gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Xanthine-7-Ribosides as Adenosine Receptor Antagonists: Further Evidence for Adenosine'S<i>Anti</i>Mode Of Binding (1991)

Abstract With the aid of computer graphics methods, we recently developed a model for the antagonist binding site of the adenosine A1 receptor (J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 1708-1713). According to this model, xanthines should bind to the receptor in a flipped orientation, i.e. the ring atoms N1, N3, N7 and N9 in adenosine coincide with C2, C6, N9 and N7 respectively in theophylline (FIG. la and 1 b). This implicates that the domain where the ribose moiety of adenosine binds must be adjacent to N7 in xanthines, and furthermore that xanthine-7-ribosides should have affinity for the receptor. To further explore the role of the orientation of the ribose moiety in binding to the receptor, we have synthesized and determined the A1 affinity of the 7-ribosides of theophylline, 13-dipropylxanthine and 1,3-dibutylxanthine (FIG. 1c). The orientation of the ribose moiety was studied with H-NMR spectroscopy and theoretical chemical calculations.
Spark Ignition, Early Flame Development and Cyclic Variation in I.C. Engines (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Combustion and pressure development in spark ignition engines are marked by cycle to cycle variations which are especially severe if the mixture is lean. The variations in indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) that arise from this could be sufficiently severe to cause problems in certain engine operating regimes even in engines which run smoothly at steady operating conditions. Cyclic variations in IMEP could be effectively reduced at source by reducing cyclic variations in combustion. These are known to originate during the initial stage of combustion which can be influenced by the ignition process. Of the various enhanced ignition devices, variants of the spark ignition system seem to be of most practical interest for automobile applications in the immediate future. In the paper, we review the literature on spark ignition, the nature of the spark discharge process and the attempts to improve stability of engine operation through changes in spark ignition.</div>
Tx-Rx Beamforming with Multiuser MIMO Channels in Multiple-cell Systems (2008)

This paper considers a network model that base stations (BSs) with multiple transmit antennas use a transmit beamforming to communicate with mobile users utilizing a receive beamforming with multiple receive antennas. Under the assumption that BSs cooperate each other, we propose a method of designing jointly transmit beamformers (Tx-BF) and receive beamformers (Rx-BF) in order to cope with the presence of inter-cell interference. In multi-cell environment with MIMO channel, a cooperation among BSs with co-channel can design optimum transmit beamformer form by a differentiation of sum-rate to maximize the throughput of entire network. The specific values of Tx and Rx beamformers can be found from a proposed iterative algorithm reflecting inter-cell interference . Numerical and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme improves the throughput compared to a beamforming not considering inter-cell interference.
Interplay of miR164, <i>CUP‐SHAPED COTYLEDON</i> genes and <i>LATERAL SUPPRESSOR</i> controls axillary meristem formation in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2008)

Aerial architecture in higher plants is established post-embryonically by the inception of new meristems in the axils of leaves. These axillary meristems develop into side shoots or flowers. In Arabidopsis, the NAC domain transcription factors CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON1 (CUC1), CUC2 and CUC3 function redundantly in initiating the shoot apical meristem and establishing organ boundaries. Transcripts of CUC1 and CUC2 are targeted for degradation by miR164. In this study, we show that cuc3-2 mutants are impaired in axillary meristem initiation. Overexpression of miR164 in the cuc3-2 mutant caused an almost complete block of axillary meristem formation. Conversely, mir164 mutants and plants harbouring miR164-resistant alleles of CUC1 or CUC2 developed accessory buds in leaf axils. Collectively, these experiments reveal that, in addition to CUC3, redundant functions of CUC1 and CUC2 as well as miR164 regulation are required for the establishment of axillary meristems. Studies on LAS transcript accumulation in mir164 triple mutants and cuc3-2 plants overexpressing miR164 suggest that regulation of axillary meristem formation by miR164 is mediated through CUC1 and CUC2, which in turn regulate LAS.
Timing Variability during Gait Initiation Is Increased in People with Alzheimer’s Disease Compared to Controls (2008)

