gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protecting of a Thermolabile Protecting Group: “Click-Clack” Approach (2009)

A new method for attaining higher stability of thermolabile protecting groups (TPG) using an intramolecular cyclization through a “click-clack” approach was demonstrated. It was found that during intramolecular cyclization of 2-pyridyl type of TPG the thermally stable 3-pyridyl-[1,3,2]oxazaphospholidine ring was formed and thermolabile properties were declined. Thermolability could be recovered upon hydrolytic ring-opening of a 3-pyridyl-[1,3,2]oxazaphospholidine. “Click-clack” chemistry was applied to the synthesis of biologically important phosphate esters and their analogues and some H-phosphonate derivatives.
The high-resolution structure of pig heart succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid coenzyme A transferase (2010)

The enzyme succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid coenzyme A transferase (SCOT) participates in the metabolism of ketone bodies in extrahepatic tissues. It catalyses the transfer of coenzyme A (CoA) from succinyl-CoA to acetoacetate with a classical ping-pong mechanism. There is biochemical evidence that the enzyme undergoes conformational changes during the reaction, but no domain movements have been reported in the available crystal structures. Here, a structure of pig heart SCOT refined at 1.5 A resolution is presented, showing that one of the four enzyme subunits in the crystallographic asymmetric unit has a molecule of glycerol bound in the active site; the glycerol molecule is hydrogen bonded to the conserved catalytic glutamate residue and is likely to occupy the cosubstrate-binding site. The binding of glycerol is associated with a substantial relative movement (a 13 degrees rotation) of two previously undefined domains that close around the substrate-binding site. The binding orientation of one of the cosubstrates, acetoacetate, is suggested based on the glycerol binding and the possibility that this dynamic domain movement is of functional importance is discussed.
Cadmium Accumulation by a Citrobacter sp. (1984)

Cadmium accumulation by a Citrobacter sp. growing in the presence of the metal occurred as a sharp peak during the mid-exponential phase of growth, but cultures showed considerable inhibition of growth compared to cadmium-free controls. This problem was overcome by pregrowing the cells in cadmium-free medium and subsequently exposing them to the metal in the resting state, under which conditions higher concentrations of cadmium were tolerated and metal uptake was enhanced. This ability was retained when the cells were immobilized and then challenged with a flow containing Cd2+; 65% of the metal presented was removed from solution. The influence on uptake of the composition of the exposure buffer and of various cell treatments were investigated and the results are discussed with respect to the anticipated speciation of the cadmium presented to the cells and also with respect to the probable mechanism of metal uptake. This is thought to occur through the activity of a cell-bound phosphatase, induced during pre-growth by the provision of glycerol 2-phosphate as sole phosphorus source. Continued enzyme function in resting cells would then precipitate the metal as cell-bound cadmium phosphate.
A phase I study of intravenous and oral rucaparib in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumours (2017)

Oral rucaparib can be safely combined with a clinically relevant dose of carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours (Trial registration ID: NCT01009190).
The Two Different Books of Jeremiah Should Be Editied Independently and Sequentially (2000)

1. Jer-LXX Differs from Jer-MT in the Matter of Length<BR>2. Jer-LXX Differs from Jer-MT in the Arrangement of Material<BR>3. Jer-LXX Differs from Jer-MT in the Theology/Ideology<BR>4. The Two Editions of Jeremiah<BR>5. The Problem of Superiority or Inferiority of One Edition Over the Other<BR>6. Two Canonical Books Should Be Edited Independently and Sequentially<BR
Improving intelligence: a literature review (2010)

Intelligence is associated with performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks and is a reliable predictor for educational and professional success. Therefore, the development of effective training regimens that aim to improve intelligence is of high interest. In recent years, there has been accumulating evidence that certain interventions have a positive impact on intelligence. The aim of the present paper is to provide a literature review on such studies. Despite promising results, we conclude that there are still many unknown variables and that the mechanisms that underlie improvements in intelligence are not well understood. More work is needed in order to disentangle these involved processes and to further refine existing training regimens.
Cross Processor Cache Attacks (2016)

