gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mobility-location aided transmission aware MAC enhancements for ad hoc networks (2006)

High user mobility in an ad hoc network causes frequent link breaks when a pair of communicating nodes moves out of transmission range of each other. This causes several unnecessary retransmissions between them at MAC layer unless the link is declared dead. Such retransmissions result in inefficient network resource utilization and bad QoS support. This paper proposes three enhancements for a MAC layer protocol with associated changes at network layer routing protocol. Enhancements suggested, use current ongoing transmission information contained in handshake packets, used for data transmission at MAC, piggybacked with transmitting node's mobility-location information. A higher overall performance is achieved with suggested implementation of routing protocol over MAC layer protocol in terms of throughput, power utilization and better QoS
Developmental stage‐specific contribution of <scp>LGR5</scp><sup>+</sup> cells to basal and luminal epithelial lineages in the postnatal mammary gland (2012)

The leucine-rich repeat-containing heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) has been identified as a marker of cycling stem cells in several epithelial tissues, including small intestine, colon, stomach and hair follicle. To investigate whether LGR5 also marks mammary epithelial stem cells, we performed in situ lineage-tracing studies and mammary gland reconstitutions with LGR5-expressing mammary epithelial cells. Interestingly, the LGR5 progeny population in mammary epithelium switches from the luminal to the myoepithelial compartment during the first 12 days of postnatal development, likely reflecting local changes in Wnt signalling. Together, our findings point to a stage-specific contribution of LGR5-expressing cells to luminal and basal epithelial lineages during postnatal mammary gland development.
Sensitization of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> to Low pH, Organic Acids, and Osmotic Stress by Ethanol (2001)

The killing of Listeria monocytogenes following exposure to low pH, organic acids, and osmotic stress was enhanced by the addition of 5% (vol/vol) ethanol. At pH 3, for example, the presence of this agent stimulated killing by more than 3 log units in 40 min of exposure. The rate of cell death at pH 3.0 was dependent on the concentration of ethanol. Thus, while the presence 10% (vol/vol) ethanol at pH 3.0 stimulated killing by more than 3 log units in just 5 min, addition of 1.25% (vol/vol) ethanol resulted in less than 1 log unit of killing in 10 min. The ability of 5% (vol/vol) ethanol to stimulate killing at low pH and at elevated osmolarity was also dependent on the amplitude of the imposed stress, and an increase in the pH from 3.0 to 4.0 or a decrease in the sodium chloride concentration from 25 to 2.5% led to a marked reduction in the effectiveness of 5% (vol/vol) ethanol as an augmentative agent. Combinations of organic acids, low pH, and ethanol proved to be particularly effective bactericidal treatments; the most potent combination was pH 3.0, 50 mM formate, and 5 % (vol/vol) ethanol, which resulted in 5 log units of killing in just 4 min. Ethanol-enhanced killing correlated with damage to the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.
A Gammaherpesvirus 68 Gene 50 Null Mutant Establishes Long-Term Latency in the Lung but Fails To Vaccinate against a Wild-Type Virus Challenge (2006)

The gammaherpesvirus immediate-early genes are critical regulators of virus replication and reactivation from latency. Rta, encoded by gene 50, serves as the major transactivator of the lytic program and is highly conserved among all the gammaherpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68). Introduction of a translation stop codon in gammaHV68 gene 50 (gene 50.stop gammaHV68) demonstrated that Rta is essential for virus replication in vitro. To investigate the role that virus replication plays in the establishment and maintenance of latency, we infected mice with gene 50.stop gammaHV68. Notably, the gene 50.stop virus established a long-term infection in lung B cells following intranasal infection of mice but was unable to establish latency in the spleen. This complete block in the establishment of latency in the spleen was also seen when lytic virus production was inhibited by treating mice infected with wild-type virus with the antiviral drug cidofovir, implicating virus replication and not an independent function of Rta in the establishment of splenic latency. Furthermore, we showed that gene 50.stop gammaHV68 was unable to prime the immune system and was unable to protect against a challenge with wild-type gammaHV68, despite its ability to chronically infect lung B cells. These data indicate gammaherpesviruses that are unable to undergo lytic replication in vivo may not be viable vaccine candidates despite the detection of cells harboring viral genome at late times postinfection.
Solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries utilizing polyphosphazene-based polymer electrolytes (2002)

