gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Gray-level noise filtering with vector openings</title> (1993)

Clutter in an image is non local noise, and is difficult to classify and train statistically. It may not be possible to distinguish clutter from a pattern of interest using low level processing in a small neighborhood. This paper presents a method for filtering out clutter from an image by developing a local model of the pattern of interest and not the noise. A filter is constructed that is guaranteed to pass that pattern. Noise will not be passed if it is sufficiently different than that pattern. The filter to be developed in this paper is called a vector opening.
Convenient Route to Secondary Sulfinates: Application to the Stereospecific Synthesis of α-<i>C</i>-Chiral Sulfonamides (2014)

A convenient synthesis of α-chiral sulfinates from readily available precursors has been accomplished via the corresponding heterocyclic thioethers and sulfones. Treatment of the sulfinates with hydroxylamine sulfonate in aqueous solution provides α-C-chiral primary sulfonamides in good yield (14 examples) with retention of stereochemical purity.
Regulation of the Immune Response — Role of the Macrophage (1980)

MACROPHAGES facilitate a variety of thymus-dependent immunologic phenomena in human beings and laboratory animals; thus, these cells are essential for the development of cellular and humoral immunocompetence.1 ,1a Their role in T-cell and B-cell function is shown schematically in Figure 1. Macrophages serve at least four distinct but interlocking functions in host defense. First of all, the induction of T-lymphocyte proliferation requires the physical association of the T cells with macrophages bearing antigen.1b Secondly, the macrophage is a principal site of control by the immune-response gene.2 Thirdly, macrophages have several plasma-membrane receptors, such as those for the Fc portion of IgG, that . . .
STUDIES ON PERSISTENT INFECTIONS OF TISSUE CULTURES (1958)

Inoculation of the MCN and Lung-To lines of human cells in continuous culture with Newcastle disease (NDV), mumps, or 6-6 viruses led to slight cytopathic effects (CPE) if the multiplicity of infection exceeded one. On second passage or with smaller initial inocula no CPE became apparent. The viruses multiplied, however, as determined by titrations in HeLa cultures or chick embryos. Indeed, persistently infected sublines of MCN and Lung-To were readily established without resort to special manipulations and some of these have been carried now for over 18 months on the same media and schedules as the uninfected parent strains. The viruses were found to be associated mainly with the cells and only 1, or at most 10 per cent of it was detectable in the media. The titers obtained were always low in relation to the available cell population. Reduction or even omission of the horse serum component in the media or ultraviolet irradiation of the cultures did not increase the yield of virus, and CPE became apparent only when similarly treated, uninfected cultures were, likewise, affected by the manipulations. The persistently infected cultures differed from their uninfected counterparts in that they exhibited (a) decreased cellular growth rates and ultimate yields; (b) increased aerobic glycolysis; and (c) a high degree of resistance to cytopathogenic viruses, influenza A (PR8), herpes simplex and, especially vesicular stomatitis (VSV) viruses. Prolonged treatment of persistently infected cultures by addition of specific antiviral immune sera to the media reduced significantly the amount of virus present and the degree of resistance to VSV. However, upon removal of the sera after as many as 187 days of treatment the viruses reappeared in all but one instance. The cured culture, on reinfection, became again persistently infected. No evidence was obtained to indicate genetic inhomogeneity of the cell populations. Of 50 cloned MCN lines none was destroyed by NDV and all became persistently infected. None were initially resistant to VSV but all after establishment of persistent NBV infection. All 39 cloned lines derived from MCN(NDV) cultures in the presence of anti-NDV serum, were free of virus and susceptible to VSV, and all acquired persistent infections and with it resistance to VSV following inoculation of NDV. NDV maintained in MCN cultures differed from the parent, chick embryo-adapted strain with respect to its plaque morphology. Whereas the former yielded only plaques on monolayers of chick embryo fibroblasts which were of pin-point size and hazy, those obtained with the latter were rarely of this type and mostly large and clear. This apparent selection of virus particles did not alter significantly their behavior with respect to cytopathogenicity for uninfected MCN cultures.
Self‐assembled structures in polystyrene‐ <i>block</i> ‐polyisoprene‐ <i>blend</i> ‐polystyrene and polystyrene‐ <i>block</i> ‐poly(methyl methacrylate)‐ <i>blend</i> ‐polystyrene or ‐ <i>blend</i> ‐poly(methyl methacrylate) in the strong segregation regime (2010)