Multi-processor systems are becoming the de-facto standard across different computing domains, ranging from high-end multi-tenant cloud servers to low-power mobile platforms. The denser integration of CPUs creates an opportunity for great economic savings achieved by packing processes of multiple tenants or by bundling all kinds of tasks at various privilege levels to share the same platform. This level of sharing carries with it a serious risk of leaking sensitive information through the shared microarchitectural components. Microarchitectural attacks initially only exploited core-private resources, but were quickly generalized to resources shared within the CPU. We present the first fine grain side channel attack that works across processors. The attack does not require CPU co-location of the attacker and the victim. The novelty of the proposed work is that, for the first time the directory protocol of high efficiency CPU interconnects is targeted. The directory protocol is common to all modern multi-CPU systems. Examples include AMD's HyperTransport, Intel's Quickpath, and ARM's AMBA Coherent Interconnect. The proposed attack does not rely on any specific characteristic of the cache hierarchy, e.g. inclusiveness. Note that inclusiveness was assumed in all earlier works. Furthermore, the viability of the proposed covert channel is demonstrated with two new attacks: by recovering a full AES key in OpenSSL, and a full ElGamal key in libgcrypt within the range of seconds on a shared AMD Opteron server.
Dual wavelength GaSb based type I quantum well mid-infrared light emitting diodes (2010)

We have designed and developed dual wavelength type I quantum well light emitting diodes (LEDs) operating at 2 μm and 3–3.4 μm wavelengths with independently controlled intensities. The room temperature quasicontinuous wave output power was 2.8 mW at 2 μm and 0.14 mW at 3 μm. The design of the dual wavelength structure allows for monolithically integrating LED pixels with different wavelengths opening the way for the fabrication of multiwavelength LED arrays for multispectral and hyperspectral imaging applications.
Complex-amplitude single-pixel imaging (2018)

A single-pixel camera can be represented using complex-amplitude. The complex-amplitude representation of input signals and output signals enables us to perform complex-amplitude imaging of an object, particularly profilometry with reflectance measurements or quantitative phase imaging with transmittance measurements. The complex-amplitude representation of optical coding masks and the coherent addition that is performed by interference can directly represent Hadamard patterns having positive and negative values. Furthermore, the residual area of the mask can be used for a reference beam with phase shifting. Such a complex-amplitude imaging system with a single-beam line structure is highly stabile against external disturbances.
Modulation of the inflammatory process by statins (2003)

Statins reduce cholesterol levels through competitive inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the key enzyme that regulates cholesterol synthesis. The cholesterol-lowering effect of statins is also due to an increase in the uptake of cholesterol by cells as a result of intracellular cholesterol depletion and enhanced expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. The use of statins as lipid-lowering agents has lead to remarkable changes in the treatment and prevention of ischemic heart disease. Results of large clinical trials of patients with ischemic heart disease have demonstrated that statins reduce inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, an independent risk factor in the disease. Statins exhibit properties that are beyond their lipid-lowering effects. These non-lipid-lowering properties involve the inhibition of the isoprenoid pathway through decreased synthesis of many nonsteroidal isoprenoid compounds. The focus on the immunomodulatory effect of statins is the result of the positive outcome of pravastatin treatment in cardiac transplantation patients, as well as angiographic regression studies showing insignificant changes in the degree of coronary stenosis despite a large reduction in cardiac events. Statin treatment reduces the risk of ischemic stroke despite the fact that LDL cholesterol is not directly associated with the risk of stroke. This observation lead to the investigation of the role of statins in inflammation and the immune system. Recent research data demonstrated that statins inhibit the induction of the major histocompatibility (MHC) class II expression by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), leading to repression of MHC II-mediated T-cell activation. Furthermore, statins inhibit the expression of specific cell surface receptors on monocytes, adhesion molecules and also integrin-dependent leucocyte adhesion. While statins may stimulate the secretion of caspase-1, IL-1beta and IL-18 in peripheral mononuclear cells in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, they exhibit additional effects on inflammation by decreasing IL-6 synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro. The focus of this monograph is to highlight the role of statins in the modulation of the immune system and inflammatory processes.
Adaptive Echo Cancellation for an On-Frequency RF Repeater using a Weighted Power Spectrum (2007)

