gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Capillary Plasma Perfusion in Brains of Conscious Rats During Normocapnia and Hypercapnia (1995)

The present study aimed to investigate the distribution pattern of plasma flow velocities in brain capillaries. We tested the hypothesis that plasma flow velocities are heterogeneous in the brain capillaries of normocapnic conscious rats and become more homogeneous during increased cerebral blood flow induced by hypercapnia. We developed a method that makes it possible to detect the distribution pattern of plasma flow velocities from the intravascular dye concentrations measured in different capillaries. Evans blue was injected intravenously as a bolus, and 3 to 4 seconds later the rats were decapitated. During this period, a steep increase in arterial dye concentration was verified by frequent arterial blood sampling. Under such conditions, divergent plasma flow velocities in different capillaries yield unequal intravascular dye concentrations. Dye concentrations were measured in several hundred capillaries of brain cryosections using quantitative fluorescence microscopy based on calibration curves obtained from anesthetized rats. The results show a high degree of variation in the intravascular dye concentration during normocapnia. During increasing stages of hypercapnia, the variation was gradually reduced. The coefficient of variation (SD/mean-100) of intracapillary dye concentration decreased from 76% at normocapnia to 22% at extreme hypercapnia (PCO2 of 87 mm Hg), thus showing an inverse correlation with arterial PCO2 (r = .97). The heterogeneity of intravascular dye concentrations observed in the present experiments indicates heterogeneous velocities of plasma perfusion in different brain capillaries during normocapnia and a more homogeneous distribution pattern during hypercapnic hyperemia.
The absorption kinetics of Antarctic krill oil phospholipid liposome in blood and the digestive tract of healthy mice by single gavage (2020)

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) oil has been gaining increasing attention due to its nutritional and functional potentials. Krill oil usually contains a high concentration (about 50%) of phospholipids (AKOP) rich in DHA and EPA accompanied with 30%–40% triacylglycerols. Phospholipids can be made into liposomes without emulsifiers due to its amphiphilic characteristics. However, the absorption kinetics of AKOP liposome in vivo is not clear, which restrict the molecular mechanism analysis related to its distinct bioactivities. The lipid analysis in serum, small intestinal content and wall was carried out after oral administration of AKOP liposome to illustrate its absorption kinetics in blood and the digestive tract of healthy mice by single gavage. The major type of the obtained AKOP was phosphatidylcholine, and the total contents of the DHA and EPA were 29.31%. AKOP liposome was almost completely digested in the small intestine in 1 h and the hydrolysis products could be quickly absorbed by intestinal enterocytes. The DHA in serum peaked at 2 h after administration of AKOP liposome. AKOP liposome could be quickly digested and absorbed in vivo. The obtained results might provide a scientific basis for the molecular mechanism analysis related to distinct bioactivities of Antarctic krill oil phospholipid.
Language Models as Knowledge Bases? (2019)

Fabio Petroni, Tim Rocktäschel, Sebastian Riedel, Patrick Lewis, Anton Bakhtin, Yuxiang Wu, Alexander Miller. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 2019.
Decentralized structures for parallel Kalman filtering (1988)

Various multisensor network scenarios with signal processing tasks that are amenable to multiprocessor implementation are described. The natural origins of such multitasking are emphasized, and novel parallel structures for state estimation using the Kalman filter are proposed that extend existing results in several directions. In particular, hierarchical network structures are developed that have the property that the optimal global estimate based on all the available information can be reconstructed from estimates computed by local processor nodes solely on the basis of their own local information and transmitted to a central processor. The algorithms potentially yield an approximately linear speedup rate, are reasonably failure-resistant, and are optimized with respect to communication bandwidth and memory requirements at the various processors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
EXAFS Characterization of Dendrimer−Pt Nanocomposites Used for the Preparation of Pt/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalysts (2006)

Pt/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared using hydroxyl-terminated generation four (G4OH) PAMAM dendrimers as the templating agents and the various steps of the preparation process were monitored by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The EXAFS results indicate that, upon hydrolysis, chlorine ligands in the H(2)PtCl(6) and K(2)PtCl(4) precursors were partially replaced by aquo ligands to form [PtCl3(H2O)3]+ and [PtCl2(H2O)2] species, respectively. The results further suggest that, after interaction of such species with the dendrimer molecules, chlorine ligands from the first coordination shell of Pt were replaced by nitrogen atoms from the dendrimer interior, indicating that complexation took place. This process was accompanied by a substantial transfer of electron density from the dendrimer to platinum, indicating that the dendrimer plays the role of a ligand. Following treatment of the H(2)PtCl(6)/G4OH and K(2)PtCl(4)/G4OH complexes with NaBH4, no substantial changes were observed in the electronic or coordination environment of platinum, indicating that metal nanoparticles were not formed during this step under our experimental conditions. However, when the reduction treatment was performed with H2, the formation of extremely small platinum clusters, incorporating no more than four Pt atoms was observed. The nuclearity of these clusters depends on the length of the hydrogen treatment. These Pt species remained strongly bonded to the dendrimer. Formation of larger platinum nanoparticles, with an average diameter of approximately 10 A, was finally observed after the deposition and drying of the H(2)PtCl(6)/G4OH nanocomposites on a gamma-Al(2)O(3) surface, suggesting that the formation of such nanoparticles may be related to the collapse of the dendrimer structure. The platinum nanoparticles formed appear to have high mobility because subsequent thermal treatment in O2/H2, used to remove the dendrimer component, led to further sintering.
Low b-Value Diffusion-Weighted Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2011)

