gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
oCVD poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) conductivity and lifetime enhancement via acid rinse dopant exchange (2012)

Reduced sheet resistance and longer film stability of oCVD (oxidative chemical vapour deposition) PEDOT films were achieved by including a post-process acid rinse step in the production of the thin films. PEDOT films were rinsed in multiple concentrations of hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid to test the effect of acid rinsing on sheet resistance, doping concentration, chemical composition, optical transmittance, and film morphology. XPS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD measurements were taken to determine the morphology and composition of the rinsed films. On average, rinsing films in HCl, HBr, and H2SO4 produced conductivity increases of 37%, 135%, and 117%. The dc to optical conductivity ratio, σdc/σop, was increased to 6, 12, and 10, for HCl, HBr, and H2SO4 rinsed films respectively as compared to σdc/σop = 4 for MeOH rinsed films. This study found evidence of dopant exchange within the films facilitated by the acid rinsing step, as well as complete removal of residual iron chloride oxidant. The acid rinse step also resulted in improved film conductivity stability at elevated temperatures. The XRD measurements in particular show signs of semi crystallinity in the PEDOT film after acid rinsing in comparison to an amorphous structure observed before this step. In this study, acid rinsing applied as a post-process step alters thin PEDOT films in ways that enhance their ability to function as electrode materials in photovoltaic devices.
TWTXBB: a low latency, high throughput multiplier architecture using a new 4→2 compressor (2002)

A fast multiplier is an essential component in any high-performance system. Existing fast multiplier architectures, like Wallace Tree architecture, result in irregular layout with a complex interconnection pattern. We propose a new architecture called Tree of Wallace Tree with XORs as Building Blocks (TWTXBB) and offers a 33% improvement in performance over that of the Wallace tree. It is highly regular rendering itself amenable to automatic generation. The multiplier achieves its high-speed from both a new architecture and a logic style called normal process complementary pass transistor logic (NPCPL). The architecture can provide both low latency and high throughput simultaneously. An elegant pipelining scheme can be tailored to this architecture to achieve fine grain pipelining with insignificant overhead of latency and area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Measuring Microarchitectural Details of Multi- and Many-Core Memory Systems through Microbenchmarking (2015)

As multicore and many-core architectures evolve, their memory systems are becoming increasingly more complex. To bridge the latency and bandwidth gap between the processor and memory, they often use a mix of multilevel private/shared caches that are either blocking or nonblocking and are connected by high-speed network-on-chip. Moreover, they also incorporate hardware and software prefetching and simultaneous multithreading (SMT) to hide memory latency. On such multi- and many-core systems, to incorporate various memory optimization schemes using compiler optimizations and performance tuning techniques, it is crucial to have microarchitectural details of the target memory system. Unfortunately, such details are often unavailable from vendors, especially for newly released processors. In this article, we propose a novel microbenchmarking methodology based on short elapsed-time events (SETEs) to obtain comprehensive memory microarchitectural details in multi- and many-core processors. This approach requires detailed analysis of potential interfering factors that could affect the intended behavior of such memory systems. We lay out effective guidelines to control and mitigate those interfering factors. Taking the impact of SMT into consideration, our proposed methodology not only can measure traditional cache/memory latency and off-chip bandwidth but also can uncover the details of software and hardware prefetching units not attempted in previous studies. Using the newly released Intel Xeon Phi many-core processor (with in-order cores) as an example, we show how we can use a set of microbenchmarks to determine various microarchitectural features of its memory system (many are undocumented from vendors). To demonstrate the portability and validate the correctness of such a methodology, we use the well-documented Intel Sandy Bridge multicore processor (with out-of-order cores) as another example, where most data are available and can be validated. Moreover, to illustrate the usefulness of the measured data, we do a multistage coordinated data prefetching case study on both Xeon Phi and Sandy Bridge and show that by using the measured data, we can achieve 1.3X and 1.08X performance speedup, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art Intel ICC compiler. We believe that these measurements also provide useful insights into memory optimization, analysis, and modeling of such multicore and many-core architectures.
Structure Guided Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Benzosuberene Analogues as Inhibitors of Tubulin Polymerization (2019)