Adaptive echo cancellation based on a weighted power spectrum is discussed for use in an on-frequency RF repeater with a digital IF stage. Radiated coupling between the input and output antennas cause echoes to be transmitted by a repeater. Echo cancellation, a technique used to reduce the effect, is often based on the auto-correlation of the repeater signal and is effective when the width of the auto-correlation of the input signal is less than the loop delay of the echo path. Narrow bandwidth signals such as EDGE cause problems because the auto-correlations of the input signal and echo overlap. However, in this paper it is shown that the repeater signal can be filtered to reduce the width of the autocorrelation by adjusting the power of all carriers within the input signal to the same power density. A method is presented for partitioning the power spectrum into disjoint bands approximating carrier bandwidths and computing a weighting function that normalizes the carriers. This is done without affecting the ripples within the power spectrum that are needed to detect the echoes. Results based on computer simulation models are provided.
Unusual Dynamics of Alanine Residues in Polyalanine Regions with Staggered Packing Structure of <i>Samia cynthia ricini</i> Silk Fiber in Dry and Hydrated States Studied by <sup>13</sup>C Solid-State NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulation (2018)

Recently, the wild silkworm and spider dragline silks have been paid considerable attention as potentially valuable biomedical materials. Samia cynthia ricini is one of the wild silkworms and the primary structure of the silk fibroin (SF) consists of tandemly repeated polyalanine (poly-A:(A)<sub>12,13</sub>). Here, we report the unusual dynamical character observed in Ala Cβ groups in the poly-A region which forms an antiparallel-β-sheet structure with a staggered packing arrangement. The <sup>13</sup>C spin-lattice relaxation ( T<sub>1</sub>'s) and spin-spin relaxation times ( T<sub>2</sub>'s) of Ala Cβ peaks in S. c. ricini SF fibers were observed in dry and hydrated states. The lowest field peak in Ala Cβ of the poly-A region showed 2 times longer T<sub>1</sub> value and shorter correlation time than the other Ala Cβ peaks of the staggered packing structure, suggesting unusually fast hopping in methyl groups. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that two of the Ala Cβ carbons out of eight existing in the unit cell of the staggered packing structure exhibited the fastest hopping motion in spite of the shortest Cβ-Cβ distance, indicating a geared hopping motion. T<sub>2</sub> values of the hydrated and dry Ala Cβ peaks showed a similar value, indicating that the backbone motion of S. c. ricini SF fiber is not significantly affected by hydration.
Thymic stroma-derived T cell growth factor (TSTGF). I. Functional distinction of TSTGF from interleukins 2 and 4 and its preferential growth-promoting effect on helper T cell clones. (1987)

A recently established thymic stroma-derived cell line (TSCL) supported the growth of the interleukin (IL) 2-dependent, antigen-specific helper T cell (Th) clone, 9-16, without requirement for IL-2 and antigen, and such growth was substituted by a factor produced into cultures by this established TSCL. This substance, thymic stroma-derived T cell-growth factor (TSTGF), was capable of inducing the proliferation of various Th clones including 9-16 Th clone, but not of cytotoxic T cell clones. TSTGF-induced growth promotion was obtained in a dose-dependent fashion and in maintaining antigen specificity of Th clones. The culture supernatant from the TSCL did not contain detectable level of IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, or interferon activity. The proliferation of 9-16 Th clone was stimulated by recombinant IL-2 and IL-4 as well as TSTGF, but not by IL-1, IL-3, or interferons. However, the proliferation of this Th clone by IL-2 or IL-4 was almost completely inhibited by anti-IL-2 receptor or anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody, respectively, whereas TSTGF-induced growth of 9-16 Th clones was not affected by either type of antibody, demonstrating that TSTGF is functionally distinct from IL-2 and IL-4. In addition, TSTGF activity was also obtained from the culture supernatant of the primary thymic explant, which was freshly prepared. These results indicate that the primary thymic explant as well as an established TSCL produce factors capable of promoting the growth of helper but not cytotoxic type of T cells in the absence of T cell growth factors thus far defined.
Voltage Generation by Ferromagnetic Resonance at a Nonmagnet to Ferromagnet Contact (2006)

