gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of the ethylene oxide distribution on nonionic surfactant properties (1985)

Abstract Detergent‐range primary alcohols are readily converted into nonionic surfactants by reaction with ethylene oxide. Optimum performance properties for these surfactants generally are attained by varying the number of moles of ethylene oxide reacted with each mole of alcohol or by altering the structure of the primary alcohol. However, variations in the ethoxylate‐adduct distribution also affect surfactant properties in such a way that products with relatively narrow distributions possess features which are highly desirable in many household and industrial applications. For a given cloud point narrow‐range ethoxylates have lower molecular weights and therefore lower pour points than broad‐range surfactants. Because narrow‐range ethoxylates contain less unreacted alcohol and other water‐insoluble species, they are capable of forming aqueous solutions with much lower cloud points than their broad‐range counterparts. Aqueous solutions of narrow‐range products have lower viscosities, exhibit lower gel temperatures and remain fluid over a wider concentration range than solutions of broad‐range surfactans. While the foams obtained with narrow‐range surfactants in the Ross‐Miles test are higher initially, they are less stable than those produced by conventional nonionic surfactants. Draves wetting data show that narrow‐range products wet cotton substrates more efficiently than normal‐distribution materials. Narrow‐range ethoxylates exhibit higher aqueous surface tension and higher polyester adhesion tension values than their broad‐range counterparts. In addition, narrow‐range surfactants reduce the interfacial tension against paraffin oil more efficiently and more effectively than broad‐range products. These results, along with laboratory detergency data, suggest that the use of narrow‐range ethoxylates may lead to cleaning systems with improved performance and/or physical properties.
Efficacy of a Fowlpox-Vectored Avian Influenza H5 Vaccine Against Asian H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Challenge (2007)

A recombinant fowlpox-avian influenza (AI) H5 vaccine (rFP-AIV-HS) expressing the hemagglutinin of the A/turkey/Ireland/1378/83 H5N8 AI isolate has been used in Central America since 1998 to control H5N2 low pathogenicity AI. Previously, this vaccine was shown to induce full protection against a panel of H5 highly pathogenic (HP) AI isolates, including HPAI H5N1. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of rFP-AIV-H5 against escalating doses of HPAI H5N1 A/chicken/ SouthKorea/ES/03 isolate and against the HPAI H5N1 A/chicken/Vietnam/0008/2004 isolate. In both studies, 1-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were vaccinated by subcutaneous route with rFP-AIV-H5 and challenged 3 wk later by the oronasal route. In the first study, full protection was observed up to a challenge dose of 6.5 log10 embryo infectious dose (EID50), and the 50% chicken infectious dose was estimated to be 3.1 and 8.5 log10 EID50 in the control and the rFP-AIV-H5-vaccinated group, respectively. A 2-4 log10 and > 4 log10 reduction of oral and cloacal shedding was observed in rFP-AIV-H5 vaccinated birds, respectively. The rFP-AIV-H5 vaccine induced hemagglutination inhibition antibodies (5.2 log2) detectable with homologous H5N8 antigen. In the second study, rFP-AIV-HS-vaccinated chicks were fully protected against morbidity and mortality after challenge with the 2004 Vietnam isolate, whereas unvaccinated chickens died within 2 days of challenge. Shedding in cloacal swabs was detected in all unvaccinated controls but in none of the rFP-AIV-H5-vaccinated chickens. Together, these results confirm the excellent level of protection induced by rFP-AIV-H5 in SPF chickens against two recent Asian HPAI H5N1 isolates.
Protecting communications against forgery (2008)

This paper is an introduction to cryptography. It covers secret- key message-authentication codes, unpredictable random functions, public- key secret-sharing systems, and public-key signature systems.
Enhanced GOI Degradation and Reliability Improvement of Nitrogen and Indium Co-Implant for Advanced Dual-Gate Oxide Application (2006)

