gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Physiological Basis for the Development of Rehabilitative Strategies for Spinally Injured Patients (1991)

After a decade of studies using animal models, there is sufficient information to encourage a reassessment of the potential for recovery of motor function following spinal cord injury in humans. This review focuses on the response of the lumbosacral motor system following spinal cord injury and the effects of rehabilitative strategies such as weight support, loading, and administration of specific pharmacological agonists and antagonists on the maintenance and/or recovery of motor function. Based on clinical experience and review of related studies, the authors suggest a list of eight strategies for the improvement of rehabilitative protocols.
In vivo functional imaging of intrinsic scattering changes in the human retina with high-speed ultrahigh resolution OCT (2009)

Non-invasive methods of probing retinal function are of interest for the early detection of retinal disease. While retinal function is traditionally directly measured with the electroretinogram (ERG), recently functional optical imaging of the retina has been demonstrated. In this manuscript, stimulus-induced, intrinsic optical scattering changes in the human retina are measured in vivo with high-speed, ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) operating at 50,000 axial scans per second and ~3.3 micron axial resolution. A stimulus and measurement protocol that enables measurement of functional OCT retinal signals is described. OCT signal changes in the photoreceptors are demonstrated. Two distinct responses having different temporal and spatial properties are reported. These results are discussed in the context of optical intrinsic signals measured previously in the retina by fundus imaging and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Finally, challenges associated with in vivo functional retinal imaging in human subjects are discussed.
HVAC-systems : Modeling, simulation and control of HVAC-systems (2011)

It is of interest for companies to keep the annual operating cost of their buildings as low as possible. A substantial share of the annual operating costs are due to the large amount of energy needed for heating of the ventilated air and heating of the rooms inside the buildings. Also much of the electrical energy in the world today is created using fossil fuel or charcoal. This has an environmental aspect and the consumers of energy becomes more and more aware of this. Thus reducing the energy used by a buildings HVAC system can save the users for considerable expenditures and also has an environmental aspect.To find an estimate of the energy consumption a mathematical model representing a building and its HVAC system have been made. This model has been made up of several smaller models representing each component present in the building. These models have then been implemented in verb|Simulink| and the response of the system has been simulated for different scenarios. From these simulations the energy consumption has been extracted and compared to each other. Thus the amount of energy saved for each scenario has been found. The models include two type of controllers to see whether or not the choice of controller design affects the energy efficiency of the system. These two controller designs are the PID controller and the MPC control scheme. Also a discretized and simplified model of the building to be used together with the MPC controller has been found using system identification. In addition to this a Kalman filter that estimates unknown states and filter out disturbances are included in the MPC control scheme.The results from the simulations using a PID controller indicates a possible annual saving of substantial amounts. Thus this report shows that the annual energy consumption in a building can be greatly reduced by introducing simple and relatively cheap modifications to the HVAC system. The results from the simulations using the MPC scheme indicates that even more energy can be saved using this advanced control scheme. However, in order to verify this the MPC controller needs to be fine tuned and several more experiments needs to be reviewed.
Nitroalkanes and Dimethyl Maleate as Source of 3-Alkyl Succinic Anhydrides and (<i>E</i>)-3-Alkylidene Succinic Anhydrides (2002)

Nitroalkanes react with dimethyl maleate giving a tandem Michael addition/elimination of nitrous acid. The obtained (E)-2-alkylidene dimethyl succinates are: (i) reduced to the corresponding 2-alkyl dimethyl succinates which after hydrolysis produce 1,4-dicarboxylic acids that are prone to convert into the corresponding 3-alkyl succinic anhydrides or (ii) hydrolysed to (E)-2-alkylidene-succinic acids that are easily cyclised to (E)-3-alkylidene succinic anhydrides.
Epoxy-Based Organogels for Thermally Reversible Light Scattering Films and Form-Stable Phase Change Materials (2017)

