gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Some important properties of synchronous oscillators (1986)

A Synchronous Oscillator (SO) tracks, filters, divides, and amplifies the input carrier in a single process. Narrow-resolution bandwidth, high input-signal sensitivity, and fast acquisition are the most important properties of the SO, while the resolution bandwidth remains as its most unique functional behavior.
The Adjunctive Usage of Botulinum Toxin (1998)

We believe that there are many new treatment options for combined therapy with botulinum toxin, laser resurfacing, and surgical procedure in periocular and facial rejuvenation that the aesthetic physician can easily incorporate into their practice.
The Poynting theorems and the potential for electrically small antennas (1997)

Analyses of power in radiation fields are nearly universally based upon the complex Poynting theorem (CPT), yet the scientific basis for its use is not well established. The time dependent Poynting theorem (TDPT), is seldom used yet its scientific basis is well established. We use Hansen's method to obtain a generalized modal expansion for all possible electromagnetic fields that can originate within a confined volume and travel infinitely outward, combine the modal expansions and both Poynting theorems to determine the power expressions, and contrast results. The TDPT shows that the characterization of power in a sinusoidal field requires three numbers. Therefore it cannot be fully described by only real and reactive values. We conclude that the CPT is intrinsically an insufficient basis for a full description of power in a radiation field. We compare TDPT and CPT solutions for several idealized antenna designs. Comparative analyses show that the TDPT provides solutions that correspond to reality in all cases and the CPT does not. Proofs that electrically small antennas cannot be efficient are based upon the CPT; we re-examine these proofs using the TDPT and find that certain mixed modal configurations surpass the generally accepted small antenna rules.
特集 Influence of Trench Etching on Super Junction Devices Fabricated by Trench Filling (2005)

We have proposed a fabrication method of Super Junction (SJ) diodes with low leakage current characteristics by using a wet anisotropic trench etching and Si(111) oriented trench epitaxial filling processes. The SJ diodes show electrical characteristics with breakdown voltage of 225V and leakage current density below 1x10A/cm2. By the experimental comparisons among three types of SJ diodes of the (111) oriented trench formed by the wet anisotropic etching, (111) and (010) oriented trench formed by conventional Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) process, we have clarified an effect of the wet etching process on the lower leakage characteristics of the trench filling SJ diode.
Gas plume detection and tracking in hyperspectral video sequences using Binary Partition Trees (2014)

Thanks to the fast development of sensors, it is now possible to acquire sequences of hyperspectral images. Those hyperspectral video sequences are particularly suited for the detection and tracking of chemical gas plumes. However, the processing of this new type of video sequences with the additional spectral diversity, is challenging and requires the design of advanced image processing algorithms. In this paper, we present a novel method for the segmentation and tracking of a chemical gas plume diffusing in the atmosphere, recorded in a hyperspectral video sequence. In the proposed framework, the position of the plume is first estimated, using the temporal redundancy of two consecutive frames. Second, a Binary Partition Tree is built and pruned according to the previous estimate, in order to retrieve the real location and extent of the plume in the frame. The proposed method is validated on a real hyperspectral video sequence and compared with a state-of-the-art method.
Cell cycle‐dependent expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 in human fibroblasts (2000)

The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression are cell cycle dependent. We used a serum-starved human foreskin fibroblast model to determine changes in COX-2 mRNA, protein, and promoter activity in response to stimulation with interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) at G0, G1, S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. IL-1b (1 ng/ml) and PMA (100 nM) induced robust COX-2 expression in the G0 cells, and the level of COX-2 expression declined progressively after the cells had entered the cell cycle. The COX-2 mRNA level at G1, S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle was 76%, 46%, and 30% of that at G0, respectively. A 5-flanking promoter fragment of COX-2 constructed into a luciferase expression vector was transfected into cells. The promoter activity in response to PMA stimulation was significantly higher in G0 than in S phase cells. These results imply that G0 cells are the key players in inflammation and other COX-2-dependent pathophysiological processes. When the cells are in the proliferative phase, COX-2 inducibility becomes restrained probably by an endogenous control mechanism to avoid COX-2 mediated oxidative DNA damage.
Syntheses of two microbial metabolites, 5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin and 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin. (1980)

