gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
“Supramolecular” Assembly of Gold Nanorods End-Terminated with Polymer “Pom-Poms”:  Effect of Pom-Pom Structure on the Association Modes (2008)

We report a predefined self-organization of gold nanorods (NRs) end-terminated with multiple polymer arms ("pom-poms") in higher-order structures. The assembly of polymer-tethered NRs was controlled by changing the structure of the polymer pom-poms. We show that the variation in the molecular weight of the polymer molecules and their relative location with respect to the long side of the NRs resulted in two competing association modes of the nanorods, that is, their side-by-side and end-to-end assembly, and produced bundles, chains, rings, and bundled chains of the NRs. The superposition of the two variables controlling the organization of NRs allowed us to create a map showing the variation in the longitudinal plasmonic bands of the NRs achieved by their self-assembly.
Ising-dropout: A Regularization Method for Training and Compression of Deep Neural Networks (2019)

Overfitting is a major problem in training machine learning models, specifically deep neural networks. This problem may be caused by imbalanced datasets and initialization of the model parameters, which conforms the model too closely to the training data and negatively affects the generalization performance of the model for unseen data. The original dropout is a regularization technique to drop hidden units randomly during training. In this paper, we propose an adaptive technique to wisely drop the visible and hidden units in a deep neural network using Ising energy of the network. The preliminary results show that the proposed approach can keep the classification performance competitive to the original network while eliminating optimization of unnecessary network parameters in each training cycle. The dropout state of units can also be applied to the trained (inference) model. This technique could compress the number of parameters up to 41.18% and 55.86% for the classification task on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets, respectively.
Linear array synthesis using a hybrid genetic algorithm (2002)

There has been some interest in the application of genetic algorithms to antenna array synthesis problems. A direct encoding hybrid genetic algorithm is applied to a variable length and fixed number of elements linear array synthesis problem. A comparison is made with published results. The algorithm proposed paper yields substantially better results than the previously published work. The algorithm utilizes a number of novel operators, a new encoding/decoding scheme, and a variation of a roulette wheel reproduction technique. In addition the results from a continuous variable algorithm is compared to the hybrid genetic results.
[Regulation of the immune response: the TH1/TH2 concept]. (1997)

The immune system has different possible ways of reacting to an antigen. The choice of an appropriate immune response is determined by the manner of antigen presentation, the amount of antigen, the localization of antigen uptake, the type of antigen presenting cell, the genetic predisposition of the individual and the presence of certain cytokines released by antigen presenting or other inflammatory cells. An immune response which is not not appropriate can lead to clinical symptoms or insufficient clearance of an infectious agent. This is well-illustrated in the example of lepra lepromatosa (insufficient, since humoral immune response to an intracellular agent) or lepra tuberculosa (complete clearance of Mycobacterium leprae). A decisive step for the type of immune response is the stimulation of different T-cell subpopulations. CD4 or CD8 T-cells can be further subdivided by a distinct cytokine production. So-called TH1 cells predominantly produce cytokines, which stimulate a cellular immune response (IFN gamma, IL-12, IL-2). In contrast, TH2 cells predominantly produce IL-4 and IL-5. These cytokines boost an IgE-mediated allergic reaction and inflammation. Although the TH1/ TH2 distinction is frequently not absolute, as overlaps can frequently be observed, this classification is useful for better understanding of immune reactions in various diseases. Moreover, since TH1- and TH2-related cytokines act antagonistically, therapeutic strategies are under development which strengthen e.g. a TH2 immune response in TH1 dominated diseases and vice versa.
Calcium‐ and FK506‐independent interaction between the immunophilin FKBP51 and calcineurin* (2002)

