gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>APC</i> mutations in sporadic colorectal tumors: A mutational “hotspot” and interdependence of the “two hits” (2000)

Although APC mutations occur at a high frequency in colorectal cancers, few studies have performed a comprehensive analysis by screening the whole gene for mutations and assessing allelic loss. APC seems to act as a tumor-suppressor gene in a "nonclassical" fashion: data from familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) show that the site of the germ-line mutation determines the type of "second hit" in FAP tumors, and simple protein inactivation is selected weakly, if at all. In this study, we screened the entire coding region of APC for mutations and assessed allelic loss in a set of 41 colorectal cancer cell lines. Of 41 cancers, 32 (83%) showed evidence of APC mutation and/or allelic loss. We identified several APC mutations and found a "hotspot" for somatic mutation in sporadic colorectal tumors at codon 1,554. Our results suggest that APC mutations occur in the great majority of colorectal cancers, the exceptions almost all being RER+ tumors, which may substitute for altered APC function by mutations in beta-catenin and/or at other loci. When combined with previously published data, our results show that there is interdependence of the "two hits" at APC in sporadic colorectal tumors as well as in FAP. APC mutations in the "mutation cluster region," especially those close to codon 1,300, are associated with allelic loss, whereas tumors with mutations outside this region tend to harbor truncating mutations. The causes of this phenomenon are probably selection for retained N-terminal and lost C-terminal APC functions, effects on beta-catenin levels, and APC protein stability.
Differentiation and Functions of T Cell Subsets (2007)

The Tc1 and Tc2 subsets of CD8+ T effector cells secrete different patterns of cytokines, but have similar functions, including perforin- and Fas-dependent cytotoxicity, and induction of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions involving oedema and granulocytic infiltration. The characteristic cytokines of Tc1 (gamma-interferon) and Tc2 (interleukins 4 and 5) are expressed in vivo during the DTH reaction. Tc1 cells that are deficient in cytokine synthesis also induce similar levels of DTH, supporting the lack of correlation between CD8+ T cell cytokine patterns and DTH. CD8+ T cells often produce lower cytokine levels than CD4 cells because the CD8 cells kill their antigen-presenting cells before full stimulation can occur. This effect can be counteracted by increasing the frequency of stimulation, or using perforin-deficient T cells. A multiparameter analysis of cytokine effects on CD8+ T cell differentiation has been initiated, on the basis of the principle that normal immune responses involve complex cytokine mixtures. All combinations of seven cytokines were tested. In some combinations, the combined effect could not have been predicted from individual cytokine functions. Conditions were identified in which each of interleukins 4, 10 and 12 could have opposite effects on CD8+ T cell differentiation.
Treating Erectile Dysfunction with External Vacuum Devices: Impact Upon Sexual, Psychological and Marital Functioning (1990)

We evaluated prospectively the medical, sexual and psychosocial outcome of external vacuum devices in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. A total of 29 men regularly used such a device for 6 months and reported statistically significant improvements in erectile quality, frequency of intercourse attempts, frequency of orgasm and sexual satisfaction, as well as decreased psychiatric symptomatology, increased self-esteem and a trend toward improved marital satisfaction. Of the partners 18 reported improved sexual functioning, including increased frequency of orgasm, decreased masturbation and greater sexual satisfaction, with no changes in psychosocial parameters. The vacuum device was effective in producing erections in 89% of the men. Dropout, only 19% within 6 months, was primarily due to insufficient or pivoting erections and bruising. The most frequent adverse effects were blocked ejaculation and physical discomfort. Vacuum devices appear to provide a safe, effective, inexpensive, noninvasive treatment for erectile failure that enjoys high patient and partner acceptance.
Time-Quantized Frequency Modulation, Time-Domain Dither, Dispersive Codes, and Parametrically Controlled Noise Shaping in SDM (2004)

