gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of Macrocyclic Butanoic Acid Conjugates as a Promising Delivery Formulation for the Nutrition of Colon (2013)

Butanoic acid plays a significant role in the maintenance of mucosal health and is the preferred energy substrate for the cells in the colon. Here, butanoic acid was selectively conjugated to the secondary hydroxyl group of β -cyclodextrin through ester bond using sodium hydride as the deprotonation reagent. The preliminary release behaviors of butanoic acid in rat gastrointestinal tract contents were investigated at 37°C within 12 h. In the contents of stomach, the conjugates did seldom release butanoic acid, released butanoic acid only 5.8% in the contents of small intestine, and released butanoic acid significantly up to 38.4% in the contents of colon. These results indicate that the conjugate activation took place site specifically in the rat colonic contents, via the biodegradation by glycosidases and hydrolases in the colon. Therefore, the β -cyclodextrin conjugates of butanoic acid may be of value as an orally administered colon-specific formulation for the nutrition of colon.
Effect of Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> on the response to nickel toxicity in a serpentine endemic and nickel‐accumulating species (1984)

The effect of Ca 2+ , Mg 3+ and Ni 2+ on root elongation was studied in Alyssum bertolonii Desv., a nickel‐accumulating and serpentine endemic species. The results confirm the detoxifying action of Ca 2+ which reduces the toxic effect of Mg 2+ and Ni 2+ on root development. In addition, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ interact positively in depressing Ni 2+ uptake. The combined effect of these two ions is of relevance for the mechanism of nickel tolerance in A. bertolonii.
Unity: iOS and Android (2012)

Unity powers more than a thousand different titles on mobile platforms. One of the main strengths of Unity is the ability to efficiently support a very wide range of mobile devices starting from low-end Android devices running on ARMv6 CPUs with GLES1.1 level GPUs to iPad3, and across 5 different GPU architectures.
Strain-induced band-gap engineering of graphene monoxide and its effect on graphene (2013)

Using first-principles calculations we demonstrate the feasibility of band-gap engineering in two-dimensional crystalline graphene monoxide (GMO), a recently reported graphene-based material with a 1:1 carbon/oxygen ratio. The band gap of GMO, which can be switched between direct and indirect, is tunable over a large range (0--1.35 eV) for accessible strains. Electron and hole transport occurs predominantly along the zigzag and armchair directions (armchair for both) when GMO is a direct- (indirect-) gap semiconductor. A band gap of \ensuremath{\sim}0.5 eV is also induced in graphene at the $K$\ensuremath{'} points for GMO/graphene hybrid systems.
AdaSort: Adaptive Sorting using Machine Learning (2016)

Sorting algorithms and their implementations in modern computing requires improvements in sorting large data sets effectively, both with respect to time and memory consumed. This paper is aimed at reviewing multiple adaptive sorting algorithms, on the basis of selection of an algorithm based on the characteristics of the data set. Machine Learning allows us to construct an adaptive algorithm based on the analysis of the experimental data. A review of algorithms designed using Systems of Algorithmic Algebra and Genetic Algorithms was performed. Both methods are designed to target different use cases. Systems of Algorithmic Algebra is a representation of pseudo code that can be converted to high level code using Integrated toolkit for Design and Synthesis of programs, while the Genetic Algorithm attempts to optimize its fitness function and generate the most successful algorithm.
Fatty acid composition of polar lipids in goats' milk (1983)

Silicic acid column chromatography was used to separate the polar lipids of goats' milk into glycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin fractions. Each fraction was purified by column chromatography and its fatty acid profile determined by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The glycerophospholipids each contained 18:1 as the predominant fatty acid (approximately 45%). The sphingolipids contained a high percentage of long-chain saturated fatty acids (C22 to C24 greater than 45%); the glycolipid fraction also contained ca. 2% 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The data represent a comprehensive cross-sectional study of the major polar lipids found in goats' milks.
Service and Support of Electronic Products in the Trucking Industry (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The opportunities and problems facing the trucking industry with the introduction of electronics are numerous. The effect of this new technology on the industry are very pronounced in the service and support areas. Two “people problems” characterize the situation in the field today: the lack of electrical experience and a “parts-changing” orientation. Initial research was conducted by talking to representatives of the passenger car and truck-related industries. Results of this research indicated that better diagnostics were key and that both training and toois were essential to that end. Experience with electronics in military, automotive, and other industries all point to a high incidence of “No Trouble Found” (NTF) faiiures. Research indicated the need for training in basic electrical theory -this in addition to the obvious need to train the field on the new products themselves. One of the most significant needs that became clear was the need for quick “turn-around”, flexible methods of delivering the training and service information. This was especially necessary for product-specific training since electronic products have a much shorter model life than previous products in the industry. This need was attacked by the development of various training tools, service tools and support systems, which require a new involvement on the part of the users and new organizational approaches on the part of the development groups.</div>
Economic and Psychological Models of Job Search Behavior of the Unemployed (1997)

