gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Green Extraction of Natural Products (2015)

Extraction processes are essential steps in numerous industrial applications from perfume over pharmaceutical to fine chemical industry. Nowadays, there are three key aspects in industrial extraction processes: economy and quality, as well as environmental considerations. This book presents a complete picture of current knowledge on green extraction in terms of innovative processes, original methods, alternative solvents and safe products, and provides the necessary theoretical background as well as industrial application examples and environmental impacts. Each chapter is written by experts in the field and the strong focus on green chemistry throughout the book makes this book a unique reference source. This book is intended to be a first step towards a future cooperation in a new extraction of natural products, built to improve both fundamental and green parameters of the techniques and to increase the amount of extracts obtained from renewable resources with a minimum consumption of energy and solvents, and the maximum safety for operators and the environment.
Characterization of a Tunable Optical Parametric Oscillator Laser System for Multielement Flame Laser Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry of Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, and Thallium in Buffalo River Sediment (1997)

A pulsed (10 Hz) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser system based on beta-barium borate (BBO) crystals and equipped with a frequency-doubling option (FDO) was characterized for use in laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LEAFS). This all-solid-state laser has a narrow spectral line width, a wide spectral tuning range (220-2200 nm), and a rapid, computer-controlled slew scan of wavelength (0.250 nm s-1 in the visible and infrared, and 0.125 nm s-1 in the ultraviolet). The output power characteristics (15-90 mJ/pulse in the visible, 1-40 mJ in the infrared, and 1-11 mJ in the ultraviolet), laser pulse-to-pulse variability (3-13% relative standard deviation, RSD, of the laser pulses), conversion efficiency of the FDO (2-17%), and spectral bandwidth in the visible spectrum (0.1-0.3 cm-1) were measured. The laser was used as the excitation source for a flame LEAFS instrument for which rapid, sequential, multielement analysis was demonstrated by slew scan of the laser. The instrument allowed about 640 measurements to be made in about 6 h, with triplicate measurements of all solutions and aqueous calibration curves, which yielded accurate analyses of a river sediment (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Buffalo River Sediment, 2704) for five elements with precisions < 5% RSD. Comparable or improved flame LEAFS detection limits over literature values were obtained for cobalt (2 ng mL-1), copper (2 ng mL-1), lead (0.4 ng mL-1), manganese (0.2 ng mL-1), and thallium (0.9 ng mL-1) by flame LEAFS.
Lipoprotein receptors: therapeutic implications (1990)

Knowledge of the transport pathways for cholesterol in blood helps us to understand the mechanisms underlying genetic and acquired forms of hypercholesterolaemia, and sets the stage for rational treatment with diet and drugs. A key element is a cell-surface receptor that binds cholesterol-rich lipoproteins of intermediate and low density. Genetic defects in this low-density lipoprotein receptor cause familial hypercholesterolaemia, an autosomal-dominant disease that affects 1 in 500 persons. An acquired deficiency in this receptor can be produced by diets that are rich in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. This suppression may play a role in diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia.
Biarylcarboxylic Acids and -amides:  Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase Type IV versus [<sup>3</sup>H]Rolipram Binding Activity and Their Relationship to Emetic Behavior in the Ferret (1996)

In addition to having desirable inhibitory effects on inflammation, anaphylaxis, and smooth muscle contraction, PDE-IV inhibitors also produce undesirable side effects including nausea and vomiting. In general, compounds that inhibit PDE-IV also potently displace [3H]rolipram from a high-affinity binding site in rat cortex. While this binding site has not been identified, it has been proposed to be an allosteric binding site on the PDE-IV enzyme. Preliminary studies have suggested that the emetic potency of PDE-IV inhibitors is correlated with affinity for the brain rolipram binding site rather than potency at inhibiting PDE-IV enzyme activity. Efforts to eliminate the emetic potential of PDE-IV inhibitors were directed toward developing compounds with decreased [3H]rolipram binding affinity while retaining PDE-IV potency. Thus, a novel series of 4-(3-alkoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)benzoic acids and their corresponding carboxamides were prepared and evaluated for their PDE-IV inhibitory and rolipram binding site properties. Modification of the catechol ether moiety led to phenylbutoxy and phenylpentoxy analogues that provided the desired activity profile. Specifically, 4-[3-(5-phenylpentoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-methylbenzoic acid, 18, was found to exhibit potent PDE-IV inhibitory activity (IC50 0.41 microM) and possessed 400 times weaker activity than rolipram for the [3H]rolipram binding site. In vivo, compound 18 was efficacious in the guinea pig aerosolized antigen induced airway obstruction assay (ED50 8.8 mg/kg, po) and demonstrated a significant reduction in emetic side effects (ferret, 20% emesis at 30 mg/kg, po).
Some Functional Properties under Heating of the Globin Prepared by Carboxymethyl Cellulose Procedure (1982)

