gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PHOTODISSOCIATION SPECTROSCOPY OF $Mg^{+}-H_{2}O$ AND $Mg^{+}-D_{2}O$ (1993)

Spectra for the ion-molecule complexes, $Mg^{+}H_{2}O$ and $Mg^{+}D_{2}O$, are obtained via resonanance enhanced photodissociation in a pulsed supersonic nozzle cluster source. Mass selection occurs prior to photodissociation in a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Two overlapping electronic states were observed with origins at $28 396 cm^{-1} (^{2}B_{2}\\leftarrow X^{2}A_{1})$ and $30 267 cm^{-1} (^{2}B_{1}\\leftarrow X^{2}A_{1})$. A progression with a frequency ($\\omega^{\\prime}_{e}$) of $518.0 cm^{-1}$ in the lower energy state is assigned to the metal-water stretch. Extrapolation of this progression yields an excited state dissociation energy $(D_{0}^{\\prime})$ of $15 787 cm^{-1}$ corresponding to a ground state dissociation energy $(D_{0}^{\\prime \\prime})$ of $8514 cm^{-1}$. The solvated bending mode, and symmetric and asymmetric stretching modes of water are also active in the complex, as are the magnesium bending modes. Partially resolved rotational structure is analyzed for both isotopes and compared to simulated spectra leading to the conclusion that the complex has $C_{2v}$ symmetry. Ab initio calculations by Bauschlicher and co-workers provided accurate predictions of the electronic transition energies, vibrational constants, and dissociation energies.
A Universal Quantum Computing Virtual Machine (2018)

A medium-scale quantum computer with full universal quantum computing capability is necessary for various practical aims and testing applications. Here we report a 34-qubit quantum virtual machine (QtVM) based on a medium server. Our QtVM can run quantum assembly language with graphic interfaces. The QtVM is implemented with single qubit rotation gate, single to multiple controlled NOT gates to realize the universal quantum computation. Remarkably, it can realize a series of basic functions, such as, the "if" conditional programming language based on single-shot projective measurement results, "for" iteration programming language, build in arithmetic calculation. The measurement can be single-shot and arbitrary number of multi-shot types. In addition, there is in principle no limitation on number of logic gates implemented for quantum computation. By using QtVM, we demonstrate the simulation of dynamical quantum phase transition of transverse field Ising model by quantum circuits, where 34 qubits with one million gates are realized. We also show the realization of programmable Shor algorithm for factoring 15 and 35.
A Cartesian grid method for viscous incompressible flows with complex immersed boundaries (1999)

A Cartesian-grid method has been developed for simulating unsteady, viscous, incompressible flows with complex immersed boundaries. A finite-volume method based on. a second-order accurate central-difference scheme is used in conjunction with a two-step fractional-step procedure. A new interpolation procedure for accurate discretization of the governing equation in cells that are’ cut by immersed boundaries is presented which preserves the second-order spatial accuracy of the underlying solver. The convergence of the pressure Poisson equation is accelerated by using a preconditioned conjugate gradient method where the preconditioner takes advantage of the structured nature of the underlying mesh. The accuracy and fidelity of the solver is validated by simulating a number of canonical flows and the ability of the solver to simulate flows with very complicated immersed boundaries is demonstrated. © 1999 The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. All rights reserved.
Oxazolone, V. 4‐Oxazolin‐2‐one aus <i>N</i>‐(2‐Oxoalkyl)‐1‐imidazolcarboxamiden (1976)

Abstract Bei der Umsetzung von α‐Aminoketonen 1 mit Di‐1‐imidazolyl‐keton entstehen die N ‐(2‐Oxoalkyl)‐1‐imidazolcarboxamide 2 . Beim Erhitzen über ihren Schmelzpunkt gehen diese unter Abspaltung von Imidazol in 4‐Oxazolin‐2‐one 4 über. In einigen Fällen erfolgt die Cyclisierung offenbar über α‐Isocyanatoketone 3 (IR‐Spektren). Spektren und Strukturen von 2 und 4 werden diskutiert.
Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety. (2006)

In 2 experiments, the authors tested predictions from cognitive models of social anxiety regarding attentional biases for social and nonsocial cues by monitoring eye movements to pictures of faces and objects in high social anxiety (HSA) and low social anxiety (LSA) individuals. Under no-stress conditions (Experiment 1), HSA individuals initially directed their gaze toward neutral faces, relative to objects, more often than did LSA participants. However, under social-evaluative stress (Experiment 2), HSA individuals showed reduced biases in initial orienting and maintenance of gaze on faces (cf. objects) compared with the LSA group. HSA individuals were also relatively quicker to look at emotional faces than neutral faces but looked at emotional faces for less time, compared with LSA individuals, consistent with a vigilant-avoidant pattern of bias.
Loop Heat Pipe Testing and Analytical Model Verification at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Heat transfer characteristics of a Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) are difficult to predict due to the complex nature of thermal interaction between the LHP itself and the environment it operates in. The overall thermal conductance varies not only with the power input, sink temperature and ambient temperature as expected, but also with the system initial condition and/or previous history of its operation. Hence, the analytical modeling of LHPs often yielded inaccurate results when compared with the actual data. The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) recently completed the development of a transient LHP model. Accordingly, NRL carried out an extensive LHP test program, in part, to provide test data for the model verification. In this paper, description of the test program and results of the model verification will be presented.</div>
Design and Operating Experience of Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems for NOx Control in Gas Turbine Systems (1991)

