gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Simple Method of Estimating Air Recirculation in Ventilation Systems (1988)

A method for quantitative measurement of the overall air recirculation in ventilation systems is presented. The air recirculation is calculated from the concentrations of a tracer at three well-defined points, viz., the background concentration in outside air (C1), the tracer concentration in the recirculated air (C2), and the tracer concentration in the inlet air after the recirculation system (C3). The recirculation quotient is calculated according to the following formula: Q2/Q3 = (C3−C1)/(C2−C1). Q2 = recirculated airflow; Q3 = total inlet airflow including recirculated airflow. Thus, a quotient between flows is identical with a quotient between tracer concentrations. The method allows the usage of both natural tracers (e.g., contaminants, such as CO2, occuring in the examined building) and artificial tracers (e.g., fluorocarbon 12 or sulfur-hexafluoride). The method has been tested with good results. At these tests, the tracer was CO2 emitted from exhaled air and indoor activities in the buildings.
Strength and Ductility of Concrete Bridge Columns Under Seismic Loading (1987)

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Embryonic and fetal development in different genotypes in pigs. (1997)

It is widely accepted that uterine capacity, not ovulation rate, is the greatest restraint on litter size in pigs. Recently, the reproductive strategy(s) of the Chinese Meishan pig, a breed which farrows three to five more piglets per litter than US or European pig breeds, has come under intense scrutiny. It was initially determined that the Meishan female could farrow more viable piglets per litter than US or European pig breeds, with a uterine size and ovulation rate equivalent to those of less prolific breeds. It has become apparent that the Meishan conceptus exhibits a reduced trophectoderm mitotic rate during the preimplantation period, elongates from fewer cells and remains smaller throughout gestation compared with conceptuses from less prolific US or European pig breeds. This strategy by the Meishan conceptus for a lower growth rate results in a marked reduction in conceptus loss through day 18 of gestation compared with less prolific breeds. An additional strategy is required in the Meishan to allow the larger number of viable fetuses to survive after day 30 of gestation when uterine capacity becomes limiting. Our research has demonstrated that the rapid growth of the fetus in US pig breeds appears to require continued placental growth to increase the surface area for nutrient exchange. In contrast, the increased number of smaller Meishan fetuses achieve the same increase in placental efficiency by markedly increasing the density of placental blood vessels at the fetal-maternal interface. This proliferation of placental blood vessels obviates the need for marked increase in placental size.
Coronavirus Antiviral Research Database (CoV-RDB): An Online Database Designed to Facilitate Comparisons Between Candidate Anti-Coronavirus Compounds (2020)

Background: To prioritize the development of antiviral compounds, it is necessary to compare their relative preclinical activity and clinical efficacy. Methods: We reviewed in vitro, animal model, and clinical studies of candidate anti-coronavirus compounds and placed extracted data in an online relational database. Results: As of July 2020, the Coronavirus Antiviral Research Database (CoV-RDB; covdb.stanford.edu) contained &amp;gt;2,400 cell culture, entry assay and biochemical experiments, 240 animal model studies, and 56 clinical studies from &amp;gt;300 published papers. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV account for approximately 85% of the data. Approximately 75% of experiments involved compounds with a known or likely mechanism of action, including receptor binding inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies (20%); viral protease inhibitors (18%); polymerase inhibitors (9%); interferons (8%); fusion inhibitors (8%); host endosomal trafficking inhibitors (7%); and host protease inhibitors (5%). For 724 compounds with a known or likely mechanism, 95 (13%) are licensed in the US for other indications, 72 (10%) are licensed outside the US or are in human trials, and 557 (77%) are pre-clinical investigational compounds. Conclusion: CoV-RDB facilitates comparisons between different candidate antiviral compounds, thereby helping scientists, clinical investigators, public health officials, and funding agencies prioritize the most promising compounds and repurposed drugs for further development.
Imaging of generalized Bessel-Gauss beams (1996)

Abstract Different kinds of Bessel-Gauss beam have been recently introduced. By considering the effect of a lens on the field, we analyse how these different sets of fields transform into one another and illustrate how a superposition model of Gaussian beams allows this transformation to be clearly interpreted.
L'importance de l'opinion publique : Un cadre conceptuel de prise en compte de l'economie politique dans les politiques de filets de protection et d'aide sociale (2002)