Increased timing variability in people with AD occurs during gait initiation as well as during constant speed walking and is evident in the early disease stages.
Effect of somatovisceral reflexes and selective dermatomal stimulation on postcibal antral pressure activity (1984)

Our objective was to elicit and characterize somatogastric reflexes in healthy humans. Sustained somatic stimulation by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) was applied to the skin of human volunteers while simultaneously monitoring their upper gastrointestinal phasic pressure activity, extraintestinal vasomotor indices, and plasma levels of putative humoral mediators of autonomic reflexes. Stimuli were applied either to the hand (C8-T1) or to the upper abdomen (T5-T10) to determine whether impulses at these two dermatomes produce different effects on fed antral phasic pressure activity. TENS resulted in significant reduction (P = 0.007) in antral motility index when applied to the hand and abdomen as compared with sham stimulation. This was associated with an increase in skin conductance and plasma beta-endorphin levels but no change in pulse, blood pressure, or circulating catecholamine levels. No qualitative changes in proximal intestinal pressure activity were detected. Sustained somatic stimuli resulted in reduced postprandial antral phasic pressure activity. The similarity of the responses to TENS applied to the hand and abdominal dermatomes suggests that the induced somatovisceral responses relay predominantly at the cerebral level.
“She’s hungarious so she’s Mexican but she’s most likely Indian” (2015)

Schools in California have become increasingly diverse and the demographic composition of school populations has become heterogeneous in the language, nationality, and ethnicity of students. Using ethnographic and interactional analysis, the present article examines how California youth employ a variety of concepts associated with ethnicity to classify themselves and others. For youth who have peers from multiple national, ethnic, and linguistic backgrounds, the criteria of citizenship, national origin, language, and phenotype are negotiated interactionally for ethnic labeling. The article further suggests that ethnicity is not a simple category, but rather a concept that youth in a multiethnic context actively construct and co-construct with the help of associated notions. Finally, it is demonstrated that ethnic labeling in interviews may be a dispreferred practice for some interviewees due to its potential connection with racism and discrimination.
Sparse Diffusion-Convolutional Neural Networks (2017)

The predictive power and overall computational efficiency of Diffusion-convolutional neural networks make them an attractive choice for node classification tasks. However, a naive dense-tensor-based implementation of DCNNs leads to $\mathcal{O}(N^2)$ memory complexity which is prohibitive for large graphs. In this paper, we introduce a simple method for thresholding input graphs that provably reduces memory requirements of DCNNs to O(N) (i.e. linear in the number of nodes in the input) without significantly affecting predictive performance.
Tutorial 1: Web Information Retrieval (2005)

Summary form only given, as follows. The Web explosion offers a bonanza of algorithmic problems. In particular, information retrieval in the Web context requires methods and ideas that have not been addressed in the classic IR literature. This tutorial will survey emerging techniques for IR in the Web context and discuss some of the pertinent open problems. The list of topics includes search engine technology, ranking and classification methods, Web measurements (usage, size, connectivity) and new graph and data structure problems arising in the Web IR context.
Statistical Thermal Profile Considering Process Variations: Analysis and Applications (2008)

The nonuniform substrate thermal profile and process variations are two major concerns in the present-day ultra-deep submicrometer designs. To correctly predict performance/ leakage/reliability measures and address any yield losses during the early stages of design phases, it is desirable to have a reliable thermal estimation of the chip. However, the leakage power sources vary greatly due to process variations and temperature, which result in significant variations in the hotspot and thermal profile formation in very large scale integration chips. Traditionally, no leakage variations have been considered during full-chip thermal analysis. In this paper, the dependence behavior among the process variability, leakage power consumption, and thermal profile construction are established to effectively extract a reliable statistical thermal profile over a die at the microarchitectural level. Knowledge of this is the key to the design and analysis of circuits. The probability density functions of temperatures are extracted while considering the leakage variations due to the gate-length and oxide-thickness variations and while accounting for the coupling between the temperature and the total leakage. Two applications of the developed analyzer are investigated, namely, the evaluation of the hotspots' relocations and the total full-chip power estimation. Finally, the accuracy and efficiency of the developed analyzer are validated by comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations.
Some experience with the use of spiral antennas for a GPR for landmine detection (2003)

