gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Septic shock (1990)

Reduced cardiac output is a crucial determinant in hypovolemic, cardiogenic and obstructive types of acute circulatory failure, but cardiac output is considered less meaningful in septic shock where the primary defect is thought to be peripheral. In septic states, oxygen transport values are typically elevated, and the altered oxygen extraction (ratio of oxygen uptake over oxygen supply) limits the ability of the tissues to increase their oxygen uptake in relation to high oxygen needs. To correct tissue hypoxia, oxygen consumption should be increased to a level where oxygen uptake equals oxygen demand and lactic acidosis resolves. For a given level of oxygen demand, the best option is to improve oxygen extraction so that oxygen consumption will be higher for the same level of oxygen transport. This, however, is very difficult. Another approach can consist of further increasing oxygen transport to meet the elevated oxygen demand. Whenever possible, the metabolic needs of the tissues should be restrained.
CNN-aware binary MAP for general semantic segmentation (2016)

In this paper we introduce a novel method for general semantic segmentation that can benefit from general semantics of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Our segmentation proposes visually and semantically coherent image segments. We use binary encoding of CNN features to overcome the difficulty of the clustering on the high-dimensional CNN feature space. These binary codes are very robust against noise and non-semantic changes in the image. These binary encoding can be embedded into the CNN as an extra layer at the end of the network. This results in real-time segmentation. To the best of our knowledge our method is the first attempt on general semantic image segmentation using CNN. All the previous papers were limited to few number of category of the images (e.g. PASCAL VOC). Experiments show that our segmentation algorithm outperform the state-of-the-art non-semantic segmentation methods by large margin.
Glycolipids for natural killer T cells (2006)

Natural killer T cells (NKT cells) play a central role in regulating immune responses influencing conditions ranging from autoimmune to infectious diseases. NKT cell responses are induced by recognition of glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d, an antigen presentation protein. In the last 10 years great strides have been made in understanding the types of glycolipids recognized by NKT cells. These advances have included determination of the lipid and carbohydrate recognition requirements for stimulation and identification of "natural" antigens for these cells.
Calcium Supplementation and Increases in Bone Mineral Density in Children (1992)

In prepubertal children whose average dietary intake of calcium approximated the recommended dietary allowance, calcium supplementation increased the rate of increase in bone mineral density. If the gain persists, peak bone density should be increased and the risk of fracture reduced.
A mathematical approach to unsupervised learning in recurrent neural networks (2011)

Nanoparticles of TiO<sub>2</sub> , fumed silica, and silaned silica added to a commercial silicone-based elastomer used for fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses are nontoxic.
Alkaline protease production by immobilized growing cells of <i>Serratia marcescens</i> with interpolymer complexes of P(TM‐<i>co</i>‐AAm)/PAA (2002)

Abstract The growing cells of Serratia marcescens (SM) were immobilized with the interpolymer complex carrier, which is formed by the cationic polymer, poly(allyltrimethyl ammonium chloride‐ co ‐acrylamide) [P(TM‐ co ‐AAm)], and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). When the association degree of PAA is suitable to the cationic degree of P(TM‐ co ‐AAm), the effective crosslinking network provides the most favorable circumstances for the cell immobilization. The alkaline protease can be produced by the immobilized SM with high activity. Compared with the free cells, the immobilized SM has higher thermal stability, acid‐base stability, operational stability, and storage stability. Under the optimum immobilizing conditions, not only the living cells of SM but also thermophilic Bacillus firmus (TBF) were immobilized with the complex of P(TM‐ co ‐AAm)/PAA. The results show the carrier of P(TM‐ co ‐AAm)/PAA complex to be superior in properties to the usual carriers, such as Na‐alginate and carrageenan. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 178–183, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10293
Enhanced thermoelectric properties in CoSb3-xTex alloys prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (2007)