Indium and nitrogen implant were used to form the NMOSFET retrograde channel and low-threshold thin-oxide devices respectively. These two impurities are implanted into the same MOSFET channel before gate oxidation for an advanced low cost DRAM technology. High dose of indium implant degrades the oxide integrity, and with the acceding of the nitrogen impurities, enhanced GOI (gate oxide integrity) degradation were observed such as inducing abnormal Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) leakages, increasing ratio of near zero BVd defects. These phenomena were verified in both our 200mm and 300mm baseline. Fluorine impurities can be used to heal the implant-induced damage and improve the reliability of the gate oxides
Engineering <i>OsBAK1</i> gene as a molecular tool to improve rice architecture for high yield (2009)

Generating a new variety of plant with erect-leaf is a critical strategy to improve rice grain yield, as plants with this trait can be dense-planted. The erect-leaf is a significant morphological trait partially regulated by Brassinosteroids (BRs) in rice plants. So far, only a few genes can be used for molecular breeding in rice. Here, we identified OsBAK1 as a potential gene to alter rice architecture. Based on rice genome sequences, four closely related homologs of Arabidopsis BAK1 (AtBAK1) gene were amplified. Phylogenetic analysis and suppression of a weak Arabidopsis mutant bri1-5 indicated that OsBAK1 (Os08g0174700) is the closest relative of AtBAK1. Genetic, physiological, and biochemical analyses all suggest that the function of OsBAK1 is conserved with AtBAK1. Overexpression of a truncated intracellular domain of OsBAK1, but not the extracellular domain of OsBAK1, resulted in a dwarfed phenotype, similar to the rice BR-insensitive mutant plants. The expression of OsBAK1 changed important agricultural traits of rice such as plant height, leaf erectness, grain morphologic features, and disease resistance responses. Our results suggested that a new rice variety with erect-leaf and normal reproduction can be generated simply by suppressing the expression level of OsBAK1. Therefore, OsBAK1 is a potential molecular breeding tool for improving rice grain yield by modifying rice architecture.
Formulation and Evaluation of Spray-Dried Esomeprazole Magnesium Microspheres (2013)

Purpose: To prepare and evaluate in vitro mucoadhesive esomeprazole magnesium microspheres for the treatment of Zollinger Ellison syndrome.Methods: The microspheres were prepared by spray drying technique using locust bean and xanthan gums as polymers. Esomeprazole magnesium was entrapped in the microspheres at various polymer/cross-linking ratios. Glutaraldehyde was used to cross-link the gums. The microspheres wereevaluated for their micromeritic properties and in vitro release. as well as by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results: The microspheres were discrete, spherical, and showed good drug entrapment efficiency (60.5 - 92.3 %). FTIR and DSC results indicate that the drug was compatible with the polymers used. Amongst all the formulations, F6 (drug:locust bean gum:xanthan gum, 1:2:2) showed the most suitable sustained release properties with 99.8 % of drug released at the end of 12 h.Conclusion: Microspheres prepared using locust bean and xanthan gums can be used as a sustained release delivery system for esomeprazole magnesium.Keywords: Spray drying, Microspheres, Esomeprazole magnesium, Sustained release
Leakage current comparison between ultra-thin Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> films and conventional gate dielectrics (1998)

Capacitors with ultra-thin (6.0-12.0 nm) CVD Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ film were fabricated on lightly doped Si substrates and their leakage current (I/sub g/-V/sub g/) and capacitance (C-V) characteristics were studied. For the first time, samples with stack equivalent oxide thickness around 2.0 nm were compared with ultra-thin silicon dioxide and silicon oxynitride. The Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ samples showed remarkably lower leakage current, which not only verified the advantages of ultra-thin Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ as dielectrics for high density DRAM's, but also suggested the possibility of its application as the gate dielectric material in MOSFET's.
Network- Based Techniques for RTK Applications (2000)

The accuracy of today’s RTK is limited by the distance dependent errors from orbit, ionosphere and troposphere as well as station dependent influences like multipath and antenna phase center variations. The basic idea of Geo++ GNSMART (GNSS − State Monitoring And Representation Technique) is to analyze the data from a reference station network to estimate and represent the state of individual components of the GPS error budget in real−time.
Vacuolar H+-ATPase Localized in Plasma Membranes of Malaria Parasite Cells, Plasmodium falciparum, Is Involved in Regional Acidification of Parasitized Erythrocytes (2000)