A promising design paradigm for small-molecule inhibitors of tubulin polymerization that bind to the colchicine site draws structural inspiration from the natural products colchicine and combretastatin A-4 (CA4). Our previous studies with benzocycloalkenyl and heteroaromatic ring systems yielded promising inhibitors with dihydronaphthalene and benzosuberene analogues featuring phenolic (KGP03 and KGP18) and aniline (KGP05 and KGP156) congeners emerging as lead agents. These molecules demonstrated dual mechanism of action, functioning both as potent vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) and as highly cytotoxic anticancer agents. A further series of analogues was designed to extend functional group diversity and investigate regioisomeric tolerance. Ten new molecules were effective inhibitors of tubulin polymerization (IC<sub>50</sub> < 5 μM) with seven of these exhibiting highly potent activity comparable to CA4, KGP18, and KGP03. For one of the most effective agents, dose-dependent vascular shutdown was demonstrated using dynamic bioluminescence imaging in a human prostate tumor xenograft growing in a rat.
The synthesis of phosphopeptides (2001)

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are key events in protein expression and regulation and in signal transduction. Phosphopeptides are very useful reagents for the study of these processes, and have been used to great advantage in the study of phosphatase substrate specificity, SH2 domain ligand specificity, and protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, the advent of cell-permeable peptide carriers, such as those from the antennapedia homeodomain and the HIV TAT transcription factor, has allowed the study of intracellular events, thus underscoring the utility of these reagents. In this paper we review methods for the synthesis of phosphopeptides with the emphasis on the preparation of phosphoamino acid building blocks.
Stimulation of the neurotrophin receptor TrkB on astrocytes drives nitric oxide production and neurodegeneration (2012)

Neurotrophin growth factors support neuronal survival and function. In this study, we show that the expression of the neurotrophin receptor TrkB is induced on astrocytes in white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Surprisingly, mice lacking TrkB specifically in astrocytes were protected from EAE-induced neurodegeneration. In an in vitro assay, astrocytes stimulated with the TrkB agonist brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) released nitric oxide (NO), and conditioned medium from activated astrocytes had detrimental effects on the morphology and survival of neurons. This neurodegenerative process was amplified by NO produced by neurons. NO synthesis in the central nervous system during EAE depended on astrocyte TrkB. Together, these findings suggest that TrkB expression on astrocytes may represent a new target for neuroprotective therapies in MS.
Service Innovation: A Service-Dominant Logic Perspective1 (2015)

In this article, we offer a broadened view of service innovation—one grounded in service-dominant logic—that transcends the tangible–intangible and producer–consumer divides that have plagued extant research in this area. Such a broadened conceptualization of service innovation emphasizes (1) innovation as a collaborative process occurring in an actor-to-actor (A2A) network, (2) service as the application of specialized competences for the benefit of another actor or the self and as the basis of all exchange, (3) the generativity unleashed by increasing resource liquefaction and resource density, and (4) resource integration as the fundamental way to innovate. Building on these core themes, we offer a tripartite framework of service innovation: (1) service ecosystems, as emergent A2A structures actors create and recreate through their effectual actions and which offer an organizing logic for the actors to exchange service and cocreate value; (2) service platforms, which enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of service exchange by liquefying resources and increasing resource density (facilitating easy access to appropriate resource bundles) and thereby serve as the venue for innovation; and (3) value cocreation, which views value as cocreated by the service offer(er) and the service beneficiary (e.g., customer) through resource integration and indicate the need for mechanisms to support the underlying roles and processes. In discussing these components, we consider the role of information technology—both as an operand resource and as an operant resource—and then examine the implications for research and practice in digitally enabled service innovation.
Bitstream scaling by reference frame altering (2001)

