gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis and Central Nervous System Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1992)

While certain cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) may be involved in pro- and anti-inflammatory events in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and CNS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), there is not uniform consensus as to whether they are elevated or even detectable in all compartments of the body such as serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and tissue. Furthermore, if they are elevated in these diseases, there are no data as to whether they regulate the disease process itself. Myelin damage in MS is a punctate demyelination; in AIDS, it is a diffuse myelin pallor or dysmyelination. Oligodendrocytes are destroyed in MS but not CNS AIDS, suggesting a different mechanism for myelin loss in the two diseases. These different pathologies may provide clues about the role of macrophages, microglia, and/or the toxic products they produce in putatively giving rise to myelin damage. The stimuli that trigger such a destructive response by macrophages or glial cells and/or the regulation of the toxic events in the two diseases we would predict to be different. In MS, an effector cell-mediated lesion production and oligodendrocyte cell destruction seem to occur. We hypothesize that the effector is the inflammatory blood macrophage and/or microglial cell induced and promoted to its cytotoxic activity by a collaboration of neurotransmitters and cytokines. In CNS AIDS, virus-induced toxic products of glia and their diffusion through white and gray matter areas of the brain have been suggested. Such soluble mediators would then compromise metabolic processes of neurons and glia without widespread target cell loss.
Dispersion of the third-order nonlinear-optical properties of poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) and its molecular composites with polyamides (1992)

With third-harmonic generation |χ(3)(−3ω; ω, ω, ω)| has been measured in the range 0.8–2.4 μm for thin films of poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBZT) and its molecular composites with nylon-66 and poly(trimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide). For pure PBZT, |χ(3)(−3ω; ω, ω, ω)| = (8.3 ± 1.7) × 10−11 esu near the peak of the three-photon resonance at 1.3 μm, and |χ(3)(−3ω; ω, ω, ω)| = (6.0 ± 1.5) × 10−12 esu off resonance at 2.4 μm. A new theoretical treatment that includes the effects of inhomogeneous broadening and vibronic transitions on χ(3) and permits accurate analytic fits of the dispersion data is presented. By preparation of molecular composites it has been discovered that these composites induce macroscopic ordering, or orientational anisotropy, of the PBZT, which can lead to an apparent enhancement of χ(3). The implications of the dispersion of the nonlinear properties of these materials are discussed. We have also measured the damage threshold of PBZT and found it to be ~50 GW/cm2 for 30–50-ps pulses at 1.9 μm.
Effect of Calcitonin on Gastric Emptying and on Serum Insulin and Gastrin Concentrations After Ingestion of a Mixed Solid—Liquid Meal in Humans (1990)

In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, we examined the effect of calcitonin on gastric emptying, and on serum concentrations of gastrin, insulin, glucose, calcium, and phosphorus after a mixed solid-liquid meal in 11 healthy men. Synthetic salmon calcitonin was administered as a 415 pmol i.v. bolus injection followed by a 90-min infusion to reach an overall dose of 62.25 pmol/kg body mass. Gastric emptying of a radiolabeled meal was surveyed by means of a gamma camera. A pronounced inhibition of gastric emptying with calcitonin was observed in all subjects (median gastric half emptying time 60.3 min after placebo versus 197.6 min after calcitonin; p less than 0.001). Calcitonin did not effect the postprandial gastrin release, nor did it change significantly the serum calcium or phosphorus concentrations. A decreased postprandial insulin release by calcitonin (mean +/- SEM area under the insulin curve 2,124.6 +/- 382.0 min mU L-1 after placebo versus 640.9 +/- 124.0 min mU L-1 after calcitonin; p less than 0.002) was accompanied by a different pattern of serum glucose concentrations during the infusion of the hormone when compared to the situation with a placebo. We discuss potential mechanisms and clinical relevance of our findings.
Characterization of IHNV isolates associated with neurotropism. (1995)