ABSTRACT Conditions for gel formation of heated globin and inhibition of thermocoagulation of ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin by globin were investigated. Globin was highly soluble even when heated at 100°C at pH below 5. Globin also considerably inhibited thermocoagulation of ovalbumin and serum albumin near their isoelectric point. A great increase of viscosity was observed when 1% globin solution was heated at above 80°C in the narrow pH range between pH 5.2 and 5.4. Heated globin formed a transparent gel at concentration above 3% under well controlled heat conditions.
Tetracarboxylic Acids as Formaldehyde-Free Durable Press Finishing Agents (1988)

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid and all- cis-1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid have been studied as durable press reagents for cotton. They quickly form ester-type crosslinks in the cellulose when applied to fabric by pad-dry-cure techniques. Weak bases have proven to be active catalysts, one of the most effective being mono-sodium phosphate. Durable press smoothness ratings of 3.8–4.4 were imparted by either tetracarboxylic acid. The amount of tetracarboxylic acid required could be decreased by two-thirds by having citric or tartaric acid present as a co-reactant additive. In durability to home laundering, finishes from butanetetracarboxylic acid far surpassed those from cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid, and most of the durable press performance was retained through 65 washing and drying cycles with a wash temperature of 50°C (122°F) and a pH of 9.8 using a standard detergent. The strength retentions, bending moments, and wrinkle recovery angles of treated fabric were comparable to those imparted by dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea.
Prevention of Predictor Mistracking in ADPCM Coders. (1984)

Rural solid waste (RSW) exhibits distinct characteristics compared to municipal solid waste (MSW), such as dispersed distribution, long governance chains, and low recycling value, making it unsuitable to apply the same management measures as MSW. Government-led RSW management results in excessive administrative costs, and the inherent characteristics of RSW reduce market enthusiasm for its management. To address these issues, this paper integrates the " multi-subject governance " model with RSW management and establishes a systematic evaluation index system for RSW governance. Utilizing the Best-Worst Method (BWM), key factors were identified. Utilizing the VIKOR method, representative provinces in China were used as case studies to validate the scientific nature of the evaluation indices. The research findings indicate that the multi-subject governance model is an effective approach for RSW management. Key factors influencing RSW management effectiveness include various governmental measures, waste sorting, and a long-term multi-subject governance mechanism. Case analysis reveals a strong correlation between the level of economic development and the effectiveness of RSW management. However, constructing a government-led, multi-subject collaborative urban-rural interconnected RSW management model can effectively address RSW management issues in economically underdeveloped areas. This research provides innovative solutions for RSW management, contributing to high-quality and sustainable development in rural areas.
Advanced prostate cancer with normal serum prostate-specific antigen values. (1994)

Prostate-specific antigen is a specific and sensitive marker of prostate cancer, and most patients with advanced prostate cancer have elevated serum prostate-specific antigen values. Over a period of 45 months, 976 cases of advanced prostate cancer (stages C and D) were investigated to determine the serum prostate-specific antigen level at presentation. Eight cases of advanced prostate cancer are documented in which the serum prostate-specific antigen values were within normal limits. Six of the eight cases showed the features of invasive moderately differentiated acinar carcinoma; one case of small-cell carcinoma and one of cribriform carcinoma were noted. Direct immunohistochemical assessment of tumor tissue was performed, and the correlation between monoclonal and polyclonal antibody staining was assessed. In seven of the eight cases, monoclonal antibodies showed no convincing staining, while all but one (small cell) were positive for polyclonal stains.
Dielectric resonator antenna using aperture coupling (1990)

A practical antenna configuration for use at microwave and millimetre wave frequencies is investigated. It consists of a circular cylindrical dielectric resonator fed by a microstrip feedline through a coupling aperture in the ground plane between them. Several elements, with different physical parameters, operating between 14 and 16GHz were constructed and tested. Experimental results confirm the effective and practical performance of the antenna structure.
Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Electrolytes (2018)