This paper reviews the political economy influences of design, implementation, and outcome of safety net and other social insurance programs, but there is no general consensus among policymakers about how to account for political economy concerns in policy decisions. It provide a conceptual framework for doing so, with a focus on the establishment of permanent systems of social assistance and social insurance. The framework attempts to incorporate political attitudes about redistribution and quality of opportunity versus equality of outcomes, attitudes that vary a great deal among countries and regions. This paper also discusses the instruments available to policymakers for evaluating their own political contexts, as well as strategies for introducing new approaches to safety nets and social welfare policy.
Binding mechanism of pheromone-binding proteins from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (2009)

Pheromone perception in insects plays important roles for their survival and development. They communicate with the environment through sensing and releasing signal molecules, such as host odors or sex pheromones. Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are among the indispensable components of the olfactory system in insects. For example, fly mutants lacking a PBP do not respond to a stimulus of pheromone. PBPs bind pheromone. There are accumulating data on the binding strength and structure. Yet, not until recently has the PBP binding been bridged to its function: a PBP mutant locked in the active conformation found in the PBP.pheromone complex has been shown to stimulate the sensory neurons, even in the absence of pheromone. In this work, I have kinetically dissected the interaction between PBP and ligand, for two PBPs from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar: PBP1 and PBP2. Starting with PBP2 and its cognate ligand, (+)-disparlure, I have identified a slow process following a fast interaction. A subsequent study with a fluorescent dye has further identified a diffusion-controlled step prior to a unimolecular relaxation process. Both studies suggest that insect PBPs bind ligand progressively. I have proposed a model that PBP and ligand collide to form an encountered intermediate, P.Lenc, followed by a decay of this species to two stable P.L complexes: external P.Lext and internal P.Lint. Each of these two binding modes of ligand to PBP may correspond to a different function of the PBP. In addition, tryptophan quenching experiments have shown different local conformational changes upon ligand binding. Parallel experiments with truncated PBPs lacking the C-terminal peptide have demonstrated the importance of that segment in PBP function. Efforts have been put to correlate the binding affinity, blend effect and conformation of the LdisPBPs in the presence of synthetic compounds with the effects these compounds have on the electroantennogram (EAG) traces of pheromone stimuli. No correlation was found between affinity of the compounds and short-term/long-term effects of the compounds on the EAG trace. Two subsets of compounds showed a correlation between blend effects and EAG peak broadening. The interpretation is that certain compounds might stabilize the active PBP.L conformation.
Gels of two-step rigid polyamide networks (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGels of two-step rigid polyamide networksShaul M. AharoniCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 15, 4286–4294Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00015a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00015a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views180Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity (2000)

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown in experimental studies to have chemoprotective properties, and may decrease the deposition of body fat. CLA is prone to oxidation, and it has been suggested that increased lipid oxidation may contribute to the anti-tumorigenic effects of this agent. The present study investigates the urinary levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2alpha)), a major isoprostane, and of 15-oxo-dihydro-PGF(2alpha), a major metabolite of PGF(2alpha), as indicators of non-enzymic and enzymic arachidonic acid oxidation respectively after dietary supplementation with CLA in middle-aged men (mean age 53 years) with abdominal obesity for 1 month in a randomized controlled trial. Significant increases in the levels of both 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) and 15-oxo-dihydro-PGF(2alpha) in urine (P<0. 0001 and P=0.0013 respectively) were observed after 1 month of daily CLA intake (4.2 g/day) as compared with the control group. The lipid peroxidation parameters had returned to their basal levels at 2 weeks after the cessation of CLA intake, and remained at the same levels for a further 2 weeks until the end of the study. CLA had no effect on serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol levels, or on the urinary levels of 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B(2). Thus CLA may induce both non-enzymic and enzymic lipid peroxidation in vivo in middle-aged men with abdominal obesity, without any side effects. The consequences of the increased lipid peroxidation after CLA supplementation are unknown.
Low-cost carbon-silicon nanocomposite anodes for lithium ion batteries (2014)