Rainbow trout with a 'neurotropic' form of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) exhibited behavioral abnormalities and had high virus concentrations localized in brain tissue. Fish with 'hematopoietic' IHN exhibited typical disease signs with the highest concentrations of virus detected in kidney-spleen tissue. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) isolates obtained from brain or kidney-spleen tissue were tested for serological relatedness and virulence and pathogenicity differences in 2 sizes of rainbow trout. No major differences were detected by indirect fluorescence tests. Serum neutralization profiles showed 2 predominant patterns that differed dependent upon tissue of origin. However, virulence and pathogenicity differences were not evident.
An electron-beam plasma source and geometry for plasma processing (1993)

The operation of an electron-beam plasma source and its application as a secondary source of ionization in a radio frequency- (RF) powered reactive-ion-etching (RIE) reactor is investigated. RF-powered RIE is an important tool in the manufacture of semiconductor devices. One aspect of RF RIE is its ability to produce a DC substrate potential on insulating as well as conducting substrates. Substrate potential is an important determinant of etch anisotropy. However, traditional RF RIE reactors can only be operated over a limited range of parameter space. Ion flux, neutral radical flux and ion energy must all be controlled with only two independent variables: RF power and pressure. Expanded and precise control over process parameters is becoming more important as device structures are made smaller and less damage tolerant. Process control may be enhanced by the addition of an alternative source of power. The experimental arrangement is designed to investigate these possibilities. As a test case, the system is utilized to etch patterned silicon wafers with SF6 gas. Etch rate, etch uniformity and DC bias potential versus RF power and beam current are presented. Electron-gun generated contamination is addressed and several solutions are reported.
Agroinoculation of <i>Citrus tristeza virus</i> Causes Systemic Infection and Symptoms in the Presumed Nonhost <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> (2011)

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) naturally infects only some citrus species and relatives and within these it only invades phloem tissues. Failure to agroinfect citrus plants and the lack of an experimental herbaceous host hindered development of a workable genetic system. A full-genome cDNA of CTV isolate T36 was cloned in binary plasmids and was used to agroinfiltrate Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, with or without coinfiltration with plasmids expressing different silencing-suppressor proteins. A time course analysis in agroinfiltrated leaves indicated that CTV accumulates and moves cell-to-cell for at least three weeks postinoculation (wpi), and then, it moves systemically and infects the upper leaves with symptom expression. Silencing suppressors expedited systemic infection and often increased infectivity. In systemically infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants, CTV invaded first the phloem, but after 7 wpi, it was also found in other tissues and reached a high viral titer in upper leaves, thus allowing efficient transmission to citrus by stem-slash inoculation. Infected citrus plants showed the symptoms, virion morphology, and phloem restriction characteristic of the wild T36 isolate. Therefore, agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana provided the first experimental herbaceous host for CTV and an easy and efficient genetic system for this closterovirus.
Controlled and Continuous Release Ocular Drug Delivery Systems: Pros and Cons (2012)

Topical ocular drug administration is the most preferred route for treating conditions affecting the surface of the eye as well as anterior segment diseases; this is mainly due to the rapid and localised drug action and patient acceptability. However, the ocular bioavailability is typically less than 5% from conventional ophthalmic dosage forms such as eye drops. This is mainly due to the unique anatomical and physiological features of the eye. One of the effective pharmaceutical approaches is to provide a controlled and continuous drug release to the surface of the eye to compensate drug loss by nasolacrimal drainage and non-productive absorption of the topically applied drug. This review provides a critical appraisal (advantages and drawbacks) of the different drug delivery strategies that provides controlled and continuous drug supply to the surface of the eye; it covers research conducted over the past three decades.
Business Ethics Quarterly: Business Ethics and the Theory of the Firm (2008)

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Reconstruction Method for Missing or Damaged Long Portions in Audio Signal (2002)