CoSb 3 - x Te x ( x = 0.05 − 0.3 ) skutterudite polycrystals with an average grain size of 160 nm were fabricated by mechanical alloying combined with spark plasma sintering. The variation of lattice parameter with Te content indicates that the solution limit of Te was x=0.15, above which the impurity phases of Te, CoTe2, and CoSb2 appeared, and the matrix cracked above 500 °C. All samples behaved as degenerate semiconductors. The forbidden energy gap was estimated to be 0.047 eV from the temperature corresponding to the occurrence of intrinsic excitation, which is in good agreement with Singh’s theoretical calculation (0.05 eV) [D. J. Singh and W. E. Pickett, Phys. Rev. B 50, 11235 (1994)]. The CoSb2.85Te0.15 sample had the highest power factor and the lowest thermal conductivity, resulting in the highest thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT=0.93 at 547 °C. The role of Te substitution in enhancing thermoelectric properties is discussed in relation to the bipolar diffusion mechanism.
Differential learning leads to efficient neural network classifiers (1993)

The authors outline a differential theory of learning for statistical pattern classification. The theory is based on classification figure-of-merit (CFM) objective functions, described by J. P. Hampshire II and A. H. Waibel (IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. vol.1, no.2, p.216-218, June 1990). They give the proof that differential learning is efficient, requiring the least classifier complexity and the smallest training sample size necessary to achieve Bayesian (i.e., minimum error) discrimination. A practical application of the theory is included in which a simple differentially trained linear neural network classifier discriminations handwritten digits of the AT&T DB1 database with a 1.3% error rate. This error rate is less than one half of the best previous result for a linear classifier on this optical character recognition (OCR) task.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bipolar monolithic very‐wideband amplifier (1984)

Abstract Analog basic amplifier ICs (e.g., differential amplifiers, parallel feedback amplifiers, gain control amplifiers) and equalizing amplifier ICs for repeater circuits of high‐capacity optical transmission systems are designed using high‐speed bipolar technology (e.g., SST‐2). Particular consideration is given to reduction of base resistance, optimization of current density and pattern layout and improving breakdown voltage in applying this technology to analog circuits. Moreover, a peaking technique is applied to wideband amplifiers and a gain control amplifier is constructed which has wide linearity and can be directly connected to other differential circuits because of its constant dc level. For a differential amplifier with peaking, a gain of 15 dB and bandwidth of 1.4 GHz are realized. Expansion of bandwidth by peaking is also applied for the gain control amplifier and a gain of 28 dB, bandwidth of 630 MHz and a variable gain range of 30 dB are obtained. In addition, an equalizing amplifier with transimpedance of 70 ∼ 620 dB and bandwidth of 410 ∼ 620 MHz is constructed. Thus, it is evident that integrated repeater circuits for use in high‐capacity optical transmission systems can be realized.
The Renin-Angiotensin System and Ramipril, A New Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (1989)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have offered new perspectives in the treatment of hypertension. The development of new ACE inhibitors such as ramipril provides an opportunity to improve the knowledge on this class of drug, and to optimize the benefit/risk ratio for the patient. Ramipril was selected among several analogs because of its unique physicochemical properties. It is a nonsulfhydryl ACE inhibitor, and after oral absorption it is transformed in the liver into its active metabolite ramiprilat, which is at least 23 times more lipophilic than enalaprilat. Furthermore, the in vitro affinity of ramiprilat for the enzyme is 7 times higher than for enalaprilat and 47 times higher than for captopril. The ramiprilat-ACE complex is therefore very stable and dissociates 6 times more slowly than the enalaprilat-ACE complex and 22 times more slowly than the captopril-ACE complex. Ramipril possesses a favorable pharmacokinetic profile as a consequence of its physicochemical properties: its high potency allows the use of very low doses, and the slow dissociation of the ramipril-ACE complex explains the long duration of its action, permitting a once-daily treatment. Dose-finding studies have confirmed that very low doses of ramipril--2.5 mg once a day--can be used as a first-step treatment of hypertension. This dose can be increased up to 5 mg, and if necessary a low dose of a diuretic can be added. Using this therapeutic scheme, ramipril normalized blood pressure, insuring that each patient receives the smallest effective dose. Inhibition of the tissue renin-angiotensin system by ramipril has been described in recent studies on animal models.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Raman Scattering Properties of a Protonic Titanate H<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ti<sub>2-<i>x</i>/4</sub>◻<sub><i>x</i>/4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O (◻, vacancy; <i>x</i> = 0.7) with Lepidocrocite-Type Layered Structure (2008)