Recent biochemical studies involving 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5, 6-carboxylfluorescein (BCECF)-labeled saponin-permeabilized and parasitized erythrocytes indicated that malaria parasite cells maintain the resting cytoplasmic pH at about 7.3, and treatment with vacuolar proton-pump inhibitors reduces the resting pH to 6.7, suggesting proton extrusion from the parasite cells via vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (Saliba, K. J., and Kirk, K. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 33213-33219). In the present study, we investigated the localization of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in Plasmodium falciparum cells infecting erythrocytes. Antibodies against vacuolar H(+)-ATPase subunit A and B specifically immunostained the infecting parasite cells and recognized a single 67- and 55-kDa polypeptide, respectively. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that the immunological counterpart of V-ATPase subunits A and B is localized at the plasma membrane, small clear vesicles, and food vacuoles, a lower extent being detected at the parasitophorus vacuolar membrane of the parasite cells. We measured the cytoplasmic pH of both infected erythrocytes and invading malaria parasite cells by microfluorimetry using BCECF fluorescence. It was found that a restricted area of the erythrocyte cytoplasm near a parasite cell is slightly acidic, being about pH 6.9. The pH increased to pH 7.3 upon the addition of either concanamycin B or bafilomycin A(1), specific inhibitors of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. Simultaneously, the cytoplasmic pH of the infecting parasite cell decreased from pH 7.3 to 7.1. Neither vanadate at 0.5 mm, an inhibitor of P-type H(+)-ATPase, nor ethylisopropylamiloride at 0.2 mm, an inhibitor of Na(+)/H(+)-exchanger, affected the cytoplasmic pH of erythrocytes or infecting parasite cells. These results constitute direct evidence that plasma membrane vacuolar H(+)-ATPase is responsible for active extrusion of protons from the parasite cells.
Directed Transport of Atoms in a Hamiltonian Quantum Ratchet (2009)

Classical ratchet potentials, which alternate a driving potential with periodic random dissipative motion, can account for the operation of biological motors. We demonstrate the operation of a quantum ratchet, which differs from classical ratchets in that dissipative processes are absent within the observation time of the system (Hamiltonian regime). An atomic rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate is exposed to a sawtooth-like optical lattice potential, whose amplitude is periodically modulated in time. The ratchet transport arises from broken spatiotemporal symmetries of the driven potential, resulting in a desymmetrization of transporting eigenstates (Floquet states). The full quantum character of the ratchet transport was demonstrated by the measured atomic current oscillating around a nonzero stationary value at longer observation times, resonances occurring at positions determined by the photon recoil, and dependence of the transport current on the initial phase of the driving potential.
An Essential Role of Sam50 in the Protein Sorting and Assembly Machinery of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane (2003)

The preprotein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) contains one essential subunit, the channel Tom40. The assembly pathway of the precursor of Tom40 involves the TOM complex and the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) with the non-essential subunit Mas37. We have identified Sam50, the second essential protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Sam50 contains a beta-barrel domain conserved from bacteria to man and is a subunit of the SAM complex. Yeast mutants of Sam50 are defective in the assembly pathways of Tom40 and the abundant outer membrane protein porin, while the import of matrix proteins is not affected. Thus the protein sorting and assembly machinery of the mitochondrial outer membrane involves an essential, conserved protein.
A Comparative Analysis of the Fibulin Protein Family (2007)

Fibulins are a family of five extracellular matrix proteins characterized by tandem arrays of epidermal growth factor-like domains and a C-terminal fibulin-type module. They are widely distributed and often associated with vasculature and elastic tissues. In this study, we expressed the three more recently identified family members, fibulin-3, fibulin-4, and fibulin-5, as recombinant proteins in mammalian cells. The purified proteins showed short rod structures of approximately 20 nm with a globule at one end, after rotary shadowing and electron microscopy. Two forms of mouse fibulin-3 were purified, and the O-glycan profiles of the larger form were characterized. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified proteins did not show any cross-reactivity with other family members and were used to assess the levels and localization of the fibulins in mouse tissues. Their binding interactions, cell adhesive properties, and tissue localization were analyzed in parallel with the previously characterized fibulin-1 and -2. Binding to tropoelastin was strong for fibulin-2 and -5, moderate for fibulin-4 and -1, and relatively weak for fibulin-3. Fibulin-4, but not fibulin-3 and -5, exhibited distinct interactions with collagen IV and nidogen-2 and moderate binding to the endostatin domain from collagen XV. Cell adhesive activities were not observed for all fibulins, except mouse fibulin-2, with various cell lines tested. All five fibulins were found in perichondrium and various regions of the lungs. Immunoelectron microscopy localized fibulin-4 and -5 to fibrillin microfibrils at distinct locations. Our studies suggest there are unique and redundant functions shared by these structurally related proteins.
Big Data-driven Automated Anomaly Detection and Performance Forecasting in Mobile Networks (2020)

