gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data protection jurisdiction and cloud computing – when are cloud users and providers subject to EU data protection law? The cloud of unknowing (2012)

Cloud users could become subject to EU data protection laws where cloud computing services utilise European Economic Area (EEA' data centres, or even EEA service providers, because such data centres or providers may be their ‘establishment’, or involve their ‘making use’ of EEA equipment. This could occur directly or indirectly, e.g. non-EEA cloud users using EEA providers, or using non-EEA providers (who themselves use EEA providers or data centres). EU data protection regulators consider that Software as a Service providers may be subject to EU laws if saving or retrieving cookies on users' equipment. Even national implementations diverge. These uncertainties may discourage using EEA data centres or EEA providers for cloud computing. This paper argues that data protection obligations should be based on clear tests involving country of origin, for EEA entities, and targeting or directing, for non-EEA entities. While the draft Data Protection Regulation would introduce country of origin and targeting approaches, it fails to address many existing problems. Certain existing concepts, if retained, require further clarification and harmonisation; some new concepts need explication. The status of physical and software infrastructure providers and intermediate providers also needs clarification, particularly regarding when EU data protection laws apply to processors, and which rules.
Emergence of pathogenic betanodaviruses belonging to the SJNNV genogroup in farmed fish species from the Iberian Peninsula (2007)

Betanodaviruses are the causative agents of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) or viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in cultured marine fish. Based on the RNA2 gene fish nodaviruses have been traditionally classified into four different genotypes and recently a fifth genotype has been proposed. This study presents sequencing data of 24 new nodaviruses obtained from three different fish species: sea bass, Dicentrarchux labrax (L.), sea bream, Sparus aurata L., and Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup, cultured in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Sequence analysis was performed on the T4 region (388 nt) of the coat protein gene. In addition, phylogenetic analysis, according to maximum parsimony and neighbour-joining methods, was performed using these sequences and other nucleotide sequences available in the databases or in the literature. Results obtained indicate that all these new nodaviruses should be classified into the striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) genotype. This finding suggests that SJNNV genotype is emerging in the Iberian Peninsula and could easily spread throughout the Mediterranean, representing a serious threat to the fish farming industry.
Variations on Kak's Three Stage Quantum Cryptography Protocol (2007)

This paper introduces a variation on Kak's three-stage quanutm key distribution protocol which allows for defence against the man in the middle attack. In addition, we introduce a new protocol, which also offers similar resiliance against such an attack.
Tables for Cascaded Homogeneous Quarter-Wave Transformers (1959)

Quarter-wave transformers are frequently required in microwave and UHF systems. An exact design procedure is known but involves lengthy calculations. Faced with the design of many such transformers, the calculations were programmed on an IBM 704 digital computer. The speed of computation is such that several hundred designs for 2, 3, and 4 section transformers were systematically computed in a few minutes. The results are reproduced here in tables, which should permit the calculation of most cases of practical interest by interpolation.
<title>Parameter sensitivity in near-infrared imaging</title> (1995)

To model the photon migration in highly scattering media, we use an approximation of the Boltzmann equation, the diffusion equation. A prerequisite for handling the inverse problem consists in solving the forward problem under realistic conditions. We discuss the influence of boundary conditions on the light propagation. The boundary conditions at the walls surrounding the object highly sensitively influence the photon flux at the boundary which means that the time-resolved transmittance is affected. An algorithm for the determination of boundary parameters is introduced and demonstrated by an instructive example. We use the finite element method for the time-resolved case as a basic method in combination with a minimization strategy. The boundary conditions are determined as conditions of the third kind, i.e. the photon density is proportional to the outward photon flux at the boundary.
Role of guided acoustic wave properties in single-mode optical fibre design (1988)

Several guided acoustic modes are identified to be responsible for the stimulated backward Brillouin scattering (SBBS) in single-mode optical fibres (SMFs). The dependence of SBBS gain spectra on acoustic properties of SMF is discussed.
The State of Insulin in the Blood (1966)

