gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acid and enzymatic saccharification of agricultural mixed polymers for alcohol production (1987)

Abstract The paper reports the evaluation of potentials of acid (HCl and H 2 SO 4 ) and enzymatically (cellulase) saccharified corncob, groundnut shell, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw biopolymers for ethanol production. Of the three yeast isolates tested, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus was found to be most efficient, closely followed by Kluyveromyces marxianus NCYC 179 in its ability to ferment enzymatically hydrolysed mash of all the substrates tested to ethanol. However, S. cerevisiae NCYC 240 and acid hydrolysed agricultural polymers were found to be a poor organism and poor substrates, respectively, for ethanol fermentation. The order of ethanol production on substrate basis was corncob > wheat straw > sugarcane bagasse > groundnut shell biomass biopolymer. An incubation period of 24 h was found optimum for the optimal production of ethanol by S. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus in both acid and enzymatically hydrolysed agricultural residues.
Core mapping in PWR reactor vessels (1994)

R.O.V. Technologies, Inc., has recently developed a method of verifying that fuel bundles are in acceptable alignment after reactor core loading (refueling) to allow the fuel guide pins on the upper internals package to correctly engage the upper fuel bundle (S holes in the top nozzle block). The request to develop was from a major nuclear utility power group. This request was generated after the utility experienced catastrophic fuel bundle crushing of three fuel bundles as the upper internals were lowered into the reactor vessel and latching had commenced. Note that three upper fuel alignment pins were not engaged into the upper bundle (S holes in the top nozzle block) and that all but one of the upper internals latch would not latch. The methodology developed includes underwater, radiation hardened, high resolution video equipment, dual beam laser equipment, and video measurement equipment.
Principles and Synthetic Applications in Crown Ether Chemistry (1976)

The principles involved in macroheterocycle chemistry are discussed. Classes and types of macroheterocycles, synthetic approaches (including the template effect), complexation and complexes are mentioned. The utilization of crown ethers in synthetic organic chemistry is also surveyed. 1. Introduction 1.1. History 1.2. Nomenclature and Characteristics 1.3. Classes of Crowns and Related Molecules 2. Synthetic Access 2.1. Templated Syntheses 2.2. Non-Williamson Syntheses 3. Complexation 3.1. The Complexation Phenomenon 3.2. Types of Complexes 4. Synthetic Utility 4.1. Solubilization and Phase Transfer 4.2. Cation Effects 4.3. Crowns as Reagents and Catalysts 4.4. Complexation Specificity 5. Toxicity 6. Conclusions
Islam and the Secular State. By Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im (2010)

This bold book, Islam and the Secular State, represents the mature reflections on how Muslim societies should approach the dilemmas of state, law, and religion of one of the world's best-known Muslim public intellectuals. The author Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, a Sudanese legal scholar who has spent the better part of the past quarter-century teaching and writing in the United States, has long been known as one of the clearest voices calling for a reformation of Islamic law to iron out any differences with modern international human rights law. However, in this book, An-Na'im performs what is not so much an about-face as a ninety-degree turn. Rather than arguing that Muslims must reform Islamic law from within so that the laws of Muslim states will enjoy both compatibility with human rights law and popular legitimacy, An-Na'im now argues that Muslim societies ought to endorse something like American-style secularism, according to which religion may breath easily in the public sphere and inform public morality but make no claim to authority over coercive state legislation.
Aβ amyloid fibrils possess a core structure highly resistant to hydrogen exchange (2000)

We describe here experiments designed to characterize the secondary structure of amyloid fibrils of the Alzheimer's amyloid plaque peptide Abeta, using hydrogen-deuterium exchange measurements evaluated by mass spectrometry. The results show that approximately 50% of the amide protons of the polypeptide backbone of Abeta(1-40) resist exchange in aqueous, neutral pH buffer even after more than 1, 000 h of incubation at room temperature. We attribute this extensive, strong protection to H-bonding by residues in core regions of beta-sheet structure within the fibril. The backbone amide hydrogens exchange at variable rates, suggesting different degrees of protection within the fibril. These data suggest that it is unlikely that the entire Abeta sequence is involved in H-bonded secondary structure within the amyloid fibril. Future studies using the methods described here should reveal further details of Abeta fibril structure and assembly. These methods also should be amenable to studies of other amyloid fibrils and protein aggregates.
Antepartum and intrapartum prediction of cesarean need: Risk scoring in singleton pregnancies (1997)

The use of generalized additive logistic regression optimizes dichotomization of continuous measurements and facilitates the development of precise and reproducible prediction models. Generalized additive logistic regression appears to be a useful tool, and its use is commended.
Kernel-based clustering for short-term load forecasting (2015)

