gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Circumnutation Observed Without a Significant Gravitational Force in Spaceflight (1984)

For over half a century and especially since the 1960's a number of plant physiologists, seeking to explain the impressively ubiquitous mechanism that drives and regulates circumnutation in all growing plant organs, have been unable to agree on whether the differential growth process that leads to circumnutational oscillations is gravity dependent. There has been fairly general agreement that the question might be answered, if test plants could be deprived of all significant gravitational stimuli as would be possible in the near weightlessness or free fall environment of satellite orbit. Such an experiment was carried out during the Spacelab 1 mission. Circumnutational oscillations were observed which demonstrated that a protracted input of gravitational information from the environment was not required for initiation or maintenance of circumnutation in sunflower hypocotyls.
Self-Regulated Radius of Spontaneously Formed GaN Nanowires in Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2013)

We investigate the axial and radial growth of GaN nanowires upon a variation of the Ga flux during molecular beam epitaxial growth. An increase in the Ga flux promotes radial growth without affecting the axial growth rate. In contrast, a decrease in the Ga flux reduces the axial growth rate without any change in the radius. These results are explained by a kinetic growth model that accounts for both the diffusion of Ga adatoms along the side facets toward the nanowire tip and the finite amount of active N available for the growth. The model explains the formation of a new equilibrium nanowire radius after increasing the Ga flux and provides an explanation for two well-known but so far not understood experimental facts: the necessity of effectively N-rich conditions for the spontaneous growth of GaN nanowires and the increase in nanowire radius with increasing III/V flux ratio.
GENERAL THEORY, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION OF SENSITIVE VACUUM THERMOPILES (PART I)A More Complete Theory of Vacuum Thermopile Design for <i>N</i> Junctions for Four Types of Construction (1930)

Attention is paid to the practical construction and application of the thermopiles. The sensitivity and quickness of reaching thermal equilibrium are both calculated by considering radiation from the receivers and conduction through the wires; the other factors are proved theoretically and experimentally to be negligible for designs found practical. In designing a thermopile for sensitivity, the whole galvanometer circuit has been considered. If we assume the approximate correctness of the Wiedemann-Franz Law, simple optimum conditions are obtained. Maximum sensitivity is found to depend on the sensitivities, resistances and characteristic of the galvanometers available and the size of the area into which the radiation to be measured can be concentrated. If it is impossible to concentrate the light into as small a receiver as can be made, the number of junctions to be used in series can be calculated. While the theory given is general, it is especially adapted to high thermoelectric power bismuth alloy wires at room temperature and for a critically damped galvanometer circuit. Curves are plotted to facilitate the best choice of a galvanometer and best design of a thermopile for use in many experiments. The formulas were verified experimentally at room temperature. Greater sensitivity was gained by having thermopile at the temperature of liquid oxygen, as predicted by the theory.
Correction of frequency uncertainty in wide field of view interferometric angular velocity measurements (2012)

This paper presents a method for correcting the frequency uncertainty encountered in interferometric angular velocity measurements. This new technique of angular velocity measurement allows a wide field of view, where the frequency of the response is proportional to the angular velocity of the object. At wide angles, the measured frequency shift scales with the cosine of the angle, resulting in an uncertainty if the angular location of the object is not known. The correction method presented herein consists of estimating the angle of a signal using a wide-baseline interferometer with three closely spaced frequencies. With frequencies spaced over a fractional bandwidth of 3.5%, the residual uncertainty of the measured frequency shift is shown through simulation to be less than 0.1 Hz over a ±72° field of view with a 6 dB SNR.
Reactions of peroxides: II. Reaction of carboxylic acids with iodine and peroxides (1969)

Abstract Aroyl peroxides and t ‐butylperoxy isopropyl carbonate decarboxylate aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of iodine to form iodides in high yields. The aroyl peroxides also abstract carboxylic acid hydrogen from aromatic and perfluorocarbon acids. A proposed scheme is presented for the reaction of aroyl peroxides with carboxylic acids illustrating homolytic decarboxylation as taking place in an equilibrium between a pair of acyloxy radicals. These radicals are derived from the peroxide and acid and maintained in association by hydrogen bonding and iodine complexation.
Planning coherent multisentential text (1988)

Though most text generators are capable of simply stringing together more than one sentence, they cannot determine which order will ensure a coherent paragraph. A paragraph is coherent when the information in successive sentences follows some pattern of inference or of knowledge with which the hearer is familiar. To signal such inferences, speakers usually use relations that link successive sentences in fixed ways. A set of 20 relations that span most of what people usually say in English is proposed in the Rhetorical Structure Theory of Mann and Thompson. This paper describes the formalization of these relations and their use in a prototype text planner that structures input elements into coherent paragraphs.
논문 : 형태인지능력 측정에 관한 연구 -연상에 의한 윤곽선 인지를 중심으로- (2003)

