gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aristotle's Theory of Definition in Posterior Analytics B. 10 (2008)

Aristotle has a project to create a positive relationship between ‘definition’which is claimed to be the scientific method among his colleagues in the Academy and his new method called ‘demonstration’in his new theory of definition in the Posterior Analytics. He had to solve various difficulties concerning with the relationship between the two methods. I argue that Aristotle’s theory of definition in B. 10 presupposes his discussion on definition in the Topics. He has there distinguished ‘the defining-phrase (ὅρος)’by means of which one can gain a successful definitional practice from ‘the definition (ὁρισμός)’(I. 5, 101b37-102a5). On the basis of the defining-phrase which signifies the what a thing was to be,the thing becomes possible to be defined. Although none of Aristotelian scholars has distinguished one from the other, I shall argue that it is crucial to distinguish them for a correct understanding of the chapter. I shall offer alternative solutions from this perspective for the difficulties raised on this chapter by scholars. I argue that Aristotle makes use of the Topics type signifying account to endorse three types of definition of what it is. Also some difficulties involved in the Topics type of signifying account are solved by establishing the existence of a relevant thing through demonstration. Thus all of three definitions in his new theory of definition are of the what it is of a thing which exists. In this sense, Aristotle finds a way to establish the demonstration of what it is which was previously denied in B. 3-7.
The Origins of the History and Physical Examination (1990)

Ten individuals are responsible for the development of modern physical diagnosis: Hippocrates, Vesalius, Morgagni, Sydenham, Auenbrugger, Corvisart, Laennec, Louis, Mueller, and Osler. Their accomplishments form a golden thread [that runs] throughout the history of the world, consecutive and continuous, the work of the best men in successive ages (Moxon, quoted by William Osler). The pool of information presented in this book has been created by the scholarship of these ten men. They were physicians going about the daily practice of medicine. The story of their achievements serves to stimulate the spirit of inquiry in each of us and underscores the obligation we have to add to this pool of knowledge. This chapter traces the historical evolution of modern clinical diagnosis. Knowledge of this evolution provides the student with a foundation upon which to build mastery of the art and science of diagnosis.
Channel Aware Multiuser Scalable Video Streaming Over Lossy Under-Provisioned Channels: Modeling and Analysis (2008)

In this paper, we analyze the performance of media-aware multiuser video streaming strategies in capacity limited wireless channels suffering from latency problems and packet losses. Wireless video streaming applications are characterized by their bandwidth-intensity, delay-sensitivity, and loss-tolerance. Our main contributions include (i) a rate-minimized unequal erasure protection (UXP) scheme, (ii) an analytical expression for packet delay and play-out deadline of UXP protected scalable video, (iii) a loss-distortion model for hierarchical predictive video coders with picture copy concealment, (iv) an analysis of the performance and complexity of delay-aware, capacity-aware, and optimized UXP streaming scenarios, and (v) we show that the use of unequal error protection causes a rate-constrained optimization problem to be nonconvex. Performance evaluations using a 3GPP network simulator show that, for different channel capacities and packet loss rates, delay-aware nonstationary rate-allocation streaming policies deliver significant gains which range between 1.65 dB to 2 dB in average Y-PSNR of the received video streams over delay-unaware strategies. These gains come at a cost of increased <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">offline</i> computation which is performed prior to the start of the streaming session or in batches during transmission and therefore, do not affect the run-time performance of the streaming system.
The psychology of goals (2009)

"This tightly edited volume brings together leading authorities to review the breadth of current knowledge about goals and their role in human behavior. Presented are basic concepts, cutting-edge theories and findings, and innovative research designs that yield new insights into how people strive toward particular ends and avoid less desired outcomes. The book provides an overview of the biological, cognitive, affective, and social underpinnings of goals, as well as their relationship to other motivational constructs. It explores both conscious and nonconscious processes in goal selection and pursuit."--BOOK JACKET.
Contiguous digit sets and local roundings (2003)

The paper shows that certain interesting properties of roundings and representations hold at a fairly general level. The author restricts his attention to roundings of real numbers. He defines roundings by means of two parameters for each basic interval of the screen. These parameters determine the dividing point of the interval and the direction in which the dividing point moves under rounding. He shows that radix systems in which truncation and lexicographic ordering obey natural monotonicity conditions can be characterized as systems with contiguous digit sets. An examination is made of the interplay of roundings and representations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reflection Charts Relating to Impedance Matching (1984)

