gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generalized One-Pot Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of Hierarchical BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) Nanoplate Microspheres (2008)

A general one-pot solvothermal process was explored to prepare BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) powders by employing ethylene glycol as the solvent. The as-prepared BiOX powders were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption. The resulting BiOX samples were phase-pure and of hierarchical microspheres consisting of nanoplates. The band gaps of the as-prepared powders were estimated to about 3.22, 2.64, and 1.77 eV for BiOCl, BiOBr, and BiOI, respectively. On the basis of characterization results, we proposed a possible process for the growth of hierarchical BiOX nanoplate microspheres. Moreover, we evaluated their photocatalytic activities on the degradation of methyl orange and compared them with TiO2 (Degussa, P25) under UV−vis light irradiation and C-doped TiO2 under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation, respectively. It was found that all the BiOX samples were photocatalytically active and BiOI exhibited excellent activity under both UV−vis and visible light irradiation. The resulting hierarchical BiOX nanoplate microspheres are very promising photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants and other applications.
A Near-bulk Quasicrystal Alloy Formed in Zn-Mg-Y System (1997)

有不同化学作文的 Zn-Mg-Y 和 Mg-Zn-Y-Zr 铸块锭被 X 光检查衍射(XRD ) 和传播电子显微镜学(TEM ) 调查。icosahedral 阶段在在现在的工作学习在下面的所有合金被发现同样 -- 演员组条件。都有有在 ZN-28.31Mg-13.8OY 合金(wt %) 的某 MgZn//2 洗阶段的伪水晶阶段。在为 8 h 在 400 度 C 退火以后，伪水晶阶段在 Mg-5.57Zn-1.08Y- 0.60Zr 合金(wt %) 转变了到一个 fcc W 阶段。(编辑作者摘要) 13 个裁判员。
Origins of specificity and affinity in antibody–protein interactions (2014)

Natural antibodies are frequently elicited to recognize diverse protein surfaces, where the sequence features of the epitopes are frequently indistinguishable from those of nonepitope protein surfaces. It is not clearly understood how the paratopes are able to recognize sequence-wise featureless epitopes and how a natural antibody repertoire with limited variants can recognize seemingly unlimited protein antigens foreign to the host immune system. In this work, computational methods were used to predict the functional paratopes with the 3D antibody variable domain structure as input. The predicted functional paratopes were reasonably validated by the hot spot residues known from experimental alanine scanning measurements. The functional paratope (hot spot) predictions on a set of 111 antibody-antigen complex structures indicate that aromatic, mostly tyrosyl, side chains constitute the major part of the predicted functional paratopes, with short-chain hydrophilic residues forming the minor portion of the predicted functional paratopes. These aromatic side chains interact mostly with the epitope main chain atoms and side-chain carbons. The functional paratopes are surrounded by favorable polar atomistic contacts in the structural paratope-epitope interfaces; more that 80% these polar contacts are electrostatically favorable and about 40% of these polar contacts form direct hydrogen bonds across the interfaces. These results indicate that a limited repertoire of antibodies bearing paratopes with diverse structural contours enriched with aromatic side chains among short-chain hydrophilic residues can recognize all sorts of protein surfaces, because the determinants for antibody recognition are common physicochemical features ubiquitously distributed over all protein surfaces.
Disaster Planning and Management (2015)

Recent events such as hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes, power outages, and the threat of pandemics have highlighted our vulnerability to natural disasters. This vulnerability is exacerbated by many organizations' increasing dependence on computer, telecommunications, and other technologies, and trends toward integrating suppliers and business partners into everyday business operations. In response many organizations are implementing disaster recovery planning processes. In this paper we discuss how to identify threats and scenarios; how to articulate the disaster recovery strategies; and four elements of the generic disaster recovery plan: Mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. We then provide examples of software that can help disaster recovery professionals in the planning and implementation process. Finally we present some trends that will reinforce the criticality of the issue.
β2-Microglobulin Identified as an Apoptosis-Inducing Factor and Its Characterization (1999)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play an important role in antigen presentation for induction of tumor as well as cellular and humoral immunities. Recent studies using anti-MHC antibodies demonstrated that antibodies specific for HLA class I molecules induced cellular activation and a type of apoptosis that may be distinct from Fas-dependent or TNFR (tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor)-dependent processes. We purified a previously untested apoptosis-inducing factor from HL-60 human leukemic cell-conditioned media to homogeneity and sequenced it. It was identified as beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m), which has been previously known as thymotaxin and is a part of the HLA class I antigen complex. beta(2)m acts on both T-leukemic cells and myeloid leukemic cells to induce apoptosis, which then activates caspase 1 and 3. Cross-linking studies showed that biotinilated beta(2)m recognized an epitope distinct from those recognized by the anti-HLA class I antibody, as reported previously. We demonstrated that beta(2)m plays a previously unrecognized and important role in regulating the elimination of tumor cells, which occurs as a result of the action of beta(2)m as an apoptosis-inducing factor.
Demonstration of the Importance and Usefulness of Manipulating Non-Active-Site Residues in Protein Design (2001)

