gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New aromatic amine based on cardanol giving new biobased epoxy networks with cardanol (2014)

Cardanol, derived from cashew nut shell liquid, was functionalized by thiol‐ene coupling with cysteamine to yield a new biobased aromatic amine. This cardanol amine was compared to the commercial cardanol‐based phenalkamines. These amines were characterized by NMR spectrometry and used as epoxy hardeners. The formulations of these amines with epoxidized cardanol in stoichiometric ratio were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA), dynamic mechanical (DMA) analyses and exhibit interesting properties for coating applications. Practical applications: The products of the chemistry described in this contribution, i.e., aromatic polyamine from cardanol and cysteamine hydrochloride, provide biobased building blocks for further epoxy resin syntheses by reaction with epoxy groups. The obtained epoxy resins are partially biobased and may be applied as binders and coatings. Biobased aromatic polyamine was synthesized by thiol‐ene coupling with cysteamine on cardanol, coming from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). Cardanol‐derived amine was used as hardener in biobased epoxy networks. Mechanical and thermal properties of obtained materials showed that cardanol‐derived amine material could lead to binders for composite application.
Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase, Self-Reported Alcohol Drinking, and the Risk of Stroke (2000)

These results support the hypothesis that excessive alcohol drinking is related to an increased risk of stroke. Biological markers of alcohol drinking, such as serum GGT level, are useful for the assessment of risks related to alcohol drinking.
SPLIT RING RESONATOR TECHNIQUE FOR COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOLVENTS IN MICROCAPILLARY SYSTEMS (2008)

A 3.4 GHz split ring resonator has been developed for highly sensitive remote compositional analysis of PEEK microcapillaries containing mixtures of acetonitrile in toluene. As little as 0.1% vol. acetonitrile can be measured in an active volume of around 50 nl. The method is fast (< 0.1 s per measurement) and is adaptable to compositional analysis where fluid flow and/or chemical reactions are occurring.
Ser298 of MITF, a mutation site in Waardenburg syndrome type 2, is a phosphorylation site with functional significance (2000)

MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) is a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLHZip) factor which regulates expression of tyrosinase and other melanocytic genes via a CATGTG promoter sequence, and is involved in melanocyte differentiation. Mutations of MITF in mice or humans with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2) often severely disrupt the bHLHZip domain, suggesting the importance of this structure. Here, we show that Ser298, which locates downstream of the bHLHZip and was previously found to be mutated in individuals with WS2, plays an important role in MITF function. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) was found to phosphorylate Ser298 in vitro, thereby enhancing the binding of MITF to the tyrosinase promoter. The same serine was found to be phosphorylated in vivo, and expression of dominant-negative GSK3beta selectively suppressed the ability of MITF to transactivate the tyrosinase promoter. Moreover, mutation of Ser298, as found in a WS2 family, disabled phos-phorylation of MITF by GSK3beta and impaired MITF function. These findings suggest that the Ser298 is important for MITF function and is phosphorylated probably by GSK3beta.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of LiMn2O4 and LiNd Mn1.7O4 as Cathode for Lithium Ion Battery (2008)

LiMn2O4 is inexpensive material but it shows rather poor cyclic performance. The electrochemical performance of spinel type LiMn2O4 has been effectively improved with doping of Nd the “bottom– up” approach of LiMn2O4 and LiNd0.3Mn1.7O4 synthesized by citric acid modified microwave assisted sol-gel method. LiMn2O4 has been synthesized from nitrates and acetates. Citric acid was added as a complexing agent and acryl amide acts as a gelling agent. This technique offers better homogeneity, preferred surface morphology, reduced heat-treatment conditions, sub-micron sized particles and better crystallinity. The structure and the electrochemical performances of the samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge testing. XRD data shows both samples exhibit the same pure spinel phase. Nano crystalline LiNd0.3Mn1.7O4 sample has a smaller morphology including small particle size and the homogeneous particle distribution.
Type 1 CD4<sup>+</sup>T-Cell Help Is Required for Induction of Antipeptide Multispecific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by a Lipopeptidic Vaccine in Rhesus Macaques (1999)