Time-domain quantization (TDQ) and noise shaping applied to linear frequency modulation (LFM) offers an alternative although unconventional means of generating uniformly sampled 1-bit code with characteristics similar to that generated by feedback sigma-delta modulation (SDM). Fundamental insight into the SDM process emerges by exploiting the relationship between uniform quantization and phase modulation. Linearity and output noise spectra are benchmarked against linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM) and error spectra derived by comparing 1-bit SDM against an identical feedback loop but without quantization. Sony FF class SDM is discussed and an example is shown to achieve almost noiseless performance from 0 Hz to 30 kHz by incorporating parametrically determined noise shaping stabilized by step-back in time closed-loop control.
Algorithm to search for gravitational radiation from coalescing binaries (1987)

This paper describes an algorithm to search for gravitational radiation from coalescing compact binary stars. As two stars rotate about each other they emit gravitational radiation, causing the stars to spiral together. One's best chance of detection is in the binary's last few moments, when the signal is strongest and the frequency is changing rapidly. This algorithm will track the change in frequency, no matter what the masses of the stars in the binary; thus, one can conduct a search for coalescing binaries without making assumptions about the stars' masses. This algorithm is capable of analyzing the data in real time.
Transthoracic Real‐Time Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography Using a Fan‐Like Scanning Approach For Data Acquisition (1995)

Three-dimensional echocardiography is an emerging clinical method to assess cardiovascular disorders. The feasibility of using a linear mode scanning (parallel slicing) for transthoracic data acquisition has been demonstrated. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of real-time transthoracic three-dimensional imaging of the heart using a fan-like scanning mode of echocardiographic data acquisition. We used a computer-driven motor to sequentially angulate transthoracic transducers over a fan-like arc up to 90 degrees. With careful ECG and respiratory gating, we acquired basic two-dimensional data set via parasternal and subcostal windows and performed dynamic three-dimensional reconstructions. The problems encountered included the need to repeat data acquisition sequences because of transducer movement or inappropriate gain and gray scale settings. From 15 scanning sequences in four patients, we were able to use ten sets of data. These yielded good quality three-dimensional studies projecting normal valves, a stenotic mitral valve, and an atrial septal defect, in a number of novel views. The valves could be visualized from above and from below as well as in other orientations, and the detailed anatomy appraised. Spatial relationships of the atrial septal defect with inferior and superior vena cava, coronary sinus, or tricuspid annulus could be uniquely displayed through views from the right side of the heart. This technique provided adequate new imaging planes not available from two-dimensional echocardiography. This experience demonstrates for the first time that transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography using a fan-like scanning mode of data acquisition is feasible, and that it provides adequate visualization of intracardiac structures in unique projections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
GESTURE RECOGNITION BASED INTELLIGENT ALGORITHMS FOR VIRTUAL KEYBOARD DEVELOPMENT (2007)

Virtual keyboard design is an important research & development area in human computer interaction. A keyboard in portable devices is generally inadequate for text entry because of small size and attachment of ordinary keyboard adds to the size. Need for virtual keyboard also exist in human machine interfaces to a wide range of applications in markets as consumer electronics, medical/healthcare, industrial automation, automotive, and public information kiosks.

Current virtual keyboards designs appear in various forms such as finger-joint wearable sensor gloves, thumb code, accelerometer based inputs, laser projected keyboards and gyroscope based sensing. Each virtual keyboard has certain design characteristics. However, performance parameters for the evaluation of keyboards are same such as number of discrete keys, response time and failure rate. Other parameters included can be the ability to remap, key symbol mapping and space requirements. The cost of most of the successful virtual keyboard designs is high due to custom design and expensive technology.