A reflection chart is some grid of coordinates on which to plot an impedance locus over a frequency range. Taking as a reference a constant real impedance, one may construct contours of the reflection coefficient (or the related VSWR, reflection loss, etc.). The reference may be the wave impedance of a transmission line. This may be a line connecting radio equipment with an antenna or it may be a standard line used in measuring the impedance. The reflection chart in widest use is the so-called "Smith Chart" proposed by Philip H. Smith in 1939. It is one form of the hemisphere chart, which was proposed, also in 1939, by Philip S. Carter. Its properties, uses are described. It has some limitations. A reference value must be assigned, after which the shape of a locus depends on this value. Also, a locus is crowded toward the rim of the chart. A logarithmic reflection chart has recently been proposed by the author, which overcomes these limitations but loses some desirable features of the hemisphere chart.
Inkjet-printed graphene electronics (2012)

We demonstrate ink-jet printing as a viable method for large area fabrication of graphene devices.We produce a graphene-based ink by liquid phase exfoliation of graphite in N-Methylpyrrolidone.We use it to print thin-film transistors, with mobilities up to∼95cm 2 V -1 s -1 , as well as transparent and conductive patterns, with∼80% transmittance and∼30kΩ/ sheet resistance.This paves the way to all-printed, flexible and transparent graphene devices on arbitrary substrates.* To whom correspondence should be addressed 1 Ink-jet printing is one of the most promising techniques for large area fabrication of flexible plastic electronics. 15A range of components can be printed, such as transistors, 13,15-18 photovoltaic devices, 19 organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), 13,18,20 and displays. 13Ink-jet printing is versatile, 18 involves a limited number of process steps, 21 is amenable for mass production, and can deposit controlled amounts of material. 21Drop on demand 21,22 ink-jet printing has progressed from printing text and graphics, 21 to a tool for rapid manufacturing, 23 being now a well established technique to print Thin Film Transistor (TFT) based on organic conducting and semiconducting inks.5,15,24 However, their mobilities, µ<0.5cm 2 V -1 s -1 , 5,18 are still much lower than standard silicon technology.8][29][30][31][32] Metal nanoparticle inks are not stable in ordinary solvents, such as Deionized (DI) Water, Acetone, Isopropyl Alcohol, N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP), Tetrahydrofuran. 18,33Therefore they need to be chemically modified in order to be dispersed, 18 via the use of stabilizers, which usually degrade in a couple of years. 18,33Metal nanoparticles also tend to oxidize after the printing process. 18,33Ink-jet printed CNT-TFTs have been reported with µ up to 50cm 2 V -1 s -1 and a ON/OFF ratio∼10 3 . 32aphene is the two-dimensional (2d) building block for sp 2 carbon allotropes of every other dimensionality.It can be stacked into 3d graphite, rolled into 1d nanotubes, or wrapped into 0d fullerenes. 345][36][37] Near-ballistic transport and high mobility make it an ideal material for nanoelectronics, especially for high frequency applications. 38Furthermore, its optical and mechanical properties are ideal for micro and nanomechanical systems, thin-film transistors, transparent and conductive composites and electrodes, and photonics. 34,37,39Graphene was isolated by micromechanical exfoliation of graphite. 40This technique still gives the best samples in terms of purity, defects, mobility and optoelectronics properties.However, large scale production approaches are needed for widespread application.6][57][58] Amongst these, LPE is ideally suited to produce printable inks.
ArrayTrack - Supporting Toxicogenomic Research at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration National Center for Toxicological Research (2003)

The mapping of the human genome and the determination of corresponding gene functions, pathways, and biological mechanisms are driving the emergence of the new research fields of toxicogenomics and systems toxicology. Many technological advances such as microarrays are enabling this paradigm shift that indicates an unprecedented advancement in the methods of understanding the expression of toxicity at the molecular level. At the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, core facilities for genomic, proteomic, and metabonomic technologies have been established that use standardized experimental procedures to support centerwide toxicogenomic research. Collectively, these facilities are continuously producing an unprecedented volume of data. NCTR plans to develop a toxicoinformatics integrated system (TIS) for the purpose of fully integrating genomic, proteomic, and metabonomic data with the data in public repositories as well as conventional in vitro and in vivo toxicology data. The TIS will enable data curation in accordance with standard ontology and provide or interface a rich collection of tools for data analysis and knowledge mining. In this article the design, practical issues, and functions of the TIS are discussed through presenting its prototype version, ArrayTrack, for the management and analysis of DNA microarray data. ArrayTrack is logically constructed of three linked components: a) a library (LIB) that mirrors critical data in public databases; b) a database (MicroarrayDB) that stores microarray experiment information that is Minimal Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME) compliant; and c) tools (TOOL) that operate on experimental and public data for knowledge discovery. Using ArrayTrack, we can select an analysis method from the TOOL and apply the method to selected microarray data stored in the MicroarrayDB; the analysis results can be linked directly to gene information in the LIB.
Numerically Derived Type Curves for Assessing Matrix Recovery Factors (2007)

