gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Summary (1999)

The emergence of infliximab, a cytokine-directed biologic therapy, represents a significant advancement in the understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of the inflammatory bowel disorder, Crohn’s disease. Therapy with the chimeric monoclonal antibody allows for the precise blockage and neutralization of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, a key cytokine responsible for bowel mucosal inflammation. Clinical efficacy of infliximab in patients with intractable Crohn’s diseases has been conclusively shown in several acute studies, and a long-term study (multiple infusions) suggests benefit for maintenance of the effect in patients with severe disease. Clinical benefits with infliximab therapy were characterized by a rapid reduction of the signs and symptoms of Crohn’s disease, a decrease of inflammation in the bowel (observed both endoscopically and histologically) with induction of mucosal healing, and improvement in patients’ quality of life. In patients with the disease complicated by fistulization, infliximab demonstrated rapid onset of fistulae closure (usually within 2 weeks) with a lasting median benefit of action (exceeding 3 months). The chimeric monoclonal antibody was well tolerated in the short term; serious adverse events were infrequent, without sequelae, and were successfully managed with medications. As with most biologic therapeutics, treatment with infliximab will continue to present challenges. Clinical issues regarding the pharmacoeconomics of infliximab, its use in appropriate patient populations, its use as sequential or concomitant treatment with conventional therapy, its potential long-term toxicities, and its ability to ‘reset’ the mucosal immune system remain areas of continued investigation. Although further research is required, clinicians now have a novel approach for treating Crohn’s disease, which affects both patient outcome and their quality of life.
New Fe-Cr-Mo-(Nb, Ta)-C-B Glassy Alloys with High Glass-Forming Ability and Good Corrosion Resistance (2001)

New Fe-based glassy alloys of Fe45Cr16Mo16C18B5, Fe45Cr16Mo14Nb2C18B5 and Fe45Cr16Mo14Ta2C18B5 were synthesized. They exhibit a large supercooled liquid region (ΔTx) reaching 58 K before crystallization and high reduced glass transition temperatures (Tg⁄Tm) up to 0.62. These values indicate that these Fe-based alloys have a glass-forming ability which is high enough to enable the formation of bulk glassy alloys. The Fe-based glassy alloys have high corrosion resistance in 1, 6 and 12 mol·L−1 HCl solutions at room temperature. The corrosion rates are in the range of 10−4–10−2 mm·y−1. The glassy alloys are spontaneously passivated in 1 and 6 mol·L−1 HCl solutions with wide passive region and low passive current density in the range of 10−2–100 A·m−2. No pitting corrosion is seen even in 12 mol·L−1 HCl solution. The addition of Nb or Ta to the glassy alloys is effective on enhancing the corrosion resistance.
Phospho-specific binding of 14-3-3 proteins to phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III β protects from dephosphorylation and stabilizes lipid kinase activity (2006)

Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase-IIIbeta (PI4KIIIbeta) is activated at the Golgi compartment by PKD-mediated phosphorylation. Subsequent mechanisms responsible for continuous PtdIns(4)P production at Golgi membranes and potential interaction partners of activated PI4KIIIbeta are unknown. Here we identify phosphoserine/-threonine binding 14-3-3 proteins as novel regulators of PI4KIIIbeta activity downstream of this phosphorylation. The PI4KIIIbeta-14-3-3 interaction, evident from GST pulldowns, co-immunoprecipitations and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, was augmented by phosphatase inhibition with okadaic acid. Binding of 14-3-3 proteins to PI4KIIIbeta involved the PKD phosphorylation site Ser294, evident from reduced 14-3-3 binding to a S294A PI4KIIIbeta mutant. Expression of dominant negative 14-3-3 proteins resulted in decreased PI4KIIIbeta Ser294 phosphorylation, whereas wildtype 14-3-3 proteins increased phospho-PI4KIIIbeta levels. This was because of protection of PI4KIIIbeta Ser294 phosphorylation from phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation. The functional significance of the PI4KIIIbeta-14-3-3 interaction was evident from a reduction of PI4KIIIbeta activity upon dominant negative 14-3-3 protein expression. We propose that 14-3-3 proteins function as positive regulators of PI4KIIIbeta activity by protecting the lipid kinase from active site dephosphorylation, thereby ensuring a continuous supply of PtdIns(4)P at the Golgi compartment.
Homologs of Penicillin Degradation Products. I. α-Methylpenaldic Acid Derivatives (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHomologs of Penicillin Degradation Products. I. α-Methylpenaldic Acid DerivativesHomer E. Stavely and Mary BeresteckiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 7, 3448–3450Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01151a133https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01151a133research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies on bioabsorbable ultra‐high‐strength poly(<scp>L</scp>‐lactide) rods (1992)

