gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Whole-Body Glycolysis Measured by the Deuterated-Glucose Disposal Test Correlates Highly With Insulin Resistance In Vivo (2007)

The 2H-GDT, which measures whole-body glycolysis in humans in a quantitative manner, correlates highly with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp and the SSPG test. Impaired insulin-mediated whole-body glycolysis is a feature of insulin resistance, which provides a means of assessing insulin sensitivity in vivo.
A MEMS-based projection display (1998)

A period of rapid growth and change in the display industry has recently given rise to many new display technologies. One such technology, the Digital Micromirror Device/sup TM/ (DMD), developed at Texas Instruments, represents a unique application of microelectromechanical systems to the area of projection displays. In this paper, we describe a representative example of a DMD-based projection display engine, the digital display engine (DDE). The DDE is based on a single-DMD device having array dimensions of 800/spl times/600 elements, illuminated by a metal halide arc lamp through a compact optics train. The engine is designed for portable and fixed conference-room graphics and video display applications, and many design decisions were made to tailor the engine for its intended venue. The design of the projection engine optics and electronics is discussed, along with the basic operation, manufacture, and reliability of the DMD itself.
Identification of a second transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase, IA-2beta, as an autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: precursor of the 37-kDa tryptic fragment. (1996)

A novel cDNA, IA-2beta, was isolated from a mouse neonatal brain library. The predicted protein sequence revealed an extracellular domain, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain. The intracellular domain is 376 amino acids long and 74% identical to the intracellular domain of IA-2, a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). A partial sequence of the extracellular domain of IA-2beta indicates that it differs substantially (only 26% identical) from that of IA-2. Both molecules are expressed in islets and brain tissue. Forty-six percent (23 of 50) of the IDDM sera but none of the sera from normal controls (0 of 50) immunoprecipitated the intracellular domain of IA-2beta. Competitive inhibition experiments showed that IDDM sera have autoantibodies that recognize both common and distinct determinants on IA-2 and IA-2beta. Many IDDM sera are known to immunoprecipitate 37-kDa and 40-kDa tryptic fragments from islet cells, but the identity of the precursor protein(s) has remained elusive. The current study shows that treatment of recombinant IA-2beta and IA-2 with trypsin yields a 37-kDa fragment and a 40-kDa fragment, respectively, and that these fragments can be immunoprecipitated with diabetic sera. Absorption of diabetic sera with unlabeled recombinant IA-2 or IA-2beta, prior to incubation with radiolabeled 37-kDa and 40-kDa tryptic fragments derived from insulinoma or glucagonoma cells, blocks the immunoprecipitation of both of these radiolabeled tryptic fragments. We conclude that IA-2beta and IA-2 are the precursors of the 37-kDa and 40-kDa islet cell autoantigens, respectively, and that both IA-2 and IA-2beta are major autoantigens in IDDM.
Raman study of electric-field-induced first-order metal-insulator transition in VO2-based devices (2005)

An abrupt first-order metal-insulator transition (MIT) as a current jump has been observed by applying a dc electric field to Mott insulator VO2-based two-terminal devices. The size of the jumps was measured to be asymmetrical depending on the direction of the applied voltage due to heating effects. The structure of VO2 is investigated by micro-Raman scattering experiments. An analysis of the Raman-active Ag modes at 195 and 222cm−1, explained by pairing and tilting of V cations, and 622cm−1, shows that the modes below a low compliance (restricted) current do not change when the MIT occurs, whereas a structural phase transition above the low compliance current is found to occur secondarily, due to heating effects in the device induced by the MIT. The MIT has applications in the development of high-speed and high-gain switching devices.
Solution-Cast Monolayers of Cobalt Crown Ether Phthalocyanine on Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite (2015)

15-Crown-5-ether-substituted cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (CoCrPc) is an atomically thin and flat-laying, electrically insulating molecule that can solvate ions; these properties are desirable for nanoelectronic devices. A simple, solution-phase deposition method is demonstrated to produce a monolayer of CoCrPc on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). A uniform and continuous CoCrPc layer is obtained on freshly cleaved HOPG by solution drop casting, followed by thermal annealing under ambient pressure in Ar in the temperature range of 150–210 °C. While the quality of the monolayer is independent of annealing time, the composition of the annealing atmosphere is critical; exposure to ambient air degrades the quality of the monolayer over the time scale of minutes. Using ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy, a highly ordered and flat CoCrPc layer with hexagonal symmetry and average spacing of 4.09 ± 0.2 nm is observed. The band gap of the CoCrPc, measured by scanning tunneling spectroscopy, is 1.34 ± 0.07 eV. The ability to prepare uniform, ordered, and conformal monolayers of CoCrPc molecules on HOPG represents the first step toward using these materials to seed dielectric growth on 2D crystals and provide a 2D electrolyte for the electrostatic gating of semiconductors at the ultimate limit of scaling.
X-ray crystallographic structure of a teixobactin analogue reveals key interactions of the teixobactin pharmacophore (2017)

