gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 2′-Deoxy-2′-<b> <i>C</i> </b>-α-methylpurine Nucleosides (2005)

2′-Deoxy-2′-C-α-methylribonucleosides provide valuable biochemical probes with which to study RNA structure and function. Using methyl 2-acetoxymethyl-3,5-di-O-(tert-butyldi­methylsilyl)-d-ribofuranoside (1) as a glycosylating agent, we achieved in four steps an improved synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-C-α-methyladenosine (8) and the first synthesis of 2′-deoxy-C-α-methylguanosine (9) in 25% and 17% overall yield, respectively.
The OpenGL® Shading Language (2006)

This specification is protected by copyright laws and contains material proprietary to the Khronos Group, Inc. It or any components may not be reproduced, republished, distributed, transmitted, displayed, broadcast or otherwise exploited in any manner without the express prior written permission of Khronos Group. You may use this specification for implementing the functionality therein, without altering or removing any trademark, copyright or other notice from the specification, but the receipt or possession of this specification does not convey any rights to reproduce, disclose, or distribute its contents, or to manufacture, use, or sell anything that it may describe, in whole or in part. Khronos Group grants express permission to any current Promoter, Contributor or Adopter member of Khronos to copy and redistribute UNMODIFIED versions of this specification in any fashion, provided that NO CHARGE is made for the specification and the latest available update of the specification for any version of the API is used whenever possible. Such distributed specification may be re-formatted AS LONG AS the contents of the specification are not changed in any way. The specification may be incorporated into a product that is sold as long as such product includes significant independent work developed by the seller. A link to the current version of this specification on the Khronos Group web-site should be included whenever possible with specification distributions.
Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and vascular diseases: update on mechanistic linkages. (2004)

Epidemiological associations are now well-established between insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and worsened cardiovascular outcomes. A direct role of insulin in vascular biology is also now broadly recognized. Specifically, insulin can directly stimulate the action of nitric oxide synthase, an effect that can be demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Insulin resistance, whether present endogenously or produced experimentally through exposure to fatty acids, glucosamine or tumour necrosis factor alpha, is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation and, specifically, with impaired insulin-stimulated vasodilation. A number of potential molecular explanations for these observations are being pursued, with evidence to support a number of concurrent pathogenic mechanisms. These include insulin resistance-associated reductions in nitric oxide availability due to increases in oxidative stress (not requiring the presence of hyperglycemia), reduced availability of tetrahydrobiopterin and excess levels of asymmetrical dimethylarginine. A strong body of evidence also supports an excess of the vasoconstrictor endothelin, which may result directly from hyperinsulinemia and/or indirectly due to a loss of the suppressive effects of nitric oxide on endothelin production and action. The current leading edge of investigations into the association between insulin-resistant states and vascular dysfunction involves the expanding repertoire of adipocyte-derived hormones. Of these, particular interest has been focused on adiponectin, which has both vascular and metabolic actions, and may contribute importantly to the connection between metabolism and vascular function. Progress along these novel lines of investigation will continue to expand the understanding of the mechanisms linking insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and vascular disease.
Design Features and Performance of a Lithium-Chlorine Cell (1967)

A fuel cell—i.e., fuel storage external to the power module based on the reactions: Anode: Li → Li+ + e- Cathode: ½Cl2 + e- → Cl- Total: Li(l) + ½Cl2(g) → LiCl (LiCl electrolyte, 625°C.) was constructed and delivered 650 watts (370 amp. at 1.75 volts). Power density was 8000 watts/sq. ft. at maximum power. The cell was self-sustaining under load and, in fact, required cooling when operated at maximum power. Principles of secondary operation of lithium-chlorine batteries have been developed, and laboratory investigation is in progress. The design features necessary to build a cell which does not fail in the presence of these energetic and highly corrosive reactants are given.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Antibody Mimics for Bioimaging and Therapy (2020)

