gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrated x-ray and charged particle active pixel CMOS sensor arrays using an epitaxial silicon-sensitive region (2003)

Integrated CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) arrays have been fabricated and tested using X-ray and electron sources. The 128 by 128 pixel arrays, designed in a standard 0.25 micron process, use a ~10 micron epitaxial silicon layer as a deep detection region. The epitaxial layer has a much greater thickness than the surface features used by standard CMOS APS, leading to stronger signals and potentially better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). On the other hand, minority carriers confined within the epitaxial region may diffuse to neighboring pixels, blur images and reduce peak signal intensity. But for low-rate, sparse-event images, centroid analysis of this diffusion may be used to increase position resolution. Careful trade-offs involving pixel size and sense-node area verses capacitance must be made to optimize overall performance. The prototype sensor arrays, therefore, include a range of different pixel designs, including different APS circuits and a range of different epitaxial layer contact structures. The fabricated arrays were tested with 1.5 GeV electrons and Fe-55 X-ray sources, yielding a measured noise of 13 electrons RMS and an SNR for single Fe-55 X-rays of greater than 38.
Bonding in clusters. Part 3. Protonation of nido-pentaborane(9), nido-hexaborane(10), and closo-hexaborate(6)(2–) (1981)

The bonding and structures of B5H9, B6H10, and B6H62– and the protonated species B5H10+, B6H11+, B6H7–, and B6H8 are analysed with MNDO, Gaussian-80, and self-consistent charge calculations. The known isomer of B6H10 is shown to be more stable than other isomers for which metalloborane analogues are known. The bonding in B5H10+ can be regarded as a B5H8+⋯ H2 complex but B6H11+ prefers a structure with six B–H terminal and five B–H–B bridged bonds. Protonation of B6H62– gives a face-capped B6H7– structure. Diprotonation of B6H62– produces a molecule in which the B6 octahedral skeleton is entirely disrupted and the molecule is predicted to be highly unstable. Attention is drawn to some of the observed differences in the chemistries of related borane, metalloborane, and metallo-clusters.
The anti-infective Nitazoxanide shows strong immumodulating effects (155.21) (2011)

Abstract Nitazoxanide (Alinia®, NTZ) and its active circulating metabolite tizoxanide (TIZ) are anti-infectives thiazolide with activity against parasites, anaerobic bacteria, and viruses. NTZ is licensed in the US for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. NTZ and TIZ also inhibit replication of RNA and DNA viruses including influenza A and hepatitis C viruses. In clinical trials, NTZ was shown to be effective in treating rotavirus gastroenteritis, norovirus gastroenteritis and chronic hepatitis C, and is in late-stage clinical development for treatment of influenza. We evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of TIZ. PBMC from 10 healthy donors were cultured in the presence/absence of 3 different doses of TIZ (0.5, 1.0 and 10 mg/ml) in both unstimulated and flu-stimulated conditions and analysed for T helper and CTL activity as well as for TLR7 and TLR8 expression and type I IFN responses. TIZ showed potent immunomodulatory effects inducing an increase in: 1) IFNg- and IL2-secreting CD4+ T cells, 2) CTL degranulation, 3) Fas-expressing CD8+ T cells, 4) TLR8-expressing monocytes, 5) IFNa- and IFNb- mRNA expression, 6) mRNA specific for type I IFN inducible genes (MXA, PRKCZ, ADAR, CXCL10, IRF1, PRKRA), and 7) mRNA specific for gene involved in MHC class I presentation (HLA-A, HLA-B, TAP1).The antiviral effects of TIZ result from immumodulatory activity stimulating a strong antiviral immune response mediated by both native and acquired mechanisms
SPECTRAL LIGHT REQUIREMENTS OF ALGAE (1968)