Abstract On the Internet, the transmission rates and the quality of the transmission paths vary with the user's connection environment. Thus, to provide image transmission services on the Internet, bitstream scaling techniques are essential to convert to any transmission rate in real time. Already proposed scaling methods include methods that reduce the number of coding bits for the DCT coefficients and methods that discard coded frames not referenced by other frames. However, the degrees of freedom in scaling in previous methods are inadequate to provide image transmission services on the Internet. In this paper, we propose a bitstream scaling method that discards the reference frames to limit the computational costs. In the proposed method, instead of a search for motion vectors, new motion vectors are estimated from the original motion vectors and the reference relationship in motion‐compensated prediction is altered. The degrees of freedom in scaling can be expanded while limiting the computational costs. The estimated motion vectors are compared to the motion vectors detected from the decoded frame to verify the accuracy of the motion vector estimation method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(9): 11–21, 2001
Functional Consequences of two <i>HTR2C</i> Polymorphisms Associated with Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain (2011)

These data establish rs3813929 (-759C/T) as a functional polymorphism and suggest disruption of DNA-protein interactions as a mechanism by which HTR2C expression is perturbed leading to an influence on antipsychotic-induced weight gain.
Epoxidation of cyclic diolefins with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by areneseleninic acid. (1983)

Some cyclic diolefins, 1-4, were epoxidized with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an appropriate areneseleninic acid under homogeneous reaction system using t-BuOH as a solvent. The epoxidation of 1 with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by benzeneseleninic acid occurred regioselectively, but not stereoselectively, to give monoepoxides, 5 and 5', together with a small amount of diol 6. However, 2 gave epoxide 7 having an exo-oxirane ring and an isomeric mixture of diol 8 formed by Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement. The epoxidation of 3 gave monoepoxides, 9, 10, and 10', as well as diepoxide 11 (ca. 20%). In the epoxidation of 4, the ratio of monoepoxides, 12 and 13, to diepoxide 14 was about 7:3. No cleaved product of the oxirane rings in the oxidation of 3 and 4 was detected.On the other hand. the catalytic activity was markedly changed by the substituent on the aromatic ring of areneseleninic acid. Areneseleninic acids having an electron-withdrawing group were effective for the epoxidation of diolefins which gave stable epoxides. The subsequent cleavage of unstable oxirane ring could be reduced significantly by the use of an areneseleninic acid having an electron-donating group. Areneseleninic acids. which can be prepared according to the reactivity of olefins and the stability of epoxides. were found to be excellent epoxidation catalysts.
c-Met Expression in Gastric Cancer with Liver Metastasis (2002)

Liver metastasis is one of the poor prognostic factors for gastric cancer. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-Met, have been reported to be related to the proliferation of carcinoma cells. We examined c-Met and HGF expression in stage IV gastric cancers (n = 121) and compared the results in groups with liver metastasis (n = 47, LM group) and without liver metastasis (n = 74, no-LM group). The survival rate for the LM group was significantly poorer than for the no-LM group (p < 0.01). We found a high frequency of c-Met expression in the LM group compared with the no-LM group at protein level detected by immunohistochemistry (p = 0.0005) and at mRNA level detected by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (p = 0.0386) in primary gastric tumors. Furthermore, we evaluated HGF expression in both carcinoma cells and stromal cells in gastric cancers. There was no significant difference in the HGF expression between the LM and no-LM groups. The labeling index of proliferating cell nuclear antigen for the carcinomas in the LM group was higher than that in the no-LM group (47.1 +/- 24.5 vs. 26.2 +/- 24.5%, p < 0.0001). Thus, the high frequency of c-Met overexpression in carcinoma cells may be involved in the mechanism of liver metastasis in gastric cancers. Moreover, the evaluation of c-Met expression might be a useful indicator of liver metastasis in patients with gastric cancer.
Laser in situ keratomileusis for anisometropia in adult patients (2001)

