gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bow reducing factors for thin screenprinted MC-Si solar cells with Al BSF (2003)

Silicon solar cell costs could be strongly reduced by the use of thinner wafers. However, thin wafers are susceptible to bowing caused by the influence of the metallisations on the front and rear side. Excessively bowed wafers lead to unacceptable yield losses during module construction. Screen printed aluminium paste is the major contributor to bowing which increases with decreasing wafer thickness. One barrier to using thinner wafers is the lack of an aluminium paste that combines good doping conditions for the BSF, good ohmic contact properties with a composition that has low bowing tendencies. In this work, we studied the effect of Al print thickness on electrical and mechanical performance of new aluminium pastes, developed by DuPont, using 200 /spl mu/m thick 12.5/spl times/12.5 cm wafers. The influence of aluminium paste composition, firing conditions and silver front side was also studied.
Boron Implantation into GaAs/Ga<sub>0.5</sub>In<sub>0.5</sub>P Heterostructures (1997)

The electrical effect of implantation of boron ions with energies from 100 keV to 360 keV into GaAs and Ga 0.5 In 0.5 P has been studied. The implantation dose varied from 5×10 11 cm -2 to 5×10 13 cm -2 . Resistivities higher than 1×10 5 Ω cm for both n-type GaAs and n-type GaInP were measured. C–V and breakdown voltage measurements were used to characterize the electrical properties of implanted n GaInP. GaInP appears to be more sensitive to boron implantation than GaAs, and higher resistivities can be obtained with lower boron doses. Boron implantation at 200 keV followed by a 10-min annealing ( T =416 ° C) generates a mid-gap trap level at 1.04±0.02 eV below the GaInP conduction band for Q =2×10 12 cm -2 and a trap level at 0.92±0.02 eV for Q =5×10 12 cm -2 . Low-dose boron ion implantation can give rise to a GaInP passivation-like layer.
Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells: Biophysical Characterization of and Doxorubicin Interactions with Membrane Lipids (2010)

Understanding the role of lipids in drug transport is critical in cancer chemotherapy to overcome drug resistance. In this study, we isolated lipids from doxorubicin-sensitive (MCF-7) and -resistant (MCF-7/ADR) breast cancer cells to characterize the biophysical properties of membrane lipids (particularly lipid packing and membrane fluidity) and to understand the role of the interaction of cell membrane lipids with drug/nanocarrier on drug uptake and efficacy. Resistant cell membrane lipids showed significantly different composition and formed more condensed, less fluid monolayers than did lipids from sensitive cells. Doxorubicin, used as a model anticancer agent, showed a strong hydrophobic interaction with resistant cell membrane lipids but significantly less interaction, as well as a different pattern of interaction (i.e., ionic), with sensitive ones. The threshold intracellular doxorubicin concentration required to produce an antiproliferative effect was similar for both sensitive and resistant cell lines, suggesting that drug transport is a major barrier in determining drug efficacy in resistant cells. In addition to the biophysical characteristics of resistant cell membrane lipids, lipid-doxorubicin interactions appear to decrease intracellular drug transport via diffusion as the drug is trapped in the lipid bilayer. The rigid nature of resistant cell membranes also seems to influence endosomal functions that inhibit drug uptake when a liposomal formulation of doxorubicin is used. In conclusion, biophysical properties of resistant cell membrane lipids significantly influence drug transport, and hence drug efficacy. A better understanding of the mechanisms of cancer drug resistance is vital to developing more effective therapeutic interventions. In this regard, biophysical interaction studies with cell membrane lipids might be helpful to improve drug transport and efficacy through drug discovery and/or drug delivery approaches by overcoming the lipid barrier in resistant cells.
Precision of preoperative digital templating in total hip arthroplasty. (2011)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the precision of digital templating in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and the influence of the surgeons' level of experience on the accuracy of preoperative planning. A retrospective review of digital computer planned THA's was performed on 169 hips. The preoperatively planned component sizes were compared to the sizes used in the operation. An exact agreement between planned and actually used size was achieved in 33.7% of the hips for the acetabular cups and 36% for the femoral stems. A prediction of +/- 1 size was reached in 77.5% for acetabular components and 82.3% for the femoral stem. On average, the acetabular components were planned approximately 0.9 sizes too large, the femoral stems 0.3 sizes too small. The accuracy of preoperative planning showed no differences according to the level of training of the planning surgeon. We state that the digital templating is useful to predict the implant size. However, 15 of the 169 planned components showed a difference of more than 2 sizes. Therefore, digital templating cannot fully replace intraoperative X-ray use.
Advances in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (2014)

