gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal antibodies to surface antigens of small cell carcinoma of the lung. (1984)

Monoclonal antibodies to membrane antigens of human small cell carcinoma of the lung were produced by fusion of P3X63/Ag8U1 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized against the intact cells of the small cell carcinomas grown in BALB/c nude mice. The hybrids were screened for antibody production using intact cells in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay or in a membrane fluorescence with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Four monoclonal antibodies were chosen that demonstrated reactivities with human small cell carcinoma of the lung and not with apparently normal diploid fibroblasts or lymphoblastoid cells. The antibodies designated as TFS-1 and TFS-2 rather demonstrated "pancarcinoma" reactivity, showing binding to the other types of lung cancer (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma) and carcinomas derived from other organs, such as colon, pancreas, or stomach. The monoclonal antibodies TFS-3 and TFS-4 preferentially bound to small cell carcinoma cells and neuroblastoma cells, but not to non-small cell carcinomas (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, or large cell). Especially, TFS-4 did not bind to a variety of other normal or malignant cells. Immunoprecipitation of the antigens by monoclonal antibodies and sodium dodecyl sulfate:polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that they had different molecular weights.
CHARACTER RECOGNITION IN NATURAL IMAGES (2009)

handwritten character recognition. This paper tackles the problem of recognizing characters in images of natural scenes. In particular, we focus on recognizing characters in situations that would traditionally not be handled well by OCR techniques. We present an annotated database of images containing English and Kannada characters. The database comprises of images of street scenes taken in Bangalore, India using a standard camera. The problem is addressed in an object cateogorization framework based on a bag-of-visual-words representation. We assess the performance of various features based on nearest neighbour and SVM classification. It is demonstrated that the performance of the proposed method, using as few as 15 training images, can be far superior to that of commercial OCR systems. Furthermore, the method can benefit from synthetically generated training data obviating the need for expensive data collection and annotation. 1
Self-heating in normal metals and superconductors (1987)

This review is devoted to the physics of current-carrying superconductors and normal metals having two or more stable states sustained by Joule self-heating. The creation, propagation, and localization of electrothermal domains and switching waves leading to the transition from one stable state to another in uniform and nonuniform samples are treated in detail. The connection between thermal bistability and hysteresis, dropping and stepped current-voltage characteristics, self-induced oscillations of current and voltage, selfreplication of electrothermal domains, and the formation of periodic and stochastic resistive structures are considered.
InGaAs/InP multiple quantum well modulators in experiment and theory (1994)

The optoelectronic properties of InGaAs/InP quantum well modulators are investigated experimentally, including transport and recombination processes. The applied experimental techniques are differential electro-transmission, photocurrent and electric field modulated photoluminescence. In our theoretical treatment we consider the electric field dependence of the confined state energies and of the overlap of electron-hole wavefunctions. From these the dielectric function of the multiple quantum well material is reconstructed. Comparison between experiment and theory reveals the importance of specific material related aspects. Among them, non intentional background doping and interface degradation are identified as major sources of discrepancy between theory and experiment.
Purification and Properties of Amine Oxidase from Epicotyls of <i>Pisum sativum</i> (1971)

A procedure has been developed for the purification of amine oxidase (E.C. 1.4.3.4) from etiolated pea epicotyls (Pisum sativum cv. Little Marvel). The enzyme is sensitive to copper chelating reagents and carbonyl reagents, but is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 1.85 x 10(5), as determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation, and has been shown to be specifically stimulated by phosphate.
Essentials of Th17 cell commitment and plasticity (2013)

CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells exist in a variety of epigenetic states that determine their function, phenotype, and capacity for persistence. These polarization states include Th1, Th2, Th17, and Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells, as well as the more recently described T follicular helper, Th9, and Th22 cells. Th17 cells express the master transcriptional regulator retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ thymus and produce canonical interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-17F cytokines. Th17 cells display a great degree of context-dependent plasticity, as they are capable of acquiring functional characteristics of Th1 cells. This late plasticity may contribute to the protection against microbes, plays a role in the development of autoimmunity, and is necessary for antitumor activity of Th17 cells in adoptive cell transfer therapy models. Moreover, plasticity of this subset is associated with higher in vivo survival and self-renewal capacity and less senescence than Th1 polarized cells, which have less plasticity and more phenotypic stability. New findings indicate that subset polarization of CD4(+) T cells not only induces characteristic patterns of surface markers and cytokine production but also has a maturational aspect that affects a cell's ability to survive, respond to secondary stimulation, and form long-term immune memory.
Anion−Anion Assembly:  A New Class of Anionic Supramolecular Polymer Containing 3,4-Dichloro-2,5-diamido-substituted Pyrrole Anion Dimers (2002)