Abstract This study deals with the investigation of microphase‐separated morphology and phase behaviour in blends of polystyrene‐ block ‐polyisoprene with homopolystyrene and blends of polystyrene‐ block ‐poly(methyl methacrylate) with homopoly(methyl methacrylate) or homopolystyrene in the strong segregation regime using small‐angle X‐ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy as a function of composition, molecular weight of homopolymers, r M and temperature. Parameter r M = M H / M C (where M H is the molecular weight of homopolymer and M C that of the corresponding block copolymer) was selected to encompass behaviour of the chains denoted as a ‘wet brush’ (i.e. r M < 1). The relative domain spacing D / D o increases in the regime 0 < r M ⩽1 with increasing concentration of homopolymer w P and increasing r M but depends on the specific implemented morphology. We tested a new approximate D / D o versus w P relation in the strong segregation regime using block copolymers of high molecular weights. It is shown that the parameters r M and χ 3/2 N determine the slope of the D / D o versus w P relation in the strong segregation regime and the new approximation generally matches the experimental data better than the approximations used so far. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Phagocytosis of aged human neutrophils by macrophages is mediated by a novel "charge-sensitive" recognition mechanism. (1989)

The removal of neutrophils and their histotoxic contents from the inflamed site is a prerequisite for resolution of tissue injury, and a point at which factors critical to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation may act. Engulfment of intact, senescent neutrophils by macrophages represents an important neutrophil disposal process. In this study the mechanism by which human monocyte-derived macrophages (M phi) recognized and ingested human neutrophils that had been aged in culture was studied using an in vitro phagocytic assay. Inhibition of M phi receptors for Ig Fc and the opsonic complement fragments C3b and iC3b with MAbs to M phi FcR, CR1, CR3, and CR4 had no effect on recognition, and the pattern of inhibition observed when polyanions were included in the medium at 1 mg/ml was different from that reported for the M phi receptor for protein advanced glycosylation end products (AGE), indicating a recognition mechanism different from those proposed for M phi phagocytosis of senescent erythrocytes. Furthermore, although aging neutrophils undergo programmed cell death (or apoptosis), which is directly related to recognition by M phi, the pattern of inhibition observed with monosaccharides was different from that reported to inhibit the binding of apoptotic mouse thymocytes to isologous M phi. By contrast, evidence was obtained for a novel recognition mechanism inhibitable by cationic sugars and amino acids in a charge-dependent fashion, and directly modulated by pH but not affected by inhibitors of the mannose-6-phosphate, sheep erythrocyte, mannosyl-fucosyl, asialoglycoprotein, and scavenger receptors of the macrophage. These observations suggest that hydrogen ions and charged molecules may modulate M phi uptake of senescent neutrophils at inflamed sites, and that recognition itself may involve charged structures on the cells.
A primate subfamily of galectins expressed at the maternal–fetal interface that promote immune cell death (2009)

