gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and predicted performance of the GPS demonstration receiver for the NASA TOPEX satellite (2003)

NASA's ocean topography experiment (TOPEX) satellite will perform topographic ocean mapping. TOPEX will carry an experimental tracking system based on the use of GPS (global positioning system). An onboard GPS demonstration receiver (GPSDR) will be used with a network of up to ten receivers at precisely known ground sites. Following a brief overview of the TOPEX mission and its derived accuracy requirements, the authors describe the design of the GPSDR. The major hardware and software components are reviewed and discussed. Projected receiver tracking and navigation performance measures are presented and discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Regulation of compatible solute accumulation in bacteria (1998)

In their natural habitats, microorganisms are often exposed to osmolality changes in the environment. The osmotic stress must be sensed and converted into an activity change of specific enzymes and transport proteins and/or it must trigger their synthesis such that the osmotic imbalance can be rapidly restored. On the basis of the available literature, we conclude that representative gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria use different strategies to respond to osmotic stress. The main focus of this paper is on the initial response of bacteria to hyper- and hypo-osmotic conditions, and in particular the osmosensing devices that allow the cell to rapidly activate and/or to synthesize the transport systems necessary for uptake and excretion of compatible solutes. The experimental data allow us to discriminate the transport systems by the physicochemical parameter that is sensed, which can be a change in external osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, membrane strain, internal osmolality and/or concentration of specific signal molecule. We also evaluate the molecular basis for osmosensing by reviewing the unique structural features of known osmoregulated transport systems.
Chemicals from Biomass: A Market Assessment of Bioproducts with Near-Term Potential (2016)

Production of chemicals from biomass offers a promising opportunity to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil, as well as to improve the overall economics and sustainability of an integrated biorefinery. Given the increasing momentum toward the deployment and scale-up of bioproducts, this report strives to: (1) summarize near-term potential opportunities for growth in biomass-derived products; (2) identify the production leaders who are actively scaling up these chemical production routes; (3) review the consumers and market champions who are supporting these efforts; (4) understand the key drivers and challenges to move biomass-derived chemicals to market; and (5) evaluate the impact that scale-up of chemical strategies will have on accelerating the production of biofuels.
Adaptive block-based refresh techniques for mitigation of data retention faults and reduction of refresh power (2017)

The distribution of data retention time of DRAM cells heavily dominates the refresh power consumption and fabrication yield. Although merely extending the single standard refresh period can effectively reduce the refresh power, however, it will incur more data retention faults (DRFs). In this paper, a novel sub-bank address remapping (SBAR) technique is proposed to cure this dilemma. Memory blocks can be refreshed adaptively based on the profile of their data retention time. SBAR uses control words for logical-to-physical address remapping such that the leakiest cells can be clustered and refreshed with their most suitable refresh periods. A refresh configuration word is used in the refresh counter for determining the length of refresh period for each memory block. For the majority of DRAM cells, they can be refreshed with a longer refresh period such that the refresh power can be effectively reduced. The corresponding hardware architecture is also proposed. Experimental results show that we can save 74.97% refresh power with less than 0.1% hardware overhead for a 1-Gb DRAM. Moreover, if there are no any repair or error correction techniques incorporated and we decrease the standard refresh period from 64 ms to 32 ms, 16 ms, or 8 ms for cells containing data retention faults, the yield can be improved 0.68, 0.96, and 1.09 times, respectively.
Structure and composition of silicon microarrays subjected to cyclic insertion and extraction of lithium (2015)

The silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries subjected to cyclic tests of variable duration are studied by electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and Raman scattering. It is shown that the discharge capacity of electrodes based on macroporous silicon degrade due to the fracture of silicon walls and the formation of a Si-Li amorphous phase. Both effects arise early on testing. The number of cracks and the degree of disorder of the silicon crystal lattice are found to grow with the number of lithiation cycles and be nonuniformly distributed along the height of the walls. Namely, lithium is incorporated largely into the upper part of the structure adjacent to the separator. The disorder degree of the crystal lattice in the lithiated anodes is compared with that in standard amorphous silicon by analysis of the Raman spectra.
Umami Compounds Are a Determinant of the Flavor of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (2007)

Vegetable flavor is an important factor in consumer choice but a trait that is difficult to assess quantitatively. The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of the major umami compounds in boiled potato tubers, in cultivars previously assessed for sensory quality. The free levels of the major umami amino acids, glutamate and aspartate, and the 5'-nucleotides, GMP and AMP, were measured in potato samples during the cooking process. Tubers were sampled at several time points during the growing season. The levels of both glutamate and 5'-nucleotides were significantly higher in mature tubers of two Solanum phureja cultivars compared with two Solanum tuberosum cultivars. The equivalent umami concentration was calculated for five cultivars, and there were strong positive correlations with flavor attributes and acceptability scores from a trained evaluation panel, suggesting that umami is an important component of potato flavor.
Opportunities for the use of thrombopoietic growth factors (1998)