본 논문은 인간 개개인이 가지고 있는 연상에 의한 형태인지능력을 객관적으로 측정해 보려는 의도에서 시작되었다.
연상에 의한 형태인지능력이 사람마다 다르다는 가정 하에 객관적인 측정도구를 개발하고 과학적인 설험물 실시하여 이를 확인함으로서 형태 인지능력이 우수한 인재를 선별할 때 활용하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이번 연구는 형태인지능력의 기본이 되는 윤곽선 인지를 중심으로 연구하였다.
실험결과 첫째, 전공자 집단이 비전공자 집단보다 남성이 여성보다 형태인지능력이 높게 나타나 헝태인지능력의 측정 가능성을 검증하였고, 둘째 표준화된 형태인지능력측정 모델 개밭의 필요성을 인식하였으며, 셋째 디자인발상교육과 형태인지능력의 연관성에 관한 연구가 필요하다는 것을 확인 하였다.
Curved Pi-Conjugation, Aromaticity, and the Related Chemistry of Small Fullerenes (<C<sub>60</sub>) and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCurved Pi-Conjugation, Aromaticity, and the Related Chemistry of Small Fullerenes (<C60) and Single-Walled Carbon NanotubesXin Lu and Zhongfang ChenView Author Information State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 10, 3643–3696Publication Date (Web):September 29, 2005Publication History Received17 March 2005Published online29 September 2005Published inissue 1 October 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr030093dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr030093dresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8046Altmetric-Citations497LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbon,Carbon nanomaterials,Carbon nanotubes,Molecular structure,Nanospheres Get e-Alerts
Behavior Analysis of a Ferrofluidic Gyroscope Performances (2009)

Protective adaptive immune responses rely on TCR-mediated recognition of Ag-derived peptides presented by self-MHC molecules. However, self-Ag (tumor)-specific TCRs are often of too low affinity to achieve best functionality. To precisely assess the relationship between TCR-peptide-MHC binding parameters and T cell function, we tested a panel of sequence-optimized HLA-A(*)0201/NY-ESO-1(157-165)-specific TCR variants with affinities lying within physiological boundaries to preserve antigenic specificity and avoid cross-reactivity, as well as two outliers (i.e., a very high- and a low-affinity TCR). Primary human CD8 T cells transduced with these TCRs demonstrated robust correlations between binding measurements of TCR affinity and avidity and the biological response of the T cells, such as TCR cell-surface clustering, intracellular signaling, proliferation, and target cell lysis. Strikingly, above a defined TCR-peptide-MHC affinity threshold (K(D) < approximately 5 muM), T cell function could not be further enhanced, revealing a plateau of maximal T cell function, compatible with the notion that multiple TCRs with slightly different affinities participate equally (codominantly) in immune responses. We propose that rational design of improved self-specific TCRs may not need to be optimized beyond a given affinity threshold to achieve both optimal T cell function and avoidance of the unpredictable risk of cross-reactivity.
Seasonal and Synoptic Variations in Near-Surface Air Temperature Lapse Rates in a Mountainous Basin (2008)

Abstract To accurately estimate near-surface (2 m) air temperatures in a mountainous region for hydrologic prediction models and other investigations of environmental processes, the authors evaluated daily and seasonal variations (with the consideration of different weather types) of surface air temperature lapse rates at a spatial scale of 10 000 km2 in south-central Idaho. Near-surface air temperature data (Tmax, Tmin, and Tavg) from 14 meteorological stations were used to compute daily lapse rates from January 1989 to December 2004 for a medium-elevation study area in south-central Idaho. Daily lapse rates were grouped by month, synoptic weather type, and a combination of both (seasonal–synoptic). Daily air temperature lapse rates show high variability at both daily and seasonal time scales. Daily Tmax lapse rates show a distinct seasonal trend, with steeper lapse rates (greater decrease in temperature with height) occurring in summer and shallower rates (lesser decrease in temperature with height) occurring in winter. Daily Tmin and Tavg lapse rates are more variable and tend to be steepest in spring and shallowest in midsummer. Different synoptic weather types also influence lapse rates, although differences are tenuous. In general, warmer air masses tend to be associated with steeper lapse rates for maximum temperature, and drier air masses have shallower lapse rates for minimum temperature. The largest diurnal range is produced by dry tropical conditions (clear skies, high solar input). Cross-validation results indicate that the commonly used environmental lapse rate [typically assumed to be −0.65°C (100 m)−1] is solely applicable to maximum temperature and often grossly overestimates Tmin and Tavg lapse rates. Regional lapse rates perform better than the environmental lapse rate for Tmin and Tavg, although for some months rates can be predicted more accurately by using monthly lapse rates. Lapse rates computed for different months, synoptic types, and seasonal–synoptic categories all perform similarly. Therefore, the use of monthly lapse rates is recommended as a practical combination of effective performance and ease of implementation.
Photoreceptor inner segments in monkey and human retina: Mitochondrial density, optics, and regional variation (2002)