Economic and psychological theories relating to job search behavior by the unemployed are considered. There exists a noticeable contrast between the economic approach which is almost exclusively based on a single model of the rational job seeker, and the diverse approaches adopted by psychologists. Accordingly, the paper concentrates on areas of research by psychologists which are relevant to the economic model. The paper starts with an overview of the research program in economics. Next, the psychological literature on the general well-being of the unemployed is briefly surveyed; this research might be useful in informing economic studies of the effects of the duration of unemployment on an individual's search behavior. Two psychological approaches to job search behavior are then discussed, namely expectancy-value theory and prospect theory. Findings using the expectancy-value approach suggest that certain psychological variables, including normative pressures, might play an important role in job search. In addition, these findings highlight the complex relationship between job expectations and search intensity. Finally, it is suggested that the role and importance of certain psychological variables such as status might be expected to vary over the course of unemployment.
Proton N.M.R. spectra of 1-substituted benzocyclobutenes (Bicyclo[4,2,0]octa-1,3,5-trienes) (1976)

The p.m.r. spectra of 15 1-substituted benzocyclobutenes (bicyclo[4,2,0]octa-1,3,5-trienes) were analysed. The effect of substituents on the N.M.R. parameters is discussed and compared with analogous effects in other systems, especially acenaphthene which is considered a relevant model. It is concluded that substituent effects in 1-substituted benzocyclobutenes are in no way exceptional, but they appear to be less quantitatively additive than in the acenaphthene system.
Mutations in Translation Initiation Factors Lead to Increased Rates of Deadenylation and Decapping of mRNAs in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1999)

The turnover of most mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae begins with deadenylation followed by decapping and 5'-->3' exonucleolytic digestion. An important question involves the mechanisms that allow particular mRNAs to exhibit different rates of both deadenylation and decapping. Since the cap structure plays a critical role in the assembly of translation initiation factors, we hypothesized that the status of the cytoplasmic cap binding complex would affect the rate of decapping. To test this hypothesis, we examined mRNA decay rates in yeast strains that were defective in several translation initiation factors that are part of the cap binding complex. These experiments yielded three significant observations. First, any mutation known to inhibit translation initiation also increased the rate of decapping. Second, decapping still occurred only after deadenylation, suggesting that the ability of the poly(A) tail to inhibit decapping does not require efficient translation of the transcript. Third, mutants with defects in translation initiation factors also showed an increase in the rate of deadenylation, suggesting that the rate of deadenylation may be controlled primarily by the translation status of the transcript. These results argue that the nature of the translation initiation complex is a critical factor in determining the mRNA half-life. This view also implies that some cis-acting sequences that modulate mRNA decay rate do so by affecting the translation status of the transcript.
Environment modeling for the interactive display (EMID) used in telerobotic systems (2002)

Discusses a method of calculating the interaction forces produced between objects which will contact in model space. Recently, needs of robotic simulators are increasing to provide efficient off-line teaching tools, effective human-robot interfaces for telerobotic systems and so on. In almost simulators, currently operators can see good images of the environments to be manipulated by introducing computer graphics techniques. However, such simulators only can display the environments unilaterally without feeling any constraint force which will occur during teaching tasks. In some applications of the simulators, the lack of force feedback causes low efficiency of the system. In order to overcome this problem, a method which can generate constraint forces in a model world is proposed, which will be called the EMID (environment modeling for the interactive display) system. After the method is formulated, using the EMID method will be confirmed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Satellite Time-Division Multiple-Access Experiment (1968)

An important inherent advantage of communications via satellite is that large numbers of earth stations, separated by long distances, can communicate with each other simultaneously. Thus a satellite provides a multiple-access capability by nature of its physical location. Earth stations can be multiplexed at the satellite by means of a variety of techniques. One technique is to use time-division multiple-access (TDMA) for satellite multiplexing. Field tests using the INTELSAT I (Early Bird) satellite have shown that TDMA is a practical method for using the satellite multiple-access capability efficiently. This paper describes the experimental system and the results of the field tests.
Permeation of the luminal capillary glycocalyx is determined by hyaluronan (1999)

