gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spinal Adenosine A2a Receptor Activation Elicits Long-Lasting Phrenic Motor Facilitation (2008)

Acute intermittent hypoxia elicits a form of spinal, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-dependent respiratory plasticity known as phrenic long-term facilitation. Ligands that activate G(s)-protein-coupled receptors, such as the adenosine 2a receptor, mimic the effects of neurotrophins in vitro by transactivating their high-affinity receptor tyrosine kinases, the Trk receptors. Thus, we hypothesized that A2a receptor agonists would elicit phrenic long-term facilitation by mimicking the effects of BDNF on TrkB receptors. Here we demonstrate that spinal A2a receptor agonists transactivate TrkB receptors in the rat cervical spinal cord near phrenic motoneurons, thus inducing long-lasting (hours) phrenic motor facilitation. A2a receptor activation increased phosphorylation and new synthesis of an immature TrkB protein, induced TrkB signaling through Akt, and strengthened synaptic pathways to phrenic motoneurons. RNA interference targeting TrkB mRNA demonstrated that new TrkB protein synthesis is necessary for A2a-induced phrenic motor facilitation. A2a receptor activation also increased breathing in unanesthetized rats, and improved breathing in rats with cervical spinal injuries. Thus, small, highly permeable drugs (such as adenosine receptor agonists) that transactivate TrkB receptors may provide an effective therapeutic strategy in the treatment of patients with ventilatory control disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, or respiratory insufficiency after spinal injury or during neurodegenerative diseases.
A Self-positioning Device for the Collection of Parotid Fluid from Isolated Human Subjects (1965)

Abstract : A conventional metal cap for collecting parotid fluid has been fused to an acrylic biteblock to provide a device that can be quickly positioned and removed by the subject. This not only prevents cap dislodgment during sampling but also makes self-sampling possible in subjects who are exposed to long periods of isolation. (Author)
ChemInform Abstract: NOW, MTBE FROM BUTANE (1981)

Abstract In dem Übersichtsartikel (10 Literaturhinweise) werden für die Synthese von Methyl‐tert.‐butylether (IV), das zur Octanzahlerhöhung von unverbleitem Benzin eingesetzt wird, bei den einzelnen Verfahrensstufen die möglichen kommerziellen Methoden aufgezeigt.
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease: Basic Research and Clinical Prospects (2021)

In recent years, the vital role of genetic factors in human diseases have been widely recognized by scholars with the deepening of life science research, accompanied by the rapid development of gene-editing technology. In early years, scientists used homologous recombination technology to establish gene knock-out and gene knock-in animal models, and then appeared the second-generation gene-editing technology zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) that relied on nucleic acid binding proteins and endonucleases and the third-generation gene-editing technology that functioned through protein-nucleic acids complexes-CRISPR/Cas9 system. This holds another promise for refractory diseases and genetic diseases. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has always been the focus of clinical and basic research because of its high incidence and high disability rate, which seriously affects the long-term survival and quality of life of patients. Because some inherited cardiovascular diseases do not respond well to drug and surgical treatment, researchers are trying to use rapidly developing genetic techniques to develop initial attempts. However, significant obstacles to clinical application of gene therapy still exists, such as insufficient understanding of the nature of cardiovascular disease, limitations of genetic technology, or ethical concerns. This review mainly introduces the types and mechanisms of gene-editing techniques, ethical concerns of gene therapy, the application of gene therapy in atherosclerosis and inheritable cardiovascular diseases, in-stent restenosis, and delivering systems.
Potential metabolites of tricyclic neuroleptics and their fluorinated analogues; 3-Hydroxy-, 3-methoxy- and 3-fluoro-10-(4-methylpiperazino)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin (1979)

4-Methoxy-2-(phenylthio)benzoic acid ( V ) was transformed in four steps to the homologous acid IXa which was cyclized to 3-methoxydibenzo[ b,f ]thiepin-10(11 H )-one ( Xa ). The 3-methoxy derivative III of perathiepin ( I ) was synthesized via the intermediates XIa and XIIa , and demethylated with boron tribromide to the phenolic compound II . The analogous 3-fluoro derivative IV was synthesized from (4-fluoro-2-iodophenyl)acetic acid ( XVII ), the preparation of which by several procedures is described. Whereas III has only mild tranquilizing activity, II is more potent than perathiepin ( I ) in the tests for central depressant and cataleptic effects. The 3-fluoro derivative IV , while lacking the properties of a neuroleptic agent, is highly central depressant and this effect shows some prolongation after oral administration.
Untersuchungen über Dextran und sein Verhalten bei parenteraler Zufuhr. II. (1945)