The massive amount of data available in operational mobile networks offers an invaluable opportunity for operators to detect and analyze possible anomalies and predict network performance. In particular, application of advanced machine learning (ML) techniques on data aggregated from multiple sources can lead to important insights, not only for the detection of anomalous behavior but also for performance forecasting, thereby complementing classic network operation and maintenance solutions with intelligent monitoring tools. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that aggregates diverse data sets (e.g. configuration, performance, inventory, locations, user speeds) from an operational LTE network and applies ML algorithms to diagnose network issues and analyze their impact on key performance indicators. To this end, pattern identification and time-series forecasting algorithms are used on the ingested data. Results show that proposed framework can indeed be leveraged to automate the identification of anomalous behaviors associated with the spatial-temporal characteristics, and predict customer impact in an accurate manner.
Adverse events reported by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene (1999)

Raloxifene had an adverse event profile distinct from HRT and unopposed estrogen and was well tolerated by postmenopausal women.
Effect of alpha, beta-methylene ATP on the potentiation of contractions to field stimulation of the rat vas deferens by eledoisin. (1987)

Eledoisin potentiated contractions to field stimulation of rat vas deferens. This effect was antagonized by [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]-substance P (0.01 mmol/L), a tachykinin receptor antagonist but not by prazosin (lμmol/L), anα1-adrenoceptor antagonist. Desensitization of P2-purinoceptors in rat vas deferens by α,β- methylene ATP (0.03 mmol/L, 2 min) attenuated the contractile response of the tissue to field stimulation and markedly reduced the potentiating effect of eledoisin. α,β-methylene ATP (0.002-0.2 mmol/L) had no significant effect on 125I-Bolton Hunter reagent conjugate of eledoisin (125I-BHE) binding to NK2 tachykinin receptors in the rat vas deferens. It is concluded that the potentiating effect of eledoisin on the contractions to field stimulation in the rat vas deferens may be the result of an enhancement of purinergic rather than adrenergic neurotransmission.
Free radical-mediated reperfusion injury: a selective review. (1987)

Tissue damage as a consequence of ischemia is a major medical problem in an industrialized society. Whereas the conventional view has attributed this injury process to ischemia itself, recent studies have found that a variable, but often substantial proportion of the injury is caused by toxic oxygen metabolites that are generated from xanthine oxidase at the time of reperfusion. This mechanism was first identified and characterized in a model of moderately mild partial vascular occlusion in the feline small intestine. Strikingly similar mechanisms have been subsequently confirmed as the basis for ischemia/reperfusion injury in the stomach, pancreas, liver, skin, skeletal muscle, heart, lung, kidney and central nervous system. The potential for clinical application of this concept is related primarily to that proportion of the total post-ischemic injury that is due to this reperfusion mechanism, set against the proportion due to ischemia itself. Ironically, in clinical cases of intestinal ischemia the reperfusion component appears to be proportionately small, and the potential for treatment of ischemic bowel disease is correspondingly limited. On the other hand, there is reason to expect that the ablation of free radical-mediated reperfusion injury, something that can be readily achieved through non-toxic means, may provide substantial benefit for the treatment of ischemic renal disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac arrest, and of organs preserved for transplantation.
THE PATENT SYSTEMS HARMONIZATION ACT OF 1992: CONFORMITY AT WHAT PRICE? (1996)