Alkyl chains of β-hydroxyesters synthesized by the capping of terminal epoxy groups of diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with palmitic (C16), stearic (C18), or behenic (C22) fatty acids self-assemble forming a crystalline phase. Above a particular concentration solutions of these esters in a variety of solvents led to supramolecular (physical) gels below the crystallization temperature of alkyl chains. A form-stable phase change material (FS-PCM) was obtained by blending the ester derived from behenic acid with eicosane. A blend containing 20 wt % ester was stable as a gel up to 53 °C and exhibited a heat storage capacity of 161 J/g, absorbed during the melting of eicosane at 37 °C. Thermally reversible light scattering (TRLS) films were obtained by visible-light photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate-ester blends (50 wt %) in the gel state at room temperature. The reaction was very fast and not inhibited by oxygen. TRLS films consisted of a cross-linked methacrylic network interpenetrated by the supramolecular network formed by the esters. Above the melting temperature of crystallites formed by alkyl chains, the film was transparent due to the matching between refractive indices of the methacrylic network and the amorphous ester. Below the crystallization temperature, the film was opaque because of light dispersion produced by the organic crystallites uniformly dispersed in the material. Of high significance for application was the fact that the contrast ratio did not depend on heating and cooling rates.
<i>Francisella tularensis</i> subsp. <i>tularensis</i> Schu S4 Disulfide Bond Formation Protein B, but Not an RND-Type Efflux Pump, Is Required for Virulence (2008)

Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis is a highly virulent bacterium that is a CDC select agent. Despite advancements in the understanding of its biology, details pertaining to virulence are poorly understood. In previous work, we identified a transposon insertion mutant in the FTT0107c locus that was defective in intracellular survival in HepG2 and J77A.1 cells. Here, we report that this mutant was also highly attenuated in vivo. The FTT0107c locus is predicted to encode an ortholog of the disulfide bond formation B protein (DsbB). This designation was confirmed by complementation of an Escherichia coli dsbB mutant. This dsbB mutant of Schu S4 was highly attenuated in mice, but unlike what has been reported for Francisella novicida, intranasal immunization with a sublethal dose did not induce protection against wild-type challenge. dsbB was found to be transcribed in an operon with acrA and acrB, which encode an RND-type efflux pump. However, this pump did not make a significant contribution to virulence because strains with nonpolar deletions in acrA and acrB behaved like wild-type strain Schu S4 with respect to intracellular growth and in vivo virulence. This result is in contrast to a report that an acrB mutant of a live vaccine strain of F. tularensis has decreased virulence in mice. Overall, these results demonstrate key differences between the virulence requirements of Schu S4 and less virulent subspecies of Francisella. We have shown that DsbB is a key participant in intracellular growth and virulence, and our results suggest that there are critical virulence factors that contain disulfide bonds.
Impedance Comparison Using Unbalanced Bridge With Digital Sine Wave Voltage Sources (2015)

This paper presents a digital automatic unbalanced bridge designed for comparing the impedances of R-R, R-C, and C-C. The measurement principle uses initial balancing of the bridge using two digital sine wave sources, then measuring the ratio of voltage drops on the compared impedances as well as the finite bridge unbalance voltage. The present method is novel because it is not necessary to obtain a complete voltage nulling and also because it is readily implemented with a commercial data acquisition (DAQ) card. An NI USB6281 DAQ card was used to obtain the results; this card combines the two 16-bit digital-to-analog converters with one multiplexed 18-bit analog-to-digital converter. Such a measurement system, which is relatively simple and inexpensive, can compare impedances with an error below 10 ppm. Some considerations concerning the relationship between the measurement accuracy of unbalanced voltage and the level of the bridge unbalance are given.
Simultaneous core 2 β1→6<i>N</i>‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase up‐regulation and sialyl‐Le<sup>X</sup> expression during activation of human tonsillar B lymphocytes (1999)

We have investigated the regulation mechanism of the surface sialyl-Le(X) (sLe(X)) expression level in tonsillar B cells during activation. sLe(X) antigen became strongly positive after activation, while resting B cells were weakly positive. sLe(X) structures were mainly located on O-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoprotein. Transcripts of FucT-VII and core 2 GlcNAc transferase (C2GnT) were up-regulated after activation, while those of ST3GalIV and beta1-->4GalT-I were expressed constitutively. However, the up-regulation of C2GnT was more dramatic than that of FucT-VII. These results suggest that sLe(X) expression level is regulated by C2GnT during tonsillar B cell activation.
An intramolecular cyclization of 7‐substituted 6‐fluoro‐ 1,8‐naphthyridine and ‐quinoline derivatives (1988)

Abstract A synthesis of 1,4‐oxazine and pyrazine ring systems by an intramolecular cyclization of 7‐substituted 1‐ethyl‐6‐fluoro‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐1,8‐naphthyridine and ‐quinoline derivatives having a nitrogen or oxygen nucleophilic site in the C‐7 appendage was studied. The in vitro antibacterial activities of compounds prepared by this method were tested.
Antifungal activity of two Lactobacillus strains with potential probiotic properties (2012)