Highly lineage specific thrombopoietic factors are now available which can produce substantial increments in platelet counts and attenuate the severity of therapy induced thrombocytopenia in preclinical models and early trials in patients. These striking findings are not equivalent to proving clinical benefit to patients, however, and studies are now in progress in a variety of clinical settings. Methodologic issues which could influence the interpretation of studies using thrombopoietin to mitigate thrombocytopenia in patients treated for acute myeloid leukemia and following stem cell transplantation are discussed. Studies in thrombocytopenic patients with myelodysplasia, aplastic anemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, as well as selected platelet and stem cell donors, are also of interest. It is unclear, however, whether patients with impaired marrow function can benefit from further exogenous stimulation, and side effects must be very carefully monitored in studies with normal donors.
Optimisation Design of Coupling Region Based on SOI Micro-Ring Resonator (2014)

Design optimization of the coupling region is conducted in order to solve the difficulty of achieving a higher quality factor (Q) for large size resonators based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI). Relations among coupling length, coupling ratio and quality factor of the optical cavities are theoretically analyzed. Resonators (R = 100 μm) with different coupling styles, concentric, straight, and butterfly, are prepared by the micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) process. Coupling experimental results show that micro-cavity of butterfly-coupled style obtains the narrowest (3 dB) bandwidth, and the quality factor has been greatly improved. The results provide the foundation for realization of a large size, high-Q resonator, and its development and application in the integrated optical gyroscopes, filters, sensors, and other related fields.
Analysis of pressure distribution at the body–seat interface in able-bodied and paraplegic subjects using a deformable active contour algorithm (2001)

In this paper, a semi-automatic method for segmenting pressure distribution image-based data at the body-seat interface is presented. The purpose of this work was to estimate the surface and the load supported by the ischial tuberosity (IT) region. The proposed method involves three steps: (1) detecting the IT region using a pressure-distribution image gradient; (2) estimating the contour of the IT region by an iterative active contour algorithm and finally (3) estimating the percentage of the surface and the weight-bearing of the IT region in a group of able-bodied (AB) and spinal-cord injury (SCI) subjects. It was found in this study that the weight bearing on the IT for the spinal-cord injured group is distributed on half the surface in comparison with the AB group or the powered wheelchair users groups. The findings of this study provide insights concerning pressure distribution in sitting for the paraplegic and able-bodied.
Proteomic Analysis of Phagocytosis in the Enteric Protozoan Parasite <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> (2005)

Proteomic analysis of phagosomes isolated from Entamoeba histolytica by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry identified 85 proteins involved in surface recognition, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, vesicular trafficking, and degradation. Phagosome localization of representative proteins was verified by immunofluorescence assay. This study should provide a basis for molecular identification and characterization of phagosome biogenesis.
Nerve constriction in the rat: model of neuropathic, surgical and central pain (1999)

In preparation for a series of electrophysiological experiments in a model of neuropathic pain, the present spinal reflex study was done to determine the optimal time after sciatic nerve constriction in the rat for tactile allodynia and to determine also the appropriate 'control' for the nerve constriction model. Therefore, this study focused on the magnitude and time course of change in paw withdrawal threshold following unilateral sciatic nerve constriction in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (375-425g) were used. Nerve constriction was done by placing a 2 mm polyethylene cuff (PE-90) around the left sciatic nerve (n=8). A second group of rats (n=8) received unilateral sham surgery and a third group (n=8) was unoperated. The ipsi- and contralateral hind paw withdrawal thresholds in each of the 3 groups were measured using von Frey hairs. In unoperated rats, the withdrawal threshold of each of the hind paws remained unchanged at approximately 50 g throughout the entire time course of the study, which lasted 145 days. However, in cuff-implanted rats, the withdrawal threshold of the nerve-injured hind paw decreased as soon as 1 day after surgery, reached as low as 1 to 2 g by 5 days and remained low throughout the test period. Threshold in sham-operated rats showed a bilateral decrease starting on days 1-3, which stabilised at about 30 g until about day 40, after which values returned gradually toward the unoperated withdrawal thresholds. In nerve-constricted rats the withdrawal threshold of the hind paw contralateral to the cuff followed the same change seen in sham-operated rats until about day 37, after which the withdrawal threshold matched that of the cuff-implanted hind paw. The data show that the cuff-induced sciatic nerve constriction produces a sustained hypersensitivity to normally innocuous tactile sensory input and that a relatively constant ipsilateral mechanical hyperalgesia can be found from days 5-27. It is also demonstrated that the contralateral hind paw and either hind paw in sham-operated rats are inappropriate as 'controls'. The data in this study suggest that three distinct types of allodynia are expressed. Ipsilateral allodynia may be representative of a model of neuropathic pain. The contralateral allodynia may be a model of central pain, as it likely arises from changes in central sensory processing. Allodynia in sham-operated rats was also expressed bilaterally and may be a model of long-term postoperative pain.
Índice de massa corporal, obstrução aérea, dispneia e capacidade de exercício na Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crónica (DPOC) – o índice BODE (2004)