We have optimized the induction of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in rhesus macaques by a lipopeptide vaccine containing seven peptides from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef and Gag proteins and a strong T-helper peptide from tetanus toxoid (TT) that is promiscuous in humans (peptide TT 830-846). Two of the eight immunized macaques showed T-helper (Th) cell proliferation and a specific synthesis of gamma interferon in response to TT 830-846 peptide. They also showed multispecific cytotoxic activity against three to five of the immunizing SIV peptides. These results show the importance of a strong specific type 1 Th response for inducing a multispecific CTL response in vivo, which is essential for the development of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus vaccine.
Observation of Growth of Human Fibroblasts on Silver Nanoparticles (2007)

Silver nanoparticles have drawn extensive attention as biomaterial components. Human fibroblasts were grown on various concentrations of silver nanoparticles during the period observation. Normal viability (0% silver particles) was increased from 6 to 72 hours, increasing the amount of human fibroblasts (1.5 × 104 to 7 × 106 cells/well) normally. Nevertheless, at higher concentrations of silver nanoparticles (50%) 1.11 × 105 cells/well remained after 72 hours. Results indicated that the increase in the concentration of silver nanoparticles reduced the number of fibroblasts and affected their fission. Silver nanoparticles were found under the membranes of fibroblast following dry treatment. The number of tissues declined because the silver nanoparticles interrupted the fission mechanism during their development in vivo.
Approximate Labeling via Graph Cuts Based on Linear Programming (2007)

A new framework is presented for both understanding and developing graph-cut-based combinatorial algorithms suitable for the approximate optimization of a very wide class of Markov Random Fields (MRFs) that are frequently encountered in computer vision. The proposed framework utilizes tools from the duality theory of linear programming in order to provide an alternative and more general view of state-of-the-art techniques like the \alpha-expansion algorithm, which is included merely as a special case. Moreover, contrary to \alpha-expansion, the derived algorithms generate solutions with guaranteed optimality properties for a much wider class of problems, for example, even for MRFs with nonmetric potentials. In addition, they are capable of providing per-instance suboptimality bounds in all occasions, including discrete MRFs with an arbitrary potential function. These bounds prove to be very tight in practice (that is, very close to 1), which means that the resulting solutions are almost optimal. Our algorithms' effectiveness is demonstrated by presenting experimental results on a variety of low-level vision tasks, such as stereo matching, image restoration, image completion, and optical flow estimation, as well as on synthetic problems.
Artificial intelligence programming with Turbo Prolog (1988)

Opening the AI Window Turbo PROLOG Features Building Your AI Toolbox Reasoning With Machines: The Interference Engine Natural Language Processing Knowledge Representation Developing Expert Systems.
Lewis Base Catalyzed Mannich‐Type Reactions between Trimethylsilyl Enol Ethers and Aldimines (2006)

Lewis base catalyzed Mannich-type reaction between trimethylsilyl enol ethers and N-tosylaldimines is described. Nitrogen anions generated from amides or imides such as lithium benzamide or potassium phthalimide are found to be effective Lewis base catalysts in DMF at room temperature to afford the corresponding beta-amino carbonyl compounds in good to high yields; the oxygen anion generated from carboxylic acids such as lithium acetate was also found to be effective in dry DMF. The above-mentioned lithium acetate-catalyzed Mannich-type reaction between aldimines and various trimethylsilyl (TMS) enol ethers such as silyl ketene acetal proceeded smoothly even in water-containing DMF. Then, Lewis base catalyzed three-component Mannich-type reactions of TMS enol ether, tosylamide, and aromatic aldehyde having electron-withdrawing group such as p-nitrobenzaldehyde were investigated. The reaction proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding beta-amino ester in good yield. Further, ammonium carboxylates such as tetrabutyl ammonium acetate or tetrabutyl ammonium benzoate were found to be more effective Lewis base catalysts in the above-mentioned Mannich-type reaction. The synthesis proceeded in various solvents at lower temperatures. The reaction between aldimines and TMS enol ethers generated from thioester and various ketones such as propiophenone or cyclohexanone also proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding beta-amino carbonyl compounds in high yields with good to high anti-selectivities.
Incidence of neurological complications of surgery for congenital heart disease. (1995)