The X-ray crystallographic structure of a truncated teixobactin analogue reveals hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions and a cavity that binds a chloride anion. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against Gram-positive bacteria correlate the observed structure with antibiotic activity.
CODIT, a testbed project evaluating DS-CDMA for UMTS/FPLMTS (2002)

The CODIT (Code Division Testbed) project is a research project within the European RACE programme that has the objective to explore the potential of CDMA as an access method for a third generation mobile telephone system. The main activities of the project are: to establish an advanced system concept based on CDMA including an advanced radio interface and an advanced radio subsystem architecture; to design and build a system demonstrator (testbed) comprising test mobile stations, radio base stations, a radio network controller and a channel simulator; and to validate the system concept in laboratory and field tests, as well as with simulations. The results shall be used to improve the concept and to compare with other radio access techniques. The project duration is from February 1992 to September 1995.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fluid Drive Chips Containing Multiple Pumps and Switching Valves for Biochemical IC Family - Development of SMA 3D micro pumps and valves in leak-free polymer package - (2000)

Versatile micro fluidic device Biochemical IC Family based on the concept of family IC chip-set has been proposed and developed by the authors. Several types of biochemical IC containing multiple micro fluidic devices such as reactors, concentrators and one-way valves have been developed. A luminous enzyme of firefly was synthesized by using these chips. New chips to handle chemical fluid were first fabricated successfully and basic performance was verified experimentally. Shape memory alloy (SMA) micro actuator was utilized for micro actuation. New micro stereo lithography (Hybrid IH Process) to make 3D composite structure consisting UV polymer and other micro parts was developed and was utilized for total chip fabrication. The pump chip succeeded to flow chemical liquids through the connected chips. The switching valve chip changed reaction passes quickly. By using these biochemical IC chips, new era in where various kind of reaction system can be constructed by the chemists in their own laboratory will come.
Internet of Things (IOT): Research Challenges and Future Applications (2019)

With the Internet of Things (IoT) gradually evolving as the subsequent phase of the evolution of the Internet, it becomes crucial to recognize the various potential domains for application of IoT, and the research challenges that are associated with these applications. Ranging from smart cities, to health care, smart agriculture, logistics and retail, to even smart living and smart environments IoT is expected to infiltrate into virtually all aspects of daily life. Even though the current IoT enabling technologies have greatly improved in the recent years, there are still numerous problems that require attention. Since the IoT concept ensues from heterogeneous technologies, many research challenges are bound to arise. The fact that IoT is so expansive and affects practically all areas of our lives, makes it a significant research topic for studies in various related fields such as information technology and computer science. Thus, IoT is paving the way for new dimensions of research to be carried out. This paper presents the recent development of IoT technologies and discusses future applications and research challenges.
Effective learning-based illuminant estimation using simple features (2015)

Illumination estimation is the process of determining the chromaticity of the illumination in an imaged scene in order to remove undesirable color casts through white-balancing. While computational color constancy is a well-studied topic in computer vision, it remains challenging due to the ill-posed nature of the problem. One class of techniques relies on low-level statistical information in the image color distribution and works under various assumptions (e.g. Grey-World, White-Patch, etc). These methods have an advantage that they are simple and fast, but often do not perform well. More recent state-of-the-art methods employ learning-based techniques that produce better results, but often rely on complex features and have long evaluation and training times. In this paper, we present a learning-based method based on four simple color features and show how to use this with an ensemble of regression trees to estimate the illumination. We demonstrate that our approach is not only faster than existing learning-based methods in terms of both evaluation and training time, but also gives the best results reported to date on modern color constancy data sets.
Stapled Peptides by Late‐Stage C(sp<sup>3</sup>)−H Activation (2016)

Despite the importance of stapled peptides for drug discovery, only few practical processes to prepare cross-linked peptides have been described; thus the structural diversity of available staple motifs is currently limited. At the same time, C-H activation has emerged as an efficient approach to functionalize complex molecules. Although there are many reports on the C-H functionalization of amino acids, examples of post-synthetic peptide C-H modification are rare and comprise almost only C(sp<sup>2</sup> )-H activation. Herein, we report the development of a palladium-catalyzed late-stage C(sp<sup>3</sup> )-H activation method for peptide stapling, affording an unprecedented hydrocarbon cross-link. This method was first employed to prepare a library of stapled peptides in solution. The compatibility with various amino acids as well as the influence of the size (i,i+3 and i,i+4) and length of the staple were investigated. Finally, a simple solid-phase procedure was also established.
1W Output Power All-Fiber Laser Based Tm3+-Doped Fluoride Fiber (1995)