Ultra-high-strength poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) rods were fabricated using a drawing technique. Rods with a diameter of 3.2 mm and a draw ratio of 2.5:1 showed initial bending strength and modulus values of 240 MPa and 13 GPa, respectively. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo degradation of PLLA rods with a draw ratio of 2.5:1. The greater the rod diameter, the longer the bending strength was maintained in phosphate buffered saline at 37 degrees C. The bending strength retention of rods (diam. 3.2 mm) implanted in the subcutis of rabbits was almost equal to that of rods in the in vitro study, while those rods implanted in the medullary cavity of rabbit femora showed a slightly lower bending strength retention. Molecular weight was reduced to the greatest extent in the medullary cavity, followed by in the subcutis and in vitro. The weight of PLLA rods in the medullary cavity was reduced by 22% at 52 weeks and by 70% at 78 weeks after implantation. Histologically, no inflammatory or foreign body reaction was observed in the medullary cavity for 52 weeks. The drawn PLLA rods maintained a bending strength exceeding that of human cortical bone in the medullary canal for a period of 8 weeks, suggesting that the drawn PLLA rods may be useful in the repair of fractured human bones.
Normalization of local contrast in mammograms (2000)

Equalizing image noise has been shown to be an important step in automatic detection of microcalcifications in digital mammograms. In this study, an accurate adaptive approach for noise equalization is presented and investigated. No additional information obtained from phantom recordings is involved in the method, which makes the approach robust and independent of film type and film development characteristics. Furthermore, it is possible to apply the method on direct digital mammograms as well. In this study, the adaptive approach is optimized by investigating a number of alternative approaches to estimate the image noise. The estimation of high-frequency noise as a function of the grayscale is improved by a new technique for dividing the grayscale in sample intervals and by using a model for additive high-frequency noise. It is shown that the adaptive noise equalization gives substantially better detection results than does a fixed noise equalization. A large database of 245 digitized mammograms with 341 clusters was used for evaluation of the method.
Stilbazulenyl nitrone, a novel antioxidant, is highly neuroprotective in focal ischemia (2003)

Azulenyl nitrones are novel chain-breaking antioxidants with low oxidation potentials and high lipophilicity-properties favoring their efficacy as neuroprotectants. We tested the second-generation azulenyl nitrone, stilbazunenlyl nitrone (STAZN), in focal ischemic stroke. Physiologically monitored rats received 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal suture, resulting in substantial cortical and striatal infarcation. Neurobehavior was quantified on a standard battery, and brains were perfusion-fixed for quantitative histopathology at 3 days. In 3 independent series, rats were treated at either 2h + 4h, or 2h + 4h + 24h + 48h, after onset of ischemia; vehicle-treated rats received dimethylsulfoxide or saline. All animals (n = 52) developed high-grade neurological deficits (score 11 of 12) during ischemia, which improved, in STAZN-treated rats, within 1-1.5 h of the initial dose and fell to a median score of 3 at 72 h, compared to 8 in vehicle rats. STAZN treatment reduced mean cortical infarct volume by 64-97%, and total infarct volume by 42-72%. In over one-half of STAZN-treated animals, cortical infarction was virtually abolished. Regression analysis predicted that STAZN would confer approximately 50% cortical neuroprotection even in the most severely affected cases. The potency of STAZN was orders-of-magnitude greater than other nitrones such as NXY-059. These results suggest that STAZN has great promise for ischemic stroke.
Optimizing a DUV positive resist for metal layers (1999)

Structurally modified acetal resist is designed for lithography on metal layers. The acetal-based polymer used in the resist has intrinsically low post-exposure volatilization and superior metal etch resistance. This resist is designed to have excellent substrate compatibility as indicated by a foot size of less than 10 nm for 250 nm feature size. Lithographic evaluations reveal that this resists is capable of resolving sub-200 nm features on TiN substrates with high photosensitivity, dose latitude and excellent process windows for line and post features. The reduced foot size and enhanced resolution could be achieved by optimizing the resist chemistry and the processing conditions.
Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Pharmacological Evaluation of 1,4-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-9-ones as a New Class of Highly Potent Nootropic Agents (2000)

