gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon nanoelectronics for the 21st century (1999)

The advancement of device technology and the growth of the electronics market were intertwined in the past and probably will continue to be in the future. This observation suggests a new approach to predicting the potentials and the limitations of the scaling of MOSFETs using both technological and economic considerations. It is proposed that silicon CMOS technology can serve the electronics needs of at least most of the 21st century. This analysis also provides a backdrop for evaluating the need for unconventional devices. One current effort to develop 25 nm MOSFETs is described. There appear to be many opportunities and challenges in finding novel device structures and new processing techniques, and in understanding the physics of future devices.
Mineralization in Musculoskeletal Leiomyosarcoma: Radiologic—Pathologic Correlation (2003)

Histologically, mineralization in leiomyosarcoma appears to be caused by either nonneoplastic ossification or dystrophic mineralization in the tumor. This feature can cause leiomyosarcomas to be confused with other neoplasms.
Occurrence of Clay Minerals from the Bobae Pottery Stone Mine in Pusan (1993)

The clay minerals such as sericite, pyrophyllite, chlorite and smectite abundantly occur in the Bobae pottery stone mine in Pusan. In this study, the processes which are responsible for the formation of these minerals were studied by examing their occurrence and mineralogical properties. The so-called pottery stone of this mine is characterized by the predominance of sericite and quartz. The sericite of the pottery stone is mostly type. And many of quartz particles are smaller than a few micron in diameter. The pottery stone also contained a small amount of pyrophyllite and muscovite. The pottery stone deposit occurs within the Cretaceous rhyodacite and is particularly well developed near the contact with the quartz porphyry which intrudes the rhyodacite. The fact implies that the pottery stone is the product of hydrothermal alteration of the rhyodacite by the intrusion of quartz porphyry. The pottery stone was formed by the alteration that accompanies the dissociation of feldspar and chlorite in parent rocks and subsequent formation of sericte and quartz. Smectite, laumontite and kaolinite occur locally within the altered rocks. These minerals were formed after formation of pottery stone. It is noteworthy that beidellite occurs as a pink-colored clay from the altered rocks in the mine.
New concept of cytotoxic immunoconjugate therapy targeting cancer‐induced fibrin clots (2011)

Fibrin clots in non-malignant conditions form only at the onset or during the active stage of disease and disappear within a few weeks as a result of plasmin digestion or replacement with collagen. In contrast, fibrin clot formation and subsequent replacement with collagen in cancer persist for as long as the cancer cells survive in the body. We developed an anti-fibrin chimeric antibody that reacts with fibrin only, and not fibrinogen (the precursor of fibrin), and then attached an anticancer agent (ACA) to the antibody. Thus, the immunoconjugate did not create an immune complex in the blood stream and was selectively accumulated to fibrin clots in the tumor stroma to create a scaffold, from which effective sustained release of the ACA occurred. In a mouse model, the ACA diffused throughout the tumor tissue to damage both tumor cells and vessels, resulting in potent antitumor activity in stroma-rich spontaneous tumors. This new cancer stroma-targeting therapy may result in an increased duration of drug exposure and be a highly effective new therapy, particularly for refractory, stroma-rich cancers.
A tooth substance saving restorative technique. (1984)

The basic concept behind the Black system in the restoration of teeth is a mechanical one. It aims at the retention of restorations by perfect contact with, and the grip of, resilient sound dentinal cavity walls. This necessitates the cutting of sound dentin which is sometimes accompanied by pain and pulpal irritation. For the complete removal of infected carious dentin the conventional technique has depended upon the operator's perception of discoloured dentin and its changed hardness. It has been shown that carious dentin consists of two layers. Namely, a superficial layer which is infected, not remineralizable and necrotic, whereas the deeper layer is uninfected, remineralizable and vital. The first step in the tooth substance saving restorative technique is to use a dye to differentiate between the two layers. Pain on caries removal is virtually eliminated by the selective removal of the stained and necrotic superficial layer while assuring complete removal of all infected dentin. The second step is to use chemically adhesive composite resins which have been developed for both anterior and posterior use. They adhere to enamel and sound dentin and also to the deeper layer of carious dentin. Cutting painful tissue so as to provide the retention form of the classical technique is not required, nor is amalgam as a restorative material in operative dentistry.
Main-Chain-Type Organoboron Quinolate Polymers:  Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTMain-Chain-Type Organoboron Quinolate Polymers: Synthesis and Photoluminescence PropertiesYuuya Nagata and Yoshiki ChujoView Author Information Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan Cite this: Macromolecules 2007, 40, 1, 6–8Publication Date (Web):December 14, 2006Publication History Received31 August 2006Revised25 November 2006Published online14 December 2006Published inissue 1 January 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma062007shttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma062007srapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1023Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Boron,Fluorescence,Monomers,Polymerization,Polymers Get e-Alerts
Production of Antibiotic Nanoparticles Using Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> as Antisolvent with Enhanced Mass Transfer (2001)