FKBP51 is a member of the immunophilin family having intrinsic peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerase (PPIase) activity. Its enzymatic activity is inhibited by binding either immunosuppressive agent FK506 or rapamycin. Similar to FKBP12, but at higher concentrations of FK506, FKBP51 has been shown to inhibit the serine/threonine phosphatase activity of calcineurin in the presence of calcium and calmodulin. Here we show that a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein of FKBP51 on glutathione-Sepharose beads precipitated both purified calcineurin from bovine brain and calcineurin from murine T cell lysates. Surprisingly, the binding of GST-FKBP51 to calcineurin was FK506-independent and independent of a requirement for calcium or exogenous calmodulin. Unlike FKBP12, FKBP51 transiently expressed in COS-7 cells was precipitated by calcineurin bound to calmodulin-Sepharose beads in the absence of either FK506 or rapamycin. Unlike FKBP12, however, overexpression of FKBP51 in Jurkat T cells did not significantly affect the transcriptional activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) upon physiological stimulation, nor did it affect the ability of FK506 to inhibit NFAT-driven transcription. We generated a series of FKBP51 mutations to map the interaction of FKBP51 with calcineurin. Deletion of the aminoterminal, FKBP12-like domain of FKBP51 did not affect the ability of FKBP51 to bind to purified calcineurin, while deletion of the FKBP51 carboxyterminal domain abrogated the ability of FKBP51 to bind to calcineurin. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel interaction between calcineurin and the immunophilin FKBP51 that is independent of calcium, calmodulin, and drug. The binding site on calcineurin for FKBP51 is separable from the immunophilin PPIase-active and drug-binding site.
Aryl‐Δ<sup>2</sup>‐pyrazolines as Optical Brighteners (1966)

Abstract Di‐ and triaryl‐Δ 2 ‐pyrazolines and their derivatives can be used as optical brighteners for synthetic fibers and plastics. The heterocycles are readily obtainable by several methods, e.g. condensation of β‐halogeno‐ or β‐dialkylaminopropiophenones with phenylhydrazine. A number of relationships can be detected between substitution and optical properties.
Walk the line (2006)

and therapeutic interventions has now been incorporated in clinical guidelines.A few initial surveys have shown that these guidelines are being followed to some extent, but there is still room for improvement, especially in those countries and settings in which a large discrepancy exists between recommendations in guidelines and actual management in clinical practice.Measures should be taken to minimise this gap.Simply developing and publishing evidence based guidelines and subsequently disseminating these guidelines may not be effective enough to change practice.Implementation seems essential in changing clinical practice.Several trials have evaluated implementation of guidelines and its effect on patient and process outcomes. 25w8 These trials show modest effects at best.More intensive multifaceted interventions might be needed to achieve further progress in this area.We thank M A Pellikaan, a trainee general practitioner, for her help in getting the patients' stories.
Joint VNF Placement and Multicast Traffic Routing in 5G Core Networks (2018)

The software defined networking (SDN) enabled network function virtualization (NFV) architecture emerges as a cost-effective solution for service customization in fifth generation (5G) networks. In this paper, a joint traffic routing and virtual network function (VNF) placement problem is studied for a multicast service request accommodated over a physical substrate network, where the multipath traffic routing is considered between embedded VNFs. The joint problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem to minimize the provisioning cost of both VNFs and links, under the physical network resource constraints, flow conservation constraints, and VNF placement rules. Since the problem is NP-hard, low complexity heuristic algorithms, with the consideration of both the single-path and multipath routing cases, are proposed to determine an efficient solution. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed heuristic algorithms especially for a large-size network.
Anatomic Referencing of Cup Orientation in Total Hip Arthroplasty (2005)

Diagnostic study, Level II-1 (development of diagnostic criteria on basis of consecutive patients--with universally applied reference "gold" standard). See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
An algorithm for graph optimal monomorphism (1990)