Zusammenfassung. Frühere Versuche mit körperfremden Kolloiden als Plasmasubstitut werden relatiert und die Bedingungen, die solche Substanzen zu erfüllen haben, in Kürze zusammengefasst. Das nicht hydrolysierte, sehr hochmolekulare Dextran ist für Infusionszwecke nicht anwendbar, da es Schäden u. a. an der Leber und den Nieren verursacht. Die Herstellung und Prüfung partiell hydrolysierten Dextrans wird beschrieben. Partiell hydrolysiertes Dextran ruft bei Infusion an Versuchstieren Keine anderen Schäden als eine erhöhte Senkungsreaktion hervor. Das Dextran wird abgebaut und aus den Blutbahnen so schnell eliminiert, dass eine therapeutische Dosis in ca. 4 Tagen entfernt ist. Lösungen von partiell hydrolysiertem Dextran haben eine günstige Wirkung auf experimentell erzeugten Schock an Versuchstieren. Versuche werden beschrieben, wo das Präparat bei traumatischem Schock, Blutungs‐ und Histaminschock verwendet wurde. Eine klinische Prüfung des Präparates ist eingeleitet. Die Verfasser danken Herrn Professor ARNE TISELIUS für gute Ratschläge bei der Ausführung der Arbeit und den Herren Professoren THE SVEDBERG und ARON WESTERLUND für ihr wohlwollendes persönliches Interesse und für die Vergünstigung, die Arbeit in ihren Laboratorien ausführen zu dürfen. Wir danken Herrn Med. Dr. NILS GELLERSTEDT für wertvolle Hilfe mit den pathologisch‐anatomischen Untersuchungen. Die klinische Vorprüfung ist durch das Entgegenkommen von Herrn Dr. NILS LINDBORG ermöglicht, wofür wir Ihm herzlichst danken. Herrn Ingenieur S. KLEVÅS danken wir für Assistenz im Laboratorium. Die Untersuchung ist mit finanzieller Stütze der A. ‐B. Pharmacia und der Svenska Sockerfabriks A. ‐B., ausgeführt worden.
c-Cbl–deficient mice have reduced adiposity, higher energy expenditure, and improved peripheral insulin action (2004)

) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has an important role in regulating the degradation of cell surface receptors. In the present study we have examined the role of c-Cbl in whole-body energy homeostasis. c-Cbl -/-mice exhibited a profound increase in whole-body energy expenditure as determined by increased core temperature and whole-body oxygen consumption. As a consequence, these mice displayed a decrease in adiposity, primarily due to a reduction in cell size despite an increase in food intake. These changes were accompanied by a significant increase in activity (2-to 3-fold). In addition, c-Cbl -/-mice displayed a marked improvement in whole-body insulin action, primarily due to changes in muscle metabolism. We observed increased protein levels of the insulin receptor (4-fold) and uncoupling protein-3 (2-fold) in skeletal muscle and a significant increase in the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. These findings suggest that c-Cbl plays an integral role in whole-body fuel homeostasis by regulating whole-body energy expenditure and insulin action.
Normobaric hyperoxia—induced improvement in cerebral metabolism and reduction in intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury: a prospective historical cohort—matched study (2004)

The results of the study support the hypothesis that normobaric hyperoxia in patients with severe TBI improves the indices of brain oxidative metabolism. Based on these data further mechanistic studies and a prospective randomized controlled trial are warranted.
THE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF HYALURONIC ACID-CONTAINING MUCOSUBSTANCES (1973)

Digestion of histologic sections with Streptomyces hyaluronidase releases hyaluronic acid from hyaluronic acid-containing mucosubstances. Such treatment diminishes noticeably or eliminates the alcianophilia (pH 2.5) and metachromatic azurophilia (pH 4.5) of these mucosubstance-containing tissues. The present enzyme digestion procedure furnishes a useful method for the localization of hyaluronic acid in mucosaccharide histochemistry.
Airborne contamination in an operating suite: report of a five-year survey (1984)

Airborne contamination in an operating suite was studied with a slit sampler, settle plates and a light-scattering particle counter. In conventional operating rooms there was a significant difference between the empty rooms and rooms in use; the mean total bacterial count by a slit sampler changed from 1.1 in empty to 42.5 c.f.u./m3 in use (39 times increase), the settle plates count changed from 1.5 to 17.4 c.f.u./m2/min (12 times increase), and the mean total particle count changed from 56.9 to 546.7/l (10 times increase) respectively. The increase was caused mainly by persons present in the room. Another difference was found between zones in the operating suite; the bacterial count in the clean area doubled in the semi-clean area and further doubled in the dirty area in slit sampler count as well as settle plates count, and particle count in the clean area increased by 14 times in the semi-clean and dirty areas. This difference resulted from the different quality of the ventilating system. Air cleanliness of operating rooms in use by persons present in the room dropped to a level between the clean and the semi-clean area in spite of the high quality of the ventilating system. Bacterial species identified were mostly coagulase negative staphylococci and micrococci. Our study indicates that reduction of airborne contamination in an operating suite is accomplished by the combination of an efficient ventilating system and the restriction of the number of persons present in the room.
Content-based structuring of video information (2002)