Ground penetrating radars for detection of antipersonnel landmines operate in a UWB domain from 400 MHz up to 5 GHz. One of the radar concepts for this kind of application is a stepped frequency CW radar. The requirements on the antenna for this radar is, that it shall have a stable phase centre, frequency independent gain, ultra-wide band, high isolation between the two antennas in a bi-static arrangement and other more common requirements like a low VSWR. The antenna selected for the application is an Archimedean spiral. Such an antenna has a wide beam width and a radiation pattern only slightly dependent on frequency. A basic problem to the use of a spiral antenna when it is elevated above the ground is that the small contribution of the anti personnel mine is surged by the strong reflection off the air/ground interface. This paper is addressing this effect by analysing the impact of the size of the antenna footprint on the SAR-synthesised three dimensional image of the subsurface. Experimental results like the ones presented here are not available to the authors' knowledge elsewhere in the open literature.
An Archaeal Aerotaxis Transducer Combines Subunit I Core Structures of Eukaryotic Cytochrome <i>c</i> Oxidase and Eubacterial Methyl-Accepting Chemotaxis Proteins (1998)

Signal transduction in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum is mediated by three distinct subfamilies of transducer proteins. Here we report the complete htrVIII gene sequence and present analysis of the encoded primary structure and its functional features. HtrVIII is a 642-amino-acid protein and belongs to halobacterial transducer subfamily B. At the N terminus, the protein contains six transmembrane segments that exhibit homology to the heme-binding sites of the eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase. The C-terminal domain has high homology with the eubacterial methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein. The HtrVIII protein mediates aerotaxis: a strain with a deletion of the htrVIII gene loses aerotaxis, while an overproducing strain exhibits stronger aerotaxis. We also demonstrate that HtrVIII is a methyl-accepting protein and demethylates during the aerotaxis response.
A New Class of Bacterial RNA Polymerase Inhibitor Affects Nucleotide Addition (2003)

RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme of gene expression. Despite availability of crystal structures, details of its nucleotide addition cycle remain obscure. We describe bacterial RNAP inhibitors (the CBR703 series) whose properties illuminate this mechanism. These compounds inhibit known catalytic activities of RNAP (nucleotide addition, pyrophosphorolysis, and Gre-stimulated transcript cleavage) but not translocation of RNA or DNA when translocation is uncoupled from catalysis. CBR703-resistance substitutions occur on an outside surface of RNAP opposite its internal active site. We propose that CBR703 compounds inhibit nucleotide addition allosterically by hindering movements of active site structures that are linked to the CBR703 binding site through a bridge helix.
A Chemically Functionalizable Nanoporous Material [Cu <sub>3</sub> (TMA) <sub>2</sub> (H <sub>2</sub> O) <sub>3</sub> ] <sub> <i>n</i> </sub> (1999)

Although zeolites and related materials combine nanoporosity with high thermal stability, they are difficult to modify or derivatize in a systematic way. A highly porous metal coordination polymer [Cu3(TMA)2(H2O)3]n (where TMA is benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) was formed in 80 percent yield. It has interconnected [Cu2(O2CR)4] units (where R is an aromatic ring), which create a three-dimensional system of channels with a pore size of 1 nanometer and an accessible porosity of about 40 percent in the solid. Unlike zeolites, the channel linings can be chemically functionalized; for example, the aqua ligands can be replaced by pyridines. Thermal gravimetric analysis and high-temperature single-crystal diffractometry indicate that the framework is stable up to 240 degreesC.
A stacked capacitor with (Ba/sub x/Sr/sub 1-x/)TiO/sub 3/ for 256M DRAM (2002)