Several 4-substituted 1,4-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-9-ones have been synthesized and tested in vivo on mouse passive avoidance test, to evaluate their nootropic activity. The results show that they represent a new class of nootropic drugs with a pharmacological profile very similar to that of piracetam, showing much higher potency with respect to the reference. Among the compounds studied, 7 (DM 232) shows outstanding potency, being active at the dose of 0. 001 mg kg(-1) sc.
Phase transfer catalysed reaction between chloromethylated poly(styrene‐<i>co</i>‐divinylbenzene) and the superoxide radical anion (1984)

Abstract The reaction of chloromethylated poly(styrene‐ co ‐divinylbenzene) (1 wt.‐% of divinylbenzene) with potassium superoxide in the presence of phase‐transfer catalysts was studied. It was found that in dimethyl sulfoxide and in the presence of 18‐crown‐6, the hydroxymethylated polymer is the main product with a yield of 45%. In dimethylformamide the transformation of chloromethyl groups was found to be the highest, but only 60% of alcohol groups are present in the resulting product. In benzene the transformation reaches only 25%. With Bu 4 NI as catalyst in a mixture of solvents, the transformation of chloromethyl groups proceeds with 85% yield and the product contains 80% hydroxyl groups.
Triphenylethylene Derivatives. I (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTriphenylethylene Derivatives. IToyoyuki NaganoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 6, 1691–1692Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01611a093https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01611a093research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views64Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Purification of M. leprae with Special Reference to the Effects of Purified M. leprae Vaccines on Host Macrophage Cell Functions (1987)

Percoll密度勾配遠心法と水相2層分配法によるDraper法(IMMLEPプロトコール1/79)とPercoll密度勾配遠心法による森法とにより精製されたらい菌について若干の生物学的活性を比較検討した。精製らい菌のintegrityは後者において前者におけるよりも良かった。上述の2つの精製法によりえられたらい菌の100°C,熱処理ワクチンの宿主マクロファージ機能調節効果について検討した。その結果,2種のワクチンは細胞を採取する21日(皮下)および4日(腹腔内)前の2回注射により宿主マクロファージの貪食および活性酸素産生能を増強したが,抗リステリア活性を増強することは出来なかった。Draper法によりえられたらい菌のワクチンは森法により作られたものよりも宿主マクロファージの貪食活性をより高めたが,その活性酸素産生能の増強の点では逆の関係がみられた。
The cycloid permanent magnetic gear (2006)

This paper presents a new permanent magnet gear based on the cycloid gearing principle, which normally is characterized by an extreme torque density and a very high gearing ratio. An initial design of the proposed magnetic gear was designed, analyzed, and optimized with an analytical model regarding torque density, which resulted in promising results compared to other high performance magnetic gear designs. A test model was constructed to verify the analytical model
Effect of emission uniformity on performance of field emission displays (2002)

A VGA field emission display with gated field emitters is simulated on a computer using a spreadsheet program. By using Fowler-Nordheim theory and statistical analysis, we studied how emission uniformity of field emitters affected field emission display performances, such as brightness variation, contrast ratio, gray scalability and lifetime. The calculated results show that the display performance is strongly dependent on the emission uniformity of the field emitters.
3-(3,3-Dihalo-2-propenyl) analogs of allethrin and related pyrethroids: synthesis, biological activity, and photostability (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT3-(3,3-Dihalo-2-propenyl) analogs of allethrin and related pyrethroids: synthesis, biological activity, and photostabilityTetsu Ando, Luis O. Ruzo, Judith L. Engel, and John E. CasidaCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1983, 31, 2, 250–253Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00116a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00116a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views116Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering (2002)