For flexible handling of video images, it is important to structure video information according to its content. We focus on linguistic descriptions of such video contents that can be extracted during the process of video production. This paper proposes a component-based scene description model for computerizing linguistic descriptions written by the directors and a method for extracting a content-based hierarchical structure for video sequences based on this model.
Type I, II, III, IV, and V cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator defects and opportunities for therapy (2000)

Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have furthered the understanding of several genetic diseases, including cystic fibrosis. Mutations that cause cystic fibrosis are now understood in terms of the specific molecular consequences to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein expression and function. This knowledge has spawned interest in the development of therapies aimed directly at correcting the defective CFTR itself. In this article, we review the molecular defect underlying each recognized class of CFTR mutation and the potential therapies currently under investigation. Opportunities for protein-repair therapy appear to be vast and range from naturally occurring compounds, such as isoflavonoids, to pharmaceuticals already in clinical use, including aminoglycoside antibiotics, butyrate analogues, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and adenosine nucleotides. Future therapies may resemble designer compounds like benzo[c]quinoliziniums or take the form of small peptide replacements. Given the heterogeneity and progressive nature of cystic fibrosis, however, optimal benefit from protein-repair therapy will most likely require the initiation of combined therapies early in the course of disease to avoid irreparable organ damage.
Design and energetic characterization of a liquid-propellant-powered actuator for self-powered robots (2003)

This paper describes the design of a power supply and actuation system appropriate for position or force controlled human-scale robots. The proposed approach utilizes a liquid monopropellant to generate hot gas, which is utilized to power a pneumatic-type actuation system. A prototype of the actuation system is described, and closed-loop tracking data are shown, which demonstrate good motion control. Experiments to characterize the energetic performance of a six-degree-of-freedom actuation system indicate that the proposed system with a diluted propellant offers an energetic figure of merit five times greater than battery-powered DC motors. Projections based on these experiments indicate that the same system powered by undiluted propellant would offer an energetic figure of merit in an order of magnitude greater than a comparable battery-powered DC motor actuated system.
Identification of chromaffin granule-binding proteins. Relationship of the chromobindins to calelectrin, synhibin, and the tyrosine kinase substrates p35 and p36. (1987)

At least 23 soluble proteins (chromobindins) bind to chromaffin granule membranes in the presence of Ca2+. In order to further the identification of the chromobindins and to determine the roles they may play in exocytosis or other aspects of chromaffin cell biology, several of these proteins were compared to other known membrane-binding proteins. Chromobindin 4 was identified as a 32-kDa protein called calelectrin or endonexin. Immunologically related proteins were detected in bovine brain and human platelets. Chromobindin 20 was identified as a 67-kDa variant of calelectrin and was found to have the activities of the synexin inhibitory protein, synhibin. Chromobindin 8 was identified as p36, a substrate for the tyrosine-specific kinase, pp60v-src. Chromobindin 8 was also demonstrated to undergo phosphorylation predominantly on alkali-sensitive sites during stimulation of the chromaffin cell with 20 microM nicotine. Chromobindin 6 was identified as p35, a substrate for the tyrosine kinase activity associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor. Chromobindin 9, which is known to be a substrate for protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme), was found to be immunologically related to p35 and may be a precursor of chromobindin 6. The identification of these proteins from the chromaffin system may be useful in the characterization of similar, complex groups of membrane-binding proteins that have been observed in other systems.
rAAV-based brain slice culture models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease inclusion pathologies (2019)

It has been challenging to produce ex vivo models of the inclusion pathologies that are hallmark pathologies of many neurodegenerative diseases. Using three-dimensional mouse brain slice cultures (BSCs), we have developed a paradigm that rapidly and robustly recapitulates mature neurofibrillary inclusion and Lewy body formation found in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, respectively. This was achieved by transducing the BSCs with recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) that express α-synuclein or variants of tau. Notably, the tauopathy BSC model enables screening of small molecule therapeutics and tracking of neurodegeneration. More generally, the rAAV BSC "toolkit" enables efficient transduction and transgene expression from neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, alone or in combination, with transgene expression lasting for many months. These rAAV-based BSC models provide a cost-effective and facile alternative to in vivo studies, and in the future can become a widely adopted methodology to explore physiological and pathological mechanisms related to brain function and dysfunction.
A Mathematical Framework for the Investigation of Testing (1983)

Testing has long been in need of mathematical underpinnings to explain its value as well as its limitations. This paper develops and applies a mathematical framework that 1) unifies previous work on the subject, 2) provides a mechanism for comparing the power of methods of testing programs based on the degree to which the methods approximate program verification, and 3) provides a reasonable and useful interpretation of the notion that successful tests increase one's confidence in the program's correctness.
Understanding Collective Activitiesof People from Videos (2014)