Two molecules containing two 2,5-diamido,3,4-dichloropyrrole units linked via 1,3- or 1,4-substituted benzene rings have been synthesized. The pyrrole groups in these compounds deprotonate in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride and form pyrrole anion dimers via NH...N- hydrogen bonds. This dimerization process results in the formation of polyanionic chains linked via an unusual "orthogonal" hydrogen-bonding array.
Speed rate improvement for microcutting of thin silicon with femtosecond laser pulses (2003)

There is a proven potential of ultra-short laser pulses for precise cutting of all kinds of materials. Especially with regard to miniaturizations in the semiconductor industry, even industrial high-speed cutting processes nowadays aim for the precision of femtosecond laser systems. However, when working with a typical spot-focused laser beam on current standard systems, the processing speed is too low for an industrial cutting of larger parts as, for instance, silicon wafers. Apart from improving the laser systems with regard to pulse energies and repetition rates, it is therefore crucial to realize that material ablation can also be influenced by other process parameters. In case of straight microcuts e.g. in silicon wafers, a new approach is a beam shaping strategy using certain arrangements of cylindrical lenses. This can significantly contribute to an increase of the achievable cutting speed, and at the same time reduce the minimal kerf width while using the highest available laser power. We present examples of such kerfs in thin silicon wafers using a system of cylindrical lenses in comparison to a customary achromatic lens, and provide information about the focusing process and the chances and challenges entailed.
Comparative proteogenomics: Combining mass spectrometry and comparative genomics to analyze multiple genomes (2008)

Recent proliferation of low-cost DNA sequencing techniques will soon lead to an explosive growth in the number of sequenced genomes and will turn manual annotations into a luxury. Mass spectrometry recently emerged as a valuable technique for proteogenomic annotations that improves on the state-of-the-art in predicting genes and other features. However, previous proteogenomic approaches were limited to a single genome and did not take advantage of analyzing mass spectrometry data from multiple genomes at once. We show that such a comparative proteogenomics approach (like comparative genomics) allows one to address the problems that remained beyond the reach of the traditional "single proteome" approach in mass spectrometry. In particular, we show how comparative proteogenomics addresses the notoriously difficult problem of "one-hit-wonders" in proteomics, improves on the existing gene prediction tools in genomics, and allows identification of rare post-translational modifications. We therefore argue that complementing DNA sequencing projects by comparative proteogenomics projects can be a viable approach to improve both genomic and proteomic annotations.
Structure-Function Studies of Ser-289 in the Class C β-Lactamase from <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> P99 (1999)

Site-directed mutagenesis of Ser-289 of the class C beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae P99 was performed to investigate the role of this residue in beta-lactam hydrolysis. This amino acid lies near the active site of the enzyme, where it can interact with the C-3 substituent of cephalosporins. Kinetic analysis of six mutant beta-lactamases with five cephalosporins showed that Ser-289 can be substituted by amino acids with nonpolar or polar uncharged side chains without altering the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. These data suggest that Ser-289 is not essential in the binding or hydrolytic mechanism of AmpC beta-lactamase. However, replacement by Lys or Arg decreased by two- to threefold the kcat of four of the five beta-lactams tested, particularly cefoperazone, cephaloridine, and cephalothin. Three-dimensional models of the mutant beta-lactamases revealed that the length and positive charge of the side chain of Lys and Arg could create an electrostatic linkage to the C-4 carboxylic acid group of the dihydrothiazine ring of the acyl intermediate which could slow the deacylation step or hinder release of the product.
A Novel Compact Eight-Pole HTS Bandpass Filter Employing CPW Quarter-Wavelength Symmetric Diverging Resonators (2006)

This paper presents a novel compact high temperature superconducting bandpass filter that employs coplanar-waveguide quarter-wavelength symmetric diverging resonators. The coplanar-waveguide symmetric diverging resonator has a structure in which the open side diverges and then is folded over several times symmetrically in order to shorten the overall length of the resonator. The proposed resonator is 2.4 mm or less in length for use in the 5-GHz band, whereas the conventional straight resonator is approximately 6.4 mm long. An eight-pole Chebyshev bandpass filter is designed using the proposed symmetric diverging resonators. The entire length of the eight-pole filter is 26 mm. The frequency response of the fabricated filter agrees well with electromagnetic simulation results, and achieves a degree of miniaturization of 50% or more compared to the conventional filter in which straight resonators are arranged serially
Chemoprevention and prostate cancer. (2003)

Prostate cancer is unique in that its behavior may vary greatly between different patients.1 Although prostate cancer may be present histologically in nearly 30% of all men above the age of 50 years, the lifetime risk of developing clinically significant prostate cancer is less than 12%.2,3 Furthermore, the lifetime risk of dying from prostate cancer is less than 4%.2,3 Thus, the development of an effective chemopreventative measure for prostate cancer would greatly affect the natural history of this important disease.