The racemate of 5-chloro-3, 4-dihydro-8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin (I), a fungal metabolite of Periconia macrospinosa, was synthesized from 6-chloro-3, 5-dimethoxyhomophthalic acid (III) via compounds IV, VI, VII and VIII. Catalytic hydrogenation of V resulted in dechlorination, yielding 6-methoxy-8-hydroxy3-methylisocoumarin (II), another natural product from Streptomyces mobaraensis.
Information-theoretic limits to quantum cryptography (1993)

We develop an information-theoretic formalism to describe a quantum-cryptographically protected communication channel. We thereby establish the fundamental limits on the security of the channel. This formalism enables us to propose protocols that allow detection of an eavesdropper by examination of data that would normally be discarded.
A Role for L-Type Calcium Channels in Developmental Regulation of Transmitter Phenotype in Primary Sensory Neurons (1998)

To examine the influence of activity-dependent cues on differentiation of primary afferent neurons, we investigated the short- and long-term effects of depolarization and calcium influx on expression of transmitter traits in sensory ganglion cell cultures. We focused on expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a marker for dopaminergic neurons, in developing petrosal ganglion (PG), nodose ganglion, and dorsal root ganglion neurons grown in the presence or absence of depolarizing concentrations of KCl. Exposure to 40 mM KCl increased the proportion of TH-immunoreactive neurons in all three ganglia in a developmentally regulated manner that corresponded to the temporal pattern of dopaminergic expression in vivo. PG neurons, for example, were most responsive to elevated KCl on embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5), the age at which the dopaminergic phenotype is first detectable in vivo. However, KCl was relatively ineffective at increasing TH expression in neonatal PG, indicating a critical period for induction of this phenotype by depolarization. Detailed analysis of TH induction in PG neurons demonstrated that, although N-type calcium channels carried the majority of the high voltage-activated calcium current, only L-type calcium channel blockade inhibited the effect of elevated KCl. Further studies revealed that after removal of high KCl, neurons remained sensitized to subsequent stimulation for >1 week. Specifically, cultures exposed to KCl beginning on E16.5 (the conditioning stimulus), then returned to control medium, and subsequently re-exposed to elevated KCl after 9 d (the test stimulus) contained fourfold more TH-positive neurons than did cultures exposed to the test stimulus alone. Moreover, blockade of L-type calcium channels during the conditioning stimulus completely abolished long-term potentiation of the TH response to elevated KCl. These findings demonstrate a novel role for L-type calcium channels in activity-dependent plasticity of transmitter expression in sensory neurons and indicate that exposure to depolarizing stimuli during early development may alter neuronal response properties at later ages.
Optical Properties of <i>N</i>-Isopropylacrylamide Microgel Spheres in Water (2002)

Optical properties of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) microgel spheres in water have been investigated using light-scattering and turbidity methods. Two batches of NIPA microgel spheres with hydrodynamic radii of 132 and 216 nm were synthesized in water at 25 °C. Concentrations ranging from ∼0.01 to ∼14 wt % were obtained by dilution−condensation of the dispersions. The hydrodynamic radius distribution, the radius of gyration, and the molar mass of the microgel spheres were determined by combining dynamic and static light scattering. As the polymer concentration increases, the microgel spheres in dispersions exist in the liquid, crystalline, and glass states, while the optical appearance of the dispersions changes progressively from transparent to cloudy to colored (pink, green, blue, and purple gradually) and to transparent. The formation of large colloidal crystals in a very narrow concentration range (ca. 3∼5 wt %) at room temperature (∼18−22 °C) yields iridescent patterns from typical Bragg diffraction. For a colored dispersion, the turbidity exhibits a sharp shoulder-shaped increase at a certain wavelength λc that decreases linearly with decreasing interparticle distance. It is found that for a dilute dispersion light scattering is the main cause of the turbidity, while for a concentrated dispersion in which microgel spheres are close-packed, interparticle interference becomes dominant. Heating a concentrated NIPA microgel dispersion from room temperature to 35 °C leads to a continuous increase of turbidity. The ordered structure of microgel spheres was melted and transformed into a disordered liquid state at about 30 °C, which was lower than the volume phase-transition temperature of ∼34 °C. Phase inversion can be obtained either by condensation of the sample at room temperature or by heating a concentrated sample.
Kinetics of amorphous silica dissolution and the paradox of the silica polymorphs (2008)