Clinical trial data continue to emerge on treatments in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), supporting the strategy that histology and molecular driver mutations should guide treatment selection. During her presentation at the NCCN 19th Annual Conference, Dr. Leora Horn highlighted 3 specific areas in which the 2014 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for NSCLC focus attention: updates on the assortment of chemotherapy options, targeted therapies and how acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors appears to have become the catalyst of the development of newer-generations of agents, and the revisited role of newer immunotherapeutic options.
Competitive exclusion of uropathogens from human uroepithelial cells by Lactobacillus whole cells and cell wall fragments (1985)

Previous studies have shown that indigenous bacteria isolated from cervical, vaginal, and urethral surfaces of healthy women are able to adhere to human uroepithelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, these organisms were found to block the adherence of uropathogenic bacteria to uroepithelial cells from women with and without a history of urinary tract infections. In the present study, complete or partial inhibition of the adherence of gram-negative uropathogens was achieved by preincubating the uroepithelial cells with bacterial cell wall fragments isolated from a Lactobacillus strain. Competitive exclusion was most effective with whole viable cells and less effective with cell wall fragments obtained by sonication, extraction with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and acid. Analysis of the Lactobacillus cell wall preparations suggested that lipoteichoic acid was responsible for the adherence of the Lactobacillus cells to uroepithelial cells but that steric hindrance was the major factor in preventing the adherence of uropathogens. This conclusion was also supported by blockage studies with reconstituted lipoteichoic acid-peptidoglycan, which was more effective at blocking adherence than lipoteichoic acid or peptidoglycan alone. The results suggest that the normal flora of the urinary tract may be used to protect against the attachment of uropathogens to the surfaces of uroepithelial cells. The long-term implications of these findings may lead to alternative methods for the management and prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in females.
Regulation of nitrogen fixation in the phototrophic purple bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. (2002)

In R. capsulatus synthesis and activity of the molybdenum and the alternative nitrogenase is controlled at three levels by the environmental factors ammonium, molybdenum, light, and oxygen. At the first level, transcription of the nifA1, nifA2, and anfA genes--which encode the transcriptional activators of all other nif and anf genes, respectively--is controlled by the Ntr system in dependence on ammonium availability. Mutations in ginB (coding for the signal transduction protein PII) result in significant expression of nifA and anfA in the presence of ammonium. In contrast to GlnB, the PII-paralogue GlnK is not involved in the Ntr signal transduction mechanism. In addition to ammonium control, transcription of anfA is inhibited by traces of molybdenum via the molybdate-dependent repressor proteins MopA and MopB. At the second level of regulation, activity of NifA1, NifA2, and AnfA is inhibited by ammonium in an NtrC-independent manner. This post-translational ammonium control of NifA activity is partially released in the absence of GlnK, and completely abolished in a glnB/glnK double mutant. In contrast, AnfA activity is still inhibited by ammonium in the glnB/glnK mutant background. At the third level of regulation, both GlnB and GlnK as well as the (methyl)-ammonium transporter AmtB are involved in ammonium control of the DraT/DraG system, which mediates reversible ADP-ribosylation of both nitrogenase reductases (NifH and AnfH) in response to changes in ammonium availability or light intensity. Most remarkably, in a glnB/glnK double mutant ammonium control of the molybdenum (but not of the alternative) nitrogenase is completely relieved, leading to synthesis of active nitrogenase in the presence of high concentrations of ammonium.
β-Sheet Richness of the Circulating Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Noninvasive Pancreatic Cancer Screening (2021)

Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are under intensive study for their potential as noninvasive diagnosis biomarkers. Most EV-based cancer diagnostic assays trace supernumerary of a single cancer-associated marker or marker signatures. These types of biomarker assays are either subtype-specific or vulnerable to be masked by high background signals. In this study, we introduce using the β-sheet richness (BR) of the tumor-derived EVs as an effective way to discriminate EVs originating from malignant and nonmalignant cells, where EV contents are evaluated as a collective attribute rather than single factors. Circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence staining assays, and a de novo workflow combining proteomics, bioinformatics, and protein folding simulations were employed to validate the collective attribute at both cellular and EV levels. Based on the BR of the tumorous EVs, we integrated immunoprecipitation and fluorescence labeling targeting the circulating tumor-derived EVs in serum and developed the process into a clinical assay, named EvIPThT. The assay can distinguish patients with and without malignant disease in a pilot cohort, with weak correlations to prognosis biomarkers, suggesting the potential for a cancer screening panel with existing prognostic biomarkers to improve overall performance.
The effect of heat treatment on the superconducting properties of a multifilamentary Nb&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;Sn composite (1979)