The specific energy of the existing lithium ion battery cells is limited because intercalation electrodes made of activated carbon (AC) materials have limited lithium ion storage capacities. Carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon nanofibers are the most sought alternatives to replace AC materials but their synthesis cost makes them highly prohibitive. Silicon has recently emerged as a strong candidate to replace existing graphite anodes due to its inherently large specific capacity and low working potential. However, pure silicon electrodes have shown poor mechanical integrity due to the dramatic expansion of the material during battery operation. This results in high irreversible capacity and short cycle life. We report on the synthesis and use of carbon and hybrid carbon-silicon nanostructures made by a simplified thermo-mechanical milling process to produce low-cost high-energy lithium ion battery anodes. Our work is based on an abundant, cost-effective, and easy-to-launch source of carbon soot having amorphous nature in combination with scrap silicon with crystalline nature. The carbon soot is transformed in situ into graphene and graphitic carbon during mechanical milling leading to superior elastic properties. Micro-Raman mapping shows a well-dispersed microstructure for both carbon and silicon. The fabricated composites are used for battery anodes, and the results are compared with commercial anodes from MTI Corporation. The anodes are integrated in batteries and tested; the results are compared to those seen in commercial batteries. For quick laboratory assessment, all electrochemical cells were fabricated under available environment conditions and they were tested at room temperature. Initial electrochemical analysis results on specific capacity, efficiency, and cyclability in comparison to currently available AC counterpart are promising to advance cost-effective commercial lithium ion battery technology. The electrochemical performance observed for carbon soot material is very interesting given the fact that its production cost is away cheaper than activated carbon. The cost of activated carbon is about $15/kg whereas the cost to manufacture carbon soot as a by-product from large-scale milling of abundant graphite is about $1/kg. Additionally, here, we propose a method that is environmentally friendly with strong potential for industrialization.
5-hydroxydopa, a new compound in the Raper-Mason scheme of melanogenesis (1980)

Oxidation of tyrosine or dopa by tyrosinase leads to the formation of 5-OH-dopa, a compound previously unknown in melanogenesis. 5-OH-dopa, first detected as an unknown compound on HPLC of the dopa-tyrosinase incubate, was purified by Al2O3-adsorption, semipreparative HPLC, and ion-exchange chromatography. 5-OH-dopa was identified by comparison with the authentic compound in several chromatographic systems, by electrochemical oxidation studies and by mass spectrometry.
The permanence and care of color photographs: traditional and digital color prints, color negatives, slides, and motion pictures (1994)

A comprehensive treatise on the care and preservation of color photographic materials of all types: prints, slides, motion pictures produced by conventional and digital means. The 20 chapters cover every aspect of this topic including recommendations for care, extensive references, and sources for materials recommended in the text. -- AATA
Digital back-propagation for spectrally efficient WDM 112 Gbit/s PM m-ary QAM transmission (2011)

We report the performance of coherently-detected nine-channel WDM transmission over high dispersion fibers, using polarization multiplexed m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (m=4, 16, 64, 256) at 112 Gbit/s. Compensation of fiber nonlinearities via digital back-propagation enables up to 10 dB improvement in maximum transmittable power and ~8 dB Qeff improvement which translates to a nine-fold enhancement in transmission reach for PM-256QAM, where the largest improvements are associated with higher-order modulation formats. We further demonstrate that even under strong nonlinear distortion the transmission reach only reduces by a factor of ~2.5 for a 2 unit increase in capacity (log2m) when full band DBP is employed, in proportion to the required back-to-back OSNR.
Freeze-fracture study of mast cell secretion. (1976)

Within seconds after exposure of rat peritoneal mast cells to polymyxin B, bulges appear on the surface of the cells. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy reveals that each bulge overlies a mast cell granule. In contrast to the even distribution of intramembranous particles in the plasma membrane of unstimulated cells, the intramembranous particles in the stimulated cells are unevenly distributed in the membrane of the bulges with large patches of membrane lacking intramembranous particles. The membranes over the most prominent bulges are entirely free of intramembranous particles, and in some instances there is an increased concentration of intramembranous particles at the margins of the bulges. Perigranule membranes exhibit the same changes in distribution of intramembranous particles. Electron microscopy of thin sections of rapidly fixed, stimulated mast cells shows a peculiar structure of the membrane overlying some bulges; instead of the pentalaminar membranes previously demonstrated, the membrane at these sites of presumptive fusion of perigranule and plasma membrane assumes the form of a single dense lamina with a fine fuzzy coating on either side. It seems possible that membrane fusion and subsequent pore formation proceed in the stimulated mast cell through a stage of flight of intramembranous particles and molecular rearrangement of the other membrane components.
Synthese von Salm‐Calcitonin, einem hochaktiven hypocalcämischen Hormon. Vorläufige Mitteilung (1969)

Abstract A total synthesis of salmon calcitonin is described. The C‐terminal nonapeptide amide 24–32 was coupled with the heptapeptide 17–23. The resulting hexadecapeptide amide 17–32 was reacted with the heptapeptide 10–16 to give the tricosapeptide 10–32. This was condensed with the N‐terminal nonapeptide 1–9, yielding the protected dotriacontapeptide amide 1–32. After removal of the protective groups and purification by gel‐filtration the free peptide obtained exhibited the physical, chemical and biological properties of the natural hormone. Its hypocalcaemic activity (ca. 3500 MRC U/mg) is 20–30 times higher than that of porcine or human calcitonin.
Identification of Novel Antitubulin Agents by Using a Virtual Screening Approach Based on a 7‐Point Pharmacophore Model of the Tubulin Colchi‐Site (2011)