Presently, there is a possibility that Congress may approve a drastic reformation of the long-standing process by which one applies for a United States patent.Congress' stated purpose is to change the United States patent system to conform with patent systems of foreign countries.I This bill would transform the current United States "First-to-Invent" system into the more universal "First-to-File" system. 2 This proposal has spurred much debate among legal scholars 3 and practicing patent attorneys. 4 This Note provides an overview of the current United States "First-to-Invent" system, including its inadequacies; details the changes proposed to Congress; evaluates the arguments posed by opponents and proponents of ' Conceptualizing the Priority Paradox can be aided by the following illustration:"4
Synthesis of Pentafluorosulfanyl Trifluorovinyl Ether and Its Facile Rearrangement to Difluoro(pentafluorosulfanyl)acetyl Fluoride (2007)

A radical departure: A novel fluorinated vinyl ether 1 was synthesized and was found to undergo an unexpected facile rearrangement to give compound 2, which was confirmed to be a radical process by EPR spectroscopy.
Dynamic grasp and trajectory planning for moving objects (2018)

This paper shows how a robot arm can follow and grasp moving objects tracked by a vision system, as is needed when a human hands over an object to the robot during collaborative working. While the object is being arbitrarily moved by the human co-worker, a set of likely grasps, generated by a learned grasp planner, are evaluated online to generate a feasible grasp with respect to both: the current configuration of the robot respecting the target grasp; and the constraints of finding a collision-free trajectory to reach that configuration. A task-based cost function enables relaxation of motion-planning constraints, enabling the robot to continue following the object by maintaining its end-effector near to a likely pre-grasp position throughout the object’s motion. We propose a method of dynamic switching between: a local planner, where the hand smoothly tracks the object, maintaining a steady relative pre-grasp pose; and a global planner, which rapidly moves the hand to a new grasp on a completely different part of the object, if the previous graspable part becomes unreachable. Various experiments are conducted using a real collaborative robot and the obtained results are discussed.
Scanning Human Gene Deserts for Long-Range Enhancers (2003)

No abstract prepared.
Microsoft Word 97 at a Glance (1997)

Introduces the word processing program and provides information on using menus, screens, and commands.
Distribution of HRP in the Inner Ear after Injection into the Middle Ear Cavity (1984)

The distribution patterns of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reaction products in the inner ears of guinea pigs were studied after injections into the middle ear cavities and perilymphatic and subarachnoid spaces. The normal round window membrane resisted HRP penetration from the middle ear side, but when it became pathological after repeated applications, its permeability increased. HRP deposits were found in the cochlear and vestibular sensory cells and in the lumen of the endolymphatic sac. HRP reaction products were minimal at the cochlear apex even after long survival times, suggesting that perilymph flow, if it exists, is rather weak toward this direction. Whereas the stria vascularis is impermeable to HRP, the vestibular dark cells were accessible; thus, the metabolic activity of the dark cells can be more readily controlled by drug applications through the middle ear cavity. The finding of HRP deposits on the scala vestibuli surface of Reissner's membrane and the absence of HRP in the upper portion of the spiral ligament at the basal turn suggests that the oval window is a secondary route of passage for these particles from the middle ear cavity to the inner ear. In order to determine the route of HRP into the endolymphatic sac from the middle ear cavity or scala tympani, the cochlear and/or vestibular aqueducts were obliterated singly or together. The route of HRP was determined to be the vestibular aqueduct. HRP is believed to enter the sac lumen through Reissner's and saccular membranes and the sac epithelium. Drugs and other large molecular substances instilled in or gaining access to the middle ear cavity may reach the endolymphatic sac causing its functional alteration.
Vortex Merge Graphs in Two-dimensional Unsteady Flow Fields (2012)

Among the various existing vortex definitions, there is one class that relies on extremal structures of derived scalar fields. These are, e.g., vorticity,λ<sub>2</sub>, or the acceleration magnitude. This paper proposes a method to identify and track extremal-based vortex structures in 2D time-dependent flows. It is based on combinatorial scalar field topology. In contrast to previous methods, merge events are explicitly handled and represented in the resulting graph. An abstract representation of this vortex merge graph serves as basis for the comparison of the different scalar identifiers. The method is applied to numerically simulated flows of a mixing layer and a planar jet.