The endothelial cell glycocalyx influences blood flow and presents a selective barrier to movement of macromolecules from plasma to the endothelial surface. In the hamster cremaster microcirculation, FITC-labeled Dextran 70 and larger molecules are excluded from a region extending almost 0.5 micrometer from the endothelial surface into the lumen. Red blood cells under normal flow conditions are excluded from a region extending even farther into the lumen. Examination of cultured endothelial cells has shown that the glycocalyx contains hyaluronan, a glycosaminoglycan which is known to create matrices with molecular sieving properties. To test the hypothesis that hyaluronan might be involved in establishing the permeation properties of the apical surface glycocalyx in vivo, hamster microvessels in the cremaster muscle were visualized using video microscopy. After infusion of one of several FITC-dextrans (70, 145, 580, and 2,000 kDa) via a femoral cannula, microvessels were observed with bright-field and fluorescence microscopy to obtain estimates of the anatomic diameters and the widths of fluorescent dextran columns and of red blood cell columns (means +/- SE). The widths of the red blood cell and dextran exclusion zones were calculated as one-half the difference between the bright-field anatomic diameter and the width of the red blood cell column or dextran column. After 1 h of treatment with active Streptomyces hyaluronidase, there was a significant increase in access of 70- and 145-kDa FITC-dextrans to the space bounded by the apical glycocalyx, but no increase in access of the red blood cells or in the anatomic diameter in capillaries, arterioles, and venules. Hyaluronidase had no effect on access of FITC-Dextrans 580 and 2,000. Infusion of a mixture of hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate after enzyme treatment reconstituted the glycocalyx, although treatment with either molecule separately had no effect. These results suggest that cell surface hyaluronan plays a role in regulating or establishing permeation of the apical glycocalyx to macromolecules. This finding and our prior observations suggest that hyaluronan and other glycoconjugates are required for assembly of the matrix on the endothelial surface. We hypothesize that hyaluronidase creates a more open matrix, enabling smaller dextran molecules to penetrate deeper into the glycocalyx.
On-chip diameter-dependent conversion of metallic to semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes by immersion in 2-ethylanthraquinone (2011)

The key hurdle to the practical use of as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) for high performance nanoelectronics is the unavoidable presence of metallic nanotubes with current synthesis methods. We present a simple approach to convert metallic SWNTs to semiconducting ones in situ to improve device field effect behaviour, using an aromatic compound (2-ethylanthraquinone - EAQ) which is a mild radical initiator. We show that the reaction between EAQ-generated radicals and SWNTs is diameter and metallicity dependent; in the medium-diameter regime (0.8 to 1.0 nm), the EAQ-generated radicals preferentially attack the metallic SWNTs over semiconducting ones and convert them to semiconducting, as evidenced by several orders (10 and 104) increase in the on/off ratio.
Preliminary design analysis of a hopper vehicle for Mars mission (2009)

A hopper vehicle is proposed in this article as an alternative mobility concept for explorations of the Martian surface; filling the propellant tank with CO 2 after each hop enables the hopper to visit several regions of the planet. The methods used for acquiring high-pressure CO 2 on the Mars surface are analysed, and the basic scheme of the hopper vehicle for Mars missions is demonstrated. The effect of mission parameters, such as the number of hops, on the preliminary design of the hopper vehicle for Mars missions is evaluated through analysis. Furthermore, a parametric analysis is also conducted to evaluate the effects of technological advances on the design of the hopper vehicle for Mars missions, and the results of the analysis indicate that specific impulse, daily yield of CO 2 in kg per kg acquisition unit, etc. are the factors affecting the hopper vehicle for Mars mission design.
New Agents in Metastatic Prostate Cancer (2012)

Discoveries of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have led to significant advancements in the development of effective agents in this setting, with diverse mechanisms of action. Within the past 2 years, 5 agents have been approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic CRPC (cabazitaxel, abiraterone, sipuleucel-T, denosumab, and enzalutamide), and another (Alpharadin) has shown overall survival benefit in a phase III trial. This article summarizes the phase III data showing clinical benefit from these agents, highlights other promising therapies in phase III studies as single agents (PROSTVAC-VF, ipilimumab, cabozantinib), discusses important unanswered questions regarding these therapies, and provides a schema for their use based on current regulatory approval and how this is likely to evolve as data from ongoing studies are reported. Although curative interventions in metastatic CRPC still do not exist, the hope is that optimization of therapeutic strategies can reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.
The Role of Data Mining in Information Security (2015)