The present work quantifies aspects of photoreceptor structure related to mitochondria, inner segment dimensions, and optical properties, as a basis for furthering our understanding of rod and cone function. Electron-microscopic analyses were performed on the retina of one stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) to obtain stereological measurements of ellipsoid mitochondrial density, and sizes and shapes of outer and inner segments. In addition, the distribution of mitochondria and the optical properties of human foveal cones were examined with electron microscopy and Nomarski differential interference contrast (NDIC) imaging. Mitochondria comprised 74-85% of cone ellipsoids and 54-66% of rod ellipsoids in macaque. Ellipsoid volume increased with eccentricity by 2.4-fold for rods and more than 6-fold for cones over eccentricities to 12.75 mm, while the volume of the outer segment supported by the ellipsoid was essentially constant for both rods and cones. Per unit volume of outer segment, cones contained ten times as much mitochondria as rods. In human fovea, as in the rest of the retina, most cone mitochondria were located in the distal inner segment. In the foveal center, however, there are also mitochondria in the myoid, as well as in the outer fiber, proximal to the external limiting membrane (ELM). Analyses of the optical aperture of human foveal cones, the point at which their refractive index clearly differs from the extrareceptoral space, showed that it correlated well with the location of mitochondria, except in the foveal center, where the aperture appeared proximal to the ELM. While mitochondria have an important metabolic function, we suggest that the striking differences between rods and cones in mitochondrial content are unlikely to be determined by metabolic demand alone. The numerous cone mitochondria may enhance the waveguide properties of cones, particularly in the periphery.
[Treatment of simulated produced wastewater from polymer flooding in oil production using dithiocarbamate-type flocculant]. (2010)

A dithiocarbamate flocculant, DTC (T403), was prepared by the reaction of amine-terminated polyoxypropane-ether compound known as Jeffamine-T403 and carbon disulfide in alkaline solution. The oil removal efficiency of DTC (T403) for simulated produced wastewater from polymer flooding in oil production was studied by Jar-test. The effect of the dosage of DTC (T403), hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, and pH on the oil removal efficiency of DTC (T403) was investigated. The results showed that the chelate polymer formed by DTC (T403) and Fe2+ ion has good oil removal performance by net capturing mechanism. HPAM had a negative effect on oil removal efficiency of DTC (T403). For the treatment of the simulated wastewater containing 0-900 mg/L of HPAM and 300 mg/L of oil, the residual oil concentrations in water samples decreased below 10 mg/L when the dosage of Fe2+ and DTC (T403) was 10 mg/L and 25 mg/L, respectively. The oil removal efficiency of DTC (T403) was affected by pH and good oil removal efficiency was obtained when the pH was below 7.5. DTC (T403) is appropriate for the treatment of oily wastewater containing Fe2+ ion.
Quartz Cement in the Fontainebleau Sandstone, Paris Basin, France: Crystallography and Implications for Mechanisms of Cement Growth (2006)

Abstract Authigenic quartz cement is the most abundant form of diagenetic cement in clastic sedimentary rocks. Despite this, there are many unknowns relating to mechanisms of growth of quartz cement and the crystallography of quartz cement. The key focus of this paper is to investigate further the issues of crystallography and quartz cement growth mechanisms, using the shallowly buried Oligo-Miocene Fontainebleau sandstone, France, as a case study. We address the following points: (1) are authigenic quartz overgrowths really in crystallographic continuity with their substrate grains? (2) What is the crystallographic inter-relationship between zones of quartz cement growth? (3) Are all quartz overgrowths entirely quartz, or do other silica polymorphs exist within overgrowths? The study combines an array of techniques to answer these questions, including transmitted-light optics, cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), the latter of the two being performed with the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The use of EBSD to this study is crucial because it provides essential crystallographic information on the grains and their overgrowths. The data revealed: (1) quartz overgrowths comprise several zones visible in optical and CL images as parallel, isopachous, alternating bright and dark bands; (2) these bands represent areas of poorly crystalline silica and fully crystalline quartz; (3) one entire zone consists only of poorly crystalline quartz; (4) the final growth stage occurred as prismatic microcrystalline quartz into the remaining porosity; (5) the crystallographic orientation across most of the overgrowth, as far as the microcrystalline quartz layer, is the same as that of the detrital grain (i.e., it is syntaxial); and (6) the microcrystalline quartz layer has crystals with different and variable orientations relative to the detrital grain. This indicates that part of the quartz cement is not in crystallographic continuity with the substrate grain and displays an epitaxial relationship. Detailed analysis of the orientation data shows that there is a rational crystallographic rotation around a variety of axes, which indicates that the orientation of the final growth stages was not random.
Syntheses of Unsaturated Lactones (1968)

Journal Article Syntheses of Unsaturated Lactones: Part I. Some Lactones of 5-Substituted-5-hydroxy-2-enoic Acids as a Synthetic Butter or Butter Cake Flavor Get access Akio Nobuhara Akio Nobuhara Central Research Institute of Kikkoman Shoyu Co., Ltd. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 32, Issue 8, 1 August 1968, Pages 1016–1020, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1968.10859166 Published: 01 August 1968 Article history Received: 19 February 1968 Published: 01 August 1968
Uniform Polymeric Hollow Microcapsules with Controlled Doping Levels Fabricated under Nonreactive Conditions (2007)

A chemically nonreactive method for the fabrication of uniform core/shell fluorescent polymeric microspheres (see figure) is demonstrated with a flow apparatus. Various dyes and labeled proteins are doped into the appropriate particle phases, and an early example of chemical sensing is demonstrated.
Customer-Centered Strategic Diversification (1998)

A logistic regression model is used to analyze an OB/GYN'S move towards primary care. Current clients' use/no use response of the clinic as a primary care provider is the criterion variable. Predictor variables include new primary care services, expanded OB/GYN services, overall system utilization, and current insurance and physician status. Overall, only 37% of the clinic's current clients indicated they would utilize the clinic for primary care. Having a personal physician is a significant predictor of a client's decision to utilize the clinic's new primary care services. Other significant predictor variables are discussed.
A Dirty-Slate Approach to Routing Scalability (2008)

This paper presents Virtual Aggregation, an architecture that attempts to tackle the Internet routing scalability problem. Our approach does not require any changes to router software and routing protocols and can be deployed by any ISP without the cooperation of other ISPs. Hence, Virtual Aggregation is a configuration-only solution. The key insight here is to use divide-and-conquer so that default-free zone routers don?t need to maintain the entire routing table. Instead, an ISP can modify its internal routing such that individual routers in its network only maintain a part of the routing table. We evaluate the application of Virtual Aggregation to a few tier-1 and tier-2 ISPs and show that it can reduce routing table size on individual routers by an order of magnitude while imposing almost no traffic stretch and very little increase in router load. We also deploy Virtual Aggregation across two different testbeds comprising of Cisco and Linux routers. Finally, we detail some shortcomings of the proposed design and discuss alternative designs that alleviate some of these. However, in spite of the limitations, we believe that the simplicity of the proposal and its possible short-term impact on routing scalability suggest that it is an alternative worth considering.
Indefinite islet protection from autoimmune destruction in nonobese diabetic mice by agarose microencapsulation without immunosuppression1 (2003)

Agarose microcapsules were able to completely protect NOD islet isografts from autoimmune destruction in the syngeneic islet transplantation model.
Mouse and rat <i>BDNF</i> gene structure and expression revisited (2006)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has important functions in the development of the nervous system and in brain plasticity-related processes such as memory, learning, and drug addiction. Despite the fact that the function and regulation of rodent BDNF gene expression have received close attention during the last decade, knowledge of the structural organization of mouse and rat BDNF gene has remained incomplete. We have identified and characterized several mouse and rat BDNF transcripts containing novel 5' untranslated exons and introduced a new numbering system for mouse and rat BDNF exons. According to our results both mouse and rat BDNF gene consist of eight 5' untranslated exons and one protein coding 3' exon. Transcription of the gene results in BDNF transcripts containing one of the eight 5' exons spliced to the protein coding exon and in a transcript containing only 5' extended protein coding exon. We also report the distinct tissue-specific expression profiles of each of the mouse and rat 5' exon-specific transcripts in different brain regions and nonneural tissues. In addition, we show that kainic acid-induced seizures that lead to changes in cellular Ca(2+) levels as well as inhibition of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation contribute to the differential regulation of the expression of BDNF transcripts. Finally, we confirm that mouse and rat BDNF gene loci do not encode antisense mRNA transcripts, suggesting that mechanisms of regulation for rodent and human BDNF genes differ substantially.