Diabetes mellitus has been reviewed as a group of conditions with impaired function of one or more portions of a feed-back system involving the release and utilization of insulin. It is hoped that this may form a useful scheme by which we can study and understand a number of complex metabolic states which we must still collectively refer to as diabetes mellitus.
Cerebral hypothermia for prevention of brain injury following perinatal asphyxia (2000)

The possibility that hypothermia has a therapeutic role during or after resuscitation from severe perinatal asphyxia has been a longstanding focus of research. Early studies using short periods of cooling had limited and contradictory results. We now know that resuscitation can be followed by a "latent" phase, characterized by transient recovery of cerebral energy metabolism, before secondary deterioration occurs with seizures, cytotoxic edema, and cerebral energy failure 6 to 15 hours after birth. Recent experimental studies have shown that moderate cerebral hypothermia initiated as soon as possible in the latent phase, before the onset of secondary injury, and continued for 48 hours or more is associated with potent, long-lasting neuroprotection. These encouraging results must be balanced against the well-known adverse systemic effects of hypothermia. Randomized clinical trials are in progress to test the safety and efficacy of cerebral hypothermia.
In-flight Heading Estimation of Strapdown Magnetometers using Particle Filters (2008)

This paper presents a real-time heading estimation algorithm using IMU and strapdown magnetometer without any other external heading reference. To calibrate the magnetic deviation, sensor errors caused by hard iron effect and initial heading of strapdown magnetometers are considered. In our approach, sensor output distortion due to the soft iron effect is ignored, which is relatively small. First, for the estimation of heading angle, system and measurement model is derived, which is nonlinear. Then particle filter and extended Kalman filter is introduced for performance comparison. The proposed algorithm for the integration of IMU and magnetometer is verified via numerical simulation in Matlab. Simulation result demonstrates accurate heading estimation error within 1 degree for both algorithms when there exists small initial heading error and hard iron effect, yet particle filter provides more robust and precise result than the extended Kalman filter in case the initial heading error and biases are large.
From brain drain to brain exchange : how to use better highly skilled workers, a conceptual approach (2012)

One of the key rights of each European citizen stated in the Lisbon Treaty is the freedom to move within Europe. Especially, in times of increasing intra- and inter-European labour mobility, this right should be the spotlight of regional, national and EU agenda. But in reality, the freedom of movement underlies practical obstacles such as an access to particular occupations and regional labour markets, which is bound to (a) the official recognition of professional qualifications, differing in each member state as well as (b) language skills. These and further factors hinder (1) labour migrants to make full use of their skill potential and (2) regions to completely absorb their knowledge. Thus, metaphorically speaking, the knowledge gets lost and wasted between the home and target emigration regions. Hence, this article aims at presenting knowledge effect on the home and target regions and discusses possible regional structures fostering inclusion and absorption capacity to avoid brain drain and brain waste, but empowers brain gain and brain exchange as positive knowledge effects. The final part presents regional actors' networks and inter-regional social networks (migration networks) as possible instruments to build regional structures for better regional social inclusion and knowledge absorption and as pipelines for knowledge spillover.
Yeasts in sustainable bioethanol production: A review (2017)

Bioethanol has been identified as the mostly used biofuel worldwide since it significantly contributes to the reduction of crude oil consumption and environmental pollution. It can be produced from various types of feedstocks such as sucrose, starch, lignocellulosic and algal biomass through fermentation process by microorganisms. Compared to other types of microoganisms, yeasts especially <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> is the common microbes employed in ethanol production due to its high ethanol productivity, high ethanol tolerance and ability of fermenting wide range of sugars. However, there are some challenges in yeast fermentation which inhibit ethanol production such as high temperature, high ethanol concentration and the ability to ferment pentose sugars. Various types of yeast strains have been used in fermentation for ethanol production including hybrid, recombinant and wild-type yeasts. Yeasts can directly ferment simple sugars into ethanol while other type of feedstocks must be converted to fermentable sugars before it can be fermented to ethanol. The common processes involves in ethanol production are pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Production of bioethanol during fermentation depends on several factors such as temperature, sugar concentration, pH, fermentation time, agitation rate, and inoculum size. The efficiency and productivity of ethanol can be enhanced by immobilizing the yeast cells. This review highlights the different types of yeast strains, fermentation process, factors affecting bioethanol production and immobilization of yeasts for better bioethanol production.
Developing Standard Documentation Templates and Information Model (2001)