Galectins are proteins that regulate immune responses through the recognition of cell-surface glycans. We present evidence that 16 human galectin genes are expressed at the maternal-fetal interface and demonstrate that a cluster of 5 galectin genes on human chromosome 19 emerged during primate evolution as a result of duplication and rearrangement of genes and pseudogenes via a birth and death process primarily mediated by transposable long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs). Genes in the cluster are found only in anthropoids, a group of primate species that differ from their strepsirrhine counterparts by having relatively large brains and long gestations. Three of the human cluster genes (LGALS13, -14, and -16) were found to be placenta-specific. Homology modeling revealed conserved three-dimensional structures of galectins in the human cluster; however, analyses of 24 newly derived and 69 publicly available sequences in 10 anthropoid species indicate functional diversification by evidence of positive selection and amino acid replacements in carbohydrate-recognition domains. Moreover, we demonstrate altered sugar-binding capacities of 6 recombinant galectins in the cluster. We show that human placenta-specific galectins are predominantly expressed by the syncytiotrophoblast, a primary site of metabolic exchange where, early during pregnancy, the fetus comes in contact with immune cells circulating in maternal blood. Because ex vivo functional assays demonstrate that placenta-specific galectins induce the apoptosis of T lymphocytes, we propose that these galectins reduce the danger of maternal immune attacks on the fetal semiallograft, presumably conferring additional immune tolerance mechanisms and in turn sustaining hemochorial placentation during the long gestation of anthropoid primates.
Variability in the shape of maxillary vestibular impressions recorded with modeling plastic and a polyether impression material. (1996)

Border molding is an important step in the fabrication of complete dentures. Conventional border molding using impression modeling plastic has been time-consuming and has resulted in a great variation in the shape of the recorded borders. This study compared the shape and variability of the vestibular impressions made with impression modeling plastic and a polyether impression material. Four prosthodontists each made five maxillary vestibular impressions using the two materials. All the impressions were made on one edentulous subject. The results showed significant differences at many locations along the border of the impressions. The borders of the impressions made with modeling plastic tended to be thicker and shorter than those made using polyether material. Use of the polyether material required less time to complete the border molding procedures and demonstrated a more consistent result in the shape of the vestibular impressions.
Herstellung von <scp>DL</scp>‐N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐γ‐carboxy‐glutamin‐säure‐γ,γ′‐di‐t‐butyl‐α‐methyl‐ester, einem für die Peptidsynthese geeigneten Derivat der neuen Aminotricarbonsäure aus Prothrombin (1975)

Abstract The first synthesis of a selectively, fully protected derivative of the new aminotricarboxylic acid found in prothrombin and other homologous blood‐clotting factors, γ‐carboxy‐glutamic acid (Gla), is described. The compound DL ‐N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐γ‐carboxy‐glutamic acid γ,γ′‐di‐t‐butyl‐γ‐methyl‐ester is potentially useful for peptide synthesis. The free amino‐acid ( DL ‐Gla) and DL ‐pyro‐γ‐carboxy‐glutamic acid dimethyl‐ester were also prepared.
Cascade Polyketide and Polyene Cyclizations: Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Hongoquercin B (2014)

The total synthesis of hongoquercin B was carried out in 9 steps from trans,trans-farnesyl acetate using a palladium catalyzed decarboxylative π-farnesyl rearrangement of a diketo-dioxinone ester, aromatization and cationic diene-epoxide cyclization as key steps. This cascade tetracyclization simplifies the synthesis of terpenoid resorcylate natural products.
Constructing diverse classifier ensembles using artificial training examples (2003)

Ensemble methods like bagging and boosting that combine the decisions of multiple hypotheses are some of the strongest existing machine learning methods. The diversity of the members of an ensemble is known to be an important factor in determining its generalization error. This paper presents a new method for generating ensembles that directly constructs diverse hypotheses using additional artificially-constructed training examples. The technique is a simple, general meta-learner that can use any strong learner as a base classifier to build diverse committees. Experimental results using decision-tree induction as a base learner demonstrate that this approach consistently achieves higher predictive accuracy than both the base classifier and bagging, and also obtains higher accuracy than boosting early in the learning curve when training data is limited.
Role of newly synthesized fibronectin in vascular smooth muscle cell migration on matrix-metalloproteinase-degraded collagen (2001)