Prevention is always better than cure. To this effect, recently there has been a great deal of interest generated in prostate cancer chemoprevention, which is defined as the administration of natural or synthetic agents (pharmaceuticals, biologics, and micronutrients) to prevent initiation, inhibit promotion, or delay progression from normal-appearing prostate epithelium to dysplasia to high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) to locally invasive adenocarcinoma and metastatic systemic disease.4 The selection of agents to be tested in patients for primary or secondary prostate cancer prevention is based on evidence gathered from epidemiologic, experimental, and clinical studies.

Numerous agents are currently under clinical evaluation and may in the future provide a source for preventing the development of clinically significant prostate cancer. Among these agents, selenium, vitamin E, and lycopene hold special interests. A study consisting of more than 29,000 Finnish male smokers revealed that vitamin E (50 IU of dl-alpha tocopherol) was found to be associated with a 32% reduction in prostate cancer.5 Another study consisting of more than 1300 men and women at a high risk of developing recurrent nonmelanoma skin cancer revealed that selenium (200 μg of selenized yeast) was associated with a marked reduction in the incidence of prostate cancer (67% reduction).6

These studies, despite their limitations and bias, have lead to the decision by the National Institutes of Health to sponsor the Selenium and Vitamin E Chemoprevention Trial (SELECT), which will consist of four arms: selenium versus vitamin E versus selenium and vitamin E versus placebo.7 It is hoped that approximately 32,000 men, with no history of prostate cancer or HGPIN and 55 years of age or older (50 years of age or older if African American), will be recruited into the study from 300 different sites. The study will be conducted for 7–12 years.

Lycopene has also generated a great deal of interest, as there is conflicting evidence regarding its association with a reduction in prostate cancer risk.8 The exact mechanism of action of both vitamin E and selenium in tumor prevention is not well established. Two recent studies, reviewed below, shed some light on this matter. The final article reviewed here provides further evidence for the role of lycopene in prostate cancer chemoprevention.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Haliclonacyclamine C. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Experimental and theoretical study of the dielectric properties of 1-cyanoadamantane; spectrum of the compact crystal from measurements on powder (1982)

The dielectric properties of 1-cyanoadamantane powder, studied in a wide frequency band (1 kHz-1 GHz), are presented. The authors calculated the dielectric spectra from various equations for mixtures given in the literature. The spectra were established in the static state and extended to the dynamic state. A comparative study between the experimental and calculated spectra confirms the validity of two equations: that of Bottcher (1945) for high volume fractions and that of Looyenga (1965) for small volume fractions. This study allows the authors to deduce the dielectric spectrum of 1-cyanoadamantane compact crystal in the frequency band considered.
<title>Influence of a large-image watermarking scheme parallelization on possible attacks</title> (2001)

Digital data representation provides an efficient and fast way to access to information and to exchange it. In many situations though ownership or copyright protection mechanisms are desired. For still images and video, one possible way to achieve this is through watermarking. Watermarking consists of an imperceptible information embedded within a given media. Parallel Processing Watermarking Embedding Schemes have demonstrated to be efficient from a computational and memory usage point of view for very large images. These schemes consist in dividing the image into tiles and watermarking each independently. The processing allows the use of a parallel computation scheme. The watermarking method used in the scope of this work is a parallel variant of an approach known as self-referenced Spread Spectrum signature pattern. Since the watermarking scheme has been modified through tiling, the extra references due to signature replication can be used in the retrieval. This work describes the above mentioned approach to watermark images and provides an analysis of its performance.
PULSED LASER TRANSITIONS IN MANGANESE VAPOR (1965)

First Page
Agonist Recognition by Proteinase-activated Receptor 2 and Thrombin Receptor (1996)

Thrombin receptor and proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) define a family of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by a novel proteolytic mechanism. Specific cleavage of their amino-terminal exodomains unmasks a new amino terminus which then serves as a tethered ligand, docking intramolecularly to the body of the receptor to effect signaling. Identification of the docking interactions between tethered ligand domain and receptor is critical for understanding transmembrane signaling by these receptors. Synthetic "agonist peptides" that mimic the tethered ligand domains of thrombin receptor and PAR2 act as agonists at their respective receptors. Toward defining the docking interactions which mediate receptor activation, we determined the specificity of the thrombin receptor and PAR2 for their respective agonist peptides and used receptor chimeras to identify the receptor domains responsible for such specificity. PAR2 responded to both thrombin receptor and PAR2 agonist peptides. In contrast, thrombin receptor was selective for its own agonist peptide. Substitution of the extracellular face of PAR2, its amino-terminal exodomain and three extracellular loops, for the cognate thrombin receptor structures yielded a chimeric receptor with PAR2-like agonist specificity. Substitution of individual extracellular domains revealed that the primary determinant of agonist specificity was extracellular loop 2. Strikingly, substitution of either the amino-terminal exodomain or third extracellular loop alone caused marked loss of receptor function, but the double substitution yielded a functional receptor. Thus, the extracellular domains of these G protein-coupled receptors are more than simply passive links between transmembrane domains. They participate in agonist recognition and must interact, directly or indirectly, for proper receptor function.
Context for semantic metadata (2004)