Tubulin inhibition represents an established target in the field of anticancer research, and over the last 20 years, an intensive search for new antimicrotubule agents has occurred. Indeed, in silico models have been presented that might aid the discovery of novel agents. Among these, a 7-point pharmacophore model has been recently proposed. As a formal proof of this model, we carried out a ligand-based virtual screening on the colchicine-binding site. In vitro testing demonstrated that two compounds displayed a cytotoxic profile on neuroblastoma cancer cells (SH-SY5H) and one had an antitubulinic profile.
The yeast ATP binding cassette (ABC) protein genes <i>PDR10</i> and <i>PDR15</i> are novel targets for the Pdr1 and Pdr3 transcriptional regulators (1997)

The yeast transcription factors Pdr1 and Pdr3 control pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) development, since they regulate expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux pumps through binding to cis-acting sites known as PDREs (PDR responsive elements). In this report, we show by Northern blotting, gel shift mobility assays and DNase I footprinting that transcription of the ABC genes PDR10 and PDR15 is also controlled by Pdr1 and Pdr3. In addition, in vitro band shift assays demonstrate that a GST-Pdr1 fusion protein can bind to the PDREs of PDR10 and PDR15. DNase I footprinting allowed the identification of the precise PDRE binding motifs, indicating the presence of a novel slightly degenerate PDRE motif in the PDR15 promoter. Finally, PDR10 and PDR15 mRNA levels vary dramatically in abundance in isogenic yeast strains carrying either deltapdr1, deltapdr3 and deltapdr1 deltapdr3 deletions or pdr1-3 and pdr3-2 gain-of-function mutations, demonstrating that both PDR10 and PDR15 are new members of the yeast PDR network.
Three-dimensional imaging of blood vessels in thyroids from normal and levothyroxine sodium-treated rats. (1986)

Three-dimensional images of the microvascular architecture in the thyroid glands of levothyroxine sodium-treated (for 4 weeks) rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts made by the injection of methacrylate resin. In the experimental animals, each follicle was surrounded by a clearly defined basket-like capillary network generally independent of the adjacent one in the same manner as in normal animals. However, the capillaries were markedly poor in distribution, conspicuously small in diameter, and their anastomoses were clearly decreased as compared with the normal state. The diameters of the capillaries were 3-8 microns in these cases, while those in normal specimens were 5-15 microns. The capillary bed surrounding each follicle occupied about 25% of the follicular surface area, while that in normal cases occupied about 50%. In conclusion, it became clear that the distribution and morphology of the thyroid capillaries are markedly affected and changed by the functional state of the gland.
A time splitting method for the three-dimensional shallow water equations (1990)

In this paper we describe a time-splitting method for the three-dimensional shallow water equations. The stability of this method neither depends on the vertical diffusion term nor on the terms describing the propagation of the surface waves. The method consists of two stages and requires the solution of a sequence of linear systems. For the solution of these systems we apply a Jacobi-type iteration method and a conjugate gradient iteration method. The performance of both methods is accelerated by a technique based on smoothing. The resulting method is mass-conservative and efficient on vector and parallel computers. The accuracy, stability and computational efficiency of this method are demonstrated for wind-induced problems in a rectangular basin.
Borrelia burgdorferi activates a T helper type 1-like T cell subset in Lyme arthritis. (1991)

18 cloned T cell lines reactive with Borrelia burgdorferi proteins, all CD3+4+8-TCR-alpha/beta+ and restricted by HLA class II proteins, were isolated from four patients with chronic Lyme arthritis. Analysis of these T cell clones indicated that the T cell response to the Lyme disease spirochete is not oligoclonally restricted; yet all produced the same pattern of lymphokines, resembling that of murine type 1 T helper cells, after antigen-specific or nonspecific stimulation. Therefore, a subset of human CD4+ T cells, with a distinct profile of lymphokine secretion, is selectively activated by the pathogen inciting this chronic inflammatory disease.
Pharmacokinetic profile of dalfampridine extended release: clinical relevance in patients with multiple sclerosis (2012)

Dalfampridine-ER has low protein binding, is not a substrate for p-glycoprotein and does not affect CYP450 enzymes, suggesting a low potential for drug-drug interactions. Because of the narrow therapeutic range and risk of adverse events, including seizure, with increasing plasma concentrations, the recommended dose and regimen of dalfampridine-ER should not be exceeded and not be used with other dalfampridine formulations. A limitation of this review is that it includes some data that have not yet been published.