Seventeen species of algae representing ten taxonomic divisions were individually grown in white light and light of nine separate 10 nm bandwidths corresponding to the major absorption peaks of known photoactive pigments. Energy levels of the incident light were equalized through the entire series, approximating 15,000 ergs/sq cm/sec. Measurements of growth, pigmentation, photosynthesis, respiration, and where possible, morphology and structure were made following seven to ten days continuous exposure to the light regimes. The rates of photosynthesis and subsequent respiration were determined using the same full light regime as for growth. Light enhancement characteristics and wavelength requirements are shown for these parameters and compositions of specific illumination sources are suggested.
Statistical energy analysis as a tool for quantifying sound and vibration transmission paths (1994)

Abstract When a complex structure is excited in several different ways by different sources, the sea energy balance equations result in a set of linear equations that can be used to calculate loss factors, coupling loss factors or net energy flows and incoming powers. If certain symmetry relations are used, and/or if some prior knowledge about the system is available, the set of linear equations is overdetermined and can be solved by a least square technique. A good indicator for the direction of the energy flow is the SEA temperature of the subsystems. Experiments and computer simulations performed on three plate arrangements gave in general good results when the coupling was weak and there were more than three modes in the frequency band of interest. Not so good results were obtained when a small energy flow has to be measured as the difference of large quantities.
High Loading and Low Maintenance Doses of a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist Effectively Suppress Serum Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and Testosterone in Normal Men<sup>1</sup> (1997)

The GnRH antagonist cetrorelix effectively suppresses serum LH, FSH, and testosterone (T) in normal men without major side-effects. However, as with other available GnRH antagonists, relatively high doses of 10 mg/day were required for sustained reduction of T levels during 1-week administration in normal men. Therefore, we investigated whether a suppression of LH, FSH, and T achieved by initial high dose cetrorelix can be maintained by continued low dose injections. Sixteen young male volunteers were randomly assigned to four study groups (n = 4/group). Twelve men were injected s.c. with 10 mg cetrorelix at 0800 h for 5 days, followed by injections of 2 mg/day (group I), 2 x 1 mg/day (group II), and 1 mg/day (group III) up to the end of the 3-week injection period. For the control, group IV was given daily placebo injections for 3 weeks. Morning and evening blood samples were obtained daily for 4 weeks and then at increasing time intervals up to week 13. Initial injections of 10 mg/day cetrorelix suppressed LH, FSH, and T effectively. This initial reduction of serum levels was maintained during the following low dose maintenance injections in all groups. In comparison to the initial suppression, significantly lower levels of LH, FSH, and T near the assay detection limits were measured during study weeks 2 and 3. The results show that compared to previous long term studies, much lower daily doses of the GnRH antagonist are sufficient for effective suppression of LH, FSH, and T after initial high loading dose injections. In addition to competitive receptor blockage, other mechanisms of GnRH antagonist action, such as receptor down-regulation, appear to be involved during long term administration in men.
Rational nanostructuring of surfaces for extraordinary icephobicity (2014)

Icing of surfaces is commonplace in nature, technology and everyday life, bringing with it sometimes catastrophic consequences. A rational methodology for designing materials with extraordinary resistance to ice formation and adhesion remains however elusive. We show that ultrafine roughnesses can be fabricated, so that the ice nucleation-promoting effect of nanopits on surfaces is effectively counteracted in the presence of an interfacial quasiliquid layer. The ensuing interface confinement strongly suppresses the stable formation of ice nuclei. We explain why such nanostructuring leads to the same extremely low, robust nucleation temperature of ∼-24 °C for over three orders of magnitude change in RMS size (∼0.1 to ∼100 nm). Overlaying such roughnesses on pillar-microtextures harvests the additional benefits of liquid repellency and low ice adhesion. When tested at a temperature of -21 °C, such surfaces delayed the freezing of a sessile supercooled water droplet at the same temperature by a remarkable 25 hours.
Rhamnose-binding Lectins from Steelhead Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) Eggs Recognize Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and Lipoteichoic Acid (2002)