An algorithm for the correction of disturbances or gaps of up to several thousand samples in an audio signal is presented. The reconstruction is based on a novel method for time-domain discrete signal extrapolation. The missing or disturbed portion of the audio signal is replaced by a weighted average of signals extrapolated from the areas preceding and following the disturbed portion. Impulsive-type errors usually distort the underlying signal irreversibly, and the damaged signal portion does not contain any information of the original signal. In the proposed method the damaged signal samples are not used in computing the replacing samples. The reconstruction method is applied in practice to correct scratches from signals recorded from badly damaged vinyl recordings. The proposed signal reconstruction method can be implemented in real-time applications.
Implications of the changes in serum neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin and cystatin <scp>C</scp> in patients with chronic kidney disease (2014)

Serum NGAL is an effective biomarker for detecting early-stage renal damage in CKD patients. Serum NGAL was significantly correlated with the severity of renal damage and the progression of renal function deterioration.
Room-temperature terahertz emission from nanometer field-effect transistors (2006)

Room-temperature generation of terahertz radiation in nanometer gate length InAlAs∕InGaAs and AlGaN∕GaN high-mobility transistors is reported. A well-defined source-drain voltage threshold for the emission exists, which depends on the gate bias. Spectral analysis of the emitted radiation is presented. The highest emission power emitted from a single device reached 0.1μW.
HIGH-PRECISION OBJECT MONITORING WITH IMAGE ASSISTED THEODOLITES- STATE OF THE ART 1 (2004)

In the past, high-precision online 3-D measuring required artificial targets defining the points on the objects to be monitored. For many tasks like monitoring of displacements of buildings, artificial targets are not desired. Today´s image assisted theodolite systems can perform their measurements even without targeting. Such systems use the texture on the surface of the object to find “interesting points ” which can replace the artificial targets. However, well-trained “measurement experts ” are required to operate such a measurement system. In order to make such systems easy to use even for non-experts, it can be extended by an appropriate decision system which supports the operator. We report on the state of the art of such image assisted theodolite measurement systems and on the potential of future developments. Mainly, research
從「共識政治」到「否決政治」 : 香港行政立法關係的質變 (2008)

在《基本法》建構的政治框架下，香港特區的行政和立法關係經歷了「革命性」的變革，致使「行政主導政府」政體出現質變。在這背景下，文章首先討論一些基本概念，如：「合一政府」、「分掌政府」和「否決政治」；接着是探討「行政主導政府」和「共識政治」的制度基礎，以及《基本法》所帶來的制度改革及其影響。此外，文章亦將「否決政治」的概念，應用於分析正在重構中的行政立法關係。最後，文章亦探討議會的聯盟動態及其對香港有效管治的影響。\nWithin the political framework set by the Basic Law, the executive-legislature relations of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region have undergone a “revolutionary” change that has caused a great transformation in the “executive-led government” system. Against this background, this article first examines some basic concepts: “unified government”，“divided government”，and “veto politics”. It then examines the institutional foundation of the “executive-led government” and “consensus politics' as well as the institutional reforms and related impacts that the Basic Law has brought to the system. The concept of 4tveto politics" is employed to analyze the evolving executive-legislature relationship* Finally, this article explores the coalition dynamics in the legislature and their impact on the effective governance of Hong Kong.
Study of the ability of multiphase continuum models to predict core‐annulus flow (2007)

Abstract We use the well established core‐annulus flow regime as a numerical benchmark to evaluate the sensitivity of gas–solids continuum models and boundary conditions to model formalisms and parameters. By using transient, 1D, grid‐independent numerical solutions, we avoid the use of speculative closure terms and show that the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) is sufficient to model core‐annulus regime. That regime arises in the time‐average solution as a consequence of the fluctuating motion of regions with high solids concentration. These fluctuations are most sensitive to the gravitational acceleration ( g ) and granular energy dissipation terms. The fluctuation frequency is α $ \sqrt g $ . The effect of fluctuations is so dominant that decreasing the restitution coefficient (KTGF parameter) actually increases the average granular temperature. The wall boundary conditions for solids momentum and granular energy equations dictate the core‐annulus flow regime. They must cause a net dissipation of granular energy at the wall for predicting that regime. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
A Harmonic/Percussive Sound Separation Based Music Pre-Processing Scheme For Cochlear Implant Users (2013)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Marrakech, Morocco, 2013
Discovery of Potent 17β-Hydroxywithanolides for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer by High-Throughput Screening of a Natural Products Library for Androgen-Induced Gene Expression Inhibitors (2015)

