsunobu method.
Evaluation of barrier metals of solder bumps for flip-chip interconnection (2002)

This paper describes the optimum thickness of barrier metals and the cause of the decrease in the shear strength of 37Pb/63Sn solder bumps for flip-chip interconnection. The authors evaluated the mutual diffusion and the shear strength of solder bumps on barrier metals. From aging test results with the Cu/Ti structure, when the thickness of the Cu film was greater than 10 /spl mu/m, the shear strength did not change from the initial value. In the Ni/Ti structure, where the Ni film had a thickness of 1.0 /spl mu/m, the shear strength also did not change from the initial value. In addition, it was confirmed that the decrease in the shear strength is caused by diffusion between Sn and Cu, or Sn and Ni, and oxidization of the barrier metals.
An Efficient Task Scheduling Method for Improved Network Delay in Distributed Sensor Networks (2007)

One of the challenge in developing smart sensor networks is the minimization of network delay or at the very least be able to have upper and lower boundaries of network delay when sensor nodes respond to higher level applications. In this paper, we present a highly efficient task scheduling method based on linear programming that integrates both sensing and networking communication delay. The objective is to minimize the total response time and global power consumption of the network with respect to the total number of sensor nodes in the network. Simulation results based on closed-form solutions for the task scheduling problem are presented for two scenarios with homogeneous and six scenarios with heterogeneous sensor nodes using single level tree-network topology. Specifically, for the heterogeneous scenarios, responding sequence that results in global optimum total respond time has also been found.
Exploring the Activity and Specificity of Gold Nanoparticle-Bound Trypsin by Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection (2003)

This paper describes the use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in conjunction with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection for investigating the specificity of biocatalysis by trypsin when it is conjugated to gold nanoparticles (GNPs). In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), adsorption of the tryptic fragments on GNP-trypsin and on the capillary wall is reduced. As a result, the sensitivity and resolution of electropherograms of the tryptic fragments from bovine serum albumin (BSA) is improved. MEKC-LIF measurements show clearly that the specificity of GNP-trypsin differs from that of free trypsin and that the tryptic digest of GNP-BSA is significantly different from the GNP-tryptic digest of BSA. We have used CZE−LIF to observe differences in the biocatalytic activity of trypsin and GNP-trypsin. Changes in the electropherograms provide information of the progress of digestion and indicate that the activity of GNP-trypsin is lower than that of free trypsin. The results of this study suggest that changes in the conformations and steric effects contribute to the loss of activity and changes in specificity of trypsin adsorbed on GNPs.
The Genetic Control of Cell Lineage During Nematode Development (1984)

Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A ...Read More
Histones and histone-like DNA-binding proteins: correlations between structural differences, properties and functions (1999)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
X-band SAR imaging with a liquid-crystal-based dynamic metasurface antenna (2017)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) synthesizes a large effective aperture via coherent processing of multiple measurements taken from a moving platform. We present an approach for SAR imaging using an X-band (10–13.7  GHz) dynamic metasurface antenna (MSA). This newly developed antenna has over 6000 liquid-crystal-switched radiating elements that cover a circular area with an approximate diameter of 0.45 m. The MSA’s main beam can be steered electronically to spherical angles of up to ±70°. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first-reported laboratory-scale imaging experiments with a liquid-crystal-switched MSA. We leverage the beam-steering capabilities of the MSA in a spotlight SAR mode to achieve a measured cross-range resolution of 1.6 cm, a 62% improvement over the 4.2 cm cross-range resolution achieved with the same aperture without the metasurface-enabled beam steering. The dynamic MSA offers the superior image resolution of a beam-steering device without the hardware burden of conventional phased array antennas.
Asymmetrical Voltage-Cancellation control for LCL resonant converters in Inductive Power Transfer systems (2012)

This paper presents the first conceptual description of a fixed frequency soft switched LCL load-resonant converter for Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) systems. By using Asymmetric Voltage Cancellation (AVC) control to avoid diode reverse recovery loss (DRRL), ZVS operation over a wide load range becomes possible. The circuit was solved using a time domain analysis method and the optimal control trajectory was determined using a greedy salesperson algorithm. Experiments on a 60W prototype were carried out to validate the regions for which DRRL is avoided and were used to compare the improved performance against previous fixed frequency control strategies. It has been shown that the efficiency can be improved up to 5% and the THD can be reduced up to a factor of 7 compared to phase shift and Asymmetric Duty Cycle control, respectively.
<i>TMPRSS2:ERG</i> Fusion by Translocation or Interstitial Deletion Is Highly Relevant in Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer, But Is Bypassed in Late-Stage Androgen Receptor–Negative Prostate Cancer (2006)