The mechanisms by which amorphous silica dissolves have proven elusive because noncrystalline materials lack the structural order that allows them to be studied by the classical terrace, ledge, kink-based models applied to crystals. This would seem to imply amorphous phases have surfaces that are disordered at an atomic scale so that the transfer of SiO(4) tetrahedra to solution always leaves the surface free energy of the solid unchanged. As a consequence, dissolution rates of amorphous phases should simply scale linearly with increasing driving force (undersaturation) through the higher probability of detaching silica tetrahedra. By examining rate measurements for two amorphous SiO(2) glasses we find, instead, a paradox. In electrolyte solutions, these silicas show the same exponential dependence on driving force as their crystalline counterpart, quartz. We analyze this enigma by considering that amorphous silicas present two predominant types of surface-coordinated silica tetrahedra to solution. Electrolytes overcome the energy barrier to nucleated detachment of higher coordinated species to create a periphery of reactive, lesser coordinated groups that increase surface energy. The result is a plausible mechanism-based model that is formally identical with the classical polynuclear theory developed for crystal growth. The model also accounts for reported demineralization rates of natural biogenic and synthetic colloidal silicas. In principle, these insights should be applicable to materials with a wide variety of compositions and structural order when the reacting units are defined by the energies of their constituent species.
Einfluß verschiedener Medikamente auf die Bindung von Schilddrüsenhormonen an Lebermitochondrien / Influence of Various Drugs on the Adsorption of Thyroid Hormones to Liver Mitochondria (1974)

Abstract 1. [ 131 I] ʟ-thyroxine (T 4 ) or [ 131 I] ʟ-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) was added in 50 pᴍ - 25 nᴍ and 26 pᴍ -132 nᴍ concentrations to suspensions of rat liver mitochondria. In distribution equilibria between soluble proteins and mitochondria the adsorption of the thyroid hormones to the mito­ chondria followed an approximately linear function when the radioactive hormones were added within the range of physiological concentrations. At identical protein concentrations T 3 was ad­sorbed to the mitochondria one tenth more strongly than T 4 when neither serum proteins nor cell sap had been added. The adsorption of both T 3 and T 4 to mitochondria and soluble proteins is reversible. The distribution of the thyroid hormones between organelles and soluble proteins depends on the ratio of the protein concentration in the sedimented mitochondria to the protein concentration in the supernate after centrifugation. The desorption of T 3 and T 4 from the mito­ chondria by soluble proteins, however, represents no linear function. 2. The distribution equilibria of simultaneously added 131 I -T 4 and 125 I -T 3 can be shifted by certain drugs. Chlorpromazin and dinitrophenol displaced the thyroid hormones from their binding to soluble proteins onto the mitochondria. Vice versa, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, brom-sulfalein and silymarin displaced the hormones from the mitochondria more strongly than from soluble proteins. Sodium oleate displaced the hormones in both directions. Minor shifting effects or none at all could be detected when several other drugs were used. The described procedure apparently yields new information on some effects of drug action
Computer molecular dynamics of 2-d water (ice) structures under shock by (1985)