A high-dielectric-constant material was applied to a practical stacked DRAM capacitor. A large unit area capacitance (40 fF/ mu m/sup 2/) and a low leakage current (<10/sup -7/ A/cm/sup 2/) have been realized by the combination of a thin (Ba/sub x/Sr/sub 1-x/)TiO/sub 3/ film having an equivalent SiO/sub 2/ thickness of 8 AA and a Pt/Ta capacitor electrode. TDDB (time-dependent dielectric breakdown) measurements have indicated good reliability of this novel capacitor cell. These characteristics show that this storage capacitor is quite promising for 256M DRAM cells.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Linear and nonlinear dispersion compensation of short pulses using midspan spectral inversion (1996)

Fiber nonlinearity and dispersion may limit the repeater spacing in high speed fiber-optic transmission systems. We report experimental and numerical results on the nonlinear propagation of short optical pulses over standard nondispersion shifted fiber links which are dispersion compensated using midspan spectral inversion. It has been found that an increased transmission nonlinearity can be tolerated if the spectral inversion is moved away from the midpoint of the span. Full recovery of the initial pulsewidth is experimentally demonstrated in the presence of nonlinearities. A system design based on these results is presented, allowing high transmitted power and long repeater spacing.
Clinical Laboratory Practices for the Isolation and Identification of Campylobacter in Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) Sites: Baseline Information for Understanding Changes in Surveillance Data (2012)

Although most laboratories used culture-based methods, procedures differed widely and most did not adhere to existing guidelines, likely resulting in underdiagnosis. Given the availability of new culture-independent testing methods, these data highlight a clear need to develop best practice recommendations for Campylobacter infection diagnostic testing.
Precision phase control of an ultrawide-bandwidth femtosecond laser: a network of ultrastable frequency marks across the visible spectrum (2000)

We demonstrate that the stability of the current optical frequency comb generated by a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser is limited by the microwave reference used for phase locking the comb spacing. Hence we implement precision frequency/phase control of the entire comb to the fundamental and second-harmonic frequencies of a stable cw laser without any external microwave reference. The stability of a cw iodine-stabilized laser is transferred to millions of comb lines (with an instability of 3 x 10(-13)) covering more than one octave of the optical frequency spectrum. In addition, the mode spacing of the comb can be used as a stable microwave frequency derived directly from a stable optical oscillator.
Effects of doxycycline on articular cartilage GAG release and mechanical properties following impact (2008)

Abstract The effects of doxycycline were examined on articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release and biphasic mechanical properties following two levels of impact loading at 1 and 2 weeks post‐injury. Further, treatment for two continuous weeks was compared to treatment for only the 1st week of a 2‐week culture period. Following impact at two levels, articular cartilage explants were cultured for 1 or 2 weeks with 0, 50, or 100 µM doxycycline. Histology, GAG release to the media, and creep indentation biomechanical properties were examined. The “High” (2.8 J) impact level had gross surface damage, whereas “Low” (1.1 J) impact was indiscernible from non‐impacted controls. GAG staining decreased after High impact, but doxycycline did not visibly affect staining. High impact resulted in decreased aggregate moduli at both 1 and 2 weeks and increased permeability at 2 weeks, but tissue mechanical properties were not affected by doxycycline treatment. At 1 week, High impact resulted in more GAG release compared to non‐impacted controls. However, following High impact, 100 µM doxycycline reduced cumulative GAG release at 1 and 2 weeks by 30% and 38%, respectively, compared to no treatment. Interestingly, there was no difference in GAG release comparing 2 weeks continuous treatment with 1 week on, 1 week off. These results support the hypothesis that doxycycline can mitigate GAG release from articular cartilage following impact loads. However, doxycycline was unable to prevent the loss of tissue stiffness observed post‐impact, presumably due to initial matrix damage resulting solely from mechanical trauma. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 506–515. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three-dimensional mask transmission simulation using a single integral equation method (1998)