A total of 523 cardiac surgical discharge summaries were searched for recorded evidence of adverse neurological events occurring between operation and time of discharge. Neurological events were recorded in 31 and included one or more of seizure disorder (n = 16), pyramidal signs (n = 11), extrapyramidal signs (n = 8), coma (n = 6), and neuro-ophthalmic deficits (n = 6). There were significantly more adverse neurological events after repairs for arch anomalies (16.6% of cases). There was also an association with the length of cardiopulmonary bypass and a period of low perfusion pressure either intraoperatively or postoperatively. Of the 19 out of 23 survivors in whom long term outcome data were available, four were normal and six had persisting neurological problems directly related to the perioperative period. In a further nine of the 19 survivors, established preoperative neurodevelopmental abnormality probably contributed to their present neurological status, in addition to perioperative events. In view of the way these data were collected, this study must represent the minimum incidence of neurological events in children undergoing cardiac surgery.
Iteration algorithm for computer-aided speckle interferometry (1994)

An iteration algorithm for the analysis of speckle interference patterns is presented. First, four digitized phase-shifted patterns are locally averaged. The phase information is then extracted by the usual phase shift algorithm. The wrapped phase is in turn used to reconstruct four new phase-shifted patterns. These three steps form a cycle. Repetition of the three steps has a great effect on suppressing speckle noise. Theoretical study shows that the iterated phase converges to a perfect result under ideal conditions. In general, the iteration causes little error but improves the phase information a great deal. The signal-to-noise ratio rises when additional iterations are performed.
In Celiac Disease, a Subset of Autoantibodies against Transglutaminase Binds Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Induces Activation of Monocytes (2006)

Our findings show that in active celiac disease, a subset of anti-transglutaminase IgA antibodies recognize the viral protein VP-7, suggesting a possible involvement of rotavirus infection in the pathogenesis of the disease, through a mechanism of molecular mimicry. Moreover, such antibodies recognize self-antigens and are functionally active, able to increase intestinal permeability and induce monocyte activation. We therefore provide evidence for the involvement of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of celiac disease through a previously unknown mechanism of engagement of Toll-like receptor 4.
Efficient mixed-spectrum estimation with applications to target feature extraction (1996)

We present a decoupled parameter estimation (DPE) algorithm for estimating sinusoidal parameters from both 1-D and 2-D data sequences corrupted by autoregressive (AR) noise. In the first step of the DPE algorithm, we use a relaxation (RELAX) algorithm that requires simple fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) to obtain the estimates of the sinusoidal parameters. We describe how the RELAX algorithm may be used to extract radar target features from both 1-D and 2-D data sequences. In the second step of the DPE algorithm, a linear least-squares approach is used to estimate the AR noise parameters. The DPE algorithm is both conceptually and computationally simple. The algorithm not only provides excellent estimation performance under the model assumptions, in which case the estimates obtained with the DPE algorithm are asymptotically statistically efficient, but is also robust to mismodeling errors.
Tertiary Treatment of Effluent from Holston AAP (Army Ammunition Plant) Industrial Liquid Waste Treatment Facility. V. Degradation of Nitramines in Holston AAP Wastewaters by Ultraviolet Radiation (1986)