Do non-active-site residues participate in protein function in a more direct way than just by holding the static framework of the protein molecule? If so, how important are they? As a model to answer these questions, ATB17, which is a mutant of aspartate aminotransferase created by directed evolution, is an ideal system because it shows a 10(6)-fold increase in the catalytic efficiency for valine but most of its 17 mutated residues are non-active-site residues. To analyze the roles of the mutations in the altered function, we divided the mutations into four groups, namely, three clusters and the remainder, based on their locations in the three-dimensional structure. Mutants with various combinations of the clusters were constructed and analyzed, and the data were interpreted in the context of the structure-function relationship of this enzyme. Each cluster shows characteristic effects: for example, one cluster appears to enhance the catalytic efficiency by fixing the conformation of the enzyme to that of the substrate-bound form. The effects of the clusters are largely additive and independent of each other. The present results illustrate how a protein function is dramatically modified by the accumulation of many seemingly inert mutations of non-active-site residues.
AMMONIA CATALYZED ORGANOSOLV DELIGNIFICATION OF POPLAR (1988)

Abstract A parametric investigation of NH4OH catalyzed solvent delignification of poplar was conducted to define pretreatment conditions which would yield an optimal separation of the biomass components and an enzymatic susceptible solid carbohydrate phase. Delignification parameters of interest included concentration of NH4OH, time and temperature of the reaction, and type of solvent. The addition of 0.82 M NH4OH to the delignification liquor increased lignin removal and decreased carbohydrate degradation, but increasing NH4OH concentration had no additional effect. At lower reaction temperatures, the extent of delignification increased with reaction time; at higher temperatures, a “relignification” of the pretreated wood was observed. The delignification and hemicellulose solubilization were modelled and rate constants reported. No major difference between three potential pulping solvents—ethanol, butanol, phenol—was observed. The enzymatic susceptibility of pretreated wood samples was approximately 6-fold greater than that of the untreated poplar. UV absorbance was used to qualitatively characterize the soiubilized lignins. KEYWORDS: Solvent delignificationAmmoniaEnzymatic hydrolysis Additional informationNotes on contributorsJUNG-KEUG PARK Current address: Department of Viticulture, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. JANICE A. PHILLIPS To whom correspondence should be addressed
Adjuvant effect of DEAE-dextran and tetanus toxoid on whole cell heat inactivated phenol preserved typhoid vaccine. (1996)

Active mouse protection test (AMPT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to determine the immunogenicity of whole cell typhoid vaccine when administered in conjunction with either tetanus toxoid (TT) or DEAE-Dextran (DD). Immunization of mice with whole cell typhoid vaccine showed enhanced potency either when administered in conjunction with TT or DD and values were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in comparison to conventional or standard typhoid vaccines. For ELISA, the mice were immunized with 2 different schedules, one in which a single dose of 0.25 ml subcutaneously (s/c) was administered and in another two doses of 0.25 ml each s/c, 14 days apart. In case of single dose schedule of immunization D vaccine (Whole cell typhoid + 5 mg/ml DD) showed significant increase of immune response (3.201 log10) as compared to plain vaccine (2.550 log10). Two dose schedule further increased the titres to 3.856 log10. DD adjuvanted vaccine showed higher potency by AMPT as compared to the TT adjuvanted vaccine or plain vaccine. The present study clearly demonstrates that a single dose of 0.25 ml which is equivalent to half of the conventionally used single human dose of typhoid vaccine adjuvanted with DD can significantly improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine.
Extracted sericin from silk waste for film formation (2010)