The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is known to be a key process in the development of a number of vascular lesions, although the precise mechanisms involved have still to be elucidated. In the present study, the production of endogenous fibronectins by VSMC migrating across intact and matrix-metalloproteinase-degraded collagen type I has been explored. Cellular fibronectin seems to play a role in the enhanced migration seen when VSMC are exposed to degraded collagen and platelet-derived growth factor-BB. VSMC were found to synthesize both exon IIIA-containing fibronectin (which predominated) and exon IIIB-containing fibronectin. When these cells were exposed to substrates consisting of recombinant exon IIIA-or exon IIIB-containing fibronectin, rates of migration were not elevated above those seen with undegraded collagen. Endogenous fibronectin production may thus be necessary, but not sufficient, for VSMC migration over degraded collagenous substrates.
Evaluation of androgenic activity of allium cepa on spermatogenesis in the rat. (2009)

Allium cepa (onion) has a beneficial effect on disease treatment worldwide and has been used since ancient times as a medicinal and food source. Recently several reports have shown that onion has high antioxidant activity. As antioxidants have an essential effect on sperm health parameters, we investigated the effect of the fresh juice of onion bulbs on the spermatogenesis cycle in rats. Wistar male rats (n = 30) were allocated into 3 groups, control (n = 10) and two test groups (each of 10). The animals in the test groups were subdivided into groups of 2 that received fresh onion juice equivalent to 0.5 and 1 g/rat/ /day of fresh onion. The fresh onion juice was administered by gavage for 20 consecutive days. The animals were kept in standard conditions. On the twentieth day, the testes of rats in all groups were removed and sperm was collected from the epididymis and was prepared for analysis. Serum total testosterone significantly increased in all the test groups (p < 0.05), and levels of LH significantly increased only in the group that received the high dose of fresh onion juice (p < 0.05), but the level of FSH did not differ between the experimental and control groups. The percentage of sperm viability and motility in both test groups significantly increased (p < 0.05), but the sperm concentration significantly increased only in the group that received the high dose of freshly extracted onion juice (p < 0.05). It was evident that there was no difference on sperm morphology and testis weight in test groups compared to the control group. In our study, freshly prepared onion juice significantly affected the sperm number, percentage of viability, and motility; it seems that using 4 g/kg of freshly prepared onion juice is effective in sperm health parameters.
Fuel Cells (1962)

A comparison is drawn between the theoretical efficiencies of heat engines and fuel cells in the conversion of chemical to electrical energy. The electrochemical principles governing the operation of fuel cells are discussed. Short descriptions, including performance curves, are given of a few selected fuel-cell types including low-, intermediate-, and high-temperature cells, and redox and regenerative cells. An example is given of a rough calculation of battery and fuel weight and volume for a given power level and total energy demand.
Studies of lignin as reinforcement for plastics composites (2016)

The growing environmental concerns and depletion of fossil fuels resulted in an increased interest in environmentally friendly materials based on natural polymers. Efforts are being made to introduce the lignin in plastic composites such as polypropylene, with the aim of producing bio-based materials with desirable mechanical characteristics. In this study, blends of lignin powder and polypropylene were extruded and testing samples were produced by injection molding process. The produced materials were tested for physical, mechanical and thermal properties. The results showed that the incorporation of the lignin powder in polypropylene matrix resulted in a composite with suitable property application for various industrial fields, especially those were mechanical features are crucial, such as the replacement of engineering plastics.
The framework of selective interleaving functions and the modular assembly kit (2005)

The Framework of Selective Interleaving Functions and the Modular Assembly Kit for Security Properties both provide a basis for the uniform representation and formal analysis of noninterference-like properties. In this article, we clarify the relationship between these two frameworks. Our main result is that each property that can be represented in the Framework of Selective Interleaving Functions can also be represented in the assembly kit. In fact, the latter framework is strictly more expressive, which we demonstrate by several example properties.
Functional complementation between bacterial MDR-like export systems: colicin V, alpha-hemolysin, and Erwinia protease (1991)

