gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Method of Delivering Nicarbazin to Mallards on Plasma 4,4′-Dinitrocarbanilide Levels and Reproduction (2006)

Nicarbazin (NCZ), a coccidiostat used in the poultry industry, has been developed as a contraceptive for resident Canada geese. We tested the efficacy of NCZ as a contraceptive using mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) as a model for Canada geese. Nicarbazin-treated corn was fed ad libitum for 14 d at 0, 750, 1,000, or 1,500 ppm. Plasma and egg levels of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the active anticoccidial component of NCZ, differed among treatment groups in a dose-response relationship, but plasma levels did not differ between sexes. Nicarbazin caused a decrease in egg weight, but there was no effect of NCZ on the numbers of eggs laid per female per day. Nicarbazin did not significantly impact bird health. An additional trial tested the effect of the method of NCZ delivery on plasma DNC levels. Mallards were given NCZ daily for 12 d either by gavage with a corn oil suspension, gavage with a water suspension, peroral administration of a capsule, or feeding 500 mg of NCZ/kg of pelleted feed ad libitum. The method of delivery significantly affected plasma DNC levels, with the highest levels in the corn oil suspension group and the lowest levels in the pelleted feed group. This is likely due to decreased availability of NCZ in a pellet compared with gavage with a suspension or capsule. Mallards receiving 34.2 mg of NCZ/kg of BW when fed cracked corn coated with NCZ daily for 14 d had higher plasma DNC levels than those obtained by liquid gavage, capsule, or pelleted NCZ feed. For maximum effect in the field, NCZ should be coated onto corn. A higher concentration of NCZ is needed in pelleted feed to obtain comparable plasma DNC levels to allow for the decreased absorption of DNC.
PGH<sub>2</sub> Degradation Pathway Catalyzed by GSH−Heme Complex Bound Microsomal Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> Synthase Type 2:  The First Example of a Dual-Function Enzyme<sup>,</sup> (2007)

Prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES) catalyzes the isomerization of PGH2 to PGE2. PGES type 2 (mPGES-2) is a membrane-associated enzyme, whose N-terminal section is apparently inserted into the lipid bilayer. Both intact and N-terminal truncated enzymes have been isolated and have similar catalytic activity. The recombinant N-terminal truncated enzyme purified from Escherichia coli HB101 grown in LB medium containing delta-aminolevulinate and Fe(NO3)3 has a red color, while the same enzyme purified from the same E. coli grown in minimal medium has no color. The red-colored enzyme has been characterized by mass, fluorescence, and EPR spectroscopies and X-ray crystallography. The enzyme is found to contain bound glutathione (GSH) and heme. GSH binds to the active site with six H-bonds, while a heme is complexed with bound GSH forming a S-Fe coordination bond with no polar interaction with mPGES-2. There is a large open space between the heme and the protein, where a PGH2 might be able to bind. The heme dissociation constant is 0.53 microM, indicating that mPGES-2 has relatively strong heme affinity. Indeed, expression of mPGES-2 in E. coli stimulates heme biosynthesis. Although mPGES-2 has been reported to be a GSH-independent PGES, the crystal structure and sequence analysis indicate that mPGES-2 is a GSH-binding protein. The GSH-heme complex-bound enzyme (mPGES-2h) catalyzes formation of 12(S)-hydroxy-5(Z),8(E),10(E)-heptadecatrienoic acid and malondialdehyde from PGH2, but not formation of PGE2. The following kinetic parameters at 37 degrees C were determined: KM = 56 microM, kcat = 63 s-1, and kcat/KM = 1.1 x 10(6) M-1 s-1. They suggest that mPGES-2h has significant catalytic activity for PGH2 degradation. It is possible that both GSH-heme complex-free and -bound enzymes are present in the same tissues. mPGES-2 in heme-rich liver is most likely to become the form of mPGES-2h and might be involved in degradation reactions similar to that of cytochrome P450. Since mPGES-2 is an isomerase and mPGES-2h is a lyase, mPGES-2 cannot simply be classified into one of six classes set by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Credit-based fair queueing (CBFQ): a simple and feasible scheduling algorithm for packet networks (2002)

