gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T‐cell tolerance induction is normal in the (NZB × NZW)F<sub>1</sub> murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (2000)

The (New Zealand black (NZB) x New Zealand white (NZW))F1 (NZB/W) mouse strain spontaneously develops an autoimmune disease characterized by anti-dsDNA antibody production and glomerulonephritis. Although evidence suggests that production of pathogenic autoantibodies is T-cell dependent, the immunological defects that lead to activation of these autoreactive T cells are unknown. In particular, it has not been resolved whether autoreactive T cells become activated in these mice because of a generalized defect in T-cell tolerance induction. Previous work has demonstrated that thymic and peripheral tolerance to strongly deleting antigens are intact in NZB/W mice. In this study we investigate whether these mice possess a more subtle T-cell tolerance defect. To this end, we have produced NZB/W mice carrying a transgene encoding beef insulin (BI) which is expressed at levels close to the threshold for T-cell tolerance induction. In BALB/c mice this transgene produces a profound but incomplete state of BI-specific T-cell tolerance, mediated predominantly by clonal anergy. Comparison of BI-specific tolerance in NZB/W, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched (BALB/c x NZW)F1, and BALB/c BI-transgenic mice clearly demonstrates that T-cell tolerance induction is normal in NZB/W mice. The data suggest that the loss of T-cell tolerance that ultimately supports nephritogenic autoantibody production in NZB/W mice does not result from a generalized defect in T-cell tolerance, and by extension likely results from aberrant activation of specific autoreactive T cells.
Measurement of yeast growth in grape juice with a fibre optic nephelometer. (1983)

A fibre optic nephelometer was evaluated for use in measuring yeast cell numbers during the aerobic growth of yeast in grape juice. The response of the nephelometer to yeast cells in suspension decreased with increasing sugar concentration, and the decrease was dependent on the yeast population. Yeast cell number could be corrected from the observed nephelometer response with a calibration factor dependent on sugar concentration. Yeast populations as determined from the nephelometer response were compared to those determined by haemocytometer and optical density.
Molecular topography of the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM: surface orientation and location of sialic acid-rich and binding regions. (1983)

Chemical analyses and binding studies have been correlated to clarify the relationship of structure to function in the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) from embryonic chicken brain. N-CAM isolated from the cell surface appears to include two closely related polypeptide chains. Treatment with neuraminidase of such preparations of N-CAM bound by antibodies on solid supports yielded components of Mr 140,000 and 170,000. These components each had the same amino-terminal sequence as N-CAM and gave nearly identical profiles on peptide maps. Immunoprecipitation of N-CAM from 9-day brain cells treated with tunicamycin yielded corresponding components of Mr 130,000 and 160,000, suggesting that the differences between these two components of N-CAM are in the polypeptide rather than the carbohydrate portions of the molecules. N-CAM appears to be oriented with the amino terminus extending away from the cell surface and with the bulk of the sialic acid near the middle of the peptide chain. As shown previously, incubation of N-CAM at 37 degrees C generates a fragment (Fr1) of Mr 65,000 that lacks most of the sialic acid. Treatment of membranes with Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease released a fragment (Fr2) of N-CAM that contained most of the sialic acid; this fragment had an Mr of 108,000 after neuraminidase treatment. Both of these fragments contain the amino-terminal portion of the polypeptide chain. At least a portion of the N-CAM binding site was found to be located in the amino-terminal region of the peptide chain. Most or all of the sialic acid was not directly involved in binding, although it can influence binding, as indicated by the finding that neuraminidase-treated N-CAM (desialylated-N-CAM) bound to cells to a greater extent than untreated N-CAM. The Fr1 and the Fr2 fragments in solution did not bind to cells but were as effective as N-CAM and desialylated-N-CAM as competitors for N-CAM binding to cells. When fixed covalently to beads, N-CAM, desialylated-N-CAM, and the Fr1 and Fr2 fragments bound specifically to cells. In contrast, the N-CAM autolysis products released along with Fr1 neither bound to cells nor competed for N-CAM binding. In addition to suggesting a location for the N-CAM binding region, the accumulated results raise the possibility that valence may play a key role in N-CAM binding.
Production of a recombinant membrane protein in an Escherichia coli strain for the whole cell biosynthesis of phenylacetic acids (2015)