Recent publications have improved the transmission length of repeaterless systems at 2.5 Gbit/s. To this date, fiber spans in excess of 400 km have been achieved [1]. One of the important parameters used to increase the distance of repeaterless systems or to increase the output power of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers [2] is the available power at 1480 nm. This paper deals with the demonstration of a Thulium-Doped Fluoride Fiber Laser (TDFFL), pumped with a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser, and which allows a high output power at 1480 nm.
Iterative algorithm for direction of arrival estimation with wideband chirp signals (2000)

A time–frequency MUSIC algorithm with narrowband models for the estimation of direction of arrival (DOA) when the source signals are chirps has been developed by Amin et al. (1998, 1999). The present authors consider wideband models. The joint time–frequency analysis is first used to estimate the chirp rates of the source signals, and then the DOA is estimated by the MUSIC algorithm with an interative approach.
Enhancement of Coupled Multichannel Images Using Sparsity Constraints (2010)

We consider the problem of joint enhancement of multichannel images with pixel based constraints on the multichannel data. Previous work by Cetin and Karl introduced nonquadratic regularization methods for SAR image enhancement using sparsity enforcing penalty terms. We formulate an optimization problem that jointly enhances complex-valued multichannel images while preserving the cross-channel information, which we include as constraints tying the multichannel images together. We pose this problem as a joint optimization problem with constraints. We first reformulate it as an equivalent (unconstrained) dual problem and develop a numerically-efficient method for solving it. We develop the Dual Descent method, which has low complexity, for solving the joint optimization problem. The algorithm is applied to both an interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) problem, in which the relative phase between two complex-valued images indicate height, and to a synthetic multimodal medical image example.
Expression of Wnt3a in hepatocellular carcinoma and its effects on cell cycle and metastasis (2017)

Invasion and metastasis are the primary causes of mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Effective inhibition against participants in the tumourigenesis and metastasis process is critical for treatment of HCC. Wnt3a is involved in the development and metastasis of many malignant tumours. However, the specific mechanisms of Wnt3a-mediated cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis in HCC remain unclear. In this study, we found that Wnt3a and its target gene c‑Myc showed higher expression in tumour tissues than normal liver tissues in HCC patients; 71.8% of the cases studied had high Wnt3a and c‑Myc expression levels (n=32); Wnt3a expression positively correlated with its target genes MMP‑7 and c‑Myc. Intriguingly, the expression of Wnt3a, MMP‑7 and c‑Myc is significantly correlated with Notch3 and Hes1 expression. In vitro experiments showed that Wnt3a was highly expressed in MHcc97H and SK‑Hep‑1 cells. Therefore, Wnt3a expression was silenced with siRNA, and then, MTT, flow cytometry, wound healing and Transwell assays were performed to analyse cell proliferation, cycle, migration and invasion. The results demonstrated that downregulation of Wnt3a expression inhibited cell viability and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest via decreased expression of cyclin D1 and c‑Myc and increased expression of p21 and p27. In addition, deletion of Wnt3a significantly inhibited migration and invasion by downregulating MMP‑2/-7/-9 expression via the MAPK (p38, ERK1/2 and JNK) pathway. In conclusion, our data show that Wnt3a is involved in HCC development. Wnt3a may be an effective target for treatment of HCC.
New Process for Synthesizing Fluorinated Polymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2008)

The typical polymerization process in supercritical fluids (SCFs) was improved through modifying the reaction system and designing and using sampling tubes. The efficacy of the newly developed procedure was demonstrated by the free radical homopolymerization of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) and coplymerization of TFEMA and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Results indicate that the newly developed procedure has the characteristics of minimum loss of reactants and polymerization starting at the desired temperature and pressure. Furthermore, the polymerization process can be well tracked by analyzing the reaction mixtures online sampled from the reactor at certain reaction times by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and GPC. The reaction time and the product properties can be optimized based on the tracking results. For the first time, block copolymers by free radical polymerization in scCO2 was successfully synthesized by sequential addition of TFEMA and methyl methacrylate (MMA) into the reactor at different reaction stages. The synthesized polymers were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GPC, TGA, and DSC, respectively. It was proved that the losing of monomer, pollution to the environment, and distribution of the molecular weight of the synthesized polymers decreased while the yield of product, the reproducibility, and the controllability of polymerization increased after improvement of the polymerization process.
New Modes of Operation for Avalanche Diodes: Frequency Multiplication and Upconversion (1976)