Documentation and information retrieval in healthcare have always been labour-intensive and ineffective exercises. The increasing in number of forms/charts to be dealt with, staff shortage and casualisation of the workforce compound the problem and contribute to poor data quality and higher risks of information error. A national document development project was initiated with the aim of developing a methodology to design and development a set of standard document templates to be use by acute care organisations. It is hoped that this effort could help address some of the issues in clinical documentation and reduce the cost of document design. This paper reports on some of the preliminary work done by the document working party. It also presents a document management tool, an object-oriented model and a database schema as the key tool set to facilitate the organising/indexing of the documents and the design of the document templates. Some important design issues have also been explored.
Commercialization of LARC (TradeMark) -SI Polyimide Technology (2008)

LARC(TradeMark)-SI, Langley Research Center-Soluble Imide, was developed in 1992. This new polyimide won a 1995 Research and Development 100 Award, with the first patent issuing in 1997 and subsequent issued patents in 1998 and 2000. Currently, this polymer has been successfully licensed by NASA, and has generated revenues in excess of 1.4 million dollars. This might seem insignificant in comparison to industrially developed technology, where the customer is understood, technologies that use a novel assembly of commercial off the shelf (COTS) components, or software patents and "method based" innovations that do not require any material beyond labor, as examples. However, consider that LARC(TradeMark)-SI competes in areas currently dominated by traditional materials at a cost disadvantage ($350/lb) and that the physical-mechanical properties of LARC(TradeMark)-SI are similar to other high performance polymers. Indeed the success of this particular polymer was due to many factors and many lessons learned to the point that the invention was the most important, but least significant part in the commercialization of this material. This brief paper outlines the significant factors that occurred to make this technology available for the public access and application development that led to the licensing success of this material.
Radar resolution and complex-image analysis (1996)

Modern Approaches to Modern Radar Problems: Target Detection Methods, Old and New. Discriminating Man-Made Targets from Clutter. Target Identification. Summary of Conventional Radar Imaging. Radar Imaging Terminology. The Backscattering Behavior of Man-Made Targets: The Applicability of the Point-Target Resolution Theory. General Scatterer Classes and Their Significance. The Problem of Target Modeling. Sideband Responses. The Resolution Problem: Resolution and Measurement Precision. Resolution Performance. Radar Signals and Resolution. Measurement Principles for Point Reflectors: The Single-Point Scatterer. Multiple Fixed-Point Scatterers with Constant Dopplers. Two Unresolved Fixed-Point Scatterers. Curved Phase Functions from Unresolved Multiple Fixed-Point Scatterers. Specific Target Features: Smooth Curved Surfaces or Sliding Point Scatterers. Multiple-Bounce Reflectors. Features with Shifting Phase Centers. Smooth Backscattering Modes from Extended Features. Features with Irregular Phase Center Motions. Curved Surfaces. Multiple Delayed Returns. Features with Traveling Wave Responses. Ground Bounce Returns. Motion Compensation for Moving Targets: Terminology and Scope of the Treatment. Requirements on the Motion Compensation. Motion Compensation Steps. Generation of the Target Outline: Measurement Procedure. Basic Measurement Principles. Example of Outline Generation for a Ground Vehicle. Example of a Case with Very Weak Edge Scatterers. Significance and Problems of Crossrange Resolution: Resolution versus Measurement Precision. Measurements on Images with Different Degrees of Crossrange Resolution. Imaging at Broadside Aspects. Processing Algorithms: Algorithms for Scatterer Resolution. Discrimination Algorithms for Responses from Man-Made Targets. Algorithms for Two-Dimensional Resolution. Algorithms for One-Dimensional Resolution in Range.
[Detection of human papillomavirus in cervical tissues using polymerase chain reaction]. (1994)

Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out in patients with normal cervix 53 cases, Chronic cervicitis with cervical erosion 59 cases, cervical cancer 12 cases, atypical hyperplasia 3 cases and condyloma acuminatum 2 cases. Results showed that a significantly higher detective rate of HPV-16 and 18 DNA in cervical cancer than in normal cervix, and a higher but not statistically significant positive rate than that in cervical erosion. It indicates that some cases of chronic cervicitis with HPV infection might develop into cervical carcinoma. This finding may help in the early discovery and prevention of cervical cancer.
Variable Philadelphia breakpoints and potential lineage restriction of bcr rearrangement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1988)

Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome breakpoints in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are of two kinds: those within the breakpoint cluster region (bcr+), as in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and those outside it (bcr-). These encode different c-abl messenger RNAs (mRNAs), p210 and p190, respectively. It has been suggested that one class of Ph+ ALL (bcr+) may be a variant of CML arising in a multipotent stem cell, the other (bcr-) de novo ALL initiated in a lymphoid-committed progenitor. Thirty-two cases of ALL (12 Ph1+, ten chromosomally normal, and ten non- mitotic cases) were investigated for bcr involvement. Breakpoints were found within five Ph1+ and in one normal case. There was no difference in clinical features, common ALL antigen (CALLA) positivity, cytogenetics, or response to treatment between the 6 bcr+ and 7 Ph1+ bcr- patients. Myeloid antigen expression was found in 2 bcr+ cases. Bcr rearrangement appeared to be restricted to the lymphoblastic component of marrow or blood in at least four bcr+ cases. In one case, separated myeloid and lymphoid cell fractions were both bcr+. Potential heterogeneity of the Ph1+ target cell, as seen in this study, may be more important in determining disease outcome than the precise location of the Ph breakpoint.
Planar spiral AMCs integrated on 60 GHz antennas (2012)

We present a low-profile design of a planar artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) based on spiral unit cells integrated on dipole antennas. The whole system is designed and manufactured on a multi-layer packaging technology suitable for single-chip 60-GHz radio transceivers. The design projects the AMC functionality on the antenna metallization package layer subject to fixed package design rules. The integrated antenna- AMC design presented has measured impedance bandwidth much greater than necessary to cover all international 60-GHz radio bands, small form factor suitable for on-package integration, and 5 dBi gain for single elements making it ideal for small directive on-package arrays for 60 GHz radio applications.
Materials interfaces: atomic-level structure and properties (1993)

Contributors. Introduction. Atomic-level geometry of crystalline interfaces D. Wolf. Experimental investigation of internal interfaces in solids D.N. Seidman. Bulk interfaces. Part I: Bulk interfaces. Correlation between the structure and energy of grain boundaries in metals D. Wolf, K.L. Merkle. Grain and interphase boundaries in ceramics and ceramic composites M.G. Norton, C.B. Carter. Special properties of E grain boundaries G. Palumbo, K.T. Aust. Grain boundary structure and migration D.A. Smith. Role of interfaces in melting and solid-state amorphization S.R. Phillpot, S. Yip, P.R. Okamoto, D. Wolf. Wetting of surfaces and grain boundaries D.R. Clarke, M. Gee. Part II: Semi-bulk and thin-film interfaces. Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of thin films and superlattices A. Continenza, C.Li, A.J. Freeman. Surfaces and interfaces as studied by scanning-tunneling microscopy R. Hamers. Epitaxy of semiconductor thin films J. Batstone. Phase behavior of monolayers S.G.J. Mochrie, D. Gibbs, D.M. Zehner. Elastic and structural properties of superlattices M. Grimsditch, I.K. Schuller. Computer simulation of the elastic behavior of interface materials D. Wolf, J. Jasczak. Interfaces within intercalation compounds M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus. Nanophase materials: structure-property correlations R.W. Siegel. Part III: Role of interface chemistry. Interfacial segregation, bonding and reactions C.L. Briant. Physics and chemistry of segregation at internal interfaces R. Kirchheim. Atomic resolution study of solute-atom segregation at grain boundaries: experiments and Monte Carlo simulations S.M. Foiles, D. Seidman. Amorphization by interfacial reaction W.L. Johnson. Relationship between structural and electronic properties of metal-semiconductor interfaces R. Tung. Electronic properties of semiconductor-semiconductor interfaces and their control using interface chemistry D.W. Niles, G. Margaritondo. Microscopic nature of metal-polymer interfaces P.S. Ho, B.D. Silverman, S-L. Chiu. Part IV: Fracture behavior. Tensile strength of interfaces A.S. Argon, V. Gupta. Microstructure and fracture resistance of metal/ceramic interfaces A.G. Evans, M. Ruhle. Role of interface dislocations and surface ledges in the work of adhesion D. Wolf, J. Jaszczak. Microstructural and segregation effects in the fracture of polycrystals D.J. Srolovitz, W. Yang.
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma: using pathologic and molecular biomarkers to define subgroups for novel therapy (2014)