The dimensional stability of poly(bis-(methoxyethoxyethoxide)phosphazene), or MEEP-based polymer electrolytes has been augmented either by immobilizing them in a porous separator matrix or forming composites with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), or poly(tetraethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). Increased dimensional stability in MEEP-(LiX)/sub n/ has also been achieved for LiX=LiAlCl/sub 4/. Solid-state Li/TiS/sub 2/ cells utilizing dimensionally stabilized MEEP-electrolytes have been fabricated and cycled. These cells can be discharged at room temperature at the C/20 rate with a cathode utilization of more than 0.15 mAh/cm/sup 2/ and at 50 degrees C with a cathode utilization greater than 0.50 mAh/cm/sup 2/. The coulombic efficiency during cycling was between 95 and 100%, indicating good reversibility for Li cycling in these electrolytes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
POMDP-Based Statistical Spoken Dialog Systems: A Review This paper presents the theory and practice of belief tracking, policy optimization, parameter estimation, and fast learning. (2013)

Statistical dialog systems (SDSs) are motivated by the need for a data-driven framework that reduces the cost of laboriously handcrafting complex dialog managers and that provides robustness against the errors created by speech re- cognizers operating in noisy environments. By including an explicit Bayesian model of uncertainty and by optimizing the policy via a reward-driven process, partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provide such a frame- work. However, exact model representation and optimization is computationally intractable. Hence, the practical application of POMDP-based systems requires efficient algorithms and carefully constructed approximations. This review article pro- vides an overview of the current state of the art in the devel- opment of POMDP-based spoken dialog systems.
Radiation-pressure-driven micro-mechanical oscillator (2005)

As Q factor is boosted in microscale optical resonant systems there will be a natural tendency for these systems to experience a radiation-pressure induced instability. The instability is manifested as a regenerative oscillation (at radio frequencies) of the mechanical modes of the microcavity. The first observation of this radiation-pressure-induced instability is reported here. Embodied here within a microscale, chip-based device this mechanism can benefit both research into macroscale quantum mechanical phenomena [1] and improve the understanding of the mechanism within the context of LIGO [2]. It also suggests that new technologies are possible which will leverage the phenomenon within photonics.
Dynamic modelling and control simulation of automatically dispensed adhesive beads (2003)

The authors describe modeling and control strategies for the adhesive dispensing process. To ensure the reliability of structural adhesive joints, the dispensed adhesive needs to be consistent. The consistency is a function of the amount of dispensed material and its displacement. The dispensed material is controlled through a closed-loop system which is built around a six-axis robot carrying a digitally controlled dispensing gun, a single-axis linear table carrying the workpiece and a computer vision system for online inspection and image processing. The bead parameters obtained by image processing are used by the controller to ensure that the bead stays in the desired bandwidth. The process has a long delay due to the transportation lag and the time taken for image processing. It can be analyzed as lumped parameter dynamics with a pure delay which is a function of the operating condition. The simulation of the controller and its performance are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Compressing Sets of Similar Medical Images Using Multilevel Centroid Technique (2003)

Abstract. Application areas such as medical imaging or satellite imaging often store large collections of similar images. Lossless compression techniques are usually needed in such critical applications. Previous researches have introduced the centroid method, which gets benefit from the inter-image redundancy ì the set redundancyî. In this paper a new algorithm is proposed as an extension of the centroid method. Experimental results with two sets of CT and MRI brain images demonstrate the efficiency and superiority of the proposed algorithm in respect to compression ratio. 1.
Reduction of laser chirp in 1.5 μm DFB lasers by modulation pulse shaping (1985)