A ferromagnet can resonantly absorb rf radiation to sustain a steady precession of the magnetization around an internal or applied magnetic field. We show that, under these ferromagnetic resonance conditions, a dc voltage is generated at a normal-metal electric contact to a ferromagnet with spin-flip scattering. The spin dynamics in the nonmagnetic region is accounted for by a frequency-dependent renormalization of the interface conductances. This mechanism allows sensing of time-dependent magnetizations by established dc electronic techniques.
Studies on spasmolytics. III. Synthesis and anticholinergic activity of 4-acyloxy-1-(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)piperidines and their quaternary salts. (1984)

Twenty-one derivatives of 4-acyloxy-1-(1, 3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl) piperidines (2) and their quaternary salts (6) were synthesized and tested for anticholinergic activities. The piperidine derivatives (2) exhibit moderate activities. Among the quaternary salts (6), the trans-isomers were always more active than the corresponding cis-isomers.
Electronic and optical properties of boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond films (2009)

We report on the electronic and optical properties of boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) thin films grown on quartz substrates by ${\text{CH}}_{4}/{\text{H}}_{2}$ plasma chemical vapor deposition. Diamond thin films with a thickness below 350 nm and with boron concentration ranging from ${10}^{17}$ to ${10}^{21}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ have been investigated. UV Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy have been used to assess the quality and morphology of the diamond films. Hall-effect measurements confirmed the expected $p$-type conductivity. At room temperature, the conductivity varies from $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\text{ }{\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for a nonintentionally doped film up to $76\text{ }{\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for a heavily $B$-doped film. Increasing the doping level results in a higher carrier concentration while the mobility decreases from 1.8 down to $0.2\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{2}\text{ }{\text{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. For NCD films with low boron concentration, the conductivity strongly depends on temperature. However, the conductivity and the carrier concentration are no longer temperature dependent for films with the highest boron doping and the NCD films exhibit metallic properties. Highly doped films show superconducting properties with critical temperatures up to 2 K. The critical boron concentration for the metal-insulator transition is in the range from $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}$ up to $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. We discuss different transport mechanisms to explain the influence of the grain boundaries and boron doping on the electronic properties of NCD films. Valence-band transport dominates at low boron concentration and high temperatures, whereas hopping between boron acceptors is the dominant transport mechanism for boron-doping concentration close to the Mott transition. Grain boundaries strongly reduce the mobility for low and very high doping levels. However, at intermediate doping levels where hopping transport is important, grain boundaries have a less pronounced effect on the mobility. The influence of boron and the effect of grain boundaries on the optoelectronic properties of the NCD films are examined using spectrally resolved photocurrent measurements and photothermal deflection spectroscopy. Major differences occur in the low energy range, between 0.5 and 1.0 eV, where both boron impurities and the $s{p}^{2}$ carbon phase in the grain boundaries govern the optical absorption.
Dissecting DNA repair in adult high grade gliomas for patient stratification in the post-genomic era (2014)