A simple rate-based scheduling algorithm for packet-switched networks (e.g. Internet, ATM) is proposed. By using simple counters to keep trade of the amount of credits accumulated by each traffic stream, the algorithm decides which stream to serve next based on the bandwidth share allocated to each traffic stream and the sizes of their respective head of line (HOL) packets. Our proposed CBFQ algorithm achieves the same fairness and delay bounds as the alternative approaches based on virtual time, while avoiding the implementation problems inherent in these methods. In addition, to take advantage of the fixed packet size in ATM networks, a variant of the algorithm (CBFQ-F) is proposed. By relaxing the fairness bound by a negligible amount, CBFQ-F achieves a complexity of O(1).
The role of patient history in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence. (1994)

Patient history alone is not an accurate tool in the diagnosis of genuine stress incontinence or detrusor overactivity, and should not be the sole determinant of diagnosis or treatment.
Development of High-efficiency Energy Harvesting Device and Stand-alone Power System for Indoor Illumination Environment (2013)

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Controlled Assembly of Biodegradable Plasmonic Nanoclusters for Near-Infrared Imaging and Therapeutic Applications (2010)

Metal nanoparticles with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the near-infrared region (NIR) are of great interest for imaging and therapy. Presently, gold nanoparticles with NIR absorbance are typically larger than 50 nm, above the threshold size of approximately 5 nm required for efficient renal clearance. As these nanoparticles are not biodegradable, concerns about long-term toxicity have restricted their translation into the clinic. Here, we address this problem by developing a flexible platform for the kinetically controlled assembly of sub-5 nm ligand-coated gold particles to produce metal/polymer biodegradable nanoclusters smaller than 100 nm with strong NIR absorbance for multimodal application. A key novel feature of the proposed synthesis is the use of weakly adsorbing biodegradable polymers that allows tight control of nanocluster size and, in addition, results in nanoclusters with unprecedented metal loadings and thus optical functionality. Over time, the biodegradable polymer stabilizer degrades under physiological conditions that leads to disassembly of the nanoclusters into sub-5 nm primary gold particles which are favorable for efficient body clearance. This synthesis of polymer/inorganic nanoclusters combines the imaging contrast and therapeutic capabilities afforded by the NIR-active nanoparticle assembly with the biodegradability of a polymer stabilizer.
Liquid chromatography-flame ionisation detection using a nebuliser/spray chamber interface. Part 2. Comparison of functional group responses (2012)

The application of a LC-nebuliser/spray chamber interface-flame ionisation detection has been demonstrated for the superheated water liquid chromatography of a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic analytes. The linearity and sensitivity of the response of volatile and involatile analytes have been compared. The response of the detector toward different analytes is similar to that in GC-FID and for volatile analytes was comparable to UV detection. However, the responses from involatile analytes, such as amino acids and carbohydrates, were poor and often lower than for a refractive index detector.
Intravenously injected sialidase inactivates attachment sites for lymphocytes on high endothelial venules. (1989)

