gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Studies of <i>p</i>‐Methoxybenzyl‐Substituted and Benzyl‐Substituted N‐Heterocyclic Carbene–Silver Complexes (2010)

Abstract p ‐Methoxybenzyl‐substituted and benzyl‐substituted N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) [( 3a – c ) and ( 6a – c )] precursors were synthesised from the reaction of 1 H ‐imidazole ( 1a ), 4,5‐dichloro‐1 H ‐imidazole ( 1b ), and 1 H ‐benzimidazole ( 1c ) with p ‐methoxybenzyl bromide ( 2 ) and benzyl bromide ( 5 ). These NHC precursors were then treated with silver(I) acetate to yield the NHC–silver complexes [1,3‐bis(4‐methoxybenzyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene]silver(I) acetate ( 4a ), [4,5‐dichloro‐1,3‐bis(4‐methoxybenzyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene]silver(I) acetate ( 4b ), [1,3‐bis(4‐methoxybenzyl)benzimidazol‐2‐ylidene]silver(I) acetate ( 4c ), (1,3‐dibenzylimidazol‐2‐ylidene)silver(I) acetate ( 7a ), (1,3‐dibenzyl‐4,5‐dichloroimidazol‐2‐ylidene)silver(I) acetate ( 7b ), and (1,3‐dibenzylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylidene)silver(I) acetate ( 7c ), respectively. The NHC precursor 3c , four NHC–silver complexes 4c and 7a – c were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction method. The preliminary antibacterial activity of all the compounds was studied against Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli , and Gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus using the Kirby–Bauer disk‐diffusion method. Almost all the NHC–silver complexes have shown high antibacterial activity compared to the NHC precursors. In addition, the NHC–silver complexes had their cytotoxicity investigated through MTT‐based preliminary in vitro testing on the Caki‐1 cell lines in order to determine their IC 50 values. NHC–silver complexes 4a – c and 7a – c were found to have IC 50 values of 7.3 (+/–6), 12.7(+/–3), 25.2 (+/–5), 2.5 (+/–3), 10.8 (+/–4) and 12.5 (+/–4) μ M respectively on the Caki‐1 cell line.
User Interaction in Language-Based Editing Systems (1992)

Abstract : Language-based editing systems allow users to create, browse, and modify structured documents (programs in particular) in terms of the formal languages in which they are written. Many such systems have been built, but despite steady refinement of the supporting technology few programmers use them today. In this dissertation it is argued that realizing the potential of these systems demands a user-centered approach to their design and construction. Pan, a fully-implemented experimental language-based editing and browsing system, demonstrates the viability of the approach. Careful consideration of the intended user population, drawing on evidence from psychological studies of programmers, from current software engineering practice, and from experience with earlier systems, motivates Pan's design. Important aspects of that design include functional requirements, metaphors that capture the feel of the system from the perspective of users, and an architectural framework for implementation. Unlike many earlier systems, Pan's design hides the complexity of language-based technology behind a set of simple and appropriate conceptual models -- models of the system and of the documents being viewed. Responding to the true bottleneck in software production, Pan's services are designed to help users understand software rather than save keystrokes writing it. Furthermore, Pan's design framework provides services that degrade gracefully in the presence of malformed documents, incomplete documents, and inconsistent information. This research has yielded new insight into the design problem at all levels: the suitability of current language-based technology for interactive, user-centered applications; appropriate kernel mechanisms for building coherent user services; new conceptual models of editing that blend textual and structural operations without undue complexity; and the crucial role of local, site-specific design in the delivery of language-based editing services.
Design and evaluation of a seat orientation controller during uneven terrain driving (2016)

Electric powered wheelchairs (EPWs) are essential devices for people with disabilities as aids for mobility and quality of life improvement. However, the design of currently available common EPWs is still limited and makes it challenging for the users to drive in both indoor and outdoor environments such as uneven surfaces, steep hills, or cross slopes, making EPWs susceptible to loss of stability and at risk for falls. An alternative wheel-legged robotic wheelchair, "MEBot", was designed to improve the safety and mobility of EPW users in both indoor and outdoor environments. MEBot is able to elevate its six wheels using pneumatic actuators, as well to detect changes in the seat angle using a gyroscope and accelerometer. This capability enables MEBot to provide sensing for a dynamic self-leveling seat application that can maintain the center of mass within the boundaries of the wheelchair, thereby, improving EPW safety. To verify the effectiveness of the application, MEBot was tested on a motion platform with six degrees of freedom to simulate different slopes that could be experienced by the EPW in outdoor environments. The results demonstrate the robustness of the application to maintain the wheelchair seat in a horizontal reference against changes in the ground angle.
Detecting Asphaltenes by A Miniaturized Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Sensor (2014)

Asphaltenes precipitation has become a major issue in oil production. It can clog oil wells and increase the cost of production. The precipitation can occur in the near-wellbore region, inside the wellbore, in subsea flowlines, and in the separator. Currently, there is no effective solution for monitoring asphaltenes concentration and precipitation in real time. In this work, we propose a novel method for monitoring asphaltenes concentration in crude oil, utilizing the physical principle of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). The phenomenon of EPR is based on the interaction of electron spins with electromagnetic fields in the presence of an external DC magnetic field. As asphaltenes have paramagnetic centers, they generate EPR signals that can be measured with our proprietary EPR sensor. The sensor is implemented in a 0.13μm SiGe BiCMOS process technology. The sensor chip can operate in both continuous wave (CW) and pulse modes. The frequency is tunable from 770MHz to 970MHz, corresponding to Zeeman magnetic fields from 28mT to 35mT for a free electron. The chip consists of a voltage-controlled oscillator, a power amplifier, a low-noise amplifier, a down-conversion mixer, baseband amplifiers, and a pulse generation block. The EPR sensor uses a loop-gap resonator built on a PCB board to interact with the sample. The measurement results of the asphaltenes samples are reported.
Effect of spectacle use and accommodation on myopic progression: final results of a three-year randomised clinical trial among schoolchildren. (1989)

Two hundred and forty mildly myopic schoolchildren aged 9-11 years were randomly allocated to three treatment groups and the progression of myopia was followed-up for three years. The treatment groups were: (1) minus lenses with full correction for continuous use (the reference group), (2) minus lenses with full correction to be used for distant vision only, and (3) bifocal lenses with +1.75 D addition. Three-year refraction values were received from 237 children. The differences in the increases of the spherical equivalents were not statistically significant in the right eye, but in the left eye the change in the distant use group was significantly higher (-1.87 D) than in the continuous use group (-1.46 D) (p = 0.02, Student's t test). There were no differences between the groups in regard to school achievement, accidents, or satisfaction with glasses. In all three groups the more the daily close work done by the children the faster was the rate of myopic progression (right eye: r = 0.253, p = 0.0001, left eye: r = 0.267, p = 0.0001). Myopic progression did not correlate positively with accommodation, but the shorter the average reading distance of the follow-up time the faster was the myopic progression (right eye: r = 0.222, p = 0.0001, left eye: r = 0.255, p = 0.001). It seems that myopic progression is connected with much use of the eyes in reading and close work and with short reading distance but that progression cannot be reduced by diminishing accommodation with bifocals or by reading without spectacles.
Highly efficient InGaN/GaN blue LED on 8-inch Si (111) substrate (2012)

We have grown LED structures on top of a robust n-type GaN template on 8-inch diameter silicon substrates achieving both a low dislocation density and a 7 um-thick template without crack even at a sufficient Si doping condition. Such high crystalline quality of n-GaN templates on Si were obtained by optimizing combination of stress compensation layers and dislocation reduction layers. Wafer bowing of LED structures were well controlled and measured below 20 μm and the warpage of LED on Si substrate was found to strongly depend on initial bowing of 8-inch Si substrates. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of GaN (0002) and (10-12) ω-rocking curves of LED samples grown on 8-inch Si substrates were 220 and 320 arcsec. The difference between minimum and maximum of FWHM GaN (0002) was 40 arcsec. The dislocation densities were measured about 2~3×10<sup>8</sup>/cm<sup>2</sup> by atomic force microscopy (AFM) after in-situ SiH4 and NH<sub>3</sub> treatment. The measured quasi internal quantum efficiency of 8-inch InGaN/GaN LED was ~ 90 % with excitation power and temperature-dependent photoluminescence method. Under the un-encapsulated measurement condition of vertical InGaN/GaN LED grown on 8-inch Si substrate, the overall output power of the 1.4×1.4 mm<sup>2</sup> chips representing a median performance exceeded 484 mW with the forward voltage of 3.2 V at the driving current of 350 mA.
Automated CTC Classification, Enumeration and Pheno Typing (2019)

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) isolated from blood can be probed for the expression of treatment targets. Immuno uorescence is often used for both the enumeration of CTCs and the determination of protein expression levels related to treatment targets. Accurate and reproducible assessment of such treatment target expression levels is essential for their use in the clinic. To enable this, an open source image analysis program named ACCEPT was developed in the EU-FP CTCTrap and CANCER-ID programs. Here its application is shown on a retrospective cohort of metastatic breast cancer patients from which blood samples were processed by CellSearch and stained for HER-expression as additional marker. Images were digitally stored and reviewers identi ed a total of CTCs. CTC's HER-expression was determined in the thumbnail images by ACCEPT. of these images were selected and sent to six independent investigators to score the HER-expression with and without ACCEPT. Concordance rate of the operators' scoring results for HER-on CTCs was and could be increased using the ACCEPT tool to . Automated assessment of HER-expression by ACCEPT on CTCs of patients showed ( . ) patients with all CTCs express-Quantifying HER-Expression on CTCs by ACCEPT ing HER-, ( . ) patients with no CTCs expressing HER-and ( . ) patients with CTCs showing a varying HER-expression level. In total CTCs were determined HERpositive. We conclude that the use of image analysis enables a more reproducible quantication of treatment targets on CTCs and leads the way to fully automated and reproducible approaches.
Notch and Wnt signals cooperatively control cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in the intestine (2009)

Notch and Wnt signals play essential roles in intestinal development and homeostasis, yet how they integrate their action to affect intestinal morphogenesis is not understood. We examined the interplay between these two signaling pathways in vivo, by modulating Notch activity in mice carrying either a loss- or a gain-of-function mutation of Wnt signaling. We find that the dramatic proliferative effect that Notch signals have on early intestinal precursors requires normal Wnt signaling, whereas its influence on intestinal differentiation appears independent of Wnt. Analogous experiments in Drosophila demonstrate that the synergistic effects of Notch and Wnt are valid across species. We also demonstrate a striking synergy between Notch and Wnt signals that results in inducing the formation of intestinal adenomas, particularly in the colon, a region rarely affected in available mouse tumor models, but the primary target organ in human patients. These studies thus reveal a previously unknown oncogenic potential of Notch signaling in colorectal tumorigenesis that, significantly, is supported by the analysis of human tumors. Importantly, our experimental evidence raises the possibility that Notch activation might be an essential initial event triggering colorectal cancer.
A novel space-time spreading scheme for wireless CDMA systems (1999)

The aim of this study was to assess maximal heart rate (HR) and heart morphological changes in high altitude living "plateau pikas" and rats bred at 2260 m. Rats and pikas were catheterized to measure HR (2260 m). After baseline measurements, 1 mg/kg of atropine (AT) and increasing doses of isoproterenol (IsoP) (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg kg) were injected into animals. Right (RV) and left ventricles (LV) were removed to calculate Fulton's ratio (LV + septum (S) to RV weights) and to assess mRNA expression level of β1- and β2-adrenoceptors, muscarinic m1 and m2 receptors, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Resting HR was significantly lower in rats than in pikas and increased after AT injection only in rats. IsoP injection induced a significant increase in HR in rat for all doses, which was systematically greater than in pikas. In pikas HR was slightly increased only after the two highest concentrations of IsoP. Fulton's ratio was greater in rats compared with pikas but the LV + S adjusted for body weight was greater in pikas. Pikas showed lower β1-adrenoceptors and muscarinic m2 receptors mRNA expression but larger VEGF mRNA expression than rats both in RV and LV. These results suggest that pikas have a lower maximal HR compared with rats certainly due to a decrease in β-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors mRNA expression. However, the LV hypertrophy probably led to an increase in stroke volume to maintain cardiac output in response to the cold and hypoxic environment.
The structure of the voltage‐sensitive sodium channel (1985)

A variety of computer-aided analyses was applied to the recently derived amino acid sequence of the Electrophorus electricus sodium channel protein in order to extract structural information such as hydrophobicity, periodicity, and secondary structure predictors. We propose a schematic model for the arrangement and folding of the polypeptide chain within the bilayer. The model consists of 4 homologous regions, each containing 8 membrane-spanning (probably alpha-helical) structures. Several of these structures are amphipathic with a repeat of 3.5 residues, 4 of which (one from each homologous region) are postulated to form a negatively charged channel lining. Gating currents are proposed to arise from voltage-dependent separation of multiple ion pairs buried within the hydrophobic, intramembranous protein interior.
Enhanced room-temperature emission in Cr4+ ions containing alumino-silicate glasses (2003)

The Bi2O3 modified alumino-silicate glasses, when excited at 800 nm exhibited a broadband emission of Cr4+ in the range of 1.2 to ∼1.6 μm at room temperature. The mean lifetime of (1E−3A2)→3T1 transition in Cr4+-doped glass at RT was as long as ∼426 μs, enabling the realization of both tunable lasers and broadband fiber amplifiers. The Cr4+ emission at RT also showed the dependency on the excitation wavelength and site distribution within the chosen glass host. A photoinduced charge transfer process from the Cr3+ ion into Cr4+ ion appears to be responsible for the excitation of Cr4+.
Piivert: Percussion-based interaction for immersive virtual environments (2010)

3D graphical interaction offers a large amount of possibilities for musical applications. However it also carries several limitations that prevent it from being used as an efficient musical instrument. For example, input devices for 3D interaction or new gaming devices are usually based on 3 or 6 degrees-of-freedom tracking combined with push-buttons or joysticks. While buttons and joysticks do not provide good resolution for musical gestures, graphical interaction using tracking may bring enough expressivity but is weakened by accuracy and haptic feedback problems. Moreover, interaction based solely on tracking limit the possibilities brought by graphical interfaces in terms of musical gestures. We propose a new approach that separates the input modalities according to traditional musical gestures. This allows to combine the possibilities of graphical interaction as selection and modulation gestures with the accuracy and the expressivity of musical interaction as excitation gestures. We implement this approach with a new input device, Piivert, which combines 6DOF tracking and pressure detection. We describe associated interaction techniques and show how this new device can be valuable for immersive musical applications.
Fetal cells in the maternal appendix: a marker of inflammation or fetal tissue repair? (2008)

Male-presumed fetal cells of haematopoietic and mesenchymal origin were identified in the appendix of all pregnant women who had sons. We suggest that fetal cells are present at sites of maternal tissue injury during pregnancy, and may participate in tissue repair.
A low-power, bipolar, two's complement serial pipeline multiplier chip (1976)

A 4-bit, general-purpose, two's complement serial pipeline multiplier chip has been designed and fabricated in the bipolar GIMIC-O process. The chip can provide the following functions in 24-pin dual-in-line packages: (1) two's complement/two's complement 4-bit serial pipeline multiplier with programmable coefficients, (2) sign magnitude/two's complement 4-bit serial pipeline multiplier with programmable coefficients, (3) 5-bit dynamically programmable adder/subtractor, (4) 2/SUP -K/ scaler; (5) overflow corrector. Packages can be cascaded to provide functions of length greater than 4 bits. Nonsaturating circuit techniques, emitter function logic combined with current-steering trees, are effectively utilized to make high-performance, low-power circuits using a simple bipolar technology. The multiplier circuitry is compatible at inputs and outputs with standard emitter coupled logic and uses a standard -5.2/spl plusmn/10 percent power supply. Fully programmable multiplication at clock rates greater than 20 MHz is achieved with a power consumption of 37.5 mW/bit.
Cellular mechanism of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in rats (1991)

One of the mechanisms by which Li evokes polyuria is thought to be impairment of arginine vasopressin (AVP)-sensitive adenylate cyclase (AdC) in cells of the renal collecting duct. To investigate how AdC is influenced by chronic administration of Li, we created nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) in rats and microdissected the medullary collecting tubule from both control and NDI rats. In the NDI group, the 10(-6) M AVP-stimulated cAMP contents failed to increase completely, and the levels were significantly lower than that of the control group (10.4 +/- 1.4 vs. 48.4 +/- 4.7 fmol/mm, P less than 0.001). Pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PT), an inhibitor of inhibitory G protein (Gi), did not affect the basal cAMP levels in both groups, although it increased AVP-stimulated cAMP production in the NDI group in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AVP-stimulated cAMP production with over 100 ng/ml PT in the NDI group reached the levels observed in the control group. Incubation with cholera toxin, an agonist of stimulatory G protein (Gs), increased the cAMP content in the two groups to almost equal levels. To exclude the possibility that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is involved in the cellular mechanism of Li-induced NDI, the effect of indomethacin (Indo) on PT action was examined. However, Indo (10(-5) M) did not influence either the basal or AVP-dependent cAMP contents. From these results it is suggested that Li impairs AVP-sensitive AdC not through inhibition of Gs but through activation of Gi and that PGE2 may not be involved in the cellular pathogenesis of NDI at least in the rat at the step of cAMP formation.
Secreted Frizzle-Related Protein 2 Stimulates Angiogenesis via a Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling Pathway (2009)

Secreted frizzle-related protein 2 (SFRP2), a modulator of Wnt signaling, has recently been found to be overexpressed in the vasculature of 85% of human breast tumors; however, its role in angiogenesis is unknown. We found that SFRP2 induced angiogenesis in the mouse Matrigel plug assay and the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. SFRP2 inhibited hypoxia induced endothelial cell apoptosis, increased endothelial cell migration, and induced endothelial tube formation. The canonical Wnt pathway was not affected by SFRP2 in endothelial cells; however, a component of the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway was affected by SFRP2 as shown by an increase in NFATc3 in the nuclear fraction of SFRP2-treated endothelial cells. Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor that inhibits dephosphorylation of NFAT, inhibited SFRP2-induced endothelial tube formation. Tacrolimus 3 mg/kg/d inhibited the growth of SVR angiosarcoma xenografts in mice by 46% (P = 0.04). In conclusion, SFRP2 is a novel stimulator of angiogenesis that stimulates angiogenesis via a calcineurin/NFAT pathway and may be a favorable target for the inhibition of angiogenesis in solid tumors.
Silicon-modified surfactants and wetting: II. Temperature-dependent spreading behaviour of oligoethylene glycol derivatives of heptamethyltrisiloxane (1999)

The temperature-dependent spreading performance of defined trisiloxane surfactants of the general formula [(CH3)3SiO]2CH3Si-­(CH2)3(OCH2CH2)3–9OCH3 and Silwet L77 on a trimethylsilylated silicon-wafer surface has been investigated. At 6 °C the tetraethylene glycol derivative showed the highest initial spreading rate. At 40 °C the octaethylene glycol derivative was the fastest spreader. It is shown that spreading behaviour and phase behaviour are closely related. The highest initial spreading rates were found for solutions in the two-phase state (2Φ) closely above the liquid–liquid insolubility boundary. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A transform for multiscale image segmentation by integrated edge and region detection (1996)

Describes a transform to extract image regions at all geometric and photometric scales. It is argued that linear approaches have the shortcoming that they require a priori models of region shape. The proposed transform avoids this by letting the structure emerge, bottom-up, from interactions among pixels. The transform involves global computations on pairs of pixels followed by vector integration of the results. An attraction force field is computed over the image in which pixels belonging to the same region are mutually attracted and the region is characterized by a convergent flow. It is shown that the transform possesses properties that allow multiscale segmentation, or extraction of original, unblurred structure at all different geometric and photometric scales present. This is in contrast with much previous work wherein multiscale structure is viewed as the smoothed structure in a multiscale signal decimation. Scale is an integral parameter of the force computation, and the number and values of scale parameters associated with the image can be estimated automatically. Regions are detected at all a priori unknown scales resulting in automatic construction of a segmentation tree, in which each pixel is annotated with descriptions of all the regions it belongs to. Transform properties are presented for piecewise-constant images but hold for more general ones. Thus the proposed method is intended as a solution to the problem of multiscale, integrated edge and region detection, or low-level image segmentation. Experimental results are given.