The antibacterial protein Colicin V (ColV) is secreted from gram-negative bacteria by a signal sequence-independent pathway. The proteins that mediate the export of ColV share sequence similarities with components from other signal sequence-independent export systems such as those for alpha-hemolysin (Hly) and Erwinia protease (Prt). We report here that the intact HlyBD export system can export active ColV from Escherichia coli strains lacking the ColV export proteins CvaA and CvaB. The individual Hly export genes complement mutations in their respective ColV homologs, but do so at a lower efficiency. When CvaA or CvaB is expressed along with the intact HlyBD exporter, the Cva export protein interferes with export of ColV through the HlyBD system. Gene fusions and point mutations in the ColV structural gene were used to define signals in ColV recognized by the Hly exporter. An export signal in ColV recognized by HlyBD is localized to the amino-terminal 57 amino acids of the protein. In addition, mutations in the ColV export signal differentially affect export through CvaAB and HlyBD, suggesting differences in signal specificity between the Cva and Hly systems. The three Erwinia protease export proteins can also export active ColV, and interference is seen when CvaA or CvaB is expressed along with the intact Prt exporter. Functional complementation is not reciprocal; alpha-hemolysin is not exported through either the ColV system or the Prt system.
Option Volatility & Pricing: Advanced Trading Strategies and Techniques (1988)

One of the most widely read books among active option traders around the world, Option Volatility & Pricing has been completely updated to reflect the most current developments and trends in option products and trading strategies. It covers pricing models, volatility considerations, basic and advanced trading strategies, and risk management techniques. Written in clear, easy-to-understand fashion, the book points out the key concepts essential to successful trading.Drawing on his experience as a professional trader, author Sheldon Natenberg examines both the theory and reality of option trading. He presents the foundations of option theory, and shows how this theory can be used to identify and exploit trading opportunities. He explains a wide variety of trading strategies and shows how to select the strategy that best fits each trader's view of market conditions and individual risk tolerance. The new sections include: expanded coverage of stock option; strategies for stock index futures and options; a broader, more in-depth discussion volatility; analysis of volatility skews; and intermarket spreading with options.
An adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein induces protection in aged BALB/c mice (2012)

Our studies demonstrate that neutralizing anti-RSV antibody titers correlate with protection in both young and aged BALB/c mice vaccinated with RSV F protein vaccines. The F + alum formulation mediated greater protection compared to the non-adjuvanted F protein in both young and aged mice. However, while alum can boost F-specific antibody responses in aged mice, it does not completely overcome the reduced ability of a senescent immune system to respond to the RSV F antigen. Thus, our data suggest that a stronger adjuvant may be required for the prevention of RSV disease in immunosenescent populations, to achieve the appropriate balance of protective neutralizing antibodies and effective TH1-type cytokine response along with minimal lung immunopathology.
ISO 9001:2000 QMS Practices Analysis of Machinery and Metal Manufacturing Companies (2004)

The organizations that adopted ISO 9000:1994 have upgraded to ISO 9001:2000 family through transition period by December, 2003. This paper focuses on the implementation of ISO 9001:2000 QMS in Busan and Kyungnam provinces where most machinery and metal manufacturing companies are located. Based on the questionnaire survey, we calculate ordinal association measures of requirements questions, perform factor analysis, and test three hypotheses to ascertain if there is any difference in implementing ISO 9001:2000 QMS. Results show that a professional manager-CEO maintains QMS general requirements(4.1), work environment(6.4), measurement analysis and improvement general(8.1), and monitoring and measurement(8.2) better than an owner-CEO. In addition, it has been found that customer focus(5.2) and improvement(8.5) are well maintained in companies by internal developmental reasons, and infrastructure(6.3) and purchasing(7.4) are well maintained by companies with long term implementation.