Studying cardiac motion may provide an appropriate strategy for minimizing the impact of bulk motion on cardiac DWI. Applying PCATMIP image processing improves low b-value DWI and enables reliable analysis of ADC in the myocardium. The use of a limited number of repetitions in a free-breathing mode also enables easier application in clinical conditions.
LiCoO<sub>2</sub>–MgO coaxial fibers: co-electrospun fabrication, characterization and electrochemical properties (2007)

Core–shell LiCoO2–MgO fibers for use as lithium ion batteries were prepared by co-electrospinning combined with a sol-gel process. The rheological properties and viscosity of the spinnable sols, and the pressures of the two sols during the co-electrospinning process were investigated, which had an obvious effect on the diameter and shell thickness of the core–shell fibers. The fibers had a highly crystalline LiCoO2 core composed of partially oriented nanocrystals and a poorly crystalline MgO shell. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) experiments indicated that the coaxial fiber electrode exhibited excellent reversibility, smaller impedance growth and preferable electrochemical properties with obvious improvement of cyclability compared to bare LiCoO2 fiber electrodes.
Inconsistent trends regarding the association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infections (2021)

ABO antigens, produced from the ABO gene, are known to impact host interactions with various viruses. One characteristic is the host’s susceptibility to viral infections. Host interaction with viral particles is altered by the blood type-determined combination of ABO antigens on the cellular surface. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel strain of the coronavirus family known to have structural similarities with SARS-CoV. Considering ABO antigens’ association with SARS-CoV, studies have examined their relationship with SARS-CoV-2 as well. We reviewed current perspectives on the relationship between host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infections and ABO antigens by examining cohort studies observing proportional differences between patients of varying blood types. While many studies indicated a higher risk of type A patients and a lower risk for type O patients, trends tended to vary per population. Consequently, we investigated the differences in study design between cohort studies that produced the variation in trends. Additionally, we examined genome-wide association studies that indicate a genetic association between the variables. We present the need for a standardized calculation method determining the significance of each blood group in its relationship with SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility per cohort.
Equivalent modeling for ionic polymer–metal composite actuators based on beam theories (2005)

Equivalent beam and equivalent bimorph beam models for IPMC (ionic polymer–metal composite) actuators are described in the ensuing paper. Important physical properties of IPMCs including Young's modulus and electro-mechanical coupling coefficient were determined using the rule of mixture, bimorph beam equations, and measured force–displacement data of a cantilevered IPMC actuator. By using a beam equation with estimated physical properties, the actuation displacements of a cantilevered IPMC actuator were calculated to show an excellent agreement between the computed tip displacements and the measured data. Finite element analysis (FEA), along with the predetermined physical properties, was used to predict the force–displacement relationship of an IPMC actuator, which is key data to effectively design many engineering devices of interest. Indicated by the results from the FEA agreeing with the measured data, the proposed models can be adopted for modeling of IPMC actuators with advanced shapes and other boundary conditions.
A study of instrument motion in retinal microsurgery (2002)

Reports on high-precision recordings of hand-held instrument motion during actual vitreoretinal microsurgery. The movement of a hand-held instrument during vitreoretinal microsurgery was recorded in six degrees of freedom. Data were acquired for 5 min using an inertial sensing module that has been developed for use with a commercially available microsurgical instrument. Maximum velocity used by the surgeon was estimated at 0.70 m/s, and maximum acceleration at 30.1 m/s/sup 2/. The rms amplitude of tremor in the instrument tip motion was estimated to be 0.182 mm.
Characterization of the Solution Complex between the Interferon-induced, Double-stranded RNA-activated Protein Kinase and HIV-I Trans-activating Region RNA (1997)