This article argues for the growing importance of quality metadata and the equation of that quality with precision and semantic grounding. Such semantic grounding requires metadata that derives from intentional human intervention as well as mechanistic measurement of content media. In both cases, one chief problem in the automatic generation of semantic metadata is leading to the overgeneration of inaccurate annotations. We look at a particular richly annotated image collection to show how context dramatically reduces the problem of over this particular corpus. In particular, we consider both the abstract measurement of contextual ambiguity over the collection and the application of a particular disambiguation algorithm to synthesized keyword searches across the selection.
Short-term electricity demand forecasting using double seasonal exponential smoothing (2003)

This paper considers univariate online electricity demand forecasting for lead times from a half-hour-ahead to a day-ahead. A time series of demand recorded at half-hourly intervals contains more than one seasonal pattern. A within-day seasonal cycle is apparent from the similarity of the demand profile from one day to the next, and a within-week seasonal cycle is evident when one compares the demand on the corresponding day of adjacent weeks. There is strong appeal in using a forecasting method that is able to capture both seasonalities. The multiplicative seasonal ARIMA model has been adapted for this purpose. In this paper, we adapt the Holt–Winters exponential smoothing formulation so that it can accommodate two seasonalities. We correct for residual autocorrelation using a simple autoregressive model. The forecasts produced by the new double seasonal Holt–Winters method outperform those from traditional Holt–Winters and from a well-specified multiplicative double seasonal ARIMA model.
Reuse contracts (1996)

A critical concern in the reuse of software is the propagation of changes made to reusable artifacts. Without techniques to manage these changes, multiple versions of these artifacts will propagate through different systems and reusers will not be able to benefit from improvements to the original artifact. We propose to codify the management of change in a software system by means of reuse contracts that record the protocol between managers and users of a reusable asset. Just as real world contracts can be extended, amended and customised, reuse contracts are subject to parallel changes encoded by formal reuse operators: extension, refinement and concretisation. Reuse contracts and their operators serve as structured documentation and facilitate the propagation of changes to reusable assets by indicating how much work is needed to update previously built applications, where and how to test and how to adjust these applications.
Presence based network topology tracing system for VoIP networks (2011)

Tracing topology of services in real-time is a challenging problem in VoIP networks. The primary reason is that the VoIP networks operate with diverse interconnecting protocols, technologies, and multitude of access technologies. In addition, alliances, changing rules and regulations, mergers, new technologies and services impact architecture of VoIP networks consistently. All of these together results in heterogeneous, complex and dynamic VoIP networks where the network topology changes very frequently. Secondly, in case of voice, each call can follow a different path over the core IP infrastructure in the network. Even the signaling and media path of the same voice call can follow different paths to destination (callee's device). Stitching and providing integrated end to end cross layer view of the path in real-time of an ongoing service flow e.g. voice call under such unpredictable network conditions is difficult.
Web Developer.com Guide to Search Engines (1998)

From the Publisher:
Web Developer.com Guide to Search Engines is a complete guide to choosing, obtaining, installing, configuring, supporting, and building the perfect search engine for your website, intranet, enterprise network, or Internet needs. Wes Sonnenreich and Tim Macinta, two former members of the MIT Media Lab, critically appraise the leading search engines, explaining who built them, how they work, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each. Plus, they tell you everything you need to know in order to determine your ideal search parameters and create a profile of your site; match your site profile with the best engine for the job; obtain, install, configure, maintain, and get help for each engine; and build your own custom search engine from scratch.
Copper-Homoscorpionate Complexes as Very Active Catalysts for the Olefin Aziridination Reaction (2003)

A series of complexes TpxCu (Tpx = homoscorpionate ligand) have been tested as the catalysts for the olefin aziridination reaction using PhINTs as the nitrene source. Very high yields of aziridines have been obtained with a group of representative substrates, including nonactivated terminal olefins. The high activity of these catalysts has allowed the use of equimolar amounts of PhINTs and olefins, avoiding the requirement of excess olefin. In an effort to eliminate nondesired byproducts, chloramine-T has been employed as the nitrene source, in a reaction that produces sodium chloride as the sole residue, with high degrees of conversions also being obtained.