The interaction between bacteria and three L-rham-nose-binding lectins, named STL1, STL2, and STL3, from steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs was investigated. Although STLs bound to most Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, they agglutinated only Escherichia coli K-12 and Bacillus subtilis among the bacteria tested. The binding was inhibited by L-rhamnose. STLs bound to distinct serotypes of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), and showed much higher binding activities to smooth-type LPSs of Escherichia coli K-12 and Shigella flexneri 1A than to their corresponding rough-type LPSs. STLs also bound to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Bacillus subtilis. These results indicate that STLs bound to bacteria by recognizing LPSs or LTA on the cell surfaces.
Heteroatom Substitution Induced Changes in Excited-State Photophysics and Singlet Oxygen Generation in Chalcogenoxanthylium Dyes:  Effect of Sulfur and Selenium Substitutions (2004)

Photophysical properties of a series of tetramethylrosamine dyes in which the xanthylium oxygen atom has been replaced with sulfur or selenium were examined. Dyes with sulfur and, especially, with selenium show decreased fluorescence quantum yield and lifetimes, while at the same time proportionally larger increases in the rates of intersystem crossing lead to higher triplet yields (0.23 and 0.97, correspondingly). The selenium-containing dye (TMR−Se) displays prominent phosphorescence at 77 K and at room temperature when the solution is purged of oxygen. This is reflected in a high yield for singlet oxygen generation as shown by measurements of singlet oxygen phosphorescence. The high singlet oxygen yield for TMR−Se (0.87) suggests its use as an efficient photosensitizer for the generation of singlet oxygen in biology and chemistry applications.
Platelet-activating factor and retinoic acid synergistically activate the inducible prostaglandin synthase gene. (1994)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent lipid mediator generated in cell injury and in the inflammatory and immune responses, promotes transcriptional activation of several primary response genes. TIS10/PGS-2 is a primary response gene encoding the inducible form of prostaglandin synthase. The inductive effects of PAF and retinoic acid (RA), alone and in combination, were studied with the regulatory region of TIS10/PGS-2 transfected into an exponentially growing glioblastoma-neuroblastoma NG108-15 hybrid in the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma or in the NIH 3T3 cell. RA alone exhibited only a small inductive effect. However, in the presence of RA (100 nM), a PAF-dependent (1-50 nM) synergistic activation of luciferase reporter constructs driven by regulatory regions of the TIS10/PGS-2 gene was found. The hetrazepine BN-50730, an antagonist selective for intracellular PAF binding sites, inhibited PAF and RA induction of luciferase from the TIS10/PGS-2 promoter. Thus, the intracellular PAF binding site is involved in TIS10/PGS-2 expression. Induction is rapid, suggesting that the combination of PAF and RA activates a preexisting latent transcription factor(s). Deletion studies restrict the major PAF and RA cis-acting response element of the TIS10/PGS-2 gene to a 70-nucleotide sequence as an intracellular inducer of TIS10/PGS-2 expression. The synergistic effect of RA and PAF represents an unusual convergence of nuclear signaling pathways by which, through the modulation of preexisting transcription factors, specific gene expression can be upregulated. PAF-dependent induction of TIS10/PGS-2 expression may play a role in cell injury, differentiation, inflammation, and immune responses.
Purification et études toxicologiques des variants 042 et 17-2 de l'entérotoxine east1 (EnteroAggregative escherichia coli heat-Stable Toxin 1) (2006)

Sophie Veilleux
Propagation of Zea mays L. by Shoot Tip Culture: A Feasibility Study (1980)

A procedure for the stimulation of axillary bud development from young shoots of maize, their subculture to root-inducing media and transfer as rooted plants to soil is described. Axillary bud development was enhanced by the addition of kinetin and auxin to the culture medium. Root initiation on explanted axillary buds, while successful with some cultivars, was variable. A number of mature plants with normal tassels and ears were produced from the lowermost buds of an original stem explant. Buds from higher positions on the explant exhibited different potentialities with some, those normally from cob producing nodes, producing short-stalked plants with terminal female influorescences. A gradient of bud potentiality along the stem appears to be established extremely early after each is initiated.
Tritiodestannylation. Synthesis of a Specifically Labelled [<sup>3</sup>H]Tamoxifen (1981)