The dynamic linewidth of 1.5 μm ridge waveguide DFB lasers is shown to be reduced by shaping the pulse of the laser modulating waveform. Pulse shaping is performed by a second-order network designed to cancel the small-signal laser resonance. Results demonstrate a dynamic linewidth reduction from 1.4 Å to 0.55 Å FWHM for a 500 ps pulse.
Taming the Latency in Multi-User VR 360°: A QoE-Aware Deep Learning-Aided Multicast Framework (2020)

Immersive virtual reality (VR) applications require ultra-high data rate and low-latency for smooth operation. Hence in this paper, aiming to improve VR experience in multi-user VR wireless video streaming, a deep-learning aided scheme for maximizing the quality of the delivered video chunks with low-latency is proposed. Therein the correlations in the predicted field of view (FoV) and locations of viewers watching 360° HD VR videos are capitalized on to realize a proactive FoV-centric millimeter wave (mmWave) physical-layer multicast transmission. The problem is cast as a frame quality maximization problem subject to tight latency constraints and network stability. The problem is then decoupled into an HD frame request admission and scheduling subproblems and a matching theory game is formulated to solve the scheduling subproblem by associating requests from clusters of users to mmWave small cell base stations (SBSs) for their unicast/multicast transmission. Furthermore, for realistic modeling and simulation purposes, a real VR head-tracking dataset and a deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) based on gated recurrent units (GRUs) are leveraged. Extensive simulation results show how the content-reuse for clusters of users with highly overlapping FoVs brought in by multicasting reduces the VR frame delay in 12%. This reduction is further boosted by proactiveness that cuts by half the average delays of both reactive unicast and multicast baselines while preserving HD delivery rates above 98%. Finally, enforcing tight latency bounds shortens the delay-tail as evinced by 13% lower delays in the 99th percentile.
Antigen Reversal Identifies Targets of Opsonizing IgGs against Pregnancy-Associated Malaria (2014)

Clinical immunity to pregnancy associated-malaria (PAM) in multigravida women has been attributed to antibodies that recognize VAR2CSA on the infected erythrocyte (IE) surface. The size and complexity of VAR2CSA have focused efforts on selecting one or more of its six Duffy binding-like (DBL) domains for vaccine development. Presently, however, there is no consensus as to which DBL domain(s) would be most effective in eliciting immunity. This is because antibodies to a number of the DBL domains have been found to block the adhesion of VAR2CSA-expressing erythrocytes to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA)-a major criterion for evaluating vaccine candidacy. Opsonization of IEs by cytophilic antibodies that recognize VAR2CSA represents an important yet understudied effector mechanism in acquired immunity to PAM. To date, no studies have sought to determine the targets of those antibodies. In this study, we found that IgGs from multigravida Malian women showed (i) higher reactivity to recombinant DBL domains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (ii) more binding to VAR2CSA-expressing IEs, and (iii) greater opsonization of these IEs by human monocytic cells than IgGs from malaria-exposed Malian men and malaria-naive American adults. Preincubation of IgGs from multigravida women with recombinant DBL2χ, DBL3χ, or DBL5ε domains significantly diminished opsonization of VAR2CSA-expressing IEs by human monocytes. These data identify the DBL2χ, DBL3χ, and DBL5ε domains as the primary targets of opsonizing IgGs for the first time. Our study introduces a new approach to determining the antigenic targets of opsonizing IgGs in phagocytosis assays.
Transcranial Doppler detection of microemboli in prosthetic heart valve patients: dependency upon valve type (1996)