This research provides a new perspective to view the problem of virtual keyboard design by incorporating gesture recognition by using a simple mono vision camera. Human hand and finger movements are considered as gesture movements making keystrokes on any surface. Human hand and finger movements are recorded in video sequence and gesture recognition algorithms estimate the key pressed. This algorithm uses aggregation of gesture information using fuzzy logic and intelligent learning based approach. Feasibility of mono-vision gesture based virtual keyboard is demonstrated. The proposed system shows lesser requirements in hardware due to software centric design and off the shelf components.
The Pest-Like Sequence of IκBα Is Responsible for Inhibition of DNA Binding but Not for Cytoplasmic Retention of c-Rel or RelA Homodimers (1995)

In most cells, proteins belonging to the Rel/NF-kappa B family of transcription factors are held in inactive form in the cytoplasm by an inhibitor protein, I kappa B alpha. Stimulation of the cells leads to degradation of the inhibitor and transit of active DNA-binding Rel/NF-kappa B dimers to the nucleus. I kappa B alpha is also able to inhibit DNA binding by Rel/NF-kappa B dimers in vitro, suggesting that it may perform the same function in cells when the activating signal is no longer present. Structurally, the human I kappa B alpha molecule can be divided into three sections: a 70-amino-acid N terminus with no known function, a 205-residue midsection composed of six ankyrin-like repeats, and a very acidic 42-amino-acid C terminus that resembles a PEST sequence. In this study we examined how the structural elements of the I kappa B alpha protein correlate with its functional capabilities both in vitro and in vivo. Using a battery of I kappa B alpha mutants, we show that (i) a dimer binds a single I kappa B alpha molecule, (ii) the acidic C-terminal region of I kappa B alpha is not required for protein-protein binding and does not mask the nuclear localization signal of the dimer, (iii) the same C-terminal region is required for inhibition of DNA binding, and (iv) this inhibition may be accomplished by direct interaction between the PEST-like region and the DNA-binding region of one of the subunits of the dimer.
Rapid Treadwear Ratings with Radioactive Isotopes (1967)

Abstract Incorporation of radioactive isotopes in small surface areas of tire treads permits wear measurements by counting before and after wear. The isotope is limited to a depth of about ten mils so that the fraction of activity worn off is appreciable in a hundred miles or so. Such experiments were made with S 35 , Zn 65 O, and I 125 . The first two were applied to uncured tires in thin sheets chemically identical to the tread compounds. Zn 65 was counted with a shielded Geiger—Müller tube. For S 35 , miniature specimens were cored from the tire treads, dissolved in hot xylene, and counted in an automatic, liquid scintillation counter. Filter paper was laminated to aluminum foil and dipped in a solution of iodine and Iodine-125 in toluene. Small disks or strips were applied to tire treads, usually after a break-in run of several hundred miles. The iodine diffuses rapidly into the rubber, combining stably in some compounds and otherwise being fixed by subsequent application of a solution of silver perchlorate in toluene. Counting was preferable with a scintillation probe about ninety times more sensitive than a Geiger-Müller tube. Wear calibration curves were secured by controlled grinding and counting of a similarly tagged specimen of each tread compound. Physical properties were not affected appreciably by these iodine concentrations. Radioactivity in a tire tagged by strips across the tread at five places was about two microcuries. Results correlated well with conventional techniques. Road contamination from such tests is insignificant. The I 125 method has advantages in versatility, acceleration of tire wear tests, fast recognition of localized wear and wear patterns, better “control” of weather, road, and vehicle conditions by shortening the tests, and should reduce compound interaction for test tires made with sectors of different tread compounds.
U.S.Adjustment In The 1990S: A Cge Analysis Of Alternative Trade Strategies (1993)

This paper investigates the implications for the structure of the U.S.economy of a reduction in the U.S. trade deficit. We explore two alternative adjustment scenarios. First, we assume an environment of successful world trade liberlization. An alternative view is that the world economy will lapse into a protectionist environment. We use a 30-sector computable general equilibrium (CGM) model of the United States to analyze the impact of these two scenarios. When analyzing the protectionist scenario, we do a variety of experiments designed to explore the impact of protectionist policies on the U.S. economy. [C68, F13]
Epigenetic inactivation of the Ras-association domain family 1 (RASSF1A) gene and its function in human carcinogenesis. (2003)