Blood-borne lymphocytes initiate entry into secondary lymphoid organs, such as peripheral lymph nodes (PN) and gut-associated Peyer's patches (PP), by a highly specific adhesive interaction between the lymphocytes and the endothelium of specialized blood vessels known as a high endothelial venules (HEV). The selectivity with which functional subpopulations of lymphocytes migrate into particular lymphoid organs is believed to be regulated by the expression of cell adhesion receptors and complementary ligands on lymphocytes and HEV, respectively. The entry of lymphocytes into PN and PP has clearly been shown to involve distinct receptor-ligand pairs. Employing the Stamper-Woodruff in vitro adhesion assay, which measures lymphocyte attachment to HEV in cryostat-cut sections of lymphoid organs, we have previously shown that treatment of PN sections with two different sialidases inactivates HEV-adhesive ligands, whereas treatment of PP tissue sections has no effect on HEV-adhesive function. We now report that in vivo exposure of HEV to sialidase (after i.v. injection of the enzyme) also selectively prevents subsequent in vitro attachment of lymphocytes to PN HEV but not to PP HEV. Consistent with this organ-selective impairment of HEV-adhesive function by sialidase, i.v. injection of the enzyme is shown to prevent short term lymphocyte accumulation within peripheral lymph nodes while having no significant effect on accumulation in PP, blood, or nonlymphoid organs. Histologic examination with the sialic acid-specific lectin from Limax flavus verified that i.v. injected sialidase effectively removes stainable sialic acid moieties from HEV in both PN and PP. This study confirms that sialic acid is required for the adhesive function of PN HEV-ligands. A role for sialic acid as either a recognition determinant or as a regulatory molecule can be envisioned. In view of the fact that many pathogens release sialidase and cause substantially elevated serum levels of this enzyme, the present observations may have pathophysiologic significance. One mechanism by which such pathogens may avoid destruction is to inactivate susceptible HEV-ligands and disrupt the entry of lymphocytes into lymphoid organs where immune responses against the pathogens would normally be initiated.
Molecular Views and Measurements of Hemostatic Processes Using Atomic Force Microscopy (2002)

Hemostasis and thrombosis are highly complex and coordinated interfacial responses to vascular injury. In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has proven to be a very useful approach for studying hemostatic processes under near physiologic conditions. In this report, we review recent progress in the use of AFM for studying hemostatic processes, including molecular level visualization of plasma proteins, protein aggregation and multimer assembly, and structural and morphological details of vascular cells under aqueous conditions. AFM offers opportunities for visualizing surface-dependent molecular and cellular interactions in three dimensions on a nanoscale and for sensitive, picoNewton level, measurements of intermolecular forces. AFM has been used to obtain molecular and sub-molecular, resolution of many biological molecules and assemblies, including coagulation proteins and cell surfaces. Surface-dependent molecular processes including protein adsorption, conformational changes, and subsequent interactions with cellular components have been described. This review outlines the basic principles and utility of AFM for imaging and force measurements, and offers objective perspectives on both the advantages and disadvantages. We focus primarily on molecular level events related to hemostasis and thrombosis, particularly coagulation proteins, and blood platelets, but also explore the use of AFM in force measurements and surface property mapping.
Comparing the use of bayesian networks and neural networks in response time modeling for service-oriented systems (2007)

The new paradigm of service-oriented computing facilitates easy construction of dynamic, complex distributed systems. Recent research has shown that machine learning methods can be a promising way to autonomously and accurately derive models to assist autonomic management software or humans in understanding system behaviors and making informed decisions. However, the efficacy of different machine learning techniques in describing various system behaviors and meeting distinct application needs has not been systematically understood. Such an understanding can prove crucial in management infrastructure design and implementation for service-oriented systems.
Incremental hoarding and reintegration in mobile environments (2003)

Disconnection is one of the popular techniques for operating in mobile environments and is here to stay, until long-range wireless connectivity becomes a reality. However, disconnection requires periodic hoarding and reintegration of data, which raises performance issues especially during weak connection. A common hoarding and reintegration mechanism involves complete transfer of contents. In order to hoard and reintegrate efficiently, an incremental approach is being introduced to do data transfers based on the delta between changes. Analysis also shows that incremental reintegration is particularly beneficial in the weakly connected mode of operation. The incremental hoarding and reintegration setup is built within the Coda File System of the Carnegie Mellon University to replace the full file transfer mechanism with the incremental approach, based on the Revision Control System.
Ethel Turner and the 'voices of dissent': Masculinity and fatherhood in The cub and Captain cub (2003)

In his interesting study 'Making the Australian Male: Middle-Class Masculinity 1870-1920', Martin Crotty argues that turn-of-the-century Australians firmly rejected the androgynous, domesticated gender role that both children's fiction and the public schools had offered Australian boys in the 1870s... Work such as Crotty's should help to inspire any number of reexaminations of the masculine gender role in texts that sought to acculturate young readers before, during, and after the Great War.
Analytical Study of an Innovated Solar Power Tower (PS10) in Aswan (2012)