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor-made chemical receptors that recognize and bind target molecules with a high affinity and selectivity. MIPs came into the spotlight in 1993 when they were dubbed "antibody mimics," and ever since, they have been widely studied for the extraction or trapping of chemical pollutants, in immunoassays, and for the design of sensors. Owing to novel synthesis strategies resulting in more biocompatible MIPs in the form of soluble nanogels, these synthetic antibodies have found favor in the biomedical domain since 2010, when for the first time, they were shown to capture and eliminate a toxin in live mice. This review, covering the years 2015-2020, will first describe the rationale behind these antibody mimics, and the different synthesis methods that have been employed for the preparation of MIPs destined for in vitro and in vivo targeting and bioimaging of cancer biomarkers, an emerging and fast-growing area of MIP applications. MIPs have been synthesized for targeting and visualizing glycans and protein-based cell receptors overexpressed in certain diseases, which are well-known biomarkers for example for tumors. When loaded with drugs, the MIPs could locally kill the tumor cells, making them efficient therapeutic agents. We will end the review by reporting how MIPs themselves can act as therapeutics by inhibiting cancer growth. These works mark a new opening in the use of MIPs for antibody therapy and even immunotherapy, as materials of the future in nanomedicine.
Dissociating hippocampal subregions: A double dissociation between dentate gyrus and CA1 (2001)

This study presents a double dissociation between the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1. Rats with either DG or CA1 lesions were tested on tasks requiring either spatial or spatial temporal order pattern separation. To assess spatial pattern separation, rats were trained to displace an object which covered a baited food-well. The rats were then allowed to choose between two identical objects: one covered the same well as the sample phase object (correct choice), and a second object covered a different unbaited well (incorrect choice). Spatial separations of 15-105 cm were used to separate the correct object from the incorrect object. To assess spatial temporal order pattern separation, rats were allowed to visit each arm of a radial eight-arm maze once in a randomly determined sequence. The rats were then presented with two arms and were required to choose the arm which occurred earliest in the sequence. The choice arms varied according to temporal separation (0, 2, 4, or 6) or the number of arms that occurred between the two choice arms in the sample phase sequence. On each task, once a preoperative criterion was reached, each rat was given either a DG, CA1, or control lesion and then retested. The results demonstrated that DG lesions resulted in a deficit on the spatial task but not the temporal task. In contrast, CA1 lesions resulted in a deficit on the temporal task but not the spatial task. Results suggest that the DG supports spatial pattern separation, whereas CA1 supports temporal pattern separation.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity in Mexican Fresco cheese (2011)

The objective of this study was to evaluate if Mexican Fresco cheese manufactured with specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) presented angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEI) activity. Water-soluble extracts (3 kDa) obtained from Mexican Fresco cheese prepared with specific LAB (Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and mixtures: Lactococcus-Lactobacillus and Lactococcus-Enterococcus) were evaluated for ACEI activity. Specific peptide fractions with high ACEI were analyzed using reverse phase-HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry for determination of amino acid sequence. Cheese containing Enterococcus faecium or a Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis-Enterococcus faecium mixture showed the largest number of fractions with ACEI activity and the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50); <10 μg/mL). Various ACEI peptides derived from β-casein [(f(193-205), f(193-207), and f(193-209)] and α(S1)-casein [f(1-15), f(1-22), f(14-23), and f(24-34)] were found. The Mexican Fresco cheese manufactured with specific LAB strains produced peptides with potential antihypertensive activity.
Occurrence and Diversity of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Lagoons and Groundwater Underlying Two Swine Production Facilities (2001)

In this study, we used PCR typing methods to assess the presence of tetracycline resistance determinants conferring ribosomal protection in waste lagoons and in groundwater underlying two swine farms. All eight classes of genes encoding this mechanism of resistance [tet(O), tet(Q), tet(W), tet(M), tetB(P), tet(S), tet(T), and otrA] were found in total DNA extracted from water of two lagoons. These determinants were found to be seeping into the underlying groundwater and could be detected as far as 250 m downstream from the lagoons. The identities and origin of these genes in groundwater were confirmed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequence analyses. Tetracycline-resistant bacterial isolates from groundwater harbored the tet(M) gene, which was not predominant in the environmental samples and was identical to tet(M) from the lagoons. The presence of this gene in some typical soil inhabitants suggests that the vector of antibiotic resistance gene dissemination is not limited to strains of gastrointestinal origin carrying the gene but can be mobilized into the indigenous soil microbiota. This study demonstrated that tet genes occur in the environment as a direct result of agriculture and suggested that groundwater may be a potential source of antibiotic resistance in the food chain.
Semiconductor Raman amplifier for terahertz bandwidth optical communication (2002)

Semiconductor Raman amplifiers are useful for frequency selection in terahertz bandwidth and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems with terabit capacity, as well as direct terabit optical communication systems. We have developed GaP-AlGaP Raman waveguides with micrometer-size cross sections. We have reduced residual optical loss of the waveguide by improvement of the fabrication process and realized a low-loss waveguide that is 10-mm long, which has a continuous wave (CW) Raman gain of 3.7 dB. Also, the time-gated amplification with 80-ps pulse pumping is performed and 20-dB gain is obtained. These performances are very suitable for light frequency selection in terahertz bandwidth and WDM optical communication systems.
Practical Applications of Music in Service Settings (1994)