RESUMO: O estudo foi realizado entre 1997 e 2002 em 3 paÃ­ses (EUA, Espanha e Venezuela) num primeiro grupo de 207 doentes com DPOC, e em que existiu uma mortalidade de 12%.Dos vÃ¡rios parÃ¢metros analisados e comparados entre sobreviventes e mortes, os que apresentaram maior valor preditivo de mortalidade foram: Ã­ndice de massa corporal (B de BMI), o FEV1 em % de referÃªncia (O de obstruÃ§Ã£o), grau de dispneia pela escala do MRC-Medical Research Council (D de dispneia) e distÃ¢ncia em metros no teste de 6 minutos de marcha (E de exercÃ­cio). Cada variÃ¡vel tem uma pontuaÃ§Ã£o e peso diferente, mas Ã© referido que a diferente estruturaÃ§Ã£o do Ã­ndice nÃ£o correspondeu diferente valor preditivo.
Phase I trial of paclitaxel in children with refractory solid tumors: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study. (1993)

Neurotoxicity was dose-limiting when Taxol was administered by 24-hour continuous infusion to pediatric patients with relapsed solid tumors. In this population, the recommended dose for phase II trials is 350 mg/m2/d.
Selective Question Answering under Domain Shift (2020)

To avoid giving wrong answers, question answering (QA) models need to know when to abstain from answering. Moreover, users often ask questions that diverge from the model's training data, making errors more likely and thus abstention more critical. In this work, we propose the setting of selective question answering under domain shift, in which a QA model is tested on a mixture of in-domain and out-of-domain data, and must answer (i.e., not abstain on) as many questions as possible while maintaining high accuracy. Abstention policies based solely on the model's softmax probabilities fare poorly, since models are overconfident on out-of-domain inputs. Instead, we train a calibrator to identify inputs on which the QA model errs, and abstain when it predicts an error is likely. Crucially, the calibrator benefits from observing the model's behavior on out-of-domain data, even if from a different domain than the test data. We combine this method with a SQuADtrained QA model and evaluate on mixtures of SQuAD and five other QA datasets. Our method answers 56% of questions while maintaining 80% accuracy; in contrast, directly using the model's probabilities only answers 48% at 80% accuracy.
Amifostine before chemotherapy: improved tolerance profile of the subcutaneous over the intravenous route. (2003)

Amifostine, at a dose of 1000 mg, is better tolerated when administered s.c. Switching to the s.c. route in patients with poor tolerance using the i.v. administration allows the continuation of cytoprotection with minor side effects. Although preliminary, 1000 mg of amifostine effectively protected against the lower, still more frequently administered doses of chemotherapy given once every 2 weeks.
Portable instrument and analytical method using laser-induced breakdown spectrometry for in situ characterization of speleothems in karstic caves (2005)

A portable laser-induced plasma spectrometer has been developed and tested in the determination of thickness and semi-quantitative composition of alteration layers on the surface of speleothems. The portable instrument consists of a 50 mJ pulse −1 Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm and a high resolution spectrometer equipped with a 2048-element linear silicon CCD array detector. Its weight and size allow in situ analysis in difficult environments or relatively inaccesible places such as caves, avoiding sample collection or extraction. The instrument was evaluated in the interior Nerja Cave (Spain) over soils, rocks and speleothems. The geochemical degradation of these materials has been studied by the portable instrument. Laser-induced plasma analysis reveals the remarkable presence of several elements in the surface of the speleothems, such as Fe, Si, Al or Mn which are absent in non-degraded regions of the speleothem. Composition depth profiles of these elements have been measured in order to evaluate alteration processes in the Nerja Cave.
Mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 deficient in DNA adenine methylation (1986)

A mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 deficient in methylation of the adenine residues in the sequence 5'-GATC-3' was isolated. The mutation (dam-1) was linked to the cysG locus, and the properties of the mutant were similar to those of Escherichia coli dam mutants. Reversion of the hisC3076 frameshift marker by 9-aminoacridine was substantially enhanced by the dam-1 mutation, implying a direct role for adenine methylation in the prevention of frameshift mutation induction.
Nanotag-enabled photonic crystal fiber as quantitative surface-enhanced Raman scattering optofluidic platform (2015)