The city of Aswan, located at the south of Egypt, is characterized by a very high level of solar density. The Solar Power Plant (SPT) technology using the Concentrated Solar Power Plant (CSP) is expected to soon enter the renewable energy field in Egypt. Fortunately, considerable amount of information about the PS10, which is a commercial SPT of power 11 MW are available for performing considerable attractive analysis. A comparative performance analysis is developed between the existing PS10 in SanlÃºcar la Mayor- Spain, and a modified one of similar specifications located in Aswan. In this study, the PS10 Solar Power Tower systems (SPT) design-layout is revised to suit the solar data in Aswan. Accordingly, the location of each heliostat is reviewed, analysed and modified. The solar irradiance model and sunshine duration (solar hours) of the existing plant in Spain are compared to those in Aswan. The study includes optical and geometric analysis of both SPTs. The annual average efficiency and SPT performance values in the existing and intended power stations are compared. Suitable modifications are introduced in the SP10 to fit the conditions in Aswan according to the innovated field of the heliostats. The main objective of this study is to find the relative advantage of installation of the CSPs in Aswan compared to the other locations in the world. The innovated model of PS10 in Aswan is believed to be more promising than that of the original one in Spain.
Congenital Myopathy without Specific Features (Minimal Change Myopathy) (1983)

Three patients including a father and his daughter as well as a sporadic case who had a history of delayed developmental milestones showed symptoms of generalized muscle weakness predominantly in the neck flexors, high-arched palate, slender stature, myopathic face and nasal tone vocalisation. Histological and histochemical examinations on the biopsied muscles demonstrated minimal nonspecific changes; mild variation in fiber size, slight abnormality in fiber type distribution and an increased number of undifferentiated type 2C fibers. The abnormal muscle pathology was assumed to have resulted from delayed muscle fiber growth and differentiation due to a probable defective neural influence upon the developing muscles.
Clutter-adaptive detection of small surface objects in maritime surveillance videos via shared features integration (2012)

Small surface object detection, an important but challenging task for maritime surveillance applications, usually contends with constant changing weather and lighting conditions in realistic atmospheric scenes. This paper presents a novel clutter-adaptive small surface object detection method for use in harbor or maritime scenarios. First, shared features of small surface objects in various cluttered backgrounds are explored, such as dark channel priors, scene geometry constraints, position priors of potential objects in maritime images, similar variances of background pixels in spatial and temporal directions, local contrast in center-surrounding windows, and so on. Then, using Bayesian inference, a probabilistic model is derived to integrate these shared features into our detection framework. The detection algorithm based on the probabilistic model is finally tested on our dataset, which consists of maritime images taken by an onboard camera under various weather/lighting conditions. Extensive experimental results show that, compared with some latest algorithms, our method is more effective for small surface object detection when the background is unknown or constant changing.
On the Reliability of Integer Ambiguity Resolution (2005)

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) carrier-phase observations are ambiguous by an unknown, integer number of cycles. These integer ambiguity parameters need to be resolved before carrier-phase observations can begin to serve as very precise pseudorange measurements. Optimal estimation of the integer ambiguities involves a complex mapping of real-valued least-squares estimates to integers, and should be applied only when one can have enough confidence in the integer solution. Therefore, it is important to have measures available that provide information on the reliability of ambiguity resolution. The success rate is a very important measure for determining whether an attempt to fix the ambiguities should be made. Only when the success rate is very close to 1 can the integer ambiguities be considered deterministic. In this paper, lower and upper bounds of the integer least-squares success rate are evaluated, since exact computation is not possible. Furthermore, the discrimination tests commonly used to validate the actual integer solution are evaluated, and the pitfalls inherent in these tests are discussed. Also, a theoretically sound, overall approach to the problem of integer estimation and validation is outlined.
A Sensing Platform Based on Electrodissolution of a Ag Bipolar Electrode (2010)