The superconducting properties of a 2046 filament IMI multifilamentary Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn superconductor have been investigated. The top of the superconducting transition increases with time and temperature of annealing until a fairly steady value near 18K is achieved. Removal of the bronze increases the transition temperature but still leaves it depressed in very thin Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn layers. Microprobe analysis shows that the thicker layers are stoichiometric and contain only ∼ 0.25 weight % copper. The critical current increases with time and temperature of annealing at 630°C and 690°C, but longer anneals at 730°C and 780°C produce decreases from the maximum values. For the longer anneals at 630-730°C the critical current density in the Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn is relatively constant at a given field, but Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn formed at 780°C has a lower current density. Flux pinning follows a similar dependence on grain size to that reported by West and Rawlings, and the shape of this graph is explained by Luhman and Suenaga's suggestion that the stress produced by the differential contraction of the composite induces the martensitic transformation and consequently more pinning centres in the Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn.
A neural-network approach to recognize defect spatial pattern in semiconductor fabrication (2000)

Yield enhancement in semiconductor fabrication is important. Even though IC yield loss may be attributed to many problems, the existence of defects on the wafer is one of the main causes. When the defects on the wafer form spatial patterns, it is usually a clue for the identification of equipment problems or process variations. This research intends to develop an intelligent system, which will recognize defect spatial patterns to aid in the diagnosis of failure causes. The neural-network architecture named adaptive resonance theory network 1 (ART1) was adopted for this purpose. Actual data obtained from a semiconductor manufacturing company in Taiwan were used in experiments with the proposed system. Comparison between ART1 and another unsupervised neural network, self-organizing map (SOM), was also conducted. The results show that ART1 architecture can recognize the similar defect spatial patterns more easily and correctly.
Nitrogen consumption during batch cultivation of Neisseria meningitidis (serogroup C) in Frantz medium (2001)

Capsular polysaccharide, extracted from microorganism cultivations, is the principal antigen for elaboration of vaccine against the disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C. The final protein content allowed in this vaccine is 1%. In order to find a relationship between nitrogen consumption and cell growth, including polysaccharide production, and cell nitrogen content, cultivations were carried out in an 80 liters bioreactor (total capacity), under the following conditions: Frantz medium; temperature of 35ºC; air flow of 5 L/min (0.125 vvm); agitation frequency of 120 rpm and vessel pressure of 6 psi (kLa = 0.07 min-1). Concentrations of biomass, total polysaccharide, cellular nitrogen, residual organic and inorganic nitrogen in the medium were measured during cultivation. From five cultivations carried out under the same conditions, a mean cell nitrogen percentage of 12.6% (w/w) in respect to the dry biomass was found. The inorganic nitrogen in the medium did not change significantly along the cultivation time, whereas the organic nitrogen consumption was linearly related to cell growth, with constant yield factors (average of 8.44). Polysaccharide production kinetics followed the cell growth kinetics until the beginning of the stationary growth phase. A supplemental polysaccharide production was observed until the end of cultivation, but without cell nitrogen absorption. Thus, the results indicate that polysaccharide is produced in two phases, being the first one biomass formation followed by non-associated to growth.
121.6 nm radiation source for advanced lithography (2002)

A vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source based on a high-pressure cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has been developed. Intense and spectrally clean Lyman-α line at 121.6 nm was obtained by operating a DBD discharge in neon with a small admixture of hydrogen. The spectrum, optical power, stability, and efficiency of the source were measured. The influence of the gas mixture and total gas pressure on the VUV intensity has been investigated. Maximum optical power of 3.2 W and spectral width &lt;0.03 nm was achieved. Power stability of ±2% for 100 h of operation has also been obtained. The newly developed Lyman-α line source at 121.6 nm appears very promising for advanced lithography and other applications.
Clinics for Crime Prevention (1933)

*The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness for the cooperation given in these studies by Mr. C. R. Woodruff, Director of Public Welfare; Dr. R. Schless, Chief in charge of the House of Correction, at Holmesburg; Dr. E. J. G. Beardsley, Professor of Chemical Medicine, at Jefferson Hospital; Dr. A. Gordon, Chief of Nervous and Mental Clinics at Mount Sinai and Northwestern General Hospitals; and Mr. Albert G. Fraser, Executive Secretary of the Pennsylvania Prison Society.
Chava: reverse engineering and tracking of Java applets (2003)

Java applets have been used increasingly on Web sites to perform client-side processing and provide dynamic content. While many Web site analysis tools are available, their focus has been on static HTML content and most ignore applet code completely. The paper presents Chava, a system that analyzes and tracks changes in Java applets. The tool extracts information from applet code about classes, methods, fields and their relationships into a relational database. Supplementary checksum information in the database is used to detect changes in two versions of a Java applet. Given our Java data model, a suite of programs that query, visualize, and analyze the structural information were generated automatically from CIAO, a retargetable reverse engineering system. Chava is able to process either Java source files or compiled class files, making it possible to analyze remote applets, whose source code is unavailable. The information can be combined with HTML analysis tools to track both the static and dynamic content of many Web sites. The paper presents our data model for Java and describes the implementation of Chava. Advanced reverse engineering tasks such as reachability analysis, clustering, and program differencing can be built on top of Chava to support design recovery and selective regression testing. In particular, we show how Chava is used to compare several Java Development Kit (JDK) versions to help spot changes that might impact Java developers. Performance numbers indicate that the tool scales well.
Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Based Beam Steering Device (1997)