Recently, a unique fusion between the prostate-specific, androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 gene and the ETS genes ERG, ETV1, or ETV4 has been described in clinical prostate cancer. We investigated mechanisms of expression of four ETS genes, ERG, ETV1, ETV4, and FLI1, in 11 xenografts representing different stages of prostate cancer. All five androgen-dependent xenografts showed as major transcript overexpression of two splice variants of TMPRSS2:ERG, linking TMPRSS2 exon 1 or 2 sequences to ERG exon 4. In one of two androgen-sensitive xenografts, fusion transcripts of TMPRSS2 and ETV1 were detected. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated both interstitial deletions and translocations as mechanisms of TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion. Importantly, TMPRSS2 to ERG fusions were also observed in three of four androgen-independent, androgen receptor (AR)-negative xenografts and in two AR-negative clinical prostate cancer specimens; however, the fusion gene was not expressed. In almost all AR-negative tumor samples, overexpression of wild-type ETV4 or FLI1 was detected. Combined, our observations indicate a key role of fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS genes in most androgen-regulated prostate cancers, which might be bypassed by androgen-independent expression of wild-type ETS factors in late-stage disease.
Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase-induced Myocardial Repair Is Mediated by c-kit in Infarcted Hearts (2012)

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a critical role in the regulation of gene transcription, cardiac development, and diseases. The aim of this study was to test whether inhibition of HDACs induces myocardial repair and cardiac function restoration through c-kit signaling in mouse myocardial infarction models. Myocardial infarction in wild type Kit(+/+) and Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice was created following thoracotomy by applying permanent ligation to the left anterior descending artery. The HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA, 0.1 mg/kg), was intraperitoneally injected daily for a consecutive 8 weeks after myocardial infarction. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU, 50 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally delivered every other day to pulse-chase label in vivo endogenous cardiac replication. Eight weeks later, inhibition of HDACs in vivo resulted in an improvement in ventricular functional recovery and the prevention of myocardial remodeling in Kit(+/+) mice, which was eliminated in Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice. HDAC inhibition promoted cardiac repairs and neovascularization in the infarcted myocardium, which were absent in Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice. Re-introduction of TSA-treated wild type c-kit(+) CSCs into Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) myocardial infarction heart restored myocardial functional improvement and cardiac repair. To further validate that HDAC inhibition stimulates c-kit(+) cardiac stem cells (CSCs) to facilitate myocardial repair, GFP(+) c-kit(+) CSCs were preconditioned with TSA (50 nmol/liter) for 24 h and re-introduced into infarcted hearts for 2 weeks. Preconditioning of c-kit(+) CSCs via HDAC inhibition with trichostatin A significantly increased c-kit(+) CSC-derived myocytes and microvessels and enhanced functional recovery in myocardial infarction hearts in vivo. Our results provide evidence that HDAC inhibition promotes myocardial repair and prevents cardiac remodeling, which is dependent upon c-kit signaling.
<i>In Vivo</i> Phosphoantigen Levels in Bisphosphonate-Treated Human Breast Tumors Trigger Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell Antitumor Cytotoxicity through ICAM-1 Engagement (2012)

These findings suggest that N-BPs can have an adjuvant role in cancer therapy by activating Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell cytotoxicity in patients with breast cancer that produces high IPP/ApppI levels after N-BP treatment.
Attitude estimation on SO[3] based on direct inertial measurements (2006)

This paper considers the question of obtaining high quality attitude estimates from typical low cost inertial measurement units for applications in control of unmanned aerial vehicles. A nonlinear complimentary filter exploiting the structure of special orthogonal group S0(3) is proposed. The filter is expressed explicitly in terms of direct and untreated measurements. For a typical low cost inertial measurement where two inertial directions are measured (gravitational and magnetic fields) along with angular velocity, it is shown that the filter is well conditioned. If only a single direction is available (typically the gravitational field) along with angular velocity, it is shown that the full gyro bias vector is correctly estimated and that the estimated orientation converges to a set consistent with the measurements. Experimental results, for flight data from the HoverEyecopy UAV, demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed filter
Alternate routes of invasion may affect pathogenesis of Salmonella typhimurium in swine (1995)