Abstract The recent development of nonsteroidal antiestrogens has increased the prospects for the management of metastatic breast cancer, the most prevalent malignancy among North American and European women. Of these, clinical results have demonstrated tamoxifen (1) to be at least as effective as conventional hormonal treatment while manifesting much reduced side effects.2 As part of a program designed to evaluate inhibitors of aromatization for therapy of breast cancer, we required a tritiated derivative of tamoxifen for pharmacodynamic and radioimmunqassay studies.
Compiling to FPGAs via an EPIC compiler's intermediate representation (2004)

The increasing density and speed of modern field programmable gate arrays offer the reconfigurable systems using them greater capability and flexibility, in particular for more complex computation. However, there remains a very important problem of how to design on a more abstract level to manage the vast hardware resource and shorten the design time. This paper presents an approach to compile a system level description to hardware through a conventional software intermediate representation (IR) of a state-of-the-art optimizing compiler for Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) processors. The front end compiles C programs into an intermediate representation for an infinite resource EPIC processor. The intermediate representation contains all the information of control flow graph of basic blocks. It is from this intermediate representation that we have devised means to generate synthesizable Register Transfer level (RTL-level) Verilog description that can be mapped into the reconfigurable HW device. We will describe the details of the translation process and the performance on actual FPGA hardware.
MECHANIZATION AND THE AREA SYMBOL / CARTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN 19th CENTURY GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNALS (1983)

The introduction of mechanized techniques for creating a variety of patterns, tones, and colors expanded the graphic vocabulary of area symbols on maps during the nineteenth century. Overall, cartography advanced during this period from direct manual execution of the printing image to mechanical transfer of a preprinting image to the printing surface. Following in the wake of the more rapid mechanization of the line image, area-image techniques evolved from machine ruling to the photographic halftone screen. The impact on a specific type of map, the geographical journal illustration, is here viewed against general trends in cartography. By the close of the nineteenth century, the geographical journal maps had reached the threshold of the photographic era, and a readjustment of cartographic design to fit the new technology was clearly in store.
Do cranberries help prevent urinary tract infections? (2006)

Cranberries are widely used in the treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and for those at risk of such infections. With the growing resistance to antibiotics, cranberries can be viewed as a useful non-pharmaceutical remedy (Lavender, 2000). The initial studies that looked at the effects of cranberries on urine showed that the excretion of hippuric acid from the berries helped the urine to remain acidic, which could explain why they could be used to treat and prevent infection (Harkin, 2000). Recent studies argue that cranberries prevent Escherichia coli (E. coli) from adhering to uroepithelial cells in the bladder (Howell and Foxman, 2002). Cranberries contain a group of compounds, called proanthocyanidins, which are condensed tannins (Gray, 2002; Lowe and Fagelman, 2001; Kuzminski, 1996). These are thought to be the key factors in inhibiting E. coli adherence.
Advances in non-caloric sweeteners with dental health advantages over sugars. (1991)

Many factors have to be considered in developing new intense sweeteners to replace sugars in the diet for the benefit of dental health. These include their general properties, safety and toxicological evaluation, metabolic fate in the body, regulatory status and dental research documentation. The choice of new sweeteners with improved properties is expanding, with particular attention being paid to multiple sweetening, materials of natural origin and calorie control, as well as dental health gains, the distinction between non-cariogenic and anti-cariogenic properties, securing regulatory approval and developing an attractive range of foods and drinks containing the new materials.
Probing Microstructure Evolution during the Hardening of Gypsum by Proton NMR Relaxometry (2006)