Drug delivery systems improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs by delivering them at a controlled rate depending on the body requirements and the site of action. These systems aid in reducing the amount of drug required, the number of doses, side effects, and bioinactivation. Currently, delivery systems for drug targeting and controlled release are being developed using drug nanoparticles. Several techniques, such as spray drying and milling, have been used in the past for the manufacture of drug nanoparticles, but these methods have several disadvantages. Supercritical fluid technologies such as RESS and SAS do provide novel methods for particle formation, but in most cases, they still cannot produce particles in the nanometer range (<300 nm) necessary for drug targeting and controlled release. In this work, we propose a technique that can produce drug particles in the nanometer range with a narrow size distribution. This new technique is a modification of the currently existing SAS technique and involves the use of a vibrating surface that atomizes the jet into microdroplets. The ultrasonic field generated by the vibrating surface also enhances mass transfer through increased mixing. The new technique is demonstrated for the production of tetracycline nanoparticles as small as 125 nm in size with a narrow size distribution. Particle sizes are easily controlled using this technique by changing the vibrational intensity of the vibrating surface.
Amino Terminal Domains of the NMDA Receptor Are Organized as Local Heterodimers (2011)

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, an obligate heterotetrameric assembly organized as a dimer of dimers, is typically composed of two glycine-binding GluN1 subunits and two glutamate-binding GluN2 subunits. Despite the crucial role that the NMDA receptor plays in the nervous system, the specific arrangement of subunits within the dimer-of-dimer assemblage is not conclusively known. Here we studied the organization of the amino terminal domain (ATD) of the rat GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B NMDA receptors by cysteine-directed, disulfide bond-mediated cross-linking. We found that GluN1 ATDs and GluN2 ATDs spontaneously formed disulfide bond-mediated dimers after introducing cysteines into the L1 interface of GluN2A or GluN2B ATD. The formation of dimer could be prevented by knocking out endogenous cysteines located near the L1 interface of GluN1. These results indicate that GluN1 and GluN2 ATDs form local heterodimers through the interactions in the L1-L1 interface and further demonstrate a dimer-of-heterodimer arrangement in GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B NMDA receptors.
Engineering of anti-human interleukin-4 receptor alpha antibodies with potent antagonistic activity (2019)

Development of antagonistic antibody (Ab) against interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) subunit of IL-4/IL-13 receptors is a promising therapeutic strategy for T helper 2 (T<sub>H</sub>2)-mediated allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. Here we isolated anti-human IL-4Rα antagonistic Abs from a large yeast surface-displayed human Ab library and further engineered their complementarity-determining regions to improve the affinity using yeast display technology, finally generating a candidate Ab, 4R34.1.19. When reformatted as human IgG1 form, 4R34.1.19 specifically bound to IL-4Rα with a high affinity (K<sub>D</sub> ≈ 178 pM) and effectively blocked IL-4- and IL-13-dependent signaling in a reporter cell system at a comparable level to that of the clinically approved anti-IL-4Rα dupilumab Ab analogue. Epitope mapping by alanine scanning mutagenesis revealed that 4R34.1.19 mainly bound to IL-4 binding sites on IL-4Rα with different epitopes from those of dupilumab analogue. Further, 4R34.1.19 efficiently inhibited IL-4-dependent proliferation of T cells among human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and suppressed the differentiation of naïve CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells from healthy donors and asthmatic patients into T<sub>H</sub>2 cells, the activities of which were comparable to those of dupilumab analogue. Our work demonstrates that both affinity and epitope are critical factors for the efficacy of anti-IL-4Rα antagonistic Abs.
A membrane protein with similarity to N-methylphenylalanine pilins is essential for DNA binding by competent Bacillus subtilis (1990)