Precise short-term load forecasting is a very important task for power system operation. This paper presents three cascaded modules for short-term load forecasting: kernel-based clustering, decision tree and support vector regression. Kernel-based clustering classifies the input data into clusters efficiently. The data in every cluster have more similarity than in the original dataset. Decision tree is an effective way to decide which cluster the input data belong to. Support vector regression is used to predict daily load due to the advantages of structural risk, simple mathematical model and short training time. The concept of repetitious clustering and overlapping clusters are introduced to get better prediction precision. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through comparison of the real load data with forecasted data.
551. Variations in the fat content of human milk during suckling (1954)

It has been shown that human milk, like cow's milk, increases in fat content during suckling. The increase is not associated with any systematic change in fat globule size distribution. Human milk fat globules, like those of the cow, have been shown to cluster at body temperature. These facts support the theory that the increase in fat content during suckling is due to the fine ducts filtering out the larger globule clusters.
New Method for the Calibration of a Plane Hydrophone (1956)

The high-frequency calibration of a plane disk hydrophone of large diameter by the usual plane-wave reciprocity method is a difficult task, requiring a large anechoic tank and precise mechanical alignment gear. A new and absolute calibration technique utilizing the radiation pressure of a standing wave system is described. The calibration curve of a barium titanate hydrophone of diameter 1.5 in. and of resonant frequency 1.0 mc is presented over the frequency range of 300 to 5000 kc.
The Matched Feedback Amplifier: Ultrawide-Band Microwave Amplification with GaAs MESFET's (1980)

An ultrawide-band amplifier module has been developed that covers the frequency range from 350 MHz to 14 GHz. A minimum gain of 4 dB was obtained across this 40:1 bandwidth at an output power of 13 dBm. The amplifier makes use of negative and positive feedback and incorporates a GaAs MESFET that was developed with special emphasis on low parasitics. The transistor has the gate dimensions 800 by 1 mu m. The technology and RF performance of the GaAs MESFET are discussed, as are the design considerations and performance of the single-ended feed-back amplifier module.
Structural frequency response function acquisition via electric impedance measurement of surface-bonded piezoelectric sensor /actuator (1995)

This paper presents a new technique for acquiring structural Frequency Response Function (FRF) via measurement of electric of a piezoceramic (PZT) patch bonded to a structure. The PZT patch, when driven by an ac voltage, behaves like an actuator as well as a sensor through its interaction with the host structure. The electric thus obtained carries the information of the structural signature. Through a generic multi-input model governing the electromechanical interaction of PZT actuators with structure, the structural FRF can be extracted from measured electric impedance. Both the point FRF of single location and the transfer FRF between two locations on a structure can be obtained. The concept of measuring the coupled impedance of two PZT sensors is presented and used to derive the transfer FRF of the structure. The effect of actuator stiffening to the structure and its removal from the measured FRF is addressed. The technique is proven to be an efficient and low cost approach to acquiring structural FRF. Because of the negligible mass load and stiffening effect of the solid state transducer, the approach is more appropriate for the system identification of light and flexible structures.
Effect of Initial Shear on Cyclic Behavior of Sand (1985)

Drained and undrained cyclic torsional simple shear tests are conducted for saturated Ottawa sand with and without initial static shear applications. It was found from the experiment that when the tests were conducted under uniform cyclic shear strains, both pore water pressure generation in undrained conditions and the volume changes in drained conditions were affected very little by the level of the initial static shear applications. The strain method, which uses shear strain parameters as determinative parameters, has been proven to be very useful for liquefaction and cyclic volume change analyses.
Functional interactions between Lmo2, the Arf tumor suppressor, and Notch1 in murine T-cell malignancies (2011)

LMO2 is a target of chromosomal translocations in T-cell tumors and was activated by retroviral vector insertions in T-cell tumors from X-SCID patients in gene therapy trials. To better understand the cooperating genetic events in LMO2-associated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), we investigated the roles of Arf tumor suppressor loss and Notch activation in murine models of transplantation. Lmo2 overexpression enhanced the expansion of primitive DN2 thymocytes, eventually facilitating the stochastic induction of clonal CD4(+)/CD8(+) malignancies. Inactivation of the Arf tumor suppressor further increased the self-renewal capacity of the primitive, preleukemic thymocyte pool and accelerated the development of aggressive, Lmo2-induced T-cell lympholeukemias. Notch mutations were frequently detected in these Lmo2-induced tumors. The Arf promoter was not directly engaged by Lmo2 or mutant Notch, and use of a mouse model in which activation of a mutant Notch allele depends on previous engagement of the Arf promoter revealed that Notch activation could occur as a subsequent event in T-cell tumorigenesis. Therefore, Lmo2 cooperates with Arf loss to enhance self-renewal in primitive thymocytes. Notch mutation and Arf inactivation appear to independently cooperate in no requisite order with Lmo2 overexpression in inducing T-ALL, and all 3 events remained insufficient to guarantee immediate tumor development.
Irinotecan and high-dose fluorouracil/leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. (2000)