Aims: To evaluate the visual and refractive results of laser in situ keratomileusis in adult patients with anisometropia, and to assess the predictability, safety, and efficacy of the procedure. Patients and methods: 40 eyes of 25 patients aged 19 to 55 years with myopic anisometropia with or without astigmatism and amblyopia underwent laser in situ keratomileusis. Preoperative mean spherical and cylin- drical refraction was -11.70 ± 4.78 D (range, -3.75 to  -22.00 D) and 1.98 ± 1.48 D (range, 0 to 6.00 D),  respectively. The mean preoperative spherical and cylindrical refraction difference between the 2 eyes of each patient was 7.47 ± 3.76 D (range, 2.50 to 16.50  D) and 1.21 ± 1.44 D (range, 0 to 5.75D), respectively. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity ranged from counting fingers to 20/20 (median, 20/30). Results: Postoperatively, all eyes had reduced aniso- metropia. Spherical manifest refraction ranged from  1.50 to -11.00 D (mean -1.24 ± 2.02 D). Mean cylindri cal refraction was 0.58 ± 0.62 D (range, 0 to 2.25 D). The mean spherical and cylindrical refraction difference between the 2 eyes of each patient was 1.49 ± 1.36 D (range, 0 to 5.75 D) and 0.65 ± 0.71 D (range, 0 to 2.25 D), respectively. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity ranged from counting fingers to 20/20 (median, 20.0/ 22.5) postoperatively. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 31 eyes (77.5%) increased by 1 to 7 lines.  Among 22 amblyopic eyes, 14 eyes (63.6%) achieved 20/25 or 20/20. There were no significant complications following the procedure. Conclusion: Laser in situ keratomileusis was safe, effective, and predictable for correction of anisometropia in adult patients.
Octane Appetite Studies in Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) Engines (2005)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The anti-knock or octane quality of a fuel depends on the fuel composition as well as on the engine design and operating conditions. The true octane quality of practical fuels is defined by the Octane Index, OI = (1-K)RON + KMON where K is a constant for a given operating condition and depends only on the pressure and temperature variation in the engine (it is not a property of the fuel). RON and MON are the Research and Motor Octane numbers respectively, of the fuel. OI is the octane number of the primary reference fuel (PRF) with the same knocking behaviour at the given condition. In this work a wide range of fuels of different RON and MON were tested in prototype direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines with compression ratios of 11 and 12.5 at different speeds up to 6000 RPM. Knock Limited Spark Advance (KLSA) was used to characterize the anti-knock quality of the fuel. Experiments were also done using two cars with DISI engines equipped with knock sensor systems. The anti-knock quality of a fuel in the car is inferred from the power/acceleration performance, which changes in response to knock. RON is dominant for fuel anti-knock quality at all engine speeds. Moreover, for low and moderate engine speeds, frequently used on the road, for a given RON, lower MON results in better fuel anti-knock quality.</div>
Antiviral effect of nicotinamide on enterovirus‐infected human islets in vitro: Effect on virus replication and chemokine secretion (2009)

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by the selective destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Enterovirus (EV) is the prime candidate to initiate this destruction and several inflammatory chemokines are induced by EV infection. Nicotinamide has been shown to protect isolated human islets, and to modulate chemokine expression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nicotinamide on EV replication and EV-induced chemokine secretion and cytolysis of human islets. Two EV strains were used to infect human islets in vitro, one lytic (Adrian) isolated from a child at onset of type 1 diabetes, and one non-lytic (VD2921). Secretion of the chemokines IP-10 and MCP-1, viral replication, and virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE), were measured at different time points post-infection. Addition of nicotinamide to the culture medium reduced viral replication and virus-induced islet destruction/CPE, significantly. Both EV strains increased secretion of IP-10 and MCP-1, when measured days 2-3, and days 5-7 post infection, compared to mock-infected control islets. IP-10 was not produced by uninfected isolated islets, whereas a basal secretion of MCP-1 was detected. Interestingly, addition of nicotinamide blocked completely (Adrian), or reduced significantly (VD2921), the virus-induced secretion of IP-10. Secretion of MCP-1 was also reduced in the presence of nicotinamide, from infected and uninfected islets. The reported antiviral effects of nicotinamide could have implications for the treatment/prevention of virus- and immune-mediated disease. Also, this study highlights a possible mechanism of virus-induced type 1 diabetes through the induction of MCP-1 and IP-10 in pancreatic islets.
Lengua, migraciones y mercado de trabajo (2007)