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most prevalent cancer among men in Western societies, and those who develop metastatic castration-resistant PC (CRPC) invariably succumb to the disease. The need for effective treatments for CRPC is a pressing concern, especially due to limited durable responses with currently employed therapies. Here, we demonstrate the successful application of a high-throughput gene-expression profiling assay directly targeting genes of the androgen receptor pathway to screen a natural products library leading to the identification of 17β-hydroxywithanolides 1-5, of which physachenolide D (5) exhibited potent and selective in vitro activity against two PC cell lines, LNCaP and PC-3. Epoxidation of 5 afforded physachenolide C (6) with higher potency and stability. Structure-activity relationships for withanolides as potential anti-PC agents are presented together with in vivo efficacy studies on compound 6, suggesting that 17β-hydroxywithanolides are promising candidates for further development as CRPC therapeutics.
VII. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): FACTOR STRUCTURE FOR 3 TO 15 YEAR OLDS (2013)

Confirmatory factor analysis was used the evaluate the dimensional structure underlying the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB) and the measures chosen to serve as concurrent validity criteria for the NIH Toolbox CB. These results were used to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity of the CB in children ranging from 3 to 15 years of age. Results were evaluated separately for a 3- to 6-year-old group and a 8- to 15-year-old group because different validation measures were used in these age groups. Three distinct dimensions were found for the 3- to 6-year-old group: Vocabulary, Reading, and Fluid Abilities. Five dimensions were found for 8-15 year olds: Vocabulary, Reading, Episodic Memory, Working Memory, and Executive Function/Processing Speed. CB measures and their validation analogues consistently defined common factors in a pattern that broadly supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the CB, but results showed higher intercorrelation and less differentiation of cognitive dimensions in younger than in older children and in older children compared with adults. Age was strongly related to the cognitive dimensions underlying test performance in both groups of children and results are consistent with broader literature showing increasing differentiation of cognitive abilities associated with the rapid brain development that occurs from early childhood into adulthood.
Hole injection and electron overflow improvement in InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes by a tapered AlGaN electron blocking layer (2014)

A tapered AlGaN electron blocking layer with step-graded aluminum composition is analyzed in nitride-based blue light-emitting diode (LED) numerically and experimentally. The energy band diagrams, electrostatic fields, carrier concentration, electron current density profiles, and hole transmitting probability are investigated. The simulation results demonstrated that such tapered structure can effectively enhance the hole injection efficiency as well as the electron confinement. Consequently, the LED with a tapered EBL grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition exhibits reduced efficiency droop behavior of 29% as compared with 44% for original LED, which reflects the improvement in hole injection and electron overflow in our design.
Fat Crystal Networks (2004)

Crystallography A.G. Marangoni Crystallization Kinetics A.G. Marangoni Lipid Phase Behavior K. L. Humphrey and S.S. Narine Rheology Fundamentals and Structural Theory of Elasticity A.G Marangoni and S.S. Narine Viscoelasticity A.G Marangoni Dynamic Methods A.G. Marangoni Microstructure S.S. Narine and A.G Marangoni The Yield Stress and Elastic Modulus of a Fat Crystal Network A.G Marangoni Experimental Methodology R. Campos Scaling Behavior of the Elastic Modulus in Colloidal Networks of Fat Crystals T.S. Awad, M.A. Rogers and A.G Marangoni Comparison Between Image Analyses Methods for the Determination of the Fractal Dimension of Fat Crystal Networks T.S. Awad and A.G Marangoni The Nature of Fractility in Fat Crystal Networks A.G. Marangoni Identifying Key Indicators of Mechanical Strength in Mixtures of Milk Fat Fractions and Cocoa Butter A.G. Marangoni and S.S. Narine The Functionality of Milk Fat Fractions in Confectionery and Plastic Fats A.G. Marangoni Liquid-Multiple Solid Phase Equilibria in Fats: Theory and Experiments L.H. Wesdorp, J.A. van Meeteren, S. de Jong, R. Giessen, P. Overbosch, P.A.M. Grootscholten, M. Struik, E. Royers, A. Don, T. de Loos, C. Peters, and I. Gandasasmita Imaging of a Model Plastic Fat System by 3-Dimensional Wide-Field Transmitted Polarized Light Microscopy and Image Deconvolution J.W. Litwinenko Index
Robotic Adherent Cell Injection for Characterizing Cell–Cell Communication (2014)