The styrene oxide isomerase (SOI) represents a membrane-bound enzyme of the microbial styrene degradation pathway and has been discussed as promising biocatalyst. It catalyzes the isomerization of styrene oxide to phenylacetaldehyde. In this study a <i>styC</i> gene, which encodes the SOI of <i>Rhodococcus opacus</i> 1CP, was optimized for optimal expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> BL21(DE3) pLysS. The expression of this synthetic <i>styC</i> was investigated and subsequently optimized. Highly active biomass was obtained yielding an SOI activity of 44.5 ± 8.7 U mg<sup>-1</sup> after 10 h. This represents the highest SOI activity reported for crude cell extracts of SOI-containing bacterial strains. Remarkably, this biomass can be applied as whole cell biocatalyst for the production of phenylacetic acids from styrene oxides. In the case of non-substituted styrene oxide, nearly 730 mg l<sup>-1</sup> phenylacetic acid (∼85% yield) was formed over a period of 20 days.
Highly efficient cladding-pumped single-mode three-level Yb all-solid photonic bandgap fiber lasers (2019)

Efficient cladding-pumped three-level Yb fiber lasers are difficult to achieve due to the competing four-level system and necessary high inversions. We demonstrate an efficiency of ∼62.7% versus a coupled pump, a record for cladding-pumped fiber lasers with a single-pass pump. 84 W at ∼978 nm with ∼1.12M<sup>2</sup> was achieved, a record power for flexible fibers. Amplified spontaneous emission was suppressed by >40 dB. The efficiency is quantum-limited ∼94% versus an absorbed pump. This is made possible by the use of a photo-darkening-free Yb phosphosilicate core and recent progress in single-mode large-core all-solid photonic bandgap fiber designs, which provide the necessary large core-to-cladding ratio and suppression of the four-level system.
Radar low-angle tracking with subarray level ML tracking algorithms (1992)

A subarray level maximum likelihood (ML) tracking algorithm is proposed for the radar low-angle tracking problem. The standard specular reflection model is assumed and a uniform linear array of sensors is employed as the radar antenna. The low-angle tracking problem is then treated as an angle of arrival estimation problem and the near ML estimates of the directions of both the direct and specular signals are obtained based on the data proposed. But unlike the other angle-of-arrival estimation problems, no additional iteration is needed as the directions of both the direct and specular signals change slowly with time. Therefore, the algorithm is computationally simple and effective. Its performance was demonstrated by computer simulations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
SARVAVID (2016)

Breakthroughs in gene sequencing technologies have led to an exponential increase in the amount of genomic data. Efficient tools to rapidly process such large quantities of data are critical in the study of gene functions, diseases, evolution, and population variation. These tools are designed in an ad-hoc manner, and require extensive programmer effort to develop and optimize them. Often, such tools are written with the currently available data sizes in mind, and soon start to under perform due to the exponential growth in data. Furthermore, to obtain high-performance, these tools require parallel implementations, adding to the development complexity.
The Effect of Hydrogen Content on the Photovoltaic Properties of Amorphous Silicon (1979)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) films were deposited from an rf electrodeless glow discharge in silane, and the dependence of the hydrogen concentration on substrate temperature, silane pressure, and rf power was studied by means of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The photovoltaic properties of the a‐Si:H films were also studied as a function of the same deposition parameters. The observed photovoltaic behavior appears to be mainly due to variations in the optical gap caused by changes in the hydrogen concentration of the films.
Bone allograft with mesenchymal stem cells: A critical review of the literature (2012)

Introduction Discussion The authors have referenced some of their own studies in this review. These referenced studies have been conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and the protocols of these studies have been approved by the relevant ethics committees related to the institution in which they were performed. All human subjects, in these referenced studies, gave informed consent to participate in these studies.
Impact of the host operating systems on virtual machine performance (2010)

Virtualization enables installation and running of multiple virtual machines on the same computer system. Operating system that communicates directly with hardware is known as the host operating system whereas virtual operating systems have all the features of a real operating system, but they run inside the host operating system. A virtual machine is separated from the computer hardware resources and it runs on the emulated hardware. Performance of the virtual operating system running on the same computer system hardware depends on the performance of the host operating system. In this paper we study how different host operating systems influence virtual machine performance. Windows XP®, Windows Vista™ and Windows 7™ are used as host operating systems using Windows Vista as a virtual operating system. Performance measurement of the virtual operating system is done in the same controlled conditions for all three host operating systems using benchmark applications. Performance measurement results show that the virtual operating system has the best performance when Windows 7 is used as the host operating system.
Symptom control in the pregnant cancer patient. (2000)