Samples of Holston Army Ammunition Plant wastewater taken from the B- line, the neutralization basin, the anoxic filter effluent, and the treatment plant final effluent have been treated for removal of nitramines (RDX, HMX, TAX< and SEX) by ultraviolet radiation. An energy requirement of 1.76 watt-hr per gallon of plant effluent is estimated for destruction of all nitramines to their detection limits, corresponding to a uniform annual cost of approximately $0.41 over 1,000 gallons. This compares very favorably to costs estimated for treatment with granular activated carbon. In separate product studies with individual nitramines, 80 to 90 percent of all oxidized nitrogen could be accounted for as inorganic nitrite and nitrate.
Long-term beta-blockade in dilated cardiomyopathy. Effects of short- and long-term metoprolol treatment followed by withdrawal and readministration of metoprolol. (1989)

To evaluate the short- and long-term effects of beta-adrenergic blockade (metoprolol) as well as the reaction to withdrawal and readministration of metoprolol in severe heart failure, 33 patients (25 men and eight women; mean age, 47.6 +/- 14.0 years) with dilated cardiomyopathy were studied by right and left heart catheterization, right ventricular biopsy, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, and external pulse recordings. Twenty-six of 33 patients survived more than 6 months, and 24 of the 26 patients improved their functional class (from mean 3.3 to 1.8, p less than 0.0001). These 24 patients were subjected to withdrawal of metoprolol until the number of symptoms increased and deterioration occurred as observed noninvasively (group 1, n = 16), whereas the eight patients did not deteriorate during a 12-month period (group 2). During long-term treatment with metoprolol, there was an increase in ejection fraction from 0.24 to 0.42 (p less than 0.0001), whereas there was a decrease in the left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension (from 7.3 to 6.4 cm, p less than 0.0001), in the grade of mitral regurgitation (from 1.7 to 0.4, p less than 0.0001), and in the grade of tricuspid regurgitation (from 0.6 to 0.05, p less than 0.007). There was a decrease in pulmonary wedge pressure (from 23.8 to 10.7 mm Hg, p less than 0.0001), LV end-diastolic pressure (from 24.1 to 13.4 mm Hg, p less than 0.002), and systolic vascular resistance (from 1,782 to 1,499 dynes/sec/cm, p less than 0.04). There was an increase in systolic blood pressure (from 116 to 132 mm Hg, p less than 0.003), cardiac index (from 2.17 to 2.58 l/min/m2, p less than 0.005), and LV stroke work index (from 31 to 65 g.m/m2, p less than 0.0001). During withdrawal of metoprolol, the heart rate and left atrial dimension increased (p less than 0.0001), whereas ejection fraction decreased (p less than 0.0001). The 12 (of 16) patients in group 1 who survived the withdrawal period had metoprolol readministered, and subsequently, ejection fraction increased (from 0.23 to 0.33, p less than 0.002). Patients had a low number of ventricular beta-adrenergic receptors compared with healthy control subjects (30.3 +/- 2.9 vs. 97.4 +/- 8.7 fmol/mg protein, p less than 0.001), but long-term treatment with metoprolol caused a moderate up-regulation (from 30.3 +/- 2.9 to 49.0 +/- 7.1 fmol/mg protein, p less than 0.05), which may facilitate a more normal response to sympathetic stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Critical Review of Epidemiological Studies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2001)

This review addresses the difficulty in interpreting the results of epidemiological studies in IBD and in making meaningful comparisons between studies. Both ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease appear to be more common in some industrialized countries such as Scandinavia, United Kingdom, North America and less common in Central and Southern Europe, Asia and Africa. Given data showing an increased incidence of ulcerative colitis in the United Kingdom, it is crucial that more studies be conducted in developing countries. While the incidence of Crohn disease has increased strikingly in many areas, the incidence of ulcerative colitis has remained fairly stable in most. This could be due to the rising number of community-based studies, as well as the improved accuracy in diagnosing Crohn disease. Although, the incidence of IBD among Blacks in Africa is low, infection rates are high, life expectancy is lower than in developed countries. Data from the USA suggest that rates are similar in Afro-American and Caucasian populations. Rates for Jewish populations may be slightly higher than in non-Jewish populations but this also varies geographically. Careful attention to genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors must be accounted for in these studies. There is no strong evidence to support that IBD is more common in urban than in rural settings and migration towards more accessible health care has not been adequately addressed. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that mortality rates for IBD are similar to that of the general population for the majority of patients. However, older patients with IBD and newly diagnosed cases with severe diseases are at increased risk of dying. Epidemiological studies remain important in assisting with health policy planning and in hypothesis testing of etiological factors. As better diagnostic techniques become widely available and public health registries are increasingly used, it is possible that geographic differences will diminish. International collaborative studies will be better equipped to answer research questions addressing risk factors and disease natural history. We have summarized in Table V the essential criteria to conduct a sound epidemiological study, which would permit future testing of hypotheses among different populations.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as a Substitute Solvent for Chemical Synthesis and Catalysis (1996)