The design and operating experience of the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems for denitrification of flue gas in utility and industrial gas turbine applications is presented. The paper will discuss the general SCR design approaches and the effects on the NOx removal efficiency of various design and operating parameters such as gas temperature, velocity and composition, NOx content, catalyst material and type, quantity of ammonia injected, aging, and pressure drop limitation. Two different types of ammonia injection methods (namely, anhydrous and aqueous ammonia injections) and attendant ammonia injection control schemes are described. A brief summary of SCR operating experience with power-generating gas turbines and process heaters/boilers concludes the paper.
Discovering New Treatments for Alzheimer's Disease by Repurposing Approved Medications (2013)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The greatest risk factor for AD is age and as many countries are experiencing an aging population, the expected rise in AD threatens to have serious medical and socioeconomic impact in the coming decades. The only approved medications for AD are symptomatic and there are no currently available disease modifying treatments. Hence, a disease modifying treatment is desperately needed for AD not only for proper care and management of affected patients, but also to reduce society's socioeconomic burden. Developing novel compounds for any indication is a time, effort, and money consuming endeavor and most treatments never make it to market. Other research and development strategies are needed, especially for the treatment of AD. We provide a review of the current literature in assessing possibilities of repurposing medications currently used for non-AD indications. Many different compounds from many different pharmacological classes have already been studied in an AD context. We provide a "pragmatic drug repurposing score" for each of these compounds based on type of studies conducted, number of possible mechanisms of action, efficacy in AD and other neurodegenerative disease studies, tolerability profile, and their ability to cross the blood brain barrier. The current data suggest several compounds worthy of further study as treatments for AD. Compounds with the highest scores include lithium, minocycline, exenatide, valproic acid, methylene blue, and nicotine.
Dynamic Point Selection Schemes for LTE-A Networks with Load Imbalance (2015)

DPS is a Cooperative Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission scheme, where the serving Transmission Point (TP) can be switched on a fast time-scale. In this paper, we refine and improve our previously proposed greedy Instantaneous Load based DPS scheme (IL-DPS) to work well under realistic bursty traffic conditions and load imbalanced scenarios. We introduce three additional, simple, multiplicative correction factors: 1) A geometric-mean correction factor to identify a UE switch that maximizes overall system utility as opposed to a single-UE's throughput. 2) A multi-user diversity correction factor that accounts for the multi-user diversity gains when determining the throughput improvement of the candidate UE to be switched. 3) An interference correction factor that accounts for the net change in the inter-cell interference on the other cell UEs' throughputs due to the candidate UE's TP being switched. The main advantage of these simple proposed schemes is that they provide improved system performance gains without requiring any additional scheduling information exchange.
Design of Testable Structures Defined by Simple Loops (1981)

A methodology is given for generating combinational structures from high-level descriptions (using assignment statements, "if" statements, and single-nested loops) of register-transfer (RT) level operators. The generated structures are cellular, and are interconnected in a tree structure. A general algorithm is given to test cellular tree structures with a test length which grows only linearly with the size of the tree. It is proved that this test length is optimal to within a constant factor. Ways of making the structures self-checking are also indicated.
Expression of proliferation-associated nuclear autoantigens, p330d/CENP-F and PCNA, in differentiation and in drug-induced growth inhibition using two-parameter flow cytometry. (1996)