Abstract High speed scanning/deflection of monochromatic laser beams is essential to advanced optical systems and require random and or sequential scanning of laser spot over an image plane. We have developed a beam steering device (BSD) based on a polarization sensitive BSD element which either transmits or reflects a beam of light. This device exploits optical properties of cross linkable cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) silicones. The CLC, with a half wave retarder, can be used to make a basic building block of a scanner/electro-optical crossbar switch. This device is compact, operates in microsecond second range at ∼30 Volts (possibly less).
A novel immunohistochemical sequential multi‐labelling and erasing technique enables epitope characterization of bone marrow pericytes in primary myelofibrosis (2012)

To our knowledge, the SE-technique is the first to multi-label antigens, identifying vessel and pericyte architecture in bone marrow by light microscopy. This technique may unravel novel aspects of the composition of the microvessel structures in patients with PMF and related neoplasms.
Spatio–Temporal Transform Based Video Hashing (2006)

Identification and verification of a video clip via its fingerprint find applications in video browsing, database search and security. For this purpose, the video sequence must be collapsed into a short fingerprint using a robust hash function based on signal processing operations. We propose two robust hash algorithms for video based both on the discrete cosine transform (DCT), one on the classical basis set and the other on a novel randomized basis set (RBT). The robustness and randomness properties of the proposed hash functions are investigated in detail. It is found that these hash functions are resistant to signal processing and transmission impairments, and therefore can be instrumental in building database search, broadcast monitoring and watermarking applications for video. The DCT hash is more robust, but lacks security aspect, as it is easy to find different video clips with the same hash value. The RBT based hash, being secret key based, does not allow this and is more secure at the cost of a slight loss in the receiver operating curves
Network Selection Support for Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA) (2007)

This document defines an extension to PANA for network selection
function. The network selection function allows a PaC to select an ISP
(Internet Service Provider) among multiple choices. It also allows NAP
(Network Access Provider) authentication and ISP authentication to be
performed in separate PANA sessions.
Kontinuierliche Messung der Respiration im Belebungsverfahren (1985)

On the basis of two oxygen electrodes and a flow through cell a continuous method for measuring the oxygen uptake rate of activated sludge and the oxygen transfer coefficient (k<sub>L</sub>a<sub>eff</sub>) is introduced. In some examples the merit of the method is demonstrated, especially under dynamic process conditions. Important in this case is the high resolution of less than 1 minute. First experiments show the applicability even for evaluation of kinetic parameters. The principle of the measurement can be used in a similar way with ion-selective electrodes.<br />A mobile measuring system for online measurements of respiration in technical systems is discussed.
An Ada package for dimensional analysis (1988)

This paper illustrates the use of Ada's abstraction facilities—notably, operator overloading and type parameterization—to define an oft-requested feature: a way to attribute units of measure to variables and values. The definition given allows the programmer to specify units of measure for variables, constants, and parameters; checks uses of these entities for dimensional consistency; allows arithmetic between them, where legal; and provides scale conversions between commensurate units. It is not constrained to a particular system of measurement (such as the metric or English systems). Although the definition is in standard Ada and requires nothing special of the compiler, certain reasonable design choices in the compiler, discussed here at some length, can make its implementation particularly efficient.
Further observations on 17D-yellow fever vaccination by scarification, with and without simultaneous smallpox vaccination (1960)

A trial among Nigerian school children is described, in which simultaneous vaccination with scratch 17D yellow fever and smallpox vaccines at separate sites, and two vaccinations with scratch yellow fever vaccine at an interval of 14 days, were performed. For comparison, a group vaccinated by a single yellow fever scratch vaccination, and a group vaccinated with an inert substance, were included, the latter for comparison with the other groups, to investigate the occurrence of reactions. The results showed that both yellow fever and smallpox vaccines could be applied at separate sites, without any reduction in the efficacy of either immunizing agent, and without detecting any reactions among over 60,000 children involved. A positive reaction to the smallpox component occurred in 94.5 per cent. of cases, and to the yellow fever component in 93.1 per cent. of previously non-immune cases. The double yellow fever vaccination fully protected 98.0 per cent. of children previously non-immune. The control, single scratch yellow fever vaccinated group gave a result (94.2 per cent. conversions from negative to positive protection), somewhat better than previously obtained—a possible reason for this is discussed.