This paper presents a principled framework for analyzing collective activities at different levels of semantic granularity from videos. Our framework is capable of jointly tracking multiple individuals, recognizing activities performed by individuals in isolation (i.e., atomic activities such as walking or standing), recognizing the interactions between pairs of individuals (i.e., interaction activities) as well as understanding the activities of group of individuals (i.e., collective activities). A key property of our work is that it can coherently combine bottom-up information stemming from detections or fragments of tracks (or tracklets) with top-down evidence. Top-down evidence is provided by a newly proposed descriptor that captures the coherent behavior of groups of individuals in a spatial-temporal neighborhood of the sequence. Top-down evidence provides contextual information for establishing accurate associations between detections or tracklets across frames and, thus, for obtaining more robust tracking results. Bottom-up evidence percolates upwards so as to automatically infer collective activity labels. Experimental results on two challenging data sets demonstrate our theoretical claims and indicate that our model achieves enhances tracking results and the best collective classification results to date.
Analysis of the Local Material Degradation Near Cutting Edges of Electrical Steel Sheets (2008)

Cutting leads to a certain local magnetic material degradation of the electrical steel sheet. Moreover, the material properties near the cutting edge contribute significantly to the global performance. This material degradation mostly occurs in the vicinity of critical parts of electromagnetic devices, such as stator and rotor teeth. Therefore, the need exists to characterize the local magnetic hysteresis properties due to cutting. We couple the non destructive measurements of needle signals, which are dependent on the local variations in magnetic hysteresis properties, with a numerical inverse algorithm. The inverse algorithm interprets the needle signals so that the unknown magnetic hysteresis properties can be reconstructed. The paper mainly deals with the construction of an accurate material model (numerical forward model), the correct solution of the inverse procedure and the validation of the obtained results. We reconstructed local magnetic hysteresis properties of differently cut steel sheets and we observed that it is possible to recover the material characteristics using a material model, which fully characterizes the hysteresis properties.
Disc Recorders for Video Storage-An Analog to Digital Evolution (1977)

Magnetic disc recorders are in widespread use as storage devices for information in both digital and analog formats. Disc recorders used for storage of video information have been predominately analog machines; however, a new system to store and retrieve video graphics used in television broadcasting utilizes digital signal processing techniques and digital recording on computer disc drives. This paper provides a description of this digital system and a brief review of current analog video disc machines.
Organization of human homeobox genes (1988)

The chromosomal localization of 17 human homeoboxes and the predicted primary sequence of the encoded homeodomains is reported. These homeoboxes are clustered in four complex HOX loci on chromosomes 2, 7, 12 and 17. Although the identification of human homeoboxes has not been completed, existing data permit preliminary conclusions on the origin and evolution of these complex loci to be drawn. The homeo-domains of one HOX locus can be unambiguously aligned to the homeodomains of the other HOX loci, so that corresponding homeodomains in all loci can share the maximal peptide sequence identity. This one-to-one correspondence of individual homeodomains in different chromosomal loci suggests the hypothesis of large-scale duplications of a single complex locus and subsequent spreading in different chromosomes. The existence of an ancestral complex locus might have predated the divergence of the arthropod/annelid and vertebrate evolutive lineages.
Increase in Serum FSH Following Unilateral Ovariectomy in the Rat (1969)

It has been suggested that increased gonadotrophin secretion follows unilateral ovarian removal and leads, a priori, to the compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary. Recent studies have failed to substantiate this increase, possibly because the techniques employed were insufficiently sensitive to determine subtle alterations in gonadotrophin levels. A modification of the Steelman-Pohley bioassay for FSH was utilized in a study of serum and pituitary FSH in unilaterally ovariectomized rats. In a number of experiments, FSH was observed to increase in the pooled serum of adult, albino females of a Wistar strain that had been operated four days previously. This increase was followed by a gradual decrease, with serum FSH values returning to preoperative levels at 20–24 days, at which time rapid hypertrophy of the remaining ovary had ceased. Pituitary FSH decreased in the 24 hr following ovarian removal and remained depressed until the first detectable increase in weight of the remaining ovary at 4 days. Estradiol or progesterone blocked the compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary and the concomitant increase in serum FSH. These results confirm the suspected rise in serum gonadotrophins following unilateral ovarian removal. It is postulated that the increase in serum FSH following unilateral ovariectomy results from a decrease in circulating ovarian hormones which partially releases the hypothalamico-hypophysial system from feedback inhibition. As the remaining ovary hypertrophies and is stimulated to secrete these hormones, the level of inhibition is restored and serum FSH returns to preoperative levels. Our hypothesis is that an increase in FSH secretion is an important component in the mechanism of compensatory hypertrophy. {Endocrinology 84: 369, 1969)