p330d/CENP-F is a recently described nuclear autoantigen that was detected in PHA-stimulated but not in resting peripheral lymphocytes. This protein accumulates in the nucleus during S-phase and reaches maximum levels during the G2 and M phases of the cell cycles. We compared the expression of p330d/CENP-F and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) during the induction of terminal myeloid differentiation of HL-60 tumour cells. HL-60 cells were induced to differentiate with retinoic acid (RA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 3-nitrobenzothiazolo [3,2-]quinolinium (NBQ), and collected at different intervals. Control and treated cells were analyzed by two-parameter flow cytometry using propidium iodide and antibodies to p330d/CENP-F and PCNA. The percentage of p330d/CENP-F and PCNA positive cells was found to be proportional to the percentage of proliferating cells. After two cell cycles (65 h), the percentage of p330d/CENP-F and PCNA positive cells was reduced proportionately to the number of cells that had differentiated. Reduction in the expression of both antigens was completed after 120 h when 80% to 85% of the cells were arrested in G1 and displayed the mature phenotype. The expression of p330d/CENP-F and PCNA was also assessed in the growth inhibition of HT-29 cells induced by various concentrations of camptothecin (CPT), etoposide (VP-16), and aphidicolin (APH). There was a dose-dependent displacement of cells to late S-phase by CPT while VP-16 induced cells to accumulate in G2+M, and as expected these effects caused a strong increase in the cellular levels of both antigens. The arrest of cells in G1 by APH led to a significant decrease in their expression. The dramatic reduction in p330d/CENP-F levels during differentiation, and the correlation of its expression with the cell cycle effects of the cytotoxic drugs are consistent with the behaviour expected for a proliferation marker.
Opinion Mining from Web Documents: Extraction and Structurization (2007)

The task of opinion extraction and structurization is the key component of opinion mining, which allow Web users to retrieve and summarize people's opinions scattered over the Internet. Our aim is to develop a method for extracting opinions that represent evaluation of concumer products in a structured form. To achieve the goal, we need to consider some issues that are relevant to the extraction task: How the task of opinion extraction and structurization should be designed, and how to extract the opinions which we defined. We define an opinion unit consisting of a quadruple, that is, the opinion holder, the subject being evaluated, the part or the attribute in which it is evaluated, and the evaluation that expresses positive or negative assessment. In this task, we focus on two subtasks (a) extracting subject/aspect-evaluation relations, and (b) extracting subject/aspect-aspect relations, we approach each extraction task using a machine learning-based method. In this paper, we discuss how customer reviews in web documents can be best structured. We also report on the results of our experiments and discuss future directions.
Development and Evaluation of Nasal Formulations of Ketorolac (2000)

Ketorolac tromethamine is a potent non-narcotic analgesic with moderate anti-inflammatory activity. Clinical studies indicate that ketorolac has a single dose efficacy greater than morphine for postoperative pain and has excellent applicability in the emergency treatment of pain. Due to incomplete oral absorption of ketorolac, several approaches have been tried to develop a nonoral formulation in addition to injections, especially for the treatment of migraine headache. The aim of our study was to develop a nasal formulation of ketorolac with a dose equivalent to the oral formulation. A series of spray and lyophilized powder formulations of ketorolac were administered into the nasal cavity of rabbits, and their pharmacokinetics profiles were assessed. The spray and powder formulations were compared through their pharmacokinetics parameters and absolute bioavailability. Drug plasma concentration was determined using solid phase extraction, followed by an HPLC analysis. Nasal spray formulations were significantly better absorbed than powder formulations. A nasal spray formulation of ketorolac tromethamine showed the highest absorption with an absolute bioavailability of 91%. Within 30 min of administration, the plasma concentration was comparable to that resulting from an intravenous injection. The absolute bioavailability of a solution of ketorolac acid was 70%. Apparently, the dissolution of ketorolac acid into the mucous layer limits its absorption. There were no significant differences in absorption between different powder formulations. Even the reduction of particle size from 123 θ m to 63 θ m did not indicate better absorption of ketorolac tromethamine from powder formulations. Interestingly, the absolute bioavailability of ketorolac tromethamine from a powder formulation is only 38%, indicating that the drug may not be totally released from the polymer matrix before it is removed from nasal epithelium by mucociliary clearance.
Active control of the growth trajectory of broiler chickens based on online animal responses (2003)

The objective of the research reported here was to control the growth trajectory of broiler chickens during the production process based on an adaptive compact dynamic process model. More specifically, the daily feed supply was calculated, based on a model-based control algorithm, with the aim of following a previously defined target growth trajectory as close as possible. For the modeling of the dynamic growth response of broiler chickens to the control input, feed supply, an online parameter estimation was used. The developed control algorithm was able to grow the birds according to different target trajectories ranging from restricted (final BW of 1,800 g and 1,945 g in experiments 1 and 3, respectively) to compensatory growth trajectories (final BW of 2,400 g and 2,100 g in experiments 2 and 4, respectively). The mean relative error (MRE) between the different predefined target growth trajectories and the realized growth trajectories ranged from 3.7% to 6.0%. With a few exceptions, the numerical values of feed conversion ratio and mortality after wk 1 were lower and the values of uniformity index were higher in the controlled groups compared with animals fed ad libitum. As a conclusion, it can be stated that integration of dynamic data-based modeling approaches with new hardware and sensing techniques to measure information from the animals should make it possible to control broiler growth trajectories.
Estimating Average Causal Effects Under General Interference (2012)