The antiviral activity of the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) is mediated through dsRNA binding leading to PKR autophosphorylation and subsequent inhibition of protein synthesis. Previous biochemical studies have suggested that autophosphorylation of PKR occurs via a protein-protein interaction and that PKR can form dimers in vitro. Using four independent biophysical and biochemical methods, we have characterized the solution complex formed between PKR and trans-activating region (TAR) RNA, a 57-nucleotide RNA species with double-stranded secondary structure derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type I genome. Chemical cross-linking and gel filtration analyses of PKR.TAR RNA complexes reveals that TAR RNA addition increases PKR dimerization and results in the formation of a solution complex with a molecular weight of approximately 150,000. Addition of TAR RNA to PKR results in a quenching of tryptophan fluorescence, indicative of a conformational shift. Through small angle neutron scattering analysis, we show that PKR exists in solution predominantly as a dimer, and has an elongated solution structure. Addition of TAR RNA to PKR causes a significant conformational shift in the protein at a 2:1 stoichiometric ratio of protein to RNA. Taken together, these data indicate that the PKR activation complex consists of a protein dimer bound cooperatively to one dsRNA molecule.
Effects of scattered X-rays on CT images (1985)

Scatter to primary radiation ratios at detector positions were calculated for uniform cylindrical water phantoms in both third and fourth generation x-ray CT scanners using the Monte Carlo simulation method. A rapid method for determining the scattering angle is given. In the process of image reconstruction, the effect of scatter was isolated by applying our new calculation technique. The decrease in CT number due to scatter was found to be less than 10. In the third generation CT scanner the rate of scatter is larger at the centre than at the edge because of the effect of the collimator at the detectors. As a result the cupping artefact occurs in the CT image. The collimator cannot be used in the fourth generation CT scanner and, therefore, the rate of scatter is almost uniform, leading to the appearance of rounded-off edges.
An Architecture of Real-Time, Historical Database System for Industrial Process Control and Monitoring (2011)

In process control system, Process database is a main component for real-time, historical data processing. Recently, the concern on process database is increasing. From now, With process database, Historian or Memory DB with Relational Data model are mainly used. But, each has both advantages and disadvantages. Especially, on performance and flexibility, they have to complement each other. In this paper, we analyze past process databases in detail, and propose an architecture of new process database with both flexibility and performance.
Mechanistic Insights on the Copolymerization of Polar Vinyl Monomers with Neutral Ni(II) Catalysts (2009)

The Ni(II) complexes [(N--O)Ni(H)(PMe(3))] (1) and [(N--O)Ni(CH(2)CH(3))(dmso)] (3) (NwedgeO = kappa(2)-{(2,6-(3,5-(F(3)C)(2)C(6)H(3))(2)C(6)H(3))-N=C(H)-(3,5-I(2)-2-O-C(6)H(2))}) were found to be well-defined model compounds to study the reactivity of polymerization active neutral Ni(II) species toward polar vinyl monomers. Methyl acrylate (MA) insertion into the Ni(II)-hydride bond of 1 was monitored at T >or= -40 degrees C by NMR spectroscopy. 2,1-Insertion yields the functionalized Ni(II) alkyl complex [(N--O)Ni(C(alpha)H(CH(3))C(beta)(O)OCH(3))(PMe(3))] (4). Low-temperature 2D ROESY data indicate a weak Ni(II)...O=C(beta) interaction in 4. This is supported by ab initio calculations at the gradient-corrected DFT (BP86/LACPV*) level of theory. Exposure of 1 to equal amounts of MA and ethylene afforded 4 and the Ni(II) ethyl complex 7 in a 9:1 ratio, which indicates that MA and ethylene effectively compete with each other for coordination and insertion. NMR spectroscopic monitoring revealed that 4 is stable in the absence of residual 1 at low temperatures but is subject to rapid bimolecular elimination of the functionalized alkyl moiety in the presence of free Ni(II) hydride species even at T = -40 degrees C. Isomerization into the 1,2-MA-insertion product was observed at T = 25 degrees C but occurred slowly compared to decomposition, which occurs at 0 degrees C by reaction of 4 with Ni(II) hydride formed by beta-elimination from 4 itself at this temperature. Exposure of the higher Ni(II) alkyl complex 3 to MA in the presence of excess ethylene results in the immediate formation of methyl pentanoate as the ultimate decomposition product. Functionalized Ni(II) alkyl species formed from 2,1-insertion of MA into the metal-carbon bond of higher Ni(II) alkyls are subject to rapid hydrolysis in the presence of trace amounts of water in the reaction medium, which contrasts the stability of nonfunctionalized Ni(II) alkyls toward water. Exposure of 1 to vinyl acetate (VA) affords the kinetic 1,2-insertion product [(NwedgeO)Ni(CH(2)CH(2)OC(gamma')(O)CH(3))(PMe(3))] (5) at temperatures T >or= -10 degrees C, which rearranges into the thermodynamically favored 2,1-insertion product [(N--O)Ni(CH(CH(3))OC(O)CH(3))(PMe(3))] (6). NMR data and ab initio calculations suggest a Ni(II)...O=C(gamma') interaction in 6. 5 decomposes via beta-acetate elimination to yield ethylene and Ni(II) acetate species. Notably, VA does not undergo observable nickel-carbon bond insertion with 3, but reacted with Ni(II) hydride species in equilibrium with 3 to yield 5* which is subject to rapid decomposition via beta-acetate elimination.
Learning nonlinear hybrid systems (2013)