The Ras GTPases are a superfamily of molecular switches that regulate cellular proliferation and apoptosis in response to extra-cellular signals. The regulation of these pathways depends on the interaction of the GTPases with specific effectors. Recently, we have cloned and characterized a novel gene encoding a putative Ras effector: the Ras-association domain family 1 (RASSF1) gene. The RASSF1 gene is located in the chromosomal segment of 3p21.3. The high allelic loss in a variety of cancers suggested a crucial role of this region in tumorigenesis. At least two forms of RASSF1 are present in normal human cells. The RASSF1A isoform is highly epigenetically inactivated in lung, breast, ovarian, kidney, prostate, thyroid and several other carcinomas. Re-expression of RASSF1A reduced the growth of human cancer cells supporting a role for RASSF1 as a tumor suppressor gene. RASSF1A inactivation and K-ras activation are mutually exclusive events in the development of certain carcinomas. This observation could further pinpoint the function of RASSF1A as a negative effector of Ras in a pro-apoptotic signaling pathway. In malignant mesothelioma and gastric cancer RASSF1A methylation is associated with virus infection of SV40 and EBV, respectively, and suggests a causal relationship between viral infection and progressive RASSF1A methylation in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, a significant correlation between RASSF1A methylation and impaired lung cancer patient survival was reported, and RASSF1A silencing was correlated with several parameters of poor prognosis and advanced tumor stage (e.g. poor differentiation, aggressiveness, and invasion). Thus, RASSF1A methylation could serve as a useful marker for the prognosis of cancer patients and could become important in early detection of cancer.
Conservation of nodulation genes between <i>Rhizobium meliloti</i> and a slow-growing <i>Rhizobium</i> strain that nodulates a nonlegume host (1985)

Parasponia, a woody member of the elm family, is the only nonlegume genus whose members are known to form an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with a Rhizobium species. The bacterial strain RP501 is a slow-growing strain of Rhizobium isolated from Parasponia nodules. Strain RP501 also nodulates the legumes siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Using a cosmid clone bank of RP501 DNA, we isolated a 13.4-kilobase (kb) EcoRI fragment that complemented insertion and point mutations in three contiguous nodulation genes (nodABC) of Rhizobium meliloti, the endosymbiont of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The complemented R. meliloti nod mutants induced effective nitrogen-fixing nodules on alfalfa seedlings but not on siratro, cowpeas, or Parasponia. The cloned RP501 nodulation locus hybridized to DNA fragments carrying the R. meliloti nodABC genes. A 3-kb cluster of Tn5 insertion mutations on the RP501 13.4-kb EcoRI fragment prevented complementation of R. meliloti nodABC mutations.
A novel video coding scheme for Super Hi-Vision (2010)

We propose a novel video coding scheme targeting Super Hi-Vision (SHV) video sources. While it takes a conventional block-based MC + Transform hybrid coding approach that is suitable for hardware implementation of a SHV video codec, the proposed scheme achieved significant coding efficiency improvement by introducing several coding tools such as intra prediction and adaptive transform. According to our experimental analysis, the proposed scheme achieves significant bit-rate saving compared to the state-of-the-art AVC/H.264 high profile.
DNA Analysis to Find Rare Blood Donors when Antisera is not Available (2002)

In order to screen for antigen-negative blood donors, it is necessary to have appropriate, potent antisera in sufficient volume. Anti-Do(a) and anti-Do(b) are notoriously weakly reactive antibodies, available only in small volumes, usually in sera containing other alloantibodies, and often deteriorate on storage. Thus, it has not been possible to test large numbers of blood samples to find Do (a-) or Do (b-) blood donors. At the NYBC, we now type selected donors for DOA and DOB by DNA analysis. Initially, we tested DNA prepared from donors who had been typed by hemagglutination for one or both antigens. We found that four donors, whose RBCs previously typed as Do (a+b-), had both DOA and DOB alleles, and when retested, the RBCs were Do (a+b+w). We have now tested over 300 donors for DO by PCR-RFLP using either Eam1105 I or BseRI restriction enzymes. Blood from DOA/DOA donors has survived better than "crossmatch compatible" blood for patients with anti-Do(b) and such results suggest that anti-Do(b) is a more frequent cause of transfusion reactions than reported. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that PCR-RFLP can be used to screen for antigen-negative donors in other blood group systems when appropriate antisera are not available. When interpreting the results, it is important to remember that the genotype may not reflect the phenotype. Our strategy has been to perform DNA analysis for the DO alleles on those donors who have been shown by hemagglutination to lack antigens corresponding to multiple alloantibodies in patients' plasma. In this way, we have been able to supply rare blood to numerous patients, whose serum contained at least 5 additional alloantibodies of clinical significance.
A Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Multigene Testing for All Patients With Breast Cancer (2019)