An algorithm for finding the optimal monomorphism between two attributed graphs is proposed. The problem is formulated as a tree search problem. To guide the search the branch-and-bound heuristic approach is adopted, using an efficient consistent lower bounded estimate for the evaluation function of the cost associated with the optimal solution path in the search tree. The algorithm is a generalization of an algorithm for graph optimal isomorphism. The algorithm's potential for engineering application is demonstrated by a simple structural pattern recognition problem and a plant allocation and distribution problem.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amplitude- and Phase-Resolved Near-Field Mapping of Infrared Antenna Modes by Transmission-Mode Scattering-Type Near-Field Microscopy (2010)

We describe transmission-mode scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) with interferometric detection. Using this technique, we map the near-field modes of infrared antennas in both amplitude and phase. The use of dielectric probing tips, higher-harmonic demodulation, and a complex-valued subtraction of residual background yields accurate near-field images of the antenna modes. We map metallic nanorods, disks, and triangles, designed for antenna resonance at mid-infrared frequencies, in good agreement with numerical calculations of the modal field distribution. Furthermore, we show that transmission-mode s-SNOM can map the z-component of the antenna near fields. Our results establish a basis for future near-field characterization of complex antenna structures for molecular sensing and spectroscopy.
Cover Image, Volume 92, Issue 5 (2017)

The cover image, by Manal Ali et al., is based on the Research Article Potential of using non‐inoculated self‐aerated immobilized biomass reactor for post‐treatment of upflow anaerobic staged reactor treating high strength industrial wastewater , DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5082 . image
Recycling of materials from silicon base solar cell module (2012)

As the growing of photovoltaic (PV) industry, the environmental problems become a new consideration. Therefore, we propose a thermal method to recover materials, such as silicon, glass, and metal from conventional crystalline silicon modules. Two steps heating were used in the thermal treatment process in this study. During the thermal process, the EVA could be burned out and the whole glass plate could be obtained without breaking. The recycle glass could be directly used again as the module component when the temperature was well controlled. The recycle yield of silicon was 62% and the purity of obtained silicon material was ~8N after cleaning by chemical solution treatment. The copper could be recovered in further acid treatment. The recycle yield of copper was 85%. The results show that the recycling of materials from silicon based solar module is promising.
The graft polymerization of acrylamide onto paper preirradiated with high energy electrons (1973)

The graft polymerization of acrylamide onto filter paper preirradiated in air with electrons from a 200-keV accelerator has been shown to lead to weight increases of up to 210%. The degree of grafting depends on the radiation dose, the moisture content of the paper, and the time interval between irradiation and grafting, but is independent of the radiation dose rate. The degree of grafting increases with the monomer concentration of the reaction medium, and increases as the grafting temperature is reduced. Irradiations in the presence of O2 or N2 and the effect of ferrous ions in the grafting solution indicated that peroxides derived from cellulose do not contribute significantly to the initiation reactions up to 60°C. The results are consistent with the degree of grafting depending primarily on the concentration of trapped radicals present in the paper at the time of copolymerization. The cellulose in the grafted material was degraded and the grafted acrylamide was isolated and its molecular weight measured and compared with a calculated value. The moisture regain characteristics of the grafted material are reported.
Stress-induced SOI Polarization Splitter Based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZI) (2006)

Novel Mach-Zehnder interferometer based polarization splitters in the silicon-on-insulator platform are reported and fabricated. These passive devices employ cladding stress induced birefringence to achieve polarization splitting or filtering function
Gangliosides potentiate in vivo and in vitro effects of nerve growth factor on central cholinergic neurons. (1989)