Deregulation of multiple DNA repair pathways may contribute to aggressive biology and therapy resistance in gliomas. We evaluated transcript levels of 157 genes involved in DNA repair in an adult glioblastoma Test set (n=191) and validated in 'The Cancer Genome Atlas' (TCGA) cohort (n=508). A DNA repair prognostic index model was generated. Artificial neural network analysis (ANN) was conducted to investigate global gene interactions. Protein expression by immunohistochemistry was conducted in 61 tumours. A fourteen DNA repair gene expression panel was associated with poor survival in Test and TCGA cohorts. A Cox multivariate model revealed APE1, NBN, PMS2, MGMT and PTEN as independently associated with poor prognosis. A DNA repair prognostic index incorporating APE1, NBN, PMS2, MGMT and PTEN stratified patients in to three prognostic sub-groups with worsening survival. APE1, NBN, PMS2, MGMT and PTEN also have predictive significance in patients who received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. ANN analysis of APE1, NBN, PMS2, MGMT and PTEN revealed interactions with genes involved in transcription, hypoxia and metabolic regulation. At the protein level, low APE1 (p=0.031) and low PTEN (p=0.042) remain associated with poor prognosis. In conclusion, multiple DNA repair pathways operate to influence biology and clinical outcomes in adult high grade gliomas.
Effect of Temperature and Solvent Composition on the Intrinsic Viscosity of Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) in Water−Ethanol Solutions (2010)

In this work, the intrinsic viscosities of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) with molar mass of 58 kg·mol−1 were measured in water−ethanol solutions from (283.1 to 313.1) K. The expansion factors of the polymer chains were calculated from the intrinsic viscosity data. The thermodynamic parameters (entropy of dilution parameter, the heat of dilution parameter, theta temperature, polymer−solvent interaction parameter, and second osmotic virial coefficient) were derived by the temperature dependence of the polymer chain expansion factor. The thermodynamic parameters indicate that mixtures of water/ethanol are changed to the poorer solvents for poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) by increasing temperature. Also, the thermodynamic parameters indicate that water/ethanol are changed to the better solvents for poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) by increasing volume fractions of ethanol.
A mild, chemical conversion of cellulose to hexane and other hydrocarbon fuels. Final report (1999)

a strategy was selected to prepare valuable hydrocarbons from biomass by a chemical process. Our initial goal was to develop an efficient multistep chemical process for the conversion of the principle components of biomass, cellulose and hemicellulose, into hydrocarbon fuels. Separation of these components and/or the use of selective reactions might allow for 100% carbon conversion by keeping the carbon chain intact. Furthermore, if initial reactions could be conducted in an aqueous medium, then the use of wet feedstocks would be possible. Overall, a six carbon sugar polymer, cellulose, would afford a single pure hydrocarbon product such as hexene. This is precisely what we have developed, a novel chemical process.
Conductivity detection for conventional and miniaturised capillary electrophoresis systems (2004)

Since the introduction of capillary electrophoresis (CE), conductivity detection has been an attractive means of detection. No additional chemical properties are required for detection, and no loss in sensitivity is expected when miniaturising the detector to scale with narrow-bore capillaries or even to the microchip format. Integration of conductivity and CE, however, involves a challenging combination of engineering issues. In conductivity detection the resistance of the solution is most frequently measured in an alternating current (AC) circuit. The influence of capacitors both in series and in parallel with the solution resistance should be minimised during conductivity measurements. For contact conductivity measurements, the positioning and alignment of the detection electrodes is crucial. A contact conductivity detector for CE has been commercially available, but was withdrawn from the market. Microfabrication technology enables integration and precise alignment of electrodes, resulting in the popularity of conductivity detection in microfluidic devices. In contactless conductivity detection, the alignment of the electrodes with respect to the capillary is less crucial. Contactless conductivity detection (CCD) was introduced in capillary CE, and similar electronics have been applied for CCD using planar electrodes in microfluidic devices. A contactless conductivity detector for capillaries has been commercialised recently. In this review, different approaches towards conductivity detection in capillaries and chip-based CE are discussed. In contrast to previous reviews, the focus of the present review is on the technological developments and challenges in conductivity detection in CE.
Mitochondrial creatine kinase. A poor prognostic sign (1980)

A serum creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme band cathodic to MM, thought to represent mitochondrial CK, was found in eight patients in shock, six of whom died within 12 days. Severe tissue damage appears to be required to release this isoenzyme to detectable levels in the serum. (<i>JAMA</i>243:2058-2060, 1980)