This study found unselected, high-risk multigene testing for all patients with BC to be extremely cost-effective compared with testing based on FH or clinical criteria for UK and US health systems. These findings support changing current policy to expand genetic testing to all women with BC.
Highly Flexible, Freestanding Supercapacitor Electrode with Enhanced Performance Obtained by Hybridizing Polypyrrole Chains with MXene (2016)

Though polypyrrole (PPy) is widely used in flexible supercapacitors owing to its high electrochemical activity and intrinsic flexibility, limited capacitance and cycling stability of freestanding PPy films greatly reduce their practicality in real‐world applications. Herein, we report a new approach to enhance PPy's capacitance and cycling stability by forming a freestanding and conductive hybrid film through intercalating PPy into layered Ti 3 C 2 (l‐Ti 3 C 2 , a MXene material). The capacitance increases from 150 (300) to 203 mF cm −2 (406 F cm −3 ). Moreover, almost 100% capacitance retention is achieved, even after 20 000 charging/discharging cycles. The analyses reveal that l‐Ti 3 C 2 effectively prevents dense PPy stacking, benefiting the electrolyte infiltration. Furthermore, strong bonds, formed between the PPy backbones and surfaces of l‐Ti 3 C 2 , not only ensure good conductivity and provide precise pathways for charge‐carrier transport but also improve the structural stability of PPy backbones. The freestanding PPy/l‐Ti 3 C 2 film is further used to fabricate an ultra‐thin all‐solid‐state supercapacitor, which shows an excellent capacitance (35 mF cm −2 ), stable performance at any bending state and during 10 000 charging/discharging cycles. This novel strategy provides a new way to design conductive polymer‐based freestanding flexible electrodes with greatly improved electrochemical performances.
Activity of single ion channel proteins detected with a planar microstructure (2002)

We present recordings of currents mediated by single ion channel proteins obtained using planar, microstructured glass chips. In these chips, pores with diameters of 1–2 μm are produced by ion track etching and are used for patch clamping instead of using the classical micropipette. Our results represent success in using such devices to record from single channels in cell membranes. The planar chip greatly enhances the accessibility of the ion channel containing membrane and can serve as a workbench for experiments on single ion channels using combinations of patch clamp current recording with other single molecule techniques.
Empirical models for detection prediction in K-distribution radar sea clutter (2002)

Simple empirical models are described which enable the radar designer to determine single-scan detection probabilities from the signal-to-clutter ratio and false alarm probability, for the compound K-distribution clutter model. The method to apply these results is discussed in detail, and the variability of the clutter rejection coefficient is briefly reviewed. Results covering the following are presented: the average clutter reflectivity, the shape parameter for the K-distributed clutter amplitude distribution, detection performance for targets in clutter, and evaluation of performance in clutter and noise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Real-time fixation, mosaic construction and moving object detection from a moving camera (2002)

We use Sarnoff's VFE-200 next-generation video processor to demonstrate real-time algorithms for camera fixation, mosaic construction, and moving object detection and tracking from a moving camera. The algorithms are all derived from our ability to perform real-time image alignment. These capabilities are currently being used in several unmanned aerial and ground surveillance programs.
Helicopter Freewheel Unit Design Guide (1977)

Abstract : This report is intended to aid the transmission designer in selecting an overrunning clutch for use in a helicopter transmission. Preliminary sizing as well as detailed stress analysis procedures are presented for all aspects of spring, sprag, and ramp roller clutch designs. An example of the procedure for each clutch is included. Operation up to 20,000 rpm is feasible if the design procedures presented herein are followed.