The nonlinear properties of avalanche diodes can be exploited for use as frequency multipliers and upconverters. Among the various possible modes of avalanche device operations, the two mentioned above evoke great interest because of their high conversion efficiency. Basic principles, theoretical predictions, and experimental results are outlined in some detail and indicate both the present state of development as well as the performance achieved using avalanche devices operated in this manner.
Under the Microscope: Examining Faculty Professional Development for E-learning (2006)

This paper addresses the professional development resources and options for higher education faculty when they need instructional strategies which integrate technology into core subject areas where assessment data for accreditation must be collected. Implementation examples and issues to be addressed include: communication with students and administrators, accreditation requirements for multiple agencies, and how the data from evidence changes classroom technology usage.
Effect of chronic kidney disease on red blood cell rheology. (2006)

Anemia of renal failure is primarily a problem of decreased RBC production due to erythropoietin deficiency. RBC survival is also reduced, perhaps due to decreased RBC deformability. This study measured blood viscosity over a range of shear rates in erythropoietin-treated patients on hemodialysis (HD), and compared the findings to matched patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) and healthy controls.Four groups (control, CRI, non-diabetic HD, and diabetic HD) of 9 matched subjects were recruited. Blood viscosity was measured using a cone-plate viscometer over a variety of shear rates (11 to 225 s(-1)).Control subjects had lower viscosity values throughout all shear rates when compared to the 3 renal disease groups (P value=0.039). A trend was observed to higher levels of renal function being associated with decreased blood viscosity in patients with CRI.Patients with kidney disease have increased blood viscosity at all shear rates. This may be related to changes in RBC shape and decreased deformability in patients with kidney disease, independent of HD- or DM-status. This may have implications for strategies to treat anemia in these patients.
Enzymatic and Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Aldolization Reactions for the Synthesis of Thiosugar Scaffolds (2011)

Abstract We studied the synthesis of original thiosugar scaffolds by enantioselective aldolization. L ‐Proline‐catalyzed C–C bond formation was the key step in the synthesis of L ‐ erythro ‐thioketoses (3 S ,4 R ), whereas fructose‐6‐phosphate aldolase‐catalyzed reactions yielded the D ‐ threo ‐thioketose series (3 S ,4 S ). By the organocatalytic approach, 5‐thio‐ L ‐ribulofuranose ( 1 ) and 5‐deoxy‐6‐thio‐ L ‐psicopyranose ( 2 ) were obtained in satisfactory overall yields from 2‐haloacetaldehydes, whereas 5‐thio‐ D ‐xylulofuranose ( 3 ) was synthesized in 50 % overall yield by an enzymatic aldolization reaction in only two steps from the same starting material.
Detection of objects by synthetic aperture FM‐CW radar (1992)

Abstract The frequency‐modulated continuous‐wave (FM‐CW) radar is suitable for detecting objects placed in the near range compared to the pulse radars. This paper considers the principle of the synthetic aperture technique for the conventional FM‐CW radar and presents the fundamental detection results of objects placed in the free space. A laboratory measurement is carried out to detect a metallic plate and a pipe in an anechoic chamber using an explored radar system operative in the microwave X‐band. This demonstrates the high resolution detection in azimuth direction in the Fresnel region. It is shown that the radar has a potential ability in imaging objects placed in the near range.
Neutral Coordinate‐Organocatalysts in Organic Synthesis: Allylation of Acylhydrazones with Allyltrichlorosilanes (2004)

Abstract N,N ‐Dimethylformamide (DMF), sulfoxides, and phosphine oxides, etc., which are neutral, uncharged molecules and coordinate to silicon atoms of organosilicon reagents to activate nucleophilic addition, are defined as neutral coordinate‐organocatalysts (NCOs). In the presence of NCOs , allylation reactions of acylhydrazones, useful imine surrogates, using allyltrichlorosilanes proceed smoothly to afford the synthetically useful racemic and non‐racemic homoallylic amine derivatives in high yields with high diastereoselectivities.
The Role of Macrophages in Particle Translocation from Lungs to Lymph Nodes (1985)

Red fluorescent and green fluorescent microspheres were instilled into separate but adjacent areas of dog lung lobes. After 7 days, the tracheobronchial lymph nodes that drained both of the instilled areas contained many macrophages with all red or all green microspheres but rarely both. This indicates that the particles did not translocate passively and that lung macrophages phagocytized the microspheres in the lung and carried them to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes. In addition, two populations of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM's), one that had phagocytized red microspheres in vivo and one that had phagocytized green microspheres, were lavaged from the lungs of dogs, mixed into one population, and instilled back into a previously unexposed lung lobe of the same dogs. As in the first experiment, the tracheobronchial lymph nodes that drained the instilled area contained numerous macrophages with either all red or all green microspheres. This suggested that the instilled PAM's had migrated to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Thus, lung macrophages, including PAM's probably play a critical role in the induction of lung immunity and in protection from disease by determining particle translocation.