Discusses many of the empirical studies relating to the effects of background music on a wide range of consumer behaviours and outlines the relevant features and limitations of these studies. Suggests that, while research has identified relationships between specific behaviours and specific musical characteristics (e.g. tempo, volume, mode), retailers should practice caution when attempting to manipulate specific aspects of their background music. A safer and potentially more effective strategy would be to select background music that reflects the musical preferences of targeted consumer segments. Presents useful information regarding selection of appropriate background music.
Establishing Key Reservoir Parameters with Diagnostic Fracture Injection Testing (2012)

Summary Diagnostic fracture injection testing (DFIT) is an invaluable tool for evaluating reservoir properties in unconventional formations. The test comprises injection of water over a short time, starting a fracture at the end of a well's horizontal section, followed by a long shut-in period. Analysis of the falloff data with the G-function plot reveals the fracture-closure pressure, and the fracture pseudolinear-flow period. In most tests, wellhead-pressure (WHP) measurements are used because of cost considerations. A wellbore-heat-transfer model is used to allow conversion of WHP to bottomhole pressure (BHP) by accounting for changing fluid density and compressibility along the wellbore. This model, in turn, allowed us to assess the quality of solutions generated with the WHP data. For DFIT analysis, we adapted the modified-Hall plot for the injection period, whereas both the pressure-derivative and G-function plots were used for the analysis of falloff data. The derivative signature of the modified-Hall plot allows unambiguous estimation of the fracture breakdown pressure (pf,) during the injection period. As expected, the pf, always turns out to be higher than the fracture-closure pressure (pfc), estimated with the two methods during pressure falloff, thereby instilling confidence in the solutions obtained. A statistical design of experiments with coupled geomechanical/fluid-flow simulation capabilities showed that the formation permeability is by far the most important variable controlling the fracture-closure time. Mechanical rock properties, such as Young's modulus of elasticity and the Poisson's ratio, play minor roles. In microdarcy formations, a longitudinal fracture takes much longer to close than a transverse fracture.
Geschichte der englischen Literatur von den Anfangen bis zur Gegenwart (1939)

Geschichte der englischen Literatur von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart Get access Geschichte der englischen Literatur von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart . By Walter Schirmer . Halle , Niemeyer , 1937 . Pp. vii + 679 . RM. 20. H. G. Fielder H. G. Fielder Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar English: Journal of the English Association, Volume 2, Issue 10, 1939, Pages 247–249, https://doi.org/10.1093/english/2.10.247 Published: 01 April 1939
Communication aids for people with impaired speech and hearing (1977)

There are many ways in which human beings communicate with one another. These range from writing a formal letter or delivering a speech, to a ‘glance across a crowded room’. Physical disability can cause problems in any or all of these communication means. How can technology assist those people for whom communication by speech is difficult or impossible?
Synchronous control of dual linear motors based on advanced space voltage vector switch table (2014)

One advanced control method based on a new kind of space voltage vector switch table is proposed in this paper to synchronize dual permanent magnet linear motors (PMLSM). With the aid of this method, synchronous control is realized by one control system with dual linear motors, rather than using two individual control systems to control each linear motor separately. In the system of dual motor synchronous control, when one of the two linear motors experiences load disturbance or receives speed feed instruction from the controller, there will be synchronous position deviation between the two linear motors, which should be reduced. Advanced space voltage vector switch table can be redesigned based on the synchronization position deviation, estimated stator flux linkage, estimated electromagnetic thrust, and which section the stator flux linkage is located in. The dual linear motors can be controlled to work synchronously by selecting the appropriate space voltage vector. The synchronous position deviation between the two motors is used to determine the space voltage vector in the next control cycle, in which way the synchronous control of the two linear motors can be realized rationally and efficiently in one control system. The experiment result shows that synchronous precision and response speed between the two linear motors can be improved greatly by this control method.
Pyramid-based estimation of 2-D motion for object tracking (2002)