Abstract Computer molecular dynamics has been used to study the shock-front transition region for a series of two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded structures composed of water-vapor molecules. Two different structures were examined and different intermolecular potentials were considered. Sample sizes and running times were chosen to correspond to the predicted shock-front rise-time in real water. In this way, the effect of different potentials and initial structures on the equilibration associated with the shock-front transition in water could be investigated. In addition to studying the development and incipient relaxation of shock-polarization states, we have also considered the propagation and possible incipient relaxation of structural phase transitions occurring in two-dimensional structures. The results of these molecular dynamics calculations are compared with the experimental shock behavior of real water; in particular, comparisons are made with respect to intermolecular hydrogen-bond breaking, dissociation and dissociation-related electrical conductivity data.
Allografts in genetically defined rats: Difference in survival between kidney and skin (1969)

Although skin allografts from inbred donors of the Fisher strain to inbred male Lewis recipients regularly show acute rejection within 12 days, orthotopic kidney allografts between untreated animals, in this same combination of strains, usually remain functionally intact for longer than 100 days. Since such renal allografts persist despite previous or concomitant rejection of skin allografts, neither acquired tolerance nor nonspecific immunosuppression can explain the surprisingly prolonged kidney survival. Many factors appear to be responsible for the disparate survival times observed. Tentatively, these factors are (i) antigenic differences between kidney and skin, (ii) intervention of immunological enhancement, and (iii) physiological differences in vulnerability between kidney and skin.
Metabolism of carbidopa, (-)-L-.alpha.-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-.alpha.-methylbenzenepropanoic acid monohydrate, in the human, rhesus monkey, dog, and rat (1975)

Major urinary metabolites of carbidopa have been identified. Estimates were made based on the recovery or radio activity or by glc analysis of pooled urine of the amounts of the urinary metabolites II (2-methyl-3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid), III (2-methyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid), IV (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetone), V [2-methyl-3-(3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid], VI [2-methyl-3-(3',4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid], and VII (3-hydroxy-alpha-methylphenylpropionic acid). Metabolite II represented similar to 10% of the urinary radioactivity in both man and monkey and 16% in the dog. Metabolite III represented 10, 17, and 19% of the urinary radioactivity in man, monkey, and dog. Metabolite IV represented smaller than 5% of the urinary radioactivity in human and dog. Metabolite VII represented similar to 10% of the urinary radioactivity in man and monkey. The corresponding figure for the rat was similar to 20%. In the dog, compounds V and VI represented smaller than 5% of the urinary radioactivity. It was concluded that the loss of the hydrazine functional group(probably as molecular nitrogen) represents the major metabolic pathway for carbidopa.
Right atrial volume during hemorrhage in the dog (1986)

Atrial B receptors elicit reflex changes after hemorrhage and respond to changes in atrial volume, but the latter have not been measured after hemorrhage. An impedance catheter that was originally designed to measure ventricular volume was advanced into the atrium from the femoral vein in each of 10 splenectomized dogs that were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. The rate of hemorrhage and reinfusion was 2% of the estimated blood volume per min. Cardiac output (CO) was measured with dye dilution. The components of the atrial volume signal that were most sensitive to hemorrhage were the filling that occurred during late ventricular systole (Vs) and the absolute volume at the end of ventricular systole, (Vabs). Both variables were significantly less than base line (P less than 0.05) after 10% hemorrhage. The rate of change of Vs decreased significantly after 20% hemorrhage. However, the volume ejected with each atrial beat (Ve) decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) only after 30% hemorrhage. Atrial output (AO) as computed by multiplying Ve by heart rate (HR) did not change after hemorrhage. The ratio of AO to CO increased in direct proportion to HR (P less than 0.01) so that after 30% hemorrhage, for which HR was high, the decreases in CO from base line in individual dogs correlated significantly with the changes in AO (P less than 0.01). Since the B receptors are known to fire at the end of the ventricular systole at a rate that is dependent on blood volume, their firing may be a function of the concomitant atrial signals, Vs and Vabs, that are most sensitive to blood volume, and these atrial signals may serve as indexes of B fiber activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Pivotal Roles of TIA Proteins in 5′ Splice-Site Selection of Alu Exons and Across Evolution (2009)