In the past 5 years, advances in anion-conductive membranes have opened the door for the development of advanced anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) as the next generation of affordable fuel cells. Several recent works have shown that AEMFCs currently achieve nearly identical beginning-of-life performance as state-of-the-art proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, until now, these high AEMFC performances have been reached with platinum-group metal (PGM)-based anode and cathode catalysts. In order to fulfill the potential of AEMFCs, such catalysts should in the near future be free of PGMs and, eventually, free of critical raw materials. Although great progress has been achieved in the development of PGM-free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in basic media, significantly less attention has been paid to the catalysis of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). The much lower HOR activity of Pt in basic media compared with that in acid was itself revealed only relatively recently. While several PGM-based composite materials have shown improved HOR activity in basic media, the HOR kinetics remains slower than necessary for an ideal nonpolarizable electrode. In addition, attempts to move away from PGMs have hitherto resulted in high anode overpotentials, significantly reducing the performance of PGM-free AEMFCs. This would be a major barrier for the large-scale deployment of this technology once the other technological hurdles (e.g., membrane stability) have been overcome. A fundamental understanding of the HOR mechanism in basic media and of the main energy barriers needs to be firmly established to overcome this challenge. This review presents the current understanding of the HOR electrocatalysis in basic media and critically discusses the most recent material approaches. Promising future research directions in the development of the HOR electrocatalysts for alkaline electrolytes are also outlined.
(Pro)renin receptor and V-ATPase: from <i>Drosophila</i> to humans (2013)

A decade ago, the (P)RR [(pro)renin receptor] was discovered and depicted as a potential activator of the tissue renin-angiotensin system. For this reason, the role of the (P)RR in cardiovascular diseases and diabetes has been particularly studied. However, the discovery of embryonic lethality after (P)RR gene deletion in mouse and zebrafish paved the way for additional roles of (P)RR in cell homoeostasis. Indeed, the (P)RR has been shown to associate with vacuolar H+-ATPase, hence its other name ATP6ap2. Developmental studies in Xenopus and Drosophila have revealed an essential role of this association to promote the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways, whereas studies with tissue-specific gene deletion have pointed out a role in autophagy. The present review aims to summarize recent findings on the cellular functions of (P)RR emerging from various mutated and transgenic animal models.
Magneto-electric Nanoparticles to Enable Field-controlled High-Specificity Drug Delivery to Eradicate Ovarian Cancer Cells (2013)

The nanotechnology capable of high-specificity targeted delivery of anti-neoplastic drugs would be a significant breakthrough in Cancer in general and Ovarian Cancer in particular. We addressed this challenge through a new physical concept that exploited (i) the difference in the membrane electric properties between the tumor and healthy cells and (ii) the capability of magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENs) to serve as nanosized converters of remote magnetic field energy into the MENs' intrinsic electric field energy. This capability allows to remotely control the membrane electric fields and consequently trigger high-specificity drug uptake through creation of localized nano-electroporation sites. In in-vitro studies on human ovarian carcinoma cell (SKOV-3) and healthy cell (HOMEC) lines, we applied a 30-Oe d.c. field to trigger high-specificity uptake of paclitaxel loaded on 30-nm CoFe₂O₄ @BaTiO₃ MENs. The drug penetrated through the membrane and completely eradicated the tumor within 24 hours without affecting the normal cells.
SP 800-30. Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems (2002)

Risk management is the process of identifying risk, assessing risk, and taking steps to reduce risk to an acceptable level. Organizations use risk assessment, the first step in the risk management methodology, to determine the extent of the potential threat, vulnerabilities, and the risk associated with an information technology (IT) system. The output of this process helps to identify appropriate controls for reducing or eliminating risk during the risk mitigation process, the second step of risk management, which involves prioritizing, evaluating, and implementing the appropriate risk-reducing controls recommended from the risk assessment process. This guide provides a foundation for the development of an effective risk management program, containing both the definitions and the practical guidance necessary for assessing and mitigating risks identified within IT systems throughout their system development life cycle (SDLC). The ultimate goal is to help organizations to better manage IT-related mission risks.Organizations may choose to expand or abbreviate the comprehensive processes and steps suggested in this guide and tailor them to their site environment in managing IT-related mission risks. In addition, this guide provides information on the selection of cost-effective security controls. These controls can be used to mitigate risk for the better protection of mission-critical information and the IT systems that process, store, and carry this information.The third step in the process is continual evaluation and assessment. In most organizations, IT systems will continually be expanded and updated, their components changed, and their software applications replaced or updated with newer versions. In addition, personnel changes will occur and security policies are likely to change over time. These changes mean that new risks will surface and risks previously mitigated may again become a concern. Thus, the risk management process is ongoing and evolving.
Chemiluminescence in Organic Compounds (1965)

Abstract As a result of the development of very sensitive equipment, it is now possible to show that the chemiluminescence of organic compounds in solution is quite a common phenomenon. Notable advances have been made during recent years in the investigation of the chemiluminescence of substituted phthalic acid hydrazides and related compounds. A new and probably generally applicable method of producing chemiluminescence has recently been discovered in the reaction of aromatic free‐radical anions with appropriate free‐radical cations.
Chordin knockdown enhances the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (2008)