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound has revealed the existence of cerebrovascular microemboli in asymptomatic patients with prosthetic heart valves. We investigated the relation between the presence and number of emboli signals and valve type. Patients with six types of prosthetic valves (Björk-Shiley monostrut, Medtronic-Hall, Carbomedics, ATS, Carpentier-Edwards standard, Carpentier-Edwards supraannular) were examined using transcranial Doppler ultrasound in two centers. The monitoring time was 30 min over the right middle cerebral artery. All patients were stabilized on warfarin at the time of study. Microemboli signals were identified by their characteristic audiovisual signal and on subsequent spectral analysis, based on accepted criteria. A standard neurologic questionnaire was completed by all patients. The prevalence of microemboli signals varied between 49% (Medtronic Hall) and 97% (Björk-Shiley monostrut), while their number varied between 1 [0-3] (Carpentier-Edwards standard) and 187 [136-240] (Björk-Shiley monostrut) per hour (median and 95% CI). Both parameters were significantly higher in patients with Björk-Shiley monostrut valves compared to the other patient groups. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of neurologic complications among the groups examined (overall 16%), or in emboli numbers between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The prevalence and quantity of microemboli signals in patients with prosthetic heart valves, as detected by transcranial Doppler, is dependent upon valve type. The clinical significance of these microemboli signals remains to be further evaluated.
Graphene Quantum Dots with High Yield and High Quality Synthesized from Low Cost Precursor of Aphanitic Graphite (2020)

It is difficult to keep the balance of high quality and high yield for graphene quantum dots (GQDs). Because the quality is uncontrollable during cutting large 2D nanosheets to small 0D nanodots by top-down methods and the yield is low for GQDs with high quality obtained from bottom-up strategy. Here, aphanitic graphite (AG), a low-cost graphite contains a large amount of small graphite nanocrystals with size of about 10 nm is used as the precursor of graphene oxide quantum dots (GO-QDs) for the first time. GO-QDs with high yield and high quality were successfully obtained directly by liquid phase exfoliating AG without high strength cutting. The yield of these GO-QDs can reach up to 40 wt. %, much higher than that obtained from flake graphite (FG) precursor (less than 10 wt. %). The size of GO-QDs can be controlled in 2-10 nm. The average thickness of GO-QDs is about 3 nm, less than 3 layer of graphene sheet. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with different surface properties can be easily obtained by simple hydrothermal treatment of GO-QDs, which can be used as highly efficient fluorescent probe. Developing AG as precursor for GQDs offers a way to produce GQDs in a low-cost, highly effective and scalable manner.
Change in electrical properties of bone as diagnostic tool for measurement of fracture healing (2013)

Introduction In fractures, electrical properties are generated by the piezoelectric effect and cellular activity, initiate and augment healing. Monitoring these can result in the development a diagnostic tool for diagnosing delayed and early non-union of bones and may enable the clinician to change the line of treatment for decreasing the suffering time of the patient. This article summarizes 12 studies related to the electrical properties of bones for the monitoring of fracture healing. Materials and methods This experience has been used to develop a methodology comprising insulated fixators and measurement of electrical properties by an LCR (inductance, resistance and capacitance) meter at King George’s Medical University (KGMU). Inductance, conductance and impedance of the fractured and normal segments of fractured human tibia were monitored. Results Prospective data analysis was performed; this showed large variances. The patients were then stratified into two groups: (i) delayed union and (ii) normal union in a blinded manner. Analysis of data ensuring blinding was done separately. Conclusion Electrical properties are highly dependent on bone mineral density, temperature, structure and cross-sectional area of the bone. Skin and soft tissue are responsible for masking the electrical signals from bones measured in vivo. Therefore, at KGMU, insulated fixators were designed to prevent short circuit by rods and enable measurement from nothing else but the bone. Electrical properties of bones, can be used as a biomarker for monitoring fracture healing.
A Five-Amino-Acid Peptide Blocks Met- and Ron-Dependent Cell Migration (2005)

Various human cancers express elevated levels of the receptor tyrosine kinases Met or Ron and v6-containing isoforms of CD44. The activation of Met and Ron requires the presence of such CD44 v6-containing isoforms that act as coreceptors. Three amino acids within the v6 sequence were identified by mutational analysis to be essential for the coreceptor function: EWQ in the rat sequence and RWH in human. Peptides comprising these three amino acids (the smallest containing only five amino acids) efficiently act as competitors and block ligand-dependent activation of Met or Ron and subsequent cell migration.
Multi-Virulence-Locus Sequence Typing of<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (2004)