Raman scattering spectroscopy is employed to characterize a layered titanate HxTi2-x/4◻x/4O4·H2O (◻: vacancy; x = 0.7) with lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH)-type layered structure. Nine Raman lines corresponding to (3Ag + 3B1g + 3B3g) Raman-active modes expected from this orthorhombic structure (space group D2h25-Immm) are recorded at 183, 270, 387, 449, 558, 658, 704, 803, and 908 cm−1, which are assigned to Ti−O lattice vibrations within the two-dimensional (2D) lepidocrocite-type TiO6 octahedral host layers. These intrinsic Raman bands present a clear signature that can be used for probing the protonic titanate HxTi2-x/4◻x/4O4·H2O and the 2D titanate nanosheets, as well as their corresponding derivates.
Apoptosis, DNA damage and ubiquitin expression in normal and <i>mdx</i> muscle fibers after exercise (1995)

The current view indicates that after eccentric exercise myofibers are mechanically damaged and therefore an inflammatory and necrotic process occurs. In the present paper we examine the possibility that apoptosis plays a role in normal and dystrophin-deficient muscles after running. We analysed for apoptosis normal and dystrophin-deficient mouse muscles after a night of spontaneous wheel-running followed by two days of rest. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated end-labeling of DNA in nuclei in tissue sections and gel electrophoresis of extracted DNA showed the presence of fragmented DNA. Furthermore, ubiquitin, a protein whose appearance is related to apoptosis, increased in muscles of both dystrophic and normal runner mice. The present findings which confirm that DNA damage is absent in muscles of sedentary mice but present in muscles of runner mice offer a new hypothesis on early events of muscle damage.
Large area, high speed phototube with a GaAsP photocathode and GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal anode (2002)

This paper concerns the development of a large area (8 mm diameter), high speed (3 GHz) phototube with gain (170 Amps/watt) with applications in hybrid lidar-radar, free space optical communications and medical imaging.
600 V normally-off p-gate GaN HEMT based 3-level inverter (2017)

This paper proposes the development of a fully GaN HEMT based Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) inverter. The main aim is to explore the benefits of the use of such device technology on the system level efficiency, power density and reliability. The paper starts by introducing the inverter topology and the device features, static and dynamic characterisation and continues with presenting and discussing the results of extensive experimental and analytical characterisation. The findings clearly indicate that application of GaN transistors enables unprecedented high performance values, with the possibility to significantly reduce heat-sink size, at the same time operating at very high switching frequencies, while relying on the bidirectional current conduction capability of the transistors to ensure load current freewheeling.
SMT manufacturing parameters and their impact on system reliability (2002)

Producible electronic assembly using Surface Mount Technology (SMT) includes several issues which, when addressed concurrently, result in a product which can be expected to perform throughout an extended life. This paper focuses on SMT manufacturing parameters and their impact on system reliability. The data illustrate how the use of fatigue life projections can provide insight into the correct materials and processes selection and what the resultant impact on system reliability will be. Galaxy Microsystems have undertaken several programs, both commercial and military, to implement SMT as a new technology. These programs required that the designs be compatible with several printed wiring board (PWB) technologies, utilize a complex mixture of packaging approaches and be assembled using different manufacturing flows. For example, three designs resulted in 14 layer PWBs populated with standard SMT parts, fine pitch quad flat packs (QFPs) and pin grid arrays (PGAs). The paper describes the relationships between the critical parameters and the life cycle of the hardware delivered to the customer. A depot repair process that can accommodate this overall parametric mix while simultaneously reducing the impact on solder joint fatigue is also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Egalitarian stable matching for VM migration in cloud computing (2011)