Here we report a new type of sensing platform that is based on electrodissolution of a metallic bipolar electrode (BPE). When the target DNA binds to the capture probe at the cathodic pole of the BPE, it triggers the oxidation and dissolution of Ag metal present at the anodic pole. The loss of Ag is easily detectable with the naked eye or a magnifying glass and provides a permanent record of the electrochemical history of the electrode. More importantly, the decrease in the length of the BPE can be directly correlated to the number of electrons passing through the BPE and hence to the sensing reaction at the cathode.
A PARALLEL MODEL FOR MULTIMEDIA RETRIEVAL BASED ON MULTIDIMENSIONAL SIGNAL STRUCTURE (1998)

In this paper, we propose a parallel, unified model for the indexing and retrieval by content of multimedia data using multiresolution processing. Each multimedia data type can be represented by k-dimensional (k-d) signals in the spatio-temporal domain. (1) These k-d signals are separated into small blocks and then formed into a multidimensional tree structure, called a k-tree. Using the k-tree
Measurement of Angular Acceleration of a Rigid Body Using Linear Accelerometers (1975)

The computation of angular acceleration of a rigid body from measured linear accelerations is a simple procedure, based on well-known kinematic principles. It can be shown that, in theory, a minimum of six linear accelerometers are required for a complete definition of the kinematics of a rigid body. However, recent attempts in impact biomechanics to determine general three-dimensional motion of body segments were unsuccessful when only six accelerometers were used. This paper demonstrates the cause for this inconsistency between theory and practice and specifies the conditions under which the method fails. In addition, an alternate method based on a special nine-accelerometer configuration is proposed. The stability and superiority of this approach are shown by the use of hypothetical as well as experimental data.
Acute Kidney Injury and Extrarenal Organ Dysfunction (2012)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication in the intensive care unit with limited therapeutic modalities. Although survival from isolated AKI has improved with recent advancements in renal replacement therapy, mortality from AKI complicated by multiorgan dysfunction has remained unchanged and is estimated to be approximately 50%. Hence, defining and better understanding the pathophysiology of distant organ dysfunction associated with AKI is clinically important because it may lead to new treatment strategies. In animal models, it has become increasingly clear that AKI is not an isolated event but results in remote organ dysfunction involving the heart, lungs, liver, intestines, and brain through an inflammatory mechanism that involves neutrophil migration, cytokine expression, and increased oxidative stress. The purpose of this brief review is to summarize the human and basic science evidence for AKI and its detrimental effects on distant organs.
The Double Heterostructure: The Concept and its Applications in Physics, Electronics, and Technology (Nobel Lecture) (2001)

The art and science of heterostructure design has not remained still since its founding: While the theoretical principles initially advanced rapidly, experimental realization initially lagged until the ideal AlGaAs solid solutions were found. From this point, development into application proceeded apace. In this Review, these intial steps and the current position of heterostructure applications are surveyed. New developments, such as the inclusion of quantum dots into heterostructures-with its concomitant world-record threshold current for laser activity-and future challenges are also elucidated.
New conduction and reversible memory phenomena in thin insulating films (1967)

Abstract It has been observed that when thin (200 to 3000 Å) film insulators have been formed by the electrolytic introduction of gold ions from one of the electrodes they can draw appreciable currents. They then show temperature-independent conductivity, voltage-controlled negative resistance and reversible voltage and thermal-voltage memory effects. It is postulated that the injected ions introduce a broad band of localized impurity levels within the normally forbidden band of the insulator. The electrons are assumed to move through the insulator by tunnelling between adjacent sites within the impurity band; it is also assumed that the electrons can, under certain conditions, be trapped within the impurity band. A model based on these ideas accounts in a self-consistent manner for all the experimental observations, and calculations of current-voltage characteristics based on the model are in fact in agree­ment with them.
40 Gb/s tandem electro-absorption modulator (2002)

NRZ and RZ data transmission at 40 Gb/s are demonstrated for the first time using buried heterostructure tandem electro-absorption modulators monolithically integrated with a semiconductor optical amplifier and input/output spot-size converters. Zero penalty RZ transmission over a 100 km dispersion managed link is achieved.