Security and Privacy protection have been a public policy concern for decades. However, rapid technological changes, the rapid growth of the internet and electronic commerce, and the development of more sophisticated methods of collecting, analyzing, and using personal information have made privacy a major public and government issues. The field of data mining is gaining significance recognition to the availability of large amounts of data, easily collected and stored via computer systems.  Recently, the large amount of data, gathered from various channels, contains much personal information. When personal and sensitive data are published and/or analyzed, one important question to take into account is whether the analysis violates the privacy of individuals whose data is referred to. The importance of information that can be used to increase revenue cuts costs or both. Data mining software is one of a number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to analyze data privacy is growing constantly. For this reason, many research works have focused on privacy-preserving data mining, proposing novel techniques that allow extracting knowledge while trying to protect the privacy of users. Some of these approaches aim at individual privacy while others aim at corporate privacy [1].
Emitter and base fabrication in advanced bipolar transistors using gas immersion laser doping (2003)

Gas immersion laser doping (GILD) is presented as a promising new method to fabricate base and emitter regions of precise depth in advanced bipolar transistors. Two additional processes based on GILD technology are introduced: (1) ion implantation with laser redistribution, and (2) laser-induced recrystallization of deposited amorphous Si and Ge films. Transistors with 700-AA base width and maximum current gain of 100 are fabricated. Crystalline Si and Ge/sub 0.18/Si/sub 0.82/ layers are produced on Si<100> substrates using laser recrystallization. These laser-grown layers are suitable for device fabrication.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Would a ‘Cyber Warrior ’ Protect Us? Exploring Trade-offs Between Attack and Defense of Information Systems [Position Paper] (2012)

As information security shifts from the realm of computer science to national security, the priority for safe and secure systems will be balanced against the appeal of using information insecurity as a strategic asset. In “cyber war”, those tasked with defending friendly computer networks are also expected to exploit enemy networks. This paper presents two game-theoretic models of vulnerability discovery and exploitation, where nations must choose between protecting themselves by sharing vulnerability information with vendors or pursuing an offensive advantage while remaining at risk. One game describes a cold war of stockpiling, the other allows for actual attack. In both models, we predict that at least one state will have an incentive to pursue an aggressive cyber war posture, rather than secure its own systems. This finding – that a mutually defensive approach to security is not a stable equilibrium – holds up under a range of assumptions about social risk of cybercrime, technical sophistication, military aggressiveness and the likelihood of vulnerability rediscovery. We conclude with a discussion of the security policy implications of a militarized cyberspace.
A functionally gradient variational porosity architecture for hollowed scaffolds fabrication (2011)

This paper presents a novel continuous tool-path planning methodology for hollowed scaffold fabrication in tissue engineering. A new functionally gradient porous architecture is proposed with a continuous material deposition planning scheme. A controllable variational pore size and hence the porosity have been achieved with a combination of two geometrically oriented consecutive layers. The desired porosity has been achieved with consecutive layers by geometrically partitioning each layer into sub-regions based on the area and the tissue scaffold design constraints. A continuous, interconnected and optimized tool-path for layers has been generated for a three-dimensional biomaterial deposition/printing process. A zigzag pattern tool-path has been proposed for an accumulated sub-region layer, and a concentric spiral-like optimal tool-path pattern has been generated for the successive layer to ensure continuity along the structure. Three-dimensional layers, formed by the proposed tool-path plan, vary the pore size and the porosity based on the biological and mechanical requirements. Several examples demonstrate the proposed methodology along with illustrative results. Also a comparative study between the proposed design and conventional Cartesian coordinate scaffolds has been performed. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in design error with the proposed method. Moreover, sample examples have been fabricated using a micro-nozzle biomaterial deposition system, and characterized for validation.
Performance Characteristics of the Platelia <i>Aspergillus</i> Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of <i>Aspergillus</i> Galactomannan Antigen in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (2008)

We have evaluated the Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay for detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens in solid organ transplant patients with aspergillosis. The precision and reproducibility in serum or BAL to which galactomannan was added were similar. Sensitivity was 81.8% in patients with aspergillosis, and specificity was 95.8% in lung transplant patients who underwent BAL for surveillance for infection or rejection. Among transplant controls, positive results were more common in patients (i) who underwent diagnostic BAL performed for evaluation of symptoms or chest computed tomographic abnormalities, (ii) who had undergone lung transplantation, or (iii) who were colonized with Aspergillus. Galactomannan testing in BAL is useful for diagnosis of aspergillosis in transplant patients. The significance of positive results in patients without confirmed aspergillosis requires further evaluation.