Virtual machine migration represents a new challenge to design efficient and practical migration algorithms that work well with hundreds or even thousands of VMs and servers. In our previous work, we advocated the use of a general stable matching framework from economics to solve networking problems, and showed that it offers unique advantages compared to utility-based optimization, using a simple procedure of deferred acceptance. In this paper, we apply this framework to the VM migration problem, and propose an egalitarian approach that finds a stable matching fair to both VMs and servers, instead of favoring either side as a result of the deferred acceptance procedure. Such an egalitarian stable matching that minimizes the total rank sum of the outcome is shown to be a sensible notion of fairness under mild conditions, and through simulations is demonstrated to offer superior results.
A smart collision recovery receiver for RFIDs (2013)

In this work, we focus on framed slotted Aloha (FSA) and passive ultra high-frequency radio frequency identification multi-antenna systems with physical layer collision recovery. We modify the tags slightly by adding a so-called 'postpreamble' that facilitates channel estimation. Furthermore, we investigate the throughput performance of advanced receiver structures in collision scenarios. More specifically, we analyse the throughput of FSA systems with up to four receive antennas that can recover from a collision of up to eight tags on the physical layer and acknowledge all tags involved in that collision. Due to the higher collision recovery capabilities, the frame sizes can be significantly reduced, and thus, the throughput can be increased. We also derive analytically optimal frame sizes, given that a certain number of collisions can be resolved. We further study the constraints to the throughput due to the structure of our receiver and channel estimation for different collision scenarios. Furthermore, we propose a novel collision recovery method with two phases: first, a successive interference cancellation and, second, a projection of the constellation into the orthogonal subspace of the interference. Additionally, the inventory time, i.e. the number of slots necessary to successfully decode all tags in the reader range, is calculated and compared for different receiver types. A validation of our theoretical predictions is achieved by means of simulations. We show that by our proposed methods, we can realistically achieve more than ten times higher throughput or, equivalently, a reduction of the inventory time by more than 90%.
Superconducting ceramics : XII Winter Meeting on Low Temperature Physics : Vista Hermosa, Morelos, México 13-16 January 1991 (1991)

BiSrCaCuO high Tc superconductors, P. Monceau et al metalorganic deposition of high Jc Ba2YCu3O7-x thin films on single crystal substrates, M.J. Cima et al critical currents in proton irradiated YBa2Cu3O7-delta crystals, I. Civale et al electron tunnelling in superconducting Ba-K-Bi-O - a review, R. Escudero thermodynamic considerations in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system, H. Beyers and B.T. Ahn review of organic conductors - a structural analysis, R.R. Schumaker stepped copper surfaces observed by scanning tunneling microscopy, M.A. Huerta Garnica et al experimental, predictions of the hole mechanism of superconductivity, F. Marsiglio first principles cluster investigation of the electronic structures of copper oxide superconductors, M. Eto and H. Kamimura oxygen ordering in YBa2Cu306+delta, J.L. Moran-Lopez and J.M. Sanchez the importance of being n-type, P.M. Grant.
Some Reactions of 3 β-Mesyloxycholestane-5α,6β-diol and Cholest-2-ene-5α,6β-diol Acetates (1973)

Reaction of 3β-mesyloxycholestane-5α,6β-diol 6-monoacetate (1e) with potassium t-butoxide gave the 3α,5α-oxycholestan-6β-ol (4a), which rearranged further to 5β,6β-epoxycholestan-3-ol (5). Treatment of 1c with triethylamine gave cholest-2-ene-5α,6β-diol diacetate (7a), whereas heating diacetate 1c in pyridine–dimethylformamide gave cholestan-3α,5α,6β-triol 3,6-diacetate (2a). Cholest-2-ene-5α,6β-diol diacetate (7a) reacted with m-chloroperbenzoic acid to give the α-epoxide 10. Reaction of 7a with aqueous N-bromosuccinimide gave 2β-bromo-3α-hydroxy-5α,6β-diacetoxycholestane (8). Both epoxide 10 and bromohydrin 8 rearranged in acidic media to the tetrahydrofuran 11.
Festphasensynthese unsymmetrischer Tetraarylporphyrine (1978)