Sericin is the second main component in cocoons, which are removed in the silk reeling process of the raw silk industry and in the silk waste degumming of the spun silk industry. The main amino acid of sericin, serine, exhibits a skin moisturing and antiwrinkle action, which is interesting to use for film formation in this study. The extraction conditions of sericin from two silk wastes, pieced cocoon and inferior knubbs were studied to find the optimum extraction conditions. Boiling water extraction was considered based on the response surface methodology (RSM) in order to identify the important factors for the sericin extraction. The two factors considered were time and temperature. Both factors were needed to be independent parameters in the predicted equation in order to improve the model fit with R2 = 0.84. The components ofextracted sericin were 18.24% serine, 9.83% aspatate, and 5.51% glycine with a molecular weight of 132 kDa. Film formationfrom extracted sericin was carried out to find the optimum conditions. Extracted sericin could not form a stand-alonefilm. Therefore, polysaccharide polymers, such as glucomannan, were incorporated with glycerol to form a flexible film.Sericin-based films were characterized for its properties in terms of solubility and permeability before application. It wasfound that sericin-based films showed a film flexibility and solubility without an increasing film water vapor permeability.
Characteristics of Magnets Depending on the Width of High Temperature Superconducting Tapes Applied to the Outer Pancake Windings (2011)

In a High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) magnet consisting of pancake windings, HTS tape with the same width has been used for all pancake windings. If a wider HTS tape is used for the outer pancake windings, the critical current of the HTS magnet can be increased. This paper shows the properties of BSCCO magnets in which the outer pancake windings are wound with a wider HTS tape. In order to examine the effects of a wider HTS tape, a HTS magnet with an inner radius of 20 mm and a height of 202.4 mm was used. The number of turns of each pancake winding was 150, and the number of pancake windings was 46. The critical current of the pancake winding was determined by using E-J relation. Results of calculation show that the critical current was higher in the HTS magnet with a wider HTS tape at the outer pancake windings than in the HTS magnet with the same width of HTS tape for all pancake windings.
Noncontact detection of ultrasonic waves using fiber optic Sagnac interferometer (2002)

This paper describes a fiber optic sensor suitable for noncontact detection of ultrasonic waves. This sensor is based on the fiber optic Sagnac interferometer, which has a path-matched configuration and does not require active stabilization. Quadrature phase bias between two interfering laser beams in the Sagnac loop is applied by controlling the birefringence using a fiber polarization controller. A stable quadrature phase bias can be confirmed by observing the interferometer output according to the change of phase bias. Additional signal processing is not needed for the detection of ultrasonic waves using the Sagnac interferometer. Ultrasonic oscillations produced by conventional ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers were successfully detected, and the performance of this interferometer was investigated by a power spectrum analysis of the output signal. Based on the validation of the fiber optic Sagnac interferometer, noncontact detection of laser-generated surface waves was performed. The configured Sagnac interferometer is very effective for the detection of small displacement with high frequency, such as ultrasonic waves used in conventional nondestructive testing (NDT).
Interference of long-period seismic wavefield observed by the dense Hi-net array in Japan (2011)

[1] In order to recover small signals of long-period ground motions recorded by a short-period seismometer, we designed a time domain recursive filter that simulates seismic waves recorded with broadband seismometers. We applied the time domain filter to seismograms recorded by the dense Hi-net array, which consists of 800 stations at intervals of approximately 20 km. The effectiveness of the time domain filter is demonstrated through the comparison of broadband waveforms obtained by the filter and STS-2 true broadband seismograms from the F-net at the same site. Good agreement is observed between filtered and true broadband waveforms with high correlation coefficients for periods of up to 100 s for waveforms from the 2007 Sumatra earthquake (M7.9), which occurred approximately 5000–5800 km away from Japan. The applicability of the time domain filter to the recovery of long-period signals from the record of a short-period seismometer depends on the signal-to-noise ratio. As a result, a limited bandwidth of broadband signal is recovered for smaller earthquake. From the spatiotemporal variation of the long-period (T = 20–100 s) wavefield obtained by the time domain filter, we newly found an anomalous phase pattern of splitting of polarity along the wavefront, particularly for the relatively short period band of from 20–50 s. Array analysis of the dense broadband waveforms revealed multipathing of the Rayleigh waves, which propagated toward central Japan from two directions with slightly different slowness vectors. The interference of two Rayleigh waves caused such splitting of wavefield.
Angle relations inside a bent waveguide for a wedge display (2009)

Owing to the physical limitations of the tools used to manufacture waveguides, a some amount of bending occurs. For a wedge display, such bending would cause problems for the final picture presented as the angles of light injection into the wedge are susceptible to changes in curvature. The right-angled triangle approximation shows that a 5° bending might be tolerable in the display, but significant distortion occurs for greater bending.
The effects of surface topography on the accumulation of biofouling (2003)