This paper deals with the identification of hybrid systems switching between nonlinear subsystems of unknown structure and focuses on the connections with a family of machine learning algorithms known as support vector machines. In particular, we consider a recent approach to nonlinear hybrid system identification based on a convex relaxation of a sparse optimization problem. In this approach, the submodels are iteratively estimated one by one by maximizing the sparsity of the corresponding error vector. We extend this approach in several ways. First, we relax the sparsity condition by introducing robust sparsity, which can be optimized through the minimization of a modified l1-norm or, equivalently, of the ε-insensitive loss function. Then, we show that, depending on the choice of regularizer, the method is equivalent to different forms of support vector regression. More precisely, the submodels can be estimated by iteratively solving a classical support vector regression problem, in which the sparsity of support vectors relates to the sparsity of the error vector in the considered hybrid system identification framework. This allows us to extend theoretical results as well as efficient optimization algorithms from the field of machine learning to the hybrid system framework.
Stereoselectivity and enantiomer-enantiomer interactions in the binding of ibuprofen to human serum albumin (1997)

Binding of ibuprofen (IB) enantiomers to human serum albumin (HSA) was studied using a chiral fluorescent derivatizing reagent, which enabled the measurement of IB enantiomers at a concentration as low 5 x 10(-8) M. Scatchard analyses revealed that there were two classes of binding sites for both enantiomers. For the high affinity site, the number of the binding sites was one for both enantiomers, and the binding constant of R-IB was 2.3-fold greater than that of S-IB. The difference in the affinity at the high affinity site may result in the stereoselective binding of IB enantiomers at therapeutic concentrations. It was confirmed that the high affinity site of IB enantiomers is Site II (diazepam binding site) by using site marker ligands. Also, significant enantiomer-enantiomer interactions were observed in the binding. The binding data were quantitatively analyzed and a binding model with an assumption of competitive interactions only at the high affinity site simulated the binding characteristics of IB enantiomers fairly well.
Deposition and Characterization of Copper Chalcopyrite Based Solar Cells using Electrochemical Techniques (2007)

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 films were electrodeposited on molybdenum substrates from a single pH buffered bath and annealed in a reducing selenium atmosphere. The opto-electronic properties of the films were characterized using a potentiostatically- controlled three electrode setup and an electrolyte contact. Pulsed illumination was used to determine the carrier type and the speed of photoresponse. Chopped monochromatic illumination was used to measure photocurrent spectra. The electrodeposited copper chalcopyrite films were compared with films prepared by sputtering and spraying techniques.
Multicast and unicast real-time video streaming over wireless LANs (2002)

We address the problem of real-time video streaming over wireless LANs for both unicast and multicast transmission. The wireless channel is modeled as a packet-erasure channel at the IP level. For the unicast scenario, we describe a novel hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) algorithm that efficiently combines forward error control (FEC) coding with the ARQ protocol. For the multiple-users scenario, we formulate the problem of real-time video multicast as an optimization of a maximum regret cost function across the multicast user space. The proposed solution efficiently combines progressive source coding with FEC coding. We present a theoretical analysis of the unicast and multicast cases, as well as experimental results that demonstrate the performance advantages of the proposed algorithms over existing methods.
<i>In Vivo</i>Postirradiation Protection by a Vitamin E Analog, α-TMG (2003)

The water-soluble vitamin E derivative alpha-TMG is an excellent radical scavenger. A dose of 600 mg/kg TMG significantly reduced radiation clastogenicity in mouse bone marrow when administered after irradiation. The present study was aimed at investigating the radioprotective effect of postirradiation treatment with alpha-TMG against a range of whole-body lethal (8.5-12 Gy) and sublethal (1-5 Gy) doses of radiation in adult Swiss albino mice. Protection against lethal irradiation was evaluated from 30-day mouse survival and against sublethal doses was assessed from micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow 24 h after irradiation. An intraperitoneal injection of 600 mg/kg TMG within 10 min of lethal irradiation increased survival, giving a dose modification factor (DMF) of 1.09. TMG at doses of 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg significantly reduced the percentage of aberrant metaphases, the different types of aberrations, and the number of micronucleated erythrocytes. DMFs of 1.22 and 1.48 for percentage aberrant metaphases and 1.6 and 1.98 for micronuclei were obtained for 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg TMG, respectively. No drug toxicity was observed at these doses. The effectiveness of TMG when administered postirradiation suggests its possible utility for protection against unplanned radiation exposures.