We conclude that endogenously produced chordin constrains the osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs. The targeting of BMP inhibitors, such as chordin, may provide a novel strategy for enhancing bone regeneration.
Bilateral Normal Filtering for Mesh Denoising (2010)

Decoupling local geometric features from the spatial location of a mesh is crucial for feature-preserving mesh denoising. This paper focuses on first order features, i.e., facet normals, and presents a simple yet effective anisotropic mesh denoising framework via normal field denoising. Unlike previous denoising methods based on normal filtering, which process normals defined on the Gauss sphere, our method considers normals as a surface signal defined over the original mesh. This allows the design of a novel bilateral normal filter that depends on both spatial distance and signal distance. Our bilateral filter is a more natural extension of the elegant bilateral filter for image denoising than those used in previous bilateral mesh denoising methods. Besides applying this bilateral normal filter in a local, iterative scheme, as common in most of previous works, we present for the first time a global, noniterative scheme for an isotropic denoising. We show that the former scheme is faster and more effective for denoising extremely noisy meshes while the latter scheme is more robust to irregular surface sampling. We demonstrate that both our feature-preserving schemes generally produce visually and numerically better denoising results than previous methods, especially at challenging regions with sharp features or irregular sampling.
Solution-Processed, High Performance Aluminum Indium Oxide Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated at Low Temperature (2009)

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) with aluminum indium oxide channel layers were fabricated via a simple and low cost solution process. The substitution of Al on In sites in the lattice was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The maximum heat-treatment temperature of these transistors was , and the resultant thin films were highly transparent (with transmittance). The fabricated TFTs operated in an enhancement mode on a positive bias and showed an n-type semiconductor behavior. They exhibited a channel mobility of , a subthreshold slope of 0.3 V/decade, and an on-to-off current ratio greater than .
Adaptation Strategies in Policy-Driven Autonomic Management (2007)

Policies have been proposed as a means to express required or desired behavior of systems and applications. Policies can be used within the autonomic management elements of the system to provide action directives to adjust application or system tuning parameters in order to meet operational requirements. Policy specification is frequently component-based, that is, focused on the operational requirements of a particular system component, e.g., a Web server or a database. In multi-component systems, such as e-commerce systems, multiple components may co-exist on a single server and cooperate to deliver a set of services. It is reasonable to expect that each component would have its own set of associated policies and that, in turn, the autonomic management system could identify actions to take per component. However, these independent sets of policies may possibly yield multiple directives from which the autonomic manager must select one or more appropriate actions. In this work, we look at an approach which tries to select one or more actions based on previous behavior. Previous decisions are captured in the form of states and transitions which in turn are used to try to find good sequences of actions. We describe how the states are formed and actions identified. We describe the implementation of an autonomic manager using this approach and report on the experience in managing a dynamic Web server.
Functional Differences of the Catalytic and Non-catalytic Domains in Human ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 in Aggrecanolytic Activity (2007)

ADAMTS-4 (aggrecanase-1) and ADAMTS-5 (aggrecanase-2) are multidomain metalloproteinases belonging to the ADAMTS family. We have previously reported that human ADAMTS-5 has much higher aggrecanolytic activity than human ADAMTS-4. To investigate the different proteolytic activity of the two enzymes, we generated a series of chimeras by exchanging various non-catalytic domains of the two proteinases. We found that the catalytic domain of ADAMTS-5 has higher intrinsic catalytic ability than that of ADAMTS-4. The studies also demonstrated that the non-catalytic domains of ADAMTS-5 are more effective modifiers than those of ADAMTS-4, making both catalytic domains more active against aggrecan, an Escherichia coli-expressed interglobular domain of aggrecan and fibromodulin. Addition of the C-terminal thrombospondin type I motif of ADAMTS-5 to the C terminus of ADAMTS-4 increased the activity of ADAMTS-4 against aggrecan and fibromodulin severalfold. In contrast to previous reports (Kashiwagi, M., Enghild, J. J., Gendron, C., Hughes, C., Caterson, B., Itoh, Y., and Nagase, H. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 10109-10119 and Gao, G., Plaas, A., Thompson, V. P., Jin, S., Zuo, F., and Sandy, J. D. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 10042-10051), our detailed investigation of the role of the C-terminal spacer domain of ADAMTS-4 indicated that full-length ADAMTS-4 is approximately 20-times more active against aggrecan than its spacer domain deletion mutant, even at the Glu373-Ala374 site of the interglobular domain. This discrepancy is most likely due to selective inhibition of full-length ADAMTS-4 by heparin, particularly for cleavage at the Glu373-Ala374 bond. However, removal of the spacer domain from ADAMTS-4 greatly enhanced more general proteolytic activity against non-aggrecan substrates, e.g. E. coli-expressed interglobular domain, fibromodulin, and carboxymethylated transferrin.