While much attention has been devoted to cytotoxic drugs and radiation therapy in the pregnant cancer patient, the drugs used for management of symptoms and complications related to cancer during pregnancy have been overlooked. There is substantial overlap between the symptoms of cancer and cancer management and the symptoms related to pregnancy. The mainstay of symptom management is drug therapy and the potential for a drug to be embryotoxic or teratogenic depends on when it is given. In general, drugs not proven safe in pregnancy should be withheld, especially during the first trimester. The few drugs that have been proven to be teratogenic are alcohol, thalidomide, the folic acid antagonists (which includes methotrexate), diethylstilbestrol, and the vitamin A isomers, but there is a good deal of uncertainty about many other therapeutic agents. Placental transport of drugs from mother to fetus must be taken into consideration from the fifth week of gestation to parturition. Although the first trimester is the time of most organ development in the fetus, the brain continues to develop throughout pregnancy and may be damaged later in pregnancy, resulting in diminished intelligence or behavioral problems. This review will focus on the treatment of the most common symptoms of cancer in a pregnant patient and the potential for fetal damage.
Hydrolysis of Acetic Anhydride in Concentrated Acetic Acid without Catalysis (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrolysis of Acetic Anhydride in Concentrated Acetic Acid without CatalysisH. J. Janssen, C. H. Haydel, and L. H. GreathouseCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1957, 49, 2, 197–201Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50566a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50566a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1035Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Measurement of dissolved hydrogen to monitor corrosion in high pressure boilers (1985)

The corrosion of internal surfaces of boilers leads to formation of magnetite and hdrogen.(The date and type of the corrosion process can be determined by measuring the amount of hydrogen produced. Several appdications on this technique in high pressure boilers are discussed.
Nanoplasmonic enhancement of single-molecule fluorescence (2006)

We demonstrate that the fluorescence rate from a single molecule with near-unity quantum yield can be enhanced by a factor of ≈10 by use of a single laser-irradiated noble metal nanoparticle. The increased fluorescence rate is primarily the result of the local field enhancement. However, at particle–molecule distances shorter than 2 nm, nonradiative decay of the excited molecule due to energy transfer to the metal dominates over the local field enhancement giving rise to fluorescence quenching. These counteracting processes depend on the wavelength-dependent dielectric function of the particle antenna. In this study, we quantitatively compare single-molecule fluorescence enhancement near 80 nm gold and silver nanoparticles excited at a fixed wavelength of λ = 637 nm. In accordance with theory we find similar enhancements for both gold and silver nanoparticles.
Loss of skin pigment caused by imatinib therapy (2005)

A 46-year-old Caucasian woman was diagnosed with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia in April 2001. After initial therapy with hydroxycarbamide and interferon, she was commenced on imatinib 400 mg daily. She achieved a complete cytogenetic response within 6 months and with continuation therapy now has a BCR/ABL to ABL ratio of 0·001% by quantitative PCR. In May 2004 she reported changes in her skin texture. More recently, she has noted patchy areas of depigmentation and generalized difficulty in maintaining a suntan despite continuing her regular habit of using a sun bed. Her skin shows a generalized loss in background pigmentation though it appears to be preserved within the now prominent lentigines on her chest and arms (bottom). Recent reports describe the loss of skin pigment in patients treated with imatinib, particularly in those with ethnically pigmented skin. Imatinib was developed as a specific BCR–ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor but is known to be active against at least three other tyrosine kinases, namely platelet derived growth factor receptors α and β and C-kit. The mechanism of skin depigmentation caused by imatinib seems likely to be via its effect on C-kit, which is known, with its ligand stem cell factor, to have a major role in melanogenesis, melanocyte homeostasis and ultra violet B-induced skin pigmentation. Hypopigmentation is reported to be reversible upon imatinib discontinuation or dose reduction. It is likely to be under-reported in White patients unless they naturally have a propensity for tanning or live in a sunny climate. It is interesting that our patient usually had a deep tan from foreign travel and the regular use of sunbeds throughout the winter months.
Role of anaerobic flora in the translocation of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic intestinal bacteria (1987)

It is thought that the normal enteric microflora acts not only to prevent intestinal colonization but also to prevent subsequent systemic dissemination of ingested, potentially pathogenic bacteria. To determine the relative roles of specific components of the intestinal bacterial flora in bacterial translocation out of the gut, mice were given various antimicrobial agents to selectively eliminate specific groups of intestinal bacteria. The cecal flora and the translocating bacteria in mesenteric lymph nodes were monitored both before and after oral inoculation with antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli C25. Orally administered streptomycin selectively eliminated cecal facultative gram-negative bacilli, orally administered bacitracin-streptomycin eliminated all cecal bacterial species except low numbers of aerobic sporeformers, and parenterally administered metronidazole selectively eliminated cecal anaerobic bacteria. Compared with control mice, only metronidazole-treated mice had significantly increased rates of dissemination of intestinal bacteria into mesenteric lymph nodes, indicating that the exclusive absence of anaerobic bacteria facilitated the translocation of the intestinal facultative bacteria. In a parallel experiment with streptomycin-resistant E. coli C25 as a marker, parallel results were obtained. Metronidazole increased the translocation of the marker strain and the indigenous strains of intestinal bacteria. Thus, anaerobes appeared to play a key role in confining indigenous bacteria to the gut. However, intestinal colonization and translocation of E. coli C25 occurred most readily after bacitracin-streptomycin treatment, suggesting that in addition to anaerobic bacteria, other bacterial groups may play a role in limiting the intestinal colonization and extraintestinal dissemination of E. coli C25.
PMX-622 (Polymyxin B-Dextran 70) Does Not Alter In Vitro Activities of 11 Antimicrobial Agents (1998)