An algorithm capable of estimating the image motion of a moving object in real-time is presented. The method is based on the image correlation technique applied to the multi-resolution image of two successive frames. Unlike previous approaches on the intensity correlation, the method estimates the normal motion vector by establishing the correlation along the direction of intensity gradient only. This approach allows one to avoid difficulties often arise due to the multiple matching. Normal flow vectors are used to estimate the actual flow vector (called the full flow vector) by assuming that 2-D motions of the object and the background are constant. This entire process operates uniformly on several spatial resolutions of image sequence. Each resolution is tuned to a specific range of image motion, and the correct resolution is determined by comparing the estimation error which has been accumulated in the course of full flow estimation. The algorithm has been implemented on off-the-shelf vision hardware, as a subsystem for real-time visual tracking.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lensless digital holography with diffuse illumination through a pseudo-random phase mask (2011)

Microscopic imaging with a setup consisting of a pseudo-random phase mask, and an open CMOS camera, without an imaging objective, is demonstrated. The pseudo random phase mask acts as a diffuser for an incoming laser beam, scattering a speckle pattern to a CMOS chip, which is recorded once as a reference. A sample which is afterwards inserted somewhere in the optical beam path changes the speckle pattern. A single (non-iterative) image processing step, comparing the modified speckle pattern with the previously recorded one, generates a sharp image of the sample. After a first calibration the method works in real-time and allows quantitative imaging of complex (amplitude and phase) samples in an extended three-dimensional volume. Since no lenses are used, the method is free from lens abberations. Compared to standard inline holography the diffuse sample illumination improves the axial sectioning capability by increasing the effective numerical aperture in the illumination path, and it suppresses the undesired so-called twin images. For demonstration, a high resolution spatial light modulator (SLM) is programmed to act as the pseudo-random phase mask. We show experimental results, imaging microscopic biological samples, e.g. insects, within an extended volume at a distance of 15 cm with a transverse and longitudinal resolution of about 60 μm and 400 μm, respectively.
Monocyte Expression of the Human Prointerleukin 1β Gene (<i>IL1B</i>) Is Dependent on Promoter Sequences Which Bind the Hematopoietic Transcription Factor Spi-1/PU.1 (1995)

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is produced primarily by stimulated monocytes, suggesting that the IL1B gene, which codes for this protein, depends upon at least one cell-type-specific factor. Our previous characterization of the IL1B promoter indicated that the region between -131 and +12 is sufficient to direct cell-type-specific expression of a reporter gene (F. Shirakawa, K. Saito, C.A. Bonagura, D.L. Galson, M.J. Fenton, A.C. Webb, and P. E. Auron, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1332-1344, 1993). We now show that a sequence located between positions -50 and -39 of the IL1B promoter binds the tissue-restricted Ets domain transcription factor Spi-1/PU.1 (Spi-1). Mutation of this site abrogates binding of this factor and reduces the ability of the IL1B promoter to function in macrophages. A second Spi-1 binding site located between positions -115 and -97 also is required for maximal IL1B promoter activity in the presence of the proximal Spi-1 binding site. In addition, an activation domain-deficient Spi-1 expression vector acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of reporter gene expression in a monocyte cell line. Finally, the IL1B promoter, which is inactive in Spi-1-deficient HeLa cells, is activated in these cells by cotransfection with a Spi-1 expression vector. Thus, the cell-type-specific expression of the IL1B promoter appears to be dependent on the binding of Spi-1.
Nanosecond photochromic molecular switching of a biphenyl-bridged imidazole dimer revealed by wide range transient absorption spectroscopy (2014)

We demonstrate that a biphenyl-bridged imidazole dimer exhibits fast photochromism with a thermal recovery time constant of ∼100 ns, which is the fastest thermal back reaction in all reported imidazole dimers. Sub-ps transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that the generation process of the colored species occurs within 1 ps.
Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTFiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and BiosensorsOtto S. WolfbeisView Author Information Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 12, 81–90Publication Date (Web):May 4, 2000Publication History Published online4 May 2000Published inissue 1 June 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/a1000013khttps://doi.org/10.1021/a1000013kreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2262Altmetric-Citations158LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Fibers,Fluorescence,Peptides and proteins,Polymers,Sensors Get e-Alerts
Theory of phase spectroscopy in bimodal atomic force microscopy (2009)

We develop a theoretical formalism to describe bimodal atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments. The theory relates observables such as amplitudes and phase shifts to physical properties of the tip-surface interaction. The theory is compatible with point-mass and continuous models of the cantilever-tip system. We explain the ability of the bimodal AFM to map compositional variations under the influence of very small conservative forces. This is achieved by representing the dependence of the phase shift or amplitude of one eigenmode with respect to the amplitude or phase shift of the other mode. The agreement obtained between the theory and the numerical simulations validates the theoretical formalism.