Aflatoxin (highly toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by fungi) contamination is a serious problem worldwide. Modern agriculture and animal production systems need to use high-quality and mycotoxin-free feedstuffs. The use of microorganisms to preserve food has gained importance in recent years due to the demand for reduced use of chemical preservatives by consumers. Lactic acid bacteria are known to produce various antimicrobial compounds that are considered to be important in the biopreservation of food and feed. Lactobacillus rhamnosus L60 and Lactobacillus fermentum L23 are producers of secondary metabolites, such as organic acids, bacteriocins and, in the case of L60, hydrogen peroxide. The antifungal activity of lactobacilli strains was determined by coculture with Aspergillus section Flavi strains by two qualitative and one quantitative methods. Both L23 and L60 completely inhibited the fungal growth of all aflatoxicogenic strains assayed. Aflatoxin B (1) production was reduced 95.7-99.8% with L60 and 27.5-100% with L23. Statistical analysis of the data revealed the influence of L60 and L23 on growth parameters and aflatoxin B (1) production. These results are important given that these aflatoxicogenic fungi are natural contaminants of feed used for animal production, and could be effectively controlled by Lactobacillus L60 and L23 strains with probiotic properties.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROBLEMS OF EASY CHAIRS USED BY THE ARTHRITIC AND THE ELDERLY (1981)

Groups such as the arthritic and the elderly are particularly susceptible to seating problems. An extensive questionnaire to determine the nature and extent seating difficulties was given to patients at rheumatology clinics and members of day centres for the elderly in Leeds. Forty-two per cent of subjects had some degree of difficulty in rising from their easy chair at home and of these 18% either experienced great difficulty or could not rise unaided. Only 13% had chairs designed to aid rising (e.g. high chair) and 40% of subjects thought their chair could be improved. Thirty-four per cent said that their easy chair caused them pain or discomfort. Information about subjects' body dimensions and their easy chair dimensions was also collected. Further research based on the survey results is planned in order to develop criteria for the design of easy chairs for the arthritic and the elderly.
Resolution-Limit Study of Chain-Structure Negative Resist by Electron Beam Lithography (1997)

We found that low-molecular-weight polystyrene with a chain structure acts as a 10-nm-level high-resolution negative resist in electron beam lithography. The resolution limit is proportion to the molecular weight of the polystyrene resist. The size of the polystyrene resist dot patterns which can be formed decreased with decreasing molecular weight of the polystyrene. Dot patterns of nearly 10 nm in diameter can be formed by a polystyrene resist with a molecular weight of 800.
Modeling auditory-nerve responses for high sound pressure levels in the normal and impaired auditory periphery (2006)

This paper presents a computational model to simulate normal and impaired auditory-nerve (AN) fiber responses in cats. The model responses match physiological data over a wider dynamic range than previous auditory models. This is achieved by providing two modes of basilar membrane excitation to the inner hair cell (IHC) rather than one. The two modes are generated by two parallel filters, component 1 (C1) and component 2 (C2), and the outputs are subsequently transduced by two separate functions. The responses are then added and passed through the IHC low-pass filter followed by the IHC-AN synapse model and discharge generator. The C1 filter is a narrow-band, chirp filter with the gain and bandwidth controlled by a nonlinear feed-forward control path. This filter is responsible for low and moderate level responses. A linear, static, and broadly tuned C2 filter followed by a nonlinear, inverted and nonrectifying C2 transduction function is critical for producing transition region and high-level effects. Consistent with Kiang's two-factor cancellation hypothesis, the interaction between the two paths produces effects such as the C1/C2 transition and peak splitting in the period histogram. The model responses are consistent with a wide range of physiological data from both normal and impaired ears for stimuli presented at levels spanning the dynamic range of hearing.
<i>Techniques and Applications of Path Integration</i> (1981)

Partial table of contents: Probabilities and Probability Amplitudes for Paths. Correspondence Limit for the Path Integral (Heuristic). Vector Potentials and Another Proof of the Path Integral Formula. Doing the Integral: Free Particle and Quadratic Lagrangians. Brownian Motion and the Wiener Integral Kac's Proof. Perturbation Theory and Feynman Diagrams. SELECTED APPLICATIONS OF THE PATH INTEGRAL. Asymptotic Analysis. The Calculus of Variations. WKB Near Caustics. The Phase of the Semiclassical Amplitude. Scattering Theory. Geometrical Optics. The Polaron. Spin and Related Matters. Quantum Mechanics on Curved Spaces. Relativistic Propagators and Black Holes. Applications to Statistical Mechanics. Critical Droplets. Alias Instantons, and Metastability. Phase Space Path Integral. Omissions, Miscellany, and Prejudices. Indexes.
Case 48 (2010)