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for creating and running single matrix block models with a reservoir simulator. The small cell sizes lead to numerical problems that were successfully solved. Additionally recovery curves derived from numerous simulation runs under varying reservoir conditions are presented. These curves enable estimating matrix recoveries without running a simulation by only defining rock type and production conditions. The investigations are based on undersaturated oil produced by water displacement. Imbibition forces, gravity drainage and capillary continuity are allowed for. Emphasis is put on the influence of wettability, matrix shape factor and permeability on recovery. The common approach for simulating naturally fractured reservoirs is the dual continuum concept. Not so for the single matrix block model, in which a matrix block and the surrounding fractures are discretized by gird cells. The size of the resulting grid model equals the extensions of a matrix block described by the shape factor in a dual continuum simulation model. Representing both the fracture and the matrix by grid cells makes a matrix-fracture transfer function obsolete, enabling a detailed investigation of matrix-fracture interaction. Consequently, numerical transfer functions and correlations for assessing recovery factors can be derived for certain reservoir conditions. Naturally fractured reservoirs are a challenging task for the E&P industry for old and new oil fields. Many of the newly developed reservoirs happen to be fractured and therefore they are becoming more and more subject of extensive studies. In such systems most of the oil is stored in matrix blocks acting as fluid sources/sinks to the surrounding fracture planes in which fluid transport and production/injection takes place. Consequently, the matrix recovery factor is of special interest, and efficient and accurate methods to estimate the matrix depletion efficiency and matrix-fracture interaction should be found.
Activation of the Early B-Cell-Specific <i>mb-1</i> (Ig-α) Gene by Pax-5 Is Dependent on an Unmethylated Ets Binding Site (2003)

Methylation of cytosine in CpG dinucleotides promotes transcriptional repression in mammals by blocking transcription factor binding and recruiting methyl-binding proteins that initiate chromatin remodeling. Here, we use a novel cell-based system to show that retrovirally expressed Pax-5 protein activates endogenous early B-cell-specific mb-1 genes in plasmacytoma cells, but only when the promoter is hypomethylated. CpG methylation does not directly affect binding of the promoter by Pax-5. Instead, methylation of an adjacent CpG interferes with assembly of ternary complexes comprising Pax-5 and Ets proteins. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, recruitment of Ets-1 is blocked by methylation of the Ets site (5'CCGGAG) on the antisense strand. In transfection assays, selective methylation of a single CpG within the Pax-5-dependent Ets site greatly reduces mb-1 promoter activity. Prior demethylation of the endogenous mb-1 promoter is required for its activation by Pax-5 in transduced cells. Although B-lineage cells have only unmethylated mb-1 genes and do not modulate methylation of the mb-1 promoter during development, other tissues feature high percentages of methylated alleles. Together, these studies demonstrate a novel DNA methylation-dependent mechanism for regulating transcriptional activity through the inhibition of DNA-dependent protein-protein interactions.
Setting properties and <i>in vitro</i> bioactivity of strontium‐enriched gelatin–calcium phosphate bone cements (2007)

Strontium is known to reduce bone resorption and stimulate bone formation. We have investigated the effect of strontium on the setting properties and in vitro bioactivity of a biomimetic gelatin-calcium phosphate bone cement. Gelatin-alpha-TCP powders, with a gelatin content of 15 wt %, were prepared by grinding and sieving the solid compounds obtained by casting gelatin aqueous solutions containing alpha-TCP. 5 wt % of CaHPO(4).2H(2)O were added to the cement powders before mixing with the liquid phase, with a L/P ratio of 0.3 mL/g. Strontium was added as SrCl(2).6H(2)O in different amounts up to 5 atom %. X-ray diffraction analysis, mechanical tests, and SEM investigations were carried out on the cements after different times of soaking in physiological solution. The presence of strontium affects both the initial and the final setting times of the cements, which increase with the ion content. The microstructural modifications observed in the SEM micrographs of the fractured surfaces are in agreement with the increase of the total porosity, and with the slight reduction of the compressive strength of the aged cements, on increasing strontium content. The rate of transformation of alpha-TCP into calcium deficient hydroxyapatite increases on increasing strontium content. SEM reveals that MG63 osteoblasts grown on the cements show a normal morphology and biological tests demonstrate very good rate of proliferation and viability in every experimental time. In particular, strontium stimulates Alkaline Phosphatase activity, Collagen type I, osteocalcin, and osteoprotegerin expression.
Model Checking One Million Lines of C Code. (2004)