Compared to robotic injection of suspended cells (e.g., embryos and oocytes), fewer attempts were made to automate the injection of adherent cells (e.g., cancer cells and cardiomyocytes) due to their smaller size, highly irregular morphology, small thickness (a few micrometers thick), and large variations in thickness across cells. This paper presents a robotic system for automated microinjection of adherent cells. The system is embedded with several new capabilities: automatically locating micropipette tips; robustly detecting the contact of micropipette tip with cell culturing surface and directly with cell membrane; and precisely compensating for accumulative positioning errors. These new capabilities make it practical to perform adherent cell microinjection truly via computer mouse clicking in front of a computer monitor, on hundreds and thousands of cells per experiment (versus a few to tens of cells as state of the art). System operation speed, success rate, and cell viability rate were quantitatively evaluated based on robotic microinjection of over 4000 cells. This paper also reports the use of the new robotic system to perform cell-cell communication studies using large sample sizes. The gap junction function in a cardiac muscle cell line (HL-1 cells), for the first time, was quantified with the system.
Affective understanding in film (2006)

Affective understanding of film plays an important role in sophisticated movie analysis, ranking and indexing. However, due to the seemingly inscrutable nature of emotions and the broad affective gap from low-level features, this problem is seldom addressed. In this paper, we develop a systematic approach grounded upon psychology and cinematography to address several important issues in affective understanding. An appropriate set of affective categories are identified and steps for their classification developed. A number of effective audiovisual cues are formulated to help bridge the affective gap. In particular, a holistic method of extracting affective information from the multifaceted audio stream has been introduced. Besides classifying every scene in Hollywood domain movies probabilistically into the affective categories, some exciting applications are demonstrated. The experimental results validate the proposed approach and the efficacy of the audiovisual cues.
Asymmetric niobium guanidinates as intermediates in the catalytic guanylation of amines (2013)

The molecular structure of the guanidinate complex {NbBz2(N(t)Bu)[(4-BrC6H4)N=C(N(i)Pr)(NH(i)Pr)]}, previously obtained by reaction of [NbBz3(N(t)Bu)] and the corresponding guanidine proligand, has been established by X-ray diffraction. The series of complexes {NbBz2(N(t)Bu)[(Ar)N=C(N(i)Pr)(NH(i)Pr)]} (Ar = 4-BrC6H4, 4-(t)BuC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4) and {[NbBz2(N(t)Bu)]2[(C6H4)(N=C(N(i)Pr)(NH(i)Pr))2]} show a preferred asymmetric coordination of the guanidinate ligand by means of one alkylamino nitrogen and the arylimino nitrogen atom. Computational studies confirm this preference and the results suggest that electronic factors prevail over steric factors. In addition, reaction of complex [NbBz3(N(t)Bu)] with {2-((n)butyl)-1,3-diisopropylguanidine} did not give rise to the regioselective asymmetrical guanidinate. Instead, the complex {NbBz2(N(t)Bu)[((n)Bu)N=C(N(i)Pr)(NH(i)Pr)]} was obtained as a mixture of three isomers with symmetrical and asymmetrical coordination modes. Finally, the complex [NbBz3(N(t)Bu)] was shown to be a suitable precatalyst for the guanylation reaction of a wide range of amines under mild conditions. Guanidinates are proposed as intermediates in the mechanism of this reaction. The molecular structure of the biguanidine {2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2',3-diisopropylguanidine)} was also established by X-ray diffraction studies.