Supercritical carbon dioxide represents an inexpensive, environmentally benign alternative to conventional solvents for chemical synthesis. In this chapter, we delineate the range of reactions for which supercritical CO2 represents a potentially viable replacement solvent based on solubility considerations and describe the reactors and associated equipment used to explore catalytic and other synthetic reactions in this medium. Three examples of homogeneous catalytic reactions in supercritical CO2 are presented: the copolymerization of CO2 with epoxides, ruthenium-mediated phase transfer oxidation of olefins in a supercritical CO2/aqueous system, and the catalyic asymmetric hydrogenation of enamides. The first two classes of reactions proceed in supercritical CO2 , but no improvement in reactivity over conventional solvents was observed. Hydrogenation reactions, however, exhibit enantioselectivities superior to conventional solvents for several substrates.
Recombination enhanced annealing effect in AlGaAs/GaAs remote junction heterostructure lasers (1979)

New structure lasers, the remote junction heterostructure (RJH) lasers, are made to obtain information about slow degradation of AlGaAs/GaAs DH lasers. The RJH laser is characterized by the presence of a thin clad layer between the active layer and the p-n junction. During the LD and LED mode aging process, the RJH lasers showed a marked reduction of threshold current. This reduction was accompanied by increased spontaneous lifetime and pileup of defects at the p-n junction. From these observations, a model was proposed in which point defect generation in the active layer and defect motion toward the p-n junction during the aging are assumed. The rate equation was derived for concentration of the point defect, and the solution of this equation was compared with the experimental results with reasonable agreement. The parameters relating to the slow degradation were determined, and the ultimate life of conventional DH lasers was discussed using these parameters.
Optical properties of transition-metal ions in zirconium-based metal fluoride glasses and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">MgF</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>crystals (1987)

The optical properties of the transition-metal ions, ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$, and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$, in zirconium-barium-lanthanum-aluminum (ZBLA) fluoride glass are reported. Comparisons of the absorption spectra, luminescence spectra, and luminescence lifetimes for these ions in ZBLA and in ${\mathrm{MgF}}_{2}$ crystals have yielded the following results. The crystal field in the glass is much reduced compared with that in ${\mathrm{MgF}}_{2}$. The oscillator strengths of the optical transitions for the ions in the glass hosts are almost an order of magnitude larger than similar transitions in ${\mathrm{MgF}}_{2}$ crystals, but nonradiative transitions are apparently much more pronounced in the glass. This results in luminescence quenching at lower temperatures in the glass.
Soft Information Combining for Turbo-MIMO Retransmission (2006)

We studied three types of retransmission scheme for turbo-MIMO packet: Chase combining, soft information combining and incremental redundancy, which are suitable for different situations. The channel in each retransmission is correlated in temporal dimension, the simulation result shows using different interleavers in retransmission is very effective in correlated channel. We also find coding gain of incremental redundancy over Chase combining under most circumstances
Designing two-photon fluorescent probes based on the target-induced enhancement of the absorption cross-section (2014)

We have reported a new strategy to design two-photon (2P) fluorescent probes for simultaneous elevation of the 2P absorption cross-section (δ) and quantum yield (ϕ). The target-induced hydrogen bond-chelated ring enhances molecular planarity, leading to the enhancement of δ; meanwhile, the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) "on-off" process modulates ϕ.