Two randomized phase III trials with irinotecan as second-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer have shown that irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar) significantly improves survival when compared with best supportive care or continuous infusion of fluorouracil (5-FU) after failure of 5-FU. The combination of irinotecan and 5-FU/leucovorin produced a significantly higher response rate (40.8% vs 23.1%, P < .001), longer time to progression of disease (6.7 vs 4.4 months, P < .001), longer median survival (17.4 vs 14.1 months, P = .03), and a greater chance of survival at 1 year (69% vs 59%, P = .03) than 5-FU/leucovorin treatment alone. Such benefits have not previously been demonstrated in this setting. Although the use of irinotecan in combination with 5-FU/leucovorin increased the likelihood of neutropenia, the incidence of febrile neutropenia and infection remained low. Other toxic effects were manageable, noncumulative, and reversible.
A Deep Learning Model for Measuring Oxygen Content of Boiler Flue Gas (2020)

The oxygen content of boiler flue gas is a valid indicator of boiler efficiency and emissions. Measuring the oxygen content of boiler flue gas is time consuming and costly. To overcome the latter shortcomings, a novel deep belief network algorithm based hybrid prediction model for the oxygen content of boiler flue gas is proposed. First, the algorithm is used to build a model based on the historical data collected from the distribution control system. The variables are divided into control variables and state variables to meet the needs of advanced control requirement. Then, a lasso algorithm is used to select variables highly related to the oxygen content as the inputs of the prediction model. Two basic models based on the deep-belief network are established, one using control variables, and the other, state variables. Finally, the two basic models are combined with a least square support vector machine to improve prediction accuracy of the oxygen content of boiler flue gas. To test the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, experiments based on three industrial datasets are performed. Performance of the comparison of the proposed deep belief algorithm is compared with five machine learning algorithms. Computational experience has shown that the model derived with the deep-belief algorithm produced better accuracy than the models generated by the other algorithms.
Genetic mapping of the dentinogenesis imperfecta type II locus. (1995)

Dentinogenesis imperfecta type II (DGI-II) is an autosomal dominant disorder of dentin formation, which has previously been mapped to chromosome 4q12-21. In the current study, six novel short tandem-repeat polymorphisms (STRPs) have been isolated, five of which show significant evidence of linkage to DGI-II. To determine the order of the STRPs and define the genetic distance between them, nine loci (including polymorphisms for two known genes) were mapped through the CEPH reference pedigrees. The resulting genetic map encompasses 16.3 cM on the sex-averaged map. To combine this map with a physical map of the region, all of the STRPs were mapped through a somatic cell hybrid panel. The most likely location for the DGI-II locus within the fixed marker map is in the D4S2691-D4S2692 interval of 6.6 cM. The presence of a marker that shows no recombination with the DGI-II phenotype between the flanking markers provides an important anchor point for the creation of physical continuity across the DGI-II candidate region.
The calculation of gearbox torque components on sucker-rod pumping units using dynamometer card data (2015)

Power requirements and profitability of sucker-rod pumping are basically determined by the torque load on the pumping unit’s gearbox. Gearbox torques include the torque required to drive the polished rod and the torque used to rotate the counterweights. In addition to these, inertial torques arise in those parts of the pumping unit that turn at varying speeds. As shown in the paper, all torque components are functions of the crank angle; consequently, their exact calculation necessitates the knowledge of the crank angle versus time function. This circumstance, however, complicates torque calculations because contemporary dynamometers, used to acquire the necessary operating data, do not provide any information on the variation of the crank angle during the pumping cycle. The paper introduces a solution of the problem and presents an iterative calculation of the crank angle versus time function from dynamometer data. Based on this function crank velocity, crank acceleration, as well as beam acceleration can be calculated and all necessary gearbox torques can be evaluated. For calculating articulating inertial torque, the acceleration pattern of the walking beam during the pumping cycle is evaluated according to three different models and the accuracy of those is compared. The paper gives the details of the developed calculation models and presents a typical sample case.
Uplifts and Tilts at Earth's Surface Induced by Pressure Transients From Hydraulic Fractures (1990)