A multi-virulence-locus sequence typing (MVLST) scheme was developed for subtyping Listeria monocytogenes, and the results obtained using this scheme were compared to those of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the published results of other typing methods, including ribotyping (RT) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). A set of 28 strains (eight different serotypes and three known genetic lineages) of L. monocytogenes was selected from a strain collection (n > 1,000 strains) to represent the genetic diversity of this species. Internal fragments (ca. 418 to 469 bp) of three virulence genes (prfA, inlB, and inlC) and three virulence-associated genes (dal, lisR, and clpP) were sequenced and analyzed. Multiple DNA sequence alignment identified 10 (prfA), 19 (inlB), 13 (dal), 10 (lisR), 17 (inlC), and 16 (clpP) allelic types and a total of 28 unique sequence types. Comparison of MVLST with automated EcoRI-RT and PFGE with ApaI enzymatic digestion showed that MVLST was able to differentiate strains that were indistinguishable by RT (13 ribotypes; discrimination index = 0.921) or PFGE (22 profiles; discrimination index = 0.970). Comparison of MVLST with housekeeping-gene-based MLST analysis showed that MVLST provided higher discriminatory power for serotype 1/2a and 4b strains than MLST. Cluster analysis based on the intragenic sequences of the selected virulence genes indicated a strain phylogeny closely related to serotypes and genetic lineages. In conclusion, MVLST may improve the discriminatory power of MLST and provide a convenient tool for studying the local epidemiology of L. monocytogenes.
1002 Protein Phosphatases? (1992)

phosphatases, tyrosine phosphorylation, signal transduction, dephosphorylatio n. cell cycle, transformation
Endothelial Dysfunction Coincides With an Enhanced Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Superoxide Anion Production (1997)

We investigated the effects of aortic banding-induced hypertension on the endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses in the aorta and coronary circulation of Sprague-Dawley rats. We studied the influence of hypertension on the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS III) expression, assessed by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions experiments, and on the superoxide anion (O2-) production. Two weeks after aortic banding, the endothelium-dependent relaxations were not altered. At this time, the expression of NOS III in the aorta and in confluent coronary microvascular endothelial cells (RCMECs) exhibited no marked changes, whereas O2- production was enhanced 1.9-fold in aortas from aortic-banded rats. Six weeks after aortic banding, the endothelium-dependent dilations were markedly impaired in the heart (50% decrease) and aorta (35% decrease). Analysis of NOS III protein and mRNA levels revealed marked increases in both aortas and confluent RCMECs (2.6- to 4-fold) from aortic-banded compared with sham-operated rats. There was no further increase in O2production in both the aorta and confluent RCMECs from aortic-banded rats. An enhanced nitrotyrosine protein level was also detected in the aorta from 6-week aortic-banded rats. These findings indicate that in hypertension induced by aortic banding, an enhanced O2- production alone is not sufficient to produce endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial vasodilator hyporesponsiveness was observed only when NOS III expression and O2- production were increased and was associated with the appearance of enhanced nitrotyrosine residues. This would suggest that the development of endothelial dysfunction is linked to an overproduction of not one, but two, endothelium-derived radicals that might lead to the formation of peroxynitrite.
What Is Primary and What Secondary for Amyloid Deposition in Alzheimer's Disease (1994)

The fact that physiologically beta-amyloid precursor proteins are synthesized by all cells of the body without any amyloid deposition in other organs raises a question about an isolated deposition of amyloid in the brain. One of the most important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type is the marked decrease of the cerebral glucose metabolism, a cholinergic deficit, by a disturbed acetyl-CoA synthesis and a critically lowered oxidative phosphorylation. Remembering that aging is the most important predisposing factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease, it is argued that a decrease of the oxidative energy metabolism in senile dementia and the resulting ATP deficit may change protein degradation, synaptic transmission and ion homeostasis. Therefore, a more than 50% decline of oxidative energy turnover could be a trigger for an accumulation of beta-amyloid in the brain, because the degradation of beta-amyloid precursor protein could be directly or indirectly disturbed by an ATP deficit. Amyloidosis and a cholinergic deficit in SDAT would then be a secondary phenomenon of the decreased glucose metabolism in the brain.