Experiments in the laboratory and the natural marine environment examined the changes in the rate of the accumulation of bacterial biofouling for different surface roughness values. The range of surface roughness values examined was that suitable for use in optical sensors. The fouling build-up was found to be greater at around 10 nm rms roughness value than at either 5 or 15 nm. For most materials tested, the fouling build-up at 10 nm was not equalled for roughness values below 25 nm. Different experimental exposure regimes were adopted: a purely static exposure, static exposure followed by dynamic removal of the bacterial layer and fully dynamic exposure where the bacterial suspension flowed across the surface of the samples. The results suggest that the effect of surface roughness on bacterial adhesion is almost instantaneous. The static fouling experiments were repeated with a range of materials and the results were the same, indicating that the response is physical in nature. As the surface imperfections are far smaller than the size of bacteria, it is suggested that the results are due to a similarity between the size and shape of the imperfections and the size and configuration of the adhesive molecules produced by marine bacteria.
Ets proteins in biological control and cancer (2004)

The Ets family consists of a large number of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, many of which have been implicated in tumor progression. Extensive studies on this family of proteins have focused so far mainly on the biochemical properties and cellular functions of individual factors. Since most of the Ets factors can bind to the core consensus DNA sequence GGAA/T in vitro, it has been a challenge to differentiate redundant from specific functions of various Ets proteins in vivo. Recent findings, however, suggest that such apparent redundancy may in fact be a central component of a network of differentially regulated specific Ets factors, resulting in distinct biological and pathological consequences. The programmed "Ets conversion" appears to play a critical role during tumor progression, especially in control of cellular changes during epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Coordination of multiple Ets gene functions also mediates interactions between tumor and stromal cells. As such, these new insights may provide a novel view of the Ets gene family as well as a focal point for studying the complex biological control involved in tumor progression.
Extensive myiasis infestation over a squamous cell carcinoma in the face. Case report. (2008)

Human myiasis is a parasitosis found in tropical and underdeveloped countries. It usually affects the elderly, unhealthy and mentally disabled individuals. It is caused by dipterous that lay their eggs in necrotic or infected tissues, although areas of the body that are apparently healthy can also be affected. Frequently the fly deposits several eggs on the peripheral parts of scratches and wounds. The treatment of myiasis involves mechanical removal of the larvae with hemostatic pincers. Larvae rupture must be avoided. Application of topical ether or similar volatile substance is useful. Preventive approach measures, including basic health care, hygiene, access to primary health service, and safe water and drainage, are fundamental to prevent human myiasis. The authors present a case report of myiasis infestation over an extensive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma from a 72-year-old patient living in a rural area. Approximately 200 larvae were removed and the patient was taken to the hospital's head and neck surgery service.
Epigenomic Enhancer Profiling Defines a Signature of Colon Cancer (2012)

Cancer is characterized by gene expression aberrations. Studies have largely focused on coding sequences and promoters, even though distal regulatory elements play a central role in controlling transcription patterns. We used the histone mark H3K4me1 to analyze gain and loss of enhancer activity genome-wide in primary colon cancer lines relative to normal colon crypts. We identified thousands of variant enhancer loci (VELs) that comprise a signature that is robustly predictive of the in vivo colon cancer transcriptome. Furthermore, VELs are enriched in haplotype blocks containing colon cancer genetic risk variants, implicating these genomic regions in colon cancer pathogenesis. We propose that reproducible changes in the epigenome at enhancer elements drive a specific transcriptional program to promote colon carcinogenesis.
Poly(vinylidene chloride)-Based Carbon as an Electrode Material for High Power Capacitors with an Aqueous Electrolyte (2001)

The specific capacitance (F/g) of a poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC)-based electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) carbon electrode prepared by heat-treatment at only 700°C shows a capacitance as high as 64 F/g at 1 mA output current density, although it shows a specific surface area of only 700 m2/g, smaller than those of other conventional activated carbon fibers and activated carbons. To elucidate the relationship between the specific capacitance and the pore structure for PVDC-based carbons, from an EDLC practical applications viewpoint, structural characterization was performed using various techniques. PVDC-based carbon had sufficient porosity during the carbonization process without any additional activation process for use as an EDLC electrode. It has been shown that the strongest peak in the pore size distribution is at a diameter around 9 Å. The most probable electrolyte ion sizes, solvated as the hydrated ions in aqueous solution, have been obtained by computer simulation as 9 Å. This range of electrolyte ion sizes is highly convenient for entering the pores of the present PVDC-based carbons to establish the electric double layer at the pore wall. Furthermore the evolution of and HCl during the carbonization of PVDC creates rich open pores with nanometer dimensions connecting to the free surface of the particles in the samples. It is concluded that the higher specific capacitance of PVDC-based carbons, compared to conventional activated carbons in aqueous electronic double-layer capacitors, is due to their optimal pore size distribution. The present precursor has been shown to be a promising material for high power EDLC applications. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.