Summary The pressure transient that spreads through the formation during and after a hydraulic fracture treatment pressurizes the formation and induces a certain "swelling." This swelling and the accompanying uplift at the earth's surface can be estimated with poroelastic theory. The uplift may produce a significant signal in tiltmeter devices placed at the surface. Six fracturing treatments in liquid-saturated reservoirs, all with tiltmeters to diagnose the fractures, were analyzed. In five cases, routine tiltmeter analysis postulated a horizontal fracture component (in the remaining case, a near-vertical fracture of dip 70 to 85° probably could also be interpreted by a vertical fracture with a subsidiary horizontal component). In three treatments, however, theoretical tilts calculated from the pressure transient can account for the magnitude of the tiltmeter signals, which had previously been explained by a horizontal fracture component. This result is important because the formation swelling and surface uplift associated with the pressure transient from a hydraulic fracture treatment are not usually deconvolved from the raw tiltmeter signals before their interpretation in terms of hydraulic fracture geometry. In some cases, this may be necessary. Otherwise, the shape/size of inferred horizontal and vertical fracture components may be in error; i.e., neglect of the pressure-transient effect may cause overestimation of the size of the horizontal fracture component. At worst, neglecting the pressure-transient effect may result in an inferred horizontal fracture component where one does not actually exist.
Crystallographic Studies on High-Speed Phase-Change Materials Used for Rewritable Optical Recording Disks (2004)

Optical recording disks, which exploit the reversible phase-change phenomenon between amorphous and crystal states of a material, are now in extensive use, particularly in videodisc recorders for home use. The most commonly used recording materials are GeTe-Sb 2 Te 3 pseudobinary compounds and Sb-Te binary compounds with a small quantity of added In, Ag, and/or Ge. These compounds, which have superior capabilities for holding data at room temperature for extended periods and high rewrite speeds, all tend to have structures in which one lattice site is occupied by two or more elements at random, and the lattices are all cubic or pseudocubic at the high temperatures at which recording and erasure are performed. In addition, with rising temperature, the amplitude of atomic thermal vibration increases exponentially. It is believed that these two characteristics of these materials that are suitable for phase-change optical disks, i.e., an isotropic structure and intense thermal vibration at high temperatures, play very important roles in the virtually instantaneous transformation from the amorphous to the crystal phase. We describe here the relationship between the structural features and the high-speed phase-change mechanism.
HFO-1234yf Low GWP Refrigerant Update (2008)

HFC-134a has been scheduled for phase-out in automobiles in the European Union beginning January 1, 2011.HFO-1234yf has been identified as a new low global warming refrigerant which has the potential to be a global sustainable solution for automotive air conditioning.HFO-1234yf is a pure compound which is highly energy efficient, exhibits low toxicity in testing to date, and can potentially be used in systems currently designed for R134a with minimal modifications.Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) calculations also indicate a significant environmental benefit versus R134a, R152a and CO 2 (R-744) in all major regions of the world.Though HFO-1234yf is mildly flammable per ASTM E-681-04 (ASTM, 2004), it is significantly less so than HFC-152a and HFC-32 and has the potential to be used in direct expansion systems without a secondary loop.In this paper, an update will be provided on recent status of HFO-1234yf evaluations.
Self-mixing detector candidates for an FM/cw ladar architecture (2000)

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is currently investigating unique self-mixing detectors for ladar systems. These detectors have the ability to internally detect and down-convert light signals that are amplitude modulated at ultra-high frequencies (UHF). ARL is also investigating a ladar architecture based on FM/cw radar principles, whereby the range information is contained in the low-frequency mixing product derived by mixing a reference UHF chirp with a detected, time-delayed UHF chirp. When inserted into the ARL FM/cw ladar architecture, the self-mixing detector eliminates the need for wide band transimpedance amplifiers in the ladar receiver because the UHF mixing is done internal to the detector, thereby reducing both the cost and complexity of the system and enhancing its range capability. This fits well with ARL's goal of developing low-cost, high-speed line array ladars for submunition applications and extremely low-cost, single pixel ladars for ranging applications. Several candidate detectors have been investigated for this application, with metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) detectors showing the most promise. This paper discusses the requirements for a self-mixing detector, characterization measurements from several candidate detectors and experimental results from their insertion in a laboratory FM/cw ladar.
Spatial perception in virtual environments: Evaluating an architectural application (2002)

An experiment was conducted to compare and explore the relationship between the way people perceive real and virtual spaces. Twenty-four architects toured either a real museum gallery or a realtime computer generated model of the same gallery under one of three increasingly inclusive viewing conditions, i.e., looking at a monitor, viewing through stereoscopic head-mounted displays without and with head-position tracking. Subjects were asked to perform spatial dimension, orientation and evaluation tasks. The most significant results indicate that subjects consistently underestimate the dimensions of the gallery in all three computer simulation conditions when compared to touring the real gallery. The most inclusive viewing condition yields underestimates for spatial dimensions which are significantly greater than the other two simulation conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>