Die konventionellen Synthesen von unsymmetrischen Tetraarylporphyrinen führen zwar in geringen Ausbeuten zum Ziel, erfordern jedoch sehr aufwendige Reinigungsoperationen. Bei der Festphasensynthese von (1), R  p-Tolyl, R′  p- oder m-Hydroxyphenyl, genügt eine einfache Extraktion.
Non-Joint Technologies (1983)

The hypothesis of non-jointness in input quantities (separate production functions) is well-known, and it plays an important role in many areas of economics. In this paper we define three additional forms of non-jointness which have received little or no attention in the literature, and which might be relevant for the firm as well as for the representation of the aggregate technology. We characterize all forms of non-jointness in terms of variable profit and joint cost functions. This yields a number of restrictions which are all testable empirically.
The curvelet transform for image denoising (2002)

We describe approximate digital implementations of two new mathematical transforms, namely, the ridgelet transform and the curvelet transform. Our implementations offer exact reconstruction, stability against perturbations, ease of implementation, and low computational complexity. A central tool is Fourier-domain computation of an approximate digital Radon transform. We introduce a very simple interpolation in the Fourier space which takes Cartesian samples and yields samples on a rectopolar grid, which is a pseudo-polar sampling set based on a concentric squares geometry. Despite the crudeness of our interpolation, the visual performance is surprisingly good. Our ridgelet transform applies to the Radon transform a special overcomplete wavelet pyramid whose wavelets have compact support in the frequency domain. Our curvelet transform uses our ridgelet transform as a component step, and implements curvelet subbands using a filter bank of a; trous wavelet filters. Our philosophy throughout is that transforms should be overcomplete, rather than critically sampled. We apply these digital transforms to the denoising of some standard images embedded in white noise. In the tests reported here, simple thresholding of the curvelet coefficients is very competitive with "state of the art" techniques based on wavelets, including thresholding of decimated or undecimated wavelet transforms and also including tree-based Bayesian posterior mean methods. Moreover, the curvelet reconstructions exhibit higher perceptual quality than wavelet-based reconstructions, offering visually sharper images and, in particular, higher quality recovery of edges and of faint linear and curvilinear features. Existing theory for curvelet and ridgelet transforms suggests that these new approaches can outperform wavelet methods in certain image reconstruction problems. The empirical results reported here are in encouraging agreement.
<scp>H</scp>untington's disease (<scp>HD</scp>): the neuropathology of a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder of the human brain (2016)

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominantly inherited, and currently untreatable, neuropsychiatric disorder. This progressive and ultimately fatal disease is named after the American physician George Huntington and according to the underlying molecular biological mechanisms is assigned to the human polyglutamine or CAG-repeat diseases. In the present article we give an overview of the currently known neurodegenerative hallmarks of the brains of HD patients. Subsequent to recent pathoanatomical studies the prevailing reductionistic concept of HD as a human neurodegenerative disease, which is primarily and more or less exclusively confined to the striatum (ie, caudate nucleus and putamen) has been abandoned. Many recent studies have improved our neuropathological knowledge of HD; many of the early groundbreaking findings of neuropathological HD research have been rediscovered and confirmed. The results of this investigation have led to the stepwise revision of the simplified pathoanatomical and pathophysiological HD concept and culminated in the implementation of the current concept of HD as a multisystem degenerative disease of the human brain. The multisystem character of the neuropathology of HD is emphasized by a brain distribution pattern of neurodegeneration (i) which apart from the striatum includes the cerebral neo-and allocortex, thalamus, pallidum, brainstem and cerebellum, and which (ii) therefore, shares more similarities with polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias than previously thought.