Core-shell nanotags that are active in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and entrapped with thiocyanate (SCN) label molecules were immobilized in the air channels of suspended-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) to impart quantitative capacity to SERS-based PCF optofluidic sensing platform. The Raman intensity of Rhodamine 6G increases with concentration, whereas the intensity of SCN remains constant when measured using this platform. The signal from the SCN label can be used as an internal reference to establish calibration for quantitative measurements of analytes of unknown concentrations. The long optical path-length PCF optofluidic platform integrated with SERS-active core-shell nanotags holds significant promise for sensitive quantitative chem/bio measurements with the added benefit of small sampling volume. The dependence of SERS intensity on the nanotag coverage density and PCF length was interpreted based on numerical-analytical simulations.
The Structures of Spiramines E, F and G; The New Diterpene Alkaloids from Spiraea japonica var. Acuminata Franch (1993)

Structures of spiramines E (1).F (2) and G (3) were elucidated by chemical and specuoscopic means.In the previous paper.2we reported the isolation and structures of four new atisine type alkaloids, spiramines A-D, from the mots of Spiraea japonica var.acwniMta which has been used as a folk medicine in China3 In the course of the investigation on the constituents of the plant, we isolated three new atisine type alkaloids; spiramines E (1).F (Z), and G (3).Here we report a full account on the structures of these alkaloids.The formula for spiramine E (I), amorphous, [ a ] ~ -97 (CHC13), was determined as C26H37N05 on the basis of high resolution mass spechum and elemental analysis.An atisine type skeleton for spiramine E was deduced by comparing its 13c-nmr shift values with literature data of spiramines A -D .~A Other spectroscopic analysis showed the presence of an exo-methylene group [6 5.28,5.03(each IH, t, J = 1.5 Hz, 2H-17); v 1650 cm-11, a secondary acetoxy group [6 1.68 (3H, s), 5.46 (lH, br s); v 1710,1240 cm-11, and a primary acetoxy group [S 1.75 (3H.s), 4.16 (ZH, t, J = 6 Hz, 2H-2231.The presence of an ether linkage between C-7 and C-20 in spiramine E (1) was presumed by the signals of l ~-n m r
Simulation and Evaluation of Small High-Frequency Side-Scan Sonars using COMSOL (2009)

High frequency side-scan sonar, to be fitted on a miniaturized submersible explorer, have been simulated and built. The purpose of this study is to see if COMSOL Multiphysics can be used to predict the performance of the sonar, especially the beam width, setting the resolution of the system. Four models were created, from simple 2-D geometries to more complex 3-D models. The simulated beam widths were compared with measurements to see which of the models agreed best. It was found that all models agree with the experimental results to varying degrees, and mostly with a difference of less than 6%. . It was found that the simplest model agreed best with the measurements, closely followed by the most complex model. Also taking the computational load into consideration the simpler model might then be a better choice to use.
Nitrosative and Oxidative Injury to Premyelinating Oligodendrocytes in Periventricular Leukomalacia (2003)

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the major substrate of cerebral palsy in survivors of prematurity, is defined as focal periventricular necrosis and diffuse gliosis in immature cerebral white matter. We propose that nitrosative and/or oxidative stress to premyelinating oligodendrocytes complicating cerebral ischemia in the sick premature infant is a key mechanism of injury interfering with maturation of these cells to myelin-producing oligodendrocytes and subsequent myelination. Using immunocytochemical markers in autopsy brain tissue from 17 PVL cases and 28 non-PVL controls, we found in the PVL cases: 1) selective regionalization of white matter injury, including preferential involvement of the deep compared to intragyral white matter; 2) prominent activation of microglia diffusely throughout the white matter; 3) protein nitration and lipid peroxidation in premyelinating oligodendrocytes in the diffuse component; 4) preferential death of premyelinating oligodendrocytes diffusely; and 5) virtual sparing of the overlying cerebral cortex, as demonstrated by markers of activated astrocytes and microglia. These data establish that PVL is primarily a white matter disease that involves injury to premyelinating oligodendrocytes, potentially through activation of microglia and release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Agents that prevent nitrosative and oxidative stress may play a key role in ameliorating PVL in premature infants in the intensive care nursery.
Control of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Dynamics (2004)

The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustionconcept lacks direct ignition timing control, instead the autoignition depends on the operating condition. Since auto ignition of ahomogeneous mixture is very sensitive to operating conditions, a fastcombustion timing control is necessary for reliable operation. Hence,feedback is needed and the crank angle of 50% burnt (CA50) has provedto be a reliable feedback indicator of on-going combustion inpractice. CA50 or other methods for detecting on-going cylinderpressure used in the feedback control of a HCCI engine all rely onpressure sensors. This paper presents a newcandidate for control of HCCI engine by using the electronicconductive properties in the reaction zone. This phenomenon is calledion current. This paper perform combustion timing control based on ioncurrent and compare it with control based on pressure sensor. Thecombustion timing control is performed on cycle-to-cycle basis and the engine is a one-cylinder version of a heavy duty engine equipped with a port injection system using dual fuels.