Transmission of Salmonella typhimurium in swine is traditionally believed to occur by the fecal-oral route, with invasion through the intestinal wall and Peyer's patches. However, involvement of the upper respiratory tract may be equally important. An esophagotomy was performed on 6- to 8-week-old pigs. Esophagotomized pigs were challenged intranasally with 10(9) CFU of S. typhimurium cells and necropsied at 3, 6, 12, and 18 h postinoculation (p.i.). By 3 h p.i., S. typhimurium was recovered from cecum, colon, head, and thoracic tissues and from the middle ileum involving a large number of Peyer's patches. The ileocolic lymph nodes and ileocolic junction were not positive for S. typhimurium until 6 and 12 h p.i., respectively. Additional pigs were inoculated transthoracically with 10(9) CFU of S. typhimurium and necropsied at 3 and 18 h p.i. By 3 h p.i., all tissues were positive for S. typhimurium. Tonsil explants seeded with 10(9) CFU of S. typhimurium indicated that within 6 h p.i., S. typhimurium was located within the tonsilar crypts. These data show that after intranasal inoculation, S. typhimurium rapidly appears in the gut tissues and suggest that the tonsils and lung may be important sites for invasion and dissemination of Salmonella species.
Functional Aspects of Calcium-Channel Modulation (1993)

Associative learning is accompanied by a number of changes in the brain, many mediated by calcium. We have used eyeblink conditioning, a well-controlled learning task in animals and humans, to elucidate these changes. Our studies have focused on the hippocampus, a temporal lobe structure known to be important for storage of new information during learning in mammalian brain. Hippocampal neurons show an enhanced firing rate during learning correlated with behavioral acquisition; they also show reduction in a calcium-mediated after-hyperpolarization (AHP), a likely mechanism for their enhanced activity. Aging animals and humans exhibit learning deficits; aging hippocampal neurons show increased AHPs and altered calcium buffering, which contribute to the behavioral learning deficits. Intravenous administration of the calcium antagonist nimodipine causes aging rabbits to learn the eyeblink conditioning task as quickly as young controls. Oral nimodipine enhances learning rates in aging rabbits, rats, and monkeys. In each case, the type of learning task analyzed is dependent on hippocampal processing for acquisition and is impaired with aging. Nimodipine also reverses aging-related alterations in open field behavior of both rats and rabbits. We have done a series of physiological studies focused on the possible role of nimodipine in enhancing neuronal activity in the hippocampus of aging rabbits. The purpose of these studies was to determine how nimodipine may be functioning at a cellular level to increase the learning rate. Four major conclusions may be drawn from our data: (a) Nimodipine strongly enhanced the firing rate of single hippocampal pyramidal neurons recorded in vivo in an aging- and concentration-dependent fashion. Other calcium-channel blockers, such as nifedipine and flunarizine, given to control for cerebral blood flow changes, had essentially no effect on the hippocampal firing rate. (b) The slow AHP, mediated by an outward calcium-activated potassium current, was markedly larger in pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices prepared from aging rabbits. Nimodipine, at concentrations as low as 100 nM, reliably reduced the AHPs of aging pyramidal cells. Aging neurons also showed more spike frequency adaptation, or accommodation, than young neurons. Nimodipine partially blocked accommodation at concentrations as low as 10 nM in aging neurons. (c) The calcium action potential was larger in aging neurons. Nimodipine modulated the calcium action potential in an age- and concentration-dependent fashion; concentrations as low as 100 nM reduced the calcium action potential in aging CA1 neurons without effects on young cells. (d) Nimodipine blocked the high threshold, noninactivating calcium current (L-type calcium current) in acutely dissociated hippocampal pyramidal neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Doppelte Ringöffnung bicyclischer Oxaziridine zuN-(3-Oxopropyl)amiden mit Eisen(II)-sulfat (1981)

Eine günstige Synthese der Oxoamide (2), X = H2 oder O, ist die Spaltung der bicyclischen Oxaziridine (1) mit FeSO4. Einige Beobachtungen stützen die Annahme, daß die Reaktion über Radikale verläuft.
Traditional Human Embryonic Stem Cell Culture (2011)

Culturing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) requires a significant commitment of time and resources. It takes weeks to establish a culture, and the cultures require daily attention. Once hESC cultures are established, they can, with skill and the methods described, be kept in continuous culture for many years. hESC lines were originally derived using very similar culture medium and conditions as those developed for the derivation and culture of mouse ESC lines. However, these methods were suboptimal for hESCs and have evolved considerably in the years since the first hESC lines were derived. Compared with mouse ESCs, hESCs are very difficult to culture - they grow slowly, and most importantly, since we have no equivalent assays for germline competence, we cannot assume that the cells that we have in our culture dishes are either stable or pluripotent. This makes it far more critical to assay the cells frequently using the characterization methods, such as karyotyping, immunocytochemistry, gene expression analysis, and flow cytometry, provided in this manual.