In a cloned copy of comG open reading frame 3 (ORF3), an in-frame deletion was generated by site-directed in vitro mutagenesis, removing the coding sequence for 15 amino acids from the central portion of this pilin-related protein. The mutagenized ORF3 was incorporated into the Bacillus subtilis chromosome, replacing the wild-type ORF3. The presence of the deleted ORF3 in the chromosome, as confirmed by Southern analysis, was associated with the complete loss of competence by the mutant strain. The ability of the mutant cells to bind exogenous radiolabeled DNA was reduced to the level of nonspecific binding of DNA by noncompetent cells. The chromosomal ORF3 mutation was partially complemented in trans by a plasmid-encoded wild-type ORF3 copy under PSPAC control upon induction of the PSPAC promoter. Using antiserum raised against a synthetic 14-mer oligopeptide deduced from the ORF3 sequence, an immunoreactive band of approximately the expected molecular size was obtained in Western blot (immunoblot) experiments with extracts of cells containing the plasmid-encoded inducible gene. A signal was also detected when cells harboring the chromosomal wild-type or mutant ORF3 in single copy were grown in competence medium. This signal was detected only in the light-buoyant-density (competent) cell fraction and only after the transition from the exponential to the stationary growth phase. In cell fractionation experiments with competent cell extracts, the immunoreactive protein was found in both the NaOH-insoluble and -soluble membrane fractions and was sensitive to proteinase K treatment of either protoplasts or whole cells.
Literature Review on Photovoltaic Panels (2018)

Photovoltaic technology operates by catching the photons of light and manipulating them to produce free electrons. These electrons generate an electric current. The main way to develop this technology is through solar power panels or PV cells. A PV cell is a semi-conductor cell which is able to convert solar rays into electrical power.
MRI Quantification of Liver Fat in an Obese Population (2006)

Statistical analysis of the ROI selection showed that the standard deviation of fat percentage within subjects was 3-7 percentage points. The ROI sizes used in this study, ranged from 137 pixels to 1718 pixels, were sufficiently large to measure fat content with no apparent bias for pixel count over this range. The difference between the small ROIs and the combined ROI was tested for both standard deviation and mean fat content. There was no difference between each of the small ROIs and the total ROI for standard deviations (p=0.6) or means (p=0.9). There was no apparent correlation between fat fraction and ALT levels (R=0.164), or BMI (R=0.202). These results show that fat fraction provides additional information from other standard hepatic test measures. Conclusions
Flexible memory: A novel main memory architecture with block-level memory compression (2015)

Main memory system is facing increasingly high pressure from the advances of multi-core processors. The simplicity of conventional memory architecture has helped minimize memory latency and reduce the design cost. However, in present multi-core era, it is increasingly attractive to adopt flexible and advanced memory organization to further improve memory bandwidth utilization, power efficiency, and reliability, despite an increase of memory system complexity. Motivated by the idea, we propose an innovative memory compression scheme with a flexible memory organization, used in combination with the recently proposed, power-efficient sub-ranked memory. Our detailed simulation show that the scheme may gain an average of 1.5× effective capacity gain, reduce the power consumption of memory subsystem by up to 45%, on average in the range from 13% to 16%, and yield moderate performance improvement.
Evaluation of Four Methods for Detection of Immunoglobulin M Antibodies to Dengue Virus (1999)

Dengue has become hyperendemic in many islands of the Caribbean region. The performance in a diagnostic laboratory of four commercial assays for detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies was evaluated. Sera from 62 patients with dengue virus infection were studied. These included 18 patients from whom dengue virus type 2 was isolated in a 1997 outbreak (specimens collected a mean of 14 days after onset of symptoms), 8 patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (mean time after onset, 11 days), and 36 patients in whom dengue was previously confirmed by serology (mean time after onset, 10 days). Thirty serum specimens from blood donors in a country where dengue is not endemic were used as negative controls. The methods evaluated were two IgM-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) (MRL Diagnostics, Cypress, Calif., and PanBio, Queensland, Australia), a dot ELISA dipstick assay (Integrated Diagnostics, Baltimore, Md.), and a rapid immunochromatographic assay for dengue IgG and IgM (PanBio IC). IgG antibodies were also detected by an ELISA method (MRL Diagnostics). The sensitivities of the four assays were as follows: MRL Diagnostics IgM ELISA, 98.4%; PanBio IgM ELISA, 85.5%; Integrated Diagnostics IgM dot ELISA, 96. 8%; and PanBio IC, 83.9%. The specificities of all tests were 100%. Evidence of secondary dengue was found in all patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever and in 83% of the remaining patients. The MRL Diagnostics IgM ELISA appears to be more sensitive than the PanBio IgM ELISA, and this may be significant when IgM titers are low, particularly in patients with secondary dengue infections. The dot ELISA dipstick assay is equally sensitive and may be more appropriate for use in laboratories with lower workloads.
A feasible Global Carbon Cycle Observing System: a plan to decipher today's carbon cycle based on observations (1996)