Abstract This is a case from the Ischemic Heart Disease—Coronary Artery Disease section of Cardiac Imaging Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>Binds to CD74 on Gastric Epithelial Cells and Stimulates Interleukin-8 Production (2005)

The pathogenesis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection requires consistent contact with the gastric epithelium. Although several cell surface receptors have been suggested to play a role in adhesion, the bacterium-host interactions that elicit host responses are not well defined. This study investigated the interaction of H. pylori with the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-associated invariant chain (Ii; CD74), which was found to be highly expressed by gastric epithelial cells. Bacterial binding was increased when CD74 surface expression was increased by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) treatment or by fibroblast cells transfected with CD74, while binding was decreased by CD74 blocking antibodies, enzyme cleavage of CD74, and CD74-coated bacteria. H. pylori was also shown to bind directly to affinity-purified CD74 in the absence of class II MHC. Cross-linking of CD74 and the engagement of CD74 were verified to stimulate IL-8 production by unrelated cell lines expressing CD74 in the absence of class II MHC. Increased CD74 expression by cells increased IL-8 production in response to H. pylori, and agents that block CD74 decreased these responses. The binding of H. pylori to CD74 presents a novel insight into an initial interaction of H. pylori with the gastric epithelium that leads to upregulation of inflammatory responses.
Human RANTES induces the migration of human T lymphocytes into the peripheral tissues of mice with severe combined immune deficiency (1994)

The human cytokine, Recombinant Human Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted (rhRANTES), is a small glycoprotein secreted by activated T cells and platelets and is structurally related to a family of chemotactic cytokines called chemokines. Evaluation of the effects of chemokines on human cells has largely been limited to in vitro binding assays. In an effort to study the in vivo effects of chemokines on human leukocyte migration, we examined the ability of rhRANTES to induce human T cell infiltration using a human/severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mouse model. SCID mice received human peripheral blood lymphocytes, followed by sequential subcutaneous injections of rhRANTES in the hind flank for 3 days. The skin and underlying tissue from the rhRANTES injection site were then biopsied and examined for the extent of human mononuclear cell infiltration. rhRANTES induced significant mononuclear cell accumulation 72 h after injection. Immunohistological evaluation determined that the majority of the cells recruited in response to rhRANTES injections were human CD3+ T cells with equal numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. In contrast, subcutaneous injections of recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factors resulted in little human cellular infiltration. Murine mononuclear cell infiltration in response to rhRANTES was also present suggesting that the in vivo effects of rhRANTES may be both direct and indirect. These results demonstrate that rhRANTES induces significant human T cell migration in vivo and suggests that the human/SCID mouse model may provide an important tool in studying the in vivo effects of chemokines on human leukocytes and leukocyte subsets.
Stevens rearrangement of 1-(p-methoxybenzyl)-1,2,-5,6-tetrahydropyridinium salts (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStevens rearrangement of 1-(p-methoxybenzyl)-1,2,-5,6-tetrahydropyridinium saltsArthur E. Jacobson and Robert T. ParfittCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 6, 1894–1896Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01281a042https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01281a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views88Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Quantum dot solar cell: Materials that produce two intermediate bands (2010)

Placing intermediate bands within the energy gap of a semiconductor has been proposed as a way to increase solar cell efficiency. In this work, possible energy band configurations are determined, which achieve a theoretical efficiency greater than 70%. One way to create these bands is by utilizing quantum dot technology. Quantum dot materials and parameters are identified, which closely match the intermediate band energies that provide the maximum theoretical efficiency. The sensitivity of the efficiency as a function of the intermediate band energy levels is investigated. In addition, the minimum distances between the quantum dot materials required to prevent band overlap are determined.
The design of Markov chains for waveform generation (1976)

A linear programming algorithm is described for designing circulant Markov chains which generate random waveforms whose spectral densities have specified poles. These chains can be implemented by random jumping in a fixed table, and have the advantages of speed and simplicity. Possible applications to speech synthesis are discussed.
2-Naphthyl-1-cyclopentanones and 1-Cyclohexanones<sup>1,2</sup> (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2-Naphthyl-1-cyclopentanones and 1-Cyclohexanones1,2L. H. KLEMM and HERMAN ZIFFERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1956, 21, 3, 274–275Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01109a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01109a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views43Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts