gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infectious bursal disease--B cell dependent immunodeficiency syndrome in chickens. (1991)

Infectious bursal disease of chickens can run an acute lethal course, or death can result from a B cell-dependent immunodefect due to destruction of the bursa of Fabricius following infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). This member of the Birnaviridae has been characterized, the nucleotide sequence and coding capacity of the two genomic segments of dsRNA has been determined, and the functional significance of the four structural proteins has been largely elucidated. The antigenic structure of the two main structural components permits differentiation of two serotypes; the antigenic domain responsible for the induction of neutralizing antibodies resides, in a conformation-dependent fashion, on one of these proteins. Various types of defective particles are formed and various degrees of pathogenicity appear, depending on the host cell in which the virus replicates. B cells in the bursa offer optimal conditions for virus replication. Pathogenic properties of the virus are also influenced by both genomic segments and cannot be attributed to a single gene. Many aspects of practical interest for disease control are briefly discussed.
Integrating Distributed Acoustic Sensing, Treatment-Pressure Analysis, and Video-Based Perforation Imaging To Evaluate Limited-Entry-Treatment Effectiveness (2020)

Summary The primary objectives of perforating a lengthy cased-and-cemented wellbore section for fracture stimulation are to enable extensive communication with the reservoir and control the allocation of fluid and proppant into multiple intervals as efficiently as possible during fracturing treatments. Simultaneously treating multiple intervals reduces the number of fracture stages required, thus reducing treatment cost. One way to control the allocation is to use limited-entry perforating. Execution and optimization of limited-entry perforating requires awareness of the factors that can affect performance. This paper presents a case study of plug-and-perforate horizontal-well treatments in an unconventional shale play in which various diagnostic methods were used to better understand these factors. Within the case study, three types of perforation-evaluation diagnostics were implemented: injection step-down tests and pressure analysis of the fracturing treatments, video-based perforation imaging, and distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). Injection step-down tests indicated that all perforations were initially accepting fluid. Surface-pressure analysis of the main fracturing treatments indicated that in certain cases, several perforations were not accepting fluid and proppant (slurry) by the end of the job. Video-based imaging indicated that a large majority of perforations showed unambiguous evidence of significant proppant entry. Evaluation of the erosion patterns on the perforations showed a positional bias where for a given fracture stage, perforations in clusters nearest the heel of the well were more eroded than perforations in clusters nearest the toe of the well. DAS analysis showed a positional bias, allocating more slurry volume to clusters nearest the heel of the well. However, DAS analysis also showed that changing the number of perforations in a cluster had a larger effect than the positional bias. The results of the case study indicated that a staggered perforation design using more gradual changes among clusters would lead to a more balanced treatment. This scenario was evaluated along with a job design featuring high excess perforation friction and an equal number of perforations in each cluster. Fracture-simulation runs indicated that both tactics are likely to improve slurry allocation.
Mining constraint violations (2007)

In this article, we introduce pesudoconstraints , a novel data mining pattern aimed at identifying rare events in databases. At first, we formally define pesudoconstraints using a probabilistic model and provide a statistical test to identify pesudoconstraints in a database. Then, we focus on a specific class of pesudoconstraints, named cycle pesudoconstraints , which often occur in databases. We define cycle pesudoconstraints in the context of the ER model and present an automatic method for detecting cycle pesudoconstraints from a relational database. Finally, we present an experiment to show cycle pesudoconstraints “at work” on real data.
Iodine(III)-Mediated Cyclization of Unsaturated O-Alkyl Hydroxamates: Silyl-Assisted Access to α-Vinyl and α-(2-Silylvinyl) Lactams (2012)

The embodiment of lactam rings within a wealth of physiologically active natural products and pharmaceutical agents ensures that the development of synthetic methods, which facilitate the preparation of these saturated N<i>-</i>heterocycles, is of critical importance. Herein the development of a versatile method for the synthesis of 4 to 8-membered α-vinyl and α-(2-silylvinyl) lactams involving the iodine(III)-mediated oxidative cyclization of unsaturated <i>O</i>-alkyl hydroxamates, which encompass an allylsilane, is reported. Importantly, the outcome of this transformation can be effectively controlled through variation of the substitution pattern at the silicon center. While allyltrimethylsilanes undergo ring closure with desilylation to form α-vinyl lactams, the corresponding triisopropyl and triphenylsilanes cyclize without loss of the larger silyl group to form <i>E-</i>vinylsilanes with excellent stereoselectivity. From a mechanistic standpoint, it is proposed that this reaction proceeds via concerted alkene addition of a singlet nitrenium ion (or its equivalent) to form a bicyclic <i>N</i>-acyl-<i>N</i>-alkoxyaziridinium ion, which undergoes eliminative ring opening.
Microbes and the proteoglycan connection. (1994)

Microbes and the Proteoglycan Connection Editorial How do microbes (viruses, bacteria, and protozoa) attach to cells for adhesion, colonization, or entry? How does this associ- ation influence infection and pathogenesis? Studies of the mechanism of attachment and the molecules involved are be- ginning to provide new insights into the critical early steps in microbial infection.
Extended retro‐inverso analogs of somatostatin (1983)

Abstract An extended retro‐inverso modification was introduced at the central six residues of the somatostatin molecule, the region of internal enzymatic degradations. The synthesis of the analog [Ala 4 ,g‐Phe 6 ‐r‐ D ‐Phe 7 ‐r‐ D ‐Trp 8 ‐r‐ D ‐Lys 9 ‐r‐ D ‐Thr 10 ‐m‐R,S‐Phe 11 ]‐somatostatin required a unique strategy accommodating the unusual structure. Side‐chain protection based on the t ‐butyl group in combination with Fmoc and Nps α‐amino protection was employed. The key component containing the gem ‐diaminoalkyl residue was generated by an iodobenzene bistrifluoroacetate‐mediated reaction. The separation of diastereomers of the cyclic tetradecapeptide in highly pure form was accomplished by high‐performance liguid chromatography on a semipreparative scale. The analogs exhibited very low potency in the growth hormone inhibition test in vitro . This is interpreted as the consequence of the complex structural changes created by the extended retro‐inverso modification.
Advances in Chromatography (2000)

"Volume 40 presents an authoritative selection of the best and most up-to-date research findings in separation science. Surveys recent developments in high performance-liquid (HPLC), reversed-phase liquid (RPLC), countercurrent (CCC), and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC)."
Novel electrode configuration for highly linear impedance pneumography (2013)

Impedance pneumography (IP) is a non-invasive respiration measurement technique. Emerging applications of IP in respiratory medicine use the measured signal to monitor pulmonary flow and volume parameters related to airway obstruction during tidal breathing (TB). This requires a high impedance change (ΔZ)-to-lung volume change (ΔV) linearity. Four potential electrode configurations were tested on 10 healthy subjects. Only the novel configuration where the electrodes were placed in both the thorax and the arms yielded a highly linear ΔZ/ΔV in all subjects. The presented electrode configuration may expand the clinical use of IP from the conventional tidal volume estimation to flow measurement.
统计复用：如何在直接到户（DTH）中更多获得 (1998)

当往下谈到统计复用（或业务比特率优化过程）时，有一个数字相当有效地定了调子：卫星转发器的租用一般在每年１百万美元量级。这个事实与直接到户（ＤＴＨ）观众对节目的广泛期望相结合，足以说明制造厂商开发统计复用领域的努力。换名话说，他们正在试图找到一个在给定带宽内容纳更多电视频道的方法。
Cuba: los nuevos campos de la oposición política (2014)

El sistema politico cubano ha contenido por tres decadas un campo de oposicion politica que se ha mostrado resistente ante la represion, la hemorragia migratoria y la anatematizacion moral e ideologica. Pero su capacidad de resistencia no se compadece de su incapacidad cronica para devenir un factor capitalizador del descontento y la insatisfaccion generada al interior de la sociedad cubana. Este ARI ofrece una radiografia historica y sociologica de la oposicion cubana y discute aquellos condicionantes que han impedido su maduracion como factor real de poder. Una conclusion es que aunque la oposicion esta afectada por factores externos, sus debilidades manifiestas tambien tienen causas endogenas que pudieran invalidar su actuacion politica en el futuro.
Mapping of Glucocorticoid Receptor Immunoreactive Neurons in the Rat Tel- and Diencephalon Using a Monoclonal Antibody against Rat Liver Glucocorticoid Receptor* (1985)

By means of a monoclonal antibody against the rat liver glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in combination with the indirect immunoperoxidase technique it has been possible to demonstrate GR-immunoreactive nerve and glial cell nuclei all over the tel- and diencephalon of the male rat. Strongly GR-immunoreactive nerve cell nuclei were only present in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, in the anterior periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, in the ventral part of the mediobasal hypothalamus, and in the CA1 and CA2 subregion of the hippocampal formation. Within the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus a substantial overlap exists between the GR-immunoreactive area and the CRF-immunoreactive area. Medium to high densities of moderately GR-immunoreactive nerve cell nuclei were present all over the cortical hemispheres. Medium densities of moderately GR-immunoreactive nerve cells were demonstrated in many thalamic nuclei and in the central amygdaloid nucleus. After adrenalectomy the GR immunoreactivity was predominantly located in the pericaryon. Upon acute corticosterone treatment of adrenalectomized male rats, the GR immunoreactivity was again mainly demonstrated in the nerve cell nuclei indicating that corticosterone can translocate GR from the cytoplasm to the cell nuclei. It is suggested that the hypothalamic GR may be involved in the regulation of especially CRF secretion but also in the secretion of other anterior pituitary hormones such as TRH and somatostatin.
Antioxidant activity of albumin-bound bilirubin. (1987)

Bilirubin, when bound to human albumin and at concentrations present in normal human plasma, protects albumin-bound linoleic acid from peroxyl radical-induced oxidation in vitro. Initially, albumin-bound bilirubin (Alb-BR) is oxidized at the same rate as peroxyl radicals are formed and biliverdin is produced stoichiometrically as the oxidation product. On an equimolar basis, Alb-BR successfully competes with uric acid for peroxyl radicals but is less efficient in scavenging these radicals than vitamin C. These results show that 1 mol of Alb-BR can scavenge 2 mol of peroxyl radicals and that small amounts of plasma bilirubin are sufficient to prevent oxidation of albumin-bound fatty acids as well as of the protein itself. The data indicate a role for Alb-BR as a physiological antioxidant in plasma and the extravascular space.
Efficacy of injections of phosphatidylcholine into fat deposits-a non-surgical alternative to liposuction in body-contouring (2005)

ABSTRACT Injecting phosphatidylcholine has been used in South America as a non-surgical treatment in body contouring. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of injecting phosphatidylcholine in the reduction of localised fat deposits. 86 patients were included in the study. Patients received 1-3 treatments in localised fat deposits in various areas of the body using phosphatidylcholine. After treatment with phosphatidylcholine (250 mg / 5 ml), fat deposits show an average circumferential reduction per application of 2.70 cm. No patient showed irregularities, dimples or any serious side effect after treatment. Results remained stable during the time of follow up. All patients showed remarkable reductions of the fat deposits treated with phosphatidylcholine. Using the correct technique, injecting phosphatidylcholine may be a safe and efficacious alternative to liposuction in patients objecting to surgery.
Water sorption and diffusion coefficients of protons and water in PVDF‐g‐PSSA polymer electrolyte membranes (1999)

Water sorption properties, proton NMR spectra, and diffusion of water and protons in poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-polystyrene sulfonic acid (PVDF-g-PSSA) polymer electrolyte membranes were studied. Sorption curves for the membranes with different degrees of grafting in protonated and Na+ form were measured by equilibrating the membranes over saturated salt solutions. The membrane water content was found to be sensitive to changes in relative humidity (RH). The water/sulfonic acid ratio λ for the protonated samples was around 2 at 20% RH and increased to λ ∼ 30 at 100%. Proton NMR, pulsed field gradient proton NMR (PFG-NMR), and impedance measurements were made on membranes with different λ. In the proton NMR spectra only one peak was found, originating from the water in the membrane. The chemical shift of the peak was found to be dependent on the counterion and the water content. The water self-diffusion coefficients DH2O, measured by PFG-NMR, increased with degree of grafting and water content of the membranes. The proton conductivity and the calculated proton mobility decreased more steeply than the DH2O with decreasing water content. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 2893–2900, 1999
Robotic system for underwater inspection of bridge piers (2000)

The research objective is to develop an automated robotic system that will enable safe and cost-effective underwater inspection of bridge substructures. The system concept being developed is a semiautonomous robotic system that can carry a sensor platform underwater to detect scour, deterioration, or damage to support columns. It provides positional data and sensor information (video images) to the system operator; these can be verbally annotated while being recorded. The operator initiates basic commands and transmits them to the underwater apparatus. On-board microprocessor-based controllers automatically accomplish the detailed control. The primary underwater apparatus has a team of two identical mobile robots designed to travel along opposite surfaces of the pier while connected to each another by a cable and winch system. Each robot has rubber tracks or wheels with cleats and is driven by internal motors. Tensioning the cables that connect the two robots provides traction. The robots can move both vertically and horizontally. While each robot operates its own drive motors and cable winches, coordination of movement and cable tensioning occurs automatically through feedback between the robots and the control console. Multiple robots, evenly spaced around a support column, may inspect larger structures.
Utilizing an integrated yield management system to improve the return on investment in IC manufacturing (2002)

The authors describe how a yield management system (YMS) could be designed to provide tools to quickly find and fix process and equipment defect problems in 16 Mbit DRAM IC manufacturing. The proposed system design consists of the KLA 2110 wafer inspection system (with sensitivity down to 0.25 mu m for 16 Mbit DRAM manufacturing), optical and SEM (scanning electron microscope) defect review stations, wafer prober stations, reticle inspectors, a dielectric failure detection system, a defect image storage unit, an analysis workstation, and a host computer where work-in-process and yield information is stored.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Immunology. (1974)

<i>Immunology</i>is a unique introductory primer for modern principles of immunology. It is a reprint of the entire immunology section from the second edition of Davis'<i>Microbiology</i>and provides a concise, yet thorough, presentation of the molecular approach to understanding immune responses. Throughout the text, important points are emphasized in heavy type; figures, diagrams, and tables are liberally provided to improve the clarity of the presentation. A valuable selected bibliography is provided for each of the seven chapters, as well as individual references for many of the diagrams within the chapters that the author has selected to illustrate major concepts. Particularly useful to the clinician are the chapters on antibody-antigen reactions, antibody structure, and antibody formation. These sections provide important data on methods of detecting antibody, including radioimmunoassays, fluorescent labeling techniques, and the entire basis for immunosuppression. This text is highly recommended as a comprehensive yet inexpensive reference for the
Hybrid Simulation Using Neural Networks To Predict Drilling Hydraulics in Real Time (2006)

Abstract Prediction of hydraulic pressure for drilling operations is of essential interest, e.g. for well planning before and decision support while drilling. Until now numerous analytical models were developed but due to the lack of knowledge about important boundary conditions like in-situ mud rheology, well geometry and pipe roughness these models typically show limited success. The proposed method merges (existing) analytical models with knowledge based models utilizing drilling data. The model preference is thereby based on a range of statistical properties of the data. Neural networks are used to build a hybrid simulation trained and improved using historical data. Prior to building such hybrid models it is important to get informative data sets. Automatic operations recognition enables an efficient selection of the drilling operations in all the recorded data. To remove noise and redundant information the data is filtered and re-sampled by sophisticated digital signal processing (DSP) techniques. The original sensor data from the past is not the only data source. Descriptive features are derived to achieve independence from specific well data, like drill string configuration, mud type and well trajectory. For building the hybrid models novel neural network architecture is used in combination with parallel learning to avoid trapping into local error minima. In addition automatic network growing and highly sophisticated stopping criterions offer a robust and efficient estimation of the optimal network. Since a model for "normal" drilling is desired for automatic identification of "abnormal" drilling conditions in real time, data associated to abnormal drilling situations is excluded from network training. A sensitivity analysis provides a ranking about the impact of the particular model input onto the final results enabling us to remove unnecessary data and features.
From diatoms to silica-based biohybrids (2010)

This critical review shows that diatoms can be a source of inspiration for the synthesis of advanced nanostructured biohybrids. These single cell microalgae are living inside a porous silica shell called 'frustule'. Mimicking this model, silica-based biohybrids have been produced via the so-called sol-gel process. Biomolecules such as proteins, enzymes or antibodies can be trapped within a silica matrix leading to hybrid biosensors and bioreactors. Whole cells remain viable and retain their metabolic activity leading to the formation of living biohybrids that offer new possibilities in the field of biotechnology and nanomedicine. Diatom frustules exhibit an incredible variety of sophisticated shapes; they can be used as 3D hierarchically structured materials for the realization of sensors, photonic devices or microfluidics. They can also be a model for the bio-templated synthesis of nanostructured materials. Diatom nanotechnology is becoming a new field of research where biologists and materials scientists are working together! (125 references).
New Chrominance Signal Processing LSI for Home VCR (1980)

The home VCR is the most complicated home electronic appliance and employs an extremely large number of electronic components. Therefore, with the home VCR, it is difficult to ensure high reliability and consistent performance. This difficulty, however, can be overcome in the most effective way by reducing the number of components employed in the VCR (especially that of active parts) through extensive use of ICs in its circuitry.
A computational grammar of discourse-neutral prosodic phrasing in English (1990)

We describe an experimental text-to-speech system that uses information about syntactic constituency, adjacency to a verb, and constituent length to determine prosodic phrasing for synthetic speech...
Resonant frequency-domain interferometry via third-harmonic generation (2007)

A method for measuring resonances using a combination of third-harmonic generation and frequency-domain interferometry is described and demonstrated in an index-matched dielectric material. The phase of the third-harmonic spectrum of a pulse generated from a resonant NdAlO(3) thin film and a temporally displaced sapphire substrate pulse was measured by analyzing the spectral interference pattern. The appropriate combination of substrate and film signals was obtained by translating the sample through the laser focus while observing the third-harmonic intensity.
Lateral-Moment Loading Capacity and Bearing Behavior of Suction Bucket Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines in Sand (2018)

Suction bucket foundations are promising foundation options for offshore wind turbines, which are usually subjected to a relative high lateral-moment loading. To investigate the lateral-moment loading capacity of bucket foundations, a group of three-dimensional finite-element simulations with different bucket dimensions in both loose and dense saturated sand was carried out based on centrifuge tests. The numerical methods were validated by comparisons with the results of centrifuge tests and assessed by sensitivity analyses regarding the influences of soil properties and soil–foundation interface parameters. The interaction between the bucket and surrounding soil was illustrated in order to investigate the bearing behavior and failure mechanism of the bucket foundation. It was shown that in the ultimate state, the maximum passive earth pressure acting on the external skirt in the loading direction is approximately four times larger than that on the internal skirt. Furthermore, parametric studies on the L:D ratios (L is the skirt length and D is the bucket diameter) and loading eccentricity were conducted and discussed. Consequently, a modified calculation method was proposed to predict the ultimate lateral-moment loading capacity of bucket foundations and the method was validated by field and laboratory data.