The effects of nerve growth factor beta (beta-NGF) and ganglioside GM1 on forebrain cholinergic neurons were examined in vivo and in vitro. Following unilateral decortication of rats, GM1 (5 mg/kg per day) administered intracerebroventricularly could protect forebrain cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis from retrograde degeneration in a manner comparable to beta-NGF. Administered in combination with beta-NGF, GM1 produced a significant increase in choline acetyltransferase activity in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and remaining cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. Concentrations of GM1 that were ineffective when administered alone in this lesion model, when given with beta-NGF, potentiated beta-NGF effects in both of the above brain areas. In dissociated septal cells in vitro, an increase in choline acetyltransferase activity was noted at beta-NGF concentrations as low as 0.1 pM and reached a plateau at 1 nM. A moderate (up to 35%) stimulation of choline acetyltransferase activity was observed with 10 microM GM1. The application of beta-NGF in combination with 10 microM GM1 or 0.1 microM GM1, a concentration that is ineffective in these cultures, produced a much greater increase in choline acetyltransferase activity than did beta-NGF alone. These observations support the idea that exogenously applied gangliosides can elicit trophic responses in cholinergic neurons of the central nervous system. That GM1 increases and even potentiates beta-NGF effects suggests that some of the trophic actions of this compound may be mediated through endogenous trophic factors.
Analysis of Stacking Priority Rules to Improve Drayage Operations Using Existing and Emerging Technologies (2010)

Of the many emerging technologies being developed to expedite the flow of cargo through intermodal facilities, automated transfer management systems (ATMSs) have the potential to improve trucks' in-terminal dwell times significantly while the trucks are performing outbound or inbound moves. This paper presents a framework for integrating existing technologies (e.g., intelligent transportation systems, e-business systems) and emerging technologies (e.g., ATMSs) and using this framework to shorten the time for a drayage truck to pick up an import container. Shortening this time is of critical importance in reducing engine idling time and stop-and-go lugging time. Reduced truck idling translates directly into reduced diesel emissions, including emission of fine particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and greenhouse gases. This paper specifically investigates the effect of priority rules for stacking containers into the ATMS to improve port drayage operations. The analysis of priority rules is made on the basis of a computer simulation model developed for this study, and the analysis of emissions reduction is based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's SmartWay DrayFLEET model. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that the earliest arrival time priority rule yields better drayage performance than the closest appointment time priority rule.
Crystallographic analysis of the inhibition of porcine pancreatic elastase by a peptidyl boronic acid: structure of a reaction intermediate (1989)

The crystal structure of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) complexed to carbobenzoxy-alanylisoleucine-boronic acid (ZAIB) is reported to 2.09-A resolution and refined to an R factor of 0.15. This is the first reported structural analysis of PPE with an isoleucine residu in the primary specificity pocket. The results include (1) marked displacement of the inhibitor out of the active site leading to (2) a close (2.2 A) direct contact between B (boron atom of the inhibitor) and N epsilon of His-57 and also (3) covalent bonding (1.5 A) to O gamma of Ser-195. A scheme for the mechanism of inhibition of PPE by ZAIB is proposed. A comparison with a peptidyl difluoromethyl ketone-PPE complex (Ki = 9.5 microns) is made to explain the strong inhibition of PPE by ZAIB (Ki = 0.3 micron). These results lead us to characterize this structure as a time- and space-averaged reaction intermediate, providing fresh insight into the cramped dimensions available in enzymatic catalyses.
Auger electron spectroscopy studies of I–III–VI2 chalcopyrite compounds (1978)

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) spectra are presented for Cu ternary chalcopyrite compounds. CuInS2, CuInSe2, and CuInTe2 thin films, bulk polycrystalline, and single-crystal samples are examined and their AES spectra are compared. The validity of quantitative analysis methods [(1) calibration with Ag-standard, (2) utilization of sensitivity factors, and (3) calibration with specific ternary standards] is examined and the results are compared. Consistent results are obtained for polycrystalline (bulk and thin film) samples, but not for the single-crystal cases. It is found that peak width variations must be considered in the single-crystal data which vary due to diffraction channeling effects. Calculations, taking these variations into account, yield the expected results.
Characterization of an unsaturated low‐density polyethylene (2003)