Implementation bugs in security-critical software are pervasive. Several authors have previously suggested model checking as a promising means to detect improper use of system interfaces and thereby detect a broad class of security vulnerabilities. In this paper, we report on our practical experience using MOPS, a tool for software model checking security-critical applications. As examples of security vulnerabilities that can be analyzed using model checking, we pick five important classes of vulnerabilities and show how to codify them as temporal safety properties, and then we describe the results of checking them on several significant Unix applications using MOPS. After analyzing over one million lines of code, we found more than a dozen new security weaknesses in important, widely-deployed applications. This demonstrates for the first time that model checking is practical and useful for detecting security weaknesses at large scale in real, legacy systems. 1.
Fluid flow monitoring in oil fields using downhole measurements of electrokinetic potential (2008)

Abstract Downhole measurements of electrokinetic potential are a promising new technology for hydrocarbon reservoir monitoring. Using a 3D finite-element model combining both multiphase flow and electrokinetic components, we investigated the behavior of electrokinetic (streaming) potential during oil production in a range of reservoir environments. We found that streaming-potential signals originate at fluid fronts and at geologic boundaries where fluid saturation changes. As water encroaches on an oil production well, the streaming-potential signal associated with the water front encompasses the well even when the front is up to 100m away, so the potential measured at the well starts to change significantly relative to a distant reference electrode. Variations in the geometry of the encroaching water front can becharacterized using an array of electrodes positioned along the well, but a good understanding of the local reservoir geology is required to identify signals caused by the front. The streaming potential measured at a well is maximized in low-permeability reservoirs produced at a high rate and in thick reservoirs with low shale content. However, considerable uncertainties remain, particularly relating to the nature of electrokinetic coupling at high salinity and during multiphase flow. Our results suggest that the streaming potential at low salinity (10−3–10−4mol/L) is large (100–1000mV) but might become too small to resolve (&lt;0.1mV) at high salinity (0.5–2mol/L), depending on how the available data for the electrokinetic coupling at low salinity are extrapolated into the high-salinity domain. More work remains to determine the behavior of electrokinetic coupling and therefore the utility of this technique at high salinity.
Impact of Wettability on Pore-Scale Characteristics of Residual Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (2009)

The objective of this paper was to investigate the impact of wettability of porous media on pore-scale characteristics of residual nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). Synchrotron X-ray microtomography was used to obtain high-resolution three-dimensional images of fractionally wet sand systems with mean grain size of 250 microm. Pore-scale characteristics of NAPL blobs such as volume, lengths, interfacial areas, and sphericity index were computed using three-dimensional image processing algorithms. Four systems comprised of 100, 50, 25, and 0% NAPL-wet mass fractions containing the residual NAPL were imaged and analyzed. Findings indicate that spatial variation in wettability of porous media surfaces has a significant impact on pore-scale characteristics of residual NAPL blobs in saturated porous media systems. As the porous media comprises more water-wet surfaces, residual NAPL blobs increase in size and length due to the entrapment at large pore bodies. NAPL-water interfacial areas tend to increase as the NAPL-wet surface fractions increase in the systems. Overall residual NAPL saturations are less in fractionally wet systems and increase as the systems become more NAPL-wet or water-wet.
Effectors of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway: The Genetic Profiling of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, NRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Characteristics and Personalized Medicine (2013)

Mutations in KRAS oncogene are recognized biomarkers that predict lack of response to anti- epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody therapies. However, some patients with KRAS wild-type tumors still do not respond, so other downstream mutations in BRAF, PIK3CA and NRAS should be investigated. Herein we used direct sequencing to analyze mutation status for 676 patients in KRAS (codons 12, 13 and 61), BRAF (exon 11 and exon 15), PIK3CA (exon 9 and exon 20) and NRAS (codons12, 13 and 61). Clinicopathological characteristics associations were analyzed together with overall survival (OS) of metastatic colorectal cancer patients (mCRC). We found 35.9% (242/674) tumors harbored a KRAS mutation, 6.96% (47/675) harbored a BRAF mutation, 9.9% (62/625) harbored a PIK3CA mutation and 4.19% (26/621) harbored a NRAS mutation. KRAS mutation coexisted with BRAF, PIK3CA and NRAS mutation, PIK3CA exon9 mutation appeared more frequently in KRAS mutant tumors (P = 0.027) while NRAS mutation almost existed in KRAS wild-types (P<0.001). Female patients and older group harbored a higher KRAS mutation (P = 0.018 and P = 0.031, respectively); BRAF (V600E) mutation showed a higher frequency in colon cancer and poor differentiation tumors (P = 0.020 and P = 0.030, respectively); proximal tumors appeared a higher PIK3CA mutation (P<0.001) and distant metastatic tumors shared a higher NRAS mutation (P = 0.010). However, in this study no significant result was found between OS and gene mutation in mCRC group. To our knowledge, the first large-scale retrospective study on comprehensive genetic profile which associated with anti-EGFR MoAbs treatment selection in East Asian CRC population, appeared a specific genotype distribution picture, and the results provided a better understanding between clinicopathological characteristics and gene mutations in CRC patients.