This paper presents randomization-based methods for estimating average causal effects under arbitrary interference of known form. Conservative estimators of the randomization variance of the average treatment effects estimators are presented, as is justification for confidence intervals based on a normal approximation. Examples relevant to research in environmental protection, networks experiments, “viral marketing,” two-stage disease prophylaxis trials, and stepped-wedge designs are presented.
Golgi-dependent transport of cholesterol to the <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> inclusion (2003)

Cholesterol, a lipid not normally found in prokaryotes, was identified in purified Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies and in the chlamydial parasitophorous vacuole (inclusion) membrane of infected HeLa cells. Chlamydiae obtained eukaryotic host cell cholesterol both from de novo synthesis or low-density lipoprotein. Acquisition of either de novo-synthesized cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol was microtubule-dependent and brefeldin A-sensitive, indicating a requirement for the Golgi apparatus. Transport also required chlamydial protein synthesis, indicative of a pathogen-directed process. The cholesterol trafficking pathway appears to coincide with a previously characterized delivery of sphingomyelin to the inclusion in that similar pharmacological treatments inhibited transport of both sphingomyelin and cholesterol. These results support the hypothesis that sphingomyelin and cholesterol may be cotransported via a Golgi-dependent pathway and that the chlamydial inclusion receives cholesterol preferentially from a brefeldin A-sensitive pathway of cholesterol trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane.
Improved Underfill Adhesion in Flip-Chip Packages by Means of Ultraviolet Light/Ozone Treatment (2004)

The interfacial adhesion between the epoxy-based soldermask and underfill resin is successfully improved by means of ultraviolet light/ozone (UV/O/sub 3/) treatment. There is an optimized treatment condition that can impart the highest interfacial bond quality. The underlying mechanisms are evaluated based on several techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurement and nanoindentation of the UV/O/sub 3/ treated soldermask surface. Functionally similar changes in chemical element, wettability, and elastic modulus are identified of the substrate with respect to treatment time, which are also correlated to the improvement of interfacial bond strength. In particular, there is a linear relationship between the weighted dipole moment (obtained from the XPS analysis) and the surface polarity (calculated from the contact angle measurements) of the treated surface, confirming that the same conclusion can be drawn from the two different techniques. The UV/O/sub 3/ treatment is proven to be efficient in retaining the interfacial bond quality even after hygrothermal ageing.
Lightly doped drain structure for advanced CMOS (Twin-Tub IV) (1985)

A lightly doped drain (LDD) structure(1) is used in our Twin-Tub IV, fourth generation Twin-Tub CMOS technology to improve stability of the N-channel transistor. The LDD N-channel transistors were successfully incorporated into the technology without adding any additional photolithography steps to the conventional process. The key to the process is a differential oxidation step of BF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> implanted source/drain regions, which prevents unwanted DMOS P-channel transistor caused by N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> doping under the oxide spacer(2) typically used in LDD device.
Mechanisms of action of anticonvulsant agents. (2000)

Systematic screening of many compounds in animal models led to identification of the established antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). By contrast, the newer AEDs were specifically designed to enhance an inhibitory process or to inhibit a specific excitatory pathway. However, it was later discovered that some of the designed drugs differed in their modes of action from what was envisioned. Recently, it has become apparent that all AEDs, old and new, may affect sodium and calcium channels, increase brain concentration of free gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and reduce glutamate-mediated excitation by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. However, not all the drugs affect all of these mechanisms. Understanding the modes of action of each drug may explain why some of them are effective in treating other neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. This understanding may make it possible to develop a group of neuroexcitatory amino acid transmitter antagonists with intended antiepileptogenic actions.
Reaction Databases and Synthesis PlanningCombined Application and Synergetic Effects (1997)

Reaction databases are recognized as very useful tools for the organic chemist, whereas computer-aided synthesis planning does not play the same role up to now. The reason for this, among others, is that synthesis is seen as a creative process, and the assistance of it by computer programs is still considered as suspect. On the other hand, it could be shown that information extracted from reaction databases can be improved and completed by using synthesis planning programs. Interesting possibilities for the development of new synthesis schemes by combined utilization of both tools will be shown by some examples.
[Studies on CDDP-albumin microspheres for hepatic arterial chemoembolization]. (1995)

An optimum procedure was established by orthogonal test for preparing cis-platin albumin microspheres (CDDP-AMS) with emulsion-heating stabilization method. The factors which affect particle size and release rate in vitro were studied. The particle size focusing on 58.8-256 microns, the mean size was 148.46 microns, drug content was 51.16% (w/w). The dissolution profiles of the CDDP-AMS followed Higuchi kinetics. In rabbits the distribution and elimination half times of platinum were prolonged 3.36 times and 1.23 times vs injection group, respectively, after hepatic arterial chemoembolization with CDDP-AMS. The highest serum concentration of platinum is 30 percent of that of the injection group. The platinum concentration was increased in liver (P < 0.01) and decreased in kidney (P < 0.05) vs that of injection group.