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) comprises specific subtypes, disease entities, and other not otherwise specified (NOS) lymphomas. This review will focus on DLBCL NOS because of their prevalence and their heterogeneity with respect to morphology, clinical presentation, biology, and response to treatment. Gene expression profiling of DLBCL NOS has identified molecular subgroups that correlate with prognosis and may have relevance for treatment based on signaling pathways. New technologies have revealed that the "activated B cell" subgroup is linked to activation of the nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) pathway, with mutations found in CD79A/B, CARD11, and MYD88, and loss of function mutations in TNFAIP3. The "germinal center B cell-like" subgroup is linked to mutational changes in EZH2 and CREBBP. Biomarkers that are related to pathways promoting tumor cell growth and survival in DLBCL have been recognized, although their predictive role requires clinical validation. Immunohistochemistry for detecting the expression of these biomarkers is a practical technique that could provide a rational for clinical trial design.
Clinical Experience Using SolcoTrichovac in the Treatment of Trichomonas Infections in Women (1983)

A lactobacillus vaccine was administered to 102 women with vaginal trichomonad infections. In about half of these patients a local trichomonacidal treatment using nitroimidazol derivatives was also carried out. After completion of the primary course of treatment 84% of the women were free of symptoms and no trichomonads could be demonstrated; within 1 year this figure had risen to 96%. Re-infections after completion of the primary course of treatment and after booster vaccination occurred in only 4–5% of the cases. The bacterial status of the vagina as described by Jirovec and Peter improved markedly, the degree of improvement being related to the number of vaccine treatments performed. After only one vaccination an improvement from grade V (= trichomoniasis) to grade I or II was seen in 64% of the patients. 6 months after the primary course of treatment the vaginal status of 82% of the women was rated grade I or II, and 6 months after the booster vaccination given after 1 year the corresponding figure was 80%. The lactobacillus vaccine treatment described represents a promising development in the therapy of trichomonad and bacterial infections in women.
Fast approximation algorithm for minimum cost multicommodity flow (1995)

Minimum-cost multicommodity flow problem is one of the classical optimization problems that arises in a variety of contexts. Applications range from finding optimal ways to route information through communication networks to VLSI layout. In this paper, we describe an efficient deterministic approximation algorithm, which given that there exists a multicommodity flow of cost $B$ that satisfies all the demands, produces a flow of cost at most $(1+\delta)B$ that satisfies $(1-\epsilon)$-fraction of each demand. For constant $\delta$ and $\epsilon$, our algorithm runs in $O^*(kmn^2)$ time, which is an improvement over the previously fastest (deterministic) approximation algorithm for this problem due to Plotkin, Shmoys, and Tardos, that runs in $O^*(k^2m^2)$ time.