More than 5% of alternatively spliced internal exons in the human genome are derived from Alu elements in a process termed exonization. Alus are comprised of two homologous arms separated by an internal polypyrimidine tract (PPT). In most exonizations, splice sites are selected from within the same arm. We hypothesized that the internal PPT may prevent selection of a splice site further downstream. Here, we demonstrate that this PPT enhanced the selection of an upstream 5' splice site (5'ss), even in the presence of a stronger 5'ss downstream. Deletion of this PPT shifted selection to the stronger downstream 5'ss. This enhancing effect depended on the strength of the downstream 5'ss, on the efficiency of base-pairing to U1 snRNA, and on the length of the PPT. This effect of the PPT was mediated by the binding of TIA proteins and was dependent on the distance between the PPT and the upstream 5'ss. A wide-scale evolutionary analysis of introns across 22 eukaryotes revealed an enrichment in PPTs within approximately 20 nt downstream of the 5'ss. For most metazoans, the strength of the 5'ss inversely correlated with the presence of a downstream PPT, indicative of the functional role of the PPT. Finally, we found that the proteins that mediate this effect, TIA and U1C, and in particular their functional domains, are highly conserved across evolution. Overall, these findings expand our understanding of the role of TIA1/TIAR proteins in enhancing recognition of exons, in general, and Alu exons, in particular.
Genetic generation of connection patterns for a dynamic artificial neural network (2003)

Work-in-progress on the use of a specialized genetic algorithm for training a new type of dynamic artificial neural network is described. The network architecture is completely specified by a list of addresses that are used to connect signal sources to specific artificial synapses, which have both a temporal and spatial significance. The number of different connection patterns is a combinational problem which grows factorially as the number of artificial synapses in the network and the number of sensor elements increases. The network is implemented primarily in analog electronic hardware and constructed from artificial dendritic trees which exhibit a spatiotemporal processing capability that is modeled after morphologically complex biological neurons. The author describes work-in-progress on using the specialized genetic algorithm, which has an embedded optimizer in place of the standard mutation operator, for training a dynamic neural network to follow the position of a target moving across an image sensor array.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Partial <i>Cvi</i> JI Digestion as an Alternative Approach to Generate Cosmid Sublibraries for Large-Scale Sequencing Projects (1996)

We demonstrate an alternative method for the generation of random subclones for large-scale shotgun human DNA sequencing projects. Miniprep DNA from a human cosmid clone was partially digested with CviJI, size-fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis and cloned into bacteriophage M13. A library consisting of 10(5) subclones of 1.1 kb average size was recovered from one gel fraction containing approximately 300 ng of partially digested DNA. DNA sequences from an initial 103 subclones demonstrate that 100 of the subclones cover 90% of the cosmid, which is close to the 92% expected if the subclones were generated at random. DNA sequences from three of the subclones did not match the cosmid sequences, establishing that miniprep DNA can be used for library construction with little concern for contamination with genomic E. coli DNA. The use of CviJI to generate random DNA fragments thus offers a simple alternative to other commonly used fragmentation methods, such as shearing or sonication, for the generation of random sublibraries for large-scale human shotgun DNA sequencing projects.
Sulphonation of polystyrene‐butadiene rubber with chlorosulphonic acid for proton exchange membrane: Kinetic study (2010)

Abstract Proton exchange membrane for fuel cell application was synthesized from a hydrophobic polystyrene‐butadiene rubber (PSBR) via sulphonation at different temperatures (22, 35, 55, 65, and 75°C) and varying time with chlorosulphonic acid. Infra‐red spectroscopy (IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H‐NMR) were used to confirm the occurrence of sulphonation. Sulphonation occurred only on the phenyl ring with a maximum degree of sulphonation of 70.96 mole percent. Consequently, 10 −3 –10 −2 S/cm proton conductivity was achieved. Two models for the reaction kinetics were investigated: first‐order reversible and first‐order irreversible, respectively. However, the reaction kinetic was found to obey the first‐order reversible model. The activation energy ( E a ) of the reaction was calculated to be 41.56 kJ/mol of PSBR repeat unit, which is an indication that the reaction is nonspontaneous. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010