Abstract This study concerns a new group of low‐density polyethylenes (LDPEs)—unsaturated LDPE. The new LDPE is a copolymer between ethylene and 1,9‐decadiene and was polymerized in a commerical high‐pressure tubular reactor. The diene copolymerized with one double bond, leaving the other unreacted as a pendant side group. This yielded a copolymer containing a higher number of vinyl groups than ordinary LDPE. Fractionation of the copolymer and determination of the number of unsaturated structures in the different fractions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the diene is homogeneously incorporated along the molar‐mass distribution curve. It is also possible to obtain copolymers with a varying vinyl content, without drastic changes in molar mass or molar‐mass distribution, by a controlled addition of 1,9‐decadiene to the reactor. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2974–2984, 2003
Mask Cost and Profitability in Photomask Manufacturing: An Empirical Analysis (2006)

An empirical study of the economics of manufacturing photomasks concludes that the uncontrolled growth of optical proximity effect correction and resolution enhancement techniques is driving up the cost of pattern generation and mask inspection to levels that threaten the profitability of photomask manufacturing. The intrinsic cost of some leading edge photomasks has already exceeded the price that customers are willing to pay for them. A model of the lifecycle of photomask manufacturing, developed from interviews involving the 1990-to-2005 operations of six mask shops and a survey of seven photomask manufacturers, shows that design for manufacturability (DFM) constitutes the most promising approach for alleviating this market impasse. Unilateral action by mask shops to increase their capital productivity is necessary but insufficient and perhaps unaffordable. DFM solutions will require the majority of participants in the lithography value chain to collaborate according to a volatile demand schedule that is driven by semiconductor manufacturers
Inhibition of SIRT2 Alleviates Fibroblast Activation and Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis via MDM2 (2018)

Our results suggest that SIRT2 participates in the activation of fibroblasts and TIF, which is mediated via regulation of the MDM2 pathway, and the downregulation of SIRT2 may be a therapeutic strategy for renal fibrosis.
Sinusoidal model based on instantaneous frequency attractors (2006)

We propose a sinusoidal synthesis method based on instantaneous frequency (IF) attractors, which correspond to harmonic frequency trajectories. The algorithm is novel in extracting accurate sinusoidal components. Since the continuity of IF attractors is well-defined and simple to detect, the IF attractors can be extracted from audio signals without any explicit constraint or complicated algorithm; therefore, they can be directly applied to sinusoidal synthesis. Accuracy of IF attractor analysis can be further improved by time-warping analysis, which improves resolution for harmonic components whose frequencies that change rapidly. We describe the procedure for sinusoidal synthesis and precise phase estimation along with examples and also evaluate the effect of time-warping on analysis and synthesis of speech
Relationship and prognostic significance of SPARC and VEGF protein expression in colon cancer (2010)

The low expression or absence of stromal SPARC was an independent prognostic factor for poor prognosis of colon cancer. SPARC maybe involved in the regulation of anti-angiogenesis by which it may serve as a novel target for colon cancer treatment as well as a novel distinctive marker.
Advanced computer applications in radiology: clinical applications. (1993)

Computers play a major role in bridging the gap between image generation and patient care by providing enhanced images that better meet the needs of referring physicians. Spiral computed tomography allows generation of three-dimensional images that are not affected by motion artifact. Volume rendering, a three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm, yields images free of computer-generated artifacts and superior in quality. Currently, technologic computer advances play an important role in three clinical areas: orthopedic applications, oncologic applications, and prosthetic design. Three-dimensional imaging is especially valuable in fracture assessment because it allows exploration of image data to define the location of fracture fragments, the integrity of the joint space, and any possible displacement. With three-dimensional imaging, the extent of tumor spread into adjacent soft tissue or involvement of blood vessels can be determined, even in difficult anatomic areas. Volume rendering and increased computer speed allow greatly improved treatment planning for radiation therapy and custom design of orthopedic prostheses. Through the mutual understanding of goals between physicians and computer scientists, the computer can reach its full potential in medicine, resulting in improved patient care.