Because of its capacity to neutralize the lethality of gram-negative bacterial endotoxic lipopolysaccharides, PMX-622 (polymyxin B bound to dextran 70) is being developed for possible adjunctive therapy of gram-negative sepsis. In this study, it was determined that the in vitro antimicrobial activity of PMX-622 was minimal and that it does not interfere with the in vitro antimicrobial activity of 11 antibiotics commonly used to treat gram-negative infections.
Identifying Feigned Isokinetic Trunk Extension Effort in Normal Subjects (2001)

In healthy subjects, the DEC effectively differentiates feigned from maximal performance.
Genome‐Wide Association Study of Dermatomyositis Reveals Genetic Overlap With Other Autoimmune Disorders (2013)

Our findings confirm the MHC as the major genetic region associated with DM and indicate that DM shares non-MHC genetic features with other autoimmune diseases, suggesting the presence of additional novel risk loci. This first identification of autoimmune disease genetic predispositions shared with DM may lead to enhanced understanding of pathogenesis and novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Grid coverage for surveillance and target location in distributed sensor networks (2002)

We present novel grid coverage strategies for effective surveillance and target location in distributed sensor networks. We represent the sensor field as a grid (two or three-dimensional) of points (coordinates) and use the term target location to refer to the problem of locating a target at a grid point at any instant in time. We first present an integer linear programming (ILP) solution for minimizing the cost of sensors for complete coverage of the sensor field. We solve the ILP model using a representative public-domain solver and present a divide-and-conquer approach for solving large problem instances. We then use the framework of identifying codes to determine sensor placement for unique target location, We provide coding-theoretic bounds on the number of sensors and present methods for determining their placement in the sensor field. We also show that grid-based sensor placement for single targets provides asymptotically complete (unambiguous) location of multiple targets in the grid.
Sigma7500: an improved DUV laser pattern generator addressing sub-100-nm photomask accuracy and productivity requirements (2006)

As photomask pattern complexity continues to increase, it becomes more challenging to control write times of shaped e-beam tools. This raises the related concerns of increased mask costs and extended mask cycle times. A strategy for sub-100 nm technology nodes is to use high-speed DUV laser pattern generators for as many layers as possible, reserving e-beam tools for only the most critical layers. With 248 nm optics and high-NA partially coherent imaging, the Sigma7500 increases the application space available to laser pattern generators. Image profiles are steepened with phase shifting methods, and pattern fidelity is improved with on-line corner enhancement. In the Sigma architecture, mask patterns are imaged with full fidelity and addressability in each writing pass. Because of this, the Sigma7500 provides additional means to improve write time by reducing the number of exposure passes. Platform improvements have resulted in a 2-pass writing accuracy that meets the 4-pass specification of the previous system. Write time is typically under two hours in 2-pass mode, compared to approximately three hours for 4-pass. The Sigma7500 can generally be used for all binary mask layers at the 90 nm technology node, and for about half the layers at 45 nm. The ProcessEqualizer<sup>TM</sup> function addresses long range CD errors arising from mask process effects. Mask data is sized in real time to compensate for process errors related to local pattern density, and also to correct for static process CD signatures. With a through-the-lens alignment system and both grid matching and pattern matching capabilities, the tool is also suited to 2<sup>nd</sup> layer patterning for advanced phase shifting mask (PSM) applications down to 45 nm, with extendibility to 32 nm. Process integration is facilitated by the use of standard FEP-171 chemically amplified resist (CAR).
Structure–Function Relationship of Cytokine Induction by Lipoteichoic Acid from<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2001)

Lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) have been proposed as putative Gram-positive immunostimulatory counterparts to Gram-negative lipopolysaccharides. However, LTA from Staphylococcus aureus, the clinically most frequent Gram-positive pathogen, was inactive after purification. Here, a novel isolation procedure to prepare pure (&gt;99%) biologically active LTA, allowing the first structural analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, is described. A comparison with LTA purified by standard techniques revealed that alanine substituents are lost during standard purification, resulting in attenuated cytokine induction activity. In line with this finding, hydrolysis of alanine substituents of active LTA decimated cytokine induction. LTA represents a major immunostimulatory component of S. aureus.