This book is an introduction to the quantitative treatment of chemical reaction engineering. The level of the presentation is what we consider appropriate for a one-semester course. The text provides a balanced approach to the understanding of: (1) both homogeneous and heterogeneous reacting systems and (2) both chemical reaction engineering and chemical reactor engineering. We have emulated the teachings of Prof. Michel Boudart in numerous sections of this text. For example, much of Chapters 1 and 4 are modeled after his superb text that is now out of print (Kinetics a/Chemical Processes), but they have been expanded and updated. Each chapter contains numerous worked problems and vignettes. We use the vignettes to provide the reader with discussions on real, commercial processes and/or uses of the molecules and/or analyses described in the text. Thus, the vignettes relate the material presented to what happens in the world around us so that the reader gains appreciation for how chemical reaction engineering and its principles affect everyday life. Many problems in this text require numerical solution. The reader should seek appropriate software for proper solution of these problems. Since this software is abundant and continually improving, the reader should be able to easily find the necessary software. This exercise is useful for students since they will need to do this upon leaving their academic institutions. Completion of the entire text will give the reader a good introduction to the fundamentals of chemical reaction engineering and provide a basis for extensions into other nontraditional uses of these analyses, for example, behavior of biological systems, processing of electronic materials, and prediction of global atmospheric phenomena. We believe that the emphasis on chemical reaction engineering as opposed to chemical reactor engineering is the appropriate context for training future chemical engineers who will confront issues in diverse sectors of employment. \n\nWe gratefully acknowledge Prof. Michel Boudart who encouraged us to write this text and who has provided intellectual guidance to both of us. MED also thanks Martha Hepworth for her efforts in converting a pile of handwritten notes into a final product. In addition, Stacey Siporin, John Murphy, and Kyle Bishop are acknowledged for their excellent assistance in compiling the solutions manual. The cover artwork was provided courtesy of Professor Ahmed Zewail's group at Caltech, and we gratefully thank them for their contribution. We acknowledge with appreciation the people who reviewed our project, especially A. Brad Anton of Cornell University, who provided extensive comments on content and accuracy. Finally, we thank and apologize to the many students who suffered through the early drafts as course notes. We dedicate this book to our wives and to our parents for their constant support.
A single-scattering correction for the seismo-acoustic parabolic equation (2012)

An efficient single-scattering correction that does not require iterations is derived and tested for the seismo-acoustic parabolic equation. The approach is applicable to problems involving gradual range dependence in a waveguide with fluid and solid layers, including the key case of a sloping fluid-solid interface. The single-scattering correction is asymptotically equivalent to a special case of a single-scattering correction for problems that only have solid layers [Küsel et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121, 808-813 (2007)]. The single-scattering correction has a simple interpretation (conservation of interface conditions in an average sense) that facilitated its generalization to problems involving fluid layers. Promising results are obtained for problems in which the ocean bottom interface has a small slope.
The Balanced Scorecard: Judgmental Effects of Common and Unique Performance Measures (2000)

The balanced scorecard is a new tool that complements traditional measures of business unit performance. The scorecard contains a diverse set of performance measures, including financial performance, customer relations, internal business processes, and learning and growth. Advocates of the balanced scorecard suggest that each unit in the organization should develop and use its own scorecard, choosing measures that capture the unit's business strategy. Our study examines judgmental effects of the balanced scorecard—specifically, how balanced scorecards that include some measures common to multiple units and other measures that are unique to a particular unit affect superiors' evaluations of that unit's performance. Our test shows that only the common measures affect the superiors' evaluations. We discuss the implications of this result for research and practice.
Increasing plasma parameters using sheared flow stabilization of a Z-pinch (2017)

The ZaP and ZaP-HD Flow Z-pinch experiments at the University of Washington have successfully demonstrated that sheared plasma flows can be used as a stabilization mechanism over a range of parameters that has not previously been accessible to long-lived Z-pinch configurations. The stabilization is effective even when the plasma column is compressed to small radii, producing predicted increases in magnetic field and electron temperature. The flow shear value, extent, and duration are shown to be consistent with theoretical models of the plasma viscosity, which places a design constraint on the maximum axial length of a sheared flow stabilized Z-pinch. Measurements of the magnetic field topology indicate simultaneous azimuthal symmetry and axial uniformity along the entire 100 cm length of the Z-pinch plasma. Separate control of plasma acceleration and compression has increased the accessible plasma parameters and has generated stable plasmas with radii of 0.3 cm, as measured with a high resolution digital holographic interferometer. Compressing the plasma with higher pinch currents has produced high magnetic fields (8.5 T) and electron temperatures (1 keV) with an electron density of 2×1017 cm−3, while maintaining plasma stability for many Alfvén times (approximately 50 μs). The results suggest that sheared flow stabilization can be applied to extend Z-pinch plasma parameters to high energy densities.