We report a comprehensive proton NMR relaxation study of the water confined in the evolving porous structure of hardened gypsum prepared with different water-to-plaster ratios (w/p) and increasing additions of crushed gypsum. This study gives some new information on the microstructure, the water distribution, and the hydration kinetics without any drying or perturbing preparation. The bi-exponential transverse magnetization decay reveals the existence of two water populations in slow exchange. However, the different behaviors of these populations during saturation and desaturation experiments show evidence of a fast exchange of each population with the surface. Two modes of organization of the microstructure of this material are identified through an original model of exchange as a function of the water-to-plaster ratio (0.4 < or = w/p < or = 0.6 and 0.7 < or = w/p < or = 1). A clear gap is shown in the exchange rate value above w/p = 0.6 that could be representative of a percolation threshold. Both the method and the theory presented can be applied more widely to other porous media with reactive surface areas.
Measurement of acoustic dispersion using both transmitted and reflected pulses (2000)

Traditional broadband transmission method for measuring acoustic dispersion requires the measurements of the sound speed in water, the thickness of the specimen, and the phase spectra of two transmitted ultrasound pulses. When the sound speed in the specimen is significantly different from that in water, the overall uncertainty of the dispersion measurement is generally dominated by the uncertainty of the thickness measurement. In this paper, a new water immersion method for measuring dispersion is proposed which eliminates the need for thickness measurement and the associated uncertainty. In addition to recording the two transmitted pulses, the new method requires recording two reflected pulses, one from the front surface and one from the back surface of the specimen. The phase velocity as well as the thickness of the specimen can be determined from the phase spectra of the four pulses. Theoretical analysis and experimental results from three specimens demonstrate the advantages of this new method.
Hierarchy embedded differential image for progressive transmission using lossless compression (1995)

Algorithms for constructing differential images with hierarchical data structure are presented. The data structures are simple, efficient, and ideal for viewing images in progressive transmission using lossless compression. Unlike conventional pyramidal structures, the total number of nodes required to build the structure is the same as the number of pixels in an image at the same time its hierarchy is preserved. These structures are constructed using subsampling or mean-sampling methods for predictors with block sizes of 2/spl times/2 or 3/spl times/3. Experiments were conducted to compare these structures in terms of their first order entropy and RMS errors in the reconstruction process. Results indicate that the mean-sampling with circular-difference method yields the lowest entropy, comparable to that with 1-D lossless DPCM predictive coding. Lastly, hardware for the efficient construction and access of the hierarchical structures is discussed and evaluated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cooperative control architecture of fan-less servers and fresh-air cooling in container servers for low power operation (2013)

In order to minimize the container server power consumption, a new cooling system that incorporates fan-less servers and fresh-air cooling is proposed.
Some structural determinants of the antiproliferative effect of heparin‐like molecules on human airway smooth muscle (2005)

Accumulation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) and its infiltration by mast cells are key pathological features of airway remodelling in asthma. Heparin, a major component of mast cell granules, inhibits ASM proliferation by an unknown mechanism. Here, unfractionated heparins and related glycosaminoglycans having structurally heterogeneous polysaccharide side chains that varied in molecular weight, sulphation and anionic charge were used to identify features of the heparin molecule that were required for its antiproliferative activity in cultured human ASM cells. Proliferation induced by 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) was abrogated by two unfractionated commercial heparin preparations (Sigma and Multiparin) and this effect was reproduced with each of three low-molecular weight heparin preparations (3, 5 and 6 kDa, respectively), demonstrating that antiproliferative activity resided in at least a 3 kDa heparin fraction. N-desulphated 20% re-acetylated (N-de) heparin (anticoagulant) and O-desulphated heparin (O-de) (non-anticoagulant) fractions also inhibited FBS-dependent proliferation (rank potency: Sigma heparin > O-de > N-de) suggesting that the antiproliferative action of heparin involved N-sulphation but was independent of its anticoagulant activity. Other sulphated molecules with variable anionic charge (dextran sulphate, fucoidan, chondroitin sulphates A or B, heparan sulphate) inhibited proliferation to varying degrees, as did the non-sulphated molecules hyaluronic acid and poly-L-glutamic acid. However, nonsulphated dextran had no effect. In summary, attenuation of FBS-dependent proliferation of human ASM by heparin involves but does not depend upon sulphation, although loss of N-sulphation reduces antiproliferative activity. This antiproliferative effect is independent of anionic charge and the anticoagulant actions of heparin.