Las migraciones son uno de los principales medios por los que el valor de una lengua se acrecienta\no se reduce. La economía y la sociología de la lengua suelen analizar la relación entre\nmigraciones y valor de la lengua en múltiples escenarios. Dos de los más generales son, por un\nlado, la influencia de la comunidad lingüística sobre la dirección y las consecuencias de las migraciones\ny, por otro lado, los rendimientos económicos del conocimiento de una lengua en los\nmercados de trabajo en los que participan los inmigrantes. En este trabajo se hace, en primer\nlugar, una exposición inicial de los conceptos, las teorías y los principales resultados empíricos\nde los estudios de esos dos escenarios típicos. En segundo lugar, se describen las tendencias\nrecientes de la inmigración internacional y su impacto, como origen o como destino, en las\náreas hispanas. Finalmente, en el tercer apartado, se presentan unos primeros resultados descriptivos\ndel estudio del valor de la lengua para los inmigrantes en España.\nABSTRACT: Migrations are one of the main ways by which the value of a language expands or diminishes.\nEconomy and sociology of language normally analyse the relation between migrations and the\nvalue of the language in multiple settings. Two of the most general of these are, on the one\nhand, the influence of the linguistic community on the directions and consequences of migrations\nand, on the other hand, the economical returns of knowing a language on the labour\nmarkets in which immigrants participate. In this paper, firstly, the concepts, theories and main\nempirical results of the studies of those two typical settings are exposed. In the second place,\nrecent tendencies of international immigration and its impact on the Hispanic areas, as either\nits origin or destination, are described. Finally, in the third section, some first descriptive results\nof the research on the value of language for immigrants in Spain are presented.
Class III antiarrhythmic drugs (1994)

Pharmacological therapy of cardiac arrhythmias continues to evolve, with an increasing shift from class I to class III compounds and beta-blockers. This is engendered by increasing concern that class I antiarrhythmic drugs might adversely affect mortality in patients with significant structural heart disease. The focus now is on complex molecules such as amiodarone and sotalol, as well as D-sotalol and structurally diverse newer class III agents (such as dofetilide, MK-499, ibutilide, almokalant, and MS-551 among many others), which act only by increasing the time course of myocardial repolarization. In the development of newer drugs, the main endpoint in clinical trials is also beginning to shift to mortality from surrogate endpoints such as those determined by Holter monitoring and programmed electrical stimulation. The advent of implantable devices allows the performance of clinical trials with a mortality endpoint in patients with manifest ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation while providing an alternative mode of therapy for these arrhythmias. In the case of manifest ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation and aborted sudden death, adequately designed, controlled trials can now be undertaken by the use of implantable devices. In such trials, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators may serve in lieu of the placebo arm of a randomized trial. Trials involving a comparison of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and best medical therapy (for the present, amiodarone and sotalol) are currently in progress. To what extent the newer class III agents will meet the requirements of an ideal antifibrillatory agent that reduces mortality in patients with structural heart disease remains a continuing investigative challenge.
Automated prostate cancer detection via comprehensive multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging texture feature models (2015)

Comprehensive texture feature models were developed for improved radiomics-driven detection of prostate cancer using MP-MRI. Using a comprehensive set of texture features and a feature selection method, optimal texture feature models were constructed that improved the prostate cancer auto-detection significantly compared to conventional MP-MRI texture feature models.