A single integral equation formulation for electromagnetic scattering from three-dimensional dielectric objects is discussed. The new formulation converges significantly faster than the traditional, coupled integral equation formulation. The new formulation is extended to incorporate the exact boundary conditions for isolated mask features by using dyadic Green's functions for the stratified medium background. Results of three-dimensional phase-shifting mask simulation are presented.
Generation of Multiblock Copolymers by PCR: Synthesis, Visualization and Nanomechanical Properties (2009)

PCR was successfully implemented into polymer chemistry to produce linear multiblock structures up to pentablock architectures. Salient features of the generated DNA polymer hybrids were the ultrahigh molecular weights and their structural accuracy. Besides pushing the limits in block copolymer synthesis. a highly sophisticated characterization of the DNA/synthetic polymer hybrids was carried out by scanning force microscopy (SFM). Direct visualization revealed single polymer chains with the expected contour lengths for the DNA blocks and a characteristic kink at the central organic polymer unit bridging them. Furthermore, DNA triblock copolymers were manipulated by SFM, which so far has only been demonstrated for neat DNA and dendronized polymers. Upon blowing circular topologies, the DNA and the organic polymer chain have been extended and the contours of the three blocks could thereby be imaged separately.
Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of 5-(Ethoxymethyl)furfural from Fructose Catalyzed by a Novel Solid Catalyst (2012)

A novel method has been developed for the direct conversion of fructose into 5-(ethoxymethyl)furfural (EMF) catalyzed by an organic–inorganic hybrid solid catalyst [MIMBS]3PW12O40. First, etherification of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) by ethanol was studied over a series of catalysts, and [MIMBS]3PW12O40 showed the best catalytic activity with an EMF yield of 90.7% at 70 °C. Then the one-pot dehydrative etherification of fructose into EMF was studied. It indicated that a low temperature (70 °C) was not favored for the dehydrative etherification process, and a high temperature (110 °C) was favored to promote side reactions. A high EMF yield of 90.5% was obtained from fructose at 90 °C with 5 mol % catalyst for 24 h. The recycling test demonstrated that [MIMBS]3PW12O40 could be reused several times without losing catalytic activity, with an average EMF yield of approximate 90%. This work provides a meaningful method for the conversion of carbohydrates into fine chemicals and biofuel additives.
Frequency resolution effects on FRF estimation : Cyclic averaging vs. large block size (1999)

It is always desirable to use acquired data in the most effective way possible. This paper explores acquiring several contiguous blocks of data and then processing the data in various ways. The first method will be the traditional approach of utilizing each contigu-ous block, in whole, as one RMS spectral average. Other ap-proaches will involve dividing the contiguous block up into subsets which will then be cyclic averaged. The advantages and disadvan-tages of each approach are discussed in terms of total test time, processing time, data quality, and memory usage which becomes significant for moderate to large (Ni xNo) test situations. Experi-mental results are shown for typical structural cases.
Signal processing: where physics and mathematics meet (2001)

Much of the statistical signal processing developed in the 20th century falls under the umbrella of classical signal processing, which rests on two basic stochastic assumptions: Stationarity; Gaussianity. The use of these two assumptions is justified on the following grounds: The first- and second-order statistics, inherent to the full characterization of a Gaussian model, are of fundamental interest in their own individual ways.
Dyslexia research and its applications to education (1981)

Provides interdisciplinary evidence from neurology, experimental psychology and teaching on the possible causes and treatment of dyslexia.
<title>Electron Beams For Pulsed Lasers</title> (1978)

The growth in high energy pulsed electric laser technology has depended heavily on the development of electron beam sources. In response to this need, various electron beam technologies have been developed and are in a continuing state of evolution. Gun technologies related to moderate and high current densities and their applicable parameter ranges will be described in this paper. Primary power conditioning requirements will also be indicated.