Abstract A design is presented to continuously monitor the transfers of carbon between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere and oceans on large spatial scales. A consideration of the expected signal‐to‐noise suggests that a very cost effective method is to perform repeated measurements of the mixing ratios of trace gases in the atmospheric column at an increased number of sites compared to the present geographical coverage. This can be accomplished with existing technology, provided that more automation is applied to the sampling process as well as to the analytical procedures. The resulting data will be crucial to test extrapolations based on direct flux measurements to regional and global scales.
Far-infrared composite microbolometers (2002)

Composite microbolometers for use as broadband far-infrared radiation detectors have been constructed. These novel devices utilize nichrome load elements which can be impedance-matched to a planar antenna. The load elements are thermally coupled to tellurium detectors. Room-temperature responsivities of 120 V/W and noise equivalent powers of 6.7*10/sup -9/ W/ square root Hz have been achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design (2000)

General Overview. Element Types: A Comparison. Evaluating Periodic Structures: An Overview. Spectral Expansion of One- and Two-Dimensional Periodic Structures. Dipole Arrays in a Stratified Medium. Slot Arrays in a Stratified Medium. Band-Pass Filter Designs: The Hybrid Radome. Band-Stop and Dichroic Filter Designs. Jaumann and Circuit Analog Absorbers. Power Handling of Periodic Surfaces. Concluding Remarks and Future Trends. Appendices. References. Index.
A Detailed Model of Local Structure and Silanol Hydrogen Bonding of Silica Gel Surfaces (1997)

A refined and generalized version of a previously suggested model of the silica surface, in which geminal silanols are situated on surface segments similar to (100)-type faces of the β-cristobalite structure and single silanols are situated on surface segments similar to corresponding (111)-type faces, is supported by extensive spectroscopic data. In this model single silanols on the same (111)-type surface segment cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other. Whether or not adjacent geminal silanols on the same (100)-type surface segment can form hydrogen bonds with each other depends on the relative orientation of their hydroxyl groups. When two surface segments of either (100)- or (111)-type intersect convexly, hydroxyl groups cannot participate in hydrogen bonding across the intersection; but when two surface segments intersect concavely, those silanols situated at the intersection can form hydrogen bonds with their counterparts across the intersection. All the hydrogen-bonding silanols in this generalized β-cristobalite model have a common feature: when any two silanols are hydrogen bonded to each other, the two silicon atoms containing them are also situated on the same (100)-type surface segment. This idealized structure of the surface of silica gel, which is clearly known from X-ray diffraction to be an amorphous material, may be distorted for various thermodynamic or kinetic reasons during its formation; therefore, a wide range of hydrogen-bonding strengths between two hydroxyls is likely on a real silica gel surface. The generalized β-cristobalite surface model can also explain the reversible dehydroxylation and rehydroxylation processes on silica surfaces. Both single and geminal silanols participating in hydrogen bonding are most easily dehydroxylated under evacuation at temperatures between 170 and 450 °C and form low-strain bicyclo[3.3.0]octasiloxane rings. The mode of dehydroxylation on a silica surface undergoes a transformation between 450 and 650 °C, yielding highly strained trisiloxane rings for dehydroxylation at T ≥ 650 °C.
Calcineurin acts through the<i>CRZ1/TCN1</i>-encoded transcription factor to regulate gene expression in yeast (1997)

Calcineurin is a conserved Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase that plays a critical role in Ca2+ signaling. We describe new components of a calcineurin-mediated response in yeast, the Ca2+-induced transcriptional activation of FKS2, which encodes a beta-1,3 glucan synthase. A 24-bp region of the FKS2 promoter was defined as sufficient to confer calcineurin-dependent transcriptional induction on a minimal promoter in response to Ca2+ and was named CDRE (for calcineurin-dependent response element). The product of CRZ1 (YNL027w) was identified as an activator of CDRE-driven transcription. Crz1p contains zinc finger motifs and binds specifically to the CDRE. Genetic analysis revealed that crz1Delta mutant cells exhibit several phenotypes similar to those of calcineurin mutants and that overexpression of CRZ1 in calcineurin mutants suppressed these phenotypes. These results suggest that Crz1p functions downstream of calcineurin to effect multiple calcineurin-dependent responses. Moreover, the calcineurin-dependent transcriptional induction of FKS2 in response to Ca2+, alpha-factor, and Na+ was found to require CRZ1. In addition, we found that the calcineurin-dependent transcriptional regulation of PMR2 and PMC1 required CRZ1. However, transcription of PMR2 and PMC1 was activated by only a subset of the treatments that activated FKS2 transcription. Thus, in response to multiple signals, calcineurin acts through the Crz1p transcription factor to differentially regulate the expression of several target genes in yeast.